PMID- 6630070 TI - Milbemycins, a new family of macrolide antibiotics. Studies on the biosynthesis of milbemycins alpha 2, alpha 4 and D using 13C labeled precursors. AB - The biosynthetic origins of the carbon skeleton of milbemycins alpha 2, alpha 4 and D were studied. 13C Labeled antibiotics, milbemycins alpha 2, alpha 4 and D, were isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. aureolacrimosus strain Au-3 after feeding [1-13C]acetate, [1-13C]-propionate, [3 13C]propionate, [1-13C]isobutyrate, DL-[2-13C]valine and L-[methyl 13C]methionine, and 13C NMR spectra of the antibiotics thus obtained were measured. It was revealed that the carbon skeleton, except for carbon 25, of milbemycins alpha 2, alpha 4 and D are derived from seven acetate units and five propionate units. It was also shown that the methyl, ethyl and isopropyl groups at carbon 25 in milbemycins alpha 2, alpha 4 and D are derived from acetate, propionate and isobutyrate or DL-valine, respectively, and the methyl carbon of the methoxy group at carbon 5 in milbemycins alpha 2 and alpha 4 was enriched by L-[methyl-13C]methionine. PMID- 6630071 TI - Aculeximycin, a new antibiotic from Streptosporangium albidum. I. Taxonomy of producing organism and fermentation. AB - A soil isolate of actinomycete, strain TI-1, was found to produce a new antibiotic aculeximycin which killed insects as well as inhibited the growth of bacteria, yeasts and molds in vitro. Yellowish gray colonies on agar media, formation of spherical to oval sporangia at the tip of aerial mycelium and the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid and madurose in the cell wall ascribed this strain to genus Streptosporangium. From its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics, the strain was determined to be S. albidum. Production of aculeximycin was carried out by conventional submerged culture: the highest antibiotic titer obtained was 1,250 micrograms/ml. PMID- 6630072 TI - The hazimicins, a new class of antibiotics. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, characterization and biological properties. AB - The hazimicins, a new class of broad spectrum antibiotics with at least 2 active components (5 and 6), were isolated from the fermentation of Micromonospora echinospora var challisensis SCC 1411. The complex was separated from the broth by a solvent extraction procedure, and the individual components were separated by column chromatography. The two primary active components are isomers, with unique structures shown to be di-tyrosine analogs containing two isonitrile groups. The antibiotic has in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria, and in vitro activity against yeasts and dermatophytes. PMID- 6630073 TI - Northienamycin and 8-epi-thienamycin, new carbapenems from Streptomyces cattleya. AB - Two new carbapenem antibiotics, northienamycin and 8-epi-thienamycin have been isolated from culture broth of Streptomyces cattleya grown under conditions for thienamycin production. The isolation, structure elucidation and in vitro antibacterial spectra of the new carbapenems are reported. In addition, comparison of the in vitro potency of the corresponding formamidine derivatives to that of MK787 is presented. PMID- 6630074 TI - X-14885A, a novel divalent cation ionophore produced by a Streptomyces culture: discovery, fermentation, biological as well as ionophore properties and taxonomy of the producing culture. AB - Antibiotic X-14885A is a novel divalent cation ionophore produced by a Streptomyces culture isolated from soil sample collected in Wyoming. Its cation binding sequence has been found to be: Mg2+ greater than Ca2+, Sr2+ greater than Ba2+ much greater than Li+, Na+, Rb+, K+, Cs+. PMID- 6630075 TI - Studies on a new antibiotic FR-900109. 1. Taxonomy, isolation and characterization. AB - FR-900109 is a new antibiotic obtained from fermentation broth of a streptomyces which was identified as Streptomyces prunicolor. Its elementary analysis and mass spectroscopic measurement suggest that the molecular formula is C27H32O9. It has an ultraviolet absorption maximum at 254 nm. The antibiotic is active against Gram-positive bacteria. Acute toxicity in mice is very low. PMID- 6630076 TI - Taxonomy of actinomycetes capable of hydroxylation of ML-236B (compactin). AB - Three actinomycetes having capability of 3 beta-hydroxylation of ML-236B were isolated from soil samples collected in Australia. Strain SANK 62781 was identified as Nocardia autotrophica. Strain SANK 62881 and strain SANK 62981 were identified as new subspecies of N. autotrophica for which the name N. autotrophica subsp. canberrica and N. autotrophica subsp. amethystina are proposed, respectively. The type strains of N. autotrophica subsp. canberrica and N. autotrophica subsp. amethystina are ATCC 35203 and ATCC 35204. PMID- 6630077 TI - Structure and conformation of saframycin R determined by high field 1H and 13C NMR and its interactions with DNA in solution. AB - The chemical structure and conformation of the new antitumor antibiotic saframycin R have been determined by high field 1H and 13C NMR as well as FAB mass spectrometry. Unlike other members of the saframycin family, saframycin R contains a reduced quinone ring bearing a glycolic ester moiety. Saframycin R exhibits acid promoted equilibrium and reversible covalent binding to DNA templates and, in the presence of a reducing agent, oxygen dependent single strand scission of supercoiled DNA. The extent of DNA scission is enhanced by in situ porcine carboxyl esterase or base catalyzed cleavage of the glycolic ester function plausibly by the release of the more reactive reduced saframycin A. This suggests that saframycin R may be regarded as a less toxic pro-drug for the active forms of saframycins A or S. PMID- 6630078 TI - Preparation, properties and biological activity of natural and semisynthetic urethanes of monensin. AB - Conversion of the monovalent polyether antibiotic monensin into a series of urethane derivatives substituted at C-26 causes a ten-fold increase in the cation transporting properties of the antibiotic as well as making the resulting semisynthetic urethanes divalent ionophores. These changes must in part account for the enhanced antimicrobial activities of the urethanes. The most active derivatives are the phenylurethanes which are ten times more active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria and unlike monensin are active against Candida albicans and Penicillium digitatum. Another novel activity exhibited by four of the urethanes was against Plasmodium berghei, the causative agent for malaria. PMID- 6630079 TI - Synthetic cephalosporins. The synthesis and antibacterial activities of 7-[2-(2 (amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5-yl)acetamido]-cephalosporins. AB - Synthesis and antibacterial activities of 7-[2-(2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5 yl)acetamido]-cephalosporins and their derivatives having the methoxyimino group at the 2-position of the 7-acyl moiety are described. These compounds are of interest as structural analogues of potent antibiotics, 7-[2-(2-aminothiazol-4 yl)acetamido]cephalosporins. 7-[2-(2-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-5 yl)acetamido]cephalosporins showed comparable activity with cefazolin. Introduction of methoxyimino group to the 7-side chain resulted in a lowering of activity. PMID- 6630080 TI - 14-esters of 7-O-(3,4-di-O-acetyl-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-L-lyxo hexopyranosyl)adriamycinone: synthesis and antitumor activity. AB - A range of 14-esters (8 approximately 13) of the title compound, 3'-deamino-3' hydroxydoxorubicin 3',4'-diacetate (5), has been synthesized by nucleophilic substitution of the corresponding 14-bromide (6) by the appropriate sodium carboxylate salts. Antitumor activities were determined in vivo in the murine P388 lymphocytic leukemia assay and compared with those of the 14-hydroxy and 14 acetoxy analogs. PMID- 6630081 TI - The absolute configuration of cytovaricin: isolation of methyl beta-D-cymaroside by methanolysis. PMID- 6630082 TI - Studies on a new antibiotic FR-900109. 2. X-ray structure determination of FR 900109 p-bromophenyl ester. PMID- 6630083 TI - Frequency selectivity of phase-locking of complex sounds in the auditory nerve of the rat. AB - Frequency selectivity of single auditory nerve fibers in the auditory nerve of the rat was studied using pseudorandom noise as the stimulus. The noise was lowpass filtered ternary m-sequences. Period histograms of the discharges of single auditory nerve fibers, locked to the periodicity of the noise, were cross correlated with one period of the noise to obtain estimates of the impulse response. These cross-correlograms were subsequently Fourier transformed to obtain estimates of the frequency transfer functions. Earlier results obtained using noise that was based on binary sequences as the stimulus showed a systematic dependence on stimulus intensity of the bandwidth and center frequency of the computer transfer functions. The results of the present study confirmed this dependence and showed that a linear model based upon first-order cross correlations fit the histograms of response. It is concluded that phase-locked activity of single auditory nerve fibers accurately reproduces the half-wave rectified motion of the basilar membrane over a large range of sound intensities. PMID- 6630084 TI - Mechanical and acoustical influences on spontaneous oto-acoustic emissions. AB - Spontaneous, tone-like emissions produced by normal ears and measured in the closed outer ear canal can be affected by mechanical and acoustical events. Such effects can be measured in steady-state conditions as well as for transient stimulation, and are seen in response to the stapedius reflex, to ear canal air pressure changes, and to the presentation of external tones. Frequency and level of the emissions follow certain characteristics which are described and discussed. The emissions seem to react with 2 ms delay and with an exponential rise and decay, the time constant of which is about 13 ms. PMID- 6630085 TI - Responses from AVCN units in the cat before and after inducement of an acute noise trauma. AB - Acoustically evoked responses of single units in the anteroventral part of the cochlear nucleus (AVCN) in the cat were studied together with compound eighth nerve action potentials (AP). Halfway through the experiments the cats were exposed for half an hour to pink noise at 105 dB SPL, producing an average threshold shift of 30 dB (maximum 50 dB) in the 2-6 kHz region. The effect of noise exposure was studied in two ways. On the one hand we compared the results for one population of units measured before the noise exposure with those found for another population measured afterwards. On the other hand we compared the results before and after the noise exposure for one unit that could be kept under observation during the noise exposure. After the noise exposure spontaneous activity and phase-locking of the responses of the units to the stimulus waveform were not significantly different from the pre-exposure findings. Response latency tended to increase. Therefore, the decrease of latency found for APs must be due to a shift to higher frequencies of the population of units contributing to the AP. The sharply tuned tip segments of tuning curves shift to higher levels whereas the low-frequency tails remain at about the same level. Q10 decreases by at most 50%, which was also found for AP tuning curves. Response spectra for clicks and noise (reverse correlation function) did not show a significant decrease of frequency selectivity. Units with CF less than 3 kHz may show a shift of CF to a lower frequency by 10-20%. After inducement of the noise trauma the sharply tuned tip segment of a tuning curve may not be found and CF may be assigned to a local minimum in the low-frequency tail of the tuning curve. PMID- 6630086 TI - Noise-induced cochlear damage assessed using electrophysiological and morphological criteria: an examination of the equal energy principle. AB - Cochlear damage immediately following exposure to continuous pure tones of varying intensity and duration was assessed in anaesthetized guinea pigs. Indices of damage used were elevation of N1 thresholds and severity of swelling of the afferent dendrites beneath the inner hair cell. The results were not wholly consistent with the assumptions of the equal energy principle. Longer duration exposures resulted in greater N1 threshold elevation and more severe swelling of dendrites than short exposures of the same total energy. PMID- 6630087 TI - Neural correlates of cubic difference tones in the medial geniculate body of the cat. AB - Single unit responses to the cubic difference tone CDT (2f1 - f2 = CF) and the difference tone DT (f2 - f1 = CF) were studied in the medial geniculate body (MGB) of the cat. Out of 66 units tested with CDT stimuli and having characteristic frequencies (CF) below 10 kHz, 77% gave a response to the two-tone combination stimulus. The component tones when presented alone evoked no responses, or in some cases a response pattern that was different from the one observed for the combination tone. The CDT response pattern was always similar to that seen for a pure tone at the CF. The threshold of response for the CDT was 10 70 dB higher than for a pure tone stimulus at the CF. The few units which were phase-locked could be synchronised with the CF, CDT, or DT, depending on the particular stimulus conditions. The index of synchrony was in many cases found to be higher for CDT responses than for a pure tone at CF. PMID- 6630088 TI - Delayed evoked oto-acoustic emissions and their suppression by Gaussian-shaped pressure impulses. AB - The sound pressure of delayed evoked oto-acoustic emissions was measured as a function of the sound pressure of the stimulating sound impulse. They are directly proportional for sensation levels of the stimuli lower than about 20 dB; above that level, the emission saturates. Spontaneous emissions lying in the same frequency range as evoked emissions seem to influence this simple relation. Within the linear range, delayed emissions superimpose linearly even throughout long lasting delayed emissions. Short test tone bursts were used as test sound, to produce masking-period patterns, and as stimulus, to produce suppression period patterns, respectively, while low-frequency Gaussian-shaped pressure impulses served as masker and as suppressor. The very close relation of the two patterns is indicated by their mirrored forms. This is considered directly relevant to the phenomenon of masking. PMID- 6630089 TI - The influence of transient asphyxia on receptor potentials in inner hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from inner hair cells in the basal turn of the guinea pig cochlea during transient asphyxia. During these periods the endocochlear potential was reversibly reduced, the hair cell resting membrane potential was slightly hyperpolarized and the cochlear microphonic potential was decreased, all with similar time courses. The eighth nerve compound action potential and DC and AC components of the inner hair cell receptor potential were strongly attenuated and with similar slow time courses. The asymmetrical low frequency receptor potentials became symmetrical, and this change was attributed to alterations in the mechanical properties of the organ of Corti. The desensitization of the cochlea during transient asphyxia was associated with the loss of asymmetry of the inner hair cell receptor potential. PMID- 6630090 TI - Measurement of frequency selectivity of single neurons in the central auditory pathway. AB - A large sample of threshold tuning curves of single units from various levels of the auditory pathway was used in order to examine the relationship between best frequency and a measure of sharpness of tuning. This measure is simply the tuning curve bandwidth at 20 dB above threshold on a square-root scale of frequency. The transformation was found to be largely independent of unit best frequency, suggesting that it is suitable for comparing sharpness of tuning between samples. No difference in sharpness of tuning was found between samples of units from nuclei in the lemniscal auditory pathway, although units from the anterior auditory field showed broader tuning than those in the lemniscal pathway. PMID- 6630091 TI - Growth and reproductive traits in beef heifers implanted with zeranol. AB - Weaned replacement heifers were implanted with zeranol at 8 and 11 mo of age in two trials to evaluate growth and reproductive traits. Approximately 100 beef heifers were used in each trial, and the heifers were divided into categories of heavier than average (H) and lighter than average (L) weaning weight. Weight categories were further divided into control (HC and LC) and zeranol-implanted (HI and LI) groups. Heifers were kept in drylot from weaning to just before the start of the breeding season and were fed to reach a predetermined body weight by the start of the breeding season and were fed to reach a predetermined body weight by the start of the breeding season. Rates of gain in the drylot were greater in implanted than in control heifers in both trial 1 (.53 vs .48 kg/d; P less than .09) and trial 2 (.70 vs .63 kg/d; P less than .01). Pelvic areas were greater (P less than .01) in implanted than in control heifers of both trial 1 (175 vs 159 cm2) and trial 2 (175 vs 164 cm2). This increase in pelvic size was still present at the end of the summer pasture period, which followed the drylot period. Zeranol had no major effect (P greater than .10) on age of weight at puberty. Fall pregnancy rate was 16% lower in implanted heifers than in control heifers in trial 1 (62 vs 78%, P = .08) but did not differ in trial 2 (88 vs 87%, I and C, respectively). PMID- 6630092 TI - Effects of vitamin E and selenium injections on reproduction and preweaning lamb survival in ewes consuming diets marginally deficient in selenium. AB - Medium wool ewes were injected with vitamin E and(or) Se over a 2-yr period to evaluate the influence of these treatments on reproduction. Ewes were divided randomly into four groups, consisting of a control, plus groups receiving monthly sc injections of either 272 iu vitamin E, 4 mg Se or 272 IU vitamin E plus 4 mg Se during pregnancy. Selenium administration increased (P less than .05) ewe blood Se concentrations, but had no effect (P greater than .10) on fertility (number of ewes lambing of ewes bred), prolificacy (number of lambs born/ewe lambing) or lamb sex ratio. Preweaning survival of lambs was increased (P less than .05) by ewe treatments with either Se or vitamin E and thus, treated ewes weaned approximately 20% more lambs/ewe mated than did control ewes. PMID- 6630093 TI - Thin-layer agarose isoelectric focusing: an improved technique for determining sheep hemoglobin type. AB - An improved technique for rapid screening of sheep flocks for hemoglobin (Hb) type is presented. This technique, isoelectric focusing (IEF) on thin-layer agarose gels is simple, rapid, inexpensive and is suitable for screening large numbers of sheep for Hb type. With this technique, up to 100 sheep blood samples can be prepared, tested and interpreted within 2 h after samples are drawn. The new technique was shown to provide better resolution than polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and was able to resolve samples in which the Hb had become partially degraded. These same samples could not be resolved by PAGE. The use of a special electroendosmosis-free grade of agarose provided resolution essentially equal to polyacrylamide as a matrix for IEF. The advantages are that the casting of the agarose gels is considerably easier, the focusing of samples is more rapid, staining and destaining times are greatly reduced and hazards from potential neurotoxicity of acrylamide are eliminated. Blood from 138 ewes at the Oregon State University Sheep Center was examined by the new agarose IEF technique to determine and demonstrate its usefulness for screening. No difficulty was encountered with interpretation of any of the samples. Frequencies of the HbA and B alleles were similar to those found in earlier studies when polyacrylamide tube gel electrophoresis was used. The observed frequencies were also similar to those expected with the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. PMID- 6630094 TI - Comparison of two- and three-way rotational crossing and synthetic variety production involving inbred lines of Hereford cattle: postweaning traits. AB - Data for this linecrossing study were the postweaning growth and weight records of calves born from 1967 through 1975. The records consisted of 264 bull (M) and 263 heifer (F) straightline (SL) calves; 108 M and 100 F two-line rotational cross (2W) calves; 130 M and 102 F three-line rotational cross (3W) calves and 58 M and 51 F synthetic variety (SV) calves, all in the Hereford breed. Average inbreeding percentages of calves and dams in Lines 1, 4, 6 and 10 were 24, 28, 34 and 28; respectively. The M calves were fed a growing-fattening diet for 196 d after a 14-d period of adjustment to postweaning environment. The F calves were fed to gain approximately .5 kg daily during winter from weaning to about 12 mo of age and were then grazed on native pasture until about 18 mo of age. For M, average percentage increases over SL by 2W, 3W and SV combined over three generations were respectively, 9.0, 11.0, 11.6 for initial weight; 5.9, 8.1, 8.8 for 140-d weight; 4.8, 7.2, 7.7 for final 196-d weight and 1.5, 4.2, 4.7 for 196 d gain. All above estimates of increased weight or gain over SL were significant except for 196-d gain in 2W. For F, average percentage increases over SL by 2W, 3W and SV, respectively, were 9.0, 10.9, 11.3 for initial weight; 8.2, 9.2, 8.4 for 12-mo weight; 7.5, 7.7, 9.1 for 18-mo weight; 5.2, 5.3, 5.7 for 18-mo score. All these estimated increases over SL were significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630095 TI - Pedigree analysis of four decades of Quarter Horse breeding. AB - Pedigrees of randomly selected Quarter Horses born in each of the years 1946, 1956, 1966 and 1976 and of winning halter, cutting and race horses born in the same years were evaluated and compared. Average inbreeding and inter se relationship levels and relationships of influential ancestors to the sample were calculated for each sample. The amount of Thoroughbred influence and the average generation interval were also determined for each random sample. The levels of inbreeding found in the random samples were low, ranging from 1.3% in 1956 to 2.6% in 1966; however, these levels were higher than would be expected if mating were random. Show and race winners born in 1976 appeared to be less inbred than random horses of the breed. The estimated average inter se relationship within the random samples increased from 0% in 1946 to 3% in 1966, decreasing again to 0% in 1976. Horses in the elite samples appeared to be more closely related to each other than those in the random samples. Fifteen ancestors of horses in the random samples were identified as influential to the Quarter Horse breed. Many of these same ancestors were influential in the halter and cutting samples, but only one was influential in the race samples. The percentage of pedigree lines in the random samples that contained a Thoroughbred ancestor were as follows; 1946, 27.5%; 1956, 19.2%; 1966, 23.2% and 1976, 31.4%. The average generation interval fluctuated from approximately 8 yr to approximately 10 yr for the random samples. PMID- 6630096 TI - Effects of pregnancy and lactation on the body composition of first-litter female swine. AB - A total of 64 gilts initially weighing 120 kg were used to evaluate body composition occurring during pregnancy and lactation. All animals were fed a 14% protein corn-soybean meal diet. Eight gilts were slaughtered each at breeding, 57 and 105 d postcoitum and at 5 and 25 d postpartum, with a corresponding number of nongravid females killed at similar periods except at 5 d postpartum. Chemical composition of the empty body (ingesta-free) and maternal body (empty body minus reproductive products) was determined. Gravid gilts were heavier with larger quantities of water, protein and fat than nongravid gilts by the termination of pregnancy, but these differences were attributable to the products of conception. After the reproductive tissue components were subtracted, no indication of pregnancy anabolism was evident. Hydration in gravid swine was evident at 105 d postcoitum but was attributed to the higher water contribution from conceptus products, not maternal tissue. Maternal body fat appeared to fluctuate during gestation and lactation, whereas body protein and ash content were less affected. Both the empty body and maternal body contained approximately 83.5% protein and 16.5% ash when expressed on a fat-free dry basis, suggesting that compositional changes during reproduction largely reflect water and fat content changes in the dam's body. Carcass measurements generally reflected body compositional data. PMID- 6630097 TI - Ammonium polyphosphate versus dicalcium phosphate as a phosphorus supplement for growing-finishing swine. AB - A totaL of 160 crossbred pigs were fed a sorghum-soybean meal diet with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) or dicalcium phosphate (DiCa) as supplemental phosphorus (P) sources for growing-finishing swine. The diets contained P levels of .5 and .4% for the grower phase and .4 and .33% for the finisher phase. Ammonium polyphosphate was evaluated on the basis of pig performance and bone development and compared with DiCa as a standard. The first rib and third and fourth metacarpals were removed from eight barrows from each of the four treatments. Replacement of DiCa with APP as the P supplement did not affect (P greater than .05) average daily gain, average daily feed and feed:gain ratio of growing finishing pigs. No effect on bone variables examined on the first rib and third and fourth metacarpals was obtained between pigs fed APP or DiCa. Pigs on the lower supplemental P levels had lower (P less than .05) dry fat-free weight and percentage ash for all three bones. The breaking force of the first rib was less (P less than .05) for the pigs fed the lower P supplements of APP and DiCa than for pigs fed the higher level of DiCa. A trend was observed for an apparent decreased P availability from APP than DiCa when fed at the lower level of supplementation, but this trend was not observed when APP was added to provide a P level to meet National Research Council requirements. Ammonium polyphosphate as a P supplement for growing-finishing swine was satisfactory for performance and bone mineralization as compared with DiCa. PMID- 6630098 TI - Effect of parenteral iron on serum electrolytes of the baby pig. AB - Twenty-eight 4-d-old nursing pigs were used in two trials to evaluate the effects of im injection of iron (Fe) from Fe-dextran upon subsequent serum mineral concentrations. An im injection of 150 mg of Fe from Fe-dextran was given to all pigs (n = 17) in trial 1. Serum Fe concentration increased rapidly from an initial mean of 65 to 3,466 micrograms/dl at 6 h postinjection (PI), 5,712 micrograms/dl at 24 h PI, then fell to 317 micrograms/dl at 4 d PI, 143 micrograms/dl at 7 d PI and remained about 100 micrograms/dl at 14, 21 and 28 d PI. Concentrations of other serum minerals did not appear to be influenced by the Fe-dextran injection. Treatments of Pigs (n = 11) in trial 2 were no injection, injection of dextran only, injection of 100 mg Fe from Fe-dextran and injection of 200 mg Fe from Fe-dextran. Serum Fe concentration increased rapidly after Fe dextran injection, rising to a peak of 11,028 micrograms/dl at 6 h PI from the 100-mg Fe injection and 17,012 micrograms/dl at 6 h PI from the 200-mg Fe injection. Serum Fe concentration dropped steadily in pigs that were given no injection or injected with dextran only. Seven days after trial 2 started, all pigs that had received no injection or dextran only were injected with 100 mg Fe from Fe-dextran.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630099 TI - Vomitoxin in corn fed to young pigs. AB - Four trials were conducted with young pigs to evaluate the effect of dietary level of vomitoxin-contaminated corn on performance and pathology. A dietary level of approximately 20 ppm vomitoxin caused vomiting, 12 ppm vomitoxin caused almost complete feed refusal and 1.3 ppm caused a significant depression in feed intake and rate Of gain. No lesions attributable to vomitoxin were observed in pigs fed up to 43 ppm dietary vomitoxin for a 21-d period. Alterations in various blood serum characteristics were observed in pigs fed vomitoxin, however, the effects could not be separated from those that may result from low intake of food. PMID- 6630100 TI - Influence of the ovary on estradiol-induced luteinizing hormone release in postpartum milked and suckled Holstein cows. AB - Holstein cows were assigned at parturition to be milked (n = 10) or suckled by four calves each (n = 10). One-half of each group was ovariectomized bilaterally (ovex) at the end of wk 1 and the remaining one-half was ovariectomized unilaterally (intact) at the end of wk 2. Cows were challenged with 400 micrograms estradiol-17 beta (im) at the end of wk 1, 2, 3 and 4 (24 h after surgery) and blood was collected at 0, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 h after estradiol to determine luteinizing hormone (LH) concentration. Blood also was collected every 3 d until 6 wk to estimate ovulation in intact cows by monitoring serum progesterone concentration. Calves were weaned from suckled cows after the third blood collection period (wk 3). Total ovarian follicles (16.5 +/- 4 vs 34.2 +/- 4) and follicular fluid weight (.7 +/- .2 vs 1.4 +/- .2 g) were less (P less than .05) in suckled than in milked cows during wk 1, respectively. But the reverse trend appeared to occur during wk 2, although total ovarian follicles (26.4 +/- 6 vs 16.4 +/- 6) and follicular fluid weight (.9 +/- .3 vs .8 +/- .3 g) were similar in suckled and milked cows, respectively. Fewer suckled than milked cows responded to estradiol (LH concentration 1 SD above the average pre estradiol LH concentration) at the end of wk 1 and 2 (P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630101 TI - Comparison of different patterns of exogenous growth hormone administration on milk production in Holstein cows. AB - Bovine growth hormone (bGH) was administered by three different methods to four Holstein cows in late lactation (13.4 kg/d). Treatments were 1) a placebo treatment, 2) single daily sc injection of bGH, 3) pulse iv injection of bGH at 4 h intervals and 4) continuous sc infusion of bGH. The three bGH treatment groups all received the same quantity of bGH (51.5 IU/d). Daily plasma profiles of bGH consisted of 1) a relatively constant concentration of 6 ng/ml for the placebo group, 2) a single peak (48 ng/ml) followed by a steady decline, for the single injection treatment, 3) six transient peaks (57 to 72 ng/ml) 4 h apart for the pulse injection treatment and 4) a relatively constant elevation of bGH (26 ng/ml) for the continuous sc infusion treatment. Total amount of immunoreactive bGH measured in the plasma of the cows over 24 h was equal for the three bGH treatments. Increases in milk yield for the three bGH treatments did not differ and averaged 31%. Growth hormone treatment did not affect the percentage of milk fat or lactose, but resulted in a 10% decline in protein percentage. Dry matter intake declined an average of 9% and, coupled with increased milk yield resulted in a large increase in feed efficiency (47%). The similarity of the lactational responses to the three methods of administering bGH indicates that there is considerable flexibility in the method by which GH can be administered to dairy cows. PMID- 6630102 TI - Combination therapy with beta-lactam antibiotics. PMID- 6630103 TI - The diagnosis and management of septic arthritis in children. PMID- 6630104 TI - Antimicrobial chemotherapy in the treatment of brain abscess. PMID- 6630105 TI - Netilmicin 150 mg every 12 hours in systemic infections. AB - Most (76%) of the 284 gentamicin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolated from patients hospitalised in Eindhoven or its vicinity proved to be sensitive to netilmicin. The sensitivity rate was 96% for amikacin and 97% for cefotaxime. Thirty-four patients with systemic infections and isolation of netilmicin sensitive Enterobacteriaceae were treated with 150 mg netilmicin intravenously every 12 h. All except one patient reacted favourably. The patient who did not had a netilmicin-sensitive Escherichia coli septicaemia which recurred during treatment. The treatment was well tolerated. No ototoxicity or permanent nephrotoxicity were noted. Although the variation of serum levels was as great for netilmicin as has been reported for other aminoglycosides, they were in general within acceptable limits. In patients with reduced renal function peak levels above 16 mg/l were found five times more frequently than in patients with normal renal function. However, serum levels should also be monitored in patients with normal renal function. PMID- 6630106 TI - Persistence in serum and lungs of guinea pigs of erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and rifampicin and their in-vitro activities against Legionella pneumophila. AB - The penetration and persistence in the serum and lungs of guinea pigs after parenteral administration of erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and rifampicin, and their in-vitro activities against Legionella pneumophila were investigated. The most active agent was rifampicin (MIC 0.0625 mg/l, MBC 0.125 mg/l) and effective levels of this drug were present in serum and lungs up to 10 h after injection. Erythromycin accumulated to very high levels in the lungs and had good bacteriostatic activity in vitro. Gentamicin was highly bactericidal in liquid culture but showed poor lung penetration on injection. Chloramphenicol, the least inhibitory of the four antibiotics, had an MIC of 1.0 mg/l. Active chloramphenicol was not detected in guinea pig serum and lungs following ip or im administration. The differences in the penetration and persistence of these drugs in the lungs of guinea pigs may explain the reported poor correlation between in vitro and in-vivo activity against L. pneumophila. The results are useful for evaluating regimens for therapy of Legionnaires' disease in the aerosol infected guinea pig model. PMID- 6630107 TI - Three to eight weeks of therapy with netilmicin: toxicity in normal and diabetic patients. AB - Twenty-eight patients, 24 men and 4 women, aged between 17 and 72 years old, and suffering from chronic osteomyelitis (19), mastoiditis (5), or serious wound infections (4) were treated for an average of 35 days with netilmicin at doses of 2.4 to 6.9 mg/kg/day. The total dose of netilmicin given to each patient ranged from 3700 to 23 220 mg. Although the renal function was initially normal in all patients and stayed normal throughout therapy in all patients with no underlying disease, netilmicin nephrotoxicity was detected in two diabetic patients (7.6%). Vestibular toxicity developed in two (7.6%) but no change in audiograms was noted. Long-term therapy was associated with a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in half-life, from 1.5 to 1.9 h, and AUC 7.9 to 13.1 mg/l/h. PMID- 6630108 TI - Transferable trimethoprim resistance in three Finnish hospitals. AB - Resistance to trimethoprim in urinary tract isolates was studied in the Turku City Hospital in 1979 and 1980-81 and in the Turku and Kuopio University Central Hospitals in 1980-81. In the Turku City Hospital no changes occurred during this time in the frequency of strains highly-resistant to trimethoprim (MIC greater than 1000 mg/l) or of those in which transferable resistance was demonstrated. However, the nature of resistance has changed since 1979, when the only transferable pattern was trimethoprim-ampicillin resistance. In 1980-81 over half of the transfer-positive stains transferred only trimethoprim resistance. In the university hospitals the strains highly-resistant to trimethoprim occurred in 36.8% of strains resistant to greater than or equal to 8 mg/l. This is significantly less than 68.7% observed at the same time in the Turku City Hospital. Among the highly-resistant strains the frequency of those transferring resistance was the same in the university hospitals as in the Turku City Hospital. PMID- 6630109 TI - Laser nephelometric semi-automated system for rapid bacterial susceptibility testing. AB - Experiments with a semi-automated susceptibility test system are described. The system was based on a laser nephelometer which was used to estimate extinction in broth cultures, and ready-to-use cuvettes containing antibiotics. Each antibiotic was tested at two concentrations, the cuvettes were manually inoculated and the results were obtained after 3-5 h incubation in an agitator-incubator. The system was used to test 70 strains (mainly Gram-negative) for susceptibility to 14 antibiotics. The results were compared with the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined in a solid medium and partially with the ABAC semi-automatic antibiotic sensitivity test. No major discrepancy was observed between the semi automated laser nephelometric system and MIC and the results were in complete agreement in 91.2%. The laser nephelometric system was found slightly superior to the ABAC system which showed a full accord rate of 88% with MIC. Since the method used a common apparatus in protein immunochemistry, it was found applicable in routine diagnostic microbiology laboratories. PMID- 6630110 TI - Differential susceptibility of Aeromonas hydrophila and Enterobacteriaceae to nalidixic acid. AB - The susceptibility of 49 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila and 77 strains of Enterobacteriaceae towards nalidixic acid was compared by tube dilution and agar diffusion methods. A higher susceptibility was exhibited by Aerom. hydrophila and no overlap in MICs was found for strains of the two groups of microorganisms. Discs containing 0.25 microgram of nalidixic acid produced measurable zones of growth inhibition with Aerom. hydrophila and no zones with the Enterobacteriaceae. The use of a disc with 0.25 microgram of nalidixic acid for the primary differentiation of strains of Aerom. hydrophila from those of the Enterobacteriaceae with similar biochemical properties is suggested. PMID- 6630111 TI - Amoxycillin/clavulanic acid: the effect of probenecid. AB - The effect of probenecid on the combination of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid has been compared with the effect on amoxycillin alone and it has been shown that probenecid, whilst producing its expected effect on amoxycillin, did not affect the clavulanic acid concentration of the combination. A possible minor role for tubular secretion of clavulanic acid is discussed. PMID- 6630112 TI - Determination of extravascular concentrations of doxycycline. AB - Doxycycline concentration in rabbit serum and muscle fluid were studied following a single iv infusion of 10 mg/kg. Maximal levels of doxycycline in muscle tissue fluid were found within 20 min after the end of infusion. Thereafter muscle fluid levels of doxycycline were similar to concurrent serum levels and were eliminated at a similar rate. PMID- 6630113 TI - A problem in the interpretation of beta-lactam antibiotic levels in tissues. AB - Ceftazidime was injected iv to rabbits (25 mg/kg). Samples of the whole muscle and muscle tissue fluid were removed at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 h for assay. Muscle tissue fluid was obtained using implanted cotton threads and freshly applied paper discs. The levels of ceftazidime in muscle fluid were similar to concurrent serum levels at all times tested. Ceftazidime levels in small pieces of excised muscle were significantly lower (ten-fold) than concurrent serum or tissue fluid levels. This difference between ceftazidime levels in whole tissue and tissue fluid is explained by the fact that not all antibiotics penetrate into the cellular mass of tissue but some remain confined to the much smaller interstitial tissue fluid compartment. The assumption that antibiotics will diffuse evenly throughout a tissue is an error to be avoided in the interpretation of antibiotic levels in tissues. PMID- 6630115 TI - Monitoring susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in hospital infections: a guide for epidemiologically oriented chemotherapy. PMID- 6630114 TI - Gentamicin-associated changes in renal function reversible during continued treatment. AB - Serum levels of gentamicin and serum creatinine were studied retrospectively in six patients receiving gentamicin for 39-48 days. Serum creatinine increased and gentamicin accumulation occurred initially in all patients but after three to four weeks the renal function improved despite continuing gentamicin administration. PMID- 6630116 TI - The PBPs of Bacteroides fragilis. PMID- 6630117 TI - Susceptibility studies in the Bacteroides fragilis group resistant to clindamycin. PMID- 6630118 TI - Concentration of metronidazole and its major metabolites in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysate. PMID- 6630119 TI - Evaluation of a testing program for aflatoxin in corn. AB - A computer model that accounts for sampling and analytical variability was developed to simulate the aflatoxin testing program administered by the North Carolina Department of Agriculture (NCDA) to regulate aflatoxin in corn meal. Monte Carlo solution techniques were employed to account for conditional probabilities that rise from multiple samples being used in the testing program. The NCDA testing program was then evaluated by applying the computer model to a hypothetical group of 1000 corn meal lots with the same distribution of aflatoxin concentrations as was observed among aflatoxin assays made by NCDA on commercial lots of corn meal from 1977 to 1980. The average of the 1000 lots assayed was 17.7 parts per billion (ppb). The model predicted that 79.5% of the lots would be accepted and 20.5% of the lots would be rejected by the NCDA testing program. The accepted and rejected lots contained an average of 5.7 and 64.2 ppb aflatoxin, respectively. The testing program accepted 7.3% of the lots with more than 20 ppb aflatoxin (consumers' risk) and rejected 1.0% of the lots with 20 ppb or less (processors' risk). A correct decision was made 94% of the time. PMID- 6630120 TI - Dilution errors in aflatoxin determinations caused by compounds extracted from peanuts. AB - Several methods have been developed to analyze peanuts for aflatoxin by using thin layer chromatography (TLC). These methods depend on solvent extraction of aflatoxin from a sample of the product. Unfortunately, solvent solutions used to extract aflatoxin from peanuts also extract measurable quantities of other compounds such as oils, fats, sugars, and protein. The volume of these extracted compounds causes error in measuring the proportion of the solvent solution analyzed for aflatoxin. Also, because the cleanup procedures for some methods are inadequate, the volume of some of these extracted compounds also causes error in measuring the proportion of the extracted aflatoxin placed on TLC plates. These 2 errors cause underestimation of aflatoxin concentrations by approximately 11, 14, and 5% for the CB method, the modified version of the BF method generally used for raw peanuts, and a water slurry method, respectively. The correction specified by the CB method for fats in the extraction solvent reduces the approximate error for the CB method from 11 to 1%. PMID- 6630121 TI - Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of vitamin K1 in infant formulas. AB - A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for quantitating vitamin K1 in enzymatic hydrolysates of infant formula is described. The vitamin is extracted with n-pentane before determination by isocratic and isothermal reverse phase HPLC. Recovery of vitamin K1 added to 5 infant formulas ranged from 84 to 103%. PMID- 6630122 TI - Determination of styrene migration from food-contact polymers into margarine, using azeotropic distillation and headspace gas chromatography. AB - Migration studies were conducted to determine the quantity of styrene that migrates from polymers into fatty foods, specifically margarine. Azeotropic distillation was used to isolate styrene from the margarine. Headspace gas chromatography with a Chromosorb 104 column and a flame ionization detector was used for quantitation. The quantitation limit for the method was about 25 ppb (wt/wt) styrene in margarine. On the average, greater than 90% of the styrene was recovered. Several commercial margarines were examined. The method and results of the migration studies are presented. There was no detectable migration of styrene into margarine. PMID- 6630123 TI - Determination of acrylonitrile in foods by headspace gas-liquid chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. AB - A general procedure is described for the determination of acrylonitrile (AN) in foods such as margarine, honey butter, cold-pack cheese, and peanut butter, which are likely to be packaged in AN-based plastic. The entire sample is blended with water and salt at less than 5 degrees C, aliquots are sealed in crimp-top vials, and the vials are equilibrated in a boiling water bath. The headspace is sampled by using a heated syringe, and AN is determined by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus selective detector. The inclusion of propionitrile as an internal standard allows quantitation of AN with detection at 4,4, and 10 ppb for margarine, honey butter, and cold-pack cheese, respectively. A peak corresponding to about 5 ppb apparent AN in all non-AN-packaged peanut butter samples examined limits detection in peanut butter to about 15 ppb. The coefficients of variation at 20 ppb for margarine, honey butter, cold-pack cheese, and peanut butter were 7.5, 8.3, 7.3, and 10.2%, respectively. PMID- 6630124 TI - Electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic determination of methyl mercury in fish and shellfish: collaborative study. AB - A method for determining methyl mercury in fish and shellfish was collaboratively studied in 8 laboratories. Methyl mercury is isolated from acetone-washed, homogenized tissue by adding hydrochloric acid and extracting into benzene the methyl mercuric chloride that is formed. The benzene extract is concentrated and analyzed for methyl mercuric chloride by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography on 5% DEGS-PS treated with inorganic mercuric chloride solution. The quantitation limit for the method is 0.05 micrograms Hg/g. Each collaborator determined methyl mercury at 2 levels in blind duplicate samples of swordfish, tuna, oyster, and shrimp tissues. Both fortified and unfortified samples were analyzed. Methyl-bound mercury in the samples ranged from 0.15 to 2.48 micrograms Hg/g. The reproducibility coefficients of variation for the 8 samples ranged from 3 to 13%. The accuracy, measured by comparison to reference values, ranged from 99 to 120%. Reference values were determined in the Associate Referee's laboratory by replicate analyses of the fortified and unfortified samples. The method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 6630125 TI - Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination of selenium in foods and diets. AB - The validity of 2 electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric methods for determination of selenium in foods and diets was tested. By using 0.5% Ni(II) as a matrix modifier to prevent selenium losses during the ashing step, it was shown that selenium can be determined in samples containing greater than or equal to 1 microgram Se/g dry wt without organic extraction. The mean recovery tested, using NBS Bovine Liver, was 98%; recovery of added inorganic selenium in Bovine Liver matrix was 100%. In addition, this method gave values closest to the median value of all participating laboratories using hydride generation AAS or the spectrofluorometric method in a collaborative study on high selenium wheat, flour, and toast samples. For samples with concentrations less than 1 microgram Se/g dry wt, separation of selenium from interfering Fe and P ions by organic extraction was necessary. Using inorganic 75Se in meat and human milk matrixes, an ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-methyl isobutyl ketone-extraction system with added Cu(II) as a matrix modifier yielded the best extraction recoveries, 97 and 98%, respectively. Accuracy and precision of the method were tested using several official and unofficial biological standard materials. The mean accuracy was within 4% of the certified or best values of the standard materials and the day-to-day variation was 9%. The Se/Fe or Se/P interference limits proved to be low enough not to affect selenium determinations in practically all foods or diets. The practical detection limit of the method was 3 ng Se/g dry wt for 1.0 g dry wt samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630126 TI - Screening of fresh water fish extracts for enzyme-inducing substances by an aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction bioassay technique. AB - A sensitive biological test to detect the presence of certain contaminants, such as highly toxic halogenated dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in foods, was applied to extracts of fresh water fish that had been prepared by a food extraction-cleanup procedure developed by the Food and Drug Administration for pesticides and industrial chemicals. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in a rat hepatoma cell line was used as the biological detection system for residues that induce enzyme activity. The induction of AHH activity by the extracts was compared with a standard AHH-induction curve for the most active compound known, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), and results were computed as TCDD equivalents. Several dilutions of fish extracts were used to produce AHH-induction curves from which an optimal dose-response range was determined and used to estimate TCDD equivalents. Cleaned-up extracts of fish obtained from different water bodies in the United States were examined for AHH activity. The samples which had low levels of polyhalogenated contaminants produced low biological activity, while a higher activity was obtained from fish that contained higher levels of polyhalogenated contaminants. The results suggest that the fish extracts can be screened for AHH inducers before chemical analysis. PMID- 6630127 TI - Atomic absorption determination of serum copper: collaborative study. AB - Preliminary to conducting a collaborative study on a method for copper in serum, methods used by a selected group of laboratories were surveyed. The responding laboratories were supplied with a Youden pair of bovine serum samples and requested to use their current method for serum copper. Results of the analyses and the methods used were evaluated; hypotheses were developed in our laboratory to explain some of the interlaboratory variation. For the AAS method chosen, each of 12 collaborating laboratories analyzed one blind duplicate and 2 Youden pair of serum samples. A commercially available external control serum with a certified level of copper and a 1000 mg copper/L standard were also submitted. The method requires the serum to be diluted 1 + 1 with distilled water and the standards to be diluted with 10% glycerin to approximate the viscosity of the diluted serum. The intralaboratory coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 2.24 to 4.40% and the interlaboratory CV ranged from 2.56% to 6.05%. The method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 6630128 TI - Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection of ethoxyquin in milk. AB - A high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the determination of ethoxyquin (1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-quinoline) in milk. Milk solids are precipitated by adding acetonitrile, and the water acetonitrile supernate is washed with hexane to remove fat. Addition of sodium chloride causes the water-acetonitrile solution to separate into an aqueous phase and an acetonitrile phase, thus separating ethoxyquin from most water-soluble impurities. A large volume of water is then added to the acetonitrile layer and ethoxyquin is partitioned into hexane, which is removed at reduced pressure. The residue is dissolved in the mobile phase and analyzed on a 4.6 mm id X 250 mm Ultrasphere ODS column using fluorescence detection (excitation 230 nm; 418 nm cutoff filter). Water-acetonitrile with a diethylamine-acetic acid buffer is the mobile phase. Recoveries from samples fortified at 1, 5, and 10 ppb averaged 78% with a coefficient of variation of 5.0%. Low levels (less than 1 ppb) of apparent ethoxyquin were found in commercial milk samples that were analyzed by using the method. PMID- 6630129 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of dimethylamine and trimethylamine in seafoods. AB - The volatile amines dimethylamine (DMA) and trimethylamine (TMA) are common degradation products of TMA-oxide in marine fish. Both compounds are used as important indicators of quality in seafoods. DMA is produced along with an equimolar quantity of formaldehyde by action of an endogenous enzyme found primarily in gadoid fish. TMA is produced in fresh, but not frozen seafoods by a bacterial enzyme. The current AOAC method for determination of TMA in fish is based on the colorimetric estimation of TMA as a picrate salt. This method is not specific for TMA; ammonia, monomethylamine, and DMA also form corresponding picrate salts. Gas chromatography provides a means of separating and quantitating the individual volatile amines. A simple perchloric acid extract of fish is neutralized with potassium hydroxide and extracted with benzene. The amines are then separated by gas chromatography on a porous polymer packed column and detected by using a nitrogen-phosphorus-specific flame ionization detector. The method provides simple, rapid simultaneous quantitation of DMA and TMA, and is applicable to a wide variety of seafoods. PMID- 6630130 TI - Identification of trout and salmon bloods by simple immunological technique and by electrofocusing patterns of red cell enzyme superoxide dismutase. AB - Species identification of animal bloods is readily achieved by immunological tests. Differentiation among fish species on this basis is more difficult although considerable success has been achieved on the basis of both inter- and intra-specific differences in their serum proteins. This report describes a method for the identification of the different species of fish within the Salmonidae family and some coarse fish families on the basis of an immunological test and electrofocusing patterns of the enzyme superoxide dismutase from the red cell. The immunological technique relies on the development of a specific anti trout (Salmonidae) serum which is used initially to differentiate the blood of a Salmonidae from other freshwater fish. Further discrimination, within the Salmonidae, is made on the basis of the different polymorphic forms of the enzyme superoxide dismutase separated in a pH 2.5 to 8 gradient. Using this technique, it is possible to differentiate among salmon, sea/brown trout, char, cheetah trout, and a number of varieties of rainbow trout. PMID- 6630131 TI - Ion-pair partition chromatography of mefenamic acid with tetraalkylammonium cations: development of analytical method from extraction data. AB - The ion-pair partition properties of mefenamic acid with the methyl, ethyl, n propyl, and n-butyl homologs of tetraalkylammonium cation were studied in relation to a model of an assay procedure for acidic drugs. Variables studied included identity and concentration of pairing ion and composition of extracting solvents. Resulting data were used to develop a partition chromatographic assay procedure. Standard recoveries averaged 99.01 +/- 0.82%. Assays of commercial capsules were reproducible. PMID- 6630132 TI - High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sulfisoxazole in dosage forms: collaborative study. AB - A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of sulfisoxazole in tablets, solution, and ointment dosage forms was collaboratively studied by 7 laboratories. The method uses a C18 column, an acetonitrile-acetic acid-water mobile phase, sulfadimethoxime as the internal standard, and photometric detection at 254 nm. Collaborators were supplied samples of 2 commercial tablets, 1 synthetic tablet powder, 1 commercial and 1 synthetic ophthalmic solution, and 1 commercial ophthalmic ointment. Mean recoveries of sulfisoxazole from the synthetic tablet powder and ophthalmic solution were 99.9 and 100.0%, respectively. Mean coefficients of variation for all samples analyzed were less than 2%. The method was adopted interim official first action. PMID- 6630133 TI - Rapid high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of amitriptyline hydrochloride in tablets and injectables: collaborative study. AB - A previously reported high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of amitriptyline hydrochloride in dosage forms was modified to permit its use as a stability-indicating method. The modified method, entailing a nitrile bonded microparticulate column, a methanol-0.005M ammonium acetate (90 + 10) mobile phase, and photometric detection at 239 nm, was collaboratively tested by 10 laboratories. Each collaborator received samples of synthetic and commercial tablets and injections. The recovery from a synthetic injection at the 10.06 mg/mL spiking level averaged 98.6%. The amount of declared found in commercial injections averaged 103.1%. The pooled reproducibility SD (CV%) and repeatability SD (CV%) were +/- 2.12 (2.15) and +/- 1.81 (1.84), respectively. The recovery from synthetic tablet composite at the 7.45% spiking level averaged 102.0%. The amount of declared found for commercial 25 mg and 100 mg tablets averaged 96.7 and 97.9%, respectively. The pooled reproducibility SD (CV%) and repeatability SD (CV%) for these 3 tablet samples were +/- 1.89 (1.86) and +/- 1.66 (1.64), respectively. Content uniformity analysis of commercial 25 mg and 100 mg tablets (n = 10) gave amounts of declared values averaging 100.5% (range 92.4-108.8%) and 99.3% (range 89.6-107.0%), respectively. The pooled reproducibility SD (CV%) and repeatability SD (CV%) were +/- 3.23 (3.2) and +/- 2.78 (2.8), respectively. A commercial injectable preparation spiked with dibenzosuberone was also collaboratively analyzed by a thin layer method. The method was adopted interim official first action. PMID- 6630134 TI - Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of mercury in mercury containing drugs: collaborative study. AB - An atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) method applicable to a wide variety of mercury-containing drugs has been developed and subjected to a collaborative study. Samples were digested with a water-HCl-HNO3 (4 + 3 + 1) mixture, and the mercury was determined in solution by AAS. High levels of mercury were measured with a conventional air-acetylene flame, whereas low levels were measured by the flameless technique. Each of 7 collaborators received duplicate synthetic samples of a tincture, an ophthalmic solution, and an antiseptic solution, and duplicate commercial samples of an ointment and an injectable. The overall mean value found by collaborators for mercury in these samples was 100.13%. The corresponding overall repeatability SD (CV, %) and reproducibility SD (CV, %) values were 2.18 (2.18) and 3.38 (3.38), respectively. The proposed AAS method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 6630135 TI - Role of anthranilic acid in background levels of sulfonamide in porcine livers when determined by the Tishler method. AB - Anthranilic acid occurs in excised swine livers as a result of temperature abuse before and/or after freezing. The tryptophan metabolite is the major source of the variable non-sulfonamide background level frequently encountered in the Tishler method for determining sulfonamide residues in swine livers. Diazotized anthranilic acid reacts slowly with N-1-(naphthyl)ethylenediamine [k(s-1) = 5.79 (+/- 0.07) X 10(-5)] and the final background level depends on the time elapsed between addition of the coupling agent and spectrophotometric determination. Kynurenine was tentatively identified as a minor source of the non-sulfonamide background level. PMID- 6630136 TI - Modified method for electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic determination of diethylstilbestrol residues in urine of fattened bulls. AB - A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method with electron capture (EC) detection was developed for determining diethylstilbestrol residues in the urine of fattened bulls. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is extracted into benzene, and then into 1N sodium hydroxide. The pH of the phenolic fraction (alkaline phase) is adjusted to 10.2 and DES is extracted again into benzene. Sample extracts are cleaned up on silica gel. Trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) is used as acylation reagent, and the derivatized sample is chromatographed on a 3% OV-17 column and measured with a 63Ni EC detector. The method is suitable for determining residues at levels as low as 2 ppb. PMID- 6630137 TI - Composition of apple juice. AB - Thirty-one samples from 8 geographic growing regions of the United States and 15 varieties common to these areas were converted to apple juice and analyzed for their attributes over the 3 year period 1979, 1980, and 1981. The total of 93 samples were analyzed for ash, brix, pH, proline, specific gravity, total acid, sorbitol, sucrose, fructose, and glucose. The elements cadmium, calcium, iron, lead, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc were also determined. These data are presented to serve as a data base for the detection of fraudulent or adulterated apple juice. PMID- 6630138 TI - Effects of grinding and storage for one month on retention of vitamin A in premixes and mineral supplements. AB - Tested standardized procedures for handling premixes and mineral supplements from time of sampling to time of analysis for vitamin A have not been developed, which could account for some unexplained inconsistent and low analytical results. Grinding premix samples and storing them in a freezer for one month had little effect on amount of vitamin A found, but there was a significant loss (about 10%) after storage for one month at room temperature. Results on replicated determinations of vitamin A in unground and ground mineral supplements and on effect of storage were somewhat more variable than for premixes, but only the loss (about 12%) during storage for one month at room temperature was significant. PMID- 6630139 TI - Intragalactophoric aspiration: description of a cytologic examination complementary to galactography and first results obtained. PMID- 6630140 TI - [CT of peritoneal effusions and their anatomic topography]. PMID- 6630141 TI - Cervical spondylitis in a heroin addict. PMID- 6630142 TI - [A case of angiodysplasia of the colon]. PMID- 6630143 TI - Diaphyseal dysplasia. Late radiological discovery of 3 familial cases. PMID- 6630144 TI - Eucaryote thermophily: role of lipids in the growth of Talaromyces thermophilus. AB - The effects of growth temperature on the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of the fungus Talaromyces thermophilus were investigated. This thermophilic organism was unable to increase the degree of unsaturation of its fatty acids when shifted from high to low growth temperatures. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by the antibiotic cerulenin was reversed by the addition of a mixture of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids and ergosterol. The data obtained were consistent with the hypothesis that the thermophilic character of T. thermophilus is due to metabolic limitations that restrict its ability to regulate membrane fluidity. PMID- 6630145 TI - Transport and processing of staphylococcal alpha-toxin. AB - Two larger precursors to staphylococcal alpha-toxin were identified and partially characterized. Both precursor proteins were present on the cell membrane at very low levels and appeared to be rapidly processed to the mature form. Dinitrophenol inhibited processing such that the two precursors accumulated in the membranes, whereas little extracellular (mature) alpha-toxin is formed. The peptide maps of the 35S-labeled peptides from extracellular alpha-toxin and the two precursors were almost identical. The larger precursor protein contained four additional peptides and the smaller precursor protein contained three additional peptides not found in the extracellular toxin. PMID- 6630146 TI - Bacterial formation and metabolism of 6-hydroxyhexanoate: evidence of a potential role for omega-oxidation. AB - Alkane-utilizing strains of Pseudomonas spp. were found to omega-oxidize hexanoate, 6-hydroxyhexanoate, and 6-oxohexanoate to adipic acid in 5, 30, and 90% molar yields, respectively, after induction with n-hexane. 6-Hydroxyhexanoate was identified as the immediate product of hexanoate omega-hydroxylation by whole cells and was further oxidized into adipic acid and an unexpected metabolite identified as 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid. This same metabolite, together with adipic acid, was also detected when similarly induced cells were incubated with hexanoate or 1,6-hexanediol, but not with 6-oxohexanoate (adipic semialdehyde). Cells grown on hexanoate and incubated with 6-hydroxyhexanoate were also found to accumulate 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid, which was not further degraded. Utilization of 6-hydroxyhexanoate for growth was restricted to those organisms also able to utilize adipate. Similar observations were made with 1,6-hexanediol serving as the carbon source and cells obtained from one organism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO, grown either on 1,6-hexanediol or 6-hydroxyhexanoate, were found to be well induced for both 6-oxohexanoate and adipate oxidation. The results indicate that 6-hydroxyhexanoate and 1,6-hexanediol are susceptible to both beta- and omega-oxidative attack; however, the former pathway appears to be of no physiological significance since it generates 2-tetrahydrofuranacetic acid as a nonmetabolizable intermediate, making omega-oxidation via adipate the exclusive pathway for degradation. PMID- 6630147 TI - Identification of a Rhizobium trifolii plasmid coding for nitrogen fixation and nodulation genes and its interaction with pJB5JI, a Rhizobium leguminosarum plasmid. AB - Rhizobium trifolii T37 contains at least three plasmids with sizes of greater than 250 megadaltons. Southern blots of agarose gels of these plasmids probed with Rhizobium meliloti nif DNA indicated that the smallest plasmid, pRtT37a, contains the nif genes. Transfer of the Rhizobium leguminosarum plasmid pJB5JI, which codes for pea nodulation and the nif genes and is genetically marked with Tn5, into R. trifolii T37 generated transconjugants containing a variety of plasmid profiles. The plasmid profiles and symbiotic properties of all of the transconjugants were stably maintained even after reisolation from nodules. The transconjugant strains were placed into three groups based on their plasmid profiles and symbiotic properties. The first group harbored a plasmid similar in size to pJB5JI (130 megadaltons) and lacked a plasmid corresponding to pRtT37a. These strains formed effective nodules on peas but were unable to nodulate clover and lacked the R. trifolii nif genes. This suggests that genes essential for clover nodulation as well as the R. trifolii nif genes are located on pRtT37a and have been deleted. The second group harbored hybrid plasmids formed from pRtT37a and pJB5JI which ranged in size from 140 to ca. 250 megadaltons. These transconjugants had lost the R. leguminosarum nif genes but retained the R. trifolii nif genes. Strains in this group nodulated both peas and clover but formed effective nodules only on clover. The third group of transconjugants contained a hybrid plasmid similar in size to pRtT37b. These strains contained the R. trifolii and R. leguminosarum nif genes and formed N2-fixing nodules on both peas and clover. PMID- 6630148 TI - Separation and distribution of thiosulfate-oxidizing enzyme, tetrathionate reductase, and thiosulfate reductase in extracts of marine heterotroph strain 16B. AB - Thiosulfate-oxidizing enzyme (TSO), tetrathionate reductase (TTR), and thiosulfate reductase (TSR) were demonstrated in cell-free extracts of the marine heterotrophic thiosulfate-oxidizing bacterium strain 16B. Extracts prepared from cells cultured aerobically in the absence of thiosulfate or tetrathionate exhibited constitutive TSO and TTR activity which resided in the soluble fraction of ultracentrifuged crude extracts. Constitutive TSO and TTR cochromatographed on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Cellex D, Sephadex G-150, and orange A dye-ligand affinity gels. Extracts prepared from cells cultured anaerobically with tetrathionate or aerobically with thiosulfate followed by oxygen deprivation showed an 11- to 30 fold increase in TTR activity, with no increase in TSO activity. The inducible TTR resided in both the ultracentrifuge pellet and supernatant fractions and was readily separated from constitutive TSO and TTR in the latter by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Inducible TTR exhibited TSR activity, which was also located in both membrane and soluble extract fractions and which cochromatographed with inducible TTR. The results indicate that constitutive TSO and TTR in marine heterotroph 16B represent reverse activities of the same enzyme whose major physiological function is thiosulfate oxidation. Evidence is also presented which suggests a possible association of inducible TTR and TSR in strain 16B. PMID- 6630149 TI - Fate of DNA in eclipse complex during genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae. AB - Uptake of DNA and genetic recombination proceeded normally in competent Streptococcus pneumoniae despite inhibition of DNA replication by 6-(p hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil. Immediately after a brief uptake period, 68% of donor DNA label was in eclipse complex form, and 22% was in low-molecular-weight products; by the completion of integration at 10 min, 23% was integrated into the chromosome, and the rest was lost from the cell. Throughout the process, less than 1% was found as free single strands. The DNA in eclipse complex is therefore an intermediate in the integration process. PMID- 6630150 TI - Murein structure and lack of DD- and LD-carboxypeptidase activities in Caulobacter crescentus. AB - High-pressure liquid chromatography of a muramidase digest of murein sacculi from Caulobacter crescentus showed that the absence of D-alanine carboxypeptidase activity in the cells was reflected by a very high content of pentapeptide in the murein. Approximately half of the pentapeptide side chains were shown to contain glycine, which replaced D-alanine as the terminal amino acid. PMID- 6630151 TI - Acquisition of iron by Aeromonas salmonicida. AB - The ability of six typical and three atypical strains of Aeromonas salmonicida to sequester Fe3+ from the high-affinity iron chelators ethylenediaminedihydroxy phenylacetic acid, lactoferrin, and transferrin was determined. Typical strains were readily able to sequester Fe3+ and used two different mechanisms. One mechanism was inducible and appeared to involve production of a low-molecular weight soluble siderophore(s). Iron uptake by this mechanism was strongly inhibited by ferricyanide. One virulent strain displayed a second mechanism which was constitutive and required cell contact with Fe3+-lactoferrin or -transferrin. This strain did not produce a soluble siderophore(s) but could utilize the siderophore(s) produced by the other strain. Fe3+ uptake by this stripping mechanism was strongly inhibited by dinitrophenol. Atypical strains displayed a markedly reduced ability to sequester iron from high-affinity chelators, although one of them was able to utilize the siderophores produced by the typical strain. In all strains examined, Fe3+ limitation resulted in the increased synthesis of several high-molecular-weight outer membrane proteins. PMID- 6630152 TI - Adherence of Clostridium thermocellum to cellulose. AB - The adherence of Clostridium thermocellum, a cellulolytic, thermophilic anaerobe, to its insoluble substrate (cellulose) was studied. The adherence phenomenon was determined to be selective for cellulose. The observed adherence was not significantly affected by various parameters, including salts, pH, temperature, detergents, or soluble sugars. A spontaneous adherence-defective mutant strain (AD2) was isolated from the wild-type strain YS. Antibodies were prepared against the bacterial cell surface and rendered specific to the cellulose-binding factor (CBF) by adsorption to mutant AD2 cells. By using these CBF-specific antibodies, crossed immunoelectrophoresis of cell extracts revealed a single discrete precipitation peak in the parent strain which was absent in the mutant. This difference was accompanied by an alteration in the polypeptide profile whereby sonicates of strain YS contained a 210,000-molecular-weight band which was missing in strain AD2. The CBF antigen could be removed from cell extracts by adsorption to cellulose. A combined gel-overlay--immunoelectrophoretic technique demonstrated that the cellulose-binding properties of the CBF were accompanied by carboxymethylcellulase activity. During the exponential phase of growth, a large part of the CBF antigen and related carboxymethylcellulase activity was associated with the cells of wild-type strain YS. However, the amounts decreased in stationary-phase cells. Cellobiose-grown mutant AD2 cells lacked the cell associated CBF, but the latter was detected in the extracellular fluid. Increased levels of CBF were observed when cells were grown on cellulose. In addition, mutant AD2 regained cell-associated CBF together with the property of cellulose adherence. The presence of the CBF antigen and related adherence characteristics appeared to be a phenomenon common to other naturally occurring strains of this species. PMID- 6630153 TI - Isolation and characterization of two chondroitin lyases from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. AB - Two chondroitin lyases were isolated from the colon anaerobe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Both enzymes had similar molecular weights (104,000 and 108,000) and similar isoelectric points (8.0 and 7.9, respectively). Both enzymes were active against chondroitin sulfates A, B, and C and unsulfated polysaccharides, such as chondroitin and hyaluronic acid, although one of the enzymes was twice as active against chondroitin as the other enzyme. Both had similar Km values for chondroitin sulfates A and C (40 to 70 micrograms/ml) and for chondroitin (300 to 400 micrograms/ml). Neither enzyme could degrade the highly sulfated mucopolysaccharide heparin, but heparin was a potent inhibitor of the activity of both enzymes. Although enzymes I and II were similar in many respects, a comparison of peptides resulting from partial digestion with N chlorosuccinimide or papain demonstrated that the two proteins are not related. PMID- 6630154 TI - Initial stages in the morphogenesis of nitrogen-fixing stem nodules of Sesbania rostrata. AB - Morphogenesis of stem nodules in Sesbania rostrata was studied over a period of 6 days after inoculation with an appropriate species of Rhizobium. Nodulation sites were initially slightly raised, circular areas 0.3 to 0.6 mm in diameter and 4 to 5 mm apart in vertical rows along the length of the stem. Each site was underlaid by an adventitious root primordium. A site became susceptible to infection by a specific Rhizobium sp. when the root primordium broke through the epidermis, leaving a fissure. Rhizobia multiplied within this fissure and colonized the exposed intercellular spaces. The infection extended inward as narrow, branched intercellular threads moved into a cortical meristematic zone, where cell division was initiated, and invagination of infection thread branches into adjacent plant cells followed. Rhizobia were released into the plant cells and surrounded immediately by plant membrane. Intracellular rhizobia divided actively, leading to bacteroid-filled cells. Infected areas enlarged and coalesced as the nodule matured. PMID- 6630155 TI - High-frequency induction of nodulation and nitrogen fixation mutants of Rhizobium japonicum. AB - More than 50 symbiotic mutants of Rhizobium japonicum were isolated by purported plasmid-curing techniques. Wild-type R. japonicum strains were grown in liquid culture at 28 or 36 degrees C in different concentrations of acridine orange, ethidium bromide, or sodium dodecyl sulfate for selection of mutants. The symbiotic traits of 133 isolates from nine treatment groups were determined. Forty-two isolates were Nod- Nif+, seven were Nod+ Nif-, and two were Nod- Nif-. The nifDH genes were deleted in three mutants and consequently showed no hybridization to a nifDH probe. None of these mutants showed any detectable loss of plasmid DNA. PMID- 6630156 TI - Sulfite oxidase activity in Thiobacillus novellus. AB - Thiobacillus novellus shows a maximum induction of sulfite oxidase activity and a maximum growth rate as a result of supplementing the autotrophic growth medium with 4.0 microM ammonium molybdate. Cells grown in the presence of molybdate showed approximately 10-fold increases in the amount of enzyme-associated molybdenum and in the sulfite-to-cytochrome c and sulfite-to-ferricyanide reductase activities. The effect of exogenous molybdate was not discernible with cells grown in the absence of thiosulfate. Tungsten inhibited the growth of T. novellus and the expression of sulfite oxidase activity. PMID- 6630157 TI - Chart review of alcohol problems in adolescent psychiatric patients in an emergency room. AB - Of 459 consecutive teenage patients seen for psychiatric evaluations in a general hospital emergency room during a 1-year period, 76 (17%) had blood alcohol levels over 100 mg/dl. Males and females were represented equally in this group. The most common DSM-III diagnoses in these patients were affective disorders and conduct disorders. PMID- 6630158 TI - Delirium resulting from methylene chloride exposure: case report. AB - A case is reported of delirium resulting from exposure to methylene chloride, a common and widely used organic solvent. Inhalation of its vapors causes toxic effects via endogenous carbon monoxide production, which probably caused this patient's symptoms. PMID- 6630159 TI - Anorgasmia associated with imipramine but not desipramine: case report. AB - A case of imipramine-induced orgasmic inhibition in a woman is reported. Desipramine, the metabolite of imipramine, did not produce this reaction. The ability of imipramine to block the CNS neuronal reuptake of serotonin (a property not shared by desipramine) is considered the probable pathophysiologic mechanism in the failure to achieve orgasm. PMID- 6630160 TI - Biologic markers and antidepressant response. AB - The use of biologic markers to predict antidepressant treatment response may lead to more rational selection of specific drugs for individual patients. Several biologic markers being developed as potential predictors of antidepressant treatment response are reviewed. Although research in this area is primarily concerned with predicting response to drug treatment, it may also prove useful in predicting which depressed patients may respond best to psychological treatments or combinations of biologic and psychologic treatments. PMID- 6630161 TI - Controversies in antidepressant therapy. PMID- 6630162 TI - Purification and properties of an acid deoxyribonuclease from rat small intestinal mucosa. AB - An acid deoxyribonuclease has been purified from rat small intestinal mucosa by a procedure including ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatographies on DEAE cellulose, CM-cellulose and SE-Sephadex and finally isoelectric focusing. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme preparation showed one major and two minor bands, and the enzyme activity corresponded to one of the minor bands. The enzyme preparation was free of contaminating DNase I, DNase III, alkaline RNase, acid and alkaline phosphatases and nonspecific phosphodiesterase, but slight activities of DNase IV and acid RNase were detected. The enzyme did not require divalent cations for activity, had a pH optimum of 4.5 in 0.33 M sodium acetate buffer, and had an optimum temperature of 50 to 60 degrees C when assayed for 30 min. The rate of hydrolysis of native DNA was about 2.5-fold faster than that observed with denatured DNA. Its molecular weight was found to be 9.0 +/- 0.1. The enzyme catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage of native and denatured DNA, yielding oligonucleotides which have an average chain length of about 7, and which contain 3'-phosphoryl termini. The mode of action of the enzyme is double-strand scission. PMID- 6630163 TI - Inhibitory effect of bovine serum albumin on acid deoxyribonuclease from rat small intestinal mucosa. AB - Bovine serum albumin was found to have an inhibitory effect on acid DNase from rat small intestinal mucosa. The inhibitory activity showed pH-dependency. Thus, the highest inhibition was observed at about pH 4.3 but conversely the enzyme was activated at about pH 4.7. The inhibitory effect was heat-inactivated most strongly at about pH 5, but at more acidic or alkaline pHs, no inactivation was observed. Inhibitory activities of serum albumin of various species were comparable with that of bovine serum albumin. Acid DNases from guinea pig kidney and small intestinal mucosa and from rat spleen and kidney were similarly inhibited by the albumin. The acid DNase displays typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics but the kinetics became sigmoidal in the presence of the inhibitor. With increasing inhibitor concentration, the sigmoidal shape became more pronounced, and at high concentration, the DNA was able to compete with the inhibitor and to reverse its action. Among the cyanogen bromide-cleaved fragments of bovine serum albumin, fragment C (derived from the carboxyl-terminal two-thirds of the albumin) had an inhibitory effect comparable to that of intact bovine albumin, but fragment N (derived from the amino-terminal one-third of the albumin) had no activity. Reduced fragment C showed a markedly decreased effect and lost the activity completely after separation into its three component peptides. Acetylation of bovine serum albumin completely destroyed its inhibitory activity. PMID- 6630164 TI - Effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on the oxidative metabolism of hexobarbital by cytochrome P-450 in perfused rat liver. AB - The effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) on the oxidative metabolism of hexobarbital by cytochrome P-450 was investigated in perfused rat liver. In the livers from fed, phenobarbital (PB)-treated rats, 2,4-DNP (50 microM) had no effect on the redox state of cytochrome P-450 or on oxygen uptake during mixed function oxidation of hexobarbital. In the livers from fasted, PB-treated rats, 2,4-DNP (50 microM) significantly decreased the amount of reduced (oxygenated) cytochrome P-450 and the drug-induced oxygen uptake by about 50%. 2,4-DNP caused a decrease of metabolites of hexobarbital in perfusate, in the fasted but not in the fed state. These results suggest that in fed, PB-treated rats NADPH for mixed function oxidation of hexobarbital can be predominantly supplied from an extramitochondrial source (most probably via the cytosolic pentose phosphate shunt), but in fasted, PB-treated rats, about 50% of the NADPH required for the mixed-function oxidation is supplied from an intramitochondrial source. In the livers from PB-treated rats, infusion of sorbitol (4 mM), a glycogenic substrate in fasted rats, stimulated the rate of drug-induced oxygen uptake and the steady state level of reduced (oxygenated) cytochrome P-450 increased during mixed function oxidation of hexobarbital. These effects of sorbitol were almost completely abolished in the presence of 2,4-DNP. Complete inhibition of gluconeogenesis was also observed in the livers from fasted, PB-treated rats in the presence of 2,4-DNP (50 microM). The amount of metabolites of hexobarbital in the perfusate was increased by the addition of sorbitol in the fasted but not in the fed state. The effect of sorbitol on drug metabolism was inhibited by 2,4 DNP. These data may be explained by assuming that ATP is required for the conversion of sorbitol to metabolites (e.g. glucose-6-phosphate) which can produce NADPH in the cytosol. PMID- 6630165 TI - Steady-state kinetics of the catalase reaction in the presence of cyanide. AB - Under carefully controlled experimental conditions, the Michaelis constant for H2O2 was measured to be 1.39 and 1.29 M in the reactions of beef erythrocyte and liver catalases, respectively. These values remained unchanged at temperatures between 1 and 26 degrees C. The turnover number of the Michaelis complex was about 2.25 X 10(7) s-1 for either enzyme at 26 degrees C. The cyanide inhibition in the catalase reaction has been reported to be noncompetitive in spite of the fact that cyanide and H2O2 compete for the same site on the catalase molecule. At high concentrations of H2O2, however, the inhibition became clearly competitive. The existence of the Michaelis complex and the anomalous features of cyanide inhibition were clearly accounted for on the basis of simple kinetic models. At H2O2 concentrations below 100 mM, the catalase reaction obeyed first order kinetics with respect to H2O2 and its apparent second order rate constant was measured to be 7.6 X 10(6) and 7.9 X 10(6) M-1 . S-1 for erythrocyte and liver catalases, respectively. PMID- 6630166 TI - Multiple forms of mutarotases from the kidney, liver, and small intestine of rats: purification, properties, subcellular localization and developmental changes. AB - Comparative studies of mutarotase [aldose 1-epimerase, EC 5.1.3.3] from the kidney, liver and small intestine of rats were performed placing in the focus on the study of multiple forms. The findings obtained are as follows. Mutarotases from the kidney and liver of adult rats were both separated into four forms (types I-IV) by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, whereas only two forms (types I and II) were detected in the small intestine. Liver mutarotase type I was further separated into types I1 and I2 by column chromatography on hydroxylapatite. Types I and II from the kidney and type II from the liver were purified to homogeneity as judged by isoelectric focusing on thin layer polyacrylamide gel. Of various physicochemical properties, only the Km for alpha D-xylose and the isoelectric point were different among the multiple forms. Liver mutarotase was immunohistochemically localized in the nuclei of parenchymal cells and small intestine enzyme in the nuclei of mucosal cells, indicating similarity with the localization of kidney enzyme (in the nuclei of epithelial cells of renal tubules and glomeruli) which was reported in our previous paper [Experientia (1979) 35, 1094-1097]. The kidney mutarotase level increased gradually after birth and reached a maximum near adult level within 20 days. This developmental pattern was essentially the same as that in the liver but clearly different from that in the small intestine, in which the mutarotase activity of suckling rats was several times higher than that of adult rats. Distribution patterns of multiple forms (types I-IV) of the enzyme in the kidney and liver of 10-day-old rats were similar to those in respective tissues of adult rats. On the other hand, the small intestine of 10-day-old rats contained four forms (types I IV), whereas there were only two forms (types I and II) in adult rats. PMID- 6630167 TI - A cross-linking study on the particle species of human plasma high density lipoproteins. AB - The present investigation was on the particle species of human plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) characterized by the stoichiometry of their apoprotein components. HDL2-1, HDL2-2, HDL3-1, and HDL3-2 isolated from normal human plasma by sequential ultracentrifugal flotation were further subfractionated by Bio Gel A-5m gel chromatography or hydroxyapatite column chromatography, and three distinct subfractions were obtained. Subfraction 1 was obtained from all the HDL fractions and it contained mostly apolipoprotein A-I (A-I). Subfraction 2 was obtained from HDL2-2 and HDL3-1 and it contained A-I and apolipoprotein A-II (A II) in the molar ratio of one to one, and subfraction 3 from HDL2-2 and HDL3-1 contained A-I and apolipoprotein C (C). Each subfraction was treated with bifunctional cross-linking reagents, and the intraparticle cross-linked products of apolipoproteins were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results of the cross-linking studies indicated that the HDL2 fraction consisted mainly of lipoprotein particles of the (A-I)4 type and a few of the (A-I)5, (A I)2(A-II)2, and (A-I)4(C)2 types, and that the HDL3 fraction consisted mainly of (A-I)2(A-II)2 type particles and a few (A-I)4, (A-I)3, (A-I)2, (A-I), and (A I)3(C)2 type particles. From the results of analyses of the lipid components in the HDL of each type, it was suggested that the function of the particle species of the (A-I)n type (n = 1--5), which contained more cholesteryl ester than the (A I)2(A-II)2 type, was concerned mainly with cholesterol metabolism. PMID- 6630168 TI - Spontaneous formation of a monolayer membrane from sarcoplasmic reticulum at an air-water interface. AB - Surface pressure was found to be produced spontaneously at the interface between air and a suspension containing fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) from rabbit white muscle. Large and stable surface pressure was formed only in a limited concentration range of FSR in the suspension and the pressure formation was proved to be an irreversible phenomenon, suggesting the formation of a monolayer membrane resulting from the disruption of FSR vesicles. Monolayer formation was directly confirmed by analyzing the components included in the membrane and by calculating the surface area occupied by these components. The monolayer included phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins, and appeared to originate from FSR vesicles since the molecular ratios of these components as well as the results of the SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were similar in both membranes. This phenomenon can be utilized as a method of monolayer preparation from biological membrane vesicles, and should be very useful for the reconstitution of planar biological membranes. PMID- 6630169 TI - Basement membrane glycoprotein laminin is an agglutinin. AB - Laminin was purified to homogeneity from the extracellular matrix and soluble fraction of teratocarcinoma OTT6050 and also partially purified from the ascitic fluid of the mice carrying the teratocarcinoma. These laminin preparations were found to agglutinate trypsinized, glutaraldehyde-fixed rabbit erythrocytes. The hemagglutinating activity was inhibited by porcine gastric mucin, which invertase and mannan were not inhibitory. Heparin and heparan sulfate also inhibited the hemagglutination. Simple saccharides such as D-galactose, N-acetyl D-glucosamine, and N-acetyl D-galactosamine were not inhibitory, but D-glucosamine and D galactosamine were. The hemagglutinating activity required Ca2+ and was dependent upon temperature. These results raised the possibility that laminin functions also in cell-cell interactions such as cell-cell adhesion. In addition, we report that laminin synthesized by the teratocarcinoma did not carry the large carbohydrate chain characteristic of early embryonic cells. PMID- 6630170 TI - Decrease in mitochondrial levels of adenine nucleotides and concomitant mitochondrial dysfunction in ischemic rat liver. AB - The process of mitochondrial dysfunction in ischemic rat liver was studied. A close correlation was found between decrease in the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide content and deterioration of oxidative phosphorylation capacity. The level of total adenine nucleotides, which was 15--20 nmol/mg protein in mitochondria isolated from normal liver, fell to 1--2 nmol/mg protein with concomitant loss of oxidative phosphorylation capacity after anoxic incubation in vitro or in vivo for 120 min. However, neither the permeability barrier to adenine nucleotides nor matrix enzymes were affected under these conditions. The loss of adenine nucleotides was ascribed to degradation of AMP to adenosine and then leakage of the latter. Conventional procedures for maintenance of oxidative phosphorylation capacity of isolated mitochondria, preservation in the cold and addition of ATP or a respiratory substrate under aerobic conditions, were very effective in maintaining the intramitochondrial levels of adenine nucleotides. Of the three species of adenine nucleotides, only AMP was ineffective in maintaining mitochondrial function; mitochondria containing more than 5 nmol of ATP plus ADP/mg protein exhibited normal activity of oxidative phosphorylation, but with less than 2 nmol they showed no activity. PMID- 6630171 TI - Studies on the molecular mechanism of the translocation of estrogen receptor from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. AB - A detailed study of the molecular mechanism of the translocation of estrogen receptor (ER) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus was undertaken in an in vitro system of porcine uterus. The capabilities of vero-ER . E (basic ER molecular bound with estradiol) (sedimentation coefficient 4.5S; Stokes radius 44 A) and the complexes ["5S" ER . E, (vero-ER . E) . (component A); "6S" ER . E, (vero-ER . E) . (component B)6; "8S" ER . E, (vero-ER . E) . (component B)6 . (component A)] with ER-binding factors (ERBFs) to translocate into the isolated nuclei were estimated by subtracting the amounts of ER adsorbed by the nuclear envelopes from those of ER bound to the whole nuclei. The results strongly supported our previous assumption that vero-ER . E translocates into the nuclei, and the complexes with ERBFs do not. The results suggested also that the binding site of vero-ER to ERBFs is required to be unoccupied in the process of the translocation of ER from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. The presence of a cytoplasmic factor (component C) which binds specifically with "5S" ER . E under low salt conditions was indicated. The complex, ("5S" ER . E) . (component C), was shown to possess relatively high affinity towards nuclear envelopes, but not to translocate into the nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630172 TI - Binding of Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin to rat brain synaptosomes. AB - The binding of Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin to rat brain synaptosomes was determined by the use of 125I-neurotoxin. The binding was independent of the incubation temperature (0 degrees C and 37 degrees C) and was equilibrated in 10 min. The dose dependent of 125I-toxin binding to synaptosomes at 0 degrees C showed that there were two kinds of toxin receptors on the synaptosomal membrane; the association constants and maximum binding values were 1.05 x 10(10 M-1, 5.25 x 10(-13) mol/mg of synaptosomal protein and 5.00 x 10(6) M-1, 5.00 x 10(-12) mol/mg of synaptosomal protein, respectively. When the incubation of toxin with synaptosomes was continued at 37 degrees C after 125I-toxin had been pre incubated with synaptosomes at 0 degrees C for 10 min, the displacement of labeled toxin by the addition of excess amounts of unlabeled toxin decreased slightly with increasing incubation time, and finally 0.4% of the bound 125I toxin was not displaced from synaptosomes. The binding of 125I-toxin to synaptosomes was inhibited by anti-heavy chain IgG and a monoclonal antibody which neutralized toxin and recognized heavy chain. These results suggest that the binding sites of toxin to synaptosomes are localized on heavy chain and a small amount of the bound toxin is incorporated into the synaptosomal membrane or synaptosomes. PMID- 6630173 TI - Purification and properties of carnitine octanoyltransferase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase from rat liver. AB - The activities of carnitine octanoyltransferase (COT) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) in rat liver were markedly increased by administration of di(2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate. COT and CPT were purified from the enzyme-induced rat liver. COT was a 66,000-dalton polypeptide. The molecular weight of native CPT was 280,000--320,000 daltons, and the enzyme consisted of 69,200-dalton polypeptides. CAT, COT, and CPT were immunologically different. COT exhibited activity with all of the substrates tested (acyl-CoA's and acylcarnitines of saturated fatty acids having carbon chain lengths of C2--C20), though maximum activity was observed with hexanoyl derivatives. CPT exhibited catalytic activity with medium- and long-chain acyl derivatives. 2-Bromo-palmitoyl-CoA inactivated COT but not CPT. Malonyl-CoA inhibited CPT but not COT. CPT was confined to mitochondria, whereas COT was found in peroxisomes and the soluble compartment but not in mitochondria. PMID- 6630174 TI - Biosynthesis of carnitine octanoyltransferase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase. AB - Male Wistar rats were fed a diet with or without di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for 2 weeks. Carnitine octanoyltransferase (COT) in the liver was increased 23.5 fold in rats given DEHP. It was found by in vivo experiments using L-[4,5 3H]leucine and the immunoprecipitation technique that the rate of synthesis of COT was 14.1-fold higher and that of its degradation was 1.5-fold lower in the DEHP group. COT was translated much more effectively in free polysomes than in membrane-bound polysomes. The molecular size of the in vitro product was the same as that of the mature enzyme. The translation activity of mRNA coding for COT measured with total hepatic RNA was 16.6-fold higher in the DEHP group. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) was increased 5.9-fold after administration of DEHP. The rate of synthesis of CPT measured in the in vivo experiment was 5.0-fold higher in the DEHP group. The rate of its degradation was the same in the two groups. CPT was also translated much more effectively in free polysomes. The size of the preenzyme was larger than that of the subunit of the mature enzyme by about 2,400 daltons. In contrast to COT, the increase in the translation activity of mRNA for CPT by administration of DEHP was markedly higher than the increase in the rate of its synthesis measured in the in vivo experiment. PMID- 6630175 TI - Chemical modification of Corynebacterium sarcosine oxidase: role of sulfhydryl and histidyl groups. AB - Sarcosine oxidase [sarcosine: oxygen oxidoreductase (demethylating) EC 1.5.3.1] from Corynebacterium contained 8 sulfhydryl groups per mol of enzyme as determined with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in the presence of 0.2% SDS and by titration with p-chloromercuribenzoate (PMB). Among them, 2 groups were easily modified by iodoacetamide (IAA) and the modification resulted in complete loss of enzymatic activity. The inactivation by IAA followed first order kinetics with respect to IAA concentration. The presence of acetate, a competitive inhibitor (I), protected the enzyme from inactivation by IAA. However, the protection was only approximately 50%. The enzyme was also inactivated by PMB, but in this case, there was practically no recovery of activity after treatment with thiol compounds. The enzyme was also rapidly inactivated by incubation with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP). The absorbance change accompanying the inactivation showed that a single histidyl residue was modified by DEP, resulting in a complete loss of enzymatic activity. In the presence of acetate, the enzyme was completely protected from DEP-inactivation. Furthermore, DEP-inactivated enzyme recovered its enzymatic activity on treatment with hydroxylamine. These observations seem to imply that the modified histidine is essential for enzyme activity. In addition, modification by DEP changed the absorption spectrum in the visible region. This strongly suggests that the modified histidyl residue is present in the vicinity of the flavin moiety of the enzyme molecule. PMID- 6630176 TI - Amino acid sequences of trypsin-chymotrypsin inhibitors (A-I, A-II, B-I, and B II) from peanut (Arachis hypogaea): a discussion on the molecular evolution of legume Bowman-Birk type inhibitors. AB - The amino acid sequences of four peanut protease inhibitors (A-I, A-II, B-I, and B-II) were determined by conventional methods and by comparison of peptide maps of their tryptic digests with that of B-III on HPLC. A-I, A-II, B-I, and B-III had the same amino acid sequence except for differences in their N-terminal regions. This suggests that the four inhibitors would be derived from an original inhibitor with a longer N-terminal amino acid sequence by proteolysis of its N terminal region. But B-II possessed an extremely different amino acid sequence from those of the other peanut inhibitors and was thought to be biosynthesized from a gene different from that of the other inhibitors. A phylogenetic tree of legume double-headed inhibitors was constructed on the basis of the matrix of amino acid differences among their sequences. The double-headed inhibitors whose sequences have been determined were classified into four groups. PMID- 6630177 TI - Partial characterization of peptidoglycan-associated proteins of Legionella pneumophila. AB - The proteins associated with the peptidoglycan (PG) of Legionella pneumophila are resistant to proteolysis by trypsin, protease VI and proteinase K. These protease resistant proteins are associated with the PG noncovalently and covalently. Analysis of cell walls and PG-protein complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions revealed one major protein (38.5K) and several minor Coomassie and silver staining components. The 38.5K protein seemed to be a major component which was co-purified with the PG. The cleavage of the PG-protein complex by 1 N NaOH treatment yielded PG free of proteins which was subjected to alkali hydrolysis. This association of PG and protease-resistant covalently-bound proteins may be an important structural and functional determinant of resistance to both environmental conditions and intracellular digestion of L. pneumophila by eukaryotic cells. PMID- 6630178 TI - A calorimetric study of Ca2+- and Mg2+-binding by calmodulin. AB - Enthalpy titrations of calmodulin with Ca2+ (or Mg2+) in the presence and the absence of Mg2+ (or Ca2+) have been carried out by microcalorimetry. The binding reactions of both Ca2+ and Mg2+ to calmodulin are endothermic, indicating that the large entropy change gives rise to the strong binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin. The results also indicated that all the four binding sites are Ca2+-Mg2+ sites. These results are markedly different from the findings for troponin C. PMID- 6630179 TI - Preliminary crystallographic study of Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (adzuki bean) and its complex with trypsin. AB - Preliminary crystallographic studies of a Bowman-Birk type protease inhibitor, AB I, from adzuki beans (Phaseolus angularis) 'Takara,' and its complex with trypsin were carried out. AB-I, MW 9100 with 82 amino acid residues, crystallizes in a trigonal space group, P3121 (or P3221), with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 68.7, c = 99.7 A. The asymmetric unit contains two dimer molecules. Structure analysis at 5 A resolution revealed the rough appearance of the dimer. The complex between AB-I and trypsin also could be crystallized in a tetragonal space group, P41212 (or P43212), with the unit cell dimensions, a = 55.4 and c = 181.5 A, and Z = 8. The crystallinity seems to be much better than that of the crystals of the inhibitor alone. The other type of inhibitor from adzuki bean, AB-IIa, was also crystallized. PMID- 6630180 TI - Simple method for analysis of apolipoproteins in high density lipoproteins by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A simple and rapid method has been developed for the separation of apolipoproteins in high density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with gel permeation columns (G3000SW TSK GEL). The HPLC pattern monitored by A280 for a mixed solution of the HDL fraction (10 microliter) and an eluent buffer (200 microliter, 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer containing 0.1% SDS) incubated at 60 degrees C for 5 min showed two completely separated peaks which corresponded to the major components of human HDL, apolipoprotein A-I and A-II. Moreover, quantitation of apolipoprotein A-I by our method was found to correlate well with that by a single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) assay. PMID- 6630181 TI - The effects of glucose on protein synthesis and thermosensitivity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Glucose deprivation induces the major glucose regulated proteins (GRPs) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. When these cells are then returned to a glucose containing environment, GRP synthesis is repressed while concurrently other proteins, identified as heat shock proteins, are induced. The induction of the GRPs is found to mark precisely the onset of a decline in the cell's ability to survive a thermal stress while the expression of heat shock proteins, when glucose is restored, is paralleled by significant increases in survival protection or thermotolerance. PMID- 6630182 TI - Cooperative binding of calcium to thrombospondin. The effect of calcium on the circular dichroism and limited tryptic digestion of thrombospondin. AB - Removal of calcium from thrombospondin with EDTA results in a decrease in the intensity of the negative CD peak between 200 and 250 nm. Quantitative analysis of the CD spectrum of thrombospondin indicates that thrombospondin contains approximately 11% alpha-helix, 43% beta-sheet, and 46% random coil in the presence of calcium and that a small change in secondary structure may occur upon removal of calcium with EDTA. When the change in the CD at 220 nm is measured as a function of calcium concentration, a sigmoidal curve with a transition midpoint of 120 microM is obtained, indicating that the binding is cooperative. Analysis of Hill plots of the data revealed a Hill coefficient of 12.3. Calcium was also found to affect the peptide pattern produced by limited tryptic digestion of thrombospondin, with some portions of the molecule being resistant to trypsin in the presence of calcium. When the change in quantity of a 65,000-dalton tryptic fragment was measured as a function of calcium concentration, a sigmoidal curve was again obtained. The midpoint of this transition is achieved at a free calcium concentration of 45 microM at 0 degrees C and 103 microM at 25 degrees C. These data indicate that thrombospondin contains at least 12 binding sites for calcium and that cooperative interactions between sites are associated with a conformational change in the thrombospondin molecule. PMID- 6630183 TI - Bradykinin reverses the effect of opiates in the gut by enhancing acetylcholine release. AB - Four naturally occurring peptides of the kinin family, bradykinin, lysylbradykinin, methionyllysylbradykinin, and polisteskinin reverse the inhibitory effect of morphine, metenkephalin, and epinephrine on the electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus preparation. Bradykinin, the most potent kinin, enhances the release of acetylcholine in the gut, and its reversal of the opiate inhibitory effect is blocked by the anticholinergic drug, hyoscine. PMID- 6630184 TI - Reactivity of ferrous heme proteins at low pH. AB - The pH rate profile of sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) reacting with CO has been confirmed to follow the behavior previously reported (Giacometti, G.M., Traylor, T.G., Ascenzi, P., Brunori, M., and Antonini, E. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7447 7448), and appears to be different from that obtained by others. The pH investigation has been extended to the CO-binding rates of Chironomus thummi thummi erythrocruorin and Aplysia limacina Mb, whose pH rate profile is different from that of sperm whale Mb. Besides the "base dissociation" mechanism previously invoked, the iron atom-heme plane distance is discussed as a possible determinant of the CO reactivity in these monomeric heme proteins. PMID- 6630185 TI - Effect of size and location of the oligosaccharide chain on protease degradation of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. AB - We have investigated the effect of size and location of the oligosaccharide chain on protease degradation of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease. The sensitivity of nonglycosylated RNase A to trypsin and chymotrypsin was compared with three glycosylated species of RNase B which differed with respect to the size of the carbohydrate chain. Two forms of glycosylated RNase B were isolated by concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatography, and each was shown to contain a single carbohydrate chain composed of GlcNAc2Man1 (RNase B") or GlcNAc2Man5-8 (RNase B). A third form (RNase B'), with oligosaccharide composed of GlcNAc2Man4, was prepared by partial digestion of RNase B with alpha-mannosidase. Fully glycosylated RNase B was found to be 6-10 times more resistant to trypsin digestion than nonglycosylated RNase A. RNase B' and B", with intermediate chain sizes, were 3.0- and 1.3-fold more resistant to trypsin digestion than RNase A, respectively. With chymotrypsin, however, differences in rates of digestion were much less marked, with a maximum difference of 3-fold between RNase A and B. In addition, we found that the specificity of the primary trypsin (Arg 33-Asp 34 bond) or chymotrypsin (Tyr 25-Cys 26 bond) cleavage site was not affected by the presence or size of the oligosaccharide chain. These results are consistent with the view that the size of the oligosaccharide chain and its proximity to the primary or rate-limiting cleavage site are important for expression of the carbohydrate protection against proteolytic degradation, which thus appears to be mediated by steric hindrance. PMID- 6630186 TI - Changes in nervous system glycolipids during metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis. AB - Qualitative and quantitative changes occurring in the myelin marker glycolipids, cerebrosides, sulfatides, and monogalactosyl diglyceride, in the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and tail) of Xenopus laevis during its metamorphic stages were analyzed by normal and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of these glycolipids increased rapidly in brain until the tadpole reached the middle of metamorphosis, fluctuated slightly, decreased until metamorphosis was completed, and increased once more as the frog matured. Similar changes were observed in the spinal cord, but the decrease of glycolipids occurred at a later stage of metamorphosis. The glycolipid level in tail nerve reached a peak at the beginning of metamorphosis and then rapidly decreased. The ratios of hydroxycerebroside and hydroxysulfatide to respective nonhydroxylipids in brain, spinal cord, and tail remained constant throughout the metamorphic change but differed in each tissue. The tail contained the highest ratio. The glycolipids in sciatic nerve generated during the metamorphosis had an even higher hydroxyl lipid/nonhydroxy lipid ratio. The cerebrosides contained extremely high concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids with very long carbon chains (C22-C25) and this homolog composition remained almost unchanged throughout metamorphosis. These results indicate that active degradation of these glycolipids, and probably of myelin, occurs but the glycolipid composition of myelin appears to remain the same throughout the metamorphic process. The significance of these findings is discussed from a morphological standpoint. PMID- 6630187 TI - Conotoxin MI. Disulfide bonding and conformational states. AB - The toxic peptide from Conus magus venom (conotoxin MI) is a 14-amino acid peptide (McIntosh, M., Cruz, L. J., Hunkapiller, M. W., Gray, W. R., and Olivera, B. M. (1982) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 218, 329-334) which inhibits the acetylcholine receptor. In this work we have confirmed the primary structure and established the disulfide bonding configuration (Cys 3-Cys 8; Cys 4-Cys 14) by direct chemical synthesis of the toxin with specific disulfide bridges. Natural and synthetic toxins were compared by several methods. Fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy confirmed that the synthetic product had the expected molecular mass and number of exchangeable hydrogens. Ultraviolet CD spectra were closely comparable in shape and magnitude for the two materials, which were also identical in biological activity and chromatographic behavior. We have also established that, although the peptide is highly cross-linked with two disulfide bridges, it can slowly equilibrate between two conformations. A simulation analysis suggests that the conformers have half-lives of approximately 12 and approximately 72 min at 0 degrees C, decreasing approximately 2-fold for every 10 degrees C increase in temperature. PMID- 6630188 TI - Requirement of ATP for specific incision of ultraviolet-damaged DNA during excision repair in permeable human fibroblasts. AB - Studies from several laboratories have shown that ATP is required for DNA excision repair in UV-irradiated mammalian cells. Using permeable human fibroblasts, we have investigated this ATP requirement in detail. We find that ATP is required for specific incision of UV-damaged DNA in permeable cells. No ATP-dependent incision is seen in UV-irradiated permeable xeroderma pigmentosum (complementation group G) fibroblasts, indicating that the ATP-dependent incision observed in normal cells is part of the normal excision repair process. We conclude that, in mammalian cells, ATP is required for specific incision of UV damaged DNA or for some obligatory step preceding incision in the excision repair pathway. ATP also protects the permeable cells from loss of the capacity to perform excision repair, probably in a nonspecific fashion. The actual synthesis of repair patches can proceed in the absence of ATP; however, our data do not exclude the possibility that ATP can also stimulate repair synthesis directly. PMID- 6630189 TI - Formation of proteoglycan aggregates in rat chondrosarcoma chondrocyte cultures treated with tunicamycin. AB - Proteoglycan monomer and link protein isolated from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma both contain glycosylamine-linked oligosaccharides. In monomer, these N-linked oligosaccharides are concentrated in a region of the protein core which interacts specifically with both hyaluronate and link protein to form proteoglycan aggregates present in cartilage matrix. Chondrocyte cultures were treated with tunicamycin to inhibit synthesis of the N-linked oligosaccharides, and the ability of the deficient proteoglycan and link protein to form aggregates was studied. Cultures were pretreated with tunicamycin for 3 h and then labeled with either [3H]mannose, [3H]glucosamine, [3H]serine, or with [35S]sulfate for 6 h in the presence of tunicamycin. Formation of link protein-stabilized proteoglycan aggregates in the culture medium was inhibited by up to 40% when the cells were treated with 3 micrograms of tunicamycin/ml, a concentration which inhibited 3H incorporation with mannose as a precursor by about 90%, but by only 15% with glucosamine as a precursor. When exogenous proteoglycan aggregate was added to the culture medium, however, it was found that both endogenous monomer and link protein synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin were fully able to form link stabilized aggregates. This suggests that glycosylamine-linked oligosaccharides on monomer and on link protein are not necessary for their specific interactions with hyaluronate and with each other. Further, although tunicamycin did not inhibit net synthesis of hyaluronate, transfer of hyaluronate from the cell layer to the culture medium was retarded. This phenomenon accounted for most if not all of the decrease in the amount of proteoglycan which formed aggregates in the medium of cultures treated with tunicamycin. PMID- 6630190 TI - Characterization of low potassium-resistant mutants of the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line with defects in NaCl/KCl symport. AB - Three independent mutants of the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line (MDCK) have been isolated which were capable of growth in media containing low concentrations of potassium. All three mutants were deficient to varying extents in furosemide- and bumetanide-sensitive 22Na+, 86+b+, and 36Cl- uptake. The two mutants most resistant to low K+ media had lost essentially all of the 22Na+, 86Rb+, and 36Cl- uptake activities of this system. The third mutant was partially resistant to low K+ media and had reduced levels of bumetanide-sensitive uptake for all three ions. Extrapolated initial uptake rates for 22Na+, 86Rb+, and 36Cl- revealed that the partial mutant exhibited approximately 50% of the parental uptake rates for all three ions. The stoichiometries of bumetanide-sensitive uptake in both the parental cell line and the partial mutant approximated 1 Rb+:1 Na+:2 Cl-. The results of this study provide genetic evidence for a single tightly-coupled NaCl/KCl symporter in MDCK cells. The correlation between the ability to grow in low K+ media and decreased activity of the bumetanide-sensitive co-transport system suggests that the bumetanide-sensitive transport system catalyzes net K+ efflux from cells in low K+ media. The results of 86Rb+ efflux studies conducted on ouabain-pretreated mutant and parental cells are consistent with this interpretation. Cell volume measurements made on cells at different densities in media containing normal K+ concentrations showed that none of the mutants differed significantly in volume from the parental strain at a similar cell density. Furthermore, all three mutants were able to readjust their volume after suspension in hypotonic media. These results suggest that in the MDCK cell line, the bumetanide-sensitive NaCl/KCl symport system does not function in the regulation of cell volume under the conditions employed. PMID- 6630191 TI - Phaseolus vulgaris cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetase. Purification and comparison of its catalytic, structural, and immunological properties with those of the chloroplastic enzyme. AB - The cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetase was purified from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves. After ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on Sephadex G-50, DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, and phosphocellulose, complete purification was achieved by blue Sepharose CL-6B chromatography using specific elution with pure yeast tRNALeu1. The enzyme was purified 1050-fold and had a specific activity of 940 nmol of leucyl-tRNA formed/min/mg of protein. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the native enzyme showed one band, but the denatured enzyme showed two bands. These two protein bands are structurally related. The smallest protein appears to be a cleavage product from the largest one, suggesting the presence of a sensitive cleavage site in the cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetase. The cytoplasmic enzyme is a monomer (Mr = 130,000), larger than its chloroplastic counterpart (Mr = 120,000). The two enzymes differ in their substrate (tRNA) specificity, tryptic peptide map, and amino acid composition. Antibodies were raised against the cytoplasmic enzyme and against the chloroplastic enzyme and no cross-immunological reaction was detected, showing that the two enzymes do not share any antigenic determinant. Taken together, these results suggest that P. vulgaris cytoplasmic and chloroplastic leucyl-tRNA synthetases are coded for by different genes. PMID- 6630192 TI - Spontaneous calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Effect of local anesthetics. AB - Spontaneous calcium release from purified light sarcoplasmic reticulum has been previously described (Palade, P., Mitchell, R. D., and Fleischer, S. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 8098-8107) and found to be distinct from several other forms of Ca2+ release. Ca2+ release occurs after a lag period following active Ca2+ preloading and depletion of extravesicular Ca2+. In the present study, we find that local anesthetics inhibit spontaneous Ca2+ release, in a time-dependent manner, varying considerably in the preincubation time required to exert maximal effect. At pH 7.0, hydrophilic and mostly charged local anesthetics, such as procaine, procainamide, and N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl carbamoyl methyl)triethyl ammonium bromide, inhibit Ca2+ release only after long preincubations (hours), whereas more hydrophobic local anesthetics are effective after only a short incubation (minutes) with sarcoplasmic reticulum. The more hydrophobic anesthetics take somewhat longer to reach equilibrium, as studied by inhibition of unidirectional Ca2+ efflux, and there is a direct relationship between hydrophobic partition coefficient and half-time to reach equilibrium. Agents known to inhibit permeability pathways for monovalent cations i.e. K+ channel blockers (decamethonium and n-dodecane-1, 12-N,N,N,N',N',N'-hexamethyl-bis ammonium) or the anion blocker (4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid), do not inhibit spontaneous Ca2+ release. Carbonyl cyanide m fluorophenylhydrazone, a protonophore, and gramicidin D, a monovalent cation ionophore, have no effect on Ca2+ release whether local anesthetics are present or not, while the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 relieves inhibition of Ca2+ release by local anesthetics. Ruthenium red does not inhibit spontaneous Ca2+ release. These findings suggest that the binding site(s) for local anesthetics is located on the inner face of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and that local anesthetics interact directly with a Ca2+ channel rather than with other permeability pathways which might indirectly influence Ca2+ channel gating. PMID- 6630193 TI - Accumulation of DNA strand breaks during thymineless death in thymidylate synthase-negative mutants of mouse FM3A cells. AB - Thymidylate synthase-negative mutants of cultured mouse cells were immediately committed to cell death upon thymidine deprivation, especially when the cells were synchronized in the S phase. Thymidylate deprivation induced single strand breaks in chromosome-size DNA strands, as measured by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation, giving rise to two peaks, one with large and the other with small fragments, the latter about the size of T4 DNA. An increase in the small DNA fragments paralleled that of thymineless death. Thymidine deprivation also produced double strand DNA fragments as determined by a method of neutral filter elution, and their extent paralleled that of cell death. Double-stranded DNA eluted through the filter sedimented as a single peak both in a neutral and in an alkaline sucrose gradient that coincided with that of the above small DNA fragments. Therefore, the strand breaks seemed to occur in some defined portions of the genome and in a specific manner compared to breaks induced by x-rays, which occurred rather randomly. Cycloheximide blocked both thymineless death and the production of the small DNA fragments. The strand breaks induced by thymidine starvation were not repaired but instead advanced on subsequent incubation of the cells in growth medium containing thymidine. PMID- 6630194 TI - A neuraminidase from Streptococcus sanguis that can release O-acetylated sialic acids. AB - The naturally occurring sialic acids can have different types of N- and O substitutions, resulting in more than 20 known isomers and compounds. Most methods for the detailed study of these various sialic acids require that the molecules be first released from their alpha-glycosidic linkage. When mild acid hydrolysis is used for this purpose, significant destruction of O-substituent groups occur. On the other hand, the presence of O-substituent groups renders the sialic acid molecule partially or completely resistant to the action of the currently known neuraminidase. To circumvent this problem, we searched for a neuraminidase whose activity is not affected by O-substitution. We reasoned that because Streptococcus sanguis from the human oral cavity is continually exposed to O-substituted sialic acids, its extracellular neuraminidase might not be blocked by O-substitution. We therefore purified this enzyme 3100-fold (56% yield) using ammonium sulfate precipitation, N-(p-aminophenyl)oxamic acid-agarose affinity chromatography, and chromatography on quaternary aminoethyl (QAE) Sephadex, sulfopropyl (SP)-Sephadex, and Sephacryl S-200. The purified preparation is free of other significant glycosidase activities and proteolytic activities. It is capable of quantitatively releasing all the O-acetylated sialic acids that we studied with the single exception of the 4-O-acetylated sialic acid of equine submaxillary mucin. The activity of the enzyme is also not restricted by the type pf sialic acid linkage or the nature of the underlying oligosaccharide. However, it has maximal activity on gangliosides only in the presence of detergents. The general properties of this enzyme are described and its substrate specificities are contrasted with those of the commonly used neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae. PMID- 6630195 TI - The arrangement and role of some of the amino acid residues in the beta-ketoacyl synthetase site of chicken liver fatty acid synthetase. AB - The beta-ketoacyl synthetase site of eukaryotic fatty acid synthetases is comprised in part of a pantetheinyl residue on one subunit juxtapositioned with a cysteinyl residue on the adjacent subunit. The present study has confirmed this arrangement and has identified 2 additional residues in the site. The active site residues were identified as summarized below. Sodium borohydride reduction of the keto derivatives of the dibromopropanone cross-linked residues yielded the alcohol derivatives which were amenable to isolation in good yields. The active enzyme yielded primarily a cysteinecysteamine derivative of 2-propanol, demonstrating that a cystyl and the pantetheinyl residues were cross-linked by dibromopropanone. However, in the cold-inactivated enzyme, the primary product of the cross-linking reaction was the dicystyl derivative. In addition, cross linking between the cystyl and pantetheinyl residues, but not the two cystyl residues, resulted in the cross-linking of the two subunits. Therefore, it is proposed that there are two cystyl residues on one subunit juxtapositioned with the pantetheinyl residue on the adjacent subunit. The cystyl residues are highly reactive toward alkylating agents at pH 6.5, suggesting the presence of a cationic residue interacting with the thiolate anion. This proposal was supported using the bifunctional reagent o-phthalaldehyde which was found to cross-link the epsilon-amino group of lysine with the pantetheinyl-SH or the cystyl-SH in the beta-ketoacyl synthetase site to form a thioisoindole ring. The dialdehyde inhibited the enzyme by inactivating the beta-ketoacyl synthetase activity, and the inhibition could be prevented by malonyl-CoA and to a lesser extent by acetyl CoA. Blocking the reactive thiol groups with dibromopropanone or 5,5'-dithiobis(2 nitrobenzoic acid) reduced the formation of the fluorescent thioisoindole ring. The close arrangement of a cystyl-SH, the pantetheinyl-SH, and the epsilon-amino group of lysine led us to propose that the positive epsilon-amino group may serve as an electron sink in a general acid-catalyzed decarboxylation reaction. PMID- 6630196 TI - Beta-hydroxyaspartic acid in vitamin K-dependent proteins. AB - A method for the quantitation of beta-hydroxyaspartic acid in proteins is described. After hydrolysis in 6 M HCl, the beta-hydroxyaspartic acid released is quantitated on an automatic amino acid analyzer employing a pH 2.0 eluting buffer and postcolumn reaction with o-phthalaldehyde for detection. The sensitivity is about 0.01 nmol. Among vitamin K-dependent proteins, factor IX, factor X, protein C, and protein Z each contain about one residue of beta-hydroxyaspartic acid whereas protein S contains two or three residues. Prothrombin lacks beta hydroxyaspartic acid as do a number of non-vitamin K-dependent proteins also analyzed. PMID- 6630197 TI - Adenylosuccinate lyase from Artemia embryos. Purification and properties. AB - In crude extracts, the molecular form of adenylosuccinate lyase is pH-dependent as studied by gel filtration and sucrose gradient centrifugation. At pH values of 8.7 and 6.5, the enzyme exhibits molecular forms of 200 kDa and larger than 500 kDa, respectively. At pH values of 7.0-7.5, forms of intermediate molecular weight were detected. Interconversion among the different molecular forms of adenylosuccinate lyase was not achieved when the enzyme was subjected to two successive chromatographic steps on Sepharose CL-6B using elution buffers at two different pH values. A unique form of 200 kDa was observed, regardless of the pH of the buffer used, upon either gel filtration or sucrose gradient centrifugation in the presence of 1 M NaCl. The enzyme from Artemia cysts was purified to homogeneity. It had molecular mass of 200 kDa and gave a single band of 56 kDa upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Km values for adenylosuccinate, AMP, and fumarate were 1, 36, and 350 microM, respectively. The enzyme exhibits a Uni Bi-ordered mechanism and is maximally active at a pH value of 8.0-8.5. For maximum activity, the enzyme requires an ionic strength equivalent to 80 mM KCI. The isoelectric point determined by chromatofocusing was 5.04. PMID- 6630198 TI - The binding site of chicken hepatic lectin. AB - The binding site of the chicken hepatic lectin involved in the clearance of N acetylglucosamine-terminated serum glycoproteins was explored by a competitive binding assay using 3H-labeled agalacto-orosomucoid and various glycoproteins, polysaccharides, monosaccharides, and glycosides as inhibitors. The binding site is relatively small, involving a terminal nonreducing DGlcNAc structure with an equatorial N-acetamido group on carbon 2 and an equatorial hydroxyl group on carbon 4. Among the mono- and oligosaccharides tested, benzyl alpha DGlcNAc was the best inhibitor, being three times as effective as DGlcNAc; and in general, all alpha-anomeric glycosides were better than beta-glycosides. All oligosaccharides with terminal nonreducing beta DGlcNAc have almost the same inhibitory power, whereas those with nonreducing DGlc or DGal were relatively inactive. Among the serum and blood group glycoproteins, a Smith degraded human H substance with several exposed terminal nonreducing beta DGlcNAc residues was the most active and twice as effective as agalacto-orosomucoid and an A substance, Hog 75 10% precipitate. Almost all hog preparations, some with A or with H activity, were equally effective. A glycopeptide with terminal DGlcNAc was twice as active as one with terminal nonreducing DMan and DGlcNAc residues and almost three times as potent as one with terminal nonreducing DGal; a glycopeptide with terminal sialic acid was inactive. The slopes of the inhibition lines differed, reflecting the heterogeneity of the various determinant groups on the glycoproteins. PMID- 6630199 TI - Isolation of human serum spreading factor. AB - Serum spreading factor (SF) was isolated from human serum by a four-step procedure employing affinity chromatography on glass beads, concanavalin A Sepharose, DEAE-agarose, and heparin-agarose. The final product was purified approximately 260-fold from the starting material and was maximally active in assays of cell spreading-promoting activity at 300 ng/ml. The isolated human SF preparation consisted of two proteins of apparent molecular weights approximately 65,000 (SF65) and 75,000 (SF75). Both SF65 and SF75 have been shown previously to exhibit cell spreading-promoting activity and to bind monoclonal antibody to human serum SF. PMID- 6630200 TI - Noncovalent interactions of a 26,000-dalton peptide with 19 S human thyroglobulin. AB - Extensive succinylation of 19 S normal human thyroglobulin having a high iodine content results in the formation of a 26,000-Da peptide. One-half mole of the peptide is obtained from 1 mol of the high molecular weight glycoprotein. The dissociation of the peptide is accompanied by the appearance of an intense absorption band which has a maximum at 264 nm. The absorption band is associated exclusively with the 26,000-Da peptide. The amino acid composition of the peptide differs from 19 S thyroglobulin by having no cysteine and higher contents of serine, alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, glycine, isoleucine, and histidine. The peptide also has a high thyroxine content. There were no detectable carbohydrates in the peptide. The fluorescence spectrum of the 26,000 Da peptide shows an emission maximum at 405 nm which we have recently assigned to iodotyrosine-iodotyrosine interactions (Shifrin, S., Consiglio, E., and Kohn, L. D. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 3780-3786). A 26,000-Da peptide with the same physicochemical properties is found in extracts of normal human thyroid glands. PMID- 6630201 TI - Purification and characterization of the principal inhibitor of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth in human urine. AB - Using an assay of the rate of crystal growth of calcium [14C]oxalate monohydrate, we ascertained that the factor responsible for more than 90% of the crystal growth inhibition in human urine is a nondialyzable macromolecule. We have purified this factor using DEAE-cellulose chromatography, followed by Bio-Gel P 10 column chromatography with 50% formamide as the eluent, and finally by gel permeation chromatography. About 5 mg of the inhibitor was obtained from normal 24-h adult urine, with 16% recovery of the original inhibitory activity. The inhibitor isolated was found to be a highly acidic glycoprotein with Mr = 1.4 X 10(4). It is rich in acidic amino acids, including gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, and contains few aromatic and basic amino acids. Two or three phosphate groups are covalently linked to the inhibitor. In the presence of the inhibitor, the kinetics of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth inhibitor showed that the macromolecule binds to the crystal surface according to a Langmuir adsorption isotherm with a dissociation constant, Kd = 5.3 X 10(-7) M. The inhibitor readily formed an insoluble monolayer at the air-water interface and showed an unusually high surface stability with a collapse pressure of 41.5 dynes/cm. The urinary inhibitor closely resembled in all properties the calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal growth inhibitor that we had isolated from human embryonic kidney tissue culture medium (Nakagawa, Y., Margolis, H. C., Yokoyama, S., Kezdy, F. J., Kaiser, E. T., and Coe, F. L. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 3936-3944). PMID- 6630202 TI - Primary structure of human plasma fibronectin. The 29,000-dalton NH2-terminal domain. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of the NH2-terminal domain obtained after trypsin digestion of human plasma fibronectin has been determined. It contains residues 1-259 and has a Mr of 29,000. The 29-kDa fragment was isolated from the other major tryptic cleavage products of 200, 180, and 31 kDa by affinity chromatography on gelatin- and heparin-Sepharose columns. The two high Mr fragments bound to gelatin and were easily removed; the 31-kDa fragment failed to bind to heparin while the 29-kDa fragment did and was eluted with 0.15 M NaCl. The 29-kDa domain has a blocked NH2-terminal (pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) which was removed by digestion with pyroglutamate aminopeptidase, and the amino acid sequence of the first 36 residues was obtained. The sequence showed a glutamine residue at position 3 which is probably the acceptor site for transglutaminase as reported for bovine fibronectin. Extensive trypsin digestion of the completely reduced and alkylated 29-kDa fragment yielded twenty-four peptides which were separated and purified by high performance liquid chromatography; their amino acid composition and amino acid sequence has been determined and the arrangement of peptides was achieved by comparison with the sequence recently reported for bovine fibronectin. The sequences in human and bovine fibronectin were nearly identical with only nine amino acid differences which can all be explained by single base substitutions. Apparently this domain is highly conserved in the two species studied thus far. PMID- 6630203 TI - Separate glucocorticoid, heavy metal, and heat shock domains in thymic lymphocytes. AB - Some recent studies suggest that eukaryotic cells may respond to glucocorticoids, heavy metals, or heat shock by selective increases in the synthesis of a common set of stress-related proteins, implying the existence of a common initiating mechanism. This circumstance could alter the interpretation of the mechanisms involved in other protein inductions that seemed to reflect agent-specific inductions of individual genes. To rule out the possibility of such a common induction mechanism, nearly 3,000 cellular proteins from normal rat thymic lymphocytes were separated by two-dimensional giant gel electrophoresis and examined for changes in rates of synthesis after the cells were exposed to dexamethasone, cadmium, or elevated temperatures. The three agents each induce characteristic, nonoverlapping sets of gene products. Dexamethasone increases six proteins, four within the first 15 to 45 min, and another two after 1 h; typically, these reach a 5- to 10-fold level of induction by 4 h. Cadmium induces two proteins: metallothionein (7-fold by 4 h) and a 27,000-dalton protein (appearing after 1 h, 4-fold induction by 4 h). Heat shock, besides inducing the 70,000-dalton heat shock protein often reported by others, also substantially increases at least 24 other proteins (typically 50- to 200-fold). In no case was a protein found to be inducible by more than one agent. These observations demonstrate that each agent initiates its characteristic response through a separate gene-induction mechanism. In addition to demonstrating that the heavy metal and heat shock responses are more extensive than previously realized, the results imply an agent specificity for the recently observed rapid glucocorticoid inductions that is consistent with their proposed function as initiators of the earliest metabolic hormone effects. PMID- 6630204 TI - Post-translational modification of the fourth component of complement. Sulfation of the alpha-chain. AB - The fourth component of complement (C4) was found to incorporate radiolabel from [35S]O4 during synthesis in murine peritoneal macrophages and the human hepatoma derived cell line, HepG2. The sulfate label was localized to the COOH-terminal autolytic fragment of the C4 alpha-chain. No label was seen associated with intracellular pro-C4. The structurally similar third and fifth components of complement, and alpha 2-macroglobulin, did not incorporate labeled sulfate. Tryptic peptides from [35S]O4-labeled C4 alpha-chain were analyzed by reversed phase liquid chromatography and found to elute in a single, homogeneous peak, suggesting a unique sulfation site in the C4 alpha-chain. Thin layer chromatography of a base hydrolysate of [35S]O4-labeled C4 alpha-chains, or C4 isolated from human plasma, revealed the presence of tyrosine-O-sulfate. The possible significance of this unusual amino acid modification for the function of C4 is unknown. PMID- 6630205 TI - X-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of high valent iron porphyrins. Horseradish peroxidase compounds I and II and synthetic models. AB - X-ray absorption edge and extended x-ray absorption fine structure studies have been undertaken on resting (ferric) horseradish peroxidase, HRP compound I (HRP I), HRP compound II (HRP-II), and several highly oxidized synthetic iron porphyrins that may have relevance as models for the iron site in horseradish peroxidase. The energies of the absorption edges are consistent with an Fe(IV) formulation for the highly oxidized species. The shapes of the absorption edges further support the assignment of HRP-I and one of the model compounds as Fe(IV) porphyrin pi-cations. The edge shapes also demonstrate that the iron sites in the model porphyrins are not identical to the iron sites in the enzyme. Preliminary curve fitting analysis of the extended x-ray absorption fine structure clearly indicates the presence of two different nearest neighbor distances for the iron, both in HRP-I and HRP-II, as well as in two of the highly oxidized model porphyrins. These distances are interpreted as an iron-porphyrin nitrogen distance and as a short (approximately 1.6 A) iron-oxygen distance. PMID- 6630206 TI - In vivo flux between phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate determined by two dimensional phosphorous NMR. AB - The in vivo unidirectional flux between creatine phosphate and ATP was determined in the leg and head of the anesthetized rat using a two-dimensional NMR technique. The unidirectional flux of creatine phosphate to ATP was 13 mumol/s/g weight in the leg and 2 mumol/s/g-weight in the head. The unidirectional flux between ATP and inorganic phosphate was too slow to be detected and was estimated to be less than 0.1 mumol/s/g-weight. PMID- 6630207 TI - Evidence for direct methyl transfer in betaine: homocysteine S-methyl transferase. AB - We described recently the purification and preliminary characterization of human hepatic betaine: homocysteins S-methyltransferase (Skiba, W. E., Taylor, M. P., Wells, M. S., Mangum, J. H., and Awad, W. M., Jr. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 14944-14948) where it was shown that isovalerate and 3,3-dimethylbutyrate, analogs of dimethylglycine and betaine, respectively, were good inhibitors. The present study demonstrates that butyrate is a modest competitive inhibitor, binding at the betaine site. This led to the consideration and synthesis of a putative dual-substrate analog, S(delta-carboxybutyl)-DL-homocysteine, which bound with high affinity to the active site of the methyltransferase; presumably this effect is due to the L-isomer only. Homologs, S(gamma-carboxypropyl)-DL homocysteine and S(beta-carboxyethyl)-DL-homocysteine, do not inhibit at concentrations 100-fold higher than where inhibition is noted with the dual substrate analog, indicating the latter's specificity. These findings support the hypothesis that methyl transfer in this enzyme occurs directly from one substrate to the other. PMID- 6630208 TI - RNA polymerase II from wild type and alpha-amanitin-resistant strains of Caenorhabditis elegans. AB - DNA-dependent RNA polymerases I, II, and III have been isolated from the soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and RNA polymerase II has been partially purified. The sensitivities of these enzymes to alpha-amanitin resemble those of the cognate enzymes from vertebrates. RNA polymerase II from C. elegans is 50% inhibited by 7 ng/ml of the amatoxin and RNA polymerase III by 80 micrograms/ml, whereas RNA polymerase I is insensitive to 500 micrograms/ml. We have obtained mutants of C. elegans which can grow and reproduce in concentrations of alpha amanitin which arrest development of wild type animals. One of these mutants (DR432) has an altered RNA polymerase II which in partially purified extracts is 150 times less sensitive to the drug than the wild type enzyme. The mutation, ama 1(m130), in DR432 is dominant and maps near dpy-13 on linkage group IV. RNA polymerase II isolated from ama-1/+ heterozygotes contains equal proportions of two components, corresponding in alpha-amanitin sensitivity to the enzymes from DR432 and wild type. Thus, ama-1 appears to affect a subunit of RNA polymerase II. PMID- 6630209 TI - Evidence of 2-aminopurine-cytosine base mispairs involving two hydrogen bonds. AB - It is shown that the mutagen base analogue 2-aminopurine is hydrogen-bonded at its 1-ring position when annealed with cytosine in DNA. The presence of stably hydrogen-bonded regions proximal to the 2-aminopurine-cytosine base mispair is a prerequisite for the occurrence of two hydrogen bonds coupling the bases at their 1-3- and 2-2-positions. We consider the possibility that, in the resulting heteroduplex base mispair, 2-aminopurine or cytosine may be present as a disfavored imino tautomer. PMID- 6630210 TI - Synthesis and coenzyme A-dependent esterification of cholesterol in rat intestinal epithelium. Differences in cellular localization and mechanisms of regulation. AB - The current studies were undertaken to characterize the localization and regulation of cholesterol synthesis and acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in rat intestinal crypt and villus cells. Both parameters were determined in groups of animals with widely varying sterol fluxes across the intestinal mucosa. In animals on control diet the rates of cholesterol synthesis, measured by the incorporation of [3H]water per mg of protein, were similar along the villus/crypt axis in the jejunum, whereas in the ileum, villus cells were significantly more active than crypt cells. In both areas, however, the majority of total synthetic activity was found in cells from the crypts and lower villi. In contrast, the highest specific and total acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity was recovered in the villus cells of the jejunum and ileum. Dietary cholesterol did not affect sterol synthesis in any of the cell fractions but increased acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity approximately 2-fold in jejunal cell fractions. Inhibition of cholesterol absorption or sequestration of intestinal bile acids stimulated sterol synthetic activity up to 7-fold, and this occurred mainly in the lower villus and crypt cells in both jejunum and ileum. An increased demand for lipoprotein cholesterol, generated by triglyceride feeding, similarly was associated with enhanced synthetic rates. However, unlike cholesterol feeding, these manipulations did not increase acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in any of the villus cell fractions. These studies suggest, therefore, that the intracellular pools of cholesterol that regulate the rate of cholesterol synthesis and the rate of cholesterol esterification are functionally distinct. PMID- 6630211 TI - Characterization of ascorbic acid transport by adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. Evidence for Na+-dependent co-transport. AB - Ascorbic acid transport by bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells in primary cultures has been characterized. Ascorbic acid uptake can be measured by either high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection or radiometric techniques with L-[1-14C]ascorbic acid. The transport system is temperature- and energy-dependent and exhibits Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent Km of 29 microM when the external Na+ concentration is 150 mM. Uptake of ascorbate by chromaffin cells is ouabain-sensitive and dependent on the presence of external Na+. Ascorbate transport by chromaffin cells is, thus, an active process driven by the Na+ electrochemical gradient. The kinetics of this co transport system fits an "affinity type" model where binding of Na+ to the carrier increases the affinity to ascorbate and vice versa. Thus, the data suggest that binding of either Na+ or ascorbate induces a conformational change in the transporter, which results in a change in the association constant for the second ligand while the mobility of the carrier remains unchanged. Cellular uptake of ascorbate into adrenomedullary chromaffin cells appears to be followed by its distribution into several subcellular compartments. One subcellular compartment for concentration of ascorbate is the chromaffin vesicle where it accumulates at a relatively slow rate. The interrelationships between ascorbate transport and other aspects of ascorbate metabolism and chromaffin vesicle function and dopamine beta-hydroxylation are also considered. PMID- 6630212 TI - ATP-citrate lyase phosphorylation in rat adipose tissue. AB - Previous in vitro studies demonstrated that ATP-citrate lyase is phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase at peptide A, containing a phosphoserine residue, and by ATP-citrate lyase kinase at peptide B, containing both phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues (Ramakrishna, S., Pucci, D. L., and Benjamin, W. B. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 4950-4956). In the present study, trypsin-digested, radiolabeled ATP-citrate lyase from rat epididymal fat pads was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Phosphorylation occurred at three amino acid residues within two different peptide sequences; one (peptide a) contained phosphoserine and the other (peptide b) contained phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. The retention times and molecular weights were the same for peptides a and A and peptides b and B. Isoproterenol action increased peptide a phosphorylation and, to a lesser extent, peptide b phosphorylation. Insulin action also increased peptide a phosphorylation, but did not increase peptide b phosphorylation. PMID- 6630213 TI - The isolation and identification of two new metabolites of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 produced in the kidney. AB - We have demonstrated in this paper the isolation and identification of two new metabolites of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) from the kidney of the vitamin D replete rat. These are 24-oxo-23(25-(OH)2D3 and 24,25,26,27-tetranor-23(OH)D3. Both compounds logically fit on the same metabolic pathway. 25(OH)D3 leads to 24(R),25-(OH)2D3 leads to 24-oxo-25(OH)D3 leads to 24-oxo-23,25-(OH)2D3 leads to leads to 24,25,26,27-tetranor-23(OH)D3 Each metabolite on this pathway was isolated and identified from kidneys perfused with pharmacological concentrations of 25(OH)D3. All metabolites were identified by techniques involving high performance liquid chromatography, UV spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry. Use of 24(R),25-(OH)2D3 as the substrate gave rise to increased amounts of 24-oxo 25(OH)D3, 24-oxo-23,25-(OH)2D3, and 24,25,26,27-tetranor-23(OH)D3. In vitro studies involving perfusion of a vitamin D-replete kidney with 25(OH)D3 at a concentration of 25 nM suggest that 24-oxo-23,25-(OH)2D3 is also formed under physiological conditions. At this substrate concentration, 24(R),25-(OH)2D3 represented the major metabolite accumulating in the perfusate over the initial 2 h period but at subsequent times the concentration of 24-oxo-23,25-(OH)2D3 increased so that by the end of 6 h it was the major product remaining in the perfusate. Our work also suggests that the rate of synthesis of 25(OH)D3-26,23 lactone is measurable in the intact mammalian kidney but that it is slower than the synthesis of 24(R),25-(OH)2D3 and its metabolites. PMID- 6630214 TI - In vivo 15N NMR studies of regulation of nitrogen assimilation and amino acid production by Brevibacterium lactofermentum. AB - Glutamic acid producer Brevibacterium lactofermentum intact cells were used to demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo 15N NMR to follow nitrogen assimilation and amino acid production throughout the growth cycle. The induction of glutamic acid production by different growth conditions was studied. Intracellular and extracellular levels of free metabolites were estimated as function of oxygen supply and biotin concentration. 15N NMR enabled us to distinguish two phases during the fermentation. At the early stage of fermentation, glutamic acid was accumulated intracellularly independent of oxygen supply and no product was excreted. In the late growth phase, the permeability of the cells developed and L glutamic acid was excreted. The effect of aeration and biotin concentration on cellular contents and excretion was also studied by 15N NMR. Glutamate, N acetylglutamine, and glutamine were the main nitrogenous pools independent of cell culture conditions. Free ammonia was not accumulated intracellularly although glutamic acid fermentation can be characterized as the process of nitrogen assimilation and the uptake of ammonia is the key step. In conclusion, the application of in vivo 15N NMR spectroscopy unraveled various problems of nitrogen metabolism, in a rapid and nondestructive manner. PMID- 6630215 TI - Differential turnover of methyl groups on methyl-accepting membrane proteins of irreversibly sickled erythrocytes. AB - Methyl group turnover rates for specific methyl-accepting membrane proteins in intact irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs) have been determined. The turnover of methyl groups on all methyl acceptor membrane proteins carboxylmethylated in ISCs is not concerted but proceeds in an ordered sequence which is markedly different from that exhibited by unfractionated normal erythrocytes (AA). In ISCs methyl group turnover based on initial demethylation rate constants is most rapid for membrane polypeptides migrating in sodium dodecyl sulfate at 30,000-39,000 Da, 40,000-55,000 Da, polypeptides comigrating with cytoskeletal component band 4.1, and band 4.5. In contrast, initial methyl group turnover rates obtained after less than 20% of the total methyl groups are turned over in (AA) cells show most rapid demethylation rates for membrane polypeptides migrating at 40,000-55,000 Da, polypeptides comigrating with band 4.5, cytoskeletal components bands 2.1 and 4.1. Results also show significant differences between ISCs and most dense fractions from normal (AA) and nonsickle hemolytic anemias in the demethylation of cytoskeletal proteins, bands 2.1 and 4.1. These findings indicate qualitative differences in accessibility of methyl acceptor substrates to the methylating demethylating enzyme activity in the cytosol of irreversibly sickled cells compared to discocytic control erythrocytes. PMID- 6630216 TI - Monoclonal antibodies directed against mammalian RNA polymerase I. Identification of the catalytic center. AB - Mouse myeloma cells were fused with splenocytes from a mouse that had been immunized with RNA polymerase I purified from a rat hepatoma. Hybridoma cells were selected and colonies secreting antibodies directed against the enzyme were detected by analysis of cell culture supernatants in a solid phase radioimmunoassay. Two of these cell lines were grown on a larger scale and the interaction between the immunoglobulins obtained from them and RNA polymerase I was studied in detail. Antibodies from both of the hybridoma cell lines were able to inhibit DNA-dependent RNA synthesis catalyzed by RNA polymerases I and III, but not that catalyzed by polymerase II. The antibodies were also capable of reducing the RNA chain elongation reaction catalyzed either by RNA polymerase I associated with isolated nucleoli or by enzyme preinitiated in vitro on calf thymus DNA. Inhibition of RNA polymerase I activity by the monoclonal antibodies was inversely related to the nucleotide concentration. In contrast, the DNA concentration had relatively little effect on inhibition by the antibodies. Analysis of immune complex formation between the antibodies and isolated individual enzyme subunits demonstrated that the monoclonal antibodies were directed against the largest (Mr = 190,000) polypeptide of the polymerase I. These data indicate that the largest subunit of RNA polymerase I contains an immunological determinant in common with RNA polymerase III and suggest that the polymerase I polypeptide of Mr = 190,000 contains a catalytic center involved in RNA chain elongation. PMID- 6630217 TI - Restoration by phospholipids of dolichol pyrophosphate N-acetylglucosamine synthesis in delipidated rat lung microsomes. AB - The effects of phospholipids on the reaction catalyzed by UDP-GlcNAc:dolichol phosphate GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase have been studied with delipidated rat lung microsomes. Deoxycholate-solubilized enzyme was depleted of measurable phospholipid by either gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 or affinity chromatography on pentyl-agarose. The latter procedure also removed nucleotide and sugar nucleotide hydrolases. Delipidated protein fractions were devoid of GlcNAc-1-phosphate transferase activity unless supplemented with phospholipids. Maximal recovery of enzyme activity was obtained with an approximate 1:1 weight ratio of phosphatidylglycerol:phosphatidylcholine, with the observed rate being synergistic as compared to rates observed for each individual phospholipid. Variable recoveries of enzyme activity were obtained with mixtures containing other acidic phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine. Enzyme activity in the fraction eluted from pentyl-agarose could be recovered, after removal of Triton X 100, with sedimented phospholipid vesicles. Significant stabilization of enzyme activity associated with the phospholipid vesicles was obtained by the inclusion of dolichol phosphate. PMID- 6630218 TI - Inhibition of hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity after altering turkey erythrocyte phospholipid composition with a nonspecific lipid transfer protein. Phosphatidylinositol uncouples catecholamine binding from adenylate cyclase activation. AB - The nonspecific lipid transfer protein from beef liver was used to modify the phospholipid composition of intact turkey erythrocytes in order to study the dependence of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity on membrane phospholipid composition. Incorporation of phosphatidylinositol into turkey erythrocytes inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in a linear, concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition was relatively specific for phosphatidylinositol; phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidic acid were from 3 to 7 times less effective as inhibitors of hormone-stimulated cyclase activity. Inhibition by phosphatidylinositol was not reversible when up to 90% of the incorporated phosphatidylinositol was removed, either by incubation with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C or a second incubation with transfer protein; possibly adenylate cyclase activity depends on a small pool of phosphatidylinositol that is inaccessible to either phospholipase C hydrolysis or removal by lipid transfer protein. Phosphatidylinositol incorporation inhibits adenylate cyclase activity by uncoupling beta-adrenergic receptors from the remainder of the cyclase complex. Phosphatidylinositol incorporation had no effect on stimulation of cAMP accumulation by either cholera toxin or forskolin, indicating that inhibition occurs only at the level of receptor. Phosphodiesterase activity was not altered in phosphatidylinositol-modified cells. Inhibition of cAMP accumulation was not the result of changes in either membrane fluidity or in cAMP transport out of modified turkey erythrocytes. Phosphatidylinositol inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated cyclase activity may serve as a useful model system for hormone-induced desensitization. PMID- 6630219 TI - Activation of spermatozoan adenylate cyclase by a low molecular weight factor in porcine seminal plasma. AB - The ejaculated porcine spermatozoa were fractionated into the cytosol, membrane, midpiece plus tail (flagella) and head fractions, and their adenylate cyclase activities were measured. About 65% of the total activity was located in the flagella fraction. For all the fractions, Mn2+-dependent adenylate cyclase activity was about 20 times higher than Mg2+-dependent activity, and guanine nucleotides, fluoride, and other reagents tested did not activate adenylate cyclase. The results suggest that the GTP-dependent regulatory subunit is absent in porcine spermatozoa. The porcine seminal plasma was found to stimulate the adenylate cyclase activity in spermatozoa. The stimulating factor in porcine seminal plasma was partially purified by gel filtration and the molecular weight of the factor appeared to be between 200 and 300. The partially purified factor is heat stable and is not inactivated by treatment with Pronase, trypsin, phospholipase A2 or D but is inactivated by acid hydrolysis. It is easily soluble in water, partially soluble in methanol, and insoluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, chloroform, or acetone. The activation of sperm adenylate cyclase by the factor occurred without a time lag. The activating effect was dose-dependent, saturated at high dose, and ascribed to the increase of the maximal velocity (Vmax). The effect of the factor appears to be limited to adenylate cyclase in spermatozoa; the factor activated adenylate cyclase both in porcine and bovine spermatozoa but failed to activate those in other porcine tissues. The factor was shown to activate the enzyme not only in the ejaculated spermatozoa but also in the epididymal sperm. The factor was also found to elevate the cAMP level in the intact porcine spermatozoa. The factor enhanced the motility of corpus and cauda epididymal spermatozoa. These findings indicate the possibility that this factor initiates the spermatozoan motility upon ejaculation through directly activating adenylate cyclase. PMID- 6630220 TI - Order of metal binding in metallothionein. AB - Purified isoforms of rat liver apometallothionein were reconstituted in vitro with Cd and Zn ions to study the order of binding of the 7 metal sites in the two separate metal clusters, one containing four metal ions (cluster A) and the other containing three (cluster B). Reconstitution with 7 Cd ions resulted in a metalloprotein similar to induced Cd,Zn-metallothionein by the criteria of electrophoretic mobility, insensitivity to proteolysis by subtilisin, and the pH dependent release of Cd. Proteolytic digestion of metallothionein reconstituted with suboptimal quantities of Cd followed by separation of Cd-containing polypeptide fragments by electrophoresis and chromatography revealed metal ion binding initially occurs in the 4-metal center, cluster A. Upon saturation of the 4 sites in cluster A, binding occurs in the 3-metal center, cluster B. Samples reconstituted with 1 to 4 Cd ions per protein molecule, followed by digestion with subtilisin, yielded increasing amounts of a proteolytically stable polypeptide fragment identical with the alpha fragment domain that is known to encompass the 4-metal center. Samples renatured with 5 to 7 Cd ions per metallothionein molecule showed decreasing quantities of alpha fragment and increasing amounts of native-like metallothionein. Similar results were obtained in reconstitution studies with Zn ions. Samples reconstituted with 7 Cd eq followed by incubation with EDTA revealed that cluster B Cd ions were removed initially. The binding process in each domain is cooperative. Reconstitution of apometallothionein with 2 Cd ions followed by proteolysis yields a 50% recovery of saturated Cd4 alpha cluster. Likewise, when Cd5-renatured metallothionein was digested with subtilisin, 30% of the molecules were identified as Cd7 metallothionein with the remainder as Cd4 alpha fragment. PMID- 6630221 TI - Novel form of DNA polymerase alpha associated with DNA primase activity of vertebrates. Detection with mouse stimulating factor. AB - With a specific stimulating factor of mouse DNA replicase for its detection, a novel form of DNA polymerase alpha (DNA replicase) associated with DNA primase activity was partially purified from several vertebrates, i.e. the cherry salmon Oncorhyncus masou, the frog Xenopus laevis, the chick, and human (HeLa cells). Activity similar to DNA replicase was also partially purified from embryos of the sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina. In all vertebrates examined, two forms of DNA polymerase alpha were separated by chromatography on ion-exchange columns; one form (DNA replicase) was associated with DNA primase activity and could utilize unprimed single-stranded DNAs as template, and the other could not utilize unprimed single-stranded DNAs. The sedimentation coefficient of the former, the novel form, obtained from each vertebrate in a glycerol gradient at high ionic strength was slightly larger than that of the other form which had no primase activity, except in the case of chick embryos where the sedimentation coefficients of the two forms were almost the same. The initiator RNA synthesized with the DNA primase activity associated with DNA replicase obtained from salmon, chick, HeLa cells, and sea urchin was 8 to 10 nucleotides long. The stimulating factor obtained from Ehrlich ascites cells has been found to stimulate both the activities of DNA primase and DNA polymerase in DNA replicase obtained from all the vertebrates examined, when unprimed single-stranded DNA was used as template, while the factor failed to stimulate both the activities of the enzyme of sea urchin embryos. This factor thus should be an effective tool in studies on the mechanism of vertebrate DNA replication. PMID- 6630222 TI - Biological activities of phosphodiester linkage isomers of 2-5A. AB - To determine the relative importance of the 2',5'-phosphodiester bond of 2-5A in its binding to and activation of the 2-5A-dependent ribonuclease (RNase L, RNase F), a number of phosphodiester linkage isomers of 2-5A were prepared. These isomers were obtained either by lead ion-catalyzed polymerization of adenosine 5' phosphorimidazolidate or by T4 polynucleotide kinase-catalyzed 5'-phosphorylation of adenylyl(3' leads to 5')adenylyl(3' leads to 5')adenosine followed by reaction of the corresponding phosphorimidazolidates with tri(n butylammonium)pyrophosphate. The following 2-5A isomers thus were prepared: ppp5'A2'p5'A3'p5'A, ppp5'A3'p5'A2'p5'A, ppp5'A3'p5'A3'p5'A("3-5A"), ppp5'A2'p5'A3'p5'A2'p5'A,and ppp5'A3'p5'A2'p5'-A2'p5'A. The ability of these isomeric 2-5As to interact with the 2-5A-dependent endonuclease was ascertained by three different criteria: (i) ability to prevent the protein synthesis inhibitory effects of 2-5A, (ii) activity as an inhibitor of translation in encephalomyocarditis RNA-programmed L cell extracts, and (iii) ability to prevent binding of the radiolabeled probe, ppp5'A2'p5'A2'p5'A2'p5'A3'[32P]p5'Cp, to the endonuclease of L cell extracts. In certain experiments, degradation of oligonucleotide was minimized or eliminated by altering assay conditions, providing alternate phosphodiesterase substrates, or by using purified endoribonuclease of Ehrlich ascites cells. By all criteria, replacement of 2',5' bond by a 3',5'-bond led to a substantial decrease in biological activity. Generally, replacement of just one 2',5'-phosphodiester bond with a 3',5'-linkage led to at least a one order of magnitude loss of activity. In accord with this trend, ppp5'A3'p5'A3'p5'A(3-5A) was greater than 10,000 less active than 2-5A in binding to the endonuclease or as an inhibitor of protein synthesis. PMID- 6630223 TI - The sequence of the NH2-terminal 204-residue fragment of the heavy chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. AB - The amino acid sequence of the Mr = 23,000 peptide that is generated by limited tryptic digestion of rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin was determined. This fragment represents the NH2-terminal 204 residues of the heavy chain of myosin, and its sequence is (formula; see text) This peptide contains the lysine residue (Lys 83) whose reaction with 2,4,6,-trinitrobenzenesulfonate alters the enzymatic activity of myosin, as well as two types of methylated lysines. Position 34 is occupied by epsilon-N-monomethyllysine and lysine in an approximate 60:40 ratio, while position 129 is fully occupied by one of the two epsilon-N-trimethyllysines in myosin heavy chain. There is evidence suggesting that this fragment contains residues that contribute to the ATP-binding site of myosin; the sequence surrounding the epsilon-N-trimethyllysine is devoid of charges and could form a hydrophobic pocket for binding of the adenine moiety while the epsilon-N trimethyllysine, which carries a positive charge at all pH values, could bind an ATP phosphate group. PMID- 6630224 TI - Ascorbic acid and catecholamine secretion from cultured chromaffin cells. AB - Ascorbic acid was found to be secreted from cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells coincidentally with catecholamines using a variety of secretagogues, including veratridine, nicotine, acetylcholine, and potassium chloride. Secretion of ascorbic acid was measured by preloading the cells for 3 h with (R) [14C]ascorbic acid and then quantitating release of the label. The newly transported ascorbic acid constituted nearly 90% of total cellular ascorbic acid. Although chromaffin granules are known to contain endogenous ascorbic acid, only 16% of the total labeled ascorbic acid taken up by cultured cells was localized to the chromaffin granule fraction. Under the same isolation conditions, 95% of the endogenous catecholamines was found in the granule fraction. The secretion of both (R)-[14C] ascorbic acid and catecholamines was calcium dependent. However, only catecholamine secretion was effectively inhibited by the presence in the medium of isethionate, an impermeant ion that inhibits catecholamine secretion from isolated chromaffin granules. Analysis of the ratios of cellular and granular (R)-[14C] ascorbate as well as secreted (R)-[14C]ascorbate and catecholamines revealed that the secreted (R)-[14C]ascorbic acid did not come exclusively from the chromaffin granule fraction but also from a nonsedimenting cytoplasmic compartment. Indeed, for all four agonists, the amounts of (R) [14C]ascorbic acid secreted were more than 1.5 times greater than could be accounted for by chromaffin granule ascorbate alone. We took these data to indicate that, while ascorbic acid and catecholamines were secreted concomitantly, the sources of the secreted substances were not necessarily identical. PMID- 6630225 TI - Immunological detection of microtubule poison-induced conformational changes in tubulin. AB - The interaction of tubulin-microtubule poison complexes with anti-tubulin antisera has been investigated using radioimmunoassay. The binding of the major antiserum used in this study to tubulin does not interfere with the binding of colchicine to the tubulin or affect the decay of the colchicine-binding activity of the tubulin. Conversely, if colchicine is incubated with the tubulin, forming tubulin-colchicine complexes, the tubulin-colchicine complexes are less efficient competitors for antibody-binding sites than tubulin alone. This is the result of the formation of specific colchicine-tubulin complexes, since tubulin, incubated with lumicolchicine or isocolchicine, behaves as if the tubulin were incubated alone in the radioimmunoassay. When tubulin is incubated with other microtubule poisons, podophyllotoxin or vinblastine, the tubulin-drug complexes have diminished ability to compete with tubulin as did the tubulin-colchicine complexes. These changes observed in the binding of tubulin-microtubule poison complexes to anti-tubulin antisera in a tubulin radioimmunoassay suggest that the binding of colchicine, podophyllotoxin, or vinblastine to tubulin induces subtle conformational changes on the surface of the tubulin dimer involving antigenic determinant sites. PMID- 6630226 TI - Sugar-free growth of mammalian cells on some ribonucleosides but not on others. AB - It was shown earlier that a variety of vertebrate cells could grow indefinitely in sugar-free medium supplemented with either uridine or cytidine at greater than or equal to 1 mM. In contrast, most purine nucleosides do not support sugar-free growth for one of the following reasons. The generation of ribose-1-P from nucleoside phosphorylase activity is necessary to provide all essential functions of sugar metabolism. Some nucleosides, e.g. xanthosine, did not support growth because they are poor substrates for this enzyme. De novo pyrimidine synthesis was inhibited greater than 80% by adenosine or high concentrations of inosine, e.g. 10 mM, which prevented growth on these nucleosides; in contrast, pyrimidine synthesis was inhibited only marginally on 1 mM inosine or guanosine, but normal growth was only seen on 1 mM inosine, not on guanosine. The inhibition of de novo adenine nucleotide synthesis prevented growth on guanosine, since guanine nucleotides could not be converted to adenine nucleotides. Guanine nucleotides were necessary for this inhibition of purine synthesis, since a mutant blocked in their synthesis grew normally on guanosine. De novo purine synthesis was severely inhibited by adenosine, inosine, or guanosine, but in contrast to guanosine, adenosine and inosine could provide all purine requirements by direct nucleotide conversions. PMID- 6630227 TI - Identification of the target amino acids in the site-specific inactivation of triose phosphate isomerase by ferrate anion. AB - Ferrate anion, an analog of orthophosphate anion, very rapidly inactivates triose phosphate isomerase from chicken muscle. The inactivation can be prevented by the presence of competitive inhibitors. Of the 247 amino acids known to be present in each of the identical monomers of this dimeric enzyme, Trp-168, located in the active site pocket, as well as Trp-191 and His-248 are destroyed. The partial loss of Tyr-164 also occurs. Trp-168 is known from published crystallographic studies to be located in the active site cavity harboring Glu-165. The gamma carboxylate group of Glu-165 is believed to serve as the nucleophile which catalyzes the isomerization. Tyr-164, Glu-165, and Trp-168 are known to be conserved in all of the triose phosphate isomerases which have been sequenced, including those obtained from mammals, chicken, fish, yeast, and bacteria. It is suggested that the chemical modification of Trp-168 alters its shape and hydrophobic character in a manner that adversely affects the conformation of the active site cavity. When the chicken enzyme is treated with ferrate in the presence of the competitive inhibitor phosphoglycolate, only His-248 is destroyed. Thus, His-248, which is the COOH-terminal amino acid, cannot be essential for activity. This observation is consistent with the knowledge that it is not invariant in the enzyme from various species. PMID- 6630228 TI - Structure and reactivity of cysteine residues in mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase. AB - Six cysteine-containing tryptic peptides were isolated and sequenced from rabbit liver mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase. 2 of the 6 cysteine residues were located on the surface of the enzyme. These 2 cysteine residues are sufficiently close to each other that they form a disulfide bond when oxidized by periodate. Another of the cysteine residues is exposed upon removal of the active site pyridoxal phosphate. The remaining three cysteines are buried and react with sulfhydryl reagents only when the enzyme is denatured. Blocking of one of the surface sulfhydryls with any of several sulfhydryl reagents results in increased catalytic activity when allothreonine is the substrate but decreased activity when serine and tetrahydrofolate are the substrates. The activation and inhibition effects are on Vmax and not on the affinity of the enzyme for its substrates. Of the six cysteine peptides from the mitochondrial enzyme, three show substantial homology with cysteine-containing peptides from the cytosolic form of the enzyme. For both enzyme forms, one of these homologous pairs is a cysteine residue on the surface of the enzyme. These results suggest that the mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of rabbit liver serine hydroxymethyltransferases are the products of separate genes. PMID- 6630229 TI - Role of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in secretion of glycoproteins of the mouse egg's extracellular coat. AB - Tunicamycin, an inhibitor of asparagine-linked glycosylation of glycoprotein, has been used here to examine the role of N-linked oligosaccharides in secretion of ZP2 and ZP3, two of the three glycoproteins that constitute the mouse egg's extracellular coat (zona pellucida). In the absence of tunicamycin, growing mouse oocytes cultured in vitro synthesize a 91,000-Mr ZP2 precursor and 53,000 and 56,000 Mr ZP3 precursors. All of these precursors contain high mannose-type oligosaccharides that are processed to complex-type prior to secretion of mature ZP2 (120,000 Mr) and ZP3 (80,000 Mr) (Greve, J. M., Salzmann, G. S., Roller, R. J., and Wassarman, P. M. (1982) Cell 31, 749-759; Salzmann, G. S., Greve, J. M., Roller, R. J., and Wassarman, P. M. (1983) Eur. Mol. Biol. Org. J. 2, 1451-1456). In the presence of 5 micrograms/ml of tunicamycin, growing oocytes cultured in vitro are unable to carry out "core" glycosylation of nascent ZP2 and ZP3. Consequently, under these conditions, ZP2 and ZP3 appear as 81,000 and 44,000 Mr polypeptide chains, respectively. The apparent rates of synthesis of core glycosylated ZP2 and ZP3 precursors synthesized in the absence of tunicamycin and of precursors synthesized in the presence of the drug are virtually identical. On the other hand, in the presence of tunicamycin, nascent ZP3 is incorporated into the zona pellucida as an extremely heterogeneous species (approximately equal to 51,000 Mr) at about three times the rate observed for mature ZP3 in the absence of tunicamycin. In the presence of tunicamycin, ZP2 is incorporated into the zona pellucida as 81,000 and 76,000 Mr species at about one-sixth the rate observed for mature ZP2 in the absence of the drug. Results of pulse-chase experiments indicate that the low degree of incorporation of ZP2 lacking N-linked oligosaccharides into the zona pellucida is due to a greatly decreased rate of secretion as compared to the core-glycosylated precursor. ZP2 synthesized in the presence of tunicamycin is relatively stable and accumulates intracellularly. These results suggest that N-linked oligosaccharides are necessary for normal secretion of ZP2, but are probably not necessary for ZP3 secretion. PMID- 6630230 TI - Preparation and characterization of membrane fractions enriched in outer and inner envelope membranes from spinach chloroplasts. II. Biochemical characterization. AB - In the previous paper (Block, M. A., Dorne, A.-J., Joyard, J., and Douce, R. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 13273-13280), we have described a method for the separation of membrane fractions enriched in outer and inner envelope membranes from spinach chloroplasts. The two envelope membranes have a different weight ratio of acyl lipid to protein (2.5-3 for the outer envelope membrane and 0.8-1 for the inner envelope membrane). The two membranes also differ in their polar lipid composition. However, in order to prevent the functioning of the galactolipid:galactolipid galactosyltransferase during the course of envelope membrane separation, we have analyzed the polar lipid composition of each envelope membrane after thermolysin treatment of the intact chloroplasts. The outer envelope membrane is characterized by the presence of high amounts of phosphatidylcholine and digalactosyldiacylglycerol whereas the inner envelope membrane has a polar lipid composition almost identical with that of the thykaloids. No phosphatidylethanolamine or cardiolipin could be detected in either envelope membranes, thus demonstrating that the envelope membranes, and especially the outer membrane, do not resemble extrachloroplastic membranes. No striking differences were found in the fatty acid composition of the polar lipids from either the outer or the inner envelope membrane. The two envelope membranes also differ in their carotenoid composition. Among the different enzymatic activities associated with the chloroplast envelope, we have shown that the Mg2+ dependent ATPase, the UDP-Gal:diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase, the phosphatidic acid phosphatase, and the acyl-CoA thioesterase are associated with the inner envelope from spinach chloroplasts whereas the acyl-CoA synthetase is located on the outer envelope membrane. PMID- 6630231 TI - The assembly of an H2A2,H2B2,H3,H4 hexamer onto DNA under conditions of physiological ionic strength. AB - A novel nucleohistone particle is generated in high yield when a complex of DNA with the four core histones formed under conditions that are close to physiological (0.15 M NaCl, pH 8) is treated with micrococcal nuclease. The particle was found to contain 102 base pairs of DNA in association with six molecules of histones in the ratio 2H2A:2H2B:1H3:1H4 after relatively brief nuclease treatment. Prolonged nuclease digestion resulted in a reduction in the DNA length to a sharply defined 92-base pair fragment that was resistant to further degradation. Apparently normal nucleosome core particles containing two molecules each of the four core histones in association with 145 base pairs of DNA and a particle containing one molecule each of histones H2A and H2B in association with approximately 40 base pairs of DNA were also generated during nuclease treatment of the histone-DNA complexes formed under physiological ionic strength conditions. Kinetic studies have shown that the hexamer particle is not a subnucleosomal fragment produced by the degradation of nucleosome core particles. Furthermore, the hexamer particle was not found among the products of nuclease digestion when histones and DNA were previously assembled in 0.6 M NaCl. The high sedimentation coefficient of the hexameric complex (8 S) suggests that the DNA component of the particle has a folded conformation. PMID- 6630232 TI - Internal structure of discrete nucleohistone complexes which form in vitro under conditions of physiological ionic strength. AB - Three discrete histone-DNA complexes assemble spontaneously when the four core histones are mixed with DNA under conditions which are close to physiological (0.15 M NaCl, pH 8). These species include the (H2A,H2B) dimeric complex (P1), the (H2A2,H2B2,H3,H4) hexameric complex (P2) and the nucleosome core complex (P3). This report compares several properties of these complexes with the properties of nucleosome cores assembled at high ionic strength (0.6 M NaCl). Based on histone-histone cross-linking studies, CD spectra, and thermal denaturation experiments, P1 is structurally similar to the subnucleosomal (H2A,H2B) fragment isolated from nuclease-digested chromatin. P1, P2, P3, and high salt-assembled nucleosome cores can all incorporate (H2A,H2B) pairs which have been previously cross-linked. Although the CD spectra and thermal denaturation profiles of P2 and P3 are closely related to those of nucleosome cores assembled in 0.6 M NaCl, cross-linking studies indicate that the arrangement of the histones in P2, and in a proportion of the P3 particles assembled in 0.15 M NaCl, are significantly different from their arrangement in nucleosome cores assembled in 0.6 M NaCl. The single cysteine residue on the H3 of P2 is accessible to the solvent. The two fluorescently labeled cysteine residues in a large proportion of the P3 particles assembled in 0.15 M NaCl are in a different orientation with respect to each other than the same residues in nucleosome cores assembled at high ionic strength. PMID- 6630233 TI - Pathways of assembly of nucleohistone complexes formed in vitro under physiological conditions. Implications for the structure of the nucleosome. AB - The composition and structure of three discrete nucleohistone particles produced by micrococcal nuclease digestion of the complex formed when the four core histones are mixed directly with DNA under conditions that are close to physiological have been reported in accompanying articles (Ellison, M. J., and Pulleyblank, D. E. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 13307-13313; 13314-13320). These include a peak containing a compact hexameric complex composed of one pair of (H3,H4) and two pairs of (H2A,H2B) (P2) and a peak containing complexes with the composition and sedimentation properties of nucleosome cores (P3). We have examined the pathways of assembly of P2 and P3 by determining the effect of order of histone addition on the yields of these species. The assembly of P2 is initiated by the binding of an (H2A,H2B) pair to the DNA which then directs the placement of an (H3,H4) pair. The incorporation of the final (H2A,H2B) pair to complete the particle is probably cooperative. The assembly of P3 is less dependent than the assembly of P2 upon the order in which the histone pairs are added to the DNA. More than one pathway has been implicated in the formation of these particles. P3 contains a component which has many but not all of the properties of nucleosome cores assembled at elevated ionic strength. Alternative pathways of assembly of histone pairs onto DNA are discussed which could lead to the formation of the discrete histone DNA structures that have been isolated here. A model is proposed in which the nucleosome unfolds and refolds into an alternative configuration. PMID- 6630234 TI - Proteins of the Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosome. Crystallization of proteins L30 and S5. AB - Proteins L30 and S5 from the 50 S and 30 S subunits, respectively, of the Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosome have been crystallized. L30 crystals are tetragonal and the space group is P4(1)2(1)2 (or P4(3)2(1)2) with cell dimensions a = b = 46.3 A and c = 61.4 A. S5 crystals are trigonal with the space group P3(1)21 (or P3(2)21) and cell dimensions a = b = 59.3 A and c = 109.8 A. In both cases, there appears to be a single molecule in the asymmetric unit. PMID- 6630235 TI - Biosynthetic and structural properties of endothelial cell type VIII collagen. AB - A highly unusual endothelial cell collagen (Sage, H., Pritzl, P., and Bornstein, P., (1980) Biochemistry 19, 5747-5755) has been characterized in greater detail. Pulse-chase experiments with bovine aortic endothelial cells revealed two nondisulfide-bonded collagens, of apparent chain Mr = 177,000 and 125,000, with an estimated synthesis and secretion time of 75 min. Stepwise, quantitative processing to stable lower molecular weight forms as described for type I procollagen was not observed. Endothelial collagen was secreted over a temperature range of 24-37 degrees C and, prior to heat denaturation, did not display affinity for a gelatin-binding fragment of fibronectin coupled to Sepharose. The presence of a pepsin-resistant domain (Mr = 50,000) in both the soluble and cell layer-associated forms of this protein was shown by ion exchange chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Endothelial collagen was cleaved by vertebrate collagenase into several discrete fragments that differed in molecular weight from the characteristic alpha A and alpha B fragments generated from the interstitial collagens. Nontriple helical domains corresponding to the NH2- and COOH-terminal propeptides of other procollagen types were not found after incubation of endothelial collagen with bacterial collagenase. Additional evidence for the lack of extended noncollagenous sequences was provided by studies with mast cell proteases, which convert native procollagen to collagen but are unreactive toward native interstitial collagens. Endothelial collagen was not cleaved by these enzymes at 37 degrees C, but, as observed for interstitial collagen alpha chains, required prior heating at elevated temperatures for cleavage to occur. In view of this unique set of structural characteristics, and a distribution that is not restricted to the endothelium, we have designated this protein as type VIII collagen. PMID- 6630236 TI - Biology and social structure. PMID- 6630237 TI - Secular changes in migration between birth and marriage. PMID- 6630238 TI - Family type and fertility in rural India: a critical analysis. PMID- 6630239 TI - Attitude of Ntomba society towards the primiparous woman and its biological effects. PMID- 6630240 TI - Fertility of islanders off the northern coast of Sri Lanka. PMID- 6630241 TI - Estimating voluntary and involuntary childlessness in the developing countries. PMID- 6630242 TI - Birthweight and reproductive careers. PMID- 6630243 TI - The contribution of genetic disease to paediatric mortality in a university hospital in Bogota. PMID- 6630244 TI - Mortality of an urban population by period of residence in a rapidly industrialized city. PMID- 6630245 TI - Differential mortality in rural Nepal. PMID- 6630246 TI - Socioeconomic factors affecting mortality in rural Tanzania. PMID- 6630247 TI - Personality and IQ score variation in a Cambridge undergraduate sample. PMID- 6630248 TI - Educational attainment and social class in adoptees: genetic and environmental contributions. PMID- 6630249 TI - An association between tongue-rolling phenotypes and subjects of study of undergraduates. A further comment. PMID- 6630250 TI - Salter-Harris Type-IV injuries of the distal tibial epiphyseal growth plate, with emphasis on those involving the medial malleolus. AB - Salter-Harris Type-IV fractures of the epiphysis extend through the articular cartilage, epiphysis, physis, and metaphysis and have a high rate of complications secondary to premature partial closure of the physis. In this study we attempted to determine which Type-IV fractures of the distal end of the tibia result in premature partial closure, how the various treatment modalities affect the risk of premature physeal closure, and how the complication itself might be best managed. Thirty-two Type-IV fractures of the distal end of the tibia were seen at the Mayo Clinic during a five-year period. Eighteen injuries involved the medial malleolus, thirteen were so-called triplane fractures, and one was a fracture of the lateral part of the plafond. In the eighteen ankles with a fracture that involved the medial malleolus, extension of the fracture into the metaphysis could often be appreciated only on oblique roentgenograms. The patients' ages at the time of fracture ranged from one year and one month to fifteen years and six months old. In nine of the eighteen tibiae with a fracture of the medial malleolus premature partial closure of the distal physis developed, resulting in angular deformity or limb-length discrepancy sufficient to require operative treatment (epiphyseodesis, corrective osteotomy, or excision of a physeal bar). A physeal bar was best detected by tomograms made in two planes and by scanograms. Bar formation may be treated by excision of the bar, arrest of the whole physis, osteotomy, or combinations of these procedures. Of the thirteen patients with a triplane fracture and the one with a Type-IV fracture of the lateral part of the plafond, all fourteen were near maturity at the time of injury, and no growth-arrest problems developed. PMID- 6630251 TI - Total knee arthroplasty in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. AB - From 1971 to 1981, total knee arthroplasty was performed on forty-eight knees in twenty-eight patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the Robert Breck Brigham (now Brigham and Women's) Hospital. Seventeen of these patients, with twenty-nine knee-replacement arthroplasties, were followed for from two to eleven years (average, five years) and are the basis for this study. The patients' ages at operation ranged from thirteen to thirty-nine years (average, twenty-three years). Six patients had undergone total hip arthroplasty prior to admission for total knee replacement, and five patients had a total hip replacement performed while they were hospitalized for the knee arthroplasty. Thirteen patients (twenty one knees) had significant preoperative pain but only three (five knees) had severe discomfort. Four patients were unable to walk, three were household walkers, and ten were limited community walkers. Preoperative deformities of the knees ranged from 20 degrees of varus angulation to 35 degrees of valgus angulation. The average preoperative flexion deformity was 23 degrees and the arc of motion averaged 45 degrees. At follow-up, twenty of the twenty-one knees that had been significantly painful preoperatively were completely relieved of discomfort. The average arc of motion increased by 34 degrees, while in all but one knee the angular deformity had been corrected to zero to 10 degrees of valgus angulation. All but one patient became a limited or full community walker. Complications included one late deep infection and one posterior tibial subluxation. Four knees required subsequent resurfacing of the patella for treatment of pain. We now routinely resurface the patella in all patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis who have a total knee replacement. To date no prosthesis has required revision for loosening. Radiolucency of one millimeter or less about the prosthesis was noted at follow-up in eight (30 per cent) of the knees. As custom-made components were required in twelve of the twenty-nine knees, it is obvious that preoperative planning is crucial in the treatment of these patients. Our recent experience has shown that the use of preoperative and postoperative serial casts aids greatly in the correction of severe flexion deformity of the knee. Postoperative manipulation was required for twenty-one of the twenty-nine knees. Skeletal immaturity was not an absolute contraindication to surgery. We think that our results, which showed a marked improvement in both knee function and in quality of life, make the short and long-term risks of knee implant surgery well worth taking in this patient population. PMID- 6630252 TI - Reimplantation for the salvage of an infected total knee arthroplasty. AB - We retrospectively reviewed the results in fourteen patients in whom salvage of an acutely infected total knee arthroplasty was attempted between 1970 and 1981 by the implantation of a new prosthesis within two weeks of removal of the infected one. Salvage was successful in six of the seven patients with a low virulence infection but in only two of the seven patients with a high-virulence infection. Of the eight patients for whom the result was a functioning prosthesis, two had significant restriction of motion and one had moderate pain. If these three patients are eliminated from analysis, the over-all success rate is only 35 per cent (five of fourteen patients). We concluded that the implantation of another prosthesis for the treatment of infection of a total knee arthroplasty should be done with caution, and preferably when the infection has been caused by a low-grade organism and after a waiting period of longer than two weeks. PMID- 6630253 TI - Two-stage reimplantation for the salvage of infected total knee arthroplasty. AB - The results of eleven two-stage reimplantations to salvage eleven infected total knee arthroplasties in ten women (seven with osteoarthritis and three with rheumatoid arthritis) were evaluated after an average follow-up of thirty-four months. The staged procedures included removal of all of the components of the prosthesis and all cement, then six weeks of parenteral antibiotic therapy (monitored by maintaining serum bactericidal levels at a peak dilution of 1:8), and finally reimplantation with a total condylar-type prosthesis. All antibiotics were discontinued after reimplantation. At follow-up, no patient had had a recurrence of the original infection, but one had a hematogenous infection with a different organism secondary to an infected bunion. The results after reimplantation were rated excellent in five knees, good in four, and fair in two. Weakness of the extensor mechanism with an extension lag was the most frequent complication. We do not believe that antibiotic therapy alone is adequate for the management of an infection around a prosthesis. The method described appears to be effective but it is costly and time-consuming. The surgical procedures and medical management are technically difficult, often special equipment and a custom-made prosthesis are required, and there are no shortcuts. PMID- 6630254 TI - Missing cruciate ligament in congenital short femur. AB - We are reporting six cases of congenital absence of one or both cruciate ligaments of the knee in patients with mild proximal femoral focal deficiency. Three patients had considerable laxity of the knee with a positive anterior and posterior drawer sign. Three patients had an isolated anterior drawer sign without posterior instability. Radiographic examination showed changes in the tibial spine in all affected knees. Arthroscopic examination showed complete absence of both cruciate ligaments in all three patients who had the combined sagittal laxity. The three patients with anterior laxity alone had no vestige of an anterior cruciate ligament. None of the patients in our study had any arthroscopic or important radiographic signs of osteoarthritis. One patient was followed until she was sixty years old. Her case suggests that knee instability may persist without causing osteoarthritis. PMID- 6630255 TI - Corrosion of titanium/cobalt-chromium alloy couples. AB - Because of the increasing use of dissimilar metal combinations in the human body, we undertook an in vitro study to determine the compatibility and tendency to accelerate crevice corrosion of galvanic couples of cobalt-chromium alloy with either titanium, titanium alloy, or stainless steel. We employed an electrochemical open-circuit potential measurement test and a potentiostatic passive film-corrosion measurement test. The results demonstrated that the chromium alloy/stainless-steel couple was unstable. The cobalt-chromium alloy/titanium alloy couple was stable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cobalt-chromium alloys should not be used in combination with stainless steel but may be used in combination with titanium alloy. All usage of metal couples should be approached with the utmost caution. PMID- 6630256 TI - The effects of surgical procedures on the blood supply to the femoral head. AB - We have studied the effects of surgical procedures on the blood supply to the femoral head in adult dogs. The blood supply to normal adult canine femoral heads and osteoarthritic femoral heads was assessed by microvascular injection techniques and by measurement of the rate of blood flow by the hydrogen-washout technique. Circulation to the femoral head in the mature dog normally is dependent on retinacular vessels. Vascular anastomoses between the epiphysis and the metaphysis are generally not larger than capillary size. Reaming the femoral head does not devascularize the bone unless the retinacular vessels are disturbed. Stripping of the retinaculum, or combined reaming of the femoral head and stripping of the retinaculum, devascularized the femoral head in adult dogs with normal femoral heads. In the osteoarthritic hips, vascular anastomoses developed between the epiphysis and the metaphysis, so that stripping the retinaculum did not devascularize the femoral head. However, the rate of blood flow was decreased after combined reaming and retinacular stripping. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In the non-arthritic hip or in one with early arthritis, the retinacular vessels are of primary importance to circulation to the femoral head. Damage to these vessels during surgery will lead to osteonecrosis in a high percentage of patients. The formation of vascular anastomoses between the epiphysis and the metaphysis during the development of osteoarthritis may make the arthritic femoral head less vulnerable. However, care should be taken to preserve retinacular vessels, since in this study the rate of blood flow was decreased by reaming the femoral head and stripping the retinaculum. PMID- 6630257 TI - Biplane radiographic measurements of reversible displacement (including clinical loosening) and migration of total joint replacements. AB - We studied nineteen total knee replacements and thirty-three total hip replacements with simultaneous biplane radiography to measure in vivo micromotion at the cement-bone interface. Spherical cobalt-chromium markers were embedded in the cement and cortical bone. Relative motion of the cement-markers was measured with respect to the markers in the cortical bone. Reversible displacement (relative motion during a change from non-weight-bearing to weight-bearing) and migration (relative motion over time from one non-weight-bearing study to another) were calculated. The resolution of the measuring system was 0.2 millimeter. The range for symptomatic reversible displacement was 0.4 to 4.5 millimeters, while that for asymptomatic reversible displacement was 0.3 to 1.9 millimeters. All reversible displacement of less than 0.4 millimeter was asymptomatic. Migration of as much as 2.1 millimeters occurred without concomitant reversible displacement. All radiolucent lines correlated with measured reversible displacement. Half of the patients who were evaluated two weeks postoperatively had measurable reversible displacement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our findings were based on a small series from a selected population. The incidence of measured reversible displacement (75 per cent) was based on in vivo techniques and included symptomatic and asymptomatic reversible displacement; therefore, it was higher than the incidence of clinical loosening (9.6 per cent in our series). Simultaneous biplane radiography may become an important adjunct in the postoperative management of patients with a total joint replacement. PMID- 6630258 TI - The indications for metrizamide myelography. Relationship with complications after myelography. AB - To test the validity of our impression that in the absence of objective clinical evidence of nerve-root impingement there is a disproportionately high incidence of complications associated with myelography, the results in 248 patients were reviewed retrospectively and those in 110 were studied prospectively. Of all 358 patients, 53 per cent had complications after myelography with injection of metrizamide, of which headache and nausea and vomiting were the most frequent. The incidence of complications in the 112 patients whose objective clinical and myelographic findings were consistent was compared with that in the 180 patients who had only subjective complaints and normal myelographic findings. The incidence of complications was 30 per cent in the former group and 70 per cent in the latter group, an almost twofold difference (p greater than 0.05). The 110 patients in the prospective study were asked to grade the intensity of their headache after myelography. Of the thirty-one patients with positive objective clinical and myelographic findings, ten complained of headache, which was mild in seven (70 per cent) and severe in three. Of the sixty patients with only subjective complaints, thirty-eight complained of headache, which was mild in twelve (32 per cent) and severe in twenty-six. PMID- 6630259 TI - Posterior fracture-dislocation of the distal part of the fibula. Mechanism and staging of injury. AB - The Bosworth fracture, a fixed posterior fracture-dislocation of the distal part of the fibula due to external rotation of the supinated foot, is a rare injury. In this report we review the literature, present two new cases, and describe our cadaver studies, showing that the initial stages of the injury are identical to those of a Maisonneuve fracture. The final stages that are unique to this fracture-dislocation are the posterior dislocation and fracture of the fibula and the fracture of the medial malleolus or rupture of the deltoid ligament. The objectives of treatment are reduction of the dislocation, repair and stabilization of the tibiofibular syndesmosis, and restoration of the ankle mortise to its anatomical position. PMID- 6630260 TI - Valgus deformity of the ankle in myelodysplastic patients. Correction by stapling of the medial part of the distal tibial physis. AB - Thirteen patients with myelodysplasia and associated valgus deformities of the ankle had stapling of the medial part of the distal tibial physis. The pattern of neural involvement in these patients was responsible for characteristic muscle imbalances across the tibiotalar and subtalar joints which led to the valgus deformities. Stapling was performed in twenty-five ankles, fifteen of which had previously been treated unsuccessfully with various soft-tissue and bone procedures. Twelve of the patients were followed until closure of the physis. The average preoperative valgus deformity at the tibiotalar joint was 10 degrees and the average amount of correction was 16 degrees. There were no major complications in our series. All patients retained the ability to walk postoperatively, and there was no increase in the need for bracing. Stapling of the medial part of the distal tibial epiphysis has proved to be a safe and simple procedure for correction of valgus deformities of the ankle in myelodysplastic patients. PMID- 6630261 TI - Leiomyomatosis metastasizing to the spine. A case report. PMID- 6630262 TI - Thoracic outlet syndrome following correction of scoliosis in a patient with cervical ribs. A case report. PMID- 6630263 TI - Growth disturbance and meningococcal septicemia. Report of two cases. PMID- 6630264 TI - Loss of the medial malleolus in a bimalleolar fracture. A case report. PMID- 6630265 TI - Anterior rupture of the lumbosacral disc. Report of a case. PMID- 6630266 TI - Carpal scaphoid fracture and non-union in an eight-year-old child. Report of a case. PMID- 6630267 TI - Orthopaedics in 2013: a prospection. PMID- 6630268 TI - Reduction of radiation exposure during radiography for scoliosis. PMID- 6630269 TI - Radiographic abnormalities of the iliac apophysis in adolescent athletes. PMID- 6630270 TI - Osteotomy of the tibial tubercle in total knee replacement. PMID- 6630271 TI - Fractures of the distal tibial epiphysis in adolescence. PMID- 6630272 TI - Trauma centre--a radiologic perspective. PMID- 6630273 TI - A trauma centre--what is involved. AB - A trauma centre must provide a system of care. This begins as soon as possible after the injury and continues until the patient returns to his usual daily activities. Because of necessity, such trauma centres deal with those who have serious or multiple injuries. Then it is important to provide early and appropriate care from the outset and sometimes before definitive management is undertaken. Care must be expeditious always as this reduces morbidity and mortality. We consider management to be divided into (a) before admission, (b) care in hospital, and, lastly (c) rehabilitation or other measures after discharge. This paper focuses on what we describe as the "golden hour" which is that crucial first hour after admission. Nevertheless, to achieve optimal results the whole system of care is vital. It is in that initial hour, however, that our radiologic colleagues are most clearly and actively involved. PMID- 6630274 TI - Radiologic studies of facial trauma associated with a regional trauma centre. AB - The study of severe facial trauma has been altered by the development of computed tomography (CT). As a regional trauma unit we have gained increasing experience with complex fractures of the face. In those patients most severely injured, high resolution CT has become the imaging modality relied upon to offer the safest and most accurate information. Conventional films still have a role, especially in the less severely traumatized patient. We describe our methods and observations, based upon experience at a trauma unit, in the radiologic investigation of facial injuries. PMID- 6630275 TI - Radiology of spinal trauma--practical experience in a trauma unit. AB - The early diagnostic management of patients with acute spinal canal trauma may be among the most difficult injuries referred to a trauma centre. No standardized protocol exists. Radiographic examinations commence with plain films, including special views. Further radiographic studies, if required, vary and include CT, myelography and conventional tomography. CT and metrizamide myelography are complementary. In more complicated fracture-dislocations, all of the above investigations may be necessary. Recent advances, including water-soluble contrast media, the lateral C1-2 puncture and CT, now offer faster, safer and more thorough follow-up investigations with less radiation exposure. Patients with multiple injuries, previously considered too severely injured to undergo further neurologic investigations, may now be more adequately assessed early in the acute phase of injury such that appropriate surgical decompression or stabilization may be performed. The maximum attainable neurologic improvement for such individuals may be better realized with the improved radio-diagnostic capabilities available. PMID- 6630276 TI - The radiology of blunt chest trauma. AB - Chest injuries and related complications prove fatal in over half of the victims of multiple trauma. The radiologist's responsibility is twofold: a) to recognize key radiographic signs and b) to guide the clinician in the radiologic investigation and management of the patient. The important diagnoses to be recognized from radiographs are pneumothorax, aortic rupture, bronchial rupture and diaphragmatic rupture. PMID- 6630277 TI - Angiography in the diagnosis and treatment of trauma. AB - Angiography plays a vital role in the investigation of the patient suffering from multiple trauma. The commonest injuries have been rupture of the thoracic aorta, renal lacerations, arterial bleeding associated with fractures and soft-tissue injuries to the pelvis, and occlusions of the arteries supplying the limbs. Transcatheter arterial embolization may be the definitive therapeutic procedure in pelvic bleeding. PMID- 6630278 TI - Radiographic assessment of pelvic trauma. AB - Assessment of pelvic fractures requires an understanding of the bony and soft tissue anatomy of the pelvis. Pelvic injuries may be classified into major and minor groups. Minor fractures usually result from athletic trauma in the young or falls in the elderly and can generally be adequately evaluated with routine radiography. Major fractures are most often caused by motor vehicle accidents, falls from a height or industrial accidents and require more sophisticated examination. However, the investigation of injuries in either category should be directed by a knowledge of the history and physical findings. The classification of pelvic injuries used at Sunnybrook Medical Centre is based on mechanisms of injury. PMID- 6630279 TI - Urinary tract trauma. AB - From a practical point of view, a woman who has blunt injury to the pelvic area with hematuria from the lower urinary tract, has a contused or ruptured bladder. In a man, such a situation calls for retrograde urethrography to determine if the injury is in the urethra or the bladder because the two organs are investigated differently. In both sexes, such injuries are usually associated with pelvic fractures. Massive bladder displacement and severe hemorrhage should alert one to the need for pelvic angiography to find and embolize the bleeding site within the first 24 hours after injury. For blunt trauma to the upper urinary tract an intravenous urogram with tomography is still the main examination. However, a normal intravenous urogram does not exclude serious injury. Therefore, if signs or symptoms persist, a computerized tomographic (CT) examination should be performed if available. Otherwise, a radionuclide study is advisable. Non excretion on intravenous urography with tomography calls for selective renal arteriography to delineate the etiology. There can be serious renal trauma in the absence of hematuria, which may occur with renal pedicle injury or avulsion of the ureter. Minor forniceal ruptures may occasionally mask severe posterior renal lacerations. PMID- 6630280 TI - Quantitative light and electron microscopic changes in thymic reticular epithelial cells during Moloney-virus-induced lymphoma development. AB - This report describes two types of reticular epithelial cell in the thymic cortex of the BALB/c mouse, an immature and a mature form. During early stages of lymphoma development, i.e., 2-6 weeks postinfection (p.i.) with Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV), activation of the epithelial cells is observed. Although the percentage of these cells in the total cell population of the thymic cortex remains constant during that time, the number of mature epithelial cells is significantly increased in infected animals. Subsequently, about 6 weeks p.i., the number of immature epithelial cells starts to increase, whereas the number of mature reticular epithelial cells declines and the appearance of the mature epithelial cells changes drastically. The results of light and electron microscopic studies indicate degeneration of the mature reticular epithelial cells at the onset of lymphoma development at a time when the first deficiencies in the immunologic competence of the reticular epithelial cells are apparent. PMID- 6630281 TI - Biological activation of 1,3-butadiene to vinyl oxirane by rat liver microsomes and expiration of the reactive metabolite by exposed rats. AB - When 1,3-butadiene is incubated with rat liver microsomes and NADPH both enantiomers of vinyl oxirane are formed, the amount of epoxide being dependent on incubation time, microsomal protein, and substrate concentration. Inhibition by SKF 525 A or dithiocarb as well as induction by pretreatment with phenobarbital or 20-methylcholanthrene suggest participation of cytochrome P-450 in this reaction. The amount of epoxide is enhanced by addition of 1,1,1-trichloropropene oxide and reduced by glutathione, especially in the presence of hepatic cytosol. When rats are exposed to 1,3-butadiene in a closed chamber (conditions of maximal metabolism) vinyl oxirane is exhaled and can be quantitatively determined from the gas phase. The concurrent exhalation of acetone is consistent with the idea of biologic action of a reactive metabolite. PMID- 6630282 TI - Inhibitory effect of partial cystectomy on experimental carcinogenesis in the urinary bladder. AB - It was our aim in the present animal experiments to study the influence of stimulation of proliferative activity on carcinogenesis in the urinary bladder. Stimulation of urothelial proliferation was achieved by a one-third resection of the bladder. N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)- nitrosamine (BBN), which was used as a carcinogen, was administered by gavage in three fractionated doses when proliferative activity was highest at 30, 45, and 70 h postoperatively. Contrary to our working hypothesis, the incidence of urinary bladder tumors proved to be significantly reduced by partial cystectomy. After administration of a low total dose of BBN (300 mg/kg bodyweight) and an experimental period of 6, 12, and 18 months, only 2.6% of the rats with a partial cystectomy, but 12.6% of the control animals with an intact bladder had developed papillomas and noninvasive papillary transitional cell carcinomas. Following administration of BBN at a higher total dose (1,300 mg/kg bodyweight), bladder tumors occurred after an induction period of 4, 6, and 12 months in 27.4% of the partially cystectomized and 48.1% of the nonoperated rats. Multiple tumors were found more frequently in the controls than in the operated animals. The reduction in the tumor incidence following one-third resection of the bladder evidently does not depend on a prolongation of the latency period or induction time. From findings in analogous experimental models it is conceivable that the observed inhibition of experimental bladder carcinogenesis is brought about by an increased capacity of the proliferating urothelial cells to repair carcinogen-induced DNA damage. Further studies are required to elucidate the significance of a stimulated proliferation for the repair system and neoplastic transformation of the urothelium. PMID- 6630283 TI - The analysis of cytostatic activity of human peripheral blood granulocytes and its augmentation with Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS). AB - Granulocytes of normal volunteers showed substantial levels of cytostatic activity against tumor-cell-derived cell lines. Spontaneous cytostatic activity of the granulocytes was observed after 24 h incubation and reached the maximal level within 48 h. Lysates of granulocytes also showed significant cytostatic activity. The cytostatic activity of the granulocytes was significantly augmented by in vitro incubation with Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton (N-CWS). Maximal augmentation of granulocyte-mediated cytostasis was achieved with 2.5 micrograms N-CWS per ml after 24 h incubation when the granulocyte-to-tumor-cell ratio was 10:1. The N-CWS itself showed no direct effect on the uptake of 3H-thymidine by tumor cells. PMID- 6630284 TI - Noninvasive methods for the early detection of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. AB - Ninety-eight female patients (mean age 54 years) who underwent doxorubicin therapy because of metastatic breast cancer were submitted to radionuclide angiography at rest. Left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEFs) were found to decrease significantly with the increasing cumulative doxorubicin dosage. Patients with prior local radiotherapy showed lower LVEFs at the same dosage level than nonirradiated patients, but the difference was not statistically significant. In a further study, 52 patients (mean age 56 years) were followed up regularly for their history and systolic time intervals prior to each doxorubicin treatment course. Before starting treatment, LVEF values were normal in all cases. Fifteen of these patients complained of dyspnea at some time during the treatment period before the critical cumulative dosage level of 550 mg/m2 was reached. Nine of these 15 patients showed an increase of the PEPI:LVETI ratio (greater than or equal to 0.40) and 12 patients a decrease of the LVEF values at rest at the same time. The rest of the patients did not complain of cardiac symptoms and did not show any significant alterations in systolic-time-interval measurements until the borderline dosage level (550 mg/m2) was attained. To evaluate myocardial function with greater accuracy, these 15 patients were submitted to right-heart catheterization and radionuclide angiography at rest and during exercise. As a result, doxorubicin treatment had to be discontinued in three of these patients because of heart failure of stage III or IV and treatment with methyl digoxin and nifedipine was started. In these three patients cardiotonic medication could produce more or less complete cardiac recompensation. We conclude from our findings that signs of stage-III heart failure in radionuclide angiography performed while the patient is at rest and exercising should be regarded as the upper limit of the therapeutic risk, where further doxorubicin treatment is contraindicated. Cardiotonic medication during cytostatic courses should be avoided, however, because the true functional condition of the myocardium could be masked during a potentially cardiotoxic therapy. PMID- 6630285 TI - Acute cardiac toxicity in patients after doxorubicin treatment and the effect of combined tocopherol and nifedipine pretreatment. AB - In two groups of female patients with metastatic breast cancer who had all been pretreated with doxorubicin (350 mg/m2), acute cardiac effects following i.v. doxorubicin bolus injection (60 mg/m2) were recorded on the basis of systolic time intervals (STI). In six patients who received doxorubicin only the ratio between the heart-beat-corrected preejection period and left ventricular ejection time (PEPI:LVETI) as well as the PEP index were found to be significantly increased with a peak at 6 h following drug infusion (P less than 0.001). Another six patients received an identical chemotherapeutic regimen and, in addition, a combination of tocopherol (200 mg i.m. 6 h before treatment) and nifedipine (60 mg p.o. daily from 2 days before doxorubicin infusion). In the pretreatment group, the PEPI:LVETI ration and PEP index remained unchanged during the posttreatment period. Pharmacokinetic analysis of drug concentrations in the plasma revealed a significantly accelerated distribution and elimination of doxorubicin after combined tocopherol and nifedipine pretreatment, although no statistically significant differences could be found in calculated drug levels in the peripheral compartment between both treatment groups. Our results indicate that acute cardiac reactions reflected by changes in STI values can be prevented by combined tocopherol and nifedipine pretreatment. PMID- 6630286 TI - Development and growth of early preneoplastic lesions induced in the liver by chemical carcinogens. PMID- 6630287 TI - Carcinogenicity study in mice on pildralazine, a hydralazinelike antihypertensive compound. AB - Pildralazine, a hydralazinelike antihypertensive vasodilator containing a free hydrazine group, was administered in the drinking water to male and female B6C3F1 and to female BALB/c mice at 100, 200, and 400 ppm dose levels for 80 weeks. The animals were kept under observation until 130-133 weeks of age, when the experiment was terminated. A transplacental-infantile bioassay was also carried out with pildralazine administered in the drinking water at 200 and 400 ppm dose levels to female C57BL/6J mice for 1 week before mating with C3Hf males and during mating and pregnancy. The progeny received the same doses for 10 weeks after birth and were kept under observation until 80-85 weeks of age, when the experiment was terminated. In both long-term and transplacental-infantile assays, control and treated groups developed the pattern of tumors usually observed in the strains used and no tumor type at any site appeared to be related to treatment. PMID- 6630288 TI - Analysis of muscle protein expression in polyethylene glycol-induced chicken: rat myoblast heterokaryons. AB - Heterokaryons derived from polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion of myoblasts at different stages of development were used to investigate the transition of cells in the skeletal muscle lineage from the determined to the differentiated state. Heterokaryons were analyzed by immunofluorescence, using rabbit antibodies against the skeletal muscle isoforms of chicken creatine kinase and myosin, and a mouse monoclonal antibody that cross-reacts with chicken and rat skeletal muscle myosin. When cytochalasin B-treated rat L8(E63) myocytes (Konieczny S.F., J. McKay, and J. R. Coleman, 1982, Dev. Biol., 91:11-26) served as the differentiated parental component and chicken limb myoblasts from stage 23-26 or 10-12-d embryos were used as the determined, undifferentiated parental cell, heterokaryons exhibited a progressive extinction of rat skeletal muscle myosin during a 4-6-d culture period, and no precocious expression of chicken differentiated gene products was detected. In the reciprocal experiment, 85-97% of rat myoblast X chicken myocyte heterokaryons ceased expression of chicken skeletal muscle myosin and the M subunit of chicken creatine kinase within 7 d of culture. Extinction was not observed in heterokaryons produced by fusion of differentiated chicken and differentiated rat myocytes and thus is not due to species incompatibility or to the polyethylene glycol treatment itself. The results suggest that, when confronted in a common cytoplasm, the regulatory factors that maintain myoblasts in a proliferating, undifferentiated state are dominant over those that govern expression of differentiated gene products. PMID- 6630289 TI - Regionalization of transmembrane glycoproteins in the plasma membrane of boar sperm head is revealed by fracture-label. AB - We used fracture-label and surface labeling techniques to characterize the distribution and topology of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) receptors in the plasma membrane of boar sperm heads. We show that freeze-fracture results in preferential, but not exclusive, partition of WGA-binding sites with the outer (exoplasmic) half of the plasma membrane. Labeling of the inner (protoplasmic) half of the membrane is significant, and is denser over the areas that overlie the acrosome. Exoplasmic membrane halves are uniformly labeled. Analysis of freeze-fracture replicas revealed that the distribution of intramembrane particles over protoplasmic faces parallels that of WGA-binding sites as observed by fracture-label. Coating of intact spermatozoa with cationized ferritin results in drastic reduction of the labeling of both protoplasmic and exoplasmic membrane halves. Labeling of sperm cells lysed by short hypotonic shock fails to reveal the presence of WGA-binding sites at the inner surface of the plasma membrane. We conclude that: (a) all WGA-binding glycoconjugates are exposed at the outer surface of the membrane; (b) some of these glycoconjugates correspond to transmembrane glycoproteins that, on fracture, partition with the inner half of the membrane; (c) these transmembrane proteins are accumulated in the region of the plasma membrane that overlies the acrosome; and (d) parallel distribution of intramembrane particles and WGA-binding glycoproteins provides renewed support for the view of particles as the morphological counterpart of integral membrane proteins. PMID- 6630290 TI - Mitogenic polypeptide of the mammalian seminiferous epithelium: biochemical characterization and partial purification. AB - A mitogenic polypeptide, previously identified in Sertoli cells of the prepuberal mouse (Feig, L. A., A. R. Bellve, N. Horbach-Erickson, and M. Klagsbrun, 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 77:4774-4778), now has been shown to exist in Sertoli cells of the adult mouse and in the seminiferous epithelium of several other mammalian species, including the rat, guinea pig, and calf. The levels of this seminiferous growth factor (SGF) are not appreciably reduced in adult mouse testes following hypophysectomy. SGF purified from either the adult mouse or newborn calf seminiferous epithelium has a molecular weight (Mr) of 15,700 and a pl between 4.8 and 5.8, when exposed to denaturing conditions. Furthermore, SGF from these two mammalian species probably has few exposed hydrophobic domains and has a strong propensity to aggregate into multiple, high Mr species. A purification sequence based on these biochemical properties has enabled a greater than 350-fold enrichment of SGF activity from the calf seminiferous epithelium. The protocol involves a sequence of: (a) ammonium sulfate precipitation, (b) DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography, (c) gel filtration chromatography on Bio Gel P150 in 1.0 M ammonium acetate, (d) hydrophobic chromatography on dodecyl agarose, and (e) gel filtration chromatography in 6.0 M guanidine hydrochloride. Subsequent analysis of this purified preparation by SDS PAGE, followed by silver staining, reveals approximately 7 polypeptides with Mr between 14,000 and 20,000. PMID- 6630291 TI - Calcium-mediated changes in gap junction structure: evidence from the low angle X ray pattern. AB - Rat liver gap junctions were isolated in Ca2+-free media and analyzed in controlled environments by x-ray diffraction of partially oriented pellets. Different treatments of the same preparations were compared. The ordered hexagonal lattices gave rise to detail that was sensitive to low Ca2+ concentrations (0.05 mM), but not to Mg2+ (up to 0.16 mM) or pH (between 6.0 and 8.0). The major Ca2+-mediated responses were reductions in the intensity of the (1, 0) peak and in the off-equatorial contributions to the (2, 1) peak, and changes of scale equivalent to a decrease (approximately 2%) in lattice dimension, but an increase (approximately 4%) in the dimension perpendicular to the lattice. A simple structural interpretation of these findings is that Ca2+ induces the subunits of the channel-forming assembly, the connexon, to align more nearly parallel to the channel, thereby causing the connexon to become slightly longer and more radially compact. The rearrangement is of the same nature as one found under less physiological circumstances by electron microscopy (Unwin, P. N. T., and G. Zampighi, 1980, Nature (Lond.)., 283:545-549), and may be part of a coordinated mechanism by which the channel closes. PMID- 6630292 TI - Fibronectin-mediated binding and phagocytosis of polystyrene latex beads by baby hamster kidney cells. AB - The binding and phagocytosis of fibronectin (pFN)-coated latex beads by baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells was studied as a function of fibronectin concentration and bead diameter. Cells were incubated with radioactive pFN-coated beads, and total bead binding (cell surface or ingested) was measured as total radioactivity associated with the cells. Of the bound beads, those that also were phagocytosed were distinguished by their insensitivity to release from the cells by trypsin treatment. In continuous incubations, binding of pFN-coated beads to cells occurred at 4 degrees C or 37 degrees C, but phagocytosis was observed only at 37 degrees C. In addition, degradation of 3H-pFN from ingested beads occurred at 37 degrees C, as shown by the release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity into the incubation medium. When the fibronectin density on the beads was varied, binding at 4 degrees C and ingestion at 37 degrees C were found to have the same dose-response dependencies, which indicated that pFN densities that permitted bead binding were sufficient for phagocytosis to occur. The fibronectin density for maximal binding of ingestion was approximately 250 ng pFN/cm2. When various sized beads (0.085-1.091 micron), coated with similar densities of pFN, were incubated with cells at 4 degrees C, no variation in binding as a function of bead size was observed. Under these conditions, the absolute amount of pFN ranged from less than 100 molecules on the 0.085-micron beads to greater than 15,000 molecules on the 1.091-micron beads. Based upon these results it can be concluded that the critical parameter controlling fibronectin-mediated binding of latex beads by BHK cells is the spacing of the pFN molecules on the beads. Correspondingly, it can be suggested that the spacing between pFN receptors on the cell surface that is optimal for multivalent interactions to occur is approximately 18 nM. When phagocytosis of various sized beads was compared, it was found that the largest beads were phagocytosed slightly better (two fold) than the smallest beads. This occurred both in continuous incubations of cells with beads and when the beads were prebound to the cells. Finally, the kinetic constants for the binding of 0.085 microM pFN-coated beads to the cells were analyzed. There appeared to be approximately 62,000 binding sites and the KD was 4.03 X 10(-9) M. Assuming a bivalent interaction, it was calculated that BHK cells have approximately 120,000 pFN receptors/cell and the binding affinity between pFN and its receptor is approximately 6 X 10(-5) M. PMID- 6630293 TI - Developmental regulation of Dictyostelium discoideum plasma membrane proteins. AB - Developmental changes in the plasma membrane proteins of Dictyostelium discoideum have been studied using metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine and two dimensional electrophoresis. Pulse labeling for 1 h at the early interphase, late interphase, aggregation, and tip formation stages of development showed that the profile of newly synthesized plasma membrane proteins changed dramatically over this interval. Only 14% of the polypeptide species were synthesized at all four stages at detectable levels; 86% of the species changed over this developmental interval according to the criterion that they were synthesized at some but not all of the four stages tested. Long-term labeling during vegetative growth followed by initiation of development showed that the "steady-state" levels of the plasma membrane proteins changed very little over the same period. The only changes were in minor species (33% overall change). Similar analyses of whole cell proteins showed 27 and 20% change, respectively. Cell surface radioiodination revealed 52 external proteins in the plasma membrane. Comparison with the uniform methionine labeling results showed that these proteins were, with one notable exception, minor membrane components. In these external proteins, also, developmental changes were limited and were observed in the less abundant species. These results demonstrate the existence of two general classes of plasma membrane proteins. The first is a population of high-abundance proteins that are present in vegetative cells and are largely conserved through development. These possibly serve "housekeeping" functions common to all stages. The second class consists of low-abundance species that are expressed in a highly stage-specific manner and which presumably participate in developmentally important functions. PMID- 6630294 TI - Intracellular and transcellular transport of secretory component and albumin in rat hepatocytes. AB - The intra- and transcellular transports of hepatic secretory and membrane proteins were studied in rats in vivo using [3H]fucose and [35S]cysteine as metabolic precursors. Incorporated radioactivity in plasma, bile, and liver subcellular fractions was measured and the labeled proteins of the Golgi complex, bile, and plasma were separated by SDS PAGE and identified by fluorography. 3H radioactivity in Golgi fractions peaked at 10 min postinjection (p.i.) and then declined concomitantly with the appearance of labeled glycoproteins in plasma. Maximal secretion of secretory fucoproteins from Golgi occurred between 10 and 20 min p.i. In contrast, the clearance of labeled proteins from Golgi membrane subfractions occurred past 30 min p.i., indicating that membrane proteins leave the Golgi complex at least 30 min later than the bulk of content proteins. A major 80,000-dalton form of secretory component (SC) was identified in the bile by co-precipitation with (IgA)2 by an anti-IgA antibody. An antibody (raised in rabbit) against the biliary 80,000-dalton peptide recognized two larger forms (116,000 and 94,000 dalton), presumably precursors, in Golgi membranes. A comparative study of kinetics of transport of 35S-SC and 35S-albumin showed that albumin peaked in bile at approximately 45 min p.i., whereas the SC peak occurred at 80 min p.i., suggesting that the transit time differs for plasma and membrane proteins that are delivered to the bile canaliculus. PMID- 6630295 TI - Under physiological conditions actin disassembles slowly from the nonpreferred end of an actin filament. AB - Incubation of the isolated acrosomal bundles of Limulus sperm with skeletal muscle actin results in assembly of actin onto both ends of the bundles. Because of the taper of these cross-linked bundles of actin filaments, one can distinguish directly the preferred end for assembly from the nonpreferred end. Loss of growth with time from the nonpreferred end was directly assessed by electron microscopy and found to be dependent upon salt concentration. Under physiological conditions (100 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2) and excess ATP (0.5 mM), depolymerization of the newly assembled actin filaments at the nonpreferred end over an 8-h period was 0.024 micron/h. Thus, even after 8 h, 63% of the bundles retained significant growth on their nonpreferred ends, the average length being 0.21 micron +/- 0.04. However, in the presence of 1.2 mM CaCl2, disassembly of actin monomers from the nonpreferred end increased substantially. By 8 h, only 7% of the bundles retained any actin growth on the nonpreferred ends, and the depolymerization rate off the nonpreferred end was 0.087 micron/h. From these results we conclude that, in the absence of other cellular factors, disassembly of actin subunits from actin filaments (subunit exchange) is too slow to influence most of the motile events that occur in cells. We discuss how this relates to treadmilling. PMID- 6630296 TI - In vitro rapid organization of endothelial cells into capillary-like networks is promoted by collagen matrices. AB - We have studied the behavior of cloned capillary endothelial cells grown inside a three dimensional collagen matrix. Cell monolayers established on the surface of collagen gels were covered with a second layer of collagen. This induced the monolayers of endothelial cells to reorganize into a network of branching and anastomosing capillary-like tubes. As seen by electron microscopy, the tubes were formed by at least two cells (in transverse sections) delimiting a narrow lumen. In addition, distinct basal lamina material was present between the abluminal face of the endothelial cells and the collagen matrix. These results showed that capillary endothelial cells have the capacity to form vessel-like structures with well-oriented cell polarity in vitro. They also suggest that an appropriate topological relationship of endothelial cells with collagen matrices, similar to that occurring in vivo, has an inducive role on the expression of this potential. This culture system provides a simple in vitro model for studying the factors involved in the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). PMID- 6630297 TI - Properties of a cell growth inhibitor produced by mouse embryo fibroblasts. AB - Secondary mouse embryo fibroblasts produce a growth inhibitor with the character of a thermolabile, nondialysable protein. The inhibitor was harvested from conditioned medium, and following G-75 Sephadex fractionation it was isolated in one peak which consisted of two fractions eluting at approximately two thirds of the bed volume of the column where approximately 80 percent of the original activity was recovered with an increase in specific activity of about tenfold. Polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis of fractions from L-[35S] methionine labelled conditioned medium showed that the two fractions with growth inhibitory activity contained some 4-5 bands and shared the two major components. Cell cycle studies showed that the growth inhibitory effect was exerted after addition during early and late G1 and during S phase, and morphological studies showed that where growth was inhibited the morphological expression of the cells was altered. PMID- 6630298 TI - Anchorage dependence and Ca2+ requirement are independently modulated by hydrocortisone hormone in rat C6 glioma cells. AB - We had previously shown that hydrocortisone (Hy), a glucocorticoid hormone, regulates the expression of the transformed phenotype of rat C6 glioma cells. The hormone reversibly renders C6 cells dependent on anchorage and high Ca2+ concentration for growth. We had also isolated Hy-resistant C6 variants in agarose suspension cultures. Here we report that Hy-resistant variants selected in high (1.8mM) Ca2+ medium become growth-arrested in low (30 microM) Ca2+ medium upon hormone treatment. We conclude that Hy-induced anchorage dependence and Hy induced high Ca2+ requirement for growth of C6 glioma cells, are two independent phenotypes. PMID- 6630299 TI - In vitro growth inhibition of murine leukemia cells by antibody specific for the major envelope glycoprotein (gp71) of Friend leukemia virus. AB - An in vitro complement (C')-independent growth cytostasis model is described in which the replication of Friend leukemia virus (FLV)-induced erythroleukemia cells (of the FLC-745 cell line) is inhibited by goat serum directed against the major FLV envelope glycoprotein, gp71. The cytostatic effect is reversible, with the degree of this reversibility dependent on both the concentration and duration of exposure to immune serum. The inhibitory factor in heat-activated goat anti FLV gp71 (delta G alpha FLV gp71) serum has been identified as virus-specific IgG antibody, and F(ab')2 fragments of this antibody are highly effective in suppressing FLC-745 cell growth. Studies with various murine leukemia and lymphoma cell lines, as well as with a panel of antisera directed against various murine oncornaviruses or viral proteins, have demonstrated that antibodies reactive with the group or type determinants of FLV gp71 are capable of mediating cytostasis. Under conditions of antibody-mediated growth inhibition of FLC-745 cells, specific modulation of gp71 expression is followed by nonspecific modulation of H-2d antigen expression. In addition, considerable cell death occurs in cytostatic cultures which is accompanied by continued division (as measured by DNA synthesis) of a portion of the cell population. Cytofluorimetric analysis of nuclei from growth-inhibited FLC-745 cells demonstrates a diminution in the frequency of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. It is suggested that antibody-mediate FLC-745 cell growth inhibition operates via a blockade of the cell cycle which prevents most cells in the population from traversing G2/M. While these blocked cells appear to be subject to slow cytolysis by a C' independent mechanism, a portion of the cells escape this blockade and continue to replicate, thus offsetting the death of the former cells to yield a relatively constant density of viable cells for at least 72-96 h of growth inhibition. The possible relevance of this in vitro phenomenon to in vivo passive therapy against FLV-induced disease with G alpha FLV gp71 and similar antisera is briefly considered. PMID- 6630300 TI - Autocrine and paracrine growth stimulation of cells derived from human skin. AB - A sensitive serum-free culture system was used to demonstrate that cells derived from normal human skin release soluble mediators which can modulate keratinocyte, melanocyte, and fibroblast growth in vitro. In M199 supplemented with epidermal growth factor, hydrocortisone, insulin, transferrin, triidothyronine, bovine serum albumin, and an extract of bovine hypothalamus, keratinocytes underwent approximately three to five cumulative population doublings (CPD) over a 7-day period. Addition of 20% keratinocyte-conditioned medium more than doubled keratinocyte growth and increased fibroblast growth 25-40% above controls. Dermal fibroblasts maintained in the same serum-free hormone-supplemented medium (SFHSM) alone underwent approximately 4.5-5.5 CPD over a 7-day period; 20% fibroblast conditioned medium increased fibroblast growth 50-80% and increased keratinocyte growth 30-50%. Melanocytes maintained in the same SFHSM underwent approximately 1 CPD over a 14-day period and 2 CPD if the medium was supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Addition of 20% melanocyte-conditioned medium more than doubled melanocyte growth in either SFHSM or in medium containing 2% FBS, but decreased both keratinocyte and fibroblast growth up to 30-60%. None of the conditioned media altered cellular morphology. These data provide the first demonstration of mutual growth modulation by cell types normally contiguous in vivo and expand existing evidence for autocrine and paracrine growth regulation by normal human cells. PMID- 6630301 TI - Efficient differentiation of proadipocyte stem cells on nonadherent surfaces: evidence for differentiation without DNA synthesis. AB - The differentiation of low density BALB/3T3 T proadipocytes that are cultured in standard tissue culture flasks can be induced by heparinized medium containing human plasma. It has been shown that under these conditions, cells first growth arrest at a distinct state in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, designated GD, and thereafter differentiate within 8 to 12 days. In this paper, we report that the kinetics of proadipocyte differentiation can be significantly accelerated by culture of cells in differentiation-promoting medium on non-adherent surfaces, such as agarose-coated plates or bacteriological Petri dishes. Data also show that in a nonadherent microenvironment extensive differentiation can occur in the absence of DNA synthesis. This was established most convincingly by the demonstration that placement of mitotic cells in heparinized medium containing human plasma and hydroxyurea on agarose-coated Petri dishes induced 70-80% of the cells to GD arrest and differentiate without traversing the S phase of the cell cycle. It is concluded that under appropriate microenvironmental conditions metabolic events that occur solely in the late M or early G1 phase of the cell cycle can mediate the integrated control of proadipocyte proliferation and differentiation. PMID- 6630302 TI - Demonstration of a late amiloride-sensitive event as a necessary step in initiation of DNA synthesis by thrombin. AB - Amiloride, a Na+ influx inhibitor, has been shown to inhibit initiation of DNA synthesis by thrombin in mouse embryo fibroblast-like cells. Long exposures (24 hr) to high concentrations of amiloride inhibited incorporation of thymidine into the DNA of both thrombin-stimulated and nonstimulated cells, suggesting that this inhibition might not be specific for thrombin-initiated DNA synthesis. Fluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorimetry showed that amiloride was internalized with an apparent mitochondrial association and that the internalized amiloride was readily released from the cells after removing amiloride from the medium. Based on this reversibility, cells were exposed to amiloride for short periods of time during thrombin treatment to determine the temporal relationship between any amiloride-sensitive event(s) and initiation of DNA synthesis. The presence of amiloride (100 microM) during a 12-hr exposure to thrombin did not block thrombin-initiated DNA synthesis or cell division but did delay the onset of DNA synthesis and the peak of thymidine incorporation into DNA by approximately 3 hr, suggesting that early initiation events might proceed in the presence of amiloride. 86Rb+ transport studies demonstrated that in this system ouabain-sensitive K+ uptake via the Na, K-ATPase was stimulated by thrombin during both an early and a late period. This stimulation was amiloride-sensitive under the same conditions used for growth experiments, suggesting that amiloride was inhibiting thrombin-stimulated Na+ transport in this system. Additional experiments showed that exposing cells to amiloride only during the first 8 hr after thrombin addition did not inhibit initiation. The presence of amiloride from 8-12 hr after thrombin addition maximally inhibited thrombin-stimulated DNA synthesis. Together these results demonstrate that amiloride inhibits thrombin initiated DNA synthesis not by inhibiting an early event occurring during the first 8 hr, but rather by inhibiting some later event 8-12 hr after thrombin addition. PMID- 6630303 TI - Purification and partial characterization of bovine pituitary fibroblast growth factor. AB - A purification procedure and partial characterization of bovine pituitary fibroblast growth factor (FGF) are described. The steps of the published methods [3,4] which yield inhomogeneous material, were retained, with modifications. The final isolation, with an additional purification of approximately 20-fold, was achieved by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels at acid pH. The mitogenic peptide has a molecular weight of 14,500--15,000 as determined on SDS gels, chromatographs as a monomer in nondenaturing conditions, and is active at the picomolar level in effecting the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in Balb/c 3T3 cells. A preliminary amino acid composition is presented. PMID- 6630304 TI - The orientation of insulin receptors in the red cell membrane. AB - High-affinity binding of insulin to receptors in human erythrocyte membranes occurred at the external surface, but not at the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane, as assessed by insulin binding to right-side-out and inside-out membrane vesicles. Even after prolonged (3 h) incubation at 22 degrees C, binding at the cytoplasmic membrane aspect remained negligible. The data indicate that the insulin receptor displays its hormone-binding site exclusively toward the extracellular space and that transmembrane mobility ("flip-flo") of the receptor from one to the other membrane leaflet is severely restricted. PMID- 6630305 TI - Conformational response of the glycocalyx to ionic strength and interaction with modified glass surfaces: study of live red cells by interferometry. AB - We have measured separation distances between live human red blood cells and simple or modified glass surfaces, using the finite aperture technique of microscope interferometry. In general, separation increases as the ionic strength falls, in isotonic solutions. Restriction on movement parallel to the glass in all except the most dilute salt solutions, coupled with the absence of Brownian motion, indicates direct molecular contact with the substratum. Thus increased separation must be due to swelling of the glycocalyx under electrostatic forces. However, at approximately less than to 2mM adherent cells show a separation greater than 100 nm, execute Brownian motion and the restriction on lateral motion is less evident. This suggests that secondary minimum adhesion by long range forces with little or no direct molecular connection occurs at extreme dilution only. Treatment of cells with trypsin reduces separation by up to 40 nm, but the extent to which this reflects reduced double-layer repulsion due to loss of surface charge, as opposed to the reduced opportunity for swelling in a trimmed-down glycocalyx, is unclear. Adhesion at a separation approximately 100 nm in 1 mM buffer after trypsinization supports the view that adhesion can occur without very long glycoprotein connections, but does not prove it. Adhesion to unwettable methylated glass and completely wettable unmethylated glass, with an identical ionic strength dependence of the separation, shows that hydrophilicity is not an absolute requirement. Red cells interact closely at all ionic strengths with glass made polycationic with poly-L-lysine, owing to electrostatic attraction. The interference technique also shows that adherent cells can be spaced from the glass by an intervening layer of previously absorbed serum albumin. PMID- 6630306 TI - A sharp cell surface conformational transition at low ionic strength changes the nature of the adhesion of enzyme-treated red blood cells to a hydrocarbon interface. AB - Aldehyde-fixed human red cells have previously been used to assess the roles of electrostatic and electrodynamic forces in adhesion. We have attempted to test the prediction that enzymic removal of cell surface negative charges should increase adhesion in dilute salt solutions by reducing electrostatic repulsion. While this is indeed the case for neuraminidase-treated cells and also for Pronase- and trypsin-treated cells over much of the low ionic strength range, the latter two treatments cause very strong adhesion over a remarkably narrow range of ionic strength centred on 1 mM-NaCl. At 0.5 and 1.5 mM adhesion is negligible. After Pronase treatment a further adhesive peak occurs at 2.5 mM. Electrophoresis of protease-treated cells shows small but clear reductions in mobility at precisely these peak adhesion values. These electrophoretic potential changes are almost certainly not large enough to cause increased adhesion directly, and it is thought that they are second-order changes, symptomatic of a structural rearrangement of the cell surface. How this causes such vastly augmented adhesion is an intriguing problem. PMID- 6630307 TI - C value and cell volume: their significance in the evolution and development of amphibians. AB - Cell volume has been determined in 18 species of amphibian, ranging in C value from 1.4 pg to 62 pg DNA. There is a strong linear relationship between C value and both erythrocyte volume and erythrocyte nuclear volume. We have collected data on the timing of early embryogenesis from fertilization of the egg to the hatching tadpole in some amphibians ranging in C value from 1.4 pg to 83 pg. The species with large genomes take up to 24 times longer to reach a comparable state of development. Polyploid species develop faster than closely related diploid species. These data are discussed in relation to genome expansion and increase in cell cycle time as factors in the evolution of the Amphibia. PMID- 6630308 TI - DNA density in mitotic and meiotic metaphase chromosomes of plants and animals. AB - Studies of chromosome disposition at metaphase using serial thin-sectioning and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques have produced accurate estimates of the total volume of chromosomes per cell in 15 plant and two animal species. Comparing this character with the 4C DNA amount showed no indiction of systemic differences in DNA density between either organisms with widely different (greater than 200-fold) C values or different groups or organisms. For example, there was no significant difference between the density of DNA in somatic metaphase chromosomes of man (0.141 pg/micrometers3) and its mean in 14 angiosperm plant species (0.182 pg/micrometers3), or between four dicotyledons (0.180 pg/miocrometers3) and 10 monocotyledons (0.182 pg/micrometers3). However, evidence was found showing that DNA density can vary significantly within a species. Thus, although the total chromosome volume per cell was closely correlated (r greater than 0.97) with 4C DNA amount in somatic and meiotic cells, the density of DNA in metaphase chromosomes was significantly lower in meiocytes (0.131 pg/micrometers3) than in somatic metaphase cells (0.19 pg/micrometers3). PMID- 6630309 TI - Effect of substratum wettability and charge on adhesion in vitro and encapsulation in vivo by insect haemocytes. AB - The circulating leucocytes of insects, the haemocytes, adhere to and encapsulate foreign material that enters the insect's body cavity. The thickness of the capsule depends not only on the insect species but also on the nature of the object concerned, a fact that is of great importance to invading parasites and pathogens. In this paper, some of the factors that may stimulate haemocyte adhesion and subsequent encapsulation of the object have been investigated using abiotic materials with surfaces of different charge and wettability. The negativity and wettability of surfaces of polystyrene beads and plates can be increased by pretreatment with acid, and adhesion of haemocytes to these modified surfaces has been examined in vivo and in vitro. A similar proportion of haemocytes of the locust Schistocerca gregaria adhere to the plates in vitro, irrespective of the changes in charge and wettability, but the adhesion of haemocytes of the cockroach Periplaneta americana is proportional to the increases in both parameters. These differences in cell behaviour are reflected in vivo: cockroach haemocytes form thicker capsules around more hydrophilic and more negatively charged polystyrene beads, while locust cells encapsulate both types of surface to the same, minimal, degree. Positively and negatively charged Sepharose beads are encapsulated more thickly than are neutral beads in cockroaches; negatively charged Sepharose beads are not encapsulated at all in locusts. There are thus obvious differences between the two species in the ways in which their haemocytes respond to these modified abiotic surfaces. It is suggested that capsule thickness in vivo depends on the initial cell-substratum contact; different surfaces stimulate the cell to different extents, which in turn causes variations in the recruitment of other cells to the capsule. PMID- 6630310 TI - Ultrastructure and development of the flagellar apparatus and flagellar motion in the colonial graeen alga Astrephomene gubernaculifera. AB - Immediately following embryonic cleavage, the cells of Astrephomene have four equal-sized basal bodies, two of which are connected by a striated distal fibre and two striated proximal fibres. The four microtubular rootlets, which alternate between having 3/1 and 2 members, are arranged cruciately. The two basal bodies that are connected by the striated fibres then extend into flagella, while the two accessory basal bodies are now markedly shorter. At this stage the flagellar apparatus has 180 degrees rotational symmetry and is very similar to the flagellar apparatus of the unicellular Chlamydomonas and related algae. Development proceeds with a number of concurrent events. The basal bodies begin to separate at their proximal ends and become nearly parallel. Each striated proximal fibre detaches at one end from one of the basal bodies. Each half of the flagellar apparatus, which consists of a flagellum and attached basal body, an accessory basal body, two rootlets and a striated fibre (formerly one of the proximal striated fibres), rotates about 90 degrees, the two halves rotating in opposite directions. An electron-dense strut forms near one two-membered rootlet and grows past both basal bodies. During this time a fine, fibrous component appears between newly developed spade-like structures and associated amorphous material connected to each basal body. The basal bodies continue to separate as the distal fibre stretches and finally detaches from one of them. These processes result in the loss of the 180 degree rotational symmetry present in previous stages. Although the flagella continue to separate, there is no further reorganization of the components of the flagellar apparatus. In the mature cell of Astrephomene, the two flagella are inserted separately and are parallel. The four microtubular rootlets are no longer arranged cruciately. Three of the rootlets are nearly parallel, while the fourth is approximately perpendicular to the other three. A straited fibre connects each basal body to the underside of the strut. These fibres run in the direction of the effective stroke of the flagella and might be important either in anchoring the basal bodies or in the initiation of flagellar motion. Unlike the case in the unicellular Chlamydomonas, the two flagella beat in the same direction and in parallel planes. The flagella of a given cell may or may not beat in synchrony. The combination of this type of flagellar motion and the parallel, separate flagella appears to be suited to the motion of this colonial organism. PMID- 6630311 TI - Fibronectin-independent adhesion of fibroblasts to extracellular matrix material: partial characterization of the matrix components. AB - Fibroblasts can adhere to extracellular matrix (ECM) material by fibronectin dependent (type I) and fibronectin-independent (type II) mechanisms. In this report we investigate the biochemical characteristics of ECM that contribute to type II adhesion. ECM capable of mediating type II adhesions is produced primarily by normal diploid fibroblasts, but not by transformed cells or epithelial cells. Treatment of fibroblast ECM under conditions that result in the removal of most of the ECM lipid or most of the ECM glycosaminoglycan does not impair type II adhesion. Likewise, treatment of the ECM with large amounts of purified collagenase does not block type II adhesion. However, treatment of ECM with low doses of trypsin or with an agent that reacts with tyrosine residues, results in complete ablation of the ability of the ECM to support type II adhesion. On the basis of these observations we suggest that the matrix component(s) mediating type II adhesion are non-collagenous proteins or glycoproteins. PMID- 6630312 TI - Membrane recycling and the control of secretory activity in pollen tubes. AB - Pollen tubes of Tradescantia growing on media containing 10(-3) M-Ca2+ and 10( 2)M-Ca2+ exhibit growth rates of 28 micrometers min-1 and 7 micrometers min-1, respectively. The rates of vesicle production by the dictyosomes in these tubes were determined from the rates at which vesicles accumulated in the cytoplasm after treatment with cytochalasin D. Although the vesicle requirements for these two growth rates are considerably different, it was found that vesicle production rates were the same. The results indicate that, in pollen tubes, membrane recycling is occurring and that dictyosome activity is not regulated according to the vesicle requirements for tube growth. PMID- 6630313 TI - Correction for the presence of intravascular oxygen-15 in the steady-state technique for measuring regional oxygen extraction ratio in the brain: 1. Description of the method. AB - The oxygen-15 steady-state inhalation technique provides quantitative values of regional cerebral blood flow, fractional oxygen extraction, and oxygen utilisation. These last two, however, have been found to be higher than those reported using arteriovenous difference techniques. On theoretical grounds, this overestimation is due to the signal from nonextracted intravascular oxygen-15. In this paper, a method is presented to correct for this intravascular component utilising a measurement of regional cerebral blood volume. The statistical penalty imposed as a result of this correction is defined. PMID- 6630314 TI - Comparison of the effects of intravenous papaverine hydrochloride and oral pavabid HP capsulets on regional cerebral blood flow in normal individuals. AB - A single-blind study was conducted in 13 right-handed normal male subjects to compare the effects of oral and i.v. papaverine on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Six xenon-133 inhalation rCBF measurements were performed on each subject; three tests--baseline, placebo, and drug evaluations--were carried out on each of two separate days. The oral and i.v. drugs were randomized for first day administration. rCBF, measured as flow gray (FG), increased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.001) from baseline with both drug forms. Increases of 10.53% and 13.94% (left and right hemispheres, respectively) were demonstrated 90 min after a single 600-mg dose of oral papaverine. Increases of 5.09% and 8.69%, respectively, were recorded immediately after a single 100-mg dose of i.v. papaverine. FG also increased significantly (p less than or equal to 0.001) for both drug forms when compared to that of placebo. Placebo produced only a slight increase (not significant) with both the oral and i.v. groups. The data show increasing rCBF in normal subjects. PMID- 6630315 TI - Metabolic mapping in the sympathetic ganglia and brain of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - Local rates of glucose utilization in the superior cervical, cardiac, and coeliac ganglia were measured by means of the autoradiographic 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose method in male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), 32-34, 46-48, and 78-87 days old. Brain glucose utilization was examined in 78-87-day-old SHR and WKY. At 32-34 days (at which time mean arterial blood pressure was normal and similar in both groups of rats), the rates of glucose utilization of all three sympathetic ganglia were the same in both groups. At 46-48 days, despite the fact that blood pressure had risen significantly in SHR (mean +/- SEM, 136 +/- 3 mm Hg, n = 5, compared to 113 +/- 3 mm Hg, n = 5, in the control WKY), glucose utilization was decreased in the cardiac and coeliac ganglia but not in the superior cervical ganglia of the SHR. At 78-87 days, glucose utilization was reduced in all the sympathetic ganglia of the hypertensive rats. These results suggest that the sympathetic system is less active in SHR and indicate that hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system is not part of the mechanism of the hypertension. Of 44 structures examined in the central nervous system, only the external cuneate, vestibular, and fastigial nuclei of the SHR exhibited increased rates of glucose utilization, and no changes were found in any of the other structures. These increases are probably not related to the origin or maintenance of the hypertension, inasmuch as lesioning of the vestibular or fastigial nuclei did not decrease blood pressure in the SHR. PMID- 6630316 TI - Metabolic and histological reversibility of thiamine deficiency. AB - The rapid improvement in the clinical manifestations of thiamine deficiency with thiamine supplementation is well known. To study this process in more detail, we rendered rats thiamine deficient either by dietary deprivation alone (DD) or, in addition, by daily pyrithiamine administration (DD + PT). We observed the cerebral metabolic and histological responses of these rats after 1 or 7 days of thiamine supplementation both prior to and at the onset of clinical sequelae. The cerebral metabolic response to thiamine deficiency and replenishment was determined with the [14C]deoxyglucose technique for measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU). Our results indicate that thiamine replenishment reverses the LCGU changes resulting from thiamine deprivation of short duration. However, prolonged thiamine deprivation may result in LCGU changes that are not completely reversible by thiamine replenishment, before the appearance of the clinical or histological consequences of thiamine deficiency. PMID- 6630317 TI - Regional differences in vascular autoregulation in the rat brain in severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia. AB - The present experiments were undertaken to determine if loss of vascular autoregulation during severe hypoglycemia shows regional differences that could help to explain the localization of hypoglycemic cell damage. Artificially ventilated rats (70% N2O) were subjected to a 30-min insulin-induced hypoglycemic coma (with cessation of EEG activity), with mean arterial blood pressure being maintained at 140, 120, 100, and 80 mm Hg. After 30 min of hypoglycemia, local cerebral blood flow (CBF) in 25 brain structures was measured autoradiographically with a [14C]iodoantipyrine technique. Since local CBF values did not differ between the 120 and the 100 mm Hg groups, the animals of these groups were pooled (110 mm Hg group). The results showed that at a blood pressure of 140 mm Hg, CBF was increased in 22 of 25 structures analyzed, the maximal values approximating 300% of control. At 110 mm Hg, cerebral cortical structures had CBF values that were either decreased, normal, or slightly increased; however, many subcortical structures (and cerebellum) showed markedly increased flow rates. Although a lowering of blood pressure to 80 mm Hg usually further reduced flow rates, some of these latter structures also had well-maintained CBF values at that pressure. Thus, there were large interstructural variations of local CBF at any of the pressures examined. Analysis of the pressure-flow relationship showed loss of autoregulation in some structures, whereas others had remarkably well-preserved CBF values at low pressures. The results indicate that during severe hypoglycemia, even relatively moderate arterial hypotension may add a circulatory insult to the primary one, and they strongly suggest that any such insult affects some brain structures more than others. PMID- 6630318 TI - Effect of glucose on recovery of energy metabolism following hypoxia-oligemia in mouse brain: dose-dependence and carbohydrate specificity. AB - Unilateral cerebral hypoxia-oligemia was produced in anesthetized mice using carotid artery occlusion combined with systemic hypoxia (10% O2). In the cerebral cortex ipsilateral to the carotid occlusion, ATP levels were depleted during a 30 min insult, but were restored to 64% of control during 60 min of recovery. Pretreatment of animals with glucose diminished the restoration of ATP in a dose dependent manner. Thus, when blood glucose levels exceeded 12-13 mM (225 mg/dl), ATP recovery was greatly impaired. Neither galactose nor 3-O-methylglucose mimicked the detrimental effect of glucose. However, pretreatment with mannose, which is readily metabolized by brain, impaired restoration of ATP. The impairment, therefore, appears to be specific for substrates of cerebral metabolism. The ischemic accumulation of lactate in the ipsilateral cortex was augmented by only 30% at blood glucose levels well above the threshold for ATP recovery. Thus, unless recovery of energy metabolism is sensitive to small increments in brain lactate, it is difficult to explain the glucose-induced energy failure on the basis of enhanced lactic acidosis. Ipsilateral cerebral blood flow (CBF), measured with [14C]iodoantipyrine during hypoxia and recovery, was lower in glucose-pretreated than in saline-pretreated animals. However, the poor correlation between CBF and ATP, measured in the same tissue samples at 15 min recovery, failed to substantiate that regeneration of ATP was flow-limited early in recovery. PMID- 6630319 TI - Brain pH in focal cerebral ischemia and the protective effects of barbiturate anesthesia. AB - Intracellular brain pH was measured with a lipid-soluble, pH-sensitive fluorescent indicator in 16 squirrel monkeys. Eight of these were under halothane anesthesia and eight under barbiturate anesthesia. Measurements were taken before, during, and after focal incomplete ischemia. Brain pH following 3 h of cerebral focal ischemia changed from a normal value of 7.0 to 6.5 and 6.2 in animals studied under barbiturate and halothane anesthesia, respectively. Brain pH returned toward normal after flow was restored in animals under barbiturate anesthesia but continued to deteriorate in animals under halothane anesthesia. PMID- 6630320 TI - Cerebrovascular response to acute decreases in arterial PO2. AB - The purpose of these studies was to examine the time course of the cerebrovascular response to acute hypoxia in unanesthetized ponies. An electromagnetic flow transducer chronically placed on the internal carotid artery of the pony allowed continuous recording of internal carotid artery blood flow (ICBF) which has been shown to be representative of cerebral blood flow (CBF). The ponies were subjected to three levels of acute isocapnic hypoxia (PaO2 = 62, 44, and 39 mm Hg for hypoxia level I, II, and III, respectively), and the temporal and steady-state cerebrovascular response was examined. ICBF increased significantly at all three hypoxia levels (8, 25, and 40% at hypoxia I, II, and III, respectively). This increase was rapid in the two most severe levels of hypoxia, beginning within 45 s, and was complete within 90 s. The increase lagged behind the reduction in PaO2 by 24-28 s. During the very mild level of hypoxia (I), no such rapid increase in flow was observed; rather, the increase occurred only after 5 min of hypoxia. Microsphere (15 microns diameter) measurements from six ponies during the most severe level of hypoxia (III) demonstrated that CBF increased 38%. Noncerebral tissues known to be vascularly connected to the circle of Willis, and thus capable of receiving blood flow via the internal carotid artery, either did not change or increased so slightly during hypoxia that their effect on ICBF was minimal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630321 TI - An inhibitor of cerebral uptake of noradrenaline in jaundiced blood plasma. AB - The permeability of the blood-brain barrier to noradrenaline was estimated in rats with bile duct ligation by intracarotid injection of [14C]-L-noradrenaline, 3H2O, and [113mIn]ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. Brain uptake of [14C]noradrenaline was expressed as a percentage of that of 3H2O (brain uptake index, BUI) and corrected for the "blood background" by the 113mIn. The BUI of noradrenaline (1.20 +/- 0.19) was not increased in jaundice (0.78 +/- 0.18). The capacity of oxygenated homogenates of rat brain to remove noradrenaline was measured. The presence of jaundiced plasma always caused a substantial suppression of noradrenaline removal. No effect of jaundice on specific radioactive assays for catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) or monoamine oxidase (MAO) could be demonstrated. PMID- 6630322 TI - Monoamine oxidase activity in brain microvessels determined using natural and artificial substrates: relevance to the blood-brain barrier. AB - The possible contribution of cerebrovascular monoamine oxidase (MAO) to the blood brain barrier to catecholamines was studied in isolated porcine and rat microvessels by determining its activity with various substrates. Michaelis Menten kinetic constants, Km and Vmax, were determined using noradrenaline (NA) as substrate in a Tris medium. Km values were 0.25 +/- 0.05 mM in control and 0.16 +/- 0.09 mM in ultrasonically disintegrated (USD) preparations (difference not significant); Vmax in USD preparations (1.83 +/- 0.20 n.atoms O2 min-1 mg protein-1) was slightly higher (p less than 0.05) than in control preparations (1.35 +/- 0.11 n.atoms O2 min-1 mg protein-1), suggesting a certain restriction by the plasma membrane of substrate access to the enzyme. This phenomenon was confirmed in a more physiological, ionic medium; the activity was then approximately doubled for 1 mM NA, whereas that for 1 mM beta-phenylethylamine (beta-PEA), a lipid-soluble substrate, tended to decrease with USD treatment. These results show that this highly active form of MAO is unlikely to be saturated by physiological concentrations of catecholamine. It can be estimated that, for a plasma concentration of NA of 1 microM, a facilitated diffusion accelerating the entry of the catecholamine into the cells by at least 15-fold would be necessary in order to exceed the catabolic capacity of MAO. It is concluded that circulating catecholamines are not likely to cross the endothelial barrier of cerebral microvessels intact, and that the small quantities of radioactivity detected in the parenchyma in measurements of the brain uptake index essentially represent metabolites due to MAO activity. PMID- 6630323 TI - Adenosine causes dilatation and constriction of hypothalamic blood vessels. AB - The effect of adenosine on intraparenchymal cerebral blood flow was examined in conscious rabbits with the 133Xe clearance technique. Perivascular application of 10(-3) and 10(-4) M adenosine to hypothalamic blood vessels increased hypothalamic blood flow by approximately 50% (p less than 0.005). This vasodilatation was attenuated by the intrahypothalamic injection of the beta adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol, but was unaffected by alpha adrenoreceptor blockade with phenoxybenzamine, or depression of neuronal activity with barbiturate. 2-Chloroadenosine, a stable analogue of adenosine, also increased hypothalamic blood flow by 50% (p less than 0.005), but this dilatation was unaffected by propranolol. These results suggest that adenosine increased hypothalamic blood flow at high concentrations by vascular receptor systems dependent on adenosine receptors and adrenergic receptors. Adenosine (10(-6) M) reduced hypothalamic blood flow by approximately 25% (p less than 0.005). This vasoconstriction was unaffected by adrenergic blockade with propranolol or phenoxybenzamine, or by inhibition of neuronal activity with barbiturate. The results suggest that adenosine decreases hypothalamic blood flow at low concentrations by stimulation of adenosine receptors associated with vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 6630324 TI - Innervation of capillaries by local neurons in the cat hypothalamus: a light microscopic study with horseradish peroxidase. AB - The protein tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been used in an attempt to define the cell bodies of origin of "nonadrenergic" varicose axons which terminate on the walls of hypothalamic capillaries. Capillaries in this region are also known to receive direct axonal contacts from adrenergic neurons in the pontine locus ceruleus. Solutions of HRP were infused into the lateral ventricles of adult cats of either sex and permitted to circulate in the cerebrospinal fluid spaces for 10 min, 20 min, or 2 h. During these periods HRP entered the perivascular spaces around penetrating arterioles and spread into the surrounding extracellular spaces of the hypothalamus. Certain neurons in the periarteriolar neuropil were consistently labeled by the tracer after all three circulation periods. These cells, including all of their processes, could be visualized in detail. Most neurons, by contrast, did not accumulate HRP. The axons of some tracer-filled neurons terminated on the walls of capillaries in the immediate vicinity of the penetrating arteriole. The arrangement and distribution of these cells suggest that they may provide a substrate for local neural influences on the hypothalamic microcirculation. PMID- 6630325 TI - Effect of the calcium antagonist nimodipine on the delayed hypoperfusion following incomplete ischemia in the rat. AB - Regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured autoradiographically in the recovery period following 15 min of forebrain ischemia in rats pretreated with either nimodipine (0.1 mg kg-1) or vehicle. The results showed that although nimodipine increased postischemic CBF, the flow enhancement was regionally heterogeneous, sometimes resulting in zones of gross hypoperfusion and overt hyperemia within the same structures. This patchy improvement of delayed postischemic hypoperfusion was not accompanied by recovery of sensory evoked responses, and return of EEG activity was not enhanced. PMID- 6630326 TI - Cognitive deficits in the pathogenesis of autism. PMID- 6630327 TI - Language and social class: is verbal deprivation a myth? AB - A study was made of complex usages of language in the spontaneous conversation of 30 4-year-old girls, their mothers and their teachers, at home and at school. There were significant social class differences in frequency, but almost all the usages appeared in the talk of almost all the mothers and children at least once. The working class girls' language style changed more between home and school than did that of the middle class girls. The teachers' talk contained a higher proportion of these usages than the mothers', but the overall input to the children was less at school. The findings are discussed in relation to Labov's argument that verbal deprivation is a myth. PMID- 6630328 TI - A controlled trial of 'Senokot' in faecal soiling treated by behavioural methods. AB - A double-blind randomly controlled trial of one particular laxative, Senokot, used in moderate dosage, was carried out on a group of 40 children with severe and persistent soiling and often with a history of faecal retention. Significant improvement occurred following three months of outpatient treatment using a behavioural approach and either Senokot, placebo or no medication. However, there was no evidence either during the trial or subsequently when Senokot was employed to supplement behavioural treatment in every child who continued with therapy that this laxative contributed in any way to relieving the problem in this group of cases. PMID- 6630329 TI - Children in lesbian and single-parent households: psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal. AB - Thirty-seven school-age children reared in 27 lesbian households were compared with 38 school-age children reared in 27 heterosexual single-parent households, with respect to their psychosexual development and their emotions, behaviour and relationships. Systematic standardized interviews with the mothers and with the children, together with parent and teacher questionnaires, were used to make the psychosexual and psychiatric appraisal. The two groups did not differ in terms of their gender identity, sex role behaviour or sexual orientation. Also, they did not differ on most measures of emotions, behaviour and relationships--although there was some indication of more frequent psychiatric problems in the single parent group. It was concluded that rearing in a lesbian household per se did not lead to atypical psychosexual development or constitute a psychiatric risk factor. PMID- 6630330 TI - Evidence for an independent syndrome of hyperactivity. AB - It has recently been suggested that hyperactivity and an aggressive conduct disorder cannot exist independently in children. The results of a factor analysis of the Conners Teacher Rating Scales of over 9000 children provided preliminary evidence to the contrary; a hyperactivity factor emerged as explaining the greatest proportion of the variance. Because of the large size of our data-set, it was deemed necessary to investigate the heuristic value of this finding. Using norms calculated on composite factor scores, a contingency analysis was performed to determine the proportions of children who were above a two-standard deviation criterion of deviance on all factors and combinations of factors. The use of different degrees of statistical control produced prevalence estimates comparable to those reported in the literature. These findings raise the possibility that studies reporting different prevalences of hyperactivity may, in fact, be exercising different degrees of conservatism in classification. Also, when the extent of overlap along each of our factor dimensions was examined, a group of children who appeared to be hyperactive but not conduct-disordered emerged. These findings provide evidence for an independent syndrome of hyperactivity in a sample of Canadian children. PMID- 6630331 TI - Sleep patterns in children of superior intelligence. AB - To examine the relationship between superior intellectual functioning and physiological patterns and events during sleep, male children (8-12 years old) of superior (mean IQ: 133.3) and average (means IQ: 111.0) intelligence were recorded for five consecutive nights using standard electrographic measures. Compared to normal controls, superior IQ subjects had greater amounts of TST, stage 2, stage 3, total NREM sleep, a longer average NREM cycle length and significantly less average REM density. In addition, significant negative relationships were obtained between full-scale IQ and REM density, and between verbal IQ and REM density. The results suggest that patterns and amounts of sleep stages in superior IQ children do not differ in any dramatic fashion from those of children with average IQ. However, the negative correlations between IQ measures and eye movement density during REM sleep are consonant with previous notions relating eye movement density to waking information processing strategies and suggest a carry-over of such strategies from wakefulness to sleep. PMID- 6630332 TI - Research note: truants and other absentees. AB - Truants living in a depressed urban area are compared with Other Absentees from school living in the same area. The results show few differences in the social and financial circumstances of the two groups but considerable differences in the children's behaviour and in family relationships. The results are discussed in the light of other research which distinguishes truants from school refusers. PMID- 6630333 TI - An islet of ability in autistic children: a research note. AB - An aspect of cognitive functioning in autistic children was investigated by comparing their performance on the Children's Embedded Figures Test with that of MA-matched normal and MA- and CA-matched mentally retarded non-autistic children. The autistic children were significantly more competent at this task than either group of control children, and also showed qualitatively different strategies. Since the performance of the autistic children was better than predicted from MA and commensurate with CA, it can be regarded as an islet of ability. This finding is discussed in terms of orientation and visualization factors involved in visuo spatial abilities and is also related to cognitive deficit. PMID- 6630334 TI - Teaching social skills to children. PMID- 6630335 TI - Congenital hypothyroidism and neurological development. PMID- 6630336 TI - Sensitive and specific post-column fluorimetric determination of diethylstilboestrol residues in extracts of urine and animal tissues at the 1-ppb level. AB - A rapid method for the selective detection and quantitation of diethylstilboestrol (DES) residues at the 1 ppb level in extracts of urine and animal tissues is described. After selective extraction of the oestrogens, DES is analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography using an in-line specific photochemical reactor followed by oxidation to highly fluorescent products. The reaction products of DES were investigated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The specificity of the proposed method was compared with that of a reference TLC method on different extracts of animal origin. PMID- 6630337 TI - [Preparative isolation of mono-, di- and tripurine nucleotides from hydrolysates of depyrimidinated herring sperm DNA]. AB - The purine nucleotides pdAp, pdGp, (dA)2, (dA-dG), (dG-dA), (dG)2, (dA)3, (dA-dG dA), (dA-dA-dG), (dG-dA-dA), (dG-dA-dG) and known mixtures of purine nucleotide sequence isomers were separated by preparative scale chromatography of partial hydrolysates of depyrimidinated herring sperm DNA. Herring sperm DNA is first partially hydrolysed to a mixture of purine nucleotides. The low-molecular-weight oligonucleotides are then separated by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose at pH 7.5, and fractionated by chromatography on QAE-Sephadex. Impurities which are not fully removed by column chromatography are separated by paper chromatography. The sequence of the isolated DNA fragments and the composition of the mixtures of sequence isomers were determined from the chromatographic data, absorption characteristics and by enzymatic degradation. PMID- 6630338 TI - Determination of cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene in whole rat blood by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. AB - An analytical method was developed for quantitating low concentrations of the isomers cis- and trans-1,3-dichloropropene in whole rat blood by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. PMID- 6630339 TI - More economical use of high-performance thin-layer plates for chromatographic screening of illicit drug samples. AB - A rapid thin-layer chromatographic method for the separation of illicit drugs and similar compounds by two simultaneous but different developments on the same chromatographic plate is described. One half of the plate was impregnated with an aqueous solution of KHSO4 and the whole plate developed in a Camag linear developing chamber from two opposite sides using methanol with 0.01 M KBr as eluent. PMID- 6630340 TI - Use of high-performance liquid chromatography to quantitate the opiate and sugar content of illicit heroin preparations. AB - Two high-performance liquid chromatographic systems can be used to obtain the opiate and sugar content of illicit heroin preparations. The combined quantitative results can then be used to determine if the samples originate from a common source. PMID- 6630341 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ochratoxin A in artificially spiked cocoa beans. PMID- 6630342 TI - Second International Symposium on High-performance Liquid Chromatography of Proteins, Peptides and Polynucleotides. Baltimore, MD (U.S.A.), December 6-8, 1982. PMID- 6630343 TI - Use of high-performance liquid chromatography in the evaluation of the synthesis and binding of fluorescein linked steroids to estrogen receptors. AB - A fluorescein-linked estrogen was synthesized as a non-invasive, non radiochemical means of detecting the levels and distribution of estrogen receptors in histological preparations of breast and endometrium. 17 alpha Ethynylestradiol-21-carboxylic acid was coupled via octane-1,8-diamine to fluorescein-isothiocyanate yielding a promising ligand, N-fluoresceinyl-5,N"-[8 (3,17 beta-dihydroxy-19-nor-17 alpha-pregna-1,3,5 (10)-triene-20-yne-21 carboxylic acid amide)]octylthiourea (F8DE) for an estrogen receptor. High performance liquid chromatography on preparative reversed-phase C18 columns was used to purify the final product. Using cytosolic receptor preparations from bovine uterus and human uterus and breast cancer, the binding of F8DE was determined by competition analyses to have a Kd value of 10(-8) M. High- and low molecular-weight forms of estrogen receptors were separated on TSK 3000SW and 4000SW columns by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography. Specific binding of radio labeled estradiol-17 beta to these forms was inhibited in the presence of F8DE, indicating association with the fluorescein-linked steroid. PMID- 6630344 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic application of the Hummel and Dreyer method for the determination of colchicine-tubulin binding parameters. AB - An application of the Hummel and Dreyer gel chromatography procedure modified for high-performance liquid chromatography has been used to determine the dissociation constant for the colchicine-tubulin interaction at 25 degrees C. The results obtained are compared with results of other equilibrium and non equilibrium techniques and demonstrate that the initial interaction of colchicine with tubulin must be rapid and probably reversible. This rapid and sensitive technique, which does not require radioisotopes for measurement of the binding parameters, will be extremely useful for characterization of tubulin-ligand interactions. PMID- 6630345 TI - Preparative high-performance liquid affinity chromatography. AB - The reactive triazine dye, Procion Blue MX-R, has been covalently attached to preparative-grade silica and used for the large-scale purification of rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase by high-performance liquid affinity chromatography (HPLAC). Purified dye was coupled directly to glycol-silylated silica via the reactive triazine ring to yield an adsorbent containing 12 mumol dye/g silica. Essentially homogeneous lactate dehydrogenase in 80% overall yield was obtained from crude extracts. Thus this report demonstrates the potential for adapting the speed of operation and resolution shown for triazine dye-HPLAC in analytical applications to preparative protein purification. PMID- 6630346 TI - Determination of immunoglobulins in blood serum by high-performance affinity chromatography. AB - High-performance affinity chromatography columns were prepared by immobilizing protein A from Staphylococcus aureus on 10-microns diol-bonded silica. Immunoglobulin-containing samples were injected into the column at pH 7 and eluted by stepwise changes to pH 3. Immunoglobulin G, A, and M standards were tested, but only a small fraction of the latter two was retained on the column. Analysis of 3-microliters samples of reference blood sera without pretreatment was performed using immunoglobulin G standards. Good agreement was observed between the immunoglobulin G concentrations measured by this method and by radial immunodiffusion. Chromatography of albumin and electrophoresis of retained serum fractions showed no interference by non-specific adsorption. Chromatographic analysis times were 4 min or less. PMID- 6630347 TI - Urinary protein isolation by high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. AB - Proteins excreted in urine, following renal failure, were analysed by high performance anion-exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. The analysis involved three steps: (1) removal of the low-molecular-weight fraction by rapid desalting, (2) anion exchange of the high-molecular-weight fraction by using combined salt and pH gradients and (3) further separation of the main peaks by chromatofocusing. The selection of the column and conditions were based on data obtained from electrophoretic titration curves. The purity of selected peaks was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PMID- 6630348 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of human hemoglobins on a new cation exchanger. AB - We have investigated the use of a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) column packed with a unique weak cation exchanger prepared by coating silica with poly(aspartic acid) for hemoglobin analysis. The complete separation of hemoglobin Bart's F, A0, A2, S, C, D, E, G, SG, Winnipeg and Sealy was achieved by gradient elution within 30 min. The high resolution made it possible to distinguish hemoglobin variants such as Bart's, AC, AD, AE, AG, AS, ASG, CC, SC, SS, Winnipeg, Sealy and beta-chain variants with thalassemia such as S/beta +, S/beta 0 and S(C)-beta + thalassemia. Comparison of DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and our HPLC method for the quantitation of hemoglobin A2 yielded a good correlation. Hemoglobins A2, C and E are completely resolved on PolyCAT A columns in contrast to both cellulose acetate electrophoresis and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The high resolution of the system and the accuracy of the method combined with complete automation make this procedure useful for diagnosis of hemoglobin disorders in both a research and clinical laboratory environment. PMID- 6630349 TI - Cation-exchange, high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of hemoglobin A1c. AB - We describe a rapid, simple, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of hemoglobin A1c with a bonded phase cation-exchange column. About five measurements are obtained per hour on small quantities of whole blood. Sample preparation requires no centrifugation or washing of cells. The results correlate well (r = 0.918, n = 51) with a commercially available, disposable mini-column kit. The results are insensitive to small changes in pH and temperature. Variants arising from hemoglobinopathies display different chromatographic profiles. PMID- 6630350 TI - Enzymatic maturation of pro-opiomelanocortin by anterior pituitary granules. Methodological approach leading to definite characterization of cleavage sites by means of high-performance liquid chromatography and microsequencing. AB - The coupling of high-performance liquid chromatography, gel-permeation, and reversed-phase chromatography with microsequencing proved to be advantageous for the unambiguous determination of specific sites in pro-opiomelanocortin, cleaved by secretory granule lysates of pig anterior pituitary. This system allows the unambiguous identification of a major chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity, optimal at pH 8.0, in the granule preparation, with a specificity directed towards some Phe decreases X and Tyr decreases X cleavage sites. The approach used emphasizes the necessity to use methodologies leading to the unambiguous determination of conversion activities. PMID- 6630351 TI - Cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography of proteins on poly(aspartic acid)-silica. AB - A simple cation-exchange material for high-performance liquid chromatography of proteins was developed. Poly(succinimide) reacted rapidly with aminopropyl-silica and the product was hydrolyzed to poly(aspartic acid)-silica. Reaction conditions were optimized to yield a material with an ion-exchange capacity of 430 mg hemoglobin/g material. High-performance liquid chromatographic columns of the material featured excellent performance in terms of capacity, selectivity, recovery of enzyme activity, peak shape and durability. Protein standards and clinical hemoglobin samples were well resolved in minutes. Poly(succinimide) silica was readily derivatized to give products other than poly(aspartic acid) silica, and several such materials were prepared. Such materials could be useful for affinity chromatography or enzyme immobilization. PMID- 6630352 TI - Separation of limited tryptic fragments of human ceruloplasmin by gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Limited tryptic proteolysis of human ceruloplasmin rapidly produces several large, protease-resistant fragments, suggesting that the molecule consists of several domains. In order to locate the sites of proteolytic cleavage in the whole molecule, we used gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the optimum conditions for fragment separation. Using a buffer containing 8 M urea, the 67,000-daltons tryptic fragment from single-chain ceruloplasmin was isolated in a sufficiently pure state for amino acid sequence analysis to determine its location in the uncleaved molecule. These results have been used in conjunction with amino acid sequence data to develop a schematic model of the domain structure of human ceruloplasmin. PMID- 6630353 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of amino acids, peptides and proteins. XLVII. Analytical and semi-preparative separation of several pituitary proteins by high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. AB - The chromatographic separation of several pituitary proteins on a Mono-Q anion exchange column is described. The effect of eluent pH and buffer composition on the resolution is demonstrated with several standard proteins. The experimental data indicate that good protein recoveries and resolution can be obtained on this essentially monodisperse microparticulate ion-exchange resin when the pH of the eluent is chosen ca. 0.5 pH units below the pI of the most basic component in the mixture. With this new column separations are ca. 30 times faster than with conventional cellulosic anion exchangers at similar sample loads. PMID- 6630354 TI - Separation of transferrin types in human plasma by anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography. AB - An anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure was developed for the separation of transferrin in human plasma. The procedure allowed the four molecular forms of transferrin, which differ with respect to bound iron, to be separated from each other and from other plasma proteins. Transferrin variants, including B and D types, could also be identified using anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography. The approach followed for optimizing the separation of transferrin included identification of the peaks in the chromatogram by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This approach could be extended to other proteins in plasma or biological fluids in order to optimize their separation. PMID- 6630355 TI - Investigations of the allergens of cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) pollen. AB - The pollen of cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) is an important cause of allergic reactions in man. Preliminary studies, which established that constituents of an extract of this pollen could be separated, and then recovered efficiently, by size-exclusion chromatography on TSK G3000 SW, have been extended. A comparative examination has been made by this procedure of cocksfoot pollen extracts from different sources and of several batches of extract from one source. The recovery and distribution of biological activity has been assessed by the radioallergosorbent test, and the results have been used for the selection of fractions for further investigation by chromatography and electrophoresis. Two constituents active in the radioallergosorbent test have been purified from the extracts. PMID- 6630356 TI - Semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic purification of a 28 amino acid synthetic parathyroid hormone antagonist. AB - Structure-activity studies of parathyroid hormone (PTH) over the last decade have led to the design and synthesis of a peptide hormone inhibitor of PTH action in vivo, [Tyr-34]bPTH-(7-34)amide. To evaluate the biological properties of this 28 amino acid hormone analogue, sufficient amounts of the peptide needed to be prepared in a high state of purity to permit continuous infusion in groups of animals for periods of several hours. For this purpose, gel chromatography followed by semi-preparative, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a lyophilizable solvent gradient system of acetonitrile in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid was utilized. In a parallel purification scheme, gel filtration followed by ion-exchange chromatography was employed. Comparison of yields and product purity were determined by a battery of chemical analytical techniques. Semi-preparative HPLC generated a highly purified product; substantial heterogeneity was detected in the ion-exchange-purified material. The HPLC-purified product retains the biological activities of binding to PTH receptors in vitro and inhibiting PTH action in vivo. PMID- 6630357 TI - High-performance ion-exchange chromatography of plasma proteins. AB - The use of anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography columns for the analysis of plasma proteins has been investigated. Mono Q and Polyanion SI were used as anion-exchangers. Several factors, including solvent composition, pH, flow-rate, sodium chloride linear concentration gradient and sample loading capacity, were examined for their effects on the resolution of protein standards and pooled human plasma (PHP). PHP was separated into ten or more protein fractions by a Mono Q column (50 X 5 mm I.D., flow-rate 2 ml/min) within 10 min. Components analysis of each fraction was performed using immunochemical methods and size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The Mono Q column was applied to the analysis of IgG myeloma and other patient plasma samples. PMID- 6630358 TI - o-Phthaldialdehyde precolumn derivatization and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of polypeptide hydrolysates and physiological fluids. AB - A rapid and ultrasensitive fluorescence amino acid analysis system has been developed which utilizes omicron-phthaldialdehyde as a precolumn derivatizing agent. omicron-Phthaldialdehyde in the presence of mercaptan reacts rapidly with primary amino acids to form intensely fluorescent derivatives. These derivatives are analyzed with good selectivity by high-performance liquid chromatography employing 3-microns particle size reversed-phase columns. Resolution of the amino acid derivatives is accomplished with a methanol gradient in 0.1 M aqueous sodium acetate, pH 7.2. The quantitation of the individual amino acid derivatives is reproducible within an average relative deviation of +/- 1.5% and has a detection limit of less than 100 fmoles. Amino acid mixtures obtained by either enzymatic or acid hydrolysis of polypeptides are efficiently resolved with an analysis time of less than 18 min. Methods for the amino acid analysis of physiological fluids such as serum, urine and cerebrospinal fluid were also developed which employ the above separation procedure for the identification and quantitation of amino acids and other biological amines. Mixtures which contained as many as 48 components were resolved with an analysis time of less than 50 min. PMID- 6630359 TI - Isolation of pituitary peptides by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Expansion of the resolving power of reversed-phase columns by manipulating pH and the nature of the ion-pairing reagent. AB - The reversed-phase liquid chromatographic behaviour of pituitary peptides at various pH values was compared. The retention times of peptides at pH 1, 3 and 4.5 were essentially as expected for acidic solvent systems. However, at pH 5.5 or 7, radically different elution characteristics were observed. This is probably brought about by the increase in polarity that accompanies ionization of the peptide carboxyl groups at higher pH values. Basic hydrophobic ion-pairing reagents, such as tetrabutylammonium ion, can be used to maximize differences in polarity. We have previously shown that the use of acidic hydrophobic ion-pairing reagents at low pH (e.g. trifluoroacetic and heptafluorobutyric acids) enhances the basic polarity of peptides. The combination of both approaches facilitated the reversed-phase purification of posterior pituitary glycopeptide and alpha-N acetyl-beta-endorphin1-27 from an extract of 200 rat neurointermediate pituitaries. The separation of these two peptides at low pH, which is particularly difficult, was achieved by the sequential use of solvent systems containing trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%), heptafluorobutyric acid (0.13%) and finally triethylamine acetate (0.01 M, pH 5.5). PMID- 6630360 TI - Isolation of thymosin alpha 1 from thymosin fraction 5 of different species by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - High-performance liquid chromatography (muBondapak C18 column with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile as solvent system) was used to isolate thymosin alpha 1 (alpha 1) from thymosin fraction 5 (f5) of various species (calf, pig, sheep and mouse). Each of the f5 preparations gave a protein peak similar in retention time to bovine thymosin alpha 1. This peak coincided with the immunoreactive peak determined by a radioimmunoassay for alpha 1. Chromatographic analysis of fresh thymus tissue extracts using a high-performance liquid chromatographic similar system did not reveal a detectable protein peak or immunoreactive peak at the alpha 1 position. Our results suggest that alpha 1 may be synthesized in a precursor form in animal tissues. PMID- 6630361 TI - Purification of cyanogen bromide fragments from beta-2-glycoprotein I by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a linear elution gradient of 1-propanol in 0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid was used to purify cyanogen bromide fragments from the human plasma protein beta-2 glycoprotein I. The fragments, ranging from 33 to 119 amino acids in length, were obtained in sufficient purity and yield for automated sequence analysis and enzymatic digestion. One fragment, which contained most of the carbohydrate, could be isolated as an aggregate or as two heterogeneous monomers. The elution of this fragment was much earlier than expected on the basis of its retention coefficient calculated from amino acid composition. Our results demonstrate the applicability of recently developed HPLC techniques to the separation of cyanogen bromide fragments from a carbohydrate-rich glycoprotein whose structure is not completely known. PMID- 6630362 TI - Gradient optimization principles in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and the separation of influenza virus components. AB - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is used to separate the major proteins of A/Bangkok/1/79 X 73 influenza virus. The purity of the isolated proteins, their yield and reactivity with monoclonal antibodies are discussed. The virus, in turn, is used as a probe to examine some theoretical gradient principles relating resolution, retention time and gradient time. Empirical compliance with these principles is generally shown. PMID- 6630363 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of amino acids, peptides and proteins. XLVIII. Retention behaviour of tryptic peptides of human growth hormone isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography: a comparative study using different chromatographic conditions and predicted elution behaviour based on retention coefficients. AB - The retention behaviour of the tryptic peptides of human growth hormone under a variety of reversed-phase chromatographic conditions has been investigated. By using water-acetonitrile gradients containing phosphate, bicarbonate, trifluoroacetate, or heptanesulphonate buffers, the influence of these ionic modifiers on peptide selectivity with several different alkylsilicas has been examined. Comparisons of observed and predicted retention behaviours for the various tryptic peptides in the different chromatographic systems are described. Application of these systems to the isolation of deamidated forms of human growth hormone is presented. PMID- 6630364 TI - Improved cost effective thin-layer detection techniques for routine surveillance of commonly abused drugs in drug abuse urine screening and proficiency testing programs with built-in quality assurance. AB - Improved, sensitive, reliable and cost effective thin-layer detection procedures for poly-drug usage (12-15 drug evaluations per specimen) are presented. Extraction procedures using ion-exchange resin loaded paper and liquid-liquid extraction with the built-in quality assurance program are reported. The combined use of ninhydrin-fluorescamine detection reagent for the identification of various central nervous system stimulants is only one of the several modifications and improvements made during the past 14 years. Laboratories, participating in proficiency testing programs in drug abuse toxicology monitoring are encourage the use of proposed extraction and identification techniques. PMID- 6630365 TI - Gas chromatographic study of the urinary codeine-to-morphine ratios in controlled codeine consumption and in mass screening for opiate drugs. AB - The urinary codeine-to-morphine ratios in fifteen volunteers administered codeine tablets at intervals were studied by gas chromatography (GC) and compared with one month's GC results for enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) screened urine specimens in a mass-screening programme for abuse of opiate drugs, particularly heroin. It appears that when M less than 2 and C/M greater than 0 or when M greater than 2 and C/M greater than 0.5, where C and M are codeine and morphine concentrations in micrograms per 10 ml of urine, codeine consumption has to be presumed. PMID- 6630366 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of physiological folate monoglutamate compounds. Investigation of absorption and conversion of pteroylglutamic acid in the small intestine of the rat in situ. AB - A new high-performance liquid chromatographic method to investigate many folate monoglutamate compounds was developed. This method employed a Cosmosil 5-Ph column eluted with 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 1% methanol at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. Under these conditions, almost all of the physiological folate monoglutamate compounds were effectively separated and determined within 22 min. By applying this method to investigate the absorption and conversion of pteroylglutamic acid in the rat small intestine, it was demonstrated that pteroylglutamic acid was converted into 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid during absorption, and that the conversion was a saturable process, whereas unchanged pteroylglutamic acid was absorbed almost linearly in proportion to the initial amount administered. PMID- 6630367 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of chlorophenols in cardboard food containers and related materials. AB - A technique has been developed for the extraction of a clean concentrate of chlorophenols from cardboard food containers and adhesives of the type used in their manufacture. A simple, reversed-phase, isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system employing an optimised mobile phase permitted the separation of nineteen different phenols. The use of a carefully selected internal standard permitted the estimation of (sub) parts per million levels of pentachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in several samples of adhesives and various sections of cardboard food containers. Pentachlorophenol (50 ng) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (20 ng) gave significant HPLC peaks, readily permitting their detection in parts per billion from 100-g samples. PMID- 6630368 TI - Highly sensitive method for determination of esterase activity of alpha chymotrypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin-like enzymes using micro high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A new substrate, Dns-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester, with high UV absorption has been developed for the determination of the esterase activity of alpha chymotrypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin-like enzymes. The product, generated by the enzyme action, Dns-L-phenylalanine, was clearly separated from the ester substrate by micro reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The substrate was highly stable under the enzyme assay conditions used. As little as 0.15 ng of alpha-chymotrypsin and 1.49 ng of subtilisin BPN' could be detected when a long reaction time was employed. Hydrolyses of the substrate by alpha chymotrypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin-like enzymes were blocked by specific inhibitors of the enzymes. PMID- 6630369 TI - Fractionation of Dns-glycopeptides by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6630370 TI - Determination of conjugated bile acids in human bile by isotachophoresis in a non aqueous solvent using a.c. conductivity and UV detection. AB - A method for the determination of conjugated bile acids in human bile using isotachophoresis in 95% methanol is described. The leading ion is 0.01 M chloride, the counter ion is hydroxylamine at its pK value and the terminating ion is N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES). The sample preparation consists of C18-silica cartridge adsorption. Microlitre amounts of the methanol eluate are injected and analysed within 20 min in a 0.2 mm I.D. PTFE capillary. The sensitivity of the method is better than 50 ng of each of the conjugated bile acids using a.c. conductivity detection. PMID- 6630371 TI - On-line diode array UV-visible spectrometry in screening for drugs and drug metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - The direct coupling of a multi-channel diode array UV-visible spectrophotometer to a powerful reversed-phase HPLC separation system is considered, especially for use in qualitative analysis, e.g., screening/identification of drugs and drug metabolites. The approach is illustrated by the screening for metabolites of butoprozine and ticlopidine directly in human and rat bile. PMID- 6630372 TI - Rapid screening method for methamphetamine in urine by colour reaction in a Sep Pak C18 cartridge. AB - A simple screening method for methamphetamine in urine by colour reaction was developed. Methamphetamine, which is quantitatively retained in a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge, is (after a clean-up procedure) coloured by Simon's reagent (consisting of sodium nitroprusside solution, sodium carbonate solution and acetaldehyde gas). The detection limit was 0.5 microgram/ml using 5 ml of urine sample. The results of the screening method agreed with those of thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PMID- 6630373 TI - Post-column derivatization of vitamin B6 using 2,6-dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide. PMID- 6630374 TI - Automated capillary gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues in food. AB - A method for multiresidue pesticide analysis in food is described. After a conventional clean-up, gas chromatographic analysis is performed in a gas chromatograph equipped with two fused-silica capillary columns coated with methylsilicone SP 2100 and methylphenylsilicone OV-17. The effluent from each column is split to electron-capture and nitrogen-phosphorus detectors, which are connected to a dual channel integrator. Therefore, from each gas chromatographic run parallel records of signals from the two detectors are obtained. Calibration of the system is carried out for the SP 2100 column with three test mixtures covering all pesticides. Additionally, four internal standards are included, two responding to the electron-capture detector and the other two to the nitrogen phosphorus detector. Automated analysis is performed with test mixtures and food samples on the SP 2100 column overnight as a screening procedure. After selection of positive samples a confirmatory test and quantitation are carried out manually applying appropriate test mixtures according to the results of the screening runs. PMID- 6630375 TI - Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of fatty acid composition of cholesteryl esters in human serum using silica Sep-Pak cartridges. AB - A simple and fast analytical procedure for separation and purification of cholesteryl esters of human serum is described. A single lipid extract, together with spiked cholesteryl pentadecanoate, as an internal standard, was passed through a Silica Sep-Pak cartridge. 1.5% diethyl ester in light petroleum was used to elute cholesteryl esters from the column. The separation was verified with thin-layer chromatography on silica gel using light petroleum-diethyl ether glacial acetic acid (80:20:1) as a solvent. A very clean thin-layer chromatogram of cholesteryl esters without any additional spots of other lipids was obtained. The cholesteryl esters were quantitated by analyzing their fatty acid composition as methyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography. The coefficients of variation were 0.8--4.9% for the major fatty acids (C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C20:4) and 6.7- 30.8% for the minor fatty acids (C18:0 and C20:0). The recoveries for cholesteryl palmitate, cholesteryl oleate and cholesteryl linoleate were 90.7, 92.3 and 91.0%, respectively. PMID- 6630376 TI - Gas chromatographic quantitation of breath hydrogen and carbon monoxide for clinical investigation in adults and in children. AB - A simple and suitable method of breath sampling and the gas chromatographic determination of H2 and CO in breath of children as well as of adults are described. The analytical system allows the measurement of concentrations of H2 and CO as low as a few ppm. The proposed method of breath collection (tedlar bag with low resistance valve face mask) appears particularly useful for long storage purposes, because it eliminates the need for additional manipulations and the possible associated sample dilution. Normalization of H2 breath amounts to internal standard O2 to obtain reliable and precise measurements is particularly useful in non-collaborating patients whose observed H2 peak values increase by 15% after the correction. The overall procedure is fast, inexpensive and accurately recognizes adult or children lactose malabsorbers as well as subjects exposed even to low levels of CO. PMID- 6630377 TI - Derivatization of catecholamines in aqueous solution for quantitative analysis in biological fluids. AB - The reaction of methyl chloroformate with catecholamines at the nanogram level in aqueous solution has been estimated. Optimal pH conditions of the aqueous medium were established which provide a quantitative yield of the formate derivative of primary and secondary catecholamines. First the catechol function was blocked by the reaction with methyl chloroformate under mild alkaline conditions (pH 7.2) and subsequently a pH shift was introduced (delta pH = 2) to improve the reaction of the amine function. The formate derivatives were extracted effectively (greater than or equal to 99%) into ethyl acetate and subsequently converted to their O-tert.-butyldimethylsilyl, N-formate derivatives. These mixed derivatives appeared to be very suitable for quantitative determination of catecholamines and related compounds in biological fluids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The coefficient of variation estimated in urine samples was 6% (n = 6). The minimal detectable concentration in biological samples was 50 pg ml-1 with a signal-to-noise ratio of 5. PMID- 6630378 TI - Studies of metabolic changes in cell cultures infected with four serotypes of dengue fever viruses by frequency-pulsed electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. AB - Monkey kidney cell cultures were infected with four serotypes of dengue viruses, and the supernatant fluids of the cell cultures were extracted for amines, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and hydroxy acids. The derivatized extracts were then analyzed by frequency-pulsed electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography (FPEC GLC). FPEC-GLC profiles of the hydroxy acids showed peaks that were different for different serotypes and the FPEC-GLC carboxylic acid profiles differed from the control medium. These differences were reproducible when the same lot for medium was used. There were differences in profiles between lots of control media due apparently to different fetal bovine sera used in the growth medium. Therefore, the same lot of medium was necessary to reproduce profiles. The data obtained from the study indicate that FPEC-GLC can be used to detect changes in cellular metabolism caused by viral infection, and that these metabolic changes might be useful in detection of genetic differences in viruses as reflected by detectable changes in the metabolism of the infected cell. PMID- 6630379 TI - Studies on steroids. CLXXXVII. Determination of serum bile acids by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence labeling. AB - A method for the simultaneous determination of bile acids in serum by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence labeling is described. The bile acid fraction was obtained from a serum specimen by passing it through a BondElut cartridge. Bile acids were derivatized quantitatively into the fluorescent compounds through the hydroxyl group at C-3 by treatment with 1 anthroyl nitrile in the presence of quinuclidine in acetonitrile. These derivatives were separated into the free, glycine- and taurine-conjugate fractions by ion-exchange chromatography on a lipophilic gel, piperidinohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20. Subsequent resolution of each fraction into cholate, ursodeoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, deoxycholate and lithocholate was attained by HPLC on a Cosmosil 5C18 column using 0.3% potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0)--methanol (1:5) and 0.1% potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0)- methanol (1:8) as mobile phases. The anthroyl bile acids were monitored by fluorescence detection (excitation wavelength 370 nm; emission wavelength 470 nm), the limit of detection being 20 fmol. The proposed method proved to be applicable to the quantitation of bile acids in serum with satisfactory reliability and sensitivity. PMID- 6630380 TI - Sensitive gas chromatographic quantitation of zomepirac in plasma using an electron-capture detector. AB - A highly sensitive, specific and precise gas chromatographic method for the determination of the non-narcotic analgesic agent, zomepirac, in plasma is described. The pentafluorobenzyl ester derivative of zomepirac has been prepared. This enables the detection of zomepirac down to picogram levels using electron capture detection. The lowest concentration of zomepirac which can be measured accurately and precisely (coefficient of variation less than 15%) is 5 ng/ml in a 2-ml plasma sample or 25 ng/ml in a 0.1-ml plasma sample. Two previously reported high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assays have detection limits of 50 ng/ml for 1-ml samples and 10 ng/ml for 2-ml samples, respectively. The present method is very useful when small sample size or interference is causing problems with the HPLC assay. This assay has been employed successfully in analyzing plasma samples from humans and monkeys as well as samples from rat milk. PMID- 6630381 TI - Electron-capture determination of metoclopramide in biological fluids using fused silica capillary columns. Application to placental transport studies in sheep and humans. AB - An electron-capture gas-liquid chromatographic assay for metoclopramide using cross-linked fused silica capillary columns which provides improved selectivity and sensitivity is reported. A 25 m X 0.31 mm fused silica capillary column was used for all analyses. Linearity was observed in the range of 4--40 ng of metoclopramide base per 0.25--0.5 ml of plasma. This represents from ca. 0.9--9.0 pg at the detector employing a split ratio of 30:1 and an injection volume of 2 microliters. Applicability of the method is demonstrated by the analysis of human and sheep plasma (maternal, fetal and neonatal) from metoclopramide placental transfer studies. PMID- 6630382 TI - Determination of the antiallergenic agent, trans-3-[6-(methylthio)-4-oxo-4H quinazolin-3-yl]-2-propenoic acid, in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay was developed for the determination of the antiallergenic compound, trans-3-[6 (methylthio)-4-oxo-4H-quinazolin-3-yl]-2-propenoic acid, [I], in plasma. The assay involves acetonitrile protein precipitation followed by the analysis of an aliquot of the protein-free fraction by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection (excitation at 245 nm, with emission greater than 418 nm). The overall recovery of [I] from plasma was 103 +/- 10%. The sensitivity limit of the assay was 0.125 microgram/ml of plasma. The analogous compound, trans-3-[6-[(1 methylethyl)thio]-4-oxo-4H-quinazolin-3-yl]-2-propenoic acid, [II], is used as the internal standard. The assay was used to monitor the plasma concentration- time fall-off profile of [I] in the dog and in man. The stability of [I] was demonstrated in dog plasma on long-term storage for up to 180 days at -17 degrees C and -70 degrees C. PMID- 6630383 TI - Simultaneous determination of diprophylline, proxyphylline and theophylline in serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A selective and reliable high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous determination of diprophylline, proxyphylline and theophylline is described. The method involves a single extraction procedure followed by separation on an ODS reversed-phase column using a ternary solvent system. The assay is sufficiently rapid and sensitive to be applied for pharmacokinetic studies as well as for routine monitoring of patient's serum after therapeutic doses of the combined preparation. The practicability and utility of the proposed method is demonstrated in a pharmacokinetic study on four healthy volunteers. PMID- 6630384 TI - Automated liquid chromatographic analysis of the anti-tumorigenic drugs etoposide (VP 16-213) and teniposide (VM 26). AB - A method is described for the fully automated analysis of large numbers of 1--2 ml serum and plasma or urine samples containing the anti-tumorigenic drugs etoposide and teniposide and their aglycone. The blood samples are hydrolysed by a proteolytic enzyme, subtilisin A, prior to preconcentration on a small precolumn. The hydrolysis step serves both to release the strongly protein-bound drugs and to prevent clogging of the chromatographic system. On-line preconcentration is carried out with precolumns packed with PRP1, a micro particulate divinylbenzene-styrene copolymeric sorbent. Chromatography takes place, after column switching, in a C18/methanol--water system. After a post column clean-up step using continuous extraction with dichloroethane in an autoanalyzer system, native fluorescence of these analytes is used for detection of the drugs. Recovery of etoposide and teniposide from spiked serum and plasma samples was 100%. Calibration curves of etoposide and teniposide typically show correlation coefficients of 0.9994 over a two-to-three order linear range. The detection limit of etoposide is approx. 8 ng per sample. Repeatability was found to be excellent. Unattended overnight routine analysis is possible without any problems. This method, considering optimal sample throughput, reliability and selectivity, competes favourably with existing techniques for the analysis of etoposide and teniposide. PMID- 6630385 TI - Determination of etretinate and its main metabolite in human plasma using normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - An analytical method for the determination of two aromatic retinoids in human plasma (etretinate and its main metabolite) is described, using normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The method is highly sensitive (4 ng/ml) and selective, and allows good separation of isomerization products. Both compounds are well extracted (95%) from plasma in the practically important concentration range (10--1000 ng/ml). After chromatographing the compounds together with an internal standard, they are quantified by spectrophotometry. PMID- 6630386 TI - Simultaneous analysis of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, 1-beta-D arabinofuranosyluracil and sodium salicylate in biological samples by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic column switching system is described for the rapid and complete separation of 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (Ara-U) and sodium salicylate using an internal standard of sodium cefmetazole. The system is highly selective and separates these compounds from interfering compounds commonly in biological matrices. The system was tested by following the pharmacokinetics of Ara-C after rectal administration in the presence of sodium salicylate which is an aid to drug absorption. The chromatographic system is also suitable for monitoring levels of Ara-C and its metabolite Ara-U after intravenous administration of Ara-C. PMID- 6630387 TI - Determination of amikacin in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. AB - A procedure for the determination of amikacin in serum is described. The aminoglycoside is extracted from serum by using a disposable cation-exchange column. The eluate of this column is derivatized with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and subsequently analysed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 365 nm. The absolute recovery of amikacin by this procedure is 72%. Kanamycin is used as the internal standard. The sensitivity is 1 mg/l for amikacin with samples of 200 microliters. Precision, expressed as the coefficient of variation, is about 3% in the therapeutic concentration range. The 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivative of amikacin is synthesized on a preparative scale by a new method and its structure is demonstrated to be the fully derivatized amikacin. The analysis of serum samples obtained in an in vivo experiment correlates well with the results from a microbiological assay. PMID- 6630388 TI - Rapid method for quantitative analysis of N,N-dibutylnitrosamine, N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine and N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)-nitrosamine in rat urine by gas chromatography--thermal energy analysis. PMID- 6630389 TI - Extraction and quantitation of cortisol by use of high-performance liquid affinity chromatography. PMID- 6630390 TI - Determination of S-sulfocysteine in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6630391 TI - Determination of orotate in ruminant milk by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6630392 TI - Rapid determination of purine enzyme activity in intact and lysed cells using high-performance liquid chromatography with and without radiolabelled substrates. PMID- 6630393 TI - Measurement of phencyclidine and two hydroxylated metabolites by selected ion monitoring. PMID- 6630394 TI - Sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method for chloramphenicol in animal tissues using electron-capture detection. PMID- 6630395 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of anticonvulsants--micro-assay for phenytoin and phenobarbital. PMID- 6630396 TI - Micromethod for determination of thiopental in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6630397 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of milrinone in plasma and urine. Intravenous pharmacokinetics in the dog. PMID- 6630398 TI - Determination of chlormethiazole in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6630399 TI - Determination of ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and cephradine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorometric detection. PMID- 6630400 TI - GC and capillary column GC/MS determination of synthetic anabolic steroids. II. 4 chloro-methandienone (oral turinabol) and its metabolites. AB - The determination of oral turinabol (4-chloro-17 alpha-methyl-17 beta-hydroxy-1,4 androstadien-3-one) [1] in the 'free' fraction of human urine samples by gas chromatography and capillary column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was studied. After administration to man, three major metabolites are formed whose structures were identified as 6 beta-hydroxy-turinabol [2], 6 beta, 12-dihydroxy turinabol [4], and 6 beta, 16-dihydroxy-turinabol [5], respectively. In much smaller quantities at least another three metabolites are excreted, one of which could be identified as 17 epi-turinabol [6]. No measurable amounts of 1 itself were detected in any of the urine samples investigated. The rate of metabolism and urinary excretion is reasonably fast. The total amount of recovered material, in the form of the three main metabolites, is on the order of 15%. Clean-up procedures and chromatographic conditions are presented in detail. PMID- 6630401 TI - Rapid GC method for quantitation of nifedipine in serum using electron capture detection. AB - For studying the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine after single doses, a rapid, specific, reliable gas chromatographic assay procedure for nifedipine in serum is developed. Using a single-step solvent extraction or a bonded-phase column extraction and electron capture detection, an assay sensitivity of 10 to 25 ng/ml can be achieved using 0.25 ml of serum. The assay quantitates intact nifedipine and separates it reproducibly from its nitro- and nitrosopyridine derivatives. PMID- 6630402 TI - Capillary GC/MS determination of organic sulfur compounds detected in oyster and mussel caught in the sea as an oil pollution index. AB - The organic sulfur compounds usually contained in crude oil were used as a marker of oil pollution in shellfish. The oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and mussel (Mytilus edulis) were caught in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan. Capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of extracts showed the presence of organic sulfur compounds of dibenzothiophene and alkyl dibenzothiophenes (C1-C3). The concentration factor of organic sulfur compounds in the oyster and mussel was determined by gas chromatography using a flame photometric detector. PMID- 6630403 TI - Single radial complement fixation test using complement film. Assay of the antibody response to strain and type specific antigens of influenza virus. AB - A stabilized modification of the single radial complement fixation test in gel (SRCF) was developed for detecting influenza antibodies. The principle of the test is the use of a single-step procedure with the following reagents: (1) Agarose plate containing influenza antigen and antibody coated erythrocytes (EA). (2) Thin plastic film coated with dried complement. By filling the wells cut in the agar with the heat inactivated serum samples and covering the agar surface with the complement film, a zone of unlysed cells surrounded by a haemolytic area appears after overnight incubation for 16-18 h at 4 degrees C and 1-2 h at 37 degrees C. The squares of the zone diameter were measured for estimating the antibody quantity by using CF(S) and virion antigen of influenza virus, and the type-specific antibody was demonstrated by using CF(S) antigen, while the strain specific antibody was demonstrated by using virion antigen. An excellent correlation was demonstrated for antibody titres between conventional CF and SRCF with CF(S) antigen, on the one hand, and, between conventional HI and SRCF with virion antigen, on the other.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630404 TI - Possible effects on occupational lung cancer from smoking related changes in the mucus content of the lung. AB - A number of recent epidemiological studies of lung cancer among occupations that expose workers to dusts or toxic aerosols have reported a larger prevalence of lung cancer among non-smoking than among smoking workers. One recent study using Beagle dogs has also reported significantly fewer respiratory tumors among animals exposed to radon, radon daughters, uranium dust and tobacco smoke than among animals exposed similarly except for tobacco smoke. The evidence is summarized here that the increased mucus in the lungs of smokers may help in the elimination of dust and toxic substances by facilitating migration of particles and aerosols and possibly also adding protection by thickening of the mucus layer. Recent developments in use of in vivo magnetometric measurements of dust content of workers' lungs in fact indicate that lungs of chronically exposed miners and millers contain less dust if they smoke than if they do not. The hypothesis that increasing mucus in the lung of exposed workers may protect them against lung disease now needs experimental verification in appropriate animal studies. If protective qualities of lung mucus are verified, means need to be explored that will increase mucus flow in non-smoking (and smoking) workers exposed to respiratory hazards. PMID- 6630405 TI - The relative efficiencies of matched and independent sample designs for case control studies. AB - We have studied the asymptotic and small sample efficiencies of dependent (pair matched or stratified) and independent samples as design techniques for case control studies, and of matched, stratified, covariance-adjusted, and crude comparisons as methods of analysis. The asymptotic efficiencies of dependent sample designs relative to independent sample designs with adjustment were found to vary with the strengths of the relationships of disease with exposure and potential confounder: as the relationship with exposure increases, dependent samples lose efficiency; as the relationship with confounder increases, dependent samples gain efficiency. The relative efficiency also depends in a complicated manner on such other factors as the distribution of exposure and the strength of the exposure-confounder relationship. In the majority of situations examined, however, dependent samples were found to be somewhat more efficient than independent samples when confounding was present, while the reverse was true when confounding was absent. Results of small sample simulations do not differ importantly from the asymptotic results, except for pair-matching on a non confounder, where the inefficiency of matching is greater in small samples. PMID- 6630406 TI - Fluoride content related to the elemental composition, mineral density and strength of bone in healthy and chronically diseased persons. AB - The fluoride (F) content of bone was determined and compared to the elemental composition, mineral density and compressive strength in bone specimens from the crista iliac of 88 subjects who had died suddenly, and from 50 subjects who had died as the result of chronic immobilizing diseases. The elemental composition of bone was determined using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, mineral density using gamma-ray attenuation, compressive strength using a strain transducer, and F content using an ion-selective electrode. The increase of F content with age was not statistically significantly different between the groups. The Ca content of bone decreased more with age in post-menopausal women who had suffered from chronic diseases than in women who had died suddenly. The same was true for the negative correlation coefficient between Ca and F. A similar trend was found for mineral density. This does not support the idea that the F concentration obtained produces any effect that would clearly prevent bone loss in post-menopausal women when compared to those who had died suddenly. In both groups F content was correlated with Zn and Mn; in the sudden-death group Zn concentration explained 12.9% of the F concentration. The relation between Zn and F may be important in the formation and structure of biological apatite. PMID- 6630407 TI - A comparison of the logistic risk function and the proportional hazards model in prospective epidemiologic studies. AB - The logistic regression and proportional hazards models are each currently being used in the analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies examining risk factors in chronic disease applications. The advantages and disadvantages of each are yet to be fully described. However, a theoretical relationship between the two models has been documented. In this paper the conditions under which results from the two models approximate one another are described. It is shown that where the follow-up period is short and the disease is generally rare, the regression coefficients of the logistic model approximate those of the proportional hazards model with a constant underlying hazard rate. Since under the same conditions the likelihood functions approximate one another, the regression coefficients have similar estimated standard errors. Further, estimation of relative risk with these models is contrasted. These results are illustrated utilizing a previously published data set on metastatic cancer of the breast. With increasing follow-up time, the logistic regression coefficients become uncertain and less reliable. PMID- 6630408 TI - Bias due to non-participation and heterogenous sub-groups in population surveys. AB - A random sample of men in the age-group 30-39 years from the general population in Goteborg, Sweden, has been investigated with respect to socioeconomic factors and risk factors for coronary artery disease. The total sample could well be characterized with socioeconomic variables obtained from public registers. All the individuals of the sample were invited to an examination which 68% attended (participants). It was found that those not attending the examination (non participants) greatly differed from the participants. The non-participants were more often unmarried, and had lower annual incomes and more sickness benefit days. There were more foreigners and more individuals registered for intemperance among the non-participants than the participants. Among the participants the foreigners reported lower physical activity and had higher serum cholesterol than the participating Swedes and individuals registered for intemperance stated a higher tobacco consumption and had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures than those not registered. This highlights that consideration of factors discriminating participants and non-participants is important for proper estimation of population parameters. The same is true for comparisons between cases and controls recruited from cross-sectional population surveys. PMID- 6630409 TI - Pituitary hormone release in response to food ingestion: evidence for neuroendocrine signals from gut to brain. AB - The synchrony of PRL and cortisol release with feeding is now well established. To delineate further the neuroendocrine mechanisms involved, meal-related pituitary and adrenal cortical activities were investigated in seven normal men in a series of experiments conducted in random sequence at 1-week intervals. Ingestion of a standardized mixed meal elicited a consistent acute release of PRL and cortisol at noon (1200 h), but not at breakfast (0800 h). No measurable changes in other pituitary hormones were observed. The relative magnitudes of PRL and cortisol release in response to lunch were not significantly influenced by a preceding breakfast. These responses appear unrelated to the cephalic or oral phases of food ingestion. However, the composition of the meals was found to be important. Whereas carbohydrate meals had no discernible effects, high protein meals induced a large increase in both PRL and cortisol; high fat meals caused selective release of PRL. Ingestion of L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan induced remarkable increments in serum concentrations of both PRL and cortisol, suggesting that these essential amino acids may be active components of the high protein meal. Choline had no effect. Meal-mediated PRL and cortisol release was unaffected by prior receptor blockade of the opioidergic and cholinergic systems with naloxone and atropine, respectively. These observations indicate that the protein component of the meal was responsible for the midday surges of PRL and cortisol and that the cephalic-vagal pathway was not required in food-entrained pituitary hormone release. Further, our data suggest that the neurotransmitter substrates in the protein meal may serve to link the gut and brain by modifying central catecholamine and serotonin biosynthesis, and thereby influence the hypothalamic factors controlling pituitary PRL and ACTH secretion. The possibility that gastrointestinal hormones may also influence the hypothalamic pituitary system remains to be explored. PMID- 6630410 TI - Biological significance of aromatase activity in human breast tumors. AB - Human breast carcinomas contain aromatase, the enzyme necessary for the conversion of androgens to estrogens. If present in sufficient amounts, aromatase could catalyze the synthesis of estrogens from plasma steroid precursors and produce high breast cancer tissue concentrations. To determine the biological importance of tumor aromatase, we validated a specific and highly sensitive 3H labeled water release assay for aromatase and used this to quantitate the amount of estrogen synthesized in vitro in breast tumors. As proof of assay validity, the [3H] water release assay detected 22.7 +/- 0.09 (+/- SEM) pmol/g . h estrogen formed vs. 24.7 pmol/g . h with the direct product isolation assay. Of 61 human breast tumors studied, 48 contained measurable aromatase activity, ranging from 5 70.5 pmol estrone formed/g . h. Three aromatase inhibitors (aminoglutethimide, testololactone, and 4-hydroxyandrostenedione) blocked this activity at concentrations similar to those affecting aromatase activity in other tissues. If biologically important, the estrogen formed locally from aromatase would be expected to stimulate production of the progesterone receptor. Under these circumstances, a positive correlation of progesterone receptor and local estrogen production should be found. In contrast, no significant correlation between aromatase activity and progesterone receptor level was observed (r = -0.27; P = NS). In addition, no correlation between estrogen receptor content and aromatase activity was detected. Finally, the amount of aromatase activity present in most tumors was insufficient to produce biologically meaningful saturation of estrogen receptors. These observations suggested that aromatase, while present in the majority of breast cancer tissues, may only be biologically important in those few tumors with very high aromatase activity. PMID- 6630411 TI - Different rebound rise in plasma prolactin during the postdopamine infusion phase in puerperal women and patients with pathological hyperprolactinemia. AB - Dopamine infused at a rate of 4 micrograms/kg . min for 120 min induced at the end of the infusion period a clear-cut and similar suppression of circulating PRL levels in normal and puerperal women as well as in patients with hyperprolactinemia either due to a tumor or of unknown etiology. At the discontinuation of the infusion there was a marked PRL rebound above baseline levels in normal subjects and a rapid return to basal levels in subjects with pathological hyperprolactinemia. In contrast, there was no increase in plasma PRL in puerperal women, in whom PRL levels remained suppressed during the whole postinfusion period. The reason(s) for this pattern in puerperal women is presently unknown, although previous estrogen loading of the lactotropes during pregnancy may be involved. PMID- 6630412 TI - Characterization of antihuman chorionic gonadotropin serum antibody appearing after ovulation induction. AB - After repeated im courses of menopausal gonadotropins and hCG, a factor was found in a woman's serum which preferentially bound the intact hCG molecule (nanograms or milliinternational units required for 50% displacement of [125I] hCG: hCG, 9.2 ng; APL, 74 mIU; Pergonal, 400 mIU; LER 960, 900 ng; and FSH and TSH alpha subunits, hCG beta-subunit, and LH beta-subunit, greater than 1000 ng). This factor had a low affinity (Ka = 5.8 X 10(9) liters/M) and high capacity (binding capacity, 5.5 X 10(-11) M/liter) for hCG, was isolated with the immunoglobulin G fraction of the patient's serum, and coeluted with immunoglobulin G from a Sepharose CL-6B-200 column. Preincubation of hCG with this fraction did not reduce the in vitro biological activity of the hCG in the hypophysectomized rat ventral prostate weight assay. Similarly, there was no gonadal resistance to hCG in the patient, since ovulation could still be induced with hCG, and both progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels as well as duration of the luteal phase increased after repeated hCG injections. This serum factor prolonged the half-life of injected hCG in the patient's circulation (t 1/2 = 9.4 days in patient vs. 1.3 days in controls). The titer of the factor transiently decreased with the exogenous administration of hCG. No binding of the serum factor to human placental tissue could be demonstrated by immunohistochemical techniques. Thus, this factor behaves similarly to the antibodies frequently found after the injection of other polypeptide hormones, in that it serves as a high capacity reservoir of the hormone but does not significantly reduce its biological activity. These results also indicate that the factor requires the intact tertiary structure of the hCG molecule for immune recognition. PMID- 6630413 TI - Estrogens and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in man: evidence for normal feedback regulation by corticosteroids. AB - Estrogen treatment and pregnancy are associated with higher than normal plasma free (nonprotein-bound) cortisol levels. In spite of this, clinical manifestations of steroid excess are not seen in these conditions. To explain this seeming discrepancy, it has been postulated that estrogens may induce tissue resistance to the actions of cortisol, and that one aspect of this resistance may be a higher set-point for ACTH suppression by corticosteroids. This possibility was studied in seven normal women. Plasma total and free cortisol levels as well as urinary cortisol excretion were measured during a control period and during treatment with ethinyl estradiol (100 micrograms/day). During both periods, graded doses of dexamethasone (0.2-mg increments; 0-1.4 mg/day) were administered. Estrogen treatment resulted in elevated plasma total and free cortisol levels, but urinary cortisol excretion was not affected. Dexamethasone administration resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of plasma total and free cortisol as well as urinary cortisol. The dose-response curve for suppression by dexamethasone of urinary cortisol during estrogen treatment was indistinguishable from that during the control period. The dose-response curve for plasma free cortisol suppression suggested that during estrogen treatment, slightly more dexamethasone was required to suppress free cortisol. However, this effect was small. In view of the overall data, we conclude that 1) estrogen does not increase integrated free cortisol prevailing in vivo; 2) estrogen does not significantly alter the hypothalamic or pituitary set-point for ACTH suppression by corticosteroid; 3) the elevation of plasma free cortisol is relatively minor and possibly an in vitro phenomenon; and 4) the present findings are compatible with the absence of clinical hypercorticism in hyperestrogenized states. PMID- 6630414 TI - Differentiation of pseudo- and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism by measuring urinary calcitonin. AB - Calcitonin (CT) levels were determined in urine specimens from normal subjects and patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism type I (PHP), idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (IHP), pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP), and surgical hypoparathyroidism (SHP). Urinary CT was measured by RIA after extraction of urine by gel chromatography on a 0.8 X 20-cm column of Bio-Gel P-2. The urinary CT level ranged from 420-1000 pg/mg creatinine (Cr; mean +/- SD, 631 +/- 229) in PHP (n = 6), from 50-270 (131 +/- 92) in IHP (n = 6), and from 35-93 (66 +/- 27) in SHP (n = 6), and was 185 pg/mg Cr in one patient with PPHP. The mean value in PHP was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher, and that in SHP was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower, than those in the age-matched normal subjects. In each patient with PHP and IHP before and after treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol, urinary CT levels fluctuated between 700-1370 pg/mg Cr in PHP and from 43-195 pg/mg Cr in IHP. Increased urinary excretion of CT in patients with PHP suggests that CT secretion may be enhanced in this disease. The biological role of CT in PHP remains to be clarified. PMID- 6630415 TI - Bombesin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the developing lung: marked changes in acute respiratory distress syndrome. AB - The quantitative distribution of bombesin- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivities was determined by RIA and immunocytochemistry in regions of trachea, bronchus, and whole lung at various stages of human fetal development and in neonates, children, and adults. In addition, these two immunoreactivities were studied in infants that had died of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The concentration of bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the whole respiratory tract steadily increased during gestation, reaching a plateau at birth. In the lung, the bombesin concentration remained almost unchanged during childhood, but decreased to one tenth in the adult. In neonates with the acute respiratory distress syndrome, there was a significantly lower bombesin content in all regions of the respiratory tract compared to either normal full term infants or 24- to 28-week-old fetuses. Immunocytochemistry localized bombesin immunoreactivity within mucosal neuroendocrine cells present in the airway epithelium throughout the respiratory tract and particularly in the intrapulmonary airways. The number of cells increased throughout gestation, reflecting the pattern found by RIA, and were greatly decreased in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. VIP concentrations were much lower than those of bombesin and did not change significantly with gestational age. In contrast to bombesin, VIP was mainly concentrated in the upper respiratory tract. In infants with the respiratory distress syndrome, the VIP content was not different from normal. These results are compatible with the possibility that bombesin-like peptides may have a role in the normal development of the human lung. PMID- 6630416 TI - Hormonal regulation of glycosaminoglycan accumulation in fibroblasts from patients with resistance to thyroid hormone. AB - We have previously shown that physiological concentrations of T3 added to thyroid hormone-deficient media decreased the incorporation of [3H]acetate and [3H]glucosamine into glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in confluent cultures of skin fibroblasts obtained from normal individuals. This inhibitory effect of T3 on [3H]GAG accumulation was due to a decrease in GAG synthesis, was independent of the substrate pool size or number of transfers in culture, and could be reversed by removal of hormone from the medium. As shown in the current communication, it was also independent of the site of biopsy and age and sex of the donor. Fibroblast cultures were grown to confluence in medium containing 10% fetal calf serum and then exposed for 3 days to medium deprived of thyroid hormone (10% bovine serum from a thyroidectomized animal) without or with the addition of T3, T4, or dexamethasone (DEX). After exposure to labeled substrate [(3H]acetate or [3H]glucosamine) for the last 24 h, their incorporation into GAG was determined. The mean +/- SD maximal inhibition of [3H]GAG accumulation in fibroblasts from 14 normal subjects was 38.3 +/- 14.4% compared to 22.4 +/- 13.0% in fibroblasts from 8 patients with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone (GRTH). Although the difference was significant at the group level (P less than 0.05), there was a considerable overlap between the results obtained from normal subjects and those from patients with GRTH. Furthermore, fibroblasts from 2 normal subjects failed to respond to T3 in several trials. The specificity of the effect of T3 was examined in fibroblast cultures from eight normal subjects and six patients with GRTH by comparing their responsiveness to T3 and to DEX. All fibroblasts obtained from normal subjects that responded to T3 also responded to DEX. Fibroblasts from the two normal individuals that did not respond to T3 also failed to respond to T4 and to DEX. In contrast, fibroblasts from four of the six patients with GRTH had an attenuated response to T3, but not to DEX. Fibroblasts from a patient with Marfan's syndrome responded normally to T3 despite increased incorporation of the substrate into GAG. The maximal inhibitory effect of T4 on [3H]GAG accumulation was identical to that of T3. However, a 100-fold higher concentration of T4 was required.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6630417 TI - Iodine content of serum thyroglobulin in normal individuals and patients with thyroid tumors. AB - We indirectly estimated the iodine content of serum thyroglobulin (TG) in normal individuals and patients with benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Because insufficient TG is present in the serum to perform chemical determinations, equilibrium density centrifugation was used to determine its density, a measure of TG iodine content. In five patients undergoing thyroidectomy, serum TG was compared to TG extracted from the nodules and TG from the surrounding normal thyroid tissue. The iodine content of the tumor TG was much less than that of normal TG in four of the five patients. In patients with benign and malignant nodules, the iodine content of serum TG was lower than that of normal TG, and it was similar in patients with benign and malignant disease. In normal individuals, serum TG was also poor in iodine, similar to the serum TG from the patients, and in the same position as TG with virtually no iodine. These findings are in accord with our report that serum TG in rats is nearly completely devoid of iodine. TG could enter the circulation either by secretion of newly synthesized TG or release of stored TG from the thyroid. The findings show that serum TG in normal individuals does not result from the release of preexisting TG. More likely, it arises from the secretion of poorly iodinated, newly synthesized molecules. Since the elevated serum TG found in patients with nodules also is poor in iodine, it must come directly from the tumor rather than from destruction of surrounding normal thyroid tissue. PMID- 6630418 TI - Inhibition of decidual prolactin release by a decidual peptide. AB - Conditioned media from cultures of human decidual explants and aqueous extracts of human decidual tissue contain a factor that causes a reversible dose-dependent inhibition of decidual PRL release in vitro. Decidual explants incubated for 30 min in medium containing 50, 100, and 250 micrograms/ml of a dialyzed and lyophilized preparation of decidual conditioned medium (DCM) released 32.4 +/- 2.7%, 70.9 +/- 4.5%, and 100.0%, respectively, less PRL than control explants. DCM, however, had no measurable effect on the synthesis of decidual PRL or the synthesis and release of trichloroacetic acid-precipitable 35S-labeled proteins. The effect was of short duration and completely reversible. The inhibition of decidual PRL release was not due to PRL, since 500 micrograms/ml human pituitary PRL (a PRL concentration 40 times that in the minimal effective dose of DCM) added to the incubation medium of decidual explants had no effect on the synthesis or release of decidual PRL or trichloroacetic acid-precipitable 35S labeled decidual proteins. The inhibitory activity eluted from Sephadex G-200 with an apparent molecular weight of 38,000-45,000 daltons, was heat labile, was destroyed by treatment with trypsin, and was unaffected by extraction with acetone-ethanol. These results strongly suggest that the release of decidual PRL is under local control, regulated in part by a factor(s) other than PRL that is released by the decidua. PMID- 6630419 TI - Salmon and human calcitonin-like peptides coexist in the human thyroid and brain. AB - A salmon calcitonin-like material indistinguishable from synthetic salmon calcitonin-(1-32) on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been recognized in thyroid extracts of normal subjects and of patients with medullary carcinoma. The same peptide was detected in extracts of the periventricular mesencephalic region which included the periventricular dorsal thalamus, the subthalamus and the hypothalamus. Human calcitonin-(1-32)- and carboxyl-terminal adjacent peptide (CCAP)-like components were also found. The content of immunoreactive salmon calcitonin of the periventricular mesencephalic region (n = 6) and of normal thyroid glands (n = 6) was comparable (mean +/- SE, 0.34 +/- 0.17 ngeq/g wet tissue and 0.39 +/- 0.22 ngeq/g, respectively); and the levels were slightly, but not significantly higher in medullary thyroid carcinoma extracts (1.95 +/- 0.69 ngeq/g) (P less than 0.1). Immunoreactive human calcitonin and CCAP occurred in roughly equimolar concentrations. They were lowest in the periventricular mesencephalic region (0.26 +/- 0.09 ngeq/g and 0.46 +/- 0.10 ngeq/g, respectively), followed by normal thyroid glands (146 +/- 26 ngeq/g and 94 +/- 19 ngeq/g, respectively), and they were highest in medullary thyroid carcinoma tissue (680 +/- 372 mu geq/g and 144 +/- 125 mu geq/g, respectively). PMID- 6630420 TI - [Studies on perinatal assessment of fetal well-being by vibratory stimuli]. PMID- 6630421 TI - Changes in visual evoked potentials induced by imipramine in patients with endogenous depression. PMID- 6630422 TI - [Clinical study of treatment for descending thoracic aortic aneurysms]. PMID- 6630423 TI - [2,3-bisphosphoglycerate metabolism in human erythrocytes. Influence of erythrocyte aging]. PMID- 6630424 TI - [Morphometric studies on the minor calyx in the right and left kidneys of the Japanese adult]. PMID- 6630425 TI - [Analysis of Rorschach responses before and after orbito-ventromedial undercutting (Hirose)]. PMID- 6630426 TI - [Functional heterogeneity of the rat liver ferritin induced by single dose administration of iron]. PMID- 6630427 TI - [Upper limit of serum lipids in human subject and the relation between HDL cholesterol level and atherosclerosis]. PMID- 6630428 TI - [Particle diffusion of hair spray and cosmetic powder at indoor space]. PMID- 6630429 TI - Isolation of influenza viruses in Thailand during June-August, 1982. PMID- 6630430 TI - Analysis of antigenic drifts of H3N2 subtype of influenza type A viruses by monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 6630431 TI - Evaluation of the BACTEC antimicrobial removal system for detection of bacteremia. AB - The BACTEC 16B resin medium was developed to detect bacteremia in patients receiving antimicrobial therapy. Over a 9-month period, we compared the efficacy of the BACTEC 16B bottle to the conventional aerobic BACTEC 6B bottle. Of a total of 1,524 sets of blood cultures, 79 yielded presumed pathogens. Of these 79 sets, 42 (53.2%) were positive in both the 16B and 6B bottles, 23 (29.1%) were positive only in the 16B bottle, and 14 (17.7%) were positive only in the 6B bottle. For patients receiving antimicrobial drugs, 33 of 34 (97.1%) sets were positive for pathogens in the 16B bottle, but only 15 of 34 (44.1%) were positive in the 6B bottle. In 19 (55.9%) of the 34 sets, only the 16B bottle yielded growth. The resin bottle was more useful for patients with gram-positive bacteremia than for those with gram-negative bacteremia. The BACTEC 16B resin medium increases the recovery of organisms from bacteremic patients receiving antimicrobial agents and should be used in addition to the standard BACTEC aerobic bottle for such patients. PMID- 6630432 TI - Isolation and characterization of flagellar preparations from Pseudomonas species. AB - Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used previously to characterize the flagellin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. flFlagella from several other clinically important species of pseudomonads have been characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their molecular weights have been found to vary among species as follows: P. maltophilia B69 Fla, 33,000; P. stutzeri HEW, 55,000; P. aeruginosa M-2, 53,000. The flagella of P. cepacia strains were divided into two groups based on molecular weight. Type I had a molecular weight of 31,000. The molecular weight of type II was in the range of 44,000 to 46,000. Serologically, type I is a homologous group, whereas type II is a heterologous group. The two flagellin types of P. cepacia appear to be analogous to the two major flagellin types of P. aeruginosa. Characterization of P. cepacia strains by flagellin types may serve as a molecular epidemiological tool. PMID- 6630433 TI - Comparison of a monoclonal antibody with a polyclonal serum in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting adenovirus. AB - To develop and evaluate an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting adenovirus antigens in which a group-specific monoclonal antibody to the adenovirus hexon is used, we studied two different ELISA test systems. The test system which was the most sensitive and specific was then compared in parallel tests with a similarly constructed ELISA in which a mouse polyclonal serum was used. Both the ELISA with the monoclonal antibody and that with the polyclonal serum detected purified hexon and 15 different adenovirus types with similar sensitivities. The two assays also showed no reaction with 23 heterologous viruses. Both tests detected adenovirus in stool and respiratory tract specimens tested for adenovirus by standard tissue culture techniques with similar sensitivities and specificities, but neither was sufficiently sensitive for routine testing of these types of clinical specimens. However, the ELISA with the monoclonal antibody proved to be a good test for the noncultivatable adenoviruses, detecting 12 of 12 stool samples that were positive by electron microscopy. The monoclonal antibody proved to be as sensitive and specific as the polyclonal serum and has the advantage that it can be produced in unlimited quantities and needs to be characterized only once. PMID- 6630434 TI - Evaluation of a lysis-centrifugation system for recovery of yeasts and filamentous fungi from blood. AB - A lysis-centrifugation system (Isolator; E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.) was compared with a biphasic brain heart infusion (BHI) medium in a prospective study of 5,125 fungal blood cultures. The Isolator recovered 90.3% of the positive cultures, compared with 63.4% recovered by the biphasic BHI medium. Overall, the detection of fungemia was increased 36.6% by the Isolator. Mean recovery times for yeasts were 2.12 and 4.90 days for the Isolator and BHI bottles, respectively. Cultures of Histoplasma capsulatum required 8.0 and 24.14 days for recovery by the Isolator and BHI bottles, respectively. The Isolator provided a more rapid and sensitive means of detecting organisms associated with fungemia. PMID- 6630435 TI - Rapid species identification and biotyping of respiratory isolates of Haemophilus spp. AB - Three commercially available systems, the 4-h Minitek Enterobacteriaceae III, the Haemophilus Trio-Tube, and the Micro-ID, were evaluated for their capacities to identify and biotype 308 respiratory isolates of Haemophilus spp. When compared with aminolevulinic acid test results, the definitive identification method used in this study, these systems demonstrated no significant differences in their capacities to differentiate Haemophilus influenzae from Haemophilus parainfluenzae. They were in agreement with the standard method of species identification approximately 50% of the time. When sucrose was added to the Minitek and Trio-Tube configurations, the efficiency rate of species identification increased to more than 95%. The Micro-ID could not be modified to incorporate this additional biochemical parameter. The performance of the sucrose supplemented Minitek and Trio-Tube systems, compared to the combined results of Micro-ID and aminolevulinic acid, produced correlations of 94 and 90%, respectively. Rapid and accurate methodologies are available for combined species identification and biotyping of Haemophilus spp. PMID- 6630436 TI - Comparison of two commercially available isolation systems for Chlamydia trachomatis. AB - In a comparison of two commercially available chlamydial isolation systems in which cycloheximide-treated McCoy cell monolayers are used, the system from Bartels Immunodiagnostic Supplies, Inc., Bellevue, Wash., was found to be superior to that from M. A. Bioproducts, Walkersville, Md. for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by iodine staining. Of 288 clinical specimens run in parallel, 47 (16.3%) were positive, with 16 of 47 positive results detected in the Bartels system only and 1 of 47 positive results detected in the M. A. Bioproducts system only (P less than 0.001). A comparison of the number of inclusion-forming units per cover slip from clinical specimens and passaged isolates also showed that the Bartels cell system demonstrated higher inclusion counts than the M. A. Bioproducts system. In routine clinical use, overall isolation rates were higher (P less than 0.001) and contamination rates were lower (P less than 0.001) with the Bartels system as compared with results obtained in a previous time period in which the M. A. Bioproducts system was used. PMID- 6630437 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against group- and type-specific lipopolysaccharide antigens of Vibrio cholerae O:1. AB - Hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against the O-antigenic determinants of Vibrio cholerae O:1 have been established. The specificity of the antibodies was ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition experiments by using lipopolysaccharides from V. cholerae O:1 strains and type strains of groups O:2 and O:21. The anti-A antibody was of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) class, whereas the anti-B and -C antibodies were IgG3. The antibodies had a good agglutinating capacity when tested against V. cholerae O:1 strains in the slide agglutination test. PMID- 6630438 TI - Differentiation between virulent and avirulent Yersinia enterocolitica isolates by using Congo red agar. AB - Cultivation of clinical isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica of diverse geographical origin on a medium containing 5 micrograms of Congo red per ml disclosed two colony types. These were designated CR+ and CR- according to their ability to bind Congo red. CR+ strains bore plasmids of between 40 and 50 megadaltons and were positive in several tests of Y. enterocolitica virulence, including autoagglutination, reduced growth on magnesium oxalate agar, resistance to the bactericidal effect of serum, and lethality for iron-overloaded mice. CR- strains were plasmidless and were negative in all these assays. The Congo red reaction provides a simple and efficient means of screening Y. enterocolitica for virulence and is the best available method for identifying individual plasmid bearing colonies. PMID- 6630439 TI - Isolation of Clostridium pseudotetanicum from a patient with gas gangrene. AB - Clostridium pseudotetanicum was isolated along with Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis from a patient suffering from gas gangrene who had been injured in the right leg by a power cultivator. Experimental infection of the hind leg of mice with C. pseudotetanicum and the three kinds of aerobic bacteria did not produce any different macroscopic finding in the infection site, compared with aerobic bacterial injection, except for some enlargement of the involved tissue and some slightly altered histolytic findings. Ampicillin, rifampin, and tinidazole were the most active antimicrobial agents against C. pseudotetanicum. PMID- 6630440 TI - Serodiagnosis of infectious mononucleosis with a bovine erythrocyte glycoprotein. AB - A glycoprotein from bovine erythrocyte membrane was evaluated in two immunoassays as a reagent for the serodiagnosis of infectious mononucleosis (IM). We previously reported that a partially purified preparation of this glycoprotein, when attached to latex beads, agglutinated in the presence of IM heterophile antibody. In the present study, we used a highly purified form of the glycoprotein both as an agglutinating reagent, covalently bound to latex, and in a solid-phase sandwich-type radioimmunoassay (RIA) for IM antibody detection in a larger population of patients. We tested serum samples from college students with symptoms suggestive of IM with the latex reagent (143 samples) and with the RIA (245 samples). Correlation of these two tests, both with each other and with the classical differentially absorbed, agglutination tests for Paul-Bunnell antibody in IM sera, using fresh sheep or horse cells, was excellent (greater than 97% agreement). The new tests also corresponded in most cases with a rapid, unabsorbed preserved horse erythrocyte slide test. However, in this study of 245 samples, both apparent false-positives (5 samples) and apparent false-negatives (3 samples) were observed with this slide test. In conclusion, we found that the bovine glycoprotein as a reagent can facilitate the diagnosis of IM, giving results comparable to those with erythrocyte agglutination tests on differentially absorbed sera. The advantages are ease and speed of performance (latex test), potential for automation (RIA test), stability and uniformity of the glycoprotein reagent (latex and RIA tests), and most importantly, the ability to use unabsorbed sera (latex and RIA tests). PMID- 6630441 TI - Inactivation of contraceptive steroid hormones by human intestinal clostridia. AB - Steroid hormones reduced in ring-A are devoid of hormonal activity. In metabolic experiments we found that human fecal flora reduced the delta 4-3-keto structure of natural progestins to 3 alpha-hydroxy, 5 beta-steroid metabolites (3 alpha,5 beta) and of synthetic progestins to a mixture of 3 alpha,5 beta and 3 beta,5 beta compounds. 3 alpha,5 beta-Reductase was synthesized by Clostridium paraputrificum and had a strong affinity for natural progestins such as progesterone. 3 beta,5 beta-Reductase was synthesized by Clostridium innoculin and had a stronger affinity for synthetic progestins. A third enzyme, 3 beta,5 alpha-reductase, was synthesized by St. Luke's strain 209 (Clostridium species "J 1") but was only observed when pure cultures were used. Ring-A reduction of synthetic progestins was 3 to 10 times slower than that of natural progestins, thus explaining the pharmacological superiority of synthetic progestins over naturally occurring analogs. PMID- 6630442 TI - Rapid detection of bacterial growth in blood cultures by bioluminescent assay of bacterial ATP. AB - A method for rapid detection of bacterial growth in blood cultures by bioluminescent assay of bacterial ATP was developed. Samples from blood cultures were treated with a blood-lysing detergent combined with an ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme to destroy blood cell ATP. Blood cell ATP which was bound to cell debris and escaped the ATPase activity was then separated from the bacteria on Percoll density gradients. Bacterial ATP from the bacterial layer was determined by the firefly bioluminescence system. In simulated blood cultures inoculated with 10 CFU of bacteria per ml of blood, bacterial ATP levels exceeded the detection limit (10(-10) M) after 6 to 10 h of incubation. This ATP level corresponds to approximately 10(4) CFU of bacteria per ml. PMID- 6630443 TI - Inactivation of hepatitis B virus by intermediate-to-high-level disinfectant chemicals. AB - In five separate tests, hepatitis B virus in dried human plasma was exposed for 10 min at 20 degrees C to disinfectant chemicals having activity levels ranging from intermediate (e.g., 70% isopropyl alcohol) to high (e.g., 2% aqueous glutaraldehyde at pH 8.6). Five chimpanzees (one animal per disinfectant chemical) received treated material intravenously, and none showed signs of infection after post-inoculation periods of 9 months. Two animals were rechallenged with inoculum treated in the same manner, except that saline was used instead of a disinfectant chemical; both were infected within 4 weeks. Our results showed that hepatitis B virus was not as resistant to disinfectant chemicals as once thought and suggested that chemicals with similar activity levels (intermediate to high) might possibly be used on hepatitis B virus contamination with a margin of safety. PMID- 6630444 TI - Effect of different media on determination of novobiocin resistance for differentiation of coagulase-negative staphylococci. AB - Species identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci often requires the determination of novobiocin susceptibility. Although previous investigators have recommended the use of P agar for this purpose, most clinical laboratories do not routinely utilize this medium. For this reason, studies were performed to compare novobiocin susceptibility results obtained with 11 different species of staphylococci (10 isolates of each species), using P agar, Trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood, and Mueller-Hinton agar. Tests performed on 70 susceptible isolates (minimal inhibitory concentration less than 1.6 micrograms/ml) resulted in zones of inhibition around 5-micrograms novobiocin disks ranging from 19.6 to 33.9, 16.2 to 26.6, and 21.3 to 36.4 mm on P agar, Trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood, and Mueller-Hinton agar, respectively. Forty resistant isolates (minimal inhibitory concentration greater than or equal to 1.6 micrograms/ml) exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 6.0 to 11.3 mm on P agar, 6.0 to 11.6 mm on Trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood, and 6.0 to 13.5 mm on Mueller Hinton agar. Using the established cut off of 16 mm to define novobiocin resistance for the identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci, we correctly identified 100% of the strains tested, regardless of the media utilized. PMID- 6630445 TI - Comparison of three reagents for detecting indole production by anaerobic bacteria in microtest systems. AB - Three reagents for detecting indole, Kovac, Ehrlich, and p dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMCA), were evaluated with commercial microtest systems for characterizing and identifying anaerobic bacteria. The DMCA reagent, the most sensitive of the three reagents, gave a positive reaction with 445 of 449 strains of various indole-producing anaerobic bacteria. There was 99.6% agreement between the results obtained with the DMCA in the microtest systems and results using the conventional tube test to detect indole by using xylene extraction and Ehrlich reagent. Ehrlich reagent detected indole in 163 of 176 (92.6%) indole-positive strains when the inoculum was overlaid with mineral oil before incubation. Kovac reagent was the least sensitive of the reagents tested. When the inoculum was overlaid with mineral oil, Kovac reagent detected only 80 of 108 (74.0%) of indole-positive strains. In addition to being the most sensitive reagent for detection indole, DMCA also allowed detection of indole derivatives (skatole, 3-indolepropionic acid, and 3-indolebutyric acid) produced by some clostridia. PMID- 6630446 TI - Evaluation of screening tests for the detection of antistreptolysin O antibodies. AB - The accuracy of two screening tests, one utilizing serum and the other utilizing whole blood, was compared with the accuracy of the conventional macrotitration method for the detection of antistreptolysin O antibodies. Of the 569 specimens tested with the serum screening procedure and the macrotitration method, 235 and 282, respectively, were positive for antistreptolysin O antibodies. Comparative testing of 200 specimens with the peripheral blood screening test and the macrotitration method gave 60.5% by the macrotitration procedure. Discrepant results with both procedures were obtained with specimens having 166 Todd units. The results suggest that these screening procedures can be used to screen specimens for the presence of significant antistreptolysin O antibodies. PMID- 6630447 TI - Environmental study of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemic in a burn unit. AB - During an outbreak of infections caused by methicillin-resistant (MR) Staphylococcus aureus in our burn unit, we conducted an extensive 10-week study to define the environmental epidemiology of the organism. The inanimate environment in patient rooms and adjacent areas was examined by using volumetric air samplers and Rodac plates. Airborne and surface level contamination with MR S. aureus was quantitated, and overall, MR S. aureus comprised 16, 31, and 40% of all bacterial growth from air, elevated surfaces, and floor surfaces, respectively. Mean air, elevated surface, and floor surface MR S. aureus contamination in rooms of MR S. aureus-infected burn patients were 1.9 MR S. aureus per ft3 (ca. 0.028 m3), 20 MR S. aureus per Rodac plate and 48 MR S. aureus per Rodac plate, respectively. Peak patient room environmental contamination levels were 6.9 MR S. aureus per ft3 of air, 70 MR S. aureus per Rodac plate per elevated surface and 138 MR S. aureus per Rodac plate per floor surface. Environmental contamination levels in the adjacent work areas were considerably lower than in infected patient rooms. There was ample opportunity for contamination of personnel through the inanimate environment in this unit. PMID- 6630448 TI - Rapid identification of Staphylococcus aureus in blood cultures by thermonuclease testing. AB - The detection of thermonuclease activity in 86 blood culture samples containing gram-positive cocci showed 100% correlation with the subsequent identification of the isolate as Staphylococcus aureus by the coagulase test. No positive thermonuclease results were found with 66 samples containing coagulase-negative staphylococci and 56 samples containing other gram-positive organisms. The thermonuclease test provides a rapid, reliable method to identify S. aureus in blood cultures. PMID- 6630449 TI - Polymicrobial bacteremia caused by Ewingella americana (family Enterobacteriaceae) and an unusual Pseudomonas species. AB - Ewingella americana and a Pseudomonas species were isolated from three sets of blood cultures from a 41-year-old patient after coronary bypass surgery. This is the first well-described case of bacteremia due to E. americana. Based on data from 31 strains, a detailed description of E. americana is given. PMID- 6630450 TI - Inoculum preparation for anaerobic susceptibility tests. AB - The results of anaerobic susceptibility tests performed with inocula prepared directly from agar isolation media and from overnight broth cultures were compared. Altogether, 93.0% of the results with these two inoculum preparations were within one twofold dilution, including 92.5 and 95.6% of the results with Clostridium species and the Bacteroides fragilis group, respectively. Thus, inocula prepared from agar subculture plates resulted in more-timely susceptibility test results. In addition, the test organisms used in this study grew better when the inoculum was prepared directly from agar plates. PMID- 6630451 TI - Mycoplasma gallisepticum in culture with biosilon microcarrier beads. AB - Various dilutions of Mycoplasma gallisepticum were cultured in the presence of Biosilon microcarrier beads. The microcarriers did not affect the recoverability or the growth rate of M. gallisepticum. Cultures attained a higher density in the presence of microcarriers. The initiation of a culture could be accomplished by the transfer of one bead from a microcarrier culture. PMID- 6630452 TI - Use of enzyme immunoassays and the latex agglutination test to measure the temporal appearance of immunoglobulin G and M antibodies after natural infection or immunization with rubella virus. AB - The time course of appearance of antibodies after infection with rubella virus was determined with an immunoglobulin G (IgG) detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a latex agglutination test, and an IgM detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In six naturally infected rubella patients and 26 vaccinees, antibodies measured by either the IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or the latex agglutination test generally appeared in parallel with those detected by the hemagglutination inhibition test. By 28 days after inoculation of live virus vaccine and by 2 days postonset of clinical rubella symptoms caused by natural infection, antibodies were found by the two tests for all individuals. A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to detect rubella-specific IgM. After natural infection, IgM appeared earlier than IgG, and although IgM titers decreased rapidly postinfection, in four of five patients antibodies were still detectable 40 to 43 days after the onset of clinical symptoms. After vaccine-induced infection, rubella-specific IgM was lower in titer than after natural infection and was detected in only three of seven vaccinees 70 days post-immunization. PMID- 6630453 TI - Reactivity of nonsensitized control erythrocytes in rubella passive hemagglutination assays. AB - Two commercially available, nonsensitized control erythrocytes for use in rubella antibody passive hemagglutination assays detected nonspecific reactions in 10 of 600 (1.7%) and 9 of 500 (1.8%) sera tested. Reactive sera were positive with one or the other cell type, but not both. The probability of obtaining a false positive result owing to a nonspecific passive hemagglutination reaction was estimated to be 0.17% for either cell type. PMID- 6630454 TI - Rapid detection of clindamycin resistance in Bacteroides spp. AB - High-level resistance to clindamycin can be accurately detected by the Wadsworth disk identification test. Of the 98 isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group that were tested, 90 were inhibited by the 60-micrograms erythromycin disk and had clindamycin minimal inhibitory concentrations of less than or equal to 3.2 micrograms/ml. Of the remaining eight isolates, all were resistant to the erythromycin disk and had clindamycin minimal inhibitory concentrations of greater than or equal to 100 micrograms/ml. PMID- 6630455 TI - Concomitance of cytotoxigenic and non-cytotoxigenic Clostridium difficile in stool specimens. AB - Six patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and one patient with diarrhea unrelated to antibiotic use yielded both cytotoxigenic and non-cytotoxigenic isolates of Clostridium difficile from the same stool specimens. In addition, these isolates were shown to be pathogenic and nonpathogenic, respectively, in the hamster model of antibiotic-associated colitis. These data imply that more than one toxin type of C. difficile may be harbored simultaneously. If toxin testing is used to identify C. difficile, more than one colony must be tested. PMID- 6630456 TI - Enhanced isolation of Campylobacter jejuni by cold enrichment in Campy-thio broth. AB - Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from human feces by direct inoculation to Campy BAP (Scott Laboratories, Inc., Fiskeville, R.I.) was compared with isolation after overnight enrichment at 4 degrees C in Campy-thio broth followed by subculture to Campy-BAP. Of 54 positive specimens, 19 were positive only after enrichment, and 5 were positive only on the direct plate. Among 36 positive patients, 10 were detected by enrichment only and 2 by direct plating only. Laboratories using Campy-BAP should include cold enrichment in Campy-thio broth for optimum recovery of C. jejuni. PMID- 6630457 TI - Group JK corynebacterium peritonitis in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - We describe a case of peritonitis with isolation of a group JK corynebacterium from the peritoneal effluent in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and treated with corticosteroids. Therapy with intraperitoneal vancomycin resulted in a rapid eradication of the organism. However, only 1 month after discontinuation of the 26-day therapy, a second episode of peritonitis with JK corynebacterium occurred. After vancomycin was restarted, the organism disappeared again from the peritoneal fluid, but the patient died a few days later from heart failure apparently unrelated to the infection. Some authors have mentioned the isolation of diphtheroids (without further identification) from peritoneal effluent of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of peritonitis associated with JK corynebacterium, an opportunistic organism that must be differentiated from other corynebacteria. PMID- 6630458 TI - Efficiency of various bile salt preparations for stimulation of Clostridium difficile spore germination. AB - Taurocholate, desoxycholate, and cholate stimulated germination of Clostridium difficile spores in broth medium and enhanced recovery of C. difficile spores on a selective agar medium. Desoxycholate and some crude taurocholate preparations also inhibited multiplication of vegetative cells. At a concentration of 1.2 X 10(-2) M, sodium cholate inhibited multiplication of vegetative cells, but at concentrations of 1.2 X 10(-3) to 2.4 X 10(-3) M, it stimulated germination without inhibiting cell multiplication. Thus, pure sodium taurocholate and sodium cholate may effectively be incorporated in cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar, whereas some crude preparations of sodium taurocholate decrease recovery on this medium. PMID- 6630459 TI - Tetrazolium reduction as an aid for streptococcal growth detection with agar dilution susceptibility testing. AB - A dye reduction method for determining a definitive endpoint with agar dilution susceptibility testing has been developed. Bacterial growth was determined by applying to the inoculum spot a dye solution containing 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p nitrophenyl)-5-phenyltetrazolium chloride and phenazine methosulfate. Viable colonies reduced the tetrazolium salt to a visible red color within 3 to 5 min. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of six antimicrobial agents tested against 167 clinical streptococcal isolates were recorded before and after the addition of the tetrazolium-phenazine methosulfate solution. A total of 252 discrepancies (25%) were observed, and of these, 30 (12%) differed by more than one tested antibiotic concentration. Endpoint reproducibility of the dye procedure was assessed by four technologists in a double-blind study. A 2.7-fold reduction in disagreement was observed when the dye was used. Use of the tetrazolium-phenazine methosulfate solution involves little deviation from standard antimicrobial susceptibility test procedures and yields more accurate, as well as reproducible, susceptibility results. PMID- 6630460 TI - Bacteriology of dental abscesses of endodontic origin. AB - Aspirates have been cultured from 10 dental abscesses of endodontic origin, all of which had penetrated beyond the bony alveolus to produce fluctuant swelling. Sampling was by syringe aspiration. Strict anaerobic techniques, including the use of an anaerobic chamber, were used for serial dilution and plating. Randomly selected colonies (100) from each culture were purified, characterized, and identified. Seventy percent of the bacterial isolates were either strict anaerobes or microaerophilic. One abscess yielded a pure culture of a viridans streptococcus, Streptococcus milleri. Streptococcus intermedius dominated the flora in a second abscess. The common oral streptococcus, Streptococcus sanguis, constituted only 2% of the isolates from one additional infection. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, other Bacteroides including B. oralis and B. ruminicola, anaerobic diphtheroids, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Staphylococcus epidermis were other predominant isolates. PMID- 6630461 TI - Method for concentration of parasites from small amounts of feces. AB - A total of 258 formalinized stool specimens received in our clinical laboratory were examined for parasites by direct smears and by the standard Formalin-ethyl acetate (FEAc) concentration method. Microconcentration (MC), a miniaturization of the FEAc method, was compared with the standard method for efficiency of parasite recovery. MC employed 0.25 to 0.50 ml of formalinized stools, 0.5 ml of Formalin, and 0.25 ml of ethyl acetate; the washing steps were omitted, whereas the rest of the procedure remained the same as the FEAc method. A total of 36 (13.9%) specimens were positive for parasites; of these, 23 (63.9%) were negative on direct examination. In 14 of these 23 specimens, the FEAc and MC methods were equivalent in detecting parasites. MC failed to detect parasites in eight specimens that were positive by FEAc and detected a parasite in one specimen that was negative by FEAc. Of 14 specimens positive by both concentration methods, FEAc detected additional parasite species in 2 specimens and MC did so in 1 specimen. The reduced sensitivity of parasite concentration evident in the MC we believe to be exclusively due to the drastically reduced sample size. We propose MC as an alternative to the FEAc concentration method when only small amounts of feces can be obtained. PMID- 6630462 TI - Characterization of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from veterinary clinical specimens. AB - Staphylococci were the most frequent isolates from clinical specimens submitted from a large referral and teaching veterinary hospital. In this study a total of 160 isolates were examined by a wide range of biochemical tests and modifications of basic procedures. An attempt was made to test the validity of these procedures for use in characterization of clinical isolates of coagulase-positive staphylococci. Of the isolates examined, some 27 were Staphylococcus aureus, 115 were Staphylococcus intermedius, and the rest were coagulase-negative staphylococci and were not characterized further. The most useful discriminatory tests were acid production from maltose incubated overnight on maltose purple agar (W. E. Kloos and K. H. Schleifer, J. Clin. Microbiol., 1:82-88, 1975), acetoin production detected by the Barritt method, and detection of hyaluronidase activity. These gave accurate and fast results. Supplemented with the tellurite reduction test and the direct staphylocoagulase assay using Chromozym TH (Engels et al.; J. Clin. Microbiol. 14:496-500, 1981), these tests should eliminate the possibility of false identifications of these two species. PMID- 6630463 TI - Characterization, serological specificity, and diagnostic possibilities of monoclonal antibodies against Legionella pneumophila. AB - Hybridoma-producing monoclonal antibodies against Legionella pneumophila were produced by the fusion of nonsecreting mouse myeloma cells (NS-1) with splenocytes of BALB/c mice immunized by heat-killed L. pneumophila of serogroup I. Of 96 wells, 85 produced clones, of which 28 were positive as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Ten of the hybridoma supernatants, remaining positive after 2 months of culture, were tested against the other Legionella serogroups and the atypical strains. None showed significant cross reaction. Six of the positive clones were subcloned by limiting dilution, and two subclones were put into ascites in BALB/c mice. The monoclonal antibody obtained from the II-6-18 subclone was of the gamma-3 isotype. In this report, we describe the conditions for the use of this monoclonal antibody as a diagnostic tool for the detection of serogroup I L. pneumophila. PMID- 6630464 TI - Vibrio furnissii (formerly aerogenic biogroup of Vibrio fluvialis), a new species isolated from human feces and the environment. AB - Strains formerly classified as the aerogenic (gas-producing) biogroup of Vibrio fluvialis were shown by DNA relatedness to be a separate species. The species was named Vibrio furnissii sp. nov. (type strain ATCC 35016 = CDC B3215). Three strains of V. furnissii were 79% or more related to the type strain of V. furnissii and about 50% related to the type strain of V. fluvialis. V. fluvialis strains were 40 to 64% related to the type strain of V. furnissii. Divergence in related sequences was only 0.0 to 1.5% among strains of V. furnissii and among strains of V. fluvialis but was 5.0 to 8.0% in interspecific reactions between V. fluvialis and V. furnissii. V. furnissii was aerogenic (produced gas from the fermentation of carbohydrates), whereas V. fluvialis was anaerogenic (did not produce gas from the fermentation of carbohydrates). Another test of some help in differentiating the two species was fermentation of L-rhamnose (57% positive for V. furnissii and negative for V. fluvialis). In addition to the reactions above, V. furnissii is distinguished from other salt-requiring vibrios on the basis of its positive reactions in tests for Moller L-arginine, L-arabinose, maltose, and D-mannitol and its negative reactions for Moller L-lysine and L-ornithine, lactose, and Voges-Proskauer. V. furnissii has been isolated from patients with acute gastroenteritis in at least two outbreaks of food poisoning; its role as a cause of diarrhea needs further study. PMID- 6630465 TI - Detection of urinary Vi antigen as a diagnostic test for typhoid fever. AB - Since Vi antigen is limited primarily to Salmonella typhi, it has been thought that detection of the antigen may be a useful method for diagnosing acute typhoid fever. The slide coagglutination method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay have recently been suggested as ways to detect small quantities of Vi antigen in urine. In Santiago, Chile, we compared the results of these two methods in patients with acute typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and other febrile illnesses and in afebrile control subjects. Using a cut-off value that maximally separated typhoid patients from controls, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive in 62.4% of 141 patients with culture-proven typhoid infections and in 13.2% of 159 afebrile control subjects. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was false positive in 64.7% of 34 culture-proven paratyphoid A or B patients and 47.1% of 21 patients with other nontyphoidal febrile illnesses. The coagglutination test was positive in 34% of typhoid patients, 14% of afebrile control subjects, and 46% of febrile control subjects. We conclude that these tests when performed with the Vi antibodies employed in this study are of little value for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in this setting. PMID- 6630466 TI - Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli serotypes isolated from chickens, cattle, and pigs. AB - A total of 191 Campylobacter jejuni and 125 Campylobacter coli were isolated from the intestinal content of 398 chickens, 421 cattle, and 203 pigs. All 108 chicken isolates and 73 of 80 cattle isolates were C. jejuni, but 115 of the 118 pig isolates were C. coli. A total of 84% of the C. jejuni and 64% of the C. coli isolates were typed on the basis of thermostable antigens with 20 antisera prepared against frequently occurring serotypes in Campylobacter enteritis in man (15 C. jejuni, 6 C. coli serotypes). A total of 96% of the chicken isolates and 67% of the cattle isolates belonged to 11 C. jejuni serotypes that occur most frequently in human cases of enteritis (serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13/16, 18, 21, 23, 31, and 36). Serotype 8, a relatively common human isolate, was not recovered. The C. coli isolates from pigs belonged to serotypes uncommon among human isolates. PMID- 6630467 TI - Evaluation of the Bacteriuria Detection Device. AB - The ability of the Bacteriuria Detection Device (BDD) (Marion Laboratories, Kansas City, Mo.) to detect significant bacteriuria was evaluated. Quantitative plating and BDD results were compared for 513 clinical specimens, 188 of which were voided. Eighty-seven specimens (17%) could not be tested because of clogging or excessive pigmentation. Specimens were considered positive if they contained more than 10(4) bacteria per ml. Thirteen specimens gave false-negative BDD results; 10 of these contained gram-positive cocci. The sensitivity of the BDD test was calculated to be 89%; the specificity, 65%. The predictive value of a negative test was 94%; that of a positive test was 49%. The efficiency of the BDD test was 71.6%. The BDD has the potential for providing rapid detection of bacteriuria, but requires further improvement before it can reliably be substituted for urine culture. PMID- 6630468 TI - Evaluation of four gentamicin and tobramycin assay procedures for clinical laboratories. AB - Accuracy, precision, and clinical laboratory utility of the TDX (Abbott Laboratories), Auto-ICS (Beckman Instruments, Inc.), COBAS-Bio (Roche Analytical Instruments, Inc.) with reagent kits (Syva), and EMIT (Syva) for gentamicin and tobramycin serum assay were assessed. TDX, COBAS-Bio, and EMIT analytical systems showed a proportional bias of less than 10% for recovery studies and a coefficient of variation less than 5% for within-run precision. The results of the recovery studies with the Auto-ICS showed a proportional bias of 25% with gentamicin and 16% with tobramycin. The within-run precision expressed as the coefficient of variation for the Auto-ICS was 6.7% for gentamicin and 8.6% for tobramycin. In comparisons involving gentamicin- and tobramycin-containing patient samples, the results with the TDX analytical system showed the best agreement with the COBAS-Bio. For the determination of these two antibiotics, the TDX analytical system provided the best overall accuracy and precision. PMID- 6630469 TI - Evaluation of liquid and lyophilized preservatives for urine culture. AB - Culture results of urine specimens transported conventionally (sterile cup) and in a commercial liquid or an investigational lyophilized preservative were compared in a hospital that experiences substantial delays in specimen transport to the laboratory (greater than 40% of specimens received after a delay of greater than or equal to 2 h). At the time of initial plating in the laboratory, 106 of 111 (95.5%) specimens that were positive (greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU of a single organism per ml in pure culture) after conventional transport were also positive in liquid preservative. After a 24-h holding period (cup refrigerated, preserved urine at room temperature), agreement was 91.4% (96 of 105). At the time of initial plating, agreement between results obtained by the conventional method and those obtained by using lyophilized preservative was 96.9% (63 of 65); after 24 h, agreement was 92.4% (61 of 67). Complete inhibition of growth of three Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates was observed in liquid preservative; however, urine processed in the lyophilized preservative did not show inhibition. The proportion of urine cultures showing no change in quantitative growth between the time of initial plating and repeat plating at 24 h was virtually identical for all three processing methods (83.6 +/- 0.9%). After the 24-h holding period, specimens processed in lyophilized preservative were less likely to show diminished quantitative growth than were specimens processed conventionally or in liquid preservative but were more likely to show an increase in growth of greater than or equal to 1 log. Nonetheless, the apparent lack of toxicity of lyophilized preservative may make it preferable to the currently available liquid preservative. PMID- 6630470 TI - Cellular fatty acid composition and ubiquinone content of Legionella feeleii sp. nov. AB - The cellular fatty acid composition of Legionella feeleii was determined by capillary gas-liquid chromatography, and the ubiquinone content was determined by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. As in other Legionella species, this new species is characterized by relatively large amounts of branched-chain fatty acids and by major amounts of ubiquinones with more than 10 isoprene units in the side chain. PMID- 6630471 TI - Lactose-fermenting, multiple drug-resistant Salmonella typhi strains isolated from a patient with postoperative typhoid fever. AB - Two lactose-fermenting Salmonella typhi strains were isolated from bile and blood specimens of a typhoid fever patient who underwent a cholecystectomy due to cholelithiasis. One lactose-fermenting S. typhi strain was also isolated from a pus specimen which was obtained at the tip of the T-shaped tube withdrawn from the operative wound of the common bile duct of the patient. These three lactose fermenting isolates: GIFU 11924 from bile, GIFU 11926 from pus, and GIFU 11927 from blood, were phenotypically identical to the type strain (GIFU 11801 = ATCC 19430 = NCTC 8385) of S. typhi, except that the three strains fermented lactose and failed to blacken the butt of Kligler iron agar or triple sugar iron agar medium. All three lactose-fermenting strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, sulfomethoxazole, trimethoprim, gentamicin, cephaloridine, and four other antimicrobial agents. The type strain was uniformly susceptible to these 10 drugs. The strain GIFU 11925, a lactose-negative dissociant from strain GIFU 11926, was also susceptible to these drugs, with the sole exception of chloramphenicol (minimal inhibitory concentration, 100 micrograms/ml). PMID- 6630472 TI - Increased sensitivity and reduced specificity of hemagglutination inhibition tests with ether-treated influenza B/Singapore/222/79. AB - Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests against whole virus (WV) influenza B/Singapore/222/79 antigen detected prevaccination serum antibody in only 15 (20%) of 50 predominantly elderly volunteers and fourfold or greater titer rises in only three (6%) after they received 1981-1982 trivalent influenza vaccine containing antigens of this virus. HI titers against ether-treated (ET) B/Singapore/222/79 were about eightfold higher than those against WV antigen and were comparable to microneutralization titers against this virus. The ET HI detected prevaccination antibody in 84%, a postvaccination titer rise in 32%, and a final titer of 80 or higher in 66%. Among 51 additional persons with known or presumed influenza B virus infections early in 1982, ET B/Singapore/222/79 was also more sensitive than WV for serodiagnosis (69 versus 49%), but eight persons with both WV and ET B/Singapore/222/79 HI responses also had an HI titer rise to WV A/Brazil/11/78 (H1N1) antigen. Conversely, among 14 college students with febrile, culture-proven influenza A (H1N1) infections early in 1982, 6 (43%) developed HI titer rises to ET B/Singapore/222/79 with no other serological evidence of influenza B virus infection. Moreover, young adult volunteers with mild experimental influenza A (H1N1) infections also exhibited a 17% (3 of 18) incidence of ET B/Singapore/222/79 HI titer rises, versus none in matched, uninfected volunteers. These data indicate that ET B/Singapore/222/79 virus has increased sensitivity but reduced specificity compared to WV as an HI antigen and that caution is needed in interpretation of a single HI test for serodiagnosis, whether with WV or ET antigen. PMID- 6630473 TI - New characteristics of Mycobacterium haemophilum. AB - The first isolation of Mycobacterium haemophilum in Victoria was from 8-month-old leg lesions in an immunosuppressed renal transplant patient. Characteristics of the isolate that had not been described previously for M. haemophilum included growth enhancement by carbon dioxide, a temperature optimum that was lower than previously reported, and the surprisingly slow growth of the primary isolate. PMID- 6630474 TI - Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains by coagglutination and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. AB - A total of 217 Streptococcus pneumoniae strains were serotyped by coagglutination (COA) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). With all strains tested, there was full agreement between results obtained by COA and CIE, except for strains belonging to serotypes 7, 14, 33, and 37, which could not be typed by CIE. These strains were serotyped by passive immunodiffusion, results of which were in full agreement with those obtained by COA. Besides having the advantage of identifying strains belonging to all serotypes, COA was also more rapid and economical than CIE. PMID- 6630475 TI - Isolation of Yersinia spp. from bovine feces. AB - Yersinia spp. were sought in 618 fecal samples from cows. Four strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, serotype O:12,26 (one), O:13,7 (two), and O:18 (one); seven strains of Yersinia kristensenii, serotype O:11,24 (five) and O:12,26 (two); and one strain of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype IIB, were isolated. This is the first time that Y. pseudotuberculosis has been isolated from cows in Japan, and the isolation of serotype IIB of this organism from cows seems to be the first in the world. PMID- 6630476 TI - Effect of ferrous sulfate, sodium metabisulfite, and sodium pyruvate on survival of Campylobacter jejuni. AB - A combination of ferrous sulfate, sodium metabisulfite and sodium pyruvate, incorporated in solid medium, maintained the characteristic morphology, motility, and viability of six isolates of Campylobacter jejuni stored at room temperature and 4 degrees C for up to 20 and 30 days, respectively, under normal atmospheric conditions. PMID- 6630477 TI - Simple new test for rapid differentiation of Prototheca wickerhamii from Prototheca zopfii. AB - A simple new test to differentiate Prototheca wickerhamii from Prototheca zopfii by determining susceptibility to clotrimazole is described. A 50-micrograms clotrimazole disk provides a rapid and reliable means of distinguishing P. wickerhamii from P. zopfii. PMID- 6630478 TI - Comparison of radioimmunoassay and fluorescent polarization immunoassay for quantitative determination of vancomycin concentrations in serum. AB - A new fluorescent polarization immunoassay (Abbott Laboratories, Diagnostics Division, North Chicago, Ill.) was compared with a standard radioimmunoassay (American Diagnostics Corp., Newport Beach, Calif.) in 34 patients being treated with vancomycin. A total of 123 serum samples were divided and quantitatively analyzed for vancomycin by both assay methods. The results obtained indicated that the two assay methods are comparable (y = 1.01x - 0.81; r = 0.99). PMID- 6630479 TI - Computer-assisted determination of antibiotic susceptibility in photometer-read microtiter plates. AB - A method for the computer-assisted determination of microdilution minimal inhibitory concentrations by using a Dynatech MR580 through-the-plate reading photometer is presented. The method was evaluated by comparison with manual determination of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 12 antibiotics for 115 bacterial isolates. The two methods agreed within one dilution in 98.3% of the cases. PMID- 6630480 TI - Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus in homosexual males. AB - Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus was isolated from the stools of two homosexual males. One was asymptomatic at the time of isolation. The other presented with diarrhea. Both isolates were initially grown at 42 degrees C. This organism should be included among the list of organisms that are found in homosexual males. PMID- 6630481 TI - Light diffractometry for determining the sarcomere length of striated muscle: an evaluation. AB - Single semitendinosus muscle fibres of frog were illuminated at normal incidence with an argon-ion laser lasing at 514.5, 496.5, 488.0 or 476.5 nm. The meridional diffraction was projected directly on to a photographic film and recorded. A scanning densitometer plotted the diffraction recorded on film. The densitometer scans yielded the centroid positions of the diffraction columns. The shift of the centroid position upon a change of the wavelength of the laser beam obeyed the grating equation. Relative to the undiffracted beam, the positions of the fine structure within the first- and second-order diffractions were measured with a spectroscopic plate reader to a precision of 1 micrometer. The shifts of the fine structures also followed the prediction of the grating equation when the wavelength of the laser beam varied. The fine structures of the left and right diffraction columns were different. The difference in position and intensity of the corresponding fine structures of the left and right diffraction columns was explained by assuming that the fibre acted as a quasi-homogeneous optical medium and that the myofibrils were tilted at most by 5 degrees against the fibre axis. Each diffraction fine structure was interpreted as the superposition of the light scattered from a group of sarcomeres of equal length. Its position allowed an accurate determination of the sarcomere length according to the grating equation. PMID- 6630482 TI - Sarcomere dynamics in single myocardial cells as revealed by high-resolution light diffractometry. AB - A specially designed diffractometer with a high spatial and temporal resolution recorded the diffraction of a laser beam by single enzymatically isolated myocardial cells. The fine structures within the first-order diffraction were resolved and each structure was interpreted as the diffraction from a group of sarcomeres of nearly equal length. During activation of the cell dynamics of each discrete group of sarcomeres was uniform and independent of the other groups. However, a small nonuniform component in the sarcomere dynamics was observed and attributed to the coupling between the shortening tension and the radial stress resulting from the expansion of the myofibrillar cross-section. The time-course of the diffraction fine structures during contractile activity revealed (1) the period of the contraction-relaxation cycle, (2) the latent period, (3) the shortening and relengthening speeds and (4) the variation in the line width and intensity of the fine structure. Measurements showed that the latent period was dependent on the free Ca2+ of the cell's bathing solution while the initial shortening speed was not. The diffraction line width and intensity of the shortening cell were explained by the grating model. PMID- 6630483 TI - Use of continuous passive slow motion in the postoperative rehabilitation of difficult pediatric knee and elbow problems. AB - Continuous passive slow motion (CPSM) was used to aid postoperative rehabilitation in seven difficult pediatric knee and elbow problems. Four patients had joint erosion secondary to hemophilic arthropathy and three patients had joint irregularities associated with long-standing limitation of joint movement. CPSM was started soon after surgery at the slow speed of 1 revolution every 12.5 min. The early, slow mobilization did not cause pain and established an arc of joint motion before intraarticular adhesions became a problem. Compared with a similar group not using CPSM, our hemophilia patients did not require postoperative manipulation, had decreased hospitalization time, and gained a greater range of motion. The group with long-standing limited joint mobility exhibited maintenance and in most cases improved motion after surgery. Thus CPSM after surgery enhances the rehabilitation process of difficult pediatric knee and elbow problems. PMID- 6630484 TI - Femoral and tibial lengthening. AB - Results and complications are reviewed in 18 femoral and seven tibial lengthenings performed using Wagner's technique. Lengthening achieved averaged 5.7 cm for the femoral and 5.6 cm for the tibial patients. Shortening was congenital in origin in 12 patients, and a soft tissue excision is recommended for these individuals. Two nonunions developed and two stress fractures occurred after plate removal. Pin tract infections occurred in 15 patients and deep infection in three. No serious long-term sequelae of infection have been seen at follow-up averaging 3 years 3 months. Additional complications included: patella dislocation, posterior tibial subluxation, and partial peroneal nerve palsy. No hypertension was observed. Five of 25 patients had no complications; additional operative procedures were performed in eight patients. Wagner's technique of limb lengthening is exacting and complications, although often remediable, may be expected frequently. However, the method remains a significant advance in the management of limb length inequality in the young patient. PMID- 6630485 TI - Proximal femoral osteotomy: a trigonometric analysis of effect on leg length. AB - A trigonometric analysis of the effect of a proximal femoral osteotomy, either dome or cuneiform, on leg length was done to aid the preoperative planning for this surgery. Change in leg length may be determined for a dome osteotomy by multiplying the length of the head-neck segment by the difference between the cosines of the preoperative and postoperative neck-shaft angles as measured from the vertical. A series of determinations are tabulated for a variety of head-neck lengths and angulation changes. When a cuneiform osteotomy is being done, the effect of the wedge can be determined and should be considered. Also to be considered are a tendency for spontaneous correction and growth stimulation from the osteotomy. PMID- 6630486 TI - External skeletal fixation in children's fractures. AB - Fourteen children with acute fractures, mostly open fractures, were treated with Hoffmann external fixation as a part of their fracture care. Thirteen fractures involved the tibia and one the femur. The average follow-up of these children was 17 months. The Hoffmann device was used for 6 to 20 weeks with an average of 11 weeks. One-half of the children had purulent drainage at some time during their treatment although no chronic infections resulted. Fracture union was present after 12 to 52 weeks with a median of 17 weeks. Three refractures occurred after apparent union. The only final angular deformity was in one patient with 6 degrees of varus. Three patients had leg length discrepancies of 2 cm or more. Four patients had overgrowth of the injured limb of 1.0 to 3.0 cm. Range of motion was not permanently impaired by the Hoffmann device. Use of the Hoffmann device for external skeletal fixation is recommended in children with open fractures with skin loss or burns, in children with head injury with resultant increased motor tone, and in polytrauma patients to facilitate patient care and transport for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. PMID- 6630487 TI - Railyard amputations in children. AB - Railyard or train-related accidents are a common cause of traumatic amputations in children. Four consecutive children with traumatic lower extremity amputations due to railyard amputation seen between 1975 and 1980 demonstrated: a common mechanism of injury--all were attempting to obtain rides on slow-moving trains near their homes or school; similar lower extremity amputation patterns--four right below knee and two left Syme's amputations; and distinctively abnormal psychosocial backgrounds. The psychosocial abnormalities have been demonstrated to be unique in children sustaining traumatic railyard amputations and are probably contributory. Awareness of these factors is important when considering surgical intervention and in planning for long-term rehabilitation. PMID- 6630488 TI - A biomechanical analysis of the etiology of tibia vara. AB - To elucidate the cause of tibia vara, finite element analysis of the proximal tibia was used to investigate the stresses occurring in the physeal plate during one-legged stance in 2- and 5-year-old children. A modification of the method of Kettlekamp and Chao was used to assign forces to the medial and lateral plateaus and lateral ligament. Stresses were calculated in the physeal plate for the two age groups as a function of degree of varus and body weight. Our results show that increasing varus resulted in increasing compressive stress in the medial tibial physis to a level seven times normal at 30 degrees of varus. Further, tensile stresses determined in the lateral tibial physis were increased above normal. Changes were more marked in the obese child and in the 5 year old. Using the data from Strobino et al. it appears that in the 2 year old 20 degrees of varus resulted in forces sufficient to retard growth. In the 5 year old, however, 10 degrees of varus resulted in borderline forces in a child of normal weight, but forces exceeding those necessary to retard physeal growth were calculated in the model of the obese child. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that Blount's disease is primarily the result of the proximal tibial epiphysis responding to physical phenomena. PMID- 6630489 TI - Patterns of progression in Legg-Perthes disease. AB - The radiographic changes in 57 patients with Legg-Perthes disease were studied to define the patterns of progression of one disease stage to the next. Femoral neck width, epiphyseal width and height, acetabular depth, "tear-drop" distance, and femoral head width and sphericity in the anteroposterior projection were measured on 529 X-ray films. Two distinct groups of hips were found. Group I (43) hips showed moderate changes in all parameters during fragmentation phase but improved in subsequent years, maintaining a concentric reduction and adequate sphericity in the femoral head. Group II (14) hips were initially identical to the hips in Group I. During midfragmentation phase, however, "tear-drop" distance increased suddenly and significant flattening and widening of the epiphysis rapidly followed. There was loss of the normal congruent relationship of acetabulum and femoral head with progressive increase in femoral head size and a marked loss of sphericity of the femoral head. Surgical reestablishment of an adequate femoral acetabular relationship reversed the tendency toward further flattening in many cases. PMID- 6630490 TI - Septic arthritis of the hip in children: poor results after late and inadequate treatment. AB - This study reports on the late results of septic arthritis of the hip in 29 children, after an average follow-up of 12 years 7 months. The purpose of the study is to show the severe destruction caused by infection in children's hips and to reemphasize the necessity for early diagnosis and treatment. The 29 patients were divided into two groups according to age (0-4 weeks and 1 month-3 years of age) because of the different prognoses. Functional and anatomical evaluations of the hips were performed. In some cases there was no correlation between the functional results and the anatomical situation of the joint. Our results showed that the prognosis is worse in young children and also in cases with associated osteomyelitis of the proximal femur. Eleven of the 16 neonates were premature. Late reconstructive surgery is difficult and does not always give the desired functional and anatomical improvement. The most important factor influencing the end result, however, is the time between beginning of symptoms and treatment; that is the only factor, also, we can change to improve the ultimate outcome of the disease. PMID- 6630491 TI - Anteroposterior instability of the knee: a sign of congenital limb deficiency. AB - A clinical sign of anteroposterior instability of the knee has been noted in patients with evidence of a congenital lower limb deficiency. This instability can be a reliable diagnostic sign during infancy when radiologic deficiency is barely evident. Furthermore this sign is evidence that apparent isolated deficiencies of femur, tibia, or fibula are actually deficiency in the development of the entire limb. PMID- 6630492 TI - Abnormalities of the spine in relation to congenital upper limb deficiencies. AB - A retrospective study was performed to determine the incidence of spinal abnormalities in patients with skeletal defects of the upper extremities. The incidence of scoliosis in the patient population studied was 16%, and spinal abnormalities of all types were present in 18% of the population. Patients with bilateral amelia had a 100% incidence of scoliosis. Those patients with unilateral amelia had a 50% incidence of scoliosis. Patients with ulnar and radial hemimelias had an incidence of scoliosis of 20 and 13%, respectively. The transverse complete and partial hemimelics had an 18% incidence of scoliosis and the phocomelic group had an incidence of 11%. The patient population studied had an increased incidence of scoliosis compared with the general population. The patients with amelia had a particularly high incidence of scoliosis. There was no relationship between the side of the deficiency and the direction of the curve. The age of onset was not found to be related to the progression of the curve. The results of bracing were poor, due to patient rejection of the brace. All patients with upper limb deficiencies warrant close observation throughout growth for the development of scoliosis. PMID- 6630493 TI - Early echocardiographic and pulmonary function findings in idiopathic scoliosis. AB - Thirty-six children and adolescents with early stages of idiopathic scoliosis underwent evaluation by echocardiography and pulmonary function testing. Mildly increased pulmonary vascular resistance was inferred from an elevated ratio of right preejection period to right ventricular ejection time, an increased right ventricular dimension, and a decreased left ventricular dimension. Since neither decreased arterial oxygen saturation nor increased end-tidal expired carbon dioxide partial pressure was seen, desaturation and hypoventilation should not account for these abnormalities. Pulmonary function parameters showed no distinct patterns of abnormality. Even though the patients were divided into two groups by severity of spinal curvature, the cardiopulmonary measures did not correlate with thoracic deformity. Billowing of the mitral leaflets, termed mitral valve prolapse, was demonstrated in 25% of the subjects. Our findings suggest that cardiopulmonary and thoracic changes in idiopathic scoliosis may develop in parallel and may be expressions of a common collagen defect. However, study of sleep and exercise arterial saturation may be required to rule out intermittent hypoxemia as a precipitating factor of cor pulmonale in scoliosis. PMID- 6630494 TI - Xeroradiography in spinal kyphosis. AB - An attempt was made to evaluate the usefulness of xerozonography in spinal kyphosis in children. A direct comparison with conventional film zonography showed that xerozonography yielded considerably better visualisation of all the lesions examined. The procedure, however, resulted in a higher radiation dose. For this reason its clinical use should be restricted to cases in which film radiography fails to demonstrate a lesion adequately. PMID- 6630495 TI - Congenital dislocation of the hip: a biomechanical study in autopsy specimens. AB - The role of mechanical factors in neonatal hip instability was studied in four experimental series of autopsy specimens. The induced hip deformation and dislocation were examined by serial cryosectioning and cryodissection. Loading of the hips at 45 degrees of flexion with moderate forces for 3 h resulted in deformation and dislocation similar to those found at autopsy in congenital dislocation of the hip. There was no macroscopic damage to the joints. Loading at 135 degrees of flexion--to simulate a breech position--also resulted in dislocation, but the cartilage deformation was less pronounced than after loading at 45 degrees of flexion. When the same hip was loaded first at 135 degrees of flexion for 3 h and then at 45 degrees of flexion for another 3 h, the findings were similar to those following loading at 45 degrees of flexion alone. Thus a redeformation of the hip had taken place during the second step of the experiment. After unloading of the deformed and dislocated hips, marked joint laxity was observed, and examination 3 h after unloading showed incomplete recovery of the deformation. PMID- 6630496 TI - Pattern of closure of the proximal femoral and tibial epiphyses in man. AB - Review of 25 proximal femora and 10 proximal tibiae of adolescent skeletons at the time of plate union reveals a distinct pattern of closure. The proximal femur initiates union superiorly with closure proceeding inferiorly. Closure of the tibia occurs along the anteromedial border and spreads posteriorly. No exceptions to these patterns were encountered. A knowledge of the pattern of plate union is useful when assessing fracture geometry in the injured adolescent and in trying to understand disorders of plate closure. PMID- 6630497 TI - Intraepiphyseal osteoid osteoma of the distal femur in an 8-year-old girl. AB - A case of osteoid osteoma occurring in the distal femoral epiphysis of an 8-year old girl is presented. The rare occurrence of this lesion is discussed together with the importance of establishing a definitive diagnosis. The surgical approach and role of the image intensifier are presented. PMID- 6630498 TI - Elongation of the first metatarsal. AB - A case is described in which a 30% elongation of the first metatarsal was achieved by gradual distraction with a mini-Hoffman device. The procedure resulted in considerable cosmetic improvement. PMID- 6630499 TI - Ringworm resulting from swimming with a polyurethane cast. AB - A case of ringworm of the arm is described in a 6-year-old child, after swimming with a polyurethane cast. This report illustrates a potential problem when these casts are inadequately dried and worn for prolonged periods in warm climates. Accurate diagnosis depends on demonstration of fungus in the lesion by smear and culture. Topical antifungal therapy led to rapid resolution. PMID- 6630500 TI - A fracture of the sternum in a child. AB - Fractures of the sternum are seldom seen due to its anatomical structure and supporting structures. The incidence of sternal lesions in children is extremely rare, and the scarcity of published accounts warrants reporting this case, which was treated successfully without surgery. PMID- 6630501 TI - Danger of loss of reduction of supracondylar elbow fracture during radiography. AB - All too often, the labors of manipulation and anatomical reduction of a supracondylar humeral fracture of the elbow requiring, perhaps, an hour or two, are noticed to be lost once the patients' follow-up radiographs are seen. It is our feeling that the reduction is lost when the forearm is externally rotated for the lateral view of the elbow. To prevent this, we recommend placing the X-ray cassette in the axilla to obtain the true lateral view, thus preventing the unsupervised rotation of the fracture. PMID- 6630502 TI - Valgus knee deformity--etiology and treatment. PMID- 6630503 TI - Block grants and the "new" federalism. PMID- 6630504 TI - The effect of administration family planning policy on maternal and child health. PMID- 6630505 TI - Changes in the workplace: implications for occupational safety and health. PMID- 6630506 TI - Hospital cost containment and the quest for institutional growth: a behavioral analysis. PMID- 6630507 TI - The over-eighties in Britain: the social construction of panic. PMID- 6630508 TI - Influence of anatomic site and age on the replication and differentiation of rat adipocyte precursors in culture. AB - Using a propagating cell culture system of adipocyte precursors from 70-400-g rats, we explored the possibility that regional variations in properties of adipose tissue may reflect site-specific characteristics intrinsic to the cells, rather than extracellular influences. Initially, studies were made of the nature of the fibroblastlike cells from perirenal adipose tissue stroma. Using colony forming techniques, it was shown that these cells were adipocyte precursors; each confluent colony that was derived from a single cell displayed differentiated adipocytes. This characteristic was evident in cells from rats of all ages and persisted during secondary culture. At all ages of rats studied, perirenal cells replicated more rapidly than epididymal precursors, e.g., for 179-g rats the population-doubling times were 19.3 +/- 0.7 vs. 25.5 +/- 1.2 h (means +/- SEM, P less than 0.03). With aging of the rats, the replication rate of their perirenal cells decreased progressively. Under clonal conditions, the colony size distribution of both perirenal and epididymal precursors revealed heterogeneity in their capacity for replication, perirenal cells showing greater proliferation. These also differentiated more extensively by morphologic and enzymatic criteria. Age and site had effects that persisted through many cell generations; however, high-fat feeding had no perpetuating influence. The dissimilar properties of perirenal as compared with epididymal precursors may reflect differences in regulation of gene expression. The data are also compatible with a later development in embryological life of perirenal tissue. We suggest that the composition of the adipocyte precursor pool is an important determinant of the growth of adipose tissue that occurs in response to a nutrient load. Interregional or interindividual variation in composition may explain regional and individual differences in fat accumulation. PMID- 6630509 TI - Formation of diiodotyrosine from thyroxine. Ether-link cleavage, an alternate pathway of thyroxine metabolism. AB - Studies were performed to elucidate the nature of the pathway of hepatic thyroxine (T4) metabolism that is activated by inhibitors of liver catalase. For this purpose, the metabolism of T4 in homogenates of rat liver was monitored with T4 labeled with 125I either at the 5'-position of the outer-ring (125I-beta-T4) or uniformly in both the outer and inner rings (125I-U-T4). In homogenates incubated with 125I-beta-T4 in an atmosphere of O2, the catalase inhibitor aminotriazole greatly enhanced T4 degradation, promoting the formation of large proportions of 125I-labeled iodide (125I-I-) and chromatographically immobile origin material (125I-OM), but only a minute proportion of 125I-labeled 3,5,3' triiodothyronine (125I-T3) (T3 neogenesis). In an atmosphere of N2, in contrast, homogenates produced much larger proportions of 125I-T3, and aminotriazole had no effect. In incubations with 125I-U-T4, under aerobic conditions, control homogenates degraded T4 slowly; formation of 125I-labeled 3,5-diiodotyrosine (125I-DIT) was seen only occasionally and in minute proportions. However, in homogenates incubated under O2, but not N2, aminotriazole consistently elicited the formation of large proportions of 125I-DIT, indicating that the ether link of T4 was being cleaved by an O2-dependent process. Formation of 125I-DIT in the presence of aminotriazole and O2 was markedly inhibited by the substrates of peroxidase, aminoantipyrine, and guaiacol. GSH greatly attenuated the increase in DIT formation induced by aminotriazole, whereas the sulfhydryl inhibitor N ethylmaleimide (NEM) activated the DIT-generating pathway, even in the absence of aminotriazole. Activation of the in vitro formation of 125I-DIT from 125I-U-T4 was also produced by the in vivo administration of aminotriazole or bacterial endotoxin, an agent that reduces hepatic catalase activity. Studies with 125I-DIT as substrate revealed it to be rapidly deiodinated by liver homogenates under aerobic conditions. Recovery of 125I-DIT from 125I-U-T4 was increased by the addition of the inhibitor of iodotyrosine dehalogenase, 3,5-dinitrotyrosine. However, as judged from studies conducted in parallel with radioiodine-labeled DIT and 125I-U-T4 as substrates, none of the factors that altered the proportion of 125I-DIT found after incubations with 125I-U-T4 did so by altering the degradation of the 125I-DIT formed. The factors that influenced DIT formation from T4 in rat liver had opposite effects on T3 neogenesis. Thus, aminotriazole, endotoxin, NEM, and an aerobic atmosphere, all of which enhanced DIT formation, were inhibitory to T3 neogenesis. In contrast, anaerobiosis and GSH inhibited ether-link cleavage of T4, but facilitated T3 neogenesis. The foregoing results suggest that a pathway for the ether-link cleavage of T4 to yield DIT is present in rat liver. Activity of this pathway, which appears to be peroxidase mediated, is inversely related to activity of the pathway for the T3 neogenesis. It is further suggested that this reciprocity reflects a reciprocal relationship between hepatic GSH and H2O2, the former increasing T3 formation and inhibiting DIT formation, and the latter producing opposite effects. PMID- 6630511 TI - A monoclonal antibody to rhesus erythrocyte band 3 inhibits invasion by malaria (Plasmodium knowlesi) merozoites. AB - Receptors on erythrocytes and malaria parasites mediate specific attachment and junction formation between these cells that lead to invasion of the erythrocytes. We identified monoclonal antibody A9 and its subclone A9D3 that bound to rhesus erythrocytes and blocked invasion of the erythrocytes by Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites. The monoclonal antibodies did not block attachment, the initial step in invasion, although swelling and crenation of the erythrocyte, which normally occur after attachment, were rarely observed in the presence of antibody. The monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitated rhesus erythrocyte band 3. It bound to erythrocytes of another Old World monkey, the kra monkey, but not to erythrocytes of New World monkeys, chimpanzees, or man. Since the antibody did not bind to human erythrocytes, we could test for nonspecific toxicity to the parasite by studying the effect of the ascites and purified antibody on invasion of human erythrocytes. The antibody caused a minimal reduction in invasion of human erythrocytes, a reduction no greater than that seen with an unrelated monoclonal antibody. Further evidence that the inhibition was specific came from study of Fab fragments of A9D3. Column-purified Fab fragments reduced invasion of rhesus erythrocytes without affecting invasion of human erythrocytes. Fab fragments preabsorbed with rhesus erythrocytes did not inhibit invasion. From the above data, we conclude that band 3 is involved in a stage in the invasion process after initial recognition. PMID- 6630510 TI - Cytochalasin B is a potent mitogen for chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. AB - It is widely accepted that the neoplastic B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) respond poorly to common mitogens. The fungal metabolite cytochalasin B (0.5 micrograms/ml) is a weak mitogen for normal lymphocytes. However, when peripheral blood lymphocytes from 19 patients with CLL of B cell origin (B-CLL) were cultured with 0.5 micrograms cytochalasin B/ml, significant new DNA synthesis ( [14C]thymidine incorporation) occurred in 18. Stimulation indices with cytochalasin B varied widely (range = 1.9-28.2, mean +/- SD = 10.6 +/- 7.5; delta cpm range = 1,157-153,818; n = 26) but in 11 cases exceeded those seen with concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin, or pokeweed mitogen. In all 11, the mitogenic response to cytochalasin B exceeded that to pokeweed mitogen, which is believed to be a T cell-dependent B cell mitogen. In three cases, the responses to cytochalasin B were 8.6, 3.5, and 2.3 times greater than those to Con A. As with other mitogens, the DNA synthetic response to cytochalasin B was time and dose dependent. Peak thymidine incorporation occurred at 72-88 h and declined thereafter. Significant mitogenic effects were observed with 0.1-5 micrograms cytochalasin B/ml with a peak at 0.5-2 micrograms/ml. Stimulated DNA synthesis was abolished by 1 mM hydroxyurea. Cells from two patients with B-CLL were separated by rosetting with sheep erythrocytes (E). Depletion of E-rosette-positive cells from the CLL cell population abolished the response to Con A but did not affect the response to cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B is a potent mitogen for B-CLL cells and may be useful in cytogenetic studies of this often indolent neoplasm. PMID- 6630512 TI - Tissue oxygenation and muscular substrate turnover in two subjects with high hemoglobin oxygen affinity. AB - Oxygen transport to and substrate turnover in leg muscle were studied at rest and during light and heavy upright bicycle exercise in two brothers with a hereditary hemoglobinopathy associated with high oxygen affinity (P50 = 13 mmHg). Femoral venous oxygen tension was below normal and femoral venous oxygen saturation above normal at rest and during exercise. Thus, the arterial-femoral venous oxygen saturation difference was decreased. Despite a compensatory increase in hemoglobin concentration, the arterial-femoral venous oxygen content difference tended to be below normal at heavy exercise. Approximately 25% of the oxygen was delivered via the abnormal hemoglobin at relative heavy exercise. Arterial lactate levels, lactate release, and muscle lactate concentration were not increased at any level of exercise. Glucose, alanine, pyruvate, and glycerol turnover were essentially normal, but the glycogen and creatine phosphate stores were abnormally depleted at the termination of heavy exercise. The exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) was normal, indicating that myocardial oxygenation was adequate. Muscle-surface oxygen pressure fields were normal at rest (not investigated during exercise). It is concluded that the high oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin in our two subjects did not lead to heart or skeletal muscle hypoxia during heavy exercise, as judged from the ECG and from the leg lactate turnover. Despite the lack of evidence for muscle hypoxia, the subjects experienced leg muscle fatigue and the creatine phosphate and glycogen stores were depleted more than normally. PMID- 6630513 TI - Relationships between surface, volume, and thickness of iliac trabecular bone in aging and in osteoporosis. Implications for the microanatomic and cellular mechanisms of bone loss. AB - We devised a new method for examining the structural changes that occur in trabecular bone in aging and in osteoporosis. With simultaneous measurement of total perimeter and bone area in thin sections, indirect indices of mean trabecular plate thickness (MTPT) and mean trabecular plate density (MTPD) can be derived, such that trabecular bone volume = MTPD X MTPT. MTPD is an index of the probability that a scanning or test line will intersect a structural element of bone, and is the reciprocal of the mean distance between the midpoints of structural elements, multiplied by pi/2. We applied this method to iliac bone samples from 78 normal subjects, 100 patients with vertebral fracture, and 50 patients with hip fracture. The reduction in trabecular bone volume observed in normal subjects with increasing age was mainly due to a reduction in plate density, with no significant decrease in plate thickness. The further reduction in trabecular bone volume observed in patients with osteoporotic vertebral fracture was mainly due to a further reduction in plate density. There was a relatively smaller reduction in plate thickness that was statistically significant in males but not in females. Only in patients with hip fracture did trabecular thinning contribute substantially to the additional loss of trabecular bone in osteoporosis relative to age. These data indicate that age-related bone loss occurs principally by a process that removes entire structural elements of bone; those that remain are more widely separated and some may undergo compensatory thickening, but most slowly become reduced in thickness. We propose that the process of removal is initiated by increased depth of osteoclastic resorption cavities which leads to focal perforation of trabecular plates; this is followed by progressive enlargement of the perforations with conversion of plates to rods. The resulting structural changes are more severe in osteoporotic patients than in normal subjects, but have been completed in most patients before they develop symptoms. PMID- 6630514 TI - Metabolism of estradiol in liver cell culture. Differential responses of C-2 and C-16 oxidations to drugs and other chemicals that induce selective species of cytochrome P-450. AB - The oxidative metabolism of estradiol (the natural estrogen 2,3,5(10)-estratriene 3,17 beta-diol) at positions C-2 and C-16 was examined in primary cultures of chick embryo liver cells using estradiol which was labeled with 3H specifically at either the C-2 or C-16 position as the substrate. Oxidation of estradiol by the cultured liver cells was assessed by the release of 3H which accumulated as 3H2O in the culture medium; both C-2 and C-16 oxidative reactions were detectable in the liver cell cultures by this technique. When incubated with a concentration of estradiol substrate close to the Michaelis constant (Km), approximately 45.8 pmol [2-3H]estradiol and 5.0 pmol [16-3H]estradiol/mg protein per minute underwent oxidative metabolism in untreated cells. Total amounts of oxidized product formation after 2 h of incubation were 28 and 5 pmol/mg protein for C-2 and C-16 oxidation, respectively. Treatment of cultures with phenobarbital or 2 propyl-2-isopropylacetamide significantly increased oxidation at C-16 (1.9-fold and 2.6-fold greater than control values, respectively), whereas no significant change in C-16 oxidation was observed after treatment of the cultures with 3 methylcholanthrene, benzo[a]pyrene, or benz[a]anthracene. The latter chemicals, however, were found to increase the extent of oxidation at C-2 significantly (i.e., 1.5-2.2-fold increases over control values). The increase in C-2 oxidation after treatment of cultures with phenobarbital or 2-propyl-2-isopropylacetamide was significantly less than that observed for oxidation at C-16. The apparent Km values for these oxidations in control cultures were 23.5 and 30.3 microM for C-2 and C-16 oxidation, respectively; corresponding maximum velocity (Vmax) values were 119 and 11.7 pmol/mg protein per minute, respectively. These data indicate that the C-2 and C-16 oxidations of estradiol take place in cultured avian hepatocytes and that the extent of metabolism at these positions on the hormone molecule can be altered by chemicals, such as drugs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which induce distinctive species of cytochrome P-450 in the liver. PMID- 6630515 TI - Protoporphyrin hepatopathy. Effects of cholic acid ingestion in murine griseofulvin-induced protoporphyria. AB - Short-term effects of cholic acid ingestion on hepatic accumulation, fecal excretion, and blood levels of protoporphyrin were studied in vivo in griseofulvin-induced protoporphyric mice. Experimental mice that received feed with 2% griseofulvin and 0.5% cholic acid were compared with control mice that received feed with 2% griseofulvin for 4 wk. Five mice from each group were assessed each week for liver and blood porphyrin levels. Fecal protoporphyrin was compared weekly in the total pooled output of each population. Mean protoporphyrin levels were significantly lower for liver (P less than 0.0001), erythrocytes (P less than 0.05), and plasma (P less than 0.05), and higher for feces (P less than 0.001) for the mice that were fed cholic acid. Microscopic protoporphyrin deposits, inflammation, necrosis, and dysplasia were more severe in livers of control mice. A second experimental design compared four regimens in the feed given to all mice after 1-wk induction with 2% griseofulvin: (a) 0.5% cholic acid, (b) no adulterant, (c) 2% griseofulvin and 0.5% cholic acid, and (d) 2% griseofulvin. No difference in protoporphyrin removal from livers of mice in groups 1 and 2 was observed after 1 and 2 wk of these regimens. The apparent reduction in hepatic protoporphyrin content in mice of group 3 as compared with group 4 at weeks 2 and 3 was not significant at P less than 0.05. These data suggest that in selected circumstances, hepatic protoporphyrin secretion may be enhanced in protoporphyric disease states by bile salt supplementation. PMID- 6630516 TI - Direct determination of the driving forces for taurocholate uptake into rat liver plasma membrane vesicles. AB - To determine directly the driving forces for bile acid entry into the hepatocyte, the uptake of [3H]taurocholic acid into rat liver plasma membrane vesicles was studied. The membrane preparation contained predominantly right-side-out vesicles, and was highly enriched in plasma membrane marker enzymes. The uptake of taurocholate at equilibrium was inversely related to medium osmolarity, indicating transport into an osmotically sensitive space. In the presence of an inwardly directed sodium gradient (NaCl or sodium gluconate), the initial rate of uptake was rapid and taurocholate was transiently accumulated at a concentration twice that at equilibrium (overshoot). Other inwardly directed cation gradients (K+, Li+, choline+) or the presence of sodium in the absence of a gradient (Na+ equilibrated) resulted in a slower initial uptake rate and did not sustain an overshoot. Bile acids inhibited sodium-dependent taurocholate uptake, whereas bromsulphthalein inhibited both sodium-dependent and sodium-independent uptake and D-glucose had no effect on uptake. Uptake was temperature dependent, with maximal overshoots occurring at 25 degrees C. Imposition of a proton gradient across the vesicle (pHo less than pHi) in the absence of a sodium gradient failed to enhance taurocholate uptake, indicating that double ion exchange (Na+-H+, OH- anion) is unlikely. Creation of a negative intravesicular potential by altering accompanying anions or by valinomycin-induced K+-diffusion potentials did not enhance taurocholate uptake, suggesting an electroneutral transport mechanism. The kinetics of taurocholate uptake demonstrated saturability with a Michaelis constant at 52 microM and maximum velocity of 4.5 nmol X mg-1 X protein X min-1. These studies provide definitive evidence for a sodium gradient-dependent, carrier-mediated, electrically neutral transport mechanism for hepatic taurocholate uptake. These findings are consistent with a model for bile secretion in which the basolateral enzyme Na+,K+-ATPase provides the driving force for "uphill" bile acid transport by establishing a trans-membrane sodium gradient. PMID- 6630517 TI - Complementation studies of isovaleric acidemia and glutaric aciduria type II using cultured skin fibroblasts. AB - Using cultured skin fibroblasts, we studied the heterogeneity of inborn errors of leucine metabolism such as isovaleric acidemia (IVA), glutaric aciduria type II (GA II), and multiple carboxylase deficiency (MC). We first developed a simple macromolecular-labeling test to measure the ability of cells to oxidize [1 14C]isovaleric acid in situ in culture. Cells from two different lines were fused using polyethylene glycol, and the ability of the heterokaryons to oxidize [1 14C]isovaleric acid was tested by the macromolecular-labeling test. The MC line complemented with all 10 IVA lines tested; heterokaryons showed 99 +/- 68% more activity than the unfused mixture of component cells. GA II/IVA heterokaryons exhibited poor growth, but when the culture remained confluent, the GA II cells complemented with all six IVA lines tested, showing a 71 +/- 41% increase in activity. The relatively large standard deviations are due to a few experiments in which significant enhancement of macromolecular-labeling test activity was not observed upon fusion, but significant complementation was clearly observed in repeats of the same combinations. These results are consistent with our previous findings, which indicated that the decreased ability of GA II cells to oxidize isovaleryl-CoA involves a defective electron-transporting system rather than a defective isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase. IVA/IVA heterokaryons showed no complementation in any combination tested, indicating no detectable heterogeneity in isovaleric acidemia. This finding indicates that the same gene is mutated in all IVA lines. Previous results indicated that this gene codes for isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase. PMID- 6630518 TI - Relationship of an abnormal plasma lipoprotein to protection from atherosclerosis in the cholesterol-fed diabetic rabbit. AB - Alloxan-diabetic rabbits develop a pronounced hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in response to cholesterol feeding. Despite higher levels of plasma cholesterol, these animals have much less atherosclerosis than cholesterol fed nondiabetics. To determine whether this effect is due to properties of the lipoproteins, we compared chemical, physical, and metabolic characteristics of a very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fraction (d less than 1.019 g/ml) from the diabetic and nondiabetic cholesterol-fed rabbits. The molar ratio of triglyceride to cholesteryl ester in the particles from diabetic animals ranged from 2:1 to 6:1, and this ratio remained constant in subfractions from individual rabbits. Triglyceride from nondiabetic control animals was a minor component. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a distinct order-disorder phase transition for cholesteryl ester at approximately 42 degrees C in the fractions from control animals, whereas in fractions from most of the diabetics no such transition was observed, indicating that both triglyceride and cholesteryl ester are present in the core of the same particle. The relative amount of apoprotein E in particles from diabetic animals was much less than that of cholesterol-fed controls. The ability of the lipoproteins from both groups to stimulate cholesteryl ester formation in mouse peritoneal macrophages also was tested. Lipoproteins from cholesterol-fed controls stimulated cholesteryl ester formation in a dose dependent manner, but particles from the diabetic group had little or no effect. The results suggest that the presence of unusual VLDL particles in diabetic cholesterol-fed rabbits is responsible, at least in part, for the reduced incidence of atherosclerosis in this animal model. PMID- 6630519 TI - Regulation of rat liver hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase by a new class of noncompetitive inhibitors. Effects of dichloroacetate and related carboxylic acids on enzyme activity. AB - Dichloroacetate (DCA) markedly reduces circulating cholesterol levels in animals and in patients with combined hyperlipoproteinemia or homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). To investigate the mechanism of its cholesterol lowering action, we studied the effects of DCA and its hepatic metabolites, glyoxylate and oxalate, on the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG CoA reductase) obtained from livers of healthy, reverse light cycled rats. Oral administration of DCA for 4 d decreased HMG CoA reductase activity 46% at a dose of 50 mg/kg per d, and 82% at a dose of 100 mg/kg per d. A 24% decrease in reductase activity was observed as early as 1 h after a single dose of 50 mg/kg DCA. The inhibitory effect of the drug was due to a fall in both expressed enzyme activity and the total number of reductase molecules present. DCA also decreased reductase activity when added to suspensions of isolated hepatocytes. With chronic administration, DCA inhibited 3H2O incorporation into cholesterol by 38% and into triglycerides by 52%. When liver microsomes were incubated with DCA, the pattern of inhibition of reductase activity was noncompetitive for both HMG CoA (inhibition constant [Ki] 11.8 mM) and NADPH (Ki 11.6 mM). Inhibition by glyoxylate was also noncompetitive for both HMG CoA (Ki 1.2 mM) and NADPH (Ki 2.7 mM). Oxalate inhibited enzyme activity only at nonsaturating concentrations of NADPH (Ki 5.6 mM). Monochloroacetate, glycollate, and ethylene glycol, all of which can form glyoxylate, also inhibited reductase activity. Using solubilized and 60-fold purified HMG CoA reductase, we found that the inhibitory effect of glyoxylate was reversible. Furthermore, the inhibition by glyoxylate was an effect exerted on the reductase itself, rather than on its regulatory enzymes, reductase kinase and reductase phosphatase. We conclude that the cholesterol-lowering effect of DCA is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. The probable mechanisms are by inhibition of expressed reductase activity by DCA per se and by conversion of DCA to an active metabolite, glyoxylate, which noncompetitively inhibits HMG CoA reductase. These studies thus identify a new class of pharmacological agents that may prove useful in regulating cholesterol synthesis and circulating cholesterol levels in man. PMID- 6630520 TI - Dogs with experimental cirrhosis of the liver but without intrahepatic hypertension do not retain sodium or form ascites. AB - Dogs with portal cirrhosis but without portal hypertension (end-to-side portacaval anastomosis) retain sodium and expand plasma volume before ascites formation. In our study, dogs were subjected to bile duct ligation and simultaneous side-to-side portacaval anastomosis (PCA) in order to create a canine model of hepatic cirrhosis without intrahepatic or portal hypertension. The effect of normalizing intrahepatic pressures in the face of venous outflow block on sodium handling was studied. 13 dogs survived the surgical procedures and were followed. Two dogs developed sodium retention and ascites at 5-6 wk (livers were cirrhotic) when the PCA spontaneously closed. 11 dogs were free of sodium retention and ascites for as long as 12 wks after surgery, while ingesting 35 meq/d of sodium. In this group glomerular filtration rate remained normal throughout the period of observation and there was no expansion of plasma volume. Nine of these dogs were then fed 85 meq/d of sodium; eight remained in sodium balance and one retained sodium and went on to develop ascites. When 10-15 mg i.m. of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) was given daily, five dogs developed sodium retention and ascites, while four escaped from DOCA. Dogs who developed ascites had either a partially occluded PCA (4/5) or a patent PCA, but with a significant portacaval pressure gradient of 9.5 cm H2O (1/5). In all four dogs who escaped from DOCA, the PCA was widely patent and the mean pressure gradient was only 1.6 cm H2O. Both groups were equally cirrhotic, as judged by histological and biochemical parameters. We conclude that normalizing intrahepatic pressure by providing an outflow tract for the cirrhotic liver will abolish that component of early renal tubular sodium retention not due to portal venous hypertension or ascites sequestration. PMID- 6630521 TI - Alteration of membrane phospholipid bilayer organization in human erythrocytes during drug-induced endocytosis. AB - Our plan was to evaluate the potentially important role of phospholipids in erythrocyte shape alterations by determining if their orientation was altered during endocytosis. Stomatocytosis and endocytosis were induced in normal intact human erythrocytes by incubation with three agents: primaquine, vinblastine, and chlorpromazine, each of which has its own requirements and time course for producing endocytosis. The organization of the phospholipid bilayer was assessed by measuring the extent of degradation of phophatidylcholine (PC), phophatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and sphingomyelin (SM) produced by exposure of erythrocytes to a nonpenetrating protease-free phospholipase A2 alone or in combination with a purified sphingomyelinase as well. The induction of stomatocytosis did not change this orientation. However, correlating with the onset of endocytosis but not its extent, there was an increase in PE degradation, which could be detected regularly only by use of phospholipase A2 alone. Use of the combination of phospholipase A2 and sphingomyelinase showed that the extent and course of endocytosis was paralleled by an apparent movement of PC and SM from the outer to the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Since no further PE was hydrolyzed and because no PS was ever degraded, this inward movement of PC and SM did not represent the establishment of complete symmetry in the membrane. By adjusting the experimental design it was possible to implicate the endocytic process, and not insertion of drug in the membrane, as the cause of the alterations in phospholipid organization seen. Our findings indicate that the phospholipid orientation is very closely involved in the endocytosis process and that specific states of phospholipid asymmetry may be related to identifiable membrane events. PMID- 6630522 TI - Blood flow dependence of postglomerular fluid transfer and glomerulotubular balance. AB - The rate of blood flow entering a capillary network can, in some vascular systems, regulate capillary surface area and the rate of fluid and solute transfer. To determine whether such a mechanism exists in the renal peritubular capillary, we performed micropuncture studies in 28 rats during relatively low and high efferent arteriolar blood flow (EABF). High EABF was achieved by intravenous infusion of isoncotic plasma (group 1: from 120 +/- 11 to 301 +/- 49 nl/min [+/- SE]); whole blood with high hematocrit (approximately 75 vol %) (group 2: from 141 +/- 14 to 252 +/- 31 nl/min); or acetylcholine (group 3: from 193 +/- 20 to 266 +/- 26 nl/min). In group 1 rats, plasma infusion caused an increase in single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), on average, from 23.2 +/- 2.4 to 45.2 +/- 3.9 nl/min, owing primarily to increased glomerular plasma flow rate (from 63 +/- 5 to 210 +/- 21 nl/min). The rate of fluid uptake by the peritubular capillary, assessed by the absolute rate of proximal fluid reabsorption (APR), also rose significantly, on average from 10.5 +/- 1.2 to 17.5 +/- 2.4 nl/min. This rise in APR was associated with near constancy in mean transcapillary hydraulic (delta Pc) and oncotic (delta IIc) pressure differences, and was therefore attributed to a significant increase in peritubular capillary reabsorption coefficient (Kr), with the mean from 0.017 +/- 0.003 to 0.030 +/- 0.005 nl/(s . mmHg). In group 2 rats, high hematocrit blood infusion led to a significant rise in APR; on average, from 10.7 +/- 0.7 to 15.0 +/- 1.2 nl/min, without changing SNGFR. This rise in APR occurred despite unfavorable changes in the physical forces, namely a significant increase in delta Pc and constancy in delta IIc. Instead, an increase in EABF was again associated with a significant rise in Kr (on average, from 0.016 +/- 0.002 to 0.030 +/- 0.06 nl/[s . mmHg]), which accounted entirely for the rise in APR, independently of SNGFR. In group 3 rats, in which an increase of EABF was induced pharmacologically with acetylcholine, a rise in EABF was also accompanied by a significant increase in Kr, on average, from 0.019 +/- 0.002 to 0.026 +/- 0.004 nl/(s . mmHg). The results indicate that: (a) Kr is modulated by EABF. (b) In view of plasma flow dependence of GFR, blood flow dependence of Kr and APR provides an important basis for glomerulotubular balance. PMID- 6630523 TI - Plasma l-[3H]norepinephrine, d-[14C]norepinephrine, and d,l-[3H]isoproterenol kinetics in essential hypertension. AB - We infused tracer-labeled l-[3H]-norepinephrine, d-[14C]norepinephrine, and d,l [3H]-isoproterenol simultaneously into patients with essential hypertension and into normotensive control subjects, in order to determine whether abnormalities in the disappearance kinetics of these substances characterized the hypertensive patients. The mean preinfusion venous plasma norepinephrine concentration was somewhat higher in the hypertensive group (260 vs. 194 pg/ml, P = 0.06), but the groups did not differ in the disappearance kinetics of l- or d-norepinephrine or of isoproterenol. Preinfusion plasma norepinephrine was significantly positively correlated with calculated spillover rates in both the hypertensive and normotensive groups, but not with norepinephrine clearances. The d/l ratio in plasma norepinephrine was the same as in the infusate during and after the infusion, even after pretreatment with the neuronal norepinephrine uptake blocker, desipramine. Because isoproterenol is not taken up by nerve endings, the ratio of [3H]isoproterenol to l-[3H]norepinephrine increased after the infusion ended. This increase was almost completely abolished by pretreatment with desipramine. These results indicate that (a) increased plasma norepinephrine levels seen in some patients with essential hypertension result from increased sympathetic neural activity and not from decreased clearance of norepinephrine, (b) changes in the isoproterenol/norepinephrine ratio after simultaneous infusion of both provide an index of neuronal norepinephrine uptake in man, and (c) neuronal norepinephrine uptake is not stereospecific. PMID- 6630524 TI - Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates mouse 3T3 cell mitogenesis and leukocyte chemotaxis through different structural determinants. AB - Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates both proliferation of fibroblasts and chemotaxis of leukocytes. In this study we compared the mitogenic and chemotactic activities of native PDGF and reduced PDGF. Reduction of PDGF (Mr = 32,000) to its constituent polypeptides (Mr = 14,000 and 17,000) caused a loss of the ability to stimulate proliferation of Balb/c 3T3 cells. However, reduced PDGF retained virtually all of its activity as a chemotactic agent for human neutrophils and monocytes. A half-maximal chemotactic response to both native and reduced PDGF occurred at a concentration of approximately 0.08 nM for neutrophils and 0.1 nM for monocytes. The maximal chemotactic response to reduced PDGF was at least as great as the maximal response to native PDGF. Both native and reduced PDGF stimulated the release of the lysosomal enzyme, beta-glucosaminidase, from neutrophils with a half-maximal response at less than 0.1 nM. However, the net maximum release of this enzyme by PDGF (and reduced PDGF) was significantly less than that stimulated by a maximal concentration of the chemotactic peptide N formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. These results indicate that different structural determinants are required for the proliferative response of 3T3 cells to PDGF and for the chemotactic response of leukocytes to PDGF. PMID- 6630525 TI - Albumin-mediated transport of rose bengal by perfused rat liver. Kinetics of the reaction at the cell surface. AB - Rapid dissociation of organic anions from plasma albumin maximizes the presentation of free ligand to the cell surface and thus favors its efficient hepatic extraction. Even assuming these optimal conditions, however, taurocholate and rose bengal have hepatic extraction fractions that are higher than can be accounted for by spontaneous dissociation of their albumin-ligand complexes. In this study we developed a transport model that attributes this behavior to sites on the hepatocyte plasma membrane that bind the albumin-ligand complexes, promoting the transport of ligand into the hepatocyte. Fitting this model to rose bengal removal rates measured over a wide range of albumin concentrations yields estimates of the number of cell surface sites and their affinity for albumin. These estimates are in good agreement with those reported by Weisiger, Gollan, and Ockner for the binding of ligand-free albumin to isolated hepatocytes. We conclude that both experiments measure the same phenomenon and, accordingly, that the binding of albumin to the cell surface is the functional equivalent of albumin-mediated transport. PMID- 6630526 TI - Sources and quantity of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in several tissues of the rat. AB - The local conversion of thyroxine (T4), which is an important source of intracellular 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in several rat tissues, has been subject of recent investigations. In the present study the regulation of this phenomenon in vivo was investigated in various peripheral tissues of the rat. Intact euthyroid and radiothyroidectomized (Tx) rats received a continuous intravenous infusion of [125I]T4 and [131I]T3 until isotope equilibrium was attained. In addition to the labeled iodothyronines, Tx rats received a continuous intravenous infusion of 0.2 or 1.0 microgram carrier T4/100 g body wt per d, to create hypothyroid or slightly hypothyroid conditions, respectively. After the animals were bled and perfused the contribution of T3 derived from local conversion of T4 to T3 [Lc T3(T4)] to the total T3 in homogenates from several tissues and subcellular fractions from the liver, kidney, and anterior pituitary gland could be calculated. In all experiments T3 in muscle was derived exclusively from the plasma. In the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, however, most of the intracellular T3 was derived from the intracellular conversion of T4 to T3. It is demonstrated that for hypothyroid rats an increased relative contribution of Lc T3(T4) reduced the loss of total T3 in the brain. This phenomenon was also encountered for the anterior pituitary gland, although in this tissue the proportion of the total tissue T3, contributed by locally produced T3 was considerably lower than the values found for the cerebral cortex and cerebellum in all experiments. The present findings, regarding the source and quantity of pituitary nuclear T3 strongly suggest that both plasma T3 and T4 (through its local conversion into T3) play a role in the regulation of thyrotropin secretion. The contribution of Lc T3(T4) to the total pituitary nuclear T3 was of minor importance in euthyroid rats (approximately 20%), compared with that found for both groups in T4-supplemented athyreotic rats (approximately 40%). The total T3 concentration in the liver decreased from euthyroid to hypothyroid rats and was associated with a decrease in the tissue/plasma T3 concentration gradient. A minor proportion of hepatic T3 was contributed by Lc T3(T4), which in fact decreased significantly from the euthyroid to the hypothyroid state. In contrast to other subcellular fractions from the liver, no Lc T3(T4) could be demonstrated in the nuclear fraction. It is suggested that the liver plays an important role with respect to regulation of the circulating T3 concentration. In the kidney, a very small proportion of the total T3 was derived from locally produced T3 in all experiments (4-7%). As found in the liver, all nuclear T3 appeared to be derived from the plasma. In contrast to the liver, subcellular T3 pools in the kidney seemed to be exchangeable. PMID- 6630527 TI - Mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis. Spontaneous release of the alveolar macrophage derived growth factor in the interstitial lung disorders. AB - Interstitial lung disorders are characterized both by a chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract that includes increased numbers of activated alveolar macrophages and by increased numbers of fibroblasts within the alveolar wall. Since alveolar macrophages from normal individuals can be activated to release a growth factor for lung fibroblasts (alveolar macrophage-derived growth factor [AMDGF]), we hypothesized that the activated alveolar macrophages within the lower respiratory tract of patients with fibrotic lung disorders might be spontaneously releasing AMDGF. To evaluate this hypothesis, alveolar macrophages (suspension culture, 4 h, 37 degrees) from 65 patients with interstitial lung disorders and 30 control subjects were examined for the spontaneous release of fibroblast growth-promoting activity, with human lung fibroblasts as the target. Whereas none of the controls had macrophages spontaneously releasing a growth promoting activity for fibroblasts, 82% of the patients with interstitial lung disease had alveolar macrophages that were spontaneously releasing a growth promoting activity for fibroblasts. In common with AMDGF, the fibroblast growth promoting activity released by these macrophages eluted from DEAE cellulose at 270 mM NaCl, had a partition coefficient of 0.3 by gel filtration on Sephadex G 50, was distinct from other characterized growth factors, and acted as a progression factor for fibroblast replication in a serum-free complementation test. These data suggest that the expansion of fibroblast numbers within the alveolar structures in interstitial lung disorders may result, in part, from the release of AMDGF by alveolar macrophages stimulated in vivo. PMID- 6630529 TI - Autism and the fragile X syndrome. AB - Ten patients with the fragile X syndrome were diagnosed at the Child Development Unit in 1982. Six of these patients are autistic and demonstrate similar profiles on three evaluations designed to measure the severity of autism. The similarities of these six autistic patients are described in depth. PMID- 6630530 TI - The effect of chronic nephrotic syndrome on the affected child. AB - The effect of the nephrotic syndrome on various aspects of behavior and development was examined in a group of 44 patients. The results of parent interviews, teacher ratings, and psychological tests (using the Self Observation Scales and the Children's Service Questionnaire) were compared with a closely matched group of healthy children. Very few statistically significant differences were noted. Comparisons were made with results of other studies of chronic disorders and their effect on the child's behavior and development. PMID- 6630528 TI - Nature and quantity of fuels consumed in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. AB - Although alcoholism is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality of middle-aged Americans, there are no data available pertaining to the consequences of Laennec's cirrhosis on total body energy requirements or mechanisms for maintaining fuel homeostasis in this patient population. Therefore, we simultaneously used the techniques of indirect calorimetry and tracer analyses of [14C]palmitate to measure the nature and quantity of fuels oxidized by patients with biopsy-proven alcoholic cirrhosis and compared the results with values obtained from health volunteers. Cirrhotic patients were studied after an overnight fast (10-12 h). Normal volunteers were studied after an overnight fast (12 h) or after a longer period of starvation (36-72 h). Total basal metabolic requirements were similar in overnight fasted cirrhotic patients (1.05 +/- 0.06 kcal/min per 1.73 m2), overnight fasted normal subjects (1.00 +/- 0.05 kcal/min per 1.73 m2), and 36-72-h fasted normal volunteers (1.10 +/- 0.06 kcal/min per 1.73 m2). Indirect calorimetry revealed that in cirrhotic patients the percentages of total calories derived from fat (69 +/- 3%), carbohydrate (13 +/- 2%), and protein (17 +/- 4%) were comparable to those found in 36-72-h fasted subjects, but were clearly different from those of overnight fasted normal individuals who derived 40 +/- 6, 39 +/- 4, and 21 +/- 2% from fat, carbohydrate, and protein, respectively. These data are strikingly similar to data obtained through tracer analyses of [14C]palmitate, which showed that in overnight fasted patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 63 +/- 4% of their total CO2 production was derived from oxidation of 287 +/- 28 mumol free fatty acids (FFA)/min per 1.73 m2. In contrast, normal overnight fasted humans derived 34 +/- 6% of their total CO2 production from the oxidation of 147 +/- 25 mumol FFA/min per 1.73 m2. On the other hand, values obtained from the normal volunteers fasted 36-72 h were similar to the overnight fasted cirrhotic patients. These results show that after an overnight fast the caloric requirements of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis are normal, but the nature of fuels oxidized are similar to normal humans undergoing 2-3 d of total starvation. Thus, patients with alcoholic cirrhosis develop the catabolic state of starvation more rapidly than do normal humans. This disturbed but compensated pattern for maintaining fuel homeostasis may be partly responsible for the cachexia observed in some patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. This study also showed remarkably good agreement between the results obtained with indirect calorimetry and those obtained with 14C tracer analyses. PMID- 6630531 TI - Perinatal and behavioral characteristics of neonates born to multirisk families. AB - The perinatal health status and behavioral characteristics of 47 newborns of multirisk (psychiatric and socioenvironmental) mothers who received either comprehensive intervention services or community-based services are described. Obstetric and postnatal health measures did not differ between groups, but there was a tendency for infants of comprehensively treated women to be healthier. Both groups were similar on Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale cluster scores at 3 to 5 days of age. However, by 1 month of age, there was very little progress in Orientation and Autonomic Regulation capacities, and in some cases the infants' performance declined markedly on other clusters. The infants who did not receive comprehensive services had significantly less optimal motor performance and autonomic regulation scores. That worrisome patterns of adaptation were detected quite early in life suggests that these may be a particularly vulnerable subset of newborns. PMID- 6630532 TI - Responsiveness to maternal concern in preventive child health visits: an analysis of clinician-parent interactions. AB - Clinician-parent interactions in preventive child health visits should reflect parental concern. Variations in this visit process according to the level of maternal concern were explored. Forty initial visits to a pediatric clinic were videotaped. Mothers were interviewed before the visits to determine their concerns about their infants. Videotapes were analyzed using Resource Exchange Analysis, a clinically based method of interaction analysis. Highly concerned mothers had longer visits, initiated more interaction, sought more information, talked more about their infants, expressed more worry, and received more clinician empathy (all p less than 0.05). Analysis also showed significant differences in visit process according to clinician type and sex. Stepwise multiple regressions, controlling for clinician type and sex, revealed persistent contribution by maternal concerns to variance in visit process variables (all p less than 0.004), change in R2 0.16 to 0.32). It was concluded that clinician parent interactions in the preventive child health visits are responsive to parental concerns. PMID- 6630533 TI - Birth of a sibling: effect on mother-first born child interaction. AB - This study examined the effects of the birth of a sibling on the first born child mother interaction. First born children-mother dyads were observed in a playroom setting at 12 and 24 months. At 12 months all first born children had no siblings born, while at 24 months a group of children had acquired a sibling. In general, the findings suggested that first born children who acquire a sibling before they are 2 years old show more dependency behavior to mother and are more upset during a free play session than their counterparts of first born children who have not acquired a sibling. Mothers of first borns with a sibling show a tendency to increase their attention to the first born, but exhibit less playful kinds of interaction. These results from a laboratory setting are consistent with the home observations made by others, and suggest that the mother-first born child interaction may temporarily become less playful and more strained after a sibling is born. PMID- 6630534 TI - Restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST) as a treatment for autistic children. AB - This study explored the usefulness of 48 hours of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) as a treatment for autistic children. In order to provide quantified objective measures for evaluating the effects of this treatment, a battery of psychological tests was developed which would be useful and practical for the assessment of these children in regular diagnostic settings. Several positive changes in learning, social and play behavior, and cognitive functioning were noted. PMID- 6630535 TI - Parent attitudes and babysitting problems: an intervention opportunity for the pediatrician. AB - Information obtained from parent questionnaires suggests that the seemingly benign phenomenon of babysitting is associated with a variety of problems that may endanger the well-being of children. Many parents do not adequately screen babysitters and do not clearly articulate their expectations to them. The pediatrician is in an ideal position to provide parents with necessary guidance to prevent problems from arising. Data from this study provide suggestions for the pediatrician to share with parents on issues involving the use of babysitters. PMID- 6630536 TI - Developmental interventions in infancy during lengthy hospitalizations. AB - A review of concepts related to infant development, care, and stimulation is presented. A description is provided of the development of an infant with small bowel syndrome during her hospitalization from birth until age 19 months. Interventions which facilitated feeding, sitting, walking, fine motor and language development are described. In addition, interventions are reviewed which focus on enhancing the infant's attachment to her cartakers, object permanence, and object constancy, and helping the normal unfolding of the individuation process. Efforts to "normalize" the hospital environment for the infant are stressed. The implications of the infant's hospitalizations and her future psychological development are discussed. PMID- 6630537 TI - Abused children and foster care. PMID- 6630538 TI - Sex differences in patterns of self-reported psychopathology in the married elderly. AB - Administered to 106 married male and female residents of a retirement community the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) form of the SCL-90. Although no difference was found between males and females on an overall index of psychological distress, a discriminant function analysis indicated that three (Anxiety, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Paranoid Ideation) of the nine scales provided maximum separation of the two groups. Results supported the conclusion that with marital status, education, and health controlled, male and female elderly Ss show distinct patterns of distress. PMID- 6630539 TI - Clinical and statistical issues related to predicting therapeutic outcome. AB - Attempted to determine whether the therapeutic outcome of an alcoholism treatment program could be predicted (N = 81). Data were analyzed both by a mathematically oriented linear regression approach and by a clinically oriented retrospective parametric approach. When the two types of analyses were applied to the same data base each analysis identified different predictors of therapeutic outcome. This created an apparent dilemma as to how prediction of therapeutic outcome ought to be done. It was suggested that the correlational regression approach be used to determine what to expect from therapy and the parametric clinical approach be used to explain why therapy succeeded or failed. PMID- 6630540 TI - The effects of self-administered cognitive therapy on social-evaluative anxiety. AB - Investigated the efficacy of self-administered cognitive therapy (RET) in the treatment of high and chronic social anxiety. Forty-five socially anxious volunteer students, who scored in the upper 15% of 570 students prescreened with the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, were matched on SAD scores and randomly assigned to self-administered cognitive therapy (RET), a self-administered attention placebo condition (Logo-therapy), or a no-treatment control condition. Pretest and posttest measures included the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD), Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale. Results indicated that self-administered cognitive therapy significantly decreased social anxiety and fear of negative evaluation and also suggested a generalization of effects as trait anxiety significantly decreased. Comparisons of mean change scores with therapist administered studies lend support to the conclusion that self administered cognitive restructuring is an effective means of decreasing social evaluative anxiety. Mean change scores suggest that participants may have attained therapeutic benefits as a consistent trend toward decreased anxiety across variables. PMID- 6630541 TI - Emotional separation and empathy. AB - Investigated emotionality and empathy (N = 18). Empathy was considered in terms of empathic resonation and expressed empathy, two phases from Barrett-Lennard's (1981) empathy cycle. The results supported the hypothesis that participants' emotional experiences would correspond to the clients' affective presentation. Empathic resonation also correlated negatively with the maintenance of emotional separation. The results were in the predicted direction for expressed empathy, but failed to reach statistical significance. PMID- 6630542 TI - Cognitive imagery and physiological feedback relaxation protocols applied to clinically tense young adults: a comparison of state, trait, and physiological effects. AB - Examined changes in targeted and general tension behaviors as well as reductions in physiological tension associated with cognitive imagery and electromyographic biofeedback relaxation procedures. Three groups of 15 female college students participated. During three weekly sessions each person received either guided cognitive imagery relaxation, frontalis muscle feedback relaxation, or a self rest control procedure. The Anxiety Differential was administered before and after each session, while frontalis EMG, heart rate, and skin temperature were monitored continuously. A second Temperament Analysis was administered after the final session. The imagery procedure was associated with moderate reductions in physiological tension and significant reductions in state anxiety and three tension-related personality dimensions. Self-rest persons displayed lesser reductions in general tension with little physiological change. While biofeedback persons showed the largest reductions in physiological tension, they displayed only small and variable changes in state anxiety and personality dimensions. The data raise continued questions about the application of physiologically based operant relaxation procedures and support the use of cognitively mediated protocols for the treatment of specific or general anxiety behaviors. PMID- 6630543 TI - K-scale correction and percentile norms for MMPI-168 factor scores. AB - Appropriate K-corrections for MMPI-168 factor scales and for a general psychopathology screening scale (PSY) were derived empirically. Percentile distributions of the K-corrected scales in a large normal sample (N = 1438) were determined, and a percentile profile sheet was constructed to facilitate clinical use (N = 1048). The validity of the K-corrected scales in distinguishing psychiatric patients from normals is examined. PMID- 6630544 TI - MMPI clinical and content norms for a mixed psychiatric adolescent population. AB - Presented a set of MMPI norms for a mixed psychiatric group of adolescents (N = 1022). Normative information is stratified according to five age categories and includes means and standard deviations for the validity, clinical, and 48 content scales. The usefulness of these norms for clinicians is discussed. PMID- 6630545 TI - A comparison of self-devaluation and somatic suggestion content in depressive mood manipulation. AB - The Velten Mood Induction Procedure (VMIP), often used to manipulate depressive mood, has its effectiveness attributed to the self-devaluative content of its statements; this finding supports cognitive theories of depression. Recent research has suggested that somatic content is more important than self devaluation content in producing depressive mood variations. To study this using the VMIP, a neutral condition and two modified depression conditions were used: Somatic and self-devaluation (N = 302). The results indicate that self devaluative statements resulted in significantly more depressed affect than neutral Ss, but no more than somatic statements; this latter group, however, did not differ from neutral Ss. The results of the previous research indicating the importance of the somatic suggestion manipulations as having more influence than negative self-evaluative statements is questioned. PMID- 6630546 TI - Screening for borderline personality disorders with the MMPI-168. AB - Investigated the possible use of the MMPI-168 as a screening instrument for identifying individuals (N = 27) with DSM III diagnosed borderline personality disorder. Using previously reported percentile norms for bright young college graduates as a reference, borderline patients as a group fell above the 98th percentile on the F, Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Psychasthenia and Schizophrenia scales, as well as the general psychopathology scale (PSY). Additionally, the borderline sample's mean score on the Paranoia scale was above the 95th percentile, and the mean Social Introversion scale was above the 90th percentile. Almost equally distinguishing was the finding that the mean K scale score for the borderline sample fell as low as the 8th percentile for the normative college sample. These results demonstrate that the MMPI-168 response pattern of borderline patients was clearly distinguishable from the great majority of college graduates. PMID- 6630547 TI - Social avoidance and distress: its relationship to self-confidence, and needs for affiliation, change, dominance, and deference. AB - Introductory psychology students (N = 289) completed questionnaires to assess levels of Social Avoidance and Distress (SAD), as well as scales to measure self confidence (S-Cfd), need for Affiliation (nAff), need for Change (nCha), need for Dominance (nDom), and need for Deference (nDef). As a function of SAD, significant differences were revealed on all dependent measures. Persons who exhibited higher levels of SAD had lower levels of S-Cfd, nAff, nCha, and nDom, while they exhibited higher levels of nDef. People distressed by social interaction are likely to be less self-confident and to exhibit lower needs for affiliation, change, and dominance, while they exhibited a stronger need to defer to others' judgments and opinions. PMID- 6630548 TI - Detection of faking on the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery. AB - Administered the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery to a heterogeneous sample of 52 brain-impaired patients and 202 non-impaired college and community volunteers. The volunteers were assigned randomly to either the control group or to one of four faking groups, which differed only in terms of type of brain damage Ss were to fake. The Right and Left groups were told to fake unilateral damage to only one hemisphere, the Diffuse group was told to fake damage to both hemispheres, and the Nonspecific group simply was told to fake brain damage. The author achieved a hit rate of 94.4% on subjective classification of a subsample of 195 Ss into brain-impaired vs. non-impaired categories. Stepwise discriminant analysis of the entire sample yielded two functions that achieved hit rates of from 94.9% to 97.2% for various base rates of malingering. Discrimination between control and faking Ss was much less accurate, and the latter were highly unsuccessful at generating believable patterns of lateralized cortical impairment. Posttest interviews were conducted to obtain information concerning faking strategy as well as factors that inhibited or facilitated the efforts to fake. PMID- 6630549 TI - Verbal Concept Attainment Test: cross-validation and validation of a booklet form. AB - Conducted this study to cross-validate the Verbal Concept Attainment Test as a measure of potential value in neuropsychological assessment and to validate a booklet form of this test. Two samples of 75 patients referred for neuropsychological examination were studied. In both samples the pattern of relationship between the VCAT and a number of widely used neuropsychological measures closely paralleled the pattern reported in the initial validation study. The pattern of relationships with the booklet form was also very similar to the pattern of relationships between the neuropsychological measures and the Impairment Index from the Halstead-Reitan Battery. It was concluded that these data provided evidence of the stability of this test across samples and that the booklet form appeared to be an equally valid measure. PMID- 6630550 TI - Neuropsychological impairment scale (NIS): initial validation study using trailmaking test (A & B) and WAIS digit symbol (scaled score) in a mixed grouping of psychiatric, neurological, and normal patients. AB - Described a 50-item, self-administered neuropsychological screening test with test results correlating with three reference measures for three participant groupings--Normals (N = 22), Psychiatric patients (N = 21) and Neurological patients (N = 14). Results suggest that neuropsychological self-description can correlate with performance measures that are known to be sensitive to cognitive impairment. PMID- 6630551 TI - Discriminant function analysis of LD/BD children scores on the WISC-R. AB - Investigated the performance of learning-disabled (LD) and behavior-disorder (BD) children and youth on the WISC-R. A stepwise discriminant function analysis and chi-square analysis were used to analyze the performance of 135 children and youth (83 males, 52 females) on the WISC-R. The sample consisted of 68 LD and 67 BD Ss, whose ages ranged from 81-1 month to 168-6 months with a mean age of 123-1 months. Results suggest that discriminant function analysis can be useful as one criterion in differentiating LD children from BD children. Implications are discussed. PMID- 6630552 TI - The comparability of WAIS and WAIS-R IQs and subtest scores. AB - Examined the comparability of the WAIS and WAIS-R by administering the two scales to a sample of 88 adults in a counterbalanced order. The obtained data were analyzed by correlational and repeated measure three-way analysis of variance procedure. The indices of obtained correlation coefficients suggested a high degree of similarity between the two scales. The findings from ANOVA indicated statistically significant differences in the subtest performance (except in the performance of the Picture Arrangement), and three IQs on the WAIS and WAIS-R. Performance of Ss was found to be higher on the WAIS as compared to their performance on corresponding subtests and IQs on the WAIS-R. These results were found to be consistent with the data reported by earlier studies that compared revisions of the Wechsler and Stanford-Binet scales with older tests. PMID- 6630553 TI - Predicting WRAT scores from the WISC-R for a selected sample of LD children and youth. AB - Investigated the concurrent validity of the WISC-R 11 subtests and three IQs as related to the WRAT standard scores. Correlations were computed for a sample of 28 children (20 boys, 8 girls), aged 7-9 to 16-5 (means of 11-8), who were diagnosed learning disabled by LEA placement terms according to state and federal guidelines. Regression analysis used all three Wide Range Achievement subtests as criteria, and the 11 subtests and three IQ scale scores of the WISC-R as predictors. The results did not support the concurrent validity of the WISC-R for this sample of disabled children and youth. PMID- 6630554 TI - Accused murderers: five MMPI personality types. AB - A cluster analysis of the MMPIs of 110 men accused of capital and first-degree murder identified five profile types. When these types were compared on 24 sociological and behavioral variables, they differed on 16. Significant variables include family history, drug and alcohol use, events preceding the crime, and relationship between the accused and victim. Comparisons were made with several other systems of classifying murderers. PMID- 6630555 TI - First offender adult shoplifters: a preliminary profile. AB - Ninety-four adult first offender shoplifters completed a battery of psychological tests prior to their involvement in a novel and innovative West Texas Shoplifter Offenders Program (SOP). Analysis of the test results indicated that the modal shoplifter is female, Hispanic, and is likely to evidence a subclinical 8-4 high point pair on the MMPI. Males tend to act more impulsively than females in their shoplifting styles. Shoplifters are no more likely to endorse irrational beliefs than normative groups. However, shoplifters tend to be rather anxious, depressed, and self-doubting. The results are discussed in terms of conceptual implications for SOP design and implementation. PMID- 6630556 TI - WISC-R incentives and the academic achievement of conduct disordered adolescent females: a validity study. AB - Selected and randomly assigned 51 institutionalized conduct disordered adolescent females to one of three treatment conditions. Ss' responses to a short form of the WISC-R were followed by examiner praise, neutral feedback, or token reinforcement. A series of Pearson product-moment correlations were calculated between the scaled scores of the three treatment groups and their GPAs. The results revealed that the identified subtests, regardless of treatment condition, were poor predictors of achievement. The correlations were discussed in view of the association between the selected subtests and the curricula of the special education classes, observed variations between the WISC-R treatment scores, and the special characteristics of the Ss. PMID- 6630557 TI - Intellect, perceptual characteristics, and weight gain in anorexia nervosa. AB - Studied weight gain in a group of primary anorexics by examining two popular psychodiagnostic measures, the Wechsler and Rorschach, for indices that may predict improvement. Twenty-seven successively admitted anorexics to a behavior modification weight gain program at NIMH were studied. Using weight gain as a continuous criterion, multiple regression analyses indicated that perceptual personality variables did not have any predictive power. Cognitive focusing skills, as measured by the Arithmetic and Digit Span subtests of the Wechsler, were found to account for roughly half of the variance and to be good predictors of weight gain. PMID- 6630558 TI - Psychological factors of familial alcoholism in American Indians and Caucasians. AB - Previous studies have reported on the familial transmission of alcoholism and its psychological concomitants. To date, investigators have not studied the familial factor and its relationship to transmission/risk in a group of American Indians (doubly at risk for alcoholism). In two related studies, we have assessed psychological adjustment and drinking behavior of (1) a group of Indians with one or more first-degree alcoholic relatives and a group of Indians without a history of familial alcoholism; and (2) Indians with a history of familial alcoholism compared to Caucasians with a history of familial alcoholism. Results indicate no psychological functioning differences between familial and nonfamilial Indians. However, the familial Indian group reported a style of drinking that more closely resembled that of an alcoholic group. Looking at these data cross-culturally, there are differences between Indians and Caucasians on psychological adjustment, as well as drinking behavior. These differences are present in spite of a shared familial history of alcoholism. PMID- 6630559 TI - Comparative evaluation of medical vs. social treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. AB - Compared medical and social setting detoxification treatments of alcohol withdrawal syndrome on the degree to which each involved alcoholics in ongoing rehabilitative efforts. Two hundred patients were selected randomly from both treatments and administered the Physical Problem Inventory, Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, Assessment of Life Experience, and Level of Motivation scales. Analysis of covariance with multiple covariates was employed to assess the effect of the treatment model on willingness to continue rehabilitation as measured by the dependent variable, ongoing referral status. The difference between detoxification treatment models was highly significant, and none of the covariates, which controlled for pretest differences and the assignment process, was significant. Results are discussed in the context of current notions of pharmacotherapy, learning, and physiological models of withdrawal treatment. In addition, expectancies, in terms of perceived responsibility for outcome, are discussed as important factors that contribute to the discrepancy between medical vs. social models in the treatment of alcoholism. PMID- 6630560 TI - Neuropsychological test performance and hypnotic susceptibility. AB - Treated 70 patients for alcohol dependency. Various degrees of cortical dysfunctioning were represented as measured by the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery. The study's purpose was to determine whether there was a relationship between brain-behavior and hypnotic susceptibility as measured by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale and its Fromm-Weingarten modification. It was found that the two scales were interchangeable insofar as they measured the same ability. Results indicate that hypnotic susceptibility is related to cognitive ability independent of lateralization. Further studies that use the same instruments with more precisely neurologically impaired patients are needed. PMID- 6630561 TI - Personality differences among black, white, and Hispanic-American male heroin addicts on MMPI content scales. AB - Used MMPI Content Scale scores (Wiggins, 1966) to assess personality differences among black, white, and Hispanic-American heroin addicts. Ss were 423 male veterans who volunteered for the first time for treatment between 1972 and 1979 to an inpatient Drug Dependence Treatment Program (DDTP) of a Veterans Administration Medical Center. Two hypotheses were tested: First, that minority group heroin addicts (blacks and Hispanics) will show better adjustment than majority group (white) heroin addicts; second, that Hispanic-American heroin addicts will evidence personality characteristics unlike those of either whites or blacks. Both hypotheses were confirmed. Results were interpreted as supporting cultural theories of substance abuse and providing implications for diagnosis and treatment of substance abuse disorders among minority ethnic groups. PMID- 6630562 TI - The effect of low density polyethylene containers on some hospital-manufactured eyedrop formulations. II. Inhibition of the sorption of phenylmercuric acetate. AB - The presence of phosphate ions in solutions of phenylmercuric acetate inhibits the sorption of the preservative by low-density polyethylene eyedrop bottles. The extent to which sorption is inhibited depends upon the concentration of phosphate but does not appear to be temperature dependent. Phenylmercuric preservatives react with chloride ion to produce insoluble phenylmercuric chloride and should therefore not be used to preserve eyedrops containing chloride or hydrochloride salts. PMID- 6630563 TI - Predicting warfarin dosage. AB - A table is presented which enables prediction of maintenance dosage of warfarin from a knowledge of initial prothrombin ratii response it was devised following correlation between the two parameters in 63 patients. PMID- 6630564 TI - Drug handling and patient compliance in an outpatient paediatric trial. AB - New routines for drug handling were used in a 24-week outpatient double-blind trial of naproxen versus acetylsalicylic acid in 80 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The clinician ordered tablets from the pharmacy for each patient by stating name, weight and randomization number. The pharmacy dispensed the drugs in sealed and labelled 1-week medication containers. Totally, 2176 containers were packed and distributed to the patients. Two errors in ordering of drugs were detected. Patient compliance was studied by tablet count in used containers returned by 25 of the patients. The calculated compliance was 95%. The procedures for drug handling seem useful and may increase the validity of clinical trials. The staff at the local pharmacy can be valuable partners in the planning and performance of clinical drug trials. PMID- 6630565 TI - Topical administration of medications in the lungs. AB - A survey has been carried out in Zimbabwe to gain information on pharmacist attitudes and current practice involving patient education in the use of medications for topical administration in the lung. The results of the survey indicated that although there was awareness of patient misuse of the administration devices, most pharmacists did not commonly demonstrate administration techniques to their patients; demonstrations when carried out were predominantly by hospital pharmacists. Few pharmacists were aware of the availability of placebo devices for patient education. Most pharmacists agreed, however, that they would become involved in patient instruction on administration techniques if placebo devices were made available to them. These placebo units, they felt, should be supplied free of charge by the manufacturing companies. Most pharmacists felt that, at present, their patients did not fully understand and were not practising correct administration techniques and therefore required tuition in these matters. The present survey was a pilot study for a larger survey to be carried out in Northern Ireland. PMID- 6630566 TI - A study of routines followed and equipment used in 430 hospital wards handling antineoplastic agents. AB - The routines followed and the equipment used by hospital staff when handling antineoplastic drugs were studied. A questionnaire was sent via the hospital pharmacies to hospital wards which administered antineoplastic drugs at least once a week. The answers received from 430 wards indicate a good understanding and awareness of the risks. Efforts had been made to protect the personnel from potential adverse effects. Efforts had been made to protect the personnel from potential adverse effects from the medications prepared or administered. There was, however, still a shortage of protective equipment such as ventilated cabinets. Existing cabinets were often not used and maintained in a proper manner. On the basis of the responses to the questionnaire, it may be concluded that there is still a need for further evaluation of the routines used in the practical handling of antineoplastic agents in hospital wards. PMID- 6630567 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of nicotine in human breast milk. AB - In this study, nicotine concentrations in the breast milk of lactating women were measured by gas chromatography. In one group of smokers, the concentrations measured were related to the number of cigarettes smoked earlier in the day. Low nicotine concentrations were found in the breast milk of nonsmokers exposed to a smoky atmosphere. PMID- 6630568 TI - Safe disposal of some commonly used injectable antineoplastic drugs. AB - The disposal of unrequired, injectable antineoplastic drugs in hospital pharmacy departments has recently become a growing problem. In 1981, the manufacturers of these preparations were asked to provide advice on the disposal of their product(s). This article is a summary of the recommendations received from the manufacturers. PMID- 6630569 TI - Pre-accident medication and alcohol in burn and other accident victims. AB - The level of pre-accident drinking was found, to be high in a consecutive series of severely injured burn victims and also a group of other accident victims matched for age and sex. More males than females had drunk prior to their accident. Similarly, the number of victims who had taken medication in the 25 h prior to the accident was high. More females than males had taken medication: predominantly drugs with effect on the central nervous system. PMID- 6630570 TI - Adverse drug reactions. PMID- 6630571 TI - Detection of bone marrow invasion by neuroblastoma is improved by sampling at two sites with both aspirates and trephine biopsies. AB - Two hundred and eight serial bone marrow samples from 49 consecutively diagnosed children with neuroblastoma were studied retrospectively for evidence of tumour invasion. Bone marrow involvement was found in 24 patients at diagnosis and in four more at a later stage in their disease. Trephine biopsies were more effective than aspirates for tumour detection in 20% of the 154 paired aspirate/trephine procedures, whilst the reverse was the case in 7%. Imprints of trephines gave no additional information. Bilateral sampling (aspirates and trephines) improved the tumour detection rate by 10% over that attained by sampling a single site. There was some correlation between specific appearances in aspirate and in trephine samples, for example the hypocellular smear and the trephine biopsy showing much stromal reaction to tumour infiltration. Bilateral iliac crest bone marrow aspirates and trephine biopsies are indicated in children with neuroblastoma, both for initial staging and for monitoring of progress. PMID- 6630572 TI - Myelofibrosis as a cause of pancytopenia in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A 16-year-old Iranian girl presented with the clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus and pancytopenia. The pancytopenia was found to be due to myelofibrosis. Both the pancytopenia and marrow fibrosis were reversed by treatment with corticosteroids. PMID- 6630573 TI - Platelet peroxidase deficiency in a case of myelodysplastic syndrome with myelofibrosis. AB - Morphological and functional abnormalities of the megakaryocytic series have been well described in myelodysplastic syndromes. Platelet peroxidase has always been demonstrated in abnormal megakaryocytes and early megakaryoblasts in such syndromes. We have studied a case of myelodysplastic syndrome with marked morphological abnormalities of megakaryocytes in which ultrastructural studies showed the coexistence of platelet peroxidase positive and platelet peroxidase negative megakaryocytes. This enzymatic deficiency was confirmed by the ultrastructural study of circulating platelets. This case appears to be the first report of a partial platelet peroxidase deficiency. It adds to the enzymatic abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndrome already described for the red cells and the granulocytic cells. PMID- 6630574 TI - Use of gas-liquid chromatography as a screening test for toxigenic Clostridium difficile in diarrhoeal stools. AB - In order to determine if gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) on concentrated stool extracts could be substituted to cell culture assay for cytotoxicity, we prospectively studied 154 diarrhoeal stools submitted for detection of Clostridium difficile toxin. Isocaproic-positive samples were cultured on egg yolk agar supplemented with cycloserine, cefoxitin and fructose for isolation of C difficile, and on egg yolk agar plus kanamycin for isolation of other clostridium species. Of the 154 samples, 129 were GLC-negative (height of the isocaproic peak less than 1.2 cm) and were toxin-negative. Twenty-five stools yielded isocaproic acid; C difficile isolated from 13 of them, six of which were also toxin-positive. Four other isocaproic-positive samples yielded C bifermentans and C sordellii; all were toxin-negative. These results indicate that a negative GLC is an excellent screening test for excluding C difficile infection; positive results must be checked by toxin testing and culture since they are not necessarily associated with the presence of C difficile or its toxin. PMID- 6630575 TI - Demonstration of a cytotoxin from Campylobacter jejuni. AB - A 48-hour culture filtrate of Campylobacter jejuni was found to produce cytopathic effects on three human cell lines--that is, HeLa, MRC-5 and Hep-2. The cytopathic effects observed include cell rounding, loss of adherence and cell death after 24-48 h of incubation. Such morphological changes were observed with eight of the eleven strains of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from the blood/stools of patients who suffered from either acute gastroenteritis or septicaemia. The toxic factor did not retain its activity after treatment at 100 degrees C for 30 min. Trypsinisation of the filtrate totally abolished its toxic activity thus indicating that it was probably protein in nature. It is most probably an extracellular toxin as bacterial sonicates did not produce any toxic effect. This study reports the finding of toxic factor(s) in the culture filtrate of Campylobacter jejuni which is cytotoxic to human tissue culture cells. PMID- 6630576 TI - Mucosal prolapse syndrome--a unifying concept for solitary ulcer syndrome and related disorders. AB - Nineteen cases of classical solitary ulcer of the rectum syndrome (SURS) and sixteen examples of rectal mucosal prolapse are described. Similarities in the histological and histochemical features of the two groups lead us to suggest that the term "mucosal prolapse syndrome" be used to describe this group of disorders in which mucosal prolapse--overt or occult is the common underlying pathogenetic mechanism. PMID- 6630578 TI - Bone marrow aluminium storage in renal failure. AB - Using the staining method for aluminium with the ammonium salt of aurine tricarboxylic acid, aluminon, 18 patients with end stage renal disease gave positive reactions in iliac crest bone biopsies and 11 of these had positive staining in the bone marrow. In one the marrow was positive and the bone negative. The marrow reaction is putatively regarded as caused by aluminium storage in unidentified cells, possibly of the macrophage system which are strongly fluorescent when examined after prior tetracycline labelling. Marrow storage should be considered when assessing the bone aluminium burden. PMID- 6630577 TI - Bone histoquantitative findings and histochemical staining reactions for aluminium in chronic renal failure patients treated with haemodialysis fluids containing high and low concentrations of aluminium. AB - A total of 112 undecalcified bone biopsies from 67 patients under treatment for chronic renal failure by maintenance haemodialysis was available for retrospective study. The patients were divided into three groups. Group I (15 cases) had been dialysed for the majority of the time in their own homes with a fluid containing a low concentration of aluminium. Group II (28 cases) had been dialysed exclusively in hospital (prior to 1978) with a fluid containing a high concentration of aluminium and group III (24 cases) had been treated exclusively in hospital (from 1978 onwards) with a fluid of low aluminium concentration. The tissues from these groups were subjected to histoquantitative assessment and stained by a histochemical technique to demonstrate aluminium salt. In group II, 71.4% of cases showed positive aluminium staining reactions (at the osteoid/mineralised tissue interface) compared to 26.6% in group I and 37.5% in group III. Staining reactions were also more extensive in group II cases. The osteoid volume was significantly increased and the calcification front extents significantly decreased in group II compared to both groups I and III. A comparison of histochemically positive with negative cases in each group showed a significantly increased osteoid volume and significantly decreased calcification fronts in the positive cases. It was, therefore, concluded that haemodialysis against a fluid containing a high concentration of aluminium leads to intraosseous aluminium accumulation of greater degree in a larger number of patients than a fluid with low aluminium content and that there is an accompanying osteomalacia manifest by an increase in osteoid volume together with diminution in the extent of the calcification fronts. PMID- 6630580 TI - A case of longstanding primary sclerosing cholangitis. AB - A 45-year-old man is described in whom there is currently ERCP and histological evidence of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). A liver biopsy obtained 29 years ago shows similar histological features confirming that he had PSC at that time. This case indicates that PSC may follow a relatively benign course. PMID- 6630579 TI - The pathology of meconium ileus equivalent. AB - A case of meconium ileus equivalent in a 25-year-old woman with cystic fibrosis is reported and the pathology of this condition is described. On gross examination the lumen of the terminal ileum was completely obstructed by a mass of inspissated faecal material with a putty-like consistency. The principal microscopic findings were plugging of the mucosal crypts with mucoid secretion, distention of goblet cells and the presence of a thick layer of mucus, admixed with faecal material, adherent to the mucosal surface. Mucin histochemistry demonstrated sulphomucin in the terminal ileum, although acidic mucins in the normal small intestine are almost exclusively non-sulphated. PMID- 6630581 TI - Bone histomorphometric analysis in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia. PMID- 6630582 TI - Mean platelet volume changes in infection. PMID- 6630583 TI - Suppression of atrial ectopy with intravenous metoprolol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. AB - To determine the efficacy of a cardioselective beta blocker in the treatment of atrial ectopy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we administered intravenous metoprolol (0.2 mg/kg) to six patients with atrial ectopic depolarizations (AEDs) and chronic partially reversible airflow limitation (FEV1 = 1.24 +/- 0.21 liter, mean +/- S.E.). Metoprolol reduced the mean frequency of AEDs from 713 +/- 237 per hour to 218 +/- 127 per hour. Furthermore, three of six patients experienced an 85 per cent or greater decrease in AEDs. No changes were observed in FEV1, FVC, or FEF25-75 over the course of the study. These data suggest that intravenous metoprolol is effective in reducing the frequency of AEDs and that it can be administered to patients with COPD without causing an increase in airflow limitation. PMID- 6630585 TI - Terbutaline infusion in cardiogenic shock: acute hemodynamic effects and clinical response. AB - The effect of terbutaline infusion was studied in six patients with cardiogenic shock due to acute myocardial infarction. Terbutaline was initiated at 3 micrograms/kg/min, and the subsequent infusion rate was adjusted according to heart rate and blood pressure. At 3 hours after infusion arterial pressure increased from 62 +/- 13 mm Hg (mean +/- S.D.) to 89 +/- 13 mm Hg (P less than 0.001), cardiac index increased from 1.38 +/- 0.29 liter/min/m2 to 2.68 +/- 0.47 liter/min/m2 (P less than 0.001), and heart rate increased from 92 +/- 32 beats/min to 112 +/- 29 beats/min (P less than 0.005). Pulmonary artery wedge pressure fell from 24 +/- 7 mm Hg to 17 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than 0.01), right atrial pressure fell from 12 +/- 4 mm Hg to 6 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than 0.005), and systemic vascular resistance fell from 1880 +/- 641 dyn-sec/cm5 to 1515 +/- 418 dyn-sec/cm5 (P less than 0.05). In addition, urine flow increased from 4 +/- 6 ml/hr to 314 +/- 237 ml/hr (P less than 0.05), and subjective improvement was noted in all subjects. Undesirable effects observed were hypokalemia (all subjects), supraventricular tachycardia (one subject), and ventricular ectopic beats (three subjects), which responded to potassium replacement and other treatments. All patients required prolonged maintenance infusion to maintain adequate hemodynamic and clinical response. Four patients were weaned off from maintenance therapy after a mean duration of 4.8 days and eventually were discharged from the hospital.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630584 TI - Effects of prazosin and clonidine on sympathetic and baroreflex function in patients with essential hypertension. AB - Prazosin, a peripherally active alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist, and clonidine, a centrally active alpha-adrenoceptor agonist, both reduce blood pressure but with different alterations in sympathetic nervous system activity. We studied the effects of monotherapy with either prazosin or clonidine in 10 and 30 patients, respectively, with essential hypertension. Prazosin reduced blood pressure without affecting heart rate or circulating plasma catecholamines. Sensitivity to injected phenylephrine was markedly reduced by prazosin, and sensitivity to isoproterenol was increased, whereas baroreflex sensitivity was not significantly altered. Blood pressure response to prazosin was correlated with basal plasma norepinephrine concentration (r = 0.64, P less than 0.04). In contrast, clonidine reduced heart rates and plasma concentrations of both norepinephrine and epinephrine, increased the sensitivity to phenylephrine, and increased baroreflex sensitivity. Blood pressure response to clonidine was correlated with reduction in plasma norepinephrine concentration (r = 0.51, P less than 0.004). Thus, blood pressure reduction resulting from monotherapy with either prazosin or clonidine occurs through different antisympathetic effects, suggesting that combined therapy might be useful in those unresponsive to either drug alone. PMID- 6630586 TI - Myocardial metabolic effects of intravenous terbutaline in patients with severe heart failure due to coronary artery disease. AB - Intravenous terbutaline, 0.3 mg/kg/min for 30 minutes followed by 0.15 mg/min for 60 minutes, was studied in nine patients with severe heart failure due to documented coronary artery disease. Hemodynamic and myocardial metabolic effects were measured during terbutaline infusion. Cardiac index and stroke index increased, whereas mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly. No significant alterations in aortic oxygen content, coronary sinus oxygen content, myocardial oxygen extraction, and myocardial lactate extraction were observed during terbutaline infusion. No patient developed angina or electrocardiographic changes suggestive of ischemia. These results indicate that intravenous terbutaline infusion, at the dosage employed, produces beneficial hemodynamic effects without a deterioration of myocardial metabolism in patients with heart failure due to coronary artery disease. PMID- 6630587 TI - The disposition of 14C-indapamide in man. AB - The metabolism of 14C-indapamide labeled in the indoline ring was determined after a single oral administration of a solution (4.99 mg, 90.47 microCi) to four fasted adult male volunteers. 14C-Indapamide was rapidly absorbed, and peak blood concentrations of radioactivity occurred by 0.5 hour in three subjects and at 2 hours in one subject. The mean elimination half-lives of total radioactivity were 27.0 hours in blood and 24.5 hours in plasma. The concentration of total radioactivity in blood was 5.7 times greater than in plasma, indicating extensive binding to red blood cells. Unchanged drug, as analyzed in one subject, reached a peak concentration by 0.5 hour, and had a blood half-life of 15.8 hours. Radioactivity was primarily excreted in the urine, and more than 50 per cent of the administered radioactivity was eliminated by this route in 48 hours. By eight days, 92.8 per cent of the radioactivity was recovered, with 70.3 per cent in the urine and 22.5 per cent in the feces. 14C-Indapamide was shown to be extensively metabolized, with only 7.3 per cent of the dose excreted as unchanged drug in the urine. Systemic and renal clearances of total radioactivity were 12.8 +/- 1.3 and 8.6 +/- 0.8 ml/min, respectively, while the renal clearance of unchanged indapamide, determined for one subject, was substantially lower (1.71 ml/min). PMID- 6630588 TI - Suprofen concentrations in human breast milk. AB - Six healthy females who had been nursing their infants for 6 to 11 months received a single, 200-mg oral dose of suprofen, an analgesic which has been evaluated clinically. Blood and milk samples were collected at discrete times over an 8-hour period and suprofen concentrations in milk and plasma were determined by HPLC. The binding of suprofen to milk and plasma proteins was determined by equilibrium dialysis. The maximum concentrations of suprofen in the milk ranged from 0.118 to 0.232 microgram/ml and occurred from 1 to 2 hours after dose administration. The maximum plasma suprofen concentrations ranged from 13.8 to 28.3 micrograms/ml and occurred from 0.5 to 2 hours after dosing. Within any subject, the peak suprofen concentration in milk was 0.5 to 0.9 per cent of the peak concentration in plasma. Suprofen was extensively bound to plasma proteins (99.4 per cent) and minimally bound to milk proteins (10 per cent). The average milk/plasma ratio based on area-under-the-curve measurements was approximately 0.014, or 1.4 per cent. This ratio agrees well with an estimated value of 1.2 per cent for the pH-dependent, passive diffusion of suprofen from plasma into milk. From these data, it appears that there would be minimal suprofen exposure to a nursing infant after administration of recommended doses to the nursing mother. PMID- 6630589 TI - Combining lithium and antidepressants. PMID- 6630590 TI - Blood pressure effects of phenelzine. PMID- 6630591 TI - Effects of hypnotics on memory. PMID- 6630592 TI - Memory functions during lithium therapy. PMID- 6630593 TI - Antidepressant withdrawal syndromes: evidence for supersensitivity of cholinergic system as an etiologic factor. PMID- 6630594 TI - Pemoline, depressive symptoms, and escape from dexamethasone suppression. PMID- 6630595 TI - The safety of phenylpropanolamine. PMID- 6630596 TI - Panic disorder manifestations. PMID- 6630597 TI - Topical carmustine (BCNU) for mycosis fungoides and related disorders: a 10-year experience. AB - A 10-year experience in eighty-six patients confirms the effectiveness of topical carmustine (BCNU) in mycosis fungoides (MF). Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 84% of those with less than 10% involvement (stage IA), median CR, 12 months, and in 52% with greater than 10% involvement (stage IB), median CR, 23 months. The probability of freedom from relapse for 1 year was 72% in stage IA and 37% in stage IB. No deaths in stages IA or IB were attributable to MF. Including all causes of death, the probability of 5-year survival for stage IA was 93% and for stage IB, 48%. Good results were obtained with only local BCNU in fourteen patients with mostly less than 5% involvement. Five of seven with poikilodermatous MF, two with parapsoriasis en plaques (PEP), and three with lymphomatoid papulosis did well. Persistent local therapy cleared deeply infiltrated lesions in some patients. With present schedules, the hazard of bone marrow depression is slight. Erythematous reactions and telangiectasia are troublesome but have not been accompanied by premalignant changes. PMID- 6630598 TI - Generalized pruritus and systemic disease. AB - A retrospective study of 44 cases of generalized pruritus (GP) was undertaken to determine the incidence of systemic disease in this population. This data was compared to that of a group of 44 age- and sex-matched psoriatic controls. We found 13 (30%) of the GP cases to have a systemic disease that in the literature is believed to be associated with GP, versus 10 (23%) in the psoriasis group. Excluding hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus, two disorders with questionable relationship to GP, the number of pruritus patients with an associated systemic disease was reduced to 8 (18%) compared to only 1 (2%) psoriatic patient, a difference which is statistically significant (p less than 0.02). In 6 (14%) of the GP patients a temporal relationship of systemic disease and GP was suggested. Recommendations for outpatient workup of GP are given. Patient follow-up of 1 to 6 1/2 years revealed that 29 (66%) of the patients had persistent itching. The mean duration of itching to the time of the present follow-up was 57.7 months. PMID- 6630599 TI - Effectiveness of curettage and electrodesiccation in the removal of basal cell carcinoma. AB - Basal cell carcinomas are slow-growing malignant skin tumors which have traditionally been successfully treated by curettage and electrodesiccation. Curettage and electrodesiccation is traditionally repeated two or three times, but there are no previous studies documenting the value for the repetitions. This study compares the efficacy of curettage and desiccation once and three times in removing basal cell tumors. The results suggest that these neoplasms have two distinct growth patterns. One is more invasive and incompletely removed by curettage-desiccation. The second pattern is removed by a single cycle of curettage and desiccation. It is hypothesized, based on a review of pertinent literature, that these growth patterns are related to immunologic interaction with tumor cells. PMID- 6630600 TI - Patterns of congenital nevocellular nevi. A histologic study of thirty-eight cases. AB - A series of thirty-eight cases of congenital nevocellular nevi were excised and studied histologically. Depending on the extent of nevoid cell dermal infiltration, four histologic patterns were observed: diffuse or patchy infiltration of the upper dermis alone, or diffuse or patchy infiltration of the upper and deep dermis with nevoid cells in or below the lower one third of the reticular dermis. Nevoid cells extended into the deepest reticular dermis in only 37% of these patients. There was no significant correlation between the four histologic patterns and age, sex, location, or lesion size. Two cases recurred after surgery but none underwent malignant change. The patients who developed recurrent nevi in the surgical site postexcision manifested the diffuse upper and deep dermal pattern of nevoid cell infiltration. We interpret this observation as due to incomplete excision of the primary lesion, reflecting the difficulty of removing congenital nevi with this histologic pattern. We conclude from this study that: (1) congenital nevocellular nevi show at least four typical histologic patterns; (2) the nevoid cells of congenital nevi do not necessarily extend into the deep dermis; and (3) of the four histologic patterns seen in congenital nevi, that one showing diffuse and deep placement of nevoid cells on biopsy requires more aggressive excision to prevent recurrence. PMID- 6630601 TI - Neonatal lupus syndrome in successive pregnancies. AB - Two female siblings, born 15 months apart, developed neonatal lupus syndrome. Both had cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE) lesions resolving with telangiectasis. Their cutaneous lesions were temporally related to transplacental passage of anti-SS-A (Ro) autoantibodies from their asymptomatic mother. Infants with this transient collagen vascular syndrome may have LE skin lesions, congenital heart block, and liver or hematologic abnormalities, and are possibly at risk for developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) later in life. It is important to recognize that this syndrome may occur in successive pregnancies. PMID- 6630602 TI - Wound healing by secondary intention. A cosmetic appraisal. AB - Secondary intention healing is a simple method of wound management that can provide excellent cosmetic results. Wounds located on concave surfaces of the skin heal with a better cosmetic result than those on convex surfaces. The technic of wound care is reviewed and a set of guidelines is presented that helps one to predict the final appearance of healed cutaneous wounds. PMID- 6630603 TI - Graft-versus-host disease from leukocyte transfusions. AB - Transfusion of blood products containing immunocompetent lymphocytes may cause graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in immunosuppressed recipients. We describe fatal GVHD which occurred in a 30-year-old renal transplant patient 2 weeks after transfusion of 1.0 x 10(8) lymphocytes/kilogram. In addition to typical cutaneous and gastrointestinal manifestations, she developed irreversible bone marrow failure. Acute GVHD following blood product transfusion from normal donors has a mortality of 88%. Treatment is unsatisfactory, but irradiation of blood products prior to administration is preventive. PMID- 6630604 TI - Photosensitive recurrent erythema multiforme. AB - A case report of photosensitive recurrent erythema multiforme occurring in a 31 year-old man is presented herein. Lesions clinically and histologically resembling erythema multiforme were reproduced with light testing. The patient's lesions appeared to respond to both oral prednisone and hydroxychloroquine. PMID- 6630605 TI - Condylomata acuminata: results of treatment using hypnosis. AB - We report a 48-year-old woman with venereal warts; hypnosis was used to treat her condition. After four weekly treatment sessions, her warts were eliminated. PMID- 6630606 TI - Recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis. AB - A patient is presented who has a 71-year history of recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis, despite treatment with antimonials, antituberculous drugs, and surgery. Classification and treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis are discussed. PMID- 6630607 TI - Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome. Case report and literature review. AB - Focal dermal hypoplasia is a rare mesoectodermal hypoplasia found primarily in females. It is characterized by linear hypoplasia of the skin and tumors of fat or lipomatous lesions. There are significant defects of the skeleton, dental structures, eyes, soft tissues, and skin. A rare example of a young man with this syndrome is reported, and a review of 125 cases from the literature is presented. PMID- 6630608 TI - Perforating lichen nitidus. AB - We report a second case of perforating lichen nitidus. This supports the occurrence of the transepidermal elimination phenomenon in lichen nitidus and justifies the addition of lichen nitidus to the family of perforating dermatoses. PMID- 6630609 TI - Electrosurgery and cardiac pacemakers. AB - There are two basic types of cardiac pacemakers: (1) Fixed-rate pacemakers stimulate the heart at a regular rate independent of the intrinsic heart rate. (2) Demand pacemakers sense the heart's spontaneous rhythm. They are more commonly used because they are noncompetitive with the heart. There are two varieties of demand pacemakers: ventricular-inhibited and ventricular-triggered. Their responses to electrical interference are quite different. Potential pacemaker interference is a consideration with high-frequency electrosurgery. The problems with electrosurgical interference have occurred primarily with early pacemaker models. Recent improvements in electrical shielding and filtering systems have made pacemakers very resistant to outside electrical influence. Simple electrodesiccation of small lesions on relatively healthy pacemaker patients poses negligible risks. Caution is advised for marginal patients undergoing extensive electrosurgical procedures. The potential risks are further minimized by proper attention to patient history, monitoring, proper grounding, the avoidance of cutting current, and the use of proper technic. PMID- 6630610 TI - Age of patients with tines versicolor. PMID- 6630611 TI - Cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6630612 TI - Risk of carcinogenicity in patients with psoriasis treated with methotrexate or PUVA singly or in combination. PMID- 6630613 TI - Dermatology recorded: this country, this century. The fourth annual Samuel J. Zakon lecture. PMID- 6630614 TI - Environmental UVA radiation and eye protection during PUVA therapy. AB - Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that patients receiving psoralens plus UVA radiation (PUVA) therapy for the treatment of psoriasis or other skin diseases run the risk of developing cataracts. The total exposure to UVA radiation of these patients has been difficult to quantify because they are exposed to UVA radiation in the environment as well as during PUVA therapy. In our studies, the spectral irradiances of possible environmental sources of UVA radiation (sunlight, daylight and cool white fluorescent bulbs, and incandescent bulbs) were measured and compared to the spectral irradiance of a bank of PUVA bulbs. Sunlight and PUVA bulbs were found to have similar irradiances in the UVA waveband. Window glass reduced the UVA irradiance from sunlight. Artificial sources of illumination had a very low UVA irradiance compared with PUVA bulbs and sunlight. These results indicate that patients should protect their eyes from sunlight both outdoors and indoors after ingestion of psoralens; however, protection from incandescent bulbs or cool white and daylight fluorescent bulbs is much less important, and possibly unnecessary. PMID- 6630615 TI - The occurrence of vitiligo after psoralens and ultraviolet a therapy. AB - The ability of photochemotherapy with 8-methoxypsoralen in conjunction with high intensity long-wave ultraviolet light (PUVA) to stimulate melanogenesis is well known. This effect on the pigmentary system is evidenced by the diffuse tanning of clinically normal skin in PUVA-treated patients with psoriasis and other disorders, as well as by the repigmentation of lesions in vitiligo. It is now recognized that there may be additional pigmentary effects, resulting in clinical lesions such as PUVA mottling, PUVA lentigines, and localized hypopigmentation. We have documented the occurrence of yet another association with PUVA therapy- the paradoxical appearance of widespread hypopigmentation consistent with vitiligo in three PUVA-treated patients, one with psoriasis and two with mycosis fungoides. Histologic and ultrastructural findings are presented. PMID- 6630616 TI - Contaminants of dinitrochlorobenzene. AB - DNCB (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene) is used in the treatment of alopecia areata, recalcitrant verrucae, and for evaluating immunocompromised patients. Currently, there is no pharmaceutical grade of DNCB available for clinical use. Recently, no nitrochlorobenzene contamination was found with the use of positive ion detection gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. We examined six commercial sources of DNCB, with the use of negative ion detection gas chromatography--mass spectrometry, for volatile impurities such as nitrochlorobenzene which might remain from the manufacturing process. The use of negative ion detection increases the sensitivity of this technic to benzene rings substituted with electron withdrawing groups like the nitrochlorobenzenes. We found that all sources of DNCB contain various combinations of nitrochlorobenzene, dinitrobenzene, nitrodichlorobenzene, and other isomers of DNCB. Nitrochlorobenzene has been shown to be mutagenic in the Ames test and carcinogenic in animal studies. The presence of nitrochlorobenzene and other contaminants in commercial grades of DNCB raises questions about the continued clinical application of this agent. PMID- 6630617 TI - The usefulness of reflectance spectrophotometric measurements during psoralens and ultraviolet A therapy for psoriasis. AB - Reflectance spectrophotometry was used to obtain indices of the hemoglobin and melanin content of psoriatic lesions and adjacent clinically normal skin in thirteen patients undergoing photochemotherapy. The pretreatment lesional hemoglobin index was 2.8 times greater than that of adjacent uninvolved skin. With therapy, this index decreased rapidly initially, and during the second or third week approached that of the uninvolved skin. The ratio of lesional and uninvolved skin hemoglobin indices decreased to approximately 1.3, and continuation of PUVA treatment failed to reduce it further. Termination of treatment at this stage, which occurs before clinical resolution, resulted in subsequent clearance of psoriasis. The decrease in the lesional hemoglobin index and the clearance time appeared to be dose-dependent, and, indeed, a more aggressive regimen resulted in approximately 50% reduction in both the number of treatments and the cumulative dose required to achieve a stable hemoglobin index ratio and subsequent clinical clearance. PMID- 6630618 TI - Dysplastic melanocytic nevi in histologic association with 234 primary cutaneous melanomas. AB - Dysplastic melanocytic nevi (DMN) are irregularly pigmented lesions characterized by (1) atypical melanocytic hyperplasia in a lentiginous epidermal pattern (AMHL), (2) one or more dermal mesenchymal changes, and (3) frequently a dermal nevocellular nevus. In order to determine an association between DMN and cutaneous melanoma, the dominant histologic feature of DMN (namely, AMHL) was sought in histologic contiguity with 234 primary melanomas. Of these 234 cases, 9 were lentigo maligna melanomas. Of the remaining 225 cases, 49 (21.8%) were associated with AMHL in the same histologic section as (but beyond the most lateral margin of) intraepidermal and invasive melanoma. AMHL was directly associated with the presence of dermal nevocellular nevi in histologic contiguity with melanoma, and a greater number of histologic slides with melanoma available for review. AMHL was inversely associated with nodular melanoma. Most of the AMHL cases were not associated with familial melanoma, but the total number of familial cases was low. The histologic association between AMHL and melanoma in one fifth of cases in this series supports the hypothesis that at least some cutaneous melanomas may have an origin in DMN. PMID- 6630619 TI - Pyoderma gangrenosum: successful treatment with intralesional steroids. AB - A case of pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) responsive to intralesional injection of corticosteroid is reported. Improvement was detected by 48 hours, and complete healing had occurred by 6 weeks. The association with various underlying systemic diseases, pathogenesis, and modalities of therapy are discussed. PMID- 6630621 TI - Invisible dermatoses versus nonrashes. PMID- 6630620 TI - On the advent of dermatologic plastic surgery. PMID- 6630622 TI - Therapy guidelines for sexually transmitted diseases. PMID- 6630623 TI - Complications of cutaneous surgery. PMID- 6630624 TI - Erythema nodosum and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. PMID- 6630625 TI - Computed tomography: qualitative and quantitative recognition of liver disease in haemophilia. AB - Thirty haemophiliac patients have been investigated by computed tomography (CT). Quantitative studies using dual energy scans with and without contrast enhancement, together with autocorrelation function analysis of the characteristics of the liver and spleen, revealed significant changes in the liver. The CT findings corresponded to the presence of liver disease, including chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis, in 13 patients confirmed by percutaneous liver biopsy. PMID- 6630626 TI - CT evaluation of therapeutic embolization of hepatic hemangiomas. AB - Computed tomography (CT) was used to monitor the response to therapeutic embolization in two cases of giant cavernous hemangiomas of the liver. Base-line tumor volume and rat of enhancement were calculated. Therapeutic embolization with a detachable balloon or Ivalon microsphere plus a detachable balloon was then performed. CT was repeated to evaluate both change in tumor volume and in rate of enhancement ("fill-in") of the lesion. It was possible to document the response to embolization by changes in the size and the degree of enhancement of the lesions. Thus, CT can be used to document the success or failure of embolization of hepatic hemangiomas. PMID- 6630627 TI - CT directed hepatic biopsies: increased diagnostic accuracy with low patient risk. AB - A technique for computed tomography directed percutaneous liver biopsy using small gauge (18-20) needles is described. In 51 procedures performed on 50 patients tissue specimens adequate for diagnosis were obtained 49 times (96%). There was one false negative diagnosis. The correct diagnosis was made in 48 of 51 (94%) procedures on 48 of 50 (96%) patients. There were no significant complications. PMID- 6630628 TI - CT detection of iatrogenic percutaneous splenic injury. AB - Although the potential for splenic injury during left sided thoracentesis or percutaneous renal biopsy is well known, its occurrence has been rarely reported. In a 1 year period we used computed tomography to detect acute splenic, perisplenic, and intraperitoneal hemorrhage in three patients after percutaneous diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the lower chest and upper abdomen. One patient was asymptomatic, the second developed left upper quadrant pain, and the third required emergency splenectomy. PMID- 6630629 TI - Hyperdense renal cysts. AB - Three cases of surgically proven benign renal cysts are presented that demonstrated high density on computed tomography. The lesions shared the common characteristics of hyperdensity, nonenhancement with intravenous contrast material, round shape, and sharp margination. It is suggested that these criteria may indicate that such lesions are potentially benign, which may prompt a more conservative surgical approach. PMID- 6630630 TI - CT diagnosis of renal metastases. AB - Antemortum detection of renal metastases can be made by computed tomography (CT), particularly if the known primary malignancy is in a late stage. The CT scans of 10 oncologic patients with focal renal metastases were reviewed (confirmation by surgery in four, follow-up CT demonstrating new lesions or lesion growth in two). Five of our cases had only renal metastases and five patients had other areas of metastases. Renal metastases are well circumscribed, rarely enhance, and have density measurements of 25-70 Hounsfield units. Ways of differentiating these lesions from other renal masses are discussed. PMID- 6630631 TI - Computed tomography of the knee joint: technique of study and normal anatomy. AB - Computed tomography was employed in 100 cases to examine the knee joint, without the use of intraarticular contrast medium administration. For greater resolution, only one leg of the patient was introduced into the gantry, and the limb being examined was immobilized and flexed at 8-10 degrees. Computed tomography clearly demonstrated all the anatomical structures that are of clinical interest such as menisci, cruciate and collateral ligaments, and articular and paraarticular soft tissues and tendons. The exact knowledge of the anatomy in axial view and in the indispensable sagittal and coronal reconstructions is fundamental in the identification of pathological conditions. PMID- 6630632 TI - Computed tomography of the knee joint: clinical results. AB - Computed tomography (CT) was used to examine the knee joint in 175 patients with various pathological conditions. In 118 of these patients a unique technique of study was employed. This technique is based on thin slices, a high resolution reconstruction program, and routine multiplanar reconstructions, without intraarticular contrast medium administration. In 36 patients studied with this technique, surgery was performed, thus permitting verification of the CT patterns. We concluded that CT may identify lesions of menisci, cruciate and collateral ligaments, and other pathologic conditions with at least 90% accuracy. PMID- 6630633 TI - Diagnosis of patellofemoral malalignment by computed tomography. AB - Conventional radiographic assessment of the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) is often unsatisfactory for a variety of technical and theoretical reasons. Using a simple device designed to allow easy and reproducible control of knee flexion, we used computed tomography (CT) to evaluate the PFJ in 10 normal volunteers and five patients with a history suggestive of recurrent subluxation or dislocation of the PFJ. At full extension of the knee the patients with a history of malalignment showed an abnormal patellar centralization and tilt compared with those of the normal volunteers. The abnormalities were absent or less pronounced on images obtained at 20 and 45 degrees of knee flexion. PMID- 6630634 TI - Dose reduction through variable dose CT scanning: optimality of the filtered backprojection algorithm. AB - A novel approach to patient radiation dose reduction in X-ray computed tomography (CT) (variable dose scanning) is proposed and evaluated. This technique spares radiosensitive tissues from unnecessary radiation if they are not in the area of immediate clinical interest. Specifically evaluated is the potential for reduction of dose to the eye and active bone marrow in head transmission CT. Using computer simulations, doses are calculated for an easily implementable two level exposure variation, and results are discussed for the fully optimized case in which the intensities of all pencil beams are independently variable. Dose reductions of more than 80% in peak dose are possible in head scanning. To determine whether the filtered backprojection algorithm is optimal in terms of signal-to-noise ratio of the final images for this novel scanning technique, a Cramer-Rao lower bound to noise in the image (which is independent of reconstruction algorithm) is derived and calculated for several types of scan. The bound uses the photon distributions determined from mathematical optimization and is compared with the actual noise of the reconstructions. The comparison indicates that little if any improvement can be expected in signal-to-noise ratio using reconstruction algorithms other than the filtered backprojection. PMID- 6630635 TI - Hemorrhage into a brain abscess. AB - A case of hemorrhage into a brain abscess is presented, along with a classification of factors affecting the appearance on computed tomography of brain abscesses. PMID- 6630636 TI - Gyriform calcification after herpes simplex virus encephalitis. AB - Intracranial calcification simulating Sturge-Weber syndrome is rare in association with intracranial infection. A case of bilateral gyriform calcification after herpes simplex virus encephalitis evaluated by repeat computed tomography (CT) scans is presented. To our knowledge this is the first published report of CT findings in this entity. PMID- 6630637 TI - Superficial siderosis: a cause of leptomeningeal enhancement on computed tomography. AB - A case of superficial siderosis of the central nervous system proven by brain biopsy is described. The diagnosis was made antemortem, the first such case reported in the English language literature. Postcontrast material cerebral CT demonstrated widespread meningeal enhancement. The differential diagnosis is discussed. PMID- 6630638 TI - Unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia. AB - A case of unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia is presented. This was an incidental finding in a patient with no evidence of neuromuscular or metabolic disease and no past history of trauma, anoxia, or perinatal difficulties. Computed tomographic scans showed posterior fossa asymmetry with underlying unilateral cerebellar hemisphere hypoplasia. In addition, there was overlying skull table thickening and excess petrous pneumatization on the affected side. PMID- 6630639 TI - Primary amyloid tumor of the lacrimal gland: CT findings. AB - We present a rare case of primary amyloid tumor originating in the lacrimal gland. The computed tomographic findings are similar to those of an orbital angioma, showing an enhancing soft tissue mass with multiple calcifications simulating phleboliths. PMID- 6630640 TI - CT findings in a nasopharyngeal extramedullary plasmacytoma. AB - We report a case of an extramedullary plasmacytoma arising from the nasopharynx. The computed tomographic appearance of this rare tumor is discussed. PMID- 6630641 TI - Spinal lipoma presenting as a mediastinal mass: diagnosis by CT. AB - Spinal lipomas account for less than 1% of all spinal tumors. Prior to the advent of computed tomography, the preoperative diagnosis could only be suggested on the basis of nonspecific clinical and radiographic findings. We report a case of an unusual spinal lipoma that presented as a mediastinal mass. The low attenuation values of the tumor allowed a preoperative diagnosis. Computed tomography with metrizamide should serve as the first diagnostic procedure for evaluation of spinal lipomas. PMID- 6630642 TI - CT diagnosis of thoracic pedicle aplasia. AB - A rare case of congenital absence of a pedicle in the thoracic spine is presented. The merit of prompt confirmation of the diagnosis by computed tomography is discussed. PMID- 6630643 TI - Computed tomography of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. AB - Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia was diagnosed in a 26-year-old woman, based on the characteristic peripherally distributed pulmonary infiltrates, eosinophilia, and relatively severe symptomatology. Her disease responded well to corticosteroid therapy. Computed tomography examination demonstrated mediastinal lymphadenopathy and peculiar, vertically oriented platelike infiltrates. PMID- 6630644 TI - CT diagnosis of congenital lobar emphysema. AB - Congenital lobar emphysema can be diagnosed by conventional chest films, but it may be difficult to determine which is the affected lobe or the etiology. This report presents the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of this entity and also emphasizes the significant role CT may have in its diagnosis. PMID- 6630645 TI - Lipoma of the myocardium. AB - A case of myocardial lipoma is presented which was diagnosed by computed tomography (CT). The resultant distortion of the cardiac chambers was well delineated by CT. PMID- 6630646 TI - High protein content: another cause of CT hyperdense benign renal cyst. AB - A high density renal mass (35 Hounsfield units), which did not enhance after intravenous contrast material proved to be a renal cyst containing a very proteinaceous fluid. The high protein concentration was the apparent cause of the unusually high attenuation values observed. This case is discussed and the causes of hyperdense benign renal cysts on computed tomography are reviewed. PMID- 6630647 TI - Adrenal insufficiency secondary to metastatic lung carcinoma: CT aided diagnosis. AB - A patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung associated with clinical and laboratory evidence of adrenal insufficiency is described. Bilateral adrenal masses were identified on computed tomography and percutaneous needle biopsy confirmed metastatic adenocarcinoma. There was some clinical improvement after treatment with corticosteroids. Consideration of this entity with appropriate diagnostic testing should result in more frequent recognition as well as palliation of attendant symptomatology. PMID- 6630648 TI - CT findings in hibernoma of the thigh. AB - Hibernoma is a rare hypervascular tumour originating from brown fat. A case report of a thigh hibernoma with computed tomographic and angiographic findings is presented. An attempt to differentiate this tumour from the white fatty tumours, i.e., lipoma, angiolipoma, angiomyolipoma, and liposarcoma, is discussed. PMID- 6630649 TI - Femoral defect after anterior dislocation. AB - A case is reported of a wedge-shaped defect in the anterolateral portion of the femoral head following an anterior dislocation of the obturator type. This hatchet-like defect is similar to the Hill-Sachs defect of the humerus. PMID- 6630650 TI - CT diagnosis of symptomatic cystic hemorrhage in polycystic renal disease. PMID- 6630651 TI - Ovarian dermoid: unusual CT presentation. PMID- 6630652 TI - CT demonstration of multiple intraperitoneal teratomatous implants. PMID- 6630653 TI - Computed tomography in retroperitoneal neurofibrosarcoma (malignant schwannoma). PMID- 6630654 TI - Computed tomography of a pituitary stone. PMID- 6630655 TI - Herniation of calcified nucleus pulposus in the thoracic spine. PMID- 6630656 TI - Data compression techniques for CT image archiving. AB - Large digital files are inherent to computed tomography (CT) image data. The CT installations that routinely archive patient data are penalized computer time, technologist's time, tape, purchase, and file space. This paper introduces compression techniques that reduce the amount of tape needed to store image data and the amount of computer time to do so. The benefits delivered by this technique have also been applied to CT disk systems in which limited on-line memory requires compact file storage. Typical reductions of 40 to 50% of original file space are reported. PMID- 6630657 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of intracerebral hemorrhage in the acute and resolving phases. AB - Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of intracerebral hemorrhage revealed a considerable difference in the appearance of the bleedings in the acute and resolving phases. Attention is drawn to the shortening of the relaxation time T1 within the first 2 weeks after the acute onset of symptoms with the location of the change at the periphery of the lesion. The change was most evident with T1 dependent inversion recovery sequence (IR 1,500/400). With this pulse scheme the acute hemorrhage was visualized as a dark area during its early days. A bright zone, reflecting the shorter T1, was not seen until the resolving phase at the end of the 1st week. Although its pathophysiological aspects are so far unknown, this finding may offer an opportunity for dating intracerebral hemorrhages. PMID- 6630658 TI - Role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of infectious spondylitis. AB - Nineteen patients with infectious spondylitis were evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and the results were compared with conventional radiography. In each case the diagnosis was established by biopsy. The use of CT in evaluation of the extent of bone and soft tissue involvement as well as its role in differentiating inflammatory from noninflammatory destructive processes is discussed. PMID- 6630659 TI - Computed tomography and differential diagnosis of the extruded lumbar disc. AB - Herniated lumbar discs may infrequently extrude through or around the posterior longitudinal ligament and migrate within the epidural space either as a contiguous mass with or as a free fragment of the parent nucleus pulposus. Recognition of this entity may obviate the use of chymopapain or may otherwise alter the surgeon's approach to the disc herniation. The CT scans of 40 surgically confirmed cases of lumbar disc extrusion were reviewed. In 36 cases CT identified the extruded disc material as a lobulated soft tissue mass of similar attenuation to the disc space, migrating either superiorly or inferiorly from the parent disc interspace. In 34 cases the extrusion was 6 mm or more from the center of the parent disc. Calcification of the disc extrusion occurred in five cases. In six cases an extruded free fragment of disc material was associated with a normal-appearing parent disc interspace at CT. In one such case gas bubbles occurred within a degenerating extruded fragment which had eroded through the dura. The differential diagnosis of lumbar disc extrusion is also discussed. PMID- 6630660 TI - Computed tomography of palatine tonsillar carcinoma. AB - Twenty-five patients with surgically and histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma of the palatine tonsil were studied with computed tomography (CT) using a high dose intravenous contrast enhancement technique. With this technique, CT demonstrated the primary carcinoma within the palatine fossa as well as its contiguous spread to the base of the tongue, mobile tongue, lateral pharyngeal wall, supraglottic larynx, and nasopharynx and metastasis to local deep cervical lymph nodes. PMID- 6630661 TI - Computed tomography of primary mediastinal seminomas. AB - Two cases of primary mediastinal seminoma presented as (a) aortic aneurysm with symptoms suggestive of coarctation of the aorta and (b) nonspecific tumor mass with left diaphragmatic paralysis. By computed tomographic (CT) scans both tumors were massive with sharply demarcated borders, loss of fat planes between the tumor and surrounding organs, and homogeneous density (30 to 40 Hounsfield units) only slightly enhanced by contrast medium infusion. Such CT findings should suggest the possibility of a primary mediastinal seminoma. PMID- 6630662 TI - CT appearance of diaphragmatic pseudotumors. AB - Invaginations of the muscular fibers of the diaphragm into the upper abdomen may appear as nodules of soft tissue density on computed tomographic (CT) sections in deep inspiration. If these nodules indent the adjacent stomach or distal transverse colon, they may mimic small mural tumors or metastatic implants. Similar nodules protruding from the diaphragmatic crura into the adjacent retroperitoneal fat may be mistaken for enlarged lymph nodes on CT. Differential diagnosis of these pseudotumors from pathologic lesions is based on their continuity peripherally with the diaphragm and their separation from the hollow viscera by subdiaphragmatic fat. Decubitus and expiratory CT sections are valuable diagnostic aids. PMID- 6630663 TI - Melanocyte-lymphocyte interaction in human graft-versus-host disease. AB - Pigmentary disorders in chronic human GvHD comprise reticular or diffuse hyper- and hypopigmentation and seem to result from an interaction between lymphocytes and melanocytes. This interaction could be visualized by standard microscopy with a specific staining for melanin. The main ultrastructural findings were, in hyperpigmented areas: broad contact between melanocytes and lymphocytes, numerous and packed melanosomes, presence of cytoplasmic lipid droplets; in hypopigmented areas: disintegrating melanocytes with large intercellular spaces, small melanosomes, numerous lipid droplets, vacuolated organelles, as well as condensed and convoluted nuclei. Different hypotheses to explain the dysfunction of melanocytes are presented. PMID- 6630664 TI - Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma. AB - Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (AEGCG) is a clinical and histological entity, which has been described previously in various different terms. Knowledge of AEGCG is of importance, since its misdiagnosis may lead to improper therapy; e.g. longterm tuberculostatic or corticosteroid treatment. In the present paper two patients with typical AEGCG are described and the clinical and histological differential diagnosis is discussed in detail. PMID- 6630665 TI - Cutaneous focal mucinosis with spontaneous healing. AB - A case of extensive cutaneous focal mucinosis is described. The patient had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with complications in the peripheral circulation. No thyroid abnormality was found. The diagnosis was confirmed by typical clinical appearance, by light and electron microscopy. Shortly after the biopsies were taken, clinical healing became evident - a phenomenon which was clearly seen at the ultramicroscopic level. On the basis of the present case, supported by sparse evidence from the literature, it seems probable that cutaneous focal mucinosis does not present a real neoplasm, but a reactive condition with a possibility of spontaneous healing. PMID- 6630666 TI - Cutis laxa, congenital form with pulmonary emphysema: an ultrastructural study. AB - A case of a congenital, autosomal recessive form of generalized cutis laxa with pulmonary emphysema was histologically and ultrastructurally investigated. The cutaneous abnormalities observed seem to result mainly from a developmental defect of the elastic network which is absent in the papillary dermis and blocked at an early state of its formation in the upper and mid-reticular dermis. The union between the two elastic fibre components appears to be defective; the vectorial synthesis is non-existent and the elastic fibres remain in the state of dystrophic elastic units. Evidence is given to suggest that cutis laxa, presenting several described structural patterns, should be considered as a syndrome. PMID- 6630667 TI - Follow-up of a previously reported carcinosarcoma of the skin. PMID- 6630668 TI - Generalized argyria. PMID- 6630669 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the 10th annual meeting of the Society for Cutaneous Ultrastructure Research. Berlin, Germany, 16th to 18th June, 1983. PMID- 6630670 TI - Detection of cow milk in goat milk by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AB - Pasteurized goat milk was adulterated with increasing proportions of cow milk and submitted to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A frontal band, missing from the pattern of genuine goat milk and possessing the same electrophoretic mobility as bovine alpha S1-casein, was expressed. The area of this zone was directly proportional to the amount of cow milk added to the goat milk. PMID- 6630671 TI - Effect of rumen protein degradability on milk yield of dairy cows in early lactation. AB - Twenty-four mature Holstein cows were fed diets of 40% corn silage and 60% concentrate (dry matter) beginning at parturition through wk 16 of lactation. A control concentrate (corn, soybean meal, and barley) was fed through wk 4 followed by assignment of cows to either a concentrate of low or high rumen protein degradability. In situ trials with two fistulated cows fed similar diets yielded rumen protein degradabilities of 78.5, 70.3, 69.9, 67.3, 49.1, and 36.5% for barley, corn, corn gluten feed, soybean meal, brewer's grains, and cottonseed meal. The low degradability concentrate (corn, cottonseed meal, brewer's grains, and corn gluten feed) had an estimated rumen protein degradation of 52.9% and a total ration crude protein of 14.3%. The high degradability concentrate containing corn, barley, and soybean meal was 72.8% rumen degradable, and total ration protein for this treatment was 14.5%. Dry matter intakes were 21.0 and 22.0 kg/day for the low and high degradability diets. Milk yield, fat percent, and fat-corrected milk were not affected by treatment. Milk protein percent and protein yield decreased from 3.00 to 2.84% and 1.07 to .99 kg/day in the high and low degradability diets. Efficacy of use of degradability as a criterion for feed formulation is questioned until understanding of both feed protein breakdown and microbial synthesis is greater. PMID- 6630672 TI - Effects of moisture content of complete diets on feed intake and milk production by cows. AB - In two trials, 47 and 54 Holstein cows were fed diets containing ensiled forages, ensiled and dry forages, or diets of different moisture contents. In trial 1, diets were fed during a preliminary dry period, early lactation, late lactation, a second dry period, and a second early lactation. In trial 2, four diets identical except for moisture content (78, 64, 52, and 40% dry matter) were fed for the first 200 days of lactation. Substitution of dry hay for alfalfa silage increased dry matter intake during the first early lactation, whereas partial substitution of corn silage with straw did not affect intake during dry periods. Dry matter intake increased linearly as dry matter content of diet increased in trial 2. Neither milk production nor body weight were affected by treatment in either trial. Percentage total solids increased linearly as dry matter content of diet decreased in trial 2. Volatile fatty acids differed slightly, but no trends were consistent. No differences of daily chewing time were observed. From these trials, diets of less than 60 to 65% dry matter may reduce intake by lactating dairy cows. PMID- 6630673 TI - Vitamin E supplementation of high fat diets for dairy cows. AB - High fat diets +/- 1 g alpha-tocopheryl acetate per head per day were fed to 28 cows for 4 mo to determine whether dietary fat increases dietary requirement for vitamin E. Tocopherol supplementation did not affect milk production or composition. After 4 mo there was no difference between treatment groups for oxidative stability (thiobarbituric acid test) of milk stored for 5 days with .1 ppm added copper, but milk of supplemented cows was more stable when 1 ppm copper was added. Oxidative stability was normal in the unsupplemented group. Tocopherol concentration of blood plasma increased and selenium concentration decreased with tocopherol supplementation; activity of glutathione peroxidase was lower in plasma, whole blood, and erythrocytes of the supplemented group. Tissue integrity was unchanged by tocopherol supplementation, as estimated by erythrocyte hemolytic resistance and activities of lactic dehydrogenase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase in blood serum. Clearance of bromosulphthalein from blood plasma was less for cows fed fat and supplemented with tocopherol than for control cows fed neither fat nor vitamin E. No indication of impaired vitamin E status was observed when 4% stabilized fat was added to the diet. PMID- 6630674 TI - Effect of vitamin B12 status on performance of the lactating ewe and gluconeogenesis from propionate. AB - Ewes fed a diet containing .06 ppm cobalt prior to and after parturition were used to examine effects of hydroxycobalamin supplementation upon production of milk. Four ewes were assigned to each of three treatments after hand milking at 3 wk postpartum. At 7 wk postpartum, B12 concentrations in liver were enhanced in the group receiving intramuscular injections of 200 micrograms on alternate days (750 ng/g wet liver) relative to low groups that received 20 and 0 micrograms on alternate days (190 and 200 ng/g wet liver). Following 1 wk of treatment, B12 enhanced ewes had greater daily intake of feed and increased live weight. Vitamin B12 status was without significant effect on production of milk, total solids, fat, and solids-not-fat at 4, 5, and 6-wk milkings; however, production of milk protein was increased for B12-enhanced ewes. After lactations were terminated and feed intakes standardized, slices of liver obtained from B12-enhanced ewes incorporated 2-carbon 14-labeled propionate into glucose at rates greater than did slices from low B12 ewes. Subclinical changes affecting production may occur in lactating sheep when B12 status is at the lower end of what usually is considered the normal range. PMID- 6630675 TI - Relationships among lactation and reproduction traits of dairy goats. AB - Statistics for reproduction and lactation traits were estimated from 51,826 records of Alpine, La Mancha, Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg does. Means and standard deviations varied little across breed or lactation number. Relationships among reproduction and lactation traits were estimated from a subset of 42,618 records with 125 days or more in milk. Correlations also were stable across breed and lactation number. Regression analysis indicated a curvilinear relationship between lactation traits and reproduction traits. PMID- 6630676 TI - Iodine in field milk samples and effects on mastitis organisms. AB - Bulk tank milk samples collected from 175 dairy herds throughout Wisconsin averaged 466 micrograms of iodine per liter with 11% of the samples containing greater than 1000 micrograms per liter. From questionnaires on feeding and management, use of iodine supplements in feed was associated with increased iodine in milk. One gram of ethylenediamine dihydriodide was fed daily for 2 wk to dairy cows with a history of mastitis. Milk iodine increased from 210 to 6225 micrograms per liter. There was no significant effect on somatic cells, mastitis organisms, or incidence of clinical mastitis. PMID- 6630677 TI - Reframing and paradoxical instruction to overcome "resistance" in the treatment of delinquent youths: a multiple baseline analysis. PMID- 6630678 TI - Attraction and repulsion by life and death in suicidal and in normal children. PMID- 6630679 TI - On interpreting the several standard errors of the WAIS-R: some further tables. PMID- 6630680 TI - Abusive mothers: perceptions of their own and their children's behavior. PMID- 6630681 TI - The personality and family-interaction characteristics of parents of autistic children. PMID- 6630682 TI - Relocation of institutionalized elderly. PMID- 6630683 TI - Behavioral comparisons of children from abusive and distressed families. PMID- 6630684 TI - Children with peer adjustment problems: sequential and nonsequential analyses of school behaviors. PMID- 6630685 TI - Influence of psychotherapy research on clinical practice: an experimental survey. PMID- 6630686 TI - Cognitive-behavioral assessment of depression: clinical validation of the automatic thoughts questionnaire. PMID- 6630687 TI - Neuropsychological test findings for normal, learning-disabled, and brain-damaged young adults. PMID- 6630688 TI - The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations. PMID- 6630689 TI - Home- versus clinic-based treatment of vascular headache. PMID- 6630690 TI - Drinking habits and expectancies about alcohol's effects for self versus others. PMID- 6630691 TI - Personality test correlates of psychiatric outpatient status. PMID- 6630692 TI - Age, plasticity, and equipotentiality: a reply to Smith. PMID- 6630693 TI - Overview or "underview"? Comment on Satz and Fletcher's "emergent trends in neuropsychology: an overview". PMID- 6630694 TI - Verbal IQ-performance IQ discrepancies on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised in patients with unilateral or bilateral cerebral dysfunction. PMID- 6630695 TI - Validation of the Satz-Mogel short form for the WAIS-R with psychiatric inpatients. PMID- 6630696 TI - The effect of mother-child separation on the behavior of children experiencing a diagnostic medical procedure. PMID- 6630697 TI - A comparison of three MMPI short forms: limited clinical utility in classification. PMID- 6630698 TI - Interrelationships of conversion, psychogenic pain, and dissociative disorder symptoms. PMID- 6630699 TI - Evaluation of a short form of the Multiscore Depression Inventory. PMID- 6630700 TI - Frequency of discrepancies between deviation quotients on the WISC-R: a table for clinicians. PMID- 6630701 TI - Tumor conference #50. Untreated massive hemangioma with satisfactory outcome. PMID- 6630702 TI - Comparison of treatment modalities for epidermal nevus: a case report and review. AB - For the past 2 years, we have been treating a teenage girl for a disfiguring, extensive, inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN). In this one patient, we examined the efficacy of numerous treatment modalities and compared our results with those reported in the literature. In our experience, cryotherapy using liquid nitrogen proved to be the most successful therapy, and we have subsequently used it to treat almost all of this patient's lesions. Although cryotherapy does not provide an easy or dramatic cure, we believe it does produce reasonably good cosmetic results. PMID- 6630703 TI - Amelanotic melanoma presenting as Bowen's disease. AB - Amelanotic melanoma is an uncommon clinical variant of malignant melanoma. Clinical diagnosis of such neoplasms is often difficult and requires a high index of suspicion. Although primary amelanotic melanoma usually presents as a vascular or ulcerated nodule, other unusual presentations have been noted. Described herein is a case of amelanotic melanoma presenting as Bowen's disease. PMID- 6630704 TI - Widespread cutaneous angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. AB - Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (AHE) is classically characterized by benign vascular tumors on the head and neck of young adults. An unusual case of widespread cutaneous AHE that clinically mimicked prurigo nodularis is presented and illustrated. The relationship of AHE to the recently described entity, histiocytoid hemangioma, is discussed. PMID- 6630705 TI - Dermabrasion for the management of traumatic tattoos. AB - A man developed traumatic tattoos of the face from the accidental discharge of a muzzle-loading rifle. One day after the accident, the involved area was dermabraded with good cosmetic results. Dermabrasion is a useful modality in the treatment of traumatic tattoos. PMID- 6630706 TI - Treatment of prurigo nodularis: use of cryosurgery and intralesional steroids plus lidocaine. AB - Two patients with prurigo nodularis resistant to most modalities of therapy were treated successfully with the combined use of cryosurgery and intralesional steroids plus lidocaine. This appears to be a successful treatment regimen for a dermatosis that is often difficult to control. PMID- 6630707 TI - Chiseling of exposed bone to stimulate granulation tissue after Mohs surgery. AB - Extensive Mohs surgery for carcinomas of the forehead and scalp occasionally requires the removal of periosteum. The exposed bone presents a wound management problem. One method, if healing by secondary intention is a viable option, is to chisel bone to stimulate granulation tissue and promote healing. A case is presented that describes this procedure in an elderly patient. PMID- 6630708 TI - Cryo-curettage of cherry angiomas. AB - Cherry angiomas pose a cosmetic problem in some patients. The most commonly recommended treatment modalities in the past have been electrodesiccation and cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen. This report describes a simple and quick technique for removal of cherry angiomas with excellent cosmetic results using a topical anesthetic refrigerant spray and a sharp curet. Patients experience minimal discomfort. PMID- 6630709 TI - Fertility and competitiveness of Culex quinquefasciatus males irradiated in nitrogen. PMID- 6630710 TI - Evaluation of a new insecticide for use in screwworm adult suppression system pellets. PMID- 6630711 TI - Effects on birds of fenthion aerial application for mosquito control. PMID- 6630712 TI - Screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) myiasis in the southern Caribbean, and proposals for its management. PMID- 6630713 TI - Investigations on development of an artificial diet for in vitro rearing of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Diptera: Glossinidae). PMID- 6630714 TI - Solvent-modified deposition of insecticides on house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) cuticle. PMID- 6630715 TI - [Structural changes in DNA caused by thymine dimers]. PMID- 6630716 TI - [Intracellular parasitism and the toxoplasmosis problem]. PMID- 6630717 TI - [Microbiological aspects of sewage treatment]. PMID- 6630718 TI - [Fluid displacement in a model of the semicircular canals exposed to the action of angular acceleration under weightlessness]. PMID- 6630720 TI - Range ambiguity and pulse interval jitter in the bottlenose dolphin. PMID- 6630719 TI - [Action of tomizine (4-methoxy-6-aminopyrimido (4,5-b) (1,4)thiazine hydrochloride) on the physicochemical properties of the enzymes of folic acid metabolism--dihydrofolate reductase and nonspecific dihydrofolate reductase]. PMID- 6630721 TI - Involvement of ultrasonically induced cavitation in the production of hind limb paralysis of the mouse neonate. PMID- 6630723 TI - Effect of half-wavelength membranes on the axial resolution of real-time ultrasonic scanners. AB - The effect of interposing a half-wavelength membrane between the transducer and the load in mechanically sectored ultrasonic scanners was investigated. In particular, the effects of impedance mismatch and detuning on broadband spectra were theoretically and experimentally studied. These studies indicate that for certain common cases, a bandwidth reduction of 20%-30% can be anticipated, resulting in a proportional decrease in the axial resolution. PMID- 6630722 TI - Foil electret transducer for blood pressure monitoring. AB - A foil electret microphone for use under the cuff of an automatic blood pressure monitoring system is described. The transducer is designed to operate with relatively flat sensitivity over a static pressure range of 40 to 250 mm Hg (5.33 X 10(4) to 3.33 X 10(5) dyn/cm2). The new electret microphone differs from conventional microphones used for airborne sound reception in two ways: (1) the diaphragm thickness is 50 micron rather than the typical 12.5 or 25 micron, and (2) the backplate contains a set of annular ridges spaced at 4 mm rather than the typical 7-10 mm. This microphone offers three advantages over the piezoelectric microphone now in use: (1) greater tolerance in positioning the microphone over the brachial artery, (2) nearly 20-dB higher sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio, and (3) the ability to obtain measurements with the microphone placed midway between the elbow and shoulder. Tests of the new foil electret microphone in conjunction with the automatic blood pressure monitoring system indicate that the automatic and conventional measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure agree to within 5 mm Hg at least 90% of the time. In addition, the electret microphone is able to obtain automatic measurements on subjects with a wider range of ages and sizes. PMID- 6630724 TI - Characteristics of the glottal turbulent noise source. AB - This investigation utilized a reflectionless tube technique to obtain direct estimates of turbulent noise produced at the glottis during whispered vowels. In the past, the glottal turbulent noise source has been described theoretically as a series pressure source having a spectrum that is relatively flat for 2 or 3 oct around a center frequency [K.N. Stevens, J. Acoust. Soc Am. 50, 1180-1192 (1971)]. Center frequency is determined primarily by the area of the constriction at which turbulence is produced with the volume velocity of air flowing through the constriction. The present results were shown to substantiate this theoretically based description of the glottal turbulent noise source. In addition, there was no significant difference between the glottal turbulent noise spectra of male and female speakers. The application of these findings to the synthesis of whispered vowels is discussed. PMID- 6630725 TI - Dynamic specification of coarticulated vowels. AB - An adequate theory of vowel perception must account for perceptual constancy over variations in the acoustic structure of coarticulated vowels contributed by speakers, speaking rate, and consonantal context. We modified recorded consonant vowel-consonant syllables electronically to investigate the perceptual efficacy of three types of acoustic information for vowel identification: (1) static spectral "targets," (2) duration of syllabic nuclei, and (3) formant transitions into and out of the vowel nucleus. Vowels in /b/-vowel-/b/ syllables spoken by one adult male (experiment 1) and by two females and two males (experiment 2) served as the corpus, and seven modified syllable conditions were generated in which different parts of the digitized waveforms of the syllables were deleted and the temporal relationships of the remaining parts were manipulated. Results of identification tests by untrained listeners indicated that dynamic spectral information, contained in initial and final transitions taken together, was sufficient for accurate identification of vowels even when vowel nuclei were attenuated to silence. Furthermore, the dynamic spectral information appeared to be efficacious even when durational parameters specifying intrinsic vowel length were eliminated. PMID- 6630726 TI - Effect of burst amplitude on the perception of stop consonant place of articulation. AB - We have examined the effects of the relative amplitude of the release burst on perception of the place of articulation of utterance-initial voiceless and voiced stop consonants. The amplitude of the burst, which occurs within the first 10-15 ms following consonant release, was systematically varied in 5-dB steps from -10 to +10 dB relative to a "normal" burst amplitude for two labial-to-alveolar synthetic speech continua--one comprising voiceless stops and the other, voiced stops. The distribution of spectral energy in the bursts for the labial and alveolar stops at the ends of the continuum was consistent with the spectrum shapes observed in natural utterances, and intermediate shapes were used for intermediate stimuli on the continuum. The results of identification tests with these stimuli showed that the relative amplitude of the burst significantly affected the perception of the place of articulation of both voiceless and voiced stops, but the effect was greater for the former than the latter. The results are consistent with a view that two basic properties contribute to the labial alveolar distinction in English. One of these is determined by the time course of the change in amplitude in the high-frequency range (above 2500 Hz) in the few tens of ms following consonantal release, and the other is determined by the frequencies of spectral peaks associated with the second and third formants in relation to the first formant. PMID- 6630727 TI - Perception of intervocalic stop consonants: the contributions of closure duration and formant transitions. AB - Acoustic analyses of vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) utterances indicate that they generally include formant transitions from the first vowel into a period of closure (VC transitions), and transitions out of the closure into the second vowel (CV transitions). Three experiments investigated the perceptual importance of the VC transitions, the CV transitions, and the closure period in identification of medial stop consonants varying in place of articulation. Experiment 1 compared identification of members of synthetic VC and CV continua with those from VCV series made by concatenating corresponding VC and CV stimuli using various closure durations. Experiment 2 examined identification of VCV stimuli constructed with only VC, only CV, or both VC and CV transitions; again closure duration was systematically varied. Experiment 3 correlated CV and VC identification with identification of VCV stimuli. Neither closure duration nor formant transition structure (i.e., only VC, only CV, or both) had an independent effect on identification. Instead, the formant structure and closure duration together strongly affected stop identification. When both VC and CV transitions were present, the CV transitions contributed somewhat more to identification of medial stops with short closures, than the VC transitions did. With longer closure durations, neither set of transitions appeared to determine perceived place of articulation in any simple way. Overall, the data indicate that the perception of a medial consonant is more than simply a (weighted) sum of its parts. PMID- 6630728 TI - Intelligibility of VCV segments excised from connected speech. AB - Confusions between pairs of intervocalic consonants excised from connected speech were investigated under several conditions of speech degradation: digital voice processing, noise, and bandpass limiting. The distribution of the types of errors that were made, e.g., voicing, nasality, place of articulation, differed from those made on citation form syllable-initial consonants. Intervocalic consonants that were taken from word-initial position scored higher with no degradations than those taken from word-medial or word-final position, but the medial and final segments suffered less under mild degradations than did the initial ones. PMID- 6630729 TI - Effect of a single interfering noise or speech source upon the binaural sentence intelligibility of aged persons. AB - The free-field speech-reception threshold (SRT) for sentences was investigated in quiet and under nine conditions involving noise or competing speech for a group of 20 elderly subjects (ten male, age 75-85; ten female, age 76-88) and a reference group of ten young normal-hearing subjects. The noise source had the same long-term average spectrum as the competing speech. The interfering signals were presented at a constant level of 55 dBA. All elderly subjects had moderate, nearly symmetrical pure-tone hearing losses with an average loss at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz of between 9 and 40 dB re: ISO-389. The main results are (1) the SRT values in noise and competing speech are about equal, whereas the normal-hearing subjects showed a lower SRT (7 dB lower for the condition that both sound sources are in front) in competing speech than in noise; apparently, the elderly subjects do not benefit from the relatively silent periods in competing speech; (2) the gain obtained by moving the interfering noise source from the front to the lateral position is only 2.5 dB, in contrast to a gain of 9.6 dB for the young subjects; apparently, the elderly are unable to make full use of the spatial divergence between primary speaker and noise source. PMID- 6630730 TI - Experimental manipulation of speaking rate for studying temporal variability in children's speech. AB - Children's speech timing is often more variable than adults'. In the present study, two hypotheses that have been proposed to account for this observation are considered. One claims that children do not have neuromotor control capabilities comparable to adults. The other suggests that the greater variability is a statistical consequence of children's longer segment durations. These two hypotheses were examined by having children and adults speak at both faster and slower rates than normal. Within-group comparisons across different rates and between-group comparisons for similar durational values were made from spectrographic measurements. Results indicate that both statistical and neuromotor factors seem to contribute to the greater variability commonly observed in children's speech. PMID- 6630731 TI - Suggested formulae for calculating auditory-filter bandwidths and excitation patterns. AB - Recent estimates of auditory-filter shape are used to derive a simple formula relating the equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) of the auditory filter to center frequency. The value of the auditory-filter bandwidth continues to decrease as center frequency decreases below 500 Hz. A formula is also given relating ERB-rate to frequency. Finally, a method is described for calculating excitation patterns from filter shapes. PMID- 6630732 TI - Suppression in simultaneous masking. AB - Suppression, i.e., the decrease of masked threshold caused by the addition of a second masker M2 to a first masker M1, is measured for the case of simultaneous masking. The magnitude of suppression decreases with increasing test tone duration; pulsed maskers elicit somewhat more suppression than continuous maskers. In comparison to suppression effects obtained in nonsimultaneous masking (post-masking, pulsation threshold) suppression in simultaneous masking is considerably smaller and was found only at the lower slopes of the two maskers. Suppression in simultaneous masking would not be predicted by those models of suppression which require nonsimultaneous presentation of maskers and test sound. PMID- 6630733 TI - Broadband masking noise and behavioral pure tone thresholds in cats. AB - The threshold for detection of pure tones in broadband noise was determined for three cats using an auditory reaction time procedure. Critical ratio is defined as the ratio of the signal power at the masked threshold for detection to the spectrum level of the noise. Critical ratios were obtained for 250-, 500-Hz, and 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 16-kHz tones over a wide range of noise intensities. Results indicate that critical ratios increase with the frequency of the tone stimulus. At frequencies below 4 kHz, critical ratios remain constant at moderate and high noise intensities. For frequencies above 4 kHz, critical ratios increase as the level of the masking noise is raised from moderate to high levels. The difference between low- and high-frequency behavior of the level dependence of critical ratios is considered in terms of two possible mechanisms: (1) different mechanisms may be involved in the encoding of low- and high-frequency information by the nervous system or (2) the difference in level dependence may be due to attenuation by the action of the middle ear muscles at high sound levels. PMID- 6630734 TI - Time course of adaptation and recovery of channels selectively sensitive to frequency and amplitude modulation. AB - In a series of experiments we investigated the time course of adaptation and recovery of channels in the human auditory system selectively sensitive to frequency and amplitude modulation (FM and AM). We determined the rate of loss of sensitivity to modulation using sinusoidal frequency or amplitude modulation (SFM or SAM) of a 50 dB SL, 500-Hz pure tone carrier over a 30-min period. Adaptation stimuli were modulated at ten times the preadaptation modulation detection threshold, as determined immediately before the 30-min adaptation session. Modulation rates investigated were 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 Hz. Long exposure to SFM always elevated thresholds for detection of SFM more than this exposure elevated thresholds for detection of SAM. Similarly, adapting to SAM always elevated SAM detection thresholds more than SFM thresholds. Loss of sensitivity during adaptation was relatively slow; asymptotic loss of modulation sensitivity took 20 to 30 min. The recovery of modulation sensitivity after cessation of the modulation component of the adapting stimulus was determined in a second experiment. Recovery was found to be rapid; most of the recovery occurred within the first 60 sec. Our evidence suggests that there exist two types of modulation sensitive channels in the human auditory system--one selectively sensitive to amplitude modulation and the other to frequency modulation. They appear to have similar time courses for adaptation and for recovery. PMID- 6630735 TI - Performance of hearing-impaired listeners under various types of amplitude compression. AB - Speech perception by subjects with sensorineural hearing impairment was studied using various types of short-term (syllabic) amplitude compression. Average speech level was approximately constant. In quiet, a single-channel wideband compression (WBC) with compression ratio equal to 10, attack time 10 ms and release time 90 ms produced significantly higher scores than a three-channel multiband compression (MBC) or no compression when a nonsense syllable test (City University of New York) was used. The scores under MBC, WBC, or no compression were not significantly different when the modified rhyme test (MRT) was used. But when overshoots caused by compression were clipped, the MRT scores improved significantly. The influence of MBC on reverberant speech and of WBC on noisy speech were tested with the MRT. Reverberation reduced the scores, and this reduction was the same with compression as without. Noise added to speech before compression also reduced the scores, but the reduction was larger with compression than without. When noise was added after compression, an improvement was observed when WBC had a compression ratio of about 5, attack time 1 ms, and release time 30 ms. Other compression modes (e.g., with high-frequency pre emphasis) did not show an improvement. The results indicate that WBC with a compression ratio around 5, attack time shorter than 3 ms, and release time between 30 and 90 ms can be beneficial if signal-to-noise ratio is large, or, if in a noisy or reverberant environment, the effects of noise or reverberation are eliminated by using listening systems. PMID- 6630736 TI - Acoustically evoked radial current densities in scala tympani. AB - We have developed a method for measuring current density within the fluid spaces of the cochlea and report the existence of stimulus evoked radial currents in scala tympani of the guinea pig cochlea. The spatial distribution of electrical potentials in scala tympani was measured along a radial path parallel to the basilar membrane. Click evoked potentials were recorded at successive points separated by a fixed increment as the electrode was either advanced from the spiral ligament or withdrawn from a position near the modiolus. Potential differences were found to exist between recording points and gradients were calculated from the evoked potential measurements. Evoked potential gradients are observed at the same position along the path of the electrode both on advancing and on withdrawing the electrode. The largest potential gradients are located beneath the organ of Corti. Condensation and rarefaction clicks produce radial currents in opposite directions at a given location along the electrode's path. The magnitude and spatial distribution of radial currents is a function of stimulus intensity. Potential gradients of small magnitude are observed at locations other than below the organ of Corti in some penetrations. Control experiments suggest the smaller gradients are artifactual and may result from displacement of the spiral ligament by the recording electrode. The locations, magnitude, and direction of intracochlear ionic flow relate directly to the mechano-electrical transduction process in the organ of Corti. PMID- 6630737 TI - Suppression of auditory nerve responses. II. Suppression threshold and growth, iso-suppression contours. AB - Two-tone "synchrony suppression" was studied in responses of single auditory nerve fibers recorded from anesthetized cats. Suppression thresholds for suppressor tones set to a fiber's characteristic frequency (CF) were approximately equal to discharge rate thresholds for CF tones. Suppression thresholds above and below CF were usually lower than the corresponding discharge rate thresholds. However, at all frequencies studied (including CF), suppression thresholds were higher than the corresponding thresholds for discharge synchronization. Across fibers, rates of suppression growth for suppressors at CF were greatest in low-CF fibers and least in high-CF fibers, and there was a systematic decrease in suppression growth rate at CF as CF increased. Within fibers, rates of suppression growth above CF were typically less than at CF, and slopes were monotonically decreasing functions of frequency. Within-fiber rates of suppression growth below CF were variable, but they usually were greater than rates of growth at CF. Iso-suppression contours (frequencies and intensities producing criterion amounts of suppression) indicated that tones near CF are the most potent suppressors at near-threshold intensities, and that the frequency producing the most suppression usually shifts downward as the amount of suppression increases. These data support the notion that synchrony suppression arises primarily as a passive consequence of hair cell activation. PMID- 6630738 TI - Community response to blasting. AB - Annoyance due to chronic exposure to blast noise and vibration was assessed in residential areas near two surface mines and a quarry. It was found possible to base useful prediction of the prevalence of high annoyance on a metric of outdoor ground vibration related to high centiles of the long term distribution of exposure levels. PMID- 6630739 TI - The 106th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. San Diego, California, 7 11 November 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6630741 TI - Effect of sodium nitrite on aflatoxin production in pork sausage at different temperatures and the effect of nitrite on growth of Aspergillus parasiticus in culture. PMID- 6630740 TI - A study of the mutagenicity of irradiated sugar solutions: implications for the radiation preservation of subtropical fruits. PMID- 6630742 TI - Metabolism of fenvalerate by a chicken liver enzyme preparation. PMID- 6630743 TI - Simultaneous dermal exposure to captan and benomyl by strawberry harvesters. PMID- 6630744 TI - High levels of ochratoxins A and B in moldy bread responsible for mycotoxicosis in farm animals. PMID- 6630745 TI - Pectic substances in raw and cooked, fresh or processed spanish vegetables. PMID- 6630748 TI - Carbon monoxide in air and breath of employees in an underground office. PMID- 6630747 TI - What is an adverse health effect? PMID- 6630746 TI - Determination of sugars in yogurt by gas-liquid chromatography. PMID- 6630749 TI - Asbestos exposure. PMID- 6630750 TI - Toxic substances in the atmospheric environment. Critical review discussion papers. PMID- 6630751 TI - Blood lead levels of Dutch city children and their relationship to lead in the environment. PMID- 6630752 TI - Observations on the antidromic type of circus movement tachycardia in the Wolff Parkinson-White syndrome. AB - In the differential diagnosis of tachycardias showing a wide QRS complex and having a 1 to 1 relation between ventricular and atrial events, a supraventricular tachycardia with anterograde conduction over an accessory pathway and retrograde conduction by way of the specific conduction system must be considered. Five patients showing this type of circus movement tachycardia were studied by programmed electrical stimulation of the heart. Sudden changes in the tachycardia cycle length were observed in these patients that were based on changes in the VH interval. This finding suggested a change in the reentrant circuit with anterograde conduction over the accessory pathway but retrograde conduction sometimes occurring over the right bundle branch and at other times over one of the two divisions of the left bundle branch system. Characteristically, the tachycardia cycle length changed suddenly depending on the bundle branch used in retrograde direction. In one patient, an important difference was also observed between the anterograde effective refractory period of the accessory bypass (280 ms) and the shortest RR interval between preexcited QRS complexes during atrial fibrillation (measuring 190 ms). It is postulated that the short RR intervals during atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome could result from bundle branch reentry after activation of the ventricles over the accessory pathway. PMID- 6630753 TI - Transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of cor triatriatum in the adult. AB - Two adult patients with left ventricular inflow obstruction are presented. Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography had failed to yield a definite diagnosis, whereas transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography clearly documented a membraneous echo structure within the left atrium, diagnostic of cor triatriatum. On the basis of the transesophageal echocardiographic findings, left heart catheterization and angiocardiography were not performed and both patients successfully underwent cardiac surgery. PMID- 6630754 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic detection and diagnostic features of tricuspid papillary fibroelastoma. AB - Cardiac papillary fibroelastomas are rare and benign primary tumors in the cardiac valves or occasionally the mural endocardium. Before 1977, these tumors were diagnosed exclusively at postmortem examination. Over the last few years, a handful of cases have been diagnosed in vivo by echocardiography. In this report, we describe the first tricuspid valve papillary fibroelastoma detected by echocardiography in an adult. Clinical and echocardiographic features are discussed. PMID- 6630755 TI - Interpreting systolic time intervals in man. PMID- 6630756 TI - Myocardial bridge and complete heart block. PMID- 6630757 TI - High risk patient after recovery from myocardial infarction. PMID- 6630758 TI - High risk patient after recovery from myocardial infarction. PMID- 6630759 TI - Analysis of ambulatory electrocardiograms in 15 patients during spontaneous ventricular fibrillation with special reference to preceding arrhythmic events. AB - Fifteen patients sustained ventricular fibrillation during ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in a period of 3.5 years over which time 16,500 ambulatory electrocardiograms were analyzed (prevalence = 0.09% or 1/1,100). Eight patients died, and seven survived cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Quantitative analysis of hourly ventricular arrhythmias prior to ventricular fibrillation revealed an increased frequency of premature ventricular beats and ventricular tachycardia, especially in the 2 hours immediately before ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation was initiated by ventricular tachycardia in all 15 cases. These runs of ventricular tachycardia were characterized by their unusual length (mean = 560 +/- 536 beats) and their rapid rate (241 +/- 45 beats/min). Although an R on T premature ventricular beat initiated ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation occasionally, the mean prematurity index of the initiating premature ventricular beat was not early (mean = 1.27 +/- 0.28). QT prolongation was present in only 3 of the 15 patients (mean QTc interval = 0.42 +/- 0.06). Left ventricular dysfunction (mean left ventricular ejection fraction = 34.9 +/- 9.9%) and coronary artery disease were nearly always present. The cardiac medications most frequently associated with these patients at the time of ventricular fibrillation were digitalis and quinidine. PMID- 6630760 TI - Sudden death in hospitalized patients: cardiac rhythm disturbances detected by ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. AB - To determine the cardiac rhythm disturbances underlying sudden death, 15 patients (14 inpatients and 1 outpatient) who had cardiac arrest unexpectedly while undergoing ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring were identified. Heart disease was present in 11 patients and 7 patients were admitted to the hospital with chest pain before sudden cardiac death occurred. The terminal event at the time of cardiac arrest in 3 (20%) of the 15 patients was a bradyarrhythmia expressed as complete heart block; none survived. A ventricular tachyarrhythmia was the precursor of sudden cardiac death in the remaining 12 patients (80%). Two of these 12 had slow ventricular tachycardia and both died. Five had polymorphous ventricular tachycardia associated with prolonged QT interval (torsade de pointes) and three were receiving a class I antiarrhythmic agent. This rhythm degenerated into ventricular fibrillation in one patient; four of the five patients survived after electrical cardioversion. One patient had ventricular tachycardia followed by asystole. Four patients had ventricular flutter (rate greater than 250/min) that degenerated into ventricular fibrillation in each case; only one of these four patients survived after cardioversion. Frequent (greater than 30/h) premature ventricular complexes were present in 9 of 10 patients with ventricular tachycardia or flutter and R on T phenomenon was seen in only 1 patient. In conclusion, a ventricular tachyarrhythmia is usually found on Holter monitoring during sudden cardiac death in hospitalized patients; torsade de pointes (polymorphous ventricular tachycardia) is a frequent cause of sudden death in these patients. Ventricular fibrillation is always preceded by ventricular tachycardia or ventricular flutter. PMID- 6630761 TI - Torsade de pointes: the long-short initiating sequence and other clinical features: observations in 32 patients. AB - The clinical setting, precipitating factors, electrocardiographic features and response to treatment of 32 patients with torsade de pointes were reviewed. Thirty-one patients had underlying cardiac disease and 30 patients had a previous underlying cardiac arrhythmia. Antiarrhythmic medications, often in association with electrolyte abnormalities (such as hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia) were the most common precipitating factors. In 22 of 26 patients, the serum drug levels of the antiarrhythmic agents were found to be within the therapeutic range. However, before the administration of agents known to prolong the QT interval, 20 of the 32 patients had, either alone or in combination, baseline prolongation of the QT interval, hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia. All patients had QTc interval prolongation (mean 0.59 second) immediately before the development of torsade de pointes. Marked lability of T wave morphology was frequently noted. Cardiac pacing was the only consistently effective mode of therapy. A characteristic long short ventricular cycle length as the initiating sequence was found in 41 of 44 episodes of torsade de pointes. Reported data support the high frequency of this electrocardiographic feature of torsade de pointes in which its onset could be analyzed. It is suggested that this electrocardiographic characteristic will aid in both establishing the diagnosis of torsade de pointes and distinguishing it from other polymorphic forms of ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 6630762 TI - Value of noninvasive techniques for predicting early complications in patients with clinical class II acute myocardial infarction. AB - Twenty-six consecutive patients with acute clinical class II myocardial infarction were prospectively evaluated to assess the ability of two-dimensional echocardiography and gated equilibrium radionuclide angiography to predict early morbidity and mortality. Within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms, right heart catheterization, two-dimensional echocardiography and radionuclide angiography were performed. Serious in-hospital complications developed in 7 patients (27%, Group I), while the remaining 19 patients (Group II) had no complications. Mean left ventricular stroke work index was the only hemodynamic variable that differed significantly between Group I and Group II (28 +/- 8 [standard deviation] vs. 39 +/- 13 g-m/m2, respectively, p less than 0.02). Also, Group I compared with Group II had a significantly lower mean left ventricular ejection fraction by two-dimensional echocardiography (26 +/- 5 vs. 51 +/- 10%, p less than 0.001) or by radionuclide angiography (29 +/- 9 vs. 46 +/- 12%, p less than 0.001). Similarly, Group I had a higher average wall motion index than Group II by both techniques (2.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.001 by two dimensional echocardiography, and 2.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.001 by radionuclide angiography). Selected stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that left ventricular ejection fraction or wall motion index, by two dimensional echocardiography or radionuclide angiography, had additional value to a history of prior myocardial infarction for predicting in-hospital complications in patients with class II infarction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630763 TI - Radionuclide imaging correlatives of heart rate impairment during maximal exercise testing. AB - A lower than normal heart rate response to maximal dynamic exercise, known as chronotropic incompetence or heart rate impairment, has been demonstrated to have a poor prognosis. In order to better describe patients with this finding, 156 men with coronary heart disease were evaluated. All patients were studied with maximal exercise testing, including measurements of oxygen consumption, exercise electrocardiograms, thallium scintigraphy and radionuclide ventriculography. Chronotropic incompetence was defined as a maximal heart rate 1 standard error of the estimate below the regression line of age versus maximal heart rate on two separate exercise tests. In patients so defined, mean maximal oxygen consumption was significantly lowered and angina was the major reason for stopping exercise on the treadmill. Patients with chronotropic incompetence not limited by angina had more evidence of myocardial scar and dysfunction and had a greater prevalence of three vessel coronary disease than did patients with a normal heart rate response. Radionuclide testing results suggest that among patients with chronotropic incompetence, those with angina have a better prognosis than those who do not have angina but who may have myocardial dysfunction. PMID- 6630764 TI - Subendocardial resection for refractory ventricular tachycardia: effects on ambulatory electrocardiogram, programmed stimulation and ejection fraction, and relation to outcome. AB - The inducibility of ventricular tachycardia by programmed stimulation was correlated with ventricular ectopic activity on ambulatory electrocardiogram, ejection fraction and clinical outcome in 36 patients after endocardial resection for medically refractory ventricular tachycardia. Ventricular tachycardia was noninducible postoperatively in 25 patients and was inducible in 11. After administration of antiarrhythmic drugs, ventricular tachycardia could no longer be induced in four patients and remained inducible in the other seven patients. All 36 patients had postoperative and 20 had preoperative ambulatory electrocardiograms obtained while they were not receiving drug therapy. Pre- and postoperative ambulatory electrocardiograms did not differ in mean hourly ventricular premature depolarization frequency, Lown arrhythmia grade or change in grade (pre- vs. postoperative). The majority of postoperative patients had repetitive forms of ventricular arrhythmia postoperatively and there was no difference between patients with inducible and noninducible ventricular tachycardia in regard to Holter monitoring characteristics. There was no significant difference in postoperative ejection fraction between patients with inducible and noninducible ventricular tachycardia postoperatively. Ventricular tachycardia has recurred in 2 of 29 patients who had no inducible tachycardia at the time of hospital discharge and were followed up for a mean of 1 year; it has recurred in one of seven patients in whom it was still inducible at the time of hospital discharge and who were followed up for a mean of 7 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630765 TI - Postinfarction angina: results of early revascularization. AB - To assess the efficacy of surgical revascularization for postinfarction angina within 30 days of acute infarction, the clinical course of 103 patients treated surgically from January 1979 to July 1982 was reviewed. There were 84 men (82%) and 19 women (18%) with a mean age of 58 years (range 34 to 80). Group A (11 patients) underwent surgery within 24 hours of infarction, Group B (21 patients) within 7 days and Group C (71 patients) within 30 days. Eighty-four patients (82%) had subendocardial infarctions and 19 patients (18%) had transmural infarction. Transmural infarction was more common in patients in Group A (36%) than in those in either Group B (19%) or Group C (15%). There were two deaths, both in Group C (1.9%), within 30 days of surgery. The use of intraaortic balloon or inotropic support and the occurrence of major arrhythmias or perioperative infarction was noted in 30 patients (29%) (64% in Group A, 33% in Group B and 18% in Group C). The average time in the intensive care unit was 3.2 days, with an average total hospital stay after surgery of 8.3 days. Late follow-up (mean 15.4 months, range 1 to 39) is complete for 97 patients (97%). There were no late myocardial infarctions and 93 patients (96%) were essentially free of angina. The only late death (1.0%) was caused by septicemia from delayed sternal wound infection. This study suggests that myocardial revascularization within the first 30 days after myocardial infarction can be accomplished with an acceptable operative mortality in selected patients with postinfarction angina refractory to medical management. PMID- 6630766 TI - Prospective study comparing different echocardiographic measurements of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in patients with organic heart disease other than mitral stenosis. AB - In 25 patients with cardiac disease, but free of left ventricular inflow obstruction, the electrocardiogram and M-mode echocardiogram of the aortic root, left atrium and both the mitral and the aortic valves were obtained simultaneously with the pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) during right heart catheterization. The echocardiographic measurements of the left atrial size, PR AC interval, left atrial emptying index and the ratio between the electrocardiographic Q wave to mitral valve closure (Q-MVC) and between aortic valve closure to the mitral E point (AVC-E) were correlated to the pulmonary artery wedge pressure by means of linear regression analysis. A formula in which PAWP = 36.6 (Q-MVC/AVC-E)-- 2 was prospectively used to study the measured pressure in the current group of patients. The pulmonary artery wedge pressure derived from these latter measurements correlated well with the invasive measurement of this pressure (r = 0.91). The pulmonary artery wedge pressure calculated by echocardiography differed from the pulmonary artery wedge pressure measured by catheterization by 3 mm Hg or less in 19 of the 25 patients, by 4 mm Hg or less in 22 patients and by 6 mm Hg or less in 24 patients. Although the correlation between the (Q-MVC/AVC-E) ratio and measured pulmonary artery wedge pressure was highly significant (r = 0.91, probability [p] less than 0.001, n = 25), the left atrial emptying index, PR-AC and left atrial size revealed poor correlation coefficients (r = 0.45, r = 0.45 and r = 0.56 [p less than 0.05]), respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630767 TI - The relation of heart rate and shortening fraction to echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular relaxation in normal subjects. AB - To determine the relation of heart rate and systolic function to echocardiographically derived indexes of left ventricular relaxation, M-mode echocardiograms of the left ventricle and mitral valve with a simultaneous phonocardiogram were recorded at rest from 28 normal men. The effects of altering the inotropic state and ventricular loading conditions were examined during isometric handgrip exercise and the Valsalva maneuver in a subset of 15 men. The left ventricular endocardial echocardiograms were digitized to provide a display of left ventricular internal dimension and its first derivative (dD/dt). The time course of relaxation, defined as the interval from left ventricular minimal systolic dimension to the point when the rate of change of dimension (dD/dt) decreased to 50% of peak, was directly related to the RR interval (r = 0.64, p less than 0.0001) in the entire group, and this relation remained throughout the interventions. The slopes of the regression lines of relaxation time (RT) and electromechanical systole (QS2) on the RR interval were similar. Diastolic time decreased proportionately more than relaxation time as the RR interval decreased, so that the proportion of diastole occupied by the relaxation time varied with cycle length. Peak diastolic dD/dt, normalized for variations in end-diastolic dimensions [( dD/dt]/D), was directly related to left ventricular shortening fraction (r = 0.71 p less than 0.0001) and this relation remained during isometric grip. There was no correlation between the heart rate at rest and (dD/dt)/D over the range of 44 to 99 beats/min.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630768 TI - Standardized intracardiac measurements of two-dimensional echocardiography. AB - Thirty-five healthy adults were studied by two-dimensional echocardiography to attempt to standardize a simple method for measurement of intracardiac dimensions. Both ventricles and the atria and aorta were measured in five different views: parasternal long-axis, parasternal short-axis at the level of the aortic valve, the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles and an apical four chamber view. The minor axis of each chamber was measured in all five views; the major axis in the apical four chamber view also was measured. All measurements are presented as a range of values (mean and 2 standard deviations about the mean); the mean value is given as well as the absolute range of values measured. Normalization according to body surface area is also presented. Data from these multiple views allow assessment of asymmetry of cardiac chambers in normal subjects. The mean minor axis dimension at end-diastole of the right ventricle in the parasternal long-axis view (1.9 to 3.8 cm) was 13.6% smaller than in the four chamber view (2.2 to 4.4 cm), whereas the minor axis dimension of the left ventricle in the parasternal long-axis view (3.5 to 6.0 cm) was only 1.1% larger than in the four chamber view (3.3 to 6.0 cm). Therefore, the right ventricular minor axis dimensions are not interchangeable. Reproducibility in 10 subjects for all dimensions showed a maximal variability of 4.8%. These values permit a standardized and expeditious method for measuring intracardiac dimensions by two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 6630769 TI - Analysis of PR subintervals in normal subjects and early studies in patients with abnormalities of the conduction system using surface His bundle recordings. AB - Utilizing several different approaches to noise reduction, satisfactory beat by beat His bundle activity was recorded from the chest surface in 41 (80%) of 52 normal subjects. Surface atrial to His intervals (PAH) and His to ventricular intervals (HV) were measured in this group and compared with subintervals of the PR segment recorded endocardially from 47 persons with normal electrophysiologic findings. A recent modification in the selection algorithm allows on-line identification of the four of five possible recording sites for utilization in a spatial summation. The ability to record in less favorable circumstances has been improved to the extent that records of suitable clarity for measurement were also obtained in 17 (77%) of 22 individuals with conduction system abnormalities. Comparison of the surface and endocardially acquired data in the normal group reveals no statistically significant difference in the surface acquired PAH and endocardially acquired high right atrial to His (HRAH) intervals, nor in the HV intervals. In a small subset of patients data were acquired by both techniques and no significant differences were found. Thus, when programmed stimulation or endocardial mapping is not required to answer specific clinical questions, in the majority of persons it is possible to record meaningful subintervals from the body surface from each cardiac cycle. Additionally, in instances in which surface P wave activity is obscure in the routine electrocardiogram, this technique enhances atrial electrical activity. PMID- 6630770 TI - Endocardial mapping by simultaneous recording of endocardial electrograms during cardiac surgery for ventricular aneurysm. AB - A technique was developed for the simultaneous recording of 30 endocardial electrograms during cardiac surgery in patients undergoing aneurysmectomy or endocardial resection, or both, for medically intractable ventricular tachycardia. An inflatable balloon covered with 30 terminals at distances of 1.5 to 2 cm was used to record from the entire endocardial surface; a smaller silicone rubber sheet with 30 terminals at distances of 0.7 cm was used to obtain a better spatial resolution. The multielectrodes were inserted into the left ventricular cavity by way of an incision in the aneurysm. A transportable minicomputer was used for the acquisition and analysis of the signals. After initiation of ventricular tachycardia by programmed stimulation, signals of a 1.5 second period were stored and analyzed. The earliest activated terminal could be determined within 2 to 5 minutes. The technique was applied in 32 patients and proved especially useful in those patients in whom sustained tachycardia could not be evoked and in whom conventional mapping with a roving electrode would have been impossible or very time consuming. In all patients, the isochronic maps showed that the ectopic impulses originated from a rather localized area and no evidence was found for large endocardial circus movements, thereby excluding these as a mechanism underlying the tachycardia. Isochronic maps, depicting activation sequences during consecutive ectopic beats with the same QRS morphologic features, showed the same site of origin in all but six patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630771 TI - Hemodynamic changes induced by cardiac angiography with ioxaglate: comparison with diatrizoate. AB - The hemodynamic and electrocardiographic changes induced by left ventriculography and coronary arteriography with ioxaglate (a new low osmolality angiographic contrast agent) were characterized and compared with the changes induced by a commercial formulation of the commonly used angiographic contrast agent, diatrizoate (Renografin-76). Left ventriculography and coronary arteriography were performed in 25 patients utilizing ioxaglate and in another 25 patients utilizing diatrizoate. Both agents increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and decreased arteriovenous oxygen difference after left ventriculography, but the magnitude of the increase caused by ioxaglate was significantly less than that caused by diatrizoate (changes in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 5.3 +/- 1.3 mm Hg with ioxaglate and 9.5 +/- 1.5 mm Hg with diatrizoate [p less than 0.02] ). Change in arteriovenous oxygen difference was -0.33 +/- 0.19 ml/100 ml with ioxaglate and -0.85 +/- 0.13 ml/100 ml with diatrizoate (p less than 0.05). Both agents were well tolerated when used for coronary arteriography with no adverse events occurring in either group. Ioxaglate is a well tolerated cardiac angiographic contrast agent that produces less hemodynamic disturbance than diatrizoate. Accordingly, it may be particularly well suited to use in patients with impaired left ventricular function. PMID- 6630772 TI - Definition of the safe lower limits of aortic resection during surgical procedures on the thoracoabdominal aorta: use of somatosensory evoked potentials. AB - The technique of intraoperative monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials was applied to a canine model of spinal cord ischemia in an attempt to determine the safe lower limits of aortic resection during thoracic aortic surgery. Fifteen animals underwent left thoracotomy with institution of partial left atrial/femoral artery bypass for maintenance of distal aortic perfusion after proximal descending thoracic aortic exclusion. In Group I animals (n = 6, control), no further interventions were performed so that the effect of exclusion of vessels noncritical to spinal cord blood supply could be assessed by measurements of spinal cord blood flow and somatosensory evoked potentials. In Group II animals (n = 8), the level of distal aortic exclusion was progressively lowered until loss of somatosensory evoked potential (critical vessel exclusion) occurred. The effect of critical vessel exclusion on spinal cord blood flow was then assessed. Exclusion of multiple vessels noncritical to spinal cord blood supply (Group I) had no effect on spinal cord blood flow or function (somatosensory evoked potentials). Exclusion of vessels critical to spinal cord blood supply resulted in significant spinal cord ischemia (83.4% flow reduction, probability [p] less than 0.05 versus baseline) and ischemic spinal cord dysfunction (loss of somatosensory evoked potential).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630773 TI - Evaluation of a new defibrillation pathway--the tongue-epigastric route. I. Experimental studies in dogs. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a tongue-epigastric defibrillation route in anesthetized dogs. Ventricular fibrillation was induced by rectangular pulses passed down a transvenous catheter into the right ventricle. Three groups of dogs were studied. Group I (15 dogs) received shocks from a 12 cm2 tongue electrode, a 50 cm2 circular, gelled self-adhesive electrode pad placed on the epigastrium and standard transthoracic defibrillator paddle electrodes. Shocks were given at energy levels of 50 to 460 joules (delivered energy, 50 ohm resistance). The success of the tongue-epigastric shocks in achieving defibrillation, and the resistance and current flow were determined at each energy level and compared with the same energy shocks from the standard transthoracic electrodes. In Group II (five dogs), comparisons were made between the 12 cm2 tongue electrode used in the first group of dogs and a larger tongue electrode of 40 cm2. In Group III (five dogs), intracardiac current flow (potential gradient) with tongue-epigastric and standard transthoracic electrodes was studied. In Group I, defibrillation success with the tongue-epigastric electrodes ranged from no success at 50 to 100 joules to 83% success at 460 joules. With standard transthoracic electrodes, success rates ranged from 65% at 50 joules to 100% at 300 joules. At all energies tested, the resistance was significantly higher and current significantly lower using tongue-epigastric compared with transthoracic electrodes. The higher tongue-epigastric resistance is probably related to the longer interelectrode distance; the correlation between interelectrode distance (x, in centimeters) and resistance (y, in ohms) in these dogs was y = 2.2x + 29.6, r = 0.78.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630774 TI - Systolic time intervals: assessment by isolated cardiac muscle studies. AB - To document the independent effects of acute changes in preload, afterload and inotropic state on the systolic time intervals, 10 isolated rat left ventricular muscle preparations were studied. Experiments were performed using physiologically sequenced contractions that simulate the loading conditions of the intact left ventricle. The preshortening period was measured from the time of the electrical stimulus to the onset of muscle shortening, and the isotonic contraction time was measured as the duration of shortening. These variables are analogous to the preejection period and the left ventricular ejection time in the intact heart. It was found that an isolated increase in preload shortened the preshortening period and prolonged the isotonic contraction time, whereas an increase in afterload prolonged the former and shortened the latter. Isoproterenol shortened both the preshortening period and the isotonic contraction time, while an increase in calcium shortened the preshortening period and lengthened the isotonic contraction time. All changes were significant (p less than 0.01) by analysis of variance. Thus, the similar dependence of preshortening period, isotonic contraction time and clinical systolic time intervals on changes in preload, afterload and inotropic state supports the derivation of systolic time intervals from fundamental principles of myocardial mechanics. These data provide an improved basis for the rational interpretation of systolic time intervals in patients with and without heart disease. PMID- 6630775 TI - Short-term exercise has a prolonged effect on scar formation after experimental acute myocardial infarction. AB - The effect of early short-term exercise on late scar formation of myocardial infarction is unknown. Therefore, rats anesthetized with ether underwent proximal left coronary artery occlusion. Infarct extent was assessed 24 hours later by electrocardiographic criteria (QRS morphology). Immediately after electrocardiography, the rats were divided into two groups. Group 1 rats (n = 8) were subjected to daily graded swimming (up to 45 minutes a day) starting 24 hours after coronary occlusion for a total of 7 days followed by 2 weeks of nonswimming. Group 2 rats (n = 7) served as a control group and were not subjected to swimming. Twenty-one days after coronary occlusion, the rats were anesthetized, their heart excised and wall thickness determined histologically. Noninfarcted septal wall thickness was similar in both Groups 1 and 2. A ratio for transmural infarcts was obtained from multiple measurements by dividing scar thickness by noninfarcted septal wall thickness. Ratio of scar thickness divided by noninfarcted wall thickness for the control (nonswimming) group was 0.48 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- standard error of the mean); however, in the exercise (swimming) group, there was marked scar thinning with a ratio of 0.25 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- standard error of the mean, p less than 0.001). Infarct extent assessed by planimetry as percent of left ventricular slices was similar in both groups. Thus, early short-term swimming exercise during the first week after experimental myocardial infarction even when followed by 2 weeks without swimming, has long lasting effects on scar formation. PMID- 6630776 TI - Value of early postoperative epicardial programmed ventricular stimulation studies after surgery for ventricular tachyarrhythmias. AB - The value of early postoperative epicardial programmed ventricular stimulation studies after electrophysiologically-directed surgery for ventricular tachyarrhythmia was assessed in 34 patients who underwent epicardial stimulation within 7 to 30 days (mean 9.8) of surgery and were followed up for at least 6 months. The antiarrhythmic operation performed was an endocardial ventriculotomy (full encircling or limited), an endocardial resection, a wall resection or a combination of these procedures. All these interventions were directed by intraoperative mapping during sinus rhythm. Temporary epicardial wire electrodes left at the time of surgery rather than endocardial catheter electrodes were used to perform the pacing. The stimulation protocol included the introduction of up to three ventricular extrastimuli and incremental burst ventricular pacing performed at twice diastolic threshold (9.2 +/- 5.8 mA for the right ventricle and 6.0 +/- 3.5 mA for the left ventricle). A study was considered positive when ventricular tachycardia, defined as 10 or more consecutive ventricular beats, was induced by any pacing modality. Nineteen patients (Group I) had a negative study: after stimulation of both ventricles in 15 patients and of the left ventricle only in 4. Fifteen patients (Group II) had a positive study: after stimulation of the right ventricle in nine patients and of the left ventricle in six. The two groups were comparable with respect to preoperative clinical status, surgical procedures performed and postoperative ejection fraction. No arrhythmic events were observed in Group I during a mean follow-up period of 19.5 months (range 4 to 37), whereas seven arrhythmic events (47% incidence) occurred (p = 0.0008) in Group II during a mean follow-up period of 17.7 months (range 5 to 39).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630777 TI - Long-term follow-up of patients with recurrent unexplained syncope evaluated by electrophysiologic testing. AB - Electrophysiologic testing was performed in 53 patients with recurrent syncope that remained unexplained despite a thorough neurologic and noninvasive cardiac evaluation. Fifteen patients had no structural heart disease, 9 had mitral valve prolapse and 29 had structural heart disease other than mitral valve prolapse. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was induced in 15 patients (28%), sustained ventricular tachycardia was induced in 9 (17%), ventricular fibrillation was induced in 4 (8%) and sinus node function was abnormal in 2 (4%). Female sex and lack of structural heart disease were independently associated with a negative electrophysiologic study (p less than 0.001). Patients with inducible ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation were treated with drugs selected on the basis of the results of electropharmacologic testing. The recurrence rate of syncope was 43% over a 31 +/- 10 month period (mean +/- standard deviation) of follow-up in patients with a negative electrophysiologic study, 40% over a 22 +/- 6 month period in patients with inducible nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, 0% over a 30 +/- 12 month period in patients with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia and 25% over a 21 +/- 10 month period in patients with inducible ventricular fibrillation. In patients with recurrent unexplained syncope undergoing electrophysiologic testing, a potential cause of syncope is least likely to be found in women without structural heart disease. The results of programmed ventricular stimulation must be interpreted with regard to the method of induction of ventricular tachycardia and the type of ventricular tachycardia induced. The excellent response rate in patients with inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia whose therapy is guided by the results of electropharmacologic testing suggests that sustained ventricular tachycardia is a clinically significant response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630778 TI - Prognostic value of ventricular arrhythmias associated with treadmill exercise testing in patients studied with cardiac catheterization for suspected ischemic heart disease. AB - The prognostic information provided by ventricular arrhythmias associated with treadmill exercise testing was evaluated in 1,293 consecutive nonsurgically treated patients undergoing an exercise test within 6 weeks of cardiac catheterization. The 236 patients with simple ventricular arrhythmias (at least one premature ventricular complex, but without paired complexes or ventricular tachycardia) had a higher prevalence of significant coronary artery disease (57 versus 44%), three vessel disease (31 versus 17%) and abnormal left ventricular function (43 versus 24%) than did patients without ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with paired complexes or ventricular tachycardia had an even higher prevalence of significant coronary artery disease (75%), three vessel disease (39%) and abnormal left ventricular function (54%). In the 620 patients with significant coronary artery disease, patients with paired complexes or ventricular tachycardia had a lower 3 year survival rate (75%) than did patients with simple ventricular arrhythmias (83%) and patients with no ventricular arrhythmias (90%). Ventricular arrhythmias were found to add independent prognostic information to the noninvasive evaluation, including history, physical examination, chest roentgenogram, electrocardiogram and other exercise test variables (p = 0.03). Ventricular arrhythmias made no independent contribution once the cardiac catheterization data were known. In patients without significant coronary artery disease, no relation between ventricular arrhythmias and survival was found. PMID- 6630779 TI - Electrocardiographic changes after physical training in patients with myocardial infarction. AB - Electrocardiographic voltage measurements were performed in 24 men with an inferior myocardial infarction before and after 14 +/- 0.5 weeks of physical training. Oxygen uptake at peak exercise increased 42% and heart rate at rest was significantly decreased after training. Increases were found in the magnitude of the R waves in leads II, aVF and V4 to V6; of the S wave in leads V1 and V3; of the T waves in V5 and V6; and of the Sokolow index of QRS voltage. Also, the magnitude of the mean electrical vector in the frontal plane was significantly higher after training. These data were compared with those derived from two electrocardiographic tracings, separated by an average of 19 +/- 1.5 weeks, of 20 other patients with an inferior myocardial infarction who were comparable in age, weight, risk factor and delay between infarction and first examination, but who were not trained. When the electrocardiographic changes between the two observations were compared for the two groups, the trained patients show significant increases in the magnitude of the R wave in the left precordial leads, and leads II and aVF and the Sokolow voltage criterion; in the magnitude of the T wave in leads V5 and V6; and in the magnitude of the mean electrical vector in the frontal plane. It is concluded that physical training in patients with myocardial infarction can alter cardiac structure, as evaluated by voltage measurements on the electrocardiogram. PMID- 6630780 TI - Poor R wave progression in the precordial leads: clinical implications for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. AB - A definite diagnosis of anterior myocardial infarction is often difficult to make in patients when a pattern of poor R wave progression in the precordial leads is present on the electrocardiogram. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a mathematical model could be devised to identify patients with anterior infarction among 102 consecutive patients with poor R wave progression. Each patient underwent exercise testing with thallium scanning. The diagnosis of anterior infarction was established in 20 (20%) of the 102 patients by the presence of fixed thallium-201 perfusion defects in the anterior wall or septum, or both. With the use of a multivariate stepwise discriminant analysis of clinical and electrocardiographic variables, five variables (sex, ST-T changes, S wave amplitude in leads V2 and V3 and the sum of the R wave amplitude in leads V3 and V4) that were statistically significant by univariate analysis were selected by the model to identify patients with anterior infarction (sensitivity 85%, specificity 71%). The discriminant model was subsequently applied prospectively to an additional 21 patients with poor R wave progression and provided a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 88%. Thus, anterior infarction (fixed thallium-201 defects in the anteroseptal segments) was present in 20% of patients with poor R wave progression in the precordial leads; and a mathematical model can be used to identify a subset of patients with anterior infarction in a group of patients with poor R wave progression. PMID- 6630781 TI - Exercise echocardiography: a clinically practical addition in the evaluation of coronary artery disease. AB - There has been only modest clinical interest in exercise echocardiography because of the technical limitations of the procedure. Recognizing that there have been recent technical advances in the echocardiographic instruments and that echocardiography should, in theory, be an ideal technique for evaluating exercise induced wall motion abnormalities, a clinically practical method of performing exercise echocardiograms was developed. By obtaining the echocardiograms immediately after treadmill exercise, with the patient sitting at the treadmill, a high percent of studies adequate for interpretation was obtained (92%). The addition of echocardiography to the treadmill exercise test significantly enhanced the diagnostic yield. In addition, in cases of one and three vessel disease, exercise echocardiography identified stenosis in specific coronary arteries. In patients with two vessel disease and left circumflex obstruction, specific vessel identification was less reliable. A high percent of patients with multivessel disease developed wall motion abnormalities with exercise that persisted for at least 30 minutes. It is concluded that echocardiography performed immediately after exercise with the new generation of echocardiographs can be a practical and useful clinical tool. PMID- 6630782 TI - Quantification of cardiac conduction abnormalities using segmental vector Fourier analysis of radionuclide gated blood pool scans. AB - Timing abnormalities of myocardial contractility may occur as inter- or intraventricular asynchrony. Gated blood pool scintigraphy was performed on 21 patients with a normal ejection fraction and the following electrocardiograms: six normal, six with left bundle branch block, four with right bundle branch block and five with right ventricular pacemaker rhythm. A phase and amplitude of the first harmonic of the Fourier transform was obtained for each pixel, and left and right ventricles were trisected. A mean vector phase for each region was obtained by vector summation. Regional and global values were analyzed within each group and compared with normal values. The phase differences between the entire left and right ventricles (mean +/- standard deviation) were: 9 +/- 3 in the normal patients, 38 +/- 8 (p less than 0.01) in patients with left bundle branch block, -6 +/- 7 (p less than 0.05) in patients with right bundle branch block and 15 +/- 9 (difference not significant) in patients with pacemaker rhythm. The phase differences between left ventricular posterolateral and septal regions were -4 +/- 2 in the normal patients, 10 +/- 5 (p less than 0.01) in patients with left bundle branch block, -7 +/- 10 (p less than 0.05) in patients with right bundle branch block and 10 +/- 5 (p less than 0.01) in patients with pacemaker rhythm. Within the right ventricle, phase differences between the apical and septal segments were 14 +/- 9 in the normal patients, 14 +/- 10 (NS) in patients with left bundle branch block, -2 +/- 3 (p less than 0.01) in patients with right bundle branch block and -22 +/- 18 (p less than 0.01) in patients with pacemaker rhythm. Interventricular phase differences were greatest in patients with left bundle branch block and absent or reversed in right bundle branch block.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630783 TI - Electrode catheter ablation of refractory focal ventricular tachycardia. AB - Localized, high energy, direct current intracardiac shocks effectively prevented recurrent ventricular tachycardia in one patient whose arrhythmia originated in the right ventricular outflow tract, and in two patients with ventricular septal tachycardia after myocardial infarction. PMID- 6630785 TI - Intracoronary nifedipine in human beings: magnitude and time course of changes in left ventricular contraction/relaxation and coronary sinus blood flow. AB - Eight patients, all men, having at least 75% stenosis of the proximal, middle or both segments of the left anterior descending coronary artery, underwent intracoronary drug studies at the time of cardiac catheterization after saphenous vein bypass grafting. Nifedipine, 0.1 mg dissolved in saline solution, was infused into a left anterior descending graft that was the primary blood supply to each patient's anterior left ventricular wall and septum. High fidelity left ventricular pressure and its first derivative, dP/dt, and aortic pressure were sampled synchronously with coronary sinus blood flow by the thermodilution technique. The time constant of isovolumic pressure decay (T) was derived. In five patients, percent systolic shortening and mean shortening velocity were determined from myocardial markers implanted into the midwall of the myocardium at the time of cardiac surgery. In response to nifedipine, left ventricular systolic pressure decreased and end-diastolic pressure increased up to 60 seconds. Both positive and negative dP/dt also decreased up to 60 seconds, whereas coronary sinus blood flow increased up to 5 minutes. T was increased at 1 minute but returned to baseline by 3 minutes. Percent systolic shortening and mean shortening velocity were decreased at 1 minute but returned to control level by 3 minutes. Thus, although both left ventricular systolic and diastolic function were depressed by intracoronary administration of nifedipine, coronary sinus blood flow was augmented and remained increased long after changes in left ventricular contraction and relaxation had subsided. These temporal differences are consistent with animal studies showing a differential depressant effect of nifedipine on calcium uptake in smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. PMID- 6630784 TI - Electrophysiologic actions of high plasma concentrations of propranolol in human subjects. AB - The authors have previously shown that 40% of patients whose ventricular arrhythmias respond to propranolol require plasma concentrations in excess of those producing substantial beta-receptor blockade (greater than 150 ng/ml). However, the electrophysiologic actions of propranolol have only been examined in human beings after small intravenous doses achieving concentrations of less than 100 ng/ml. In this study, the electrophysiologic effects of a wider concentration range of propranolol was examined in nine patients. Using a series of loading and maintenance infusions, measurements were made at baseline, at low mean plasma propranolol concentrations (104 +/- 17 ng/ml) and at high concentrations (472 +/- 68 ng/ml). Significant (p less than 0.05) increases in AH interval and sinus cycle length were seen at low concentrations of propranolol, with no further prolongation at the high concentrations; these effects are typical of those produced by beta-blockade. However, progressive shortening of the endocardial monophasic action potential duration and QTc interval were seen over the entire concentration range tested (p less than 0.05). At high concentrations, there was significant (p less than 0.05) further shortening of both the QTc and monophasic action potential duration beyond that seen at low propranolol concentrations, along with a progressive increase in the ratio of the ventricular effective refractory period to monophasic action potential duration. No significant changes were seen in HV interval, QRS duration or ventricular effective refractory period. In summary, the concentration-response relations for atrioventricular conductivity and sinus node automaticity were flat above concentrations of 150 ng/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630786 TI - Correlation of two-dimensional echocardiographic and autopsy findings in complete transposition of the great arteries. AB - Autopsy and antemortem two-dimensional echocardiographic findings were compared in 30 cases to assess the predictive accuracy of two-dimensional echocardiography in complete transposition of the great arteries, and thus its potential for replacing or altering an invasive examination. These cases represent consecutive autopsy cases of transposition between January 1978 and December 1982. Ages at echocardiographic study ranged from 1 day to 15.5 years (median 8.5 months). Transposition of the great arteries had been diagnosed correctly in every case, and all associated anomalies identified by two-dimensional echocardiography were confirmed at autopsy. Several additional anomalies not found by two-dimensional echocardiography were apparent at autopsy; however, most were minor and insignificant. The only potentially significant false negative findings were one ventricular septal defect, two small atrial septal defects, one mitral valve anomaly, one tricuspid valve anomaly, three instances of patent ductus arteriosus and four instances of persistent left superior vena cava. Although significant pulmonary stenosis was predicted correctly, the site of stenosis was not accurately defined in four cases. Two-dimensional echocardiography is a reliable means of diagnosing transposition of the great arteries. It can limit the need for angiocardiography in the neonate; and in older infants and children, it should be used to complement cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. The latter may be indicated, especially before surgical repair, to better define small ventricular septal defects, site of pulmonary stenosis, atrioventricular valve insufficiency and patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 6630787 TI - First heart sound in Ebstein's anomaly: observations on the cause of wide splitting by echophonocardiographic studies before and after operative repair. AB - Preoperative echophonocardiographic study of a 31 year old woman with Ebstein's anomaly and an atrial septal defect showed wide splitting of the first heart sound with an interval of 0.08 second between mitral valve and tricuspid valve closure. After application of the anterior tricuspid leaflet and anuloplasty, the mitral and tricuspid valves closed at the same time and there was a single first heart sound. These findings suggest that delayed tricuspid valve closure in Ebstein's anomaly is due to the abnormally large size and increased excursion of the anterior tricuspid leaflet rather than associated right bundle branch block or sluggish right ventricular contraction. PMID- 6630788 TI - Spontaneous complete closure of a congenital coronary artery fistula. AB - The first documentation is reported of spontaneous closure of a coronary artery to right ventricle fistula that was demonstrated initially in a 14 month old boy. Over a 4 year period after diagnosis, the characteristic continuous murmur gradually disappeared. When the patient was 5 1/2 years of age, selective coronary arteriography showed normal coronary vessels and circulation. Six other cases of coronary fistula observed during the past 10 years are also reviewed. This study supports the rationale for clinical follow-up rather than obligatory surgical intervention in asymptomatic patients with a small shunt who have no evidence of myocardial dysfunction. PMID- 6630789 TI - Studies on overdrive stimulation of canine cardiac Purkinje fibers: maximal diastolic potential as a determinant of the response. AB - The effects of overdrive stimulation were studied on preparations of isolated canine cardiac Purkinje fibers using standard microelectrode techniques. Preparations were made from false tendons, the subendocardial right bundle branch and 24 hour infarct zone Purkinje fibers. Three types of automaticity were recognized: high potential automaticity occurred in fibers with maximal diastolic potentials greater than -70 mV, intermediate potential automaticity occurred in fibers with maximal diastolic potentials between -61 and -70 mV and low potential automaticity occurred in fibers with maximal diastolic potentials less than -60 mV. Short periods of overdrive (15 seconds or 30 beats) resulted in marked suppression of high potential automaticity, slight suppression of intermediate potential automaticity and little or no suppression of low potential automaticity. The extent of postoverdrive suppression of intermediate potential automaticity was related to the rate and duration of the overdrive train and the amount of hyperpolarization that occurred in the pacemaker fiber. Finally, in three experiments on Purkinje fibers from 24 hour infarct zones, delayed afterdepolarizations occurred. In two of these preparations, overdrive stimulation resulted in biphasic responses (postoverdrive enhancement followed by postoverdrive suppression). The results of this study suggest that it may be possible to design simple electrophysiologic tests to determine whether an automatic arrhythmia is being caused by normal or partially depolarized ectopic pacemakers. PMID- 6630790 TI - Distribution of local repolarization changes produced by efferent vagal stimulation in the canine ventricles. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the distribution of effects of right and left efferent vagal stimulation on ventricular recovery properties in the in situ heart. To measure these effects in many areas simultaneously, local repolarization changes (local QT intervals) were recorded with bipolar electrodes in nine ventricular sites from 38 anesthetized dogs. In initial experiments, this method was shown to correlate with effective refractory period changes measured in the same test site after QT recording; vagal nerve stimulation prolonged the local QT interval by 1 ms for each 0.82 ms prolongation in effective refractory period (r = 0.87). Simultaneous local QT recordings during vagal nerve stimulation demonstrated uniform prolongation with two exceptions. First, left vagal efferent stimulation prolonged local QT interval in the posterior left ventricular base more than did right vagal stimulation (5.9 +/- 1.0 mean +/- standard error of the mean versus 3.7 +/- 0.9%, p less than 0.05). This probably resulted from an interaction with the left sympathetic nerves because left stellate ganglionectomy or norepinephrine infusion eliminated differences between effects of right and left vagal stimulation. Second, it was also found that vagal stimulation from either side did not prolong local QT interval time in the anterior right ventricle despite attempts to augment vagal effects with bilateral vagal stimulation alone or during isoproterenol or physostigmine administration. These regional differences in ventricular repolarization exhibited in response to efferent vagal nerve stimulation in the dog may provide a basis for understanding how autonomic influences could contribute to the genesis of ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 6630791 TI - Cardiovascular effects of potential occupational hazards. AB - Cardiovascular effects of potential occupational hazards have received relatively little attention. The major inhalant occupational exposures of concern are carbon disulfide, nitrates, halogenated hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. Occupational exposure to certain trace metals may also be associated with adverse cardiovascular effects. Of concern is potential toxicity from cobalt, antimony, lead, cadmium and arsenic. Potential physical hazards exist in association with noise, heat and radiofrequency radiation. In most instances, the data are suggestive rather than conclusive. Further epidemiologic studies with careful control for potentially complicating factors, such as baseline differences in blood pressure, cigarette smoking habits and age, are needed. In some areas where epidemiologic studies have provided clues, the mechanisms of action of potential occupational hazards require further basic scientific investigation. PMID- 6630792 TI - Mitral valve prolapse: comparative value of m-mode, two-dimensional and doppler echocardiography. AB - M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography were used to assess the comparative value of each in the detection of clinically diagnosed mitral valve prolapse; 125 consecutive patients with a mid- to late systolic click, with or without a late systolic murmur, were included. There were 46 men and 79 women; their mean age was 42 years. M-mode echocardiography detected 62 of 125 cases (sensitivity 50%). Two-dimensional echocardiography was positive in 85 cases (sensitivity 68%) and 90 cases were detected with Doppler echocardiography (sensitivity 72%). When all three techniques were combined, 116 cases were correctly diagnosed (total echographic sensitivity 93%). The relative insensitivity of the M-mode technique and the additive value of two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in the detection of auscultatory mitral prolapse are emphasized. PMID- 6630793 TI - Exercise-induced ST segment elevation in a patient with effort angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries. AB - A 32 year old woman who complained of exercise-induced chest pain was found to have widespread elevation of the ST segment of the electrocardiogram during exercise testing. Coronary angiography demonstrated no obstructive lesions and no evidence of coronary artery spasm despite ergonovine administration, bicycle ergometry and rapid atrial pacing. Exercise thallium-201 scintigraphy demonstrated no perfusion defects despite ST segment elevation. Radionuclide blood pool imaging revealed a slight decrease in ejection fraction with exercise. The available evidence raises the possibility of small vessel coronary artery disease, either structural or vasotonic, as a cause of this patient's symptoms. PMID- 6630794 TI - Angina caused by reduced vasodilator reserve of the small coronary arteries. PMID- 6630795 TI - Effect of orange juice, folic acid, and oral contraceptives on serum folate in women taking a folate-restricted diet. AB - The effect of folate intake from orange juice on serum folate was evaluated in 60 women (age 20-39) during 9 weeks of a folate-restricted diet. Twenty-one were users of oral contraceptives (OCA). Folate intake from the restricted diet was 159 +/- 5 micrograms/day, as assessed by dietary surveys. Serum folate of women taking OCA was lower than in nonusers at the inception of the study (P less than 0.01). During the initial 2 weeks of restricted diet, serum folates decreased significantly (13.8 +/- 1.8 to 8.5 +/- 0.4 ng/ml; P less than 0.002). This decrease was further prevented by supplementation of the diet for 7 weeks with 100 micrograms/day of total folate from reconstituted frozen orange juice or synthetic folic acid (PteGlu). Both folate supplements were effective (P less than 0.05) in increasing serum folate (9.4 +/- 1.0 to 14.5 +/- 1.4 ng/ml, orange juice; 8.4 +/- 0.7 to 20.5 +/- 5.8 ng/ml, folic acid). Serum folates were similar in women taking either orange juice or folic acid. Serum folate of nonsupplemented women decreased from 10.2 +/- 0.8 to 8.3 +/- 0.4 ng/ml (P less than 0.05). No difference between serum folates of OCA users and nonusers was detected during the restricted diet or folate supplementation. These data indicate that folate in reconstituted orange juice was as available as folic acid, and that utilization of both folate forms and folate in a mixed diet was unaffected by oral contraceptives. PMID- 6630796 TI - Prognostic Nutritional Index: its usefulness as a predictor of clinical course. AB - Despite mounting evidence, a question still exists as to the true clinical relevance of varying degrees of malnutrition, the role of currently measured nutritional parameters in identifying malnutrition and predicting clinical risk in individual patients, and the efficacy of nutritional therapy. This study was designed to document the usefulness of the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) as a predictor of clinical course. The nutritional assessments and clinical records of 328 subjects in a Veterans Administration Hospital were reviewed, PNI and complication rates were determined for each of the subjects, and the data statistically analyzed. The PNI was found to be a useful indicator of malnutrition and predictor of clinical course. The PNI appeared to be a more sensitive index of clinical outcome than did comparison of individual nutritional parameters to accepted norms, although it accounted for only 17% of the information needed to predict clinical course perfectly. PMID- 6630797 TI - The absence of detectable complement activation in aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patients during aspirin challenge. AB - Activation of complement was sought by two independent assay methods, total hemolytic complement (CH50) and C4 activation by rocket immunoelectrophoresis for C4d and C4 in plasma samples obtained from 16 aspirin-sensitive asthmatic patients and four control subjects during provocative oral aspirin challenges. No consistent evidence of significant complement activation was detected in either the asthmatic or control groups when serial measurements were performed. The measurements of CH50 and C4 activation did not change in either arterial or venous samples. These findings indicate that oral aspirin given in dosages that provoke bronchospasm did not activate C4 or significantly decrease serum complement activity. PMID- 6630798 TI - Mealworm asthma: clinical and immunologic studies. AB - Mealworms are larvae of the Tenibrio molitor (Tm) beetle and are widely used as fishing bait. Four of five bait handlers in a warehouse who were exposed to particulates of Tm exoskeletons reported immediate-onset asthma, rhinitis, or contact urticaria while unwrapping and packaging the larvae. Positive cutaneous prick tests to Tm extract were detected in all four symptomatic workers. Specific IgE against Tm antigens of 14.6% and 22.5% were found by the RAST method in the two workers with Tm-induced asthma. Specificity of Tm-IgE binding was confirmed by RAST inhibition of 73%, 58%, and 37% by 2 X 10(-1), 2 X 10(-2) and 2 X 10(-3) dilutions of Tm antigen. No significant inhibition of Tm-IgE binding by mite and cockroach antigen or by extracts of three other larval species of the Diptera and Lepidoptera orders, to which the workers were also exposed, was detected. Bronchial provocation challenge with Tm antigen performed in the two workers with asthma exhibited an immediate fall in FEV1 of more than 20% at provocation-dose dilutions of 2 X 10(-3) and 2 X 10(-5), respectively. In the latter worker, pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate inhibited the bronchial response to 2 X 10(-4) dilution of Tm antigen. This study demonstrates that inhaled particulates from Tm exoskeletons are potent sensitizers and elicit IgE-mediated occupational asthma. Allergenic cross-reactivity between orders of insects was not observed. This occupational setting serves as a model for the prospective study of insect allergy. PMID- 6630799 TI - Presence of sulfur dioxide in commonly used bronchodilator solutions. AB - We detected a significant amount of SO2 released from commercially used bronchodilators, including isoproterenol (Isuprel; Breon Laboratories, Inc., New York, N. Y.), metaproterenol (Alupent; Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, Conn., or Metaprel; Dorsey Laboratories, Lincoln, Neb.), isoetharine (Bronkosol; Breon Laboratories, Inc., New York, N. Y.), and racemic epinephrine (Micronefrin; Bird Corp., Palm Springs, Calif.). During standard nebulization of these agents, SO2 concentration varied from 0.1 to 6.0 ppm. These levels are known to be bronchoconstrictive in asthmatic patients. We believe clinicians should be aware of this observation when sulfite-containing bronchodilators are used. PMID- 6630800 TI - Humoral immunologic abnormalities in workers exposed to asbestos cement dust. AB - Serum specimens from 144 workers exposed to asbestos cement dust were examined for the presence of ANA, RF, immunoglobulins, and IC. These immunologic findings were compared with chest radiographic changes. A high percentage of workers had polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, and there was a statistically significant association between elevated levels of IgG and IgM and radiographic classification. Although a significant number of workers had an increased prevalence of ANA and elevated levels of IC, there was no correlation between these parameters and chest radiographs. These findings support B cell hyperactivity in workers exposed to asbestos and suggest that autoantibody production and IC are not directly involved in disease pathogenesis. PMID- 6630801 TI - Single-case research designs in clinical child psychiatry. PMID- 6630803 TI - Responses of internalizing and externalizing children to clinical interview questions. PMID- 6630802 TI - Variability in IQ scores and prognosis of children with hyperlexia. PMID- 6630804 TI - Data based program evaluation in a project involving mental health consultation to schools. PMID- 6630805 TI - Cultural variations in family attitudes and their implications for therapy. PMID- 6630806 TI - Measuring delinquent behavior in inpatient treatment settings: revision and validation of the adolescent antisocial behavior checklist. PMID- 6630807 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. PMID- 6630808 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test in adolescent depression. PMID- 6630809 TI - Salivary cortisol: a nontraumatic sampling technique for assaying cortisol dynamics. PMID- 6630810 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test. PMID- 6630811 TI - Guidelines for preparing girls for menstruation. PMID- 6630812 TI - Psychodynamic and characterological heterogeneity among adolescents with major depressive disorders. PMID- 6630813 TI - Educating doctors in nutrition: one solution. PMID- 6630814 TI - Recommendations of the National Commission on Allied Health Education: priorities for the dietetic profession. AB - The recommendation regarding legislative activities for support of allied health education was rated by the dietitians surveyed as the "most essential and urgent." PMID- 6630815 TI - Composition of diets of low-income pregnant women: comparison of analyzed with calculated values. AB - Nutrient composition of diets of low-income pregnant women was determined by laboratory analysis and by calculation from food tables. Twenty-two diet composites, each representing a subject's 24-hour intake, were so evaluated. Findings from use of the two methods were compared. Mean analyzed and calculated values compared favorably for food energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, potassium, magnesium, and zinc, although large differences in values as determined by the two methods were found in some single diet composites. Analyzed values compared less favorably with calculated values for calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, and the six vitamins studied. PMID- 6630816 TI - Nutrient intake of low-income pregnant women: laboratory analysis of foods consumed. AB - Nutrient intake of a group of 22 young, mainly black, low-income pregnant women was evaluated by use of data resulting from laboratory analysis of foods prepared and consumed in the home over a 24-hour period. Magnesium, zinc, and folacin were the nutrients least well supplied in the foods consumed. Analyzed values for daily intake of the three were below 50% of the RDAs. Mean energy intake was considerably lower than recommended allowances, even though mean gain in weight was somewhat greater than that recommended for normal pregnancy, a finding like that of other investigators. The wide range in daily intake of energy and various nutrients among subjects is comparable with that found in a number of other studies, which showed that many individuals have marked deviations in intake from day to day. Analyzed diets also were examined in terms of nutrient density. Mean nutrient density for protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and ascorbic acid compared favorably with that of the RDAs, in contrast with the poor nutrient density for zinc, magnesium, and folacin. Laboratory analysis of the diets had the advantage of providing information about nutrient content of foods as prepared and consumed in the home. The analysis had particular advantage in the evaluation of content of zinc, magnesium, and folacin, as data for the three nutrients in food composition tables are limited. PMID- 6630817 TI - Roasting and braising beef roasts in microwave ovens. AB - Cooking time, yield, and palatability of beef round, chuck, and rib eye roasts cooked in microwave ovens and in conventional ovens were compared. Cooking times were considerably shorter in the microwave ovens than in the conventional ovens. Reduced power was used for microwave cooking of roasts, except that rib eye roasts were cooked at full power for the first 5 min. The yield of cooked lean meat was the same for round and chuck roasts cooked by either type of oven, while the yield was lower for rib eye roasts cooked in the microwave oven than for rib eye roasts cooked in conventional ovens. Tenderness, softness, and natural flavor panel ratings and tenderness as measured by shear force were not affected by the treatment. Rib eye roasts were browner and less juicy when cooked in the microwave ovens. PMID- 6630818 TI - Establishing the need for nutrition education: III. Elementary students' nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and practices. PMID- 6630819 TI - Assessment of a cardiovascular education program. AB - A single education program for teaching principles of the Prudent Diet was assessed for its effectiveness in producing compliance to dietary recommendations. The study population consisted of 50 free-living adults between the ages of 20 and 75. Each adult was a member of a club or organization that had requested to view the program via a local chapter of the AHA. A pretest/post-test format was used for the study. Individuals completed a questionnaire prior to viewing the program and again eight weeks after viewing the program. The questionnaire was designed to measure attitudes, knowledge, and compliance to recommendations. Demographic data regarding age, sex, and exposure to heart disease were also obtained. Results indicated that the study population changed their beliefs about their perceived susceptibility to CHD, becoming more concerned after viewing the program. Attitudes toward diet and CHD became slightly more positive but not significantly so. An overall gain in knowledge occurred that was highly significant. The study group consumed skim milk, lean meats, and broiled meats more often after viewing the program. In addition, they reported trimming all visible fat from meat before preparation and/or consumption. It was concluded that this education program has potential for producing an attitude change and knowledge acquisition and for motivating positive changes in dietary habits toward the recommendations of the Prudent Diet. PMID- 6630820 TI - Dietary intakes of Title III meal program recipients and nonrecipients. AB - Nutrient intakes, dietary habits, and the nutrition knowledge and attitudes of elderly recipients and nonrecipients of a Title III meal program were examined. Mean intakes of energy and all nutrients except niacin and vitamin C were higher for recipients, although no statistically significant differences were found. High average intakes of protein, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C were shown among all groups. Low individual intakes were found for energy, calcium, vitamin A, and thiamin. Men consumed significantly more protein, fat, and riboflavin than women. As age increased, intakes of fat, protein, iron, thiamin, and niacin decreased. More than 75% of all subjects had diets rated "fair" or "good." Percentages of kilocalories from protein were above the recommended levels for all groups, and percentages of kilocalories from fat were above recommended levels for all groups except recipient women. Neither the number of meals eaten alone nor living arrangements had a significant effect on the patterns of intake of the nutrients studied. Most of the subjects interviewed did not regularly take vitamin/mineral supplements. Of those who took supplements, most consumed adequate diets. No significant differences were found in the nutrition knowledge or attitudes of recipients and nonrecipients, although recipients had slightly higher scores. Nutrition knowledge scores were above 60% for all groups. Educational attainment was positively correlated with nutrition knowledge. PMID- 6630821 TI - A classification of dysgeusia. AB - The results of this study indicate that patients with dysgeusia can be classified into groups on the basis of the number and kinds of foods and beverages they perceive as distorted. Furthermore, a relationship between this classification and weight loss has been demonstrated, suggesting that caloric intake is decreased, particularly in patients with Type III and IV. The symptoms of dysgeusia worsened in 41% of all patients. These patients had sought medical help more quickly than any other patients with dysgeusia. An elevation in dysgeusia type (increase in severity) occurred in only a small number of patients, and no patient exhibited any improvement in dysgeusia once it occurred. Specific types of foods and beverages were commonly distorted in these patients. To characterize these abnormalities, we used six common food groups. On occasion, patients would eliminate an entire food group from their diets; if the nutrients contained in these foods could not be obtained from other dietary sources or if the food aversion persisted long enough (16), these patients could develop nutritional deficiencies. A nutritional history, using a standard form, was selected as the method for collecting data. Classification might have been even more accurate if a standardized food array had been used as part of this study. Indeed, we have developed such an array consisting of 120 food items and have since used it in conjunction with a diet history to evaluate patients with dysgeusia. Preliminary results confirm its usefulness in the classification described in this article.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630823 TI - Fellowship, scholarship, and award recipients for 1983-84. PMID- 6630822 TI - Hospital diabetes education: classroom and self-instruction. AB - This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of two approaches to instructing hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus on the food exchange system. Both groups were given the same pretest and post-test, but one group received self-instruction and the other group received classroom instruction. The pretest scores of the two groups indicated differences in their initial understanding of the food exchange system. The mean score on the pretest for the classroom instruction group was 1.95 points higher than for the self-instruction group on the 18-point test. The self-instruction group gained 3.45 more points than the classroom instruction group on their post-test scores. An analysis of gain between pretest and post-test for both groups indicated that both treatments could be considered effective. However, when the pretest was analyzed as an independent variable, it was shown to have an influence on the post-test results. In controlling for the pretest in the analysis of covariance, the LAP treatment was found to be more effective than the classroom instruction for teaching patients with diabetes mellitus about the food exchange system. As diabetes affects persons from all demographic groups, a variety of programs are needed to meet individual needs (15). Demands for education programs in institutions are being met as patients' needs change. The two instructional approaches assessed in this research are recommended as viable options to use in educating the increasing number of persons with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6630824 TI - A critical evaluation of the assessment technology for urinary continence in older persons. PMID- 6630825 TI - Problems of the health-impaired elderly: a foundation's experience in geriatrics. AB - Elderly people, particularly those over age 75, are subject to problems of access to needed health services, of the appropriateness of these services in relation to their needs, and of increasing infirmity, disability and dependency, with loss of their natural support systems. The proportion of health expenditures deployed to deal with the institutionalization and long-term requirements of elderly people is increasing in a national climate characterized by tightening constraints on public expenditures for health care under Medicare and Medicaid. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has accepted objectives and roles to find better ways to use what we already know to improve elderly people's access to health care, to improve their functional effectiveness, and to make their health care more affordable. The results of some of the programs it has supported represent innovative approaches and demonstrate ways in which we may accomplish these objectives. PMID- 6630826 TI - Bronchogenic cancer, metastases, and aging. AB - Previously reported large autopsy series have indicated that elderly patients who die of cancer are less likely to have metastatic disease than their younger counterparts. This observation could be explained if survival were shorter in the elderly population and patients died with smaller tumor burdens. The authors analyzed Medical Center Hospital of Vermont (MCHV) Tumor Registry data on primary lung cancer with respect to age. As in the reported autopsy series, at the time of diagnosis elderly patients were less likely to have metastatic disease. Further analysis was undertaken of the patients from this series who died and were autopsied at MCHV. Although the total numbers were small, survival was not shorter in the advanced age groups. The authors suggest that elderly patients have slower tumor growth and less metastatic disease, not because of earlier diagnosis and shorter survival, but because of senescent host factors that impede aggressive tumor growth and spread. PMID- 6630827 TI - Intraabdominal infections in the elderly. AB - Biliary sepsis, appendicitis, diverticulitis, and intraabdominal abscess are intraabdominal infections that are especially relevant to the elderly population. Diagnostic delays, reluctance to perform surgery, presence of underlying disease, and postoperative complications contribute to the higher morbidity and mortality rates seen for elderly patients with these infections. PMID- 6630828 TI - A geriatric special-care unit: experience in a university hospital. AB - Responding to a perceived need for specialized care for the acutely ill elderly, a 14-bed geriatric special-care unit was established in the University of Massachusetts Hospital in January 1980. Patients were selected for admission after assessment of their potential to benefit from restorative care. Most patients were admitted from the emergency room or outpatient clinics or were scheduled admissions; a few were in-hospital transfers. This report deals with a retrospective analysis of the first 514 admissions (431 patients) to the unit. Admissions by major service were: Medicine, 64 per cent; Surgery, 14 per cent; Neurology, 10 per cent; Orthopedics, 7 per cent; and other, 5 per cent. Approximately 64 per cent of patients were between the ages of 70 and 84. The overall average length of stay per admission was 11.5 days. Mortality rate of patients undergoing surgery (n = 125) was 4 per cent. The percentage of admissions that were discharged home was 78.7 per cent. Only 7.3 per cent of admissions were discharged to a nursing home, when those that were admitted to the unit from a nursing home are excluded. The authors conclude that a special nursing unit for acutely ill elderly patients may serve several purposes in a university hospital: overall patient care may be improved; length of hospital stay may be shortened; and medical students, housestaff, and attending physicians may gain an opportunity to learn the fundamentals of geriatric medicine as demonstrated by the staff of the unit. PMID- 6630830 TI - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in elderly patients. PMID- 6630829 TI - Suicide in the elderly: the limits of paternalism. AB - It is the authors' premise that caregivers of the suicidal elderly patient are at times guided by a paternalism that is not always in the best interests of the patient. They advocate instead care based on greater respect for the autonomy of the patient. A case of a suicidal, recently widowed man is presented, and historical and ethical considerations of bereavement and suicide are discussed. PMID- 6630831 TI - Topical metronidazole therapy for pressure sores of geriatric patients. PMID- 6630832 TI - Attitudes of medical students. PMID- 6630833 TI - Dual-doctor marriages. PMID- 6630834 TI - Self-defense. PMID- 6630835 TI - Humane approaches in the doctor-patient relationship. PMID- 6630836 TI - Doctor draft. PMID- 6630837 TI - Do you feel a draft? PMID- 6630838 TI - A functional interpretation of the visual fields of low vision patients. AB - The importance of using visual field information when evaluating low vision patients is often overlooked. The authors present some clinical discussions of various types of field losses and their functional implications. PMID- 6630839 TI - Response of limited residual vision patients to working conditions with varied light and color combinations. AB - The emphasis of this study encompasses two major areas: 1) light intensity, 2) color contrast. We were interested in this study to see how the manipulation of these two major variables might aid severely visually handicapped persons (legally blind) to be more productive and comfortable on the job. In the research that National Industries for the Blind did on this subject, it was clear that little has been accomplished in this area with legally blind persons in attempting to see how they might be better assisted in the area of actual work performance. PMID- 6630840 TI - Crystalline aculeiform cataract. AB - A case of aculeiform crystalline cataract is described, and the appearance, composition and pathogenesis of this and other crystalline cataracts discussed. PMID- 6630841 TI - VEPs in the prognosis of amblyopia therapy: a case report. PMID- 6630842 TI - Normal stereo acuity despite anisometropic-amblyopia. PMID- 6630843 TI - The AOA and its commitment to competency through education. PMID- 6630844 TI - The future optometric office--from a consultant's view. AB - It's no secret the eye care field, which lay dormant for the most part in the gentle hands of the three Os, is being dressed up and marketed by big business who recognize the financial potential. You are in competition with this element in this 6 billion dollar vision care area, but you should be competing on a different level. Surveys still indicate price is the 7th reason patients choose their doctor on a scale of 1 to 10. To be financially successful in the future, fortunately or unfortunately, will require more of the O.D. than being professionally competent. It's going to take a combination of all the prerequisites that make for success in any business. Sound principles in planning, marketing, management, personnel, communications, education, public relations, and finance. Doctors must be willing to hire the support talent in areas they lack to accomplish their goal. It is not necessary for a practice to grow bigger, but it is necessary that it constantly grow better. Where to begin? The doctor and his staff must be able to answer the question, "Why should a patient come to this office for vision care, rather than the ophthalmologist three blocks away, or the optical chain in the Mail?" Don't answer, "quality." It's relative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630845 TI - The effect of eyeglasses on self-esteem. AB - Self-esteem of optometric patients was shown to be affected by when eyeglasses were first prescribed but not by the length of time they had been worn. Glasses have more negative effects on self-esteem when first prescribed during childhood or adulthood than during adolescence. Children may be more likely than adolescents to internalize negative social reactions evoked by glasses, whereas adults who obtain glasses may be reacting negatively to evidence of aging and physical decline. PMID- 6630846 TI - Lidocaine and bupivacaine. Is a mixture effective? PMID- 6630847 TI - The use of fluoroscopy in the detection and excision of foreign bodies in the foot. PMID- 6630848 TI - Quantitative analysis of the locking position of the midtarsal joint. PMID- 6630849 TI - Peroneus quartus. A case report. PMID- 6630850 TI - The Solomon Tray. A new approach to podiatric instrument containers. PMID- 6630851 TI - Nutcracker fracture of the foot. A case report. PMID- 6630852 TI - Osteopoikilosis. A case report. PMID- 6630853 TI - A tarsal stress fracture in a long-distance runner. A case report. PMID- 6630855 TI - Movement toward an optimum health care system. PMID- 6630854 TI - The Calandruccio Triangular Compression Device. A schematic introduction. PMID- 6630856 TI - Juvenile bunion correction by epiphysiodesis of the first metatarsal. PMID- 6630857 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta. PMID- 6630858 TI - Periostitis. A manifestation of venous disease and skeletal hyperostosis. PMID- 6630859 TI - A dermatoglyphic predictive index for maturity-onset diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6630860 TI - Management of idiopathic plantar hyperhidrosis. PMID- 6630861 TI - An unusual case of hypertrophied peroneal tubercles. PMID- 6630862 TI - Disuse osteoporosis. A case report. PMID- 6630863 TI - Diabetic neuropathic osteoarthropathy. A case report and discussion. PMID- 6630864 TI - Simultaneous determination of total cholesterol concentration and radioactivity in plasma. AB - Total plasma cholesterol concentration and radioactivity were measured simultaneously using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and an effluent splitter. More than 99% of the recovered radioactivity was in the cholesterol peak. Specific activities were highly correlated with the amounts of labeled cholesterol present in plasma. The recovery of label was quantitative over a wide range of carrier cholesterol concentrations. The method is highly reproducible, accurate, rapid and specific. PMID- 6630865 TI - Measurement of phagocytosis using fluorescent latex beads. AB - Fluorescent monodisperse latex beads and a computer-centered spectrofluorimeter were used to devise a sensitive new assay for phagocytosis. LM fibroblasts, a transformed cell line with a high endocytic rate, were exposed to fluoresbrite beads and the following parameters were investigated: incubation time, incubation temperature and bead/cell ratio. The bead uptake was linear for 60 min over a wide range of bead/cell ratios up to 130 beads/cell. Phagocytosis was inhibited at 4 degrees C, by incubation in the presence of colchicine, and by glucose deprivation. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm that at 37 degrees C both bead adsorption and internalization occurred while at 4 degrees C only bead adsorption but not endocytosis occurred. Large bead sizes (0.86 and 1.72 micrometer diameter) were most useful due to higher fluorescence and higher signal to noise ratios than smaller beads (0.25 and 0.57 micrometer diameter). Beads (0.86 micrometer diameter) were taken up at a rate of 4.4 beads/cell/h at 37 degrees C when a bead/cell ratio of 70 was used. The uptake was zero when assayed at zero time. These criteria establish that fluoresbrite beads provide a useful new fluorimetric assay for phagocytosis. PMID- 6630866 TI - Epitaxial crystallization of alkane chain lipids for electron diffraction analysis. AB - Thin microcrystals of a wide variety of polymethylene chain materials, including n-alkanes, linear waxes, glycerides, a detergent, phospholipids and phospholipid analogs based on cyclopentane-1,2,3-triol, are epitaxially grown on naphthalene to give an orientation with long chain axes parallel to the best developed crystal face. These crystals, which represent a different orientation than those grown from solution, facilitate ab initio quantitative crystal structure analysis from electron diffraction intensity data from the projection yielding the most crystallographic information. PMID- 6630867 TI - Microscale purification of proteins by line immunoelectrophoresis: application of the technique in protein biogenesis studies. AB - A small-scale version of line immunoelectrophoresis in combination with immunoprecipitate excision is described as a rapid and convenient technique to purify proteins on a micro scale in biogenesis studies. In the purification and to result in a higher state of purity than an isolation procedure using protein A Sepharose. Since the method furthermore allows a simultaneous purification of several different protein antigens from the same sample, it may be of interest as an alternative method to other procedures in the purification of proteins on a micro scale. PMID- 6630868 TI - Removal of fatty acids from serum albumin by Lipidex 1000 chromatography. AB - Fatty acids can be effectively removed from serum albumin preparations by a single passage through a column of Lipidex 1000 at 37 degrees C. The procedure is easier and milder and shows a better (nearly quantitative) recovery of protein than charcoal treatment. The ability for fatty acid binding by the protein is not affected by either procedure. PMID- 6630869 TI - A simplified method for the estimation of individual amino acid radioactivity in plasma samples. AB - A method is presented for the quantitative estimation of the individual amino acid radioactivity in biological samples. The material is deproteinized with cold acetone, and, after acetone evaporation, is passed through a column containing 1 g of Amberlite XAD-2, then eluted with 10% ethanol. The samples are derivatized with Sanger's reagent (alkaline 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) and passed again through the Amberlite XAD-2 column; the 10% ethanol eluate is now discarded and the DNP-amino acids eluted with acetone. Aliquots are used for TLC chromatography on Silicagel plates; the spots are identified, cut away and their radioactivity estimated. The actual recovery of radioactivity in the spots is about 86-92% of the initial radioactivity. No contamination with radioactive glucose, lactate, pyruvate or glycerol has been observed. PMID- 6630870 TI - The electrode adsorption method for determination of enzyme activity: a study of substrate requirements. AB - The electrode adsorption method for the determination of enzyme activity requires substrates that, besides having good kinetics constants for the enzyme, also show good adsorption/desorption kinetics to the electrode surface and adsorb in such a way that they change the double-layer capacitance of the electrode. A series of peptide substrates containing one to three aromatic groups has been synthesized. Our results show that the aromatic groups are of crucial importance for the capacitance change caused by the adsorbing/desorbing substrate. Thus, the tripeptide substrate, Bz-Phe(NO2)-Val-Arg-pNA, with three aromatic groups is superior to the other synthesized substrates containing only one or two aromatic groups. Our desorption experiments show that several factors determine the rate of capacitance increase observed when thrombin is added to a substrate solution in equilibrium with a substrate-covered electrode. The kinetic constants of the substrate determine how the substrate concentration in the solution decreases and, consequently, determine the spontaneous desorption measured as capacitance increase. Thrombin does not seem to split adsorbed substrate molecules but it adsorbs to the substrate-covered surface and in that way causes a capacitance decrease counteracting the change caused by desorption of substrate. PMID- 6630871 TI - A rapid and convenient method for the purification of chicken erythrocyte histone H5. PMID- 6630872 TI - Purification of protein methylase II from human erythrocytes. AB - Protein methylase II (S-adenosylmethionine:protein-carboxyl O-methyltransferase, EC. 2.1.1.24) which methyl esterifies free carboxyl groups of protein substrate using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor, has been purified from human erythrocytes approximately 13000-fold with a yield of 12%. The purified enzyme was over 95% pure as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A bulk of hemoglobin present in the erythrocyte lysate, which severely limited the use of affinity chromatography for purification, was effectively removed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and by the subsequent salt washing of the precipitates followed by molecular sieve chromatography on Sephadex G-75. This preparation can be further purified by affinity chromatography, in which S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine is covalently linked to Sepharose-4B, followed by Sephadex G-75 chromatography to yield an enzyme with an activity of 27000 pmol methyl group transferred/mg/min at 37 degrees C. PMID- 6630873 TI - Faulty illustration: a personal view. PMID- 6630875 TI - Computer-printed labels. PMID- 6630876 TI - Image permanence in paintings. PMID- 6630874 TI - Photography of small mammals in a simulated natural environment. PMID- 6630877 TI - Quantification of skin surface texture by macrophotography and computer aided scanning densitometry. PMID- 6630878 TI - A new approach to the design of instructional text. PMID- 6630879 TI - Sound recording in the small TV studio. PMID- 6630880 TI - Defining health education. PMID- 6630881 TI - Communication means more than pretty pictures. The view of a national health education organisation. PMID- 6630882 TI - Television for patient education. PMID- 6630883 TI - Macro photography and the photographic enlarger. PMID- 6630884 TI - Processing of diazochrome materials using ammonia. PMID- 6630885 TI - Interactive videodiscs. PMID- 6630886 TI - [Treatment of choroid melanoma. Perspectives]. PMID- 6630887 TI - [Age and photopic and mesopic visual acuity]. AB - Visual acuity at high luminance (100 cdm2) and at low luminance (0.8 cdm2) was measured in normal subjects aged between 20 and 50 years. A decrease of visual acuity at Low luminance was noted with increasing age whereas high luminance acuity remained unchanged (20/20). At thirty years of age, low luminance visual acuity was an average of 20/30 decreasing at 40 years to 20/40. Results were confirmed by statistical analysis. A short study with interference fringes, formed by a coherent light (neon-helium laser) produced directly on the retina and thus by-passing optical effects on the eye, suggested that the retina-brain system was responsible for decreased mesopic visual acuity, night myopia or right presbyopia not playing any part in this decrease as suggested by some authors. Consequences of these findings, concerning particularly workers at low luminance such as pilots or drivers, are discussed. PMID- 6630888 TI - [International survey on the incidence of severe or fatal complications which may occur during fluorescein angiography]. AB - Serious or fatal accidents during fluorescein angiography were assessed by an international survey involving answers from 260 clinics in 30 different countries in respect of 594, 687 angiographies. Incidence of fatal accidents was one case per 49,557 angiographies, and of serious accidents, one case per 18,020 angiographies. The total number of accidents reported was 45 cases, equal to one case per 13,215 angiographies. Age, general health of the patients, and the experience of the different clinics who perform this examination, seem to influence the occurrence and the seriousness of these accidents. PMID- 6630889 TI - [Experimental study of changes in the pressure of the posterior segment of the eye under general anesthesia. Consequences for surgery of the anterior segment]. AB - Animal studies were conducted to compare variations in intraocular (IOP) and posterior segment pressure (PSP) during general anesthesia to assess the role of PSP in the development of anesthesia for ophthalmological procedures. Anesthetic agents appear to have a marked effect on IOP during operations involving opening of hypertonic globe or examinations of children under general anesthesia, but their action on IOP has no significance during procedures requiring opening of the anterior chamber because of alteration of aqueous humor physiology. The PSP, defined as pressure in the posterior segment when the anterior segment is at atmospheric pressure, is the main factor affecting surgical conditions, a rise in PSP possibly resulting in typical complications of cataract surgery but having beneficial effects in corneal grafts for example. Posterior segment pressure cannot be studied in humans and an experimental model using rabbits under artificial ventilation following tracheotomy after general anesthesia was developed. Pressure gauges recorded arterial and central venous pressures and were connected to needles inserted in both eyes to monitor IOP and PSP, the latter from a needle passed into the anterior chamber through the cornea, which was incised over the needle to enable permanent drainage of aqueous humor. All pressures were recorded simultaneously and no correlations were observed between IOP and PSP after pentobarbitone, neosynephrine, succinylcholine, or asphyxia (interruption of ventilation and curarization). These findings suggest that IOP is not a valid measurement for assessment of anesthetic techniques, whereas PSP provides a better guideline for development of ophthalmological anesthesia. PMID- 6630890 TI - [Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva arising from precancerous melanosis, prognosis and treatment]. AB - A 68-year-old white female with lentigo malignans of the right conjunctiva and lid developed recurrent malignant melanomas of the conjunctiva 16 years after, lesions were treated by local excision and cryotherapy on several occasions. The prognosis of the three different histologic types of malignant melanoma described by Clark: nodular melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, and lentigo malignans melanoma is discussed. Histologic features associated with the height of the tumor are important factors for prognosis, patients with lentigo malignans melanoma appearing to have a better systemic prognosis than those with superficial spreading or nodular melanoma. Possible therapeutic approaches to this condition are exenteration of the orbit, excision combined with cryotherapy, and excision combined with radiotherapy. The advantages of each of these treatments, and their indications, are discussed. PMID- 6630891 TI - [Displacement of the iris root: a frequent sign of the anterior spread of a tumor of the ciliary body]. AB - The authors emphasize a special feature of the malignant melanoma of the ciliary body when invading the anterior chamber angle: the displacement of the iris root towards the back, with localized deepening of the anterior chamber. The clinico pathologic correlation is shown by slit lamp and light microscopy pictures. PMID- 6630892 TI - [Comments based on 256 intraocular implants placed after extracapsular extraction of the crystalline lens]. AB - Results of 256 intraocular lens implants after extracapsular cataract extraction are analysed with a mean follow-up period of four years. Different models of intraocular lenses were used: mainly the Binkhorst 2 loops model, but also posterior chamber lenses, and a few anterior chamber lenses. Indications and special cases are discussed, according to the type of cataract: senile, traumatic, combined cataract and glaucoma. Peroperative (intraocular lens endothelium contact, vitreous loss) and postoperative complications (non-fixation of the lens, corneal bullous dystrophy, cortical material remmants, uveitis, cystoid macular oedema, retinal detachment) are described. PMID- 6630893 TI - [Implantation in the capsular sac]. AB - Modifications have been applied to the method of anterior capsulotomy presented by Baikoff in 1981. Conservation of the anterior capsule during extracapsular cataract extraction facilitates insertion of an implant into the capsular bag. Moreover, this method affords protection to the corneal endothelium. In the new procedure, the initial capsulotomy is limited to a linear opening from 10 to 2 o'clock. After extracapsular extraction and implantation in the capsular bag, a central piece of anterior capsule is excised. An implant specifically designed for this operative technique is used, resulting in a pure capsular fixation. PMID- 6630894 TI - [Retinopathy in ophthalmoplegia plus]. PMID- 6630895 TI - Environmental research on potential pesticides: indispensability and scope under conditions of Poland. AB - In consideration of the ubiquitous presence of pesticides in the environment, research should be done for each new compound aimed at evaluation of the hazard resulting from its application. Environmental investigations conducted in Poland encompass research on: (a) abiotic transformations (hydrolysis, photodegradation), (b) metabolism in plants and animals, as well as the fate in aquatic and soil environments; (c) influence on biota (including microflora, honey-bee and other beneficial arthropoda, aquatic organisms, birds); (d) side effects (bioaccumulation, resistance, subsequent action of sublethal amounts on populations); (e) mechanisms of action; (f) biological survey of sewage. The data obtained make possible an evaluation of risk connected with application of the investigated compound. PMID- 6630896 TI - The study of heptenophos and triazophos residues in vegetables treated with the organophosphorus insecticides Hostaquick and Hostathion. AB - The residues of heptenophos and triazophos (active components of Hostaquick and Hostathion) were determined in several vegetable crops during the growing period. Heptenophos residues decreased below the limit of detection (0.001 mg/kg) in most of the crops one week after the treatment. However, the decline of triazophos in vegetables below the limit of detection (0.002 mg/kg) depended on the method of crop treatment. PMID- 6630897 TI - Residues of cycloate and influence of herbicides on some of nutritional factors in spinach. AB - The influence of cycloate (active component of Ro-Neet 6E) on the biological value and residues in spinach was studied. During the growing season of spinach, cycloate residues decreased rapidly until by harvest time levels 0.0005--0.0008 mg/kg. had been reached. None of the studied herbicides had negative influence on the chemical composition of spinach. PMID- 6630898 TI - Rapid methods in studies on the genetic changes induced by chemicals. AB - Eight new compounds of the quaternary ammonium salts group were investigated for mutagenicity. Tests were carried out on onion roots (Allium test) and on bacteria (Ames' test) to examine the mitosis disturbances. None of the compounds produced mutagenic activity in the bacterial test, whereas in the Allium test two compounds produced a strong effect on mitotic cell division. PMID- 6630899 TI - Experimental designs and statistical analysis: an important aspect of scientific communication. PMID- 6630900 TI - Age changes in body composition revealed by computed tomography. AB - Computed tomography scans were taken of 21 middle-aged men (M age 46.3 years) and 20 older men (M age 69.4 years) to measure differences in body composition with age. Overall, the older men weighed 8.2 kg less than the middle-aged men, and this difference was primarily the result of their having less lean tissue. Although fat mass was only slightly less in older men, there were clear distributional differences in fat between the age groups. Total abdomen fat area was similar in both groups, although the subcutaneous portion of the abdomen fat was less in the older men, and they had correspondingly greater intra-abdominal fat. Muscle areas of the leg and arm were significantly less in the older men, as were all lean tissues of the abdomen and chest. Analysis of fat accumulation between muscles of the abdomen and leg indicated fat infiltration into lean tissue in the older men. Causes of this apparent fat redistribution and lean body mass decline with age are presently unknown. PMID- 6630901 TI - Human major psoas muscle and sacrospinalis muscle in relation to age: a study by computed tomography. AB - The size and density of the major psoas and sacrospinalis muscles in humans were measured in vivo by X-ray computed tomography to determine the relationship of age and sex of these two muscles. Measurements of 44 men and 52 women clarified patterns of development and aging. Differences due to age were significant in the density of both muscles. There existed also a difference between the sexes in the size of the two muscles. PMID- 6630902 TI - Structure and development of metamemory in adulthood. AB - A multiple factor instrument was designed to represent a multidimensional construct of metamemory. Eight theoretically meaningful dimensions were defined: (a) Use of memory strategies (Strategy); (b) Knowledge of memory tasks (Task); (c) Knowledge of own memory capacities (Capacity); (d) Attitudes toward own memory: Perception of change (Change); (e) Activities supportive of memory (Activity); (f) Memory and state anxiety (Anxiety); (g) Memory and achievement motivation (Achievement); and (h) Locus of control in memory abilities (Locus). After content validity was established for a pool of items, the instrument was administered sequentially to three separate samples of adults. Computation of internal consistency estimates (by age and sample) and factorial validity (by sample) resulted in a 120-item instrument. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed robust significant age differences on the Task. Capacity, Change, and Locus subscales, with young adults evincing higher levels of knowledge regarding the first three of these dimensions, and more internality on the fourth, than older adults. PMID- 6630903 TI - Metamemory and memory for text relationships in adulthood: a cross-validation study. AB - An eight factor instrument, representing a multidimensional construct of metamemory, was administered to three samples of adults: Sample 1 (young, 18 to 31; old 60 to 81), Sample 2 (young, 21 to 39); middle-aged, 39 to 58; old, 60 to 84), and Sample 3 (young, 21 to 39; middle-aged, 39 to 58; old, 60 to 74). Participants in each sample were also presented with a set of text recall tasks. The recall protocols were scored according to the propositional system of Kintsch. Pearson product-moment correlations and stepwise multiple regressions within each age group and sample indicated several instances of age-related predictive patterns. In particular, whereas the recall performances of both younger and older adults was related to knowledge dimensions of metamemory, the performance of older adults was also predicted by affective dimensions. PMID- 6630904 TI - Age differences in cognitive effort in recall. AB - A secondary task methodology was used to investigate age differences in the amount of cognitive effort demanded by free recall. Aged and young adults performed a reaction time task while simultaneously retrieving a list of items in multitrial free-recall learning. RTs were slower in aged than young adults on each trial, suggesting that free recall is more demanding for older persons. In addition, the secondary task did not interfere with recall by older adults, suggesting that this technique is feasible in older persons. These results are consistent with the cognitive-effort hypotheses which postulate age differences in the demands of memory processing to be one factor underlying age-related deficits. An additional finding suggested that age differences in retrieval effort may also be related to differences in list organization. PMID- 6630905 TI - The effect of practice and temporal location of knowledge of results on the motor performance of older adults. AB - An investigation was conducted to compare the effect of practice on the motor performance of older adults with that of college-aged adults. The temporal location of knowledge of results was varied during the practice in an attempt to ascertain the relationship between information storage/processing capacity and practice effect. Analysis of variance revealed motor performance proficiency differences favoring the younger adults but no difference between age groups in the pattern of performance change associated with practice. The proficiency differences could partially be explained in terms of older adults' information processing limitations. PMID- 6630906 TI - Effectiveness of psychotherapy for both endogenous and nonendogenous depression in older adult outpatients. AB - This study explored the effectiveness of brief psychotherapies for treatment of elderly depressed outpatients. All were in a current episode of major depressive disorder, but half the sample (n = 15) presented with endogenous symptomatology as well. Patients were assigned to either behavioral, cognitive, or insight oriented psychotherapy for 16 sessions over a 12-week period. Evaluation occurred before and after therapy, and at four times during a 1-year follow-up interval. Nonendogenous patients responded more favorably to psychotherapy; this differential effect persisted throughout follow-up. Significant improvement, however, was made by some endogenous patients. One-third were not depressed by termination of therapy, and seven others were notably improved. Eight of 15 had not relapsed at 1-year follow-up. PMID- 6630907 TI - Social desirability and the measurement of psychological well-being in elderly persons. AB - The discriminant validity of two commonly used measures of life satisfaction was investigated. The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale, the Life Satisfaction Index-B, and two theoretically unrelated self-report measures were completed by 60 alumni of West Virginia University, aged 66 to 86 years. Convergent validity of the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale and the Life Satisfaction Index-B was established (r = .64, p less than .0001), but both also correlated significantly with a measure of social desirability (r = .70 and .58, respectively, p less than .0001). The need for more basic work on measurement of life satisfaction in elderly persons was discussed. PMID- 6630908 TI - Social and economic forces affecting intergenerational relations in extended families in a Third World country: a cautionary tale from South Asia. AB - This paper questions the implicit assumption derived from modernization theory that elderly persons in the Third World lead secure and satisfying lives because they still live in extended families. Data from elderly Hindus living in Kathmandu, Nepal, are presented and demonstrate that, although these elderly people do continue to live in extended families, social and economic changes have transformed the nature of intergenerational social relations within these families to the detriment of the elderly family members. PMID- 6630909 TI - Intergenerational economic assistance to children: the case of widows and widowers. AB - This research focuses on intrafamilial financial assistance and a) whether loss of spouse influences this form of aid from aging parents to adult children, and b) whether this difference is influenced by the gender of the surviving parent. Data were drawn from the Longitudinal Retirement History Study, and the sample consisted of surviving spouses from originally intact couples. Prewidowhood patterns of financial help were compared with those following death of spouse, utilizing both descriptive statistics and multivariate logit analysis. Continuously married panel members were employed as controls. The findings suggest that widowhood is not a predictor of financial assistance patterns. Although the widowed, especially women, are less likely to provide financial help to adult children, this difference is explained largely by other factors. PMID- 6630910 TI - The effect of elders' household contributions on their depression. AB - This paper explores the effect the elderly care recipient's contribution to the household has on his or her well-being as indicated by level of depression. The purposive sample consisted of 647 families referred from over 100 sources representing a total of 27 counties in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Results of a multiple regression analysis indicated that contributing to the household has a significant impact on the elder's level of depression. The effect was not significantly different for elders living with a caregiving spouse or child or grandchild. It was determined that aspects of the living arrangement did differentially affect the elder's level of depression in these two familial living situations. The elder seemed less depressed when the caregiving relationship with a child or grandchild was of longer duration, suggesting that dissatisfaction may abate with time. PMID- 6630911 TI - Ageism in the labor market: estimating earnings discrimination against older workers. AB - In this paper we attempt to determine the degree to which older persons employed full-time experience a decline in earnings not related to a decline in productivity. We label such a decline in earnings "discrimination." Using panel data for a cohort of men aged 45 to 54 in 1966, we examined trends in earnings between 1966 and 1976 and the effects of labor force experience on earnings controlling for factors related to productivity, such as health, time on the job, and specific occupational training, as well as other factors known to influence earnings levels. Comparing earnings attainment models estimated at both time periods, the effect of experience on earnings was negligible in 1966 but substantial and negative in 1976. By far the largest component in the real earnings decline experienced by these men between 1966 and 1976 was associated with the increase in age-related experience. PMID- 6630912 TI - Social integration and fear of crime among older persons. AB - This study was designed to test the hypothesis that fear of crime is inversely proportional to social integration among elderly adults. Data were obtained by mailed questionnaire from a large sample (N = 2,832) of residents of Washington State aged 55 and over. The results indicate that the most important antecedents of fear of crime, among the variables included here, were indicators of previous direct or indirect victimization experience. Neighborhood integration for men, and voluntary association participation for women, were related negatively to fear of crime as expected. Other dimensions of social involvement, however, evinced little or no relationship to fear. The implications of these findings for the further development of explanatory theory are discussed. PMID- 6630913 TI - [Pelvic inflammatory disease in private practice. An indirect estimation of the importance of the phenomenon in the French population]. AB - A significant increase in the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease in women aged 15-45 over two decades has been notified by many authors. We have therefore used the data of a survey in private practice in order to evaluate the size of the problem in France taking into consideration that the majority of cases of PID are managed primary primary care systems (G.P. and private specialists). Compared with other pathological problems PID rarely appears in practice (0.6% of contacts with physicians) but the total number of contacts during a year can be estimated at 745 000 in 1975 throughout the country. The highest frequency is observed in the 25-29 age group. There is no difference between professional women and women who have no profession, nor between rural and urban areas. Half of all cases had been notified by general practitioners and the others by gynaecologist/obstetricians. About two-thirds of cases present as acute problems. With this information it is possible to discuss extrapolation to the whole area so as to estimate the prevalence and incidence of PID in France. If a woman has 3 contacts a year with her doctor when she has PID it can be calculated that in 1975 the prevalence was about 2.1% of women aged between 15 and 44 (+/- 0.5). If all acute problems are considered as new cases, the incidence can be estimated at about 1.3% (+/- 0.4) of women aged between 15 and 44.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630914 TI - [Probability of requests for desterilization. Prospective study of 50 cases]. AB - The reasons for 50 requests for reversal of tubal sterilisation were studied prospectively. Our results agree with those in the rest of the literature and show that within a population of women who have been sterilised there is a group who have "a strong likelihood to ask for reversal of sterilisation". These results make one think of the role of the doctor and can help by using scores that have been worked out previously to improve the indications for sterilisation in case legislation will be forthcoming. PMID- 6630915 TI - [Study of the endometrium following voluntary interruption of pregnancy in relation to the contraceptive method used following abortion]. AB - A study of endometrial biopsies that was carried out around the 21st day after abortions in 424 patients who had had therapeutic terminations showed the effects of giving a sequential type of oral contraceptive immediately after the abortion had been carried out. This did not increase the rate of regeneration nor the proliferation of the endometrium and did not alter the local inflammatory reactions. It did, however, make it more difficult to eliminate decidua that had been retained as well as trophoblastic and villous structures and made it more likely that the classical appearance of the endometrium following pregnancy would be maintained. PMID- 6630916 TI - [Morphologic parameters of sperm. 1) Syndromes]. AB - In this study we have been able to pull out 23 case histories of husbands of sterile wives out of a total of 839 patients who consulted us for diminished fertility. These 23 have the characteristics of "normal" male male population and serve as a reference group to estimate normal values of different parameters. The steps taken in this way give figures that are very little different from those obtained by other methods but once a still larger group have been analysed it would be possible by this method to work out the incidence of the different pathological states that can be found in the general population. An analysis of the differences found in our groups shows that the most significant parameter is the percentage of spermatozoa that are moving in straight lines. This means that future efforts should be directed to this parameter when automation or standardization is considered. There are normally random fluctuations in the parameters of healthy subjects but pathological pressures in subjects with lowered fertility mean that some of them vary in parallel coordinated directions. Because of this, seven different profiles can be worked out for different syndromes: Where the head alone is affected: macrocephalic spermatozoa, broken spermatozoa. Where the intermediate portion alone is damaged: a very thin intermediate portion. Where the tail alone is affected: spermatozoa with a short or absent tail. Where several parts of the sperm are affected: hook-shaped spermatozoa, double-headed spermatozoa, and rolled-up spermatozoa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630917 TI - [Placental smears in a maternity ward. Importance of early diagnosis of neonatal bacterial infections caused by materno-fetal contamination]. AB - Direct cytobacteriological investigation of the amniochorionic plate of the placenta has been used systematically in the Maternity Hospital as a test to detect amniotic infection. This test was practised on fresh placentae in the laboratory of Histology, preceding the examination of the placenta. The test gave, within 30 minutes of delivery, information about the presence of bacteria of fungi on the amniotic surface, their abundance and their morphology. The results of the placental smears were compared to the results of bacteriological cultures obtained from the placenta, the infant and occasionally the mother. The diagnosis of neonatal infection was established from clinical, biological and bacteriological criteria which were defined in advance. Two series are presented: the first concerns 2,514 cases selected in the delivery room over a period of 4 years for high risks infection, i.e. 1 in 6 of the 15,377 deliveries registered during this period. The rate of positive smears was 9%: 63% Gram positive, 17% Gram negative, and 20% mixed. The most common bacteriologically proven neonatal infections were streptococcus B (40%) and Escherichia coli (33%). The second is a prospective survey of 400 unselected consecutive cases observed during a period of 7 weeks: 1% of the smears were positive - and the test would have been justified in 1 in 5 cases. From these two surveys, it appears that placental smear is a good test to detect maternofetal contamination. The positive predictive value of the test is 80%. The negative predictive value is 98% and approaches 100% if cases where the mother received antibiotics before delivery are excluded. PMID- 6630918 TI - [Acceleration test of fetal cardiac rhythm. Its use in monitoring prolonged pregnancies. Comparison with the ocytocin test]. AB - The purpose of the study was assessment of the clinical usefulness of the fetal acceleration test (FAT) for a preliminary evaluation of the state of the fetus in post-term pregnancy and the possibility of replacing the time-consuming and, sometimes, aggressive contraction stress test (CST) with FAT. The investigation was carried out on 151 pregnant outpatients subjected to 302 tests. In 118 cases the indication for tocographic monitoring was relative pregnancy prolongation. All patients had both tests done at the same time, FAT by the method of Lee and CST by the method of Ray. The tests were repeated at intervals of 5-7 days until labour. A high correlation was demonstrated between both tests (91%): and they were found to be highly useful for monitoring post-term pregnancy. FAT performed in outpatients makes it possible to avoid hospitalization without risk in many cases. A negative or doubtful result of FAT should be an indication to performing CST or for hospitalization. The results of the tests enable the condition of the fetus to be predicted for the following 5-7 days. They are, however, insufficient for drawing conclusions as to the course of labour and the state of the fetus at birth. PMID- 6630919 TI - [Ureteral complications of pelvic surgery. Apropos of 21 cases]. AB - The authors describe 21 injuries to the ureter after pelvic surgery: 13 fistulae including 2 bilateral ones, 6 stenoses of the ureter and 2 other traumata. 16 followed colpohysterectomy with removal of lymph glands radically performed. They point out that stenoses often regress after extended surgery and how valuable the psoas hitch is. They prefer to wait before attempting to repair fistulae after radical hysterectomy because some recover spontaneously and poor results follow early cure when the tissues are septic. PMID- 6630920 TI - [Comparative study of 15 borderline tumors and 31 cancers of the ovaries. Epidemiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects]. AB - 46 epithelial tumours of the ovary were seen over a period of 5 years. These tumours could be subdivided into 15 borderline tumours and 31 invasive cancers. An epidemiological study did not make it possible to find special factors in relationship to these two types. Studying the circumstances under which diagnoses were made demonstrated the value of considering: pain, ultrasound pictures and cytology from the Pouch of Douglas. It is essential to carry out laparotomy in every case of an organic tumour of the ovary. It is only by histological examination that it is possible to tell whether a tumour is borderline of invasive. A protocol for carrying out treatment is suggested. The results confirm the excellent prognosis for borderline tumours and the seriousness of other epithelial cancers of the ovary. PMID- 6630921 TI - [Premature rupture of the membranes. Apropos of 169 cases selected from the maternity ward of Boucicaut Hospital]. AB - The authors present a retrospective study of 169 cases of premature rupture of the membranes. The diagnosis was made before there was any marked flow of liquor and before labour had started. The authors show that the neonatal infection rate was 12.42%. They first defined their criteria for diagnosing neonatal infection and show what risks are involved because of premature rupture of the membranes. It would appear that these are more likely to occur when there is urinary tract infection and the mother has a fever. On the other hand using prophylactic antibiotic treatment does not seem to be effective at preventing these infections. There was no case of neonatal infection when the liquor was sterile and bacteriological observation of this does seem to be important, whatever the cause. Table V shows the management that should be undertaken when premature rupture of the membranes occurs at different stages of the pregnancy in view of the findings from this study. Delivery should not be undertaken before the 32nd week but it can be brought about between the 32nd and 34th week when the liquor is infected. No tocolytic agent was used after the 34th week. In each of these cases examination of the liquor gives an indication as to which antibiotic should be used against the bacteria that had been found. PMID- 6630922 TI - The effects of hypoxia on glucose turnover in the fetal sheep. AB - The origin of the hypoxia-induced rise in fetal blood glucose concentration in fetal sheep of 124-135 days was investigated. Hypoxia was induced in pregnant sheep and fetuses with chronically implanted vascular catheters by causing the ewes to breathe 9% O2 and 3% CO2 in N2 for 60 min. The rise in fetal plasma glucose caused by a 60% reduction in maternal PaO2 was associated with a 50% fall in plasma insulin concentration. The fall in insulin and rise in glucose was prevented by the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent phentolamine but not by the beta antagonist propranolol. Turnover of glucose in the fetus under these conditions was measured with [6-3H] and [U-14C] glucose. Hypoxia reduced fetal glucose consumption despite the hyperglycaemia. After 30 min of hypoxia there was no evidence of fetal production of glucose but by 60 min substantial production was evident. The reduced fetal consumption and increased production of glucose was inhibited by phentolamine but not by propranolol. It is concluded that in the fetal sheep hypoxia induced hyperglycaemia is first caused by reduced consumption of glucose and thus fetal glycogen stores are not depleted. If the hypoxia persists fetal blood glucose is elevated further by fetal production of glucose. PMID- 6630923 TI - Postnatal intestinal maturation in rats: alpha-aminoisobutyric acid loss during in vivo, perfusion by hypertonic solutions. AB - We investigated with an in vivo single pass perfusion technique net secretion of [14C]aminoisobutyric acid, a non-metabolizable amino acid, from the proximal, distal small intestinal segments and from the colon segments of suckling (14-15 day old), weanling (21-22 day old) and adolescent (42-43 day old) rats during perfusion with either isotonic (300 mOsm/Kg) or hypertonic (500 mOsm/Kg) solutions. During isotonic perfusion, net secretion of [14C]aminoisobutyric acid was significantly greater in all segments of the suckling rats compared to corresponding values in segments of the adolescent rats. Rates of net secretion of [14C]aminoisobutyric acid in all segments of the weanling rats were intermediate between corresponding mean values of the suckling and adolescent rats. When secretion of [14C]aminoisobutyric acid was compared between individual segments, the colon was the major site of secretion followed by the proximal and then the distal segments in all age groups. During perfusion with hypertonic solutions there was significant increase in net secretion of [14C]aminoisobutyric acid in all segments of the suckling rats compared to mean values with isotonic perfusion. In the weanling and adolescent rats, there were no significant differences in the rates of net secretion of [14C]aminoisobutyric acid with hypertonic perfusion. Our findings suggests greater permeability of the intestinal epithelium not only to water, electrolytes and minerals but also to amino acids in the suckling rats compared to adolescent rats. The implication is that during periods of osmotic diarrhea infant animals appear to be at risk of losing amino acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6630925 TI - To replant or not to replant? That is not the question. PMID- 6630924 TI - Fetal and maternal influences on arterial oxygen levels in the sheep fetus. AB - Continuous recordings of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and percent oxygen saturation (SaO2) were made in 8 instrumented fetal sheep during late gestation. Fetal behavioural states were monitored from recordings of rapid eye movements, the electrocorticogram, and the nuchal electromyogram (EMG). In addition, fetal breathing and swallowing movements and uterine motility were measured using EMG techniques. Variations in PaO2 and SaO2 were related to fetal muscular activity, non-labour uterine contractions and maternal postural changes. Significant reductions in the variability of PaO2 and SaO2 were brought about in 7 of the 8 fetuses by skeletal muscle paralysis. Variation was further reduced in each fetus by paralysis of the myometrium by a beta-adrenergic agonist. Remaining variations were largely attributable to postural changes by the ewe. It is concluded that fetal skeletal muscle activity contributes to reduced amounts of oxygen in fetal arterial blood, although the mechanism by which this occurs has not yet been identified. PMID- 6630926 TI - Education of the surgical specialist. PMID- 6630927 TI - Evaluation of sensibility and function with microsurgical free tissue transfer of the great toe to the hand for thumb reconstruction. AB - Detailed evaluation of sensibility and function on 10 patients was carried out on an average of 42 months after thumb reconstruction by microsurgical free tissue transfer. Sensibility based on modified two-point discrimination and ridge criteria was found to be directly related to the patient's age at time of neurosuture. The plantar aspect of the distal 2 cm of the normal toe showed two point value averaging 6 mm in 20 normal shoe-wearing adults, compared to values of 12 mm when the toe was tested over the plantar surface of the proximal half of the distal phalanx. Metacarpophalangeal joint motion and interphalangeal joint motion were limited when compared with the opposite normal thumb and unoperated great toe. Grip strength and pinch strength reflected the degree of associated injuries in the hand. Cold intolerance was present in all patients. Patients' subjective assessment of their ability to use their hand as compared to their hand prior to injury was rated at less than 10% preoperatively compared to 52% to 87% postoperatively. None of the patients perceived a problem of social acceptance after the surgery. Postoperative studies of the feet revealed concentration of weight bearing between the second and third metatarsal heads on Harris mat studies and slowing of the forward and medial progression of the center of pressure on gait analysis. Some weakness in push-off and cutting maneuvers in sports activities was reported in half of the patients. None of the patients experienced difficulty when running long distances on level ground. All the patients returned to gainful employment postoperatively. PMID- 6630928 TI - Anomalies of the intrinsic muscles in camptodactyly. AB - Our observations support the view of Millesi that camptodactyly is due to an imbalance between the flexor and extensor forces acting upon the proximal interphalangeal joint. In 21 consecutive operations the insertion of the lumbrical muscle was abnormal. The muscle inserted into either the superficialis tendon (in three cases), the capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint (in 15), or the extensor expansion of the adjacent finger (in four). The fourth palmar interosseous muscle was examined in the last 10 patients and was abnormal in five. It was absent in two patients, small in one, and inserted into the extensor expansion of the ring finger in two patients. Therefore, it is suggested that camptodactyly is an intrinsic minus deformity. It follows that treatment should consist of soft tissue release, as necessary, to correct the flexion deformity, followed by a tendon transfer to restore intrinsic action and maintain correction of the deformity. PMID- 6630929 TI - A clinical study of the order and speed of sensory recovery after digital replantation. AB - The order of sensory recovery (the first appearance of each sensory modality in the amputated digit) and the speed of sensory recovery in the amputated digit were recorded in 74 replanted digits in which both digital nerves had been severed and repaired primarily. The order of sensory recovery was measured by Frey hairs to determine pressure (30 gm) and touch (2 gm). Pain (5 gm) was measured by an algesiometer and cold (0 degree C) and warmth (50 degrees C) were measured by a thermometer (Yufu Seiki Co., Ltd.). Perspiration was measured by the bromophenol blue printing method. The mean times of the appearance of sensibility in the amputated digits were: pressure, 9.8 weeks; touch, 11.6 weeks; pain, 13.4 weeks; cold, 15.3 weeks; warmth 16.8 weeks; and perspiration, 26.9 weeks. The speed of sensory recovery was a measurement of the first appearance of sensibility in the amputated digit to the restoration of sensibility to the fingertip. The speed of sensory recovery for touch and pain was calculated by dividing the number of months required for sensory recovery by the distance from the replant level to the fingertip. The mean speed of sensory recovery for touch was 14.0 mm per month, and for pain it was 13.2 mm per month. PMID- 6630930 TI - Mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand involving deep structures. AB - Five patients with Mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand involving deep structures were seen recently. Four of them were fishermen. Hydrocortisone injection or simple incision and drainage led to worsening of the infection. The clinical presentation, operative finding, and histopathologic and microbiologic features were quite similar in all five patients. Extensive debridement and therapy with ethambutol and rifampin led to satisfactory results in four patients while biopsy and therapy in the fifth patient seemed to offer another form of acceptable treatment. PMID- 6630931 TI - Pyoderma gangrenosum presenting as an acute suppurative hand infection--a case report. AB - Pyoderma gangrenosum, an uncommon disorder characterized by necrosis and noninfective skin ulcerations, was found in a patient who presented with an apparent hand infection. Cultures of the purulent material showed no growth. The treatment of choice was large doses of steroids and control of his ulcerative colitis. No similar case could be found in the literature. PMID- 6630932 TI - Anthrax of the hand: case report. AB - A patient developed anthrax of his left long finger after an accidental injection with Bacillus anthracis. Early treatment with chemotherapy probably prevented the cultures from becoming positive. The patient recovered, and split-thickness skin grafting was needed for the finger wound. PMID- 6630933 TI - Extensor digitorum brevis manus: a report on 38 cases and a review of the literature. AB - Three thousand four hundred and four adults were randomly examined and 38 cases of extensor digitorum brevis manus were identified. This short, anomalous muscle located on the dorsum of the hand occurred in 1.1% of the people examined and 19 of the 38 cases required surgery because of pain precluding work. This report reviews the literature and describes the clinical picture of the 38 cases. PMID- 6630934 TI - Bifid median nerve with three thenar branches--case report. AB - A case of a high division of the median nerve associated with a persistent median artery and three transligamentous thenar motor branches is presented. To our knowledge, three transligamentous motor branches have not been previously reported in the literature. PMID- 6630935 TI - Intraoperative brachial plexus injuries during reconstruction of the burned axilla. AB - Since opening of the Shriners Burns Institute, Cincinnati Unit, 501 operations for release of burn scar-related contractures of the axilla have been carried out with skin grafting. Six of these cases, 1.2%, resulted in intraoperative stretch injuries to the brachial plexus. In two cases, isolated axillary nerve involvement was encountered. In four cases, additional diffuse injury to the brachial plexus was present. Intraoperative motion and postoperative splinting in a position of abduction were believed to be possible etiological agents. Prompt removal of the splint and institution of physical therapy were carried out. In all cases, there was full return of neurologic function. Indications for surgery were preoperative limitation of abduction at the shoulder due to scar in five cases; one operation was performed for cosmetically disfiguring webbing. Final range of motion, 1 year postoperatively, was normal in all cases. Time to full recovery varied from 2 to 9 months. The importance of preventing the problem by keeping intraoperative motion to a minimum and checking neurologic function promptly in the postoperative period is stressed. PMID- 6630936 TI - Neurilemomas and neurofibromas of the upper limb. AB - Nine cases of solitary nerve neoplasm are reported. They include five neurilemomas and four neurofibromas in the nerve trunks of upper limbs. The neurilemomas were derived from a proliferation of the Schwann cells of a single nerve funiculus and could easily be enucleated from the remaining funicular groups, which remained intact and functioning. The neurofibromas, on the other hand, invaded and destroyed the funicular structure of the nerve, requiring nerve resection or nerve graft to restore continuity. PMID- 6630937 TI - Nail bed repair and reconstruction by reverse dermal grafts. AB - Repair of traumatized nail beds and reconstructive procedures for nail deformations often lead to less than satisfactory results. This series of 19 patients had reverse dermal grafts applied either because of acute traumatic nail bed avulsion (nine patients) or for secondary reconstruction of a scarred nail bed with nail deformity (10 patients). Excellent results with nearly normal nail cosmesis were obtained in seven of nine primary nail bed repairs, whereas seven of 10 secondary reconstruction procedures ultimately had poor results. We conclude that the technique of reconstituting a nail bed with a reverse dermal graft for acute nail bed avulsion can lead to predictably satisfactory results. PMID- 6630938 TI - Symmetric hyperphalangism of the index finger in the palatodigital syndrome: a case report. AB - A case of palatodigital syndrome is added to the eight cases in the literature. The accessory phalanx between the index metacarpal and proximal phalanx produces a significant deformity of extreme radial deviation with mild supination. This deformity was treated by rotation and stabilization of the accessory bone. Follow up at 1 year shows correction of the radial deviation has been maintained and that the finger has grown appropriately. PMID- 6630939 TI - Treatment of monodactyly by the distraction-lengthening principle: a case report. AB - An unusual congenital malformation of the hand and forearm, characterized by deformed radius, short ulna, and one digital ray in continuity to the ulna, is described. This monodigital hand was used in hook functions. The functional capacity of the hand was significantly improved by reconstruction of the post by use of a distraction-lengthening procedure. PMID- 6630940 TI - Palmar dislocation of the trapezoid--a case report. AB - A case is presented of an open palmar dislocation of the trapezoid in conjunction with dorsal dislocations of the carpometacarpal joints of the index and long fingers. Open reduction and a primary limited wrist arthrodesis were performed with good results. PMID- 6630941 TI - Modified 69 blade for tenolysis. PMID- 6630942 TI - Bowler's thumb. PMID- 6630943 TI - First international journal supplement commemorating Second International Congress of IFSSH. (International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand). PMID- 6630944 TI - Prevention of trauma: a cooperative effort. PMID- 6630945 TI - Education in hand surgery. PMID- 6630946 TI - Osteoarthritis in the hand. AB - Patients who have disabling osteoarthritis of the hand are frequently given the wrong diagnosis, poor professional advice, and inadequate treatment programs. The exact cause of primary osteoarthritis remains unknown; however, an interplay of genetic factors, mechanical factors, and biomechanical alterations in cartilage seems to be important. The incidence of primary osteoarthritis in the general population is very high. These patients should receive the benefits of good professional advice and reconstructive surgery when necessary. They may respond very well to moderating their activities and simple physical and medical therapy methods. Patients with destructive joint disease in the digits can have excellent results with arthrodesis and implant arthroplasty for the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints and with implant arthroplasty for the basal thumb joints. Surgical reconstruction is an important method in the rehabilitation of this group of individuals. The term "osteoarthritis" is preferred over "osteoarthrosis." PMID- 6630947 TI - Implant arthroplasty in the rheumatoid hand and wrist: current state of the art in the United States. AB - Implant arthroplasty in deforming arthritis of the hand and wrist is a useful procedure that provides pain relief and mobility. Resection arthroplasty enhanced by silicone elastomer interpositional implants remains the standard of comparison and procedure of choice in most areas. Articulated and nonarticulated fixed fulcrum implants have had limited success. Soft tissue disease significantly limits the eventual success of implant arthroplasty in the rheumatoid hand and wrist. PMID- 6630948 TI - Rheumatoid hand surgery--update. AB - Many varied and bizarre deformities of the hand are encountered in rheumatoid arthritis. The surgical procedures commonly performed generally fall into five groups, including: synovectomy, tenosynovectomy, tendon surgery, arthroplasty, and arthrodesis. Hand surgery plays an important role in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The surgeon trained in the techniques described should be part of any team managing the patient with arthritis, not a "course of last resort" called upon when all else fails. PMID- 6630949 TI - Instability patterns of the wrist. AB - Carpal instabilities are generally the result of a hyperextension injury. The deformities are mediated through the internal compressive force supplied by the musculotendinous units and are dependent on the extent of injury as well as the precise structures that are disrupted. The scaphoid inherently tends to palmar flex. It will pull the lunate with it if the lunotriquetral integrity has been interrupted, and conversely the lunate and triquetrum will dorsiflex if the scapholunate integrity is disrupted. If the integrity of the oblique external ligaments, particularly the volar (palmar) radiolunate, is disrupted, the entire carpus has a tendency to translate ulnarly. Carpal instabilities are invariably associated with weakness, limitation of motion, and pain. PMID- 6630950 TI - Fractures and dislocations of the wrist and hand, then and now. PMID- 6630951 TI - A classification for congenital limb malformation. PMID- 6630952 TI - Evaluation of impairment of hand function. PMID- 6630953 TI - Hand infections. PMID- 6630954 TI - Toe-to-hand microsurgical transfers: report of the Subcommittee on Neurovascular Island Transplants (International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand). PMID- 6630955 TI - Compression and entrapment neuropathies of the upper extremity. PMID- 6630956 TI - Surgery of the spastic hand in cerebral palsy: report of the Committee on Spastic Hand Evaluation (International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand). PMID- 6630957 TI - Prosthetics in the upper extremity. PMID- 6630958 TI - Esthetic hand prostheses. PMID- 6630959 TI - Staged flexor tendon reconstruction. PMID- 6630960 TI - Report of the Committee on Tendon Injuries (International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand). AB - Most of the committee members agreed on the material presented. Universal adoption of a single system for measuring and recording tendon function will require additional meetings. It is suggested that TAM and the Dieter Buck-Gramcko systems be more widely publicized and adopted by various hand surgeons before further discussion. PMID- 6630961 TI - Considerations on the use of the tourniquet in surgery of the hand. PMID- 6630962 TI - Tumors in the hand. PMID- 6630964 TI - Care of war injuries of the hand and upper extremity: report of the War Injury Committee (International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand). PMID- 6630963 TI - Volkmann's ischemia. AB - The posttraumatic syndrome of Volkmann's ischemia and infarction is the end result of compromise of muscle perfusion within the osteofascial compartments of the forearm. The "closed space" arrangement as well as the particular neurovascular anatomy make the flexor forearm muscles particularly susceptible to the cyclic derangement of blood flow, which ultimately results in muscle ischemia and infarction. Only strong clinical awareness will allow appropriate early diagnosis and treatment by surgical decompression. Fasciotomy and epimysiotomy serve to interrupt the cycle. The successful treatment of Volkmann's ischemia requires an understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms at work, an appreciation of the subtleties of the clinical presentation, and strong grounding in the details of forearm anatomy and techniques of surgical decompression. PMID- 6630965 TI - Guide to terminology for hand surgery: report of the Nomenclature Committee (International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand). PMID- 6630966 TI - Lying. PMID- 6630967 TI - Cimetidine-induced hemolytic anemia: the fallacy of clinical associations. AB - Two patients developed hemolytic anemia while taking cimetidine. Neither patient was taking other drugs known to cause hemolytic anemia. In both, the hemolytic anemia resolved after the drug was stopped. In one patient, the direct antiglobulin (Coombs') test was strongly positive when the hemolytic anemia was recognized and became only weakly positive as the hemolysis subsided. However, serologic studies for antidrug antibodies yielded negative results in both patients; readministration of cimetidine for 55 days in patient 1 and for more than 24 months in patient 2 did not cause recurrence of hemolysis. We conclude that we cannot incriminate cimetidine as the cause of the hemolytic anemia in either of our patients. These findings emphasize that a temporal association of drug administration and hemolytic anemia is not proof of a cause-effect relationship and that reports of drug-related adverse hematologic effects must be interpreted with caution. PMID- 6630968 TI - Usefulness of carcinoembryonic antigen measurement in gastric juice of patients with gastric disorders. AB - Due to conflicting reports on the role of CEA measurement in the gastric juice of patients with gastric malignancy, we have assessed gastric CEA levels in a variety of both nonmalignant and malignant lesions of the stomach. The average gastric CEA levels were higher in patients with gastric ulcer and gastric cancer than in healthy subjects and those with duodenal ulcer. In addition, the frequencies of abnormally high values were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in gastric ulcer or gastric cancer than in healthy or duodenal ulcer groups, whereas there was no difference between gastric ulcer and gastric cancer groups. The evaluation of gastric CEA levels in relation to gastric inflammatory changes leads us to suggest a close relationship between gastric CEA values and the degree of gastric inflammation. Gastric lavage cytology did not provide a sensitive tool for detection of gastric disorders. This study suggests little value for gastric CEA determination in gastric cancer detection. However, we believe the association of rising gastric CEA levels with various types of gastritis justifies measuring gastric CEA to recognize "precancerous" mucosal changes of the stomach. PMID- 6630969 TI - The mechanism of cholestasis from hepatic hydatid cysts. AB - Cholestasis is a common complication of hepatic hydatid cyst. We describe the various mechanisms of cholestasis in hepatic hydatid cyst as demonstrated by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in 16 patients. In our patients, cholestasis was the result of rupture or mechanical pressure of the cyst on the biliary system. Direct visualization of the bile duct, especially by PTC, provided precise definitions of the pathology, and aided the surgeon in his approach. There were no adverse reactions. All preoperative diagnoses were confirmed at operation. PMID- 6630970 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum recognized preoperatively. AB - We report the preoperative histologic diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum and review the clinical aspects and treatment of this tumor. The endoscopic techniques were critical in obtaining the diagnosis and deciding the treatment plan. PMID- 6630971 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance and computed tomographic angiography in the detection of hepatic metastases. AB - Occasionally, routine computed tomography will fail to demonstrate substantial deposits of metastatic neoplasm in the liver. Repeating the CT scan with selective hepatic arterial infusion of contrast media may demonstrate these lesions. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging may also provide the same information, avoiding the necessity of an invasive procedure. PMID- 6630972 TI - The attempted procedure. PMID- 6630974 TI - Type A and B atrophic gastritis. PMID- 6630973 TI - "Pseudomass" of the pancreas. PMID- 6630975 TI - Bacteremia and esophageal dilatation. PMID- 6630976 TI - Stress, personal coping resources, and psychiatric symptoms: an investigation of interactive models. PMID- 6630977 TI - Antecedents of psychological distress in young adults: self-rejection, deprivation of social support, and life events. PMID- 6630978 TI - Physicians' views of patients in prepaid group practice: reasons for visits to HMOs. PMID- 6630979 TI - Symptoms, beliefs, and the use of physician services among the disadvantaged. PMID- 6630980 TI - Perceptions of patients by emergency room staff: substance-abusers versus non substance-abusers. PMID- 6630981 TI - Social control function of holistic health care in bureaucratic settings: the case of space medicine. PMID- 6630982 TI - Social epidemiology of overweight: a substantive and methodological investigation. PMID- 6630983 TI - Indian cat (Felis indica) as a host to subperiodic Malaysian strain of human Brugia malayi. PMID- 6630984 TI - A comparative evaluation of malathion and fenitrothion in bedbug control. PMID- 6630985 TI - A note on micro in vitro technique for screening antimalarials using Plasmodium knowlesi. PMID- 6630986 TI - Mermithid nematodes in the Anopheles mosquitoes of Bastar district, Madhya Pradesh. PMID- 6630987 TI - Isolation of Salmonella cannstatt from a case of acute gastroenteritis. PMID- 6630988 TI - Seroconversion after measles vaccination in infants and children. PMID- 6630989 TI - Hare-grouping and antibiotic sensitivity of anaerobic streptococci isolated from genital tract. PMID- 6630990 TI - Laboratory studies on vaccinia virus. PMID- 6630991 TI - A comparison of a modified quick-Kato technique and the Stoll dilution method for field examination for Opisthorchis viverrini eggs. AB - A modified quick-Kato technique and the Stoll dilution method for the diagnosis of Opisthorchis viverrini infection were compared from the standpoints of both replicability and sensitivity. One Stoll dilution preparation and two modified quick-Kato smears were prepared from single stool specimens collected from 221 persons in a village in north-eastern Thailand. Stool examinations were made in duplicate for each technique by two examiners, and the averages of the raw egg counts were used to estimate the intensity of infection. Statistical analyses revealed that the modified quick-Kato technique was slightly more sensitive, and thus would detect more positives, but was lacking in replicability and hence less suitable for measurement of individual intensity of infection. We therefore recommend the Stoll dilution technique for field surveys and measurement of individual intensity of O. viverrini infection. PMID- 6630992 TI - Factors influencing the establishment of Mesocestoides corti in mice following oral inoculation of tetrathyridia. AB - Factors which influence the establishment of tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti in mice following inoculation per os were examined. Only a proportion of the tetrathyridia penetrate the gut wall and gain access to the peritoneal cavity and liver, and most of these penetrate through the wall of the small intestine. It appears that tetrathyridia must attach to the intestinal mucosa and commence penetration immediately or they pass into the large intestine and are voided. Establishment was not influenced by strain, sex or age of host. However, the temperature at which tetrathyridia were maintained before inoculation influence their ability to penetrate the intestinal wall. Additionally it appears that tetrathyridia have to undergo a morphological change before or during, this penetration phase. PMID- 6630993 TI - Estimation of the numbers and infectivity of Nippostrongylus larvae. AB - Experimental investigations of the subcutaneous infection of third-stage larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis reveal discrepancies between the actual and intended inoculum, and also variability between replicate inocula. Emphasis is thus placed on the importance of obtaining accurate estimates of the level of confidence associated with inoculum size. Under specified laboratory conditions, the retention of infectivity of N. brasiliensis larvae was found to be age dependent, with a maximum of between 120 and 156 days. The motility of the larvae was not found to be indicative of their ability to complete migration and to become established in the small intestine of the host following subcutaneous inoculation. PMID- 6630994 TI - In vivo and in vitro development of Schistosoma margrebowiei. AB - The development of Schistosoma margrebowiei in hamsters, mice and gerbils has been studied following infection by cercariae obtained from laboratory-infected Bulinus natalensis. The rate is compared with that of other schistosome spp. and found to be very fast. In vitro development was slower and did not proceed beyond the closed-gut stage. PMID- 6630995 TI - Pulmonary superoxide dismutase activity in the mouse infected with Ancylostoma caninum larvae. AB - Albino mice were infected per os with 1000 infective larvae of Ancylostoma caninum and pulmonary superoxide dismutase activity was studied after completion of lung migration. The total superoxide dismutase activity per mg of lung protein was elevated by 15% in infected mice. Of the two forms of superoxide dismutases studied, that containing Cu-Zn was elevated by 44%. This suggests that A. caninum in mice may result in histopathological changes leading to transient pulmonary oxygen toxicity. PMID- 6630996 TI - Schistosomiasis in Swaziland--a comparative study of three irrigated estates. AB - The prevalence of Schistosomiasis and the distribution of the snail intermediate hosts on three adjoining irrigated estates in the lowveld of Swaziland was investigated. The prevalence rates of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni among estate employees was lower than anticipated and there was a marked difference between the prevalence rates of S. mansoni between estates. The reasons for this and the influence of water supplies and agricultural practice on the prevalence of schistosomiasis are discussed. PMID- 6630997 TI - Segregation and mapping of allozymes of the apple maggot fly. AB - The genetics of electrophoretic enzyme variants (allozymes) of 11 enzymes of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella, has been investigated by single-pair crosses. All allozymes segregated as simple Mendelian genes. Null alleles occur at two enzymes--phosphoglucomutase and alcohol dehydrogenase. Five linkage groups have been established. PMID- 6630998 TI - Linkage of the equine serum esterase (Es) and mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOTM) loci. A horse-mouse homology. AB - Three previously described electrophoretic phenotypes of mitochondrial glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOTM) in horse leukocytes are shown to be controlled by two codominant alleles at a single autosomal locus. The GOTM locus is linked to the serum esterase locus (Es), as no recombination between these loci was observed among 16 informative offspring in one sire family. The results assign GOTM to equine linkage group (LG) II. The hypothesis that a part of LG II (e-Es) shares homologies with mouse chromosome 8 is thus confirmed, as the murine homologue of GOTM is located within the cluster of esterase loci on chromosome 8. The assumed homology also involves rabbit LG VI, rat LG V, and human chromosome 16. The observation is a striking example of the conservation of linkage relationships between mammalian species. PMID- 6630999 TI - Effect of the Slt mutant allele on the production of tissue mast cells in mice. AB - The effect of the Slt mutant gene on the production of melanocytes, tissue mast cells, and erythrocytes was compared with the effect of the Sl and Sld mutant genes on the same genetic background [(WB X C57BL/6)F1 mice]. Although the rank order of cell numbers was similar in these three types of cells (i.e., +/+ greater than Slt/Slt greater than Sld/Slt greater than Sl/Slt greater than Sl/Sld), the difference in the melanocytes was largest, and the difference in the erythrocytes was smallest. Since male Slt/Slt mice (on both WB and C57BL/6 backgrounds) were fertile, such mice were useful for efficient production of moderately mast-cell-deficient Sl/Slt and Sld/Slt mice. PMID- 6631000 TI - Chromaffin reactions and fluorometric determination of catecholamines in the neonatal adrenal medulla of the rat. AB - Adrenaline and noradrenaline fluorometric determinations were simultaneously made in adrenal glands of 2-to-10 day-old rat with the histochemical localization of total catecholamines and noradrenaline. In 10-day-old-rats the increase is three times higher for adrenaline and four times higher for noradrenaline compared to 2nd day of age. Chromaffin cells of 2-to-10-day-old rats showed a low granular population preferentially located in the periphery of the cells. Seven days after birth the chromaffin granules were numerous and dispersed in extense areas of the cytoplasm. The dichromate reactions for total catecholamines were positive from the 5th day of age when the fluorometric determination was 250 ng of catecholamines (CA) per gland. The glutaraldehyde silver technique for noradrenaline was positive from the 7th day when the fluorometric determination was 35 ng of noradrenaline (NA) per gland. However, at the electron microscope level, this last reaction shows the same silver precipitates on the chromaffin granules in adrenal glands obtained from 4-to-6-day-old rats. These results indicate that the appearance and evolution of the chromaffin positive reaction during post natal development is a direct expression of molecular changes during maturation of the granular complex. PMID- 6631001 TI - Light microscopic visualization of colloidal gold on resin-embedded tissue. AB - RNase labeled with colloidal gold was used as a model for the present technique evolved for the light microscopic localization of gold-labeled substances in semithin resin-embedded sections. Tissue sections placed on glass slides were treated with the gold-enzyme complex and subsequently exposed to a photographic developed containing silver lactate. During the development gold particles are encapsulated in growing shells of metallic silver and gradually made visible in the light microscope. The amplification method can be applied to paraffin embedded and frozen sections as well. This technique may prove useful as a supplement to studies utilizing colloidal gold or silver as markers normally used at the electron microscopic level. PMID- 6631002 TI - Evidence from thiol histochemistry for homology between the Tabby-crinkled syndrome in mice and human ectodermal dysplasia. AB - Mutant mice carrying the sex-linked gene Tabby (Ta), and others carrying crinkled (cr), an autosomal mimic of Ta, were studied histochemically with respect to the sulfhydryl: disulfide ratios in their skin and hair and the SH levels in their tooth germs. As compared to normal controls, the mutant animals demonstrated significantly elevated SH:S-S ratios (skin and hair) and SH levels (tooth germs) in the ectodermal components of these tissues. This finding corresponds with previously reported biochemical data on a form of human ectodermal dysplasia (ED), and therefore supports the hypothesis that these mutations in mice may be homologous to the genes for human ED. PMID- 6631003 TI - Cytologic characterization of pulmonary alveolar macrophages by enzyme histochemistry in plastic. AB - Quantitative morphometric analyses of macrophages should facilitate a more precise definition of the role of macrophages in neoplastic diseases and inflammatory diseases of lymphoid and hemopoietic tissues. The usefulness of the available phenotypic markers is affected by the extent to which they are expressed by macrophages in tissue sections. For our study of phenotypic markers for macrophages in human tissue sections, we selected lung, since pulmonary alveolar macrophages are more readily identified morphologically in tissue sections than macrophages in most other tissues. In 1-2 micron sections of freshly fixed lung embedded in methacrylate, 89.7% of pulmonary alveolar macrophages had histochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase; 86.2%, nonspecific esterase with naphthol ASD chloroacetate as the substrate; 86.2%, nonspecific esterase with alpha-naphthyl butyrate as the substrate; 80.5%, peroxidase; and 75.8%, iron. With respect to their expression of markers, the observed heterogeneity among pulmonary alveolar macrophages is interesting; this heterogeneity may reflect the degree to which they have been activated, the different periods of time since they arrived in the lung, and differences in their local environments. Except for peroxidase, all examined markers were as well demonstrated when tissues were fixed after storage over liquid nitrogen as when fixation was carried out with fresh tissue. Acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase with the chloroactetate substrate gave bright colors that would facilitate morphometric analyses. The storage of tissue over liquid nitrogen will be equally satisfactory for the characterization of macrophages with histochemical markers and monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 6631004 TI - Control, desirability, and anticipation as moderating variables between life change and illness. AB - A growing body of literature supports a relationship between life change events and illness. The present study is an investigation of cognitive processes which moderate the life change-illness relationship. The moderator variables chosen for this study were perceived control, desirability, and anticipation of life change events. One hundred and twenty-six subjects (65 males, 61 females) reported illness using the Seriousness of Illness Rating Scale, and life change events using the Schedule of Recent Experiences, adapted to collect data on the moderator variables. Correlation coefficients were computed for all conditions reflecting the presence of positive and negative moderator variables. Each of the negative moderator variables was related to significant changes (p less than .05 and p less than .01) in the strength of the life change-illness relationship, with perceived control emerging as a variable with the greatest impact in all cases. Two unexpected findings emerged: (1) The relationship between life change and illness was much stronger for females than for males in all comparisons, and (2) for females only, desirable events were positively related to illness. The evidence of this study supports the contention that stress management strategies should include considerations of cognitive variables which moderate the life change-illness relationship. PMID- 6631005 TI - Antecedents of psychological stress. AB - In an effort to further understand the antecedents of psychological stress, this study tested two competing stress formulations. One formulation, called the traditional model, proposes that stress is a multiplicative function of perceived consequences and the degree of disparity between perceived demand and perceived ability. Given high consequences, stress is presumed to reach its maximum when demand is substantially greater than ability (overload) or when ability is substantially greater than demand (underload). The other formulation, the revised model, proposes that stress is a multiplicative function of perceived consequences and the degree of correspondence between perceived demand and perceived ability. Stress is presumed to reach its maximum when high consequences are combined with a close match between demand and ability resulting in high uncertainty. The formulations were tested in a naturally occurring stress setting, a classroom which required students to give class presentations. The results offered substantial support for the proposition that overload situations are stress inducing, no support for the traditional model's position that overload and underload conditions are equally stressing, and no support for the revised model. Also, stress varied independently of perceived consequences. Several methodological issues were discussed, including a crucial one questioning the use of absolute levels of discrepancy rather than signed levels of discrepancy between perceived ability and demand in the models. PMID- 6631006 TI - The Framingham Type A Scale and anxiety, irrational beliefs, and self-control. AB - The present study examined the relations between the Framingham Type A Scale and measures of trait anxiety, irrational beliefs, and self-control in a sample of healthy young adults. Furthermore, the obtained relationships were contrasted with those between two other self-report measures of the Type A pattern and the above psychological dimensions. Results indicated that the Framingham Scale consistently exhibited positive relations with anxiety and general irrational thinking and a negative relation with self-control. The Jenkins Activity Survey and Thurstone Activity Scale generally were unrelated to these dimensions. Results indicate the psychological heterogeneity of the Type A measures and suggest a possible link between Framingham scores, anxiety, and manifestations of CHD. PMID- 6631007 TI - Life changes and urinary norepinephrine in myocardial infarction. AB - The relationship between norepinephrine and stress caused by life changes was assessed using urinary norepinephrine levels and responses to a 57-item stress questionnaire interview obtained from 21 post-myocardial infarction and 27 healthy control male and female subjects. High correlations between norepinephrine and duration of present stress and duration and severity of life changes, and moderate correlations between norepinephrine and anxiety and depression were found among the post-infarction group. No significant correlations were found in the control group. Post-infarction subjects with elevated norepinephrine had significantly higher scores on duration of present stress and duration and severity of life changes than did post-infarction subjects with normal norepinephrine levels. Control subjects with normal and elevated norepinephrine did not differ significantly on any of the comparison variables. Standard risk factors failed to add significantly to the prediction of norepinephrine in either group. However, 68.3 percent of the variance in norepinephrine was accounted for by a single predictor, the duration of present stress. PMID- 6631008 TI - Adolescent health and illness behavior: review of the literature and a new hypothesis for the study of stress. AB - Data from a variety of research areas are reviewed consistent with the hypothesis that attention to inner feelings and bodily changes increases awareness of an potency of distress and the prevalence of reported symptoms. The paper focuses on adolescence, a life-stage characterized by increased self-awareness and dramatic physical maturation. Increased introspectiveness is associated among many adolescents with more psychological pain and symptom reporting. It is hypothesized that discontinuities in family life and school and peer experiences, a major subclass of stressors, exacerbate self-awareness while stability and successful coping protect against painful self-perceptions. PMID- 6631009 TI - Studies on the immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of T-independent antigens. AB - The T-cell independent immunological responses of naive mice to a series of size fractionated dinitrophenylpolyacrylamide molecules were measured. These responses were correlated in vitro and in vivo with hapten number per molecule and hapten density per unit length. We found that to be immunogenic, a T-independent molecule must contain a threshold number (approximately 20) of appropriately spaced haptens or epitopes. We infer that this condition is necessary for simultaneous B-cell receptor binding and clustering. Molecules with less than this number of haptens are not immunogenic at any dose. Some nonimmunogenic molecules are capable of inhibiting the response to the immunogenic ones; this capability increases with increasing hapten density. In order for a molecule to accommodate 20 or more appropriately spaced haptens, it must be above a threshold size. Increasing hapten density in a molecule at or above threshold size and hapten number increases its immunogenicity. Increasing hapten density in a molecule below threshold size increases its tolerogenicity. Conclusions concerning immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of T-independent antigens may not be warranted unless the molecular weight and hapten or epitope number per molecule are well characterized. PMID- 6631010 TI - Murine hybridomas secreting natural monoclonal antibodies reacting with self antigens. AB - Spleen cells from nonimmunized BALB/c mice were fused with two nonsecreting myeloma lines. The hybrids were selected in HAT medium and screened for Ig production and for antibody activity against actin, tubulin, myosin, thyroglobulin, myoglobin, spectrin, dsDNA, fetuin, and transferrin. Among 161 hybrids secreting Ig, three were found to react with DNA, one with thyroglobulin, and one mainly with myosin. Two of these hybrids could be propagated and further characterized. On the basis of inhibition experiments, one was found to be directed against dsDNA; the other was directed mainly against myosin but at the same time reacted significantly with actin, tubulin, spectrin, and dsDNA. Reactivity with myosin seemed to be concentrated in the light meromyosin subfragment, known to be rich in alpha-helical structure. These results indicate: 1) There are reactive B cell clones directed against self antigens. 2) The antibody specificities found for these antibodies are very similar to those found for natural antibodies in normal human serum and for human monoclonal Ig. 3) The widespread reactivity found for the clone mainly reacting with myosin raises the possibility that the determinant recognized by this antibody is a conformational structure that possibly is associated with alpha-helical structures. PMID- 6631011 TI - Two-dimensional gel comparisons of murine H-2D region-associated antigens of different H-2 haplotypes. AB - The heterogeneity of histocompatibility antigens encoded within the H-2D region of murine chromosome 17 was investigated in several mouse strains using monoclonal antibodies. Sequential immunoprecipitation and two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D) were used to determine the number and structural relatedness of antigenically distinct products of the same H-2D region. Strikingly different, haplotype-specific patterns were observed. The three antigenically distinct molecules, Dd, Ld and Rd, all encoded within the Dd region, each showed a unique constellation of spots by 2D analysis, although the Ld and Rd molecules showed more structural similarity to each other than either molecule showed to the Dd molecule. Comparisons of the Ld and Rd molecules using sequential precipitations and a cloned Ld gene suggested that they are not conformation or glycosylation variants of the same polypeptide, implying they have different primary amino acid sequences. Using an anti-Ld antibody, the Ldml molecule was isolated from cells of the Dd region mutant mouse strain B10.D2-H-2dml and was found to have a 2D gel profile clearly distinguishable from the profile of either Ld or Dd molecules isolated from the wild-type strain B10.D2. Of the three antigenically-distinct molecules determined by the Dq region, the 2D gel profile of the Rq molecule was different from that of the Dq and Lq, the latter two molecules being indistinguishable. In contrast to these findings, analysis of the gene products of the Db region failed to resolve either antigenic or molecular heterogeneity and the multiple, antigenically distinct gene products of the Dw16 region were indistinguishable by 2D comparisons. These haplotype specific variations in the structural relatedness and number of antigenically distinct molecules determined by D region genes support the hypothesis that class I MHC genes are in a dynamic evolutionary state of gene expansion and contraction. PMID- 6631012 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against surface determinants on gametes of Plasmodium gallinaceum block transmission of malaria parasites to mosquitoes. AB - Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against gametes of the chicken malaria Plasmodium gallinaceum have been derived. All reacted with the surface of extracellular gametes of the parasite in immunofluorescent antibody reactions and all agglutinated both male and female gametes. In the absence of active complement one mu isotype MAb, la 1-D5, mediated at least 95% suppression of infectivity of the parasites to Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Individually, MAb of the gamma 1 or gamma 2a isotypes mediated only slight suppression in the absence of active complement. Certain combinations of these MAb, however, suppressed parasite infectivity by 90 to 95%. Suppression of infectivity by the MAb was shown to be mainly due to their effects on the events leading up to or including fertilization. Certain gamma 2a isotype MAb, which otherwise mediated minimal or no suppressive effect, completely abolished infectivity of the parasites if complement was present. No target antigen could be identified by immunoprecipitation of Triton X-100 extracts of surface radioiodinated zygotes or gametes of P. gallinaceum for the mu isotype MAb. All gamma isotype MAb precipitated the same three proteins of 240,000, 56,000, and 54,000 daltons under reducing conditions on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, from extracts of radioiodinated male and female gametes. These surface proteins on gametes of both sexes of P. gallinaceum thus appear to include target antigens of anti-gamete transmission blocking immunity. PMID- 6631013 TI - Comparison of approaches for augmenting the serologic response to the individually specific methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma-Meth A: pretreatment with cyclophosphamide is most effective. AB - We have previously reported the production of antisera against a highly restricted antigen expressed on the BALB/c sarcoma Meth A. Because induction of the antibody required many vaccinations with irradiated and unirradiated Meth A cells over a prolonged period, we have investigated methods of improving the efficiency of producing Meth A antibody in BALB/c mice. Three general approaches were used: immunizing with irradiated Meth A cells mixed with adjuvants, immunizing with irradiated Meth A cells modified by treatment with chemicals, or administration of tumor cell vaccines in conjunction with low dose cyclophosphamide. These vaccine preparations were injected subcutaneously into groups of BALB/c mice five to six times at 2-wk intervals. Sera from all mice were screened for reactivity to Meth A by complement-dependent cytotoxicity, protein A, and mixed hemadsorption assays. Twenty-three vaccine preparations containing adjuvants or modified cells were tested in individual groups of mice. Mice in some groups receiving adjuvants and in all groups receiving modified cells produced antibody, but only after four to six vaccinations. In contrast, nine of the 14 mice immunized with irradiated Meth A cells (unmodified and without adjuvant) in conjunction with 10 or 100 mg/kg body weight of cyclophosphamide, and all nine of the mice receiving 25 mg/kg cyclophosphamide made Meth A antibodies after only one or two vaccinations. The titer of antibodies produced after one treatment with cyclophosphamide and irradiated Meth A cells was at least as high as that achieved after five or six vaccinations in our other trials. The specificity of these antibodies for the Meth A antigen was established by absorption analysis. We conclude that treatment with cyclophosphamide before vaccination is highly effective in augmenting the humoral immune response to the Meth A antigen. PMID- 6631014 TI - Assay of H2O2 production by macrophages and neutrophils with homovanillic acid and horse-radish peroxidase. AB - A simple and sensitive method for measurement of the release of H2O2 from phagocytic cells is described. The assay is based on the H2O2-dependent oxidation of homovanillic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, HVA) to a highly fluorescent dimer (2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxydiphenyl-5,5'-diacetic acid) which is mediated by horse-radish peroxidase. A linear relationship between fluorescence (lambda ex = 312 nm and lambda em = 420 nm) and amount of H2O2 was found in the range of 0.1-10 nmoles per 2.25 ml assay. The method was reliable for monitoring H2O2 production in large numbers of cell samples, as suspensions or monolayers, over periods of time extending between minutes and several hours. At concentrations optimal for detection of cellular release of H2O2, HVA and horse-radish peroxidase were devoid of cytotoxic effects. The time course of H2O2 release by mouse peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages and by human neutrophils was determined following stimulation with zymosan particles or phorbol myristate acetate, and the dependence of H2O2 release on cell number and stimulus dosage was studied. PMID- 6631015 TI - A comparison of conventional needle and fine-needle aspiration liver biopsies. PMID- 6631016 TI - The prevalence of cigarette smoking among teenagers: an 18-year study. PMID- 6631017 TI - Safety of diagnostic ultrasound. PMID- 6631019 TI - The institutionalized child. PMID- 6631018 TI - Estrogen replacement therapy: a new era. PMID- 6631020 TI - Maternal mortality in Indiana: a report of maternal deaths in 1981. PMID- 6631021 TI - Disturbances in the serum sodium concentration. PMID- 6631023 TI - Save A Little Life. PMID- 6631022 TI - A surgical approach to infected descending thoracic aorta grafts. Case report and review of the literature. PMID- 6631024 TI - Drunk driving: physicians can and must make the difference. PMID- 6631025 TI - Questions and answers about EPSDT--Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment. PMID- 6631026 TI - Eight hundred and seventy-five cases of bacterial meningitis. Part I of a three part series: clinical data, prognosis, and the role of specialised hospital departments. AB - Between 1966 and 1976, 875 patients with bacterial meningitis were treated at the Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet. Among 495 patients admitted directly to the department, fatality rates were 0.4 per cent for meningococcal infections (including septicaemia), 3.7 per cent for haemophilus meningitis and 8.7 per cent for pneumococcal meningitis. The total fatality rate for directly admitted patients was 3.8 per cent, and 4.0 per cent had sequelae on discharge. Patients transferred from other hospitals often had complications, and their fatality rate (20.1 per cent) was markedly higher than that for directly admitted patients, but not significantly higher than that for patients treated elsewhere in Denmark (17.6 per cent). The low fatality at a specialised unit may reflect an open and swift admission procedure and the preparedness of staff familiar with the management of meningitis. During the first five years after discharge, the relative death risk was increased among meningitis patients but later declined to that found in the general population. PMID- 6631027 TI - The value of initial laboratory investigations in the management of meningitis. AB - The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination and other initial laboratory investigations have been analysed in one hundred and forty-nine patients with meningitis. The CSF differential leucocyte count clearly distinguished between bacterial and viral meningitis in 92 per cent of patients evaluated: CSF glucose and protein concentrations were less predictive by comparison. CSF glucose values were particularly unreliable because of hyperglycaemia in patients with bacterial meningitis and predictive accuracy increased when CSF levels were expressed as a percentage of blood glucose concentration. Results were not influenced by the age of the patients, and laboratory evidence of bacterial infection did not appear to be masked by prior antimicrobial therapy. A management algorithm based on the results of initial tests was applied retrospectively to the patients in whom Gram stained CSF did not reveal bacteria. The algorithm indicated immediate antimicrobial therapy for all thirty patients with pyogenic infections, and for only one of sixty-three patients with a final diagnosis of viral meningitis. PMID- 6631028 TI - Meningococcal meningitis in childhood. A five-year study of meningococcal meningitis in Ibadan, southern Nigeria. AB - Meningococcal meningitis is uncommon in the rain belt of southern Nigeria. Only twenty-six children were treated in one hospital in five years. Almost half the total number were seen during the four dry months of the year. However, the incidence in any one year was not necessarily correlated with the season. It appears that the longer the disease lasted before admission, the better the prognosis. Also, if the disease was severe enough to require admission within 24 hours of onset, the prognosis was poor. Survivors did not develop complications. PMID- 6631029 TI - The protean manifestations of Legionnaires' disease. AB - The protean manifestations of Legionnaires' disease are described in an analysis of 12 sporadic cases. Two forms of the disease have been delineated. One variant (Group A) consisted of six patients who had a mild form of non-progressive pneumonia with minimum extra-pulmonary involvement. Six patients (Group B) were differentiated by rapidly progressive pulmonary infiltrates, severe hypoxia and respiratory failure, plus a higher frequency of band neutrophils and extra pulmonary manifestations. Particularly notable were evidence of severe myositis (elevated creatinine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase), anaemia, and neurological findings which included alterations in the sensorium, meningitis, and convulsions. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities were seen frequently in patients with neurological manifestations, and necropsy findings in one patient suggested that the Legionnaires' bacillus was capable of producing a fatal leucoencephalitis. Renal findings included haematuria, proteinuria and oliguric renal failure. Hepatic transaminases (SGPT, SGOT) were elevated in six patients and serum bilirubin was abnormal in five. Alkaline phosphatase values were normal to minimally elevated. The gastrointestinal symptoms commonly considered to be a frequent initial manifestation of Legionnaires' disease were rare in this series. Recommendations for instituting empirical therapy, based upon recognition of a clinical syndrome which should suggest the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease, are included. PMID- 6631030 TI - Salmonella-infected subdural haematoma. AB - Post-traumatic chronic subdural haematoma infected by Salmonella sandiego is reported in a 55-year-old alcoholic man. Treatment involved a four-weeks' course of chloramphenicol and also subdural drainage. The patient ultimately recovered. Only four such cases have been reported in the literature. The mode of infection of the subdural haematoma is presumed to have been haematogenous in the absence of an otorhinological focus, meningitis or previous neurosurgery. PMID- 6631031 TI - Tetanus: an unusual source and site of infection. AB - Tetanus is reported in a previously immunised patient who was exposed to the dust of old building plaster containing horse hair. The site of infection was a squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp. PMID- 6631032 TI - Pasteurella ureae meningitis and septicaemia. AB - A 55-year-old male diabetic admitted with deafness, nystagmus, headache and vomiting was found to have meningitis due to Pasteurella ureae and responded to treatment with ampicillin. The P. ureae was unusual in showing X dependency. The family's dogs had had ear infections but no P. ureae were recovered from them when cultured three months later. PMID- 6631033 TI - Fatal congenital varicella syndrome. AB - A baby with clinical and serological evidence of congenital varicella syndrome died 36 hours after birth. Her mother had developed clinical varicella at 12 weeks gestation. Ultrasound at 37 weeks gestation had shown poor foetal growth and a lacuna within the foetal skull. Varicella-zoster-specific IgM was demonstrated in the baby's serum. PMID- 6631034 TI - Acute laryngitis associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis. PMID- 6631035 TI - Acute pericarditis of toxoplasmic origin. PMID- 6631036 TI - [Essential features in the exploration and treatment of female urinary incontinence with a healthy bladder]. AB - On the basis of more than 40 years' experience, the author emphasises the importance of a simple approach: history and physical examination. They must never be neglected, despite a number of traps which must be avoided. A review of technical data concludes with an assurance of the curability of this unpleasant condition provided certain precautions are taken. So-called "stress" incontinence is in fact only a surgically curable incontinence. PMID- 6631037 TI - [Lithiasis of the upper urinary tract and pregnancy]. AB - The authors report 17 personal cases of lithiasis of the upper urinary tract discovered in the course of pregnancy. They discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic problems, taking into account the double risk of mother and foetus. The essential diagnostic sign is renal colic, with or without fever. Spontaneous excretion of these calculi is possible, but in 8 of the 17 cases, a ureteric catheter had to be passed or an operation was required. Neither the delivery nor the health of the infants delivered seemed to be harmed by this renal calculi disease. The authors recall that the most common cause of non-obstetrical abdominal pain in the course of pregnancy is in fact urinary calculi. The incidence is about 1 cases of lithiasis per 1,000 pregnancies. It appear that a physiological hyperparathyroidism of pregnancy is responsible for a hypercalciuria which could be a factor favouring the development of lithiasis during pregnancy. The important point is to know how to distinguish those forms of pyelonephritis of pregnancy which are due to a stone obstructing the upper urinary tract, as any purulent retention in the upper tract can lead to a pyonephrosis, a bacteraemia or even a septicaemia. The presence of the foetus makes interpretation of a plain abdominal film difficult. In any case, its indication is questionable, whenever the urine is septic, particularly with Proteus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631038 TI - [Urinary malacoplakia. Apropos of a case followed for 3 years]. AB - On the basis of a case of vesical malakoplasia followed up for three years with a slow course to cure, the authors review the clinical, histopathological, pathogenic and therapeutic problems raised by urinary malakoplasia. PMID- 6631039 TI - [Percutaneous dilatation of renal artery stenoses. Apropos of 7 cases]. AB - The authors report the results of percutaneous dilatation of renal artery stenoses, performed on 8 occasions in 7 patients. One patient had bilateral stenoses which were operated at two separate occasions. The authors had no complications and they confirm the stability of the results with a follow-up of up to 2 years. In the 4 cases with an isolated unilateral renal artery stenosis, dilatation of the artery led to normalization of the blood pressure within hours of the operation. When there was another cause for hypertension apart from the renal artery stenosis, the dilatation did not cause the blood pressure to return to normal, although the anatomical result was confirmed on arteriography. The authors then review the literature and compare the complications of surgery for renal artery stenoses with those occurring during or after percutaneous dilatation of the renal artery lumen. Because of the quality of the results, the complication rate and the good results obtained with percutaneous dilatation in the literature, the authors conclude that percutaneous dilatation of the renal artery lumen is the treatment of choice for these stenoses. The indication for this operation can be extended, as its aim is not only reduction of hypertension, but also to improve renal function and to avoid the risk of thrombosis on a very narrow stenosis. In this way, the indications for this operation extend to include a population which, up until now, has been excluded from surgery, such as elderly patients, patients with coronary disease, or with renal failure. PMID- 6631040 TI - [Intrarenal veins. Study of the segmental angioarchitecture and intersegmental anastomoses]. AB - Fifty human adult venous casts were studied in a examine of the disposition and anastomoses of the intrarenal veins. The Vinylite injection and hydrocloric acid corrosion method was used. Casts with two main venous trunks (32%), three trunks (36%) and four trunks (32%) were found. Large longitudinal and transversal anastomotic branches among the main venous trunks do not content the kidney venous segmental division, in contrast to intrarenal arteries. The longitudinal anastomoses are named of 1st. order (sinusal), of 2nd. order (pyramidal) and of 3rd. order (marginal), in relation to interlobar veins, arciform veins, and stellate veins, respectively. PMID- 6631041 TI - [Contact renal refrigeration with continuous control of the intrarenal temperature in surgery for staghorn calculi]. AB - Surgical treatment of staghorn calculi is a meticulous, difficult, and time consuming procedure which requires the taking of contact films during operation. Incision of the renal parenchyma is frequently also necessary. To limit blood loss, and mainly in order to have a clear field of view, intrarenal blood circulation has to be interrupted by clamping the renal pedicle. This circulatory arrest can be supported for only 20 minutes, without major risks to the renal parenchyma, under normal temperature conditions. However, at least in the authors' hands, more than 10 minutes are necessary between the taking of the contact film and its return after development to the operation room. In contrast, lowering renal temperature by 10 to 20 degrees C enables ischemia to be maintained for up to 4 hours without adverse consequences. Contact refrigeration of the kidney by surrounding it with crushed ice is used, permanent control of temperature being maintained by a thermocouple linked to a continuous digital display. This simple, easy to install method does not require high investments or sophisticated material. It has enabled continuous clamping to be applied for periods of up to nearly 2 hours, with normal follow-up I.V.P. one week later. PMID- 6631042 TI - [Urethral mucosal prolapse in children at the National Hospital and University Center of Cotonou. Apropos of 13 cases]. AB - The authors report 13 cases of prolapse of the urethral mucosa. This is a benign lesion of the terminal portion of the urethra, seen above in black girls aged from 6 to 10 years. The usual presentation is vulval bleeding. The lesion is recognised by inspection and urethral catheterisation. Resection of the prolapse with muco-mucosal suture, not followed by the insertion of an indwelling catheter, is adequate and may be performed in a day hospital. PMID- 6631043 TI - [Breast cancer induced by estrogens in a prostate cancer patient]. AB - The authors report a case of malignant breast tumour induced by oestrogens in a patient treated for 7 years for carcinoma of the prostate. They review the literature on the subject and stress the important diagnostic and prognostic role of hormonal receptor assays. These allow the much more numerous cases of mammary metastases of prostatic cancer to be distinguished and, in cases of primary malignant tumour, they permit the choice of the best possible hormone therapy available. PMID- 6631044 TI - The time--mortality response of mosquito larvae infected with the fungus Culicinomyces. PMID- 6631045 TI - 5-bromodeoxyuridine induction of hematopoietic neoplasia and retrovirus activation in the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria. PMID- 6631046 TI - The fine structure of Culicinomyces clavisporus invading mosquito larvae. PMID- 6631047 TI - Relative toxicity of organic solvents to Aedes aegypti larvae. PMID- 6631048 TI - Polyamines in psoriasis. PMID- 6631049 TI - Subsets of epidermal Langerhans cells as defined by lectin binding profiles. AB - In this study we characterize the cell surface glycoconjugate moieties of strain 2 guinea pig epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) in single cell suspension by using a battery of 17 fluorescent lectins. All LC displayed binding sites for concanavalin A, succinylated concanavalin A, Lens culinaris agglutinin, Pisum sativum agglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin, succinylated wheat germ agglutinin, Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin I, Ricinus communis agglutinin I, Phaseolus vulgaris E agglutinin, and Phaseolus vulgaris L agglutinin, but failed to bind Sophora japonica agglutinin (SJA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA I). Neuraminidase pretreatment rendered LC reactive for SJA, but not for DBA and UEA I. The binding profiles of certain lectins point to the existence of LC subpopulations in that Griffonia simplicifolia I-B4 isolectin, peanut agglutinin (PNA), Helix pomatia agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin bound to only 80% (range 70-90%) of Ia-positive epidermal cells; binding sites for these lectins on primarily unreactive Ia-positive cells were unmasked when epidermal cells were treated with neuraminidase prior to lectin labeling. Ultrastructural PNA labeling studies revealed that the vast majority of Birbeck granule-containing LC displayed PNA binding sites, whereas indeterminate cells were consistently PNA-negative. Identification of carbohydrate configurations expressed on LC surfaces by lectin binding may provide a clue for the elucidation of the mechanisms of established LC functions and possibly the discovery of as yet unknown properties of this cell type. PMID- 6631050 TI - Lymphocyte subsets and Langerhans cells/indeterminate cells in erythema multiforme. AB - A peroxidase-antiperoxidase study using monoclonal antibodies directed against T and B lymphocytes and Langerhans cells/indeterminate cells (LC/IC) was undertaken in order to understand more clearly the changes observed in erythema multiforme. At the various stages of development, from normal skin to target lesions, the quantity of inflammatory cells differed, but in each case the number of T8+ (cytotoxic/suppressor) cells was greater than the number of T4+ (helper/inducer) cells in the epidermis, whereas the latter exceeded the former in the dermis. Concomitant with the initial epidermis changes, there was an increase in the number of T6+ (LC/IC) cells in the upper and lower epidermis. With slight to moderate basal unit destruction, the number of LC/IC in the upper epidermis exceeded those in the lower epidermis. With severe basal unit destruction, there was a loss of LC/IC in the lower epidermis as detected by T6 reactivity. In fully formed blisters, the LC/IC in the upper half of the epidermis were decreased in parallel with the degree of epidermal necrosis. The character of the lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate and redistribution in LC/IC are similar to those findings described in allergic contact dermatitis. The clinical, histologic, and immunopathologic changes in erythema multiforme appear to be due in part to cellular immune mechanisms with the lymphocyte as the predominant effector cell, and our data suggest a possible role for LC/IC in this disorder. PMID- 6631051 TI - Kathon biocide: manifestation of delayed contact dermatitis in guinea pigs is dependent on the concentration for induction and challenge. AB - The potential of Kathon biocide, an aqueous solution containing, as active ingredients (a.i.), a mixture of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2 methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (14.4% a.i.), to produce delayed contact dermatitis, a sensitization response, was evaluated in outbred Hartley guinea pigs by a modified Buehler's occluded epicutaneous patch technique. The relationship of the response as a function of induction/elicitation concentrations was investigated. Groups of guinea pigs received 9 induction doses of the biocide, 3 times a week, at concentrations ranging from 25-2000 ppm a.i. These guinea pigs were challenged with the biocide at concentrations ranging from 20-2000 ppm a.i., and the application sites were scored for erythema 24 and 48 h after the challenge. The incidence of delayed contact dermatitis in induced guinea pigs was dependent on both the induction and challenge concentrations. The EC50 (concentration at which delayed contact dermatitis was seen in 50% of the population) for induction at a challenge concentration of 2000 ppm a.i., a nonirritating concentration, was estimated to be 88 ppm a.i. with a slope of 3.47 probits/unit log concentration. The EC50 for elicitation at an induction concentration of 1000 ppm a.i. was estimated to be 429 ppm a.i. with a slope of 2.74 probits/unit log concentration. These data demonstrate that for Kathon biocide, there is an induction/elicitation concentration dependency for delayed contact dermatitis response, and there is a "no response concentration" zone where the biocide can be used without concern for clinically significant delayed contact dermatitis. In comparison with a previous study, these data also suggest that the number of induction doses may be an important factor in demonstrating the sensitization potential of a chemical. PMID- 6631052 TI - Murine graft-versus-host skin disease: a chronologic and quantitative analysis of two histologic patterns. AB - Human graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has several cutaneous manifestations, including a lichenoid and a sclerotic injury pattern. A versatile animal model of graft-versus-host skin disease (GVHSD) would facilitate study of the pathophysiology of these two cutaneous injury patterns. We have examined two murine chimeras histologically and have found two distinct patterns. Allogeneically transplanted B1/6 mice show a prolonged lichenoid-interface dermatitis that eventuates in clinical alopecia, whereas LP/J recipients of allogeneic cells do not show hair loss. Their histopathology consists of an early lichenoid phase that abates and is replaced by dermal sclerosis. Because of the versatility of the mouse as a laboratory animal, we feel that this model provides an excellent opportunity to define the immunopathologic mechanisms responsible for skin injury in GVHD. In addition, an understanding of the pathogenesis of the T cell-dependent, lichenoid, and sclerotic patterns of tissue injury in GVHSD might well provide insight into the pathogenesis of the GVHSD analogs, cutaneous lupus erythematosus and scleroderma. PMID- 6631054 TI - Ultrastructure of the human dermal microcirculation. IV. Valve-containing collecting veins at the dermal-subcutaneous junction. AB - Valve-containing collecting veins 70-120 micron in diameter were found at the interface of the dermis and fat. Two cusped valves with sinuses were found at most points where 25- to 50-micron venules entered these larger veins as well as in the lumens of the larger veins unrelated to branch points. The walls of these valve-containing veins in their narrowest portions were composed of smooth muscle cells, collagen fibers, and homogeneous-appearing basement membrane material. As the vessel became wider, elastic fibers first appeared just inside the most peripheral layer of smooth muscle cells, and gradually occupied the spaces between all the layers of smooth muscle cells. However the subendothelial zone was frequently devoid of elastic fibers. The valves were always pointed in the direction of the larger vessel as would be expected in a collecting vein. Recent experiments by other workers have demonstrated that the capillary blood flow in human nail-fold capillaries is pulsatile, thereby providing physiologic reasons for the presence of valve-containing veins at the dermis-fat interface. PMID- 6631053 TI - Effect of etretinate on chemotaxis of neutrophils from patients with pustular and vulgar psoriasis. AB - The chemotactic activities of neutrophil granulocytes of patients with pustular and vulgar psoriasis were evaluated before and after treatment with etretinate. Control values before treatment were significantly different from those of vulgar psoriasis group but not from the pustular psoriasis group. The difference between the 2 groups with psoriasis was significant. Etretinate causes a significant reduction in neutrophil chemotaxis in pustular psoriasis patients and a less pronounced reduction in those with vulgar psoriasis. PMID- 6631055 TI - Basal perfusion of the cutaneous microcirculation: measurements as a function of anatomic position. AB - Noninvasive optical techniques of photopulse plethysmography (PPG) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) have been used to identify regional variations in the basal skin blood flow of humans. The procedures assess either the volume (PPG) or the volume-velocity product (LDV) of cutaneous blood vessel perfusion. Fifty-two anatomic positions have been studied in 10 normal subjects resting horizontally. The mean perfusion levels were ranked to reveal the variations in cutaneous blood flow as a function of body site. Groups of data were collected into cohorts and average perfusion values for the subjects within each cohort were compared by the Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test. Most transparently, the results reveal a collection of regions (fingers, palms, face, ears) for which cutaneous perfusion is much higher than all other positions. More subtle differences and some unexpected similarities, however, are also apparent and, in some cases, agree or, in others, conflict, with previously published information. With some exceptions, good general agreement between the two techniques was observed. PMID- 6631056 TI - Effect of a skin moisturizer on the water distribution in human stratum corneum. AB - The effect of a skin moisturizer on the water content distribution in human stratum corneum was examined from the rate of water loss from the skin surface. An increase of 9% in the water content was calculated from the water loss data. This increase was not evenly distributed across the tissue. Most of the increase occurred near the skin surface. In the first one-tenth of the stratum corneum the increase was estimated to be about 100%. PMID- 6631057 TI - DNA repair in skin of lupus erythematosus following in vivo exposure to ultraviolet radiation. AB - The in vivo repair of pyrimidine dimers induced in the DNA of skin of 9 patients diagnosed as systemic or discoid lupus erythematosus (LE) was measured. A small area of the buttock was exposed to radiation emitted from a Burdick UV-800 sunlamp. The number of pyrimidine dimers was measured by incubating the epidermal skin DNA with UV-specific endonuclease and sedimenting the DNA through alkaline sucrose gradients. The initial number of dimers induced following sunlamp exposure was 7.6 +/- 1.8 per 10(8) daltons DNA. The level of photorepair was measured by illuminating an area of the skin with greater than 450-nm radiation immediately following sunlamp exposure. We found that 56.5 +/- 9.5% of the dimers are photorepaired with 5 min of illumination. Excision repair was measured in an area of the skin covered for 2 and 24 h postirradiation. Approximately 44 and 81% of the dimers induced immediately following sunlamp exposure were removed at these respective times. These observations in LE are similar to those observed in the skin of normal individuals. PMID- 6631058 TI - The PUVA lentigo: an analysis of predisposing factors. AB - Pigmented macules appearing in sun-protected sites of psoriatic patients treated chronically with oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy (PUVA) have been characterized as a lentiginous proliferation of relatively large, sometimes cytologically atypical, melanocytes (i.e., PUVA lentigines). In 1380 psoriatic adults followed prospectively, PUVA lentigines of any degree (slight, moderate, or extensive) were noted on the buttocks of 53% of patients at the most recent examination (an average of 5.7 years after starting PUVA). The frequency of moderate or extensive buttock lentigines at the most recent examination was positively associated with a greater number of PUVA treatments, an older age at starting PUVA, and male sex, and negatively associated with skin types V and VI. Moderate or extensive buttock lentigines were present in 17% of 693 patients who had not had PUVA for 1-2 years or longer. According to a regression analysis, the persistence of buttock lentigines was related in greatest measure to the total number of PUVA treatments received and was relatively independent of the time interval from the last PUVA treatment to the most recent examination or to "other" UV radiation therapy (predominantly UVB) received after PUVA was discontinued. Until the long-term course of PUVA lentigines is known, individuals who develop "fixed" pigmented lesions while on PUVA should be monitored continually for melanocytic dysplasias, including melanoma. PMID- 6631059 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to anchoring fibrils for the diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa. AB - Murine monoclonal antibodies to human anchoring fibrils reacted with human and monkey cervix, tongue, esophagus, and vagina. Rat, mouse, and guinea pig tissues were negative. In 11 patients with dystrophic recessive epidermolysis bullosa there was no reaction by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Other forms of epidermolysis bullosa had normal reactivity. PMID- 6631060 TI - Quantitative variability in requirements for opsonization of strains within the Bacteroides fragilis group. AB - Requirements for opsonization of various strains within the species Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Bacteroides distasonis were investigated. The minimal concentration of normal human serum that facilitated maximal uptake by human peripheral leukocytes of 14C-labeled strains ranged from 5% to 80%. Heated (56 C at 30 min) serum produced less uptake than untreated serum, suggesting that complement was required for opsonization. Using human serum depleted of C4 by immunoadsorption as the source of opsonins, predominant utilization of the alternative complement pathway during opsonization was established. Acidic polyanionic exopolymer on the strains was also assessed by ruthenium red staining, electron microscopy, and India ink wet mounts. Strains of the species B thetaiotaomicron, B vulgatus, and B fragilis possessed exopolymer, and a unique configuration of this material was observed on two strains that resisted opsonization. Utilization of classical and/or alternative complement pathway activity during opsonization was not related to the presence of exopolymer. PMID- 6631061 TI - Prevalence of serum antibody to staphylococcal enterotoxin F among Wisconsin residents: implications for toxic-shock syndrome. AB - Staphylococcal enterotoxin F (SEF) has previously been shown to be a marker for toxic-shock syndrome (TSS)-associated strains of Staphylococcus aureus, whereas the serologic absence of antibody to SEF (anti-SEF) has been shown to be a marker for susceptibility of persons to TSS. In this study, anti-SEF was measured by radioimmunoassay in 689 banked sera obtained from Wisconsin residents during 1960, 1970, and 1980. The prevalence of anti-SEF as estimated by logistic regression analysis was 47%, 58%, 70%, 88%, 96%, and 99% at ages one, five, 10, 20, 30, and 50 years, respectively. Evidence for the transplacental transfer of anti-SEF is also presented. Despite the reported increased incidence of TSS occurring during the past five years, with a preponderance of cases occurring among women, no significant differences in the prevalence of anti-SEF were noted between sexes or longitudinally between the years 1960, 1970, and 1980. These data enhance our understanding of the epidemiology of TSS and further identify the population that may be susceptible to TSS. PMID- 6631062 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with bacterial sonicate antigen for IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies to Francisella tularensis: comparison with bacterial agglutination test and ELISA with lipopolysaccharide antigen. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with bacterial sonicate (S) as antigen developed for determining the presence of IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies to Francisella tularensis was compared with the bacterial agglutination (BA) test and a corresponding ELISA using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen. Of the organisms tested, F tularensis was the only one to cause significant inhibition, indicating the specificity of the S-ELISA. BA test titers correlated significantly with antibody levels in all three immunoglobulin classes and most closely with IgM antibodies (r = 0.83). With some minor exceptions, the S-ELISA and the LPS-ELISA gave identical results, and the correlations between the tests were very close (r = 0.94-0.99). The S-ELISA confirmed the tularemia diagnosis with the first serum specimens from 43% of patients with tularemia vs 17% of the BA test. In addition, no seroconversion was observed by the BA test in 4% of the patients, although large increases were observed in S-ELISA titers. PMID- 6631063 TI - Treatment of experimental brain abscess with penicillin and chloramphenicol. AB - Recent reports have indicated that antibiotic therapy alone may be successful in resolving brain abscesses. We utilized an animal model of brain abscess to evaluate the efficacy of penicillin with and without chloramphenicol in preventing the development of brain abscess. When penicillin therapy was initiated at the time of bacterial contamination and continued for four days, the bacteria were eliminated. When therapy was delayed for 24 hr, the number of bacteria in brain tissue samples was significantly reduced, but all samples still contained bacteria. When therapy was delayed for 48 hr, there was no therapeutic benefit. Addition of chloramphenicol to each of these regimens did not significantly alter the results. Extending the duration of therapy to eight days provided no improvement over the results obtained after four days. PMID- 6631065 TI - Impact of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on the incidence of nosocomial staphylococcal infections. AB - MRSA strains have become increasingly prevalent in the United States and are now an important cause of nosocomial infections in many large, medical school affiliated hospitals. In affected institutions, from a few percent to 50% of all hospital-acquired S aureus infections are caused by MRSA strains. It has been suggested that the overall incidence of nosocomial S aureus infections may not increase in hospitals where MRSA strains have become epidemic or endemic and that MRSA strains merely replace methicillin-susceptible strains as a cause of hospital-acquired infections. Several recent studies lend support to this theory. Thompson et al [1] reported that the overall incidence of nosocomial S aureus associated bacteremias and postoperative wound infections in a university hospital did not increase during a period when MRSA strains caused a significantly greater proportion of such infections. Similarly, Linnemann et al [2] found that the overall incidence of nosocomial S aureus-associated bacteremias did not change during a four-year period when the incidence of MRSA associated bacteremias increased appreciably. At the University of Mississippi Medical Center, MRSA strains have been recovered from patients with increased frequency since an outbreak of MRSA infections occurred in the burn unit in June 1979 [3]. Continuing surveillance has revealed that the incidence of nosocomial MRSA infections was significantly higher in 1980-1982 than during 1979 (P = 0.002 by Mann-Whitney U test). MRSA strains accounted for 11% of nosocomial S aureus infections in 1979, 38% in 1980, 50% in 1981, 36% in 1982, and 32% in early 1983.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631064 TI - Coagulation abnormalities induced by beta-lactam antibiotics in cancer patients. AB - The records of 714 neutropenic cancer patients who were treated with high doses of a combination of beta-lactam antibiotics were analyzed. In 268 patients, coagulation parameters were measured at least once before, during, and after therapy. Alterations on the prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time were found in those regimens containing a semisynthetic penicillin, cefamandole, and moxalactam. Mild and severe hemorrhage was observed in some patients receiving these regimens. After prophylactic administration of vitamin K to all patients treated with moxalactam, no further hemorrhage was noted. Alteration of the prothrombin time, with preservation of other parameters, was found in patients receiving antibiotic regimens containing semisynthetic penicillin and cefoxitin. No evidence of hemorrhage was found in this group of patients. In neutropenic cancer patients, the occurrence of another impairment in the clotting process, in addition to thrombocytopenia, greatly increases the risk of serious hemorrhage. Coagulation parameters must be routinely monitored when these patients receive antibiotics known to cause coagulation abnormalities. PMID- 6631066 TI - Effect of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin F on human neutrophil oxidative metabolism. AB - Epidemiologic and animal challenge studies have suggested that SEF may play a critical role in toxic-shock syndrome [1]. However, the pathogenic mechanism of SEF activity is not known. One means by which this toxin could elicit the widespread organ dysfunction observed in toxic-shock syndrome would be by directly promoting PMN production of toxic oxygen species and the resultant secondary endothelial cell damage [2]. To evaluate this possibility, we assayed the effect of SEF on PMN oxidative metabolism. SEF at 0.01-100 ng/ml did not stimulate O2- release or O2 consumption by inactive PMNs. Similarly, incubation of PMNs with 10 ng of SEF/ml for 1 hr neither potentiated nor inhibited cellular O2 consumption stimulated by optimal (10 mg/ml) or suboptimal (0.1 mg/ml) concentrations of opsonized zymosan. Finally, SEF had no effect on O2- release by PMNs stimulated by PMA. PMN viability, as assessed by trypan blue exclusion, was unaffected by SEF. This study did not address the possibility that SEF might indirectly activate PMN oxidative metabolism by promoting leukocytic pyrogen production by monocytes and macrophages [3]. SEF neither directly activated PMN oxidative activity nor potentiated the cellular oxidative response to particulate or soluble stimuli. Consequently, direct stimulation of PMN-derived, O2- mediated damage to endothelial cells is not a tenable hypothesis to explain the mechanism of SEF toxicity. PMID- 6631067 TI - Antimicrobial resistance of gram-negative bacteria isolated from foods in Mexico. AB - When trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was given to US travelers in Mexico to prevent diarrheal illness, high-level resistance to the drug emerged [2], although in previous studies such resistance had not been observed among enteric flora following administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as prophylaxis against urinary tract infection [3]. Since food has been shown to be an important vehicle of transmission of travelers' diarrhea, food samples were examined for the presence of drug-resistant bacteria to explain the acquisition of high-level resistance among enteric flora of individuals taking antibiotics as prophylaxis against traveler's diarrhea. Of 34 strains of ETEC isolated from US students in Guadalajara, Mexico, who had acute gastroenteritis, one was resistant to trimethoprim and one was resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Eight of the ETEC strains tested demonstrated multiple drug resistance. Twenty-two of 149 isolates from food produced enterotoxin. Only one isolate, which was nontoxigenic, was resistant to trimethoprim, and no coliforms were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; however, 16 isolates demonstrated multiple drug resistance. Of 235 gram-negative organisms recovered from frozen food samples grown on antibiotic-containing media and tested for enterotoxin production, no isolates were enterotoxigenic. Thirty-four isolates were resistant to trimethoprim, 15 were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 33 demonstrated multiple resistance. Multiple drug resistance was demonstrated among gram-negative organisms isolated from patients' stools and foods in Mexico.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631068 TI - Frequency of delta agent infections in Kuwait. AB - Antibodies to delta antigen have been found among all populations in the world studied so far. The prevalence is high (40%-47%) in chronic HBsAg carriers in southern Italy. In other parts of the world, the prevalence is low (less than 5%); however, 30%-75% of polytransfused hemophiliacs and drug addicts in Europe and the United States have antibodies to delta antigen [2]. Most Arab nationalities are well represented in the population of Kuwait. Among 144 HBsAg positive sera studied, 58 (40%) were positive for antibodies to delta antigen. Data regarding diagnosis, age, sex, and nationality were available for 80 of the patients investigated. Among these, 32 (40%) were antibody-positive. The highest number of positive patients was among those with chronic liver disease; all except two of the positive patients were Gulf or Mediterranean Arabs. Thus, infection with delta agent is an important cofactor in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease in this region, because delta agent is known to become chronic [2]. The patients who had chronic liver disease and those who had illnesses other than liver disease or acute hepatitis are probably all chronic HBsAg carriers; however, it was not possible to differentiate between chronic and transient carrier states. Some of the patients with acute hepatitis also probably carried HBsAg with a superimposed delta infection. The carriage rate of HBsAg in the normal population in Kuwait is 2.8%-4% [3]. The only fatal case of acute hepatitis in this study occurred among the patients who were positive for delta antibody.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631069 TI - Q fever and hemolytic anemia. PMID- 6631070 TI - Handling raw chicken as a source for sporadic Campylobacter jejuni infections. PMID- 6631071 TI - Spectrum of central nervous system complications in homosexual men with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. PMID- 6631072 TI - Accidental infection of a researcher with human Cryptosporidium. PMID- 6631073 TI - Curved anaerobic bacteria in bacterial (nonspecific) vaginosis and their response to antimicrobial therapy. AB - Vaginal fluid samples from normal college students, college students with bacterial (nonspecific) vaginosis, and sexually transmitted disease clinic patients with bacterial vaginosis, before and after therapy with metronidazole, ampicillin, or amoxicillin, were evaluated by direct Gram stain and culture for the predominant anaerobic and facultative flora. Curved rods were detected by direct Gram stain of vaginal fluid from 31 (51%) of 61 women with bacterial vaginosis and none of 42 normal student controls (P less than 0.001). Curved, gram-variable to gram-negative organisms were recovered from six of these 31 women, seven other women with bacterial vaginosis, and no controls. All 13 isolates were anaerobic, motile, and oxidase-negative, produced succinic acid as their major metabolic product, and hydrolyzed starch. After treatment with ampicillin or amoxicillin (n = 10) or greater than or equal to 2 g of metronidazole (n = 9), no curved motile rods were detected by Gram stain or culture, although the minimal inhibitory concentration of metronidazole was greater than or equal 8 micrograms/ml for 11 of the 13 isolates tested. PMID- 6631074 TI - The kinetics of early inflammatory events during experimental pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila in guinea pigs. AB - An animal model of Legionella pneumophila pneumonia was developed to study aerosol infection, pathogenesis, and pulmonary host defense mechanisms. Guinea pigs were exposed in an inhalation facility that limited the aerosol of L pneumophila to the snout. Bronchoalveolar lavage was used to sample airspace cells, secretions, and bacteria during developing infection in 79 exposed animals and 13 uninfected controls. An influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophils followed exponential bacterial growth during the initial three days of infection and coincided with limitation of the increase in bacteria recovered. A macrophage influx occurred at three to five days. Bacteria were eliminated from the lung by 11 days after exposure. Albumin in lavage fluid peaked at two days. Most viable L pneumophila organisms were associated with alveolar macrophages, whereas most of the bacteria associated with polymorphonuclear neutrophils were nonviable. Recruited, and possibly immune, defenses appear to be required for successful resolution of legionella pneumonia. PMID- 6631075 TI - Simplified micropore filter assay of neutrophil migration using whole blood. AB - A new method of micropore filter assay of neutrophil migration requiring only 0.1 ml of whole blood is described and compared with the standard separated polymorphonuclear neutrophil micropore filter assay. Whole blood was added to the upper compartment of a modified Boyden chemotactic chamber, and the neutrophils were allowed to migrate into a cellulose nitrate micropore filter. Acetic acid was used to remove erythrocytes and hemoglobin from the filter. Neutrophil chemotaxis was performed with cells from 19 neonates and 34 adults. The mean neonatal PMN migration was 40% of the adult value (48.1 +/- 12.6 vs 96.8 +/- 16.8 micron) with the whole blood assay and 39% of the adult value (44.7 +/- 10.1 vs 72.9 +/- 22.2 micron) with the separated polymorphonuclear neutrophil assay. The whole blood micropore filter assay, a simple and reliable method of determining neutrophil migration, is especially useful in studying patients when there are difficulties in obtaining large blood samples, such as with neonates and young children. PMID- 6631076 TI - Acute Dane particle suppression with recombinant leukocyte A interferon in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. AB - The clinical, virologic, biochemical, and immunologic effects of a biosynthetic human leukocyte interferon, recombinant leukocyte A interferon (rIFN-A or HuIFN alpha 2) are reported in nine patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and circulating Dane particle-associated polymerase activity. Eight-day courses of rIFN-A were given starting at a dose of 3 X 10(6) units per day and reaching 68 X 10(6) units per day in two patients. Major toxic side effects included fever, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms, myalgias, and headache. Most courses of rIFN-A were associated with a reduction in Dane particle-associated polymerase activity, but in no case was this change permanent. There were also changes in lymphocyte subpopulations at the higher dosage levels of rIFN-A. Because of the reproducible, statistically significant effect on viral replication, further study with this and other biosynthetic interferon species is warranted. PMID- 6631077 TI - Infectious endocarditis due to Yersinia enterocolitica. PMID- 6631078 TI - Meningococcemia in genetically determined deficiency of the second component of complement. PMID- 6631079 TI - From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Summary of a workshop on disease mechanisms and prospects for prevention of Reye's syndrome. AB - The workshop participants identified several areas that are worthy of investigation. A better understanding of the populations at risk is necessary. First, the geographic distribution of cases is poorly understood, and efforts should be made to determine whether the apparent clustering of cases in the states bordering the Great Lakes is real or reflects better reporting and identification of cases in these states than in other regions. Second, reports of cases among siblings or relatives suggests either an underlying metabolic risk factor or the possibility of a common environmental risk factor. Further studies of carnitine metabolism would be appropriate in this regard. Third, epidemiologic experience with Reye's syndrome suggests that clusters of cases may occur more frequently when new influenza A or B viruses become epidemic. This pattern was observed most clearly in 1978 during the epidemic of A/USSR/77 (H1N1) influenza virus infection. Additional suggestive evidence was obtained during the epidemic of A/Asian/57 (H2N2) influenza in 1957-1958 [20] and that of B/Hong Kong/72 influenza in 1973-1974. This feature suggests that first infections with these viruses are more likely than reinfections to produce the rare sequela of Reye's syndrome. Fourth, the reported association of Reye's syndrome with the use of acetylsalicylate in the treatment of the antecedent illness requires further study. In this situation the potential risk factor has been recognized as a mitochondrial toxin capable of uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Finally, the question of a toxic product produced as a consequence of the prodromal infection or present coincident with the infection remains unresolved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631080 TI - Iowa phase--National Breast Cancer Detection Project. PMID- 6631081 TI - Serving mentally retarded/developmentally disabled persons in health care facilities. PMID- 6631082 TI - Assumptions and implications for medical staffs. PMID- 6631083 TI - Acute dorsal fracture-dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint. PMID- 6631084 TI - Financial planners: buzz word or reality? PMID- 6631085 TI - The presence of leishmaniasis antibodies in children in Tanta, Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt. PMID- 6631086 TI - Radiorespirometric determination of contribution of pentose phosphate cycle to metabolism of glucose in Dermacentor andersoni. PMID- 6631087 TI - The freshwater Ampullariid snail Lanistes carinatus as a natural intermediate host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Egypt. PMID- 6631088 TI - Natural Entamoeba histolytica infection in domestic animals and rodents in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. PMID- 6631089 TI - Helminth parasites of cats in Dakahlia, Egypt. PMID- 6631090 TI - Domestic animals infested by hard ticks in Dakahlia, Egypt. PMID- 6631091 TI - The specificity of leishmaniasis indirect haemagglutination in dogs experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii and Echinococcus granulosus. PMID- 6631092 TI - Effect of oxamniquine on some biological features of schistosomiasis in white mice. PMID- 6631093 TI - The survival of vegetative Toxoplasma gondii in some transfusion fluids. PMID- 6631094 TI - Mass dissection technique versus individual dissection in diagnosis of infection of mosquitoes by filaria in Sharkia Governorate. PMID- 6631096 TI - Studies on the effects of population density on the growth and survivorship of Bulinus truncatus from Assiut. PMID- 6631095 TI - Combating of vector snails by local wild herbs. (II) A laboratory study. PMID- 6631097 TI - Studies on dermanyssid and lealaptid mites as a foundation for assessment their role in causation and transmission of diseases under our geographical zone. 2. Their seasonal variation and population densities in a north-western coastal region. PMID- 6631098 TI - Secretory IgA in some entero-parasitic infections. PMID- 6631099 TI - Histopathology and histochemistry of R.E.S. in infections with Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis. PMID- 6631100 TI - Blood groups and giardiasis. PMID- 6631101 TI - Endemicity of giardiasis in Saudi Arabia. PMID- 6631102 TI - Effect of bithionol on B-glucuronidase in serum and liver of rabbits infected with Fasciola gigantica. PMID- 6631103 TI - A trial to induce acquired protection against Schistosoma mansoni by experimental heterophyid infection. PMID- 6631104 TI - Interaction of different loads of Schistosoma mansoni in mice. PMID- 6631105 TI - Determination of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and complement III (C3) in children with giardiasis. PMID- 6631106 TI - Immunological studies on concomitant infection of filariasis with schistosomiasis. PMID- 6631107 TI - Effect of oxamniquine and praziquantel on cell mediated immunity in intestinal bilharziasis. PMID- 6631108 TI - Specificity and sensitivity of indirect haemagglutination in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. PMID- 6631109 TI - Longevity of adult mites in the laboratory as determining factor in indicating the peaks of environment pollution with house dust mite allergens. PMID- 6631110 TI - In situ inhibition of cholinesterase in Anopheles pharoensis and Culex pipiens by malathion and fenitrothion. PMID- 6631111 TI - Histochemical localization of cholinesterases in some developmental stages of anopheles pharoensis and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). PMID- 6631112 TI - Copulation and spermatophore formation in Hyalomma dromedarii. PMID- 6631113 TI - Ultrastructural study of spermatogenesis in the tick Hyalomma marginatum. PMID- 6631114 TI - Effects of steroid drugs on some chemical constituents of the liver of hamsters infected with Schistosoma mansoni. III. Androgen. PMID- 6631115 TI - Acanthobothrium manteri sp. n. a Tetraphyllidean cestode (Oncobothriidae) from Dasyatis sephen. PMID- 6631116 TI - Absence of radioresistance of Culex pipiens molestus Forsk. (Diptera, Culicidae) exposed to substerilizing doses of gamma radiation for five and eleven generations. PMID- 6631117 TI - The effect of chronic irradiation on the biology of Culex pipiens molestus Forsk. (Diptera, Culicidae) through successive generations. PMID- 6631118 TI - [Significance of the left ventricular end-diastolic volume and stroke volume in tetralogy of Fallot--their relation to postoperative hemodynamics and the indication for radical surgery]. PMID- 6631119 TI - [Postoperative follow-up of coronary artery disease by M-mode echocardiography]. PMID- 6631120 TI - [Effectiveness of scheduled IABP (intra-aortic balloon pumping) in postoperative care]. PMID- 6631121 TI - [Problems in valve replacement in infected endocarditis]. PMID- 6631122 TI - [Valvular functions before and after open mitral commissurotomy-evaluation by ultrasonic cardiac tomography]. PMID- 6631123 TI - [Follow-up study of superior vena cava-pulmonary artery anastomosis (Glenn's method) in cyanotic heart disease]. PMID- 6631124 TI - [Surgical treatment of 90 cases of funnel chest by sternal elevation]. PMID- 6631125 TI - [Observation of the altered regional pulmonary functions using 133 Xe before and after surgery of mitral valve stenosis]. PMID- 6631126 TI - [Diagnostic capacity of CT scanning in surgery of progressive lung cancer]. PMID- 6631127 TI - [Fixation of the catheter electrode in the right atrium by transcutaneous atrial thrust]. PMID- 6631128 TI - [2-stage reconstruction in synchronous stenosis of the trachea and bronchus: a case report]. PMID- 6631129 TI - [6 cases of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia]. PMID- 6631130 TI - [Surgery of esophageal cyst: a case report]. PMID- 6631131 TI - [Successful treatment of dissecting aortic aneurysm discovered during weaning from extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 6631132 TI - [Clinical experience in triple valve replacement in combined valvular diseases- autopsy study during the follow-up period and the results reported in the European and American literature]. PMID- 6631133 TI - [Surgical treatment of complex cardiac anomaly with juxtaposition of the atrial appendages]. PMID- 6631134 TI - [Chronic hemolysis following aortic valve replacement: comparison of Starr Edwards ball valve and Bjork-Shiley valve]. PMID- 6631135 TI - [Cardioplegia in mitral valve replacement. Clinical studies of continuous blood coronary perfusion]. PMID- 6631136 TI - [Changes of systolic time intervals and endocardial viability ratio following open heart surgery]. PMID- 6631137 TI - [Mitral valve replacement with prosthesis with hydrodynamic characteristics]. PMID- 6631138 TI - [External conduit repair in pulmonary atresia group]. PMID- 6631139 TI - [Serious cerebral complications following open heart surgery, with special reference to the prognostic value of EEG]. PMID- 6631140 TI - [Cold blood cardioplegia in heart valve surgery with prolonged aortic cross clamping]. PMID- 6631141 TI - [Classification and operation of subvalvular lesions in mitral stenosis. Comparison of left ventriculography and echocardiography with operative findings]. PMID- 6631142 TI - [Comparative studies of various methods of myocardial protection in aortic valve replacement]. PMID- 6631143 TI - [Familial supravalvular aortic stenosis]. PMID- 6631144 TI - [Extracorporeal ultrafiltration in postoperative low cardiac output syndrome]. PMID- 6631145 TI - [Successful management of infracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection in a 10-day-old infant]. PMID- 6631146 TI - [Successful management of corrected transposition of great vessels associated inversus, ventricular septal defects, pulmonary valve and subvalvular stenosis]. PMID- 6631147 TI - [Bilateral emphysematous giant bullae successfully resected with marked improvement of pulmonary function]. PMID- 6631148 TI - [Surgical treatment of congenital tricuspid stenosis associated with pulmonary stenosis]. PMID- 6631149 TI - [Mitral valve repair and aortic valve replacement with Puig Massana-Shiley annuloplasty ring]. PMID- 6631150 TI - [Statistical observation of the effect of maternal heart disease on pregnancy and fetus]. AB - Fifty-four pregnancies with maternal heart disease, managed at the Tohoku University Hospital during the years 1976 to 1981, were reviewed and statistically analyzed for the effects of the disease. Twenty-six (48.1%) were complicated by rheumatic valvular disease, 26(48.1%) by congenital disease, and the remaining 2(3.7%) were miscellaneous. Forty-four cases who delivered after 24 weeks gestation were divided into two groups in terms of the occurrence of maternal decompensation during pregnancy. In the group of pregnancies with decompensation, when compared with the group without decompensation, the age of mothers was higher (p less than 0.02), length of gestation was shorter (p less than 0.005) and birth weight was smaller (p less than 0.01). On the other hand there were no significant differences between the group without decompensation and the control group. Analysis of covariance among the three groups, in which birth weight was assumed to be a function of the number of gestational weeks, suggested the shortening of gestation was relatively important in the occurrence of low-birth-weight in the group with decompensation. Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes and the occurrence of fetal distress were not significantly different among the groups. The effects of maternal decompensation on fetal growth and length of gestation were discussed. PMID- 6631151 TI - [Fetal monitoring using fetal movement count perceived by patient]. AB - To clarify the clinical significance of subjective fetal movements, I took and compared the fetal movements count (FMC) and its decreasing rate in 418 pregnant women who were classified into 2 groups, fetal poor outcome group and fetal good outcome group. The main results obtained were as follows: Subjective fetal movements were more frequent at night. The weekly mean number of FMC was highest in the 32nd week of pregnancy, and afterwards gradually decreased. Although the fetal poor outcome group had no distinctive average FMC throughout the course of pregnancy compared with that of the good outcome group, 48.8% of cases having a rate of decrease of 70% or over were found in fetal poor outcome group. On the other hand those showing fetal poor outcome were only 5.5% of the cases showing a decrease rate of less than 70%. There were significantly more cases having a rate of decrease of 70% in the cases showing non-reactive in the nonstress test. We concluded that the decreasing rate of FMC appeared useful in assessing the fetal prognosis. PMID- 6631152 TI - [Serum unconjugated 2-hydroxyestrone and erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in pregnancy toxemia]. AB - To clarify the significance of catecholestrogens in toxemia of pregnancy, plasma unconjugated 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. In addition, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity in erythrocytes was compared between normal and toxemic pregnancies. The following results were obtained. There was no significant difference in the plasma 2-OHE1 level between normal and toxemic pregnancies in the 3rd trimester, these being 220 +/- 53(SD,n = 7), 162 +/- 138(n = 9) pg/ml, respectively. However, the plasma 2-OHE1, level was quite low in all three subjects in toxemic pregnancy with placental dysfunctions. Liver dysfunction was found in only one case of toxemic pregnancy, whose plasma 2-OHE1 was within the normal range. In two cases of mild toxemia and one case of severe toxemia with placental dysfunctions there was no significant difference in COMT activity as compared with normal pregnancy. The COMT activity of a diabetic woman with pregnancy toxemia without placental dysfunctions was slightly higher than that of a normal pregnant woman. From these results it is suggested that the lower plasma 2-OHE1 level in toxemic pregnancy may be caused by placental dysfunctions. PMID- 6631153 TI - [Histological study on radiosensitivity of cervical carcinoma with special reference to 3 subtypes of squamous cell carcinoma]. AB - Morphological investigation were made on the radiosensitivity, according to the histological types; keratinizing(K), large cell nonkeratinizing(LNK), and small cell nonkeratinizing(S) type. The results obtained are as follows. Histological and cytological estimation of irradiated effects were examined at the 7th day after 10 Gray test-irradiation: (i) Histological studies were done with the biopsy specimens (76 cases): There were significant differences among 3 histological types (LNK greater than K greater than S, P less than 0.05). (ii) Cytological studies were done as well as histological ones (48 cases): There was a significance between two groups (LNK greater than S, K greater than S, P less than 0.05). (iii) There was a correlation between the histological and cytological irradiation effects. DNA histogram patterns were also examined spectrophotometrically. It seemed that the patterns after test-irradiation was broad and these peaks were situated rather to high ploidy in histologically and cytologically highly effective cases. Early ultrastructural findings after test irradiation were as follows: (i) appearance of intra-nuclear "pseudoinclusion", (ii) swelling of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and so on. Although these characteristics presented the same sequence of events without regard to their histological types, they were not synchronized. It seemed that they appeared earlier after test-irradiation in histologically high-sensitivity cases than in low-sensitivity cases. PMID- 6631154 TI - [Clinical use of YAG laser]. PMID- 6631155 TI - [Fimbrioplasty and salpingostomy by microsurgery]. PMID- 6631156 TI - Riley-Day syndrome. Management of anesthesia for patients with familial dysautonomia. PMID- 6631157 TI - Fetal/infant mortality. A review of Sedgwick County statistics for 1981. PMID- 6631158 TI - Protamine anaphylaxis. Protocols for therapy in acute reactions. PMID- 6631159 TI - Hemorrhage during myringotomy. Probable causes and appropriate treatment. PMID- 6631160 TI - Erectile dysfunction. A comprehensive approach to evaluation. PMID- 6631161 TI - Appointment-keeping compliance. Unexpected benefits from an unorthodox program. PMID- 6631162 TI - The surgeon and I, the family doctor. PMID- 6631163 TI - Digoxin-quinidine interaction. Clinical considerations of two potential mechanisms. PMID- 6631164 TI - Sjogren's syndrome--an update. PMID- 6631165 TI - Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Kansas. PMID- 6631166 TI - Medical mycology in crisis. PMID- 6631167 TI - Membrane-bound hemoglobin in the erythrocytes of sickle cell anemia. AB - The thoroughly washed ghosts of erythrocytes from normal subjects and patients with sickle cell anemia were assayed for their content of total protein, total globin, hemoglobin, and alpha and beta chains by chemical and electrophoretic techniques. Total protein, globin, and hemoglobin were significantly greater in sickle cell than in normal ghosts. Ghosts prepared from different density fractions of sickle red cells showed no significant differences in protein, globin, or hemoglobin, though membrane-bound globin was highest in the most dense cells. In both whole populations and density fractions of sickle red cells, the majority of the membrane-bound globin retained its heme. Alpha and beta S chains were present in equal amounts in the sickle cell membranes. PMID- 6631168 TI - Diagnostic value of the glycerol lysis test. AB - The diagnostic value of the standard glycerol lysis test (GLT) has been evaluated by studying 95 cases of hereditary spherocytosis (HS), 513 beta- and 25 alpha thalassemia trait (Th) carriers, 170 iron-deficient patients (ID), and 217 patients with miscellaneous hematological conditions. The sensitivity of the test, at 95% specificity, was 97% for beta-Th, 53% for ID, and only 36% for HS, so that the predictive value of a positive result is practically nil for HS, 50% to 85% for Th, and 10% to 35% for ID, depending on the prevalence ratio of the disease in the examined population. The technical variability of GLT, explored by a proper experimental design, was found to be rather high, its main components being repeatability and variability of reagent preparations. The dependence of the results on operators was negligible. It is concluded that GLT is not suitable as a laboratory test for the detection of abnormalities in red cell osmotic fragility because of its very low sensitivity toward increased fragility. For decreased red cell osmotic fragility, the sensitivity of GLT is high; however, it is less valuable than the traditional 0.35% NaCl method as mass screening test for the detection of beta-Th, giving more false positive results. PMID- 6631169 TI - Nephelometric measurement of human serum amyloid P component (SAP). AB - Serum amyloid P component (SAP) is a normal constituent of human serum. A rate nephelometric technique has been developed that can measure this protein more rapidly and reproducibly than previously described methods. Materials required are simple and commercially available. Studies on 30 patients with amyloidosis show no difference in SAP levels from control patients. Rate nephelometry is a simple technique that could expand the ability to measure SAP beyond the research setting. PMID- 6631170 TI - The role of reactive oxygen species in thromboxane b2 generation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - These studies evaluated further the relationship between the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prostaglandins in human granulocytes. Our experiments examined (1) the effects of several scavengers of ROS on thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production by zymosan-stimulated PMNs, (2) the capacity of the granulocytes of patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) to produce TXB2, and finally (3) the generation of oxygen radicals in PMNs stimulated to produce TXB2 by the enzyme phospholipase A2. Our results confirm that both zymosan- and PMA-stimulated PMNs release increased amounts of TXB2. This enhanced production of TXB2 by normal PMNs could not be impaired and, in fact, appeared to be enhanced by scavengers of ROS. The PMNs of one patient with CGD produced TXB2 in an amount similar to those of healthy persons, whereas the TXB2 produced by the PMNs of a second patient was markedly increased. Finally, the enzyme phospholipase A2 stimulated TXB2 production in PMNs without stimulating the production of ROS. These data indicate that the activation of prostaglandin metabolism in PMNs is not dependent on the simultaneous production of ROS by these cells. However, the simultaneous production of ROS may be associated with an alteration of prostaglandin metabolism. PMID- 6631171 TI - Periportal localization of lorazepam glucuronidation in the isolated perfused rat liver. AB - The relative effects of pretreatment with allyl alcohol and carbon tetrachloride on oxidative and glucuronide metabolism of lorazepam have been compared in the isolated perfused rat liver. Livers from rats pretreated for 24 hr with allyl alcohol (1.8 ml/kg, 1:50 solution, to induce pericentral hepatic necrosis), carbon tetrachloride (0.8 mg/kg in corn oil, to induce perivenular hepatic necrosis), or vehicle were perfused with 20% rat blood, 80% Krebs bicarbonate buffer at 20 ml/min. After 300 micrograms of lorazepam had been added to the reservoir, perfusate concentrations of lorazepam were measured in the perfusate at timed intervals. After 180 min, lorazepam and lorazepam glucuronide were measured in perfusate, bile, and liver homogenate. Allyl alcohol and carbon tetrachloride lowered lorazepam clearance by 47% and 77%, respectively. Recovery of lorazepam glucuronide after 180 min was lowered by 35% by treatment with allyl alcohol and increased 73% by treatment with carbon tetrachloride. Glucuronide recovery permitted estimation of fractional glucuronide vs. nonglucuronide clearance. In control rats, glucuronide clearance accounted for 25% of total clearance. Allyl alcohol caused a 64% reduction in glucuronide clearance but only a 39% reduction in nonglucuronide clearance. In contrast, carbon tetrachloride caused a 60% reduction in glucuronide clearance but an 83% reduction in nonglucuronide clearance. The differences in ratios of the changes in glucuronide and nonglucuronide clearance provide further circumstantial evidence that is consistent with the hypothesis of predominant periportal localization of glucuronidation and pericentral localization of oxidative metabolism of lorazepam. PMID- 6631172 TI - Effect of abdominal irradiation on the kinetic parameters of intestinal uptake of glucose, galactose, leucine, and gly-leucine in the rat. AB - A previously validated in vitro technique was used to determine the effect of abdominal irradiation on the intestinal uptake (Jd) of glucose, galactose, leucine, and gly-leucine in the rat. Three days after 600 rads from a cesium-137 source, there was a rise in the jejunal maximal transport rate (Jdm) and the apparent Michaelis constant (Km*) but a decline in the apparent passive permeability coefficient (Pd*) for glucose. Thereafter, there was a progressive decline in Km* and Jdm but a rise in Pd* for glucose uptake. In the ileum, irradiation was associated with an increased Km* and Jdm and a decreased Pd*. Fourteen days after 600 rads, Jd of leucine into the jejunum was unchanged but Jd of leucine into the ileum was increased because of a higher Pd*. The Jd of leucine from gly-leucine was greater than from leucine alone. The Jd of 0.5 to 10 mM gly-leucine into the jejunum was increased after 600 rads, whereas the greater Jd of gly-leucine into the ileum after irradiation was most marked at 40 mM. Fourteen days after 300 rads, the Jd of glucose and galactose was increased into the ileum, whereas the Jd of leucine was decreased and the Jd of these probes into the jejunum and colon was unchanged; 14 days after 900 rads, the Jd of glucose and galactose was unchanged in each site and the Jd of leucine was reduced in the ileum but not the jejunum or colon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631173 TI - Heparinase: in vivo activity and immunogenicity in rabbits. AB - Anticoagulation with heparin is required during extracorporeal circulation for hemodialysis and cardiopulmonary bypass as well as during vascular surgery. Reversal of anticoagulation with protamine may be associated with hypotension and rebound anticoagulation and requires stoichiometric doses. Heparinase from Flavobacterium heparinum catalytically degrades heparin and reverses its anticoagulant effect. Heparin was administered to New Zealand White rabbits and plasma levels were assayed with the APTT anticoagulant assay and the azure A chemical assay. Heparinase actively degraded heparin both in vitro in rabbit plasma and in vivo in rabbit blood as determined by both the anticoagulant and chemical assays when compared to control heparin disappearance curves. Antibodies to heparinase were demonstrated by the ELISA technique in rabbits receiving i.v. heparinase. These antibodies, however, did not effect the activity of the enzyme in vitro or in vivo. No toxic effects of heparinase were noted in observations of the animals or in blood and histologic studies. Heparinase, either free or immobilized, may be a useful heparin-reversing agent without the drawbacks of protamine. PMID- 6631174 TI - Hemopexin metabolism in patients with altered serum levels. AB - The rates of synthesis and degradation of hemopexin (Hx) were studied in vivo to determine the cause of altered serum levels of this protein as seen in hemolytic anemias, chronic neuromuscular diseases, and acute intermittent porphyria. The synthetic and fractional catabolic rates of Hx were measured in patients exhibiting low, normal, or elevated serum Hx levels. It was found that the elevated levels were mainly due to increased synthesis rather than decreased catabolism of Hx. In patients with elevated serum Hx levels, the mean synthetic rate of Hx (13 +/- 1.0 mg/kg/day) was twice that of the patients with normal Hx levels (6.6 +/- 0.3), whereas the fractional catabolic rate was 35.3 +/- 7.1% of the i.v. pool per day vs. 26.5 +/- 0.8 for controls. The low serum Hx levels observed in patients with sickle cell anemia appeared to be due to increased Hx catabolism (36.0 and 40.0% of the i.v. pool per day vs. 26.5 +/- 0.8 for controls) with no compensatory increase in synthesis. This latter finding is in agreement with a study in rhesus monkeys in which repeated administration of a large dose of heme caused an increase in the catabolism of hemopexin without a concurrent increase in its synthesis (J LAB CLIN MED 100:451, 1982). Our results indicate that although both synthesis and catabolism are increased in patients with elevated Hx levels, only catabolism is increased in patients with sickle cell anemia. PMID- 6631175 TI - Legionnaires' pericarditis. PMID- 6631176 TI - Primary lung cancer in patients under 40: a collective review of 304 patients. PMID- 6631178 TI - Initial assessment of craniocerebral trauma. PMID- 6631177 TI - Carcinoid tumor of the small intestine. PMID- 6631179 TI - Maternal mortality. PMID- 6631180 TI - Legal considerations. Contracts. PMID- 6631181 TI - Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture. PMID- 6631182 TI - Practice management. Training computer personnel. PMID- 6631183 TI - Standard and newly-available antidepressant drug treatments. PMID- 6631184 TI - Diagnosis of depression in childhood and adolescence. PMID- 6631185 TI - Clinical application of the dexamethasone suppression test in major depressive illness. PMID- 6631186 TI - Recognizing potential suicide. PMID- 6631187 TI - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Kentucky. PMID- 6631188 TI - "Anything not forbidden is mandatory". PMID- 6631189 TI - The chicken and the egg. PMID- 6631190 TI - Practice management. PMID- 6631191 TI - Enhancing motivation for overcoming learning and behavior problems. PMID- 6631192 TI - Learning disabilities and competency-based instruction: intertwined or poles apart? PMID- 6631193 TI - Pupil attendance in resource rooms as one measure of the time on task variable. PMID- 6631194 TI - Simplifying text for mainstreamed students. PMID- 6631195 TI - Arithmetic remediation and the learning disabled adolescent: fractions and interest level. PMID- 6631196 TI - Sex and group differences in reading and attention disordered children with and without hyperkinesis. PMID- 6631197 TI - A qualitative analysis of morphological ability in learning disabled and achieving children. PMID- 6631198 TI - Teaching learning disabled children to memorize: a rationale for plans and practice. PMID- 6631199 TI - Computer literate LD students shine at Lakewood Elementary School in Silicon Valley, CA. PMID- 6631200 TI - Learning disabled or emotionally disturbed: does it make any difference? Part 1. PMID- 6631201 TI - The homework solution. PMID- 6631202 TI - The International Academy for Research in Learning Disabilities. PMID- 6631203 TI - Learning disabilities and competency-based instruction: intertwined or poles apart? Part II. PMID- 6631204 TI - Professor stories. PMID- 6631205 TI - Reading disability: a new look at an old issue. PMID- 6631207 TI - Developing linguistic auditory memory patterns. PMID- 6631206 TI - An analysis of performance on reading subtests from the 1978 Wide Range Achievement Test and Woodcock Reading Mastery Test with the WISC-R for learning disabled and regular education students. PMID- 6631208 TI - Paraprofessionals in learning disabilities. PMID- 6631209 TI - Cognitive strategies used by learning disabled children: does hyperactivity always make things worse? PMID- 6631210 TI - Self-concept in learning disabled adolescents. PMID- 6631211 TI - Cognitive--motivational factors that contribute to the achievement of learning disabled children. PMID- 6631212 TI - An alternative and a remembrance. PMID- 6631213 TI - Can't vs. won't: the razor's edge. PMID- 6631214 TI - Presence of two forms of apolipoprotein B in patients with dyslipoproteinemia. AB - Current information suggests that the major forms of the human B apolipoproteins, B-100 and B-48, are under separate genetic control and are synthesized by the liver and intestine, respectively. The apolipoprotein B composition of plasma lipoproteins has been determined in order to gain insight into the metabolic defects in patients with dyslipoproteinemias. Patients with type I and type V hyperlipoproteinemia can be separated into two groups based on apolipoprotein composition and triglyceride concentration. The first group had markedly elevated plasma triglycerides with B-48 in the 1.006 g/ml density fraction and only B-100 within IDL and LDL. The second group had plasma triglycerides less than 1200 mg % and only B-100 in all density fractions. Patients with type III hyperlipoproteinemia had B-48 in only the density less than 1.006 g/ml with B-100 in IDL and LDL; the type III hyperlipoproteinemic patient with apolipoprotein E deficiency, however, had B-48 in density less than 1.006 g/ml fraction, IDL, and LDL. Patients with type IIa, IIb, and IV hyperlipoproteinemia had only B-100 in all density fractions. These combined results are interpreted as indicating that B-48 is associated with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins synthesized by the intestine and that patients with phenotypes I, III, and V have defects in chylomicron remnant metabolism. In addition, in patients with types I and V hyperlipoproteinemia, mild hypertriglyceridemia appears to be associated with lipoprotein particles of liver origin. PMID- 6631215 TI - Isolation and characterization of lipoprotein of density less than 1.006 g/ml from rat hepatic lymph. AB - The lipoprotein composition of rat hepatic lymph was studied using an animal model. The hepatic lymph duct of the adult male rat was cannulated and the hepatic lymph was collected. Hepatic lymph contains less than 1% of the total triglyceride output from the liver. Agarose gel electrophoresis of hepatic lymph showed the presence of two major lipoproteins bands, the alpha-migrating HDL and a band moving between plasma beta and pre-beta bands. Lipoprotein of density p less than 1.006 g/ml was then isolated by ultracentrifugation and it was found to correspond to the slow-moving pre-beta band. There was no difference in the mean diameter of hepatic lymph VLDL (64.4 nm) and that of plasma VLDL (64.6 nm). Compared with plasma VLDL, hepatic lymph VLDL has significantly more phospholipid (40% by weight), a higher cholesterol/cholesteryl ester ratio, and a marked reduction in triglyceride content (40% by weight). Although both plasma VLDL and hepatic lymph VLDL have apoE and apoB as the major apolipoproteins, there are other marked differences in apolipoprotein composition. Hepatic lymph VLDL has significantly less apoC and the apoB of hepatic lymph VLDL is predominantly the apoB240k (mol wt 240,000), with a small amount of the apoB330k (mol wt 335,000). On the other hand, plasma VLDL has an equal proportion of both apoB240k and apoB330k. This study presents for the first time the lipid and protein composition of rat hepatic lymph VLDL. Furthermore it has provided evidence that the hepatic lymph duct-cannulated rat can be used as an in vivo model for studying the secretion of nascent hepatic lymph VLDL. PMID- 6631216 TI - Inactivation of rat liver HMG-CoA reductase phosphatases by polycarboxylic acids. AB - Incubation of the four purified HMG-CoA reductase phosphatases with the sodium salts of eleven polycarboxylic acids at concentrations of 40 mM, inactivated the enzymes to different degrees depending on the structure of the carboxylic acids. Maleate, malonate, oxalate, citrate, and hydroxymethylglutarate produced full inactivation at the concentration tested. When the four phosphatases were incubated with these acids, a concentration-dependent inactivation was observed. Fumarate, the trans isomer of maleate, produced little inactivation of the four phosphatases. Mevalonate did not inactivate at all. A relationship between those concentrations of acid that produced a 50% inactivation and the logarithm of the stability constant of Mg2+ or Mn2+ salts of polycarboxylic acids was observed. When reductase phosphatases were incubated with mixtures of polycarboxylic sodium salts and Mg2+ or Mn2+, an increase in the molar ratio divalent cation/carboxylic acid determined an increase in the four reductase phosphatase activities. The inactivating effect of citrate was on the phosphatases (high and low forms) and not on the substrates (HMG-CoA reductase, phosphorylase, and glycogen synthase). Reactivation of the citrate-inactivated phosphatases by Mn2+ and Mg2+ depended on the phosphorylated substrates, Mn2+ being the better activator. It is concluded that HMG-CoA reductase phosphatases are metalloenzymes. PMID- 6631217 TI - Metabolic heterogeneity of post-lipolysis rat mesenteric lymph small chylomicrons produced in vitro. AB - The study was undertaken to investigate the metabolic rat of post-lipolysis mesenteric lymph small chylomicrons produced in vitro. Small chylomicrons doubly labeled with [3H]cholesterol (more than 70% in cholesteryl esters) and [14C]palmitate-labeled triglycerides were collected from rat mesenteric lymph during periods of fasting. Lipolysis was performed in vitro with lipoprotein lipase purified from bovine milk. More than 98% of the chylomicron-triglycerides could be hydrolyzed to fatty acids. Post-lipolysis chylomicrons were separated by zonal ultracentrifugation, characterized, and tested for biological behavior in intact rats. Following lipolysis the lipoproteins lost nearly all their triglycerides, apoA-I, and apoC, and were relatively enriched with cholesteryl esters, unesterified cholesterol, phospholipids, and apoB. Three preparations were tested for biological behavior: pooled (total) post-lipolysis chylomicrons (diameter approximately 250 A); particles at the ascending part of the zonal effluent (diameter approximately 300 A), and at the descending part (diameter approximately 200 A). After intravenous injection to intact rats, [3H]cholesteryl ester decay was very rapid with pooled lipoproteins and the 300-A preparation (t1/2 = 5-10 min). The 200-A preparation in contrast stayed in circulation much longer (t1/2 = 60-90 min). The study thus demonstrated metabolic heterogeneity of post-lipolysis small chylomicrons and indicated that some may form an LDL-like subpopulation with a plasma lifetime slower than "remnants" but faster than LDL. PMID- 6631218 TI - Formation of ursodeoxycholic acid from chenodeoxycholic acid in the human colon: studies of the role of 7-ketolithocholic acid as an intermediate. AB - The formation of ursodeoxycholic acid from chenodeoxycholic acid and the role of 7-ketolithocholic acid as an intermediate in this biotransformation were studied in vitro in fecal incubations as well as in vivo in the human colon. [24-14C] Labeled 7-ketolithocholic and chenodeoxycholic acids were studied at various concentrations, and the biotransformation products were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. There was rapid colonic conversion of 7-ketolithocholic acid to ursodeoxycholic acid and, to a lesser extent, to chenodeoxycholic acid. The reduction of 7-ketolithocholic to ursodeoxycholic acid proceeded significantly faster anaerobically and at acid pH than under aerobic and alkaline conditions. When chenodeoxycholic acid was incubated in vitro or instilled into the colon, various amounts of 7 ketolithocholic and ursodeoxycholic acids were formed. The formation of 7 ketolithocholic acid was favored by alkaline conditions. Isotope dilution studies, in which trace amounts of labeled 7-ketolithocholic acid were incubated with unlabeled chenodeoxycholic acid, indicate 7-ketolithocholic acid to be the major intermediate in the intestinal bacterial conversion of chenodeoxycholic to ursodeoxycholic acid. PMID- 6631219 TI - Evaluation of an isotope ratio method for measuring biliary cholesterol secretion. AB - We have evaluated an isotope ratio method for measuring biliary cholesterol secretion. Secretion was measured in eight nonhuman primates by analysis of radioactivity of feces and plasma 4 weeks after intravenous administration of a single dose of [3H]cholesterol. For the test, [14C]cholesterol was fed in known amounts daily for 10 days. The ratio of isotopes in feces (14C/3H) was equivalent to the ratio of total radioactivity that entered the intestine from diet and bile. Assuming biliary cholesterol specific activity equals plasma cholesterol specific activity, the mass of cholesterol secreted daily in the bile could be calculated. In paired experiments in four animals we were able to directly compare biliary secretion by the new method with mass measurement by intraduodenal intubation (Grundy, S. M., and A. L. Metzger. 1972. Gastroenterology. 52: 2100-1216). The two methods correlated well in these four animals (r = 0.97). We further noted that bile secretion by the new method (eight animals) and by the mass method (four animals) correlated well with body weight (r = 0.94 for weight vs secretion by the isotope ratio method; r = 0.97 for weight vs secretion by the mass ratio method). Ranges of body weight and secretion for the eight animals were 4.2-13.1 kg and 3.6-11.4 mg/hr, respectively. The slopes of the two regression lines for body weight vs. secretion measured by the two methods did not differ significantly from one another (F(1.8) = 1.42; 0.25 less than P less than 0.50).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631220 TI - Cholesterol crystal formation and growth in model bile solutions. AB - Cholesterol monohydrate crystal formation was studied in supersaturated model bile solutions, containing unlabeled cholesterol, sodium cholate and soybean phosphatidylcholine, and tracer amounts of [3H]cholesterol. Solutions were either seeded with cholesterol crystals to initiate growth, or not seeded to allow self nucleation and subsequent crystal growth to occur. Crystal growth at 37 degrees C was measured by two methods. First, radioactive cholesterol crystals were isolated by filtration, and the mass of cholesterol that had precipitated was calculated. In unseeded solutions, there was a long lag period before crystal growth was detected. This lag time was decreased by increases in the cholesterol concentration, temperature, and lipid concentration. In seeded solutions, crystal growth also was dependent on the cholesterol concentration, temperature, and lipid concentration. The second method used to measure crystal growth involved the Coulter Counter. At 37 degrees C, reproducible results were not obtained using unseeded solutions due to blocking of the counter aperture with large crystals. In seeded solutions, crystal growth could be measured as an increase in total particle volume. However, comparison of growth rate estimates from the Coulter Counter with those obtained radiochemically revealed poor agreement between the two methods. It is probable that the Coulter Counter is inaccurate in measuring the volume of cholesterol monohydrate crystals due to their anisometric shape. PMID- 6631221 TI - Hepatic lipase stimulates the uptake of high density lipoprotein cholesterol by hepatoma cells. AB - The objective of this study was to determine whether high density lipoproteins (HDL) that have been treated with hepatic lipase have an enhanced ability to deliver cholesterol to cells. Human HDL was incubated with rat hepatic lipase, reisolated, and subjected to compositional analysis. Approximately 28% of the HDL phosphatidylcholine was hydrolyzed by the hepatic lipase but no change was detected in the cholesterol or apoprotein content of the HDL compared to HDL incubated with heat-inactivated hepatic lipase. Cultured rat hepatoma cells exposed to hepatic lipase-modified HDL showed an increased uptake of HDL free cholesterol relative to cells exposed to control HDL. This increased delivery of HDL free cholesterol was demonstrated by both isotopic and mass determinations and it contributed to a 1.6-fold increase in total cellular cholesterol content relative to cells treated with control HDL. The free cholesterol delivered by the HDL is functionally available to the cell as evidenced by the conversion of radiolabeled free cholesterol to cholesteryl ester. The stimulation of free cholesterol delivery was dose-dependent up to a level of 100 micrograms of HDL free cholesterol/ml of extracellular medium, and was directly related to the extent of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. The enhanced cellular accumulation of HDL free cholesterol observed with hepatic lipase appears to be due to the phospholipase activity of this enzyme, since similar results were obtained with HDL that had been modified by snake venom phospholipase A2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631222 TI - Apolipoprotein E-enriched lipoprotein subclasses in normolipidemic subjects. AB - This study was undertaken to objectively define the lipoprotein association of apoE without ultracentrifugation and represents a description of three distinct apoE-containing lipoprotein (LP) subclasses in normal human plasma. The lipoproteins of whole plasma were fractionated in a continuous manner by molecular sieve chromatography using 4% agarose and the elution profile of apoE was compared to that of apoB, apoA-I, cholesterol, and triglyceride. The data show that all apoE in normal subjects is LP-associated and is confined to three discrete LP subfractions of characteristic size. The largest (fraction I), appears to be a subclass of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). The other two, however, are distinct in size from the major cholesterol-carrying LP; fraction II is intermediate in size between VLDL and the major apoB-containing lipoprotein, LDL; and fraction III is larger than the major apoA-I-containing lipoproteins, HDL, but smaller than LDL. Parallel chromatography of supernatant and infranatant fractions obtained after ultracentrifugation of serum at each of three different densities, 1.006, 1.019, and 1.063 g/ml confirmed that fraction I is of density less than 1.006 g/ml, but that fractions II and III overlap the conventional density intervals. PMID- 6631223 TI - Studies on fat digestion, absorption, and transport in the suckling rat. IV. In vivo rates of triacylglycerol secretion by intestine and liver. AB - The rate of triacylglycerol entry into plasma in 14- to 15-day-old suckling rats was measured using the Triton WR1339 method. When the pups were left with the mother and allowed to nurse continually, the rate was 31.8 +/- 2.3 mumol/hr per rat. If the pups were removed from the mother with full stomachs and kept in a warm box at 30-32 degrees C, the rate was 12.5 +/- 1.5 mumol/hr per rat. The rate of triacylglycerol output from the intestine measured in lymph duct-cannulated animals (kept in a warm box at 30-32 degrees C) was 14.9 +/- 2.7 mumol/hr per rat. Triton treatment of lymph duct-cannulated animals caused only a small increase in plasma triacylglycerol concentration (less than 2 mumol/hr per rat). These data suggest that nearly 100% of plasma triacylglycerol arises from intestinal input in the suckling rat. PMID- 6631224 TI - A simple specific method for precipitation of low density lipoproteins. AB - A simple method is described for precipitation of low density lipoproteins. The results correlate well with those from ultracentrifugation in combination with polyanion precipitation (135 +/- 35 vs 136 +/- 35, r = 0.984, n = 13) or quantitative lipoprotein electrophoresis (r = 0.9287, n = 6394). In addition to lipoprotein analysis, this method may be used for the extracorporeal elimination of plasma low density lipoproteins. PMID- 6631225 TI - Photolabile derivatives of bile salts. Synthesis and suitability for photoaffinity labeling. AB - In an approach to the identification of bile salt-binding carriers, the photoactivable bile acid derivatives A) 3 beta-azido, 7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy 5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid, B) 7,7-azo-3 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24 oic acid, and C) 11 xi-azido-12-oxo-3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24 oic acid were synthesized in unconjugated and taurine-conjugated form. Photolysis of the 3 beta-azido derivatives was studied using a light source with a maximum emission at 300 nm and established a half-life time of 18.5 min. The photochemistry of the 7,7-azo derivatives was investigated using light with a maximum at 350 nm and had a half-life time of 2.2 min. The 11 xi-azido-12-oxo derivatives were photolyzed with light having a maximum at 300 nm resulting in a half-life time of 8.5 min. The suitability of the 7,7-azo derivatives for photoaffinity labeling was demonstrated by photolyses in 14C-labeled methanol and acetonitrile. The generated carbene reacted with the solvents under covalent bond formation of 6 to 12%. The efficiency of all synthesized photolabile derivatives for photoaffinity labeling of bile salt binding proteins was demonstrated. PMID- 6631226 TI - Synthesis of four diastereoisomers at carbons 24 and 25 of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid, intermediates of bile acid biosynthesis. AB - The synthesis of four stereoisomers at C-24 and C-25 of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid is described. Pyridium chlorochromate oxidation of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-triacetoxy-5 beta-cholan-24 ol (II) prepared from cholic acid (I) afforded 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha triacetoxy-5 beta-cholan-24-al (III) which was converted to a mixture of the four stereoisomers (IV-VII) by a Reformatsky reaction with ethyl DL-alpha bromopropionate followed by alkaline hydrolysis. Separation of these isomers (IV VII) was achieved by silica gel column chromatography, and subsequent reversed phase partition column chromatography. The configurations at C-24 were elucidated by conversion of each isomer into (24R)- or (24S)-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrol (XII or XI) by Kolbe electric coupling, the C-24 configurations of which were determined by modified Horeau's method and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The stereochemistries at C-25 were deduced by comparison of IV-VII with the products of the hydroboration followed by oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide of (24E)-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha trihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-24-en-26-oic acid (XIII). PMID- 6631227 TI - Differential susceptibility of mono- and di-O-alkyl ether phosphoglycerides to acetolysis. AB - The effectiveness of acetolysis as a tool in structural characterization of mono- and di-O-alkyl phosphoglycerides was investigated. Surprisingly, it was found that the di-O-alkyl phosphoglycerides were resistant to attack during acetolysis, whereas the mono-ether types, with a free hydroxyl function or an ester on carbon 2, were easily attacked at the glycerol-phosphate bond. On the other hand, Vitride reduction occurred readily with the mono-ether or di-ether phosphoglycerides. The implications of these findings as they relate to identification of ether phospholipids in tissues are discussed. PMID- 6631228 TI - Synthesis of carbon-13-labeled tetradecanoic acids. AB - The synthesis of tetradecanoic acid enriched with 13C at carbons 1, 3, or 6 is described. The label at the carbonyl carbon was introduced by treating 1 bromotridecane with K13CN (90% enriched) to form the 13C-labeled nitrile, which upon hydrolysis yielded the desired acid. The [3-13C]tetradecanoic acid was synthesized by alkylation of diethyl sodio-malonate with [1-13C]1-bromododecane; the acid was obtained upon saponification and decarboxylation. The label at the 6 position was introduced by coupling the appropriately labeled alkylcadmium chloride with the half acid chloride methyl ester of the appropriate dioic acid, giving the corresponding oxo fatty acid ester. Formation of the tosylhydrazone of the oxo-ester followed by reduction with sodium cyanoborohydride gave the labeled methyl tetradecanoate which, upon hydrolysis, yielded the desired tetradecanoic acid. All tetradecanoic acids were identical to unlabeled analogs as evaluated by gas-liquid chromatography and infrared or NMR spectroscopy. These labeled fatty acids were used subsequently to prepare the correspondingly labeled diacyl phosphatidylcholines. PMID- 6631229 TI - Uptake and metabolism of exogenous gangliosides by cultured cells: effect of choleragen on the turnover of GM1. AB - When added to the culture medium, 3H-labeled GM1 (tritiated predominantly in the terminal galactose residue) was taken up by murine NCTC 2071 and rat glioma C6 cells, both of which are GM1-deficient. Upon incubating the labeled cells in fresh medium, the cell-associated GM1 was metabolized by the cells with a half life of 1 to 2 days. Some of the GM1 was converted to GD1a but the bulk of the label appeared in the medium as degradation products. When GM1 labeled in the sialic acid or lipid portion of the molecule was utilized, GM2 also was detected with time in the cells and only a small fraction of the radioactivity was detected in the medium. The rat glioma C6 cells appeared unable to degrade the GM2 that they accumulated; this was demonstrated directly by incubating the cells with labeled GM2. The uptake and subsequent metabolism of GM1 was observed over a wide range of GM1 concentrations (10(-8) to 10(-4) M). The GM1-treated cells initially bound more iodinated choleragen than did untreated cells; but with time, binding capacity decreased. When GM1-treated cells were transferred to fresh medium in the presence of excess choleragen, the amount of cell-associated GM1 remained relatively constant for several days; the conversion of GM1 to GD1a also was blocked. Although labeled GM3 and GD1b also were taken up by the cells, choleragen had no effect on their subsequent metabolism. Choleragenoid, the binding subunit of choleragen, also inhibited GM1 metabolism without activating adenylate cyclase. These results indicate that exogenous gangliosides taken up by cultured cells are metabolized and that choleragen, which binds with high affinity to GM1, specifically prevents the metabolism of this ganglioside. PMID- 6631230 TI - Isoproteins of human apolipoprotein A-II: isolation and characterization. AB - In human serum, polymorphism of apoA-II predominantly in HDL3 could be demonstrated. HDL3-apoA-II was composed of four isoproteins, each with a molecular weight of 8600 (reduced form) and identical immunological properties. The isoproteins are designated apoA-II-1 (pI 5.16), apoA-II-2 (pI 4.89) corresponding to the already known apoA-II monomer band, apoA-II-3 (pI 4.58), and apoA-II-4 (pI 4.31). The amino acid compositions of the A-II isoproteins were virtually identical with the published data for apoA-II. Treatment with acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, or neuraminidase before electrophoresis did not alter the apoA-II pattern. The apoA-II isoprotein pattern was studied in ten male and ten female normolipidemic volunteers, in two patients with Tangier disease, and in three patients with abetalipoproteinemia. The isoelectric focusing patterns of apoA-II appeared virtually identical in all subjects. However, in Tangier disease, due to the low apo-A-II concentration, only apoA-II 1 and apoA-II-2 were detectable, and in abetalipoproteinemia a different relative distribution pattern of the individual isoforms was found as compared to normal HDL3. Our studies indicate that apoA-II, similar to apoA-I, exists in several isoforms. The relationship of these isoforms to each other is at present unclear. They may originate from relatively basic isoproteins that are modified in charge by post-translational processes such as proteolytic cleavage, sequential deamidation, or other mechanisms. PMID- 6631231 TI - Ethanol treatment increases triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester content of cultured hepatoma cells. AB - Well-differentiated Reuber H35 rat hepatoma cells in culture maintain a variety of biochemical functions characteristic of hepatocytes [Deschatrette, J., and M. C. Weiss. 1974. Biochimie. 56: 1603-1611]. To demonstrate the suitability of this system as a model for exploring mechanisms of ethanol hepatotoxicity, the following were investigated: 1) ethanol metabolism in whole cells and cell extracts and 2) effects of ethanol exposure on cellular lipid content. Cultures of H35 cells exposed to 10 mm ethanol metabolized the ethanol at rates similar to those reported in rat liver. Under these conditions, soluble alcohol dehydrogenase activity accounted for greater than 87% of total ethanol metabolism. H35 cells exposed to 240 mm ethanol for 3 days contained four times more triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester than control cells. Total phospholipid and unesterified cholesterol levels were unaffected by ethanol. Neutral lipid content of Chinese hamster ovary cells was unchanged after ethanol exposure. The increased triacylglycerol content of ethanol-treated H35 cells appeared to result from an accelerated rate of conversion of long chain fatty acids into triacylglycerol. Several lines of evidence indicated that alcohol dehydrogenase mediated ethanol oxidation was critical in promoting increased triacylglycerol content of cultured cells. Since 240 mm ethanol blocked cellular proliferation, long term effects of ethanol were studied at a level of 10 mm, which allowed a nearly normal growth rate. After 7 weeks of continuous exposure, 10 mm ethanol treated H35 cells contained five times more triacylglycerol than paired controls. The well-differentiated H35 cell appears to be an excellent in vitro model system for studying both short-term and long-term effects of ethanol on liver cells. Polokoff, M. A., M. Iwahashi, and F. R. Simon. Ethanol treatment increases triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester content of cultured hepatoma cells. PMID- 6631232 TI - Independent effects of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoprotein E. AB - Nine normolipidemic males (18-37 years) were fed formula diets containing (as % of calories) egg white protein (15%), glucose polymer:sucrose, 3:1 (54%), and fats (31%) as one of the following: corn oil (corn), corn oil plus 1 gram/day cholesterol (corn+), coconut oil (coco), coconut oil plus 1 gram/day cholesterol (coco+). Two dietary periods of 18 days each were separated by 1 month during which plasma lipid levels returned to prestudy values. A given dietary period consisted of 9 days of either corn or coco feeding allowed by 9 days of corn+ or coco+, respectively. Fasting plasma samples were taken the last 3 days of each 9 day interval. Lipids were determined by standard procedures and the apoE levels in lipoprotein fractions isolated by discontinuous density gradient ultracentrifugation were determined by radioimmunoassay. The biochemical variables measured were: total plasma, VLDL, IDL + LDL, and HDL, cholesterol, triglyceride, and apoE levels, as well as the apoE of plasma d greater than 1.17 g/ml. The effects of apoE phenotype, the type of dietary oil (corn versus coco), the presence or absence of dietary cholesterol, and the day of sampling within triplicates on the above variables were assessed statistically. The type of oil had the only significant effect on any variable. At P less than 0.01, the coconut oil diets were associated with significant elevations (as compared to corn oil) of the following nine variables: total, VLDL, IDL + LDL, and HDL cholesterol; total, VLDL, and IDL + LDL apoE; total and VLDL triglycerides. PMID- 6631233 TI - Regulation of acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase by 25-hydroxycholesterol in rabbit intestinal microsomes and absorptive cells. AB - The regulation of rabbit intestinal acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) by 25-hydroxycholesterol was studied. 25-Hydroxycholesterol significantly increased jejunal microsomal ACAT activity. The stimulation of ACAT activity by 25-hydroxycholesterol was inversely related to microsomal cholesterol content. In enterocytes, 25-hydroxycholesterol stimulated cholesteryl ester synthesis 6-fold. The esterification of cholesterol, taken up by enterocytes from liposomes or bile salt micelles, was increased by 25-hydroxycholesterol. This, however, did not affect the rate of uptake of cholesterol by the cells. In intestinal cells from rabbits fed cholesterol, the effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol on cholesteryl ester synthesis was 50% of that in cells prepared from animals fed no cholesterol. 25 Hydroxycholesterol stimulated the esterification of newly synthesized cholesterol. As new free cholesterol increased in enterocytes, 25 hydroxycholesterol lost its effect. Despite large amounts of newly synthesized cholesterol, oleic acid incorporation into cholesteryl ester was not increased. We conclude that 25-hydroxycholesterol increases intestinal ACAT activity. The effect of 25-hydroxycholesterol on ACAT is dependent upon the availability of cholesterol to the enzyme. At cholesterol concentrations below saturation, the oxygenated sterol has a stimulatory effect. If ACAT is saturated, 25 hydroxycholesterol has no effect. ACAT catalyzes the esterification of two separate pools of cholesterol within the enterocyte, i.e., newly synthesized cholesterol and membrane cholesterol. 25-Hydroxycholesterol increases the esterification rate of cholesterol in both pools. PMID- 6631234 TI - Apolipoprotein E phenotyping with a single gel method: application to the study of informative matings. AB - Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing before and after treatment with cysteamine are currently used to determine the six apolipoprotein E isomorphic phenotypes from isolated very low density lipoproteins. A technique is described that makes this possible by performing isoelectric focusing on a single polyacrylamide cylindrical gel under standardized conditions. The technique is simple and accurate enough to obtain 99.5% concordance when the gels are interpreted independently by four different skilled and unskilled observers in the absence of any knowledge of the origin of the samples. There was complete agreement between our technique and the bidimensional method carried out independently in another laboratory on 74 aliquots of plasma very low density lipoproteins. Its application to 16 informative matings involving 101 subjects confirmed the recent demonstration that the apolipoprotein E phenotype inheritance is autosomal and compatible with three common alleles acting at a single genetic locus. Analyses of the contribution of apoE polymorphism to lipid and lipoprotein variability demonstrated a recessive allelic effect of epsilon 2 on plasma very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and a dominant epsilon 4 effect on low density lipoprotein cholesterol. As much as 30% of the variability in low density lipoprotein cholesterol was attributable to this polymorphic gene locus. A simplified scheme is proposed for the symbolic representation of the six phenotypes for clinical and genetic applications. PMID- 6631235 TI - Fluorometric assay for rat liver peroxisomal fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase activity. AB - These studies report the development of a simple, specific, and highly sensitive fluorometric assay for rat liver peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity. In this in vitro procedure fatty acyl-CoA-dependent H2O2 production was coupled in a peroxidase-catalyzed reaction to the oxidation of scopoletin (6-methoxy-7 hydroxycoumarin), a highly fluorescent compound, to a nonfluorescent product. Enzyme-catalyzed reaction rates as low as 5 pmol of H2O2 produced per minute could readily be detected. The reaction was studied in liver homogenates from normal rats with respect to absolute activity, time course, protein concentration dependence, substrate concentration dependence, pH optimum, substrate specificity, and cofactor requirements. The properties of the enzyme activity as assessed by the fluorometric assay agree well with those determined by other investigators using other assay methods. After subcellular fractionation of liver homogenates by differential centrifugation, the fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity distributed like known peroxisomal marker enzymes. These results demonstrate that the fluorometric assay of fatty acyl-CoA oxidase should be useful in studying the distribution, properties, and subcellular localization of the enzyme, particularly in enzyme sources of low activity or in situations when only small amounts of material are available. PMID- 6631236 TI - General methods for the analysis of metabolic profiles of bile acids and related compounds in feces. AB - A general method is described for the detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of bile acids and related compounds from feces. The technique utilizes a novel combination of liquid-gel and liquid-solid extraction, lipophilic ion exchange chromatography, and capillary column gas-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, which permits the detailed composition of bile acids in feces in terms of both the individual bile acids present and their mode of conjugation in the original fecal sample. The extraction, purification, and isolation procedures have been evaluated using fecal samples containing endogenous radioactive bile acid metabolites and from the addition of radiolabeled standards to fecal homogenates. The applicability of the general procedure is illustrated with examples from the analysis of bile acids and sterols in the feces collected from normal healthy subjects, patients with chronic diarrhea, and an adult female Sprague-Dawley rat. The flexibility of the method, and the general problems encountered in the extraction, purification, and isolation of bile acids and related classes of compounds from feces for subsequent analysis of gas-liquid chromatography are discussed in detail. PMID- 6631237 TI - Quantitative release of fatty acids from lipids by a simple hydrolysis procedure. AB - Glycerolipids and sphingolipids are hydrolyzed with 0.5 M HCl in acetonitrile water 9:1 (by vol) for 45 min at 100 degrees C or 4 hr at 70 degrees C. After hydrolysis, free fatty acids (FFA) are recovered in chloroform and separated by thin-layer chromatography. More than 95% of the radioactivity from labeled phospholipids is recovered as FFA, and more than 97% of the lipid phosphorus is recovered as water-soluble phosphate. The yields of FFA, including polyunsaturated acids, after hydrolysis are as good as or better than those obtained for methyl esters using methanolysis catalyzed by acid, alkali, or BF3. High recoveries of FFA from glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelin, and neutral glycerides are attained. The procedure is quantitative, simple, inexpensive, and produces no methyl esters as secondary products. PMID- 6631238 TI - Dietary saturated fatty acid content affects lymph lipoproteins: studies in the rat. AB - We examined effects on intestinal absorption of cholesterol and triglycerides and intestinal lipoprotein formation by feeding rats diets in which saturated fatty acids (palmitic plus stearic) comprised 78%, 68%, 48%, or 38% of triglyceride fatty acids. Absorption into lymph of radiolabeled cholesterol was proportional to triglyceride absorption. The rates of absorption of these lipids were related inversely to the % saturated fatty acids fed. The distribution of newly absorbed cholesterol and triglyceride into intestinal lipoproteins differed. With increasing cholesterol absorption more was recovered in very low density lipoproteins in contrast to the appearance preferentially in chylomicrons of larger quantities of fatty acid. Lymph lipid content did not reflect a consistent pattern in relation to the experimental diet fed. The fatty acid composition of triglyceride-rich lymph lipoproteins resembled the diet closely. One-quarter of the intestinal lymph particles from rats fed the highly saturated diets was flattened and polygonal as judged by electron microscopy if cooled to room temperature; whereas with the same diets, particles collected and isolated at 37 degrees C were round. Proportions of A-I and C apolipoproteins in triglyceride rich intestinal particles varied inversely; apoA-I increased as fat/cholesterol absorption was greater. Diet-induced alterations in plasma lipoproteins and increased circulating triglycerides in this study in rats were unrelated to the variations in intestinal absorption or lymph lipoprotein formation. PMID- 6631239 TI - Intestinal lipoproteins in the rat with D-(+)-galactosamine hepatitis. AB - D-(+)-galactosamine (GalN) induces severe reversible hepatocellular injury in the rat accompanied by lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, defective chylomicron (CM) catabolism, and accumulation of abnormal plasma lipoproteins (Lps), including discoidal high density lipoproteins (HDL). These abnormalities are presumed to result from hepatic injury alone, but the effect of GalN on intestinal Lps has not been studied. To assess possible effects on intestinal Lp formation and secretion, mesenteric lymph fistula rats were injected with GalN or saline. Twenty-four hours later a 2-hr fasting lymph sample was collected; this was followed by an 8-hr duodenal infusion of a lipid emulsion containing 17.7 mM [3H]triolein at 3 ml/hr. Fasting lymph and fat-infused lymph flow rates, 3H, triglyceride, and cholesterol output, residual 3H in intestinal lumen and mucosa, total 3H recovery, and d less than 1.006 g/ml Lp size and lipid composition were unchanged by GalN treatment, but d less than 1.006 g/ml Lps were depleted of apoE and C. Fat-infused lymph phospholipid (PL) output was higher in GalN rats due to PL-enriched d greater than 1.006 g/ml Lps. Electron microscopy of lymph and plasma LDL and HDL revealed spherical Lps in all samples. GalN plasma, fasting lymph, and fat-infused lymph also contained large abnormal LDL and discoidal HDL. Control lymph LDL and HDL did not differ in size from control plasma LDL and HDL. Control lymph LDL contained both apoB240K and B335K. However, spherical LDL and discoidal HDL in fasting lymph from GalN rats differed significantly in size from the corresponding plasma particles and became closer in size to the plasma particles with fat infusion. GalN lymph LDL contained only apoB240K and had a lower PL/CE than GalN plasma LDL. GalN fasting lymph HDL, depleted of apoC and having a PL/CE of 5, became enriched in apoE and the PL/CE increased to 10 with fat infusion to closely resemble GalN plasma HDL. GalN reduces apoE and C (mainly of hepatic origin) in d less than 1.006 g/ml gut Lps, which may contribute to the CM catabolic defect in GalN rats. Lymph LDL and HDL, especially in fasting lymph, may be partially gut-derived with increased filtration of plasma Lps into lymph with fat infusion. GalN fat-infused lymph HDL is enriched in apoE, but unable to transfer apoE to d less than 1.006 g/ml intestinal Lps. We conclude that GalN hepatitis is a model that allows study of intestinal Lps with normal lipid digestion and absorption in the face of severe hepatic injury and LCAT deficiency. PMID- 6631240 TI - Biotransformation of chenodeoxycholic acid by Pseudomonas species NCIB 10590 under anaerobic conditions. AB - The metabolism of chenodeoxycholic acid by Pseudomonas sp. NCIB 10590 under strict anaerobic conditions was studied. A range of unsaturated acidic and neutral metabolites were isolated and identified. The major acidic product was chola-4,6-dien-3-one-24-oic acid whilst the major neutral product was androsta 4,6-dien-3,17-dione. The major acidic products were 7 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-cholan 3-oxo-24-oic acid, 3-oxo-4,6-pregnadien-20-carboxylic acid, 7 alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo 1,4-pregnadien-20-carboxylic acid, and 7 alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-pregnen-20 carboxylic acid. The minor neutral products were androsta-1,4,6-trien-3,17-dione, 17 beta-hydroxyandrosta-4,6-dien-3,17-dione, 17 beta-hydroxyandrosta-1,4,6-trien 3-one, 7 alpha-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione, and 7 alpha-hydroxyandrost-4 en-3,17-dione. In contrast to aerobic catabolism of chenodeoxycholic acid by Pseudomonas sp. NCIB 10590 in which 1,4-dienone steroids predominate, the major products described in this study are 4,6-dienone steroids. This is because of the induction of a 7 alpha-dehydroxylase enzyme under anaerobic conditions. PMID- 6631241 TI - Role of acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase in cholesterol absorption and its inhibition by 57-118 in the rabbit. AB - Esterification of cholesterol in rabbit small intestine mucosal microsomes by acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT, Ec 2.3.1.26) and mucosal cytosol by cholesterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13) was studied. Compound 57-118. N-(1-oxo-9 octadecenyl)-DL-tryptophan(Z)ethyl ester, an inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, was found to inhibit in vitro ACAT in mucosal microsomes at concentrations of 2 20 nmol/0.5 ml incubation mixture, but had no effect on cholesterol esterase in the cytosol at similar concentrations. A kinetic analysis using a Lineweaver-Burk plot indicates that 57-118 acts as a competitive inhibitor of ACAT. An ex vivo study in the rabbit where 57-118 was given by gavage at a dose of 200 mg/kg also showed inhibition of ACAT but not of cholesterol esterase. High performance liquid chromatography determination of 57-118 in various subcellular fractions demonstrated the presence of this substance after oral administration in concentrations in mucosal microsomes equivalent to those required to show inhibition of ACAT in vitro. These data support the work of Norum et al. (1979, Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 9: 55-62) indicating mucosal ACAT plays a significant role in cholesterol absorption. PMID- 6631242 TI - Glucosylceramides of pig epidermis: structure determination. AB - Six series of glucosylceramides from pig epidermis have been identified, and their structures have been determined. The structural types identified are: 1, N acylglucosylsphingosines (33%); 2, N-acylglucosylphytosphingosines (13%); 3, N (omega-hydroxyacyl)-glucosylsphingosines (3%); 4, N-(alpha-hydroxyacyl) glucosylphingosines (15%); 5, N-(alpha-hydroxyacyl)-glucosylsphingosines (16%); 6, N-(alpha-hydroxyacyl)-glucosylphytosphingosines (20%). The 4th and 5th classes of glucosylceramides differ in that the former contains mostly 24- to 28-carbon alpha-hydroxyacids, while the latter contains mostly alpha-hydroxypalmitic acid. PMID- 6631243 TI - Metabolism of straight saturated medium chain length (C9 to C12) dicarboxylic acids. AB - A method utilizing thin-layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry was developed for the quantification of C9, C10, C11, and C12 dicarboxylic acids in serum, urine, and feces of human volunteers and rats after oral administration of the acids. The method allowed good resolution and measurement of the dicarboxylic acids at nanogram levels. In humans, excretion was independent of the dosage; about 60% of C9, 17% of C10, 5% of C11, and 1% of C12 were excreted in the urine during the first 12 hours after administration. The concentration of the acids in serum peaked between 2 and 3 hours. Excretion was also independent of dosage in rats. About 2.5% of C, 2.1% of C10, 1.8% of C11, and 1.6% of C12 were excreted in the urine over a period of 5 days. The serum concentration and the urinary excretion of the diacids reached a maximum at the second day after the oral dose. In both humans and rats, the dicarboxylic acids found in serum and urine were 2, 4, or 6 carbon atoms shorter than the corresponding administered diacid. This indicates that there was beta oxidation of the ingested diacids to some extent. The administration of [1,9 14C]azeliac acid and of [10,11-3H]dodecandioic acid confirmed the occurrence of beta-oxidation, and led to elucidation of the fate of the ingested diacids that were not excreted as such in the urine. PMID- 6631244 TI - Resistance of a very low density lipoprotein subpopulation from familial dysbetalipoproteinemia to in vitro lipolytic conversion to the low density lipoprotein density fraction. AB - In vitro lipolysis of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) from normolipidemic and familial dysbetalipoproteinemic plasma by purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase was studied using the combined single vertical spin and vertical autoprofile method of lipoprotein analysis. Lipolysis of normolipidemic plasma supplemented with autologous VLDL resulted in the progressive transformation of VLDL to low density lipoprotein (LDL) via intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) with the transfer of the excess cholesterol to high density lipoprotein (HDL). At the end of 60 min lipolysis, 92-96% of VLDL triglyceride was hydrolyzed, and, with this process, greater than 95% of the VLDL cholesterol and 125-I-labeled VLDL protein was transferred from the VLDL to the LDL and HDL density region. When VLDL from the plasma of an individual with familial dysbetalipoproteinemia was substituted for VLDL from normolipidemic plasma, less than 50% of the VLDL cholesterol and 65% of 125I-labeled protein was removed from the VLDL density region, although 84 86% of VLDL triglyceride was lipolyzed. Analysis of familial dysbetalipoproteinemic VLDL fractions from pre- and post-lipolyzed plasma showed that the VLDL remaining in the postlipolyzed plasma (lipoprotein lipase-resistant VLDL) was richer in cholesteryl ester and tetramethylurea-insoluble proteins than that from prelipolysis plasma; the major apolipoproteins in the lipoprotein lipase-resistant VLDL were apoB and apoE. During lipolysis of normolipidemic VLDL containing trace amounts of 125I-labeled familial dysbetalipoproteinemic VLDL, removal of VLDL cholesterol was nearly complete from the VLDL density region, while removal of 125I-labeled protein was only partial. A competition study for lipoprotein lipase, comparing normolipidemic and familial dysbetalipoproteinemic VLDL to an artificial substrate ([3H]triolein), revealed that normolipidemic VLDL is clearly better than familial dysbetalipoproteinemic VLDL in competing for the release of 3H-labeled free fatty acids. The results of this study suggest that, in familial dysbetalipoproteinemic individuals, a subpopulation of VLDL rich in cholesteryl ester, apoB, and apoE is resistant to in vitro conversion by lipoprotein lipase to particles having LDL-like density. The presence of this lipoprotein lipase-resistant VLDL in familial dysbetalipoproteinemic subjects likely contributes to the increased level of cholesteryl ester-rich VLDL and IDL in the plasma of these subjects. PMID- 6631245 TI - Selective accumulation of low density lipoproteins in damaged arterial wall. AB - To determine whether damaged arterial wall selectively accumulates lipoproteins, normocholesterolemic rabbits were injected with human radiolabeled low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins, and/or albumin 24 hr to 12 weeks after balloon-catheter de-endothelialization of the abdominal aorta. When 125I-labeled low density lipoproteins and 99mTc-labeled albumin were injected simultaneously, the amount of 125I-low density lipoprotein present 24 hr later in abdominal aortas increased steadily, for several weeks, above the amount present at 24 hr in control animals. The increase correlated closely with the degree of re endothelialization and correlated closely with the degree of re endothelialization and reached an average maximum for the whole abdominal aorta of three times control when re-endothelialization was between 75 and 85% complete. By contrast, the amounts of 99mTc-albumin or 125I-labeled high density lipoprotein in balloon-damaged abdominal aortas, and the amounts of 125I-low density lipoprotein, 125I-high density lipoprotein, or 99mTc-albumin in undamaged thoracic aortas of injured animals showed no such increase. As early as 2 weeks after de-endothelialization, en face radioautographs made following injection of 125I-labeled low density lipoproteins revealed localized areas of greatest radioactivity around the leading edges of regenerating endothelial islands, broad areas of intermediate radioactivity corresponding to the de-endothelialized areas, and very like radioactivity in the re-endothelialized areas. This pattern occurred rarely with 125I-labeled high density lipoproteins and not at all with 125I-labeled albumin. The results suggest that low density lipoproteins are selectively accumulated by the healing rabbit aorta and that the accumulation is greatest in regions where the endothelium is actively regenerating. PMID- 6631246 TI - Lack of effect of experimental ascorbic acid deficiency on bile acid metabolism, sterol balance, and biliary lipid composition in man. AB - Extensive studies in animal models indicate that subclinical ascorbic acid deficiency impairs the conversion of cholesterol to bile acid, elevates plasma cholesterol levels, and predisposes to development of cholesterol cholelithiasis. The present study was designed to see if this is also true in man. Five normal volunteers were hospitalized in a metabolic ward and placed on a controlled diet containing 3-4 mg of ascorbic acid each day. Ascorbic acid supplementation was given as follows: control period I (days 1-33), 75 mg/day; deficient period (days 34-96), 0 mg/day; and repletion period (days 97-101), 1000 mg/day. In addition, three of the subjects were studied during a second control period (days 102-139) during which they were given 75 mg/day of ascorbic acid. Ascorbate levels at the end of both control periods were 0.87-1.34 mg/dl in plasma and 19.4-29.5 micrograms/10(8) cells in leukocytes. At the end of the deficient period these levels were 0.09-0.15 mg/dl in plasma and 6.2-10.0 micrograms/10(8) cells in leukocytes, levels approaching those seen in scurvy. There was no effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on plasma cholesterol and triglycerides; plasma cholesterol in high, very low, and low density lipoprotein fractions; biliary lipid composition and saturation index of gallbladder bile; synthesis, fractional turnover, or pool size of either cholic or chenodeoxycholic acids; output of fecal acid or neutral sterols; and fecal sterol balance. Total bile acid pool size calculated by the one-sample technique was reduced 11% in the deficient period compared to control period I (P less than 0.005), and increased to 98.7% of the baseline levels in control period II. However, total bile acid pool calculated by the Lindstedt method did not change during deficiency. These data demonstrate that short-term subclinical ascorbic acid deficiency near the scorbutic range has no significant effect on bile acid and cholesterol metabolism in man. PMID- 6631247 TI - Distribution and characterization of the serum lipoproteins and apoproteins in the mouse, Mus musculus. AB - Murine lipoproteins were separated into nine subfractions by a density gradient ultracentrifugal procedure. They were characterized by electrophoretic, immunological, chemical, and morphological analyses, and their protein moieties were defined according to charge, molecular weight, and isoelectric point. HDL predominated (approximately 500 mg/dl serum), the mode of its distribution being situated in the d 1.09-1.10 g/ml (F 1.21 approximately 4) region. Chemical analysis showed subfractions of d 1.085-1.136 g/ml to resemble human HDL3 closely, including the presence of apoA-I (Mr 25,000-27,000) as their major apolipoprotein. An apoA-II-like protein, of Mr 8400 (in monomeric form), was also tentatively identified. In electrophoretic mobility and chemical composition, the d 1.060-1.085 g/ml subfraction (approximately 10% of total HDL) was distinct and akin to human HDL2. ApoA-I represented approximately 60% of its complement of low molecular weight apoproteins. The density range used for separation of human HDL2 (d 1.066-1.100 g/ml) by gradient ultracentrifugation is inadequate in the mouse, and the d 1.060-1.085 g/ml interval is more appropriate. The 1.063 g/ml boundary for separation of mouse LDL from HDL was unsuitable. Immunological and electrophoretic studies revealed that alpha-migrating lipoproteins were present in the d 1.046-1.060 g/ml range, a finding consistent with their enrichment in apoA-I; apoE-, apoA-II-, and apoC-like proteins were also detected. These findings indicate the presence of HDL1 particles. Murine apoA-I and apoB-like proteins of higher (apoBH) and lower (apoBL) molecular weight were constituents of the d 1.033-1.046 g/ml fraction. Alternative techniques, such as electrophoresis in starch block, are therefore a prequisite for separation of apoB from alpha-migrating, apoA-I-containing lipoproteins in the low density range in mouse serum. The LDL class (d 1.023-1.060 g/ml) amounted to only approximately 20% of the total murine lipoproteins of d less than 1.188 g/ml (65 70 mg/dl serum). Particles were richer In triglyceride, larger in diameter (mean 244 A), and more heterogeneous than typical of man. VLDL (40-80 mg/dl serum) was triglyceride-rich (66% by weight) and similarly heterogeneous in size (mean diameter 494 A; range 270-750 A). ApoBH and apoBL were prominent in murine VLDL, and cross-reacted with an antiserum to human apoB. ApoE- and apoA-I-like proteins were also detectable in apoVLDL, as was a protein of 70,000-75,000 mol wt. The presence of murine apolipoproteins analogous to human apoB and apoE was confirmed by the immunological cross-reactivities of VLDL and LDL with monospecific antisera to the human proteins. The marked similarity of lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profile in the mouse and rat is notable. Since murine VLDL contains apoE and apoBL, this resemblance may extend to the metabolism of chylomicron remnants and hepatic VLDL in the two species. PMID- 6631248 TI - Analysis of brain lipids by high performance thin-layer chromatography and densitometry. AB - We have devised a high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) densitometry method to resolve the major lipid classes of brain tissue. We used DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography to separate the total lipid into neutral and acidic lipid fractions. The lipid fractions were then spotted on separate HPTLC plates and chromatographed in one dimension using two solvent systems. Quantitation was by in situ densitometry with absolute amounts of the lipid classes determined from co-chromatographed standards. An internal standard was also used to improve the precision. The individual lipid classes of rat whole brain, human brain gray and white matter, rat and bovine myelin, and bovine oligodendroglia were quantitated. Human brain phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen was also quantitated. Sensitivity was increased by using the cupric acetate charring reagent, which we found to be more sensitive than the conventional sulfuric acid-dichromate reagent. Total lipid (less than 400 micrograms) was quantitated from 5 mg of tissue wet weight. The limit of detection, on HPTLC, for the individual lipid classes was below 20 ng. PMID- 6631249 TI - Direct measurement of apoprotein C-III specific activity in 125I-labeled very low density lipoproteins using immunoaffinity chromatography. AB - We have developed a technique for isolating apoprotein C-III by immunoaffinity chromatography, allowing the measurement of its specific radioactivity in lipoprotein fractions from small plasma samples. IgG specific for apoC-III was purified from goat antisera and bound to Sepharose. One ml of this gel (5 mg of IgG) bound 80-90 micrograms of apoC-III. The specific activity of apoC-III was determined by application of delipidated very low density lipoproteins to 1-ml columns and analysis of the protein eluted at pH 2.5 for mass and radio-activity. The coefficient fo variation for apoC-III specific activity determination from 125I-labeled VLDL was 4.3%. Minimal contamination of the eluates by apoproteins B, E, and C-II was confirmed by radioimmunoassay (0.3-1.2%). Following the injection of autologous 125I-labeled VLDL, specific activity decay curves for VLDL apoC-III were biexponential, with the clearance of apoC-III being slower in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. These affinity columns can be used repeatedly and yield reproducible results. This technique should be useful for simultaneous studies of the turnover of several apoproteins in the same individual following a single injection of labeled autologous lipoprotein. PMID- 6631250 TI - Isopropanol precipitation method for the determination of apolipoprotein B specific activity and plasma concentrations during metabolic studies of very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B. AB - A method has been described for the measurement of apoB concentration and specific activity in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) during metabolic studies. For measurement of specific activity, apoB was separated from other apolipoproteins and lipids by precipitation in, and subsequent washing with, isopropanol. For determination of apoB concentration, equal volumes of lipoprotein and isopropanol were mixed, and the protein content of the apoB precipitate was measured by the difference between total lipoprotein protein and the protein measured in the supernatant. Evidence that there was no apoB solubilization in isopropanol and that precipitated apoB was virtually free of soluble apolipoproteins was obtained by electrophoresis. Lipid contamination of the apoB precipitate was less than 1%. The methods were applicable to VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and LDL from normolipemic patients with protein concentrations between 187 micrograms/ml and 1898 micrograms/ml. The data obtained using isopropanol were highly correlated with those using tetramethylurea, and recoveries of apoB were similar. Furthermore, the isopropanol method has been demonstrated to yield consistent data for apoB specific activities in a study of VLDL, IDL, and LDL metabolism. PMID- 6631251 TI - Separation of alkenylacyl, alkylacyl, and diacyl analogues and their molecular species by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - High performance liquid chromatography methods were established for separation of alkenylacyl, alkylacyl, and diacyl acetylglycerols derived from ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EGP) and for separation of the individual molecular species from each of the separated classes. The EGP were isolated from bovine brain, hydrolyzed with phospholipase C, and acetylated with acetic anhydride. The three classes of diradylacetylglycerols were separated quantitatively on a mu Porasil silica column. Individual classes were further fractionated on a Zorbax ODS reverse phase column. By gas--liquid chromatographic quantitation of each peak, 29-33 different molecular species were identified within each class. For alkenylacyl-GPE, the major species were 18:1-18:1, 21.8%, and 16:0-18:1, 14.8%. Polyenoic fatty acids predominated at the 2-position of diacyl-GPE. The major species were 18:0-22:6 (n-3), 25.5%, and 18:0-20:4 (n-6), 15.8%. Three species of alkylacyl-GPE, 18:0-20:6 (n-3), 16:0-22:4 (n-6), and 18:0-22:4 (n-6), each accounted for 10%. PMID- 6631252 TI - [Comparative results of the use of Greenfields' filter, an umbrella filter, and a caval clip for vena cava interruption]. AB - Results of interruption of the vena cava for thromboembolic complications are reported. Greenfields filter was used in 40 cases, its introduction appearing to be a more delicate procedure than when other materials (caval clip in 40 cases and Mobin-Uddin's filter in 40 cases) were used. Results with regard to recurrence of emboli were comparable for the different materials, but Greenfield's filter becomes thrombosed less often and provokes fewer major sequelae. PMID- 6631253 TI - [Thrombocytopenia induced by heparin. Apropos of 10 cases]. AB - The authors report ten observations of thrombocytopenia induced by heparin complicated with two arterial thrombosis and four deep venous thrombosis. Two deaths and two amputations are to mention. This retrospective study leads to a review of literature: this iatrogenic disease, which frequency is variously estimated, has no relation with the dose and the mode of administration of Heparin. It's mechanism might be immuno-allergic. It's diagnosis depends mainly on the repetition of platelet numerations at the outset period of treatment, and on the rapid and lasting climbing of platelet countings when heparin is stopped. This uncommon and unforeseeable complication indicates to stop Heparin and to start K antivitamin's if necessary. PMID- 6631254 TI - [Blood microfiltration methods]. AB - Red cell deformability can be approached by filtration through narrow channels either at constant pressure or at constant flow. A very simplified constant pressure method is described, measuring relative flow of 8% hematocrit red cells resuspended in buffer. A constant flow method is also described, using again 8 to 10% hematocrit, which the authors consider as more physiological than the very low hematocrits used by others. Significant results are obtained after incubation with pentoxifylline. PMID- 6631255 TI - [Importance of external carotid compensation to cerebral vascularization and surgical indications. Apropos of 5 cases]. AB - External carotid artery, to a peripheral destination, becomes most important when it is a supplying artery. The work about 5 cases, followed up 2 to 21 months, confirms the importance of this artery, in its substitute function in case of internal carotid artery thrombosis. The problem is its functional future inside the atheriosclerosis evolutivity. All the patients had a revascularization of the stenotic external carotid artery. Therefore, we proposed revascularization indications of the stenotic supplied external carotid artery: --When a neurologic ischemic attack exists, from stenosis or ulcerative plaques, revascularization surgery of this artery is indicated like for internal carotid artery. - Asymptomatic significant stenosis or ulcerative plaque of supplied external carotid artery are indications for prophylactic surgery, knowing the evolutive risk and the insufficiency of the concerned hemispheric vascularization. --But, frequent controls are sufficient when the stenosis is not significant. PMID- 6631256 TI - [Contribution of real time echotomography to evaluation of cervico-encephalic atheromatous disease]. AB - Real time ultrasonography can now provide fine, easily reproducible images of the carotid arteries and to a lesser degree the vertebral arteries. The method is a simple one but requires an experienced operator. Care should be taken to visualize mainly the zones of predilection of the atheroma (carotid bifurcation and ostia). Even minimal sized atheromatous plaques can be detected, including those that are frequently asymptomatic to the doppler test, and their calcareous, regular, or ulcerated nature can be determined. The limits of the examination are described, demonstrating the need for complementary ultrasound and doppler tests. The two main poles of interest of this vascular imaging are early detection of carotid atheroma and supervision of medical and surgical treatments. PMID- 6631257 TI - [Study of iliac arterial axes by Doppler ultrasonography during hyperemia induced by walking and arterial occlusion]. AB - We measure the pulsatility index (IP) of the femoral artery by CW-Doppler on 51 limbs, after a treadmill exercise and during a postischemic reactive hyperemia. The pulsatility index (IP) is calculated from the analogic curve produced by a CW Doppler velocimeter (DUD 400) following a previous work (3). The walking test is carried on until an intermittent caludication is achieved. The ultrasonic curve is recorded after two minutes of recuperation. The hyperemic test follows the application for one minute of a suprasystolic thigh arterial tourniquet. A significant iliac lesion is suspected when IP drops below 1.2 after exercise (3). The IP levels measured during both tests (exercise and reactive hyperemia) are well correlated (r = 0.89). The concordance is achieved among 46 limbs. There is no agreement in 5 cases. IP is lower (less than 1.2) during the reactive hyperemia and higher after exercise (greater than 1.2) in 4 cases. The walk test demonstrates a lesion when the postischemic test is negative in one single case. The CW-Doppler ultra sonography of the femoral artery after the application of a tourniquet is therefore a sensitive method to investigate the iliac flow tract. This technique may be applied on patients enable to walk on the treadmill. PMID- 6631258 TI - [Our experience with surgery of chronic obstructive lesions of the subclavian artery. Apropos of 94 procedures. Critical analysis of our results]. AB - Patient characteristics, types of lesion, routes of approach and techniques employed are discussed in relation to 94 cases of surgical treatment for chronic obstruction of the subclavian artery. The most frequently (60% of cases) used procedure was an extrathoracic by-pass operation, thrombo-endarterectomy being performed in 25%, reimplantations in 10%, and aortic by-pass implants in 6% of cases. Immediate and 30-day follow-up results are presented, and failures critically analyzed with regard to their relation to vascular or neurological complications, and those linked to the approach route. Conclusions to be drawn from these unsuccessful cases are exposed, as well as current tendencies in respect of indications for surgery in these lesions. PMID- 6631259 TI - [Contribution to the recognition of Mondor's phlebitis]. AB - The AA. have carried out a complete review of the world literature on Mondor phlebitis of the last 50 years (214 cases) pointing out the clinic and epidemiologic characteristics and those of a possible aetiogenesis. 11 personal cases, detailed characteristics of which are given, have been presented. The female sex is the most affected (63,3%) and the most frequent aetiopatogenetic factors are: accidental or surgical traumas (35,7%), muscular stresses (6,3%, centres of infection (4,3%, concomitant mammary pathology (2,4%). The most common symptom is pain (51%) with or without tension sensation (28,9%). The histologic aspect relevant to the biopsy, shows the characteristics of thrombophlebitis non specific, almost always without periphlebitis. The cases presented by the AA. are characterized by the high incidence of relapses (45,4% against 5% of the total cases in the world) as well as by the occasional positivity of the specific serum agglutination for the Rickettsia Q18 (2 cases out of 11) and the reduction of some immunologic tests (1 cases out of 11). This latter data are leading to two aetiopatogenetic hypothesis: the infective and immunitary one. PMID- 6631260 TI - [Surgical treatment of acute ischemia of the lower extremities (arteries and veins). Indications and results]. AB - The indications and results of surgical treatment for acute ischemic lesions of the lower limbs are conditioned more by the previous state of the arterial wall than by the mechanism of the obliteration itself. Thrombosis and embolus development in atheromatous arteries is presently observed more frequently than emboli in healthy arteries, but prognosis is still mainly a function of the delay before active therapy is applied. Patients should be immediately placed on intravenous heparin therapy to provide cover during transfer to a suitably equipped center able to supply medical and surgical treatment. A choice has to be made between thrombolysis and surgery: thrombolysis, in the absence of general contraindications, is suitable mainly for cases with peripheral circulatory obstruction of diseased arteries unable to be restored by surgery. Treatment of emboli in healthy arteries has been transformed by the use of Fogarty's catheter; that of acute obstructions of diseased arteries has benefitted from progress realized in the performance of different types of surgical arterial reconstruction. Assuming that good operating conditions are available, thromboendarterectomies as well as autogenous or prosthetic venous by-pass operations can be perfectly well performed as emergency procedures, failures are due essentially to the fact that patients are still seen too frequently at the irreversible complete ischemia stage, and when their condition is poor: in certain cases the limb must be sacrificed immediately to ensure the vital prognosis. PMID- 6631261 TI - Effects of toxicants on populations: a qualitative approach II. First order kinetics. AB - System level effects exhibited by a population subjected to a chronic or an acute dose of toxicant are the emphasis of this study. A three dimensional model of a toxicant and a population, with state variables (the population biomass, the concentration of toxicant in an organism, and the concentration of toxicant in the environment) coupled by a linear dose-response function, is analyzed analytically. One of the main results presents sufficient conditions, in terms of a system level parameter, for the persistence, and for the extinction, of a population exposed to a chronic dose of toxicant. When depuration and degradation are negligible processes, the effects of toxicant accumulation associated with an acute exposure of a population are analyzed in some detail. Both persistence and extinction are shown to be viable behavior modes of a population in this biochemical setting. PMID- 6631262 TI - Threshold conditions for a diffusive model of a myelinated axon. AB - This paper develops and uses comparison principles to study the time evolution of solutions to problems of the form (formula; see text) Such a system models an infinite myelinated axon with discrete, excitable nodes spaced unit distant apart. PMID- 6631263 TI - Effect of initial stresses on the wave propagation in arteries. AB - A theoretical analysis for the problem of wave propagation in arteries is presented. Blood is treated as a Newtonian, viscous incompressible fluid. On the basis of information derived from experimental investigations on the mechanical properties of wall tissues, the arterial wall is considered to be nonlinearly viscoelastic and orthotropic. The analysis is carried out for a cylindrical artery, under the purview of membrane theory, by taking account the effect of initial stresses. The motion of the wall and that of the fluid are assumed to be axisymmetric. Particular emphasis has been paid to the propagation of small amplitude harmonic waves whose wavelength is large compared to the radius of the vessel. By employing the equations of motion of the fluid and those for the wall, together with the equations of continuity, a frequency equation is derived by exploiting the conditions of continuity of the velocity of the arterial wall and that of blood on the endosteal surface of the wall. In order to illustrate the validity of the derived analytical expressions a quantitative analysis is made for the variations of the phase velocities as well as the transmission coefficient with frequency corresponding to different transmural pressures which relate to different initial stresses. Computational results indicate that phase velocities increase with the increase of transmural pressures. PMID- 6631264 TI - New physician payment system. AMA Council on Medical Service. PMID- 6631265 TI - Carbon monoxide poisoning from non-tobacco cigarettes. PMID- 6631266 TI - Georgia cancer facts. PMID- 6631267 TI - Applying the antitrust laws to exclusive arrangements for the provision of hospital-based medical services: a tale of two hospitals. PMID- 6631268 TI - All that clicks is not Barlow's. PMID- 6631269 TI - Percutaneous removal of stones in the kidney and ureter. PMID- 6631270 TI - Breast nodules. PMID- 6631271 TI - Pancreaticoduodenal artery aneurysm: nonoperative management. PMID- 6631272 TI - A joint statement of the lung associations and tuberculosis controllers of the Southeastern states. PMID- 6631273 TI - Blood transfusion, blood donation, and AIDS. PMID- 6631274 TI - Genitourinary tumors I: carcinoma of the bladder. PMID- 6631275 TI - Compensating a spouse in a divorce proceeding for providing support and funding during medical school: a review of recent judicial approaches. PMID- 6631276 TI - Understanding Jewish biomedical ethics: reflections on the papers. PMID- 6631277 TI - The traditionalist Jewish physician and modern biomedical ethical problems. AB - Recent advances in biomedical technology and therapeutic procedures have generated a moral crisis in modern medicine. The vast strides made in medical science and technology have created options which only a few decades earlier would have been relegated to the realm of science fiction. Man, to a significant degree, now has the ability to exercise control not only over the ravages of disease but even over the very processes of life and death. With the unfolding of new discoveries and techniques, the scientific and intellectual communities have developed a keen awareness of the ethical issues which arise out of man's enhanced ability to control his destiny. In response to the concern for questions of this nature, there has emerged the rapidly developing field of bioethics. Jews, to whom all such questions are quests not only for applicable humanitarian principles but for Divine guidance, must, of necessity, seek answers in the teaching of the Torah. "The Torah of God is perfect" (Psalms 19: 8), and in its teachings the discerning student will find eternally-valid answers to even newly formulated queries. As physicians and patients turn to Rabbinic authorities for answers, Jewish scholars seek to elucidate and expound the teachings of the Torah in these vital areas of concern. The present essay highlights some of the ethical issues faced by the Jewish physician who faithfully observes his tradition in all matters including his daily practice of medicine. Although more questions are raised than answered, the aim of this essay will have been achieved if the reader is stimulated to pursue these issues in the extending writings on the subject now available in English. PMID- 6631278 TI - The doctor-patient relationship. AB - This essay focuses on the doctor-patient relationship as a measure of ethical behavior by the physician. The perspective is derived from commitment as a religious humanist to the Judaic heritage, and experience in hospitals. The ethical responsibility to be competent professionally is presupposed. Emphasis is placed on the need of the physician to respect the autonomy of the patient as person, thus to limit the paternalism inherent in the physician's position, and to re-enforce this with compassion. Judaic sources supporting such conduct are cited. Exception is taken to decisions by civil and rabbinic judges which disregard the intimacy of the doctor-patient relationship. PMID- 6631279 TI - Therapeutic homicide: a philosophic and Halakhic critique of Harris' 'survival lottery'. AB - In a well-known paper entitled, 'Survival Lottery', published in a philosophical journal, John Harris proposed for discussion an interesting idea for saving the lives of certain kinds of patients who are at the point of death. Let us assume that there are two such patients, one that could be saved by a heart transplant, and the other by the transplantation of a pair of lungs. However, no suitable organs are available for this purpose. Might it perhaps not be immoral to select, by national lottery, a healthy person, who would be sacrificed, his organs used as transplants, and thus two lives be saved through the sacrifice of only one? This proposal is subjected first to a critical philosophical and ethical analysis, and then to a critical analysis from the point of view of Jewish Ethics as embodied in Halakhah. PMID- 6631280 TI - Preventive vs. curative medicine: perspectives of the Jewish legal tradition. AB - From the perspectives of Jewish tradition, particularly that of the Halakhah (Jewish law), this paper considers the policy problem of the balance in health care allocations between preventive and curative or crisis medicine. Since the value of human lives has a high degree of supremacy, and the duties to rescue imperiled life and to treat the sick are recognized, it might be argued that a basically curative policy should be favored. On the other hand, the duty of personal health maintenance and safety would appear to argue in favor of a preventive policy. In balancing these considerations, it is suggested that the halakhic tradition can accommodate a preventive policy of health care because the duty to rescue is lessened or negatived by risk to the as-it-were rescuers. It is further suggested that Halakhah permits a non-divertable allocation of tax generated funds to preventive health care. PMID- 6631281 TI - Modern psychotherapy and Halakhic values: an approach toward consensus in values and practice. AB - In this paper, I have examined in some detail a number of examples of actual and potential consensus between Jewish ethics and the practice of modern psychotherapy, psychology, and psychiatry. Moreover, I have posited specific halakhic models which represent analogies to modern psychotherapeutic principles and practices, which through analogy lend specific halakhic guidelines to modern practice. The unitary halakhic approach presented here is thus both heuristic--in that it seeks to demonstrate the ways in which psychotherapeutic processes are essentially halakhic ones--as well as practical. Through this approach, psychological theory and practice have been brought into intimate contact with the ethical requirements of the halakhically committed mental health practitioner and his or her patient, filling an inexcusable void in halakhic application to modern technology, and setting a direction for future work in this area. PMID- 6631282 TI - The use of Halakhic material in discussions of medical ethics. AB - In this paper questions are raised about the use of Halakhic material in discussions of medical ethics. Three ways in which one might use Halakhic material in such discussions are distinguished: (a) as a source for ideas about medical ethics which can be defended independently of their origin; (b) as a basis for mandating certain forms of behavior for members of the Jewish faith; (c) as the basis for claims about the Jewish view on disputed topics in medical ethics. The first two raise no methodological problems. The third use raises a number of theoretical and practical issues, with which the paper is concerned. The problems stem from the fact that Halakhah distinguishes between obligations, the fulfillment of which is required of the Jewish people, and obligations, the fulfillment of which is required of all people. With rare exceptions, the obligations imposed upon the Jewish people are more stringent. The pitfall lurking in the third of the three uses is that authors using Halakhic material may incorrectly conclude that obligations that are supposed to fall only upon the Jewish people fall upon all people. An analysis of this problem follows, along with a plea for a responsible use of Halakhic material in the third way, so as to avoid certain real pitfalls. PMID- 6631283 TI - Herniation of the lumbar disc in children and adolescents. PMID- 6631284 TI - Embolization therapy for control of hemorrhage in pelvic organs. PMID- 6631285 TI - The fate of 142 consecutive cases of acute respiratory failure who receive ventilatory support: a prospective analysis. PMID- 6631286 TI - Surgery of lumbar spinal degenerative disease. PMID- 6631287 TI - Detection of growth hormone deficiency by the glucagon stimulation test. PMID- 6631288 TI - Nerve sheath tumors of neuraxis: study of 181 cases. PMID- 6631289 TI - Infantile lobar emphysema. PMID- 6631290 TI - Anemia in patients with malignancy: a brief review. PMID- 6631291 TI - Determination of relating factors on the levels of tetanus antitoxin in adult. PMID- 6631292 TI - Practices in pregnancy and family planning of women in slum and the government housing project of the Din - Daeng community, Bangkok, 1981. PMID- 6631293 TI - An evaluation of supplementary feedings of Thai infants in urban slum communities: effect on growth, health and nutritional status. PMID- 6631294 TI - Agglutination test for typhoid carriers. PMID- 6631295 TI - The loss of folic acid content in pickle processing. PMID- 6631296 TI - Changes of nutritional behavior of level - 6 pupils in three different schools in Bangkok. PMID- 6631297 TI - A comparative study of air-borne lead affecting different Bangkok civilian population groups. PMID- 6631298 TI - Residue of insecticides in Thai vegetable growers. PMID- 6631299 TI - The nutritional status and mental development of children exposed to the child development center. PMID- 6631300 TI - Introducing primary health care concept to Bangkok low socio-economical population through a community volunteer program 1981 - 1982. PMID- 6631301 TI - Concentrations of prolactin in the plasma of fetal sheep and in amniotic fluid in late gestation and during dexamethasone-induced parturition. AB - The concentration of prolactin in samples of fetal plasma and amniotic fluid collected from sheep with indwelling catheters has been measured by radioimmunoassay. There was considerable variation between animals in the concentration of prolactin in fetal plasma which ranged from less than 2 micrograms/l to greater than 50 micrograms/l. In five out of eight fetuses which were sampled at intervals throughout the last 30 days of pregnancy, there was an increase in the concentration of prolactin in the plasma before parturition. The concentration of prolactin in amniotic fluid was consistently low (approximately 1 microgram/l). Induction of premature parturition by intrafetal infusion of dexamethasone was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of prolactin in only one of three fetuses infused. These results indicated that prolactin is present in fetal plasma but that an increase in prolactin in fetal plasma before the onset of parturition does not always occur. The low concentration of prolactin in amniotic fluid contrasts with the high concentrations of this hormone found in the amniotic fluid of the primate. PMID- 6631302 TI - Hypercalcaemic responses to 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2, a stable prostaglandin E2 analogue in chicks. AB - Intravenous injection of 6.7-60 micrograms of stable prostaglandin E2 analogue, 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2, into 10-day-old chicks caused profound, long lasting hypercalcaemia. Simultaneous i.v. loading with 50 mumol Ca/bird enhanced the peak response. The responses were accompanied by sedation and lowered skin temperature. Use of acute (simultaneous) 45Ca labelling indicated that the hypercalcaemic responses were due primarily to inhibition of Ca exit from extracellular fluid pools, while chronic (6-day) 45Ca labelling indicated a slower but distinct increase in mobilization of bone Ca pools. PMID- 6631303 TI - Oestrogen levels in the blood, not in the uterus, determine uterine eosinophilia and oedema. AB - This work was aimed at testing whether oestrogen-induced changes in the uterus are responsible for uterine eosinophil migration or whether the effect is due to a direct action of oestrogen on the eosinophils themselves. Uterine eosinophil migration in response to intraluminal administration of oestradiol-17 beta into one uterine horn was measured in the injected and in the untreated contralateral horns. Uterine genomic responses (luminal epithelial and myometrial hypertrophy and nucleolar enlargement), known to depend on the local intra-uterine oestrogen level, were measured to control for the absence of hormone recirculation to the uninjected horn. The effects of intravenously administered oestradiol were also determined. Intraluminal injection of 0 X 1 ng oestradiol had no effect on either horn. With 10 ng, only the injected horn exhibited the genomic responses while eosinophilia developed to the same extent in both horns. With 100 ng, the genomic responses and eosinophilia were identical in injected and in contralateral horns. The results show that eosinophil migration depends on systemic levels of oestrogen, thus indicating that it is due to an oestrogen-induced change in a property of eosinophil leukocytes rather than a change in the uterus itself. As water imbibition showed the same pattern of responses as eosinophilia, this lends further support to the hypothesis of a role for eosinophils in oestrogen-induced uterine oedema. PMID- 6631304 TI - Seasonal and circadian changes of testosterone levels in the peripheral blood plasma of stallions and their relation to semen quality. AB - Three stallions were bled each hour for 25 h at 28-day intervals throughout 1 year. Testosterone levels were pulsatile. Pulse frequency and pulse amplitude were higher in the summer months than at other times (P less than 0.01). The number of testosterone pulses also varied throughout the day, with the greatest frequency occurring in the afternoon (14.00-17.00 h) and at night (22.00-01.00 h). Mean testosterone levels were highest in the summer (P less than 0.01) but showed a secondary, smaller increase in the autumn. Semen characteristics were assessed from measurements of 222 stallions. Semen volume was greatest in the summer (P less than 0.01) but both the concentration (P less than 0.01) and the total number of spermatozoa per ejaculate (P less than 0.05) were highest in the autumn. These results show that the highest testosterone concentrations in peripheral plasma are not necessarily associated temporally with optimum semen quality. PMID- 6631305 TI - Melatonin feeding decreases prolactin levels in the ewe. AB - Three groups of Suffolk-cross ewes were kept in (A) summer photoperiod plus melatonin feeding in such a way as to mimic the plasma levels found in winter photoperiod, (B) winter photoperiod or (C) natural light/dark from mid-June onwards. Prolactin levels remained high in group C throughout July and August but were dramatically reduced in both groups A and B. The rise in prolactin levels associated with dusk, however, was still apparent in all three groups. Appropriate administration of melatonin can thus influence prolactin secretion in the same way as an extension of the dark phase. This effect is associated with an early onset of the breeding season in the ewe. PMID- 6631306 TI - A direct anabolic effect of progesterone in the intact female rat. AB - Rats implanted with progesterone gained weight more rapidly than controls and had a greater percentage of total body fat. The dietary intake of hormone-treated animals was restricted to control levels. The food was supplied in small quantities at regular intervals over a 24-h period with the aid of automatic feeding machines. The observed changes in body weight and composition are therefore not related to either an increased intake of energy or a change in the pattern of feeding after implantation. PMID- 6631307 TI - Extraction of androgen-receptor complexes from regions of rat ventral prostate nuclei sensitive or resistant to nucleases. AB - Rat ventral prostate nuclei contain androgen-binding sites which are susceptible or resistant to excision by endonucleolytic action. Those which were susceptible were associated both with oligonucleosomal and subnucleosomal particles. The sedimentation profile characteristic of a nuclear androgen-receptor complex could be obtained by exhaustive nucleolytic digestion or by treatment of fractions with KCl (0.6 mol/l). Androgen-binding sites resistant to DNAase I were also resistant to KCl, whereas those sites resistant to micrococcal nuclease were partially extractable with KCl. Nuclease-resistant sites could be extracted with heparin (10 mg/ml). Androgen-receptor complexes obtained from nuclease-sensitive or nuclease-resistant regions by extraction with KCl or heparin were indistinguishable by routine sedimentation analysis. PMID- 6631308 TI - Release of vasopressin in response to hypoxia and the effect of aminergic and opioid antagonists. AB - Plasma vasopressin, arterial blood gas tensions, pH, arterial blood pressure, heart rate and respiration were monitored in conscious rats breathing room air or exposed to varying degrees of hypoxia. A similar series of observations was made in a group of anaesthetized rats and in rats treated with alpha- and beta adrenergic and dopaminergic blocking agents. The effect of two opioid antagonists on the vasopressin response was also noted. Hypoxia produced an increase in circulating vasopressin concentrations in both conscious and anaesthetized rats. In the conscious animals the increase reached statistical significance when the animals were exposed to 12% oxygen in nitrogen, which produced a fall in arterial PaO2 of 44.7 +/- 5.0%. Guanethidine, phentolamine and propranolol all produced a significant fall in the basal concentrations of vasopressin, while guanethidine, phenoxybenzamine and propranolol blocked the increase seen on breathing 12% oxygen in nitrogen. Naloxone and levallorphan also reduced the vasopressin response to hypoxia. Thus it appears that aminergic pathways play a role in the maintenance of circulating concentrations of vasopressin and in the response to hypoxia. Endogenous opioids also appear to be involved in the hypoxic response. PMID- 6631309 TI - Identification of 3 beta-hydroxy-5,7-pregnadien-20-one and 3 beta-hydroxy-5,7 androstadien-17-one as endogenous steroids in the fetal horse gonad. AB - The 5,7-dienes, 3 beta-hydroxy-5,7-pregnadien-20-one and 3 beta-hydroxy-5,7 androstadien-17-one were extracted from fetal horse gonads and purified by solvent partition, thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The isolated steroids were identified by comparison with the synthetic steroids using ultraviolet and mass spectroscopy and by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The identification of these compounds as endogenous steroids, together with the data on their biosynthesis reported previously, support the proposal that in the fetal horse gonad there is a 5,7 diene pathway biosynthesizing 3 beta-hydroxy-5,7-androstadien-17-one, which is the proposed precursor for equilin in the placenta. PMID- 6631310 TI - A parametric evaluation of the hedonic and motoric effects of drugs: pimozide and amphetamine. AB - This study uses a curve-fitting approach to evaluate the effects of drugs on reinforced responding in rats. The subjects obtained reinforcement according to a series of five different variable-interval schedules (a five-component multiple schedule). For each rat, pimozide, a neuroleptic, decreased response rate, and the decrease was associated with (1) a decrease in the estimated asymptotic response rate and (2) an increase in the rate of reinforcement necessary for half asymptotic responding. That is, pimozide decreased the proportion of responding maintained by a given rate of reinforcement. In contrast, intermediate doses of amphetamine increased response rate and increased the proportion of responding maintained by a given rate of reinforcement. It was proposed that the response rate asymptote indexes motor capacity, and the rate of reinforcement necessary for half-asymptotic responding indexes reinforcement efficacy; accordingly, pimozide decreased motor capacity and reinforcement strength and amphetamine increased reinforcement strength. PMID- 6631311 TI - Control rate of response or reinforcement and amphetamine's effect on behavior. AB - The roles of control response rate and reinforcement frequency in producing amphetamine's effect on operant behavior were evaluated independently in rats. Two multiple schedules were arranged in which one variable, either response rate or reinforcement frequency, was held constant and the other variable manipulated. A multiple differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate seven-second yoked variable interval schedule was used to equate reinforcement frequencies at different control response rates between multiple-schedule components. Amphetamine increased responding under the variable-interval component. In contrast, amphetamine decreased responding equivalently between components of a multiple random-ratio schedule that produced similar control response rates at different reinforcement frequencies. The results provide experimental support to the rate dependency principle that control rate of responding is an important determinant of amphetamine's effect on operant behavior. PMID- 6631312 TI - Effects of barbiturates and other sedative hypnotics in pigeons trained to discriminate phencyclidine from saline. AB - Pigeons were trained to peck the center key (lighted white) of three response keys to turn off the center keylight and to light one of the side keys with a red keylight and the other side key with a green keylight. Five responses (fixed ratio component) on either side key relighted the center key. Food was delivered following 10 fixed-ratio components on the red key if 1.5 mg/kg phencyclidine had been given before the session. The position of the red and green keylights on the side keys varied randomly each time they were lighted by a peck on the center key. Subsequently, increasing doses of phencyclidine, barbital, amobarbital, phenobarbital, methaqualone, methyprylon, diazepam, oxazepam, and d-amphetamine were substituted for the training dose of phencyclidine, using a cumulative dosing procedure. At low doses of the sedative hypnotics, birds pecked the keylight color associated with saline. At higher doses, birds pecked both key colors. At the highest doses of pentobarbital and amobarbital, some birds responded almost exclusively On he color associated with phencyclidine. When responding on keys of both colors occurred following administration of phencyclidine or other sedative hypnotics, this responding was controlled by key position rather than by key color. PMID- 6631313 TI - Pigeons' spatial memory: III. Effect of distractors on delayed matching of key location. AB - The effect of distractors on pigeons' delayed matching of key location was investigated. Baseline trials began with a "ready" stimulus (brief operation of the grain feeder). Then one (randomly chosen) key from a three-by-three matrix was lit briefly as the sample. After a short delay (retention interval) the sample key was lit again along with one of the other eight keys. A peck at the key that had served as the sample (correct comparison) produced grain reinforcement, whereas a peck to the other key (incorrect comparison) produced only the intertrial interval. In Experiment 1, a houselight distractor, presented during either the sample, retention interval, or choice phases of the trial, had little if any effect on accuracy of matching key location. In Experiment 2, one of three types of spatial stimuli was interpolated during the retention interval, or the interval was blank as during baseline trials. The three stimuli were: the sample (correct comparison) location for that trial, the incorrect comparison location for that trial, or one of the seven unused locations for that trial. Relative to blank trials, accuracy improved slightly on sample-interpolated trials, decreased slightly on unused location-interpolated trials, and decreased considerably on incorrect comparison-interpolated trials. In Experiment 3, retention intervals were blank or had one of six types of interpolation: the sample, the incorrect comparison, two presentations of the sample, two presentations of the incorrect comparison, the sample followed by the incorrect comparison, or the incorrect comparison followed by the sample.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631314 TI - Choice, experience, and the generalized matching law. AB - Five pigeons were exposed to different pairs of concurrent variable-interval, variable-interval schedules on nine experimental conditions of 30 sessions each. For every session, the parameters of the generalized matching equation were computed for the first five, six, seven, eight, and nine experimental conditions. The exponent a, both for response and time distribution, tended to decrease with increases in number of experimental conditions and to increase with number of sessions per condition, but values of k (bias) varied unsystematically. When the subjects were exposed to five new pairs of schedules, with 55 sessions per condition, the findings were confirmed. Data from the literature on the generalized matching law suggest that the variability of exponent values may be explained in part by the use of naive or experienced subjects in different investigations and by the variability in number of experimental conditions and in number of sessions per condition. PMID- 6631315 TI - Growth of 9.5-day rat embryos in human serum. AB - Rat embryos were explanted at 9.5 days and cultured for 48 h in human serum supplemented with glucose. The embryos were anaemic and frequently malformed. The haemoglobin and DNA content of these embryos was less than those grown in pure rat serum. Addition of 10% rat serum improved the embryonic growth as well as the haemoglobin and DNA content. This suggests that rat serum provides essential growth factors required by the embryos which are not present in human serum. PMID- 6631316 TI - A boundary model for pattern formation in vertebrate limbs. AB - We postulate that positional information for secondary embryonic fields is generated by a cooperative interaction between two pairs of differently determined cell types. Positional information is thus generated at the boundaries between cells of different determination. The latter are assumed to result from the primary pattern formation in the embryo. The application of this model to vertebrate limbs accounts for the pairwise determination of limbs at a particular location, with a particular handedness and alignment to the main body axes of the embryo. It accounts further for the gross difference in the regeneration of double anterior and double posterior amphibian limbs as well as for the formation of supernumerary limbs after certain graft experiments including supernumeraries in which the dorsoventral polarity changes or which consist of two anterior or two posterior halves. Our model provides a feasible molecular basis for the polar coordinate model and successfully handles recently found violations, for instance formation of supernumerary limbs after ipsilateral grafting with 90 degrees rotation. The most frequent types of developmental malformations become explicable. The models allow specific predictions which are fully supported by recent experiments (see the accompanying paper of M. Maden). PMID- 6631317 TI - A bootstrap model for the proximodistal pattern formation in vertebrate limbs. AB - For the sequential determination of proximodistal structures during the outgrowth of vertebrate limbs, a 'bootstrap'-mechanism is proposed: by increasing feedback of more distally determined cells onto the production of a morphogen at the apical ectodermal ridge a successive increase of the morphogen concentration is achieved during outgrowth. The model accounts for the formation of a progress zone at the limb tip, for the correct regeneration after truncation, for the presence and absence of proximodistal intercalation after certain graft experiments in amphibian limbs, for the tendency with which distal structures form in proximal position after certain experimental manipulations and for the intimate coupling of the anteroposterior and the proximodistal axes. PMID- 6631318 TI - A test of the predictions of the boundary model regarding supernumerary limb structure. AB - The model proposed in the preceding paper (Meinhardt, 1983) makes specific predictions about the handedness of supernumerary limbs generated after 180 degrees rotation of blastemas. These predictions are tested here by re-examining, in detail, the structure of 100 of these supernumeraries. Of the four predictions, only one was found not to hold. The other three are remarkably precise in their predictions and fit perfectly with the data. A possible reason for the failure of this one prediction is suggested. PMID- 6631319 TI - Somitogenesis in amphibia. IV. The dynamics of tail development. AB - Following neurulation, the frog segments c.40 somites and concurrently undergoes a striking elongation along the anteroposterior axis. This elongation (excluding the head) is largely the result of a presegmental extension of posterior tissue with a lesser contribution from the extension of segmented tissue. Presegmental extension is entirely the result of activity within a narrow zone of extension that occupies the central region in the tail bud. Within the zone of extension, a minimum of six prospective somites undergo an eight- to ten-fold extension along the axis. The zone passes posteriorly across the tissue of the tail tip. The anterior of the tail bud contains three extended prospective somites in the course of segmentation. The anterior boundary of the zone of extension coincides in space exactly with the anterior boundary of the zone of abnormal segmentation that results from temperature shock. This means that extension ceases immediately before the sudden tissue change associated with segmentation. PMID- 6631320 TI - Size dependence during the development of the amphibian foot. Colchicine-induced digital loss and reduction. AB - Localized treatment of the limb buds of the frog, Xenopus laevis, and the salamander, Ambystoma mexicanum, with the mitotic inhibitor colchicine results in limbs that, when compared with the contralateral control, are smaller in size and have lost skeletal elements. There is a very well defined pattern in terms of what elements are most likely to be lost. For example, frogs that have lost a toe always lose the first toe, while salamanders always lose the fifth. These differences correspond to qualitative differences in developmental sequence of digital differentiation in anurans as compared to urodeles. We propose a hypothesis in which the digital pattern is indirectly affected by reduction in the number of mesenchymal cells in the embryonic field. PMID- 6631321 TI - Genetic and developmental characteristics of the homeotic mutation bx1 of Drosophila. AB - The mutations at the bithorax locus produce a transformation of anterior haltere into anterior wing. The bx1 allele presents unusual features when compared with other bx alleles. The phenotype of bx1 homozygotes is temperature sensitive but only with regard to the distal and not to the proximal transformation, thus suggesting two different components in the bithorax transformation. The phenotype of bx1 homozygotes is stronger than that of bx1 over the deletion of the gene, suggesting a trans interaction of the bx1 chromosomes which results in mutual partial inactivation. We show by temperature shift and clonal analysis experiments that the decision on whether to differentiate haltere or wing structures is taken at the end of the proliferation period of the mutant disc. PMID- 6631322 TI - Vascular architecture of the developing spinal cord in the rat: a suggested model. AB - The vascular architecture of the developing Sprague-Dawley rat spinal cord from E11 through E16 is reported. The paraffin-embedded cord is serially sectioned in the sagittal, transversal and frontal planes and stained with PAS and methenamine silver. Serial semithin transverse sections are stained with toluidine blue. The results demonstrate two highly integrated vascular systems: one sagittally disposed in three concentric networks and the other radially oriented around the cord. The sagittal plexus is configurated by rhombohexagonal polygons. The lateral radial stem vessels anastomose with the sagittal systems at the polygonal vertex. A structural vascular model of the cord is proposed. The periodical sequence distribution of vessels in the three planes and their relationship to spinal ganglia is suggestive of a neural metamera vascularly determined. PMID- 6631323 TI - Development of the lateral line system in Xenopus laevis. II. Cell multiplication and organ formation in the supraorbital system. AB - Cell multiplication was studied during development of the supraorbital lateral line system in Xenopus laevis. The increase in cell number is biphasic. The first phase extends from the beginning of primordial elongation to the end of primary organ formation. Cell number increases linearly during this interval. Throughout this phase, a constant number of cells is in S phase of the cell cycle at a given time, despite a more than 10-fold increase in total cell number. After their formation, the number of the primary organs remains essentially constant. The individual primary organs are not clones of cells. Different organs grow at different rates, and become more and more heterogeneous in size. The second phase which is correlated with accessory organ formation is characterized by an elevated growth rate. This phase was not studied in detail. If developing larvae are starved, growth is normal up to completion of the first growth phase but is arrested at this point. The frequency distribution of the sizes of such growth arrested organs approximates a binominal distribution. From its characteristics, a detailed model of cell proliferation and organ formation can be deduced: cell multiplication occurs through asymmetrically dividing stem cells, which become allocated to the forming organs at random and go through a fixed number of cell divisions. PMID- 6631324 TI - Role of the esc+ gene product in ensuring the selective expression of segment specific homeotic genes in Drosophila. AB - The product of the extra sex combs+ (esc+) gene is required during embryogenesis for the correct determination of segments in Drosophila. If this product is absent, most segments develop like the normal eighth abdominal segment. Here, I extend previous results (Struhl, 1981a) showing that this phenotype results in large part from indiscriminate expression of the bithorax-complex genes which are normally active only in particular segments of the thorax and abdomen. In addition, I test whether the esc+ gene product is required for the correct expression of other homeotic genes. First, I have examined two genes of the Antennapedia-complex (Sex combs reduced+ and Antennapedia+): I find that both genes are normally required in only some of the body segments, but that in the absence of the esc+ gene product, both appear to function adventitiously in other segments. Second, comparing esc+ and esc- embryos lacking both these genes as well as the bithorax-complex, I find that additional homeotic genes (possibly those normally involved in specifying head segments) appear to be expressed indiscriminately when the esc+ gene product is absent. Finally, I present evidence that the products of the esc+ gene and the Polycomb+ gene (a second gene required for the correct regulation of the bithorax-complex) act independently. On the basis of these results, I propose a tentative outline of the roles and realms of action of all of these genes. PMID- 6631325 TI - Regeneration of the eye margin in Periplaneta americana (Insecta, Blattodea). AB - The regulative ability of the proliferative zone of the insect eye margin has been investigated in larval Periplaneta americana. After sections of the eye margin are removed the eye nevertheless recovers to form a normal shape. Using chimaeras of lavender and wild-type animals we were able to show that the margin can regenerate from the differentiated parts of the eye. When differentiated eye tissue is confronted with epidermis from the head capsule adjacent to the proliferative zone (the vertex), the regenerated margin always forms from the eye. There is no evidence that intervening levels can be intercalated between host and graft tissues when sections of the eye margin are moved to new circumferential levels. However, in that situation differences between tissues from non-adjacent circumferential positions lead to the rounding up of the graft and it fails to develop normally. PMID- 6631326 TI - Evidence for specific feedback signals underlying pattern control during vertebrate embryogenesis. AB - Experiments are described in which sectors including dorsolateral mesoderm from early-neurula-stage amphibian embryos are grafted to the mid-ventral region of gastrula-stage hosts. The grafted tissue pursues an autonomous developmental sequence, though integrated into the host mesodermal mantle, so that such embryos develop a ventral strip of ectopic somite tissue, occasionally with a pronephric formation at one side. When the proportions in which mesodermal tissue has been assigned to the four basic territories of the host's mediolateral pattern are assayed, a significant deficit in somite is characteristically found, though the phenomenon is variable in magnitude. It seems that the size of the host's pronephric territory may be diminished in a similar way, if an earlier differentiating ectopic pronephros is already joined to the system. These phenomena are discussed in relation to theories of biological pattern formation. PMID- 6631327 TI - The effects of reward on tutor's behaviors in a cross-age tutoring context. AB - Utilizing a cross-age tutoring context, this study examined the effects of reward on the teaching behaviors of the tutor, the tutor's subsequent motivation to continue to teach during a free choice period, and the social interaction between a tutor and a tutee. Third-grade boys and girls (n = 96) who exhibited a positive reinforcement style were asked to teach six addition problems to a first-grade boy or girl (n = 96). The children were randomly assigned to pairs and to one of the three reward conditions. In the performance-contingent reward condition, the tutors were promised a toy if the first-grader learned all of the arithmetic problems. In the noncontingent reward condition, the tutors were promised a toy for teaching the first-grader. In the no reward condition, the tutors taught the first-grader without promise of a toy. The results indicated that the social interaction was rated lower for the children in the performance-contigent group and that the tutors in this group spent less time teaching during the free choice period. However, neither the tutor's teaching style nor the tutee's post-test performance was adversely affected by the reward. PMID- 6631328 TI - The effects of distributed training on retention of operant conditioning in human infants. AB - Long-term retention of operant footkicking acquired in the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm was assessed as a function of the distribution of training time. In the first study, 3-month-old infants were trained for either one 18-min session or for two 9-min or three 6-min sessions separated by 24-hr intervals. All infants exhibited retention during a test administered immediately after training, but only those trained in a single session continued to perform the conditioned response during cued-recall tests 7 or 14 days later. Infants trained in three sessions showed no evidence of remembering the contingency even after a week. A warm-up decrement, seen in the day-to-day performance of infants in the distributed conditions, was eliminated in the second study by the interpolation of a nonreinforcement period at the outset of daily sessions. This procedure also enhanced long-term retention such that infants trained in three 6-min sessions now remembered the contingency for 14 days and did not differ from infants who had received a single 18-min session. Whether distributed training facilitates or impairs long-term retention appears to depend on the opportunity for infants to acquire a sufficient number (or kind) of effective retrieval cues during original learning. PMID- 6631329 TI - The development of children's mental tracking strategies on a rotation task. AB - In two experiments, 5- to 13-year-old children were required to mentally track the rotation of a pointer around a circular backdrop, and to indicate the pointer's imagined position on the backdrop at the sound of a signal. In Experiment 1, children imagined the pointer rotate around its end point. In Experiment 2, children imagined the pointer rotate around its midpoint, and indicated the position of one of its two ends at the time of the signal. The end to be indicated was not specified by the experimenter until the time of the signal. Thus, children were required to use an imaging strategy that could keep track of the changing positions of both ends of the pointer. In both experiments, children older than 8 years of age generated linear distance X time functions indicating mental tracking, but younger children did not. In Experiment 2, the proportions of children at each grade level using holistic or part-to-part strategies to mentally track the pointer were comparable, as were mental tracking rates. The results were discussed in relation to both recent research on children's counting, and Piagetian and information-processing views of mental imagery development. PMID- 6631330 TI - Instructional ecology and academic responding time for students at three levels of teacher-perceived behavioral competence. AB - Thirty third and fourth grade students, ages 8-10 years, were observed systematically over two entire school days to examine the nature of instruction and academic responding time for students at varying levels of teacher-perceived behavioral competence. Data were recorded on six categories in 10-sec intervals. While the amount of time spent in active academic responses (about 45 min in a typical school day) did not differ significantly between groups, it was found that students perceived to be lower in behavioral competence spent more time engaged in certain inappropriate behaviors and received more teacher disapproval. Yet, students grouped on the basis of teachers' perceptions of their behavioral competence did not differ on the majority of instructional or student responding variables. Findings related to the relationship between responding times and achievement also are presented. Implications of findings for understanding the classroom ecology for students exhibiting behavior problems are discussed. PMID- 6631331 TI - Algorithms for processing spatial information. AB - Pairs of stimuli taken from a psychometric measure of spatial aptitude were shown to 9-year-olds, 13-year-olds, and adults. The stimuli in pairs were (a) either identical or mirror images, and (b) presented in orientations that differed by 0 150 degrees. Individuals judged, as rapidly as possible, if the stimuli in a pair would be identical or mirror images if presented at the same orientation. In Experiment 1, in which the stimuli were letter-like characters, at all ages most persons solved the problems using an algorithm in which an individual encodes the stimuli in working memory, mentally rotates one stimulus to the orientation of the other, compares them to determine if they are identical, and responds. In Experiment 2, the stimuli were multielement flags; here, the modal algorithm for both 9- and 13-year-olds differed from the previously described algorithm in that if the comparison process revealed that the stimuli were dissimilar, individuals did not respond immediately, but continued processing until a self-imposed deadline was reached. Among adults, the modal algorithm was the same one used in Experiment 1. Results are discussed in terms of the roles of encoding in contributing to the use of a particular algorithm. PMID- 6631332 TI - Communication and metacommunication: quality of children's instructions in relation to judgments about the adequacy of instructions and the locus of responsibility for communication failure. AB - Relationships between 5- and 7-year-old children's communicative performance, and their level of understanding about message ambiguity and communication failure, were examined in three investigations. Communicative performance was assessed in terms of quality of instructions given for constructing a Lego model or a picture from felt pieces. The child speaker instructed the experimenter (Investigations 1 and 2) or another child (Investigation 3). Level of understanding about communication was assessed by asking the child to ascribe blame for communication failure following an ambiguous message, and to judge whether the speaker had told enough. In all three investigations, children with more advanced understanding about communication gave more detailed descriptions of pieces needed and supplied more information about positioning of pieces. In addition, in the first investigation those more advanced in understanding gave their instructions in a sequence more suitable for building. In the third investigation, child pairs more advanced in understanding communicated more effectively. It was suggested that the close association between communicative performance and understanding about communication occurred because the social experience which advances understanding, namely, the giving of explicit information when and/or why a listener fails to understand what the speaker means, at the same time encourages the child speaker to take responsibility for conveying a particular meaning unambiguously: the same experiences modify both communicative behavior and understanding about communication. PMID- 6631333 TI - The effects of onset and offset warning and post-target stimuli on the saccade latency of children and adults. AB - Two studies, involving children (mean age = 10 years) and adults, investigated the effects of visual stimulus onsets and offsets on the latency of saccades to peripheral targets. Saccade latency was reduced when foveal stimulus onsets or offsets preceded the target. When stimulus onset occurred 100 msec after target onset, the stimulus interfered with responding, with this interference effect significantly greater for children than for adults. When stimuli were presented in the peripheral visual field facilitation and interference effects were similar for children and adults. These results were interpreted as indicating that oculomotor processes are similar in children and adults while the stimulus intake processes that follow stimulus onset at the point of fixation have a greater interference effect on children's than on adults' eye movements. PMID- 6631334 TI - Subcellular distribution, properties and interrelationship of oestrogen receptors in endometrium and other target tissues. AB - More than half of the extranuclear receptor content of resting cells is associated with cytoplasmic structures. Subfractionation of microsomes reveals a preponderance of "basic" (low electrophoretic mobility) receptor in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Surfynol-dithiothreitol extracts of smooth membranes are rich in "acidic" (high electrophoretic mobility) receptor. Trypsin increases the yields up to seven-fold, and this increase is correlated (r = 0.993) with the acidic receptor content and 5'-nucleotidase activity of these microsomal preparations. Acidic microsomal "cytosolic" and nuclear receptor can be degraded to the "basic" variety of streptomyces hyaluronidase. All forms give rise to a tryptic fragment with unchanged affinity for oestradiol and dimerization ability. Basic receptor isolated after enzymatic conversion of acidic receptor is microheterogenous on isoelectric focusing, but gives rise to only one precipitation arc versus the IgG fraction of a polyclonal antiserum. The precipitation arc can be recharged with labelled oestradiol and autoradiographed. Non-immune IgG's from (unspecific) soluble complexes with oestrogen receptors, but not with their tryptic fragments. The polyclonal antioestrogen receptor IgG fraction precipitates the oestradiol-tagged tryptic receptor fragment from all subcellular sources of all homologous (porcine) and heterologous (human, ovine, bovine, goat, rabbit, guinea pig, rat) target tissues tested. Organ specificity can therefore be excluded and a high degree of phylogenetic conservation of the oestrogen receptor's protein moiety is implied. The presence, in the immune IgG fraction, of steroid releasing antibodies, which apparently distort the binding site, should spur the search for monoclonal antibodies with similar properties. PMID- 6631335 TI - Detection of drift effects before calculating the standard deviation as a measure of analytical imprecision. AB - The sample standard deviation is commonly used as a measure of analytical imprecision, calculated from a series of n data obtained from one sample split for n assays. Drift effects cause an overestimation and consequently a misinterpretation of the standard deviation in clinical chemistry. The r-ratio test is recommended as a simple procedure for detecting drift effects. It has been found necessary to eliminate outliers before drift effects can be recognized. PMID- 6631336 TI - How phagocytic leukocytes move. AB - A regulated, coordinated movement of the cytoplasm is essential for the function of phagocytes. In these cells, as in muscle cells, the power unit for movement consists of the contractile proteins, actin and myosin, which are concentrated in the region of the cell cortex. In the peripheral cytoplasm, actin fibres may be in a fluid state or they may form a gel network by association with a homodimeric, actin-binding protein. The reversible transformation of the cytoplasm from gel to sol is mediated by a regulatory protein called gelsolin, which when activated by micromolar concentrations of Ca2+, causes shortening of actin fibres, leading to disintegration of the gel network. This gel network reforms if the Ca2+ concentration falls below the threshold value for the activation of gelsolin. Ca2+, acting via gelsolin, is a second component in this system; it controls the order of events that start on the plasma membrane of the phagocyte in response to a stimulus, and are then maintained by an appropriate reaction of the contractile unit. It is to be expected that the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that release and regulate the movement of cytoplasm in the cell will permit an understanding of factors that interfere with leukocyte function. PMID- 6631337 TI - Characteristics of proteinuria in endemic nephropathy. AB - Subjects living in the endemic area of Posavina round Slavonski Brod have a significantly greater incidence of proteinuria (13.6%) than those living under the same conditions in the area where endemic nephropathy has not been observed (5.5%). Following determination of the grade and type of proteinuria, physiologic proteinuria was found in 36% of subjects from the endemic area. In nonphysiologic proteinuria the incidence of tubular proteinuria was 41%. A slight selective glomerular proteinuria was found in 51%, and other types of proteinuria in 8% of subjects. Tubular proteinuria was significantly higher in the endemic area than in the control area. The subjects with tubular proteinuria from the endemic area excrete significantly greater amounts of beta 2-microglobulin and light immunoglobulin chains. PMID- 6631338 TI - Urinary ribonuclease excretion in pancreatic disease. AB - Urinary ribonuclease output and indices of renal tubular integrity were evaluated in control subjects and patients with pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis and extrapancreatic diseases. The aim of the study was to ascertain the contribution to such diagnoses of ribonuclease determination in urine, and the possible influence of tubular damage on the extent of ribonuclease excretion. Information from the ribonuclease assay in urine offered no advantage over that obtained by the same determination in serum; tubular damage may contribution in some cases to an elevated ribonuclease excretion. PMID- 6631340 TI - Family medicine: the science of family practice. PMID- 6631339 TI - Evaluation of the optimized bioluminescent assay for the determination of total creatine kinase and creatine kinase MB activities. AB - A very sensitive, optimized bioluminescent assay for certain kinase and creatine kinase MB activities is tested. We evaluated reagent blanks, sensitivity, precision and compared the results with those of the spectrophotometric immunoinhibition test. The main advantage of the new method is a detection limit of less than 1 U/l which, together with a high precision (s = 0.1 at detection limit), allows determinations of the creatine kinase MB activity even in normal sera in about 20 minutes. A disadvantage of the manual procedure is that it may be necessary to include up to five pipetting steps. PMID- 6631341 TI - Nonrotational residency training. PMID- 6631342 TI - Symptom diagnosis of candida vaginitis. PMID- 6631343 TI - Acute pulmonary edema precipitated by NSAIDs. PMID- 6631344 TI - Rubella immunization policies for health care personnel. AB - Rubella vaccination of children in the United States has resulted in a shift in the age of affected and susceptible individuals toward older age groups. In an effort to reduce the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices have recommended rubella vaccine for all male and female medical personnel who might contract and spread rubella to pregnant women. A survey of hospitals and outpatient practices in Little Rock, Arkansas, revealed extremely low compliance with the recommendation, suggesting the need for further education or legislation on rubella immunization for health care personnel. PMID- 6631345 TI - Compliance with referrals from a cancer-screening project. AB - Family practice residents participated in a federally funded breast and uterine cancer-screening project as a part of their training experience. During the 2.5 year grant period, more than 1,800 women were screened and 12 cancers detected. Patient compliance with referral for Pap smear findings was significantly greater when there were also positive pelvic findings or when the Pap smear indicated a malignant or premalignant condition. Compliance with referral for clinical follow up of breast findings was comparable to that for diagnostic mammography, and both were significantly greater than compliance with referral for a screening mammogram. Significant relationships were found among compliance and the self reporting of breast symptoms, the physical findings on physician examination, and the source of payment for mammography. The health belief model provides a conceptual framework for consideration of study findings relating to patient motivation for preventive and curative care. PMID- 6631346 TI - Oral fluoride supplementation: improving practitioner compliance by using a protocol. AB - Despite its proven benefit, oral fluoride supplementation has received little attention in the family practice literature. This study describes how one academically affiliated family practice, staffed by physicians knowledgeable in fluoride supplementation, failed to prescribe fluoride appropriately until a specific protocol was developed. Initially a pilot study consisting of a chart review and a mail and telephone survey was performed. The results indicated a compliance problem involving the physicians as much as the patients. Next, a detailed protocol for improving fluoride supplementation was developed that delegated responsibilities not only to the physicians but also to the receptionists, the nurses, and a physician's assistant. The protocol was initiated in July 1982. From July to October 1982, 40 at-risk children visited the clinic for assorted health care needs. A follow-up chart audit on these children revealed that 23 (58 percent) were currently taking fluoride, and 27 families (79 percent) had had their wells checked for fluoride. This study demonstrates the advantage of using a protocol with a team approach for increasing compliance with respect to oral fluoride supplementation. PMID- 6631347 TI - Recognition of alcoholism among patients with psychiatric problems in a family practice clinic. AB - The prevalence of psychiatric disorders associated with alcoholism is reported to be as high as 65 percent. A retrospective chart study was performed to determine whether physicians in a primary care center were adequately evaluating for alcoholism their patients with psychiatric problems. Thirty-five percent of the patients with psychiatric problems seen over a six-month period were not questioned about alcohol use. Younger patients and those with a nonspecific psychiatric diagnosis were questioned even less frequently. In a review of the charts for signs of alcohol abuse, 23 percent of the psychiatric patients had signs of possible alcoholism, and 6 percent were definite alcoholics. Since the presence of alcoholism may significantly alter the approach to therapy, primary care physicians should fully evaluate all patients for this problem, especially if they present with a psychiatric disorder. PMID- 6631348 TI - Bibliotherapy: an adjunct to care of patients with problems of living. AB - Bibliotherapy, or the selected use of reading as an adjunct to the treatment of medical and psychological problems, has a long history in the library science literature. However, the use of bibliotherapy by practicing physicians has not been significant. Many patients who see family physicians are candidates for bibliotherapy as adjunctive treatment. In the past five years numerous well written books that address various patient problems of living have been made available. The authors surveyed a variety of health care specialists in the Denver area to develop a reading list for people with life problems. These problems have been categorized under the following headings: dealing with life crises and transitions, parents and children, parenting, coping with illness and disability, death and dying, lifestyle modification, sexuality, and coping with feelings. The resulting annotated bibliography may be used as a guide for practicing physicians who feel that appropriate reading material may be beneficial to their patients with such problems. PMID- 6631349 TI - The family and family medicine: should this marriage be saved? AB - Although there have been many noteworthy attempts to integrate a family focus into family medicine, there is little evidence that this integration has occurred in either residency education or community practice. When the specialty was founded, a family emphasis may have been politically useful as a way to differentiate the new family physician from the old general practitioner. Now, however, it is unclear what specific family-related material should be taught or who should teach it since few family practice faculty are trained in understanding families. If a practicing family physician actually wants to see a family, practical problems concerning time, space, and money arise. Furthermore, the medicolegal system is structured to protect the confidential relationship between one patient and one physician. Other obstacles to the integration include the difficult epistemological shift required to apply systems theory, the current chaos in the family field, and family medicine's need to gain professional stature by being proficient in traditional medicine. It may be time for the family and family medicine to reconsider their well-intended but ill-advised relationship. PMID- 6631350 TI - Free visits: a strategy to retain patients and improve continuity in a residency program. AB - All family practice residencies attempt to offer continuity experience to residents and patients as part of their model practices. However, every year one third of the most experienced resident providers leave the practice to be replaced by new, inexperienced residents. This study reports a randomized controlled trial in which a sample of reassigned patients was offered a free visit with their new physician. The free visit was a scheduled appointment with the patient's newly assigned physician during a two-month period for the purpose of meeting the new physician. The offer of a free visit succeeded in helping patients make the initial office contact with their new physician. However, during six months of follow-up the free visit offer did not have an impact on visit frequency or primary provider continuity. In this study the reassignment of patients to new physician providers did not affect overall visit frequency, but did have a negative impact on primary provider continuity. PMID- 6631351 TI - Using private practice settings for academically intensive family practice clerkships. AB - The Department of Family Medicine and Practice at the University of Wisconsin has designed and conducted an academically intensive third-year three-month family practice clerkship based in private practice settings. This experience differs from more traditional preceptorships in the amount of academic structure and quality control applied to the student's learning experience. This clerkship has demonstrated that extramural experiences can be as academically intensive and carefully monitored as traditional, referral-hospital-based clerkships in family practice or other basic medical disciplines. Increases in the level of continuity of care occur over the entire 12 weeks. PMID- 6631352 TI - Panic disorder. AB - Panic disorder is a subtype of anxiety manifested by discrete periods of apprehension or fear and at least four of the following somatic symptoms: dyspnea, palpitations, chest pain, choking, dizziness, depersonalization or derealization experience, paresthesias, hot and cold flashes, sweating, faintness, trembling, and fear of dying, going crazy, or doing something uncontrolled during an attack. Because the patient with panic disorder often selectively focuses on one of these somatic symptoms and may minimize or deny psychosocial distress, panic disorder is frequently misdiagnosed. As a result of the frightening nature of the symptoms, a pattern of overutilization of medical care systems frequently ensues. Panic disorder is usually precipitated by stressful life events, most commonly separation or loss, in a patient with a genetic or acquired vulnerability. As with other psychophysiologic illness (depression, duodenal ulcer) resolution of the acute stressful life event may not lead to resolutions of the physiologic changes. Two specific tricyclic antidepressants, imipramine and desipramine, have been shown to be effective therapeutic agents in treating panic disorder. PMID- 6631353 TI - Successful treatment of chronic urticaria with mefenamic acid. PMID- 6631354 TI - An evaluation of individual components of breast self-examination. PMID- 6631355 TI - Accuracy and reliability of ICHPPC-2 recording. PMID- 6631356 TI - Parallels in the changing roles of a woman and her family physician. PMID- 6631357 TI - Scanning electron microscopic ultrastructural alterations of the pulmonary alveolus in experimental drowning. AB - Scanning electron microscopic structural and ultrastructural alterations of alveolar wall in experimental drowning are described. The results obtained confirm the literature's data. Peculiar microlesions affecting Type I alveolar cells, the basement membrane, and sometimes the capillary endothelium could also be observed. Finally, Type II alveolar cells show alterations which could be related with a possible direct action of the drowning liquid. PMID- 6631358 TI - Concentration of alcohol in delayed subdural hematoma. AB - The medicolegal implications of a delayed subdural hemorrhage are described, with particular reference to the significance of the alcohol content in the hematoma versus that in the peripheral blood at the time of injury. PMID- 6631359 TI - Hypoglycemia as the responsible factor in a truck driver accident fatality. AB - A case of hypoglycemia causing a truck driver to lose control of his vehicle and his resulting traumatic asphyxia death is presented. The incident was considered suspicious in spite of poor visibility, because an experienced, healthy operator lost control in the early morning hours after a relatively short (4-h) drive. The autopsy revealed no evidence of natural disease and the driver had no alcohol or drugs in his system. Although this is apparently a rare occurrence, the diagnosis of underlying hypoglycemia as the causative factor in a traffic fatality can be reasonably suspected and accurately made if appropriate specimens are properly obtained and tested. Legislation mandating the retention of antemortem blood specimens on all trauma patients will permit more accurate assessment of most chemical etiologies of traffic accidents. PMID- 6631360 TI - Air embolism during intercourse in pregnancy. AB - Air embolism may rarely cause sudden death during or shortly after pregnancy. Certain obstetric techniques, douching procedures, and blowing air into the vagina have been associated with this phenomenon. A case of venous air embolism in a pregnant woman occurring during sexual intercourse in a rear entry position is presented. PMID- 6631361 TI - Toxicological findings in a death resulting from the ingestion of trimipramine. AB - A fatality following ingestion of the tricyclic antidepressant trimipramine is presented. Whole blood concentrations of trimipramine and its metabolite N desmethyltrimipramine were measured by gas-liquid chromatography and found to be 400 and 1130 ng/mL, respectively. These findings are compared to those of previous unpublished trimipramine fatalities and fatalities caused by other tricyclic antidepressants. PMID- 6631362 TI - Application of probability of paternity calculations to an alleged incestuous relationship. AB - An alleged case of incest between half siblings has been examined by standard blood grouping and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) serology. The data were analyzed statistically using single and joint possibilities of paternity. The existence of the alleged relationship between the two parties in question is quite probable. PMID- 6631363 TI - The Hinckley case, the media, and the insanity defense. PMID- 6631364 TI - Fatal traffic accidents--legal assistance in chemical causation. PMID- 6631365 TI - The effect of witnesses, attorneys, and judges on civil commitment in North Carolina: a prospective study. AB - A total of 388 commitment hearings were observed and analyzed for demographic information on patients, name of judge, duration of hearing, identities of those present and those actually testifying, outcome of any procedural challenges, and concurrence of the judges with attorney and physician recommendations. Age, race, and gender of the patient were found to have no significant effect on the outcome of the cases. Disposition of the cases correlated with recommendations by physicians, witnesses, and state attorneys in an overwhelming number of cases. Possible harmful influences of plea-bargaining in commitment hearings are discussed. PMID- 6631366 TI - Judicial oversight of release of patients committed after being found not competent to stand trial or not guilty by reason of insanity in violent crimes. AB - In 1981, North Carolina joined a growing number of states in passing legislation requiring judicial concurrence with discharge decisions for civilly committed patients who had been found either not competent to proceed to trial or not guilty by reason of insanity. The authors studied all such patients at one of North Carolina's four state mental hospitals during the first year of the new law's operation, and found that there were only 16 of them. These patients were compared to a control sample of civilly committed patients without criminal charges; it was found that the forensic patients spent longer in the hospital than the controls, but still significantly less time than reported in studies from other states. The authors discuss possible reasons for these differences and comment on the effectiveness of such legislation. PMID- 6631367 TI - The points of attachment of the palpebral ligaments: their use in facial reconstructions on the skull. AB - The discovery in the Smith College Archives of a reference to Whitnall's little known "malar tubercle" points up the fact that H. H. Wilder used this point of attachment of the lateral palpebral ligament in positioning the lateral canthus of the eye in his face reconstructions on the skull. The present paper offers an equally sure means of positioning the medial canthus. PMID- 6631368 TI - Equations for estimating age at death from the pubic symphysis: a modification of the McKern-Stewart method. AB - Morphological changes of the pubic symphysis provide an important means of estimating age at death in the adult skeleton. Today, the most widely used method of symphysial aging is the three-component system devised by McKern and Stewart for males and modified by Gilbert and McKern for females. Examination of the published data for both sexes reveals that the relationship of total symphysial score with predicted age and observed standard deviations can be expressed by a set of simple linear and polynomial equations. This approach is more statistically efficient since it uses the total data base rather then independently treated data subsets in predicting age from total symphysial score. It has the added advantage of providing a simple method of predicting symphysial age on small computers or programmable calculators. PMID- 6631369 TI - Morphological variations in ulnar supinator crests and fossae as identifying markers of occupational stress. AB - Recent morphometric studies of ulnae of prehistoric skeletal remains from populations known to have used spears, atlatls, and similar projectile weapons for hunting and warfare reveal a high incidence of hypertrophy of the ulnar crest, to which the supinator muscle is attached, along with pronounced depth of the adjacent supinator fossa, especially in the upper extremities of males. Similar features occur in the right ulnae of living persons of both sexes who are habitually engaged in certain occupational and athletic activities involving angular displacement of the forearm as a result of medial rotation of the arm at the shoulder, shoulder and arm rapid extension, and abrupt shifts from forearm supination to pronation. Aside from its forensic science implications in determination of right- or left-handedness as a trait peculiar to the individual, observation of these markers of stress on the proximal end of the ulna are significant in identification of skeletal remains of persons known to have engaged in specific brachial activities during life. The biomechanics of these movement patterns and activities in which they occur, when properly interpreted, are relevant to forensic science problems of individual identification and paleoanthropological studies of occupational stress factors in extinct populations for which a skeletal record is available. PMID- 6631370 TI - The determination of cocaine and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine, in postmortem fluids and tissues by computerized gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. AB - An analytical procedure for the simultaneous determination of both cocaine and benzoylecgonine in postmortem fluid and tissue samples has been developed by using computerized gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography using a nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) detector. Both methods are accurate and sensitive and allow the determination of tissue concentrations of cocaine and benzoylecgonine as low as 0.015 microgram/mL. PMID- 6631371 TI - Determination of chloroquine and monodesethylchloroquine in hair. AB - Using thin-layer and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, chloroquine and its major metabolite (monodesethylchloroquine) were identified in hair samples of numerous patients who received this antimalarial drug for several months. In two patients the amounts of chloroquine were, respectively, 310 and 145 mg/kg hair and those of the monodesethylchloroquine 23 and 11 mg/kg. The respective proportions (93 and 7%) are the same in the two subjects. The chloroquine percentage was near those in the spleen or stomach wall after poisoning. Other metabolites in hair are being identified. Hair analysis may provide a good toxicologic and forensic science complement to the blood, urine, and tissues. It may be useful for the control of chloroquine therapy. PMID- 6631372 TI - Drugs and driving: a systematic analytical approach. AB - To collect useful epidemiological data about drug involvement in highway safety, it is essential that sensitive and specific analytical procedures be used to establish the presence of and to determine the concentrations of drugs and metabolites in samples collected from drivers. This paper describes a comprehensive and systematic screening procedure requiring 6 mL of blood, which has been used for the analysis of samples collected from injured and fatally injured drivers. The procedure uses radioimmunoassay, gas chromatography with selective detectors, and high performance liquid chromatography. Drugs and metabolites presumptively identified are then confirmed primarily using gas chromatography--chemical ionization mass spectrometry. PMID- 6631373 TI - The acetaminophen experience in south Florida. AB - Toxicology records of the Dade County Medical Examiner Department were reviewed for the years 1972 to 1981. Any case in which acetaminophen was detected, regardless of the cause of death, was included in the study. Of 95 cases where acetaminophen was detected, no trends were observable in age, sex, or race. Acetaminophen deaths have increased in recent years, probably because of increased marketing of products containing this substance. Some two thirds of the cases involved suicides or accidental deaths, with 40 cases being directly attributable to overdose with a variety of drugs. It is suggested that acetaminophen may be a useful indicator of polydrug overdoses. PMID- 6631374 TI - Santeria. PMID- 6631375 TI - Brujeria: manifestations of Palo Mayombe in South Florida. PMID- 6631376 TI - Throw downs, fixin, rooting and hexing. PMID- 6631377 TI - Your "great potential". PMID- 6631379 TI - Regionalized Neonatal Perinatal Intensive Care Center Program. PMID- 6631378 TI - Physicians--responsible guardians of public funds--the perinatal program. PMID- 6631380 TI - Prevention: cornerstone for the future. PMID- 6631381 TI - Need for the Florida infant hearing screening bill. PMID- 6631382 TI - Regionalized neonatal/perinatal intensive care center program: a political history. PMID- 6631383 TI - Children's Medical Services: total health care. PMID- 6631384 TI - The nine regional perinatal tertiary care centers in Florida: an overview. PMID- 6631385 TI - Data base management system for Children's Medical Services Regional Perinatal Intensive Care Centers Program. PMID- 6631386 TI - New strategies for preventing an old problem: low birthweight. PMID- 6631387 TI - Minimizing risk of repeated pregnancy loss. PMID- 6631388 TI - Management of preterm premature rupture of membranes. PMID- 6631389 TI - Some observations on effect of a supportive companion during labor and delivery. PMID- 6631390 TI - Fetus as patient--medical legal and ethical dimensions. PMID- 6631391 TI - Development and evaluation of a statewide communication and referral system (CARE line). PMID- 6631392 TI - Step-down neonatal special care: an innovative approach to regional neonatal services. PMID- 6631393 TI - Transport of the sick neonate. PMID- 6631394 TI - Florida's infant screening program for metabolic disease. PMID- 6631395 TI - Infant screening for phenylketonuria in Florida. PMID- 6631396 TI - Infant screening for galactosemia in Florida. PMID- 6631397 TI - Clinical experience with the infant screening program for congenital hypothyroidism. PMID- 6631398 TI - Persistent fetal circulation. PMID- 6631399 TI - The dilemma of SIDS. PMID- 6631400 TI - Management of renal failure: emphasis on peritoneal dialysis in the neonate. PMID- 6631401 TI - Impact of breast feeding--obviating problems. PMID- 6631402 TI - Induced capacitance in the squid giant axon. Lipophilic ion displacement currents. AB - Voltage-clamped squid giant axons, perfused internally and externally with solutions containing 10(-5) M dipicrylamine (DpA-), show very large polarization currents (greater than or equal to 1 mA/cm2) in response to voltage steps. The induced polarization currents are shown in the frequency domain as a very large voltage-and frequency-dependent capacitance that can be fit by single Debye-type relaxations. In the time domain, the decay phase of the induced currents can be fit by single exponentials. The induced polarization currents can also be observed in the presence of large sodium and potassium currents. The presence of the DpA- molecules does not affect the resting potential of the axons, but the action potentials appear graded, with a much-reduced rate of rise. The data in the time domain as well as the frequency domain can be explained by a single barrier model where the DpA- molecules translocate for an equivalent fraction of the electric field of 0.63, and the forward and backward rate constants are equal at -15 mV. When the induced polarization currents described here are added to the total ionic current expression given by Hodgkin and Huxley (1952), numerical solutions of the membrane action potential reproduce qualitatively our experimental data. Numerical solutions of the propagated action potential predict that large changes in the speed of conduction are possible when polarization currents are induced in the axonal membrane. We speculate that either naturally occurring substances or drugs could alter the cable properties of cells in a similar manner. PMID- 6631403 TI - Ryanodine modification of cardiac muscle responses to potassium-free solutions. Evidence for inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release. AB - To test whether ryanodine blocks the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle, we examined its effects on the aftercontractions and transient depolarizations or transient inward currents developed by guinea pig papillary muscles and voltage-clamped calf cardiac Purkinje fibers in potassium free solutions. Ryanodine (0.1-1.0 microM) abolished or prevented aftercontractions and transient depolarizations by the papillary muscles without affecting any of the other sequelae of potassium removal. In the presence of 4.7 mM potassium and at a stimulation rate of 1 Hz, ryanodine had only a small variable effect on papillary muscle force development and action potential characteristics. In calf Purkinje fibers, ryanodine (1 nM-1 microM) completely blocked the aftercontractions and transient inward currents without altering the steady state current-voltage relationship. Ryanodine also abolished the twitch in potassium-free solutions, but it enhanced the tonic force during depolarizing voltage-clamp steps. This latter effect was dependent on the combination of ryanodine and potassium-free solutions. The slow inward current was not blocked by 1 microM ryanodine, but ryanodine did appear to abolish an outward current that remained in the presence of 0.5 mM 4-aminopyridine. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that ryanodine, by inhibiting the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, prevents the oscillations in intracellular calcium that activate the transient inward currents and aftercontractions associated with calcium overload states. PMID- 6631404 TI - Performance of cat retinal ganglion cells at low light levels. AB - Responses of brisk-sustained cat retinal ganglion cells were examined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Stimuli were brief luminance changes superimposed upon a weak steady pedestal ranging from 27 to 47,000 quanta (507 nm) per second at the cornea. Overall quantum efficiencies of cells ranged up to approximately 13% and were compatible with previous estimates at absolute threshold. The main work was done on on-center cells, but a small sample of off center units behaved similarly. Experimental ROC curves verified a set of qualitative predictions based on a theoretical treatment of performance, assuming that response variability resulted solely from quantum fluctuations. However, quantitative predictions were not fulfilled. The discrepancy could be resolved by postulating a source of added internal variance, R, the value of which could then be deduced from the experimental measurements. A ganglion cell model limited by a fixed amount of added variance from physiological sources and having access to a fixed fraction of incident quanta can account quantitatively for (a) slopes of ROC curves, (b) variation of detectability with magnitude of both increments and decrements, and (c) performance over a range of pedestal intensities. Estimates of the proportion of incident quanta used ranged up to 29% under some conditions, a figure approximately matching estimates of the fraction of corneal quanta that isomerize rhodopsin in the cat. PMID- 6631405 TI - Genetic analysis of a gene regulating the timing of developmental events in Dictyostelium discoideum. AB - In Dictyostelium discoideum, there exist genes which regulate the timing of developmental events. In one class of these rapidly developing (rde) mutants, the rate of development is accelerated, resulting in the formation of spores and stalk cells in about 2/3 of the time required for the parent. Linkage analysis of one of the rde strains, HTY506, demonstrated that rdeC1850, carried by the mutant is located on linkage group III. Therefore HTY506 differs genetically from the strain FR17, the first rde mutant described which carries a mutation rdeA1 on linkage group IV. While strain HTY506 has a pleiotropic phenotype, the altered characteristics of strain HTY506 appear to be caused by a single mutation, rdeC1850. PMID- 6631406 TI - Numerical classification of Streptomyces and related genera. AB - Four hundred and seventy-five strains, which included 394 type cultures of Streptomyces and representatives of 14 other actinomycete genera, were studied. Overall similarities of these strains for 139 unit characters were determined by the SSM and SJ coefficients and clustering by the UPGMA algorithm. Test error and overlap between the phena defined were within acceptable limits. Cluster-groups were defined by the SSM coefficient at the 70.1% similarity (S) level and by the SJ coefficient at the 50% S-level. Clusters were distinguished at the 77.5% SSM and 63% SJ S-levels. Groupings obtained with the two coefficients were generally similar, but there were some changes in the definition and membership of cluster groups and clusters. The phenetic data obtained, together with those from previous diverse studies, indicated that the genera Actinopycnidium, Actinosporangium, Chainia, Elytrosporangium, Kitasatoa and Microellobosporia should be reduced to synonyms of Streptomyces, while Intrasporangium, Nocardioides and Streptoverticillium remained as distinct genera in the family Streptomycetaceae. Nocardiopsis dassonvillei also showed strong phenetic affinity to Streptomyces, despite its chemotaxonomic differences. Actinomadura sensu stricto was phenetically distinguishable from Streptomyces and 'Nocardia' mediterranea was recognized as a taxon distinct from both these genera and from Nocardia sensu stricto. Most of the Streptomyces type cultures fell into one large cluster-group. At the 77.5% SSM S-level, they were recovered in 19 major and 40 minor clusters, with 18 strains recovered as single member clusters. The status of the latter as species was therefore confirmed. Most of the minor clusters, consisting of two to five strains, can also be regarded as species. The major clusters varied in size (from 6 to 71 strains) and in there homogeneity. Therefore, it is suggested that they be regarded as species-groups until further information is available. The results provide a basis for the reduction of the large number of Streptomyces species which have been described. They also demonstrate that the previous use of a limited number of subjectively chosen characters to define species-groups or species has resulted in artificial classifications. PMID- 6631407 TI - Intraspecies genetic relatedness among strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii and of Acholeplasma axanthum by nucleic acid hybridization. AB - This study compares the intraspecies genetic relatedness among strains of two established species of Acholeplasma. Radiolabelled DNA probes were prepared from three strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii and two strains of Acholeplasma axanthum, by using the nick translation method. The labelled DNA probes of these two strains were hybridized to an excess of unlabelled DNA from 12 strains of Acholeplasma laidlawii and from six strains of Acholeplasma axanthum, respectively. Nucleic acid hybridization analyses showed a wide variation among strains within each of the two established species, ranging from 48 to 100% homology. The results demonstrate that strains isolated from diverse hosts and habitats within a given species of Acholeplasma exhibit extensive genotypic variations. PMID- 6631408 TI - Amino acid requirements of strains of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. psittaci growing in McCoy cells: relationship with clinical syndrome and host origin. AB - The effects of omission of individual amino acids from growth medium on the multiplication of a range of Chlamydia trachomatis and C. psittaci strains in cycloheximide-treated McCoy cells have been assessed. Differences in requirements were revealed which for C. trachomatis strains correlated with clinical syndrome and for C. psittaci with host origin. All 11 strains of C. trachomatis examined showed a requirement for addition of histidine to the medium; this was not shown by any of four C. psittaci strains. Among the strains of C. trachomatis, three from cases of trachoma, representing serotypes A, B and C, showed a distinctive requirement for the addition of tryptophan to the medium, whilst six strains of oculogenital origin, representing serotypes D-I, exhibited no requirement for tryptophan or methionine; a lymphogranuloma venereum and a 'fast variant' strain both showed a requirement for methionine. Of the four C. psittaci strains from different hosts, three showed distinct patterns of amino acid requirements. All chlamydiae required the addition of valine to medium and the majority required leucine, phenylalanine and also glutamine. PMID- 6631409 TI - Effect of nutrient depletion on sensitivity of Pseudomonas cepacia to phagocytosis and serum bactericidal activity at different temperatures. AB - Pseudomonas cepacia grown under different specific nutrient depletions in batch culture showed varying degrees of sensitivity to engulfment and killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and to killing by human serum. Resistance to killing by the combined action of PMN and serum in while blood was found to increase in the following order of depletions: glucose less than iron less than sulphate less than phosphate or ammonium less than magnesium. There was also an increase in resistance to killing by whole blood with decrease in temperature, except that carbon-depleted cells remained very sensitive irrespective of temperature. Cells in the exponential phase of growth also showed a consistent increase in resistance as the temperature was decreased. Similar, but smaller effects were observed with oxygen-depleted cells. The increase in killing by whole blood as the phagocytic temperature was raised correlated with an increase in the number of bacteria ingested per PMN. A pattern of serum sensitivity was observed with cells grown under different nutrient depletions similar to that for whole blood. But in all cases whole blood was 6 to 10 times more effective than serum alone in killing the cells at 37 degrees C. PMID- 6631410 TI - Multiflagellate variants of Vibrio anguillarum. AB - An ultrastructural examination of six strains of Vibrio anguillarum of varying virulence for eels revealed an apparent correlation between pathogenicity and the possession of more than one flagellum. The relationship between V. anguillarum surface appendages and virulence is discussed. PMID- 6631411 TI - The tail fibre of bacteriophage T4 is sensitive to proteases at elevated temperatures. AB - Bacteriophage T4 wild-type is not sensitive to heating at 60 degrees C. Trypsin at this temperature quickly inactivates the bacteriophage, with first-order kinetics for about the first 60 min. The half-inactivation period is around 15 min. The characteristics of this inactivation reaction have been studied. Inactivation of T4 particles is paralleled by a loss in ability to adsorb to bacteria. SDS-PAGE reveals a 'clipping' of gp 37, the protein of the distal part of the long tail fibres, during the inactivation reaction. gp 37 is the only protein to be modified under these conditions. Mutants have been isolated which resist this modification, they map in gene 37. PMID- 6631412 TI - Plasmid replication in a temperature-sensitive chromosome replication mutant of Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Replication of the antibiotic resistance plasmids pI258, pT10501 and pC221 has been investigated in a mutant of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325, which is temperature-sensitive for the initiation of chromosome replication. Replication of pI258 stopped rapidly at the nonpermissive temperature, whilst replication of pT10501 and pC221 continued (although at a lower rate than in the wild-type). It is proposed that the product of the mutant gene may be required directly for pI258 replication, but not for replication of pT10501 or pC221. PMID- 6631413 TI - Plasmids, recombination and chromosome mapping in Streptomyces lividans 66. AB - Streptomyces lividans 66 was shown to harbour two self-transmissible plasmids: SLP2, which acts as a sex factor, and SLP3. Derivatives of this strain which had lost both plasmids were used as host strains to study a range of Streptomyces plasmids for their ability to promote their own transfer and to mobilize chromosomal markers. A linkage map of the S. lividans chromosome containing ten markers was derived from the results of matings using several different sex plasmids, and protoplast fusions. SLP2 was transferred interspecifically to S. parvulus ATCC 12434 and to S. coelicolor A3(2); in the latter it acted as a fertility factor. Interspecific crosses also led to the discovery of a further plasmid, SLP4, from S. coelicolor, SLP2, SLP3 and SLP4 could not be visualized on agarose gels using standard plasmid isolation procedures, but their presence was detected by transformation into S. lividans. PMID- 6631414 TI - Electron microscopic observations of cell division in Mycobacterium vaccae V1. AB - Cell division of Mycobacterium vaccae was initiated by deposition of new wall material in the cross wall. The surface layers of the old wall remained continuous until septum formation was complete. Subsequently, rupture of the outer cell wall layers occurred circumferentially, leaving rings on the cell wall. The two daughter cells remained connected with each other at the new pole and bent to form V-shaped structures at the connecting point. PMID- 6631415 TI - Survey of taurine uptake and metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Taurine has been reported to be a component of the capsular polysaccharide of the encapsulated M strain of Staphylococcus aureus. This led to a study of the uptake and metabolism of [1,2-14C]taurine in a variety of encapsulated and unencapsulated S. aureus strains. Taurine was taken up by all strains studied. A discrepancy between uptake measured as depletion of radioactivity from growth medium and as cell-associated radioactivity suggested that taurine may be catabolized to CO2 in some strains. In most strains, cell-associated radioactivity was located mainly in cold TCA-soluble (pool metabolites) fractions. About 90% of the cell-associated radioactivity was present in the pool metabolites fraction in the M strain, and about 10% in hot TCA-soluble (nucleic acid-teichoic acid-capsular polysaccharide) fraction. Radioactivity in spent medium and the capsular polysaccharide-containing fraction appeared to be present as taurine in this strain. Radioactivity in the pool metabolites fraction of three of the strains examined did not chromatograph as taurine, indicating that taurine was converted into other cell metabolites. One strain incorporated radioactivity from taurine into cellular macromolecules, thus revealing a heterogeneity of staphylococcal taurine metabolism. PMID- 6631416 TI - Isolation of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species from raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus). AB - Mycoplasma spp. were isolated from five wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus). On the basis of biochemical properties and serological tests, nine isolates were identified as Mycoplasma edwardii and four were similar to a possibly new Mycoplasma sp. represented by strain LM2 which is negative for both glucose fermentation and arginine hydrolysis. In addition, ureaplasmas were detected from these animals. Ureaplasmas were compared serologically with ureaplasma strains isolated from human, monkey, cattle, goat, sheep, cat, chicken and dog and cross-reacted with one of four serological groups of canine ureaplasmas. PMID- 6631417 TI - Esterase isoenzyme variation in the genus Saprolegnia, with particular reference to the fish-pathogenic S. diclina-parasitica complex. AB - Esterase isoenzyme patterns determined by slab gel electrophoresis were compared for nearly 60 Saprolegnia isolates, particularly from the S. diclina-parasitica complex. Consistent differences were found between S. diclina and S. parasitica isolates, with the latter being characterized by having between one and five very fast moving esterase bands that were generally absent from the former. A range of asexual (unidentifiable) isolates, taken from the vicinity of fish hatcheries or from fish lesions, were also examined and their esterase isoenzymes shown to be similar to those of S. parasitica, although usually showing fewer bands. The use of esterase isoenzymes for screening potential fish pathogenic isolates of Saprolegnia is briefly compared with results obtained using oogonium morphology or cyst ornamentation, and the relative merits of each method are discussed. It is proposed that, on the basis of their distinctive cyst coat ornamentation (bundles of long 'boathooks') and esterase isoenzymes, fish lesion isolates can be distinguished from saprophytic isolates, and that analysis of isoenzymes should provide a useful method for the screening of potential pathogenic isolates. PMID- 6631418 TI - Further evidence for the existence of a membrane potential in Trypanosoma brucei brucei. AB - The distribution of 137Cs+, in the presence of valinomycin, has been used to measure the magnitude of the membrane potential (delta psi) in bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Values of the delta psi falling in the range -100 mV to -160 mV were observed and the maintenance of this delta psi was sensitive to certain ionophores and protonophores. PMID- 6631419 TI - Identification of Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium beijerinckii by gas liquid chromatography and sugar fermentation: correlation with DNA homologies and electrophoretic patterns. AB - Sixty-five strains of clostridia of the butyricum group were studied by DNA-DNA hybridization, electrophoresis of cell proteins, gas-liquid chromatography, and fermentation of glycerol, inositol and ribose. The DNA--DNA hybridization results confirmed that strains of this group belong to two main species, Clostridium butyricum and C. beijerinckii. Five strains did not hybridize with the reference strains of these two species. Most of the strains could be identified by quantitative gas-liquid chromatographic analysis combined with fermentation patterns. The other strains could be identified by their protein electrophoretic patterns. PMID- 6631420 TI - Adhesion of coagulase-negative staphylococci to biomaterials. AB - The adhesion of two Staphylococcus epidermidis strains and one Staphylococcus saprophyticus strain on to poly(tetrafluorethylene-co-hexafluorpropylene) (FEP) fluorocarbon and cellulose acetate was studied in vitro. Both S. epidermidis strains showed a more hydrophobic character than the encapsulated S. saprophyticus as determined by the bacterial affinity towards xylene. Staphylococcus epidermidis showed a significantly higher adhesion on to the hydrophobic FEP than S. saprophyticus. The adhesion of staphylococci on to the more hydrophilic cellulose acetate was always low. Treatment of S. epidermidis with pepsin or extraction with aqueous phenol yielded cells with a decreased hydrophobicity, which resulted in a decreased adhesion on to FEP. Cells with a decreased hydrophobicity showed a lower rate of reaggregation in suspension. The hydrophobicity and the adhesion on the FEP of S. epidermidis were not affected by exposure to a subminimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin. The strong interaction between S. epidermidis and FEP, which appeared not to be influenced by the age or the metabolic stage of the bacteria, is mainly caused by hydrophobic bonding. PMID- 6631421 TI - [Regular dominance of thumb ankylosis with mental retardation transmitted over 3 generations]. AB - A young girl 12 old, sent to us for obesity, and coxa-epiphysiolysis showed signs of mental retardation and bilateral thumb ankylosis. The fact that the mother was also affected by both of these signs, led to a more detailed genetic research. The latter revealed that not only the daughter, the mother, but also their own mother and may be, the sister, the grand-mother and the great-aunt of the patient had a retardation, a slight dysmorphia, a type A brachydactylia, signs of obesity and an identical ankylosis of both thumbs. This vertical inheritance, affecting apparently females only, but not associated with a high rate of miscarriage, has, it seems, never been reported. The characteristics of this family are being considered and discussed. PMID- 6631422 TI - [Prenatal diagnosis of a case of familial recurrence of unilateral diaphragmatic agenesis]. AB - Prenatal diagnosis of different fetal malformations have been performed by echography. The authors report a case of recurrence of monolateral diaphragmatic agenesy in sibs. The diagnosis was achieved at the 23 degrees week of gestation. Some methodological details are also proposed to improve the possibility of early diagnosis. Embryological and epidemiological data have been evaluated. PMID- 6631423 TI - [Encephalopathy related to X fragility: neither inactivation nor deletion of the distal fragment q28 to qter. Enzymatic and morphometric evidence]. AB - Hypothesis on the nature of the fragile site Xq28 and its relations with the specific phenotype are discussed. The roles of a local inactivation (tested by G6 PD activity in 9 patients) or of a deletion Xq28 leads to qter (studied by morphometric evaluations on 2 patients and their heterozygotic mother) are not confirmed. PMID- 6631424 TI - [Body and craniofacial biometric study of 26 Klinefelter patients compared to 307 controls]. AB - This paper concerns the comparison of two groups - 26 Klinefelter and 307 controls - on the basis of body and cranio-facial measurements. This biometric study leads to the following results: Proportionaly to the height, the biacromial diameter is smaller in Klinefelter but the arms length, antero-posterior thoracic diameter, bicrete diameter and bitrochanteric diameter are larger in Klinefelter. Concerning cranio-facial measurements, the nose width, eye intern angle width and ear height are larger in Klinefelter, but forehead width and lips height are smaller in Klinefelter. On the other hand, the correlations between the different cranio-facial measurements are all non negative in controls when some of these correlations are negative in Klinefelter, which may explain the facial disharmony observed in those individuals. PMID- 6631425 TI - Mosaic pericentric inversion of chromosome 2. AB - A pericentric inversion of chromosome number 2 in mosaic with a normal cell line is reported in a 8-year-old boy associated with slight dysmorphic syndrome and moderate mental handicap. PMID- 6631426 TI - Hepatitis A and hepatitis B virus infection in children and adolescents in north east Italy. AB - The sera of 722 children and adolescents without overt liver disease were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antiHBs and anti-hepatitis B core anti HBc; 658 of the sera were also tested for anti-hepatitis A virus anti-HAV. Except for the "passive" antibody peak observed in babies, the anti-HAV age-specific prevalence was negligible until the age of 3; it then increased, reaching 35% by the age of 15. Serological evidence of HBV was present in 16% of the subjects: this prevalence was almost constant at all ages. The HBsAg carrier rate was highest in children under 5 years of age (7.6%) and decreased with age. However, only one HBsAg carrier was under 1 year of age. Anti-HBs age-specific prevalence increased progressively from 2.7% to 11.4%. Anti-HBc alone was present in 4.1% of the subjects. No significant sex differences were found in the prevalence of HBV serum markers or in the HBsAg carrier rate. Neither HAV nor HBV infection was significantly influenced by place of residence or socioeconomic status. It is concluded that in this area both HAV and HBV are endemic, but while HAV is mainly acquired at school, most of the HBV infections occur within the household. The results suggest that not only perinatal transmission, but also intrafamilial horizontal infection, plays a role in HBV spread among infants. PMID- 6631427 TI - Moral reasoning of Piagetian-matched retarded and nonretarded children and adolescents. AB - The moral reasoning of four IQ/etiology groups was investigated: 19 organically abnormal moderately retarded, 19 organically abnormal mildly retarded, 19 mildly retarded due to psychosocial disadvantage, and 19 nonretarded individuals. In each group 12 Ss were preoperational and seven concrete operational. Moral reasoning was assessed by an instrument using moral dilemmas based on Kohlberg's procedures. The Slosson Intelligence Test was used to determine the IQs and mental ages of each S. Piagetian stage was determined with the standard conservation of number tasks. The findings indicated no overall significant differences between the mildly retarded and the nonretarded Ss or between the mildly retarded and the moderately retarded Ss, but differences were found between the moderately retarded and the nonretarded Ss. A significant interaction was found between the two independent variables, IQ/etiology and cognitive level. The results were discussed as supporting Zigler's development position and as damaging to Kohlberg's position. PMID- 6631428 TI - Seclusion. Patterns and milieu. AB - Patterns of locked seclusion use were reviewed on an inpatient service caring for both voluntary and involuntary patients. Hospital records of 313 sequentially admitted patients were studied, comparing those patients requiring one or more episode of seclusion with those never secluded. Eighteen per cent of the patients studied were secluded, a group significantly younger, more likely to have a manic like illness, more often never married, and more frequently involuntarily hospitalized than the nonsecluded group. Patterns of seclusion frequency, duration, and numbers of episodes per patient are discussed in the context of the milieu. The modal pattern of seclusion in our study was for it to occur in the first week of hospitalization, for there to be one or two episodes per patient, and for total seclusion time to be 3 hours or less. The authors conclude that early and judicious use of seclusion with both voluntary and involuntary patients is compatible with modern hospital work and that the pattern of use reflects both clinical and milieu parameters. PMID- 6631429 TI - Effects of gender on inpatient psychiatric hospitalization. AB - In this study of inpatient hospitalization, gender was found to be a significant variable. Effects of gender upon admission and discharge Global Assessment Scale scores raises the possibility of differential criteria for men and women to be admitted or discharged: a "gender bias effect." Results also support the hypothesis of a "patient gender effect" of greater responsiveness to treatment by women. As predicted, gender showed complex interactions with other variables, including diagnosis, age, marital status, and prior hospital experience. Length of stay was not found to be related to gender. PMID- 6631430 TI - Reliability and the discrimination of normal and pathological groups. AB - The authors of a recent article (Neufeld, R. W. J., and Broga, M. I. Evaluation of information sequential aspects of schizophrenic performance. II. Research strategies and methodological issues. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 169: 569-579, 1981) questioned the usefulness of considering reliability and other psychometric characteristics of tasks in the comparison of the pathological and normal groups on the abilities measured by the tasks. They supported their conclusion by a reanalysis of data published by Chapman and Chapman (Chapman, L.J., and Chapman, J.P. Problems in the measurement of cognitive deficit. Psychol. Bull., 79: 380 385, 1973). We contend that their conclusion was based on an inappropriate analysis of the data with a neglect of relevant psychometric principles. PMID- 6631431 TI - Span of apprehension performance, neuropsychological functioning, and indices of psychosis-proneness. AB - Fifty subjects without a history of psychiatric disorder were selected from temporary employment agencies. Subjects were then assigned to two groups based solely on their performance on a forced-choice version of the span of apprehension task which previous research suggests may be associated with vulnerability to schizophrenia. The group of subjects characterized by poor performance on the span of apprehension scored significantly higher on the Schizophrenia scale of the MMPI, two indices of schizotypy--the Schizoidia and Schizophrenism scales--and an index of subclinical schizophrenic thinking, the Magical Ideation scale, than the balance of the subjects. The poor span group did not show generalized elevations on the MMPI, suggesting that there is some degree of specificity for the relationship between the span of apprehension performance and scores on indices of schizotypy and psychotic-like experiences. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that impairment in early aspects of information processing is associated with vulnerability to schizophrenic disorders. Subjects with poor performance on the span of apprehension task also scored more poorly than the balance of the group on three neuropsychological tasks: the Trail Making Test, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and Rey's Tangled Line task. PMID- 6631432 TI - Prepreparatory interval effects on redundancy deficit reaction time patterns in schizophrenic and normal subjects using the embedded-set procedure. AB - The relative influence of genuine "redundancy deficit" and the artifactual effects of prepreparatory interval on measures of the redundancy deficit reaction time pattern (faster reaction time on trials with long preparatory intervals when the interval is of predictable vs. unpredictable length) was investigated in a study using the "embedded-set" procedure. Twenty normal and 20 schizophrenic subjects received two series of reaction time trials containing embedded sets (blocks) of four isotemporal 1-, 3-, and 7-second trials. The 7-second blocks (the blocks of interest for the calculation of redundancy deficit) were preceded by long prepreparatory intervals in one condition and by short intervals for the second. Each subject received both conditions, with the orders counterbalanced. The results indicated redundancy deficit for both schizophrenics and normals with short prepreparatory intervals, but in neither group with long prepreparatory intervals. This suggests that redundancy deficit in the embedded-set procedure (which is normally heavily biased with short prepreparatory intervals) may be more related to the enhancing effect of short prepreparatory intervals on the first (unpredictable) trial of the set than to impaired performance on the fourth (predictable) trial. The finding of similar effects in both schizophrenic and normal subjects raises questions about the specificity of redundancy deficit to schizophrenic reaction time performance. The results were discussed with reference to the original "long run" reaction time procedure for studying the same phenomenon, and theoretical issues related to the interpretation of results from the two procedures were considered. PMID- 6631433 TI - Establishing diagnostic criteria for mania. AB - There has been general agreement on the symptoms of mania, but the validity of criteria for diagnosing mania have not been studied. The present study evaluates diagnostic criteria for mania by examining their internal construct validity, i.e., whether they are consistent with structure implicit in the concept of diagnostic criteria. Symptom information from 235 patients with varying diagnoses were studied. Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, and rapid or pressured speech were found to define a diagnostic classification of mania. Grandiosity and flight of ideas were related to this classification but did not contribute to its definition. Results suggested new diagnostic criteria for mania, with patients being diagnosed manic if they had at least two of the three designated symptoms. Additional information on the presence or absence of grandiosity and/or flight of ideas changed the diagnoses of only seven patients (3 per cent), all of whom had had the lowest certainty of diagnosis based on three symptoms. The entire study was replicated on an independent sample of 182 patients with nearly identical results. PMID- 6631434 TI - The alkaloids of Corydalis meifolia. AB - Six tetrahydroprotoberberines, (+)-sinactine, apocavidine, stylopine, (+) cavidine, cheilanthifoline, and dehydrocavidine; two spirobenzylisoquinolines, yenhusomine and yenhusomidine; one phthalideisoquinoline, corlumine; one benzophenanthridine, dihydrosanguinarine and protopine, have been isolated from the leaves and stems of Corydalis meifolia Wall. Of these alkaloids, dehydrocavidine was a new base. The remaining alkaloids, although known, were isolated for the first time for this plant. (+)-Cavidine, protopine, corlumine, yenhusomine, and dehydrocavidine exhibited spasmolytic activity. PMID- 6631435 TI - Catharanthus alkaloids, XXXVIII. Confirming structural evidence and antineoplastic activity of the bisindole alkaloids leurosine-N'b-oxide (pleurosine), roseadine and vindolicine from Catharanthus roseus. AB - Additional and confirming chemical and spectroscopic evidence for vindolicine (4), roseadine (5), and leurosine-N'b-oxide (6) is presented. Leurosine-N'b-oxide (6) was found to be exceptionally active in the B-16 melanoma test system in vivo. Roseadine (5), a new isolate of Catharanthus roseus, and 6 displayed significant activity in the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia test system in vivo. Preliminary spectral studies on the new alkaloid roseamine are also described. PMID- 6631436 TI - Plant antitumor agents, 19. Novel triterpenes from Maprounea africana. AB - Four new pentacyclic triterpenes have been isolated from Maprounea africana. These triterpenes are members of the previously unknown urs-12-en-29-oic acid series. The structures of these compounds were deduced from spectral and chemical evidence. The parent compound, maprounic acid, was identified as 3B-hydroxyurs-12 en-29-oic acid. The remaining three triterpenes were identified as maprounic acid 3-p-hydroxybenzoate, 7 beta-hydroxymaprounic acid 3-p-hydroxybenzoate, and 2 alpha-hydroxymaprounic acid 2,3-bis-p-hydroxybenzoate. Of the four triterpenes, only the 7 beta-hydroxy derivative exhibited in vivo P-388 activity. PMID- 6631437 TI - Tunicamycins, streptovirudins, and corynetoxins, a special subclass of nucleoside antibiotics. AB - Tunicamycins, streptovirudins, and very recently, corynetoxins have been determined to be structurally related nucleoside antibiotics. Because of their special biological activity as inhibitors of protein glycosylation and their relatively complicated chemical structures, which differ from the common nucleoside antibiotics, they can be grouped together as a special subclass. A general specification system based on structural characteristics is included. The complete separation of the natural complex is still problematical, but seems to be necessary because differences in the biological activities of the individual components were observed. PMID- 6631438 TI - Antineoplastic agents, 88. Pimelea prostrata. AB - The aerial portion of Pimelea prostrata (Thymelaeaceae) collected in New Zealand was evaluated as a source of substances that inhibit growth of the murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia (PS). Simplexin (1) and Pimelea factor P2 (2) were found to strongly inhibit growth (ED50 5 X 10(-3) and 8 X 10(-4) micrograms/ml, respectively) of the PS in vitro cell line. The cyclic orthoester (2) was also found to inhibit growth (T/C 132 at 20 micrograms/kg) of the PS in vivo system. Detailed 1H-nmr (at 400 MHz) and 13C-nmr studies combined with fast atom bombardment mass spectral evidence were employed to confirm the structural assignments. PMID- 6631439 TI - 11-Methoxy-macusine A. A new quaternary alkaloid from Strychnos angolensis. AB - The major quaternary alkaloid from Strychnos angolensis was isolated, and its structure was determined by its spectral data as 11-methoxy-macusine A. The alkaloid showed muscle-relaxant activity. PMID- 6631440 TI - IgG ratios and oligoclonal IgG in multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders. AB - The findings are reported of various CSF abnormalities, including IgG indices and oligoclonal IgG, in 160 patients with multiple sclerosis of differing diagnostic certainty and 146 patients with other neurological disorders. An abnormal IgG index, defined as the ratio of IgG/albumin in CSF to that in serum, has been found in 77.7% of definite MS cases, falling to a figure of 32.1% in the single lesion group. A tendency, reported previously, for IgG levels to be higher in disabled patients, particularly those with a short history or early onset, has been confirmed. Oligoclonal IgG, on the other hand, has been found in 56% of definite MS cases, less frequently than in most other reported series. Analysis of the literature suggests considerable variability in the finding of oligoclonal IgG in other than definite MS, and in other neurological disorders. The possibility that subjective factors are partly responsible for this variability, rather than discrepancies in patient selection requires consideration, and suggests that CSF electrophoresis and IgG estimations are complementary aids in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Differences have been expressed regarding the relationship of oligoclonal IgG to clinical parameters of the disease. Further sequential analysis of the development and variability of the oligoclonal pattern in MS is required. PMID- 6631441 TI - Effects of 4-aminopyridine in patients with multiple sclerosis. AB - 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) was administered to two groups of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The first group consisted of 5 patients with labile visual symptoms, 2 of whom had arcuate scotomata. 4-AP improved visual performance of most patients in this group and reduced the size of scotomata. The second group consisted of 5 patients with the spinal form of MS who were in a stable state; in this group 4-AP had little effect clinically or on tests of visual function. PMID- 6631442 TI - The effect of serum from multiple sclerosis patients in remission on the incubated rat brain slices. AB - Addition of human serum to incubated rat cerebral slices induced increased generation of myelin-related, membranous fragments floating on 0.32 M sucrose. Sera from 20 healthy subjects and 19 patients with various neurological disorders were equally active in this respect. On the other hand, the myelin-degrading activity of sera from 20 multiple sclerosis patients in remission was found to be significantly elevated by about 50%. The present findings support the contention that the serum of multiple sclerosis patients possesses increased potency to induce myelin sheath alterations. PMID- 6631443 TI - Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis from immature guinea pig donors. AB - In immature Strain 13 guinea pigs sensitized to syngeneic spinal cord, a chronic allergic encephalomyelitis is elicited reminiscent of demyelinating diseases of man and which features relapses or progressive downhill course and extensive areas of demyelination in the central nervous system. However, juvenile recipients of syngeneic lymphocytes from similarly sensitized juveniles show only the acute form of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Neuropathologically, the CNS of affected animals displayed mild changes only and minimal demyelination. These observations indicate that the age-dependent differences seen between the acute disease of adults and the chronic disease of juveniles may be due to differences in availability of modulating or reparatory factors, rather than differences in the central nervous system organ or in the immune response itself. PMID- 6631444 TI - Albumin and immunoglobulin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, and blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier function in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia. AB - Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 20 patients with Alzheimer's dementia or senile dementia of Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT), 23 with multi-infarct dementia (MID) and 16 controls were assayed for their content of immunoglobulins (Ig) and albumin (Alb). The concentrations of IgG and Alb were used to analyze the blood CSF barrier function in the respective group. MID patients had significantly (P less than 0.001) elevated plasma IgG levels compared to controls and AD/SDAT patients. CSF concentration of Alb was significantly higher in MID (P less than 0.01) and AD/SDAT (P less than 0.05) patients compared to the controls. Concentration of CSF IgG was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in AD/SDAT patients compared to the MID patients; no significant differences were found when CSF concentrations of IgG of demented patients were compared to controls. These findings may indicate a blood-CSF barrier dysfunction especially in cases with MID with significantly (P less than 0.001) elevated values of transudation. Also these findings indicate a non-specific and/or specific binding of IgG in CNS tissue and/or vessel walls in both forms of dementia on the basis of low IgG ratios compared to proportionally higher Alb ratios. There were no signs of local synthesis of IgG in CNS in either group of demented patients. PMID- 6631445 TI - Supernumerary lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in human gliomas. AB - Supernumerary bands in agarose gel electrophoresis of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were frequently observed in extracts of human gliomas. The supernumerary fractions which migrated cathodic to LDH-2 and/or cathodic to LDH-3 were designated LDH-2' and LDH-3'. These extra bands were clearly seen in certain gliomas and less distinctly in others, being more frequent in primitive or undifferentiated tumours. The extra bands seen in gliomas differ from the LDH-X of the testis, but LDH-2' seemed correspond to LDH-Z in placenta, hydatidiform mole, and choriocarcinoma. These sub-bands are interpreted as being produced by gliomas and as oncofetal enzymes. PMID- 6631446 TI - Ultrastructural changes after concentric and eccentric contractions of human muscle. AB - Four normal subjects performed a 20 min step test using a step of the same relative height. During the test the quadriceps muscle of one leg contracted concentrically throughout by stepping up, while the contralateral muscle contracted eccentrically by controlling the step down. Thus both muscles performed the same amount of work. Three subjects had bilateral needle biopsies just prior to exercise. All four had bilateral biopsies immediately after exercise, and 24-48 hours later when the muscles which had contracted eccentrically were painful. The samples were examined by light and electron microscopy. No abnormalities were seen in pre-exercise samples nor after exercise in muscles which had contracted concentrically. The muscles which had contracted eccentrically showed some damage immediately after exercise. In the samples taken 24-48 hours after exercise the damage was more marked and involved a greater percentage of fibres. In view of the known differences between these types of contractions it is suggested that the initial damage is mechanically induced. The exacerbation of damage with time could be due to mechanical or chemical factors. PMID- 6631447 TI - Visual evoked potential abnormalities in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and comparison with Friedreich's ataxia. AB - Pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs), recorded in 15 visually asymptomatic patients fulfilling the clinical and electrophysiological criteria of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD), were abnormal in 5 and possibly abnormal in another 3. Five patients showed a prolongation of P100 latency, one a reduction of amplitude and one a possibly abnormal "scotomatous" waveform. In 9 cases abnormalities were detected on neuro-ophthalmological examination. These were poorly correlated with VEP abnormalities, except for patients with 2 or more clinical eye signs. Relative central scotomata were found in the patient with an abnormal waveform. VEP abnormalities, where present, were usually fairly comparable in the 2 eyes. In comparison with a group of Friedrich's ataxia cases there was a lower overall incidence of VEP abnormalities in CMTD, but little to suggest a qualitative difference in the nature of the visual pathway pathology. All 4 patients with unequivocally abnormal VEPs had experienced atypical symptoms suggestive of CNS involvement. In none of these was it possible to sustain an alternative diagnosis. It is concluded that a minor degree of visual pathway involvement may be present in many CMTD cases, in spite of the fact that optic atrophy is only rarely reported, and that the VEP latency may reflect the degree to which other parts of the CNS are involved. PMID- 6631448 TI - Immunological abnormalities in a family with progressive external ophthalmoplegia. AB - The authors report the muscular and humoral immunological abnormalities found in a family with progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) of the "pure" form. Serum circulating immune complexes as determined by the polyethylen glycol (PEG) test and double radial immunodiffusion (DRID) were positive for IgG in both cases studied and for IgM and Clq for the propositus. In the latter circulating auto antibodies against smooth muscle were also present. Immunohistochemical studies on striated muscle of the propositus showed positive perivascular IgG and IgM staining and IgG in the sarcolemma basement membrane complex. It is suggested that in this family a genetically inherited abnormal immune response to the muscular blood vessel wall has induced vascular injury and ultimately chronic ischemic muscular damage. This is consistent with the view that PEO is a clinical syndrome, i.e. the expression of various defects affecting primarily or secondarily the energy metabolism of the muscular tissue. PMID- 6631449 TI - Peripheral and central sensory nerve conduction in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and comparison with Friedreich's ataxia. AB - Somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded in response to stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist and the elbow in 14 cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTD). Cervical and cortical latencies were used to derive conduction times and velocities over peripheral and central segments of the pathway. Sensory conduction velocities between the wrist and the elbow were distributed bimodally (12-27 m/s and 36-70 m/s), but did not correspond with the bimodality of motor conduction velocity values in 4 cases. Three patients had severely slowed sensory conduction in one arm but only moderate slowing in the other. In the majority of cases sensory conduction was considerably faster from the elbow to the spinal cord than from the wrist to the elbow. This was most apparent in 2 young patients, suggesting that demyelination secondary to axonal degeneration may gradually progress from distal to proximal segments. Compared with a group of Friedreich's ataxia (FA) patients, almost all CMTD cases could be distinguished by a greater degree of peripheral conduction slowing (not significant in FA). In FA there was a much higher incidence of impaired conduction over central segments of the somatosensory pathway, although evidence of this was also seen in 5 CMTD cases. Three of the latter had presented with atypical symptoms suggestive of CNS involvement, and also had delayed visual evoked potentials. PMID- 6631450 TI - Lead concentrations in blood, plasma, erythrocytes, and cerebrospinal fluid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. AB - The purpose of the investigation was to elucidate the repeatedly discussed relationship between chronic lead intoxication and ALS. The following mean lead concentrations were determined in 9 patients with ALS: 8.65 +/- 3,91 micrograms/100 ml in the blood, 0.97 +/- 0.78 microgram/100 ml in the plasma, 19.15 +/- 5.0 micrograms/100 ml in the erythrocytes, and 0.89 +/- 0.44 microgram/100 ml in the cerebrospinal fluid. These values did not differ appreciably from the controls with 7.91 +/- 3.83 micrograms/100 ml (n = 14) in the blood, 1.13 +/- 0.46 microgram/100 ml (n = 10) in the plasma, 18.96 +/- 12.63 micrograms/100 ml (n = 10) in the erythrocytes, and 0.85 +/- 0.91 microgram/100 ml (n = 15) in the cerebrospinal fluid. These findings do not support the assumption of lead poisoning as a pathogenetic factor in ALS. PMID- 6631451 TI - The influence of the choroid plexus on the concentration of prealbumin in CSF. AB - Prealbumin and albumin concentrations were measured in homogenates of choroid plexus, ventricular and lumbar CSF, and in serum. The passive permeability independent prealbumin concentration was estimated by subtracting from the total concentration that portion which enters the plexus and CSF by a passive molecular sieve effect, assuming that the diffusion of albumin and prealbumin is similar. The passive permeability-independent prealbumin concentration was highest in homogenates of the choroid plexus (mean = 56 micrograms/g). It was almost 3 times that in ventricular CSF (mean = 18 micrograms/ml). The passive permeability independent concentration decreased only slightly during passage from the ventricular to the lumbar CSF space (mean = 16 micrograms/ml). These data suggest that much of the prealbumin in CSF enters the ventricular CSF via the choroid plexus by a mechanism different from that responsible for the transit of albumin. PMID- 6631452 TI - The significance of somatosensory evoked potentials for localization of unilateral lesions within the cerebral hemispheres. AB - Thirty patients with unilateral lesions of the cerebral hemisphere and clinical signs of an affected somatosensory system (mainly disturbances of kinesthesia and stereoesthesia) were investigated. SEP recordings were abnormal in 27. The degree of sensory loss (especially kinesthesia) correlated well with the SEP abnormalities in 26. These SEP abnormalities could be segregated into 4 groups (types 1-4). A type 1 SEP with pathological evoked potentials from P15 on (but a normal P13/14 complex with ear- or extracephalic reference recordings) correlated with lesions of the thalamus, the internal capsule, and the centrum semiovale. A type 2 SEP characterized by loss or severe attenuation of N20 and the following components was found in patients with lesions of the postcentral gyrus. A variant (type 2a) showed isolated loss of N20, but preserved subsequent components and may be due to lesions restricted to area 3b. A third pattern of SEP abnormality is characterized by a preserved primary cortical response and loss of all the subsequent potentials. It is assumed to correlate with lesions of the parietal association cortex. In only 1 case was a type 4 SEP found, with pathological features from N3 (N55) on, caused by an ischemic stroke in area 39. Loss of all evoked responses after P13/14, including P15, suggests a lesion between thalamus and centrum semiovale. Lesions located close to the postcentral cortex lead to a loss of N20 and a variable cut off of the rising negativity following P15. Preservation of the primary cortical complex and distortion or loss of the later components point to a parietal lesion. Severe disturbances of kinesthesia and stereognosia in patients with a normal primary cortical complex and isolated abnormality of the following potentials suggests that the adjacent association cortex may be important for the perception of this complex somatosensory information. Thus the neuronal activity underlying the primary cortical response does not suffice for perception of motion and for stereoesthesia. PMID- 6631453 TI - Menzel's hereditary ataxia with slow eye movements and myoclonus. A clinico pathological study. AB - The patient we describe had cerebellar ataxia, slow eye movements, myoclonus, facial dystonia and signs of spinal cord and peripheral nerve involvement. The patient's mother, brother and sister died from the same disease. Neuropathological examination revealed lesions of olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy (OPCA) associated with spinal cord degenerative changes characteristic of Menzel's hereditary ataxia. Although myoclonus was similar to Hunt's dyssynergia cerebellaris myonica, pathological findings did not show significant involvement of the dentate nucleus or superior cerebellar peduncle and physiopathological hypotheses for myoclonus are discussed. Slow eye movement is emphasized in the propositus and we suggest that it could be specific of one type of OPCA. Its pathological significance is discussed, but a primitive and unique involvement of the paramedian pontine reticular formation is unlikely. PMID- 6631454 TI - The role of the macrophage in microvascular regeneration following brain injury. AB - Although macrophages are the earliest cells found in association with vessels in an area of cerebral injury, the role of this cell in the subsequent regeneration of the microvasculature is unknown. DNA synthesis in cerebral endothelial cells at the margin of injury of mouse brain was assayed by quantitation of the labeling indices from 3H-thymidine autoradiographs of normal animals and animals with X-ray-induced leukopenia. A mean endothelial cell labeling index of 10% in the irradiated animals was significantly lower than control animals (26.7%) (p less than 0.01). In vitro tissue culture studies utilizing peritoneal macrophages and cerebral endothelium were then used to isolate the endothelial response to macrophages and their products. Macrophage-conditioned media did not stimulate cerebral endothelial proliferation when evaluated by a growth factor assay, although this macrophage-conditioned media did stimulate DNA synthesis in fibroblasts and bovine aortic endothelium. A migration study of the cerebral endothelial cells utilizing an agarose technique showed enhanced random migration in the presence of macrophage-conditioned media compared to controls (p less than 0.01). The results indicate that macrophages do not directly stimulate proliferation of cerebral endothelial cells, but influence their migration. A loss of contact inhibition and subsequent DNA synthesis and replication may follow. PMID- 6631455 TI - Pathologic alterations in the brain and liver in hyperpipecolic acidemia. AB - Pipecolic acid is a cyclic secondary imino acid produced in the metabolism of lysine. The metabolic role and fate of pipecolic acid in the human central nervous system are largely unknown. The biochemical defect in two brothers, both less than two years of age, with minor dysmorphic features, progressive neurological dysfunction, and hepatomegaly was identified as hyperpipecolatemia. At autopsy, the older brother's brain weight was increased, with bilateral pallor of the putamen. Distinctive changes included accumulation of 1-1.5 micrometer periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive, diastase-resistant, Alcian blue-negative, non-lipid, non-fluorescent granules in astrocytes, satellite cells, and perivascular foot processes. Both light and electron microscopy showed total absence of these granules in neurons. In the older sibling, the liver showed micronodular cirrhosis with distinctive intrahepatocytic accumulation of 0.2-1 micrometer membrane-bound material of low electron density. Pericellular fibrosis and similar cytoplasmic inclusions were present in the liver biopsy from his brother. The distinctive astrocytic storage phenomenon and the liver changes are compared to the findings in Zellweger's syndrome and lysinuric protein intolerance, which are also associated with altered pipecolate metabolism. PMID- 6631456 TI - Hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma and adenohypophyseal neuronal choristoma: their association with growth hormone adenoma of the pituitary gland. AB - Hypothalamic neuronal hamartomas and neuronal choristomas of the anterior pituitary are rare lesions; either may be associated with endocrinopathy. We describe a case of each with associated growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas and clinical acromegaly, both well documented and studied by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. That a functional relationship exists between the neuronal malformation and the pituitary neoplasm remains speculative. We suggest that a growth hormone-releasing factor-like substance may have been elaborated by hypothalamic-type neurons, which, by a trophic effect, may have resulted in the production of an adenohypophyseal neoplasm. Our study supports the concept that secretory neurons, either outside or within the sella, may induce adenomas. PMID- 6631457 TI - Neuronophagia by leukocytes in experimental spinal cord injury. AB - Experimental spinal cord injury was produced in cats by compression trauma. The major histologic features in the first 24 hours following injury included hemorrhagic necrosis, edema, and acute inflammation of gray and white matter. Neutrophilic leukocytes (NL) were apparent in the walls of and adjacent to veins and venules within four hours of injury, but large numbers of NL were not observed in tissue until eight to 24 hours. Acute inflammation was especially prominent in gray matter, and NL frequently surrounded and phagocytized neuronal somata. Large numbers of NL and neuronophagia by leukocytes were evident only in areas of hemorrhage. The role of blood in producing the acute inflammatory response and in generating chemotactic factors responsible for neuronophagia is incompletely understood. Neutrophilic leukocytes, in addition to their response as phagocytes, release histolytic enzymes, reactive species of oxygen, and proinflammatory factors which lead to further tissue necrosis and inflammation. PMID- 6631458 TI - Binaural interaction in low-frequency neurons in inferior colliculus of the cat. II. Effects of changing rate and direction of interaural phase. AB - We used the binaural beat stimulus to study the interaural phase sensitivity of inferior colliculus (IC) neurons in the cat. The binaural beat, produced by delivering tones of slightly different frequencies to the two ears, generates continuous and graded changes in interaural phase. Over 90% of the cells that exhibit a sensitivity to changes in the interaural delay also show a sensitivity to interaural phase disparities with the binaural beat. Cells respond with a burst of impulses with each complete cycle of the beat frequency. The period histogram obtained by binning the poststimulus time histogram on the beat frequency gives a measure of the interaural phase sensitivity of the cell. In general, there is good correspondence in the shapes of the period histograms generated from binaural beats and the interaural phase curves derived from interaural delays and in the mean interaural phase angle calculated from them. The magnitude of the beat frequency determines the rate of change of interaural phase and the sign determines the direction of phase change. While most cells respond in a phase-locked manner up to beat frequencies of 10 Hz, there are some cells tht will phase lock up to 80 Hz. Beat frequency and mean interaural phase angle are linearly related for most cells. Most cells respond equally in the two directions of phase change and with different rates of change, at least up to 10 Hz. However, some IC cells exhibit marked sensitivity to the speed of phase change, either responding more vigorously at low beat frequencies or at high beat frequencies. In addition, other cells demonstrate a clear directional sensitivity. The cells that show sensitivity to the direction and speed of phase changes would be expected to demonstrate a sensitivity to moving sound sources in the free field. Changes in the mean interaural phase of the binaural beat period histograms are used to determine the effects of changes in average and interaural intensity on the phase sensitivity of the cells. The effects of both forms of intensity variation are continuously distributed. The binaural beat offers a number of advantages for studying the interaural phase sensitivity of binaural cells. The dynamic characteristics of the interaural phase can be varied so that the speed and direction of phase change are under direct control. The data can be obtained in a much more efficient manner, as the binaural beat is about 10 times faster in terms of data collection than the interaural delay. PMID- 6631459 TI - Binaural interaction in low-frequency neurons in inferior colliculus of the cat. III. Effects of changing frequency. AB - The effects of changing stimulus frequency on the interaural phase sensitivity of neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) were studied in barbiturate-anesthetized cats in order to reexamine the issue of characteristic delay (CD). Since the results obtained with the interaural delay and binaural beat stimuli are similar, we used the averaged interaural delay curves and binaural beat period histograms as comparable expressions of a neuron's interaural phase sensitivity. When the averaged interaural delay curves at different frequencies are plotted on a common time axis, for some cells the resulting superimposed delay curves show peaks or troughs that coincide at some CD. For most cells, though, this method of detecting a CD by visual inspection yields ambiguous and uncertain results. Composite curves, computed from the average of all the normalized superimposed delay curves, are also not helpful for showing CD. In order to provide a more objective means of analyzing the data, we plotted the mean interaural phase versus the stimulating frequency and computed the linear regression line, using the mean square error as a measure of linearity. The slope of the regression line is the CD for the neuron, and the phase intercept is referred to as the characteristic phase (CP). Cells that display a CD at the peak discharge have a CP = 0.0 cycles, while those that show a CD at the minimum discharge have a CP = 0.5. Cells that exhibit a CP at any value other than 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 will have a CD at some relative amplitude other than the peak or trough. For cells that exhibit a CD at the peak or trough, results of the analysis procedure using the phase-frequency plot correspond to those obtained from visual inspection. For cells that do not show a common peak or trough, the analysis procedure not only specifies the location of the CD but also provides a statistical criterion of the linearity. From this analysis about 60% of the runs were identified as satisfying the criteria for CD at the P less than 0.005 level and 71% of these CDs are between +/- 300 micros. Most CD cells do not have the CD at the peak or trough of the response. Our results differ from those found in previous studies but they are in essential agreement with the original concept put forth by Rose et al. (31). Some cels exhibit little change in the CD or CP with variations in intensity, while others display marked systematic shifts in both CD and CP. In general, the peaks and troughs of the composite curves show less variability with intensity than the CD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631460 TI - Nociceptive cells in ventroposterior thalamus of the cat. PMID- 6631461 TI - Motor pool organization in monosynaptic reflexes: responses in three different muscles. AB - Recruitment order of motoneurons was measured as a function of their conduction velocities in the presence of monosynaptic reflexes evoked by dorsal root stimulation. Motoneurons were studied in three cat hindlimb muscles: medial gastrocnemius (MG), plantaris (Pl), and tibialis anterior (TA). A relationship between recruitment order and unit conduction velocity (CV) was clearly seen in all three muscles. The correlation between these two variables was lower than that found in previous studies. A CV-dependent recruitment order was most clearly sen in tibialis anterior motoneuron pool; the relationship was poorest in plantaris. Recruitment order of MG motoneurons was measured and related to their conduction velocities in response to monosynaptic reflexes evoked by L7 + S1 dorsal root stimulation. Recruitment order was then retested in the presence of rostral root stimulation (largely heteronymous) alone and again in the presence of caudal root stimulation (largely homonymous) alone. Changing the composition of the afferent input changed the critical firing levels (rank order) of some motoneurons by as much as 40% and that of others, not at all. Some motoneurons became harder to recruit and others easier; changes in recruitment order were not related to conduction velocities of the units. 1a-afferent inputs are not uniformly distributed to all the motoneurons of a pool. It appears that this nonuniformity is a determining factor in establishing a recruitment order. TA, which receives the most uniformly distributed monosynaptic input, also has the most nearly size-dependent recruitment order. Fractionation of input ca induce additional nonuniformity, and results in recruitment-order changes in some motor units that are independent of their conduction velocity. It is concluded that nonuniformity of afferent inputs, whether present or induced by experiment, can produce large recruitment-order changes among individual motoneurons in a pool and that these individual motoneurons need not share a common property such as conduction velocity or recruitment threshold in response to a control input. Therefore, arguments based on reversals in recruitment order of pairs of motor units or even changes in rank order of individual motor units do not present sufficient evidence for the presence of input specifically directed to motor units sharing a particular property. PMID- 6631462 TI - Location and spike-train characteristics of cells in anterodorsal pons having selective decreases in firing rate during desynchronized sleep. AB - Extracellular microelectrode recordings were made from single neurons in the pontomesencephalic brain stem of head-restrained but nonanesthetized cats whose behavioral state was continuously monitored polygraphically. A population of neurons was encountered with the unusual property of progressively decreasing discharge rate as the cats passed from waking (W) through synchronized sleep (S) to desynchronized sleep (D). In many cases there was a complete cessation of firing in desynchronized sleep, suggesting the designation D-off cell for this neuronal subtype. The D-off cell population was distributed in a bandlike zone across the brain stem at the pontomesencephalic junction with dense concentration of cells in aminergic nuclei: the serotonergic dorsal raphe and raphe linearis centralis and noradrenergic locus ceruleus and peribrachial regions. Aside from a sparse distribution in the central tegmental field, there were no D-off cells in pontine reticular nuclei where cells of the D-on type abound. The proportion of cells showing the D-off property and the magnitude of the state-related change were correlated across nuclear groups as follows: raphe and peribrachial (highest), locus ceruleus (intermediate), and reticular (lowest) for both values. The firing rates of D-off cells tended to be low in waking with very regular interspike intervals. This characteristic firing pattern and the anatomical distribution suggests that D-off cells may be tentatively identified as aminergic. The marked contrasts in aminergic neuronal activity between waking and desynchronized sleep are interpreted as possibly playing a role in state generation through progressive distribution of cholinergic neurons postsynaptic to the D-off cell population. Predictable results would not only be a change in the excitability of the postsynaptic population but also a change in response mode related to a shift in neurotransmitter throughout the brain. PMID- 6631463 TI - REM sleep burst neurons, PGO waves, and eye movement information. AB - Pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) waves appeared almost simultaneously in both lateral geniculate nuclei (LGB), but in each case on had a larger amplitude and preceded the other by a few milliseconds. The larger, earlier wave is called the primary wave. Primary waves were found to appear with equal frequency in each LGB. During rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep), LGB primary waves were ipsilateral to the direction of rapid eye movements. During REM sleep a group of cat midbrain neurons, which we call PGO burst cells, fired in stereotyped bursts at fixed latencies before ipsilateral primary waves, but they almost never fired bursts when the primary waves were contralateral. PGO burst neuron discharge also correlated with the direction of rapid eye movements during REM sleep. In wakefulness, PGO burst cells fired single spikes, not bursts, which had some correlation with LGB waves when averaged by computer. The results suggest that PGO burst cells are output elements in the PGO wave-generation system ad that PGO waves convey eye movement information to the sensory visual system in REM sleep. They also may have a role in the production of saccade-related waves in the visual system during wakefulness. PMID- 6631464 TI - Lateral geniculate nucleus unitary discharge in sleep and waking: state- and rate specific aspects. AB - The relationship between behavioral state, discharge pattern, and discharge rate was investigated in 26 lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) units recorded in cats in the dark during waking (W), synchronized sleep (S), and desynchronized sleep (D). A distinctive state-dependent discharge pattern was the presence of stereotyped bursts of 2-7 spikes that occurred in 63% of the units. These bursts were most frequent in S, much less frequent in D, and rarely occurred in W. Lack of association with discharge rate changes between states showed the bursting to be a true state-dependent phenomenon. A burst consisted of 2-7 spikes, with each successive interspike interval being longer than the preceding one; in the 200 ms prior to burst occurrence, discharge probability decreased markedly. This structure of burst organization suggested a model of generation wherein each burst was caused by a unitary event of varying intensity, perhaps a rebound following a hyperpolarization. Spectral and autocorrelational analyses showed bursts occurred rhythmically in three cells at a frequency of 3-4 Hz and in two cells at a frequency of 10-12 Hz, indicating a possible linkage with slow-wave generators. While the number of bursts in the various behavioral states was a state-dependent phenomena, other aspects of discharge pattern were shown to be rate dependent. To evaluate discharge pattern apart from the occurrence of bursts, a "primary event spike train" was formed; this consisted of individual spikes and the first spike of each burst. This analysis showed that, within S, the probability of burst occurrence was highest when the primary spike rate was low. Quantitative analyses showed that first-order pattern measures (the form of the interspike interval histogram, IH) were dependent on the mean interspike interval (ISI, the inverse of mean rate). This association explained 83-89% of the variance in a power series approximation of IH form. Joint interval histograms (JIH) were used to evaluate the signature of bursts and of the form of the primary spike train. As with interval histograms, the main features of the form of the primary spike JIH were dependent on the primary spike rate. Thus, we concluded that first- and second-order discharge patterns of primary events were rate dependent and not state dependent. Our data are compatible with a model where in the absence of retinal input, the frequency of LGN primary spikes over behavioral state changes is largely determined by brain stem reticular formation input.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631465 TI - An analysis of penicillin-induced generalized spike and wave discharges using simultaneous recordings of cortical and thalamic single neurons. AB - To study the relationship between cortical and thalamic single-neuron activity during spike and wave (SW) discharge of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy (FGPE), extracellular single-unit and local electroencephalogram (EEG) activity were recorded simultaneously from pairs of neurons, one located in the cortex of the middle suprasylvian gyrus (MSS), the other in the dorsal thalamic nuclei (n. lateralis posterior or pulvinar). These two areas are anatomically and functionally closely interrelated. Computer-generated EEG averages and histograms of single-unit activity triggered by either peaks of cortical or thalamic EEG transients or by cortical or thalamic action potentials (aps) showed that cortical neurons in the MSS fired at the time of the spike of the SW complex, while at the time of the wave they became silent. Two populations of thalamic neurons also fired maximally during the spike of SW discharge, but they differed in the precise timing of their firing in relation to that of the simultaneously recorded cortical neuron. The first group of thalamic neurons tended to fire 5-45 ms before the cortical neuron. Of these 28 neurons, 9 were antidromically and 2 orthodromically activated by cortical stimulation. The neurons of the second group tended to fire 0-45 ms after the cortical neuron. Cortical stimulation activated 15 of these 19 neurons orthodromically and 2 antidromically. A third and smaller population of thalamic neurons (n = 8) increased its firing probability during the wave of the SW complex and decreased it during the spike. In 74% of the pairs of neurons the cyclic alternation of excitation and "inhibition" associated with SW activity appeared in the cortex by 1-3 cycles earlier than in the thalamus. This was most common when the thalamic neuron of the pair reached its peak firing probability before the simultaneously recorded cortical neuron. In 11 pairs of neurons the same rhythmic alternation of excitation and "inhibition" of neuronal firing was seen in both the cortex and thalamus during SW discharges evoked by single-shock stimulation of nucleus centralis medialis. These data demonstrate that both cortical and thalamic neurons participate in the SW firing pattern of FGPE by undergoing periods of mutually phase-locked cyclic alternations of excitation and "inhibition" at the frequency of the EEG SW rhythm. Although the initial steps leading to generalized SW discharge in FGPE take place in the cortex, the thalamus soon becomes entrained in the SW rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631466 TI - Cell responses in dorsal layers of macaque lateral geniculate nucleus as a function of intensity and wavelength. AB - We studied the relationship between light intensity and cell response to various wavelengths and wavelength combinations in the dorsal, parvocellular layers of the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus. When response is plotted as a function of the logarithm of stimulus intensity, the slope and shape of curves depends on wavelength. For wavelengths near the crossover point between excitatory and suppressive responses, nonmonotonic curves are common. Consequently, the form of spectral-response functions depends on stimulus intensity. Responses to combined stimuli made up of wavelengths close together near one spectral extreme are approximately additive. If one wavelength is near the crossover point, responses are nonadditive so that a midspectral wavelength, only producing a weak excitatory response, is able to occlude more vigorous responses to wavelengths near the spectral ends. Responses of parvocellular layer cells are consistent with their being a result of linear interaction of opponent cone mechanisms, the response of each of which follows a modified hyperbolic tangent function (22). Responses to all wavelength combinations, even those showing strikingly nonadditive effects, could be predicted from the additive opponent model described above. PMID- 6631467 TI - Light adaptation in cells of macaque lateral geniculate nucleus and its relation to human light adaptation. AB - Responses of macaque lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells to stimuli of different incremental intensities and wavelength compositions were studied at different levels of light adaptation from scotopic to low photopic levels. Stimuli were large in comparison with receptive-field size. Human increment thresholds were measured for comparison. The strength of responses grew in many cells from threshold up to a saturation level as a logarithmic function of incremental intensity. More complex intensity-response functions were also obtained, particularly from parvocellular layer (PCL) cells, but the shape and slope of the intensity-response function changed as a function of adaptation level only with chromatic backgrounds. As a function of adaptation level, the intensity-response functions shifted along the logarithmic abscissa but not sufficiently for a complete contrast constancy. Thus responses to any constant contrast became smaller when adaptation level decreased. The change from cone to rod responses, when possible, took place without noticeable change in shape of intensity-response functions, and much of the adaptive shift of the functions could be attributed to the change-over between rods and cones. Differences between different cells in light adaptation and dark-adapted sensitivity were large, mostly because of variation in the strength of rod input. The strongest excitatory rod inputs were found in PCL cells activated by short-wavelength light, so that the highest sensitivity at low levels of illumination occurred in blue- and blue-green-sensitive cells. The lowest increment thresholds based on cones matched the thresholds of macaque cone late receptor potentials recorded by Boynton and Whitten (3). They were also similar to human cone thresholds measured psychophysically but only for small stimulus sizes that may approximate the size of the receptive-field centers. Human sensitivity was much higher when measured with large stimulus sizes, indicating integration at post-geniculate neural levels. Light adaptation, as evaluated with respect to contrast constancy and Weber law behavior, was similarly incomplete in monkey single cells and human perception. A few cat LGN cells were studied in a control experiment; results agreed with previous findings. The light adaptation of cat cels was more complete and sensitivity higher than those observed under comparable conditions in macaque single cells and human. The maintained activity level of cells was little affected by the intensity of steady backgrounds. Thus, the steady-state hyper polarisation of receptors was not transmitted to LGN cells. PMID- 6631468 TI - Development of taste responses in rat nucleus of solitary tract. AB - Extracellular responses from neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) were studied in rats aged 5 days to adulthood during chemical stimulation of the tongue with monochloride salts, citric and hydrochloric acids, sucrose, sodium saccharin, and quinine hydrochloride. Multiunit taste responses were recorded in rats at 5-7 days of age and single-unit responses were recorded from 111 neurons in four other age groups of 14-20 days, 25-35 days, 50-60 days, and adult. NST neurons in rats aged 5-7 days consistently responded to relatively high concentrations (0.5 M) of NH4Cl and KCl and to citric and hydrochloric acid. However, they often did not respond to 0.5 M NaCl or to 0.1 M NH4Cl. Single NST neurons in rats aged 14 days and older characteristically responded to all 0.1 and 0.5 M salts and to both acids. At least 75% of neurons also responded to sucrose and sodium saccharin, and 46% responded to all of these stimuli and quinine hydrochloride. After 14 days, no developmental changes occurred in the number of stimuli to which neurons responded. There were substantial developmental alterations in the response magnitudes to some chemical stimuli. Average response frequencies increased after 35 days of age for 0.1 and 0.5 M NaCl, LiCl, KCl, and for sucrose and sodium saccharin. Response frequencies for NH4Cl, citric and hydrochloric acid, and quinine hydrochloride, however, did not change throughout development. The proportion of single NST neurons that responded maximally to specific monochloride salts did not change during development. Most single neurons in all age groups responded equally well to NH4Cl, NaCl, and LiCl. No NST neuron responded maximally to KCl. There were also no developmental differences in response latencies in rats aged 14 days and older. Response frequencies of second-order NST neurons generally reflect changes in responses from the primary afferent, chorda tympani fibers, throughout development; however, the increases in salt response frequencies from NST neurons occur comparatively later in development. Furthermore, at all ages, the taste responses to monochloride salts include higher response frequencies and a general loss in response specificity in NST compared to chorda tympani neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631469 TI - Organization of a fourth somatosensory area of cortex in cat. AB - The organization of sensory representations in the cortex of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) of the cat was investigated using single-unit recording techniques. Somatic, auditory, and visual cells were found in the AES but were partially segregated. Somatic cells were concentrated in the rostral two-thirds of the sulcus, auditory cells were found in the caudal third, and visual cells were distributed along the fundus. A distinct, heretofore unknown, somatotopic representation of the body surface was observed in the AES and was designated SIV. The representation of the body in SIV extends along a rostrocaudal axis and the entire somatotopic map is inverted, with the head rostral and the hindquarters caudal. The representation of the paws extends over the lip of the sulcus to abut the paw representations in SII, and the SIV-SII boundary is marked by a reversal in the sequence of receptive fields along the AEG-AES. The SIV representation (SII) on the crown of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus (AEG). The somatotopic map in SII was found to extend further lateral on the AEG than shown by some investigations and it contains a double representation of the limbs: a large representation with the limbs having the opposite orientation to and abutting the SIV map and a smaller representation located more medial on the AEG and extending into the suprasylvian sulcus. The presence of this double representation may help to explain previous discrepancies regarding the overall orientation of the body in SII. PMID- 6631470 TI - Vagal afferent inhibition of primate thoracic spinothalamic neurons. AB - Spinothalamic (ST) neurons in the C8-T5 segments of the spinal cord were examined for responses to electrical stimulation of the left thoracic vagus nerve (LTV). Seventy-one ST neurons were studied in 39 anesthetized monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Each neuron could be excited by manipulation of its somatic field and by electrical stimulation of cardiopulmonary sympathetic afferent fibers. LTV stimulation resulted in inhibition of the background activity of 43 (61%) ST neurons. Nine (13%) were excited, 3 (4%) were excited and then inhibited, while 16 (22%) did not respond. There was little difference among these groups in terms of the type of somatic or sympathetic afferent input although inhibited cells tended to be more prevalent in the more superficial laminae. The degree of inhibition resulting from LTV stimulation was related, in a linear fashion, to the magnitude of cell activity before stimulation. LTV inhibition of background activity was similar among wide dynamic range, high threshold, and high-threshold cells with inhibitory hair input. Any apparent differences in LTV inhibitory effects among these groups were accounted for by the differences in ongoing cell activity as predicted by linear regression analysis. LTV stimulation inhibited responses of 32 of 32 ST cells to somatic stimuli. In most cases the stimulus was a noxious pinch; however, LTV stimulation also inhibited responses to innocuous stimuli such as hair movement. Bilateral cervical vagotomy abolished the inhibitory effect of LTV stimulation on background activity (six cells) or responses to somatic stimuli (seven cells). Stimulation of the cardiac branch of the vagus inhibited activity of three cells to a similar degree as LTV stimulation, while stimulation of the vagus below the heart was ineffective in reducing activity of 10 cells. We conclude that LTV stimulation alters activity of ST neurons in the upper thoracic spinal cord. Vagal inhibition of ST cell activity was due to stimulation of cardiopulmonary vagal afferent fibers coursing to the brain stem, which appear to activate descending inhibitory spinal pathways. Vagal afferent activity may participate in processing of somatosensory information as well as information related to cardiac pain. PMID- 6631471 TI - Nerve fibers sensitive to ionic taste stimuli in chorda tympani of the rat. AB - Hypotheses about the peripheral basis for the sense of taste in mammals have been based to a considerable degree on the determined sensibilities of the nerve fibers in the chorda tympani of the rat to chemical stimulation of the anterior tongue. Yet, whether neuron types exist in this nerve, the nature of the basic mechanisms of taste reception that are tapped by this nerve and the form in which information about stimulus quality and intensity is transmitted to the central nervous system by this nerve are, at present, unresolved issues. These issues are addressed in the present study, which is a detailed analysis of the responses of rat chorda tympani nerve fibers that are sensitive to ionic stimuli; solutions applied to the anterior tongue included a range of concentrations of four chemical compounds (sucrose, sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, and quinine hydrochloride) that represent widely different taste qualities to man or rat. Of the 44 nerve fibers sampled, 40 were stimulated most by one of the two ionic stimuli at test concentrations reported to be equally effective: 21 fibers were most responsive to 0.1 M NaCl and named N units; 19 fibers were most responsive to 0.01 M HCl and named H units. Although many N and H units responded to both HCl and NaCl, the distribution of NaCl-HCl response ratios was bimodal, indicating there are two varieties of units sensitive to ionic taste stimuli in the rat chorda tympani. Sucrose (0.5 M) affected 4 of the nerve fibers and was the most effective stimulus for 3 of them; 0.02 M quinine affected 13 of the fibers but 10 of these were H units. H units were less "specifically tuned" than N units; they were more likely to respond to several of the chemicals. Although the absolute sensitivity to NaCl in N units or to HCl in H units varied more than 10-fold, the relative effects of the four stimuli (response profiles) were generally similar for units of a given type. Exceptions occurred when H unit responses to NaCl or quinine were suppressed by prolonged effects of preceding HCl stimulation. The similarity in response profiles is reflected in high and significant correlations between responses to each pair of effective stimuli across either H or N units.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631472 TI - Patterns of metabolic activity in cytoarchitectural area SII and surrounding cortical fields of the monkey. AB - The pattern of [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) labeling evoked by tactile stimuli was determined in cerebral cortical cytoarchitectural area SII and the fields that surround it (including area 7b, the retroinsular field (Ri), and the granular insular region (Ig) for a series of nine monkeys (macaca fascicularis). In all animals and for all tactile stimuli, the cortical labeling most frequently occurred in the form of patchlike aggregates of metabolically active neurons. Individual patches typically included laminae II-V, were most densely labeled in the central layers, and possessed limited tangential width. Analysis of the relations between patches of label in adjacent sections revealed that the metabolically active neurons form three-dimensional aggregates (termed modules or strips), which can extend for several millimeters. It is hypothesized that these metabolic modules may correspond to information-processing units within the cerebral cortex. Two-dimensional reconstructions of the 2-DG label in the hemispheres ipsilateral and contralateral to the somatic stimuli reveal that the strips of high metabolic activity are interspersed with regions of substantially less activity. In all cortical regions examined in this study, the strips were oriented roughly from anterior to posterior. Systematic changes in the place of the somatic stimulus led to systematic changes in the cortical location of the strips of metabolic label. Conversely, animals subjected to nearly identical tactile stimuli produced very similar patterns of metabolic activity. Comparison of the distribution of metabolic activity in area SII of the hemispheres ipsilateral and contralateral to the stimulus demonstrated that although the amount of labeling in SII ipsilateral to the stimulus was typically less than that present in SII of the contralateral hemisphere, it was both substantial and topographically highly organized. The labeling in the cytoarchitectural zones surrounding SII (i.e., 7b, Ri, and Ig), although clearly stimulus related, occupied extensively overlapping regions in all experiments even though the body regions stimulated were in widely different locations. As a result, a relative lack of topographical organization within these cortical fields is indicated. PMID- 6631473 TI - Binaural interaction in low-frequency neurons in inferior colliculus of the cat. I. Effects of long interaural delays, intensity, and repetition rate on interaural delay function. AB - Detailed, quantitative studies were made of the interaural phase sensitivity of 197 neurons with low best frequency in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the barbiturate-anesthetized cat. We analyzed the responses of single cells to interaural delays in which tone bursts were delivered to the two ears via sealed earphones and the onset of the tone to one ear with respect to the other was varied. For most (80%) cells the discharge rate is a cyclic function of interaural delay at a period corresponding to that of the stimulating frequency. The cyclic nature of the interaural delay curve indicates that these cells are sensitive to the interaural phase difference. These cells are distributed throughout the low-frequency zone of the IC, but they are less numerous in the medial and caudal zones. Cells with a wide variety of response patterns will exhibit interaural phase sensitivities at stimulating frequencies up to 3,100 Hz, although above 2,500 Hz the number of such cells decrease markedly. Using dichotic stimuli we could study the cell's sensitivity to the onset delay and interaural phase independently. The large majority of IC cells respond only to changes in interaural phase, with no sensitivity to the onset delay. However, a small number (7%) of cells exhibit a sensitivity to the onset delay as well as to the interaural phase disparity, and most of these cells show an onset response. The effects of changing the stimulus intensity equally to both ears or of changing the interaural intensity difference on the mean interaural phase were studied. While some neurons are not affected by level changes, others exhibit systematic phase shifts for both average and interaural intensity variations, and there is a continuous distribution of sensitivities between these extremes. A few cells also showed systematic changes in the shape of the interaural delay curves as a function of interaural intensity difference, especially at very long delays. These shifts can be interpreted as a form of time-intensity trading. A few cells demonstrated orderly changes in the interaural delay curve as the repetition rate of the stimulus was varied. Some of these changes are consonant with an inhibitory effect that occurs at stimulus offset. The responses of the neurons show a strong bias for stimuli that would originate from he contralateral sound field; 77% of the responses display mean interaural phase angles that are less than 0.5 of a cycle, which are delays to the ipsilateral tone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631474 TI - Increased transport of 44,000- to 49,000-dalton acidic proteins during regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve: a two-dimensional gel analysis. AB - Proteins synthesized in goldfish retinal ganglion cells and rapidly transported to the terminals of regenerating optic nerves were analyzed by two-dimensional (2 D) gel electrophoresis. Among the rapidly transported components, the most dramatic change observed during regeneration was for a family of polypeptides having molecular weights between 44,000 and 49,000 (44-49K) and isoelectric points of 4.6 to 4.9. Studies using [35S]methionine as a metabolic precursor in the eye showed that these proteins are present in both membranous and soluble fractions of the optic tectum, particularly during early stages of regeneration. Contralateral visual pathways, left intact to serve as controls, showed only very low levels of the proteins. These labeling changes were quantified in double isotope studies, in which proteins from intact and regenerating sides were differentially labeled with [3H]proline and [14C]proline, comigrated on 2-D gels, and then counted for 3H/14C ratios. The labeling change for the 44-49K acidic proteins relative to the intact state was found to be over 100-fold in some day 19 regeneration samples and about 30-fold on day 40. Silver-stained gels of a tectal membrane fraction also revealed increased levels of the 44-49K acidic proteins during regeneration, indicating that the observed synthetic changes are accompanied by a net accumulation of the proteins. PMID- 6631475 TI - Retrograde transport of nerve growth factor in lesioned goldfish retinal ganglion cells. AB - Previous experiments have shown that nerve growth factor (NGF) enhances regeneration of goldfish optic nerve after local application of NGF at the site of the lesion. However, the site and mechanism of action of NGF are not yet known. One possibility is that NGF is taken up at the site of the lesion and retrogradely transported to the cell bodies of the retinal ganglion cells and thereby exerts its trophic effects. The present work was carried out to assess the role of retrograde transport of NGF in this enhanced regeneration of goldfish retinal ganglion cells. In intact retinal ganglion cells of the goldfish, 125I labeled NGF was found not to be retrogradely transported from the optic tectum to the retina, suggesting that retinal ganglion cells do not possess specific NGF receptors. However, if [125I]NGF was injected at the site of an optic nerve lesion at the time of lesion, [125I]NGF was retrogradely transported from the site of a lesion of the optic nerve to the cell body of retinal ganglion cells. The accumulated radioactivity was shown to be intact NGF by SDS-PAGE. The ability of NGF to decrease the time required for recovery of visual function was observed only when NGF was administered at the time of the injury. Likewise, no transport of [125I]NGF was observed when it was injected at the crush site 16 hr or longer after crush. Thus, there is a temporal correlation between the ability of intact [125I]NGF to be retrogradely transported from a lesion site to the retina and the regenerative effect of NGF. Autoradiography showed that the [125I]NGF accumulated only in retinal ganglion cells. The transport of NGF in the lesioned goldfish visual system was not specific for NGF in that other proteins (cytochrome c, bovine serum albumin) were transported equally well. Likewise, transport of [125I]NGF was not prevented by concomitant administration of excess unlabeled NGF. The retrograde transport of [125I]NGF therefore was not selective and did not appear to be mediated by specific NGF receptors in this system. This nonspecific transport of [125I]NGF did not occur in the axotomized spinal motor neurons in the neonatal or adult rat or in the newt. However, receptor-mediated transport is seen in lesioned sensory neurons in both species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631476 TI - Injury-induced neuronotrophic activity in adult rat brain: correlation with survival of delayed implants in the wound cavity. AB - Mechanical or chemical injury to adult rat brain elicited the accumulation in the affected area of trophic activity for cultured parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory neurons. Neuronotrophic activity was relatively low both in noninjured brain tissue extracts and in extracts prepared from the tissue surrounding an injury immediately after the lesion was made. However, trophic titers increased considerably over time, first in the brain tissue that formed the walls of the wound and then in the Gelfoam filling the wound cavity. In the tissue adjacent to the injury, trophic titers began to rise immediately after the lesion, reached a maximum 10 days later, and decayed thereafter. In the wound cavity, occupied by Gelfoam, neuronotrophic activity began to increase 6 days postlesion, reached a maximum at day 16 after injury, and decreased at later times. The levels of induced trophic activity appeared to be proportional to the size of the wound. Injury to various brain areas including temporal, entorhinal, occipital, parietal, and frontal cortices, hippocampus, corpus striatum, and cerebellum, all induced a similar increase in neuronotrophic factor(s). Damage to the myelinated fibers of the corpus callosum did not. High trophic titers decayed rapidly with distance from the wound except in areas heavily deafferented by the lesion, where activity also reached high levels. Extracts from all of the above-mentioned brain areas contained toxic activity for cultured spinal cord neurons. The level of neuronotoxic activity was similar both before the lesion and 15 days postlesion, with the possible exception of the corpus callosum. Intraventricular injections of kainic acid at doses which destroy areas CA4, CA3, and part of CA1 of the hippocampus also induced a time-dependent rise of neuronotrophic activity in this structure, comparable to that achieved by mechanical damage. Both kainic acid treatment and mechanical injury cause extensive glial proliferation in the injured and/or deafferented area. The apparent concurrence of glial reaction and increase in neuronotrophic activity suggests that glial cells may be a major source of the induced trophic activity. As an in vivo correlate of cell culture data, the survival of striatal transplants into host cortical wounds was examined. Fragments of embryonic corpus striatum did not survive when transplanted into a freshly made cavity in the entorhinal/occipital cortex of adult rats. Survival was enhanced by introducing a delay between the time at which the wound cavity was made and that at which the striatal tissue was implanted in it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631477 TI - Calcium entry causes a prolonged refractory period in peptidergic neurons of Aplysia. AB - A brief train of electrical stimuli to the pleuroabdominal connective of Aplysia produces a cumulative depolarization in the peptidergic bag cell neurons within the abdominal ganglion. This response is followed by an afterdischarge which lasts for about 30 min, and then by a prolonged refractory period lasting for several hours. During the refractory period the cumulative depolarization in response to stimulation is attenuated, and stimulation either fails to initiate afterdischarges or produces discharges of much shorter duration. We have used the cationophore X537A to test the hypothesis that the prolonged refractory period is caused by calcium entry into the bag cell neurons during the afterdischarge. Exposure of intact bag cell clusters to X537A at concentrations from 1 to 10 microM for a period of 20 min in calcium-containing media produced no change in their resting potentials or in their ability to generate action potentials, but induced a state resembling natural refractoriness in response to subsequent stimulation. Both natural refractoriness and that induced by X537A could be overcome by extracellular tetraethylammonium ions (90 mM). Dose response data showed that concentrations of ionophore of 2.5 to 5.0 microM produce an attenuation of afterdischarge that is similar to that following a stimulated afterdischarge. These concentrations of X537A also produced an enhancement of 3H labeled peptide release from these cells that is comparable to that observed on stimulation of an afterdischarge. Moreover, the time course of recovery from exposure to 5.0 microM X537A parallels that of natural refractoriness, recovery being essentially complete about 20 hr after X537A exposure or stimulation. The ionophore did not affect the mean duration of afterdischarge when applied in calcium-deficient media. The electrical effects of X537A were investigated using isolated bag cell neurons in cell culture. After treatment with the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin, and theophylline, such isolated cells show many of the electrical changes occurring in intact bag cell clusters at the onset of afterdischarge, including the enhancement of action potentials, as well as increased input resistance and the emergence of oscillations in membrane potential. None of these parameters was significantly affected by concentrations of ionophore that induce refractoriness. In response to repetitive intracellular stimulation, however, some forskolin-treated cells undergo a cumulative depolarization which is similar to that seen at the onset of afterdischarge in intact clusters. This cumulative depolarization was found to be attenuated or abolished by 5.0 microM X537A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631478 TI - Reciprocal changes in the firing rate of neostriatal and dorsal raphe neurons following local infusions or systemic injections of D-amphetamine: evidence for neostriatal heterogeneity. AB - A local infusion of d-amphetamine (d-AMPH) into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) inhibited neuronal activity in this site and produced a mirror-image excitation in the ventrolateral, but not dorsomedial, neostriatum. This effect, which was mimicked by 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, a serotonin autoreceptor agonist, was not altered by pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Similar regional differences in neostriatal activity were obtained following an electrolytic lesion of the DRN or an intraperitoneal injection of d-AMPH. In fact, whereas 1.0 mg/kg of d-AMPH accelerated ventrolateral activity and inhibited dorsomedial neurons, 7.5 mg/kg produced the opposite effect. At both doses, however, DRN activity was inversely related to firing rate in the ventrolateral, but not dorsomedial, neostriatum. These results indicate that only certain regions of the neostriatum are responsive to changes in DRN activity and that these regions respond differently to systemic injections of d-AMPH than other neostriatal sites. PMID- 6631479 TI - Optical monitoring of activity from many areas of the in vitro and in vivo salamander olfactory bulb: a new method for studying functional organization in the vertebrate central nervous system. AB - We have investigated the use of voltage-sensitive dyes to monitor neuronal activity in the intact salamander olfactory bulb. After a 10- to 20-min staining period, a magnified image of an in vitro or an in vivo preparation was formed on a 124-element photodiode array. The array was used to simultaneously record absorption or fluorescence changes from 124 adjacent areas of the bulb. At the magnifications used, each detector received light from 100 to 1000 neurons. Relatively large absorption and fluorescence signals were found in response to olfactory nerve stimulation; all of the results presented were from single trials. Because of the large signal size, measurements on in vivo preparations using epi-illumination also had good signal-to-noise ratios. There were significant differences in signal time course between adjacent detectors which suggested a spatial resolution on the order of 200 microns. Tentative assignments of the cellular origins of some signals could be made from the results of paired volley experiments. The results suggest that optical monitoring of membrane potential could provide a useful method for studying neuronal organization in the intact vertebrate central nervous system. PMID- 6631480 TI - Reciprocal interactions between the position sense representations of the two forearms. AB - Muscle spindle afferents are known to influence the conscious appreciation of limb position. If a limb muscle is mechanically vibrated while the limb is physically restrained from moving under the action of the resulting tonic vibration reflex, illusory motion of the limb will be experienced in the direction that would be associated with stretch of the vibrated muscle. Two experiments are presented that explore how grasping with the other hand the forearm of an arm whose biceps or triceps muscle is being vibrated affects the apparent position of the two arms. If the vibrated arm is grasped before the onset of vibration, then illusory motion of both arms is experienced during vibration. The magnitude of this apparent motion and displacement is less than that experienced when the vibrated arm is not held. If the vibrated arm is grasped after the onset of vibration and when illusory displacement is being experienced, then its apparent motion is suppressed and the grasping arm is correctly perceived as stationary. The existence of this reciprocal, position sense interaction between the two arms suggests that the conscious awareness of limb position is not dependent solely on afferent and efferent information about individual limbs in isolation, but potentially involves coordinating spatial information about the configuration of the entire body. PMID- 6631481 TI - Specific influence of striatal target neurons on the in vitro outgrowth of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurites: a morphological quantitative study. AB - In previous studies, we have shown that dissociated dopaminergic neurons from embryonic mouse in co-culture with striatal target neurons take up and synthesize dopamine to a greater extent. We now report that striatal target cells influence the morphology of dopaminergic neurons as well. In co-culture, the total length of neuritic arborization visualized by autoradiography is reduced when compared to cultures of mesencephalic neurons alone or to co-cultures with cerebellar cells. Experiments performed in the presence of striatal glial cells at the same density as striatal neurons or with media conditioned with striatal glia or neurons suggest that striatal neurons regulate dopaminergic afferent growth in vitro through specific neuro-neuronal interactions. PMID- 6631482 TI - Tetanus toxin: convulsant action on mouse spinal cord neurons in culture. AB - The effects of direct application of tetanus toxin on fetal mouse spinal cord neurons in culture are described. Tetanus toxin produces increased excitation characterized by paroxysmal depolarizing events (PDE). In contrast to the abrupt onset of convulsant action produced by postsynaptic glycine antagonist strychnine, the convulsant action of tetanus occurs after a dose-dependent latent period. The onset of the convulsant action of tetanus toxin is paralleled by a reduction in observed spontaneous inhibitory synaptic potentials. Excitatory synaptic events can be identified as components of some tetanus-PDE. The toxin does not alter postsynaptic responses to the inhibitory amino acids glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. The latency and convulsant action of tetanus toxin are consistent with an irreversible presynaptic membrane interaction that reduces inhibitory transmission, a mechanism of action distinct from those of convulsants that antagonize inhibitory transmitters at the postsynaptic membrane. PMID- 6631483 TI - Nerve fiber growth in culture on fibronectin, collagen, and glycosaminoglycan substrates. AB - In an initial report (Carbonetto, S. T., M. M. Gruver, and D. C. Turner (1982) Science 216: 897-899) we described the use of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) in preparing defined culture substrates for studying nerve fiber growth. In those studies fibronectin and collagen were conspicuous, among a variety of HEMA embedded proteins, in supporting fiber growth of embryonic neurons from chick dorsal root ganglia. Here we further document and extend our preliminary studies, especially with regard to the interaction of growing nerve fibers with fibronectin. HEMA substrates were prepared with proteolytic fragments of fibronectin, each of which had one or more of the functional sites of the intact molecule. Only those fragments of fibronectin that retained the region of the molecule known to mediate myoblast attachment were active in supporting nerve fiber growth. When added in excess to the culture medium, the smallest of the active fragments inhibited fiber growth on substrates that contained intact fibronectin. In culture medium depleted of serum fibronectin, HEMA gels containing collagens purified from connective tissues (types I and III) or from basement membranes (type IV) were about as effective as HEMA substrates containing fibronectin in supporting fiber growth. Nerve fiber growth on collagen substrates proceeded in the absence of fibronectin in the culture medium. Several glycosaminoglycans (heparin, chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid) were ineffective as substrates for fiber growth. Treatment of HEMA/ fibronectin gels with heparin or incorporation of heparin along with fibronectin in the gel profoundly diminished the efficacy of fibronectin in supporting nerve fiber growth. Our studies suggest that the growth of nerve fibers on fibronectin substrates results from direct interaction with a specific portion of the fibronectin molecule and that this interaction can be inhibited by heparin and possibly other glycosaminoglycans. PMID- 6631484 TI - Quantitative features of synapse formation in the fly's visual system. I. The presynaptic photoreceptor terminal. AB - Photoreceptors of the adult fly's compound eye each form a population of stereotyped output synapses distributed over the surface of their terminal. The formation of this class of afferent synapses during development has been followed from serial electron microscopy of the same eye region in four pupal and several adult stages, all of female Musca domestica. These synapses, or tetrads, have an invariant postsynaptic composition of four members and so may provide a model for multiple-contact synapses in general. In the adult fly the four postsynaptic elements of each synapse are contributed by two interneurons, L1 and L2, and, usually, two alpha processes of an amacrine cell. These postsynaptic elements assemble at individual developing synapses by selective sequential addition. Assembly starts with L1 or L2, subsequent elements of the final tetrad adding in all conceivable permutations, at least as fast as one per 7 hr. They rarely (only once) incorporate incorrect or supernumerary elements, however. The synaptic population as a whole was also sampled during development to analyze the possible factors determining the normal precision of the size of the adult population. The number of synapses per terminal increases gradually until 74% pupal development. Thereafter it decreases so that the final number of synapses in each receptor's population is the consequence of a net loss. Synapses enlarge with age, chiefly by incorporating new elements, but the loss of synaptic sites is only partially offset by the increase in size of those that remain. Throughout all stages examined in pupal and adult life, total synaptic area is linearly proportional to the surface area of the axon terminal. Thus, from the 74% pupal development stage onward, a population of many small synapses closely spaced, on average, over the terminal's surface transforms into one characteristic of the adult with progressively fewer, larger, more widely spaced synapses. PMID- 6631485 TI - The parcellation of the medial geniculate body of the cat defined by the auditory response properties of single units. AB - Single unit responses were recorded in the medial geniculate body (MGB) of anesthetized cats. In response to acoustical stimulation the properties of response latency, discharge pattern, frequency tuning, binaural interaction, and habituation were examined to allow an appraisal of the differentiation of the MGB by electrophysiological means. It is found that definite boundaries can be determined at which there is a distinct change in response properties; the position of these "physiological boundaries" seems to correspond with the boundaries between the seven subnuclei of the MGB described by Morest (Morest, D. K. (1964) J. Anat. 98: 611-630) in Golgi-stained material. Using these physiological boundaries to determine unit locations, population comparisons are made allowing the description of each subnucleus in terms of its auditory response properties. It is suggested that these properties, together with the limited information gained from Nissl cytoarchitecture, are sufficient to describe the location of physiological recording sites in the MGB. PMID- 6631486 TI - Electrical characteristics of dendrites and dendritic spines in intracellularly stained CA3 and dentate hippocampal neurons. AB - Theoretical parameters of synaptic efficacy were studied in a detailed cable model of in vitro hippocampal neurons. CA3 pyramidal cells (n = 9) and dentate granule neurons (n = 6) were injected with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) after brief physiological analysis. The dendrites of these HRP-stained neurons were measured and approximated by a series of cylindrical segments. Specific electrical values of the neurons were calculated on a steady-state basis, using a cable analysis of the dendritic segments. The evaluation was expanded to include idealized dendritic spines. Average spine dimensions were determined by electron microscopic measurements. The density distribution of spines was patterned after reported Golgi measurements of similar neurons. The average electrotonic length of the CA3 apical dendrites was determined to be 0.69 length constant. These CA3 neurons were not well approximated by a single equivalent cylinder coupled to a soma (E-C model). The dentate granule cells exhibited an average electrotonic length of 1.12 length constants and could be adequately represented by the E-C model. Synaptic efficacy was estimated by the transfer of either charge or steady state voltage from a spine input to the soma. Charge transfer varied as a function of the electrotonic distance from the soma to the input site. Voltage transfer, however, did not vary as a simple function of electrotonic distance. Voltage and charge transfer averaged less than 10% loss across the dendritic spine neck. These calculations, based on specific neuronal anatomy, predict that dendritic spines do not significantly attenuate steady-state electrical signals. PMID- 6631487 TI - Differential regulation of acetylcholine sensitivity and alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites on ciliary ganglion neurons in cell culture. AB - Levels of acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity and numbers of alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-Bgt)-binding sites have been measured for chick ciliary ganglion neurons grown in cell culture under various conditions. The two properties were found not to change in parallel. Neurons maintained in culture medium supplemented with embryonic eye extract developed high levels of ACh sensitivity and low numbers of alpha-Bgt-binding sites, whereas neurons grown in medium containing elevated K+ concentrations displayed the reverse. Neurons from media containing both eye extract and elevated K+ concentrations had both low levels of sensitivity and low numbers of toxin sites. The growth conditions do not alter the basic binding properties of the ACh receptors and alpha-Bgt-binding sites. Both the ACh receptor dose-response characteristics and the pharmacological properties of the toxin-binding sites were similar for neurons grown in media containing eye extract or elevated K+ concentrations. The inhibitory effects of eye extract on development of alpha-Bgt-binding sites appeared to be specific: eye extract had previously been shown to stimulate neuronal growth and cholinergic development, and in the present study eye extract enhanced development of ACh sensitivity and had no effect on mechanisms responsible for binding and accumulation of tetanus toxin. Eye extract did not block alpha-Bgt binding in competition binding experiments and did not cause redistribution of toxin sites away from the neuronal soma. These results demonstrate that ACh sensitivity and alpha-Bgt binding sites can be independently regulated on the neurons and suggest that the two membrane properties are associated with separate membrane components. PMID- 6631488 TI - Incidentally discovered intrasellar calcifications. PMID- 6631489 TI - Spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery. Clinical, radiologic and evolutive aspects. Apropos of 46 cases. PMID- 6631490 TI - Therapeutic embolization of an external carotid-cavernous sinus fistula in an infant. Case report. PMID- 6631491 TI - Persistent craniopharyngeal canal. Apropos of 3 radiologic studies. PMID- 6631492 TI - Tomodensitometric evaluation of the results of radiochemotherapy of cerebral metastases. PMID- 6631493 TI - Percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion for trigeminal neuralgia. AB - Fifty patients were treated for trigeminal neuralgia by percutaneous microcompression of the trigeminal ganglion. A No. 4 Fogarty balloon catheter was inserted under brief general anesthesia, using biplane fluoroscopy. This procedure is essentially a percutaneous simplication of the older Taarnhoj Sheldon-Pudenz operation. The follow-up period ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 years. Pain recurred in 12% of cases during that time, and it is anticipated that within 5 years the recurrence rate will reach 20%, which is approximately the same rate as for the alternative established procedures. The advantages of this technique are freedom from discomfort on the part of the patient, a remarkable ease of performance on the part of the operator, absence of associated mortality, and a minimal morbidity rate. PMID- 6631494 TI - Auditory evoked potentials recorded from the cochlear nucleus and its vicinity in man. AB - Intracranial responses from the auditory nerve and the cochlear nucleus were recorded from patients undergoing neurosurgical operations during which these structures were exposed. Responses to stimulation of the ipsilateral ear with short tonebursts from the vicinity of the cochlear nucleus show a large surface negative peak, the latency of which is close to that of peak III in the auditory brain-stem evoked potentials recorded from scalp electrodes. There was also a response to contralateral stimulation, smaller in amplitude and with a longer latency. It is concluded that the cochlear nucleus is the main generator of peak III responses, and that structures of the ascending auditory pathway that are more central than the cochlear nucleus are unlikely to contribute to wave III of the auditory brain-stem evoked potentials. PMID- 6631495 TI - Successful treatment of a group of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations by interruption of dural fistula. AB - As demonstrated by selective spinal cord arteriography, over 80% of spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) occupy a predominantly extramedullary position. Current therapy frequently requires surgical stripping of the long dorsal intradural vessel(s) from the underlying spinal cord over many cord segments. The authors report six patients with a dural arteriovenous fistula fed by a cluster of abnormal epidural arteries. These vessels, which surrounded and were embedded into the dural covering of a thoracic nerve root, drained into a long sinuous intrathecal paramedullary vein(s). The angiographic and surgical appearance of the intradural component of these lesions was identical to that of lesions previously classified as Type I AVM's of the spinal cord. All patients had symptoms and signs of myelopathy. In five patients, surgery was limited to coagulation and excision of the extradural vessels and division of the intradural arterialized vein. Progressive improvement began within days following surgery. No residual abnormality was demonstrated by postoperative selective spinal cord arteriography, which was performed in all five patients. The findings support those of Kendall and Logue, that surgery restricted to elimination of the arteriovenous fistula at the intervertebral foramen is curative, and that more extensive surgery is unnecessary for this subgroup of AVM's of the spinal cord. These lesions comprise a sizable percent of all spinal AVM's. Resolution of myelopathy in these patients supports the hypothesis that venous hypertension causes chronic progressive myelopathy. PMID- 6631496 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome. Decompression using the Paine retinaculotome. AB - The presenting symptomatology and clinical findings of 464 patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome are reviewed. The results of decompression by section of the transverse carpal ligament are presented, with particular reference to the use of the Paine retinaculotome. Approximately 90% of patients achieved very satisfactory results and complications were minimal. The commonest reason for failure is incomplete division of the flexor retinaculum. The detailed procedure is presented. PMID- 6631497 TI - Orbital fine-needle aspiration biopsy in patients with cavernous sinus syndrome. AB - The authors report their experience with five patients presenting with cavernous sinus syndrome who, on computerized tomography (CT) studies, were shown to have a lesion simultaneously involving the cavernous sinus and a portion of the orbit. All patients underwent an orbital fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). A specific cytological diagnosis was made in three of the five patients. To obtain pathological diagnosis in the case of cavernous sinus tumors, invasive diagnostic procedures are sometimes necessary. Extension of lesions from the cavernous sinus into adjacent areas should be carefully looked for on CT scans. In the specific subset of patients with cavernous sinus tumors and simultaneous orbital involvement, orbital FNAB may provide a simple alternative to more invasive procedures. The limitations of the procedure are discussed. PMID- 6631498 TI - Cranial chordomas in children and young adults. AB - A series of 12 surgically treated and pathologically proven cranial chordomas presenting in children and young adults is reviewed. These rare tumors occur in relation to the path of the primitive notochord; four were parasellar, six were mid-clival, and two were inferior clival in location. Pathological evaluation revealed five of the tumors to have a significant chondroid component. Follow-up studies ranging from 1 month to 21 years revealed that eight patients were alive, all of whom had received radiation therapy following surgery. PMID- 6631499 TI - Intracranial meningiomas following low-dose irradiation to the head. AB - Earlier reports have suggested that low-dose ionizing irradiation might be involved in induction of intracranial meningiomas. One of the problems in evaluating irradiation-induced neoplasms is the belief that these tumors have no distinguishing features to indicate their etiology. In an attempt to identify such features in meningiomas following irradiation, a group of 42 post irradiation meningiomas (PIM's) has been compared with a group of 84 non-PIM control meningiomas. These 42 PIM's included all the intracranial meningiomas diagnosed at the Hadassah University Hospital during the years 1952 to 1981 in individuals treated in childhood with low-dose x-ray therapy for tinea capitis. Although the individual PIM does not seem to differ from a "spontaneous" meningioma, this study indicates that PIM's as a group have distinct characteristics, namely, their location at the site of maximal irradiation, and features suggesting rapid growth and aggressive biological behavior. There was a significantly higher number of calvarial tumors (p less than 0.001), a high proportion of multiple meningiomas, a higher recurrence rate following apparent complete excision (p less than 0.02), and an increased number of histologically malignant meningiomas (p less than 0.01). The demonstration of features that distinguish PIM's from meningiomas of other etiology supports the suggestion that low-dose ionizing irradiation was involved in the pathogenesis of these tumors. PMID- 6631500 TI - Choroid plexus papillomas and human choroid plexus. A light and electron microscopic study. AB - Choroid plexus papillomas and mature human choroid plexus were studied by light and electron microscopic techniques. The mature choroid plexus has three types of cells: Type I cells are cuboidal or columnar cells and line the villi; Type II cells are flat cells lining connective tissue adjacent to neural tissue; and Type III cells are flat cells lining crypts in connective tissue. The cells of benign papillomas were similar to the fully developed Type I cells. The cells of a malignant papilloma were similar to the underdeveloped-appearing Type III cells. A variant malignant papilloma had well differentiated mucus-secreting cells resembling goblet cells. PMID- 6631501 TI - Transsphenoidal surgery of intrasellar germinomas. Report of two cases. AB - Two patients with diabetes insipidus, hypopituitarism, and an enlarged sella turcica underwent a transsphenoidal operation for the treatment of intrasellar germinomas. Successful transsphenoidal treatment of such neoplasms has not been reported previously. The cases indicate that the diagnostic possibility of intrasellar germinoma should be considered in young patients with combined diabetes insipidus and hypopituitarism, even when the sella is markedly expanded. PMID- 6631502 TI - Prolactinoma of pituitary with associated amyloid-like substances. Case report. AB - A prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma containing amyloid substance was studied by light and electron microscopy. The tumor was found in a 32-year-old woman who presented with a short history of amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Pituitary adenoma containing amyloid substance is a very rare entity, and the implications of this association are discussed. Previous reports, suggesting that mesenchymal cells or hormone-secreting tumor cells in pituitary adenomas produce amyloid substances, are reviewed. PMID- 6631503 TI - Intrasellar gangliocytoma and syndromes of pituitary hypersecretion. Case report. AB - Syndromes of hypersecretion of pituitary hormone and sellar enlargement may on occasion be caused by a gangliocytoma instead of a pituitary adenoma. At least some of these rare tumors are apparently independent of and separable from the pituitary gland, its stalk, and the hypothalamus, and are therefore surgically removable without incurring further endocrine deficit. The authors report such a case, with successful removal of the tumor via a frontal craniotomy. The associated hypersecretion of pituitary hormone was corrected without disturbing normal pituitary function. PMID- 6631504 TI - Management of carotid-cavernous fistulas by surgery combined with interventional radiology. Report of two cases. AB - Two cases of carotid-cavernous fistulas were successfully treated by standard interventional radiology techniques after otherwise inaccessible vessels were surgically exposed. In the first case, an internal carotid artery (ICA), which had previously been ligated as part of an attempted surgical "entrapment" procedure, was recanalized to permit passage of a detachable balloon catheter to the fistula, resulting in its obliteration. In the second case, an enlarged superior ophthalmic vein was exposed and isolated to facilitate retrograde catheterization of the cavernous sinus and obliteration of a dural fistula between the ICA and the cavernous sinus by steel Gianturco coils. The methods and complications of both procedures are discussed. PMID- 6631505 TI - An approach to a basilar aneurysm above the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery. Case report. AB - The authors report a case of a basilar artery aneurysm approached by the transsylvian route; the aneurysm was successfully clipped through the space distal to the carotid bifurcation and between the frontal and temporal lobes. This approach is useful when the internal carotid artery is short, sclerotic, and difficult to mobilize. Special care should be taken when retracting perforating arteries and the posterior communicating artery. PMID- 6631506 TI - Foreign-body granuloma simulating recurrence of falx meningioma. Case report. AB - The authors report a case of foreign-body granuloma that developed 1 1/2 years after total removal of a falx meningioma. Prior to surgery, it was thought to be a recurrence of tumor. PMID- 6631507 TI - Subependymoma in a 2 1/2-year-old boy. Case report. AB - Subependymomas are extremely rare tumors in the pediatric population and, when they occur, they are usually of a mixed type with elements of subependymoma and ependymoma. This report is of a 2 1/2-year-old male infant with a pure subependymoma of the fourth ventricle. PMID- 6631508 TI - Epidermoid cyst occurring within a lumbosacral myelomeningocele. Case report. AB - The authors report the case of an infant who presented with an epidermoid tumor contained in a lumbosacral myelomeningocele. The association of spina bifida aperta and congenital intraspinal tumors is rare. Only two cases of teratoma and two cases of epidermoid tumors arising within a meningocele have been documented previously. PMID- 6631509 TI - Ventricular taps in the neonate under ultrasonic guidance. Technical note. AB - A method of ultrasonically guiding ventricular taps in children is described. The needle is introduced through a needle guide in the ultrasound field of a sectorscanner. The direction of the needle is accurately determined and the needle itself is clearly visualized on the television monitor during its introduction into the brain. The results of seven punctures are presented. All these punctures were successful at the first attempt, and no complications occurred. PMID- 6631510 TI - Transantral transsphenoidal approach to the pituitary. Technical note. AB - The authors describe the technique of a transantral transsphenoidal approach to the sella turcica. The advantages and potential complications are discussed. This procedure may also be applicable when dealing with tumors of the skull base and orbits. PMID- 6631511 TI - Facial myokymia. PMID- 6631512 TI - Blood-brain barrier in SAH. PMID- 6631513 TI - Primary intranasal encephalocele. PMID- 6631514 TI - Prevention of chronic experimental cerebral vasospasm with ibuprofen and high dose methylprednisolone. AB - Severe chronic cerebral vasospasm was reliably induced in dogs by two injections, 2 days apart, of autologous blood into the cisterna magna. Treatment with ibuprofen or high-dose methylprednisolone after the first injection prevented or reduced vasospasm. Both drugs reduced meningismus and accelerated the rate of neurological recovery. Compared with specimens from normal dogs, rings of basilar arteries obtained from untreated dogs contracted weakly in response to 5 hydroxytryptamine, prostaglandin F2 alpha, potassium chloride, and barium chloride. Rings of arteries from dogs who received ibuprofen or methylprednisolone contracted more strongly. Electron micrographs of basilar arteries from untreated dogs showed degeneration of smooth muscle, whereas those from treated dogs did not. Thus, what is termed "chronic cerebral vasospasm" probably represents a structural derangement of the blood vessel wall leading to its narrowing, rather than a sustained contraction of the vascular smooth muscle. Administration of high-dose methylprednisolone and ibuprofen can prevent its occurrence. PMID- 6631515 TI - Calcium channel antagonist binding sites labeled by 3H-nimodipine in human brain. AB - In vitro binding of 3H-nimodipine to human brain membranes is demonstrated in this study. This binding was specific and saturable, and had an apparent affinity constant (KD) of 0.27 nM. The maximal number of binding sites for 3H-nimodipine was 5.8 pmoles/gm wet weight of human frontal cortex. The binding was shown to be dependent on calcium, with half-maximal stimulation obtained at 3 X 10(-5) M CaCl2. Other 1,4-dihyropyridine calcium antagonists were shown to be competitive antagonists of 3H-nimodipine binding. In contrast, the calcium antagonists, verapamil and diltiazem, had complex interactions with 3H-nimodipine binding. These results represent the first identification of 3H-calcium antagonist binding sites in human brain, and they confirm that various calcium antagonist drugs may differ with respect to both their potency and their molecular site of action. PMID- 6631516 TI - Cerebral and cardiovascular responses to changes in head elevation in patients with intracranial hypertension. AB - To establish if an optimum level of head elevation exists in patients with intracranial hypertension, the authors examined changes in intracranial pressure (ICP), systemic and pulmonary pressures, systemic flows, and intrapulmonary shunt fraction with the patient lying flat, and then with the head elevated at 15 degrees, 30 degrees, and 60 degrees. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated. The lowest mean ICP was found with elevation of the head to 15 degrees (a fall of -4.5 +/- 1.6 mm Hg, p less than 0.001) and 30 degrees (a fall of -6.1 +/- 3.5 mm Hg, p less than 0.001); the CPP and cardiac output were maintained. With elevation of the head to 60 degrees, the mean ICP increased to 3.8 +/- 9.3 mm Hg of baseline, while the CPP decreased -7.9 +/- 9.3 mm Hg (p less than 0.02), and the cardiac index also fell -0.25 +/- 0.28 liters/min/sq m (p less than 0.01). No significant change in filling pressures, arterial oxygen content, or heart rate was encountered at any level of head elevation. Therefore, a moderate degree (15 degrees or 30 degrees) of head elevation provides a consistent reduction of ICP without concomitant compromise of cardiac function. Lower (0 degrees) or higher (60 degrees) degrees of head elevation may be detrimental to the patient because of changes in the ICP, CPP, and cardiac output. PMID- 6631517 TI - The prognostic value of computerized tomography in comatose head-injured patients. AB - In a series of 121 comatose head-injured patients, computerized tomography (CT) scans were obtained at various intervals after onset of coma. The scans were classified without knowledge of previous scans or of the patient's clinical state, and predictions as to outcome at 1 year were made based on clinical features and CT findings. The state of the basal cisterns as seen on CT scans proved to be a very powerful prognosticator. Subsets of features with the greatest prognostic weight were selected systematically for CT features, clinical features, and for a combination of CT and clinical features. With these features, probability statements were made about death or survival at 1 year. The quality of the predictions was established by comparing them with actual outcome. The percentage of accurate predictions was markedly higher with a combination of clinical and CT features than with clinical or CT features alone. PMID- 6631518 TI - Nonsurgical management of extradural hematomas in children. AB - With the advent of computerized tomography (CT), an increasing number of patients with only minimal neurological symptoms and no signs of brain herniation are found to harbor subacute or chronic extradural hematomas (EH's). The authors present the cases of 11 symptomatic but neurologically normal children with medium to large EH's managed by close observation. These EH's were discovered 4 hours to 6 days after injury; three were in the posterior fossa, seven over the frontoparietal convexity, and one in the temporal fossa. These clots were followed by serial CT scans. Nine children recovered without surgery from 4 to 18 days after injury, and all had evidence on CT of spontaneous clot resorption. Of these nine EH's, five clots displayed volume expansion from 5 to 16 days after injury before final resorption occurred. Expansion correlated with persistence or increase in symptoms, whereas resorption correlated with improvement. Two patients showed gradual uncal herniation on Days 6 and 8, respectively, presumably during the "expansile phase" of their clots. Both had emergency craniotomy and recovered without morbidity. It is hypothesized that the resorption dynamics of the subacute or chronic EH are similar to that of the chronic subdural hematoma, with predictable volume changes, and the outcome of each lesion depends on the interplay between the patient's intracranial pressure buffering capacity and the rate of volume change. If subtle signs of brain dysfunction are adopted to signal the failure of conservative treatment and the need for craniotomy, these patients may be safely, and many successfully, managed without surgery. Factors that influence outcome of medical treatment include the size, location, configuration, and the rapidity of accumulation of the clot, the presence of associated intradural lesions, the extracranial decompression of blood through skull diastases, and the age of the patient. These factors, the criteria for patient selection, and the indications for immediate operative intervention are discussed. PMID- 6631519 TI - Clinical stages of human brain abscesses on serial CT scans after contrast infusion. Computerized tomographic, neuropathological, and clinical correlations. AB - The authors describe a classification of human brain abscesses into stages of development as demonstrated on computerized tomography (CT) scans. The results of CT staging of 14 human brain abscesses are compared with the previously published findings in an experimental brain abscess model developed by the same authors. The CT criteria for categorizing brain abscesses into cerebritis and capsule stages were based on the pattern of contrast enhancement and the time-density curve of enhancement obtained from sequential CT scans after contrast infusion. Using these CT criteria, it was possible to accurately categorize all 14 brain abscesses into cerebritis and capsule stages. Histological examination of surgical and autopsy specimens provided immediate confirmation of the abscess stage in six patients. Indirect staging, based on surgical findings and/or subsequent autopsy findings, was possible in eight patients. Corticosteroid administration greatly reduced contrast enhancement in the cerebritis stage, but had little effect in the capsule stage. A systematic approach utilizing CT for establishing the diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning of brain abscess is proposed. PMID- 6631520 TI - Intracerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AB - The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a recently described T-cell deficiency predisposing patients to a spectrum of opportunistic infections. Kaposi's sarcoma, and other neoplasms. It appears primarily among homosexual males and intravenous drug abusers, but is now being observed in other groups as well. The authors describe six adult patients with AIDS who developed intracranial toxoplasmosis. In four patients, diagnosis was made by brain biopsy, and in one by serology. These patients received a 90-day course of therapy with sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, or both when tolerated, and improved neurologically. In one patient, the brain biopsy was nondiagnostic and the organism was identified at autopsy. On computerized tomographic and pathological follow-up studies the organism appeared to be eradicated by therapy. Early aggressive diagnostic study and prompt institution of therapy are imperative for reversal of neurological deficits. Despite cure of toxoplasmosis, the prognosis in patients with AIDS is poor; the mortality in this series was 67%. Isolation precautions should be taken by those caring for such patients. PMID- 6631521 TI - Gallium-67 scanning in the diagnosis of postoperative sternal osteomyelitis: concise communication. AB - Sternal osteomyelitis is an uncommon but serious complication of the median sternotomy incision. Definite diagnosis is clinically difficult and radionuclide scanning is of uncertain value in the early postoperative period. We conducted a prospective blind study of gallium scanning in the early period after cardiac surgery and reviewed clinically diagnosed cases that also had scans. Clinical status and scan interpretation were each independently assessed by three raters. Thirty-eight scans included six true positives, five true negatives (no sternotomy) and 27 post-sternotomy, clinically uninfected patients. Using categories of high, medium, and low for scan interpretation, the radiologic assessors agreed 90% of the time. Normal postoperative Ga-67 uptake could usually be differentiated from uptake by an infected sternum. The test had a sensitivity of 83% and specificity 96%. If the clinical (pretest) likelihood of sternal osteomyelitis is 30%, then the gallium scan will have a 90% positive predictive value and a 93% negative predictive value. This study of observer variation and validity indicates that Ga-67 scanning may be useful in confirming the diagnosis of poststernotomy sternal osteomyelitis. PMID- 6631522 TI - Effect of doxorubicin on [omega-I-131]heptadecanoic acid myocardial scintigraphy and echocardiography in dogs. AB - The effects of serial treatment with doxorubicin on dynamic myocardial scintigraphy with [omega-I-131]heptadecanoic acid (I-131 HA), and on global left ventricular function determined echocardiographically, were studied in a group of nine mongrel dogs. Total extractable myocardial lipid was compared postmortem between a group of control dogs and doxorubicin-treated dogs. A significant and then progressive fall in global LV function was observed at a cumulative doxorubicin dose of 4 mg/kg. A significant increase in the myocardial t1/2 of the I-131 HA was observed only at a higher cumulative dose, 10 mg/kg. No significant alteration in total extractable myocardial lipids was observed between control dogs and those treated with doxorubicin. Our findings suggest that the changes leading to an alteration of myocardial dynamic imaging with I-131 HA are not the initiating factor in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. PMID- 6631523 TI - Diagnosis of clinically unsuspected gallbladder perforation in an obese patient, by Tc-99m IDA cholescintigraphy. AB - A male Pickwickian syndrome patient was admitted to the hospital with sudden onset of abdominal pain. Physical examination was equivocal. Due to patient's ileus and morbid obesity (weight 450 lb), neither TCT scan nor ultrasound was possible. A Tc-99m PIPIDA hepatobiliary imaging study revealed intraperitoneal leakage of radioactive bile with collection of the activity in both abdominal gutters, indicating gallbladder rupture. Prompt surgery confirmed the diagnosis. PMID- 6631524 TI - Fast count-dependent digital filtering of nuclear medicine images: concise communication. AB - The formulation of an "optimal" filter for improving the quality of digitally recorded nuclear medicine images is reported in this paper. The method forms a Metz filter for each image based upon the total number of counts in the image, which in turn determines the average noise level. The parameters of the filter were optimized for a set of simulated images using the minimization of the mean square error as the criterion. The speed of the image formation results from the use of an array processor. In a study of localization receiver operating characteristics (LROC) using the Alderson liver phantom, a significant improvement in tumor localization was found in images filtered with this technique, compared with the original digital images and those filtered by the nine-point binomial smoothing algorithm. The technique has been found useful for the filtering of static and dynamic studies as well as the two-dimensional pre reconstruction filtering of images from single photon emission computerized tomography. PMID- 6631525 TI - Radionuclide image minification can compensate for coarse digitization: concise communication. AB - Although it is common practice to digitize radionuclide images onto the finest matrix available, their low count densities and poor spatial resolution suggest that quite large pixels should be adequate. Observers find these large pixels visually obtrusive, but minification of the image can reduce this effect. Experiments reported here have investigated how minification (achieved by increasing viewing distance) affects the perceived quality of images digitized onto different sized matrices. Observers' subjective preference for different pixel sizes was measured at various viewing distances using clinical bone images as test patterns. An objective measure of image quality was made by comparing the detectability of computer-generated focal areas of increased activity both in simple noisy backgrounds and in clinical bone images. The results show that a 128 X 128 matrix is adequate when the image is 8 cm2 and is viewed from 1 and 2 m. A finer matrix failed to produce better results. PMID- 6631526 TI - Transient toxicity of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose in mammalian cells: concise communication. AB - The kinetics of uptake and toxicity of the positron emitter F-18 have been examined in a cultured cell line. 2-Deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18FDG) concentrated rapidly within Chinese hamster V79 cells, and the uptake was linear with the extracellular radioactive concentrations. Whereas 18FDG synthesized 2 hr before the incubation did not appear to be toxic, that synthesized 5 hr previously was highly toxic. Toxicity was transient and independent of both the extracellular/intracellular radioactive concentration and the energy released from the decay of fluorine-18. Similarly synthesized nonradioactive FDG and Na 18F were not toxic under comparable experimental conditions. We conclude that this transient toxicity is due to an unidentified chemical species that is cytocidal following intracellular localization. These toxic levels are not likely to be achieved in the clinical use of 18FDG due to dilution factors that are orders of magnitude greater than those used in these in vitro studies. PMID- 6631527 TI - Assessment of the [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose kinetic model in calculations of myocardial glucose metabolism during ischemia. AB - The lumped constant--a term in the operational equation of the Sokoloff tracer kinetic model for deoxyglucose that accounts for the difference in transport and phosphorylation between glucose and its analog, deoxyglucose--could potentially vary from normal to ischemic conditions in the heart. To test the stability of the lumped constant during ischemia, we evaluated the ratio of the extraction fraction for (F-18)-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to that for glucose (a measure of the lumped constant if there is no significant dephosphorylation of FDG-6-PO4) and the rate constant for dephosphorylation of FDG-6-PO4 (k4*) in the isolated, arterially perfused interventricular septum of the rabbit during moderate and severe demand-induced and reduced-flow ischemias. The lumped constant and k4* in each of the four ischemic experimental conditions were found not to be significantly different from the value obtained from the nonischemic controls. PMID- 6631528 TI - Preparation of sterile xenon-133 in saline for tissue perfusion studies. AB - A simple, inexpensive method of obtaining Xe-133 in sterile saline is presented. The method uses commercial xenon ampules supplied for pulmonary ventilation studies. As much as 10% of the gas activity can be recovered per aliquot by cooling the saline to 4 degrees C. The specific activities obtained are adequate for most tissue perfusion studies. PMID- 6631529 TI - Re: Stability of stannous ion in stannous pyrophosphate kits. PMID- 6631530 TI - Diffuse lung uptake of Tc-99m sulfur colloid in infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 6631531 TI - Effect of diet and starvation on hepatic mitochondrial function in the rat. AB - The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of diet and starvation on mitochondrial function. Diet did not affect hepatic mitochondrial oxidation of lipid or nonlipid substrates when expressed as nanogram atoms of oxygen consumed per minute per milligram mitochondrial protein. Furthermore, diet did not affect mitochondrial palmitoylcarnitine utilization rate, mitochondrial ketoacid production, or mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase specific activity. When the data for palmitoylcarnitine utilization were expressed per gram liver, the rates were significantly lower in rats fed the high fat diet of Schemmel et al. (J. Nutr. 110: 1041-1048, 1970). DNA content (milligrams/gram) indicated that cell size rather than cell number contributed to greater total liver weight in rats fed the Schemmel high fat diet. In both stock diet-fed controls and rats fed the Schemmel high fat diet, mitochondrial protein per gram liver decreased with duration of starvation. Mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase was unchanged by diet or starvation. Thus, neither diet nor diet followed by starvation altered hepatic mitochondrial capacity to oxidize lipid substrates. PMID- 6631532 TI - Distribution of selenium and glutathione peroxidase in blood fractions from humans, rhesus and squirrel monkeys, rats and sheep. AB - The distribution of selenium and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was investigated in blood fractions from humans, rhesus and squirrel monkeys, sheep and rats by gel filtration (Sephadex G-150). The majority of selenium in plasma and erythrocytes from sheep, squirrel monkeys and rats cochromatographed with GSH-Px. In contrast, selenium in plasma from humans and rhesus monkeys cochromatographed with two non-GSH-Px proteins and nearly all of the selenium in erythrocytes cochromatographed with the hemoglobin peak. A significant amount of GSH-Px activity in rhesus monkey and human erythrocytes also cochromatographed with the hemoglobin fraction, but very little GSH-Px coeluted with hemoglobin from squirrel monkeys, ovine and rat blood. The results suggest that GSH-Px activity may not be a good measure of selenium status in higher primates. PMID- 6631533 TI - Factors influencing the antitumorigenic properties of selenium in mice. AB - Sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) was administered at 2.0 micrograms selenium (Se) to Swiss ICR mice six times over a 9-day period by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or by gastric gavage. Survival time was significantly increased in Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT)-bearing mice by 170 and 20%, respectively, compared to controls. In two separate studies, 5.0 micrograms Se as Na2SeO3 or selenodiglutathione (GSSeSG) administered i.p. was more effective in inhibiting EAT propagation in mice than either untreated (control) mice or mice receiving sodium selenide, dimethyl selenide [(CH3)2Se] or seleno-DL-cystine. In another study, EAT cells were preincubated with either 1 or 3 ppm Se as GSSeSG, Na2SeO3, or (CH3)2Se, washed, and reinoculated into mice. Only in mice inoculated with cells pretreated with GSSeSG was a significant increase in survival observed. The observed tumor inhibition was not limited to ascitic tumors since growth of solid Ehrlich tumors was also significantly inhibited by i.p. treatment of Na2SeO3. Following i.p. administration of Na2(75)SeO3, the solid tumors retained more selenium-75 than did blood, lung, kidney, or liver. Supplementation of a torula yeast diet with 2.5 or 5.0 ppm Se as Na2SeO3 also significantly increased the survival time of EAT-bearing mice. These data show that the form and mode of administration of selenium influence the antitumorigenic properties of this trace element. In addition, the data suggest that some intermediate in the normal pathway for selenium detoxification is probably responsible for this trace element's antitumorigenic properties. PMID- 6631534 TI - Effects of diet and energy intake on kinetics of glucose metabolism in steers. AB - To test the hypothesis that glucose utilization in ruminants is related to energy consumption independent of diet composition or energy content, eight Holstein steers (165-230 kg) were fed either a high grain (70% corn, 20% alfalfa, 8.8% soybean meal) or high hay (70% alfalfa, 28% corn) diet. The two diets were fed in quantities that allowed comparisons to be made either isocalorically based on calculated net energy for gain (NEg) or at identical dry matter intakes. The daily ration was divided into 12 equal portions and dispensed every 2 hours by automatic feeders to achieve steady-state conditions with respect to glucose metabolism. After adaptation to the dietary regimen, rates of glucose irreversible loss were measured following a single injection of 500 muCi of [6 3H]glucose. Glucose irreversible loss also was measured after a 7-day fast. Glucose irreversible loss was equal when both diets were fed isocalorically, was larger among steers fed the grain diet when comparisons were made at equal intakes of dry matter, and increased when the intake of either diet was increased. The increase in glucose irreversible loss with increasing energy intake showed a highly significant linear relationship over the range of intakes for both diets. It was concluded that energy intake, in contrast to diet composition, is responsible for the regulation of glucose irreversible loss. PMID- 6631535 TI - The effect of valine deficiency on neutral amino acid patterns in plasma and brain of the rat. AB - Valine deficiency in rats produced motor incoordination attributable to selective damage to the red nuclei, midbrain structures that modulate motor activity. Neither incoordination nor red nuclei damage occurs in rats deprived of valine, isoleucine and leucine, thus suggesting that valine neurotoxicity results from amino acid imbalance rather than from lack of valine per se. To explore this possibility, we compared neutral amino acid patterns in plasma and brain of rats fed for 7 days a complete diet fed ad libitum or pair-fed, a valine-free diet or a diet lacking in all three essential branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). Statistical evaluation showed that plasma valine in valine-deprived rats was lower (P less than 0.01) than in pair-fed and ad libitum-fed controls but did not differ from rats lacking BCAA. Brain valine in valine-deprived rats did not differ from ad libitum-fed controls and actually was higher (P less than 0.01) than in pair-fed and BCAA-deprived rats. The most striking changes seen in the amino acid pattern of valine-deprived rats as compared to all other groups were in the increased leucine:valine ratio (P less than 0.01 for plasma and brain) and in the increased leucine + isoleucine:valine ratio (P less than 0.01 plasma; P less than 0.001, brain). These results are consistent with the view that amino acid imbalance is a critical factor in the development of the neurotoxicity of valine deficiency. PMID- 6631536 TI - Cysteine feeding affects urinary zinc excretion in normal and ethanol-treated rats. AB - The effects of L-cysteine feeding on urinary zinc excretion were studied in normal and ethanol-treated rats. In rats fed 3% cysteine X HCl for 1-10 weeks, a three-fold increase of urinary zinc excretion was observed. That effect was variable but was significant throughout the experimental weeks. Despite the excessive zinc loss, cysteine-fed animals showed no evidence of zinc depletion as judged by zinc concentrations in plasma, hair, spleen, pancreas and muscle. Furthermore, zinc contents in liver, kidney and tibia were significantly higher in cysteine-fed rats than in their controls. In rats consuming 20% ethanol for 5 months, urinary excretion of magnesium was markedly elevated and of zinc, only slightly elevated. When rats that drank either 20% ethanol or an isocaloric sucrose solution were fed the cysteine-fortified diet, elevations of urinary zinc excretion were similar. Cysteine intake apparently did not affect urinary excretion of copper and magnesium. Diets supplemented with DL-ethionine or L cystine, but not inorganic sulfate, methionine or ascorbic acid, induced minor elevation of urinary zinc output. Those findings suggest that cysteine has a specific role in zinc metabolism. PMID- 6631537 TI - Alterations in plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations in copper-deficient rats. AB - In the first experiment, 32 weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two treatment groups, namely, a copper-adequate (8 mg Cu/kg diet) or a copper-deficient (0.85 mg Cu/kg diet) group. These animals were used for the plasma lipoprotein determinations. In the second experiment, 20 similar rats were assigned to the two treatments and were used for plasma and blood volume determinations. Feed and distilled water were provided ad libitum. After 7 weeks, plasma was obtained by heart puncture. Plasma lipoproteins were partitioned and purified by ultracentrifugation and agarose-column chromatography into high, low and very low density lipoprotein fractions (HDL, LDL, VLDL). The apolipoprotein profile of HDL fraction was established by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The markedly reduced liver copper content of rats fed the copper-deficient diet confirmed that they were indeed copper-deficient. Significant elevations in protein and cholesterol contents of HDL and LDL fractions and in triglyceride content of LDL fraction were observed in the copper-deficient rats. In addition, the apolipoprotein E concentration of the HDL fraction was significantly increased in the copper-deficient rats. In the second experiment, the hematocrit was markedly reduced and the plasma volume was significantly increased in the rats fed the copper-deficient diet. Data derived from this study and previous studies suggest that the hypercholesterolemia associated with copper deficiency was due mainly to an impairment in the cholesterol degradation process. PMID- 6631538 TI - Transfer of vitamin A from intestine to plasma in lambs fed low and high intakes of vitamin A. AB - Three groups of lambs were fed a low carotene diet supplemented with vitamin A proprionate equivalent to 0, 100 or 12,000 micrograms retinol per kilogram per day via rumen cannulae. These groups were mildly deficient, normal (control) and intoxicated, respectively. After 17 weeks, abomasal cannulae were implanted, [15 3H]retinol was injected into the abomasum, and jugular blood was sampled for 48 hours. After 7 days, the tracer was injected into a jugular vein, and blood was sampled for 48 hours. Rates of retinol and retinyl ester transport and retinol clearance from plasma reflected intake (P less than 0.05); clearance of retinyl esters was unaffected. Mean efficiencies of total vitamin A (retinol and retinyl ester) transfer from digestive tract to plasma were 86, 60 and 60%, whereas those of retinol were 91, 58 and 14% (P less than 0.05) for mildly deficient, control and intoxicated lambs, respectively. Thus lower transfer efficiencies were associated with higher transport rates of plasma retinol and retinyl ester and with increased clearance of retinol but not retinyl ester from plasma. These results suggest that vitamin A transfer from intestine to plasma is sensitive to vitamin A intake, and that retinol is the primary form of vitamin A affected. PMID- 6631539 TI - Effect of maternal carbohydrate intake on mitochondrial activity and on lipogenesis by the young and mature progeny. AB - The influence of maternal dietary sucrose on lipogenesis and on oxygen consumption and ATP production by isolated hepatic mitochondria was studied. During gestation and lactation, female BHE rats were fed either a 65% starch or a 65% sucrose diet. At weaning, male progeny were fed either the diet of their dam or the alternate diet. Rates of oxygen consumption and ATP production from isolated hepatic mitochondria, rates of 3H incorporation into fatty acids, and percent liver lipid were determined at 50 and 150 days of age. Correlation coefficients between mitochondrial function and hepatic lipogenic activity were calculated. Analysis of variance of these data indicated that state IV oxygen consumption was influenced by age and by an interaction of the maternal diet and the diet fed the progeny from weaning. The respiratory control ratio was influenced by the interaction of the maternal diet and the diet fed the progeny and by the interaction of the maternal diet and the age of the progeny when killed. ATP synthesis and recovery of ADP as ATP was influenced by an interaction of all three variables: maternal diet, growth diet and age. In progeny killed at 150 (but not 50) days of age, sucrose feeding increased the incorporation of tritium into fatty acids. Liver lipid levels were influenced by age and diet. Mitochondrial ATP synthesis was negatively correlated with hepatic lipid content, and mitochondrial ATP recovery from ADP was negatively correlated with 3H incorporation and percent liver lipid. These results suggest that alterations in hepatic mitochondrial ATP production may be associated with the increase in hepatic lipid synthesis and serum lipid levels frequently observed in sucrose-fed animals as they age. PMID- 6631540 TI - Hepatic fatty acids and acyl desaturases in rats: effects of dietary carbohydrate and essential fatty acids. AB - For a 9-week period, six groups of weanling male rats were fed either a fat-free diet or a diet containing 10% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO) or 10% safflower oil (SAF), respectively. Each of these diets contained either glucose or sucrose as the only carbohydrate. In the fat-free diets, the carbohydrate level was 67.3% and in the fat-supplemented diets 44.8%. Including HCO in the fat-free diet did not significantly alter hepatic 5-, 6-, and 9-desaturase activity, whereas addition of SAF significantly depressed all these activities. As compared to glucose, sucrose induced higher 9-desaturase activity in the rats on the fat-free diets. Adding HCO or SAF to the diet, simultaneously with lowering the carbohydrate level, diminished the stimulatory effect of dietary sucrose versus glucose on 9-desaturase activity. Levels of 20:4n6 and 20:3n9 in the fatty acid profiles of the liver microsomes were not influenced by dietary carbohydrate source, neither were the activities of the 5- and 6-desaturases, providing indirect evidence that dietary sucrose, as compared to glucose, did not differently affect biosynthesis of 20:4n6 and 20:3n9. PMID- 6631541 TI - Bioavailability of different sources of ferrous sulfate iron fed to anemic rats. AB - The bioavailability of iron from ferrous sulfate sources that had been stored for unknown periods was evaluated by using iron-deficient rats in experiment 1. The efficiency of converting dietary iron from these sources into hemoglobin varied from 60 to 84%. This variability was not explained on the basis of percent of iron in the ferrous state nor on the percent of iron in the source. The one fresh source used was reevaluated 3 months later, and its bioavailability had been reduced from 84 to 65%. The bioavailability of six fresh ferrous sulfate samples varied from 50 to 59% in experiment 2. It was concluded that, whenever ferrous sulfate is to be used as a reference source, fresh salt should be obtained to reduce variability among experiments. PMID- 6631542 TI - Influence of fatty acids on cholesterol synthesis of hepatocytes in monolayer culture. AB - The short-term (6-hour) and long-term (72-hour) influences of a wide spectrum of fatty acids on cholesterogenesis in monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes were studied. A 6-hour addition of 0.5 mmol/liter of oleate to the culture medium raised 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase [mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34] activity by 62%. Octanoate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, arachidonate and linolenate did not change enzyme activity significantly under these circumstances. A 72-hour incubation led to a 162% rise of enzyme activity by oleate and a 33% lowering by arachidonate, the other long chain fatty acids having no significant effect (linoleate, linolenate, palmitate and stearate). These modulations of enzyme activity were paralleled by comparable changes of cholesterogenesis as measured by incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into cholesterol. The results are compatible with the concept that the response of hepatic cholesterogenesis to dietary triglycerides in vivo (observed by earlier investigators) is due to influences of the triglyceride fatty acids on hepatocyte 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. PMID- 6631543 TI - Preweaning nutrition and fat development in baboons. AB - Using the baboon as a model, we tested the hypothesis that preweaning food intake influences the number of adipocytes at weaning. Two groups of 12 newborn baboons each were fed either a concentrated or a diluted Similac formula from birth to 18 weeks of age. Baboons fed the concentrated Similac were 38% heavier (P less than 0.01) and had 87% more fat mass (P less than 0.01) than the baboons fed diluted Similac. The mean adipocyte volume and adipocyte number were measured directly in 10 individual fat depots, and the total number of adipocytes were estimated for each baboon. The difference in fat mass was due to differences (P less than 0.01) in mean adipocyte volume, which was 0.22 nl in overfed baboons and 0.09 nl in underfed baboons. There was no significant diet effect on the estimated total number of fat cells; nor on 8 of 10 depots in which adipocyte number was directly measured. These results indicate that, in baboons, preweaning caloric intake has little or no influence on the number of fat cells at the age of weaning. PMID- 6631544 TI - Interaction of glucocorticoid and thyroxine in the responses of rats to starvation-refeeding. AB - The interaction of glucocorticoid (GC) and thyroxine (T4) in the generation of the hepatic enzyme overshoot and lipid response to starvation-refeeding was studied. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were either left intact, or treated with propylthiouracil (PTU), or adrenalectomized (ADX), or ADX and/or PTU treated and treated with GC and/or T4. One-half of each of these treatment groups was fed a 65% glucose diet while the remaining rats were starved for 48 hours and refed the glucose diet for 48 hours. After decapitation, hepatic lipid and glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity were determined. Rats treated with only PTU had less of an enzyme overshoot than nontreated rats, and the full overshoot response was restored with T4 treatment. ADX rats did not have the typical enzyme overshoot response to starvation-refeeding. However, ADX rats had their overshoot response restored with GC. PTU-treated ADX rats had more of an overshoot response than did ADX rats. When T4 was administered to PTU-treated ADX rats there was less of an enzyme overshoot; however, when both T4 and GC were administered to the PTU-treated ADX rats, the overshoot response was fully restored. The liver lipid response to starvation-refeeding followed a similar pattern except that in PTU-treated rats the liver lipid levels were significantly higher in the starved refed rats than in the ad libitum-fed rats. These results indicate that T4 and GC play a role in the G6PD and liver lipid response to starvation-refeeding. PMID- 6631545 TI - Relative antioxidant effectiveness of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in iron-loaded rats. AB - The relative antioxidant effectiveness of RRR-alpha-tocopherol and d-gamma tocopherol against in vivo lipid peroxidation in vitamin E-depleted, iron-loaded rats was assessed by measurement of expired pentane. Rats fed a vitamin E deficient diet were each administered 103 +/- 2 mg of iron as iron dextran over a 4-week period. After 3 weeks, their erythrocytes were 96.9 +/- 0.6% hemolyzed by dialuric acid. After 6 weeks, the rats exhaled 22.4 +/- 3.4 pmol pentane/(100 g body weight . minute). Groups of 4 rats each were then fed varying levels of RRR alpha- and d-gamma-tocopherol for 2 weeks, after which the pentane levels were directly related to the dietary tocopherol content. Covariance analysis of the log of pentane production versus the log of dietary tocopherol showed the relative antioxidant effectiveness of 1:0.31 for alpha-tocopherol:gamma tocopherol. In an independent estimation of relative antioxidant effectiveness, covariance analysis of the log of lipid soluble fluorophores in the spleens of the rats versus the log of dietary tocopherol showed a ratio of 1:0.37 for alpha tocopherol:gamma-tocopherol. Regression analysis showed the fluorophores also to be correlated with the integrated amount of pentane produced over the 7-week experiment (r = 0.84, P less than 0.001). gamma-Tocopherol was more effective as an in vivo antioxidant than has been reported for its inhibition of vitamin E deficiency syndromes. PMID- 6631546 TI - Digestion and absorption of nutrients by beef heifers fed a high concentrate diet. AB - A replicated, 3 X 3 Latin square design was used to evaluate effects of calculated metabolizable energy (ME) intake by beef heifers on apparent digestibility (AD), retention and net absorption (portal-arterial plasma concentration times portal plasma flow measured by dye dilution) of various nutrients. Six Hereford X Angus heifers (295 +/- 4 kg) with catheters in portal and mesenteric veins and iliac artery were fed once daily a high concentrate, pelleted diet to provide 84, 157 or 225 kcal ME/kg0.75. Linear (P less than 0.05) responses to increased ME intake included AD of dry matter (84.9-76.7%); AD of digestible energy (DE) (83.4-74.3%); AD of nitrogen (N) (70.5-62.1%); N retained (-6.3 to 25.6 g/day); portal blood flow (444-782 liters/hour); and net absorption of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (311-795 mmol/hour), L-lactate (62.5-118.4 mmol/hour), and urea-N (-19.9 to -51.4 mmol/hour). Net ammonia-N absorption increased linearly (P less than 0.10) from 35.6 to 43.8 mmol/hour as ME intake increased. Net glucose absorption was negative at low intake, but tended to increase to positive values as intake increased. Moles of acetate (46.3), propionate (29.3) or 4-carbon VFA (6.3) per 100 mol of net organic acid (VFA plus L-lactate) absorbed were similar among intake levels. Intake level did not affect proportions of DE intake (0.43) or calculated ME intake (0.46) accounted for by net organic acid absorption. PMID- 6631547 TI - The influence of cysteine and methionine supplements on polyamine biosynthesis in the rat. AB - Previous reports from this laboratory have shown that supplementation of diets containing the optimal level (0.02%) of dietary inorganic sulfate (SO4(2-] with cysteine instead of methionine can affect several metabolic pathways. It is possible that these results reflect alterations in the biosynthesis of potent physiological compounds, the polyamines. Adult male albino rats were fed diets containing 15% casein and a constant level of inorganic sulfate (0.02%) supplemented with cysteine (0.505%) or methionine (0.62%). The polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) and the controlling enzymes for their biosynthesis ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMD) were evaluated in liver, kidney and brain tissue homogenates following a 17-day dietary period. Rats fed the diet supplemented with cysteine had increased ODC activity and decreased SAMD activity when compared to rats fed diets supplemented with methionine. Polyamine concentrations varied in tissues with a trend toward increasing amounts in animals fed the cysteine-supplemented diet. Based on these data, it appears that dietary cysteine stimulates the biosynthesis and increased tissue concentration of polyamines. PMID- 6631548 TI - Protein deficiency: effects on lung mechanics and the accumulation of collagen and elastin in rat lung. AB - Groups of weanling (approximately 50 g) or young adult (approximately 300 g) rats were fed ad libitum casein-based diets varying in protein content from 4 to 16%. A group was also fed the 16% protein diet in an amount on a daily basis restricted to that consumed by the protein-deficient group (4% protein). The rats were fed the diets for either 4 weeks (weanling) or 6 weeks (adults). Protein deficient or "food-restricted" rats (whether weanling or adults) were smaller and had smaller lungs than rats fed ad libitum the diets containing 16% protein. The lung elastin content was more resistant to dietary manipulation than was the lung collagen content. Lung collagen was significantly decreased in both weanling and adult rats fed the 4% protein diet. In weanling rats, pressure-volume relationships derived from saline-filled lungs (analyzed by exponential curve fitting methods) suggested that lungs from food-restricted rats may be less compliant than lungs from rats fed the control diet ad libitum. When expressed in absolute terms, lungs from protein-deficient rats also appeared to be less compliant than normal rats; however, on a relative basis (percentage of volume at a given recoil pressure or the expression of volume on a weight basis) differences in compliance were less apparent. It is proposed that in weanling rats the differences in lung composition and compliance are the result of retarded lung growth and perhaps development. PMID- 6631549 TI - Intestinal lymph lipoproteins in rats fed diets enriched in specific fatty acids. AB - Four groups of rats were fed test diets with fats providing 75% of fatty acids as palmitate, stearate, oleate or linoleate. Absorption of radiolabeled cholesterol and the specific triglyceride into intestinal lymph lipoproteins and the lipid and protein content and composition of intestinal lymph were compared. Cholesterol and triglyceride absorptions were correlated significantly and were less with the saturated fatty acid diets. The fatty acid patterns of triglyceride rich lymph lipoproteins mirrored the diet. Exogenous cholesterol was recovered primarily in chylomicrons, except with linoleate. In contrast, radiolabeled saturated fatty acids were recovered primarily in very low density lipoproteins and unsaturated fatty acids were recovered in chylomicrons. Lymph chylomicron size and lipid content were greater with unsaturated fat diets. Triglyceride-rich intestinal lipoproteins of rats fed saturated fats were polygonal by electron microscopy, related to the cooling of lymph samples below body temperature. A-I apolipoproteins were increased in relation to C apoproteins as lipid absorption was greater. Plasma triglycerides in all groups increased compared to rats fed the stock diet. A diet enriched in one specific fatty acid has its unique effects on lymph lipoprotein formation presumably affecting some intestinal subcellular mechanisms. Diet-induced changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins are not directly related to these as yet unknown mechanisms. PMID- 6631550 TI - Effects of feeding cooked ground beef on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in male turkeys. AB - Two experiments with male turkeys were designed to study the effects of eating cooked ground beef on plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. In both experiments, cooked ground beef from forage-finished cattle (F-Bf) and grain-finished cattle (G-Bf) were added at an average of 28.1 and 34.5 g of beef per 100 g of ration in order to provide 40% of the protein requirement. The experimental diets formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous were: 1) basal diet (negative control) in which soybean meal and corn oil served as protein and fat sources, respectively; 2) basal plus crystalline cholesterol (positive control) incorporated at 1 and 2% of the diet in trials 1 and 2, respectively; 3) basal plus F-Bf; 4) basal plus G-Bf. The polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio averaged 3.45 for diets 1 and 2 and 0.17 for diets 3 and 4, respectively. At 16 weeks, consumption of diets 3 and 4 elevated (P less than 0.05) plasma triglyceride levels and phospholipid levels (trial 1). In trial 2, only diet 4 elevated (P less than 0.05) plasma phospholipid levels. In both trials, the beef diets did not significantly elevate plasma cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels above the basal diet. However, the major apoprotein in the HDL fraction, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), was increased (P less than 0.05) in the plasma of male turkeys fed the G-Bf diet in both trials and F-Bf diet in trial 1. Plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB), primarily found in low density lipoproteins (LDL), was increased (P less than 0.05) in one of the two trials by the inclusion of beef in the diet. There were no significant differences in plasma cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, apoA-I and apoB levels between the types of beef (F-Bf vs. G-Bf). PMID- 6631551 TI - Copper absorption and retention in pregnant women fed diets based on animal and plant proteins. AB - Copper absorption was determined by using 65Cu, a stable isotope of copper, in pregnant and nonpregnant women who were confined to a metabolic unit for 21 or 42 days. Absorption and retention of copper were determined from two diets. One diet was comprised primarily of animal protein sources and the other of plant protein sources. The percentage of absorbed copper from the animal protein diet was higher than from the plant protein diet. Copper absorption from the animal protein diet averaged 41.2 and 42.2% in nonpregnant and pregnant women, respectively. Copper absorption from the plant protein diet averaged 33.8% in nonpregnant women and 40.7% in pregnant women. The plant protein diet contained more copper and therefore the absolute amount absorbed was greater from the plant protein diet. The results suggest that either the level of dietary copper or a component of the diet may have an effect on copper absorption. Copper absorption from both diets tended to be higher in pregnant than in nonpregnant women, but the difference was significant only with the plant protein diet. The levels of copper fed in this study, 1.44 and 2.53 mg per day from the animal and plant protein diets, respectively, were sufficient to result in positive balance in all subjects. The amount of copper retained by pregnant women appeared adequate to provide for the increased requirements of pregnancy. PMID- 6631553 TI - The role of arousal in heart rate measurement. PMID- 6631552 TI - The influence of hair color on the concentration of zinc and copper in boys' hair. AB - Head hair of 150 normal boys from Brazil ranging in age from 1 to 12 years was studied for the influence of color on concentrations of zinc and copper. Hair color was classified visually and also quantified by melanin concentration. Visual classification and spectrophotometric measurements of melanin showed good agreement for blond and black colors, whereas large discrepancies were observed for intermediate colors such as light and dark brown. Hair distributed in four ranges of melanin concentration (the numerical estimate of color) showed no significant differences for concentration of Zn and Cu but showed a significantly higher (P less than 0.01) concentration for Zn:Cu in black hair than in the other color groups. Correlation between mineral content (Zn and Cu) and melanin was low and nonsignificant except for Zn in hair color ranging from 0-100 melanin units (r = -0.34, P less than 0.05). Discussion of these findings is presented regarding the importance of hair color change in children and estimation of mineral nutritional status. PMID- 6631554 TI - Pattern makers mortality study. PMID- 6631555 TI - Depth perception and color blindness. PMID- 6631556 TI - Requirements for licensure for physicians from abroad. PMID- 6631557 TI - The health of welders in naval dockyards. The risk of asbestos-related diseases occurring in welders. AB - Welders employed in Her Majesty's Dockyards before the late 1960s are likely to have been exposed to asbestos dust at work. Several studies have been made to assess the risk of their developing asbestos-related pulmonary parenchymal fibrosis, pleural fibrosis and mesothelioma. Potential exposures and their possible effects are described. PMID- 6631558 TI - Cancer II. Distortions in standardized rates. AB - Age-adjustment (standardization), the statistical method most used by cancer epidemiologists to express incidence and mortality rates, makes use of an arbitrarily chosen "standard" population to calculate rates that are in reality only abstract index numbers. It is generally known that the "age" of any standard population affects the magnitude of the index, but it is not widely recognized that the use of U.S. Censuses as standards, possibly excepting the 1930 U.S. Census population, distorts the index number. The greater the disparity between the numbers of males and females in middle-aged groups and older, the greater is the distortion. Hence sex as well as age distribution in a standard must be considered if rates are to be expressed in terms of sex. Trends of cancer incidence or mortality will have different slopes depending on the census year chosen as a standard; yet no standard can arbitrarily be called the "correct" one. Age-, race-, and sex-specific rates are more precise and can be made to give considerably more meaningful description of cancer trends, albeit their use requires scrutiny of a greater assortment of numbers. PMID- 6631559 TI - The relationship between plasma fluoride, urinary excretion rate and urine fluoride concentration in man. AB - The fluoride concentration in urine is commonly used for monitoring fluoride exposure, e.g., in aluminium plants. Hitherto this parameter does not seem to have been related to the actual fluoride concentration in plasma following fluoride exposure. In the present study the fluoride concentration in urine, the urinary excretion rate of fluoride and the fluoride concentration in plasma have been studied in five volunteers after intake of 10 mg of fluoride in the form of sodium fluoride (NaF) tablets. In pharmacokinetic analyses of the data calculation of the half-life of fluoride from plasma data and from the urinary excretion rate yielded almost identical results; 5.78 hours (plasma) and 5.11 hours (urine). It was found that plasma fluoride levels were correlated with the fluoride concentration in urine (r = .7532; n = 70), but even more with the urinary excretion rate of fluoride (r = .9651; n = 63). The data suggest that plasma fluoride levels or urinary excretion rates of fluoride may give a more correct picture of occupational fluoride exposure than fluoride concentrations in urine. PMID- 6631561 TI - Causes of death among registered nurses. AB - The mortality pattern of 2,157 female registered nurses was analyzed for the period 1963 through 1977 using death certificate data. Proportional mortality analysis was used to compare mortality among nurses with that of control groups derived from a population of other female workers. Results indicate an elevated risk of death from suicide among registered nurses. PMID- 6631560 TI - Mesothelioma in Connecticut, 1955-1977. Occupational and geographic associations. AB - All cases of malignant mesothelioma (201) and other primary malignant pleural tumors (19) reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry from 1955 through 1977 were studied in an attempt to identify high-risk jobs, industries and geographic locations and to estimate the risk attributable to asbestos exposure in the workplace. Data were obtained from hospital records, death certificates and city directories for cases, case spouses and a random sample (604) of Connecticut decedents (1955-1975). Three cases involved histories of work in asbestos products manufacture, but there was no evidence of residential risk in that geographic area. Relative risk (RR) for carpenters and cabinetmakers was 2.25 (p less than .05); for plumbers and pipefitters, 3.87 (p less than .05); and for persons "ever employed" in the rubber industry, 5.08 (p less than .01). Occupational exposure was indicated in 85% of the cases; attributable risk (AR) was 36%. Risk increased with greater exposure and older age. AR was 81% in men aged 70 to 89 years at diagnosis. Reduction of unnecessary occupational asbestos exposure remains the highest public health priority. PMID- 6631562 TI - A mortality survey of men engaged in the manufacture of organic dyes. AB - The mortality experience of 342 employees assigned to three aromatic amine-based dye production areas was examined in relation to duration of employment and interval since entry into these areas. No deaths due to bladder cancer were observed, and no statistically significant increases in mortality by work area or duration of exposure within work area were found, based on comparison with the mortality experience of the U.S. white male population. There were incidental findings of more digestive malignancies than expected in one production area, and more digestive and respiratory malignancies than expected in a second area; none of these were statistically significant. Because the digestive malignancies were not site-specific, and because similarities in specific job assignments were lacking for both digestive and respiratory malignancies, it is unlikely that these findings were work related. Nonetheless, in subsequent assessments of the present cohort and other populations exposed to similar materials an effort should be made to evaluate the occurrence of digestive and respiratory malignancies. PMID- 6631563 TI - Chest X-ray examinations in occupational medicine. PMID- 6631564 TI - Feasibility of identifying high-risk occupations through tumor registries. AB - The primary objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a population-based tumor registry to identify occupational groups at high risk of developing cancer. The study group comprised 6,424 union members residing in the San Francisco/Oakland Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) who represent six occupations: asbestos workers, bakers, painters, plasterers, plumbers and roofers. Computer linkage of union rosters to the California Tumor Registry (CTR) file identified incident cases of cancer. The CTR's age-sex-year-specific incidence rates were used to calculate the expected number of cancer cases, and estimated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs). The results demonstrate, as expected, increased cancer incidence (SIR = 498) for trachea, bronchus, lung and pleura among asbestos workers, a group widely recognized as having high risk for respiratory cancers, and among painters (SIR = 199). Strengths and weaknesses of such an approach are discussed. PMID- 6631565 TI - Smoking patterns of motor vehicle industry workers and their impact on lung cancer mortality rates. AB - A recent retrospective mortality study, based on proportionate mortality ratios (PMRs), has shown that blue-collar automotive workers have an excess of approximately 30% in lung cancer deaths over a comparable representation of the general population. This study compares the cigarette smoking habits of automotive workers with those of the general population and assesses the extent to which any smoking habit differences might account for the excess in lung cancer deaths among automotive workers. The results show that when smoking differences are considered, the lung cancer PMR for white male automotive workers declines from 1.3 to approximately 1.1. These findings suggest that smoking habits of a studied population can affect mortality ratios for lung cancer when the smoking habits of the studied population differ significantly from those of the general population. PMID- 6631566 TI - The influence of orally-administered vitamin C or zinc on the absorption of and the biological response to lead. AB - A single-blind study was performed on male workers from a primary lead smelter to determine whether a daily oral supplement of vitamin C (1 g vitamin C orally once a day, five times a week for 20 weeks) or zinc (60 mg zinc as zinc gluconate once a day, five times a week for eight weeks) influences the absorption of and the biological (hematological and renal) response to lead. The vitamin C and the zinc study groups comprised 39 and 11 workers, respectively. Their blood levels of lead at the start of the experiment ranged from 28.9 to 76.4 micrograms/100 ml. A matched control group receiving a placebo was followed simultaneously. The results demonstrate that, in workers whose exposure to inorganic lead is moderate and who do not suffer from nutritional deficiencies, oral supplementation of vitamin C or zinc does not influence the metabolism and biological action of lead. PMID- 6631567 TI - The performance of circumaural hearing protectors by dosimetry. AB - The performance of earmuffs in the actual working environment was studied with two modified dosimeters. It was found that personal hearing protection, at least with earmuffs, is a potentially adequate method of protection against noise induced hearing loss in most industrial working situations. Most of the problems involving the use of hearing protectors in a hearing conservation program can be overcome by education and proper fitting. PMID- 6631568 TI - The seriously uninjured hand--weakness of grip. AB - Loss of grip is a rateable factor in the determination of permanent disability by compensation boards in some states. Malingerers, or those with psychological rather than organic disability, can voluntarily record lower grip measurements in the so-called injured hand when compared with the normal hand. The purpose here is to provide an objective method of documenting real, as opposed to fictitious, loss of grip. This method utilizes the sealed hydraulic dynamometer which has been adopted by some states as a standard grip measuring device. Its isometric and adjustable features have been utilized in this study to aid in the evaluation of the patient who complains of loss of grip with no objective recordable findings. The patient who is voluntarily attempting to demonstrate weakness of grip will apply the same minimal pressure at each of the adjustable handle positions, producing a straight line graph. In our series of patients thought to be voluntarily applying minimal grip, there has been a variance of 5 lb, or less at each of the handle positions. An objective statement can then be made that the patient did not cooperate with the test through his failure to apply maximal pressure at each dynamometer handle position as instructed. PMID- 6631569 TI - Retrospective mortality and medical surveillance studies of workers in benzene areas of refineries. AB - The mortality and health experiences of refinery workers employed in benzene processes or operations are described. A retrospective cohort mortality study of benzene workers employed from 1952 to 1978 revealed no excess in overall general mortality or in cancer mortality compared either with the experience of the U.S. general population or with that of an internal control group. Ascertainment of vital status was accomplished for 99% of the cohort. Recent industrial hygiene data that included 1,394 personal samples indicated that 84% of all benzene exposures were less than 1 part per million (ppm), with a median exposure of 0.14 ppm for the refinery workers, and 0.53 ppm for those in the benzene-related units. Among these workers, no deaths from leukemia were observed. A medical surveillance program for benzene workers is also described, with special emphasis on the effectiveness of laboratory screening. Evaluation of data for a 21-year period showed no significant changes in the blood indices of the workers as a group. The limited value of establishing screening guidelines without the support of epidemiological studies is discussed. PMID- 6631570 TI - Unjustified employee concern aroused by a direct-service toxicologic testing laboratory. AB - A rising concern for personal health and fitness on the part of employees is a positive development with great potential for personal well-being. When misdirected into fads and exploitive practices, however, this concern can be a source of unnecessary anxiety and confusion. This brief report describes a problem that may become more common in our increasingly health-conscious society. PMID- 6631571 TI - Tobacco and asbestos: consistent treatment advocated. PMID- 6631572 TI - Influence of intraocular scattered light on lightness-scaling experiments. AB - Following Munsell's bisection procedure [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 23, 394 (1933)], we established a nine-step gray scale in which each step is an equal increment in lightness. We calculated retinal illuminances after intraocular scatter by using the point-spread function of Vos et al. [Vision Res. 16, 215-219 (1976)]. After this correction for intraocular scatter, we find a logarithmic relationship between retinal illuminance and achromatic lightness scales that are determined by the bisection method. Additional bisection experiments with a series of different backgrounds corroborate this result. We find that lightness depends linearly on the logarithm of scatter-corrected retinal illuminance, with different slopes for backgrounds of different lightness. This study also highlights the importance of using scatter-corrected illuminance in any quantitative model of lightness. PMID- 6631573 TI - Medical and social aspects of the nuclear arms race. PMID- 6631575 TI - Rabies In Oklahoma: an epidemiologic view of the problem in animals. PMID- 6631574 TI - Rabies in Oklahoma: report of a human case. PMID- 6631576 TI - The roundtable: a student's point of view. PMID- 6631577 TI - Epidemic histoplasmosis. PMID- 6631578 TI - Factors contributing to acute blood pressure elevation. PMID- 6631579 TI - [Omohyoid muscle syndrome--clinical, pathological and etiological studies]. PMID- 6631580 TI - [Mass screening for laryngeal cancer. 3. 1st mass screening in Tokyo district]. PMID- 6631581 TI - [Labyrinth malformation in profound sensorineural deafness]. PMID- 6631582 TI - [Inhibitory effect of chemo-radiotherapy on experimental tumor in mice]. PMID- 6631583 TI - [Effects of iodoacetic acid upon cochlear potentials and the mechanism of CM2 production]. PMID- 6631584 TI - [Reflectance spectrum of nasal mucosal diseases. 2. Relation between color and spectrum]. PMID- 6631585 TI - [Acoustic nerve in the excited phase--experimental studies]. PMID- 6631586 TI - [Diagnosis of otorhinolaryngologic diseases--visual examination and diagnosis by touch]. PMID- 6631587 TI - Drug-taking paraphernalia. PMID- 6631588 TI - The primary prevention of smoking onset: an inoculation approach. PMID- 6631589 TI - Job satisfaction, counterproductive behavior and circumstantial drug use among long-distance truckers. PMID- 6631590 TI - Endorphins, pain and narcotic use: the emerging paradigm. PMID- 6631591 TI - Jungian typology and opiate dependency. PMID- 6631592 TI - Social factors related to the follow-up status of opioid addicts. PMID- 6631593 TI - Postgraduate substance abuse teaching: cognitive knowledge before and long after a required course. PMID- 6631594 TI - Childhood obesity: susceptibility, cause, and management. PMID- 6631595 TI - Cholesterol screening in childhood: does it predict adult hypercholesterolemia? The Beaver County experience. AB - To establish the value of screening children for hypercholesterolemia in terms of identifying future adults with hypercholesterolemia, we studied 611 individuals 9 years after they were initially screened at age 12 years. They represent 61% of a stratified sample of the original cohort, which was drawn from all seventh graders in a countywide school district. Overall, the correlation between baseline and follow-up cholesterol concentration was r = 0.52 (P less than 0.0001). Forty-nine percent of the top cholesterol quintile at baseline were similarly placed at follow-up, with 70% in the top two quintiles. Children who dropped out of the top quintile had lower body mass index at follow-up (P less than 0.05), were less frequently smokers, and tended to be more active than those who were only in the top quintile as adults. PMID- 6631596 TI - Short stature and celiac disease: a relationship to consider even in patients with no gastrointestinal tract symptoms. AB - To determine the incidence of celiac disease in a group of nonselected children with short stature, duodenal biopsy was performed in 60 unselected children with short stature (below third centile) and absence of gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Examination revealed probable celiac disease in five children (8.3%). Analysis of the results of other tests that might possibly be considered as alternatives to biopsy (e.g., xylose test, antireticulin antibodies, gastrointestinal tract symptoms in the first two years of life, bone age, serum iron, iron load, triglyceride load) led us to conclude that no test or clinical measurement could have allowed us 100% certainty in making the correct diagnosis. None of the children with celiac disease had growth hormone deficiency. We conclude that asymptomatic celiac disease represents a cause of short stature that cannot be ignored, and that only by intestinal biopsy can all such patients be identified. PMID- 6631597 TI - Comparison of vitamin E and 25-hydroxyvitamin D absorption during childhood cholestasis. AB - To characterize differences in intestinal absorption of fat-soluble vitamins during cholestasis, intestinal absorption of vitamin E was compared with that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in eight infants and young children with prolonged neonatal cholestasis. Oral tolerance tests were performed using 100 IU/kg/dose dl-alpha tocopherol and 10 micrograms/kg/dose 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Mean vitamin E absorption was only 1.0% to 1.9% of that of control children, whereas 25 hydroxyvitamin D absorption was 22.5% to 25.1% of that of controls. Although intestinal absorption of both vitamins is impaired during cholestasis, the severity of vitamin E malabsorption far exceeds that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. PMID- 6631598 TI - Changes in hepatitis Be antigen/antibody system in children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. AB - The long-term changes in the HBeAg/anti-HBe system were examined in 55 children with chronic type B hepatitis (52 patients) or cirrhosis (three patients) during a follow-up period of two to 10 years. At the time of presentation, positive reactions to HBeAg were seen in 46 children, and to anti-HBe in nine. Spontaneous seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe occurred in 13 of 38 patients (average annual rate 16%), mainly those with acute onset of hepatitis B or with features of active liver disease at presentation and with a focal distribution pattern of hepatitis B core antigen in the liver. Normalization of transaminase activity and disappearance of histologic features of activity were the rule in patients in whom seroconversion occurred, but the exception in those who maintained persistently HBeAg-positivity. In contrast to the favorable evolution of illness observed in children showing anti-HBe seroconversion, three of nine patients who had anti-HBe-positive reactions at presentation were found to have liver cirrhosis, and a fourth patient had features of active hepatitis throughout the observation period. Because delta antigen was detected in the liver in two of these patients, it is conceivable that etiologic cofactors could have influenced their course of chronic hepatitis. PMID- 6631599 TI - Renal osteodystrophy in children undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - Fifteen children undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for 0.3 to 2.4 years were evaluated longitudinally for renal osteodystrophy. Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, 25-OHD, total and ionized calcium, inorganic phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase levels were measured regularly. Skeletal radiographic studies were performed at the onset and conclusion of CAPD and at six-month intervals during therapy. All children received 1,25(OH)2D3 and aluminum hydroxide, and nine received supplemental calcium. Plasma 25-OHD concentrations were normal to elevated, and calcium increased steadily to high normal levels despite a trend to persistent hyperphosphatemia. The increased calcium levels suppressed parathyroid hormone overactivity in only one patient. At the onset of CAPD, nine patients had hyperparathyroid bone disease seen radiographically, three of whom also had rachitic lesions. At the end of CAPD, the hyperparathyroid lesions had improved in four patients, completely resolved in three, and deteriorated in two. Rachitic lesions had completely healed in two patients and improved in the third. However, among the six children without radiographically evident lesions at onset of CAPD, hyperparathyroid bone lesions developed in two and rachitic lesions in two others during CAPD. Although CAPD and appropriate therapy benefited most patients with renal osteodystrophy, the benefits were not uniform, and bone lesions deteriorated in some. PMID- 6631601 TI - Portal vein thrombosis and protal diversion. PMID- 6631602 TI - Shunt operations for portal hypertension in children. PMID- 6631600 TI - Growth retardation and renal osteodystrophy in children with chronic renal failure. AB - Height, expressed as standard deviation scores for chronological age and for bone age, was studied in relation to glomerular filtration rate, bone age delay, and bone histology in 47 children with chronic renal disease and GFR less than 80 ml/min/1.73 m2. In multiple regression in all 47 patients, only GFR and bone age delay significantly affected height; 40% of children were short (height standard deviation score less than -2) for chronological age, and 9% were short for bone age. Renal osteodystrophy, which only occurred at GFR less than 30 ml/min/1.73 m2, significantly affected height only in children with congenital renal disease and GFR less than 20 ml/min/1.73 m2. Although radiological and biochemical changes of renal osteodystrophy were seen more often in short children, histological bone disease occurred just as frequently in tall children as in short children. Thus much of the observed height retardation in chronic renal failure is associated with delayed skeletal maturation. In addition, although severe renal osteodystrophy may contribute to growth retardation in advanced renal failure, our data suggest that milder degrees of bone disease evident only on histological study cannot be implicated in the etiology of growth failure in chronic renal impairment. PMID- 6631603 TI - Unprescribed use of antibiotics in common childhood infections. PMID- 6631604 TI - Chronic viral hepatitis B in infancy. PMID- 6631605 TI - Bloody nipple discharge in infancy. PMID- 6631606 TI - Premature thelarche in children born prematurely. PMID- 6631607 TI - Hodgkin disease in a child with fetal alcohol-hydantoin syndrome. PMID- 6631608 TI - Outlook for a clinically normal child in a sibship with congenital myotonic dystrophy. PMID- 6631609 TI - Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretory rates in normal children and in those with peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 6631610 TI - Interaction of spontaneous respiration with artificial ventilation in preterm babies. AB - During a four-month period, all babies who received mechanical ventilation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit were studied to determine the effects of artificial ventilation on spontaneous respiratory activity. The babies were either totally apneic or ventilator inflation stimulated one of four distinct spontaneous respiratory patterns: synchronous breathing, Hering-Breuer reflex, augmented inspiration, or active expiration against ventilator inflation. The particular interaction evoked was dependent on the frequency of ventilation and the clinical condition of the baby. Only one pattern, active expiration against ventilator inflation, was consistently recorded before the development of pneumothorax. Preliminary evidence indicates that immediate paralysis of the baby as soon as that pattern is demonstrated may prevent the occurrence of pneumothoraces. PMID- 6631611 TI - Hypertensive retinopathy in the newborn infant. AB - Hypertension (blood pressure greater than 70 mm Hg on three days) was noted in 1.2% of all neonatal admissions to the intensive and intermediate care nurseries. During this investigation of neonatal hypertension, a retinopathy identical to that seen in hypertensive adults was noted. Indirect ophthalmoscopy was performed in 21 neonates with elevated blood pressure. Eleven of these patients demonstrated some or all of the following abnormalities: increased ratio of venous to arterial caliber, vascular tortuosity (including arteriovenous crossing changes), superficial and deep hemorrhages, and exudates. These findings appeared to resolve after control of the hypertension. The specificity of this constellation of lesions for hypertensive retinopathy and their possible clinical significance are explained in light of what is known about hypertensive retinopathy in adults. PMID- 6631612 TI - Creatine phosphokinase BB isoenzyme in very-low-birth-weight infants: relationship with mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage. PMID- 6631613 TI - Longitudinal study of free thyroxine in low-birth-weight infants by paper disk method. PMID- 6631614 TI - Physiologic oscillations produced by an infusion pump. PMID- 6631615 TI - Achieving optimal immunization levels in school-age children. AB - In a school-based immunization program in four states, 70% of the students were fully immunized by the end of the first year and 85% by the end of the second year. Because of student turnover, 20% of the immunization levels achieved by the end of a school year were not sustained into the subsequent year. Levels reported by the state immunization officers were higher than those recorded by school personnel. Completed immunization series for students requiring immunizations were 33% to 40% higher for students enrolled at the start of the year than for students who entered during the school year. Students who were unimmunized at the beginning of the year had a better change (P less than 0.001) of being immunized by the end of the year than those whose immunization status was unknown. To maintain high levels, a program must be sustained and continuing, provide immunizations, and have careful administrative monitoring of child-specific population-based data. Schools are uniquely able to provide all of these elements, which can augment the efforts of private practitioners. PMID- 6631617 TI - More on infant-maternal bonding. PMID- 6631616 TI - Acceptability of computer-acquired sexual histories in adolescent girls. AB - We investigated the acceptability and reliability of sensitive data collected via computer in adolescent patients. Subjects were 108 adolescent girls (ages 14 to 20 years), randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) interactive computer interview, (2) face-to-face interview, or (3) self-administered questionnaire. Subjects were queried about their general health and sexual behavior. Adolescents interviewed by computer were more likely than subjects in other groups to state that they enjoyed the survey (P less than 0.001). There were no differences in anxiety or the reporting of sexual behavior among subjects in the three groups. Adolescents who stated that they would prefer a computer interview (40%) said they would be more comfortable with the computer, and perceived the method as being fun, interesting, confidential, private, and easy. Computer interviews cannot replace the skills of a sensitive physician, but may be an acceptable and valid means of collecting information from adolescents under certain conditions. PMID- 6631618 TI - Lead vs. intelligence. PMID- 6631619 TI - Direction of flow with PDA. PMID- 6631620 TI - Lung function differences in asthma. PMID- 6631621 TI - Screening for cystic fibrosis. PMID- 6631622 TI - Lytic effects of normal serum on isolated postonchospheral and metacestode stages of Taenia taeniaeformis. AB - Postonchospheral stages of Taenia taeniaeformis liberated from rat livers by enzymatic digestion at 1 to 10 days postinfection (DPI) and metacestodes dissected from infected livers at 22, 34, and 69 DPI were exposed in vitro to immune rat serum (IRS) and to normal serum from rats (NRS), human beings (NHS), or guinea pigs (NGS). The onset of rapid and destructive tegumental changes in all organisms exposed to any of the sera was demonstrated to be complement dependent because the reaction was: (a) inhibited by treatment of serum at 56 C for 30 min; (b) inhibited by prior incubation of serum with zymosan or with complement-fixing, soluble products derived from larvae of T. taeniaeformis maintained in vitro (IVP); and (c) abolished by the addition of EDTA. Lytic effects occurred on exposure to agammaglobulinemic sheep serum, and lysis in the presence of IRS and NRS was shown to result in consumption of available hemolytic complement. Surface changes consisted of vesiculation in the microvillar or microthrix layers followed by sloughing of the tegument, eventually leading to collapse of the cystic bladder and cessation of flame cell activity, or, in the case of early postonchospheral forms, complete disintegration of the organism. When IVP was added to NHS, reduction of hemolytic complement activity was associated with the electrophoretic conversion of C3, and Factor B, but there was little or no consumption of C1. The observations support the hypothesis that complement-mediated effector mechanisms must be counteracted to ensure survival of parasites in vivo, and that the capacity for release of soluble nonspecific complement-fixing factors by taeniid larvae may have an important role to play in this process. PMID- 6631624 TI - Trypanosoma vivax, stock V953: inhibitory effect of type A influenza virus anti HAV8 serum on in vitro neuraminidase (sialidase) activity. AB - Trypanosoma vivax stock V953 lysates were observed to produce neuraminidase (sialidase EC 3.2.1.18) in vitro, which cleaved neuraminic (sialic) acid from the substrate fetuin. The neuraminidase activity was proportional to the number of trypanosomes in the lysates, with 0.44, 0.88, and 1.75 X 10(6) trypanosomes producing 1.4 +/- 0.06, 3.1 +/- 0.1, and 6.7 +/- 0.1 micrograms of sialic acid liberated, respectively. Equal numbers of unlysed and lysed trypanosomes produced approximately the same amount of the enzyme. Trypanosome eluates stored at room temperature appeared to have lost neuraminidase activities within 4 days. An inhibition test for identifying the neuraminidase antigen on influenza viruses was performed in vitro on the T. vivax lysates. The inhibition test, using Type A influenza virus anti-HAV8 serum, showed a highly significant (P less than 0.0001) reduction in neuraminidase activities. The effect of equal amounts of influenza antiserum on serially diluted trypanosome lysates showed that 1 ml of influenza anti-HAV8 serum would inhibit a mean of 6.74 +/- 0.18 micrograms of T. vivax stock V953 neuraminidase activity. PMID- 6631623 TI - Modulation of host immune responses by Fasciola hepatica: responses by peripheral lymphocytes to mitogens during liver fluke infections of sheep. AB - Fasciola hepatica infections of lambs (250 or 500 metacercariae) were shown to alter the proliferative responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes (whole blood culture) to mitogens at specific times postinfection (PI). Responses to concanavalin A (Con A) were significantly suppressed at weeks 4, 8, 10, and 11 PI whereas suppressed responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) occurred at weeks 4, 10, 11, and 16 PI. Only on weeks 4 and 6 PI were responses to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) suppressed. The fluke-induced modulation of responses appeared to be related more to specific phases of infection rather than to worm burdens. PMID- 6631625 TI - Eimeria mitis invasion of the yolk sac diverticulum of chickens. PMID- 6631626 TI - Factors contributing to the in vitro development of Ascaris suum from second stage larvae to mature adults. AB - When a three-step roller culture system was used, second-stage larvae of Ascaris suum, artificially hatched from eggs, developed in high numbers to the fourth stage, and a few to young and mature adults. The culture system consisted of (1) Medium KW-2 supplemented with 10 mM L-cysteine for the first 4 days, and with 5 mM L-cysteine for the following 7 days; (2) followed by Medium API-18 for 7 days; and (3) thereafter, by Medium API-1 supplemented with hemin (bovine) at a concentration of 24 micrograms/m1. Cultures were gassed with 95% nitrogen-5% carbon dioxide for the first 4 days and 85% nitrogen-5% oxygen-10% carbon dioxide thereafter, and incubated at 39 C. Two mature females that produced unfertilized eggs and a mature male with spermatozoa were the most advanced stages attained. The mature females were obtained in 67 and 73 days; and the largest female measured 110 mm. The latter produced 1,356,000 unfertilized eggs, from days 67 to 125. The mature male was obtained in 80 days; it measured 77 mm long and had paired spicules that were 1.5 mm long. Development of A. suum in three other culture systems showed that deletion of Medium API-18 or its substitution by Medium KW-2 limited development to late fourth stage and early, young adults, respectively; and the use of Medium API-1 without hemin limited development to early fourth stage. PMID- 6631627 TI - Reproductive ultrastructure of adult Schistosoma mansoni grown in vitro. AB - The reproductive organs of paired S. mansoni adults cultured from cercariae were examined by transmission electron microscopy to assess their development. In males, many mature sperm, closely associated with the sustentacular cells, were produced in the testes. In females, although the vitelline gland had fewer lobules than were found in worms from animal infections, the cytoplasm of many vitelline cells contained abundant vitelline and lipid droplets. The structure of the Mehlis' gland, ootype, and uterus resembled that of in vivo adult females. However, in the ovary, the oocytes tended to degenerate, and within the ootype and uterus the oocytes were not embedded within egglike material. We conclude that a dysfunction of ovarian development is the primary reason for the reproductive failure of schistosome pairs grown in vitro under our experimental conditions. PMID- 6631628 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: reproductive potential of male and female worms cultured in vitro. AB - We studied the development of S. mansoni after various combinations of ex-vivo, cultured, and unisexual male and female worms were implanted into hamsters. Females of any type, co-implanted with ex-vivo males, were capable of developing to maturity and producing eggs containing viable miracidia. Cultured males often did not induce adequate growth and maturation of females, but viable miracidia were produced in some animals co-implanted with cultured males plus cultured, ex vivo, or unisexual females. We concluded that both cultured males and females have the potential for full growth and reproductive maturation, but are retarded in vitro by inadequate culture conditions. PMID- 6631629 TI - The in vitro cultivation of Oesophagostomum radiatum, the nodular worm of cattle. III. Effects of bovine heme on development to adults. AB - High numbers of advanced stages of Oesophagostomum radiatum developed from exsheathed, infective larvae in complex, cell-free Medium API-1, with or without the addition of glutathione (reduced) or a bovine heme in the form of "unbound" hemin or the bound hemin component of Fildes' reagent (a peptic digest of defibrinated bovine blood). Based on culture periods of 28 to 52 days, O. radiatum larvae developed to fourth molt in Medium API-1, with and without a bovine heme compound. However, in medium containing bovine heme, development continued to young adult males and females within 25 to 35 days. The most advanced stages attained were young adult males and females in which mature reproductive systems showed the beginning of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The optimal culture system for development to young adults required Medium API-1 supplemented with 20 mM glutathione (reduced) for the first 7 days, followed by nonsupplemented medium for 7 days, and thereafter medium supplemented with Fildes' reagent which contained hemin in a concentration of 48 micrograms/ml of medium. In this system, O. radiatum developed to early, young adults in 25 days and to "late," young adults by 37 to 52 days. The largest young adult male and female were 8.3 and 9.0 mm long, respectively. This system produced maximal yields of up to 25% young adults in populations of about 80,000 O. radiatum by days 28 to 42. PMID- 6631630 TI - Innate resistance to Schistosoma japonicum in a proportion of 129/J mice. PMID- 6631631 TI - Ultrastructure of a Leishmania sp. isolated from dogs in an endemic focus in Oklahoma. PMID- 6631632 TI - Isolation and purification of amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis by a gradient of Metrizamide. PMID- 6631633 TI - High efficiency plating method for Leishmania promastigotes in semidefined or completely-defined medium. AB - A simple technique, developed for the isolation of clones derived from single, promastigote cells of Leishmania donovani and Leishmania tropica, involved the use of semisolid agar. Both species of Leishmania promastigotes formed discrete colonies at high efficiency either in semidefined medium containing 10% fetal calf serum or in completely-defined medium lacking serum. Visible colonies appeared between 8 and 14 days in growth medium containing 10% fetal calf serum. Replacement of the fetal calf serum with bovine serum albumin and Tween-80 increased the time of colony formation by 50% but did not affect the cloning efficiency. Viability of colonies transferred from semisolid agar to liquid suspension culture was 100%. PMID- 6631634 TI - Enteral and parenteral responses in mice after primary infection with Trichinella spiralis (Nematoda). AB - Enteral and enteral-parenteral infections were produced with T. spiralis in albino, Swiss Webster, outbred mice. Primary enteral infections abbreviated with thiabendazole stimulated inflammatory changes in Peyer's patches and the lamina propria of the small intestine of mice. These changes were accompanied by increased IgA in the intestinal luminal wash. Primary enteral-parenteral infections similarly stimulated the gut, and, in addition, the spleen. Splenic stimulation resulted in production of IgG1, and IgG2 antibodies specific for T. spiralis L3. PMID- 6631635 TI - Influence of monensin on cation influx and glycolysis of Eimeria tenella sporozoites in vitro. AB - Extracellular Eimeria tenella sporozoites exposed to 1.0 microgram/ml monensin at 40 C had an accelerated rate of sodium influx as well as an increased rubidium uptake that was inhibited by the cardiac glycoside, ouabain. These results suggested the presence of a functional (Na+-K+)-ATPase and its stimulation by monensin. Under the same conditions, sporozoite ATP concentrations declined, lactate production increased and the rate of amylopectin utilization was enhanced. Exposure to monensin also appeared to stimulate the rate of sporozoite glycolysis. The results of this study demonstrated that the cidal effect of monensin on extracellular sporozoites was caused by the capability of the ionophore to act as a transmembrane sodium carrier. PMID- 6631636 TI - Altered feeding response as a cause for the altered heartbeat rate and locomotor activity of Schistosoma mansoni-infected biomphalaria glabrata. AB - Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni for 33 days fed more often than uninfected snails. Whereas uninfected snails had nocturnal increases in feeding, snails with a 33-day-old infection of S. mansoni fed as often during the day as in the night. Using direct observation and film analysis, we found that feeding increased the heartbeat rate and locomotor activity of B. glabrata. When snails were allowed to feed ad lib., infected snails had higher heartbeat rates than uninfected snails both during the day (P less than 0.01) and the night (P less than 0.001). However, when the snails were deprived of food for 24 hr, infected snails had slightly higher heartbeat rates than uninfected snails only during the day (P less than 0.05). There was no difference between the heartbeat rates of feeding, infected snails and the heartbeat rates of uninfected snails that were starved for 8 hr, and then allowed to feed. Uninfected snails had nocturnal increases in heartbeat rate regardless of feeding schedule, but infected snails had greater nighttime heartbeat rate than daytime heartbeat rate only when they were not allowed to feed. Infected snails had less nocturnal locomotor activity than uninfected snails when feeding, but there was no difference between the locomotor activity of infected and uninfected snails when the snails were deprived of food for 24 hr. Absence of food also resulted in an increased nighttime to daytime ratio of locomotor activity of infected snails. These results suggest that the increased heartbeat rate and altered rhythms of heartbeat rate and locomotor activity in B. glabrata infected with S. mansoni for 33 days were caused by the altered feeding response of these snails. PMID- 6631637 TI - Effects of alterations in the heartbeat rate and locomotor activity of Schistosoma mansoni-infected Biomphalaria glabrata on cercarial emergence. AB - During a 27-hr period of food deprivation, Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni had lower heartbeat rates and locomotor activities than did controls that were feeding ad lib. However, there was no difference between the cercarial emergence from control and experimental snails either before, during, or after the period of food deprivation. No correlation was found between the locomotor activity of the snail and the number of cercariae emerging from the snail in continuous light. Our results indicated that the emergence of S. mansoni cercariae from B. glabrata was not affected by the heartbeat rate or locomotor activity of the snail. The factors controlling the rhythm of S. mansoni cercarial emergence from B. glabrata may be independent of the snail. PMID- 6631638 TI - Cross-mating studies with Psoroptes ovis (hering) and Psoroptes cuniculi delafond (Acarina: psoroptidae). AB - Reciprocal cross-matings of Psoroptes ovis and P. cuniculi occurred and produced viable offspring through the F2 generation. Hybrids of these crosses were infective to both rabbits and cattle. Mean lengths of the male l4 setae of the parental species differed significantly from each other as well as from those of the hybrid males. These data show that P. ovis and P. cuniculi are not reproductively isolated. Because viable, fertile hybrids are produced, cross matings of P. ovis and P. cuniculi are not suitable as a suppression method of cattle scabies. PMID- 6631639 TI - Transmammary infection of paratenic and definitive hosts with Alaria marcianae (trematoda) mesocercariae. AB - Transmammary infection with Alaria marcianae mesocercariae was demonstrated using mice as model, paratenic hosts. Prenatal transmission was ruled out because neonates removed immediately postpartum from infected dams were never infected. Mesocercarial distribution in virgin females and in females examined immediately postpartum showed no marked preference for the mammary glands. In contrast, infection of neonates that were allowed to suckle on infected dams was absolute, and the number of mesocercariae in the mammary glands of postparturient dams that suckled their young was increased significantly. These experimental observations were coupled with other observations on paratenic hosts to outline the pathways open to mesocercariae in gravid hosts. The term amphiparatenic host is coined for those host species that are paratenic hosts as adults, but as juveniles can serve as definitive hosts. PMID- 6631640 TI - Taeniarhynchaena micropalamae gen. et sp. n. (Cestoda, dilepididae) from the stilt sandpiper Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte, 1826). AB - Taeniarhynchaena gen. n. differs from other genera in its long, cylindrical, proboscidiform rostellum that can be withdrawn and coiled within the rostellar sac. The distal end of the rostellum is expanded and bifid forming two lobes each bearing wrench-shaped hooks peripherally. Other generic characters are the regular alternation of genital apertures, genital ducts dorsal to excretory vessels, testes restricted to posterior moiety of the proglottis, and a persistent uterus. Type species: Taeniarhynchaena micropalamae gen. et sp. n. from the stilt sandpiper Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte, 1826) taken near Churchill on Hudson Bay, Canada. It is 1.5 to 2.9 mm long with 11 to 16 proglottides. The rostellum 0.45 to 0.5 long and 0.023 to 0.036 mm in diameter has five hooks 0.023 mm long on each lobe. Testes 14 in posterior two-fifths of the proglottis. PMID- 6631641 TI - Ascarops talpa sp. n. (Nematoda: Spirocercidae) from the formosan mole, Talpa micrura insularis, in Taiwan. AB - Ascarops talpa sp. n. (Nematoda: Spirocercidae) is described from the small intestine of the Formosan mole, Talpa micrura insularis, from Taiwan. It is most similar to A. kutassi (Shul'ts, 1927) and A. tuvensis Sulimov, 1961. Ascarops kutassi differs by having a smaller ratio of left to right spicule length (1:4 vs. 1:5.5), no caudal alae, by its preanal papillae that are not equidistant from one another, and in its area rugosa which extends 1.25 mm anterior to the anus. Ascarops tuvensis differs by having a smaller ratio of left to right spicule length (1:3.8 vs. 1:5.5), by its preanal papillae that are not equidistant from one another, and in its area rugosa which covers only the ventral tip of the tail. PMID- 6631642 TI - Effects of monoclonal IgG antibodies on Eimeria tenella (coccidia) sporozoites. PMID- 6631643 TI - Phosphoglucose isomerase: a sex-linked character in Schistosoma mansoni. PMID- 6631644 TI - First report of Trichinella spiralis var. pseudospiralis in North America. PMID- 6631645 TI - Motility of Isospora suis meronts. PMID- 6631646 TI - Copulation and successful insemination by unfed Amblyomma triguttatum triguttatum Koch. PMID- 6631647 TI - Densitometric thin-layer chromatographic analyses of free sterols in Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) adults and their excretory-secretory products. PMID- 6631648 TI - Echinococcus multilocularis in Illinois and Nebraska. PMID- 6631649 TI - Congenital glaucoma unresponsive to conventional therapy: a clinicopathological case presentation. AB - A clinicopathological case report of a black male with congenital glaucoma is presented. The child died at age three months of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The clinical course was characterized by persistent corneal clouding and elevated intraocular pressure in spite of vigorous medical and surgical therapy. Histopathological findings included corneal enlargement, marked hypoplasia of the canal of Schlemm, poorly developed scleral spur, insertion of the ciliary musculature directly into the trabecular meshwork anterior to the scleral spur, and anterior displacement of the iris root. There was also anomalous dispersion of the sphincter muscle of the iris from the pupillary margin almost to the iris root, and attachment of some ciliary processes to the posterior surface of the iris. A poor clinical response to conventional glaucoma therapy, including trabeculotomy, goniotomy, trabeculectomy and medical therapy, supports the belief that the marked hypoplasia of Schlemm's canal was a major factor contributing to the elevated intraocular pressure. Furthermore, the multiplicity of abnormalities of anterior chamber angle structures suggests that some cases of congenital glaucoma may result from an early and extensive disorder in the formation of anterior segment tissues. PMID- 6631650 TI - Congenital double elevator palsy. PMID- 6631651 TI - Congenital aniridia: a histopathologic study of the anterior segment in children. AB - Seven eyes from seven children with congenital aniridia were studied histologically in order to assess the relationship between congenital and acquired abnormalities. At the time of enucleation the children ranged in age from six days to 14 years. There was no history of previous intraocular surgery in any of the children. Besides iridic and ciliary body hypoplasia three congenital abnormalities of the anterior segment were noted: anomalous development of the anterior chamber angle, incomplete cleavage of the anterior chamber angle, and attenuation of Bowman's membrane. Three acquired abnormalities of the anterior segment were identified: corneal pannus, peripheral anterior synechiae, and lenticular degeneration. The two cases showing anomalous development of the anterior chamber angle occurred in children with a partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 11. PMID- 6631652 TI - Medical management of accommodative esotropia. AB - Cycloplegic drugs are the principal medications used in the diagnosis of accommodative esotropia. The same cycloplegics can be used as a "medical patch" in the treatment of amblyopia. Miotics may be as good as glasses in controlling accommodative esotropia but are almost never better. The response to miotics does not rule out the presence of accommodative esotropia. Miotics also may be used as a supplementary agent to glasses, bifocals, or surgery in the treatment of esotropia. The most widely used miotics today include phospholine iodide and DFP with iris cysts being the major local side effect in the eye with the use of miotics in children. Miotics and other drugs are valuable tools in the treatment of accommodative esotropia; however, the use must be correlated with other tools, including surgery, patching, glasses, and orthoptic exercises. PMID- 6631653 TI - Evaluation of the posterior fixation plus recession operation with saccadic velocities. AB - I performed a posterior fixation of the medial rectus in seven patients with convergence excess esotropia and successfully reduced their esotropia at near. Postoperative saccadic velocity testing did not reveal the expected decrease in saccadic velocity as the eye moved increasingly into the field of action of the operated muscle. Posterior fixation of a rectus muscle may enhance the effect of the standard recession operation by increasing the amount of slack created in the functional part of the muscle after recession. Also, it may make a large percentage of the muscle fibers ineffective. PMID- 6631654 TI - [Characterization and antibacterial sensitivity of strains of Gram-positive cocci isolated from orally administered solid drugs]. PMID- 6631655 TI - Argentometric methods for the determination of acetylenic steroids, ethinyloestradiol and norethisterone. PMID- 6631656 TI - [In vitro study of the desorption of quinidine adsorbed by montmorillonite]. PMID- 6631657 TI - Studies on spermicidal activity of surfactants. I. Correlation between spermicidal effect and physicochemical properties of p-menthanylphenyl polyoxyethylene (8.8) ether and related surfactants. AB - The spermicidal activities of seven nonionic surfactants against human spermatozoa were objectively determined by a statistical method, and two types of ionic surfactants were also studied for purposes of comparison. The nonionic surfactants, p-menthanylphenyl polyoxethylene adducts used in this work were synthesized from turpentine oil. These surfactants were used in the experiment after a careful confirmation of their chemical composition and molecular weight distribution. The spermicidal activities of the surfactants in terms of minimum concentrations to accomplish irreversible immobilization of all sperms in zero time was, in decreasing order, nonionic, cationic and anionic. When the most commonly used nonionics alone were considered, the sequence of decreasing spermicidal potency was isononylphenyl polyoxyethylene (9.0) ether (nonoxynol-9), p-menthanylphenyl polyoxyethylene (8.8) ether (menfegol), isooctylphenyl polyoxyethylene (9.0) ether (octoxynol-9). The surface tension and wetting time of these surfactants were determined with a view to finding physico-chemical measures of their spermicidal activity. In the statistical analysis regarding all the nine surfactants, there was a significant correlation (p less than 0.05) between spermicidal potency and critical micelle concentration (cmc) whereas there was no significant relationship between spermicidal potency and cmc regarding the seven nonionics. There was again no significant correlation between spermicidal potency and wetting time in all but nonionics with a common hydrophobic structure. As neither surface tension nor wetting time appeared to be a valid factor, general measure of spermicidal potency of nonionic surfactants, the partition ratios between n-octanol or n-hexane and water was determined. As a result, it was revealed that there was a significant correlation (p less than 0.05) between spermicidal potency and partition coefficient, when four types of nonionic surfactants with different hydrophobic group, which were chosen from among the seven nonionics, were tested with n-hexane. The close relationship between spermical activity and partition coefficient suggests that the spermicidal activities of these surfactants are associated with their structural affinity to the lipids of spermatozoal cell membrane. PMID- 6631658 TI - Effects of omega-aminosulfonic acids on lipid metabolism in dietary hyperlipidemic rats. AB - The effects of 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (taurine) and its structural analogs, 3 aminopropanesulfonic acid (homotaurine) and 4-aminobutanesulfonic acid (ABSA), on lipid metabolism were investigated in rats with dietary hyperlipidemia. The serum cholesterol levels increased approximately five-fold in rats fed a diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and 1% cholic acid for 10 d. omega-Aminosulfonic acids dissolved in water were orally administered for 10 d concurrently with the 0.5% cholesterol diet. Taurine suppressed elevation in serum cholesterol levels by 46.9 and 63.9% at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Serum triglycerides levels, however, were not significantly altered by taurine. Both homotaurine and ABSA, 500 mg/kg each, inhibited the elevation in serum cholesterol levels to an extent, namely, 32.0 and 22.3% lower than that of the controls, respectively. Treatment with homotaurine in doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly increased serum triglycerides levels by 37.6 and 35.9%, respectively, and ABSA (500 mg/kg) also revealed a tendency to raise these levels. All the sulfonic acids (500n mg/kg each) reduced cholesterol levels in the liver similarly, while changes in triglycerides levels in the liver were insignificant. Both taurine and homotaurine (t00 mg/kg each) inhibited intestinal absorption of cholesterol. The inhibitory effect of homotaurine was as great as 31.5% and greater than that of taurine. No influence of taurine (500 mg/kg) was observed in lipoprotein lipase activity in the epididymal fat tissue, but the activity did appear to be inhibited by homotaurine (500 mg/kg). PMID- 6631659 TI - Effect of acetazolamide on barbiturate-induced sleeping time in mice. III. Pharmacokinetics of serum elimination and brain distribution. AB - Effects of acetazolamide (AZA) on the serum elimination and brain distribution of barbital (BA), phenobarbital (PHB), pentobarbital (PEB) and hexobarbital (HB) were studied in mice. When the barbiturates were administered intraperitoneally to mice, the pretreatment of AZA reduced the serum BA and PHB levels, and significantly increased these brain levels. While relatively small and no effects of AZA were observed for the PEB and HB levels, respectively. After the intravenous administration, the serum elimination of these barbiturates were described by the two compartment model. Although the pretreatment of AZA tended to increase the volumes of central compartment and decrease the elimination rate constants for BA, PHB and PEB, the elevated brain levels of the barbiturates could not be explained as the simulated peripheral concentrations. However, it appeared that the prolongation effect of AZA on the BA, PHB and PEB sleeps in mice was associated with the elevated brain barbiturate levels with AZA. PMID- 6631660 TI - Studies on pharmacological activation of human serum IgG by chemical modification and active subfragments. I. Induction of anti-ulcerogenic activity by chemical cleavage of interchain disulfide bonds in human IgG and properties of active subfragments. AB - Commercially available human IgG (native IgG) was passed through a DEAE cellulose column. Two fractions (Fr. I and Fr. II), responding equally against the anti human IgG antibody were obtained. The carboxamide-methylated H and L chains from both fractions showed remarkable inhibitory activities on both the gastric ulceration and the gastric juice secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. The carboxamide-methylated L chain of rat IgG was also effective, while none of the human native IgG, Fr. I or Fr. II showed any effect. The reduction and the following alkylation of the interchain disulfide bonds were necessary for the induction of the biological activities of human IgG. Sulfonation of human IgG failed to induce the activities. Although the gastric acid secretion was clearly reduced by the administration of Fr. I-L (alkylated L chain of Fr. I), the gastric mucosal blood flow was not affected. PMID- 6631661 TI - Disposition of fractionated 3H-heparin in rats. AB - To evaluate the disposition of fractionated 3H-heparin, high affinity fraction (fraction A) and low affinity fraction (fraction NA) to protamine were prepared in this study from commercial 3H-heparin by affinity chromatography on protamine Sepharose and gel filtration chromatography. Following intravenous administration of fraction A to rats, it seemed that the radioactivity in plasma declined one exponentially with time to a pseudo-steady-state level, and 20.5% of dose was excreted in urine in 5 h. However, following the administration of fraction NA to rats, the plasma radioactivity curve was different from that of fraction A, and 69.8% of dose was excreted in urine in 5 h. It was found that fraction A and fraction NA had the distinctly different disposition characteristics in the body. Additionally, whole-body autoradiography with fraction A showed that the liver, bone marrow, kidney cortex, salivary gland and intestine played an important role in the distribution of it. It was suggested by gel filtration chromatography and affinity chromatography that the main material of the radioactivity excreted in urine in 5 h has the same properties as that of the administered heparin fraction. PMID- 6631662 TI - Superoxide dismutase levels following liver and kidney intoxication. AB - The behavior of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in inflammatory lesions is interesting, because SOD is a scavenger of superoxide anion radical which is produced to excess in inflammation. In order to clarify the relationship between diseases and SOD levels in serum, we induced renal damage in the rabbit or liver damage in the rabbit and guinea pig, and then monitored the SOD levels and other clinical values. We observed the increase of serum cuprozinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD) concentration following kidney intoxication caused by the ligation of renal artery, and the increase of manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) concentration following liver intoxication caused by the injection of carbon tetrachloride. From these results, we confirmed the reports that serum Cu, Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD concentrations were markedly increased in patients with renal diseases and liver diseases, respectively. PMID- 6631663 TI - Induction of liver microsomal 2-hydroxylation of estradiol 17-sulfate by phenobarbital in male rat. AB - Estradiol 17-sulfate 2-hydroxylase activity was measured in liver microsomes of 7 to 8-weeks-old Wistar male rats. Phenobarbital (80 mg/kg, daily for 4 d) injected intraperitoneally caused 30% increase of the enzyme activity and 160% increase of the microsomal cytochrome P-450 content. Treatment of rats with 3 methylcholanthrene (40 mg/kg, daily for 4 d) injected intraperitoneally caused no induction effect on 2-hydroxylase activity, but P-450 content was increased by 113%. Both the P-450 content and the enzyme activity were reduced to about half of the control, when the animals were injected subcutaneously with cobaltous chloride (30 mg/kg, daily for 2 d). PMID- 6631664 TI - Dissonance arousal: physiological evidence. AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine whether cognitive dissonance is accompanied by physiological arousal. In Experiment 1, a standard induced compliance paradigm was replicated and was found to produce the expected pattern of attitude change. In Experiment 2, physiological recordings were obtained within the same paradigm. Subjects who wrote counterattitudinal essays under high choice conditions displayed significantly more nonspecific skin conductance responses than other subjects, but they did not change their attitudes. The results are interpreted as support for viewing dissonance as an arousal process. The results are also interpreted as indicating that the subjects misattributed their arousal to the physiological recording device. The significance of the findings for dissonance theory, misattribution phenomena, and social psychophysiological research methods is discussed. PMID- 6631665 TI - Personality and social resources in stress resistance. AB - This study examined personality, social assets, and perceived social support as moderators of the effects of stressful life events on illness onset. In a group of 170 middle and upper level executives, personality hardiness and stressful life events consistently influenced illness scores, the former serving to lower symptomatology, the latter to increase it. Perceived boss support had its predicted positive effect. Executives under high stress who perceived support from their supervisors had lower illness scores than those without support. Perceived family support, on the other hand, showed a negative effect on health when reported by those low in hardiness. Finally, social assets made no significant impact on health status. These results underscore the value of differentiating between kinds of social resources, and of monitoring the effects of two or more stress-resistance resources in a single study. PMID- 6631666 TI - Distinguishing between cognitive and somatic trait and state anxiety in children. AB - The study was conducted to develop self-report measures of cognitive and somatic trait and state anxiety for children and to evaluate the utility of distinguishing between cognitive and somatic anxiety. Sixty-seven fourth grade children anticipated and then performed a mathematics task either in a high- or low-stress condition. While the children anticipated performing the task, measures of seven cognitive behaviors were obtained by means of both a think aloud procedure and a questionnaire. The results of the study indicated that reliable trait and state measures of cognitive and somatic anxiety were successfully developed. Further, the trait measures of cognitive and somatic anxiety were found to be relatively impervious to induced anxiety states. As expected, cognitive trait anxiety but not somatic trait or state anxiety was found to be related to task performance. High cognitive state and/or trait anxiety was found to be associated with more preoccupation and performance denigration as well as taking less of an analytic attitude toward the situation. Somatic trait and state anxiety were found to be associated with preoccupation. In general, the results support the construct validity of the measures developed and the utility of distinguishing between cognitive and somatic anxiety in children. PMID- 6631667 TI - Depression, guilt, and self-management of pleasant and unpleasant events. AB - The relation of subjects' depression and guilt to their choice to delay unpleasant and pleasant events was examined. Ninety-one college students chose to receive punishments and gratifications immediately or a week later. Depression, primarily in males, was related to a present orientation rather than a future orientation, namely, the choice of delayed punishments over immediate punishments and of immediate small rewards over large delayed rewards. This result supported the hypothesis that depressed individuals will attempt to correct a current aversive state rather than maximize long-term gains. High guilt in males was related to the choice of immediate punishment. The results are consistent with the view that behavior choices are determined in part by anticipated internal affective consequences. PMID- 6631668 TI - Obesity, externality, and susceptibility to social influence: an integrated analysis. AB - A pilot study indicated that overweight subjects are more likely to order a particular dessert in a restaurant when the waitress provides an appetizing description of that dessert and encourages the diner to order it; subjects who were not overweight were much less affected by the waitress's behavior. This effect may be interpreted in terms of the greater "externality' of overweight persons (i.e., their greater reactivity to salient food cues); alternatively, it may be seen as evidence for greater compliance by deviant (overweight) individuals. The present study examined these alternatives by separating the perceptual-cues component of the waitress's behavior from the social-influence component in a replication of the pilot study. The results indicated that both the externality and compliance interpretations were tenable. The authors suggest that these two mechanisms may be seen as facets of a more general concern on the part of overweight people to secure behavioral guidance from the external environment, physical or social. PMID- 6631669 TI - Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles. AB - Forty-three male and 53 female college seniors maintained the Rochester Interaction Record for 2 weeks, providing information about every social interaction of 10 minutes or more. Subjects then completed the revised UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, measuring sex-role orientation. For both sexes, loneliness was negatively related to the amount of time spent with females and to the meaningfulness of interaction with males and females. However, meaningfulness with males was more important than meaningfulness with females. Femininity was negatively related to loneliness for both sexes and partially mediated the above relationships. There were sex differences, however, in the extent to which variables overlapped in predicting loneliness. For example, a large group of nonlonely males was characterized both by having meaningful relationships with males and by spending time with females, whereas a second group of nonlonely males was characterized simply by having meaningful relationships with males. The largest group of nonlonely females was characterized simply by having meaningful relationships with males, but another sizable group was characterized simply by spending time with females. Females doing both accounted for very little of the variance. PMID- 6631670 TI - [Adsorption of oxalate by hydroxyapatite and the effects of additives on the volume of adsorption]. PMID- 6631671 TI - [Adsorption of thrombin to glass surfaces and resultant changes in its activity]. PMID- 6631672 TI - [Diltiazem and drug interactions (1). Effects of co-administered drugs and methods of administration on the bioavailability of diltiazem]. PMID- 6631673 TI - [Diltiazem and drug interactions (2). Effect of co-administered diltiazem on bioavailability of propranolol]. PMID- 6631674 TI - [Origins, processing, and qualities of crude drugs (1). Preventive effects of a Chinese crude drug, Zhu, on experimental stomach ulcer and its pharmacological evaluation. 1]. PMID- 6631675 TI - [Effect of 3-(di-2-thienylmethylene)-5-methyl-trans-quinolizidinium bromide (HSR 902) on the microcirculation of gastric mucosa]. PMID- 6631676 TI - [Experimental chemotherapy of dermatomycosis (8). Therapeutic effect of propiolic acid (beta-naphthyl)methyl ester on experimental trichophytosis in animals and its general pharmacological actions]. PMID- 6631677 TI - [Pharmacological study on "saiko-prescriptions" (3). Actions on experimental inflammation in rats]. PMID- 6631678 TI - [Synthesis of new heterocyclic quinones, benzo[g]pyrido [2,1-b] quinazoline-6,11 diones and benzo[g]pyrazolo [3,2-b] quinazoline-5,10-diones]. PMID- 6631679 TI - [Benzhydryl derivatives (3). Synthesis of diphenylacetylamino acids and their effects on tumor cells in culture]. PMID- 6631680 TI - Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of some sulfonylurea derivatives of 3,4,5 trisubstituted pyrazoles. AB - Three series of 3,4,5-trisubstituted pyrazolesulfonylurea derivatives were prepared and evaluated as hypoglycemic agents. Preliminary biological testing revealed that the new compounds possess moderate hypoglycemic activity. PMID- 6631681 TI - Antitumor agents LXIII: the effects of microlenin on nucleic acid and protein syntheses of Ehrlich ascites cells. AB - Microlenin, a novel dimeric sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Texas Helenium microcephalum, was shown to inhibit Ehrlich ascites carcinoma growth. Metabolic studies demonstrated that DNA synthesis and protein synthesis were significantly inhibited by two doses of microlenin at 5 mg/kg/day. DNA synthesis appeared to be blocked at several sites including DNA polymerase, purine synthesis, and dihydrofolate reductase. Thymidine nucleotide pools were significantly reduced by microlenin. Protein synthesis inhibition by microlenin appeared to occur during the initiation step of polypeptide synthesis. The metabolic effects of microlenin were similar to other sesquiterpene lactones in the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. However, a lower dose of microlenin was required to bring about these metabolic effects when compared with other sesquiterpene lactones. Thus, microlenin may be a more likely therapeutic agent than helenalin which has demonstrated cellular toxicity. PMID- 6631682 TI - Quantum mechanical calculations useful for determining the mechanism of action of fosfomycin. AB - CNDO/2 calculations were performed to determine at the molecular level the mechanism of action of the antibiotic fosfomycin, (--)-(1R,2S)-(1,2 epoxypropyl)phosphonic acid. Fosfomycin, a bacterial cell wall inhibitor, is known to act as a competitive inhibitor of N-acetylglucosamine-3-O-enolpyruvyl transferase, the normal substrate of which is phosphoenolpyruvate. Both compounds were studied, and the theoretical calculations revealed that the preferred conformations of phosphoenolpyruvate and fosfomycin presented the same spatial charge distributions on the active sites, the values of which are in complete agreement with the experimental observations. These results permit the projection of some details of the receptor, with implications for the modification of fosfomycin to increase its antibiotic activity. PMID- 6631683 TI - In vitro method for detecting precipitation of parenteral formulations after injection. AB - Many injectable formulations currently on the market, including diazepam and alprazolam, utilize one or more cosolvents to solubilize the active constituents. On injections into an aqueous medium, some of these components tend to precipitate. A simple procedure is described for measuring the degree of precipitation that occurs when a solubilized drug is injected. This in vitro technique was used to show that alprazolam injection shows less precipitation than diazepam injection under all tested conditions, and that the precipitation observed with diazepam can be controlled by ensuring that the formulation is injected very slowly. This simple technique also can be used during preformulation development to evaluate the relative potential for precipitation of various formulations. PMID- 6631684 TI - Determination of phenylpropanolamine in serum and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of phenylpropanolamine in human serum and urine without prior derivatization is presented. Using direct UV detection the method is sufficiently sensitive to detect 25 ng of drug/ml of serum or urine; the coefficients of variation at 25 ng/ml and 500 ng/ml were 5. 16 and 2.12, respectively, in serum. The method involves serum and urine extraction at a basic pH with chloroform, a single back-extraction, and chromatography on a reverse-phrase column. Serum and urine data following administration of a single 150-mg sustained-release tablet of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride in six healthy volunteers demonstrates the suitability of the analytical method. PMID- 6631685 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of aspirin and its metabolites in plasma and urine. AB - A simple quantitative method for the rapid determination of aspirin and its metabolites, salicylic acid, salicyluric acid, and gentisic acid, in plasma and urine using o-toluic and o-anisic acids, respectively, as internal standards was developed. Plasma proteins were precipitated by the addition of acetonitrile and, after centrifugation, the supernatant fluid was injected directly onto a reverse phase column. The mobile phase consisted of an isocratic mixture of water, methanol, and glacial acetic acid (64:25:1, v/v/v) and the separated components were detected at 238 nm using a UV detector. Concentrations greater than or equal to 0.5 microgram/ml could be quantitated for aspirin or its metabolites in plasma. The peak heights and peak height ratios to the internal standard, o toluic acid, were linear for the concentration range of 0.5-200 micrograms/ml. The aspirin metabolites in urine were isolated by extracting the acidified urine with either and then reextracting the material into an aqueous buffer solution at pH 7.0. Twenty microliters of the buffer extract was directly injected onto the column. The separated components were detected and quantitated at 305 nm. Concentrations greater than or equal to 5 micrograms/ml of salicyluric acid, salicylic acid, and gentisic acid could be determined accurately. The peak heights and peak height ratios to the internal standard, o-anisic acid, were found to be linear for the concentration range of 5-200 micrograms/ml in urine. PMID- 6631686 TI - Stability of aspirin in different media. AB - Aspirin rapidly hydrolyzes in various aqueous, organic, and biological media. The purpose of this investigation was to study the decomposition of aspirin in the media that comes in contact with it during analysis in biological fluids for pharmacokinetic studies. These media included water, water-polyethylene glycol 400, water-methanol-acetic acid, phosphate buffer, freshly drawn blood and plasma from control rats and rats deprived of water for 36 hr, and blood precipitated with acetonitrile. Studies were also conducted to determine the decomposition as a function of temperature and pH. Of the various solvent systems studied, aspirin was found most stable in water-polyethylene glycol (4:1, v/v),which provides an excellent medium for preparation of intravenous dosage forms. Phosphate buffer showed significant catalysis of aspirin hydrolysis. A more than fivefold increase in the hydrolysis of aspirin was noted when the temperature was raised to 37 degrees from 22.5 degrees. The hydrolysis of aspirin in rat blood was 13 times faster than that in plasma, with an average half-life in blood of approximately 13 min. This creates significant problems in aspirin disposition kinetic studies. Mixing the blood sample immediately after collection with twice the volume of acetonitrile and thn en centrifuging gives a plasma-acetonitrile mixture in which no lysis of blood cells is observed. PMID- 6631687 TI - Simple reliable method for chronic cannulation of the jugular vein for pharmacokinetic studies in rats. AB - A simple method for the preparation and implantation of silicone cannulas into the rat jugular vein is described. The implanted cannula can be used to administer drugs and collect blood samples at intervals of less than or equal to 1 min without causing stress to the animal. If necessary, the animals can be exsanuinated within a few minutes using this cannula. With proper maintenance, the cannula is patent for weeks and could be used for repeated and crossover studies. PMID- 6631688 TI - Effect of water deprivation on aspirin disposition kinetics. AB - Temporary water deprivation results in serious stress causing significant physiological, hormonal, and enzymatic changes in the body which can affect the disposition kinetics, toxicity, and activity of drugs. This study attempts to recognize the effect of water deprivation on drug disposition kinetics using aspirin. No significant effects were noted following 36-hr water deprivation in rats on the metabolism of aspirin; there was also no effect of heparinization on aspirin disposition kinetics. The disposition of salicylic acid, however, was altered significantly, with the half-life increased by approximately 72% concomitant with decreased total body clearance. The effect of two dose levels, 5 and 10 mg/kg, was also studied to elucidate nonlinearity in the disposition kinetic model. Almost complete urinary recovery of aspirin was obtained in the intact form or as metabolites. At the 10-mg/kg dose, the fraction of salicyluric acid excreted decreased significantly compared with the 5-mg/kg dose. However, the effect of water deprivation was uniform at the two dose levels without any effect on the excretion of salicyluric acid. It is suggested that, in view of the significant changes in the disposition characteristics of salicylates with water deprivation, due care must be exercised in adjusting doses giving proper consideration to body hydration levels. PMID- 6631689 TI - Effect of dosage form and formulation factors on the adherence of drugs to the esophagus. AB - In recent years, many case reports concerning esophageal injuries caused by drugs have been published. The primary cause has apparently been the adherence of the drug product to the esophagus. In the present study, the adherent tendency of a number of types of tablets and capsules were tested in vitro using a recently developed isolated porcine esophagus preparation. The results showed that the tendency of products to adhere to the esophageal mucosa can be modified to a great extent by shape and formulation. Products with low adherence can be obtained by film coating with aqueous dispersions or by sugarcoating. In contrast, gelatin capsules and some cellulose films appear to have a high tendency to adhere to the esophagus. PMID- 6631690 TI - Urinary excretion of methylparaben and its metabolites in preterm infants. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay to quantitate methylparaben in urine was developed. Standard curves were linear and recovery of the paraben from urine averaged 82.6%. The urinary excretion of methylparaben in six preterm infants (less than or equal to 31 weeks gestational age), who were receiving intramuscular injections of a paraben-containing gentamicin formulation, ranged from 13.2 to 88.1%. Small quantities of the metabolite, p hydroxybenzoic acid, were detected by GC-MS. PMID- 6631691 TI - Interaction of povidone with aromatic compounds IV: effects of macromolecule molecular weight, solvent dielectric constant, and ligand solubility on complex formation. AB - Complex formation of ligand molecules with povidone was investigated to elucidate the effect of the molecular weights of the macromolecule and the influence of the solvent dielectric constant on the complexing tendency. The higher molecular weight polymers were more effective complexing agents than those with lower degrees of polymerization. When studying complex formation as a function of the dielectric constant (D), a linear relationship was noted between D and log B/F (B/F representing the ratio of bound to free ligand); the use of solvent mixtures to achieve a range of solvent dielectric constants enabled changes of the pH of the solvent, ligand dissociation, and solubility of the ligand and macromolecule. Of the variables under investigation, only the change in ligand solubility seemed to play an important role: a linear relationship was noted between the complexing tendency (log B/F) and the logarithm of the inverse of the ligand molecule solubility in the solvent mixtures (log 1/S). It was concluded that the change in solubility of the ligand was the predominant factor in the decrease of the complexing tendency with decreasing dielectric constant. PMID- 6631692 TI - Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(N',N' dimethylamino-n-propyl)-D-glucofuranose hydrochloride in the dog as a function of dose and characterization of metabolites. AB - The pharmacokinetics of 1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-3'-(N',N'-dimethylamino-n propyl)-D-glucofuranose hydrochloride (1) was studied in dogs at intravenous and oral doses of 1-50 mg/kg. There was no significant difference between the electron-capture GLC of the heptafluorobutyric derivative of I and the radiochemical assay of chloroform extracts of plasma and urine for 1- to 20-mg/kg doses. Urinary amounts of I measured by GLC were 20% lower than radioassays of chloroform extracts at the 50-mg/kg dose. The pharmacokinetics of intravenous I was described by a two-compartment body model with sequential plasma half-lives of 7.5 +/- 0.7 and 136 +/- 6 min. No apparent dose-dependent pharmacokinetics for I was observed on intravenous or oral administration. The apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment, 13.1 +/- 0.7 liters, is approximately the volume of the total body water in a 20-kg dog. The apparent overall volume of distribution of 40.0 +/- 1.5 liters exceeds the total body water, indicative of sequestration of I in tissues. Total and renal clearances were 205 +/- 5 and 155 +/- 5 ml/min, respectively. The high renal clearance of I indicated an excess of tubular secretion. Renal clearance of I was not dependent on urine flow nor urine pH. Recovery of radioactivity in the feces after I was intravenously administered was less than 1%. Plasma protein binding of I was less than 5%, and the erythrocyte-plasma water partition coefficient was approximately unity. Compounds excreted in urine were separated into chloroform-extractable (pH 12), ethyl acetate-extractable (pH 2), and unextractable fractions which were further characterized by TLC. A multiple-extraction system was developed to estimate relative amounts and intrinsic partition coefficients of these extractable compounds from radioactivity counts of scraped plates and was applied tof the assay of these compounds in the urine after intravenous administration of I. There was a readily chloroform-extractable metabolite with an apparent partition coefficient of 3.3 and Rf 0.43 on TLC in the systems used. This apparent major metabolite could account for 8% of the administered radioactivity. Minor chloroform-extractable metabolites (0.8-3.3%) had lower apparent partition coefficients (0.26) but Rf values of 0.28 and 0.44 . Ethyl acetate-extractable compounds (1.3-2.7%) had an apparent partition coefficient of 0.81 with Rf values of 0.52 and 0.68. Three unextractable compounds had Rf values of 0.20, 0.50, and 0.62 and accounted for 0.16, 2.8, and 0.9% of the administered radioactivity. PMID- 6631693 TI - In vitro drug release from egg albumin microcapsules. AB - The in vitro release of phenacetin from microcapsules prepared using egg albumin as the membrane material was investigated. It was shown by scanning electron microscopy that the albumin microcapsules have nonsmooth surfaces. The amount of phenacetin released is proportional to the square root of time up to 50-70% drug release. Increases in the albumin concentration and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone polymer content in the aqueous phases used in the microcapsule preparation have an effect on matrix porosity and channel tortuosity in the matrix of albumin microcapsules. The in vitro release rate was found to decrease with increasing albumin concentration and 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone polymer content in the aqueous phases. The in vitro release rate per unit area also decreased with decreasing capsule size. PMID- 6631694 TI - Systematic error associated with apparatus 2 of the USP dissolution test IV: effect of air dissolved in the dissolution medium. AB - Acceptable concentrations of gases in a medium are not well defined in USP dissolution tests. A sample of 10-mg prednisone tablets, known to be sensitive to dissolved gases, was tested with batches of purified water that contained different concentrations of air. The data suggest that the results from Apparatus 2 can be influenced by the concentration of air in the dissolution medium unless the medium remains unsaturated with air for the duration of the test. The repeatability of means of six results was markedly improved when the air concentration in the medium was accurately controlled at the beginning of the test. PMID- 6631695 TI - Determination of cyproheptadine in plasma and urine by GLC with a nitrogen sensitive detector. AB - A method for the determination of cyproheptadine in plasma and urine was developed using the N -ethyl homologue as an internal standard. After extraction of the drug from an alkalinized sample into petroleum ether-isoamyl alcohol, back extraction into 0.1 N HCl, washing the aqueous phase with fresh solvent, re extraction into petroleum ether after alkalinization, the solvent was evaporated. The reconstituted residue was analyzed by GLC using a SP-2250 column and nitrogen sensitive detector. Concentrations as low as 3 ng/ml could be determined. Plots of peak area of cyproheptadine-peak area of internal standard versus cyproheptadine concentration were linear over the range studied with correlation coefficients of 0.9945 and 0.9924 for plasma and urine, respectively. The method was used to determine the peak time (0.5 hr), peak concentration (33 ng/ml average), and apparent half-life (3 hr) in two dogs after oral administration of 1 mg of cyproheptadine/kg. PMID- 6631696 TI - In vivo-in vitro correlations for trisulfapyrimidine suspensions. AB - A UV method is described for measuring total sulfa drug concentration in dissolution samples. This in vitro measurement was found to correlate well with several in vivo parameters obtained after administration of commercial trisulfapyrimidine suspensions to humans. The UV method, which is rapid, simple, inexpensive and easily automated, is recommended for studying the dissolution of trisulfapyrimidine suspensions. PMID- 6631697 TI - Quantitative assessment of the effect of some excipients on nitrazepam stability in binary powder mixtures. AB - The decomposition rate constants, normalized for dilution and relative specific surface effects. Of nitrazepam in simple binary powder mixtures with talcum, lactose-H2O, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch, mannitol, and saccharose are shown to be linearly related to the nitrogen adsorption energy of the excipients. PMID- 6631698 TI - Kinetics and mechanism of the basic hydrolysis of indomethacin and related compounds: a reevaluation. AB - The kinetics of the hydrolysis of indomethacin and related compounds were studied in an alkaline medium at 25 degrees. The pseudo-first-order rate constants were evaluated from log absorbance versus time plots in the ultraviolet. These compounds showed a second-order rate constant at low concentrations of hydroxide ion and a first-order rate constant at higher concentrations of hydroxide ion. PMID- 6631699 TI - Noninvasive assessments of the percutaneous absorption of methyl nicotinate in humans. AB - Percutaneous penetration of the vasodilator methyl nicotinate (methyl 3 pyridinecarboxylate) has been monitored in vivo in humans with the noninvasive techniques of laser Doppler velocimetry and photopulse plethysmography. These optical methods use different technologies to generate a voltage output which is related to perfusion of the cutaneous microcirculation. The procedures are therefore sensitive to the pharmacologic stimulus and duration of local vasodilation. Following topical application of methyl nicotinate, excellent correlation was found between the response of both methods and the visual observation of erythema. Lower drug concentrations delayed the onset and magnitude of the response and shortened the time period for which elevated microperfusion was observed. These techniques appear to provide a useful noninvasive assessment of the time course of drug behavior in the region of skin to which topical application is made. PMID- 6631700 TI - Stabilizing effect of fructose on aqueous solutions of hydrocortisone. AB - Accelerated stability studies (37 degrees, 47 degrees, and 57 degrees) were conducted on buffered aqueous solutions (pH 7.4, 8.4, and 9.4) of hydrocortisone in the presence of various molar ratios of D-fructose. First-order degradation was observed. Significant improvement in hydrocortisone stability was seen in those solutions containing a 25 M excess of D-fructose. Hydrocortisone solutions containing dextrose, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, propylene glycol, or glycerin in the same molar ratio were not stabilized. PMID- 6631702 TI - Effect of the nonionic surfactant poloxamer 338 on the fate and deposition of polystyrene microspheres following intravenous administration. AB - The blood clearance and organ deposition of polystyrene microspheres in the rabbit following intravenous injection has been investigated using the technique of gamma scintigraphy, blood and organ level measurements, and histology. Uncoated microspheres of 1.27-microns diameter were cleared rapidly from the blood and were taken up primarily by the reticuloendothelial system in the liver. Coating of the microspheres with the nonionic surface-active agent poloxamer 338 reduced the uptake in the liver and gave a corresponding increase in the lungs. PMID- 6631701 TI - Structure of the isonicotinyl hydrazone of norethindrone. AB - The contraceptive steroid norethindrone reacts with isoniazid both in vivo and in vitro to give the corresponding hydrazone, which exists as syn and anti (with respect to C-4) isomers. These isomers rapidly interconvert, with the anti form predominating in solution. The identification of the isomers was based on an interpretation of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic data and corroborated by high performance liquid chromatographic UV spectrophotometric evidence. 1H- and 13C NMR spectroscopic data for other derivatives of norethindrone hydrazone are presented and interpreted. PMID- 6631703 TI - Rapid gas chromatographic determination of serum salicylates after silylation. PMID- 6631704 TI - Is aspirin phenylalanine ethyl ester a prodrug for aspirin? PMID- 6631705 TI - Comment on a second-degree polynomial mathematical model for tablet friability and in vitro dissolution. PMID- 6631706 TI - A rebuttal on a second-degree polynomial mathematical model used to evaluate the effect of moisture and crushing strength on tablet friability and in vitro dissolution. PMID- 6631707 TI - Model-independent method of predicting peak, trough, and mean steady-state levels in multiple intravenous bolus dosing in nonlinear pharmacokinetics. PMID- 6631708 TI - Scientific manpower--supply versus demand. PMID- 6631709 TI - Effect of intergranular versus intragranular cornstarch on tablet friability and in vitro dissolution. AB - The effect of blending dry cornstarch versus wet granulation with the drug and other excipients on friability and in vitro dissolution of a ticlopidine hydrochloride tablet formulation was studied. The friability of the tablets was reduced by wet granulating cornstarch with the drug and other excipients compared with the dry blending. The dissolution rate and the tablet-to-tablet variability was improved by incorporating cornstarch in the wet-granulation stage. The lactose placebo tablets, which were wet granulated with either a binder solution or without a binder, also showed reduced tablet friability due to the incorporation of cornstarch in the wet-granulation step. Examination of the tablet cross sections under the scanning electron microscope indicated clumping of starch grains when starch was blended in the dry form. Starch grains were well embedded in the other materials of the tablet and not readily visible when starch was wet granulated with the other excipients. This results in better bonding, fewer weak points, and better homogeneity of the starch disintegrator within the tablet, which accounts for better friability and improved dissolution. PMID- 6631710 TI - Application of the ammonia gas-sensing electrode: determination of drugs having a carbothionamido group by decomposition with acid. AB - A method to determine drugs having a carbothionamido group using an ammonia gas sensing electrode is described. To obtain analytical accuracy, the effect of factors that influence the potential is also discussed. Ethionamide or prothionamide was refluxed with 20% HCl to give ammonium chloride, hydrogen sulfide, and a carboxylic acid. The ammonia, which evolved at pH greater than 11, was determined. A linear calibration plot was obtained within the drug concentration range of 2 X 10(-5)--1 X 10(-2) M. PMID- 6631711 TI - Pharmacokinetics of chlorzoxazone in humans. AB - Twenty-three normal male subjects received 900 mg of acetaminophen and 750 mg of chlorzoxazone as an oral suspension. Analysis of plasma samples indicated a rapid absorption and rapid elimination of chlorzoxazone. Average values of the elimination half-life and plasma clearance were 1.12 +/- 0.48 hr and 148.0 +/- 39.9 ml/min, respectively. Analysis of urine samples showed that chlorzoxazone was eliminated from the body as the glucuronide conjugate of the intermediate metabolite 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone, to the extent of 74% of the dose. The plasma and the urinary excretion data were fitted to theoretical equations, and excellent fits were obtained using a five-parameter pharmacokinetic model. PMID- 6631712 TI - Model-independent procedure for area estimation and intergroup comparisons. AB - A method is provided for estimating the area under a response-time curve for an experimental situation where independent observations are made at each time point. The procedure utilizes least-squares spline functions and the jackknife technique to provide area estimates, standard errors, and a statistical test for intergroup comparisons. The method is based on an empirical model and provides a means of analysis when no prior model can be specified or if the incorrect specification of a model will produce invalid results. The method is illustrated using data from a study comparing the pharmacokinetic behavior of a fasciolicide in rats having either a young or old parasitic infestation. The results obtained are comparable with those generated by a model-dependent approach. PMID- 6631713 TI - Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of some sulfonylurea derivatives of 3,5 disubstituted pyrazoles. AB - Two series of 3,5-disubstituted pyrazolesulfonylurea derivatives were prepared and evaluated as hypoglycemic agents. Preliminary biological testing revealed that the new compounds possess potent hypoglycemic activity. PMID- 6631714 TI - Effect of experimental renal failure on the disposition kinetics of l-propranolol in rats. AB - The effect of uranyl nitrate-induced renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of the levo-isomer of propranolol in rats was investigated. The serum clearance of an i.v. dose of propranolol (1.5 mg/kg) in normal animals approached hepatic blood flow, suggesting that the systemic clearance of the drug is rate-limited by blood flow to the liver. Extensive first-pass metabolism was observed after oral administration of l-propranolol was only 7%. Renal failure had no apparent effect on the distribution and elimination of i.v. administered l-propranolol. In contrast, the area under the serum drug concentration time curve after oral administration was increased from 6.95 to 19.3 micrograms X min/ml, which corresponded to a 2.5-fold increase in the systemic availability of l-propranolol (from 7 to 18%). The gastrointestinal absorption of l-propranolol, as assessed by comparing the urinary recovery of radioactivity after i.v. and oral administration of l-[3H]propranolol, was complete in normal animals. Hence, an increase in the extent of absorption of l-propranolol in renal failure cannot be offered as a cause of increased systemic availability. Neither the in vitro nor the in vivo serum protein binding of l-propranolol differed between renal failure and control animals. The intrinsic metabolic clearance of unbound l-propranolol in renal failure rats is estimated to be about 60% lower than that in control rats. These results suggest that the previously reported increase in propranolol serum concentration after oral administration of the drug to uremic patients is due to decreased presystemic biotransformation of the drug. PMID- 6631715 TI - Effect of hydralazine on tension and membrane potential in the rat caudal artery. AB - To determine whether the vasodilator, hydralazine (HYD), produces hyperpolarization of vascular muscle cells, we measured the effect of HYD on membrane potential and contractile responses to phenylephrine and K+. HYD (1 microM) caused a 4 mV hyperpolarization of phenylephrine-depolarized arteries (compared with controls without HYD), which could possibly account for up to three-fourths of the 39% decrease in tension measured. K+-contracted vessels were also 34% relaxed by 1 microM HYD without an effect on membrane potential. In addition, HYD further relaxed phenylephrine-stimulated vessels previously relaxed by D-600, suggesting that Ca++ channel blockade may not be an important mechanism of vasodilation for HYD. The evidence suggests that a nonmembrane action of HYD on arterial muscle probably multiplies the relaxant effect of membrane potential hyperpolarization. Both mechanisms would attenuate the effects of adrenergic stimulation. PMID- 6631716 TI - Heterogeneity of acetylcholine receptors: different forms of receptor distinguished by alpha-bungarotoxin kinetics and by antibody binding properties. AB - The interactions of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR), extracted from denervated rat hindlimb muscle, with alpha-bungarotoxin, Concanavalin-A (Con-A) and immunoglobulins isolated from the sera of specific patients with Myasthenia Gravis (MG) have been studied. The association and dissociation of toxin to unfractionated receptors [hydroxylapatite (HTP)-AChR] were best described in terms of two classes of kinetically distinct toxin binding sites present in approximately equal amounts. Incubation of these receptors with soluble Con-A decreased the total toxin-binding capacity by a maximum of 42%. Kinetic studies indicate that the Con-A-induced inhibition of toxin binding is restricted to those toxin binding sites having the fast rate of association with alpha bungarotoxin. Incubation of HTP receptors with toxin blocking antibodies (MG-B) from MG patient sera decreased the toxin binding capacity by a maximum of 30%. By contrast, receptors fractionated by elution from Lens-Culinaris agarose affinity columns exhibited only fast rates of association and dissociation with alpha bungarotoxin and represented 40% of the total HTP-AChR population. Con-A totally prevented toxin binding whereas MG-B antibodies had no blocking effect on this subpopulation of receptors. Another MG antibody type which interferes with lectin binding to AChR (MG-C antibody) gave a 50% maximum inhibition of both HTP- and Lens culinaris agarose-AChR. This suggests that both types of toxin binding sites (fast and slow) may be further divided into two separable subclasses based on their carbohydrate moieties. These results show that multiple forms of AChR occur in denervated muscle. At least two different forms of receptors are present which show distinctive differences in ligand-binding properties and some antigenic determinants. PMID- 6631717 TI - Methanol toxicity in the monkey: effects of nitrous oxide and methionine. AB - Methanol poisoning in monkeys and humans is characterized by the development of formic acidemia, metabolic acidosis and ocular toxicity. Formate, the metabolite associated with the toxicity of methanol, is oxidized to carbon dioxide by a tetrahydrofolate-dependent pathway. Nitrous oxide treatment was used to inhibit the tetrahydrofolate-generating enzyme, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate homocysteine methyltransferase (methionine synthetase, E.C. 2.1.1.13.), to delineate the role of this enzyme in regulating formate oxidation in the monkey. The importance of methionine in the regulation of formate oxidation in the monkey also was evaluated. Nitrous oxide inhibited the oxidation of formate generated from the metabolism of methanol (1 g/kg i.p.) in the monkey, resulting in the development of severe metabolic acidosis and high blood formate levels in these animals compared with air-breathing monkeys administered the same dose of methanol. Treatment of nitrous oxide-exposed monkeys with repetitive doses of methionine (100 mg/kg 10, 12 and 14 hr after methanol) reversed the effects of nitrous oxide on formate oxidation, resulting in a marked decrease in blood formate levels and an increase in the rate of [14C]O2 formation from methanol. Methionine treatment also reversed the development of metabolic acidosis and bicarbonate depletion observed in nitrous oxide-exposed monkeys. These results indicate that hepatic methionine synthetase is important in the regulation of tetrahydrofolate dependent metabolism in the monkey and that the generation of tetrahydrofolate by this enzyme is a major factor in determining the sensitivity of a species to methanol poisoning. PMID- 6631718 TI - Stereoselective increase in propranolol bioavailability during chronic dosing in the dog. AB - The disposition of (+)- and (-)-propranolol was determined after chronic as compared to single oral doses of racemic drug. Single oral doses (80 mg) of a stable isotope-labeled pseudoracemate were given to six dogs before and after chronic pretreatment with unlabeled propranolol. The bioavailability of (-) propranolol (5.7 +/- 1.6%; mean +/- S.E.) was considerably lower (P less than .01) than that of (+)-propranolol (16.1 +/- 5.9%) after single doses. Chronic pretreatment led to a 167% increase in the bioavailability of (-)-propranolol to 15.2 +/- 3.7% (P less than .01), with only a 47% increase in (+)-propranolol to 23.7 +/- 4.5% (N.S.). Chronic pretreatment had no effect on the kinetics of i.v. doses of tritium-labeled racemic drug administered simultaneously or on blood binding. This stereoselective increase in the bioavailability of (-)-propranolol was associated with an unexpected 62% increase in the glucuronidation of this enantiomer (P less than .01) with no effect on the glucuronidation of (+) propranolol. There was, however, a change in the stereochemical composition of 4' hydroxypropranolol from single doses, (-)/(+)-enantiomer ratio 1.37 +/- 0.14, to chronic doses, 1.23 +/- 0.13 (P less than 0.05), suggesting stereoselective inhibition of ring-oxidation of (-)-propranolol. This study demonstrates preferential presystemic hepatic removal of (-)-propranolol in the dog by a process, probably ring-oxidation, that becomes partially inhibited after chronic doses, leading to a stereoselective increase in the bioavailability of this enantiomer. PMID- 6631719 TI - Alterations in serum protein binding and pharmacokinetics of l-propranolol in the rat elicited by the presence of an indwelling venous catheter. AB - Preliminary investigations in the rat revealed some unexpected alterations in the pharmacokinetics of l-propranolol when single dose studies were performed on two separate occasions 7 days apart. The apparent volume of distribution of l propranolol was found to be consistently lower on the second study day. Also, the systemic availability of orally administered propranolol (6 mg/kg) increased from 4.1 to 7.8% from the 1st to the 2nd study day, indicating a decrease in the presystemic clearance of the drug. These changes were associated with a 50 to 60% decrease in the serum unbound fraction of l-propranolol between the 2 study days. Further investigations revealed that the time-dependent increase in the serum protein binding of l-propranolol was elicited by the presence of an indwelling venous catheter which was surgically implanted for the purpose of blood sampling. In contrast, a slight decrease in the serum protein binding of an acidic drug, phenytoin, was observed after catheter implantation. These changes in serum drug protein binding were readily reversed when the indwelling catheter was removed. The total serum protein concentration was not affected by catheter implantation. Fractionation of serum proteins by electrophoresis revealed an increase in alpha 1- and gamma-globulin fractions, a slight decrease in serum albumin and no change in beta- and alpha 2-globulin fractions. Competitive protein binding studies with tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate, a specific ligand to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), indicate that the increase in serum l-propranolol binding was largely due to an elevation in serum AAG. These observations also explain the opposite effect of catheterization on the serum protein binding of phenytoin, which is bound largely to serum albumin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631720 TI - Dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms of thermoregulation: mediation of thermal effects of apomorphine and dopamine. AB - The effects of dopaminergic and serotonergic antagonists on apomorphine- and dopamine-induced changes in body temperature were studied in the rat. Intraperitoneal administration of apomorphine produced dose-dependent hypothermia. At a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, apomorphine caused either no significant effect or a slight decrease in body temperature. However, it caused hyperthermia in rats pretreated with the DA antagonist, haloperidol, and hypothermia in rats pretreated with the serotonin depletor, p-chlorophenylalanine or serotonin antagonists, cyproheptadine, metergoline or cinanserin. Intracerebroventricular injection of 100 micrograms/2 microliter of DA transiently decreased body temperature. Pretreatment with cyproheptadine potentiated and prolonged the responses. However, the same injection of DA produced hyperthermia in haloperidol pretreated animals. These data suggest that both dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the brain mediate the effects of apomorphine on body temperature. We propose that apomorphine can simultaneously activate two opposing DA-related thermoregulatory mechanisms with different sensitivities to haloperidol: a haloperidol-sensitive hypothermia and a haloperidol-nonsensitive hyperthermia mechanisms. Furthermore, the action of the latter mechanism is mediated by a secondary activation of serotonergic mechanisms. PMID- 6631721 TI - Nephrotoxicity of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (MeCCNU) in the Fischer 344 rat. AB - A single s.c. injection of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1 nitrosourea (MeCCNU; 20-140 mg/kg) resulted in rapid decreases in renal function as well as leading to a chronic progressive nephropathy in male Fischer 344 rats. Disturbances in renal function were proportional to the dose of MeCCNU administered and included impaired tubular transport of p-aminohippuric acid, a decrease in urine concentrating ability, an increase in urine pH, polyuria, proteinuria and enzymuria. The tubular accumulation of p-aminohippuric acid by kidney slices was decreased as early as 1 hr after MeCCNU administration (100 mg/kg), was maximal within 12 hr and remained depressed for at least 28 days after a single injection of either 40 or 80 mg/kg. Changes in other measures of renal function (increased lactate dehydrogenase excretion, alkalinuria and decreased urine concentrating ability) were delayed from 1 to 6 days after MeCCNU administration and in some cases progressed in severity throughout the 28-day duration of the experiment. The delay between the first evidence of renal damage (decreased p-aminohippuric acid uptake) and the subsequent appearance of enzymuria, proteinuria, polyuria and alkalinuria appears to correspond to a similar delay between the initial insult and the eventual development of cellular necrosis and other histopathological changes. These results demonstrate that MeCCNU is a nephrotoxicant in rats and indicate that even a single acute dose may lead to chronic and irreversible effects on the kidney. The in vivo toxicity model defined herein appears to be an appropriate one for further study of the mechanism of nephrotoxicity of MeCCNU. PMID- 6631722 TI - Temperature-dependent 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-sensitive [3H]spiperone binding to rat cortical membranes: regulation by guanine nucleotide and antidepressant treatment. AB - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-sensitive binding of [3H]spiperone to rat cortical membranes was examined at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C. At the lower temperature a significantly higher density of specific sites with identical affinity for [3H]spiperone (0.15 nM) was observed. Furthermore, a proportion of sites at 22 degrees C, although not at 37 degrees C, possessed high affinity for 5-HT and these were apparently converted to low affinity sites by GTP (100 microM). Examination of the apparent affinities of the 5-HT derivatives 5 methoxytryptamine, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine and tryptamine revealed differences in the potencies of these analogs that were particularly evident for the high affinity proportion of sites observed at 22 degrees C. Subchronic treatment of rats with the antidepressants mianserin and iprindole reduced the density of [3H] spiperone binding sites when assays were performed at either temperature. However, antidepressant treatment appeared to preferentially reduce the number of sites that possess high affinity for 5-HT. PMID- 6631723 TI - Placental transfer and renal elimination of cimetidine in maternal and fetal sheep. AB - The placental transfer and renal elimination of cimetidine were studied at steady state in near-term pregnant sheep. In seven nonanesthetized sheep, maternal dosage produced mean steady-state plasma concentrations of 776 +/- 217 ng/ml in the mother and 32 +/- 15 ng/ml in the fetus. Total cimetidine clearance was 41.63 +/- 9.10 liters/hr in the mother, whereas renal cimetidine clearance was 29.96 +/ 15.74 liters/hr in the mother and 1.53 +/- 0.48 liters/hr in the fetus. The mean ratio of cimetidine/creatinine renal clearance was similar in fetus and adult and was considerably greater than unity (7.5 and 7.1, respectively), suggesting active tubular secretion of equal efficiency in both. Fetal dosage in six of the nonanesthetized preparations reversed the maternal-fetal plasma cimetidine concentration gradient (fetal plasma = 16,895 +/- 5,507 ng/ml; maternal plasma = 513 +/- 184 ng/ml). At these very high fetal plasma concentrations, the mean fetal cimetidine/creatinine clearance ratio (2.1) was significantly lower, consistent with the saturation of an active renal tubular secretory process. In four anesthetized sheep, both maternal and fetal renal cimetidine clearances (9.83 +/- 5.39 and 0.32 +/- 0.14 liters/hr, respectively) were 70 to 80% lower than in nonanesthetized sheep. Umbilical venous and arterial cimetidine concentrations were similar (42 +/- 11 and 43 +/- 11 ng/ml, P greater than .05) but substantially less than the maternal plasma concentration (1535 +/- 500 ng/ml). Thus, the principal gradient occurs across the placenta rather than across the fetus. This suggests that, although the fetal kidney can extract cimetidine efficiently, low fetal drug concentrations are primarily due to the placenta and not to fetal drug elimination. PMID- 6631724 TI - Amphetamine inhibits the electrically evoked release of [3H]dopamine from slices of the rabbit caudate. AB - The effects of d-amphetamine on the spontaneous and electrically evoked release of [3H]dopamine in slices of the rabbit caudate nucleus were investigated. At a concentration of 0.1 microM amphetamine did not modify the spontaneous outflow of radioactivity, but significantly inhibited the release of [3H]dopamine elicited by electrical stimulation. At a 10-fold higher concentration (1 microM) amphetamine enhanced the spontaneous outflow of radioactivity and also inhibited the stimulation-evoked release of [3H]dopamine. The inhibition by amphetamine of electrically evoked release of [3H]dopamine was also observed under conditions in which monoamine oxidase was inhibited by pargyline. At concentrations of 0.1 and 0.5 microM amphetamine there was no inhibition of neuronal uptake and retention of [3H]dopamine in slices of the rabbit caudate. In the presence of 100 microM l 3-iodotyrosine, the inhibition by amphetamine of [3H]dopamine release was still obtained. The dopamine receptor antagonists, haloperidol and sulpiride, were not able to antagonize the inhibition by amphetamine of the electrically evoked release of [3H] dopamine at concentrations which effectively blocked apomorphine induced inhibition of stimulation-evoked release of the labeled neurotransmitter. Exposure to serotonin in the presence of an inhibitor of neuronal uptake did not modify the spontaneous outflow of radioactivity or the electrically evoked release of [3H] dopamine. Nomifensine, an inhibitor of neuronal uptake of dopamine prevented the release of [3H]dopamine induced by exposure to 10 microM amphetamine and antagonized the inhibitory effects of lower concentrations of amphetamine on the electrically evoked release of [3H]dopamine. Tyramine and amfonelic acid in low concentrations enhanced the spontaneous outflow of radioactivity and, similarly to amphetamine, inhibited the electrically evoked release of [3H]dopamine. Exposure to bretylium (1 and 10 microM) inhibited the release of [3H]dopamine elicited by electrical stimulation. In the presence of bretylium, the inhibition by amphetamine of the stimulation-evoked release of [3H]dopamine was still present. In contrast to its inhibitory action on the release of [3H]dopamine, exposure to amphetamine (0.1-1.0 microM) enhanced in a concentration-dependent manner the electrically evoked release of [3H]norepinephrine from the rabbit hypothalamus. These results indicate that the inhibition by amphetamine of the electrically evoked release of [3H]dopamine does not involve the activation of presynaptic inhibitory dopamine autoreceptors possibly located on dopaminergic nerve terminals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631725 TI - Correlation between the in vivo metabolism of hexobarbital and antipyrine in rats. AB - Two model substrates for oxidative hepatic enzyme activity, viz. hexobarbital (HB) and antipyrine (AP), were given simultaneously to rats by the oral route of administration. Blood concentrations of HB and AP were measured simultaneously by a gas chromatographic method and the urinary excretion of six metabolites arising from AP and HB also was determined; norantipyrine, 4-hydroxyantipyrine and 3 hydroxymethylantipyrine (HMA) by high-performance liquid chromatography; 3' hydroxyhexobarbital, 3'-ketohexobarbital and 1,5-dimethylbarbituric acid by gas liquid chromatography. The apparent intrinsic clearances of HB (CL*int,HB) and AP (CL*int,AP) and the clearance for production of the various metabolites were correlated in an attempt to establish whether HB and AP have metabolic pathways mediated by the same or very similar forms of cytochrome P-450. In order to create broadly ranging and evenly distributed clearance values, 3 methylcholanthrene (3-MC)- and phenobarbital (PB) pretreated rats were employed in conjunction with a control group of untreated animals. CL*int,HB and CL*int,AP were both increased by PB pretreatment, but 3-MC-pretreatment increased CL*int,AP, whereas CL*int,HB was decreased. CL*int,HB and CL*int,AP were found to correlate poorly, when all groups were taken into consideration (r = -0.08). The formation of AP-metabolites was inducible by both PB and 3-MC, and good correlations between rates of formation of AP-metabolites and CL*int,HB and CL3' hydroxy-HB + 3'-keto-HB were obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631726 TI - Hypotensive and diuretic actions of diltiazem in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats. AB - We investigated the hypotensive and diuretic effects of diltiazem and hydralazine in conscious, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their counterpart, Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Orally administered diltiazem induced dose-dependent hypotension both in SHR (10-60 mg/kg) and in WKY (30-100 mg/kg) and the effects were more pronounced in SHR than in WKY. Diltiazem did not cause tachycardia in either strain. Moreover, hypotensive doses of diltiazem acutely increased urinary excretion of sodium as well as urine volume in saline-loaded SHR and WKY. Chronic administration of diltiazem (30 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks) to young SHR caused no changes in body fluid distribution or in plasma sodium concentration. On the other hand, hydralazine not only showed almost the same hypotensive potency in SHR and WKY but also resulted reflex tachycardia in both strains. In addition, hydralazine (5 mg/kg) decreased urinary sodium excretion in saline-loaded SHR. In conclusion, it was suggested that diltiazem is an antihypertensive agent with an enhanced hypotensive action in the hypertensive state and without tachycardia and sodium retention effects. PMID- 6631727 TI - Estimation of the styrene 7,8-oxide-detoxifying potential of epoxide hydrolase in glutathione-depleted, perfused rat livers. AB - The importance of epoxide hydrolase in preventing styrene 7,8-oxide-induced hepatoxicity was studied in isolated perfused rat livers depleted of GSH. GSH depletion was accomplished by treating the rats with diethyl maleate 45 min before surgical removal of their livers. Diethyl maleate itself caused mild hepatotoxicity that was observed histologically and measured biochemically by the release of hepatic transaminase enzymes into the circulation. GSH transferase activity was decreased in perfused livers from diethyl maleate-treated rats as shown by the persistence of circulating styrene oxide compared with that seen in experiments with livers from control animals. In the absence of GSH transferase activity, the rate of styrene oxide biotransformation by epoxide hydrolase was sufficient to prevent measurable hepatotoxicity, up to epoxide concentrations tolerated by livers from control rats. The administration of 500 mumol of styrene oxide to perfused livers from diethyl maleate-treated rats caused periportal necrosis and extensive covalent binding of styrene oxide-derived radioactivity to tissue protein. These effects, however, were no more severe than those seen in perfused livers from control animals given 500 mumol of styrene oxide. Due to high GSH transferase activity in perfused livers from untreated rats, the capacity of epoxide hydrolase to detoxify styrene oxide is difficult to measure in this system. The detoxication potential of epoxide hydrolase was clearly demonstrated in this study with GSH-depleted liver preparations. PMID- 6631728 TI - Inhibition of dorsal spinocerebellar tract cells by interneurones in upper and lower lumbar segments in the cat. AB - The topographical distribution of interneurones mediating disynaptic inhibition of dorsal spinocerebellar tract (d.s.c.t.) cells from group I muscle afferents in the cat was investigated using both physiological and morphological techniques. Lesions of either the dorsal funiculi or of the lateral and ventral funiculi were made between L4 and L5 segments in two groups of cats. I.p.s.p.s. evoked from group I afferents were seen after both these lesions, showing that the i.p.s.p.s were evoked by interneurones located more caudally as well as by interneurones in the same segments as Clarke's column. Distribution of the caudally located interneurones in the lower lumbar segments was investigated after marking these interneurones with horseradish peroxidase retrogradely transported from Clarke's column. The horseradish peroxidase was injected along L3-L4 segments of Clarke's column in two cats with transected dorsal funiculi. The marked cells were found in L5, L6, L7 and S1 segments, with a highest density in L6 and L7. They were seen in laminae V, VI and VII. A search was made for interneurones which could be antidromically invaded following stimuli applied in Clarke's column and were monosynaptically excited by group I afferents. Such interneurones were found at locations corresponding to laminae V-VI of Rexed. The latencies of antidromic and orthodromic responses were within ranges allowing them to mediate disynaptic inhibition of d.s.c.t. cells. PMID- 6631729 TI - Decerebration activates thermogenesis in the rat. AB - Under fluothane anaesthesia, suction decerebration was performed at the immediate pre-pontine level in adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats; this resulted in a large and sustained rise in rectal temperature from 35.6 +/- 0.2 (control) to 38.8 +/- 0.5 degrees C (decerebrate) following recovery from anaesthesia. Propranolol inhibited this rise. In a separate group of continuously (urethane) anaesthetized rats, brain transection at the immediate pre-pontine level produced marked increases in rectal temperature and oxygen consumption, both of which were inhibited by injection of the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol (10 mg/kg). The rise in rectal temperature (2.8 +/- 0.4 degrees C) after transection was preceded by a greater increase (3.6 +/- 0.3 degrees C) in the temperature of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (i.b.a.t.). Skin temperature on the tail showed no immediate response. In anaesthetized lean (+/?) male Zucker rats, rectal and i.b.a.t. temperatures showed similar responses to Sprague-Dawley rats after decerebration, but in the genetically obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat, temperatures were not significantly altered by decerebration. The above results, together with macroscopic examination of the transected brains, suggest that descending pathways (possibly arising in the mid-brain tegmentum) normally inhibit a sustained thermogenic drive from areas in the lower brain stem. Decerebration can release this inhibition and cause a large rise in body temperature and in metabolic rate, which apparently result from sympathetic activation of i.b.a.t. The genetically obese Zucker rat exhibits an impaired thermogenic response to decerebration. PMID- 6631730 TI - The same interneurones mediate inhibition of dorsal spinocerebellar tract cells and lumbar motoneurones in the cat. AB - The aim of the study was to investigate whether inhibition of dorsal spinocerebellar tract (d.s.c.t.) cells evoked from group I afferents is mediated by the same interneurones which mediate the non-reciprocal inhibition of hind limb motoneurones. The origin of inhibition of d.s.c.t. cells from group I afferents was compared in intact preparations, after lesions of the dorsal funiculi (when it could only be mediated by lower lumbar interneurones) and after lesions of the lateral and ventral funiculi (when it would be expected to be evoked by upper lumbar interneurones). In all three preparations extensors were the most common source of inhibition, as in motoneurones. Lower lumbar interneurones inhibiting d.s.c.t. cells were found to be co-excited by group I (Ia and/or Ib) and cutaneous and joint afferents, and by rubrospinal tract fibres, as are interneurones mediating inhibition of motoneurones. Co-excitation by group I and rubrospinal fibres was also found for upper lumbar interneurones. I.p.s.p.s were evoked in hind-limb motoneurones from within Clarke's column in cats with the dorsal funiculi cut between L4 and L5 segments; they were evoked at thresholds as low as 2 microA, i.e. by stimuli with very local actions. The latencies of these i.p.s.p.s were short enough to allow them to be evoked monosynaptically via axonal branches of the same interneurones which projected to Clarke's column. Correspondingly, i.p.s.p.s were evoked in d.s.c.t. cells from within motor nuclei in L7 segments; they were evoked at similarly low thresholds and with similar latencies. In confirmation of previous reports i.p.s.p.s of Ia origin evoked in d.s.c.t. cells were not found to be depressed by Renshaw cells, which excludes their mediation by interneurones responsible for Ia reciprocal inhibition. The study leads to the conclusion that the inhibition of d.s.c.t. cells from group I afferents is, at least in part, collateral to the non reciprocal inhibition of lumbar motoneurones. PMID- 6631731 TI - An intracellular analysis of geniculo-cortical connectivity in area 17 of the cat. AB - The latencies of excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s and i.p.s.p.s) evoked by electrical stimulation of afferents from the lateral geniculate nucleus were recorded in neurones of area 17 of the cat visual cortex. After application of an extrapolation procedure to compensate for the conduction time of the afferent axons, a histogram of latencies formed three distinct peaks. Potentials in each of these were interpreted as being mediated by mono-, di- and trisynaptic pathways. Characteristic laminar differences in the extracellular field potentials evoked from the lateral geniculate nucleus (l.g.n.) and in the antidromic activation of neurones from the l.g.n. and superior colliculus were used to determine the laminar position of recorded neurones. It was found that within a given layer, all cells maintained similar connexions with relay cells in the l.g.n. Cells in layers 3, 4, upper 5 and 6 were monosynaptically excited by geniculate afferents, while cells in layers 2 and lower 5 received only indirect excitation via other cortical neurones. Layer 3 cells were unique in receiving a prominent disynaptic e.p.s.p. in addition to the direct excitation from the l.g.n. Late, trisynaptic e.p.s.p. components were seen in many layer 5 and 6 cells. The orderly laminar arrangement of the connexions had the consequence that identified cortico-geniculate neurones were monosynaptically excited and cortico collicular neurones di- and trisynaptically excited by geniculate afferents. Cortico-cortical neurones in layers 2 and 3 received di- or mono- plus disynaptic excitation, depending on laminar position. Post-synaptic inhibitory potentials were evoked in all impaled cells, following stimulation of the geniculo-cortical pathway. Except for a few layer 2 cells, this inhibition was mediated through disynaptic pathways of the feed-forward type. There was a good positive correlation between conduction times for monosynaptic e.p.s.p.s and disynaptic i.p.s.p.s in the same cells, suggesting that cortical neurones receive excitation and inhibition from the same type of geniculate afferents. The stimulating electrodes activated not only geniculo-cortical afferents, but antidromically activated cortical efferent neurones from their extracortical axons. These neurones possess intracortical collaterals, and care must be taken to distinguish the resulting potentials from those mediated by orthodromic activation of geniculate afferents. In doing so, evidence was obtained for excitatory connexions from layers 2 and 3 to layer 5, from layer 5 to layer 6, and from layer 6 to layer 4. Typical recurrent inhibition was not observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631732 TI - Bradykinin-induced contractions of bovine mesenteric lymphatics. AB - The mode of action of bradykinin (BK) on bovine mesenteric lymphatics was investigated by recording isometric tensions and action potentials in the isolated longitudinal segments. Addition of BK in concentrations from 10(-10) to 4 X 10(-6) M caused dose-related tonic contractions. BK in a low concentration accelerated the rhythm of action potential discharges in the spontaneously beating preparations and elicited frequent discharges of action potentials and a rapid rise in smooth muscle tone associated with phasic contractions. BK in high concentrations (more than 10(-7) M) caused a further rise of tension in the preparations which had already been depolarized in a high-K solution. The contraction induced by 4 X 10(-9) M-BK in the standard solution was abolished in a Ca-free environment or in the presence of a Ca-antagonist, 10(-4) M-D-600, though more than 50% of the contraction caused by 10(-6) M-BK still remained in both circumstances. In a Ca-free solution containing 1 mM-EGTA (Ca-free standard solution), 10(-6) M-BK caused a slight contraction even after high-K-induced contractions were completely blocked. The contractile response to 10(-6) M-BK in the Ca-free standard solution was augmented after activation of beta-receptors. It is concluded that the BK-induced contractions may be closely related to an increased Ca influx through the membrane and release of membrane-bound and intracellular Ca. The increased uptake of Ca into the BK-sensitive intracellular store may contribute to the relaxing effect of beta-agonist. PMID- 6631733 TI - The effects of supplementation of the diet with highly palatable foods upon energy balance in the rat. AB - Full energy balance studies have been performed for 9 weeks on four groups of four adult female rats housed in a continuously running indirect calorimeter; for four weeks two of the groups received highly palatable foods in addition to a standard pelleted diet. A further sixteen groups, of which eight received the palatable foods, provided additional carcass composition data. All practicable precautions were taken to measure energy exchange accurately. Comparison of 'start-to-finish' apparent energy balance with carcass composition changes showed a systematic error of approx. +3% of energy throughput. This was most probably caused by losses of energy in food and excreta, which led to over-estimation of energy intake. Variations among individual balance periods added a standard error of approx. +/- 1%: the source of error here was probably imperfect matching of animals analysed at intermediate stages. The rats offered the palatable foods increased their metabolizable energy (m.e.) intake by 106 kJ/day, 51% of the control groups' intake, in the first week of supplementation. Over the whole 4 weeks of supplementation the increase was 64 kJ/day, or 31%. Withdrawal of the palatable foods led to an immediate fall in intake to about two-thirds of control level, and a return to control level over the next 2-3 weeks. Energy expenditure rose more slowly than intake, reaching a fairly steady level ca. 5 days after introduction of the palatable foods. Expenditure was then ca. 22 kJ/day above control level; an increase of 12% above control expenditure or, allowing for systematic and random errors, 33-37% of the additional m.e. intake. Expenditure returned to control level over the 2 weeks after ceasing supplementation. The experimental groups gained weight at a declining rate throughout the period of supplementation. The gain in live body weight at the end was ca. 32 g, but this comprised a carcass weight gain of 37 g and a loss of 5 g gastrointestinal tract contents. The carcass weight gain comprised 27 g fat (i.e. ca. 70% of the weight gained), 9 g lean tissue and 1 g additional water. The gain of carcass energy was 1100 kJ. There was a small increase in body length, an increase in liver weight, and an increase in the weight of the interscapular brown adipose tissue pad. Regression analysis showed that the increase in the weight of the interscapular brown adipose tissue pad reflected the increase in total body fat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631734 TI - Depression of calcium-dependent potassium conductance of guinea-pig myenteric neurones by muscarinic agonists. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from myenteric neurones of the guinea-pig ileum. Muscarinic agonists acetylcholine (ACh) and oxotremorine reduced membrane potassium conductance (gK). Calcium carried into the neurone by one or more action potentials increased membrane potassium conductance (gK, Ca). The time course of the muscarinic changes in gK was compared to that of the change in gK, Ca following an action potential. The time course of conductance decrease was similar in both cases, and both time courses had the same temperature coefficient. Concentrations of ACh (100 nM) which were too low to cause a detectable reduction in resting gK shortened the duration of the gK, Ca increase which followed an action potential. Low concentrations of barium (10-100 microM) had the same effect as ACh. This was not due to a reduction in calcium entry during the action potential. Higher concentrations of ACh and barium also reduced resting membrane conductance. The conductance changes during the muscarinic action and the action potential after-hyperpolarization did not add linearly. It is proposed that muscarinic agonists and barium may act by reducing the availability of calcium ions at a site within the membrane which controls gK. PMID- 6631735 TI - Elimination of polyneuronal innervation in a fast muscle of normal and dystrophic mice. AB - The changes in the pattern of innervation of extensor digitorum longus (e.d.l.) during post-natal development was studied in normal and dystrophic mice. As in other mammals, individual muscle fibres of new-born mice are supplied by more than one axon. Up to 10 days after birth there was no difference in the extent of this polyneuronal innervation between normal and dystrophic muscle fibres. During post-natal development the polyneuronal innervation gradually disappeared. In normal e.d.l. muscles the rate of the elimination of polyneuronal innervation was faster during the first 10 post-natal days and then slowed down. By 16 days the final value of less than 10% of muscle fibres receiving more than one input was reached. In the dystrophic muscles the rate of elimination was similar to normal up to 10 days of age, but continued to decrease rapidly so that already by 11 days of age polyneuronal innervation was reduced to its final level of less than 10%. Thus the elimination of polyneuronal innervation was completed at least 3 days earlier in the dystrophic animals. It is suggested that the increased nerve activity said to be present in dystrophic mice could account for this finding. PMID- 6631736 TI - The action of dust in the airways on secretion into the trachea of the cat. AB - The effects of inert dusts administered into cat airways on the release of radiolabelled mucus glycoproteins (mucins) from an isolated tracheal segment have been investigated. Charcoal dust or barium sulphate powder, when placed in the segment, stimulated release of both 35S- and 3H-labelled mucins. The effect of dust was not significantly reduced after denervation of the segment. Charcoal dust, when added to the inspired air, caused an increase in release of mucins labelled with both radio-isotopes. Bilateral vagotomy significantly reduced this effect, but atropine and l-propranolol administered together did not. It is concluded that inert dust can stimulate tracheal mucin output both by a local mechanism and by activation of a reflex. The types of receptor that may be involved in the reflex, and the possible role of the mucotropic effects of dust in airway clearance, are discussed. PMID- 6631737 TI - Evidence for non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nervous control of mucus secretion into the cat trachea. AB - We have investigated the effects of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves on the output of mucus glycoproteins (mucins), radiolabelled with 3H and 35S, into the trachea of anaesthetized cats. In five control experiments, stimulation of the vagus nerves on four successive occasions, separated by 1 h, caused significant rises in the output of radiolabelled mucins. In these experiments repetition of stimulation did not appear to lessen the response. In a parallel series of five experiments the vagus nerves were again stimulated on four occasions, but atropine was administered in increasing doses between the stimuli. Large responses, not significantly less than those seen in the corresponding control stimulations, were seen even in the presence of the highest dose of atropine. In this series of experiments, however, the effect of the last vagal stimulation (with the highest dose of atropine) was significantly less then the first (no atropine). Administration of phentolamine and l-propranolol in addition to atropine failed to reduce the response to vagal stimulation significantly. We conclude that, while cholinergic nerves can probably explain part of the increase in mucin output which occurs with vagus nerve stimulation, there is a large response mediated by a non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic neurotransmitter. Possible neurotransmitters and the relationship of these findings to those of earlier studies are discussed. PMID- 6631738 TI - Directional tuning interactions between moving oriented and textured stimuli in complex cells of feline striate cortex. AB - In sixty-five complex cells recorded from striate cortex of lightly anaesthetized, paralysed cats we investigated directional selectivity for motion of oriented and textured stimuli, both alone and when moving simultaneously in the same direction and at the same velocity. Monocular comparisons were made over a range of velocities for the dominant eye in all cells, and for the other eye in fourteen instances. For oriented stimuli, response magnitude varied with velocity, but preferred directions(s) and sharpness of tuning remained constant. For background texture motion, directional selectivity was typically unimodal at low velocities, but became increasingly bimodal at high velocities: a trough of depressed response (in directions optimal for oriented stimuli) separated two progressively more widely disparate preferred directions. Preferred velocity and velocity bandpass were typically higher for texture than for bar motion. Directional tuning interactions revealed no important class- or layer-specific differences and were similar for each monocular input. Results for bar and texture combinations moving in unison could not be predicted from selectivity for each stimulus alone. At all velocities they closely resembled those for bar motion alone. Tuning curves for the combination stimulus were only marginally broader than those for oriented stimuli: much sharper and totally different in profile from those for texture. It is concluded that an oriented stimulus in motion induces potent blockade of complex-cell sensitivity to moving textured backgrounds. Complex cells insensitive to relative motion between objects and backgrounds (Hammond & Smith, 1982a, 1983b) may thus be excellent candidates for resolving motion of objects regardless of the context in which they are seen. PMID- 6631739 TI - Cells responsive to free-field auditory stimuli in guinea-pig superior colliculus: distribution and response properties. AB - We have investigated the responses of superior colliculus neurones in the anaesthetized guinea-pig to free-field auditory stimulation. The auditory cells were located throughout the deeper laminae and also in the lower part of the stratum opticum. Auditory cells were not found in the rostral pole of the superior colliculus. The auditory responses consisted of a few spikes at stimulus onset with a latency from stimulus arrival at the ear of 7-27 ms. Frequency response areas were measured for forty-five neurones; many of these areas were broad or multipeaked although some were well defined and 'V' shaped. White noise was a more effective stimulus than tones. The majority of cells in our sample responded best to sounds from a restricted horizontal location. Two major response types were found: (1) neurones responding to the same localized area of space despite changes in sound level and (2) neurones responding only to a localized area of space near threshold, but to an extensive area for louder sounds. As the site of the recording electrode was moved from the rostral to the caudal part of the superior colliculus, the location of the auditory receptive fields shifted from the anterior to the posterior field of the animal, thus indicating the presence of a map of auditory space. The visual projection to the guinea-pig superior colliculus was determined and found to be similar to that in other vertebrates. Comparison of visual and auditory space maps in the guinea-pig superior colliculus reveals that receptive fields are coincident over a wide range, but severe discrepancies were evident between the visual and auditory receptive field positions represented at single locations in rostral and caudal colliculus. PMID- 6631740 TI - Responses in muscle afferent fibres of slow conduction velocity to contractions and ischaemia in the cat. AB - The aim of the study was to find out to what extent muscle receptors with slowly conducting afferent fibres (group III and IV) are activated by muscular contractions of moderate force, and what kind of muscle afferents could mediate the pain of ischaemic exercise. In chloralose-anaesthetized cats, the impulse activity of single afferent units from the triceps surae muscle was recorded from dorsal root filaments during muscular contractions with intact blood supply and after occlusion of the muscle artery. Two types of responses were observed to contractions without muscular ischaemia. One was characterized by sudden onset and a graded response amplitude to contractions of increasing force. In most cases stretching the muscle was also an effective stimulus. Units showing this response behaviour were labelled c.s.m (contraction-sensitive with mechanical mechanism of activation). The other response type had a more delayed onset and often outlasted the exercise period; because of the unknown mechanism of activation, units of this kind were labelled c.s.x. The proportion of c.s.m receptors was significantly higher amongst group III than amongst group IV units. During ischaemic contractions of comparable force the c.s.m and c.s.x receptors exhibited an unchanged or a decreased response amplitude. Under these conditions another receptor type (N, for nociceptive) was activated which did not respond to contractions with intact blood supply. Vigorous activations during ischaemic work were only observed in group IV receptors. The majority of the 131 group III and IV units tested did not respond to contractions at all. These contraction insensitive (c.i.) endings probably comprised different receptor populations (nociceptors, thermoreceptors, low-threshold mechanoreceptors). It is concluded that the various central nervous effects of muscular exercise without ischaemia which are known to be due to raised activity in thin muscle afferents (e.g. cardiopulmonary adjustments, spinal locomotor reflexes) are probably produced by the c.s.m and c.s.x types. The pain of ischaemic contractions is most likely mediated by the N receptors most of which possess non-myelinated afferent fibres. PMID- 6631741 TI - The luteotrophic complex in hysterectomized and pregnant goats. AB - The pituitary hormones responsible for the maintenance of progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum have been determined by replacement therapy in hysterectomized-hypophysectomized goats and in goats hypophysectomized on day 40 of pregnancy. Progesterone concentrations were 7.2 +/- 0.81 ng/ml plasma (mean +/ S.E. of mean) in intact goats during the luteal phase of the cycle and were 5.9 +/- 0.56 ng/ml plasma after hysterectomy. After hypophysectomy of hysterectomized goats, treatment with 25 or 150 i.u. prolactin/day failed to maintain the corpora lutea, and progesterone concentrations fell to below 1.0 ng/ml plasma. Treatment with 1.0 mg luteinizing hormone (LH)/day after hypophysectomy maintained progesterone concentrations at 2.5 +/- 0.48 ng/ml and treatment with 1.0 mg LH and 150 i.u. prolactin/day resulted in increased peripheral concentrations of 12.9 +/- 1.66 ng progesterone/ml plasma. In goats hypophysectomized on day 40 of pregnancy treatment with 1.0 mg LH/day or 1.0 mg LH and 150 i.u. prolactin/day resulted in maintenance of the pregnancy and maintenance of high peripheral concentrations of 15.0 +/- 1.77 ng progesterone/ml plasma, with no difference between the two treatments. The results show that LH is the pituitary hormone primarily responsible for the maintenance of progesterone secretion by the corpora lutea in the goat and that prolactin is synergistic with LH in stimulating this function. The difference in the pituitary luteotrophic complex between non-pregnant and pregnant animals may be explained if placental lactogen can substitute for prolactin in the luteotrophic complex of pregnant goats. PMID- 6631742 TI - The permeability of rabbit and human corneal endothelium. AB - The fluxes of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate across endothelium plus stroma and then stroma alone were measured in the direction from lens-side to tear-side in rabbit and human corneas in vitro, in order to measure passive permeabilities. The results were used to calculate the permeability of the endothelium. Hodgkin's equation (1951) was then used to calculate the partial electrical conductivity of each ion crossing the endothelium. The summated electrical conductivities of sodium, chloride and bicarbonate were equal to 89 +/- 8% of the measured electrical conductivity, suggesting that the ions diffuse independently across the endothelium in the direction lens-side to tear-side. Stereological analysis of the intercellular spaces supports the idea that the ions permeate through this route and that the physical shape of the spaces determines almost entirely the permeability of the endothelial layer. Trans-endothelial sodium and chloride permeabilities are nearly equal, which may be explained by supposing the intercellular spaces include a cation exchanger of fixed negative charge capacity around 60 m-equiv l.-1 intercellular fluid. PMID- 6631743 TI - Sites of dipeptide hydrolysis in relation to sites of histidine and glucose active transport in hamster intestine. AB - The effects of dipeptides and amino acids on the active transport of L-histidine and D-glucose by sacs of everted small intestine of the hamster have been used to determine the sites of final hydrolysis of the dipeptides in relation to the sites of active transport of L-histidine and D-glucose. The results, plus earlier observations (Wiseman, 1977), show that (a) dipeptide active transport occurs at a superficial site, followed by progressively deeper sites for (b) final hydrolysis of glycyl-phenylalanine and phenylalanyl-glycine, then deeper (c) L histidine active transport, then (d) final hydrolysis of alanyl-alanine, alanyl leucine, glycyl-alanine, glycyl-proline, leucyl-alanine and leucyl-leucine, then (e) D-glucose active transport, then (f) final hydrolysis of alanyl-glycine, alanyl-valine, glycyl-glycine, prolyl-glycine, valyl-alanine and valyl-valine. The site of D-glucose active transport (2e) and all the sites superficial to it (2a-d) lie in the intestinal epithelial cell's brush-border. The location within the cell of site(s) 2f is not known; it may lie in the cytosol. All the dipeptides appeared to inhibit L-histidine active transport by the release of free amino acid and not by action of intact dipeptide, supporting the view that dipeptides and free amino acids do not share a common transport pathway in the epithelium of the small intestine. PMID- 6631744 TI - Electromyographic events in the stomach and small intestine of a small kangaroo, the Tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). AB - The extracellular electrical activity of the stomach and small intestine of a macropodid marsupial was studied using chronically implanted bipolar electrodes. Recordings from the elongate, tubular, haustrated stomach showed triphasic slow waves with a frequency of 5.5/min, an amplitude of 120 microV and an aborad propagation rate of 3 mm/sec. Action potentials were recorded only from the pylorus. These occurred as bursts of six to fourteen consecutive spikes. Shortly after the period of regular spike activity occurred in the adjacent duodenum action potentials in the pylorus ceased, leaving only the slow wave present for up to 20 min. Both slow waves and action potentials were recorded from the small intestine. There was no decrease in the frequency of the slow wave from the duodenum to the ileum. The slow wave frequency was 26/min on the duodenum and 25/min on the ileum. These frequencies were not affected by fasting the animals. Migrating myoelectric complex activity of the small intestine comprising three distinct electrical patterns, occurred at regular intervals. This was only slightly affected by feeding. PMID- 6631745 TI - The activity of cerebellar nuclear neurones in relation to stimuli which evoke a pectoral fin reflex in dogfish. AB - Extracellular single-unit recordings from the cerebellar nucleus were classified into type I and type II units on the basis of their spontaneous discharges. Type I units discharged at a very regular frequency, giving interspike interval histograms with narrow distributions. Type II units had irregular discharges. Type I units were identified as cerebellar nuclear units by their antidromic responses to stimulation of the contralateral brachium conjunctivum (b.c.) in the mid-brain and by their inhibitory responses to stimulation of the cerebellar cortex. Type II units were not driven antidromically by b.c. stimulation but were inhibited by stimulating the cerebellar cortex. Activity of the nuclear neurones was monitored following subcutaneous electrical stimulation of a fin that elicits a reflex elevation. 67% of units responded, the majority with an increased discharge frequency (excitation, 59%) but some with a decreased discharge frequency ('inhibition', 8%). Latencies of both excitatory and inhibitory responses were greater than 50-400 msec. Most excitatory responses lasted for at least 500 msec; several lasted for more than 10 sec. Inhibitory responses lasted for about 500 msec. With units tested by bilateral fin stimulation, the same qualitative response was obtained whichever fin was stimulated. These results are discussed in relation to the known responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells recorded under similar experimental conditions. PMID- 6631746 TI - Electrical responses of smooth muscle cells of the mouse uterus to adenosine triphosphate. AB - Electrical responses of the smooth muscle cells to ATP were recorded in the longitudinal muscle of mouse myometrium, using intracellular micro-electrodes. ATP (greater than 10(-7) M) dose-dependently produced a biphasic change in the membrane potential, an initial hyperpolarization (20-30 sec) and then a depolarization. This effect of ATP was observed in all stages of gestation. The initial hyperpolarization was more quickly desensitized than the depolarization. Application of ATP for a short period (10 sec) produced only the initial hyperpolarization; the amplitude was dose-dependently increased. During the ATP induced hyperpolarization and the depolarization, generation of spike potentials was suppressed and enhanced, respectively. Strong outward current restored the spike generation during hyperpolarization. During the ATP-induced hyperpolarization, the membrane resistance was decreased. The amplitude of the hyperpolarization was increased in low [K]0 solution and decreased in high [K]0 solutions. Pre-treatment with TEA (1 mM), procaine (1 mM), 4-aminopyridine (0.5 mM) or apamin (2 X 10(-7) M) did not, but TEA (5-10 mM) did suppress the ATP induced hyperpolarization. Involvement of endogenous catecholamines, cyclic AMP, prostaglandins or acetylcholine in the ATP responses was ruled out. During the ATP-induced depolarization, the membrane resistance was reduced. In low [Na]0 solutions, the muscle membrane was depolarized and the amplitude of ATP-induced depolarization was reduced. In sodium-free solution, ATP produced only the initial hyperpolarization. It was concluded that the electrical responses of the smooth muscle cells of mouse myometrium to ATP consist of two components: an initial hyperpolarization with increase in the potassium conductance and a depolarization with increase in the sodium conductance. PMID- 6631747 TI - Autogenetic inhibition of extensor gamma-motoneurones revealed by electrical stimulation of group I fibres in the cat. AB - Forty functionally single gamma-efferents (20-42 m/s) to the triceps surae were isolated in ventral root filaments of the decerebrated and paralysed cat in order to study the effects of group I muscle afferents on their own fusimotor neurones. All the efferents studied were spontaneously active. During splitting the continuity of the efferent fibre was preserved so that the destination of the target muscle of the efferent could be determined by antidromic stimulation of the muscle nerve using the collision block technique. Thereafter the filament was cut so that the reflex response, uncontaminated by antidromic impulse invasion, could be recorded from the central end. Sixteen of forty gamma-efferents to the triceps were inhibited by repetitive stimulation (range -3 to -40 impulses/s) of the homonymous nerve within the group I range. Raising the stimulus strength above the group II threshold produced no further increase in inhibition. Twelve of these sixteen cells were also tested by stretching the triceps; ten showed marked inhibition, and two were not influenced. In ten of the sixteen inhibited cells, the autogenetic inhibition at maximum group I stimulus strength was larger than the maximum antidromic inhibition elicited by stimulation of the remainder of the cut ventral roots L7 and S1. Since both effects were additive, it is concluded that Renshaw inhibition is at least not solely responsible for the autogenetic inhibition. Consistent with this assumption is the observation that some cells receiving electrically evoked autogenetic inhibition were not susceptible to inhibition induced by small-amplitude vibration of the triceps. Since small-amplitude vibration is known to excite most of the Ia afferents of the vibrated triceps, Ib afferents must be involved in the autogenetic fusimotor inhibition. A contribution of Ia afferents to the autogenetic inhibition (via alpha-motoneurones and Renshaw cells or via Ib inhibitory interneurones) seems likely since inhibition, induced by small-amplitude vibration, was detectable in many of the cells receiving autogenetic group I inhibition. All of these cells were susceptible to antidromic inhibition. Ten of the forty cells tested responded with tonic facilitation to the homonymous nerve stimulation. Some arguments favour the view that static gamma-motoneurones are involved in the low threshold autogenetic inhibition. The results strongly support earlier work suggest a regulatory function of low-threshold muscle receptors on their own gamma-motoneurones. PMID- 6631748 TI - The response of the pancreas of the anaesthetized cat to secretin before, during and after reversible vagal blockade. AB - Cooling the cervical vagi of the anaesthetized splanchnectomized cat to 2 degrees C caused a 54.4 +/- 8.8% inhibition of pancreatic electrolyte secretion stimulated submaximally with pure secretin. On rewarming the vagi there was a prolonged increase in secretion rate over and above the control rate which existed before cooling. The increase lasted about 90 min. There were no changes in acid/base status due to interference of the lung inflation reflex which could account for the inhibition of secretion and the subsequent rebound. Cold block of the cervical vagi increased the transpancreatic electrical conductance, indicating that vasodilation had occurred and therefore eliminated a vasomotor cause for the inhibition. Electrolyte secretion was also inhibited by bilateral vagal section. Atropine only partially prevented the inhibitory response to vagal cooling. A cholinergic mechanism, therefore, accounted for some but not all of the response to vagal cooling. It is concluded that even in the fasted, anaesthetized animal vagal impulses facilitate the action of secretin on the pancreas. This facilitation is only partially cholinergic; the major part of the response is due to some non-cholinergic transmitter substance. Such a mechanism may be necessary to potentiate the action of the very small amounts of secretin which appear to be released during a meal. PMID- 6631749 TI - A pace-maker-like current in the sheep atrium and its modulation by catecholamines. AB - A modified single-sucrose-gap system was used to study sheep atrial trabeculae under voltage-clamp conditions. A time- and voltage-dependent current system is described, which resembles the current if in Purkinje fibres. This current was activated at membrane potentials of between -60 and -70 mV in many fibres. The addition of Ba2+ reduced the instantaneous current (the 'jump') and thus facilitated the study of the current if. Current tails were more prominent in the presence of TTX and Mn2+. Most experiments were done in the presence of Ba2+, Mn2+ and TTX. Standard envelope tests and conductance measurements indicated that this current is an inward current, activated on hyperpolarization. We have also labelled the atrial current if. The instantaneous fully activated current-voltage relationship, i(E) was found to be linear in the activation range. Increasing the level of K+, which increased the current magnitude, also increased the slope of the i(E) curve. The current magnitude was also dependent on the level of Na+ in the medium. The current magnitude was increased by adrenaline or isoprenaline. Only a small part of the increase could be attributed to a shift in the voltage dependence of the gating kinetics. The shifts in activation curves were much smaller (3-4 mV in the depolarizing direction) than those in Purkinje fibres. Large shifts in activation curves were obtained with theophylline, indicating that the presence of Ba2+ or Mn2+ did not occlude any shifts by adrenaline. The magnitude of if was increased by theophylline, with a further increase by adrenaline. There is therefore no mutual occlusion of the two effects on if. The slope of the i(E) curve was increased by isoprenaline, indicating that there was an increase in conductance. The presence of propranolol did not prevent the increase in current amplitude by isoprenaline. A direct effect of catecholamines on the channel is suggested. PMID- 6631750 TI - The ionic basis of action potentials in petrosal ganglion cells of the cat. AB - The ionic conductances underlying the action potential and after hyperpolarization of the cat petrosal ganglion neurones with myelinated axons in the carotid nerve were studied in vitro. Neurones were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of an inflexion or hump on the spike falling phase. The application of tetrodotoxin (TTX, 3 X 10(-7)-3 X 10(-6) M) revealed the presence of a TTX-resistant component in spikes with a hump, which was abolished in Na+-free solution. The action potential without a hump was blocked by TTX. The spike hump decreased or was abolished when Ca2+-channel blockers (Mn2+, 3-4 mM or Co2+, 5 mM) or low-Ca2+ solutions (0.1-0.2 mM) were applied to the preparation. In neurones with a hump on the spike, regenerative responses were obtained in Na+-free, high-Ca2+ (8.8 mM) solution; these responses were antagonized by Mn2+, and their amplitude was proportional to the external Ca2+ concentration. It is concluded that the action potential with a hump was produced by an Na+ current, a part of which was TTX-resistant, and by a Ca2+ current which is responsible for the hump. Neurones without a hump had a TTX-sensitive Na+ spike. The spike with a hump was followed by a long-lasting after hyperpolarization which reversed polarity at about -82 mV. During the hyperpolarization an increase in membrane conductance was observed. The amplitude and duration of the long hyperpolarizing potential decreased when Ca2+-channel blockers or low-Ca2+ solutions were applied. In Na+-free solution, regenerative responses were followed by a long hyperpolarization associated with an increase in membrane conductance. It is concluded that the long after-hyperpolarization is produced by activation of the Ca2+-dependent K+ conductance. PMID- 6631751 TI - Membrane properties of cat sensory neurones with chemoreceptor and baroreceptor endings. AB - The properties of chemoreceptor and baroreceptor neurones in the petrosal ganglion of the cat were examined in vitro with intracellular micro-electrodes. Chemoreceptor neurones with myelinated axons (average conduction velocity, 11 m/s) showed action potentials with a hump on the falling phase, followed by a prolonged after-hyperpolarization (average duration, 260 ms). The duration of the hump present in the action potential of chemoreceptor neurones was positively correlated with the duration of the after-hyperpolarization. In response to prolonged depolarization, chemoreceptor neurones showed only one or a few action potentials at the beginning of the depolarization. Two types of baroreceptors neurones with myelinated axons were found: fast (F) baroreceptors (average conduction velocity, 33 m/s) and slow (S) baroreceptors (average conduction velocity, 10 m/s). F baroreceptors had action potentials without a hump followed by a short after-hyperpolarization (average duration, 43 ms), while S baroreceptors had spikes similar to those found in chemoreceptors except for a shorter hyperpolarization (average duration, 145 ms). Both types of baroreceptor neurones fired repetitively throughout prolonged depolarization. It is concluded that, in the petrosal ganglion, primary sensory neurones originating a given type of sensory terminal share a particular set of electrophysiological properties. PMID- 6631752 TI - Sensations evoked by intraneural microstimulation of single mechanoreceptor units innervating the human hand. AB - Intraneural microstimulation (i.n.m.s.) was performed in awake human volunteers, using tungsten micro-electrodes inserted into median and ulnar nerve fascicles supplying the skin of the hand. The same electrodes were used alternatively to record impulse activity from single nerve fibres at the i.n.m.s. sites. Monitoring occasionally, with a proximal electrode, the impulse traffic evoked by i.n.m.s. distally in the same fascicle, established that the stimulation procedure could be made selective enough to activate single myelinated fibres in isolation, while also permitting multifibre recruitment. Monitoring propagated impulses also established that i.n.m.s. of a single myelinated fibre supplying a low-threshold mechanoreceptor in the hand might evoke an elementary sensation. Such sensations were fully endowed with cognitive attributes amenable to psychophysical estimation: quality, magnitude and localized projection. Psychophysical tests were made during i.n.m.s. at intraneural sites where single unit activity was recorded from classified RA, PC, SA I or SA II mechanoreceptors. Changes in excitability of the nerve fibre of an identified unit, induced by further i.n.m.s., certified that the recorded unit had been stimulated during psychophysical tests. Comparing physical location of the receptive field of a recorded unit and localization of the projected field of the corresponding elementary sensation, revealed that either predicted the other accurately. This further assisted identification of the unit activated by i.n.m.s. The type of a recorded unit and the quality of the elementary sensation evoked by its activation were also reciprocally predictive. RA units evoked intermittent tapping, PC units vibration or tickle and SA I units evoked pressure. SA II units evoked no sensation when activated in isolation. Afferent impulse frequency determined magnitude of pressure in the SA I system, and frequency of vibration in the PC system. In the RA system, stimulation frequency determined frequency of tapping-flutter-vibration sensation at relatively low rates and subjective intensity of sensation at high rates. These findings endorse the concept that quality of sensation is coded in specific sensory systems. Further, they provide novel evidence that sensory quality, magnitude and localization can be exquisitely resolved at cognitive levels on the basis of input initiated in a single mechanoreceptor unit. PMID- 6631753 TI - Electrical activities of the muscle layers of the canine colon. AB - The spontaneous electrical and mechanical activities of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers of the canine colon were studied. The smooth muscle cells of the circular muscle layer exhibited regular, omni-present myogenic slow wave activity at a frequency ranging from 4 to 7 c/min. With intracellular micro electrodes, the slow-wave amplitude was 21-38 mV and its duration 3-6 sec. The 'resting' membrane potential was -60 to -76 mV. Some slow waves had superimposed spike bursts on their peak depolarizations and only these were associated with phasic contractions. It is concluded that they serve a pace-maker function similar to their counterpart in the small intestine. The longitudinal muscle layer exhibited periods of electrical activity alternating with periods of electrical quiescence. During the activity periods electrical oscillations occurred at a frequency of 13-35 c/min with spikes on top of them. Each electrical activity period was associated with a prolonged 'tonic' contraction. The duration of these periods was 30-120 sec and their frequency 0.4-1.1 period/min. This activity is similar to that recorded from the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig caecum despite the anatomical differences. The electrical activity periods of the longitudinal muscle appeared to require an excitatory input (stretch and/or acetylcholine release). Provided the strips were not excessively stretched, atropine abolished all electrical and motor activity. Stretching prolonged the electrical activity periods until they eventually fused together and the muscle developed maintained tone. Simultaneously recording from both layers showed that, although electrotonic spread between the two layers is probably insignificant, the activity of the two layers was co-ordinated. Only those slow waves of the circular layer that occurred during the electrical activity periods of the longitudinal layer had superimposed spikes. It is suggested that this co-ordination may indicate that the two muscle layers may be commanded by a common input from periodically active, cholinergic intramural neurones. It is proposed that the complex patterns of colonic electrical and motor activities may be explained as consisting of two major components: one arising from the longitudinal (long spike bursts, high-frequency oscillations and tonic contractions) and the other from the circular layer (slow waves, short spike and phasic contractions). Simultaneous electrical records from the two muscle layers and the mucosa failed to show a consistent relationship between the mucosal record and the activity of either layer. Caution should be exercised in the interpretation of intraluminally derived electrical recordings. PMID- 6631754 TI - [Kidney physiology; functions and regulation of the nephron]. PMID- 6631755 TI - [Response characteristics of the tooth pulp-driven neurons in the 1st somatosensory cortex, especially in the facial sensory area, of the cat]. AB - Unit activities elicited by electrical stimulation of the tooth-pulp and tactile stimulation of the face region were recorded in the face area of the cat's first somatosensory cortex (SI). The tooth pulp driven (TPD) neurons were diffusely distributed in this area and the recording electrode encountered them at the rate of 17.3% (94/542 neurons). All of TPD neurons were also excited by non-noxious tactile stimulation of the face. Therefore, they seem to be polymodal neurons. Although mono-tooth input type neurons appeared at the rate of 15%, the majority of TPD neurons were multi-tooth input type. Many TPD neurons received inputs more dominantly from the mandibular tooth than from the maxillar one, and more dominantly from the molar tooth than from the canine tooth. Half of them received inputs only or dominantly from the contralateral tooth, whereas the incidence of the neurons receiving inputs only or dominantly from the ipsilateral tooth was only about 20%. Generally, many of the former neurons responded with short latencies, while many of the latter neurons responded with long latencies. These findings suggest that the projection pathways from the contralateral tooth to the face area of SI are different from the ipsilateral. PMID- 6631756 TI - Serum haemolytic activity, C3 levels and electrophoretic changes in C3 levels in normal human sera stored at 4 degrees C. PMID- 6631757 TI - Hydatid cyst of the parotid gland (a case report). PMID- 6631758 TI - Nephrobronchial fistula. Closure by thoraco-abdominal approach and the use of free fascia lata graft. (A case report). PMID- 6631759 TI - Ileal atresia with small bowel volvulus in a neonate (a case report). PMID- 6631760 TI - Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia of the scalp. (A case report). PMID- 6631761 TI - Primary malignant haemangio-pericytoma of kidney (a case report). PMID- 6631762 TI - Contiguous direct and retrograde intussusception in association with necrotizing enteritis (a case report). PMID- 6631763 TI - Ascariasis of the gall bladder (a case report). PMID- 6631764 TI - Trisomy 18: Edward's syndrome (a case report of 3 cases). PMID- 6631765 TI - Some problems in the conduct of psychotropic drug trials (a review). PMID- 6631766 TI - The trans-technique aspects of disease and death. PMID- 6631767 TI - Intravenous glucose tolerance test following oral tolbutamide administration. A possible model for the evaluation of a new hypoglycaemic agent. PMID- 6631768 TI - Blunt and penetrating abdominal injuries (a study of 51 cases). PMID- 6631769 TI - On substituting the WAIS-R for the WAIS in neuropsychological assessment: a caution for clinicians. AB - The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) yields lower Full Scale IQs than the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Thus, a prediction about a patient's neuropsychological functioning based on the WAIS-R will differ from that based on the WAIS. The present study compared predicted Halstead Category Test (HCT) error scores based on the WAIS-R with those based on the WAIS. Thirty five patients with the neurological and/or psychiatric conditions completed the HCT and WAIS-R, while 35 diagnostically similar patients were given HCT and WAIS. Regression equations to estimate HCT error scores were developed with the use of appropriate Full Scale IQs as the predictors. Results indicated that predicted HCT error scores were higher with the WAIS Full Scale IQ than with the WAIS-R. When the WAIS-R is substituted for the WAIS in a neuropsychological battery, the established relationship between IQ and expected neuropsychological performance should not be utilized. PMID- 6631770 TI - Information seeking among safety and health managers. AB - A national survey of information seeking about work-related safety and health matters was conducted among 574 safety and health managers from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration. Specific beliefs about the seriousness, likelihood, and effectiveness of present work hazards as well as the need for additional information were used to predict self-reported information-seeking activities. The results revealed that the beliefs of how well the managers protect themselves from hazards, the seriousness of needing information, the likelihood of needing additional information, and the usefulness of this information were significant predictors of safety and health information seeking. Manager beliefs of how well coworkers protect themselves from hazards and felt need for additional information were not related to information seeking. Manager perceptions of coworkers as less careful and informed concerning safety are discussed. PMID- 6631771 TI - A multimethod approach to measuring anger in children. AB - In order to investigate the relationship between self-reported anger, peer-report of anger, teacher ratings of anger, and the presence of anger management problems in emotionally disturbed children, 38 children in a psychiatric hospital served as subjects. Results indicated that there was a significant relationship between a child's self-report score obtained on the Children's Inventory of Anger and his or her behavior as perceived by peers and as presented at the time of admission to the hospital. Teacher ratings were related to peer reports but not to either self-report or the presenting problems that brought the child to the hospital. Results were discussed in terms of their implications for future research and the need to view anger from different perspectives. PMID- 6631772 TI - Gaining research access to retarded children in public schools. AB - The issue of gaining research access to mentally retarded children attending public schools is discussed. Preliminary steps completed prior to conducting a research investigation in the school settings were described within the framework of two independent studies. The important role of the special education teacher in conducting research in the natural environment is delineated. PMID- 6631773 TI - The effects of smoking on memory consolidation. AB - The effects of smoking deprivation and of smoking a single .8 mg, 1.3 mg or 2 mg nicotine yield cigarette, immediately post acquisition on a paired-associate learning task, were studied in 54 male smokers and 15 male nonsmokers. Subjects were retested for retention of the memorized material at intervals of one-half hour, one day, one week, and one month. Nonsmokers showed superior recall to all smokers at one-half-hour retest, and to some of the smoking groups on later re tests. At one-month retest the low- and middle-nicotine cigarette smokers outperformed high-nicotine cigarette smokers. Low/middle-nicotine smokers achieved superior recall to nonsmokers at one-month retest. Results are discussed in terms of smoker versus nonsmoker differences, in terms of the effects of nicotine on memory consolidation, and in terms of the PAL response measure adopted. PMID- 6631774 TI - Ultrastructural study on the development of Babesia equi (Coccidia: Piroplasmia) in the salivary glands of its vector ticks. AB - The formation of Babesia equi sporozoites in the salivary glands of three tick species (Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, H. a. excavatum, Rhipicephalus turanicus) was studied by electron microscopy. The development was identical in all three vectors. On the 8th day post repletionem kinetes of B. equi had invaded alveoli of the nymphal salivary glands and were transformed to sporonts bounded by a single membrane. The sporonts were polymorphous bodies each with a highly lobed nucleus and numerous mitochondria. These stages persisted during ecdysis of the tick nymph to the adult stage. After attachment of these newly molted adults to a new host the formation of sporozoites was completed within five days. The sporonts occupied most of the infected alveolus and were extensively divided into cytoplasmic portions of various size. On the 4th day after attachment of the tick, sporozoite-anlagen, into each of which a nucleus and a mitochondrion were incorporated, appeared at the periphery of the sporonts. An apical complex with a polar ring, rhoptries, and micronemes was formed at the tip of each protruding anlage. Finally thousands of pyriform sporozoites (3.0 X 1.2 microns) filled the hypertrophied alveolus. This development is similar to sporogony in the genus Theileria. PMID- 6631775 TI - Leishmania: chemotaxic responses of promastigotes and macrophages in vitro. AB - Promastigotes of Leishmania move progressively up a concentration gradient of: various sugars, specific sugars attracting individual species of Leishmania; serum albumin and another unidentified constituent of serum; hemoglobin; and a factor generated by promastigotes in NNN medium. The movement of promastigotes up a concentration gradient of serum is optimal at a pH of 6.4 to 6.8 and a temperature of 28 degrees C and above. Cholinergic and adrenergic agents did not affect the attraction of serum for promastigotes, and cyclic nucleotides, inflammatory mediators, and macrophage products were not chemotaxic. It is postulated that the sugar chemotaxins influence the movement of promastigotes from the sand fly midgut to the esophagus, and serum chemotaxins may play a part in the entry of promastigotes into the skin of a mammal from the proboscis. Macrophages, the host cell of the obligate intracellular Leishmania species, were not attracted to any product of promastigotes. When, however, promastigotes interact with serum, complement is activated to form C5a which is chemotaxic for macrophages. Activation of complement by promastigotes is, at least partially, by the alternate pathway. Other chemotaxins resulting from promastigote interaction with serum may also be present. Promastigotes may also produce inhibitors of C5a activity. PMID- 6631776 TI - In vitro response of Blastocystis hominis to antiprotozoal drugs. AB - Ten antiprotozoal drugs were tested in vitro against four axenic strains of the intestinal parasite Blastocystis hominis. Inhibitory drugs in order of effectiveness were emetine, metronidazole, furazolidone, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, 5-chloro-8-hydroxy-7-iodo-quinoline (Entero-Vioform), and pentamidine. Moderately inhibitory were two quinolines other than iodochlorhydroxquin. These were chloroquine and 5,7-diiodo-8-hydroxy-quinoline (Floraquin). Diloxanide furoate was not inhibitory. Paromomycin and other antibiotics were not inhibitory. Entero-Vioform and metronidazole have been effective in human and higher primate diarrhea caused by B. hominis. PMID- 6631777 TI - Invasion of Babesia microti into epithelial cells of the tick gut. AB - During feeding a peritrophic membrane (PM) is formed in the gut of the tick Ixodes dammini, dividing the lumen of the gut into an ecto- and endoperitrophic space. Babesia and all food particles ingested with the blood meal by the tick are retained in the endoperitrophic space, the lumen proper. Only Babesia equipped with a highly specialized organelle, the arrowhead, are able to pass the PM and enter the ectoperitrophic compartment. During the crossing of the PM the arrowhead loses its density, suggesting that enzymes released from it dissolve the polymers in the PM, making passage of the parasite through this barrier possible. In the ectoperitrophic space the arrowhead of Babesia touches the epithelial cell. At the point of contact the membrane of the host cell starts to invaginate, and simultaneously the arrowhead's fine structure loses its highly organized pattern. The growing host membrane encircles the parasite and the arrowhead diminishes progressively in size. When the piroplasm is inside the host cell, the arrowhead can no longer be found. During invasion the host membrane often touches the parasite's plasma membrane at the site of a coiled structure, and the host membrane becomes ruptured and the nearby host cytoplasm appears to be lysed. Babesia inside the host cell is covered solely by its own plasma membrane; the invaginated host membrane is missing. It is postulated that the latter disintegrates during invasion by the parasite through the action of enzymes from the coiled structure. The parasite is surrounded by a halo of homogeneous material deriving most probably from the lysed host cytoplasm. PMID- 6631778 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to Toxoplasma cell membrane surface antigens protect mice from toxoplasmosis. AB - Groups of mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of one of six monoclonal antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii, a mixture of equal amounts of five monoclonal antibodies to T. gondii, or the murine myeloma protein MOPC 21, and challenged with either a highly virulent or moderately virulent parasite strain. Two monoclonal antibodies (FMC 19 and FMC 22) conferred total protection against the moderately virulent challenge, with all mice surviving, whereas 90% of control mice died. FMC 19 and FMC 22 also conferred significant protection against the highly virulent challenge as indicated by a prolonged mean time to death (MTD) of immunized compared with control groups of mice. One monoclonal antibody (FMC 23) and the mixture of five antibodies gave significant protection against the moderately virulent challenge only. Passive immunization with dilutions of FMC 22 antibody indicated that the lowest serum titer needed to confer significant protection to mice against a moderately virulent Toxoplasma challenge was 1/640. Mice challenged with highly virulent tachyzoites that had been preincubated with FMC 22 had a significantly longer MTD than mice challenged with highly virulent tachyzoites that had been preincubated with MOPC 21 or phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.2 (PBS). Immunoprecipitation and autoradiography of radiolabeled tachyzoites confirmed that FMC 19 was directed against a 35,000 molecular weight (mol. wt.) antigen and FMC 22 was directed against a 14,000 mol. wt. fraction. The potential for use of single antigens as protective immunogens in preventing toxoplasmosis is raised. PMID- 6631779 TI - Ultrastructural localization of enzymes involved in the feeding process in Plasmodium chabaudi and Babesia hylomysci. AB - In P. chabaudi, hemoglobin digestion occurs in two ways: micropinocytosis and cytostomal phagocytosis. Both mechanisms lead to the formation of digestive vesicles which evolve to pigment vesicles containing hemozoin crystals. We used ultrastructural enzyme cytochemistry to detect and localize endoarylamidase and aminopeptidase activity. In P. chabaudi, these two enzymes are at first detected at the level of cytoplasmic ribosomes. When pinocytic vesicles appear, enzyme activity is localized at the membrane of the newly formed vesicles. Then, the labelling extends to the vesicle contents where it becomes very prominent. In the late trophozoite, enzymatic activity decreases and is no longer detected. In B. hylomysci, no endoarylamidase activity can be detected. Aminopeptidase is noted in the cytoplasm, the labelling being heavier in the growing trophozoites than in the younger stages. No vesicles or pigment can be observed. We thus conclude that aminopeptidase or endoarylamidase are synthesized in the cytoplasm of P. chabaudi and migrate to the digestive vesicles where hemoglobin digestion occurs. We do not know whether Babesia degrades hemoglobin since it does not produce residual pigment. It could feed from small peptides or amino acids coming from or through the stroma of the red blood cell. PMID- 6631780 TI - Comparison of Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria gruberi cultivated in the same nutrient medium. AB - The human pathogenic amoeboflagellate Naegleria fowleri and the nonpathogenic species N. gruberi can be cultivated axenically but usually in different media. Naegleria fowleri 6088 has been adapted to grow in Balamuth H-4 medium, usually used to propagate N. gruberi nB81, and nB81 has been adapted to grow in supplemented Nelson's medium, usually used to propagate N. fowleri. N. gruberi nB81, grown in either medium, enflagellated 135 to 150 min after subculture to non-nutrient amoeba saline, whereas 6088 required 225 min. Naegleria gruberi nB81 grown in either medium was agglutinated by 100 micrograms concanavalin A/ml, whereas N. fowleri 6088 was not. Naegleria fowleri and N. gruberi grown in Nelson's medium became rounded to a greater extent upon chilling at 5 degrees C and remained rounded longer than Naegleria grown in Balamuth medium. The specificity of the surface antigens was an inherent characteristic of each species and not dependent upon the propagating medium, but Naegleria grown in Nelson's medium was agglutinated more reproducibly and more effectively by antiserum. N. gruberi was somewhat more resistant to acriflavine, actinomycin D, cycloheximide, or tetracycline than N. fowleri, regardless of the culture medium. Naegleria fowleri 6088 grown in Nelson's medium, however, was more resistant to actinomycin D, daunomycin, mithramycin, sulfamethoxazole, or tyrocidine than 6088 grown in Balamuth medium. There are limitations on the validity of comparisons of N. fowleri and N. gruberi based upon cultures grown in different media. PMID- 6631781 TI - The pathogenic amoeboflagellate Naegleria fowleri: environmental isolations, competitors, ecologic interactions, and the flagellate-empty habitat hypothesis. AB - From several surveys of environmental sites, the virulent human pathogen, Naegleria fowleri, was isolated from a pond in Georgia, a sewage treatment plant in Missouri, and from the Potomac and Anacostia rivers near and in Washington, D.C. Widely scattered, sparse populations seemed only a potential threat to human health at the time of sampling. The data support an estimate that the sites sampled contain 10,000 typical, low temperature, bactivorous amoebae for each heat tolerant amoeba able to grow at 45 degrees C. Heat tolerant competitors were much more common than N. fowleri. Naegleria lovaniensis, which is heat tolerant but nonpathogenic, was isolated from and downstream from an open air thermal pollution temperature gradient. Hot piles of composting sewage sludge yielded no amoeboflagellates, many heat tolerant (45-49 degrees C) amoebae, and one thermophilic (52 degrees C) Acanthamoeba. Features of the methods used include two-stage incubation to increase isolation of sparse organisms and distinction of N. fowleri from almost all other amoebae on agar plates. The flagellate-empty habitat hypothesis postulates a general model in which human intervention and/or natural events remove usual competitors and the ability to transform to a motile flagellate confers an advantage in recolonizing. PMID- 6631782 TI - Fine structure and cytochemistry of the hydrogenosome of Tritrichomonas foetus. AB - Fine structural studies of the hydrogenosomes of Tritrichomonas foetus using an improved fixative reveal that they are enclosed by two closely apposed 6 nm membranes, which separate at some regions forming a large intramembranous vacuole where Ca++-binding sites are located. Fixation of the cells in a glutaraldehyde solution containing 5 mM CaCl2 and postfixation in an osmium tetroxide-potassium ferrocyanide solution led to the appearance of a reaction product associated with certain regions of the membrane of the hydrogenosomes and in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, in the recurrent flagellum, and in the plasma membrane. Treatment of ultrathin sections with EGTA removed the reaction product. These results, in association with others previously described, indicate the existence of several similarities between the hydrogenosomes and the mitochondria. PMID- 6631783 TI - Ultrastructure of the amoeboflagellate Tetramitus rostratus. AB - The life-cycle of the amoeboflagellate Tetramitus rostratus includes amoeboid, cyst, and flagellate stages. The ultrastructure of these three stages is illustrated, with particular emphasis on flagellate morphology. Amoeba morphology is typical of that of limax amoebas. Cysts, forming from trophic amoebas, are enclosed by a wall made up of two layers: ectocyst (ca. 70 nm), and endocyst (200 nm). The wall apparently forms from precursor material present in vesicles in the pre-cyst stage cytoplasm. Flagellate morphology is characterized by a well defined top-shaped profile, maintained by microtubules under the plasma membrane. The flagellar apparatus or mastigont consists of four flagella, their basal bodies, sheaves of microtubules associated with two of the basal bodies, and several rhizoplasts (periodicity 20 nm). A deep, microtubule-supported, ventral invagination appears to function as a gullet. A small number of mitotic stages observed in amoeboid and flagellate individuals suggests similarity in the division process in both stages: intranuclear mitotic apparatus, nucleolus persisting through mitosis, no centrioles or basal bodies functioning as centrioles, difficulty in resolving chromosomes. The text compares ultrastructures of several amoeboflagellate organisms and evaluates the phylogenetic significance of those features common to different species. On the basis of this study, Tetramitus most closely resembles Naegleria spp. PMID- 6631784 TI - Upper limb dysplasia, form and function. PMID- 6631785 TI - The use of steroids in shock. PMID- 6631786 TI - Does surgical glove powder decrease the inoculum of bacteria required to produce an abscess? PMID- 6631787 TI - Three decades of brain abscess in Merseyside. PMID- 6631788 TI - Anterior sacral meningoceles. PMID- 6631789 TI - The radiological assessment of the obstructed biliary tree. PMID- 6631790 TI - Spontaneous perforation of common bile duct. PMID- 6631791 TI - Spontaneous rupture of intrahepatic bile ducts. PMID- 6631792 TI - Extensor digitorum brevis transfer in chronic unstable ankles. PMID- 6631793 TI - Crohn's colitis presenting with perforation. PMID- 6631794 TI - Wandering spleen. PMID- 6631795 TI - Fracture shaft of penis. Non-surgical treatment of three cases. PMID- 6631796 TI - A technique for excising small skin lesions. PMID- 6631797 TI - A general practice approach to influencing smoking habits. PMID- 6631798 TI - Enquiries into infant deaths. PMID- 6631799 TI - William Pickles lecture 1983. Quantity, quality and controversy. PMID- 6631800 TI - Sale of cigarettes to children in Exeter. AB - The sale of cigarettes to children in Exeter was investigated. Thirty-seven local shops were visited and the salespeople interviewed: 28 incorrectly understood the relevant law and seven had no knowledge of it. Only seven people said they tried to keep within the law. Only two of the 37 shops were displaying the Tobacco Advisory Council's explanatory notice sent to every cigarette retailer in the United Kingdom in 1981. Every shop sold cigarettes. It is proposed that: a notice explaining the law be displayed in all cigarette retailing shops; the tobacconist's licence (abolished in 1963) be reintroduced; and local civic and health authorities combine to educate retailers, their staff and the public. PMID- 6631801 TI - Intervention against smoking and its relationship to general practitioners' smoking habits. AB - A postal survey was carried out in June and July 1980 to find out if there was any relationship between smoking habits of general practitioners and their reported intervention against smoking among their patients. Responses from 342 general practitioners in London and Kent indicated that there was a relationship: general practitioners who smoked cigarettes (13 per cent of the sample) were less likely to advise or help their patients to stop smoking than general practitioners who smoked a pipe or cigars or who did not smoke at all. The survey also yielded an estimate of smoking prevalence among general practitioners which indicated that prevalence has continued to decline, and that fewer general practitioners are being recruited to smoking. PMID- 6631802 TI - Smoking among schoolchildren. AB - As part of its health education programme, the Irish Cancer Society sponsored studies of the smoking habits of Dublin schoolchildren in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was decided to review the situation a decade later, and accordingly the Health Education Bureau, the Medico-Social Research Board and the Irish Cancer Society funded a survey of smokers among Dublin post-primary schoolchildren in 1981.The prevalance of smoking among schoolchildren is still at a high level, and the main change over the last 10 years has been the fact that girls have almost caught up with the boys. It was hard to evaluate the effect of health education over the decade. Although many of the ;smoking' students wanted to give up smoking the reason was not long-term health. In fact, concentrating on the ;cancer/shorten life' effects of smoking may be counterproductive and anti smoking campaigns should perhaps stress the immediate benefits of giving up smoking-better breathing, increased ability for sport, saving of money, and so on. PMID- 6631803 TI - Otitis externa: are we giving adequate care? AB - A series of 26 patients with diagnosis of otitis externa were given treatment consisting of either drops only or manual aural toilet followed by aural drops. The efficacy in terms of resolution of symptoms and clinical signs were compared. In all but the most minor of cases, adequate curative treatment had to consist of complete aural toilet as well as aural drops. It was also shown that without aural toilet and visualization of the tympanum, more serious middle ear pathology could be missed.This study indicates that unless the patient is given the opportunity to have his ears properly cleaned, the general practitioner may not only be giving inadequate and ineffective treatment, but he may also be missing serious ear disease. PMID- 6631804 TI - Letter from the Himalayas 2: community based health care. PMID- 6631805 TI - Smoking habits of doctors and their spouses in south east Scotland. PMID- 6631806 TI - The relationship between the college and the pharmaceutical industry. PMID- 6631807 TI - The relationship between the college and the pharmaceutical industry. PMID- 6631808 TI - Hypotension following stimulation of acupuncture point Fengchi (G B 20) PMID- 6631809 TI - Incorporation of selenium-75 into semen and reproductive tissues of bulls and rams. AB - After intramuscular injections of 500 muCi 75Se, semen was collected periodically over a 63-day period from a selenium-deficient and a selenium-injected ram which were then killed for collection of the reproductive organs for the gel filtration studies. Testes, accessory glands and semen were also obtained from a bull injected intravenously with 75Se. Gel filtration (Sephadex G 150) of ram testis cytosol resulted in 4 75Se peaks (Ve/Vo ratios of 1 X 1, 1 X 5, 2 X 3, 2 X 9). In the selenium-injected ram the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) peak (Ve/Vo 1 X 5) predominated, but in the selenium-deficient ram, radioactivity of the GSH-Px peak was less than that of the higher molecular weight peak (Ve/Vo 1 X 1). Gel filtration chromatograms of bull testis cytosol yielded 5 75Se peaks (Ve/Vo 1 X 1, 1 X 5, 1 X 9, 2 X 4, 2 X 8). In chromatograms of ram seminal plasma on Sephacryl S-200 there were 2 major (Ve/Vo 1 X 4, 1 X 1) and 2 minor peaks (Ve/Vo 1 X 7, 2 X 4). 75Se increased with time up to 49 days after injection in all peaks. 75Se-labelled bull seminal plasma yielded 2 75Se peaks (Ve/Vo 1 X 1, 1 X 4) which corresponded to the major peaks of ram seminal plasma. Bull and ram seminal plasma GSH-Px activities per mg protein were comparable (28 and 29 nmol NADPHox/min, respectively), but when expressed per ml seminal plasma, activity of the bull was more than 7 times the highest activity of ram seminal plasma (2908 and 385 nmol NADPHox/min, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631810 TI - Mouse sperm capacitation assessed by kinetics and morphology of fertilization in vitro. AB - Epididymal mouse spermatozoa were preincubated for periods of 5-120 min and then tested for their ability to penetrate freshly ovulated eggs synchronously and rapidly. When zona-intact eggs were used, only suspensions preincubated for 120 min gave consistently high rates of fertilization, but suspensions preincubated for 30 min were functionally equivalent to those incubated for 120 min when used with zona-free eggs; the only major observable differences were a 15-min lag in sperm-egg interaction and an increased incidence of asynchrony with multiple sperm penetrations. A morphological study of sperm-egg interactions using zona intact eggs indicated that, within 35 min of gamete mixing, egg microvilli could be detected by SEM in association with the fertilizing sperm head. Using conventional light microscopic examination of fixed and stained preparations, initial stages of sperm head decondensation could be detected in the majority of eggs after 45-60 min and the process was essentially completed, with the egg at the telophase-second polar body stage of meiosis II, after 75 min. Similar kinetics were observed with sperm concentrations of 10(5) and 10(6)/ml. The time required for penetration by capacitated sperm suspensions is therefore relatively short and the most accurate information regarding state of capacitation and rate of sperm penetration can be obtained by choosing an appropriately short interval for sperm-egg interaction before assessment. PMID- 6631811 TI - The appearance and characteristics of early pregnancy factor in the pig. AB - The occurrence of early pregnancy factor in the pig has been established by the rosette inhibition test and by the criteria that gel filtration of serum resulted in a number of peaks of activity similar to those observed in other species. In the pig EPF is present virtually to the end of pregnancy, with a biphasic production in which the titres of EPF decline markedly in mid-pregnancy. Free EPF A appears concurrently with EPF in the first 3 weeks of pregnancy in some but not all pigs. The presence of excess EPF-A has an inhibitory effect in the rosette inhibition test and modifications, including an initial serum dialysis step, have been introduced into the test to take account of this inhibitory effect. PMID- 6631812 TI - Mechanism of inhibition by gossypol of glycolysis and motility of monkey spermatozoa in vitro. AB - Low levels of gossypol inhibited motility and anaerobic glycolysis of ejaculated rhesus monkey spermatozoa. Inhibition (50%) of both occurred at a gossypol: sperm ratio of 8 nmol/10(8) spermatozoa, and complete inhibition of both occurred at a ratio of 75 nmol/10(8) spermatozoa. Determination and comparison of the levels of glycolytic intermediates in intact spermatozoa, incubated with and without gossypol, indicated that the only site of glycolytic inhibition was lactate dehydrogenase-X (EC 1 X 1 X 1 X 27). At gossypol: sperm ratios above 6 nmol/10(8) spermatozoa, gossypol also decreased the concentrations of the adenine nucleotides, ATP, ADP and AMP, and this is most probably the basis for its toxic effect on spermatozoa. PMID- 6631813 TI - Graafian follicle growth and replacement in anovulatory ovaries of ageing C57BL/6J mice. AB - The growth of preantral follicles and replacement of large Graafian follicles was studied in reproductively senescent C57BL/6J mice immediately after the loss of oestrous cyclicity when the ovary is approaching exhaustion of its follicular reserve. Granulosa cells were labelled in vivo by injection of tritiated thymidine and were evaluated by autoradiography. At 1 h after injection, labelling was confined almost exclusively to the cumulus and neighbouring cells whereas the distribution of labelled granulosa cells in preantral follicles was approximately uniform. The proportion of labelled mural cells in Graafian follicles rose from initially low values to maximal levels 3 days later; this suggested that those follicles that were Graafian at the time of injection had been replaced by recruitment of preantral stages. The rate of growth of preantral follicles was similar in senescent anovulatory mice and in young adult animals. A simple model was constructed to illustrate how persistent vaginal cornification in ageing mice is sustained by a stream of Graafian follicles and why some of the latter did not respond fully to an ovulatory dose of hCG. PMID- 6631814 TI - Production of identical twins by bisection of blastocysts in the cow. AB - Day-8 embryos were recovered by a non-surgical method from superovulated crossbred heifers. Normal expanded blastocysts with a distinct inner cell mass and a trophoblast were released from the zona pellucida and bisected along a sagittal plane into two 'half' blastocysts. Each 'half' blastocyst was replaced in an empty zona pellucida and cultured for 2 h in B2 medium. After culture the 'half' blastocysts were directly transferred to recipient heifers via the cervix. From 11 blastocysts, 11 monozygotic 'half' blastocyst pairs were transferred to 11 recipients: 8 recipients became pregnant, 4 carried twins and one delivered a normal calf and an acardiacus amorphus monster consisting of disorganized embryonic tissues. A further 11 'half' blastocysts were transferred as singletons to 11 recipients. Five recipients were apparently pregnant at Day 42. One returned to oestrus at Day 45, 3 were carrying normal fetuses and 1 a pair of normal twin fetuses when slaughtered at Day 128. It is concluded that even after the first irreversible cellular differentiation which occurs at the blastocyst stage it is still possible to produce identical cattle twins by bisection of the Day-8 blastocyst. PMID- 6631815 TI - Response of ovariectomized ewes to injection of oestradiol-17 beta at different times of the year. AB - Long-term ovariectomized Clun Forest ewes were challenged with a range of doses (12.5-50.0 micrograms/injection) of oestradiol benzoate every 2 months from March to November. All treatments induced a biphasic pattern of change in LH concentrations, consisting of an initial depression in concentrations followed by an LH peak, similar to a preovulatory LH surge. The positive feedback response to 12.5 micrograms oestradiol was significantly lower than that after the two higher dose levels, but the magnitude of the response showed no significant seasonal variation. It is concluded that a seasonal change in responsiveness to positive feedback is unlikely to contribute to the absence of ovulation during seasonal anoestrus. PMID- 6631816 TI - Evolution of the diameters of the largest healthy and atretic follicles during the human menstrual cycle. AB - Analysis of ovaries from 31 women with normal ovarian function permitted study of the diameter of the largest healthy and atretic follicles during the menstrual cycle. The follicle destined to ovulate is selected during the early follicular phase (Days 1-5). Throughout the cycle the diameter of the largest healthy follicles, with the exception of the dominant follicle, did not exceed, on average, 6 mm during the follicular phase and 4 mm during the luteal phase. Consequently, excluding the dominant follicle during the second half of the follicular phase, the largest follicles present in the human ovary are atretic. From these data, it was concluded that a new ovulation could not occur very soon after a spontaneous or experimentally induced premature disappearance of the dominant follicle or the corpus luteum of the cycle. PMID- 6631817 TI - Simultaneous determinations of uterine blood flow and plasma concentrations of placental lactogen in late-pregnant goats. AB - Blood flow in the middle uterine artery was measured with electromagnetic blood flow probes, and placental lactogen in jugular and uterine venous plasma was estimated as total lactogenic activity using a radioreceptor assay. There was no circadian variation in uterine arterial blood flow in late pregnancy (Days 105 124) and the pattern of blood flow varied between goats. Blood flow was quite stable for periods of up to 40 min although at other times a rapid fall (by up to 90%) was followed by a gradual recovery. These spontaneous changes lasting up to 30 min could not be consistently related to postural or behavioural changes. Acute decreases of about the same duration could also be induced by administration of adrenaline. In the short-term there was no association between uterine blood flow and total lactogenic activity in the peripheral circulation during spontaneous or adrenaline-induced depression of blood flow. More limited short-term observations on total lactogenic activity in the uterine vein also failed to show a relationship with blood flow in the uterine artery. PMID- 6631818 TI - Influence of epididymal maturation on the capacity of hamster and rabbit spermatozoa for complement activation. AB - Hamster and rabbit spermatozoa released from the epididymis were tested for the ability to activate complement via the alternative pathway. While hamster spermatozoa were more active, the spermatozoa of both species reduced complement activity in homologous and also human serum previously adsorbed to remove sperm antibodies, and they bound C3 in the presence of EGTA + Mg2+. Hamster spermatozoa from the caput epididymidis were more anticomplementary and bound more C3 than did cauda spermatozoa and, though less marked, a similar difference was evident between caput and cauda spermatozoa from the rabbit epididymis. PMID- 6631819 TI - Influence of complement depletion on sperm function in the female rabbit. AB - Female rabbits were wholly depleted of complement by treatment with anti complementary cobra venom factor (CVF) 36 h before mating. Complement depletion did not compromise occurrence of the acrosome reaction, as judged by sperm penetration of eggs collected 12-13 h post coitum. However, in CVF-treated females, significantly more spermatozoa had penetrated the egg vestments, more spermatozoa were present in flushings from the oviducts, and sometimes the uterus, than in control females mated to the same males. The results indicate that, although the acrosome reaction is unlikely to depend on complement activation, complement-dependent factors may exert a restrictive effect on spermatozoa after vaginal insemination of the normal female rabbit. PMID- 6631820 TI - Potassium ions modulate expression of mouse sperm fertilizing ability, acrosome reaction and hyperactivated motility in vitro. AB - In K+-free medium, epididymal sperm suspensions, whether washed free of epididymally-derived K+ or not, were unable to penetrate washed cumulus masses; some penetration of zona-free eggs was obtained with unwashed sperm suspensions, while washed samples were generally non-fertilizing. Within 5 min of K+ introduction, however, spermatozoa were able to fertilize intact eggs rapidly and synchronously, indicating that K+ was not required for capacitation. Measurements of extracellular K+ concentrations in these experiments indicate that 0.1-0.15 mM K+ is sufficient to support sperm: egg fusion, but concentrations greater than 0.15 mM are required for penetration of cumulus-intact eggs. When medium of normal osmolality (318 mosmol) but elevated K+/Na+ ratio (27.7 mM/125 mM) was compared with control medium (2.7/150), the former promoted lower rates of penetration after both 30 and 120 min preincubation (8 and 10%, respectively) than those obtained with control medium (45 and 95%). Upon reduction to the ratio in control media, however, the fertilizing potential of these suspensions was equivalent to control samples: relatively slow and asynchronous penetration after 30 min preincubation (50%) and rapid, synchronous penetration after 120 min (92%). Thus there was no evidence of a shortening of sperm capacitation time, but rather a suppression of fertilizing potential in the presence of elevated K+. Uterine sperm samples recovered shortly after mating gave similar results when tested in these media 30 and 120 min after release from the male tract. Preincubation of epididymal samples in high K+ (27.7 mM) hyperosmolal media (368 mosmol) for 30 min significantly shortened sperm capacitation as shown by rapid penetration of intact eggs (94%) after reduction in osmolality, but this appeared to be a non-specific effect; high Na+ (175 mM) hyperosmolal medium had a similar effect (98% of eggs fertilized). Acrosome loss and hyperactivated motility were significantly lower in media with very low or very high K+ concentrations but, after alteration to control medium values, increased to levels similar to those obtained with control samples. It is proposed that the relatively high K+ concentrations found in female tract fluids (approximately 20-30 mM) may serve to modulate fertilizing potential of spermatozoa in vivo. PMID- 6631821 TI - Variability in different lots of commercial bovine serum albumin affects cell multiplication and hatching of rabbit blastocysts in culture. AB - Rabbit morulae were cultured in vitro for 4 days in a synthetic culture medium supplemented with two different lots of commercial bovine serum albumin (BSA) and two different amino acid formulations in a factorial 2 x 2 arrangement. One lot of BSA caused complete hatching of a proportion of blastocysts and formation of more than twice as many cells per blastocyst (hatched and unhatched) as that of the second BSA lot which did not cause complete hatching of any blastocysts. The mean cell numbers of hatched blastocysts were more than twice those of non hatched blastocysts. There was no significant effect of amino acid formulation. PMID- 6631822 TI - Contrasting effects of oestradiol-17 beta and human chorionic gonadotrophin on steroidogenesis in the rabbit corpus luteum. AB - On Day 10 of pseudopregnancy, rabbits were given an i.v. injection of hCG (10-20 i.u.) that was sufficient to cause new ovulations and the loss of follicular oestradiol secretion. There was an immediate 3-4-fold rise in serum progesterone which returned to near prestimulation values (approximately 27 ng/ml) within 12 h in the presence of an implant containing oestradiol-17 beta. In the absence of oestradiol, serum progesterone continued to decline to reach low values (approximately 4 ng/ml) within 24 h and the original corpora lutea subsequently regressed. The administration of oestradiol 24 h after injection of hCG, when progesterone secretion was low, arrested any further decline in progesterone and then restored serum progesterone to normal values. This steroidogenic effect of oestradiol in vivo was a function of enhanced luteal steroidogenesis; corpora lutea removed and incubated for 12 h produced progesterone at high, linear rates, whereas the corpora lutea from animals that did not receive oestradiol produced low or insignificant quantities of progesterone in vitro. We conclude that hCG at these doses is compatible with continued responsiveness of the corpora lutea to oestrogen and that hCG produces its luteolytic effect primarily by ovulating follicles, thus stopping the secretion of the luteotrophic hormone, oestradiol. PMID- 6631823 TI - Effects of alpha-trichosanthin and alpha-momorcharin on the development of peri implantation mouse embryos. AB - alpha-Trichosanthin (0.3 mg/25 g) and alpha-momorcharin (0.2 mg/25 g) given intraperitoneally to mice on Days 4 and 6 of pregnancy led to an inhibition of implantation. In-vitro study of the effects of these proteins on developing mouse embryos showed that these proteins did not affect the transformation of morulae to blastocysts but further development was impaired: many blastocysts failed to hatch from the zona, the incidence of successful attachment to a plastic substrate decreased and the extent of trophoblastic outgrowth diminished. Inner cell mass development was less affected than was the trophoblast. The in-vivo inhibition of implantation may therefore be a consequence of the deleterious effect of these proteins on the trophoblast. PMID- 6631824 TI - Reproductive effects of immunizing heifers against androstenedione and oestradiol 17 beta. AB - Heifers were treated with saline (Group I, N = 10), keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH; Group II, N = 10), androstenedione-KLH antigen (Group III, N = 14), or oestradiol-17 beta-KLH antigen (Group IV, N = 14). Booster injections were given to produce binding of greater than 10% at dilutions of 1:100 to 1:1000 (50% binding = 14 X 4 pg androstenedione and 9 X 5 pg oestradiol). The heifers were mated and killed at approximately 46 days of gestation to establish ovulation rates, calf numbers, blood hormone relationships and ovarian morphology. Ovulation rate in animals immunized against androstenedione (Group III) was significantly greater than in the other groups; 4 of the animals had double ovulations and 3 had twins. No significant differences were found between Groups I, II and IV in relation to ovulation or pregnancy rate and animals immunized against oestradiol-17 beta continued to cycle and become pregnant. Systemic progesterone, androstenedione and oestrogen levels were generally increased in Groups III and IV but the differences were not significant. No differences were detected between treatment groups in relation to CL weights, ovarian weights, follicle sizes or numbers. No binding of [3H]androstenedione or [3H]oestradiol-17 beta was detected in allantoic or amniotic fluids or fetal serum. Maternal antibody binding was correlated with binding of [3H]androstenedione and [3H]oestradiol in the follicular fluid sampled from the two largest follicles in the ovaries of each animal (Group III, r = 0 X 59; Group IV, r = 0 X 60; P less than 0 X 05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631825 TI - Maternal recognition of pregnancy in the rabbit. AB - Conceptuses were removed by extrusion through incisions in the uterus on Days 11, 12 and 18 post coitum (p.c.). Pseudopregnant does at Days 11 and 12 and pregnant does at Day 18 were sham-operated and served as controls. Blood samples were collected before and daily for 3 days after conceptus removal. Serum progesterone profiles of does whose conceptuses were removed on Day 11 p.c. were identical to those of intact pseudopregnant and sham-operated pseudopregnant controls. Conceptus removal on Days 12 or 18 p.c. resulted in a precipitous decline (P less than 0 X 01) in progesterone levels within 48 h. LH levels were low (less than 1 ng/ml) in all groups before and after surgery and there were no significant differences between treated and control rabbits. These data demonstrate that the maternal recognition of pregnancy occurs by Day 12 of gestation and that conceptus removal does not result in an alteration in serum LH levels. PMID- 6631826 TI - Reciprocal translocation 60,XY,t(8;15) (21;24) in cattle. AB - G-band karyotyping of 20 Alpine Grey AI bulls resulted in the detection of a reciprocal translocation 60,XY,t(8;15) (21;24) in 1 bull. The 60-90 days non return rate of this translocation-bearing bull was very poor (25%). PMID- 6631827 TI - Effect of changing photoperiod on peripheral plasma prolactin and progesterone concentrations in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). AB - In tammar wallabies kept in normal daylengths between the equinoxes, births occurred at the normal time after the summer solstice and the progesterone profile reflected this cycle. There were no significant changes in plasma prolactin. In tammars placed in a 15L:9D photoperiod and then, 5 weeks later, in 12L:12D, births occurred 29-36 days after the daylength was reduced. A characteristic transient peak of plasma progesterone occurred 8-14 days after the change, indicating a delay of 3-9 days in the resumption of luteal activity. Plasma prolactin levels were significantly higher (greater than 40 ng/ml)(P less than 0 X 01) during the solstitial daylength, declining to less than 30 ng/ml within 14 days of the reduction in photoperiod. Animals kept in 12L:12D and then in 9L:15D gave birth asynchronously after entry into the pens, suggesting that this daylength (12L:12D) is permissive. Changes in plasma progesterone reflected the resumption of luteal activity but no significant changes in plasma prolactin were observed. This study shows that the inhibition of the corpus luteum in seasonal quiescence can be maintained in the presence or absence of elevated prolactin levels, indicating that other factors, perhaps of pineal origin, may also be involved. PMID- 6631828 TI - Intrauterine growth retardation detected in several species by non-normal birthweight distributions. AB - The statistical distribution of birthweights in 64 litters of pigs, 48 litters of dogs, 59 litters of rabbits, 130 litters of rats and 46 litters of mice was examined. Birthweight followed a Gaussian or normal distribution in about two thirds of the litters inspected, as judged visually using a normal probability plot, and by the W-test statistic. In the remainder, a single outlying observation in an otherwise normal sample was detected by Dixon's test, and/or a separate sub-population of low birthweight animals could be identified by fitting two normal populations to the observed samples. In the non-Gaussian litters, the average proportion of affected members was 40% of the litter. These results suggest that growth-retarded neonates should not be regarded simply as the tail end of a normal distribution. PMID- 6631829 TI - Porcine follicular fluid does not inhibit maturation of rat oocytes in vitro. AB - Follicular fluid from small-(1-2 mm) or medium-(3-8 mm) sized pig follicles was collected under conditions designed to minimize possible alteration or degradation of native fluid components. The effects of follicular fluid with or without benzamidine, an inhibitor of proteolytic activity, on oocytes collected 20 or 44 h after PMSG treatment of rats were examined. A follicular fluid fraction of Mr less than 10 000 (PM-10 membrane filter) was also tested. Follicular fluid from small- and medium-sized follicles and control medium alone supported maturation of oocytes collected 20 or 44 h after PMSG, but follicular fluid (50%) from medium-sized follicles containing 5 X 0 mM-benzamidine significantly inhibited oocyte maturation. Comparable inhibition was also observed with medium containing 5 X 0 mM-benzamidine. The PM-10 filtrate failed to inhibit oocyte maturation as assessed by germinal vesicle breakdown but did significantly inhibit first polar body formation and therefore restricted the extent of maturation. The results indicate that native pig follicular fluid is unable to inhibit the initiation of maturation of rat oocytes in vitro. PMID- 6631830 TI - Evidence that changes in LH pulse frequency may regulate the seasonal modulation of LH secretion in ovariectomized mares. AB - To determine whether tonic LH secretion in ovariectomized mares is characterized by pulsatile release, frequent blood samples (every 15 min) were collected from 5 ovariectomized horse mares in nine 8-h periods between February and May. Mean serum LH concentrations increased 9-fold and were associated with a 4-fold increase in mean LH pulse frequency. These results provide the first evidence of pulsatile LH release in ovariectomized mares and suggest that the increasing daylengths of the spring months may increase serum LH by increasing LH pulse frequency. PMID- 6631831 TI - Spermiogram and sperm reserves in hybrid Bos indicus X Bos taurus bulls after scrotal insulation. AB - Scrotal insulation for 48 h raised subcutaneous scrotal temperature by 4 degrees C in hybrid Bos indicus X Bos taurus bulls. The incidence of decapitated spermatozoa in the ejaculate increased significantly between 6 and 14 days and that of protoplasmic droplets and tail abnormalities between 20 and 23 days after insulation, respectively. Simultaneously, the percentages of spermatozoa with lost and damaged acrosomes increased significantly 12-17 days after insulation. At slaughter 23 days after scrotal insulation sperm production rates and gonadal reserves had not been affected by insulation, but epididymal reserves were markedly reduced, particularly in the cauda. Elevated testicular temperature therefore had an effect on immature spermatozoa in the caput epididymidis and on spermatids, but it is suggested that selective sperm resorption in the rete testis and excurrent ducts may prevent some of these changes being expressed in the ejaculate. PMID- 6631832 TI - Measurement of plasma LH concentrations in aged male rodents by a radioimmunoassay and a radioreceptor assay. AB - Circulating plasma concentrations of LH from young mature (3-4 months old), middle-aged (15-18 months old) and aged (31-32 months old) male C57BL/6 mice, Syrian hamsters (3-4, 19-20 and 24-25 months old), Fischer 344 rats (3-4, 18-19 and 28-29 months old), Chinese hamsters (3-4, 19-20 and 29-30 months old) and Mongolian gerbils (3-4 and 19-22 months old) were analysed using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a radioreceptor assay (RRA). Male rats exhibited the greatest changes with advancing age: the oldest rats had an almost undetectable quantity of plasma LH, as measured by both assays. In contrast, the oldest male Syrian hamsters had significantly higher levels of LH than did younger animals. A significant decrease occurred in the amounts of LH detectable by RRA in middle aged Chinese hamsters which was not evident with the RIA. There were no statistically significant differences in LH levels of C57BL/6 mice and gerbils with increasing age. The mean RRA:RIA ratios indicated that age-related differences in LH concentrations resulted from physiological changes in the secretion or the metabolic clearance of LH and not from changes in the biological potency of LH. PMID- 6631833 TI - Effect of period of grouping of donors and duration of stimulus exposure on delay of puberty in female mice by a urinary chemosignal from grouped females. AB - Females housed at a density of 8 mice/cage had to be grouped for a minimum of about 10 days before their urine was capable of producing delays for first vaginal oestrus in test females comparable to the delays occasioned by treatment with urine from females grouped for 30 days or longer. Young test females had to receive a minimum daily exposure of 1-2 h to the chemosignal to produce the complete delay of puberty. PMID- 6631834 TI - Uptake and fate of exogenous immunoglobulin G in the perfused human placenta. AB - The steady-state transfer of 125I-labelled human or bovine immunoglobulin G from the maternal circulation and its fate during transport to the fetal circulation were studied over a 2 h period in an intact perfused human placental lobule. The 125I activity in the closed-circuit fetal circulation rose linearly throughout this time. The transfer rate, expressed as a percentage of the total activity administered, was 0.11% per hour for human IgG and 0.04% per hour for bovine IgG. 97-99% of the 125I activity in the maternal circulation was associated with high molecular weight protein which was characterised as IgG. The corresponding figure for the fetal side was 10-30%. It is concluded that human IgG is taken up in preference to bovine IgG at the maternal surface of the syncytiotrophoblast but subsequently the majority of the internalised immunoglobulin is broken down intracellularly and the fragments released into the fetal circulation. PMID- 6631835 TI - In search of early pregnancy factor: isolation of active polypeptides from pregnant ewes' sera. AB - A four-step procedure is described for the isolation of the polypeptides which are responsible for a major portion of the EPF activity present in pregnant ewes' sera between 3-8 weeks gestation. The procedure utilises large-scale molecular size fractionation on hollow fibres in combination with conventional ion-exchange chromatography and HPLC gel permeation. It yields two homogeneous active fractions. One contains a single polypeptide of molecular weight approximately 20K, the other a 67K polypeptide. When compared on either a weight or molar basis the 20K polypeptide was at least an order of magnitude more active in the rosette inhibition test than the 67K polypeptide. The 20K polypeptide appears to represent the major form of RIT active material (EPF) present in pregnancy sera at this stage of gestation in the ewe. PMID- 6631836 TI - Maternal immunostimulation of a teratocarcinoma-derived cell line, TerCs. AB - Since murine teratocarcinomas and early embryos are known to share cell surface antigens, we investigated the possibility of maternal immune responses to normal pregnancy using teratocarcinoma-derived cell lines as targets. We found that an adherent cell population from both the spleen and peritoneum of syngeneically mated 129/SvSl pregnant females stimulated the uptake of [125I]iododeoxyuridine ( [125I]IUdR) by a teratocarcinoma-derived cell line, TerCs in vitro. Adherent cells from multiparous females did not stimulate the growth of other tumor cell lines. However, levels of natural anti-tumor activity detected in peritoneal cell populations of 129/SvSl virgin females were greatly reduced during pregnancy. Peritoneal cells from multiparous females with growth-stimulating activity were retained on nylon-wool columns and not eliminated by treatment with anti-theta antiserum and complement. Peritoneal cells from virgin females, treated with anti theta antiserum and complement to eliminate cytotoxic lymphocytes, gained the ability to stimulate the uptake of [125I]IUdR by TerCs cells. [125I]IUdR uptake by cultured normal mouse blastocysts was significantly enhanced by peritoneal cells from multiparous females, while cells from age-matched virgin females had no effect. These results suggest that changes in immunocyte populations occur during pregnancy in the mouse; these changes could promote the growth of the embryo in utero. PMID- 6631837 TI - Humoral immune responses in murine pregnancy. III. Relationship between anti paternal alloantibody levels in maternal serum, placenta and fetus. AB - Studies have been carried out on allogeneically mated pregnant female mice to examine the relationship between the levels of anti-paternal alloantibody occurring free or as soluble immune complexes in the maternal peripheral circulation and that existing in a bound form in the placenta and free in the fetal circulation. In a 'non-responder' strain of mouse, as defined by the inability to detect anti-paternal alloantibody in the peripheral serum of multiparous allogeneically mated females, no alloantibody could be detected as soluble immune complexes, bound to the placenta or in the fetal circulation. A similar situation existed in females of a 'responder' strain during their first pregnancy and in some individuals during their second. However, in 'responder' strain females possessing alloantibody in their peripheral serum, alloantibody could be eluted from the semi-allogeneic placenta when peripheral titres exceeded 1:16, and was found in the fetal serum when they exceeded 1:128. When such females were subsequently mated syngeneically, alloantibody was detected in placental eluates only when peripheral titres exceeded 1:128-256 and in the fetal serum when they exceeded 1:16. The alloantibody eluted from placentae and that found in neonatal serum exhibited similar isotype distribution to that in the peripheral serum. These results are discussed with reference to the relative importance of the yolk sac and the immunoabsorbent semi-allogeneic placenta in the restricted transfer of pregnancy-induced anti-paternal alloantibody to the fetus. PMID- 6631838 TI - Lymphocyte sub-populations in human cord blood: analysis with monoclonal antibodies. AB - Lymphocytes and monocytes in human cord blood have been analysed using a panel of fourteen monoclonal antibodies. Contrary to earlier data based on the sheep erythrocyte rosette assay for T cells, no marked deficit in T cells was found in cord as compared with adult blood. The T cells in cord blood had a relatively immature phenotype whereas B cells showed a mature phenotype. The phenotypic differences between adult and cord blood appear minor in relation to the marked functional differences reported by others. PMID- 6631839 TI - Pelvic abscess associated with a Lippes loop. An unusual case. AB - An unusual case occurred of Lippes-Loop-associated pelvic abscess, characterized by a relatively mild clinical course and an unusual localization in the pelvis. This case emphasizes the importance of considering the association between intrauterine devices and pelvic abscess. PMID- 6631840 TI - Pregnancy in a patient with type II polyendocrinopathy. A case report. AB - The rare association of Addison's disease and autoimmune hypothyroidism (Schmidt's syndrome) occurred during two pregnancies in the same woman. The association of Addison's disease and pregnancy is serious, and affected patients should be followed closely for electrolyte homeostasis. PMID- 6631841 TI - Successful pregnancy in a woman with a left ventricular cardiac aneurysm. A case report. AB - Ventricular cardiac aneurysms associated with pregnancy are extremely rare. The effects of one on the other are not known. The pathophysiology of cardiac aneurysms as known in the nonpregnant state combined with the physiologic cardiovascular adjustments of pregnancy can be suspected of compromising the welfare of the pregnant patient. We recently treated a 21-year-old pregnant patient with a post-myocardial-infarction left ventricular cardiac aneurysm. The outcome was successful. PMID- 6631842 TI - Common accreditation and education problems in obstetrics-gynecology residencies. PMID- 6631843 TI - Postdates pregnancy. Assessment of fetal risk and obstetric management. AB - Two hundred forty-eight well-dated pregnancies that exceeded their expected dates of confinement were followed with serial maternal urinary or plasma estriol determinations and weekly fetal heart rate tests. Most pregnancies (176) delivered after spontaneous labor, while 72 had labor induced for abnormal test results or electively. Perinatal mortality (8.1/1,000) was comparable to that of our term (37-40-week) population; the two deaths occurred in the 43rd week. Intrapartum fetal distress, meconium staining, postmaturity syndrome and primary cesarean section rates all increased with gestational age beyond the 40th week. Induced labors, irrespective of indication, were significantly longer than spontaneous ones and were associated with higher rates of fetal distress and primary cesarean section. In the study group, fetal distress often arose during labor and was not anticipated by the antenatal testing. PMID- 6631844 TI - Physical activity and the risk of spontaneous preterm delivery. AB - An epidemiologic case-control study exploring possible risk factors for preterm delivery was undertaken at Yale-New Haven Hospital during 1977. The study groups consisted of 175 mothers of singleton preterm infants and 313 mothers of singleton term infants. Analysis of questionnaire responses provided no evidence that employment, housework, child care and leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy increased the risk of preterm delivery. Women who participated in sports or physical fitness exercises during pregnancy were found to have a significantly decreased risk of preterm delivery as compared to those who were not similarly active; this finding suggests that certain forms of moderate physical activity may actually protect against preterm delivery. PMID- 6631845 TI - Vaginal removal of the ovaries in association with vaginal hysterectomy. AB - Because of the paucity of reports documenting the risks of removing the ovaries through the vagina in association with vaginal hysterectomy, we undertook a review of our experience. Seventy-seven patients underwent vaginal oophorectomy in conjunction with other vaginal surgery. Twenty-eight of them had indications for removal of the ovaries. In 47 the ovaries were removed electively in the perimenopausal period. There was no significant increase in morbidity, and only one patient had major bleeding problems associated with the procedure. PMID- 6631846 TI - Menstrual delay and dysfunctional uterine bleeding associated with antiprostaglandin therapy for dysmenorrhea. AB - Antiprostaglandin drugs have been found to provide significant relief from dysmenorrhea. Twelve patients taking ibuprofen or mefenamic acid experienced menstrual delay of several days to two weeks and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Menstruation returned to normal with the next cycle after the cessation of drug use. PMID- 6631847 TI - Life-threatening fetal anemia secondary to fetal-maternal hemorrhage. A case report. AB - Decreased fetal movement noted by the mother was the presentation of a severe fetal-maternal bleed. A nonstress test and oxytocin challenge test resulted in cesarean section. The infant, with Apgar scores of 7 and 8 at one and five minutes, respectively, was viable, and her initial hemoglobin was 4.9 and hematocrit, 14. A fetal-maternal bleed of approximately 350 ml was documented. This case demonstrates the importance of careful prenatal monitoring. We recommend looking for severe fetal-maternal hemorrhage as the cause of fresh stillbirth. PMID- 6631848 TI - Acute bacterial endocarditis in pregnancy. A report of three cases. AB - Acute bacterial endocarditis, a fulminating disorder most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, is uncommon in pregnancy. However, the frequency of this disease may be increasing due to the prevalence of intravenous drug abuse. Three cases occurred during pregnancy at Charity Hospital, New Orleans; all three patients were intravenous drug abusers. One patient had polymicrobial disease. PMID- 6631849 TI - Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy. A case report. AB - A 30-year-old woman developed pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP). The eruption, characterized by generalized edematous, erythematous plaques and nonexcoriated papules, began in the third trimester of pregnancy and was responsive to oral corticosteroids. While the etiology of PUPPP is unknown and the clinical features (urticarial plaques) sometimes overlap with those of other dermatoses of pregnancy, we regard PUPPP as a distinct entity. Utilization of a broad base of clinicopathologic and laboratory criteria is important in the workup of a patient with an eruption of pregnancy. PMID- 6631850 TI - Systemic nocardiosis in pregnancy. A case report. AB - Pregnancy in women with significant medical complications has become a part of modern obstetrics. We report a case of systemic nocardiosis in a gravida with sarcoidosis. The importance of aggressive management and the influence of pregnancy on antibiotic treatment are discussed. PMID- 6631851 TI - Ultrasonography in the antepartum diagnosis of conjoined twins. A report of two cases. AB - The advent of new and effective methods for the neonatal evaluation and treatment of conjoined twins has greatly increased the importance of prenatal diagnosis of this complication. Ultrasonography has become the method used most commonly to diagnose and evaluate multiple pregnancies. All ultrasonographers should be familiar with the signs associated with conjoined twins. We treated two patients in whom the antenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins was made by ultrasonography alone. One is the first reported case of the antenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of conjoined twins in different presentations. The findings associated with conjoined twins are: (1) lack of a separating membrane, (2) inability to separate the fetal bodies, (3) presence of fetal anomalies, (4) identification of more than three vessels in a single umbilical cord, and (5) sonographic detection of any of the classic radiologic signs. PMID- 6631852 TI - Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern in hydranencephaly. A case report. AB - A sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern developed immediately after a meperidine/promethazine injection in a fetus with hydranencephaly. Various etiologies of sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern, as well as possible mechanisms leading to this entity, have been proposed. PMID- 6631853 TI - Technology: a tool to facilitate the career development and employment of hearing impaired individuals. PMID- 6631854 TI - The usage of the Individualized Written Rehabilitation Program with mentally retarded clients. PMID- 6631855 TI - Spontaneous arterial disease in animals. PMID- 6631856 TI - Thoughts of a doctor's son. PMID- 6631857 TI - Role of ultrasound in the management of ovarian carcinoma. AB - The ultrasound findings of the pelvis, upper abdomen and peritoneal cavity were correlated with second-look laparotomy in 85 patients with Stage III or Stage IV ovarian carcinoma. High values of accuracy were obtained for the pelvis (90%) and liver (91%) but ultrasound was insensitive to peritoneal disease unless ascites was present. PMID- 6631858 TI - Role of Franzen needle aspiration biopsy in carcinoma of the prostate. AB - A retrospective study is reported of all Franzen fine-needle aspiration cytology undertaken at Southmead Hospital between January 1978 and December 1981. A total of 1043 aspirates were examined from 753 patients. The diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate was missed in 2 patients. Twenty-one patients with cytologically proven carcinoma in histologically-benign prostates were detected, and the role of the Franzen needle in the diagnosis of early prostatic cancer is discussed. Of the 218 patients proceeding to prostatectomy, there were 91 patients with carcinoma and in 65 (72%) the cytological and histological grading was identical. A significant disparity occurred in 8 cases and the reasons are discussed. PMID- 6631859 TI - Retroperitoneal fibrosis complicating intravesical formalin therapy. AB - Two cases are reported of ureteric obstruction due to retroperitoneal fibrosis following the use of intravesical formalin. This particular complication of this treatment has not previously been described. PMID- 6631860 TI - Clinical and in vivo response following surgery or surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy for colorectal carcinoma in a rat model. AB - Two cohorts of rats, 240 with colon cancer and 150 controls, were assessed clinically and immunologically for their response to tumour and its management which was either by surgical excision alone or by surgical excision combined with either adjuvant chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The histology and invasion characteristics were observed for similarity with those of human lesions. Metastases were found in liver, lymph nodes, the peritoneum or lungs in 27% of animals during follow up. Significantly fewer adjuvant-treated rats had metastases than those receiving surgery alone (P less than 0.05), and less total tumour weight was found in the adjuvant-treated rats at four (P less than 0.03) and six (P less than 0.001) weeks postoperatively. Animals in the adjuvant immunotherapy group survived longer than in either other group (P less than 0.001). The crude parameters of host response to tumour, body, spleen and mesenteric lymph node weight were recorded and the latter two indexed to body weight. The body weight of tumour and control rats increased significantly with time (P less than 0.04). The spleen and mesenteric node indices were significantly (P less than 0.04) greater in tumour than control rats and were varied by recurrent tumour growth and by the adjuvant treatment administered postoperatively. PMID- 6631861 TI - Effects of vibration, noise and restraint on heart rate, blood pressure and renal blood flow in the pig. AB - Pigs and other farm animals are usually transported at least once during their lives; for example, all meat animals are finally taken to the abattoir for slaughter. The vibration, noise and handling associated with such transportation is usually novel to the animals, and therefore constitutes a potential 'stressor'. Such adverse stimuli may trigger physiological and psychological changes which rapidly produce profound changes in blood flow to peripheral organs, particularly the kidney, whose blood vessels are richly supplied with sympathetic nerve fibres. In the present study, ultrasonic techniques have been used with chronically implanted flow sensors for measuring heart rate (HR) and changes in renal blood flow (RBF) in conscious, freestanding and unanaesthetized pigs to monitor their cardiovascular responses to vibration, noise and various handling procedures. In addition, arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured via a catheter placed in the carotid artery. To ensure that vibration and noise could be accurately reproduced, a transport simulator (TS) was constructed in the laboratory. A small decrease of approximately 5% was observed in RBF during the first few minutes of exposure to vibration and noise, but this returned to the control levels monitored in undisturbed animals within a few minutes. Thereafter, RBF became significantly elevated for the remaining period of exposure to vibration and noise. In contrast, HR remained significantly increased throughout. BP was not significantly changed as a result of the experimental manipulation. Restraint and handling of the animals appeared to cause maximal disturbance. HR and BP were more than doubled compared with the resting value, but there was a concomitant marked decrease in RBF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631862 TI - Combined effects of radiation and methotrexate on the cells of the rat subependymal plate. AB - The brains of 20-week-old rats were locally irradiated with single doses of X rays (400-1400 cGy). A similar group of animals received an intraventricular injection of methotrexate (MTX) prior to irradiation with single doses of X-rays (600-1400 cGy). Animals were killed six weeks after irradiation. A group of unirradiated age-matched animals acted as controls. In irradiated animals, the most severe effect on the subependymal plate (SEP) of the brain was denoted by the fall in the mitotic count (MC) and the number of small dark (SD) nucleated cells. SD nucleated cells are believed to represent the proliferative compartment of the subependymal layer. Other cell types in the SEP, believed to arise from the SD nucleated population, were affected to a lesser degree. After combination treatment with MTX, the decline in the MC and the SD nuclear density was more severe. The data for the dose-related decline in SD nuclear density and the MC fitted equally well on log-linear and linear plots. From the log-linear plots of the data it was concluded that MTX was radiation dose modifying (DMF 1.25-1.44). However, on the basis of the linear plots the effect of radiation and MTX was apparently additive. While no firm conclusions could be drawn regarding the mechanism of action of MTX on the radiation response of SEP cells, the possible mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 6631863 TI - Oculomotor abnormalities related to otolith function: discussion paper. PMID- 6631864 TI - TASS syndrome: unusual association of thyroiditis, Addison's disease, Sjogren's syndrome and sarcoidosis. PMID- 6631865 TI - Is periodontal disease preventable? PMID- 6631866 TI - Nicotine and mycobacteria. PMID- 6631867 TI - Pure red-cell aplasia secondary to angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. PMID- 6631868 TI - South Atlantic campaign. PMID- 6631869 TI - Splenosis: a beneficial condition. PMID- 6631870 TI - Serious eye injury from windscreen contact. AB - A retrospective survey was carried out of serious eye injury caused by windscreen contact in road traffic accidents over a 6-year period. All 15 patients had contacted toughened windscreens, and all but one did not wear seat belts. The cost in terms of pounds sterling paid out by the National Health Service, and also the cost in terms of visual handicap were assessed. It was found that of the 15 patients admitted during this time, the treatment of the large majority cost at least twice as much as that for patients undergoing routine cataract surgery. This was primarily due to the longer hospitalization necessary. Only 2 patients retained a visual acuity of 6/6. PMID- 6631871 TI - Prescribing habits for theophylline preparations. AB - Information concerning the prescriptions for theophylline preparations for a group of 80 inpatients and 55 outpatients were examined. Slow-release preparations were overwhelmingly preferred. The majority of patients were receiving low daily doses of theophylline or equivalent, and serum drug level monitoring was almost non-existent. PMID- 6631872 TI - Necessity for inpatient services in neurological practice. AB - An analysis has been performed of the case material referred to a single neurologist in one year, including outpatient referrals, ward referrals and those patients admitted directly from other hospitals or from general practitioners. A summary of diagnoses, reasons for admission and duration of stay is included. It is concluded that some 6 inpatient beds sufficed for their investigation and management. PMID- 6631873 TI - Comparison of static and dynamic repairs for ligamentous instability of the knee. AB - Twenty-three patients who have had a MacIntosh type of fasciodesis for anterolateral rotary instability of the knee have been studied. Overall 73% were improved by this procedure; of those whose only instability was when turning on the run, 90% improved. These results have been compared with a series of 51 patients who had a pes anserinus transfer for anteromedial instability (D'Arcy 1978). It is suggested that both static and dynamic reconstructions have a place in the management of knee instability resulting from anterior cruciate injury. PMID- 6631874 TI - Clinical analysis of laryngeal trauma secondary to intubation. AB - A study was undertaken to analyse the effect of short-term intubation on the voice. Children were examined laryngographically both pre- and postoperatively. Changes in larynx frequency distribution following intubation were documented using the technique of electrolaryngography; the resolution of these changes was similarly recorded. The results, in comparison with the frequency distributions associated with other disease states, give insight into the nature of the damage and its effect on vocal fold vibratory patterns. The technique therefore enables objective evidence of minor degrees of laryngeal trauma to be demonstrated and differentiated. PMID- 6631875 TI - Human factors and air operations in the South Atlantic campaign: discussion paper. PMID- 6631876 TI - Is cognitive therapy effective?: discussion paper. PMID- 6631877 TI - Recurrent acromegaly associated with completely empty sella and otherwise normal pituitary function. PMID- 6631878 TI - Emboli from thigh to great toe treated by local femoral angioplasty. PMID- 6631879 TI - Hypothermia diagnosed as near-drowning in a child. PMID- 6631880 TI - Dermatitis artefacta presenting as a 'vasculitis'. PMID- 6631881 TI - Darier's disease with salivary gland obstruction: synergistic therapy with vitamins A and E suggested. PMID- 6631882 TI - Treatment of migraine by acupuncture. PMID- 6631883 TI - Organophosphates and torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 6631884 TI - Grommets and swimming. PMID- 6631885 TI - Goodwill--fact or fiction. AB - The validity of goodwill payments when partners enter or leave practice is doubtful. The present situation in veterinary private practice in the Republic is described and compared with other professions. This profession is urged to review its attitude. PMID- 6631886 TI - Partnership prophylaxis. AB - The most common association of veterinarians in private practice is that of partnership. Some such relationships are not happy and may not endure. The concept of partnership is examined and suggestions are made which will minimise dissension. PMID- 6631887 TI - Fatal soft tissue calcification in suckling puppies. AB - Renal, pulmonary and vascular calcification was observed in 2 suckling puppies. The lesions were similar to those associated with hypervitaminosis D and possibly hypervitaminosis A. It was suspected that high contents of vitamin D and A in the diet of the lactating bitch had elevated the activity of these vitamins in the milk to levels toxic for the suckling puppies. PMID- 6631888 TI - Fatal cardiomyopathy in feedlot sheep attributed to monensin toxicosis. AB - Three outbreaks of fatal cardiomyopathy in feedlot sheep are reported which were associated with the introduction of pelleted feed that contained greater than recommended concentrations of monensin. Gross and histopathological examination of some of these sheep revealed evidence of cardiomyopathy. Myocardial lesions which had a predominantly epicardial distribution are described. Lesions were also observed in skeletal muscle and in brain. PMID- 6631889 TI - [Female veterinary surgeons: a follow up study]. AB - Questionnaires were sent out to 68 registered female veterinary surgeons in South Africa to obtain career information essential to vocational guidance. The 46 respondents represent 51,7% of the 89 female BVSc graduates up to 1981; their average age was 33,3 years, 63% were married, 30,4% were from the Pretoria area, 60,9% were living in the Transvaal, 52,2% had had 6 and more years of veterinary experience. All the comparisons done indicated that the response group was representative of the women who had obtained the BVSc degree from the University of Pretoria. Some of the more important findings were the following: No less than 97,8% of the response group are at present actively engaged in veterinary work- 73,9% on a full-time basis. Asked what they would choose now, 84,8% of the respondents declared that they would choose veterinary science once again; 67,4% would like to see their daughters enter the profession. The most important reason for this positive attraction towards veterinary practice was given as "job satisfaction experienced". Respondents indicated the things that they liked about veterinary practice: factors intrinsic to the job like surgery, pathology and research topped the list followed by the opportunity to work with and help animals and also the variety experienced in their work. The most important grievances were firstly the general attitude and actions of the public- callousness of animal-owners and inconsiderate behaviour towards practitioners. Long and irregular hours, administrative red tape and insufficient technical help were also complaints.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631890 TI - Copper deficiency in piglets characterized by spongy myelopathy and degenerative lesions in the great blood vessels. AB - Copper deficiency was diagnosed in piglets from a farm in the Transvaal. The mortality rate among 5 to 8-week-old piglets had been sporadic but considerably high over a 12 month period. Affected animals showed signs of ataxia, posterior paresis, horizontal nystagmus, inability to stand and front and hind limb paddling movements. Death ensued from 3-5 days after the onset of clinical signs. A paucity of myelin in the spinal cord and degenerative lesions involving elastic fibres of the aorta and pulmonary artery were detected. Tissue copper levels were low in both clinically affected and unaffected piglets on the farm, and the copper content of the diet fed to sows and growing piglets was considered inadequate. The lesions related to copper deficiency are described with emphasis on those in the spinal cord and great blood vessels, and the pathologic processes resulting in hypocupraemic lesions are considered. PMID- 6631891 TI - A comparison of the efficacy of isometamidium, amicarbalide and diminazene against Babesia canis in dogs and the effect on subsequent immunity. AB - Isometamidium, amicarbalide and diminazene were used to treat experimentally induced canine babesiosis. Relapse parasitaemias developed after treatment in all groups of animals. The relapse interval, however, was shorter and more relapses occurred after treatment with amicarbalide than either of the other 2 drugs. Only half of the dogs treated with either isometamidium or diminazene relapsed to infection. Challenge with homologous parasites 62 days after initial infection resulted in severe babesiosis in all 3 animals which had not developed relapse infections. Of the 9 animals which had relapses after treatment only 1 developed severe babesiosis following homologous challenge. PMID- 6631892 TI - Suspected vitamin E-selenium deficiency in two ostriches. AB - Paresis of the limbs of two 4-month-old ostriches fed a diet predominantly of crushed maize was investigated. Raised levels of serum aspartate transaminase and creatine kinase were demonstrated in both birds. The less severely affected ostrich recovered after a single intramuscular injection of a vitamin E-selenium preparation but the other died despite therapy. An autopsy of the latter revealed focal pale areas in the thigh muscle. Microscopically affected muscle fibres showed degeneration, necrosis and regenerative changes. Fibrinoid degeneration and necrosis of some arterioles was observed as well as varying degrees of interstitial fibrosis. The above findings suggest a diagnosis of vitamin E selenium deficiency. PMID- 6631893 TI - Responses of unanaesthetised and pentobarbitone-anaesthetised sheep to a lethal dose of succinyldicholine. AB - A lethal dose of succinyldicholine was administered to 3 unanaesthetised and 4 pentobarbitone-anaesthetised, non-ventilated sheep. When compared to the unanaesthetised sheep, the anaesthetised sheep had smaller increases in arterial and central venous blood pressure, blood glucose and plasma catecholamines. It was concluded that the difference in response between the groups could largely be ascribed to conscious perception of asphyxia in the awake group with resulting fear. PMID- 6631894 TI - The effect of nutritional stress on the plasma progestagen levels and embryonic mortality in twin pregnancies of mares. AB - Two thoroughbred mares bearing twins as diagnosed by rectal palpation, were subjected to nutritional stress by drastically reducing the daily ration. This resulted in a marked reduction in plasma progestagen levels and the death of either one or both of the twin embryos. PMID- 6631895 TI - The danger of immunising Boergoats against heartwater. AB - Ten 6-toothed Boergoat does and 215 Boergoat kids were injected by the intravenous route with the Onderstepoort heartwater blood vaccine and then temperatured daily. On Day 10, all the does had rectal temperatures in excess of 40 degrees C and were treated with oxytetracycline intravenously, while the kids received an intramuscular injection of the antibiotic. One kid died from heartwater on Day 11. On Day 15, 7 does had a febrile reaction and all the does and kids were treated as before. Two does died of heartwater on Days 16 and 17 respectively, while 12 kids developed heartwater on Day 17 and 6 kids on Day 18. All were treated for heartwater. A total of 2 does (20%) and 16 kids (7.4%) died during the experiment. PMID- 6631896 TI - Clinical and endocrine studies during normal and induced parturition in mares. AB - Parturition was induced in 6 mares between Day 327 and 346 of pregnancy using oxytocin (Group I) and in 6 mares between Day 315 and 330 of pregnancy with fluprostenol in combination with oxytocin (Group II). A third group of 4 mares which served as controls were allowed to go to full term (322-340 days) and foal down normally. Parturition occurred within 24-102 min (mean = 61,4; SD = 31,6) in 5 of the Group I mares and within 160-185 min (mean = 173; SD = 10,86) in the mares of Group II. Expulsion of the afterbirth took place between 7 and 206 min (mean = 79; SD = 76,38) and between 7 and 73 min (mean = 37,5; SD = 21,29) in Groups I and II respectively. Three of 6 mares in the oxytocin group showed foal heat, all 3 conceived and 2 carried foals to term. Of the remaining 3 mares, 2 showed heat approximately one month after parturition, and were served and conceived but one aborted due to babsesiosis and one resorbed while the third remained in anoestrus for 3-4 months. In the combined treatment group, 3 mares showed foal heat of which only 2 were served. Both conceived and one carried a foal to term. One of the remaining mares showed oestrus 2 months after parturition while the remaining 2 mares showed oestrus approximately one month after parturition. Both were served, one conceived but subsequently resorbed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631897 TI - Thyroid status, oestradiol level, work performance and body mass of ovariectomised bitches and bitches bearing ovarian autotransplants in the stomach wall. AB - The effects of ovariectomy and autotransplantation of the ovaries to the portal vein drainage area (ATOPA) were studied in 45 bitches. Parameters obtained were thyroid function, oestradiol level, work performance and body mass. At 35 weeks post-operatively no change could be shown in work performance; at 55 weeks body mass was unchanged; at 55 weeks oestradiol level and thyroid function were reduced in ovariectomised subjects and normal in ATOPA subjects. It is concluded that ATOPA may prevent the development of the post-ovariectomy eunuchoid syndrome. PMID- 6631898 TI - Ovarian morphology of the springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis. AB - The ovarian morphology of the springbok is described, using material of 1 290 ewes collected at the De Beers farm, Benfontein. A deep longitudinal recess in foetal ovaries. The right ovary was slightly larger than the left ovary according to its linear and mass measurements. Considerable distortion of the amygdaloidal ovarian shape occurred in the presence of a protruding corpus luteum. Ovaries were much flattened during advanced pregnancy. A description of the appearance of intra-ovarian corpora observed in macroscopical sections is given. No predilection for the site of ovulation was observed. PMID- 6631899 TI - Bovine parafilariasis: condemnations at the Cato Ridge abattoir. AB - Evidence presented shows a 585% increase in the compounded total carcase condemnations for parafilariasis at the Cato Ridge abattoir in the year July 1981/June 1982 as compared with July 1979/June 1980. There is also evidence which points to condemnations occurring in bi-annual cycles with peaks in November/December and June. PMID- 6631900 TI - [Modifications to a closed circle anesthetic machine for use with dogs and cats having a body mass of less than 10 kg]. AB - Two modifications are described whereby a closed circle anaesthetic system is converted to a semi-closed anaesthetic system for use in dogs and cats of less than 10 kg body mass. PMID- 6631901 TI - Osteochondrodysplasia in a litter of Bulldog puppies. AB - A 1-month-old male Bulldog pup was presented with severe dyspnoea and was also unable to stand. Radiographs revealed a considerable dorsoventral flattening of the thoracic cavity, resulting in a reduced intrathoracic volume. The scapula of each foreleg was malpositioned on the thorax, resulting in the inability to adduct the legs and carry the body weight. The clinical signs are typical of an animal suffering from osteochondrodysplasia. PMID- 6631902 TI - Muscular weakness in a dog associated with severe roundworm infestation. PMID- 6631903 TI - The use of corticosteroids in a dog with myasthenia gravis. AB - A diagnosis of myasthenia gravis was made in an approximately 3-year-old mongrel bitch based on physical, radiographic and electromyographic findings as well as on the response of the patient to an anticholinesterase drug. The patient responded favourably to parenteral treatment with an anticholinesterase drug but did not respond to oral administration of the drug. When the drug was given orally in combination with corticosteroids it had a long-lasting and favourable effect on the patient. PMID- 6631904 TI - Poisoning in cattle hand sprayed with an arsenical dip. AB - Deaths occurred in cattle from poisoning after hand-spraying with arsenical dip used at incorrect concentration. Treatment with sodium thiosulphate was delayed, but partly successful. PMID- 6631905 TI - [Practical electrocardiography. I. Complete heart block in a dog]. PMID- 6631906 TI - Rooigras seed awns cause problems in sheep. PMID- 6631907 TI - Suspected hybrid vetch (Vicia villosa crossed with Vicia dasycarpa) poisoning of cattle in the Republic of South Africa. AB - A description of the clinical signs and pathological changes is given of 2 outbreaks of suspected hybrid vetch poisoning in the Humansdorp district, Republic of South Africa. These were characterised by a severe dermatitis, high morbidity and mortality in older cows. Microscopically granulomatous lesions occurred in the kidneys, liver, myocardium, spleen and skin. Variable numbers of multinucleated giant cells and eosinophils were seen in these lesions. Acute multifocal hepatic necrosis was observed in 2 animals. Brief comparisons are made with outbreaks of vetch poisoning in other parts of the world. PMID- 6631908 TI - An account of problems experienced during the shipment of cattle from the United States of America to South Africa. AB - A group of 26 cattle was shipped from Houston, Texas to Cape Town. Inadequate preparation of the cattle for the voyage, poor feed and poor crate construction resulted in stress-induced respiratory disease and mortality. Measures to avoid unnecessary stress when shipping cattle are discussed. PMID- 6631909 TI - The first isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona from cattle in Botswana. AB - Serological evidence for the occurrence of L. pomona associated with abortions in cattle was supported by the successful isolation of the organism from the urine of a cow. Leptospirosis should be considered as a possible cause of abortion even in relatively dry regions. PMID- 6631910 TI - The composition of plasma and interstitial fluid of sheep with the 'wet carcass' syndrome. AB - Carcasses of sheep from various areas in South Africa and South West Africa (Namibia) show a wet glistening appearance immediately after slaughter. The subcutaneous interstitial fluid of these sheep has a significantly lower protein concentration and colloid osmotic pressure and a significantly higher albumin/globulin ratio than that of normal sheep. These results imply the presence of an oedema and an increased capillary permeability to protein. They suggest that histamine, or an histamine-like substance, mediates the changes. PMID- 6631911 TI - [Two cases of Ostertagia spp. in sheep showing resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics]. AB - Two field isolates of Ostertagia spp. of sheep from the Swellendam and Malmesbury districts in the south-western Cape were shown to be resistant to benzimidazole anthelmintics. At therapeutic dosage rates albendazole was 32,5%, thiabendazole 0%, oxfendazole 14,9% and morantel 91,4% effective against the adult stage of Ostertagia spp. in naturally infested lambs at Swellendam. Efficacy against the adult stage of the same isolate of Ostertagia spp. in artificially infested sheep in the laboratory was tested at dosage rates of albendazole 3,8% mg/kg or 7,6 mg/kg, mebendazole 15 mg/kg, levamisole 7,5 mg/kg and morantel 14,5 mg/kg and varied from 0%, 0%, 1,9% 53,9% and 87,0% respectively. Albendazole, the only anthelmintic tested against the Malmesbury strain of Ostertagia spp. was 9,8% effective against the adult stage in naturally infested lambs. Trichostrongylus spp. and Nematodirus spp. simultaneously present in these animals were fully susceptible to all the anthelmintics tested. PMID- 6631912 TI - Cattle mange: importance in South Africa and chemical control with the organophosphate phoxim. AB - Cattle mange causes economic losses in South Africa. Two full efficacy trials and 6 field trials with phoxim demonstrated good efficacy against 3 species of mites causing cattle mange. PMID- 6631913 TI - alpha-(Fluoromethyl)dehydroornithine and alpha-(fluoromethyl)dehydroputrescine analogues as irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase. AB - (E)-Dehydro analogues of alpha-(fluoromethyl)putrescine and -ornithine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro as irreversible inhibitors of a preparation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) obtained from rat liver. The key step in the synthesis of (E)-alpha-(fluoromethyl)dehydroornithine (17) and -putrescine (14) was the addition of propenylmagnesium bromide to fluoroacetonitrile. The resulting unstable conjugated imine salt was reduced regioselectively in situ with NaBH4 or was quenched with a solution of NaCN to give the corresponding unsaturated alpha-(fluoromethyl) amine and alpha-amino nitrile, respectively. These were transformed into 17 and 14 via a four-step sequence involving (a) phthaloyation of the amine function; (b) allylic bromination of the methyl group; (c) Gabriel reaction; and (d) hydrolytic cleavage of the protective groups. (E)-alpha-(Difluoromethyl)dehydroornithine (10) and -putrescine (7) were prepared from ethyl tert-butyl 2-(difluoromethyl)-2 (2-propenyl)malonate and di-tert-butyl 2-(difluoromethyl)-2-(2-propenyl)malonate, respectively, via a sequence similar to that reported previously for the synthesis of the saturated analogues. Compounds 17, 14, 10, and 7 proved to be much more potent enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors of ODC than the corresponding saturated analogues. The increase in potency is particularly marked in the alpha-fluoromethyl series. The apparent dissociation constants (KI) and the times of half-inactivation of enzyme (tau 50) at infinite concentration of inhibitors are 2.7 microM and 2.6 min for 17 and 42 microM and 0.2 min for 14. The KI and tau 50 of the corresponding saturated analogues are 75 microM and 1.6 min for the ornithine derivative and 56 microM and 4.4 min for the putrescine derivative. PMID- 6631914 TI - Synthesis and substituent effects on antibacterial activity, alkaline hydrolysis rates, and infrared absorption frequencies of some cephem analogues related to latamoxef (moxalactam). AB - Relationships between intrinsic antibacterial activity and beta-lactam reactivity of 7 beta-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino- and 7 beta-[(4 hydroxyphenyl)malonyl]amino derivatives of 1-oxa- and 1-thiacephems, with or without the 7 alpha-methoxy group (1-8), were investigated in order to clarify the enhanced antibacterial activity of latamoxef disodium (1). Substituent effects of a carbon atom at the 1- and 7 alpha-positions were also investigated by using racemic 1-carbacephem 9 and 7 alpha-methyl-1-oxacephem 10. Syntheses of 2-8 and 10 are also described. Acid chlorides derived from the O benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid and the p methoxybenzyl derivative of (4-hydroxyphenyl)malonic acid smoothly effected the introduction of these side chains. Conjugate addition of lithium dimethylcuprate to the quinoid system in 16 proceeded stereospecifically, furnishing the 7 alpha methyl group for the synthesis of 10. Values of log (1/C) averaged for the sensitive Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli NIHJ JC-2 and Klebsiella pneumoniae SRL-1) were taken as an estimation of the intrinsic antibacterial activity. The chemical reactivity of the beta-lactam ring was estimated either by pseudo-first-order rate constants (k) of alkaline hydrolysis measured at pH 9.20 and 35.0 degrees C or by infrared stretching frequencies of the beta-lactam carbonyl measured in dimethyl sulfoxide. Substitution of an oxygen atom at the 1 position increases both the hydrolysis rates and the antibacterial activity by a factor of approximately 6.3, while substitution of a 7 alpha-methoxy group increases the antibacterial activity by a factor of approximately 3.2 without significant change in the hydrolysis rates. The effect of the 7 alpha-methoxy group on the transition state in alkaline hydrolysis is discussed. Substitutions at the 1-position with a methylene group and, especially, at the 7 alpha-position with a methyl group greatly diminished the antibacterial activity, whereas the hydrolysis rate remained high with the substitution of a methylene group. Substitution of an oxygen atom for the sulfur atom at the 1-position of 1 thiacephems increased the beta-lactam carbonyl frequencies by approximately 6 cm 1, whereas introduction of a 7 alpha-methoxy group in 1-thia- and 1-oxacephems reduced the frequencies by approximately 5 cm-1. PMID- 6631915 TI - Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of substituted trans-4-amino-3,4-dihydro 2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-3-ols. AB - A series of novel substituted trans-4-amino-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1 benzopyran-3-ols was prepared and tested for antihypertensive activity in the conscious deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/saline treated hypertensive rat. Optimum blood pressure lowering activity requires 6-substitution by a strong electron-withdrawing group, together with a pyrrolidino or piperidino group at the 4 position. Exceptions to this were the 7-nitro-4-pyrrolidine analogue and the 6-nitro-3-chloropropylamine, which retained marked antihypertensive activity. All of these compounds were direct vasodilators and had comparable antihypertensive activity to hydralazine and to the calcium antagonist, nifedipine. The synthetic route to these compounds involves cyclization of of propargyl ethers to 2H-1-benzopyrans, followed by conversion via bromohydrins to 3,4-epoxides, which were ring opened with the appropriate amines. Meta substituted propargyl ethers gave both 5- and 7-substituted benzopyrans on thermal cyclization, the former predominating. A new route to 2,2-dimethyl-7 nitrobenzopyran is described. PMID- 6631916 TI - Potent antagonists of the antidiuretic responses to arginine-vasopressin based on modifications of [1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid),2 D- phenylalanine,4-valine]arginine-vasopressin at position 4. AB - As part of a program in which we are attempting (a) to delineate the structural features at positions 1-9 in our previously reported antidiuretic antagonists required for antidiuretic antagonism and (b) to obtain analogues with enhanced antiantidiuretic potency and/or selectivity, we have synthesized 14 new analogues of the antidiuretic antagonist [1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid),2-D-phenylalanine,4-valine]arginine vasopressin [d-(CH2)5-D-Phe2VAVP), in which the valine residue at position 4 was replaced by the following L-amino acids and glycine: Ile, Abu, Thr, Ala, Gln, Lys, Cha, Nle, Nva, Phe, Leu, Gly, Tyr, and Pro. These analogues are 1, d-(CH2)5 D-Phe2,Ile4AVP; 2, d(CH2)5-D-Phe2,Abu4AVP; 3, d(CH2)5-D-Phe2,Thr4AVP; 4, d(CH2)5 D-Phe2,Ala4AVP;5, d(CH2)5-D-Phe2AVP; 6, d(CH2)5-D-Phe2,Lys4AVP; 7, d(CH2)5-D Phe2,Cha4AVP; 8, d(CH2)5-D-Phe2,Nle4AVP; 9, d(CH2)5-D-Phe2,Nva4AVP; 10, d(CH2)5-D Phe2,Phe4AVP; 11, d(CH2)5-D-Phe2,Leu4AVP; 12, d(CH2)5-D-Phe2,Gly4AVP; 13, d(CH2)5 D-Phe2,Tyr4AVP; 14, d(CH2)5-D-Phe2,Pro4AVP. The protected intermediates required for the synthesis of all of these peptides were prepared by the solid-phase method and cleaved from the resin by ammonolysis. Following deblocking with Na in NH3 and oxidizing with K3[Fe(CN)6], each peptide was purified on Sephadex G-15 in a two-step procedure using 50% HOAc and 0.2 M HOAc as eluants. Analogues 1-14 were tested for agonistic and antagonistic activities by antidiuretic, vasopressor, and oxytocic assays in rats. Analogues 1, 2, and 4-6 exhibit no detectable antidiuretic agonistic activity. All analogues, with the exception of the Pro4-containing analogue, are antidiuretic antagonists. Their antiantidiuretic pA2 values are as follows: 1, 8.24 +/- 0.08; 2, 7.96 +/- 0.07; 3, 7.62 +/- 0.09; 4, 7.52 +/- 0.03; 5, 7.21 +/- 0.07; 6, 7.22 +/- 0.12; 7, 7.19 +/- 0.08; 8, 7.12 +/- 0.09; 9, 6.99 +/- 0.06; 10, 6.07 +/- 0.11; 11, 6.07 +/- 0.11; 12, 5.85 +/- 0.05; 13, approximately 5.57; 14, a weak agonist (0.004 U/mg). Analogues 1-14 also antagonize the vascular responses to arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and the in vitro oxytocic responses to oxytocin. Analogues 1, 2, 3, and 5 have also been shown to antagonize the in vivo oxytocic responses to oxytocin. Five of these analogues (1, 2, 3, 6, and 7) exhibit enhanced antiantidiuretic/antivasopressor selectivity. d(CH2)5-D-Phe2,Lys4AVP and other position-4 analogues with side-chain functional groups may be useful covalent ligands with which to probe the structural characteristics of AVP renal and vascular receptors. With an antiantidiuretic "effective dose" of 0.46 +/- 0.07 nmol/kg and a pA2 value of 8.24 +/- 0.08, d(CH2)5-D-Phe2,Ile4AVP (1) appears to be the most potent antidiuretic antagonist reported to date.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631917 TI - Synthesis of potential anticancer agents. Pyrido[4,3-b][1,4]oxazines and pyrido[4,3-b][1,4]thiazines. AB - Hydrolysis of the chloro group of ethyl (6-amino-4-chloro-5-nitropyridin-2 yl)carbamate (3) with formic acid gave the corresponding 4-hydroxypyridine 4. Catalytic hydrogenation of the nitro group of 4 gave the 5-amino-4 hydroxypyridine 5, which was reacted with alpha-halo ketones in acetic acid at room temperature to give a series of 3- and 2,3-substituted ethyl (5-amino-2H pyrido[4,3-b][1,4]oxazin-7-yl)carbamates 8. Treatment of 8 with hot concentrated hydrochloric acid regenerated the pyridine synthon 5. In the reaction of 3 with thioacetate, the product underwent hydrolysis and air-oxidation to give the corresponding disulfide 6. Simultaneous reduction of both the nitro group and disulfide linkage of 6 gave the 5-amino-4-mercaptopyridine 7, which was reacted with alpha-halo ketones either in acetic acid at room temperature or in a mixture of ethanol and water at reflux to give a series of 3-, 2,3-, and 2,2,3 substituted ethyl (5-amino-2H-pyridol[4,3-b][1,4]thiazin-7-yl)carbamates 9. The effects of these pyridooxazines and pyridothiazines upon the proliferation and the mitotic index of cultured L1210 cells and upon the survival of mice bearing P388 leukemia were determined. PMID- 6631918 TI - Synthesis and antibacterial activities of new (alpha hydrazinobenzyl)cephalosporins. AB - Some (alpha-hydrazinobenzyl)cephalosporins, I (R = Me, CH2OAc, Cl) and II (R = Me, CH2OAc), structurally related (formula; see text) to cephalexin, cephaloglycin, and cefaclor have been prepared and evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity. The synthesis involves the condensation of the chloride hydrochloride III (R = H or Me) with the 7-aminocephem derivatives IV. The hydrazino compound I (R = Cl), an analogue of cefaclor, resulted in being the most active compound of the series. PMID- 6631919 TI - A deuterium isotope effect on the inhibition of gastric secretion by N,N-dimethyl N'-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]-N'-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridyl)urea. Synthesis of metabolites. AB - The use of isotopic substitution to retard the oxidative metabolism of the gastric antisecretory agent N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl]-N'-(4,6 dimethyl-2-pyridyl)urea (1) and improve its antisecretory potency was examined. The pyridine ring methyl hydrogens of 1 were replaced with either deuterium or fluorine. The hexadeuterated analogue (12) was found to be approximately 2.1 times more potent than the protio form (1) as an inhibitor of gastric acid secretion stimulated by gastrin tetrapeptide. The hexafluoro analogue (11) was 0.4 times as potent as 1. A useful pyridine ring synthesis was developed to prepare the metabolites of 1, 10a (4-hydroxymethyl) and 10b (6-hydroxymethyl), and the hexafluoro analogue 11. These syntheses involved the condensation of 1,3 diketones with an appropriately N-substituted amidinoacetate. PMID- 6631920 TI - Antidiabetic activity of some 1-substituted 3,5-dimethylpyrazoles. AB - Several new 1-substituted 3,5-dimethylpyrazoles were prepared for testing as hypoglycemic agents. A number of these containing para-substituted 1 carbonylphenylurea and para-substituted 1-carbamoylbenzenesulfonylurea derivatives were found to possess potent hypoglycemic activity. PMID- 6631921 TI - Validity and importance of low ratings given medical graduates in noncognitive areas. AB - The extent to which recent (1978-1981) graduates of one medical school received low ratings on 10 items concerning noncognitive aspects of professional behavior is presented and related to ratings on items dealing with knowledge, data gathering skills, and clinical judgment. Overall, only 3 percent of the graduates had low ratings on the noncognitive items. Despite high correlations among ratings in the four areas of professional competence (knowledge, data-gathering, clinical judgment, and professional attitudes), 40 percent of the graduates with low ratings on noncognitive items had high ratings in at least two of the areas. The validity of the ratings is tested by relating them to the willingness of residency supervisors to offer the graduates further postgraduate training and to clinical ratings received in the third year of medical school. Substantial relationships are shown both with the residency offer and medical school ratings for graduates with high and low ratings. PMID- 6631922 TI - Evaluating instruction in medical education. AB - The component parts and development of a comprehensive system to evaluate and improve teaching in a school of medicine are described by the author in this paper. This system integrates quantitative measures of teaching (student/resident ratings of classroom and clinical teaching), descriptive documentation (faculty teaching load, innovations, and research on teaching), and qualitative judgments (peer review) on the full spectrum of instruction in medicine. Medical school policies have standardized evaluation criteria, instrumentation, and procedures while granting departments flexibility in conducting peer review. The results of two studies indicate that the evaluation system described here has had a positive impact both on the improvement of teaching and on academic promotions. PMID- 6631923 TI - Achievement motivation in medical students. AB - Medical students were assessed by questionnaire in their third and fourth years regarding attitudes about sex role, medical school, and career plans and in the third year about fear of success. Nine percent of each sex were judged to fear success. Stereotypical responses were reported by the students. Males, anticipating that they would work more than 60 hours per week, looked forward to academic careers, while females more often desired the sharing of financial and child care responsibilities with spouses. Attitudes toward chores were egalitarian, but in reality women performed most routine household activities. Both sexes agreed upon the characteristics that are necessary to be a good student as well as to succeed in later life. Women were more inclined toward artistic and domestic interests and helping others, while men were more interested in scientific investigation, athletics, and adventure. The implications of these similarities and differences for the students' future careers are discussed. PMID- 6631924 TI - Evaluating alcoholism and drug abuse knowledge in medical education: a collaborative project. AB - A series of six modular examinations, each representing a substance abuse problem, were developed by a National Institute on Drug Abuse task force working with consultants from the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). Each examination contained a patient management problem and multiple-choice questions. The examinations were administered to 629 third- and fourth-year U.S. medical students, and the results indicated that students performed less well in this area than on the traditional content of the NBME examinations. Students performed better on items related to pharmacologic effects of drugs of abuse, Alcoholics Anonymous, and the treatment of delirium tremens. Students did less well on items related to metabolic and biochemical areas; emergency room treatment of drug overdosed, comatose patients; and legal issues in substance abuse. As a result of these data, a syllabus explaining each item in the available modules was developed, score-reporting to participating schools was modified, and the modules were shortened. Implications for medical education in substance abuse are discussed. PMID- 6631925 TI - Improvement of reliability of an oral examination by a structured evaluation instrument. AB - The main purposes of this study were to estimate the reliability of oral examinations administered to medical students during a clinical clerkship and to improve the reliability of this evaluation technique. In the first part of the study, the reliability of oral examinations as traditionally administered was estimated. The average intraclass reliability coefficient for these examinations was .48. Cassette recordings of these oral examinations were also rated by the faculty members. The average intraclass reliability coefficient of the ratings of the taped performances was .82. In the second part of the study, the reliability of oral examinations was investigated with the raters using a newly developed evaluation form. The average intraclass reliability of the oral examination using the evaluation form was .67, a noticeable increase over the .48 obtained without the form. The average intraclass reliability of ratings made from tape recordings of these oral examinations was .62. PMID- 6631926 TI - Characteristics of clinical information-searching: investigation using critical incident technique. AB - A total of 293 medical students, residents, and physicians were surveyed concerning their everyday information needs and the resources used to address these needs. The results of this study were used to identify goals of information searching education for medical students. The participants' heavy reliance on their personal libraries, their basing their first choice of resource on physical convenience, and their need to obtain information quickly document the need to educate students in organizing and maintaining personal libraries and reprint files. In this study, the authors found that familiarity with a resource is often the basis of the choice of the resource and identified different types of information needs. These results revealed the need to educate medical students to be able to use the characteristics of the information problem to tailor information-search strategy to retrieve information expeditiously from a variety of resources outside the personal library. PMID- 6631927 TI - Characteristics of highly rated family practice preceptors. AB - Student ratings of teaching, though controversial, demonstrate high reliability and acceptable validity. The study on which this article is based attempted to define the aspects of the family medicine preceptor and his practice which are significantly associated with the medical student's assessment of the preceptor's teaching ability. Questionnaires were sent to preceptors at the University of Western Ontario, and their responses were compared with student ratings by means of t-tests, correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. Higher teaching ability ratings were given to preceptors in group practice and nonurban practice and to those delegating more responsibility to students and using medication lists. Multiple-regression analyses using questionnaire data plus teaching ability subscores accounted for 88.1 percent of variance in student assessments of their clinical teachers. Suggestions for selection of preceptors are presented, together with proposals for further research into clinical teaching by family practice preceptors. PMID- 6631928 TI - Using patient-simulators to teach telephone communication skills to health professionals. AB - Using patient-simulators is an effective and inexpensive approach for teaching telephone communication skills to health professionals. An audiotaped simulation program has been carried out with the residents of the Family Practice Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and has been implemented in several other areas, including pediatrics, psychiatry, nursing, and a third-year elective clerkship in family medicine. PMID- 6631929 TI - Trends in teaching systems courses in American medical schools, 1975-1983. PMID- 6631932 TI - Learner and item sampling as a way to evaluate continuing education. PMID- 6631930 TI - Development of a community-based office of research consultation. PMID- 6631931 TI - Relationship between class attendance and NBME Part I examination. PMID- 6631933 TI - Impact of replacement questionnaire on the response rate of practicing physicians to mail questionnaire. PMID- 6631935 TI - Teaching psychosocial medicine. PMID- 6631934 TI - The relationship between MCAT science scores and undergraduate science GPA. PMID- 6631936 TI - Medical equipment inventory and service scheduling by computer: experience with a working scheme. AB - In Liverpool Health Authority a computer inventory of over 6000 items of medical equipment is used as an aid to servicing and management. Extracts from the inventory are used to guide work in several different servicing units and the cross-referencing facility is employed to provide lists of equipment by category (for example, manufacturer, hospital, department, cost band, age etc.). After four years' experience of this scheme we conclude that the costs are justified by the benefits to the equipment servicing programmes and to the management of equipment. However, the information made available for other purposes within the health authority (administration, supplies, finance etc.) has not been made use of to the extent that the whole cost could be justified as a management service. We have also found that the quality of inventory records and usage are improved where technicians can use the computer directly, and we find that medical physics technicians quickly come to understand such systems thereby minimizing support costs. PMID- 6631937 TI - Evaluation report: ECG monitors. PMID- 6631938 TI - A microcomputer system for real-time analysis of cardiac action potentials. AB - A system for performing real-time analysis of cardiac action potentials has been developed using a microcomputer based on the Motorola 6800 central processor. Transmembrane potentials obtained using standard microelectrodes were digitized to 8 bits at 80 ms intervals, stored in cyclic memory buffer from which they could be selected for analysis, converted back to analogue form and displayed on an oscilloscope in real time. For each action potential, amplitude, the maximum rate of change of potential and the action potential duration at 50% repolarization and 100% repolarization were measured. In addition, conduction time (taken as the interval between the stimulus artefact and the action potential) was measured. All data were stored in memory and later printed, together with the time at which the recording was made. The system was designed for analysis of action potentials recorded using floating microelectrodes. The computer was controlled by three remote switches and a potentiometer, positioned close to the muscle bath. The program was written in Motorola 6800 assembly language and stored in erasable programmable read-only memory. PMID- 6631939 TI - A microcomputer system for the identification of drug interactions. AB - The condition of critically ill patients may change rapidly. The consequent alterations in drug therapy may result from the advice of a number of specialists, some of whom may not be skilled in the problems of adverse drug interactions. As a result, screening for drug contra-indications by someone with the necessary experience often occurs after the patient has already received the drug. By providing information on drug interactions on an inexpensive microcomputer, the necessary screening for adverse interactions can take place before the administration of the drug. A software package, written in FORTRAN, which can handle the storage and retrieval of this type of information, is described. The system can assess up to 18 drugs simultaneously, from a data-base comprising the 102 stock drugs held by the Intensive Therapy Unit at Rotherham District General Hospital, together with 25 other drugs, which could interact with the stock drugs to produce serious or possibly fatal consequences. It also differentiates between therapeutic interactions and chemical or physical incompatibilities. PMID- 6631940 TI - A microprocessor-based device for synthesis of R-R interval values during ambulatory monitoring. AB - A microprocessor-based system devoted to ambulatory monitoring of heart-rate variability (HRV) is described. Mainly it measures R-R intervals after QRS detection and provides a real-time quantification of the HRV. The concept of derived successions and a suitable set of graphical summaries are used. The hardware is based on CMOS technology; the mobile part of the system is battery operated. The results are printed-out by the fixed part of the system, they can also be fed into a general-purpose computer. Other applications of the system are suggested. PMID- 6631941 TI - Analysis of the mechanism of allograft rejection and cell-mediated immunity. II. Divergent effect of CY pretreatment on the generation of cytotoxic activity in the draining lymph nodes and spleen. AB - CY pretreatment augmented the generation of cytotoxicity in the draining lymph node cells in mice after subcutaneous immunization with allogeneic spleen cells, or in the non-adherent peritoneal exudate cells after intraperitoneal immunization with these cells. Marginal cytotoxicity in the spleen cells after this immunization was suppressed by CY pretreatment. Similar divergent effect of CY pretreatment on the generation of cytotoxic activity in the draining lymph nodes and the spleen was also observed after immunization with allogeneic tumour cells which can induce high degrees of cytotoxicity without CY pretreatment. These results indicate that cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation at the site of direct graft rejection appears to have a nature different from that related to CTL generation in the spleen. A discussion is made as to the role of CTL in the peripheral site and the spleen in cases of in vivo allograft rejection. PMID- 6631942 TI - Secretory IgA synthesis in Kwashiorkor. AB - The synthesis of intestinal secretory IgA was studied in in vitro cultures of duodenal mucosal biopsies from children with Kwashiorkor. Production of secretory IgA was measured by the incorporation of radioactive label and visualized following PAGE and autoradiography. Results obtained before and after nutritional rehabilitation demonstrate an enhanced synthesis of sIgA in children with acute Kwashiorkor. Histological examination of plasma cells in the biopsy tissue confirms a twofold increase in IgA staining plasma cells in acute Kwashiorkor. Peripheral blood B lymphocytes in acute Kwashiorkor however, showed a reduction in IgA synthesis in the acute stage. These results suggest an effective mucosal sIgA response to the increased intestinal antigen load in Kwashiorkor. PMID- 6631943 TI - Partial requirements for in vitro survival of human red blood cells. AB - Some of the requirements for survival of human red blood cells were studied in vitro at 25 and 37 degrees C for 1--2 weeks. During the first week at 25 degrees C in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium with glucose, the cells at 2--5% hematocrit (HCT) maintained normal K+, Na+, and water contents with negligible hemolysis. After six days ion gradients decreased, preceded by decline of ATP. With adenosine, ATP was maintained for 1--2 weeks. Sustained in vitro survival of human red blood cells at 25 or 37 degrees C requires constant pHo and sufficient substrates to support a glycolytic carbon flux as well as a nitrogen flux via nucleotide turnover. In Earle's salts buffered with HEPES and supplemented with glucose, Eagle's essential vitamins, albumin, and antibiotics, suspensions at 0.1% HCT exhibited constant pH at 7.39 +/- 0.03 for at least two weeks at 37 degrees C. With glucose alone, ATP declined steadily to negligible levels despite constant pHo, but 0.1 mM adenine supported ATP for one week. Also, several amino acids partially prevented the decline of reduced glutathione during the first week at 37 degrees C. These results and current knowledge of red cell metabolism suggest a new defined medium for experiments requiring long term incubations, and extend the characterization of human red cell in vitro survival to a time period not previously studied. PMID- 6631944 TI - Lithium's inhibition of erythrocyte cation countertransport involves a slow process in the erythrocyte. AB - Chronic administration of lithium (Li+) to human subjects results in reduction of Li+/Na+ countertransport in their erythrocytes (RBC). The time course of development of inhibition is much slower than one would expect for an immediate effect of Li+ on the RBC membrane. Possible explanations include pharmacokinetic delays, a mediating humoral agent, and a slow process in the RBC. To discriminate among these possibilities, we incubated human RBC in sterile culture by the method of Freedman (Freedman, J.C. 1983. J. Membrane Biol. 75:225--231), which permits much longer incubations than other methods. As gauged by eight measures, the incubated RBC remain viable for two weeks. Small changes in intracellular concentrations with time during incubation are in the same direction as the changes associated with natural aging of RBC in vivo, except for a rise in ATP and related cation shifts during the first few days of incubation. Treatment of incubated RBC with 2 mM Li+ inhibits countertransport by 48% without affecting Li+ leak efflux. The inhibition develops slowly: it is half-maximal after 1--2 days and maximal by 4--7 days. Differences between in vivo results and our incubated cells in the time course of inhibition are as expected from the pharmacokinetic delays operating in vivo. The inhibition is reversible on removing Li+. Li+ inhibits countertransport similarly slowly and to a similar degree from inside the RBC and from outside. Hence the slow time course of inhibition in vivo is not due to a humoral factor or to the time required for intracellular Li+ accumulation and is only partly due to pharmacokinetic delays. The delay must involve an unidentified slow process at the level of the RBC. PMID- 6631945 TI - A national survey of young people's perceptions of mental handicap. AB - Over 1300, 15 and 16-year-old students throughout Ireland, completed a range of questionnaires which covered their past contact with mentally handicapped adults, their perceptions of them, their views on integration within society and their knowledge about the causes of this disability. It was found that only one quarter of the students had ever interacted with a mentally handicapped adult and nearly half of them had never been in their company. There were marked differences between these subgroups in their perceptions of, and attitudes to, mentally handicapped people. Equally striking were the differences between male and female students, although the effects of social background, city versus country and socio-economic status, were less pronounced. The implications for school-based, educational programmes on disability are discussed and areas for further research are highlighted. PMID- 6631946 TI - Diagnosis of the fragile X syndrome (Martin-Bell syndrome). Clinical findings in 27 males with the fragile site at Xq28. AB - The results of a clinical investigation of 27 males with the fragile X are reported; the age range was from 1 to 77 years. The medical history in pre-, peri and early post-natal life was unremarkable. Birth weights tended to be above average. In infancy hypotonia and a large head were often found, together with retarded development. Macroorchidism was almost uniformly found after puberty, but apparently not often before. The facial features in the grown-up males were characteristic, confirming previous reports. Minor abnormalities of feet and hands were seen. Mental retardation was often in the moderate range, but all degrees were seen. Psychiatric symptoms were frequently seen, and one child was diagnosed as autistic. A developmental profile is outlined. PMID- 6631947 TI - Behavioural dimensions of the de Lange syndrome: attribution of mystique and a question of cause and effect. PMID- 6631948 TI - Morphometric study of the development of Purkinje cell dendritic trees in the mouse using vertex analysis. AB - Vertices are the points in an arborescence which interconnect segments and comprise terminal or pendant vertices (Vp), nodal or branching points and the root point. Branching points may be dichotomous (Vd) or trichomtomous (Vt), etc., and are subdivided into distinct two-dimensional topological entities according to the number of terminal vertices they drain, i.e. Vds comprise primary vertices (Va), connecting two Vps; secondary vertices (Vb), connecting one Vp and one Vd or one Vt; and tertiary vertices (Vc), connecting either two Vds, two Vts or one Vt and one Vd. The four types of Vt (Va', Vb', Vc', Vd') similarly connect three, two, one and zero Vps respectively. Each Vt may be transformed into two Vds thus, Va' = Va + Vb; Vb' = Va/3 + 4Vb/3 + Vc/3; Vc' = Vb + Vc and Vd' = 2Vc. Analysis proceeds by transforming mixed trees containing varying proportions of Vds and Vts into entirely dichotomous branching structures. The topology is then defined by the Va/Vb ratio which has a unique value according to the mode of growth and the frequency of Vts. Vertices are ordered by a centrifugal technique. The frequency distribution of vertices of different order allow the changes in growth characteristics and in remodelling to be detected within particular regions of the tree. Metrical parameters are readily incorporated into the analysis since all vertices are interconnected by segments of finite length and are given the same order magnitude as the vertex they drain. The analytical capabilities of the method are exemplified by its application to the study of growth and plasticity in the dendritic trees of Purkinje cells in the mouse. Growth is defined in metrical and topological terms and sites of reorganization within the mature tree are identified. PMID- 6631949 TI - The complex-shaped 'perforated' synapse, a problem in quantitative stereology of the brain. AB - Failure to appreciate the consequences for stereological work of the simultaneous presence of complex-shaped perforated and disc-like non-perforated synapses in brain tissue results in underestimation of synaptic profile length and overestimation of synaptic density when measured in randomly selected ultrathin E PTA slices. This problem can be solved by using serial slices and a calculation method which makes no assumptions about synaptic size and shape. A three dimensional reconstruction is unnecessary. PMID- 6631950 TI - Sarcoidosis presenting as massive splenomegaly. PMID- 6631951 TI - Shattuck lecture--the increasing supply of physicians, the changing structure of the health-services system, and the future practice of medicine. PMID- 6631952 TI - Electron microscopic evidence for the axial rotation and inter-domain flexibility of the Fab regions of immunoglobulin G. AB - The Fab arms of immunoglobulin G (IgG) have long been known to hinge about their joint with the Fc subunit. Using monoclonal antibodies bound to influenza haemagglutinin (HA) as position markers, we now show that these arms can also rotate about their long axis with respect to Fc. We also show that when two IgGs are bound cyclically with two HA molecules, the arms can bend between the variable and constant domains to accommodate bond angle constraint. PMID- 6631953 TI - Hyaluronic acid: molecular conformation and interactions in the tetragonal form of the potassium salt containing extended chains. AB - X-ray diffraction data were used to determine the detailed crystal structure of a tetragonal form of potassium hyaluronate containing relatively extended 4-fold helical chains (rise per disaccharide h = 0.95 nm). The polysaccharide chains are left-handed (4(3] helices. Two antiparallel chains pack in a tetragonal unit cell (a = b = 0.996 nm, c = 3.788 nm) with P4(3)2(1)2 space group symmetry. The chain conformations are stabilized intramolecularly by O4-O5 hydrogen bonds across the beta(1 leads to 3) linkage and by a pair of intermolecular hydrogen bonds per disaccharide between adjacent antiparallel chains. Fourier difference synthesis revealed one potassium ion and two water molecules per disaccharide. Six polyanion oxygen atoms from three neighboring chains together with one of these water molecules form the co-ordination polyhedra. Further stability is brought about through inter- and intrachain water bridges involving both water molecules. The probable reason for the stability of this extended allomorph is discussed in terms of the preferred co-ordination geometry of the potassium ion. PMID- 6631954 TI - Hyaluronic acid: molecular conformations and interactions in the orthorhombic and tetragonal forms containing sinuous chains. AB - The conformation, packing and probable mode of cation binding have been determined for compact potassium hyaluronate chains (average rise per disaccharide h = 0.89 nm) organized in an orthorhombic unit cell (a = 1.173 nm, b = 0.925 nm, c = 3.542 nm). The space group symmetry is P2(1)2(1)2(1) and the unit cell contains two antiparallel polysaccharide chains that are disturbed 4(3) helices. Each chain is stabilized intramolecularly by four hydrogen bonds and between adjacent antiparallel chains there are two intermolecular hydrogen bonds per crystallographic tetrasaccharide repeat. Fourier difference synthesis revealed two potassium ions and two water molecules in each asymmetric unit. Both potassium ions show octahedral co-ordination geometries and link adjacent antiparallel polysaccharide chains. The water molecules provide further intermolecular association through water bridges. A comparison of this potassium hyaluronate structure with the orthorhombic and tetragonal sodium hyaluronate structures containing similar compact hyaluronate chains revealed that the apparently isomorphous orthorhombic sodium and potassium salts did not have the same packing arrangements. The relative orientations of the sinuous hyaluronate chains in the sodium and potassium salts are about 90 degrees apart. The locations of the cations and hence the coordination schemes of K+ and Na+ are therefore very different. These analyses have delineated, for the first time, how hyaluronate chains can respond differentially to two different monovalent cations. PMID- 6631955 TI - Hyaluronic acid double helix. AB - The hyaluronic acid double helix, contrary to an earlier visualization, probably incorporates extensively hydrogen-bonded chains and is pinned together by carboxyl-carboxylate hydrogen bonds and water bridges. Transient interactions between stiffened chain segments provided by the formation of double-helical loops could give rise to the characteristic viscoelastic properties of hyaluronic acid solutions. PMID- 6631956 TI - Dermatan sulfate: molecular conformations and interactions in the condensed state. AB - The molecular conformations and manner of aggregation has been determined for three allomorphs of the connective tissue polysaccharide dermatan sulfate by analysis of X-ray diffraction from oriented, polycrystalline fibers of sodium salts. One allomorph is unique among glycosaminoglycans in having right-handed (8(3)) helical chains. Two such chains pack antiparallel in a tetragonal unit cell (a = b = 1.267 nm, c = 7.353 nm) with P4(3)2(1)2 space group symmetry. The 3(2) chains of the second allomorph are organized in a trigonal unit cell (a = b = 1.460 nm, c = 2.823 nm, space group symmetry P3(2)21) containing two left handed antiparallel polysaccharide molecules. (The chirality of this allomorph has been assumed to be the same as in other 3-fold glycosaminoglycan helices, since discrimination between 3(1) and 3(2) symmetries was found not to be possible.) The archiral 2(1) helices of the third allomorph, pack probably in an orthorhombic unit cell (a = 1.151 nm, b = 1.065 nm, c = 1.878 nm, space group symmetry P2(1)2(1)2(1)) that contains again two antiparallel polymer molecules. Each dermatan sulfate chain is stabilized intramolecularly by O3-O5 hydrogen bonds across the beta (1 leads to 4) linkage. There are two intermolecular hydrogen bonds per tetrasaccharide repeat in the tetragonal structure and two per disaccharide in the trigonal structure. Fourier difference syntheses indicated equivalents of four sodium ions per tetrasaccharide and two sodium ions per disaccharide in the tetragonal and trigonal structures, respectively. The cations are either partially or fully hydrated and link dermatan sulfate chains either intra- or intermolecularly by involving besides other polyanion oxygen atoms, carboxylate and sulfate oxygen atoms. The probable mode of packing in the orthorhombic structure indicates a pair of hydrogen bonds between adjacent antiparallel polysaccharide chains and suggests plausible cationic sites in the unit cell. PMID- 6631957 TI - Conformation of glucagon in a lipid-water interphase by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. AB - A determination of the spatial structure of the polypeptide hormone glucagon bound to perdeuterated dodecylphosphocholine micelles is described. A map of distance constraints between individually assigned hydrogen atoms of the polypeptide chain was obtained from two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy. These data were used as the input for a distance geometry algorithm for computing conformations that would be compatible with the experiments. In the region from residues 5 to 29 the mobility of the polypeptide backbone and most of the amino acid side-chains was found to be essentially restricted to the overall rotational tumbling of the micelles. The secondary structure in this region includes three turns of irregular alpha-helix in the segment of residues 17 to 29 near the C terminus, a stretch of extended polypeptide chain from residues 14 to 17, an alpha-helix-like turn formed by the residues 10 to 14 and another extended region from residues 5 to 10. In the N terminal tetrapeptide H-His-Ser-Gln-Gly- the two terminal residues are highly mobile, indicating that they extend into the aqueous phase, and the mobility of the residues Gln3 and Gly4 appears to be only partially restricted by the binding to the micelle. The absence of long range nuclear Overhauser effects between the peptide segments 5-9 and 11-29, and between 5-16 and 19-29 shows that the polypeptide chain does not fold back on itself and hence that micelle-bound glucagon does not adopt a globular tertiary structure. Previously it was shown that the polypeptide backbone of glucagon is located close to and runs roughly parallel to the micelle surface. Combination of these observations suggests that the overall spatial arrangement of the glucagon polypeptide chain in a lipid water interphase is largely determined by the topology of the lipid support, in the present case the curvature of the dodecylphosphocholine micelles. The tertiary structure is further characterized by the formation of two hydrophobic patches by the side-chains of Phe6, Tyr10 and Leu14, and the side-chains of Ala19, Phe22, Val23, Trp25 and Leu26, respectively. PMID- 6631958 TI - Molecular symmetry of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Bacillus coagulans. AB - The thermolabile glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the facultative thermophile Bacillus coagulans has a crystallographically exact 2-fold rotation axis of symmetry in one of its orthorhombic crystal forms (Lee et al., 1982). Using various crystallographic techniques, we have now identified this axis to be the molecular R-axis, which is the symmetry axis that relates the two subunits that form each active site of the tetrameric enzyme. This is in contrast to the symmetry of the human skeletal muscle enzyme wherein the crystallographically exact axis was found to be the Q-axis (Buehner et al., 1974). This finding could have important implications for the possible mechanism for the allosteric behavior of this molecule. PMID- 6631959 TI - Structure and thermotropic properties of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-glycero-2 phosphocholine. AB - The structure and thermotropic properties of hydrated 1,3-dipalmitoyl-glycero-2 phosphocholine (beta-DPPC) have been studied by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. After prolonged storage at -3 degrees C, differential scanning calorimetry heating scans exhibit endothermic transitions at 27 degrees C and 37 degrees C, with transition enthalpies, delta H = 9.1 and 10.5 kcal/mol beta-DPPC, respectively (1 cal = 4.184 J). Upon cooling, the high temperature transition is completely reversible, whereas the low temperature transition is not. Prolonged incubation of hydrated beta-DPPC at low temperatures is necessary in order to regain the full enthalpy of the low temperature transition, indicating metastability of the low temperature form. X-ray diffraction studies indicate three different lamellar phases upon heating equilibrated beta-DPPC from -3 degrees C: (1) below 18 degrees C, a hydrated (14 mol water/mol beta-DPPC) "crystalline" bilayer phase, Lc, with an ordered hydrocarbon chain-packing mode and a bilayer periodicity d = 58 A; (2) between 30 degrees C and 35 degrees C, a hydrated (22 mol water/mol beta-DPPC) gel phase, L beta, with hexagonal chain-packing and d = 47 A; hydrocarbon chain interdigitation in this phase is suggested by the small bilayer periodicity, a sharp, symmetric wide-angle reflection at 1/4.2 A-1, an area per mol beta-DPPC at the interface of approximately 80 A2, electron density profiles and structure factor calculations using strip electron density models; (3) above 37 degrees C, a highly hydrated (48 mol water/mol beta-DPPC) liquid crystalline bilayer phase, L alpha, with d = 65 A. Previous nuclear magnetic resonance and neutron diffraction studies have suggested that in beta-DPPC the glycerol backbone adopts an orientation parallel to the bilayer surface, in contrast to its usual perpendicular orientation in alpha-DPPC. This conformation presumably results in an increased intramolecular chain separation, with consequent changes in the molecular packing, hydration and thermotropic behavior of beta-DPPC, compared to its positional isomer alpha-DPPC. PMID- 6631960 TI - X-ray analysis of the eye lens protein gamma-II crystallin at 1.9 A resolution. AB - We report the X-ray structure analysis and refinement at 1.9 A resolution of calf gamma-II crystallin, a lens-specific protein. The sequence of Croft (1972) has been modified to give a polypeptide chain of 174 residues (cf. 165). The protein has a symmetrical, hierarchical structure of two globular domains each comprising two similar "Greek key" motifs, consecutive along the polypeptide chain, and related by a pseudo 2-fold axis. The two domains pack together with a single connection and are related by a further pseudo 2-fold axis which bisects the angle between the intra-domain dyads. Forty-two pairs of C alpha positions for the two most similar motifs have root-mean-square separation at best fit of 0.69 A. The N and C-terminal domains gave root-mean-square separation of 0.89 A for 82 pairs of C alpha atoms at best fit. In each domain the two Greek key motifs form a pair of four-stranded antiparallel beta-pleated sheets, each sheet composed of three stands from one motif and one from the other. The sheets pack together in a wedge shape, closed at the top by the loops connecting the third and fourth strands of each motif. The first two strands of each motif form an extended beta hairpin which is folded on to the beta-sheet. The packing of each motif into the globular domains involves a staggered bilayer of side-chains between each pair of beta-sheets which does not preserve the pseudo 2-fold axes observed in the C alpha position topology. In the core of each domain there are interactions between polarizable aromatic groups and sulphur-containing residues which may contribute to stability and may also serve to protect aromatic side-chains from ultraviolet light damage in the lens. At the surface of the molecule over half the ionic side-chains are closely paired, which probably stabilizes the tertiary fold and may reduce the water bound. Crystal lattice interactions are described which may be similar to those occurring in vivo in the lens between crystallins. Seven cysteine residues have been identified in the structure and these may have a role in the thermodynamic stability of the molecule, its intermolecular interactions under the normal reducing conditions of the lens, and also in the aggregation and cross-linking which occur in some forms of cataract. Three of these residues, Cys18, Cys23 and Cys74, form a cluster in the N-terminal domain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6631961 TI - Electron microscope structural study of modified fibrin and a related modified fibrinogen aggregate. AB - The structure of proteolytically modified fibrin and a closely related modified fibrinogen aggregate have been studied by analysis of electron microscope images. For both structures, we propose a model that consists of double-stranded, 2-fold helical protofibrils, which are associated laterally to form ordered fibrils, with a C222 space group: a = 44.0 nm, b = c = 9.4 nm. Each fibril is 80 nm or less in diameter, and twists along its length in a right-handed sense, with a pitch from 7 to 12 times the molecular length. The fibrils associate laterally to form bundles, which tend to twist in a left-handed sense, with a pitch of the order of 40 times the molecular length. The specific volume of modified fibrin calculated from this model is 3.9 A3 per dalton, which is comparable to the specific volume of 3.6 A3 per dalton for modified fibrinogen crystals but is lower than the 6 A3 per dalton determined for fibrin from light-scattering experiments. Comparison of our electron microscope results with X-ray and neutron diffraction data suggest a similar, but less well-ordered, structure for native fibrin, with a smaller fibril, approximately 18.4 nm wide, consisting of eight protofibrils. PMID- 6631962 TI - Free energy coupling within macromolecules. The chemical work of ligand binding at the individual sites in co-operative systems. AB - Individual-site binding curves such as those obtainable from techniques of DNase footprinting or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used to monitor structurally localized events within biopolymers. This paper discusses thermodynamic aspects of individual-site ligand binding for co-operative systems where the binding of ligand at a local site is coupled to binding of the same ligand species at other sites within the macromolecule. Individual-site binding isotherms have the following properties. (1) They provide a direct indication of the role played by the particular site in the overall binding reaction. (2) They can be used to determine the energetic contribution of loading the site regardless of the complexity of the system. (3) They can be used to resolve microscopic equilibrium constants and co-operativity constants in cases where the classical isotherm is incapable of such resolution. The microscopic constants bear a complex relation to the chemical work of loading each individual site. For a system with two interacting sites we derive analytical relationships between the individual-site loading energies and the microscopic constants. These relationships prescribe, for any values of the microscopic constants, how the co operative energy is partitioned between events at the two sites. At fixed ligand activity the binding free energy can be estimated directly from an individual site isotherm. This quantity, which is also a composite of the microscopic constants, provides a useful measure of site--site interaction. Several examples and applications are discussed for these properties of individual-site binding reactions. PMID- 6631963 TI - Exchange of individual hydrogens for a protein in a crystal and in solution. AB - A preliminary comparison of the solvent exchange of individual hydrogens of a protein in solution and in a crystal has been possible by using data for lysozyme from 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and neutron diffraction studies. It is suggested that this approach enables a direct comparison of local dynamical behaviour in the two states. The results indicate markedly similar behaviour for many residues, but significant differences are indicated in several regions of the protein. PMID- 6631964 TI - Methylphenylmercury: a novel heavy atom reagent for protein crystallography. AB - Methylphenylmercury reacts with two normally inaccessible cysteine residues in crystals of carbonmonoxyhaemoglobin, but not with the third, normally reactive one. It may, therefore, be useful in the preparation of new heavy atom derivatives for protein crystallography. PMID- 6631965 TI - Location of the primary sites of micrococcal nuclease cleavage on the nucleosome core. AB - The positions and relative frequencies of the primary cleavages made by micrococcal nuclease on the DNA of nucleosome core particles have been found by fractionating the double-stranded products of digestion and examining their single-stranded compositions. This approach overcomes the problems caused by secondary events such as the exonucleolytic and pseudo-double-stranded actions of the nuclease and, combined with the use of high resolution gel electrophoresis, enables the cutting site positions to be determined with a higher precision than has been achieved hitherto. The micrococcal nuclease primary cleavage sites lie close (on average, within 0.5 nucleotide) to those previously determined by Lutter (1981) for the nucleases DNase I and DNase II. These similarities show that the accessible regions are the same for all three nucleases, the cleavage sites being dictated by the structure of the nucleosome core. The differences in the final products of the digestion are explained in terms of secondary cleavage events of micrococcal nuclease. While the strongly protected regions of the nucleosome core DNA are common to all three nucleases, there are differences in the relative degrees of cutting at the more exposed sites characteristic of the particular enzyme. In particular, micrococcal nuclease shows a marked polarity in the 3'-5' direction in the cutting rates as plotted along a single strand of the nucleosomal DNA. This is explained in terms of the three-dimensional structure of the nucleosome where, in any accessible region of the double helix, the innermost strand is shielded by the outermost strand on the one side and the histone core on the other. The final part of the paper is concerned with the preference of micrococcal nuclease to cleave at (A,T) sequences in chromatin. PMID- 6631966 TI - Comparison of the physical properties and assembly pathways of the related bacteriophages T7, T3 and phi II. AB - To understand constraints on the evolution of bacteriophage assembly, the structures, electrophoretic mobilities (mu) and assembly pathways of the related double-stranded DNA bacteriophages T7, T3 and phi II, have been compared. The characteristics of the following T7, T3 and phi II capsids in these assembly pathways have also been compared: (1) a DNA-free procapsid (capsid I) that packages DNA during assembly; (b) a DNA packaging-associated conversion product of capsid I (capsid II). The molecular weights of the T3 and phi II genomes were 25.2 X 10(6) and 25.9 (+/- 0.2) X 10(6) (26.44 X 10(6) for T7, as previously determined), as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis of intact genomes. The radii of T7, T3 and phi II bacteriophages were indistinguishable by sieving during agarose gel electrophoresis (+/- 4%) and measurement of the bacteriophage hydration (+/- 2%) (30.1 nm for T7, as previously determined). Assuming a T = 7 icosahedral lattice for the arrangement of the major capsid subunits (p10A) of T7, T3 and phi II best explains these data and data previously obtained for T7. At pH 7.4 and an ionic strength of 1.2, the solid-support-free mu values (mu 0 values) of T7, T3 and phi II bacteriophages, obtained by extrapolation of mu during agarose gel electrophoresis to an agarose concentration of 0 and correction for electro-osmosis, were -0.71, -0.91 and -1.17(X 10(-4) cm2V-1 s-1. The mu 0 values of T7, T3 and phi II capsids I were -1.51, -1.58 and -2.07(X 10( 4] cm2V-1 s-1. For the capsids II, these mu 0 values were -0.82, -1.07 and 1.37(X 10(-4] cm2V-1 s-1. The tails of all three bacteriophages were positively charged and the capsid envelopes (heads) were negatively charged. In all cases the procapsid had a negative mu 0 value larger in magnitude than the negative mu 0 value for bacteriophage or capsid II. A trypsin-sensitive region in capsid I associated, but not capsid II-associated, T3 p10A was observed (previously observed for T7). The largest fragment of trypsinized capsid I-associated p10A had the same molecular weight in T7 and T3, although the T3 p10A is 18% more massive than the T7 p10A. It is suggested that the trypsin-resistant region of capsid I-associated p10A determines the radius of the bacteriophage capsid. PMID- 6631967 TI - Three-dimensional reconstruction of tubulin sheets and re-investigation of microtubule surface lattice. AB - Sheets are incomplete microtubule walls observed as polymorphic variants of microtubule assembly. Their substructure is similar to that of microtubules, as shown by two-dimensional optical and computer reconstruction. We have extended earlier studies by computing a three-dimensional reconstruction. From a re investigation of the surface lattice it appears that the three-start helix of microtubules is right-handed rather than left-handed. PMID- 6631968 TI - Structure of variant-3 scorpion neurotoxin from Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing, refined at 1.8 A resolution. AB - The three-dimensional structure of the variant-3 protein neurotoxin from the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing has been determined by X-ray diffraction data. The initial model for the 65-residue protein was obtained at 3 A resolution by multiple-isomorphous-replacement methods. The structure was refined at 1.8 A resolution by restrained difference-Fourier methods, and by free-atom, block diagonal least-squares. Considering the 4900 reflections for which d = 1.8-7 A and Fo greater than 2.5 sigma (Fo), the final R-index is 0.16 for the restrained model, and 0.14 for the free-atom model. Average estimated errors in atomic co ordinates are about 0.1 A. The refined structure includes 492 protein atoms; one molecule of 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, which is tightly bound in a hydrophobic pocket on the surface of the protein; and 72 additional solvent sites. The major secondary structural features are two and a half turns of alpha-helix and a three strand stretch of antiparallel beta-sheet. The helix is connected to the middle strand of the beta-sheet by two disulfide bridges, and a third disulfide bridge is located nearby. Several loops extend out of this dense core of secondary structure. The protein displays several reverse turns and a highly contorted proline-rich, COOH-terminal segment. One of the proline residues (Pro59) assumes a cis-conformation. The structure involves 44 intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The crystallographic results suggest two major corrections in the published primary structure; one of these has been confirmed by new chemical sequence data. The protein displays a large flattened surface that contains a high concentration of hydrophobic residues, along with most of the conserved amino acids that are found in the scorpion neurotoxins. PMID- 6631969 TI - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction data of two crystal forms of bovine heart creatine kinase. AB - Two crystal forms of bovine heart creatine kinase, which are suitable for X-ray diffraction studies, have been grown at room temperature using 2-methyl-2,4 pentanediol as the precipitant at pH 7.2. The space group of the orthorhombic form is P2(1)2(1)2, with unit cell dimensions a = 133 A, b = 128 A and c = 65 A, and there is one dimeric molecule in the asymmetric unit. The space group of the tetragonal form is P4(2)2(1)2, with unit cell dimensions a = b = 132 A and c = 75 A, with one subunit in the asymmetric unit. The tetragonal crystals diffract to at least 2.0 A resolution. PMID- 6631970 TI - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction results of trichorzianine A 1, a peptide with nineteen residues from Trichoderma harzianum. AB - Trichorzianine A 1 is one of the main components of a mixture of related antibiotic peptides (trichorzianines) produced by the fungus Trichoderma harzianum. Good crystals were obtained and allowed X-ray diffraction up to 0.8 A resolution. The space group is orthorhombic, C222(1), Z = 8, a = 64.8 (1) A, b = 9.33 (3) A, c = 39.9 (1) A. The solvent content is only 12%, preventing a heavy ion diffusion. So, we are trying to obtain the structure by direct methods. PMID- 6631971 TI - Possible mechanisms for reoxygenation-induced recovery of myocardial high-energy phosphates after hypoxia. AB - Changes in several factors responsible for high-energy phosphate production and metabolism in the heart perfused under hypoxic and subsequent reoxygenated conditions were studied using rabbit heart Langendorff preparation. A marked decline in myocardial ATP and creatine phosphate contents was observed with prolonged periods of hypoxia lasting from 15 to 60 min. Upon reoxygenation after 15 or 30 min hypoxia, creatine phosphate levels were fully recovered, whereas ATP contents were partially restored. Possible mechanisms responsible for reoxygenation-induced differential recovery of high-energy phosphate contents were investigated. Mitochondrial function for generating ATP was depressed upon hypoxia for longer than 15 min hypoxia, and the decreased function was found to be irreversible upon reoxygenation even after 15 min hypoxia. However, mitochondrial ability to generate ATP in the heart receiving 60 min hypoxia was still observed to some extent. Creatine phosphokinase activity of the myocardium exposed to hypoxic solution for 60 min showed only 19% depression. A release of creatine phosphokinase from the perfused heart was observed after more than 30 min of hypoxic perfusion or during reoxygenated perfusion after 60 min hypoxia. Changes in creatine phosphokinase activities of the myocardium and of the perfusate were not associated with those in myocardial high-energy phosphate contents. Hypoxia also induced significant release of adenine nucleotide metabolites from the perfused heart in a biphasic manner. Substrates responsible for the release of the metabolites were found to be mainly inosine and partly hypoxanthine. The metabolite release was also supported by our finding of a decrease in total adenine nucleotide contents of the myocardium upon hypoxia. The present results suggested a crucial role of hypoxia-induced release of adenine nucleotide metabolites in a differential recovery of ATP and creatine phosphate upon reoxygenation. PMID- 6631972 TI - Normothermic ischaemic cardiac arrest and reperfusion of the isolated working heart: effect of chlorpromazine on functional, metabolic and morphological recovery. AB - The effects of chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of both Ca2+ flux and phospholipase activity, on myocardial ultrastructure, function and metabolism were assessed during normothermic ischaemic cardiac arrest and reperfusion of the isolated working rat heart. Normothermic ischaemic cardiac arrest produced significant changes in myocardial ultrastructure, high energy phosphate contents and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation within 20 min. Reperfusion of untreated hearts subjected to 20 and 25 min ischaemia failed to restore mitochondrial function, mechanical activity and ATP content to control, pre-ischaemic levels. Morphological signs of ischaemic injury regressed, especially in the subendocardial layer. Pretreatment of hearts with chlorpromazine did not prevent the ischaemia-induced changes in myocardial ultrastructure and mitochondrial function. However, during reperfusion the chlorpromazine-treated, totally ischaemic heats (20 to 25 min) exhibited improved coronary flow rates, and ultrastructural and mechanical recovery. The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation process and tissue high energy phosphate contents were not affected by the drug. PMID- 6631973 TI - Chlorpromazine inhibits loss of contractile function, compliance and ATP in ischemic rabbit heart. AB - Using a modified Langendorff preparation, rabbit hearts were either continuously perfused at 37 degrees C for 150 min, in the presence of O2 and substrate, or after a 30 min equilibration period exposed to global ischemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Ischemia, for 90 min at 27 decrees C or for 60 min at 37 degrees C was compared. Perfusion pressure, heart rate, and ventricular volume were maintained constant. Contractile function and metabolic status were assessed. The effect of chlorpromazine, administered (30 mg/kg IP) 30 min prior to sacrifice, was compared to the untreated animal. (1) Chlorpromazine had little effect on the contractile function or metabolic status of hearts continuously perfused for 150 min in the presence of O2 and substrate. (2) The chloropromazine-treated hearts maintained contractile function and metabolic status at preischemic levels following exposure to 90 min of global ischemia at 27 degrees C and reperfusion at 37 degrees C. Untreated hearts exhibited a severe deterioration in both contractile and metabolic parameters under the same conditions. Both untreated and chlorpromazine-treated hearts exhibited loss of contractile function after 60 min ischemia at 37 degrees C; untreated hearts had undetectable ATP levels while chlorpromazine-treated hearts exhibited low levels of ATP. (3) Untreated hearts, exposed to 90 min of ischemia at 27 degrees C, exhibited a significant loss in compliance, while the compliance of chlorpromazine-treated hearts was unchanged from pre-ischemic levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6631974 TI - Intercellular diffusion of Lucifer yellow CH in mammalian cardiac fibers. AB - The longitudinal movement of Lucifer Yellow CH (mol. wt. 443) along dog trabeculae was studied with the cut-end method. The results indicated that the permeability of the surface membrane to the dye is negligible. The longitudinal redistribution of Lucifer Yellow occurred over 3.5 mm (about 29 cells). The average effective diffusiveness (D) was found to be 1.4 +/- 0.17 X 10(-6) cm2/s (n = 15). From non-steady state diffusion measurements (diffusion time--90 min) the permeability of the nexus to Lucifer Yellow CH turned out to be 7 X 10(-4) cm/s. The results support the view that the cardiac cells are connected through high permeable hydrophilic channels. PMID- 6631975 TI - The influence of marital therapy on sexual satisfaction. AB - The influence of behavioral marital therapy on sexual satisfaction was assessed in 44 consecutive cases for which pre and post data were obtained. There were significant increases in both marital and sexual satisfaction associated with marital therapy. Sexual problems were presented in approximately 40% of the cases, but whether sex was presented as a problem or not generally did not affect therapy outcome. Positive feelings toward spouse or caring for one's spouse improved significantly from pre- to posttherapy. PMID- 6631976 TI - Partner reaction following ostomy surgery. AB - This study was conducted to obtain information regarding sexual adjustment following ostomy surgery and to explore the spouse/partner's reaction upon resuming sexual activities following surgery. Home interviews were conducted with 40 subjects who had a permanent stoma, where the mean length of time since surgery averaged 4.6 years. Retrospective perceptions of the spouse/partner's reactions were varied. A majority reported that their spouses reacted positively to the first sexual experience following ostomy surgery. However a substantial number of subjects stated that their sexual partner reacted with caution ("fear of hurting me") or in a negative manner. This and previous studies indicate that the sexual partner plays a key role in helping the person adjust following ostomy surgery. PMID- 6631977 TI - Methodological issues in the study of sex therapy: effective components in the treatment of secondary orgasmic dysfunction. AB - Three components commonly utilized in sex therapy for secondary orgasmic dysfunction (Sensate Focus I, Sensate Focus II, and ban on intercourse) were studied, with the aim of not only exploring their effects on therapy outcome but also, in part, of sensitizing investigators to the benefits of incorporating component analyses within larger investigations of therapy outcome. The subjects were 23 married couples with the problem of secondary orgasmic dysfunction in the wife. Subjects were administered a multicomponent therapy program over a 14-week period. Daily self-monitoring data were analyzed to assess the impact of Sensate Focus exercises and banning intercourse on both broad (e.g., enjoyment) and narrow (e.g., orgasmic response) criteria of therapeutic effectiveness. Results indicated that for females, sensate focus exercises, in combination with a ban on intercourse, led to a significant increase in level of enjoyment for subsequent noncoital sexual caressing as well as intercourse. Orgasmic responsiveness, however, was not affected. The methodological issues of broad versus narrow therapeutic effects, compliance with treatment, and cost-effective techniques for the study of sex therapy components are discussed. PMID- 6631978 TI - A comparison between the effects of Kegel's exercises and a combination of sexual awareness relaxation and breathing on situational orgasmic dysfunction in women. AB - Several authors suggest that women should use pubococcygeal muscle exercises to increase their probability of experiencing orgasm during sexual activities. However, few experimental studies support the efficacy of these exercises. In the present study a comparison was made between the effects of pubococcygeal exercises (PC group) and a combination of sexual awareness, relaxation and breathing (SARB group) on situational orgasmic dysfunction in women. No significant changes occur in orgasmic responsivity in these two groups. Significant differences were obtained in questionnaires and these differences were always in the direction of better scores in the SARB group. PMID- 6631979 TI - The uses of transference in the treatment of the individual patient in sex therapy. AB - In the increasingly common situation in which an individual patient, rather than a couple, is seen in sex therapy, special transference issues arise. The particular ways in which transference may be manifested in this format of sex therapy are discussed and illustrated with clinical examples. It is stressed that transference need not be interpreted to the patient in order to be of use; the therapist's own awareness of the transference can provide insights into the issues underlying a patient's sexual complaint and can help in designing effective treatment strategies. PMID- 6631980 TI - Returning to work: potential problems for mid-career mothers. AB - Pregnancy is a complex and intense biopsychosocial event. Consequently many mid career mothers have extreme difficulty when they must leave their infant and return to work. The degree of difficulty can be predicted by assessing a wide range of personal and cultural factors. PMID- 6631981 TI - Recycling parental sexual messages. AB - The purpose of this study was to explore parent-child sexual communication by investigating the impact of direct and indirect parental messages on the sexual attitudes and sexual satisfaction of young adults. A survey research design was used to obtain data from undergraduate students attending a large Southern university. The findings indicate that both direct and indirect parental sexual messages are negative and restrictive and have a differential impact on sexual satisfaction and sexual attitudes. While sexual satisfaction was positive, sexual attitudes were found to be problematic, especially among females. Suggestions are given for approaches that family life educators and parents may use in order to recycle previous sexual messages. PMID- 6631982 TI - Is the United States entering a period of retrogression in public health? PMID- 6631983 TI - Stress and the Black medical family. PMID- 6631984 TI - Recognizing the incestuous family. AB - Family physicians are in the best position to diagnose incest because of the nature of their practice. Yet many cases of incest are not recognized by the medical community and many incest victims are thus untreated. There are several behavioral and medical clues to incest, which the family physician needs to know in order to recognize incest early and improve the prognosis. Treatment is directed at the whole family, rather than just the active participants. Further research is needed to improve the application of various treatment modalities. PMID- 6631985 TI - Pineal calcification among black patients. AB - A postmortem histopathological study was done in 233 pineal glands of black patients. Among them, 70 percent showed microscopic evidence of calcification in the pineal parenchyma. The frequency of calcification increased with age. However, the severity of calcification reached the peak in the 60 to 69 year old age group and then gradually declined. As compared to males, females had slightly higher frequency and reached the peak of severity in younger age groups. When pineal calcification was compared among patients with various malignancies, a higher frequency and more severe calcification were observed in patients with carcinoma of the prostate and the pancreas. A lower frequency and less severe calcification were observed in patients with carcinoma of the breast and the cervix. The results of this study emphasize the important role of sex hormone in genesis of pineal calcification. PMID- 6631986 TI - The impact of MCAT intervention efforts on medical student acceptance rates. AB - This study examines the role of Medical College Admissions Test review course in medical school admissions, and evaluates the relationship between undergraduate grade point average and MCAT scores. The results indicate that enrollment in a MCAT review course enhances medical school admissions for minority students. PMID- 6631987 TI - The role of the obstetrician-gynecologist in the management of breast lesions. AB - This paper is based on the author's frequent experience in the diagnosis of breast masses in his everyday practice as an obstetriciangynecologist. It appears that gynecologists, by the very nature of their practices, are in an excellent position to head the case-finding expedition for breast lesions. Furthermore, the obstetrician-gynecologist can use acquired surgical skills to great advantage in the management of benign lesions and assist surgical associates in the management of the malignant lesions. PMID- 6631988 TI - Geographical aspects of cancer in Tanzania. AB - Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Tanzania. According to the Tanzanian Cancer Registry, which records all histologically confirmed malignant tumors, the number of reported cancer cases has increased significantly over the past three decades. The most commonly diagnosed tumors are cervix cancer, skin cancer, primary liver cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma. Geographical and tribal variations exist in disease frequency. Environmental factors appear to have a major role in the distribution. Through elimination of these factors, cancer in Tanzania could be reduced if not totally prevented. PMID- 6631989 TI - Sociocultural factors in the psychiatric assessment of black patients: a case study. AB - Accurately diagnosing psychiatric disorders in black patients has been a controversial subject. Criticism has been made that blacks are more likely to receive a diagnosis of psychosis, eg, paranoid schizophrenia. With proper use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III), the author anticipates greater diagnostic accuracy with blacks. The multiaxial perspectives of DSM III, particularly axis IV, help resolve some critical aspects of diagnostic difficulties. This case illustrates the diagnostic errors frequently made when variables of culture, ethnicity, and psychosocial factors are minimized. PMID- 6631990 TI - Will there be a physician glut or an exaggeration of the present maldistribution of physicians? Another view. PMID- 6631991 TI - Medical preparation for travel in Africa. PMID- 6631992 TI - Am I my brother's keeper? PMID- 6631993 TI - Phencyclidine in an East Harlem psychiatric population. AB - The use of phencyclidine (PCP) was investigated in the psychiatric population of an East Harlem, New York, hospital. Sixty-eight consecutive PCP-user admissions were interviewed through a 77-item questionnaire. The patient population served by the facility was 48 percent Hispanic and 32 percent black. The sample of PCP users was 86 percent black. This suggests that, in this area, either more blacks use PCP, or nonblack PCP users seek psychiatric help less frequently than black users. This study emphasizes the many problems affecting the sample population and shows evidence that a large portion of the sample is at risk to develop psychiatric symptoms. PMID- 6631994 TI - Urban head injury: a clinical series. AB - Consecutive head-injured patients admitted to Cook County Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, over a 12-month period were examined upon admission and discharge. Information was collected about the nature of the injury, symptoms, signs, and sequelae for 702 patients. Detailed descriptions of the causes of these injuries, and their correlates, were also obtained.Approximately 80 percent of the patients had localized pain, loss of consciousness and/or posttraumatic amnesia, and associated injuries; 16 percent had a skull fracture, 7.0 percent had an intracranial hematoma, 4.1 percent had early seizures, and 2.4 percent died.Skull x-ray examinations were performed on 93.4 percent of the patients (16.9 percent were positive) and radiographic examination of the cervical spine was performed on 67.2 percent (1.7 percent were positive). Utilization of EEGs, computerized tomography scans, and arteriograms was also assessed.Falls were the leading cause of injury (45.8 percent) for patients under 16 years of age and interpersonal injuries accounted for the majority (55.7 percent) of the injuries to adults. About 15 percent of the adults sustained severe or fatal injuries, compared with only 7 percent of the children.It is concluded that although this set of data suggests new considerations for the prevention of head injuries, the lack of comparative data about the medical correlates of these injuries inhibits similar observations about medical care. PMID- 6631995 TI - Evaluation of serum ferritin levels and other hematological parameters in a Nigerian population. AB - Hematological parameters, including serum ferritin, were estimated in a healthy Nigerian population and in patients with other clinical conditions. The hematological values fell within the reported range for healthy populations in other parts of the world. The mean serum ferritin value in the male population was 72.4 ng/mL compared with the female value of 34.3 ng/mL. There was a strong correlation between the percentage of transferrin saturation and the serum ferritin level in males only (r = .40, P < .002).In patients with sickle cell disease, SC-group patients had a significantly higher hemoglobin concentration (P < .001) than the SS group. However, the SS group had higher values for mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and transferrin saturation than the SC group. Also, the mean ferritin level in the SS group (296.3 +/- 61.9 ng/mL) was significantly higher (P < .01) than in the SC group (mean 180.8 +/- 97.2 ng/mL).When sickle cell anemia was complicated by chronic osteomyelitis, the ferritin level was much higher (mean, 1,470 ng/mL) than at the steady state. Finally, in patients with leukemia, serum ferritin levels were much higher than in the healthy population. PMID- 6631996 TI - Effects of maternal geophagia on infant and juvenile rats. AB - Clay eating, a form of geophagia, is often observed in the human population, particularly during pregnancy. The intent of this study was to determine the effects of maternal geophagia on developmental and behavioral characteristics of the offspring. Twelve Sprague-Dawley female rats and their 88 progeny were divided into three groups: control, 20 percent clay, and 35 percent clay. The experimental diets were fed to adult rats during the period of gestation and for 14 days following parturition. Righting reflex, homing response, and activity level tests were administered and hemoglobin concentrations and red blood cell counts were determined. Data suggest that the higher level of maternal clay ingestion during the perinatal period decreased growth and development of motor skills in the infant pups. Homing skills, however, were enhanced. PMID- 6631997 TI - Pulmonary nodular amyloidosis presenting as Sjogren's syndrome. AB - A case of nodular pulmonary amyloidosis with Sjogren's syndrome is presented. A search of the literature failed to reveal any such case in which pulmonary nodules progressively calcify. PMID- 6631998 TI - Constipation in the elderly. AB - Constipation is a common problem that affects not only the young, but the elderly as well. Treatment in the elderly, however, may cause more problems than the constipation itself. A review of the prevalence of constipation in the elderly and its etiology and suggestions for treatment are presented. Some of the complications that may result from constipation or its treatment are described. PMID- 6631999 TI - Optimal design of the chronic animal bioassay. AB - Optimal experimental designs for carcinogenicity bioassays conducted for the assessment of risks associated with exposure to environmental chemicals are derived. For our purposes, an optimal experimental design is a design that minimizes the mean-squared error of the maximum likelihood estimate of the virtually safe dose from the Armitage-Doll multistage model and maintains a high power for the detection of increased carcinogenic response. Three- and four-dose designs (including control as one of the doses) are discussed for a variety of dose response patterns. Monte Carlo simulation techniques are used to estimate the power and mean-squared error for small samples sizes. Two forms of the multistage model are used to estimate the virtually safe dose: the linear model and the linear-quadratic model. The optimal designs for fitting the linear model used a control group and a group administered the maximum tolerated dose, with about 50% of the animals at each dose. The three- and four-dose optimal designs when fitting the linear-quadratic model were found to be equivalent. However, after considering several biological issues, including overt toxicity, the optimal four-dose designs would use between 150 and 300 animals, with 50 to 60 animals in the control group, and 40 to 60 animals in the group administered the maximum tolerated dose. One-third of the remaining animals would be administered a dose between 10 and 30% of the maximum tolerated dose, and two-thirds of the remaining animals would be administered 50% of the maximum tolerated dose. PMID- 6632000 TI - Steroid-hormone-binding proteins in normal and neoplastic mammary tissues from C3H mice fed diethylstilbestrol. AB - Mammary tumors develop earlier and in greater numbers in C3H mice fed diets containing up to 1000 ppb diethylstilbestrol or 5000 ppb estradiol-17 beta. We have analyzed the steroid-hormone-binding proteins in cytosols of normal target tissues and in neoplastic mammary tissues of control and estrogen-fed mice to determine whether the capacity for hormone response was altered by dietary estrogens. Using estradiol-17 beta as a ligand, estrogen-binding proteins were measured with Kd = 10(-11)-10(-10) M and sedimentation constants of 8 and 4 S. The binding capacity (per mg cytosol protein) of uterus exceeded that of normal mammary gland 10-20-fold, while mammary tumors only contained half the binding capacity of virgin mammary gland. Binding proteins for the glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide, exhibited a sedimentation constant of 7-8 S and Kd = 10( 9)-10(-8) M. The glucocorticoid binding capacity of mammary tumors exceeded that of virgin mammary gland. Binding proteins for progestins were measured using the synthetic ligand R5020. Mammary gland contained progestin-binding proteins with 4 S sedimentation constants and Kd = 10(-9)-10(-8) M. Not all mammary tumors contained progestin-binding proteins, and the binding capacities varied considerably among those that did. The molecular characteristics of the steroid receptors in tumors were the same as those found in normal target tissues. There was nothing to suggest that dietary estrogens altered the characteristics of the three steroid-binding proteins. PMID- 6632001 TI - Hepatotoxicity and metabolism of acetaminophen in male and female rats. AB - This present study was designed to assess the role of metabolic and pharmacokinetic factors in the lower susceptibility of female rats compared to male rats to xenobiotics metabolized by the cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidase (MFO) system. Adult intact male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered labeled acetaminophen (1 g/kg body weight + 5 microCi [3H]acetaminophen) after an overnight fast. They were bled and killed at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 h after drug administration. The percentage of [3H]acetaminophen radioactivity remaining in blood, liver, GI tract, and excreted in the urine was determined at all time intervals. Plasma prothrombin time and serum transaminases were determined as indices of hepatotoxicity. Hepatic GSH and glycogen were assayed. Total urinary acetaminophen and its metabolites and the molar percent of various metabolites excreted during the first 6 h were determined. Castrated male and ovariectomized female rats and their respective controls were also given acetaminophen (APAP) and were killed 24 h later to determine hepatotoxicity. The extent of hepatic damage in the intact male rats was greater and appeared sooner than in the female rats. Hepatic GSH and glycogen were depleted earlier in female rats. The percent of the administered dose excreted in the urine during the first 6 h was 17.5 for the male rat versus 24.5 for the female rat. While the APAP glucuronide conjugate concentration was significantly higher, the APAP sulfate conjugate concentration was lower in the female than it was in the male rat. Although peak radioactivity in serum was reached by 30 min in both male and female rats, suggesting quick intestinal absorption, it was significantly higher in female rats and was associated with decreased intestinal and hepatic levels and increased urinary excretion when compared to male rats. While castration of male rats decreased susceptibility to hepatotoxicity, ovariectomy of female rats tended to increase susceptibility to hepatotoxicity in comparison to their respective controls. Our data suggest that aside from the reported sex differences in the cytochrome P-450-dependent MFO enzymes, there are significant differences in GSH utilization. There are also significant changes in glucuronidation and sulfation pathways, as well as in the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen, which tend to protect female rats against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. PMID- 6632002 TI - Identification of viable and nonviable cells in scanning electron microscopy. AB - A method is presented for identification of viable and nonviable cells in scanning electron microscopy by use of maps of colored light micrographs of conventionally stained monolayers of alveolar macrophages. The content of phagocyted metal particles in relation to the cell viability can be estimated by using a scanning electron microscope combined with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. This method makes it possible to assess the toxic effects of different air pollutants in combinations occurring in the general environment and different working conditions. PMID- 6632003 TI - Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of vapor-phase pollutants in rat lung epithelial cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells grown on collagen gels. AB - Lung epithelial cell (cell line designated LEC) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were grown on hydrated collagen gels and exposed directly to toxic vapor phase pollutants. The cells were exposed to graded concentrations of phenol, formaldehyde, a volatile fraction of process stream material from an experimental coal gasifier and the nonparticulate, vapor phase of diesel engine exhaust. During exposures, the cells were maintained at an air/collagen interface by removing the medium overlying the hydrated collagen gel. Morphological changes indicative of cell retraction were found in LEC cell cultures exposed to phenol, formaldehyde, or diesel exhaust. Damage following exposure to the toxicants was quantitated in LEC and CHO cells by Trypan blue dye exclusion, a measure of plasma membrane integrity. Clone-forming ability was also used to measure cell survival in CHO cells. When measured by Trypan blue dye exclusion, phenol (EC50 = 2.1 mg/l) caused membrane damage to LEC cells but not CHO cells, while formaldehyde (EC50 = 31 and 42 micrograms/l for LEC and CHO, respectively) and diesel exhaust (EC50 = 11 and 29% of tailpipe exhaust in LEC and CHO cells, respectively) caused damage to both cell types. No cytotoxicity was observed in LEC or CHO cells exposed to the fraction from the coal gasifier. Essentially no mutagenic activity was associated with the exposure of CHO cells to formaldehyde or the vapor phase of diesel exhaust. Mutagenic activity was found in CHO cells exposed to ethylene oxide, the positive control. The results of this study indicate that mammalian cells grown on collagen gels can readily be exposed to vapors of chemicals and chemical mixtures. The cell exposure system may be generally useful in the analysis of toxic damage to mammalian cells resulting from gaseous or vapor-phase pollutants. PMID- 6632004 TI - Comparative developmental toxicity of triethyltin using split-litter and whole litter dosing. AB - Previous work in our laboratory suggested that toxicity resulting from acute postnatal administration of triethyltin (TET) was influenced by the treatment condition of littermates. To test this possibility, two dosing models were compared. For the split-litter model (N = 20 litters/dose), 1 male and 1 female pup per litter received a single dose of O (saline), 3, 6, or 9 mg TET/kg on postnatal d 5; the remaining 6 littermates were not injected. In the whole-litter model, all 8 littermates received 0, 3, 6, or 9 mg TET/kg (N = 5 litters/dose). Differences between dosing models were found for preweaning body weight and adult figure-eight maze activity. Body weights were reduced in all TET-dosed pups; for 3-mg/kg animals, the reduction in preweaning growth was more persistent for pups in the split-litter group. Motor activity in a figure-eight maze was increased in both 6- and 9-mg/kg animals; for the high dose, the increase in activity was greater for animals in the split-litter group. There were no differences between dosing models in mortality, brain weight, or postweaning body weight. Approximately 50% of the 9-mg/kg animals died; there was no treatment related mortality at lower doses. Adult body weight also remained decreased only in the 9 mg/kg animals. Brain weight was reduced for all TET dose groups. These results indicate that developmental toxicity produced by TET is not primarily determined by the dosing regimen. PMID- 6632005 TI - Dimethyltin dichloride: investigations into its gastrointestinal absorption and transplacental transfer. AB - Dimethyltin dichloride (DMDC) is commonly used as a stabilizer in PVC pipe used for transport of potable water. Learning deficiencies have been observed postnatally in pups from DMDC-treated dams. Studies were conducted with female Sprague-Dawley rats to determine whether DMDC was absorbed by the dam and transferred across the placenta to fetal blood and brain tissue. This was accomplished in three phases: (1) a comparison of absorption of organic and inorganic tin from drinking water, (2) a comparison of prenatal and postnatal levels of tin in the pups in cross-fostering studies, and (3) a [14C]dimethyltin dichloride tracer study to determine whether organic tin passed to the pup intact. Major findings include: (1) DMDC is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract of the dam much more rapidly than Sn2+; (2) the more rapid absorption of DMDC results in higher concentration of tin in fetal blood and brain; and (3) in fetuses that receive tin as DMDC, both tin and the methyl carbon are absorbed by the dam and transferred to the blood and brain of the fetuses. PMID- 6632006 TI - Some factors affecting the concentrations of para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and meta-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the mouse caudate nucleus. AB - Acid hydrolysis of mouse caudate homogenates results in a significantly increased concentration of para-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPAA). Thus p-HPAA appears to be significantly present as an acid-labile conjugate in the mouse caudate nucleus. Saline injection also increased the concentration of the acid metabolite of the tyramines. The subcutaneous injection of either meta-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (m-HPAA) or p-HPAA or both produced at 0.5 hr and 2.0 hr large increases in the mouse caudate nucleus concentrations of m- and/or p-HPAA. Similarly at 2.0 hr the injection of a combination of para- and meta-tyramine caused large increases in the acid metabolite concentrations. Probenecid, at a dose of 500 mg/kg, increased striatal p-HPAA and m-HPAA concentrations. Probenecid, injection prior to the administration of p-HPAA and m-HPAA, did not reduce the increased concentrations of these two acid metabolites previously observed after the administration of the acid metabolites alone. It thus appears that p-HPAA and m HPAA are transported from the brain by a probenecid-sensitive mechanism, but in the presence of high blood concentrations, p-HPAA and m-HPAA may enter the brain by a mechanism that is not affected by probenecid. PMID- 6632007 TI - The biosynthesis of p-tyramine, m-tyramine, and beta-phenylethylamine by rat striatal slices. AB - Slices of striatal tissue obtained from saline-injected rats were incubated with 3H-phenylalanine in the presence of pargyline. This resulted in the formation of 3H-m-tyramine, 3H-p-tyramine, and 3H-phenylethylamine. Pretreatment of the rats with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine reduced the formation of 3H-m-tyramine and 3H-p tyramine, but enhanced the formation of 3H-phenylethylamine. After incubation of striatal tissue obtained from saline-injected rats with 3H-ptyrosine, only 3H-p tyramine was produced. In this case, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine pretreatment enhanced 3H-p-tyramine formation. Striatal slices incubated with 3H-m-tyramine or 3H-p-tyramine did not yield any significant quantity of 3H-phenylethylamine; nor was 14C-phenylethylamine converted to 14C-m-tyramine or 14C-p-tyramine. Pretreatment of the rats with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline did not appreciably affect these findings. After incubation with 3H-dopamine very small quantities of 3H-m-tyramine and 3H-p-tyramine were formed, the ratio between them being 7:1. It is concluded that the major biosynthetic route for m-tyramine formation in the rat striatum is by hydroxylation of phenylalanine, probably by tyrosine hydroxylase to m-tyrosine, followed by decarboxylation, probably by L aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, to m-tyramine. para-Tyramine is formed by decarboxylation of p-tyrosine, and phenylethylamine similarly by decarboxylation of phenylalanine. PMID- 6632008 TI - The myofibroblast anchoring strand--the fibronectin connection in wound healing and the possible loci of collagen fibril assembly. AB - Myofibroblast anchoring strands (MAS) are extracellular structures that connect the termini of actin bundles within myofibroblasts to collagen fascicles in the extracellular space of wound healing tissues. The strands appear to be primarily comprised of microfibrils of fibronectin 2-5 nm in diameter. They also embody parallel arrays of intermediary sized filaments (ISF) and an amorphous matrix of collagen. The MAS effectively translate the cellular contractile forces required for cell motility into the collagen filament/fiber deformations required for wound contraction. However, the primary function of the strands appears to be the assembly of ISF into collagen fibrils. PMID- 6632009 TI - Calcium fractions in serum of patients with thermal burns. AB - Total calcium measurement is less useful clinically than assay of the physiologically active fractions, free and ionized calcium. The latter were measured in burned patients by ultrafiltration and by ion-selective electrode. Hypocalcemia was observed in these patients but it was generally limited to low total calcium. On average, free or ionized calcium were in the normal range. Total and free calcium were weakly correlated with severity of burn injury suggesting a loss of several forms of calcium in severe burn injury. An algorithm was derived to allow calculation of free calcium from total calcium and albumin. Interpatient variables are important, however, so that the algorithm should not be substituted for actual assay of free and ionized calcium. PMID- 6632010 TI - The effect of ketanserin, a specific serotonin antagonist, on burn shock hemodynamic parameters in a porcine burn model. AB - A number of vasoactive substances, including serotonin, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of burn shock. Ketanserin, a specific serotonin antagonist, was investigated in a porcine burn shock model. Fifteen swine were given a mean 44% total body surface area full-thickness scald burn and received fluid resuscitation with Ringer's lactate for 24 hours postburn. The swine were divided into three groups: Group I (control group) received no ketanserin; Group II received ketanserin as a single intramuscular dose preburn and continuously via intravenous drip postburn; and Group III received ketanserin continuously via intravenous drip postburn only. The ketanserin-treated groups demonstrated improved cardiac index, decreased pulmonary artery pressures, and smaller arteriovenous oxygen content differences compared to the control group in the early postburn period. Ketanserin should be investigated further as a possible adjunctive therapeutic agent during burn shock resuscitation. PMID- 6632011 TI - Effect of circulating fibronectin on stimulation of leukocyte oxygen consumption and serum opsonizing function in burned patients. AB - In a study of 27 thermally burned patients (mean TBSA, 58%; range, 32-96%) serum fibronectin levels were decreased with parallel decreased oxygen consumption of stimulated peripheral blood phagocytes and decreased EGTA-blocked burn serum opsonizing activity which correlated with serum fibronectin changes postburn. Normal and burn sera fibronectin content also correlated with the opsonizing times for zymosan and Staphylococcus aureus but not for Enterobacteriaceae. Although in vivo 14 cases showed circulating fibronectin 140 micrograms/ml or lower and a marked decrease in Staphylococcus aureus opsonization, only two patients from this group revealed positive Staphylococcus aureus blood cultures and serum fibronectin levels were higher in patients with Staphylococcus aureus sepsis than in patients with Enterobacteriaceae sepsis. Supplementary experiments on leukocyte oxidative response after zymosan stimulation in normal, fibronectin depleted, and fibronectin-reconstituted serum demonstrated that the lag period of oxygen burst is a fibronectin-dependent reaction. PMID- 6632012 TI - Burns in the elderly: an early surgical approach. AB - Forty-nine consecutive burned patients over the age of 50 years treated with an early surgical protocol of wound closure were studied prospectively to determine if early surgery had a beneficial effect on total hospitalization time or mortality. Surgery was performed within the first 72 to 96 hours postburn. Twenty six patients (Group I) had burns less than 20% of the TBSA, range, 3 to 18%, with 0 to 10% full thickness. Seventeen (66%) of these patients had surgical closure of the wound. The mean hospitalization time was 16.3 days. Twenty-three patients (Group II) had burns greater than 20% TBSA, range, 20 to 81%, with 0 to 68% full thickness. Eight (35%) of these patients died and five of the deaths were due to cardiovascular collapse during the initial resuscitative phase. Fourteen patients had 37 operative procedures performed to close the burn wound. Twelve (86%) of these 14 patients survived and the mean hospitalization time of the surviving patients was 44 days. No anesthetic complications occurred in either group. Results of this study indicate that an early surgical approach to wound closure resulted in a greater than 25% reduction in total hospitalization time, and further, that this early surgical approach was not associated with any increase in mortality, but instead, appeared to be associated with a reduction in mortality (chi 2 = 8.10; p less than 0.01). PMID- 6632013 TI - Hypertrophic burn scars: analysis of variables. AB - A major problem in patients surviving thermal injury is the development of hypertrophic burn scars. The current study was performed to determine the factors associated with an increased risk of the development of hypertrophic burn scars. Fifty-nine children (mean age, 3 years; mean TBSA, 14%) and 41 adults (mean age, 37; mean TBSA, 21%) followed from 9 to 18 months formed the study group. The location as well as time required for the burns to heal were recorded in addition to the age and race of the patients. Sixty-three (26%) of the 245 burn areas, in these 100 patients, became hypertrophic. No correlation between patient age and the development of wound problems was found. Blacks had more wound problems than others, if the burn wound took longer than 10 to 14 days to heal. The most important indicator of whether wound problems would occur, in our series, was the time required for the burn to heal. If the burn wound healed between 14 and 21 days then one third of the anatomic sites became hypertrophic; if the burn wound healed after 21 days then 78% of the burn sites developed hypertrophic scars. Based upon these results we have developed a selective, individualized protocol for the use of prophylactic pressure therapy in patients with spontaneously healing burn wounds. PMID- 6632014 TI - Hepatocyte dysfunction in thermal injury. AB - Transmembrane potential difference (PD) is a reliable indicator of cellular function. Decreased PD in hepatocytes in hemorrhagic shock occurred concomitant with decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP), suggesting energy depletion as the mechanism of cell dysfunction. This study correlates changes in liver and muscle PD with hepatocyte ATP, glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P), and lactate levels in burn shock and resuscitation. Six adult female baboons were subjected to 52.4 +/- 6.3% body surface area third-degree scald burns. The animals were resuscitated using the Parkland formula, after the muscle PD had fallen to -70 mV. Liver PD decreased from 46.2 +/- 2.4 mV to 22.4 +/- 3.8 mV in burn shock. The PD recovered toward normal with resuscitation. ATP and G-6-P contents did not change significantly, while lactate rose threefold in burn shock. A severe cellular derangement was indicated by this marked hepatocyte depolarization. Maintenance of normal intracellular ATP excludes energy depletion as the mechanism of this cell dysfunction. These findings are consistent with failure of active ion transport or changes in cell membrane permeability which were partially recovered during fluid resuscitation. PMID- 6632015 TI - The management of fractures in thermally injured patients. AB - The occurrence of fractures in association with burn wounds has been considered a formidable combination which compromises the care of both types of injuries. During a 5-year period, 42 fractures were treated in 22 patients admitted to the burn center. A variety of fracture management techniques were used on an individualized basis. When fracture stabilization was necessary, external fixation provided acceptable fracture care while permitting access to the burn wound for dressings, grafting, and physical therapy. The presence of an overlying burn wound has been considered an absolute contraindication to the performance of internal fixation of fractures. However, we have found that this procedure can be performed safely provided that consideration is given to a number of factors, including timing of the operation, the importance of intraoperative fluid resuscitation, and the appropriate indications for this method of treatment. PMID- 6632016 TI - In vivo chemotaxis and body compartment distribution of indium-111 labelled polymorphonuclear leukocytes in burned guinea pigs. AB - The in vivo chemotactic response of Indium-111 labelled polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and their body compartment distribution have been studied in burned (30% TBSA full-thickness burn) and normal guinea pigs. The in vivo chemotactic response to FMLP 10(-5) M and to zymosan-activated serum of the burned PMNL was not significantly different from that of normal PMNL. However, the burned PMNL leave the circulation more rapidly and localize in the burn area and in the liver to a greater extent. No evidence of increased destruction of burned PMNL by the spleen or by the lungs was found. PMID- 6632017 TI - The effects of resuscitation with hypertonic vs. hypotonic vs. colloid on wound and urine fluid and electrolyte losses in severely burned children. AB - Thirty-nine children with large burns were resuscitated with either a hypertonic (HLS) (17 patients), hypotonic (11 patients), or colloid (11 patients) fluid regimen. Burn dressings, bed linen, and urine were analyzed for electrolyte content. The group receiving HLS excreted the greatest percentage of the administered sodium load in the urine, significantly more than the other two groups; however, the combined wound and urinary sodium losses were significantly greater for the group receiving colloid. Sodium loss through the burn wound exceeded urinary loss fivefold in the colloid group. The volume of fluid lost across the burn wound was inversely related to the osmolality of the fluid used for resuscitation. Wound sodium loss was a function of both sodium and fluid load. The flux of fluid and electrolytes across the burn wound is a dynamic part of the resuscitation problem and is dramatically effected by the volume and concentration of fluid used. PMID- 6632018 TI - Blisters, cooling, antithromboxanes, and healing in experimental zone-of-stasis burns. AB - To appraise the ability of each to improve wound healing in zone-of-stasis burns (i.e., burns becoming progressively more ischemic early postburn), 1) an antithromboxane (dipyridamol PO immediately postburn), 2) burn-wound cooling, 3) their combination, or 4) no treatment was administered to burned guinea pigs half of which had burn blisters removed immediately postburn (PB). In all groups with blisters removed whole-thickness or very deep partial-thickness skin loss occurred. In all groups with blisters intact complete reversal of ischemia occurred without necrosis and, while dipyridamol and cooling each diminished stasis early PB, only cooled wounds showed any improved retention of hair follicles at 3 weeks PB. In this model, therefore: 1) blister removal eliminated any therapeutic effect of cooling or dipyridamol; 2) in burns with blisters intact, absorbed heat appeared at least as detrimental to healing as stasis, and 3) some of the beneficial effects of cooling appeared unrelated to prevention of stasis. PMID- 6632019 TI - Thermal injury in an adrenalectomized patient. AB - The occurrence of thermal injury in an adrenalectomized patient on long-term steroid replacement therapy illustrated the role of adrenal hormones in the systemic responses to thermal injury. This unusual patient demonstrated an inadequate response to fluid resuscitation and excessive third-space fluid losses, defective thermogenesis, profound nutritional abnormalities, impaired wound healing, and compromised immunologic function. Nutritional support required correction of calorie-nitrogen proportions from 180:1 to 90:1, following which the patient was in positive nitrogen balance. PMID- 6632020 TI - Plasma exchange therapy in patients failing to resuscitate from burn shock. AB - Irreversible burn shock results from failure of fluid resuscitation and is almost invariably fatal. Because of the implied role of circulating serum factors in the generation of burn shock, the use of plasma exchange was evaluated retrospectively in patients with major thermal injuries who had failed to respond to conventional therapy. Twenty-two patients with a mean burn size of 47.9% total body surface area and a mean age of 22.7 years underwent plasma exchange for ongoing burn shock after standard fluid resuscitation failed. A therapeutic response was documented in 95.4% of the patients, characterized by a sharp decrease in fluid requirements from a mean of 260% above the predicted hourly volume to within calculated requirements by 2.3 hours following plasma exchange. Markedly improved urine output and resolution of lactic acidosis were also demonstrated. No major complications occurred. We conclude that plasma exchange facilitates resuscitation from burn shock in a select group of patients who do not respond to conventional volume therapy. PMID- 6632021 TI - Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in erythrocytes of persons with severe thermal injury. AB - In the present investigation, we found that the catechol-O-methyltransferase activity (COMT) in erythrocytes of persons with severe thermal injury was strikingly increased when compared with that in erythrocytes of noninjured individuals. The specific activity of COMT in erythrocytes of burned patients was not correlated with extent of burn. Thus the echinocytes of burned persons are another example of abnormal red cells in which COMT activity is increased. This appears to be the first example of increased COMT activity in abnormal erythrocytes that is not associated with large numbers of reticulocytes. PMID- 6632022 TI - Changing trends with abdominal injury in seatbelt wearers. AB - Seatbelts were incorporated as standard equipment for automobiles constructed in North America in 1964. The first seatbelt law was made mandatory in Canada as of 1 January 1971. Between January 1976 and January 1980 38 patients involved in automobile accidents while wearing passive restraints were treated at l'Hopital du Sacre-Coeur: 32 of these 38 patients had signs and symptoms of abdominal injury. These patients wearing passive restraints had an unusually high incidence of gastrointestinal injury in comparison to previously reported patients not wearing restraints. Twenty-seven of the 32 patients had injury to the bowel or the bowel mesentery. This different spectrum of injuries is most likely related to the altered physics of rapid deceleration caused by restraint with the lap belt and shoulder harness. PMID- 6632023 TI - Axillary artery disruption secondary to anterior dislocation of the shoulder. AB - We report a 13-year-old male who sustained a segmental injury to the third part of the left axillary artery following a subcoracoid shoulder dislocation while wrestling. The artery was repaired with an autogenous saphenous vein interposition graft. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and, in a 3-year followup, he has complete range of motion of the left shoulder without neurovascular compromise. PMID- 6632024 TI - Successful venomous snakebite neutralization with massive antivenin infusion in a child. AB - Intravenous antivenin requirements to neutralize venomous snake bites can be appropriately calculated based on accurate estimations of injury severity, and/or safely titrated if systemic symptoms are present. This report describes a case in a child given 13 10-ml vials of crotalidae antivenin before and during transfer, and tetanus prophylaxis, cephalosporin (200 mg IV q 6 h), and the titration of 62 additional 10-ml vials of antivenin within 14 hours, based on the child's response to therapy. By the tenth day all symptoms had resolved. PMID- 6632025 TI - Successful management of acute traumatic duodenocaval fistula. AB - Acute traumatic duodenocaval fistula is a devastating injury, usually resulting in early exsanguination and death due to lack of retroperitoneal tamponade of vena caval bleeding. Early recognition of possible entericvascular communication and rapid transport to the operating room are prerequisites for successful management of this rare injury. PMID- 6632026 TI - Two-stage excision and grafting technique for burn wounds. PMID- 6632027 TI - Casualties from terrorist bombings. AB - The physical factors responsible for injury following an explosion in a room or building are: direct exposure to overpressure; blast-induced whole body displacement; impact of blast-energized debris; burns from flash and hot gases. The patterns of injury seen in the casualties from four terrorist bombings are described to illustrate the types and severity of particular wounds. The most common fatal injury is brain damage; 'blast lung' is uncommon in civilian terrorist bombings; flash burns, fractures, serious soft-tissue damage, and eardrum injuries are seen in people close to the bomb, who usually require hospital admission; many others taken to hospital can be treated for injury by debris and released. The environment and its internal structure and the position of the occupants of the space can influence the type and severity of injuries. PMID- 6632028 TI - The effects of prehospital trauma care on survival from a 50-meter fall. AB - One hundred eighty individuals are known to have jumped or fallen from Seattle's Aurora Bridge during the past 49 years. The survival rate has been increasing, as has been the severity of injury experienced by the survivors. Both prehospital resuscitative measures and advances in the overall care of the trauma patients in hospital may have contributed to this. The survival statistics and injury severity scores of this homogeneous group of patients before and after the institution of a sophisticated prehospital emergency medical care program (Medic I) provide historically controlled data on the role of this type of system in the care of trauma patients. More patients who were alive at the scene arrived at the hospital alive after the development of the Medic I program. Overall survival was tripled. Patients with more severe injuries survived. These data demonstrate that prehospital airway control, ventilation, initiation of fluid resuscitation and cardiovascular support by physician-supervised paramedical personnel can significantly benefit multiple trauma patients. In this context, the Medic I approach was superior to the previously existing 'load and go' system. PMID- 6632029 TI - Improved limb salvage in popliteal artery injuries. AB - This study reviews the recent experience with popliteal artery injuries at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Twenty-two patients suffered 24 injuries. The overall limb salvage was 83%. Blunt trauma accounted for 19 of the cases and was associated with femur fractures, knee dislocations, and tibia-fibular and plateau fractures: four amputations (21%) resulted. There were five penetrating injuries from three gunshot wounds, one stab wound, and one laceration: no amputations occurred. The major factor in the amputated limbs was delay in diagnosis and therapy of the arterial injury associated with blunt trauma. Arterial disruption secondary to penetrating injuries was recognized more quickly and had a better outcome. A higher index of suspicion in blunt trauma may improve results. Recommendations for therapy are: arterial reconstruction should generally precede orthopedic operation. Venous ligation was not associated with increased limb loss, but we recommend repair if possible. Arterial repair includes thrombo embolectomy in distal arteries. If necessary, reverse saphenous vein is grafted. When operation is unsuccessful, revision should be performed. PMID- 6632030 TI - The A-O external skeletal fixator in the treatment of severe tibia fractures. AB - A series of 33 cases of Grade II and III open tibia fractures were treated with local wound care followed by application of the A-O external fixator. Two transfixing Steinmann pins were usually used above and two below the fracture site. In six cases one Steinmann pin and one anteroposterior Schanz half pin above and below the fracture were combined with a triangulated frame. Additionally, minimal internal fixation with lag screws was used in five cases. Union was achieved in 83% of tibiae in an average time of 9.9 months. Union occurred faster when the fixator was removed in less than 3.5 months but then the incidence of malunion tended to rise. Three patients required early amputation. Eleven tibiae developed deep wound infections. Knee function was well preserved but ankle function was often impaired. The A-O fixator performed as a useful, simple, stable, light weight and versatile system in the care of these Grade II and III fractures. However, many problems intrinsic to the open tibia fracture remain. PMID- 6632031 TI - A case of chromomycosis from Pemba Island. PMID- 6632032 TI - Hydatid disease in Pondicherry. AB - An analysis of hospital and laboratory records for the period of 1971-1979 revealed 45 confirmed cases of hydatid disease. The majority were young adult (21 30 years) labourers. The commonest site of lesion was lower lobe of the left lung with the liver occupying second place. A few uncommon sites of involvement were also observed. Casoni's test was positive in 48% of cases. Eosinophilia was a usual associated finding. This report shows Pondicherry to be endemic for hydatid disease. PMID- 6632033 TI - Rotavirus diarrhoea: an expanding clinical spectrum. AB - To explore the clinical spectrum of rotavirus diarrhoea in Bangladeshi children, we reviewed surveillance data from randomly selected diarrhoeal cases who were intensively studied at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research- Bangladesh. Twenty-seven (29%) of children aged less than or equal to 4 years excreted rotavirus; rotavirus was the only pathogen isolated from 13 cases. Seven of these 13 cases displayed the typical features of rotavirus diarrhoea: occurrence in infancy, prominent vomiting, watery diarrhoea, and acid stools rarely exhibiting blood or leucocytes. In contrast, six of the 13 cases presented with non-watery diarrhoea. These cases were distinguished by older ages, infrequent vomiting, less acidic stools, faecal blood and leucocytes, and frequent left shifts on peripheral blood examination. We conclude that the clinical spectrum of rotavirus infections may include an invasive diarrhoeal syndrome that differs in several respects from the more widely appreciated watery diarrhoeal syndrome. PMID- 6632034 TI - A controlled study of lung function in cashew-nut factory workers. AB - To investigate a possible relation between work in cashew-nut factories and impairment of lung function, peak expiratory flow (PEF) was measured with a mini Wright peak flow meter in 227 cashew workers and 59 controls. There was no significant difference between values in the two groups. Further investigation of the problem is suggested. The mean value of PEF for all examinees, who were black males with a mean age of 29 years and a mean height of 164 cm, was 550 l/min (SD 69 l/m). PMID- 6632035 TI - Schistosomiasis and bladder carcinoma in southern Iraq. AB - Bladder biopsies from 425 patients in the southern region of Iraq were analysed with special emphasis on the association of schistosomiasis and carcinoma. Histological evidence of schistosomiasis was seen in 27.3% of the carcinomas, 70.1% of which were of squamous-cell type. The main features were compared with those from other countries where Bilharziasis is endemic. It is concluded that the main features resemble previous reports but with a younger age incidence and relative high proportion of carcinomas in females affected by schistosomiasis. PMID- 6632036 TI - Failure to participate in a malaria chemosuppression programme: North Mara, Tanzania. AB - A malaria prophylaxis programme for 100 000 children in one rural district of Tanzania was carried out under the very favourable conditions of 1) a government genuinely committed to rural public health, 2) a well organized system of village government for distribution of the drug to children, and 3) free chloroquine supplied without interruption by WHO to the project area. The project failed to suppress malaria for a combination of the following reasons. Small delays in distribution because of poor communication, vehicle breakdowns, bad roads, key people being away or too busy resulted in the drug not being available for ingestion at regular intervals. A few children from families with marginal social status were excluded by local leaders. Some people were not convinced that regular chloroquine taking might prevent children's malaria and therefore saved it to treat fever in all family members. Various survey techniques were used to discover why children might refuse to swallow tablets, and as many as 28% of children complained of vomiting, as many as 56% complained of itching, and other unfavourable qualities of chloroquine were indicated. PMID- 6632037 TI - Energy content of weaning foods. PMID- 6632038 TI - The value of milk to the Jamaican economy. PMID- 6632039 TI - Administration of colostrum for the prevention of infection in the low birth weight infant in a developing country. PMID- 6632040 TI - The Tonga 1973 children study: design, demographic aspect and disease prevalence. PMID- 6632041 TI - Experience at Wesley: 1,391 consecutive admissions into the Neonatal Unit (Hurford Ward). PMID- 6632042 TI - An association between herbal medicine ingestion and renal failure in Zambian infants. PMID- 6632043 TI - The role of the community based midwife in the Greek village. PMID- 6632044 TI - A case study in the administration of the expanded programme of immunization in Nigeria. PMID- 6632045 TI - Blood pressure levels in Nigerian school girls. PMID- 6632046 TI - Non-traumatic coma in childhood: etiology, clinical findings, morbidity, prognosis and mortality. PMID- 6632047 TI - The immediate prospects, problems and perils of sixty-seven low birth weight babies. PMID- 6632048 TI - Intestinal ascariasis in Nigerian children. PMID- 6632049 TI - Surface charges associated with fenestrated brain capillaries. II. In vivo studies on the role of molecular charge in endothelial permeability. AB - We report on the effect of the net charge of a tracer (ferritin) on its permeability in fenestrated capillaries of the brain. Our experiments show that the charge of this tracer actually influences its interaction with the endothelium. Three phases of tracer-endothelial interaction could be discriminated. Anionic and slightly cationic derivatives (pH 4.5-7.8) do not show any affinity to the luminal endothelial membrane. Ferritin derivatives with a pI value between 7.8 and 9.3 result in the labeling of the fenestrae without coating additional luminal plasmalemmal structures (i.e., coated pits and plasmalemmal vesicles). Tracers with a high positive net charge (pI greater than 9.3) led to their endocytotic uptake and extravasation by some transcytotic mechanism. Extravasated cationic ferritin accumulates in the endothelial basement membrane and binds to striated collagen fibrils. It is suggested that the pericapillary collagen fibrils of fenestrated brain capillaries act as a charge filter with respect to macromolecules. PMID- 6632050 TI - Undecagold labeling of a glycoprotein: STEM visualization of an undecagoldphosphine cluster labeling the carbohydrate sites of human haptoglobin hemoglobin complex. AB - A new type of label for electron microscopy has been introduced recently which consists of 11 gold atoms in a compact stable cluster with an organic shell composed of primary amine-substituted phosphine ligands. The radius of the cluster is about 10 A. The (phosphine ligand) amines can be derivatized or allowed to react directly forming covalent bonds to specific sites of other molecules. This report describes the specific labeling of carbohydrate moietis on the glycoprotein human haptoglobin (Hp) in the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex (Hp X Hb). The Hp X Hb complex is easily recognized in the EM as a barbell-shaped molecule. Only the Hp portion contains carbohydrate (eight carbohydrate chains per Hp X Hb). The carbohydrate moieties of the Hp X Hb complex were oxidized by sodium periodate to produce aldehydes. The primary amines on the undecagold cluster were allowed to react with the aldehyde residues to produce Schiff's base linkages which were subsequently reduced with sodium borohydride. Micrographs obtained on the Brookhaven National Laboratory high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) showed the undecagold label to be localized in a region known to be occupied by the heavy chains of haptoglobin. The amount of labeling was found to be two to four gold clusters per molecule when excess label was reacted. The variation in position of the label is discussed and may be due to flexibility of the carbohydrate chains. Control experiments ruled out nonspecific binding of the gold cluster to the Hp X Hb. The high chemical specificity of the reaction and the high resolution of the gold cluster should make this new label of widespread value in studies of other glycoproteins or carbohydrate-bearing molecules. PMID- 6632051 TI - Resting human female breast tissue produces iodinated proteins. AB - Normal resting human breast tissue was obtained from immediate autopsies performed on six women who had died from head injuries sustained in accidents. Tissue samples containing epithelium were dissected asceptically and either fixed immediately or placed into culture. Samples in culture for 2 or 3 days were exposed to radioiodide for 4 hr in order to establish whether or not the isotope became incorporated into proteins. Light and electron microscope autoradiographs were prepared and evaluated. Radiolabeled secretory material was observed in both the terminal ductules and intralobular terminal ducts, but not within the larger ducts. Therefore the products in these separate compartments of the mammary epithelial tree differ in composition. Extensive gap junctions were discovered between adjacent myoepithelial cells in the terminal ductules and intralobular terminal ducts. These junctions probably serve to coordinate contractions which facilitate the movement of material from the most distal parts of the gland into larger ducts. PMID- 6632052 TI - Structural organization of chromatin in nucleolar organizer regions of nucleoli with a nucleolonema-like and compact ribonucleoprotein distribution. AB - We have studied the relationship between the structural organization of intranucleolar chromatin and fibrillar nucleolar structures, fibrillar centers, and RNP fibrillar component, which are the interphase counterpart of metaphase nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), in regenerating rat hepatocytes and in a human tumor cell line (TG cells). These two cell types were characterized by a nucleolonema-like and compact nucleolar RNP distribution, respectively. We found that, in sections selectively stained for DNA, the intranucleolar chromatin composed of extended, nonnucleosomal DNA filaments formed roundish agglomerates with a spatial distribution which was superimposable on that of the fibrillar centers and the RNP fibrillar component around them and on sites of the silver reaction in samples selectively stained for Ag-NOR proteins. The agglomerates of extended nonnucleosomal DNA filaments were small and numerous in regenerating hepatocyte nucleoli, in which the RNP components had a nucleolonema-like distribution, whereas they were large and few in TG cell nucleoli, in which the RNP components showed a compact organization. Since the pattern of ribosomal RNA synthesis and processing was similar in the two cell types, a model was proposed in which the difference in size and shape of the agglomerates of extended DNA might be responsible for the different structural organization of the RNP components. PMID- 6632053 TI - Are rhoptries of Coccidia really extrusomes? AB - Some evidence that rhoptries of invasive stages of Coccidia are extrusive organelles has been found in a study of Toxoplasma, after conventional electron microscopy, cryosubstitution preparations, and freeze-fracture. Periodic rows of intramembranous particles were seen in the membrane of the rhoptries. The ducts of the organelles are positioned by two microtubules, and joined to an apical vesicle, through the conoid. Above the vesicle in the plasmalemma, there is sometimes a "rosette" of intramembranous particles. Extrusion of a dense substance was seen at the same time as an anterior vacuole. This represents degenerative "empty" rhoptries. This paper discusses whether rhoptries of Coccidia can be put in the group of extrusomes of protists. PMID- 6632054 TI - Ultrasonographic diagnosis of medullary cystic disease. AB - The authors have successfully diagnosed medullary cystic disease on the basis of the sonographic and computed tomographic appearances of the characteristic small cysts. The disease is described and its differential diagnosis is considered. PMID- 6632055 TI - Sonographic evaluation of the distal femoral epiphyseal ossification center. AB - Two hundred and twenty fetuses more than 29 weeks of gestational age were examined for the presence of the ossification center of the distal femoral epiphysis. One hundred and three fetuses did not demonstrate any ossification. There were 44 fetuses than demonstrated a small slit-like ossification center, at a mean age of 33.6 weeks, and 73 that demonstrated a large globular epiphyseal center, at a mean age of 35.4 weeks. There is good correlation of the ultrasonic appearance of the ossification center of the distal femoral epiphysis with the radiographic appearance. PMID- 6632056 TI - Cystic ovaries in cystic fibrosis: an ultrasound and autopsy study. AB - Ultrasound examination of 13 patients with cystic fibrosis revealed ovarian cysts more than 3 cm in size in 46 per cent. All cysts were unilateral, unilocular, and transitory. An autopsy study of 23 patients with cystic fibrosis showed that the measured diameter of the largest ovarian follicle was greater in these patients than in a similar group of age-matched controls (P less than 0.05). The relationship of these ovarian changes to cystic fibrosis is discussed. PMID- 6632057 TI - Transcutaneous detection of subcritical arterial stenoses by Doppler signal spectrum analysis. AB - Early clinical studies showed significant data overlap when Doppler signal spectral analysis was used to differentiate normal carotid vessels from those with slight stenoses. A canine common carotid model has been used to study the ability of spectral analysis to detect subcritical stenoses, i.e., those with 20 to 50 per cent diameter reductions. Using the ratio of peak systolic frequency at the stenosis site to that proximal to the stenosis, significant differences from controls were found for all degrees of stenosis. The mean peak frequency ratio was 1.15 +/- 0.05 for 20 per cent stenoses, increasing to 1.68 +/- 0.50 for 50 per cent stenoses. The peak frequency ratios for Doppler signal spectra recorded from a site 1 cm distal to the stenosis exceeded control values only for 40 and 50 per cent stenoses; at a site 3 cm from the stenosis no spectra were significantly different from controls. Spectral analysis can be a direct, sensitive method to evaluate slight carotid arterial stenoses, but careful examination technique is necessary and Doppler signals must be taken from the stenotic site itself. PMID- 6632058 TI - The ultrasonic appearance of intravascular gas in fetal death. AB - Real-time ultrasonography permits an accurate diagnosis of intrauterine fetal death by documenting absent cardiac motion. Occasionally, intravascular and/or intracardiac gas arises from maceration following fetal demise. The presence of gas in the heart and circulatory system alters the ultrasonic appearance of the fetal body. What may appear to be technically poor visualization of the fetus secondary to tissue maceration, oligohydramnios, or maternal factors may, in fact, be due to reverberation artifacts produced by intravascular gas. These characteristic echogenic foci have been radiographically proven to represent intrafetal gas. Recognition of the appearance of gas in the circulatory system is important since gas is a pathognomonic sign of fetal death. PMID- 6632059 TI - A tissue-equivalent upper abdominal phantom. AB - The first prototypes of an abdominal phantom have been constructed. The phantom is intended for eventual use in training diagnostic ultrasound personnel and in demonstrating commercial equipment. It is constructed from plastics believed to be stable and approximately tissue-equivalent at room temperature. Abdominal structures are formed from a dispersion of a polystyrene butadiene plastic in mineral oil. Polyvinyl chloride particles are incorporated to provide the desired attenuation coefficients and scattering levels. B-scans of the phantom produced realistic images, although problems associated with scanning technique and somewhat high phantom attenuation were noted. Very useful phantoms should result from relatively simple improvements in construction techniques. PMID- 6632061 TI - Sonographic demonstration of lissencephaly (agyria). PMID- 6632060 TI - Ultrasonographic antenatal diagnosis of "mermaid syndrome": fusion of fetal lower extremities. PMID- 6632062 TI - A high transverse vaginal septum: sonographic findings. PMID- 6632063 TI - Sonography of combined esophageal and duodenal atresia. PMID- 6632064 TI - Diagnosis of esophageal atresia in utero. PMID- 6632065 TI - Sonographic findings in myoglobinuric renal failure and their clinical implications. AB - Myoglobinuria, which occurs more frequently than previously believed, may lead to acute tubular necrosis and renal failure. It may be recurrent and can result in permanent renal damage. Three cases of myoglobinuria with acute renal failure and abnormal sonograms are reported. PMID- 6632066 TI - Ultrasonography of choledocholithiasis. AB - In a retrospective study of patients with ultrasonographically demonstrable choledocholithiasis, 81 stones were demonstrated in 46 patients. The majority of the stones were between 5 and 10 mm in diameter; the smallest was 2 mm and the largest 23 mm. Of the 81 stones, 64 demonstrated acoustical shadowing; 56 were located in the distal segment of the common bile duct. Stones in the common bile duct are best demonstrated by sagittal sections with the patient in the right anterior oblique position. It is possible but more difficult to demonstrate stones within a normal-sized common bile duct. Several possible sources of confusion in the diagnosis of common bile duct stones are discussed. Ultrasonography of the common bile duct is best performed with a high-resolution real-time sector scanner. The accuracy and frequency of detection of common bile duct stones have increased significantly with the advances in technology and improvement in resolution of the mechanical sector real-time scanners. PMID- 6632067 TI - Sonographic features of uterine leiomyomas: analysis of 41 proven cases. AB - The relative frequencies of the different sonographic features and patterns of uterine leiomyomas have been examined by prospective and retrospective analyses of the sonograms in 41 proven cases. The original sonographic reports correctly predicted the presence of myomas in 27/45 studies (sensitivity = 60 per cent). Retrospective analyses of the sonograms revealed abnormalities in 32/41 patients (sensitivity = 78 per cent). Most myomatous uteri had two or more sonographic abnormalities, most frequently uterine contour irregularity (76 per cent), altered echo texture (68 per cent) and/or enlargement (66 per cent). Minimal contour irregularity at the interface between the uterus and the bladder deserves emphasis as a subtle diagnostic sign of leiomyoma. Careful attention to the uterus in examining a patient referred for an adnexal mass should improve the diagnostic accuracy of myoma detection by sonography. PMID- 6632068 TI - Image processing to reduce ultrasonic speckle. AB - The most significant source of noise in contemporary ultrasonic images is ultrasonic speckle, a phenomenon relating to random interference of ultrasonic waveforms in transducer sample volumes. Averaging of a number of ultrasonic images, which are slightly spatially shifted with respect to one another, leads to image improvement via speckle reduction. Such processing may provide a useful improvement of clinical ultrasonic images. PMID- 6632069 TI - Sonography and penile trauma. PMID- 6632070 TI - Sonographic demonstration of an anatomic variant of the inferior vena cava. PMID- 6632071 TI - The sonographic appearance of segmental polycystic kidney. PMID- 6632072 TI - Computed tomographic and sonographic findings in acute ethylene glycol poisoning. PMID- 6632073 TI - A pharmacokinetic study of digoxin in the horse. AB - Digoxin was administered orally and intravenously to seven healthy adult mares and geldings in two separate trials. At a dose of 44 microgram digoxin/kg body weight, the oral study was characterized by an absorption phase with a mean (+/- 1 standard deviation) peak serum digoxin concentration of 2.21 ng/ml (+/- 0.45) at a mean of 2.29 h (+/- 1.52) after administration. A second rise in serum digoxin concentration started about 6-8 h after administration and extended to about 20 h after administration. The mean bioavailability (F) was 23.38% (+/- 5.96). At a dose of 22 microgram digoxin/kg body weight, the intravenous study was characterized by a two-compartment model with the following mean pharmacokinetic measurements: distribution rate constant (alpha), 1.391 h-1 (+/- 0.1909); zero-time serum digoxin concentration determined from the distribution phase (A), 21.247 ng/ml (+/- 5.6614); elimination rate constant (beta), 0.0409 h 1 (+/- 0.0069); zero-time serum digoxin concentration determined from the elimination phase (B), 3.82 ng/ml (+/- 0.433); apparent specific volume of distribution uncorrected for protein binding (Vd beta), 5.003 l/kg (+/- 0.5177). The mean beta corresponded to a biological half-life (T1/2 beta) of 16.9 h. Based upon results of this study, theoretically achievable steady-state serum digoxin concentrations were calculated for maintenance doses given by oral and intravenous routes of administration with appropriate two-compartment, multiple dose formulae. Loading doses were also calculated for each route. It is the opinion of the authors that the oral route of administration of digoxin is effective in the horse and may preclude the potential risks posed by the high serum digoxin concentrations immediately following intravenous administration. PMID- 6632074 TI - Radioimmunoassay of the anabolic agent zeranol. II. Zeranol concentrations in urine of sheep and cattle implanted with zeranol (Ralgro). AB - A radioimmunoassay for zeranol has been validated and used to measure the concentration of zeranol in the urine of sheep and cattle treated with zeranol (Ralgro). The assay uses an antibody raised against zeranol-16-carboxy-propyl ether conjugated to human serum albumin. In sheep and cattle urine the limits of detection were approximately 2 ng/ml and 2.5 ng/ml, respectively. In two trials 13 sheep were implanted with 12 mg zeranol at the base of the ear. The mean maximum concentrations of zeranol observed in urine were 45 ng/ml (Trial I) on day 35 and 90 ng/ml (Trial II) on day 56, and had declined to 26 ng/ml 42 days after implantation (Trial I) and 11.7 ng/ml 70 days after implantation (Trial II). In four cattle implanted with 36 mg zeranol the concentrations of zeranol in urine reached a mean maximum concentration of 13.5 ng/ml 22 days after implantation and had declined to 2.9 ng/ml 69 days after implantation. PMID- 6632075 TI - Comparison of pharmacokinetics of sodium and lysine cephalexin in calves. AB - The pharmacokinetics of sodium and lysine cephalexins were investigated after intravenous and intramuscular administration of a single dose rate of 30 mg.kg-1 body weight in calves. The data for the two salts administered intravenously were pooled, the resulting pharmacokinetic disposition of cephalexin indicating a distribution half-time (t1/2 alpha) and an elimination half-time (t1/2 beta) of 9.78 and 62.0 min, respectively. Following intramuscular administration some pharmacokinetic differences were recorded between the cephalexin preparations: lysine cephalexin was more rapidly eliminated (t1/2kel = 55.2 min) than sodium cephalexin (t1/2kel = 89.8 min), although the peak blood level was higher and attained after a longer time with lysine cephalexin. PMID- 6632076 TI - Pharmacokinetics of imidocarb in normal dogs and goats. AB - The pharmacokinetics of imidocarb were studied in seven mongrel dogs and eight crossbred goats. An intravenous bolus dose (4 mg/kg) of 12% imidocarb dipropionate solution was injected into the cephalic vein in dogs and the jugular vein in goats. The plasma concentration of imidocarb was measured by spectrophotometry. The experimental data were analysed using a two-compartment open model. The apparent volume of the central compartment was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in dogs than in goats. The significantly larger (P less than 0.05) apparent specific volume of distribution in goats than in dogs may be attributed to passive diffusion followed by ion trapping of the drug in rumen fluid. Neither the half-life nor body clearance differed significantly between dogs (t1/2, 207 +/- 45 min; ClB, 1.47 +/- 0.38 ml/min kg) and goats (t1/2, 251 +/ 94 min; ClB, 1.62 +/- 0.50 ml/min kg). While almost 80% of the dose had been eliminated at 8 h in both species, the high ratio of the imidocarb level in the peripheral-to-central compartment in goats suggests that a prolonged period may be required for complete elimination of the drug. PMID- 6632077 TI - Thiopentone pharmacokinetics and electrocorticogram pattern in sheep. AB - Thiopentone pharmacokinetics and electrocorticogram patterns were studied in a group of six sheep given thiopentone intravenously (20 mg/kg). Plasma concentrations were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. A three-compartment open model was selected to describe the disposition kinetics of thiopentone. The drug had an apparent volume of distribution of 1005 +/- 196 ml/kg; body clearance was 3.5 +/- 0.8 ml/min-kg and the half-life, based on the slope of the terminal portion of the curve, was 196 +/- 64 min. From the electrocorticogram pattern, it seems likely that the highest concentrations in brain occurred between 47 and 217 sec after commencing administration and a brain penetration half-time of 26.5 +/- 2.87 sec was calculated. At the time of awakening (36.6 +/- 6.36 min) 24.1 +/- 6.3% of the dose was located in the central compartment, 12.6 +/- 8.2 was in the shallow peripheral compartment, 38.8 +/- 14.1 was in the deep peripheral compartment and 24.6 +/- 10.3 had been eliminated. Using simulated curves, it appeared that suppression of the shallow peripheral compartment (muscle) did not change the time of awakening; in contrast when elimination-rate constant was decreased, awakening was delayed. It was suggested that the relatively short duration of thiopentone anaesthesia in sheep should be attributed mainly to elimination of the drug by hepatic metabolism and uptake by body fat. This hypothesis, which differs from the widely accepted view that the duration of thiopentone anaesthesia is independent of the rate of hepatic metabolism, is discussed in terms of differences in regional blood flow between sheep and monogastric species. PMID- 6632078 TI - Responses of pulmonary vasculature of cattle to dopamine and apomorphine. AB - Both dopamine and apomorphine caused concentration-dependent contractions of the bovine pulmonary artery from rest. Both of these compounds caused of the bovine pulmonary artery from rest. Both of these compounds caused relaxation of histamine-precontracted arterial and venous strips after alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. Arterial contraction elicited by dopamine was inhibited either by phentolamine (alpha-blocker) or by the dopamine-selective antagonists, spiperone and butaclamol. Apomorphine in the highest concentration (greater than 10(-5) M) inhibited dopamine-induced contractions. Dopamine- and apomorphine-induced vascular relaxations were attenuated by propranolol but not by spiperone or butaclamol. These data suggest that dopamine- and apomorphine-induced relaxation in these preparations is most likely mediated through beta-adrenergic mechanisms, whereas dopamine-induced contractions seem to involve both alpha-adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. PMID- 6632079 TI - Pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol in the neonatal horse. AB - Chloramphenicol sodium succinate was administered as an intravenous bolus (50 mg/kg) to eight foals which weighed 49-57 kg (mean +/- 1 standard deviation = 53.19 +/- 2.66) each, and were 1-9 days (4.5 +/- 2.56) of age. The drug was rapidly distributed and followed first-order elimination. Mean pharmacokinetic values were: zero-time serum concentration (C0) = 36.14 microgram/ml (+/- 14.80); apparent specific volume of distribution (Vd) = 1.614 1/kg (+/- 0.669); and elimination rate constant (K) = 0.7295 h-1 (+/- 0.3066) which corresponds to a biological half-life (t1/2) = 0.95 h. These values do not differ greatly from those reported for adult horses and ponies. A suspension of chloramphenicol was administered by nasogastric tube (50 mg/kg) to a second group of seven foals which weighed 49 to 57 kg (51.34 +/- 2.82) each and were 1 to 7 days (4.43 +/- 1.90) of age. A mean peak serum chloramphenicol concentration of 23.97 microgram/ml (+/- 7.06) was achieved 1.14 h (+/- 0.63) after administration. The bioavailability of this preparation was 83.27 percent. PMID- 6632080 TI - H1 and H2 receptors in the ovine digestive tract. PMID- 6632081 TI - An HPLC procedure for the quantification of five metabolites of febantel in sheep serum. PMID- 6632082 TI - Acetylation of sulphamethoxazole by fresh water turtles Pseudemys scripta elegans. PMID- 6632084 TI - Evolution of virus and defective-interfering RNAs in BHK cells persistently infected with Sindbis virus. AB - We analyzed a BHK cell line persistently infected with Sindbis virus for 16 months and a virus (Sin-16) cloned from these cells. Sin-16 virus was resistant to the defective interfering particles present in the original infection. We found that (i) cells infected with Sin-16 were impaired in the processing of a viral precursor glycoprotein, (ii) high-multiplicity passaging of Sin-16 gave rise to a variant that was able to generate and be inhibited by defective interfering particles to which the original Sin-16 virus was resistant, and (iii) the persistently infected culture contained a heterogeneous mixture of defective Sindbis virus RNAs which were not packaged into extracellular particles. To determine whether these intracellular RNAs could interfere with the replication of Sin-16, we analyzed cells that were cloned from the persistently infected culture. One clone (A3) synthesized a single defective viral RNA which was lost with continued passaging in culture. Infection of A3 cells with Sin-16 showed that the presence of the defective RNA greatly enhanced cell survival and led to enrichment of this RNA. In contrast, cured cells were highly susceptible to killing by Sin-16, and survivors did not synthesize this RNA. Thus, A3 cells were not genetically altered in their response to Sin-16, but were protected from the cytopathic effects of infection by an RNA with the characteristics of a defective interfering RNA. PMID- 6632083 TI - Human adenovirus 2 E1B-19K and E1B-53K tumor antigens: antipeptide antibodies targeted to the NH2 and COOH termini. AB - The human adenovirus 2 (Ad2) transforming region is located in the left 11.1% of the viral genome and encodes two early transcription units, E1A and E1B. Based on the amino acid sequence deduced from the Ad2 E1B DNA sequence (Gingeras et al., J. Biol. Chem. 257:13475-13491, 1982), we have prepared antibodies against synthetic peptides, 8 to 16 amino acids in length, encoded at the NH2 and COOH termini of the major E1B-19K and E1B-53K tumor antigens. The antipeptide antibodies immunoprecipitated the targeted E1B-19K or E1B-53K tumor antigens from extracts of Ad2-infected cells. The specificity of the peptide competition studies. Antipeptide antibodies directed to the NH2 and COOH termini immunoprecipitated the E1B-19K and E1B-53K tumor antigens from two Ad2 transformed rat cell lines, F17 and F4, providing evidence that identical tumor antigens are synthesized in Ad2-infected and Ad2-transformed cells. These results show that the E1B-19K and E1B-53K T antigens are not processed proteolytically at either the NH2 or COOH terminus. Our data provide strong evidence at the protein level that the E1B-19K and E1B-53K tumor antigens partially overlap in DNA sequence, with the E1B-19K initiating translation at the first ATG at nucleotide 1711 in translation reading frame 1 and the E1B-53K tumor antigen initiating translation at the second ATG at nucleotide 2016 in reading frame 3. This confirms the results of others on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of E1B-19K and theoretical deductions based on the DNA sequence. Our findings prove that the large E1B-53K T antigen initiates translation at the second ATG at nucleotide 2016 and not at equally plausible initiation codons located farther downstream at nucleotides 2202 and 2235. Thus, the E1B-53K T antigen is another example of a protein which initiates translation at an internal ATG rather than at the 5' proximal ATG. PMID- 6632085 TI - Molecular cloning of the c-fms locus and its assignment to human chromosome 5. AB - Molecular clones of the retroviral oncogene v-fms were used to isolate recombinant bacteriophages containing c-fms proto-oncogene sequences from a human placental DNA library. Viral and cellular fms sequences were used in Southern blotting experiments with a panel of 32 human X mouse somatic cell hybrids to assign the human c-fms proto-oncogene to human chromosome 5. PMID- 6632086 TI - Accessibility of phosphatidylethanolamine in bacteriophage PM2 and in its gram negative host. AB - The reaction of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid with phosphatidylethanolamine in the cytoplasmic membrane of Alteromonas espejiana suggests that 50% of this lipid occupies the outer lamella. In PM2, similar analysis suggests that 56% of this lipid populates the outer lamella of the membrane, the surface of which accounts for 60% of the membrane area. PMID- 6632087 TI - Surgical induction of varicocele in the rabbit. AB - Surgically induced varicoceles were created in male rabbits of proven fertility by partially occluding the left lumbotesticular trunk, which receives the left testicular vein before draining into the left renal vein. Semen was collected every 2 weeks following surgery and left testicular biopsy was performed at 2, 4, 8 and 13 postoperative weeks. Tissue was processed for light and electron microscopy. Animals were sacrificed at 20 postoperative weeks. Left testicular vein dilatation was observed at autopsy (20 weeks postoperative), as were changes in semen quality. These included an increase in the number of round germ cells and abnormal spermatozoa, as well as a decrease in sperm numeric density and motility. Seminiferous tubule pathology was variable and germ cell sloughing was observed as soon as 8 weeks following surgery. Spermatids were maloriented relative to Sertoli cells and Sertoli-germ cell junctional complexes were structurally abnormal. Results indicate that surgical induction of varicocele in the rabbit leads to altered spermatogenic function and decreased semen quality similar to that described in humans. Epithelial disruption appears to be a phenomenon of the adluminal testicular compartment and apical Sertoli cell cytoplasmic degeneration may account for the poor semen quality associated with varicocele. PMID- 6632088 TI - Visualization of bactericidal concentrations of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals in primate and human urinary tract tissue. AB - The distribution of orally administered nitrofurantoin macrocrystals in the urinary tract was studied by whole body radioautography in female squirrel monkeys and by bioautography of excised human kidney. The drug was rapidly absorbed and widely distributed throughout the simian urinary tract and human kidney. Concentrations of 14C drug in simian renal cortex and renal pelvis were up to 5 times plasma levels. Nitrofurantoin-derived antibacterial activity was observed by bioautography throughout sections of human kidney at concentrations that killed susceptible human urinary tract pathogens. PMID- 6632089 TI - Acute radiorenography during attacks of renal colic. AB - Acute radiorenography was compared to emergency excretory urography to evaluate its diagnostic accuracy in 22 patients with clinical signs of renal colic, including erythrocytes in the urinalysis. All 16 patients with delayed excretion and/or dilated renal pelves on excretory urography had delayed excretion of radioactivity on renography. Furthermore, 6 patients with reduced renal function judged by renography had marked or slight delay in excretion on excretory urography. Small stones not causing stasis were found on excretory urography in 2 patients with normal renograms. It is concluded that acute radiorenography is simple, rapid and safe, and identifies accurately patients with abnormal renal function during attacks of colic, with less risks than excretory urography of causing renal damage or aggravating the pain of renal colic. PMID- 6632090 TI - Percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy: choice of irrigant. AB - Extravasation of glycine irrigant during percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy has caused a transurethral resection syndrome consisting of hypertension, confusion and hyponatremia. With a rabbit model this complication is recreated with the intraperitoneal instillation of 1.5 per cent glycine solution tagged with 14carbon-glycine. Significant quantitative absorption of glycine into blood and other organs is demonstrated. A review of the literature reveals few guidelines as to the choice of irrigant for intrarenal endoscopy. Since this procedure involves no electric current it is suggested that physiological saline rather than glycine be used for ultrasonic stone disintegration. PMID- 6632091 TI - Pain control following renal infarction/ablation using continuous epidural combined anesthesia/analgesia. AB - A technique for anesthesia during pre-nephrectomy renal infarction or ablation using standard epidural anesthesia procedures is described. Additionally, post infarction analgesia using epidural meperidine is discussed. This technique has been used successfully in 8 patients undergoing infarction or ablation of renal adenocarcinoma and shows promise as an adjunct to standard analgesia in other patients undergoing radical surgical procedures. PMID- 6632092 TI - Ileal trigonal conduits: 10-year followup. AB - Nonrefluxing ileal trigonal conduits were constructed in 21 patients with neurogenic bladder to prevent the long-term sequelae of standard ileal conduit urinary diversion. Although the initial results at 5 years were encouraging the findings at 10 years were not as promising. Of the patients 50 per cent had evidence of pyelographic deterioration. Reflux occurred in 41 per cent of the renal units. Over-all, 8 patients (45 per cent) have done well. Today, these patients probably would not have undergone diversion. PMID- 6632093 TI - Vesicoureteral reflux in the adult. III. Surgical correction: risks and benefits. AB - Antireflux surgery was successful in 97 per cent of 67 adults with primary bilateral vesicoureteral reflux. Mean followup was 43 months. Of the patients 93 per cent became free of acute pyelonephritis, although 50 per cent continued to experience occasional cystitis. Surgical correction of reflux had no beneficial effect on renal size, renal scars or significant proteinuria with impaired renal function. Antireflux surgery does not appear to be justified in cases of proteinuria unless recurrent symptomatic pyelonephritis becomes uncontrollable. Additionally, antireflux surgery did not appear to have any beneficial effect on hypertension or large bladder capacity. However, calculogenesis remained inactive with this and other adjunctive therapies. PMID- 6632094 TI - Major bladder trauma: the accuracy of cystography. AB - We studied 51 cases of traumatic bladder rupture. Extravasation was noted in 32 cases for which retrograde cystograms were available, including 3 (9 per cent) in which additional infusion of contrast medium was required to demonstrate extravasation. Of the 32 cystograms 4 (13 per cent) showed rupture on the drainage film only. If drainage films and adequate distension of the bladder with contrast medium had been omitted in our study the rate of diagnostic accuracy of the cystogram would have been reduced to 79 per cent. If strict attention is paid to adequate distension of the bladder with contrast material and to obtaining drainage films, diagnostic retrograde cystography for trauma should be almost totally accurate and delays or errors in diagnosis should be rare. PMID- 6632095 TI - Invasive bladder cancer: tumor configuration, lymphatic invasion and survival. AB - The pathologic slides of 86 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for invasive (stage T2 plus) bladder carcinoma were reviewed. The tumors were classified according to the demonstration or absence of small vessel invasion and the papillary or solid configuration. Of the 86 patients regional nodal metastases were noted in 24. Eighteen of 48 patients (38 per cent) with small vessel invasion also had nodal metastases compared to 6 of 38 (16 per cent) without small vessel invasion. Of the 62 patients without nodal metastases the crude 5-year survival was 52 per cent for 32 without small vessel involvement compared to 30 per cent for 30 with small vessel involvement. PMID- 6632096 TI - Strictures of the male urethra treated by the Otis method. AB - During a 5-year interval 72 consecutive patients with urethral strictures were treated by internal urethrotomy according to the method of Otis. The etiology, surgical technique, complications and postoperative management are discussed. The results after a mean followup of 29 months showed an over-all success rate of 82 per cent (95 per cent confidence limits 71 to 90 per cent). It is concluded that internal urethrotomy should be considered for primary treatment of urethral strictures, since the procedure is easy and complications are few. PMID- 6632097 TI - Penile tumescence in temporally normal and pathologic rapid eye movement sleep. AB - The present study was conducted to determine whether the usual temporal relationship between rapid eye movement and penile tumescence was present in a group of narcoleptic patients who had demonstrated the abnormal phenomenon of sleep onset rapid eye movement. We studied 5 men with a clinical history of sleep attacks and at least 1 auxiliary symptom of narcolepsy. Results indicated that penile tumescence occurred during temporally normal and abnormal rapid eye movement sleep. These findings provide further evidence of the strong temporal relationship between rapid eye movement sleep and penile tumescence. PMID- 6632098 TI - Automated erythrocytopheresis for relief of priapism in sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. AB - Priapism, a complication of male patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies, has been managed by a variety of surgical and nonsurgical forms of therapy that often are unsuccessful. The application of automated erythrocytopheresis (red blood cell exchange) by continuous-flow and semicontinuous-flow procedures appears to offer distinct advantages in the treatment of complications resulting from sickle hemoglobinopathies. The successful application of erythrocytopheresis for the relief of priapism in a patient with hemoglobin SC disease is presented and probably represents the first case reported on the use of automated red blood cell exchange procedures in the treatment of this condition. Data and results of automated erythrocytopheresis in 4 additional patients are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of erythrocytopheresis in the treatment of priapism (and other complications of sickle hemoglobinopathies) are discussed and the method is compared to other modes of therapy. PMID- 6632099 TI - Rupture of the corpus cavernosum: surgical management. AB - Rupture of the corpus cavernosum is an uncommon injury resulting from a direct blow to the erect penis. The injury is easy to recognize but treatment remains controversial. Our uniform operative plan, consisting of immediate exploration, identification, sharp debridement and primary repair of the tear in the tunica albuginea with absorbable sutures, resulted in preservation of normal penile erection in 7 patients. The hospital stay was brief (mean 3.8 days) and there were no complications. These results compare favorably to operative management as reported in the literature. Conservative management is associated with a 29 per cent complication rate and a mean hospital stay of 14 days. Therefore, early surgical repair of the rupture is advocated. PMID- 6632100 TI - The Jonas prosthesis--technical considerations and results. AB - We analyzed 100 patients who underwent implantation of the Jonas penile prosthesis because of impotence, complications, and patient and partner satisfaction. Data were gathered by direct patient contact and mailed questionnaires, and at followup ranging from 4 to 18 months. Complications occurred in 7 patients. Of the 100 patients 90 were satisfied with the results and would choose the same operation again, although 20 claimed to have some difficulty with concealment of the penis. A total of 56 patients underwent implantation of the prosthesis under local anesthesia, which has resulted in diminished patient risk as well as reduced cost and duration of hospitalization. PMID- 6632101 TI - Scrotal ultrasonography. AB - Scrotal ultrasonography was performed on 43 patients with a diagnostic accuracy rate of 88 per cent. With a small parts 7.5 MHz. real-time ultrasound scanner a clear distinction between gonadal and epididymal pathologic conditions can be achieved in the majority of cases. PMID- 6632102 TI - Ultrasonography for the diagnosis and staging of blunt scrotal trauma. AB - Of 19 patients with blunt testicular trauma diagnosed and staged correctly by physical examination and ultrasonography 10 were explored surgically and 9 were managed nonoperatively (treatment was supported by ultrasonography). Fractured testicles occurred in 5 of the 10 explored patients and were repaired surgically, and in 2 of the 9 conservatively managed patients. These 2 patients refused an operation. Ultrasonography can show disruption of the testicle as evidenced by intratesticular lucencies representing hematoma, extruded testicular parenchyma or a fragmented testicle. The tunica albuginea is too thin to be defined consistently and, thus, it could not be used as a parameter for disruption in the 10 patients who were explored surgically. Ultrasonography used in conjunction with a thorough physical examination is highly accurate, readily available, noninvasive and gives minimal discomfort. This modality can be used to follow nonoperative scrotal injury to resolution. With the availability of high resolution real-time ultrasonography more rapid and reliable screening of the scrotum is possible. PMID- 6632103 TI - Vasectomy and nonfatal myocardial infarction: continued observation indicates no elevation of risk. AB - The incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction among 4,733 vasectomized men followed for 33,969 man-years was 1.3 cases per 1,000 man-years. This incidence was nearly identical in a 5-fold larger series of comparable nonvasectomized men. These data represent a substantially increased long-term followup over that reported previously for these groups and provide continued assurance of the lack of an association between vasectomy and myocardial infarction, particularly 10 or more years after vasectomy. PMID- 6632104 TI - 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis: review of the literature and report of a case in the United States. AB - Urolithiasis resulting from inherited metabolic derangement is rare. Only 13 cases of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine stones resulting from a deficiency of the enzyme adenine phosphoribosyl transferase have been reported since 1974. Of these cases 9 have been in children with the homozygous trait. To date, 3 homozygous and 1 heterozygous adults with urolithiasis have been reported. This disease has not been associated with any other clinical or biochemical abnormalities. Treatment includes low purine diet and allopurinol. We herein report a case of complete adenine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency associated with 2,8 dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis in the United States, bringing the total to 14 in the literature. PMID- 6632105 TI - Effect of a 5-year treatment program in patients with hyperoxaluric stones. AB - Hyperoxaluria, alone or associated with hypercalciuria, has been detected in 69 of 450 patients with recurrent stones (15.3 per cent). The 3 main findings associated with hyperoxaluria were 1) oxalate hyperabsorption, 2) hyperoxalemia and 3) increased or decreased oxalate clearance. Correction of oxalate hyperabsorption by administration of diethylaminoethanol cellulose showed good results through a 5-year followup. Succinimide, given to the hyperoxalemic group, and a combination of phosphate and magnesium, given to the group with altered clearances, showed poorer results. PMID- 6632106 TI - Familial juvenile type III spinal cord arteriovenous malformation: urodynamic findings. AB - Two sisters with juvenile type III spinal cord arteriovenous malformations were studied urodynamically. Micturitional dysfunction was prominent in the clinical presentation of both cases. Although both patients had similar lesions 1 demonstrated detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia and detrusor hyperreflexia, while the other showed only detrusor hyperreflexia. This is the first report of a familial occurrence of juvenile type III arteriovenous malformation and of the associated urodynamic findings. PMID- 6632107 TI - Urodynamic studies before and/or after abdominoperineal resection of the rectum for carcinoma. AB - Urodynamic studies were performed on 62 patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection of the rectum during the last 14 months. Of these patients 20 were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively, and 42 were studied postoperatively only. Urodynamic studies consisted of cystometry, urethral sphincter electromyography and uroflowmetry. The results of these studies revealed a significant decrease in effective bladder capacity, and increases in first sensation to void and residual urine postoperatively. The peak and average urinary flow rates also were decreased significantly. No significant changes could be found in urethral sphincter electromyography. The incidence of complete denervation of the bladder in our study was 11.3 per cent. More severe voiding dysfunction was found in patients with stage C2 anorectal tumors than in those with stage B2 disease and in patients with tumors 4 to 8 cm. from the anal verge. Urodynamic evaluation, especially cystometry, is necessary after abdominoperineal resection to detect voiding dysfunction. PMID- 6632108 TI - The persisting mesonephric duct syndrome: the description of a new syndrome. AB - Persistence of the mesonephric duct is a well recognized but uncommon abnormality that results in vasoureteral fusion. This anomaly may be accompanied by rectal malformations and disturbances of renal ascent or morphology. The literature on persistence of the mesonephric duct was reviewed and the data were correlated with our understanding of embryogenesis in an attempt to understand the relationship between these seemingly unrelated anomalies. It is concluded that the triad of persistence of the mesonephric duct, rectal anomalies and anomalies of renal ascent or morphology may be the result of a common embryologic event and should be regarded as representing a distinct syndrome. A theory to explain this syndrome is proposed. PMID- 6632109 TI - Urogenital tract abnormalities associated with congenital anorectal anomalies. AB - Of 150 children with congenital anorectal malformations 50 per cent had urogenital abnormalities. Vesicoureteral reflux was noted in 47 per cent of the children with a supralevator and in 35 per cent with an infralevator lesion. A urinary tract evaluation is recommended in all children with congenital anorectal anomalies. PMID- 6632110 TI - Clinicopathological conference. Pelvic mass in a 37-year-old man. PMID- 6632111 TI - Bladder carcinoma presenting as a solitary bony metastasis. AB - Although bony involvement by transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder occurs frequently, its presentation as a symptomatic solitary bony metastasis is rare. Furthermore, presentation as a solitary distal metastasis with osteolytic and osteoblastic components is almost a novelty. We present such a case, which is additionally unusual in that the primary lesion in the bladder and the metastasis were resectable. PMID- 6632112 TI - Priapism secondary to prazosin overdose. AB - Priapism is a rare but recognized complication of certain antihypertensive agents. An association between the antihypertensive, prazosin, and priapism has been reported in the European literature but not in the American urologic literature. PMID- 6632113 TI - Polyorchidism discovered as testicular torsion. AB - We report a case of polyorchidism that presented as testicular torsion. A brief historical note and the clinical manifestations are discussed. Of the 39 reported cases in the literature this is the second case in which histopathology of the excised testicle revealed Sertoli cells without evidence of spermatogenesis. PMID- 6632114 TI - Coccidioidomycosis of the epididymis. AB - A rare case of coccidioidomycosis involving the epididymis is described and compared with the 12 clinically diagnosed cases reported in the literature. With 1 exception, the disease appeared to be limited to the genital organs and the adjacent tissue. Surgical excision of the involved tissue appeared to be curative. Bilateral epididymal involvement occurred in 4 cases and it was the cause of the treatment failure in 2 of the 3 cases in which the local disease was treated unsuccessfully by surgery. The efficacy of antifungal chemotherapy remains to be determined. PMID- 6632115 TI - Re: Alum irrigation for the control of massive bladder hemorrhage. PMID- 6632116 TI - Re: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction: role of newer diagnostic methods. PMID- 6632117 TI - Experimental study of ureteral calculus disease: effects of calculus size, obstruction and hydration. AB - A chronic canine model was developed to study the immediate mechanical effects of ureteral calculi. Totally implanted nephrostomy tubes were used to measure renal pelvic pressure and optical sensors recorded ureteral activity. Surrogate calculi were inserted in a retrograde fashion via a trigonal vesicostomy. Complete obstruction was more common with larger calculi and these all passed spontaneously, by which time ureteral activity had ceased. Reduction in urine output delayed the rise in renal pressure and thus prolonged the time the calculus was retained in the ureter. If large calculi, which normally obstruct, had holes drilled in them to allow free urine flow they remained in the ureter for at least 2 hours and had to be extracted. Therefore, in the first few hours increased proximal hydrostatic pressure was the most important factor responsible for the spontaneous passage of obstructing calculi. PMID- 6632118 TI - Cut down proliferation of medical specialty certifications. PMID- 6632119 TI - Leanness and smoking. PMID- 6632120 TI - Medical alert in emporiatrics. PMID- 6632121 TI - Reversible gynecomastia associated with sulindac therapy. PMID- 6632122 TI - Treatment of traumatic hyphema. PMID- 6632123 TI - Care for the aged. PMID- 6632124 TI - Treatment of depression. PMID- 6632125 TI - Experience with pregnant problem drinkers. PMID- 6632126 TI - Naloxone in reversal of hypotension in septic shock. PMID- 6632127 TI - Making peer review more productive. PMID- 6632128 TI - Apparent failures of endocarditis prophylaxis. Analysis of 52 cases submitted to a national registry. AB - Fifty-two cases of apparent endocarditis prophylaxis failure were reported to a national registry established by the American Heart Association (AHA). Mitral valve prolapse was the single most common underlying cardiac lesion (17 cases, 33%), followed by various congenital abnormalities (15 cases, 29%) and rheumatic heart disease (11 cases, 21%). Ten patients (19%) had prosthetic valve endocarditis. Forty-eight cases (92%) occurred after a dental procedure. Symptoms began within two weeks after the procedure suspected to have caused endocarditis in 50% and within five weeks in 79%. Thirty-nine cases (75%) were caused by viridans streptococci and seven (14%) by Staphylococcus aureus. Most patients received oral penicillin as prophylaxis. Only six patients (12%) received regimens currently recommended by the AHA. In 27 (63%) of the 43 cases for which antimicrobial susceptibility data were available, the infecting microorganism was sensitive to the antibiotic(s) used for prophylaxis. After diagnosis of endocarditis, the prognosis for bacteriologic cure was good; 47 patients (90%) were cured, of whom seven underwent valve replacement. These data indicate that endocarditis prophylaxis failures may be more common than was previously believed and that failures occur even when the infecting organism is susceptible to the antibiotics used. Most antimicrobial regimens used in patients with prophylaxis failures did not conform to current recommendations. PMID- 6632129 TI - Gallstone size and the risk of gallbladder cancer. AB - Gallstones are a major risk factor for gallbladder cancer, but few persons with stones experience development of tumors. To examine this relationship, a case control study was performed. Each of 81 cancer cases was matched for age, sex, hospital, and admission date with two controls, one with benign gallbladder disease and one with a nongallbladder diagnosis. Persons with large gallstones were found to be at increased risk for cancer. For those with stone diameters of 2.0 to 2.9 cm, the odds ratio (v stone size less than 1 cm) was 2.4; for stones 3 cm or larger, the ratio was 10.1. This association of large gallstones with cancer was not hypothesized before data analysis and should be replicated in other settings before being accepted. If confirmed, however, this finding might have implications for the management of silent gallstones. PMID- 6632130 TI - The increasing concern with infertility. Why now? PMID- 6632131 TI - Impact on nursing home staff of training about death and dying. AB - The aim of the study was to test an educational program for nursing home personnel concerning working with dying patients. Ten community nursing homes were randomly assigned to experimental (training) or control (no training) conditions. Staff members in all homes were pretested on their anxieties about death, attitudes, knowledge, and skill in working with the dying. After training, experimental staff members (N = 296) had more fear of their own deaths and less fear of the dying of others than control subjects (N = 290). Also, trained staff had better attitudes toward caring for the dying patient and dealing with the family, as well as improved knowledge and skill. Data support the value of training, even though sessions may temporarily increase anxiety of staff members about their own deaths. PMID- 6632132 TI - Unilateral papilledema in 'benign' intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). AB - Three patients with benign intracranial hypertension ([BIH], or pseudotumor cerebri) had verified increased CSF pressure and unilateral papilledema. One patient had slowly progressive loss of visual acuity until unilateral optic nerve sheathotomy was performed. One patient had spontaneous venous pulsation in the unaffected eye. The diagnosis of BIH must be considered even in the absence of bilateral papilledema. PMID- 6632133 TI - Transacetabular herniation of small bowel and right adnexa. An unusual complication of hip arthroplasty. PMID- 6632134 TI - Treating the patient with sore throat. Theory v practice. PMID- 6632136 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Antigenic analysis of recent influenza A (H1N1) viruses. PMID- 6632135 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Gastrointestinal illness associated with brie cheese. PMID- 6632137 TI - Malathion exposure associated with acute renal failure. PMID- 6632138 TI - Rare medical occurrences in Jewish traditions. PMID- 6632139 TI - Depression and hypothyroidism. PMID- 6632140 TI - Multivariate analysis. PMID- 6632141 TI - Remission of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon. PMID- 6632142 TI - Senile macular degeneration: an artist's view. PMID- 6632143 TI - Laser treatment for eye disease. PMID- 6632144 TI - Costs, charges, conscience, and control (lost) PMID- 6632145 TI - Ready! Fire! . . . Aim! An inquiry into laboratory test ordering. AB - Informal test-ordering protocols that do not follow a physiological rationale are common in teaching hospitals and represent part of the folklore of resident practice. Such faulty test-ordering routines increase the cost of care, waste resources, may fail to answer diagnostic questions, or may generate false leads. They prove to be part of a broader set of issues in information management not restricted to medicine. Clinically appropriate algorithms for diagnostic testing can be constructed to replace folkloric protocols. This should represent a major area of professional concern in clinical pathology. PMID- 6632146 TI - Spurious leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia. A dual phenomenon caused by clumping of platelets in vitro. AB - Three patients with spurious thrombocytopenia caused by in vitro clumping of platelets also had leukocytosis that was inappropriate for their clinical state and could not be verified on examination of a blood smear. Serial blood counts and analysis of the platelet and WBC histograms proved the "leukocytosis" to be spurious and caused by platelet clumps erroneously "recognized" by the counter as white blood cells. In three additional patients, the WBC counts increased concomitantly with a decrease in their platelet counts but remained within the normal range. Abnormal platelet and WBC counts generated by automated cell counters must be verified by examination of a blood smear before patients are subjected to unwarranted investigations and therapy. PMID- 6632147 TI - FDA committee questions Fluosol efficacy; US approval not imminent. PMID- 6632148 TI - Tropical paradox: nutrition in the Caribbean. PMID- 6632149 TI - Those who 'eat and run' may lead healthier lives. PMID- 6632150 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Mumps--United States, 1980-1983. PMID- 6632152 TI - Laboratory testing to save expenses. PMID- 6632151 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Brucellosis--Texas. PMID- 6632153 TI - Pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia from minocycline. PMID- 6632155 TI - Girl babies wanted. PMID- 6632154 TI - Rupture of stomach after attempted Heimlich maneuver. PMID- 6632156 TI - Treatment of the terminally ill. PMID- 6632157 TI - Preventing the impending doctor glut. PMID- 6632158 TI - Causes of impotence. PMID- 6632159 TI - 'Uncle George' resurrected. PMID- 6632160 TI - A new physician supply policy is needed. PMID- 6632161 TI - Merging hospitals and physician support. AB - This study gives empirical documentation of physician support for a recent hospital merger. Results indicated that physicians from private practice, from the medical specialty of anesthesiology, and those least satisfied with hospital administration were also the least supportive of the merger. Formal involvement in the merger process, via task force membership, did relatively little to increase physician support for the merger. However, a significant correlation between perceived input into the merger process and support for the merger indicates positive aspects of involvement, even though this may not have occurred through the formal structure of task forces. Implications for managing physicians and hospital mergers is discussed. PMID- 6632162 TI - GMENAC, AMA policy, and the pitfalls of Parkinson. PMID- 6632163 TI - Failure of beta-lactam antibiotics to eradicate Chlamydia trachomatis in the endometrium despite apparent clinical cure of acute salpingitis. AB - Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 17 (24%) of 71 patients with acute salpingitis (AS) hospitalized for parenteral treatment. For patients with AS, antimicrobial therapy was started immediately on admission and before the availability of culture results. Notable clinical response was seen in 16 of 17 chlamydial-positive cases. Despite apparent clinical cure, posttreatment cultures from the endometrial cavity yielded C trachomatis from 12 of 13 patients treated solely with second- or third-generation cephalosporins as single-agent therapy. The finding of persistent chlamydial infection of the endometrium suggests that some patients treated for AS, despite apparent clinical response, maintain chlamydial infection of the endometrium that might cause relapse or chronic fallopian tube infection with tubal obstruction and infertility, or perhaps reflect a similar tubal persistence of Chlamydia. Treatment of AS should routinely include coverage for C trachomatis, as clinical response and findings may not reflect its presence or persistence. PMID- 6632164 TI - Readability of informed consent forms for research in a Veterans Administration medical center. AB - This study examined the effects of federal regulations on the readability and length of consent forms used in medical research from 1975 through 1982. Materials evaluated were 49 information sheets from four sample time periods and the 1975 and 1979 revisions of the Veterans Administration consent document. Flesch readability scores were at college level for both the consent documents and information sheets from all sample time periods. Thus, consent forms always may have been too difficult for typical volunteers to comprehend. Changes in length and content of the consent documents suggest that difficulty levels actually may have increased since 1975. Efforts to protect the rights of research subjects through federal regulations have resulted in presentation of appropriate information, but little progress has been made in ensuring that the information is comprehensible, understood, and used. PMID- 6632165 TI - High-amplitude peristaltic esophageal contractions associated with chest pain. AB - Review of esophageal motility tracings performed during a three-year period yielded 112 patients who underwent the test because of chest pain of unclear etiology. Thirteen patients had high-amplitude peristaltic contractions. All 13 patients had pressurelike pain, ten had dysphagia, and six had symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. The presence of an elevated lower esophageal sphincter pressure in five patients suggested a spectrum of hypertensive disorders of the esophagus variously affecting the body, the sphincter, or both. This latter subgroup responded to esophageal bougienage. Six patients had objective evidence for gastroesophageal reflux. These patients had at least partial relief from antireflux measures. High-amplitude peristaltic contractions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of noncardiac chest pain, since recognition of this entity can lead to appropriate management and symptom relief. PMID- 6632166 TI - Cardiothoracic emergencies associated with subclavian hemodialysis catheters. AB - Three adults have had life-threatening perforations of the vena cava or right atrium associated with the use of subclavian hemodialysis catheters. Subclavian hemodialysis catheters should be meticulously positioned in the superior vena caval lumen so the tip does not tent the vena-caval wall. If a patient with a subclavian hemodialysis catheter experiences unexplained and refractory hypotension, especially during hemodialysis, cardiac or vena-caval perforation should be suspected. PMID- 6632167 TI - Abdominal aspiration biopsies. Sonographic v computed tomographic guidance. AB - One hundred eighty-four diagnostic aspirations performed on 169 patients were reviewed (1) to define the decision process regarding which guidance method (sonography v computed tomography) should be used on any given patient, and (2) to determine, once a guidance method was chosen, its accuracy and complication rate. Sonographic guidance (84%) proved to be an effective method for obtaining a correct diagnosis in 98% (110/112) of cystic masses and 79% (34/43) of solid masses. Computed tomography (16%) was used when sonography could not identify the mass or when the mass was small, deeply located, and often solid. Computed tomographic guidance provided a correct diagnosis in 100% (13/13) of cystic masses and 81% (13/16) of solid masses. PMID- 6632168 TI - Fatal pulmonary and cerebral fat embolism in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A patient with an eight-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and recent onset of recurrent psychosis died after acute deterioration of cardiopulmonary status and level of consciousness. Autopsy disclosed massive pulmonary hemorrhage and unsuspected fat emboli in the lungs, kidney, and brain. This article discusses the significance of systemic fat embolism in SLE, with reference to corticosteroid therapy, fatal pulmonary hemorrhage, and lupus psychosis. PMID- 6632169 TI - A large colonic intraluminal mass in a young man with chronic diarrhea. PMID- 6632170 TI - Echocardiographic evaluation of pericardial disease. PMID- 6632171 TI - President lecture. Observations on myocardial ischemia. AB - Several problems in myocardial ischemia are discussed based on our experimental and clinical studies. Histochemical changes of the myocardium of adult mongrel dogs with a coronary artery ligation were as follows: The most noticeable findings were a decrease of phosphorylase activity in the pericapillary region of the infarcted area and an enlargement of the discoloration area due to fusion according to the prolongation of the ligation period. This may be explained by the fact that ischemic process takes place around the pericapillary zone in the early stage due to an arborescent distribution of the vascular system in the myocardium. This is presumed as one of the factors which induces heterogeneity of the ischemic myocardium. The reversibility of the injured myocardium due to ischemia was investigated electron-microscopically. The time limit of the myocardial reversibility from ischemic damage was 30 to 50 min. Characteristic changes of LDH isoenzymes and the pathohistological changes of the myocardium after ligation and reperfusion of the coronary artery were as follows: a) A decrease of the LD5 (H subunit) fraction degeneration of the myocardial fibers, fibrosis of the connective tissue and scar formation took place. b) The minimum value of LD5 (H subunit) was observed in cases with a 7-day ligation in the ligation group and in cases with a 12-hour ligation which was followed by a 7-day reperfusion in the reperfusion group. c) The time to reach the minimum LD5 value differed between these 2 groups. The most probable cause of this difference is the protection of the myocardium by reperfusion. 4) In 24 dogs 20 mCi 99mTc-PYP was injected intravenously one and a half hours before the reopening of the chest. Then, Tc-PYP images were obtained at frontal and left lateral views. Tc PYP images of each cross-sectional surface were also obtained. In the ligation group, 99mTc-PYP uptake in the ischemic myocardium was demarcated clearly in cases with a 1-7 day ligation. In the reperfusion group, 99mTc-PYP uptake in the ischemic area was clearly noticed in cases with a 12-hour to 6-day ligation, which was followed by a 1- to 7-day reperfusion. When the period of the reperfusion was prolonged, it became more difficult to obtain a positive image. In 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction Tc-PYP scintigrams were studied with reference to their ECG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6632172 TI - Hemodynamic correlates of vectorcardiographic QRS loops in pure mitral stenosis. AB - The hemodynamic correlates of the vectorcardiographic types of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) according to Chou and Helm and those with normal QRS loop in the horizontal plane of Frank system were analyzed in 100 patients with pure mitral stenosis. All underwent right and left heart catheterization. Additionally, coronary arteriography was done on 16 whose ages were above 40. Type A RVH was associated with the most severe hemodynamic alterations with markedly elevated total pulmonary vascular resistance (TPVR), mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP), peak right ventricular pressure (RRVP) and the smallest mitral valve area (MVA). The severity of these parameters were to a lesser degree obtainable in type C but with no significant difference from type A (p greater than 0.05). However, types A and C were clearly separated from type B and normal QRS loop (p less than 0.05). Type B RVH and normal QRS loop showed milder hemodynamic changes and were not significantly different (p greater than 0.05). Our results indicate that in pure mitral stenosis the development of RVH is from a normal loop into type B, C and A reflecting an increasing severity of hemodynamic changes which affect the right ventricle. This order of development is different from the traditional view. PMID- 6632173 TI - Comparative study of Kay-Boyd's, DeVega's and Carpentier's annuloplasty in the management of functional tricuspid regurgitation. AB - In a total of 38 operative survivors who underwent tricuspid annuloplasty for functional tricuspid regurgitation, Kay-Boyd's, DeVega's and Carpentier's methods were compared using a newly developed radioisotope technique together with routine examinations. Carpentier's ring method was most effective for all grades and types of regurgitation. Kay-Boyd's method usually left some residual regurgitation and DeVega's semicircular annuloplasty had unpredictable results. Although the results of tricuspid annuloplasty are influenced by the quality of the repair of the primary lesion as well as the technique of tricuspid annuloplasty itself, we recommend Carpentier's method in the first place. However, further study is mandatory for a definite conclusion. PMID- 6632174 TI - Vectorcardiographic and epicardial activation studies on experimentally-induced subdivision block of the left bundle branch. AB - The functional significance of the septal Purkinje network (SEP) in the left ventricular conduction system was examined by measuring changes of the activation sequence and vectorcardiogram (VCG) after inducing experimental blocks of the left anterior subdivision (LA) and the SEP. A discrete block of the SEP (10 dogs) resulted in a slight delay of the epicardial activation in the apical area. In lead of the McFee system of VCG, the antero-posterior ratio was increased significantly, and in 3 of 10 cases (30%) major QRS loops were deviated anteriorly on the horizontal plane. In the discrete block of the LA (10 dogs), epicardial mapping revealed a slight activation delay in the anterior basal area. There were no significant changes on VCG, except for a superior and leftward deviation of the terminal QRS vector. In the combined block of the LA + SEP (9 dogs), an activation delay of the greater area and magnitude was observed from the anterior basal area to the apical area, and the direction of the maximum QRS vector on the frontal plane showed a significant displacement to the left and superiorly. These results suggest that the SEP block itself may produce an electrocardiographic change and that this network also plays an important role in the so-called hemiblock, producing axis changes on the frontal plane of a VCG, in association with the blocks of the left anterior and posterior subdivisions. PMID- 6632175 TI - Role of sympathetic nerve activity and natriuresis in the antihypertensive actions of potassium in NaCl hypertension. AB - Although the precise mechanism of the antihypertensive action of potassium remains controversial, the natriuretic property of potassium is thought to play an important role. Since the renal nerves have been shown to control urinary sodium excretion, the present study was performed to clarify the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the antihypertensive effect of potassium supplements in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats and in salt-sensitive hypertensive patients. Supplements of a 0.2% or a 1% KCl were able to moderate the development of the DOCA-salt hypertension dose-dependently, in combination with natriuresis. Renal norepinephrine turnover was markedly accelerated in the DOCA-salt rats as compared with the control rats, but the potassium supplements normalized it. Eleven patients, who had taken the potassium supplement (96 mEq/day) on a high sodium diet, showed a lesser increase in mean blood pressure with sodium loading than 12 patients who did not take the potassium supplement. With a high-sodium diet, the potassium-supplemented patients retained less sodium and showed a lesser increase of plasma volume and cardiac output, and their adrenergic nervous activity was relatively lower during the early period of salt loading. Moreover, in salt-sensitive patients the potassium supplement was more effective for preventing a rise in blood pressure with sodium loading than in non-salt sensitive ones. These results suggest that potassium may attenuate the rise in blood pressure during the DOCA-salt treatment in the rat and during sodium loading in salt-sensitive patients, mainly as a result of inhibiting sodium retention due to increased renal sodium excretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6632176 TI - The effect of sodium depletion on plasma norepinephrine kinetics in patients with essential hypertension. AB - The effects of sodium depletion on plasma norepinephrine (NE) kinetics were studied in 14 patients with essential hypertension using the steady state NE infusion technique on the theoretical basis of a two-compartmental open model. The calculated half time of rapid removal phase (t 1/2 alpha) of plasma NE was significantly delayed in the hypertensives (1.20 +/- 0.22 min, mean +/- SD) than in normal subjects (0.89 +/- 0.14) (p less than 0.01). The total clearance rates were comparable between the 2 groups (47 +/- 7 vs 48 +/- 11 ml/kg/min). The rates of the endogenous NE outflow into the circulation (RE-NE) were not significantly different between normal (5.29 +/- 1.68 ng/kg/min) and hypertensives (7.69 +/- 5.42), although 5 hypertensive patients (36%) showed an increased RE-NE above the normal range. The prolonged half time (t 1/2 alpha) in the hypertensives tended to be shortened after sodium depletion induced by either low sodium diet or diuretics (1.04 +/- 0.22, p less than 0.001). Both plasma NE and RE-NE were significantly increased after sodium depletion. A close correlation was observed between plasma NE and RE-NE (r = 0.907, p less than 0.001) in these subjects. These results suggest the slowed neuronal uptake of NE at the sympathetic nerve terminals in some patients with essential hypertension, occurring in part as a sodium-mediated consequence. PMID- 6632177 TI - The role of epinephrine in essential hypertension. AB - The effects of epinephrine (E) on plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations and cardiovascular responses before and after beta-blockade were studied in 36 patients with essential hypertension and 10 age-matched normal controls. The resting plasma NE and E were significantly higher in the borderline hypertensives (251 +/- 21 (SE) pg/ml, p less than 0.005; 57 +/- 5, p less than 0.05) than in normal controls (127 +/- 18; 38 +/- 7). An immediate rise in plasma E and NE was observed after one bolus intravenous administration of glucagon (1 mg). Then, plasma E fell rapidly to the baseline, whereas plasma NE declined much slowly. Propranolol did not affect the plasma E response to glucagon, but eliminated a prolonged rise of plasma NE. Exogenous E infusion (1.25-1.50 micrograms/min) for 30 min caused a definite rise in both plasma NE and blood pressures and lasted more than 30 min after termination of the infusion. Propranolol did not alter the time course of plasma E, but again inhibited a prolonged rise in both plasma NE and blood pressures. These findings support the view that plasma E can act physiologically as a sustained stimulator to the presynaptic beta-adrenoceptors, leading to an enhancement of NE release and a rise in blood pressure in man. PMID- 6632178 TI - [Evaluation of heart function under anesthesia. Effects of preload, afterload and inotropic state on the force-velocity curves in the ejection phase]. PMID- 6632179 TI - [Effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitor on the fragility of lysosomal enzymes in hemorrhagic shock]. PMID- 6632180 TI - [Effects of glutathione on cholesterol HDL in endotoxic shock]. PMID- 6632181 TI - [Mechanism of hypopotassemia during hypothermia anesthesia]. PMID- 6632182 TI - [Leukocyte migration inhibition by intravenous anesthetics]. PMID- 6632183 TI - [Effects of ubiquinone (CoQ10) on hypoxic hypoxia]. PMID- 6632184 TI - [Hemodilutional autologous blood transfusion]. PMID- 6632185 TI - [Colloid osmotic pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass]. PMID- 6632186 TI - [Local infections caused by continuous epidural block: comparison between local anesthetics and morphine]. PMID- 6632187 TI - [Position of needle tip in celiac plexus block. 1. Classification of the block and CT xray study of block insertion technics]. PMID- 6632188 TI - [Anesthesia for a patient with congenital arthrogryposis]. PMID- 6632189 TI - [Neuroleptic malignant syndrome with myoglobinuria]. PMID- 6632190 TI - [Review on diagnosis and treatment in cancer of the uterus]. AB - Diagnosis and treatment for the uterine cancer since 1949 were reviewed. During the period of 1949 to 1975, a total of 6986 cases of cervical cancer, including stage 0, were treated. Whereas the five year survival rate for the first five years was 56.3%, it rose 80.8% for the latest five years. This improvement depends mainly on the marked increase in stage 0 cases. There is not so much difference in survival rate between surgery and radiotherapy. Adequate therapy for the recurrent diseases, which were found by the follow-up examinations after the primary treatments, contributed to 2.24% raise in five year survival rates. This fact shows the important role of the periodical follow up examinations for all patients previously treated. As the endometrial cancer has been gradually increasing in Japan, the necessity for paying attention to the early detection were pointed out. PMID- 6632191 TI - [Treatment of recurrent cancer]. AB - Our studies on pathophysiological and immunological parameters show that general condition and immune status in patients with recurrent cancer is intermediate between resectable and unresectable cases, that is, general condition and immune status in patients with recurrent cancer is better than that in patients with unresectable primary lesion. Our studies also reveal that survival of gastric cancer cases correlates with immunological parameters, which correlates, in their turn, highly with the extent of tumor. And both survival time and response rate to chemotherapy is compatible whether their disease is primary or recurrent. Therefore, recurrent cancer should also be an object of vigorous treatment. The problem of recurrent cancer is that in most instances there are two or more lesions and that their invasion is deeper. The treatment of recurrent cancer should be done with due consideration of sites of primary lesion and metastasis, and appropriate regimen should be chosen for individual cases. However, what is important in treating recurrent cancer is its early detection and active treatment which sould be multidisciplinary and systematic. I sincerely hope that this symposium will be the beginning of systematization of recurrent cancer treatment. PMID- 6632192 TI - [Recurrence of lung cancer--its treatment and prevention]. AB - A recurrence fashion of lung cancer mainly depends on the histology type of the cancer. Usually, in squamous cell carcinoma, local recurrence is observed, but in adeno- and small cell carcinoma, hematogenous distant metastasis is more frequent. To treat these recurrent lesions in the lung, suitable therapeutic manner must be selected, considering pulmonary function. In this paper, we demonstrated the recent advances of a combined adjuvant therapy for lung cancer, surgical treatment for metastatic lung cancer, and photoradiation therapy with LASER and X-ray to improve the ventilatory capacity in cancer patients. It was also demonstrated the significant prolongation of the tumor free interval and decrease of recurrence rate of cancer patients with long term intermittent adjuvant immuno-chemotherapy by use of transfer factor. PMID- 6632193 TI - [Head and neck cancers--significance of salvage operation]. AB - The crude and determinate 5 year survivals out of 264 cases were 28.4% and 34.6% respectively. There were 136 cases in which the recurrence located at the primary site only. Whereas surgery performed on 81 cases resulted in the determinal survival rate of 58.0%, radiation therapy for 42 cases could attained only 19.5% survival. Cryotherapy were performed on 4 localized recurrent lesions and all but one which died of other cause are living well for more than 5 years. In 58 cases, the recurrence appeared only in neck nodes. Determinate 5 year survival rate of 64.7% could be obtained out of 40 cases treated by radical neck dissection. Only 7.1% of cases treated otherwise survived more than 5 years. Results of treatment were poor in the 39 cases in which both the primary and neck nodes were involved by recurrences. Only one case survived more than 5 years which had undergone composite operation. Introduction of composite operation simultaneously combined with reconstruction extended the indication of radical therapy. Seventy-eight cases which would have been the candidate for palliative treatment underwent this type of surgery, and 41.0% of them survived more than 5 years. It is noteworthy that radical treatment is still reserved for many recurrent cases of head and neck carcinoma. And salvage operation, if indicated, promises the best results among various methods of treatment. PMID- 6632194 TI - [Treatment of recurrent cervical cancer]. AB - The questionnaire about recurrent cervical cancer of uterus were taken in 57 hospitals and treatments to 370 recurrent cases in National Institute of Radiological Science were studied. Our results were as follows. 1) About 50% of recurrent cases were detected within one year after primary treatments. Local recurrents were superior in cases of surgery as initial treatment, distant metastasis in cases of radiation. 2) Five Y.S.R. of 370 cases was 17.3% that of 105 operation cases as initial treatment was 26.7%. 3) Five Y.S.R. according to the sites of recurrence were 26.5% in vaginal stump, 6.7% in intrapelvis, 2.2% in lung metastasis, 5.5% in bone metastasis. 4) Five Y.S.R. according to the secondary treatments were 30% in operation, 16.4% in radiation, 6.9% in chemotherapy. 5) The principals of combined therapy to recurrent cervical cancer were presented. PMID- 6632195 TI - [Treatment of pain caused by metastases of reactivated prostatic cancer with ifosfamide]. AB - Ifosfamide (Z 4942) is an alkylating agent with the structure of a cyclophosphamide analog. Preliminary studies performed in our hospitals demonstrate the releasing effect of Ifosfamide for persistent pain caused by metastases of the prostatic cancer at various regions. Ifosfamide was given 2 grams a day intravenously with hydration and alkalization for consecutive 5 days. The regimen was performed every 3 or 4 weeks. Pain has disappeared in 7 of 10 cases within 2 or 3 courses. Pain of other 3 cases has also greatly reduced. The effective rate for the primary lesion of the prostatic carcinoma in stage C and D is 30.7%. Side effects were nausea, vomiting, hair loss and leukopenia. PMID- 6632196 TI - [Treatment of relapsing acute leukemia]. AB - Responses of multicombination chemotherapy with BH-AC . DMP regimen in relapse in adult acute leukemia showed significant decrease in terms of remission rate, duration of remission and survival time, in comparison to that in previously untreated cases. This strongly imply that clinical resistance to the drug previously used had developed in patients with relapsing acute leukemia. Therefore, antileukemic agents which have no cross resistance to those used previously should be selected for relapsing cases with much more intensive fashion of treatment than that used in the prior treatment. Ninety per cent of the long-term survivors in acute leukemia who had a single relapse had survived at 7 years, whereas only 30% of the patients who had multiple relapses had survived so. In other words, when the first relapse was treated successfully, the patients still have a good change to be cured. This results suggest that total care system has to be developed for relapsing acute leukemia. PMID- 6632197 TI - [Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: re-evaluation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography]. AB - Of the 215 pancreatic ductal cancer patients for these 13 years, 154 cases undergoing ERCP were analysed. ERPs of the pancreatic cancers were classified into 4 types. 1) stenosis of the main pancreatic duct (M.P. D.) 2) obstruction of the M.P.D. 3) dilatation of the M.P.D. 4) abnormal pancreatic field (normal caliber of the M.P.D.) Most of the pancreatic cancers belonged to type 1) or 2). 7 cases were small pancreatic cancers less than 2 cm in diameter. Its pancreatograms showed type 1) or 2) and almost the same as the advanced ones. So it was easy to detect these types even in early stage. But there were a few small pancreatic cancers of which the pancreatogram showed type 4), and these cases were difficult to detect by other imaging modalities (U.S. or C.T.). Even these were easy to detect by ERCP. ERCP is the most potent diagnostic modality for an early pancreatic cancers. PMID- 6632198 TI - [Role of angiography in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer]. AB - Endoscopic Retrograde Choledocho-Pancreatography, Ultrasonography and Computer Tomography can show dilated pancreatic duct in the patients with small resectable pancreatic carcinoma. However they can not predict the size of the tumor. Angiography is a complementary examination, being able to demonstrate the size of the tumor and predict its resectability. PMID- 6632199 TI - [Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and its clinical significance from prognostic point of view]. AB - Clinical significance of early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was studied from the prognostic point of view, based on 18 surgically resected cases which had been obtained and pathologically proven in a period of 3 years from 1978 to 1980 at the Cancer Institute Hospital. The resectability was 45.0% of all laparotomized cases (18/40). Of these, 4 cases with the greatest diameter larger than 4 cm and 7 cases with the largest diameter smaller than 4 cm invading the pancreatic capsule died within 2 years after surgery, while 6 cases without lymph node metastasis and without the capsular invasion have survived until present. It is considered that detection of a cancer limited to pancreas without lymph node metastasis may leads to the improvement of the prognosis. PMID- 6632200 TI - [Aging and development, growth and spreading of cancer]. AB - In spite of steep elevation of cancer mortality in the aged, it has been believed that ageing reduces susceptibility to carcinogens. Ebbesen, however, presented contradictory result recently. We examined influences of ageing on chemical carcinogenesis using 6 different age groups of rats given N-bis (2-hydroxypropyl) nitrosamine (DHPN). The results suggested (1) susceptibility to initiating process did not differ much, but promoting process might be prolonged in aged rats, and (2) susceptibility difference was enlarged in aged individuals. These data were supported by doubling time of lung tumors. Another evidence suggesting retarded tumor growth in the aged was observed in frequency of organ metastasis of gastric cancer. The conspicuous finding was shown in the number of cases of gastric cancer without any organ metastasis, i.e. 42.3% in the aged male and 9.3% in the younger male. Occurrence of lymphangitis carcinomatosa in the lung also showed distinct difference between the aged and the younger groups. This type of metastasis mostly derived from gastric cancer, especially signet ring cell cancer. Degree of differentiation of developed tumor may be another point of consideration to estimate the age dependency of tumor metastasis. We also have to pay some attention to the cancers increasing with age. PMID- 6632201 TI - [Problems on cancer patients in the aged--from the viewpoint of gastroenterotomy]. AB - From the viewpoint of gastroenterological surgery, the present study was designed to investigate the difference of problems between on cancer patients in old age and on those in young and middle ages. The materia were 847 consecutive cases of carcinoma of gastrointestinal tract, including stomach (432 cases), colon (18 cases) and esophagus (229 cases) carcinomas, during the period from 1973 to 1981 at the surgical division in Kagoshima University Hospital. The cases were analyzed from the following three points; clinical status character of carcinoma, and surgical treatment of cancer patients in old age. In our surgical division, surgical treatment have been tried positively against cancers of the patients in old age, and the better results of the operation have been gained as same as the cases of the middle and young aged. PMID- 6632202 TI - [Problems in urinary bladder cancer in the aged]. AB - In general, the result of treatment for bladder cancer in elderly patients over 70 years seems less favorable than younger patients. The analysis of case records of our clinic suggests two responsible factors. First, proportion of invasive to superficial cancer is higher in elderly than younger patient; the proportions are 37, 35, 29, 23 and 18%, in ninth, eighth, seventh, sixth and under-sixth decade respectively. Second, the cause of death indifferent to primary cancer is more frequent in elderly than younger patient. Main intercurrent diseases are hepatic, cerebro-vascular, cardio-pulmonary diseases, and cancer of other organs. It is concluded that, superficial cancer should be distinguished more accurately from invasive cancer and treated more properly especially in elderly patient. PMID- 6632203 TI - [Treatment of cervical cancer in the aged]. AB - The incidence of elderly patients in cervical cancer cases at The Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Okayama Medical School has been increases to 7.8% during the recent 5 years (1975-1979), comparing to that of the past period 1.9% (1934 1962). According to the statistics of The Ministry of Health and Welfare, the mortality of cervical cancer has been decreased in all the ages except the elderly patients, in which the mortality showed no marked fluctuation or somewhat elevation. According to the report of The Ministry of Health and Welfare, among the 2,014,843 cases of mass screening examination of cervical cancer, the incidence of elderly patient over 70 year old was 0.3% only, and the suspiciously malignant rate was 4.58% in this group. This means that in the elderly group, the incidence of mass screening examination was very low, and the morbidity was relatively high. Reviewing the elderly patients of the recent period, we found that about half of the patients were belong to the Stage III or IV, and even in the early cancer cases, the general diseases were complicated so much, that the main therapy was radiation rather than operation. Reviewing the prognosis and the irradiation dose in the radiation group, we found that the prognosis of the cases who received 4,000 rads external irradiation were better than that of the cases who received 5,000 approximately 6,000 rads. However, sometimes the complication of irradiation were too severe to continue, resulting in an incomplete treatment and bad prognosis. Considering about this, we select the cases to operate according to the physical state but not the age as indicated up to date, and the result was that, even in the aged group, the prognosis of the operable cases were comparable to that of the young aged. As a conclusion, the following can be said: 1) As the mean age has been prolonging, the incidence of the elderly cancer cases will increase progressively, and this will influence the treatment result of cervical cancer. 2) In the aged patients, the prognosis were influenced by the stage rather than the age, therefore, consideration of the treatment according to the stage is important.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6632204 TI - [Ultrasonographic assessment of bladder tumors: clinical staging]. AB - Staging of urinary bladder cancer is quite important since it is closely related to the prognosis of patients and also determines the mode of treatment. In the past, several techniques have been developedd for this purpose. Cystoscopy, bimanual examination, cystography and biopsy are useful for determines T categories of TNM classification and pelvic angiography also is utilizing, but these methods only provide indirect information on cancer infiltration and some of the methods require skill, especially pelvic angiography is rather complicated and accurate evaluation is difficult to obtain. We develope a new technique by transurethral intravesical ultrasonic scanning for preoperative staging of bladder cancer. The device uses a transurethrally intubated probe with a head that can be angled 90 degree against its long axis. Results of staging by this technique on 83 cases of bladder cancer were reported. Comparison of ultrasonic and pathological stages showed concordance in 59 of 61 removed by total or partial cystectomy (17 cases, with 30 tumors) and TUR (44 cases). At present time, this scanner was developed to obtain a real-time image. Diameter of probe sheath was reduced to 24 F. The resolution of the tomogram was improved by 7 MHz. ultrasound, which clearly displayed the ureteral penetration of the bladder wall. Outline of diagnostic criteria are as follows Ta, T 1: The normal thickness of the wall beneath the tumor T 2: The bladder wall is indented slightly at the tumor base T 3: marked thickening of the bladder wall and sonolucent mass occupies the whole thickness of the wall The pretreatment classification by the TNM system is commonly utilized throughout the world. Out ultrasonic technique will be one of the essential examination for clinical cancer staging of the bladder in years to come. PMID- 6632205 TI - [Adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer]. AB - The risk of occult micrometastasis is best predicted by axillary staging and possibly by the estrogen receptor status of the primary tumors. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be given to patients with high risk of recurrence and the drugs for adjuvant chemotherapy should be useful enough for the treatment of even advanced recurrent breast cancer. Chemohormonal therapy, especially in ER+ patients, is thought to be one of the effective measures for adjuvant therapy. There is no proof the risk of second neoplasm under adjuvant chemotherapy but can not be neglected. PMID- 6632206 TI - [Intraarterial high-dose adriamycin for patients with skeletal or soft tissue sarcoma]. AB - In this paper, we summerized our experience with intraarterial high-dose adriamycin for thirteen patients with skeletal or soft tissue sarcoma. Eight patients had skeletal sarcoma and five had soft tissue sarcoma. Anticancer agents delivered intermittently an intra-arterial catheter (percutaneous placement by Sledinger technique) over 30 minutes. The compound of 1 mg of vincristine, 3 mg of Carboquone and 600 mg of dextran sulfate sodium was given weekly from the time of biopsy. Adriamycin was given at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg/day for 3 days after histological examination revealed sarcoma. Just prior to the adriamycin infusion, compound of 18,000 units of urokinase and 600 mg of dextran sulfate sodium was infused by bolous method. Course of therapy were repeated at every 3 to 4 weeks intervals. Surgical procedures were performed following completion of one to three courses of therapy. Total of 24 courses of therapy performed to 13 patients. Twelve patients had 20 courses preoperatively had three patients had 4 courses postoperatively. The overall objective clinical response rate (complete or partial response) by a combination of computed tomography and physical examination was 7/12 (58.3%). The overall histological response rate (greater than 75% tumor cell necrosis) was 4/9 (44.4%). During the period of follow up, with ranged from 2 to 60 months, none had local recurrence in the group performed radical operation (6 limb salvage procedures and 4 primary amputation). In this group one patient had lung metastases. The overall disease free survival rate was 8/10 (80.0%). In pharmacologic data from our series, adriamycin levels in venous blood adjacent to the arterially infused area were always higher than those from simultaneously sampled peripheral venous blood. Furthermore, peripheral blood levels of adriamycin following administration by the intraarterial route were not different from those obtained when the same dose is given intravenously. Our results of intraarterial high-dose adriamycin lend support and rationale to the use of regional intraarterial therapy even in patients with pulmonary metastasis. The latter will be exposed to a drug concentration expected from intravenous administration while the patient may also benefit from the augmented local effect. PMID- 6632207 TI - [Malignant ovarian tumors and second look operations]. AB - There are many problems that, the timing of S.L.O. the range of reduction, and side effects etc., we studied retrospectively for the S.L.O. The number of subjects were 302 of common epithelial and 251 of germinal cell tumors, totalling 553 cases. Among them, 41 cases were common epithelial and 49 cases germ cell origine respectively, totalling 90 cases of S.L.O. were carried out. Conclusion The 5 year survival rate of S.L.O. was observed to a significant extent. The mean survival time of S.L.O. group: were significantly prolonged. Complete surgery at the S.L.O. of the patient with epithelial and germinal affected the survival rate significantly. PMID- 6632208 TI - [Second-look operations in malignant ovarian cancers]. AB - We have been performing second look operations as a measure to improve the results of ovarian cancer therapy. Remarkable advances have been made recently in anticancer drugs; we have been using such agents in combination with the present method not only after conventional trial laparotomies, but also wherever possible in cases having undergone one year of chemotherapy, especially cases presenting neither subjective nor objective symptoms. Of the cases where a therapeutic effect of the drugs was observed, the patient's life was prolonged whenever all residual tumors could be removed as a result of this method. As none of the tumor markers currently in use has been found to be effective in early detection, the second look operation would seem to be indicated both for early detection of reoccurrence and judgment of therapeutic results. PMID- 6632209 TI - [Long-term results of curative operation of breast cancer]. AB - Follow-up studies on 172 patients who had undergone curative surgery for breast cancer, were done. 1) There was no significant difference in the 5-year-survival rate between stage I and stage II, however, this survival rate was lower in stage III. 2) The survival rate of patients with metastasis to fewer than 3 lymph node tended to be higher than in patients with metastatic involvement of 4 or more lymph nodes. 3) Patients with papillo-tubular type cancer had the best prognosis followed by medullo-tubular type and scirrhous type. 4) The operative procedures used made no significant difference on the long-term results, although extended operation for stage II cancer showed better result than typical operation in terms of 10-year-survival. 5) The chemotherapy group showed better results than the radiation-treated group in terms of 5-year-survival. PMID- 6632210 TI - [Human stomach cancer bearing similarity to experimentally induced stomach cancer in rats]. AB - A periodical and histological study on the histogenesis of experimental stomach carcinoma induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rats suggested that cancer progression occurred from the submucosal focus under the condition of existing adenomatous hyperplasia. This carcinoma manifested particular atypia, combined hyperplasia of the smooth muscle, indistinct borderline from the surrounding normal mucosa. These were considered to be specific histological findings in experimental carcinoma. In 3 of 273 gastrectomized patients with gastric carcinoma the same histological findings were obtained as in experimental gastric carcinoma; 35 patients had submucosal heterotopic glands similar to the experimentally induced rat foci or adenomatous hyperplasias seen in the experimental carcinoma. These results suggest the same histogenesis for human stomach cancer and the experimental carcinoma. PMID- 6632211 TI - [Mode of spread of intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma]. AB - To determine the area of surgical resection and the prognosis in patients with intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, we studied the mode of spread of this cancer, using 27 autopsy and 4 lobectomized cases. In hilar carcinoma, there was lymphatic invasion to the extrahepatic bile duct before invation to the hepatic lobules. Scirrhous cancer spread more distantly toward the peripheral areas of the liver than non-scirrhous cancer. The occurrence of extrahepatic metastasis might involve the following factors; depth of infiltration, extent of venous invasion, intrahepatic metastasis, size of the main tumor, and number of hepatic segments invaded by the cancer. PMID- 6632212 TI - [Costus root oil test in cancer patients; correlation with tumor stage]. AB - Delayed hypersensitivity skin responses to costus root oil were measured in patients with colon, stomach, breast and lung cancer and in healthy controls. Cancer patients were staged according to tumor spread. Differences were demonstrated between cancer patients and controls. Patients with localized cancer showed no impairment, but diminished responses did occur in patients with advanced or metastatic cancer. There were no significant differences among any cancer groups with lymph node involvement. In the late cancer stage, costus root oil sensitivity was lost to a greater extent in patients with gastric cancer than in those with colon cancer. PMID- 6632213 TI - [Merkel cell tumor of the skin]. AB - A skin tumor of a 66-year-old female was examined morphologically and immunohistochemically in relation to its histogenetic aspect. The tumor was located within the dermis and composed of compact round cells with scanty cytoplasm. Electron-microscopic study revealed the presence of dense-cored granules within the cytoplasm. Thus the tumor was thought to derive from Merkel cells. The tumor cells were positive for keratin and negative for S-100 protein by immunohistochemistry. Therefore, we posit that the tumor cells did probably not originate from the neural crest, but rather from epidermal immature cells. PMID- 6632214 TI - [Nodal psammoma body in thyroid cancer as an indicator of cancer metastasis to the lymph node]. AB - A 64-year-old woman underwent subtotal thyroidectomy and cervical lymphadenectomy for thyroid carcinoma. In 5 of 15 resected nodes, histologic examination revealed metastasis. The other 10 nodes showed no metastasis, though psammoma bodies were seen in 3 nodes. To clarify the relationship between psammoma bodies and metastasis, 10 cancer-negative nodes were serially sectioned (4 microns in thickness). This disclosed cancer cells and psammoma bodies in 2 to 3 psammoma body-positive nodes. We suggest that the presence of psammoma bodies in the lymph node may indicate metastasis. PMID- 6632215 TI - [Endobronchial metastasis of testicular embryonal cell carcinoma--a case report]. AB - Four cases of endobronchial metastasis in testicular embryonal cell carcinoma have been reported in the literature. We now present a new case, a 39-year-old male who underwent right orchiectomy for testicular embryonal cell carcinoma. Ten months later, tumor like shadows were identified in the left upper lobe on a follow up chest X-ray. Bronchoscopy revealed an endobronchial tumor mimicking a bronchogenic carcinoma in the left superior posterior bronchus. A metastatic embryonal cell carcinoma of the testis was histologically diagnosed. Left upper lobectomy was performed, and the patient is still alive 11 months thereafter. PMID- 6632216 TI - [Early stomach cancer derived from heterotopic glands--a case report]. AB - A 69-year-old man with early gastric cancer derived from heterotopic glands in the submucosal layer is reported. Macroscopically, two flat elevated lesions were found on the anterior and posterior walls of the stomach; histologic examination revealed submucosal cystic glands in each lesion. Carcinoma was proved only in the deeper part of the submucosal glands on the anterior wall; no obvious cancerous change was confirmed in the overlying mucosa and heterotopic glands in the posterior wall. PMID- 6632217 TI - [Adenocarcinoma adjoining to the gastric antrum and minute carcinoid--a case report]. AB - The simultaneous occurrence of carcinoma and carcinoid in the stomach is rare. Only 5 cases have been reported in the literature so far. Our patient developed double primary neoplasms adjoining the gastric antrum. One was an early ulcerated adenocarcinoma limited to the submucosa, the other a minute carcinoid also within the submucosa. A large amount of 5-HIAA, but a normal amount of histamine, was excreted in the urine. The carcinoid syndrome, however, was absent through clinical course. The patient died of liver metastasis 3.5 months after gastrectomy. Microscopic examination after autopsy disclosed that the metastases consisted of only carcinoid cells. PMID- 6632218 TI - [Cancer of the intra-pancreatic common bile duct observed 9 years after choledochojejunostomy]. AB - A 54-year-old female was admitted in June 1982, complaining of jaundice and fever of several months' duration. She had undergone cholecystectomy and choledocho jejunostomy, 22 years and 9 years before, respectively. On admission, PTCD was carried out immediately. It showed marked dilatation, of the common bile duct and stricture of the anastomosed portion. On August 2, she died of jaundice and sepsis. On autopsy, a cystic tumor was found at the common bile duct remnant in the head of the pancreas. It was a tubular adenocarcinoma and invaded the ostium of the choledochojejunostomy. The occurrence of adenocarcinoma may be one of the late complications of choledochojejunostomy. PMID- 6632219 TI - [Chronic encapsulating fibrous peritonitis induced by carcinoma of the pancreas]. AB - A 70-year-old man was admitted complaining of dull pain in the epigastrium and umbilical region. ERCP revealed a carcinoma of the pancreas; cytological examination of the pancreatic juice and ascites showed no tumor cells. Diagnostic laparotomy was performed for lasting abdominal pain and fever. Exploration revealed ascites and adhesions. The small and large intestine were covered with a gray-white membranous substance. A large tumor invading the retroperitoneal space was seen in the head of the pancreas. Histological examination of the membranous substance showed hyalinizing fibrinoid tissue; the tumor contained carcinoma cells of the pancreas. We posit that the tumor disturbed the flow of the portal vein and lymphatic vessels, leading to the patient's clinical symptoms. PMID- 6632220 TI - [Autopsy case of simultaneous triple malignancies--ovarian, chordoma and thyroid cancers]. AB - A 53-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of genital bleeding. The clinical diagnosis was cancer of the corpus uteri with much ascites. During the course of 10 months of illness, she complained of low back pain, so we diagnosed the sacral metastasis by scintigram. Autopsy examination revealed simultaneous triple malignancies of the right ovarian cancer, the sacrococcygeal chordoma, and the thyroid cancer. Histologically, the ovarian cancer was papillary cystadenocarcinoma with widespread metastases. The chordoma invaded the bone marrow of the sacrum. The thyroid cancer was follicular carcinoma without metastasis. This combination is very rare. PMID- 6632221 TI - [Case of epithelioid sarcoma of the lower extremity]. AB - A 26-year-old woman with epithelioid sarcoma is reported. An 8 X 4 cm mass was present in the pretibial region of the right leg. The operative specimen revealed a solid mass with necrosis and hemorrhage. Histologically, the tumor consisted of large round or oval cells with rich and eosinophilic cytoplasm and many vascular invasions. Electron-microscopically, the tumor was composed of light and dark cells. The dark cells showed abundant microfibrils in their cytoplasm compared to the light cells. We posit that the tumor was of synovial cell origin because of the presence of cytoplasmic microfibrils, pinocytotic vesicles and filopodias or microvilli-like structures. PMID- 6632222 TI - [Hairy cell leukemia. A comparative study of Japanese and non-Japanese patients]. PMID- 6632223 TI - [Hematopoietic stem cells in chronic rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6632224 TI - [Increased locomotion, phagocytosis and bacteriocidal activities of granulocytes during lithium therapy]. PMID- 6632225 TI - [Immunologic studies of G6PD Ube]. PMID- 6632226 TI - [Familial hypoplastic leukemia in brothers]. PMID- 6632227 TI - [Hypereosinophilic syndrome--a case report with special reference to CFU-eosino]. PMID- 6632228 TI - [Plasma exchange in multiple myeloma]. PMID- 6632229 TI - [Plasma exchange in non-hemophilic patient with circulating anticoagulant responsive to factor VIII]. PMID- 6632230 TI - [Thrombocytopenia induced by drugs successfully managed by plasma exchange]. PMID- 6632231 TI - [Plasma exchange for thyrotoxic crisis]. PMID- 6632232 TI - [Plasma exchange in cryoglobulinemia with cryoglobulin-depleted own plasma]. PMID- 6632233 TI - [Plateletpheresis with dual stage IBM 2997, a continual blood components separator]. PMID- 6632234 TI - [Effects of blood transfusion on cell proliferation in transplanted neoplasms]. PMID- 6632235 TI - [Infertility and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system]. PMID- 6632236 TI - [Progress in the management of digital imaging]. PMID- 6632237 TI - [Digital radiography: definition and classification]. PMID- 6632238 TI - [Digital fluorography]. PMID- 6632239 TI - [Computed radiography with new stimulable phosphor]. PMID- 6632240 TI - [Projection radiography system]. PMID- 6632241 TI - [Measurement of circulatory functions by digital imaging]. PMID- 6632242 TI - [Clinical use of computed radiography and its problems]. PMID- 6632243 TI - [Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance, with special reference to relaxation time information]. PMID- 6632244 TI - [Principles of NMR-CT and instrumentation]. PMID- 6632245 TI - [NMR imaging: history of its diagnostic usage and trends of development]. PMID- 6632246 TI - [Information on morphology and metabolism obtained by NMR]. PMID- 6632247 TI - [Magnetic field and electromagnetic wave--their biological effects and safety standard of NMR imaging]. PMID- 6632249 TI - [Installation and operation of NMR-CT]. PMID- 6632248 TI - [Clinical characteristics of NMR imaging and conditions for its utilization]. PMID- 6632250 TI - [Characteristics of NMR-CT of the head]. PMID- 6632251 TI - [NMR-CT imaging of the liver, pancreas and kidney]. PMID- 6632252 TI - [Significance of NMR-CT imaging of malignant tumors]. PMID- 6632253 TI - [Biotechnological characteristics of digital subtraction system. Shimazu DAR 100]. PMID- 6632254 TI - [Biotechnological characteristics of digital subtraction system.--Toshiba digital fluorography system (Digiformer-x)]. PMID- 6632256 TI - [Biotechnological characteristics of digital subtraction angiography. Technicare DR-960]. PMID- 6632255 TI - [Biomedical characteristics of digital subtraction system. Hitachi DFA-1]. PMID- 6632257 TI - [Digital subtraction angiography--Angiotron and Digitron]. PMID- 6632258 TI - [Biotechnological characteristics of digital subtraction angiography. GE-Digital Fluoricon 3000]. PMID- 6632259 TI - [Biotechnological characteristics of digital subtraction angiography. Philips digital imaging system (DVI)]. PMID- 6632260 TI - [Biotechnological characteristics of digital subtraction angiography. Avio Angio Imager]. PMID- 6632261 TI - [Biotechnological characteristics of digital subtraction angiography. DPS 4100 digital radiography system]. PMID- 6632262 TI - [Biotechnological characteristics of digital subtraction angiography. Digital intravenous angiography system (DIVAS)]. PMID- 6632263 TI - [Characteristics of Fonar's NMR-CT]. PMID- 6632265 TI - [Development of NMR-CT at General Electric]. PMID- 6632264 TI - [Characteristics of Toshiba's NMR-CT]. PMID- 6632266 TI - [NMR-CT, "Teslacon" of Technicare Co]. PMID- 6632267 TI - [Asahi Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-CT]. PMID- 6632268 TI - [Siemens' NMR-CT, "Magnetom"]. PMID- 6632269 TI - [Gyroscan--its characteristics and development]. PMID- 6632270 TI - [Sanyo NMR imaging system]. PMID- 6632271 TI - [Hitachi NMR-CT]. PMID- 6632272 TI - [Shimazu NMR imaging apparatus: a trial product]. PMID- 6632273 TI - [Ultrafast CT xray and its application to myocardial imaging]. PMID- 6632274 TI - [CT-based radiation treatment planning]. PMID- 6632275 TI - [Total imageology: progress and prospects]. PMID- 6632276 TI - [Biochemistry of lipids--classification, metabolism and prospects of studies]. PMID- 6632277 TI - [Lipid content in food]. PMID- 6632278 TI - [Digestion and absorption of lipids]. PMID- 6632279 TI - [Serum lipoproteins--biosynthesis, turnover and metabolism]. PMID- 6632280 TI - [Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and lipoprotein lipase]. PMID- 6632281 TI - [Pituitary hormones in lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6632282 TI - [Thyroid hormones and lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6632283 TI - [Steroid hormones in lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6632284 TI - [Catecholamines and lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6632285 TI - [Classification of hyperlipidemia]. PMID- 6632286 TI - [Classification of hypolipemia]. PMID- 6632287 TI - [Primary hyperlipoproteinemia type 1]. PMID- 6632288 TI - [Primary hyperlipoproteinemia type 2]. PMID- 6632289 TI - [Familial and combined hyperlipoproteinemia]. PMID- 6632290 TI - [Abnormal lipid metabolism in Tangier disease]. PMID- 6632291 TI - [Familial lipoprotein deficiencies]. PMID- 6632292 TI - [Familial lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiencies]. PMID- 6632293 TI - [Simple obesity and abnormal lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6632294 TI - [Lipodystrophy and abnormal lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6632295 TI - [Diabetes mellitus and lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6632296 TI - [Thyroid diseases and lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6632297 TI - [Adrenal diseases and lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6632298 TI - [Liver diseases and abnormal lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6632299 TI - [Kidney diseases and abnormal lipoprotein metabolism]. PMID- 6632300 TI - [Multiple myeloma and lipid metabolism]. PMID- 6632301 TI - [Effects of alcohol, diuretics and other medicine on lipoprotein metabolism]. PMID- 6632302 TI - [Serum lipoproteins and arteriosclerosis]. PMID- 6632303 TI - [Aging and serum lipoprotein changes]. PMID- 6632304 TI - [Primary aldosteronism caused by multiple adrenal gland adenoma]. PMID- 6632305 TI - [Determination of low-molecular urinary protein and its clinical significance]. PMID- 6632306 TI - [Urinary FDP]. PMID- 6632307 TI - [Low molecular weight protein in the urine--myoglobin]. PMID- 6632308 TI - [Urinary acid soluble proteins]. PMID- 6632309 TI - [Diagnosis based on the hematological findings obtained from chemical analysis and microscopy]. PMID- 6632310 TI - [Diagnosis based on the hematological findings obtained from the devices for blood gas and electrolyte analysis]. PMID- 6632311 TI - [Clinicopathological evaluation of cancer of the residual stomach]. PMID- 6632312 TI - [Determination of the plasma lipoperoxide level. 2. The arterial, venous, and capillary contents and the effects of various methods of storage]. PMID- 6632313 TI - [Determination of the blood acid-soluble glycoproteins using coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250: its clinical application]. PMID- 6632315 TI - [Problems in reproducibility of the closing volume]. PMID- 6632314 TI - [Capacity of triethylaminoethyl cellulose to remove heparin contained in the plasma]. PMID- 6632316 TI - [Serial transplantation of 2 strains of CEA-producing, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of man into nude mice]. PMID- 6632317 TI - [Various factors affecting blood flow of the gastric mucosa (2). Effects of anti ulcer agents on gastric mucosal hemodynamics, local hemoglobin-oxygen saturation, and ulcer indices in hemorrhagic rats]. PMID- 6632318 TI - [Big gastrin (G34) and little gastrin (G17) in patients with duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6632319 TI - [Glucose absorption in the everted small intestine of rats--a new method for serial observation]. PMID- 6632320 TI - [Fecal flora of patients with Crohn's disease--fecal flora of untreated patients and changes caused by elemental diet]. PMID- 6632321 TI - [Ultrasound diagnosis of portal hypertension]. PMID- 6632322 TI - [Bile pigment analysis by high performance liquid chromatography]. PMID- 6632323 TI - [Experimental study on the correlation between the pancreatic duct and fibrosis of the adjacent tissues--its significance in the early stage of chronic pancreatitis and the pattern of pathological progression]. PMID- 6632324 TI - [Clues for CT diagnosis of small resectable cancer of the pancreas]. PMID- 6632325 TI - [Case of afferent loop obstruction with advanced jaundice]. PMID- 6632326 TI - [Sarcoidosis with the development of portal hypertension during a long-term observation: an autopsy study]. PMID- 6632327 TI - [Effect of blood viscosity on the reduction of gastric mucosal blood flow during stress caused by water immersion]. PMID- 6632328 TI - [Determination of the depth of cancerous involvement in early stomach cancer by ultrasonic endoscopy]. PMID- 6632329 TI - [Histocytological observation of the lectin binding sites of normal gastric mucosa]. PMID- 6632330 TI - [Differentiation between fulminant hepatitis and the severe form of acute hepatitis: usefulness of plasma methionine]. PMID- 6632331 TI - [Gastric mucosal hemodynamics and acid secretion in stomach ulcer]. PMID- 6632332 TI - [Localization and determination of macromolecular glycoproteins of the glandular stomach in rats]. PMID- 6632333 TI - [Endoscopic and histologic findings in gastroduodenal Crohn's disease]. PMID- 6632334 TI - [Manometric study of duodenal dysfunction in progressive systemic sclerosis]. PMID- 6632335 TI - [Plasma pancreatic glucagon in chronic liver disease, with special reference to comparison of 2 pancreatic glucagon-specific antisera and effects of bile acids]. PMID- 6632336 TI - [Effects of sex hormones on antibody-dependent cell-mediated hepatocytotoxicity- experimental study]. PMID- 6632337 TI - [Recurrence of ileocecal simple ulcer--follow-up study of 4 cases]. PMID- 6632338 TI - [Effective use of beta-interferon in rectal carcinoid with marked liver metastasis]. PMID- 6632339 TI - [Studies of tissue polypeptide antigen in gastrointestinal cancer]. PMID- 6632340 TI - [Determination of gastric mucosal blood flow with electrolytic regional blood flowmeter]. PMID- 6632341 TI - [Intraoperative measurement of blood flow in gastric neoplastic tissue with electrolytic regional blood flowmeter]. PMID- 6632342 TI - [Pregnancy-associated alpha 2 glycoprotein (PAG) in mucosal cells of the large intestine in drug-induced colitis]. PMID- 6632343 TI - [12 cases of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis with the etiological implication of trichloroethylene]. PMID- 6632344 TI - [3H-thymidine autoradiography of pancreatic neoplasm induced by N-nitrosobis (2 hydroxy propyl) amine]. PMID- 6632346 TI - [Structure and function of the skin]. PMID- 6632345 TI - [Improvement of pretreatment and input preparations of the cellular specimens for the pattern recognition system]. PMID- 6632347 TI - [Color-specified ultrasonotomography for high gradation display]. PMID- 6632348 TI - [Transient responses of the cardiovascular system to decompression of the neck region]. PMID- 6632349 TI - Purification and characterization of alpha-toxin of Clostridium oedematiens type A. AB - The alpha-toxin of Clostridium oedematiens type A was purified from culture filtrate by two steps of column chromatography and repeated gel filtration. The purified alpha-toxin proved homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and agar gel double diffusion. The molecular weight of the alpha-toxin was estimated at 280,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and at 260,000 by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-200 column. The isoelectric point determined by isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 6.1. No dissociation of the purified alpha-toxin into subunits was demonstrated in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 50% lethal and edematizing doses per mg protein of the purified alpha-toxin were 5.9 X 10(4) and 5.9 X 10(5), respectively. The L +/50 doses per mg protein of the toxin was 4.6 X 10(3). The purified alpha-toxin, when injected intradermally into the rabbit skin, induced increased vascular permeability. The toxin contained little or no hemolytic or lecithinase activity. These results attest that the lethal, edematizing and vascular permeability-enhancing activities elicited by C. oedematiens type A culture reside on the same protein molecule. PMID- 6632350 TI - The placental transfer of IgG in the cynomolgus monkey. AB - The placental transfer of IgG from the mother to her fetus was investigated with colony-bred cynomolgus monkeys. Very low levels of IgG were detected in sera of 84 days old fetus, indicating that transplacental transfer of IgG had started by this fetal age. Afterwards, gradual increase in the IgG level continued till 140 days of fetal age. A marked increase in the level was noted after 140 days of fetal age, during the last 4 weeks of full gestation term. Fetal anti-measles antibody increased in a pattern similar to that in the IgG level. The IgG level and anti-measles and anti-streptolysin O antibody titers of newborns never exceeded those of their mothers. PMID- 6632351 TI - Status of antitoxic immunity against diphtheria in Japan. A report of the National Epidemiological Surveillance for Important Communicable Diseases. AB - Antitoxic immunity against diphtheria was surveyed during the period from 1962 to 1980. The survey was done by Schick test in the first decade and then by antitoxin titration of sera by the cell culture method in the recent six years. The data show clearly that the successful control of diphtheria has been accomplished in Japan as the result of active immunization. Both single (D) and combined (DP or DPT) vaccines were effective to convert Schick reaction negative. In addition, immunity was greatly improved by the introduction of the combined vaccine and one additional booster injection. However, such subsequent changes in the immunization schedule introduced in 1976 that giving the primary vaccination at older age and the omission of one booster injection at the preschool, has resulted in appearance of a high risk group below three years of age as well as in the lower immunity levels among school children. The data indicate that the continuous surveillance for diphtheria is required in this country. PMID- 6632352 TI - Surveillance for typhoid fever in Matsuyama city during 1974-1981 and detection of Salmonella typhi in sewage and river waters. AB - Eighty-two cases of typhoid fever were found in Matsuyama city in the period from 1974 to 1981. Seventy-six cases were found to be infected with Salmonella typhi other three with Salmonella paratyphi A, and the remaining three were diagnosed only clinically. The strains of S. typhi isolated from these patients showed such a variety of Vi-phage types as D1, D2, E1, M1, 53 and degraded Vi-positive strain (DVS). The concurrent survey of the city sewage and river waters for typhoid bacilli was conducted with total 578 samples taken therefrom. S. typhi was isolated from 120 of those samples. The Vi-phage types of the isolates were closely related with those of the isolates from the patients. The periodical examinations of the city sewage and the draining river may serve as a useful means for the controlling typhoid fever epidemics. PMID- 6632353 TI - [25th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Nephrology. Abstracts]. PMID- 6632354 TI - [Evaluation of the left and right ventricular contraction patterns in patients with right ventricular endocardial pacing--phase analysis]. PMID- 6632355 TI - [Quantitation of the wall motion from the multi-gated cardiac blood pool images using higher order harmonics. (1) Application of the method to ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6632356 TI - [Quantitation of the wall motion from the multi-gated cardiac blood pool images using higher order harmonics. (2) Experimental study using simulation curves]. PMID- 6632357 TI - Reappraisal of radionuclide liver scans for preoperative gastric cancer patients. PMID- 6632358 TI - [Usefulness of blood thyroglobulin determination in patients with thyroid cancer]. PMID- 6632359 TI - [Computer study of hepatic RI dynamics curves using nonlinear regression analysis]. PMID- 6632360 TI - [Morphological evaluation of the left ventricle by 201 Tl myocardial scintigraphy -determination of the long and short axes and mean radius of the curvatures of the left ventricle]. PMID- 6632361 TI - [Evaluation of spirometric gated Xe-133 ventilation imaging by the multigate mode]. PMID- 6632362 TI - [2-year clinical experience with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging at Aberdeen University--a report on the magnetic injuries and protection of the human body]. PMID- 6632363 TI - [Clinical efficacy of hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99m Tc-N-pyridoxyl-5 methyltryptophan (PMT)]. PMID- 6632364 TI - [Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary arterial lesions by exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging]. PMID- 6632365 TI - Graphical determination of affinity constant for labeled and unlabeled ligand from angiotensin I radioimmunoassay. PMID- 6632366 TI - [Renogram and cystogram using 131I-orthoiodohippurate (131I-OIH) and estimation of the effective renal plasma flow volume (ERPF)]. PMID- 6632367 TI - [Evaluation of the cardiac performance reserve in patients with old myocardial infarction with exercise stress gated cardiac blood pool imaging]. PMID- 6632368 TI - [Effects of coronary collateral channels on the right ventricular free wall image in thallium 201 myocardial scintigraphy with exercise stress]. PMID- 6632369 TI - Activities of single precentral neurons of the monkey during different tasks of forelimb movements. AB - The neuronal activity in the motor cortex of the rhesus monkey was investigated in three different tasks performed with finger, wrist, and arm movements. A total of 125 neuronal activities were analysed. They were classified into five groups in terms of muscular contractions provoked by intracortical stimulation; neurons related to contractions of finger, wrist, elbow, shoulder, or trunk muscles. The neuronal activities in three tasks performed with finger, wrist, or arm movements were investigated for each group. Most of the neurons related to the contractions of elbow, shoulder, or trunk muscles were associated solely with arm movement. Smaller numbers of neuronal activities changed their firing frequencies in association with two or three tasks. Neurons related to the contractions of finger and wrist muscles showed various firing patterns in the three tasks; some responded to a single task with wrist or arm movement, while others changed their activities in association with more than one task. The presence of multi-task related neurons is discussed with respect to the multisegmental termination of corticospinal axons in the spinal cord. PMID- 6632370 TI - Flexibility of regional pacemaking priority in early embryonic heart monitored by simultaneous optical recording of action potentials from multiple sites. AB - The propagation of spontaneous action potentials in 7-9 somite embryonic pre contractile chick hearts was measured optically using a potential-sensitive merocyanine-rhodanine dye. Spontaneous optical signals, corresponding to action potentials, were recorded simultaneously from 8-16 different sites of the primitive embryonic heart. Short delays were observed in the time of occurrence of optical signals obtained from the different regions. We have found (i) switching phenomena: the site exhibiting pacemaking priority was first situated in the right pre-atrium, double pacemakers: two different pacemaking areas were situated independently in the right and left pre-atrial portions of the heart. On the basis of analysis of such behavior, it was concluded that the regional priority of the pacemaking activity is not rigid but is flexible, that and the direction of the spread of excitation is adaptable to the circumstances in the early embryonic heart. PMID- 6632371 TI - Effects of glucagon and noradrenaline on the blood flow through brown adipose tissue in temperature-acclimated rats. AB - After 30 min infusion of glucagon or noradrenaline, blood flow through brown adipose tissue (BAT) from various sites was investigated with the aid of 113Sn labeled microspheres under hexobarbital anesthesia in cold-acclimated (CA), heat acclimated (HA), and warm control (WC) rats. Glucagon increased cardiac output in both CA and HA, while noradrenaline increased it in HA but not in CA. Blood flow through BAT as well as the fractional distribution of cardiac output to BAT increased by glucagon dose-dependently and reached a maximum level in a dose of 2 micrograms/min. These glucagon-induced responses were significantly higher in CA and smaller in HA as compared with WC. Noradrenaline in a dose of 2 microgram/min caused larger responses than glucagon in all groups. Glucagon- or noradrenaline induced blood flow per unit weight of BAT increased or tended to increase by cold acclimation. These results suggest that an in vivo enhanced glucagon-induced thermogenesis in cold-acclimated BAT is partly due to an increased blood flow through this tissue. PMID- 6632372 TI - Measurements of erythrocyte flow velocity by means of grating laser microscope. AB - The possibility of measuring erythrocyte flow velocity by means of grating laser microscope has been examined in an in vitro test using erythrocytes smeared on glass plates and in vivo using microvessels in the web of a frog foot. Magnified projections of flowing erythrocytes are spatially filtered by a simple glass plate grating and then detected by a photomultiplier. Output signals from the photomultiplier are first electronically filtered so as to yield oscillating burst-like wave signals. Moving erythrocytes resulted in burst-like oscillation in output signals whose wave period (T) changed with their velocities. These results suggest that the velocity (V) of erythrocytes could be given by V = d/MT, where d and M represent the grating constant and the optical magnification, respectively. The requirement for the establishment of this relation was examined by the microscopic observation of smeared erythrocyte preparation. It was shown that the flow velocity of erythrocyte could be measured even when the size of magnified images of erythrocytes strongly exceeded the value of d and even when many erythrocytes existed. A preliminary experiment to confirm the possibility of methodological adaptation was made by measuring the flow velocity in venules of foot web of frogs. Heart rate increased in all six frogs studied when the frog body was warmed. However, the peripheral flow velocity increased only in three frogs, while it remained almost unaffected in the other three. This result suggests that the frog peripheral microcirculation is affected by complicated intrinsic factors. PMID- 6632373 TI - Effects of ketamine on renal nerve activity, arterial pressure and heart rate in rats. AB - We recorded renal nerve activity (RNA) together with arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) in 24 Wister rats anesthetized with nitrous oxide to investigate the effects of ketamine on the sympathetic nerve activity and the cardiovascular dynamics. The magnitude and time course of the responses to four graded doses of ketamine (1, 5, 10, 25 mg/kg) were studied in 19 rats. RNA responded biphasically, initially decreasing dose-dependently to minimal values of 89 +/- 4.4, 77 +/- 8.2, 54 +/- 5.2, and 17 +/- 3.7% of control for 1, 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg, respectively, and then increasing above control dose-independently. AP showed a biphasic response. HR first decreased dose-dependently but then increased slightly. In the remaining five rats, we compared the effects of ketamine 5 mg/kg on RNA, AP, and HR before surgical baroceptor denervation with those after the denervation. The denervation abruptly increased RNA, AP, and HR. Ketamine decreased RNA, AP, and HR in the denervated state and returned them to pre-ketamine values without overshoot. The finding that in the nerve intact state ketamine produced the characteristically biphasic response of RNA could be explained by the following mechanisms: (1) ketamine depresses the vasomotor center causing the initial decrease in RNA; (2) ketamine depresses the inhibitory effects of baroreflex causing the successive increase in RNA. The biphasic change in AP could be partly attributed to biphasic responses of RNA to ketamine. PMID- 6632374 TI - Lateral spread of light-induced response at the cell body and axon terminal levels of external horizontal cells in the carp retina. AB - One type of light-induced response (photopic L-type S-potential)recorded from isolated carp (Cyprinus carpio) retinas was identified by its spectral response and later confirmed by morphological localization of the recorded sites ionophoretically marked by a fluorescent dye, Lucifer yellow. Such L-type S potentials could be recorded from the soma and from the axon terminal of external horizontal cells. The spatial property of the S-potentials from the soma was compared with that recorded from the axon terminal by enlarging the diameter of a light spot (0.25 to 4.0 mm) and by displacing the spot (0.5 mm dia.) along a straight 4-mm line which passed over the recording point at the middle. The half decay distance of decremental amplitude with spot displacement was significantly (P less than 0.001) shorter in recordings from the soma than from the axon terminal, indicating that the spatial summation is less in the soma than in the axon terminal. The spatial summation was found to be for the two parts of the cell. Therefore, the soma and axon terminal appear to function as a single unit with respect to spectral information, but as two separate units with respect to spatial information. Electrical and dye couplings are assumed to take place at two different (cell body and axon terminal) levels, possible being separated by the high resistance of the slender axon in the carp retina. PMID- 6632375 TI - Thigh and calf blood flows after isometric contraction in untrained and trained subjects. AB - The present study was undertaken to examine whether or not there were any differences between untrained and trained subjects in the changes of blood flow in the ipsilateral and contralateral lower limbs after isometric exercise. Blood flow of the thigh and calf in both right and left legs were measured simultaneously before and after isometric contraction with mercury-in-silastic strain gauge venous occlusion plethysmography. In the present study, the main pattern of blood flow responses in the active and non-active limbs was strikingly similar in all subjects: a significant fall in blood flow immediately after isometric contraction at a force of about 50% of maximal muscle strength for 15 sec was observed in the non-active lower limbs. Peak blood flow of the exercised thigh in the trained group was significantly higher than that in the untrained ones. From these results, it was suggested that higher blood flow after isometric exercise in the trained subjects may be due to the improvement of degree of vasodilation in the lower limb as a result of physical training. PMID- 6632376 TI - Effects of magnesium on the membrane activity and contraction of the circular muscle of rat myometrium during late pregnancy. AB - Comparative effects of Mg were studied on circular muscle strips of pregnant rat myometrium near term and during delivery. Frequency and amplitude of spontaneous contraction were markedly depressed by adding 0.6 mM Mg to Mg-free Krebs solution in the muscle strips taken in the morning of Days 19 and 22 of pregnancy. Frequency decreased, whereas the amplitude was not depressed by 0.6 mM Mg in muscle strips taken during delivery. Plateau potential dominated in the circular muscle taken in the morning on Days 19 and 22, and it was depressed by Mg, leaving the evoked spike potential nearly unaffected. Burst of spike potentials dominated in the circular muscle during delivery, and 0.6 mM Mg did not affect the burst discharge. In contrast to the variable effects of 0.6 mM Mg on the polarized muscle strips of different pregnant stages, application of Mg (0.6-3.6 mM) caused commonly a potentiation of tonic contraction of K-contracture generated in muscle strips of any pregnant stage. Prolonged perfusion with Mg free Krebs solution (several hours) of the muscle strip taken in the morning on Day 22 caused a transformation of membrane activity from a plateau dominant type to a spike dominant one. With the same procedure, the depressant effect of Mg on phasic contractions was progressively decreased. PMID- 6632377 TI - Reduction of maximum heart rate in acute, severe hypoxia. AB - By determining a ceiling for heart rate increase in a given exercise with increment of simulated altitude up to 7,000 m, a reduction of maximum heart rate (HR max) in acute hypoxia was experimentally ascertained. Such a reduction was similarly observed immediately after a high-altitude expedition. In addition, the reduction rate against altitude was close to that shown previously in chronic hypoxia, indicating that the reduction of HR max might be independent of altitude acclimatization. PMID- 6632378 TI - Effects of cephem antibiotics on rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenases. AB - Effects of cephem antibiotics, which have a tetrazolethiol side chain, on rat liver mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The antibiotics tested were cefmetazole (CMZ), cefamandole (CMD), cefotiam (CTM), cefoperazone (CPZ) and latamoxef (LMOX). The antibiotics inhibited low-Km ALDH activity by 17-30% at 5 mM in vitro. The degrees of inhibition were in the order: CMZ = CTM = CMD greater than LMOX greater than CPZ. Disulfiram inhibited the enzyme activity by 50% at approx. 40 microM. The antibiotics (except CTM) at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg i.v. inhibited the low-Km ALDH activity by 36-52% of the control 24 hr after pretreatment, but did not alter the high-Km ALDH activity. The degrees of inhibition were in the order: LMOX = CMD greater than CPZ greater than CMZ. Disulfiram at a dose of 300 mg/kg p.o. markedly inhibited the low-Km ALDH activity, but did not alter the high-Km ALDH activity. The blood acetaldehyde levels during ethanol metabolism were elevated 1.3-2.6 times in rats treated with the cephem antibiotics (except CTM) for 24 hr at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg i.v. The degrees of elevation at 1 hr after ethanol injection were in the order: LMOX greater than CMD greater than CPZ greater than CMZ. The present experiments demonstrated that the rise in blood acetaldehyde levels coincided with the inhibition rates of the low-Km ALDH activity by the cephem antibiotics. PMID- 6632379 TI - Graphical analysis of drug effects in the dog heart-lung preparation--with particular reference to the pulmonary circulation and effects of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. AB - Our new method for the graphical analysis of drug effects in the dog heart-lung preparation was extended to pulmonary circulation. The equilibrium points, at which the cardiac output (CO) curve and venous return (VR) curve cross each other in the right atrial pressure (RAP)-CO and left atrial pressure (LAP)-CO relations, were directly recorded on two X-Y recorders. The VR curves were obtained by inducing cardiac fibrillation and simultaneously occluding the pulmonary arterial trunk. The competence test, which was utilized previously for recording the CO curve in the RAP-CO relation (Ishikawa et al., 1978), was confirmed to be a good procedure for the CO curve in the LAP-CO relation. During the competence test, the mean pulmonary pressure (Pmp) which is the intercept of the pulmonary VR curve on the LAP axis in the LAP-CO relation was changed as much as the change in the systemic reservoir blood level, with little change in the slope of the pulmonary VR curve. When the reservoir blood level was 100 mm above the superior vena cava and the aortic pressure was 70 mmHg (control), the Pmp value was 136 +/- 7 mmH2O (n = 24). The slope of the pulmonary VR curve was not so different from that of the systemic VR curve in RAP-CO relation. Raising aortic pressure to 100 mmHg caused a shift of the equilibrium point to the right and slightly downwards, increased the Pmp value by 42.9 +/- 9.9 mmH2O (delta Pmp) and decreased the reservoir blood volume by 26.2 +/- 6.4 ml (delta V). The ratio delta V/delta Pmp was 0.66 +/- 0.11 ml/mmH2O. The continuous infusion of norepinephrine 4 micrograms/min caused a shift of the equilibrium point to the left and upwards, decreased the Pmp value by 67.1 +/- 19.1 mmH2O and increased the reservoir blood volume by 35.3 +/- 7.2 ml. The ratio delta V/delta Pmp was 0.56 +/- 0.16 ml/mmH2O. The continuous infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine at the rate of 60 micrograms/min caused a shift of the equilibrium point almost vertically and downwards, increased Pmp value by 34.8 +/- 3.2 mmH2O and decreased the reservoir blood volume by 45.8 +/- 10.1 ml. The ratio delta V/delta Pmp was 0.88 +/- 0.10 ml/mmH2O. PMID- 6632380 TI - Enhancement of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylation by Habu snake (Trimeresurus flavoviridis) venom fractions. AB - Enhancement of aniline hydroxylation by Habu snake venom was studied in vitro. The fraction which was isolated from Habu venom through column chromatography caused the enhancement of aniline hydroxylation of hepatic microsomes obtained from untreated rats. This fraction was heat stable and free from phospholipase activity. Enhancement of aniline hydroxylation was not clear in crude Habu venom or the unheated fraction, but appeared after heating of the fraction. This fraction enhanced aniline hydroxylation at low concentrations, followed by inhibition at high concentrations, but inhibited aminopyrine N-demethylation dose dependently. Aniline hydroxylation was enhanced by the heated fraction at more than 1 mM aniline, and the enhancement was rather decreased at more than 10 mM aniline. The degree of the enhancement by the heated fraction increased with increasing pH. PMID- 6632381 TI - Increase in potassium release from rat parotid tissue repeatedly exposed to isoproterenol. AB - The effect of repeated exposure to isoproterenol (ISO) in parotid tissue was investigated with regards to potassium release in response to a successive challenge of alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists. An increase in potassium release by epinephrine was potentiated in the parotid tissue from rats repeatedly administered ISO (3 mg/kg, three times daily for 3 days). On the other hand, a decrease in the release by ISO disappeared in ISO-pretreated glands. Cycloheximide and actinomycin D, administered with ISO, completely blocked the ISO-induced development of the enhanced response to epinephrine, but not that of the reduced response to ISO. After in vitro pretreatment with ISO, the potassium release induced by a successive dose of ISO was higher than the basal release of the electrolyte. The same treatment showed a tendency to increase the response to norepinephrine. The increased release induced by a challenge dose of ISO disappeared in the tissue from cycloheximide-treated rats. The ISO-induced increase of potassium release which was caused by ISO-pretreatment in vitro was inhibited by prazosin, but not by yohimbin and propranolol. These results suggest the possibility that the alpha-adrenergic response in parotid tissue might be potentiated by exposure to ISO. PMID- 6632382 TI - Opposite effects of morphine on feeding and drinking in rats relative to administration time. AB - The present study was undertaken to examine how morphine changes food and water intake in non-fasted or fasted rats with different administration times. Morphine (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered at 10:45 (light period) or 18:45 (dark period). Morphine increased food and water intake in non-fasted rats 2 hr after the administration during the light period, whereas the total daily intakes were decreased. In contrast, morphine decreased food and water intake in non-fasted rats during the dark period and in fasted rats during both the light and dark period. These results suggest that morphine disorders the baseline levels of feeding and water drinking of naive rats. PMID- 6632383 TI - Ca2+-antagonistic effects of flurazepam, a benzodiazepine derivative, on isolated guinea-pig left atria. AB - Effects of flurazepam, a benzodiazepine derivative, on Ca2+-induced cardio stimulant contractile activity in normal Tyrode's solution and Ca2+-mediated contraction in K+-rich (19-22 mM) Tyrode's solution were investigated in electrically driven left atrial preparations isolated from guinea-pigs. In normal Tyrode's solution, flurazepam (1 X 10(-6), 1 X 10(-5) and 1 X 10(-4) M) noncompetitively shifted the dose-response curves for CaCl2 downwards. In K+ (19 mM)-rich Tyrode's solution, flurazepam (3 X 10(-5) M) decreased contractile amplitude time-dependently; and after addition of CaCl2 (final: 8 mM), contractile amplitude was increased time-dependently. In K+ (19 mM)-depolarized preparations, flurazepam (3 X 10(-5) M) competitively shifted the dose-response curve for CaCl2 rightwards. In the K+ (22 mM)-depolarized isoproterenol (3.8 X 10(-6) M)-treated atrial preparation, flurazepam (3 X 10(-5) M) consistently suppressed contraction. Flurazepam (9 X 10(-5) M) suppressed atrial contraction in tetrodotoxin (TTX) (2 X 10(-5) M)-added normal Tyrode's solution, and CaCl2 (final: 8 mM) partially restored the contraction. These results suggest that flurazepam inhibits transmembrane Ca2+-influx into the atrial muscle cell. PMID- 6632384 TI - Further studies on the suppressing effect of isoproterenol on the immobility reducing action of desipramine in the forced swimming test. AB - The present study was undertaken to examine whether the suppressing effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of isoproterenol (ISO) on the immobility-reducing action of desipramine (DMI) in the forced swimming test was mediated through the presynaptic noradrenaline (NA) neurons and presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors in rat brain. As in the case of DMI, phenylephrine (i.c.v.) and yohimbine (i.p.) reduced the duration of immobility. The actions of DMI and yohimbine but not that of phenylephrine were diminished and potentiated by i.c.v. administration of ISO and atenolol, respectively. The suppressing effects of ISO were almost completely blocked by the pretreatment with atenolol. On the other hand, clonidine (s.c.) diminished the action of DMI as did ISO, although clonidine had no effect on the duration of immobility when given alone. The suppressing effect of clonidine was antagonized by the pretreatment with yohimbine at a dose which did not affect the duration of immobility, when given alone, nor influenced the action of DMI, whereas the effect of ISO was not affected by the same dose of yohimbine. These results suggest that the suppressing effect of ISO on the immobility-reducing action of DMI in the forced swimming test is mediated through the presynaptic NA neurons, and ISO acts through the presynaptic beta 1- but not alpha 2-adrenoceptors. PMID- 6632385 TI - Effects of psychotropic drugs on the rage responses induced by electrical stimulation of the medial hypothalamus in cats. AB - Effects of psychotropic drugs on the rage responses induced by electrical stimulation were investigated in cats with electrodes chronically implanted in the medial hypothalamus. Diazepam produced marked elevation in the threshold for directed attack and slight elevation in that for hissing. The inhibitory effect of etizolam on hissing was about 6 times as potent as that of diazepam. Anti anxiety drugs such as diazepam, nitrazepam, lorazepam, clotiazepam and etizolam produced marked elevation in the directed attack threshold dose-dependently. The effect of chlorpromazine on directed attack was far less potent than that of anti anxiety drugs. The anti-anxiety drugs used in this experiment had anti pentetrazol activity in mice as well as muscle relaxant activity in cats. There were close correlations between the directed attack inhibition produced by the anti-anxiety drugs and both anti-pentetrazol activity and muscle relaxant activity. These results indicate that the above anti-anxiety drugs have a more potent inhibitory effect on the function of the medial hypothalamus than neuroleptic drugs. The inhibitory effect of anti-anxiety drugs on directed attack may be considered to correlate with clinical anti-anxiety effects. PMID- 6632386 TI - Vasodilator effect of trimetazidine on cutaneous microcirculation of normal conscious rabbits. PMID- 6632387 TI - Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of intravenous sulfamonomethoxine in pigs. PMID- 6632388 TI - Changes in transmucosal potential difference and luminal pH in anesthetized rat stomach after exposure to ethanol. PMID- 6632389 TI - Bone metastasis of gastric cancer. AB - Twenty-three patients with bone metastasis from gastric cancer which was resected during the ten years from 1970 through 1979 were investigated. The incidence was 1.2 per cent (23/1,945) and was higher in the younger patients. The main symptom was local bone pain. Change on the X-ray appeared a few months after complaints of pain. Consequently, the confirmation was delayed in most cases. All of the laboratory findings were not specific to bone metastasis. Referring to findings at the primary surgery for gastric cancer, this form of metastasis occurred in cases of a high involvement of regional lymph nodes and of a scirrhous type. The results of histological examination showed a high degree of lymphatic permeation in the submucosal layer. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma was readily identified. The lumbar and thoracic vertebra were the areas of frequent metastases. The metastasis occurred within two years after the gastric surgery, in most cases. Chemotherapy was ineffective and radiotherapy was effective for palliation of the bone pain. Prognosis was very poor and all but one patient died within a few months after confirmation of the metastasis. PMID- 6632390 TI - Gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma: correlation to reactive hyperplasia in regional lymph nodes and prognosis. AB - The pathological changes of regional lymph nodes in cases of gastric carcinomas with lymphoid stroma (LS group) and the prognostic significance of the findings were studied in comparison with those in cases of ordinary stroma (OS group). The purpose of this study was to elucidate the immune responses of regional lymph nodes, histologically, in patients with gastric carcinoma and lymphoid stroma. In the LS group, the incidence of paracortical hyperplasia (PH) was high, irrespective of lymph node metastasis, while that of germinal center hyperplasia (GH) was high in the absence of lymph node metastasis but tended to be low in the presence of metastasis. In the OS group, the incidences of PH and GH were low, particularly in the presence of lymph node metastasis. The five year survival rate in those with no lymph node metastasis was as favorable as that of patients with lymph node metastasis in the LS group, the latter being significantly higher than the rate in the OS group. These results indicate that gastric carcinomas with lymphoid stroma are closely related to reactive hyperplasias of the regional lymph nodes, particularly paracortical hyperplasia, and in such cases, there is a favorable prognosis, regardless of the lymph node metastasis. PMID- 6632391 TI - Conservative surgery for regional lymphadenectomy in the treatment of early gastric carcinoma. AB - The relationship between lymph node metastases and postoperative prognosis in 209 patients with early gastric cancer was studied. As to the postoperative prognosis in relation to the extent of lymph nodes dissection, no significant difference was observed among the age-corrected 5-year survival rates following three surgical procedures in patients with early gastric cancer. Age-corrected 5-year survival rates were 0.92 +/- 0.44 R1-resection, 0.95 +/- 0.44 in R2-resection, and 1.00 +/- 0.06 in R3-resection, respectively. In addition, in 71 patients including 33 with early gastric cancer and 38 patients with advanced but relative early gastric carcinoma, the relationship between the immunostatus and postoperative prognosis was investigated. Postoperative age-corrected 5-year survival rate (0.904 +/- 1.153) of the optimal responders with good immunostatus was significantly higher than that (0.582 +/- 1.153) of the suboptimal responders with impaired immunostatus (P less than 0.01). Thus, conservative surgery for regional lymphadenectomy may be an effective procedure for cure of early gastric carcinoma, particularly in cases of a carcinoma limited to the mucosal area of the stomach. PMID- 6632392 TI - Depression of the generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity after surgery. AB - Effects of surgery on generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mixed cell cultures were studied in patients with various carcinomas, and the results were compared to those in patients with benign lesion. Peripheral mononuclear cells were cultured with the B-lymphoblastoid cell Raji in a mixed culture and the induced cytotoxicity was measured by 51Cr release assay. In 15 patients with various carcinomas, the capacity of peripheral mononuclear cells to generate cytotoxic cells was significantly depressed 1, 3 and 6 days after surgery, as compared to findings before surgery. Preoperative levels were reverted to by the 8th postoperative day. In 8 patients with benign lesion, significant decreases in cytotoxic cell activity were observed 3 and 6 days after operation and, on the 8th postoperative day, there was a significant increase in the generated cytotoxicity, as compared to the preoperative activity. Thus, postoperative depression of the generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity may affect the host tumor relationship in patients with carcinoma. PMID- 6632393 TI - Arterio-venous fistula formation after hand replantation. AB - Replantation of a completely severed finger, hand or arm is now performed with wide success. We now report an extremely rare complication of this replantation, an arterio-venous (A-V) shunt formation. Pathogenesis of the new A-V fistula formation is discussed. PMID- 6632394 TI - Perineal groove and perineal canal. AB - Perineal groove is a rare congenital wet sulcus extending from the fourchette to the anus. With awareness of the lesion, surgery can be avoided. Perineal canal is a congenital anorectovestibular fistula coexistent with normal anus. Recently, it has become evident that these lesions are relatively common and clinically important variants of anorectal anomalies. We now report one patient each with these anomalies and briefly review the surgical problems. PMID- 6632395 TI - Experimental pendulum air in the flail chest. AB - Conditions for occurrence of pendulum airflow under spontaneous ventilation were studied in adult dogs with flail chest experimentally constructed by removing three ribs and the chest wall. Pendulum air flow was recorded pneumotachometrically from outside the body by intubation to the bronchi. Despite objections to the occurrence of pendulum air by many investigators, we found that pendulum airflow occurs under various conditions. The main factors facilitating the occurrence included 1) Significant differences in airway pressure and ventilatory volume between the lungs on the injured and the opposite side. 2) A high frequency of respiration. 3) Increased resistance in the upper airway. The pendulum airflow occurred not only at the area of tracheal bifurcation but also in the peripheral bronchial airway in the ipsi-lateral thorax of the flail chest. However, pendulum airflow was observed only transiently coinciding with the time of change from one phase of respiration to the other, and volume of pendulum airflow was considered to be so minimal that it had no significant deleterious influence on the alveolar ventilation. In cases of marked dysfunction of the chest wall or with increasing upper airway resistance, pendulum airflow may disturb alveolar ventilation to a considerable extent. PMID- 6632396 TI - Mode of lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer induced in rabbits with Vx2 carcinoma. AB - We carried out experimental studies in which Vx2 carcinoma was inoculated submucosally into the esophagi of 57 rabbits. The purpose was to clarify the mode of tumor growth and lymph node metastasis of esophageal cancer. The inoculation was given into five different segments of the esophagus and the cardia in six different groups of rabbits: the cervical (Ce), the cervicothoracic junction (Ce = Iu), the upper thoracic (Iu), the middle and lower thoracic (ImEi) and the abdominal (Ea) segments and the cardia (C). The lymph node metastatic pattern of the Vx2 carcinoma was then observed. The Ce and Ce = Iu located carcinomas metastasized to the cervical and upper thoracic areas; the Iu located carcinomas metastasized mainly above the tracheal bifurcation; the ImEi located carcinomas metastasized equally above and below the tracheal bifurcation. In cases of the Ea and C located carcinomas, the lymph node metastasis was restricted to the abdomen when serosal invasion was excluded but it spread widely from the abdomen to the neck when serosal invasion was positive. Thus, in experimentally-induced carcinoma, tracheal lymph node metastasis occurred with a high frequency. As intraoperative assessment is closely related to anatomical factors and operative risk, care should be taken that such assessments are thoroughly carried out. PMID- 6632398 TI - Echographic detection and successful excision of pulmonary cyst in a fetus. PMID- 6632399 TI - Soft tissue chondrosarcoma of the back--a case report. AB - A case of extraosseous chondrosarcoma arising from the soft tissues of the back is presented. The tumour was completely excised with a wide margin of normal tissues. Extraosseous chondrosarcoma arising from the soft tissues of the back has apparently never been reported. PMID- 6632397 TI - Effect of diltiazem on functional recovery and myocardial metabolism during hypothermic global ischemia and normothermic reperfusion. AB - An isolated working rat heart preparation was used to determine the effect of diltiazem, a calcium antagonist, on the myocardial metabolism and functional recovery in the ischemic and reperfused heart, under conditions of 15 degrees C of topical hypothermia. The hearts were divided into two groups according to the solution injected into aortic root at the onset of ischemia. Group I (25 hearts) were given 3 ml of cold Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution (KHB), and Group II (25 hearts) were given the same dose of KHB containing 300 micrograms of diltiazem. After 30 min of reperfusion following 120 min of ischemia, cardiac output (ml/min) was significantly better in Group II (24.1 +/- 3.2) than in Group I (9.5 +/- 2.5). There were no differences between the groups with regard to tissue levels of creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), total adenine nucleotide (TAN), glucose-6-phosphate and lactate during the ischemia. However, ATP and TAN levels were significantly higher in Group II after 30 min of reperfusion. These data show that, although diltiazem has little effect in preventing the catabolism of high-energy phosphates during hypothermic ischemia, there was an improvement in myocardial metabolism and an enhanced functional recovery during reperfusion in the diltiazem-treated hearts. PMID- 6632401 TI - [Functions of the respiratory center]. PMID- 6632400 TI - [Topographical diagnosis of the ventilatory function]. PMID- 6632402 TI - [Phrenic nerve conduction time]. PMID- 6632403 TI - [Mechanics of the thoracic wall and respiratory muscles]. PMID- 6632404 TI - [Mechanics of the large airway]. PMID- 6632405 TI - [Mechanics of the small airway]. PMID- 6632406 TI - [Diaphragm pacing]. PMID- 6632407 TI - [Effect of leukotriene C4 and D4 on rabbit aorta and pulmonary artery strips]. PMID- 6632408 TI - [Dynamics of the mesothelial cells of the pleura and pleural effusion of patients with pleuritis--cytophotometric analysis]. PMID- 6632409 TI - [Designing of a volume-controlled inhalation apparatus for guinea pigs--an experimental study]. PMID- 6632410 TI - [Determination of adenosine deaminase activity in the pleural effusion and its clinical significance--a study using experimental pleuritis in rabbits]. PMID- 6632411 TI - [Clinical evaluation of fibrous and granulomatous mediastinitis]. PMID- 6632412 TI - [Case of cardiac sarcoidosis confirmed by myocardial biopsy]. PMID- 6632414 TI - [Case of bronchobiliary fistula due to congenital anomalies of the liver and biliary tract]. PMID- 6632413 TI - [Histological observation of pleural plaque formation in an asbestos-exposed patient: an autopsy study]. PMID- 6632415 TI - [Case of neurofibroma originating from the intrathoracic vagal nerve]. PMID- 6632416 TI - [Case of intralobar pulmonary sequestration--with special reference to demonstration of abnormal arteries by computed tomography]. PMID- 6632417 TI - [Case of lobulated tuberculoma]. PMID- 6632418 TI - [Surgical treatment of congenital heart defects in adults (over age 15)--a study on combined valvular diseases]. PMID- 6632419 TI - [Evaluation of surgical therapy of pure mitral insufficiency based on ventricular functions]. PMID- 6632420 TI - [Right ventricular volume determination by cineangiography and evaluation of the results in valvular diseases]. PMID- 6632421 TI - [Lymphocyte transformation responses before and after thoracotomy]. PMID- 6632422 TI - [Experimental study on the efficacy of the combined use of Young's solution in myocardial protection by asanguinous cardioplegia]. PMID- 6632423 TI - [Correction of complete endocardial cushion defect (Rastelli C) using a modified "endocardial cushion prosthesis"]. PMID- 6632424 TI - [Efficacy of mediastinal examination by parasternal incision]. PMID- 6632425 TI - [Cerebral embolism as a complication of aneurysmectomy of the descending aorta]. PMID- 6632426 TI - [Surgery of pentalogy of Fallot with Bernard-Soulier syndrome]. PMID- 6632427 TI - [Evaluation of operative methods in mitral valve stenosis based on cardiac functions immediately following heart surgery]. PMID- 6632428 TI - [Evaluation of antiplatelet drug therapy and replaced heart valves based on platelet functions]. PMID- 6632429 TI - [Successful management of intrapericardial teratoma in an infant]. PMID- 6632430 TI - [Sudden death following heart valve replacement. Etiological studies based on ECG findings]. PMID- 6632431 TI - [Improved technic of measuring epicardial potentials]. PMID- 6632432 TI - [Easy-to-make pouch for catching excised tumor mass in left atrial myxoma]. PMID- 6632433 TI - [Follow-up studies of mitral valve replacement with Bjork-Shirley prosthesis, with special reference to left ventricular functions]. PMID- 6632434 TI - [Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm following mitral valve replacement]. PMID- 6632435 TI - [Annulo-aortic ectasia associated with Kallmann's syndrome]. PMID- 6632436 TI - [Surgical management of patent ductus arteriosus with preoperative insertion of balloon catheter]. PMID- 6632437 TI - [Left ventricular aneurysm following myocardial infarct with normal coronary angiography]. PMID- 6632438 TI - [Preoperative ultrasonic diagnosis and successful management of ventricular septal defect with pulmonary valve vegetation]. PMID- 6632439 TI - [Giant emphysematous pulmonary cysts of the lung--conference report from the 2nd Surgical Department of Shiga Medical School]. PMID- 6632440 TI - [Application of microexplosion to medicine and biology. 7. Extents of bladder injuries caused by microexplosion]. PMID- 6632441 TI - [Analysis of prostatic acid phosphatase by radioimmunoassay]. PMID- 6632442 TI - [Changes in renal functions in vesico-ureteral reflux--limitations of conservative therapy and the surgical procedure to prevent reflux]. PMID- 6632443 TI - [Invasiveness and metastasis of bladder cancer. 2. Prevention of postoperative metastasis by chemotherapy]. PMID- 6632444 TI - [X-ray analysis of 108 stones passed spontaneously from the upper urinary tract]. PMID- 6632445 TI - [Effects of anesthetics (fluothane and nitrous oxide) and analgesics (diazepam and pentazocine) on the intracystic pressure curves]. PMID- 6632446 TI - [Idiopathic hypercalciuria]. PMID- 6632447 TI - [Fast neutron therapy of prostatic cancer]. PMID- 6632448 TI - [Therapeutic results in seminoma]. PMID- 6632449 TI - [Successful extirpation of the right renal cell carcinoma together with the inferior vena cava: report of a case and review of literature]. PMID- 6632450 TI - [Case of renal oncocytoma: histopathological study and a review of the literature]. PMID- 6632451 TI - A case of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in a monkey. PMID- 6632452 TI - Evaluation of prophylactic activity of drugs on swine gastroesophageal ulcer induced by betazole-reserpine using the method of endoscopy. PMID- 6632453 TI - A new method for the serial cultivation of Tritrichomonas muris. PMID- 6632454 TI - Body measurement of native fowls in Korea. PMID- 6632455 TI - Pharmacokinetic estimation of residual time at the injected muscle after intramuscular administration of a water soluble drug in swine. PMID- 6632456 TI - Mutual relationship between milk components and lysosome enzymatic activity in abnormal milk. PMID- 6632457 TI - Studies on intervertebral disc protrusion in beagles. PMID- 6632459 TI - Pathological findings in a young Japanese Black cattle affected with Chediak Higashi syndrome. PMID- 6632458 TI - Studies on the geographical distribution of the lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani (Kerbert, 1878) in the southern Prefectures of the Kinki District, Japan: observations on the incidence of encysted larvae of P. westermani in Geothelphusa dehaani in Higashi-Yoshino area, Nara Prefecture. PMID- 6632460 TI - Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica 09 infection in camels serodiagnosed as brucellosis. PMID- 6632461 TI - Posterior paralysis in pigs due to Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection. PMID- 6632462 TI - Electron microscopic observations on the intestine of a cow with Johne's disease. PMID- 6632463 TI - Selective medium for isolation of ureaplasmas from animals. PMID- 6632464 TI - Experimental studies on lymphography in dogs: clinical and hematological findings following lymphography of pelvic limbs. PMID- 6632465 TI - Distribution of the a-type ganglion cells in the chicken retina. PMID- 6632466 TI - Pathology of two cases of canine disseminated hypereosinophilic disease. PMID- 6632467 TI - Intercellular junction of urodeal and phallic epithelial cells in the guinea fowl, Numida meleagris. PMID- 6632468 TI - Circulating antigens and antibodies of Dirofilaria immitis in the dog detected by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. PMID- 6632469 TI - Effects of crowding and heat stress on intestinal flora, body weight gain, and feed efficiency of growing rats and chicks. PMID- 6632470 TI - Electron microscopic findings of experimental atheromatous lesions in rats. PMID- 6632471 TI - Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis and some characteristics with special reference to enterotoxin producibility and coagulase types of isolates. PMID- 6632472 TI - Polycystic immature teratoma observed at the head of Meckel's diverticulum of a chick. PMID- 6632473 TI - Cytochemical identification of PAS positive granules in Eimeria tenella sporozoite by microspectrophotometry. PMID- 6632474 TI - Spontaneous endocardial schwannoma in a rat. PMID- 6632475 TI - Ultradian rhythm of chicken body temperature under continuous light. PMID- 6632476 TI - Incidence of lymphocytic nuclear pockets in bovine leukosis observed in Hokkaido. PMID- 6632477 TI - Motor nerve conduction velocity of the ulnar and tibial nerves and characteristics of M wave of the interosseous muscles in the adult dog. PMID- 6632478 TI - Isolation and characterization of non-flagellated and paralyzed flagellated mutants of Clostridium chauvoei. PMID- 6632479 TI - Transition of precipitating antibodies against antigens from adult flukes and metacercariae of Fasciola sp. in the infected rabbits. PMID- 6632480 TI - Experimental studies on hypomagnesemia in ruminants: effects of varying calcium content in low-magnesium diets on serum concentrations of magnesium and calcium, and heart rate in lactating ewes. PMID- 6632482 TI - Milk progesterone levels in cows with normal or prolonged estrous cycles, referenced to an early pregnancy diagnosis. PMID- 6632481 TI - Effect of O, O-dimethyl O- (3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate (fenitrothion) treatment on acute toxicity of 2-sec-butylphenyl methylcarbamate (BPMC) in dogs. PMID- 6632483 TI - Evoked electrospinogram from the epidural space by the stimulation of saphenous nerve in dog. PMID- 6632484 TI - Measurement of the skull of native cattle in Korea. PMID- 6632485 TI - [Overview on preclinical research on tuberculosis chemotherapy in the past 100 years. (2) Experimental studies following clinical tests]. PMID- 6632486 TI - [Bacteriostatic effects of sulfadimethoxine and kitasamycin on Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex]. PMID- 6632487 TI - [Tuberculosis in dialysis patients. 9. Tuberculosis of the bones and joints]. PMID- 6632488 TI - [Clinical study on the treatment of silicotuberculosis]. PMID- 6632490 TI - [Ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6632489 TI - [Case of pulmonary tuberculosis with the development of ileal perforation during chemotherapy]. PMID- 6632491 TI - [Long-term follow-up of patients resuscitated after primary ventricular fibrillation in myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6632492 TI - [Grade I block at the level of the bundle of His]. PMID- 6632493 TI - [Study of the circulatory system in healthy children by the transcutaneous ultrasonic Doppler method. I. Study of the blood flow through the left and right venous outlet of the heart]. PMID- 6632494 TI - [Study of the circulatory system in healthy children by the transcutaneous ultrasonic Doppler method. II. Study of the blood flow in selected arteries. A. Analysis of selected indicators of blood flow in relation to time]. PMID- 6632495 TI - [Study of the circulatory system in healthy children by the transcutaneous ultrasonic Doppler method. II. Study of the blood flow in selected arteries. B. Analysis of selected indicators of blood flow in relation to velocity (and their indicators)]. PMID- 6632496 TI - [Biochemical changes in the myocardium after chemical cardioplegia and hypothermia]. PMID- 6632497 TI - [Late dysrhythmic complication after administration of atropine]. PMID- 6632498 TI - [Case of full-term pregnancy and normal labor in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 6632499 TI - [Studies on pulmonary blood flow in children with congenital heart defects by our method of impedance rheography. I. Heart defects with pulmonary artery stenosis]. PMID- 6632500 TI - [Simultaneous radiological and scintigraphic studies of the lung for the evaluation of pulmonary circulation in patients after myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6632501 TI - [Evaluation of the efficiency of the respiratory system in children with small interventricular septal defects]. PMID- 6632502 TI - [Determination of factors predisposing to endocardial fibroelastosis in infants]. PMID- 6632503 TI - [Complications of the puncture of the subclavian vein for measuring central venous pressure during operations under extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 6632504 TI - [Massive pulmonary embolism treated surgically under extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 6632505 TI - [Normal pregnancy and labor 12 years after implantation of 2 artificial heart valves]. PMID- 6632506 TI - [Determination of blood flow in the right pulmonary artery using our method based on the tetrapolar impedance technic]. PMID- 6632507 TI - [Prognostic value of the exercise test in the 3d week after myocardial infarct, and its role during treatment with small doses of beta-blockaders as part of the rehabilitation program]. PMID- 6632508 TI - [Early rehabilitation after myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6632509 TI - [Somatic risk factors and the mental state of patients after myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6632510 TI - [Work capacity of patients during rehabilitation after myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6632511 TI - [Valve of the assessment of the circulatory function for the development of physical rehabilitation methods for patients after myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6632512 TI - [Physical fitness of patients after myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6632513 TI - [Dynamics of family relations at different periods after myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6632514 TI - [Relation between the effects of physical rehabilitation and the changes in personality adaptation indicators after myocardial infarct during the second stage of rehabilitation]. PMID- 6632515 TI - [Effect of Regitine and sodium nitroprusside on the course of extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 6632516 TI - [Prevention of arterial hypertension and the types of patient care in the Warsaw's Ochota residential district. I. Disease awareness and objectively determined incidence of the disease]. PMID- 6632517 TI - [Prevalence of arterial hypertension and the types of patient care in the Warsaw's Ochota residential district. II. Characteristic facts associated with the disease and the place of treatment]. PMID- 6632518 TI - Kinetic modeling of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, and hemodiafiltration. PMID- 6632519 TI - Central and peripheral nervous system effects of chronic renal failure. AB - Although neurologic dysfunction is a major cause of disability in patients with chronic renal failure, there is little knowledge of the underlying metabolic defect(s). We used a canine model to study the effects of chronic renal failure (CRF: 4 months after 1-7/8 nephrectomy, GFR 11 +/- 2 ml/min) on the composition and function of the nervous system. We also studied the effect of acute renal failure (ARF: 3.5 days after bilateral ureteral ligation) on peripheral nerve composition and function. In dogs with CRF for 4 months intracellular pH of brain and cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) pH remained normal, despite metabolic acidemia. Osmotic equilibrium of the brain with plasma and CSF (and thus a normal water content) was maintained by almost equivalent increases in brain of urea and idiogenic osmoles (25 mmoles/kg H2O and 23 to 26 mOsm/kg H2O, respectively). Electrolyte concentration in brain tissue water did not change significantly. Calcium content was increased in cortical gray matter and hypothalamus of dogs with CRF, but was normal in the six other regions measured. Functional changes measured by the electroencephalogram were just as severe as those previously seen in dogs with ARF. The motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) was normal in dogs with ARF and did not change after up to 6 months of CRF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6632520 TI - Selective glutathione depletion on function and structure of the isolated perfused rat kidney. AB - The role of glutathione (GSH) in the preservation of renal function and the pathogenesis of renal injury has been investigated using the isolated perfused rat kidney as a model. In kidneys perfused for 80 min with 5 mM glucose as the only exogenous substrate, tissue GSH becomes depleted, renal function deteriorates, and a degenerative change appears, restricted to the medullary thick ascending limb. These abnormalities can be ameliorated by providing amino acid supplements or by adding GSH itself to the perfusion. To distinguish between the effects of amino acid supplementation and GSH depletion per se, selective depletion of GSH was accomplished in several different ways. Synthesis of GSH was inhibited by the addition of dl-buthionine-SR-sulfoximine, a specific inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase. GSH depletion was also produced by 2 cyclohexene-1-one and diethylmaleate, both known to diminish the concentration of GSH selectively without affecting protein thiols. Perfused kidneys selectively depleted of GSH showed significant impairment of concentrating ability, and less marked decreases in tubular reabsorption of sodium. The degenerative changes in the medullary thick ascending limb, on the other hand, were unaltered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6632521 TI - Selective deep nephron hyperfiltration in uninephrectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Studies were carried out to determine the effect of uninephrectomy (UNX) on single nephron hemodynamics and proteinuria in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Four groups were studied: two-kidney SHR and normotensive WKY controls; SHR + UNX and WKY + UNX. UNX was performed at age 8 to 10 weeks. Blood pressure and protein excretion were measured periodically, and micropuncture experiments of cortical nephrons were carried out at age 32 to 40 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was not significantly different between SHR and SHR + UNX. Protein excretion increased markedly in the SHR + UNX 6 months after UNX, as compared with the other three groups. In cortical nephrons, single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) and plasma flow entering the glomeruli (SNPF) was lower in SHR + UNX than in WKY + UNX. Glomerular hydraulic pressure (PG) during stopped flow was closely comparable in all groups, rising only 2 mm Hg after UNX. SNGFR was measured in juxtamedullary (JM) nephrons 2 months after UNX, a stage before heavy proteinuria developed. We found that JM SNGFR was approximately 50% higher in SHR + UNX than in WKY + UNX. The observations suggest that following ablation of renal mass, superficial cortical glomeruli are not exposed to excessively high pressure or flow rates in the SHR. In contrast, JM glomeruli undergo a disproportionate rise in SNGFR, presumably associated with excessively high PG and/or blood flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6632522 TI - Effects of caloric supplementation on growth in children with uremia. AB - Growth and nutritional status were evaluated in 12 children with chronic renal insufficiency over a 2-year period. During 1 year the children received nutritional counseling but no caloric supplement; during year 2, they received both nutritional counseling and caloric supplementation. With caloric supplementation, food intake as a percent of normal increased from 73 to 103% and the rate of growth increased from 59 to 90% of expected. The deviation from normal for height, as measured by SD scores, did not improve during the period of supplementation, that is, there was no accelerated or compensatory growth. During the unsupplemented period growth rate, as percent normal, correlated with energy intake as percent normal (r = 0.68). Growth rate and energy intake did not correlate during the period of caloric supplementation. Anthropometric measurements and plasma albumin increased during the period of supplementation, but other indices of body protein mass did not change. Plasma lipid levels also rose with caloric supplementation. We interpret these findings as evidence that dietary energy deficiency exists in many children with chronic renal insufficiency and contributes to their poor growth. Caloric supplementation in children improves total energy intake, growth rate, and skinfold thickness, but it does not lead to accelerated or compensatory growth. PMID- 6632523 TI - Eosinophilia and pulmonary dysfunction during Cuprophan hemodialysis. PMID- 6632524 TI - Anion exchange chromatography and double-diffusion cells for the study of middle molecules. PMID- 6632525 TI - A patient with polyuria and hyponatremia. PMID- 6632526 TI - [Accidents in childhood and adolescence (epidemiologic, clinical and preventive aspects). 1. Social aspects--traffic and home accidents--sport and leisure time accidents--burns and scalds--foreign body aspiration and ingestion]. PMID- 6632527 TI - [Accidents in childhood and adolescence (epidemiologic, clinical and preventive aspects). 2. Ingestion and poisoning accidents--accident prevention]. PMID- 6632528 TI - [Protein requirements of premature and full-term infants]. PMID- 6632529 TI - [Congenital glaucoma--diagnosis, therapy and prognosis]. PMID- 6632530 TI - [Unilateral renal vein thrombosis in infancy--a case report]. PMID- 6632531 TI - [Effect of lumbar puncture on EEG]. PMID- 6632532 TI - [Brain edema in the newborn infant]. PMID- 6632533 TI - [Position of the neonatal intensive care unit within the 3-step neonatal care regimen (general, specialized and intensive care )]. PMID- 6632534 TI - [Success and problems of intensive care for newborn infants--analysis of cerebral palsy in Sweden]. PMID- 6632535 TI - [Blood cadmium content in the fetal and neonatal period and in childhood]. PMID- 6632536 TI - [Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of hydrothorax]. PMID- 6632537 TI - [Status asthmaticus and severe asthma attack in childhood--diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 6632538 TI - [Treatment of recurring pneumothorax in patients with mucoviscidosis (cystic fibrosis)]. PMID- 6632539 TI - [Hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets--rare cause of dwarfism]. PMID- 6632540 TI - [Caudal hypoplasia syndrome in diabetic embryopathy]. PMID- 6632541 TI - [Determination of renal concentrating ability using the DDAVP test in healthy children]. PMID- 6632542 TI - [Catecholamine excretion (vanilmandelic acid, VMS, and homovanillic acid, HVS) in urine of healthy children]. PMID- 6632543 TI - [Surgical treatment of gastric ulcer]. PMID- 6632544 TI - [Various criteria for evaluating the results of vagotomy]. PMID- 6632545 TI - [Reasons for unsatisfactory results of selective proximal vagotomy in ulcerative pylorobulbar stenosis]. PMID- 6632546 TI - [Prevention of ischemic complications in the surgical treatment of peptic ulcer according to regional blood flow findings in the gastric and duodenal mucosa]. PMID- 6632547 TI - [Late results of surgical treatment and vocational rehabilitation of seamen with duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6632548 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the secretory function of the stomach after duodenoplasty and drainage procedures combined with selective proximal vagotomy in patients with duodenal stenosis]. PMID- 6632549 TI - [Status of the immune system in peptic ulcer patients before and after vagotomy]. PMID- 6632550 TI - [Evaluation of several variants of gastric resection and vagotomy in complicated forms of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6632551 TI - [Gastric resection with creation of a sphincter in the region of the anastomosis in peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6632552 TI - [Principal variants of blood supply disorders of the duodenal stump and its failure]. PMID- 6632553 TI - [Motor-evacuatory function of the stomach before and after resection for gastric ulcer]. PMID- 6632554 TI - [Mucosal microflora in postresection gastritis]. PMID- 6632555 TI - [Diagnostic possibilities of directed endoscopic pH-metry]. PMID- 6632556 TI - [Role of parietal cells of the gastric mucosa in the development of acute postoperative ulcers and erosions]. PMID- 6632557 TI - [Organ-sparing approach to the surgical treatment of bleeding ulcers localized in the stomach]. PMID- 6632558 TI - [Indications and contraindications to selective proximal vagotomy and particulars of performing it in gastric ulcer]. PMID- 6632559 TI - [Pyloroplasty in the surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6632560 TI - [Comparative evaluation of surgical interventions in penetrating gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 6632561 TI - [Tactics of the surgeon in peptic ulcer in persons with nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the lungs]. PMID- 6632562 TI - [Experience with pylorus-preserving resections in gastric ulcer]. PMID- 6632563 TI - [Formation of an esophageo-intestinal anastomosis following gastrectomy]. PMID- 6632564 TI - [Selective staining with methylene blue solutions in the diagnosis of duodenal diseases]. PMID- 6632565 TI - [Intraoperative and early postoperative complications of vagotomy]. PMID- 6632566 TI - [Choice of a method of surgery in duodenal ulcer associated with cardial insufficiency]. PMID- 6632567 TI - [Approaches to the decrease of mortality in elderly and aged patients with acute cholecystitis and cholecystopancreatitis]. PMID- 6632568 TI - [Surgical treatment of fixed calculi of the distal region of the common bile duct and of the major duodenal papilla]. PMID- 6632569 TI - [Immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction of nontumoral etiology]. PMID- 6632570 TI - [Acute suppurative cholangitis in surgical pathology of the extrahepatic bile ducts]. PMID- 6632571 TI - [Internal biliary fistulas as a complication of nontumoral diseases and injuries of the bile ducts]. PMID- 6632572 TI - [Morphological characteristics of calculous cholecystitis]. PMID- 6632573 TI - [Radionuclide hepatography in the evaluation of liver blood flow and hepatocyte function in patients with extrahepatic variant of portal hypertension]. PMID- 6632574 TI - [Morphological aspects of valvular insufficiency of the thoracic duct in liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6632575 TI - [Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis of the portal vein]. PMID- 6632576 TI - [Acute obstructive cholecystitis]. PMID- 6632577 TI - [Choice of surgery in complicated calculous cholecystitis in young patients]. PMID- 6632578 TI - [Clinical aspects of surgery of acute cholecystitis in elderly and aged patients]. PMID- 6632579 TI - [Surgical tactics in liver injuries]. PMID- 6632580 TI - [Surgical method of treatment of liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6632581 TI - [The need for reducing the liver arterial blood flow during the late stages of cirrhosis]. PMID- 6632582 TI - [Rehabilitation of patients with postcholecystectomy syndromes at the Mirgorod health resort's polyclinic]. PMID- 6632583 TI - [A case of gallbladder amputation in acute gangrenous cholecystitis and pancreonecrosis]. PMID- 6632584 TI - [Surgery of the extrahepatic bile ducts]. PMID- 6632585 TI - [Nonparasitic liver cyst in a patient with calculous cholecystitis]. PMID- 6632587 TI - [Choledochal cysts]. PMID- 6632586 TI - [A rare abnormality of the extrahepatic bile ducts]. PMID- 6632588 TI - [Long-term survival of a patient with a tumor of the major duodenal papilla after conditionally radical surgery]. PMID- 6632589 TI - [Hemobilia in emergency surgery of the abdominal organs]. PMID- 6632590 TI - [Isolated rupture of the gallbladder in blunt abdominal injury]. PMID- 6632591 TI - [Injury of the liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen and kidney after penetrating gunshot abdominal wounds]. PMID- 6632592 TI - [Hemochromatosis]. PMID- 6632593 TI - [Ultrastructural liver pathology in obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 6632594 TI - [Functional and morphological changes in the hepatobiliary organs in experimental obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 6632595 TI - [Structural-functional changes in the liver after periarterial neurectomy]. PMID- 6632596 TI - [Effect of surgery of the thoracic lymph duct on liver microcirculation]. PMID- 6632597 TI - [Choice of anesthesia in elderly and aged patients undergoing surgery for acute cholecystitis]. PMID- 6632598 TI - [Torsion of the spleen peduncle]. PMID- 6632599 TI - [Nonparasitic splenic cyst]. PMID- 6632600 TI - [Surgical retractor facilitating the approach to the major duodenal papilla]. PMID- 6632601 TI - [A device for cannulation of the cystic duct during intraoperative cholegraphy]. PMID- 6632602 TI - [A new method of pylorus-sparing surgery in duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6632603 TI - [A method of by-passing duodenum in chronic duodenostasis]. PMID- 6632604 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of early forms of stomach cancer]. PMID- 6632605 TI - [Failure of intestinal anastomosis in children]. PMID- 6632606 TI - [State of the urogenital system in anorectal anomalies in children]. PMID- 6632607 TI - [Intraoperative injury to the common bile duct]. PMID- 6632608 TI - [Indications for relaparotomy in hemorrhage after operations on organs of the hepatopancreatoduodenal zone]. PMID- 6632609 TI - [1st experiment on the use of ultrasound echolocation during surgery for choledocholithiasis]. PMID- 6632610 TI - [Direct ante- and retrograde cholangiography in the diagnosis of biliary tract obstructions]. PMID- 6632611 TI - [Sparing approaches during operations on the extrahepatic bile ducts and liver]. PMID- 6632612 TI - [Changes in the instrument for transduodenal choledochoduodenostomy and papillosphincterotomy]. PMID- 6632613 TI - [Implantation of a closing device for perineal colostomy]. PMID- 6632614 TI - [Congenital cysts of the common bile duct]. PMID- 6632615 TI - [Cholecystectomy in 90-year-old patients]. PMID- 6632616 TI - [Spontaneous bleeding into the gallbladder]. PMID- 6632617 TI - [Surgical treatment of purulent cholangitis]. PMID- 6632618 TI - [Hemosorption in the therapeutic complex of obstructive lesions of the biliary tract]. PMID- 6632619 TI - [Hemosorption in patients with jaundice]. PMID- 6632620 TI - [Surgical tactics in acute cholecystitis]. PMID- 6632621 TI - [Surgical treatment of common bile duct cysts]. PMID- 6632622 TI - [Surgical treatment of incarcerated stones in the major duodenal papilla]. PMID- 6632623 TI - [Surgical operations for parallel and spiral-shaped arrangement of the cystic duct]. PMID- 6632624 TI - [Choice of material for external drainage of the bile ducts]. PMID- 6632625 TI - [Fibrocholangioscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of intrahepatic lithiasis]. PMID- 6632626 TI - [Endoscopic papillosphincterotomy in patients after Billroth II gastric resection]. PMID- 6632627 TI - [The value of endoscopy for improving the diagnosis in the postcholecystectomy syndrome]. PMID- 6632628 TI - [Diagnosis of the causes of jaundice using gastroduodenoscopy and retrograde pancreatocholangiography]. PMID- 6632629 TI - [Transfistular endoscopic resection of residual stones in the bile ducts]. PMID- 6632630 TI - [Endoscopic percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis]. PMID- 6632631 TI - [Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis in elderly (75-89 years of age) patients]. PMID- 6632632 TI - [Gallstone intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 6632633 TI - [Bacterial infection in patients with obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 6632634 TI - [Chemical composition of the bile in patients after cholecystectomy]. PMID- 6632635 TI - [Functional state of the liver in the late postoperative period in relation to its focal lesions]. PMID- 6632636 TI - [Biorhythmic function and adaptive organization of the bile secreting system after cholecystectomy]. PMID- 6632637 TI - [Correction of the disordered rheological properties of the blood in patients with obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 6632638 TI - [Prevention of postoperative purulent-inflammatory complications in cancer of the colon and rectum]. PMID- 6632639 TI - [Probe for intraoperative intubation of the gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 6632640 TI - [Pyloroplasty using the PKS-25 apparatus]. PMID- 6632641 TI - [Application of interintestinal anastomosis using an enterotome]. PMID- 6632642 TI - [Treatment with metronidazole in patients with destructive appendicitis]. PMID- 6632643 TI - [Apocrine skin cancer, simulating breast cancer]. PMID- 6632644 TI - [Synchrono-metachronous cancer of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 6632645 TI - [Cystic mesothelioma of the greater omentum]. PMID- 6632646 TI - [Mesothelioma of the peritoneum]. PMID- 6632647 TI - [Gigantic hemangioma of the stomach]. PMID- 6632648 TI - [Cancer of the vermiform appendix]. PMID- 6632649 TI - [Myxoma of the vermiform appendix]. PMID- 6632650 TI - [Villous tumor of the duodenum in a patient after resection of the stomach]. PMID- 6632651 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the jejunum]. PMID- 6632652 TI - [Primary-multiple breast cancer]. PMID- 6632653 TI - [Malignancy of foliaceous breast fibroadenomas]. PMID- 6632654 TI - [Breast sarcoma and carcinosarcoma]. PMID- 6632655 TI - [Effectiveness of treatment of patients with breast cancer]. PMID- 6632656 TI - [Combined treatment of patients with lactational mastitis]. PMID- 6632657 TI - [Therapeutic tactics for patients with cancer of the thoracic portion of the esophagus]. PMID- 6632658 TI - [Ideologico-political and moral-ethical education of students in the teaching of surgery]. PMID- 6632659 TI - [Long-term observations after resection of the esophagus and cardia in relation to cancer]. PMID- 6632660 TI - [Remote results of subtotal resection of the proximal section of the stomach and esophagus in cancer]. PMID- 6632661 TI - [Surgical, radiation, and combined therapy of locally-spread cancer of the esophagus]. PMID- 6632662 TI - [Gastrectomy and proximal resection of the stomach in cancer]. PMID- 6632663 TI - [Determination of the proximal boundaries of the spread of stomach cancer]. PMID- 6632664 TI - [Clinico-radiological diagnosis of infiltrating cancer of the stomach]. PMID- 6632665 TI - [Postoperative mortality]. PMID- 6632666 TI - [Surgical treatment of gastric stump cancer]. PMID- 6632667 TI - [Surgical treatment of primary liver cancer]. PMID- 6632668 TI - [Surgery of the liver during surgical treatment of stomach cancer]. PMID- 6632669 TI - [Prediction of survival in radical surgical treatment of rectal cancer]. PMID- 6632670 TI - [Differential diagnosis of neoplasms of organs of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space in children]. PMID- 6632671 TI - [Treatment of patients with recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma]. PMID- 6632672 TI - [Mistakes in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer]. PMID- 6632673 TI - [Pathogenesis and prevention of early edema of the upper extremities after mastectomy]. PMID- 6632674 TI - [Prevention of complications of endoscopic polypectomy]. PMID- 6632675 TI - [Prevention of postoperative complications in the surgical treatment of diffuse polyposis of the large intestine]. PMID- 6632676 TI - [Stereoscopic vision in reduced visual acuity]. AB - Like other authors, we observed a number of cases with relatively good stereoscopic acuity despite poor visual acuity among patients with primary microstrabism. In order to analyze this observation experimentally the patients' visual acuity was reduced monocularly and binocularly, by means of semitransparent membranes of increasing density, to 0.3 and 0.1, and stereoscopic visual acuity was then examined using the Titmus and TNO tests. Both tests showed that in most cases stereoscopic vision was only moderately reduced, and in some cases not at all. PMID- 6632677 TI - [Development of hypertension and cataract in spontaneously hypertensive rats]. AB - The investigations were performed on 3 groups of untreated, spontaneously hypertensive Wistar rats of the Okamoto line. All the rats in Group I developed arterial hypertension within 16 weeks of birth and 33 percent of them developed cataracts within 22 weeks. Reserpine application suppressed hypertension and cataract development in all the animals in Group II. After unilateral adrenalectomy and contralateral adrenal enucleation (Group III), hypertension and cataracts developed in both treated and untreated animals; in the former, however, blood pressure was about 10 percent higher and cataracts developed about 6 weeks earlier than in the untreated rats. These findings support the hypothesis that arterial hypertension may be involved in cataract development. PMID- 6632678 TI - [A contribution on Crouzon's disease]. AB - Four generations of a family with craniofacial dysostosis were studied. All the members of the family affected by the disease had craniofacial abnormalities combined with ptosis on the left and some members also had convergence strabismus. A strong genetic correlation between ptosis and squint was found. PMID- 6632679 TI - [Iris angiography and endothelium microscopy in dysgenesis mesodermalis iridis et corneae]. AB - Three patients with endothelialization of the anterior chamber - 2 with Chandler's syndrome and 1 with Cogan-Reese syndrome - were followed up by means of iris angiography and specular microscopy over a period of several years. The endothelial angiographic changes occurred simultaneously in all cases; the more pronounced the endothelial changes, the more severe the iris changes. Since iris stroma and corneal endothelium develop from a common mesenchymal origin, and the extent of the changes they undergo is similar in the course of the diseases in question, a close relationship between Rieger's mesodermal dysgenesis, Chandler's syndrome and Cogan-Reese syndrome is postulated. PMID- 6632680 TI - [Biphakia congenita]. AB - Two separate lenses were found in the right eye of a 9-year-old boy who underwent surgery for bilateral cataracta congenita perinuclearis. No other ocular anomalies were observed. PMID- 6632681 TI - [Ultrasonic Doppler sonography in ophthalmological practice (the Doppler retina)]. AB - This paper presents the case histories of two patients with embolism of the central retinal artery. Non-characteristic headache (lasting longer in one patient than in the other) preceded acute vascular obliteration. In the first case the headache symptom occurred simultaneously with organic findings of stenosis of the carotid artery. The author describes the findings obtained with modified Doppler sonography ("central artery Doppler"). "Retinal hemotachygrams" are analyzed. PMID- 6632683 TI - [16th symposium on the management of strabismus of the Austrian Strabology Council. 2-3 October 1982, Wiener Neustadt. Abstracts]. PMID- 6632682 TI - [Post-traumatic retinal detachment]. AB - A total of 56 patients with retinal detachment which occurred after direct or indirect injury were treated during a seven-year period. The patients were divided into 4 groups. The first group comprised 27 cases (48.3% of the total) in which retinal detachment has been caused by a direct blow. The second group comprised the cases of detachment caused by a blow on the head. There were 7 of these, or 12.5% of the total. There was only one case in the third group, the detachment having resulted from a severe jolt suffered by the patient. This case represented 1.7% of the total. The fourth group consisted of the cases of detachment following cataract extraction. There were 21 of these, or 37.5% of the total. The latent period between the trauma and the occurrence of detachment varied from group to group and case to case. PMID- 6632684 TI - [Surgery of posterior polar cataract in persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous]. AB - Between 1975 and 1982 surgery was performed on 13 eyes with posterior polar cataract and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), in order to prevent loss of the eye due to the usual complications. Depending on the extent of the retrolental fibrovascular tissue, one of two possible surgical procedures was employed: (1) scissor excision through a large corneal incision in the wide-open bulb (8 eyes) in cases with a very firm, coarse and extensive retrolental membrane; (2) excision with a vitrectomy instrument, from a corneal or corneoscleral approach (5 eyes) in the "closed eye" in cases where the membrane was more circumscribed. A pars plana approach is generally contraindicated, as sensory retina often extends as far as the pars plicata. There were no serious intraoperative or postoperative complications. Prolonged local corticosteroid therapy is advisable postoperatively. In one patient, suffering from the anomaly in both eyes, there was an encouraging improvement in function to 0.6 and 0.1. The authors recommend early surgery in cases of posterior polar cataract with PHPV. PMID- 6632685 TI - [Clinical and time factors of various forms of senile cataract. (Prospective study)]. AB - This paper presents the results of vision and slit-lamp examinations of supranuclear senile cataracts in patients whom the author has been examining for several years with the same instrument. The supranuclear, gray senile cataract (water cleft-spokes, lamellar fissures, wedge-shaped opacities) is the one with the slowest rate of development, often changing only little or not at all for several years (6 or more). The primary gray nuclear cataract also develops very slowly and frequently causes a deterioration in vision only after several years, by producing a lens with a double focal point and increasing myopia. In very long standing cases (more than 7 years) a black cataract develops. As a senile cataract, the subcapsular cataract (permeability cataract) deteriorates rapidly within months. Subcapsular colored glints, vacuoles and granular opacities occur, more often posteriorly than anteriorly. In some cases a secondary gray nuclear opacity develops very rapidly (in contrast to the primary variety), which does not lead to myopia or black cataract. Cation pump and glutathione content remain normal in the supranuclear gray senile cataract and the primary nuclear cataract for some time; however, they are disturbed immediately and to a great extent in the subcapsular cataract.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6632686 TI - [Retinal hemorrhage in newborn infants. I. The fundus oculi picture of premature and term newborn infants]. PMID- 6632687 TI - [Retinal hemorrhage in newborn infants. II. The effect of the maternal health status and the course of pregnancy on the development of retinal hemorrhage in newborn infants]. PMID- 6632688 TI - [Herpetic inflammation of the cornea in children]. PMID- 6632689 TI - [Clinical value of cryotherapy in chemical burns of the cornea]. PMID- 6632690 TI - [Coefficient of scleral rigidity and the ease of outflow and intraocular pressure in assessing treatment efficacy in primary glaucoma]. PMID- 6632691 TI - [Free hydrophilic intraocular implant]. PMID- 6632692 TI - [Rubeolar embryopathy]. PMID- 6632693 TI - [Congenital alacrimia]. PMID- 6632694 TI - [Simultaneous bilateral retinal detachment]. PMID- 6632695 TI - [Possibilities and perspectives in preventing and treating the loss of vision in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6632696 TI - [Causes of decreased visual acuity in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6632697 TI - [Fluorescein angiography in the early stages of retinopathy in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6632698 TI - [Nyctometric studies in patients with juvenile diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6632699 TI - [Evaluation of the results of the conservative treatment of diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 6632700 TI - [Remote results of cryotherapy in patients with diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 6632701 TI - [Surgical treatment of cataract in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6632702 TI - [Evaluation of the results and complications of the surgical treatment of cataract in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6632703 TI - [Complications of the surgical treatment of cataract in patients with and without diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6632704 TI - [Early results of the treatment of glaucoma in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6632705 TI - [Trabeculectomy and cyclodiathermy in the treatment of secondary glaucoma in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6632706 TI - [Use of lenses and Fresnel's prisms in functional disorders of the visual system]. PMID- 6632707 TI - [Model of a monitoring automatic device for mass examinations of visual acuity- technical principles and preliminary evaluation]. PMID- 6632708 TI - Treatment of constitutional delay of growth and adolescence with human growth hormone. AB - Constitutional delay of growth and adolescence is caused by continuous diminution of spontaneous hGH-secretion as was proved by measuring hGH-levels in deep sleep by night. Therefore, treatment by hGH is a replacement therapy. Thirteen patients underwent hGH longterm therapy, 12 with good success. On average we observed doubling of the previous growth velocity, in the most favourable case an increase from 3.5 cm to 14.7 cm per year. Predicted adult height rose in 5 cases. PMID- 6632709 TI - Total care for juvenile diabetics--a Swedish experiment. AB - A Swedish Study Group for Childhood Diabetes has recently prepared a national treatment and care programme for diabetes in children and adolescents, which is briefly presented in this paper. The programme is based on the working hypothesis that long-term vascular and neurological complications - still the most serious threats to the well-being and survival of juvenile diabetics - may be prevented by continuously maintaining a normal or near-normal blood glucose level. Four levels (I--IV) of metabolic control are being defined, of which level I is the optimal goal and level II acceptable, while levels III and IV are regarded as inadequate. To achieve a satisfactory therapeutic result great efforts are required by both patients and the diabetic health teams at the pediatric clinics. In addition to insulin, diet and exercise, great emphasis should be laid on home monitoring of blood glucose and glycosuria, on patient education and on psychological support both to the children and to their families. The therapeutic team should understand the psychological problems which frequently occur in diabetic families and be able to guide them through the different stages of the disease until the patients reach psychosocial maturity. The programme thus aims at providing a total - biological, functional, emotional and social - care for diabetic children and adolescents, and at thereby improving their quality of life on a long-term basis. PMID- 6632710 TI - [The meconium ileus equivalent in mucoviscidosis]. AB - Meconium ileus equivalent (MIE) complicating cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CF) increases in frequently with increasing age of patients. In the present paper the course of 11 children and adolescents with MIE diagnosed and treated at the University Dept. of Paediatrics in Zurich during the last 15 years, i.e. 9% of 120 CF patients, is analyzed. 9 were successfully managed by medical treatment alone, 1 three months old infant was treated surgically with no later relapse and a 26 years old patient with a chronic deleterious course leading to opiate dependency could be relieved only by ileostomy. 5 patients experienced only 1 episode of MIE, 2- two to three and in 4 a chronic refractory course with multiple episodes was probably due to an inadequate medical management. The evaluation of the events in our patients and of the available data from the literature allows the following conclusions: MIE is a preventable condition in CF patients; a rigorous medical treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency supplemented with mucolytic agents orally can usually prevent MIE and relieve an established MIE; surgical treatments is indicated only in desperate situations. PMID- 6632711 TI - [Potentiometric measurements and skin surface acidity in health children and children with mucoviscidosis]. AB - Actual acidity of the skin surface as well as the capacity to neutralize topically applied 0,01 n NaOH were measured by means of a potentiometric procedure. 50 children without diseases of their skin showed pH values between 4,5 and 6,1 (mean pH = 5,24) when tested at the volar forearms. A significant shift towards higher acidity became apparent by pH readings (4,1--5,7; mean 4,73) in 25 patients suffering from mucoviscidosis. In both groups no difference could be found in regeneration of the skin acidity after exposure to NaOH. Our results favour the assumption that elevated skin surface acidity in patients with mucoviscidosis is due to qualitative or quantitative differences in the biochemical composition of the epidermis. PMID- 6632712 TI - [Immunologic aspects of chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases]. AB - Aetiology as well as pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are unclear as yet. Recent studies suggest that a transmissible factor present in Crohn's disease lymph nodes produces lymphoma and immune complex glomerulonephritis in nu/nu mice. Furthermore, sera of those patients contain an antibody, that recognizes an "antigen(s)" in the murine lymphoma and glomerular immune complexes. In ulcerative colitis a disease-specific colonic tissue bound antibody directed against specific antigens of colonic mucosa from patients with ulcerative colitis but not from patients with Crohn's disease and normal colon has been found. Contrary to earlier reports up to date knowledge gives no indication for a primary immunological defect of functions of the cell mediated immunity or unspecific immune system, although impairment of some immunological parameters appears due to the disease, both in Crohn's disease and in ulcerative colitis. This holds true for peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results obtained with mononuclear cells isolated from the gut are highly controversial and at present do not allow final conclusions. PMID- 6632713 TI - [Psychological aspects of the preparation and performance of endoscopies in children and adolescents]. AB - Individual observations lead to the realisation that during endoscopy children may develop such a degree of seemingly unexplainable anxiety that the performance of the examination is considerably prejudiced. We therefore examined 39 children systematically, evaluating them according to fearsome products of their imagination on the one hand and real or warranted anxiety on the other. Adjusted to age the children were tested using drawings, projectional tests and role playing in addition to interviewing, sometimes of their parents as well. The most prominent expressions of anxiety in conjunction with endoscopy were fear of suffocation; fear of damage to internal organs and, in girls, fear of lesions to a "baby inside". In adolescents problems with prudery became evident. On the basis of our experience we developed a systematic model of psychological preparation for endoscopic examinations. PMID- 6632714 TI - [Indication for exercise therapy in infancy in the prevention of childhood cerebral palsy]. AB - As in physiotherapy of cerebral palsy early therapy is desired, if possible even in early infancy, a period, when a safe diagnosis does not yet exist, infants at risk have to be identified. The resulting difficulties in early diagnosis and inevitability of treating a considerable number of not affected infants are discussed. The most common methods of physiotherapy are briefly described and evaluated critically concerning possible side effects as well. Superiority in effectivity improving motor efficiency of one method over another cannot be proven. It is shown, however, that in the Vojta method adverse psychological side effects cannot be excluded. Therefore, physiotherapy being a purely prophylactic and not a therapeutic procedure in the multitude of cases should be considered in ordering and selecting a particular method and the one according to Bobath should be favoured. PMID- 6632715 TI - [Intermittent maple syrup urine disease in a 12-year-old boy: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment]. AB - A variant form of maple syrup urine disease (grade II) in a twelve year old boy is reported. The clinical picture was characterized by seizure-like episodes of confusion and intermittent ataxia. The diagnosis was made by showing an increased excretion of branched-chain alpha-hydroxy acids as well as evaluated plasma concentrations of the branched-chain aminoacids and alpha-ketoacids. There was a decrease of leucine degradation in cultured fibroblasts to 5 to 6% of normal. The treatment with thiamine-hydrochlorid remained without any clinical or biochemical effect in our patient. Further neurologic symptoms during acute episodes of vomiting could be avoided by dietary protein restriction and early parenteral glucose supplementation. PMID- 6632716 TI - [Acute hemolysis and liver cirrhosis as leading symptoms of Wilson's disease in childhood]. AB - Acute hemolytic anemia and the development of liver cirrhosis with ascites 3 month thereafter suggested Wilson's disease in a 12 years old child, which was confirmed by inappropriate copper metabolism. In addition, neurological symptoms and renal tubular insufficiency characterized the early stage of the disease. PMID- 6632717 TI - [Pseudomembranous colitis in Hirschsprung disease]. AB - Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) is a potentially fatal complication in Hirschsprung's disease. The pathogenesis of PMC which usually takes a fulminant course, is obscure. The disease generally is associated with antibiotic therapy. We describe the clinical course and the pathological findings in a 7 1/2 months old infant with Hirschsprung's disease after surgical treatment. The pseudomembranous colitis of the patient with letal consequence is considered to be connected with antibiotic therapy. PMID- 6632718 TI - [Extreme tissue mosaicism in trisomy 8 syndrome. Trisomy 8 in fibroblasts and normal karyotype in lymphocytes]. AB - A five year old boy is reported with typical signs of Trisomy 8-Syndrome: long, narrow face, broad based nose, eversion of lower lip, microgeny, dysplastic ears, deep palmar and plantar furrows, scoliosis, and only mild retardation. The karyotype in 150 lymphocytes was normal. In fibroblast culture mosaicism was found: 46,XY/47,XY,+8. PMID- 6632719 TI - [Clinical picture and prognosis of generalized mastocytosis]. AB - Proliferation of tissue mast cells in more than one organ is a rare disease, called generalized mastocytosis. Findings obtained in 35 cases were compared with 125 case reports in order to elucidate the course of the disease and its clinical picture. The results indicated that generalized mastocytosis has to be divided into two variants, designated systemic mastocytosis and malignant mastocytosis. Systemic mastocytosis is characterized by urticaria pigmentosa-like skin eruptions, with simultaneous infiltration of at least one visceral organ (usually bone marrow). Other frequently involved organs are spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. The age curve is biphasic, with one peak in early childhood and another in the 6th decade. The prognosis of systemic mastocytosis is generally favorable (actuarial survival 0.88 one year after diagnosis). In contrast to systemic mastocytosis, malignant mastocytosis does not show urticaria pigmentosa-like skin lesions. In this variant of generalized mastocytosis, frequently involved organs are bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes. Common symptoms are anemia and eosinophilia. The age curve shows a peak in later life (6th and 7th decades). Malignant mastocytosis is never seen in children.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6632720 TI - Premature mortality in middle-aged men: serum cholesterol as risk factor. AB - Serum cholesterol as risk factor for premature mortality; 0--6, mean 3 years after a screening investigation in 10,000 middle-aged men (46--48 years at screening) was studied with respect to category of death. Serum cholesterol was reciprocally correlated to cancer deaths and to alcohol-related deaths, and strongly positively correlated to deaths in coronary heart disease. The men who died of cancer did not have lower body weight, nor was there any association with serum triglycerides. The inverse correlation to serum cholesterol did not differ between the cancer deaths occurring early, and those occurring later after screening. Part of the cholesterol/cancer death relationship may be explained by the presence of an otherwise occult malignancy at screening, but it cannot be excluded that the development of some cancers may be associated with a state of low serum cholesterol. PMID- 6632721 TI - Obesity, hypertension and intracellular electrolytes. AB - Intracellular activities of sodium and calcium were determined in red cells of patients with obesity. Compared to normal people mean intracellular sodium and calcium were higher in obese patients. However, increased intracellular sodium and calcium could only be observed in those patients with obesity suffering from hypertension or showing a familial disposition to hypertension. In contrast there was no difference in intracellular sodium and calcium between obese normotensives lacking a familial disposition to hypertension and normal people. Thus, our results suggest, that the observed variations in intracellular sodium and calcium in obesity are due to an enhanced blood pressure or a familial disposition to hypertension and not specific for obesity. PMID- 6632722 TI - [EEG studies before and after hemodialysis]. AB - For a sample of 10 men and 11 women EEGs were recorded, the first being made immediately before hemodialysis, the second immediately after, and the remainder at fixed subsequent periods. Apart from traditional visual evaluation every EEG was recorded on tape, to permit computer analysis of frequencies.--The visual evaluation showed in nearly all cases an increase of dysrhythmic waves after hemodialysis. More than half the patients had additional pathological patterns, especially during hyperventilation.--Special frequency analysis of the basic rhythm in 14 cases proved that the slight acceleration, which normally lasts from the morning to the evening, was disarranged. This disturbance extended at a weaker rate to the following day. In 9 of the 14 cases the frequency of the basic rhythm was slower in the morning after treatment than at the matutinal EEG recording immediately preceding treatment. PMID- 6632723 TI - Lung cancer patients' autoimmune responses to Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) antigen: diagnostic utility. AB - The usefulness of T antigen in the diagnosis of lung cancer (LCA), including early, was assessed by determining the in vitro delayed type hypersensitivity response to T(DTHR-T), and by measuring with a solid phase immunofluorescent assay the serum anti-T IgM response. Sensitivity of DTHR-T was 89% for 73 patients with LCA including 8/9 with Stage T1N0M0 disease, overall specificity was 95% for 212 healthy persons and those with non-CA disease. The humoral immune assay detected 31/35 (89%) LCA patients including 4/5 Stage T1N0M0 patients. Overall specificity was greater than 90% among 116 persons without CA. PMID- 6632724 TI - Lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma and benign monoclonal gammopathy. AB - A panel of monoclonal antibodies that identify various antigens present on T and B cells was used to characterize circulating blood lymphocyte subsets in multiple myeloma [(MM)--13 patients] and benign monoclonal gammopathy [(BMG)--5 patients]. In MM and BMG an increase in B cell proportions (BA 1 positive cells) was observed, whereas T cells (Lyt 3 positive cells) were reduced compared to normal controls. However, with respect to the T cell subset distribution, a marked diversity between MM and BMG was noted. This may help to differentiate BMG from MM. In MM a relative decrease in inducer/helper T cells (OKT 4 positive cells) and increase in suppressor/cytotoxic T cells (OKT 8 positive cells) as well as in NK/K T cells (Leu 7 positive cells) was observed. On the other hand, in BMG the relative T cell subset distribution was comparable to those seen in normal subjects. PMID- 6632725 TI - Glycosylated hemoglobin as a long-term parameter in appraising the severity of hemolytic disease. AB - Reduced levels of glycosylated hemoglobins (GHb) have been found to be closely related to red cell survival. We therefore studied the relation of this parameter to the clinical applicability in patients with hemolytic disease (n = 20). During a 5-week period we repeatedly measured severity of anemia, i.e., hemoglobin (Hb), packed red cell volume (VPRC), and red blood cell count (RBC), as well as reticulocytosis and parameters of red cell destruction such as serum concentration of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and bilirubin together with GHb. There was a weak correlation between simultaneously measured GHb and RBC (r = 0.5, P = 0.02), but none was demonstrable between GHb and Hb, VPRC, reticulocyte counts, LDH, or bilirubin. A much closer correlation, however, was found between actual GHb levels and RBC determined 3-5 weeks previously (r = 0.72, P = 0.001), as well as Hb (r = 0.56, P = 0.015), VPRC (r = 0.57, P = 0.013), reticulocyte counts (r = -0.63, P = 0.006), LDH ( r = -0.53, P = 0.02), and serum bilirubin concentrations ( r = -0.55, P = 0.016). Ghb was also significantly decreased in patients with consistently low values of reticulocytes when red cell destruction was demonstrable. These results show that GHb is a measure of red cell destruction and restitution, and thus may be usefull for long-term monitoring of patients with hemolytic disease. PMID- 6632726 TI - Urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, oxalate and citrate in duodenal ulcer patients. Preliminary results before and up to five years after highly selective vagotomy. AB - The urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, citrate and magnesium, and the relative saturation products in urine of either calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate, were determined in male duodenal ulcer (DU) patients preoperatively (n = 60), and 1 and 5 years following highly selective vagotomy (HSV), and in male healthy controls (n = 30). In DU before HSV citrate and magnesium were lowered, oxalate was in the low normal range and calcium was normal. The calcium oxalate product was lower than in controls, while the calcium phosphate product was unchanged. Within 5 years HSV normalized urinary citrate and oxalate, but not urinary magnesium, and the median urinary pH was lower than pre-operatively. There thus results a normal product for calcium oxalate, but a reduced one for calcium phosphate. It is suggested that: (1) unoperated DU patients have a urine composition similar to that exhibited in normocalciuric recurrent calcium urolithiasis; (2) this spectrum of urinary constituents may be changed by HSV. PMID- 6632727 TI - The influence of dimethylbiguanide on phenprocoumon elimination and its mode of action. A drug interaction study. AB - This study was based on the clinical observation of a higher phenprocoumon requirement in these diabetic patients simultaneously treated with phenprocoumon (Marcoumar) and dimethylbiguanide (DMB), and of a drug interaction observed in a patient. These higher requirements of phenprocoumon, suggesting an increased elimination, could have been due to an enhancement of liver microsomal enzyme activity and/or an increase in liver blood flow. Various studies were performed to test this hypothesis. The clinically suggested higher phenprocoumon requirement was proven by a drug observation study. Hence a higher tablet consumption of phenprocoumon and a diminished anticoagulatory effect was found after treatment with DMB in doses of between 1 and 3 g. An increased elimination of phenprocoumon following DMB administration was also found in a pharmacokinetic study. The activity of the liver microsomal enzyme system, investigated in animal and man, showed no changes in the liver microsomal enzymes in animal studies or the in vivo parameters of liver microsomal enzyme activity in patients. Measuring liver blood flow in dogs, utilizing the indocyanine green clearance method, an increased flow of about 33% was observed. As changes in liver blood flow can increase the metabolism of some highly lipid soluble drugs, the increased metabolism of phenprocoumon during DMB treatment could be related to the increase in liver blood flow and not to changes in liver microsomal enzyme activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6632728 TI - [Intra-erythrocytic GOT activity in uremia and its behavior following pyridoxine administration]. AB - A significant decrease of the glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity of erythrocytes (EGOT) was found in patients on regular dialysis treatment. When pyridoxal-5-phosphate, the active metabolite of vitamin B6, was added to the samples, EGOT activity increased in dialysis patients and in normals, but the activity obtained after stimulation was not as high in haemodialyzed patients as in volunteers. In normals and in patients under pyridoxine treatment the EGOT activity was significantly higher when compared to the corresponding groups without vitamin B6 administration, the EGOT activity depending on duration of pyridoxine treatment. PMID- 6632729 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of triamterene in healthy subjects and patients with liver and kidney function disorders]. AB - The knowledge about the pharmacokinetics of triamterene (TA) was limited until recently. The metabolic pathway of TA is the formation of p-hydroxytriamterene (OH-TA), which is subsequently conjugated with active sulfate to form p hydroxytriamterene sulfuric acid ester (OH-TA-ester). The phase-II-metabolite is surprisingly pharmacologically active. TA and its metabolites were measured concomitantly by a specific and sensitive tlc-method. The i.v. kinetics of TA were determined after application of a newly developed lactic acid solution of the drug. Comparing these data with results after oral application of TA the bioavailability of TA was 52% and the extent of absorption 83%. The bioavailability of different dosage forms was correlated with in vitro-tests. In liver disease the pharmacokinetics of TA are markedly altered. While in cirrhosis the hydroxylation of TA was decreased, the biliary excretion of this agent was strongly reduced in hepatitis. In renal disease the excretion of TA and OH-TA ester was reduced proportional to the reduction of endogenous creatinine clearance. In older patients the elimination of TA was impaired. PMID- 6632730 TI - CNS manifestations in non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). AB - In a group of 241 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma investigated retrospectively, CNS manifestations occurred in 8%, mainly as meningeosis lymphoblastomatosa. Lymphoblastic and immunoblastic NHL showed the highest risk of CNS infiltration (40.7% and 12.5% respectively). Further risk factors were disseminated stage of the disease, prior involvement of the bone marrow and juvenile age. Characteristic symptoms were eye muscle paresis, paresthesias and pareses of peripheral muscles. The most fruitful diagnostic measure was lumbar puncture. More than 80% of the patients observed with CNS manifestations died within one year. The factor limiting life was less the CNS infiltration itself than the systemic progression. CNS prophylaxis should be incorporated in the treatment plan in patients with lymphoblastic and immunoblastic non-Hodgkin lymphoma at an early stage. In contrast CNS prophylaxis is not justified in uncontrollable systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma spread. PMID- 6632731 TI - [Does febrile proteinuria exist?]. AB - The significance of proteinuria during febrile infectious diseases is widely underestimated, although the more marked proteinuria probably signalizes a parainfectious nephropathy rather than a functional disorder. This study shows that mild proteinuria of less than 0.65 g/24 h (normal range less than 0.3 g/24 h using the sensitive tannine-FeCl3-technique) might be caused by the elevated body temperature alone. 9 out of 18 volunteers without renal disease undergoing experimental hyperthermia of 40-41 degrees C for 1-2 h did not develop a proteinuria according to quantitative and qualitative (SDS-PAGE) measurements. In 6/18 the amount and composition of urinary proteins changed giving a glomerular type of proteinuria, possibly caused by temperature related transient glomerular alterations. In 3/18 a mild glomerulopathy existed before hyperthermia, as deduced from a glomerular pattern despite a quantitatively physiological proteinuria, leading in all 3 to pathological proteinuria during hyperthermia. In all 18 volunteers alterations reversed to normal within 12 h. Therefore, the degree of proteinuria during febrile diseases should be considered. Proteinuria of less than 0.5-1 g/24 h in adults might be explained by an altered glomerular function alone. Proteinurias exceeding this value, with a slow regressing tendency will indicate glomerular or tubulo-interstitial diseases, caused possibly by immunologic or toxic products resulting from underlying infectious disease. PMID- 6632732 TI - Lipoproteins, HDL-apolipoproteins, activities of hepatic lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in the plasma of patients with post-alcoholic end stage liver cirrhosis. AB - 12 patients with unequivocal post-alcoholic end-stage liver cirrhosis were compared with 12 healthy controls with regard to the plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins (by rate zonal ultra-centrifugation) and apolipoproteins of high-density-lipoproteins (HDL) (by disc electrophoresis), as well as to the activities of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) in plasma and of hepatic lipase (HL) in post-heparin plasma. The cirrhotic group showed the following differences (all significant at the p less than 0.01 level) from the control group: Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, very-low-density-lipoproteins (VLDL), HDL, and HL were decreased. Intermediate-density-lipoproteins (IDL) were not detectable in the cirrhotic group. Low-density-lipoproteins (LDL) did not differ significantly from controls. However, LDL from cirrhotic patients contained more triglycerides but less esterified and free cholesterol (all p less than 0.01). The percentage apolipoprotein composition of HDL did not differ significantly between controls and cirrhotics. Surprisingly, LCAT activity in plasma as well as the ratios between esterified and free cholesterol in plasma, LDL, and HDL were nearly identical in both groups. It seems likely that LCAT activity decreases only in the states of acute or subacute liver injury or of biliary obstruction. Severe chronic liver injury or of biliary obstruction. Severe chronic liver damage as in our cases of end-stage liver cirrhosis without any signs of acute liver injury exhibits apparently no defect in cholesterol esterification. PMID- 6632733 TI - [Role of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of acute intestinal infections]. PMID- 6632734 TI - [Experience with the treatment of poisonous snake bites]. PMID- 6632735 TI - [Treatment of patients with multiple diseases at sanatoria-health resorts]. PMID- 6632736 TI - [Case of lipoma of the brain]. PMID- 6632737 TI - [Nephrotic syndrome in a patient with systemic mastocytosis]. PMID- 6632739 TI - [Diagnosis and pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 6632738 TI - [Scleroderma-like form of urocoproporphyria (porphyria cutanea tarda)]. PMID- 6632740 TI - [Diagnosis of glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 6632741 TI - [Risk factors and the pathogenesis of disease]. PMID- 6632742 TI - [Risk factors]. PMID- 6632743 TI - [Use of television in the teaching of nephrology]. PMID- 6632744 TI - [Current concepts concerning chronic hepatitis]. PMID- 6632745 TI - [Interactions between ethanol and medications]. PMID- 6632746 TI - [Efficacy of methandrostenolone in the treatment of heart failure in mitral defect patients with active rheumatic fever]. PMID- 6632748 TI - [Serum immunoglobulins of chronic bronchitis patients]. PMID- 6632747 TI - [Myocardial damage and contractile function in patients undergoing surgery for the Leriche syndrome]. PMID- 6632749 TI - [Pulmonary circulation time in nonspecific diseases of the lungs]. PMID- 6632750 TI - [Immunologic characteristics of "reorganization" gastritis]. PMID- 6632751 TI - [Activity of the kinin system of the blood in patients with chronic gastritis]. PMID- 6632752 TI - [Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis among patients with ulcers of the stomach and duodenum]. PMID- 6632753 TI - [Relation between gastric and pancreatic secretion at different stages of the course of duodenal ulcers]. PMID- 6632754 TI - [Problems in the early diagnosis of human diseases]. PMID- 6632755 TI - [Aggregating function of blood platelets in patients with ulcers complicated by bleeding]. PMID- 6632756 TI - [Study of the motor function of the bile ducts in chronic pancreatitis by the technic of radionuclide hepatocholangiography]. PMID- 6632757 TI - [Immediate and delayed results of choledochoduodenectomy in late middle-age and elderly patients]. PMID- 6632758 TI - [Serum levels of bile acids during treatment of mechanical jaundice by the hemosorption method]. PMID- 6632759 TI - [Metastatic lesions of the liver in cancer of the stomach, colon and rectum]. PMID- 6632760 TI - [Clinical picture and diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease in adults]. PMID- 6632761 TI - [Carcinoembryonic antigen in cancer of the rectum and colon]. PMID- 6632762 TI - [Dyskinesia of the large intestine with a constipation syndrome and its treatment]. PMID- 6632763 TI - [Informational value of the technic of 2-dimensional analysis of rheograms]. PMID- 6632764 TI - Effect of adriamycin on lipid peroxide, glutathione peroxidase and respiratory responses of mitochondria from the heart, liver and kidney. PMID- 6632765 TI - Brain biopsy for suspected herpes simplex encephalitis. A case report. PMID- 6632767 TI - Vagotomy and acid secretion. PMID- 6632766 TI - Prediction of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in nephrotic children from clinicolaboratory data. PMID- 6632768 TI - Traumatic injuries of the cervical cord and spine. PMID- 6632769 TI - Secretion of gastrointestinal glucagon-like immunoreactants (GLI) in dogs. PMID- 6632770 TI - Chemoimmunotherapy for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with BCG-and/or Nocardia rubra-cell wall skeleton (CWS). I. Clinical efficacy. PMID- 6632771 TI - Chemoimmunotherapy for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with BCG- and/or Nocardia rubra-cell wall skeleton (CWS). II. Analysis of the mechanisms of immunological destruction of the tumor cells. PMID- 6632772 TI - Light and electron microscopical studies on the differentiation of white adipocytes: observation of the differentiating preadipose tissue in situ, in the diffusion chamber, and in culture. PMID- 6632773 TI - Experimental diabetic autonomic neuropathy characterization in streptozotocin diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Rats with chronic streptozotocin-induced diabetes develop enlargement of the alimentary tract, loss of fecal consistency, and autonomic neuropathy involving the extrinsic innervation of the ileum. In this study we have continued the characterization of the unmyelinated axonopathy involving the ileal mesenteric nerves of outbred Sprague-Dawley rats diabetic for 1.5 to 10 months using ultrastructural methods. Axonopathy in the alimentary tract of chronically diabetic rats is characterized by modest to marked dilation of axons by distinctive subcellular organelles identical with those described in experimental and clinical axonal dystrophies. Lesions are infrequent 1.5 and 3 months after induction of diabetes, increasing rapidly in numbers thereafter. Axonal lesions are reproducibly encountered in the ileum, cecum, and rectum but not in the proximal jejunum of chronically diabetic rats. Sectioning of mesenteric nerves along their longitudinal axes demonstrates the focal and in some instances apparent terminal nature of the axonal dilation. Disappearance of dystrophic axons distal (peripheral) to mesenteric crush injury confirms the origin of the axons extrinsic to the gut wall. Only rare examples of dystrophic diabetic axonopathy were detected within the wall of the ileum, presumably representing involvement of terminal axonal segments within the intrinsic ganglia. Examination of the mesenteric nerves of 18- and 30-month-old control rats failed to demonstrate dystrophic axonopathy, providing evidence that diabetic axonopathy does not represent premature development of an aging change in mesenteric nerves. Examination of the autonomic innervation of various other tissues including spleen, bladder, vas deferens, and iris, as well as the phrenic, sciatic, vagus, and tail nerves of 4- to 12-month diabetic animals, failed to demonstrate reproducible axonopathy comparable to that involving the alimentary tract of the same animals. The paravascular fascicles of ileal mesenteric nerves of 6- to 7 month diabetic and age-matched control rats were examined by morphometric methods and failed to demonstrate significant loss of axons or an appreciable shift in mean fiber diameter. PMID- 6632774 TI - Endothelial regeneration. V. Inhibition of endothelial regrowth in arteries of rat and rabbit. AB - Endothelium was removed from the carotid artery of both rat and rabbit using a 2F balloon catheter. The regrowth of endothelium progressed from either end of the vessels but had stopped after 2 weeks in the rabbit and 6 weeks in the rat. Total outgrowth along the vessel was 3 mm in the rabbit and approximately 10 mm in the rat, and by 12 weeks a large zone of the vessel was still devoid of endothelium. Autoradiographic data showed that 12 weeks after the injury endothelial cell replication was reduced to background values. When these vessels were reinjured with a nylon catheter, endothelial cell replication was initiated and the wound rehealed, but these cells did not progress further into the denuded region. Morphologic examination of arteries 12 weeks after balloon denudation showed that endothelial cells, abutting the luminal smooth muscle cells, were larger and not aligned with flow. The luminal smooth muscle cells formed a loose junction with the leading edge of the endothelium and exhibited an extracellular material on their luminal aspect. These results demonstrate that endothelial regeneration will stop before cellular regrowth is complete and that cell senescence is not responsible. The presence of smooth muscle cells on the luminal surface appears to be related to this inhibition of growth. PMID- 6632776 TI - In vitro model for the study of platelet-vessel wall interactions following a freeze- thaw injury. AB - Platelet-endothelial cell interactions are important for maintaining normal hemodynamics. The intact endothelial cell lining is considered nonthrombogenic, but following disruption of the lining, platelets bind to the subendothelium. There is also much conjecture concerning the affinity of platelets for damaged endothelial cells. A model is described for the study of platelet-aorta vessel wall interactions following freeze-thaw insult. Using this model, we found that control aortas (37 degrees C) perfused with platelet-rich plasma or gel-filtered platelets showed no generalized platelet-endothelial cell interactions, although some platelets did adhere to areas of exposed subendothelium. Following freeze thaw insult (-15 degrees or -20 degrees C), the endothelial lining was grossly disrupted. The remaining endothelium was severely damaged, demonstrating holes and pits in the plasma membranes and separation of adjacent cell borders. Platelets readily adhered to the basal lamina but were rarely noted in sole contact with the damaged endothelium. Platelet binding did not result in morphologic changes, degranulation, or aggregation. Using transmission electron microscopy, we noted platelets in contact with amorphous material and microfibrils but not collagen fibers of the subendothelium. It is concluded that this model is suitable for the in vitro study of certain hemodynamic phenomena associated with blood vessel freeze-thaw injury. In addition, freeze-thaw damage in this in vitro model indicated that platelet-vessel wall interactions were limited to areas of exposed subendothelium. PMID- 6632775 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against the GP-2 subunit of laminin. AB - Two stable rat X mouse hybridoma lines have been isolated. These hybridoma lines produce IgG antibodies directed against the polypeptide portion of the GP-2 subunit of laminin. Antibodies produced by the hybridomas have been shown to be IgG 2b (lambda) and IgG 2a (kappa), respectively. In competition ELISA assays the monoclonal antibodies exhibited different binding affinities for laminin. Furthermore, the two antibodies were partially additive in their reactivity to laminin. Preliminary results also indicate that the antibodies recognized different antigenic determinants in laminin as determined by their reactivity to basement membranes in human and mouse tissues. The monoclonal antibody designated LAM-I stained a broad spectrum of human and mouse tissues; the other monoclonal antibody LAM-II reacted with mouse, but not human tissues. The results indicate that these monoclonal antibodies could be utilized to explore the organization of laminin in basement membranes of different tissues and species. PMID- 6632777 TI - Effect of increased glomerular permeability on the localization of immune aggregates and protamine-heparin aggregates in the rat. AB - The effect of adriamycin (doxorubicin)-induced proteinuria, which is characterized by a defect in the glomerular size selective filter with intact charge barrier function, was studied on the glomerular localization of immune aggregates and protamine-heparin aggregates. For that purpose, passive Heymann's nephritis and protamine-heparin aggregates were induced in rats with adriamycin nephrosis (mean proteinuria 311 mg/24 hours at 4 weeks after intravenous administration of adriamycin, 6.5 mg/kg). The distribution of immune aggregates and protamine-heparin aggregates in the proteinuric rats was studied by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy and compared with glomerular aggregate localization in untreated control rats. The amount of glomerular aggregates was measured by semiquantative immunofluorescence. The results showed that glomerular localization of immune aggregates in nephrotic rats was similar to that in control rats. The aggregates were present in a granular distribution along the epithelial side of the glomerular basement membrane and also in areas of widespread foot process obliteration, in a slightly lesser amount than in controls. The localization of protamine-heparin aggregates in the glomerular capillary wall of nephrotic rats was identical with that in controls. No mesangial accumulation of immune or protamine-heparin aggregates was found. The results indicate that increased permeability per se has no effect on the glomerular distribution of macromolecular aggregates. In addition, this study shows that in adriamycin-induced nephrosis--in contrast to what has been reported in aminonucleoside nephrosis--(a) the glomerular capillary wall has maintained the antigens that take part in in situ immune complex formation in passive Heymann's nephritis, (b) the intact glomerular charge barrier is capable of binding protamine-heparin aggregates, and (c) no mesangial accumulation of aggregates occurs, suggesting a normal mesangial function in this model. PMID- 6632778 TI - Hepatitis-B virus infection in patients with leprosy--a brief communication. AB - The prevalence rate of hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) were determined in 413 patients of different types of leprosy and 133 healthy controls from the same population, in a study undertaken over a period of more than 3 years. The average frequency of australia antigen (HBsAg) was 7.7% in leprosy cases as compared to 6.0% in their healthy counterparts. Across the spectrum 7.2% of lepromatous patients (LL); 8.5% of borderline lepromatous (BL); 9.1% of borderline borderline (BB); 8.6% of borderline tuberculoid (BT) and 8.8% of tuberculoid (TT) cases were positive for HBsAg. Though the prevalence of australia antigen was slightly higher in borderline tuberculoid, borderline borderline and tuberculoid cases, it is not statistically significant. No association between carriership of HBsAg and lepromatous leprosy could be found in the present study. PMID- 6632779 TI - Electrocardiographic changes in lepra reaction. AB - The electrocardiographic (E.C.G.) changes were evaluated in 54 patients of lepra reaction. Abnormalities of the E.C.G. observed were in the form of prolongation of QTc in 24 (44.44%), ST-T changes in a (16.66%), bundle branch block and ventricular extrasystoles in 2 each (3.70%). The mean QTc interval in 64 normal adults was 0.41 second (S.D. +/- 0.03, range 0.36 to 0.44 second). It was 0.44 second (S.D. +/- 0.05, range 0.38 to 0.52 second) in patients of lepra reaction. The difference in the QTc values in the two groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). The E.C.G. abnormalities in patients of lepra reaction appears to be due to myocardial involvement. PMID- 6632780 TI - Central serous retinopathy in leprosy. AB - The involvement of fundus is rare in leprosy. More so fundus lesions, if any, are not very well visualized because of anterior segment lesions and the pupillary adhesions. A case of central serous retinopathy is recorded in association with progressive lepra reaction (type II) in a case of leprosy. PMID- 6632781 TI - A clinico-pathological study of primary neuritic leprosy. AB - Normally neural involvement in leprosy is an ascending neuritis from the nerve involvement in the dermal lesions. However, in some cases neural involvement is seen in the absence of any dermal lesions. In some of these pure neuritic cases, dermal lesions appear sometime later. It is, therefore, more appropriate to designate such cases as 'primary neuritic' cases. This study is aimed at diagnosing primary neuritic leprosy among patients presenting with only neuritic symptoms. An attempt is also made to classify primary neuritic leprosy on a clinical and histopathological basis. During the period 1979-80, 30 patients reported to the out patient department of Schieffelin Leprosy Research and Training Centre, Karigiri with complaints of neuritic origin. In addition to clinical examination and routine skin smears, investigations such as skin, nerve and nasal biopsies, nerve conduction velocity and lepromin testing were carried out where feasible. 17 of these patients were diagnosed as primary neuritic leprosy and in 7 patients other neurological conditions were diagnosed. The remaining 6 patients were kept under observation and have not shown evidence of leprosy during a two year period of following-up. It is interesting that 4 of the 17 primary neuritic cases developed patches during follow-up period of two years. In the final analysis 7 patients (41.2%) were classified into the lepromatous group and 10 patients (58.8%) in the non-lepromatous group (Table-6). This classification will have a bearing on duration of treatment and for their subsequent release from control. PMID- 6632782 TI - Paper spot test and DDS/creatinine ratios in relation to treatment taken by leprosy patients. AB - The findings on the positivity of paper spot test and the mean DDS/Cr. ratios in relation to the percentage of treatment taken by 316 leprosy out-patients on 100, 50 or 25 mg/DDS daily are presented. Thirty-three percent of the subjects on 25 mg were found to give negative spot test as against 11-12% in the patient groups on 50 and 100 mgs dose schedules. The mean DDS/Cr. ratios in the spot test negative urine specimens were consistent for all dosage groups and ranged from 7.1-9.6 micrograms/mg. The ratios in the spot test-positive urine specimens, showed, in general, a direct proportion to the percentage of treatment taken particularly, in the 75-100% and 50-75% groups. The significance and implications of the findings are discussed. PMID- 6632783 TI - Renal abnormality in leprosy. AB - Adequate kidney biopsy was studied in 54 cases of leprosy, of which 45 were of lepromatous leprosy, 4 of tuberculoid type and 5 belonged to borderline type of leprosy. Membranous glomerulonephritis (31.5%) was the commonest type of glomerular lesion followed by mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (11.1). It is concluded that renal lesions can occur in any type of leprosy. Reaction of renal tissues to M. leprae could be due to various local immunologic or physiological factors. PMID- 6632784 TI - Precipitation of type-I (upgrading) reaction in leprosy by skin testing with antigen and irritants. AB - Twenty patients of various types of leprosy were skin tested with lepromin, PPD and DNCB to assess their immunological status. Two of the twenty (18 BT; 2 BB) patients belonging to BT type developed signs of acute neuritis of sudden onset about 4 weeks after the test with DNCB, lepromin and PPD. The patients were on DDS therapy already for the last 3-4 months. Presumably DNCB, PPD or lepromin testing had precipitated the reaction. A suggestion is made that lepromin a lower concentration could be used initially and if it gives negative reaction, a higher concentration may be used as in case of PPD testing, particularly in TT and BT cases already put on treatment. PMID- 6632785 TI - Leprosy--a case for mental health care. AB - One hundred twenty institutionalized cases of leprosy were tested for anxiety and depression on standard scales before and after psychiatric treatment. The latter seems to be effective in reducing both anxiety and depression after a course of treatment of three months. This appears to be a sound justification to advocate mental health care in institutions of leprosy in conjunction with physical care. Leprosy is a chronic and disabling disease entity. With the social stigma associated to the disease the psychiatric hazards of the disease are as bad as its physical manifestations. However, usually, only the latter attract attention. Ignorance about the disease and social values about the disease can at once land a person in depression on utterance of the diagnosis. Further, anxiety about the outcome of the disease in particular and future in general are known to exist in sufferers of leprosy. PMID- 6632786 TI - Socio-economic experiences of leprosy patients. AB - 225 adult leprosy patients were interviewed to study their socio-economic experiences, about various aspects of their lives. It was observed that 17.34%, 14.33% and 45.78% of patients experienced negative reactions from their families, spouses and society members, respectively. Out of 79 unmarried patients, 53 (67.1%) attributed leprosy as the only reason for not getting a partner for marriage. Out of 146 married patients, 34 (23.3%) were not living with their spouses; this also included 9 (6.2%) patients, deserted by their partners. Leprosy uprooted 44 (13.55%) patients from their residences, of whom 27 settled in leprosy village/settlement. The occupational status of 104 (46.22%) patients was adversely affected due to leprosy, of whom 43 became dependents and 17 beggars. Monthly income of 115 (51.1%) patients reduced to the extent of 84%, after getting leprosy. The social prejudice and deformities due to leprosy, have played key roles in socio-economic deterioration of patients. The leprosy control programme (LCP) need to be implemented more efficiently and effectively, with active involvement of communities. The socio-medical units, if included in LCP, may be utilized more effectively to prevent the socio-economic dehabilitation of patients, as well to tackle the abnormal psycholygical behaviours of patients. PMID- 6632788 TI - Borderline leprosy (BL) in an infant--report of a case and a brief review. AB - A case of Borderline Leprosy (BL) occurring in an infant of 1 year and 7 months, beginning at the age of 9 to 10 months is reported along with a brief review of literature on childhood leprosy. PMID- 6632787 TI - Utilization of medical agencies and treatment compliance by urban (Madras) leprosy patients. AB - The utilization of medical agencies and treatment compliance by 3880 leprosy patients registered with Govt. Leprosy Control Unit, Saidapet, Madras were studied. It was observed that 39% patients waited for 1.32 (+/- 1.75) years before medical consultation, for their negligence and unawareness of disease. About 16% and 4% patients consulted Gen. Hospitals and Private Practitioners, respectively. The leprosy clinics were most popular, 35% patients changed medical agencies. On an average, one patient had consulted 1.47 (+/- 0.51) medical agencies and 1.23 (+/- 0.52) leprosy clinics, for treatment of leprosy. Only 45% patient attended clinic regularly, others attended irregularly (22.5%) or discontinued (32.4%). The unsuitable clinic timing (morning) was an important factor for defaulting the clinics. Of the 2625 (67.66%) patients who attended last clinic, one patient had missed an average of 5.5 (+/- 8.3) DDS tablets in a month. The implications of findings and suggestions to improve the service utilization with good compliance by patients, are discussed in this communication. PMID- 6632789 TI - Tarsal disintegration (T.D.) in leprosy. AB - Tarsal Disintegration in leprosy has been a challenge as far as its prevention is concerned. It is, no doubt, a complex and less understood phenomenon influenced by many factors. In this study made at Dr. Bandorawalla Leprosy Hospital, Kondhawa, factors like insensitivity, loss of protective reflex, infection, lepromatous infiltration of bones etc. have been taken into consideration, but, more emphasis is laid on the biomechanical factors (i.e. altered muscle pulls due to muscular paralysis resulting in imbalance) and the resulting change in weight bearing areas and weight transmission lines. Sixteen cases of neuropathic feet were examined clinically and radiologically. All were burnt out cases of tuberculoid and borderline tuberculoid variety excepting one which was active being of lepromatous variety. Tracings made from actual radiographs of the patients were studied. It was found that apart from insensitivity, biomechanical factors play a lot of importance in accentuating the process of T.D. The changes are predominantly seen in Tuberculoid variety of Leprosy. Attempts have been made to understand this process more closely by drawing conclusions based on the kinetic and kinematic analysis of the normal human foot and comparing it with neuropathic feet. PMID- 6632790 TI - The chemical composition and true metabolisable energy content of cassava root meal imported into Northern Ireland. PMID- 6632791 TI - Nutrient composition of taro (Colocasia esculenta) cultivars from the Papua New Guinea Highlands. PMID- 6632792 TI - A comparison of temperatures reached after cooking stuffed chickens: implications for preventing food poisoning. PMID- 6632793 TI - Trace amounts of nitrosamines in powdered milk and milk proteins. PMID- 6632794 TI - Chemical and biological evaluation of silk worm chrysalid protein. PMID- 6632795 TI - Digestive lipolysis in the preruminant calf. The abomasal hydrolysis of butter oil, coconut oil, palm oil and tallow. PMID- 6632796 TI - The determination of endogenous urinary nitrogen in protein quality studies with rats. PMID- 6632797 TI - A fatal intoxication due to doxepin. AB - A fatal intoxication due to doxepin, a tricyclic antidepressant, is described. Concentrations of doxepin and its metabolite, desmethyldoxepin, were measured in blood, urine, myocardial, and other tissues using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography equipped with a flame-ionisation detector (GC/FID). The developed technique also permitted the quantitative determination of the cis and trans isomers of doxepin. A very remarkable concentration ratio of doxepin:desmethyldoxepin was observed in myocardial tissues. A detailed report on the possible significance is described. PMID- 6632799 TI - Determination of maprotiline and N-desmethylmaprotiline from biological fluids by HPLC. AB - A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous quantitation of maprotiline and its desmethylated metabolite from biological fluids. In this method, the samples were washed with hexane at acidic pH and then extracted with the same solvent at alkaline pH in the presence of an amine carrier. The drugs were eluted from the C18 column with acetonitrile (30%) in phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) and detected by their UV absorbances at 205 nm. Peak identification was based on retention times and desmethyldoxepine was used as an internal standard for quantitation. Possible interferences were few; sensitivity (detection limit, 11 nmoles/L) and reproducibility (CV 2-2.5%) were good. Only about 10 minutes of chromatographic time was needed for one sample. Application for screening toxic drugs is suggested and briefly discussed. PMID- 6632798 TI - A fatal overdose with clomipramine. AB - A death attributed to self administration of toxic amounts of clomipramine is reported. Analysis of post mortem blood showed clomipramine at a concentration of 540 ng/mL and its active metabolite, N-desmethylclomipramine, at a concentration of 580 ng/mL. The corresponding concentrations of the parent compound and metabolite in the urine were only 350 ng/mL and 700 ng/mL, respectively. These blood results are construed to represent minimum lethal concentrations for the two combined compounds. PMID- 6632800 TI - Determination of pentobarbital and certain other barbiturates by capillary gas liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid capillary gas-liquid chromatographic method for the determination of barbiturates in plasma at concentrations of clinical importance is presented. This method employs a rapid and simple extraction procedure and direct flame ionization detection with no derivatization. PMID- 6632801 TI - The effect of the intake of a nitrosatable drug on the nitrosamine levels in human urine. AB - Experiments are described that demonstrate the presence of an N-nitroso compound in non-infected and infected human urine. An increase in the concentration of N nitrosodimethylamine in the urine was usually associated with the administration of oxytetracycline. PMID- 6632802 TI - Trace analysis of 2,6-disubstituted anilines in blood by capillary gas chromatography. AB - A simple, rapid, and sensitive procedure for the detection of 2,6-disubstituted anilines in the low nanogram range in blood is described. These aromatic amines were extracted from blood and converted to the corresponding N-hepta fluorobutyramides, which were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The derivatives yielded excellent electron capture detection (ECD) responses that allowed the identification and detection of these compounds at the low nanogram level by glass capillary GC/ECD. The procedure, which was tested in an in vivo system, is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies and toxicological investigations, and may be adapted for the quantitative determination of other substituted anilines and similar compounds in blood and other body fluids. PMID- 6632803 TI - Applicability of capillary gas chromatography to systematic toxicological analysis: occurrence of concentration-dependent retention behavior. AB - The retention behavior for a selection of acidic, neutral, and basic drugs was examined on four fused silica capillary columns in a splitless injection mode. Mixtures of n-alkanes and diisopropylamino-alkanes were also analyzed. The concentrations used ranged from 0.25-1000 ng/microL and injection volumes were either 2 or 4 microL. This corresponded to quantities of 1-4000 ng injected on the column. All substances showed concentration-dependent behavior: after being nearly constant or showing a decrease at low concentrations, retention times markedly increased when concentrations exceeded about 100 ng/microL (400 ng injected). At very high concentrations, peak splitting occurred. In the more pronounced cases, the differences caused by this concentration effect could reach values of over 100 retention-index units. PMID- 6632804 TI - Extraction and analysis of chlorpromazine and its major metabolites in post mortem material by enzymic digestion and HPLC. AB - A method is described for the determination of chlorpromazine and some of its major metabolites in post mortem specimens by enzymic digestion of the tissues with ethyl acetate using a simple, single micro-extraction method, followed by HPLC of the extracts using a 10 micron silica column packing and a mobile phase consisting of ethanolamine:methanol:water. Separation and quantitation of 7 hydroxy-chlorpromazine, chlorpromazine, chlorpromazine sulfoxide, norchlorpromazine and norchlorpromazine sulfoxide was achieved employing mesoridazine as an internal standard. PMID- 6632805 TI - Liquid chromatographic analysis of thiopental in blood and tissues. AB - A liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of thiopental in blood and tissues is presented. Quantitation in blood utilizes a single step dichloromethane extraction at pH 5.5. After mixing and centrifugation, the organic layer is evaporated to dryness at 40 degrees C and the residue reconstituted with methanol. Tissue extraction includes an alkaline clean-up step followed by re-extraction with dichloromethane after acidification. Either of two 10 mu columns can be used: a C8 or a C18 column. The mobile phase was methanol:water (60:40) at a flow of 2 mL/min. The wavelength of detection was 290 nm. Thiopental can be detected to 1 mg/L using this procedure, and no interferences with other acidic or neutral drugs were found. PMID- 6632806 TI - Hepatomegaly in infants and children. PMID- 6632807 TI - Sixth Gordon Arthur Ransome oration. The Y chromosome: its functions and impact on modern society. PMID- 6632808 TI - The application of transcutaneous oxygen monitoring in paediatric intensive care: a critical appraisal of reliability and safety. PMID- 6632809 TI - Rotavirus gastroenteritis in Singapore children. PMID- 6632810 TI - Computers in paediatrics. 5. Mathematical quantification of oxygen availability in congenital heart disease. PMID- 6632811 TI - Erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. PMID- 6632812 TI - 17 hydroxyprogesterone - normal values in Singapore children. PMID- 6632813 TI - The infant of mother with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6632814 TI - Goltz syndrome: focal dermal hypoplasia. PMID- 6632815 TI - A mortality study of non-malignant genitourinary tract disease in electrolytic mercury cell room employees. PMID- 6632816 TI - Does coal workers' pneumoconiosis predict to lung cancer? Some evidence from a case-control study. PMID- 6632817 TI - A comparative study of chili grinders with paprika splitters. PMID- 6632818 TI - Medical supervision of workers during demolition of mercury cell rooms. PMID- 6632819 TI - Training and education in occupational health. PMID- 6632820 TI - The effects of object familiarity on the pictorial depth perception of Ibo children. PMID- 6632821 TI - The effects of crowding on hostility, anxiety, and desire for social interaction. PMID- 6632822 TI - Soft tissue strain and facet face interaction in the lumbar intervertebral joint- Part I: Input data and computational technique. AB - A numerical simulation was devised to determine ligament strains, facet face interaction, and disk fiber strain in the lumbar intervertebral joint under load. This technique uses experimentally derived load deflection and morphologic data from lumbar cadaver specimens from which initial and displaced soft tissue attachment points can be calculated. This allows the strain data to be derived. The effect of disk bulge is also considered. The calculated strains of most ligaments except the facet capsular ligaments were found to be insensitive to anatomical measurement variability of +/- 1 mm. PMID- 6632823 TI - Soft tissue strain and facet face interaction in the lumbar intervertebral joint- Part II: Calculated results and comparison with experimental data. AB - A numerical simulation of soft-tissue strain and facet face interaction in the lumbar intervertebral joint under load was performed. The results, compared with a previous experimental sectioning study, showed that disk fiber strain was the main mechanism in shear resistance, except posterior shear, where the facets were main load bearing members. In axial compression, compression of the annulus was found, with a significant decrease in compressive strain resulting from annulus bulging, but no contact was found in the facet joints. The posterior ligaments, except for the facet capsules and ligamentum flavum, were found to be active only in flexion and lateral bending, while the facets and the disk both played major roles in resisting axial torsion moments. PMID- 6632824 TI - In-vitro measurement of static pressure distribution in synovial joints--Part II: Retropatellar surface. AB - This second part of a two-part paper is concerned with the measurement of static pressure distribution on the retropatellar surface. The study has been performed in a loading apparatus designed to simulate individually the lines of action and the magnitudes of the tensions in the components of the quadriceps femoris muscle group. Results have been obtained using 24 specimens in the knee flexion range 0 to 130 deg and employing a net quadriceps tension of 734 N. Particular emphasis has been placed on the evaluation of the sensitivity of the results to variations in the characteristics of the simulated quadriceps tension. The pressure distribution results have been interpreted in terms of variation of the normal force and the average contact stress on the retropatellar surface as a function of flexion angle. It has been shown that the "pulley" model of the patella consistently overestimates the actual patellofemoral joint reaction force throughout the range of flexion. Clinical implications of the results, in terms of etiology of degeneration of patellar cartilage, have been discussed. PMID- 6632825 TI - A direct substitution, equation error technique for solving the thermographic tomography problem. AB - A new technique for solving the combined state and parameter estimation problem in thermographic tomography is presented. The technique involves the direct substitution of known skin temperatures into the finite difference form of the bio-heat transfer equation as formulated for solving an initial value problem with a convection boundary condition at the skin surface. These equations are then used to solve the inverse bio-heat transfer problem for the unknown subcutaneous tissue temperatures and physiological parameters. For a small number of nodal points, closed form algebraic solutions are obtained. For larger sets of equations, a hybrid technique is used in which the problem is initially posed as an unconstrained optimization problem in which the model equation error is minimized using the conjugate gradient descent technique to get close to a solution. Then a generalized Newton-Raphson technique was used to solve the equations. A numerical simulation of a one-dimensional problem is investigated both with and without noise superimposed on the input (transient) skin temperature data. The results show that the technique gives very accurate results if the skin temperature data contains little noise. It is also shown that if the physical properties of the tissue and the metabolism are known, that a given set of proper transient skin temperature inputs yields a unique solution for the unknown internal temperatures and blood perfusion rates. However, the similar problem with known blood perfusion rates and unknown metabolisms does not yield a unique solution for the internal temperatures and metabolisms. PMID- 6632826 TI - Identification of in-vivo vibration modes of human tibiae by modal analysis. AB - When attempting to evaluate the mechanical properties of human bones in vivo by mechanical vibration analysis, some essential requirements must be met. A quantitative relation between measured vibration parameters (e.g., natural frequency) and mechanical bone properties must be available, in-vivo vibration modes should correctly be identified and the associated natural frequencies reproducibly and accurately measured, the influence of joints and soft tissues must be known. These problems were addressed by modal analysis (i.e., experimental determination of natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios) of human tibiae in the following situations: 1) dry excised tibiae, 2) fresh excised tibiae, 3) in-vivo tibiae, 4) tibiae in an amputated leg, in different steps of dissection. In the in-vivo measuring conditions used by the authors, the tibia vibration is practically free-free. Two single bending modes (at +/- 270 Hz and +/- 340 Hz, respectively), each of them corresponding with one principal direction for bending, were identified. The difference between the natural frequencies observed in vivo and those of fresh excised tibiae is almost completely caused by the effect of muscles (added mass and damping), whereas joints and skin play only a minor role. Frequency differences between fresh and dry excised tibiae are largely accounted for by the absence of bone marrow in the latter. PMID- 6632827 TI - Predictions of the existence, frequency, and amplitude of physiological tremor in normal man based on measured frequency-response characteristics. AB - Mathematical models for 1) musculoskeletal dynamics, and 2) reflex feedback, based on the results of the authors' frequency-response measurements on normal adult male human subjects, are combined to produce a model for physiological tremor in such subjects. An analysis of this model shows that the system will be unstable to small disturbances (that is, tremor will occur) under certain conditions of external loading. Further, when the system is unstable, nonlinearities in the model produce responses in the form of limit cycles, and both the frequency and amplitude of the resulting tremor can be calculated. For constant loads applied through a constant compliance, the model predicts the onset of tremor at low loads, a maximum intensity of tremor at loads corresponding to 30-50 percent of maximum voluntary effort, and a decrease in the tremor amplitude at still higher loads. PMID- 6632828 TI - Pressure difference-flow rate variation in a femoral artery branch casting of man for steady flow. AB - In-vitro, steady flow in a casting of the profunda femoris branch of the femoral artery of man was studied by measuring pressure differences in the main lumen and also in the branch over a large Reynolds number range from 200 to 1600. Effects of viscous and inviscid flows in this femoral artery branch were demonstrated quantitatively. The critical ratio of the flow rate in the branch to the upstream main lumen, m3/m1, in this casting was found to be 0.4, above which the inviscid flow analysis indicated a pressure rise and below which it yielded a pressure drop in the main lumen across the branch junction. Pressure rises were experimentally found to occur both in the main lumen and in the branch for certain ranges of m3/m1. PMID- 6632829 TI - Turbulent flows through a disk-type prosthetic heart valve. AB - A numerical model is developed to predict the complex velocity, shear and pressure fields in steady turbulent flow through a disk-type prosthetic heart valve in a constant diameter chamber. The governing Navier-Stokes equations are reduced to a set of simultaneous algebraic finite-difference equations which are solved by a fast-converging line-iterations technique. A two-parameter, two equation model is employed to determine the turbulent viscosity. Numerical results are obtained for stream function, vorticity, and shear and normal stresses. The regions of very high shear and normal stresses in the fluid and at the walls are identified. The maximum value of the shear stress occurring near the upstream corner of the disk may cause hemolysis. The technique can be used together with in-vitro physical experiments to evaluate existing or future prosthetic heart valve designs. PMID- 6632830 TI - Three-dimensional stress distribution in arteries. AB - A three-dimensional stress-strain relationship derived from a strain energy function of the exponential form is proposed for the arterial wall. The material constants are identified from experimental data on rabbit arteries subjected to inflation and longitudinal stretch in the physiological range. The objectives are: 1) to show that such a procedure is feasible and practical, and 2) to call attention to the very large variations in stresses and strains across the vessel wall under the assumptions that the tissue is incompressible and stress-free when all external load is removed. PMID- 6632831 TI - The impedance of curved artery models. AB - The impedance (pressure drop/flow rate) of four curved artery models has been determined experimentally for steady and periodic flows simulating conditions in the aortic arch. Steady flow results indicate that very short entry lengths are required for flow development in curved artery models, and impedance is elevated above straight tube values by a factor of 3-4 for mean flow conditions in the aortic arch. Results for periodic flow with a nonzero mean show a significant elevation of mean flow impedance relative to values for steady flow at the mean flow rate--a factor of 2-3 for aortic arch flow conditions. The impedance of the first harmonic of periodic flows follows straight tube theory at high values of the unsteadiness parameter in agreement with available theory for curved tubes. The implications of the impedance measurements for wall shear stress in the aortic arch are discussed. PMID- 6632832 TI - Leg motion analysis during gait by multiaxial accelerometry: theoretical foundations and preliminary validations. AB - A theoretical formulation for studying limb motions and joint kinetics by multiaxial accelerometry is developed. The technique is designed to study the swing phase of human gait, modeling the lower leg as a rigid body. Major advantages of the approach are that acceleration information needed for the calculation of forces and moments is generated directly, and that the method automatically generates its own initial conditions. Results of validation experiments using both artificial and experimental data demonstrate that the method is theoretically valid, but that it taxes available instrumentation and requires further development before it can be applied in a clinical setting. PMID- 6632833 TI - Fiber stabilization of bent cylinders, with an application to intervertebral disks. AB - Fibers cannot carry compression, and reinforcing fibers in a cylinder can only carry load if they are kept taut by the deformations of the cylinder. In the present study it is found that in pure bending, deformations that change the pitch, i.e., the angle between the fibers and the cross-sectional plane, towards 30 deg will slacken the fibers. With an initial pitch different than 30 deg, fibers in one half of the cross section will then be slackened by bending, and this half of the cylinder becomes unstable. Applied to the mechanics of the intervertebral disks, this may help explain mechanisms leading to nucleus prolapse. PMID- 6632834 TI - Age-dependent influence of strain rate on the tensile failure of rat-tail tendon. AB - Sensitivity of tensile strength, failure strain, and failure energy density to strain rate was studied for rat-tail tendon (RTT), a collagen-rich connective tissue. Tendons from animals aged 1-27 months were stretched at a high (720 percent/s) and low (3.6 percent/s) strain rate. Each failure parameter increased with strain rate. However, the sensitivity of tendon failure to rate of strain decreased rapidly during growth and sexual maturation of the animal. The study provides basic data on the rate-sensitive strength of collagen fibers using RTT. PMID- 6632835 TI - A finite element model of burn injury in blood-perfused skin. AB - The burn process resulting from the application of a hot, cylindrical source to the skin surface was modeled using the finite element technique. A rotationally symmetric 125-element mesh was defined within the tissue beneath and outlying to an applied heating disk. The disk temperature and duration of contact were varied, respectively, between 50 and 100 degrees C for up to 30 s. Natural convection with ambient air was assumed for areas of skin surface not in direct contact with the disk. The simulated thermal history was used in a damage integral model to calculate the extent and severity of injury in the radial and axial dimensions. PMID- 6632836 TI - Incremental elastic modulus for isotropic elastic bodies with application to arteries. PMID- 6632837 TI - A pressure distribution transducer for in-vitro static measurements in synovial joints. AB - The basic features and the performance characteristics of a transducer to measure in-vitro static pressure distribution at the articular interfaces of intact synovial joints are described. Pressure distribution is interpreted from the micro-indentation pattern left on a thin plastic material, the indenter and the plastic material having been subjected to load between the articular surfaces. The effects of the finite thickness and compliance of the transducer and the effects of the time-dependent response properties of the articular cartilage on the accuracy of measurement have been estimated by means of specific experiments and analyses. PMID- 6632838 TI - An optimal linear filter for the reduction of noise superimposed to the EEG signal. AB - In the present paper a procedure for the reduction of super-imposed noise on EEG tracings is described, which makes use of linear digital filtering and identification methods. In particular, an optimal filter (a Kalman filter) has been developed which is intended to capture the disturbances of the electromyographic noise on the basis of an a priori modelling which considers a series of impulses with a temporal occurrence according to a Poisson distribution as a noise generating mechanism. The experimental results refer to the EEG tracings recorded from 20 patients in normal resting conditions: the procedure consists of a preprocessing phase (which uses also a low-pass FIR digital filter), followed by the implementation of the identification and the Kalman filter. The performance of the filters is satisfactory also from the clinical standpoint, obtaining a marked reduction of noise without distorting the useful information contained in the signal. Furthermore, when using the introduced method, the EEG signal generating mechanism is accordingly parametrized as AR/ARMA models, thus obtaining an extremely sensitive feature extraction with interesting and not yet completely studied pathophysiological meanings. The above procedure may find a general application in the field of noise reduction and the better enhancement of information contained in the wide set of biological signals. PMID- 6632839 TI - Response of a two-dimensional dynamic model of the human knee to the externally applied forces and moments. AB - This paper is concerned with response of a two-dimensional dynamic model of the human knee to the externally applied forces and moments. The profiles of the articulating surfaces of a normal knee joint are determined from X-ray films and they are represented by polynomials. Ligaments of the joint are modelled as nonlinear elastic springs of realistic stiffness properties. Nonlinear equations of motion, coupled with nonlinear constraint conditions, are solved numerically. Time derivatives are approximated by Newmark difference formulae and the resulting nonlinear algebraic equations are solved employing the Newton-Raphson iteration scheme. Several dynamic loads (force and moment) are applied to the tibia and subsequent motion is investigated. Results for the ligament and contact forces, contact point locations between femur and tibia and the corresponding dynamic orientation of tibia with respect to femur are presented. PMID- 6632840 TI - Outdoor bicycle for exercise in paraplegics and quadriplegics. AB - The design of a three-wheel bicycle is described which can be used for exercise and locomotion in paraplegic and quadriplegic subjects. This device is constructed from a standard three-wheel bicycle which has been modified with a sensor to show the position of the pedals. The output of the sensor (a 360 degrees potentiometer) is read by the A/D converter of a small digital computer carried on the bicycle. The microprocessor system controls stimulation to four key muscle groups to allow locomotion. The speed of the bicycle is controlled with a throttle control as on a motorcycle. The device offers a potentially attractive system for increasing muscle strength and endurance, reducing muscle atrophy, increasing bone density and cardiovascular training in wheelchair bound patients. PMID- 6632841 TI - A gait analysis system in clinical practice. AB - A gait analysis system using a transduced walkway, monitored by microcomputer to measure the time and distance factors of gait, has been in regular clinical use for over two and a half years. The results are easy to understand and have provided objective data which has been found useful in a number of clinical situations. Some of the ways in which the system has been used are described. PMID- 6632842 TI - Development of methods for quantitative analysis of the fetal heart rate. AB - A description is given of the development of methods for the quantitative analysis of measurements of the fetal heart rate, uterine pressure and fetal movements, with data collection, reduction and analysis via a digital cassette off-line, or on-line. The on-line system consists of a small microprocessor, which reduces and digitizes the data, and which passes it for display and analysis to a larger microprocessor (NASCOM Z80). Analysis on-line offers the opportunity of interaction to optimise record quality and to compare at once sequential records on the same patient. PMID- 6632843 TI - Implantable glucose sensor. AB - Two new approaches for construction and testing of a miniature in vivo implantable glucose sensor are described. The first approach is to immobilize glucose oxidase onto a platinum wire, coated with special glass (Corning), and to cover the immobilized enzyme with a thin layer of polymer to prevent large molecules from poisoning the electrode. The second, and more successful, approach is to use the principle of coated wire electrodes by incorporating a quaternary ammonium salt with an insoluble glucose salt and poly(vinyl chloride). Potentiometric measurements were used to test the two electrodes, as well as records of voltage and current responses. Responses of the electrodes to varying glucose concentrations are described. Current work is concerned with the responses of these electrodes to plasma and blood, and in examining interference effects from blood chemicals and electrolytes. Alternative methods for preparation of the coated wire electrodes are under investigation, as is their mechanism of action. PMID- 6632844 TI - Effect of myocardial fibre architecture on the behaviour of the human left ventricle in diastole. AB - Stress and deformation results from finite element analyses are presented for a series of models of the human left ventricle. The myocardium has a complex anisotropic fibre structure, are made on both fibre orientation and on the ratio are made on both fibre orientation and on the ratio of the elastic moduli along and across the fibres. The results show that, at least in diastole, when the left ventricle is considered as a passive structure under the action of the internal blood pressure, the effect of the real fibre arrangement is generally to reduce deformation and also the direct stresses. In spite of fibre angle changing across the wall, the analyses correctly predict the lack of rotation of the left ventricle about the long axis. PMID- 6632845 TI - Etiology and biomechanics of hernial sac formation. AB - This paper, to the authors' best knowledge, presents the first attempt on the understanding of the biomechanics of hernial sac formation. First, a brief survey of the selected etiological factors and their related theories on hernia is given. Next, the results of some preliminary tensile tests conducted on normal and sac peritoneum are discussed. The third part of the paper is concerned with a theoretical model which incorporates both material and geometric nonlinearities by considering deformation of circular membrane under internal fluid pressure. The influence of the material properties of the peritoneal sac, its thickness and its initial radius of curvature, as well as the internal fluid pressure on the growth of the sac are illustrated. The existence of a critical value for a non dimensional parameter is shown and it is proposed that the herniation process can be viewed as a biomechanically unstable phenomenon in the light of the present model. PMID- 6632846 TI - A variable pulse-burst electromagnetic generator for electrical stimulation of biological systems. AB - A variable frequency-burst type, electromagnetic pulse generator has been developed to optimize the effect of electrical stimulation on bone growth. Using a pair of coils, with 100 turns and 18-gauge wire, the instrument can generate a maximum magnetic field of 300 Gauss. Its pulse repetition frequency can be varied from 10 Hz to 2 KHz and the duty cycle, consisting of several short carrier frequency pulses, can be varied up to 95%. This design also permits the period of the carrier pulse to be changed. PMID- 6632847 TI - A waveguide pulse-echo system for ultrasonic absorption measurements in biological media. AB - The system described has been designed for measurements of ultrasonic absorption in suspensions of biological cells. A novel feature of the design is the provision of a wave-guide sample tube which prevents beam diffraction. This ensures that the ultrasonic energy is wholly constrained between a single transducer and a moveable air-backed reflector, and is lost only by absorption in the sample. The associated electronics comprises a simple ultrasonic generator with variable power output, carrier frequency and mark-space ratio, and a digital thermometer with a thermistor probe for measuring the sample temperature. PMID- 6632848 TI - A skill evaluator and trainer for disabled people. AB - In this paper a device is described which (a) objectively evaluates a disabled person's skill in controlling switches, joysticks and other interfaces to electrical devices, and (b) trains the disabled person to use the interface which is best suited to his capabilities. This portable, lightweight device is microprocessor controlled and is called a Skill Evaluator and Trainer (SET). The tester chooses a set of alternative interfaces and sets the controls on the SET. The sequence of target stimuli is randomly determined and the disabled person responds as quickly and accurately as possible to each stimulus. Speed and accuracy of responses are displayed and, optionally, printed. In trials with several patients the SET has performed reliably and provided valuable information to assist the selection of an interface for a disabled person. Performance levels of non-disabled subjects will be measured to assess reliability of performance measures and to establish norms. Validity will also be examined. A standard set of operating instructions will be written, to enable the device to be used by health professionals. PMID- 6632849 TI - Effect of submaximal exercise on haematocrit, platelet count, platelet aggregation and blood fibrinogen levels. PMID- 6632850 TI - Muscle glycogen storage and the effects of tapered training. PMID- 6632851 TI - Aerobic training and the force-velocity relationship of the human quadriceps femoris muscle. PMID- 6632852 TI - Valuation of the methodological procedures for determination of the values for absolute surface area. PMID- 6632853 TI - A system for measuring energy cost during highly dynamic activities. PMID- 6632854 TI - Blood lactic acid removal during treadmill and bicycle exercise at various intensities. PMID- 6632855 TI - Effects of seasonal training on anthropometry, flexibility, strength, and cardiorespiratory function on junior female track and field athletes. PMID- 6632856 TI - The effect of B-complex supplementation on endurance performance. PMID- 6632857 TI - Effect of the weight of athletic clothing in distance running by amateur athletes. PMID- 6632858 TI - "Tennis-arm": echotomographic confirmation. PMID- 6632859 TI - Physique of hockey, Kabaddi, basketball and volleyball players. PMID- 6632860 TI - Anthropometric, training and menstrual differences of three groups of American collegiate female runners. PMID- 6632861 TI - On measuring heart rate during exercise. PMID- 6632862 TI - Muscular strength: a predictor of personality in males. PMID- 6632863 TI - Effects of small and moderate doses of alcohol on submaximal cardiorespiratory function, perceived exertion and endurance performance in abstainers and moderate drinkers. PMID- 6632864 TI - 31P NMR studies of energy metabolism in perfused rat kidney. AB - Conventional biochemical analyses have demonstrated significant alterations in high-energy phosphate metabolism during shock, but the time course of these changes cannot be followed in individual animals because these analyses are invasive and destructive. This study sought to evaluate the utility of 31P NMR as a means of following phosphorus metabolites under various conditions, including those designed to model the shocked state. Twenty adult albino rats were subject to a modified Wiggers' model of hemorrhagic shock lasting from 5 to 140 min. ATP was determined on extracts of the kidneys of each animal both by a biochemical assay and by integration of 31P NMR resonance signals. The equation for renal ATP content plotted versus time for enzymatically determined ATP was 1.79 - 0.0097x (r = 0.83, P less than 0.01) as compared to 1.76 - 0.0093x (r = 0.69, P less than 0.01) for NMR-determined ATP. Isolated, normal rat kidneys perfused with oxygenated, modified Krebs' solution while in the NMR spectrometer maintained normal ATP levels for several hours. ATP/ADP ratios were greater than those observed by conventional enzymatic analysis. Temporary anoxia, induced by substituting 100% N2 for 95% O2:5% CO2, resulted in decreases in ATP content, which reverted to normal with reinstitution of oxygenation. Intracellular pH changed in accordance with perfusate pH during anoxia. It is concluded that 31P NMR studies of the perfused rat kidney have immediate application for the nondestructive study of energy metabolism in shock and ischemia. PMID- 6632865 TI - The effect of lung edema on pulmonary vasoactivity of furosemide. AB - Previous data suggest that furosemide improves gas exchange in pulmonary edema by preferential perfusion of nonedematous lung units. To test whether this is a direct effect of furosemide on the pulmonary vasculature as opposed to a secondary phenomenon resulting from the known peripheral effects of this drug, the effect of furosemide on the pressure-flow characteristics of the pulmonary vasculature was studied in six isolated perfused canine lungs with different degrees of gravimetrically determined edema. Furosemide shifted the pressure-flow curve by decreasing the mean intercept or average closing pressure of the pulmonary vascular bed from 13.8 +/- 5.3 to 9.5 +/- 5.4 cm H2O and the zero-flow critical closing pressure from 9.3 +/- 4.3 to 4.7 +/- 3.5 cm H2O (P less than 0.05). The slopes of these curves did not change between control and furosemide treatment. The decrease in intercept and the decrease in zero-flow critical closing pressures were closely correlated with the increase in edema (r = 0.895 for average closing pressure and r = -0.928 for critical closing pressure) (P less than 0.05). Furosemide doubled the pulmonary blood flow in the isolated lobe for the same driving pressure and the greater the amount of lobar edema the less pronounced was this furosemide-associated increase in blood flow. This direct effect of furosemide on the pulmonary vasculature could explain the improved gas exchange seen before a decrease in pulmonary edema, since this pulmonary vasoactivity would result in preferential perfusion of nonflooded alveolar units. PMID- 6632866 TI - Replacement of colonic mucosa by free and pedicled grafts of ileal mucosa in the dog. AB - Mucosal proctectomy and ileo-anal anastomosis is a relatively new operation in the treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis. The diseased rectal mucosa is removed and gastrointestinal continuity is restored by replacing it with full thickness ileum. The main disadvantage of the operation is frequency of bowel action and in an attempt to resolve this problem the feasibility of replacing colonic mucosa with grafts of ileal mucosa alone was explored. Both free and pedicled autografts of ileal mucosa were grafted into isolated loops of canine colon, denuded of mucosa and submucosa. All the free grafts failed to survive (eight dogs) and histological examinations confirmed graft rejection. All the pedicled grafts (seven dogs) were successful and retained the histological characteristics of normal ileum. Net movement and bidirectional transport of water and electrolytes were measured in six dogs with pedicled grafts and in four control dogs with intact full thickness ileal loops. Whereas the control loops absorbed water and electrolytes, the grafted loops secreted water, sodium, and potassium and absorbed significantly less chloride. The mucosa of the colon can thus be replaced successfully by grafts of ileal mucosa provided that an intact blood supply is preserved. The capacity and sensation of the neorectum after mucosal proctectomy may be improved if mucosal grafts were used instead of full thickness ileum. Before this procedure could be used in man, however, practical problems would have to be overcome and the secretion of water and electrolytes corrected. PMID- 6632867 TI - Healing of hyaluronic acid-enriched wounds: histological observations. AB - The influence of an exogenous supply of Na hyaluronate (HA) on the healing of superficial skin wounds in healthy and alloxan-induced diabetic rats was histologically assessed. Rats were treated by topical application on the wound site of a 2% Na hyaluronate solution. A facilitating effect of the HA-enrichment on wound repair processes (particularly epithelial migration and differentiation) was markedly evident in wounded diabetic rats. This result is discussed in terms of a possible favorable influence of an HA-enriched wound environment on cell migratory processes occurring during wound healing. PMID- 6632868 TI - Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) immunoreactivity in human parathyroid culture media. AB - Media from cultures of normal and abnormal human parathyroid fragments were assayed for parathyrin (PTH) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) using sensitive radioimmunoassays. PP immunoreactivity was present in media (Day 6-7 in vitro) from cultures of 3/10 adenomas and 6/6 3 degrees hyperplastic glands (mean = 126. fmole/mg protein/day) (range = 6.-675.), and was not suppressed by 0 leads to 3 mM calcium challenge. PP was undetectable in media from cultures of one parathyroid carcinoma, one 1 degree hyperplasia, and one normal parathyroid. Medium C-terminal PTH levels were quite variable (26.-2,545,000. pg/mg protein/day). Presence of PP immunoreactivity in media from cultures of some hyperplastic parathyroids and some parathyroid adenomas suggests that PP may be released from these tissues in vitro. The significance of elevated PP levels in the MEA syndromes may be of special clinical relevance to this observation. PMID- 6632869 TI - The changing health care environment. PMID- 6632870 TI - Training in geriatric medicine: an unmet need. PMID- 6632871 TI - Subacute thyroiditis. PMID- 6632872 TI - EKG of the month. Sinus arrhythmia. PMID- 6632873 TI - Infant mortality decreases dramatically. PMID- 6632874 TI - Amyloid heart disease--pathology and diagnosis. PMID- 6632875 TI - Sigmoidoscopy. PMID- 6632877 TI - Drugs and the elderly. PMID- 6632876 TI - The changing picture of mortality in Tennessee: the new health challenge. PMID- 6632878 TI - Effects of competition in medicine. PMID- 6632879 TI - Alcohol consumption and the duration of systolic time intervals in middle-aged men. AB - In a general population of middle-aged men, there was a decrease in cardiac preejection period and in the ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time with an increase in lifetime alcohol consumption. An increase in myocardial contractility with increased alcohol consumption is suggested. PMID- 6632881 TI - Self-reported alcohol consumption and dissimulation in a Scottish urban sample. AB - The interaction between demographic variables and underreporting of personal alcohol consumption systematically obscured the genuine relationships among demographic variables and alcohol consumption. PMID- 6632880 TI - The early detection and secondary prevention of alcoholism in France. AB - The conceptual foundation and structural development of a major secondary prevention program established in France to screen, diagnose and treat persons in the prodromal stages of alcoholism are described. Also discussed are the application and validity of a simple examination procedure used to identify alcoholics in this program. PMID- 6632882 TI - Alcohol and drug dependency in Saskatchewan, 1969-1974. AB - The demographic characteristics and the trends in health care utilization of alcohol- and drug-dependent residents of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan from 1969 to 1974 are examined. PMID- 6632883 TI - Problems in a treatment program for substance misuse. The process of reorganizing into assessment teams and modules. AB - The previous problems of a treatment program for substance misuse at a V.A. hospital are discussed, along with the implementation of a reorganization of this program into assessment teams and treatment modules, and the effects of this reorganization on program, staff and patients. PMID- 6632884 TI - Reactions to alcohol-related marital violence. Effects of one's own abuse experience and alcohol problems on causal attributions. AB - Differences in the amount of responsibility attributed to fictional abusing and abused spouses who were either intoxicated or sober by alcoholics with differences in spouse-abuse histories and other characteristics are discussed in terms of attribution theory and the just-world hypothesis. PMID- 6632885 TI - Changes in the climate of attitudes toward drinking in Iowa, 1961-1979. AB - The nature of the changes in attitudes toward alcohol use in Iowa may help explain why heavy-drinking and problem-drinking rates remained stable while consumption increased substantially there. PMID- 6632886 TI - Personality characteristics of alcoholic children of alcoholics. AB - Among 1929 alcoholics, the number of alcoholic biological parents was directly related to elevations on MMPI measures of psychopathology, especially aggression. Subjects with only alcoholic fathers did not differ from subjects with only alcoholic mothers, nor did the personality measures reveal any sex-of-child by sex-of-alcoholic-parent interactions. PMID- 6632887 TI - The structural context of college drinking. AB - The drinking settings and companions of college students were studied in relation to the students' gender, year in school, academic standing, work status and residence status. The relationship between year in school and the quantity and frequency of consumption of specific types of alcoholic beverages was also studied. PMID- 6632888 TI - Disulfiram-induced de novo seizures in the absence of ethanol challenge. AB - The literature on disulfiram-associated seizures is reviewed. A case report of a disulfiram-induced de novo seizure in a 35-year-old man is presented. Possible mechanisms of seizure facilitation are discussed. PMID- 6632889 TI - Relapse among alcoholics who are alcoholism counselors. AB - The incidence of relapse among alcoholics who are alcoholism counselors, their agency's response to this and the implications for patient care and personnel practices are examined. PMID- 6632890 TI - Willingness of graduate social work students to treat alcoholics; a replication study. AB - Graduate social work students showed a negative bias on direct and indirect measures of willingness to treat alcoholics. PMID- 6632891 TI - Dermatomyositis and multiple malignancies in a patient treated with methotrexate. AB - Dermatomyositis (DM) has been linked to internal malignancy but this relationship is quite variable in respect to tumor type and time sequence. The occurrence of multiple cancers in an individual with DM is rare. Immunosuppressive agents, particularly methotrexate have been used increasingly in corticosteroid resistant cases or for their corticosteroid sparing effects. These agents have not been implicated in the development of malignancy in patients with DM. A patient with a uterine adenocarcinoma developed DM that despite tumor removal was not responsive to corticosteroids. She was successfully treated with methotrexate for 18 months. She has subsequently developed an adenocarcinoma of the breast. The relationship of malignancy and DM as well as the role of methotrexate in the development of the second primary will be discussed. PMID- 6632892 TI - Pancoast syndrome caused by extramedullary plasmacytoma. AB - A 61-year-old patient had the clinical findings of Pancoast syndrome with shoulder pain, weakness and atrophy of band muscles, and an opacified area in the apical lung field. Unlike most cases with Pancoast syndrome in which the tumors are primary carcinomas of the lung, the present case was shown to have a plasmacytoma involving the apical parietal pleura and the adjacent chest wall. The need for histologic diagnosis before treating patients with Pancoast syndrome is emphasized. PMID- 6632893 TI - Unknown primary melanoma. AB - Of 230 melanoma patients treated during the past 8 years, 12 (5.2%) were found to have unknown primary lesions. Nine of these "unknown primary melanoma' patients presented with metastases in regional lymph nodes, one inside the parotid gland, and two presented with disseminated melanoma and no detectable primary tumor. The patients with melanoma confined to a regional lymph node underwent block dissection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Four patients with metastasis in only one lymph node are disease free 4-6 years after diagnosis. One patient with multiple metastases in the groin is alive 8 years after lymphadenectomy. The other five patients with metastases in multiple regional lymph node died 16 months to 3 years after surgery. Both patients with disseminated melanoma succumbed to their disease within a month of diagnosis. The prognosis of unknown primary melanoma seems to be no worse than the typical melanoma at the same stage. This justifies the aggressive surgical approach to this unusual entity of melanoma. PMID- 6632894 TI - Massive intraabdominal bleeding due to a retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma. AB - Retroperitoneal leiomyosarcomas are rare and show a tendency toward large size, cystic degeneration, bleeding, and extensions by infiltration to the adjacent structures. An unusual case of a retroperitoneal cystic leiomyosarcoma with massive intraabdominal bleeding is presented. PMID- 6632895 TI - Cervical metastases from small bowel carcinoid tumors. AB - Small bowel carcinoid tumors usually metastasize to regional lymph nodes and the liver but metastases to the neck are extremely rare. Over a ten-year period 48 cases of small bowel carcinoid were diagnosed at our institution and of these, three cases (6%) were associated with neck metastases--one to the thyroid gland and two to cervical lymph nodes. The former patient and one of the latter patients had symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome. The other patient was asymptomatic and presented with a solitary neck mass. Urine levels of 5 hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) were elevated in the two symptomatic patients but were undetectable in the asymptomatic patient. Extirpation of the involved cervical nodes and the primary small bowel lesion was performed in two patients. In addition, both patients have received chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil. One patient remains asymptomatic four years after diagnosis but the other patient continues to have five to six bowel movements per day nine months after operation. Small bowel resection was performed in the patient with a metastasis to the thyroid. This patient died of sepsis after a second operation for an intraabdominal abscess. The histological patterns of the primary tumor and the metastatic lesions were similar and the cells of the metastases contained argentaffin-positive granules. We conclude that 1) an intraabdominal carcinoid tumor should be considered as the location of the primary tumor in patients who present with a neck mass containing metastatic carcinoid and 2) the prognosis for patients with extraabdominal metastases is similar to that for patients with intraabdominal disease only. PMID- 6632896 TI - Hemangioma of the urinary bladder. AB - A hemangioma of the urinary bladder occurring in a 66-year-old man is described. Although hemangioma is a common lesion in many parts of the body, it remains a very rare primary tumor in the bladder. Clinically the patient usually presents with recurrent hematuria, control of which may necessitate a segmental cystectomy. PMID- 6632897 TI - Computerized tomography in malignant tumors. AB - Computerized tomography (CT) was used in the evaluation or follow-up of 89 patients with malignant tumors. Excellent correlation was found between the preoperative CT findings and those at surgical resection of the tumor in 52 patients. Ct scan was the only test demonstrating the tumor mass in 18% and was superior to other tests in 67% of patients. When used as a follow-up test to detect recurrence in 74 patients, it was the first test to reveal recurrence in 30.5% of 36 patients who developed recurrence. It was false negative in one patient, and gave rise to false positive interpretations in seven patients. Overall, the CT scan was superior to conventional radiologic techniques, but the latter are not replaced completely and remain essential in the pertinent anatomical situations. PMID- 6632898 TI - Hepatic trisegmentectomy for metastatic colorectal cancer. AB - Radical hepatic resections for metastatic liver disease have been infrequently done and widely criticized. Seven patients are evaluated who had trisegmentectomies performed for extensive liver metastases from colorectal primaries. There was 1 postoperative death. Of the 6 evaluable patients. 4 (66%) were alive at 12 months. Mean survival currently exceeds 20 months with the longest survivor alive at 41 months. Radical hepatic resections may offer this group of "hopeless' patients many months of productive life. PMID- 6632899 TI - Ciliated cutaneous cyst of the foot. AB - We report a 36-year-old woman with a cutaneous cyst of the dorsal aspect of the left foot. Because of the symptoms of pain and paresthesias attributed to the lesion, it was clinically felt to be a ganglion. After excision, these symptoms abated. Yet histologic examination showed this lesion to be a rare tumor, the ciliated cutaneous cyst. This is the third patient with this distinctive lesion on the foot or ankle. PMID- 6632900 TI - The search for a consensus for early detection of bilateral seminoma. AB - A case of bilateral seminoma of the testis is presented that occurred after a lag period of six years following right orchiectomy, even with correct cobalt therapy. The question of early detection of seminoma in the other testis is posed. A common consensus for repeat biopsies to detect new tumor growth should be determined. PMID- 6632901 TI - Experimental cancer of the bowel in the Nb rat. AB - An animal model of bowel cancer, induced by 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine, has been developed in the Nb rat. Invasive polypoid carcinomas of the colon were noted in nine rats surviving 29 weeks after the carcinogen was first administered. Two of these nine rats also developed duodenal carcinomas. Because dosage schedules are known from previous experiments with the Nb rat, this animal model may be useful for evaluating the effects of cytotoxic drugs on experimental bowel cancer. PMID- 6632902 TI - Metastatic malignancy to the bones of the hand. AB - Metastatic involvement of the bones of the hand is extremely rare with an incidence of 0.007%. As of this report there are 55 cases reported in the English language literature. This paper reports two additional cases and the literature is reviewed. PMID- 6632903 TI - Pelvic exenteration combined with sacral resection for recurrent rectal cancer. AB - Local recurrence of rectal cancer following abdominoperineal resection is rarely amenable to limited resection. Computed tomographic (CT) study of the pelvis revealed recurrent tumor images in relation to the adjacent pelvic structures. Five patients with deeply invading recurrent lesions were submitted to pelvic exenteration combined with sacral resection. No postoperative deaths were encountered. The postoperative sharp drops of serum CEA levels are useful for judging the adequacy of this procedure. The follow-up status of the 5 patients, respectively: 14 months alive with pulmonary metastasis, 9 months alive without symptoms but with slightly elevated CEA levels, and 8 months, 3 months, and 3 weeks alive with no evidence of disease. All patients who were relieved of perineal or sciatic nerve pain are now able to walk without any assistance or trouble. Total en bloc residual pelvic exenteration combined with sacral resection is a reasonable treatment for locally recurrent rectal cancer. PMID- 6632904 TI - Estrogen receptor profile of patients with breast cancer metastatic to bone marrow. AB - The estrogen receptor (ER) profile of patients with breast cancer metastatic to bone marrow (BM) has not been widely reported. The charts of all patients having a diagnosis of breast cancer and undergoing bone marrow aspiration or biopsy at the Cleveland Clinic during the period of January 1980 through September 1982 were reviewed. Thirty-nine patients were so identified; of these 39 patients, 28 had estrogen receptor determination performed on a primary or a metastatic tumor specimen. Of the 28 patients with known ER, ten (36%) had ER less than 5 fmoles/mg cytosol protein, three (11%) had ER or 5 to 10 fmoles/mg, and 15 (54%) had ER greater than 10 fmoles/mg. Of the 39 patients with BM involvement, 36 (92%) had cortical bone involvement documented on x-ray or isotopic bone scan. Liver involvement was documented in 6/34 (18%) patients, pulmonary involvement in 14/37 (38%) patients, CNS relapses in 3/39 (8%), and locoregional recurrences in 19/39 (49%). The most significant hematologic finding was a hemoglobin of less than 12 gm% in 21/37 (57%). The most frequent biochemical abnormality was an elevation of the alkaline phosphatase in 30/39 (77%). The majority of breast cancer patients have a positive ER and ER-positive breast cancer has a tendency to metastasize to cortical bone. Bone marrow involvement by breast cancer is closely associated with cortical bone involvement; accordingly, bone marrow metastases are often associated with a positive ER. PMID- 6632905 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of the rectum: report of three cases. AB - Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor which rarely occurs in the rectum. Three patients with leiomyosarcoma of the rectum are presented. Treatment should include wide surgical excision followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. Emphasis is placed upon computerized tomography as the method of choice for the diagnosis of recurrent disease. Recurrent tumor should be resected whenever possible. PMID- 6632906 TI - Pedunculated malignant melanoma of the hard palate. AB - We report the case of a primary malignant melanoma arising from the mucosa of the hard palate on a fibrovascular stalk. This is to our knowledge the first report of a pedunculated melanoma in this location. The possibility of a more favorable prognosis, because of the stalk, which shows no signs of invasion by the neoplasm, is considered. PMID- 6632907 TI - Mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix: a case report of the diagnoses and management. AB - Cystadenoma of the appendix as a factor in the formation of mucous cysts (mucocele) of the appendix is well recognized. The diagnosis can be made in patients prior to surgery if appropriate investigations are utilized. A 66-year old white woman with a complaint of increased frequency of bowel movements was investigated and a primary diagnosis of mucocele of the appendix was made preoperatively. As cecal involvement was suggested by these studies, a limited cecal resection was planned. These findings were confirmed at surgery. The appendectomy and limited cecal resection was curative for mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix. PMID- 6632908 TI - Induction of colon mucosal beta-glucuronidase production as a mechanism for 1,2 dimethylhydrazine colon carcinogenesis. AB - Although early studies in germ-free rats showed almost complete dependence on dimethylhydrazine (DMH) colon carcinogenesis upon the presence of colon bacteria, no adequate explanation was given for the 20% tumor incidence observed in germ free animals. Bacterial activation of liver microsomal products releasing active proximate carcinogens has been the accepted reason for the exquisite specificity DMH has for the colon. Recent work, including the present study, show the colon mucosa is capable of metabolizing carcinogens and activating conjugating forms metabolized in the liver independent of the intestinal microflora. Mucosal beta glucuronidase production was assayed in coded, scraped mucosa samples from the duodenum/jejunum, ileum, right colon, and left colon of normal and DMH-treated rats. Normal mucosal beta-glucuronidase production was highest in the left colon followed by the right colon, duodenum, and ileum, respectively. Enzyme production in the left colon was significantly increased 24 hours after injection of 25 mg/kg body weight DMH. No elevation was seen in other mucosal samples. Metabolism of DMH to oxidated forms conjugated to glucuronic acid is well established. Thus, this study offers a possible role for carcinogen, induction of a metabolic enzyme in its target tissue. PMID- 6632909 TI - Superficial lymph node infarction. AB - Superficial lymph node necrosis is an unusual pathologic diagnosis encountered in clinical practice. When seen it is usually indicative of involvement of the affected lymph nodes with either metastatic cancer or lymphoma. Occasionally it has been associated with hypersensitivity phenomena with arteriolar involvement. The underlying etiology in all of these instances is extensive occlusion of the rich vascular supply to the node. Rarely cases are seen where no clear-cut etiology can be found. Ten such cases have been reported in the medical literature including the case published in this report. Its occurrence, however, may be more common than previously recognized. Preoperatively it is usually not possible to distinguish this entity from the other diagnoses for which it is generally mistaken. These other diagnoses most commonly include femoral hernia and mass in the axillary tail of the breast. The patient reported here is unusual in regard to the size of the lesion encountered. In other published reports very few lymph nodes were involved. In this case extensive involvement of a large mass of nodes was noted. Once the diagnosis is made limited work-up as well as further close observation is important since it may herald the occurrence of a lymphoproliferative disorder. PMID- 6632910 TI - The Nb rat prostatic adenocarcinoma's dose response to methotrexate and adriamycin. AB - The Noble rat prostatic adenocarcinoma, Nb-Pr-A.I.-II, an androgen-insensitive tumor, is the subject of this experiment. Dose responses were carried out with treatment of these tumors with three doses of adriamycin and two doses of methotrexate. Adriamycin treatment resulted in decreased tumor volume and decreased number of metastases in the higher dosage. Methotrexate also decreased metastasis and tumor volume. No animal treated with either of these agents in this protocol had the tumor undergo complete tumor regression, a criteria used in evaluation of chemotherapies with this animal model. PMID- 6632911 TI - Teaching surgical oncology to medical students. AB - A recent review of the curriculum at University of Kansas Medical Center-Kansas City revealed several deficiencies in oncology teaching in the medical school curriculum. Analysis of the surgery core course final examination showed a weaker response by students to surgical oncology items than nononcologic questions. A multidisciplinary cancer course and tumor conference were then added to the surgery core curriculum. Analysis of student performance since this addition reveals that the multimodal course improved the successful response rate to surgical oncology questions on the final examination. This effect has been sustained through nine consecutive student group rotations. These results suggest that surgical oncology teaching can be effectively improved by a multidisciplinary effort. PMID- 6632912 TI - Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in colorectal carcinoma. I. Favorable prognosis in female patients. AB - In an immunological study of 288 colorectal carcinoma patients, we investigated the relationship between survival and preoperative in vitro antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the colonic carcinoma cell line HT-29. A highly significantly favorable (p = 0.001) association was found in the 20 female patients with ADCC. Nearly all (97%) of the 66 patients with ADCC were blood group O, but blood group per se did not relate to survival, nor could staging explain the survival association with ADCC. The mechanism whereby ADCC or its in vivo expression confers a survival advantage is unknown but we suggest that it derives from immunoreactivity against blood group A antigens produced inappropriately in the carcinomatous epithelium of the group O and B patients. PMID- 6632913 TI - Effects of antiinflammatory drugs in a model of acute transmural infarction in the dog. AB - The influence of several anti-inflammatory drugs, steroidal and nonsteroidal, on infarct size (quantification by epicardial electrocardiograms and expressed as percentage of left ventricular weight), coronary retrograde flow (measured by collection), frequency of infarction-arrhythmias (expressed as number of premature ventricular beats per min in the after-occlusion period) and hemodynamics, was examined on a model of acute transmural infarction in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Propranolol, used as a reference drug, produced a significant decrease of the infarct size. Indomethacin, (10 mg/kg i.v.) increased infarct size and ectopic rate and decreased retrograde flow while developing greater tachycardia and less hypotension than in controls. Acetylsalicylic acid (30 mg/kg i.v.) and meclofenamic acid (1 mg/kg i.v.) decreased infarct size without altering other parameters except for an increase in retrograde flow produced by acetylsalicylic acid. Ibuprofen (15 mg/kg i.v.) did not significantly affect any of the parameters considered in this study. Hydrocortisone (25 mg/kg i.v.) did not modify infarct size, collateral flow or hemodynamics but increased ectopic rate. These results emphasize the differential effects of anti inflammatory drugs on acute myocardial infarction and suggest that mechanisms other than stabilization of myocardial lysosomes of inhibition of platelet aggregation may be involved, probably of direct, metabolic or cellular, nature. PMID- 6632914 TI - [Theophylline and urinary elimination of lithium in the anesthetized dog]. AB - The effect of theophylline (intrarenal perfusion of 1.2 then of 2.4 mg/kg for two successive 15 minute periods) on urinary lithium elimination was studied in 6 pentobarbital anaesthetized dogs perfused with intravenous lithium chloride. Lithium and inulin clearance and the urinary elimination of sodium, potassium and phosphate were studied. Theophylline increases lithium clearance, glomerular filtration and salidiuresis. This salidiuretic effect partly linked to the inhibition of the proximal reabsorption of sodium attested by the rise in phosphate elimination contrasts with the absence of modifications in the fractional tubular reabsorption of lithium. Under our experimental conditions the increased lithium clearance seems linked to the increased glomerular filtration. PMID- 6632915 TI - Digoxin-induced toxicity and experimental atrioventricular block in dogs. Relation between ventricular arrhythmias and oscillatory afterpotentials. AB - In anesthetized dogs, digoxin intoxication was performed after and before production of a definitive complete atrioventricular (A-V) block induced by formaldehyde injection in A-V node area, compared to intoxication in dogs in sinus or junctional rhythm. The results showed that digoxin toxicity was decreased in dogs with previous A-V block. This A-V block protective effect was abolished by resetting initial sinus-like frequency with ventricular pacing before digoxin administration. Ventricular arrhythmias were suppressed by production of complete A-V block. The A-V block protective effect can be explained by a lesser myocardial uptake of digoxin because of the low idioventricular frequency. However, ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with A-V block presented similarities both in occurrence and spreading with the development of oscillatory afterpotentials (OAPs) and rhythmical triggered activity demonstrated in isolated digitalis-poisoned Purkinje fibers and ventricular myocardium: the repetitive discharge of toxic foci masked normal idioventricular pacemakers and was interrupted by variable pauses followed by the resumption of either a very slow idioventricular rhythm or a toxic focus. It is suggested that because of the low idioventricular frequency, competition and/or superimposition of slow enhanced diastolic depolarization and OAPs can be electrocardiographically displayed. The terminal event was asystole in dogs with unpaced A-V block, and ventricular fibrillation in dogs with sinus, junctional and paced A-V block rhythms. The asystole (at least 30 seconds of electrical quiescence) may be explained partly as an intense depression of normal idioventricular pacemaker being overdriven by the discharge of toxic pacemakers, and partly as a consequence of the suppression of local autonomic influences in the A-V node area induced by the formaldehyde injection. PMID- 6632917 TI - Effects of pindolol on the heart rate in the conscious dog with chronic atrioventricular block and the distribution of blood mass in the anesthetized dog. AB - The intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) of the adrenergic beta-blocker pindolol was studied by comparing its effects with those of propranolol in two experimental models: In the non-anesthetized dog with atrio-ventricular block created at least two months previously, propranolol at 0.078, 0.156 and 0.312 mg/kg depressed idioventricular automaticity without affecting atrial rate. Pindolol at 0.5 mg/kg raised atrial rate but left idioventricular rate unchanged. Beta-blockers depress the ventricular adrenergic tone which is strong in this model. With pindolol, this effect is offset by its ISA. Two successive injections of Thallium-201 enable variations in blood mass distribution caused by an agent administered between them to be studied. Isoprenaline increased blood flow in heart and skeletal muscles at the expense of lungs and kidneys. Pindolol (0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg) did not modify coronary blood flow, but increased muscular blood flow. PMID- 6632916 TI - Influence of the restoration of vagal tone by intracisternal injection of dextromoramide on the cardiac effects of the antiarrhythmic drugs. AB - The effects of four antiarrhythmic drugs, quinidine, procainamide, amiodarone and verapamil were studied on sinus rate, conduction time and, when possible, effective refractory period (ERP) in atrioventricular node (AV node), and finally atrial muscle ERP. This study was made under two types of conditions, vagal tone being absent or present after restoration in the anesthetized dog by a new technique, the intracisternal injection of dextromoramide. Quinidine and procainamide which tend to slow down sinus rate and conduction in the former case accelerate them considerably in the latter by opposing the effects of acetylcholine released by vagal endings. The prolongation of atrial ERP also induced by these drugs results from both this process and their own capacity. Amiodarone and verapamil, usually responsible for bradycardia, notable delay in AV node conduction and lengthening of AV node ERP are, however, liable to elicit opposite effects, especially amiodarone when vagal tone is very high. The reduction of vagal influence is, in the case of these drugs, the only factor in the prolongation of atrial ERP. In any case, the response of both specialized and common tissue of the heart to antiarrhythmic drugs should not be interpreted unless the degree of vagal tone is known. PMID- 6632918 TI - Blood lipids and antihypertensive drugs. The Oslo study. AB - The treatment of hypertension has failed to achieve a reduction of the incidence of coronary heart disease. Recently, attention has been drawn to the effects of antihypertensive drugs on the metabolism of lipoproteins. Of the beta-blockers only pindolol was lipid neutral while propranolol, atenolol and oxprenolol lowered cholesterol and increased serum triglycerides. Hydrochlorothiazide did not influence blood lipids. Prazosin lowered serum LDL + VLDL cholesterol and total triglycerides. The combination of pindolol + prazosin lowered LDL + VLDL cholesterol and increased triglycerides. Propranolol + prazosin lowered HDL cholesterol, methyldopa + hydrochlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide + amiloride had no effect on blood lipids. PMID- 6632919 TI - Propranolol binding in serum: comparison of methods and investigation of effects of drug concentration, pH, and temperature. AB - Three methods, equilibrium dialysis, ultrafiltration through dialysis bags, and ultrafiltration through ultrafree filters were compared for the determination of propranolol binding in serum. The method of choice was equilibrium dialysis, which gave values for the free fraction which were not significantly different from those obtained by ultrafiltration through the filters. Of the three methods, equilibrium dialysis also had the best precision and required the least sample volume (1 ml). Similar values for the free fraction were also obtained using either 14C- or 3H-radiolabeled propranolol by this method. Investigation of the effect of temperature and pH of serum indicated that small changes in either parameter could result in up to twofold alterations in the free fraction, but changes in propranolol concentrations over the range 10-500 ng/ml had little effect on the free fraction. Using a standardized equilibrium dialysis method (i.e., 4 hr dialysis against isotonic phosphate buffer, at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4), a mean free fraction of 14.7% (range 8.4-23.3) was observed in 34 samples from 21 healthy subjects. This was significantly greater (p less than 0.001) than that (6.8%, range 3.1-12.3) found in nine elderly hospitalized patients with acute disease. The patients also had significantly raised levels of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), which is a major binding protein for propranolol in serum. A significant linear correlation (r = 0.884, p less than 0.02) was found between the binding ratio for propranolol and serum AAG concentrations in these subjects. PMID- 6632921 TI - Basic aggregation properties of washed rat platelets: correlation between aggregation, phospholipid degradation, malondialdehyde, and thromboxane formation. AB - The basic characteristics of washed rat platelets in aggregation and biochemical responses to thrombin and collagen were investigated. Maximum aggregation response to thrombin and collagen was observed in the presence of 1-3 mM extracellular CA2+. Breakdown of endogenous phospholipids was followed by HPTLC. Phosphatidylinositol degraded most rapidly and greatly, followed by phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine. Sphingomyelin did not change on stimulation. Formation of malondialdehyde was closely associated with thrombin and collagen-induced aggregation within the range of the concentration employed. In addition, it was correlated with TXB2 formation and phosphatidylinositol degradation. These results indicated that, despite known species variation, thrombin-induced aggregation is mediated by TXA2 and malondialdehyde formation reflects both cyclo-oxygenase and thromboxane synthase activities, and phospholipid degradation in rat platelets as well as in human platelets. PMID- 6632920 TI - An automated, high-capacity method for measuring jumping latencies on a hot plate. AB - A high-capacity automated apparatus for conducting analgetic screening in mice with an entirely objective endpoint is described. A thermostatically controlled hot-plate apparatus is interfaced with a minicomputer for recording jump latencies, which appear to reflect an affective component of pain. In a model experiment, morphine and naloxone were tested at four temperatures and at four times during the day. As expected, latencies were temperature-dependent, with no significant diurnal variation. The apparatus records latencies to both first and tenth jumps, providing a gross estimate of possible motor depressant effects. Morphine significantly increased latencies to first jump, but did not alter the time between first and tenth jumps, suggesting that motor depression did not occur. PMID- 6632923 TI - Microcomputer acquisition and analysis system for the isolated working heart preparation. AB - An automated data acquisition and analysis system based on a microcomputer (Apple II Plus) is described. The system was developed and used to collect and analyze data from rat working heart preparations. The system eases both data acquisition and calculation of derived parameters. Certain sources of error in these calculations are eliminated. The methods and formulae used to obtain various parameters of cardiac function are detailed. In addition, sample data are shown for the effect of thyroid hormone pretreatment on rate of left ventricular pressure development in the rat working heart. PMID- 6632922 TI - An evaluation of derived aortic flow parameters as indices of myocardial contractility in rats. AB - Potential indices of myocardial contractility derived from aortic blood flow, measured by means of electromagnetic flowmetry, were evaluated in rats under different ventricular loading conditions and were compared with the familiar contractility index dP/dt max. Aortic flow acceleration (dF/dt max) appeared to increase in a direct relationship to dP/dt max following inotropic stimulation by either dobutamine or isoprenaline. Since the former drug hardly influenced cardiac frequency, the increase in both variables could be attributed to a positive inotropic action. Also, afterload reduction by both drugs as a possible factor for increase in dF/dt max might be excluded since reduction in afterload by prazosin did not influence this variable, although dP/dt max was slightly reduced. However, dF/dt max was significantly decreased when afterload was markedly increased by methoxamine, whereas dP/dt max was slightly augmented. Therefore, this variable fails to satisfy the criterium of insensitivity to a certain level of aortic pressure rise. It is concluded that dF/dt max can serve as contractility index in rats, provided the influence of afterload conditions on this variable are taken into account. PMID- 6632924 TI - Comparison of the determination of thromboxane A2 by bioassay on the rabbit mesenteric artery and in the form of TxB2 by radioimmunoassay. PMID- 6632925 TI - Theoretical study on electrical properties of dendritic spines. AB - In most parts of mammalian central nervous system the majority of synapses are located on dendritic spines. Several suggestions have been made about the functional significance of the dendritic spines. We investigate electrical properties of dendritic spines in the neurons with arbitrary dendritic geometry. Following Butz & Cowan (1974), all dendritic branches, including spines, are treated as cylinders of uniform passive membrane. We show that the postsynaptic potential due to the synapse on the spine is represented as a convolution integral of the following two functions. The first is the postsynaptic potential caused by the same synapse on the branching point where the spine stalk is attached to the main dendritic trunk. The second function is determined mainly by the morphological and electrical properties of the spine and it represents the attenuation effect of the spine. On the assumption that the diameter of the spine stalk is sufficiently small compared to that of the parent dendrite to which the spine stem is attached, we obtain an approximation of the second function and conclude that morphological change of the spine does not produce an effective change of the postsynaptic potential, hence does not provide the neural basis for learning or memory simply by changing cable properties of dendrites. Moreover, we show that synapses on the dendritic spine are not effectively isolated from other synapses on the same assumption. PMID- 6632926 TI - Probabilistic automata as a model for epigenesis of cellular networks. AB - Probabilistic automata are compared with deterministic ones in simulations of growing networks made of dividing interconnected cells. On examples of chains, wheels and tree-like structures made of large numbers of cells it is shown that the number of necessary states in the initial generating cell automaton is reduced drastically when the automaton is probabilistic rather than deterministic. Since the price being paid is a decrease in the accuracy of the generated network, conditions under which reasonable compromises can be achieved are studied. They depend on the degree of redundancy of the final network (defined from the complexity of a deterministic automaton capable of generating it with maximum accuracy), on the "entropy" of the generating probabilistic automaton, and on the effects of different inputs on its transition probabilities (as measured by its "'capacity" in the sense of Shannon's information theory). The results are used to discuss and make more precise the notion of biological specificity. It is suggested that the weak metaphor of a genetic program, classically used to account for the role of DNA in specific genetic determinations, is replaced by that of inputs to biochemical probabilistic automata. PMID- 6632927 TI - The problem of cell debris in pulse-cytophotometry: a probability theoretic model. AB - The problem of cell debris in pulse-cytophotometry is considered on the basis of a probability-theoretic model and the results are compared with the model of a pure exponential function for the portions of the DNA fragments in the channels of the flow cyclometer, which is generally used in practice. The model is based on the assumption that the possible decomposition of the DNA content of a single cell into some parts as a consequence of the necessary preparation of the cell material for measurement can be interpreted as a Poisson point process. Therefore the number of divisions of the DNA content of a cell is assumed as a Poisson random variable. It follows a well-defined distribution function of the DNA content in the common population of intact cells and fragments depending on the apriori distribution before pretreatment. This distribution determines a theoretical histogram which can be compared with the measurements. The results corroborate the assumption of a pure exponential course for the portions of DNA fragments only in the area of very small DNA contents. For greater DNA contents there are differences between the pure exponential course and the model described here depending on the a priori distribution and on the intensity of the cell disintegration process. As a byproduct, an estimation of the fraction of disintegrated cells is obtained with respect to the fraction of fragments. A corresponding computer program was applied to a number of experimental histograms. The results have shown that the theory describes the measured histograms satisfactory in most cases. PMID- 6632928 TI - Topology of zigzag chromatin. AB - An enormous length of DNA is packaged in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. This is achieved through several intermediate levels of compaction, ranging from the double helix to the chromosome. The nucleosome is now firmly established as the first level of chromatin structure. Next it appears that the nucleosomes are themselves stacked in a two-track array, with a dinucleosome repeat. Several winding patterns of DNA are compatible with such a structure. It is shown here that, compared to other feasible DNA paths, the observed winding pattern has remarkable topological properties. The possible biological significance of this peculiarity is discussed. PMID- 6632929 TI - Importance of tissue distribution in determining drug disposition curves. PMID- 6632930 TI - A stone's throw and its launch window: timing precision and its implications for language and hominid brains. AB - Did bigger brains for more precise throwing lead to language, much as feathers for insulation may have set the stage for bird flight? Throwing rocks even at stationary prey requires great precision in the timing of rock release from an overarm throw, with the "launch window" narrowing eight-fold when the throwing distance is doubled from a beginner's throw. Paralleled timing neurons can overcome the usual neural noise limitations via the law of large numbers, suggesting that enhanced throwing skill could have produced a strong selection pressure for any evolutionary trends that provided additional timing neurons. This enhanced timing circuitry may have developed secondary uses for language reception and production. PMID- 6632931 TI - A preliminary model of double-minute-mediated gene amplification. AB - A mathematical model of double minute (dm) population dynamics has been developed based upon current concepts of the saltatory replication, random partitioning, nuclear exclusion and loss, and cellular growth inhibition of these extrachromosomal elements. A highly accurate approximate analytical solution has been obtained for the dm frequency distribution at steady state and preliminary analysis of transient states has been performed. The steady state solution has been fit to experimental frequency data of the SW527N carcinoma line, the excellent goodness of fit (X2 = 2.6, d.f. = 29) providing preliminary evidence for the consistency of this set of mechanisms. Two special cases are examined in which extrareplicative dms are produced on both the chromosome and existing dms at equal rates or on the chromosome alone. The model predicts that the population -average rate of extrareplicative dm production is 0.039 +/- S.E. 0.009 dms/hr/cell in the first case and is tenfold higher than when such replication occurs on the chromosome alone (0.0043 +/- S.E. 0.0004 dms/hr/cell). Allowable ranges of the extent of dm-related growth inhibition and dm loss are determined for the SW527N cell line. It is found that dm-related growth inhibition can be nearly as high as that observed for the S180 sarcoma lines (on the order of 0.5% per dm lengthening of the doubling time) or as low as zero. PMID- 6632932 TI - The evolution of monogamy in primates. AB - The evolution of primate monogamy is described as an ordered sequence of choices by generalized, hypothetical females and males. Females first choose whether or not to associate with other females. Predators encourage gregariousness in diurnal primates; however, nocturnality or scarce and evenly distributed food supplies may enforce separation. A testable group size model based on food patch size is developed and qualitatively supported. If females choose solitude, males then choose either to defend a single female and invest in her offspring, or to compete with other males for access to several females, usually by defending a territory or establishing dominance over the home ranges of several females. The decision rests on the defensibility of females and on the availability of an effective form of male parental investment. Both of these factors are dependent on local female population density. A model is developed that assumes that territorial defense is the principal form of male parental investment, and it predicts that monogamy should occur at intermediate densities: at high densities, males should switch to defense of multiple females, and at low densities there is no investment value in male territorial defense. The model is shown to be only partly adequate. Variation in local population densities prevents the establishment of obligate monogamy through territoriality in small monkeys, since male territorial behavior is inconsistent over the long run. Here, carrying of offspring by males can succeed territoriality, providing an effective and reliable form of parental investment to maintain the pair bond in the face of population fluctuations and changes in group structures. This hypothesis is supported by the scarcity of obligate monogamy among the prosimians, which frequently do not carry their young. PMID- 6632933 TI - Ethnography and bioassay: combined methods for a preliminary screen of home remedies for potential pharmacological activity. AB - This paper introduces a combined set of anthropological and biological research techniques that allow a single researcher to conduct a field-based screen of ethnopharmaceutical resources, even under difficult field conditions. The results of one such screen, presented here, indicate that the most commonly used remedies in an ethnomedical system are also those most likely to contain active constituents. Several pragmatic and theoretical considerations deriving from these results are discussed. PMID- 6632934 TI - Native American medicinal plants. Anemonin from the horse stimulant Clematis hirsutissima. AB - Anemonin, the dilactone of cyclobutane-1,2-diol-1,2-diacrylic acid derived from the cyclodimerization of protoanemonin, a known blistering agent, was isolated from Clematis hirsutissima, a plant used by the Nez Perce and Teton Sioux nations as a horse stimulant. PMID- 6632935 TI - Plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein lowering effect of Anna Pavala Sindhooram. AB - Plasma lipid and lipoprotein lowering effect of Anna Pavala Sindhooram (APS), a Sidha medicinal preparation was investigated in normal rabbits, chicken and men, and in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. The drug exhibited a marked hypolipaemic and hypocholesterolemic action in the three species studied. In rabbits, marked reduction was observed in very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, while in chicks and in humans low density lipoprotein cholesterol was also reduced significantly when compared to the levels measured before the administration of the drug. The drug enhances faecal elimination of lipids and bile acids in atherosclerotic rabbits. PMID- 6632936 TI - Lipids and cholesterol esterifying enzyme changes by Anna Pavala Sindhooram therapy in experimental rat hyperlipaemia. AB - The effect of Anna Pavala Sindhooram (APS), an indigenous drug showing lipid lowering action was tested in experimental rat atherosclerosis induced by feeding an atherogenic diet. APS was found to decrease the levels of serum cholesterol and phospholipids while triglycerides remained unaffected in atherogenic diet fed rats. Lipid levels in the aorta, liver and intestine were also increased by atherogenic diet feeding, and APS administration with diet restriction reversed this trend. Cholesterol ester was lowered. Both cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) and synthetase (CES) activities in the tissues were elevated while the CEH/CES ratio was lowered in atherosclerosis. APS administration led to a decrease in enzyme activities and an increase in the CEH/CES ratio. APS in vitro inhibited both enzyme activities. NMR spectroscopic studies showed that the soluble components of APS bind or modify cholesterol. Iron, copper, magnesium and calcium present in APS may play a role in the removal of cholesterol ester from the aorta and its disposal. PMID- 6632937 TI - Preliminary pharmacological study of some Nigerian medicinal plants. 1. AB - Herbalists in Nigeria use a variety of herbal remedies to treat various types of illness. Thirteen commonly used herbal plants in the Anambra State of Nigeria were identified and collected. Extracts were prepared and studied pharmacologically on various isolated and intact preparations. Toxicological and phytochemical studies were also conducted on most of these plants. PMID- 6632938 TI - Botanical remedies of the former Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). Part II: Dicotyledones up to and including leguminosae. AB - The botanical remedies reported in Heyne's De Nuttige Planten van Nederlandsch Indie (Volumes I-IV, 1913-1922) have been screened out of economic botanical context, translated into English and summarized as a table of names, therapeutic indications, plant parts, and available details of preparation and use. PMID- 6632939 TI - Pharmacopeia of Qollahuaya Andeans. AB - This research report contains a list of 89 medicinal plants employed by the Qollahuaya (Callawaya) Andeans of Bolivia, who are famous herbalists in South America. This list contains botanical classification, origin of plant, quality, therapeutical properties, and medicinal uses. An analysis is made of the distribution of qualities and therapeutical uses to ascertain the scope of their pharmacology and incidence of disease. Therapeutic properties are interrelated with physiology in an effort to understand Qollahuaya ethnophysiology. PMID- 6632940 TI - Modern thirty-day operative mortality for surgical resections in lung cancer. AB - Modern postoperative mortality rates for resectional operations for lung cancer are not readily available. In recent publications estimating the risk factors for surgical resection, mortality rates of 10% to 15% for pneumonectomy and 5% to 7% for lobectomy are frequently quoted. In order to determine modern operative mortality rates (up to 30 days postoperatively), the Lung Cancer Study Group (LCSG) analyzed the surgical mortality rates of the various participating centers during the years 1979 to 1981. A total of 2,200 resections for lung cancer were available for analysis. Of the 2,220 resections performed, 1,058 were lobectomies, 569 were pneumonectomies, and 143 were lesser resections (segmental or wedge). Eighty-one postoperative deaths occurred from among the 2,220 resections (3.7%). The mortality rate for pneumonectomy was 6.2% and for lobectomy, 2.9%. Lesser resections carried a 1.4% mortality rate, not statistically different from lobectomy. In patients under the age of 60 years, the mortality rate was 1.3%, 60 to 69 years, 4.1%, and over 70 years, 7.1%, all significantly different (p less than 0.01). The postoperative mortality rate for patients 70 years or older was 7.1% (pneumonectomy 5.9% and lobectomy 7.3%). It is obvious that greater care was taken in selection among the older pneumonectomy patients. The striking similarity of postoperative mortality rates for resectional operations for lung cancer among the various centers of the LCSG and among the various institutions within these centers suggest that these data are a reasonably accurate analysis of modern surgical mortality rates in the treatment of lung cancer. PMID- 6632941 TI - Improved myocardial preservation during global ischemia by continuous retrograde coronary sinus perfusion. AB - To investigate whether retrograde continuous low-pressure perfusion of the coronary sinus could deliver cardioplegic solutions with oxygen and substrate beyond stenoses and result in improved myocardial preservation, we subjected 41 canine hearts to 90 minutes of ischemia with an occlusion on the circumflex coronary artery. There were four groups: Group I, antegrade (aortic root) crystalloid cardioplegia every 30 minutes during ischemia; Group II, antegrade plus topical cooling; Group III, continuous retrograde perfusion; Group IV, same as Group III, with an oxygenated perfluorocarbon. All solutions had a PO2 of 400 to 500 mm Hg. Intramyocardial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions (PO2 and PCO2) and mean myocardial temperatures were monitored during ischemia, and left ventricular (LV) function was assessed before ischemia and after reperfusion. After global ischemia, the circumflex occlusion was released and the hearts reperfused. Following 60 minutes of reperfusion, isovolumic developed pressure returned to 36% +/- 4% and 41% +/- 5% of preischemic levels, respectively, in Groups I and II. By contrast, Groups III and IV (retrograde perfusion) had a significantly greater percent of recovery (78% +/- 5% and 73% +/- 5%). Circumflex area intramyocardial PO2 fell 20 and 25 mm Hg below preischemic levels in Groups I and II during ischemia, whereas in Group III, intramyocardial PO2 in the circumflex region remained near preischemic levels, and in Group IV, it rose 19 mm Hg. Mean myocardial temperature during ischemia in the circumflex area was significantly higher in Group I than in Groups II, III, and IV. Peak intramyocardial PCO2 in the circumflex region was significantly less in the retrogradely perfused hearts. Retrograde coronary sinus perfusion resulted in significant improvement in recovery of LV function, uniform myocardial cooling, normal intramyocardial PO2, and less intramyocardial PCO2 accumulation, despite the presence of a total circumflex coronary artery occlusion. PMID- 6632942 TI - First report of intramyocardial pH in man. II. Assessment of adequacy of myocardial preservation. AB - Intramyocardial pH and temperature were continuously measured in the anteroseptal region in 40 patients undergoing aortic cross-clamping during cardiac operations. Myocardial protection was achieved with systemic cooling (25 degrees C) and multidose potassium cardioplegia (4 degrees C). A clinical myocardial preservation score was devised based on intraoperative and postoperative need for inotropic support, postoperative creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) and electrocardiographic changes, and radionuclide ventriculography. The patients were divided into three groups according to their preservation scores. Group I (n = 17) with good preservation (scores 0 to 2), Group II (n = 15) with fair preservation (scores 3 to 8), and Group III (n = 8) with poor preservation (scores 9 to 15). Baseline intramyocardial pH was similar in all groups (mean +/- SEM = 6.77 +/- 0.03). With the administration of cold potassium cardioplegia, intramyocardial pH rose above baseline in all three groups. The magnitude of this rise related directly to the adequacy of preservation and to the duration of the cross-clamp period. Patients with lowest preservation scores and shortest cross clamp periods had the highest intramyocardial pH. In contrast, there was no relationship between myocardial temperature during cross-clamp and either intramyocardial pH or the preservation score. The integrated mean intramyocardial pH during cross-clamp was found to be the parameter that correlated most with the adequacy of preservation. The correlation between intramyocardial pH and myocardial temperature during the period of cross-clamping related to the length of this period; it was good (r = 0.76, p less than 0.01) in periods of 40 minutes or less and very poor in periods exceeding 60 minutes (r = 0.27, p greater than 0.10). It is concluded that (1) the magnitude of rise in intramyocardial pH during the period of aortic cross-clamping is a good indicator of the adequacy of myocardial preservation; (2) during periods of aortic cross-clamping exceeding 40 minutes, myocardial temperature is a poor indicator of adequacy of preservation, since progressive tissue acidosis may occur despite low myocardial temperatures; and (3) techniques and solutions that can effectively reduce the progression of tissue acidosis will, in most likelihood, enhance our ability to protect the ischemic myocardium during cardioplegic arrest. PMID- 6632943 TI - Persistent myocardial ischemia following chronic hyperoxia in conscious dogs. AB - Following acute occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, dogs were exposed continuously for 4 days in an environmental chamber to either 21% or 40% oxygen. Regional transmural myocardial blood flow was then determined by means of radioactive microspheres (8 to 10 microD) while each animal breathed room air (approximately equal to 21% oxygen). Blood flows in the anterolateral and apical regions of the left ventricle in normoxic animals (n = 5) averaged 0.95 +/- 0.03 and 0.69 +/- 0.13 ml/min X gm-1, respectively. In hyperoxic dogs (n = 5), blood flows in these regions were significantly lower, averaging 0.71 +/- 0.07 and 0.28 +/- 0.08 ml/min X gm-1, respectively in the anterolateral free wall, the greatest disparity in perfusion between experimental groups occurred in the subendocardial layers, and macroscopic evidence of necrosis was more widespread after hyperoxia. PMID- 6632944 TI - Impairment of baroreflex control of the sinoatrial node after cardiac operations with extracorporeal circulation in man. AB - The sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex to transient hypertension was determined in 13 patients before (control) and after (72 hours) open cardiac operations with extracorporeal circulation (ECC). In all patients early postoperative values were appreciably decreased (p less than 0.01) as compared to the preoperative values. This decrease suggested severe impairment of baroreflex control of the sinoatrial node. These changes were not correlated with concurrent alterations in heart rate or systemic arterial, left atrial, or right atrial pressures. In addition, respiratory sinus node arrhythmia was absent in all subjects. In four patients, subsequent studies 4, 8, 10, and 12 months, respectively, after the operation revealed good recovery of baroreflex sensitivity and respiratory influences on beat-to-beat variation. No similar effects were observed in two patients studied before and after cardiac operations without ECC. It is possible that direct trauma to the nervous supply of the sinoatrial node is a major factor in that reversible dysfunction; in fact, in three patients evidence was obtained that while sinoatrial node responses were impaired, the reflex control of the atrioventricular region remained unaltered. These findings point to further impairment of the fine control of heart rate imposed by the conditions of cardiac operations with ECC in patients with previously curtailed cardiac reserve. PMID- 6632945 TI - Benign teratomas of the mediastinum. AB - Approximately 8% of all mediastinal tumors are benign teratomas. We reviewed 86 cases of benign teratoma seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1930 through 1981. The mean age of the patients was 28 years and the sex distribution was approximately equal. The most common symptoms were chest, back, or shoulder pain, dyspnea, and cough, but 36% were asymptomatic at the time of presentation. Chest roentgenograms showed a well-circumscribed anterior mediastinal mass which often protruded into one lung field. Detectable calcification was observed in 22 patients: a calcified tumor wall in seven, bone or teeth in the mediastinum of seven, and nonspecific calcifications in eight. Surgical excision remains the best means of diagnosing and treating this benign tumor. Though the tumors are histologically benign, they may present difficult surgical problems because of the vital structures involved. Since 1952 there has been a change in the clinical presentation of patients with this entity: More patients are asymptomatic and have smaller tumors and fewer complications than prior to 1952. PMID- 6632946 TI - Cardiac and renal responses to cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta. AB - The present study was performed to document the relative efficacy of commonly applied techniques used adjunctively during 1 hour of descending thoracic aortic cross-clamping. Renal and cardiac responses were determined by standard laboratory methods. There were four experimental groups: (1) heparin-bonded shunt; (2) partial femoral-femoral bypass; (3) sodium nitroprusside; (4) control. Each of the experimental groups showed abnormal hemodynamic responses during cross-clamping. Elevations in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and systolic blood pressure were common events during clamping, and cardiac output often decreased. Nevertheless, left ventricular performance curves after cross clamping showed similar increases in left ventricular stroke work (LVSW) with increasing preload. In addition, left ventricular biopsy specimens showed preservation of myocardial high-energy phosphate stores and essentially normal ultrastructural integrity. Radioactive microspheres generally showed increased myocardial blood flow during and after cross-clamping, but no evidence of preferential subendocardial ischemia. Examination of renal function showed a marked decrease in urine output, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow during cross-clamping. Following the release of the cross-clamp, renal function returned to 50% to 85% of baseline status. Since we could find no major advantage of any of the techniques employed under the present experimental conditions, we suggest that all of the techniques should be part of the surgical armamentarium and the particular preoperative and/or intraoperative findings in a specific case should determine which technique is most appropriate for a given patient. PMID- 6632947 TI - Type I left ventricular rupture after mitral valve replacement. AB - Rupture of the left ventricle in the atrioventricular (AV) groove is a rare and usually fatal complication of mitral valve replacement (MVR). The successful repair of a delayed type I left ventricular rupture is described. The technique of repair is described, the literature reviewed, and three further cases from the authors' experience are reported. PMID- 6632948 TI - Mechanical valves: a comparative analysis of the Starr-Edwards and Bjork-Shiley prostheses. AB - Despite the requirement of anticoagulation, mechanical valve prostheses offer the advantage of proven durability. We have compared the long-term results of 467 aortic valve replacements and 342 mitral valve replacements using the Starr Edwards prosthesis with 110 aortic valve replacements and 105 mitral valve replacements using the Bjork-Shiley prosthesis from 1973 through 1977. Improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class was noted in greater than 80% of patients in all four groups. Long-term survival with mean follow-up over 5 years was not significantly different between respective groups. The probability of thromboembolic complications, however, was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) with the Starr-Edwards prosthesis in both the aortic and mitral positions. The probability of valve failure, although low for all groups, was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in the Bjork-Shiley mitral group due to late thrombotic occlusion. Use of the Starr-Edwards and Bjork-Shiley prostheses is associated with satisfactory functional improvement and similar long-term survival rate. However, the increased risk of valve failure due to late thrombotic occlusion of the Bjork-Shiley prosthesis should be considered when choosing a mechanical mitral prosthesis. PMID- 6632949 TI - Endomyocardial fibrosis masquerading as rheumatic mitral incompetence. A report of six surgical cases. AB - This report presents six cases (among 43 surgical cases) of left ventricular EMF presenting as pure mitral insufficiency without any echocardiographic or hemodynamic signs of left ventricular EMF (except apical diverticulum in two cases). Five of these cases were diagnosed at operation, and the sixth was diagnosed on the basis of a characteristic right ventricular angiogram. At operation a fibrotic lesion localized to the level of the anteropapillary muscle, with severe mitral insufficiency, was found. Five patients underwent successful mitral valve replacement and one a successful conservative mitral valve procedure. Postoperative angiograms, done in two patients, showed a normal contour of the left ventricle. A review of the literature did not reveal any previous descriptions of this type of limited left ventricular EMF, mimicking rheumatic mitral insufficiency. In our surgical experience, we have encountered three types of left ventricular EMF: obliterative, extensive, and limited. We emphasize EMF as a possible cause of mitral insufficiency in African children. PMID- 6632950 TI - Liver fibrosis (cardiac cirrhosis) five years after modified Fontan operation for tricuspid atresia. AB - A 15-year-old girl was found to have severe liver fibrosis on liver biopsy at the time of cholecystectomy, 5 1/2 years following a modified Fontan procedure (right atrial-right ventricular conduit) for tricuspid atresia. Postoperative right atrial pressures were consistently elevated above 13 mm Hg and this, in part, may have been due to progressive mild conduit stenosis. Because of increasing symptoms, the patient underwent successful revision of the conduit at the age of 15 years. It is suggested that sustained systemic venous hypertension caused the striking morphologic changes in the liver and that this serious complication may significantly affect the long-term prognosis of patients surviving the Fontan procedure. PMID- 6632951 TI - The effect of hypothermic circulatory arrest time on cerebral function, morphology, and biochemistry. An experimental study. AB - Thirty-two pairs (n = 64) of Mongolian gerbils were surface cooled to 18 degrees C and randomly subjected to 0 to 180 minutes of bilateral carotid occlusion in the neck. They were rewarmed after release of the carotid occlusion. After rewarming, one member of each pair was allowed to survive 7 days and then was put to death for brain histologic study; the other was subjected to brain preservation by quick freezing for subsequent biochemical studies. In the survivors, neurologic function was depressed during the 7 subsequent days, and the depression was in direct relation to the time of carotid occlusion (p = 0.0005). The proportion of normal hippocampal neurons decreased in direct proportion to the length of carotid occlusion (p less than 0.0001). The depression in neurologic function and in the proportion of normal neurons was evident when occlusion time exceeded 45 minutes. The proportion of normal neurons was correlated with neurologic function (r = 0.56, p = 0.0001). Cortical adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration after brain reperfusion was reduced in comparison with normal and varied inversely with carotid occlusion time (r = 0.84, p less than 0.0001). Alanine (p less than 0.001), lactate (p = 0.01), and pyruvate (p = 0.001) concentrations were elevated, in direct relation to carotid occlusion time. These observations are consistent with other experimental studies of profoundly hypothermic total circulatory arrest and indicate the damaging effect of this modality, particularly when the circulatory arrest time exceeds 45 minutes. PMID- 6632953 TI - Spontaneous disruption of Ionescu-Shiley bovine pericardial xenograft in the mitral position. AB - We report a case of spontaneous disruption of the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft in the mitral position at 3 years and its successful management. PMID- 6632952 TI - Short-term hemodynamic results after right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction using a cusp-bearing transannular patch. AB - Correction of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction remains a challenge to cardiovascular surgeons. In order to relieve this obstruction and at the same time prevent or minimize pulmonary insufficiency, we inserted a cusp-bearing transannular patch (monocusp) in 14 patients. To test this objective, we restudied 13 of these patients 0.5 to 4 months postoperatively, including quantifying pulmonary insufficiency using an accurate videodensitometric method. In all patients a degree of pulmonary insufficiency ranging from 8% to 46% of total stroke volume (mean 22.7 +/- 10.6%) was measured, and in all but one a residual right ventricular outflow pressure gradient of 2 to 22 mm Hg (mean 10 +/ 7 mm Hg) was measured. There was an inverse relation between the degree of pulmonary insufficiency and both the pressure gradient (r = -0.89) and the ratio of the pulmonary valve ring diameter to monocusp depth (r = -0.67). An ideal reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, without any postoperative pulmonary insufficiency and stenosis, was not achieved by the implantation of a monocusp in the described fashion. The postoperative results were acceptable in only a few patients. A reduction of pulmonary insufficiency seems to be associated with a small residual pressure gradient as well as a relatively small cusp size. Additional studies are necessary to further improve surgical correction of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction with reproducible and predictable results. PMID- 6632954 TI - Pericardial injury by antibacterial irrigants. AB - We injected antibacterial solutions into rabbit pericardium to investigate tissue injury. Povidone-iodine was the only irrigant found to cause substantial damage. These data lend experimental support to recent clinical observations that suggest a causal relation between pericardial irrigation with povidone-iodine and the later development of constrictive pericarditis. PMID- 6632955 TI - A turnover operation for pectus excavatum at the time of correction of intracardiac defects. AB - Two patients are presented who had open intracardiac procedures with simultaneous repair of pectus excavatum by sternal eversion or turnover. This method offered excellent exposure, relieved cardiac compression, maintained chest wall stability, and improved the appearance of the chest wall. PMID- 6632956 TI - Caval stenosis caused by the transvenous pacemaker lead. PMID- 6632957 TI - Response to: "Massive air embolus due to Pall filter malfunction". PMID- 6632958 TI - A microelectrode for delivery of defined charge densities. AB - A procedure is described for fabricating microelectrodes of platinum-30% iridium, insulated with Epoxylite varnish and having beveled ellipsoidal tips obtained by truncating a conical tip at an angle of 30-50 degrees. The geometric surface area of the ellipsoidal facet is reproducible and easily measured. Using these electrodes, neurons in the cerebral cortex of cats have been activated without damage throughout 24 h or more of continuous stimulation at 15-30 microA and charge densities of 150-300 microC/cm2.phase. PMID- 6632959 TI - A shielded microelectrode suitable for single-electrode voltage clamping of neurones in the CNS. AB - The fabrication of a shielded microelectrode is described which has a time constant of about 3 microseconds, regardless of its depth in neural tissue. The shield is insulated from surrounding tissue with an insulation resistance which exceeds 1000 M omega, and the insulation will withstand +/- 15 V. Because of its narrow profile, the electrode is suitable for in vivo intracellular recordings from motoneurones and other large neurones of the CNS. The small time constant and the high breakdown resistance of the electrode make it suitable for use with single-electrode voltage clamp circuitry to voltage clamp motoneurone somata using switching rates in excess of 30 kHz. PMID- 6632960 TI - A reproducible technique for breaking glass micropipettes over a wide range of tip diameters. AB - A new simple technique for the accurate modification of microelectrode and micropipette tips by breaking has been developed. The breaking is done by longitudinally inserting a micropipette into a larger previously broken pipette for stability and by applying a force on the micropipette to cause it to break. Tips will break cleanly at an easily predetermined diameter over a range of 3-200 micrometers. PMID- 6632961 TI - The pharmacological characterization of aqueous extracts of vegetable dusts. PMID- 6632962 TI - Intramuscular pressure, venous function and muscle blood flow in patients with lymphedema of the leg. AB - Intramuscular pressure, muscle blood flow and venous emptying was studied in seven patients with unilateral lymphedema of the leg. Intramuscular pressure was measured with the wick technique. Muscle blood flow was assessed by means of the 133Xenon clearance technique. Venous emptying was studied with strain gauge technique. Intramuscular pressure in the anterior tibial compartment of the edematous leg was 30 +/- 14 mmHg at rest, rising to 49 +/- 16 mmHg during exercise (p less than 0.05). In the healthy leg the pressure rose from 16 +/- 8 mmHg at rest to 28 +/- 6 mmHg during exercise (p less than 0.05). In the deep posterior compartment similar pressure values were obtained. Muscle blood flow during exercise was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in the healthy leg, 32.4 +/- 6.8 ml X min-1 X (100 g)-1 than in the edematous leg, 29.9 +/- 4.8 ml X min-1 X (100 g)-1. Venous emptying was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in the diseased leg, 44.7 +/- 18.7 ml X min-1 X (100 g)-1 than in the healthy leg, 61.4 +/- 18,9 ml X min-1 X (100 g)-1. Thus, lymphatic obstruction of the leg causes edema which leads to an increased intramuscular pressure and a decreased muscle blood flow and venous emptying. PMID- 6632963 TI - A case of localised traumatic lymphoedema: observations concerning the obstruction of initial lymphatics and tissue channels by fibrin, and Menkin's hypothesis. AB - A case of acute lymphoedema is described. It was caused by a sharply localised, nearly circular, trauma. While there was minimal bruising, the trauma broke enough blood vessels to cause the blockage, by fibrin, of the initial lymphatics and tissue channels. This encircled a region, superficial to the deep fascia, and significantly prevented both the tissue fluid reaching the lymphatics and transport via the system. In addition, there was a short-lived, generalised lymphoedema, presumably caused by damage to the saphenous collecting lymphatics. PMID- 6632964 TI - New approaches to sympathetic blocks as treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema. Report of a successful case. PMID- 6632965 TI - Experimental lymphatico-venous shunt in the rat: pressure controls and long-term patency. AB - In a series of rats which underwent end-to-side lymphaticovenous shunts, between precaval lymphatic collector and infrarenal cava vein, pressure values in lymphatic and venous systems and long-term patency of the anastomosis have been evaluated. Lymphatic pressure has always been higher than venous pressure, providing a good physiological basis for the functioning of the shunt. Short-term patency (15 days) was 100% and long-term patency (90 days) 80% in all the controlled animals. The results obtained in this experimental model seem to support the efficacy of this procedure also in its clinical use. PMID- 6632966 TI - Investigations into the lymphatic vessels and their valves in the fore-limb of the pig. AB - Measurements were carried out on the lymphatics of the fore-limb of the pig, the values recorded in tabular form and further classified. In this way lymph transport was considered, particularly through the lymphokinetic action of a drug, and by using patent blue violet. PMID- 6632967 TI - Lymphangiomatosis of bone and soft tissue (results of lymphangiographic examinations). AB - The results of clinical roentgenologic examination of 2 patients with lymphangiomatosis are discussed. The analysis of angiographic findings has shown that arteries and veins remained unchanged in affected area. Lymphography revealed fully changed lymphatics in affected areas. Numerous markedly dilated lymph vessels and cystic cavities of different shape and size were noted. In bony spongiosus substance the fissural spaces were filled with oily contrast medium. Roentgenologically, they appeared as numerous small conglomerates limited to bone contours. PMID- 6632968 TI - Ultrastructural and electrophysiologic changes of experimental acute cardiac lymphostasis. AB - Experimental impairment of cardia lymph flow in dogs produced histologic and electrophysiologic changes in the heart. Interstitial edema, lipid swelling of myofibrils, dilatation of lymph vessels, and fibrinoid degeneration of small coronary arteries occurred in and near the sinus node and the atrioventricular conduction system. On electrical stimulation of the heart, significant shortening of the atrial and ventricular effective refractory periods, increases in the sinus node recovery time and in the atrioventricular conduction time, and ventricular extrasystoles and ventricular fibrillation were observed. Many of these EKG changes are similar to those observed in sick sinus syndrome in man. An attempt was made to create dynamic lymphatic insufficiency by rapid electrical stimulation of the heart. EKG abnormalities observed in these cases could be prevented by intravenous injection of calcium dobesilate. PMID- 6632970 TI - Clinical findings in patients with acoustic neurinoma. AB - Herein we review the symptoms, physical findings, and test results in 131 patients with acoustic neurinoma. The earliest symptoms are unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus, and dysequilibrium. As the disease progresses, facial numbness, facial weakness, and headaches become more prominent. Physical findings other than hearing loss are uncommon; the most frequently observed are a decreased corneal reflex, nystagmus, and facial hypoesthesia. Routine audiometry provides objective information about the hearing loss. Some degree of asymmetry is found in the pure-tone tests. In addition, the speech discrimination scores are frequently lower than expected. Special audiometric tests should be performed on those patients with residual hearing; at the present time, acoustic reflex tests and the brainstem-evoked response yield the most information. Computed tomography with dye enhancement with or without the use of air contrast has become the most accurate roentgenographic test. Our goal is to identify acoustic neurinomas sufficiently early so that surgical removal is safe and leaves minimal deficit. PMID- 6632969 TI - [Benign intracranial hypertension]. PMID- 6632971 TI - Acute renal failure treated by slow continuous ultrafiltration. Preliminary report. AB - We report our initial experience with the use of slow continuous ultrafiltration in the treatment of acute renal failure. Advantages of slow continuous ultrafiltration over conventional hemodialysis are greater blood pressure stability, no need for systemic anticoagulation, augmented fluid input and removal, and enhanced ease of operation. Our results in two patients confirm other reports that this method can be successfully performed in hemodynamically unstable patients with acute renal failure. PMID- 6632972 TI - Septal artery revascularization. AB - Recurrent angina after coronary artery bypass grafting is due to several factors: graft occlusion, progression of disease, and incomplete revascularization. Of these, incomplete revascularization of diseased but graftable secondary branches of the three major coronary arteries is most amendable to primary surgical treatment. Current operative methods permit endarterectomy or direct bypass grafting (or both) of these smaller vessels. This report details two techniques for revascularization of the anterior septal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery. PMID- 6632973 TI - Corticosteroid abuse--an unusual manifestation of drug dependence. AB - A depressed 44-year-old man presented with a 2 1/2-year history of use of a synthetic glucocorticoid (prednisone) as the only psychoactive drug. The pattern of use strongly suggested drug dependence; secondary Cushing's syndrome was noted. We call attention to the potential abuse of neuroendocrine agents and, more specifically, corticosteroid preparations. PMID- 6632974 TI - Measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin by affinity chromatography. PMID- 6632975 TI - Health Claims Arbitration Act. PMID- 6632976 TI - One minute with diabetes. PMID- 6632977 TI - Operative management of the Dagsboro Siamese twins. PMID- 6632978 TI - State-of-the-art in community coronary care. PMID- 6632979 TI - Medical treatment for benign breast disease: danazol. PMID- 6632980 TI - Mercury poisoning in child treated with aqueous merthiolate. PMID- 6632981 TI - Predicting the risk of respiratory distress syndrome from the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and phosphatidyl glycerol results of amniotic fluid analysis. PMID- 6632982 TI - Massive blunt trauma and severe burns. PMID- 6632983 TI - Patient health information services: new frontier for hospital libraries in Maryland. PMID- 6632984 TI - Geriatrics in Maryland--challenge for the eighties. PMID- 6632985 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus III: nonrenal manifestations I. PMID- 6632986 TI - Management of retained biliary tract stones, case report and overview. PMID- 6632987 TI - Hair or hoax? PMID- 6632988 TI - Pituitary-thyroid activity and longevity in neonatally thyroxine-treated rats. AB - Wistar rats were made hypothyroidic by intraperitoneal thyroxine (T4) injection during the first 10 days of neonatal life. Levels of T4, 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin in the blood of these rats were measured by radioimmunoassay. The T4 levels are about two-thirds of control values up to 20 months of age. T3 level is low only at a young age. TSH level shows no significant difference from control, but is about half that of control after the stimulation of secretion by 6-propyl-2-thiouracil. The level of prolactin is much higher in the T4-treated group than in controls. In male rats, life duration of hypothyroid rats was longer than control by about 4 months. The life extension effect of hypothyroidism was observed also in females, although the difference was smaller than that in males. The concentration of T4 in the blood of male rats is higher than females, and the decrease in T4 level by neonatal T4 treatment is also more marked in males. PMID- 6632989 TI - Function and fidelity of aging tRNA: in vivo acylation, analog discrimination, synthetase binding, and in vitro translation. AB - The liver transfer RNAs for valine and lysine were completely acylated in vivo, as judged by periodate oxidation, at 4 and 24 months of age in male Sprague Dawley rats. In vitro acylation capacity for whole tRNA populations from rat livers is decreased, but this is evidently not deleterious in vivo. Several halogenated phenylalanines were synthesized and their effects upon acylation capacity for phenylalanine were examined. Synthetases bound to young (3 month) and old (24 month) tRNAs discriminated differently between p-chlorophenylalanine and authentic phenylalanine; synthetase with young tRNA was less able to discriminate than with old tRNA. Purified tRNAphe from old rats did not form ultraviolet-induced crosslinks to purified phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase as well as young tRNAphe. In vitro translation of encephalomyocarditis virus, hemoglobin, and ovalbumin mRNAs was effective, using tRNAs of young or old Sprague-Dawley or Fischer 344 rat livers, although, when the old tRNA was supplied, the product synthesized per unit tRNA was reduced. All of the protein products were synthesized with all tRNAs, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We conclude that tRNA is capable of normal functions in livers of aging rats, is probably modification deficient, and is unlikely to produce protein errors. PMID- 6632990 TI - Lysosomal activity in aging rat liver: I. Variation in enzyme activity within the liver lobule. AB - The intralobular distribution of three lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase, N acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, and beta-D-glucuronidase, was investigated in hepatocytes of 3-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month-old rats. The distribution pattern changed with age. In young rats, the activity was higher in the peripheral area than in the central area, whereas this situation was reversed in old rats. At all ages, the intermediate area showed the lowest activity. The overall activity increased with age. The reaction product was always present in granules located mainly around the bile canaliculi. PMID- 6632991 TI - Replicative activity and actinomycin binding in mouse diploid fibroblasts (in vitro ageing). AB - Populations of embryonic mouse fibroblasts undergo 10 +/- 2 doublings in vitro prior to cessation of growth. We have studied various properties of the DNA of such cells as they undergo this process of in vitro ageing. Following a 1-h pulse with [3H]thymidine the labelling of growing cell populations decreases progressively with serial subcultivation. At early passage levels, the decrease in labelling between passages is rapid, but after about five passages the decline is much slower. Following a long pulse with [3H]thymidine (up to 4 days), up to 50% of the cells in the final passage become labelled. The binding of [3H]actinomycin to nuclei decreases progressively during serial subcultivation. Under conditions of quiescence, induced by serum deprivation, the cells withdraw from the S-phase. Feulgen cytophotometry reveals a wide spectrum of cellular DNA contents in terminal cultures, with 38% of cells possessing more DNA than equivalent early passage cells. Under these conditions, 40% of the fibroblasts bind less actinomycin than any early passage cells. Neither variations in DNA amount nor differences in cell-cycle phases can explain these alterations, which are thought to be related to age-dependent changes in chromatin condensation. PMID- 6632992 TI - Observations on the senescence of cells derived from articular cartilage. AB - In the experiments described here, we have sought to determine whether primary cultures of cells derived from articular cartilage will, upon subsequent subculture, undergo in vitro senescence in a manner analogous to that described for several other types of diploid cell. Using cells from the articular cartilage of rabbits, dogs and man, we have established that the population doubling capacity of cultures of these cells is directly related to the specific lifespan of the donor organism. Furthermore, the doubling capacity of the initial cultures of lapine articular chondrocytes is inversely related to the age of the donor rabbit. By these criteria, serially passaged primary cultures of cells derived from articular cartilage appear, a priori, to be a valid system for studies of cellular ageing. Monolayer cultures of lapine chondrocytes appear to "dedifferentiate" after several passages. However, the same cells can be grown as clones, under which conditions they appear to retain better their differentiated properties. Even under these circumstances, lapine articular chondrocytes have a limited capacity for growth, which can be calculated to approximate to the same average number of cell divisions as undergone by monolayer cultures. Lapine chondrocytes frequently transform into established lines of fibroblastic cells. Transformation of canine chondrocytes was more rare, while human chondrocytes have not been observed to transform. This suggests that resistance to transformation is somehow related to lifespan. In addition to furthering our understanding of cellular ageing, studies of the senescence of articular chondrocytes could provide new insights into the aetiology of primary osteoarthritis. PMID- 6632993 TI - Age and sensitivity to oxygen in the flour beetle, Tribolium confusum. AB - Sensitivity of Tribolium confusum males and females to pure oxygen at one atmosphere was measured as a function of adult age. Sensitivity to oxygen increased markedly with age; the reciprocal to the LD50 exposure time was a linear function of age. The sensitivity to oxygen increased more rapidly with age in males than in females; this may be related to the greater longevity of females in this species. Thus the LD50 exposure time represents an index of physiological age. Sublethal exposure to pure oxygen, unlike equivalent exposure to ionizing radiation, did not affect longevity. This suggests that the age-associated increase in oxygen sensitivity is a non-specific stress effect, rather than additivity of acute oxygen damage with cumulative atmosphere-induced lesions. PMID- 6632994 TI - Control of the changes in rat-liver carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (ammonia) protein levels during ontogenesis: evidence for a perinatal change in immunoreactivity of the enzyme. AB - To analyze the changes in rat-liver carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (Cpase) protein levels during ontogenesis, these levels were determined by means of two independent methods, i.e. radioimmunoassay and densitometric assay. During normal development the changes in catalytic activity of Cpase are accompanied by equivalent changes in the quantities of enzyme protein. We have obtained evidence for the existence of a perinatal Cpase which is immunochemically different from adult Cpase as immunoreactivity of Cpase decreases in the perinatal period and remains constant thereafter. PMID- 6632995 TI - Involvement of deoxyribonuclease activity in the differential sedimentation rates of nucleoids from non-transformed and transformed mouse embryo fibroblasts. AB - Lysis of non-transformed confluent C3H10T1/2C18 mouse embryo fibroblasts in the presence of detergents, high concentrations of salt and EDTA on top of neutral sucrose gradients revealed a reduced sedimentation rate of the resulting nucleoids from these cells compared to those from exponentially growing non transformed cells or from transformed cells. Exposure of confluent cells to 1000 rads of X-ray had no effect on this rate of nucleoid sedimentation; and ethidium bromide titration and alkaline sucrose analysis suggested the presence of discontinuities in the DNA. An endonucleolytic activity could be extracted from nuclei of these cells with 0.5 M NaCl, indicating a very tight association with the chromatin. Such an enzyme in non-transformed confluent cells may account for the differences in nucleoid structure and may be related to changes in cell function with normal arrest of cell growth. There was no growth-phase effect on the properties of nucleoids from transformed cells. PMID- 6632996 TI - The anti-aging action of hypophysectomy in hypothalamic obese rats: effects on collagen aging, age-associated proteinuria development and renal histopathology. AB - Hypophysectomy in young male Wistar rats aged 70 days, like food restriction begun at the same age, retarded the life-long rate of collagen aging in tail tendon fibres and inhibited the development of age-associated proteinuria and renal histopathology. Hypothalamic lesions which increased the food intake of hypophysectomized rats from 7 g to 15 g/day and produced obesity did not alter the rate of either collagen aging or proteinuria development, nor reduce life expectancy, but increased the incidence of abnormal glomeruli. In the intact rats elevation of food intake from 7 g to 15 g/day increased the rate of proteinuria development, but did not affect the rate of collagen aging. Hypophysectomy was found to have a greater anti-collagen aging effect than food restriction, when food intakes were the same in both groups. These studies suggest a pituitary hormonal effect on collagen aging and a food-pituitary-hormone-mediated effect on the development of age-associated proteinuria. PMID- 6632997 TI - Analysis of the rat lens epithelial cell nucleus during ageing by scanning cytophotometry. AB - Nuclei of rat lens epithelial cells were stained with eosin and hematoxylin in order to investigate by cytophotometric analysis the effects of cellular ageing on their morphologic parameters and chromatin compaction. Our results demonstrate a decrease in the size of the nucleus without modification in their shape as a function of age. Older nuclei also have more condensed and heterogeneously distributed chromatin than young nuclei. The homogeneous population of nuclei in the young epithelium gave rise to a highly heterogeneous population in the old animal for both morphometric and densitometric parameters. In very old rats a small percentage of the cell nuclei retained young characteristics. These data support an earlier observation that growth of the lens epithelial cells declines with age. PMID- 6632998 TI - A method for the isolation of longevity mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and initial results. AB - The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is used as a genetically manipulable experimental system for the study of aging. Utilizing a temperature sensitive sterile strain with a normal life span, a method is described for the isolation of mutant strains with significantly increased life spans. Eight mutant strains were isolated each having increased life spans. Two mutant strains were spontaneous dauer formers, accounting for their increased longevity. Another was chemotaxis-defective, causing reduced food intake which could account for its increased life span. Five mutants suffered from varying degrees of paralysis affecting their rate of pharyngeal pumping and food ingestion. The high correlation of the decreased rate of food ingestion of these mutants with their increased longevity is interpreted as indicating that the increased longevity is most likely due to reduced caloric intake. These results appear to indicate that specific life span genes are extremely rare or, alternatively, life span is controlled in a polygenic fashion. PMID- 6633001 TI - Influence of the hormonal balance of late pregnancy on the active uptake of 5 hydroxytryptamine by human blood platelets. AB - The active uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was studied in vitro in the blood platelets of twelve pregnant women during their final two months of pregnancy. The control group consisted of twelve women who were, on average, four days post partum. No significant difference in the uptake of 5-HT by blood platelets was found between these groups. Thus, the rapid fall in blood estrogen and progesterone concentrations after parturition did not seem to influence the uptake of 5-HT in human blood platelets. PMID- 6632999 TI - The age-dependent metabolic decline of the red blood cell. AB - The oxidative and non-oxidative utilization of glucose was evaluated in human erythrocytes of different ages, separated by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Young red blood cells are able to metabolize 2.5 times more glucose than old ones; on the other hand, the amount of glucose utilized via the hexose monophosphate shunt does not show any age dependence. Glucose metabolism evaluated during in vivo ageing of a rabbit red cell population shows results very similar to those obtained for human cells. Metabolic stimulation of glucose utilization by high phosphate in both young and old human red cells increases glucose utilization by 40%. In the same way young and old erythrocytes were able to increase the amount of glucose metabolized via the hexose monophosphate shunt when an oxidative stimulus (methylene blue) was introduced. Human erythrocytes of different age possess similar abilities to transport glucose so that an age dependent defect in glucose transport can be excluded. The ATP content of human and rabbit red blood cells, as a function of cell age, follows the decrease in glucose metabolized via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Reduced glutathione, on the other hand, after a small decrease associated with the "maturation" of reticulocytes into red cells, remains constant like the rate of the hexose monophosphate shunt. PMID- 6633000 TI - Measurement of the molecular weight distributions in human muscular deoxyribonucleic acid. AB - Highly purified DNA has been prepared from human muscle tissue and treated with three different single-strand specific desoxyribonucleases. The molecular weight of treated individual DNA molecules was determined by length measurements. Average DNA molecular weights and their standard deviations were correlated to the age of donors. No significant correlation could be established using seven different mathematical functions. Factor analytical considerations suggested grouping according to extreme smoking habits. Two populations with significant double linear correlations of age versus molecular weight and standard deviation then emerge. From the data it may be speculated that in heavy smokers with increasing age (or time of smoking) high molecular weight DNA integrity is lost to an increasing extent in post-mitotic tissue. PMID- 6633002 TI - Pulsatile flow experiments on heart valve prostheses. PMID- 6633003 TI - Delineation of the QRS complex using the envelope of the e.c.g. PMID- 6633004 TI - Apparent depression of right ventricular function after selective reduction of left ventricular inotropy: an interpretation of experimental data utilising a computer-based circulatory model. PMID- 6633005 TI - Noninvasive automatic monitoring of instantaneous arterial blood pressure using the vascular unloading technique. PMID- 6633006 TI - Microprocessor-based image processing system for dynamic foot pressure studies. PMID- 6633007 TI - Ensemble averaging of locomotor electromyographic patterns using interpolation. PMID- 6633008 TI - Relationship between the surface e.m.g. and muscular force. PMID- 6633009 TI - Improvement of the detectability of simulated pathological tremour e.m.g.s by means of demodulation and spectral analysis. PMID- 6633010 TI - Multioscillator simulator for gastrointestinal electrical activity modelling. PMID- 6633011 TI - New method to calculate the renal transit time spectrum from conventional three probe renography. PMID- 6633012 TI - Experiments in automatic classification of laryngeal pathology. PMID- 6633013 TI - Analysis of resonant coupled coils in the design of radio frequency transcutaneous links. PMID- 6633014 TI - An eye movement recording method operating with a closed eye. PMID- 6633015 TI - Automated apnoea detection by computer: analysis of tracheal breath sounds. PMID- 6633016 TI - [CARRES: system for monitoring the cardio-respiratory rhythms and for collecting electrophysiological data from the newborn child to study the sudden infant death syndrome]. PMID- 6633017 TI - Identification of r.e.m. sleep in the mouse by measuring the body movements. PMID- 6633018 TI - E.c.g. electrode system using closely spaced electrodes. PMID- 6633019 TI - True r.m.s. volt/ammeters for surgical diathermy measurements during an operation. PMID- 6633020 TI - [Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy: study of 12 cases]. PMID- 6633021 TI - [Intrahospital pneumonias. Etiological diagnosis by transtracheal aspiration puncture]. PMID- 6633022 TI - [Puncture and fine-needle aspiration in thyroid nodules]. PMID- 6633023 TI - [Indexes of reproductive gonadal function in men (I). Levels of 17 beta-estradiol in serum]. PMID- 6633024 TI - [Mountain sickness]. PMID- 6633025 TI - [Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 6633026 TI - [Adenoma of Brunner's glands]. PMID- 6633027 TI - [Perennial rhinitis of allergic possible origin: differential diagnosis]. PMID- 6633028 TI - [Spondylarthritis ankylopoietica and autoimmune hemolytic anemia]. PMID- 6633029 TI - [Transient one-and-a-half syndrome associated with cerebellar hematoma]. PMID- 6633031 TI - Symposium on critical care medicine. PMID- 6633030 TI - [Total prosthesis obstruction and survival by periprosthetic leakage]. PMID- 6633032 TI - [Induction of resistance of yeast-like fungi to synthetic antifungal agents]. PMID- 6633033 TI - [Foot mycoses in patients with arterial ischemia of the lower limbs]. PMID- 6633034 TI - [Study of the gonadotropic activity of human immunoglobulin preparations of the placental origin]. PMID- 6633035 TI - [Effect of tetanus toxin on the plasma levels of protein fractions and electrolytes in guinea pigs]. PMID- 6633036 TI - [Effect of tetanus toxin on the transaminase activity in the liver and amino nitrogen content of the plasma and erythrocytes in guinea pigs]. PMID- 6633037 TI - [Evaluation of the lipolytic properties of staphylococcal strains isolated from the humans]. PMID- 6633038 TI - [A double contrast medium for radiographic examination of the stomach and esophagus]. PMID- 6633039 TI - [The majority of acutely ill children cared for by general practitioners]. PMID- 6633040 TI - [Bowel preparation before colorectal surgery--a survey of Swedish surgeons]. PMID- 6633041 TI - [Musculo-cutaneous flaps--a new dimension in reconstructive surgery]. PMID- 6633042 TI - [Incidence and mortality of breast cancer in Stockholm county]. PMID- 6633043 TI - [Larva migrans--tropical worm disease brought along from distant bathing beaches]. PMID- 6633044 TI - [The blood shortage in the tropics has saved a life in a case of intraabdominal pregnancy]. PMID- 6633045 TI - [Nickel allergy in school girls--a consequence of ear piercing?]. PMID- 6633046 TI - [Shoulder pain--guidelines for diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 6633047 TI - [von Hippel-Lindau disease--an eye disease with fatal extraocular manifestations]. PMID- 6633048 TI - [Rehabilitation of the mentally handicapped]. PMID- 6633049 TI - [Ocular pressure measurements in the primary care are important for the diagnosis of glaucoma]. PMID- 6633050 TI - [Glossopharyngeal neuralgia as a cause of Adams-Stokes attacks]. PMID- 6633051 TI - [Indium-111-labelled leukocyte scintigraphy as an aid in the diagnosis of intra abdominal abscesses]. PMID- 6633052 TI - [Antibodies against hepatitis B among health personnel at Karolinska Hospital]. PMID- 6633053 TI - [Exposure to hepatitis B of health personnel, policemen and healthy blood donors in Gothenburg]. PMID- 6633054 TI - [Diagnostic biopsy of the chorion at Lund Hospital]. PMID- 6633055 TI - [The law on occupational injury insurance--psychological and psychosomatic occupational injuries]. PMID- 6633056 TI - [Model for determination of cervical spine and shoulder joint injuries in the light of occupational injury insurance]. PMID- 6633057 TI - [Acute surgery of carpal tunnel syndrome]. PMID- 6633058 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic gastrointestinal fiber endoscopy in Sweden]. PMID- 6633059 TI - [Is there a breakthrough in cancer research? Evaluation of achievements in the USA 1971-81]. PMID- 6633060 TI - [Myopathy associated with intensive care]. PMID- 6633061 TI - [Intraoperative determination of intestinal viability using natrium fluorescein]. PMID- 6633062 TI - [Nose drops can induce cerebral reactions in children]. PMID- 6633063 TI - [Lung cancer in the Stockholm region--annual incidence during 1958-80, prognosis for 1981-85]. PMID- 6633064 TI - [Ankle joint injuries in children]. PMID- 6633065 TI - [Thyroiditis during the postpartum period]. PMID- 6633067 TI - [Why is myelomatosis often diagnosed so late?]. PMID- 6633066 TI - [Blood pressure and hearing during low and high noise exposure]. PMID- 6633068 TI - [Herniated intervertebral disk with calcification, causing torticollis in a 10 year old boy]. PMID- 6633069 TI - [Caustic injury of the esophagus in a boy after eating licorice candies]. PMID- 6633070 TI - [Jejunoileostomy as therapy in severe obesity--a follow-up study of 29 cases]. PMID- 6633071 TI - [Risk of poisoning in children under one year of age based on guidelines from the Swedish Pharmacologic Register on the dosage of theophylline]. PMID- 6633072 TI - [Rabies 1983--geographic distribution, means of transmission, treatment and prevention]. PMID- 6633073 TI - [Radiologic changes in the lungs following therapy for breast cancer]. PMID- 6633074 TI - [Acute epiglottitis in adults]. PMID- 6633075 TI - [Luxation of the elbow joint with rupture of the brachial artery]. PMID- 6633077 TI - [Decline of home deliveries in Holland]. PMID- 6633076 TI - [Health personnel in the matter of legal abortion: physicians and other personnel should have the right to refuse to perform abortions]. PMID- 6633079 TI - [Bua disease - epidemiology and clinical course]. PMID- 6633078 TI - [Controlled hypotension under anesthesia and surgery - development and current situation in Sweden]. PMID- 6633080 TI - [Hypereosinophilic syndrome - a complex clinical picture with varying prognosis]. PMID- 6633081 TI - [Life-threatening childhood Laryngitis--3 case reports]. PMID- 6633082 TI - [Interruption of Catapresan therapy as a cause of severe crisis in a patient]. PMID- 6633083 TI - [Atypical thyreotoxicosis in an 11-year-old girl]. PMID- 6633084 TI - [Liver cirrhosis and duodenogastric reflux--on the problem of the hepatogenic ulcer]. AB - Patients suffering from liver cirrhosis and patients showing no signs of liver or stomach disease (control group) were quantitatively examined for duodenogastric reflux. The duodenogastric reflux was measured by means of bile tracers. The bile tracer used in this study was the tricarbocyanin dye indocyningreen (ICG). The intra-gastric concentration of ICG was photometrically measured after gastric acid was suctioned through a stomach tube. The duodenogastric reflux was calculated in percent in terms of the infused and the biliary secreted ICG amount respectively. Bromthalein was used as an additional tracer in order to control the efficiency of peptic acid removal. A total of 15 patients suffering from liver cirrhosis and 6 patients who showed no signs of stomach or liver disease (control group) were examined. The patients with liver disease showed a reflux of 2.85% +/- 0.76%, the control group (n = 6) showed a reflux of 0.45% +/- 0.39%. The difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Bromthalein aspiration by all patients with liver cirrhosis was 87.95 +/- 2.78% of the amount infused. PMID- 6633085 TI - [New methods of treatment of perianal fistula in Crohn disease. Long-term results in 81 patients]. AB - Surgical treatment of anal fistulas was carried out on 103 patients with Crohn's disease (49 men and 54 women). The patients were between 9 and 72 years of age with an average of 35 years. A new operative technique is briefly presented: the main fistulous tract is excised out of the sphincter (muscle), proceeding from a wide excision made around the external opening. Meticulous core is taken to limit the loss of muscle tissue. The resulting opening within the anal canal is closed transanally as well as externally, using two or three layers of sutures, partly to prevent contamination and partly to speed up healing. Secondary tracts are drained and be granulations removed with a sharp spoon. The follow-up of 81 patients over a period of 4.8 years uncovered fistula recurrence in 17 cases. Of these patients, 15 had a recurrence within the abdomen, necessitating hospitalization. A high recurrence rate of 26% occurred in those patients where the disease was already present in the rectum. By comparison the recurrence rate was only 14% when the disease was otherwise limited to the terminal ileum. Rectovaginal fistulas exhibited the highest recurrence rate of 27.2%. Manometric measurements in 22 patients exhibited a shortening of the anal canal from 2.52 +/ 0.42 cm over and against 2.83 +/- 0.64 cm. There was also a reduction of the maximum voluntary pressure of 165 +/- 35 cm H2O compared with 200 +/- 39 cm H2O (P less than 0.01). These patients were compared with patients with Crohn's disease without manifestation of perianal fistula. None of the patients operated on exhibited incontinence for a firm bowel movement. PMID- 6633086 TI - [Correlation of tumor weight and typical pathologic laboratory parameters in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism]. AB - In a retrospective trial the correlation between tumor weight and typically pathological laboratory findings in serum (parathyroid hormone, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorous) was investigated in 48 of our patients with primary and 44 with secondary hyperparathyroidism. There was no significant correlation. These laboratory findings therefore do not allow conclusions as to the tumor weight to be drawn. PMID- 6633087 TI - [Vascular replacement of small caliber arteries--a new bovine collagen prosthesis]. AB - A new bovine collagenic prosthesis (Solcograft P) was tested in animal experiments. In 45 dogs the infrarenal abdominal aorta was substituted. During a follow-up period of up to 18 months the functional rate amounted to 88%. Joint crossing iliaco-femoral bypasses were implanted in 31 dogs, 5 times in both sides. For the new bovine collagenic graft the functional rate ran up to 83%, during a follow-up period of 9 months. A wound infection was observed twice in the inguinal region thus exacting the removal of the prosthesis. An aneurysm was not observed. In our opinion the satisfying results are due to the compliance of the new prosthesis which is similar to natural artery. PMID- 6633088 TI - [Physical and physiologic principles in the diagnosis of obstructed nasal respiration]. AB - The assessment of the degree of intensity of obstructed nasal respiration has so far involved considerable errors in anamnesis and inspection, and hence an integration of objective rhinomanometry into a common diagnostic scheme has been impossible. This is by no means inevitable, since all three parameters are based on the same anatomical and physiological facts and on the same flow characteristics. These are shown in order to obtain correct diagnoses and objective possibilities of comparing our diagnostic and therapeutical efforts. PMID- 6633089 TI - [Determination of aerosol deposition in the maxillary sinus]. AB - The penetration of aerosol into the maxillary sinus depends on the function of the maxillary ostium. Exact findings regarding the velocity of the air flow in the maxillary sinus can be gained by anemometry under optical control of the position of the thermistor. The penetration of aerosol (Patent Blue) can be observed even with a partially closed ostium, and deposit can be documented by photographs. The resorptive process on the mucosa - using fluorescent aerosols - can be visualized by direct excision under UV microscopy. Finally, it is pointed out that the aerosol has a therapeutic value in chronic sinusitis maxillaris even with only partial patency of the ostium. PMID- 6633090 TI - [Functional aspects of endoscopic surgery of the fundus of the frontal sinus]. AB - Obstruction of the ostium frontale leads to hyperplasia of the mucosa in the cranial part of the sinus frontalis and caudal of the recessus frontalis. The velocity of air flow in the ostium frontale can be recorded by means of thermistor anemometry after elimination by endoscopy, of the obstruction to drainage and to ventilation in the ostium frontale. The method of functional examination by contrast yields information on the postoperative flow of secretion. Mucociliar transportation, which shows that normal functions have been resumed, can be demonstrated accurately by endoscopy of the nose after the application of colouring matter. The exact indication for radical operation can be determined in this manner. PMID- 6633091 TI - [Important aspects of correcting saddle nose]. AB - An exact analysis of the present development of a saddle is a basic prerequisite for a successful treatment. If the saddle is a mere cosmetic question, correction consists in raising the bridge of the nose. If nasal breathing is impeded, the nasal septum must be reconstructed as well. In order to achieve a natural mobility of the nose you better do not use a L-shaped graft but one graft each for the columella and one for the bridge of the nose. As implantation material the autogenous grafts are given preference now as before. PMID- 6633093 TI - [Adenocarcinoma of the larynx as a recurrence of an irradiated squamous cell carcinoma]. AB - In a 55-year old male patient who underwent radiotherapy because of a low differentiated carcinoma of the squamous epithelium, a highly differentiated adenocarcinoma developed at the same site two years after a successful treatment of the original tumour. This extraordinary case forms the basis for a brief discussion of the histogenesis of adenocarcinoma of the larynx, followed by a discussion of the significance of radiotherapy in cases of malignant tumours of the larynx. PMID- 6633092 TI - [Significance of panendoscopy in the search for the primary tumor in neck metastases]. AB - 34 patients suffering from a metastatic cervical neoplasm with unknown origin of the primary tumour were examined between 1977 and 1981. The site of the primary tumour was detected in 61% (= 21 cases) of the patients. In the literature (4158 cases, 61 authors) a 32% success rate only was stated. Diagnostic improvement was achieved via "panendoscopy". This method allows a complete systematic evaluation of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 6633094 TI - [The autogenous autoclaved incus]. AB - Reimplantation of autogenous ossicles in cholesteatoma involves a fairly high incidence of residual cholesteatoma. The reconstruction of the ossicular chain with alloplastic and allogenic ossicles produces problems such as resorption and extrusion. The autogenous autoclaved ossicle may lead to a new method of reconstructing the ossicular chain in chronic otitis media and cholesteatoma. PMID- 6633095 TI - [The spiral ganglion of the rhesus monkey]. AB - Four temporal bones of rhesus monkeys were investigated in respect of composition and morphology of the spiral ganglion cells. Using light and electron microscopic technique two main types of ganglion cells could be distinguished, namely 90% large (type I) and 10% small (type II) cells. Both small and large ganglion cells are surrounded by myelin sheaths: 90% of the large neurons are surrounded by myelin sheaths, whereas only 15% of the small neurons have a myelin sheath. The small neurons are exclusively connected with unmyelinated nerve-endings forming synaptic contact with the cell surface. These nerve endings contain vesicles similar to synaptic vesicles; the cytoplasm of the adjacent small ganglion cells contains dense core vesicles. Similar dense core vesicles are, however, also found in the cytoplasm of the large ganglion cells and in the axoplasm of the corresponding nerve axons. It is only in the cytoplasm of the small ganglion cells that dense bundles of neurofilaments are present. It seems that the nerve endings resembling synapses and contacting the small ganglion cells belong to the efferent, olivo-cochlear spiral bundle. PMID- 6633096 TI - [Long-term study of age-related changes in brain stem potentials in the guinea pig]. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the time-related influence of aging on the lower parts of the auditory pathway. Furthermore it was intended to examine as to how far recently obtained results of studies of two different collectives correspond to individual changes correlated with age. For this purpose, auditory brain stem responses were periodically recorded in the same guinea-pigs between the age of six months and three years. Not only the thresholds, but also the latencies and amplitudes of the individual potentials were analyzed for suprathreshold stimuli. A distinct threshold elevation was found at an age of two years. The further loss of sensitivity occurring up to an age of three years was less marked. The amplitudes of all potentials showed a uniform reduction with advancing age, whereas the latencies did not differ. These age-related changes correspond to results obtained previously in two different groups. PMID- 6633097 TI - [Phosphohexose isomerase activity in parotid and submandibular saliva as a parameter in the diagnosis of chronic sialadenitis]. AB - The phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) activity was measured in parotid and submandibular saliva of patients suffering from chronic sialadenitis and of healthy control persons. In control persons the mean PHI value determined in parotid saliva (10.93 +/- 1.17 U/l) was significantly lower compared to that measured in submandibular saliva (38.18 +/- 4.44 U/l). In chronic sialadenitis the salivary PHI activity was significantly increased and reached values up to 5440 U/l in parotid secretion and values up to 1620 U/l in submandibular secretion. The possible role of salivary PHI activity as a parameter for the diagnosis of chronic sialadenitis is discussed. PMID- 6633098 TI - [Functional results of stapes surgery]. AB - In 135 patients the functional results of stapedotomy and stapedectomy were controlled. As a rule, stapedotomy results were superior to stapedectomy results. Small hole stapedotomy using a 0.4 mm. teflon-wire piston yielded optimal sound transmission between 500-8000 Hz. In addition, this was the only technique to prevent cochlear damage at 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz. PMID- 6633099 TI - [Histologic studies of aluminum oxide ceramic in the middle ear of rabbits]. AB - Eight microscopical observations on Al2O3-ceramic implants which were designed in order to reconstruct the middle ear structures in rabbits are reported. The implants remained in the middle ear for a period of up to 7 months. The implants were covered with connective mucous tissue and implants reconstructing the external acoustic meatus were covered with new bone with a fibrous tissue interposition. The implants had all healed without irritation. PMID- 6633100 TI - [Functional results of tympanum drainage in chronic seromuco-tympanum--Clinical course up to 2 years following the operation]. AB - The hearing capacity of 95 children with chronic seromuco-tympanum (SMT) treated with middle-ear ventilation tubes was studied preoperatively and for a period of up to two years after the operation. A total of 510 audiograms with the threshold of air conduction and bone conduction were evaluated. The pre-surgery audiogram shows on the average an air-bone gap of 30 dB. In the first post-surgery audiogram the air-bone gap was improved on the average by 15-20 dB. The observation carried out over a period of two years shows that in general this improvement of the hearing capacity is preserved. The treatment of SMT by middle ear ventilation tubes and the resulting improvement of the hearing capacity prevents the negative effects on children's acquisition of speech and on their intellectual development. PMID- 6633101 TI - [Changes in the clinical picture of sudden hearing loss and its therapy over the last 20 years]. AB - The present study comprises the data of 464 patients referred to the First Otolaryngological Hospital of the University of Vienna between 1960 and 1982. They all suffered from a clearly established sudden hearing loss. The data made it possible to prove that the number of cases suffering from sudden hearing loss increased statistically significantly in the past 20 years. In addition, efforts were made to prove the usefulness of a polypragmatic therapy in cases of sudden hearing loss. For this purpose, two statistically comparable groups subjected to different therapies were juxtaposed: a. One group of patients (1960-1967) treated with various therapies, mainly monotherapies, which are considered to be insufficient according to our present knowledge. b. One group of patients (1977 1981) treated with an uniform polypragmatic therapy. This second group showed significantly better results than the first group. Hence this study proves the effectiveness of a therapeutical method in cases of sudden hearing loss. PMID- 6633102 TI - [Normal values of nasal airflow measured with a newly developed rhinorheomanometer with modified Prandtle-type tube and linear relations]. AB - A new rhinomanometer with a Prandtl type tube for measuring a square relationship between nasal airflow (V2) and transnasal pressure (delta p) yielding a straight line in the V - delta p - diagram is described. This so called rhinomanogram with straight lines is like an audiogram and gives a direct reading of V in relation to delta p. The active anterior method using nozzles is employed. 337 volunteers 185 females and 152 males aged 9-76 years with normal breathing function of the nose and normal endonasal mirror findings are examined with the above mentioned rhinomanometer. The normal values of nasal airflow in relation to 15 mm H2O in l./sec. (V15) of both nasal cavities before and after shrinkage of the nasal mucosa are measured during inspiration and exspiration. For all age groups, both male and female, the normal value of V15 of the entire nose is 0,67 +/- 0,16 l/sec before and 0.81 +/- 0.17 l/sec after shrinkage of the nasal mucosa. Slight differences in the normal values of the entire nose exist between males and females of different age groups as well as during inspiration and exspiration. V15 in females is 0.63 l/sec before and 0.77 l/sec after shrinkage, whereas V15 in males is 0.73 l/sec before and 0.86 l/sec after shrinkage. With increasing age, both in males and in females, there is slight increase of V15: V15 in the age-group of 9-16 years from 0.58 l/sec before to 0.72 l./sec. after shrinkage; in the age-group of 17-40 years it is 0.66 l./sec. before and 0.80 l./sec. after shrinkage whereas in the age-group of 41-76 years it is 0.75 l./sec. before and 0.88 l./sec. after shrinkage. During inspiration V15 is somewhat lower than during exspiration. Our normal V15-values are compared with all normal values of the nasal airflow mentioned in literature by other authors. PMID- 6633103 TI - [Rhinolith--clinical and mineralogic aspects]. AB - A case report is presented on a patient with a rhinolith. Besides the clinical symptoms and the diagnostic procedures special emphasis is placed on the results obtained from mineralogical analyses. Chemical, thermal and x-ray diffraction analyses showed that the rhinolith consisted chiefly of siderite (FeCO3) and ferrihydrite (5Fe2O3 X 9H2O). Analysis via the scanning-electronmicroscope and thin-section analysis under the polarizing microscope revealed a nucleus of high iron content. In accordance with the literature an exogenic aetiology of the rhinolith is assumed. PMID- 6633104 TI - [New aspects of the histogenesis of inverted papilloma. 2. Comparative studies]. AB - Frontal sections through the developing nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in embryos from 25 to 76 mm length were compared to histological findings in IP's. It can be demonstrated that the growth pattern of asymmetric dichotomia and adventive "buds" typical for the embryonal mucosa is apparent in the IP as well. The embryonic determination of the Schneiderian diaphragm - to form the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses by means of asymmetric dichotomia and adventive "budding" - is thus held responsible for the clinical and histological behaviour of the IP. Desmosomes connecting the IP cells are demonstrated under the electron microscope. Finally, suggestions for surgical treatment modalities are made. PMID- 6633105 TI - [Vessel damage caused by the administration of intra-arterial methotrexate? Fluorescence angiography and histologic findings]. AB - During a 7 days course of intraarterial methotrexate therapy in patients with certain head and neck tumours, we could demonstrate changes in the blood supply of the tympanic membranes as well as in the tumours themselves by the fluorescence angiography technique. Chemotherapy generally was followed by an operation, the material of which histologically showed varying degrees of vascular occlusions, which we ascribe to the high concentration of methotrexate. The drug given into the external carotid artery reached not only the tumour supplying vessels but also more peripheral branches such as the arteries of the tympanic membrane. This could explain the observed vascular changes. We conclude that the high concentration of methotrexate achieved by intraarterial therapy may cause vascular occlusions. Therefore, this kind of chemotherapy should be used for a limited time only, because later the penetration of the drug may be inhibited. PMID- 6633106 TI - [Results of a multidisciplinary treatment protocol for advanced squamous cell carcinoma in the ORL region]. AB - 49 previously untreated patients with advanced stage III or IV epidermoid cancer of the head and neck were included in a controlled study. Prior to and after radiotherapy or surgery, 41 patients received regimen I with platinum and bleomycin, 8 patients in regimen II were treated with bleomycin, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil. After initial chemotherapy and radiotherapy (2000 rad) 31 patients (76%) in regimen I and all patients in regimen II showed an objective complete or partial response. At the end of radiotherapy or surgery 37 of 49 (75%) patients achieved complete tumour clearance. The median follow-up in our study is 17 months and the median survival 22 months (preliminary results). The combined modality approach demonstrated substantial antitumour activity, but we will have to await the results of randomized studies to assess the value of adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer. PMID- 6633107 TI - [The activity of the supraglottal sphincter during phonation]. AB - By means of the measurement of the aperture of the upper laryngeal sphincter it is shown that the sphincter constriction increases when the pitch is lowered and/or the voice intensity is raised. The sphincter movement does not result from the action of extrinsic laryngeal muscles. Moreover, the action of the adductor muscles results in a constriction of the supraglottal sphincter. Out of this group of muscles the lateral thyroarytenoid muscle is dominant. Since it is the strongest muscle of the group of adductors, it also activates the glottal and the supraglottal sphincters, and only this muscle guarantees glottal closure at a relaxed vocalis muscle (low pitch) and/or high subglottal pressure (high intensity). EMG data acquired from the lateral thyroarytenoid muscle at phonation at various pitch levels and different voice intensities confirm the assumed muscular function. The EMG activity increases with descending pitch level and/or with increasing voice intensity. PMID- 6633108 TI - Expansion hyoidplasty: a potential surgical procedure designed for selected patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Experimental canine results. AB - Some patients with "idiopathic" obstructive sleep apnea syndrome have an inspiratory, circumferential, passive collapse of the hypopharyngeal lumen as the mechanism of airway obstruction. Permanent tracheotomy has offered documented dramatic resolution of the airway obstruction with reversal of the associated cardiopulmonary sequelae. Tracheotomy is not, however, without psychological and physical complications detracting from its use. In hope of developing a surgical alternative, the expansion hyoidplasty was conceived. The hyoid bone is transected just medial to each lesser cornu. The trisected hyoid bone is then held in an expanded position by a permanent stainless steel brace. The greater cornua with attached middle constrictor and hyoglossus are moved laterally, while the body of the hyoid with attached geniohyoid and genioglossus shift the base of tongue anteriorly. The procedure is potentially reversible. Twenty dogs were studied pre and posthyoid expansion. Superior hypopharyngeal pressure-volume and closing pressures were obtained on 10 dogs. The pressure-volume studies demonstrate a consistent expansion of the superior hypopharynx. The average drop in pressure varied from 2.9 to 12.4 cm H2O in different animals. All posthyoid expansion dogs showed an average increase in closing pressure ranging from -4.4 to -28.3 cm H2O. Deglutition and laryngeal competence were not grossly effected. These results support the continued experimentation towards implementation of the expansion hyoidplasty in humans. PMID- 6633109 TI - Significance of apparent intratympanic meningiomas. AB - Meningioma is the most common tumor of the central nervous system, but it has only been reported in 79 patients to involve the temporal bone. The 4 cases presented here show striking clinical similarity to a subgroup of 20 meningiomas reported to be entirely intratympanic; however, in each instance the extent, origin, and potential of the disease was not initially evident. Precise histopathologic diagnosis may be aided by electron microscopy. Current concepts of embryology lend credence to the possible role of arachnoid endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of intratympanic meningioma. An advanced intracranial meningioma may be overshadowed by the hearing loss, tinnitus, and otalgia calling attention to an intratympanic component. The clinician should remain suspicious of intracranial disease even after excision of an apparently well circumscribed intratemporal lesion. Progressive sensorineural hearing loss and persistent otalgia portend recurrent or intracranial disease. Follow-up for at least 10 years with judicious use of CT scans is suggested. PMID- 6633110 TI - Congenital bilateral recurrent nerve paralysis and ptosis: a new syndrome? AB - Bilateral vocal cord paralysis is a rare, but not unheard of, occurrence in the perinatal period. It is often incompatible with life unless the problem is recognized promptly, the child intubated, and--following this--a tracheotomy performed. Bilateral congenital ptosis is a very rare occurrence and is almost always associated with either significant central nervous system deficit or with other oculomotor problems. The combination of congenital bilateral recurrent nerve paralysis and congenital ptosis has not been previously reported in the English language literature. The author has had the opportunity to manage two patients, a father and his daughter, both of whom manifested this unusual combination of symptoms. Detailed case histories are presented. Both of the patients were successfully managed by temporary tracheotomy followed by reinnervation of the larynx, with eventual extubation and satisfactory day-to-day airway. Although only two cases represent an inadequate number to determine a new syndrome, these striking findings in a father and his only offspring suggest the possibility that this may, indeed, represent a new symptom complex of congenital origin. PMID- 6633111 TI - Meniere's syndrome and otitis media. AB - We here present a clinical study of 37 patients with Meniere's syndrome. Meniere's syndrome can occur subsequent to and in some cases simultaneously with chronic otitis media. When otitis media which has occurred many years earlier in childhood becomes inactive, leading to sequelae of Meniere's later in life, full blown Meniere's symptom-complex with vertigo tends to occur; whereas when active chronic otitis media accompanies Meniere's, cochlear Meniere's syndrome tends to predominate. Endolymphatic hydrops is described in pathological cases of labyrinthitis and in 11 human temporal bone cases where there is evidence of chronic otitis media in the absence of visible labyrinthitis. A discussion of pathogenic factors includes considerations of quantity of endolymph due to hypodevelopment of the endolymphatic duct and sac related to mastoid hypocellularity and otomastoiditis in childhood and to other endolymphatic malabsorptions and also considerations of endolymph quality which can influence endolymph production as well as absorption. PMID- 6633112 TI - Tack operation for idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops: an update. AB - This paper discusses an analysis of two groups of patients who underwent a tack operation for incapacitating recurrent attacks of vertigo due to idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops. Group I consisted of the first 140 patients operated on by one of the authors (D.T.R.C.). All were followed up for at least 5 years after the operation. However, between the 63rd and 166th postoperative months, 12 patients died of unrelated causes, and an additional 26 patients were lost to follow-up between the 70th and 119th postoperative months. The analysis was based on the condition of these patients up to the time of their death or the time that they were last contacted. The mean postoperative follow-up for the 140 patients was 12 years 9 months, and the range was 63 to 197 months. Group II consisted of 150 consecutive patients who had a tack operation performed by several consultants and residents in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology at the Mayo Clinic, and the opportunity for follow-up of at least 5 years existed for all patients. The patients who were lost to follow-up in the first 56 postoperative months were excluded from the analysis unless at the time they were last seen the operation had not controlled their vertigo, in which case the results were classified as failures. On this basis, 22 patients (15%) were excluded from the study, so that 128 patients remained in the analysis. The mean postoperative follow-up for this group was 9 years 4 months, with a range of 56 to 182 months. The following conclusions were reached. Vertigo was satisfactorily controlled in 79% of the patients in the two groups. Hearing was improved or maintained in 66% of the patients in Group I and 60% of the patients in Group II. A moderate-to profound sensorineural hearing loss occurred in 34% of the patients in Group I and 40% of the patients in Group II. We consider the tack operation the conservative operation of choice in the management of idiopathic endolymphatic hydrops. PMID- 6633113 TI - A ten year statistical follow-up of 245 consecutive cases of endolymphatic shunt and decompression with 328 consecutive cases of labyrinthectomy. AB - The etiology of Meniere's disease is unknown and the treatment is empirical and at best controversial. The goals of treatment are hearing preservation and the control of vertigo. Between 1956 and 1971, a total of 5,208 cases of Meniere's disease was seen. Medical treatment was effective in 4,530 cases (87%), while surgery was employed in 677 cases (13%). The surgical procedures were divided into 1. a conservative group where useful hearing was still present and 2. a destructive group where no useful hearing existed. The conservation operation employed was a procedure on the endolymphatic sac, while the destructive procedure was a labyrinthectomy. In a small series of cases where these procedures failed to control the vertigo, a middle cranial fossa vestibular nerve section was done. This review of our experience summarizes the efficacy of each procedure in reaching the stated goals of hearing preservation and the control of vertigo. PMID- 6633114 TI - Endolymphatic mastoid shunt for treatment of Meniere's disease: a five year study. AB - The endolymphatic mastoid shunt seems to be an effective treatment for those patients whose Meniere's disease is refractory to medical and/or supportive treatment. This series is composed of 48 patients who were followed for up to 5 years postoperatively, with 1 year being the minimum follow-up period; 81% of these patients obtained a satisfactory relief of their vertigo. The morbidity of the procedure is low with no severe or total hearing loss reported in this series. Surgery should not be recommended until the symptoms have caused severe incapacitation; however, this delay must be tempered by the desire to operate while the hearing is still fluctuating. One of the most important factors in the surgical success may be the exact identification and exposure of the sac at the time of surgery, regardless of the specific shunt technique used. Shorter duration of symptoms and lack of fluctuant hearing loss may be preoperative factors which predict a less satisfactory surgical result. While the endolymphatic shunt procedure is effective in the majority of cases, the patient should be prepared for a secondary procedure if necessary. PMID- 6633115 TI - Surgical management of vestibular Meniere's disease with endolymphatic mastoid shunt. AB - The early stages of Meniere's disease may consist only of vestibular symptoms. These patients with vertigo alone may be incapacitated by this condition. A great many of these patients are unresponsive to medical therapy and tend to progress to cochleovestibular disease. Early surgery on such individuals may decrease vertigo and give the added benefit of preserving hearing. This paper reports the results of endolymphatic mastoid shunts performed on 24 patients with normal hearing who had medically uncontrolled vestibular Meniere's disease. The patients underwent surgery between 1978 and 1981, and each has been followed for at least 1 year. Vertigo was decreased or abolished in 21 of 24 patients (87%). Hearing remained unchanged in 19 of the 24 patients (79%) and was mildly impaired postoperatively in 4(16.7%). Only 1 patient had moderate postoperative hearing loss. Of the 5 patients with reduced hearing, 4 had improvement of vertigo. There were no cases of surgically-induced deafness. PMID- 6633116 TI - Oncogenes: preliminary studies in head and neck cancer. AB - DNA has been extracted from squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx, base of tongue, and nasopharynx. These tumors were excised from patients at the St. Louis University Medical Center and processed at the Institute for Molecular Virology of the St. Louis University Medical Center. NIH/3T3 cells were transfected with the DNAs from these cancers. Malignant, transformed foci of NIH/3T3 cells have been observed. These foci have been cloned and grown in quantity. The cloned foci have been injected into nude mice with the production of highly malignant sarcomas. DNA extracted from these sarcomas has shown homology with human DNA on hybridization analyses of both nasopharynx and tongue cancer. Further hybridization studies are being conducted on the larynx cancer-induced sarcomas and on the DNAs taken from the original transformed foci of NIH/3T3 cells transfected with squamous cell cancers of the larynx, nasopharynx, and tongue base. Our preliminary results indicating the presence of human sequences in the mouse sarcomas support the hypothesis that human cellular transforming gene(s) may be present in the DNA isolated from the head and neck cancers. Additional studies will include repetitive retransfection of NIH/3T3 cells, molecular cloning of putative oncogenes, and DNA sequence analysis of the cloned oncogenes. It is hoped that identification of putative oncogene sequences will result in the identification of the proteins coded for by the specific nucleotide sequences responsible for malignant cellular transformation by DNA extracted from head and neck tumors. PMID- 6633117 TI - Management of aneurysms of the petrous portion of the internal carotid artery by resection and primary anastomosis. AB - Intrapetrosal internal carotid artery aneurysms are distinctly uncommon lesions which are difficult to diagnose and treat. With the evolution of the infratemporal fossa approach, direct surgical management of these aneurysms is possible. Application of this technique is detailed in a case report. A discussion of alternate therapeutic modalities and a review of aneurysmal pathophysiology and diagnosis are included. PMID- 6633118 TI - Tracheoesophageal speech: vocal rehabilitation after total laryngectomy. AB - Treatment of laryngeal cancer has evolved over nearly 100 years and includes many methods to conserve the function of speech. It was understood from the inception of total laryngectomy that diversion of exhaled pulmonary air into the pharynx or esophagus would produce satisfactory speech. The effect on safe deglutition of the phonatory fistulae limited the wide applicability of these techniques. The introduction of a silicone bivalve device for use in a tracheoesophageal tunnel permits large numbers of laryngectomees to use tracheoesophageal speech. Acoustic, intelligibility, and aerodynamic studies are described for four laryngectomees and reveal that this method more nearly approximates normal laryngeal speech than conventional esophageal speech. The criteria for contemporary treatment of laryngeal carcinoma are not altered by this rehabilitative method, and expected survival rates are not likely to be affected. The findings and analysis of this method of alaryngeal speech rehabilitation may have important implications for future therapy of laryngeal carcinoma. PMID- 6633119 TI - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome presenting as oral pharyngeal and cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma. AB - A 25-year-old black male homosexual with AIDS presented with Kaposi's sarcoma of the tongue, palate and skin. The definition, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of AIDS are discussed. The role of the otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon in diagnosing this disease is outlined. PMID- 6633120 TI - Sleep apnea following bilateral excision of carotid body tumors. AB - A patient is described who developed apnea, hypertention, and tachycardia following the excision of bilateral carotid body tumors. Hypertension and tachycardia resulted, most probably, from bilateral ablation of the carotid sinus and/or the nerve of Hering. These phenomena have been described in the literature. The pathogenesis of the apneic attacks may be related to the ablation of the peripheral sensory organs (both carotid bodies), interference with the function of the respiratory automatic control system, and impaired control of ventilation during non-REM sleep. Temporary unilateral paralysis of the hypoglossal nerve with partial airway obstruction possibly represented a mechanical trigger. The apneic attacks subsided but bouts of hypertention and tachycardia persist. PMID- 6633121 TI - Histologic findings in a larynx reconstructed by a nasoseptal autograft after partial laryngectomy. AB - In the course of a 5-year follow-up of 16 patients who underwent plastic reconstruction of the larynx by a nasoseptal graft after extended frontal and frontolateral laryngectomies, one of them developed local recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma and was totally laryngectomized. Histological studies were made of the grafted cartilage and its mucosal lining. The microscopic findings are reported. PMID- 6633122 TI - Sublabial surgical approach to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. AB - A sublabial approach to the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and the nasopharynx degloving the middle third of the face has been described. Its major advantages over the other approaches have been compared and the usefulness of this approach has been stressed. The incidence of complications from this approach has been described and found to be acceptable. PMID- 6633123 TI - Immediate Silastic surgical obturator. PMID- 6633124 TI - Tracheoesophageal fistula for Panje tube. PMID- 6633125 TI - Easy method to teach the landmarks of the tympanic membrane. PMID- 6633126 TI - Surgical treatment of chronic laryngeal stenosis secondary to vocal cord paralysis: pre and postoperative evaluation of ventilatory function. PMID- 6633128 TI - Nasal turbinate resection for relief of nasal obstruction. PMID- 6633127 TI - Safety of the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy in infants and children. PMID- 6633129 TI - Homograft tympanoplasty in perspective. A long-term clinical-histologic study of formalin-fixed tympanic membranes used for the reconstruction of 125 severely damaged middle ears. AB - This seven and a half year clinical-histologic study evaluates the effectiveness of buffered, formaldehyde-fixed homograft tympanic membranes for reconstructing the severely damaged middle ear in 125 consecutive patients. Indications for use of homograft tympanoplasty were limited to those cases in which standard tympanoplasty had already failed to produce a satisfactory hearing or anatomic result (i.e., recurrent perforations or draining radical mastoidectomy cavity), or to those cases in which there was a high risk of unsatisfactory result with standard tympanoplasty techniques (i.e., total perforation with absent malleus or congenital aural atresia). Anatomic data was documented with serial postoperative photomicrography. Audiograms were performed at yearly intervals and long-term hearing results were analyzed. Histologic studies were performed on 2 homograft tympanic membranes removed 6 months and 6 years postoperatively. Postoperative photographs of the healing donor tympanic membrane and histologic studies confirmed that the homograft collagen attracts host angioblasts, fibroblasts and epithelial cells. The initial inflammatory response (primarily lymphocytic) subsides and the host produces collagen and elastin fibers interspersed among the donor collagen. Gradually the donor collagen is resorbed. At the completion of this study, 95% (119/125) of the homograft tympanoplasties are currently intact. There were 13 immediate postoperative perforations, but 11 were repaired with a second stage underlay fascia tympanoplasty. Long-term hearing results were analyzed according to the type of ossicular reconstruction employed (mean follow up 4 years). In 87 patients with chronic otitis media, 94% of the type I repairs maintained an air-bone gap of 25 dB or less, 85% of the type II, and 81% of the type III. Forty-four patients presented with an absent malleus and absent tympanic membrane and were reconstructed with a homograft tympanic membrane with attached malleus and a shaped incus columella. At 4 years postoperatively, 83% of these patients maintained an average air-bone gap of 25 dB or better. A similar group of 38 patients presenting with absent malleus, incus, and stapes were reconstructed with isograft temporalis fascia and a cartilage covered TORP. Only 18% of the TORP patients maintained an air-bone gap of 25 dB 4 years postoperatively. Thirty-three patients with draining radical mastoidectomy cavities were reconstructed; 97% (32/33) had a dry, self-cleansing ear with no activity restriction. Only 59% maintained an air-bone gap closure of 25 dB or better in the long-term follow-up; 30% (10/33) developed persistent eustachian tube dysfunction, usually in the second through fourth postoperative years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6633130 TI - Prototype of a multipurpose trilaser unit in a teaching hospital surgical department. AB - We describe our experience and the problems we encountered organizing an autonomous surgical unit in which the equipment and organization enable three lasers to be used in may different applications in medicine and surgery. The three lasers--CO2, Nd:YAG, and argon--may now be used by all the departments concerned within our teaching hospital. As our unit goes into operation, we have determined that we must now begin an evaluation 1) To assess the clinical value of laser usage via the careful selection of cases for laser treatment, the storage of data for future reference on card and computer records, and the assessment of the vital role of the laser within a range of modern therapeutic aids; 2) to achieve technical improvements, by the optimum use of laser sources and related optical equipment; and 3) to assess the economics of the unit, the profitability of bringing together the three types of laser, and the total cost involved. PMID- 6633131 TI - Carbon dioxide laser treatment of vaginal adenosis in DES-exposed offspring: a prospective study. AB - Seventy-nine patients with history and physical findings characteristic of antenatal DES exposure were randomly divided into two groups. Fourty-four DES exposed offspring had their vaginal adenosis treated with the carbon dioxide laser (group I), and the remaining 35 DES-exposed offspring (group II) did not receive any specific treatment for this condition. Additionally, the 79 DES exposed offspring were compared to an age-matched control population (group III). Treatment of vaginal adenosis with the carbon dioxide laser did not significantly reduce the incidence of development of new dysplasia in the DES-exposed offspring. This study also showed no statistical difference (p less than or equal to 0.05) in the incidence of dysplasia in DES-exposed offspring as compared to a control population. PMID- 6633132 TI - Management and follow-up of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia treated by CO2 laser vaporization method. AB - Forty-four patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II and 31 patients with CIN III were followed up for up to 6 months after cervical cone vaporization with carbon dioxide laser. In addition to colposcopy and pap smear, all patients underwent cervical biopsies as part of their follow-up. This protocol permitted a diagnosis of persistent disease in the presence of normal colposcopy and pap smear. PMID- 6633133 TI - Anesthesiologic considerations in laser neurosurgery. AB - The laser has been welcomed to the neurosurgical armamentarium because of the inherent precision and gentleness of the no-touch technique. In order to maximize laser safety and efficacy, however, certain anesthesiologic considerations, specific to neurosurgery, must be realized. Motion of patient (target) during routine anesthesiologic checks or as the result of physiologic excursions during myocardial contraction and respiration must be minimized. Ventilatory parameters, anesthetic agents, and cardio active drugs are considered. PMID- 6633134 TI - Effects of laser sources (argon, Nd:YAG, CO2) on the elastic resistance of the vessel wall: histological and physical study. AB - The function of elastic elements of the vessel wall is to produce a tension suitable to resist the distension strength made by blood pressure. By producing a modification in the morphologic and structural configuration of such elastic elements, it is possible to obtain changes of the elastic resistance of the wall. The paper reports the histological and physical modifications of blood vessel walls irradiated with different laser sources. PMID- 6633135 TI - A study of the effects of lasering on chronic bowed tendons at Wheatley Hall Farm Limited, Canada, January, 1983. AB - Chronic bowed tendons of horses have been lasered with an infrared 904-nm laser at Wheatley Hall Farm Limited since 1980. A sample of 42 single injury/single treatment standardbreds which were racing within 120 days of laser treatment and met certain criteria, were evaluated for final race times, last quarter race times, and class changes. Results indicate that a significant percent of the standardbreds raced with similar or improved times and classes. Lasering bowed tendons presents a safe and less expensive alternative to traditional treatment methods which often requires a year layoff for the horse. PMID- 6633136 TI - Destructive, nonclassical "beating" of acoustic waves and electric field generation in lased heart muscle. AB - Increased use of the laser in heart research warranted examination of the physical effects of the laser on the heart muscle. Laser action on the heart muscle was found to induce nonclassical (nonlinear) properties in the muscle such as low-frequency harmonics of acoustic transients. This "beating" effect resulted in a destructive thermal-wave propagation within the tissue. The nonlinear effects found in lased heart muscle had not been previously observed and occurred at laser intensities two or three orders of magnitude lower than those which occur in nonbiological media. One possible explanation of this nonlinear behavior at lower intensities was the finding that the laser induced an electric field in heart muscle which interfered with cell-membrane resting potential, and conduction. Temperatures above 300 degrees C were recorded. These are very high, considering that cells are 80-90% water, and that the boiling point of water is 100 degrees C. The laser crater profile exhibited a two-stage effect which was atypical according to conventional thermal theory. Electron micrographs demonstrated an unexpected capillary growth which had occurred postmortem in the lased heart muscle. PMID- 6633137 TI - Comparative gross and histological study of the effects of scalpel, electric knife, and carbon dioxide laser on skin and uterine incisions in dogs. AB - This study concerns the gross histological effects of scalpel, electric knife, and carbon dioxide laser incisions on skin and uterine tissue in dogs. Tissue studies comparing the carbon dioxide laser with the scalpel and electric knife have frequented the literature. However, a gross and histological comparison specifically involving uterine tissue is not presently known to have been reported. The evaluation on this series of animals considers both the skin and the uterus in an abdominal approach to evaluate the carbon dioxide laser for potential intrauterine surgery. Tissue sampling of both skin and uterus at 2, 6, and 8 weeks postoperatively were histologically examined to evaluate healing rates and degree of scar formation. PMID- 6633138 TI - The organization and management of chemotherapy in the field. PMID- 6633139 TI - Deformity prevention in the field: a systematic approach. PMID- 6633140 TI - [The effect of body height and weight on blood pressure values in children and adolescents]. PMID- 6633141 TI - [A clinical study (phase II) of a combination of 5-fluorouracil, vincristine and methyl CCNU in patients with advanced carcinoma of the large intestine]. PMID- 6633142 TI - [Corpus cavernosography in Peyronie's disease]. PMID- 6633143 TI - [Urodynamics]. PMID- 6633144 TI - [New possibilities of evaluating general aerobic capacity]. PMID- 6633145 TI - [Ethical problems in medicine--how they are thought of and viewed by the teachers at the Medical School of Zagreb]. PMID- 6633146 TI - [Headache caused by drugs]. PMID- 6633147 TI - [Clinical and metabolic parameters in children of diabetic mothers]. PMID- 6633148 TI - [Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (with a case report)]. PMID- 6633149 TI - [Erysipelas--a disease or syndrome?]. PMID- 6633150 TI - [Gynecologic intra-abdominal hemorrhage during anticoagulant therapy]. PMID- 6633151 TI - [Labetalol in the intraoperative control of pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 6633152 TI - [The effect of modern skiing equipment and accessories on the structure and risk of injuries]. PMID- 6633153 TI - [Knee injuries in skiers]. PMID- 6633154 TI - [The science of surgery and surgical research on experimental animals]. PMID- 6633155 TI - [Social and ethical problems in medicine--differences in the priorities of students and teachers]. PMID- 6633156 TI - [How useful has anti-aggregation therapy proven to be today?]. PMID- 6633157 TI - A comparison of domperidone and haloperidol effects on different dopaminergic neurons in the rat brain. AB - Domperidone, a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist with reportedly preferential actions outside of the blood-brain barrier, and haloperidol, a centrally active DA antagonist, were compared with respect to their abilities to increase the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the rat brain. The activity of nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, tuberohypophyseal and tuberoinfundibular dopamine nerves was estimated by measuring the in vivo rate of DA synthesis (dihydroxyphenylalanine accumulation following administration of an inhibitor of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) in the striatum, olfactory tubercle, posterior pituitary and median eminence, respectively. In an initial study, the rates of DA synthesis in striatum, olfactory tubercle, and posterior pituitary were determined at 2, 8, and 16 h after subcutaneous administration of 0.25, 2.5, or 25 mg/kg domperidone. At the lowest dose of domperidone, DA synthesis was increased only in the posterior pituitary at 8 and 16 h; at the intermediate dose, DA synthesis increased in the posterior pituitary at 8 and 16 h and in the olfactory tubercle at 8 h. Only at 8 h after the highest dose of domperidone was DA synthesis increased in the striatum. When 2.5 mg/kg of domperidone or haloperidol were administered, DA synthesis in posterior pituitary and median eminence was increased in a similar fashion (in the latter region only at 16 h). In contrast, domperidone promoted only modest and delayed increases in DA synthesis in the olfactory tubercle and had no effect in the striatum. These results indicate that systemically administered domperidone preferentially increases DA synthesis in neurons terminating outside the blood-brain barrier, but after a pronounced delay, high doses of the drug can also activate DA neurons which project to the forebrain. PMID- 6633158 TI - Evidence that sodium deprivation influences vitamin D dependent rat renal calcium binding protein. AB - In order to provide some insight concerning the role of renal calcium binding protein (CaBP) in the functioning of the mammalian kidney, the response of renal CaBP to dietary alterations was examined. Three week old rats were fed diets deficient in calcium, phosphorus or sodium supplemented with vitamin D for a four week period. The specific activity of renal CaBP (as measured by the chelex resin assay; Ca2+ bound protein/Ca2+ bound resin per mg protein) in the 28,000 Mr region was found to increase four fold in rats fed the low phosphorus diet and two fold in rats fed the low calcium diet when compared to rats fed the control diet. Renal CaBP/mg protein from rats fed the low sodium diet decreased 50% from the control values. Changes in renal CaBP were confirmed by polyacrylamide gel analysis of the 28,000 Mr fraction by densitometric tracing using a purified CaBP marker. The greater response to dietary phosphorus restriction suggests that renal CaBP may be regulated by a mechanism different from that of intestinal CaBP. The decrease in renal CaBP in rats fed the low sodium diet suggests for the first time that sodium is required for vitamin D dependent distal tubular calcium transport processes. PMID- 6633159 TI - Immunoreactive met-enkephalin plasma concentrations in chronic alcoholics and in children born from alcoholic mothers. AB - Several experimental and clinical observations indicate that ethanol ingestion induces specific neurochemical modifications in the Central Nervous System. In particular, an involvement of endogenous opiates has been suggested in the case of alcohol addiction. In this light, the plasma concentrations of met-enkephalin immunoreactive peptides (ME-IR) have been measured in selected groups of chronic alcoholics and in children whose mothers were ethanol addicts. Both groups revealed a marked reduction of ME-IR plasma concentrations when compared with sex and age matched controls. PMID- 6633160 TI - Effects of taurine and a taurine antagonist on some respiratory and cardiovascular parameters. AB - Respiratory performance, heart rate and blood pressure were studied in halothane anesthetized rats after administration of taurine and the putative taurine antagonist 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1, 1-dioxide hydrochloride (TAG). Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) taurine depressed ventilation due to decreased inspiratory neural drive and depression of respiratory timing mechanisms. I.c.v. administration of 1-100 micrograms TAG caused no changes in the respiratory and circulatory parameters studied except at the highest dose interval where respiratory frequency and minute ventilation were depressed. The respiratory depression induced by taurine (0.2 mg) or beta-alanine (1 mg) was antagonized by administration of TAG (100 micrograms). However, TAG did not antagonize the respiratory effects induced by i.c.v. glycine or gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in equipotent respiratory depressant doses. The decline in inspiratory neural drive as well as in "respiratory timing" after i.c.v. taurine was restituted toward control values by TAG. The hypotension and bradycardia induced by taurine were also antagonized by TAG. It is concluded that TAG seems to antagonize the depressant action of taurine and beta-alanine but not of GABA and glycine on respiratory performance. TAG might also possess some partial agonist activity in higher doses. PMID- 6633161 TI - Chromogranin A: immunohistology reveals its universal occurrence in normal polypeptide hormone producing endocrine glands. AB - Chromogranin A is the major soluble protein co-stored and co-released with catecholamines from catecholamine storage vesicles of adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve. We recently described a widespread distribution of chromogranin, by radioimmunoassay, in all polypeptide hormone producing tissues. To define the microanatomy of this distribution, we studied the immunohistology of chromogranin in normal bovine endocrine tissues using an antibody directed against bovine chromogranin A. The indirect anti-peroxidase technique was used, with a protein A bridge. Chromogranin staining was ubiquitous in polypeptide hormone producing endocrine tissues, and the staining was specific as judged by blockade of the staining reaction by pre-adsorption of the specific antiserum with purified bovine chromogranin A. Staining was present in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, thyroid parafollicular C cells, parathyroid chief cells, pancreatic islet cells, intestinal enteroendocrine cells, and anterior pituitary cells. Staining was absent from the exocrine portions of these tissues, and from purely exocrine tissues. Thus, chromogranin may have a widespread, though as yet undefined, role in the neuroendocrine secretory process. PMID- 6633162 TI - Comparison in animal models of 18F-spiroperidol and 18F-haloperidol: potential agents for imaging the dopamine receptor. AB - Fluorine-18-labeled haloperidol and spiroperidol have been prepared by an exchange reaction using the corresponding non-labeled compound or the nitro analog. Studies in rats have shown that the distribution of labeled spiroperidol has a high striatum to cerebellum ratio which is not observed with haloperidol. A ratio of 10.66 +/- 1.6 is obtained two hours after administration of the 18F spiroperidol. When 18F-spiroperidol was administered to a baboon and tomographic images obtained, the dopamine receptor rich areas were clearly visualized two hours after administration. PMID- 6633164 TI - Occurrence of wax esters in the tissues of the orange roughly (Hoplostethus atlanticus). AB - The skin, skeleton and a fat-filled swim bladder of the orange roughly (Hoplostethus atlanticus) each contained greater than 20% lipid by wet weight which was almost entirely wax esters. These had carbon numbers of 34-40 consistent with the major fatty acid being 18:1 and the major fatty alcohols being 16:0, 18:1, 20:1 and 22:1. In contrast, the liver and the roe contained appreciable quantities of glycerolipids with 18:1 and 22:6 as the major fatty acids. PMID- 6633163 TI - The distribution of cholesterol and phospholipid composition in submitochondrial membranes from bovine adrenal cortex: fundamental studies of steroidogenic mitochondria. AB - The cholesterol contents and phospholipid compositions of mitochondria, microsomes and submitochondrial membranes from bovine adrenal cortex have been analyzed quantitatively. From our results, the following cholesterol contents were obtained: mitochondria, 6.2 +/- 0.9 mol %; microsomes, 18.4 +/- 2.8 mol %; mitochondrial inner membrane, 2.8 +/- 0.6 mol %; and mitochondrial outer membrane, 8.3 +/- 1.3 mol %. In addition, the phospholipid compositions of the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes were determined for the first time. Cardiolipin was found to be enriched in the inner membrane, whereas phosphatidylinositol was richer in the outer membrane. The general features of phospholipid compositions in the submitochondrial membranes resembled that of rat liver mitochondria. PMID- 6633165 TI - Biosynthesis of the novel fatty acid, 17-methyl-cis-9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid, by the parasitic protozoan, Herpetomonas megaseliae. AB - Herpetomonas megaseliae, a flagellate protozoan parasite of the gut of a dipteran, Megaselia scalaris, is shown by chromatographic, spectrometric and radiotracer methods to synthesize de novo an iso-branched chain cyclopropane fatty acid, 17-methyl-cis-9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid. PMID- 6633167 TI - A comparison of the oleaginous yeast, Candida curvata, grown on different carbon sources in continuous and batch culture. AB - The oleaginous yeast, Candida curvata D, was grown in both batch and continuous culture on 5 different carbon sources to compare the efficiency of fat production from the various substrates. Maximum lipid accumulation occurred in batch culture with xylose as the carbon source on nitrogen-limited medium reaching a level of 49% (w/w) of the biomass, but this was reduced to 37% at the optimum dilution rate (D = 0.05/hr) in a chemostat. Both the highest biomass and lipid yields were attained in continuous culture with lactose as the sole carbon source at a dilution rate of D = 0.04/hr, giving an efficiency of substrate conversion of 60 g of biomass and 18.6 g lipid per 100 g lactose utilized. The relative proportions of the major fatty acids (16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2) in the lipid were found to vary considerably in batch culture and in continuous culture under carbon-limited conditions. However, on nitrogen-limited media in the chemostat, the fatty acid composition remained relatively constant over the whole range of dilution rates employed. Lipid from xylose-grown cells contained the greatest percentage of stearic acid (18:0) 15% and the lowest linoleic acid (18:2) 4%, whereas lipid from ethanol-grown cells contained elevated levels of oleic acid (18:1) 51% and decreased palmitic acid (16:0) 25%. PMID- 6633166 TI - Enzymatic hydrolysis in vitro of thermally oxidized sunflower oil. AB - The hydrolysis of thermally oxidized sunflower oil by pancreatic lipase was studied in relation to chemical changes in the acylglycerols. Four classes of compounds (monomers, dimers, trimers and polymers) formed from the acylglycerols were separated from the heated oils by column chromatography on silica gel, and further verified by thin layer chromatography. Each fraction, after analyses for generaly properties, was subjected to a time course study of hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase over a 30-min period. After 70 hr of heating, the amount of hydrolysis for the acylglycerol dimers was only about half that of the monomers, and that for the trimers was, in turn, about one-third that of the monomers. The polymers were the least hydrolyzed and showed no further reaction after 5 min. The reduction in enzymatic hydrolysis of isolated fractions from the thermally oxidized oils indicates structural differences, related to formation of polar compounds and polymerization products. Adverse effects on animals from feeding these materials can be attributed partly to inhibition of hydrolysis resulting in less available energy. PMID- 6633168 TI - Biochemical activities during lipid accumulation in Candida curvata. AB - Intracellular and extracellular concentrations of citrate and the specific activities of ten different enzymes in Candida curvata D were examined in relation to lipid biosynthesis in batch and continuous culture. Citrate was found to accumulate prior to lipid production and declined markedly as lipid accumulated in batch culture. The cells excreted citrate as the culture became nitrogen-limiting after 30 hr of growth, but little more was expelled after 40 hr when lipid accumulation was more marked. In continuous culture, only low levels of citrate were detected at the lower dilution rates and citrate was completely absent from both the cells and medium above a dilution rate of 0.1/hr. The activity of malic enzyme, malate dehydrogenase and ATP:citrate lyase increased in batch culture on lipid accumulated and, in continuous culture, both malic enzyme and ATP:citrate lyase varied in parallel with the specific rate of lipid synthesis which increased with increasing dilution rate. Activity of malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase decreased with increasing dilution rate. The regulatory significance of these enzymes in lipid accumulation by C. curvata is discussed. PMID- 6633169 TI - Evaluation of the rapid micromethod for ultracentrifugal separation of labeled plasma lipoproteins. AB - The fractionations of plasma lipoproteins by 2 methods were compared to evaluate the rapid separation (Airfuge) method for lipoprotein distribution studies. When [125I] labeled very low density, low density, and high density lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL), were separately centrifuged in buffers at d = 1.006, 1.06 or 1.2 g/ml by the conventional ultracentrifuge and the Airfuge, separations of the fractions in the Airfuge were incomplete at both 5 C and 24 C, especially at d = 1.006. [3H] Benzo (a)pyrene, when added to plasma, associates with the plasma proteins and lipoproteins, especially LDL. Compared to the standard techniques, the Airfuge method greatly overestimated its distribution into VLDL. The distribution of [3H] vitamin D3 into the VLDL plus LDL fraction was also overestimated by the Airfuge procedure. It is concluded that caution should be observed in quantitative studies of lipoproteins in the Airfuge. A careful comparison of the distribution into or fractionation of lipoproteins by the 2 methods should always precede any quantitative determinations involving the Airfuge. PMID- 6633170 TI - Digitonin-precipitable sterols as a measure of cholesterol biosynthesis: contradictory results. AB - In experiments with 4 different types of cells, we evaluated the cholesterogenic activity by incorporation of 14C-acetic acid into cholesterol and digitonin precipitable sterols. In every case, the cholesterogenesis appeared considerably faster when expressed as digitonid than when expressed as real cholesterol production, and sometimes the data obtained by the 2 methods were contradictory. Detailed analysis of both digitonid components and nonprecipitable radioactive metabolites showed that a very variable fraction of methyl sterols (including bifunctional methyl sterols) co-precipitates with the C-27 sterols. In cholesterol regulation studies and particularly when the cells exhibit a low cholesterogenesis, the digitonin method is unsuitable and can lead to erroneous interpretations. PMID- 6633171 TI - Detection and determination of lipase (acylglycerol hydrolase) activity from various sources. AB - Methods for the detection and determination of lipases (acylglycerol hydrolases) and preparation of assays are reviewed including substrates, conditions and screening. Some newer methods for the determination of lipase activity are discussed. Several of these are: (a) titrimetry, (b) colorimetry of Cu soaps of free fatty acids (FFA), (c) colorimetry of chromophores in the acyl chain of FFA or in glycerol, (d) radioassay, (e) gas liquid chromatography, (f) enzymatic treatment of FFA and measurement of the resulting products, and (g) direct immunological determination of the lipase. Examples and sensitivities are given and advantages and disadvantages are described. PMID- 6633172 TI - Effect of age on plasma bile acids and lipid components in the rat. AB - With increasing age, total plasma bile acid contents increased in rats over a period of 11 months, and also total plasma cholesterol and carcass fat contents increased in the same manner. Plasma showing high bile acid levels at 11 months was found by means of high performance liquid chromatography to contain cholic acid as one of the major components, chenodeoxycholic acid and trace deoxycholic acid. These results suggest that there are close relationships between the plasma bile acids and age-dependent changes of lipid components in the rat. PMID- 6633173 TI - Fatty acid composition of liver lipids in rats fed brominated fatty acids. AB - Feeding rats diets containing brominated corn oil or di- or tetrabromostearate as the monoglyceride produced changes in fatty acid composition of liver lipids. Those changes associated with the feeding of brominated corn oil or tetrabromostearate could be explained by the accumulation of triglyceride, and the changes associated with the feeding of dibromostearate could result from the proliferation of a membrane system. A unique response to the feeding of diets containing brominated corn oil is an increase in the level of gamma-linolenic acid. PMID- 6633176 TI - Toxoplasmosis. PMID- 6633174 TI - Effect of methylmercuric chloride on gangliosides of mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture. AB - The effect of methylmercuric chloride (CH3HgCl) on the levels of gangliosides in mouse neuroblastoma cells (NBP2) in culture was studied. The treatment of NB cells with low concentrations (0.1 microM and 0.2 microM) of CH3HgCl, which did not affect the growth rate or morphology, caused an increase in the level of the GM3 ganglioside without changing the level of other gangliosides. The treatment of NB cells with higher concentrations (0.5 microM and 1 microM) of CH3HgCl, which inhibited the growth of NB cells, caused a decrease in the level of GM3 and an increase in the level of GM2. These results show that alterations in the levels of specific gangliosides can be observed in cells which do not exhibit any detectable change in growth rate or morphology. This change may be associated with subtle changes in brain functions, including behavioral and psychological changes, after exposure to low concentrations of organic mercury. PMID- 6633175 TI - Evidence that chlorpromazine inhibits sterologenesis at post-HMGCoA reductase sites in rat liver, in vitro. AB - The mechanism by which chlorpromazine inhibits cholesterogenesis in rat liver was investigated in vitro with the use of [14C] acetate and [14C] mevalonate as sterol precursors. Evidence was obtained that chlorpromazine blocks cholesterogenesis at multiple sites beyond HMGCoA reductase (beta-hydroxy-beta methylglutarylCoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34), the rate-limiting step. Squalene synthesis from both labeled acetate and mevalonate is reduced to a similar extent in the presence of chlorpromazine (29-36% at 0.5 mM). The data indicate that there is also an impairment of conversion of squalene to lanosterol, and of lanosterol to cholesterol. Overall inhibition of cholesterogenesis by chlorpromazine reached 65-75% at 0.5 mM and was concentration-dependent over the range 0.15-1.0 mM. PMID- 6633177 TI - A contribution towards the antigenic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii. PMID- 6633178 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Toxoplasma IgG antibody:a comparison with other serological tests. PMID- 6633179 TI - Cellular fatty acid profiles of campylobacters. PMID- 6633180 TI - Microcomputers in bacteriology. PMID- 6633181 TI - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: a comparison between three methods. PMID- 6633182 TI - Detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii: a comparison of three test kits. PMID- 6633184 TI - An improved method for obtaining reliable blood counts with hyperlipaemic samples on an automated particle counter. PMID- 6633183 TI - Serological reactions using low ionic strength saline (LISS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6633185 TI - Methodology for the differential diagnosis of a complex data set. A case study using data from routine CT scan examinations. AB - Data from routine CT scan examinations are employed to illustrate the use of the polychotomous logistic regression model as a statistical diagnostic tool. The assumptions of the model, the interpretation of its parameters, and its capabilities are described in detail. In carrying out the analysis on the CT data, a large, relatively sparse data set, many technical difficulties were encountered. Modifications to the methodology that were necessary to permit its implementation are described, and it is demonstrated that an unbiased analysis of T + 1 diagnostic categories can be implemented by separately performing T individual simple logistic analyses. The limitations of the methodology are discussed. It is hoped that this paper may serve as a basis for the practical implementation of the polychotomous logistic model in similar diagnostic settings. PMID- 6633186 TI - Physicians' misunderstanding of normal findings. AB - Gorry, Pauker, and Schwartz [1] demonstrated that a normal test result, when assessed quantitatively, can sometimes be extremely valuable in differential diagnosis. In the present study we extend the principle of the normal finding to include signs and symptoms. This extension proved to be clinically valuable for the present population of patients with acute cough, because the identified normal findings provided significant (p less than 0.001) information predictive of radiographic pneumonia and unrelated to that provided by the abnormal findings. This suggests that both types of findings should be used to diagnose pneumonia efficiently. Another result of the extension of this principle to signs and symptoms was the identification of the clinicians' use (p less than 0.001) of abnormal findings but not (p greater than 0.75) normal findings when managing patients with acute cough. Several possible causes for this misuse of normal findings are discussed, including limitations in the clinicians' cognitive processing of "absent problems," emphasis on abnormal findings by patients, and confusing epidemiological terminology that discourages the recognition of pertinent normal findings. PMID- 6633187 TI - A mathematical approach to interpretation and selection of diagnostic tests. AB - When the presence of a specific disease is being considered, a diagnostic test can often help the physician to choose between subjecting the patient to an extensive workup (or treatment) and proceeding no further. Decisions concerning the use of a test require that three judgments be made: (1) Should the test be done? (2) Which test (if any) should be used if two or more are available? (3) If a test that can take on more than two values is performed, what is the correct cutoff point (or positivity criterion) that determines whether or not to proceed? This paper presents a mathematical technique to answer these questions, taking into account data concerning the patient (summarized as the prior, or pre-test, probability of disease), the test, and the workup (or treatment). The technique is presented in a graphical form that can be applied to any clinical situation in which the needed data are available. PMID- 6633188 TI - Classical statistical considerations in medical decision models. AB - The influence of sampling error on decision-analytic models was investigated to determine how these errors affect model reliability. Formulas were developed to relate statistical error in the probability decision threshold and gain in expected utility to the error in the data samples upon which such models are based. The formulas were validated in a simulation experiment and then applied to a hypothetical decision model and to the clinical problem of immediate surgery versus continued observation in suspected acute appendicitis. The results of this analysis show that modest statistical error affecting any variable in a decision model may be amplified into a substantially larger error in both the probability decision threshold and the gain in utility predicted by the model. In addition, when errors are present simultaneously in several variables, they may compound to unexpectedly large magnitudes, rendering the model unreliable over a wide range of disease probability. The interpretation of the results of a decision analysis should be viewed along a continuum that takes into account both the magnitude of the gain or loss in expected utility predicted by the model and a quantitative measure of the reliability of this prediction. Whenever possible, a determination of statistical error should be an integral part of any formal decision analysis. PMID- 6633189 TI - Comparison of five digital scintigraphic display modes. An ROC curve analysis of detection performance. AB - In the last decade diagnostic imaging departments, even those of moderate size, have experienced unprecedented growth. Much of this expansion can be attributed directly to technological developments, including systems for the acquisition of diagnostic images in digital format. In modern imaging departments, digital-based systems are quite common and are found across the specialities of nuclear medicine, ultrasound, transmission and emission computed tomography, and angiography. Nuclear magnetic resonance is the newest digital-based modality, and it appears destined to achieve its place in the diagnostic arsenal. These systems all have one trait in common, which is the topic of this paper. They offer the potential of increasing diagnostic accuracy by varying the methods used to process and display the acquired imaged data. We present the results of a nuclear medicine study designed to compare observer performance among five digital scintigraphic display modes. The observer's task was to detect artificially created lesions in brain scintigrams. Each mode is defined by a combination of an image processing function and a method of display. Using 40 trained observers, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed. The results support the use of color displays in nuclear medicine. PMID- 6633190 TI - Use of the hazard rate to schedule follow-up exams efficiently. An optimization approach to patient management. AB - The problem of surveillance for metastasis in a cancer patient is modeled as an allocation problem. The hazard rate of metastasis appearing determines the efficient scheduling of follow-up exams. An optimal schedule of follow-up exams is shown to be dependent on the hazard rate, K, and D. K relates the cost of testing to the benefit of early detection. It diminishes as benefit increases or cost diminishes. D is the time by which a metastasis' detection by testing precedes its clinical presentation. Hence it is a direct measure of the effectiveness of testing. The optimal testing frequency = (hazard rate/2K)1/2. Testing may be stopped when the hazard rate drops below 2K/D2. Tests need never be routinely scheduled if the intervals between tests exceed D in length. PMID- 6633191 TI - [Single large-dose preoperative irradiation in breast cancer]. AB - Proceeding from radiobiological data, the TDF concept and a cumulative radiation effect the authors proposed a new variant of preoperative radiotherapy in operable breast cancer patients. Single doses for the breast and axillary subclavicular zone that were 15 and 12.5 Gy, were determined. Observation over 72 patients showed that single irradiation did not influence the course of operation and the postoperative period. Good functional and short-term results of treatment make it possible to recommend single large fraction preoperative irradiation for trials in special oncological and radiological institutions. PMID- 6633192 TI - [Combined therapy of extra-abdominal desmoids]. AB - Basing on a comparative study of the results of combined treatment (irradiation + operation) and surgery alone provided to patients with extra-abdominal desmoid (ED) the authors reach a conclusion that preoperative gamma-beam therapy can be regarded as an important means of recurrence prevention. In incomplete resection of tumors the treatment should be supplemented by postoperative irradiation, because in radiotherapy alone cure can be achieved with high summary doses only. It is still difficult to judge of the advantages of irradiation of ED under the conditions of hyperbaric oxygenation by the frequency of recurrences. PMID- 6633193 TI - [Early and late changes in the lungs following irradiation of the mediastinum (based on studies of patients with lymphogranulomatosis)]. AB - In a group of 180 patients with Hodgkin's disease who received irradiation of the mediastinum, 23 (12.7%) developed shortly after that (up to 6 mos.) the signs of radiation pulmonitis, later on 171 (95%) local paramediastinal fibrosis. Radiation changes revealed were either subclinical or asymptomatic. The frequency of early radiation changes and the extent of local fibrosis depend on the volume of irradiated pulmonary tissue. The summary focal doses within the range of 31 45Gy are less important. PMID- 6633194 TI - [Current tasks of the international medical community in the fight against thermonuclear warfare]. PMID- 6633195 TI - [Conventional roentgenologic methods and computerized tomography in the preirradiation planning for patients with esophageal cancer]. AB - During the planning of irradiation of patients with esophageal cancer significant divergence is frequently noted between topometric maps obtained by conventional x ray methods including axial tomography, and computerized tomography. Topometric maps based on these two methods were compared. Using a typical example of a series of 12 patients, divergences in expected dose loads on critical points were analysed on the basis of 3 variants of superposed topometric maps. Divergences in topometric maps result from errors in topometric methods and from an impossibility to reproduce precisely the level of a section and physiological conditions during repeated layings of a patient. Divergences in a focal dose (on the esophagus) can reach 8% in rotation radiotherapy, 20% in static irradiation, and on the vertebral canal 28 and 13% respectively. Factors that influence such divergences are discussed. PMID- 6633196 TI - [Radionuclide methods in planning treatment for uterine cancer]. AB - Indirect low radionuclide lymphography with 113mIn-coindium and serial renoscintigaphy with 131mI-hippuran were done to 103 patients with cancer of the uterus. A high diagnostic value of radionuclide methods was shown. In a comparative analysis of radiolymphography and direct roentgenocontrast lymphography with the results of a morphological study of the lymph nodes the informative value was 70.7% for the radionuclide and 75% for the x-ray studies of the lymphatic system. A higher sensitivity of serial renoscintigraphy as compared to excretory urography (34.2% and 27.6% respectively) was shown in the diagnosis of pathology of the urinary system. Taking into account the absence of counterindications to and the simplicity of radionuclide studies it is recommended that they should be included in the complex of diagnostic procedures for patients with cancer of the uterus. PMID- 6633197 TI - [Radiation dosage to staff during administration of pharmaceutical preparations labeled with 99m Tc]. AB - The paper is concerned with the characteristics of irradiation doses the staff members are exposed to at one of the most important stages of a radiodiagnostic study: administration of 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceutical drugs. Proceeding from an analysis of technological peculiarities of this stage the authors propose recommendations to decrease dose exposures of the hands and body of the staff members engaged in the administration of radiopharmaceutical drugs. PMID- 6633198 TI - [Scintigraphy of the liver with 131-I-bengal rose and determination of ferritin in the blood during combined radiotherapy of cancer of the cervix]. AB - Altogether 117 patients with cervical cancer on combined radiation therapy were examined. They were examined before the start of radiation therapy, after a focal dose of 35-40 Gy, immediately after the termination of irradiation and in 3-12 mos. after treatment. Using a method of dynamic computerized scintigraphy with 131I-Bengal rose absorptive-excretory function of the liver was studied; the level of ferritin was determined too. Combined radiation therapy was shown to cause hepatic disorders that manifest themselves in the suppression of absorptive excretory function of the liver and a decreased level of ferritin. The most noticeable changes were recorded in the patients examined immediately after the termination of irradiation. Results of both methods show good correlation. PMID- 6633199 TI - [Determination of the area of the scanographic image of organs]. PMID- 6633200 TI - [Treatment of stomach and duodenal ulcers with laser radiation]. PMID- 6633201 TI - [Automated system for collecting, processing and storing individual dosimetric control data]. AB - Organization of a automated system of individual dosimetric control on the basis of mini-computer M-6000 was described. The hard ware system was considered, a coding principle for initial information was proposed. A block diagram of the soft ware consisting of a set of six interrelated programs was presented. Each one was considered in detail. As a result of this system a data bank is being set up for 10000 persons under central individual dosimetric control. The introduction of the automated system made it possible to do away with manual processing, to improve the reliability of processing, to classify registration forms, to control the time course of individual exposures, to detect the most hazardous from the radiation point of view departments and places of work, occupations, and to issue recommendations to improve technological processes to make radiation situation better. The automated system of individual dosimetric control can be recommended for factories and institutions where centralized individual dosimetric control is needed for a numerous staff. PMID- 6633203 TI - A self-contained method for determining time since death from temperature measurements. PMID- 6633202 TI - The influence of the law on clinical decisions affecting life and death. PMID- 6633204 TI - The decision process of the mental health review tribunal--2. Analysis of research findings. PMID- 6633206 TI - International comparisons--alternatives to custody. PMID- 6633205 TI - Death and the law--medico-legal problems. PMID- 6633207 TI - A possible index of fatal drug toxicity in humans. PMID- 6633208 TI - Thinner abuse and aspermia. PMID- 6633209 TI - The effects of low doses of alcohol on driving performance. PMID- 6633210 TI - A regional interim secure unit at the Bethlem Royal Hospital--the first fourteen months. PMID- 6633211 TI - [Anemia and icterus: thalassemia and sickle cell anemia]. PMID- 6633212 TI - [Diagnostic errors and their causes exemplified in internal medicine]. PMID- 6633213 TI - [Diagnostic errors and their causes exemplified in neurology]. PMID- 6633214 TI - [Medical risks for tourists and long-distance travelers. Suggestions for prevention]. PMID- 6633215 TI - [Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]. PMID- 6633216 TI - [Musica et humanitas. Thoughts of a physician]. PMID- 6633217 TI - [Gerontologic sports medicine]. PMID- 6633218 TI - [Clinical pharmacokinetics of buflomedil]. PMID- 6633219 TI - [Differential diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: metastases to the pancreas]. PMID- 6633220 TI - [Learning handicaps in medical education: dogmatic thinking--mass studies- examination orientation--ideological-dialectic filtration]. PMID- 6633221 TI - [Breast feeding without fear. Comparative studies on harmful substances in breast milk]. PMID- 6633222 TI - [Excretion and serum concentrations of allopurinol, oxipurinol and oxipurines in combined treatment with allopurinol and benzbromarone in increasing doses]. PMID- 6633223 TI - [Betahistinedimesilate in the therapy of vertigo states in multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 6633224 TI - [Carbamazepine in the prevention and therapy of affective psychoses]. PMID- 6633225 TI - [Hyperuricemia and gout. Physiopathology, diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 6633226 TI - [Oxalosis]. PMID- 6633227 TI - [Pleomorphic lipoma. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis]. PMID- 6633228 TI - [Inflammatory conditions and indomethacin. Modification of severe life threatening infections following surgery and injuries with indomethacin]. PMID- 6633229 TI - [Development of medical liability law]. PMID- 6633230 TI - [The old familiar and the strangely new: philology of the real]. PMID- 6633231 TI - [Anemia and icterus: hereditary spherocytosis and ovalocytosis]. PMID- 6633232 TI - [Squamous cell carcinoma of the finger nail bed. Case report]. PMID- 6633233 TI - [Autochthonous amebic abscess of the liver]. PMID- 6633234 TI - [Appendix carcinoid and carcinoma. A rare picture]. PMID- 6633235 TI - [Screening for cancer of the colon]. PMID- 6633236 TI - [Kinetic studies of ibuprofen on humans. Comparative study for the determination of blood concentrations and metabolites following local and oral administration]. PMID- 6633237 TI - [Weight reduction with formula diets. Study of the effectiveness and practicability]. PMID- 6633238 TI - [Humanization of the penal law]. PMID- 6633239 TI - The study and clinical application of the osteocutaneous flap of fibula. AB - In this article, four cases of free fibular osteocutaneous flap transfer are reported. The advantages of the bone-attached flap, its microsurgical anatomy, and its design and method of isolation are discussed in detail. Postoperative follow-up showed success in all four cases with satisfactory functional recovery. PMID- 6633240 TI - Vascularized fibular grafting for treatment of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head--preliminary results in four cases. AB - Vascularized grafting with segments of fibula was performed in four men with aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. The patients were restricted to relatively young individuals in whom the necrosis seemed to be confined to two-thirds or less of the femoral head and in whom the outer shell of the femoral head appeared relatively well preserved. The operative technique is described, and the interim results from follow-up ranging from one year, two months to three years, eight months are reported. Three of the four hips became asymptomatic after surgery with x-ray films showing no progression of the necrosis or deformity. In one hip, however, mild pain, bony absorption, and some progression of the deformity persisted. Although the final results in these four cases remain to be seen, vascularized fibular grafting will find a place in the treatment of early avascular necrosis of the femoral head. PMID- 6633242 TI - Critical comparison of transcutaneous PO2 and tissue pH as indices of perfusion. AB - A critical laboratory evaluation of transcutaneous PO2 monitoring and tissue pH monitoring in lower abdominal island flaps based on the superficial inferior epigastric vessels in rabbits revealed that transcutaneous PO2 values correlate poorly with tissue survival under circumstances of decreased arterial inflow. The inability of the transcutaneous PO2 monitor to accurately predict viability of the flaps in this study is attributed to physiologic changes in the microcirculation and not to instrument error. Tissue pH was, in all instances, a reliable index of the perfusion status of the flaps. PMID- 6633241 TI - Immediate total scalp and skull reconstruction. AB - A patient who required excision of a large basal cell carcinoma was left with a scalp defect measuring 23 cm x 23 cm, associated with an underlying bony defect of 18 cm x 16 cm with a similar dural defect. Simultaneous reconstruction of all three layers was performed using a large free latissimus dorsi flap, titanium strips, and lumbar fascia. A satisfactory cosmetic and functional result was obtained using this technique. PMID- 6633243 TI - Is a crossover to the contralateral side by nerve transplants a satisfactory source for reinnervation of a muscle transplant? An experimental study in the rectus femoris muscle of the rabbit. AB - In ten rabbits the nerve branch to the left rectus femoris muscle was prolonged to the contralateral side by a nerve graft. Three months later the distal end of the transplant was connected to the transsected nerve branch to the right rectus femoris muscle. Nerve biopsies were taken from the muscle nerve, the nerve graft at the time of grafting and from the distal end of the nerve graft immediately before nerve suture in the second operation. Six months after the second operation the final assessment of muscle function and of the histology of the muscle and of the muscle nerve was performed. The functional results of the rectus femoris muscle reinnervated by a crossover nerve graft ranged between 6% and 56% of a normal standard muscle and seemed to be insufficient to justify a clinical use for muscle transplant reinnervation in the extremities. The histological findings also confirmed the basic possibility of elongating a motor nerve by nerve grafts, but the second nerve suture, the interposition of a long nerve graft, and the obviously changed reflex system probably caused a moderate and unpredictable muscle function. PMID- 6633245 TI - Problems of terminology in peripheral nerve surgery: committee report of the International Society of Reconstructive Microsurgery. PMID- 6633244 TI - The histopathology of microvascular anastomosis: a study of the incidence of various tissue changes. AB - The histopathologic changes caused by microvascular anastomosis were studied in 178 femoral arteries of rats. While in all vessels the tissue surrounded by the suture loops at the anastomosis showed the strangulating effect of the suture with the process of repair being evident on the endothelial and adventitial surfaces, there were certain differences in the changes between patent and thrombosed vessels in the areas adjacent to the anastomosis. A study of the incidence of various tissue changes showed that endothelial integrity is important for patency of the anastomosis. PMID- 6633246 TI - A simplified method for total arterialization of the liver in rats. AB - Total arterialization of the liver appears to be a promising clinical method in preventing or reducing encephalopathy after shunting. A new technique for achieving total arterialization of the liver in rats in described and illustrated. This method is fast, simple, and associated with a high patency rate, even in the hands of relatively inexperienced microsurgeons. It can be recommended as an experimental model for additional studies in rats. PMID- 6633247 TI - A portable microvascular laboratory for the office. AB - Regular exercises in microsurgery are mandatory for the microsurgeon to develop and maintain skill. Not all microsurgeons have access to a hospital or university laboratory in which to perform such microsurgical procedures. The authors describe a simple model for a portable microvascular laboratory that can be set up in an office. PMID- 6633248 TI - The syndrome of idiopathic myelofibrosis. A clinicopathologic review with emphasis on the prognostic variables predicting survival. AB - We describe here a series of 88 consecutive patients with bone marrow fibrosis. Primary causes for the fibrosis were discovered in 26% of the cases shortly after the initial diagnosis. Pathology review of the remaining cases revealed an 8% incidence of "hairy cell leukemia" that had escaped detection originally. The remaining cases, characterized as having "unexplained bone marrow fibrosis" or "idiopathic myelofibrosis," are the subject of this study. The clinical and laboratory findings are compared to those reported in previous series of selected cases with similar features in which patients were diagnosed as having "agnogenic myeloid metaplasia," "myelosclerosis," or "myelofibrosis." A brief summary of the treatment modalities used, and the clinical course and outcome of these patients are also presented. There was a marked variability in the clinical severity of the disease and in the survival of these patients. A detailed statistical analysis of 40 variables at the time of initial diagnosis showed that the factors that best predicted a poor survival were unexplained fever, weight loss, night sweats, anemia and thrombocytopenia. On the other hand, the size of the spleen or of the liver, the degree of immaturity of the peripheral blood white cells, and the degree of fibrosis or cellularity in the bone marrow biopsy were of no detectable prognostic significance. These findings suggest that in patients with unexplained fibrosis of the bone marrow (the syndrome of idiopathic myelofibrosis) a poor prognosis is not a direct consequence of the marrow fibrosis or the associated extramedullary hematopoiesis, but rather is related to the presence and/or the severity of some unexplained primary marrow defect, which is also often associated with the nonspecific symptoms of a systemic illness. PMID- 6633249 TI - Dynamic processes in music perception. PMID- 6633250 TI - A schema for common cents. PMID- 6633251 TI - Representing the dynamics of a static form. PMID- 6633252 TI - The effect of increasing the memorability of category instances on estimates of category size. PMID- 6633253 TI - Orthographic vs. phonological irregularity in lexical decision. PMID- 6633254 TI - The facilitation of lexical decisions by a prime occurring after the target. PMID- 6633255 TI - The dependence of semantic relatedness effects upon prime processing. PMID- 6633256 TI - Strategic factors in a lexical-decision task: evidence for automatic and attention-driven processes. PMID- 6633258 TI - Detection of Fs in a single statement: the role of phonetic recoding. PMID- 6633257 TI - Phonemic-analysis training helps children benefit from spelling-sound rules. PMID- 6633259 TI - The correlation between cue differentiation and associative recall. PMID- 6633260 TI - Acquiring conjunctive concepts: when and why does feature frequency affect feature identification? PMID- 6633262 TI - Prominent publications in cognitive psychology. PMID- 6633261 TI - Spatial problem solving: the integration of independently learned cognitive maps. PMID- 6633263 TI - Residential treatment centers for emotionally disturbed children, United States, 1977-78 and 1979-80. PMID- 6633264 TI - Why teach information sciences in medicine? Will they contribute to a solution in the present crisis of medicine? PMID- 6633265 TI - A comprehensive model for medical information processing. PMID- 6633266 TI - EDPS of clinical case record and scientific document in the industry post marketing surveillance of drugs. PMID- 6633267 TI - A monitoring system for chronic diseases--determining the parameters involved. PMID- 6633268 TI - The use of the computer in the cancer registry. PMID- 6633269 TI - Bereavement and social support at the climacteric. AB - The relationship between life events and symptoms was examined in a general population sample of Scottish climacteric women within the framework of the concepts and methods developed in the field of life event research. It was found that at least some of the increase in symptoms at that time of life was due to the occurrence of stressful life events. This relationship was a complex one as different types of life events were associated with symptoms in a differential way. In particular, the occurrence of a bereavement involving a close family member and the consequent loss of social support, were found to be significant factors in provoking physical symptoms, but only in the presence of other life stress. These results are discussed in the context of the findings of other life event researchers. PMID- 6633270 TI - Hysterectomy in six European countries. AB - Gynaecologists have been criticized in recent years because of their attitude towards hysterectomy; it is often stated that they are too ready to consider hysterectomy to be indicated and that hysterectomies are carried out too frequently. In order to obtain insight into the incidence of hysterectomy, 2066 women between 40 and 70 yr of age, composing a sample covering 6 European countries, were asked whether they had undergone this operation. Of the total sample, 11.4% had been hysterectomized, the highest percentage being found in Italy (15.5%) and the lowest in France (8.5%). The most important factor that influenced the relative frequency of hysterectomy was age: the percentage of women who had undergone hysterectomy increased with age up to 55-59 yr, but fell thereafter. Another significant factor was civil status; there were fewer divorcees or widows at the moment of operation than married or never-married women. The relationship between the incidence of hysterectomy and age is a parabolic one. To explain this curve the authors postulate that two trends must have played a role: firstly; a greater need for hysterectomy with increasing age and, secondly a decrease in the reluctance of the gynaecological profession to perform a hysterectomy and/or of women to undergo this operation. Statistical analysis confirms the existence of this second trend over the period 1960-1975. The chances of a young woman losing her uterus before her 70th year went up linearly to 19.8% in 1975. By extrapolation a figure of 21% is obtained for 1980. Satisfaction with the result of the operation was lowest in Italy and Germany; satisfaction was also lowest in rural areas. PMID- 6633271 TI - Absorption of an oestrogen-progestogen preparation. AB - The plasma levels of oestradiol (E2), oestrone (E1), and norethisterone were studied in 6 post-menopausal women over a period of 24 h following the ingestion of a single, combined tablet containing 2 mg 17 beta-oestradiol, 1 mg oestradiol and 1 mg norethisterone acetate. The steroids were all in a nonesterified microcrystalline form. Three different batches of the preparation were used in the study; one was freshly prepared and the other two had been stored for 1 and 2 yr, respectively. The plasma oestradiol concentration increased rapidly, reaching a maximum level within 2 h, and then decreased gradually. After 24 h the basal value had not been regained. Oestrone levels followed approximately the same pattern. The E2-to-E1 ratio was high during the first 30 min after ingestion and then decreased to about 0.5. It remained more or less constant at this value, with a slight increase towards the end of the 24-h period. The norethisterone level rose and fell more rapidly. After about 8 h the level was practically down to zero. PMID- 6633272 TI - Efficacy and safety of Org OD 14 in the treatment of climacteric complaints. AB - To study the effect of Org OD 14 [17 alpha, 17 alpha)-17-hydroxy-7-methyl-19 norpregn-5(10)-en-20-yn-3-one) on the endometrium, 9 healthy post-menopausal women were given a daily dose of 2.5 mg of Org OD 14 for 100 consecutive days. In addition, during days 91-100 a daily oral dose of 1 mg of lynestrenol was taken by each volunteer. Endometrial biopsies were obtained before the start of treatment and on day 91. At pre-treatment, the endometrium was atrophic in 7 out of 9 volunteers and weakly stimulated in 2 volunteers. On day 91, the endometrium was found atrophic in 8 out of 9 volunteers and weakly stimulated in 1. Breakthrough bleeding occurred in 1 volunteer. After cessation of the combined treatment with Org OD 14 and lynestrenol, withdrawal bleeding occurred only in 1 volunteer. To assess the efficacy of Org OD 14 in the treatment of climacteric complaints a double-blind cross-over study was performed in 29 post-menopausal women. Patients were randomly allocated to Org OD 14 or to placebo as first treatment. Each period of treatment lasted 4 mth; no wash-out period was introduced. Patients took 1 Org OD 14 tablet (2.5 mg) or 1 placebo tablet per day. The patients scored hot flushes and sweating. At the end of the second treatment period, each patient was asked which of the 2 treatments she preferred. Data sufficient to allow for a conclusion were obtained from 20 patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633273 TI - Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits influenza virus growth in embryonated eggs. AB - Glycyrrhizic acid, at doses well tolerated by the cells in monolayer cultures, inhibited the recovery of hemagglutinins from both Influenza and Newcastle Disease virus-infected embryonated hen eggs. Since the drug had no effect on viral viability and did not impair the hemagglutinating activity of the virions, the growth of viruses into the embryo tissues might be mainly affected. Late viral replication steps, rather than the early ones, appeared to be involved in the inhibitory effect of glycyrrhizic acid. PMID- 6633274 TI - Preliminary study on fixed rabies virus strain "Roma". I: Adaptation on BHK21/S13 cells. AB - In this study the attempts to adapt Roma fixed rabies virus to BHK21/S13 cells and human diploid fibroblasts, for a better characterization of the virus, are reported. BHK21 cells were infected with the virus and maintained in culture for more than 100 passages. A persistently infected culture by rabies virus was obtained. Attempts to propagate virus in human diploid fibroblasts were unsuccessful. PMID- 6633275 TI - Use of carboxylic acids by Thiobacillus A2. AB - Thiobacillus A2 can grow on acetate, glycollate, succinate and citrate as sole carbon and energy sources. Results of growth and transport experiments indicated that separate transport systems existed for the four acids although acetate uptake by bacteria grown on glycollate was very rapid. Citrate was a potentially toxic substrate in that low concentrations had to be supplied to adapt organisms to growth on citrate following autotrophic culture on thiosulphate. Apparent Ks values for transport by whole organisms were around 10(-4) M. The effects of uncoupling agents, phosphate and arsenate, on acid uptake did not allow identification of the mechanisms of transport, but indicated energy-requiring processes possibly involving anion participation. The ratio of carbon assimilated from the -CH2- and the -COOH carbons of succinate was about 5:1, reflecting very rapid decarboxylation of succinate following uptake into the cell. PMID- 6633276 TI - Simple devices for measuring antibiotic zone inhibition. AB - A chart has been developed for rapid reading of antibiotic zone inhibition. This method enabled the recording of whether the bacterium was sensitive or resistant to a drug in vitro. Two other devices were developed, for accurately reading the actual zone of inhibition when a clear medium was used, and also when an opaque medium was utilized. PMID- 6633277 TI - Microcalorimetry studies of energy changes during the growth of Klebsiella aerogenes in simple salts/carbon-limited media: growth in the presence of glucose and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside. AB - The power-time profile and the derived thermal parameters obtained during the growth of glucose-adapted cells of K. aerogenes in glucose-limited medium containing added alpha-methyl-D-glucoside (alpha-MG) are markedly different from those obtained during growth in glucose alone. The power-time profile changes in a regular manner with increasing concentrations of alpha-MG; the rate constants for exponential growth and heat output decrease linearly. Yield and enthalpy data indicate that alpha-MG is not metabolized, and this is not supported by the data for carbon dioxide production. The increase in the total cell volume which occurs as a result of growth in the presence of alpha-MG indicates that this carbon source is possibly stored. The power-time profile and thermal parameters for alpha-MG trained cells, grown with alpha-MG limitation and in mixed carbon limited media are reported. In mixed media catabolic repression occurs. PMID- 6633278 TI - [Automatic ultramicrotome drive for routine medical histology with the electron microscope]. AB - In modern ultramicrotomes the thermic advance system has been replaced by a mechanical one. Earlier, conventional DC-voltage motors were used, but recently the step motor has become popular. In connection with such motors, the application of digital control elements is facilitated, thus increasing precision significantly. A further step towards improving the precision of the advance system is the application of microprocessors as intelligent and interacting control elements. The microprocessor can not only take over the function sensors, the function of regulation. This paper describes a working concept whereby the advance system does not, as usual, work freely, but in connection with a sensor which measures the advance, and first after a positive data comparison over the microprocessor, allows the cutting movement. The concept is not limited to ultramicrotomes but can also be applied to mechanical rotation microtomes. PMID- 6633279 TI - MSMS goal: to rehabilitate every impaired physician. PMID- 6633280 TI - Physician disaffection and depression. PMID- 6633281 TI - We physicians must care for our medical students. PMID- 6633282 TI - The problem of the elderly impaired physician. PMID- 6633283 TI - Suicide most dramatic symptom of physician impairment. PMID- 6633284 TI - How the MSMS impaired physician program works. PMID- 6633285 TI - Fifty percent of men, 97 percent of women never physically fit in their lives. PMID- 6633286 TI - Here are provisions of new drunk driving law. PMID- 6633287 TI - Physicians in flight. PMID- 6633288 TI - Won't someone turn down the lytes? PMID- 6633289 TI - TEFRA and your retirement plan. PMID- 6633290 TI - To ensure successful computer operation, start with the right questions. PMID- 6633291 TI - Did you know, doctor, that it's illegal to ask a job applicant's age? PMID- 6633292 TI - Supreme Court on track in writing new malpractice rule. PMID- 6633293 TI - MSMS/PSG in-office consultations get down to physician's business. PMID- 6633294 TI - Alternative health care professionals: an MSMS position statement. PMID- 6633295 TI - Herpes--what you should know. PMID- 6633296 TI - Sale of a medical practice--a new way to set a price. PMID- 6633297 TI - Your retirement plan: leasing employees. PMID- 6633298 TI - Conjugal transferability of multiple resistance in Shigella strains. AB - Shigella strains isolated in Japan between 1971 and 1979 were surveyed for drug resistance and distribution of R plasmids. Of 2,510 strains, 89.3% were resistant to either one or various combinations of four drugs, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfanilamide. About 66% of the Shigella isolates were quadruply resistant. The frequency of isolation of R plasmids from quadruply resistant Shigella strains was the highest when compared with other strains resistant to various combinations of the four drugs. The conjugal transferability of 204 quadruply resistant strains isolated between 1977 and 1979 was tested by various mixed-culture methods. Among the total strains examined, 70.6% carried transferable resistance when tested by the conventional broth culture method, 90.2% transferred their resistance when, in addition the replica plating method was used and 97.5% could transfer their resistance when the membrane filter method was also used. Although the remaining five strains could not transfer their resistance by any of the mixed culture methods, the drug resistance of four of the five strains was mobilized by the concomitant presence of F-tet or T-kan plasmid. These results indicate that almost all of the quadruple resistance in Shigella isolates was mediated by plasmid. PMID- 6633299 TI - Changes in the intestinal microflora in association with colon tumorigenesis in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine hydrochloride. PMID- 6633300 TI - Cytotoxin production by Clostridium sordellii strains. AB - A total of 55 strains of Clostridium sordellii, 21 lethal toxin-positive and 34 lethal toxin-negative, were tested for cytotoxin production in brain heart infusion medium supplemented with 0.2% Na2HPO4 (m-BHI) and cooked-meat-glucose (CMG) medium using baby hamster kidney (BHK-21/WI-2) cells as indicator cells. The m-BHI medium was preferred to CMG medium and 24 hr of incubation was sufficient for cytotoxin production. Nineteen of the 21 toxigenic strains were also cytotoxigenic, and the strength of the cytotoxigenicity was approximately parallel with that of the lethal toxigenicity. Clostridium difficile antitoxin neutralized C. sordellii cytotoxin and also C. sordellii antitoxin neutralized C. difficile cytotoxin. PMID- 6633301 TI - Multiplication of several arboviruses isolated in Japan in Culex tritaeniorhynchus. PMID- 6633302 TI - Structures of peptidoglycans of Propionibacterium. PMID- 6633303 TI - A case of acute catarrhal conjunctivitis due to Branhamella catarrhalis. PMID- 6633304 TI - Problems of medical students in India. AB - A sample of 505 medical students from five medical colleges with urban and regional environmental settings was selected. The subjects belonged to three groups: (1) students having covered only 3-4 months in college; (2) students exceeding 18 months in college; and (3) interns (students having graduated). A comparison was made between male and female students belonging to high and low socio-economic status groups from both urban as well as regional colleges separately. Findings suggest that in urban colleges males report significantly more problems than females in areas like: courtship, sex and marriage; morals and religion; adjustment to college work; and curriculum and teaching procedure. In regional colleges, males as compared with females reveal significantly more problems in areas like: finance, living conditions and employment; courtship, sex and marriage; home and family; the future: vocational and educational matters; and curriculum and teaching procedure. PMID- 6633305 TI - A new course in basic therapeutic skills for medical and dental students at the College of Medicine, University of Lagos: student evaluation. AB - A new course in basic therapeutic skills for first-year students at the College of Medicine, University of Lagos began in July 1980. The course is designed to teach basic medical procedures in nursing, first aid, medicine, surgery, paediatrics and dentistry. It also introduces the students, early in their medical or dental training, to the role in treatment and rehabilitation of dietetics, physiotherapy, prosthetics and orthotics, occupational therapy and medical social work. The course is in its second year of implementation with 152 students participating in the inception year and 166 in the second year. The former group of students had a pre-test and post-test consisting of fifty multiple choice questions. The latter group were also examined in the performance of the skills taught them using check lists and rating scales of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) type. At the end of the course the students completed an evaluation questionnaire. As a result, the organization of the course in its second year took account of many of the findings from student evaluation in the first year. The particular learning needs of dentistry students were included, hence the second class of dental students found the courses more relevant than the previous class. The teachers were encouraged to develop audiovisual presentations of their subjects and the increased use of simulators permitted greater opportunity for students to practise skills. The study indicates that student evaluation of course organization and management can be of great value in providing the feedback required to progressively improve the learning environment. PMID- 6633306 TI - Paediatric neurology in the United Kingdom. AB - The author visited ten paediatric neurology departments in the U.K. as part of a travelling scholarship. He was particularly interested in the way services were organized, and was able to make comparisons and note those features which seemed desirable. It seemed to him that: there should be a considerable overlap between paediatric neurology and handicapped childrens' services with the paediatric neurologist an active member of the local child development centre team; paediatric neurologists should be closely involved in the diagnosis and treatment of acute neurological disorders; minimum staffing for a regional paediatric neurology service for a total population of 2 million or more would be two consultant paediatric neurologists and appropriate supporting staff; different centres have opted for inpatient facilities either in a separate paediatric neurology ward, or in general paediatric wards: there are advantages and disadvantages for each option; school clinics and clinics in other hospital centres are valuable; neuroradiology, neurosurgery, neurophysiology and neuropathology should ideally be present in the hospital providing the paediatric neurology service; regular professional contact with other doctors in the neurosciences is important; junior posts in paediatric neurology would usually be filled by paediatricians in training but certain centres could be asked to appoint a career senior registrar from time to time depending on consultant paediatric neurologist requirements; and creation of lecturerships in paediatric neurology would help to encourage academic research in the subject. PMID- 6633307 TI - Directing medical student clinical case presentations. AB - This paper reports from an ethnographic study examining different instructional approaches among clinical instructors in a department of internal medicine. The focus of the paper is on different questioning styles adopted by the instructors during student case presentations and the impact of these questioning styles on medical students. A means of classifying questions is presented and suggestions for further research are offered. PMID- 6633308 TI - 'Exercise medicine': the knowledge and beliefs of final-year medical students in the United Kingdom. AB - It is becoming increasingly important that all doctors should have a good understanding of all the medical aspects of exercise. A questionnaire survey of final-year, British, medical students has demonstrated widespread acceptance that regular exercise is conducive to good health. Nevertheless, there were important deficiencies in the students' knowledge of the physiology of exercise and of physical training, and in their knowledge of the prevention and management of sports injuries. It is recommended that undergraduate education (and examinations) should put a greater emphasis on the medical aspects of exercise. PMID- 6633309 TI - The Rural Area Project (RAP) in Thailand: curriculum development. AB - The Rural Area Project is a collaborative developmental project of Chulalongkorn University and the Ministry of Public Health in Thailand. The main objective of the project is to increase the number of doctors in the country in such a way that they would be posted in rural districts and have appropriate knowledge, skill and attitude for rural practice. Curriculum development for the project has been carried out to serve the project objective as well as to ensure that the project graduates are accepted as qualified doctors. Several principles and assumptions have been used as strategies in the developmental process. They include co-operative participation in curricular planning, systematic formulation of educational objectives, organization of common courses, utilization of existing health services, planning innovative courses in community medicine and general practice, extensive use of self-instructional modules, efficient use of teachers' time and planned gradual delegation of responsibility to students. PMID- 6633310 TI - Critical performance analysis of rotating resident doctors in Iraq. AB - The present study was undertaken to evaluate the competence of rotating residents in handling clinical problems, falling under the purview of the major clinical disciplines, which they come across during their routine work. Three hundred and one rotating residents (55% of the total) who graduated in June 1981 from the four universities of Iraq, namely, Mustansiryia, Basrah, Mosul and Baghdad, and were currently undergoing their residency posting in the various hospitals of Iraq were selected for the study. Two approaches were used to assess the level of competence: first, on the basis of the resident's responses to fifty simulated patient-management problems and, secondly, their critical performance in patient care adjudged by their respective supervisors. A minimum passing level (MPL) was fixed for patient management problems (PMP). The score for the consultant's observations could range from -70 to +100 to represent the very poor and the very good performance. Only 2% of the residents were found to have reached the minimum pass level of competence taking their overall performance in the various disciplines. No significant variation in performance was observed in relation to the university of graduation. None of the residents could reach the MPL in the case of obstetrics and gynaecology. In the case of medicine and medical emergency the findings were almost similar. The residents put up a much better performance in orthopaedics and paediatrics (45.0% and 27.5% respectively). According to the supervisors' assessment nearly two-thirds of the residents secured at least 50% of the maximum score. The study underscores the need to redefine our educational objectives specifically, with aim of developing competences at a defined level in the learner befitting the needs of the health system through a competency-based curriculum. PMID- 6633311 TI - Congruence between residents' and clinical instructors perceptions of teaching in outpatient care centres. AB - This paper describes a study to determine the extent of agreement about clinical teaching between clinical instructors and their house officers in selected family practice centres. Their perceptions were compared with regard to (1) clinical content emphasized, and (2) specific clinical teaching behaviours used by the instructors. Two versions of a questionnaire were used to assess views, and multivariate and univariate analyses of variance used to determine differences. The results suggest that the instructors differed from their house officers on certain dimensions and not on others. Those differences are discussed and strategies are suggested for increasing the agreement with the expectation that more agreement about educational preferences and expectations would enhance house officers' clinical learning in the centres. PMID- 6633312 TI - Data-linked groups: a method for continuing professional education. AB - The relationship is reviewed between standards of performance and the objectives of continuing education. The difficulties of providing continuing medical education which has objectives derived from appropriate standards are illustrated by reference to general practice. A method is described in which a number of small groups of general practitioners attend separate but simultaneous evening meetings linked to a coordinating centre by a viewdata system. In this way the same problems from general practice are presented to each group. Participants respond first as individuals then contribute to group discussion, led by a tutor, from which a consensus approach to each problem emerges. This is transmitted and received along with those from other groups, at the coordinating centre. All responses to a problem are combined there and made available to the groups on viewdata later in the evening. The validity of the exercise is discussed in relation to the type of problem used, the group-consensus and the combining of responses from a number of groups. The method appears to be attractive to general practitioners, relevant to their work and capable of providing continuing education based on appropriate standards of performance. Its possible application to continuing education in other disciplines is referred to. PMID- 6633313 TI - A comprehensive scheme of health manpower development for Nepal. AB - How does a land-locked, mountainous, newly emergent country produce the manpower to serve the essential health care needs of its population? The absence of a tradition of medical education, a paucity of medical personnel and the major problems of deployment and communication pose immense challenges to health manpower producers. The policies, plans and programmes of the Government of Nepal to develop appropriate levels of manpower and the discernible problems and prospects faced by the Institute of Medicine are examined. The institutional framework that has been established for an ongoing monitoring and evaluation of the processes and some of the successes achieved have been described. PMID- 6633314 TI - The critical incident technique: a new approach to the assessment of clinical performance. PMID- 6633315 TI - S-shaped cancer incidence curves do not imply S-shaped risk functions. PMID- 6633316 TI - The identification of chemical carcinogens by an absorption spectrum associated with DNA base pairs. AB - A simple spectrophotometric technique for identifying carcinogens is described based on the observation that many known carcinogens and/or their metabolites exhibit maximal absorption in the 260-273nm range. This absorption spectrum of carcinogens falls between that of DNA base pairs. Carcinogens in the enol form may possess electromagnetic properties which disrupt the normal hydrogen-oxygen bonds between the base pairs, inducing uncontrollable mitosis. PMID- 6633317 TI - Diseases of malfunction of body mechanisms. (Heart disease, diabetes, cancer etc.) Risk by occupation, and correlation, male and female, with vehicle travel. AB - It is shown that significant changes in the blood takes place when driving in a motor vehicle. The risk of death in various occupations due to diseases related to body malfunction is calculated and this demonstrates the high risk of workers in transport. A further test of data, the correlation of deaths from all causes, both male and female, with male and female road accident deaths respectively is presented and supports the above-mentioned findings. These correlations also demonstrate surprisingly strong relationships with many diseases and motor vehicle travel. These diseases are normally considered to have no known cause. PMID- 6633318 TI - Atherosclerosis: a molecular disease of membrane fusion. AB - A working thermodynamic-hysteresis concept, which serves to simplify and clarify the general mechanism behind membrane fusion processes involved in health and disease, is proposed. It is suggested that this concept not only possesses the inherent capacity to answer some fundamental questions involved in Atherosclerosis but also may be even more useful in defining an outline of "Molecular Pathology" for future investigation. PMID- 6633319 TI - Are chronic spinal cord injured patients (SCIP) prone to premature aging? AB - Our hypothesis, based upon clinical observation and on the literature, is that chronic spinal cord injured patients are prone to premature aging. Physical and mental disabilities and prolonged immobilization change the entire homeostatic mechanisms into a new state. Thus, we feel that this lead to accelerated aging among these chronic handicapped persons. PMID- 6633320 TI - A miniature current probe for measuring electrosurgical currents. AB - The measurement of high-frequency electrosurgical currents at the surgical site is complicated by a generator output circuit isolated from ground, as well as radiation and displacement current losses along connecting wires. An inductive probe can accurately measure the actual electrosurgical current at the active electrode. PMID- 6633321 TI - A pro rata system for recouping equipment costs. AB - A flat daily charge assessed to each hospital patient might prove a more equitable and efficient method of recouping a hospital's costs for seldom-used but essential equipment. PMID- 6633322 TI - Epidural intracranial pressure monitoring: a new system. AB - An intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring system has been developed, consisting of an epidural sensor acting as a pneumatic flow switch connected by tubing to a pneumatic system and microprocessor-based monitoring unit. The frequency response to the system is 8 Hz at 10 mmHg measured peak to peak. ICP and arterial pressure data are collected and maintained in memory. The ICP in memory can be scrolled across a 2-hour or 24-min graphic and digital video display. When memory is not being recalled, the previous 2 hours or 24 min of data are displayed on the screen in graphic form. High and low ICP, low cerebral perfusion pressure, and abnormal pressure waves trigger alarms. Calibration of the system is maintained automatically by periodic rezeroing of all transducers to air. Changes in volume within the pneumatic system indicate a leak, and airflow ceases. The software management and alarm systems, as well as available memory, represent the latest in computerized technology. PMID- 6633323 TI - Testing of cerebrospinal fluid shunt systems under dynamic flow conditions. AB - There exists considerable disagreement regarding the experimental methods that are used to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts. Nearly everyone who has studied CSF shunts has attempted to define shunt characteristics by either steady pressure or steady flow-rate tests of only the valve component of the shunt. However, a valved shunt assembly must actually function in a very dynamic environment. A series of bench tests have been designed to determine the dynamic characteristics of complete shunt systems. Thirty CSF shunt assemblies, consisting of six assemblies from five different manufacturers, have been tested. The tests show that the response times for CSF shunts vary from 0.17 min to 0.46 min, and that the mean pressure maintained in a dynamic flow environment may be very different from the pressure maintained under steady flow conditions. PMID- 6633324 TI - The relationship of temperature profiles to frequency during interstitial hyperthermia. AB - Regional hyperthermia is currently being investigated as a potential adjuvant to radiation therapy treatment of malignant disease. Since tumor response is directly related to treatment temperature, thermal distributions within tumors and surrounding normal tissue must be predictable under various conditions. Normal canine muscle was heated to approximately 42 degrees C with radiofrequency current fields over the frequency range of 500 kHz to 300 MHz. With two rows of four interstitially implanted needles acting as electrodes, thermal profiles show that temperature increases occurred between the driving and ground plane electrodes. Temperature increases throughout the tissue were generally greatest at the center of the volume treated; however, the temperature profiles within the tissue were dependent upon selection of generator frequency. Temperature measurements with thermocouples placed within an RF field are difficult at frequencies over 500 kHz. At 500 kHz, induced RF current flow in microthermocouples is low enough to provide sensitive temperature measurement during periods of heating. This observation is significant because it allows treatment temperatures to be measured during the period of heating and subsequent control of heat deposition within the treated volume. PMID- 6633326 TI - Priority in special care nurseries in Malaysia. PMID- 6633325 TI - Microwave thawing of frozen parenteral solutions. AB - A commercially available microwave oven modified for use at medication stations throughout hospitals allows timely thawing of frozen parenteral solutions. The inherent problems of safety and uniform heating have been overcome, thus making possible the preparation, storage, and distribution of admixtures on a regional basis and ensuring the integrity of the product. Most parenteral medications are not degraded by microwave energy, and thawing by microwave energy permits timely administration and allows coordination of medication for a series of patients. PMID- 6633327 TI - Serum IgM-globulin in Malaysian normal and defective infants. PMID- 6633328 TI - Transferable antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae in Malaysia. PMID- 6633329 TI - An assessment of Stuart's transport medium in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea. PMID- 6633330 TI - The occurrence of enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus in foods. PMID- 6633331 TI - Toxic jaundice from occupational exposure to chloroform. PMID- 6633332 TI - Idiopathic cystic medionecrosis and aneurysms of the ascending aorta. PMID- 6633333 TI - Althesin therapy - an adjunct for intracranial pressure control regimes? A preliminary report. PMID- 6633334 TI - Bladder tumours - a review of 150 patients treated at the Institute of Urology and Nephrology General Hospital Kuala Lumpur. PMID- 6633335 TI - Primary excision and immediate reconstruction for advanced cancer of the cheek. PMID- 6633336 TI - Diagnosis of thanatophoric dwarfism in utero. PMID- 6633337 TI - Psychiatric consultation in a secondary school in Kuala Lumpur. PMID- 6633338 TI - Hypertensive encephalopathy in eclampsia - a case report. PMID- 6633339 TI - The efficacy of xylocaine topical anaesthetic in reducing injection pain. PMID- 6633340 TI - Two cases of phobic neurosis treated successfully by behaviour therapy. PMID- 6633341 TI - Systemic scleroderma with complete heart block. PMID- 6633342 TI - Left atrial myxoma: two dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis. PMID- 6633343 TI - Amoebiasis with multiple colonic perforations and ruptured liver abscess - a case report. PMID- 6633344 TI - Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the University Hospital diabetic population. PMID- 6633345 TI - Treatment of hiccough by acupuncture. PMID- 6633346 TI - Ecological basis of malnutrition among the Muruts of Sabah. PMID- 6633347 TI - Industrial injuries. Must they continue to happen? PMID- 6633348 TI - Measles and measles immunization. PMID- 6633349 TI - Unnecessary appendicectomy. PMID- 6633350 TI - Hepatitis in male homosexuals in Melbourne. PMID- 6633351 TI - Acupuncture: why we don't use it more often. PMID- 6633352 TI - Renovascular hypertension. PMID- 6633353 TI - AIDophobia. PMID- 6633354 TI - High-resolution CT scanning of the lumbar spine. PMID- 6633355 TI - Electron microscopy and herpesviruses. PMID- 6633356 TI - Confidentiality of medical reports on veterans. PMID- 6633357 TI - Adverse reactions to alcuronium. PMID- 6633358 TI - Electrocardiogram of A-V bundle. PMID- 6633359 TI - How safe is heparin? PMID- 6633360 TI - Industrial nail gun injuries. AB - Five cases of industrial nail gun injury are described. These cases demonstrate the variety of injuries inflicted by such tools, and stress the potential for lethal accidents if strict safety standards are not observed. The wide range of these injuries is discussed in a review of other reports of such injuries; the causes of these industrial accidents and current safety requirements are described. PMID- 6633361 TI - Measles in the 1980s. AB - We detail aspects of measles immunization programmes in several countries. Live measles vaccine has been available in Australia for 16 years, yet, in 1981, there were outbreaks of measles in the State of New South Wales (population 5 200 000) which led to 2200 admissions to hospital and five deaths. In response to complaints of "vaccine failure", a survey determined that 22.5% of children with measles seen by general practitioners and 10.3% of those admitted to hospitals had been previously immunized. There was no evidence of waning immunity, and noparticular batch of vaccine was implicated. The vaccine failures are attributed in part to failure of seroconversion in some recipients when immunized at 12 months of age as a result of interference by transplacentally acquired antibodies. As more of the susceptible population is vaccinated, there will be fewer cases of measles, but among these cases will be an increasing proportion of cases occurring in previously vaccinated individuals. The equation to calculate this expected proportion of "vaccine failures" is given. We support the measures to increase immunization compliance. PMID- 6633362 TI - Subsequent deaths after attempted suicide by drug overdose in the western region of Adelaide, 1976. AB - A five-year follow-up of 262 patients in the western region of Adelaide, who attempted suicide in 1976 by taking an overdose of a drug, showed that seven of these subsequently died by suicide and two from other causes. Six of the nine patients who died were migrants. Drug overdoses were most likely to be taken by young women from lower socioeconomic groups. A background of marital separation was common and, although migrants as a whole were underrepresented, German migrants were significantly more likely, while Italian and Greek migrants were significantly less likely, to take drug overdoses. The data suggest that psychiatric assessment is useful in reducing the likelihood of subsequent suicide; general physicians should select patients for further assessment. PMID- 6633363 TI - Health care needs of single mothers. AB - A prevalence study of self-reported illness in single mothers and mothers from nuclear families was conducted in a low socioeconomic status suburb of Perth. Single mothers had significantly higher rates of psychological distress than mothers from nuclear families. It is suggested that the task of the general practitioner in assisting single mothers lies first in recognizing their susceptibility and identifying their degree of distress. Apart from such recognition and identification, other possible methods of helping such mothers include encouraging them to make better use of available community resources and stimulating local community action to provide the mechanisms through which single mothers can develop a more supportive and less stressful mode of living. PMID- 6633364 TI - Early-onset reaction after measles vaccination. Further Australian reports. AB - Fifteen reports of reactions occurring within 30 minutes of vaccination with live attenuated measles virus have been received by the Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (ADRAC) up to March 30, 1982. These reactions were similar to those in three episodes reported recently. An acute change in skin colour, described as cyanosis, slight cyanosis, or mottling was the most commonly reported symptom. All the children recovered. The causes and mechanisms of these reactions remain unknown. PMID- 6633365 TI - Calcium antagonists in clinical practice. PMID- 6633366 TI - Unusual side effect of mitoxantrone. PMID- 6633367 TI - Pleuroperitoneal effusion without ascites. AB - A recurrent unilateral pleural effusion developed without obvious cause in two patients with cirrhosis of the liver. By the demonstration of the rapid passage of a radiolabelled colloid from abdomen to thorax, these effusions were proved to be secondary to clinically undetectable peritoneal effusions. A diaphragmatic tear, which had occurred during a previous splenectomy and which was apparent only at autopsy, was the cause of peritoneopleural communication in one patient. Previous surgery could also have been responsible for the pleural effusion in the other patient. PMID- 6633368 TI - Sea water. A novel self-medication for orthostatic hypotension. AB - We report the case of a patient who ingested sea water to combat disabling postural hypotension secondary to autonomic failure. While drinking approximately 900 mL of brine each day he had no symptoms and felt well. Serum biochemical analysis showed a very significant hyperchloraemia. Persistent diarrhoea eventually forced the patient to discontinue this most unorthodox form of treatment. PMID- 6633369 TI - Child abuse. PMID- 6633370 TI - Biochemical diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. PMID- 6633371 TI - Percutaneous removal of renal stones. PMID- 6633372 TI - The legacy of Thorotrast. PMID- 6633373 TI - Child abuse and pseudoseizures. PMID- 6633375 TI - Adverse events with catheters and toxicity testing. PMID- 6633374 TI - Cortical hearing deficit. PMID- 6633376 TI - Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the management of breast disease. PMID- 6633377 TI - Paucity of 47,XXX and 46,XX/47,XXX among routine diagnostic cytogenetic referrals. PMID- 6633378 TI - Educational antibiotic advertising campaign. PMID- 6633380 TI - Breast conservation and breast reconstruction. PMID- 6633379 TI - Increased sexual function with nomifensine. PMID- 6633381 TI - Sign of the clicking hip. PMID- 6633382 TI - Bromocriptine for breast pain. PMID- 6633383 TI - Ischaemic proctitis secondary to faecal impaction. PMID- 6633384 TI - Leg oedema due to bladder overdistention. PMID- 6633386 TI - Drug abuse prevention. PMID- 6633385 TI - Surgery for transsexuals. PMID- 6633387 TI - An unusual laryngeal obstruction. PMID- 6633388 TI - An FM amplification system for conductive hearing loss. PMID- 6633389 TI - Primary malignant brain lymphomas. PMID- 6633390 TI - Percutaneous ultrasonic disintegration and removal of renal calculi. AB - We report the first use in Australia of the technique of percutaneous ultrasonic disintegration and removal of renal calculi. The first three patients who underwent the procedure had a successful outcome. These three patients are described, the method is detailed and the problems which were encountered are discussed. PMID- 6633391 TI - Infectious disease in Aboriginal infants and children in Western Australia. AB - Over the decade from 1971 to 1980, there was a decline in Western Australia in the number of Aboriginal infants and children admitted to hospital with infections. The most marked change occurred in admissions for gastroenteritis and other infections in the Kimberley region in the far north of the State. Despite this decline, there is still a very wide gap between the rate of admission to hospital for infectious diseases of Aboriginal and that of non-Aboriginal infants and children. The decline reported here is considered to reflect improvements in health status caused by several interrelating factors, including improvement in the general standard of living, housing and hygiene, and the provision of comprehensive, community-based health programmes. Environmental contamination is still a major factor causing ill health in Australian Aboriginal communities. PMID- 6633392 TI - Vasectomy. What are the long-term risks? AB - Although vasectomy is becoming a popular method of sterilization, the results of animal studies have led to some concern about the association between vasectomy and subsequent atherosclerosis. After review of the available epidemiological data, it is concluded that there is no evidence that vasectomy is deleterious to humans. PMID- 6633393 TI - Medicine in Malaysia. Shadows of transition. PMID- 6633394 TI - Thorotrast granuloma of the neck with local complications. AB - A case of cervical granuloma with involvement of the right vocal cord is reported. The cause of the granuloma was traced to thorium dioxide contrast medium which had escaped into the surrounding tissues during arteriography performed 40 years before. The long-term toxic effects of thorium-232 irradiation and the local complications which may follow an injection of this medium are discussed. PMID- 6633395 TI - Smoking, immunity, and cancer. PMID- 6633396 TI - Stress and heart disease. PMID- 6633397 TI - Compulsory blood alcohol testing. PMID- 6633398 TI - Alcohol abuse in Australia. PMID- 6633399 TI - Vasectomy is bad for your rat. PMID- 6633400 TI - Charlatanism and hyperbaric oxygen. PMID- 6633401 TI - A rare complication of breast feeding in a term baby. PMID- 6633402 TI - Accidental theophylline overdose. PMID- 6633403 TI - "Billy Reid's sore skins". PMID- 6633404 TI - Predictive value of selection interviews in success in first-year medicine. PMID- 6633405 TI - Communication in medicine. PMID- 6633406 TI - Effects of cigarette smoking on the immune system. Follow-up studies in normal subjects after cessation of smoking. AB - Previous reports of an association between cigarette smoking and the depression of immune function were investigated by studies of 35 subjects before, and three months after, they had ceased to smoke cigarettes. The studies included tests of natural killer cell (NK) activity against several target cells and the measurement of immunoglobulin levels in sera and saliva. Similar tests were conducted on 29 control subjects who continued to smoke. The results indicated a significant decrease in lymphocyte counts and a significant increase in NK activity against cultured melanoma cells in subjects who ceased smoking. Serum IgG and IgM levels rose significantly in those who ceased smoking cigarettes, but there was no change in IgA levels. Similar increases in immunoglobulin levels (IgA and IgG) in mucosal secretions (saliva) were noted after cessation of smoking. The NK activity and immunoglobulin levels of smokers who continued to smoke did not show significant changes. These results were consistent with the reversal of changes in immune function associated with smoking. We suggest that these findings may provide further insight into the association of smoking with an increased incidence of certain malignant diseases and respiratory infections. PMID- 6633407 TI - Surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysms. With special reference to high-risk patients. AB - Between 1973 and 1980, 150 patients with an abdominal aneurysm underwent aneurysmectomy at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney. Of these, 52 were high-risk patients with significant medical disease, including myocardial ischaemia, angina pectoris, obstructive airways disease, portal hypertension, and end-stage renal disease. The operative mortality for the 150 patients was 4.6%; it was 9.6% in the high-risk group. The predicted overall survival rate at seven years, with a minimum of two years' follow-up, was 55%, which compares favourably with that reported in other series, particularly in view of the advanced age of most of the patients--43% were in the eighth decade of their lives. The predicted survival rate of 26% for the high-risk group is nearly four times the survival rate predicted by Szilagyi for patients with untreated aneurysms. This increased life expectancy justifies the adoption of the widest possible selection criteria for elective aneurysmectomy. PMID- 6633408 TI - Drug smuggling by internal bodily concealment. AB - The smuggling of illicit drugs, either swallowed or inserted into the rectum or vagina, is gaining in popularity, particularly in view of the difficulty of its detection and the potentially large financial gains. Such contraband includes heroin (especially in Western Australia), cocaine, and marijuana and its derivatives. This practice is not without complications--drug intoxication, which may be fatal, and intestinal obstruction by foreign bodies have been reported. We review the cases of "body packing" reported in the literature and those detected in Western Australia over the past two years, and describe three cases of the ingestion of heroin-filled condoms, with resultant complications. PMID- 6633409 TI - Bowel cancer 1983. PMID- 6633410 TI - Cavernous sinus syndrome. A manifestation of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the ethmoid sinus. AB - We report a case of cavernous sinus syndrome associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the ethmoid sinus. The tumour involved the right ethmoid sinus and partially affected the sphenoidal and right maxillary antrum. The presentation was atypical. We discuss the histological findings and present a brief review of the literature. PMID- 6633411 TI - Gunshot fracture of the femur with segmental bone loss. Management by fixation with a Huckstep nail. AB - The maintenance of bony length is of major importance in the management of lower limb injuries in which bone loss has occurred. We report a case of the successful use of a rigid intramedullary nail with transfixion screws (the Huckstep nail) after segmental loss of bone due to a gunshot injury. PMID- 6633412 TI - Pasteurella ureae meningitis. AB - A 54-year-old man, with a history of alcohol abuse and previous skull fractures, developed a low-grade meningitis. The causative organism was Pasteurella ureae, an uncommon cause of bacterial infection, which has not been reported previously in Australia. The patient recovered after therapy with penicillin. A review of the cases of serious infection with this organism suggests that liver disease and skull trauma are common predisposing factors. Problems with the identification of P.ureae may be encountered unless its particular biochemical properties are recognized. PMID- 6633414 TI - [Therapy with calcium antagonists]. PMID- 6633413 TI - Fatal inhalation of liquid manure gas. AB - Modern methods of intensive livestock production involve the storage of liquid wastes. The digestion of this manure by anaerobic bacteria produces a highly toxic mixture of gases, the most dangerous of which is hydrogen sulphide. We report the case of a young man who died after inhaling liquid manure gas. PMID- 6633415 TI - [Syndromes of the urticaria group]. PMID- 6633416 TI - [Diabetes mellitus and antidiabetics]. PMID- 6633417 TI - [Therapy of infectious diarrheal diseases]. PMID- 6633418 TI - [Pharmacology today. Cyclosporin]. PMID- 6633419 TI - [Inflammation of the nasal sinuses and nasopharynx]. PMID- 6633420 TI - [Vitamin D. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism and therapy with D metabolites]. PMID- 6633422 TI - Chenodiol for dissolving gallstones. PMID- 6633421 TI - [Drugs and the aged]. PMID- 6633423 TI - Chemoprophylaxis for recurrent acute otitis media. PMID- 6633424 TI - Transparent wound dressings. PMID- 6633425 TI - Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine in patients with solid tumors and lymphomas. AB - Ninety patients with solid tumors or lymphomas were immunized with a polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine. Pre- and postimmunization antibody titers were determined by radioimmunoassay. Treated patients with lymphoma had poor antibody response whether on or off chemotherapy. Patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia had the lowest antibody titers of all patients groups. Patients with solid tumors had antibody responses which were similar to those of the control population. Those patients who received sequential chemotherapy and immunization had a tendency for higher postimmunization titers than those patients who received simultaneous chemotherapy and immunization, but the difference was not significant. This study suggests that patients with solid tumors would be expected to benefit from pneumococcal immunization, whereas patients with lymphoma immunized after receiving treatment initially would not be expected to develop protective antibody levels. Recovery of antibody formation in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which may occur in patients with Hodgkin disease, remains to be determined. PMID- 6633426 TI - Treatment of spinal cord compression: a retrospective analysis. AB - Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic disease is a common neurological complication of cancer. The incidence is probably increasing owing to continual advancements in the treatment of cancer that have led to prolongation of life and a greater probability of secondary involvement of the spinal cord. A problem often encountered by the oncologist treating patients with epidural spinal cord compression is the recurrence of compression by metastatic tumor both in and out of the original treatment field. Radiotherapists are often presented with the difficult task of trying to determine the optimal dose/time fractionation with the hope of improving the therapeutic ratio. We have examined the charts of 80 patients treated at the Rhode Island Hospital during the last five years (1975 1980) with myelographic evidence of cord compression in order to determine 1) the recurrence rate of cord compression by metastatic tumor after radiotherapy treatment both in and out of the original treatment field; 2) the influence of various dose/fractionation schedules on the disease-free interval; 3) the percentage of recurrence out of the treatment field that might represent "skipped lesions" at the original time of diagnosis. Our results show 1) that 9 patients (11.3%) experienced recurrence within the original treatment field; 2) that 21 (26.3%) experienced recurrence within the spinal canal, but out of the original treatment field; 3) that 9 of the 21 (42%) cases of recurrence out of the original treatment field occurred within 1 week and thus were determined to be "skipped lesions" at the time of diagnosis; and 4) that there appears to be a dose-response relationship for those patients treated successfully without recurrences who did not have presenting symptoms of complete paraplegia. PMID- 6633427 TI - Improving the medical record for clinical oncology research by adaptation to a microcomputer. AB - In clinical oncology, much of the research is conducted in the milieu of patient care and the traditional medical record is used for collection of data. A clinical study manager reviewing medical records is frequently faced with problems such as omissions of data, illegible notes, and inconsistent locations of data within the various formats. At the Children's Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama, we developed a microcomputer-based medical record system in an attempt to improve the quality of clinical research. Our system is based within our division and provides for a single point of transcription of clinical data when the patient is initially seen. Our entire practice is managed on the system, with numerous reports available that range from individual patient information to summary reports on protocol studies. PMID- 6633428 TI - Chemotherapy of advanced gastric cancer with 72-hour continuous intravenous 5 fluorouracil infusion at 2-week intervals. AB - Twenty-nine patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma were treated with 72 hour continuous intravenous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (30 mg/kg/24 hr) at 2-week intervals. Six patients (21%) achieved partial response and four (14%) had stabilization of their disease. The median duration of partial response was 8 months, with a range of 5-19 months. The median survival time for all patients from the start of chemotherapy was 8 months. Various prognostic factors important in determining response and survival are analyzed. PMID- 6633429 TI - Carcinoma of the anal canal. AB - J.W. is a 68-year-old white female who noted an "anal growth" 1 year prior to admission. She also complained of bleeding from her rectum when she was constipated. She attributed these symptoms to hemorrhoids. She noted increasing pain and more bleeding 1 month prior to admission. Locally applied hemorrhoid remedies gave her no relief. She was then admitted to a hospital where a biopsy of the anal mass was performed, and then referred to Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center. On physical examination the patient was noted to be obese. There was no inguinal lymphadenopathy. There were no abdominal masses or hepatosplenomegaly. Rectal examination revealed a 3 X 4 cm mass protruding from the anus. Examination and protoscopy done under anesthesia revealed this mass to be approximately 4 X 5 cm and arising from the proximal anal canal. The mass was freely moveable and bled spontaneously when manipulated. Pelvic examination revealed a normal uterus and adnexa with no obvious tumor involvement of the vagina. Proctoscopic examination revealed no tumor proximal to the lesion described. Further evaluation included a liver-spleen scan that was negative for metastatic disease and intravenous pyelogram that showed no lesions. A barium enema revealed only diverticula. A gallium scan showed marked uptake at the area of the anal tumor but no other lesions. The chest x-ray was within normal limits. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis revealed no masses or lymphadenopathy. The CEA was 1.3 ng/ml. The patient underwent concomitant radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Over a 4-week period the patient received 5000 rads to the anal region. In addition, during the first week of radiation therapy and the fourth week of radiation therapy, the patient received 5-fluorouracil, 800 mg/m2 by continuous infusion for 5 days. In addition, the patient received mitomycin C, 15 mg/m2 on the first day of the first week of chemotherapy and the first day of the last week of chemotherapy. During the treatment period, the patient had mild diarrhea, perineal desquamation, and mild ulceration at the site of the anal tumor. During the third week of treatment, the patient had a white blood cell count nadir of 2800 and a platelet count of 86,000 per cubic millimeter. Her symptoms were managed with local emolients and antidiarrheal medications.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6633430 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of the new antimalarial preparation dabequin studied in monkeys]. PMID- 6633431 TI - [Malaria in southern Asia. 1. The factors determining the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in India today]. PMID- 6633432 TI - [Basic provisions of a draft of a comprehensive program on malaria and its control]. PMID- 6633433 TI - [Assessment of the level of helminthiasis infestation of the population by multiple fecal egg studies]. PMID- 6633434 TI - [Results of the 5-year collaboration of scientific institutions of the USSR with the Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and the tasks of the All-Union Coordination Center for Tropical Diseases]. PMID- 6633435 TI - [Unbreakable cage for collecting and maintaining ixodid ticks]. PMID- 6633436 TI - [Perfusion tomoscintigraphy of the myocardium performed with a 7-pinhole collimator]. PMID- 6633437 TI - [Correlations in the diagnosis of cerebral tumors]. PMID- 6633438 TI - [Comparative analysis of various standard curves in the evaluation of the body weight of the fetus using ultrasound]. PMID- 6633439 TI - [Extensive burns - an urgent surgical problem]. PMID- 6633441 TI - [Rheumatic fever today]. PMID- 6633440 TI - [Report of a full-term pregnancy in a woman after bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's syndrome]. PMID- 6633442 TI - [Late functional results after implantation of total hip prostheses]. PMID- 6633443 TI - [Postinjection contracture of the quadriceps muscle from the aspect of conservative surgical treatment]. PMID- 6633444 TI - [Psychological reaction of the population during the acute phase of psychological stress during the earthquake on the Montenegro coast 15 April 1979]. PMID- 6633445 TI - [Urinary diversion]. PMID- 6633446 TI - [Development of the neonatology service in Zrenjanin]. PMID- 6633447 TI - [Evaluation of the growth and nutritional status of children and adolescents in Novi Sad]. PMID- 6633448 TI - [Electroclinical characteristics of experimental epilepsy induced by electrostimulation]. PMID- 6633449 TI - [Serum values of lysozyme in allergic rhinitis]. PMID- 6633450 TI - [Continuous ultrasonic biometry in the determination of fetal growth retardation in pregnant women with the hypertensive syndrome]. PMID- 6633451 TI - [Staphylocidal activity of Stanicide-fusidinic acid in vitro and its use in the therapy of the nasal staphylococcal carrier state by local administration]. PMID- 6633452 TI - [Risk factors in the onset of endometrial carcinoma]. PMID- 6633453 TI - [Use of aminoglutethimide in a patient with carcinoma of the adrenal cortex]. PMID- 6633454 TI - [Traumatic epiphysiolysis of the proximal part of the tibia (2 case reports)]. PMID- 6633455 TI - [Cervical pregnancy and clinical aspects of cervical pregnancy]. PMID- 6633456 TI - [Immunologic characteristics of inflammatory diseases of connective tissue]. PMID- 6633457 TI - [QT anomalies, their significance and incidence in cardiovascular and other diseases]. PMID- 6633458 TI - [Prenatal determination of sex using ultrasound]. PMID- 6633459 TI - [Psychoses of the developmental period]. PMID- 6633460 TI - [Sudden and unexpected death in children (SIDS)]. PMID- 6633461 TI - [A report on the counseling service for diabetics in Senta]. PMID- 6633462 TI - Technology and Society. AB - Technology has had a great impact on changes in life-style during the past. Urgent requirements concerning alimentation, health care, traffic and communication have been met by means of technology. The physical, sensory and intelligent strength of man have been multiplied by the utilization of natural resources, and the average lifetime has been increased considerably. However, technology is always combined with undesired side-effects, such as environmental pollution and cost explosion, as long as it has to meet the increasing requirements of mankind. Physicists and engineers were paying attention to these side-effects long before the so-called critical intelligentsia appeared on the scene. It is noteworthy that, especially in Germany, the natural sciences could never be integrated into culture. As a result of this, many scholars argue against technology without presenting solutions for the actual problems that are at present created by the ever-increasing numbers of people in the world and their high demands. Only science and technology can help to overcome these difficulties if they are applied in a reasonable way. PMID- 6633463 TI - Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart: how, when and where. AB - In the last 15 years programmed electrical stimulation of the heart has been used to evaluate the site of origin, mechanisms and pathways of tachycardias and to select the best therapeutic approach for each particular patient. Recently, it has also been used increasingly to try to identify patients at risk of sudden arrhythmic death. The method of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart is reviewed and its indications are considered; the type of centres that should be performing these studies is also discussed. PMID- 6633464 TI - Electrical impedance monitoring of the wound-healing process. AB - The healing process was studied of five surgical wounds in sheep caused by the implantation of pacemaker electrodes in the vaginal or vulvar submucosa, while the electrodes were being used for impedometric measurements of the tissue surrounding them. Separate measurements of conductance (G) and capacitance (C) were carried out at frequencies ranging from 10 Hz to 100 kHz. The highest specific conductance at 100 kHz (mumho/cm) was observed on the 3rd postoperative day - 3095 +/- 172 SEM (n = 5), at which time the wound area was considerably swollen. Thereafter, the conductance gradually decreased and stabilized in 17-20 days at 2194 +/- 54 when the healing process was terminated. The decreasing impedance angle and tissue phase angle indicated that during the healing process cell volume decreased and cell density increased. PMID- 6633465 TI - High-sensitivity, high-linearity, low-leak, self-balanced impedance cardiograph. AB - An impedance cardiograph (so-called cardioimpedance meter) with the following characteristics is described: preadjustable current generator range of 0-4 mA rms at 100 kHz, crystal-controlled; sensitivity up to 50 V/omega with a resolution of 2 m omega; maximum nonlinearity of 2%; 0.7 microA arms of maximum leak current at 50 Hz; flat frequency response between 0 and 19 Hz. The instrument is self balanced, using Arenson's bridge [1] with minor modifications, and is also able to operate as a plethysmograph, respirograph, and as an intracardiac Z-meter. Preliminary test as an impedance cardiograph yielded a correlation coefficient better than 0.8 when the stroke volume was evaluated by Kubicek's method and compared with values obtained using thermodilution. PMID- 6633466 TI - [Intravenous immunoglobulin administration in the treatment of sepsis in the premature newborn infant]. PMID- 6633467 TI - [Treatment with low-dose HGH in children of short stature due to somatotropin deficiency]. PMID- 6633468 TI - [Blood creatinine and urinary clearance of endogenous creatinine during the first month of life in the healthy premature neonate]. PMID- 6633469 TI - [Evolution of the echographic aspects of pancreatitis caused by epidemic parotitis in children]. PMID- 6633470 TI - [Clinico-statistical considerations on sinusitis in children and its possible oculo-orbital complications]. PMID- 6633471 TI - [Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery]. PMID- 6633472 TI - [Cyclic vomiting as a probable manifestation of epilepsy in children. Description of a case]. PMID- 6633473 TI - [Bladder exstrophy. Long-term control]. PMID- 6633474 TI - [Prostatic lithiasis]. PMID- 6633475 TI - [A new needle-catheter for percutaneous pyelostomy]. PMID- 6633476 TI - [Note on a personal technic for percutaneous and endoscopic placement of a double J urinary prosthesis]. PMID- 6633477 TI - [Use of tobramycin in single daily doses in urological surgery]. PMID- 6633478 TI - [Glucagon and water overload as medical therapy for the spontaneous expulsion of ureteral calculi]. PMID- 6633479 TI - [Association of a renal malignant neoplasm with a polycystic kidney. Case report and literature review]. PMID- 6633480 TI - [Duplications of the renal excretory tract. Considerations on an asymptomatic case]. PMID- 6633481 TI - [Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome. Clinical case presenting a rare association with uropathic malformation]. PMID- 6633482 TI - [Renal tubular acidosis]. PMID- 6633483 TI - [Significance of echotomography in the diagnosis of the nature of radiotransparent filling defects of the renal pelvis]. PMID- 6633484 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome. A review of 507 patients. PMID- 6633485 TI - Tumors of the hand. PMID- 6633486 TI - Colles' fractures in young adults. PMID- 6633487 TI - Bursitis and tendinitis in the hand, wrist, and elbow. An approach to treatment. PMID- 6633488 TI - Replantation. PMID- 6633489 TI - Dupuytren's contracture. PMID- 6633490 TI - Thoracic actinomycosis mimicking the Pancoast Syndrome. PMID- 6633491 TI - Myocardial infarction patient in a small town hospital. PMID- 6633492 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis and the kidney. PMID- 6633493 TI - Live broadcasting on CC-TV and its effect on television viewing patterns of hospitalized children. PMID- 6633494 TI - Screening for depression in Hmong refugees. PMID- 6633495 TI - Informed consent vs. consent forms. PMID- 6633496 TI - Hospice Care Program Metropolitan Medical Center. PMID- 6633497 TI - Myocardial contusion. Diagnosis and management. PMID- 6633498 TI - Voice restoration after total laryngectomy. PMID- 6633499 TI - Breast cancer knowledge levels and self-examination practices of Missouri women. PMID- 6633500 TI - Anticoagulant therapy following acute myocardial infarction. Part I. Incidence of and factors predisposing to thromboembolism associated with acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6633501 TI - Muscarinic stimulation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism in atria. AB - Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) turnover in murine atria is stimulated by the cholinergic agonist carbachol. Incorporation of either [32P]phosphate or [myo 3H]inositol into PtdIns is increased 40-80% by 30 microM carbachol, but carbachol does not increase the labeling of other major phospholipids. Cholinergic stimulation of PtdIns synthesis is blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. When Ca2+ is removed from the extracellular medium, there is a large increase in basal PtdIns synthesis, and carbachol does not produce any further increase in [32P]phosphate incorporation. Carbachol also stimulates hydrolysis of phosphoinositides as measured by myo[3H]inositol 1-phosphate accumulation. A maximal concentration of carbachol causes a 300-400% increase in phosphoinositide breakdown, and half-maximal stimulation occurs at a carbachol concentration of approximately 10 microM. Muscarinic stimulation of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis is seen in left and right atria as well as in ventricular tissue. The effect of carbachol on phosphoinositide hydrolysis is markedly attenuated when extracellular Ca2+ is removed. In contrast to most other hormone receptors linked to PtdIns metabolism, there is no evidence that cardiac muscarinic receptors mediate their physiological effects through Ca2+ mobilization. Thus, receptor mediated changes in PtdIns turnover may serve a different function in the heart than in hormone-receptor systems that utilize Ca2+ as a second messenger. PMID- 6633502 TI - Muscarinic antagonists induce different receptor conformations in rat adenohypophysis. AB - We have employed a method based on ligand competition experiments, which is capable of detecting interactions among ligand-occupied binding sites, to study the interactions between rat adenohypophysis muscarinic receptors occupied by several muscarinic antagonists. In this method, one examines the binding of a labeled ligand (the primary ligand) in the absence and presence of a competing ligand. The inhibition of binding of the primary ligand by the competing ligand shows significant deviations from that expected assuming a population of noninteracting, heterogeneous binding sites. The deviations seen in the case of competition between N-methyl-4-piperidyl benzilate (4NMPB) and (-)-N-methyl scopolamine (a benzilate and tropate) are more pronounced than in the case of 4NMPB and (-)-3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (two benzilate derivatives). The occurrence of such deviations suggests the existence of site-site interactions among rat adenohypophysis muscarinic receptors. On the other hand, no deviations were observed in competition experiments in homogenates of rat cortex and medulla pons. This finding correlates with the linear Scatchard plots (with no indications for site-site interactions or heterogeneity) obtained for the binding of muscarinic antagonists in these brain regions. A mathematical analysis demonstrates that the deviations from the expectations of the site-heterogeneity model observed in the rat adenohypophysis system (which shows similar binding patterns for all ligands employed) can occur only if the primary and competing ligands induce different conformational transitions upon binding to the receptor. It is concluded that different muscarinic antagonists can lead to different isomerization states of the receptor in the system. PMID- 6633503 TI - Muscarinic receptors in porcine caudate nucleus. I. Enhancement by nickel and other cations of [3H]cis-methyldioxolane binding to guanyl nucleotide-sensitive sites. AB - Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the synaptic membrane fraction of porcine caudate nucleus were characterized by using a radiolabeled agonist, [3H]cis methyldioxolane [( 3H]CD) and an antagonist, [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate [( 3H]QNB). Scatchard analysis of the specific binding of [3H]CD gave a single equilibrium dissociation constant of 8.1 nM when a concentration of less than 80 nM [3H]CD was used. The binding capacity was 390 fmoles/mg of protein and corresponded to about 10% of the binding sites of [3H]QNB. Agonist/[3H]CD competition binding experiments indicated that [3H]CD was selectively bound to the sites with a high affinity for agonists. [3H]CD binding was inhibited by Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ with the half-maximal effect at 10-50 mM. Nickel ion showed biphasic effects on [3H]CD binding: a 2- to 3-fold enhancement of binding at 0.1 10 mM and inhibition above 10 mM. Other cations, including Co2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+, at 1 mM also increased [3H]CD binding by a factor of 1.5-1.8. Among 18 cations examined, only Cd2+, Hg2+, and Cu2+ caused significant inhibition of [3H]CD binding at 1 mM. [3H]CD binding was decreased to about 20% of the control value in the presence of guanylyl-5'-imidodiphosphate (GppNHp), GTP, and GDP with the half-maximal effect at 1.3, 32, and 45 microM, respectively. [3H]CD binding in the presence of Ni2+ was decreased by GppNHp to a level obtained in the presence of GppNHp alone. The increase caused by Ni2+ in [3H]CD binding was due to the increase in the maximal binding capacity (Bmax) without changes in the affinity for [3H]CD. We conclude that Ni2+ increases the proportion of a muscarinic receptor subclass (or state) that is sensitive to guanyl nucleotide. PMID- 6633504 TI - Muscarinic receptors in porcine caudate nucleus. II. Different effects of N ethylmaleimide on [3H]cis-methyldioxolane binding to heat-labile (guanyl nucleotide-sensitive) sites and heat-stable (guanyl nucleotide-insensitive) sites. AB - Heat treatment of membranes from porcine caudate nucleus (50 degrees for 7 min) caused a marked decrease in [3H]cis-methyldioxolane [( 3H]CD) binding without affecting seriously the binding of [3H]3-quinuclidinyl benzilate [( 3H]QNB). Approximately 20% of the [3H]CD binding at 5 nM [3H]CD remained after the heat treatment. The remaining binding was not affected by 0.1 mM guanylyl-5' imidodiphosphate (GppNHp) or by nickel or other cations at concentrations below 10 mM. Treatment of the membranes with trypsin (30 micrograms/mg of protein) at 20 degrees for 20 min also caused a marked decrease in [3H]CD binding without affecting seriously the binding of [3H]QNB. About 20% of the original [3H]CD binding remained in the presence of trypsin at a high concentration of protein (90 micrograms/mg). N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) affected [3H]CD binding in two different ways: (a) preincubation of the membranes with NEM caused a marked reduction in heat- and GppNHp-sensitive [3H]CD binding, and (b) treatment with NEM caused an enhancement of heat-, GppNHp-, and trypsin-insensitive [3H]CD binding. Neither of the NEM effects required the coexistence of agonists. The concentration of NEM required for the first effect was 10 times lower than that for the second effect, indicating the existence of two NEM-binding sites with different affinities for NEM. The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) for [3H]CD after NEM treatment was 33 nM and was not affected by GppNHp, Ni2+, or heat treatment; the Kd was only 4 times higher than that (8 nM) without NEM treatment. These findings indicated the existence of two kinds of [3H]CD binding sites with high affinities for agonists: one is sensitive to guanyl nucleotide and is abolished by NEM and the other is induced by NEM and insensitive to guanyl nucleotide. PMID- 6633505 TI - [3H]acetylcholine binding sites in brain. Effect of disulfide bond modification. AB - Nicotinic cholinergic receptor recognition sites have been measured in rat brain using [3H]acetylcholine. Modification of these sites in vitro with the disulfide bond reducing agent, dithiothreitol, resulted in a decrease in the density (Bmax) of [3H]acetylcholine binding sites while the affinity of these sites was unaltered. Reoxidation of the reduced sites with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) reversed the effects of dithiothreitol. The reoxidation effect was partially prevented by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, which generates thiol complexes with exposed sulfhydryl groups. Reduction of disulfide bonds had no effect on the ability of nicotinic cholinergic agonists or antagonists to compete for the remaining [3H]acetylcholine binding sites. In addition, pretreatment of cortical homogenates with acetylcholine or nicotine did not alter the effects of dithiothreitol on [3H] acetylcholine binding, suggesting that the disulfide bonds which are critical for [3H] acetylcholine binding are not located directly at the recognition site. PMID- 6633506 TI - Structure-activity relationships of cholinesterase inhibitors. I. Quantum mechanical study of affinities of phenyl N-methyl carbamates. AB - Ab initio self-consistent field-molecular orbitals-linear combination of atomic orbitals calculations of electrostatic potentials were performed in a few regions about some phenyl N-methyl carbamate derivatives. A similar active-site conformation was assumed and a low-energy common conformation was obtained from semiempirical perturbative configuration interaction over localized orbitals calculations. The results indicate that affinity constants of the carbamate derivatives used for this study may be an outcome of phenyl ring electrostatic interactions with the active site. PMID- 6633507 TI - Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of electron distribution in tetramethylammonium ion. AB - Ab initio molecular orbital calculations of electron distribution in tetramethylammonium ion and its uncharged isoelectronic analogue, neopentane, have been carried out. Comparison of the two compounds permits a detailed description of the delocalization of the positive charge of tetramethylammonium ion. The van der Waals surface of this ion is found to be characterized by "patches" of positive charge associated with the methyl groups, interspersed with essentially neutral regions. The consequences of this nonspherical charge distribution for interaction with anions have been explored by calculations of the interaction energy of fluoride ion with tetramethylammonium ion and neopentane in several mutual orientations. The lowest-energy orientation is found to be one in which the anion approaches a "face" of the tetrahedral cation (opposite to a C--N bond direction). The origins of this preference and the electron redistribution produced by the interaction with fluoride are discussed. The tetramethylammonium ion is clearly not a featureless positively charged sphere but will have appreciable geometrical specificity in its interaction with a presumed anionic group on the acetylcholine receptor. PMID- 6633508 TI - Thiopurine methyltransferase. Aromatic thiol substrates and inhibition by benzoic acid derivatives. AB - Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) catalyzes the S-methylation of thiopurine and thiopyrimidine drugs. If potent TPMT inhibitors were available, studies of the regulation and properties of this drug-metabolizing enzyme would be facilitated. Each of a series of benzoic acid derivatives tested was found to inhibit purified human kidney TPMT. Concentrations required to inhibit TPMT by 50% ranged from 20 microM for 3,4-dimethoxy-5-hydroxybenzoic acid to 2.1 mM for acetylsalicylic acid. Inhibition was noncompetitive or mixed with respect to both S-adenosyl-L methionine, the methyl donor for the enzyme, and 6-mercaptopurine, the methyl acceptor substrate. Preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis demonstrated that the benzoic acid structure was important for inhibitory activity, and that inhibition was enhanced by the addition of methoxy and/or phenolic hydroxyl groups to the ring. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis performed with additional benzoic acid derivatives showed that inhibitory activity could be modeled well by an equation that included the normal Hammett constant and a parameter, pi', related to lipophilicity. Several nonheterocyclic aromatic thiol compounds, including thiophenol and thiosalicylic acid, were discovered to be substrates for TPMT. Apparent Km constants for some of these aromatic thiol compounds were in the nanomolar range, several orders of magnitude lower than those of the thiopurines and thiopyrimidines previously thought to be the only substrates for TPMT. These observations suggested that "aryl thiol methyltransferase" might be a better name than "thiopurine methyltransferase" for this enzyme. Discovery of new classes of inhibitors and substrates for this important drug-metabolizing enzyme has implications for drug metabolism research and for clinical medicine. PMID- 6633509 TI - Inhibition of bovine brain microtubule assembly in vitro by stypoldione. AB - Stypolidione, an orthoquinone derived from the brown seaweed Stypopodium zonale, inhibited the polymerization of three-cycle-purified bovine brain microtubule protein in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner. Fifty per cent inhibition of the extent of polymerization beginning under initiating conditions occurred at a stypoldione concentration of approximately 25 microM, and 50% inhibition of tubulin addition to the assembly ends of microtubules at steady state occurred at a concentration of approximately 8 microM. Only slight structural abnormalities could be detected by negative stain electron microscopy in some of the microtubules that did assemble in the presence of the drug, and no aberrant structural forms of microtubule protein were detected. Stypoldione inhibited the binding of [3H]colchicine to tubulin, with 50% inhibition of colchicine binding activity occurring at a stypoldione concentration of 12-15 microM. Inhibition of colchicine binding activity appeared noncompetitive and was at least partially reversible, suggesting that stypoldione and colchicine bind at separate sites. By assuming that the inhibition constant for the ability of stypoldione to prevent the binding of colchicine to tubulin was equivalent to the dissociation constant for the binding of stypoldione to tubulin, we calculated that approximately 62% of the tubulin present free in solution under initiating conditions and 35-37% of the soluble tubulin under steady-state conditions was complexed with stypoldione when polymerization was inhibited by 50%. These data are consistent with a mechanism in which stypoldione interacts with soluble tubulin and inactivates the tubulin so that it is unable to add to microtubule ends, although a colchicine like mechanism involving an action of stypoldione at microtubule ends has not been eliminated. PMID- 6633510 TI - Effect of stypoldione on cell cycle progression, DNA and protein synthesis, and cell division in cultured sea urchin embryos. AB - We have found that stypoldione, a bright red o-quinone isolated from the brown alga Stypopodium zonale, inhibits the division of sea urchin embryos in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 approximately 2.5 X 10(-6) M). Although previous studies have shown this marine natural product to inhibit beef brain microtubule assembly in vitro [Fed. Proc. 39:26-29 (1980); Mol. Pharmacol. 24:493 499 (1983)], we have found that stypoldione does not accumulate sea urchin embryos in mitosis and hence does not act like a mitotic spindle poison. We have also shown this marine natural product to inhibit both amino acid and nucleoside uptake. By preloading sea urchin embryos with nucleoside (i.e., [3H]thymidine) in order to dissociate effects on uptake from those on incorporation, we found that stypoldione in fact produces no significant inhibition of the M phase-independent S1 period of DNA synthesis, a result which suggests that stypoldione has no direct effect on DNA synthesis. In contrast, stypoldione did reduce the extent of amino acid incorporation in embryos preloaded with [3H]leucine. An inhibition of incorporation was apparent as early as 20 min after fertilization, and incorporation was reduced to 50% of control by 40 min postfertilization. This result suggests that stypoldione might inhibit cleavage via an inhibition of translation, although the existence of other inhibitory mechanisms cannot yet be ruled out. Cytological examination revealed that sea urchin embryos did not progress beyond-interphase or very early prophase when incubated in the presence of 1.0 X 10(-5) M stypoldione. The nuclear membranes remained intact, and chromatin did not condense into chromosomes in these arrested embryos. These results indicate that embryos exposed to stypoldione early in the cell cycle initiate and complete the M phase-independent S1 period of DNA synthesis, but stop cell cycle progression prior to the start of prophase of mitosis. The period between S phase and mitosis is referred to, by definition, as the "G2" phase of the cell cycle. The result therefore suggest that stypoldione blocks cell cycle progression (and, ultimately, cell division) by inhibiting progression through G2. This compound may represent a new class of G2-accumulating agents. PMID- 6633511 TI - In vitro translational activity of messenger RNA following treatment of human colon carcinoma cells with sangivamycin. AB - Total mRNA from human colon carcinoma cell line HT-29 treated with the pyrrolopyrimidine antibiotic, sangivamycin(7-deaza-7-carboxamidoadenosine), was assessed in vitro using a reticulocyte lysate translation system. Under conditions of known drug-induced cell lethality, sangivamycin-modified mRNA showed a diminished translational capacity. The decreased activity of drug modified mRNA increased in proportion to the time-dependent cytocidal effects of sangivamycin in this cell line. These data suggest that the lethal effects of this drug may be associated, in part, with a reduced ability of drug-modified mRNA to sustain translation in situ. PMID- 6633512 TI - Characteristics of the binding of RNA polymerase to template in mouse liver nuclei. AB - In whole nuclei isolated from mouse liver, the reaction of free RNA polymerase with the artificial template, poly (dA-dT), is temperature dependent. At assay temperatures below 37 degrees C, the amount of free RNA polymerase (RNA polymerase not inhibited by actinomycin D) which can be measured is substantially reduced. However, if the nuclei are preincubated at 37 degrees C in the presence of template and then assayed at lower temperatures, substantial amounts of enzyme activity can be measured. The active complex (enzyme bound to template) is resistant to inactivation by heparin. This evidence is consistent with a two stage model for binding of eukaryotic RNA polymerase to template similar to the binding of prokaryotic RNA polymerase to template. PMID- 6633513 TI - The effect of volume occupancy upon the thermodynamic activity of proteins: some biochemical consequences. AB - The thermodynamic activity of proteins in solution is substantially altered by the addition of unreactive or 'inert' macromolecules occupying more than a few percent of total solution volume. Approximate theoretical models of this effect have been formulated using a simplified geometrical representation of molecular shapes. These models predict that under certain conditions, the structure and function of proteins in physiological media with a high total macromolecular content may be qualitatively different than in dilute solution. Experimental studies of the effect of 'inert' macromolecules on protein structure and/or function are reviewed, and it is found that under favorable circumstances the simplified models can provide a satisfactory semiquantitative description of the data. PMID- 6633514 TI - Single-step bioluminescence analyses of enzymes, using Cibacrone Blue chromatography for removal of interfering dehydrogenases. AB - To provide for bioluminescence measurements of the enzymatic activities of dehydrogenases, disturbing contaminants were removed from a bacterial luciferase extract by chromatography, using Blue Sepharose CL-6B, a cross-linked agarose to which Cibacrone Blue F3G-A is covalently attached. This compound has a strong affinity to the dinucleotide fold, which is a region in enzymes binding NAD(H) or NADP(H). In contrast to the absorbed dehydrogenases, both luciferase and oxidoreductase were easily eluted and appeared close to the main bulk of UV absorbing but analytically less important material. A rapid recording of the elution of luciferase was accomplished with a new electrochemical bioluminescence assay. Due to this and the early elution of the desired material, it could be chromatographed, recognized and collected in less than two hours. Thereby the light-yielding capacity of the sensitive material was well preserved. For bioluminescence assay solutions composed of pooled oxidoreductase-luciferase fractions, FMN and a long chain aldehyde were prepared and supplemented with NAD+ and either lactate, malate or 3-hydroxybutyrate. The analyses were carried out in a single step performance by adding the enzyme sample to the luciferase solution. Minute amounts of lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and 3 hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase yielded a linear light response permitting assay in the lower part of the femtomole region. In case a dehydrogenase does not occur as a contaminant of a commercial luciferase preparation, purification with Cibacrone Blue can be omitted as demonstrated for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633515 TI - Grafting of triggering site onto lymphocytes; distribution of grafted dinitrophenyl groups on cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids. AB - Quantitative investigation of membrane-bound sialoglycoconjugates on lymphocyte surface was performed by chemical modification of the sialic acid residues with radioactive N4-dinitrophenyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid hydrazide (DNP-DABH). This labeled both glycoproteins and glycolipids with concomitant preservation of the mitogenic activity by multivalent hapten binding protein (anti-DNP antibody). Under conditions where maximum stimulation of thymocytes occurred radioactive DNP DABH labeled 1.1 X 10(7) glycolipids molecules/cell but, only 3 X 10(6) glycoproteins molecules/cell. When B lymphocytes, which do not undergo DNP mediated stimulation were used, glycolipids labeling could not be detected. Major differences between stimulation committed and non-committed DNP-modified lymphocytes was the amount of ligand attached to the cell surface sialoglycolipids (gangliosides). PMID- 6633516 TI - Tubulin and tubulin-colchicine complex bind to brain microsomal membrane in vitro. AB - Brain tubulin was labeled in vitro by post-translational incorporation of [14C] tyrosine or in vivo by intra-cranial injection of [3H]-leucine. The labeled protein was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. After incubating at 37 degrees C with a microsomal membrane preparation from rat brain, part of the labeled soluble tubulin became sedimentable at high-speed centrifugation. This was independent of the native configuration of tubulin, the state of tyrosination of the COOH-terminus, or the presence of 100 microM colchicine in the mixture. In addition, the double-labeled tubulin-colchicine complex obtained from the binding of [3H]-colchicine to [14C]-tyrosinated tubulin, bound to the membrane preparation to the same extent as [14C]-tyrosinated tubulin. The data show that either tubulin or the complex resulting from its binding to colchicine distributed between the soluble and the membrane fractions when mixed at 37 degrees C with a microsome preparation. Seemingly, the site for colchicine binding to tubulin needs not to be free for the protein-membrane association. PMID- 6633517 TI - Phosphorylation increases alpha-bungarotoxin binding to acetylcholine receptor enriched membrane preparations. AB - Acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-enriched membrane preparations from Torpedo electroplax bind alpha-bungarotoxin with a KD of 8.4 nM and the concentration of binding sites is 16 pmoles/mg protein. When, however, the alpha-toxin is incubated with receptor samples, phosphorylated in the presence of Mn2+ (10 mM) and ATP (0.5 mM), the concentration of binding sites is increased to 94 pmoles/mg protein, although there is no marked change in the KD (11 nM). Binding of acetylcholine to AChR-enriched membrane preparations occurs at a receptor which has two different conformational states with KD's of 8.4 nM and 520 nM. The concentration of binding sites for the high affinity component is 1.35 pmoles/mg protein and for the low affinity component is 12 pmoles/mg protein. The effect of phosphorylation of the AChR on agonist binding could not be determined. PMID- 6633518 TI - Isolation and characterization of copper-binding sites of human ceruloplasmin. AB - A tryptic cleavage procedure was used to obtain stable copper-containing peptide regions of human ceruloplasmin. Tryptic digestion-derived copper peptides were fractionated by gel filtration chromatography, yielding two fractions, one with an apparent molecular weight of 11000 and the other 1000. The high molecular weight fraction (11K fraction) was found to contain 50% of the copper atoms of the ceruloplasmin molecule and behaved as a single copper-containing component by gel filtration chromatography and by isoelectric focusing. The low molecular weight fraction (1K fraction) was found to be a mixture of three or four copper peptides by isoelectric focusing. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis studies, amino acid composition analysis and terminal amino acid determinations showed the 11K fraction to be a complex composed of at least three peptides arising from different regions of the ceruloplasmin molecule. Two of the peptides of the 11K complex appear to be derived from the 19K fragment of the ceruloplasmin molecule (18); one peptide in the complex appears to correspond to the aspartic acid-rich portion, residues 7-30, and the other to the histidine-rich portion, residues 103 157. Most preparations of ceruloplasmin are reported to consist of three non covalently linked fragments that have molecular weights of 67K, 50K and 19K. Dwulet and Putnam (20) proposed a model for the sequence structure of ceruloplasmin where the molecule exhibits a three-fold repeat pattern of two alternating structures, here termed X and Y.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633519 TI - Uptake and binding of cytoplasmic DNA by wheat embryo cell nuclei. AB - Cytoplasmic non-mitochondrial DNA was selectively labelled and isolated In a linear single-stranded form from early wheat embryos. The isolated preparation was readily taken up by wheat embryo cell nuclei and firmly bound to large, chromosome-like structures. Similarly prepared nuclear DNA fragments, although taken up, remained unbound and underwent a rapid degradation within the cell nuclei. The selective binding of the cytoplasmic DNA indicates that it might be integrated into the nuclear genome. PMID- 6633520 TI - Partial purification and characterization of a double-stranded RNA-specific nuclease from human placenta. AB - A double-stranded RNA-specific nuclease (ds RNase) has been isolated and partially purified from human placenta by DEAE-cellulose and DNA-cellulose column chromatography. Denatured DNA-cellulose retained most of the single-stranded RNA specific nuclease (ss RNase) activity, whereas the ds RNase came out in the void volume. N-ethylmaleimide at a concentration of 5 mM, selectively inhibited ds RNase activity by 60% under the conditions in which the ss RNase activity was inhibited to an extent of 7%. The ds RNase was specifically inhibited by Penicillium chrysogenum viral ds RNA and by ethidium bromide. The partially purified ds RNase showed requirements for Mg+ whereas Mn2+ and NH4+ ions were inhibitory. The DEAE-enzyme cleaved 32P-labelled 45S ribosomal precursor RNAs from Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells into species that had similar electrophoretic mobilities as the mature rRNAs. PMID- 6633522 TI - Translation in a cell-free system of mRNA from term placenta extracted by guanidine hydrochloride. AB - Human term placenta RNA and polyadenylated mRNA were prepared using guanidine HCl and oligo (dT)-cellulose affinity chromatography. Both fractions translated in a wheat germ cell-free system showed, under optimal condition of K+ and Mg++ ions and spermidine, about 9 times activity for RNA and 15-25 times for poly(A+) mRNA greater than the control. Homogenization of the tissue at high speed compared to that at low speed improved 4-fold activity. Analysis of tritiated products by SDS Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detected by fluorography showed more than ten different intensity bands ranging between 12 and 66 kD. According to the results obtained, guanidine HCl is an advantageous procedure for the extraction of RNA from this nuclease-rich tissue compared with that obtained with phenol extraction, in both activity and in larger translation products. PMID- 6633521 TI - Changes in the chromatin of the brain of developing rats: phosphorylation of chromosomal proteins and modulation of transcription. AB - In vitro phosphorylation of chromosomal proteins and transcription of chromatin, and their modulation by spermine were studied by incubating slices of cerebral cortex of 3-30 day old developing rats with [32Pi] and [3H]-uridine, respectively. Phosphorylation of histones increases whereas that of nonhistone chromosomal (NHC) proteins decreases during development. Spermine stimulates phosphorylation of both histones and NHC proteins. Transcription of chromatin decreases as development progresses. Phosphorylation of chromosomal proteins stimulates transcription. This is further stimulated by spermine. However, these effects decrease as development proceeds. Such functional alterations in the chromatin may be responsible for the terminal differentiation of neurons, and may have a significant role in differential gene expression during cell differentiation and development. PMID- 6633523 TI - Exogenous histones and chloroplastic DNA function in Chlamydomonas reinhardii. AB - The effect of exogenous added histones on chloroplastic DNA and RNA synthesis has been studied in whole Chlamydomonas reinhardii cells and in isolated chloroplasts. The observed inhibition is shown to be mainly due to the H1 histone and to result in drastic modifications of the cell cycle. PMID- 6633524 TI - [Study of DNA-interaction with protons of the medium by means of buffer capacity method]. AB - pH-dependences of buffer capacity of native and denaturated DNA have been obtained. These dependences were expanded into basic functions each corresponding to ionised groups of equal pK. The pH dependence of buffer capacity of native DNA have two narrow g- and s-peaks and are shifted (relatively to nucleosides mixture) to acidic pH values, whereas those of heat denaturated DNA have only one wide assymmetric peak shifted to neutral pH. It was shown that s-and g-peaks of pH dependences of buffer capacity correspond to polymorphic transformation of the double helix (h leads to s transition) and to its disordering (s leads to g transition) respectively. From our data it follows that h leads to s transition at mu = 0.01 M NaCl is observed at temperatures T less than 50 degrees C. The independence of DNA protonation degrees, at which h leads to s leads to g transitions occur, on ionic strength of the solution is, apparently, related to linear dependence of the positions of g- and s-peaks maxima on (lg mu). This points to an important role of protonated bases in double helix destabilisation upon salt elimination. High sensitivity of the buffer capacity method allows us to reveal some differences between states of heat and acid denaturated DNA. Analysing pH dependences of buffer capacity of denaturated DNA it was shown that at neutral pH it contained some double or triple helix regions formed by H-linked bases holding unshared proton. Simms' method was shown to be inapplicable to determine base ionization constants both in native and denaturated DNA. PMID- 6633525 TI - [The intraglobular electrostatic field of an enzyme. 1. The primary field created by the polypeptide core, functional groups and ions of the alpha-chymotrypsin molecule]. AB - The electric field set up by the dipoles of peptide groups ad other dipoles at the atoms of substrate and catalytic groups of alpha-chymotrypsin is considered. It is shown that substantial electric potentials reaching some tenths of volts exist in the active center of the enzyme, the fact which must influence significantly the reactivity of corresponding groups. In contrast to low molecular weight liquids, the contribution to the total potential of dipoles located at different distances from the point under consideration often changes nonmonotonically with the distance, sometimes the predominant influence being exerted not by the nearest polar groups but by the more distant ones. The existence of electric fields having a complex spatial configuration determined by the protein structure can be defined as the effect of the polar medium preorganization. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of taking into account the polarization of the external medium by charges of protein atoms and ions (the difference of primary and secondary electric fields). PMID- 6633526 TI - [The presence of cooperative structures in tryptic fragments of troponin C]. AB - Scanning microcalorimetry has been used to study the ability of TR-1 and TR-2 tryptic fragments of troponin C to form an ordered compact structure in solution under different conditions. It has been shown that: (1) in the presence, as well as in the absence of bivalent ions both fragments have a structure which can melt with an intensive heat absorption at heating; (2) the structure of fragment TR-1 containing two Ca2+-specific domains (domains I and II) melts as a whole under all conditions studied and therefore the domains form one cooperative block. Binding of Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions stabilizes the block structure, however, significant conformational rearrangements which would lead to a change of denaturational enthalpy do not occur; (3) Ca2+Mg2+-domains of fragment TR-2 (domains III and IV) represent individual cooperative units, blocks. Stability of these cooperative blocks strongly depends on concentration of bivalent ions and in the presence of 2 mM EDTA the melting temperature of one of them is below 10 degrees. Thermodynamic melting temperature of one of them is below 10 degrees. Thermodynamic melting parameters of cooperative blocks within peptides and in the intact molecule of troponic C are compared. PMID- 6633527 TI - [The role of lipids in enzyme reactions with charge transfer]. AB - A mechanism of charge transfer into the hydrophobic membrane zone is proposed. The mechanism proposed includes transfer of radical state in the long chain hydrocarbon molecules of membrane lipids. In connection with this phenomenon mechanisms of electron transfer by short pi-systems formed in the fatty acid chains are discussed, as well as mechanisms of some oxidizing processes in microsome and mitochondria membranes. PMID- 6633528 TI - [The role for nucleus-associated polyribosomes in the coordination of histone synthesis with replication of chromosomal DNA in loach embryonic cells]. AB - During intensive chromosome replication in loach (Misgurnus fossilis) embryonic cells a particular class of nucleus-associated polyribosomes has been discovered alongside the free and membranebound polyribosomes. The comparison of the translational patterns of these three polyribosome classes in in vivo and in vitro conditions has proved their metabolic and functional difference. It has been shown that the nucleus-associated polyribosomes comprising over 50 per cent of all the cell polyribosomes in the above-mentioned period produce the bulk of lysine-rich histones on the newly formed mRNAs. Using metabolic inhibitors of DNA, or RNA, or protein synthesis it has been established that the nucleus associated polyribosome functional activity as differs from that of free and membrane-bound polyribosomes and depends to great degree on the chromosomal DNA replication and the shortliving mRNAs transcription. The data obtained suggest that the chromatin biogenesis control can be achieved by spacial coupling between DNA replication and histone synthesis at the nuclear envelope level. PMID- 6633529 TI - [Spatial structure of DNA complex with the oligopeptide dansyl hydrazide trivaline]. AB - The structure of complexes between double-stranded DNA and oligopeptide dansyl hydrazide trivaline was studied by linear dichroism, electron microscopy and hydrodynamical methods. The results show that the binding of the oligopeptide to DNA is a cooperative process that leads to the formation of particles significantly differing in the structure from free DNA. The linear dichroism studies were carried out in a wide range of flow-speed gradients. From the theoretical analysis of these data a conclusion can be drawn that the DNA oligopeptide complexes possesses a higher rigidity as compared with that of free DNA. The hydrodynamical behaviour of these particles is consistent with the rigid rod-like structure of the particles with a long axis nearly parallel to the DNA helix axis in the complexes. The sedimentation patterns of the complexes suggest the existence of the fast and slow sedimenting species. The sedimentation coefficient measured for a fast sedimenting species is about 3 times higher than that of free DNA. The linear dichroism spectra obtained for the floworiented DNA oligopeptide complexes correlate with the existence of a superhelical organization of DNA in the complex. This offers a possibility for the determining of the angle of the DNA local axis inclination with respect to the superhelix axis. On electron micrographs the DNA-oligopeptide complexes look like rod-shaped structures with the thickness of about 180 A and 80 A on the rotatory-shadowed preparations and on the uranylacetate stained preparations, respectively. The rod shaped structures are formed by two interwound DNA molecules. The superhelix has a pitch of about 150 A with an angle of twist inclination of about 40 degrees. These values are in good agreement with the optical anisotropic data. It is suggested that the complex structure is stabilized by periodically spaced hydrophobic contacts between the dimeric oligopeptide species bound to the DNA molecules. PMID- 6633530 TI - [Dependence of the melting temperature of phage DNA on the GC pair content in a solvent with low ionic strength]. AB - Base ratio of DNA from 21 bacteriophage of Pseudomonas was determined by chemical hydrolysis and paper chromatography. Obtained values of the GC pair content were compared with melting temperature of DNA in 0,1 X SSC. The content of GC pairs correlates with melting temperature by equation %GC = 2,53 (Tm - 53,4). The content of GC pair for DNA from 30 bacteriophages of Pseudomonas was calculated. Some speculations concerning the distribution in DNA base ratio of bacteriophages of Pseudomonas are discussed. PMID- 6633531 TI - [Ultrasonic velocimetry of biological compounds]. AB - Ultrasonic velocimetry, a method of molecular biological studies developed in recent years, is an effective tool for investigating hydration of biological substances, conformational transitions of biopolymers and molecular interactions. The method is based upon precise measurements of ultrasonic velocity in solutions of biological substances. The paper presents analysis of the physical bases of the method and possible fields of its applications. Examples of applications of ultrasonic velocimetry to the problems of molecular biology are shown. PMID- 6633532 TI - [Spatial organization of the histone dimer H2A-H2B in solutions of different ionic strengths]. AB - The spatial organization of histone dimer H2A-H2B in a solution of 0.1-1.0 M NaCl is characterized by the inclusion of 38% of radicals in the composition of alpha helical segments, fluorescence quantum yield of 0.085 +/- 0.003, long-wave shift of absorbtion (lambda max = = 278.4 +/- 0.5 nm) and fluorescence spectra (lambda max = 304.4 +/- 0.3 nm) as compared to respective spectra of free tyrosine. The changing of position lambda max of tyrosine fluorescence of histones during denaturation has been shown. The degree of alpha-helicity of histone dimer H2A H2B, fluorescence quantum yield and the number of tyrosyls perturbed by ethylene glycol do not change within the range of 0.1-1.0 M NaCl pH 7.6. At the same time dimer denaturation takes place at greater urea concentrations as the ionic strength of the medium increases. The quenching of tyrosine fluorescence of histone dimer H2A-H2B was performed using ions I-, Cs+ and acrylamide. It has been shown that, at a concentration of NaCl 0.5 M, dimer compactization takes place, as well as the screening of some part of tyrosyls for the quenching effect of Cs+. Our experiments made it possible to identify three zones in the composition of histone dimer H2A-H2B and determine the number (ni) and fluorescence quantum yields (qi) of tyrosyls included in the following specific zones:zone I--n1 = 2, q1 = 0.136, zone II--n2 = 3, q2 = 0.08, zone III--n3 = 3, q3 = 0.055. PMID- 6633533 TI - Changes in liver-specific compared to common gene transcription during primary culture of mouse hepatocytes. AB - Liver-specific mRNA sequences were examined in primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes. After cell disaggregation by collagenase treatment and for at least 24 h in culture, little change in liver-specific mRNA concentrations was noted. Gradually over a period of 140 h, liver-specific mRNAs declined. In contrast, transcriptional assays in which liver cell nuclei were used to produce 32P labeled nuclear RNA showed that liver-specific gene transcription was greatly diminished within 24 h, while polymerase II transcription of "common" genes and transcription of tRNA and rRNA did not decline. Thus, a prompt differential transcriptional effect seems to underlie the gradual loss of tissue specificity of the primary cultures. PMID- 6633535 TI - Formation of cytoplasmic heat shock granules in tomato cell cultures and leaves. AB - Biochemical and electron microscopic analyses of heat-shocked suspension cultures of Peruvian tomato (Lycopersicon peruvianum) revealed that a considerable part of the dominant small heat shock proteins (hsps) with an Mr of approximately 17,000 are structural proteins of newly forming granular aggregates in the cytoplasm (heat shock granules), whose formation strictly depends on heat shock conditions (37 to 40 degrees C) and the presence or simultaneous synthesis of hsps. However, under certain conditions, e.g., in preinduced cultures maintained at 25 degrees C, hsps also accumulate as soluble proteins without concomitant assembly of heat shock granules. Similar heat shock-induced cytoplasmic aggregates were also observed in other cell cultures and heat-shocked tomato leaves and corn coleoptiles. PMID- 6633534 TI - Correlation of unstable multidrug cross resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells with a homogeneously staining region on chromosome 1. AB - An enrichment selection method using repeated pulses of low drug concentration (1 microgram/ml) was used to isolate CHO (AK412) variants that are 20-fold more resistant to cytochalasin D (CD). CD-resistant (CydR) variants possess a unique unstable phenotype, including a longer doubling time in nonselective medium, a higher frequency of multinucleate cells in the population (probably due to a defect in cytokinesis), an altered morphology, and increased resistance or sensitivity to a number of unrelated drugs. In each of two variant lines examined cytologically, this multiple phenotype is associated with a small homogeneously staining region on chromosome 1. The homogeneously staining region is present in the CydR variants, but absent both in the CD-sensitive parent and in a CD sensitive revertant subpopulation. Studies of CD-displaceable binding of [3H]cytochalasin B show a fourfold reduction in CD binding or uptake when whole cells of the variant line were examined. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and metabolic labeling with [H3]fucose of cell surface proteins of the CydR variants showed multiple differences in electrophoretic band migration when compared with parental proteins. PMID- 6633536 TI - [Protein requirements of mature newborns and premature infants]. AB - Protein requirements and energy expenditure are closely related, especially in infants. As compared to adults, the very fast protein turnover in newborns is highly energy consuming. Considering protein requirements, quantity and quality have to be taken into account to avoid a metabolic stress, particularly in preterm infants. PMID- 6633538 TI - [Feeding premature and newborn infants with native mother's milk]. AB - Over two years 206 neonates received their mothers milk, 308 were given a formula milk. A dip-slide method, well-known from urine diagnostics (Uricult) was used for bacteriological examination. Breast milk in good condition was given untreated to the neonates. The incidence of intestinal infections was much less in babies who received breast-milk. The anti-infective properties of human milk could be demonstrated. PMID- 6633537 TI - [Nutrition and immunology]. AB - Since at least 350 million children on our earth suffer from severe caloric and especially protein deficiency it is of utmost importance to know its relation to host defense. In the first part of this paper the already known facts about nutrition and immune response are summarized. Especially the negative effects on the humoral and cellular immune mechanism are critically reviewed. Another chapter deals with the trophogenic immunity; especially the significance of secretory IgA of lactoferrin and lactoperoxydase is pointed out. Recent scientific work disclosed some anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-mycotic properties of certain fatty acids. PMID- 6633539 TI - [Risk indicators of atherogenesis in early childhood. Studies on children in Dusseldorf kindergartens]. PMID- 6633540 TI - [N-acetyl-cystein-(NAC)-activated creatinkinase (CK) and isoenzyme CK-MB in the serum of children]. AB - We have examined the variation of creatinekinase levels (NAC-activated) with age in 170 children. The subjects included 40 neonates, 18 premature neonates, 40 small babies, 32 infants and 40 schoolchildren. The enzyme activity of CK-MM was very high in the first hours after delivery and remained high for a few days. The isoenzyme MB in healthy newborns also showed a higher catalytic concentration. These values (about 2-12 U/l) reached normal levels of adults within 4 months of life (0.5-5 U/l). The same rule applied to CK-MM: enzyme activities of 160 U/l and more in the first days of life declined to 16-75 U/l during the first 4 months. No correlation between birth trauma and the increase in serum-CK was found. Because of the increased CK-MM (and CK-MB) found in normal newborns screening for Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy should be postponed for a few weeks after delivery. In view of the relatively high endogenous serum CK-MB in the neonates (release of CK-MB from the skeletal muscle) the test lacks the specificity for cardiac damage. Intramuscular injections of several drugs lead to a distinct increase in CK activity. A rise of CK-MM was seen 4-24 h after catheterization of the heart. PMID- 6633541 TI - [Results of total colectomy in childhood]. AB - In nineteen colectomized children operated for Hirschsprung's disease in most instances, size and weight were within normal ranges about six years after surgery. They passed stools, mostly of pulpy consistence, once to ten-times a day, on average four times a day. Eleven children suffered from continence disturbances. Seven developed severe recurrent enteritis. These results as well as those of three children operated according to Martin's technique are compared with those in the literature. PMID- 6633542 TI - [Retrograde infusion urethrocystography in boys]. AB - The main advantages of retrograde infusion-urethrocystography are compared with conventional diagnostic procedures: a sterile infusion set is used for small anatomic situations in the childs urethra; the radiological evaluation of the urethra can be performed painlessly, non invasively, and avoids radiation of the investigator as shown by the examination of 35 young patients in our department. PMID- 6633543 TI - [Transitory postural and positional nystagmus in children and its diagnostic significance]. AB - Among 587 children at an age from 5 to 14 years, examined in the university clinic of O.R.L. Essen in a 10 years period because of dizziness, 201 times the subjective sensations could be objectified by a vestibular nystagmus. After elimination of all cases with a pathologic ear state 39 times a posture or positioning nystagmus was recorded. The examination was regularly effected by a systematic search for spontaneous and provoked nystagmus by Frenzel's luminous glasses and was completed by an experimental excitability test of the labyrinth according to Hallpike. The nystagmus findings are divided form analytically in transitory directional appointed, irregular and regular direction changing posture resp. positioning nystagmus with and without latency or contrary course. An etio-pathogenetic explanation is given. PMID- 6633544 TI - [Noma]. AB - A 1 4/12 years old boy after having been ill with measles developed gingivostomatitis ulcero-gangrenosa, a disease known as noma in tropical countries. This rare disease usually occurs during severe depression of the immunologic defence like with measles, malnutrition, malignant neoplasmas or chemotherapy, and is caused by a local infection with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, which usually are part of the normal oral flora. The course of the disease is characterized by an initially edematous swelling of the face followed by ulcerations of the gingiva, progressing as an ulcerophlegmatous inflammation of the oro-facial tissue and finally causing mutilating destruction. Vigorous general and antibiotic treatment has improved the previously poor prognosis. PMID- 6633545 TI - [Isolated abducent nerve paralysis in infectious mononucleosis]. AB - Infectious mononucleosis in children and adolescents is characterized by a large variability of symptoms and clinical course. Serological tests for Epstein-Barr Virusspecific antibodies are a valuable aid in differential diagnosis, in particular for pediatricians. - Isolated palsy of the abducens nerve is reported in a 12-year-old girl. The parainfectious etiology of this mononeuritis was determined only by specific serological tests. PMID- 6633546 TI - [AIDS: hemophilia patients threatened by a new severe disease?]. PMID- 6633547 TI - [Development of a neonatal intensive care unit in a small Pediatric Department]. AB - This is a short report on the development of a newborn intensive care unit in the periphery of a big town. The survival rate of the newborns under respiratory support is now around 80 per cent. This outstanding achievement is the result of great efforts in newborn intensive care. PMID- 6633548 TI - DNA repair replication, DNA breaks and sister-chromatid exchange in human cells treated with adriamycin in vitro. AB - The effects of adriamycin (AM) on DNA repair replication, the frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), the rate of cell proliferation and the frequency of DNA strand breaks were studied in human cells in vitro. No repair replication was observed in lymphocytes exposed to AM in concentrations up to 10(-3) moles/l. DNA repair replication induced by UV and alkylating agents was not affected by a concentration of AM that completely inhibited cell proliferation (10(-6) moles/l). Fibroblasts exposed to AM at 10(-4) moles/l in the presence of hydroxyurea showed an increase of strand breaks and cross-links in DNA. When AM was added to UV-irradiated fibroblasts, there was an increase of DNA strand breaks in addition to the breaks caused by UV alone. Similar effects were observed in lymphocytes. A dose-dependent increase of SCE was observed in lymphocytes exposed to low concentrations of AM (less than 10(-7) moles/l). At higher concentrations the increase of SCE levelled off, and cell proliferation became severely inhibited. There was no evidence of removal of SCE-inducing damage in cells exposed to AM during G0 or G1. The level of SCE induced in the third cell cycle after treatment with AM was not different from that induced during the first two cell cycles. These results suggest that the various genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of AM are caused by different types of cellular damage. Moreover, AM-induced DNA damage persists for several cell cycles in human cells in vitro and seems to be resistant to repair activity. PMID- 6633549 TI - The suitability of the human lymphocyte micronucleus assay system for biological dosimetry. AB - Human whole blood was irradiated with 220 keV X-rays at doses of 0-4.0 Gy. After incubation periods of 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 h, lymphocytes were prepared without colcemid pretreatment according to 2 different methods, and micronuclei were scored. The crucial point of lymphocyte preparation was found to be the osmotic pressure of the hypotonic solution. Only a method that preserves the cytoplasm of lymphoblasts is suitable for a correct association of micronuclei with the main nucleus. Similar as for structural chromosome changes, now their intercellular distribution can be analysed. This is necessary for the derivation of appropriate statistical weights which have to be used for more reliable regression analyses. For 48 h, the data can be described by the linear model, for 84 and 96 h, by the linear-quadratic model. For 60 and 72 h no such definite conclusions can be drawn. For calibration purposes a standardized culture time cannot be recommended. Because the background frequency is high, the lymphocyte micronucleus assay system is not sensitive enough to detect a significant increase in the incidence of micronuclei after exposure to low doses (less than 0.3 Gy). PMID- 6633550 TI - Statistics of the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus test: counting, distribution and evaluation of results. AB - The distribution of historical control results from male mice tested in the bone marrow micronucleus test was used to optimize counting procedures and to develop decision rules for evaluating test results. The ratio of normochromatic to polychromatic erythrocytes followed a normal distribution, while the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes followed a binomial distribution. Recommendations for the number of cells to be scored per animal and for the evaluation of results are based on these distributions and the two hypothesis multiple-decision approach of Selby and Olsen (1981). PMID- 6633551 TI - The mutagenic potential of hyperthermia and fever in mice. AB - The cytogenetic effects of hyperthermia resulting from climatic influences as well as from infections were studied. Whole-body exposure of NMRI mice to an elevated environmental temperature induced a high frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow. Hyperthermia at high relative humidity was more effective in increasing body temperature and cytogenetic damage than at low RH. A sex-related difference in response to heat stress was observed. Hyperthermia on pregnant mice induced a significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated PEs in fetal blood cells. Parenteral administration of bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharides, induced either hypothermia or hyperthermia. However, LPS-induced hypothermia as well as fever does not so far appear to produce cytogenetic damage. PMID- 6633552 TI - Methylation of DNA and protamine by methyl methanesulfonate in the germ cells of male mice. AB - The molecular dosimetry of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in the germ cells of male mice has been investigated. The mice were injected i.p. with 100 mg/kg of [3H]MMS and methylations per sperm head, per deoxynucleotide, and per unit of protamine were then determined over a 3-week period. The methylations per sperm head paralleled the dominant lethal frequency curve for MMS, reaching a maximum of between 22 and 26 million methylations per vas sperm head 8-11 days after treatment. Methylation of sperm DNA was greatest at 4 h (the earliest time point studied) after treatment, with 16.6 methylations/10(5) deoxynucleotides. DNA methylation gradually decreased during the subsequent 3-week period. The methylation of germ-cell DNA did not increase in the stages most sensitive to MMS (late spermatids leads to early spermatozoa) and was not correlated with the dominant lethal frequency curve for MMS. However, methylation of protamine did increase in the germ-cell stages most sensitive to MMS, and showed an excellent correlation with the incidence of dominant lethals produced by MMS in the different germ-cell stages. The pattern of alkylation produced by MMS in the developing germ-cell stages of the mouse is similar to that found for EMS. However, for equimolar exposures, MMS alkylates the germ cells 5-7 times more than does EMS. Hydrolyzed samples of protamine from [3H]MMS-exposed animals were subjected to thin-layer chromatography and amino acid analysis. Both procedures showed that most of the labeled material recovered from the hydrolysates co chromatographed with authentic standards of S-methyl-L-cysteine. The amino acid analyses showed an average of approximately 80% of the labeled material eluting with S-methyl-L-cysteine. The mechanism of action of both MMS and EMS on the developing germ cells appears to be similar. The occurrence of S-methyl-L cysteine as the major reaction product in sperm protamine after MMS exposure supports our initial model of how dominant lethals are induced in mouse germ cells by these chemicals: Alkylation of cysteine sulfhydryl groups contained in mouse-sperm protamine blocks normal disulfide-bond formation, preventing proper chromatin condensation in the sperm nucleus. Subsequent stresses produced in the chromatin structure eventually lead to chromosome breakage, with resultant dominant lethality. PMID- 6633553 TI - Estimation of mutation rates in cultured mammalian cells. AB - The factors that affect reliable estimations of mutation rates (mu) in cultured mammalian somatic cell populations by fluctuation analysis are studied experimentally and statistically. We analyze the differential effect of the final cell population size in each culture (Nt) and the number of parallel cultures (C) on the variation in the rate estimates (mu) inferred from the P0 method. The analysis can be made after the derivation of the variance of mu, which is a measure of variation of mu for a given combination of Nt and C in a number of repeat experiments. The variance of mu is inversely proportional to C and to the square of Nt . Nt determines the probability of occurrence of mutations in a cell culture. By influencing the size of P0, Nt also determines whether a rate estimate is obtainable from the experiment. Since Po is estimated from the fraction of cultures containing no mutation in a set of C cultures, C becomes a determining factor for the accuracy of mu. The rate estimated from P0 is biased, but the bias is in general 2 orders of magnitude smaller than mu. By the selection of an appropriate combination of Nt and C for the experiment, this bias can be reduced even further. Based on the notion of comparing two proportions, we propose a test statistic and have applied it to experimental results for a test of equality of mutation rates in different cell lines. This development places the comparison of mutation rates on a statistical basis. PMID- 6633554 TI - Photoreactivation of UV damage in Sminthopsis crassicaudata. AB - A comprehensive investigation has been made of photoreactivation of UV damage in cells cultured from the fat-tailed marsupial mouse, Sminthopsis crassicaudata. Maximal photoreversal of the lethal effects of germicidal UV radiation was obtained by exposure of cells to intense fluorescent black light at 37 degrees C. Dose-reduction factors of approximately 2 were obtained. This phenomenon was shown to be a true photoreactive not a photoprotective effect. Attempts to photoreverse the lethal effects of UV light by using white fluorescent light, or black lights at lower temperatures, proved ineffectual. Photoreactivation with black light at 37 degrees C for 30 min effectively photoreversed UV-induced pyrimidine dimers and also substantially reduced the levels of UV-induced DNA repair replication. Sunlight was also found to be an effective source of photoreactivating light. Although a reasonable correlation was found between the lethal effects of UV light and the number of pyrimidine dimers persisting unrepaired in cellular DNA, some experiments did suggest that either a small subclass of dimers or some type of non-dimer damage contributed significantly to overall lethality. Two of the effects induced by UV light could not, however, be reversed by black light. These were sister-chromatid exchanges and the inhibition of DNA synthesis. The conclusion was reached that either these effects reflect non-dimer (non-photoreactivable damage) or that, under appropriate growth conditions, some damage rapidly disrupts the DNA, say within a replicon, in a manner which cannot be reversed even when the primary lesion has been subsequently removed. PMID- 6633555 TI - Frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges depending on the amount of 5 bromodeoxyuridine incorporated into parental DNA. AB - Chinese hamster D-6 cells were grown for two cell cycles. The effect of 5 bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on the frequencies of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in these cells was investigated by the BrdU-labeling method. A low concentration (5 microM) of BrdU was inoculated in the first cell cycle for SCE counting. When excess concentrations (100-1000 microM) of BrdU were added subsequently in the second cell cycle, a 1-2-fold increase of SCE frequencies was observed. When excess thymidine (dT) (100-1000 microM) was supplied instead of BrdU, the incidence of SCE also increased. When cells were exposed to high concentrations (50-200 microM) of BrdU in the first cell cycle, a 1-4-fold increase in SCE frequencies was observed. This incidence of SCE was largely dependent on the concentration of BrdU and dT used in the second cell cycle. These results suggest that efficient SCE induction by BrdU is related to the BrdU residue incorporated into parental DNA strands. PMID- 6633556 TI - The use of an immunological probe to measure the kinetics of DNA repair in normal and UV-sensitive mammalian cell lines. AB - Chinese hamster ovary cells and human fibroblasts were used to study UV-light induced repair replication and removal of antibody-binding sites. Whereas repair replication still continued 8 h post irradiation, removal of antibody-binding sites was 80% complete within 2 h and reached a plateau by 4 h. This was found to be independent of the method of DNA isolation. UV-hypersensitive CHO cells exhibited reduced levels of repair synthesis that closely correlated with the extent of removal of antibody-binding sites. XP group A, C and D cells, each of which had less than 15% of the level of repair synthesis found in the control fibroblasts, removed less than 30% of the antibody-binding sites. Group E cells demonstrated intermediate levels of DNA-repair capacity in both assays. PMID- 6633557 TI - Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on the cell cycle in normal and UV-sensitive cell lines with reference to the nature of the defect in xeroderma pigmentosum variant. AB - Analysis of the distribution of cells through the phases of the cell cycle by DNA flow cytofluorimetry has been utilized to investigate the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on cell-cycle progression in normal and UV-sensitive lymphoblastoid cell lines. In time-course studies only slight perturbation of DNA distribution was seen in normal cells, or UV-sensitive familial melanoma (FM) lines in the 48 h following irradiation. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XPA) excision deficient cells showed a large increase in the proportion of cells in S phase 16 40 h post-irradiation. XP variant (XPV) cells were blocked in G1 and S phases with the complete absence of cells with G2 DNA content 16-28 h after irradiation. By 48 h post-irradiation the DNA distribution of XPA and XPV cells had returned to that of an unirradiated control. When colcemid was added to the cultures immediately after irradiation to prevent mitotic cells dividing and re-entering the cell cycle, progression through the first cycle after irradiation was followed. UV irradiation did not affect the rate of movement of cells out of G1 into S phase in normal, FM or XPA cells. The proportion of cells in S phase was increased in UV-irradiated cultures in these cell types and the number of cells entering the G2 + M compartment was reduced. In UV-irradiated cultures of XPV cells a large proportion of cells was blocked in G1. The rate of accumulation of cells with G2 DNA content was equal to that of the control until 4 h post irradiation, thereafter falling below the control. Thus XPV cells in S phase at the time of irradiation complete DNA synthesis to reach G2 DNA content. However, cells irradiated in G1 are blocked from entry into S. These results suggest that there is a defect in XPV cells that affects a step prior to the onset of DNA replication. PMID- 6633558 TI - Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by alcohol and alcoholic beverages after metabolic activation by rat-liver homogenate. AB - Samples of alcohol and alcoholic beverages induced SCEs in Chinese hamster ovary cells in the presence of rat-liver homogenate for metabolic activation. SCE tests with acetaldehyde, and measurement of acetaldehyde concentration in tests with alcohol, indicate that SCE induction by alcohol is caused by formation of acetaldehyde. PMID- 6633559 TI - In vivo cytogenetic study in rats maintained for eight days on diets containing probucol. AB - Probucol (4,4'-(isopropylidenedithio)bis(2,6-di-t-butylphenol], a cholesterol lowering drug, was evaluated for cytogenetic toxicity in the bone-marrow cells of Sprague-Dawley rats. Male and female rats were fed diets containing 0, 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg body weight/day for 8 consecutive days. Animals treated with trimethylphosphate served as positive controls. Femoral bone-marrow specimens were aspirated from all animals for cytogenetic evaluation. Analysis of the data generated by this study indicated that the incidence of cytogenetic aberrations in the bone marrow of rats was not affected by administration of probucol within the present treatment regimen. PMID- 6633560 TI - Severe childhood muscular dystrophy affecting both sexes and frequent in Tunisia. AB - The authors reported a large study of 93 children presenting a severe form of progressive muscular dystrophy. The first clinical symptoms were noticed between 3 to 12 years. The atrophy affects, predominantly, the girdle and truncal muscles. The hypertrophy of the calves is almost consistent. The progression of the disease is severe, often like that the Duchenne type. In most of the cases, inability to walk occurs between 10 and 20 years. The serum creatine kinase activity is markedly high in the first stages of the disease. There is a necrotic regenerative pattern at muscle biopsy, associated with a marked type 1 predominance. The disease appears to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, with equal distribution among the two sexes. There is a marked variability in the intensity of symptoms and in the severity of the course of the disease from one sibling to another, and from one family to another. This disease is frequent in Tunisia and seems to be related to the high degree of consanguinity in this country. PMID- 6633561 TI - Intracellular elemental content of cardiac and skeletal muscle of normal and dystrophic hamsters. AB - To test the hypothesis that the genetic lesion causing muscular dystrophy might be reflected in an abnormal intracellular elemental content, the elemental content of individual cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers in 50-day-old male control and cardiomyopathic BIO 53.58 hamsters was determined. The technique of electron probe x-ray microanalysis of freeze-dried tissue was employed. No electrolyte content differences were found between control and diseased animals for nuclei, myofibrillar cytoplasm, or mitochondrially-enriched cytoplasm of cardiac myocytes. Sulfur was elevated in dystrophic cardiac myocytes and was the only element significantly different in heart tissue of control and cardiomyopathic animals. Sulfur was also elevated in dystrophic soleus muscle fibers. The pattern of electrolyte content of these cells reflected a mixture of normal cells and damaged cells with altered electrolyte content. In this hamster model, alteration of electrolyte content of myocytes appears to be a result of the disease process and not an inherent characteristic of muscular dystrophy. The elevated sulfur in dystrophic hamster myocytes reflects a biochemical lesion which deserves further study. PMID- 6633562 TI - Changes in elemental composition of single muscle fibers following tenotomy of the rat soleus muscle. AB - Cores were produced in type 1 muscle fibers by tenotomy of rat soleus muscle. The morphology and histochemistry of the muscle fibers was established by light microscopy on cryostat sections stained for hematoxylin-eosin or myofibrillar ATPase and on semithin plastic sections. The ultrastructure was visualized on thin plastic sections. On 6 micrometers of freeze-dried cryosections, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was performed on muscle fibers visualized in the scanning-transmission mode of electron microscopy. This procedure permitted quantification of different intracellular elements such as sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S), and phosphorus (P). Spectra from core fibers could easily be compared with those of normal fibers. A conspicuous finding was an increased Na and Cl content and a decreased K content in core fibers compared to normal fibers. It is known that core fibers produced after tenotomy exhibit distinct changes in plasma membrane morphology similar to that found in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The results in this study point to a change in normal intracellular ion composition which could be a result of a deficiency of mechanisms maintaining normal membrane ion gradients. PMID- 6633563 TI - Effects of crush injury on the abnormalities in the spinal roots and peripheral nerves of dystrophic mice. AB - Lumbosacral spinal roots and peroneal nerves in dystrophic and control mice were crushed and allowed to regenerate. Six weeks after crush injury, the dystrophic roots no longer showed the typical groups of unensheathed axons that characterize the uncrushed roots. Thus, the location of this ensheathment defect in the spinal roots cannot be the exclusive mechanism responsible for its development. Crush injury and regeneration also tended to correct a second abnormality in the peripheral nervous system of dystrophic mice: the discontinuities in the Schwann cell basal laminas. Because the regenerated nerves contained increased amounts of collagen, the results of this study support the evidence from tissue culture experiments that the extracellular matrix may be involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders. However, the outcome of the present in vivo experiments indicates that genetically normal fibroblasts are not required for this change to occur. PMID- 6633564 TI - Malignant hyperthermia and related neuromuscular diseases: caffeine contracture of the skinned muscle fibers. AB - Using the skinned fiber preparation, the response to caffeine was studied on the skeletal muscle of malignant hyperthermia or other neuromuscular diseases. The sensitivity to caffeine was increased in the muscle of malignant hyperthermia. The sensitivity also was increased in Duchenne muscular dystrophy or asymptomatic patients with raised serum creatine kinase activity. Judging from the interaction between caffeine and the contractile system, the abnormal response originated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in malignant hyperthermia. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the contractile system also might be involved in the increased sensitivity. Since the disease spectrum presenting abnormal responses is broad, it is suggested that muscle fibers become sensitive to caffeine when they are degenerating or regenerating. PMID- 6633565 TI - Alterations in brush border membrane proteins and membrane-bound enzymes of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, during development in the definitive host. AB - During growth and maturation of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta, significant decreases occur in the brush border membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, adenosine triphosphatase and ribonuclease activities. These decreases are accompanied by qualitative and quantitative changes in the polypeptide profiles of the brush border membrane fraction. Gradients of enzymatic activities and polypeptide profiles are also demonstrable when mature tapeworms are cut into pieces and the brush border membrane of each piece analyzed individually. In fully developed tapeworms the enzymatic activities and polypeptide profiles of membrane preparations reflect mainly the contributions of the more mature proglottids; these proglottids constitute most of the tapeworm biomass. The most anterior sections of these fully developed worms are biochemically similar to young, developing worms. PMID- 6633566 TI - Purine salvage by Tritrichomonas foetus. AB - The anaerobic protozoon Tritrichomonas foetus was found incapable of de novo purine synthesis by its failure to incorporate radiolabeled glycine or formate into the nucleotide pool. It had, on the other hand, high activities in incorporating adenine, hypoxanthine or inosine. Radiolabel pulse-chase experiments indicated that adenine, hypoxanthine and inosine all entered the pool through conversion to IMP. The parasite contained hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase, adenine deaminase and inosine phosphorylase, but no adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, inosine kinase or inosine phosphotransferase activity. Adenine and inosine had to be converted to hypoxanthine before incorporation. Adenosine was also rapidly converted to hypoxanthine in T. foetus cell-free extracts, but the presence of adenosine kinase in the parasite allowed some conversion of adenosine directly to AMP. Guanine and xanthine were directly incorporated into GMP and XMP, probably due to the guanine and xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase. There were also strong enzyme activities which convert guanosine to guanine and guanine to xanthine. A guanosine phosphotransferase was found in the 10(5) X g sedimentable fraction of T. foetus, and was capable of converting some guanosine to GMP. This network of T. foetus purine salvage suggests the importance of hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase activities in the parasite. PMID- 6633567 TI - Treatment-independent pregnancy among infertile couples. AB - We analyzed a two- to seven-year follow-up of 1145 infertile couples to determine the frequency of pregnancy occurring independently of treatment. Pregnancy occurred in 246 of 597 treated couples (41 per cent) and in 191 of 548 untreated couples (35 per cent). Thirty-one per cent of the pregnancies in treated couples occurred more than 3 months after the last medical treatment or more than 12 months after adnexal surgery. These pregnancies plus the 191 pregnancies in untreated couples constituted the category of "treatment-independent pregnancies" and accounted for 61 per cent of all pregnancies; for 44 per cent of those among couples with ovulation deficiency; for 61 per cent of those in couples with endometriosis, tubal defects, or seminal deficiencies; and for 96 per cent of those in couples with cervical factors or idiopathic infertility. We conclude that the potential for a spontaneous cure of infertility is high, that treatment for many classes of infertility should be evaluated by randomized clinical trials, and that in such trials random assignment of subjects to untreated control groups would be ethically acceptable. PMID- 6633568 TI - A chronobiologic abnormality in luteinizing hormone secretion in teenage girls with the polycystic-ovary syndrome. AB - We investigated possible abnormalities of central-nervous-system regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in the polycystic-ovary syndrome by determining the plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone over a 24-hour period in five teenage girls with the syndrome; profiles of prolactin and cortisol were also obtained. Four of the five patients had strikingly abnormal plasma luteinizing hormone profiles: whereas normal pubertal girls have a daily surge in secretion of luteinizing hormone that is coterminous with their nocturnal sleep period, our patients had surges that were grossly desynchronized from their sleep period, occurring seven to eight hours later in the daytime than normal. The chronobiologic disturbance involved only luteinizing hormone; the profiles of cortisol and prolactin were normal. This finding points to the central nervous system as the probable locus of the initiating pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome. PMID- 6633569 TI - The risk of gastric carcinoma after surgical treatment for benign ulcer disease. A population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. AB - To determine the long-term risk of gastric cancer in benign peptic-ulcer disease, we studied 338 residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, who had surgical treatment for benign peptic-ulcer disease in the 25-year period 1935-1959 and had no evidence of gastric cancer for five years after that surgery. These patients were subsequently followed for over 5635 person-years of observation. The risk of development of a gastric cancer in this group was compared with that expected on the basis of gastric-cancer incidence rates for the local population. Carcinomas in the gastric remnant developed in only two of these patients, as compared with an expected 2.6 primary gastric carcinomas (relative risk, 0.8 [95 per cent confidence interval, 0.1 to 2.7]). We conclude that there is no indication for endoscopic surveillance in asymptomatic patients with previous gastric surgery for benign peptic-ulcer disease. PMID- 6633570 TI - Increased excretion of urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in essential hypertension and its decline with antihypertensive therapy. AB - The urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) is increased in patients whose renal function is impaired by a variety of kidney diseases, and may provide an index of renal injury. To assess its role in essential hypertension, we measured urinary levels of NAG in 80 subjects with essential hypertension (and no evidence of renal disease) and 30 normal controls. NAG values were measured before therapy and after 3 and 12 months of treatment with diuretics. The mean urinary NAG value (+/- S.D.) for the normotensive subjects was 29 +/- 16 nmol per hour per milligram of urinary creatinine. The median value for the untreated hypertensive subjects was 53, and the mean was 65 +/- 61 (P less than 0.01). Systolic blood pressure was directly correlated with NAG levels, whereas diastolic pressure, age, sex, and race were not. Eighty patients followed for one year attained their ultimate blood-pressure reduction within three months (from a mean of 158/103 mm Hg to one of 138/91 mm Hg; P less than 0.001), whereas the urinary NAG level had not declined significantly at three months (from 60 +/- 43 to 54 +/- 54) but had changed significantly at one year (to 45 +/- 28; P less than 0.01 as compared with the initial value). These data suggest that NAG is frequently elevated in patients with high blood pressure even though there is no other evidence of renal damage, and that it can be reduced by successful antihypertensive therapy. PMID- 6633571 TI - Active life expectancy. AB - This study was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of forecasting functional health for the elderly. Using life-table techniques, we analyzed the expected remaining years of functional well-being, in terms of the activities of daily living, for noninstitutionalized elderly people living in Massachusetts in 1974. The expected years, or active life expectancy, showed a decrease, from 10 years for those aged 65 to 70 years to 2.9 for those 85 or older. Active life expectancy was shorter for the poor than for others, and women had a longer average duration of expected dependence than men. The measure of active life expectancy provides important information about health at a given population level, in terms other than death. This information can be used for actuarial purposes in planning and policy making. It is also useful in identifying high risk populations for which preventive health care and medical care can compress morbidity during the last years of life. PMID- 6633572 TI - Hypomastia and mitral-valve prolapse. Evidence of a linked embryologic and mesenchymal dysplasia. PMID- 6633573 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 46-1983. Myocardial infarction after mitral-valve replacement. PMID- 6633574 TI - Human infertility. Diagnosis, therapy, and outcome. PMID- 6633575 TI - Systolic hypertension in the elderly. PMID- 6633576 TI - Coffee and cholesterol. PMID- 6633577 TI - Oxygen delivery, mixed venous oxygenation, and hemodynamics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PMID- 6633578 TI - Labeling of hypertensive patients. PMID- 6633579 TI - Acyclovir for immunocompromised patients with herpes zoster. PMID- 6633580 TI - Postprandial reduction in blood pressure in the elderly. PMID- 6633581 TI - Changing patterns of drug prescription. PMID- 6633582 TI - Clinical pharmacists and the undereducated physician. PMID- 6633583 TI - Is medicine still an art? PMID- 6633584 TI - The British National Health Service under the Conservatives. PMID- 6633585 TI - Effects of untreated maternal phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia on the fetus. AB - We studied the effects of maternal phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia on 53 offspring from untreated pregnancies in 22 mothers who were identified by routine screening of umbilical-cord blood. The IQ of the offspring was significantly correlated with both maternal IQ (r = 0.83, P less than 0.001) and maternal blood phenylalanine level (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001), but with one exception, mental retardation in offspring was present only when the maternal blood phenylalanine level exceeded 1100 mumol per liter (18 mg per deciliter). Microcephaly in offspring was consistently present only when the maternal blood phenylalanine level exceeded 1200 mumol per liter (20 mg per deciliter). Congenital heart disease and other congenital anomalies were rare among offspring. The data suggest that severe atypical or classic phenylketonuria (blood phenylalanine level, greater than 1100 mumol per liter) in the mother has a substantial cognitive effect on her offspring but that the effect of mild hyperphenylalaninemia may have been overstated in the past. PMID- 6633586 TI - Lack of relation of oral clefts to diazepam use during pregnancy. AB - The hypothesis that in utero exposure to diazepam increases the risk of oral cleft anomalies was evaluated in a case-control study, in which 445 infants with cleft lip with or without cleft palate and 166 with cleft palate without cleft lip (cleft palate alone) were compared with 2498 control infants having other birth defects. For exposure to diazepam during lunar months 1 through 4 relative to no exposure during pregnancy, the estimated relative risks were 1.0 for cleft lip with or without cleft palate (95 per cent confidence interval, 0.5 to 2.1) and 0.8 for cleft palate alone (0.3 to 2.7). After control for all identified potential confounding factors, the corresponding estimates were 0.8 (0.4 to 1.7) and 0.8 (0.2 to 2.5), respectively. The findings were unchanged when maternal suspicion that diazepam might be a teratogen was taken into account. The data suggest that first-trimester exposure to diazepam does not materially affect the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate or of cleft palate alone. PMID- 6633587 TI - Designs for experiments--parallel comparisons of treatment. AB - Clinical trials of medical treatments often compare two treated groups or a treated group with a separate but concurrent control group. We have examined a consecutive series of 47 such parallel studies reported in the Journal in 1978 1979, including 35 with random assignment to the treated or control group, to discover how this approach is actually used. A major strength of these studies as a group was the frequent use of randomized treatment assignment. Common problems included lack of sufficient detail about methods of randomization, failure to provide enough detail about patient sources, and insufficient use of multivariate statistical techniques and of statistical modeling. We emphasize the importance of avoiding bias by balancing prognostic factors when assigning patients to treatments, reducing bias by modeling the influence of prognostic factors on response, and increasing precision by modeling. We also advocate the careful consideration of the relevance of a treatment comparison within the study to the external world of clinical practice. PMID- 6633588 TI - Antiarrhythmic drugs: a possible cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. PMID- 6633589 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 47-1983. A 7 1/2-year-old girl with diarrhea and arthralgia. PMID- 6633590 TI - Human cryptosporidiosis. PMID- 6633591 TI - Propranolol-associated hypoglycemia. PMID- 6633592 TI - Blood serotonin levels in the attention-deficit disorder. PMID- 6633593 TI - Costs of medical books. PMID- 6633594 TI - Summary of a workshop on the role of third-party payers in clinical trials of new agents. PMID- 6633595 TI - Psychiatric illness and contraction abnormalities of the esophagus. AB - Over a six-month period 50 patients referred for clinical esophageal manometry were independently evaluated for psychiatric diagnoses to determine whether there was any association between psychiatric illness and esophageal motility disorders. The manometric studies were blindly classified according to findings in the esophageal body. Twenty-five patients were classified as having one or more of the following contraction abnormalities: an increase in mean wave amplitude, an increase in mean wave duration, an increased frequency of abnormal motor responses, or the presence of triple-peaked waves. Psychiatric diagnoses were made in 21 (84 per cent) of the 25 patients but in only 4 (31 per cent) of the 13 patients with normal manometric patterns (P less than 0.005) and 4 (33 per cent) of the 12 with other manometric abnormalities (P less than 0.01). The fact that psychiatric illness is associated with a specific cluster of esophageal contraction abnormalities may provide a basis for further investigation of the relation between emotional disturbances and disorders of gastrointestinal motility. PMID- 6633596 TI - Progesterone receptors as a prognostic factor in Stage II breast cancer. AB - The presence of estrogen receptors in breast cancers is now accepted as a predictor of extended disease-free survival, but the relative value of progesterone receptors for this purpose has not been established. We have examined both receptors along with other risk factors in 189 patients receiving adjuvant therapy for Stage II breast cancer. The presence of either estrogen receptors or progesterone receptors was positively correlated with disease-free survival when analyzed separately, whether or not the adjuvant regimen included an endocrine component. However, when estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were analyzed together in multivariate models, the presence of progesterone receptors was more significant than that of estrogen receptors for predicting time to recurrence, regardless of what other variables were included in the model. These data suggest that determination of the progesterone-receptor concentration is of equal or greater value than determination of the estrogen receptor concentration for predicting the disease-free survival of patients with breast cancer. Future trials should include measurement of progesterone receptors. PMID- 6633597 TI - Sudden death and acute myocardial infarction in a metropolitan area, 1970-1980. The Minnesota Heart Survey. AB - To determine the causes of the nationwide decline in deaths due to coronary heart disease, the Minnesota Heart Survey enumerated coronary deaths among persons 30 to 74 years old in Minneapolis-St. Paul. The survey also ascertained rates of hospitalization and case fatality during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction. For deaths occurring between 1970 and 1978 that were due to coronary heart disease, the rates outside the hospital declined by 43 per cent in men and 40 per cent in women, and the rates in hospital emergency rooms increased by 311 per cent in men and 200 per cent in women. In both these years about two thirds of all such deaths occurred outside hospital wards. Between 1970 and 1980, hospitalization rates for acute infarction in persons 30 to 74 years old declined 8 per cent among men and 26 per cent among women, and case fatality in the hospital in persons 45 to 74 years old declined 29 per cent in men and 27 per cent in women. These changes are probably due to the combined influence of changes in risk factors in the population and improved care of patients with acute myocardial infarction before and during hospitalization. PMID- 6633598 TI - Bias in treatment assignment in controlled clinical trials. AB - Controlled clinical trials of the treatment of acute myocardial infarction offer a unique opportunity for the study of the potential influence on outcome of bias in treatment assignment. A group of 145 papers was divided into those in which the randomization process was blinded (57 papers), those in which it may have been unblinded (45 papers), and those in which the controls were selected by a nonrandom process (43 papers). At least one prognostic variable was maldistributed (P less than 0.05) in 14.0 per cent of the blinded-randomization studies, in 26.7 per cent of the unblinded-randomization studies, and in 58.1 per cent of the nonrandomized studies. Differences in case-fatality rates between treatment and control groups (P less than 0.05) were found in 8.8 per cent of the blinded-randomization studies, 24.4 per cent of the unblinded-randomization studies, and 58.1 per cent of the nonrandomized studies. These data emphasize the importance of keeping those who recruit patients for clinical trials from suspecting which treatment will be assigned to the patient under consideration. PMID- 6633599 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 48-1983. A 14-year-old boy with recurrent hemoptysis and a right lower-lobe infiltrate. PMID- 6633600 TI - Esophageal spasm and psychiatric disorder. PMID- 6633601 TI - Hormone receptors and breast cancer. PMID- 6633602 TI - Cimetidine for benign gastric ulcer. PMID- 6633603 TI - Patterns of prescribing cimetidine among outpatients. PMID- 6633604 TI - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and pet exposure. PMID- 6633605 TI - Specific anergy in tuberculosis. PMID- 6633606 TI - Normal free dibasic amino acids in breast milk of a woman with cystinuria. PMID- 6633607 TI - Familial gonadal neoplasms. PMID- 6633608 TI - Case 15-1983: Hodgkin's disease and focal glomerulosclerosis. PMID- 6633609 TI - Postural effects on gas exchange in infants. PMID- 6633610 TI - Antepartum diagnosis of meconium peritonitis. PMID- 6633611 TI - Beta-lipotropin and aldosterone. PMID- 6633612 TI - Diagnosis of coliform infection in acutely dysuric women. PMID- 6633613 TI - Health-care competition in California. PMID- 6633614 TI - Preventing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 6633615 TI - Does the primary-care gatekeeper control the costs of health care? Lessons from the SAFECO experience. PMID- 6633616 TI - The effect of estrogen dose on postmenopausal bone loss. AB - In order to establish whether the favorable effect of estrogen therapy on postmenopausal bone loss was dose related, we measured sequential changes in the cortical diameters of the metacarpals by radiographic morphometry in 120 normal postmenopausal women who were being treated with ethinyl estradiol in doses ranging from 5 to 50 micrograms daily. There was a net loss of bone at doses below 15 micrograms per day and a net gain at doses of 25 micrograms per day and above. At doses between 15 and 25 micrograms daily, bone was neither gained nor lost. The loss of bone with the low doses was due to expansion of the medullary cavity that was unaccompanied by any change in total bone width. There was no change in bone volume with the intermediate doses because endosteal resorption of bone was offset by periosteal apposition. The net gain of bone with the higher doses occurred because endosteal resorption was totally inhibited but periosteal bone apposition continued. Thus, in postmenopausal women the reduction in the rate of cortical bone loss in response to estrogen therapy depends on the dose administered. PMID- 6633617 TI - Clinical epidemiology of toxic-oil syndrome. Manifestations of a New Illness. AB - An epidemic of a new illness involving multiple organ systems began in Spain in May 1981, with 19,828 cases and 315 deaths reported by June 1, 1982. An epidemiologic investigation has linked the occurrence of illness with ingestion of an unlabeled, illegally marketed cooking oil. To elucidate the natural history of this illness, we reviewed the medical records of 121 patients in one severely affected town 100 km northwest of Madrid. The findings during the first week after onset were those of a febrile, pneumonia-like illness. Gastrointestinal findings and striking eosinophilia became prominent later in the first month. Although the disease followed a self-limited course in many patients, severe neuromuscular manifestations (myalgia severe enough to restrict movement, motor deficits, atrophy of major muscle groups, and contractures of the jaw and extremities) occurred late in the course of the illness (an average of 96 days after onset) in 23 per cent of the patients. The onset of disease early in the epidemic and particularly severe initial systemic findings were associated with progression to neuromuscular illness. PMID- 6633618 TI - Bacteriuria in elderly institutionalized men. AB - Over a two-year period we obtained monthly urine samples from all noncatheterized male residents on two geriatric wards to determine the occurrence and optimal management of bacteriuria in this population. Among 88 men the prevalence of bacteriuria was 33 per cent, and the incidence was 45 infections per 100 patients per year. Outcomes after single-dose therapy for asymptomatic bacteriuria with 43 courses of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and 23 of tobramycin included 15 cures, 40 relapses, and 11 treatment failures. Thirty-six residents who had a relapse or in whom single-dose therapy failed were randomly assigned to receive therapy to eradicate bacteriuria or to receive no therapy. All 20 residents who received no therapy remained bacteriuric. The 16 residents who received therapy had fewer months of bacteriuria after randomization, but at the end of the study only one remained free of bacteriuria. Mortality and infectious morbidity after randomization were similar in the two groups. These data suggest that asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in elderly institutionalized men and that therapy is neither necessary nor effective. PMID- 6633619 TI - Adrenergic control of serum potassium. PMID- 6633620 TI - Urinary-tract infections in the elderly. PMID- 6633621 TI - The Rand health insurance study: is cost sharing dangerous to your health? PMID- 6633622 TI - Intracerebral-mass lesions in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) PMID- 6633623 TI - The toxic-oil syndrome: a new cause of the carpal-tunnel syndrome. PMID- 6633624 TI - Myoglobinemia and reperfusion in myocardial infarction. PMID- 6633625 TI - Serial probability analysis of the 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6633626 TI - Pediculosis capitis. PMID- 6633627 TI - Nurse surgeons. PMID- 6633628 TI - Cymbal player's shoulder. PMID- 6633629 TI - High-tech medicine in the Caribbean. 25 years of Cuban health care. PMID- 6633630 TI - First human case of possible protothecosis in Spain. AB - Prototheca wickerhamii was isolated from the stool of a two month-old infant with diarrhea resistant to treatment. This is the first description from Spain of algae of the genus Prototheca isolated from human clinical specimens. The possible pathogenicity of the Prototheca in this case is discussed. PMID- 6633631 TI - In vitro activity of ribostamycin against Prototheca sp. AB - The in vitro activity of ribostamycin against algae of the genus Prototheca was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) studies on solid media. Concentrations of 4 mcg/ml were required to inhibit 100% of the P. zopfii strains; 16 mcg/ml inhibited 100% of the P. stagnora strains and 95% of the P. wickerhamii strains. These values are inferior to plasma concentrations obtained after injection of ribostamycin. It is likely that this antibiotic could be effective in the treatment of protothecosis in man. PMID- 6633632 TI - An outbreak of Tinea pedis and Tinea cruris in a tyre factory in Messina, Italy. AB - A case of an epidemic by Tinea cruris and Tinea pedis in a tyre factory in Sicily is reported. There was noticeable spread of the causative agents throughout the environment. They were mainly transmitted by wash-basins in the footbaths, by footboards of showers and in smaller numbers by towels. Trichosporon beigelii was the most common fungus isolated from the environment, followed by Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Candida parapsilosis and Geotrichum candidum. PMID- 6633633 TI - Effect of undecanoic acid on lipid composition of Trichophyton rubrum. AB - Phospholipid and neutral lipid composition of undecanoic acid (UDA) resistant mutant of Trichophyton rubrum were compared with those of the UDA sensitive parent strain of this dermatophyte. When grown in glucose-peptone broth under identical conditions, contents of neutral and phospholipids in UDA resistant mutant were nearly double of those in the UDA sensitive parent strain. Glyceride, sterol, sterol ester and phospholipid contents of mycelium increased when UDA sensitive strain was grown in presence of low concentration of UDA, sufficient to cause partial growth inhibition of this strain. UDA in growth medium did not change the lipid composition of the UDA resistant mutant. PMID- 6633634 TI - [Lead and cadmium contamination of foods and feeds from selected areas of the Erfurt district. 4. Lead in vegetables grown in culture centers of the Erfurt region]. AB - For the purpose of determining the effect of heavy metal emissions of a great town on the lead and cadmium levels of vegetables that are of relevance to food supply, we analyzed 193 samples of vegetables from the important vegetable growing centre of Erfurt during a 3-year period. With regard to the main wind direction and the infrastructure of the town, the samples were collected at four different areas under vegetable. Apart from a single exception, the lead and cadmium contents were inferior to the maximum tolerances provided by the regulation concerning the contents of foreign substances in foods, the metal contents of leaf vegetables being higher than those of brassicaceous plants. Vegetable samples from areas with heavier emission burdens showed somewhat higher metal contents. In contrast to this, the cadmium contents did not exhibit such differences. The highest lead and cadmium contents were found in spinach. To elucidate the effect of the washing and blanching techniques used in industrial processing, 23 spinach preserves were analyzed in addition; as expected, the heavy metal contents were reduced by these techniques. In summary, our investigations evidence that the main vegetables cauliflower, white cabbage, red cabbage, savoy cabbage, as well as lettuce and spinach (grown in the district of Erfurt) contribute but little to total food contamination if we consider the amounts consumed on an average. PMID- 6633635 TI - Contribution to the investigation of the corn germ. Part II. Chemical composition of germ meal out of corn-oil cake. AB - The germ meal out of corn-oil cake contained up to 24.3% of protein, on the average. The main part of germ meal proteins was represented by the alkali soluble fraction, up to 79.9%; the water-soluble proteins made up 7.3%, the salt soluble--up to 4.6%, and alcohol-soluble--only up to 1%. With regard to the biological value, determined by fermentation hydrolysis, the total germ meal protein and its basic alkali-soluble fraction were not inferior to egg albumin and casein. The biological value of the test proteins, calculated by the aminoacid score, is nearing the biological value of an intact hen's egg and women's milk. The alkali-soluble fraction of germ meal protein has a high foam forming ability and foam stability. PMID- 6633636 TI - Availability of essential amino acids in corn flour and corn bread. AB - The availability of nitrogen, lysine and 9 essential amino acids was determined in corn before and after baking. Lysine availability was determined by the growth response method on weaning rats using regression analysis of body weight gain or moisture gain against lysine consumed from corn flour and corn bread. The results show a high correlation between lysine consumed and weight gain or moisture gain (r = 0.95) for rats fed the standard diets for 3 weeks. A good correlation was also obtained for corn bread. The results of lysine availability show that baking greatly improves availability by both ways of calculation. The availability of nitrogen and essential amino acids were also investigated by the balance trials with rats. Results show that availability values for nitrogen and all amino acids except threonine increased by baking. Data for food intake, weight gain, food efficiency, PER, NPR and true digestibility revealed that baking had little or no effect on nutritive value of corn tested in this investigation. PMID- 6633637 TI - Human pregnancy following cryopreservation, thawing and transfer of an eight-cell embryo. AB - The widespread use of clomiphene citrate and exogenous gonadotrophins for in vitro fertilization (IVF) in human frequently results in the production of multiple embryos. Replacement of more than two embryos increases pregnancy rate but may result in multiple pregnancies with increased pre- and post-natal abnormality. Preservation of embryos for a limited time allows fewer embryos to be replaced on several different occasions and thus the problems of multiple pregnancy can be minimized, the effectiveness of a single IVF procedure increased and embryo replacement in adverse maternal conditions avoided. Preimplantation embryos have been successfully cryopreserved in many animal species. The sensitivity of embryos to cooling and freezing varies between species and stages of embryo development. We report here the cryopreservation procedures that allow a high survival rate of four- and eight-cell human embryos and the establishment of a pregnancy following the freezing and storage of an eight-cell embryo for 4 months in liquid nitrogen. The pregnancy terminated at 24 weeks' gestation due to development of a septic Streptomyces agalactiae chorion amnionitis after premature membrane rupture. PMID- 6633638 TI - Adrenergic activation of triiodothyronine production in brown adipose tissue. AB - There are several mechanisms by which homeothermic animals increase heat production, including shivering, sympathetic nervous system activation and stimulation of thyroid hormone secretion. Studies in rats have shown that increased sympathetic activity causes increased heat production in brown adipose tissue (BAT) after cold exposure or food ingestion. Acute cold exposure also increases circulating thyroid hormones which in turn stimulate cellular metabolism through induction of various enzymes. Most metabolic effects of thyroxine (T4) are thought to be due to the triiodothyronine (T3) which is produced from T4 by a process of 5' monodeiodination. There are two enzymes responsible for this reaction: type I, or propylthiouracil (PTU)-sensitive iodothyronine deiodinase (5'D-I), which is reduced in hypothyroidism, stimulated in hyperthyroidism and probably provides most of the circulating T3 in the adult rat. Type II 5'-deiodinase (5'D-II) is characteristic of brain and pituitary, is increased by thyroidectomy, is not inhibited by PTU and provides 50-80% of the intracellular T3 in these two tissues. Recently, 5'D-II activity was identified in interscapular BAT. As the sympathetic nervous system influences the metabolic activation of BAT, we have studied the effects of noradrenaline and acute cold exposure on BAT 5'D-II. We report here that both noradrenaline and cold exposure increase BAT 5'D-II through alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, whereas depletion of catecholamines with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (MPT) prevents the effect of cold but not that of noradrenaline. These results suggest that the sympathetic nervous system may increase T3 production in rats by stimulating BAT 5'D-II. By increasing metabolic rate, this rise in T3 would enhance the thermogenic response to sympathetic stimulation. PMID- 6633639 TI - Enzyme replacement in grafted nerve of twitcher mouse. AB - "Twitcher' is a recently recognized mouse mutant which, on the basis of morphological and enzymatic criteria, represents a murine model for globoid-cell leukodystrophy in man. In the twitcher mouse, myelin sheaths develop normally in peripheral nerves until about the fifteenth day when the rate of myelination declines, demyelination begins and Krabbe-type inclusions are seen in macrophages and Schwann cells. With age, demyelination becomes extensive, affecting fibres of all sizes. The axons are relatively spared, although they are smaller than normal. Twitcher peripheral nerves transplanted into normal hosts show, after 2 months, all the characteristics associated with globoid-cell leukodystrophy. After longer periods of time, however, pathological changes within the grafts appear considerably improved with only occasional evidence of myelin loss, little endoneurial oedema and few globoid cells. Migration of host Schwann cells into the graft can be excluded as a possible explanation. In the experiments reported here, we have attempted to determine whether the morphological improvement of grafted twitcher nerves is accompanied by an increase in activity of the enzyme galactosylceramidase. Our results show that galactosylceramidase activity in twitcher sciatic nerves grafted into normal hosts is variable after 1-2 months but indistinguishable from those in the host nerves and much higher than those in intact twitcher nerves after 4.5-9 months. In addition to migration of host Schwann cells, other tissues originating from the host can be excluded as cause of the high enzyme activity. This is the first evidence of long-term in vivo enzyme replacement, accompanied by improved pathology, in a genetic sphingolipidosis. PMID- 6633640 TI - Asymmetric relationships between homosynaptic long-term potentiation and heterosynaptic long-term depression. AB - All synaptically-based neuropsychological theories of learning postulate that there are changes resulting from neural activity which are long-lasting and confined to specific sets of synapses. In the past decade a form of synaptic strengthening known as long-term potentiation (LTP) has been found which results from high-frequency neural activity and is of sufficient duration to model as a learning mechanism. Some early tests of the synaptic specificity of LTP in area CA1 of the hippocampus indicated that although LTP was specific to the tetanized pathway, in a converging untetanized pathway it was associated with depression of synaptic transmission lasting for at least 30 min. However, others have found that this heterosynaptic depression more usually decays within 5-15 min post tetanus despite the maintenance of LTP in the tetanized pathway. Similarly, in the dentate gyrus (DG), LTP of either the lateral (LPP) or medial (MPP) components of the perforant path afferents has been associated with only short lasting reciprocal heterosynaptic depression. Here, using more detailed measurement of stimulus intensity curves, we report that tetanization of either MPP or LPP reliably depresses synaptic transmission in the other pathway for at least 3 h. This heterosynaptic depression, considerably smaller than the usual magnitude of LTP, was obtained regardless of whether LTP had been produced in the tetanized homosynaptic pathway. Heterosynaptic long-term depression was not observed if the test pathway had been previously tetanized. PMID- 6633641 TI - Novel C-terminally amidated opioid peptide in human phaeochromocytoma tumour. AB - As has often been observed in hypothalamic releasing factors and gastrointestinal hormones, the carboxy-terminal amide structure is a unique feature of peptides exhibiting hormonal or physiological activities. Although a variety of opioid peptides have hitherto been identified, such a C-terminal amidated species has never before been discovered in mammals. Here we present the first identification of a novel opioid octapeptide with a C-terminal amide structure, henceforth designated as 'adrenorphin', in human phaeochromocytoma tumour derived from adrenal medulla. The complete amino acid sequence of adrenorphin was determined by microsequencing and corresponds to the sequence of the first eight amino acids of peptide E which is derived from proenkephalin A. Adrenorphin has also been identified chromatographically in normal human and bovine adrenal medulla. Adrenorphin exhibits potent opioid activity in guinea pig ileum assay, suggesting a specialized physiological function. PMID- 6633642 TI - Basolateral KCl co-transport in a NaCl-absorbing epithelium. AB - In NaCl-absorbing epithelia such as proximal renal tubule, small intestine and gallbladder, Na+-dependent Cl- entry across the luminal membrane is an electroneutral transport process that has been attributed to Na-Cl symport, Na-K Cl symport, or a double (Na-H, Cl-HCO3) antiport. At the basolateral (antiluminal) membrane, Na+ extrusion can be attributed to the Na+-K+ pump, and Cl- transport could be explained in principle by electrodiffusion since the intracellular Cl- activity is higher than predicted for equilibrium distribution. However, in Necturus gallbladder, as in other epithelia, the electrodiffusional Cl- permeability of the membrane (PCl) is too low to account for the transepithelial Cl- transport rate. Because K+ is at a higher chemical potential in the cell than in the extracellular fluid, and because serosal Cl- substitutions have only small effects on membrane potential, the hypothesis of carrier-mediated electroneutral KCl co-transport was proposed. The experiments reported here were designed to test this hypothesis in Necturus gallbladder epithelium. Intracellular Cl- and K+ activities (aCli, aKi) were measured with ion-sensitive intracellular microelectrodes before, during and after ionic substitutions of the serosal (basolateral) bathing medium. The results demonstrate a Na+-independent basolateral membrane KCl symport. PMID- 6633643 TI - Elevation of tubulin levels by microinjection suppresses new tubulin synthesis. AB - Most eukaryotic cells rapidly and specifically depress synthesis of alpha- and beta-tubulin polypeptides in response to microtubule inhibitors which cause microtubule depolymerization and presumably increase the intracellular concentration of free subunits. Other drugs which interfere with microtubule function but which lead to a decrease in the subunit pool size have little effect on the rate of new tubulin synthesis. These findings have previously been interpreted to indicate that cultured cells synthesize tubulin constitutively unless the subunit pool rises above a specified level. At this point an autoregulatory control mechanism is triggered which suppresses new tubulin synthesis through specific loss of tubulin mRNAs. That tubulin RNA levels are dramatically lowered by microtubule depolymerizing drugs is unquestionably correct; that fluctuations in the depolymerized tubulin pool size are responsible for altered RNA levels rests, however, entirely on the presumptive effects of different microtubule drugs. This caveat is not trivial, as these drugs induce gross morphological alterations, and the specificities and detailed mechanisms of action of such drugs remain poorly understood. To investigate the effect of altered levels of tubulin subunits on the rate of new tubulin synthesis in mammalian cells, we have microinjected purified tubulin subunits into cells in culture and analysed the synthesized proteins. We report here that tubulin synthesis is rapidly and specifically suppressed by injection of an amount of tubulin roughly equivalent to 25-50% of the amount initially present in the cell, thus indicating the presence of an eukaryotic, autoregulatory control mechanism which specifies tubulin content in a cultured mammalian cell line. PMID- 6633644 TI - More worries about the pill. PMID- 6633645 TI - AIDS. Plan for European centre agreed. PMID- 6633646 TI - Medical genetics. Retinoblastoma and recessive alleles in tumorigenesis. PMID- 6633647 TI - Biophysics. Muscle crossbridges seen by synchrotron light. PMID- 6633648 TI - Medical genetics. Collagen and inherited connective tissue diseases. PMID- 6633649 TI - Expression of recessive alleles by chromosomal mechanisms in retinoblastoma. AB - Inheritance of a mutation at the Rb-1 locus, which has been mapped to band q14 of human chromosome 13, results in predisposition to retinoblastoma. Cloned DNA segments homologous to arbitrary loci of human chromosome 13 and which reveal polymorphic restriction endonuclease recognition sequences, have been used to look for somatic genetic events that might occur during tumorigenesis. A comparison of constitutional and tumour genotypes from several cases indicates that tumorigenesis may result from the development of homozygosity for the mutant allele at the Rb-1 locus. The homozygosity in these cases results from mitotic nondisjunction, resulting in loss of the homologous wild-type chromosome, or from a mitotic recombination event. PMID- 6633650 TI - Unified response to bilateral hemispheric stimulation by a split-brain patient. AB - Surgical sectioning of the corpus callosum in epileptic patients has provided a unique opportunity to study separately the competence and processing capacities of the two cerebral hemispheres, each of which is able to perceive, think, memorize and learn independently and essentially outside the realm of awareness of the other. While research has focused on this 'disconnection syndrome', split brain patients nonetheless behave as unified individuals in their normal environment, and the present study investigated this aspect of their behaviour in an experimental setting. The two hemispheres of a callosotomized patient were simultaneously presented with information associated with conflicting responses, and the subject was requested to produce a single response. In all combinations of hemisphere stimulation and hand responding, the subject was capable of perfect accuracy, suggesting that he could integrate and resolve the conflicting information before the production of his response, and that his two disconnected hemispheres were simultaneously aiming at the same goal. PMID- 6633651 TI - Field effects trigger post-anodal rebound excitation in vertebrate CNS. AB - Although both chemical and electrotonic synaptic interactions have often been implicated in normal and pathophysiological conditions where clusters of central neurones discharge in unison, in many instances the mechanisms underlying synchrony in the vertebrate central nervous system remain obscure. Another form of cellular communication which can be invoked is that of field effects, defined here as electrical interactions mediated across extracellular space. Studies of the goldfish Mauthner (M-) cell provided the first clear evidence for such interactions, which have now been shown to exist in various mammalian central structures. A single impulse in the M-cell leads to the nearly simultaneous firing of 40 to 80 interneurones which feed inhibition back onto it, by both direct synaptic excitation and a field effect, which is initially hyperpolarizing. On the basis of early observations on this system, it was suggested that field effects could induce or facilitate synchronized and even epileptic-like neuronal bursting. We report here that the inhibitory interneurones exhibit a remarkably sensitive anodal break excitation triggered by a brief hyperpolarization comparable to the electrical inhibition mentioned above. This mechanism alone may be sufficient to recruit a second class of these interneurones, which are postsynaptic to eighth nerve afferents and do not receive chemical synaptic input from the collateral network. The rebound facilitation is distinguished from excitatory field effects which can also contribute to synchronization. PMID- 6633652 TI - Development of electrical membrane properties in cultured avian neural crest. AB - In previous studies of the development of membrane excitability in vertebrate neurones, a calcium current has commonly been observed first, later replaced by a sodium current. We have now examined the development of membrane currents in explant cultures of mesencephalic neural crest cells from the quail embryo. Some of these cells constitute the precursors for the ciliary and trigeminal ganglia and in certain conditions can be characterized morphologically as neurones after only a few hours in culture. We report here that two membrane currents are present in neurones after 1 day in culture, a voltage-and time-dependent potassium current and a leakage current. On the second day in culture, voltage dependent sodium and calcium currents can be detected. With time the sodium and calcium currents increase in magnitude and all four currents are present for at least 7 days in culture. This onset of electrical excitability differs from that described in other vertebrate neurones both in vitro and in vivo, but resembles the sequence observed in neurones of the developing grasshopper. PMID- 6633653 TI - Stimulation of DNA synthesis by cathepsin D digests of fibronectin. AB - A number of studies over the past decade (reviewed in refs 1-3) have suggested an intimate link between fibronectin, proteolysis and the control of cell proliferation. So far, however, no unequivocal connection has been made. Recent evidence that gelatin-binding fragments of fibronectin enhance morphological cell transformation led to the postulate that the fibronectin molecule harbours latent properties released only on proteolysis. These findings led us to investigate the role of fibronectin fragmentation in the regulation of cell growth in vitro, and we report here that whilst fibronectin is without effect, its cathepsin D digests possess the ability to initiate DNA synthesis in serum-deprived quiescent cultures of normal hamster fibroblasts. PMID- 6633654 TI - AIDS and confidentiality. PMID- 6633655 TI - How molecular is neurobiology? PMID- 6633656 TI - Parallel visual computation. AB - The functional abilities and parallel architecture of the human visual system are a rich source of ideas about visual processing. Any visual task that we can perform quickly and effortlessly is likely to have a computational solution using a parallel algorithm. Recently, several such parallel algorithms have been found that exploit information implicit in an image to compute intrinsic properties of surfaces, such as surface orientation, reflectance and depth. These algorithms require a computational architecture that has similarities to that of visual cortex in primates. PMID- 6633657 TI - Optical recording of action potentials from vertebrate nerve terminals using potentiometric probes provides evidence for sodium and calcium components. AB - Optical methods are shown to monitor action potentials from a population of nerve terminals in the neurohypophysis of Xenopus. Calcium antagonists such as cadmium and nickel ions block a component of the action potential that probably reflects a calcium-mediated potassium conductance, and tetrodotoxin blocks an inward sodium current, revealing a calcium component to the action potential upstroke. PMID- 6633658 TI - Increased cancer incidence alleged. PMID- 6633659 TI - Severe plasmalogen deficiency in tissues of infants without peroxisomes (Zellweger syndrome). AB - The Zellweger syndrome is a lethal hereditary disease characterized by the absence of peroxisomes (microbodies) in liver and kidney, and variable abnormalities in mitochondria. We show here that tissues from five infants that had died of this syndrome contain less than 10% of the normal levels of phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen (pPE), a major phospholipid component of cellular membranes. Heart and muscle, but not other tissues, also contain a substantial fraction of phosphatidylcholine plasmalogen (pPC), and this fraction is also strongly reduced in the Zellweger patients. No other abnormalities in cellular phospholipids were detected. Key enzymes of the biosynthesis of plasmalogens have previously been shown to be exclusively located in the peroxisomes of rodent liver and the microperoxisomes of rodent brain. We infer that the corresponding enzymes are also located in peroxisomes in man and that the absence of peroxisomes in Zellweger patients leads to their inability to synthesize plasmalogens. Our results support the notion that the biosynthetic role of peroxisomes in mammals has thus far been underestimated. We suggest that the defect in plasmalogen synthesis and possibly as yet unknown peroxisomal reactions are responsible for the diverse abnormalities observed in Zellweger patients. PMID- 6633660 TI - Pro-gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone cleavage in adrenal gland undergoing compensatory growth. AB - Regulation of the rapid compensatory growth seen in the remaining adrenal gland of rats following unilateral adrenalectomy is poorly understood. The role of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is obscure as immunoneutralization of circulating ACTH does not affect the observed compensatory growth or hyperplasia. This finding, together with the fact that mechanical manipulation of one adrenal without extirpation is followed by growth only in the contralateral gland, has led to the concept of neural regulation of compensatory adrenal growth via a loop from one adrenal through the hypothalamus and back to the contralateral gland which is independent of ACTH secretion. We recently showed that peptides from the N terminal of ACTH precursor proopiocortin (POC), not containing the gamma melanocyte-stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH) sequence, can stimulate adrenal mitogenesis and proposed that normal long-term adrenal growth and proliferation involves post-secretional proteolytic cleavage of pro-gamma-MSH [or N-POC(1-74)] to generate the mitogenic factor N-POC(1-48/49) and a C-terminal fragment N POC(50-74), or rat gamma 3-MSH. We have now investigated this hypothesis further in rats by selectively quenching different regions of circulating POC peptides with specific antisera and observing the effect on the increases in weight, RNA and DNA normally seen in the remaining gland following unilateral adrenalectomy. Our results, reported here, suggest that neurally mediated proteolytic cleavage of the circulating inactive mitogenic precursor pro-gamma-MSH at the adrenal gland is the major mechanism of control of compensatory growth. PMID- 6633662 TI - Fresh support for apian origin. PMID- 6633661 TI - Direct enzyme transfer from lymphocytes is specific. AB - Lymphocytes are known to interact directly with other cells in vivo and in vitro, and have recently been shown to transfer the lysosomal enzyme, beta glucuronidase, to fibroblasts from patients with an inherited deficiency of the enzyme. This process requires cell-cell contact, is unaffected by inhibitors of 'classical' receptor-mediated endocytosis and is abolished by inhibitors of protein synthesis. Although it is not yet known to what extent the transfer of enzymes by direct cellular interaction is a general phenomenon, a similar mechanism could possibly be involved in the transfer of other lysosomal enzymes in vivo and in the exchange of protein in vitro. We show here that the direct transfer of enzymes from lymphocytes to fibroblasts is restricted to only certain lysosomal enzymes. PMID- 6633663 TI - Organization and bidirectional transcription of H2A, H2B and H4 histone genes in rice embryos. AB - Our current understanding of the evolution of the histone gene family suffers from a lack of information on plant histone genes. With a view to gathering some much needed information on these genes, we studied a rice genomic clone in pBR322 carrying H2A, H2B and H4 histone genes on a DNA fragment of 6.64 kilobases (kb). A restriction map of the insert was constructed and the organization of the three genes on this insert was determined. H2A and H2B histone genes were located at one end of the insert and H4 gene at the other with a 3.1 kb spacer in between. This cluster of three histone genes was found to be transcribed in a bidirectional fashion with H2A and H2B genes being encoded by one strand and the H4 gene by the other. These results indicate that plant histone gene organization differs from that of the sea urchin, but shows many similarities to the systems in other animals. PMID- 6633664 TI - Is hypomethylation linked to activation of delta-crystallin genes during lens development? AB - Expression of many cell type-specific genes is correlated with a reduced level of cytosine methylation and some results argue that genetic programmes may be activated by a reduction in DNA methylation. During embryogenesis, however, when many genes are activated in specific cell lineages, it has not been demonstrated that they are hypomethylated prior to their expression. We have examined the timing of hypomethylation and gene activation during embryonic chick lens development for the two genes encoding delta-crystallin (the major lens-specific protein). We report here that while many of the CCGG sequences analysed become hypomethylated, most do not do so until 2 days after delta-crystallin is first synthesized. However, there is at least one site which is hypomethylated earlier, approximately when transcription is thought to commence. We conclude that hypomethylation in the delta-crystallin genes is probably not a simple process which activates transcription, although early hypomethylation events indicate obvious sites to be examined for a role in gene activation. PMID- 6633665 TI - Prebiotic polypeptides and the origin of biological information. PMID- 6633666 TI - Reaction mechanism of flavin-dependent hydroxylation. PMID- 6633668 TI - Infrared contact coagulation. A new therapy for solid tumors. PMID- 6633667 TI - Microbial phosphorus release during enhanced glycolysis. PMID- 6633669 TI - [Sea dumping of radioactive wastes]. AB - This paper is an introduction to the problems of dumping at sea of radioactive wastes. A short survey is given on the dumping actions previously performed, the legal justification by international treaties, and the most important radioecological questions. PMID- 6633670 TI - Mutations and the conformational stability of globular proteins. AB - The elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of now over 100 proteins provides the basis for describing the nature of interactions stabilizing native protein structure. To understand the forces responsible for maintaining the native structure, it is necessary to analyze the contributions of the specific forces like a hydrogen bond, a salt bridge or a hydrophobic interaction to the overall stability of a protein. Using mutant proteins carrying a single amino acid substitution, specific interactions in a protein can be altered and the effect can be studied. In this paper the results of such studies on stability variants of human haemoglobin and of T4 phage lysozyme are described. PMID- 6633671 TI - Effects of clonidine on the rate of noradrenaline turnover in discrete areas of the rat central nervous system. AB - Turnover of noradrenaline in various regions of the rat brain was estimated by the decrease in noradrenaline content and/or formaldehyde-induced catecholamine fluorescence after inhibition of noradrenaline biosynthesis with alpha-methyl-p tyrosine. Clonidine (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg p.o.) decelerated the decrease in noradrenaline content of the locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the intermediolateral cell column and the ventral horn of the thoracic spinal cord, as measured in tissue punches of the respective regions with a sensitive radioenzymatic method. In all these central regions the clonidine-induced decrease in noradrenaline turnover was antagonized by yohimbine, but not by phenoxybenzamine, indicating mediation through central alpha 2-adrenoceptors, similar to the cardiovascular effects of clonidine. When given alone, both yohimbine and phenoxybenzamine accelerated the disappearance of noradrenaline after inhibition of its biosynthesis. The combined results of radioenzymatic assay and fluorescence histochemistry determinations demonstrated that clonidine markedly reduced noradrenaline turnover in central noradrenaline-containing nerve terminals, but had no effect on the cell bodies of the A1 and A2 cell groups. Noradrenaline turnover was, however, decreased in projection areas of the A1 and A2 cell groups, namely the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord and nucleus of the solitary tract, respectively. This observation argues against the existence of a neuronal feedback loop running from the projection areas to the cell bodies of the A1 and A2 cell groups and mediating inhibition of noradrenaline turnover. The effect of clonidine on noradrenaline turnover is, therefore, most likely the result of a local feedback inhibition through presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633672 TI - The deamination of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine by rat brain and heart monoamine oxidase and their inhibition by cimoxatone, toloxatone and MD 770222. AB - In both rat brain and heart, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine are metabolised predominantly by monoamine oxidase-A. The Km values for 14C noradrenaline in the rat brain and heart are 290 microM and 300 microM, respectively, whereas for 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine the values are 180 microM and 140 microM, respectively. In the rat brain, mixed substrate experiments suggested that 14C-noradrenaline and 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine are metabolised at the same active centre. Both substrates are inhibited with similar Ki values by the reversible inhibitors cimoxatone, toloxatone and MD 770222. PMID- 6633673 TI - Capsaicin pretreatment inhibits heat-induced oedema in the rat skin. AB - Exposure of rat paws to noxious heat (hot water, 48 degrees C) led to an increase in vascular permeability to macromolecules as indicated by extravasation of Evans blue dye. After pretreatment of neonatal rats with 50 mg X kg-1 capsaicin s.c., which is known to cause degeneration of unmyelinated afferent neurones, this protein leakage was reduced by 74% (P less than 0.01). It is concluded that the oedema induced by noxious heat is partially caused by excitation of peripheral endings of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferent neurones. PMID- 6633674 TI - Lack of direct antiarrhythmic electrophysiological effects of salicylate on isolated guinea-pig myocardium. AB - Conventional microelectrode techniques were used to study the influence of Na salicylate, Na-benzoate, Na-2,6-dihydroxybenzoate and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) on the action potential (AP) of guinea-pig papillary muscles and atria. In papillary muscles, Na-salicylate (0.19-1.87 mmol/l) concentration-dependently shortened the AP duration and the functional refractory period. The AP amplitude decreased slightly with the largest concentration, while the resting potential and the maximum depolarisation velocity (Vmax) were not affected. A concentration dependent negative inotropic effect was also seen. All drug effects were reversible after washout. In atria, 6.24 mmol/l Na-salicylate induced a slight shortening of the AP duration, a decrease of the AP amplitude and Vmax, but no decrease of the contractile force. The effects of the uncoupling agent, 2,4-DNP (10 mumol/l), were similar to those of the largest concentration of Na-salicylate in papillary muscles and in atria. Na-benzoate and Na-2,6-dihydroxybenzoate had no significant influence on AP duration, AP amplitude, resting potential, Vmax, refractory period or force of contraction of either papillary muscles or atria. These results suggest that Na-salicylate exerts its effects on isolated guinea pig myocardium by uncoupling the oxidative phosphorylation, whereas two other possible mechanisms of action, namely an increase of membrane surface charge and an inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, seem to be of minor importance. PMID- 6633675 TI - Cardiovascular actions of the calmodulin inhibitor felodipine. AB - The cardiovascular effects of intravenous (1.5-10 nmol X kg-1) and intracoronary (50 nmol) administration of felodipine, 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2, 6 dimethyl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methoxycarbonylpyridine, were studied in anaesthetized pigs. Following intravenous administration dose-dependent decreases were observed in left ventricular systolic blood pressure (up to 30%) and in the resistances of the systemic (up to 40%) and coronary vascular beds (up to 45%), whereas heart rate, cardiac output, myocardial contractility (regional and global), and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were minimally affected. Myocardial blood flow increased independently of the dose (20%), while the coronary venous O2-content more than doubled. The concomitant decrease in myocardial O2-consumption (up to 30%) was dose-dependent in the range from 1.5 6.75 nmol X kg-1. Intracoronary administration of 50 nmol had only minor effects on global and regional myocardial performance but produced a doubling of the coronary blood flow which was accompanied by a 70% decrease in myocardial O2 extraction. O2-consumption decreased considerably more (35%) than after intravenous administration in spite of the minimal decrease in O2-demand (7%). We conclude that felodipine dilates both systemic and coronary blood vessels. Although the reduction in myocardial O2-consumption is primarily caused by the reduction in afterload, a direct effect on myocardial metabolism can also be involved. PMID- 6633676 TI - Formation of deaminated metabolites of dopamine in noradrenaline neurons. AB - The deaminated monoamine metabolites 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (MOPEG), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were determined electrochemically following organic solvent extraction and reverse phase, high performance, liquid chromatography in four regions of the mouse brain. In the noradrenaline (NA)-predominant regions (hemispheres, brain stem), the ratio of the concentrations of DOPAC plus HVA to NA plus dopamine (DA) was approximately the same as in the DA-predominant regions (corpus striatum, limbic system). Yohimbine and reserpine elevated the concentrations of DOPAC and HVA both in the NA- and the DA-predominant regions. The effect of yohimbine was somewhat enhanced by the alpha 1-receptor blocking agent prazosin in the NA predominant regions. The concentration of MOPEG was increased by yohimbine and decreased by reserpine. The concentrations of DOPAC and HVA were lowered by clonidine, but not by apomorphine in the NA-predominant regions of reserpine treated mice. In the DA-predominant regions, apomorphine, but not clonidine, reduced the concentrations of DOPAC and HVA. The effects of clonidine and apomorphine were reversed by yohimbine and haloperidol, respectively. The results indicate that the concentrations of the acid DA metabolites DOPAC and HVA in the NA-predominant regions reflect the rate of synthesis of DA in the NA neurons. PMID- 6633677 TI - A comparison of the behavioural consequences of chronic stimulation of dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens of rat brain effected by a continuous infusion or by single daily injections. AB - Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) receptors of the rat were subject to a chronic (13 day) stimulation effected either by single, repeated daily injections or by infusion from osmotic minipumps of 1.56-50 micrograms DA bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens. Rats were preselected according to their responsiveness to the hyperactivity inducing effect of the DA agonist (--)N-n-propylnorapomorphine [(- )NPA], and the two groups categorised as 'high' and 'low' activity responders were used in the present studies. Whilst the stimulation of mesolimbic DA receptors by a single acute injection or by a 24 h infusion was ineffective to modify locomotor responding, the repetition of the daily injections or the continuation of the infusion caused dose-related increases in locomotor activity of both groups of rats. The spectrum of enhanced activity responding depended on the mechanism of stimulation, a 'biphasic' or 'monophasic' pattern resulting from the infusion or daily injections respectively. It was an important observation that a repetitive biting behaviour developed concomitant to the hyperactivity during daily DA injections, a response not observed during infusion, indicating that the nature of the receptor stimulation, continuous or pulsatile, can dictate the development of a motor response. The effects of discontinuing the chronic intra-accumbens stimulation on responsiveness to (--)NPA was the same whether the chronic stimulation was achieved by repeated injection or infusion. However, the consequences of DA withdrawal critically depended on the initial classification of rat activity according to (--)NPA. Thus, initially 'high' response animals developed a 'low' sensitivity whilst initially 'low' sensitive animals reversed to 'high' responsiveness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633680 TI - [Intestinal invagination]. PMID- 6633679 TI - Tissue accumulation and release of newly synthesized 3H-dopamine and 3H noradrenaline in canine saphenous veins incubated with 3H-(--)-tyrosine. AB - Experiments were designed to study the release of newly synthesized catecholamines in the isolated canine saphenous vein. Unlabelled (--)-tyrosine did not affect the contractions caused by electrical stimulation or exogenous noradrenaline and did not influence the basal efflux and the stimulation-induced overflow of 3H-noradrenaline in veins, previously incubated with the radiolabelled transmitter. The precursor increased the stimulation-induced overflow of the principal intraneuronal metabolite of 3H-noradrenaline, 3H-3,4 dihydroxyphenylglycol, and augmented the concentration of endogenous dopamine. Available column chromatographic procedures were modified to measure small amounts of 3H-catecholamines in the presence of large concentrations of tritiated (--)-tyrosine. Incubation of isolated veins with 3H-(--)-tyrosine caused concentration- and time-dependent tissue accumulation of newly synthesized catecholamines; the amounts of 3H-noradrenaline and 3H-dopamine were roughly comparable and were augmented by raising the external K+ concentration. In isolated veins, first incubated with 3H-(--)-tyrosine, and then superfused, a small basal efflux of 3H-noradrenaline was detected. Electrical stimulation caused a frequency-dependent overflow of 3H-catecholamines consisting mainly of 3H-noradrenaline; a stimulation-evoked efflux of 3H-dopamine (10% of total 3H catecholamines) could be detected only when long stimulation periods were applied. After a 70 min period of superfusion, the 3H-dopamine content of the tissues decreased while that of 3H-noradrenaline remained unchanged, irrespective of whether the tissues had been stimulated electrically or not. The present results show that the isolated canine saphenous vein can synthesize and release 3H-noradrenaline and 3H-dopamine when incubated with 3H-(--)-tyrosine. PMID- 6633678 TI - Calmodulin, phospholipase, and exocytosis. p-Bromophenacyl bromide inhibits but mepacrine stimulates secretion in rat mast cells. AB - p-Bromophenacyl bromide (10-50 microM), a reagent that reacts with and inhibits phospholipase A2, completely suppressed exocytotic responses in rat serosal mast cells elicited by A23187. In contrast, mepacrine (0.01-0.1 mM), an antimalarial drug which has likewise been reported to inhibit phospholipase and additionally calmodulin, did not inhibit exocytosis elicited by concanavalin A (con A) or ionophore A23187. Rather, mepacrine (0.1-0.5 mM) alone increased histamine release up to 70%. Light microscopic observations following ruthenium red staining demonstrated the mepacrine-induced response to be exocytosis. Like the response to compound 48/80, that elicited by mepacrine was maximal within 40 s and was inhibited by phosphatidylserine. In the absence of extracellular calcium, secretion elicited by mepacrine and by con A was inhibited by 87 and 90%, respectively, whereas that elicited by 48/80 was unaffected. Incubation of mast cells in the presence of 2 mM EDTA for 2 h inhibited responses to 48/809 by 76% and nearly abolished those to mepacrine and to con A. 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic acid (50 and 100 microM) inhibited secretion elicited by con A but not that evoked by mepacrine or polymyxin B. The phenothiazines thioridazine (10-50 microM) and chlorpromazine (25-125 microM) inhibited secretory responses to mepacrine, to 48/80 and to con A. Both phenothiazines inhibited secretion elicited by con A more effectively than that elicited by mepacrine or 48/80. The results indicate that mepacrine, like con A, elicits exocytosis in mast cells by drawing on extracellular sources of calcium, but the early events of secretion initiated by these two secretagogues are pharmacologically distinct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633681 TI - [Studies in disputed paternity]. PMID- 6633683 TI - [Minor complaints in primary health care]. PMID- 6633682 TI - [Echographic studies of the scrotum]. PMID- 6633684 TI - [Minor complaints; whiplash or tennis leg]. PMID- 6633686 TI - [Regional variations in cancer mortality]. PMID- 6633685 TI - [The child who is suddenly confused and hallucinating]. PMID- 6633687 TI - [Intrauterine referrals; an overview of 4 years' experience, 1978-1981]. PMID- 6633688 TI - [A survey of the dissemination of cervical neck carcinoma; a study of the effectiveness of applied methods]. PMID- 6633689 TI - [Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in patients without liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6633690 TI - [Child-safe containers]. PMID- 6633691 TI - [Acetylsalicylic acid and Reye's syndrome]. PMID- 6633692 TI - [Death caused by one tablet of Burgodin]. PMID- 6633693 TI - [Routine determination of serum human placental lactogen levels in pregnant women for the detection of multiple pregnancy]. PMID- 6633694 TI - [Biliary atresia and Kasai's operation: experiences during the period 1972 through 1981]. PMID- 6633695 TI - [Experiences with the surgical treatment of children with biliary atresia; results of hepatoportoenterostomy]. PMID- 6633696 TI - [Cell death: current concepts of an old problem]. PMID- 6633698 TI - [Minor complaints: restless legs]. PMID- 6633697 TI - [Renal osteodystrophy. II. Pathology and roentgen diagnosis]. PMID- 6633699 TI - [Cave fungos!]. PMID- 6633700 TI - [Health and disease; a household study]. PMID- 6633701 TI - [Pancreas divisum]. PMID- 6633702 TI - [Incidence and prevalence]. PMID- 6633703 TI - [Concise data on 1100 clinically treated patients with anorexia nervosa]. PMID- 6633704 TI - [Registered patients with infectious diseases in 1982]. PMID- 6633705 TI - [Chronic radiation injuries of the small intestines]. PMID- 6633706 TI - [Angle osteotomy of the humerus stump to avoid the use of an upper arm prosthesis with shoulder cap]. PMID- 6633707 TI - [Trends in cancer mortality]. PMID- 6633708 TI - [Avulsion fracture of the intercondylar tibial eminence]. PMID- 6633709 TI - [Fetal hydrops as a result of supraventricular tachycardia]. PMID- 6633710 TI - [A patient with hepatitis caused by delta antigen in the Netherlands]. PMID- 6633711 TI - [Outline of primary health care in the future: a discussion memorandum from the National Cross Societies]. PMID- 6633712 TI - [Separation reactions]. PMID- 6633713 TI - [Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of tumors]. PMID- 6633714 TI - [The necessity of culturing glandular material]. PMID- 6633715 TI - [Subarachnoid hemorrhage in the last pregnancy trimester]. PMID- 6633716 TI - [The use of hypnosis in medicine]. PMID- 6633718 TI - [The mother-child relationship]. PMID- 6633717 TI - [Stevens-Johnson syndrome and granulopenia induced by sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar)]. PMID- 6633720 TI - [Specialists in unemployment insurance]. PMID- 6633719 TI - [Has the race for the first recombinant-DNA vaccine for human application been won by hepatitis B?]. PMID- 6633721 TI - [Influenza: prevention is better than cure!]. PMID- 6633722 TI - [Hemofiltration in severe chronic cardiac decompensation: a new therapeutic perspective?]. PMID- 6633723 TI - [Experiences with embolization in the head and neck region]. PMID- 6633724 TI - [The molecular epidemiology of influenza]. PMID- 6633725 TI - [Clinical instruction up for discussion]. PMID- 6633726 TI - [A sampling study of the awareness of the cost of various procedures in cardiology]. PMID- 6633727 TI - [A warning imposed on the (family) physician because of insufficiently supported (occupational) medical report sent to a trade union]. PMID- 6633728 TI - [Guidelines for blood transfusion policy in hospitals]. PMID- 6633729 TI - [Indications for radical neck lymph node dissection]. PMID- 6633730 TI - [Reaching a consensus in medicine]. PMID- 6633731 TI - [Consensus and non-consensus on portions of the blood transfusion policy]. PMID- 6633732 TI - [Brief is beautiful]. PMID- 6633733 TI - [Advantages and disadvantages of professional secrecy]. PMID- 6633734 TI - [Physician warned who, without permission, reported to the lawyer of the father about the mother for the benefit of the child. Psychiatrist warned for issuing a certificate about a person unknown to him. Psychiatrist suspended from the practice of medicine]. PMID- 6633735 TI - [The mimicry of melanomas]. PMID- 6633736 TI - [Malignant melanoma of the skin, treatment guidelines with reference to a survey among Dutch dermatologists]. PMID- 6633737 TI - [Are reducing diets with a very low energy level safe?]. PMID- 6633738 TI - [Melanoma, pregnancy and oral contraception]. PMID- 6633739 TI - [How extensively should a melanoma of the skin be excised?]. PMID- 6633740 TI - Physicians' interaction with government. PMID- 6633741 TI - A preliminary study of a rural obstetrical practice. PMID- 6633742 TI - Implementation of a computer assisted drug monitoring program in a community hospital. PMID- 6633743 TI - Evolution, structure and function of the institutional review board. PMID- 6633744 TI - Informed consent of human research subjects. PMID- 6633745 TI - Lateral humeral condylar fracture. PMID- 6633746 TI - Abnormalities found during preparticipation sports examination in a rural family practice. PMID- 6633747 TI - [Cognitive disorders in schizophrenics]. PMID- 6633748 TI - [Recurrent, transient brain stem symptoms with tricyclic antidepressants]. PMID- 6633749 TI - [Spongiform leukodystrophy following drug abuse]. PMID- 6633750 TI - [Visual evoked potentials in alcoholism. Studies on the problem of alcohol-toxic optic nerve diseases]. PMID- 6633751 TI - A retrospective study of the effect of anabolic steroids on the dyshaematopoietic syndrome (preleukaemic syndrome). PMID- 6633752 TI - Brucellosis as a result of cosmetic treatment. PMID- 6633753 TI - Concentrations of gentamicin in ascitic fluid after intravenous infusion. PMID- 6633754 TI - The clinical diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in ambulant patients. PMID- 6633755 TI - Acute renal failure complicating aortic aneurysm surgery. PMID- 6633756 TI - Influence of aluminium on the effect of 1 alpha (OH)D3 on renal osteodystrophy. AB - The influence of aluminium in dialysate on the effects of 1 alpha (OH)3 on hemodialyzed hypocalcemic patients with end-stage renal failure, was studied during a 24- to 42-month period. 51 hypocalcemic patients were divided into two groups; group 1 consisted of 28 patients who were dialyzed using dialysate prepared from reverse osmosed water; the 23 patients in group 2 used dialysate prepared from softened water. Aluminium concentration in the dialysate used for group 1 was less than the detectable limit (10 micrograms/l) in twelve times determinations, while that for group 2 was 23.1 +/- 9.2 micrograms/l (mean +/- SD, n = 14). By the administration of 1 alpha (OH)D3, the serum concentration of calcium was increased, and that of iPTH and alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased in both groups. Subperiosteal resorption of the finger bone, evaluated by Jensen's criteria, was significantly improved in group 1, while there was no improvement in group 2. Serum aluminium concentration in the patients of group 1 and group 2 were 46.6 +/- 6.3 and 84.7 +/- 13.9 micrograms/l, respectively, and the concentration of the latter was significantly higher than that of the former (p less than 0.01). It was also shown that there is a positive correlation between the extent of subperiosteal resorption and the concentration of aluminum in serum. Serum aluminium concentration and bone aluminium content were increased according to the duration of hemodialysis in the patients who were dialyzed using dialysate from softened water, while there was no correlation between the duration of hemodialysis and serum aluminium concentration for the patients of group 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633757 TI - Output of peritoneal cells into peritoneal dialysate. Cytochemical and functional studies. AB - The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cells in the peritoneal dialysate from 12 patients were examined. The number of cells in each subsequent fraction of dialysate decreased, while the differential cell count remained relatively constant for each individual patient. Macrophages, lymphocytes, granulocytes and occasionally mesothelial cells were observed. In 1 patient, plasmocytes were also found. Evident differences in cellularity and cell composition were noticed in dialysate obtained from different patients, especially in 2 patients with bacterial peritonitis there was a rise in cellularity with neutrophilia. Cytochemical (peroxidase, nonspecific esterase activity) and functional (phagocytosis, receptor expression) tests revealed that macrophages form a heterogeneous population of cells. PMID- 6633758 TI - Renal handling of uric acid in normal subjects by means of the pyrazinamide and probenecid tests. AB - Pyrazinamide and probenecid tests were used to study the renal mechanisms for urate excretion in 10 normal subjects in the state of low serum uric acid levels (below 3.5 mg/dl), normal serum urate concentrations (between 3.6 and 6.4 mg/dl) and high serum uric acid levels (above 6.5 mg/dl). Presecretory reabsorption of urate was above 99% in all three conditions of uricemia, indicating that filtered urate is nearly completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule regardless of serum uric acid concentrations. Urate secretion was significantly higher and postsecretory reabsorption was significantly lower when serum uric acid was raised than when serum urate levels were normal or low. The findings indicate that both urate secretion and postsecretory reabsorption play a role in urate homeostasis in states of hyperuricemia. PMID- 6633759 TI - Circulating immune complexes: possible toxins responsible for serositis (pericarditis, pleuritis, and peritonitis) in renal failure. AB - In 71 patients (41 men, 30 women) with advanced renal failure maintained on hemodialysis (HD), continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), or within 8 weeks after the commencement of dialysis therapy (ED), studies were performed searching for evidence of serositis and the blood levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC), measured by the polyethylene glycol precipitation method. Mean CIC levels were elevated in these patients compared to the 58 healthy subjects (mean +/- SEM 725 +/- 40, and 260 +/- 34 micrograms/ml, respectively). Serositides were significantly more prevalent in ED patients compared to both remaining groups, and tended to occur less frequently in CAPD than in HD patients. CIC levels were significantly lower in CAPD than in ED patients. The levels of CIC were significantly higher in patients with serositis compared to those without evidence of serosal inflammation (mean +/- SEM 868 +/- 71 and 677 +/- 53 micrograms/ml, respectively). In addition, immune complex-like materials were found in all of 4 effusate samples and in 10 of 27 peritoneal dialysates. It is suggested that immune complexes may be the 'uremic toxins' responsible for the serositis of renal failure, and may be secreted into serous effusions. Immune complex-like material can be removed in peritoneal dialysate, which may contribute to the lower CIC levels and lower incidence of serositis in the CAPD patients. PMID- 6633761 TI - Peliosis hepatis in a chronic hemodialysis patient. AB - Peliosis has been described rarely in patients with chronic renal failure. The case reported shows the difficulty of diagnosis in a chronic hemodialysis patient with painful hepatomegaly, chronic ascites and cachexia. The rarity of this lesion under such circumstances, if the etiologies described in the literature are taken into account, is discussed. PMID- 6633760 TI - Evaluation of iron status in patients on chronic hemodialysis: relative usefulness of bone marrow hemosiderin, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume and red cell protoporphyrin. AB - The diagnostic usefulness of bone marrow hemosiderin, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red cell protoporphyrin (EPP) in the evaluation of iron status in patients on chronic hemodialysis was studied in 39 subjects. The correlation between serum ferritin and the number of transfusions received per month was slightly higher (r = 0.717; p less than 0.001) than the correlation between bone marrow hemosiderin and transfusions (r = 0.685; p less than 0.01). Serum ferritin was useful in identifying subjects with both increased or reduced iron stores. In contrast, transferrin saturation could only be used for indicating iron overload. MCV for indicating iron deficiency, and EPP was not useful in either case. The abnormal increase of EPP in chronic uremia has not been previously described. It is unrelated to iron deficiency and is most probably explained by the known reduction in red cell ferrochelatase activity associated with chronic uremia. Serum ferritin is clearly the most useful diagnostic aid for assessing iron stores in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Whether ferritin is also the best predictor of response to iron therapy, cannot be determined on the basis of the present data. PMID- 6633763 TI - Tubular proteinuria markers for detecting the site of a urinary tract infection. PMID- 6633762 TI - Scleritis associated with glomerulonephritis. PMID- 6633764 TI - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis improves immunodeficiency in uremic patients. PMID- 6633765 TI - Dissociation between alterations in myocardial perfusion and R-wave amplitude after hemodialysis. PMID- 6633766 TI - Association between Alport's syndrome and familial goiter. PMID- 6633767 TI - [Analysis of infectious sequelae of 1000 neurosurgical operations. Effects of prophylactic antibiotherapy]. AB - Postoperative infections: cellulitis at the site of skin incision and/or meningitis, were reported in 5.1 p. cent of 1 000 cases treated by neurosurgery in Pr R. Houdart's department between december 1980 and march 1982. Statistically significant factors predisposing to infection were: emergency surgery, opening of the sinus, presence of a foreign body, and operation lasting more than 5 hours. The age of the patient, diabetes, or previous corticoid therapy did not significantly alter the risk of infection. Prophylactic antibiotic therapy had been administered to 37 p. cent of patients, but this had not affected the incidence of general infection, a statistically significant effect being observed only after operations lasting for more than 5 hours. The risk of infection was high after craniotomies and major after external ventricular shunts (valves). For the latter type of operation it was not possible to determine factors favorable for infection: neither duration of surgery, nor age of patient, nor absence of antibiotic therapy. The risk of postoperative infection was low (less than 1 p. cent) in the absence of factors favorable for its development, but its frequency increased considerably in patients presenting one or more other intercurrent infections. It is therefore possible to recognize surgical and general factors influencing infection, but prophylactic antibiotic therapy has only a weak effect on morbidity modification. PMID- 6633768 TI - [Atraumatic measurement of cerebral blood flow in spontaneous meningeal hemorrhage]. AB - Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured 74 times in 50 patients with spontaneous meningeal hemorrhage using a method involving the inhalation of Xenon-133. The procedure is non-invasive, reproductible, and provides reliable results. Correlation was found between the clinical state and the CBF, but very low mean values for CBF, and ischemic foci associated with these values, were detected in cases where this could not be predicted from the clinical findings. No correlation existed between vasospasm seen on angiography and the ischemic foci revealed by the isotopic method. The age of patients had an influence on CBF values but not on the clinical course. Mean CBF levels during the first two weeks of the disease were significantly higher in patients in whom the course was uncomplicated, whatever their clinical condition (excluding coma) at the time of CBF measurement. A figure of 60 ml/100 g/min for gray substance blood flow appeared to be a threshold value, below which there was a greater risk of complications. Inversely, the outcome was favorable in all cases with a cortical blood flow superior to 70 ml. These findings suggest that cerebral blood flow measurement provides prognostic information which could be of marked assistance when deciding on appropriate therapy in such cases. PMID- 6633769 TI - [Astrocytoma of the cerebellum in children. Apropos of 57 cases]. AB - 57 children with a cerebellar astrocytoma have been operated on between 1964 1982. Since 1977, CT Scan has led to safer and earlier diagnosis. CT Scan has documented three macroscopical types of cerebellar astrocytomas; a cystic form with a mural nodule enhanced and the wall of the cyst non enhanced, a cystic form with a nodule and the wall of the cyst enhanced, and a massive form. 6 patients were submitted to a ventricular-atrial shunt before direct surgery. All the patients underwent posterior fossa surgery in the sitting position. Removal of the tumor was macroscopically total in 48 patients. Removal is limited to the nodule for cystic form with the wall non enhanced. Removal is extended to the wall of the cyst when it is enhanced. In 9 patients, the CSF pathway was restored at the end of the procedure by cannulation of the Aqueduct with silastic tube. 3 patients died postoperatively (5.2%), 2 others later on (4 and 8 years). 3 patients had a recurrency. In 6 patients, radiation therapy was used after surgery. PMID- 6633770 TI - [Postmeningitic pericerebral effusion in infants]. AB - Agar-gel electrophoresis of the pericerebral fluid and more recent data obtained from CT-Scan examination suggest the presumably important role of external subarachnoid hydrocephalus in postmeningitic pericerebral effusions of infancy. Postmeningitic subarachnoid hydrocephalus results very likely from an impeded resorption at the level of the arachnoid villi and venous sinuses; in some cases, however, there could be a coincidental occurrence of meningitis and pericerebral effusion from a distinct origin. The presence of a pericerebral effusion correlates badly with the seriousness of the clinical condition, whilst its spontaneous tendency to resorption is obvious in many cases, leading to a more conservative attitude. Fontanometry seems helpful when discussing the indication to operate. If surgery is required, it will usually be limited to a minor procedure; we perform, in such cases, an external drainage that can be transformed, if necessary, into an internal shunt. PMID- 6633771 TI - [Delayed epidural hematoma. Apropos of a series of 8 cases]. AB - The authors report 8 patients who developed an epidural hematoma after having been submitted to 1 or 2 computed tomographies (CT) which did not yet show the hematoma. The initial CT was done 1 to 6 hours after the accident. The delayed hematoma was diagnosed 3 and a half hours to 7 days after the accident. Secondary clinical deterioration occurred in 6 patients and was dramatic in 4 of them. Delayed epidural hematoma seems to be a frequent event; our 8 cases represent 10 % of all epidural hematomas operated during the period under consideration. This has to be taken into account when taking care of head injured patients after negative CT. The authors propose a list of indications for repeating CT. The current views on mechanisms of formation of epidural hematomas are discussed in the light of the increasing number of reported cases of delayed epidural hematoma. PMID- 6633772 TI - [Proposal for a numerical prognostic evaluation in intracerebral hematoma]. AB - From 300 cases of spontaneous intracerebral hematomas, 5 parameters are extracted they are: Age, sex, level of consciousness, localisation of hematomas and risk factors. A value, varying from 1 to 5 is attributed to each parameter, the sum of values give a score for each patient. This score allows the clinician to predict, within the early 48 hours, the vital prognosis. Survival chances are: 80% if score between 5 and 8; 60% if score between 9 and 13; 40% if score between 14 and 17; 20% if score equal or superior to 18. PMID- 6633773 TI - [Familial forms of intracranial cavernous hemangioma. Apropos of 5 cases in 2 families]. AB - The authors report five cases of cavernous hemangioma belonging to two families. In the first family, an 8 year old child was operated on in 1970 for a left frontal location. His mother, aged 39, was operated on in december, 1981, with stereotaxic approach, for two locations: one was frontal location, the other one was in the pineal region. Among the second family, a 21 year old woman was operated on in december 1976, for a cerebellar cavernous hemangioma. Her sister, aged 18, presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage in january 1980. C.T. scan showed a right temporal high attenuation area. This patient was not operated on. The aunt to those two sisters was operated on in october, 1981, for a left temporal cavernous hemangioma. Those five cases represent about half of the intracranial cavernous hemangiomas operated on in the Lille Neurosurgery Department since 1967. Even, unusual, the familial occurrence of this affection must be admitted. It shows a nosological interest, but also allows prevention by searching and surveying the asymptomatic cases, or genetic evaluation of disease risk. PMID- 6633774 TI - [Solitary chondromas and osteochondromas of the spine provoking myeloradicular compression. Apropos of 6 cases treated surgically]. AB - 3 spinal chondromas and 3 spinal osteochondromas are described and the relevant literature is reviewed. These oncotypes may remain symptomless or may present as a hard paravertebral swelling or with pain or, more rarely, with a slowly developing neurological syndrome. Chondromas may appear et any age whereas osteochondromas are more likely to occur during the age of skeletal growth. Both have a predilection for males. Standard Xrays may be diagnostic in osteochondromas but do not always visualise chondromas, which may simulate malignant osteolytic lesions or giant cell tumors and their variants. Computed tomography is indispensable for defining the size of the lesion and its relationships with surrounding structures, for planning surgical treatment, and for following-up its evolution. For both oncotypes treatment is surgical. Recurrence is very rare even after subtotal removal. Malignant degeneration is likewise rare. Operative mortality is nil and neurological recovery is the rule. PMID- 6633775 TI - [Posttraumatic hemiballismus. Description of a clinical case]. AB - The authors report an uncommon case of hemiballism following head injury. A CAT scanning had been carried out. They consider that changes in the brain micro vascular bed are a very important cause of hemiballism. They cannot confirm the influence of neuro-chemical alterations which are reported by many authors. PMID- 6633776 TI - [Natriuretic effect of haloperidol in dogs]. AB - A 0.5 microM/kg/min infusion of haloperidol in the renal artery of 20 sodium loaded dogs undergoing water diuresis is showed to induce the following net effects: a statistically significant reduction of both clearance of PAH (-18.1 +/ 6.6 ml/min), and glomerular filtration rate (-4.3 +/- 1.5 ml/min), an increase of both fractional excretion of sodium (+ 6.8 +/- 1.1%) and potassium (+ 55.1 +/- 5.5%), a decrease of fractional excretion of phosphate (-5.3 +/- 1.5%), and a lack of change of free water clearance (infused minus controlateral kidney difference). PMID- 6633777 TI - [Borderline hypertension. Survey of 8390 international officials]. AB - The epidemiology of borderline hypertension (BHT) is studied on a population comprising 8390 international civil servants. The prevalence of BHT (systolic 141 159 mm Hg and/or diastolic 86-94 mm Hg) is noted to be 21,4%. It affects men and obese more frequently and increases with age. It differs according to national origin (p less than 0.001), being least frequent for Indians (9%) and most frequent in black Africans (38%). Professional status does not play a role. The occurrence of true hypertension is noted in 43% and 54% of those who were followed over a period of 15 resp. 20 years after discovery of BHT (as opposed to 22% for the entire population of the same age, p less than 0.01). The occurrence of sustained hypertension is more likely when there is both systolic and diastolic BHT, in certain predisposed national groups, in men and possibly also when there is obesity. Even when BHT does not change into sustained hypertension, the risk of cardio-vascular morbidity is increased 2.5 times. These findings give rise to series of practical considerations. PMID- 6633778 TI - [Hyperaluminemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. Evaluation of the respective roles of dialysate aluminum and oral aluminum hydroxide]. AB - In order to evaluate the respective role of dialysate aluminium and of oral aluminium hydroxide in the occurrence of hyperaluminemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis, plasma aluminium was measured in 19 of them selected for their reliability, before and then 6 and 12 months after the use of a double step reverse osmosis system which allowed to have dialysate aluminium always below 20 micrograms/l, whereas before it was between 20 and 120 micrograms/l. No significant decrease of their plasma aluminium concentration was observed (81 +/- SEM 12, 81 +/- 12 and 75 +/- 12 micrograms/l respectively). But a significant correlation between plasma aluminium and the total or daily prescribed dose of Al (OH)3 was found before and after 12 months of reverse osmosis. A significant negative correlation was observed between plasma aluminium and the mean corpuscular volume, before and 12 months after reverse osmosis. No correlation was found between plasma aluminium and the plasma PTH levels or with the administration of active vitamin D metabolites. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that oral Al (OH)3 plays a predominant role in the hyperaluminemia of hemodialyzed patients and that hyperaluminemia may contribute to their microcytic anemia. PMID- 6633779 TI - [Exploration by high-resolution real-time ultrasonography of the parathyroid glands in 60 chronic hemodialysis. Preliminary results and comparison with other indices of secondary hyperparathyroidism]. AB - Systematic study by high resolution real time ultrasonography of the parathyroid glands unequivocally showed parathyroid hyperplasia in 13% of 60 patients on chronic hemodialysis. Hyperplasia was associated with greater severity of hyperparathyroidism, as demonstrated by subperiostal bone resorption and increased serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, parathormone and calcium. Correlation between ultrasonographic and surgical findings in 5 patients was excellent, and actual weights of removed hyperplastic glands were correlated to calculated volumes. The demonstration of hyperplastic parathyroid glands by ultrasonography was of great help for surgical indication in cases where the classical biochemical and radiological parameters were unavailable or of uncertain significance. In absence of hypercalcemia and/or of hyperphosphoremia which may hinder "medical parathyroidectomy" by vitamin D metabolites, ultrasonographic demonstration of hyperplastic glands represents an unresolved problem as to the choice of surgical or medical parathyroidectomy. PMID- 6633780 TI - Loss of place specificity in hippocampal complex spike cells of senescent rat. AB - Firing characteristics of "place" cells in dorsal CA1 of hippocampus were recorded from 5 young (10-14 months) and 5 old (25-29 months) Fischer-344 rats. Animals were trained to obtain food reward on a radial 8-arm maze. Entry to the arms was controlled by the experimenter so that all 8-arm were visited in random sequence from trial to trial. For each cell, 8 such trials were given (64 arm choices) in order that statistical reliability could be obtained for firing rates over the maze surface. Single unit activity and the animal's position on the maze were continuously monitored by digital computer. Twenty-seven cells from each age group were studied in this way. No statistically significant differences were found between age groups in unit spike height, width or firing rates. A large, statistically significant difference, however, was found in both spatial specificity and reliability of firing patterns from trial to trial. These results are discussed in terms of a possible deficit in spatial information processing in the older animals. PMID- 6633781 TI - Regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose in beagle dogs of different ages. AB - Regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) were studied in unanesthetized Beagle dogs in five age groups. Significant age-related differences did not occur in the cingulate, pyriform or visual cortices, cerebellar flocculus, corpus callosum, or cerebellar white matter. However, age related decrements were apparent in 15 of the 22 brain regions examined. The apparent time course of age effect on rCMRglc varied among the brain regions. Most regions had significantly lower rCMRglc at 6 years than at 1 year. Decrements of more than 25% were seen in the mammillary bodies, pons, hippocampus, superior colliculus, basis of the midbrain, temporal cortex, geniculate bodies, caudate nucleus, and superior frontal gyrus. There were no age differences in rCMRglc at 10-12 years compared with 6 years. Senescence associated decrements (after 6 years) were noted in only 5 regions: the frontal and temporal cortices, mammillary bodies, and areas involved in sensory functions. The results indicate that rCMRglc in the adult Beagle brain declines by midlife, and continues to decline in some brain regions through senescence. PMID- 6633782 TI - Paucity of morphological changes in the brains of ageing beagle dogs: further evidence that Alzheimer lesions are unique for primate central nervous system. AB - Twelve regions of grey matter from the brains of 25 Beagle dogs, varying from one to over 16 years in age, were serially sectioned and sequentially scanned with a semi-automated sampling stage microscope, in a morphometric search for neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and evidence of nerve cell loss. Examination of 227,776 light microscopic fields failed to reveal any senile plaques or neurofibrillary tangles. The neuronal densities, which ranged from 473 to 37,014 nucleolated neurons/mm3, showed no significant relationship with ageing. Neuronal lesions of Alzheimer type may be more typical of the human CNS; and physiological evidence for regionally reduced glucose metabolic rate in this animal model may require other structural alterations for its explanation. PMID- 6633783 TI - Decreased content of met-enkephalin-like peptides in superior cervical and coeliac ganglia of aged rats. AB - Enkephalin like peptides seem to have an important regulatory role at ganglia level. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the content of enkephalin-like peptides in sympathetic ganglia is affected by the aging process. The results show that the enkephalin like peptides content is low in superior cervical and coeliac ganglia of aged rats (25 months). The age-related decrease of enkephalin content in these structures may be of importance in determining an altered sympathetic control during aging. PMID- 6633784 TI - Age-related changes in adrenergic neuronal function of rabbit vascular smooth muscle. AB - The adrenergic control of vascular smooth muscle was compared in young and adult rabbits using a variety of in vitro techniques. Norepinephrine (NE) content and accumulation of 3H-NE were not different in blood vessels from the two age groups. In contrast, stimulation-evoked release of endogenous NE was reduced by 40-60% in vessels from the aged animals. Functional studies of smooth muscle contractions were carried out using isolated ring segments of the ear artery. There were no differences in the resting force-response relationship between vessels from young and adult rabbits. Maximum contractile responses to nerve stimulation, NE or KCl were not different in vessels from the two age groups, nor was the NE ED50. However, blockade of the neuronal uptake system with desmethylimipramine produced a greater shift in the NE concentration-response curve in vessels from the young animals compared to the shift in vessels from adult animals. This observation reflects a decline in neuronal NE uptake with age. Although maximal contractile responses to transmural nerve stimulation at 16 Hz were unchanged, responses to stimulation at lower frequencies were reduced in vessels from adult rabbits, an effect which was also enhanced when an antagonist of neuronal uptake was present. Thus, there is a decline in function of adrenergic nerves in adult animals, reflected in a decrease in stimulation-evoked NE release and a decrease in norepinephrine uptake revealed by functional studies. These two effects tend to balance each other, so that there is a small decrease in contractile response to adrenergic nerve stimulation which is exacerbated when neuronal uptake mechanisms are blocked. PMID- 6633785 TI - Methadone effects on locomotor activity of young and aged mice. AB - The effect of age on the behavioral response to methadone hydrochloride was examined in male C57BL/6J mice. After 1 hr habituation to an oval runway, locomotor activity of young (6-8 months) and aged (30-32 months) mice was monitored for 3 hr following injections of saline or methadone hydrochloride (2.5, 7.5, 15.0 or 22.5 mg/kg). The three highest doses initially elevated activity which then declined over the next 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 hr. Compared to young mice, activity of aged mice was elevated less extensively, but remained elevated for a longer period of time. The attenuated elevation could be interpreted in terms of reduced physical capacity of aged mice; however, the more prolonged elevation was clearly an age-related difference in reaction to the drug. Although the mechanism accountable for this effect is unknown, it is not likely related to age differences in drug absorption or distribution to active sites. PMID- 6633786 TI - Age-related changes in the cerebrospinal fluid outflow glycosaminoglycans. AB - The glycosaminoglycan distribution patterns of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow pathway, dura mater and cerebral cortex of young New Zealand red rabbits and 1-, 3- and 12-week-old C-57 mice were identified by analyses of the glycosaminoglycan moieties and by the use of zone electrophoresis. The glycosaminoglycans were identified by specific degradation procedures, i.e., hyaluronate lyase, chondroitin ABC lyase, endo-beta-D-galactosidase and nitrous acid treatment. The CSF outflow pathway and dura mater glycosaminoglycan components were primarily hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate, whereas the cerebral cortex glycosaminoglycan components were hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate and heparan sulfate. The glycosaminoglycan components of the dura mater and cerebral cortex decreased and those of the CSF outflow pathway increased as a function of age. These results demonstrate the feasibility of analyses of the CSF outflow pathway glycosaminoglycan components and suggest that topographical changes in the glycosaminoglycan distribution profiles may contribute to the pattern of cerebrospinal fluid outflow. PMID- 6633787 TI - Blood-brain barrier transport of L-pipecolic acid in various rat brain regions. AB - Blood-brain barrier transport of L-[1-14C]pipecolic acid was studied in the ray by single intracarotid injection using 3H2O as a diffusible internal standard. Brain uptake index (BUI) for L-[14C]pipecolic acid (0.036 mM) was found to be 18.1, 10.5, and 12.6 for the cerebral cortex, brain stem, and cerebellum, respectively which was substantially higher than that reported for its analog L proline in the whole brain. Influx of L-pipecolic acid into the brain was concentration dependent and differed significantly between the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, and between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum, but not between the brain stem and the cerebellum. Kinetic study of L-pipecolic acid influx revealed a low- and a high-capacity uptake mechanisms. The low-capacity saturable component has Km values ranging from 38 to 73 microM, and Vmax values ranging from 10 to 13 nmol/g/min for the three brain regions. The nonsaturable component has a Km of 4 mM, a Vmax of 200 nmol/g/min and similar diffusion constant (Kd) (0.03 to 0.06 mlg-1 min-1) for all three brain regions. A possible role of the two-component brain uptake mechanism in the regulation of the neuronal function of L-pipecolic acid was suggested. PMID- 6633788 TI - High affinity uptake of GABA and glycine by rabbits with aluminum-induced neurofibrillary changes. AB - The high affinity uptake of GABA and glycine by synaptosomal preparations of rabbit hippocampus and spinal cord has been characterized. The high affinity uptake by such preparations from rabbits in which chronic neurofibrillary changes had been induced with aluminum chloride was measured and found to be reduced. The reduction was the greatest when the number of neurons affected was the greatest. These results suggest that normal neurotransmitter function is considerably disturbed in neurons affected with neurofibrillary changes. PMID- 6633789 TI - A kinetic analysis of the release of acidic amino acids from rat cortical synaptosomes following pre-loading with [14C]glutamic acid. AB - The kinetics of the release of acidic amino acids have been studied in rat cortical synaptosomes. After pre-loading for 30 minutes in labeled glutamate, labeled glutamate and aspartate appear to be totally releasable. However, extra synaptosomal Ca does not facilitate release. When elevated [K]0 was used to depolarize, release was unaffected by removal of Ca from the incubation medium. When veratridine was used as a depolarizing agent, presence of Ca in the incubation medium inhibited release. In all solutions, semi-log plots of synaptosomal label content as a function of time were non-linear, which is incompatible with release from a single compartment. Previous studies of the effect of membrane potential on transport led to the development of a carrier model which should participate in depolarization induced release (19). Under the conditions used in the present studies, this carrier should be saturated. When the data were fitted to a two compartment model, with release from compartment A linear with compartment size and release from compartment B via a saturated carrier, an excellent fit was obtained. Under control conditions, about 90% of the labeled amino acid is in compartment B and about 70% of the total release is from this compartment. Rate of release is greatly accelerated in depolarizing solutions. Under depolarizing conditions, there is a large shift of labeled amino acid from compartment B to compartment A and release from compartment A predominates. Analysis of the results under the several depolarizing conditions used shows that the present results are consistent with the predictions of the carrier model which has been developed from previous studies of the Na and membrane potential dependence of glutamate transport. PMID- 6633790 TI - Effect on neuronal and non-neuronal benzodiazepine binding sites. AB - The frontal cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum of the Fischer 344 rat were examined for an age-dependent change in neuronal and non-neuronal binding. Clonazepam and Ro5-6669 displaceable [3H]diazepam binding were used as indicators of [3H]diazepam binding on neuronal and non-neuronal membranes, respectively. In both the frontal cortex and the hippocampus, clonazepam displaceable [3H]diazepam binding in the senescent rat was significantly less than the young and mature rat. In the frontal cortex, Ro5-6669 did not significantly displace [3H]diazepam binding in any age group. The Ro5-6669 displaceable [3H]diazepam binding in the hippocampus was not altered with age. In the cerebellum clonazepam and Ro5-6669 displaceable binding in the old rat was significantly less and more, respectively, compared to the young rat. PMID- 6633791 TI - Subcellular localization of tubulin in chick retina. AB - Tubulin was measured through [3H]colchicine-binding in membrane and soluble components of chick retinal subcellular fractions. Total tubulin content was concentrated in the synaptosomal and rod outer segment fractions. Although in total retinal homogenate only 20% of total tubulin was associated to the membrane, in synaptosomes and photoreceptor outer segments, up to 50% of tubulin was bound to the membrane fraction. Results raise the possibility of tubulin participation in transmembrane phenomena which are common to transmitter release and photoexcitation. PMID- 6633792 TI - Differential inhibition of brain specific [3H]flunitrazepam binding by several types of dyes. AB - Several dyes, representing different structural classes, inhibit [3H]flunitrazepam binding to brain specific receptors in the rat with 50% inhibition in the 1 to 100 microM range. Crystal Violet and Methyl Violet 2B inhibited more potently in the forebrain than in the cerebellum. Congo Red yielded a Hill number near 2.3, probably reflecting positive cooperativity between interacting binding sites in benzodiazepine receptor complexes. Toluidine Blue 0 was the most potent of the dyes tested (IC50 = 1 microM in cerebellum) and inhibited more potently in cerebellum than in forebrain. PMID- 6633793 TI - Effects of N-LAAM on [3H]etorphine binding in neuronal-enriched cell cultures. AB - Stereospecific [3H]etorphine binding sites are present in neuronal-enriched cell cultures dissociated from 7-day-old chick embryonic brain. Moreover, binding was regulated by both ions and GTP in a manner similar to that of in vivo brain tissue. When cultures were exposed to N-LAAM (10(-6) M) from day 6 to day 7 or 8 and assayed for binding at day 8, Bmax was decreased and KD was increased. These findings support our view that primary neuronal cultures are a suitable model with which to study interactions of drugs with opiate receptors. PMID- 6633794 TI - [Bioelectric characteristics of spinal muscular atrophy]. AB - On the basis of the clinical material of the Department of Neurology, Medical Academy in Warsaw the author discusses the bioelectric characteristics of infantile and juvenile spinal muscular atrophy. Attention is called to the specific character of resting firing units in infantile type. On the background of a neurogenic damage pattern the so called "spinal" features of the electromyogram are much more pronounced in the juvenile form of the disease. Motor fibre velocity in small children in the so called group I achieves normal values for a given age later than in healthy children, in long-standing cases of the juvenile form the minimal velocity may be decreased or the conduction velocity may be uniform at the level of the normal maximal velocity. The value of electromyography in the separation of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease from the group of the so called floppy children, and in the differential diagnosis between juvenile spinal muscular atrophy (mainly Kugelberg-Welander disease) and muscular dystrophy is emphasized. PMID- 6633795 TI - [Effect of cerebral arterial spasm on the condition of patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm in the pre- and postoperative periods]. AB - The problem of cerebral arteriospasm following rupture of intracranial aneurysm is analysed comprehensively in the clinical, angiographic, electroencephalographic and, particularly, neurosurgical aspects in a group of 51 cases. Seventy-six patients without arteriospasm after aneurysm rupture served as controls. It was found that cerebral arteriospasm caused deterioration of the preoperative condition of the patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and influenced unfavourably the results of surgical treatment of patients with intracranial aneurysm. PMID- 6633796 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery]. AB - The authors present a group of 38 patients with middle cerebral artery aneurysms in whom 48 aneurysms were excluded from the cerebral circulation by microsurgical techniques. In 11 cases multiple aneurysms were found. In 2 cases the wall of the aneurysm was strengthened. In the light of this material and a survey of the pertinent literature the authors analyse the relationship between the results of surgical treatment and various factors. A significant increase in postoperative mortality was found with more severe condition of the patients by the Botterell scale. The factors worsening the prognosis were also: presence of intracerebral haematoma and aneurysm location in the bifurcation of an artery. Arteriospasm increased the incidence of neurological deficits. PMID- 6633797 TI - [Surgical treatment of epilepsy caused by extensive brain damage]. AB - An analysis of the clinical data on the intervention and results of treatment of 73 patients operated upon for epilepsy is reported, in whom resection was done of more than one cerebral lobe. They accounted for 17% of all patients treated surgically at this neurosurgical centre for seizures. A characteristic finding in this group was the presence of signs of severe brain damage, such as frequent and variegated seizures, neurological deficits, impairement of mental development, extensive EEG changes. In 50 patients resection of more than two lobes was done, in 22 cases three lobes were removed, and in 1 case even four lobes were removed. The operative mortality was 2.7%. The duration of follow up was 6 years, on the average. Forty-two per cent of the patients are without seizures, isolated seizures occurred in 16.5%, in 18% of cases the frequency of seizures was decreased, in 23.5% there was no improvement. Statistical analysis of the effects of certain elements of the clinical state on the final result of the treatment was carried out and it was found that a significant influence was exerted by: age below 20 years, occurrence of two or more types of seizures, and presence of generalized slow waves in EEG. In these patients the results were worse. On the other hand, the age of disease onset, disease duration, aetiology, intellectual level, changes in neuroradiological investigations, extent of resection were without effect on the final result of the treatment. PMID- 6633798 TI - [Effect of brietal and gamma-OH on the bioelectric activity of the cerebral cortex and deep temporal structures in SEEG studies in patients with epilepsy]. AB - Eleven SEEG investigations were analysed in patients with temporal epilepsy after separate intravenous injection of Brietal and gamma-OH. The authors discuss a modification of the background activity and pathological seizure discharges in the cortex and deep structures of the temporal lobes. Attention is called to an evident increase of the quantitative and qualitative elements of excitation or manifestation of seizure activity not present previously. The activating effect of the these preparations on the pathological bioelectric activity without presence of clinically observable seizures suggests the possibility of existence of inhibitory mechanisms at the levels below the cortex and limbic system, probably in the reticular system of the brain stem. It was found that in the used doses the administration of both preparations was completely safe. Brietal and gamma-OH are good preparations facilitating more accurate diagnosis of epilepsy. PMID- 6633799 TI - [Nocturnal sleep patterns during treatment of hydrocephalus]. AB - By polygraphic methods the authors studied the sleep patterns during treatment of patients with subtentorial tumours causing hydrocephalus. Sleep recording was carried out in three stages of treatment: 1) before insertion of ventriculo atrial valve, (7 investigations), 2) on the 7th day after valve insertion (7 investigations), 3) two months after removal of the posterior fossa tumour (3 investigations). The control group included patients with peripheral nerve injury in whom sleep recording was done before and after surgical treatment. In cases with hydrocephalus and raised CSF pressure before valve insertion the cyclic pattern of sleep was disintegrated, showing long periods of light sleep (phase 1 + 2) interrupted by long periods of alertness, during sleep, mostly with elimination of the remaining sleep components. The decrease of CSF pressure after valve implantation was parallelled by partial normalization of sleep pattern, that is shortening of the light sleep phase and reduction of the number of alertness during sleeping hours, as well as prolongation of the phases of deep sleep and appearance of paradoxical sleep. However, only removal of the tumour from the posterior fossa made possible approximation of sleep elements to those in the control group. Sleep disintegration of varying intensity in patients with hydrocephalus may be reversible, the rate of normalization of sleep depends on the intensity of sleep disturbances in the initial stage of the disease, but return to nearly normal sleep is possible only after removal of the subtentorial tumour. PMID- 6633800 TI - [Effect of different stages of physiological nocturnal sleep on interseizure discharges in patients with various forms of epilepsy]. AB - All-night EEG records were obtained in 100 patients aged 14-48 years staying at a neurosurgical centre for various forms of focal epilepsy. In 84 cases discharges were observed during the nocturnal investigation. The morphology of the discharges depended on the phase of sleep during which they appeared. Discharges occurring in phases of light sleep had greater activity and more focal character in relation to the remaining NREM phases. On the other hand, discharges in deep sleep phases had a greater tendency for generalization. In half the cases focal discharges disappeared in the REM sleep phase. Intraseizure changes depended on the phase of sleep, focal or generalized character, and localization of pathological focus. Seiture activity during sleep was never observed in the REM phase of sleep. PMID- 6633801 TI - [Clinical aspects and diagnostic difficulties in normotensive hydrocephalus]. AB - Ten patients are presented with normotensive hydrocephalus treated by implantation of the ventriculo-atrial valve. The follow-up was from 1 to 5 years. The usefulness of the test of cerebrospinal fluid removal (Fisher's test) for qualification for this surgical treatment is stressed. PMID- 6633803 TI - [Clinical aspects and prognosis in cerebellar concussion syndromes]. AB - In a group of 100 cases of head trauma 4 patients (4%) were observed with traumatic cerebellar syndromes without coexistence of other traumatic focal lesions in the central nervous system. All these cases were due to cerebellar contusion. In 2 patients the diagnosis was confirmed by computerized tomography. The clinical observations indicate that these syndromes are not associated with raised intracranial pressure, but have a rich symptomatology, frequently exceeding the picture of selective cerebellar damage. The observations made as yet seem to suggest that computerized tomography is the only auxiliary investigation making possible the diagnosis of selective cerebellar contusion. In uncomplicated cerebellar contusion the prognosis is good. PMID- 6633802 TI - [Our evaluation of clinical usefulness of continuous extradural measurement of intracranial pressure in patients with cranio-cerebral injuries]. AB - Continuous measurements of intracranial, pressure were conducted by the extradural method in 40 patients with various types of skull trauma. A correlation was demonstrated between the value of this pressure and the clinical condition of the patient only with high values of the pressure, in which nearly always wave-like pressure changes were observed. The occurrence of wave-like changes was a more reliable sign of threatening cranial hypertension than the value of intracranial pressure. Continuous measurement of pressure during intravenous administration of glycerol demonstrated that a significant fall of pressure preceded the regression of clinical signs of intracranial hypertension. PMID- 6633804 TI - [Epidemiology of fronto-basilar head injuries]. AB - Fractures of the cranial basis in the anterior cranial fossa accounted in a ten year period in the material of the authors for 2.6% of cranial traumas and 24.6% of cranial basis fractures. In the observed cases rhinorrhoea was present in only 16% of cases. Purulent meningitis as a complication was observed in only 1.8% of cases and only late after the trauma. In view of the low frequency of inflammatory complications evidencing a considerable tendency for spontaneous healing of fistulas the authors suggest restriction of indications to surgical treatment in early period after trauma to cases with visible wide fissure in the fractures bone, displacement of fractured fragments and their position at different levels. PMID- 6633805 TI - [Surgical treatment of Horton's headache or neuralgia of the greater superficial petrosal nerve]. AB - The authors report two cases of Horton's neuralgia treated surgically. In one patient the result is very good, in the other one it is poor. The pathophysiological mechanisms and anatomical-functional basis of this type of headache are discussed stressing the contribution to the knowledge of these mechanisms made by Professor Jerzy Chorobski. It seems that more patients should be referred for this treatment that it is done presently. The operation with sectioning of this nerve is not particularly troublesome and it may be a good supplementation of pharmacological treatment. PMID- 6633807 TI - [Postoperative regression speed of chronic subdural hematoma, with special reference to the subsequent study by CT xray]. AB - Thirty-one adult patients with chronic subdural hematoma were treated surgically and followed Up by CT. In these cases, the postoperative regression of the hematoma cavity on CT was analysed in relation to patient's age, timing of operation, operative method, preoperative CT findings and postoperative clinical courses. In patients with older age and/or low density type of hematoma, slow reduction of subdural space was observed after operation. In five of these cases, the follow-up CT scans revealed reaccumulation of hematoma. Patients with high density type of hematoma and/or early operation from the onset showed a rapid reduction of hematoma cavity and clinical improvement. PMID- 6633806 TI - [Case of aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery visualized by vertebral angiography]. AB - The authors present a case of an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery which was contrast-filled only from the vertebral artery. The pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms in cases of developmental anomalies of cerebral arteries is discussed. PMID- 6633808 TI - [Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage in arteriovenous malformation]. AB - Cerebral vasospasm after SAH from AVMs is rare. Only few reports have been made. Vasospasm was confirmed in 4 out of 13 patients with SAH from AVMs at the Sagamihara National Hospital in the past 5 years. The incidence of vasospasm following rupture of AVM is higher than those in previous reports ranging between 8 and 12 percent. This high incidence (31%) might be attributable to the timing from the last SAH attack until angiography. The existence of massive subarachnoid blood clots around the arteries of the circle of Willis is the most important factor causing vasospasm after SAH from AVMs. PMID- 6633809 TI - [Glucose metabolism in trauma-induced brain edema, with special reference to local blood circulation and blood-brain barrier]. AB - Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was studied using the carbon 14 deoxyglucose method in rats with local freezing lesion in the left parietal cortex. A depression of LCGU developed with time after the lesion, being most prominent throughout the cortical areas of the lesioned hemisphere 3 days after lesion. Corresponding results in other regions were contralateral cortical areas, ipsilateral and contralateral subcortical structures. Brain stem structures were not affected. In white matter bilateral depression of LCGU reached its peak 24 hours after the lesion. LCGU returned to normal within 5 days in all affected areas. The areas affected and the time-course of the observed changes did not correlate with the location and known time-course of development of cerebral edema. Local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) was measured 1 and 3 days after a freezing lesion using the carbon 14-iodoantipyrine method. Twenty-four hours after a freezing lesion normal LCBF were seen throughout the traumatized brain. Three days after the lesion an increased LCBF involved all cortical areas, with the hyperemia being more pronounced in the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion. No corresponding changes in LCBF were observed. Evans blue dye was injected intravenously before the start of the barrier (BBB) at each time period following the lesion could be determined. Blue staining was seen in the area of the lesion in all animals killed 4 or 24 hrs after the lesion was made, indicating a BBB permeable to the Evans blue-serum protein complex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633810 TI - [Diagnostic value of CT in spinal cord neurinomas]. AB - The computed tomography (CT) in examination of the spine and spinal cord has rapidly advanced and its diagnostic value has been well documented. It is widely accepted that CT is very useful for the diagnosis of the spinal neurinomas, especially of dumb-bell tumors. In the last two years we have experienced with 11 cases of spinal neurinomas. These include 1 accessory neurinoma, 7 cervical neurinomas of dumb-bell type, 2 thoracic dumb-bell neurinomas, 1 intradural neurinoma in the conus medullaris and multiple neurofibromas in the cauda equina in one patient. The age distributed from 24 to 52 years, with an average of 41.5. In all of these patients except one, metrizamide CT was performed following a total myelography. In most of the cases, CT with and without an intravenous contrast medium injection was also carried out. The conventional radiologic examinations including plain radiography, tomography and angiography were done in most of the patients. Comparing with the results of those examinations, we reached the following conclusions: (1) metrizamide CT can disclose the superior border of the tumor which is often not visualized by conventional ascending myelography. The reconstruction CT clearly outlines the whole extent of the tumor. (2) The bony changes associated with a dumb-bell neurinoma, for example, the widening of the intervertebral foramen, can be found by plain CT in much earlier stage than by the plain roentgenogram. The findings can be more clearly using a "ReView" software program. (3) The extraspinal part of the dumb-bell tumor is shown in CT by an intravenous enhancement as a slightly high-dense, homogeneous mass with CT-number of approximately 70 HU. The capsule of the tumor is a little more enhanced in the most cases. (4) It is recommended to do a metrizamide CT with "ReView" technique when a tumor in the cauda equina is suspected on conventional myelography. (5) A tumor near the foramen magnum or in the upper cervical region is often overlOoked on metrizamide myelography. When a tumor in these regions is highly suspected on neurological examinations, it is also recommended to perform a metrizamide CT about 3 hours after conventional myelography. PMID- 6633811 TI - [Meningioma of the sphenoid ridge recurring into the pterygomaxillary fossa following craniotomy. A case report and surgical approach]. AB - Meningiomas sometimes invade into the surrounding structures, especially into the sinuses, and show remote extracranial metastasis. Meningiomas of the sphenoid ridge sometimes extend and invade into the cavernous sinus, diaphragma sellae, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses, orbit and the pterygomaxillary fossa. A case of the tumor of the right sphenoid ridge, which recurred into the orbit and the pterygomaxillary fossa two years after the total removal, was presented. Histological examinations of both the first and second tumor showed meningotheliomatous meningioma. A 61-year-old female was admitted on January 17, 1980 with a complaint of left hemiparesis, memory disturbance, disorientation and incontinentia urinae. Right carotid angiography and CT scan showed a large high density mass in the right middle cranial fossa, which was totally removed. After the operation, the neurological status rapidly improved and she spent an uneventful life until February 1982 when she noticed right exophthalmos, ophthalmoplegia and visual loss. Right CAG and CT scan at the second admission showed a strongly enhanced mass in the right orbit and pterygomaxillary fossa. Severe destruction of the posterolateral wall of the right orbit and the floor of the right middle cranial fossa was also noticed. The tumor was totally removed, using modified Dieffenbach-Weber-Fergusson approach, which is usually used for the carcinoma of the maxillary sinus. By this approach, we could easily reach the pterygomaxillary fossa, that is, the floor of the middle cranial fossa and the posterolateral wall of the orbit. This approach seemed to be very useful for the removal of the tumors of the skull base. PMID- 6633812 TI - [Arteriovenous malformations of the choroid plexus--a case report]. AB - The authors described a case of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the choroid plexus, and presented a review of literature. This 40-year-old male experienced a sudden onset of severe headache and vomiting on February 5th 1982. At the other hospital, CT scans revealed marked intraventricular hemorrhage, however his general condition was relatively good without a loss of consciousness, motor weakness and sensory disturbance. After about a month of conservative treatment, he was transferred to the Kochi Medical School Hospital. On admission, he had shown no neurological deficit except for slight occipital headache. Transfemoral cerebral angiography revealed an angioma of the choroid plexus, which was fed by the anterior and medial posterior choroidal arteries and drained into the internal cerebral vein. CT scans showed a small high density area due to the nidus of angioma at the interspace of bilateral frontal horns of the lateral ventricles. On March 25th 1982, using an anterior transcallosal approach, the angioma was totally removed. The histological diagnosis was AVM. The post operative course was uneventful and the patient discharged without adding neurological deficit on April 12th 1982. Review of literature revealed 27 documented cases of angioma of the choroid plexus; 12 cases of AVM, 5 of cavernous angioma, 2 of telangiectasia, 1 of venous angioma and the other 7 of undefined description. Almost all cases were initiated with an episode of variable intracranial hemorrhage, particularly of intraventricular hemorrhage. Clinical course of them, however, were variable. On the contrast to male prevalence of AVM located in the other sites, the ratio of female to male was 2:1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633813 TI - [Extravasation of contrast media demonstrated during cerebral angiography in the giant aneurysm of the brain]. AB - The authors report a case of giant aneurysm in which extravasation of contrast medium was demonstrated during cerebral angiography and confirmed by computed tomography. A 33-year-old man suddenly lost consciousness and vomited frequently. Three hours later, he was admitted to our hospital in semicomatose state with left hemiplegia. Within two hours after admission, plain CT scan, enhanced CT scan, left carotid angiography and post-angiographic CT scan were performed. CT scan showed marked subarachnoid hemorrhage, left temporal intracerebral hematoma and oval mass which was remarkably enhanced in the left Sylvian fissure. First left carotid angiogram demonstrated a giant aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery which was measured 4.5 cm in maximum diameter. Second left carotid angiogram demonstrated an extravasation of contrast medium around the aneurysm. The patient immediately underwent CT scan, which showed enlargement of intracerebral hematoma and intraventricular high density area as added lesion. By regulation of window level, the presence of contrast medium due to intra angiographic rupture of the aneurysm was confirmed. The patient expired fifteen hours after admission. At autopsy, the thrombus in the aneurysmal sac was hardly present and the wall of the sac was made mainly of collagen fibers. From the following two points this case was very interesting. However this aneurysm was very large, the thrombus in the aneurysmal sac was hardly present. Extravasation of contrast medium was clearly demonstrated during cerebral angiography with confirmation by computed tomography in the giant aneurysm. PMID- 6633814 TI - [Surgical management of arteriovenous malformations in the posterior fossa]. AB - The authors reported 3 cases of dural arterio-venous malformation (AVM) in the posterior fossa and discussed mainly on surgical treatment. Case 1: 53-year-old man was admitted to our clinic with complaints of amnesia, visual impairment, dysarthria and gait disturbance. Neurological examination on admission disclosed slight disturbance of consciousness, bilateral papilledema, horizontal nystagmus, dysarthria and ataxic gait. Contrast CT showed a presence of vermiform irregular high density with enlarged ventricle, indicating phlebectasia in the brainstem and the cerebellum. Angiograms revealed a presence of dural AVM at the straight sinus fed by branches of external carotid artery and vertebrobasilar circulation with appearance of phlebectasia due to increase in straight sinus pressure on later phase. Dural sinus isolation for the affected sinus was performed under large occipital craniotomy which was initially reported by Hugosson and Bergstrom. Case 2: 55-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with complaint of gait disturbance. Neurological examination at the time of admission disclosed signs of raised intracranial pressure and caudal cranial nerves disturbance. Bruit synchronized with radial pulse was audible over the left occipital region. Angiograms showed a presence of dural AVM at the left transverse and sigmoid sinus with many feeding arteries and abnormal venous returns. Isolation of the involved sinuses was performed as same as in case 1. Case 3: 39-year-old woman was admitted to our clinic with complaints of protrusion of eyes and uncomfortable machinery noise over the right retromastoid region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633815 TI - Clearance of vasopressin from cerebrospinal fluid to blood in chronically cannulated Brattleboro rats. AB - The antidiuretic effects of intravenous (i.v.) and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusions of vasopressin (AVP) were compared in chronically cannulated conscious Brattleboro rats. AVP infused i.c.v. for 6 h reduced urine volume and increased urinary Na+ and K+ concentrations. These antidiuretic responses to i.c.v. AVP were dose related in the range 3-12 ng/h and were delayed and prolonged when compared with i.v. infusions (0.33-3 ng/h) of this peptide. Comparison of the dose-response curves for both routes of administration demonstrated that the antidiuretic response to i.c.v. infusion of AVP was approximately 10-fold lower than to AVP given intravenously. Since measurable amounts of AVP-like material appeared in the urine during the antidiuretic response, we conclude that a significant amount of AVP infused into the cerebroventricular system reaches the bloodstream in a biologically active form. PMID- 6633816 TI - Does DDAVP (1-desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin) cross the blood-CSF barrier? AB - Plasma and CSF 1-desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin (DDAVP) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay following the infusion at constant rates of various amounts of DDAVP (12.5-20 ng/kg/min) into the jugular veins of 4 adult sheep prepared with chronic, indwelling cisterna magnum catheters, as well as jugular vein and carotid artery catheters. The mean steady-state CSF DDAVP concentration did not vary significantly from zero. Thus, DDAVP does not cross the blood-CSF barrier when administered intravenously. PMID- 6633817 TI - Differential effects of opiate peptides and alkaloids on anterior pituitary hormone secretion. AB - In order to investigate the opiate receptors involved in the control of anterior pituitary hormone secretion, five different opioid drugs were administered intravenously to groups of 6 normal male subjects. Morphine (10 mg), methadone (10 mg), pentazocine (30 mg), nalorphine (10 mg) and 0.25 mg of the met enkephalin analogue, DAMME, all caused similar increases in circulating prolactin with falls in serum LH and cortisol. Methadone and DAMME also elevated GH and TSH; morphine elevated TSH but not GH, nalorphine GH but not TSH. After pentazocine neither GH nor TSH changed. FSH failed to change significantly after any drug. All these changes, except serum cortisol, were antagonised by 4 mg naloxone. Taking into account the known receptor subtypes preferentially activated by each opiate, it is suggested that prolactin secretion is modulated by epsilon-receptors and TSH by mu-receptors. The control of ACTH probably involves delta-or kappa-receptors, that for LH kappa-or epsilon-receptors. It is not possible on present data to allocate a specific receptor mediating the opioid control of GH. PMID- 6633818 TI - Stimulatory effect of dermorphin, a new synthetic potent opiate-like peptide, on human growth hormone secretion. AB - Two new related heptapeptides (dermorphins) with potent central and peripheral opiate-like activity have been isolated from the skin of South American frogs, and have been chemically characterized as H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2 (dermorphin) and H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Hyp-Ser-NH2 (Hyp6-dermorphin). The response of GH to infusion of a synthetic dermorphin (5.5 micrograms/kg/min for 30 min) was studied in 9 healthy men. Dermorphin (D) significantly increased plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations. The GH response to D was blunted by prior administration of naloxone, suggesting that D interacts with mu-type opiate receptors. However, the evaluation of the physiological significance of D-induced GH release in humans requires further study. PMID- 6633819 TI - Autoradiographic localization of quinuclidinyl benzilate binding to rat pituitary gland. AB - The location of muscarinic receptors in the rat pituitary gland was examined with an autoradiographic technique. Slides containing 10 or 20 micron horizontal sections of tissue were incubated in a solution of 1 n M[3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) in phosphate-buffered saline to label muscarinic receptors. Autoradiograms were produced by placing the slides into X-ray cassettes with tritium-sensitive film and processing the film 8-10 weeks later. Minimal binding occurred when sections were incubated in 1 nM[3H]QNB plus 1 microM atropine. Highest specific binding of QNB was found in the anterior and intermediate lobes along their border with the pituitary cleft. Patches of high binding were also seen penetrating the intermediate lobe and at the border between the intermediate and neural lobes. The remainder of the intermediate lobe had background density of autoradiographic grains. Moderate density of specific binding was found throughout the anterior lobe. Low specific binding occurred in the neural lobe. PMID- 6633820 TI - Oxytocin unlike vasopressin is a stress hormone in the rat. AB - The functions of oxytocin in the female are thought to be confined to the processes of milk ejection and parturition. In this study the role of oxytocin in the body's response to stressful stimuli has been examined. Physical immobilization of rats and forced swimming caused large increases in the secretion of the hormone, whereas vasopressin levels remained unchanged. These findings classify oxytocin, in contrast to vasopressin, as a so-called 'stress hormone' and suggest its importance in processes other than those related to reproduction. PMID- 6633821 TI - The effect of trifluoperazine and R 24 571 on the K+-evoked release of 5 hydroxytryptamine from superfused synaptosomes. AB - The effect of trifluoperazine (10 microM) and of R 24571 (0.1 and 1.0 microM) on the release of [3H]-5-HT from superfused synaptosomes from rat brain was studied. Trifluoperazine, but not R 24571, produced a rapid transient increase in the basal efflux of [3H]-5-HT. This effect may be due to the cleavage of either Ca2+ or [3H]-5-HT from binding sites on the synaptosomal membrane. In contrast to the effects on the basal efflux of [3H]-5-HT, both drugs significantly inhibited the release of [3H]-5-HT in response to K+ depolarisation. This effect of trifluoperazine did not appear to be due to the known membrane stabilising effects of the drug, but appeared more likely to be due to the calmodulin inhibiting effect of the drug. The results of this study support the view that calmodulin may be an important intermediate linking depolarisation with transmitter release in nerve terminals. PMID- 6633822 TI - Role of endorphins in endotoxin-induced hyperglycaemia in mice. AB - The present study assessed the role of endogenous opiate systems in the hyperglycaemic response to challenge with endotoxin in mice. Blockade of opiate receptors by administration of the opiate antagonists naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) or naltrexone (1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg) significantly decreased the degree of hyperglycaemia caused by challenge with endotoxin (80 micrograms). Naltrexone methyl bromide, a peripherally acting opiate antagonist, had no demonstrable effect on the endotoxin-induced hyperglycaemia. Finally, induction of tolerance to morphine prevented the hyperglycaemic response to challenge with endotoxin. These results suggest a causative role for central endorphinergic mechanisms in the hyperglycaemic response to administration of endotoxin. They support the view that the centrally acting opiate antagonist, by blocking the brain opiate receptors, can influence metabolic adaptation to endotoxin-induced shock. PMID- 6633823 TI - The influence of early postnatal treatment with haloperidol on the effects induced by small and large doses of apomorphine on locomotion of adult rats. AB - Chronic administration of haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) during early postnatal life did not modify the effects produced by a small dose of apomorphine (0.02 mg/kg, s.c.) on the locomotor activity of adult rats; conversely, the reduction of locomotion induced by a large dose of apomorphine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was much more kared in haloperidol-pretreated rat than in saline-pretreated ones. The differential ontogeny of dopamine auto- and postsynaptic receptors could be partly responsible for the different influence of postnatal treatment with haloperidol on the responsiveness of the adult to small and large doses of apomorphine. PMID- 6633824 TI - Naloxone-6-spirohydantoin: a new non-toxic compound with anticonvulsive properties. PMID- 6633825 TI - The nucleus reticularis dorsalis: a region sensitive to physostigmine. AB - Microinjection of physostigmine (3 micrograms) into the nucleus reticularis dorsalis of the rat produced hypertension. Little or no increases in blood pressure were found at the other areas of the medullary reticular formation. The pressor effect following injection of physostigmine into the nucleus reticularis dorsalis was sensitive to atropine (1 microgram) but resistant to hexamethonium (5 micrograms), similarly injected. Atropine (1 microgram) bilaterally injected into the nucleus decreased pressor responses to intravenous physostigmine (100 micrograms/kg). These data may indicate that there are muscarinic receptors responsible for pressor effects in the nucleus reticularis dorsalis. The medullary cholinoceptors may be involved in the systemic physostigmine effect on blood pressure. PMID- 6633826 TI - Distribution of disulfiram in brain after carotid ligation in gerbils. AB - Aiming whether intraperitoneal administration of disulfiram (tetraethyl thiuram disulfide, DS) achieves potentially therapeutic drug concentrations in brain tissue, the behaviour of blood-brain barrier (BBB) to 14C-labelled DS in cerebral ischemia with and without simultaneous administration of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was studied in Mongolian gerbils subjected to left common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion. The results indicated that: (a) the permeability of DS through the BBB was significantly enhanced in the ischemic brain during the initial 30 min duration after DS administration; (b) administration of DMSO increased the entry of DS into the ischemic brain five-fold during the first 30 min and it was significantly higher even at the 60 min sampling period; (3) in general, the content of DS in the brain was quickly reduced with time. PMID- 6633827 TI - Volume/pressure relationship of the cerebrospinal space in humans. AB - Using constant flow rate infusions and compensating for the fluid formed and eliminated, the net volume/pressure (V/p) relationship of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space in humans was investigated in more than 200 patients. Of these, 16 patients constitute a normal reference material. Reference values for the variables characterizing the V/p relationship are reported. The V/p relationship was found to be nonexponential, which is not consistent with the pressure-volume index theory. The reactivity of the vascular bed during induced CSF volume changes had to be taken into account when analyzing the results. There were reasons to believe that the major volume changes during the recording of the V/p relationship took place in the spinal part of the CSF space and that the pressure of minimal elastance corresponded to the spinal epidural venous pressure. PMID- 6633828 TI - Autogeneic fat transplants in the epidural space in routine lumbar spine surgery. AB - This report presents our experience with the use of autogeneic fat patch grafts to protect the exposed dura mater during lumbar spine operations. A total of 44 consecutive surgical procedures was performed primarily for discogenic or spondylotic disease from 1979 to 1982. Prophylactic antibiotics were used in 21 (48%) cases. The autogeneic fat transplants were well accepted by all recipients during 10.4 (1 to 32) months of follow-up. Fat grafts, greater than 1 cm in thickness, were easily identified on subsequent computed tomographic (CT) scans. There were no postoperative wound infections. However, 1 patient developed a large subcutaneous sterile fluid accumulation at the fat donor site, which required surgical intervention. Our results, both short and long term, indicate that autogeneic fat transplants may be well tolerated in the lumbar spine area. The fat graft viability as demonstrated by CT scanning and histological examination supports the contention that autogeneic fat interposed between dura mater and overlying musculature may serve as a barrier limiting the growth of cicatrix into the spinal canal. PMID- 6633829 TI - Postoperative intervertebral disc space infection. AB - Intervertebral disc space infection is an uncommon, but serious, complication of disc surgery. By a retrospective chart review, we identified 27 patients at our institution who had a postoperative disc space infection; 14 were diagnosed and treated within the last 5 years. The characteristic symptoms were severe spinal pain and limited spinal mobility beginning 7 to 30 days postoperatively. The key physical findings were paravertebral muscle spasm and marked mechanical signs. The key laboratory findings were an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a mildly elevated white blood cell count. The diagnosis was based on the clinical presentation and early radiographic changes in the vertebral bodies adjacent to the involved disc, especially irregularities of the cortical margins seen best by tomography. Definitive bacteriological diagnosis by Craig needle biopsy was attempted in 14 patients; 7 had positive cultures and all yielded a Staphylococcus species. The usual treatment consisted of the administration of antistaphylococcal antibiotics and immobilization of the spine with a spica cast, a plastic body jacket, or complete bedrest. The final radiographic findings showed bony fusion or bridging in 19 patients, and 25 patients had a pain-free recovery after 1 to 9 months. There was 1 recurrent infection, and 3 patients eventually required an anterior discectomy and fusion. Based on a review of our own cases and those reported in the literature, we stress the importance of spinal tomography in establishing the diagnosis of postoperative disc space infection at a relatively early stage in a patient who is suspected of having this condition on the basis of typical symptoms and signs combined with an elevated sedimentation rate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633830 TI - Air sinus wounds: an analysis of 163 consecutive cases incurred in the Korean War, 1950-1952. AB - Review of 1105 records patients with penetrating craniocerebral injuries incurred in the Korean War revealed 163 cases with air sinus wounds, an incidence of 14.8%. The characteristics of these wounds and their surgical management have been described. Foremost among the complications of air sinus wounds are the development of a cerebrospinal fluid fistula and the occurrence of posttraumatic infection. Prompt and radical debridement with exenteration of the affected sinus and watertight closure of the dura mater represent the key to the reduction of complications when dealing with penetrating wounds involving the air sinuses. PMID- 6633831 TI - Indwelling epidural morphine for control of post-lumbar spinal surgery pain. AB - The epidural instillation of morphine for pain control has been utilized for some time, although primarily intraoperatively or for patients with chronic severe pain, as in terminal cancer. Long term indwelling catheter or subarachnoid administration of epidural morphine are both potentially hazardous. However, in relatively brief applications, up to a few days, the epidural administration of morphine sulfate Is effective, safe, and well tolerated when used according to a carefully controlled plan. We report the use of this method as an improved means for the control of post-lumbar surgery pain in 25 cases. These patients were compared with 25 others receiving standard doses of parenteral and oral narcotics. The two groups were quite similar preoperatively. However, patients receiving epidural morphine were more comfortable, had fewer side effects such as nausea and lassitude, and exhibited no respiratory depression. Further, they ambulated sooner, showed no definitive orthostatic hypotension and less ileus, and remained much more alert and cooperative during the initial 48 hours after operation. Hospitalizations were usually shorter by 1 or 2 days. The administration of very small doses (1.0 to 2.5 mg) of morphine every 12 to 24 hours was usually adequate for good to excellent postoperative pain control. Hydroxyzine was sometimes used to potentiate the analgesia between doses. The epidural catheters were routinely removed within about 72 hours. The technique for the intraoperative placement of the epidural catheter and drug administration are detailed. Precautions for catheter placement were carefully followed to prevent dural penetration or intrathecal injection. PMID- 6633832 TI - Vasospasm and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm: serial rCBF studies with the xenon-133 inhalation method. AB - To clarify the relationship of vasospasm to the reduction of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the delayed ischemic neurological deficit, serial rCBF studies with the use of the xenon-133 inhalation method were conducted in 35 postoperative patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The CBF was calculated as an initial slope index (ISI) derived from the desaturation curve of each head probe, and the hemispheric mean value of the ISI (mean ISI) was calculated in both hemispheres. The mean ISI in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the operation was low compared to that of the contralateral hemisphere. In relation to the presence of vasospasm, angiographic findings were classified into the following five types: diffuse, peripheral, proximal-severe, proximal-mild, and no spasm. Patients with vasospasm of the diffuse, peripheral, and proximal-severe types showed a markedly decreased mean ISI, and vasospasm of the diffuse type caused the greatest degree of reduction. The mean ISI of the patients who developed delayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) due to vasospasm was significantly decreased (37.4 +/ 4.6) compared to that of the patients who did not develop DIND (52.2 +/- 5.6). None of 3 cases of no spasm and only 1 of 14 cases of proximal-mild spasm developed DIND. On the other hand, all of 4 cases of diffuse, 2 of 3 cases of peripheral, and 2 of 6 cases of proximal-severe spasm developed DIND. Thus, if these three types of vasospasm are joined together as severe vasospasm, 8 of 13 cases with severe vasospasm developed DIND. These results suggest that severe vasospasm causes a reduction of CBF and that the reduced CBF brings about DIND. PMID- 6633833 TI - Subarachnoid hemorrhage with normal cerebral panangiography. AB - Forty-two nonhypertensive patients with a proven subarachnoid hemorrhage but normal cerebral panangiography were in vestigated. The follow-up period was 1 to 5 years, with a mean of 39.1 months. Treatment consisted of 2 weeks of bedrest and sedation, followed by progressive mobilization on the 3rd week. Thirteen patients (Group A) were treated with tranexamic acid, whereas 29 patients (Group B) received no antifibrinolytic therapy. Five patients Of Group A died of ischemia caused by cerebral vasospasm. No patient of Group B died, and there was no early rebleeding in either group. Therefore, antifibrinolytic therapy is not indicated in these patients. Only 1 of 42 patients (2.4%) experienced late rebleeding, and he again had normal cerebral panangiography. Reangiography several weeks or months after the first hemorrhage seems not to be indicated. The overall prognosis of the surviving patients was good; almost all were able to return to their previous occupations within 6 months after the hemorrhage. PMID- 6633834 TI - Treatment of massive intraoperative brain swelling. AB - Massive intraoperative brain swelling is an infrequent but catastrophic occurrence. In this report, we describe the use of very large doses of thiopental as a means of treating such swelling. In our initial 11 cases (5 arteriovenous malformations, 4 hematomas, and 2 penetrating injuries), this approach produced the following outcomes: 6 patients made a good recovery, 2 are moderately disabled, 1 is severely disabled, and 2 are dead. These results indicate that this condition, which once was considered unmanageable, can indeed be managed and that treatment often results in an acceptable outcome. More recent experience in an additional 6 patients suggests that the use of planned deep thiopental anesthesia, with induced cerebral silence, during intracranial surgery may even prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon. PMID- 6633835 TI - Evaluation of the histopathology of brain tumor tissue obtained by ultrasonic aspiration. AB - Ultrasonic aspiration has been widely adopted in the resection of tumors of the central nervous system. In the past, the tumor tissue fragments obtained have been discarded. To evaluate these fragments as possible sources of material for histopathological study and tissue culture, we compared the microscopic features and viability in tissue culture of CUSA tissue fragments and biopsies obtained by conventional methods. Two cases (a meningioma and a subependymal astrocytoma) are presented to demonstrate that these tissue fragments retain good preservation of histological detail and tissue culture viability. Because the quantity of tumor tissue available from the CUSA tissue trap is consistently greater than that obtained by standard biopsy methods, utilization of this material may facilitate pathological interpretation by providing a more representative sample of tumor histology as well as providing an adequate and sterile source of material for tissue culture studies. PMID- 6633836 TI - Metastatic renal cell carcinoma mimicking a meningioma. AB - We report a patient with renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the left trigone, which mimicked an intraventricular meningioma. The metastasis was recognized 1.3 years after removal of the primary tumor, a longer disease-free interval than any previously reported cases with brain metastases of renal cell carcinoma. The patient is now free of disease of years after resection and 17 years after the discovery of the primary tumor. Metastatic disease should be considered in all patients with prior resection of renal cell carcinoma who experience the onset of neurological disease, even after a prolonged disease-free interval. Long term survival is observed after the resection of solitary metastases, particularly if these appear after a prolonged disease-free interval. PMID- 6633837 TI - Calcified metastases to the brain in a child: case report. AB - A child with calcified intracranial metastases of undifferentiated sarcoma of the mediastinum is described. Calcifications in metastatic neoplasms to the brain are rare, but must be considered in the differential diagnosis of intracranial calcified lesions. PMID- 6633838 TI - Postsurgical arachnoid cyst: report of two cases. AB - We present two cases that demonstrate the occurrence of symptomatic arachnoid cysts after craniotomy. Both patients presented 1 year postoperatively with generalized seizures as the only symptom. Focal or localizing neurological signs were not present. Both patients responded well to shunting procedures. PMID- 6633839 TI - Total removal of a brain stem arteriovenous malformation: case report. AB - The successful total removal of a brain stem arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in a two-staged operation is reported. The importance of selection of the approach for such an AVM because of the topographical anatomy is emphasized. PMID- 6633840 TI - Extramedullary hematopoiesis in a malignant meningioma. AB - An unusual case of malignant intracranial meningioma is presented. The operative management was complicated by the abrupt development of fulminant brain edema and herniation. The tumor contained areas of extramedullary hematopoiesis, a finding not previously reported. Various pathogenetic mechanisms involved in intradural extramedullary hematopoiesis are discussed. PMID- 6633841 TI - Posterior fossa hemorrhage in the term neonate. AB - Posterior fossa hemorrhage (PFH) in the newborn term infant has been infrequently reported, and before computed tomographic (CT) scanning most were identified at postmortem examination. The origin and causes of PFH in the term neonate differ from those in adults. The main possible causes are: (a) tentorial and falx disruption with avulsion of bridging veins due to mechanical compression and distortion of the head during the birth process, resulting in posterior fossa subdural collections and vermis hematoma, and (b) occipital osteodiastasis associated with cerebellar hemisphere laceration, with intracerebellar hematoma and subdural collections. Three full-term neonates with PFH were operated on with good outcome. Both of the possible causes contributed to the hemorrhage. Review of the literature to date has led to the following conclusions: (a) PFH in the term infant is frequently associated with breech delivery, forceps instrumentation, and prolonged labor with cranial molding. (b) Massive PFH is associated with dural sinus laceration, rupture of the vein of Galen, or rupture of hematoma into the subdural space. Symptoms may be delayed up to 96 hours in cases where there is a small continuing hemorrhage. (c) CT scanning with reconstructions is essential to provide precise localization of the hemorrhage and thus avoid errors in interpretation. (d) Prompt removal of PFH improves survival and decreases sequelae. (e) Shunting procedures are necessary in 36% of the cases. PMID- 6633842 TI - Voluntary standardization of medical devices and procedures. PMID- 6633843 TI - Immobilization and reduction of the fractured spine. PMID- 6633845 TI - Interaction between instrumental skills in the sphere of heterogeneous conditioned activity. PMID- 6633844 TI - Functional state of the CNS at extremal levels of spatial synchronization of spontaneous neocortical potentials in rabbits. PMID- 6633846 TI - Role of the spatial organization of efferent projections of the striopallidum in cortical and thalamic function. PMID- 6633847 TI - Role of orienting and defensive components in open field behavior of albino rats. PMID- 6633848 TI - Homogeneous (food) conditioned reflex switching in rats after simultaneous injury to the hippocampus and amygdala. PMID- 6633849 TI - Formation and interaction of memory traces of the results of action in animals with free choice of the direction of locomotion. PMID- 6633850 TI - Conditioned responses of striopallidal neurons to time. PMID- 6633851 TI - Autocorrelation analysis of spontaneous discharges of cortical neurons during learning. PMID- 6633852 TI - Differentiation of the intensity of photic stimuli. PMID- 6633853 TI - Effect of stimulation of cortical association areas in rabbits on evoked potentials and unitary responses in the visual cortex. PMID- 6633854 TI - Effect of mutant genes with a known biochemical effect on rate of formation of motor conditioned reflexes in honeybees. PMID- 6633855 TI - Cephaloceles: clinical and neuroradiological appearance. Associated cerebral malformations. AB - Cephaloceles are congenital malformations with herniation of intracranial structures through a defect in the cranium. On the basis of a review of the literature and 31 personal observations the authors discuss the clinical and neuroradiological presentation of their various anatomical locations: sphenoidal, ethmoidal, frontal, occipital and parietal. PMID- 6633856 TI - Occult cranium bifidum. Radiological and surgical findings. AB - Six cases of congenital subscalp nodule associated with underlying cranium bifidum are reported. A plain skull roentgenogram showed a midline bone defect in the parieto-occipital region near the lambda. CT scan demonstrated neither brain malformation nor ventricular deformity except for the high position of the straight sinus. Cerebral angiography revealed an elongation of the vein of Galen and anomalous upward course of the straight sinus. At surgery, the tumor was solid and connected to a cord which extended intracranially via the cranium bifidum and blended with thickened arachnoid membrane either on the dorsal aspect of the midbrain or at the surface of the anterior vermis. Histologically, the tumor consisted in all cases of arachnoid cells and fibrous tissue with immature glial cells in one case. Possible pathogenesis of these tumors could be a result of the fetal nuchal bleb. PMID- 6633857 TI - Holoprosencephaly and related entities. AB - Holoprosencephaly is a brain anomaly of varying severity with associated extracranial, symptomatic abnormalities in only a minority of cases. The class of brain defects known as holoprosencephaly represents a continuum usually divided into three types: alobar, semilobar, and lobar. Each has both distinctive radiological characteristics and some similarities. Typical facial anomalies are found in the severe forms. Absent septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia, possibly of similar embryological origin, have some resemblances to lobar holoprosencephaly, but are clinically and radiologically separate in most instances. Agenesis of the corpus callosum, which is superficially like holoprosencephaly, should not be confused with the prosencephalic defects. PMID- 6633858 TI - Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. AB - The embryology of the corpus callosum is briefly reviewed in relation to dysgenesis and associated malformations. The morphology, etiology, clinical and radiological features of such malformations are discussed and illustrated. PMID- 6633859 TI - Computed tomography in migratory disorders of human brain development. AB - Computed tomographic findings in developmental brain anomalies are more easily classified when the system used is based on embryogenesis related to morphology. Analysis of computed tomographic findings in a series of 154 patients with brain anomalies (Chiari malformation not included) revealed that specific examples of abnormalities occurring in major stages of brain development may be recognized by computed tomography. This paper deals with a group of patients with abnormalities that reflect a disturbance in neuronal migration. PMID- 6633860 TI - Exocytosis from large and small dense cored vesicles in noradrenergic nerve terminals. AB - The noradrenergic nerve terminals and their vesicle populations have been subject to much ultrastructural research which has served to support and extend data from biochemical analysis and pharmacological-physiological experiments. Although a great deal of information has been collected, there are still many problems which need further investigation before the various aspects of large and small dense cored vesicle function and their possible relationship to the various types of clear vesicles and vacuoles in the terminals can be fully explained. In particular, the ontogeny of microvesicles (30-40 nm), intermediate clear vesicles (45-55 nm) and large vacuoles or cisternae (150-200 nm) needs clarification before they can be fruitfully compared to similar structures assigned various roles in other types of terminals. From the data presently available the following conclusions can be drawn (Fig. 32): (1) both large and small dense cored vesicles participate in exocytosis. (2) The various steps of the exocytotic process from vesicle fusion to vesicle membrane retrieval can be captured by ultrastructural methods but the mode(s) of membrane recapture remains to be resolved. (3) A morphologically heterogeneous population of clear vesicles probably reflects organelles of different ontogeny some being formed via terminal membrane endocytosis and some representing smooth endoplasmic reticulum or small "dense-cored" vesicles devoid of noradrenaline. (4) The small dense-cored vesicles may be formed in the cell body and transported to the terminals as this type of vesicle can be seen in the axons (where they probably are not undergoing retrograde transport as suggested for some of the small clear vesicles). Some small dense-cored vesicles may also be formed from the permanganate and dichromate-positive tubular structures common in rodent terminals. (5) There is no morphological evidence for the presence of large protein molecules such as dopamine beta-hydroxylase in the dense core of small vesicles. Their staining properties appear to reflect mainly noradrenaline and small molecules that can leak out from the vesicles in parallel with the transmitter. (6) Dopamine beta hydroxylase and opioid peptides secreted from the noradrenergic terminals most probably originate from the large vesicles. (7) The hypothesis that only the large dense-cored vesicles contain and secrete dopamine beta-hydroxylase and opioids can help to explain the species differences in the concentrations of these substances observed in certain tissues. PMID- 6633861 TI - Synaptic connections of morphologically identified and physiologically characterized large basket cells in the striate cortex of cat. AB - Neurons were studied in the striate cortex of the cat following intracellular recording and iontophoresis of horseradish peroxidase. The three selected neurons were identified as large basket cells on the basis that (i) the horizontal extent of their axonal arborization was three times or more than the extent of the dendritic arborization; (ii) some of their varicose terminal segments surrounded the perikarya of other neurons. The large elongated perikarya of the first two basket cells were located around the border of layers III and IV. The radially elongated dendritic field, composed of beaded dendrites without spines, had a long axis of 300-350 microns, extending into layers III and IV, and a short axis of 200 microns. Only the axon, however, was recovered from the third basket cell. The lateral spread of the axons of the first two basket cells was 900 microns or more in layer III and, for the third cell, was over 1500 microns in the antero posterior dimension, a value indicating that the latter neuron probably fulfills the first criterion above. The axon collaterals of all three cells often branched at approximately 90 degrees to the parent axon. The first two cells also had axon collaterals which descended to layers IV and V and had less extensive lateral spreads. The axons of all three cells formed clusters of boutons which could extend up a radial column of their target cells. Electron microscopic examination of the second basket cell showed a large lobulated nucleus and a high density of mitochondria in both the perikarya and dendrites. The soma and dendrites were densely covered by synaptic terminals. The axons of the second and third cells were myelinated up to the terminal segments. A total of 177 postsynaptic elements was analysed, involving 66 boutons of the second cell and 89 boutons of the third cell. The terminals contained pleomorphic vesicles and established symmetrical synapses with their postsynaptic targets. The basket cell axons formed synapses principally on pyramidal cell perikarya (approximately 33% of synapses), spines (20% of synapses) and the apical and basal dendrites of pyramidal cells (24% of synapses). Also contacted were the perikarya and dendrites of non-pyramidal cells, an axon, and an axon initial segment. A single pyramidal cell may receive input on its soma, apical and basal dendrites and spines from the same large basket cell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6633862 TI - Receptive field characteristics of neurones in striate cortex of newborn lambs and adult sheep. AB - The properties of cells of the striate visual cortex (V1) have been studied in the normal adult sheep and in new-born lambs without visual experience, the majority of cells in the lamb are orientation specific, but 20% are non-oriented compared to only 3% cells in the adult. In the lamb there was little or no facilitation of binocularly-driven cells by simultaneous stimulation of both receptive fields. Cells which responded only to binocular stimulation of particular disparities ('obligate binocular' cells) were rarely encountered. In the adult, 15% of the sample were obligate binocular cells and a further 28% showed binocular facilitation. Simple and complex receptive fields were found in similar proportions in both new-born lambs and adult sheep. End-stopped cells comprised 17% of the sample in adults but only 2% in the lambs. Direction sensitive cells were found more frequently in the sheep (21% of cells) than in the lamb (4% of cells). It is concluded that facilitatory processes in binocular cells and inhibitory mechanisms generally, seem much less developed in the lamb. PMID- 6633863 TI - Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology of nigral dopaminergic neurons- 1. Identification and characterization. AB - Intracellular recordings were obtained from directly identified rat nigral dopamine cells in vivo. This identification was based on an increase in glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine fluorescence in the impaled dopamine neurons. One of three compounds was injected intracellularly into each cell to produce the heightened fluorescence: (1) L-DOPA, to increase the intracellular dopamine content by precursor loading; (2) tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor for tyrosine hydroxylase, to increase intracellular dopamine concentration through activation of the rate-limiting enzyme for dopamine synthesis and (3) colchicine, to arrest intraneuronal transport and thus allow the build-up of dopamine synthesizing enzymes and dopamine in the soma. In addition, dopamine cells were antidromically activated from the caudate nucleus and collision with a directly elicited action potential was demonstrated. Identified dopamine neurons were shown to possess an input resistance of 31.2 +/- 7.4 M omega (means +/- SD) and a time constant of 12.1 +/- 3.2 ms. The action potentials were of long duration (2.75 +/- 0.5 ms) with a marked break between the initial segment and the somatodendritic spike components. The initial segment was the only component commonly elicited during antidromic activation. Spontaneously occurring action potentials were usually preceded by a slow, pacemaker-like depolarization. Burst firing by summation of depolarizing afterpotentials was observed to occur spontaneously, but could not be triggered by short depolarizing current pulses. Intravenously administered apomorphine demonstrated the same inhibitory effect on cell firing that was previously reported to occur when recording extracellularly from identified dopaminergic neurons. The determination of the electrophysiological characteristics of a population of cells directly identified as containing a specific neurotransmitter (in this case, dopamine) may allow one to construct better models of a system's functioning. Thus, the high input resistance and long time constant of dopamine-containing cells, combined with their burst/pause firing mode, may be important functionally with respect to a possible modulatory effect of dopamine in postsynaptic target areas. PMID- 6633864 TI - Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology of nigral dopaminergic neurons- 2. Action potential generating mechanisms and morphological correlates. AB - Intracellular recordings from identified nigral dopamine neurons in the rat revealed that their potentials are composed of four components: (1) a slow depolarization, (2) an initial segment spike, (3) a somatodendritic spike, and (4) an afterhyperpolarization. By combining intracellular and extracellular recording techniques with anatomical studies using intracellular injections of Lucifer yellow, an attempt was made to localize each of these potentials to various neuronal compartments. Lucifer yellow injections demonstrated that the dopamine neurons recorded have a pyramidal or polygonal shaped soma, 12-30 microns in diameter, with 3-6 thick major dendrites which extend 10-50 microns from the soma before bifurcating. The axon appears to rise from a major dendrite 15-30 microns from the soma. Based on this anatomical configuration, results from the electrophysiological studies suggest that: (1) the slow depolarization is a pacemaker-like conductance most likely localized to the somatic region, (2) the initial segment spike is a low-threshold spike probably located at the axon hillock, (3) the somatodendritic spikes are long duration spikes that rapidly inactivate with depolarization, have a high threshold, and are localized to the dendritic regions. The action potential is then terminated by a long duration afterhyperpolarization. Our data further suggest that spike generation may be initiated by a slow depolarization at the soma triggering a spike in the low threshold axon hillock which then spreads across the already-depolarized soma to trigger the dendritic spike. Based on the above findings, dopamine neurons can be compartmentalized electrophysiologically and morphologically into subcomponents, each associated with spikes and specific ionic currents. The high threshold dendritic component of the action potential demonstrates rapid inactivation with depolarization, and thus occurs over a rather narrow range of membrane polarization. This limited range of action potential generation may be important in control of dendritic dopamine release and/or modulation of electrical coupling between dopaminergic neurons. PMID- 6633865 TI - Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology of nigral dopaminergic neurons- 3. Evidence for electrotonic coupling. AB - Using three independent in vivo methods, we have obtained evidence for electrotonic coupling between sets of rat zona compacta dopaminergic neurons: (1) Lucifer yellow injection into single dopamine neurons resulted in labeling of two to five dopamine neurons in 18 out of 33 injections. Similar injections into reticular formation or nigral reticulata cells did not demonstrate multiple labeling. (2) Intracellular recording revealed spontaneously occurring small (3 15 mV) fast potentials that often triggered action potentials in dopamine neurons when the membrane potential was close to firing threshold. These fast potentials had a firing rate and pattern similar to that reported previously for extracellularly recorded dopamine neurons. Fast potentials were activated antidromically from the caudate nucleus at a latency similar to that reported for dopamine neurons, followed high frequency antidromic stimulation at a constant latency, and collided with spontaneously occurring fast potentials. However, directly elicited action potentials would not collide reliably with antidromically activated fast potentials. Intracellular injection of depolarizing or hyperpolarizing current increased and decreased, respectively, the rate of occurrence of these potentials. The firing rate of fast potentials could be increased and decreased by the intravenous administration of dopamine antagonists and agonists, respectively. (3) Simultaneous extracellular recording from pairs of DA neurons revealed numerous instances of synchronized action potentials. This was observed more frequently following intravenous haloperidol administration. Sets of burst firing dopamine neurons recorded simultaneously consistently demonstrated a decrease in the interspike interval as the burst progressed; a phenomenon commonly reported in other electrically coupled systems. Electrical coupling has been suggested to be present in sets of identified nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. Electrical communication between these neurons could be involved in modulating burst firing and in synchronizing dopamine release. PMID- 6633866 TI - The excitatory amino-acid antagonist gamma-D-glutamylglycine masks rather than prevents long term potentiation of the perforant path. AB - The effect of the glutamate antagonist gamma-D-glutamylglycine on the induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus has been investigated in vivo. gamma-D-glutamyglycine (10(-3) M) perfused through a push-pull cannula into the dentate gyrus, rapidly reduced perforant path evoked potentials. Application to the perforant path of a high-frequency train (250 Hz, 500 ms), which in control animals reliably produced long term potentiation, had no effect on the evoked potentials when applied during blockade by gamma-D-glutamylglycine. This result was obtained despite the inability of gamma-D-glutamylglycine completely to inhibit the evoked potentials. However, when standard medium was reintroduced, potentiation was revealed in animals that had received the high-frequency train, whereas in animals that had received no high-frequency train during gamma-D glutamylglycine inhibition the potentials returned only to pre-drug levels. In additional experiments, in which the dentate gyrus was continuously perfused with [3H]glutamine, and the steady state outflow of [3H]glutamate was measured, it was observed that gamma-D-glutamylglycine (10(-3) M) increased the steady state release of [3H]glutamate into the perfusate. From this result it is likely that gamma-D-glutamylglycine does not have any presynaptic inhibitory activity at the perforant path-granule cell synapse. The results indicate that a high frequency train applied to the perforant path during a period of inhibition by gamma-D glutamylglycine was able to induce long term potentiation, whose expression was, however, masked until the glutamate antagonist was removed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6633867 TI - Intracellular calcium accumulation in rat hippocampus during seizures induced by bicuculline or L-allylglycine. AB - Using electron microscopy and the combined oxalate-pyroantimonate technique, free calcium ions were located in the hippocampus of control rats and of those that had undergone status epilepticus induced by L-allylglycine or bicuculline. The validity of this technique was established by the use of the calcium chelating agent ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether), N,N'-tetra-acetic acid and by an X-ray microanalytical technique. In control material, calcium deposits were visible in synaptic vesicles and multivesicular bodies, in parts of the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and in glial and neuronal nuclei. Following 2 h of status epilepticus, cellular pathology included astrocytic swelling, and dark cell degeneration of pyramidal neurons. This was accompanied by a marked increase in the amount of calcium pyroantimonate deposits, particularly in swollen and disrupted mitochondria of CA1 and CA3 basal dendrites, and in selected neuronal cell bodies in the CA1 and CA3-4 regions. We propose that enhanced calcium entry into neurons and consequent overloading of the capacity of mitochondria for calcium sequestration is part of the cytotoxic mechanism leading to selective neuronal loss in the hippocampus in status epilepticus. PMID- 6633868 TI - The effects of lesions to ascending noradrenergic neurons on discrimination learning and performance in the rat. AB - Three experiments examined the effect of central noradrenergic depletion on the acquisition and performance of a temporal discrimination in auditory or visual modalities. In Experiment 1, 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle significantly retarded acquisition compared to a similarly lesioned ventral noradrenergic bundle-group, two sham-operated and one unoperated control group. In Experiment 2, the acquisition impairment produced in the dorsal noradrenergic bundle group was replicated, for both auditory and visual modalities, by lesions depleting hippocampal and neocortical noradrenaline by over 80%. In rats subsequently switched to discriminations involving the unfamiliar modality, the dorsal-bundle lesion also impaired acquisition several weeks after surgery. Experiment 3 showed significantly impaired performance in rats with dorsal bundle lesions when training prior to surgery had not resulted in better than chance performance. In rats previously trained to criterion, the dorsal bundle lesion transiently, but non-significantly, impaired performance. In rats performing better than chance, but not having reached criterion, there were no significant effects of the dorsal bundle lesion. Subsequent manipulations of deprivation and difficulty of discrimination in general failed to distinguish between the dorsal bundle lesion and sham-groups, suggesting that the acquisition impairment did not result from simple sensory or motivational effects. Reducing the interstimulus interval did impair the dorsal bundle group more than controls. However, there was no evidence of altered "distractibility" in the lesioned group when the alternative modality was introduced as a distractor. The results are discussed in terms of other acquisition deficits shown by rats with central noradrenaline depletion and their significance for determining the functions of the projections from the locus caeruleus via the dorsal noradrenergic bundle to the neocortex and hippocampus. PMID- 6633869 TI - Structural changes in nerve endings of rat median eminence superfused with media rich in potassium ions. AB - In vitro fragments of male rat mediobasal hypothalami were superfused with Krebs- Ringer solution in the presence or absence of CaCl2. Infusions containing up to 60 mM potassium chloride were applied, at the end of which tissues were fixed in osmium tetroxide and prepared for transmission electron microscopy. Control superfusions were run in parallel. Quantitative measurements performed on electron micrographs of the outermost palisade region showed significant (20-30%) increase in caliber of axon endings after intensive potassium ion stimulation. Ultrastructurally, widespread depletion of granular vesicles and microvesicles was found. Vesicle shift to the outer zone of the terminals, formation of membrane-bound tubules of the same diameter as microvesicles, and images of attachment and collapse of vesicles into the axolemma were found, particularly after 1 min stimulation. These findings were interpreted as consistent with exocytosis. Longer stimulations were followed by the appearance of large pleomorphic vacuoles that are probably the result of post-exocytotic membrane retrieval. Axon enlargement and vesicle depletion were absent in specimens superfused with calcium-free medium containing high potassium. The functional significance of these ultrastructural changes are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that exocytosis of calcium-loaded microvesicles can contribute to extrude this ion from median eminence nerve endings during secretion. PMID- 6633870 TI - Cellular morphology of chronic spinal cord injury in the cat: analysis of myelinated axons by line-sampling. AB - A systematic line-sampling method is described for counting and mapping myelinated axons in transverse sections of the spinal cord. Its advantages over random sampling of small areas are considered. The technique was applied to quantifying experimental weight-drop contusion injuries of cat spinal cord, from several months to more than a year after injury. Contusion of the mid-thoracic cord with a 20 g weight dropped 20 cm was usually sufficient to produce chronic hindlimb paralysis whilst allowing the survival of significant numbers (40,000 110,000) of myelinated axons passing through the lesion site. The axons which survived were concentrated towards the pial surface. There was a proportionally greater loss of larger diameter axons, but this was independent of distance from the pia, indicating that at least two independent factors contribute to selective axonal death following injury, one related to depth within the cord, the other to axon diameter. Myelin sheath thickness was decreased from normal and this deficit also increased with depth. There was overlap in all these quantitative morphological characteristics between animals showing some recovery of hindlimb locomotion and those with maintained spastic paralysis at more than six months after injury. Effective locomotion was found to recover in some cases with the maintenance of a small proportion (5-10%) of the original axonal population, largely concentrated in a rim only 200-300 microns thick. Morphological correlates of paralysis in chronic injuries included severe reduction of axonal number, selective elimination of large fibers, and sustained dysmyelination. Any one or combination of these may be responsible for chronic paralysis in individual animals. PMID- 6633871 TI - Suggestive evidence for a direct innervation of mucosal mast cells. AB - Mast cells are often observed near nerves and functional evidence suggests an innervation of these cells. In the present ultrastructural study, nerve terminals containing many small clear vesicles and a few large vesicles with dense matrix were observed in direct contact with the plasma membrane of mucosal mast cells in the rat ileum, strongly suggestive of a direct innervation. PMID- 6633872 TI - Changes in the protein and glycoprotein composition of rabbit optic nerve myelin during early postnatal development. PMID- 6633873 TI - [Morphological picture of the human pineal body in various systemic pathological states]. PMID- 6633874 TI - [Clinico-neuropathological correlates in the pathologic state of the cerebral lacunae of different etiologies with the exception of arteriosclerosis]. PMID- 6633875 TI - [Effect of vincristine, administered to rats in the second half of pregnancy, on myelination of the corpus callosum]. PMID- 6633876 TI - [Arterial vascularization of the nuclei of the corpus striatum and internal capsule in the cat]. PMID- 6633877 TI - [Effect of indomethacin on ischemic brain damage in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)]. PMID- 6633878 TI - [Morphological evaluation of the age of post-traumatic intracerebral hematoma]. PMID- 6633879 TI - Method of the development of irreversible, complete cerebral ischemia in dog. PMID- 6633880 TI - Influence of sex-hormones on the Harderian gland activity in female domestic duckling. PMID- 6633881 TI - [Report on the 12th Hungarian Conference on Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis. 29-31 March 1982. Abstracts]. PMID- 6633882 TI - [Diagnostic usefulness of blood myoglobin in myocardial ischemia before and after the effort test]. PMID- 6633883 TI - [Isometric contraction time of the left ventricle at rest and after the hand-grip test in holosystolic mitral prolapse]. PMID- 6633884 TI - [Early cycloergometric functional evaluation test in patients with a recent myocardial infarct. Medium-term (3 years) prognostic value]. PMID- 6633885 TI - [Variations in the arterial pressure response to effort in normal subjects. Observations and personal experience of 126 selected cases]. PMID- 6633886 TI - [Comparison between the subxiphoid and parasternal technics in the M-mode echographic evaluation of the left ventricle]. PMID- 6633887 TI - [Echocardiographic study in a family group with girdle-type muscular dystrophy]. PMID- 6633888 TI - [Non-invasive registration of anomalies of ventricular kinetics after myocardial infarct. Prognostic value of the kinetocardiogram]. PMID- 6633889 TI - [Myocardial infarct and arrhythmia. I. Acute myocardial infarct and hyperkinetic arrhythmia. Statistical study of a population of 741 cases of acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6633890 TI - [Rheologic modifications of the blood in the acute phase of myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6633891 TI - [Description of a case of interventricular defect with spontaneous closure. Diagnostic aspects of M-mode echocardiography]. PMID- 6633892 TI - [Abdominal aorta aneurysm and associated peripheral arterial lesions]. PMID- 6633893 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid]. PMID- 6633894 TI - [Limitations of diagnostic peritoneal lavage in multi-injured patients with pelvic fractures]. PMID- 6633895 TI - [Antibiotic prevention in surgery of the large intestine]. PMID- 6633897 TI - [Acute cholecystitis: our therapeutic orientation]. PMID- 6633896 TI - [Short-term prevention with clindamycin and gentamicin in abdominal surgery. Randomized study]. PMID- 6633898 TI - [Diverticular disease of the large intestine. Anatomo-pathologic considerations and clinical results of the surgical treatment]. PMID- 6633899 TI - [Acute necrosis of the perineum. Case report]. PMID- 6633900 TI - [Report of a case of actinomycosis of the terminal ileum with special reference to diagnostic problems]. PMID- 6633901 TI - [Cancer of the stomach operated on for peptic ulcer. 10 cases observed in 185 gastric cancer patients]. PMID- 6633902 TI - [Our experience with anal fistulas. Proposal for their classification and evaluation criteria of long-term surgical results]. PMID- 6633904 TI - [Our experience in the treatment of Crohn's disease localized in the colon]. PMID- 6633903 TI - [Incidence and risk of cancer of the large intestine following cholecystectomy]. PMID- 6633905 TI - [Role of peritoneal lavage in the diagnosis of hemoperitoneum]. PMID- 6633906 TI - [Use of a biliary endoprosthesis in neoplastic stenosis of the hepatic hilum. Review of the literature and presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 6633907 TI - [Acute postoperative pancreatitis. Apropos of 4 cases]. PMID- 6633908 TI - [Angiographic evaluation of the patency of vascular microanastomoses]. PMID- 6633909 TI - [26 cases of surgical infection treated with cefoxitin]. PMID- 6633910 TI - [Primary hemangiopericytoma of the lung. Presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 6633911 TI - [Pseudolymphoma of the lung]. PMID- 6633912 TI - [Use of cimetidine in gastroduodenal ulcer. New therapeutic regimen]. PMID- 6633913 TI - [Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice caused by hepatobiliary parasitosis]. PMID- 6633914 TI - [Serum and urinary manganese in liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6633915 TI - [Lithiasis of the extrahepatic bile duct. Clinico-statistical evaluation and results]. PMID- 6633917 TI - [Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Clinical report of a case located in the jejunum]. PMID- 6633916 TI - [Trans-duodenal papillosphincterostomy]. PMID- 6633918 TI - [Role of the hospital dietetic service in the treatment of diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6633920 TI - [Localization of adenomas of the large intestine. Importance for a screening program]. PMID- 6633919 TI - [Importance of the trypsin radioimmunoassay in pancreatic diagnosis]. PMID- 6633921 TI - [Anatomo-clinical aspects of adenomas of the large intestine. Considerations on endoscopic and surgical cases]. PMID- 6633922 TI - [Current approaches in the treatment of malignant adenomas of the colon and rectum]. PMID- 6633923 TI - Strategies to diagnosis and screening of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. AB - The clinical diagnosis of venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism is unreliable and must be confirmed by objective methods. The available objective diagnostic tests which have been evaluated for deep vein thrombosis and shown to be of value are venography, IPG, and (125I)-fibrinogen leg scanning. All these methods have certain disadvantages, but the potential advantages of accurate diagnosis using a combination of non-invasive tests as an alternative to venography are considerable. This approach is cost-effective, because it avoids unnecessary hospital admissions and reserves anticoagulant treatment for those in whom diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis is confirmed. Non-invasive techniques can also be used to screen high risk surgical patients for whom no inexpensive, effective, safe form of prophylaxis is available. The correct diagnostic approach in suspected pulmonary embolism remains to be established. The initial screening by perfusion lung scan with ventilation studies, followed by either the demonstration of pulmonary emboli with angiography, or the demonstration of peripheral deep venous thrombosis, is considered to be the safest approach. PMID- 6633924 TI - The impact of Duplex scanning on the evaluation of patients with asymptomatic bruits in the region of the carotid arteries. AB - Between January 1980 and January 1981, 95 patients with 'asymptomatic' bruits in the region of the carotid arteries were evaluated at the University of Washington with an ultrasonic Duplex scanner combined with spectral analysis. Based upon the interpretation of a hardcopy of the spectral analysis, the artery of interest was classified into one of five categories: A normal; B 5-15% diameter reduction; C 16-49% diameter reduction; D 50-99% diameter reduction, and E total occlusion. Forty-eight patients had unilateral and 47 patients had bilateral bruits; 142 bruits were evaluated. The distribution of disease in the internal carotid artery was: A: 2% (3/142); B: 30% (42/142); C: 37% (53/142); D: 29% (41/142), and E: 2% (3/142). If the presence of a high grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery (50-99% diameter reduction) is an indication for invasive intervention, then 71% of these patients would not require contrast arteriography. The role of a direct ultrasonic study, such as Duplex scanning, in patients with asymptomatic bruits is discussed. PMID- 6633925 TI - The results of treatment of comminuted fractures and fracture dislocations of the proximal humerus. AB - Out of 31 patients with a comminuted fracture or fracture dislocation of the proximal humerus, 21 were followed up. Twelve patients were treated operatively by internal fixation or endoprosthesis and nine were treated conservatively. The best results were achieved after internal fixation, especially in the younger patients. In the older patients, implantation of a prosthesis gave a satisfactory result. PMID- 6633926 TI - Bile-duct cysts--diagnosis and treatment in 14 patients. AB - Between 1978 and 1982 14 patients were treated for bile-duct cysts. The predominant clinical signs were obstructive jaundice and hepatomegaly in the younger patients, while pain was the most common symptom in the older patients. Ultrasonography was a valuable diagnostic technic but percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were associated with septic complications; as an alternative, routine preoperative cholangiography is recommended to visualize the type of bile-duct cyst. Excision of the bile-duct cyst was considered the treatment of choice. Excision was performed in 11, and internal drainage in three patients. Cholangitis developed in four children after excision of the cyst. In our series the prognosis was good following surgical treatment, even in younger patients. PMID- 6633927 TI - Octavolateral projections to the torus semicircularis of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. AB - Microiontophoretic delivery of horseradish peroxidase in the torus semicircularis of the trout resulted in heavy labeling of somata in the rhombencephalic nucleus intermedius octavolateralis and nucleus octavus magnocellularis. In addition some labeled somata were found closely to the fasciculus longitudinalis lateralis and in the diencephalon. Efferents leave the torus to the diencephalon, the tegmentum and the tectum and, via the fasciculus longitudinalis lateralis, to the rhombencephalon and the spinal cord. It is concluded that in the trout the torus receives octaval and lateral line input mainly directly from the octavolateral area in the hindbrain, without involvement of a superior olive. PMID- 6633928 TI - The laminar arrangement of limbic thalamocortical neurons in the lateropulvinar nuclei of the cat thalamus. AB - The topical organization of limbic cortical projections of the lateropulvinar nuclei of the thalamus in the cat was studied with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) technique. The dorsal margins of the dorsal lateral, medial pulvinar and lateral pulvinar nuclei project to the postsubicular and presubicular areas (presubiculum in a wide sense), the most dorsal parts of these nuclei projecting to the retrosplenial area, and the dorsal parts to the cingular area. These three zones of limbic thalamocortical neurons in the lateropulvinar nuclei are arranged in lamination from the surface inward, and may be called presubicular, retrosplenial and cingular zones. PMID- 6633929 TI - Recovery from spinal transection in fish: regrowth of axons past the transection. AB - In fish axons reportedly cross a spinal transection, form synapses, and then cease growing or grow in abnormal directions. This obviously would not restore previous synaptic connections, and since fish recover function, it is often stated that recovery of function in fish seems to be independent of restoration of normal synaptic architecture. By contrast, the present study emphasizes that many axons in goldfish continue growing after they pass a spinal transection. Horseradish peroxidase was injected into caudal spinal cord in normal or spinal cord-transected fish. Neurons were labeled in the same places in operated and normal fish. Since the site of injection was 4 cm (18 segments) caudal to the transection, it seems clear that the axons of cells labeled in transected fish extended past the cut for almost the length of the spinal cord. Thus growth did not cease for these axons. Therefore, even though synapses undoubtedly form in the neuropil distal to the cut, many axons do not stop growing and restoration of previous synaptic connections may well be a requirement for return of function. PMID- 6633930 TI - Convergence of cardiac and cutaneous afferents onto neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the cat. AB - Convergence of cardiac and cutaneous afferents onto neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was demonstrated in the cat. Responses of neurons to cutaneous stimulation revealed that they were either nociceptive specific (NS) or wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons. NS neurons were located in lamina I and outer zone of lamina II (IIo). WDR neurons were located in laminae I and IIo as well as laminae IV-VI. Since all the neurons responsive to electrical stimulation of the inferior cardiac nerve responded to cutaneous nociceptive input, it was inferred that the sensation evoked by excitation of dorsal horn neurons by cardiac afferents is pain. The observed convergence is suggested as a mechanism for referred pain, and convergence onto WDR neurons provides an explanation for the phenomenon of allodynia in a stage between anginal attacks. PMID- 6633931 TI - Trophic effect of iron-bound transferrin on acetylcholine receptors in rat skeletal muscle in vivo. AB - Trophic effect of iron-bound transferrin (FeTf) on the total content of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and the specific activity of AChRs in innervated and denervated skeletal muscle was investigated in vivo. The right ischiadic nerves of 15 rats weighing 160 g were transected. FeTf (1.2 mg/ml) was injected daily into bilateral crural muscles of rats for the following 11 days. Control groups received injections of saline or no treatment. FeTf significantly increased the total content of AChRs and the specific activity of AChRs in innervated and denervated muscle compared with control groups (P less than 0.001). This result shows that intramuscular injections of FeTf may be useful for the treatment of disorders of neuromuscular transmission. PMID- 6633932 TI - Central distribution of efferent components in the greater petrosal nerve of the cat. AB - Central distribution of efferent components in the greater petrosal nerve (GPN) of the cat was examined by applying HRP to the central cut end of the GPN in the pterygopalatine fossa. Efferent neurons of the GPN are located in the lateral reticular formation from the levels of the exiting root of the facial nerve to the most caudal level of the facial nucleus. The axons of these neurons follow bent courses in the tegmental region of the lower brainstem to form a small genu medially to the genu of the axons of the facial motoneurons. PMID- 6633933 TI - Morphological fine tuning of retinotopy within the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. AB - The course of optic tract fibres from small parts of the cat retina to the terminal projections in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) was demonstrated with anterograde tracer substances. Fibres headed towards the same projection columns enter the dLGN at its ventral border parallel to each other and widely scattered. Within the dLGN the fibres converge into a well defined, narrow projection area. Fibre courses and orientation of the projection columns are not identical. Only roughly presorted in the tract, the fibres are extensively rearranged within the dLGN to produce the high precision of retinogeniculate topography. PMID- 6633934 TI - Intracellular SITS injection dye-uncouples mammalian oligodendrocytes in culture. AB - When the blue fluorescing dye SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2' disulfonic acid disodium salt) is injected into one of a pair of electrically and dye-coupled oligodendrocytes it does not cross the intercellular junctions but remains in the injected cell. Moreover, the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH (LY), which normally crosses these intercellular junctions after injection, does not diffuse into a SITS-injected cell. Thus, intracellular SITS injection leads to dye-uncoupling. SITS injection does not eliminate electrical-coupling. PMID- 6633935 TI - Karyometric changes in the subcommissural organ of male mice after gonadectomy. AB - A karyometric study of the ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ (SCO) was made in male albino mice castrated at 20 days and examined at 25, 35, 45, 55 and 85 days of life, and in control groups of the respective ages. The values of the nuclear areas and perimeters of SCO cells as well as those of the global volume of the SCO are significantly lower in the experimental groups, and the nuclear membrane shows less invaginations. No changes are observed after gonadectomy in the subjacent thalamic ependyma. PMID- 6633936 TI - Adrenaline: occurrence in the bovine retina. AB - Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrochemical detection, a substance corresponding to adrenaline was identified in crude perchloric acid extracts from bovine retina. The substance did not originate from exogenous contamination such as blood. Retinal tissues also contained phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase (PNMT) activity and the retinal enzyme had a similar substrate specificity as purified bovine PNMT. The pigment epithelium/choroid complex also had PNMT activity and an analysis of extracts by HPLC revealed the presence of small amounts of adrenaline. The results suggest that adrenaline is of functional importance in the bovine retina. PMID- 6633937 TI - [3H]diazepam binding sites on chick neurons in primary culture. AB - High affinity [3H]diazepam binding sites were identified on neurons prepared from the hemispheres of 8-day-old chick embryos and grown in serum-containing or serum free medium. Clonazepam (IC50 = 3 nM) was more potent than Ro 5-4864 (IC50 greater than 1000 nM) in displacing [3H]diazepam binding. GABA and pentobarbital, in the presence of chloride ions were able to stimulate [3H]diazepam binding synergistically. These interactions were found to be comparable to those observed in mammalian brain. PMID- 6633938 TI - Aberrant retinotectal projection induced by larval unilateral enucleation in Xenopus. AB - The left eye was removed at late larval stages in Xenopus and the optic fibre projections of the remaining right eye assessed from 2 weeks to 13 months past metamorphosis. [3H]Proline autoradiography and electrophysiological recording of the visual field projection showed an aberrant optic fibre projection from the peripheral ventral retina to the right ipsilateral tectum. It is suggested that optic fibres, arising from the retina formed after the time of the operation, reach the ipsilateral tectum by following the axon debris of the removed eye. PMID- 6633939 TI - Types of afferents from the knee joint evoking sympathetic reflexes in cat inferior cardiac nerves. AB - In anesthetized cats electrical stimulation of the medial articular nerve of the knee joint evoked sympathetic reflex discharges in inferior cardiac nerves. Low intensity single stimuli elicited early reflex discharges (A-reflexes, latency 70 90 ms, duration 110-200 ms) whereas short tetanic stimulation at higher intensities evoked, in addition, late reflexes (C-reflexes, latency 390-480 ms, duration 230-400 ms). An analysis of the relation between the conduction velocity and the electrical threshold of 231 single medial articular nerve fibers revealed that the A-reflex is mainly due to activation of Group II units, whereas the C reflex is evoked by activity in unmyelinated Group IV fibers. PMID- 6633941 TI - The dorsal column nucleus in a reptile, Caiman crocodilus. AB - The dorsal column nucleus of Caiman crocodilus was identified by using standard orthograde techniques to trace the degeneration that resulted from dorsal rhizotomies in brachial and lumbar regions. Although the dorsal column nucleus was difficult to locate in Nissl and fiber preparations, it was easily identified in histochemical material because it stained intensely with succinate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase. PMID- 6633940 TI - Loss of pigmented dopamine-beta-hydroxylase positive cells from locus coeruleus in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. AB - Serial sections of human brainstem were used to determine the total number of pigmented cells in locus coeruleus and, by immunohistochemical staining using an antiserum directed against human dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), the number of DBH-positive cells. In 12 brains from elderly control and dementia subjects there wer not significant differences in the total cell populations determined in the same brain by the two techniques. In 6 patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type there was a variable loss (average about 60% reduction) in locus coeruleus cells when compared to controls of similar age. The loss of noradrenergic neurones from locus coeruleus was accompanied by an average reduction of similar magnitude in noradrenaline concentration in temporal cortex, with no change or an increase in dopamine content. There was also a significant reduction in the cholinergic marker choline acetyltransferase in cortex samples from the dementia cases. PMID- 6633942 TI - Somatotopic distribution of trigeminal nociceptive specific neurons within the caudal somatosensory thalamus of cat. AB - Trigeminal nociceptive specific (NS) neurons were found within the shell region of the caudal part of nucleus ventralis posterior medialis (VPM) of cat. They showed a somatotopic organization. Namely, the mandibular division was represented along the border between the VPM proper and nucleus ventralis posterior medialis parvocellularis (VPMpc). The ophthalmic division was represented dorsolaterally. The maxillary division fell in between. No other types of trigeminal nociceptive neurons were found in the caudal VPM where trigeminal NS neurons were encountered. After cooling the dorsolateral surface of the medulla oblongata caudal to the obex, responses of NS neurons within the shell region of the caudal VPM to noxious stimulation of the peripheral receptive field reversibly disappeared. The responses were also eliminated by the contralateral trigeminal tractotomy at the level of the obex. It was inferred that trigeminal NS neurons within the shell region of the caudal VPM receive nociceptive input relayed via NS neurons located within the marginal layer of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. PMID- 6633943 TI - Short intrinsic circuit in the periaqueductal gray matter of the cat. AB - In heavily impregnated Golgi material of cat periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), we were able to follow the course of early axon collaterals to their endings on the soma of neighboring neurons. A short intrinsic circuit is therefore created. Combined Golgi and electron microscope observation give evidence of the inhibitory action of this circuit. PMID- 6633944 TI - Classical conditioning of the flexion reflex in spinal cat: features of the reflex circuitry. AB - Classically conditioned facilitation of the flexor withdrawal reflex of spinal cat occurs in knee and ankle flexor muscles but not in a flexor muscle of the toes. Furthermore, the spinal circuitry activated by a component of the conditioned stimulus (A alpha cutaneous fibers) is not by itself involved in the reflex conditioning. The results suggest that increases in both cutaneous afferent output and motoneuron excitability may be eliminated as mechanisms contributing to conditioning and point to certain interneuronal pools as the locus of learning in this preparation. PMID- 6633945 TI - Phencyclidine decreases methionine-enkephalin content in rat striatum. AB - The acute administration of phencyclidine induced a decrease in methionine enkephalin levels in rat striatum, as measured by specific radioimmunoassay. The maximum decrease (about 40% with respect to controls) was obtained at a dose of 20 mg/kg, 30 min after intraperitoneal injection. These results suggest a possible involvement of enkephalins in the central effects of phencyclidine. PMID- 6633946 TI - Effect of morphine and leucine-enkephalin on the electrophysiological responses of Pacinian corpuscles of the cat. AB - The effects of morphine and Leu-enkephalin on the electrical activity of Pacinian corpuscles isolated from cat mesentery were studied. These drugs caused a short term increase and subsequent decrease of the impulse activity, accompanied by a monotonic growth of the threshold for firing of action potentials and amplitudes of generator and action potentials. Naloxone induced an effect similar to that of morphine. The results obtained indicate that morphine and Leu-enkephalin evoke an increase in membrane potential of a nerve ending. These data may form the basis of the modulating effect of opioid peptides on encapsulated mechanoreceptor activity. PMID- 6633947 TI - Depressive effect of morphine on the sympathetic reflex elicited by stimulation of unmyelinated hindlimb afferent nerve fibers in anesthetized cats. AB - The effect of morphine on somatosympathetic reflexes was analyzed in central nervous system (CNS) intact, anesthetized cats. Sympathetic efferent nerve activity was recorded via an inferior cardiac nerve. Electrical train pulse stimulation of the superficial peroneal afferent nerve produced an A reflex of about 60 ms latency (evoked by myelinated fiber excitation) and a C reflex of about 360 ms latency (evoked by unmyelinated fiber excitation), both of which have central reflex pathways through the medulla oblongata. An intravenous injection of morphine (2 mg/kg), while not affecting the A reflex, markedly depressed the C reflex. The degree of this depressive effect was somewhat dependent on the stimulus intensity applied to the somatic afferent nerves. Naloxone (0.2 mg/kg, i.v.) antagonized the depressive effects of morphine on the C reflex. The present results suggest that the somatosympathetic C reflex can be a useful indicator of central morphine effects in anesthetized animals. PMID- 6633948 TI - Differential inhibitory action by morphine on the release of oxytocin and vasopressin from the isolated neural lobe. AB - Simultaneous release of both oxytocin and vasopressin was evoked by electrically stimulating the isolated neural lobe. Morphine inhibited the electrically evoked release of both oxytocin and vasopressin, but whereas the opiate antagonist naloxone reversed the suppression of oxytocin release it was without effect against the opiate block of vasopressin secretion. Thus, although the secretion of both neurohypophysial hormones can be suppressed by opiates, the mechanisms may involve different types of receptors. We also provide evidence that, at least for the oxytocin neurones, the presence of endogenous opioid peptides in the neural lobe limits the amount of hormone released by electrical stimulation. PMID- 6633949 TI - Calcium-containing mitochondrial granules in neurohypophysial axon terminals disappear following vasopressin treatment of Brattleboro rats. AB - The presence of intramitochondrial calcium-containing electron-dense granules was demonstrated in axon terminals of chronically hyperactive neurosecretory neurons of untreated homozygous Brattleboro rats. Following vasopressin treatment for 30 days, which has been shown to attenuate this neuronal hyperactivity, calcium containing deposits could not be detected in mitochondria. It is concluded that the presence of intramitochondrial calcium-containing dense deposits is connected with the functional state of neurosecretory neurons. PMID- 6633950 TI - Different effects of amino acids, acetylcholine and monoamines on neuronal activity of suprachiasmatic nucleus in rat pups and adults. AB - A study was undertaken of the effects of iontophoretically applied amino acids, acetylcholine and monoamines on suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons of rat pups, at the 11th postnatal day, using a hypothalamic slice preparation. GABA and taurine inhibited 97 and 42% of SCN neurons, respectively, while glycine had no effect. Glutamate excited 68% of them. These effects were similar to those in adult rats. Serotonin and noradrenaline inhibited 6 and 10% of SCN neurons, respectively, in rat pups, whereas 32 and 26% of them were inhibited in adult rats. Acetylcholine excited 7% but inhibited 26% of SCN neurons in rat pups and these values were almost the same as those of adult rats. These results reveal that acetylcholine and amino acids regulate SCN neurons even in rat pups, whereas monoamines play an important regulatory role in SCN activity in adult rats only. PMID- 6633951 TI - Actions of GABA in developing rabbit hippocampus: an in vitro study. AB - The development of neuronal responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was examined using intracellular recording techniques in area CA1 of rabbit hippocampal slices maintained in vitro. Microapplication of GABA (via pressure ejection) in stratum pyramidale in slices from mature rabbits (age 1 month) evoked a hyperpolarization of CA1 pyramidal neurons. The reversal potential (Erev) for this response was approximately -70 mV. In contrast, local application of GABA into stratum pyramidale in slices from immature rabbits (age 7-10 days) produced a depolarizing response with an Erev of approximately -54 mV. The relationship between these findings and the development of inhibitory synaptic activity in rabbit hippocampus is discussed. PMID- 6633952 TI - Stimulatory effect of beta-estradiol treatment on GABA-degradative enzymes within rat cerebellar cortex. AB - The influence of neonatal beta-estradiol treatment on the development of GABA degradative enzymes (GABA transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase) within rat cerebellar cortex has been studied using a semiquantitative histochemical technique. Both enzymatic activities were stimulated following beta estradiol treatment. In particular, the granule and Purkinje cells were the most influenced cerebellar components. The findings seem to suggest that granule and Purkinje cells may represent the principal target of the cerebellar cortex for sex hormones. PMID- 6633953 TI - Pharmacological evidence against the involvement of the D1 subtype of dopamine receptors in apomorphine-induced hypothermia. AB - In chloral anaesthetized rats, apomorphine, bromocriptine, lergotrile, piribedil and its presumed active metabolite S 584, induced a hypothermia antagonized, except for S 584, by stereotactically controlled microinjections of haloperidol into the preopticus medialis nucleus. Hypothermia was also produced by these dopamine agonists when they were injected directly into the preopticus medialis nucleus. Furthermore, apomorphine-induced hypothermia was antagonized by an infusion of sulpiride into the preopticus medialis nucleus. These data suggest that the dopamine receptors located in the preopticus medialis nucleus which are involved in dopamine agonists-induced hypothermia do not possess the same pharmacological characteristics as the D1 subtype. PMID- 6633954 TI - Location and functional organization of trigeminal wide dynamic range neurons within the nucleus ventralis posteromedialis of the cat. AB - In urethane-chloralose-anesthetized cats, trigeminal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were explored in the posterior thalamus. They were found within a narrow zone (about 300 micrometer wide) of the shell region of the nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), just rostral to the region where trigeminal nociceptive specific (NS) neurons were located. This narrow zone was somatotopically organized with respect to the center of the receptive field. The mandibular division was represented ventromedially, the ophthalmic division was represented dorsolaterally, and the maxillary division fell in between. Neither NS nor WDR trigeminal units were found within the medial part of the posterior complex of the thalamus (POm). PMID- 6633955 TI - Saltatory conduction revealed by unidimensional latency-topography of peripheral nerve impulse. AB - The ventral or dorsal root of the rat was placed on 12 electrodes arranged side by side at 0.4 mm intervals. Impulse conduction along the fiber was displayed using unidimensional latency-topography, which corresponds to the relation between latency and electrode distance. The relation revealed step-like displacement, which implies saltatory conduction of the impulse. Since the distance between the plateaux correspond to internodal length, the conduction velocity could be calculated from the length and the time differences between plateaux. It was found from 36 observations that : (i) mean internodal length was 0.92 +/- 0.13 mm (range 0.70--1.25 mm); (ii) mean conduction velocity was 76.1 +/ 20.7 m/s; and (iii) the correlation coefficient of conduction velocity and internodal length was statistically significant at r = 0.38 (P less than 0.025), so the longer the internodal length, the higher the conduction velocity. PMID- 6633956 TI - The effect of medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions on testosterone plasma levels and testosterone conversion in the hypothalamus of male rats. AB - Male Wistar rats were submitted to bilateral high frequency lesions in the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area or to sham procedure. The behavioral effect of the lesions was observed and plasma testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) were measured by radioimmunoassay. In vitro metabolism of T was studied in the hypothalamus. Lesions produced a permanent deficit in male sexual behavior, an increase of plasma T and E2, and of hypothalamic T aromatization, and a decrease of T conversion to 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). PMID- 6633957 TI - Hypothalamic and limbic GABA concentrations and turnover rates and glutamate concentrations following induction of hyperprolactinemia in ovariectomized rats. AB - Hyperprolactinemia was induced by transplantation of pituitaries of donor rats under the kidney capsule of ovariectomized recipient rats. This results in a permanently increased serum prolactin and temporarily suppressed luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. Concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate as well as turnover rates of GABA were determined in micropunches of the nucleus accumbens (ACB), medial preoptic area (MPO), anterior and posterior part of the mediobasal hypothalamus (AMBH and PMBH) and in the mediocortical amygdala (AMY). GABA concentration in the ACB and MPO were reduced in hyperprolactinemic rats. This was significant at day 8. At days 4 to 21 following pituitary transplantation glutamate concentrations were also significantly reduced in the AMY. The most conspicuous changes in GABA turnover rates were observed in the ACB and MPO. In the former structure hyperprolactinemia reduced GABA turnover, while in the latter high prolactin levels increased GABA turnover at day 4. It is concluded that the suppressive effect of hyperprolactinemia on blood LH levels may involve a preoptic GABAergic component and possibly a glutamatergic mechanism in the AMY. Alternatively, the AMY and the ACB may be involved in eliciting the many behavioral effects associated with hyperprolactinemia. PMID- 6633958 TI - An intermediate in the biosynthesis of vasopressin and neurophysin in the guinea pig posterior pituitary. AB - Biosynthesis of oxytocin (OT), vasopressin (AVP) and neurophysins (NP) has been studied in the guinea pig using incorporation of radiolabelled cysteine and fucose, and analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Using these methods it was possible to identify and quantitate OT, AVP and their respective NPs as well as the carboxy-terminal glycopeptide derived from the AVP precursor. In addition, we have also identified an intermediate component comprising the AVP-related NP with its carboxy-terminal glycopeptide still attached. The presence of this intermediate suggests that the removal of AVP is the first step in the proteolytic cleavage of the AVP precursor. PMID- 6633959 TI - The action of aminopyridine on the electromotor synapse of Torpedo marmorata. AB - An investigation of the action of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on Torpedo electromotor synapses was performed using the microelectrode technique. 4-AP in concentrations of 1--10 micrometers increased the peak amplitude (p) and half-decay time (t 1/2) of the intracellularly recorded excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EEP), independent of alterations in miniature EPPs or membrane potential. 4-AP also increased the amplitude and time constant of decay (tau) of the excitatory postsynaptic current (EPC). Analysis of the results supports potentiated transmitter release and accumulation of the transmitter in the synaptic cleft as the mechanism by which 4-AP produces its effect. PMID- 6633960 TI - Effects of morphine on superior cervical ganglion and iris of the immature rat. AB - Morphine injections in 16-day-old rats caused an increase in norepinephrine concentration in both superior cervical ganglion and iris after 1 h. Although the increase in the ganglion was blocked by naloxone pretreatment, the increase in the iris was not prevented. The morphine-induced increase did not require the presence of intact central connections. These findings demonstrate that morphine has direct effects on peripheral catecholaminergic systems in immature rats. PMID- 6633961 TI - Increased weight gain and reduced activity in brown adipose tissue produced by depletion of hypothalamic noradrenaline. AB - The effects of hypothalamic noradrenaline depletion produced by injection of 6 hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the vicinity of cell bodies of the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNAB) on weight gain, food intake and brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity (as measured by GDP binding in BAT mitochondria), were examined in rats at two different ages and under two different dietary conditions (chow and chow plus palatable cheese). VNAB lesions enhanced weight gain in the chow plus cheese diet conditions and produced small increases in feeding. These effects were parallelled by reductions in BAT activity in the VNAB group, suggesting a reduced capacity for dietary thermogenesis which may contribute to the significant overweight. PMID- 6633962 TI - Hypothalamo-retinal centrifugal projection in the dog. AB - Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-filled neurons and their processes were consistently detected in the ventral portion of the dog hypothalamus after intraocular injection of HRP. The number of HRP-filled neurons decreased in parallel with the extent of the resection of the optic nerve. HRP-filled neurons were never detected in specimens with a complete resection of the optic nerve. These findings strongly indicate that these HRP-filled neurons in the ventral hypothalamus are the source of centrifugal fibers to the retina. PMID- 6633963 TI - Unmyelinated axon ratios in cat motor, cutaneous and articular nerves. AB - The goal of this electron microscopic study is to determine ratios of unmyelinated to myelinated axons and afferent unmyelinated to postganglionic autonomic (sympathetic) efferent axons in representative cat motor, cutaneous and articular nerves. Of the total axons in the tibial, medial gastrocnemius, sural and medial and posterior articular nerves, 70% or more are unmyelinated. The afferent unmyelinated axon components range from 49% and 45% in the medial and posterior articular nerves, respectively, to 58% in the medial gastrocnemius nerve and 61% in the sural nerve. PMID- 6633964 TI - Different types of magnetically sensitive cells in the rat pineal gland. AB - Extracellular recordings from rat pinealocytes reveal different cell responses following experimental changes in the horizontal component of the ambient magnetic field. While two-thirds of the units recorded did not respond at all, one group is activated, the activation continuing after switching off the magnetic stimuli. These cells were not further activated by a second stimulus. Another group comprises cells characterized by a sustained inhibition or excitation, respectively, during magnetic stimulation. These cells could be influenced by a second stimulus. After guinea pigs and homing pigeons the rat is now the third species in which the pineal gland has been shown electrophysiologically to respond to changes of the ambient magnetic field. PMID- 6633965 TI - Adult age destruction versus neonatal age destruction of the serotonin system: two models to investigate the survival of serotonin neurons transplanted in adult rats. AB - Mesencephalic raphe nuclei were transplanted via the cisterna magna in the IVth ventricle of adult rats having received either a neonatal or an adult age destruction of the serotonin system. In neonatally treated rats both serotonin (5 HT) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFA) immunocytochemistry showed an absence of survival of 5-HT neurons in the transplants. However, many 5-HT immunoreactive cell bodies and processes were detected in 10-month-old transplants in adult treated animals. These results suggest that recognition processes between the target tissue and the implant may be a prerequisite for the survival of grafted neurons. PMID- 6633966 TI - Muscarinic receptors on intact, cultured neurons. Characterization by [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate binding. AB - [3H]Quinuclidinylbenzilate (QNB) was used to identify muscarinic cholinergic receptors on intact, cultured neurons from fetal rat brains. Scatchard analysis revealed a single binding site with a dissociation constant Kd = approximately or equal to 170 pM. The rank order of potency of cholinergic drugs to displace [3H]QNB from intact neurons was similar to that observed using isolated membranes of brain homogenates. No difference in the rank order was observed with cultures of neurons from different brain regions which vary in their neuronal composition. PMID- 6633967 TI - Chromatographic identification of enkephalins in the guinea pig retina. AB - Immunocytochemical localization of enkephalin-like peptides and binding of several opiate ligands have been reported previously in the mammalian retina. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate and identify the enkephalin-related peptides in the guinea pig retina. Enkephalin-immunoreactivity in the retina was separated into three distinct fractions, as determined by radioimmunoassay. Two of these fractions were identified as Met- and Leu enkephalin, respectively. The immunoreactive fractions were also active in inhibiting the binding of [3H]enkephalin to rat brain membranes. All immunoreactive peptides had molecular weights similar to those of the enkephalins, as determined by gel chromatography. These techniques allow us to directly assay and identify enkephalin-related peptides in retinal tissues. PMID- 6633968 TI - Retinotopy in the optic chiasm of chicks and its significance in an undesirable complication of lesioning the supraoptic decussation. AB - Following discrete lesions of the chick retina, the distribution of degenerating retinal ganglion cell axons in the optic chiasm was examined. A feature of particular interest was the dorsal aspect of the optic chiasm which was found to contain fibres originating from the superior temporal retina. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to possible damage to the optic chiasm resulting as a consequence of sectioning the supraoptic decussation. PMID- 6633969 TI - Decreased activity of locus coeruleus neurons in the rat after DSP-4 treatment. AB - The activity of noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus was investigated at 10 and 50 days after the administration of DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2 bromobenzyl-amine), a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin. The mean neuronal firing rate in control animals was 2.4 Hz. In contrast, DSP-4 animals had lower rates of 1.2 Hz at 10 days and 1.7 Hz at 50 days. Histological examinations revealed no morphological changes of locus coeruleus cell bodies at either the 10 or 50-day time points. These results suggest that DSP-4 can impair neuronal activity of the locus coeruleus without altering the structural appearance of locus coeruleus perikarya. PMID- 6633970 TI - A hydrophobic dimer of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo californica electric organ is solubilized by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. AB - A dimeric form of acetylcholinesterase from the electric organ of Torpedo californica was solubilized by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus. The solubilized enzyme had a sedimentation coefficient of 7.3S which was not modified by detergents. The high salt-soluble asymmetric forms of acetylcholinesterase were not solubilized by the phospholipase. Our data suggest that the hydrophobic dimer of acetylcholinesterase may be associated with the plasma membrane through a specific interaction involving phosphatidylinositol. PMID- 6633971 TI - Quantitative morphological changes in phrenic and intercostal motor columns and their respective spinal cord segments during postnatal development in the kitten. AB - In newborn kittens, the nervous control of breathing appears more mature than that of motricity which follows a cephalo-caudal evolution. In order to determine if the different postnatal evolutions of the respiratory and the motor function have an anatomical support at the spinal cord level, we made morphometric comparisons of the postnatal development of the spinal segments including motor columns sustaining both limb and respiratory movements (cervical and thoracic segments), with the postnatal development of segments containing only motoneurones involved in locomotion (lumbar segments). Furthermore, we used horseradish peroxidase to label cervical and thoracic groups of inspiratory motoneurones, i.e. the phrenic and the intercartilaginous motor nuclei at several postnatal ages. The present study suggests that the development of the white matter is the same at every spinal level and that it is delayed compared to the maturation of the grey matter. Overall evaluations of grey matter areas showed that the thoracic grey matter is more mature at birth but, further, has a slower rate of growth than the cervical and lumbar ones. This observation may be related to the maturity of the respiratory phasic activities within the early postnatal life. The phrenic and intercartilaginous motor nuclei have different patterns of development. These results suggest that the spinal postnatal functional maturation is not strictly related to its quantitative macroscopic changes. PMID- 6633972 TI - Binocular and monocular optokinetic nystagmus in cats to textured visual patterns. AB - Binocular and monocular optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) to the motion of textured visual patterns have been studied in alert cats. In the temporonasal monocular stimulation at a velocity above 10 deg/sec and in the nasotemporal monocular stimulation, the motion of random noise or a checkerboard elicited larger slow phase eye velocities than the motion of stripes with regularly or randomly arranged vertical bars. To temporonasal stimulation at a velocity below 10 deg/sec, there were no differences in slow phase eye velocities according to the types of the textures. Binocular OKN showed similar texture preferences as temporonasal monocular OKN. PMID- 6633973 TI - Postural supporting mechanisms during spontaneous single limb movement in the cat. AB - Patterns of postural adjustment accompanying spontaneous single limb movement in the cat were studied to examine qualitative and quantitative variations in support strategies. A multiple plate dynamometer and electromyograph were used to measure supporting actions during consecutive trials. Weight transfer involving primarily the forelimbs was dominant. A similar tripodal stance with increased bilateral hindlimb weight-bearing characterized a secondary support strategy. Both dominant and secondary balance behavior showed transient reversals to a bipodal postural pattern. Bipodal stance exhibited increased weight-bearing in the stabilizing forelimb and in the diagonally opposite hindlimb. Selection of different postural strategies for identical phasic limb movements could possibly result from modulation of lower level reflex inhibition. PMID- 6633974 TI - Inhibition of septal hyperreactivity by testosterone and its reversion by an estrogen antagonist in weanling female rats. AB - Neonatal administration of testosterone inhibits emotional hyperreactivity to capture and tactile stimulation in female rats following septal lesions at 25 days of age. Testosterone, an aromatizable androgen, after metabolization to estrogen interacts with estrogen receptors in neonatal rat brain. In order to investigate whether the testosterone inhibited septal hyperreactivity via estrogen receptors rats were tested after pretreatment with the estrogen receptor antagonist tamoxifen. Weanling female rats pretreated with tamoxifen showed emotional hyperreactivity, while androgenized females showed no change. In addition, estradiol benzoate, neonatally administered, was able to inhibit emotional reactivity displayed after septal lesions. These results suggest that the action of testosterone on septal hyperreactivity might be mediated by estrogen receptors. PMID- 6633975 TI - Molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in senile dementia of Alzheimer type: selective loss of the intermediate (10S) form. AB - Using density gradient centrifugation, three molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase have been distinguished in both normal and senile dementia of Alzheimer-type (SDAT) postmortem neocortex. Whilst the levels of the light and heavy forms were unaltered in SDAT there was a selective and extensive loss of the intermediate form. This form is predominantly hydrophobic and its loss from the cerebral cortex in SDAT may reflect degeneration of cholinergic axonal processes. This is the first report of an altered distribution of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms in a disease of the central nervous system. PMID- 6633976 TI - Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the frontal cortex: a combined fluorescent tracer and immunohistochemical analysis in the rat. AB - Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to some regions of the frontal cortex were studied by infusing propidium iodide (PI), a fluorescent tracer, into areas 6 and 10 and microscopically assessing the cellular co-localization of PI and immunohistochemically demonstrated choline-O-acetyltransferase (ChAT). The same brain sections were additionally processed for acetylcholinesterase (AChE, pharmacohistochemical regimen) and Nissl material (cresyl violet stain). Basal forebrain neurons projecting to the frontal cortex were found primarily in nucleus basalis, but others were located in association with the substantia innominata/lateral preoptic area, magnocellular preoptic area, and ansa lenticularis. These projection neurons were large (greater than 25 micrometers in maximum soma extent), demonstrated ChAT-like immunoreactivity, stained intensely for AChE following systemic administration of bis-(1 methylethyl)phosphorofluoridate, and were highly chromophilic. PMID- 6633977 TI - Evidence for cholinergic muscarinic receptors on mediodorsal thalamic projections to the anterior cingulate cortex. AB - Cholinergic muscarinic receptor binding was analyzed in the rat brain anterior cingulate cortex following lesions of the mediodorsal or anterior thalamic nuclei, or the diagonal band of Broca. A significant change in receptor binding was noted only after lesions of the mediodorsal projection, suggesting that cholinergic muscarinic receptors are located on these terminals. These findings suggest that the projection from the diagonal band of Broca which is cholinergic may act as a modulator of the mediodorsal thalamic projection. PMID- 6633979 TI - Profile of a nurse in the White House. Interview by Jean Johnson. PMID- 6633978 TI - The multiple etiology of food hypersensitivity. PMID- 6633980 TI - Enterobiasis. AB - Enterobiasis or pinworm infestation is an ubiquitous infection often seen in primary care settings. Incidence and prevalence are difficult to identify as it is believed that many cases go undiagnosed. Diagnosis, most commonly made in the school-aged child after complaints of nocturnal pruritus ani, can be made either by a cellulose tape test or by parental or self-report. A number of effective antihelminthics are available for treatment. It is thought that all close family members should be treated when a confirmed case exists and that retreatment should be given after a two-week interval to ensure eradication of the parasite. The nurse practitioner can be instrumental in providing treatment, education, support and reassurance to families with pinworms. PMID- 6633981 TI - Assessing recurrent abdominal pain in children. AB - Recurrent abdominal pain is a frequent complaint of school-aged children. In 5-10 percent of the cases, RAP is the result of organic disease. Specific history and physical assessments are needed to detect organic disease. The assessment tool described in this article is a functional adjunct to a nurse practitioner's evaluation of RAP as well as of other recurrent pain. It provides additional information to identify less obvious organic causes and serves as a basis for involving the patient in development of a treatment plan. PMID- 6633982 TI - Hypertension protocol. PMID- 6633984 TI - Prevention of Taenia saginata and cysticercosis. PMID- 6633983 TI - Cultural beliefs and teenage pregnancy. AB - The influence of cultural variables on teenage pregnancy is not clearly understood. In-depth interviews with 20 Native American Indian, 17 black and 18 white teenage women indicated intercultural differences in beliefs about: (1) prevention of pregnancy, (2) significance of becoming a mother at an early age and (3) kinds of support systems available to them within their social network. The implications of these differences for nursing care include recognition and acceptance of intercultural differences and support of a decision-making model of pregnancy prevention for teenagers that incorporates diverse belief systems. PMID- 6633985 TI - Preschooler and adolescent: repeating themes. PMID- 6633986 TI - Pelvic inflammatory disease: a review of therapy. AB - Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a serious health problem that affects the reproductive capacity and the sexual activities of women. Approximately 50,000 cases are reported annually resulting in severe pain, reduced fertility and costly health care. Diagnosis of PID requires a complex analysis of the history, a thorough physical examination and diagnostic testing. Goals of care include accurate diagnosis with particular emphasis on differential diagnosis, antibiotic therapy, close follow-up and counseling. Antibiotic therapy is directed against the pathogenic organism, either gonococcal or nongonococcal. Careful counseling and follow-up aids successful treatment and decreases the likelihood of infertility. PMID- 6633987 TI - Hepatitis B virus vaccine. AB - Hepatitis B is a major public health problem. Complications of the disease can include a carrier state, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The development of hepatitis B virus vaccine has made active immunization against HBV possible. Although studies are still in progress, the vaccine appears quite safe and remarkably free of side effects. Vaccination is recommended for individuals who are at risk for exposure to infectious blood or body fluids from hepatitis B patients. PMID- 6633989 TI - Health hazards of operating video display terminals. AB - Today, millions of employees work on video display terminals (VDTs) and their numbers are growing. Concern over the health effects of operating VDTs is also growing as the hazards of working on these terminals are identified. This article discusses four major hazards associated with VDTs. Solutions to control these hazards and decrease employee symptoms are offered. Utilizing a theoretical framework of stress and stress reduction, solutions are presented, based on the multi-disciplined background of the occupational health nurse practitioner. PMID- 6633988 TI - The nurse practitioner's role in adolescent health care. AB - This study describes the 12,414 health care problems of 3,657 adolescent patients visiting 12 family practices over a one-year period. Age-sex distribution, visiting patterns and all categories of morbidity are described for patients between 13 and 20 years of age. Significant sex differences and differences among early, middle and late adolescents are also described. The results of this study have important implications for the training of nurse practitioners. Traditionally, nurse adolescent patients in their clinical setting to determine what conditions they learn about. This paper proposes the need for a competency based curriculum and offers a list of topics to form the core of such a curriculum. PMID- 6633990 TI - Psychiatric consultation and collaboration. AB - Overcoming resistance to the stigma of psychiatric care is a first step in merging mental health care with primary care. The practitioner's role in socializing clients who could potentially benefit from psychiatric care is vital in gaining acceptance for mental health care. The socialization process should address reasons for mental health care, elaborate on the client's choices in selecting a suitable therapist and reassure the client that the primary care provider will maintain a collaborative relationship with the therapist. For those clients or situations that cannot be referred to a specialist, psychiatric consultation models are useful alternatives for the primary care provider. Regularly scheduled meetings with a psychiatric consultant provide time to discuss clients, assessment techniques, intervention strategies or impediments to the delivery of mental health care. Increased knowledge of mental health practices will improve case finding and implementation of psychotherapeutic plans. PMID- 6633991 TI - Making law, not breaking law. PMID- 6633992 TI - Pregnancy and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: report of a case and review of the literature. PMID- 6633993 TI - Menstrual changes after tubal sterilization. AB - The authors used data from a multicenter prospective study of female sterilization surgery to study changes in menstrual function following tubal sterilization. Duration of menstrual bleeding, menstrual cycle length, cycle regularity, amount of menstrual bleeding, menstrual pain, and intermenstrual bleeding were examined. The authors followed 2456 women for two years after tubal sterilization surgery. Each woman served as her own control; her menstrual function at the two-year follow-up interview was compared with her menstrual function at the preoperative interview. Except for menstrual pain among women who underwent unipolar electrocoagulation procedures, there was no increase in the prevalence of adverse menstrual function after tubal sterilization. For all menstrual variables, 50% or more of women with adverse function preoperatively had an improvement by two years after tubal sterilization. PMID- 6633994 TI - Metoclopramide challenge: a measure of human lactotroph activity. AB - Prolactin response to an intravenous injection of 5 mg of metoclopramide was monitored in 1) normal subjects during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle; 2) subjects with known prolactinomas, two of whom were breast feeding; 3) subjects with suspected prolactinomas; 4) normal lactating women; and 5) normal postmenopausal women. The magnitude of prolactin released was greater in the luteal than in the follicular phase controls (P less than .001), the estrogen status being important, as further seen in the postmenopausal group. Comparison of responses in the prolactinoma and control groups is a useful diagnostic tool when assessing the possibility of a prolactinoma. Comparison of physiologically hyperprolactinemic subjects (lactating women) with pathological ones (prolactinomas) suggests that the main mode of metoclopramide's prolactin releasing action is mediated via dopamine antagonism, though a small direct action on the lactotroph is possible. PMID- 6633995 TI - Immunotherapy for vulvar carcinoma with virus-modified homologous extracts. AB - A membrane-enriched extract of a virus-infected vulvar carcinoma cell line was evaluated as adjunctive immunotherapy in 16 patients who had vulvar carcinoma with lymph node metastases. Thirteen patients also received adjunctive radiation therapy based on individually assessed risk factors. Two patients developed progressive disease. The median disease-free survival for the group was 26+ months, as compared with nine months for a historical group that had undergone surgery alone and 16 months for a second group that had received surgery and adjunctive radiation therapy. The median disease-free survival of the immunotherapy group was longer than that of either of the two historical groups. Over 400 doses of extract, each equivalent to 1.5 mg protein, were administered without significant side effects. Evidence is presented for humoral and cellular augmented immune reactivity. The authors suggest that this approach be evaluated further to determine its efficacy in preventing recurrence in selected high-risk patients who have vulvar carcinoma. PMID- 6633996 TI - Primary invasive carcinoma of the vagina. AB - Data are presented from 97 patients treated for invasive primary epithelial carcinoma of the vagina between 1950 and 1980. The disease is primarily one of the elderly as 63% were found to be older than 60 years of age. Eleven of the 97 patients either refused or were unable to complete treatment because of poor medical condition or advanced stage of disease. Combined external and intracavitary radiation was the most common form of treatment. The overall two year survival rate was 47%, or 59% when corrected for deaths due to other causes. Patients with stages I and II disease had corrected survival rates of 75% and 68%, respectively. Our results indicate that stage of disease is the most significant prognostic factor. Optimal results will be obtained with early diagnosis and individualized treatment. PMID- 6633997 TI - Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix unrelated to diethylstilbestrol exposure. AB - Twenty-three cases of clear cell adenocarcinoma unrelated to diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure are described. The microscopic appearance of clear cell and hobnail-shaped cells arranged in a solid, tubular, microcystic, or papillary pattern is diagnostic. Four of the tumors were associated with mesonephric remnants, but none could be demonstrated to arise in them. The age range of the patients, 13 to 80 years, serves as a reminder that DES is not an etiologic factor in many cases and that the disease can occur in older women. Nulliparous patients were unexpectedly common (67% of the total), and the survival rate at ten years was 57%. PMID- 6633998 TI - Treatment of advanced ovarian malignancy with chemoimmunotherapy using autologous tumor and Corynebacterium parvum. AB - Fourteen patients with advanced ovarian epithelial carcinoma were treated with a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The chemotherapy consisted of either melphalan or a combination of adriamycin, cytoxan, and cisplatin. The immunotherapy consisted of the injection of autologous radiation-attenuated tumor and Corynebacterium parvum. No significant toxicity occurred as a result of the immunotherapy, and there was no evidence of tumor growth at the sites of injection. The autologous tumor skin test showed prognostic value. Skin testing with C parvum was of less prognostic value than tumor. All other studies of immunologic status, including T- and B-cell enumeration and blastogenic responsiveness of the patients' lymphocytes to autologous tumor and mitogens, were of no prognostic value. PMID- 6633999 TI - Postmolar trophoblastic disease in women using hormonal contraception with and without estrogen. AB - One hundred thirteen patients with a molar pregnancy evacuated from January 5, 1976, through February 15, 1980, had close follow-up at the Los Angeles County University of Southern California Women's Hospital. Twenty-seven patients (23.9%) developed postmolar trophoblastic disease, all of whom achieved remission with treatment. Of the 113 patients, 71 (62.8%) used only oral contraceptives, 32 patients (28.3%) used only intramuscular medroxyprogesterone acetate, seven patients (6.2%) used both oral contraceptives and medroxyprogesterone acetate, and three patients (2.7%) used nonhormonal contraception after evacuation of their molar pregnancy and before titer remission. Analysis of significant clinical and laboratory correlates of postmolar trophoblastic disease for the study group revealed no substantial bias in assignment of contraceptive method. There was no significant difference between the oral contraceptive and the medroxyprogesterone acetate groups with respect to the development of postmolar trophoblastic disease or the time to spontaneous titer remission. The study shows no apparent adverse effect of the estrogen (50 mg mestranol) component in oral contraceptives on the frequency of postmolar trophoblastic disease. PMID- 6634000 TI - Glycosylated hemoglobins in normal pregnancy: sequential changes and relation to birth weight. AB - In order to evaluate changes in hemoglobin A1 levels during nondiabetic pregnancy, 19 pregnant women were followed by determination of hemoglobin A1 with a two to four week interval. There was an early decrease in the hemoglobin A1 level already between the 12th and 16th weeks of pregnancy, with a further decrease in the course of the pregnancy. This physiologic fall in hemoglobin A1 during nondiabetic pregnancy could be important in evaluation of hemoglobin A1 changes in diabetic pregnancies. Correlations between different levels and changes in hemoglobin A1 and relative birth weight were also calculated. Relative birth weight was best correlated to the changes in hemoglobin A1 during the third trimester (r = 0.56, P less than .01), which suggests that availability of glucose is one factor determining fetal growth during the last trimester. PMID- 6634001 TI - Maternal-fetal correlations in patients with severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. AB - A prospective pair-controlled study of maternal, cord blood, and neonatal hematologic findings was done in 50 severely preeclamptic/eclamptic and 50 well matched normotensive pregnancies. There were no neonatal complications in mature infants. Neonatal complications were similar in premature infants of both study and control group; however, neonatal deaths were higher in the study group. In the study group, there was a poor correlation between maternal and cord blood hematocrit (r = .07), platelet count (r = .11), and fibrinogen (r = .05). In addition, there was no correlation (r = .06) between maternal and cord blood thrombocytopenia. Within each subgroup, abnormal neonatal hematologic findings were usually associated with fetal growth retardation, perinatal asphyxia, acidosis, sepsis, or intracranial hemorrhage. The present findings suggest that abnormal hematologic findings described in neonates of severely preeclamptic/eclamptic pregnancies are the result of associated neonatal complications, rather than a direct consequence of preeclampsia. PMID- 6634002 TI - Preeclampsia associated with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets -an obstetric emergency? AB - A study was undertaken of 27 patients with severe preeclampsia who had hemolysis, liver enzyme elevation, and thrombocytopenia as described by Weinstein. In addition to this triad, all patients exhibited the symptoms and signs of pregnancy-induced hypertension by which the diagnosis is usually established. These patients were admitted to the hospital for strict bed rest. Patients who showed evidence of rapid maternal or fetal deterioration were delivered promptly. The remainder were managed without immediate delivery and with the institution of magnesium sulfate to prevent eclamptic seizures. Patients were monitored closely, and amniocentesis was performed to ascertain fetal lung status. If the lungs were mature, the infant was delivered. Attempting to delay delivery until a lecithin: sphingomyelin (L:S) ratio was mature resulted in only two infants developing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS); both had L:S ratios of less than 1.5 and were delivered for maternal indications. Maternal condition rapidly improved within 72 hours of delivery, and there was no persistence of thrombocytopenia or elevation of liver enzymes. Immediate delivery of preeclamptic patients who have thrombocytopenia and elevated liver enzymes may not be warranted. These findings suggest that the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets is not a separate entity, but merely a cluster of signs seen in some patients with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. PMID- 6634003 TI - Fetal biparietal diameter an placental grade: predictors of intrauterine growth retardation. AB - Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with increased fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. In a previous study from the authors' laboratory, it was found that a grade 3 placenta on ultrasound examination was helpful in diagnosing the growth-retarded fetus. The present study was designed to evaluate whether this technique would be applicable in clinical practice. In the present study of 191 pregnancies, positive sonographic screening, defined as a fetal biparietal diameter of 87 mm or less, and a grade 3 placenta were found to detect 59% of all growth-retarded fetuses; in addition, half of the identifications of growth-retarded fetuses were correct. Overall risk for IUGR was increased 8.5 times in the presence of a positive sonographic screen--3.5 times for the preterm (less than 38 weeks' gestation) fetus and 18 times for the term fetus. This suggests that information readily available from real-time ultrasound examination--placental maturity grading and biparietal diameter--can improve the detection of IUGR. PMID- 6634004 TI - Amniocentesis under continuous ultrasound guidance: a series of 232 cases. AB - Presented is an improved technique for ultrasonic guidance of amniocentesis using continuous visualization of the needle. This technique was evaluated in 232 of 235 consecutive taps. The needle was easily observed from beginning to end of the procedure without contaminating the sterile field or using biopsy transducers. With this technique, clear fluid was obtained by single-needle pass more often than previously reported in the literature. This technique may lower the already low but present risk from amniocentesis. PMID- 6634005 TI - Selecting protective clothing with six 'C's. PMID- 6634006 TI - Strengthening the web and net of human resource conservation. PMID- 6634007 TI - Hazard education must overcome generalities. PMID- 6634008 TI - Avoid litigation through cooperation. PMID- 6634009 TI - Widening the war on dental caries. PMID- 6634010 TI - Thoughts on the nuclear age. PMID- 6634011 TI - Getting physical. PMID- 6634012 TI - An evaluation of the combination of medical and surgical therapy in the treatment of unstable angina. PMID- 6634013 TI - Untangling the mind. PMID- 6634014 TI - Use of the Hickman catheter for chronic venous access. PMID- 6634015 TI - Genital clear cell adenocarcinoma in young women in Ohio. PMID- 6634016 TI - Teaching health. PMID- 6634017 TI - Emotional calisthenics. PMID- 6634018 TI - Conditioning. How to medically advise the "week-end" (and other assorted) athletes. PMID- 6634019 TI - Diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 6634020 TI - Routine realtime ultrasound in a private obstetric office. PMID- 6634021 TI - The role of prophylactic regional node dissection in the treatment of Stage I melanoma: a review. PMID- 6634022 TI - [Organization and prospects for the development of contact lens vision correction services in the Ukrainian SSR]. PMID- 6634023 TI - [Long-term results of using therapeutic soft contact lenses]. PMID- 6634024 TI - [Increase in tolerance to hard contact lenses by using solcoseryl]. PMID- 6634025 TI - [Effect of contact lenses on the protein composition of tears]. PMID- 6634026 TI - [Clinico-laboratory evaluation of bacterial and fungal flora in persons wearing contact lenses]. PMID- 6634027 TI - [Modified perforated corneal contact lenses]. PMID- 6634028 TI - [Causes of disability and changes in work among persons with traumatic cataracts and aphakia]. PMID- 6634029 TI - [Correlations among the chief anatomo-optic systems of the eye]. PMID- 6634030 TI - [Quantitative changes in the DNA of uveal melanoblastomas with different morphologic structures following tumor exposure to coagulating levels of photic energy]. PMID- 6634031 TI - [Methods of immunopharmacologic treatment in infectious-allergic diseases of the eye]. PMID- 6634032 TI - [Results of 2-variable quantitative perimetry on the opposite eye in "monocular" glaucoma]. PMID- 6634033 TI - [Regulation of intraocular pressure during a long voyage]. PMID- 6634034 TI - [Features of choice of surgical procedure and long-term results of complex treatment of children with concomitant divergent nonaccommodative strabismus]. PMID- 6634035 TI - [Morphologic study of the reaction of the eye to injection of centrifuged autovitreous body]. PMID- 6634036 TI - [Experimental basis for using dimexide phonophoresis in uveitis]. PMID- 6634037 TI - [Relation between hydroxyproline concentration in preserved cornea, age and length of preservation]. PMID- 6634038 TI - [Problems in optimizing ophthalmologic instruction in international groups]. PMID- 6634039 TI - [Improvement in early emergency services to eye-injured miners as the 1st step in rehabilitation]. PMID- 6634040 TI - [Surgical treatment of persistently recurring pterygium]. PMID- 6634041 TI - [Technic of posterior capsulotomy]. PMID- 6634042 TI - [Modification of the subunits of a large reflexless ophthalmoscope for indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy]. PMID- 6634043 TI - [Blade-holder for surgery on the lacrimal points and lacrimal canaliculi]. PMID- 6634044 TI - [Opsoclonus]. PMID- 6634045 TI - [Bilateral accommodative spasm in an acute respiratory disease]. PMID- 6634046 TI - Development of the mouse diaphragm. PMID- 6634047 TI - Fine structure of micropylar cell in the ovarian follicle of the teleost, Plecoglossus altivelis. PMID- 6634048 TI - A rare anomalous case of absence of the celiac trunk--the left gastric, the splenic and the common hepatic arteries arose from the abdominal aorta independently. PMID- 6634049 TI - Dopaminergic involvement in intraocular pressure in the rabbit eye. AB - The involvement of dopamine in maintaining intraocular pressure (IOP) was investigated with the rabbit IOP recovery model after intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline. Dopamine facilitated the IOP recovery while reserpine did the opposite. When dopamine was administered after reserpinization, the IOP recovery was facilitated again. These results indicate that dopamine is involved in the maintenance of IOP because depletion of dopamine with reserpine resulted in an opposite effect produced by dopamine whereas administration of dopamine in reserpinized animals induced dopaminergic responses. Timolol produced similar effects as reserpine, which supports the idea that timolol reduces aqueous humor formation through elimination of dopaminergic function and reduction of blood flow in the ciliary body. PMID- 6634050 TI - Riboflavin metabolism in the single lens of rat. AB - To study the mode of riboflavin metabolism in the lens in vivo, the uptake of 14C labeled riboflavin and synthesis of ester forms from 14C-riboflavin were assayed in the single whole lens of the rats. 14C-riboflavin uptake increased in proportion to the substrate concentration in the incubation medium, reaching a plateau within 60 min. At 4 degrees C the uptake was lowest, at 30, 35 and 40 degrees C it was similar. Neither uncoupler (2,4-dinitrophenol and monoiodoacetate) nor ouabain inhibited the uptake. Within 15 min, approximately 35% of transported 14C-riboflavin was converted to ester forms of riboflavin; this ratio remained constant until 120 min of incubation. Characteristically, 2 3% of 14C-riboflavin was bound to lens protein. 2,4-Dinitrophenol or monoiodoacetate inhibited the synthesis of ester forms of riboflavin, but ouabain did not. No synthesis of ester forms of riboflavin was observed in the lens capsule with epithelium. These results suggest that two enzymes, flavokinase and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) pyrophosphorylase which convert riboflavin to flavin mononucleotide and FAD, respectively, exist in the lens of the rat. These enzymes may participate in riboflavin uptake and riboflavin may pass through the lens capsule by simple diffusion without undergoing a conformational change and then may be metabolized to ester forms of riboflavin with subsequent partial binding to lens protein. PMID- 6634051 TI - Scanning electron microscopic analysis of radiation cataracts in rat lenses. I. X radiation cataractogenesis as a function of dose. AB - Cataracts produced in 4-week-old rats following exposure of the eye to various doses of 185 kVp X-rays, were analyzed 45 days after irradiation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as by conventional light microscopy (LM). The severity and extent of the ultrastructural damage seen at the LM and SEM levels varied as an increasing function of dose and correlated well with the clinical changes which were scored by slitlamp biomicroscopy prior to preparation. In the early-stage low-dose cataracts, damage was generally limited to the equatorial and posterior subcapsular regions. The late-stage high-dose cataracts were associated with clusters of 4 to 10 microns globules at the poles subcapsularly, massive disruption of the equatorial region and the formation of a granular matrix which extended to the posterior pole. Ultrastructural changes were also noted in the superficial cortical region, while the lenticular nucleus and the residium of the cortex remained unchanged. PMID- 6634052 TI - Enhancement of the stimulating effect of fructose-1.6-diphosphate on the metabolic energy balance of carbohydrate-deficient bovine lenses by additional supply with ADP. AB - The energy supply in carbohydrate-deficient bovine lenses was disturbed, as could be demonstrated by measuring the content of free adenine nucleotides. It could be regenerated in part by a 3-hour-incubation in TCM 199 in the presence of fructose 1.6-diphosphate (FDP). Additional supply of ADP enhanced the stimulating effect of FDP towards formation of ATP, providing sufficient receptor molecules for the activated rate of glycolysis and probably also for the citric acid cycle. PMID- 6634053 TI - Drug prevention of blood-aqueous barrier disruption. AB - In order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of non-steroidal compounds on the eye, we tested them in rabbits using the inhibitory effect on paracentesis induced disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier. Protein and--after intravenous injection--fluorescein were determined in punctates of aqueous humor. Indomethacin, flurbiprofen and diclofenac in a 0.01% solution showed a marked inhibitory effect, which lasted for 24 h. Addition of polysorbate to eye drugs diminished the inhibitory effect. PMID- 6634054 TI - Biochemistry of the ageing rat lens. I. Lens wet weight and lens dry weight with respect to sex differences. AB - The lens wet weight differed from the age of 136 days: the male lenses were significantly heavier than the female lenses. The dry weight, in percent of the lens wet and dry weight, of the water-soluble proteins decreased and the dry weight of the water-insoluble proteins increased during ageing. At an age of 870 days, when the dry weight curves crossed each other, the lens contains equal amounts of water-soluble and water-insoluble proteins. At the end of the life expectancy, the relation between the water-soluble and water-insoluble moiety was 0.7 for the rat and 3.5 for the bovine lens. The dry weight percent of the water soluble proteins was lower for the female lens, whereas that of the water insoluble proteins was higher for the female lens. The male lens, on the contrary, showed a higher percentage of water-soluble and a lower percentage of water-insoluble proteins with increasing age. The ratio R of the dry weight of water-soluble to water-insoluble proteins was, from the age of 429 days, lower for the female lens. During ageing, the proportion of the lens-water was higher for the male lens. PMID- 6634055 TI - Primate ocular blood flow following contiguous recti tenotomy. AB - Tenotomy of the medial and superior recti resulted in decreased blood flow to only the superior quadrant of the unit iris, ciliary body with processes (ICBCP). Blood flow to the medial, lateral, and inferior quadrants of the ICBCP was maintained. These data support the contention that tenotomy initiates a compensatory increase in medial quadrant blood flow, probably via the medial long posterior ciliary artery. The superior quadrant appears to be the least protected from ischemia immediately following recti tenotomy. PMID- 6634056 TI - Hemolytic complement in tears. AB - We performed hemolytic assays for C1, C4, C3 and C5 on tear samples from 7 normal subjects and 10 patients with corneal ulcers. Hemolytic activities in tears were determined by 50% hemolysis of sensitized sheep red blood cells. Absent or low hemolytic activities of C1, C4 and C3 were found in normal tears. C5 was detected in tear samples from 4 of 7 normal subjects. Tear samples from patients with corneal ulcers showed elevated levels of C1, C4, C3 and C5, but wide ranges in values were found. C5 had the highest hemolytic activities in both normal tears and tears from eyes with corneal ulcers. Complement in tears may contribute to host defense in microbial corneal ulcers. PMID- 6634057 TI - Effect of long-wave ultraviolet light on the lens. IV. Leucine metabolism in normal human lenses in vitro. AB - A series of lens pairs (each pair from the same donor) from human eyebank eyes were incubated in a medium containing tracer leucine. One lens of each pair was exposed to long-wave ultraviolet light. The other was shielded. The irradiated lenses accumulated free leucine to a level only 53% of that in the shielded lenses. Irradiation depressed leucine incorporation to 29% of the control level. These results show that UV may adversely affect important parameters of human lens protein metabolism in vitro over a period of 10-30 h. PMID- 6634058 TI - Lipid composition of human aqueous humor. AB - The lipid composition of human aqueous humor was determined in ten samples from patients undergoing cataract surgery. The mean concentration was 16.4 mg/dl for total lipids, 2.5 for phospholipids, 1.1 for free fatty acids, 1.7 for unesterified cholesterol 2.0 for triglycerides, and 9.0 mg/dl for cholesterol esters, respectively. The presence of lipids in aqueous humor suggests that lipids are transported through the human aqueous humor. PMID- 6634059 TI - Cotton-wool spots as a sign in leptospirosis (Weil's disease). AB - A 44-year-old black male presented with fever, myalgia and weakness. He had elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. During the first 6 days of this undiagnosed illness azotemia increased, a pericardial friction rub occurred, and hematuria was present. On the 7th day bilateral subconjunctival hemorrhages, anterior uveitis, and peripapillary cotton-wool spots were noted. This combination of findings suggested leptospirosis, which was subsequently confirmed by specific antibody titers. Therapeutic response was achieved with high-dose systemic steroids. PMID- 6634060 TI - Retinopathy and intraocular pressure in diabetic children. AB - 40 diabetic children, ranging in age from 7 to 18 years, were examined with fluorescein angiography. 31 of them also underwent applanation tonometry. In 45% of the children a diabetic retinopathy was demonstrated on the angiograms. This retinopathy appeared to be progressive during a follow-up period of 1-3 years. The diabetic children without retinopathy had an intraocular pressure which was equal to that of a control group of 25 nondiabetic children. However, the diabetic children who developed retinopathy had a significant (p less than 0.01) elevation of their intraocular pressure. PMID- 6634061 TI - Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. III. Clinical diagnosis. AB - 14 cases of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) were clinically analyzed, in whom we excluded known etiologies of optic nerve disturbances and confirmed the decreased blood supply to the posterior portion of the optic nerve. On the basis of our clinical findings, we have proposed the following criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic PION: (1) sudden onset of unilateral visual disturbance in older patients; (2) normal optic disc, subsequently developing simple optic atrophy; (3) hypertensive and arteriosclerotic changes in the retinal vessels; (4) varying degrees of impaired vision, variable visual field defects; (5) associated systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipemia, hypotension, etc.; (6) exclusion of other demonstrable causes of optic nerve disturbances, and (7) confirmation of abnormal hemodynamics in the posterior portion of the optic nerve by carotid angiography, ophthalmodynamography, ophthalmodynamometry and fluorescein fundus angiography. PMID- 6634062 TI - Urokinase-treatment of fresh laser irradiation-induced vitreous hemorrhage. AB - Using a ruby laser, we induced vitreous hemorrhage in each eye of 12 rabbits. On the following day either 25,000 Ploug units of urokinase or saline were injected into the eyes of each rabbit. Urokinase did not accelerate the absorption of blood from the vitreous but prevented the development of severe vitreous fibrosis which replaced the hemorrhage in seven of the control eyes. PMID- 6634063 TI - Congenital horizontal gaze paralysis and ear dysplasia--a syndrome. AB - A 9-year-old boy with cyanotic congenital heart disease demonstrated congenital horizontal gaze paralysis and dysplasia of the left external and middle ear. Another patient associating congenital horizontal gaze paralysis and left hemifacial atrophy including ear dysplasia had previously been reported. The coincidence of such rare dysgenetic phenomena as congenital horizontal gaze paralysis and ear dysplasia in 2 patients seems to be significant. Since patients with congenital horizontal gaze paralysis often replace lateral gaze by convergence spasms, gaze paralysis sometimes remains undiagnosed. Therefore, when ocular motor disturbance is associated with ear dysplasia, the possibility of congenital horizontal gaze paralysis should be considered. PMID- 6634064 TI - Ocular bobbing: abnormal eye movement or eye movement's abnormality? AB - Ocular bobbing is classified as an abnormal eye movement, resulting from pathological neuronal activity of the brain stem after bilateral pontine lesions. Clinical oculographic study of 5 patients suffering from ocular bobbing shows that upwards voluntary eye movements are abnormal. We suggest that ocular bobbing should not to be regarded as an abnormal eye movement, but, rather, as the only residual movement of patients which are totally deprived of both horizontal and upward movements. PMID- 6634065 TI - [Convergent strabismus with eccentric fixation in a case of persistent pupillary membrane]. AB - Case report of a now 9-year-old boy with a pronounced persistent pupillary membrane in both eyes combined with amblyopia and eccentric fixation in the right eye and a convergent squint. After surgery removing the persistent pupillary membrane in both eyes at the age of 4 years, pleoptics and orthoptics were applied. Visual acuity and eccentric fixation did not improve. Strabismic surgery was carried out with good cosmetic result. Aetiologically, one can assume a deprivation by the persisting pupillary membrane. PMID- 6634066 TI - 1983 annual meeting program: American Academy of Ophthalmology. Chicago, October 30-November 3. Scientific sessions. PMID- 6634067 TI - Laser surgery of the lens. Experimental studies. AB - The authors used high peak power nanosecond (Q-switched) and picosecond (mode locked) pulses from the neodymium-YAG laser to perform experimental anterior and posterior capsulotomy in rabbits. The morphology of laser anterior capsulotomy was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Ultrastructural studies revealed no evidence of morphologic abnormality in the corneal endothelium in eyes in which laser capsulotomy had been performed. The critical factors for the prevention of inadvertent retinal injury during laser surgery in the anterior segment of the eye were identified as pulse energy and cone angle of incident laser radiation. Using wide angle fundus photography and fluorescein angiography, intentional retinal injury during laser surgery of the lens was experimentally documented when retinal radiant energy exposure exceeded injury threshold. PMID- 6634068 TI - Three-dimensional topography of the central visual field. Sparing of foveal sensitivity in macular disease. AB - Threshold static perimetry was performed using test object patterns that covered contiguous areas of the central visual field. Computer imaging methods were used to display a three-dimensional surface that was interpolated between the sensitivity values at each of the test object locations. The examinations covered the area out to and including 10 degrees of eccentricity from the point of fixation, corresponding to the same area of the visual field covered by the Amsler grid. The normal visual field surface appears as a high plateau with a smoothly rising level of sensitivity forming a peak at the point of fixation. It was found that in a variety of macular diseases, including those caused by vascular, as well as primary degenerative disorders, central scotomas were characterized by relative sparing of visual sensitivity at the point of fixation. The pattern thus produced was one of a ring-shaped depression within the central 10 degrees of the visual field. This phenomenon was present in 20% of cases with central scotomas resulting from macular disease, but was not found in any eye of 64 patients suffering from central scotomas as a result of optic nerve disease. This pattern of visual field loss may be common, though not frequently recognized. It is proposed that the phenomenon of preservation of foveal sensitivity may be a marker for macular disease, as distinct from central visual field defects arising from optic nerve disease. PMID- 6634069 TI - Ophthalmology (eye physician and surgeon) manpower studies for the United States. Part IV: Ophthalmology manpower distribution 1983. AB - Physician distribution continues to be important in health manpower planning. In 1980 the GMENAC Committee reported uneven geographic distribution of physicians and uneven rates of use of health services in the United States. This study uses zip code sectional areas as the geographical units to describe the geographic distribution of ophthalmologists. Ophthalmologists to population ratio was calculated for each of 532 zip code sectional areas in the US. Results indicate considerable variation in availability of ophthalmologic services. However, this variation is not necessarily indicative of a serious maldistribution problem since there are regional differences in need and supply. This study found that less than 1% of the population did not have convenient access to an ophthalmologist. Resulting data should be helpful to both ophthalmologists considering relocating and residents seeking practice opportunities. Ratios should be used in conjunction with other demographic information available for the sectional areas. PMID- 6634070 TI - Multicentric Kaposi's sarcoma of the conjunctiva in a male homosexual with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - A 38-year-old male homosexual with the new Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) had biopsy proven Kaposi's sarcoma of the right palpebral conjunctiva, extraocular mucocutaneous areas, and lymph nodes. Histologically, the palpebral tumor was characterized by atypical spindle cell proliferation and multiple slit like vessels. Staining for Factor VIII-related antigen was positive in the cytoplasm of some tumor cells. Electron microscopy disclosed Weibel-Palade bodies in cells lining scattered slit-like vascular channels. The palpebral tumor mass was relatively nonadherent to its surrounding tissues and thus its simple excision was noteworthy; despite the prominent vascularity of the tumor, minimal bleeding was associated with its surgical resection. Any patient with AIDS should have all mucosal surfaces routinely examined for the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma lesions. PMID- 6634071 TI - Opportunistic toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis following chemotherapy for systemic lymphoma. A light and electron microscopic study. AB - After a prolonged period of chemotherapy for a disseminated nodular lymphoma, a 51-year-old woman developed a white lesion in the left macular region, in the absence of any overt lymphomatous disease elsewhere. The initial retinal diagnosis was nonetheless a lymphomatous infiltrate. Due to her severely immunocompromised state, the patient developed pneumonia and died. The involved left eye was examined postmortem by light and electron microscopy. The retinal lesion was discovered to be caused by infection with Toxoplasma gondii, which on postmortem evaluation was also found in the brain together with subclinical lymphomatous disease and multifocal leucoencelphalopathy. Many viable and intact cysts were observed floating within the necrotic retina as well as lodged within recognizable retinal cells. Most of the organisms were encysted bradyzoites, although a rare tachyzoite was discovered in the extracellular space. Unusual features examined ultrastructurally were a preretinal membrane formed exclusively by glial cells, residual proliferating glial cells within the retina that were frequently related to surviving capillaries, and a multilaminar spindle cell placoid proliferation of pigment epithelial cells, assuming almost pseudo sarcomatous proportions. Banded extracellular membrane material was focally observed between the proliferating pigment epithelial cells. No neoplastic lymphoreticular cells were discovered within the choroid, but a curious feature was the production of basement membranes by the surviving choroidal melanocytes. Toxoplasmosis should therefore be considered along with fungi and viruses in the differential diagnosis of white retinal lesions appearing in immunocompromised patients. PMID- 6634072 TI - Chlorambucil in Behcet's disease. A reappraisal. AB - Ten patients with Behcet's disease were treated with chlorambucil alone. At the therapeutic drug level of 0.2 mg/kg, seven patients developed oligospermia and three patients developed azoospermia. A 30-year-old patient underwent a testicular biopsy two years after the cessation of therapy. Histopathology revealed evidence of testicular atrophy. Fifteen (75%) out of 20 eyes had a visual acuity of 20/200 or less following therapy. It is concluded that chlorambucil should not be used as the first line of therapy in Behcet's disease and that its long term benefits in patients with Behcet's disease should be reevaluated. PMID- 6634073 TI - Lacrimal gland enlargement in familial sarcoidosis. AB - Familial sarcoidosis is rare. It is unusual for lacrimal gland enlargement to be the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis. Two sisters are described with lacrimal gland enlargement as the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis. Gallium-67 scan was a useful adjunct to lacrimal biopsy in sarcoidosis. Sarcoid dacryoadenitis responded dramatically to a short term course of low dose prednisone. PMID- 6634074 TI - Ocular involvement in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). AB - A 27-year-old white woman with anorexia, abdominal pain, arthralgias, spiking fever, diarrhea, and bizarre neurologic symptoms developed yellowish-gray plaques surrounded by hemorrhage in the posterior choroid of both eyes. Progressive thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinoginemia, and accelerated fibrinolysis supported the diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Death occurred from complications of DIC. Widespread thrombotic occlusion of small blood vessels was present in numerous organs, including the posterior choriocapillaris and larger choroidal vessels of both eyes. Other ocular vessels were normal. PMID- 6634075 TI - Ophthalmic manifestations of acoustic neurinoma. AB - Acoustic neurinomas comprise 8% of all primary intracranial neoplasms. The authors reviewed 100 cases of pathologically confirmed acoustic neurinomas and compared tumor size, based on observations at operation, with findings on history and physical examination. Of the 100 patients, 36 had a decreased corneal reflex, 36 had nystagmus, and 8 had papilledema. Ninety-two percent of the patients with nystagmus had brainstem compression from tumor, and unilateral nystagmus when present was predominantly on gaze toward the side of the tumor. A positive correlation was found between tumor size and the presence of signs and symptoms. Tumors causing nystagmus were at least 2 cm in greatest dimension; those causing a diminished corneal reflex were at least 2.5 cm; and those causing subjective symptoms and papilledema were at least 4.0 and 4.5 cm, respectively. PMID- 6634076 TI - Potential retinal hazards. Instrument and environmental light sources. AB - Light can cause retinal damage by mechanical, thermal, or photochemical mechanisms. Mechanical and thermal injury require a very intense light exposure, but photochemical injury is caused by a prolonged exposure to light levels that probably would be well tolerated if experienced only transiently. The existence of photochemical retinal damage has prompted concern about its possible role in macular degeneration, and reexamination of the safety of clinical light sources. An analysis of the potential hazardousness of these light sources is presented, in addition to a review of retinal damage mechanisms, and suggestions for pertinent patient counseling. PMID- 6634077 TI - Light intensity and visual acuity following cataract surgery. AB - The authors analyzed 310 cataract operations that were randomly distributed between two operating rooms, each containing a microscope with different light intensities. The light intensity of one microscope was almost threefold greater than the other. One hundred seventy-seven patients were excluded from this study because of medical or ocular problems that might affect visual acuity. The remaining 133 patients are the subjects of this paper. Seventy-one were operated upon under high intensity light, and 62 were subjected to lower illumination in the operating room. Visual acuity after operation was correlated with type of microscope, age, sex, method of cataract extraction, and use of intraocular lenses. Reduced visual acuity (20/40 or worse) was consistently more common with high intensity light and with increasing age. Further investigation is recommended to establish the cause of this reduced acuity. PMID- 6634078 TI - Eye protective techniques for bright light. AB - There are two principal methods to protect the retina from light damage: filtration, and brightness reduction. Since short-wavelength light and ultraviolet radiation are the most hazardous, filters that strongly attenuate wavelengths less than 500 nm can be quite effective. As infrared radiation may enhance photochemical light damage of the retina, filtration of infrared radiation is also desirable. Finally, since the eye must focus incident light on the retina, the brightness (radiance) of a source plays an important role in determining the degree of hazard of a light source. Diffusing the light source can greatly reduce the risk of injury. PMID- 6634079 TI - Light-induced maculopathy from the operating microscope in extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. AB - A characteristic macular lesion has been noted in six patients who underwent extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation. The lesion appeared similar to that which other investigators have produced in monkeys as a response to the coaxial illumination of the operating microscope. On the first or second postoperative day, the lesion appeared as an oval area of mild yellow-white discoloration of the retina; gradually it developed mottled pigmentation over the next few weeks. The pigmentary changes were often subtle, but fluorescein angiography revealed a characteristic sharply circumscribed lesion. In most of our patients the lesion was just above or below the foveola, so that central vision returned to normal, but a paracentral scotoma was present. These findings should encourage the clinician to heed the warnings of those laboratory studies which have shown the phototoxic potential of the operation microscope's unfiltered coaxial illumination and force us to re-examine our filters and operating techniques. PMID- 6634080 TI - Observations on monkey eyes exposed to light from an operating microscope. AB - Two cynomolgous monkeys were exposed to the light of an operating microscope. One eye was exposed to the light with the blue end of the spectrum filtered, while the other was exposed to unfiltered light. Neither group of eyes showed ophthalmoscopic evidence of a discrete retinal lesion. The eyes exposed to unfiltered light, however, showed histologic evidence of foveomacular change. The eyes exposed to filtered light showed lesser changes. PMID- 6634081 TI - The inefficacy of polivalent Pasteurella multocida vaccines for sheep. AB - Immunity assays on sheep sera using passive mouse protection tests showed that vaccines containing more than 4 strains of Pasteurella multocida did not give a good immunity. The immune response was not enhanced by the use of an oil adjuvant, and high concentrations of bacteria had only a partial positive effect. Attempts to extract selectively the protection-inducing antigen(s) from P. multocida by veronal, phenol or potassium thiocyanate extraction were unsuccessful. Furthermore, it was found that sheep antisera to the recognized type strains of P. multocida afforded only limited protection against a number of field strains. We concluded from this that successful immunization against ovine pasteurellosis will depend on either the identification of a strain of P. multocida that gives a wide spectrum of immunity or the discovery of a live mutant suitable for vaccine production and the definition of cultural conditions that promote the expression of a common immunizing antigen. PMID- 6634082 TI - A survey of neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the Republic of South Africa. V. Tumours occurring in the cat. AB - A total of 243 neoplasms were recorded in a survey of all the feline neoplasms which are reported in the registration files of the Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, Republic of South Africa, covering a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974. The tissues most commonly neoplastic were the skin, followed by the lymphoid tissue, the digestive tract and the genital system, which together accounted for 76,6% of the total tumours. Squamous cell carcinomas, the commonest type of tumour, accounted for 65 (26,7%) of the 243 neoplasms, followed by lymphosarcomas with 50 (20,5%). The majority of squamous cell carcinomas involved the skin, especially that of the ear and nose. A reasonably high proportion of these tumours also occurred on the tongue and eyelid. The commonest form of distribution for lymphosarcomas was the multicentric form, followed by the alimentary, the renal and thymic forms. Squamous cell carcinomas were the most frequent type of skin tumours, followed by basal cell tumours, mastocytomas and melanomas. The digestive tract accounted for 33 (13,5%) of the neoplasms, the 3 most commonly encountered being squamous cell carcinomas, lymphosarcomas and intestinal adenocarcinomas. The mammary gland tumours accounted for 23 (9,5%) of the total, 61% of which were carcinomas. Other tumours encountered were fibromas, fibrosarcomas involving particularly the skin, melanomas of the skin or eye, osteosarcomas, hepatocellular carcinomas and haemangiosarcomas. PMID- 6634083 TI - Studies on the parasites of zebras. 1. Nematodes of the Burchell's zebra in the Kruger National Park. AB - Nineteen species of gastro-intestinal nematodes were recovered from 10 Burchell's zebra. These include: Cyathostomum alveatum, C. montgomeryi and C. tetracanthum; Cylicocyclus auriculatus, C. gyalocephaloides, C. insigne and C. triramosus; Cylicodontophorus schurmanni and Cylicodontophorus n.sp., Cylicostephanus bidentatus, C. calicatus and C. minutus; Poteriostomum ratzii, Craterostomum acuticaudatum, Triodontophorus minor, Habronema majus, H. muscae, H. zebrae, and Draschia megastoma, as well as Cylindropharynx spp. The highest burdens encountered were those of Cylicocyclus triramosus (159 491), Cylindropharynx (19 875), Cylicocyclus auriculatus (15 792), Cylicostephanus calicatus (16 658) and Cyathostomum tetracanthum (13 723). The nematodes consistently present in all zebras were: Cylicostephanus calicatus, Cylindropharynx spp. and Draschia megastoma. PMID- 6634084 TI - Serological response of cattle to infection with Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in southern Africa. AB - The indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to measure the antibody response of cattle for 8 weeks after infection with either Babesia bigemina or Babesia bovis, or a combination of both species. Serological cross-reactions were observed between the 2 species, but these were most marked when B. bigemina antigen was used. In animals infected with both Babesia spp., the B. bigemina reaction appeared to suppress the B. bovis reaction. PMID- 6634085 TI - The reaction of ovine neutrophils to Histophilus ovis in relation to genital infection of rams. AB - Histophilus ovis was shown to be phagocytized by neutrophils when the organisms enter the lumen of the reproductive tract of the ram. The phagocytosis and destruction of H. ovis by neutrophils was demonstrated in vitro by the viable count method and by electron microscopy. It was shown that immunoglobulins and complement had no influence on the phagocytosis and destruction of H. ovis. Phagocytosis and killing of H. ovis was accomplished equally well by neutrophils from immunized and non-immunized rams. Immunized rams showed a massive infiltration of neutrophils into the walls, epithelium and lumen of their ampullae when dead H. ovis were introduced into their lumen. PMID- 6634086 TI - A bioassay technique for the pheromone emitted by Amblyomma hebraeum males. AB - Attachment of Amblyomma hebraeum females, either around feeding males or in areas in which extracts of fed males had previously been placed, was studied. The percentage attachment of female ticks around feeding males was significantly higher than that inside extract-treated areas. It was also found that the percentage attachment around the males increases with time, but there is little or no increase in attachment with time inside the treated areas. The amount of pheromone released by 1 feeding male was enough to stimulate attachment of females, although the rate of attachment accelerated as the number of males increased. PMID- 6634087 TI - Heartwater in Angora goats. I. Immunity subsequent to artificial infection and treatment. AB - This study confirmed reports that Angora goats are highly susceptible to Cowdria ruminantium and showed that immunization of this breed against heartwater may be difficult hazardous. It was found that if goats were treated on the 2nd or 3rd day of the febrile reaction following the intravenous inoculation of the heartwater agent, few animals survived the infection. If, on the other hand, treatment was instituted on the 1st day of the reaction, the chances of survival were good, but the immunity of the goats to subsequent challenge was poor. PMID- 6634088 TI - The prevalence of helminth and arthropod parasites of warthog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, in South West Africa/Namibia. AB - A total of 38 warthog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, shot on a farm in northern South West Africa/Namibia were examined for internal and external parasites at monthly intervals over a period of 13 months. They harboured cestodes, 9 nematode species, 6 ixodid tick species and 1 species each of an argasid tick, a flea, a louse and larvae of a dipteran fly. Clear patterns of seasonal abundance could be determined only for the spirurid stomach worm, Physocephalus sexalatus, and the sucking louse, Haematopinus phachoeri. PMID- 6634089 TI - A survey on neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the Republic of South Africa. IV. Tumours occurring in Equidae. AB - A survey was carried out on the neoplasms of horses, donkeys and mules which are recorded in the registration files of the Section of Pathology of the Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort, in the Republic of South Africa, over a 40 year period from 1935 to 1974. A total of 378 tumours are recorded, 339 of which were in horses, 32 in mules and 7 in donkeys. Sarcoids (38%), squamous cell carcinomas (23,5%), fibromas (8,2%), melanomas (8,0%), papillomas (4,5%), fibrosarcomas (3,4%) and lymphosarcomas (3,0%) accounted for 88,6% of the total. Of the 58 sarcoids for which the site or origin was determined, 46,5% occurred on the head, 32,8% on the chest and abdomen, 19% on the limbs especially below the level of the carpus or hock and 1,7% on the neck. Fifty percent of the 89 squamous cell carcinomas occurred on or around the eyes, especially on the eyelids or nictitating membrane, 23% involved the penis and/or prepuce, while just over 20% arose on the skin. The melanomas involved the skin and eye, whilst papillomas originated primarily on the skin and less frequently on the penis. PMID- 6634090 TI - Treatment of fingertip and nail bed injuries. AB - The techniques for treating lacerations, amputations and loss of tissue, and injury of the perionychium are described in detail. The various local and distal flaps used for reconstruction and their appropriate application are also discussed. Rehabilitation of the digital tips is based on adaptation of the sensitive part to gradually increasing frequency and duration of stimulation. PMID- 6634092 TI - Management of the stiff hand: a practical approach. AB - Postoperative management of hand trauma is as critical in restoring function as the surgery itself. An integrated program emphasizing edema and pain control, patient education, good positioning, appropriate exercises and splinting, and the use of the hand in functional activities must be designed for each patient individually. In this way, the patient can participate in his or her own rehabilitation. PMID- 6634091 TI - Crush injury of the upper limb. Early and late management. AB - The care of the patient with a crushed upper limb requires accurate assessment, carefully planned and executed surgical procedures, diligence, and reassessment. Often, a long period of rehabilitation is also needed. The quality of care rendered by the surgeon and therapist often affects the patient's functional end result and his chance to regain his ability to provide for himself independently. PMID- 6634093 TI - Fractures of the hand. AB - Fractures of the hand should be managed so as to achieve accurate and stable reduction and the resumption of active motion in the early phase of fracture healing. Methods are discussed for reducing and retarding edema, which expedites healing. The incidence of complications can be reduced by a carefully supervised therapy program consisting of range of motion exercises, splinting, and functional activities. PMID- 6634094 TI - Management of small joint injuries in the hand. AB - The principles of management of small joint injuries of the fingers are discussed. Particular attention is paid to acute capsular injuries, fractures, and chronic capsular problems. PMID- 6634095 TI - Management and rehabilitation of extensor tendon injuries. AB - The keys to the treatment of extensor tendon injuries are knowledge of the anatomic characteristics of the area, the correct position of immobilization of the wrist and fingers, and the timing for institution of active and resistive exercises. PMID- 6634096 TI - Rehabilitation after amputations in the hand. AB - It is important to recognize the psychological and cosmetic aspects of amputation. More data are needed regarding the functional loss at various amputation levels so that patients can be counseled more effectively. Rehabilitation and reconstructive surgery can then produce results that will be more meaningful to the patient in terms of employment and everyday use of the hand. PMID- 6634097 TI - Upper extremity replantation. AB - The most important determinants of the functional ability of an amputated part are proper patient selection and the recognition of vascular compromise. Ideally, a well-performed anastomosis should need no pharmacologic assistance, but the ideal is often the exception. The authors present an empirical approach to use of anticoagulation medication. PMID- 6634098 TI - Surgical treatment of hands for C5-C6 tetraplegia. AB - The author describes a three-stage reconstruction for the patient with C5-C6 tetraplegia who has powerful wrist extensors and median sensibility. This procedure gives maximum utilization to the remaining four functional muscles. Triceps substitution by a posterior deltoid transfer is an excellent adjunctive procedure. PMID- 6634099 TI - [Objectives of the traumatologo-orthopedic service in light of the May (1982) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU]. PMID- 6634100 TI - [Effect of various factors on the degree and frequency of compression fractures of the thoracic vertebrae in children]. PMID- 6634101 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of birth spinal and spinal cord injuries in children]. PMID- 6634102 TI - [Experimental model of the cervical vertebrae]. PMID- 6634103 TI - [Regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in patients with spinal cord injuries]. PMID- 6634104 TI - [Mortality in complicated spinal injuries]. PMID- 6634105 TI - [Surgical correction of flexion contractures of the knee joint in patients with juvenile cerebral palsy]. PMID- 6634106 TI - [Treatment of injuries of the arm nerves]. PMID- 6634107 TI - [Late sutures of the median and ulnar nerves]. PMID- 6634108 TI - [Clinical and forensic aspects of injuries of the major blood vessels and vessels of the extremities]. PMID- 6634109 TI - [Surgical treatment of bone tumors and tumor-like formations]. PMID- 6634110 TI - [Characteristic course of aneurysmal bone cysts of various localizations]. PMID- 6634111 TI - [Characteristics of blood coagulation in patients with aneurysmal bone cysts]. PMID- 6634112 TI - [Relation between chondromatosis and solitary bone chondromas]. PMID- 6634113 TI - [Fracture of the odontoid process of the atlas with retro-displacement]. PMID- 6634114 TI - [Dislocations of the cervical vertebrae in children]. PMID- 6634115 TI - [Spinal osteomyelitis]. PMID- 6634116 TI - [Osteoid osteoma of the pedicle of the third cervical vertebra arch]. PMID- 6634117 TI - [Kyphoscoliosis in spinal cord tumors]. PMID- 6634118 TI - [Adamantinoma of the long tubular bones]. PMID- 6634119 TI - [Congenital underdevelopment of the fibula and formation of the external malleolus]. PMID- 6634120 TI - [Age-related characteristics of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in roentgenodiagnosis of compression fractures]. PMID- 6634121 TI - [Role of mechanical factors in the mechanism of adaptative reconstruction of the bone]. PMID- 6634122 TI - [Ultrastructure of the mineral component and solidity of bone tissue of the vertebrae in persons of different age]. PMID- 6634123 TI - [Biomechanical modeling of tension state of the proximal section of the femur using diverse variants of intertrochanteric osteotomy]. PMID- 6634124 TI - [Adaptation compensatory changes in the osteoarticular apparatus after aseptic necrosis of the femur head]. PMID- 6634125 TI - [Metabolic and immunologic changes in patients with chronic osteomyelitis after treatment of extensive defects of leg bones]. PMID- 6634126 TI - [Effects of immunostimulation on the reparative osteogenesis]. PMID- 6634127 TI - [Characteristics of bone regeneration under the action of the rat adrenal gland extract in animal experiments]. PMID- 6634128 TI - [Disorders of structural organization of epiphyseal cartilage and growth of long bones in functional overload]. PMID- 6634129 TI - [Mechanisms of the restoration of the locomotor function of the limbs after their replantation or injury of the sciatic nerve]. PMID- 6634130 TI - [Correction of disorders of calcium metabolism in patients in the post-traumatic period]. PMID- 6634131 TI - [Heparin and mud therapy in fractures]. PMID- 6634132 TI - [Rapid application of therapeutic-prophylactic orthoses using devices of polymer materials]. PMID- 6634133 TI - [Prognostication of treatment outcomes of the sequelae of diaphyseal and metaphyseal fractures with the aid of evaluation tables]. PMID- 6634134 TI - [Scientific thinking, medical training and the art of healing]. PMID- 6634135 TI - [Emperipolesis: migration of bone marrow cells within megakaryocytes]. PMID- 6634136 TI - [Acetylator state in diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6634137 TI - [Laboratory diagnosis of immuno-thrombocytopenias (the immunobead test)]. PMID- 6634138 TI - [A new method for obtaining simultaneously intestinal mucosa and duodenal juice]. PMID- 6634139 TI - [Intrahepatic gas accumulation detected by ultrasound]. PMID- 6634140 TI - [His-bundle electrogram recorded by body-surface lead]. PMID- 6634142 TI - [Acceptable negative results of radiologic examinations]. PMID- 6634141 TI - [Primary planocellular cancer of the bladder]. PMID- 6634143 TI - [Hydrops foetalis not caused by isoimmunization]. PMID- 6634144 TI - [Scintigraphic localization of the kidney for percutaneous renal biopsy in children]. PMID- 6634145 TI - [Occupational rehabilitation of patients with respiratory disorders]. PMID- 6634146 TI - [Harmful effects of smoking during pregnancy: studies on blood oxygen affinity]. PMID- 6634148 TI - [Treatment of patients with indwelling catheters at an outpatient clinic]. PMID- 6634147 TI - [Insulin therapy by continuous infusion in hyperglycemic coma, based on a nomogram]. PMID- 6634149 TI - [Psychiatric problems in Cushing's syndrome]. PMID- 6634151 TI - [Adverse effect of drugs and difficulties in recognizing the cause-effect relationship]. PMID- 6634150 TI - [Reconstruction of defects after radical extirpation of head and neck tumors by the authors' modification of the Ariyan method of using the pectoralis major muscle with a myocutaneous flap]. PMID- 6634152 TI - [Experience with the primary resection of tumors of the left colon and rectum causing intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 6634153 TI - [An unusual side effect of quinidine: liver damage, pneumonia]. PMID- 6634155 TI - [Spontaneous rupture of a serous kidney cyst verified by surgery]. PMID- 6634154 TI - [Spontaneous rupture of the kidney calix]. PMID- 6634156 TI - [Genetic amniocentesis]. PMID- 6634157 TI - [Radiomorphologic changes in the pancreatic ducts in chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6634158 TI - [Monitoring of the pathogenesis of congenital abnormalities]. PMID- 6634159 TI - ["Somogyi symptom" associated with retroperitoneal duodenal rupture caused by a safety belt]. PMID- 6634160 TI - [Spontaneous rupture of the esophagus, stage-by-stage surgical reconstruction]. PMID- 6634161 TI - [Immunoplasia. Immunotrophy. The other side of immunology]. PMID- 6634162 TI - [The significance of ultrasonics in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors]. PMID- 6634163 TI - [Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I]. PMID- 6634165 TI - [Therapy of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy]. PMID- 6634164 TI - [Neurologic aspects of the hypoglycemic syndrome]. PMID- 6634166 TI - [Relation between theory and practice in the rehabilitation of hemiplegia]. PMID- 6634168 TI - [The antibacterial effect of niridazole on Vibrio cholerae strains]. PMID- 6634167 TI - [Non-specific drug-metabolizing enzyme capacity in Gilbert's disease]. PMID- 6634169 TI - [Surgical treatment of hyperthyroidism in subjects over 65]. PMID- 6634170 TI - [Sacrococcygeal chordoma based on follow-up studies of 4 surgically treated patients]. PMID- 6634171 TI - [Electrophysiologic examination of incomplete trifascicular block associated with syncope]. PMID- 6634172 TI - [Skin replacement as a temporary measure in post-traumatic tissue defects]. PMID- 6634173 TI - [Soft tissue-plasty for the restoration of infected defects of the lower extremity]. PMID- 6634174 TI - [Free myocutaneous flap-plasty]. PMID- 6634175 TI - [Synovectomy in purulent inflammation of the knee joint]. PMID- 6634176 TI - Symposium on trauma to the head and neck. PMID- 6634177 TI - Contemporary radiologic evaluation in maxillofacial trauma. PMID- 6634178 TI - Dental aspects of maxillofacial trauma. PMID- 6634179 TI - The use of intraoral splints in the treatment of maxillofacial injuries. PMID- 6634181 TI - Diagnosis and management of ocular injuries. PMID- 6634180 TI - Surgical treatment in temporomandibular joint trauma. PMID- 6634182 TI - Conjunctival approach for the repair of pure orbital blowout fractures. PMID- 6634183 TI - Surgical correction of the traumatized nose. PMID- 6634184 TI - Traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leakage. PMID- 6634185 TI - Traumatic injuries of the middle ear. PMID- 6634186 TI - Temporal bone fractures. PMID- 6634187 TI - Trauma to the facial nerve. PMID- 6634188 TI - Vascular injuries of the head and neck. PMID- 6634189 TI - Burns of the head and neck. PMID- 6634190 TI - Facial contouring after trauma. PMID- 6634191 TI - Maxillofacial trauma in the pediatric age group. PMID- 6634192 TI - [Treatment of subglottic laryngitis in children]. PMID- 6634193 TI - [Evaluation of the results of immunological studies in laryngeal papilloma]. PMID- 6634194 TI - [Neurogenic tumors of the larynx]. PMID- 6634195 TI - [Epidemiology of infectious mononucleosis]. PMID- 6634197 TI - [Foreign body in the retropharyngeal space]. PMID- 6634196 TI - [Paranasal sinus diseases in miners]. PMID- 6634198 TI - [Thrombosis of the cavernous sinus and jugular vein caused by maxillary sinusitis and otitis media]. PMID- 6634199 TI - [Combined treatment of thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus]. PMID- 6634200 TI - [Microsurgical treatment of infantile laryngeal papilloma]. PMID- 6634201 TI - [Esthesioneuroblastoma]. PMID- 6634202 TI - [Neurinoma of the soft palate in a child]. PMID- 6634203 TI - [A case of foreign body in cicatrical stenosis of the cardial segment of the esophagus removed with a fibroscope]. PMID- 6634204 TI - [Proceedings of the 31st session of the Polish Otolaryngology Society. Poznan, 20 22 September 1980. I]. PMID- 6634205 TI - [Relation between placental weight and somatic status of the newborn infant]. PMID- 6634206 TI - [Breast feeding of infants]. PMID- 6634207 TI - [Perinatal infections caused by unusual pathogens. 7. Candida-meningitis]. PMID- 6634208 TI - [Determination of bone age in the 1st year of life using measurements of tarsal bone nuclei]. PMID- 6634209 TI - [Familial atresia of the small intestine--genetics and genetic counseling]. PMID- 6634210 TI - [Construction and use of nomograms based on a nomogram for the estimation of required transfusion volumes]. PMID- 6634211 TI - [E. Frank's method of the use of corrected orthogonal ECG derivations in childhood. 2. Scalar ECG of Frank's derivations x, y and z at various ages in childhood]. PMID- 6634212 TI - Effect of naloxone on N2O analgesia. PMID- 6634213 TI - Plasma cortisol concentrations in patients with different circadian pain rhythm. AB - Plasma cortisol concentration was measured 4 times in a 24 h period in 4 groups of patients. Thirty of them complained of pain with different circadian rhythmicity (nocturnal pain, diurnal pain, continuous pain) and 10 were pain-free and served as a control group. The mean plasma cortisol concentration was significantly higher in pain patients as compared with healthy, pain-free subjects at the time of the highest pain intensity. There is a positive correlation between the intensity of pain and increased plasma cortisol level and this disagrees with previous reports of a relationship of pain and lower blood cortisol levels. PMID- 6634214 TI - Patterns of postoperative analgesic use with adults and children following cardiac surgery. AB - The postoperative prescription and administration of analgesics following cardiac surgery for 50 children were compared with those of 50 adults. Six children were the only patients in the sample who were prescribed no postoperative analgesics. Overall, children were prescribed significantly fewer potent narcotics. The administration data revealed even more pronounced group differences. During the observation period, children received 30% of all analgesic administrations while adults received 70%. Some possible reasons for these age differences in analgesic usage are presented, and implications regarding the adequacy of postoperative pain control in children are discussed. PMID- 6634215 TI - Analgesic dilemma in chronic hemodialysis patients. AB - Analgesic drug abuse led to end-stage renal disease in 31% of 122 patients in a cross-sectional investigation at our center. Addiction to analgesics and tranquilizers remained a serious problem in these patients even after they were placed on chronic hemodialysis. There is strong evidence that drug addiction leading to end-stage renal disease and chronic hemodialysis correlates with a special type of personality typified by the 60-year-old depressive woman suffering from chronic headache. PMID- 6634216 TI - The effects of indomethacin on in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell reactivity in human schistosomiasis. AB - The peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMN) proliferative responses of cells from patients with schistosomiasis were studied in the presence and absence of indomethacin in the culture medium. PBMN cultures were exposed to antigenic extracts of either adult S. mansoni worms (SWAP) or cercariae (CAP), and assayed for the incorporation of tritiated thymidine. More than 70% of the 48 patients studied with SWAP and the 40 patients studied with CAP, were not substantially effected by the addition of indomethacin to the cultures. The remainder (less than 30%) was augmented more than 50% by indomethacin and comprise a group which gave initially low responses to these antigenic preparations. Further analysis indicated that in some schistosomal patients the effect of an adherent suppressor cell population may, in part, be based on a prostaglandin-mediated, indomethacin sensitive suppressive mechanism. However, the majority of patients, most of whom display adherent suppressor cells, are unaffected by indomethacin. Apparently, other adherent cell suppressor mechanisms are responsible for the regulation observed. PMID- 6634217 TI - Regulation of the growth and differentiation of Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei brucei in resistant (C57Bl/6) and susceptible (C3H/He) mice. AB - While Trypanosoma brucei brucei GUTat 3 were equally infective for C3H/He and for C57Bl/6 mice at doses ranging from 5 to 5 x 10(3) organisms and had similar prepatent periods in both strains of mice, infected C57Bl/6 mice displayed lower parasitaemia, shorter times to parasite wave remission and survived for a longer time than infected C3H/He mice. Parasite growth and differentiation rates and host immune responses were similar for the first 5 days in both strains of mice after infection with 10(3) T.b.brucei GUTat 3 but, thereafter, parasite differentiation proceeded more rapidly and specific antibodies reached higher titres in C57Bl/6 than in C3H/He mice. In contrast, parasite growth and differentiation rates were similar in irradiated mice of both strains. Furthermore, following inoculation of intact mice with irradiated T.b.brucei GUTat 3, C3H/He mice actually mounted higher titred antibody responses than C57Bl/6 mice showing that they were not intrinsically defective in their capacity to respond to GUTat 3 antigens. Parasite differentiation occurred at the same rate in irradiated (650r) C57Bl/6 mice and in irradiated C57Bl/6 mice reconstituted with syngeneic spleen cells although T.b.brucei GUTat 3 specific antibody was detected in the latter mice prior to peak parasitaemia. Furthermore, it was shown directly in C57Bl/6 mice that there was no selective destruction of slender form T.b.brucei GUTat 3 parasites during the phase of accumulation of stumpy form parasites. These studies indicate that the more rapid differentiation of T.b.brucei GUTat 3 parasites in infected C57Bl/6 mice as compared to infected C3H/He mice was unlikely to be directly related to the more efficient antibody response in the infected C57Bl/6 mice. The observations suggest that there might be an association between host mechanisms which regulate differentiation of T.b.brucei parasites and those which regulate antibody responses. PMID- 6634218 TI - Alternative pathway activation of complement by African trypanosomes lacking a glycoprotein coat. AB - An in vitro culture Trypanosoma congolense cell line was established using the mammalian cell feeder layer system. One of the principle characteristics of this parasite was its ability to multiply in culture at 35 degrees C, as an uncoated trypanosome (lacking a glycoprotein surface coat) unlike the original blood stream form from which it was derived. This trypanosome was lysed when incubated in normal human serum in contrast to the parasite which possessed a surface coat. The lytic reaction as inhibited by EDTA but not EGTA and occurred in C2-deficient serum, demonstrating the involvement of the alternative pathway of complement activation. Similar results were obtained with procyclic forms of T. congolense and T. brucei brucei which also lacked surface coats. The results suggest that the glycoprotein surface coat protects the parasite by masking sites on the plasma membrane which are capable of promoting alternative pathway activation. PMID- 6634219 TI - Studies on the development of anti-schistosomular surface antibodies by mice exposed to irradiated cercariae, adults and/or eggs of S. mansoni. AB - Levels of antibody a binding to the schistosomulum surface and b mediating in vitro eosinophil-dependent cytotoxicity of schistosomula were studied and compared to the in vivo levels of resistance to cercarial challenge in mice infected with irradiated cercariae, unirradiated cercariae of single or mixed sex, or injected with eggs. Antibody-binding was assessed by counting the number of IgG-Fc-receptor bearing cells (P388D1 cells) adhering to mechanically transformed schistosomula. Significant levels of adherence occurred with sera taken from 1--2 weeks following exposure to irradiated cercariae, the level increasing gradually thereafter and being enhanced by repeated exposure. Sera from the bisexual infection showed a dramatic increase in binding activity between weeks 5--8, and with the single sex infections there was a steady rise up to week 10 followed by a sharp rise between weeks 10--12. Weekly injections of eggs produced a steady rise in serum binding activity. Sera taken just before challenge were also tested for their ability to mediate killing of schistosomula by eosinophil-enriched preparations of heterologous rat peritoneal exudate cells in vitro. Significant levels of killing occurred with all sera, but the greatest lethal activity was found in sera from the egg-injected, chronically-infected and 200 male cercariae-infected groups. This ranking did not correlate with in vivo resistance against challenge as assessed by worm recovery, the egg-injected and single sex-infected groups failing to manifest significant resistance. PMID- 6634220 TI - [Role of the hepatic cytochrome P-450 system in the development of anaphylaxis]. PMID- 6634221 TI - [Effect of progesterone on the metabolism of corticosteroid hormones in the lymphocytes and hepatocytes of rats with adjuvant disease]. PMID- 6634222 TI - [Inhibition of the cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase system of the liver in rats with adjuvant arthritis]. PMID- 6634223 TI - [Reaction of the blood system to a single administration of polyacrylic acid]. PMID- 6634224 TI - [Cytokinetics of the lymphoid organs of immunized and non-immunized mice]. PMID- 6634225 TI - [Activation of the mononuclear phagocyte system by microbial stimulators]. PMID- 6634226 TI - [Circulating antibodies to aortic elastin and their significance in human arteriosclerosis]. PMID- 6634227 TI - [Coagulative and fibrinolytic activities of the blood in thymectomized rats]. PMID- 6634228 TI - [Malum bisiliacum senile]. PMID- 6634229 TI - [Experimental studies of certain aspects of the hepatotoxicity of allyl alcohol]. PMID- 6634230 TI - [The role of urinary cytology in the diagnosis of neoplasms of the upper excretory tract. Cyto-histological correlations in 29 cases]. PMID- 6634231 TI - [Chronic granulomatous typhlitis caused by Yersinia]. PMID- 6634232 TI - [Malformation pathology and infant mortality in the decade 1971-1980 in the area of Trieste]. PMID- 6634233 TI - [Presence of lymphatic nodules in the bone marrow of subjects with polycythemia vera and secondary polyglobulism]. PMID- 6634234 TI - [Pseudocartilagenous pleural plaques]. PMID- 6634235 TI - [Study of malignant neurinomas]. PMID- 6634236 TI - [Pleomorphic primary adenoma of the scrotum]. PMID- 6634237 TI - [Infective endocarditis of the tricuspid valve. Echocardiographic diagnosis and surgery in a drug addict]. PMID- 6634238 TI - Education and participation of patients and their families. PMID- 6634239 TI - Dietary planning in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6634240 TI - Presidential address to the Society for Pediatric Research: a foundation for research. PMID- 6634241 TI - Tissue mineral levels in victims of sudden infant death syndrome I. Toxic metals- lead and cadmium. AB - Lung, liver, kidney, and rib specimens were obtained at autopsy from 66 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants and 23 infants who died suddenly from other causes between the ages of 4-26 wk. Tissue levels of lead and cadmium were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy and are expressed as microgram/g dry weight. Because these metals are cumulative with age in storage tissues, the levels were corrected for age (adjusted to age 13 wk). The SIDS liver and rib specimens contained significantly more lead than non-SIDS tissues (liver, 1.095 microgram/g versus 0.761 microgram/g, P less than 0.05; rib, 1.754 microgram/g versus 1.041 microgram/g, P less than 0.01, respectively). There were no significant differences in cadmium concentration between the SIDS and non-SIDS tissues. All four tissues showed significant increases with age in both lead and cadmium concentrations in SIDS. The increase in lung lead concentration with age was significantly greater in SIDS than in non-SIDS cases, P less than 0.05. In non-SIDS only kidney cadmium showed an increase with age (P less than 0.0001). These data collectively suggest an increased exposure of the SIDS infant to lead either prenatally and/or postnatally. Any physiologic effects of the increased tissue lead levels are unknown. They may be only a marker of the known epidemiology of SIDS. PMID- 6634242 TI - Tissue mineral levels in victims of sudden infant death syndrome II. Essential minerals: copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium. AB - Deficiencies of various vitamin and minerals per se have been suggested as possible causes of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Further, a deficiency of essential minerals may lead to enhanced toxicity of toxic elements, in particular, lead and cadmium to explore the possibility of mineral deficiencies or interactions with the toxic metals, lead and cadmium, lung, liver, kidney, and rib specimens were obtained at autopsy from 66 SIDS infants and 23 infants who died suddenly from other cases. Tissue copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. No differences were found between SIDS and non-SIDS for any element in any tissue except for more magnesium in the liver (P less than 0.0001) and less copper in the lungs (P less than 0.02) in the SIDS group. Only sporadic interactions between toxic and essential elements could be found. We found no evidence of any essential mineral deficiencies per se or significant interactions of essential and toxic minerals that might potentiate the effects of toxic metals. The physiologic significance, if any, of the higher liver magnesium and lower lung copper found in SIDS is unclear. PMID- 6634244 TI - Failure of high intensity auditory stimuli to affect behavioral arousal in children during the first sleep cycle. AB - Behavioral and physiologic indices of arousal to auditory stimuli were examined during the first cycle of sleep in 8-12-year-old hyperactive children and nonhyperactive controls. No behavioral responses or sustained awakenings were obtained for any child during the first cycle of sleep to stimuli at intensities up to 123 dB sound pressure level re 0.0002 dynes/cm2), i.e., at intensities more than 90 dB above waking threshold values. Half of the arousal attempts in stage 2 and a quarter of those in stage 4 elicited a partial or momentary physiologic arousal response (i.e., EEG desynchronization and/or change in skin potential response or respiratory activity rates). These arousals were shortlived, with the subjects returning to sleep even with continuing or increased stimulus intensity. Neither the incidence of partial arousals nor the associated threshold intensities differentiated subject groups. Although increased skin potential response activity and decreased respiratory rates were observed during sleep relative to wakefulness, and a predominance of skin potential response activity was noted in stage 4 sleep, no significant differences in frequency (rate/min) of autonomic response measures were obtained when rates before and during auditory stimulation were compared. PMID- 6634243 TI - Isolation and characterization of lipoprotein profiles in newborns by density gradient ultracentrifugation. AB - Lipoproteins in newborn plasma were isolated from a minimal sample amount (0.3 ml) by a single-step ultracentrifugation in a density gradient, spanning the density range 1.02-1.20 g/ml. After 66 h ultracentrifugation in a swinging-bucket rotor, the content of the tube was eluted and collected in 0.4 ml fractions. Cholesterol and apoproteins AI, AII, and B were assayed in each fraction yielding both the distribution and composition of the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL2, HDL3). Newborn plasma was characterized by a low amount of triglyceride-poor and cholesterol ester-rich VLDL and high content of HDL2 and HDL3. The VLDL and LDL concentrations increased drastically between 0 and 7 days together with the triglyceride content of the VLDL. At 30 days the lipid composition of VLDL was similar to that of adults, whereas the lipid/protein content remained low both in VLDL and LDL. The composition of HDL2 and HDL3 remained constant during this period, the percentage of HDL2 being higher in newborns than in adults. These compositional changes were reflected in the microviscosity of the lipoproteins, specially in the VLDL fraction. PMID- 6634245 TI - A mechanism for liver cell injury in viral hepatitis: effects of hepatitis B virus on neutrophil function in vitro and in children with chronic active hepatitis. AB - Neutrophil function was studied by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, superoxide anion (O2-) production, chemotaxis, and bactericidal activity in 9 children with HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis (CAH). NBT reduction and O2 production were higher in resting neutrophils from the children with CAH than from the controls, but the production of O2- was depressed after stimulation with zymosan. No defect was observed in both random and direct locomotion, whereas a significant decrease was present in bactericidal activity. To evaluate the role of virus components, purified preparations of HBsAg and HBcAg were added to neutrophils from normal children. The incubation with such products induced in vitro the same modifications that were observed in the neutrophils from children with CAH. In addition, defects in phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans as well as in chemotaxis were demonstrated. The production of O2- was reduced in the neutrophils, stimulated by zymosan and previously opsonized with HBsAg-positive serum. PMID- 6634246 TI - On the biologic origin of C6-C10-dicarboxylic and C6-C10-omega-1-hydroxy monocarboxylic acids in human and rat with acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiencies: in vitro studies on the omega- and omega-1-oxidation of medium-chain (C6-C12) fatty acids in human and rat liver. AB - C6-C10-dicarboxylic acid C6-C10-omega-1-hydroxy monocarboxylic acids were measured in postmitochondrial (10,000 g) fractions of rat liver after incubation with hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acids. In livers both from fed and starved rats, the proportion of decanoic acid converted to sebacic acid was high (approximately 25%) with only minor accumulation of the intermediate 10-hydroxy decanoic acid (1-2%). The conversion of octanoic and hexanoic acids to suberic and adipic acids, respectively, was low (less than 1%). The intermediate 8 hydroxy octanoic and 6-hydroxy hexanoic acids were also accumulated in very small amounts (less than 1%). It was concluded that cytochrome-P-450-mediated omega hydroxylation was of decisive importance for the production rate of the dicarboxylic acids. Analysis of kinetic parameters of human and rat liver microsomal omega- and omega-1-hydroxylation of hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic, and dodecanoic acids gave the following results: in rats, the apparent Km values for the omega-hydroxylation for dodecanoic and decanoic acids are low, ie., 171 and 3.1 mumole/liter, respectively, whereas they are high for octanoic and hexanoic acids (8211 and 8822 mumole/liter, respectively). In two different humans, the corresponding Km values for dodecanoic, decanoic, octanoic, and hexanoic acids are 3.6-186, 522-247, 4861-3892, and 6825-10400 mumole/liter, respectively. Based on these results, it is argued that adipic and suberic acids found in urine from rats and humans with acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiencies are not biosynthesized by direct omega-oxidation of hexanoic and octanoic acids, but most probably by means of beta-oxidation of sebacic and dodecanedioic acids, produced by direct omega-oxidation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634247 TI - Absence of serum-stimulated lipase activity and altered lipid content in milk from a patient with type I hyperlipoproteinaemia. AB - We measured the serum-stimulated lipase activity, fatty acid content, and various biochemical parameters in the breast milk of a lactating mother suffering from familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency and of healthy control subjects. Serum stimulated lipase activity was virtually undetectable in milk from our patient and the total fatty acid content was low. The fatty acid composition differed from normal showing a marked absolute and relative increase in the content of lauric (C12:0) and myristic (C14:0) fatty acids and considerably reduced levels of oleic (C18:1) and especially linoleic (C18:2) acids. Other fatty acid species showed lesser changes in concentration. Besides a reduced calcium concentration in the milk from our patient, other biochemical parameters were not significantly different from control subjects. PMID- 6634248 TI - [Various diagnostic and therapeutic problems of lambliasis in children]. PMID- 6634249 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of furosemide in infants with pneumonia and/or other diseases]. PMID- 6634250 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in cases of bronchial foreign body in children]. PMID- 6634251 TI - [Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in a 2-year-old child]. PMID- 6634252 TI - [Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (ophthalmoplegia dolorosa recurens) in a 14-year-old boy]. PMID- 6634253 TI - [A Gastroenterology sanatorium for children at the Kudowo health resort. Observations after the first 3 years' activity]. PMID- 6634254 TI - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation in children with severe infections. I. Clinical aspects]. PMID- 6634255 TI - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation in children with severe infections. II. Laboratory studies of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems]. PMID- 6634257 TI - [Results of treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation in newborn infants with septicemia]. PMID- 6634256 TI - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation in children with severe infections. III. Prognosis]. PMID- 6634258 TI - [Functional disorders of polymorphonuclear granulocytes in children with nephrotic syndrome]. PMID- 6634259 TI - [Case of congenital absence of both radii]. PMID- 6634260 TI - [Pseudotumor cerebri in the light of our observations]. PMID- 6634261 TI - [Educational-recreational programs as a form of help to families of children with infantile cerebral palsy]. PMID- 6634262 TI - [Non-invasive examination by percutaneous Doppler ultrasonic method with special reference to childhood]. PMID- 6634263 TI - Treatment of children with posttraumatic transient loss of consciousness. AB - Recommendations for the treatment of asymptomatic children who have had a brief period of loss of consciousness due to blunt head trauma are anecdotal and vary greatly. The purpose of this study is to define the range of practice in treating children with uncomplicated loss of consciousness by determining: (1) the frequency of "routine" hospitalization for observation and (2) those criteria which, when present, result in hospitalization. A total of 957 pediatricians representing five groups of physicians responded to a nationwide questionnaire survey to determine current treatment practices for uncomplicated loss of consciousness. Of all directors of pediatric emergency rooms and pediatric chief residents, 44% routinely hospitalize all patients who have had loss of consciousness. Academic child neurologists and child neurologists in private practice hospitalize these patients least frequently, 29% and 31%, respectively (P less than 0.05). Of pediatricians in private practice, 38% admit all children with loss of consciousness. Pediatricians from all groups who do not routinely hospitalize all children with uncomplicated loss of consciousness showed similarity in the criteria they use for admission. These variables include: abnormal vital signs (97% to 100%), skull fracture (96% to 100%), suspicion of child abuse (93% to 100%), observation of a change in level of consciousness (92% to 99%), unreliable caretaker at home (91% to 98%), vomiting (90% to 99%), history of a change in level of consciousness (88% to 100%), duration of loss of consciousness (88% to 96%), seizure (77% to 94%), age of child (62% to 75%), child nearly back to normal (32% to 48%), dizziness (22% to 49%), witness of loss of consciousness not reliable (24% to 36%), headache (9% to 16%), and decision deferred to neurosurgeon (2% to 7%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634264 TI - Concerns of mothers seeking care in private pediatric offices: opportunities for expanding services. AB - A surplus of general pediatricians has been predicted for 1990. This surplus could provide both opportunity and need for practitioners to identify areas of maternal concern that might guide expansion of marketable physician services. For this purpose, maternal concerns were assessed by interviewing 207 mothers seeking care in private pediatric offices. Only 30% of mothers were most worried about their child's physical health. The remaining 70% were most concerned about problems falling into six categories of parenting, behavior, and development (psychosocial concerns): personality/social development, discipline, mental development, mother-child interaction time, adjustment to divorce and other life changes, and adolescent transition. Although the majority of these concerns conceivably could be handled in private offices, only 28% of these mothers had discussed their greater psychosocial concern with their pediatrician. A search for explanations of this failure to communicate indicated mothers often were not aware that their pediatrician could help, or they questioned his ability or interest in assisting them. Characteristics that correlated significantly with communication were higher family socioeconomic levels, and greater physician self perceived ability and interest in these psychosocial problems. Parenting, behavior, and development concerns represent an opportunity for expanding services if some of these obstacles can be overcome. PMID- 6634265 TI - Current status of the identification and management of tinea capitis. AB - Tinea capitis due to Trichophyton tonsurans has become a significant health problem affecting children and adolescents. This infection has several different distinctive clinical patterns which, if not recognized, may result in delayed diagnosis and therapy. This review is designed to emphasize the differences between tinea capitis caused by T tonsurans and that caused by other organisms. Current diagnostic and therapeutic measures are discussed. PMID- 6634266 TI - Teenage pregnancy: a prospective study of self-esteem and other sociodemographic factors. AB - A prospective study was undertaken to examine the relationship of self-esteem and other factors theorized to contribute to teenage pregnancy. The Coopersmith Self Esteem Inventory and a questionnaire concerning demographic, attitudinal, and other factors, were administered to 874 of the 1,007 teenage women enrolled in two city high schools. During the following year, 95 of 858 teenage women followed up became pregnant, a pregnancy rate of 11.1%. The data show no significant association of self-esteem with subsequent pregnancy. Twelve of the 27 questionnaire items were associated significantly with pregnancy. However, further analysis revealed that either alone or in combination, there were no more than 57% sensitivity and 67% specificity for prediction of subsequent pregnancy from the questionnaires. PMID- 6634267 TI - Medical history associated with adolescent powerlifting. AB - A questionnaire, designed to elicit information about the training, experience, and medical history of adolescent powerlifters, was administered to 71 contestants entered in the 1981 Michigan Teenage Powerlifting Championship. The average subject had participated in 4.1 workouts per week for 17.1 months. Each workout lasted an average of 99.2 minutes. The population sustained 98 powerlifting injuries which caused a discontinuance of training for a total of 1,126 days. The incidence and severity of pain in 13 regions of the body, as well as the site and type of powerlifting injury, were investigated. The low back region was shown to be the site with the greatest number of injuries (49). This region also had the highest percent of subjects recording an elevated occurrence and level of pain associated with powerlifting. PMID- 6634268 TI - Unexpected death of an infant sibling. AB - When infants die suddenly and unexpectedly, family structures are abruptly altered. This loss and its subsequent changes affect remaining older siblings. New "big brother" and "big sister" roles are suddenly terminated, often in a catastrophic manner. Young surviving children are sometimes unable to understand the meaning of this event, its impact on the family, and their own role in what has occurred. In this study, 26 families that had sustained the sudden and unexpected death of an infant and that had surviving children were interviewed to obtain data about surviving siblings at least 10 months following the loss. Among the 26 families, there were 35 surviving siblings (ages 16 months to 6 years). The interview schedule sought information relevant to changes in patterns of sleep, toilet training, feeding habits, peer relationships, and parent-child interaction. Among these 35 surviving siblings, parents of 28 siblings (80%) perceived changes in their child's interaction with them, 24 siblings (69%) demonstrated changes in sleep patterns following the baby's death, and 13 siblings (37%) showed changes in social interaction. Regression in toilet training and changes in feeding patterns were infrequent and not areas of major concern for parents. These behavioral changes reflected both a continuum of adjustment by the child and a persistence of parental worries. PMID- 6634269 TI - Auditory nerve-brainstem evoked responses in hyperbilirubinemic neonates. AB - On the basis of the known predilection of the auditory brainstem pathway for bilirubin toxicity, we have examined auditory brainstem responses of neonates during the period of hyperbilirubinemia. The auditory brainstem responses of 24 infants with serum bilirubin values between 15 to 25 mg/dL were compared with the responses of 19 infants without hyperbilirubinemia, who had similar gestational and postnatal ages. Wave IV-V complex was absent in at least one recording of 10/24 jaundiced infants, whereas wave complex IV-V was consistently present in all of the 19 infants without hyperbilirubinemia (P less than .001). Jaundiced infants also had prolonged brainstem transmission time (P less than .01) which reflected increased latency at both lower and upper brainstem levels. The above changes were rapidly reversed in the majority of instances. Neonatal jaundice was associated with significant transient aberrations of auditory brainstem responses, suggestive of a transient brainstem encephalopathy. This evidence of bilirubin entry to the brain at conventionally acceptable serum concentrations raises questions about current concepts of the mechanism of transfer of bilirubin across the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 6634270 TI - Relationship between pressure passivity and subependymal/intraventricular hemorrhage as assessed by pulsed Doppler ultrasound. AB - A prospective study was undertaken using a range-gated, pulsed Doppler velocimeter to study flowpressure relationships in the anterior cerebral artery. Serial velocity and pressure studies were performed with each infant serving as his or her own control. The hypothesis tested was that ill preterm infants sustaining subependymal/intraventricular hemorrhage would have absent autoregulation. The hypothesis has been tested in 88 studies on 32 infants. Of 32 infants studied, 15 were judged to be pressure passive; nine of these children bled. The other 17 infants were not pressure passive; eight of these children bled (P greater than .05). From these studies, it may be concluded that the pressure passive state is not the final common link in the genesis of subependymal/intravertricular hemorrhage. Pulsed Doppler ultrasound may provide an extremely useful noninvasive technique for studying both the arterial and venous sides of the cerebral circulation. PMID- 6634271 TI - Lumbar cisternography in evaluation of hydrocephalus in the preterm infant. AB - Radionuclide lumbar cisternography using indium 111-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (111In-DTPA) and a mobile gamma-camera with a converging collimator was utilized as a bedside procedure to evaluate CSF dynamics and the patency of the cerebral ventricular system in 30 preterm infants with hydrocephalus. Serial images of the brain were obtained at 0, 1, 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours after instillation of the isotope in the lumbar subarachnoid space. Three distinct patterns were seen. Infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus displayed prompt ventricular filling but markedly delayed emptying with minimal flow over the cerebral convexities. Infants with ventriculomegaly secondary to suspected brain atrophy or periventricular leukomalacia demonstrated a pattern of prompt ventricular filling, delayed emptying, but with flow present over the convexities. An infant with noncommunicating hydrocephalus secondary to an Arnold Chiari malformation showed a pattern of complete obstruction with no ventricular filling. Radionuclide lumbar cisternography appears to be a safe, well-tolerated procedure which produces images of sufficient resolution to provide valuable information about CSF dynamics, delineating basal cisternae, ventricles, and subarachnoid flow paths. PMID- 6634272 TI - Feeding the low-birth-weight infant. III. Diet influences bile acid metabolism. AB - Fasting duodenal bile acid concentrations and conjugation patterns were studied during the first 5 weeks of life in 65 low-birth-weight infants, 31 to 36 weeks of gestational age. One group was fed human milk. Approximately 55% of this milk was pooled, expressed, and pasteurized (62 degrees C for 30 minutes), 35% was similarly treated milk from the infant's own mother, and the remainder (10%) was provided by breast-feeding. The other infants, from 3 days of age, were fed one of three formulas: an adapted formula (F1), F1 supplemented with taurine (F2), or F1 supplemented with taurine and cholesterol (F3). The fasting intraluminal concentration of conjugated bile acids was higher in the infants fed human milk than in the infants fed formulas (F = 30.03, p less than .001) reflecting the higher concentrations of all individual bile acids. No significant increase over time was found in the concentration of total bile acids in any feeding group. Chenodeoxycholic acid concentrations, however, increased significantly over time in the infants fed human milk (r = .286, P less than .05). Thus, in the infants fed human milk, the ratio of cholates to chenodeoxycholates changed from 2.03 to 1.29 (P less than .001), whereas it remained stable (2.61) in the groups fed formula. Tauroconjugated bile acids predominated until at least 5 weeks of life in all the infants fed human milk, F2, or F3. In the infants fed F1, the concentration of glycoconjugates increased and that of tauroconjugates remained stable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634273 TI - Feeding the low-birth-weight infant. IV. Fat absorption as a function of diet and duodenal bile acids. AB - Fat absorption and fasting duodenal bile acids were studied at 11 to 68 days of age in 66 healthy preterm infants, gestational age of 31 to 36 weeks and birth weight of 1,230 to 2,160 g. The infants fed human milk received pooled, expressed milk (55%), partly supplemented (35%) with their own mother's expressed milk. Approximately 10% of the milk was given by breastfeeding once per day. All expressed human milk not fed immediately was pasteurized at 62 degrees C for 30 minutes. The other three groups of infants received an adapted formula (F1), F1 supplemented with taurine (F2), or F1 supplemented with taurine and cholesterol (F3). In each group, fat was provided at 6.75 g/kg/d. The formulas had a fat concentration of 4.5 g/100 mL, containing 57.6% of unsaturated fatty acids from vegetable oils. In the infants fed human milk, fat absorption was consistently high, and no correlation was found between fat absorption and postnatal age. In the formula-fed infants, fat absorption increased with postnatal age (r = .310 P less than .05). When the duodenal concentration of total bile acids was above the median (3.6 mmol/L), fat absorption in the formula-fed infants exceeded 80%. There was a linear correlation between fat absorption and duodenal bile acids (r = .630, P less than .001) in the formula-fed infants. In the infants fed human milk, such correlation was not observed, and their intraluminal concentration of bile acids always exceeded 3.6 mmol/L. PMID- 6634274 TI - The hypermobility syndrome. AB - The hypermobility syndrome has been recognized as a definitive diagnostic entity among children referred to a Pediatric Arthritis Clinic with musculoskeletal complaints. The diagnosis of hypermobility was made by the ability of the patients to perform at least three of the following maneuvers: (1) extension of the wrists and metacarpal phalanges so that the fingers are parallel to the dorsum of the forearm; (2) passive apposition of thumbs to the flexor aspect of the forearm; (3) hyperextension of elbows (greater than or equal to 10 degrees); (4) hyperextension of knees (greater than or equal to 10 degrees); (5) flexion of trunk with knees extended so palms rest on the floor. Of 262 patients, 15 (5.7%) referred to an arthritis clinic between January 1979 and July 1981 were subsequently determined to have hypermobility as the basis for their rheumatic complaints. Three of these 15 had concomitant juvenile arthritis. The presenting complaint of pain was most often localized to the knees, hands, and fingers. Arthritis and elevated ESRs were not seen except in the three patients who had concomitant juvenile arthritis. All patients responded to physical therapy and nonsteroidal analgesic anti-inflammatory drugs. This is an entity not sufficiently well recognized as a source of musculoskeletal complaints in the United States. It will usually respond well to reassurance and symptomatic therapy. PMID- 6634275 TI - Burn injury related to the improper use of a microwave oven. PMID- 6634276 TI - Venipuncture fits: a form of reflex anoxic seizure. PMID- 6634277 TI - Erythema multiforme: confusion with child battering syndrome. PMID- 6634278 TI - Noninvasive diagnosis of pulmonary hemorrhage in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6634279 TI - Cardiac complications in children with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Two patients had cardiac complications of childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A 14-year-old boy had extramural and intramural coronary arteritis demonstrated by angiography. The signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia improved dramatically when corticosteroid dose and immunosuppression were increased. A 20-year-old woman had had SLE for 18 years and had functionally significant mitral stenosis and regurgitation. Calcification of the mitral valve was observed on echocardiography. Corticosteroid treatment has controlled the renal manifestations of SLE. Cardiac complications of SLE are now a significant clinical problems. PMID- 6634280 TI - Gypsies and acute medical intervention. AB - Recently, a 7-month-old, terminally ill Gypsy infant was admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit. Treating this child and her extended family was a challenging experience during which numerous culture-related problems were encountered. The Gypsy approach to acute medical care consisted of the presence of a large extended family unit, the lack of decision making by the patient's parents, and several different Gypsy traditions. There were diverse, and often derogatory, reactions and prejudices from the hospital staff. After interviewing family members, this family's needs were easier to understand, and interaction with them in culturally relevant terms was possible. When dealing with Gypsy families, identification of the responsible elder male members of the family, establishment of firm lines of communication with essential family members and the parents, and education of the medical staff concerning Gypsies are recommended. PMID- 6634281 TI - Reducing the toll of injuries in childhood requires support for a focused research effort. PMID- 6634282 TI - Rape and the adolescent. PMID- 6634283 TI - Neonatal screening for cystic fibrosis: position paper. PMID- 6634284 TI - Cutaneous amebiasis. PMID- 6634285 TI - Theophylline toxicity. PMID- 6634286 TI - Shouldn't we seek to know more about slower growth? PMID- 6634287 TI - Bonding, humanism, and science. PMID- 6634288 TI - Circumcision. PMID- 6634289 TI - Misconceptions about sleep. PMID- 6634290 TI - Sleep and nasal obstruction. PMID- 6634291 TI - [State of the cardiovascular system in children with Macleod's syndrome]. PMID- 6634292 TI - [Clinical significance of granulocyte sensitization in bacterial infections in children]. PMID- 6634293 TI - [Cellular immunity and aseptic inflammatory skin reaction in children with nonobstructive pyelonephritis]. PMID- 6634294 TI - [Fungal sensitization in children with allergic dermatitis]. PMID- 6634295 TI - [Hemodynamics in children with allergic diathesis]. PMID- 6634296 TI - [Clinical study of the preventive action of ketotifen in children with allergic diseases]. PMID- 6634297 TI - [Clinical course of closed cranio-cerebral trauma in children]. PMID- 6634298 TI - [June 1--Child Protection Day]. PMID- 6634299 TI - [Clinical evaluation of regional blood flow in children with arthritis of differing etiology]. PMID- 6634300 TI - [Clinical and immunological characteristics of different forms of epidemic parotitis in children]. PMID- 6634301 TI - [Transient (borderline) states in newborn infants]. PMID- 6634302 TI - [Diagnostic criteria and therapy of status asthmaticus in children]. PMID- 6634303 TI - [Methods of increasing the scope of vaccinations against diphtheria]. PMID- 6634304 TI - [Prenatal (congenital) hypotrophy]. PMID- 6634305 TI - [Hypertension in children]. PMID- 6634306 TI - [Omphalitis and its complications]. PMID- 6634307 TI - [Surgical complications in newborn infants from intra-arterial drug administration]. PMID- 6634309 TI - [Congenital twisting of the aortic arch]. PMID- 6634308 TI - [Idiopathic generalized calcinosis of the arteries as a cause of the sudden infant death syndrome]. PMID- 6634310 TI - [Diagnosis of dextrocardia in children]. PMID- 6634311 TI - [Absence of the inferior vena cava in a patient with patent ductus arteriosus and partial abdominal heterotaxia]. PMID- 6634312 TI - [Congenital syphilis]. PMID- 6634314 TI - [Rhabdomyoma of the heart in a 5-month-old infant]. PMID- 6634313 TI - [Calcified hematoma of the liver simulating a pulmonary tuberculoma]. PMID- 6634315 TI - [Main types of emotional response of children during adaptation to the conditions of preschool institutions and school]. PMID- 6634316 TI - Relationship between a pulmonary function test (FEV1) and the ADAPT quality-of life scale. AB - In a previous study the Additive Daily Activities Profile Test (ADAPT) correlated .83 with maximum oxygen consumption among pulmonary rehabilitation patients. The present study expanded the pulmonary population base and compared the ADAPT scores of 41 patients at two independent centers with a more readily available parameter, the forced expiratory volume in the first second of forced exhalation (FEV1). The relationships between the two major ADAPT subscales and FEV1 were significant but lower in magnitude than that found with maximum oxygen consumption. The ADAPT continues to be sensitive to physical impairment and in translating the effect of impairment upon daily physical activity. PMID- 6634317 TI - Effects of type of center fixation stimulus on visual-field preferences: a preliminary study. AB - 60 normal subjects (30 males and 30 females) viewed bilateral presentations of pairs of CVC or CVVC English words high in imagery. Three types of central fixation stimuli were studied: numbers, letters, and geometric forms. A significant main effect for kind of fixation was found, but not for sex, visual fields, or their interactions. Results are discussed relative to the processing of high imagery words by both the left and right hemispheres. PMID- 6634318 TI - A new technique for the assessment and modification of feigned memory deficit. AB - The two-alternative forced-choice technique has been successful in the assessment of functional sensory deficits because it has the power to assess deception or exaggeration. This report describes how the procedure can be used for the assessment and modification of a memory complaint. Three case studies are presented. In two cases the supposed deficit was judged to be functional. In a third case a brain-injured patient "cheated" to obtain correct answers, suggesting that he was trying to hide a deficit and not attempting to obtain compensation. PMID- 6634319 TI - School-age children's reactions to deaf and hearing-impaired children. AB - The study investigated 120 grade school children's impressions of deaf and hearing-impaired children. Scores on the Personal Attribute Inventory for Children showed that nonhandicapped students apply negative attributes similarly to both groups. Implications for mainstreaming and elimination of stereotypes are discussed. PMID- 6634320 TI - Food, drugs, and alcohol--a common temporal pattern of use. AB - Two samples of college students (n = 42) in a weight-control program were shown to deviate from their diets in a temporal pattern found in previous studies for the abuse of street drugs and alcohol. Implications for the treatment of various types of substance abuse and eating disorders are discussed. PMID- 6634321 TI - Effect of lingual vibrotactile stimulation on the averaged cortical evoked response. AB - This study was designed to determine the feasibility of using lingual vibrotactile stimulation to elicit an averaged evoked response and to investigate the effects of two supra-threshold intensity levels of lingual vibrotactile stimulation on the electro-cortical activity of the brain. The evoked responses were analyzed according to the amplitude of N1-P2 (in microvolts). Analysis indicates that the tongue can successfully be used as a stimulus site in the elicitation of an evoked response. The amplitudes of the evoked response elicited by 2 micrometers sensation level and 5 micrometers sensation level on the tongue are essentially the same. The relative difference between these levels is not sufficient to produce significant differences in the amplitudes of their respective evoked responses. PMID- 6634322 TI - Neuropsychological characteristics of college males who show attention dysfunction. AB - 400 male college students were screened on a measure of vigilance, the Continuous Performance Test. A Good Attention Group (upper 5% of the CPT score distribution) and a Poor Attention Group (lower 5%) were selected and compared on a series of perceptual and motor tests. The Good Attention Group was superior to the Poor Attention Group on most of the measures. The largest differences were found on tests assessing perceptual-motor organization. Attention dysfunction in this non patient sample seems to be associated with performance deficits. Over-all, the pattern of neuropsychological results seen in the Poor Attention Group is not similar to the pattern seen in patients with lateralized brain damage but appears more similar to that seen in those with bilateral and diffuse cortical damage. PMID- 6634323 TI - Identification of tachistoscopically presented consonant-vowel syllables. AB - An investigation was undertaken to examine visual-field differences for the perception of tachistoscopically presented consonant vowel (CV) syllables. 10 normal right-handed college-age subjects viewed CV syllables presented tachistoscopically for 10 msec. in unilateral and bilateral modes. Statistical analysis yielded a left visual-field, right-hemisphere advantage for the bilateral mode of presentation only. PMID- 6634324 TI - Schizophrenia, conduct disorder and depressive disorder: neuropsychological, speech sample and EEG results. AB - The relationship between degree of schizophrenia and neuropsychological impairment was investigated in 24 adolescent and adult hospitalized and non hospitalized psychiatric patients with diagnoses of depressive disorder, conduct disorder, and schizophrenia. Schizophrenic adults and conduct disordered adolescents showed greater cognitive impairment than depressed patients on a neuropsychological test of rhythm perception and attention and showed greater frequency of EEG abnormality. Schizophrenics were differentiated from other groups by their impaired abstraction ability on the Halstead-Reitan Category Test. Use of these tests for prediction of adolescents at high risk for schizophrenia was discussed. PMID- 6634325 TI - Diagnostic scale for evaluation of graduate-level teaching assistants. AB - The TA Evaluator, 20 5-point ratings of the effectiveness of graduate teaching assistants, showed split-half reliability of .95. All 20 items loaded greater than .59 on a single iterative principal axis factor. Average for 10 items pairs was .55. Use in diagnosis and improvement will be undertaken. PMID- 6634326 TI - Analysis of adult-neonate synchrony during speech and nonspeech. AB - Five neonates and two adult female interactants were video-taped and categorized as to their interactionally synchronous movements during speech and nonspeech. Although synchrony occurred during speech as well as nonspeech, it was significantly more likely to occur during periods of speech. Duration of adults' movement were significantly shorter during speech and longer during nonspeech. These findings corroborate previous suggestions that interactional synchrony between adults and infants occurs on a micro-level. PMID- 6634327 TI - Differentiation of malicious and non-malicious fire-alarm calls using multidimensional scaling. AB - A pilot study was carried out to determine whether malicious and non-malicious fire alarm calls could be distinguished on the basis of their psycholinguistic attributes. Eight malicious and eight non-malicious calls were compared in terms of the number of speech errors of various kinds in the call. Using multi dimensional scalogram analysis (MSA-I), it was possible to differentiate the two types of call on the basis of the over-all configuration of speech behaviour within the call. PMID- 6634328 TI - Simulation of psychosis on a multiple-choice projective test. AB - The ability of a new multiple-choice group Rorschach instrument to differentiate 62 undergraduate students asked to simulate psychosis from 75 students and 55 schizophrenics given standard instructions was investigated. For each of 50 responses to miniature inkblots, normals and psychotics chose one of four alternative answers as most descriptive of what the stimulus looked like. Simulators responded as they thought a psychotic or insane person would. As hypothesized, simulators chose significantly more "good form but bizarre wording" responses than normals or psychotics, suggesting that the test is promising as a practical clinical indicator of attempts to simulate psychosis. PMID- 6634329 TI - Methodological issue in cardiovascular feedback research. PMID- 6634330 TI - Previous manipulative experience in relation to infants' processing of mothers' presentations of objects. AB - Recent work by the present author has identified a sequence of events during joint play of mother and infant which may lead infants to process mothers' presentations of objects in a particular way. This sequence of events implies a special form of detection of discrepancy by infants. The present report is an attempt to determine whether a plausible alternative hypothesis, which also happens to be more parsimonious, can account for previously reported findings which are consistent with the discrepancy hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis states that infants' processing of objects either during mothers' presentations or during infants' independently initiated manipulations is determined by the duration of time infants previously devoted to manipulating the object. The findings contradict this alternative hypothesis, and in so doing, lend further support to the discrepancy hypothesis originally proposed. PMID- 6634331 TI - The MMPI'S of left- and right-handed subjects. AB - Previous research has suggested that left-handedness relates to delinquency and violence. In an effort to pinpoint the nature of this apparent relationship, we compared the MMPIs of 72 left- and 687 right-handed men 60 yr. old or less on an alcohol treatment ward. No significant differences appeared. The results are compared to earlier research and hypotheses for further research are suggested. PMID- 6634332 TI - Winter blahs and spring irritability: the chronic but subtle behavioral operations. AB - Operation analyses, for which behavioral and environmental events are translated into reinforcement schedules, indicate that winter depression and spring irritability reported by people living in northern climates are dominated by four paradigms. They are (1) a shift in the ratio of negative to positive stimuli, (2) stimulus redundancy and satiation, (3) coerced hypoactivity or attenuation of free operant behavior, and (4) conditioned suppression or anxiety due to the progressive escalation of negative stimulus presentations. The chronic effects of these schedules on the behaviors of people living in cold climate during the winter season are discussed. PMID- 6634333 TI - Stability of magnitude-production scales for lingual vibrotactile sensation. AB - The stability of lingual vibrotactile magnitude scales produced by the method of magnitude production was investigated for 10 adult subjects. These subjects produced highly stable magnitude scales across two test sessions separated by 1 wk. The subjects appeared to use absolute rather than ratio scales in the magnitude-production task. A discussion of the stability of the scales is conducted with reference to the likelihood of an internal, absolute mechanism for magnitude scaling. PMID- 6634334 TI - Protection from light-rays by cold-weather goggles. AB - To arrive at transmittance standards for cold-weather goggles, the levels of natural radiation were estimated, and the amounts by which they must be reduced to fall below the damage thresholds for various bands of electromagnetic radiation were calculated. No more than 16% of UV from 320 to 40 nm, and no more than 5% of UV from 290 to 320 nm should be transmitted. If the short wavelengths of the visible spectrum (less than 500 nm) are filtered out, the remaining wavelengths appear to pose no danger. Measurements of the transmittances of a random selection of 13 commercial skigoggles showed that most offer satisfactory protection. PMID- 6634335 TI - Classroom teachers' attitudes toward children with articulatory disorders. AB - A group of 116 elementary and junior high school educators were asked to list terms descriptive of children with articulatory disorders. A list of 20 terms was established and then rated for desirability-undesirability by 100 college students. A majority of the terms were negative in nature and were given undesirable ratings. The results suggest that many of the educators in the sample possess a number of negative attitudes toward children with articulatory disorders. PMID- 6634336 TI - Asymmetries in perception of tachistoscopically presented horizontal and vertical random-letter strings. AB - Two studies examined perception of briefly presented (100-msec.) strings of letters. In Study One, 20 subjects were presented horizontal 5-letter strings in the left, central, and right visual fields. These were compared with 5-letter vertical strings presented centrally in the lower, central, and upper visual fields. Similar within-string patterns were found for all presentations. Between strings there was a typical right over left visual-field advantage in accuracy of report for horizontal strings. There was no equivalent lower over upper visual field advantage for vertical strings. In Study Two, 24 subjects were presented vertical strings in the right and left visual fields, vertical strings in the upper and lower visual fields, and horizontal strings in the right and left visual fields. A post-stimulus cueing technique for single letters was used. Between-strings, the same right over left visual-field advantage for horizontal strings was noted but not for vertical strings. Between strings no advantage for lower over upper visual fields was found. An interaction for within-string patterns and visual field was found for vertical strings presented in the upper and lower visual fields. These results are explained in terms of an interaction between scanning and masking effects depending upon orientation and visual field. PMID- 6634337 TI - Assessment of apparent length and angle explanations of the Poggendorff effect. AB - Explanations of the Poggendorff effect were assessed by comparing the degree of angular distortion induced by modified and traditional configurations. Assimilation theory predicted that the traditional effect would be reversed in modified configurations. Analysis showed that the effect, although reduced in magnitude, was not reversed. Comparison of the degree of the effect induced by modified and traditional configurations indicated that a substantial portion of the Poggendorff effect was due to processing of areas between the long vertical lines of the display. This finding is not consistent with theories based on subjective distortion of angles. It was concluded that a theory of the Poggendorff effect must include processing of internal areas of the configuration. PMID- 6634338 TI - Mnemonic strategy instruction in coding, processing, and recall of movement related cues by mentally retarded children. AB - The purpose of study was to examine the differential coding and processing characteristics of two movement cue types in the investigation of the short-term memory of mentally retarded and nonretarded children. The central focus of the study was to determine the effects of formal instruction in the use of a mnemonic versus no instruction with both types of cues in a memory for movement paradigm. The investigation was conducted across two experiments. The main conclusion drawn from Exp. 1 was that movement 'location' cues were coded, processed, and retained by both the mentally retarded and the nonretarded children, but only the former required instruction in the use of a mnemonic to achieve accurate recall. Exp. 2 was fundamentally a replication of Exp. 1 with the exception that movement 'extent' cues were maintained reliable. The results were similar but not exactly the same as those of Exp. 1. Only the mentally retarded children given mnemonic instruction appeared to code, process, and retain movement 'extent' cues over time. The net result of the two experiments was that formal instruction in the use of a mnemonic was of benefit to the mentally retarded subjects and was not necessary for nonretarded subjects to achieve the same level of movement accuracy. PMID- 6634339 TI - Diet, exercise, and physical discomfort in college students. AB - 778 students in a 4-yr. urban commuter college were tested to determine the effects of exercise and diet on self-reported discomfort. High exercisers reported significantly less physical discomfort than moderate or low exercisers. Greater consumption of sweets and fast food were significantly related to reported physical discomfort regardless of levels of exercise. High levels of fruit and vegetable consumption were associated with less discomfort in high exercisers. High dairy consumption was significantly related to fewer symptoms for high exercisers. Men who reported high ingestion of caffeine had significantly more discomfort than those who reported moderate to lower ingestion of caffeine. PMID- 6634340 TI - Efficacy of "talking books" for a group of reading disabled boys. AB - No significant differences in proficiency of reading-listening comprehension among 24 reading-disabled boys in Grades 4, 5, and 6 were noted after hearing "talking book," taped stories, and teacher-read presentations. PMID- 6634341 TI - Perceptual dimensions of infant cry signals: a semantic differential analysis. AB - In the present study the Semantic Differential technique was used to examine perceived characteristics of infant cry sounds. 24 cries (6 each of pain, hunger, birth, and "pleasure") were rated by 39 mothers on 50 scales. A factor analysis of the scale ratings uncovered three main factors, labelled Affect, Potency, and Evaluation, respectively. 5 "factorially-pure" scales were selected to represent each factor. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the mean factor-scale ratings uncovered 3 major cry clusters which essentially represented 3 cry-type groups, hunger, pleasure, and pain/birth. A close correspondence was found between this set of clusters and another set generated independently from cry-recognition data, indicating that the semantic differential factor-scales effectively discriminated perceptually distinct cries. This procedure adequately separates the physical (acoustic) properties of signals from their listener-perceived (auditory) ones. This distinction is not possible with studies which depend upon multivariate techniques and casts doubt on their findings. PMID- 6634342 TI - Figure reversals and creativity: a research note. AB - In a series of studies, Bergum and Bergum (1979a, 1979b) noted a positive relationship between college students' self-perceptions of creativity and their passive rates of ambiguous figure reversal. While these authors suggest that a relationship may also exist between figure-reversal rate and creativity, as assessed by external measures, their research does not support this claim. Indeed, other research has not substantiated a relationship between rate of figure reversal and objective tests of creativity (Bloomberg, 1971; Bergum & Flamm, 1975). It may also be the case that students' perceptions of their own creative ability differ markedly from externally-derived measures of such ability. As part of a larger study relating figure-reversal rate, creativity, and handedness, the present authors attempted to replicate and extend the work of Bergum and Bergum through the use of professors' judgments of students' creativity. The subjects were 48 senior students of architecture (40 males, 8 females). Each student initially read a description of six factors commonly associated with creativity in the psychological literature and then rated himself in creative ability in comparison to his classmates. In accordance with Bergum and Bergum (1979a, 1979b), the students passively viewed (and recorded) figure reversals of six ambiguous figures. The six figures were presented for 60 sec. each, with 10-sec. intervals, in two random orders. Students' creative ability was also determined from rankings by two architecture professors who were familiar with the students' work. To guide their rankings, the professors used the same description of creativity as was given to the students.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634343 TI - A pilot study of effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training on participants' self-concepts. AB - The administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was taught to a group of 12 adults. The Tennessee Self-concept Scale Form-C and the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior Scale (FIRO-B) were administered before and after their training. A control group of 12 was administered both scales twice with one day between administrations. Analysis indicated both groups showed significant differences between the pre- and posttest administrations on expressed affection on the FIRO-B. However, participants in a brief CPR course did not score significantly differently from a control group on these measures, as expected. PMID- 6634344 TI - Validity of the hand test for diagnosing organicity in a clinical setting. AB - When validated against a clinical sample, the Hand Test was able to differentiate between 50 brain-damaged and 50 functionally disturbed individuals with 69% accuracy. Significant variables were Description, Withdrawal, Pathology, Automatic Phrasing, Gross, Hiding, and Demonstration. The Hand Test seems to have some value for diagnosing organicity, but it should be used with caution and preferably as part of a test battery. PMID- 6634345 TI - Interpretation of white space responses in children's Rorschach protocols. AB - While most texts continue to assert that the Rorschach white space response (S) indicates hostility and oppositionality, several studies suggest that such responses are more accurately reflective of cognitive differentiation and autonomous strivings. In addition, there are no studies which have systematically explored the significance of S responses in children's protocols. To shed light on these issues, 47 children (7 to 13 yr.) were administered the Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test, and the WISC-R, while their parents completed a behavioral checklist. Subjects with high S-response, independent of age, IQ, or perceptual accuracy, used the whole blot more often than those who made less frequent use of white space. They also had higher frequencies of shading determinants and blends and used more content categories. These results were interpreted as suggesting a tendency for subjects showing high S-response to construe the world in more complex terms. No differences were found between subjects high and low on S-response on either behavioral ratings or projective indices of hostility or negativism. PMID- 6634346 TI - Effects of contextual interference, task difficulty, and levels of processing on pursuit tracking. AB - Based on an activity questionnaire, 48 females without experience in open sports skills were selected to track a moving light beam through either a circle, square, or triangular target area on a pursuit rotor. Contextual interference was created by presenting 5 velocities in either a random or a blocked context during acquisition. Level of processing was manipulated by having half of all subjects classify acquisition velocities by a predetermined numerical code. Time-on-target (TOT) was measured after each acquisition, retention, and transfer trial. Subjects tracking the circle produced higher TOTs than those who tracked the square or triangle (which did not differ from one another) across all three phases of the experiment; blocked and random acquisition groups were not significantly different from one another in acquisition, retention, or transfer. Subjects who classified acquisition velocities and tracked the circle under the blocked acquisition context produced significantly higher retention scores than those who tracked the circle but did not classify acquisition velocities. Transfer was facilitated for subjects who tracked the triangle in a random transfer context and classified velocities during acquisition. Results were discussed as providing support for the manipulation of the level of cognitive processing during the initial stage of learning. In addition, manipulating task difficulty was discussed. PMID- 6634347 TI - Rorschach-based indices of visual imagery reactivity. AB - A method using a specially developed Rorschach-based procedure was applied in conjunction with a visual imagery technique in evaluating protocols of 40 outpatient subjects. The subjects were divided into Reactor and Nonreactor groups, according to how productive in clinically significant material their responses were in the imagery condition contrasted to a conventional administration of the Rorschach. A scoring method correctly classified 35 of the 40 subjects as being Reactors or Nonreactors. In addition to previously demonstrated utility as a research tool, the method may be used in clinical situations. PMID- 6634348 TI - Influence of scaling range on vibrotactile power function exponents for the tongue and hand. AB - Intramodal range has been studied by R. Teghtsoonian (1973), who found that for magnitude-estimation procedures an increase in the scaling range will cause a decrease in the exponent of the power function. For magnitude production procedures, an increase in the scaling range will decrease the magnitude of the exponent of the power function (Teghtsoonian, 1973). The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the influence of scaling range on the psychophysical functions obtained by the method of magnitude production for vibrotaction. Twenty subjects were randomly selected and divided into two groups of 10 subjects each. Subjects' ages ranged from 17 to 23 yr. A detailed description of the vibrotactile equipment can be found elsewhere (1). The psychophysical method of magnitude production was used to establish suprathreshold magnitude functions from the anterior midline section of the tongue dorsum and the thenar eminence of the right hand. Each subject in Group 1 received a random order of six numbers (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30) and was asked to adjust the magnitude of the stimulus that he was feeling to the number being presented. Each subject in Group 2 received the same random series of six numbers as Group 1, but other numbers were also randomly interspersed above, between, or below the series of six to present an expanded range of numbers for scaling. For both groups the randomized series of numbers was presented three times at each test site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634350 TI - Developmental study of short-term memory characteristics for kinesthetic movement information. AB - The present experiment was designed to examine age-related characteristics of short-term retention of kinesthetic movement information. 20 children from each age group (6, 8, 10 yr.) were tested for recall of kinesthetic end-location. The results indicate that 6- and 8-yr.-old children became less accurate and more variable in recall performance following a delay interval. However, 10-yr.-old children were capable of maintaining performance accuracy during a delay interval. PMID- 6634349 TI - Differences between employed and unemployed alcoholic inpatients in trouble for drinking and denial. AB - The Trouble-Due-to-Drinking scale and the Denial scale of the MMPI were administered to two groups of inpatients of low socioeconomic status, an employed group (27 men, 3 women) and an unemployed one (44 men, 12 women), at a state alcoholism facility in an inner city catchment area. The former were significantly older than the latter; Ms = 40.4 and 35.5 yr., respectively. The Trouble scale correctly identified 98% of the unemployed group but only 83% of the employed group. The unemployed scored significantly higher on MMPI Denial and significantly lower on the Trouble scale than the unemployed. The Pearson r between scores on the two measures was negative and significant for the combined sample and for the unemployed as well, whereas r for the unemployed was negative but nonsignificant. It was concluded that the unemployed group was less given to the use of denial and had encountered more alcohol-related problems than the employed group. PMID- 6634351 TI - Links between literacy skills and accurate spatial relations in representations of the face: comparison of preschoolers, school children, dyslexics, and mentally retarded. AB - A specific link is found between low or absent literacy skills and a specific misrepresentation of spatial relations exclusively of the upper part of the human face. This misrepresentation, determined by simple measurement, is found in 32% of the pictorial representations of 407 preschoolers whose drawings were published by various authors as well as in 32% of 44 preschoolers tested here. By contrast, after having had instruction in literacy, the proportion of such misrepresentations of the face drops to 7.5% and 10%, respectively, although, as expected, not in the drawings by 236 mildly mentally retarded or by 297 dyslexic children, 33% and 39% of whom, respectively, still misrepresent the face. In addition to a developmental factor, a further one, as yet undetermined, may be at work and related to a specific deficit in representing the spatial relations of the face. Data further support the previously suggested existence of a specific and general trend for a link between literacy skills and accurate representation of the spatial relations of the pattern of the face also noted previously in diverse cultural groups and periods. PMID- 6634352 TI - Olfactory aversion conditioning and overeating: a review and some data. AB - The present study evaluated the efficacy of olfactory aversion conditioning in the management of overeating problems. 42 overweight female subjects were assigned to one of three treatment conditions: olfactory aversion therapy, attention placebo control, and no-contact control. One experimenter administered the 8-wk. treatment phase. The aversion therapy procedure entailed the pairing of selected target foods (CSs) with noxious odors (UCSs). There were 25 pairings of the CS and UCSs during each weekly session. Four noxious odors were employed, one each week, to prevent habituation to the UCS. The attention-placebo control procedure was identical except that "air" was substituted for the putative UCS of the aversion therapy condition. At the end of the treatment period the aversion therapy group had lost 4.7 lb.; the attention placebo controls had lost 3.6 lb. and the no-contact controls 0.5 lb. The difference between the aversion therapy group and the no-contact controls was significant and that between the attention placebo group and the no-contact controls approached significance. At a follow-up 8 wk. after the end of the treatment period the weights of all groups had risen to pretreatment levels and there were no differences between them. These results indicate that olfactory aversion therapy is not an efficient technique in promoting weight-loss. PMID- 6634353 TI - The Lie transformation group model of visual perception. PMID- 6634354 TI - A quantitative study of perceptual vector analysis. PMID- 6634355 TI - Depth separation and the Ponzo illusion. PMID- 6634356 TI - As the cube turns: evidence for two processes in the perception of a dynamic reversible figure. PMID- 6634357 TI - Is visual information integrated across saccades? PMID- 6634358 TI - Evidence against visual integration across saccadic eye movements. PMID- 6634359 TI - The illusion of transparency and chromatic subjective contours. PMID- 6634360 TI - Another look at semantic priming without awareness. PMID- 6634361 TI - Evidence that the same-different disparity in letter matching is not attributable to response bias. PMID- 6634362 TI - A JND-scale/category-scale convergence in taste. PMID- 6634363 TI - Reflex inhibition in humans: sensitivity to brief silent periods in white noise. PMID- 6634364 TI - An investigation into hemisphere differences in adaptation to contrast. PMID- 6634365 TI - Tactile apparent movement: the effects of shape and type of motion. PMID- 6634366 TI - The contextual nature of rhythmic interpretation. PMID- 6634367 TI - The induced effect, vertical disparity, and stereoscopic theory. PMID- 6634369 TI - Instruction effects on size and distance judgments. PMID- 6634368 TI - Expectation and autokinesis. PMID- 6634370 TI - The edge of an event: invariants of a moving illusory contour. PMID- 6634371 TI - On the origin of stroboscopic induced motion. PMID- 6634372 TI - The effect of imposed fixational eye movements on binocular rivalry. PMID- 6634373 TI - Evidence against saturation of contrast adaptation in the human visual system. PMID- 6634374 TI - On the nature of intersensory facilitation of reaction time. PMID- 6634375 TI - Stimulus determinants of brightness and distinctness of subjective contours. PMID- 6634376 TI - Category scales of sweetness are consistent with sweetness-matching data. PMID- 6634377 TI - Dual coding under conditions of second stimulus modality uncertainty in successive matching tasks. PMID- 6634378 TI - Interval estimation: effect of processing demands on prospective and retrospective reports. PMID- 6634379 TI - Further difficulties for the filtered-components approach to illusory visual contours. PMID- 6634380 TI - Effects of caffeine on Ca-activated force production in skinned cardiac and skeletal muscle fibres of the rat. AB - Skinned fibres prepared by mechanical and/or chemical means from cardiac and skeletal muscles of the rat were activated in solutions strongly buffered for Ca2+ (with 50 mM EGTA) in the absence or presence of caffeine 5-40 mM. In all preparations caffeine was found to reversibly shift the relation between steady state force and free [Ca2+] toward lower free [Ca2+] in a dose dependent manner. This increase in apparent Ca2+ sensitivity was not antagonized by procaine and was the same, within each muscle type, irrespective of the manner in which the skinned fibre was prepared, and consequently the degree to which it retained cellular membranes. The effect was more pronounced in cardiac and slow-twitch than in fast-twitch, myofibrillar preparations. At equivalent concentrations theophylline mimicked this effect of caffeine in all preparations, however, addition of exogenous cyclic AMP neither mimicked nor modified, in any way, the effect. Maximum Ca2+ -activated force production was not affected by caffeine below 20 mM but was depressed by concentrations of 20 mM and above. The increase in apparent Ca2+ sensitivity produced by caffeine can not be the result of a mobilization of some cellular store of Ca2+ but must arise from a direct effect of caffeine on the myofilaments which leads to a change in the apparent affinity constant of the force controlling sites for Ca2+. PMID- 6634381 TI - Characterization of phosphate binding by alkaline phosphatase in rat kidney brush border membrane. AB - Phosphate binding by rat renal brush border membranes occurs on a single protein, as visualized by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The same protein can also be specifically labelled by gamma-32P ATP at 0 degree C or in the absence of magnesium. The phosphate binding protein co-migrates with monomers of two alkaline phosphatase activity bands previously localized on acrylamide gel. Measurement of binding by TCA precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography and dialysis gave an average of 31.1 +/- 5.7 pmol phosphate bound/mg protein. Alkaline phosphatase would then represent 0.23% of total brush border membrane protein. Maximal binding activity is obtained at pH 6.5, but when membranes are phosphorylated at pH 6.5 and the pH increased to 9.4, 50% of the bound radioactivity is released. The binding of phosphate to this protein presents two different apparent Km: one at 40 microM for low and one at 390 microM for high substrate concentrations. The membrane bound phosphate is readily exchangeable with phosphate in the medium. Phosphate binding and phosphate release are complete within 5 s. Alkaline phosphatase substrates and EDTA are potent inhibitors of phosphate binding and produce over 90% inhibition. Characteristics of phosphate binding for kidney membrane bound alkaline phosphatase seem very similar to the soluble form of the enzyme from various sources. PMID- 6634382 TI - A simple electronic circuit for monitoring changes in the duration of the action potential. AB - A simple electronic circuit is described that produces a ramp voltage, the amplitude of which is proportional to the duration of the action potential. The circuit is ideal for monitoring changes in the duration of the action potential on slowly moving chart paper. PMID- 6634383 TI - Central short-term cold adaptation in the guinea-pig. AB - The responses of seventeen single units to changes in skin temperature were recorded in fifteen guinea-pigs anaesthetized with urethane. All units were located in the subcoeruleus region which has been discussed as part of the thermoafferent system. Thermal stimuli were applied to different skin areas. The receptive fields of sixteen cold-responsive units were found to be parts of the abdominal and thoracic skin. The cold-responsive units could be subdivided into two groups. Ten units showed the known classic cold-responsive steady state response. A short-term thermal adaptation was seen in six units. These units had peak activities at skin temperatures between 22 degrees C and 29 degrees C and decreased their firing rates within 5 to 40 minutes when the temperature of the receptive skin area was kept constant in the range between 20 degrees C and 29 degrees C. This short-term cold-adaptive effect could be reversibly abolished by warming the corresponding skin area for a certain period of time. The short-term adapting neurones could be conceived of as the neurophysiological correlate to cold-adaptive changes in thermogenic responses seen in three guinea-pigs. Oxygen uptake and shivering activity were reduced in animals, which had reached approximately constant skin and core body temperature during sustained external cooling. PMID- 6634384 TI - Increase in oxygen consumption induced by selective spinal cord cooling in the exercising pigeon. AB - Six domestic pigeons with chronically implanted spinal thermodes were exercised on a treadmill at neutral ambient temperature. During the exercise the spinal cord was cooled to 34.7 +/- 0.4 degrees C (mean +/- S.E.M.). Oxygen consumption of the pigeons increased from 28.3 +/- 2.1 to 61.2 +/- 3.7 ml X min-1 X kg-1 due to exercise per se, and superimposed cooling of the spinal cord during exercise induced an additional increase in oxygen consumption to 84.9 +/- 4.5 ml X min-1 X kg-1. The result demonstrates that cooling of the spinal cord elicits shivering in exercising pigeons at thermoneutral conditions. PMID- 6634385 TI - Decreased capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis during lactation in mice. AB - The capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) has been measured during and after lactation in mice. NST was found to be reduced in early and mid-lactation and at the time of weaning, the reduction being greatest at mid-lactation. By one week after weaning, however, the capacity for NST had returned to the level in virgin animals. PMID- 6634386 TI - Relation between cell size and response characteristics of medullary reticulospinal neurons to labyrinth and neck inputs. AB - The activity of presumably inhibitory reticulospinal neurons with cell bodies located in the medial aspects of the medullary reticular formation and axons projecting to lumbosacral cord has been recorded in decerebrate cats and their response characteristics to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth receptors (134 neurons) and neck receptors (110 neurons) have been related to cell size inferred from the conduction velocity of the corresponding axons. No significant correlation was found between resting discharge and conduction velocity of the axons. Among the recorded reticulospinal neurons, 64/134 (i.e. 47.8%) units responded to roll tilt, while 66/110 (i.e. 60.0%) units responded to neck rotation (0.026 Hz, +/- 10 degrees). A positive correlation was found between gain (imp./s/deg) of the labyrinth and neck responses and conduction velocity of the axons. Thus, due to absence of correlation between resting discharge and conduction velocity of the axons, larger neurons exhibited a greater percentage modulation (sensitivity) to the labyrinth and the neck input than smaller neurons. These findings are attributed to an overall increase in density or efficacy of the synaptic contacts made by the vestibular and neck afferent pathways on reticulospinal neurons of increasing size. Units receiving neck macular vestibular convergence showed on the average an higher gain of the neck (GN) response with respect to the labyrinth (GL) response (GN/GL: 1.95 +/- 1.49, S.D.; n = 43); however, due to a parallel increase in gain of the reticulospinal neurons to both neck and labyrinth inputs, the relative effectiveness of the two inputs did not vary in different units as a function of cell size. The reticulospinal neurons were mainly excited by the direction of animal orientation and/or neck displacement. In particular, most of these positional sensitive units were excited by side-up animal tilt (37/58, i.e. 63.8%) and by side-down neck rotation (47/60, i.e. 78.3%). These predominant response patterns were particularly found between large size neurons, whereas small size neurons tended to show also other response patterns. The evidence indicates that in addition to intrinsic neuronal properties related to cell size, the quantitative and qualitative organization of synaptic inputs represents the critical factor controlling the responsiveness of reticulospinal neurons to vestibular and neck stimulation. PMID- 6634387 TI - Changes in [Ca2+]o and [K+]o during repetitive electrical stimulation and during pentetrazol induced seizure activity in the sensorimotor cortex of cats. AB - Changes in [Ca2+]o and [K+]o were measured in the sensorimotor cortex of cats during repetitive electrical stimulation and during pentetrazol induced epileptiform activity. Repetitive stimulation of the thalamic ventrobasal complex (VB) or of the cortical surface (CS) caused decreases in [Ca2+]o by up to 0.45 mM and increases in [K+]o by up to 7 mM. Maximum reductions of [Ca2+]o delta [Ca2+]o were found in depths of 100 to 300 micrometers below cortical surface, while rises in [K+]o were largest in depths of 600 to 1000 micrometers dependent on stimulation site. At depths below 700-900 micrometers increases in [K+]o were often accompanied by rises in [Ca2+]o of about 0.2 mM. Pentetrazol (PTZ) when injected at doses of 25 to 40 mg/kg body weight induced spontaneous seizure activity, which was in about 40% preceded by a slight fall of baseline [Ca2+]o. Repetitive stimulation and spontaneous seizures resulted in delta [Ca2+]o of up to 0.6 mM, whereas rises in [K+]o remained limited to a 'ceiling level' of about 10 mM. After PTZ application, peak delta [Ca2+]o were found at the same recording sites, but, in contrast to normal cortex, decreases in [Ca2+]o were observed in all cortical layers. The enhanced Ca2+-signals after PTZ application and the observed reduction of [Ca2+]o before seizure onset suggest that PTZ utilizes Ca2+ dependent mechanisms to initiate seizure activity. PMID- 6634388 TI - Changes of steady state activity in motor cortex consistent with the length tension relation of muscle. AB - Steady state activity of motor cortex (MI) neurons and muscles was examined in relation to joint position. Two monkeys performed either isometric or load bearing isotonic contractions, at different joint positions and during variation of steady torque. In either condition, MI steady state firing rate were found to be related to the amount of muscular excitation necessary to adjust muscle tension to length at any given position and load. The results obtained from 526 neurons (including pyramidal tract neurons) demonstrate for 206 neurons a correlate of the length-tension relation of muscle in the motor cortex. PMID- 6634389 TI - Osmotic regulation of evaporative water loss and body temperature by intracranial receptors in the heat-stressed cat. AB - The effect on body temperature (Tb) regulation of alterations in the osmotic milieu of the intracranial compartment has been examined by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of water (0.034 ml . min-1) in heat stressed hydrated and dehydrated cats. At an ambient temperature (Ta) of 38 degrees C, before ICV water infusion, mean Tb (measured in the hypothalamus) of normally hydrated cats was 38.8 +/- 0.1 degree C and mean evaporative water loss (EWL) was 1.32 +/- 0.18 W . kg-1. ICV water infusion was without significant effect (P greater than 0.05, t-test) on either of these values in normally hydrated animals. In dehydrated animals at Ta 38 degrees C, Tb and EWL were both significantly altered (P less than 0.001) from the normally hydrated state and were measured at 39.9 +/- 0.2 degree C and 0.84 +/- 0.09 W . kg-1 respectively. Infusion of water into dehydrated animals significantly altered pre-infusion levels of Tb and EWL so that Tb fell to 39.4 +/- 0.2 degree C (P less than 0.001) and EWL rose to 1.46 +/- 0.09 W . kg-1 (P less than 0.001). No effect of ICV water infusion on mean plasma vasopressin levels (pAVP) was observed in normally hydrated animals (preinfusion pAVP = 1.3 +/- 0.2 microunit . ml-1, post-infusion pAVP equal 1.3 +/- 0.3 microunit . ml-1, P greater than 0.05). However, a significant reduction in pAVP occurred subsequent to infusion in dehydrated animals (pre-infusion pAVP equal 16.6 +/- 1.85 microunits . ml-1, post-infusion pAVP equal 10.7 +/- 2.3 microunits . ml-1, P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634390 TI - A simple method for reliable separation of cerebellar Purkinje cell complex and simple spikes. AB - During the analysis of cerebellar Purkinje cell firing the use of two level discriminators for the separation of complex spike (CS) and simple spike (SS) can produce "wrong SS-events", since the amplitude of the CS wavelets may exceed the discrimination level for the SS. This is also the case, when the initial spike of the CS is negatively deflected. A logic circuit was developed, which ensures reliable separation of the two types of spike by a mutual control of the two channels. The CS wavelet events are obtained via an additional channel. PMID- 6634391 TI - [CT xray diagnosis of pleural invasion of lung cancer]. PMID- 6634392 TI - [Transcatheter embolization with absolute ethanol]. PMID- 6634393 TI - [Incidence of thyroid cancer--geographic distribution of the disease in Japan]. PMID- 6634394 TI - [Performance evaluation of the 3rd and 4th generation computed tomography scanners using a standardized phantom]. PMID- 6634395 TI - Transcatheter arterial embolization for breast cancer. PMID- 6634396 TI - [Regional cerebral blood flow in experimental brain neoplasms]. PMID- 6634397 TI - [Significance of lateral chest radiography in routine screening examination]. PMID- 6634398 TI - [Radiographic examination of peripheral airway diseases]. PMID- 6634399 TI - [Radiographic and radionuclide studies of neuroblastoma metastatic to bones]. PMID- 6634400 TI - [Radiotherapy for laryngeal cancer]. PMID- 6634402 TI - [Physiopathology of the brain during physical dependence on ethanol]. PMID- 6634401 TI - [Effects of oxygen and broxuridine on the cytotoxic effects of D-T neutrons and x rays]. PMID- 6634403 TI - [Treatment of patients with hemiplegia]. PMID- 6634404 TI - [Chondromalacia of the patella in school children]. PMID- 6634406 TI - [Administrative competence for Finnish medical specialists]. PMID- 6634405 TI - [Gastrin research - its impact on gut endocrinology]. PMID- 6634407 TI - [Postgraduate training in administration, economy and leadership for Norwegian physicians]. PMID- 6634408 TI - [Choice of procedures in diagnosis 7. Problem solution and psychology]. PMID- 6634410 TI - A stereospecifically 18O-labelled deoxydinucleoside phosphate block for incorporation into an oligonucleotide. AB - Fully protected diastereoisomers of deoxyguanylyl (3' leads to 5') deoxyadenosine stereospecifically labelled on phosphorus with oxygen-18 have been synthesized by oxidation of phosphite triester intermediates in the presence of 18O-labelled water. The diastereoisomers have been chromatographically separated and their absolute configuration at phosphorus determined. (Rp)-[18O]deoxyguanylyl (3' leads to 5')deoxyadenosine has been prepared by complete deprotection of the parent diastereoisomer of the Sp configuration. Methylation of the former compound permits assignment of the absolute configurations of the methyl esters of N1-methyldeoxyguanylyl (3' leads to 5') N1-methyldeoxyadenosine. PMID- 6634411 TI - The nucleotide sequences of 5S rRNAs from two ribbon worms: Emplectonema gracile contains two 5S rRNA species differing considerably in their sequences. AB - The nucleotide sequences of 5S rRNAs from two nemerteans (ribbon worms), Lineus geniculatus and Emplectonema gracile have been determined. Emplectonema has two 5S rRNA species that are composed of 119 and 120 nucleotides, respectively. The sequences of these two 5S rRNAs differ at 22 positions. On the other hand, only a single 5S rRNA species was found in Lineus. The sequence similarity percents are 88% (Lineus/Emplectonema longer 5S rRNA), 82% (Emplectonema longer/Emplectonema shorter) and 80% (Lineus/Emplectonema shorter). The comparisons of these sequences with those of other organisms suggest that the phylum Nemertinea is most related to the Mollusca (91%) and the Rotifera (89%), but not to fresh-water planarias (72%). PMID- 6634409 TI - Different RNA patterns of globin and non-globin 40S heterogeneous nuclear RNA protein complexes in chicken reticulocyte nuclei. AB - 40s heterogeneous nuclear RNA-protein complex (HnRNP) was isolated from chicken reticulocyte nuclei after digestion of RNA by the endogenous nuclease. The size of the total RNA and beta globin RNA was compared by agarose and high resolution acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results show that size of the total RNA ranges between 20 to 650 bases and the most prominent sizes are between 20 and 70 80 bases. The size of the RNA increases at roughly 10 base intervals between 40 and 70 bases on an acrylamide gel. The size of the beta globin RNA is smaller (25 50 bases) than the total RNA and also the RNA pattern is considerably different from that of total RNA. This suggests that, although the overall structure of 40s HnRNP might be the same, there is significant differences in the interaction of globin RNA with HnRNP protein and that of non-globin RNA with HnRNP protein in chicken reticulocyte nuclei. PMID- 6634412 TI - Antigenicity and evolution amongst recent influenza viruses of H1N1 subtype. AB - The sequence of the HA1 subunit region of the haemagglutinin gene of influenza A/USSR/90/77, and A/Brazil/11/78, A/Lackland/3/78, A/England/333/80 and A/India/6263/80 was determined by dideoxy-sequencing methods using total virion RNA and specific oligonucleotide primers for reverse transcriptase. These 1977 1980 strains share a minimum of 85% amino acid sequence homology with influenza A/PR/8/34. Most of the surface amino acid substitutions which occurred during the evolution of A/PR/8/34 to A/USSR/90/77 and subsequently in the 1978-1980 strains are located in the 4 antigenic sites previously defined by an analysis of laboratory-selected mutants of A/PR/8/34. We deduce an evolutionary pathway for the 1977-80 strains and suggest their different epidemic properties may be a consequence of only a few amino acid changes. PMID- 6634413 TI - Binding of pyrene to DNA, base sequence specificity and its implication. AB - Solubilization as well as spectral studies of pyrene in natural DNA and synthetic deoxypolynucleotide solutions at neutral pH reveal at least two binding modes. Sites I are predominant in native DNA and in poly(dA-dT): poly(dA-dT) whereas sites II are found with denatured DNA and other polynucleotides such as poly(dA):poly(dT) and three different types of guanine containing copolymers which solubilize pyrene to a lesser extent. Spectral comparison with the covalent adducts of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10- tetrahydro benzo(a)pyrene (anti-BPDE) and the physical complexes of its tetraols lead to the suggestion of a base sequence specific binding model for this carcinogenic metabolite to account for the puzzling fact that although its physical binding is predominantly intercalative, the covalent adducts appear not to be intercalated. It is speculated that in neutral solutions, intercalation may have little, if any, to do with the chemical lesion of this metabolite to the guanine base of the DNA and may, on the contrary, provide an efficient pathway for detoxification. PMID- 6634414 TI - The elongation of mismatched primers by DNA polymerase alpha from calf thymus. AB - The ability of the 9S and 5.7S DNA polymerase alpha subspecies from calf thymus in elongating a mismatched primer terminus has been investigated. With poly(dA) as template, the elongation rate for (dT)8dG, (dT)8dC and (dT)10dGdT is 20-fold lower for the 9S enzyme and 5-fold lower for the 5.7S enzyme as compared to (dT)10. The presence of a second mismatch at the primer terminus reduces the elongation rate further by a factor of two. Exonucleolytic excision of the mismatches can be excluded. With (dT)8dG (dT)n as primer we show, that at least five T-residues have to follow the mismatch in order to establish the elongation rate of a perfectly paired primer. The KM value for (dT)10 dG as primer is 400 nM as compared to 10 nM for (dT)10. Addition of Mn2+ increases the relative efficiency of elongation of the mismatched primers. PMID- 6634415 TI - Quantification of tracer kinetics in intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and of gallbladder filling rates in hepatobiliary dynamic scintigraphy using 99mTc-IDA derivates. AB - A method is presented of calculating the flow of 99mTc-labelled IDA derivates in intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. By computer means the superimposed liver parenchymal activity is subtracted from the original sequence data in each pixel and at each time. In addition to known evaluation methods, the described procedure seems to be helpful for clinical application in order to better display anatomical details of intrahepatic structures like bile ducts and to calculate quantitative parameters like appearance times in intra- and extrahepatic regions. Examples are given and the possibility of calculating a gallbladder filling rate for separating normal gallbladders from stone-filled ones is statistically proven. PMID- 6634416 TI - [Results of radioiodine treatment of autonomous thyroid adenomas taking into consideration regional iodine kinetics and paranodular uptake]. AB - In 110 patients with autonomous adenoma of the thyroid, the success rate of therapy with radioiodine using different local dosages (300 and 400 Gy) was monitored. Furthermore the relative paranodular uptake before and after radiotherapy was compared in dependence on the duration of therapy. In a short period of therapy (5-8 d) the paranodular uptake decreases as compared to a long duration (9-20 d) where it increases. This explains the higher rate of hypothyroidism found in the group of patients with a longer period of therapy. The success rate was 93.6% after applying a dosage of 300 Gy and 95% after 400 Gy. However we found a slightly smaller incidence of hypothyroidism (3.2%) after 300 Gy as compared to 400 Gy (8.8%). Nevertheless the higher dosage should be chosen to reduce the failure rate. Because of the increased rate of hypothyroidism with increasing paranodular uptake it is recommended in cases with uptake ratios between 10 and 20% (so-called transitional type) to induce exogenic suppression of the paranodular tissue by means of thyroid hormone. PMID- 6634417 TI - [T3- and T4-antibodies in serum: screening and specific determination methods]. AB - Endogenous antibodies against T3 or T4 may falsify the radioimmunological determination of T3 and T4. Depending on the method of separation increased or decreased values will result. The clinical aspects are at variance with these radioimmunologically measured values. The TSH value is frequently elevated and the TRH test mostly positive. The determination of unspecific binding capacity allows the selection of suspect sera. In cases of increased binding capacity the diagnosis will be established by a precipitation reaction with human-anti-Ig-G and quantified with radio-T3 or radio-T4. PMID- 6634419 TI - Serum thyroglobulin determinations in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. AB - Serum thyroglobulin levels were measured in 636 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, in whom altogether 1240 determinations were performed in different phases of disease and treatment. A modified sensitive radioimmunoassay was employed using an own high-specific thyroglobulin antibody. The results showed that both the majority of patients with functioning metastases accumulating radioiodine and with non-functioning metastases which could not be detected by scanning had higher serum TG levels, compared with a group of healthy subjects. However, "normal" TG values in patients with metastases, especially non functioning, were found too. Thus, these findings decrease the diagnostic value of the TG determination. The highest TG values were found in patients with distant metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (in lungs and bones); on the other hand, the proportion of patients with lymph-node(s) metastases and "normal" TG levels was relatively high. We suggest that the serum TG determination cannot generally replace scanning with 131I and cannot serve as the only test, while being a helpful indicator in the long-term follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer patients. PMID- 6634418 TI - [Radioimmunoassay and its problems: quality, sources of error and quality control of in vitro procedures for thyroid diagnosis]. AB - A review is made of methodical aspects of the performance of radioimmunoassays with special regard to the determination of T3, T4, TSH and free thyroxine. The quality of the analytical systems is determined by specificity, sensitivity, correctness and accuracy. To ensure quality, guidelines are given for the procedure of obtaining test samples as well as for the transport and storage; furthermore, the dependence of the results on the employed method is documented. For determination of the normal range particular emphasis has to be given to the methodical details, regional differences and the age of the patients. To ensure quality, the most frequent sources of error have to be known. These are listed for the determination of thyroid hormones, TSH, thyroxine-binding globulin, thyroglobulin and for the T3U-test; a critical review of the methods is added. Suggestions are given for the systematic internal control of quality; a method for continuous control by a computer program is presented. PMID- 6634420 TI - Clinical significance of endogenously labelled thyroid hormones in the diagnosis of thyroidal autonomy. AB - The clinical value of the determination of 123I concentration in serum 48 hrs after tracer administration (123I)48 is investigated with special regard to thyroidal autonomy. Serum radioiodine concentration, thyroid radioiodide uptake at 4 and at 48 hrs were measured in 74 healthy subjects and patients with simple goiter, in 36 patients with thyroidal autonomy (diagnosis by thyroid suppression test), and in 20 hyperthyroid patients. 83% of the patients with elevated radioiodine concentration belonged to the group of thyroidal autonomy. The product of radioiodine concentration and thyroid radioiodide uptake is a much better parameter. 95% of the patients in which this product was elevated, belonged to the autonomy group (5% diagnostic error). Also in the control group the diagnostic error was 5%. The combination of (123I)48 with the result of the TRH-test is very useful in excluding thyroidal autonomy, if (123I)48 is normal and the TRH-test is positive (100% of the patients have regulated thyroid glands). 94% of the patients having elevated (123I)48 and a negative TRH-test belonged to the group of thyroidal autonomy. A very useful combination for the diagnosis of borderline hyperthyroidism is the determination of the product of (123I)48 and the uptake48 together with the pulse rate or fine tremor of the fingers (or TRH-test). The results suggest that the determination of (123I)48 is a very good parameter of thyroidal autonomy beside the thyroid suppression test. It may be used alone for the diagnosis of thyroidal autonomy if the suppression test is contraindicated. In the diagnosis of borderline hyperthyroidism its determination makes the suppression test unnecessary in many instances. PMID- 6634421 TI - [Outline of the history of the Maria Sklodowska-Curie Radium Institute]. PMID- 6634422 TI - [Clinical usefulness of the study of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for the determination of the degree of tumor progression, prognosis and monitoring of surgical treatment of neoplasms of the large intestine]. PMID- 6634423 TI - [Occurrence of 4S and 8S forms of estrogen and progestin receptors in the cytosol of breast cancer in women]. PMID- 6634424 TI - [Evaluation of various prognostic factors in patients with malignant stomach neoplasms in Warsaw 1972-1974]. PMID- 6634425 TI - [Hysterography and hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of cancer of the uterus]. PMID- 6634426 TI - [Methods and results of treatment of patients with homogenous and mixed forms of ovarian dysgerminoma]. PMID- 6634427 TI - [New technics in brachytherapy of cancer of the uterus. II. Afterloading technic. Preliminary report]. PMID- 6634428 TI - [Views of physicians from 59 countries with regard to malignant neoplasm control (based on the results of the questionnaires of Dr. Shigeru Hisamichi)]. PMID- 6634429 TI - High-dose pyridoxal supplemented culture medium inhibits the growth of a human malignant melanoma cell line. AB - The in vitro growth characteristics of a human malignant melanoma cell line cultured in 0.5 mM pyridoxal supplemented medium were studied. Experimentation revealed that the high-dose pyridoxal supplemented medium severely inhibited the growth of melanoma cells over a 72-hour growth period. Additional experimentation showed that cells cultured for 6 hours in the pyridoxal supplemented medium took up 25% less and incorporated 20% less [3H]uridine than control cultures. [3H]Glucose uptake was reduced by 23% at this time point. [3H]Thymidine uptake was inhibited by 12%, but no inhibition was detected in [3H]thymidine incorporation. When the vitamin B6 antagonist 4-deoxypyridoxine (which competes with pyridoxal for pyridoxal kinase) was added to the pyridoxal supplemented medium, the inhibition in [3H]uridine incorporation was reduced from 19% to 6%. However, 4-deoxypyridoxine did not reverse the inhibition of [3H]uridine uptake. These results indicate that pyridoxal and its metabolite, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, may be involved in the growth regulation of a human malignant melanoma cell line. PMID- 6634430 TI - Modification of dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinogenesis in rats by dietary cholesterol. AB - Diets capable of affecting serum cholesterol levels were examined for effects on tumorigenesis in male Fischer 344 rats given 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH). Four regimens were used: Group A was maintained on a semipurified diet; Group B was maintained on the same diet with cholesterol and bile salts added; Group C was fed the cholesterol and bile salt diet and then switched to the semipurified diet; and Group D was fed the cholesterol and bile salt diet and then placed on a semipurified diet containing bile salts. Six months after DMH administration, Group B and D exhibited similar tumor incidence (77% and 83%, respectively) and yield (2.3 and 2.4 tumors/tumor-bearing rat). These yields were significantly greater than those seen in Group A (70% incidence and 1.4 tumors/tumor-bearing rat) or Group C (52% incidence and 1.7 tumors/tumor bearing rat). Tumors in Groups B and D were larger in size and closer to the rectum than those seen in the other groups. In each of Groups A, C, and D, approximately 26% of the tumors were malignant; in Group B, 42% were malignant. Colonic epithelial cell kinetics in rats from Groups C and D not given DMH were determined using autoradiographic study of [3H]thymidine incorporation. Group D showed enhanced cell proliferation and expansion of the crypt cell population. These results suggest that dietary bile salts increase cell turnover and frequency of tumors, and that the addition of cholesterol to a cocarcinogenic diet can be associated with a significantly higher percentage of invasive tumors. PMID- 6634431 TI - Metabolic epidemiology of colon cancer: dietary pattern and fecal sterol concentrations of three populations. AB - The nutrient intake, fecal neutral sterol concentration, and bile acid concentration of populations with a varied risk for colon cancer development were investigated. High-risk populations in the metropolitan New York area and Malmo, Sweden, were compared with an intermediate-risk population in Umea, Sweden. The mean daily intake of protein and fat was comparable in all groups, but the total daily fiber intake was higher in Umea, as was the total daily stool output. There was no difference in the total fiber intake and stool output between Malmo and metropolitan New York. The fecal secondary bile acid concentration was lower in Umea than in the other two areas; no difference was observed between Malmo and metropolitan New York. These results suggest that high fiber intake may be considered protective against colon cancer even in a population with a high risk intake. A high dietary fiber intake may limit colon cancer risk by increasing stool bulk, and thus diluting and/or binding tumor promoters. PMID- 6634432 TI - [Late reattribution of sex: a clinical example]. AB - A female patient affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia, has been brought up as a male till five and half year old. After exact diagnosis has been made, a complete psychological evaluation has suggested the possibility of a change in the rearing sex. We briefly summarize the psychological, medical, legal aspects of this late sexual reattribution. After a five-years follow up, results may be considered satisfactory. PMID- 6634433 TI - [Hereditary fructose intolerance]. AB - Two cases of hereditary fructose intolerance are reported. In the first one the symtomatology has started with an acute hepatic failure; the second one has come to our observation with a diagnosis of intrahepatic biliary duct atresia. It is underlined the difficulty of a differential diagnosis, in infants with serious hepatic failure, between infectious, metabolic and others illnesses. PMID- 6634434 TI - [Partial trisomy 9q: description of a new case]. AB - The authors describe one case of partial 9q trisomy they observed. The malformations they observed are correspondent to the very little amount of existing documented cases. And just because we have only a few observations, we thought useful publishing this case, to better define the clinical features among the alterations of chromosome 9 (trisomy 9 p and 9q). Head, neck, bones, heart and urogenital apparatus seen to be the most frequently involved in the phenotypic expression of the 9q trisomy. PMID- 6634435 TI - [The mesenteric artery syndrome]. AB - We describe a case of superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a 12 years old girl. The patient had anorexia, emesis and weight loss. Rx-abdomen without and with contrast medium showed duodenum obstruction. The syndrome was associated with application of body cast. PMID- 6634436 TI - [Right temporo-occipital ganglioglioma in a 10-year-old patient]. AB - Authors describe an operated case of ganglioglioma of the right temporo-occipital region in a ten year old patient. After case presentation and an analysis of the literature, the diagnostic pre-operative problems are discussed analysing the CT aspects of the lesion. PMID- 6634437 TI - [Wandering spleen with acute torsion of the pedicle]. AB - The A. A. describe one case of wandering spleen with torsion of the pedicle. In spite of the rarity of this phenomenon and the vagueness of its clinical manifestation, if this diagnosis is under consideration, it can be established by angiography, by scintigraphy, or by sonography. After splenectomy the patient was cured. PMID- 6634438 TI - [Psychomotor recovery in an operated case of subdural hygroma of unusual dimensions]. AB - A case of unusually large subdural chronic effusion is described in a child 3 years old with severe developmental retardation, without obvious symptoms of increased intra-cranial pressure. Diagnosis was made by angiography. The child underwent to a Pudenz-shunt. An intensive physical and educational care program is performed. Behavior improvement and partial integration in social structure are obtained. PMID- 6634439 TI - [Congenital hepatic fibrosis]. AB - According to their experience and to a review of the most important papers in the field, the Authors examine the clinical, morphological, diagnostical and therapeutical aspects of congenital hepatic fibrosis. The initial sign is almost always hepatosplenomegaly and diagnosis can be achieved by means of clinical, anamnestic, histological and ecotomographic findings. Relationships among congenital hepatic fibrosis, infantile polycystic disease of the kidney and liver and Caroli's disease are stressed. PMID- 6634440 TI - [Hepatic duct hypoplasia or Alagille-Odievre disease]. AB - Five children from one to seven years of age with intrahepatic ductular hypoplasia are presented. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the disease are specifically considered as well as differential diagnosis. In three patients a severe hemolytic anemia, only partially corrected with vitamine E, was present. All subjects received continuous cholestyramine therapy. Variable follow up from nine months to seven years demonstrated persistent intrahepatic cholestasis with hypercholesterolemia in two cases, clinical and biochemical improvement in one case. One child died two years and six months after diagnosis was made an one patient was lost to follow up. The Authors confirm the literature clinic, diagnostic and therapeutic data concerning ductular hypoplasia, while, on the basis of their experience, the prognosis seems poor also in some cases of syndromic ductular hypoplasia. PMID- 6634441 TI - [Granulomatous hepatitis. Apropos of a case with difficult etiological diagnosis]. AB - Hepatic granulomatosis is an anatomo-pathologic feature, rising from the aspecific answer of the liver to various antigenic, toxic and infectious noxae. One of the most frequent symptoms of this disease is a some weeks lasting fever. The most frequent etiology is proved to be infectious, particularly tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis. In this paper an analysis of the various diseases which can produce hepatic granulomas is presented, as well as the clinical case of patient with fever and hepatic disease for whom it has been possible to get to an etioilogic diagnosis of tuberculosis only through an hepatic biopsy and culture of liver tissue. PMID- 6634442 TI - [Neuroblastoma at the Giannina Gaslini Institute. Analysis of 94 cases diagnosed 1972-1981]. AB - The authors have analysed 94 consecutive previously untreated children affected by NB diagnosed at the Giannina Gaslini Children's Hospital in the period January 1972 - December 1981. Age at diagnosis ranged between 1 month - 16 years (median 2 years). Diagnosis was made on histological grounds in 82 cases, on clinical, instrumental and laboratory data in the remaining 12 cases. Evans' staging system was adopted for classifying the disease extent. Patient recruitment was 9.4 cases for year. Female sex slightly prevailed in our series. 17 patients had localized disease (stage I and II), all surviving since 27 - 90 months. 28 children had regional disease (stage III) half of whom are presently alive. Five of the 47 cases with disseminated disease are alive at the time of this study; only one of these 5 can be considered cured, having been followed since more than 4 years. One of the two IV-s stage children survives disease-free at 89 months. 49% of patients were 2-year old or less at diagnosis while only 2 patients were older than 10. Survival was best in children diagnosed under one year of age, lowest in the 2 - 6 year age group. 74% of patients had their primary located in the abdomen (36 in the adrenal, 16 in sympathetic ganglia, 18 in un unidentifable site). Prognosis was worse in these patients compared with those with primary in the thorax, neck and pelvis. The clinical presentation of the disease has been extremely various: most patients had a diagnosis different from the definitive one, and were accordingly treated usually for several weeks or even months. Among laboratory data, urinary catecholamine metabolites, serum LDH and serum ferritin represented the most suitable indices of disease activity. Among immunological studies, none has shown a good correlation with the extent of the disease, nor with the clinical course. Stage I children had only surgery as treatment, while in stage II surgical ablation was followed by short-lasting chemotherapy and radiotherapy in few cases. In stage III and IV more complex multidisciplinary approach was utilized in the attempt to achieve a complete tumor regression. While about a half stage III cases appears curable by these treatment modalities, little impact has been demonstrated by this therapy in widespread disease, although the use of well-designed protocols seems have improved the complete remission rate and the median length of survival. PMID- 6634443 TI - [Differential diagnostic problems in acute and chronic hepatitis and hepato cholangiographies of various etiologies in childhood]. AB - The necessity is emphasized to perform always a careful anamnesis and a clinical inspection of patients before achieving laboratory examinations (avoiding to demand to a "check up" the diagnosis). This is particularly important in those diseases, like viral hepatitis, which become even more frequent, so that such diagnosis may be supposed basing on unreliable laboratory findings. The possibility is mentioned that different hepato-colangiopathies (Wilson's disease, intolerance to fructose, hepatic congenital fibrosis, hepatic ductal hypoplasia, granulomatous hepatitis, bacterial, micotic and protozoarian cholangitis, liver sufference in onchologic diseases) may simulate viral hepatitis. PMID- 6634444 TI - [Vojta's seven postural reactions in the detection of neuromotor disorders in infants. Experience with 2382 subjects]. AB - The Authors examined 2.382 babies who were between 4 and 6 weeks old using the seven postural reactions proposed by Vojta for neuromotor screening. They followed the progress of 2.295 (96,35%) babies up to the age of 1 year. 100% of the babies judged to be normal after the first visit were normal after a year. The Authors describe the evolution of the babies who were abnormal at the first visit, and clarify the results obtained with early physiotherapeutic treatment. PMID- 6634446 TI - [True hepatic Wilson's disease]. AB - Fourteen cases of Wilson's disease, 9 of which in pure hepatic form are presented. Earliest clinical sign of liver disease was hepatosplenomegaly with altered indexes of hepatic function. The disease was found in 4 couples of brothers and sisters of families reported. For all cases diagnosis was based on the values of ceruloplasmin, serum copper, basal urine copper and urine copper after D-penicillamine. Furthermore in 8 cases very increased copper concentration in the liver was demonstrated. D-penicillamine therapy produced hepatic improvement in 8 cases, 6 of which affected by only hepatic form and the treatment was fairly tolerated. In 1 case this therapy caused nephrotic syndrome it was replaced with Trien-2HCL. Wilson's disease in its pure hepatic form must be considered in the differential diagnosis of liver diseases in pediatric age, especially when markers of viral hepatitis are absent. The identification of pure hepatic form provides early diagnosis of Wilson's disease, basic requirement for an effective therapy. PMID- 6634445 TI - [Infantile angiodysplasias: diagnosis and therapy]. AB - Three cases of angiodysplasias are reported. There are some problems still open concerning diagnostic and therapeutic approach. In this paper we try to correlate localisation, time of onset, size, aspect, histological features, evolution, side effects and hemodynamic problems with diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of childhood angiodysplasias mainly concerning cavernous, intracranial, visceral and lymphatic angiomas. PMID- 6634447 TI - [Nutritional considerations on milk formulae following breast feeding]. AB - The Author, considering that many babies in the town of Palermo are "weaned" with partially skimmed milk since their 3rd month of life, takes into consideration the type of milk the baby has to be fed with in substitution of the starting formula. Since the woman's milk is sufficient to cover the baby's need up to the 6th month of his life, the various industrial cow milks (pasteurized, homogenized, skimmed) are confronted with the new powder milks called "follow up formula". In the whole what results is a clear superiority of the latter. They are, no doubt, more useful to the baby's alimentary needs starting from the 4th month of his life. PMID- 6634448 TI - [Atopic dermatitis in infants. Its relation to breast feeding and cow's milk feeding]. AB - After analysing the literature on the more probable causes of atopic dermatitis in early childhood the authors report herein their study on 2 groups of infants: 3 breast-fed and 3 cow's milk-fed since their first days of life. In all groups an increase of IgA, IgM, IgE ha been reported. While we can easily explain the antigens passing with cow's milk, in breast-fed infants che passing cow's antigens might have occurred in fetal time, causing in this way the first sensibilization. The detrimental antigen-dose, might have then passed through breast-feeding. PMID- 6634449 TI - [Primary enuresis: 144 cases (clinico-statistical observations and therapeutic considerations]. AB - Of 144 cases of enuresis we have studied the distribution according with the age in which the subjects have been treated by a doctor for a first consultation, the clinical form (only night, only day, mixed), the sex. We have examined the familiarity, the associated pathology (encopresis, anorexy), the spontaneous evolution and after therapy. Authors have followed a therapeutic scheme that provides for "conditio sine qua non" a practice in the child to reduce, until suspension, the swallowing of liquids during and after the evening meal and in the previous hours, for the whole period of treatment. Cures employed: a preparation with atrapine, ephedrine (Noxenur) and a preparation of dry extract of rear hypophysis (Disipidin), given in series. Another group of subjects has been treated with mipramine. Authors have reached satisfying results by these means, they employ in any case of enuresis on condition to be over 7 years old, because, at this age, there is a more effective and constant collaboration by the subject. Presented the results of EEG and EMG, too. PMID- 6634450 TI - [Bilateral sexual cord tumors in male pseudohermaphroditism]. AB - Authors report a case of male pseudohermaphroditism reared as a female since birth. At abdominal exploration gonads showed the histologic pattern of immature testes, but were almost completely replaced by sex-cord mesenchymal tumors. It is remarked the opportunity of removing dysgenetic gonads earlier than usually suggested. PMID- 6634451 TI - [Autonomic nervous system damage in diabetes mellitus and cardiac function]. PMID- 6634452 TI - [Diagnostic value of the determination of the fructose assimilation coefficient in liver diseases]. PMID- 6634453 TI - [Viral hepatitis, blood HBs antigens and liver cirrhosis in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6634454 TI - [Viral hepatitis in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6634455 TI - [Growth hormone secretion in patients with various types of diabetes mellitus and in healthy persons after L-dopa stimulation]. PMID- 6634456 TI - [Blood of healthy bulls and those with listeriosis with regard to the enzymatic differences in the lymphocytes]. AB - A relationship between esterase positive and esterase negative lymphocytes in peripheral blood of a homogenous group of one-year old healthy bulls of NCB breed was found. Average values of other hematologic indices in these animals were also determined. Then the same indices were examined in bulls experimentally infected with Listeria monocytogenes and compared with the data for healthy animals. The following representative average values were found: erythrocytes 7,2 mill/mm3, leukocytes 8,6 thous./mm3. The proportional composition of leukocytes is: neutrophils - 33,9; eosinophils - 2,9; basophils - 0,8; monocytes - 5,5; lymphocytes - 56,9 including esterase positive cells - 74,7% and esterase negative cells - 25,3% in it. Statistically significant differences concerned the proportional composition of esterase positive and esterase negative lymphocytes, as well as the quantity of monocytes, basophils, eosinophils and that of erythrocytes and leukocytes. PMID- 6634457 TI - [Cholinergic fibers in the ligament system of the ovary in pigs]. AB - The investigations were carried out on the material taken from four pigs, weight about 35 kg. Ovary ligaments and hilus were taken for these experiments. To trace cholinergic nerves situated in the collected material, Koelle and Friedenwald's thiocholine method in Gomori's modification and Gienc's adaptation was used. To eliminate the possibility of pseudocholinesterase staining in the preparation, Iso-OMPE in dilution 1 X 10(-6) was added to the control material. In the mesovarium of the pig cholinergic nerves have been observed. They can be divided into three groups according to their course and position: 1) paravascular bundles, 2) perivascular plexi and 3) nerve bundles not connected with the vessels. PMID- 6634458 TI - [Effect of ronidazole on the growth of weaned piglets and the levels of urea nitrogen in plasma and blood glucose]. AB - Four experiments were carried out on 412 piglets, reared in different environmental conditions in the period from 4 to 12 weeks of life. Ronidazole appeared to be the most valuable feed supplement among those studied: OTC, virginiamycin, LBC, SRE and bycitracin. In comparison with OTC it significantly improved weight increment of piglets from 8.1% to 15.4%, as well as utilization of feed from 4.0% to 9.1% with a significant decrease of morbidity and falls. The effect of the action of ronidazole was marked the strongest in young piglets directly after weaning, in less developed ones and those kept in unfavourable environmental conditions. Ronidazole did not cause changes in glucose concentration in blood, but in decreased the level of urea nitrogen in plasma. Mean concentration of urea nitrogen in piglets receiving ronidazole ranged from 16.9 to 17.6 mg/100 cm3, while in the control with OTC it ranged from 17.8 to 18.9 mg/100 cm3. A lower urea concentration in piglets in the group with ronidazole may indicate that, in comparison with OTC, it inhibited to a larger extent bacterial degradation of amino-acids and ureolysis of urea in tissues and alimentary canal content of piglets. PMID- 6634459 TI - [Effect of vitamin B15 on cholesterol levels in the intestinal wall of rabbits]. AB - The studies were carried out on 15 rabbits in three experimental series, divided into three groups in relation to the diet: group 0 - on a standard diet, group I a standard diet with cholesterol added, group II - a standard diet with cholesterol and vitamin B15. After decapitating the rabbits, the level of total, free and bound cholesterol was determined by the method of Liberman and Burchart in the wall of the stomach, jejunum, duodenum, caecum, colon and liver. It was shown that vitamin B15 caused a decrease of cholesterol level in the wall of the stomach, intestines and liver of the rabbits. It was simultaneously observed that cholesterol content in the particular intestine segments was different - high in caecum, but low in jejunum. In rabbits on a diet rich in cholesterol, an increase of its level was observed in the walls of the alimentary canal. PMID- 6634460 TI - [Characteristics and variability of microflora of Polish sausage kielbasa during its production including steaming]. AB - The level and variability of nonspecific microflora of steamed sausage was determined in the course of its production. The microbiological characteristics was based on determinations of 11 groups of microorganisms, taking into consideration three production phases, two different meat works and two seasons of the year as variation factors. A high contamination of the sausage meat, on average 10(6) microorganisms/g, was found just before putting it into tubes. These amounts were reduced in the course of technological processes, which averaged 10(4)/g in the product. Statistically significant variation of the quantitative level was found between the production phases in most of the microorganism groups studies, a significant influence of the individual meat works and seasons of the year being absent. Quantitative percentage of the particular microorganism groups in total contamination was determined. The correlations calculated for quantitative variability of the total bacterial contamination in relation to the individual microorganism groups were shown to be significant. PMID- 6634461 TI - [Testosterone levels of the plasma of bulls in relation to growth, breed, semen quality and sexual activity]. AB - Using Anderson's method for estimation of testosterone level by competitive protein binding, the authors determined plasma testosterone level in young bulls of three breeds: black and white, and red and white lowland. It was found that in bulls of black and white and red and white lowland breed the testosterone level showed great fluctuations without growing tendency. In charolais bulls, in pubescence, testosterone level was low and did not exceed 1 ng/1 ml, but it systematically increased beginning from the 14th month of life. No correlation of testosterone level with protein and energy intake or with sexual activity was observed in adult bulls (breeders) of black and white lowland breed during 12 months of examination. PMID- 6634462 TI - [Cultural, biochemical and serological characteristics of Mycobacteria, avium and atypical, isolated from pigs slaughtered in the Bialystok abattoirs]. AB - Two hundred and thirty-eight strains of acid-fast bacilli isolated from lymph nodes of pigs were examined. Among these strains 198 were classified as Myc. avium and 40 - as atypical bacilli belonging to group II, III and IV of Runyon's classification. Only 118 strains of Myc. avium showed cultural and biochemical properties typical for these species. Some of the remaining strains were positive in the arylsulphatase test, in the reduction nitrate test or in the hydrolysis of Tween 80 test, but were negative in all amidase tests. The serological study of the bacilli belonging to Myc. avium - intracellulare group was performed according to Schaefer's method. It was found that among Myc. avium strains serotype 2 dominated (187 strains). Myc. avium serotypes 1 and 3 appeared sporadically. The majority of atypical bacilli were classified as Myc. fortuitum, and only some strains were identified as Myc. intracellulare and Myc. vaccae. Some strains remained unclassified. The results showed that identification of Myc. avium and some atypical strains isolated from pigs by means of cultural and biochemical tests is not sufficient. The agglutination test with the use of sera specific for individual serotypes of Myc. avium - intracellulare group is very useful for identification of bacilli belonging to these groups. If we have a full set of specific sera we can identify Myc. avium and Myc. intracellulare more quickly and better than with use of cultural and biochemical tests. PMID- 6634463 TI - Research in a pediatrician's office: an idea worthy of your consideration. AB - The decision to become an investigator in the office is a personal one. Although there are formidable obstacles valuable research can be performed in private practice if the clinician is motivated and willing to expend some diligent effort. I encourage more clinicians to consider seriously this idea. PMID- 6634464 TI - Epidemic of meningitis and febrile illness in neonates caused by ECHO type 11 virus in Philadelphia. AB - Between April and November, 1980, an outbreak of meningitis and of febrile illness of neonates caused by ECHO 11 virus occurred in Philadelphia and surrounding communities. Thirty-eight virologically confirmed and ten virologically presumptive cases of meningitis were hospitalized in two Philadelphia hospitals for children. Most patients had fever and irritability. Vomiting, upper respiratory symptoms and poor feeding were present in one-third to one-half of the cases. Seventy-five percent of cases occurred between June 10 and August 18. The number of males and females was similar; 71% of children were 4 months of age or younger. This out break differed from those previously reported on enteroviruses in general, and on ECHO 11 virus in particular, in that no strong male predominance occurred and the patients were younger. A minimum attack rate of 4.1 per 1000 Philadelphia resident children ages 1 day to 4 months was estimated. PMID- 6634465 TI - Lack of relationship of Clostridium difficile to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. AB - We studied prospectively the conversion rate to Clostridium difficile-positive stool cultures in 31 children receiving oral antibiotics for common infections and looked for a possible association of C. difficile colonization with diarrhea. The incidence of pretreatment positive stool cultures was 35% with the majority of positive findings in infants less than 1 year of age. After treatment with oral antibiotics C. difficile was cultured from the stool of 42% of the children. Eleven children developed diarrhea during antibiotic therapy. Seven of these children had at least one stool culture positive for C. difficile and four had persistently negative cultures. Oral antibiotic treatment of common infections in otherwise healthy children does not appear to predispose to stool colonization with C. difficile, nor is the presence of C. difficile in stools in these children significantly associated with the onset of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. PMID- 6634466 TI - Efficacy and safety of ceforanide in the treatment of childhood infections. AB - Fifty-seven children, ages 1 month to 17 years, were treated with parenteral ceforanide. Most patients received 20 mg/kg of the drug intramuscularly every 12 hours. The mean duration of ceforanide therapy was 6.3 days (range, 3 to 14 days). Because ceforanide has a relatively long half-life of 1.94 +/- 0.43 hours (range, 1.1 to 3.3 hours), suprainhibitory plasma concentrations against most pathogens recovered from the study patients were maintained for 8 to 12 hours after a dose. Ceforanide diffused well into abscess cavities and joint fluid. Initial clinical response was satisfactory in all patients; however, one patient with Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteremia had relapse of bacteremia one week after ceforanide therapy. Ceforanide was well-tolerated with minimal pain at the site of intramuscular injections. Other side effects were minor and transient. PMID- 6634468 TI - Anaerobic meningitis associated with a dermal sinus tract. PMID- 6634467 TI - Neonatal meningitis due to Lactobacillus. PMID- 6634469 TI - Gonococcal infection and sexual abuse. PMID- 6634470 TI - Effects of deprolorphin, a casomorphin analog, on hippocampal CA1 field potentials in vitro. AB - The effects of infusion of low concentrations of the synthetic opioid peptide D Pro4-beta-casomorphin-5(deprolorphin) on electrical field responses in the in vitro hippocampal slice preparation of mice were investigated. Deprolorphin (0.01 10 microM) causes a large enhancement of the population spike (PS) and appearance of additional spikes of CA1 pyramidal cells to Schaffer-commissural stimulation, which were partially antagonized by the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone. It is likely that this analgesic peptide in the hippocampus acts through mu receptors and neuronal mechanisms already described for morphine and enkephalin analogs. PMID- 6634471 TI - Isolation from porcine antral mucosa of a hexapeptide corresponding to the C terminal sequence of gastrin. AB - The present studies were undertaken to confirm reports of high concentrations of the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin in hog antral mucosa. A method was developed whereby synthetic tetrapeptide added to boiling water extracts of hog antral mucosa could be purified to homogeneity by adsorption to Amberlite XAD2 resin, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose, and reverse phase HPLC. The product had the amino acid composition of gastrin tetrapeptide. When the same method was used on antral mucosa without prior addition of synthetic G4, several small peaks of material with C-terminal immunoreactivity could be found in DEAE column eluates but none could be unequivocally identified as the tetrapeptide. In the same column runs there was a relatively large peak of immunoreactivity eluting later than the tetrapeptide. This material was purified to homogeneity by HPLC and on the basis of its amino acid composition and sequence was identified as the C-terminal hexapeptide of gastrin. PMID- 6634472 TI - Extra-hippocampal projections of CCK neurons of the hippocampus and subiculum. AB - A population of neurons in the hippocampus and subiculum contains cholecystokinin (CCK). Following transection of the dorsal fornix, a major afferent pathway of the hippocampus and associated structures. CCK levels were reduced in the septum and hypothalamus. A microdissection analysis indicated that the loss of CCK occurred in nuclei receiving direct projections from the hippocampus and subiculum, suggesting that CCK-containing neurons in the hippocampus and subiculum project to extrahippocampal regions. PMID- 6634473 TI - Neuropeptides in the female genital tract: effect on vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle. AB - The presence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), somatostatin, enkephalin, and avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) in nerves in the female genital tract raises the question of their physiological significance as neurotransmitter substances. We have examined the effect of these peptides on non vascular uterine smooth muscle in vivo as well as in vitro, and the effect on blood flow in the genital tract of rabbit and cat. SP caused a dose-dependent increase in mechanical and myoelectrical activity, an action which could be antagonized by VIP. Substance P, leu-enkephalin and VIP induced a concentration related increase in blood flow of the uterus, where VIP seems to be the most potent vasodilator. Neither the effects on vascular nor on non-vascular smooth muscle were inhibited by adrenergic nor cholinergic blocking agents. APP was able to inhibit the VIP-induced vasodilation in rabbits. These findings suggest that several peptides are involved in the local nervous control of both uterine contractions and haemodynamic events. PMID- 6634474 TI - des-Tyr1-gamma-endorphin and haloperidol increase pineal gland melatonin levels in rats. AB - The effect of subcutaneously injected DT gamma E (beta-endorphin, (beta E)2-17) on the pineal melatonin level was compared with that of closely related peptides and the neuroleptic drug haloperidol. As found previously, DT gamma E (3 ng/rat and 300 ng/rat) increased the melatonin levels. Similar doses of DT alpha E (beta E 2-16), DT beta E (beta E 2-31), gamma E (beta E 1-17), alpha E (beta E 1-16) and beta E failed to significantly change the melatonin levels in both the dark and the light phase. Haloperidol in a dose of 300 ng/rat exhibited a similar effect as DT gamma E. PMID- 6634475 TI - [Susceptibility to laryngeal and nasal bacterial colonization in patients with diabetes mellitus with asymptomatic bacteriuria]. PMID- 6634476 TI - [Listeria infection and its possible relation to various diseases and operations]. PMID- 6634477 TI - [Listeria infection and its relation to occupation]. PMID- 6634478 TI - [Aminoglutethimide in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome (observation of 10 cases)]. PMID- 6634479 TI - [Stability and clinical effectiveness of aminophylline in glucose and isotonic NaCl solution]. PMID- 6634480 TI - [Convulsions and epileptic attacks in early childhood]. PMID- 6634481 TI - [Number and adhesive properties of leukocytes in patients with viral hepatitis]. PMID- 6634482 TI - [Does a phenomenon of increased hepatic clearance exist?]. PMID- 6634483 TI - [Gastric torsion coexisting with duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6634484 TI - [Incidence of occupational diseases in Poland 1976-1981]. PMID- 6634485 TI - [Evaluation of the electrogustometric studies in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy]. PMID- 6634486 TI - [Malignant glioma in tuberous sclerosis]. PMID- 6634487 TI - [Analysis of mortality among patients with chronic kidney diseases]. PMID- 6634488 TI - [Effect of propranolol on selected functions of blood platelets in patients with primary arterial hypertension]. PMID- 6634489 TI - [Lymphography of the knee joint as a new diagnostic method]. PMID- 6634492 TI - [Saccharin: risks and advantages]. PMID- 6634491 TI - [Acute renal failure in acute interstitial nephritis in pregnancy]. PMID- 6634490 TI - [Toxoplasmosis and its possible relation to various diseases and operations]. PMID- 6634493 TI - [Hyperthyroidism caused by treatment with thyroid preparations]. PMID- 6634494 TI - [Acquired toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in adults--clinical analysis of 9 cases]. PMID- 6634495 TI - [Indications for and against the treatment of thyroid cancer with radioactive iodine]. PMID- 6634496 TI - [Development of malignant lymphoma during anticonvulsant therapy]. PMID- 6634497 TI - [Case of a splenic form of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6634498 TI - [First-pass effect as a therapeutic problem]. PMID- 6634499 TI - [Relationship between personality and somatic symptoms in chronic renal failure and urinary calculi]. PMID- 6634500 TI - [Role of the skin in sulfamethoxazole distribution]. PMID- 6634501 TI - [Comparative pharmacokinetics of salicylic acids administered orally and topically on the skin]. PMID- 6634502 TI - [The schizoid personality and schizophrenia]. PMID- 6634503 TI - [Management of pregnancy after bromocriptine treatment of women with hyperprolactinemia and pituitary adenoma (study of 4 cases)]. PMID- 6634504 TI - [Intravital diagnosis of tumor of the pineal body]. PMID- 6634505 TI - [Hyperprolactinemia in men - clinical aspects]. PMID- 6634507 TI - [Studies on the usefulness of calcium-potassium and sodium-potassium indicators for the detection of the toxic effect of cardiac glycosides]. PMID- 6634506 TI - [Electrophysiological evaluation of the effect of lidocaine in patients with sick sinus syndrome]. PMID- 6634508 TI - [Potassium, magnesium and zinc concentrations in the serum, granulocytes and lymphocytes of patients with arterial hypertension treated with hydrochlorothiazide]. PMID- 6634509 TI - [Symptoms of coronary insufficiency and myocardial infarct as a clinical "mask" of neoplastic changes in the heart]. PMID- 6634510 TI - [Automatic data processing in mass screening of the population]. PMID- 6634511 TI - [Use of Doppler ultrasonography for the study of blood circulation in patients with stroke and in those at risk of developing cerebral arteriosclerosis]. PMID- 6634512 TI - [Role of lysosomal enzymes of polymorphonuclear granulocytes in the pathomechanism of bronchial asthma and hay fever]. PMID- 6634513 TI - Liver biopsy interpretation in hepatitis. Part II: Histopathology and classification of acute and chronic viral hepatitis/differential diagnosis. AB - The morphological classification of acute and chronic viral hepatitis has been subject of considerable controversy. Main problems in nomenclature have arisen from the confusion of pathologically defined lesions with purely clinical designations. The classification used in this article is based on a number of recent reviews in which a certain measure of agreement has been reached between clinicians and histopathologists. As a general rule, in acute forms of hepatitis diffuse lobular changes predominate over portal lesions while chronic hepatitis is characterized by conspicuous alterations of portal (and periportal) areas. This report will merely summarize main diagnostic features of the different forms of viral hepatitis. For more detailed information the reader is referred to several leading articles discussing in detail morphology, and putting emphasis on pathogenesis. An exact "staging" of viral hepatitis by histologic criteria is an important tool in the evaluation of prognosis, indication and control of therapy as well as for comparison with immunologic findings. PMID- 6634514 TI - Effect of castration on experimental bacterial prostatitis in rats. AB - Inoculation of Escherichia coli into the ventral lobe of the rat prostate produced positive bacterial cultures in the expressed fluid of all three lobes of the rat prostate for a prolonged period of time. Orchiectomy at the time of bacterial inoculation significantly shortened the interval of positive bacterial cultures in the prostate expressate. PMID- 6634515 TI - Stroke rehabilitation. Minimizing the functional deficits. AB - Stroke rehabilitation has evolved into a complex multidisciplinary team approach that aims to return the patient with significant neurologic and functional deficits to as independent and productive a lifestyle as possible. Stroke patients should be evaluated from a rehabilitation standpoint; disabilities should be assessed in terms of their impact on function at home and in the community, both in the vocational and in the avocational sphere, and specific rehabilitation needs should be identified. Rehabilitation is expensive; however, the cost of institutionalized care in a nursing home for a long time is much greater. With effective rehabilitation programs and positive support from families and friends, about 80% of stroke patients can be successfully returned to their home environment. PMID- 6634516 TI - Management of gallstones. The new option of bile acid therapy. AB - Recent approval of chenodiol by the Food and Drug Administration has given physicians a new choice of therapy for silent gallstones, but it also presents a dilemma. The longest double-blind study of the drug in one patient population covered only two years and two dosages; no equally controlled data are available documenting drug safety beyond that period or at higher dosages. Recurrence of gallstones after discontinuation of dissolution therapy is common, and thus chronic treatment may be needed. Only the future can tell what place bile acid therapy will assume in the management of gallstone disease. PMID- 6634517 TI - The periodic health examination. Of what real value is it? AB - The periodic health examination for adults does not have the blessing of the entire medical community. In fact, screening for disease is quite a controversial subject, with adamant supporters pro and con. In this article, Dr Brewer shares his views--and those of others--as he assesses the value of common screening tests. PMID- 6634518 TI - Gastroesophageal reflux. Simple measures often suffice. AB - Regurgitation of the gastric contents into the esophagus is common and often unnoticed. When symptoms such as heartburn, a sour or bitter taste in the mouth, or even chest pain mimicking angina pectoris or myocardial ischemia prompt a patient to seek help, the factor or factors responsible for reflux must be sought. The possible underlying causes are numerous, as Dr Bachman points out in this discussion of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. The desired end point of management was well stated by Seneca over 2,000 years ago as "a good-humored stomach." PMID- 6634519 TI - Aggressive management of ventricular arrhythmias. With newer techniques to predict drug efficacy. AB - Although myocardial infarction is perhaps the more dramatic cause of sudden cardiac death, it is cardiac arrhythmias without infarction that account for over half of these deaths. Dr Wells outlines the various means available for monitoring pharmacologic suppression of arrhythmias to provide maximum effectiveness and discusses two other means of control, pacing and surgery. PMID- 6634520 TI - Strategies for the '80s: Scott and White builds on its basic philosophy. PMID- 6634521 TI - Medical management of obesity. Promoting healthy dieting. AB - Per capita caloric intake in the United States has not increased significantly in the past 75 years, but energy expenditure has decreased. As a result, average body weight and prevalence of obesity have increased. Paralleling this increase in body weight has been an increase in longevity. Minor obesity, therefore, is not related to increased mortality unless the patient has an underlying disease such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or hyperlipemia. Patients with these disorders or with a body weight in excess of 20% of the ideal will benefit most from aggressive therapy for obesity. The team approach to obesity--which may include a physician, nutritionist, psychologist, and physical therapist--has been the most successful. Team members need to understand the difficulties involved in weight loss and the numerous individual variables. A diet should be selected carefully to conform as nearly as possible to the patient's life-style. Regular exercise commensurate with the patient's physical abilities should be encouraged to promote caloric expenditure and to shape the body. Supportive and individualized care with continual motivation is necessary to achieve and maintain weight loss. Of course, the therapy chosen depends upon the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with the degree of obesity. PMID- 6634522 TI - Surgery for morbid obesity. Appraisal of old and new techniques. AB - Morbid obesity is a serious and sometimes lethal disease of unknown etiology. Nonsurgical treatment has not been successful in producing permanent weight loss. Surgical treatment does reliably result in weight loss but is not a cure and is not indicated for all morbidly obese patients. Jejunoileal bypass, the first operation devised for morbid obesity, usually produces excellent weight loss but has high rates of morbidity and mortality. For this reason, it is not currently advised by most surgeons. Gastric bypass reduces morbidity and mortality without compromising weight loss; however, it is technically more difficult than jejunoileal bypass. The newest operations for morbid obesity are variations of gastroplasty. If correctly performed, they will produce satisfactory weight loss with the lowest morbidity rates of all the operations for morbid obesity. However, long-term results for these procedures are not yet available. Therefore, the ideal operative procedure for morbid obesity has yet to be identified. PMID- 6634523 TI - Endocrine emergencies. Adrenal crisis, myxedema coma, and thyroid storm. AB - Each of the endocrine emergencies discussed here--adrenal crisis, myxedema coma, and thyroid storm--represents decompensation of a long-standing endocrine disorder and is precipitated in most cases by some stressful event. Each necessitates immediate, aggressive therapy. Even with such therapy, the mortality rate remains 30% to 50% for myxedema coma and 30% to 40% for thyroid storm. Therapy must be instituted on the basis of strong clinical suspicion, without delay for results of specific hormone assays to confirm the diagnosis. Although some risks may be inherent in this approach, they are minimal compared with the risks of delaying therapy until laboratory confirmation can be obtained. Immediate therapy consists of specific measures to correct the hormone deficit or excess; the precipitating cause should then be sought and treated. PMID- 6634524 TI - Fever in adults. What to do when the cause is not obvious. AB - A fever can be trivial or serious, fleeting or protracted. When the cause is not obvious, a variety of diagnostic testing methods along with some ingenuity on the physician's part will usually be needed. Dr Hurley outlines the approach and discusses the special challenges presented when fever of obscure cause is protracted and when fever occurs in an immunocompromised patient. PMID- 6634525 TI - Chronic headache. A realistic approach to management. AB - Chronic headache is one of the most common human ailments, yet the layperson's conception of headache is fraught with conjecture and misunderstanding. The physician often finds little satisfaction in dealing with the headache sufferer and may overlook one of the most important aspects of management--patient education. This article outlines the types of chronic headache and reviews a recommended approach to treatment of each. When treatment goals are realistic, Dr Follender believes results can be gratifying to both physician and patient. PMID- 6634526 TI - Factitious illness. Dramatic deceit versus reality. AB - Patients with factitious illness present a particular challenge. Because they may be clever in their deception, they may be difficult to recognize as the fabricators of their apparent medical problem(s). Findings vary from relatively simple problems such as fever to more complex and often dramatic complaints of bleeding and pain. Differential diagnosis should include other, often more easily managed disorders such as somatoform disorders, malingering, antisocial personality, and schizophrenia. Because no definitive treatment exists, patients often consult many physicians, often in diverse geographical locations. PMID- 6634527 TI - Acute acalculous cholecystitis in childhood. PMID- 6634528 TI - Lipid-lowering therapy for coronary artery disease. Who and how to treat. PMID- 6634529 TI - Chronic constipation. Important aspects of workup and management. AB - Constipation is at best an annoying problem and at worst an incapacitating one. Two common causes are a faulty diet and inactivity. Drs Nivatvongs and Hooks propose a trial of dietary fiber for patients in whom an organic cause for constipation cannot be found. Such a trial may prove to be not only diagnostic but also therapeutic. They also discuss the proper use of laxatives, enemas, and surgical procedures. PMID- 6634530 TI - Polyunsaturated fats and blood pressure control. PMID- 6634531 TI - Oral rehydration therapy in diarrhea. Not just for Third World children. AB - Oral rehydration therapy is an effective, practical, and economical means of treatment for dehydration secondary to diarrhea. The regimen can be used on an outpatient basis with a substantial reduction in both cost and hospital-induced anxiety. It is not necessary to discontinue breast-feeding infants with diarrhea, and early feeding does not prolong the diarrheal illness. PMID- 6634532 TI - Childhood enuresis: hypnosis suggested. PMID- 6634533 TI - Wellness: new concept or old hat? PMID- 6634534 TI - Nausea of pregnancy: a "natural" remedy. PMID- 6634535 TI - Sciatic pain: two more tips. PMID- 6634536 TI - Loading dose plus infusion of steroid recommended for acute asthma. PMID- 6634537 TI - Pulmonary dysfunction and surgical risk. How to assess and minimize the hazards. AB - Postoperative deterioration of pulmonary function can be considerable, resulting in hypoxemia and atelectasis, if such effects are not anticipated and efforts made to prevent or minimize them. The risk of postoperative pulmonary complications depends on the patient's age, degree of obesity, and cigarette consumption; the type of surgery to be performed; and the anesthetic agent used. Assessment of risk is based primarily on clinical and laboratory evaluations. The tests performed may vary from patient to patient, and specialized studies of regional pulmonary function are frequently required. Even though a patient may be identified as having a high risk of postoperative pulmonary complications, risk can often be decreased through a number of preoperative and intraoperative measures as well as a postoperative therapeutic program. PMID- 6634538 TI - Alcoholism. Images, impairments, interventions. AB - Diagnosis of alcoholism requires a vigilant attitude and aggressive pursuit of supporting evidence by the primary care physician. Because the alcoholic is characteristically defensive and commonly denies the diagnosis, the physician must be persistent and honest when confronting the patient. Effective treatment is available through programs comprising patient and family education, psychotherapy, medical supervision, involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous, use of disulfiram (Antabuse), and follow-up care. Since the recovering alcoholic is vulnerable to relapse, long-term maintenance of sobriety requires not only abstinence from alcohol but also avoidance of psychoactive and narcotic drugs. PMID- 6634539 TI - Changes in blood pressure and renal function after parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism. AB - Changes in blood pressure and renal function were investigated in 62 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism treated surgically, in an attempt to assess whether or not hypertension and renal impairment should be regarded as important indications for parathyroidectomy. 29% were hypertensive pre-operatively and the blood pressure remained elevated after parathyroidectomy in all of these patients. Hypertension developed for the first time after parathyroidectomy in 45% of those patients who were normotensive before surgery. Renal function was normal initially in 73% and mild renal impairment developed after surgery in 9% of these patients. At the end of the follow-up period, the prevalence of hypertension was higher in patients with renal impairment pre-operatively (88%) than in those with normal renal function (51%). We conclude that hypertension alone should not be regarded as an indication for parathyroidectomy in asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism. No firm conclusions can be reached about the importance of mild renal failure as an indication for surgery and the question is unlikely to be resolved without conducting a prospective controlled trial. PMID- 6634540 TI - Ventricular fibrillation and initial plasma potassium in acute myocardial infarction. AB - In a retrospective review of patients admitted to a coronary care unit, 809 patients had a definite myocardial infarction and plasma potassium was measured within 48 hr. The mean (+/- s.d.) plasma potassium was 4.04 (+/- 0.56) mmol/litre. A potassium concentration of less than 4.0 mmol/litre was found in 383 patients, of whom 14 had ventricular fibrillation. A potassium concentration of 4.0 mmol/litre or greater was found in 426 patients, of whom 3 had ventricular fibrillation, a difference significant at the 0.4% level (chi 2 test). Preceding diuretic therapy did not appear to be relevant and there appeared to be no other difference between the two groups. The maintenance of a high-normal plasma potassium, or the prevention of its reduction, in patients with an acute myocardial infarction may be important. PMID- 6634541 TI - The clinical pattern of bronchial asthma in General Hospital, Kandy (Sri Lanka). AB - The clinical features and cutaneous hypersensitivity to skin prick tests were studied in 64 asthmatic patients in General Hospital, Kandy (Sri Lanka). The onset of asthma was mostly in adult life; associated atopic disease and family history of allergy were less frequent when compared with asthmatics in industrialised countries in the temperate zone. In these respects the clinical pattern of asthma in our study resembles that described in other tropical countries. Cutaneous hypersensitivity to one or more of the 10 allergens tested was observed in 75% of asthmatics and 55% of non-asthmatic controls. Although there was a higher incidence of associated allergic disorders, family history of allergy and the onset of asthma before the age of 10 years in the skin test positive group when compared with the skin test negative group of asthmatics, this difference was not statistically significant. PMID- 6634542 TI - The treatment of quinine poisoning with charcoal haemoperfusion. AB - Quinine poisoning is rare but serious. Attempts at treatment by active removal have proved unsuccessful because of its high degree of protein binding. We describe two cases of non-accidental overdose of quinine (19.5 g and 15 g) with potentially fatal serum quinine levels. Both patients were treated by 2 periods of charcoal haemoperfusion during which quinine clearances of up to 125 ml/min were obtained. Both patients recovered, though one had some residual visual disturbance. We suggest that in cases of quinine poisoning, charcoal haemoperfusion may be a safe and effective method of drug removal, to be used with stellate ganglion block. PMID- 6634543 TI - Suppression of prolonged fever during treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: importance of using twice versus single daily dose of prednisolone. AB - We describe the clinical course of a patient with extensive pulmonary tuberculosis, in whom fever persisted despite adequate anti-tuberculous and broad spectrum antibiotic treatment. A once daily morning dose of prednisolone failed to suppress the fever, but a twice daily regime was successful. PMID- 6634544 TI - Superior mesenteric artery syndrome. AB - Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMAS) was diagnosed in a 16-year-old boy who presented with a short history of repeated vomiting associated with weight loss to the point of collapse. After resuscitation and investigation, he was treated surgically and subsequently recovered well. The diagnostic difficulties and possible pathogenesis of SMAS are discussed and the literature reviewed. PMID- 6634545 TI - Haemoperitoneum from benign ileal leiomyoma. AB - Intraluminal gastrointestinal haemorrhage is a common feature of benign leiomyoma of the small bowel. A case is reported of an ileal leiomyoma which caused free intraperitoneal haemorrhage. It is believed that such an occurrence has not been reported previously. PMID- 6634546 TI - Reno-vascular disease in polycythaemia rubra vera. AB - Hypertension and polycythaemia rubra vera commonly occur in the same patient. This is regarded as coincidence and the hypertension does not respond to correction of polycythaemia. We report a case of renal artery stenosis occurring simultaneously with polycythaemia rubra vera and suggest that renovascular occlusive disease should be excluded in such patients with refractory hypertension. PMID- 6634547 TI - Splenic abscess: successful non-surgical therapy. AB - A 57-year-old man with splenic abscess, demonstrated by isotope scanning, ultrasonography and computerized axial tomography (CAT scan) during the course of a septicaemic illness resulting from culture-positive bacterial endocarditis, was successfully treated with antibiotics alone, resolution of the abscess being confirmed by 2 further scans. This is the second case report of successful conservative treatment of splenic abscess. PMID- 6634548 TI - Malignant melanoma of the gallbladder. AB - We report a case of primary malignant melanoma of the gallbladder with review of the literature and comment on the frequency of secondary deposits of melanoma within the small bowel. PMID- 6634549 TI - A case of vesical leiomyoma and acute urinary obstruction. AB - A case of acute urinary retention due to a vesical leiomyoma is described. This is an unusual presentation and the treatment is discussed. PMID- 6634550 TI - Vaginal vein thrombosis in pregnancy. AB - Vaginal vein thrombosis in a pregnant woman is reported. This entity should be differentiated from vaginal arteriovenous fistula which may cause severe antepartum, intrapartum and post-partum haemorrhage. The humoral and mechanical factors which favour the occurrence of varicosities and thrombosis are briefly described. Surgical management is suggested as being both simple and effective. PMID- 6634551 TI - An unusual late sequel to hysterectomy. AB - A case is reported of a large infected foreign body granuloma associated with a retained non-opaque swab presenting 9 years after hysterectomy. An abdominal radiography and whole body computed tomography (CT) scanning demonstrated gas collections in a large abdominal mass. The case underlines the necessity for using radioopaque swabs in all surgical operations. PMID- 6634552 TI - Acute sacral epidural abscess following local anaesthetic injection. AB - Spinal epidural abscesses are uncommon infections of the central nervous system. Delay in making the diagnosis increases the morbidity and mortality because irreversible neurological damage occurs during this time. We report a 45-year-old male who developed an acute sacral epidural abscess following a local anaesthetic injection given for the relief of low back pain. We believe this is the first documented case of a local anaesthetic injection causing an acute sacral epidural abscess. PMID- 6634553 TI - Altered glycosylation and sialylation of serum proteins and lipid bound sialic acids in chronic renal failure. AB - Abnormalities in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins are well documented in chronic renal failure (CRF). We have studied the extent of glycosylation and sialylation of serum proteins and also the levels of lipid bound sialic acids in nondiabetic patients with CRF maintained on haemodialysis. The total neutral sugar content (TNS) and the non-enzymatic glycosylation (NEG) of serum proteins, the protein-bound sialic acids (PSA) and the lipid-bound sialic acids (LSA) were found to be significantly elevated in the patients as compared to a group of healthy controls. A single dialysis therapy produced some alterations in these measurements. The TNS correlated significantly with the NEG and also with the PSA. No correlation existed between total lipids. None of these measurements, however, correlated with the serum creatinine values. The established as well as putative pathophysiological consequences of these findings are discussed. PMID- 6634554 TI - The natural history of painful diabetic neuropathy--a 4-year study. AB - Thirty-nine patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy were selected for a follow-up study to determine the natural history of this condition. Symptoms, motor conduction velocities (MCV) and ankle pressure indices were recorded at the initial assessment and after a mean study period of 4.7 years. Thirty-six patients completed the study and showed no significant changes in symptoms, but there was a significant fall in median nerve MCV. It is concluded that symptoms of established diabetic neuropathy persist for several years, and the changes in MCV may reflect continuing deterioration in nerve function. PMID- 6634555 TI - Fractures of the pelvis. AB - Pelvic fractures in this series constituted 3.3% of all traumatic admissions and 5.7% of all fractures. A classification of pelvic fractures was adopted in which five types were identified. Type I (24.2%) comprised fractures without a break in the pelvic ring. Type II (17.7%) comprised those with a single break in the pelvic ring. Fractures with a double break of the pelvic ring constituted Type III (23.6%). Multiple fractures of the pelvis were identified as Type IV (10.8%). Fractures of the acetabulum were grouped separately as Type V (23.7%). On the basis of blood loss, mortality and potential disability, Types I and II constituted the 'minor' fractures of the pelvis. Types III, IV and V were the 'major' fractures of the pelvis, of which Type IV were the worst. The commonest fracture encountered was that of a single pubic ramus. The pubic area was involved in 43.0% of the cases. Associated injuries were common (2.19 per patient). Some of these lesions were the result of the causative trauma. Some others, however, were related to certain types of pelvic fractures. PMID- 6634556 TI - Experience of temporary cardiac pacing in a district general hospital. AB - Temporary cardiac pacing is widely used in the management of dysrhythmias; increasingly it is being employed in district general hospitals without specialist cardiology facilities. A retrospective study of 117 pacing procedures in a district hospital has shown that temporary pacing is both safe and effective and supports its more widespread use. PMID- 6634557 TI - Hemifacial spasm in tuberculous meningitis. AB - Hemifacial spasm developed in a 47-year-old man with tuberculous meningitis. The spasms ceased completely following vigorous antituberculous treatment. A selective compression of the facial nerve root along its exit at the brainstem by a localised inflammatory process is the most tenable explanation for the development of the hemifacial spasm. PMID- 6634558 TI - Incomplete suppression of parathyroid hormone activity in sarcoidosis presenting with hypercalcaemia. AB - An adult patient presenting in summertime with sarcoidosis and demonstrating raised levels of serum calcium and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol was observed to have a serum immuno-reactive parathyroid hormone concentration in the mid-normal range. Renal function was normal. Corticosteroid administration quickly depressed serum calcium and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol into the normal range; serum parathyroid hormone also fell to low levels. It was concluded that corticosteroid suppression, when incorporating measurements of serum calcium and 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol concentrations, can distinguish between sarcoidosis related hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism. The significance of the changes in parathyroid hormone concentration is obscure. PMID- 6634559 TI - Unrecognised nocturnal hypoglycaemia masquerading as senile dementia. AB - A 70-year-old woman with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus presented with symptoms suggestive of senile dementia. Outpatient assessment failed to reveal poor diabetic control with frequent nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Eventual appreciation of the poor control resulted in several failed attempts at improving therapy with various subcutaneous insulin regimes. Intramuscular and intravenous routes produced acceptable blood glucose levels with striking reversal of the patient's symptoms. The possible causes of nocturnal hypoglycaemia in this patient are discussed. PMID- 6634560 TI - Axillary lymphadenitis due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. AB - A 5-year-old girl presented with a swelling in the right axilla from which Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare was cultured. The gland was excised and she made an uneventful recovery. PMID- 6634561 TI - Recurrent acute pancreatitis due to haemobilia from a hepatic artery aneurysm. AB - A case of recurrent acute pancreatitis due to haemobilia secondary to a bleeding hepatic artery aneurysm is presented. Embolization of the hepatic artery resulted in cessation of bleeding and resolution of pancreatitis. PMID- 6634562 TI - Granulomatous peritonitis caused by glove starch. AB - Corn starch particles are used as a surgical glove lubricant. At present there is no better alternative for this lubricant. Implantation of corn starch particles into the peritoneal cavity can induce foreign body reactions, starch peritonitis and starch granulomata, and may cause adhesions and intestinal obstruction. Starch peritonitis should be treated conservatively. PMID- 6634563 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the spleen in early pregnancy. AB - Spontaneous rupture of the spleen as a result of laceration by a rib exostosis is described. This unusual case serves to underline the diagnostic difficulties of the acute abdomen in pregnancy. PMID- 6634564 TI - Fetus papyraceus--11 cases. AB - Eleven cases of the rare condition of fetus papyraceus are described and reviewed. PMID- 6634565 TI - Factors affecting pain in burned patients--a preliminary report. AB - Twenty-six patients in a burn unit were given the McGill Pain Questionnaire, Illness Behaviour Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Zung self-rating depression questionnaire and visual graphic rating scales of pain, depression and helplessness. Preliminary results indicate significant pain and anxiety related to procedures such as debridement, physiotherapy and skin-grafting. Depression occurred in one third of patients and was associated with prolonged stay in hospital and complicated surgical course. The instruments used in this study are suitable for assessing pain and factors affecting it. PMID- 6634566 TI - Enflurane for controlled hypotension. AB - Enflurane was substituted for halothane in an established technique of controlled hypotension, involving beta-blockade and sympathetic ganglion blockade, for 2 groups of patients. One group was undergoing major plastic surgery and/or major maxillo-facial surgery and these patients breathed spontaneously. The other group was undergoing major neurosurgery and received intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). All patients were carefully monitored during anaesthesia and for 24 hours postoperatively. Good operation conditions were produced and no ill effects of controlled hypotension were detected in any of the patients. PMID- 6634567 TI - [5 new cases of solitary fibrous mesothelioma of the visceral pleura]. AB - Five new cases of solitary fibrous mesothelioma of the visceral pleura support this review of the literature. Well encapsulated, mostly pedunculated, the implantation on the visceral pleura remains asymptomatic for a very long time and is more likely to be an incidental finding on a chest radiograph. Two extrathoracic signs are associated with certain huge tumors : hypoglycemia and osteoarthropathy. Histologic examination discloses whorls of collagen with scattered spindle-shaped cells. Electron microscope reveals characteristic features of both fibroblasts and mesothelial cells. Complete surgical removal is the best treatment for localized fibrous mesotheliomas of the visceral pleura. Recurrences after resection are rare and late recurrence, as long as 16 years after initial excision, usually behaves in a benign fashion. PMID- 6634568 TI - [Pulmonary biopsy using thoracoscopy]. AB - Pulmonary biopsies were taken under thoracoscopy from 16 patients presenting with insoluble diagnostic problems. This method enabled the authors to make a diagnosis, which was not contradicted by the course of the disease, in 14 cases of diffuse or circumscribed pathology touching the lung cortex. There was no major incident. PMID- 6634569 TI - [Pneumopathies in drug addicts]. AB - Drug-addicts frequently suffer from pulmonary diseases, particularly those who practice self-injection of the drugs intravenously. Emphasis is at present laid on the various excipients which are thought to induce acute alveolitis with subsequent acute pulmonary oedema in heroin-addicts. It has also been suggested that the deep ventilatory depression that precedes pulmonary oedema may play a part and this is interesting since the depression can now be prevented with naloxone. Infectious lesions, such as septic pulmonary embolism or endocarditis, are easier to explain. The ever increasing use of tablets crushed for injection is responsible for peri-arteriolar granulomas of the lung with possibly severe sequelae. Finally, the almost generalized consumption of marihuana in the United States has led to the discovery of new properties of this drug, including ventilatory stimulation and broncho-dilatation. However, this is mostly of theoretical interest. The psychotropic effects of marihuana and its irritant effect on the bronchi when inhaled make it unlikely that it will be ever be used for therapeutic purposes. PMID- 6634570 TI - [Localized pulmonary pseudo-tumoral form of Wegener's disease and fulminating evolution. Apropos of a case]. AB - A case of Wegener's granulomatosis starting as a localized pseudo-tumoral lung lesion and following a fulminating course is reported. The histological diagnosis required thoracotomy. New pulmonary lesions developed post-operatively, together with severe renal failure which was responsible for the patient's death 5 weeks after the thoracotomy. The authors describe the lesions characteristic of the disease and their pathogenesis and discuss the relationship between Wegener's syndrome and other granulomatous angiitis. PMID- 6634571 TI - [Bird fancier's lung and Crohn disease. Apropos of a case]. AB - The case of pigeon breeders' disease reported here is peculiar not only because of the large number of birds with which the patient was in contact, but also because the disease developed in a patient presenting with both pulmonary tuberculosis and Crohn's disease. Moreover, 18 months after eviction of the birds and beginning of corticosteroid therapy, the number of lymphocytes in fluid from broncho-alveolar lavage remained high. PMID- 6634572 TI - [Carcinoid tumor of the thymus: a new case]. AB - A new case of carcinoid tumour of the thymus is reported. Such tumours are extremely rare and of somber prognosis when accompanied by local or regional metastases or metastases in other organs. PMID- 6634573 TI - [Pulmonary silicosis and disseminated lupus erythematosus]. AB - In a 59-year old sand-blaster, histologically proven silicosis was complicated by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and focal glomerulonephritis with IgG, IgA and ClQ deposits. Nothing likely to facilitate SLE was detected by investigating the familial background, the HLA phenotype and the complement system. This type of SLE differs from drug-induced lupus-like syndromes by a high level of anti-double helix DNA antibodies and by the renal lesions observed. The connection between silicosis and SLE lies in changes in humoral immunity, i.e. polyclonal activation and production of antinuclear antibodies. A decrease in the number of suppressor T-cells may also be held responsible. PMID- 6634574 TI - Effects of the sex-linked dwarfing gene (dw) on growth and reproduction in white Leghorn hens. AB - The influence of the dwarfing gene, dw, on growth and reproduction was determined by comparing 1) pure line and reciprocal cross dwarf and normal layers and 2) dwarf and normal full-sib sisters. In Experiment 1, two lines of chickens, the Oregon State University randombred dwarf Leghorn population (D) and Shaver Starcross "288" Leghorns (S), were mated within line and reciprocally to produce normal-sized (SS, SD) and dwarf (DS, DD) female progeny. All progeny were reared similarly until 18 weeks of age when birds were transferred to individual cages. At 18 weeks of age, half the pullets were fed a basal laying ration containing 15% protein while the remaining birds received the basal ration with .1% supplemental methionine. In Experiment 2, full-sib normal and dwarf sisters were obtained by mating hemizygous dwarf females to heterozygous males. Layers were reared in a similar manner to those in Experiment 1 with the exception that all layers received the basal ration with .1% methionine supplemented. Methionine supplementation in Experiment 1 significantly increased egg weights at 35 and 62 weeks of age for all lines and crosses but had no effect on other growth and reproductive traits. Genotype X diet interactions were not observed for any of the measured traits. Normal-sized layers had significantly heavier body weights and longer shank lengths than dwarf layers in both experiments. Dwarf hens in both experiments showed reduced egg production capabilities, although ages at sexual maturity were similar among phenotypes. Dwarf layers laid smaller eggs than normal-sized layers. There were no consistent differences in feed efficiency measures between normals and dwarfs. PMID- 6634575 TI - Divergent selection for mature body weight in dwarf White Leghorns. 1. Growth and reproductive responses to selection. AB - Genetic selection for high (H) and low (L) 20-week body weight (BW) in dwarf White Leghorns was practiced for three generations. The base population was the Oregon State University dwarf Leghorn population (C) selected previously for part year hen-housed egg production (EP), early sexual maturity (SM), and large initial egg weight (EW). Asymmetry of response was observed in both sexes. Realized heritabilities for 20-week BW for H and L males were .49 and .36 and for H and L females were .45 and .79, respectively. Twenty-week BW of the 3rd generation H and L line females were 1.48 and .80 kg, respectively, compared to 1.13 kg for the C line. Similar weights for the males were 1.74, .97, and 1.27 kg for the H, L, and C line, respectively. The H and L lines diverged significantly in 10, 20, 40, and 60-week BW, SM, and EW after one generation of selection and the divergence continued through the third generation. The EP and egg specific gravity did not differ among lines. The C line was intermediate to the selected lines for all traits except EP. The EW at 35 and 60 weeks differed between the H and L lines by 10 g at generation 3 and SM was 149 and 157 days for the H and L lines, respectively. PMID- 6634576 TI - Selection for body weight at eight weeks of age. 16. Restriction of feed and water. AB - The consumption of feed or water of chickens selected for high body weight was restricted to that of a line selected for low body weight. In addition, reciprocal crosses of the two lines underwent feed or water restriction to that of the low body weight parental line. Restriction of water depressed feed intake to a greater degree in the high line than in the crosses but depressed body weight by approximately 10% in all groups through 28 days of age. Feed restriction caused a greater depression in body weight in the high line than in the crosses at 28 days of age. The effect of feed or water restriction on the feed:water ratio was dependent upon mating type, suggesting the absence of a simple relationship among growth, body composition, and feed efficiency. PMID- 6634577 TI - Factors affecting broiler breeder performance. 5. Effects of preproduction feeding regimens on reproductive performance. AB - Three preproduction feeding regimens were used to determine their effects on reproductive performance of broiler breeder females. Three hundred 16-week-old Arbor Acre females were divided into three treatment groups. Treatment 1 was placed on full feed at 17 weeks of age and remained on this schedule for 5 weeks. At 22 weeks of age they were placed on a diet consisting of 136 g of feed per bird per day and remained on this schedule until the experiment was terminated at 60 weeks of age. Treatments 2 and 3 reached peak feed intake at 26 and 30 weeks of age, respectively. Age at maturity, eggs per hen housed, and feed conversion were significantly affected by preproduction feeding regimens. Treatment 1 matured significantly earlier than Treatments 2 and 3; however, feed conversion was significantly higher (grams of feed per egg) than in Treatments 2 and 3. In general, shell quality; and egg weights were lower in Treatment 1 than in Treatments 2 and 3 throughout most of the experiment. There were no differences in shell quality or egg weights between Treatments 2 or 3. There was a significant difference in egg production among all treatments at the 60-week production period, Treatment 1 being the lowest and Treatment 3 being the highest. PMID- 6634578 TI - Kidney function of pullets and laying hens during outbreaks of urolithiasis. AB - Renal function evaluations were conducted on pullets and laying hens during outbreaks of urolithiasis. The following parameters were measured: kidney weights; hematocrits; plasma concentrations of uric acid, calcium, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, sodium, and potassium; urine flow rates; glomerular filtration rates; renal plasma flow rates; urine pH; and relative clearances of inorganic phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and para-amino hippuric acid. The adequacy of renal portal perfusion was estimated by timed phenol red extraction. Considerable interindividual variability was noted, presumably due to differences in age and reproductive status. Intraindividual left versus right kidney comparisons also were made, since urolithiasis often is associated with macroscopic lesions of one kidney but not the other. The results indicate that even when gross lesions of only one kidney were present, specific tubular transport processes were similar in both kidneys. Urolithiasis did cause significant alterations in urine flow rates, glomerular filtration rates and renal plasma flow rates. it was concluded that the changes associated with urolithiasis reflect the expected compensatory hypertrophic responses of surviving kidney tissue to a reduction of renal mass. The physiological impact of this form of kidney damage appears to arise from reduced renal mass rather than from inappropriate renal handling of minerals or electrolytes. PMID- 6634579 TI - Effects of low level chronic aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. AB - A completely random design consisting of three replicates of 25 broiler chickens (Hubbard x Hubbard) at each of four treatments was used to evaluate the effects of low level, chronic aflatoxicosis on performance and various processing parameters. The treatments in Trial 1 were control, .075, .225, and .675 and in Trial 2 control, .3, .9, and 2.7 micrograms/g toxin in feed (ppm). The chickens were maintained on these treatments from day-old to 7 weeks of age with feed and water available ad libitum. All aflatoxin dose levels in Trial 1 significantly (P less than .05) decreased live, dressed, and chilled eviscerated weight, whereas only 2.7 ppm significantly (P less than .05) decreased live and dressed weight in Trial 2, with chilled eviscerated weight being significantly (P less than .05) decreased at .3 and 2.7 ppm in Trial 2. Parts weights and dimension measurements reflected the aflatoxin-induced decrease in dressed weight. Breast yield (%) was significantly (P less than .05) decreased by aflatoxin while back, wing, drum, and thigh yields were significantly increased by aflatoxin. No effect of aflatoxin was seen on the incidence of crooked keel, feather follicle infection, breast blisters, or conformation. A hypocarotenoidemia and hepatic hyperlipemia were clearly a result of chronic aflatoxicosis in these broiler chickens. These data demonstrate that the toxicity of aflatoxin is dependent on the environment in which broiler chickens are exposed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634580 TI - A comparison of methionine sources for broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal diets under simulated commercial grow-out conditions. AB - Two experiments, involving 5,760 birds each, were conducted under simulated commercial grow-out conditions to determine the relative response of broiler chicks to two supplemental levels each of DL-methionine (DL-MET), L-methionine (L MET), and methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (MHA-FA) fed on an equimolar basis in corn-soybean meal diets. MHA-FA was shown to support 49-day weight gains comparable to those of chicks fed DL-MET, and both sources were superior to L-MET in this regard. However, there were no significant differences due to MET sources in the efficiency of feed utilization. When compared to basal-fed chicks, birds fed supplemental L-MET, DL-MET, or MHA-FA had elevated plasma free MET levels, whereas cyst(e)ine and taurine concentrations were not affected by dietary treatment. There were no effects of diet on either mortality or the incidence of leg abnormalities. The results of these studies suggest that MHA-FA is an acceptable source of MET for broiler chicks fed corn-soybean meal diets from day old to market weight. PMID- 6634581 TI - Effect of dietary sodium fluoride on growth and bone development in growing turkeys. AB - Large White male turkeys were fed rations containing 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 ppm added fluoride (F) from sodium fluoride in a corn-soybean assay diet containing tricalcium phosphate and 3 to 5 ppm F. The 800 ppm treatment was discontinued at 8 weeks because of low weight gains and a high incidence of leg disorders. Turkeys receiving defluorinated phosphate (32% calcium, 18% phosphorus) had significantly higher 4-week body weights than turkeys receiving tricalcium phosphate. Turkeys fed 0, 400, and 800 ppm F had significantly lower body weights at 8 weeks than turkeys fed 50 ppm F. A similar weight pattern was seen at 18 weeks, although the differences were not statistically significant. Based on growth response in this study, a requirement of 20 ppm F is proposed. Increasing levels of dietary F resulted in large increases in tibia F. Removal of high dietary F in certain groups at 8 weeks resulted in growth recovery and reduction in tibia F by 18 weeks. Elevated plasma alkaline phosphatase activity was observed with added dietary F of 400 and 800 ppm. At 4 weeks, tibiae from turkeys receiving high F had a trend (not statistically significant) toward lower percentage ash and a significantly lower breaking strength than controls. Compared to controls, tibiotarsi from turkeys on high F rations were significantly shorter, had thinner cortices, and had a narrower proliferative zone of proximal growth plates. A high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia was observed, but it was not correlated with dietary treatment. PMID- 6634582 TI - Overfeeding and restriction effects on food and glucose preference in weight selected lines of chickens. AB - Adult males from lines of chickens selected for high (HW) and low (LW) body weights were subjected to either ad libitum, forced, or restricted feeding for 21 consecutive days. Males from the HW line could be force fed to a greater extent than could those from the LW line. A preference for glucose solution versus water was tested in the groups fed diets ad libitum and restricted and in birds compensating from force feeding. Regardless of line, ad libitum-fed birds preferred the glucose solution to water and the restricted-fed birds preferred water to glucose. The HW birds compensating from forced feeding preferred glucose to water, whereas birds treated similarly from the LW line preferred water to glucose. After the assays were completed for preference for glucose solution versus water, each bird was provided continuous access to both a high protein and a high energy diet. Under ad libitum feeding, the HW males consumed more of the high-protein diet than of the high energy diet, while those from the LW line voluntarily consumed more of the high energy than of the high protein diet. The preference of the LW birds for the high energy diet was enhanced by both restricted and forced feeding. The preference of the HW males for the high protein diet was changed by both force and restricted feeding; more of the high energy diet than of the high protein diet was consumed by these birds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634583 TI - Improvement of the nutritive value of high tannin sorghums for broiler chickens by high moisture storage (reconstitution). AB - Grains from three high and one low tannin sorghum cultivars were treated as follows: 1) untreated, no water was added, the dry grain had an average moisture content of 8% and 2) the moisture content of the grain was raised by adding 25% (w/w) distilled water to the grain. The treated grain was then stored for 10 or 20 days with a 2% level of acetic-propionic acid mixture (60/40, v/v) added to deter fungal growth. This treated grain was used in diets during a 3-week feeding trial with broiler chickens. High moisture storage (reconstitution) of high tannin sorghums decreased their extractable tannin content. Chickens fed diets containing these treated sorghums had improved weight grains (23 to 83 g) and feed efficiencies compared to birds fed diets containing the untreated grain. Treatment of low tannin sorghum did not improve weight gains. Reconstitution of high but not low tannin sorghums improved protein digestibility (6 to 16%) and dietary metabolizable energy (.1 to .3 kcal/g) for broiler chickens. There was a highly significant cultivar effect on leg scores, but the correlation between dietary tannin content and leg scores was low (r = .10), suggesting that tannin content was not a major factor in leg abnormality incidences shown. The improvement in weight grains, feed efficiencies, and protein digestibilities at 10 and 20 days storage periods was not different (P greater than .05), indicating that the benefits of high moisture storage were already obtained by 10 days. PMID- 6634584 TI - Ascites formation in the chicken. AB - We have observed the rapid development (4 to 7 hr after injection) of an ascitic condition in the hepatoperitoneal sac after the i.v. injection of large amounts of carbon. The amount of ascitic fluid varied from .5 to 12 ml/chicken. The protein content of the fluid was identical with that of the sera, but the specific IgM immunoglobulin was lower in the ascitic fluid than in the sera. The cellularity of the ascitic fluid was poor. Mononuclear cells containing lipid and phagosomes and aggregated thrombocytes were the predominant cells. A mechanism regulating water balance between the liver and cecal pouch was suggested by the ascitic fluid data. PMID- 6634585 TI - A rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation or uric acid in excreta and tissue samples. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for uric acid in excreta and tissue samples has been developed. The method uses a reversed-phase system with a C18-bonded column, it is sensitive, reliable, and rapid, and it yields quantitative recovery of uric acid. PMID- 6634586 TI - A simple spectrophotometric method for the direct determination of uric acid in avian excreta. AB - A procedure was developed for the direct quantitation of uric acid in poultry excreta. It involved the determination of the absorbance of a perchloric acid extract of excreta at 285 nm. Interference from other ultraviolet absorbing material was shown to be negligible. The correlation (r) between this procedure and a recently developed high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for uric acid content of excreta from birds fed different diets was .993 (P less than .01). It was concluded that this procedure provides a simple and reliable method for the quantitation of uric acid in avian excreta. PMID- 6634587 TI - Effect of photoperiod on body weight and reproductive performance of ringneck pheasants. AB - This study was conducted to determine the effects of exposing ringneck pheasants to different photoperiods on their body weights and reproductive performance. Ringneck pheasants were obtained from commercial sources for the first experiment and from the Pennsylvania Game Commission for the second. Birds were exposed to different periods of nonstimulatory light (8 hr of constant light and 16 hr of darkness daily) before they received 16 hr of light and 8 hr of darkness daily (stimulatory light). Data on body weight, feed consumption, semen volume, fertility, and egg production were obtained. The results indicated that ringneck pheasants grow faster when exposed to a period of nonstimulatory light. It was concluded that, if pheasant hens are to be raised under confinement and receive stimulatory light at 27 weeks of age, they should be exposed prior to that time to at least 6 weeks of nonstimulatory light. PMID- 6634588 TI - An observation of dermatitis in caged dwarf and normal-sized Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens. AB - Dermatitis was observed on the feet of Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Dermatitis scores and score ranges showed lesions to be predominately on the feet of dwarf compared with normal-sized hens. Statistical analysis by log-linear models showed that the percent incidence was closely related to the strains of hen tested and, to a lesser extent, to the type of ration fed the birds. PMID- 6634589 TI - Bone fragility in broilers as affected by pen height, sex, and a comparison of left and right humeri. AB - Humeri and tibiotarsi breaking strengths were determined for broilers raised in pens of varying heights. Five hundred forty-four broilers were reared in conventional floor pens or wire cages on the floor with overhead restrictions of 20, 30, 40, or 60 cm. No significant differences were noted on growth, feed conversion or tibiotarsi breaking strength. Height-restricted broilers had significantly weaker humeri than did the controls. A significant linear relationship (P less than .05) was noted in height-restricted broilers in that as pen height increased so did humeri strength. Further studies were conducted to test for significant differences between male and female humeri strength and between right and left humeri on the same bird. Forty-six pairs of female and male humeri were obtained, tagged for identity, and broken on the Instron Model 1122. Males had significantly stronger humeri than females and right humeri were significantly stronger than left humeri in both sexes. PMID- 6634590 TI - Regression equations for estimating hepatic lipid content of chicks and hens by moisture determination. AB - Livers from 283 Leghorn laying hens and 162 male Leghorn chicks (some of which had been injected with estradiol) were analyzed for lipid (Y) and moisture (X) content. Moisture was highly significantly correlated with lipids (r = -.975 for hens and r = -.964 for chicks). The intercepts and slopes for the two populations were significantly different (P less than .01). Linear regression equations of Y = 95.05 -1.22X for hens and Y = 102.5 -1.33X for chicks were obtained. It is concluded that liver moisture content can be used to estimate liver lipid content but that age or reproductive state of the birds may influence the relationship between the two components of the liver. PMID- 6634591 TI - Eight generations of selection for duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen in the chicken. AB - The response to eight generations of selection for duration of fertility of frozen-thawed chicken semen, the correlated responses of other fertility parameters of frozen-thawed semen and the fertility of fresh semen, and the heritabilities of frozen-thawed and fresh semen were studied. The selected and control lines were derived from a base meat-type control male population developed at Peel's Poultry Farm Ltd., Port Perry, Ontario. Selection has improved duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen significantly (P less than .01) with the mean increasing from 1 day in Generation 1 to 5 days in Generation 8 and an average improvement per generation of .29 day since Generation 3. There were significant (P less than .01) correlated increases in percent fertility for 2 to 8 days postinsemination and percent fertility for the duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen as well as the fertility of fresh semen. Percent hatchability of fertile eggs of frozen-thawed semen did not change. In Generation 8, means and standard errors of fertility parameters of frozen-thawed semen in the selected and control lines, respectively, were: 38.54 +/- 1.39 and 25.58 +/- 1.77 for percent fertility for 2 to 8 days postinsemination, 47.73 +/- 3.54 and 32.02 +/- 2.17 for percent fertility for the duration of fertility, and 78.21 +/- 1.56 and 79.27 +/- 2.53 for percent hatchability of fertile eggs. For fertility of fresh semen, means and standard errors were: 12.69 +/- .20 and 11.54 +/- .42 for duration of fertility, 82.91 +/- 1.45 and 75.71 +/- 2.83 for percent fertility for 2 to 8 days postinsemination, and 71.89 +/- 1.25 and 69.22 +/- 2.06 for percent fertility for the duration of fertility. The means of the heritability estimates of the fertility of frozen-thawed and fresh semen, respectively, ranged from .01 to .31 and -.01 to .21. The realized heritability of duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen, based on five generations, was .17 +/- .05. The phenotypic correlations of duration of fertility of frozen thawed semen with percent fertility for 2 to 8 days postinsemination and percent fertility for the duration of fertility of frozen-thawed semen were high and positive and correlations between fertility of frozen-thawed and fresh semen were low but positive. PMID- 6634592 TI - The embryonic development of ear-tufts and associated structural head and neck abnormalities of the Araucana fowl. AB - Developing embryonic structural abnormalities of ear-tufted embryos of the Araucana fowl are described. These abnormal structures are peduncle, cleft, ear opening, tympanic membrane, and columella auris. The structural abnormalities are believed to be due to the early incomplete fusion of the hyoid and mandibular arches from the distal part of the ear opening to the neck area. PMID- 6634593 TI - Inbreeding effects on traits with and without selection for part record rate of lay in chickens. AB - Data from inbred lines, one (D) selected for part record rate of lay and the other (C) unselected for any trait, were analyzed. After 19 generations of continuous full sib matings, the C line showed significant decreases in part record egg number, 32-week egg weight, shell thickness, full record egg number and part record rate of lay but nonsignificant decreases in hatchability, full record rate of lay, and laying house mortality. Age at first egg, Haugh unit and mature body weight showed significant increases in this line. The D line was similar to the C line in its response to the same intensity of inbreeding for all traits except full record egg number, part record rate, and fertility, each of which showed a significant decrease, and Haugh unit and full record rate of lay, which showed nonsignificant increases. Results indicated that the small advantages selection conferred on the inbred line in part record rate of lay (the selection criterion), full record egg number, and full record rate of lay were accompanied by undesirable changes in other traits, resulting in later sexual maturity, larger body weight, lower Haugh unit, fertility, and hatchability compared with the unselected line. PMID- 6634594 TI - Divergent selection for egg production in Coturnix coturnix japonica. AB - From a randombred control population of Coturnix coturnix japonica, strains were divergently selected for high (HE) and low (LE) 120-day egg production based on individual egg records. Based on five generations of selection, realized heritabilities for HE and LE were .063 +/- .055 and .353 +/- .020, respectively. The total change in number of eggs was 3 and -19, respectively, in HE and LE. Mortality to 4 weeks of age, 4-week body weight, egg weight, total plasma phosphorus (yolk precursor), liver weight, and number and weight of ovarian follicles in rapid development in the ovary did not change significantly in HE and LE. Mature body weight increased in LE with no consistent change in HE. Significant changes in the component parts of the egg occurred in HE and LE. Shell weight increased in HE with no change in LE while the reverse was true for yolk weight. Percent albumin decreased in both selected strains. PMID- 6634595 TI - Residues of polychlorinated phenols and anisoles in broilers raised on contaminated woodshaving litter. AB - Broilers were raised for 8 weeks on litter made up of woodshavings containing high (700 micrograms/g) levels of contamination with polychlorinated phenols (PCP). The PCP levels declined in the litter over the test period while polychlorinated anisoles (PCA) increased in the highly contaminated litter. Final weights of the birds was only slightly different; however, feed conversion was slightly higher for those birds raised in the highly contaminated pens. Panelists rated the cooked samples from the birds raised on highly contaminated litter significantly lower for flavor and overall acceptability than either of the lower PCP level treatments. Residues of the odiferous pentechloroanisole were present in muscle and fat of the birds raised on the highly contaminated litter; however, residues in muscles of the birds on low level contaminated litter could not be detected. Polychlorinated anisoles were present in the fat of birds raised on normal litter but adjacent to the contaminated pens. PMID- 6634596 TI - Effect of dietary cholesterol and genotype on cholesterol metabolism in roosters. AB - An experiment, involving 32 roosters, was designed to study the interaction of dietary cholesterol and genotype on cholesterol metabolism in roosters. The two lines of birds used in this study had been divergently selected for high and low oxygen consumption and had been shown to differ significantly (P less than .01) in body weight gain and carcass lipid deposition from hatch to 4 weeks of age. The dietary treatments, administered for a 2-week period, were 0 and 1% dietary cholesterol added to a basal mash diet. Two separate trials were run, each with 16 roosters, resulting in four replicates of each treatment per line for each trial (block). After the trial period, the birds were injected with 1-(14)C acetate and livers were removed; hepatic cholesterol synthesis was measured by the uptake of labeled acetate into liver digitonin precipitable sterols. Plasma and liver cholesterol levels were also measured. The data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design. Added dietary cholesterol significantly (P less than .01) increased both plasma and liver cholesterol levels over the control while significantly (P less than .01) decreasing the uptake of acetate into hepatic cholesterol in both lines by about 7-fold. Plasma cholesterol was significantly (P less than .05) greater in the high than low oxygen-consuming birds, and liver cholesterol was higher (P less than .10) in the low than high oxygen-consuming line.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634597 TI - Effects of diet, bacitracin, and body weight restrictions on the intestine of broiler chicks. AB - Six experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of diet, bacitracin, and body weight restrictions on the intestine of the broiler chick. Bacitracin, at levels of 11 and 55 ppm, significantly increased body weight, significantly reduced small intestine weight, but had no significant effect on liver weight of chicks fed a soybean protein and sucrose-based diet. The greatest effects were observed in the ileum where weight, moisture, length per unit of body weight, and dry matter per unit of length were all significantly reduced. The least effects were observed in the duodenum where weight and length per unit of body weight were significantly reduced and dry matter per unit of length was significantly increased. Intestinal weight, as a percent of body weight, was not significantly affected when body weight was suppressed with a high level of nicarbazin added to a practical diet, but it was significantly reduced when bacitracin was added to the semipurified diet and chicks were restricted in food intake to 70% of controls. A level of 55 ppm of bacitracin added to the practical diet had no significant effect on body weight, intestinal weight, or liver weight. As discussed, the observed changes in the intestine, due to bacitracin, are probably indirect and most likely reflect the action of the antibiotic on the intestinal microflora. PMID- 6634598 TI - Studies on avian erythrocyte metabolism. XIII. Changing organic phosphate composition in age-dependent density populations of chicken erythrocytes. AB - These studies were performed to determine whether the erythrocytes (RBC's) of chickens are able to alter the concentrations of organic phosphates, particularly inositol pentakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (inositol-P5), in response to anemia. Acute anemia with 33.5% reticulocytes (retics) in the peripheral blood of 4-month old White Leghorn cockerels was produced after two successive days of controlled bleeding. Five populations of RBC's were prepared from blood of these anemic birds based upon age-dependent density by angle rotor centrifugation. The relative increase in age of Fraction 1 (younger cells) through Fraction 5 (oldest cells) was verified by increased hemoglobin concentration and decreased retic count and cell volume. The acid aqueous-soluble phosphates from each RBC fraction were extracted, fractionated by ion exchange column chromatography, and the concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inositol-P5 quantitated by wet-ash phosphate analysis. Determination of Pi, ATP, and inositol-P5 in Fraction 1 (younger cells, 7.4% retics) from the initial (Day 1) blood withdrawn gave 4.3, 5.7, and 18.6 mumoles Pi/ml RBC, respectively. On Day 4 of controlled-bleeding, Pi, ATP, and inositol-P5 concentrations in Fraction 1 (95.1% retics) were 12.7, 10.6, and 12.3 mumoles Pi/ml RBC, respectively. On Day 11, after 1 week recovery from controlled-bleeding, the values for Pi, ATP, and inositol-P5 in Fraction 1 (37.7% retics) were 5.0, 5.4, and 19.0 mumoles Pi/ml RBC, respectively, which were similar to the values before bleeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634599 TI - Routes of blood supply to the head of the Pekin duck. AB - The principal routes of blood flow to the head in birds are the common carotid arteries and their branches. However, additional routes exist, and these were identified in White Pekin ducks. Metallic mercury was infused into the ischiatic artery of euthanized ducks with occluded brachiocephalic arteries during direct fluoroscopic visualization. In 7 of 10 birds, mercury reached the head through anastosmoses between the dorsal intercostal rami of the aorta and the descending vertebral arteries. In one bird, an anastomotsis was also present between the external iliac artery and the pectoral trunk. In 3 birds, no connections between the aorta and branches to the head could be demonstrated. It is likely that a small blood flow can reach the head through these anatomotses but it probably constitutes an insignificant fraction of the total. PMID- 6634600 TI - Avian reproduction: a sociobiological perspective. PMID- 6634601 TI - Thyroid activity of selected, nonselected, and dwarf broiler lines. AB - Growth rates and serum thyroid hormone concentrations were compared in two trials. In Trial 1 Athens-Canadian (AC) randombred chickens (nonselected) were compared with commercial broiler line chickens (selected). Trial 2 involved the same nonselected and selected lines and a sex-linked dwarf line developed from the same background as the AC population. Selected line birds were heavier than nonselected line birds and nonselected line birds were heavier than dwarf line birds from 1 through 8 weeks of age. Overall, the selected line had lower 3,5,3' triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations than the nonselected line. No significant differences in thyroxine (T4) concentrations were observed between selected and nonselected lines. The dwarf line had lower T3 and higher T4 concentrations than the other lines. The data suggest a lower rate of T4 deiodination in the dwarf line. PMID- 6634602 TI - Inbreeding effects on reproductive traits in the ring-necked pheasant. AB - Ten inbred lines of Ring-necked pheasants were established in 1978 and mated for four generations using a system of repeated backcrossing of daughters to a common sire. In the event the old sire died, the surviving daughters were mated to a surviving brother or half-brother of the same generation. Only 4 of 10 original inbred lines survived four generations of backcrossing; two involved matings with the original sire and two with brothers or half-brothers of Generations 1 and 3, respectively. Egg production, hatchability, and viability were the three traits most affected by inbreeding depression. For 4 generations of inbreeding, the coefficients of regression for all inbred lines on a 10% increase in inbreeding were -5.89, -.42, -1.73, and -3.04 for egg production, egg weight, fertility, and hatchability, respectively. Inbreeding had less severe effects on reproductive traits in two of the four surviving lines. There is evidence that intense early selection among lines for high performance after one generation of inbreeding F = .250 will enhance the success of establishing highly viable inbred lines of pheasants. PMID- 6634603 TI - Effect of high levels of Larvadex on reproduction in Leghorn breeders. AB - The insect growth inhibitor, Larvadex, was fed to egg type breeder hens for 8 weeks at levels of 0, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 ppm and to the same strain of males at 0 and 2000 ppm. All birds were kept in individual cages. Fertility was determined following artificial insemination. Egg production was significantly increased in Experiment 1 but numerically decreased in Experiment 2 by feeding 1000 ppm Larvadex. Feeding 2000 ppm significantly decreased egg production in both experiments. Egg weight was highest at 100 ppm and decreased with higher treatment levels. Specific gravity of eggs was improved with all Larvadex treatments. Fertility was not affected by treatment of females or males. Hatchability was reduced by the 1000 and 2000 ppm levels in the hen's diet. Semen quality was not significantly affected by feeding Larvadex at 2000 ppm. PMID- 6634604 TI - The effect of age of breeder hen on the levels of vitamins and minerals in turkey eggs. AB - Eggs (960) from each of six hens were selected from Large and Small White turkey hens housed in cages or floor pens and fed a standard 17% protein turkey breeder diet. Ten consecutive eggs laid between 2 to 5, 5 to 9, 12 to 16, and 19 to 23 weeks of the egg production cycle were analyzed for folic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, biotin, selenium, and calcium. There were significant decreasing changes with aging for egg levels of pyridoxine, vitamin B12, and calcium but significant increasing changes with aging for egg levels of biotin between 4 to 20 weeks of production for all combinations of strains and housing types. There was a significant interaction between the effect of strain types, housing types, and aging for egg folic acid levels and a significant interaction between strains and aging for vitamin B12 levels. At 24 weeks of production all combinations of strains and housing types decreased to the lowest egg folic acid levels measured over the production season. Egg pantothenic acid and selenium levels did not change significantly with aging for either strain or housing type. In general, there were no significant correlations between dietary intakes of vitamins and minerals with vitamin or mineral levels deposited in eggs. These data suggest that changes in vitamin and mineral levels deposited in the egg are related to the aging process of the hen. PMID- 6634605 TI - Lead-induced egg production decrease in Leghorn and Japanese quail hens. AB - A study was conducted to compare the response of chicken hens and Japanese quail hens to various levels of dietary lead as plumbus acetate. Egg production was decreased significantly in quail receiving 1 mg lead/kg of diet from day of hatch, and 10 mg lead/kg diet was required to suppress egg production when the metal was given to the quail hens after they had reached sexual maturity. In chicken hens given lead after they had attained approximately 80% hen-day production, a comparable decline in egg production was seen in hens consuming at least 200 mg lead/kg of diet. Total plasma calcium in quail hens was reduced significantly by 10 mg lead/kg of diet, but total plasma calcium in chicken hens was not reduced with levels of less than 200 mg lead/kg of diet. There was no correlation between blood calcium level and decreased egg production in chicken hens consuming dietary lead at levels less than 200 mg/kg diet, suggesting that lead influences egg production in birds through mechanisms that may not be dependent entirely upon calcium metabolism. Removal of lead from the diets of quail was associated with significant increases in egg production and total plasma calcium, but removal of lead from the diets of chicken hens did not cause any increase in total plasma calcium or increase egg production in treated hens. However, hens consuming the highest level of dietary lead (400 mg/kg) did increase significantly their rate of egg production, but this was attributed to recovery from a lead-induced molt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634606 TI - Individual and combined effects of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A on bruising in broiler chickens. AB - A 2 x 2 factorial design with treatments of 0 and 2.5 microgram/g aflatoxin and 0 and 2.0 microgram/g ochratoxin A was used to evaluate the individual and combined effects of these mycotoxins on bruising and blood thigh syndrome in broiler chickens. Trial 1 consisted of four replicate pens of 10 broilers per replicate, which were maintained on these dietary treatments from 0 to 3 weeks of age. At 3 weeks of age two replicate pens per treatment were randomly selected and placed on toxin-free feed with two replicate pens remaining on toxin feed until they were 6 weeks of age when the trial was concluded. In Trial 2 three replicate pens of 38 broilers per treatment were maintained on toxin feed from 0 to 3 weeks of age. At 3 weeks of age 13 broilers per replicate were placed on toxin-free feed with 25 broilers per replicate remaining on toxin until they reached 7 weeks of age when Trial 2 was concluded. These data indicate that a synergistic toxicity exists between aflatoxin and ochratoxin A to significantly (P less than .05) decrease body weight. Body weights of broilers on aflatoxin or ochratoxin A diets for only 3 weeks partially recovered by 6 or 7 weeks of age; however, the body weights of broilers on the interaction treatments for only 3 weeks remained significantly (P less than .05) depressed at 6 and 7 weeks of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634607 TI - Heating by microwave, hot air, and flowing steam to eliminate inoculated Salmonella from poultry feed. AB - Poultry feed samples (mash) obtained from a commercial mill were inoculated with either 100 or 5,000 cells/g of a marker strain of Salmonella montevideo. Samples (125 g) were then placed in a microwave oven at power settings of 1.5 or 2.0 kW for 60, 90, or 120 sec; a hot air oven at 99 C (210 F) or 110 C (230 F) for 15, 30, 45, or 60 min; or a flowing steam chamber for 1, 5, 10, or 20 min. Temperature, moisture, and presence of the inoculated S. montevideo were determined in all samples before and after treatment. Feed samples placed in the microwave oven reached a maximum temperature of 186 C (367 F) and had a final moisture content as low as .8%. About 25% of the samples inoculated with 100 cells/g and about 40% of those inoculated with 5,000 cells/g remained positive after treatment. In the hot air oven, feed reached a maximum temperature of 93 C (200 F) with a moisture level after heating of about 4%. Salmonellae were recovered from 35 and 60% of the low and high inoculum level samples, respectively. In flowing steam, maximum feed temperature was 90 C (194 F) with a final moisture level of 15%. After 1, 5, 10, and 20 min of flowing steam, 100, 90, 60, and 0% of the samples were found to contain salmonellae, respectively. All treatments occasionally eliminated salmonellae from the samples, but results were inconsistent and unpredictable. PMID- 6634608 TI - Toxicity of ochratoxin A and tannic acid to growing chicks. AB - The effects of ochratoxin A (OA) and tannic acid (TA) on growing chicks were determined. One-day-old male broiler chicks were fed a diet containing the following additives for 26 days: A) none; B) 3.0 ppm OA; C) 1.5% TA; D) 3.0 ppm OA plus 1.5% TA. When compared to the controls, body weights and feed efficiencies were significantly depressed in the OA and TA groups. There was a further depression in body weights and a dramatic depression of feed efficiency in the OA-TA combination group. Pigmentation, as measured by visual shank scores, was reduced in chicks fed OA singly or in combination with TA but was not affected by feeding TA singly. There were no consistent treatment differences in the relative weights of the kidney, gizzard, proventriculus, liver, bursa, or pancreas, although there was a trend toward an elevated relative kidney weight in the groups receiving OA. Serum uric acid levels were significantly elevated in the OA and the OA-TA combination group indicating impaired renal excretory function attributable to OA. Total serum protein levels were significantly depressed in the groups receiving OA, and serum calcium levels were depressed in all treatment groups. Serum phosphorus levels were decreased in the OA and OA-TA groups but were only decreased significantly in the OA group. There were no consistent treatment differences in the hematology and other blood chemistry and mineral values. PMID- 6634609 TI - The performance of four strains of laying hens subjected to various postrest combinations of calcium and phosphorus after forced rest in winter or summer. AB - Four strains of laying hens, including one brown egg strain, were force-rested in February at approximately 62 weeks of age. Hens from the same four strains, which were the same age, were also force-tested under similar conditions during August of the same year. In each of the two trials, a total of 2300 hens were housed at the rate of two per 25.4 x 45.7-cm cage. The resting procedure for both studies included feed withdrawal for 9 or 10 days followed by feeding a 8.6% protein diet for 25 days. Water was supplied at all times. After the 35-day resting period, the hens were assigned to four calcium and phosphorus combinations, which varied from the duplication of a first-year pullet phase feeding program to the feeding of a final phase type diet for the entire postrest production period. Nutrient level within each dietary system was adjusted periodically based on daily feed intake. Strain performance differences were observed in both seasons. Rate of return to production and postrest production rates were similar to the patterns observed within the respective strain's performance during the pullet year. This was noted in both studies. Relative strain production performance, however, when compared to the other strains, was not consistent between the two rest seasons. There was no difference in performance due to calcium and phosphorus treatment utilized in either postrest production season.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634610 TI - Maintenance nitrogen requirement of the turkey breeder hen with an estimate of associated essential amino acid needs. AB - Nonproducing, small-type breeder hens in excess of 65 weeks of age were used to represent the maintenance state. All birds had been in laying cages since 30 weeks and accustomed to 16 hr of 70 lx lighting at 16 C. Nitrogen (N) balance was performed in metabolism cages under the same conditions. Ad libitum intake of a common breeder ration led to an intake of ca. 47 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg body weight (BW)/day, which was considered to represent the maintenace energy requirement. Nitrogen retained while consuming this feed averaged 172 mg/kg BW/day. Force-feeding a N-free diet to satisfy the maintenance energy requirement resulted in an 85 mg N/kg BW/day endogenous loss. Total maintenance nitrogen requirement was considered to approximate 257 mg/kg BW/day. Nitrogen retention after force-feeding corn-soybean meal rations having a progressive protein content indicated that the associated amino acids were more efficient in satisfying the endogenous than the total N requirement. A model that estimated maintenance amino acid requirements was assembled by combining the relative concentrations found in muscle and feathers to represent endogenous and retained N, respectively. For the most part, model values agreed with published results for the rooster; however, verification in balance studies was less than successful and believed to be attributable to hen variation in feather cover and protein reserves. PMID- 6634611 TI - Monoamine oxidase inhibition and furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy in turkey poults. AB - Furazolidone (FZ), a potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO), fed at concentrations of 700 ppm to turkey poults 2 through 5 weeks of age, produces cardiomyopathy and cardiomegaly. To determine the role of MAO inhibition in FZ induced cardiomyopathy, the effects of FZ were compared with those of a chemically different MAO inhibitor, tranylcypromine (TCP), and a chemically similar non-MAO inhibitor, nitrofurazone (NFZ). At 14 days of age, poults were divided randomly into four groups. Control poults were fed a standard turkey starter ration, and poults in the experimental groups were fed the standard ration that included one of the following drugs at the given concentrations: 700 ppm FZ, 350 ppm NFZ, or 50 ppm TCP. Activity of MAO was assayed in liver and kidney homogenates from poults chosen at random at 14, 17, 21, 28, and 35 days of age in one trial and on heart homogenates at 14, 15, 17, 19, and 28 days of age in another trial. Development of cardiomyopathy was assessed using an electrocardiographic (ECG) technique and substantiated with necropsy examination. Inhibition of MAO was observed only in the heart in FZ-fed poults, only in the kidney in NFZ-fed poults, and in all three tissues studied in TCP-fed poults. Under the conditions of this study, an increase in the incidence of cardiomyopathy, based on ECG data and necropsy results, occurred only in the FZ fed group. The inability of the potent MAO inhibitor, TCP, to produce cardiomyopathy in this study supports the conclusion that the primary mechanism of FZ-induced cardiomyopathy in turkey poults is probably not due to MAO inhibition. PMID- 6634612 TI - Effect of partially purified B- and T-lymphocyte inhibitory factors on the mitogenic and chemotactic responses. AB - Avian lymphocyte inhibitory factor (LyIF) is produced by thymic (T) and bursal (B) lymphocytes following sensitization of chicks to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our previous studies showed that maximum activities for both B- and T-LyIF were within a molecular weight range of 10,000 to 50,000 daltons (LyIF-III). These results led us to question what other functional differences may exist. The chemotactic and mitogenic properties of B- and T-LyIF-III were investigated. Neither B- nor T-LyIF-III had chemotactic properties whereas both lymphokines significantly inhibited the uptake of [3H]-thymidine in the presence of phytohemagglutinin-M. Inhibition of migration by LyIF-III may be a reflection of LyIF-III inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. PMID- 6634613 TI - The relationship of dietary levels of phosphorus to the production of soft shelled and shell-less eggs. AB - The relationship among available levels of dietary phosphorus (.2, .3, and .4%) and the production of soft-shelled (SS) and shell-less (SL) eggs was investigated in 864 White Leghorns of a commercial strain. An 11-month performance profile included hen-day production of hard-shelled (HS), SS, and SL eggs, feed consumption, livability, egg weight, and specific gravity. Percent HS egg production and feed consumption were significantly lower and egg specific gravity was significantly higher among hens consuming the .2% available phosphorus diet when compared to hens consuming the .3 or .4% available phosphorus diets. The level of available phosphorus in this study did not affect significantly hen livability or the production of SS or SL eggs. Five hours (HS egg in uterus) or 15 hr (SL egg in uterus) prior to expected oviposition time, 1 ml of a 200 mM phosphate solution was injected into the brachial vein (i.v.) or the uterus (i.u.) of hens observed to lay consistently HS eggs. Injections i.v. did not alter expected oviposition time when either a HS or SL egg was in the uterus, but i.u. injections induced premature oviposition when a SL egg was in utero. The concentrations of inorganic phosphorus and total calcium in the plasma and uterine fluid of hens that laid a high or low incidence of SS + SL eggs were determined 5 hr after the egg entered the uterus. Uterine fluid inorganic phosphorus and total calcium and plasma inorganic phosphorus levels of the high and low incidence groups were not significantly different. However, plasma total calcium was significantly higher among high incidence SS + SL layers when compared to low incidence SS + SL layers at this time during the ovulatory cycle. PMID- 6634614 TI - Metabolism and growth of chickens before and after hatch in relation to incubation temperatures. AB - Chick embryos were incubated at 35.8 C from days 1 to 10 and at 37.8 C from day 11 to hatching. Control embryos were incubated at 37.8 C. Other environmental conditions were standardized. Embryos incubated at 35.8 C showed compensatory growth when compared to embryos of the control group and showed a higher heat production (kJ/embryo/hr) expressed as a linear function of dry embryo weight (g) or incubation time (days). After hatching, the compensatory growth of the chickens incubated at 35.8 C (days 1 to 10) continued, as demonstrated by analyses of the weight of the body, liver, and the gastrointestinal tract. The same animals produced more heat per unit of time and body weight. Adult hens from this group showed a trend for higher heat production per unit body weight as well as a higher dry matter content. These results suggest a link between in ovo environmental conditions, growth processes, and metabolic level up to the reproduction period of domestic fowl. PMID- 6634615 TI - Divergent selection for body weight and yolk precursor in Coturnix coturnix japonica. 5. Correlated responses in adult body weight, liver weight, ovarian follicle production, and carcass composition of laying hens. AB - Laying female quail of five strains (R-1, randombred control; HP and LP, high or low concentration of egg yolk very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) precursor in laying females: HW and LW, high or low 4-week body weight) were sampled after 120 days of egg production for body weight, liver weight, ovarian follicle production, and carcass composition. Body weight change during the reproductive period was associated with starting body weight, but not with yolk VLDL precursor (total plasma phosphorus). Egg production was slightly depressed in both the HW and HP strains. Liver weight was associated with body weight. Percent dry matter of liver was not different between strains. Liver as a percentage of body weight was slightly greater in the HP strain. Egg and yolk weights were associated with body weight but not with concentration of yolk VLDL precursor. Ovarian follicle number and weight were also influenced by body weight but not by concentration of yolk VLDL precursor. Carcass composition was influenced by body weight. The larger HW strain contained more fat and less protein than the smaller LW strain after 120 days of egg production. PMID- 6634616 TI - Effects of dietary restriction on reproductive performance of broiler breeder males. AB - Hubbard X Hubbard broiler breeder males were raised to 30 weeks of age following the Management Guide for the Hubbard White Mountain Male (Hubbard Farms, 1979). From 30 to 54 weeks of age, males were provided with five different levels of feed intake. The level recommended by the guide (154 g/bird/day) was designated to be the control level (100%). Other levels were 115, 85, 70, and 55% of the control. The effects of feed intake on body weight, fertility, hatchability, semen volume, and testes size were determined. No significant effects of feed intake were noted on fertility or hatchability. Body weights were significantly decreased as feed intake was decreased. Semen volume was greatest for males fed 85% of the control, while birds fed the control had the largest testes as a percentage of body weight. Males receiving the control feed gained only 28 g over 24 weeks, indicating that approximately 458 kcal/bird/day is adequate for maintaining body weight. PMID- 6634617 TI - Calorie-protein deficiencies and the immune response of the chicken. II. Cell mediated immunity. AB - Calorie-protein deficiency affects humoral immunity in the chicken. Secondary responses to sheep-red blood cells, a T-dependent antigen, were lower in birds fed diets two-thirds deficient in calories (C), amino acids (AA), or both (C/AA). These results led us to question what effects might be found in cell-mediated immunity after nutritional deficiency. Birds fed the same diets as in our previous study showed no reduction in total white blood cells, absolute lymphocytes, or absolute heterophils. Splenic lymphocytes from 3- or 7-week-old nutritionally deficient chickens with the exception of the AA group at 7 weeks, produced a nonsignificant increase in graft-versus-host (GvH) response of 12-day old embryos. Thymic cells from 3-week-old nutritionally deficient birds were not deficient in the GvH potential. Thymic histology revealed reduced cellularity in AA-deficient birds. The reduced cellularity may not have been in response to stress since the mean corticosterone levels were not significantly different. Birds fed the deficient diets for 10 weeks had a significantly reduced delayed hypersensitivity response to human gamma globulin. The results indicate that the chickens' ability to produce a GvH response was not compromised and that T-cell subpopulations may have differential sensitivities to nutritional deficiencies. PMID- 6634618 TI - Effects of floor and cage housing of male turkeys on semen production and fertility of fresh and stored semen. AB - Broiler-type male turkeys housed in individual cages were compared with those housed in litter floor pens with respect to fertility, semen volume, concentration of spermatozoa, body weight, foot abnormality, and mortality. The effect of short-term storage of semen on fertility was also examined. There was no significant difference (P greater than .05) between the fertilities of the males in cages and those on floor when semen was diluted and inseminated fresh (92 vs. 88%) or diluted and stored for 6 hr at 15 (79 vs. 84%) or 3 C (77 vs. 85%). The males in cages produced as much semen as those on floor and with similar concentrations of spermatozoa. Those in cages had significantly (P less than 01) reduced body weight, higher incidence of foot abnormality, and higher percent mortality. Storage of semen for 6 hr reduced fertility. PMID- 6634619 TI - The effects of temperature and age on body weight and feed efficiency of broiler chickens. AB - Mixed sex, commercial broiler chickens were grown at three environmental temperatures: 15.6, 21.1, and 26.7 C. Starting at 35 days, body weights and feed conversions were measured at 3- to 5-day intervals to 55 days of age. Both body weights and feed conversions were linear with age over the time range indicated. The growth rates at 26.7 C were 6% less at 35 days and 10% less at 55 days than at 15.6 C. When equated for body weight differences, there was no difference in feed conversion between broilers grown at 21.1 and 26.7 C. Birds grown at 15.6 C consumed more feed per unit of weight than at the other two temperatures. At 49 days of age, the birds grown at 15.6 C required 16% more feed than those grown at 26.7 C; however, when weights were equated at 2000 g, those grown at 15.6 C required only 3% more feed than those grown at 26.7 C. PMID- 6634620 TI - Effects of brooding temperature and molybdenum on the turkey poult. AB - Day-old White Broad Breastfed male turkeys were brooded for 10 days in a Honeywell environmental chamber. The chamber was configured to brood one-half of the birds at 29 C and the other half at 35 C. The poults were fed a practical corn-soy starter diet containing .8% phosphorus and 1.35% calcium. A 5 ppm molybdenum supplement was given to half the birds at each temperature. A significant (P less than or equal to .05) temperature X diet interaction occurred with both bone ash and serum phosphorus. Bone ash and serum phosphorus were significantly lower (P less than or equal to .05) in poults fed the diet supplemented with 5 ppm molybdenum at 29 C. Molybdenum supplementation did not significantly affect bone ash at 35 C but significantly increased (P less than or equal to .05) serum phosphorus at this brooding temperature. Both body weight and serum calcium were significantly higher (P less than or equal to .05) in poults brooded at 35 versus 29 C. Diets containing the molybdenum supplement did not significantly affect either body weight or serum calcium. PMID- 6634621 TI - Observations of environmental thermoregulation by chicks. AB - Chicks, 8 days of age, were housed at 20 C in a 48 x 45 cm chamber with a microswitch in one wall. Pressing the microswitch provided radiant heat from an infrared bulb located above the switch. Six experiments were conducted using from two to eight chicks per group. Heat was provided for 2 or 3 min. In two experiments chicks were on litter; in four experiments chicks were on wire floors. Chicks provided themselves with heat without difficulty and reduced heat demand when housed on litter rather than wire. Less total heat was provided with reward times of 2 min. No diurnal rhythm was evident. PMID- 6634622 TI - The effect of feed denial in starter diets on the performance of broiler chickens. AB - A total of 2000 commercial chickens (1000 males and 1000 females) were used in an exploratory experiment designed to estimate the effect of two daily feed denial treatments (8 and 12 hr) extended from either 8 to 21 days or 15 to 28 days of age. Mortality was unaffected by these treatments. Body weight at 28 days was reduced, and feed conversion was improved by the feed denial treatments. The length of the daily feed denial period showed a greater impact than age of imposition, and the 12-hr daily denial time diminished the growth performance. At 49 days body weight and monetary returns were higher for the chickens exposed to the 8-hr daily feed denial treatment extending from 8 to 21 days compared with the control group (P less than .10). PMID- 6634623 TI - Genetic correlations between six- and seven-week-old broilers. AB - The genetic relationship between carcass traits in broiler chickens at 6 and 7 weeks of age was determined. Two-hundred and sixteen male broilers from 42 sires and 108 dams with 2 full sibs/dam were slaughtered at 41 and 48 days of age. One offspring per dam was slaughtered at each age. Means of 41-day-old birds are presented first and 48-day-old birds second: live weights 1435, 1872 g; carcass weights 877, 1200 g; abdominal fat weights 23.4, 41.7 g; percent abdominal fat/live weight 2.04, 2.22; percent abdominal fat/carcass weight 3.30, 3.47. Genetic correlations between weeks were: .58 (live weight), .66 (carcass weight), .48 (abdominal fat), .45 (% abdominal fat/live weight), and .42 (% abdominal fat/carcass weight). Records obtained on 6-week-old full sibs might be useful in a selection program to improve traits in 7-week-old birds. PMID- 6634624 TI - Drug delivery systems. PMID- 6634625 TI - Lasers in medicine. PMID- 6634626 TI - Real advances. The general practice perspective. PMID- 6634627 TI - Internal practice audit of drug prescribing. PMID- 6634628 TI - Metronidazole for a malodorous pressure sore. PMID- 6634629 TI - Traditional Chinese herbal and medicinal remedies. PMID- 6634630 TI - Indoramin in the treatment of hypertension. PMID- 6634631 TI - Trends in self-prescribing and attitudes to self-medication. PMID- 6634632 TI - First-pass metabolism. PMID- 6634633 TI - Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis with airflow obstruction - clinical entities and classification. PMID- 6634634 TI - [Decortication of the lung from a functional aspect]. PMID- 6634635 TI - The epidemiological situation of tuberculosis and the impact of control measures. PMID- 6634636 TI - [Regional distribution of lung cancer mortality in Baden-Wurttemberg from 1973 to 1981]. PMID- 6634637 TI - [Lung function parameters in the follow-up of fibrotic lung diseases]. PMID- 6634638 TI - [Diagnosis and conservative therapy of pleural empyema]. PMID- 6634639 TI - [Emergency bronchoscopy]. PMID- 6634640 TI - [Theoretic principles of combined chemotherapy of tuberculosis: several viewpoints]. PMID- 6634641 TI - [Television watching, reading habits and psychiatric disorders in 8-year-old children]. PMID- 6634642 TI - [Definition and diagnostic problems in the concept of minimal cerebral dysfunction]. PMID- 6634643 TI - [Hysterical cough--description of an unusual symptom]. PMID- 6634644 TI - [Diagnosis of the social environment in psychodrama]. PMID- 6634645 TI - [Diagnostic significance of the system-oriented initial family interview in ambulatory child psychiatry]. PMID- 6634646 TI - [Family therapy in inpatient psychotherapy of children and adolescents]. PMID- 6634647 TI - [Diagnostic approach to the hemolytic anemias]. PMID- 6634648 TI - [Bacterial infectious arthritis. Results of therapy in conservative therapy]. PMID- 6634649 TI - [A case from practice (15)]. PMID- 6634650 TI - [Pseudoepilepsy manifestations in childhood]. PMID- 6634651 TI - [Neurologic complications of disorders caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae]. PMID- 6634652 TI - [Which evaluation studies are indicated in suspected irritable colon?]. PMID- 6634653 TI - [Role of the brain and stress in immunologic functions. II. The conditioned reflex and the immuno-neuro-endocrine network]. PMID- 6634654 TI - [A case from practice (16)]. PMID- 6634655 TI - [Acyclovir in severe varicella pneumonia and in herpes ophthalmicus]. PMID- 6634656 TI - [Sophrology and autogenic training]. PMID- 6634657 TI - [Anorexia nervosa and ethology]. PMID- 6634658 TI - [Campylobacter enteritis. Status in general practice]. PMID- 6634659 TI - [Modern surgical treatment of peptic gastroduodenal ulcer. Status determination]. PMID- 6634660 TI - [Psychosomatic aspects of headache]. PMID- 6634661 TI - [A case from practice (17)]. PMID- 6634662 TI - Preparation of fragments 505-582 and 505-573 of bovine serum albumin. AB - Peptic fragment 505-582 of bovine serum albumin, the "Phe" fragment, has been found useful in several laboratories for studies of antigenic sites, ligand binding and metabolism. It contains the entire carboxyterminal loop, Loop 9, of the albumin molecule. We present an improved preparation of this peptide. Peptide 505-582 is obtained in about 9% yield, along with a similar yield of the closely associated peptide 505-573 arising from a second peptic cleavage. The unusual ultraviolet absorption spectrum of these peptides shows triple maxima near 259 nm reflective of the high phenylalanine content and the total absence of tyrosine and tryptophan. PMID- 6634663 TI - Isolation, purification and characterization of the intermediate filament protein desmin from porcine smooth muscle. AB - Desmin was isolated from porcine stomach smooth muscle, which had been treated with 0.6 M KCl in the presence of Triton X-100, by extraction with 6 M urea and chromatographed on CM-Sepharose CL-6B at pH 5. After delipidation with chloroform methanol, the protein was purified by affinity chromatography on arginine methylester Sepharose 4B and single-stranded DNA-cellulose, respectively. Chromatography on single-stranded DNA-cellulose removed a considerable amount of vimentin which had been extracted and enriched together with desmin. The molecular weight of the purified desmin was 55,000 as determined by polyacrylamide gradient slab gel electrophoresis in the presence of Na dodecylsulfate. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed one major polypeptide of pI 5.3 to 5.4 accompanied by two to three acidic, isoelectric variants. During incubation in the presence of 150 mM KCl, desmin assembled into 10 nm filaments. This method allows the isolation of large amounts of pure desmin in a relatively short time with only minimal denaturation of the protein. PMID- 6634664 TI - Migration of leucocytes into the uterus after acute removal of ovarian progesterone during early pregnancy in the sheep. AB - The effects of acute deprivation of progesterone during early pregnancy on the occurrence of maternal leucocytes in uterine tissues was studied in sheep. Ovariectomy on day 21 of pregnancy resulted in a rapid influx of polymorphonuclear (PM) leucocytes into both caruncular and intercaruncular (glandular) endometrium but not into the myometrium. The infiltration had commenced by 24 hours after ovariectomy when the fetal membranes appeared histologically normal. By 72 hours after ovariectomy infiltration of PM leucocytes and degradation of the fetal syncytium were severe and extensive. The effect was specifically due to progesterone deprivation in pregnant animals since it was not seen in progesterone-treated ovariectomized pregnant animals or in non pregnant animals ovariectomized in the mid luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. The PM leucocyte influx was not associated with changes in the number of intra epithelial lymphocytes, the occurrence of which was only slightly reduced at the time of attachment. The results implicate maternal progesterone as a local anti inflammatory agent within the gravid uterus and also show that total expulsion of lymphocytes from uterine epithelia at implantation is not a mechanism for immunoprotection of the sheep fetal allograft. PMID- 6634665 TI - Gestational changes in pig placental weight, area and DNA content in the second half of pregnancy. AB - Weight and macroscopic surface area of the pig placenta reached a maximum at day 101 and decreased thereafter. However, between day 101 and day 111 (full term 113/115) the epitheliochorial tissue layer increased in area due to the continuing formation of folds. Although lightweight placentae had small macroscopic surface areas, they possessed larger areas per unit weight throughout the second half of gestation. From day 70 to day 92 the lightest placentae, when compared with their heaviest litter mates, had from 15 to 150 per cent more macroscopic surface area per unit weight. In the middle third of gestation there was a phase of rapid cell division, in consequence of which mean cell size was reduced. By the beginning of the last third of gestation mean cell size had reached a steady value, with no demonstrable change thereafter. Cell multiplication continued until day 101 when growth in weight had ceased. PMID- 6634666 TI - Uteroplacental arterial changes related to interstitial trophoblast migration in early human pregnancy. AB - Morphometric and statistical techniques were used to assess the relation of myometrial interstitial trophoblast to the uteroplacental vasculature in 27 intact hysterectomy specimens ranging from 8 to 18 weeks' gestation. It was found that the volume density of cytotrophoblast in the myometrium and in particular the proximity of such trophoblast to the placental bed spiral arteries correlated significantly with morphological alterations in these vessels. The changes included swelling of endothelium, hypertrophy of individual medial smooth muscle cells, and oedema and disruption of the architecture of the vessel wall as a time related continuum. Some of the changes, such as swollen endothelium and basophilia of medial smooth muscle cells were noted also in spiral arteries in the non-placental bed endometrium but to a considerably less extent than in the placental bed. Intimal vacuolation was common to placental bed and non-placental bed arteries, increased with gestational age and can be considered as a non specific feature. The migration of endovascular trophoblast into the myometrial spiral arteries in the second trimester occurred only when these arteries had been considerably altered in their morphology. These findings indicate that migratory interstitial cytotrophoblast probably has a role to play in the preparation of the myometrial segments of the uteroplacental arteries for the second wave of endovascular trophoblast migration that occurs in the second trimester of human pregnancy. PMID- 6634667 TI - Cardiomyogenic differentiation and teratocarcinoma formation in EC-derived chimaeric placentae. PMID- 6634668 TI - Standards for measuring umbilical cord length. AB - Umbilical cord length was measured in 9620 male and 9068 female infants and related to gestational age in order to construct a growth chart for umbilical cords. In addition to providing a standard for the US white population, these growth charts illustrate that umbilical cord length is widely divergent at the same gestational age, males have longer cords than females (P less than 0.0001), and umbilical cord growth continues throughout the third trimester. PMID- 6634669 TI - Short review: ultrasonographic placental morphology. PMID- 6634670 TI - [Treatment of tuberculosis patients in sanatoria-prophylactoria, an effective factor in reducing temporary disability]. PMID- 6634671 TI - [Drainage of caverns in the lungs before major surgery in tuberculosis patients]. PMID- 6634672 TI - [Peribronchial administration of drug mixtures on a prolonged basis in the complex treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis complicated by bronchial pathology]. PMID- 6634673 TI - [Relation between treatment effectiveness and hormone concentration in the blood of pulmonary tuberculosis patients]. PMID- 6634674 TI - [Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in pulmonary tuberculosis patients with manifestations of the adverse effects of antitubercular preparations]. PMID- 6634675 TI - [Immunologic aspects of myocardial damage during long-term administration of antitubercular preparations]. PMID- 6634676 TI - [Effectiveness of complex treatment of patients with caseous pneumonia]. PMID- 6634677 TI - [Use of pyrogenal in the complex treatment of tuberculosis patients abusing alcohol]. PMID- 6634678 TI - [Use of isoniazid derivatives synthesized using carbohydrate-type monomeric matrices as a base in experimental tuberculosis]. PMID- 6634679 TI - [Phospholipids and their complexes as correctors of the combined hepatotropic action of ethanol and tuberculostatic drugs]. PMID- 6634680 TI - [Surgical treatment of fibro-cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis in a patient with diabetes insipidus]. PMID- 6634681 TI - [Rehabilitation of patients with osteoarticular tuberculosis]. PMID- 6634682 TI - [Role of antituberculosis institutions in the prevention, detection and treatment of chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 6634683 TI - [Diagnosis of lung diseases in an antituberculosis institution]. PMID- 6634684 TI - [Criteria for the formation of the 7th dispensary registration group and differential observation for its contingents]. PMID- 6634685 TI - [Detection of tuberculosis among patients with nonspecific bronchopulmonary diseases]. PMID- 6634686 TI - [Diagnosis of benign lung tumors detected among patients in a tuberculosis hospital]. PMID- 6634687 TI - [Current concepts concerning bronchial asthma and its classification]. PMID- 6634688 TI - [Current problems involving emergency conditions in pulmonology]. PMID- 6634689 TI - [Exogenous allergic alveolitis]. PMID- 6634690 TI - [Diagnostic principles for disseminated pulmonary lesions]. PMID- 6634691 TI - [Algorithm for differential diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and nonspecific pneumonia in children and adolescents]. PMID- 6634692 TI - [Clinico-immunologic characteristics of chronic bronchitis patients and results of their complex sanatorium-climatic treatment]. PMID- 6634693 TI - [Pathogenesis of chronic pleurisy]. PMID- 6634694 TI - [Clinico-morphologic parallels in skin lesions in sarcoid patients]. PMID- 6634695 TI - [Combined effect of tuberculosis and pesticides on the morphofunctional status of the liver]. PMID- 6634696 TI - [Unrecognized lymphogranulomatosis with pulmonary involvement]. PMID- 6634697 TI - [Case of osteochondroma of a rib mistaken for tuberculous bronchoadenitis]. PMID- 6634698 TI - [Epidemiology of nonspecific diseases of the lungs and organized forms of operations to detect, treat and prevent them]. PMID- 6634699 TI - The effect of daily injections and constant release implants of melatonin on the endogenous pineal melatonin rhythm in golden hamsters. AB - In this study we tested the hypothesis that exogenous melatonin exerts its effects on the reproductive system of hamsters by directly or indirectly altering the endogenous rhythm of melatonin production and release. Melatonin was injected in male hamsters housed on LD 14:10 (lights 0600-2000 hr) either at 1200 or 1900 hr (15 micrograms in 0.1 ml ethanol:saline 1:10) daily for 12 weeks. Testicular regression occurred in all animals of the 1900-hr injection group, while melatonin injected at noon was without effect. A third group of animals received small implants of melatonin subcutaneously at 0, 4, and 8 weeks. Implants were 4 mm in length and contained a melatonin:beeswax mixture (1:25) drawn up into polyethylene tubing (2.2 mm i.d.). These implants release approximately 10-15 micrograms melatonin/day, and had no effect on testicular size, as these animals also remained on LD 14:10. After 12 weeks the animals of each group were sacrificed at 1- or 2-hr intervals around the clock. Pineals were saved and assayed for melatonin content. In each group the nocturnal rhythm of pineal melatonin was similar; peak melatonin levels were achieved 6 hr after lights out (0200 hr) and levels remained elevated for approximately 4 hr. These results exclude a mode of action of exogenous melatonin on the pineal melatonin rhythm as a basis for the testicular response to melatonin in hamsters. They also pose some interesting questions of feedback regulation by melatonin on its own production and release. PMID- 6634700 TI - Culture of human gastrointestinal epithelial cells. AB - Human gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial cells and tissues have been propagated in vitro for several months. Viability of typical epithelial cells with minimal contamination by fibroblasts was best achieved by mechanical harvesting instead of using enzymes for dissociation or subculture. Individual cells generally adhered poorly to glass and plastic although they did attach to some coated substrates. Although standard formulations of culture base media were suitable, there was a continuous requirement for conditioned medium and cultures were readily propagated in suspension. Cultures had a propensity to grow as "islands" of epithelial cells consisting of central dividing regions and external "differentiated" regions. As yet undefined factors from yeast and brain (or pituitary) extracts were required for optimal growth. PMID- 6634701 TI - Nephrectomy abolishes the increase in small acetylcholinesterase-positive immature rat megakaryocytes induced by acute thrombocytopenia. AB - The effect of unilateral nephrectomy, bilateral nephrectomy, or ureter ligation on the proportion of small acetylcholinesterase-positive (SAChE+) cells was determined in the marrow of rats that were made acutely thrombocytopenic by an injection of platelet specific antiserum (APS). APS caused significant increases (P less than 0.025-P less than 0.005) in the percentages of SAChE+ cells in the marrow of rats except in those rats that had been subjected to bilateral nephrectomy. Bilaterally nephrectomized rats not only failed to show increased numbers of SAChE+ cells after being made thrombocytopenic but other anephric rats that were not given APS had decreased percentages of SAChE+ cells (P less than 0.005) when compared to untreated control rats. This finding indicates the importance of the kidney in the day-to-day production of a thrombocytopoiesis stimulating factor (TSF) for the maintenance of SAChE+ cells. Unilateral nephrectomy and ligation of the ureters had little effect on altering the percentages of SAChE+ cells, suggesting that surgical stress and uremia do not interfere in the release and action of TSF. This study confirms previous work that the kidney is required for the production of TSF. PMID- 6634702 TI - Failure of hypercholesterolemic serum to stimulate collagen synthesis in aortic smooth muscle cells from two species of nonhuman primates having different rates of collagen synthesis. AB - African green monkeys develop atherosclerotic lesions that are more fibrous than those found in rhesus monkeys. The purpose of this study was to determine if this difference in collagen content could be related to a specific effect of a serum component on collagen synthesis by cells of the arterial wall or to inherent differences in the arterial smooth muscle cells from these two nonhuman primate species. Aortic smooth muscle cells were grown in tissue culture from both rhesus and African green monkeys and incubated for up to 48 hr with different concentrations of serum from normal or hypercholesterolemic animals. Collagen synthesis was determined by measuring the conversion of radiolabeled proline to hydroxyproline. Total protein synthesis was determined from the incorporation of radiolabeled proline into total proteins. Hypercholesterolemic serum from either species did not stimulate collagen or total protein synthesis in either African green or rhesus monkey smooth muscle cells. This was true even though under the same conditions other studies have shown that hypercholesterolemic serum produces an increase in cellular cholesteryl ester content. This suggests that hypercholesterolemia per se is not directly responsible for the stimulation of collagen synthesis typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions. African green monkey smooth muscle cells synthesized from 1.7 to 3.4 times more collagen than did rhesus monkey smooth muscle cells, while total protein synthesis was similar for both cell types. This suggests that the greater amounts of collagen present in the atherosclerotic lesions from African green monkeys may be in part the result of an inherently greater potential of their smooth muscle cells to synthesize collagen. PMID- 6634703 TI - Calcium channel blockers: potential antimetastatic agents. AB - The calcium channel blocker nifedipine (Bay A 1040) was examined for its effects on tumor cell-platelet interactions. In vitro, nifedipine inhibited tumor cell induced platelet aggregation and platelet enhanced tumor cell adhesion to confluent endothelial cell monolayers and in vivo nifedipine inhibited pulmonary tumor colony formation ("experimental metastasis") by intravenously injected tumor cells. This evidence suggests that calcium channel blockers may be a new class of antimetastatic agents. PMID- 6634704 TI - Effect of sexual maturation and exhaustive exercise on myocardial glycogen metabolism. AB - Prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal (28, 45, and 60 days old, respectively) rats of both sexes were run to exhaustion on a motor-driven treadmill to determine whether sexual maturation was involved in the glycogen sparing phenomenon previously reported in the myocardium of female rats receiving high doses of estrogen. Positive work was calculated and was not different in the male and female age-paired rats. Liver glycogen was significantly depleted by 92-98% in male and 96-97% in female exercising rats of all ages. The exercise bout resulted in significant depletion of glycogen in the red and white portions of the vastus lateralis muscle of male and female animals. At 45 and 60 days of age female animals had significantly more glycogen in the red muscle at exhaustion than age-paired males. Myocardial glycogen was significantly depleted by 32, 38, and 41% in prepubertal and pubertal males and prepubertal females, respectively. Pubertal females depleted myocardial glycogen by 19% (P less than 0.05). Postpubertal male animals exhibited a 46% depletion of myocardial glycogen (P less than 0.01), while myocardial glycogen in sexually mature females was not decreased at exhaustion. These data indicate that a myocardial glycogen sparing phenomenon exists in vivo in sexually mature female rats. These data further suggest that the glycogen sparing phenomenon develops in association with sexual maturation. PMID- 6634705 TI - Lack of lipid involvement in nonosseous tissue repair. AB - Calcium-acidic phospholipid-phosphate complexes (Ca-PL-PO4) have been implicated in the onset of tissue mineralization in healing fracture callus as well as in normal osteogenesis. Although these complexes are not found in nonmineralizing normal tissues, the possibility that they are more involved in healing phenomena than in actual mineralization cannot be excluded. The present study confirms that Ca-PL-PO4 complexes are only involved with osseous repair. In healing skin at 5, 8, and 11 days after wounding, Ca-PL-PO4 concentration was not significantly elevated (percentage complexed lipid P/total lipid P: 3.7, 2.4, and 3.8, respectively) relative to the value found for normal skin (2 +/- 2%), although the total lipid phosphorus content at 8 and 11 days was increased. PMID- 6634706 TI - Isolation of a factor from cancer ascitic fluid increasing susceptibility of mice to Listeria infection. AB - A low-molecular-weight factor (less than 1000) which impairs the capacity of normal mice to resist Listeria infection has been isolated from the ascitic fluid of tumor-bearing mice. The factor showed potent suppressive activity when as little as 0.2 ml of 1:10(5) dilution of the factor was given iv to mice. The factor impaired stage 2 (72 hr after infection) of Listeria elimination in the liver when circulating monocytes migrate from the blood to the liver to begin eliminating the bacteria, but not stage 1 (within 24 hr after infection) when Listeria elimination depends on resident liver macrophages. The factor also inhibited macrophage accumulation in the peritoneum of mice after ip injection of phytohemagglutinin and macrophage chemotaxis in vitro. The factor was heat labile and lost its suppressive activity after being heated at 56 degrees C for 30 min. The factor was detectable in the ascitic fluid rather late after tumor implantation and its production was closely related to tumor growth. PMID- 6634707 TI - A new method for estimation of body composition in the live rat. AB - Measurement of total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) has been used to estimate lean and fat content of meat based on the principle that electrical conductivity of lean tissue is far greater than that of fat. This approach was used to estimate body composition of live rats. An instrument designed for commercial analysis of ground meat (DjMe 100) was used to measure TOBEC in 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats (197-433 g). Individual TOBEC values were obtained in 20 seconds and repeated twice for each rat. The animals were then killed with ether, hair was shaved, lungs collapsed and body density measured hydrostatically. Carcasses were homogenized and analyzed for fat, nitrogen, and water. A high correlation was found between TOBEC and lean body mass by densitometry (r = .97) and between TOBEC and fat-free mass derived from direct carcass analysis (r = .97). Rats weighing up to 450 g could be accommodated in this particular instrument. Measurement of TOBEC should prove useful in estimating body composition and monitoring its changes in live rats and other small laboratory animals. PMID- 6634708 TI - Studies of BFU-E in flask cultures of human peripheral and cord blood cells. AB - Early erythroid progenitors (the burst-forming units-erythroid or BFU-E) from human peripheral and cord blood mononuclear cells were maintained in flask culture for 2 weeks without added erythropoietin (Epo) or erythroid potentiating activity (EPA). These cultures did not develop adherent cell layers and did not support the more mature erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-E). Samples removed at intervals from these flask cultures were assayed for BFU-E recovery in a plasma clot system in response to a range of Epo doses and to added EPA with time in flask culture. The BFU-E recovered showed increased proliferative capacity and decreased responsiveness to Epo and EPA. These results indicate selection of more primitive erythroid progenitor cells under the conditions described. Peripheral and cord blood mononuclear cell cultures provide a flexible and accessible approach to in vitro studies of human erythropoiesis. Comparative studies with long-term marrow cultures should help to elucidate the role of adherent cells and humoral factors in erythroid differentiation. PMID- 6634709 TI - Serum estrogen concentrations during postnatal development in male pigs. AB - Serum concentrations of estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estrone sulfate (E1S), and testosterone (T) were quantified in male pigs at 10 ages from 2 weeks to 2 years. Changes in the concentrations of all four of these hormones were characterized by elevated amounts during neonatal development (1 to 3 weeks of age), a nadir for concentration of each hormone between 1 and 3 months of age, an increase during pubertal development with maximal concentrations at 8 months of age, and no further change by 2 years of age. E1S was predominant of the three estrogens at all age groups with mean concentrations that ranged from 2 to 33 ng/ml. E1 was present in higher concentrations during neonatal development than E2, whereas the reverse situation was observed after 4 months of age. Observations from the present study indicate that early neonatal and pubertal development in male pigs are associated with elevated serum estrogen concentrations. PMID- 6634710 TI - Effect of piperonyl butoxide on organic anion and cation transport in rabbit kidneys. AB - Piperonyl butoxide has been shown to reduce accumulation of cephaloridine in rabbit renal cortex; however, the mechanism responsible for this effect remains unclear. Cephaloridine is a zwitterion and its accumulation in renal cortex has been suggested to be regulated by both organic anion and cation transport systems. Thus, it was of interest to determine the effect of piperonyl butoxide on renal transport of p-aminohippurate (PAH, an organic anion) and tetraethylammonium (TEA, an organic cation). Although pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide markedly inhibited renal cortical uptake of cephaloridine, the same treatment had less inhibitory effect on either PAH or TEA uptake. Efflux of PAH from preloaded renal cortical slices was enhanced by pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide; however, TEA efflux was unaffected. Thus, piperonyl butoxide appears to have effects on renal membrane functions which result in differential effects on PAH, TEA, and cephaloridine transport. PMID- 6634711 TI - Effect of atropine on rat basal pancreatic secretion during return or diversion of bile-pancreatic juice. AB - The effect of atropine on basal pancreatic exocrine secretion in conscious rats was determined with and without return of bile-pancreatic juice (BPJ) to the intestine. Rats were prepared with cannulas draining bile and pancreatic juice separately and with duodenal cannulas for return of secretions. Experiments were begun 3 days postoperatively. During continuous return of bile-pancreatic secretions, intravenous atropine (100 micrograms/kg-hr) caused a sustained 80-90% inhibition of pancreatic protein secretion, with a much smaller suppressive effect on pancreatic juice volume. Diversion of bile-pancreatic juice from the intestine markedly increased pancreatic protein and fluid secretion in control and atropine-infused rats, but the response was significantly inhibited by atropine (volume 31% inhibition, protein output 41% inhibition). The results indicate that basal pancreatic protein secretion during return of BPJ is largely maintained by cholinergic influence, possibly due to an enteropancreatic reflex, and that the inhibition of the pancreatic response to acute diversion of BPJ by atropine is probably secondary to inhibition of gastric secretion. PMID- 6634712 TI - A rat model for hormone and mineral changes in chronic renal failure. AB - Plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) in rats with surgically induced chronic renal failure were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma PTH levels in uremic rats (2897 +/- 693 pg/ml) were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than those in nonuremic rats (286 +/- 18 pg/ml). A low-phosphorus diet for 4 and 8 days increased serum calcium and decreased the elevated PTH level to the level of sham-operated rats. Plasma CT levels in uremic rats (60.1 +/- 7.8 pg/ml) were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than those in nonuremic rats (37.6 +/- 2.4 pg/ml). The low-phosphorus diet for 4 days, but not 8 days, increased the CT levels in uremic rats. Our results demonstrate the importance of phosphate and calcium in influencing the secretion of PTH and CT in uremia. The rat, along with appropriate radioimmunoassays, appears to be a useful model for studying bone mineral metabolism in chronic renal failure. PMID- 6634713 TI - Effect of binding and pinealectomy on photoperiod and seasonal variations in secretion of prolactin in cattle. AB - The role of the eyes and pineal gland on photoperiod- and season-induced changes in secretion of prolactin were studied in male cattle. Increasing exposure to light from 8 to 16 hr each day increased basal and thyrotropin-releasing-hormone induced secretion of prolactin 3.7- and 4.1-fold in three sham-pinealectomized steers. In contrast, basal and thyrotropin-releasing-hormone-induced increases in secretion of prolactin did not change in four blind bulls and were markedly suppressed in three pinealectomized steers when exposure to light was increased from 8 to 16 hr/day. There was no diurnal variation in secretion of prolactin regardless of photoperiod or surgical treatment. However, seasonal changes (averaged 46 ng/ml in June-Aug vs 7 ng/ml in Dec-Feb) in secretion of prolactin persisted in blind and pinealectomized steers previously shown to be nonresponsive to changing photoperiods. Ambient temperature and photoperiod account for most, but not all, of the seasonal variation in secretion of prolactin. We hypothesize there is an endogenous annual rhythm in the secretion of prolactin in cattle. PMID- 6634714 TI - Legionella pneumophila-induced immunostimulation and blastogenesis of normal mouse spleen cells in vitro. AB - Cell-free sonic extracts prepared from Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were found to enhance the uptake of [3H]thymidine by normal mouse spleen cell cultures in vitro and also stimulate an enhanced antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, both in immunized and nonimmunized cultures. Increased background antibody responses to other erythrocyte species also occurred, indicating that the Legionella antigen was a polyclonal B cell activator. A purified cell wall component with physicochemical properties relatively similar to endotoxin, but without toxicity for mice, was found to have mitogenic activity for normal mouse spleen cells and immunostimulatory properties for anti-erythrocyte antibody response. Heating the sonicate or the purified somatic antigen for 10 min diminished immunoenhancing activity but had little effect on mitogenic properties. These results point to the complex effects of Legionella-derived antigens on normal lymphoid cell function and indicate that antigens derived from Legionella have marked immunomodulatory properties. PMID- 6634715 TI - Effects of spaceflight on structural and material strength of growing bone. AB - Rats in space for 18.5 days did not exhibit the normal gain in femoral bone strength of terrestrial controls. The strength deficit may have been caused by multiple factors including a diminished bone formation and an inhibition of the gain in tissue material strength. Centrifugation at 1g in space substantially enhanced bone strength, possibly by promoting more normal tissue maturation. Full recovery of bone strength was achieved 25 days after reentry. PMID- 6634716 TI - Antigen-antibody complex binding and cell interaction in stimulating normal rabbit lymphocytes. AB - Complexes of antigen with specific antibody have been shown to enhance or suppress the specific antibody response in vivo. In vitro, antigen-antibody (Ag Ab) complexes prepared in a slight antigen excess with rabbit antibody induced proliferation of unprimed rabbit lymphocytes. The Ag-Ab stimulated cells from a number of different normal lymphoid organs, including peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node, but not thymus. Cells exposed to Ag-Ab for 1 hr and washed, bound Ag-Ab through Fc and complement receptors (CR), but were not induced to proliferate unless additional Ag-Ab was added. Specific antigen, which was otherwise unstimulatory, interacted with Ag-Ab-coated cells to activate them, probably through the cross-linking of membrane-bound ligands. Proliferation stimulated by Ag-Ab involved the interaction of three bone marrow cell subpopulations; a macrophage-enriched, a B-cell-enriched, and an mIgM- cell enriched population. The separated subpopulations were poorly responsive to Ag-Ab stimulation, even though Ag-Ab bound to cells in each of the populations. Low levels of responsiveness to Ag-Ab also resulted when any two of the three subpopulations were combined. Only when all three subpopulations were mixed, was stimulation equivalent to the levels of stimulation reached by unseparated cells. PMID- 6634717 TI - Inhibition of programmed cell death in mouse embryonic palate in vitro by cortisol and phenytoin: receptor involvement and requirement of protein synthesis. AB - In an in vitro model cortisol and phenytoin inhibit the precisely timed process of palatal development, the lysosomally mediated cell death of the medial edge palatal epithelium. This inhibition of programmed cell death of the palatal midline epithelium by each drug is virtually completely blocked by the antiglucocorticoid, cortexolone, whose blocking action results from competitive binding of the glucocorticoid receptor site. The inhibition produced by each of these drugs is prevented by the protein synthesis blocker, cycloheximide. Thus, blockade of programmed cell death by each of these drugs involves the glucocorticoid receptor site and requires protein synthesis. PMID- 6634718 TI - Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate disappearance from perfused rat jejunal segments: correlation with perfusate alkaline phosphatase and water absorption. AB - The relative effects of perfusate alkaline phosphatase activity and net water absorption on 2 microM pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) luminal disappearance from rat jejunum were studied in a single-pass, in vivo perfused intestinal segment model. Perfusate consisted of unlabeled PLP in buffer (pH = 7.4). Net water flux was monitored by inclusion of [3H]polyethylene glycol. PLP was measured by the [14C]tyrosine apodecarboxylase assay. Single and multiple regression analysis of results during perfusion of 2 microM PLP in Krebs bicarbonate buffer demonstrated no correlation between perfusate alkaline phosphatase activity and net water absorption and significant correlations between PLP luminal disappearance and both perfusate alkaline phosphatase activity and net water absorption. Correlation for the latter was improved when disappearance results were corrected for variations in perfusate alkaline phosphatase activity. When perfusate buffers were selected to yield divergent rates of net water absorption, the one associated with greater net water absorption was also associated with greater PLP disappearance. That this could not be explained by changes in perfusate alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated both by assessment of the rate of decay of PLP added in vitro to exited perfusate incubated at 37 degrees C and by measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity under conditions defined by the buffers using a modified spectrophotometric assay. Conclusions were: (1) In vivo PLP luminal disappearance correlates significantly with both perfusate alkaline phosphatase activity and net water absorption; (2) these two factors appear to act as independent variables; and (3) future studies on PLP intestinal absorption will need to take both of these variables into account in the interpretation of results. PMID- 6634719 TI - Adipose tissue regeneration in 6-month-old and adult rabbits following lipectomy. AB - The effects of surgical ablation of adipose tissue were studied in male New Zealand rabbits. They were lipectomized or sham-operated either at 6 or 12 months, ages at which size and number of adipocytes are, respectively, stabilized in this species. The lipectomized animals were subjected to removal of about 80% of the perirenal and omental and to the totality of the dorsoscapular and inguinal fat tissues. Approximately 35 and 48% of the total body fat were, thus, surgically removed, respectively, in 6- and 12-month-old rabbits. All rabbits were killed 3 months after surgery and were carefully dissected. There was no significant difference in food consumption and body weight gain between lipectomized and sham-operated rabbits. Surgical removal of dorsoscapular, inguinal, and omental fat did not lead to regeneration whereas regeneration of the perirenal fat was substantial. At sacrifice the perirenal weight reached approximately 55% of the initial weight. Regeneration of perirenal adipose tissue in adults proceeded at roughly the same rate as after lipectomy in younger rabbits. These results suggest that adipose tissue regeneration in the rabbit is site dependent. PMID- 6634720 TI - Differential effects of DOCA on renal and gastrointestinal handling of sodium and potassium in pigs. AB - Young, male pigs eating standard pig chow, ad libitum, received approximately 170 mEq Na and 290 mEq K per day. Electrolyte intake, urinary and fecal electrolyte output, and plasma electrolyte levels were determined daily in 12 deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-treated pigs and in 6 control pigs. Daily Na and K balances (dietary intake - urinary + fecal output) were calculated. DOCA caused a reduction in urinary Na output from 1.53 mEq/kg/day to 0.57 mEq/kg/day during the first 48 hr following implantation. Escape from the renal sodium retaining effect of DOCA was complete within 3 days, with urinary Na output returning to pre-DOCA levels. Fecal Na output decreased from 0.65 mEq/kg/day during the preimplant period to 0.13 mEq/kg/day during the postimplant period. No escape from GI Na retention occurred by Day 15. Plasma Na rose to significantly higher levels by Day 15. Sodium balance was significantly elevated in DOCA treated pigs for that first 48 hr postimplant. Urinary K output decreased from 3.50 mEq/kg/day to 1.74 mEq/kg/day during the first 2 days, but returned toward preimplant levels by Day 4. Fecal K output was increased for the first week, and thereafter returned to preimplant levels. Plasma K fell from 3.9 to 2.9 mEq/liter by Day 15. Potassium balance fell slightly in both experimental and control animals. No significant differences in potassium balance were present between the two groups. The control pigs showed no significant changes in plasma electrolyte concentration or in electrolyte balance. It is concluded that DOCA has differential effects on renal and gastrointestinal handling of electrolytes and that DOCA may induce an intracellular shift of potassium in pigs. PMID- 6634721 TI - Potassium turnover and norepinephrine sensitivity in the thoracic aorta of the Dahl rat. AB - This in vitro study evaluated the basal 42K turnover and response to norepinephrine (NE) in the thoracic aorta removed from Dahl salt-sensitive (S) and salt-resistant (R) rats. Five-week-old S and R rats were placed on either a high-salt (HS) or low-salt (LS) diet. After 5 weeks of the diet, systolic blood pressure, aortic weight/length ratio, and the cellular pool of K+ were elevated in the S-HS group only. In contrast, the steady state turnover of 42K, the NE ED50, and the response to a supramaximal dose of NE were the same in both groups of salt-sensitive and salt-resistant rats. These results suggest that, despite the presence of a greatly elevated systolic blood pressure and evidence of aortic hypertrophy, the intrinsic electrolyte metabolism of the vascular smooth muscle in the Dahl hypertensive rat is the same as that of the Dahl normotensive rat. PMID- 6634722 TI - Study on the specificity of alpha-tocopheryl (vitamin E) acid succinate effects on melanoma, glioma and neuroblastoma cells in culture. AB - d- and dl-alpha-tocopheryl succinate inhibited growth and caused morphological changes in mouse melanoma (B-16), mouse neuroblastoma (NBP2), and rat glioma (C 6) cells in culture. To study whether the effects of alpha-tocopheryl (vitamin E) succinate on tumor cells are mediated by antioxidant mechanisms, the effects of lipid-soluble antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were compared with those of vitamin E succinate. Results showed that these antioxidants produced alterations on the growth and morphology of neuroblastoma, melanoma, and glioma cells which are similar to those produced by vitamin E succinate; however, the extent of the effect depended upon the type of antioxidant and the form of tumor cells. These data suggest that the effects of vitamin E succinate on tumor cells may be mediated, in part, by antioxidant mechanisms. PMID- 6634723 TI - Research ethics. PMID- 6634724 TI - Experience with boards and commissions concerned with research ethics in the United States. PMID- 6634725 TI - Experiences with committees and councils for research ethics in Scandinavia. PMID- 6634726 TI - Research ethics and the law. PMID- 6634727 TI - Evolution of the role of an applied bioethicist in a research hospital. AB - This paper traces the evolution of the role of an applied bioethicist in the research hospital of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The historical background of the NIH's leaders' development of a policy to protect human subjects is presented as prelude to a need for an "on-the-scene" ethicist in clinical research. The first year's work was marked by communication problems and role conflicts. Following a period of evaluation, with the help of a psychiatric consultant, a support system was fashioned for the new role that helped it evolve more effectively. The bioethicist's role as teacher, consultant, and bridge to authority is described. Case examples are included that depict the kinds of ethical problems in clinical research for which consultation is sought from a bioethicist. PMID- 6634728 TI - Are regulations to protect experimental animals adequate? PMID- 6634729 TI - Ethical problems in keeping and breeding farm animals. PMID- 6634730 TI - Mental health aspects of the informed consent process. AB - Recent social, political, legal, and technical developments have led to increasing consideration of informed consent practices. Many physicians have reservations about possible harm, especially to the more "vulnerable" individual which might be done by truth telling. Observations made by a psychiatrist in a government research hospital, where informed consent is mandatory, are reported in this paper. There was no evidence that the informed consent process was harmful or not desired by patients and/or families of either "normal" or "vulnerable" populations. Concern about possible harm from truth telling came mainly from physicians and is based on physicians' personal anxiety in a situation involving close emotional contact with another person, the patient. There was some evidence that the informed consent process, when adequately supported by appropriate behavioral-science services, may be a factor in enhancing the mental health of both patients and members of the health team. Mental health implications of the style of openness and honesty as seen in the informed consent process are discussed. PMID- 6634731 TI - Is there a universal research ethics? PMID- 6634732 TI - Customers and contractors: recent British experience in the commissioning of research by government. PMID- 6634733 TI - Whistle blowing and social responsibility in science. PMID- 6634734 TI - Human and social consequences of research. PMID- 6634735 TI - The ultimate goals of medical research. PMID- 6634736 TI - Prospects for research ethics. PMID- 6634737 TI - Military research and development: its impact on society. PMID- 6634738 TI - Fraud and science. AB - In the past decade fraud, cheating, forged experiments, and plagiarism have been discovered in fields ranging from biomedical research to psychometrics. Scientists have reacted by attempting to deny and minimize the problem. I believe that we should recognize that the phenomenon is not rare nor to be explained as a result of individual pathology. I look at some incidents in the history of science, give a taxonomy of fraud, and draw some morals about ways in which we might try to decrease the incidence of scientific fraud. PMID- 6634739 TI - Truth and/or fiction: the case of the "Documentary novel". PMID- 6634740 TI - Researchers, elites, and people in a rapidly changing world. AB - The paper locates the problem of research ethics in a "value-free" science that has made researchers value-blind, insufficiently able to foresee possible negative consequences of what they do, but very able to design strategies to agree to structures that protect them. The intellectual style of a given research community enters as a key variable, and most intellectual styles are seen as ways of making scientific findings less threatening by focusing on data with little interpretation or speculation with little documentation. The famous Wilkes/Gleditsch case in Norway is cited as an example of research that offered both data (obtained from open sources) and interpretation, and was met with disapproval and sentence. The moral problem of value conflicts can best be understood by studying researchers in a social setting, together with elites and people. Only if researchers were on top and truth were the supreme value would the researchers' situation be unproblematic. But philosopher-kings, however omniscient and omnipotent, are rarely benevolent, and the very fact of concentrating so much on top leads to highly unacceptable societies, by demobilizing the rest, turning them into clients. Hence, researchers will live with their problems of being tempted into sins of commission--to pursue destructive knowledge--and sins of omission--not to pursue constructive knowledge, and not to pursue unpleasant truths, not because they want this, but because the structure leads them in that direction. Most researchers probably want security, academic freedom, and relevance, and the problem is this: Elites offer security and relevance, not academic freedom; universities offer security and academic freedom, not relevance; people may offer relevance, but neither security, nor freedom. In a rapidly changing world the interconnections and possibly destructive effects of research far away in space and time have become more evident, at the same time as formerly rich and dominating countries now are in economic and political decline. Universities may soon offer neither security nor academic freedom nor relevance. Researchers may find the academic commune more suitable, with economic independence. And they may argue for a redirection of research to satisfy basic needs--material and nonmaterial--for everybody. PMID- 6634741 TI - 13th International Cancer Congress, Part A. Current perspectives in cancer. Proceedings of the 13th International Cancer Congress, September 8-15, 1982, Seattle, Washington. PMID- 6634742 TI - Recent progress in radiation oncology. PMID- 6634743 TI - Biology and oncology: regulation of growth, differentiation and malignancy. PMID- 6634744 TI - The role of organization in cancer control. PMID- 6634745 TI - The role of national efforts in developing coordinated programs on international oncology. PMID- 6634746 TI - Advances in cancer therapeutics: chemotherapy. AB - Tumor mass negatively influences the outcome of surgery and radiotherapy by its influence on invasiveness and the propensity to metastasize before local treatment is applied. Tumor mass negatively affects the outcome of cancer chemotherapy in a manner quite different from the way in which it does surgery or radiotherapy. Cancer chemotherapy fails because cells develop resistance to anti cancer drugs. Conceptually, there are two types of resistance both of which are mass related: temporary resistance (due to pharmacologic sanctuaries or altered cell kinetics) or permanent resistance (mutant lines developing specific and permanent resistance to one or more cancer drugs). Based on somatic mutation theory, it now appears that resistant mutants arise spontaneously early in the natural history of cancers, and the likelihood of a resistant line developing appears closely related to cell number, such that one or more resistant lines are likely present before most human malignancies become clinically evident. The development of permanent resistance more precisely accounts for the invariable inverse relationship between cell number and curability by drugs and the greater effectiveness of combination chemotherapy over single agents. New information on common pathways of drug resistance appears exploitable using tools available today or on the horizon. While this revolution in our understanding of resistance to chemotherapy is occurring, the information on the role of oncogenes in the origin of human cancer offers a new paradigm for cancer diagnosis, prevention and treatment in the 1980s. In 1980 we estimate that approximately 50,000 patients in the U.S. per year are curable due to chemotherapy used alone or in combination with surgery and/or radiotherapy. PMID- 6634747 TI - Cancer epidemiology: past, present and future. PMID- 6634748 TI - 13th International Cancer Congress, Part B. Biology of cancer (1). Proceedings of the 13th International Cancer Congress, September 8-15, 1982, Seattle, Washington. PMID- 6634749 TI - Environmental cancer hazards; in vitro studies on risk, protection and potentiation. PMID- 6634750 TI - Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neoplastic transformation of human cells. PMID- 6634751 TI - Factors that modify in vitro transformation. PMID- 6634752 TI - Structural factors that enhance or attenuate the carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. PMID- 6634753 TI - Reactive forms of aromatic amines and amides: chemical and structural features in relation to carcinogenesis. PMID- 6634754 TI - Mechanisms of formation and reactions of electrophilic intermediates of halogenated olefins. PMID- 6634755 TI - Initiation and promotion in mouse mammary tumorigenesis. PMID- 6634756 TI - Multi-stage tumour development in the urinary bladder. PMID- 6634757 TI - Multistage tumor development in the human esophagus - the first identification of cocarcinogens of the tumor promoter type as principal carcinogenic risk factors in a local life style cancer. AB - An experimental analysis is described which demonstrates that the epidemiologically established high rate of esophageal cancer among blacks and creoles in Curacao most likely is the result of a multistage process involving initiators and promoters. As part of local lifestyle, the group at risk utilizes for various purposes plant parts of an indigenous bush Croton flavens L. ("Welensali"). Moreover they consume, as an everyday beverage, a "bush tea" made from the leaves of the bush. The roots, leaves and tea are shown to contain a multitude of irritant croton factors which are characterized as diterpene esters of the tigliane type. In mouse skin these exhibit strong promoting activity comparable to that of TPA. As the latter, also the croton factors isolated, show no solitary carcinogenic activity. One cup of Welensali tea contains the equivalent of about 12-times the irritant dose of croton factor F1; in addition, the equivalent of about 1.4-times the irritant dose 50 of the corresponding "cryptic" promoter F1-20-decanoate is present. These amounts are considered sufficient to maintain chronic irritation of the esophagus as an important element of co-carcinogenesis, especially of tumor promotion. Also, persons at risk in Curacao have been exposed at times previously to certain initiators. Mice treated by an initiation/promotion protocol with DMBA (or other initiators) and TPA develop tumors of the forestomach. Therefore, esophageal cancer on Curacao may be considered the first case for cocarcinogens of the tumor promoter type being principal risk factors in a life style cancer. PMID- 6634758 TI - Cellular aspects of DNA repair. AB - DNA repair reactions are under cellular control. In bacteria, the reactions removing 0(6)-methylguanine and 3-methyladenine are inducible. It is not clear whether similar inducibility occurs in human lymphoblastoid cells. Nonetheless, the ability to manufacture the 0(6)-methylguanine acceptor protein does seem to be controlled by some chromosomal mechanism which is superimposed on the structural gene. This control system may affect reactions other than the removal of 0(6)-methylguanine. Insofar as this is so, transformed human lymphoblastoid cells have a system reminiscent of that found in bacteria. PMID- 6634759 TI - Cancer-prone hereditary diseases in relation to DNA repair. PMID- 6634760 TI - Properties of the SIRS suppressor pathway. AB - The SIRS suppressor pathway is initiated by activation of Ly 2+ T lymphocytes by either con A or IFN beta. SIRS is a protein which has been purified and exists as two species with mol. wts. of 14,000 and 21,500. The target of SIRS is the macrophage and macrophages appear to oxidize or activate SIRS in a peroxide dependent process. Catalase blocks SIRS or IFN beta action by consuming H2O2 and levamisole blocks SIRS or IFN beta by preventing activation or oxidation of SIRS by H2O2. Other agents which block SIRS or IFN beta action include electron donors which can inactivate SIRSox. SIRSox is a potent inhibitor of immune responses and proliferation of normal and neoplastic cells. The mechanism of SIRSox-mediated inhibition of proliferation appears to involve oxidation or modification of protein sulfhydryls. Although the applicability of this pathway to the regulation of immune responses and cellular proliferation remains to be determined, both IFN beta and levamisole have been found to affect a wide variety of cellular processes. The involvement of both IFN beta and levamisole in the SIRS pathway suggests that this pathway may be an important host mechanism for regulating both immune responses and cellular proliferation in general. PMID- 6634761 TI - Tumor antigens as modified normal cell surface antigens. PMID- 6634762 TI - Generation of tumorcidal macrophages and direct selective destruction of tumor cells by membrane active adjuvants. PMID- 6634763 TI - Analysis of the transport mechanism for methotrexate in L1210 mouse leukemia cells. AB - Studies on the transport mechanism for methotrexate in L1210 mouse leukemia cells are summarized. The results support the utilization of an obligatory anion exchange mechanism in which the uptake of methotrexate is coupled to the efflux of an intracellular anion. Gradients of anions could then serve as the energy source for the observed concentrative uptake of methotrexate. Intracellular anions which may participate in this exchange cycle are suggested to include phosphate and AMP. PMID- 6634764 TI - Regulation of membrane function by lipids; implications for tumor development. AB - Increase in the lipid fluidity of membranes increases the turnover number of each diffusible unit, but in general decreases its accessibility to ligand binding. As a result, many membranal functions reach a maximal activity at a specific lipid fluidity. These effects of membrane fluidity bear direct implications on tumor development with significant clinical potential. Two main avenues, by which lipid manipulation could be applied in cancer treatment are now being studied in experimental animals and cancer patients. In the first, the immunogenicity of tumor cells in syngeneic and autologous systems increase upon increase of the membrane microviscosity which is in line with the findings that membrane antigens become more exposed upon such treatment. Irradiated tumor cells with increased membrane microviscosity (e.g. by incorporation of cholesteryl hemisuccinate, CHS) thus act as strong and specific vaccine against the viable untreated tumor cells of the same kind. The second lipid manipulation relates to restoration of suppressed immune competence. A special mixture of lipids (Active Lipid, AL) designed to efficiently fluidize cell membranes was found to restore various immunological functions of leukocytes from cancer patients. The combination of augmentation of tumor immunogenicity and restoration of immune functions by such lipid manipulations is expected to constitute an innocuous active immunotherapy regimen for cancer treatment. PMID- 6634766 TI - Initiation, promotion, transformation, and mutagenesis of mouse embryo cell lines. PMID- 6634765 TI - Antigenic changes related to drug action. PMID- 6634768 TI - 13th International Cancer Congress, Part C. Biology of cancer (2). Proceedings of the 13th International Cancer Congress, September 8-15, 1982, Seattle, Washington. PMID- 6634767 TI - Malignant transformation of epithelial cells in culture. PMID- 6634769 TI - Breast cancer stem cells. PMID- 6634770 TI - In vivo synchronization and cell kinetics-directed treatment scheduled in human tumor therapy. PMID- 6634771 TI - Biochemistry of cycling and resting cancer cells. PMID- 6634772 TI - Cell cycle and effect of antineoplastic drugs: facts and pitfalls. PMID- 6634773 TI - Molecular mechanisms of cellular resistance to folate analogs. PMID- 6634774 TI - Variation in sensitivity to purine analogs. PMID- 6634775 TI - Gene amplification in human tumor cells. AB - Some tumor cells contain additional DNA sequences that are microscopically observed as HSR or dm. Dm contain repeated sequences. Homogeneous staining regions and dm may be present in the same cell, and both may vary in size and number. HSR or dm are not the result of culture conditions or in vivo treatment. Confusion of dm with acentric fragments or diplococci should be avoided. HSR may be either C band negative or positive. The amplified sequences of HSR are not necessarily located at the normal chromosome sites of these genes in diploid cells. It is assumed that HSR is transcriptionally active in tumor cells as it is in drug resistant cells. The specific gene products of HSR or dm are unknown. HSR and dm may change the response of the cell to cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. PMID- 6634776 TI - Chromosome changes and transformation in cell and animal tumor models. PMID- 6634777 TI - Chromosomes and carcinogenesis: public health application. PMID- 6634778 TI - Glycoproteins expressed on human tumor cell membranes. PMID- 6634779 TI - Studies on transformation of mammalian cells by human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and Ad5 DNA. PMID- 6634780 TI - The dysplastic nevus syndrome: a model for human preneoplastic traits. PMID- 6634781 TI - Mouse models and tumor metastases with special reference to the athymic nude mouse. PMID- 6634782 TI - Chromosomes, cancer genes and carcinogenesis. PMID- 6634783 TI - Genetic markers of cancer susceptibility. PMID- 6634784 TI - The evolution of germfree technology and cancer research. PMID- 6634785 TI - Psychological response of patients to protective environments. PMID- 6634786 TI - On the characteristics of tumor cells and host responses associated with metastatic potential. PMID- 6634787 TI - Analysis of some tissue processes involved in the propagation of cancer using histophysiologic gradient culture. PMID- 6634788 TI - 13th International Cancer Congress, Part D: Research and treatment. Proceedings of the 13th International Cancer Congress, September 8-15, 1982, Seattle, Washington. PMID- 6634789 TI - Microcarcinoma of the stomach measuring less than 5 mm in the largest diameter and its histogenesis. PMID- 6634790 TI - Morphologic aspects of the genesis of colo-rectal carcinoma and its relationship to adenoma. PMID- 6634791 TI - In search of human colon carcinogens: two approaches to their detection and identification. PMID- 6634792 TI - Food additives and coffee as risk factors. PMID- 6634793 TI - Multimodal approach in management of cancer pain. PMID- 6634794 TI - The biological bases for hyperthermia. PMID- 6634795 TI - The biological bases for the clinical application of hyperthermia as an adjuvant to radiotherapy. PMID- 6634796 TI - Clinical exploitation of biological phenomena in combined radiotherapy (RT) and local hyperthermia (HT). PMID- 6634797 TI - Impact of microcirculation and physiologic considerations on clinical hyperthermia. AB - Changes in tumor tissue oxygenation and acidity were determined using ultramicroelectrodes, and presented in histogram fashion. The effect of Hyperthermia and HpD phototherapy were tested. It was found that both modalities affect tumor microcirculation, causing a marked drop in oxygen availability. Tissue pH is decreased by Hyperthermia, but not by phototherapy. These effects are long lasting at least for 24 hours after treatment. PMID- 6634798 TI - Potential advantages of high LET radiation. PMID- 6634799 TI - Clinical experience of fast neutron therapy in Edinburgh. PMID- 6634801 TI - Management of cancer pain--importance of the problem. PMID- 6634800 TI - Heavy particle experience in the treatment of human cancer. PMID- 6634802 TI - The topical use of misonidazole in bladder cancer. AB - Penetration studies of MIS after intravesical administration showed adequate concentrations with a gradient across the tumor. After instillation of 2.5 g in 50 ml water the concentration in the deep parts of the tumor amounted to about 100 microgram per ml. This corresponds to a SER for hypoxic cell of the order of 1.7. A more uniform tissue distribution of the drug was noted 3.5 hours after an oral dose of 3 g/meter square. The concentration in the deep parts of the tumor and perivesical tissue was of the order of 100 micrograms/g. The concentration in these regions are relevant to preoperative irradiation which aims at sterilizing the deep infiltrating margins. The intravesical use with or without oral augmentation is suitable for use in association with concentrated preoperative radiotherapy regimens. The topical use of MIS in such regimens markedly reduces the risk of neurotoxicity. The tissue concentration resulting from the two routes proved to be additive. The higher concentration in lymph nodes after the oral route the greater concentration and prolonged contact after combined administration may have therapeutic merits. PMID- 6634803 TI - Neurological emergencies in cancer patients. PMID- 6634804 TI - Neoplasia associated superior vena cava syndrome. PMID- 6634805 TI - Cancer pain: evaluation of electromyographic and electrodermal feedback. PMID- 6634806 TI - Oncologic emergencies: metabolic derangements of clinical importance. PMID- 6634807 TI - Imaging techniques for detection and extent determination of cancer of the esophagus, stomach and colon. PMID- 6634808 TI - Imaging techniques for extent determination of Hodgkin's disease and non Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 6634809 TI - Myocutaneous flaps tumor surgery of the head and neck. PMID- 6634810 TI - Early detection--a component of prevention strategy of liver cancer. PMID- 6634811 TI - Carcinoma of the pancreas: progress or stalemate? AB - Has treatment for cancer of the pancreas progressed or has a stalemate been reached? This is a difficult question to answer. Cancer of the pancreas has several unique features. First, it has been an extremely difficult tumor to study because of its anatomic location and our present invasive and non-invasive studies have failed to provide for truly early detection of this disease when cure may be possible. Second, assuming that we are able to diagnose early, radical surgical resection (our best treatment to date) still carries a substantial morbidity and mortality. The direction certainly has to be in early detection and screening in the asymptomatic patient. To date all of our therapy is directed to the patient who already has symptoms. Diagnosis prior to this stage of the disease is imperative. This would entail the use of biological and serum antibody-type screening procedures with specific tumor markers and better epidemiologic studies to identify risk factors which would aid in screening procedures. It is apparent that present day techniques in the diagnosis and directions are needed before any significant improvement in survival rates are realized. PMID- 6634812 TI - Evaluation of nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems. III: materials, stability, toxicity, possibilities of targeting, and use. PMID- 6634813 TI - Effect of addition of a soluble and an insoluble drug on the disintegration of tablets made of microcrystalline cellulose and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate. PMID- 6634814 TI - Effect of 5-2',5'-dimethyl-phenyl-6-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3,3,0]octane on adjuvant induced disease. PMID- 6634815 TI - Antacid tablets strength and neutralization rate. PMID- 6634816 TI - The in situ transport of phenothiazines in relation to in vitro absorption models. PMID- 6634817 TI - [Gastroresistant coating of capsules using acrylic resins: technics of coating and in vivo trials]. PMID- 6634818 TI - [Bacteriologic testing of pharmaceutical syrups]. PMID- 6634819 TI - [Endorphins]. PMID- 6634820 TI - [Tri- and tetra-aryl (or -hetaryl)-methane compounds as drugs--chemistry, structure and principles of their action]. PMID- 6634821 TI - [A chemical definition of quinone terms]. PMID- 6634822 TI - [New information on the biological properties of various triterpene saponins]. PMID- 6634823 TI - First Congress of the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism. Munich, Germany, July 6-10, 1982. PMID- 6634824 TI - Aldehyde dehydrogenase in blood: a sensitive assay and inhibition by disulfiram. AB - The characteristics of human blood aldehyde dehydrogenase with indole-3 acetaldehyde as the substrate were investigated. Blood volumes of less than 25 microliter could be assayed. The Km-value was below 10 microM for indole-3 acetaldehyde and 100 microM for NAD+. The ALDH-activity appeared to be located exclusively in the intracellular fraction of the erythrocytes. Acetaldehyde or ethanol at concentrations up to 1 and 40 mM respectively did not affect the activity. Disulfiram caused a pronounced inhibition of the enzyme both in vitro and in vivo. The blood ALDH-activity in disulfiram-treated patients was not fully restored until 6 weeks after discontinuation of the treatment. The inhibition observed in vitro was reversed completely by 2-mercaptoethanol but only partially by glutathione. No restoration of activity in blood from disulfiram-treated patients was obtained with these two reagents. The inhibition found in vitro and in vivo was more pronounced when the assays were performed with indole-3 acetaldehyde than with acetaldehyde. The results suggest that different isozymes of ALDH are involved in the assay with these two substrates. PMID- 6634825 TI - Effects of magnesium and calcium on mitochondrial and cytosolic liver aldehyde dehydrogenases. AB - The effects of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions on the activities of mitochondrial and cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenases isolated from horse, rat, and beef livers were investigated in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.5, at 25 degrees C. As with the Mg2+ enhancement of the horse liver mitochondrial enzyme [17], Mg2+-activation was observed for the mitochondrial enzymes from rat and beef. The cytosolic enzymes from horse, rat, and beef livers were inhibited in the presence of Mg2+ ions. The effects of Ca2+ ions on the activity were essentially the same as those observed in the presence of Mg2+ ions; the mitochondrial isozymes were activated while the cytosolic isozymes were inhibited. The fact that only the activity of mitochondrial forms of mammalian liver aldehyde dehydrogenase was enhanced by Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions may be related to the in vivo regulation of aldehyde metabolism, a presumed mitochondrial event. PMID- 6634826 TI - The role of cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase in the metabolism of N-tele methylhistamine. AB - The subcellular distributions of aldehyde dehydrogenase activities towards acetaldehyde have been compared with those toward N-tele-methylimidazole acetaldehyde, the aldehyde derived from the oxidation of N-tele-methylhistamine. At high concentrations of acetaldehyde (3.0 mM), significant aldehyde dehydrogenase activity can be found in the mitochondrial, light mitochondrial, microsomal and cytoplasmic fractions whereas, when the activity is determined with 15 microM acetaldehyde, the enzyme activity is enriched only in the mitochondrial fraction suggesting that this organelle will be the dominant site for the metabolism of acetaldehyde derived from ingested ethanol. The activity towards N-tele-methylimidazole acetaldehyde was determined by generating this compound in the assay by the oxidation of N-tele-methylhistamine in the presence of beef plasma amine oxidase. At the low steady-state aldehyde concentrations that will be present in such an assay, only the cytoplasmic form of aldehyde dehydrogenase showed activity towards this substrate. PMID- 6634827 TI - Structural relationships among aldehyde dehydrogenases. AB - Two functional regions of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase were characterized before; other structures of homologous parts from isoenzymes have now been determined to obtain further information on the isoenzyme relationships. In a 22-residue region from the horse cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoenzymes, substitutions occur at 12 positions, including a continuous six-residue portion characterized by non conservative changes. In contrast, the same structure from the cytoplasmic isoenzyme shows exchanges at only three positions when compared to its counterpart from human cytoplasm. A similar estimate of substitution frequency between species is obtained from a larger sampling at 236 positions. Thus, the isoenzyme difference between aldehyde dehydrogenases from the same species is about five-fold greater than the species difference between corresponding isoenzymes. Hence, the relationship between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases, while recognizable, is distant. This is compatible with the fact that a property such as high sensitivity to disulfiram is a characteristic of only the cytoplasmic isoenzyme. PMID- 6634828 TI - Aldehyde oxidizing capacity of erythrocytes in normal and alcoholic individuals. AB - The acetaldehyde metabolizing capacity in blood of alcoholics and nonalcoholics was investigated by an improved head-space gas chromatographic method. Great individual and interindividual variability was observed. The mean acetaldehyde oxidizing capacity of 3.51 nmoles/min/ml erythrocyte suspension in alcoholics was significantly lower than the mean of 5.20 nmoles/min/ml in nonalcoholics. Furthermore, treatment of alcoholics with aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors reduced the acetaldehyde oxidizing capacity significantly (mean of 1.67 nmoles/min/ml). No acetaldehyde could be detected in blood of nonalcoholics who ingested 0.25 g ethanol/kg body weight whereas levels of 2-14 microM were detected in blood of alcoholics. After disulfiram, an elevation to 7-103 microM in blood of alcoholics was observed. PMID- 6634829 TI - Blood ethanol and acetaldehyde levels in Japanese alcoholics and controls. AB - Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozyme I deficiency in hair root samples from 105 healthy individuals and 72 alcoholics was determined using isoelectric focusing. From these individuals, 12 male alcoholics (2 with ALDH isozyme I deficiency and 10 normal) and 45 healthy controls (18 with ALDH isozyme I deficiency and 27 normal) were investigated for their blood ethanol and acetaldehyde levels by gas chromatography after an acute dose of alcohol (0.5 g ethanol/kg body wt.). Peak blood ethanol values of about 10 mmol/l were attained after 1 hour both in alcoholics and normal controls irrespective of their ALDH type. There was no significant difference in the blood ethanol level during the 5 hr post-drinking period in both the groups. Peak blood acetaldehyde concentration was significantly higher in healthy controls and alcoholics deficient in ALDH isozyme I after alcohol drinking (about 30 micro-mmol/l) than in individuals with normal ALDH isozyme I (3 micro-mmol/l). However, no significant difference in blood acetaldehyde was observed between alcoholics and controls. PMID- 6634830 TI - Human blood acetaldehyde concentration during ethanol oxidation (update 1982). AB - A wide variety of levels of human blood acetaldehyde have been reported in the past. During the last few years, however, it has become increasingly evident that most, if not all, of the previously observed acetaldehyde concentrations during normal (i.e., no deficiency in, or inhibition of, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity) ethanol oxidation merely reflected artefactual acetaldehyde formed during the analytical procedures. The artefactual acetaldehyde formation, which occurs mainly during blood protein precipitation, is effectively minimized by the recently improved PCA method in which blood is immediately mixed with a perchloric acid-saline solution, and by the semicarbazide method in which blood is treated with a fresh isotonic semicarbazide solution before removal of the plasma. Nevertheless, a procedure involving control blood with ethanol added should be employed to control for any artefactual acetaldehyde still produced. Based on the improved analytical procedures, no detectable acetaldehyde was found in the venous blood of Caucasian subjects after acute ethanol intake. PMID- 6634831 TI - Aldehyde dehydrogenase isozyme variation and alcoholism in Japan. AB - Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozyme composition in hair roots was determined using isoelectric focusing in 105 healthy individuals, 175 alcoholics, 86 schizophrenics and 47 drug dependents. The incidence of ALDH isozyme I deficiency in healthy populations in Japan was found to be about 40%. Among alcoholics, however, only 2.3% individuals had the isozyme deficiency. There was no difference between normal controls, schizophrenics and drug dependents regarding the incidence of ALDH isozyme I deficiency. These observations indicate a possible protective role of ALDH isozymes against alcoholism. The higher frequency of ALDH isozyme I deficiency in Japanese may explain why alcoholism in Japan has been less frequent than in European and North American countries. ALDH isozyme II was found in most of the tissues and erythrocytes. A higher frequency of individuals possessing lower ALDH activity in hemolysates was observed in alcoholics than that in controls. The activity of acid phosphatase was also reduced in alcoholics. Alcohol abuse might result in disturbed protein synthesis in the erythrocytes. PMID- 6634832 TI - Hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenases and lipid peroxidation. AB - Recent findings have shown that microsomal membrane lipid peroxidation generates a variety of reactive aldehydic products. The interaction of lipid peroxidation products with hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) was studied using rat liver subcellular fractions. The well-documented membrane peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) was studied to determine if ALDH isozymes play a role in metabolism of this aldehyde. The cytosolic and mitochondrial hepatic subcellular fractions were found to contain ALDH isozymes capable of oxidizing MDA. The kinetic properties of a cytosolic ALDH (Km of approximately 16 microM) suggest that this enzyme may be involved in the metabolism of MDA in vivo. Both the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions also contained an ALDH isozyme with Km values in the millimolar range. Addition of the cytosolic fraction of rat liver produced a significant decrease in the accumulation of MDA during CCl4-induced microsomal membrane lipid peroxidation but did not protect cytochrome P-450 from destruction. The mitochondrial low Km ALDH isozyme was found to be a target enzyme for inhibition during in vitro microsomal lipid peroxidation. These studies show that a select ALDH isozyme is sensitive to inhibition during membrane lipid peroxidation whereas other isozymes may be involved in the metabolism of aldehydic peroxidation products. PMID- 6634833 TI - Oxidation of acetaldehyde and presence of aldehyde dehydrogenase in rat erythrocytes. AB - Rat liver erythrocytes were found to oxidize acetaldehyde at 7 nmoles/min/ml blood at 37 degrees C. This is less than 1% the rate that occurs in liver. An aldehyde dehydrogenase was isolated from erythrocytes, but was not purified. The enzyme had a Km of 170 microM toward acetaldehyde at pH 7.4. The enzyme, which could oxidize both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, was more active at pH 9 than at 7. Disulfiram proved to be both an in vivo and in vitro inhibitor of the enzyme. Due to the low total capacity of the erythrocytes to metabolize acetaldehyde, it is doubtful they perform any important role in ethanol metabolism. PMID- 6634834 TI - The swift increase in alcohol metabolism (SIAM) in four inbred strains of mice. AB - Ethanol metabolism increases two to three hours after the administration of ethanol. This phenomenon, called the Swift Increase in Alcohol Metabolism (SIAM), has been compared in four inbred strains of mice (DBA/2J; C3H/HeJ; AKR/J; C57BL/6J). Basal rates of ethanol elimination were determined in individual mice after intraperitoneal injections of ethanol. Little variability in this basal rate of ethanol elimination was observed within each strain. Mice were then exposed to ethanol vapor for 4 hours. In both injected and treated mice the dose of ethanol was varied to produce blood ethanol levels ranging from 50 to 250 mg%. Ethanol elimination increased maximally 1.5 to 4-fold in all four strains following 4 hours of vapor treatment at the same blood ethanol level; however, the dose at which the maximal increase occurred differed among the strains. DBA/2J mice exhibited a maximal increase in the rate of ethanol elimination when ethanol concentrations were in the range of 30 to 50 mg%; the increase was smaller as the dose was increased. In contrast, AKR/J and C57BL/6J mice required 100 to 150 mg% ethanol to activate SIAM. These data indicate clearly that the SIAM effect is a common phenomenon, and that dose-response relations differ in various inbred strains of mice. PMID- 6634835 TI - NAD+-dependent ethanol oxidation: redox effects and rate limitation. AB - Effects of ethanol on interconversion of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone was studied in isolated hepatocytes. Oxidation and reduction catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase were markedly inhibited and stimulated, respectively. The changed ratio between the rates indicated that the ratio of NAD+ to NADH bound to alcohol dehydrogenase decreased several hundred times. This is much more than for the NAD+ system used by, e.g., lactate dehydrogenase, and deuterium from [1,1-2H2] ethanol was incorporated in cyclohexanol much more than in, e.g., lactate. These results indicate that the coenzyme bound to alcohol dehydrogenase is not equilibrated with free coenzyme. Thus, the dissociation of NADH might be rate limiting for ethanol oxidation. Deuterium transfer from chiral [1-2H] ethanols and [2-2H] glycerol in hepatocytes indicated that cytosolic malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were not completely equilibrated, whereas there was no difference in the utilization of NADH formed at alcohol dehydrogenase and at glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Fluxes in redox reactions during ethanol oxidation may be too high for equilibration of cytosolic dehydrogenases. PMID- 6634836 TI - Factors influencing rates of ethanol oxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The stimulation of ethanol oxidation by fructose which has frequently been observed in isolated hepatocytes was found to occur only in unsupplemented cells. In the presence of other substrates (lactate, pyruvate) which accelerate ethanol oxidation, fructose had no additional effect. Acceleration of ethanol oxidation by fructose was not directly related to the ATP demand created by fructose. The effects of fructose on ethanol oxidation rates were not due to changes in acetaldehyde concentration. In cells from fed animals, acetaldehyde concentrations rose as high as 200 microM in some incubations, and therefore became a significant factor limiting ethanol oxidation rates. In hepatocytes isolated from starved rats incubated with pyruvate, where acetaldehyde concentrations were very low, (1-2 microM) it was possible to assess the effect of changes in [lactate]/[pyruvate] (and hence free cytosolic NADH) on rates of ethanol oxidation. The results showed that the increase in free cytosolic [NADH] usually found during ethanol oxidation in vivo would inhibit rates of ethanol clearance by a maximum of 20%. PMID- 6634837 TI - 31-P NMR in the study of liver metabolism in vivo. AB - Continuous noninvasive readout of biochemical events in body tissues is the goal of many techniques and optical and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approaches seem to be at the forefront of these. Here we present a review of NMR methods for studying liver metabolism in vivo with special emphasis on methods of localizing the response appropriate to the liver itself and to the exclusion of surrounding tissues. The simplest and most direct method appears with the use of an implanted coil which enables a variety of NMR magnets to be used in this study. PMID- 6634838 TI - Relationship of alcohol metabolism to folate deficiency produced by ethanol in the rat. AB - Chronic ethanol use can lead to folic acid deficiency in humans. In rats, acute doses of ethanol produce a marked increase in urinary folate excretion, which precedes a decrease in plasma folate levels. To assess the role of ethanol and its metabolism in these effects, five groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally as follows: (1) ethanol in 4 doses of 1 g/kg each at 0, 1, 2 and 3 hr; (2) ethanol, as above, plus the alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor 4 methylpyrazole (4-MP) at 50 mg/kg IP 15 min prior to 0 hr; (3) glucose in 4 isocaloric doses; (4) glucose plus 4-MP as above; (5) methanol in 4 doses of 1 g/kg. Urinary folate levels (by Lactobacillus casei assay) peaked in both ethanol and methanol-treated rats at the same time as the urine alcohol levels (6-8 hr) and then declined with a similar time course. Urinary levels of formic acid, which is eliminated by oxidation by a folate-dependent pathway, were significantly increased by ethanol administration, thus indicating another ethanol-folate interaction. Concurrent administration of 4-MP suppressed the increased excretion of formate but had no effect on the increased excretion of folate in ethanol-treated rats. These studies suggest that ethanol has two distinct effects on folate metabolism, one dependent and one independent of ethanol metabolism. PMID- 6634839 TI - Determination of endogenous ethanol in blood and breath by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. AB - We describe methods for the determination of endogenous ethanol in biological specimens from healthy abstaining subjects. The analytical methods were headspace gas chromatography (GC) for plasma samples and gas chromatography-mass spectometry (GC/MS) with deuterium labelled species 2H3-ethanol and 2H5-ethanol as internal standards for breath analysis. Ethanol in rebreathed air was about 10% higher than in directly analysed end-expired alveolar air. Known volumes of rebreathed air were passed through a liquid-N2 freeze trap and the volatile constituents of breath were concentrated prior to analysis by GC or GC/MS. Besides endogenous ethanol, peaks were seen on the chromatograms for methanol, acetone and acetaldehyde as well as several as yet unidentified substances. The endogenous alcohols ethanol and methanol were confirmed from their mass chromatograms and the GC/MS profile also indicated the presence of endogenous propan-1-ol. The concentration of endogenous ethanol in plasma showed wide inter subject variations ranging from below detection limits to 1.6 micrograms/ml (34.8 mumol/l) and with mean +/- SD of 0.39 +/- 0.45 micrograms/ml (8.5 +/- 9.8 mumol/l). We aim to characterise further the role of endogenous ethanol with the main focus on dynamic aspects such as the rate of formation and turnover. PMID- 6634840 TI - Metabolic activation of cyanamide to an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase in vitro. AB - The inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (AIDH) by cyanamide is dependent on the conversion of the latter to an active metabolite. This accounts for the in vivo activity of cyanamide in raising ethanol-derived blood acetaldehyde levels to the mM range in the rat (ED50 for cyanamide = 0.11 mmole/kg) and its lack of inhibitory activity in vitro with purified AIDH enzymes. Liver mitochondria were shown to catalyze this activation. The Low Km mitochondrial AIDH isozyme was strongly inhibited by cyanamide when measured in intact rat liver mitochondria (I50 = 2.0 microM). Cyanamide also inhibited yeast AIDH when incubated in the presence, but not in the absence, of rat liver mitochondria (I50 = 7.8 microM). Using yeast AIDH activity as a measure of cyanamide activation, the subcellular distribution of the cyanamide-activating system was assessed. Microsomes plus an NADPH generating system were equally active as mitochondria in activating cyanamide. In the absence of NADPH, microsomal activity was about half that of mitochondria. Little or no activity was found in the cytosolic fraction. A series of cyanamide analogs and derivatives were screened for their ability to inhibit the low Km AIDH isozyme measured in intact mitochondria. Only monoalkylcyanamides exemplified by n-butylcyanamide showed significant inhibition. Other cyanamide analogs and derivatives including N-acetylcyanamide, the major urinary metabolite of cyanamide, were inactive in this system. PMID- 6634841 TI - Effects of ethanol metabolites on intermediary metabolism in heart muscle. AB - Isolated rat hearts were perfused by the Langendorff procedure to study the metabolic effects of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetate on the myocardium. Ethanol caused a slight decrease in the work output of the heart and concomitant changes in the oxygen consumption and cellular redox state. A low-Km (1 microM) acetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity was found in rat heart mitochondria, but an acetaldehyde concentration of 50 microM or higher was necessary to reduce tissue NAD+ in the isolated perfused heart. One hundred microM or higher concentrations of acetaldehyde caused an increase in the work output of the heart, with a concomitant oxidation of NADH. Acetaldehyde at a 50 microM concentration did not affect myocardial lipid metabolism. Acetate caused a reduction of mitochondrial NAD+, an increase in the coronary flow and an increase in the O2 consumption of the perfused heart. Practically all of the oxygen consumption could be accounted for by acetate oxidation. A 2 mM concentration of acetate inhibited the oxidation of oleate by 35% and stimulated oleate incorporation into myocardial lipids by 90%; therefore, it appears that the acute metabolic derangements of the heart muscle during ethanol metabolism in vivo are probably mainly caused by acetate. PMID- 6634842 TI - Effects of ethanol and sorbitol on mixed-function oxidation in perfused rat livers. AB - Ethanol (20 mM) caused 50-90% inhibition of rates of mixed-function oxidation of p-nitroanisole, 7-ethoxycoumarin and benzo(a)pyrene in perfused rat livers; however, the microsomal metabolism of these substrates was unaltered by low concentrations of ethanol. The metabolism of ethanol was required for this inhibition in the perfused liver. In contrast to ethanol, sorbitol stimulated rates of p-nitroanisole O-demethylation in perfused livers from fasted, phenobarbital-treated rats. Both sorbitol and ethanol infusion decreased the hepatic NAD+/NADH ratio; however, the NADP+/NADPH ratio was decreased by sorbitol but increased by ethanol. Stimulation of drug metabolism by sorbitol was abolished by pretreatment of fasted rats with 6-aminonicotinamide, an inhibitor of the pentose phosphate shunt. These data indicated that sorbitol stimulated p nitroanisole metabolism by providing NADPH via the pentose phosphate shunt. The changes in intracellular concentrations of NADPH produced by ethanol and sorbitol correlated directly with changes in hepatic content of citrate and aspartate. These data suggest that inhibition of the citric acid cycle by ethanol decreases the movement of mitochondrial reducing equivalents into the cytosol via substrate shuttle mechanisms. PMID- 6634843 TI - Ethanol interaction with drug acetylation in vivo and in vitro. AB - The acute effect of ethanol on sulfadimidine or procainamide pharmacokinetics was studied in healthy drug-free volunteers. Ethanol treatment increased the elimination rate, as well as the amount of acetylated drug measured in blood and urine. No changes of apparent volume of distribution or renal drug clearance were found. In three out of seven slow acetylators tested, the rate of acetylation increased so noticeably after ethanol that they would otherwise have been classified as rapid acetylators. Using suspensions of isolated rat liver parenchymal cells, the effect of ethanol, acetate, citrate, pyruvate, and L( )carnitine on acetylation of sulfanilamide and procainamide was studied. Ethanol treatment enhanced sulfanilamide acetylation, whereas the acetylation of procainamide was unchanged. Acetate, citrate, and pyruvate treatment enhanced the acetylation of both drugs. Acetate treatment increased both Km and Vmax of both sulfanilamide and procainamide acetylation. In rat liver homogenates, acetyl-CoA increased the rate of sulfanilamide acetylation in a dose-dependent manner. PMID- 6634844 TI - Ethanol interaction with propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Suspensions of isolated rat hepatocytes (approximately 7.5 X 10(5) cells/ml) metabolized added propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene rapidly. At 2 microM, the metabolism of both drugs obeyed first-order elimination kinetics. Increasing propoxyphene concentrations (1, 2, 4 and 8 microM) gradually increased the medium concentrations of norpropoxyphene. The total propoxyphene metabolism was the same at 4 and 8 microM. The effect of ethanol (10 and 60 mM) on propoxyphene (2 microM) and norpropoxyphene (2 microM) metabolism in suspensions of isolated rat hepatocytes was studied. The half-lives of propoxyphene were 7.1 +/- 5.5 min in absence and 6.7 +/- 2.8 min in presence of 10 mM ethanol, but increased to 10.7 +/- 5.8 min in presence of 60 mM ethanol (p less than 0.05). The half-lives of added norpropoxyphene increased from 17.9 +/- 4.1 min to 26.0 +/- 7.3 min at 10 mM ethanol (p less than 0.05) and 29.3 +/- 5.9 min at 60 mM ethanol (p less than 0.05). Ethanol (60 mM) reduced the elimination rate constant of propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene by 31 +/- 25% and 38 +/- 15%, respectively. PMID- 6634845 TI - Male reproductive tract sensitivity to ethanol: a critical overview. AB - While endocrinological effects of acute and chronic ethanol ingestion have been extensively reviewed, a survey of ethanol induced functional and physical perturbations of the male reproductive tract remains lacking. A brief overview of recent literature concerned with ethanol sensitivity of various components of the reproductive tract is presented. Clinical findings are reviewed as they relate to the possible pathogenesis of alcohol-related testicular atrophy. Currently available animal models for the study of ethanol-induced male reproductive failure are discussed. Attempts have been made to separate the contribution of ethanol per se from secondary factors, such as hepatic dysfunction and nutritional deficiency, to manifestations of male infertility. Studies directed toward elucidating the mechanism(s) by which ethanol exerts its inhibitory effect on testicular steroidogenesis are discussed. Finally, evidence suggesting an effect of ethanol on the functional integrity of other components of the reproductive tract is reviewed. It is concluded that ethanol is a male reproductive tract toxin. Future clinical studies of alcoholics afflicted with testicular atrophy, but having normal liver histology, will be of great value in efforts to identify the mechanisms by which chronic ethanol ingestion results in reproductive impairment. Similar benefits will be realized in laboratory experimentation, in which models are employed that describe ethanol-induced infertility, while minimizing nutritional factors and hepatic involvement, and control for the reproductive maturity of the organism. PMID- 6634846 TI - Interaction of alcohol and zinc in fetal dysmorphogenesis. AB - The interaction of low doses of alcohol and marginal zinc deficiency during gestation was studied in pregnant mice and their fetuses. The combination of the two agents at subteratogenic doses was related to increased external and internal defects. Pregnant mice fed a diet containing 10 micrograms/g zinc were orally dosed with 2.0 micrograms/g of 50% ethanol for 18 days of pregnancy. Fetuses from these dams presented with more fetal defects than fetuses from control dams. Analysis of maternal livers showed a significant effect of alcohol on liver magnesium and zinc. Changes in fetal heart zinc levels were the only significant tissue effect of alcohol in the fetus. PMID- 6634847 TI - Neonatal ethanol exposure: effects on adult behavior and brain growth parameters. AB - Neonatal rats were reared using an artificial feeding technique from postnatal day 4 through 18. On postnatal day 4 through 7, some animals were given ethanol in their milk formula with the remaining animals serving as controls. The ethanol was given in amounts that have been shown to induce microcephaly when animals are examined at 18 days after birth. In this study, on postnatal day 18, all animals were weaned and allowed ad lib food and water until they were sacrificed at 60 days of age. When the animals were 30 days old, they were tested on a battery of behavioral tasks (nose poke, passive avoidance, and open field). No differences were found between the ethanol exposed animals and their controls on passive avoidance or nose poke activity. Ethanol-exposed female animals showed increased activity compared to their controls in the open field. There were no differences in open field activity between the ethanol exposed males and their controls. An examination of brain growth parameters (wet weights, DNA, cholesterol and protein content) showed no difference between the brains of ethanol-exposed males compared to controls at 60 days of age, regardless of brain parameter or brain area studied (forebrain, cerebellum or brainstem). The brains of ethanol-exposed females, however, had considerably less catch-up growth, with the ethanol effect on the cerebellum being very similar to that observed at 18 days of age. The results imply that sex and the time of ethanol exposure may interact to determine the ability of the brain to develop following a neonatal alcohol insult. PMID- 6634848 TI - Acute alcohol intoxication, mood states and alcohol metabolism in women and men. AB - The course of alcohol absorption and elimination was investigated in seven women and nine men administered a moderate (0.66 ml/kg) dose of 95% ethanol. Women were tested during the postmenstrual phase (Day 6-7), when levels of estrogen and progesterone were estimated to be relatively low. Data reflecting alterations in physical sensations, perceived levels of intoxication, and positive and negative mood states were also collected. Women reached significantly higher peak blood alcohol concentrations (BAC's) than men (p less than 0.01). However, differences in peak BAC's between men and women could be explained by differences in body water content between the sexes. When the raw data on BAC's were corrected for differences in body water content between men and women, no difference in the amount of alcohol metabolized, or in the length of time necessary to metabolize that amount of alcohol, could be found between the sexes. Although women attained higher blood and, presumably, brain levels of ethanol, men did not differ from women in perceived levels of intoxication, physical sensations and mood states. Acute alcohol intoxication appeared to elevate positive mood states during the ascending limb of the BAC curve, but was associated with increased negative affect during the descending limb. PMID- 6634849 TI - Central nervous system noradrenaline metabolism and alcohol consumption in man. AB - The levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy ethyleneglycol, MOPEG, the main metabolite of noradrenaline in the CNS, were determined in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid of healthy male volunteers. The subjects had been alcohol-free for at least one week and were investigated after intake of 60, 80 or 120 g of ethanol. One week before or after the experiment control samples were obtained. All subjects showed increased MOPEG levels during intoxication, and the MOPEG elevation was significantly correlated to blood ethanol concentration. During control conditions MOPEG levels were fairly constant over time but there were higher levels at night than in the morning. The baseline levels of MOPEG were negatively correlated to the reported habitual alcohol intake of the subjects, and also to the occurrence of dependency traits in their drinking pattern. Subjects with first-degree relatives with alcohol problems had lower MOPEG levels than the rest. Assuming that changes of MOPEG levels in cerebrospinal fluid are dependent on changes of central nervous system noradrenaline turnover, the results indicate that alcohol intoxication is related to a central noradrenergic stimulation, and that the activity of central noradrenaline systems is of importance for longterm alcohol habits in man. PMID- 6634850 TI - Changes in cholinergic activity in human hippocampus following chronic alcohol abuse. AB - Cholinergic mechanisms in the hippocampus seem to play a role in memory function. Since it is well known that chronic alcoholics often have a disturbed memory function, the cholinergic activity of the hippocampus has been measured in 20 chronic alcoholics and 14 controls, post-mortem. Of the alcoholics, 13 were classified as "intoxicated" alcoholics and 7 as "sober" alcoholics, i.e., without ethanol in blood or urine at the time of death. A lower, although not significantly lower activity of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, presynaptic marker) was measured in the hippocampus of the chronic alcoholics as compared to the control group. A trend towards a lower number of muscarine-like binding sites was also observed for the alcoholic group, but was only significant for the oldest group of alcoholics (59-68 years; -30%; p less than 0.01) in comparison to controls. No significant change in the number of nicotine-like binding sites was found. A normal aging process with degenerative nerve cell changes might, in combination with an excessive intake of ethanol, lead to the more pronounced decrease in muscarine-like binding sites found for the older alcoholics. PMID- 6634851 TI - Functional significance of hepatocyte heterogeneity for glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. AB - Hepatocytes from the periportal (afferent) and perivenous (efferent) zone of the liver parenchyma differ in their enzyme distribution and subcellular structures. The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis are predominant in the periportal zone, those of glycolysis in the perivenous zone. The heterogeneous expression of the genome in hepatocytes is apparently caused by the periportal to perivenous gradient in oxygen- and hormone-concentrations as well as by a different autonomic innervation of the parenchymal zones. The model of "metabolic zonation" suggests that, in concordance with the distribution of the key enzymes, gluconeogenesis would be predominantly catalyzed by periportal hepatocytes, while glycolysis would be preferentially mediated by perivenous cells. This model is corroborated by a calculation of the flux at the glucose/glucose-6-phosphate cycle in vivo in the periportal and perivenous zone and by a determination of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic rate in "periportal" and "perivenous" hepatocytes induced in cell culture. PMID- 6634852 TI - Low Km ALDH isozyme and alcoholic liver injury. AB - To assess the relationship between the polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozyme and alcoholic liver injury, ALDH isozyme was analyzed by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis in hair roots from normal volunteers and alcoholics with chronic liver disease. Liver biopsy specimens from alcoholics and non-alcoholics with chronic liver disease were also analyzed. It was found that (1) the frequency of low Km ALDH isozyme in hair roots from chronic alcoholics with liver injury was 90%, which was significantly higher than those from normal volunteers (44%) and from non-alcoholics with chronic liver disease (56%); (2) the isozyme pattern of liver specimens analyzed coincided with that of hair roots; (3) the low Km ALDH isozyme-positive subjects including alcoholics showed no facial flushing, and negative subjects showed facial flushing after drinking alcohol. It is concluded that a much higher frequency of low Km ALDH isozyme was found in chronic alcoholics with liver injury. There was no apparent difference in hepatic biochemical and histological findings between chronic alcoholics with and without low Km ALDH isozyme, suggesting that acetaldehyde does not play a primary role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. PMID- 6634853 TI - Inhibition of ethanol- and aldehyde-induced release of ethane from isolated perfused rat liver by pargyline and disulfiram. AB - Acute addition of ethanol or acetaldehyde to the isolated, perfused rat liver leads to an increase in ethane and n-pentane release. These volatile hydrocarbons are known to originate from the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effects are half-maximal at 0.5 mM ethanol or 20 microM acetaldehyde in the entering perfusate. Propionaldehyde and benzaldehyde are also able to elicit ethane release. Pargyline and disulfiram, inhibitors of aldehyde oxidation, inhibited the extra ethane release in all cases. The inhibitory effect of pargyline is suppressed during addition of metyrapone. The study indicates that the oxidation of acetaldehyde and not of ethanol itself is the step responsible for increased ethane formation by the perfused rat liver during ethanol infusion. PMID- 6634854 TI - On the characteristics of alcohol-induced liver enlargement and its possible hemodynamic consequences. AB - Chronic consumption of alcohol leads to an increase in liver weight, primarily due to an increase in hepatocyte volume. About 50-60% of such an increase is due to an increase in intracellular water. Accumulation of intracellular K+ osmotically accounts for about one half of the increase in intracellular water, while an increase in soluble proteins plays only a minor role in such an increase in cell volume. The increase in intracellular water is accompanied by a relative reduction in water in the extracellular space, probably due to compression of the extracellular volume by the enlarged hepatocytes. It is suggested that such an increase in hepatocyte size, with an attending reduction of the extracellular volume, results in an increased resistance to blood flow through the liver and thus in an increase in portal pressure. In alcoholics, portal and intrahepatic pressure correlate with cell size both in cirrhotics (r = 0.79) and in non cirrhotics (r = 0.74), thus suggesting that cell enlargement plays a major role in the production of portal hypertension in the alcoholic. PMID- 6634855 TI - Hypoxic hepatocellular injury. AB - Low flow hypoxia to the isolated, perfused rat liver produced stable, circumscribed zones of virtual anoxia which were confined to centrilobular regions of the liver lobule. As a result, centrilobular hepatocytes were injured while periportal tissue was spared. In hypoxic areas, blebs of hepatocyte plasma membrane cytoplasm protruded into sinusoids through fenestrations of the endothelium, evidently as a result of disruption of the cytoskeleton. Upon resumption of normal flow rates (reoxygenation), blebs disappeared and hepatocytes decreased markedly in volume. Concomitantly, sinusoids widened, endothelial fenestrations dilated, and lactate dehydrogenase activity appeared in the effluent. Filtration of perfusates following resumption of flow yielded cytoplasmic fragments, and it was concluded that blebs were released into the circulation. This shedding of cytoplasmic fragments may represent the cellular basis for the appearance of hepatic enzymes in the sera of patients with liver disease. PMID- 6634856 TI - Biochemical mode of action of a hepatoprotective drug: observations on (+) catechin. AB - (+)-Catechin inhibits the hepatic lipid accumulation resulting from chronic ethanol ingestion in the rat. Experiments have been carried out to determine the mechanisms underlying this effect. Ethanol was administered (2.0 g/kg intraperitoneally) to Wistar rats and 90 min later 1 microCi [U-14C] palmitic acid injected intraperitoneally. Animals were sacrificed 10 min after injection of palmitate and the liver freeze-clamped. Ethanol caused a 250% increase in the hepatic lactate:pyruvate (L:P) ratio and a 100% increase in the amount of [U-14C] palmitate incorporated into the hepatic lipids when compared with controls. Pretreatment of animals with (+)-catechin (200 mg/kg orally) at 24 and 0 hr before ethanol caused significant reductions in the L:P ratio and amount of radioactivity incorporated into hepatic lipids, when compared with animals receiving ethanol alone. (+)-Catechin also stimulated 14CO2 production from [1 14C] palmitate by liver slices taken from rats 90 min after ethanol administration. Thus, (+)-catechin appears to mediate its effect on fat accumulation partly by correcting the ethanol-induced alterations in hepatic redox state as there is no evidence of the drug inhibiting ethanol metabolism. PMID- 6634857 TI - Changes of hepatic microtubules and secretory proteins in human alcoholic liver disease. AB - It has been shown that alcohol consumption disrupts liver microtubules, impairs protein secretion and leads to ballooning of the hepatocytes in rats. Ethanol induced hepatomegaly was accounted for by an increase of the hepatocytes volume. To study whether these changes occur in human alcoholic liver disease, hepatic tubular protein and export protein content were measured in 29 cases of alcoholic liver disease and were compared with those of 37 cases of non-alcoholic liver disease and 5 cases of non-hepatobiliary disease. Hepatic polymerized tubulin was significantly decreased in alcoholic liver disease compared to non-alcoholic liver disease (p less than 0.01), while free tubulin was increased in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatic transferrin (one of the export proteins) content was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) and serum transferrin level was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in alcoholic liver disease than in non alcoholic liver disease. These findings indicated that even in humans, chronic alcohol consumption decreased hepatic microtubules by impairing polymerization of tubular protein and increased hepatic export protein content. This decrease in hepatic microtubules by chronic alcohol consumption may play an important role in the development of human alcoholic liver disease. PMID- 6634858 TI - Acute effects of alcohol on photic evoked potentials of rats: lateral geniculate nucleus and reticular formation. AB - This study examined the effects of ethanol on photic evoked potentials recorded from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and midbrain reticular formation (MRF) of chronically implanted albino rats. Animals were given intraperitoneal injections of saline, or of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.5 g ethanol/kg body weight on separate days. Evoked potentials were recorded at 5, 20, 40 and 60 min following injection. An early positive component recorded from each structure was depressed in amplitude by only the 2.5 g/kg alcohol dose, while the succeeding negative component was depressed by both the 1.5 and 2.5 g/kg doses. Latencies of both early components in each structure were increased by the 1.5 and 2.5 g/kg alcohol doses. Alcohol doses of 1.0-2.5 g/kg depressed the amplitude of a later positive component in the LGN (latency of 78 msec), but latency was not altered. In contrast, a late positive component in the MRF (latency of 150 msec) was both decreased in amplitude and increased in latency by only the 2.5 g/kg dose. These results on subcortical structures are discussed in relation to alcohol's effects on cortical evoked potentials. PMID- 6634859 TI - Cerebellar role in the differential ethanol sensitivity of long sleep and short sleep mice. AB - Two lines of mice have been selectively bred for differential sleep time responses to ethanol. Long sleep (LS) mice sleep over an order of magnitude longer than short sleep (SS) mice. We have found that these behavioral sensitivities are also reflected in the responsiveness of cerebellar Purkinje neurons in those two mouse lines in situ and in intraocular cerebellar brain grafts. The differential sensitivity of Purkinje cells to the depressant effects of ethanol appears to be an intrinsic property of the cerebellum and shows a high genetic correlation with the hypnotic effects of this drug as measured by sleep time. Sleep time studies of neonatally cerebellectomized LS and SS mice indicate that the cerebellum is not the primary determinant of the sensitivity of these mice to the soporific effects of ethanol. The sleep time of SS, but not LS mice, was altered by cerebellectomy suggesting that the cerebellum has different influences on the ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex in these two mouse lines. PMID- 6634860 TI - Alcohol consumption, neuropsychological status and computer-tomographic findings in a random sample of men and women from the general population. AB - There was no correlation between reported amount of alcohol consumed on each drinking occasion per se and neuropsychological and neuroradiological signs of cerebral disorder in age-stratified random sample of 200 men and 200 women taken from the general population. Furthermore, moderate to heavy social drinking as assessed by an index based on amount of alcohol consumed on each drinking occasion and the responses to some other alcohol-habit questions was not associated with signs of cerebral disorder. Alcohol dependence, however, was associated with signs often diagnosed in alcoholic patients but milder in degree. There were indications of important differences between men and women with regard to the relationship between advanced alcohol-habits and cerebral disorder. PMID- 6634861 TI - Learned tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of alcohol in rats. AB - Ethanol (1.5 g/kg, IP) administered to kindled rats blocked the seizures normally elicited in these subjects by electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Tolerance to this anticonvulsant effect developed following a series of ethanol injections only when the amygdaloid stimulation was administered during the periods of ethanol intoxication. Control subjects stimulated each day prior to ethanol administration displayed no tolerance to ethanol's anticonvulsant effects. Such findings emphasize the important role of learning in the development of alcohol tolerance and support the view that tolerance develops more rapidly for responses that are affected by the alcohol exposure. PMID- 6634862 TI - Tetrahydro-beta-carbolines: effect on alcohol intake in rats. AB - Some beta-carbolines, such as tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THBC) and 6-methoxy THBC, occur normally in mammalian tissues, and 1-methyl-THBC has been found in human blood after alcohol intake. Continuous intraventricular (ICV) infusion of THBC and 1-methyl-THBC for 14 days was shown to increase voluntary alcohol intake in rats during the second week of infusion. In this study the experimental arrangement was slightly modified. Alcohol was offered for 7 days before the start of the 14 days of ICV infusion with Alzet minipumps and alcohol concentration (3-30% v/v) was increased every second day. The rats consumed less alcohol in the second day with the same concentration. Also, the dose of 47 nmoles/hr of 1-Me-THBC increased the voluntary alcohol intake over the controls, but only during the last 7 days. The same dose of 6-MeO-THBC, a serotonergic beta carboline, was ineffective. Neither drug changed the total fluid intake. This study suggests that the increased voluntary alcohol intake by THBC's is not due to their serotonergic effect. A hypothesis concerning a possible involvement of opiate receptors is presented. PMID- 6634863 TI - Pharmacogenetics of alcohol's CNS effect: implications for the etiology of alcoholism. AB - The electroencephalogram (EEG) offers several advantages for genetics, because it combines trait and state characteristics. In a twin study it could be demonstrated that the effect of an acute ethanol dose on the CNS as assessed by the EEG is under genetic control. Among the various genetically determined variants of the EEG, the poorly synchronized alpha EEG exhibits the most pronounced response. The examination of a series of alcoholics of both sexes as well as first-degree relatives of them revealed that in females the poorly synchronized alpha EEG may be a disposing factor for alcoholism. This result supports the idea that the disposition to alcoholism is under genetic influence not only at the metabolic but also at the pharmacodynamic level. PMID- 6634864 TI - Circadian variation in effects of ethanol in man. AB - Twenty normal male volunteers received an intoxicating dose of oral ethanol (2 ml/kg vodka) and impairment of psychological functioning was documented over the succeeding 90 min. Half the subjects received ethanol at 0900 hr and half at 1800 hr. Those who received ethanol in the morning performed worse in tests of reaction time (p less than 0.002) and logical reasoning (p less than 0.002), even though blood alcohol levels were similar in the two groups. It is concluded that there is a circadian rhythm in the effects of ethanol in man. PMID- 6634865 TI - Ethanol-induced hyperglycemia mediated by the central nervous system. AB - A marked difference in ethanol-induced hyperglycemia was found in two lines of mice (LS/Ibg and SS/Ibg) with differential central nervous system sensitivity to ethanol. The LS/Ibg line had a greater sensitivity to the ethanol-induced hyperglycemia, but this difference was not found after administration of hypnotic doses of pentobarbital or halothane. The two lines did not differ in their response to glucose tolerance tests. Fasting, adrenalectomy, and pretreatment with alpha- and beta-adrenergic antagonists (dibenamine and propranolol) eliminated the ethanol-induced hyperglycemic response. Results from intracerebroventricular injections of ethanol indicated that the ethanol-induced hyperglycemia was mediated by the central nervous system. PMID- 6634866 TI - A two-site model for the esterase and dehydrogenase activities of sheep liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. AB - Although aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) from sheep liver cytosol has a broad specificity, it will not oxidize the aldehyde group of glyoxylic acid which is in fact an inhibitor of the enzyme. The inhibition pattern is non-linear but competitive at high propionaldehyde concentrations (2-20 mM); however, a simple non-competitive pattern is observed at low (less than 100 microM) propionaldehyde concentrations (Ki = 1.6 mM). The esterase activity was unaffected by glyoxylic acid in the absence of NAD+ but a simple competitive inhibition pattern (Ki = 2.5 mM) was observed with respect to 4-nitrophenyl acetate in the presence of NAD+. The data require a two-site model in which ester and aldehyde binding sites are distinct but with a second propionaldehyde molecule, and glyoxylic acid, binding at or near the ester binding site. Consistent with this model is the fact that chloral hydrate was a non-competitive inhibitor of the esterase activity in the presence of NAD+ but a competitive inhibitor in its absence. The enzyme exhibited hysteretic behavior governed by the protonated form of an ionizable group with an apparent pKa of 7.55. PMID- 6634867 TI - Comparative study of erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase in alcoholics and control subjects. AB - Human erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH, EC 1.2.1.3) shows a single activity band on starch gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel (pI = 5.0-5.3). The erythrocyte enzyme is identical with the slower migrating, disulfiram-sensitive human liver ALDH isozyme II. Significantly decreased activity of erythrocyte ALDH was observed in chronic alcoholics when compared with healthy controls and non-alcoholic psychiatric and gastrointestinal patients. The measurement of ALDH in erythrocyte lysates may offer yet another sensitive and specific biochemical marker of alcoholism. PMID- 6634868 TI - Interaction of human cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase E1 with disulfiram. AB - Two equivalents of symmetrically labeled [14C]-disulfiram (tetraethylthiuram disulfide, Antabuse) interact with human liver cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) E1 (E.C. 1.2.1.3) inhibiting ca. 90% of total catalytic activity. Inhibition occurs without labeling of the enzyme but is associated with disappearance of four SH groups per molecule of enzyme. Inhibition is reversible by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol suggesting that disulfiram oxidizes vicinal enzyme SH groups to disulfides. The radioactivity from disulfiram is recovered as diethyldithiocarbamate. SDS gel electrophoresis indicates that vicinal SH groups involved in the interaction with disulfiram occur on the same subunits. This is also consistent with the fact that introduction of disulfide bonds by disulfiram is not accompanied by a major conformational change as evidenced by fluorescence polarization or circular dichroism. Experiments with o-iodosobenzoate suggest the presence of a third SH group in the vicinity of the two interacting with disulfiram. Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase by disulfiram is not easily reversible by glutathione which might explain why new protein synthesis is required to regain enzyme activity in vivo. PMID- 6634869 TI - Opiate effects on isolation-induced hyperthermia. AB - The effect of brief separation from companions on temperature was studied in 24 day-old chickens. It was found that socially isolated animals became hyperthermic. Alternatively, control animals maintained in groups larger than 6 animals displayed no differences in temperature between the pre- and post-test. Injections of naloxone produced dose-dependent temperature increases in socially housed animals. Finally, while morphine reversed isolation hyperthermia, it had little or no effect on temperature in animals that remained in social groups throughout the experiment. The findings are discussed in terms of endogenous opioid involvement in separation distress and social bonding. PMID- 6634870 TI - The influence of environmental variables on amphetamine-induced activity in the preweanling rat. AB - The present experiments investigated how environmental stimuli influence a behavioral response to amphetamine treatment in preweanling rats. In the first experiment, 15-day-old rats received either 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine or saline and were observed in the presence of their home shavings or in a novel cage. Results showed that although familiar cues from the home bedding decreased activity of the saline treated pups, these cues did not influence the activity-enhancing effect of amphetamine. In Experiment 2, 15-day-old pups were placed in a cage with an anesthetized adult conspecific and non-directed activity, around the cage, as well as directed activity on top of the adult were recorded. Following amphetamine treatment, animals tested with a conspecific showed no increase in non-directed activity, a finding which replicates previous observations. In the present experiment, however, a significant increase was seen in the activity directed towards or on top of the anesthetized adult. These experiments reveal that familiar cues per se are not sufficient to influence amphetamine-induced activity in young rats. Activity is influenced, specifically if familiar cues are associated with a discrete object. In the presence of a familiar stimulus, non directed activity is decreased and directed activity is enhanced. These data are discussed in terms of clinical findings which show that amphetamine acts to focus, or direct activity of the hyperactive child, and further underlines the importance of environmental variables in influencing the amphetamine response. PMID- 6634871 TI - Tolerance to amphetamine-induced inhibition of neuronal activity in the central amygdaloid nucleus. AB - Rats were pretreated twice daily for 5 consecutive days with saline or 2.5 mg/kg d-amphetamine. Approximately 12 hr after the last injection, neuronal activity was recorded bilaterally from the central amygdaloid nucleus (CAN) and the animals were challenged every 2 min with 0.2 mg/kg d-amphetamine or with increasing incremental doses of apomorphine. In saline controls, all CAN neurons were inhibited by the 5th amphetamine injection and two-thirds were suppressed by 0.64 mg/kg apomorphine. In amphetamine-pretreated animals, on the other hand, the majority of CAN neurons failed to respond even by the 10th amphetamine injection and less than one-third were inhibited by apomorphine even at a dose of 2.56 mg/kg. These results indicate that tolerance develops to the inhibitory effects of d-amphetamine in the CAN and that this effect is mediated, at least in part, by a decrease in the sensitivity of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. PMID- 6634872 TI - Nalmefene decreases meal size, food and water intake and weight gain in Zucker rats. AB - Opioids are proposed to play a role in the control of food intake since administration of opioids increase food intake while administration of opioid antagonists decrease food intake. In these experiments responses to a new opioid antagonist, nalmefene, were measured in Zucker obese and lean rats. In obese male rats 1 mg/kg nalmefene decreased the size of the first meal after a 10-hr fast and decreased 14-hr food intake, indicating nalmefene is relatively long-acting. Administration of 1 mg/kg nalmefene daily for 7 days decreased average meal size and daily food intake and increased meal frequency; feeding responses on day 7 were similar to those on day 1, suggesting a lack of development of tolerance. Food and water intake and weight gain during a 3-week treatment period were decreased more in lean rats by low doses of nalmefene (up to 0.25 mg/kg) and more in obese rats by higher doses of nalmefene (0.50 mg/kg). These responses to a new opioid antagonist further support a possible role for opioids in the control of food intake. PMID- 6634873 TI - Facilitation of an operant task in the rat following injection of whole brain extract. AB - It has been shown that the administration of trained donor brain extract to naive rats results in facilitation of performance on the same task. In the present study a group of food deprived rats was trained to press a lever for food on a continuous schedule of reinforcement until they reached criterion. The animals were then sacrificed, their brains excised, homogenized and the small proteins (m.w. less than 3500) extracted. A group of untrained rats was also sacrificed and their brains extracted. Three groups of rats were used as recipients, receiving either trained donor or untrained donor brain extract or saline. The animals were tested individually for one-hour sessions at 18, 42 and 66 hours after the injection. The number of bar presses made by each rat was noted and the group mean plus or minus the standard deviation were calculated for each session. The results of a one-way analysis of variance showed that the group which received trained donor brain extract performed at a higher rate than either control group. These data suggest that some factor, (specific or non-specific), associated with the task has been transferred. PMID- 6634875 TI - The effects of morphine sulphate on ovulation in the immature rat treated with PMSG. AB - Two experiments were carried out on the effects on ovulation of morphine sulfate administered prior to the preovulatory LH surge in the immature rat treated with PMSG. At the commencement of the experiments, rats were 30 days old. In Experiment 1 all rats were injected subcutaneously with 12 IU of PMSG at 1200 hr on day 30. Doses of 6, 12, 24 and 36 mg/kg of morphine were given IP at 1555 hr on day 32. Examination of oviducts on the morning of day 33 enabled the verification of ovulation as well as oocyte counts. Results suggest that the effect of morphine on ovulation is biphasic resulting in the stimulation of ovulation at low doses (6 mg/kg) and inhibition of ovulation at high doses (24 and 36 mg/kg). In Experiment 2, rats injected with a low dose of PMSG sufficient to result in ovarian maturation but not in a preovulatory LH surge, were injected on the eve of day 32 with either saline, 6 or 24 mg/kg morphine. The treatment of rats with 6 mg/kg morphine significantly increased mean ovulatory values compared with control and 24 mg/kg morphine conditions. Further, the percentage of 6 mg/kg treated rats ovulating was more than that of both control and 24 mg/kg morphine conditions. The failure of rats treated with 24 mg/kg morphine to display increments in ovulatory response similar to 6 mg/kg morphine injected rats suggests that increased ovulation is not due to the ability of morphine to cause adrenal progesterone release but is more probably the result of LH release at low doses of morphine. PMID- 6634874 TI - Drug-induced changes in motor activity after selective MAO inhibition. AB - The increase in motor activity produced in mice by phenylethylamine (PEA), L-DOPA and amphetamine was evaluated after selective inhibition of MAO Type A (by clorgyline) or Type B (by low doses of pargyline). PEA-induced motor stimulation was intensified in the presence of MAO-B inhibition, but not when MAO-A was inhibited. This was paralleled by higher concentrations of brain and plasma PEA (after injection) in mice in which there was inhibition of MAO-B compared with control or MAO-A inhibition. Conversely, L-DOPA produced significant stimulation only when MAO-A was inhibited. The clorgyline pretreatment resulted in larger increases in brain dopamine concentrations (in the striatum, olfactory tubercles and in the area containing the substantia nigra) than did MAO-B inhibition. This effect occurred both in mice receiving L-DOPA + inhibitor and in mice receiving the inhibitor alone. Amphetamine-induced stimulation was increased following the inhibition of either form of MAO, and this was not the result of changes in the distribution or metabolism of amphetamine. These results support the concept that MAO-A and MAO-B deaminate different substrates in the rodent CNS and that amphetamine may utilize either dopamine or PEA in producing its stimulant effects. PMID- 6634876 TI - Long-lasting reduction in ethanol selection after involuntary intake of ethanol/chlordiazepoxide. AB - C57BL/6J mice, after having been exposed to a free-choice condition between water and aqueous chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 25 mg/100 ml) or between water and ethanol/CDP, showed a significant trend for decreased preference for ethanol when tested 2 weeks later. Similarly, mice previously exposed to a no-choice intake of ethanol showed a significant decrease in ethanol preference when tested subsequently. A long-lasting (greater than 20 weeks) reduction in ethanol selection developed after mice were previously exposed to ethanol/CDP in a no choice condition. This was also accompanied by a decrease in the subsequent selection of ethanol/CDP, but not CDP. The exact mechanisms for the long-lasting decrease in ethanol selection was unknown, but it was not due to the development of fluid aversion. It is suggested that the combined central effects of ethanol/CDP might be partially responsible. PMID- 6634877 TI - Unilateral injection of GABA agonists in the superior colliculus: asymmetry to tactile stimulation. AB - A unilateral microinjection of each one of three different GABA agonists (Muscimol: 1.4 nmoles; Baclofen: 0.8 nmole; THIP: 10.7 nmoles) into the superior colliculus was found to result in a reversible asymmetry in the rat's responsiveness to tactile stimulation. The rat was hyporeactive to stimulations applied contralaterally and hyperreactive to stimulations applied ipsilaterally to the infusion site. Furthermore, the rat showed ipsiversive turning in response to tactile stimulation applied either ipsi- or contralaterally to the infusion site. The results are discussed in relation with motor and sensory asymmetry produced by unilateral manipulations affecting the striato-nigro tectal system. PMID- 6634878 TI - Nicotine dependence in cigarette smoking: an empirically-based, multivariate model. AB - Nicotine dependence implies a pattern of heavy smoking which is resistant to change, as well as nicotine tolerance, withdrawal, and regulation. The present study attempted to develop a coherent model of cigarette smoking by examining responses on several different measures of nicotine dependence. Twenty-seven habitual smokers filled out questionnaires before and after smoking research cigarettes differing in nicotine content in the laboratory. Plasma cotinine was used to estimate nicotine intake from usual brand cigarettes outside the laboratory. Subjects in the high cotinine quartile (heavy smokers) were found to be consistently more nicotine-dependent than subjects in the low cotinine quartile (light smokers). Taking all subjects into account, the six measures of nicotine dependence which exhibited significant correlations with plasma cotinine accounted for about half of the cotinine variance in a multivariate, linear regression model. Multivariate approaches provide additional tools for assessing biobehavioral mechanisms in substance abuse and may lead to the development of more-comprehensive and sufficient explanations of smoking than are currently available. PMID- 6634879 TI - Morphine applied to the mesencephalic central gray suppresses brain stimulation induced escape. AB - In the rat, microinjections of morphine (1.5 to 15 nmoles) into the dorsal part of the mesencephalic central gray (CG) were found to suppress both escape responding induced by electrical stimulations applied to either the medial hypothalamus (MH) or the CG and behavioral responsiveness to peripheral nociceptive stimulations. The time course of these two effects proved quite similar (Experiments 1 and 2). A systemic injection of naloxone reversed--in a dose dependent manner--the effects of morphine on the centrally induced escape responses (Experiment 3). The possibility that microinjections of morphine decrease both responsiveness to peripheral nociceptive stimulation and the reactivity of higher structures involved in the generation of aversive effects is discussed. PMID- 6634880 TI - Loss of cholinergic neurons in the rat neocortex produces deficits in passive avoidance learning. AB - Bilateral kainic acid lesions of the ventral globus pallidus produced a significant and selective cortical decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity in the rat brain. When lesioned and control subjects were compared on performance of a step-through passive avoidance task, lesioned rats showed a marked retention deficit 24 hr after the initial training trial. This experimentally-induced memory deficit associated with a cortical cholinergic neuronal loss resembles the deficits in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and may provide a useful animal model for studying the disease. PMID- 6634881 TI - Brain biogenic amines and pituitary-adrenocortical function in the rat. AB - Treatment of rats with various doses of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) pargyline failed to alter plasma levels of corticosterone at 18 hours post-dosage even though brain levels of serotonin and norepinephrine were increased by 51 to 95 percent. Single pargyline doses of 17.5 or 25 mg/kg blocked the increased plasma corticosterone response to reserpine. Animals pretreated with two doses of the MAOI showed a time-dependent sedative response to reserpine. In these animals, the plasma corticosterone response to reserpine was blocked, while the responses to cold exposure or chlorpromazine were unaffected. PMID- 6634882 TI - The role of associative factors in tolerance to the hypothermic effects of morphine in mice. AB - Associative learning theories of drug tolerance emphasize the importance of stimuli which predict drug administration. One such model holds that drug tolerance is due to the development of a conditional response (CR) which is directionally opposed to the unconditional response (UCR) to the drug. By virtue of their opposing natures, the overlapping occurrence of CR and UCR is seen as a diminished response, i.e., tolerance. The present experiments tested the predictions of this model using two doses of morphine, and included truly random controls to examine the role of excitatory and inhibitory conditioning in tolerance. Tolerance was greatest in mice administered morphine in the context of stimuli previously paired with drug administration, intermediate in random controls, and least or absent in mice administered the drug in the presence of cues paired with vehicle injections. No direct evidence of a compensatory CR which could offset morphine's hypothermic effect was obtained in placebo test sessions, nor was evidence for such a response obtained in cross-drug tests with amphetamine and apomorphine. PMID- 6634883 TI - Muscimol inhibits ADH release induced by hypertonic sodium chloride in rats. AB - The effect of the GABA-agonist muscimol on ADH release induced in rats by administration of hypertonic sodium chloride solutions was studied by means of intracerebroventricular and intraperitoneal injections of the drug. Injected by the intracerebroventricular route, muscimol produced a significant reduction of plasma ADH concentration not only in animals treated with hypertonic sodium chloride, but also in unstimulated animals. Following intraperitoneal administration larger doses were required to produce such an effect, thus suggesting a central site of action for the effect of muscimol on ADH release. Bicuculline, given intraperitoneally before muscimol injection, completely blocked ADH inhibition induced by muscimol, thus suggesting a specific involvement of GABAergic receptors. These findings indicate that GABAergic mechanisms may be involved in the regulation of body fluids in the rat by affecting ADH release. PMID- 6634884 TI - Caffeine modification of kindled amygdaloid seizures. AB - Rats were kindled during exposure to caffeine (50 mg/kg) or saline given IP twenty minutes before daily electrical stimulation of the amygdala until 3 kindled amygdaloid seizures (KAS) occurred. They were then stimulated for 3 days without drug pretreatment followed by 5 additional days with drug pretreatment. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the number of daily stimulations or in the total seconds of cumulative afterdischarge (AD) needed to reach the first KAS. During kindling, the daily average AD tended to be longer in the caffeine treated group. This difference became significant (greater than 200% saline) when the KAS was reached. When KAS animals were stimulated without caffeine pretreatment, the average AD returned to control lengths. When put back on caffeine pretreatment, the average AD was again increased. Caffeine (6-50 mg/kg, IP) was also evaluated in previously kindled rats using suprathreshold (400 mu AMP) and threshold (20 microA increments) seizures. Caffeine had no consistent effect on threshold values. However, 12-50 mg/kg of caffeine increased seizure severity and AD durations after threshold stimulation. With suprathreshold stimulation, the length of the AD was significantly increased only after the highest dose of caffeine. It would appear that caffeine lengthens induced afterdischarges both during the acquisition phase of kindling and in the fully kindled subject. Caffeine does not appear to lower seizure thresholds or increase the rate of acquisition of the KAS in the doses tested in this model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634885 TI - Cardiovascular and plasma prolactin responses to stereoisomers of phencyclidine. AB - The effect of phencyclidine (PCP) and dextro- and levorotatory isomers of its derivatives 1-(1-phenylcyclo-hexyl)-3-methylpiperidine [(+)-PCMP and (-)-PCMP] (5 mg/kg, SC) on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and plasma prolactin (PRL) were examined. PCP and (+)-PCMP but not (-)-PCMP increased BP and HR and suppressed plasma PRL. PMID- 6634886 TI - Abolition of conditioned heart-rate responses in rabbits following central administration of [N-MePhe3, D-Pro4] morphiceptin. AB - Rabbits were initially habituated to a tone and then give 15-20 paired trials where the tone was followed by periorbital shock resulting in conditioned heart rate decelerations to tone onset and an acceleration of heart-rate following shock offset. The animals were matched for learning performance and divided into two groups. Each animal received a microinfusion into the region of the fourth ventricle of either the opiate [N-MePhe3,D-Pro4] morphiceptin, a highly selective mu receptor agonist, or a mixture of the morphiceptin analogue and the opiate antagonist naltrexone. Administration of the morphiceptin analogue eliminated the conditioned bradycardia to the tone but not the acceleration to the shock. Rabbits given the mixture continued to show conditioned heart-rate decelerations. Previous studies have shown that opiates abolish a recently learned conditioned nictitating membrane response. These effects are consistent with the hypothesis that the opiate effect on conditioning is due to an attenuation of conditioned fear. PMID- 6634887 TI - Drug dependence: myth or motive? AB - The acceptability of nonmedical use for a particular drug is a function of diverse social needs. Drug dependence is due less to intrinsic effects than to the situation in which drug taking occurs. An addictive level of drug self administration is a symptom of behavioral troubles rather than a definition of the trouble itself. The intrinsic effects of drugs do not in themselves produce either misuse or evoke specific kinds of behavior such as sexual or aggressive activities. Drugs can, however, come to function as discriminative stimuli for socially sanctioned behavior that would not under other circumstances be tolerated. The intrinsic reinforcing potential of an agent evolves in and dominates situations in which other reinforcing opportunities are either absent or remain unavailable to an individual who is unprepared to exploit them. While certain intrinsic properties of a drug contribute to its potential as a reinforcer (e.g., rapid onset and brief duration of action), reinforcing efficacy is notoriously malleable. It is a function of historic and currently-acting factors, particularly social reinforcers. The importance of physical dependence in the maintenance of drug seeking and taking is mainly unproven and probably overrated. Situations under which important reinforcers are available only in small portions intermittently can induce various excessive activities, including an untoward concern with obtaining and using drugs. Drug dependence prevention as a species of environmental dependence can be best effected by either alterations in the intermittent reinforcement situations inducing excessive behavior or by providing opportunities and training with respect to reinforcing alternatives other than drugs. PMID- 6634888 TI - Daily increase in noradrenaline turnover in brain regions of activity-stressed rats. AB - Changes in contents of noradrenaline (NA) and its major metabolite, 3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4) in brain regions (the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus, midbrain, cerebral cortex, pons plus medulla oblongata and basal ganglia) of male Wistar rats were evaluated after 1, 3 or 5 days of exposure to the activity-stress paradigm, wherein rats were housed in a cage with a running-wheel and restricted to 1-hr of feeding per day. When compared to the non-stressed control rats, contents of MHPG-SO4 in all the brain regions except of the basal ganglia in the stressed rats increased as rapidly as 1 day and continued to increase throughout the 5-day activity-stress period. Contents of NA did not change significantly in most of these brain regions. The daily increase in regional NA turnover by continuous exposure to the activity-stress paradigm was related to the large increases in running activity and gastric ulcers, and to body weight loss at the 3-day and 5-day testing periods. These data suggest that pathological states produced by a 5-day activity stress paradigm may reflect concomitant disturbances of noradrenergic function in various brain regions. The activity-stress paradigm is regarded as an intense and progressive stress, because it induces an increase in NA response in extended brain regions. PMID- 6634889 TI - Opiate antagonists, morphine and spatial memory in rats. AB - To assess the possible role of endogenous opioids on spatial memory, rats were administered morphine (1-15 mg/kg), naloxone (1-10 mg/kg), or naltrexone (0.1-10 mg/kg) at varying times after or prior to completing the first 4 choices in an 8 arm radial maze. None of these agents consistently affected retention, suggesting that endogenous opioid systems do not play a major role in modulating neural mechanisms that maintain accurate spatial memory. PMID- 6634890 TI - Behavioral effects of lesions of the central noradrenergic bundles in the rat. AB - Rats with bilateral lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DB) or of the ventral noradrenergic bundle (VB) were studied in different behavioral test situations. All lesioned animals defecate less than sham operated animals in the open-field (OF) or in the conditioning apparatus described by Henderson [16]. These data suggest a decrease of emotional reactivity in lesioned animals. However, the DB rats' level of exploration was higher than that of VB rats. No effect on the amplitude of the startle response has been shown after lesioning. The lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle induce a decrease in cortical noradrenaline hypothalamic catecholamines. The lesions of the ventral noradrenergic bundle induce a decrease in hypothalamic catecholamines without change in the cortex. These results do not support the postulation [22] that the dorsal bundle and the ventral bundle play an opposite role in behavior. Yet, a selective participation of each bundle is suggested in modulating responses to novel environments and anxiogenic situations. PMID- 6634891 TI - Phenytoin: similarity to tricyclic antidepressants. AB - Rats were trained to discriminate between the stimulus properties of intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg phenytoin and its pH-adjusted vehicle in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task. Once trained, rats showed a dose-related decrease in discriminative performance with lower phenytoin doses. Administration of pentobarbital and chlordiazepoxide produced vehicle-appropriate responding, whereas injection of imipramine and amitriptyline produced intermediate results. Desipramine, at an intraperitoneal dose of 10 mg/kg, produced a pattern of responding similar to that observed after the training dose of phenytoin. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of a non-disruptive dose of phenytoin to act as a behavioral discriminative stimulus in the rat and suggest the possibility of a common interoceptive cue property with tricyclic antidepressants. PMID- 6634892 TI - Effect of high doses of naloxone on shuttle avoidance acquisition in rats. AB - Administration of high doses of naloxone intraperitoneally (2.5-10.0 mg/kg) resulted in a dose-related impairment of avoidance response acquisition in a shuttle avoidance paradigm in rats. Naloxone in this dose range produced a significant decrease in the number of intertrial responses but did not result in a significant dose-response. Escape latencies were not affected by naloxone administration at any dose tested. The effect of naloxone on activity and nociception are implicated as possible causes of the observed behavior. The results are discussed as behavioral evidence supporting theories postulating multiple opiate receptors. PMID- 6634894 TI - Hydrocortisone reduces auditory sensitivity at high tonal frequencies in adult males. AB - The present study was designed to investigate the effects of treatment with cortisol on auditory tonal detection. College males were given either 20 mg of hydrocortisone or a placebo (dextrose) in a double blind design. Thereafter, thresholds were determined for frequencies of 500, 1,000 and 4,000 Hz using the method of limits. These results were then converted to change scores by using thresholds obtained for the same subjects at the same frequencies prior to treatment. Planned comparisons indicated that treatment with cortisol reduced sensitivity at 4,000 Hz but had no effects at other frequencies. Also, an overall analysis of variance indicated greater right ear improvement and greater improvement at lower frequencies. These findings are explained as resulting from the ability of glucocorticoids to alter cellular metabolism or reduce levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone. PMID- 6634893 TI - The effect of opiate treatment on the postdecapitation reflex and monoamine metabolism in the rat spinal cord. AB - Post-decapitation seizures (PDR) are a spinal reflex which seems regulated by some monoaminergic neurons present in the spinal cord (S.C.). In order to better characterize the role of dopaminergic neurons in PDR, we studied the effect of treatment with opiates, which are known to increase dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) metabolism in the brain, on the duration of PDR and on the metabolism of DA and 5HT in S.C. Morphine, given either IP or ICV, reduced the duration of PDR and increased DA metabolism. Both effects were more evident after systemic administration. [D-Ala2]Met5 enkephalin amide acted similarly to ICV administered morphine. Biochemical and behavioral effects were significantly correlated. PMID- 6634895 TI - Tolerance and sensitization to the biphasic effects of low doses of morphine in the hamster. AB - Two experiments investigated the dose and time related effects of morphine sulfate on wheel running behavior in golden Syrian hamsters. In Experiment 1, within-subject comparisons were made of the acute effects of 5, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses of morphine sulfate on running wheel activity. Compared with saline, morphine produced a dose related decrease in activity followed by a dose related recovery. At the lowest dose, the time effect curve was biphasic, with sustained hyperactivity following the recovery. In Experiment 2, the effects of low doses of morphine sulfate (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/kg) on running wheel activity were monitored for three days. Biphasic time effect patterns were evident at each dose: An initial period of hypoactivity was followed by recovery and subsequent hyperactivity. Moreover, repeated administration produced both tolerance and sensitization to morphine's effects on activity. Implications for mechanisms underlying the biphasic response pattern are discussed. PMID- 6634896 TI - Potentiation of cold-water swim analgesia and hypothermia by clonidine. AB - The analgesia induced by acute exposure to cold-water swims (CWS) covaries with levels of brain norepinephrine and is reduced by lesions placed in the locus coeruleus. In assessing whether alpha-noradrenergic receptor mechanisms mediated CWS analgesia, the first experiment found that clonidine pretreatment (500, 1000 micrograms/kg) elevated jump thresholds 60 min following injection. While clonidine (1000 micrograms/kg) paired with a 2 degrees C CWS potentiated CWS analgesia in a synergistic manner, additivity of analgesic effects was observed following pairing of clonidine (500 micrograms/kg) with a 2 degrees C CWS and pairing of clonidine (500 and 1000 micrograms/kg) with a 15 degrees C CWS. The second experiment showed that clonidine (500 micrograms/kg) paired with a 2 degrees C CWS enhanced CWS enhanced CWS analgesia on the tail-flick test. The third experiment indicated that while clonidine (500 and 1000 micrograms/kg) or CWS (2 degrees C) each produced hypothermia, pairing of these clonidine doses with CWS enhanced CWS hypothermia. These data are discussed in terms of the possible modulatory role that norepinephrine, and particularly its alpha noradrenergic receptor subclass, plays in the full expression of CWS analgesia and hypothermia. PMID- 6634898 TI - Deuterium substitution enhances the effects of beta-phenylethylamine on spontaneous motor activity in the rat. AB - The effects of beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) and alpha, alpha, beta, beta tetradeutero-beta-phenylethylamine (deuterated PEA) on spontaneous motor activity and conditioned taste aversion learning in the rat were examined. The intensity and duration of certain behavioural components elicited by PEA, namely, sniffing, headweaving, splayed hindlimbs and hyperreactivity, were significantly increased by deuterium substitution. In contrast, deuteration had no effect on the ability of PEA to elicit a conditioned taste aversion. The potentiation of the amine's effects on activity seemed to be directly related to the longer persistence of PEA in the brain due to the kinetic isotope effect since it appears that tetra deuterated PEA is a poorer substrate for monoamine oxidase than the protonated amine. PMID- 6634897 TI - Strain specific cholinergic changes in response to stress: analysis of a time dependent avoidance variation. AB - Investigators have established that the performance of an incompletely learned avoidance task is a U shaped function of the time since the original partial acquisition. Thus rats perform more poorly when retested at intermediate time intervals (1-8 hr) after training than they do when tested at longer post acquisition intervals (24-48 hr). Studies have suggested that such time-dependent deficits are not related to changes in learning ability, but rather result from shock-induced motor suppression which interferes with active avoidance responding. Pharmacological studies utilizing drugs which effect cholinergic function have indicated that an inhibitory cholinergic system may be involved in mediating post-shock motor suppression. To obtain direct biochemical evidence for possible cholinergic mediation of post-shock motor suppression, measurements of high affinity choline uptake and acetylcholine turnover were made at varying time intervals following partial active avoidance training in F-344 rats. An increase in cholinergic function was found in the dorsal, but not the ventral hippocampus 30 min, 1 hr and 4 hr following acquisition training. These biochemical alterations were temporally correlated with deficits in active avoidance responding. We have reported that the immediate behavioral suppression observed in another rat strain (Sprague-Dawley, Zivic Miller Laboratories), which exhibits inferior active avoidance performance, is similarly correlated with cholinergic activation in the dorsal hippocampus [17]. These data support the hypothesis that the dorsal-hippocampal cholinergic system is involved in the mediation of stress induced behavioral suppression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6634899 TI - Mucosal damage following electrical stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex and pretreatment with atropine and cimetidine. AB - Bipolar electrical stimulation of a restricted area of the anterior cingulate cortex in anesthetized rats produced stomach erosions. Pretreatment with atropine sulfate prevented the pathological effects of stimulation. Cimetidine was not effective in preventing the gastric damage. It was concluded that the pathological effects of electrical stimulation were cholinergically mediated, whereas, histamine-2 receptors were not involved. PMID- 6634900 TI - Acute and chronic amphetamine treatment: differential modification of exploratory behavior in a radial maze. AB - Mice permitted to explore an 8-arm radial maze displayed high levels of spontaneous alternation as measured by the frequency of visiting (a) the 4 least recently entered arms, (b) the 2 least recently visited arms, and (c) sequences of arms which are adjacent to one another. Acute treatment with low doses of amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) eliminated the alternation tendency. Higher doses (5.0 7.0 mg/kg) also produced marked stimulus perseverance, such that mice tended to revisit the two arms that had been most recently entered. With repeated amphetamine treatment the perseverance tendency was attenuated. The abatement of perseverance in the radial maze did not appear to reflect simply the reduction in the potency of the drug. That is, the reduction of perseverance after chronic exposure to amphetamine was not accompanied by recovery of normal exploratory patterns. In fact, the alternation and adjacent alternation patterns typical of naive animals were absent in mice chronically treated with amphetamine even when tested in the nondrug state. It was suggested that the attenuation of amphetamine induced perseverance after chronic amphetamine administration may reflect a breakdown of normal behavior patterns rather than the development of a genuine tolerance. PMID- 6634901 TI - Attenuation of perseverative behavior after repeated amphetamine treatment: tolerance or attentional deficits? AB - When permitted to explore an 8-arm radial maze, animals exhibited a systematic pattern of exploration characterized by preference for the most novel arms (spontaneous alternation) and entry into immediately adjacent arms (adjacent alternation). Acute treatment with moderate dosages of amphetamine reduced the proportion of both types of alternation responses and induced marked stimulus perseverance, i.e., consecutive entries between pairs of arms. Prior exposure to the apparatus enhanced the degree of perseverance ordinarily observed, and provoked perseverance after low doses of the drug. In contrast to acute drug treatment, perseverance was reduced after chronic amphetamine administration. However, chronic amphetamine treatment did not appear simply to reduce the potency of the drug. In contrast to the effects of apparatus pre-exposure on the degree of perseverance induced by acute amphetamine treatment, the degree of perseverance was not enhanced by pre-exposure to the maze in mice with a history of chronic amphetamine administration. Moreover, the exploratory pattern evident in chronically treated animals differed from that of control animals even when tested in the nondrug state. That is, animals chronically treated with amphetamine and tested with saline exhibited alternation scores which did not deviate from chance. These data suggest that chronic amphetamine treatment alters the way in which organisms attend, or respond, to environmental stimuli. PMID- 6634902 TI - Patterns of drinking in the rat following the administration of opiate antagonists. AB - Durations of drinking were recorded for water-deprived rats as they drank to satiety, following SC injections of naloxone (0.1-10.0 mg/kg), naltrexone (0.1 10.0 mg/kg) or saline vehicle. The results provided evidence for the effects of opiate antagonists on the temporal pattern of drinking exhibited by water deprived animals. A separate, time-sampling procedure was used to supplement the drinking duration data, and showed that the opiate antagonists may suppress water consumption during a period 2.5-7.5 min after the start of the initial drinking bout. A second experiment confirmed that the pattern of drinking displayed during schedule-induced polydipsia in the rat is resistant to any suppressant effect of a moderate dose of an opiate antagonist. The similarity between opiate receptor blockade and water preloading in their effect on drinking in response to water deprivation, and lack of effect on schedule-induced polydipsia is discussed. Opiate antagonists may affect drinking principally by imposing a thirst satiety signal. PMID- 6634903 TI - Harmaline effects on the sensory-motor reactivity: modifications of the acoustic startle pattern. AB - The effects of harmaline, an indoleamine and a MAOI, were tested on the acoustic startle pattern. EMG measures of the startle reflex, the pinna reflex as well as the characters of the vertex evoked responses to brief intense tone bursts (60 msec, 110 dB, 8000 Hz) were simultaneously studied in 4 alert guinea-pigs. The basic experimental design was a 4 by 4 latin square, with the treatments being given at 2 day intervals. The four harmaline-HCl treatments were isotonic saline, 0.25, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg. Compared with saline baselines, all the doses resulted, throughout the 60 min session, in overall high significant depressions of the startle reflex, the pinna reflex and the initial wave of the acoustic evoked potential at the vertex. In contrast, harmaline had little or no influence on amplitude and latency of the late wave of the vertex response. The effects of harmaline on the general behavior of the guinea-pig are also reported. These results may support an involvement of serotonergic systems in the modulation of the sensory-motor reactivity at the brainstem level. Nevertheless, the probably more complex cortical processes involved in startle responsiveness do not appear univocally affected by the indoleamine drugs such as harmaline. PMID- 6634904 TI - On the mechanism by which methylxanthines enhance apomorphine-induced rotation behaviour in the rat. AB - Methylxanthines, such as caffeine and theophylline, potentiate the rotation behaviour induced by dopamine receptor agonists in rats with unilateral lesions of the nigro-striatal pathway. In the present study we have examined the possibility that interaction with central adenosine mechanisms could influence rotation behaviour. Under in vitro conditions adenosine and N6-phenylisopropyl adenosine (PIA) stimulate cyclic AMP accumulation. This effect was enhanced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram, but blocked by alkylxanthines such as caffeine, theophylline and, particularly, 8-phenyl-theophylline. Rotation behaviour induced by apomorphine (0.05 mg/kg), was inhibited by PIA and rolipram and by a low dose of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor EHNA (2 mg/kg). By contrast, theophylline and 8-phenyl-theophylline caused a potentiation. The former drug stimulated rotation behaviour per se, while the latter did not. 8 Phenyl-theophylline entered the brain poorly and its concentration in brain it was less than 1/10 of theophylline. It is concluded that theophylline does not potentiate rotation behaviour secondarily to inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Antagonism of endogenous adenosine may partly explain the effect of methylxanthines. Possibly, some as yet unknown mechanism may also contribute to the effects of xanthine-derivatives on rotation behaviour. PMID- 6634905 TI - Regional characteristics of stress-induced increases in brain noradrenaline release in rats. AB - Male Wistar rats were exposed to immobilization stress for various periods (1 to 5 hr) with or without an IP injection of probenecid at 400 mg/kg. The regional characteristics of stress-induced increases in noradrenaline (NA) release in the rat brain related to the time-course of stress were demonstrated by measuring levels of the major metabolite of NA, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol sulfate (MHPG-SO4). Increases in MHPG-SO4 levels occurred mainly within the first hr of stress in the hypothalamus, amygdala and thalamus, while the peak elevations of the metabolite levels were delayed in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, pons + medulla oblongata and basal ganglia. According to the accumulation of MHPG-SO4 during each 1-hr period of stress, regional characteristics of NA release were classified into the following four types based upon regions where the most marked increase in MHPG-SO4 levels occurs mainly: (1) within the first hr of stress (the hypothalamus, amygdala and thalamus), (2) during the first and second hr (the hippocampus and cerebral cortex), (3) during the third hr (the basal ganglia) and (4) to the same extent from the first to the fourth hr of stress (the pons + medulla oblongata). These results suggest that noradrenergic neurons in different brain regions respond differentially to stress and reflect their own characteristic patterns depending upon nature and time-course of the stressor. PMID- 6634906 TI - The effect of acute nicotine administration on plasma levels of the thyroid hormones and corticosterone in the rat. AB - The effects of a single intraperitoneal injection of nicotine hydrogen tartrate (200 micrograms/kg) on the plasma levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and corticosterone were monitored over a 24 hour period. Nicotine did not alter the plasma levels of either of the thyroid hormones but did produce a significant increase in plasma corticosterone, an effect which peaked at 20 min post injection and lasted for 45 min. PMID- 6634907 TI - Action of angiotensin on vascular and intestinal smooth muscle and its antagonism by saralasin. AB - Angiotensin II was tested for its activity on rabbit aorta, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) from the rat, rat gastric fundus and rat colon. The peptide had a powerful stimulatory effect on vascular and extravascular smooth muscle beginning from concentrations of 10(-10) M. Its effect was antagonized by saralasin which acted in the different preparations to approximately the same extent: active concentrations of saralasin varied from 10(-8) M to 10(-7) M. The activity of angiotensin on the rabbit aorta appeared to be a direct one on its specific receptors. A mixed action connected with stimulation of adrenergic alpha receptors was observed in the rat LES, whereas an interference of the prostaglandin system was pointed out in the rat fundus and the rat colon. The circumstance of a similar sensitivity of the various tissues to the stimulatory effect of angiotensin and a similar degree of antagonism induced by saralasin tends to minimize the hypothesis of different subtypes of angiotensin receptors at least under the conditions of the present investigation. PMID- 6634909 TI - Do different anticonvulsant tests provide the same information concerning the profiles of antiepileptic activity? PMID- 6634908 TI - Reoxygenation dysrhythmias in the isolated guinea-pig heart: sensitivity to prazosin, atenolol and practolol. AB - Isolated guinea-pig hearts were perfused aerobically for 60 min, then made anoxic for 30 min and finally reoxygenated for 30 min. The effects of prazosin, atenolol and practolol on contractility, coronary pressure, ECG and LDH release were examined. Prazosin and atenolol were able to reduce significantly the incidence of ventricular fibrillation and LDH release. The same two drugs increased the recovery of normal electrical activity after 30 min of reoxygenation. Practolol, on the other hand, was ineffective in reducing the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and LDH release. PMID- 6634910 TI - [Synthesis and analgesic effect of 2-aryliminomethylquinolines]. AB - 2-Aryliminomethylquinolines were synthesized by the condensation of quinoline-2 carbaldehyde with the corresponding anilines. The compounds were evaluated for analgesic activity using the acetic acid writhing test. Some of them showed significant inhibition of the writhing syndrome. The most potent compound 3b was approximately as active as aminophenazone in the writhing and the hot-plate method. PMID- 6634911 TI - [Synthesis and spectrum of pharmacologic action of aryl-arylamino- and aryl aryliminoacetonitriles]. AB - Aminoacetonitriles were synthetized from arylaldehyde, arylamine and cyanhydrogene. Their dehydrogenation led to the iminoderivatives. The compounds were evaluated for spasmolytic activity in vitro. Some aryl arylaminoacetonitriles showed significant inhibition of the histamine-induced contraction in guinea-pig ileum and acetylcholine-induced contraction in rat ileum. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. PMID- 6634912 TI - [Biotransformation and pharmacokinetics of (3,4 dichloroanilino)phenylacetonitrile (H 74)]. AB - On studying the biotransformation of the potential spasmolysant (3,4 dichloroanilino)phenyl-acetonitrile (1; H 74), the authors isolated and identified (TLC, UV, high-resolution MS) from the urine and/or the faeces of male Wistar rats, apart from 1 (greater amounts only in the faeces because of incomplete oral absorption), 7 degradation products. In this connexion, the excretion of greater amounts of 3,4-dichloroaniline (2) and the detection of an accumulation of 2 in the serum in case of long-term treatment are above all disquieting from a toxicological point of view. According to extremely poor water solubility associated with high lipophilicity, the gastrointestinal absorption of 1 extends over a relatively long period of time, is incomplete and not proportional to the dose applied. Using a gas chromatographic technique, the authors found almost dose-proportional serum levels of (3,4 dichlorophenylimino)benzaldehyde (4) after oral application of 1, which is attributable to a first-pass effect (after intravenous application, below the limit of detection). 1 is subject to intensive distribution (marked alpha phase; high Vd) and its elimination is relatively slow (slow back flow from deep compartments; high reabsorption). In contrast to this, the elimination of 4 is considerably more rapid. PMID- 6634913 TI - [Spasmolytic activity of (3,4-dichloroanilino)phenylacetonitrile (H 74) and its analogs]. AB - The influence of smooth muscle contractility of (3,4-dichloranilino)phenyl acetonitrile (H 74) was studied in comparison with the analogs (4 chloranilino)phenyl-acetonitrile (H 47) and (3,4,5-trichloranilino)phenyl acetonitrile (H 84) and several standard pharmaca. H 74 and H 84 showed a spasmolytic action that was almost equal to that of methphenethamine and papaverine. Other investigations have revealed that H 74 was free from any side effect. It is concluded that chloranilino-phenyl-acetonitriles cause a nonspecific inhibition of smooth muscle contractility. PMID- 6634914 TI - Effect of various disintegrants on the availability of directly compressed sulphadimidine tablets. AB - Sulphadimidine tablets were prepared using 50% w/w of the following vehicles, Celutab, anhydrous lactose and Avicel. Various disintegrants 5% w/w were also incorporated e.g. Primojel, Veegum F, Amberlite, STA-Rx, Meprogat and Alginate YZ. It was found that the disintegration time of the various tablets containing different disintegrants was considerably decreased. The disintegrants increased also the dissolution rate of the various tablet formulations containing sulphadimidine by different extent. The variations in the dissolution rate among the various tablet formulations may be due to the difference in the nature of the disintegrants and their mechanism of action and possibly their interactions with the drug or the vehicle. PMID- 6634915 TI - Studies on flufenamic acid capsules and tablets. AB - In this study, the in vitro dissolution rate of flufenamic acid was investigated in two different dosage forms, tablets and capsules, and the influence of the commonly used additives (lactose, corn starch, magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulphate). Using lactose, starch, Avicel PH 101, and methyl cellulose as additives, direct compression and wet granulation techniques were tried for preparing flufenamic acid tablets. The rotating basket method of U.S.P. XIX was used for determination of release rate. The findings were compared to the dissolution rate results of the commercial flufenamic acid capsules. PMID- 6634916 TI - [Absorption and distribution of 1-(2,5-dichlorophenoxy)-3-tert-butylaminopropen-2 ol in aerosols]. AB - The absorption and distribution of the slightly water-soluble, carbon-14-labelled 1-(2,5-dichlorophenoxy)-3-tert-butylaminopropen-2-ol hydrochloride (1) from sprays and suspension aerosols have been studied in mice. It was found that the blood level and the organ concentrations achieved with suspension aerosols were higher than those obtained with sprays. PMID- 6634917 TI - [Dose- and age-dependence of the renal tubular transport of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) in rats after injection of single doses]. AB - The renal excretory capacity for tubularly eliminated foreign substances can be determined with certainty by measuring the excretion of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH). To make superfluous the laborious estimation of the maximum tubular transport capacity in the framework of screening programs, the authors established those doses of PAH the single application of which permits to assess the renal tubular transport capacity of rats of differing ages. Because of its selective renal excretion, it is possible to calculate for PAH a half-time value in urine (t1/2, urine) such as commonly indicated for the serum. Except for extremely high dosages (500 mg PAH/100 g body mass: intraperitoneally), the t1/2, urine value for PAH in adult rats is independent of the dose applied. The t1/2, urine value increases in rats 5 and 10 d of age with increasing PAH doses. In rats of all age-groups, the glomerularly filtered PAH proportion increases with increasing dosage (kinetics in decreasing blood level). In rats 5 and 10 d of age, the proportion of glomerularly filtered PAH in the total amount of excreted PAH is greater than in older rats. PMID- 6634918 TI - Anthelmintic coumarin from Ethulia conyzoides var. gracilis Asch. & Schweinf. AB - The alcoholic extract of aerial parts of Ethulia conyzoides var. gracilis Asch. & Schweinf. exhibits a significant anthelmintic activity when tested in vitro against Ascaris lumbricoides using santonin as a reference. Four coumarins were isolated and identified; ethuliacoumarin A was found to be responsible for the anthelmintic activity. PMID- 6634919 TI - Investigation on antibacterial action of some amines. PMID- 6634920 TI - [Stability of 10 percent hydrogen peroxide solution]. PMID- 6634921 TI - [Determination of prazosin (Adversuten) using HPLC and fluorescence detection]. PMID- 6634922 TI - [Analysis and stability of atropine sulfate and scopolamine hydrobromide. 3: Studies on the stability of tropane alkaloids; 80: contribution to problems in the use of plastic containers for liquid pharmaceuticals]. AB - On evaluating their investigations, the authors discuss the degradation mechanism of tropane alkaloids in aqueous solution. As evidenced by competitive and consecutive reactions (hydrolysis, dehydration, dimerization), the degradation mechanism is characterized by a complicated course. Apart from temperature, a series of other factors, above all the pH value, exerts a considerable effect on the stability of both the alkaloids. Unbuffered solutions are more stable than buffered ones. The isothermal short-time test is not suitable for stability prediction. In the long-time test it was found that unbuffered aqueous atropine sulphate solutions still contained 90% of their initial drug content after 18 months' storage in low-density polyethylene containers at 20 degrees C. Scopolamine hydrobromide solutions showed an almost analogous behaviour. Of the container materials tested, low-density polyethylene bottles have been found to be best suited. PMID- 6634923 TI - [Pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical evaluation of acetylaminonitropropoxybenzolum (Falimint). 3: Polarographic analysis and determination of active agents]. AB - According to its aromatic nitro group acetylaminonitropropoxybenzene (Falimint) can be determined polarographically. The typical behavior of the nitro group becomes evident by the elektrochemical reduction. The investigation has shown two phases of reduction with pH-depended half-wave-potential shifts, so that a two step mechanism is conceivable. Using direct current polarography the substance is determined in a concentration range from 1 to 100 micrograms/ml. Low elektroaktive background signals within the potential range the four-electron reduction step are the basis for the determination of the active agent in saliva, urine and blood plasma without any extracting procedures. It is possible to identify the substance by means of oscilloand square-wave-polarography. The resulting polarogrammes are typically for the p-nitrophenyl structure. Further a new quantitativ polarographic method, named sample-DC-polarography on the stationary mercury electrode is discussed for the determination of Falimint in blood plasma without any steps of separation and cleaning in the concentration range of 0,1-3,0 micrograms/ml. PMID- 6634924 TI - [Pharmaceutical and biologic availability of chlorpromazine from macromolecule containing tablets]. AB - The use of sufficiently high concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and methyl cellulose (MC) in tablet formulations leads to depot preparations of the prolonged- or sustained-release type. Having swollen up with the dissolution medium, the tablets form a hydrated matrix from which the active agent diffuses for a considerable time at constant speed. The verification of the bioavailability of chlorpromazine from PVP-, MC- and HEC containing tablets and of a macromoleculefree standard preparation on rabbits showed considerable differences among the plasma curves. With reference to the standard preparation, the cellulose-containing preparations have a relative bioavailability of 38.8 and 45.7%, respectively. The constancy of the plasma level values for almost 8 h is remarkable. The plasma level profile of these formulations corresponds to that of a depot form of the sustained-release type. PMID- 6634925 TI - [Pharmacy and philosophy]. PMID- 6634926 TI - [Drug information--current status and ideas for its further development]. PMID- 6634927 TI - [The specifics of drug information]. PMID- 6634928 TI - A free-wilson study of 4-piperazinyl-10h-thienobenzodiazepine analogues. PMID- 6634929 TI - Structure-activity relationships of dermorphin tetrapeptide amides. PMID- 6634930 TI - Effect of borjatriol on established adjuvant arthritis. PMID- 6634931 TI - PMR spectrometric analysis of chlorpropamide. PMID- 6634932 TI - Sublingual absorption of the quaternary ammonium antiarrhythmic agent, UM-272. AB - UM-272 (N,N-dimethylpropranolol), a quaternary antiarrhythmic agent, was administered sublingually to dogs with ouabain-induced ventricular tachycardias. Both anti-arrhythmic efficacy and bioavailability were compared to oral drug. Sublingual UM-272 converted ventricular tachycardia to sinus rhythm in all 5 dogs. The area under the plasma concentration time curve at 90 min was 4-12 times greater than for oral drug, suggesting the existence of an absorption-limiting process in the intestine, and providing an alternate form of administration for quaternary drugs. PMID- 6634933 TI - Niacin reduces oxygen toxicity in mouse alveolar macrophages. AB - Niacin at concentrations of 0.1-10 mM resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of oxygen toxicity in a mouse alveolar macrophage model. These concentrations of niacin did not affect alveolar macrophage function under normoxic conditions. Our results are consistent with observations from other groups that niacin reduces oxygen toxicity in bacteria and paraquat toxicity in bacteria and rats. The mechanism by which niacin reduces oxygen toxicity may involve the ability of niacin to function as an alternate substrate for NAD synthesis. Niacin may have clinical value in the prevention of oxygen toxicity. PMID- 6634934 TI - Pharmacokinetics and in vitro effects of a 4-aminobutyric acid derivative with anticonvulsant action. AB - N-trimethyl-acetyl-4-aminobutyric acid, called PG2, is a new anticonvulsant acting as a 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pro-drug. The stimulatory effect of PG2 on synaptosomal 14C-GABA release and its inhibitory effect of synaptosomal 14C-GABA uptake were studied together with its pharmacokinetics after intracardiac and oral administration to rat. PG2 is a weak inhibitor of the GABAse system in vitro with an apparent Ki value of 0.83 mmol/l. PMID- 6634935 TI - Absence of effect of propoxyphene on antipyrine kinetics in the rabbit. AB - The effect of propoxyphene on the elimination kinetics of antipyrine was examined in New Zealand white rabbits. Serum concentrations of antipyrine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). No significant alterations in the elimination half-life, apparent volume of distribution or total plasma clearance of antipyrine were observed with propoxyphene pretreatment. These results are in contrast to the reported impaired clearance of antipyrine by propoxyphene in man. PMID- 6634936 TI - The impact of therapeutic advances in widening the nosologic boundaries of affective disorders: clinical and research implications. AB - The clinical boundaries of affective disorders have been considerably broadened in the past few years, in part due to therapeutic advances. Many psychotic patients who were formerly considered schizophrenic are now being treated with thymoleptic agents. Clinicians as well as researchers are seeing many patient with mood disturbance in ambulatory settings where anxious, intermittent, masked, and characterological presentations are common. Mood disorders are also being increasingly diagnosed in children, the elderly and in patients in primary care settings. Do these changes in diagnostic practice reflect therapeutic fashion? Are there external validating criteria by which the affective origin of these diverse conditions can be ascertained? In discussing the clinical and research dimensions of these questions, we provide a framework for resolving the methodologic issues involved. PMID- 6634937 TI - Association between high platelet MAO activity and response to MAO inhibitor in depressed bipolars: case reports. AB - The authors describe two female patients with bipolar I depression who did not respond to tricyclic antidepressants in their previous depressive episodes and were prophylactic lithium nonresponders. Both patients showed a high pretreatment platelet MAO activity and responded well and rapidly to monoamine oxidase inhibition (MAOI) treatment. These findings suggest that although bipolar depressed patients show a low platelet MAO activity, there may be a subgroup with high enzyme activity. These patients revealed a low tendency to respond to tricyclic antidepressants and showed rapid improvement on MAOI therapy. PMID- 6634938 TI - Monte Carlo evaluation of the Sievert integral for brachytherapy dosimetry. AB - The Sievert integral, widely used to compute dose distributions about filtered line sources, assumes that the emitted energy fluence is exponentially attenuated by the filter thickness traversed by the primary photons. To evaluate this approximation, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed realistically modelling the diffusion and energy degradation of primary photons due to coherent, incoherent and photoelectric interactions in the source filter. Estimates of the exposure rate at points near the source were obtained using analytical averaging. Comparison of the two models shows that for 226Ra and 192Ir sources, the Sievert algorithm consistently overestimates the exposure rate per unit activity. However, such errors may be significantly reduced if source intensity is expressed in terms of exposure rate. Computed exposure rate distributions based on exposure rate calibrations are also less sensitive to uncertainties in available spectroscopic data. PMID- 6634939 TI - The role of calcium in the mechanical behaviour of bone. AB - Plugs of fresh post mortem human patellar subchondral bone were soaked for three weeks in an organic solvent (ethanol) which contained a chelating agent (EDTA). This technique selectively removes the calcified inorganic component without disrupting the structure of the remaining bone matrix. These plugs, together with untreated plugs as controls, were treated in unconfined compression at a fixed strain rate and allowed to relax to evaluate the contribution made by the calcium component to the physical and time-dependent properties of subchondral bone. PMID- 6634940 TI - An in vivo method of measurement of the mechanical properties of vascular prostheses: the mechanical properties of saphenous vein bypass grafts. AB - It seems likely that long term patency of small bore vascular prostheses is dependent upon, among other things, the mechanical properties of their walls. Arteries are visco-elastic but there is no accurate method of measuring the visco elasticity of arterial substitutes in vivo. The most successful vascular substitute is autogenous saphenous vein and it is essential to know its elastic properties if we are to mimic them in prostheses. (veins rapidly lose their elasticity when excised and measurements made in vitro are unrealistic.) We describe an in vivo method which is based on measurements of pressure alone from which we calculate a propagation constant and phase speed, which characterises the visco-elastic behaviour of vein. Sixteen patients who had a femoro-popliteal bypass were studied. Measurements of pressure were used to calculate the phase speed of the pulse and the relationship of phase speed to frequency was calculated. The asymptotic phase speed for human saphenous vein was 13.6 m s-1. PMID- 6634941 TI - Grid weight as an index of radiographic exposure factors. PMID- 6634942 TI - Single-case research: when is it valid? PMID- 6634943 TI - Objective assessment with establishment of normal values for lumbar spinal range of motion. AB - The purpose of this article is to present an assessment method, in conjunction with age-related normal values, for lumbar spinal range of motion. Lumbar flexion, lumbar extension, and right and left lateral flexion were measured on 172 subjects by a combination of goniometry and spinal distraction techniques. Normal values are given for six age groups; each group had a range of 10 years. The results demonstrate that a significant decrease in lumbar spinal range of motion is expected with increasing age. The interobserver reliability based on 17 subjects was substantial for the four measurements taken; coefficients ranged from +.76 to +1.0. The information may prove useful to the clinician as an improved method for assessing the lumbar spine. PMID- 6634944 TI - Heart-rate response of elderly women to nonweight-bearing ambulation with a walker. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the heart-rate response to nonweight bearing ambulation with a walker in a group of active, healthy 60- to 80-year-old women. The subjects walked for three minutes over a smooth-surfaced tile track using a three-point nonweight-bearing gait at a self-paced rate. Heart rate was monitored by biotelemetry at rest, during the last minute of exercise, and for the first five minutes of recovery. The mean velocity of ambulation with a walker selected by this group was 12 +/- 5 m/min. Mean heart rate increased 49 +/- 14 bpm during the third minute of activity over the mean resting rate of 77 +/- 8 bpm. Group heart rates rose to an average of 83 percent of their age-predicted maximum heart rate. All subjects achieved steady-state heart rate during the third minute of walking. This study suggests that an excessive amount of cardiac work may be demanded of the elderly individual during walker use. This stress on the heart is a major source of concern to the physical therapist whose goal is to provide a safe and effective therapeutic program for the geriatric patient. PMID- 6634945 TI - Ultrasound effects on electroneuromyographic measures in sensory fibers of the median nerve. AB - The purpose of this study was to clarify the available literature and study the influence of ultrasound on the conduction velocity and amplitude of evoked sensory potentials in the median nerve. Thirteen subjects were assigned to either Experimental or Control Groups for ultrasound or placebo treatments. We compared sensory-nerve conduction velocity in the median nerve after 10 minutes of ultrasound treatment at three intensity levels (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 W/cm2) with sensory-nerve conduction velocity in the median nerve after 10 minutes of placebo ultrasound treatment (0.0 W/cm2). No significant differences were noted between groups at any of the three ultrasound intensity levels, nor were the interaction effects significant. A hypothetical model, based on the available literature, proposes that ultrasound-induced changes in sensory-nerve conduction velocity may not progress in a direct linear fashion relative to the duration of treatment. PMID- 6634946 TI - Design and selected application of an electronic touch-sensitive switch for motor impaired patients. Suggestion from the field. AB - This relatively inexpensive device has been helpful not only for wheelchair-bound patients, such as individuals with spinal cord injuries, but also for other persons with minimal motor strength and control. In this case study, a patient with no control over conventional light fixtures could use the touch-sensitive relay and control all light fixtures. PMID- 6634948 TI - Eighteenth Mary McMillan lecture. The privilege of choice. PMID- 6634947 TI - The 1983 presidential address. Thinking for tomorrow. PMID- 6634949 TI - American Physical Therapy Association awards for 1983. PMID- 6634950 TI - What is the reference that sound durations are compared with in speech perception? AB - Speech segment durations are widely used as cues in the phonetic interpretation of speech (during its perception). To devise a system of quantitative rules for the automatic phonetic interpretation of natural speech it is necessary to know with what reference the speech sound duration is to be compared. An experiment with a specially arranged set of stimuli has shown that durations of adjacent sounds in an utterance, namely vowels, are used as the reference for word stress perception in Russian. PMID- 6634951 TI - Pitch period detection and chaining: method and evaluation. AB - An algorithm is presented which detects quasi-periodic parts in a given speech signal, and provides the fundamental frequency for these parts. The algorithm analyses the structure of the time-amplitude representation of the speech signal. It first determines potential 'period-twins' and then observes whether these period-twins are members of a 'period-chain'. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated. The results are given as absolute and relative figures and are compared with other methods. PMID- 6634952 TI - Click placement and units of perceptual processing. AB - The relationship between experimental method and the perception hypothesis being examined is a particularly critical one. Here, earlier studies employing the click-placement method are surveyed, and the conclusions drawn there about the perceptual processes involved are discussed. A working hypothesis is developed which enables an examination, for the first time, of Ladefoged and Broadbent's [1960] original claim concerning basic processing units. Within a hypothetical framework of hierarchically organized perceptual decisions, the click-placement task is applied in a series of experiments designed to approach the question of processing units at segment, syllable and foot level. Evidence is found for the psychological reality of the syllable and foot. The phonetic basis of the foot is examined and found to be replaceable by top-down information. Between foot and syllable level, indications of differential word demarcation were found, dependent on differences in segmental structure. PMID- 6634953 TI - Flavin-sensitized photodynamic modification of multisubunit proteins. PMID- 6634954 TI - Primary processes in the laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of l ephedrine. PMID- 6634955 TI - 1H and 13C photo-CIDNP study of aqueous chlorpromazine and analogs. PMID- 6634956 TI - Photopharmacology of the tranquilizer chlordiazepoxide in relation to its phototoxicity. PMID- 6634957 TI - Photodynamic damage and its repair in Vibrio cholerae. PMID- 6634958 TI - Light driven transport of bilirubin through a bulk liquid membrane. PMID- 6634959 TI - Intramolecular tryptophan heme energy transfer in horseradish peroxidase. PMID- 6634960 TI - Photoreaction of 8-methoxypsoralen with thymidine. PMID- 6634961 TI - Spectroscopic studies of cutaneous photosensitizing agents--IV. The photolysis of benoxaprofen, an anti-inflammatory drug with phototoxic properties. PMID- 6634962 TI - Optical properties of human brain. PMID- 6634963 TI - Photosensitization by methotrexate photoproducts. PMID- 6634964 TI - Photoreaction of 4', 5'-dihydropsoralen with thymine. PMID- 6634965 TI - Acrylamide fluorescence quenching applied to tyrosyl residues in proteins. PMID- 6634966 TI - Hematoporphyrin as a photosensitizer of tumors. PMID- 6634967 TI - Follow up on systemic influence of partial pre-irradiation on UV-tumorigenesis. PMID- 6634969 TI - Locomotor activity, auditory startle and shock thresholds in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - A group of SHRs and a group of WKY normotensive controls were compared sequentially on open-field behavior, Y-maze activity, responsiveness and habituation of the auditory startle response, and shock thresholds. In the open field and Y maze the SHRs were more active than the WKYs, but the locomotor activity of the SHRs decreased more within sessions. However, the SHRs could be described as showing more, less or the same between-session habituation depending upon the apparatus and the portion of the session analyzed. The SHRs were less responsive than controls on the auditory startle response measure, and they did not differ from controls on startle-response habituation. The SHRs were less responsive than controls at low shock levels but more responsive at high shock levels. The relationship between SHRs and WKYs on the responsiveness dimension depended upon the modality and intensity of the stimulus, the response characteristics of the test situation, and the time sample of behavior taken. PMID- 6634968 TI - A new, reliable lower-body nociception device for unrestrained animals yields data comparable to a new portable version of the face-rub test. AB - A novel lower body heating device is described for use in lower body analgesiometry with freely-moving, small animals. It consists of a resistor in contact with a hindlimb. The defensive biting response to heat shows reliable dose-response effects with morphine which compare well with our similar upper body device (Rosenfeld et al. 1978). Issues dealing with upper versus lower body nociception effects may be tested with the new device set described. PMID- 6634970 TI - The relation of multiple hippocampal theta cell discharge rates to slow wave theta frequency. AB - Multiple theta cells in the dentate granule cell area of the hippocampal formation of the freely moving rabbit were analyzed during three behavioral conditions: (1) voluntary motor patterns, termed Type 1 theta behaviors; (2) automatic motor patterns, termed Type 2 LIA behaviors; (3) alert immobility with presentation of sensory stimuli, termed Type 2 theta behavior. Multiple theta cells showed a linear increase in discharge rates, with increasing frequency of slow wave theta, in both the Type 1 and Type 2 theta conditions. Although there was no mean overlap in discharged rates (from one frequency to the next highest frequency of slow wave theta), individual data points overlapped considerably in the middle ranges. Multiple theta cell discharge rates were significantly lower in the Type 2 theta condition compared to the Type 1 theta condition, even at identical slow wave theta frequencies. Multiple theta cells discharged in an irregular fashion during the Type 2 LIA behavior condition. The discharge pattern was characterized as on or off, the on pattern most commonly observed being asynchronous bursting. PMID- 6634971 TI - Ultradian rhythms in cognitive functions and their relationship to visceral processes. AB - Visceral and behavioral data were repeatedly sampled over time in 7 men performing tests of eye-hand coordination and of recall. Spectrum analysis of behavioral data showed peaks in the ultradian range which for the group were significantly different from white noise. Relations between visceral and behavioral data were not striking. However, relations between (a) epinephrine and indices of sympathetic tone (i.e., norepinephrine or heart rate) and (b) ongoing performance were positive and the highest of all tested. PMID- 6634972 TI - A microcomputer-based data acquisition system for continuous recording of feeding and drinking by rats. AB - A monitoring system to continuously record the daily pattern of drinking and eating of rats is described. This system, based on a North Star microcomputer, can record the amount of food ingested with a temporal resolution of +/- 1.0 second and quantitative accuracy within +/- 5%. Drinking behavior is detected using a drinkometer which also has a temporal resolution of +/- 1.0 second. Data are analyzed by computer to determine absolute amounts of consumption and patterns of intake. The patterns of feeding and drinking recorded by this system are similar to those observed using other monitoring devices. PMID- 6634973 TI - Effects of diet and exercise training on thermogenesis in adult female rats. AB - The effects of a cafeteria diet on body weight gain, food intake, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the thermic effect of food (TEF) were compared in female Charles River albino rats that were either sedentary or exercise-trained. The food intakes of the exercise-trained rats on the cafeteria diet were increased to the same degree as those of the sedentary rats, however, they gained less body weight and body fat than sedentary controls. The exercise training increased RMR independent of diet, but differentially increased TEF in rats given the cafeteria diet. Conversely, sedentary rats on the cafeteria diet had significantly lower RMR, but their TEF were not different from control animals on lab chow. Thus, in addition to the direct cost of the exercise, training increased thermogenesis (RMR and TEF) which also helped prevent the dietary obesity which normally occurs with cafeteria diets. PMID- 6634974 TI - Schedule-induced polydipsia as a function of percent of body weight in the Mongolian gerbil. AB - Three male Mongolian gerbils displayed schedule-induced polydipsia on a fixed time 3-min food reinforcement schedule at 85% body weight (BW). When the gerbils' body weights were gradually increased to ad lib levels, the polydipsia disappeared. When the gerbils were subsequently reduced to 85% BW again, the previous polydipsia levels of water intake were recaptured. These data replicate previous findings with rats, and suggest that schedule-induced polydipsia may be as robust in gerbils and other species, as it is with rats, once the optimal generating conditions are established. PMID- 6634975 TI - Variety in the diet enhances intake in a meal and contributes to the development of obesity in the rat. AB - Male and female rats were given three palatable, high energy foods either simultaneously or in succession during three 40 min courses. Both simultaneous and successive variety enhanced energy intake compared to the intake of single palatable foods, which was itself enhanced compared to the intake of chow. Rats deprived of food for 24 hr showed a compensatory increase in chow intake (84%) but only a 20% increase in intake in the single palatable food conditions, and no increase in the variety conditions. Male and female rats showed a similar response to variety and deprivation. The effect of variety on body weight was also examined in rats offered either chow, or chow and one palatable food, or chow and three palatable foods in succession (changed every 12 hr) or simultaneously, for seven weeks. All rats offered the palatable foods were hyperphagic compared to chow-fed controls. Rats given the simultaneous but not the successive variety diet were more hyperphagic than the other palatable food groups and showed significantly greater body weight and fat gains. The availability of a variety of foods is an important factor in the amount eaten in the meal and in the etiology of obesity. PMID- 6634976 TI - Association brain systems and visually guided movements in the cat. AB - A study was made of contribution made by specific and association systems of the brain to the organization of visually guided movements in cats. Animals were trained to make two light spots coincide; one of them was guided by pressing the pedal. Ablation of specific visual areas of the neocortex did not affect the performance, whereas local lesions of association frontal and parietal areas caused severe deficits of visuomotor integration. Patterning of new programs compensated for the deficits. Destruction of the ventrolateral nucleus (VL) of the thalamus which is responsible for information transfer to association area brings about irrevocable impairment to the movements learned. Coagulation of ventral or dorsal portions of VL in trained cats specifically encroached the performance. In the former case, fast ballistic movements towards the target are affected, whereas in the latter tracking movements were disturbed. It is supposed that VL is a link between the two association systems, the interplay of which provides for activities of the mechanisms involved in sensory control of goal directed movements. PMID- 6634977 TI - Autoshaping and paleostriatal lesions in the pigeon. AB - Three experiments were conducted with the pigeon (Columbia livia) to investigate the effects of bilateral electrolytic lesions of the paleostriatum on classical conditioning paradigms. In Experiment 1 naive subjects were given autoshaping training to a white centre key light and it was found that paleostriatal pigeons showed higher peck rates than unoperated controls. A further group of naive paleostriatal pigeons showed higher rates of autoshaped responding but did not differ from controls on a successive autoshaping discrimination with colour (Experiment 2A) or striped (Experiment 2B) stimuli. In Experiment 3 paleostriatal pigeons performed better than controls on a go, no-go alternation. The higher response rates shown by paleostriatal pigeons during autoshaping could not readily be explained in terms of a (non-associative) motor disturbance such as a tremor which could have caused multiple key pecks to be emitted in view of the demonstrations of unimpaired discrimination (Experiment 2) and better alternation (Experiment 3). Instead, the results suggest that paleostriatal pigeons may show potentiated classical conditioning. PMID- 6634978 TI - Penile reflexes in intact rats following anesthetization of the penis and ejaculation. AB - Application of the topical anesthetic pontocaine (tetracaine hydrochloride) to the penis and preputial sheath virtually abolished the display of penile reflexes by intact rats. When pontocaine was applied immediately following ejaculation in copula, however, normal genital reflexes were observed in the majority of rats, albeit with a prolonged latency to the first erection relative to the control test. These same animals were, nonetheless, unable to achieve intromission when returned to the mating arena despite repeated mounting attempts. These data suggest that sensory input to the genitalia is generally necessary for the display of penile reflexes in the rat. However, stimuli associated with copulation can override the suppressive effect of sensory loss of these reflexes, presumably due to removal of supraspinal inhibition. PMID- 6634979 TI - Consummatory behavior and adrenocortical responsiveness in the hamster. AB - In this study we examined the effects of consummatory behavior on adrenocortical activity in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). We found that: (1) Animals tested in their home cage began drinking faster and drank more water than animals tested in a novel cage. (2) Basal levels of cortisol were not elevated following 24 hr water deprivation. (3) Placement in a novel cage produced significant cortisol elevations. However, if water was available, cortisol levels were reduced and did not differ significantly from presession (basal) levels. (4) Opportunity to drink while in the home cage produced no significant change in cortisol. All animals were water-deprived for 24 hr prior to testing and no sex differences were observed on any of these measures. In a second experiment we examined adrenocortical inhibition in water-deprived animals tested in a novel cage which was Empty or which allowed access to Food, Water or Sanicel bedding. Presence of food did not reduce cortisol levels; however, presence of either water or Sanicel reduced plasma corticoids to basal levels. PMID- 6634980 TI - Serum calcitonin, calcium and thyroxine in young and old Zucker fatty rats (fa/fa). AB - We determined the serum levels of calcitonin (CT), calcium (Ca), and thyroxine (Ti) in lean (?/+) and fatty (fa/fa) male Zucker rats 10 weeks and 10-12 months of age. The most dramatic finding was a high level of serum CT (3.24 +/- 1.18 ng/ml) in young fatties whereas sera from young leans were all below the limit of assay detection (less than 0.120 ng/ml, p less than 0.01). Young fat rats also had elevated levels of both Ca (11.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 9.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, p less than 0.001) and Ti (6.7 +/- 0.48 vs. 4.72 +/- 0.28 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.01). In older animals the mean serum level of CT increased further in the fatties and became readily measurable in leans (5.67 +/- 1.94 vs. 1.49 +/- 0.55, p less than 0.01). Thyroid C-cells, identified immunohistochemically, were abundant in both leans and fatties at this age but were substantially more numerous in the fat rats (p less than 0.001). Calcium levels increased somewhat in the older leans, but still remained higher in the fat rats (p less than 0.05). Thyroxine values were essentially the same for old animals of both genotypes (5.07 +/- 0.61 vs. 5.54 +/- 0.88). Age effects were not significant for any measure in the fat animals, but in the leans there were significant age-related increases in CT (p less than 0.02) and serum Ca (p less than 0.05). PMID- 6634981 TI - Feeding, drinking and body temperature of Leghorn chicks: effects of ICV injections of biogenic amines. AB - The effects of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on food intake, water consumption and colonic body temperature (Tc) were investigated using Leghorn-type chicks. Food intake was not significantly affected by the intracerebroventricular injections of DA, NE or E. In contrast, 5-HT significantly decreased food intake in both sated and fasted chicks. Tc was significantly decreased by NE and E whereas DA and 5-HT prevented the decline seen in controls. Water consumption was not significantly affected by DA, NE or E; however, 5-HT increased water consumption of sated chicks and decreased water consumption in fasted ones. The feeding response of Leghorn chicks following ICV injection of these biogenic amines differs from that previously observed in the broiler-type chicks. This disparate response is discussed in relation to the different growth rates of the two types of birds. PMID- 6634982 TI - Effects of temperature and social interactions on huddling behavior in Mus musculus. AB - Huddling behavior in grouped house mice (Mus musculus) was observed at two ambient temperatures, and in groups containing one or both sexes. Increased huddling was observed in all sex combinations at the lower ambient temperature. The differences observed between groups varied with temperature: in general, male mice were more likely to alter their behavior in response to temperature and social situation, while the behavior of females was more consistent. The results are discussed in relation to the competing effects of thermoregulatory demand and Darwinian fitness. PMID- 6634983 TI - Testosterone aromatization in high and low mating lines of gallinaceous birds. AB - Capons from high (HML) and low (LML) mating lines of Japanese quail and chickens received testosterone propionate, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) or estradiol benzoate injections after which copulatory behavior was observed during exposure to live females and to a female model. With live females, the testosterone-treated HML capons mated significantly more than the other HML groups. All LML capons mated infrequently and at comparable levels. When tested with the model, estrogen-treated LML capons mated significantly more frequently than testosterone-treated LML capons, suggesting testosterone aromatization rate was affecting mating activity. This possibility was tested with HLM and LML intact cocks and capons receiving silastic implants of either testosterone, 5 alpha-DHT or a combination of estradiol and 5 alpha-DHT (E + DHT). Mating activity of intact HML cocks, T-treated, and E + DHT-treated HML capons were similar, and all groups mated significantly more than the control or 5 alpha-DHT treated capons. There were no significant differences between any of the LML groups. The data suggested that limited testosterone aromatization was not the cause of relatively reduced sexual activity in the LML males. PMID- 6634984 TI - Changes in absolute threshold with light-induced retinal damage. AB - Albino rats were trained on a mixed signalled reinforcement procedure designed to yield repeated absolute visual thresholds within each session. After threshold stability animals were exposed 12 hours per night to 1000 lux of light froma cool white fluorescent source. Log threshold rose as an approximate linear function of exposure time to a maximum of 2.0 log units above baseline after 36 cumulative hours of exposure. Light and electron microscopic analysis of the irradiated retinas revealed vesiculated photoreceptor outer segments, with varying degrees of vacuolation of the inner segments and pyknosis of photoreceptor nuclei depending on exposure time. The various combinations of retinal pathology suggests that damage to photoreceptor outer segments and inner segments interact to jointly affect psychophysical thresholds in light-induced retinal damage. PMID- 6634985 TI - Cortical KCl reinstates forelimb placing following damage to the internal capsule. AB - Following unilateral damage to the internal capsule, rats failed to use the contralateral forelimb during tests of contact, chin, and visual placing reactions. Infusion of potassium chloride onto the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the lesion reinstated placing in the impaired limb and abolished placing in the normal limb. As the drug dissipated, placing in the impaired limb gradually deteriorated, while placing in the normal limb returned. In contrast, potassium chloride applied to the ipsilateral cortex did not reinstate placing. These findings suggest that the loss of forelimb placing following lesions of the internal capsule is due, at least in part, to tonic inhibition from the cortex contralateral to the lesion. PMID- 6634986 TI - The effect of the human menstrual cycle on nutrient intake. AB - The dietary intakes of eight human females were obtained by interview each day for 60 days to determine whether the menstrual cycle affected nutrient intake. Analysis showed that over the menstrual cycle there were fluctuations in carbohydrate consumption, but not in protein and fat consumption. The mean post period (preovulation) intake was between 51.6% to 56.4% of the preperiod (postovulation) consumption. The evidence indicates that women eat more carbohydrate per day after they ovulate than before. PMID- 6634987 TI - Dorsolateral PAG neurons: tonic immobility and morphine effect in freely moving rabbits. AB - The activity of 33 neurons of pontomesencephalic dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), not triggered by motor or sensory stimuli, has been recorded during tonic immobility (animal hypnosis) and after morphine injection (5 mg/kg IV). Several parameters of neural activity were chronically studied, including: frequency, variability and pattern of discharge. Tonic immobility affected the frequency and the variability of the firing rate of the majority of neurons. Morphine decreased frequency and increased variability of 73.3% of the neurons. Maximal morphine effect was observed with a wide range of latencies and was independent of frequency and variability. The negative relationship between frequency and variability recorded during the control period, wa abolished by morphine. Changes in the pattern of discharge were also observed after morphine injections. The effect of tonic immobility and morphine are discussed in the light of the relationships existing between PAG neurons and fear motivated behavior. PMID- 6634988 TI - Environmental and genetic effects on food-deprivation induced stomach lesions in male rats. AB - When Roman high- and low-avoidance (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh) rats were individually housed in plastic cages with sawdust bedding and food-deprived (F-D) for 4-5 days, it was found that F-D RHA/Verh rats had more lesions than their unfasted controls and more lesions than F-D RLA/Verh rats. The lesions were mostly petechial in nature and located in the glandular portion of the stomach. Also, F D RHA/Verh rats which were housed in the same room as the controls, as well as F D RHA/Verh rats which were housed in a separate room with a strong food odor present, had more lesions than F-D RHA/Verh rats housed in the same separate room when there was no food odor, and when none of the rats present had access to food. When F-D RHA/Verh and F-D RLA/Verh rats were individually housed in metal cages with grid floors, however, a general increase in lesion scores resulted and differences between the two rat lines disappeared, as did differences among the room conditions. Also, many lesions were of an ulcerative nature and were located in the rumenal portion of the stomach. It was concluded that sensory (in this case olfactory, at least) and genetic factors are capable of playing roles in the induction of stomach lesions in rats, and that the type, extent and location of the lesions can depend upon whether or not the animals have access to sawdust bedding. PMID- 6634989 TI - A probe for a histaminergic component of drinking in the rat. AB - Systemic antagonism of H1 or H2 receptors for histamine attenuated drinking elicited by SC 20 mg/kg histamine in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The H1 antagonist dexbrompheniramine (DXB; 0.5-16 mg/kg) and the H2 antagonist cimetidine (C; 0.5-100 mg/kg) each inhibited drinking elicited by histamine when given IP 10 min prior to SC histamine: The lowest doses to produce a statistically significant inhibition of drinking were 2 mg/kg DXB and 32 mg/kg C. While 1 mg/kg DXB alone or 16 mg/kg DXB plus 16 mg/kg C virtually abolished drinking elicited by histamine (1.25-20 mg/kg) in a dose-response study. In addition, such combined antagonism of H1 and H2 receptors failed to elicit drinking in the absence of exogenous histamine and failed to inhibit drinking elicited by deprivation from water for 7 or 24 hr. Because combined systemic antagonism of H1 and H2 receptors can specifically and completely inhibit drinking elicited by exogenous histamine, these findings provide a probe for a histaminergic component of drinking in the rat. PMID- 6634990 TI - Analysis of a conflict between palatability and cold exposure in rats. AB - Rats were trained to feed each day from 10 o'clock to 12 noon. Once a week in an environment of Ta--15 degrees C, additional food was made available 16 m from a thermoneutral refuge. The additional food offered was either shortcake, meat pate, peanut butter, Coca-cola, all of these (cafeteria), or laboratory chow. Although laboratory chow was also always available in their thermoneutral home, rats invariably ran in the cold to the feeder, especially so when the food offered was highly palatable. With such foods, animals took as much as half their nutrient intake in the cold. For less palatable food, rats went only once or twice to the feeder, and there ate little. The attractiveness of the various foods was ranked similarly by the amount eaten, the number of excursions to the feeder, and the time spent feeding in the cold. Meal duration and speed of running to the food were not influenced by palatability. For the whole group, the preference was: shortcake, Coca-cola, meat pate, peanut butter, and chow. There was a considerable variation between rats in their attraction to different foods. Feeding behavior in a situation of conflict could be used to measure palatability. PMID- 6634991 TI - A telerecording analysis of reaching disruptions in rats after stimulation or lesion. AB - In the so-called "handedness" experiments rats learn to retrieve food pellets from a narrow tubular feeder preferentially with the left or right forepaw. Frame by-frame analysis of videotape recordings showed that the stereotype movement consists of a fast forepaw extension (54 msec), followed by isolated finger flexion (46 msec) overlapping later with slow forelimb retraction (180 to 400 msec). Reach-triggered single pulse stimulation of contralateral caudate nucleus or ipsilateral dentate nucleus interfered with finger flexion and disorganized the time course of the movement. Electrolytic lesion of the ipsilateral dentate nucleus caused marked slowing of the extension (80 msec) and finger flexion (140 msec) phases of the movement. Videoanalysis confirms the ballistic character of the initial phase of the reaching movement. PMID- 6634992 TI - A device for monitoring position of unrestrained animals in a temperature gradient. AB - The design and use of an automated system which permits continuous monitoring of the position of an animal in a temperature gradient is demonstrated. Animal position in the gradient is detected with phototransistors. Through simple electronic switching, the information from the phototransistors is converted to an analog DC signal that is directly proportional to the position of the animal in the temperature gradient. The temperature gradient method permits continuous automated monitoring of thermoregulatory behavior in unrestrained animals. PMID- 6634993 TI - Experience-based vocalization of male mice to female chemosignals. AB - Previous experimentation led to a suggestion that pituitary-mediated metabolites present in female urine are important determinants of stimulus potency in eliciting 70 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations from adult male mice (Mus musculus). In the present experiment this hypothesis was reexamined, taking into account the prior experience of the male test subjects. Male mice were given social experience with either hypophysectomized females or intact, normal females and were then monitored for ultrasonic vocalizations to chemosensory stimuli from both. Results indicated that males (1) will emit ultrasonic vocalizations to urine from hypophysectomized females and (2) tend to preferentially emit ultrasound to stimuli from the type of female previously encountered during the social experience regimen. It is proposed that the previously reported lack of ultrasound emission by males to chemosignals from hypophysectomized females can be accounted for via straightforward associative learning mechanisms. PMID- 6634994 TI - Comparisons of behavioral, motoric and electrical criteria for assessment of sleep-wake states in the rabbit. AB - Each of the sleep and wake states of animals are characterized by specific patterns of behavioral, motoric, and electrophysiological activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of agreement among these three patterns. Sleep-wake behavior of two adult rabbits was observed for 4 continuous hours by an experienced judge. At the same time, a single-channel analog recording of motility and an analog recording of the electrical activity of the hippocampus were obtained. Each recording was scored by assigning a state category to each 10-second epoch. The three descriptions were then compared for agreement using the 10-second epoch as the unit of statistical analysis. There was a mean agreement of 85.12% between the techniques of direct observation and judgment of motility recordings. A mean agreement of 95.64% was obtained when comparing the hippocampal recordings and those of direct observation; the hippocampal and motility recordings had a mean agreement of 85.38%. The high correlations among the three different procedures support the hypothesis that state is a construct representing a set of underlying neurophysiological properties of the organism which express themselves in a similar and invariant manner via behavior, motility, and electrical brain activity. PMID- 6634995 TI - Probability learning in pigeons (Columba livia) is not impaired by hyperstriatal lesions. AB - Three experiments investigated the effects of hyperstriatal lesions on spatial and visual probability learning in pigeons. The lesions did not affect choice accuracy although they did reduce positional responding on error trials in the visual task. The results gave support to a perseverative, as opposed to an attentional, interpretation of the lesion effects. Increasing intertrial interval in the visual task resulted in decreased accuracy in both lesion and control groups, and the absence of a differential effect on the lesioned birds ran counter to an earlier suggestion that increased perseveration might be due to increased frustration. A fourth experiment confirmed that the lesions disrupted both acquisition and reversal of a conventional orientation discrimination; the deficits again appeared to be due to increased perseveration rather than to shifts in attention. PMID- 6634996 TI - Systolic blood pressure during the formation of a social dominance hierarchy in C57BL/6j mice. AB - Housing male mice in social groups typically results in social dominance hierarchies and elevated systolic blood pressures. An exception to this pattern occurs in the C57BL/6j inbred mouse strain. C57BL/6j male mice, when handled prior to the experiment, tend to display neither social dominance hierarchies nor systolic hypertension. In the present experiment, we found that when C57BL/6j males compete for social dominance, as indicated by wounding, they also show elevations in systolic pressure. The association of social hierarchy and systolic pressure elevation can be found not only in aggressive mouse strains, but also within the more pacific C57BL/6j strain when it is exposed to competition. PMID- 6634997 TI - Lipolytic activity in brown adipocytes during spontaneous weight cycles in dormice. AB - In vitro release of glycerol from isolated brown adipocytes into incubation medium was measured using axillary brown adipose tissue (BAT) removed from dormice during various phases of the infradian body weight cycle. Lipolytic activity in BAT was reduced during the weight loss phase in comparison to the weight gain phase. In the absence of deep and prolonged torpor, BAT does not appear to act as an effector of weight loss for hibernators undergoing large cyclical fluctuations in body energy content. PMID- 6634998 TI - The olfactory detection of sodium and lithium salts by sodium deficient cattle. AB - With development of Na+ depletion in cattle enhancement in the specific ability to smell very low concentrations of salt occurs. At the same time a behaviour pattern develops, in which increased locomotory activity is seen, directed towards searching for sodium salts. Following the initial successful location of a sodium source the pattern once learned, is consolidated by repetition and by consummation of the salt reward. Our data shows that olfactory and gustatory receptors are able to detect minute amounts of sodium salts as biochemical disruption develops with Na+ depletion but the central input from smell and taste receptors remain distinct. Salt appetite does not appear to be pleasurable (hedonic) in cattle, for salt appetite which is a feature of Na+ depletion does not persist when the ionic deficit is restored. The innate behaviour which develops with increased salt appetite in cattle may account for the evolutionary success and worldwide distribution of ruminants. PMID- 6634999 TI - Exposure to men influences the occurrence of ovulation in women. AB - It has been demonstrated that exposure to men has the capacity to shorten the menstrual cycle in women. In the present study, the impact of the variables of sleeping arrangements and sexual activity were examined on both menstrual cycle length and the occurrence of ovulation as determined by basal body temperature charts. It was found that women who spent at least two or more nights with men during a forty day period exhibited a significantly higher rate of ovulation (p less than 0.05) than those spending no or one nights. Cycle length was not affected by sleeping arrangements. Furthermore, frequency of sexual intercourse was unrelated to either cycle length or likelihood of ovulation. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unknown but it is conjectured that it is pheromonal in nature. PMID- 6635000 TI - Removal of Harderian exudates by sandbathing contributes to osmotic balance in Mongolian gerbils. AB - Whittow [18] has inquired whether any animal can limit insensible perspiration through the integument. Sandbathing by the Mongolian gerbil may be a behavioral mechanism to such effect. Ordinarily, Harderian exudates from the external nares of the nose are spread over the pelage by autogrooming and are removed by sandbathing. Several experiments were designed to explore the hypothesis that removal of Harderian materials from the pelage by sandbathing aids osmoregulation through lowering rate of insensible perspiration. An initial experiment showed body weight losses during water deprivation were greater in intact than in Harderianectomized (Hx) gerbils when neither group could sandbathe, but were equivalent when sandbathing was allowed. Subsequent work indicated that variation in relative humidity was associated with magnitude of the difference in weight loss during water deprivation between intact and Hx gerbils, while change in the ambient temperature was not. Checks on these findings showed (1) that nonthirsty intact and Hx gerbils do not differ in amount of internal water and (2) that grooming water losses probably are equivalent in intact and Hx gerbils. PMID- 6635001 TI - Effects of procurement cost on food consumption in rats. AB - Rats deprived of food for 23 hr were given unconstrained access to food for 1 hr following the completion of a lever-press requirement. Four experimental subjects were each tested for 7 sessions in each of a series of lever-press requirement conditions (1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200) with a free access condition before and after this series, and with a final return to the 100 lever-press condition. To each experimental subject was yoked an equally deprived control subject which received access to food independently of its own responding, at the same time as its experimental partner. The food consumption of the experimental subjects, but not that of the controls, increased systematically as the lever-press requirement increased. It is argued that the results suggest that the way the procurement cost of food is related to both the frequency and size of meals is due to a direct but independent effect of the cost on both meal size and latency to initiate eating. PMID- 6635002 TI - The limits of tooth pulp evoked potentials for pain quantitation. AB - Tooth pulp evoked potentials (TPEPs) and subjective evaluation of painful dental stimuli have been recorded in healthy volunteers. The amplitude of TPEPs late components and the subjective rating have been studied in different psychological states, by the expectancy of pain with a placebo and by providing foreknowledge of stimulus timing with self-stimulation. The placebo induced a significant depression of TPEPs and pain sensation. The amplitude of TPEPs evoked by self delivered stimuli was reduced but the subjective report remained unchanged. These results demonstrate that TPEPs are not a stable correlate of the pain perceived or of the painful input. PMID- 6635003 TI - Effect of treadmill exercise on food intake and body weight in lean and obese rats. AB - Body weight and food intake of lean and obese, male and female Osborne-Mendel rats following treadmill exercise were compared. Rats were assigned, separately by sex, to one of three diet groups; Group 1 was fed a low fat (10%) diet throughout the study, Group 2 was fed a high fat (55%) diet for 16 weeks and then switched to the low fat diet 1 week prior to exercise, and Group 3 was fed the high fat diet throughout the study. To control for differences in work output between the leanest and heaviest animals, exercise intensity was adjusted across groups such that all exercised rats had equivalent energy expenditure. After a 3 day training period, the exercise was successively increased over 8 days until a work output of 374.9J was reached. Relative to their respective controls, obese exercised males showed a reduction in body weight but no change in food intake. In contrast, exercised females showed no change in body weight or food intake, regardless of dietary condition. PMID- 6635004 TI - Synthetic progestins and sweetness preference in intact female Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Intact Sprague-Dawley female rats were treated with 0.25 microgram or 1.25 micrograms ethinyl-estradiol (EE) in combination with one of 3 synthetic progestins: (5 micrograms) norethindrone, norethynodrel, or norgestrel. In Experiment 1 both dosages of EE in combination with the synthetic progestins suppressed sweetness preference, with a somewhat greater effect for the 1.25 micrograms EE dosage. Norgestrel in combination with EE produced the longest suppression of sweetness preference. In Experiment 2 progestins administered in the absence of EE showed no significant effect on sweetness preference. When 1.25 micrograms EE was administered singularly, a significant decline in sweetness preference occurred, but not as great a decline as in combination with a progestin. PMID- 6635005 TI - Autonomic and somatomotor effects of amygdala central N. stimulation in awake rabbits. AB - Low level stimulation of the amygdala central nucleus was found to produce bradycardia responses in awake rabbits. Within the central nucleus the most sensitive sites were located within the medial component. The bradycardia response was accompanied by changes in respiration, most commonly an increase in frequency and a decrease in tidal volume, as well as by pupillodilation. Somatomotor responses to central nucleus stimulation were an arrest of ongoing behavior and movements of the mouth and tongue. The pattern of responses observed following stimulation of this nucleus is similar to that observed in response to threatening stimuli and suggests a contribution for this nucleus in the integration of a species-appropriate emotional response in the rabbits. PMID- 6635006 TI - Progesterone-induced sequential inhibition of copulatory behavior in hysterectomized rats: relationship to neural cytoplasmic progestin receptors. AB - The inhibitory effects of progesterone on the copulatory behavior and on neural cytoplasmic progestin receptors were examined in ovariectomized (DV) and ovariectomized-hysterectomized (OH) rats. Ovariectomized and OH rats were given 2.0 micrograms of estradiol benzoate (EB) followed 24 hr later by 0.1, 0.5, 0.1 or 2.0 mg of progesterone (P) and were tested for lordosis 6 hr later (30 hr). Twenty four hr after the first P treatment, all animals received 0.5 mg of P and were tested again (54 hr). The initial doses of 1.0 and 2.0 mg of P significantly reduced lordosis quotients in response to the subsequent P treatment in OV animals but only the 2.0 mg dose of P effectively suppressed lordosis in OH animals. In order to determine whether the priming dose of EB influences the inhibitory effects of progesterone, OV and OH rats were injected with 1.0 microgram of EB followed by 1.0 mg of P, or 6.0 micrograms of EB followed by 2.0 mg of P and were tested for receptivity under the same schedule. Treatment with 1.0 microgram of EB permitted, and 6.0 micrograms of EB prevented sequential inhibition of sexual behavior by progesterone in both OV and OH rats. Hypothalamic cytoplasmic progestin [( 3H]R5020) receptors were then measured 48 hr after EB injection in OV or OH rats given the same treatments with EB and P. Hypothalamic progestin receptors were significantly lower in OV animals given 2.0 micrograms of EB followed by 1.0 or 2.0 mg of P than oil-treated controls, but only the 2.0 mg dose of P significantly reduced receptors in OH rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635007 TI - Entrainment of the circadian rhythms of blinded infant rats by nursing mothers. AB - New-born rats were optically enucleated on day 1 and the rhythms of pineal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and serum corticosterone levels were followed under various nursing schedules from 4 to 8 weeks of ages. When blinded pups born under DL (LD) cycle were reared by foster mothers under LD (DL) cycle, both of N-acetyltransferase and corticosterone rhythms were in phase with those of the pups born of and reared by their original mothers under LD (DL) cycle. The phases of the rhythms were regularly delayed at a similar rate in 4 groups as they grew, indicating that nursing mother rats can entrain the circadian rhythms of blinded pups. When intact and blinded pups were reared under LD cycle, the phases of N-acetyltransferase activity rhythm in both groups were identical at the first postnatal week, but the phase of the rhythm in blinded pups was gradually delayed after second week compared to intact pups. The observation indicates that the endogenous oscillation in blinded pups starts to free-run between 1 and 2 weeks after birth. PMID- 6635008 TI - Rhythms of barbiturate-induced sleep time in deermice entrained to non-twenty four hour photocycles. AB - The present experiment examined whether entrainment to twenty-four hour days is advantageous for physiological and behavioral adaptations to a pharmacological challenge. Adult, male deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were injected with sodium pentobarbital at 8.5, 14.5, 20.5, 2.5 and again at 8.5 hr after light onset while entrained to a 24 hr day (light/dark (LD) 14:10). Time to recover from anesthesia was recorded. Subsequently, the dark phase of the LD cycle was reduced 15-20 min every 10 days until a 23 hr photocycle was achieved, (LD 14:9; T = 23 hr). Injections of sodium pentobarbital were again administered at 8.5, 14.5, 20.5 and 2.5 hr after light onset and sleep times recorded. This procedure was repeated at T = 21 hr (LD 14:7) and T = 18 hr (LD 14:4). A variation in sleep time was observed during entrainment to all T-cycles except T = 18 hr. Sleep time after drug administration was generally longer during the light than during the dark phase of each photocycle. Recovery from anesthesia was not compromised in mice entrained to photocycles with periods of 23 or 21 hr; however, entrainment to very short days disrupted the normal pattern of response to barbiturate administration. Entrainment to a range of daylengths that deviate appreciably from 24 hr is consistent with normal physiological function. PMID- 6635009 TI - Midbrain lesions eliminate sexual receptivity but spare sexual motivation in female rats. AB - To measure sexual motivation we have used a preference test paradigm which involves testing a female with a sexually active male and a sexually inactive castrate male at the same time. On the assumption that a sexually motivated female will choose to spend more time with a partner who can provide her with stimulation appropriate to her motivational state, a female can be said to be sexually motivated to the extent that she spends more time with the active male than with the castrate. We find that bilateral destruction of the midbrain peripeduncular region eliminates the lordosis reflex in female rats, and abolishes sexual soliciting darting responses. Lesioned females treated with ovarian hormones continue, however, to show a strong preference for a sexually active male over a castrate. Thus, although peripeduncular destruction eliminates copulatory behavior, such destruction appears to spare hormone dependent systems for sexual motivation. PMID- 6635010 TI - Selective hepatic vagotomy blocks pancreatic glucagon's satiety effect. AB - To test the hypothesis that hepatic vagal afferents mediate the satiety effect of pancreatic glucagon, we tested the effects of selective surgical and pharmacological lesions of the abdominal vagus on glucagon's potency to inhibit feeding. Surgical disconnection of only the hepatic branch of the abdominal vagus blocked glucagon's satiety effect as well as total abdominal vagotomy. However, abdominal vagotomy that spared the hepatic branch did not change glucagon's satiety effect. Glucagon also inhibited feeding after pharmacological blockade of peripheral postganglionic muscarinic receptors with atropine methylnitrate. All these results are consistent with the hypothesis that hepatic vagal afferents mediate the satiety effect of pancreatic glucagon. PMID- 6635011 TI - Effect of guanethidine sympathectomy on intake and body weight of intact and LHA lesioned rats. AB - The present study investigated the role of direct sympathetic nervous system innervation of the viscera in the reduced body weight levels maintained by animals bearing lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). Adult, male rats with, and without, electrolytic lesions of the (LHA) were treated with guanethidine sulphate (25 mg/kg IP daily for 6 weeks) to produce destruction of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. LHA-lesioned rats displayed the expected reduced body weight compared to intact rats. Sympathectomy in lesioned rats resulted in an identical pattern of effects to that seen in intact rats. Transitory reductions in intake were effected and weight was significantly depressed by one week of guanethidine treatment. However, weight had recovered to control levels in both intact and lesioned drug-treated groups by the end of the experiment. The reduced body weight level maintained by LHA-lesioned rats was not altered by guanethidine sympathectomy. The major conclusions are (1) the reduced body weights maintained following LHA lesions are not dependent upon an intact sympathetic nervous innervation of visceral organs, and (2) peripheral sympathectomy in intact adult rats has no chronic effects on either body weight or food and water intake. PMID- 6635012 TI - Staphylococcus aureus chromosomal mutation specifically affecting the copy number of Inc3 plasmids. AB - A chromosomal mutation leading to an important increase in the copy number of plasmid pT181 and its derivatives has been isolated from Staphylococcus aureus strain 8325. The amplification effect in the mutant strain SA1350 was found to be specific for plasmids of the Inc3 group, to which belongs pT181. There are some other differences in the behavior of Inc3 plasmids between SA1350 and 8325, including stable maintenance in SA1350 at high copy number of temperature sensitive replication mutants at restrictive temperatures, and altered incompatibility properties. Derivatives of SA1350 carrying only Inc3 plasmid mutants with high copy numbers (Cop mutants) could not be obtained, suggesting a lethal runaway plasmid replication in this situation. SA1350 expressed also a temperature-sensitive phenotype. The relationship of this character to the plaC1 mutation determining the amplification of Inc3 plasmids has not yet been elucidated. PMID- 6635013 TI - Medicinal plants of surinam. III: Antimicrobially active alkaloids from aspidosperma excelsum. PMID- 6635014 TI - Hypotensive actions of ephedradines, macrocyclic spermine alkaloids of Ephedra roots. PMID- 6635015 TI - Tertiary indole alkaloids of Tabernaemontana dichotoma seeds. PMID- 6635016 TI - Active principles of the thymelaeaceae. III. Skin irritant and cocarcinogenic factors from Pimelea simplex. PMID- 6635017 TI - Mechanism of the hypotensive effect of scopoletin isolated from the fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera. PMID- 6635018 TI - Effects of stilbene components of roots of Polygonum ssp. on liver injury in peroxidized oil-fed rats. PMID- 6635019 TI - [A cytogenetic and genetico-epidemiological study on mental disorders]. PMID- 6635020 TI - [Current situation and problems on demands of the fee for psychiatric occupational therapy]. PMID- 6635021 TI - [Infratentorial and craniospinal osseous anomalies--incidence and clinical significance]. AB - A comprehensive summary is given about the clinical importance of bony dysplasias of occipitocervical region. An informative case history from among the authors cases, in which the extent of the bony craniospinal malformation was 0.38%, is used to show that such disorders are often not recognized at first. PMID- 6635022 TI - [Psychiatric disorders and growth of brain tumors]. AB - In 49 of 365 clinical and patho-anatomical intracranial tumour cases the tumours were indicated in the anamnesis only by mental disturbances before acute signs of brain pressure appeared. With reference to the relations between the psychopathological syndromes and the types of locations of tumours attention is drawn to factors that may complicate the early detection of tumours. PMID- 6635023 TI - [Scintigraphic evaluation of posture-dependent stenoses of the cervical cerebrospinal fluid space]. AB - The results obtained by scintillation scanning of the cervical CSF space at maximum ante- and retroflexion in 24 patients show that the method can be recommended for use in the case of cervical myelopathy when the polymorphous early symptoms appear and before myelography. Its use for follow-up examinations is also recommended. The detection of posture induced constriction of the lumen provides additional information and increases the sensitivity considerably because, particularly during retroflexion, minor inflammatory reactions lead to scintigraphically detectable reductions in the liquor space. PMID- 6635024 TI - [The atlantoaxial cistern as a puncture site for lateral cervical C1/2 puncture]. AB - Lateral puncture of the dorsal CSF space, which is usually dilated, at the height of C1/2--called the cisterna atlantoaxialis--is a low risk approach that represents an optimum for cervical myelography, the liquor containing space is sufficiently large for damage to the spinal cord to be avoided. PMID- 6635025 TI - [Results of cerebral computer tomography in the diagnosis of tumors of the sella region]. AB - Computer tomography (CT) is an important aid to the diagnosis of sella tumours because it images the tumour directly and delineates it from the healthy tissues. The tumour type can be identified to a certain extent, but angiography is necessary to distinguish tumours from aneurysms. The study is based on 140 surgical and histological examinations, the results of which were compared wit those obtained by CT. Suprasellar inflammations could always be identified by CT. Although intrasellar tumours may be identifiable by CT if full use is made of the potential of the equipment, negative CT results do not necessarily mean that there is no tumour. The diagnostic validity of the method is restricted by the absence of "standards", against which the variable images of intrasellar structures can be judged, and the restricted resolution of CT. PMID- 6635026 TI - [Effect of antidepressive agents on serotonin secretion and membrane potential changes in thrombocytes]. AB - Antidepressants (Amitriptylin, Imipramine, Ludiomil, Alival) at the concentrations present in the blood during treatment do not inhibit serotonin secretion by human blood platelets. This also applies for the concentrations at which they are present in the blood during therapy. The same antidepressants do inhibit the changes in membrane potential accompanying serotonin secretion. This suggests that there is a weak interaction between the antidepressants and the secretion mechanism. PMID- 6635027 TI - [Behavior therapy self control in chronic compulsive organismic defective habit development]. AB - Patients with chronic compulsive organismic mishabituations, which are rather difficult to treat, can be helped by self-control methods of behavioural therapy combined with suggestive measures. The author currently regards this therapeutic approach to be superior to aversion therapy, which was occasionally used for such cases in the past. The contribution presents a scheme of therapy which can be generalized and is based on the work of Meichenbaum and Leonhard. The scheme consists of two parts containing four phases each. The actual approach and the modification necessary to tailor it to the individual case is explained by means of an example involving the treatment of psychogenic polydipsia. PMID- 6635028 TI - [Recovery curves of the soleus H-reflex in endogenous depression]. AB - H-reflex recovery curves were plotted for 37 patients suffering from endogenic depressions and 18 control subjects. Psychopathological examinations were performed at the same time. The stimulability returned significantly later and maximum stimulability was significantly delayed in the depressive patients, particularly in the case of severely inhibited unipolar depressions. PMID- 6635029 TI - [Study approach and initial results of the effect of sleep deprivation on the depressive syndrome]. AB - After a brief review of previous investigations into the antidepressant effect of sleep withdrawal, attention is drawn to problems arising from simultaneous treatment with antidepressants. A method for recording the effects of sleep withdrawal alone is also described. The results indicate that treatment by partial withdrawal of sleep during the second half of the night, tends to have a positive effect on the symptoms of depression and on the psychophysical status of the patients. The author concludes with an overview of the problems still outstanding. PMID- 6635030 TI - [Quantitative amino acid determination in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid in endogenous depressions]. AB - The levels of 20 amino acids were measured in the plasma and cerbrospinal fluid of 41 patients with endogenic depressions. The plasma levels of 12 amino acids were found to be significantly lower in the patients than in the control group, but cerebrospinal fluid levels were significantly lower only in the case of taurine, glutamine, phenylalanine and aginine. Comparison of the same amino acid levels in treated and non-treated patients showed that serine and alpha aminobutyric acid serum concentrations were higher in the nontreated patients. The tyrosine and phenylalanine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of the patients who had received medicamentous treatment were higher than in the other group. PMID- 6635031 TI - [Individual phase course and role change in neurosis patients in open intention centered dynamic psychotherapy groups]. AB - Sociograms are used to demonstrate the phase-typical occurrence of changes in individual roles among a sample comprising 79 neurotics who had received in patient treatment in intention-centred dynamic open groups. This change depends on age and sex. The results can, on the basis of the four fundamental principles be used for controlling developments, be interpreted as indicating a development, but require closer definition by the use for more representative samples and variables. PMID- 6635032 TI - [Severe abnormal development of the personality that can be regarded as pathological--initial results of a catamnestic study]. AB - Proceding from the definition of "severely abnormal development of the personality that can be regarded as pathological" (SAPEK) as defined by Lange in collaboration with the 5th Penal Senate of the supreme court and with reference to the different forms of maldevelopment as categorized by Szewczyk, the author uses his own catamnestic studie to discuss the bounds and frequencies of such abnormal personality developments and criteria for the "severity of the illness" in the sense of Section 16, paragraph 1 (2nd option) of the Code of Criminal Law. In view of their importance, dissocial and psychosexual maldevelopment is dealt with in greater detail. PMID- 6635033 TI - [Does slight brain damage in early childhood have significance for adult psychiatry? Results of a catamnestic study]. AB - Does mild brain damage sustained during early childhood represent a predisposition to particular forms of abnormal mental and/or social development during early adulthood? Selected results yielded by a longitudinal study on 96 former patients who had been diagnosed as suffering from slight brain damage sustained during early childhood are presented. The psychological aspects (intelligence and concentration) and sociological aspects (formal and vocational education, criminality) investigated were found to have been determined to a decisive degree by milieu and social factors. The results are discussed in the theoretical context provided by the acquisition concept with a view to therapeutic considerations. PMID- 6635034 TI - [Concept of the therapeutic community]. AB - The historic development of therapeutic communities is discussed, and it is shown that the term has been neither conceptualized not operationalized. Their unclear aims are considered to be utopian, and the author stresses that previous studies on such communities have been too superficial. The following problems have not hitherto received attention: 1. micro- and macrosocial relationships, 2. the role of the supervisor (authority problems), 3. norms and valuation systems, 4. discipline and sanctions, 5. the problem of roles, 6. questions of indicants and efficacy. The introduction of therapeutic communities is superfluous as a means of improving the socialist health services: it is sufficient to implement the principles of socialist democracy by means of appropriate training programmes. PMID- 6635035 TI - [Phenytoin kinetics in toxic serum levels]. AB - After discontinuing Phenytoin, the elimination kinetics was determined in 12 patients with toxic serum levels of more than 30 micrograms/ml. The half-lives of the elimination were between 72 and 122 h (97 h). The Michaelis constant amounted to 16,3 +/- 5,6 micrograms/ml and per day and the maximum rate of metabolism 9,9 +/- 1,1 microgram/ml and per day. The elimination half-lives was dependent on the concentration: the higher the serum concentration the longer the half-live. A method applicable in general practice for determining the course of the serum level with initial values of more than 30 micrograms/ml was described. PMID- 6635036 TI - [Dreams and schizophrenia]. AB - This paper deals with the internal relationship between dream and schizophrenia, which has been a subject of discussion in philosophy and medicine since Kant and Griesinger, and shows that it can be supported by Marxist epistemology. A psychological theory of dream and schizophrenia would therefore have an integrative function with regard to psychotherapy and psychiatry. PMID- 6635037 TI - [Experiences in problem-case seminars on the significance of the relation between therapist and patient for the treatment course]. AB - Experience gained during many years of problem-case discussions shows that disruptions in the relationship between patient and therapeutist are often the essential cause of difficulties encountered during treatment. A few characteristic relational difficulties are described: uncertainty of the therapeutist, absence of identification or detachment, and interference of the emotional needs of the therapeutist with the treatment. The contribution points out that the clarification of such disruption often has a beneficial effect on further treatment. PMID- 6635038 TI - [36 encopretics in therapy]. PMID- 6635039 TI - [Use of the new American classification, the so-called DSM III, in child and adolescent psychiatry]. PMID- 6635040 TI - [Defense and illustration of mothering technics in the psychiatry of the child (apropos of an experience in ambulatory care with psychotic children)]. PMID- 6635041 TI - [Current data on the ontogenesis of behavioral sequences in the young child]. PMID- 6635042 TI - [Results of complex hospital treatment of schizophrenic psychoses]. PMID- 6635043 TI - [The hospital environment as perceived by depressed patients]. PMID- 6635044 TI - [Social contacts and extracurricular activities of patients with chronic schizophrenia working in sheltered workshops]. PMID- 6635045 TI - [Value of the token economy system in the light of the effects of the rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients in long-term hospital stay]. PMID- 6635046 TI - [Dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome]. PMID- 6635047 TI - [Alcohol dependence syndrome and alcohol-related disability]. PMID- 6635048 TI - [9th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death: health problems related to alcoholism]. PMID- 6635049 TI - [Psychotherapeutic aspects in forensic evaluation]. AB - Splitting up of psychiatry into a forensic and a psychotherapeutic branch is unjustified as far as the scope of these branches is concerned, and entails a disadvantage at the expense of the delinquents, since nobody feels he is therapeutically responsible. Therapeutic aspects in expertising are worked out, and the specific difficulties and conflicts between forensic and therapeutic problems are demonstrated. Anyone who believes that therapeutic identity cannot be reconciled with legislation concerned with culpability, suffers from the prejudice induced by a "blind spot" in his mental eye. PMID- 6635051 TI - [Sex counseling in clinico-psychologic practice]. AB - The Hamburg sexual counseling unit has been working since 1979 as a model project of the Federal Ministry of Youth, Family and Health. The therapeutic work done by the unit is based on the concept originally worked out by Master and Johnson, which was modified at the Department of Sex Research at Hamburg University in such a manner that it is both helpful and feasible as a treatment pattern for patients coming from all social classes. Basing on sexual symptoms, a problem definition is worked out which aims at underlining the subjective importance for the patient of the symptom concerned. The important factor is the ratio of stabilizing and destabilizing elements of a disturbance, in other words, the question as to the function of the sexual disturbance in the psychic or partnership balance either in the sense of rejecting desires for change or of reinforcing the "healthy" components of the symptom in the sense of prompting a motivation for change. In this regard, therapy is considered as one of many possibilities of effecting a change. Particularly successful has been the employment of couple therapy and group therapy for couples and for women. PMID- 6635050 TI - [Ambulatory psychotherapy of sex offenses]. AB - We present the theoretical basis and results of a comprehensive research project concerning the psychotherapeutic treatment of sexual offenders in an ambulant setting. The therapeutic sample (n = 86) consists of patients with the following symptoms: exhibitionism, child molestation and sexual aggressive acts towards women. Data concerning the sexual deviant symptomatology, the general and sexual socialization and the actual psycho-social situation are demonstrated. The sexually deviant symptoms is considered in regard to basic personality deficits and general life-coping strategies of the patients. Concerning the therapeutic procedure and process we emphasize the importance of a concept focussing the individual patient and the psychodynamic function of his deviant symptom. The results at the end of therapy and at follow-up (average 2 1/2 years) are presented. Finally we discuss a concept for the decentralized psychotherapeutic supply of these patients. PMID- 6635052 TI - [Status of mentally ill criminals in Germany]. AB - The situation of the mentally diseased lawbreakers in West Germany is described on the basis of an inquiry among 70 clinics or sociotherapeutic institutions. This study shows that the situation of the forensic stations or departments--with the exception of a few model institutions--is absolutely inadequate, both from the viewpoints of construction and as far as staff is concerned. The sociotherapeutic institutions are usually treated and considered as models, and hence they are well equipped. However, the small number of facilities now available is nothing more than a drop in the bucket. Forensic psychiatry is unable to fulfill its legal tasks if it is understaffed and inadequately housed on the one hand, and if the forensically referred patients are not differentiated clearly and unequivocally on the other hand. In this respect, possibilities are discussed which might contribute to improving present conditions. PMID- 6635053 TI - [Inclusion of psychiatric-psychologic diagnoses among the 4 psychiatric symptoms of irresponsibility in articles 20 and 21 of the West Germany criminal code]. AB - The reform efforts in the Federal Republic of Germany after the end of the war have led to a reformation of the regulations concerning legal responsibiltiy. The new law enumerates in articles 20 and 21 as prerequisites of irresponsibility or diminished responsibility for concepts: pathological psychic disturbance which comprises all psychic diseases like schizophrenia and manic-depressive states as well as psychic alterations resulting from brain damage. The second term is feeble-mindedness. The third one is profound disturbance of consciousness which refers to states of strong mental agitation not caused by an illness. Finally the new law used the concept of sever other mental abnormalities. Rather unfortunately the law has introduced the German expression "Abartigkeit" which has a derogatory tinge, insinuating the idea of degeneration. The adjudgment of irresponsibility or diminished responsibility does not depend on the type of psychiatric diagnosis. The new regulations offer the chance to psychiatry to take on more therapeutic responsibilities for mentally disturbed offenders. PMID- 6635054 TI - Imipramine with or without cognitive-behavior therapy in the treatment of an agoraphobic. PMID- 6635055 TI - Analysis of verbal interactions of A-B type therapists during therapy. PMID- 6635056 TI - Alcoholics' personalities: extravert or introvert? PMID- 6635057 TI - Effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on trait anxiety. PMID- 6635058 TI - Loneliness and nonverbal communication in separated or divorced women: an exploratory study. PMID- 6635059 TI - Women's reactions to reproductive problems. PMID- 6635060 TI - Attributions for undesirable life events, type A behavior and depression. PMID- 6635061 TI - Impact of the film, "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest," on attitudes towards mental illness. PMID- 6635062 TI - Concurrent and predictive validity of two group intelligence tests in a juvenile forensic setting. PMID- 6635063 TI - Comparison of two cognitive strategies in treatment of a patient with generalized anxiety disorder. PMID- 6635064 TI - Characteristics of persons utilizing the insanity plea. PMID- 6635065 TI - An empirical study of rational emotive therapy in management of stress. PMID- 6635066 TI - Effects of acute exercise and cigarette smoking on autonomic and neuromuscular responses to a cognitive stressor. PMID- 6635067 TI - Role of reinforcement and response cost in discrimination learning. PMID- 6635068 TI - Correlations of reading achievement and ability for learning disabled students. PMID- 6635069 TI - Fathers' absence and moral development of male delinquents. PMID- 6635070 TI - Infant feeding and maternal attitudes among mothers of low-income. PMID- 6635071 TI - Play of mothers with babies: some relationships between maternal personality and early attachment and development processes. PMID- 6635072 TI - A multimodal treatment for secondary psychogenic encopresis: a case study. PMID- 6635073 TI - Teachers' ratings of aggression and students' own perceived status. PMID- 6635074 TI - Comparison of two measures of burnout. PMID- 6635075 TI - Relationship between life satisfaction and acceptance of death by elderly persons. PMID- 6635076 TI - Grade, sex, and race differences in test anxiety. PMID- 6635077 TI - Effects of pretraining procedures for clients in counseling. PMID- 6635078 TI - Effect of avoidance-avoidance conflict on magnitude of startle: reduced fear during conflict. PMID- 6635079 TI - Life stress, personality and illness behavior: a prospective study. PMID- 6635080 TI - Opinions about mental illness: a comparison of American and Greek social work students in 1969 and 1979. PMID- 6635081 TI - Elements of pathological love relationships. PMID- 6635082 TI - Mental health in a remote community. PMID- 6635083 TI - Contrast summation in dichoptic vision. PMID- 6635084 TI - Short- and long-range processes in visual apparent movement. PMID- 6635085 TI - Acquisition of different types of locational information in cognitive maps: automatic or effortful processing? PMID- 6635086 TI - Figurative features and the construction of visual images. PMID- 6635087 TI - Cardiac response to speech sounds in preterm infants: effects of postnatal illness at three months. PMID- 6635088 TI - Hemispheric asymmetry for word perception: behavioral and ERP evidence. PMID- 6635089 TI - Electrodermal nonresponding among college undergraduates: temporal stability, situational specificity, and relationship to heart rate change. PMID- 6635090 TI - EEG changes during tobacco withdrawal. PMID- 6635091 TI - Information and states of motor readiness: their effects on the covariation of heart rate and energy expenditure. PMID- 6635092 TI - Similarity of eye movement characteristics in REM sleep and the awake state. PMID- 6635093 TI - Cardiac and metabolic responses to "space invaders": an instance of metabolically exaggerated cardiac adjustment? PMID- 6635094 TI - The effects of initial levels of sweat duct filling and skin hydration on electrodermal response amplitude. PMID- 6635095 TI - Estimating neonatal oxygen consumption from heart rate. PMID- 6635096 TI - REM and NREM sleep reports: comparison of word frequencies by cognitive classes. PMID- 6635097 TI - Effects of water temperature on some noninvasively measured components of the human dive reflex: an experimental response-topography analysis. PMID- 6635098 TI - Psychophysiological assessment of statements about pain. PMID- 6635099 TI - Systolic blood pressure and a simple reaction time task. PMID- 6635100 TI - Digital inverse filtering methodology for physiological signals. PMID- 6635101 TI - Telemetric skin conductance with computer interface. PMID- 6635102 TI - What are we talking about and who listens? A citation analysis of psychosomatic medicine. PMID- 6635103 TI - Intervention on coronary risk factors by adapting a shift work schedule to biologic rhythmicity. AB - The effects of a new shift rotation schedule on coronary risk factors was assessed in a short-term intervention trial in 45 volunteer policemen that were divided into two groups. They worked 4 weeks each on their customary schedule (counter-clockwise rotation) and on the new schedule (clockwise rotation). Serum lipids, glucose, uric acid, blood pressure, nocturnal urinary excretion of catecholamines, the quality and quantity of sleep, and tobacco consumption were assessed before, during, and after each schedule. During clockwise rotation, serum levels of triglycerides (but not cholesterol), and of glucose (but not uric acid) were significantly lower than during counter-clockwise rotation. Sleep was reported to be longer and better with clockwise rotation, but tobacco consumption did not differ between the two schedules. After clockwise rotation, systolic (but not diastolic) blood pressure and urinary excretion of catecholamines were significantly lower than after counter-clockwise shift rotations. The results suggest that adapting shift rotation to biological circadian rhythms has a favorable short-term effect, not only on subjective well being but also on risk factors for ischemic heart disease. PMID- 6635104 TI - The influence of beta blockers on cardiovascular reactivity and Type A behavior pattern in hypertensives. AB - The influence of beta blockers on Type A behavior pattern and cardiovascular reactivity was tested. Nineteen white, male hypertensive patients were divided at random into two therapeutic groups (100 mg atenolol versus 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide + 5 mg amiloride (control group) ). For each patient, the German version of the structured interview was performed before therapy and at a minimum of 4 weeks after normalization of clinical resting casual blood pressure (BP). Prior to therapy, there were no differences in age, BP at rest, cardiovascular reactivity, and Type A between the two groups. After therapy, the patients treated with beta blockers changed Type A characteristics toward Type B, regardless where they started on the Type A scale, and beta blockers attenuated cardiovascular reactivity. In this study, Type A (hypertensive patients) was not associated with greater cardiovascular reactivity. PMID- 6635105 TI - Mood alteration with swimming--swimmers really do "feel better". AB - This study illustrated the relationship between swimming, an aerobic activity, and mood. One hundred college students, voluntarily enrolled in beginning or intermediate swimming classes or in lecture-control classes, completed the POMS before and after class. Results of a 5-way ANOVA confirmed that, as predicted, swimmers reported significantly less tension, depression, anger, confusion, and more vigor after exercising than before. Both novice and intermediate swimmers changed significantly more than did controls on all scales except fatigue, while none of the controls' pre-, post-instruction mood changes were significant. The results have implications, similar to those with running, for use in psychotherapy. Despite different social connotations of exercise for women and men, there were no gender differences in the amount of mood change associated with swimming. However, in direct contradiction of existing literature, the women reported significantly less tension-anxiety, depression, anger, and confusion than the men. PMID- 6635106 TI - Effect of mental stress on baroreceptor-mediated changes in blood pressure and heart rate and on plasma catecholamines and subjective responses in healthy men and women. AB - The aim of this study was to determine whether carotid sinus baroreceptor reflexes are impaired by moderate mental stress. In 12 healthy subjects (6 men, 6 women) baroreceptors were stimulated by static neck suction (at -40 mm Hg) for repeated 2-minute periods during mental stress and control conditions. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and levels of plasma catecholamines were measured, and self-reports of effort and distress were obtained. Mental stress, which was induced by a color-word conflict task, increased mean levels of heart rate (+12.4 beats/min; p less than 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (+11.8 mm Hg; p; less than 0.001). The onset of mental stress induced increases in plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations of 45.8% (p less than 0.08) and 17.6% (p less than 0.05), respectively. The increase in systolic blood pressure was significantly greater in men than in women (p less than 0.01). During mental stress, men had significantly higher levels of plasma adrenaline (p less than 0.05). In both sexes neck suction induced a significant decrease in heart rate and systolic blood pressure; these effects were essentially the same during mental stress and control. The results suggest that nonspecific mental stress does not substantially influence the ability of carotid sinus baroreceptors to decrease heart rate or blood pressure in response to sustained changes in baroreceptor input. The possibility that transient changes influence reflex activity is discussed. PMID- 6635108 TI - 21st annual meeting of the ACNP (American College of Neuropsychopharmacology) - 1982 - Abridged proceedings. PMID- 6635107 TI - Caffeine and cardiovascular responses to stress. AB - Caffeine and psychologic stress have similar physiologic effects. Moderate doses of caffeine were found to elevate blood pressure in healthy, young males during periods of rest and stress. Blood pressure during stress was also significantly higher after caffeine had been consumed. The elevation of blood pressure due to caffeine appears to add to that elicited by stress. The implications of these results for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease are discussed. PMID- 6635109 TI - Recovery of function after brain damage: an animal model of the behavioral deficit and its reversal. PMID- 6635110 TI - Deamplification of noradrenergic signal transfer by antidepressants: a unified catecholamine-serotonin hypothesis of affective disorders. PMID- 6635111 TI - Studies of central nervous system plasticity. PMID- 6635112 TI - Calcium-calmodulin systems in psychopharmacology and synaptic modulation. PMID- 6635113 TI - Neuropsychopharmacology of nicotine and tobacco smoking. PMID- 6635114 TI - Multiple nicotine binding sites in rat brain P2 fraction. PMID- 6635115 TI - Psychopharmacological studies on nicotine and tobacco smoking in rhesus monkeys. PMID- 6635116 TI - Human pharmacology of nicotine. PMID- 6635117 TI - Neurohypophyseal function in affective illness. PMID- 6635118 TI - Panic disorder: response to sodium lactate, and treatment with antidepressants. PMID- 6635119 TI - Abnormalities in the primary affective disorders compared to other tricyclic responsive disorders. PMID- 6635120 TI - Neuroanatomical evidence for a cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 6635122 TI - The Alzheimer's disease assessment scale: an instrument for assessing treatment efficacy. PMID- 6635121 TI - Synaptic neurochemistry of the basal forebrain cholinergic projection. PMID- 6635123 TI - Oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 6635124 TI - Oral physostigmine and lecithin improve memory in Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 6635125 TI - Neurobiologic perspectives on anxiety. PMID- 6635126 TI - Lateral ventricular size in the psychoses: relation to psychopathology and therapeutic and adverse response to medications. PMID- 6635127 TI - Neuropsychobiology of circadian and seasonal rhythms: light as a "drug"? PMID- 6635128 TI - Sodium ion requirements for serotonin transport and imipramine binding. PMID- 6635129 TI - Report from a WHO collaborative center for psychopharmacology in India--I. Reevaluation of ECT in schizophrenia. II. Reevaluation of ECT in depression. PMID- 6635130 TI - The current status of clozapine. PMID- 6635131 TI - Psychopharmacology Bulletin readership survey. PMID- 6635133 TI - Biopsychosocial study of diabetes mellitus. AB - Historically the medical literature has made reference to psychogenic factors involved in the onset and course of diabetes mellitus. Today, as the reductionistic psychogenic theories are vanishing, one can envision a multicausal interactive model. This includes factors related to life experience mediated by genetic, neurophysiological, endocrine, immune, and psychological functions. New insights into psychophysiological mechanisms and a pluralistic approach will assist the clinician in a more effective therapeutic management of the illness. PMID- 6635132 TI - 21st annual meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology--1982- Poster session. PMID- 6635134 TI - Chronic pancreatitis as psychosomatic disorder. AB - 69 patients with chronic pancreatitis, which were classified as the definite type and the suspicious type, were studied psychosomatically. The comparative analysis between the two types were examined. It was concluded that the suspicious type, classified as the 'actual psychosomatic disease', was primarily related to psychosomatic factors, while the definite type, classified as 'character psychosomatic disease', was primarily related to and manifested as chronic alcohol-drinking habits. PMID- 6635135 TI - Different models in the approach to the doctor-patient relationship. AB - In the last years the doctor-patient relationship has been the subject of many studies. However, the framework in which this relationship is approached is not always specified. The doctor-patient relationship is a specific form of interpersonal relationship. But this does not exclude that different models, formulated in the approach to interpersonal relationships in general, can also be applied to the doctor-patient relationship: the communication model, the socio cultural model, the model of medical transference and the model of human encounter. According to a given model, specific expectations of patient and doctor emerge and their interaction processes are formulated in specific concepts. The choice of a given model should be determined by the characteristics of a given medical situation and/or the objectives pursued. PMID- 6635136 TI - Adherence by medical-surgical inpatients to recommendations for outpatient psychiatric treatment. AB - A records review of medical-surgical inpatients at a university hospital reveals that only 20% of patients seen in psychiatric consultation followed recommendations to seek psychiatric outpatient treatment. The study is unique in that immediate appointments with the consulting psychiatrists were offered prior to patients' discharge. The low rate is similar to the findings by others. Diagnosis of depression was associated with patients' keeping appointments, although social class may have been an indirect factor. Transformation of the medical-surgical inpatient to psychiatric outpatient remains a poorly understood process. PMID- 6635137 TI - Development of somatizing responses in multiple sclerosis. AB - Chronic medical illness may produce emotional stress of a variety which encourages the development of patterns of somatization. Discussed here are patterns of somatization in multiple sclerosis. The long-term uncertainty and changing nature and severity of symptoms raises the likelihood that people will become absorbed in their bodies, will demonstrate heightened responses to minor physical change, and may come to experience psychic conflict through the language of physical symptomatology. Case examples are discussed as well as recommendations for treatment. PMID- 6635138 TI - [Primary and secondary process--classical assumptions, revision of theory, empirical analyses]. PMID- 6635139 TI - [Ego psychological aspects in the psychotherapy of alcoholics]. PMID- 6635140 TI - [Psychosomatic effect of mammoplasty]. PMID- 6635141 TI - [Light perception and noogenesis. Studies on the optical use of electromagnetic wave energy by the photoreceptor organ, the eye, as a prerequisite for the higher development of life forms up to the "illumination of existence" (K. Jaspers)]. PMID- 6635142 TI - [A behaviorally oriented group therapy concept for the treatment of a risk group of obese patients]. PMID- 6635143 TI - [What is depth psychology-based psychotherapy?]. PMID- 6635144 TI - [Possibilities, limits and dangers of psychotherapeutically oriented self-help groups]. PMID- 6635145 TI - [Problems in the psychotherapeutic treatment of transsexual patients]. PMID- 6635146 TI - [Resistance and transference in psychodrama]. PMID- 6635147 TI - [Social work as a supplement to the therapy service of a psychosomatic clinic. Experiences and observations from the viewpoint of a social worker]. PMID- 6635148 TI - 'Allergic to everything': a medical subculture. PMID- 6635149 TI - Psychiatric education in the 1980s: the role of consultation psychiatry. PMID- 6635150 TI - Change in depression score during mononucleosis. PMID- 6635151 TI - Lymphangiography--the last decade. Part 1: Anatomy, uses, procedure and interpretation. PMID- 6635153 TI - Progress reports from the College of Radiographers committees. PMID- 6635152 TI - High kilovoltage radiography using the Cincinnati filter. PMID- 6635154 TI - Laxatives as colonic preparation for barium enema: the patient's viewpoint. AB - The choice of method of bowel preparation before double contrast barium enema should be influenced by patients' reactions and how it affects them. In support of this view, radiographers carried out a study on the effects of a laxative. PMID- 6635155 TI - Biliary drainage--interventional radiology. PMID- 6635156 TI - Improving radiographs of the injured shoulder. AB - Axial radiographs of the injured shoulder may be difficult to obtain where there is pain or spasm in the shoulder region and abduction is painful or impossible. The modified axial view for the injured shoulder has been used in Nottingham for the past three years and the technique and some of the radiographs obtained are demonstrated here. PMID- 6635157 TI - Is the present system of training radiography teachers satisfactory?--1. PMID- 6635158 TI - Radiographers as managers. 1. How the Bristol training course helped my management skills. PMID- 6635159 TI - [Use of computer tomography in irradiation planning. 2. Comparison with the conventional roentgenologic technic in prostate and bladder cancers]. PMID- 6635160 TI - [Radiation reactions in the use of cobalt teletherapy mantle technic in the area of the thorax]. PMID- 6635161 TI - [Genetic and somatic radiation burden in the radiotherapy of inflammatory and degenerative diseases of bones, joints and soft tissues]. PMID- 6635162 TI - [Recent findings in cellular immunodeficiency in lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 6635163 TI - [Enzyme changes in primary extranodular manifestation of Hodgkin disease and non Hodgkin lymphomas]. PMID- 6635164 TI - [Peculiarities of tissue enzyme patterns in connective tissue proliferation and their possible diagnostic significance]. PMID- 6635166 TI - The effect of rolitetracycline and cephalothin on hemopoietic recovery in sublethally X-irradiated mice. PMID- 6635165 TI - [Adenosine deaminase activity in blood plasma, erythrocytes and lymphocytes in leukemias]. PMID- 6635167 TI - Effects of radiocalcium (45Ca) on murine skeletal muscle. I. Alterations induced glycogen, phosphorylase and phosphohexose isomerase levels. PMID- 6635168 TI - Effects of radiocalcium (45Ca) on murine skeletal muscle. III. Changes in alanine and aspartate aminotransferases. PMID- 6635169 TI - [Radiotherapy ( = Radiologic therapy of skeletal and soft tissue diseases). 22d Radiologists' Congress, 25-29 October 1982, Karl Marx Stadt]. PMID- 6635170 TI - Symposium on CT and ultrasonography in the acutely ill patient. PMID- 6635171 TI - Computed tomography of blunt abdominal trauma. AB - Experience with over 500 cases at this institution and reports from other institutions have established CT as an accurate and clinically useful tool in the evaluation of patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Careful attention to technique is essential since artifacts may simulate or obscure traumatic lesions. CT is highly sensitive and specific for parenchymal lacerations and for hematomas of solid and hollow abdominal viscera throughout the peritoneal and retroperitoneal spaces. CT has important advantages over radionuclide scintigraphy, angiography, and ultrasonography and has replaced these imaging techniques in acute evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma at some centers. The use of nontherapeutic exploratory laparotomy and diagnostic peritoneal lavage may also be substantially reduced. PMID- 6635172 TI - Ultrasonography and computed tomography in the evaluation of the acutely ill pediatric patient. AB - The use of diagnostic ultrasonography and CT in the investigation of the acutely ill pediatric patient has been steadily increasing because of the relative noninvasiveness of these imaging modalities and because of improvements in resolving capabilities and scanning speed of the latest equipment. In the examination of the pediatric patient, special emphasis must be given to immobilization, sedation, or both in those children too young or too ill to cooperate. Close monitoring and observation of the child throughout sedation is important and requires special personnel and equipment. The usual indications are the search for an abscess or occult infection, trauma, and acute renal failure. Because ultrasonography uses nonionizing radiation and is less expensive, it is usually the initial modality of choice for evaluating the pediatric patient. CT is reserved for situations in which greater anatomic detail and lack of compromise by the presence of bowel gas or bone are necessary. These situations include multiple abscess collections, particularly interloop abdominal abscesses, mediastinal masses and collections obscured by overlying lung, osteomyelitis, older patients with meningomyelocele and with spinal deformity when evaluating the urinary tract, and major multiorgan abdominal trauma. PMID- 6635173 TI - Computed tomography of lung abscess and empyema. AB - Lung abscess and empyema can often be distinguished on plain radiographs. Sometimes, oblique or decubitus views may be necessary in order to demonstrate the more specific conventional radiographic features--the shape of the lesion and its relationship to the chest wall. In seriously ill patients, special positioning may be impossible. CT may be easier to perform than special views in some ill patients. In many cases of suppurative disease, both lung and pleura may be involved, and pleural disease in the presence of lung disease is easily missed on plain radiographs. Furthermore, infections located at the periphery or at the apices of the thorax are difficult to define with conventional imaging. CT with cross-sectional images and unequalled density resolution delineates the lung pleura interface and the periphery and apices of the lung. With CT, lung abscess and empyema show statistically significant differences in shape--round (abscess) or lenticular (empyema); the presence of separation of pleural layers (empyema); the presence of lung compression (empyema); the presence of acute (abscess) or obtuse (empyema) chest wall angles; and wall characteristics--thick, nonuniform, and irregular (abscess) or thin, uniform, and smooth (empyema). Few lesions demonstrate all of these features; however, sufficient information may be obtained from CT to permit a confident diagnosis of lung abscess or empyema. Thus, CT helps in the evaluation of suppurative diseases. CT provides diagnostic information not available from conventional radiographs in 47 per cent of cases, and in 34 per cent of cases, CT gives more accurate delineation of the extent of disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635174 TI - Sonography of acute scrotal abnormalities. AB - Accurate diagnosis in patients with acute scrotal abnormalities remains a challenge to both radiologists and clinicians. Sonography using either small parts scanners or conventional equipment available in almost all departments will continue to play a larger role in aiding the clinical assessment of these patients. As a rapid, noninvasive imagining technique, sonography can reliably answer important clinical questions and guide prompt, early surgical or medical therapy. PMID- 6635175 TI - [Determination of the linear dimensions in cineangiocardiography of the left ventricle]. PMID- 6635176 TI - [New approach to the roentgen diagnosis of the vas deferens]. PMID- 6635177 TI - [Roentgen morphological manifestations of progressive scleroderma in the bones of the hands and feet as compared to the clinical picture]. PMID- 6635178 TI - [The linea terminalis-femur head distance]. PMID- 6635179 TI - [Ostitis pubis]. PMID- 6635180 TI - Significance of ultrasonography in diagnosis and treatment of pancreas pseudocysts. PMID- 6635181 TI - [Double contrast examination of the small intestine in children using barium sulfate and methylcellulose]. PMID- 6635182 TI - [A new procedure for contrast imaging of the liver and spleen using water-soluble contrast media in liposomes]. PMID- 6635183 TI - [Problems of roentgen examinations in early pregnancy]. PMID- 6635184 TI - [Recommendations on indications for lymphography and other imaging procedures in Hodgkin- and non-Hodgkin-lymphoma]. PMID- 6635185 TI - Biosynthesis of acetylcholinesterase in rat brain and Torpedo electric organ is directed by scarce mRNA species. PMID- 6635186 TI - Polyribosomes associated with dendritic spines in the denervated dentate gyrus: evidence for local regulation of protein synthesis during reinnervation. PMID- 6635187 TI - Rhythm generator circuits in a simple nervous system. PMID- 6635188 TI - A constraint on synaptic action in Aplysia: implications for nervous system organization. PMID- 6635189 TI - The relationship between wavelength and color studied in single cells of monkey striate cortex. PMID- 6635190 TI - Subsystems within the visual association cortex as delineated by their thalamic and transcortical affiliations. PMID- 6635191 TI - Compartmental organization of the mammalian striatum. PMID- 6635192 TI - The topographical distribution of the monoaminergic innervation in the basal ganglia of the human brain. PMID- 6635193 TI - Cell lineage in the development of the leech nervous system. PMID- 6635194 TI - Grasshopper growth cones: divergent choices and labeled pathways. PMID- 6635195 TI - Two mechanisms for the establishment of sensory projections in Drosophila. PMID- 6635196 TI - Plasma membrane of Torpedo synaptosomes: morphological changes during acetylcholine release and evidence for a specific protein. PMID- 6635197 TI - Roles for retrograde factors in synapse formation at the nerve-muscle junction. PMID- 6635198 TI - Monoclonal antibodies used to study the interaction of nerve and muscle cell lines. PMID- 6635199 TI - Elimination of synapses during the development of the central nervous system. PMID- 6635200 TI - The corticostriatal fiber system in the rhesus monkey: organization and development. PMID- 6635201 TI - Specification of cortical neurons by visuomotor experience. PMID- 6635202 TI - Excitability changes in hippocampal granule cells of senescent rat. PMID- 6635203 TI - Two spatial systems in the rat brain--implications for the neural basis of learning and memory. PMID- 6635204 TI - Concluding remarks: on the "singularity" of nerve cells and its ontogenesis. PMID- 6635205 TI - A role for protein phosphorylation in the regulation of electrical activity of an identified nerve cell. PMID- 6635206 TI - Regulation of intracellular protein traffic. PMID- 6635207 TI - In vitro biosynthesis of the subunits of acetylcholine receptor. PMID- 6635208 TI - Suppression of pulsatile release of oxytocin during early pregnancy in the goat. AB - Concentrations of oxytocin were measured in the peripheral plasma of four goats during both luteolysis in the oestrous cycle and the early stages of pregnancy. The two profiles were similar, each showing a decrease from day 12 onwards; during luteolysis, however, in the non-pregnant goats this decline was characterized by frequent pulses of oxytocin in excess of 40 pg/ml; these were absent during the corresponding period of pregnancy. It is suggested that the embryo may prevent luteal regression in pregnancy by suppressing pulsatile release of oxytocin, which may be responsible for the release of prostaglandin F2 alpha from the uterus. PMID- 6635209 TI - Estradiol and tamoxifen stimulation of lapine articular chondrocyte prostaglandin synthesis. AB - The effect of estradiol and tamoxifen on prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by rabbit articular chondrocytes in secondary monolayer cultures was investigated. Radioimmunoassay for PGE2, PGF2 alpha, 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2 was performed on media from cultures containing estradiol and tamoxifen (10-12M-10 7M). Radiometric thin-layer chromatography was also carried out. The time course of estradiol/tamoxifen effect on chondrocyte PG synthesis was evaluated and its relationship to cell density in culture examined. Estradiol stimulated the synthesis of PGs by chondrocytes. Stimulation was noted at picomolar concentrations of estradiol without further stimulation at markedly higher concentrations. In time studies, after a lag, the effect of estradiol was present fully by 5 hrs, remained steady for 24 hrs and then declined by 48 hrs. Estradiol stimulation of PG synthesis was dependent upon chondrocyte culture plating density. Tamoxifen stimulated chondrocyte PG synthesis to relatively lower levels than estradiol. The characteristics of estradiol/tamoxifen stimulation of chondrocyte PG synthesis suggest a mechanism involving estradiol cytoplasmic receptors. PMID- 6635210 TI - Effects of newly reported arachidonic acid metabolites on microsomal Ca++ binding, uptake and release. AB - The 5,6-; 8,9-; 11,12- and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and their respective hydration products, the vic-diols, recently reported as metabolites of arachidonic acid in rat liver microsomes, were examined for effect on release of 45Ca from canine aortic smooth muscle microsomes. At 10(-6) M, the diols had no effect, but the 5,6-; 11,12- and 14,15-epoxyacids increased the loss of 45Ca. Further studies with the 14,15-epoxyacid demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease of Ca++ uptake (ATP present) in canine aortic microsomes in 0.03 mM Ca++, whereas Ca++ binding (ATP absent) was not affected. Ca++ uptake, binding and release in rat liver microsomes was similarly affected by the 14,15-epoxyacid, the major epoxyeicosatrienoic acid derivative produced by rat liver microsomal incubations. It is suggested that alterations in Ca++ metabolism might be a possible mechanism of action for these derivatives of arachidonic acid. PMID- 6635211 TI - Effects of estradiol and progesterone on uterine prostaglandin levels in the pregnant rat. AB - The purpose of this study was to delineate the effects of estradiol and progesterone treatment on uterine prostaglandin F (PGF), PGE, Thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha (6KF) levels in the pregnant rat. Rats were ovariectomized on day 19 of pregnancy (sperm in vagina = day 0) and received the following treatments via silastic inserts placed s.c.: controls; estradiol (E); progesterone (P); estradiol + progesterone (EP). Twenty-four hours later (day 20 of pregnancy) uterine venous blood and uterine tissue were obtained and assayed for PGE, PGF, TxB2 and 6KF by radioimmunoassay. E treatment significantly enhanced (p less than .05) uterine PGF, TxB2 and PGE (4.5, 2.8 and 1.8 fold increase, respectively) but did not alter 6KF levels when compared to C. Concomitant administration of P with E (EP) blocked the stimulatory effects of estradiol. P treatment by itself was ineffective. Steroid treatment induced no significant alterations (p greater than .05) in uterine venous plasma PG levels. These results suggest that estradiol can provoke a dramatic increase in uterine PGF, TxB2 and PGE levels in the pregnant rat but has no effect on net production of 6KF. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that an increase in the ratio of E/P at the end of pregnancy in the rat contributes to enhanced uterine concentrations of PGF, TxB2 and PGE at term, but they do not explain the augmented 6KF concentrations reported at parturition. PMID- 6635212 TI - Comparison of the effect of nonsteroidal and steroidal antiinflammatory agents on prostaglandin production during ovulation in the rabbit. AB - The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents diclofenac, fenoprofen and aspirin were tested to determine how well they inhibit the preovulatory elevation in prostaglandin (PG) production in rabbit follicles in comparison to indomethacin. In addition, the steroidal antiinflammatory agent dexamethasone and the antipyretic agent acetaminophen were tested. The agents were administered 8 h after the ovulatory process was stimulated by hCG (50 I.U./kg). At 10 h after hCG (i.e., at the expected time of ovulation) control follicles had PGF and PGE levels of 370.0 and 582.6 pg/mg of follicle, respectively. Diclofenac inhibited PG production the most--reducing PGF and PGE to 22.8 and 53.6 pg/mg, respectively. Indomethacin reduced the PGF and PGE levels to 27.4 and 76.6 pg/mg, respectively. Fenoprofen was less effective, reducing the PGF and PGE to 77.8 and 222.4 pg/mg, respectively. Aspirin reduced the PGF and PGE to 123.4 and 174.6 pg/mg, respectively. Dexamethasone and acetaminophen did not inhibit PG production. Ovulation was completely inhibited by diclofenac and indomethacin, partially inhibited by fenoprofen, and unaffected by aspirin, acetaminophen, or dexamethasone. The results suggest that any potent nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent can inhibit ovulation provided it adequately reduces PG production; whereas steroidal antiinflammatory agents are ineffective. The antiinflammatory agent must completely abolish the preovulatory elevation in PGs in mature follicles in order to totally inhibit ovulation. PMID- 6635213 TI - The anti-inflammatory mechanism of MK-447 in rat carrageenin-induced pleurisy. AB - Intrapleural injection of 2% lambda-carrageenin caused the accumulation of exudate up to 19 hr. The rate of plasma exudation, measured by the exuded dye amounts for 20 min in the pleural cavity after intravenous injection of pontamine sky blue, showed a peak at 5 hr. Aspirin (100 mg/kg, i. p.) suppressed the dye exudation up to 5 hr, but did not at 7 hr. This inhibition coincided with the decrease of the PG and TXB2 levels, which were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry, in the pleural exudate. In in vitro experiments, MK-447, a phenolic compound, stimulates PG endoperoxide biosynthesis at lower doses and inhibits it at higher doses, acting as a tryptophan-like cofactor required by PG endoperoxide synthetase. This drug (0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, i. p.) suppressed the dye exudation dose-dependently up to 5 hr, but did not at 7 hr even at a higher dose, in combination with the dose-dependent decrease of the pleural level of PGE2, which was reported to be a major PG among PGs and TXB2 in the exudate in inducing the plasma exudation (Harada et al; Prostaglandins, 23: 881, 1982). Thus, the anti-inflammatory action of MK-447 can be explained by inhibition of PGE2 generation, giving no consideration to the role of oxygen-derived free radicals as a prime mediator in inflammation. PMID- 6635214 TI - [Ornithosis outbreak in Kielce in 1980. I. Clinical evaluation]. PMID- 6635215 TI - [Ornithosis outbreak in Kielce in 1980. II. Laboratory diagnosis]. PMID- 6635216 TI - [Etiological differentiation of acute liver insufficiency]. PMID- 6635217 TI - [Pathomorphological basis of acute liver insufficiency]. PMID- 6635218 TI - [Pathomorphology of the central nervous system in acute viral hepatitis]. PMID- 6635219 TI - [Biochemistry of the hepatocyte]. PMID- 6635220 TI - [Etiology and pathogenesis of encephalopathy in acute insufficiency of the liver parenchyma]. PMID- 6635221 TI - [Etiopathogenesis of hyperacute viral hepatitis]. PMID- 6635222 TI - [Pathogenetic role of the endotoxemia phenomenon in hepatic encephalopathy]. PMID- 6635223 TI - [Role of the kidneys in the pathogenesis of acute liver insufficiency]. PMID- 6635224 TI - [Ventilatory capacity and occurrence of obstructive lung diseases among workers in the chemical industry]. PMID- 6635225 TI - [Prognostic conclusions derived from prospective studies on mortality]. PMID- 6635226 TI - [Case of imported cholera in Poland]. PMID- 6635227 TI - [Case of iatrogenic gas gangrene]. PMID- 6635228 TI - [Origin of the id: Freud, Groddeck, Nietzsche--Schopenhauer and E. von Hartmann]. PMID- 6635229 TI - [Transference and countertransference]. PMID- 6635230 TI - [The wolf phobia in the fairy tale of the wolf and the 7 little lambs. Development and meaning of a type of anxiety neurotic-phobic state]. PMID- 6635231 TI - [Effect of inhalational cadmium poisoning on the prenatal development of rats]. PMID- 6635232 TI - [Changes in the biogenic amine level in the tissues of rats with subacute pirimor poisoning]. PMID- 6635233 TI - [The authors' experience in treating acute paraquat poisoning]. PMID- 6635234 TI - [Analysis of the incidence and dynamics of acute hospitalized pesticide poisonings 1970-1980]. PMID- 6635235 TI - [Organic and subcellular distribution of cadmium in rats exposed to cadmium, mercury and selenium]. PMID- 6635236 TI - [Acute poisonings among the inhabitants of Krakow 1979-1980]. PMID- 6635237 TI - [Severe suicidal poisoning with the preparation Primicid 20 during pregnancy]. PMID- 6635238 TI - [Preliminary study results of the effect of CS2 in the industrial environment on the health status of workers]. PMID- 6635239 TI - [Effect of vinyl acetate on the microsomal enzyme activity of the liver of rats]. PMID- 6635240 TI - [Clinical aspects of acute poisonings with aliphatic and aromatic organic solvents]. PMID- 6635241 TI - [Toxic elements in cow's and human milk]. PMID- 6635242 TI - [N-nitrosamines in food]. PMID- 6635243 TI - [World drug abuse in the statistical data of the U.N. International Narcotics Control Board in 1980]. PMID- 6635245 TI - How accurate are death certificates? PMID- 6635244 TI - [Histological picture of the internal organs of rats poisoned with 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid]. PMID- 6635246 TI - [Lysosomal enzymes of the lymphocytes in elderly persons]. PMID- 6635247 TI - [Bactericidal activity of the plasma and leukocytes in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6635248 TI - [Blood serum iron levels in patients with diabetes mellitus aged 40-60 years]. PMID- 6635249 TI - [Histological changes in the respiratory system of rats following poisoning by inhalation of organophosphorous compounds]. PMID- 6635250 TI - [Toxic metals in daily meals of children]. PMID- 6635251 TI - [Cholinergic action and adrenal cortex function in rats following pirimor poisoning]. PMID- 6635252 TI - [The effect of Avipron and Mankozeb on the activity of enzymes functioning in the detoxication reactions of the body of rats kept on different diets]. PMID- 6635253 TI - [Analysis of acid-base balance disorders in patients treated at the Clinic of Acute Poisoning of the Institute of Occupational Health in Lodz in 1975-1979]. PMID- 6635254 TI - [Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and beta glucuronidase in petroleum refining workers exposed to hydrocarbons]. PMID- 6635255 TI - [Patulin: methods of determination and occurrence]. PMID- 6635256 TI - [Extensive calcification of the muscles caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism in a patient with terminal renal failure, treated by repeated hemodialysis and parathyroidectomy]. PMID- 6635257 TI - Toxins classified under appendix F of the guidelines. PMID- 6635259 TI - Vasopressin-like peptides in the rat brain: immunologic and chromatographic behavior and their response to water deprivation. AB - The immunologic and chromatographic behavior of vasopressin-like immunoreactivity (VP-LI) extracted from rat brain tissue has been studied. VP-LI present in acid extracts of hypothalamic, hippocampal, and septal tissue was found to be immunologically identical to synthetic AVP. When extracts of hypothalamic tissue were fractionated using high-performance liquid chromatography, Arg8-vasopressin (AVP) was shown to be the predominant immunoreactive species. In contrast, in addition to AVP, extrahypothalamic brain tissue extracts also contained a small second vasopressin-immunoreactive peak. The effect of water deprivation on brain vasopressin content and chromatographic profile was also studied. This treatment depleted VP-LI content in the posterior pituitary but did not greatly alter that of hypothalamic or extrahypothalamic brain. Microdissection studies showed that VP-LI content was reduced, but only in a restricted number of extrahypothalamic brain nuclei, and that water deprivation failed to alter or increased content in other areas. The results suggest that VP-ergic neurons in the rat brain may be differentially activated. PMID- 6635258 TI - The activity front of the migrating motor complex of the human stomach but not of the small intestine is motilin-dependent. AB - The role of motilin in the generation of the gastric component of phase 3 of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) was studied in human volunteers. Interdigestive motor activity was recorded manometrically in five normal subjects after a fast of at least 15 h. Intraluminal pressures were measured in the gastric antrum at 4 levels 3 cm apart and in the upper small bowel at 3 levels 25 cm apart. Blood samples were drawn every 10 min for radioimmunoassay of motilin and PP. After 2 spontaneously occurring activity fronts (AF) had been recorded, bovine PP was infused intravenously at a rate of 50 micrograms/h. Following the third AF a combination of PP (50 micrograms/h) and 13-norleucine-motilin (30 micrograms/h) was infused until after the next AF. It was found that 90% of the spontaneous AFs originated in the stomach. They were preceded by a motilin peak. During the PP infusion, plasma PP levels increased from 29 to 256 pmol/l, motilin decreased from 42 to 15 pmol/l, and all AFs originated in the small bowel. During the combined PP and motilin infusion, plasma motilin increased to 330 pmol/l, and all AFs again originated in the stomach. It is concluded that motilin has an important role in the regulation of the MMC activity front in the stomach, but not in the small intestine. Postprandial rises in plasma PP might be involved in lowering motilin levels after a meal, and indirectly, in the disruption of gastric MMCs during digestion. PMID- 6635260 TI - Determination of trace elements in human whole blood by instrumental neutron activation analysis. AB - The trace element composition of whole blood has been investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The blood samples of 80 individuals of adult population in Taiwan were analyzed. The samples were lyophilized, irradiated together with synthetic standards, and determined gamma spectrometrically. The concentrations of 7 elements, Cr, Co, Fe, Rb, Sc, Se and Zn were simultaneously determined. The reliability of the analysis was checked with NBS bovine liver reference standard material. The frequency distributions of all the elements measured are presented and the results are compared with available data. PMID- 6635261 TI - [Binding of 67 Ga and 59 Fe to ferritin or transferrin]. AB - The bindings of 67Ga and 59Fe to ferritin or transferrin in vitro has been investigated. Affinity constants have been measured using the equilibrium dialysis, and the results have been obtained as follows: 1 Apo-ferritin could not bind to 67Ga until it was transformed into ferritin in presence of Fe-citrate. On the contrary, the affinity of 67Ga to ferritin was reduced when Fe was released from ferritin; thus indicating that Fe-core has been required for the binding of 67Ga to ferritin. 2 Binding of 67Ga to ferritin was inhibited with apo transferrin, and this was also shown in the case of 59Fe. In the presence of NaHCO3 or citrate, more remarkable inhibitions were observed. NaHCO3 or citrate was found to give a synergistic effect on the binding of 67Ga to transferrin, as well as Fe-transferrin. Therefore, both 67Ga and 59Fe could not bind to ferritin in the state of 67Ga- or 59Fe-transferrin. 3 The release of 59Fe from 59Fe transferrin was enhanced with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), citrate, or ascorbic acid, while any of these reagents did not affect the release of 67Ga from 67Ga transferrin. The comparison of 59Fe and 67Ga through their bindings to ferritin or transferrin has suggested one of points to distinguish 67Ga from 59Fe in the cell. PMID- 6635262 TI - [Experimental evaluation of the TSH content determined by GammaDab TSH RIA Kit]. PMID- 6635263 TI - [Testing procedures for curie meters]. PMID- 6635264 TI - [Use of stable isotopes in life science (XVI). Synthesis of deuterium-labeled compounds]. PMID- 6635265 TI - The effect of ascorbic acid on copper-induced oxidative changes in the erythrocytes of rats, sheep, and normal humans. AB - Rats, sheep, and normal humans displayed a comparable sensitivity to copper acetate (3 mM)-induced changes in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in vitro. However, the human erythrocytes were more sensitive than either animal to methemoglobin (METHB) formation with the rat being least sensitive. Ascorbic acid incubation markedly enhanced the occurrence of copper acetate-induced increases in METHB and decreases in GSH in the sheep and humans. However, ascorbic acid incubation reduced the occurrence of copper acetate-induced increases in METHB, while not effecting changes in GSH in rats. PMID- 6635266 TI - The effect of ascorbic acid on nitrite-induced methemoglobin formation in rats, sheep, and normal human erythrocytes. AB - Interspecies differences were demonstrated with respect to the occurrence of sodium nitrite-induced methemoglobin (METHB) in the erythrocytes of rats, dorset sheep, and normal humans, with the rats displaying approximately 25-33% of the sensitivity of sheep and human erythrocytes. Ascorbic acid incubation along with the nitrite was able to significantly reduce METHB formation in a dose-dependent manner in both rats and humans but not in sheep. PMID- 6635267 TI - Accidental release of fluoride into experimental pond and accumulation in sediments, plants, algae, molluscs and fish. AB - The fate of fluoride in a simulated accidental release into an experimental pond was observed for 30 days in Grenoble, France. The components investigated were water, sediments, plants, algae, molluscs, and fish. Twenty-four hours after the release, most (99.8%) of the fluoride was distributed in the physical components (water and sediments), and the biological agents contained only 0.2% of the fluoride released. Despite an exposure to hot spots of 5000 ppm at the beginning of the accidental release, no visible toxic effects were observed on the biological components such as plants, algae, molluscs, and fish. The effects of the physical components in the defluoridation showed a significant role in the control the accidental release of fluoride in the aquatic system. PMID- 6635268 TI - Testing of chemicals by evaluation of their distribution and degradation patterns in an environmental standard system. AB - Due to the EC directive 79/831 of September 18, 1979, and the German law on hazardous substances, the submission of test data on physical--chemical properties of new substances is mandatory for their registration. These data are supposed to predict in which compartments (air, water, soil, vegetation) the substance will primarily accumulate if it enters the environment. To calculate the distribution of a substance in the environment compartments, different mathematical models have been developed by several working groups, but have not yet been verified in practical experiments. During a prolonged period, the distribution of substances in the environment compartments has been investigated by experiments in an environmental standard system; design and function are explained. Distribution and degradation patterns of 12 reference substances will systematically be investigated, covering a wide spectrum in regard to their physical--chemical properties. Up to now 7 substances have been investigated under standard conditions. The distribution patterns established in these experiments are presented and compared with those obtained mathematically by use of the presently discussed stationary distribution models and values for the physical--chemical properties of the tested substances. The time alterations observed in the distribution patterns are interpreted by a kinetic model which will be part of the calculation method which is presently being developed on the basis of the obtained test values. The good consistency of distribution patterns established by experiments with those established mathematically justifies the assumption that a reliable calculation method of distribution patterns can be submitted as soon as our current work will be finished. PMID- 6635269 TI - The effect of dietary fat on tumor growth. AB - Experiments in animals have shown that high-fat diets can enhance tumor growth. Animals receiving high-fat diets routinely ingest up to 5 times the level of fat (by weight) found in standard chow diets. Rats given oil by gavage can triple caloric intake from fat compared to untreated controls. In laboratory animals, high-fat diets appear to play a role during the postinitiation phase of tumorigenesis. The type, level, and nature of the dietary fat may also affect the outcome of bioassays. Fat does not initiate the tumorigenic process. Additional factors must be considered when studying and interpreting the effects of dietary fat. Animal diets and dietary fats should be protected against oxidation. Antioxidants protect against oxidation but may also modify the tumorigenic process. Adequate levels of essential fatty acids must be provided. Dietary fat level can alter nutrient density and palatability; each of these factors can affect nutrient intake which can in turn influence metabolic processes. PMID- 6635270 TI - Application of risk assessment to food safety decision making. AB - The purpose of this report is to present the scientific basis of risk assessment and to demonstrate that risk assessment can be used to make decisions about the safety of our food supply. The report has been prepared as as resource for those involved in the current discussions in Congress and elsewhere over the policies b by which the safety of the American food supply is evaluated and assured. The document is not intended to present an argument for any particular food safety policy, but rather to address a key scientific tissue that arises in the review of policy options. It distinguishes risk assessment--the scientific process of identifying and evaluating potential risks--from risk management, the separate policy decision regarding what constitutes "safety" or an acceptable degree of risk. PMID- 6635271 TI - [Diagnosis of lead poisoning: evaluation of erythrocyte ALA-D enzyme activity in relation to the base levels of lead in blood and urine]. PMID- 6635272 TI - [Evaluation of prazosin in heart failure using exercise tests: short- and long term results]. PMID- 6635273 TI - [Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases]. PMID- 6635274 TI - [Comparative study of the effects of an average dose of chenodesoxycholic acid and a high dose of ursodesoxycholic acid (dosage equivalents: 15 mg/kg/day) on the composition of lipids and bile acids in the bile of patients with radiotransparent biliary lithiasis]. PMID- 6635275 TI - [Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6635276 TI - [Staphylococcal bacteremias in patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis]. PMID- 6635277 TI - [Behcet's syndrome. Comments apropos of 3 cases]. PMID- 6635278 TI - [Plasmapheresis in the treatment of myasthenia gravis]. PMID- 6635279 TI - [Retroperitoneal liposarcoma. Presentation of 2 cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 6635280 TI - [Toxic thyroid adenoma associated with undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma]. PMID- 6635281 TI - [Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by congestive fibrosis of the suprahepatic veins]. PMID- 6635282 TI - [Mediastinal teratoma with angiosarcomatous metastases]. PMID- 6635283 TI - [Peritoneal mesothelioma with a long clinical course]. PMID- 6635284 TI - [Response to physical exercise in aortic insufficiency. Correlation with angio hemodynamic parameters at rest]. PMID- 6635285 TI - [Cardiovascular manifestations in ankylosing spondylitis]. PMID- 6635286 TI - [Segmental contractility of the right ventricle in ischemic cardiopathy with severe lesions of the right coronary artery]. PMID- 6635287 TI - [Evaluation of sinus function with and without pharmacological autonomic block in man]. PMID- 6635288 TI - [Intravenous diltiazem in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias]. PMID- 6635289 TI - [Computerized geometric study of the pulmonary valve]. PMID- 6635290 TI - [Aneurysm of the right ventricle. Presentation of a case diagnosed by bidimensional echocardiography]. PMID- 6635291 TI - [Chronic recurrent ventricular tachycardia following surgical correction of a double outlet of the right ventricle]. PMID- 6635292 TI - [Type A cervical aortic arch. Report of a case associated with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary branch stenosis]. PMID- 6635293 TI - [Use of contrast echocardiography in the diagnosis of peripheral arteriovenous fistulas in the newborn infant]. PMID- 6635294 TI - [Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreas]. PMID- 6635295 TI - [Pseudocyst of the pancreas]. PMID- 6635296 TI - [Prevention of post-appendectomy infections]. PMID- 6635297 TI - [Juxtacardial leiomyoma of the stomach]. PMID- 6635298 TI - [Crural Littre's hernia. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6635299 TI - [Cloacogenic carcinoma of the anal canal]. PMID- 6635300 TI - [Giant gallbladder: report of a case and review of the literature]. PMID- 6635301 TI - [Hepatic hydatidosis with fistulization into the chest cavity. Presentation of 3 cases]. PMID- 6635302 TI - [Experimental in vitro study of the ability to dissolve cholesterol biliary calculi using various solutions of heparin-sodium and vitamin C]. PMID- 6635304 TI - Proceedings of the 1982 Laurentian Hormone Conference. PMID- 6635305 TI - [What's new in thoracic radiology]. PMID- 6635303 TI - [Cancer of the gallbladder]. PMID- 6635306 TI - [Pathology associated with heroin dependence]. PMID- 6635307 TI - [Multicentric reticulo-histiocytosis]. PMID- 6635308 TI - [Current aspects of the causes of infant mortality]. PMID- 6635309 TI - [Pathogenic mechanisms and therapy of coagulation disorders in liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6635310 TI - [Intensive therapy of cerebral malaria]. PMID- 6635311 TI - [Endogenous opiates and chronic constipation]. PMID- 6635312 TI - Postservice adjustment of former rehabilitation center clients: a longitudinal analysis. PMID- 6635313 TI - Legal and ethical challenges in the private rehabilitation sector. PMID- 6635314 TI - Psychosocial aspects of the adult learning disabled person in the world of work: a vocational rehabilitation perspective. PMID- 6635315 TI - Release of acetylcholine from fragments of human term placenta and effects of the choline acetyltransferase inhibitor (2-benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium iodide. AB - Intact tissue from human term placenta contained 102 +/- 17 (n = 8) nmoles of acetylcholine (ACh)/g fresh tissue when analyzed by pyrolysis gas chromatography (GC). Free-hand dissection followed by extensive washing led to reductions of tissue ACh content (57 +/- 11 nmoles/g; n = 5) presumably as a result of release into the bathing medium. Presence or absence of physostigmine as an anticholinesterase agent in all solutions used had no significant effect on the ACh content of intact fragments immediately after dissection. Upon incubation at 37 degrees C a new steady state ACh concentration was established within 40-50 min (177 +/- 14 nmoles/g; n = 11) which reflected the content typical for purified villus. ACh was released continuously in amounts linearly related to incubation time up to 80 min, the longest time point examined. When the incubation volume was doubled there was an apparently immediate significant effect on release of ACh. Thereafter liberation of ACh continued at the rate observed prior to the volume perturbation. The stable choline acetyltransferase inhibitor (2-benzoylethyl)trimethylammonium (BETA) inhibited the enzyme rapidly and almost completely in tissue fragments. The drug affected the rate of ACh release significantly 40 min after addition to the bathing solution. At the same time it led to a depletion of the total ACh content that could be extracted from human placenta fragments. PMID- 6635316 TI - Effect of amrinone on sodium-calcium exchange in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles. AB - The mechanism of action of amrinone, a synthetic cardiotonic drug, is unknown. It has been postulated that it increases cardiac contractility by increasing intracellular free Ca++ concentration, in some manner. Purified cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles have been shown capable of carrying out Ca++ transport in either direction by Na+/Ca++ exchange. We have observed that amrinone inhibits Ca++ uptake by Na+/Ca++ exchange in such vesicles prepared from both guinea pig and rat hearts. The inhibitory effect is dose-dependent and maximal at a concentration of about 300 micrograms/ml. If amrinone decreases the rate of Ca++ efflux from myocardial cells in vivo during diastole by this mechanism, this action may account, at least in part, for the observed positive inotropic effect of the drug. PMID- 6635317 TI - The effects of fructose-1,6-diphosphate on the isolated rabbit heart. AB - The effects of 0.1-100 mgm of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) were observed on the inotropic and chronotropic activity of the isolated, perfused rabbit heart, using a modified Langendorff technique. The preparations were treated with bolus injections of 0.1-100 mgm of FDP in gradually increasing concentrations following their recovery from previous injections. FDP produced a biphasic inotropic response with an initial decrease in contractility followed by an increase. The largest increases in contractility were observed at concentrations below 25 mgm while the greatest decreases occurred at the higher doses. The average maximal increase in contractility was 136.5 +/- 24% at an average dose of 1.53 +/- 0.6 mgm FDP. The average maximal decrease in the inotropic activity was 69 +/- 3% which was observed at an average dose of 92 +/- 8 mgm FDP. Recovery of the contractile activity following the observed effects of FDP was greater than or equal to pretreatment levels at all concentrations except 0.5 and 100 mgm FDP. The basal tone or tension of some hearts, especially after high doses of FDP, increased with some of these preparations contracting into a hard, putty-colored knot. FDP was also observed to exert an anti-arrhythmic effect on arrhythmic hearts. A negative chronotropic response was noted at all concentrations of FDP while a positive chronotropic response was observed only at the 0.1 mgm dose of FDP. The average increases and decreases in heart rate were 65 +/- 18 and 37 +/- 7%, respectively, at average respective doses of 9 +/- 6 and 40 +/- 15 mgm FDP. These data indicate that FDP exerts biphasic inotropic and chronotropic effects as well as an anti-arrhythmic effect on the isolated myocardium. They also indicate that FDP is toxic at higher cumulative doses. PMID- 6635318 TI - Comparison of electrocardiographic response and disposition of R- and S disopyramide in the rabbit. AB - Both R- and S-disopyramide prolong the QRS interval of the electrocardiogram in the rabbit. R-disopyramide is more potent than S-disopyramide at high concentrations (greater than 6 micrograms/ml), but shows similar potency at low concentrations (less than 6 micrograms/ml). R-disopyramide shows an estimated intermediate hepatic extraction ratio with a plasma clearance of 31.0 +/- 3.2 ml/min/kg that is only to a small degree concentration-dependent. S-disopyramide plasma clearance, on the other hand, is highly concentration-dependent, with a value larger than 50 ml/min/kg at concentrations below 4 micrograms/ml, that decreases to a value of approximately 30 ml/min/kg at 16 micrograms/ml. No differences in the binding of R- and S-disopyramide to rabbit serum or rabbit serum spiked with human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein were found. PMID- 6635319 TI - Effect of intra-individual change in serum protein binding on the pharmacologic response of R- and S-disopyramide in the rabbit. AB - The influence of altered serum protein binding on the pharmacologic response to R and S-disopyramide was studied in the rabbit. Binding changes of disopyramide were achieved by the injection of human glycoprotein fraction VI. During constant infusion of R-disopyramide, the glycoprotein injection increased the total drug concentration in serum at steady state, while the unbound concentration was unaltered. The glycoprotein injection, however, decreased the unbound concentration and increased the total concentration during the steady-state infusion of S-disopyramide. In both experiments, the measured pharmacological response (delta QRS duration) reflected the change in the unbound drug concentration. PMID- 6635320 TI - Teratogenic effect of extended administration of N-nitrosoethylurea and ethylurea/nitrite in rats. AB - N-Nitrosoethylurea (ENU) and ethylurea (EU) with sodium nitrite (NaNO2) were administered daily by mouth to Hooded Wistar rats. Doses ranged from 1-50 mg ENU/kg body weight (day-1) and from 20-70 mg EU/kg body weight day-1 and extended over days 7 to 16 inclusive of pregnancy. Severe teratogenesis occurred in animals which received from 10 mg ENU/kg day-1. Fetal death predominated at intakes above 12.5 mg ENU/kg body wt. Many organ systems were affected by ENU, but developmental anomalies of the nervous system were most common, especially anophthalmia and hydrocephalus. With EU and nitrite severe teratogenesis was noted at levels above 50 mg EU/kg body weight. Maximum teratogenic potency was obtained when nitrite was administered at approximately 50% of the level of the EU dose. Terata arising from treatment with EU/nitrite were similar to those caused by ENU. However, unlike ENU-treated animals, litters from the EU/nitrite study were either severely malformed or barely affected at all. The erratic nature of the teratogenesis following treatment with EU/nitrite was not influenced by the presence of food in the stomach at the time of dosing. For both substances administered over a 10-day period, the threshold dose needed for obvious teratogenicity was considerably less than in all previously reported single-dose studies. PMID- 6635321 TI - Human lymphocyte capping and the effect of lanthanum in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - Capping was studied in lymphocytes obtained from controls and patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Before the induction of capping by anti-Ig antibodies the cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of calcium and lanthanum. It was found that the presence or absence of extracellular calcium had no effect. Lanthanum, which blocks active calcium extrusion, altered the proportion of capping in both controls and Duchenne lymphocytes. These observations are discussed in relation to the possible involvement of free intracellular calcium in normal controls and patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6635322 TI - Reduced plasma kininogen concentration during sickle cell crisis. AB - Eight patients with sickle cell anemia (SS hemoglobin) were found to have decreased plasma levels of kininogen compared to normal control subjects. The kininogen level of the patients with sickle cell anemia was decreased further during sickle cell crises. The results suggest that components of the kinin system are profoundly affected in patients with sickle cell anemia, and during crises may play a role in the clinical presentation of patients. PMID- 6635323 TI - Effect of urine osmolality on the antibacterial activity of gentamicin. AB - Gentamicin is often used for the treatment of urinary tract infection. The dosage recommendations for gentamicin in this condition have not been properly determined, nor has the issue of whether one should maintain an increased urine flow been resolved. Urinary concentrations of gentamicin were measured in mongrel dogs 0-4 hours (early samples) and 24-28 hours (late samples) after a single 2 mg/kg i.m. dose by R.I.A. The MBC of gentamicin against an E. coli strain was determined in broth medium and in dog urine. Urinary concentrations of gentamicin ranged from 6.2 to 1161 micrograms/ml in early samples and from 0.2 to 12.5 mu/ml in late samples, depending on urine osmolality. MBC of gentamicin in heart-brain broth was 1.5-3.0 micrograms/ml whereas in urine it ranged from 0.045-0.09 to 50 100 micrograms/ml; MBC of gentamicin in dilute urine was lower than in concentrated urine (r = 0.85, P less than 0.01). However "late" dilute and concentrated urine samples allowed bacterial growth. Use of gentamicin in urinary tract infection could therefore require smaller than the recommended doses for systemic infections. Also, it seems reasonable to advise the avoidance of urine of extreme osmolalities. A study in patients should verify the clinical relevance of the findings of this study. PMID- 6635324 TI - Effect of 3-MC on cholesterolemia and hepatic G-6-PD. AB - The effect of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), an inducer of the mixed function oxidases system (MFOS), was investigated in male Wistar rats in relation to plasmatic cholesterol and hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD). 3 MC induced an increase in total cholesterol; the maximal increase was seen 2 days after treatment (50%). The increase in total cholesterol was followed by an augmentation in cholesterol HDL. 3-MC treatment resulted also in an increase of hepatic G-6-PD. PMID- 6635325 TI - The effect of 3-methoxy-5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavan on the restraint induced gastric ulceration augmented by aspirin, a gastric mucosal barrier breaker. AB - The gastric anti-ulcer activity of 3-methoxy-5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxyflavan (ME), a specific histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, has been studied on a new experimental restraint rat model in which the ulcerogenic effect of 6 h restraint stress was augmented by the prior treatment with 50mg/kg p.o. dose of aspirin. Aspirin is a known gastric mucosal barrier breaker and it produces a significant increase of the ulcer index in the restraint rat model. ME (ED50 22mg/kg) was found to be more potent than cimetidine (ED50 31mg/kg) in this model. The results of this study indicate that ME, which has been shown to possess significant anti ulcer activity against 24 h restraint, 19 h pylorus ligation and phenylbutazone, aspirin and reserpine induced gastric ulcers, also possesses the potential of protecting the gastric mucosal barrier. The restraint-aspirin model described in this study is simple as compared to other models of stress induced ulceration, moreover, it also implicates the damage of gastric mucosal barrier and thus it can be used for screening the gastric anti-ulcer activity of drugs providing more useful information. PMID- 6635326 TI - Acute doxorubicin-induced cardiac arrhythmias during ether anesthesia. AB - Acute intravenous administration of doxorubicin (30 and 50 mg/kg) elicited cardiac arrhythmias in the mouse, the severity and extent of which were dependent upon dose of doxorubicin and the anesthetic agent utilized. Fatal arrhythmias occurred in all mice given 50 mg/kg doxorubicin under ether anesthesia. Vasoactive amines may mediate the arrhythmogenicity of acute doxorubicin administration. PMID- 6635327 TI - Arrhythmogenic and antiarrhythmic effects of lipolytic factors on cultured heart cells. AB - Lipolytic factors associated with myocardial ischemia and factors which activate phospholipase A2 in cells other than heart cells were tested for their actions on the rhythmicity of cultured heart cells. Exogenous triglyceride lipase was without a significant effect on beating while phospholipase A2 produced concentration-related arrhythmias in concentrations as low as 0.0375 U/ml. Quinacrine, a phospholipase inhibitor, demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of reoxygenation-induced arrhythmias. Of the compounds known to activate phospholipase only kallikrein and thrombin produced arrhythmias; only bradykinin, thrombin and trypsin depressed beating. Lysophosphatidylcholine, a reaction product of phospholipase A2 on phospholipids, inhibited reoxygenation arrhythmias in a concentration-dependent manner. PMID- 6635328 TI - Prostaglandin B1 can modify the pressor responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. AB - PGB1, a metabolite of PGA1, has the ability to enhance peripheral vascular resistance and elevate blood pressure in animals whose vascular tone is low. The effect is not central in origin and apparently is not the result of changes in cholinergic or alpha-adrenoceptor sensitivity or changes in vascular smooth muscle susceptibility per se. PMID- 6635329 TI - Synergistic effect of hypoglycemic sulfonylureas and negative phospholipids on calcium transport: ionic and conformational aspects. AB - In a two-phase bulk system for the study of ionophoresis, the capacity of hypoglycemic sulfonylureas to translocate Ca2+ was enhanced in a synergistic manner by negatively charged phospholipids. High concentrations of Na+ or K+ had relatively little effect on sulfonylurea-mediated Ca2+ translocation. The acidity constant of hypoglycemic sulfonylureas ranged from 10(-5) to 10(-6). The conformation analysis of Ca2+ -gliquidone complexes with a 1:1 or 1:2 stoichiometry and of a hybrid complex between Ca2+ and both gliquidone and phosphatidylserine revealed configurations suitable for Ca2+ transport across a hydrophobic domain. These findings raise the possibility that the cationic response of the pancreatic B-cell to hypoglycemic sulfonylureas may be due primarily to an alteration of both Ca2+ and H+ transport. PMID- 6635330 TI - Influence of cigarette smoke on antipyrine metabolite formation in rats. AB - We examined the effect of cigarette smoke in rats on antipyrine (AP) disposition in blood and AP metabolites in urine and compared these results with those after pretreatment with tar, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), and phenobarbital (PB) in the same species. In vitro hepatic monooxygenase activities were also examined in smoke-exposed and tar-pretreated rats and compared to saline-pretreated or control rats. Both the smoke-exposed and tar-pretreated rats showed a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in AP clearance as compared to the control rats. The increases in AP clearance of PB and 3-MC groups were more remarkable (p less than 0.01), being more than three and eight-fold greater than the control group, respectively. The urinary amount of 4-hydroxyantipyrine (4OHA) was significantly (p less than 0.05) greater and that of norantipyrine (NORA) and AP less (p less than 0.05) in the smoke-exposed rats than in the controls. This trend was not observed in the tar-pretreated rats. In the 3-MC-treated rats a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in the urinary amount of 4OHA was found, while that of 3HMA was significantly (p less than 0.01) diminished without a change in AP or NORA in the urine. In the PB-pretreated rats the trend was similar to the 3-MC group except that the amount of unchanged AP was significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased. In the study of in vitro hepatic monooxygenase activities 7 ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase was significantly (p less than 0.01) increased in the smoke-exposed rats but not in the tar-treated rats. There was no significant increase in the content of cytochrome P-450 or aminopyrine N-demethylase in the two groups examined in the study. These results suggest that the metabolic pathways of AP, a multimetabolized drug, would be affected differently with different experimental inducers and that smoke and tar act somewhat differently on the hepatic monooxygenase system resulting in the different profiles of AP metabolites in rat urine. PMID- 6635331 TI - Electromyographic data differentiate patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome when double blindly treated with pyridoxine and placebo. AB - Six typical patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome in a neurological practice were double blindly treated with pyridoxine and placebo to determine whether electromyographic data alone could identify without mistake those patients receiving pyridoxine or placebo. All six patients had a significant deficiency of vitamin B6 by the data on the erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Multiple measurements for statistical significance of EMG functions were made on temperature-controlled hands over periods of 15 to 27 days for control and final evaluation. There were significant changes in criteria of amplitude on placebo which ruled out these criteria for a double blind trial. There was no statistically significant change in any criterion of latency and conduction velocity for patients on placebo, indicating these criteria could serve for differentiation. Criteria of latency and conduction velocity showed significant changes for three patients on pyridoxine, and the extent of changes indicated a relationship to compliance. By data on latency and conduction velocity, no mistake was made in blindly identifying patients receiving pyridoxine or placebo; p less than 0.0156. PMID- 6635332 TI - Norethindrone antisera: anomalous cross-reactivities with use of 3H-tetrahydro reduced norethindrone as radioligand. AB - Anomalous cross-reactions with the dihydro- and tetrahydro-reduced metabolites of norethindrone were observed utilizing antisera raised against norethindrone-3 bovine serum albumin. Whereas displacement of 3H-norethindrone from the antiserum by the metabolites was generally minimal, where one of the metabolites was used as radiotracer, displacement by the metabolites was equal to or greater than that achieved by norethindrone. This unexpected finding was examined for its usefulness in developing a radioimmunoassay system for norethindrone metabolites in plasma. The sensitivity of the resulting standard curve was such as to permit quantitation of pg amounts of the reduced metabolites. PMID- 6635333 TI - In vitro binding of 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone by rat liver glutathione S-transferases. AB - The in vitro interaction of 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone (o-chloranil) with rat liver glutathione S-transferases (GST) was studied, using reduced glutathione (GSH) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as substrates. o Chloranil inhibited the GST activity in crude extracts in a dose dependent manner, while 3,6-dichloro-2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone did not. Each of the GST isoenzymes was inhibited, albeit at different degrees. Kinetic studies never revealed competitive inhibition kinetics, with GSH nor CDNB as the variable substrate. Titration of remaining GSH in appropriate incubation mixtures indicated a minor spontaneous conjugation of o-chloranil with GSH, which was not enzymatically activated. It is concluded that o-chloranil interact with GST by direct binding to these proteins. This binding could have a protective function against o-chloranil. PMID- 6635334 TI - In vitro studies of ovarian function in the isolated perfused rabbit ovary. AB - An in vitro model for studies of preovulatory follicle and ovulation is described, using a recirculating system for perfusion of isolated rabbit ovaries. The preovulatory follicle was studied by addition of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to the perfusion medium 1.5 h after the start of perfusion. Ovulations occurred approximately 13 h after in vivo hCG injection to the animal and 5-10 h after the start of perfusion. The ultrastructural changes during the perfusion were similar to in vivo conditions. The release of estradiol and progesterone into the medium are consistent with in vivo measurements. This in vitro model is probably useful for further studies of the biochemistry and morphology of ovarian function. PMID- 6635335 TI - Alterations in neutral amino acid transport across the blood-brain barrier in hepatic failure. AB - The accelerated transport of the blood neutral amino acids into the brain in encephalopathic patients with fulminant hepatitis and advanced liver cirrhosis was demonstrated not only by determining the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) aminogram but also by calculating the predicted velocity of the amino acid transport through the blood-brain barrier. Significant elevation in CSF aromatic amino acid (AAA) and methionine levels was observed in the encephalopathic patients. Arousal from hepatic encephalopathy by drip infusion of a branched chain amino acid (BCAA)-enriched solution was obtained coincidentally with the elevated BCAA levels and diminished concentrations of AAA and methionine in CSF. These clinical observations were confirmed experimentally in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and D-galactosamine by obtaining the elevation of neutral amino acid contents in the brain and the slight increase in the brain uptake index (BUI) of a radiolabeled amino acid. PMID- 6635337 TI - Cerebral temperature and epidural pressure during whole body hyperthermia in dogs. AB - Whole body hyperthermia was performed on 13 anaesthetized and intubated dogs. Cerebral temperature and epidural pressure were measured and related to rectal and oesophageal temperatures. The brain temperature was significantly higher than that of the rectum at normotemperature. The temperature gradients lessened during heating. At maximum rectal temperature (plateau) small differences between the left and right hand sides of the brain were seen, the temperatures being 0.4 degrees C and 0.3 degrees C higher than the rectal temperature, respectively. During the 2-h plateau period the difference between brain and oesophageal temperature became progressively smaller. The mean epidural pressure decreased slightly during the course of the treatment, but remained within the normal range of 1.2 +/- 0.4 KPa (8.7 +/- 2.5 mm Hg). From this investigation may be concluded that (1) the cerebral temperature is reflected better by the oesophageal than by the rectal temperature and (2) the epidural pressure does not increase during whole body hyperthermia for 2 h at a rectal temperature of up to 42.5 degrees C. PMID- 6635336 TI - [Possibilities and limits of temporary liver substitution by hemoperfusion with biological material]. AB - For temporary hepatic assistance we used 200 g porcine liver pieces (5 X 5 X 5 mm3) which were perfused for 6 h with 11 swine blood. ATP and energy reserve values reached their maxima 30 min after starting perfusion, remained unchanged for 120 min, and decreased thereafter. Following 30 min of perfusion energy charge values increased from 0.260 +/- 0.110 mumol/g to 0.560 +/- 0.093 mumol/g (normal value; 0.854 +/- 0.022 mumol/g) and thereafter remained unchanged for 6 h. These results suggest that good energy regulation was maintained in the liver pieces. The small liver cubes showed excellent ammonia and phenol detoxication. However, the liver pieces were not found to be able to conjugate serum bilirubin, which might have been caused by a lack of this anatomic pathway in our model. Levels of hepatic and lytic enzymes in the perfusate increased with the time of perfusion, though they were relatively low as compared to levels in patients with acute hepatic failure. The concentration of free fatty acids in the perfusate, which are known to potentiate hepatic coma, increased slightly. However, methyl mercaptane remained constant during perfusion. Concentrations of nearly all amino acids rose during 6-h perfusion due to damage of hepatic tissues, but the molar ratio of the branched chain amino acid to aromatic amino acid was not changed. These results suggest that liberated substances from the damaged liver would not potentiate hepatic encephalopathy. We feel that hemoperfusion over small liver pieces could be a useful method for hepatic assistance. PMID- 6635338 TI - Occurrence and pathology of intracutaneous cornifying epitheliomas in Mastomys natalensis, the multimammate mouse. AB - Twelve mastomys (Mastomys natalensis) about two years old developed several raised, varying sized, multiple scurfy growths on most of the external parts of the body over a period of two months. No metastatic lesions were observed in the internal organs at necropsy. Histological examination of the cutaneous lesions revealed that the growths were comprised of intracutaneous cornifying epitheliomas. PMID- 6635339 TI - Observations on the pathology of experimental avian spirochaetosis. AB - In experimental infection of chickens with a virulent strain of Borrelia anserina, peak spirochaetaemia was recorded from 72 to 96 hours. Progressive enlargement of the spleen with mottling was the predominant gross finding. Spleen, liver and small intestine showed extensive erythrophagocytosis, which continued even after the disappearance of spirochaetes from blood and tissues. While haemosiderosis was mild in the lungs, it was absent from the heart, kidney and brain. Spirochaetes were demonstrable in the spleen, liver, intestine, kidney and to a lesser extent in the lungs, but absent from the heart and brain. Widespread erythrophagocytosis and extravascular haemolysis suggest involvement of an immune mechanism in the pathogenesis of splenomegaly. PMID- 6635340 TI - Transfusion reactions in cats due to AB blood group incompatibility. AB - Blood transfusion reactions were investigated in 70 unsensitised and sensitised cats. Twenty-five compatible transfusions with respect to the AB blood group system did not result in any immediate transfusion reactions. Transfusion of B erythrocytes in 12 group A cats did not produce any severe reactions because of low anti-B titres in the A recipients. However, 30 of 50 group B cats (60 per cent) suffered severe shock reactions, characterised by marked hypotension, cessation of respiration and sometimes atrio-ventricular blocks, within two minutes of the injection of incompatible A cells (phase 1). From 35 seconds to five minutes later, markedly elevated blood pressures and extrasystoles were recorded (phase 2). The blood pressures generally stabilised within 30 minutes. Haemoconcentration and leucopenia were observed in severely reacting cats and leucopenia was also recorded in some A cats who received incompatible cells but did not exhibit transfusion reactions. PMID- 6635341 TI - Serology for diagnosis and epizootiological studies of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections. AB - The complement fixation test (CFT) and the virus neutralisation test (VNT), performed as a plaque reduction test, were employed to measure antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus. The CFT with bovine sera was performed with supplementation of the complement factors in fresh guinea pig serum by an adequate amount of Clq-factor of the bovine species. Kinetics of maternally derived antibodies and the antibody response after spontaneous and experimental infections and after intramuscular vaccination were studied by both tests. Patterns of development of complement fixing and virus neutralising antibodies were generally similar and titres equalled each other in the test systems that are described. However a VNT detected antibodies a few days earlier after an infection than a CFT and peak-levels reached after a naturally acquired infection decreased faster in a CFT than in a VNT: a mean decrease of 3.1 and 1.4 log2 units was found in 13 weeks respectively. Mean half-life of passive antibodies was 25 days in a VNT. An infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus could be diagnosed by serology, using a CFT on acute and convalescent serum samples of a number of animals in a group. Serology is preferable to virus isolation for routine diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections. Paired sera, collected at 14-day intervals and examined by CFT, are recommended for the diagnosis of the cause of respiratory disease. A VNT is preferable if low antibody levels are to be detected because non-specific reactions occur in a CFT at low serum dilutions. PMID- 6635342 TI - Serum protein changes in grass sickness. AB - Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to compare serum taken from ponies before and during clinical illness confirmed as grass sickness. A consistent rise in the level of haptoglobin was seen in serum from animals which had shown symptoms for more than two days. Serum albumin was also shown to have altered mobility at the onset of clinical disease. Estimation of the haemoglobin-binding capacity confirmed the haptoglobin increase. This haptoglobin has been purified and some of its properties determined. In contrast to the situation in acute inflammatory conditions no other acute-phase proteins increased to a significant extent in grass sickness. It is concluded that the neurotoxin known to be present in sera of animals experiencing acute grass sickness cannot itself be detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis but may be bound to serum albumin. PMID- 6635343 TI - Effect of phosphorus intake on growth rate, food intake and quality of the skeleton of growing lambs infected with the intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus vitrinus. AB - The performance of growing lambs dosed daily for 12 weeks with 2500 Trichostrongylus vitrinus larvae (I) or given no larvae (control, C) was compared at two levels of phosphorus intake; 2.75 gP/kg dry matter (normal, NP) and 1.88 pgP/kg dry matter (low, LP). Both low phosphorus and T vitrinus infection reduced dry matter intake and growth rate and the combined effect of low phosphorus and infection were additive. Plasma hypophosphataemia (less than 60 mg per litre) occurred in groups CLP, ILP and INP from week 3, the values gradually returning to normal levels in INP lambs by the end of the trial. T vitrinus infection did not depress plasma phosphorus concentration below that seen in the low phosphorus controls. Both low phosphorus intake and T vitrinus infection reduced the density and mineralisation of bone, the most severely affected bones occurring in groups ILP lambs. T vitrinus infection reduced the content and concentration of phosphorus in the rumen and the effect was greater at the lower intake of phosphorus. Infection also reduced the proportion of phosphorus in the rumen liquid phase. The number of T vitrinus recovered from the intestine was higher and villous atrophy more extensive in lambs from group ILP. It is suggested that development of 'resistance' may be delayed on a low phosphorus intake. PMID- 6635344 TI - Forms of leg abnormality observed in male broilers fed on a diet containing 12.5 percent rapeseed meal. AB - The incidence of leg abnormalities was studied in 216 male Ross I broilers, fed for 10 weeks on a diet containing 12.5 per cent extracted rapeseed. Regular serological examination showed that the birds remained free from Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and avian reovirus throughout the period of investigation. Post mortem examination and radiographs were performed when birds were culled due to leg deformities or at the end of the experiment. Leg abnormalities were seen in 19.4 per cent of the birds which represents a very significant increase above that currently seen in commercial flocks. They consisted of a large range of skeletal deformities including valgus and varus deformities, dyschondroplasia, slipped gastrocnemius tendons, dislocated condyles, rotation and penetration of the distal tibiotarsus and fractured fibulas. Multiple forms of leg abnormality were often observed in individual birds and their association is briefly discussed. PMID- 6635345 TI - Swine dysentery: protection against experimental challenge following single dose parenteral immunisation with inactivated Treponema hyodysenteriae. AB - Groups of five pigs were vaccinated at three to four weeks old with either formolised Treponema hyodysenteriae in oil adjuvant alone, formolised T hyodysenteriae in oil adjuvant plus formolised Campylobacter coli in oil adjuvant, or sterile medium in oil adjuvant (as a control). Each group was challenged four weeks after vaccination by oral dosing on two consecutive occasions with pure cultures of the homologous strain of T hyodysenteriae plus direct contact with two pigs exhibiting severe swine dysentery. The disease was observed in two of five pigs immunised with T hyodysenteriae alone, three of five pigs immunised with T hyodysenteriae plus C coli and all five controls; haemorrhagic diarrhoea was exhibited only by the control group. Each pig immunised with T hyodysenteriae (alone or with C coli) recovered spontaneously, whereas four controls died. Vaccination with T hyodysenteriae also markedly reduced the severity and duration of clinical signs and of weight loss. No differences were observed in response to challenge between pigs immunised with T hyodysenteriae alone and pigs immunised with T hyodysenteriae plus C coli. PMID- 6635346 TI - Chronic arterial cannulation for studying the skin of sheep. AB - Cutaneous branches of intercostal, external thoracic and deep circumflex iliac arteries in a total of 77 sheep were cannulated using one of two methods described. These cutaneous preparations, supplying areas of wool-growing skin from 30 to 400 cm2, remained patent for up to six weeks as determined by dye infusion. Wool was readily plucked by hand from preparations infused with either 12 mg betamethasone for eight days or 1.2 g mimosine for two days thereby demonstrating that normal defleecing responses can be elicited in animals bearing isolated cutaneous preparations. PMID- 6635347 TI - Quantitative assessment of fat absorption and its diagnostic value in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. AB - A new method of quantifying fat absorption based on the estimation of serum triglyceride levels is described. When long chain triglyceride (LCT) was fed to normal dogs a significant elevation of serum triglyceride concentration was recorded which was not observed in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. When the test was repeated on the dogs with pancreatic insufficiency using the LCT together with lipase the serum triglyceride concentration increased, suggesting the failure in the initial test was caused by a deficiency in pancreatic lipase. Feeding medium chain triglyceride (MCT) did not raise the serum triglyceride levels in normal dogs. PMID- 6635348 TI - Fasciola hepatica: the flukicidal effect of some anaesthetics and analgesics in common use. AB - The anaesthetic halothane and the sedative xylazine were shown to have anthelmintic properties in rats against the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. Flukes in rats treated with the local anaesthetic lignocaine or the anaesthetic/analgesic ketamine were unaffected. PMID- 6635349 TI - Ultrasonographic findings in eyes with giant retinal tears and opaque media. AB - A preoperative diagnosis of giant retinal tear was suspected as a result of ultrasonography in six eyes with opaque media, and the diagnosis was then confirmed during surgery. All eyes showed a discontinuity in the high amplitude linear retinal echo, representing the location of a retinal tear involving more than one retinal quadrant. In five eyes there was a double linear echo attached to the optic nerve. The linear echo that was discontinuous with the contour of the globe corresponded to the inverted posterior flap of the giant retinal tear. The linear echo that was continuous with the contour of the globe represented detached retina. The preoperative discovery of a giant retinal tear by ultrasonography in eyes with opaque media influences the subsequent management of the patient. PMID- 6635350 TI - Uveal effusion syndrome. A new hypothesis concerning pathogenesis and technique of surgical treatment. AB - It is hypothesized that the primary underlying cause of the idiopathic uveal effusion syndrome is a congenital anomaly of the sclera, and in some cases, the vortex veins. Superimposed aging and hormonal changes in the sclera and its emmissary channels impair its permeability to protein and predispose the eye to vortex vein obstruction. The inability of the eye to transport extravascular protein across the abnormal sclera is probably the cause of prolonged exudative detachment of the uvea and retina in these patients. Partial thickness sclerectomies and sclerostomies without choroidal puncture in each quadrant near the equator caused prompt resolution of long-standing uveal and bullous retinal detachment in two eyes. PMID- 6635351 TI - Bilateral retinal arteritis with multiple aneurysmal dilatations. AB - The authors have reported two cases of bilateral retinal arteritis with multiple aneurysmal dilatations. Despite comprehensive medical evaluation, no clear etiology was identified, although polyarteritis (periarteritis) remains a possibility. These cases constitute an unusual and unique manifestation of inflammatory retinal vascular disease. PMID- 6635352 TI - Familial pars planitis. AB - Ophthalmologists do not consider pars planitis to occur on a familial basis. The development of pars planitis in nine members of four different families is reported. Affected family members include twin sisters, a mother and daughter, two brothers, and a sister and two brothers from the same family. This suggests that a common hereditary and/or environmental factor contributed to the disease in these patients. PMID- 6635353 TI - Cilioretinal artery obstruction. AB - The cases of 23 patients with untreated cilioretinal artery obstruction were reviewed. Three distinct groups were found: (1) isolated cilioretinal artery obstruction, (2) cilioretinal artery obstruction associated with central retinal venous obstruction, and (3) cilioretinal artery obstruction in conjunction with ischemic optic neuropathy. In the first group 90% of eyes achieved 6/12 or better vision and there was a high incidence of associated atherosclerotic carotid disease. In the second group, 70% of eyes improved to 6/12 or better, while in the last group no eye reached better than 6/120 vision. PMID- 6635354 TI - An experimental model to assess factors associated with scleral buckle infection. AB - A reproducible rabbit model to assess factors associated with scleral buckle infection was developed. Buckle exoplant material incubated with staphylococcus was sutured to rabbit sclera, covered with conjunctiva, then removed after 24 hours. Colony counts from removed exoplant material were used to define experimentally the degree of infection. Experimental modifications of the model were used to determine how differences in perioperative treatment may affect infection. Soaking sponge exoplant in antibiotic or subconjunctival injection of antibiotic had a marked beneficial effect, while prophylactic topical antibiotic drops, or systemically administered antibiotics had a less marked effect. Silicone sponge exoplant material showed a greater tendency towards bacterial contamination than did solid silicone. PMID- 6635355 TI - A new system of intraocular instruments. II. Intraocular needleholder. AB - The authors designed an intraocular needleholder to grasp the needle of 8-0 or 9 0 sutures during transvitreal procedures to suture the edge of certain giant retinal tears to the eyewall. The instrument uses a guillotine action and has a barrel handle design. There is 135 degrees of angulation between the jaws and the long axis of the instrument. With this device the needle is firmly grasped, and a locking mechanism permits release of finger pressure during intraocular manipulation. PMID- 6635356 TI - [Bronchoalveolar lavage]. PMID- 6635357 TI - [Alveolar epithelial cells in health and disease]. PMID- 6635358 TI - [Origin of normal breath sounds and abnormal lung sounds (crackles and wheezes)]. PMID- 6635359 TI - [Evaluation of the coagulation-fibrinolysis test for the diagnosis of pulmonary microthrombosis and related conditions]. PMID- 6635360 TI - Pulmonary gas transfer. PMID- 6635361 TI - [Quantitative analysis of the left ventricular regional wall motion by cineventriculography]. PMID- 6635362 TI - [Structure and function of the valvular region of the bovine mesenteric lymphatics]. PMID- 6635363 TI - [Combined effects of propranolol and trapidil on ischemic heart disease--exercise tolerance and cardiac function]. PMID- 6635364 TI - [Effect of dopamine administration--with special reference to LOS (low output syndrome) following open heart surgery]. PMID- 6635365 TI - [Metastatic cardiac tumors--clinicopathological evaluation of 64 autopsy cases]. PMID- 6635366 TI - [Value of UCG polygraphy (combined recording of mechanocardiography and echocardiography) in the diagnosis of valvular heart diseases (1)]. PMID- 6635367 TI - [Nuclear stethoscope]. PMID- 6635368 TI - [Multi-purpose telemetric device using semiconductor memory element]. PMID- 6635369 TI - [Hypotension and A-aDO2]. PMID- 6635370 TI - [Variant form of angina pectoris with frequent attacks of ventricular tachycardia]. PMID- 6635371 TI - [Effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on the lung--the effects on the water content of the excised lung and the expiratory pressure volume curve]. PMID- 6635372 TI - [Treadmill exercise tolerance during the post-pneumonectomy follow-up period]. PMID- 6635373 TI - [Clinical significance of ST-segment deviations in exercise electrocardiography in asymptomatic patients]. PMID- 6635374 TI - [Mechanism of atrioventricular nodal gap conduction]. PMID- 6635375 TI - [Electrophysiological effects of nicardipine hydrochloride (YC-93) on the human cardiac condition system]. PMID- 6635376 TI - [Measurement of the radius of digital arteries of patients with vibration disease -comparison 1 month before and after hospitalization]. PMID- 6635377 TI - [Successful treatment of mitral valve insufficiency (floppy valve syndrome) with ruptured chordae tendineae due to mucoid degeneration: a case report]. PMID- 6635378 TI - Cardiac output and regional oxygen transport in the acutely hypoxic conscious sheep. AB - We have studied the effects of severe acute hypoxemia (PaO2 = 25 torr) on cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), left ventricular contractility ((dP/dt)max/P), intravascular pressures and blood flow to the heart, brain, abdominal viscera, skin and respiratory and non-respiratory muscles in twelve conscious ewes that breathed a mixture of 8% O2 and 92% N2 for 20 min. Q, HR, (dP/dt)max/P) and systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures increased. Total peripheral resistance decreased while pulmonary vascular resistance remained unchanged. Coronary, cerebral, respiratory and nonrespiratory muscle and adrenal flows increased, in association with a decrease in regional vascular resistances, while the flows to the kidney and other abdominal viscera remained unchanged. The concentration of total plasma catecholamines doubled, indicating that the sympathetic nervous system plays a major role in the hemodynamic response to this level of hypoxia. Increased oxygen delivery to the heart (31%) and respiratory muscles (44%) were brought about by increases in both the magnitude and the redistribution of Q, the latter being the more important of the two mechanisms. In contrast, both mechanisms contributed equally to the amount of oxygen delivered to the brain and nonrespiratory muscles. We concluded that in acute hypoxemia, both the increase in Q and its regional redistribution contribute to the delivery of oxygen to the various tissues. PMID- 6635379 TI - Intracellular and extracellular acid-base and electrolyte status of submerged anoxic turtles at 3 degrees C. AB - Specimens of fresh water turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii) were acclimated to 3 degrees C and then submerged in completely anoxic water for time periods of up to 12 weeks. Blood withdrawn via indwelling arterial catheters was analysed for plasma pH, PCO2, bicarbonate concentration, [lactate], [Na+], [K+], [Ca2+] and [Mg2+], and tissue samples of skeletal muscle, liver and cardiac muscle were excised. Samples of skeletal muscle were analysed for intracellular pH (DMO), [lactate], [Na+], [K+], [Ca2+], and [Mg2+], and samples of liver and cardiac muscle for intracellular pH and [lactate] during normoxia and after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of anoxia. Arterial plasma pH fell from 8.0 during normoxia to lower than 7.2 concomitant with a reduction in plasma [HCO3-] after 12 weeks of anoxia due to the production of large amounts of lactic acid. The intracellular pH (pHi) of heart muscle and liver dropped in parallel or even more than plasma pH, whereas pHi in skeletal muscle changed less resulting in a delta pHi/delta pHe value of less than 0.6. Intracellular [lactate] and [Ca2+] increased considerably, but attained concentrations much smaller than those observed in the extracellular compartment. The intracellular concentrations of K+, Na+ and Mg2+ were also significantly affected, the changes, however, were small in comparison with those observed for Ca2+ and lactate concentration. The water distribution between intra- and extracellular compartments remained essentially unaffected by anoxia. It is concluded that the considerable increase in extracellular Mg2+ and Ca2+ cannot be the result of release from muscle cells and has to be attributed to release from skeleton and shell.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635380 TI - The lung sounds phase angle test for detection of small airway disease. AB - Nineteen normal subjects and fifteen smokers with minimal symptoms were studied. All subjects performed spirograms, maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) maneuvers both breathing air and 80% He and 20% O2 mixture, pressure-volume maneuvers, and single breath N2 washout curves with preceding thoracic gas volume, from which closing capacity (CC), closing volume (CV), and slope of phase III (delta N2) were computed. Pulmonary resistances (RL) and compliances (CL) at various breathing frequencies were also measured. The sequence of breath sounds during the inspiratory phase of tidal breathing as assessed by lung sounds (lung sounds ventilation sequence indices (theta) was measured between two positions from various parts of the right lung in the same horizontal level. None of the normal subjects had a mean theta larger than 5 degrees. Eleven out of 15 smokers had a mean theta greater than 5 degrees. The mean theta correlated significantly with CLdyn/CLst, but not with CC, CV, delta Vmax50, delta N2 and FEF25-75. It is concluded that theta is an index of intraregional inhomogeneity of time constants. PMID- 6635381 TI - Mechanisms of the temperature effect on airway smooth muscle. AB - We studied the effect of sudden cooling and warming on the contractile response of tracheal segments (TS) isolated from guinea pigs. After a standardized incubation period in normal physiological salt solution (PSS) (t degree = 37 +/- 0.5 degree C, pH = 7.34 +/- 0.02, PCO2 = 24 +/- 2 Torr, PO2 = 430 +/- 5 Torr) TS were quickly (20 sec) exposed to cool (24 degrees, 26 degrees, or 29 degrees C) PSS and changes in isometric force were measured using a Grass 0.03 transducer. Following the cooling period, maintained for 10-15 min, tissues were exposed to 34 +/- 0.5 degree C warm PSS and contractile response was measured again. It was found that: (1) quick cooling (24, 26 and 29 degrees C) induced a contraction of TS followed by a slow relaxation. The magnitude of the contraction was a function of temperature; the highest contraction was observed at 24 degrees C; (2) cooling, lower than 22 degrees C induced only a relaxation of TS; (3) quick warming of TS induced a biphasic response, i.e., a small relaxation followed by a slow, large contraction; (4) contraction as induced by cooling and relaxation as induced by warming were dependent on the initial length of the TS; (5) Cooling induced contraction and warming-induced relaxation were inhibited with ouabain (10(-5) M); (6) Warming-induced contraction was attenuated with aspirin (50 micrograms/ml); but aspirin potentiated (P less than 0.001) cooling-induced contraction; (7) warming-induced contraction was inhibited with FPL 55712 (10(-6) M) (P less than 0.002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635383 TI - [Autotransfusion in elective surgery]. PMID- 6635382 TI - [Echocardiographic changes in pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 6635384 TI - Clinical use of "somatometric profiles" and the effect of polygenic inheritance for stature in patients with bone dysplasias. PMID- 6635385 TI - [Mucormycosis. Report of 14 cases]. PMID- 6635386 TI - [Type II pseudoachondroplasia. Presentation of a family]. PMID- 6635387 TI - [Quality control. III. The patient average in serum iron measurements]. PMID- 6635388 TI - [Tomodensitometry of the larynx: normal aspects and tumor pathology; evaluation of the specific contributions of the method]. PMID- 6635389 TI - [The role of x-ray computed tomography in the study of the degree of spread of pharyngo-laryngeal cancers]. PMID- 6635390 TI - Computed tomography of the lateropharyngeal space. PMID- 6635391 TI - The spread of carcinoma of the base of the tongue as detected by computer tomography. PMID- 6635393 TI - Mathematical description of tympanometric data. PMID- 6635392 TI - The thick-walled usually opacified maxillary sinus-conventional CT radionuclide ultrasound correlative studies. PMID- 6635394 TI - [Surgical anatomy of the epitympanic sinus]. PMID- 6635395 TI - [2 cases of chordoma]. PMID- 6635396 TI - Fortunate misfortune. Unexpected effect of abdominal surgery. PMID- 6635398 TI - [Surgery of bone tumors of the base of the skull]. PMID- 6635397 TI - Nasal mucormycosis with a case report. PMID- 6635399 TI - [Argon lasers in otology: preliminary results]. PMID- 6635400 TI - [Food allergy and pseudo-food allergy]. PMID- 6635401 TI - [Herniography in the child]. PMID- 6635402 TI - [The value of the principle of very early nephrotomography in ambulatory care]. PMID- 6635403 TI - [Progress in the scanographic diagnosis of lumbar herniated disk]. PMID- 6635404 TI - [Radiologic examination of the small intestine. Current methods]. PMID- 6635405 TI - [Radiologic examination of the colon. Current methods]. PMID- 6635406 TI - [A plea for internal medicine]. PMID- 6635407 TI - [Recent advances of general interest in leprosy]. PMID- 6635408 TI - [Circulating immune complexes and the prognosis of cancer]. PMID- 6635409 TI - [Can the transformation of glucides into body fat be considered a factor contributing to obesity in man?]. PMID- 6635410 TI - [Evolution of obesity into diabetes type II]. PMID- 6635411 TI - [Cadmium, a toxic agent for man]. PMID- 6635412 TI - [Medical students. Observations based on official statistics of 1981/1982]. PMID- 6635414 TI - [Epidemiologic and microbiologic aspects of urinary infections]. PMID- 6635413 TI - [Specificity of the work of a general practitioner]. PMID- 6635415 TI - [Urinary infection: clinical and paraclinical studies]. PMID- 6635416 TI - [Urinary infection--the value of radiology]. PMID- 6635417 TI - [Does chronic prostatitis exist?]. PMID- 6635418 TI - [Recurrent cystitis in the young woman]. PMID- 6635419 TI - [Urinary infection: steps to follow and not to follow. Recommendations and commentaries]. PMID- 6635420 TI - [Important points of uncomplicated urinary infections in women]. PMID- 6635421 TI - [The psychiatrist as expert in a law suit. His role and his identity]. PMID- 6635422 TI - [Marital counseling for what type of couple?]. PMID- 6635423 TI - [Evaluation of several indicators of therapeutic activity in an ambulatory service for child psychiatry]. PMID- 6635424 TI - [6 encopretic children]. PMID- 6635425 TI - Infections due to Wangiella dermatitidis in humans: report of the first documented case from the United States and a review of the literature. AB - Wangiella dermatitidis, a normally saprophytic dematiaceous fungus, has rarely been reported as a cause of disease in humans. A review of the worldwide literature yielded eight validly documented cases of W. dermatitidis infections. Reported herein is a subcutaneous knee infection due to W. dermatitidis in a diabetic man with impaired T-cell function and cutaneous anergy. Repeated cultures of the lesion were positive for W. dermatitidis despite therapy with amphotericin B. It is believed that this represents the first well-documented case of infection due to W. dermatitidis in North America, although the fungus has previously been isolated from nature in several states. The current state of knowledge of this organism, based on previously reported cases and isolations from nature, are discussed. No curative medical therapy is known for this infection, but surgical excision seems to be the treatment of choice for circumscribed W. dermatitidis infections. PMID- 6635426 TI - Tubo-ovarian abscess: contemporary approach to management. AB - Two hundred and thirty-two patients with tubo-ovarian abscesses (TOAs) were evaluated. Ruptured TOAs were documented in seven (3%) of the patients. One hundred and seventy-five patients with TOAs were treated with antibiotics alone; for 15 of these patients, TOAs were confirmed by laparoscopy. The remaining 57 patients required surgical intervention: drainage (five patients), unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (19) and total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (33). A unilateral TOA was present in 163 patients (70%). Seventy-six patients with TOAs used intrauterine contraceptive devices, and in this group, 54 (71%) patients had unilateral TOAs. The most common microorganisms that were recovered from these TOAs were Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides species, Peptostreptococcus, Peptococcus, and aerobic streptococci. Sixty-eight percent of the patients treated with an antimicrobial regimen that included clindamycin had a decrease in the size of the TOA, while only 36.5% of those receiving antimicrobial regimens without clindamycin had a decrease in the size of the TOA (P less than .01). Long-term follow-up information (two to 10 years) was available for 58 of the patients treated with antibiotics alone. Eighteen (31%) required subsequent surgery; 12 had persistent TOAs; and six, chronic salpingo-oophoritis. Intrauterine pregnancy was documented in eight (13.8%) patients. Of the 19 patients treated with unilateral adnexectomy, two ultimately required hysterectomy and contralateral adnexectomy, while three patients in this group subsequently became pregnant (one ectopic and two intrauterine). PMID- 6635427 TI - Mediastinitis after cardiovascular surgery. AB - Postoperative mediastinitis complicated 21 (3.4%) of 616 median sternotomy procedures at Beth Israel Hospital (Boston, Mass.) between 1975 and 1979. These cases were analyzed by means of a case control study to identify host and operative risk factors and to characterize the clinical features of mediastinitis. Eighteen patients with mediastinitis (86%) had serious underlying noncardiac diseases, as compared with 14 (33%) of 42 noninfected controls (P = .001). Reoperation was positively associated with infection (P = .03). All patients had abnormal sternal wounds and fever; sternal instability and mediastinal widening were unusual. Twelve patients (57%) were bacteremic. Twenty four organisms were recovered from the 21 patients with mediastinitis; 13 of the isolates were gram-positive, and 11 were gram-negative. Infections due to gram negative bacteria appeared earlier and were more likely to be bacteremic (70%). All gram-negative isolates and five of six isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were resistant to the antimicrobial agent used perioperatively. Patients were treated with extensive debridement and appropriate antibiotics. The mortality rate was 24% (five of 21). Long-term complications in survivors were not seen. PMID- 6635428 TI - Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. VIII. African trypanosomiasis. AB - African trypanosomiasis in humans is caused by trypanosomes, parasitic protozoa that inhabit the blood and tissue spaces. Humans are infected by the bite of the tsetse (Glossina species), which itself acquires the parasites from human or animal hosts. The vector and the disease are confined to sub-saharan Africa where the disease occurs in endemic foci from which epidemics arise. Two forms of African trypanosomiasis in humans are recognized and both are fatal if left untreated. Control strategy is dependent on the capacity of the public health services to diagnose and treat cases, and the maintenance of surveillance is essential if epidemics are to be prevented. In epidemics this strategy should be extended to include vector-control measures to break transmission of the disease while cases continue to be diagnosed and treated. Eradication of the vector is not feasible nor can animal reservoirs be eliminated. National authorities must thus maintain surveillance to reduce the human reservoir of infection in order for low levels of endemicity, particularly in areas where epidemics have occurred in the past, to be retained. PMID- 6635429 TI - Selective primary health care: strategies for control of disease in the developing world. IX. Poliomyelitis. AB - Poliomyelitis is an acute viral disease primarily afflicting children. It can be very mild, permanently crippling, or fatal. In the developed nations, poliomyelitis is controlled by the use of trivalent vaccines: killed virus administered by injection and/or attenuated virus administered orally. The latter is cheaper. A combination of the two may be required in some tropical countries. In many developing nations poliomyelitis remains endemic and prevalent, especially in children; 37,747 cases were reported to the World Health Organization in 1979, but greater than 200,000 cases probably occurred. Socioeconomic improvement and public health measures (i.e., immunizations) remain the major strategies for control. While global eradication may be a more distant goal, poliomyelitis could be controlled better. Effective programs for control include safe, efficacious, and inexpensive vaccines; methods for successful management of vaccine delivery systems; commitment and training of health personnel; public education; commitment of funds; and research to improve vaccines and their delivery. The major obstacle to control of poliomyelitis is failure to immunize an adequate number of susceptible children. Development of strategies for immunization is crucial to elimination of poliomyelitis as a major world health problem. PMID- 6635430 TI - The use of rifampin in the treatment of nontuberculous infections: an overview. PMID- 6635431 TI - The use of rifampin in the treatment of nontuberculous infections. Symposium held in San Francisco, California April 1982. PMID- 6635432 TI - History of the development of rifampin. AB - Rifampin was developed in the Dow-Lepetit Research Laboratories (Milan, Italy) as part of an extensive program of chemical modification of the rifamycins, the natural metabolites of Nocardia mediterranei. One peculiar fact was that all of the studies leading to highly active derivatives were performed on a molecule (rifamycin B) that was itself practically inactive. The first chemical modifications led to the discovery of rifamycin SV, which was introduced in some countries for the parenteral and topical treatment of infections due to gram positive bacteria and infections of the biliary tract. Systematic structural modifications of most of the functional groups of the rifamycin molecule were performed with the objective of finding a derivative that was active when administered orally. The understanding of structure-activity relations in the rifamycins led to the synthesis of several hydrazones of 3-formylrifamycin SV. Among them, the hydrazone with N-amino-N'-methylpiperazine (rifampin) was the most active in the oral treatment of infections in animals and, after successful clinical trials, was introduced into therapeutic use in 1968. In the intervening years, a large number of clinical and biologic studies have confirmed the important role of rifampin in therapy for tuberculosis and other selected infectious diseases. PMID- 6635433 TI - Rifampin: spectrum of antibacterial activity. AB - Rifampin was studied for determination of its spectrum of activity against many bacteria of clinical importance. Most of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by agar dilution but some were determined by broth microdilution. Staphylococci were the most susceptible, with mode MICs of 0.015 microgram/ml, but most streptococcal strains, except Streptococcus faecalis, had mode MICs less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml. Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Listeria monocytogenes were susceptible and had mode MICs of 1, 0.25, 0.03, and less than or equal to 0.12 microgram/ml, respectively. Legionella species had geometric mean MICs ranging from 0.027 to 0.25 microgram/ml. The rapidly growing mycobacteria, Mycobacterium chelonei and Mycobacterium fortuitum, were resistant, with mode of greater than 64 micrograms/ml. Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter species, and Pseudomonas species had mode MICs ranging from 4 to 64 micrograms/ml. Thus, the authors conclude that, on the basis of these in vitro data and an MIC breakpoint of less than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml, gram-positive cocci (except for some enterococci), H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Legionella, and L. monocytogenes may be clinically susceptible to rifampin. PMID- 6635434 TI - High-pressure liquid chromatographic quantitation of rifampin and its two major metabolites in urine and serum. AB - Rifampin and two of its major metabolites, 25-O-desacetylrifampin and 3 formylrifamycin SV, were quantitated in serum, urine, and aqueous solutions by high-pressure, reverse-phase liquid chromatography. This rapid, precise, and simple method utilizes a single-step extraction, dual-wavelength monitoring, and quantitation by comparison of the absorbance of the drug or metabolite with that of an internal standard; the wavelengths used are 337 nm and 254 nm. The degrees of precision are +/- 1.3% and + 4.0% for rifampin only (within run and run to run); recovery in the assay is linear, with concentrations of up to 20 micrograms/ml. Comparison of this method with the reference bioassays yielded a good correlation (r = .975). Short turnover time and small sample size make the assay ideal for the monitoring of therapeutic drug concentrations and for pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 6635435 TI - Long-term studies of the effect of rifampin on nasal carriage of coagulase positive staphylococci. AB - Eighty healthy men with nasal carriage of coagulase-positive staphylococci were given cloxacillin, rifampin, cloxacillin plus rifampin, or no drug. Treatment with rifampin alone or with rifampin plus cloxacillin eradicated the original strain from 80% of the men for 12 weeks after treatment; 15%-20% of the 80 subjects acquired a strain of a different phage type. Treatment with cloxacillin alone did not significantly alter the rate of carriage. Only one of 40 men receiving rifampin (either alone or with cloxacillin) acquired rifampin resistant, coagulase-positive staphylococci; seven of the 40 acquired rifampin resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci. Rifampin-resistant organisms did not persist in repeat nasal cultures five months after treatment. Of the 40 subjects given rifampin alone or rifampin plus cloxacillin, 60% had repeat nasal cultures done one year later. Only 50% were found to be carriers of coagulase-positive staphylococci. In another study, coagulase-positive staphylococci were eradicated from 70% of 20 carriers undergoing renal dialysis who received rifampin plus cloxacillin. PMID- 6635436 TI - Penetration of antibiotics into human leukocytes and dermal suction blisters. AB - Staphylococcus aureus phagocytized by leukocytes from healthy donors and from patients with chronic granulomatous disease were protected from the antibacterial effect of gentamicin. Considerable numbers of phagocytized bacteria remained viable after exposure for 20 hr to antibiotic concentrations that killed greater than 99% of extracellular bacteria in less than 4 hr. A higher proportion of intracellular bacteria were killed by rifampin; this finding indicated that rifampin penetrates better into the phagocytic vacuole than does gentamicin and/or is more active against phagocytized bacteria than is gentamicin. After oral administration of 450 mg of rifampin to three healthy volunteers, concentrations of the antibiotic in serum and skin blister fluid were measured. Concentrations in serum peaked within 3 hr of oral administration (mean peak level, 13.2 micrograms/ml). Concentrations in blister fluid peaked between 6 hr and 9 hr (mean peak concentration, 2.7 micrograms/ml). Between 9 hr and 12 hr, the concentrations of rifampin in serum and blister fluid were similar; later, levels in blister fluid were higher than those in serum. The mean elimination half-life of rifampin was 2.5 hr in serum and 6.0 hr in blister fluid. PMID- 6635437 TI - Rifampin in experimental endocarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. AB - Rifampin possesses unique activity against Staphylococcus aureus. It is the most active antistaphylococcal antibiotic currently available and has been shown to be particularly effective in eradicating S. aureus from abscess cavities in experimental infections. However, resistance develops rapidly in vitro and in vivo when large numbers of organisms (10(6)-10(7)) are present, and use of combination therapy has been recommended. The use of combination therapy is complicated by the finding that in vitro the addition of rifampin may reduce (antagonize) the bactericidal effect of the beta-lactam antibiotics. This study examines the in vivo effect of treatment with a beta-lactam agent (cloxacillin), rifampin, or the combination on the eradication of S. aureus from cardiac vegetations in experimental endocarditis. Five different dosage combinations of the beta-lactam agent and rifampin were administered for a three-day period, and an attempt was made to correlate peak serum bactericidal titers with results of quantitative cultures of vegetations after therapy. In two of five regimens the combination of rifampin and cloxacillin produced enhanced efficacy in vivo (synergism); in two regimens the effect was no greater than the effect of either drug alone (indifference), and in one regimen the combination was less effective than either single-drug regimen alone (antagonism). Peak serum bactericidal titers often were predictive of the in vivo effect when high doses of cloxacillin were used but were not consistently predictive of in vivo results when rifampin was the agent responsible for the major therapeutic effect. Rifampin-resistant strains did not emerge in animals receiving combination therapy but were isolated from vegetations from several animals receiving rifampin alone. PMID- 6635438 TI - Experimental chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis in rabbits: treatment with rifampin alone and in combination with other antimicrobial agents. AB - The efficacy of rifampin alone and in combination with sisomicin, cephalothin, sisomicin and cephalothin, or trimethoprim was measured in an experimental model of chronic osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. Single-drug regimens used for 28 days were relatively ineffective (bone sterilization rate, 5%-55%). Combinations of rifampin with other agents were more effective (bone sterilization rate, 75%-100%). The combination of rifampin, sisomicin, and cephalothin given for only 14 days sterilized the bones of all treated rabbits. Staphylococci isolated from the bones of rabbits that had received rifampin alone or in combination with other antibiotics were highly resistant to rifampin; in contrast, these organisms remained sensitive to the other agents used. Results of in vitro studies of synergy correlated with in vivo results in some but not all instances. The results obtained with rifampin in the treatment of experimental chronic osteomyelitis caused by S. aureus suggest that clinical trials of this agent for the treatment of osteomyelitis in humans are warranted. PMID- 6635439 TI - Chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis: treatment with regimens containing rifampin. AB - Experience with rifampin as a component of combination antibiotic therapy for chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis was reviewed. These data included the preliminary results of a randomized, prospective trial of parenteral nafcillin alone vs. parenteral nafcillin plus oral rifampin; the results of use of rifampin in combination with other oral antibiotics for the treatment of chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis; and experience with rifampin regimens at the Oregon Health Sciences University. A total of 28 patients are described in this report; 70% of those who received regimens including rifampin experienced an apparent cure of infection. Most patients whose infections were not cured had inadequate surgical therapy or were also infected with other bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was eradicated from the sinus drainage of all but one patient. Although these results are encouraging, a larger number of patients and a longer follow-up period are required for an adequate evaluation of the place of rifampin in therapy for chronic staphylococcal osteomyelitis. PMID- 6635441 TI - Emergence of rifampin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus during combination therapy with vancomycin and rifampin: a report of two cases. PMID- 6635440 TI - Use of rifampin for the treatment of serious staphylococcal and gram-negative bacillary infections. AB - The use of rifampin combined with other antimicrobial agents for the treatment of 40 serious bacterial infections against which other treatment regimens had failed was reviewed. Seven of 17 staphylococcal infections (16 due to Staphylococcus aureus and one due to Staphylococcus epidermidis) were cured, as were 16 of 23 infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. In vitro tests of interaction between rifampin and other antibiotics produced variable results. However, eight rifampin resistant strains (six of S. aureus, one of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and one of Proteus mirabilis) emerged during combination therapy in seven patients; the drugs involved were rifampin plus vancomycin in three instances, rifampin plus gentamicin in two, rifampin plus colistin in one, and rifampin plus pristinamycin in one. Thus, while rifampin produced a dramatic beneficial effect in some patients with serious bacterial infections, the emergence of resistant strains, even with dual drug therapy, was identified as a potential problem. PMID- 6635442 TI - In vitro study of the combination of rifampin with oxacillin against Staphylococcus aureus. AB - The rapid emergence of strains resistant to rifampin suggests that for the treatment of bacterial infections rifampin should probably be combined with another antistaphylococcal drug. The authors examine the interaction of rifampin and oxacillin in various concentrations in vitro using a dynamic biophotometric technique. While synergism was observed occasionally, most concentrations studied exhibited either antagonism or indifference. No antagonism was observed with rifampin-resistant strains. Rifampin-resistant strains often emerged when the drug was tested alone. These findings again illustrate the complex and often unpredictable effect of combining rifampin with beta-lactam antibiotics. PMID- 6635443 TI - Rifampin and pseudomembranous colitis. AB - Isolates of toxigenic Clostridium difficile, the most frequent cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, are almost always highly susceptible to rifampin. However, resistant isolates exist and have been associated with colitis in both hamsters and humans given rifampin. Rifampin is rarely implicated in the disease in humans; only six cases have been documented, all in elderly patients receiving treatment for tuberculosis. At least three of these patients had liver disease, and all six had also received one or more other antimicrobial agents. The only isolate of C. difficile from these patients that was studied was resistant to rifampin. The colitis was usually mild and responsive to discontinuation of treatment with rifampin or to oral treatment with vancomycin. PMID- 6635444 TI - Therapy for experimental endocarditis due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. AB - Vancomycin was evaluated with and without gentamicin and/or rifampin in therapy for endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in rabbits. Vancomycin (30 mg/kg iv every 12 hr), gentamicin (3.5 mg/kg im every 8 hr), rifampin (20 mg/kg im every 12 hr), combinations of vancomycin plus gentamicin, vancomycin plus rifampin, and vancomycin plus gentamicin plus rifampin were injected for two days, and the number of bacteria in vegetations was determined. Ratios of minimal inhibitory concentrations to minimal bactericidal concentrations (microgram/ml) for S. epidermidis were 3.1:25 for vancomycin, 0.2:0.8 for gentamicin, and 0.4:0.4 for rifampin. After two days of therapy, mean log colony-forming units +/- SD in vegetations were 7.1 +/- 1.5 (none of eight animals were sterile) for vancomycin; 4.6 +/- 2.2 (two of nine) for gentamicin; 4.5 +/- 2.2 (two of eight) for rifampin; 3.3 +/- 1.3 (three of 10) for vancomycin plus gentamicin; 2.7 +/- 1.2 (three of nine) for vancomycin plus rifampin; 2.1 +/- 0.2 (eight of nine) for vancomycin plus gentamicin plus rifampin; and 8.1 +/- 1.3 (none of 12) for the control group. Gentamicin, rifampin, vancomycin plus gentamicin, and vancomycin plus rifampin were significantly more effective than was vancomycin; vancomycin plus rifampin was more effective than was gentamicin alone; and the combination of vancomycin plus gentamicin plus rifampin was more effective than were the drugs administered alone or in the combinations vancomycin plus gentamicin and vancomycin plus rifampin. Two days of treatment followed by seven days of no treatment resulted in 71%, 29%, and 14% sterile vegetations in rabbits receiving the combination therapy vancomycin plus gentamicin plus rifampin, vancomycin plus rifampin, and vancomycin plus gentamicin, respectively. PMID- 6635445 TI - In vitro activity of rifamycins alone and in combination with other antibiotics against Chlamydia trachomatis. AB - Rifamycins are highly active against Chlamydia trachomatis, but the possible development of resistance has been of concern. The ability of rifampin, rifamide, and DL473 to induce resistance in chlamydiae and the effect of combinations of antibiotics on chlamydiae were evaluated in tissue culture. When chlamydiae were exposed to stepwise increases in the concentration of rifampin or rifamide, resistance rapidly emerged. Stepwise resistance did not emerge after exposure to DL473, although organisms resistant to one rifamycin were resistant to all three. Single-step emergence of resistance to rifampin or DL473 was also demonstrated. However, these resistant organisms were difficult to maintain in tissue culture. Combinations of ampicillin, erythromycin, or a tetracycline with rifampin or DL473 were neither synergistic nor antagonistic against chlamydiae. However, subinhibitory amounts of erythromycin or oxytetracycline prevented the emergence of resistance to rifampin. Such combinations may prove useful in therapy for chlamydial infections. PMID- 6635446 TI - Rifampin in chlamydial infections. AB - On a weight basis, rifampin is the antibiotic most active against Chlamydia trachomatis. Because of concerns about the ease with which resistance to rifampin emerges in vitro, few clinical trials of rifampin for the treatment of human chlamydial infections have been done. In those few studies, however, rifampin has been found to be as effective as tetracyclines for the treatment of C. trachomatis infection of the male urethra or for the topical treatment of trachoma. PMID- 6635447 TI - Short-course and single-dose antimicrobial therapy for chancroid in Kenya: studies with rifampin alone and in combination with trimethoprim. AB - Tetracyclines and sulfonamides are no longer effective for the treatment of chancroid in many parts of the world. Rifampin and trimethoprim both possess in vitro activity against Haemophilus ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid. In a randomized, controlled study, 22 patients with H. ducreyi-positive genital ulcers received 600 mg of rifampin once daily for three days, and 32 patients received 600 mg of rifampin plus 160 mg of trimethoprim once daily for three days. Both regimens rapidly eradicated H. ducreyi from ulcers, with subsequent healing of ulcers and buboes. Two relapses of ulcers and one therapeutic failure were observed in the rifampin-trimethoprim group, whereas no relapses or failures were noted in the rifampin group. In addition, all of 16 H. ducreyi-negative ulcers responded rapidly to treatment with either regimen. In an uncontrolled, open study, 22 H. ducreyi-positive ulcers were treated with a single dose of rifampin (600 mg) plus trimethoprim (160 mg). Ulcers and buboes resolved by day 14 in all but one patient. Thus, these short-course and single-dose regimens are effective against chancroid. PMID- 6635448 TI - Use of rifampin for the treatment of urinary tract infections. AB - The pharmacokinetic and microbiologic properties of rifampin are such that the antibiotic appears suitable for the treatment of urinary tract infections. However, its use alone for this indication is associated with an unacceptably high rate (approximately 30%) of acquisition of high-level resistance during therapy-an event that results in the failure of treatment. The combination of rifampin with another suitable antibiotic prevents this emergence of resistance. In vitro, pharmacokinetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies with a combination of rifampin and trimethoprim (300 mg of rifampin: 80 mg of trimethoprim) both in England and in other countries have shown that this combination is effective and safe for the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections. Provided that careful laboratory controls are used, the combination of rifampin and trimethoprim is a useful addition to the list of antibiotics available for the treatment of this condition. PMID- 6635449 TI - Rifampin therapy for brucellosis, flavobacterium meningitis, and cutaneous leishmaniasis. AB - Rifampin has a broad antibacterial spectrum. At high concentrations it also is active in vitro against protozoa, i.e., different species of Leishmania. Rifampin has been used against bacterial and occasionally protozoal infections. Addition of rifampin to a tetracycline regimen was found to reduce the number of relapses in patients with acute and chronic brucellosis. In a few cases of meningitis due to Flavobacterium meningosepticum, which failed to respond to other drugs, patients were treated successfully with rifampin administered either orally or intravenously. Rifampin at doses of greater than or equal to 600 mg daily has been administered to patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Healing of skin lesions was observed in the majority of treated patients. Controlled studies are needed to assess the usefulness of rifampin in this disease. PMID- 6635450 TI - [Changes in the rheologic properties of various samples of blood preserved at +4 degrees C]. AB - Apparent stationary viscosity, viscoelasticity and thixotropy measured with a Couette viscosimeter have been determined on blood samples stored in eight anticoagulant and/or preservative solutions. All the results as well as those obtained in a previous morphological study show clearly the advantages of the SAG or PAGGS storage processes. It is observed that the rheological parameters of RBC stored in protein poor media are, between the 30 th and 35 th days, identical on CPD at the first week and with that measured in CPD concentrates between second and third week (for a same hematocrit value). We want to emphasize that the erythrocytes stored in these new media retain for a long time their ability to circulate in the capillary system. PMID- 6635452 TI - [Preparation of leukocyte-poor erythrocyte concentrates using a simple aspiration technic]. AB - Depletion of leukocytes from red blood cells can prevent transfusion reactions in HLA-sensitized patients. We describe a simple technique of aspiration of the buffy-coat after centrifugation of red blood cells concentrates, less than 6 days old. This method can remove 87% of the leukocytes. The average leukocyte count after aspiration is 2 x 10(8). This method is inexpensive and does not require any special equipment. PMID- 6635451 TI - [Determination of plasma hemoglobin in fresh plasma for therapeutic use by the TMB (3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine) method]. AB - The maximum level of plasma hemoglobin in standard fresh frozen plasma before freezing has been mixed at 50 mg/l by french regulations. As no reference method is specified by the standards, we have adapted a technique where pseudo peroxydasic activity of the hemoglobin is revealed by 3,3'-5,5', tetramethylbenzidine, a non carcinogenic chromogen derivate from benzidine. A 4 points reference scale is plotted for each plasma to be tested, thus reducing eventual interferences between pseudo-peroxydasic activity of the hemoglobin and other plasma proteins. We compared our modified technique to other existing ones: Vanzetti's extraction technique [8] whose main drawbacks are the use of flammable solvents and carcinogenic chromogen. Standefer's technique [10] involving plasma preincubation in H2O2 solution, which reveals protein interferences but is imprecise as it relies on only one reference point and does not show whether chromogen saturation is present. The level fixed by regulations is higher than the mean level indicated by our method, based on 118 samples of fresh plasma obtained by double centrifugation of whole blood collected on CPD as anticoagulant. It is also higher than the level indicated by the same method for plasma samples drawn from continuous or discontinuous flow cytapheresis (IBM 2997; Haemonetics V 50) using ACD - A or ACD - AA 16 as anticoagulant. Our method measures with precision low levels in plasma. Furthermore it is cheap, simple and easy to run in a blood transfusion center. PMID- 6635453 TI - [Directed surgical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias]. PMID- 6635454 TI - [Surgical treatment of chronic dissections of the thoracic aorta]. PMID- 6635455 TI - [Analysis of closing volume and the distribution of inspired gas in cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 6635456 TI - [Disobstruction of experimental stenosis of the carotid artery using a laser beam catheter]. PMID- 6635457 TI - [Hemodynamic behavior of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy subjected to artificial electric stimulation. Value of the use of digitalis]. PMID- 6635458 TI - [Reversal of cardiogenic shock in acute infarction of the right ventricle by right coronary recanalization]. PMID- 6635459 TI - [Risk of transmission of viral hepatitis by patients in the prodromal phase]. PMID- 6635460 TI - [Aspects of the immunogenic capacities of the fixed Babes rabies virus to vaccines prepared from nerve tissue of different categories of experimental animals]. PMID- 6635461 TI - [Effectiveness of some enriched and selective media for the isolation of S. gallinarum]. PMID- 6635462 TI - [Laboratory results in the serologic diagnosis of Mycoplasma infections]. PMID- 6635463 TI - [A variant of the ASLO micromethod in the clinical laboratory]. PMID- 6635464 TI - [Urea. Diacetylmonoxime reaction. A simplified method]. PMID- 6635465 TI - [Disseminated infections caused by Fusarium sp]. PMID- 6635466 TI - [Vibrio vulnificus]. PMID- 6635467 TI - [Comparative study of various typhoid vaccines prepared by using different culture media]. PMID- 6635468 TI - Symposium "Mucosal Defence Mechanisms", Stockholm, September 1982. PMID- 6635469 TI - The mucociliary apparatus. PMID- 6635470 TI - Phagocytosis in mucosal defence. PMID- 6635471 TI - Present possibilities for diagnosis in human nasal secretions. PMID- 6635472 TI - Mucosal defence mechanisms: final remarks. PMID- 6635473 TI - Endonasal flexible fiberoptic endoscopy. AB - By the introduction of the flexible fiberscope in the field of endonasal diagnostics and treatment, the following reasonable usefulness was obtained, and the results ascertained the great clinical value this method possesses. 1. Easier approach to the ostia of all paranasal sinuses. 2. Observation of the inside of all paranasal sinuses by the use of minor endonasal surgical procedures. 3. Detailed examination of the nasopharyngeal structures by the pernasal approach. 4. Observation of the orifice and the internal portion of the Eustachian tube. 5. Detailed evaluation of velopharyngeal closure mechanism in cleft palate cases. 6. All of these can be performed on an outpatient basis. PMID- 6635474 TI - Nasolabial cyst: diagnosis mainly based on topography? AB - The nasolabial cyst is described in three patients and literature is shortly reviewed. The condition manifests itself by a smooth, fluctuating swelling in the nasolabial fold next to the ala of the nose. This clinical manifestation represents the most important criterion for diagnosis. Histopathology and cytologic findings are of minor importance for diagnostic purposes. Etiology is still uncertain. According to the most accepted theory the lesion has to be classified among the fissural cysts, but histopathologic findings may vary and do not give support to any of the theories of etiology. Computertomography is better than conventional roentgenography to demonstrate the extension of the lesion into surrounding structures. Echography can give important preoperative information. Nomenclature related to this cystic lesion is not uniform. Nasolabial cyst is the most adequate term, as it is describing the lesion only topographically and is not referring to controversial etiologic theories or to variable histopathology. Therapy consists of surgical removal using an intraoral approach and prognosis is excellent. PMID- 6635475 TI - Automated rhinomanometry. AB - In order to facilitate measurements and calculations in rhinomanometry a microprocessor is used. Pressure and flow signals, obtained from microtransducers, are automatically calibrated by drawing known volumes of air through a standardized test-nose, while the signals are read by the computer. When the patient is connected, the pressure-flow curves are displayed on a screen. At adequate breathing, the computer reads the pressure and flow 200 times per second for a few breaths. It performs all calculations and presents data describing the pressure-flow relationship, e.g. in terms of the resistance, where the curve crosses a circle with a certain radius in a polar coordinate system. Automatically calculated data were compared to manually derived ones in six healthy subjects and twenty patients with symptoms of nasal obstruction. There was a close correlation between the two sets of data. It is concluded that the described automated rhinomanometer facilitates the rhinomanometric procedure and gives accurate data on nasal airway resistance. PMID- 6635477 TI - Olfactometry in Japan. PMID- 6635476 TI - Olfactory involvement in learning processes. AB - The purpose of this study is to investigate the existing relations between olfaction and acquisition of the two-way conditioned avoidance response (CAR). For this investigation we have used white adult male Wistar rats. Taking into consideration that several structures of the limbic system participate in learning and memory processes and also that olfactory pathway is believed to have connections with the limbic system, we thought it would be interesting to investigate, if peripheral anosmia influences the performance of rats in the two way avoidance response. It was shown that peripheral anosmia in rats impaired conditioned avoidance response. PMID- 6635478 TI - [Vitamin K antagonists]. PMID- 6635479 TI - Use of leukocyte poor blood: I. Effect on frequency and severity of non hemolytic transfusion reactions. PMID- 6635480 TI - Plasma exchange in cholestatic hepatitis. PMID- 6635481 TI - [Intermediate forms of heredoataxic diseases. Case of cerebellar ataxia associated with neurogenic amyotrophy]. AB - The Authors, referring to a clinical case, make a revision of the so-called atypic or intermediate forms of the heredo-atazies diseases and try to resolve the problem of their nosology, underlining the fact that these clinical forms tend to reveal themselves as different phenotypes, starting from a basic genotypes. PMID- 6635482 TI - [Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea from an ethmoido-sphenoidal mucocele. Description of a rare clinical case]. AB - The authors give a brief introduction on the subject of mucocele and emphasize the rarity of the ethmoid-sphenoid location (55 cases listed by Lundgren in 1961). The principal clinical features are discussed which are: ocular and periocular and sometimes, occipital pain; ocular symptoms, often bilateral, of compression of the optic nerve and of the 3rd and 4th cranial nerves; and only rarely, slight signs of nasal obstruction or of hypopituitarism. Of the various surgical approaches, the lower trans nasal septum operation seems to be the best choice. A case report of a patient with copious spontaneous rhinorrhea followed by meningitis is reported. The authors note that this symptom, not previously encountered in the literature, permitted a diagnosis to be made before the lesion became bilateral, which prior to this case, had always been observed. The lower trans-septum surgical approach with the aid of a microscope was employed, permitting total removal of the mucocele and tamponage of the cerebrospinal fluid fistula. PMID- 6635483 TI - [Paroxysmal phenomena in multiple sclerosis. Clinico-instrumental study of a case]. AB - A case of MS with paroxysmal attacks of disarthria, ataxia and double vision is described. The changes in EEG pattern during the attacks, give the opportunity to debate on the pathophysiology of the phenomen. PMID- 6635484 TI - [Headache and response to intermittent photic stimulation]. AB - It has been studied the answer to the LSI in migraine subjects (166) and with tension headache (198). Only in tree cases, which on migraine and two with tension headache, the answer given is anomalous to the LSI, with a frequency like those found in "normal" population. PMID- 6635485 TI - [Initial clinical experiences with grid mammography]. AB - The article reports on a comparison between 100 x-ray films (preparation radiographies, mammographies) with grid and a film/foil combination on the one hand, and conventional x-ray technique with material testing x-ray film on the other. The clear superiority of grid mammography is demonstrated by means of case examples. PMID- 6635486 TI - [Localizing instrument for fine needle puncture of non-palpable changes in the breast]. AB - A simple device for localisation of non-palpable lesions of the breast has been developed. It consists of two metal grids which facilitate mammographic fine needle puncture and preoperative marking of small lesions. The instrument is easy to handle and can be used at any mammographic unit without special adjustments. PMID- 6635487 TI - [Practical experiences with grid mammography in everyday practice]. AB - A one-year experience with the soft tissue grid mammographic technique (Siemens) and film screen combinations (Kodak) in 2290 patients 1982 is analysed. A comparison of the quality of mammograms between conventional technique und soft tissue grid technique with film screen combinations (NMB + MA5 films, Kodak) is made. The optimal quality of grid mammograms and the less radiation dose, especially in large breasts, is achieved with the NMB film (Kodak). PMID- 6635488 TI - [Possibilities of short-time tomosynthesis]. AB - Short-term tomosynthesis enables continuous analysis of structures which appear interesting. The results of short-term tomosynthesis were compared with those of plain roentgenography and conventional tomography. Short-term tomosynthesis appears as an alternative to spot-film radiography and as a complement to tomography in the analysis of spatially limited regions. It facilitates orientation in space and free projection of oblique structures. Good results were obtained in examinations of the pyramids (auditory canal and mandibular joint), the paranasal sinuses, the cervical vertebral column, the extremities and their joints. Examination of soft tissues was usually not very promising in view of the conditions under which tomosynthesis was performed. The same applied likewise to the infusion cholecystocholangiogram and the infusion urogram. Technical improvements will certainly bring about an extension of the uses of this method. PMID- 6635489 TI - [Trans-scaphoid transcapitate dislocation fraction (naviculo-capitate fracture syndrome)--a rare wrist combined injury]. AB - The naviculo-capitate fracture syndrome is a rare type of wrist injury with special diagnostic and therapeutic problems. A case report is presented and discussed. PMID- 6635490 TI - [Excessive spread of complete erosions in the area of the entire stomach]. AB - The article reports on a case of massive complete stomach erosions which could not be confirmed at first by endoscopy, probably because the stomach had not unfolded properly. There was no clinically identifiable triggering mechanism which could have been held clinically responsible for the erosions, with the exception of mental stress. Obviously, multiple complete erosions can be triggered by stress alone. Such erosions can be overlooked in endoscopy even if they occur on a massive scale. If there are any discrepancies in the findings, repeat gastrointestinal passage is indicated. PMID- 6635491 TI - [Is the epidemiologic study of sarcoidosis possible?]. PMID- 6635492 TI - [Sarcoidosis: diagnostic basis and recall of its classifications]. PMID- 6635493 TI - [Visceral localizations of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6635494 TI - [Cutaneous sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6635495 TI - [Osteoarticular sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6635496 TI - [Lofgren's syndrome]. PMID- 6635497 TI - [Prognosis and treatment of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6635498 TI - [Pulmonary radiologic symptomatology and its value in thoracic pathology]. PMID- 6635499 TI - [Diaphragmatic dysfunctions]. PMID- 6635500 TI - [Mesothelioma]. PMID- 6635501 TI - [Spontaneous chylothorax. Diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 6635502 TI - [Physiopathology of hyperuricemia]. PMID- 6635503 TI - [Gout: clinical course, radiology, evolution and diagnosis]. PMID- 6635504 TI - [The gouty kidney]. PMID- 6635505 TI - [Metabolic disorders in hyperuricemia]. PMID- 6635506 TI - [Treatment of gout]. PMID- 6635507 TI - [Should asymptomatic hyperuricemia be treated?]. PMID- 6635508 TI - [Depression, sleep and circadian rhythms]. PMID- 6635509 TI - Proceedings of the XVth Danubian Symposium of Neurological Sciences and VIth National Symposium of Neuropathology (Bucharest, Sept. 30--Oct. 2, 1982). PMID- 6635510 TI - [Results of a regional survey on the treatment of rhizomelic pseudopolyarthritis and temporal arteritis. Apropos of 242 cases treated by various modalities with synthetic antimalarials, corticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents]. AB - The authors report the results of a retrospective therapeutic survey concerning 176 cases of rhizomelic pseudopolyarthritis (RPP) and 66 cases of temporal arteritis (TA). Of 128 cases of RPP treated initially by synthetic anti-malarials (SAM) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAI), 66 were followed up until cure which was obtained after a mean of 23 months and 3 subsequently received brief steroid therapy. 45 cases of RPP were treated initially with corticosteroids. They were generally associated with SAM which enabled early weaning of the steroids, towards the 8 th month, or at least reducing the dose. Cure was obtained within 24 months. Three patients were treated by NSAI and gold therapy. After cure, 5 cases of recurrence and 1 case of TA were observed. 40 cases of TA were initially treated with SAM and NSAI. Twenty cures were obtained within a mean of 28 months. 4 patients later received brief corticosteroid therapy because of an extension of the signs, including two cases of ocular manifestations with a resolving course. Of 25 cases of TA initially treated with steroids, 20 received SAM in combination, or in relay which enabled either steroids, weaning towards the 14th month or a reduction in the dose of steroids. Cure was obtained in an average of 35 months. One case of impaired visual acuity occurred during corticosteroid treatment. Immunosuppressants were used in one patient. No cases of recurrence were observed. Iatrogenic complications with SAM were rare, generally benign and reversible, in contrast to those associated with corticosteroid therapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635511 TI - [Extraspinal erosions of tendon insertions in ankylosing spondylitis]. AB - A study based on the clinical observation of 9 adults carrying the HLA B27 antigen. Seven of these patients had a typical ankylosing spondylitis with bilateral sacro-iliitis. The other two cases were considered to have a minor form of the disease, without sacro-iliitis. In various zones of tendinous or ligamentous insertion (on the calcaneal and ischial tuberosities, the anterior tibial tuberosity, the patella, the lateral femoral condyle, the metatarso phalangeal epiphyses of the index finger, the head of the humerus), the patients complained of pain and presented radiological images of more or less developed bony erosion. These erosion of insertions are not specific to ankylosing spondylitis, but they can be suggestive of the diagnosis. They can be an important element in the diagnosis of pre-spondylitic forms, especially in adolescents. Certain histological findings suggest that these lesions are a form of localized algodystrophy. PMID- 6635512 TI - [Joint disease in idiopathic hemochromatosis]. AB - This study concerns seven patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis. The most common joint lesion involved the 2nd and 3rd metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) and the wrists. The most frequent sites of chondrocalcinosis were the knees, the hips and the triangular ligament of the wrist. The most common radiological sign is osteoporosis, but the most typical appearance is degenerative joint disease localized to the MCP (2nd and 3rd) and to the wrist. The authors observed an association with HLA A3-B7, but no cases of association with A3-B14. Only one patient had hypo-uricaemia. The authors compare this series with those of other authors. PMID- 6635513 TI - [Aseptic arthritis after total knee prosthesis]. AB - In 3 patients who developed acute arthritis of the knee 3 months to 5 years after insertion of a total condylar prosthesis, it was possible to formally exclude an infectious cause. A number of cytological and histological arguments confirm that these were cases of foreign body arthritis (polyethylene debris and metal dust). These cases of arthritis responded to local steroid treatment combined with a Yttrium synoviorthesis, in the absence of any antibiotic treatment. The synoviorthesis was performed in order to eliminate the real foreign body granuloma which develops and which can contribute to the loosening of these prostheses. PMID- 6635515 TI - [Intravertebral gaseous lucency. Apropos of 7 new cases]. AB - The authors report a personal series of 7 new cases with an appearance of intra vertebral gaseous lucency, which was described by Maldague et al. [16] in 1978. They found the majority of the features of the disease as described in the 44 cases reported in the literature: advanced age, female predominance, predilection for the thoraco-lumbar junction, constancy of diffuse bony demineralization and the possibility of metabolic disturbances. Case no 2 suggests the hypothesis of a pathology induced by bismuth salts and cases no 3 and 4 raise the question of the benign nature of this appearance. Finally, the authors show that this image is not so much rare as mis-diagnosed. 4 of the 7 cases were found during a retrospective study of 140 case-files. PMID- 6635514 TI - [Sciatic foramina radiculalgia. Apropos of 16 cases]. AB - Over a period of six years, the authors have seen sixteen cases of foraminal sciatica with an L5 topography which possesses the following unusual clinical features: long history of back pain with a grumbling course and without any acute episodes, progressive sciatica without any predisposing factors, paresthesiae particularly on standing with normal amipaque saccoradiculography and unresponsive to medical treatment. The operative finding in all of these patients was a disc compression in the intervertebral foramen (hernia, disc residue or softened disc), which was frequently associated with factors reducing the calibre of the foramen: abnormal position of the root and lowering of the pedicular roof caused by lumbosacral disc degeneration. This multi-factorial compression therefore required, depending on the case, curettage of the disc or a localized annulectomy combined with a facettectomy. The long term results of the operation can be considered to be favourable, in view of the long history of root pain (an average of 4 years) which largely explains the incomplete nature of the post operative success. PMID- 6635516 TI - [Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy disclosed by polyarthritis]. PMID- 6635517 TI - [Ischiopubic osteolysis with fracture disclosing pubic osteitis]. PMID- 6635519 TI - Research into the stimulating action of a thymic polypeptidic fraction on the number of leukocytes in the rat peripheral blood. AB - The action of a thymic extract containing thymic polypeptides, isolated from bovine thymus, on the leukocyte count in the peripheral blood of X-ray irradiated rats was investigated. The results showed that the thymic extract increased the per cent value of leukocytes to about double in the irradiated and treated animals as against the irradiated and not treated controls. The stimulating action of the thymic polypeptides on leukopoesis and their radio-protecting action are discussed. PMID- 6635518 TI - Bromocriptine treatment of pituitary adenomas. Evaluation of withdrawal effect. AB - Forty patients wtih pituitary adenomas, i.e. 22 prolactinomas, 13 acromegalies, 5 non-secreting adenomas, were submitted to bromocriptine therapy 19.3 +/- 1.7 mg/day (mean +/- SEM) (range 7.5-40.0 mg/day) for 5 to 41 months (10.1 +/- 1.31). Remission of the tumoral mass was documented by air tomograms (PETG) or computerized tomograms (CT) in all but one prolactinomas and in 2 mixed HGH and PRL-secreting adenomas. Six empty sella syndromes (ESS) were produced, 4 of them during primary chemotherapy. Serum PRL decreased to normal in all but 3 prolactinomas, and serum HGH levels in 5 out of 13 acromegalies. Bromocriptine withdrawal was followed by a rapid increase of serum PRL into the pathological range, without a rapid reexpansion of the tumoral remnants: GT or surgical exploration of 4 cases, remitted until ESS showed a minimal evolution along 8 months after bromocriptine withdrawal. It is suggested that the antitumoral effect of bromocriptine is specific to lactotrophic cells and at least partially irreversible. PMID- 6635520 TI - The simultaneous isolation of the human pituitary hormones. II. The luteinizing hormone. AB - The main purpose of the work is the isolation of luteinizing hormone (LH) from frozen human pituitaries. The procedure for the processing of the glands included the steps described by P. Roos [22] for the preparation of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) slightly modified and adapted to our conditions. After thawing, the pituitaries were homogenized in 0.03 N Naphosphate buffer, pH 5.7. The protein bulk containing growth hormone (GH) was separated by precipitation with saturated ammonium sulfate (v/v). The supernatant containing gonadotrophins, obtained by centrifugation, was fractionated by chromatography on DEAE cellulose, the first peak being further fractionated by column gel-filtration on Sephadex G 100 after a previous concentration by dialysis against polyvinylpyrolidone 10%. The first peak obtained by this last fractionation was considered for the time being, as pure LH. The extraction and fractionation steps were followed by disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by radioimmunoassay measurement of the LH concentration. Studies concerning the homogeneity and the biological activity of our LH preparation by comparison to the LH preparations recommended by WHO, are in progress in our laboratory. PMID- 6635521 TI - An equivalent of the paraventricular organ in the human fetus. AB - Serial sections of the hypophyseal-hypothalamic region processed by the Golgi-Cox and hematoxylin-eosin staining methods show features of the third ventricular wall which suggest the existence in the human fetus of an equivalent of the paraventricular organ, described in other species. In a 28 cm vertex-coccis long human fetus, there is a caudal extension of the infundibular recess that extends into the neural lobe of the hypophysis. This extension takes the shape of successive dilatations intercommunicating by narrow channels, lined by a thicker ventricular ependyma. Cellular processes, free in the cerebro-spinal fluid, form a supraependymal layer. A rich vascular network may be observed in the region to the modified ependyma. PMID- 6635522 TI - Turner's syndrome with sympathoblastoma. AB - A case of Turner's syndrome clinically and cytogenetically diagnosed in a 15-year old girl is reported. At age 4 the girl was hospitalized for renal malformations (doubling of the urethra and its ectopic opening). Laparatomy revealed a small tumoral formation which was removed. The diagnosis established anatomo histologically was of sympathoblastoma. Since the tumor is genetically conditioned by an autosomal mutation, association of the gonosomial anomaly and sympathoblastoma is supposed to be fortuitious though it is not improbable that the tumor be the result of an embryonar disorder favourized by the chromosomal anomaly. PMID- 6635524 TI - Conductimetric method of determining the hematocrit value of blood. PMID- 6635523 TI - Neuropsychiatrical implications of the state of war. PMID- 6635525 TI - [Sequelae of hypoxia in the hippocampal structure]. PMID- 6635526 TI - [Effect of age and fasting on glutamate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the brain of rats]. PMID- 6635527 TI - [Determination of blood flow in the greater trochanter of the femur using 133Xe]. PMID- 6635528 TI - [Insulin receptors in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6635529 TI - [Urinary catecholamine excretion in primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism]. PMID- 6635530 TI - [Determination of palatal height in children in the 8th grade in Prague]. PMID- 6635531 TI - Non invasive assessment of the internal carotid artery in stroke patients. AB - The internal carotid arteries were evaluated with Doppler ultrasound technique in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. The results of the Doppler examination of 325 vessels were compared to presence of carotid bruits on auscultation. In 126 arteries the findings were also compared with those on aortocervical, single carotid or post-mortal angiography. The Doppler flow reaction was normal in 74% of the vessels, uncertain in 20% and pathologic in 6%. The sensitivity of the Doppler assessment in finding stenosis of more than 75% lumen diameter reduction was 85% with a specificity of 94%. The specificity increased with higher degree of vascular stenosis. Carotid bruits were heard in 34 arteries. The sensitivity of auscultation in detecting stenosis 75% was 47% with a specificity of 83%. The sensitivity fell with higher degree of stenosis. The Doppler procedure is a valuable tool in detecting haemodynamically significant stenoses in the internal carotid artery. The method could serve the following purposes in the clinical situation: 1. Screening procedure for further investigations in TIA and minor stroke patients fit enough to be candidates for vascular surgery. 2. Before blood-pressure can be safely reduced in patients with cerebrovascular disease. 3. For evaluation of the arteriosclerotic process in stroke-patients thereby improving prognostication. PMID- 6635532 TI - Regional blood flow during acute heart failure in dogs. Role of adipose tissue perfusion in regulating plasma-free fatty acids. AB - The effect of acute ischaemic left ventricular failure on regional blood flow and the possible role of adipose tissue perfusion in the regulation of plasma FFA during failure were examined. Left ventricular failure was induced in closed chest anaesthetized dogs by injection of 50 micrometer plastic microspheres into the left main coronary artery. Regional blood flow, measured with tracer microspheres, showed a redistribution of cardiac output after the induction of failure. Adipose cardiac output (P less than 0.05), while skeletal muscle and pancreatic blood flow decreased about in proportion to the decrease in cardiac output. There was only a moderate decrease in renal blood flow and in left ventricular myocardial blood flow. In the free wall of the right ventricle blood flow was unchanged. There was a marked decrease in plasma FFA during failure (P less than 0.05), which could not be attributed to enhanced FFA turnover rate nor to inhibition of adipose tissue lipolysis, as plasma glycerol tended to increase. The marked decrease in adipose tissue blood flow during failure suggests that plasma FFA decreased due to trapping of FFA in adipose tissue. PMID- 6635533 TI - After-exercise thermography compared to strain-gauge plethysmography and venous pressure measurements to detect deep venous insufficiency. AB - After-exercise thermography (AET) has been claimed to be a means of detecting deep venous insufficiency. The question was studied in 167 patients four to five years after major surgery. The tests af follow-up included AET, strain-gauge plethysmography and venous pressure measurements in addition to clinical examination and a questionnaire concerning history, symptoms etc. No correlation was found between abnormal AET and objective manifestations of deep venous insufficiency. PMID- 6635535 TI - An easy and reliable radioimmunoassay of serum androstenedione: age-related normal values in 252 females aged 2 to 70 years. AB - A simple, non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay for the measurement of androstenedione (A-dione) in serum and based on a commercially available antiserum is described. The antibody-bound fraction was separated from the free fraction by a gel-centrifugation procedure. The method was used to establish reference values for normal females, based on determination in 252 normal females from 2 to 70 years of age. The data support the statement that the decline with age after puberty in the overall production of A-dione is mainly caused by a reduction in the adreno-derived A-dione, since the mean concentration of A-dione in age-matched pre- and postmenopausal women was very similar PMID- 6635534 TI - Variations in blood viscosity in patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema treated with frusemide. AB - In 10 patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, treatment with large doses of intravenous frusemide (mean dose 156 mg) induced no signs of haemoconcentration. On the contrary, during an observation period of 2 h after start of treatment we registered a significant reduction of mean blood viscosity and mean haematocrit, indicating haemodilution. All the patients also received a basic treatment of intravenous pethidine and nasal oxygen and the conclusion is therefore that large doses of intravenous frusemide in treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema can be given without risk of haemoconcentration when combined with intravenous pethidine and nasal oxygen. PMID- 6635536 TI - On the rationale of the alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) determination. AB - The discriminating power of HBD, LD and of the HBD/LD ratio in comparison with LD1/LD2 and LD5/LD4 ratios in acute myocardial infarction and hepatic disease is evaluated. The results demonstrate that there are no clinical reasons for the determination of the HBD when a method using the conditions of the Committee of Enzymes of the Scandinavian Society for Clinical Chemistry (SCE) is used. PMID- 6635537 TI - Erythrocyte contents of electrolytes (Na, K, Mg, Zn) in healthy male controls and offspring to established hypertensive patients: a follow-up study. AB - Erythrocyte sodium, potassium, zinc and magnesium were measured in 56 male offspring to essential hypertensive patients and compared with 46 matched controls. The same parameters were measured again 4-6 months apart in 31 offspring and eight controls. Intracellular sodium was significantly higher in offspring (P less than 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between the two intra-individual measurements of intracellular sodium, potassium and zinc but not for magnesium. Sodium in erythrocytes is probably an indicator of the activity of the sodium-pump and could possibly be used as a genetic marker in the future investigations of individuals with heredity for severe, essential hypertension. PMID- 6635538 TI - Estimation of lipid assimilation from faecal samples using 14C-triolein as tracer and 51CrCl3 as non-absorbable marker. AB - 14C-triolein was investigated as tracer of dietary lipids from faecal measurements in 48 consecutive gastrointestinal patients. Simultaneously, 51CrCl3 was investigated as non-absorbable marker. Faecal 51Cr was measured in a whole body scintillation counter and faecal 14C by means of a combustion technique. This technique permitted accurate measurement of faecal 51Cr and faecal 14C in each stool collected over a 6-day period. The investigation showed that the transit time of 51Cr was slightly shorter than the transit time of 14C-triolein in patients with high faecal excretion of 14C. Nevertheless, total faecal 14C, estimated from the ratio between 14C and 51Cr in two stools, correlated very closely with measured, cumulative faecal 14C (r = 0.99, P less than 0.001). 51CrCl3 was therefore considered useful as a non-absorbable marker. The 14C labelling of triolein was stable during gastrointestinal transit. Qualitatively, estimated faecal 14C agreed with faecal fat diagnosing steatorrhoea in 97% (95% confidence limits 90-100%) of the patients with quantitative faecal collections. Quantitatively, a significant correlation with faecal fat was found (r = 0.82, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635539 TI - Changes in bone mineral content of the axial skeleton in relation to aging and the menopause. Results from a longitudinal population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. AB - Patterns of bone loss in the axial skeleton have been studied in a sample of Swedish women participating in a longitudinal population study which was started in 1968. In 1976, the mineral content of the lumbar spine (predominantly trabecular bone) was measured in vivo in 130 women by dual photon absorptiometry. Premenopausal or recently postmenopausal women were compared with women of identical age who had been postmenopausal for a long time. The first group was found to have significantly higher values of bone mineral content. Five years later, in 1981, the same women were re-examined with identical techniques. A slight decrease in bone mineral content with age was found in postmenopausal women. The findings were mostly in agreement with those of the first cross sectional study, with bigger differences in bone mineral content between women of different menstrual status than between women of different age. In addition, the lower values in women with early menopause compared to those with late menopause remained in spite of increasing age. PMID- 6635540 TI - Influence of body weight on plasma catecholamine patterns in middle-aged, normotensive men. AB - To study the influence of body weight on plasma catecholamine patterns, 34 healthy, normotensive men aged 51 +/- 1 years were stratified into lean (n = 22) and overweight (n = 12) subjects according to Thomas' body mass index. No significant differences on supine arterial and venous catecholamines or standing venous adrenaline and dopamine appeared. However, the lean men had an increased orthostatic venous noradrenaline response (477 +/- 38 ng/l) compared to the overweight (319 +/- 46 ng/l, P less than 0.02). The present findings may indicate an inverse relationship between the sympathetic noradrenergic responsiveness and body weight in healthy, normotensive men while no differences were found in basal catecholamine levels. PMID- 6635541 TI - Increased arterial catecholamine concentrations in 50-year-old men with essential hypertension. AB - In a recent study of 50-year-old men with long-standing, untreated essential hypertension we found increased arterial and venous plasma concentrations and arterial-venous differences of adrenaline (a-v) and noradrenaline (v-a) as compared to a matching normotensive control group. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether men of this age with hypertension of shorter duration and less severity than in the first study might also have increased plasma catecholamines. Twenty-three hypertensive and 17 age-matched normotensive control men were studied. The hypertensive ones had increased supine heart rate (P less than 0.05), arterial noradrenaline (P less than 0.01) and adrenaline (P less than 0.02) whereas venous catecholamines did not differ between the two groups. The a v differences (means +/- SE) of adrenaline (78 +/- 14 vs 42 +/- 6 ng/l, P less than 0.05) were increased in the hypertensive compared to the normotensive group. In the hypertensive, the arterial plasma concentrations of the two catecholamines correlated positively (r = 0.71, P less than 0.001) as did the a-v differences (r = 0.54, P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635542 TI - Some applications of scanning electron microscopy for the study of biopsies in central nervous system pathology. AB - The present report describes SEM observations on a variety of subjects, such as the walls of cerebral ventricles under pathological circumstances (hydrocephalus) as well as the surface morphology of abnormal cavities like arachnoid cysts and subdural hematomas. In the human specimens with hydrocephalus the changes consisted of degeneration of ependymal cilia, progressing to denudation of the ependyma while rupture of the ependymal layer was also seen. In experimental animals where the hydrocephalus was induced by agents (presumably irritant to the tissue), the presence of reactive supraependymal cells was observed next to the manifestations of ependymal degeneration. With the SEM the wall of arachnoid cysts showed numerous microvilli of stubby appearance with interspersed projections of diverse shape in the individual cases. SEM may aid in the diagnosis of arachnoid cysts, particularly in differentiating them from traumatic leptomeningeal cysts. PMID- 6635543 TI - Light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy study of fish cerebellar capillaries. AB - Samples of teleost cerebellar cortex (Arius Spixii and Salmo Trout) fixed by immersion and vascular perfusion techniques were processed for light microscopy, SEM and TEM. SEM fractographs of endothelial cell nuclear, organelle and peripheral cytoplasmic zones have been compared with their corresponding TEM images. A simultaneous three-dimensional view of the luminal surface of endothelial cells at the nuclear zone, and inner details of heterochromatin structure was obtained. Chained micropinocytotic vesicles and deep cytoplasmic invaginations were observed. Surface connected micropinocytotic vesicles or vacuoles show stomas open to the luminal surface. Clear and dense endothelial micropinocytotic vesicles and vacuoles were observed at TEM level. The dense plasma substance can be used as an endogenous electron dense tracer for permeability studies. At SEM level the rough endoplasmic reticulum appears as a trabecular continuous system. The endothelial cytosol exhibits a smooth, glass surface appearance. The endothelial luminal surface changes its aspect according to the fixation procedure. The SEM and TEM aspect of endothelial junctions further supports their role as the morphological counterpart of blood-brain barrier. The basement membrane exhibited a homogeneous matrix and short or long neuropilar projections. Clear perivascular astrocytes with anastomotic processes form the main framework of perivascular neuropile. Like the peripheral endothelial cytoplasm, they exhibited dense and clear micropinocytotic vesicles and vacuoles, providing evidence for their transport function between capillaries and neighbouring brain parenchyma. The SEM appearance of their outer surface further supports their barrier function. PMID- 6635544 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of the human hippocampus. AB - The human hippocampus was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) because further investigation of its neuroanatomy has been stimulated by increasing evidence of its functional significance. Human brains were removed within 2 hours of demise and were fixed in 10% buffered formalin for several weeks. After routine coronal sections of the cerebral hemispheres, blocks were taken of the hippocampal region for light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SEM. At low magnifications, the different anatomical regions can be clearly identified as well as the interlocking of the dentate gyrus and the cornu Ammonis. At higher magnifications, the detailed micro-anatomical structures can be resolved. The fimbria and alveus are composed of a closely packed network of fibrils. Within the lateral ventricle, the ependymal cells are ciliated. The choroid plexus shows clusters of polygonal cells which have a brushlike border due to the presence of numerous stubby microvilli on the surface of the cells. The granular layer of the dentate gyrus is compact due to the intimate but irregular apposition of the cells resembling the dentition in malocclusion. The neuronal bodies are mostly fusiform but may taper into a flask shape. The neurons of the molecular and of the polymorphic molecular layers are much smaller and they are more widely scattered. In the hippocampal formation, the pyramidal layer stands out most clearly as its cells are larger and more angular than those of the other layers. A classical pyramidal morphology may be well shown. A very rich plexus of fibers is found in the stratum lacunosum. PMID- 6635545 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of the nerve endings of Corti's organ. AB - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of the innervation of the organ of Corti has been carried out for many years. Various methods have been used in attempts to observe more details of the endings of nerve fibers on the sensory hair cells. In this study, a new method of microdissection of Corti's organ was done using a small piece of double-sided adhesive tape. This method is simple and facilitates observation of Corti's organ from the basal to the apical turns. Using it we found variations of the nerve endings and the Deiters' cells in each half turn beginning from the lower basal turn to the upper fourth turn. Nerve endings at the lower poles of outer hair cells are arranged in clusters, and are reduced in size and number as the upper turn is approached. On the contrary, the Deiters' cells are increased in size toward the upper turn, therefore nerve endings in the upper turn are often covered by Deiters' cells. Small nerve endings high on the side of the outer hair cell were also observed. Although there was clear evidence of ultrastructural change in the hair cells' cilia after administration of ototoxic drugs or after hyperstimulation by sound, there was no evidence of concomitant ultrastructural change in the nerve endings. Nerve endings appeared to be more resistant than the hair cells. PMID- 6635546 TI - Energy dispersive x-ray analysis of inner ear fluids and tissues during the ontogeny of cochlear function. AB - Energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA) was used to characterize freeze-dried, microdissected samples of inner ear fluids and tissues from neonatal gerbils throughout the period of cochlear functional development, between 10 and 18 days after birth. EDXA spectra from endolymph residue demonstrated that the adult ionic composition of this fluid is established before functional onset, and before the appearance of the endocochlear potential. However, stria vascularis spectra showed substantial increases in relative phosphorus and sodium content during the period in which auditory thresholds improve by approximately 100 dB, in which the endocochlear potential appears and increases to its adult value, and in which the level of metabolism of the stria increases dramatically. The increase in relative phosphorus content of stria in particular occurred with a time course which was very similar to, though slightly earlier than, that of the developmental increase in the endocochlear potential. It is concluded that increases in the relative phosphorus content of stria may represent increases in inorganic phosphate associated with strial metabolism. Increases in relative sodium content may reflect the action of an ion transport system which directs this element into strial cells during generation of the endocochlear potential. PMID- 6635547 TI - Platelet morphology and membrane bound calcium in porcine stress syndrome. AB - Platelets of normal and stress susceptible pigs were subjected to electron microscopic examination and energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis in an attempt to study whether the cell membrane defect implicated in porcine stress syndrome is detectable at the platelet level. Electron microscopic studies revealed that the platelets of stress susceptible pigs are morphologically distinguishable from those of normal pigs by virtue of their highly dilated surface connected open canalicular system rendering the "Swiss cheese" appearance and the absence of the circumferential band of microtubules. A comparison of the data from spot analysis of cell membrane and the membranes of the open canalicular system using the energy dispersive microanalysis system showed that the calcium content of the plasma membrane of stress susceptible pigs is significantly lower than that of normal pigs. It would appear that the morphologic feature and the reduced levels of calcium bound to platelet membrane are related to the generalized membrane defect postulated to be the primary lesion in porcine stress syndrome and that these parameters could be included among the criteria for the detection of stress susceptible pigs. PMID- 6635548 TI - A comparative scanning electron microscope study of the teguments of adult male. Schistosoma mansoni, S. margrebowiei and S. leiperi. AB - Scanning electron microscopy was used in a comparative study of the teguments of adult male Schistosoma mansoni, S. leiperi and S. margrebowiei. The dorsal surface of the teguments of S. leiperi and S. margrebowiei exhibited less spination than that of S. mansoni. The tubercles of S. margrebowiei varied from ellipsoidal to hemispherical while those of S. mansoni were consistently ellipsoidal and divisible morphologically into two types. The dorsal surface of the neck of S. mansoni is traversed by four longitudinal rows of sensory receptors while 2 rows of small tubercles with associated sensory receptors extended along the lateral margin of the neck of S. leiperi. PMID- 6635549 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of tegument-free sensory receptor of Schistosoma mansoni. AB - Immersion of adult Schistosoma mansoni in buffered trypsin for a short time removed the sponge-like tegument to the level of the basal lamina, effectively uncovering the basal lamina and intact sensory receptors. Stripping the tegument from the cilium and sensory bulb exposed the crown of the bulb and its axon-like process. A cilium protrudes from the bulbs through a collar-like supporting structure that resembles the rim and spokes of a wheel. The exposed axon-like process of some bulbs penetrated the basal lamina without ramifying and disappeared into the musculature; the ramifying process of others remained on the upper surface of the lamina for some distance. Identical micromorphology of the sensory receptor by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) (Silk and Spence, 1969; Hockley, 1973), and the similar appearance of the surface of the bulb and cilia and the ciliary supporting structure by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) suggests that all of the receptors probably perform the same sensory function. PMID- 6635550 TI - Use of distilled water as a rinsing solution for intracellular observation by scanning electron microscopy. AB - A new specimen preparation to reveal intracellular structures is introduced and its application to some tissues is demonstrated. By this method, intracellular structures are easily observed by SEM. Moreover, some parts of the cells and tissues are cleaved and dissociated, and interesting structures are revealed. Tissues are fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide, rinsed with distilled water and freeze cracked with 50% DMSO. The cracked specimens are rinsed with distilled water to remove cytoplasmic matrix. The author calls this method "Osmium-DMSO distilled Water method (O-D-W method)". When prepared by this method, intracellular structures such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are easily demonstrated three-dimensionally by SEM. Sometimes, the nucleus is removed during the specimen preparation procedure and endoplasmic reticulum around the nucleus is seen three-dimensionally. When cells and tissues are cleaved and dissociated, lateral surface of the intestinal epithelium and the reverse side of the microvillous border is also observed. Peritoneal cells lining the liver is also detached from the basement membrane and the surface of the basement membrane is exposed. PMID- 6635551 TI - Studying bone regeneration with the scanning electron microscope. AB - The interest in bone structure is very old. That is shown in a historical review with special regard to bone fractures and gap healing. The three-dimensional architecture of the supporting tissue corresponds to the strain acting on it. This can only be presented clearly in the SEM, especially by stereoscopical documentation. Three aspects of utmost importance when studying bone formation were taken into consideration: the three-dimensional presentation of the trabeculae, the processing of the vascular system together with the bony trabeculae, and the preservation of the cells and fibres in their natural state which is only guaranteed in a non-dehydrated frozen state. Reliable bone histology requires the preparation of non-decalcified specimens which are processed for light microscopy. Labeling newly formed bone with fluorochromes is a very common method to analyse sequences of bone formation. Studying the same specimens using both fluorescence microscopy and the SEM provides information not obtained using one method alone. Fresh specimens can be processed for the SEM following light microscopical documentation especially in incident fluorescent light; embedded blocks used for light microscopical investigations can also give valuable information in the SEM when the resin has been removed. The combination of the different methods is of special interest for orthopaedic basic research. PMID- 6635552 TI - Adherence and growth of bacteria on bone cement in vitro and in chronologically infected artificial joints. AB - Low grade infections following total hip replacements manifest themselves late after surgery. These infections seem to be sterile; there are major problems in identifying the causative organism by cultivation. SEM investigation of small samples of the bone cement, the task of which is to anchor the prosthesis in the bone, is a suitable method for identifying the bacterial origin of these infections. During conventional histological preparation polymethacrylates are dissolved. Freeze-drying techniques, however, allow the preparation of bone cement samples for the SEM. The growth of staphylococci on cement particles shows that these resins can no longer be considered biologically inert. The surface is attacked by the bacteria. PMID- 6635553 TI - Nature of interaction of different wild type Vibrio cholerae with intestinal mucosa. AB - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used in this study to investigate the mechanism of association of cholera vibrios with the intestinal mucosa. For this purpose, the interactions of three virulent, wild type strains (CA401, P, and 3083) of Vibrio cholerae with intestinal segments of infant mice were compared. The results of previous studies by different investigators using the three strains separately and in different assay systems had led to differing conclusions concerning the mechanisms of association with the mucosa. In this study, observations by SEM of the infant mouse intestinal segments, previously incubated in suspensions of the organisms, revealed that all three strains preferentially associated with intestinal mucin. The vibrios associated poorly with the mucosal epithelial surface even in areas of the segments free of mucin or in segments washed to remove mucin prior to the assay. In each case, the vibrios associated better with the serosal surface than with the epithelial surface of the mucosa, but not to the degree that they associated with mucin on the mucosal surface. The major difference observed by SEM of the strains was the markedly greater association of strain 3083 with the serosal surface as compared to strains CA401 and P. PMID- 6635554 TI - Three-dimensional configuration of the mitochondria in cultured heart cells. AB - The mitochondria of chick heart cells grown in monolayer culture occupy a relatively large percentage (30%) of the cell cytoplasmic volume, as determined by thin section morphometry, and vary in their ultrastructural configuration in response to different functional states of the cell. The present study was undertaken to determine the three-dimensional structure of the mitochondria in cardiac cells, since reconstruction experiments have demonstrated the existence of a mitochondrial network in cardiac and other tissues, e.g. diaphragm, soleus and vastus muscle, kidney and urinary bladder, in vivo. Confluent monolayers of synchronously beating embryonic chick heart cells were fixed, stained with a mitochondria-specific heavy metal complex (Pb-Cu citrate), and processed for either transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and backscatter electron imaging (BSI). Both secondary and backscatter images revealed the presence of many thin, extremely elongate structures which in stereo views appeared as branching, anastomosing networks. TEM demonstrated localization of the electron dense stain to either nuclear or mitochondrial membranes, structures which were easily distinguished with SEM or BSI alone. These morphological results indicate that many mitochondria of the cultured heart muscle cell are interconnected and suggest that this morphological network may represent a parallel functional unit which maintains the energy state of the cell. PMID- 6635555 TI - The use of a versatile specimen holder to prepare cultured cells for scanning electron microscopy. AB - Cells from a human esophageal carcinoma cell line characterized by abundant microvilli and extensive lateral processes were grown on glass coverslips and processed for scanning electron microscopy. In order to reduce possible artifacts related to movement the cultured cells were fixed directly in situ at 37 degrees C and transported for subsequent processing in a specially designed carrier. During dehydration and critical point drying, the cultures were confined in a versatile holder that avoided accidental air drying and required only small volumes of reagents. Flattening of the superficial microvilli on all cells and of processes on mitotic cells was prevented. Extensive fracture of the lateral processes was reduced. Despite the absence of a washing step, debris was minimal and cells of high quality were observed. PMID- 6635556 TI - Some factors affecting the preservation of the cytoskeleton of cells in culture for scanning electron microscopy. AB - This paper reports some preliminary findings on the effects of the composition of the detergent extraction medium on the morphological and molecular preservation of the cytoskeleton of Balb/c 3T3 cells as visualized by scanning electron microscopy and SDS-PAGE. Specific variables tested are the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions, and the osmolarity of the medium. The results suggest that the ionic composition of the medium is more important than osmolarity in determining the composition of the cytoskeleton obtained with Triton X-100 detergent. Calcium is particularly deleterious to morphological preservation, and better preservation is obtained when potassium is the principal cation than when sodium is. The best preservation of cytoskeletal structures and the greatest molecular complexity was obtained by extracting in a buffer composed of 1mM EGTA, 4% polyethylene glycol 6000, 1 mM GTP and 100 mM PIPES, pH 6.9. PMID- 6635557 TI - Surface features of three human cell lines established from diagnostic biopsies of esophageal carcinomas. AB - Cells from three human esophageal carcinoma cell lines recently established from diagnostic biopsy specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy using a standardised technique. Each line was morphologically distinct, but displayed some features common to the other lines. Line B17, derived from a tumor classified histopathologically as being a moderately to well differentiated squamous carcinoma was characterised by cells of fairly uniform size and appearance with numerous well developed intercellular processes and abundant microvilli. Cell contacts were multiple and complex. Line B5, derived from a poorly differentiated tumor, comprised pleomorphic cells with fewer surface projections. Microvilli were most abundant in elevated nuclear regions and lateral processes were short and not as complex as those between B17 cells. Cells of line B29, derived from a squamous carcinoma classified histologically as moderately differentiated, typically displayed few surface projections though peripheral cytoplasmic ridges were frequently present. PMID- 6635558 TI - Stone matrix as proteins adsorbed on crystal surfaces: a microscopic study. AB - All urinary concretions are composed of a crystalline or mineral phase and a non crystalline phase. Both phases vary markedly in their chemical nature. There are a number of theories about the role and morphogenesis of the organic phase or matrix. In our opinion, at least a part of the matrix is formed by adsorption of urinary proteins onto crystal surfaces. It has already been shown that naturally occurring polymers have an affinity for calcium oxalate crystal surfaces and that spaces filled with amorphous substances exist between calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals of whewellite renal stones. We wanted to visualize these crystal surfaces with adsorbed organic material. We studied calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals from urinary stones, and crystal made in a crystallizer and incubated in gamma globulin or bovine serum albumin. We also studied calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals experimentally induced in rat renal tubules. They were studied using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy with, as well as without, EDTA digestion. All crystals were surrounded by an amorphous coat which may have originated by adsorption of proteins on crystal surfaces. PMID- 6635559 TI - Routine analysis of urinary calculi by scanning electron microscopy. AB - Analysis of 529 urinary calculi by SEM(EDXA) and following x-ray diffraction in nearly all cases of oxalate-rich stones reveals a certain content of calcium phosphate, which in more than 75% can be related to the central core. This confirms the idea of a primary nidus at the beginning of stone formation. The abundant appearance of Ca-phosphate bearing microspherules both in urinary calculi and in urine of known stone formers as well as the presence of similar spherules in human kidney tissue leads to a conception of the physico-chemical nature of this nidus. A proposed model about the first steps of stone formation combines the two main theories of genesis of urinary calculi, which so far have been considered contradictory. PMID- 6635560 TI - Size-shape analysis of calcium oxalate crystals in the study of stone formation. AB - In renal stones very little is known about the relationships between size-shape parameters of the particles and packing arrangement. Factors such as the distance travelled by the deposited crystal, the residence time and fluid flow are believed to be important in modifying the distribution of size and the morphological characteristics of the mineral phase. This paper reviews some experimental studies on the growth of calcium oxalate crystals under different growth conditions. The crystals grown in aqueous media, gel systems, rat-kidneys, and in renal stones were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Size distribution parameters, shape factors and distribution of shape were determined in stones using the SEM and image analysis system. Particle size and particle morphology analysis may provide unique information in the study of stone genesis, difficult to obtain by other methods. PMID- 6635562 TI - Scanning electron microscopy in gallstone research. AB - Nidation of gallstones by inorganic or organic Ca salts was studied in 336 consecutive cases by SEM/EDXA and additional methods (X-radiography, X diffraction, IR spectroscopy). SEM/EDXA proved to be a useful method in studying very small radio-dense nuclei, since common means of phase analysis are limited because of the small amounts of material to be analyzed. In 20.3% stones had radio-dense nuclei composed of either Ca-phosphate- and/or Ca-carbonate microcalculi. Ca-palmitate and/or pigments were at the centre of stones showing a less dense X-shadow. Nidation of cholesterol stones by defined pigment microcalculi was observed in 10 cases. Microstructures, for instance Ca-carbonate and pigment microcalculi of identical structure to the central nidi, were found in corresponding bile sediments, confirming the role of such structures in gallstone nidation. Two structural features were identified in pigment stones: small, irregular granules, and glassy, poorly structured masses. Ca-bilirubinate calculi were built up from granules while the so called 'black' stones were composed entirely of the glassy masses or contained both structural elements, indicating that bilirubinate may be involved in the formation of some black stones, too. As revealed by EDXA and EPMA Ca was predominant in both subtypes while the black stones additionally contained Cu, Fe and, above all, considerable amounts of S. the latter was found to be in a low, non-SO4-valence state. PMID- 6635561 TI - In vitro formation of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, CaHPO4 . 2H2O (DCPD). AB - Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, CaHPO4 . 2H2O (DCPD) crystals were grown in solutions and in different types of gels (silica, agar, collagen) at different pH's, in the presence of other ions, and on different Ca-bearing substrates (enamel, dentine, bone, calcite). Hydrolysis of DCPD to other calcium phosphates and calcium oxalates were made in solutions containing different ions at 37 degrees C, 24h. Results showed that the type of media (solution or gel), type of gel, pH, presence of other ions affect the morphology (size/shape) and growth of DCPD. In systems of changing pH, the more basic calcium phosphate (e.g., apatite, OCP) formed in the first zone, DCPD in the last zone, regardless of the initial Ca/P of the system. Growth of DCPD was suppressed in the presence of F-(which favored growth of apatite), of Cd2+, Pb2+ (which favored OCP). Hydrolysis of DCPD to apatite was promoted in solutions containing Ca2+, F-, CO3=, and inhibited by Mg2+, P2O74-. Hydrolysis of DCPD to calcium oxalate occurs in presence of C2O4=. Results indicate that the variation in morphology of DCPD occurring in various human tissue calcinosis and the co-existence of DCPD with other calcium phosphates and oxalates in urinary and dental calculi are due to variations in pH, and presence of different ions in the media. PMID- 6635563 TI - Pulmonary macrophage phagocytosis: quantification by secondary and backscattered electron imaging. AB - A systematic method for quantifying phagocytosis of carbonyl iron beads by pulmonary macrophages is described. These techniques utilize secondary and backscattered electron imaging. The carbonyl iron composition has a high atomic contrast number which makes it ideal for visualization in the backscatter electron image of the scanning electron microscope. As a result, interiorized iron beads can easily be distinguished from beads attached to the surface of the cell. The morphology and phagocytic capacities of individual macrophages were compared. The results showed that functional heterogeneity exists within the normal pulmonary macrophage population. Ruffled macrophages avidly phagocytized carbonyl iron beads, while smooth cells were functionally impaired. In addition, macrophages which were altered morphologically by exposures to acidic culture conditions or to asbestos demonstrated a decreased capacity to phagocytize carbonyl iron beads. Accordingly, the surface morphology of pulmonary macrophages correlated with their phagocytic capacities. We propose that results obtained from the analyses of individual cells can be used to study the phagocytic capacity of macrophage populations. PMID- 6635564 TI - Automated characterization of particles extracted from human lungs: three cases of tungsten carbide exposure. AB - An automated scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray analysis-image analysis system was used to characterize particles extracted from three human lung samples which had suspected occupationally-induced lung disease. The particles were isolated from the lung tissues by low temperature ashing and deposited on Nuclepore filters. Particles in randomly selected fields of view for each filter were automatically sized, analyzed for 32 elements, and classified according to their chemistry by the system. For each of the three lung specimens, large numbers of particles were found which indicated exposure to cemented tungsten carbide products. The particle analysis data was collected at a rate of 200 particles per hour which is considerably faster than the rate at which manual, in situ analyses can be performed. PMID- 6635565 TI - Scanning electron microscopic study of the microarchitecture of the lung of the giant salamander Amphiuma tridactylum. AB - This paper reports observations made using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the internal structure of the lung of Amphiuma tridactylum. This lung is highly septate at the cranial end, but the septa become gradually reduced in size and number with increasing distance caudally until the septa are reduced to ridges in the wall of the lung. However, there is no respiratory dead space as respiratory epithelium is found throughout the lung. Treatment of isolated lung segments with acetylcholine causes the septa to shorten and thicken which in turn causes the lung diameter to decrease and the alveoli to collapse. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the collapse of the Amphiuma lung in vivo, which is responsible for the highly efficient ventilation of the lungs, is brought about by the contraction of pulmonary smooth muscle in the septa and wall of the lung. PMID- 6635566 TI - Transalveolar fibers of the mouse periodontium: a scanning electron microscopic study. AB - Transalveolar fibers have been described by many authors using techniques of light microscopy. However, a study of these fibers using techniques of scanning electron microscopy has not been reported. In the present study, scanning electron microscopic techniques revealed that transalveolar fibers were composed of a bundle of smaller fibers. This fiber bundle passed through channels in bone and was attached to the bone by anchoring fibers. Transalveolar fibers branched within bone. Near points of branching, channels were often dilated. Channels were continuous with the connective tissue space of the periodontal ligament at the bone margin. The results presented herein suggested a revised concept for the anchorage of fibers of the periodontal ligament to bone. PMID- 6635567 TI - Ependymal cells of the rat fourth ventricle: response to injury. AB - The response of ependyma to injury was investigated in rats following placement of bilateral lesions in the floor of the fourth ventricle. Animals were sacrificed from 2-60 days post-operatively and the brains were prepared in the conventional manner for comparative LM, SEM and TEM examination. For LM radioautography, randomly selected lesioned rats received either a single i.p. injection (5 muCi/g BW) or multiple injections (2 muCi/g) of 3H-thymidine prior to sacrifice. Focal disruption of the lining resulted in significant qualitative and quantitative changes in the ependyma at the wound margins. Labelling of normally quiescent ependymal cells occurred from day 2-6 post-operatively, however, the level of turnover was relatively low. Labelling was maximum on day 2 and was greater at the medial than lateral margin of the wound. During the first postoperative week, a gradual increase was observed in the number of ependymal cells per unit length at the margins of the wound concomitant with an abrupt reduction in wound diameter. This was consistent with the assumption that newly formed cells were added to the ependymal sheet at the leading edges of the wound. From 14-60 days after injury, further repair resulted from asymmetrical spreading and thinning of the ependymal sheet in the absence of mitotic activity. Quantitatively, this was reflected in a reduction in cell number at the leading edges of the wound that was most pronounced at the lateral margin. At day 60 neither epithelialization nor wound closure was complete and the normal architecture of the lining had not been fully restored. These results suggest that ependyma in the fourth ventricle of the postnatal rat undergoes a process of only limited repair following injury. PMID- 6635568 TI - The role of electron microscopy and microanalytical techniques in the understanding of the pathophysiology of environmental dusts associated with lung disease. AB - The purpose of this study has been to elucidate the usefulness of TEM/STEM/EDX system in the identification of environmental dust within the interstitial macrophages of the lung. The four cases chosen for this study gave variable history of exposure to occupational "dust". A review of literature with particular reference to clay associated pneumoconiosis has been made. Previous studies have given little prominence to the fate or behaviour of inhaled "dust" particles in the intracellular environment. It is here that it is believed that a TEM/STEM/EDX system has the potential of playing a significant role in promoting our understanding of "dust" associated pneumoconiotic disease of the lung. The results obtained from the three cases demonstrate the presence of clay particles in the form of granules, plates and needles or thin flakes within the phagosomes of the interstitial macrophages. On morphological grounds the thin needles or flakes appeared to undergo a process of stacking within the phagosomal matrix resulting in the formation of large closely stacked needle-like structures which lie free in the cytoplasm. The possibility of a physicochemical basis for such a morphological sequence is discussed. The fourth case, that of stainless steel associated pneumoconiosis, also showed evidence of breakdown of the original dust in the macrophages. From the evidence presented it is concluded that application of the TEM/STEM/EDX technique may advance our knowledge of the interaction of inhaled dust and the macrophages at the subcellular level. PMID- 6635569 TI - Quantitative biological X-ray microanalysis of bulk specimens: an analysis of inaccuracies involved in ZAF-correction. AB - In this paper the need for a biological approach to ZAF-correction is elucidated. Programming details are given for the compostion of a ZAF-correction program, specifically designed for biological specimens. BIOFLEX was written and set up as a working program to investigate two specific inaccuracies involved in quantitative X-ray microanalysis of biological bulk specimens: These are the poorly known composition of the organic matrix of the specimen as well as the poorly known specimen-beam spectrometer geometry. The outcome of our calculations, which is based on hypothetical (but representative) data, indicates that the organic matrix composition should be specified in elemental miss fractions. Moreover it was found that a poorly known geometry will give errors in concentrations of about 1 - 2%. PMID- 6635570 TI - Applications of energy filtered imaging in biology. AB - We describe the use of a magnetic sector spectrometer positioned below the projection chamber of an electron microscope for energy filtered transmission imaging. The spectrometer used has circular pole face edges and is corrected for second order aberrations. A round EM lens is placed after the sector to form a real image of the virtual achromatic image produced by the spectrometer. A slit placed in the dispersion plane allows the passage of electrons in a selected energy range. The filtered image is projected onto a transmission phosphor and acquired with a silicon intensified TV camera and stored in digital form on computer disk. Filtered images are taken at two energies, one immediately preceding (pre-edge) and one on the characteristic energy loss (edge). To obtain images showing the distribution of elements, background subtraction is performed by either subtraction or division of edge and pre-edge images. The optical properties of the imaging system are described and the results are illustrated by energy filtered images of single ferritin molecules (Fe M2,3 and C k), the phosphorus distribution in ribosomes (PL2,3) and the localization of calcium in muscle (Ca L2, 3). The major advantage of the system, compared to other energy filtered imaging methods, is that it can be readily adapted to existing high vacuum microscopes without the necessity of modifying the column to insert a spectrometer. PMID- 6635571 TI - Electron energy loss chemical mapping of low Z elements in biological sections. AB - A STEM VG HB 501 equipped with a Gatan spectrometer has been interfaced to a PDP 11-34 computer. Digital energy filtered images have been recorded with several energy windows on both sides of a characteristic level, so that the exact background can be stripped under the core loss signal for each pixel. Results concern the distribution of nitrogen (K-edge at 402 eV), oxygen (K-edge at 532 eV) and iron (L23 edge at 705 eV) in embedded sections of bone marrow. The present performances of the system allow the detection of composition variations of 1 to 2% for these elements, with a lateral accuracy of the order of 5 nm in a section of 50 nm thickness. Individual ferritin molecules distributed within the section are clearly imaged and analyzed with the characteristic iron edge. PMID- 6635572 TI - X-ray microanalysis of developing and mature inner ear. AB - X-ray microanalysis technique is a new tool in inner ear research. According to the literature in this field only the energy dispersive type of analysis has been used. Data obtained from X-ray microanalysis are in agreement with results using other techniques, mainly fluid withdrawal from the endo- and perilymphatic spaces. The introduction of serial sectioning (16 microns thick sections) of the temporal bone for microanalysis now also permits analysis of embryonic material with its delicate structures too small for other techniques. The energy dispersive technique is thus suitable for analysis of both biological fluids and tissues. Studies have so far been focused on mainly normal conditions in the embryonic and adult labyrinth. PMID- 6635573 TI - X-ray microanalysis of calcium in ischemic myocardium: a new method of rapid freezing. AB - X-ray microanalysis of biological material is best accomplished on unfixed frozen tissue sectioned on a cryoultramicrotome. The need for ultra-rapid freezing to minimize ice crystal artifact has been well documented but is difficult to achieve without the use of potentially hazardous Isopentane or Freon 22 in liquid nitrogen slush. In the present study we employ a slurry of powdered graphite in liquid nitrogen to obtain rapid freezing of cardiac tissue. The results obtained were as good as those which are achieved with Freon 22 in liquid nitrogen, and subsequent cryoultramicrotomy produced thin sections relatively free of ice crystal artifact. Microanalysis revealed a slight increase in mitochondrial calcium as compared with cytoplasmic calcium in normal myocytes. Mitochondrial calcium concentration rose significantly after 30 min of ischemia while only a slight rise in cytoplasmic calcium occurred. These findings suggest that the techniques employed are adequate for detecting ion shifts which occur during ischemia and may be useful for determining the effects of therapeutic agents at the organellar level. PMID- 6635574 TI - X-ray microanalysis of cultured chondrocytes. AB - Methodological aspects of X-ray microanalysis of cultured chondrocytes from rabbit auricular cartilage were investigated. The cells were grown on a Formvar film covered carbon specimen holder with a hole, which allowed examination in STEM. Several different fluids for washing away the culture medium from the cells were used. The effect of these fluids on the elemental composition of the cells was studied. The composition of cultured chondrocytes was compared with that of auricular chondrocytes in situ. Washing with 0.3 M sucrose gave the most satisfactory results. Subsequently, the specimen holders could be frozen in liquid nitrogen and the cells freeze-dried. The effects of human growth hormone on rabbit chondrocytes were investigated by X-ray microanalysis and transmission electron microscopy. Although no ultrastructural effects of hormone treatment could be observed, marked changes in the elemental concentrations in nucleus and cytoplasm of the chondrocytes were detected. PMID- 6635575 TI - Standards for measuring spatial resolution in biological X-ray microanalysis. AB - Lateral resolution in biological X-ray microanalysis is usually severely limited by the necessity to obtain an adequate number of X-ray counts, which requires the use of a relatively large electron beam spot size. Resolution is further degraded by spreading of the beam within the specimen. Although it is possible to make theoretical calculations of resolution, no straightforward and general method of measuring lateral resolution in biological X-ray microanalysis appears to have been proposed hitherto. In this paper, standards are proposed consisting of distinctive protein-bound elements embedded in araldite, and their use is described. PMID- 6635576 TI - An X-ray microanalysis study of cation changes during development in erythropoietic cells. AB - The change from high potassium (HK) stem cells to low potassium (LK) red blood cells which occurs during erythropoiesis in the dog has been investigated by electron probe x-ray microanalysis of single cells. The intracellular elemental concentrations of potassium, sodium and iron were determined: 1) in the reticulocytes of peripheral blood from dogs with experimentally and naturally accelerated erythropoiesis, using wavelength-dispersive spectrometry of intact single cells; and 2) in the various erythropoietic cells of normal, adult dog marrow, using energy-dispersive spectroscopy of quench-frozen cryosections. The former experiments demonstrated that the switch from HK to LK cell type, which occurs during or slightly before denucleation of the orthochromatophilic erythroblast, is clearly correlated with a decrease in potassium concentration and also with the bulk of hemoglobin synthesis. The studies using cryosectioned preparations of normal dog confirmed a similar, negative correlation between sodium and potassium, although in this case only the onset of iron accumulation could be detected in the nucleated cells. When combined with the morphological information available from cryosections, it is concluded that the most immature erythroid cells are HK cells (CK greater than 80 mmols/kg wet-wt.), whereas a majority of the later erythroid cells were of the LK variety (CK less than 10 mmols/kg). This indicates that in normal dogs, the switch from HK to LK type occurs mainly in the basophilic erythroblasts. PMID- 6635577 TI - X-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated specimens. AB - The preparation of frozen-hydrated bulk specimens and sections for X-ray microanalysis starts with cryofixation, which is done either by rapid immersion into liquid propane, propane jet fixation or metal mirror fixation. Bulk specimens appropriate for the analysis in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) are obtained by cryofracturing the samples, coating, usually by a thin carbon layer, and cold transfer into the cold stage of the microscope. The X-ray microanalysis of bulk specimens is affected by an internal space charge which makes quantification difficult. Frozen-hydrated dry cut sections, varying in thickness between 60 and 2000 nm, are prepared by means of cryoultramicrotomy. After cold transfer into the cold stage of a scanning electron microscope or a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) the sections are analyzed in the frozen-hydrated and freeze-dried state. The reliability of the results with regard to structural recognizability and X-ray spectra depends considerably on the state of hydration. Particularly ultrathin sections in STEM show very low contrast and a great mass loss in the frozen-hydrated state in comparison with the freeze-dried state. In spite of the available concepts for quantification of X-ray data to obtain physiologically important wet weight concentrations of diffusible elements, the radiation damage at present turns out to be the most serious problem for X-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated sections. PMID- 6635578 TI - Secondary ion mass microanalysis: applications in biology. AB - "Secondary ion emission analysis", a method of surface microanalysis proposed in 1960 by Castaing and Slodzian, has been applied to the study of biological tissues by several groups in Europe and United States. Compared to X-ray or electron energy loss analysis, the main advantage of this method as applied in biological research is its very high sensitivity which makes it possible to easily obtain images distribution of many nuclides in a tissue section even when the concentration of these nuclides is very low (0.1 ppm or less). On the other hand, the spatial resolution is not better than 0.5 micron and observation of the specimen at the ultrastructural level is not yet possible. Another disadvantage of this method is the difficulty to obtain quantitative data. Thus, in the present state of the art, the typical field of research where the biologist can take advantage of Secondary Ion Mass Microanalysis (SIMM) is the qualitative chemical and isotopic analysis of elements at a low concentration in a cellular volume of the order of 1 micron 3. PMID- 6635579 TI - Combined energy detector-wavelength dispersive spectrometer electron probe microanalysis of biological soft tissue samples. AB - A Si(Li)energy detector has been coupled with a fully automated, four wavelength dispersive spectrometer electron probe microanalyzer for analysis of freeze dried, plastic-embedded biological tissue samples. Through the use of a suitable absorber, the unwanted portion of the energy spectrum is suppressed, thus reducing overall counting rate in the energy detector to the point where it is possible to use electron beam currents with high intensities, typical of wavelength dispersive spectrometer operation, while using the configuration of highest energy detector solid angle available in our electron probe microanalyzer. The electron probe automation software has been extended to permit control of the energy detector simultaneously with control of the electron microprobe. A software stopwatch permits accurate compensation for differences between energy detector and wavelength spectrometer dead times. A region of continuum in the energy spectrum is calibrated against background for the spectrometers to provide a different number representing background for each spectrometer. This background information is provided simultaneously with on-peak data collection by treating each region of interest from the Si(Li) energy detector spectrum as an additional data line in the electron probe microanalyzer computer automation package. PMID- 6635580 TI - The electron microprobe analysis of sprayed microdroplets of solubilized biological tissues: a useful preliminary to localization studies. AB - The TEM-EDS bulk-tissue analysis procedure described involves: (1) low temperature oxygen-plasma ashing of soft tissue specimens weighing greater than 20 micrograms in aluminum-foil crucibles; (2) the solubilization of the ash in 5 microliter 0.5N HNO3 containing a known quantity of cobalt as an internal, non interfering reference element; (3) the spraying of the solubilized ash from glass microcapillary tubes onto thin carbon-collodion films mounted on titanium grids; (4) EDS analysis of individual microdroplets approximately 3 micron in diameter; (5) the quantitation of elemental concentrations from the element: cobalt intensity ratio by the "ratio model" technique. This technique was assessed and found to yield linear curves (greater than or equal to 0.999) for elements in 'artificial tissue' standards (concentration range = 5 - 340 mM kg-1 dry weight). The overall reproducibility of the technique is therefore quite good (e.g. error of 4.7% for P and K in 25 analyses) within the range of concentrations expected for most of the major biological elements encountered in vertebrate and invertebrate soft tissues. Absolute accuracy can be improved with quantitative procedures that account for peak-overlapping and escape peak contributions etc., so that the ultimate MDL for sodium may well be of the order of 1 mM kg-1 dry weight. The usefulness of the technique for the provision of basic biochemical information (especially in invertebrate systems which have received but meagre attention) is illustrated: (a) by comparing the calcium content of male and female blood-flukes (Schistosoma mansoni) in mixed-sex and unisexual laboratory infections; and (b) by determining the changes induced by daily injections of the drug Astiban on the element composition of female Schistosoma. We conclude that the technique can represent a useful multi-element detection facility which offers certain pertinent advantages over alternative microchemical techniques, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry. PMID- 6635581 TI - Ultrastructural localization of concanavalin-A binding sites on bone cells: effects of con A on osteoclastic bone resorption. AB - When osteoclasts on the endocranial surface of 10-day old rat calvaria are treated with concanavalin-A and hemocyanin, con A binding sites can be visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hemocyanin label was uniformly distributed on the dorsal (unapposed) surface of all osteoclasts observed by SEM; it could be visualized on smooth surfaces, microvillous projections and filopodia. Osteoblasts were also labeled with the hemocyanin marker, demonstrating con A binding sites. 45Ca bone release assays of prelabeled calvaria incubated in varying concentrations of con A were conducted to determine whether or not con A has any functional effects on osteoclasts. At low concentrations of con A (0.1 micrograms/ml), there was an increase in bone resorption at 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation. In contrast, calvaria incubated in high concentrations of con A (50 micrograms/ml and 100 micrograms/ml) showed a marked decrease in bone resorption significantly different from that of controls (incubated without the addition of con A) at each of the three 24 hour time periods. These differences in the release of 45Ca may indicate direct, dose dependent effects of con A on osteoclastic bone resorption. PMID- 6635582 TI - A scanning electron microscopy evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration. AB - Regeneration of a transected peripheral nerve following repair is often impeded by scar formation and misdirection of axon sprouts. This paper describes the use of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) in conjunction with other physiologic tests to evaluate nerve regeneration. A central one centimeter segment was removed from the peroneal branch of both sciatic nerves in 37 white New Zealand rabbits. Sectioned nerves were divided into four experimental groups according to type of repair performed: (A) no repair; (B) mobilization and direct epineural repair; (C) interpositional nerve graft repair; (D) polyglycolic acid (PGA) conduit repair. Each animal was reexplored eight months later and nerves examined by electrophysiologic testing and scanning electron microscopy. Unrepaired nerves viewed by SEM showed impaired axonal regeneration and loss of fascicular morphology with increased scar tissue. Nerve sections of direct epineural and interpositional graft repairs showed the best return of axonal morphology. Nerves regenerated across a one centimeter gap through a PGA conduit demonstrated regrowth of small and large myelinated axons grouped into "mini-fascicles" with increased connective tissue. PGA conduit repairs were electrically inferior to graft and direct repairs as measured by conduction velocity and the amplitude of evoked response. These findings correlated well with anatomy seen on scanning electron micrographs. The scanning electron microscope proved an excellent adjunctive tool for the study of peripheral nerve regeneration. PMID- 6635584 TI - [Chronomorphology of cerebrovascular disorders]. PMID- 6635583 TI - Scanning and transmission electron microscopic evaluation of human melanoma cells treated with adriamycin and actinomycin D. AB - A tumorigenic human cell line was derived from a patient with metastatic melanoma. Cells were treated with adriamycin or actinomycin D in order to assess morphological alterations induced by these anticancer agents. Exposure to 0.01 micrograms/ml adriamycin for one hour caused no observable morphological abnormalities as determined by SEM, while 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 micrograms/ml concentrations of adriamycin produced surface alterations in the form of blebs, filopodia, microvilli and cell rounding. These alterations may be drug-affected changes of the cell surface or may reflect phases of the cell cycle directed by adriamycin action on the nucleus. Cell morphology appeared normal by SEM for 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 micrograms/ml concentrations of adriamycin when the cells were allowed to recover in drug-free media for 24 hours after initial drug incubation. Concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 micrograms/ml actinomycin D for 24 hours created morphological alterations characterized by cell rounding and long, dendritic-like processes. TEM of colonies treated in soft agar for 24 hours with either 1.0 micrograms/ml adriamycin or 1.0 micrograms/ml actinomycin D showed major morphological effects identified by increased cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear disintegration. PMID- 6635585 TI - [Authority in the psychiatric clinic]. AB - Although considerable progress was made as far as therapy and individual rights of the patients are concerned today the psychiatric hospital is more than ever the butt of open citicism. One of the reasons for that is the odium of involuntarity and authority surrounding it. It is based on the ill-fame and dubious reputation of the nineteenth century "asylum". The problem of authority concerns today's hospitals as much as ever. How the hospital is run depends naturally in the first place on the personality of it's director his views on authority, as much as on his understanding and ability to handle the intensive dynamic processes in the institution. Recognizing the boundaries of his actual knowledge and training, his "authoritative authority", makes him wisely limit his goals and activities. Power or "authoritarian authority" must be employed with restraint and moderation but without hesitancy when necessary. The clinic represents for the patient a total milieu. It's therapeutic effect relies a great deal on the regulatory influence of the daily routine based on the authority of the treatment team. Jones' ideas of the "Therapeutic Community" have only limited value for today's psychiatric hospital. Even less significant contributions have been made by the antipsychiatric movement or the Marxist-inspired reformers of the last decades. Only that is therapeutic which in the final analysis helps the patient to cope successfully with reality. Even today the use of involuntary measures-seclusion and medication etc. remain a necessary tool for the treatment of some patients. As every institution is always part of a public or private structure, it's authority is always bridled by these. Ethical clinical psychiatry requires an ethical political state, if it is not to become it's henchman. Even in democratic countries problems may arise around involuntary hospitalization, the care of psychiatrically ill criminals or the legalities around medicating the uncooperative psychotic patient. Attempts of intrusion into the independence and authority of the psychiatric hospital can also occur from the families of the patients, the admitting physicians or the mass media who developed a last a somewhat unsavory interest into the psychiatric institution. To deal with these challenges authoritative authority is mandatory as much as the understanding of the dynamics of human behavior. Special problems exist for the psychiatric service within a general hospital. As the most recent arrival from the banishment in the outskirts into the fold of medicine, it has to prove itself first.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6635586 TI - [Relationship between authority and freedom to criticize]. PMID- 6635587 TI - [Authority of the psychotherapist in the perspective of systems theory]. AB - The authority of the therapist is described in reference to a model of the framing of development based on General Systems Theory, as an essential property of the therapist-patient relationship that insures the hierarchical structure of the therapeutic system. The hierarchically superior position of the therapist is based on the relatively great (long term) constancy of his/her functioning mode in therapy, securing the dynamic stability of the therapeutic system. To insure his/her own development (evolution), the therapist himself (herself) needs to be framed by hierarchically superior systems. The importance of the relative autonomy of the therapist in face of the risk of loosing or overdoing his (her) own authority is briefly discussed. PMID- 6635588 TI - [Authority as reflected in psychiatry and psychotherapy]. PMID- 6635590 TI - [Care and power]. PMID- 6635589 TI - [No, I am not paralyzed, it's my husband's hand]. AB - A clinical observation is reported and gives the opportunity to discuss such notions as anosognosia, hemiasomatognosia, phantom limb, somatoparaphrenia... Considering cerebral asymmetry right hemispheric lesions could bring a feeling of strangeness in the living. This would result in a delusional elaboration then under left hemispheric control. PMID- 6635591 TI - [The search for meaning--the subject and freedom, a psychoanalytic contribution]. AB - Behaviour or symptoms of neurotic nature are characterized as actions provided we succeed in uncovering their "secret motives" by construction or reconstruction. I. e. we may say insofar we succeed in describing the "whither", the "what for" (S. Freud), to which necessarily belongs "from where" (s. Freud, 1916/17, p. 284, 277) we find sense in nonsense. We also say, that sense already was in existence insofar defense mechanisms were operating preventing its overt expression. But we say sense and rationality have been constituted insofar something, which has never been translated into conscienceness, was raised to the level of language. Both processes take place during the psycho-analytic situation. The following preconditions are apparently necessary for their realization: a) the experience of the acknowledgement of a basic drive-wish by the therapist. This event has the character of evidential nature and as to this is in itself preverbal. Nevertheless we need a verbal phrasing of the corresponding interaction and the accompanying emotion in order that both may be included into the executive power of the ego, i.e. the subject. The strict obedience to the rules of a setting which bind both, patient and therapist at the same time. Because of this a firm basis exists which cannot be doubted. It forms the common background object (J. Grotstein) by which and through which both partners of the dialogue may be "at one" with one another and to which they may also return insofar further developmental events of their interactional process produce alienations and is pushing them to turn to different external objects. Insofar processes as just alluded to take place, the subject is predicated in a play of argumentated reasoning. And if secret motives and hidden reasons concerning the presented modality of the subject's actions are understood, the subject itself realizes, that it has its origin not in its products but in a negation, in a "zero" position which in itself is a equivalent of freedom. In order that interpretative work in the service of the aims just mentioned may become possible, there are some other preconditions to be fulfilled by the therapist: a) the attitude of "evenly hovering attention" (S. Freud) because it is this attitude which makes the therapist receptive for emotional cathexis, originating in the patient's unconscious.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6635592 TI - [Authority as reflected in psychiatry and psychotherapy]. PMID- 6635593 TI - [Authority and psychotherapy]. AB - After having described the differences between "authority" and "power", nowadays somewhat outdated, we show that in medicine the "authority" belongs to the physician and that the doctor's "power", always surrounded by a halo of magic, is desired by the patient. This situation is the same in psychotherapy during which the psychotherapist defines authoritatively, that is as the "author", the treatments setting whereas the patient desires on almighty therapist. The authority co-exists with power and the treatment consists in increasing the authority and even the patients power and reducing the therapists power. A few remarks on Freud's authority and on the power desired by the leaders of some psychotherapeutic schools introduce more subtle considerations on the dialectic power - authority during psychoanalytically inspired psychotherapies and group psychotherapies. PMID- 6635594 TI - [Authority between discourse and consultation]. AB - Since the turn of the century the practice of general upbringing has been shaken by a number of authority crises. In this field a new way is currently being paved in the comprehension of education in which the authoritative powers are limited to two directions: on one hand to discussion (discourse) between equal partners and on the other hand in counselling that neither binds nor obliges. Authority lies between discussion and counselling: it must materialize as a social, communicative and identity-promoting competent form of action. PMID- 6635595 TI - [Authority in military milieu, in management and in medical education]. AB - In the democratic industrial society authority is no longer granted by birth, social status or office, but must be deserved time and again. Authority calls for flexibility, the ability to change between conscious integration into the team on the one hand and initiative combined with independence on the other hand. Conflicts have to be solved in a productive fashion. The superior or the teacher should overcome disturbed relationships by discussions. He should create conditions for successful cooperation and for learning by success. His staff must be given the opportunity to develop initiative and independence. In order to achieve this goal the person in charge must be capable of accepting solutions different from his own. PMID- 6635596 TI - ["... being a father is difficult!" On the question of authority in the role of the father]. AB - The terms "authoritarian" and "authority" are defined in the context of the process of education. Certain historic, cultural and anthropological aspects of father's role, some newer empirical results concerning the importance of the father for the psychic development of the child and the connection of father and authority are discussed under sociocultural and psychoanalytic viewpoints. Especially the relation between the father and the child in the preoedipal and oedipal phase is treated. This on the back-ground of the dialectic triangle of having a father, becoming father and being father. PMID- 6635597 TI - Differentiation between vicarious instigation and classical conditioning of electrodermal responses. PMID- 6635598 TI - Rate-dependent effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on fixed-interval behavior in rats. PMID- 6635599 TI - Rate dependent effects of imipramine. Effects of imipramine on operant behaviour in rats at various levels of water deprivation. PMID- 6635600 TI - Functional studies in 79-year-olds. I. Performance in hygiene activities. AB - In the longitudinal population study "70-year-old people in Goteborg" (H 70) at the second follow-up in 1980-81, 112 women and 93 men were examined concerning their hygiene abilities such as visiting the toilet and taking a bath. These elderly people were interviewed about their locomotor function, needs of technical aids and personal assistance available at home. An examination of their functional ability was performed in accordance with a standardized test in two bathrooms, one with a bathtub and the other one with a shower area. Recordings of heart rate and subjectively perceived exertion were made during the test. Almost all were able to stand in front of the washbasin when washing themselves. Climbing in, sitting down and getting out of the bathtub required relatively high levels of effort, and almost one in five had difficulties. Only a few subjects needed personal assistance for getting out of the bathtub. There were large intraindividual variations of heart rate and perceived exertion in the various tasks. More than three of four took advantage of the handrails next to the bathtub during the test compared to one third of the subjects having handrails at home. Two thirds of the subjects had at least one technical aid in the bathroom, the most common technical aid in the bathroom was a "non-slip" mat in the bathtub. The importance of designing products and adapting the environment corresponding to the functional capacity of the elderly is emphasized. PMID- 6635601 TI - Functional studies in 79-year-olds. II. Upper extremity function. AB - As part of the Gerontological and Geriatric Population Study of 79-year-old people in Goteborg, a representative subsample comprising 112 women and 93 men took part in a study of upper extremity function. Thirty-eight per cent of the women and 37% of the men had disorders in the upper extremities. The investigation included tests of co-ordination, static strength in the key-grip and the transversal volar grip, power capacity in opening jars and a bottle, basal movements in the upper extremities in personal hygiene and dressing activities, function in the kitchen e.g. reaching shelves, manual tasks including tests of pronation and supination of the forearm. In the key-grip as well as in the transversal volar grip men showed a generally larger decrease in strength with age than women compared to 70-year-olds in a previous population study. Significant correlations were found between strength in the key-grip and the performance time in the test of co-ordination. Women produced about 66% of the muscular force of the men when opening jars. Significant correlations were found between strength in the transversal volar grip and the maximal torque for opening the jars. Female and male subjects who were not capable of handling the electric plug in the manual ability test had significantly weaker strength in the key grip. The importance of designing products and adapting the environment so as to correspond to the functional capacity of the elderly, is emphasized. PMID- 6635602 TI - Functional studies in 79-year-olds. III. Walking performance and climbing capacity. AB - Walking speed and the ability to climbing steps were studied in a subsample of 112 women and 93 men of the longitudinal population study "70-year-old people in Goteborg", in order to evaluate the functional capacity of the lower extremities. No women or men of this age achieved, when walking comfortably, a speed of maximum 1.4 m/s which is recommended in Sweden as a norm for pedestrians at signalized intersections. At their maximum walking speed only 32% of the women and 72% of the men reached 1.4 m/s. In comfortable walking women on an average used 78% and men 70% of their maximal walking speed. All subjects could climb up and down a 20 cm step when using a handrail. Less than half of the women but almost all the men were able to climb up and down a 50 cm high step using a handrail. Subjects having handicap transport service choose significantly lower walking speed than the rest of the subjects. Correlations were found between step test results and walking speed. It is concluded that both traffic vehicles and the rythm at signalized intersections are not in accordance with the functional capacity of older persons. PMID- 6635603 TI - Motion analysis in the movements of standing up from and sitting down on a chair. A comparison of normal and hemiparetic subjects and the differences of sex and age among the normals. AB - With regard to the motions of standing up from and sitting down on a chair, and standing quietly for thirty seconds, forty normal adults (ten young males, ten young females, ten elderly males and ten elderly females) and ten hemiparetics were compared by use of a force plate and an electrogoniometer. The hemiparetics had the following characteristics: (1) A long time was required for stabilization of sway at the center of force (C.O.F.) when standing up. (2) The C. O. F. was located to the back and deviated primarily to the sound leg, and the grade of sway was greatest during quiet standing. (3) Vertical 8 Hz fluctuation in quiet standing was seen in all cases, while in sitting down 3-4 Hz were recorded. (4) The motion time in standing up and sitting down was prolonged. (5) Long periods of initial knee flexion existed just before the knee extension in standing. (6) A broad lateral sway of C. O. F. was recorded in the standing movement. Among the normal groups, the following characteristics were noted: (1) The young stand up more rapidly. (2) The elderly needed more time to stabilize the antero-posterior sway in the standing up motion. (3) The C. O. F. of males was located more anteriorly than that of females. (4) The grade of sway in quiet standing was greater in females than in males. (5) In young males, the standing up time was shorter than the sitting down time, while in young females the situation was reversed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635604 TI - On the changes in the concept of illness throughout history. PMID- 6635605 TI - Child Health in the Faroe Islands. PMID- 6635606 TI - Excess mortality among male unskilled and semi-skilled workers. A negative slope with age. AB - Mortality for male unskilled and semi-skilled workers in Denmark, Norway, and England and Wales is 40-50%--about the average for all men with equivalent economic status in the younger age groups, but declines towards the average at pensionable age. The negative slope of the graph for relative mortality with age would seem to be due to an excess mortality deriving from accidents and violent deaths predominantly in the younger age groups, to an unfavourable recruitment into the labour force, health-wise, to an exclusion of older, unhealthy persons from the labour force and to a mortality from circulatory diseases almost equal to the average for other social groups. Finally, movements between social groups should be taken into account in the analysis of mortality differences. PMID- 6635607 TI - Occupational morbidity based on social insurance records in Finland. AB - Daily allowances and invalidity pensions were studied in order to identify morbidity differences between different occupational groups. The highest age standardized number of daily allowances was found in 'industry' (males 257/1 000, females 373/1 000), and the lowest in administration (males 116/1 000, females 170/1 000). The greatest number of new invalidity pensions for males was also in industry (20.3/1 000), and was 2.9 times as high as in administration. The greatest number of invalidity pensions to females was found in agriculture (18.3/1 000), and was 2.8 times as high as administration. These invalidity pension and daily allowances data measure the morbidity, which is closely associated with socio-economic development and the advances made in the insurance system of the country. Occupational differences in invalidity pensions and daily allowances can be affected by differences in working conditions or by differences in social conditions and life style. The morbidity differences are also affected by selection and survival processes. However, there were also real morbidity differences between occupational groups even after adjusting for bias and errors. PMID- 6635608 TI - Grounds for disability pension. The younger abuser as compared with older abusers of alcohol. AB - Current social legislation in Sweden prescribes a great degree of restrictivity in the granting of disability pensions to young abusers of alcohol. In order to test whether this prescription is really applied, a comparison between 29 abuser applicants up to age 46 and 32 and over the age of 46 years was carried out. The total of 61 abusers represented all 78 first-time applicants with an abuse over a period of 1 1/2 years who were living in a geographically defined, mixed urban rural region in the Swedish county of Ostergotland. The period lasted from 1st January 1978 until 1st July 1979. The participants' quality of life was examined in a multidisciplinary fashion. In line with the prescribed restrictivity, the younger group proved to be fundamentally worse, primarily in socio-psychological and psychiatric respects. In addition, they also demonstrated a greater degree of alcohol injury. Besides the legislative situation, even situational conditions were proposed as explanatory factors for the empirical findings. This is the fourth report from the research project "Abuse of alcohol - Disability pension - Quality of life". PMID- 6635609 TI - Dental visits, dental health status and need for dental treatment in a Danish industrial population. AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to study the utilization of dental services, the distribution of dental diseases and treatment needs in a Danish industrial population. The study covered the male population at a Danish shipyard, and a sample of 988 workers and clerical and managerial staff was drawn by stratified random sampling. 841 persons were interviewed regarding dental visits and attitudes towards dental health services and data on dental health and treatment needs were collected. 61% of the participants aged 15-64 years made regular dental visits at least once a year. The percentages of regular visitors varied according to age and occupation, from 68 to 82% among clerical staff to 34 to 51% among workers. The mean DMF-T increased from 16.6 in the age group 15-24 to 27.0 among the 55-64-year-olds. Untreated dental decay was predominant among workers and persons never seeing a dentist, whereas there were more filled teeth and fewer missing teeth among staff and regular visitors. The periodontal status was less satisfactory in the older age groups and among workers, and most denture wearers were found in the age group 35-64 and among workers. Concordant to the findings on dental health status, dental treatment needs due to caries and periodontal disease as well as prosthetic treatment needs varied according to age, occupation and dental visits. More radical treatment types were needed in the older age groups, among workers and non-regular visitors. The present study seems to indicate that dental diseases in the adult Danish population are not under control. PMID- 6635610 TI - Nasal and sinonasal cancer. Connection with occupational exposures in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. AB - A joint Danish-Finnish-Swedish case-referent investigation was initiated in 1977 in order to study the connection between nasal and sinonasal cancer and various occupational exposures. All new cases of nasal and sinonasal cancer were collected from the national cancer registers (Finland and Sweden) or from the hospitals (Denmark). Those still alive who agreed to an interview (N = 167) were individually matched for age and sex with patients with colonic or rectal cancer. A detailed telephone interview was made according to standardized forms. Both cases and referents thought that their condition was the one under study. The exposures were coded blindly by an industrial hygienist. The results showed associations between nasal and sinonasal cancer and exposure to (i) hardwood or mixed wood dust (discordant pairs 14: 2), (ii) softwood dust alone (13:4), (iii) chromium (16: 6), (iv) nickel (12: 5, not significant), (v) welding, flame cutting and soldering (17: 6), and (vi) lacquers and paints (14: 0). The last finding was probably due to confounding from wood dust exposure. Hardwood dust exposure was associated with adenocarcinoma. Softwood dust exposure alone was associated with epidermoid and anaplastic carcinomas. No associations were found for a number of exposures, including agricultural chemicals, textile dust, asbestos, quartz dust, organic solvents and leather work. Possible exposure to formaldehyde was evenly distributed between the cases and referents. PMID- 6635611 TI - Biological half-time of cadmium in the blood of workers after cessation of exposure. AB - The biological half-time of cadmium in the blood of previously exposed workers was estimated after the cessation of exposure. Five men were followed for a period of 10 to 13 years. One-compartment and two-compartment exponential elimination models were used to describe the decrease in blood cadmium levels over time. The best fit to the observed data was obtained with a two-compartment model. The half-times estimated from this model ranged from 75 to 128 d for the fast component and from 7.4 to 16.0 years for the slow component. The results confirm that there is a very long whole-body biological half-time for cadmium, and the estimated half-times are similar to those obtained with different methods. PMID- 6635612 TI - Correlates of mental health in nuclear and coal-fired power plant workers. AB - The mental health of 104 nuclear workers at the Three Mile Island plant was compared with that of 122 workers from another nuclear plant and 151 workers from two coal-fired generating plants. The coal-fired plant workers were somewhat more symptomatic than the nuclear plant workers. Assessments of work environments showed that the coal-fired plant workers perceived less stress but more problems with workplace exposures than the nuclear plant workers. Negative perceptions of work and marital stress were both strongly and independently related to mental distress. Overall, the results suggest that the Three Mile Island accident did not engender long-term psychological difficulties in workers evaluated 2.5 years after the accident. PMID- 6635613 TI - Platelet function and clotting parameters of vibration-exposed foundry workers. AB - Platelet aggregation and blood clotting parameters were studied in 22 workers (84 %) using pneumatic riveting and grinding hand tools and in 20 workers (90 %) not exposed to vibration but comparable with respect to age, anthropometric data, smoking and drinking habits, and atherogenic risk factors. The weighted acceleration levels of the vibrating tools are reported. According to Taylor's grading system for vibration-induced white fingers, 15 exposed workers (57 %) were in stage OT, 9 (34 %) in stage 0N, and 1 (4 %) in stage 1. Between the reference and the vibration-exposed groups no differences in the platelet aggregation indices both "in vitro" (adenosine-diphosphate, epinephrine, threshold adenosine-diphosphate concentration) and "in vivo" (platelet factor four, beta-thromboglobulin) were found. In addition the clotting parameters (prothrombin index, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, antithrombin III) and the immunoglobulins G, A, and M were normal in the two groups. The measurement of skin temperature of the third right finger before and after the cold provocation test showed that the vibration exposed workers experienced a stronger vasoconstriction of the digital vessels than the referents. It is concluded that, in the early stages of vasospastic disorders, segmental vibration can induce peripheral vascular hyperreactivity without changes in the platelet function and clotting parameters. PMID- 6635614 TI - Statistical methods for analyzing effects of temporal patterns of exposure on cancer risks. AB - Two approaches to the inclusion of temporal factors in the analysis of exposure response relations are compared: (i) multivariate logistic analysis incorporating simple exposure indices, together with additional temporal variables and their interactions, and (ii) direct fitting to models of the disease process. These approaches are illustrated on case-referent data relating lung cancer to asbestos and smoking. From approach i average age at exposure, age at risk, and duration of exposure were found to contribute direct or interaction effects. Two models of carcinogenesis were fit. In a two-stage initiation-latency model the median latency period was estimated at 11.0 years overall, but was somewhat longer for asbestos-induced and shorter for smoking-induced tumors. When this difference was allowed for, latency periods seemed to be inversely related to the average intensities of both asbestos and smoking. In the multistage model, the best fit was obtained with asbestos acting at the fourth and smoking at the fifth of six stages. Lifetime risks of lung cancer are projected under the different models. PMID- 6635615 TI - Occupational exposure to benzyl chloride and benzyl chloride due to contaminated butyl benzyl phthalate. PMID- 6635616 TI - A chromosome study among worker groups in the rubber industry. AB - Two cytogenetic endpoints, structural chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges, were analyzed in the blood lymphocytes of several worker groups and referents for an evaluation of possible work-related exposures to chromosome damaging agents. A total of 35 referents and 55 rubber workers, the latter representing six job categories in two rubber factories, were included in the study. The two job categories frequently revealing increased sister chromatid exchanges or chromosome aberrations were mixers and weighers of chemicals. Statistically significantly increased sister chromatid exchange values were found among the weighers and the mixers. When chromosome aberrations were analyzed, only the group of nonsmoking weighers showed significantly higher values than the reference group. Smoking was found to correlate with increased frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations among both the workers and the referents. PMID- 6635617 TI - Retrospective cohort study of two plants in the Swedish rubber industry. AB - A cohort of 13,114 workers employed during 1930-1975 in two Swedish plants producing tires and industrial rubber goods was investigated with regard to cancer mortality and cancer incidence. Separate analyses were performed on the following subgroups of the cohort: mixers/weighers, other production workers, and white-collar employees. For all causes of death no increase of risk was observed in the population as a whole. Mixers/weighers showed however an increased overall standardized mortality ratio. The pattern of causes of death was not changed in the total cohort. An increased risk to die from liver cancer (risk ratio 4.12) and pancreatic cancer (risk ratio 2.70) was, however, observed for the category other production workers. An increased risk of death from tumors of the respiratory organs was also observed for the categories other production workers (risk ratio 1.89) and white-collar employees (risk ratio 2.63). For tumors in the urinary bladder (risk ratio 2.50) and for ischemic heart diseases (risk ratio 1.27) the death risk was elevated for the category other production workers. The cancer morbidity pattern showed an increase in malignant melanomas (risk ratio 2.50) for the category other production workers and for lung cancer (risk ratio 2.09), as well as for tumors in the nervous system (risk ratio 3.18) for white collar employees. PMID- 6635618 TI - Cancer incidence in the rubber industry in Norway. AB - Cancer incidence was studied among 2,448 male rubber workers employed for 18 months or more with at least eight years of observation time. A suggested increased risk of bladder cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia was found in the footwear department; the number of observed to expected cases was 4/2.81, 5/2.26, and 4/1.76, respectively. An unexpected increased risk of pancreatic cancer was found for the maintenance-workshop department, the observed to expected numbers being 6/0.90. PMID- 6635619 TI - Genotoxic health hazards in the rubber industry. Proceedings of a symposium (Espoo, Finland, 29-30 November 1982). PMID- 6635620 TI - Toxicity of rubber chemicals in the chicken embryo. How to interpret results from animal tests. AB - Results from 80 rubber chemicals in the chicken embryo test were reviewed and compared, when data were found, to results on teratogenicity in mammalian test systems. In addition other sources of literature were used to compare the chicken embryo test to the mammalian tests. Furthermore the results from animal models were analyzed in terms of their ability to predict teratogenicity in humans. PMID- 6635621 TI - Pregnancy outcome among women in a Swedish rubber plant. AB - Suspicions of reproductive disturbances among women in a tirebuilding department was the reason for this study, encompassing 42 women, 30 of whom provided a total of 84 pregnancies out of which 21 were exposed to the tirebuilding process. Nine of the 21 exposed pregnancies had an unfavorable outcome (threatening abortion, spontaneous abortion or malformation) versus only seven of the remaining 63 nonexposed pregnancies, a difference which remained significant also when various risk indicators like age, smoking, pregnancy order, and calendar year were taken into account. In contrast to earlier observations, there was no difference in thioether excretion in the urine (as potentially indicative of the skin absorption of rubber chemicals) between women working in the tirebuilding department and a reference group. It remains unclear however whether the observed cluster was causally related to occupational exposures or not, but, together with other observations, this report may contribute to the elucidation of possible reproductive disturbances in the rubber industry. PMID- 6635622 TI - The Finnish-Swedish project on genotoxic hazards in the rubber industry. Conclusions and recommendations. PMID- 6635623 TI - [Progress in the curative treatment of malignant tumors--illusion or reality?]. PMID- 6635624 TI - [Epidemiologic cancer research--new aspects for health education and early detection?]. AB - Effective prevention has in the first place to be based on the knowledge of causal factors. In preventive oncology difficulties arise from the fact that our knowledge of causal mechanisms is--with some exceptions--not sufficient to provide clear guidelines for preventive action. Furthermore, it seems beyond doubt that development of cancer is a multifactorial process in which individual disposition, age and exposure to carcinogens participate. Only exposure can be modified by preventive measures. Epidemiological analysis of available data suggests that the effect of environmental carcinogens such as air pollution, contamination of food or occupational hazards on the general population is usually overestimated, although their effect cannot be ignored altogether. On the other hand, the real impact of tobacco products on carcinogenesis seems not yet to be fully realized. Not enough details are known about the probably major importance of dietary habits. In secondary prevention screening programs for the general population are only to be recommended at present for early detection of carcinoma of the cervix uteri. On the other hand, selective case finding in general practice, on the basis of knowledge of risk factors which are at least partially known, could be substantially improved. PMID- 6635625 TI - [Breast cancer: a glimmer of hope?]. AB - The current curability of breast cancer is reviewed. The four different stages of the disease are considered: operable breast cancer, primarily inoperable cases, local recurrences and advanced, metastatic disease. Despite progress in recent years, the latter three stages of the disease must still be regarded as incurable. Furthermore, it is still too early to provide a definite assessment of the relative merits of adjuvant chemotherapy in operable breast cancer. In view of the wellknown heterogeneity of the disease, a longer follow-up will be required for all the studies carried out in the last decade. However, currently available data suggest that adjuvant chemotherapy is increasing overall survival after radical surgery, at any rate in some subsets of patients. PMID- 6635626 TI - [Prostatic cancer--what to do?]. AB - Therapeutic considerations for prostatic cancer are determined by the stage and the differentiation of the tumor and by the patient's age. Local treatment (radical prostatovesiculectomy, external or interstitial irradiation) is reserved for T1-T2 N0 M0 tumors. The best cure rate in these tumor stages achieves the radical prostatectomy, which is indicated up to the 70th year of life, provided a good general condition. Impotentia after radical prostatectomy appears in almost 100% while urinary incontinence occurs in about 5%. External or interstitial irradiation can also be used in stage T1-T3 N0 M0, if radical surgery is not possible. The 5- and 10-year survival rate after high voltage or interstitial radiation therapy for stage T1-T2 reaches up to 75% and 47%, respectively, while for stage T3 the survival rate lies between 50% after 5 years and 30% after 10 years. Prostatic cancer proceeding across the border line of the prostate or metastasizing tumors can be treated by systemic therapy modalities. The contrasexual therapy (orchiectomy with or without estrogens) and the employment of antiandrogens are palliative methods. The efficacy of these therapy modalities depends on the hormone receptors in the neoplastic tissue, although these receptors are difficult to prove until now. Cytostatics are used in hormone resistant tumors, but the success rate is rather low. Adjuvant procedures (hypophysectomy and bilateral adrenalectomy) are of no importance anymore. Hyperprolactinemia is an indication for bromocriptine, and cortisone can reduce pain by reduction of perimetastatic edemas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635627 TI - [Malignant lymphomas--a showpiece?]. AB - In the last 10-20 years the treatment of malignant lymphoma, and especially Hodgkin's lymphoma, has afforded a good example of the way in which concerted efforts by pathologists, immunologists and oncologists have produced step-by-step progress and recently even cures. The approach to and conditions for cure are histopathologic typing, exact staging and a therapy plan based on prognostic factors. Difficulties arise through non-uniform histopathologic classification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In Hodgkin patients the rate of cure after radiotherapy is about 90% in locoregional stages and still over 60% in more advanced stages. Among patients with stage I non-Hodgkin lymphoma a large proportion are also curable. In the more advanced stages only the histiocytic subtype can be cured, with a cure rate above 40%. Before the introduction of effective chemotherapeutic regimes patients with this type of lymphoma died within a few months. Finally, the potential for improving future results is discussed. PMID- 6635628 TI - [Testicular tumors--a breakthrough?]. AB - The prognosis of nonseminomatous germ cell testis tumors has been significantly improved during the past two decades due to progress in cytostatic treatment. General trends and our own long term experience with sequential combination chemotherapy (velbane/bleomycin; adriamycin/cisplatin; ifosfamide/etoposide) in testicular cancer are presented. In disseminated stages survival was closely related to the initial concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and tumor burden (two year survival: more than 80% in patients with minimal pulmonary disease, 40-50% in patients with massive pulmonary disease, and less than 30% in patients with pulmonary metastases and massive retroperitoneal disease). New diagnostic and therapeutic methods to increase survival rates further in nonseminomatous testicular cancer are discussed. PMID- 6635629 TI - [Ovarian cancers--a solution within reach?]. AB - The overall 5-year survival rate for ovarian malignant tumors is approximately 25 30%. Ovarian cancer is usually recognized and diagnosed too late. Malignant ovarian tumors show a variety of biological and clinical features, as well as a wide spectrum of histiogenesis and histologic findings. The present study deals with epithelial ovarian tumors (80% of all malignant ovarian tumors): serous, mucinous, endometrioid and undifferentiated carcinoma. The incidence of malignant ovarian tumors varies between 2.5 in Japan and 15.1 in Sweden. The aim of surgical treatment lies in the radical removal of tumor masses without producing higher morbidity or mortality figures. Whenever possible the surgical treatment consists of median laparotomy, cytologic, anatomical and histologic staging, as radical as possible tumorectomy, hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy, omentectomy, and appendectomy. The prognosis of ovarian cancer depends on histologic findings, and also on the modalities of primary treatment. Further important prognostic factors are residual tumor masses after surgical treatment, the patient's age, the degree of differentiation and the extent of the tumor. Diagnosis, monitoring of patients and follow-up are directly influenced by dissemination of the tumor. Second-look laparotomy is the only reliable method of obtaining data in follow-up of the disease. Clinical assessment is important but insufficient in considering further treatment. Adjuvants to radical surgical treatment are chemotherapy and radiotherapy, for which the indications and therapy schedule are described.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635630 TI - [Endocrine function in old age (70 years and over)]. AB - Internists are frequently faced with the problem of interpreting hormonal values and the results of endocrine tests in elderly patients. In this review, endocrine changes observed in the course of the ageing process are systematically examined for each endocrine gland. The causes of the modifications observed can for the sake of simplicity be classified into three types: 1. Reduction of the hormone's metabolism with, subsequent to its prolonged half-life, a reduction of secretion due to an appropriate feedback mechanism, without modification of the secretory capacity of the glands involved (e.g. thyroid hormones and cortisol). 2. Reduction of hormonal secretion as a consequence of loss of glandular mass (e.g. the gonads). 3. Changes in the sensitivity of target cells to a hormone (e.g. insulin, ADH, catecholamines, lactotrope cells, TRH and hypothalamus to steroids) due to either loss of receptors or modifications in post-receptor events. PMID- 6635631 TI - [Clinical and microbiological aspects of peritonitis in patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis]. AB - Over a 3-year period 22 episodes of peritonitis were observed among 20 patients treated for end-stage renal failure by CAPD. This represents an overall incidence of 1 episode every 9.5 patient-months (1/14.2 months in 1981, 1/11.3 months in 1982). Eight patients out of 20 never developed peritonitis, and 6 had one episode only. Cocci + were the most frequent culture finding. Two episodes of mycotic peritonitis and 1 sterile peritonitis were observed. Antibiotic treatment was generally successful within 24 h. The incidence of peritonitis was higher among diabetic (1/7 months) than among non-diabetic patients (1/12.6 months). Patient selection, the bag connection technique and the experience accumulated by the dialysis team appear to be the principal factors in lowering the incidence of this complication. PMID- 6635632 TI - [Pigmented villonodular synovitis]. AB - Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a comparatively rare disease of which some 2000 case reports are found in the international literature. PVNS should nevertheless be considered in the differential diagnosis of mono- and oligoarthritis. Three further cases of PVNS are presented in which the diagnosis was confirmed histologically. The clinical, X-ray, laboratory and histologic findings in PVNS, and the differential diagnosis and aetiology are discussed. PMID- 6635633 TI - [Bouveret syndrome]. AB - Bouveret syndrome, a rare form of gallstone ileus predominantly encountered in elderly female patients, is clinically characterized by the sequelae of duodenal obstruction. Two patients observed within one year are presented and the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of the disease are discussed. The surgical treatment of choice is one-stage removal of stone, closure of fistula and cholecystectomy completed by a careful search for residual stones in the small and large intestine. PMID- 6635634 TI - [Thoracic surgery in patients over 70]. AB - Review of 88 patients aged over 70 who underwent surgery in this department from 1976 to 1981. 49 lungs and 39 esophaguses have been operated upon, usually for malignant tumors. Average age of the subjects was 75 years (70-90), the sex largely male. Complete follow-up in 88% of patients serves to evaluate the benefits of chest surgery in the elderly. Lobectomy was the most frequent procedure, but 12 pneumonectomies were also performed. The 10% postoperative mortality rate is satisfactory. Two years after surgery, half the patients are still alive without tumor recurrence. Nearly all the patients continued normal existence after the operation. The results of surgery for severe benign lesions of the esophagus (hiatus hernia, diverticula) are very satisfactory. Removal of the cancer improves the quality and length of survival, without a prohibitive postoperative mortality rate. The authors conclude that chest surgery in the elderly is successful and well tolerated. PMID- 6635635 TI - [A case of metastasizing paraganglioma of the larynx]. AB - The case of a 68-year-old woman who died of a metastasizing paraganglioma of the larynx is reported. The diagnostic problems related with this disease and its relationship with the tumors of the APUD system are particularly discussed. PMID- 6635636 TI - [The political and economic costs of smoking: a reply]. PMID- 6635637 TI - [Measurement of venous pressure by the pneumatic captor and transmitter. Experimental study]. AB - The results are reported of experimental testing of a non-invasive method for pressure measurement in esophageal varices. The correlation between measurements of venous pressure by pneumatic captor and electronic manometer and those by water column is excellent for pressure ranging between 13 and 44.5 cm H2O. PMID- 6635638 TI - [Phencyclidine (PCP): a psychotomimetic drug. Case report and review of literature]. AB - A previously healthy 33-year-old patient developed a schizophrenia-like psychosis of 5 weeks' duration after inhalation of hashish contaminated with phencyclidine (PCP). The literature is reviewed and the epidemiology, clinical features, therapy and neuropharmacology of phencyclidine intoxication are discussed. PMID- 6635639 TI - [Deep leg vein thrombosis during skiing. A case report]. AB - An unusual case is reported of deep vein thrombosis of the leg which occurred on skis without direct trauma. Since no vascular malformation or coagulation disorder were found, the findings strongly support the diagnosis of "thrombose par effort" (effort thrombosis). PMID- 6635640 TI - [Toxocariasis in Swiss children]. AB - A report is presented on 6 clinical observations of toxocariasis in Swiss children and on an epidemiological study of toxocara infections conducted in an urban and a rural area. The ELISA test in 70 children from the city of Basel revealed no seropositive result. In contrast, 4 of 68 children tested in the village of Entlebuch were seropositive. All reported close and intensive contact with dogs (mainly puppies) or geophagia. The main presenting symptom in our 6 clinical observations was excessive and sustained eosinophilia. Additional clinical and epidemiological aspects, the clinical picture and current therapy are discussed. PMID- 6635641 TI - [Plasma-prolactin concentrations in breast cancer at various stages, in mastopathy and other malignant tumors]. AB - 7% of 204 patients with metastatic breast cancer had hyperprolactinemia (greater than 1000 mIU/1 = 30.8 ng/ml) in the measurements of morning plasma prolactin basal levels. The incidence of hyperprolactinemia was significantly higher in patients with metastatic breast cancer than in 173 patients with non-metastatic breast cancer (p less than 0.001), in 151 patients with mastopathy (p = 0.01), in 63 patients with local (p = 0.001) and 56 patients with advanced solid tumors of different histology without prolactin stimulating medication (p = 0.001). After 5 measurements with a median interval of 2 months, elevated prolactin levels over 1000 mIU/l were found at least once in 35% of the patients with metastatic breast cancer. 93% of the women with hyperprolactinemic breast cancer were in progression at the time of the measurements, and none in remission; on the other hand, all patients with advanced breast cancer in remission had normal prolactin levels. PMID- 6635642 TI - [Clinical characteristics and evaluation of risk in the graft versus host reaction following transfusion]. AB - Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a well recognized entity following bone marrow transplantation. Similar syndromes have been described after blood product transfusions, notably in patients with primary immunodeficiency syndromes and in patients with malignancies associated with immune deficiency or under immunosuppressive treatment. Review of the literature shows that posttransfusion GVHD is characterized by maculopapular skin rash, gastro-intestinal symptoms, liver disease, severe pancytopenia and, in some cases, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. The time to onset and the duration of the disease are short (10 days) and the mortality approaches 90%. The clinical features of this rare disorder are presented in the hope that, with increased awareness of this complication, clinicians will take preventive measures in patients at risk because no satisfactory therapy yet exists. PMID- 6635643 TI - [Effect of housing on incidence and severity of osteochondrosis (OC) in fattening swine: comparison between housing in open front sty (OF) with deep straw bedding and closed sty with partly slatted floor (PS)]. PMID- 6635644 TI - [Relations between milk yield, milk composition and fertility in Swiss brown cows and the effect of resting period on the 1st conception rate]. PMID- 6635645 TI - [Distribution of Coxiella burnetti: a seroepidemiological study of domestic animals and veterinarians]. PMID- 6635646 TI - [Report on wild animal diseases from 1975 to 1982]. PMID- 6635647 TI - [Effect of calcium and phosphorus supply on osteochondrosis in fattening swine]. PMID- 6635648 TI - [Poll on the use of sty disinfectants in swine husbandry]. PMID- 6635649 TI - [Treatment of gastric torsion in the dog: effect of pylorus myotomy on the frequency of recurrence]. PMID- 6635650 TI - Re-examination of the DNA-mediated transformation in goldfish. AB - DNAs were isolated from goldfish, and the balancer bearing species of newt. They were injected separately into fertilized goldfish eggs. A balancer developed in some newt-DNA injected goldfish. DNA injected goldfish eggs occasionally developed a non-balancer process. These results demonstrated the newt DNA mediated transfer of the species character from newt to goldfish. The injected DNA was localized by the method of autoradiography using H3-cDNA. Silver grains were found in areas over the colchicine induced metaphase. The incorporation of foreign DNA into chromosomes provides a material basis for genetic transformation. PMID- 6635651 TI - Studies on bradykinin potentiating peptide (BPP) from venom of Zhejiang pit viper (Agkistrodon halys pallas)--relationship between structure and function of BPP. AB - The structure of the bradykinin potentiating peptide component BPP1 from a 70% methanol extract of the lyophilized powder of pit viper from Zhejiang Province is shown as follows: (formula see text) When the pyroglutamyl residue was removed by pyroglutamate aminopeptidase, the activity of BPP1 was enhanced two-fold but decreased gradually during the course of Edman degradation. The above facts show that the structure integrity of the C-terminal is absolutely necessary for the activity of BPP1. PMID- 6635652 TI - Trace elements in some human milk samples by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. AB - Some trace element contents of samples of human milk, mainly colostrum and transitional milk, collected in the Ljubljana area of Yugoslavia, are reported. Analyses of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, I, Mn, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn were performed by radiochemical neutron activation analysis, and the results are discussed briefly in the light of literature values. PMID- 6635653 TI - Investigations of trace metals in long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis L.) from the Gdansk Bay. AB - The determination of iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, cadmium, cobalt and nickel was carried out on liver, breast muscle, heart, stomach and feathers of 50 male and 40 female long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis L.) staying in their winter quarters in Gdansk Bay during 1980-81. There were no significant differences in the concentration of metals between male and female long-tailed ducks. The correlation coefficients between the concentration of metals in the liver and breast muscle were determined. PMID- 6635654 TI - Uranium and thorium content in long-tailed ducks (Clangula hyemalis L.). AB - Concentrations of uranium and thorium have been determined in liver, breast muscle, leg muscle, stomach and heart of long-tailed ducks wintering in Gdansk Bay during 1980-81. The highest concentration of uranium and thorium was found in stomach, and the lowest in breast muscle. PMID- 6635655 TI - Diets for diabetics. PMID- 6635656 TI - Radiation inactivation of glutamate dehydrogenase hexamer: lack of energy transfer between subunits. AB - The effects of ionizing radiation on glutamate dehydrogenase and on fluorescein isothiocyanate--tagged glutamate dehydrogenase were analyzed by target theory. Enzymatic activity, fluorescence, and the survival of the 56,000-dalton monomer subunit were determined on frozen samples irradiated at -135 degrees C and on lyophilized samples irradiated at either -135 degrees C or +30 degrees C. The effects of temperature were the same for all three parameters. Enzymatic activity was lost after small doses of high-energy electrons, whereas fluorescence and monomer subunits survived much larger doses of radiation. Target analysis revealed that the functional unit size for enzymatic activity was the hexamer, confirming both the earlier radiation study and conventional biochemical analyses. Target sizes obtained from fluorescence and subunit structure measurements were close to that of the monomer. These results indicate that the primary ionization caused by electron bombardment results in damage to a single polypeptide strand and that there is no massive transfer of radiation energy to other units in the hexamer. The large target size observed for enzymatic activity appears to be a structural requirement for the simultaneous presence of six intact subunits rather than the result of the spread of energy from the initial site to adjacent chains with consequent damage to other subunits. PMID- 6635657 TI - The drug industry nearly won last year, but then the political winds changed. PMID- 6635658 TI - Cooperation between oncogenes. Investigators focus on cooperation between two or more oncogenes to help explain the multistep development of human cancers. PMID- 6635659 TI - Human endothelial cells: use of heparin in cloning and long-term serial cultivation. AB - Endothelial cells from human blood vessels were cultured in vitro, with doubling times of 17 to 21 hours for 42 to 79 population doublings. Cloned human endothelial cell strains were established for the first time and had similar proliferative capacities. This vigorous cell growth was achieved by addition of heparin to culture medium containing reduced concentrations of endothelial cell growth factor. The routine cloning and long-term culture of human endothelial cells will facilitate studying the human endothelium in vitro. PMID- 6635660 TI - Long-lived oxidants generated by human neutrophils: characterization and bioactivity. AB - Human neutrophils were found to generate an unusual class of oxidants with a half life of approximately 18 hours and with characteristics similar to, if not identical with, those of N-chloroamines. These neutrophil-derived N-chloroamines have sufficient oxidizing potential to attack sulfhydryl- or thioether-containing compounds and can react with both a methionine-containing chemotactic peptide and a plasma protease inhibitor. As judged by their stability and selective reactivity, the N-chloroamines generated by stimulated neutrophils may play an important role in the local and systemic regulation of inflammatory events in vivo. PMID- 6635661 TI - Specific endocrine tissue marker defined by a monoclonal antibody. AB - One of two mouse monoclonal antibodies (LK2H10) produced by hybridoma technology against a human endocrine tumor (pheochromocytoma) demonstrated specific immunoreactivity for 69 normal and neoplastic endocrine and tissues known to contain secretory granules. This immunoreactivity was specific, since other normal tissues, tumors from endocrine cells without granules, and tumors from other nonendocrine tissues were negative when tested with antibody LK2H10. The antibody reacted with human fetal adrenal medulla and human pancreatic endocrine cells and with adrenal medullary cells from monkeys and pigs. The antigen detected by antibody LK2H10 is associated with cytoplasmic secretory granules, has an estimated molecular weight of 68,000, and may be related to human chromogranin. PMID- 6635662 TI - Nicarbazin complex yields dinitrocarbanilide as ultrafine crystals with improved anticoccidial activity. AB - Nicarbazin, a drug used to control the protozoal disease coccidiosis in poultry, is a complex of the highly insoluble drug 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide with 2-hydroxy 4,6-dimethylpyrimidine. The structures of this and other 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide complexes have not been determined, but an analogous 2:1 complex of 4,4' dinitrodiphenylamine with 1,4-diacetylpiperazine has been prepared in which the only possible bonds are hydrogen bonds between the amide carbonyls and amino hydrogens. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that micron-size crystals of nicarbazin disintegrate in water to form much smaller dinitrocarbanilide crystals. Similar complex dissolution in the gut of poultry may account for the greater effectiveness of dinitrocarbanilide when administered as complexed rather than uncomplexed drug. Particle size problems associated with other highly insoluble drugs and pesticides may be resolved by the use of nicarbazin-like complexes. PMID- 6635663 TI - Health effects of power lines. PMID- 6635664 TI - Law and science policy in federal regulation of formaldehyde. AB - An examination of the way in which the Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and Consumer Product Safety Commission each responded to evidence of formaldehyde's carcinogenicity in animal systems reveals the interplay between politics and science policy in regulatory determinations. In some cases there were significant and unjustified departures from reasoned decision-making. Agency decisions not to take action deserve special attention by citizens, the Congress, and the judiciary to ensure that federal regulatory agencies take the necessary steps to protect the public from significant health, safety, and environmental risks. PMID- 6635665 TI - Activation of central neurons by ventral root afferents. AB - It is a fundamental principle of vertebrate neuronal organization that sensory fibers are restricted to dorsal roots and motor fibers to ventral roots. Recent evidence, however, indicates that there are many sensory fibers in ventral roots. The present report shows that stimulation of these fibers activates neurons in the dorsal horn. This provides evidence at the single-cell level for the importance of ventral root afferents and provides an explanation for the clinical phenomenon of recurrent sensibility. PMID- 6635666 TI - Normalization of spiroperidol binding in the denervated rat striatum by homologous grafts of substantia nigra. AB - Transplantation of embryonic substantia nigra into the adult rat brain decreases the motor asymmetry that is produced by dopamine receptor supersensitivity after a unilateral lesion of the substantia nigra. The authors report that this effect of transplantation is specific to grafts of substantia nigra. They also report that, in conjunction with the decrease in motor asymmetry, these grafts cause postsynaptic dopaminergic binding sites to return to normal density as measured by tritiated spiroperidol autoradiography. Thus, in animals with brain lesions, grafts of substantia nigra produce a long-term alteration in the functional status of host brain cell receptors that is associated with a reduction in the behavioral deficit. PMID- 6635667 TI - Early auditory experience aligns the auditory map of space in the optic tectum of the barn owl. AB - Auditory and visual space are mapped in the optic tectum of the barn owl. Normally, these maps of space are in close mutual alignment. Ear plugs inserted unilaterally in young barn owls disrupted the binaural cues that constitute the basis of the auditory map. Yet when recordings were made from the tecta of these birds as adults, the auditory and visual maps were in register. When the ear plugs were removed from these adult birds and binaural balance was restored, the auditory maps were shifted substantially relative to the visual maps and relative to the physical borders of the tecta. These results demonstrate that the neural connectivity that gives rise to the auditory map of space in the optic tectum can be modified by experience in such a way that spatial alignment between sensory modalities is maintained. PMID- 6635668 TI - Prenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal hydronephrosis. PMID- 6635669 TI - Prenatal diagnosis and management of fetal gastrointestinal abnormalities. PMID- 6635670 TI - The use of fetoscopy for prenatal diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 6635671 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of fetal skeletal dysplasias. AB - Careful scanning of the fetus at risk and knowledge of the abnormalities that may be associated with a particular disease can lead to an accurate diagnosis of this group of congenital abnormalities. The decision regarding termination of pregnancy after a positive diagnosis is made will always be difficult and should be truly a decision of the parents after they have received appropriate genetic ad perinatal counseling. PMID- 6635672 TI - Fetal hydrocephalus: diagnosis and management. PMID- 6635673 TI - Ultrasonic evaluation of the fetal human heart. AB - The fetal echocardiogram has demonstrated its utility for visualizing the fetal human heart during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The potential utility of the technique for establishing accurate anatomic diagnoses of major congenital cardiac malformations has been established. These data have been utilized to counsel prospective parents and formulate management plans for the remainder of pregnancy and the intrapartum and immediate postpartum periods. Diagnoses have been established as early as the 16th to 18th week of gestation, raising in some cases the moral and ethical question of termination of pregnancy. PMID- 6635674 TI - A clinical evaluation of positive blood cultures and bacteremia. PMID- 6635675 TI - Ventilatory function in Malay office workers in Malaysia. PMID- 6635677 TI - Birth weight distribution, mean birth weights, and Low Birth Weights among various ethnic groups in Malaysian newborns. PMID- 6635676 TI - Malignant lymphoma in children: University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur 1967-1980. PMID- 6635678 TI - Serum vitamin C and total cholesterol levels in healthy adults. PMID- 6635679 TI - The technique and applications of cryotherapy in surgery. PMID- 6635680 TI - Changes in the oral environment in cancer patients. PMID- 6635681 TI - The haemogram in the diagnosis of acute typhoid fever--with special reference to thrombocytopenia. PMID- 6635682 TI - Meningeal carcinomatosis from adenocarcinoma of the lung. A case report. PMID- 6635683 TI - Puffer fish (tetrodotoxin) poisoning: clinical report and role of anti cholinesterase drugs in therapy. PMID- 6635684 TI - The rehabilitation of a bilateral amputee. A case report. PMID- 6635685 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome due to a calcareous mass in the carpal tunnel. PMID- 6635686 TI - Althesin infusion in the treatment of convulsions--a case report. PMID- 6635687 TI - Malpractice and professional negligence in the health professions. PMID- 6635688 TI - The mode of progression of subperiosteal resorption in the hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure. AB - Subperiosteal resorption in finger phalanges is usually thought to be the result of osteoclastic bone resorption on the periosteal surface of bone, progressive centripetally, with creation of the serrated appearances and "lace-like" patterns in periosteal cortical bone. Our longitudinal microradioscopic observations in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism of chronic renal failure have revealed evidence of another pathogenetic mechanism: by the enlargement of intracortical juxtaperiosteal resorption spaces, the remaining thin layer of bone is broken down from inside the bone, i.e., a centrifugal rather than centripetal process. PMID- 6635689 TI - Cheirolumbar dysostosis: a phenotype of pseudohypoparathyroidism. AB - Cheirolumbar dysostosis is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by brachydactyly and stenosis of the lumbar vertebral canal. Our recent experience with a patient having these clinical features indicates that this condition may be a phenotype of pseudohypoparathyroidism, rather than a distinct entity. PMID- 6635690 TI - Computed tomography demonstration of distal femoral (trochlear) articular groove: a normal variant. AB - In computed tomography of the skeleton, as in other radiologic modalities, recognition of normal skeletal variants is essential for defining the extent and type of injury or neoplasm. Computed tomography findings, because of the unique use of cross-sectional anatomy, must be carefully studied to avoid labeling a normal variant as an abnormal entity. We describe here an observation of a normal variant--distal femoral, anterior articular (trochlear) groove--found in a patient with an osteochondral fracture and loose intra-articular bony fragment. PMID- 6635691 TI - Fine needle diagnosis in lumbar osteomyelitis. AB - Lumbar vertebral body and disk infection, presenting as low back pain, is a relatively uncommon disease but is seen more often in drug addicts. Radiographs show typical changes of infection of the lumbar vertebrae and adjacent disc. Under local anesthesia a fine needle is placed, saline injected, and aspirated. The entire needle-syringe unit is submitted to the bacteriology department. Pseudomonas infection is usually found. This method of diagnosis is simple, cost effective, well accepted by the patients, and can be done on outpatients. PMID- 6635692 TI - Candida infection of a prosthetic shoulder joint. AB - A heroin addict developed a Candida parapsilosis infection in a prosthetic shoulder joint. Radiographs showed loose fragments of cement with prosthetic loosening. The patient was treated with removal of the prosthesis and intravenous amphotericin B followed by oral ketoconazole. PMID- 6635693 TI - Case report 241. Post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the axillary artery producing pseudotumor of the humerus. PMID- 6635694 TI - Case report 242. Hemangioma of the T6 vertebra with a compression fracture, extradural block and spinal cord compression. PMID- 6635695 TI - Case report 245. Fibromyxoma of the femur. PMID- 6635696 TI - Just because she doesn't want to doesn't mean it's rape: an experimentally based causal model of the perception of rape in a dating situation. PMID- 6635697 TI - Contributory fault and rape convictions: loglinear models for blaming the victim. PMID- 6635698 TI - Childhood disadvantage and the planning of pregnancy. AB - The relationship between the planning of pregnancy and subsequent childhood childhood disadvantage in the areas of health, education and family conditions was studied prospectively to the age of 3 years in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. Unplanned children showed a systematic pattern of disadvantage in nearly all areas studied. However, multivariate analysis suggested that the apparent association between the planning of pregnancy and subsequent childhood disadvantage arose largely from a series of social and contextual factors associated with pregnancy planning practices. In particular, unplanned children tended to come from socially disadvantaged home backgrounds and these backgrounds were independently associated with an increased risk of childhood disadvantage. Further, a disproportionate number of unplanned children were ex-nuptial and the levels of disadvantage experienced of these children tended to reflect more their ex-nuptial status than the direct effects of failure to plan the pregnancy. It is concluded that when the effects of maternal social background and the nuptial status of the child are taken into account, the effects of planning of pregnancy on levels of childhood disadvantage for this birth cohort were almost negligible. PMID- 6635699 TI - Traditional medicine in Ecuador: the structure of the non-formal health systems. AB - This paper summarizes the main findings of a four village study, carried out during 1979 and 1980 in the highlands and lowlands of northwest Ecuador concerning Western and traditional medicine practices and their relationship with the health status of the people. The methodology used was based on a census and cross-sectional survey on morbidity, mortality and healthy-seeking behaviour; on structured an open-ended interviews with healers, traditional midwives and local medical personnel; and on case studies and follow-ups of individual cases of illness, as defined by the population. Morbidity and mortality data show that the health situation is similar or worse in those villages with local medical services than in those with remote access to hospital facilities. The reported consultation and follow-up of actual cases revealed the existence of complex social networks for disease interpretation and management which combine Western and traditional medicine practices, religious and lay family healing procedures. PMID- 6635700 TI - Beliefs regarding the etiology and treatment of infantile diarrhea in Lima, Peru. AB - Three groups of women in Lima, Peru, were interviewed regarding their beliefs about the etiology and treatment of infantile diarrhea. The first group consisted of 91 mothers of children under the age of 2. These were interviewed at two locations: the pediatric emergency service of a teaching hospital serving northern Lima and a health center located in one of the rapidly growing shantytowns surrounding Lima. The second group consisted of 25 women interviewed in their homes in several shantytowns. Answers given by mothers in both groups were similar. All women were of low socioeconomic status. The third group consisted of 23 adolescent girls and young women interviewed briefly at two schools in Lima. Results of the interviews confirm that diarrhea is not seen as an infectious disease. Instead, it is placed within the framework of the hot- cold dichotomy prevalent in Latin America; diarrhea is believed to be caused by invasion of the body by cold or by ingestion of foods designated as being 'cold'. Suspension of milk feeding is also thought to be an essential part of treatment, a finding of importance in view of the decline in breastfeeding. PMID- 6635701 TI - The survival of traditional medicine in a Peruvian barriada. AB - Current trends in population dynamics reflect increasing movement from rural to urban environments. As a result the provision of health care for migrants has become a national priority in many countries 'in development'. Information describing the extent to which traditional medical beliefs and practices persist is crucial to the formation of systems of health care for migrant communities. This paper describes the dynamics of medical conservatism. Data analysis obtained from a comparative study of 52 Peruvian women living in a rural highland province and 50 Peruvian women from a migrant squatter settlement, a barriada, indicates that length of exposure to an urban environment is less of a determinant in medical conservatism than age of enculturation. Positive and negative implications of medical conservatism for the delivery of health services are discussed. Recommendations are suggested for greater emphasis on the coordination of programs of health care with community education. PMID- 6635702 TI - Grass roots, herbs, promotors and preventions: a re-evaluation of contemporary international health care planning. The Bolivian case. PMID- 6635703 TI - Experience and expectation: conflict and change in traditional family health care among the Quichua of Saraguro. AB - Quichua Indian mothers have traditionally served as primary health caretakers for the families of Saraguro in highland Ecuador. A hospital has recently opened, providing biomedical health care and programs in preventive medicine for local indigenous commmunities. Opposition to the new facility has arisen, however, as families express dissatisfaction with hospital policies. Surveys and in-depth interviews, conducted with Saraguro families ad hospital staff between 1977 and 1982 have outlined problems encountered i the introduction and administration of biomedical care. The hospital is seen by some residents as a threat to Quichua women's authority as herbalists and family curers. More importantly, however, Saraguro families view the facility as a disappointment, as it provided services inconsistent with traditional health values, practices and felt needs, and it fails to fulfill residents' expectations of hospital care. Conflicts between traditional and hospital health care experiences and between expectations and reality, have bred hostility between the health facility and the community it serves. Inability to negotiate with hospital staff for greater flexibility in policies has intensified community frustration. The impact of cultural health values, expectations, and program flexibility are discussed with potential implications for planning and administration of biomedical delivery services. PMID- 6635704 TI - Primary health care in rural China: post-1978 development. AB - Primary Health Care in rural China is examined with particular reference to its development since 1978. The expansion and professionalization of the post-Mao rural health system is described and illustrated with examples from particular communes. The financing of the three-tiered health care system between 1967 and 1978 is described and some of the major problems in implementing current objectives are analyzed. PMID- 6635705 TI - Primary health care and health education in Japan. AB - In this paper, the substance of the Alma Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care is discussed. Minimum requirements and working goals of Primary Health Care are reviewed. The health status of the Japanese people, and the medical and health delivery systems in Japan are considered, with reference to the Alma Ata Declaration. While the Alma Ata Declaration sets forth the goal of health for all by the year 2000, there is doubt as to whether, even in the developed countries, we will reach this goal. Health indices have improved considerably, but problems of delivery of medical care and health care still remain. Major problems discussed here are the regional disparity in availability of medical manpower and facilities, and the consequent disparity in health indices; sky-rocketing medical costs; the changing needs of Japan's aging population; and socialized medical care, and the lack of integration of insurance schemes. The most significant problem in delivery of Primary Medical Care in Japan is the lack of integration of health and medical services. This is discussed at length. In addition, the importance of health education to community health planning in Primary Health Care is discussed. PMID- 6635706 TI - Problems of primary health care in a newly developed society: reflections on the Hong Kong experience. AB - Hong Kong has emerged as a newly developed society in Asia and its modern scientific health care system has had a substantial expansion. Recently, the rise of medical costs has made the health authority come to stress the development of PHC. This paper focuses on three major aspects of the PHC development in Hong Kong: (1) public health and preventive care; (2) food supply and nutrition; and (3) first-contact medical care and referral network. It is argued that in a newly developed society, the emphasis on developing both the quality and the quantity of PHC in the scientific biomedical stream is justifiable. However, at least two kinds of problems need to be taken into consideration, i.e. the prevalence of traditional beliefs and practices and the ever-rising demands of the public for health services. PMID- 6635707 TI - Primary health care in the Pacific. AB - It is widely accepted that a Primary Health Care (PHC) response needs to be separately designed for each individual country, but less emphasis has been given to the need to consider different objectives under different circumstances. During the 1970s and 1980s the island States of the Pacific are facing their era of major movement towards political independence and self-sufficiency, which includes the need to redesign their health systems to fit their priorities and to match their particular geographic, demographic and cultural qualities. The priority problems do not appear to include a fight against poverty or a redistribution of resources in a manner which takes a special account of variations in wealth or socio-economic class. Instead, the next decades may have to mean a quite desperate effort to replace a very high external aid component in their budgets with comparable local resources, and the design of health systems for country units which may be as small as 35,000-50,000 and which are composed of widely dispersed populations living in small groups cut off from each other by sea. Even countries with resources and a reasonable health status cannot remain unchanged and the Pacific is a good model to consider what could be done in health terms in countries which are not poor, but which are unlikely every to be rich. While the island States of the Pacific may be considered to be at present largely unsuccessful in applying international PHC principles, they already have a high health status ranking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635708 TI - Can people move bureaucratic mountains? Developing primary health care in rural Indonesia. AB - Banjarnegara, a regency with a population of 678,000 located in a poor, mountainous region of Central Java, has become a focus of attention because of its Primary Health Care (PHC) programme. Since 1972, three-quarters of Banjarnegara's 279 villages have established a wide range of community-based health activities. Yet it is difficult to describe and analyse this programme, which has never had a specific design or master plan. Nor have there been large injections of funds from Indonesian government or international agencies. The programme runs on a modest budget, relying on an element that eludes many carefully planned, heavily funded development efforts--the voluntary participation of large numbers of local people. Some 4000 unpaid volunteers are largely responsible for planning, implementing and evaluating the programme. This article attempts to describe and assess the programme's achievements, limitations and possible wider relevance. PMID- 6635709 TI - Training doctors for family practice in primary health care work in Sri Lanka. AB - Over one-third of the doctors in Sri Lanka are involved in the delivery of PHC. They form one of seven categories of PHC workers--others being the ayurveda physician, the assistant medical practitioner, nurse, midwife, traditional healer and unqualified practitioner. PHC workers function either in the government or private sector. Their functions in the PHC system are not defined and are dependent on state health policies and people's expectations of health care. The secondary and tertiary levels of the health system are managed by the government through a network of hospitals. These hospitals provide Western type health care facilities free to the people. Government PHC workers have access to referral facilities and back up services provided through this hospital system. Doctors functioning within the PHC system had neither undergraduate nor postgraduate training in PHC. Private general practitioners were the first to realise the need for training doctors in PHC. They sought and got government and university approval for postgraduate training in family practice. The family practice training programme is conducted by the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine of the University of Colombo. The course consists of educational and clinical components which could be completed in a minimum of 1 year or maximum of 4 years. Nine private general practitioners and 19 government medical officers registered for the course. Fifteen completed the course in 1 year. Family practice trained doctors will function in a PHC system in which the services provided are not coordinated. Changes in the PHC system are being considered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635710 TI - PHC in Bangladesh--too much to ask? AB - In Bangladesh where the number of those without land is increasing; 30% of the budget (national) goes for "maintaining law and order'; there is massive illiteracy; the common people and more specifically, women, are not involved in decision-making. It is unrealistic to think that PHC has a chance to survive or succeed. Should Government (with all good intentions) try to run a PHC while socio-economic and political factors remain unchanged, it (PHC) will not succeed. Its fate is either a collision, in which PHC will be the victim, or a compromise of some type. In most Third World countries, it is a compromised PHC that one sees. In spite of this, we still believe that community-oriented health care can help to bring about social, economic and political changes, provided such changes are accompanied by structural reform in the political economy of the country. PMID- 6635711 TI - The community health volunteer scheme in India: an evaluation. AB - In this paper, we have placed the discussion of community health volunteer (CHV) scheme within the larger context of the evolution of primary health care organization in India. Drawing on a national evaluation study and a micro village level study, we have outlined the key issues in the design and implementation of the CHV scheme. These issues relate to the range and quality of services, the characteristics of clients served, nature of health problems attended, community participation, extent of help rendered by CHV to PHC staff, and problems of logistics and supply of manuals, kits and medicines. Our analysis shows that the CHV scheme has succeeded in bringing primary curative care to the doorsteps of the people. To a smaller extent, it has also helped in improving related services such as family planning, immunization and detection and treatment of malaria. Both the village community and the field staff of the regular health care organization find the CHV as a useful link between the community and the primary health center. Also CHVs are not confining to only a privileged few but they are catering to a cross-section of different caste and class groups in the village community. PMID- 6635712 TI - Buddhist monks as community health workers in Thailand. AB - In Thailand, Buddhist monks and temples are scattered throughout the country even in the rural poor. There are approximately one temple and four monks for every two villages of about 1000 people. If Buddhist monks are able to expand their roles to health care and education, Buddhist temples will automatically become community health posts and 'Health for All by The Year 2000' will be achieved within 5-10 years in Thailand. Therefore, a volunteer monk-training program has been carried out and about 2000 graduates have returned to their community to disseminate primary health care. However, a systematic and 'industrialized' approach is necessary to get some visible impact on the health of the rural Thai population. PMID- 6635713 TI - Primary health care in Southeast Asia: attitudes about community participation in community health programmes. AB - Although community participation in health has become a major plank in WHO's Primary Health Care platform, comparatively little concrete programme data has been collected which helps to define its potentials and problems. In an effort to expand knowledge in this area, a study of three Church-related community health programmes in Southeast Asia was undertaken. All three programmes have the stated goal of 'having the community take responsibility for its own health care' and as a concrete step in this direction, have developed training programmes for community health workers (CHWs). Starting about the same time, 1973-1975, they provide data for comparative examination of the development of community participation. As part of the study, a questionnaire was designed to elicit information from three categories of programme participants (the medical professionals, the community development workers and the CHWs) in community health programmes. It sought to discover their attitudes about the objectives of community health programmes; impact and measurements of success of these programmes; the role of health services; the role of medical professionals and community development workers in community health programmes; the role and training of community health workers; and financing community health programmes. The hypothesis of the investigation was that all three categories of programme participants in one programme share attitudes distinct from participants in the other two programmes. Although, due to technical reasons, it was not possible to test this hypothesis, the survey produced other conclusions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635714 TI - Job characteristics of occupations and myocardial infarction risk:effect of possible confounding factors. AB - In this paper some previously found associations between psychosocial occupational characteristics and myocardial infarction (MI) risk are scrutinized regarding confounding effects. Standardized occupational characteristics were obtained for 118 occupational groups by means of a nation wide interview survey (3876 men). Possible confounding factors available were smoking, low level of education, high proportion of immigrants (mainly of Finnish origin) and heavy lifting. The standardized characteristics were utilized in a case-control study of 1216 men 40-64 years of age, living in the Stockholm County. It was concluded that occupations characterized by both high demand and at the same time small possibility of control or growth ('strain') are associated with an elevated MI risk regardless of the confounding factors. Taking each of the confounding factors into account the risk of developing MI for men aged 40-54 years employed in these strenuous occupations is about twice as high as for those employed in other occupations. PMID- 6635715 TI - Health Education and the primary care physician: the practitioner's perspective. AB - Considering the attention given to health education and promotion, it is surprising that little research assesses the opinions and behavioral inclinations of physicians. Survey data collected in Florida address this issue. Responses of primary care private practitioners reveal that whereas MDs endorse health promotion and acknowledge a link between positive lifestyle and health, their outlook regarding the potential of community-based health education remains skeptical. A majority blame ineffective health education on public apathy. Nonetheless, a sizeable minority are willing to either begin or increase their involvement in health education programs. Multivariate analyses suggest that active or receptive MDs view the public's lifestyle knowledge as inadequate and select the MD as the health professional most suited to assume primary responsibility for health education. Clues for identifying practitioners who might engage in further health education are provided by examining age, specialty, patient load and community size. For example, GPs/FPs might more readily endorse an educational program if it allows for one-to-one physician patient interaction; emphasizing this instructional mode appears less important in securing the cooperation of their more specialized primary care counterparts. Further, MDs with the larger caseloads are more likely to view health education as the physician's responsibility. PMID- 6635716 TI - The views of clients new to a general practice attachment scheme and to a local authority social work intake team. PMID- 6635717 TI - Salted fish and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malaysia. AB - The evidence for a hypothesis that eating salted fish is associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is reviewed. The hypothesis was tested among Malaysian Chinese using a matched case-control design. The kinds of salted fish and patterns of use were also investigated in a control group comprising 100 Chinese, 50 Malay and 50 Indian households. During 1980, in Selangor, Malaysia, interviews with 100 Chinese cases of NPC and 100 non-disease controls indicated that salted fish consumption during childhood was a significant risk (relative risk = 3.0, P = 0.04), with an elevated risk for daily as opposed to less frequent consumption. Salted fish consumption during adolescence was a less significant risk, and current consumption not at all. There were 19 kinds of fishes reported as being eaten as salted fish by the 200 control households. There were marked differences between ethnic groups in preference for different kinds: Chinese preferred red snapper (74% of households), Malay jewfish (54%) and Indian red snapper (28%). Salted fish was hardly ever eaten daily by any household; weekly was a moderate frequency in all ethnic groups; less than weekly most common. There were no statistically significant differences between Chinese NPC case and non-disease control participants in kind of salted fish eaten. Results were the same when the data were analyzed by sex, subethnic group and income. PMID- 6635718 TI - The A type behaviour pattern, mental health and health locus of control beliefs. AB - Despite the fact that a considerable amount of research has considered the relationship between A type behaviours and specific aspects of physical health few studies have looked at the relationship between A type behaviours, mental health and health beliefs. This study set out to determine the relationship between type A behaviours, psychological disturbance and various health locus of control beliefs in a heterogeneous population. It was hypothesized that although A type individuals would have higher disturbance scores, they would have higher internal locus of control beliefs across all subscale scores. The results showed that A type individuals had significantly higher mental distress scores than B types, however there was no relationship between health locus of control beliefs and the A type behaviour pattern. The findings are discussed in terms of the coping strategies of the A type individual. PMID- 6635719 TI - The gravity of antigravity. PMID- 6635720 TI - Small bowel obstruction and previous gynecologic surgery. AB - We reviewed the cases of women admitted to LSU Medical Center in Shreveport with the diagnosis of "small bowel obstruction" from Jan 1, 1975 to June 30, 1981. Review of the charts of patients who had exploratory laparotomy for relief of the obstruction showed that 83% of them had had previous abdominal surgery. Furthermore, 67% of the patients had had an abdominal hysterectomy. In 100% of the cases of obstruction after abdominal hysterectomy, there were adhesions to the site of reperitonealization or to the anterior abdominal wall. This study shows a higher incidence of small bowel obstruction after gynecologic surgery than has been previously reported. PMID- 6635721 TI - Surgery for chronic pancreatitis: the tailored approach. AB - Considerable controversy exists regarding the optimal method of surgical relief of the pain of chronic pancreatitis. We previously made a retrospective study of 49 patients with chronic pancreatitis who were operated upon only for relief of pain. Those results indicated that patients who had an internal decompression had lower mortality, less morbidity, less postoperative pancreatic insufficiency, and better relief of pain (88% vs 76% improved). Since then, we have prospectively determined the operative treatment based upon the criteria outlined in that previous report. Seventeen patients had 19 operations (12 resections, seven internal drainage procedures). The patients' ages, duration of symptoms, and sex distribution are similar. Eight-five percent of patients with internal decompression had good to excellent relief of pain vs 60% of patients with resection. Pancreatic insufficiency occurred in 70% of patients who had resection and in only 14% of those who had drainage. Forty percent of patients who had resection had mild to severe postoperative morbidity vs 14% of those who had drainage. There was one postoperative death in the resection group. These preliminary results indicate that internal decompression in properly selected patients can provide superior relief of pain, with lower mortality, less morbidity, and less pancreatic insufficiency. PMID- 6635722 TI - Pulmonary edema induced by betamimetic drugs. AB - We present six cases of pulmonary edema related to betamimetic (beta sympathomimetic amine) agents (three to ritodrine and three to terbutaline). The hemodynamic data from three patients suggest that this may be a form of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. A seventh case, resulting in a maternal death, is included because of the association with ritodrine therapy and the instructive complications of invasive monitoring. We also propose an outline for the management of betamimetic-drug-induced pulmonary edema. PMID- 6635723 TI - Thiazide-induced hyponatremia. AB - A 54-year-old woman had seizures and a focal neurologic deficit associated with hyponatremia induced by a thiazide diuretic. Prompt correction of hyponatremia by administration of hypertonic saline solution was followed by resolution of all neurologic defects. Metabolic balance studies and rechallenge with hydrochlorothiazide were undertaken to investigate the mechanism of the thiazide induced hyponatremia. Abnormal vasopressin secretion was shown by a plasma vasopressin concentration of 0.5 microU/ml with a plasma osmolality of 268 mOsm/kg water after administration of a fluid challenge consisting of 45 ml/kg body weight. Rechallenge with chlorothiazide while on a sodium- and potassium controlled balanced diet resulted in a decrease in serum sodium concentration (136 to 124 mEq/L) and plasma osmolality (283 to 261 mOsm/kg) within 18 hours. During this period, urine losses of monovalent cation were only 55 mEq and body weight was constant at 48.2 kg. A second challenge while the patient received all fluids and electrolytes intravenously again resulted in decreased serum sodium concentration (134 to 126 mEq/L) after urinary loss of only 69 mEq of cation. Thus this patient's hyponatremia cannot be accounted for solely by changes in external water and electrolyte balance; the rapidity with which changes were produced suggests that osmolar inactivation, probably intracellularly, may contribute to the severe hypotonicity seen in some patients. PMID- 6635724 TI - Adrenal hemorrhage complicating anticoagulant therapy. AB - Anticoagulant-associated adrenal hemorrhage (AAH) is an infrequent complication of therapy. It is not usually diagnosed before death, but can be successfully treated if recognized. The case presented herein and the literature reviewed emphasize the pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment. This may be the first case with histologic study after long-term survival of the initial episode. PMID- 6635725 TI - Anticoagulation in prosthetic valve endocarditis. AB - We reviewed the experience with infective endocarditis at some major US Army Medical Centers. One hundred patients were studied, comparing 82 patients who had native valve endocarditis (NVE) with 18 patients who had prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). Among patients with PVE, four had porcine valves and 14 had synthetic. None of the patients with NVE had received anticoagulants; 14 of 18 patients with PVE had received anticoagulants. The major causes of death were central nervous system hemorrhage, congestive heart failure, uncontrolled infection, and embolic phenomena. The principal cause of death in patients with PVE was CNS hemorrhage. Of the patients with PVE, 36% had symptomatic cerebral hemorrhage while receiving anticoagulants and 80% of them died. PMID- 6635726 TI - Use of tumor colony assay in clinical oncology. AB - We have evaluated the usefulness of the tumor colony assay in predicting chemotherapeutic drug response in our cancer patient population. We found that a wide variety of human tumors will produce clonal growth in this in vitro assay. Low growth rates in many of the common human tumors, however, severely restrict the utility of this assay in a large number of cancer patients. A retrospective analysis using the assay to predict anticancer drug response revealed a true positive predictive rate of 63% and a true-negative predictive rate of 96%. We conclude that if growth stimulants can be developed to enhance clonal growth without altering the predictability of the assay, the tumor colony assay could prove to be extremely useful in selecting appropriate chemotherapy for individual cancer patients. PMID- 6635727 TI - Veres needle in the pleural space. AB - The Veres needle is designed to allow entry into body cavities without trauma to underlying organs. Its major use has been in the induction of a pneumoperitoneum for peritoneoscopy. An initial successful evaluation of its use was in the pleural space of dogs. A subsequent analysis of complications in 69 thoracenteses using the Veres needle and 152 thoracenteses using a conventional needle favored the Veres needle (P = .05). We believe that the Veres needle is a safe and technically superior instrument for thoracentesis and that it deserves further application and study. PMID- 6635728 TI - Imaging patterns with 99mTc-PIPIDA in evaluating abdominal pain. AB - A random retrospective review of hepatobiliary scans on 86 adult patients with abdominal pain revealed four distinct imaging patterns: normal, cystic duct obstruction, obstructive, and sick liver pattern. A normal pattern was found to exclude acute cholecystitis and was the pattern most frequently observed. PMID- 6635729 TI - Primary hyperparathyroidism and pregnancy. AB - The incidence of pregnancy with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is probably underestimated, possibly because of the lack of routine prenatal serum calcium screening and possibly because the combination of pregnancy and mild asymptomatic PHPT is less than disastrous. This is the first reported case in which serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were measured periodically during a successful gestation in an asymptomatic and untreated patient with provisional primary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6635730 TI - Compression arthrodesis of the knee and ankle with the Hoffmann external fixator. AB - We performed 12 arthrodeses of the knee and eight of the ankle, using the Hoffmann device as a compressor-fixator. For the knees, the double rectangular frame was used with the added fixation of a cylinder cast in six cases. In four cases a separate half frame was used in the anterior plane. Posttraumatic arthritis was the indication in seven cases, and failed arthroplasties in five cases (three of them infected). For the ankles, a double triangular compression frame was used, with transfixing pins across the talus (after trauma) or the calcaneus (after ankle replacement). The ankle arthrodeses were done for posttraumatic arthritis in five cases (ankle fracture in one case, pylon fracture in three cases, fracture of the talus in one case), and failed ankle arthroplasty in three cases. Solid union occurred in all but one of the knee arthrodeses and in all but two of the ankle arthrodeses. Two infected total ankle replacements eventually terminated in amputation. PMID- 6635731 TI - Neonatal transport in Georgia: implications for maternal transport in high-risk pregnancies. AB - We analyzed population-based data from the Georgia Neonatal Surveillance Network from 1974 to 1978 to determine the effect of the hospital of delivery on the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) of infants later admitted to neonatal intensive case units (NICUs). The NMR of 3,524 infants transported from primary centers to NICUs was significantly higher [relative risk (RR) = 2.1; 95% CL = 1.9 to 2.3] than that of 10,764 infants born in tertiary centers and admitted directly to an NICU. This effect persisted even after adjustment for birth-weight differences (RR = 1.6; 95% CL = 1.5 to 1.8). The relative risk in favor of delivery in a tertiary center increased with increasing birth weight. However, the proportion of infants of less than 1,000 gm surviving was higher for transported infants and increased with distance transported. This finding suggests that, at these very low birth weights, the hardiest infants were selectively transported. A surprising finding was the very low proportion of low-birth-weight infants delivered in primary centers and transported to NICUs (eg, 32% of infants weighing between 1,001 and 1,200 gm). Our findings support previous reports that delivery in a hospital with an NICU is preferable to later neonatal transport and suggest that efforts to increase the rate of maternal transport in high-risk pregnancies can lead to a substantial reduction in infant deaths. PMID- 6635732 TI - Population-based intrauterine growth curves from computerized birth certificates. AB - Screening of newborns with growth curves derived from populations dissimilar to their own can lead to sizable errors. I present a technique for constructing percentile curves for birth weight at different gestational ages, using North Carolina's computerized birth certificate file. This method eliminates from the analysis most erroneous data on gestational age. The resulting intrauterine growth curves show weights at term for North Carolina newborns. These curves differ from previously reported norms in that weights are higher than those reported for two low-income hospital subpopulations, and lower than birth weights in populations with better living standards and prenatal care. Plotting North Carolina births on the Colorado intrauterine growth curve resulted in considerable overdiagnosis of "large for gestational age," while most infants who were small for gestational age failed to be identified. PMID- 6635733 TI - Urinary complications of cyclophosphamide therapy: etiology, prevention, and management. AB - Cyclophosphamide is a well established cytotoxic drug used in the treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders, certain solid tumors, and nonneoplastic disorders such as the nephrotic syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Hemorrhagic cystitis can be a complication of this drug in from 2% to 40% of patients so treated. At times, the hemorrhage may be severe, protracted, and life-threatening. Cyclophosphamide therapy has also been implicated as the causative agent in 32 cases of carcinoma of the bladder and three cases of carcinoma of the renal pelvis. PMID- 6635734 TI - Saturday conference: sleep apnea syndrome. PMID- 6635735 TI - Wholeness in medicine: is there a trinity of body, mind, and spirit? PMID- 6635737 TI - Malacoplakia of the kidney. AB - We have reported the 41st case of renal parenchymal malacoplakia. Aggressive diagnostic efforts should be made to stage the disease, since unilateral renal malacoplakia requires prompt local extirpation, while bilateral renal malacoplakia is treated medically. PMID- 6635736 TI - High-dose intravenous phosphorus therapy for severe complicated hypophosphatemia. AB - To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a simple approach to intravenous phosphorus therapy, we prospectively studied ten adult patients with severe hypophosphatemia (less than or equal to 1 mg/dl), two or more clinical reasons for the hypophosphatemia, and normal renal function. They were treated with a solution containing 0.32 mmol of phosphorus per kilogram of body weight. This amount of phosphorus was infused intravenously over 12 hours and repeated every 12 hours until the serum phosphorus was greater than or equal to 2 mg/dl. The serum phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium levels were measured at six hours, 12 hours, and every 12 hours thereafter. The serum phosphorus level was greater than or equal to 2 mg/dl in one patient at six hours, three patients at 12 hours, three patients at 24 hours, four patients at 36 hours, and one patient at 48 hours. The serum calcium was measured every 12 hours and at no time was any patient dangerously hypocalcemic. Administration of 0.32 mmol of phosphorus per kilogram of body weight intravenously over a 12-hour period is both efficacious and safe in severely hypophosphatemic patients with multiple causes of hypophosphatemia, normal renal function, and no hypercalcemia. PMID- 6635738 TI - Tenosynovitis of the forearm due to Mycobacterium terrae (radish bacillus). AB - A patient had tenosynovitis of the forearm due to Mycobacterium terrae complex. The condition responded well to the combination of surgery and antituberculous chemotherapy. PMID- 6635739 TI - Patent ductus arteriosus in the elderly. PMID- 6635740 TI - Disseminated Strongyloides stercoralis: a fatal case eluding diagnosis. AB - We have described a patient who died of disseminated strongyloidiasis as a result of steroid therapy, despite an extensive diagnostic evaluation in the face of eosinophilia, but before any immunosuppressive therapy. This death might have been prevented by presumptive treatment after work-up but before immunosuppressive therapy, and repeat diagnostic evaluation after antistrongyloides therapy and during immunosuppressive therapy. PMID- 6635741 TI - Sarcoidosis presenting as biliary cirrhosis: treatment with chlorambucil. PMID- 6635742 TI - Resolution of pulmonary cyst after steroid therapy of asthma. AB - Emphysematous lung cysts in rare instances are associated with bronchial asthma, as evidenced by our patient and possibly another. Particularly in young patients, a trial period of steroid therapy should be instituted to confirm this possible association, to avoid unwarranted surgery and its attendant morbidity. PMID- 6635743 TI - Mycobacterium terrae tenosynovitis: chronic infection in a previously healthy individual. AB - We have described a case of Mycobacterium terrae tenosynovitis in an otherwise healthy individual. The chronic nature of this infection suggests that aggressive surgical and medical therapy is the most prudent course for physicians faced with this infection. PMID- 6635744 TI - Massive hemoptysis associated with granular cell tumor of the bronchus. AB - We have described a patient with massive hemoptysis who was subsequently found to have an endobronchial granular cell tumor. This rare tumor has been associated with hemoptysis in 13 previous cases, but not heretofore with massive pulmonary hemorrhage. PMID- 6635745 TI - Hypoglycemic coma due to disopyramide toxicity. AB - Disopyramide (Norpace) is a widely used, generally well tolerated antiarrhythmic agent. We have described an 82-year-old patient with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and renal insufficiency who had hypoglycemic coma and obstructive uropathy due to disopyramide therapy. PMID- 6635746 TI - Cardiomyopathy associated with tricyclic antidepressants. AB - Nine other cases of cardiomyopathy in patients taking tricyclic antidepressants have been reported. The patient we have described had been taking tricyclic antidepressants for years before cardiomyopathy developed. While a cause-and effect relationship between tricyclic antidepressants and cardiomyopathy cannot be proven, physicians should keep in mind the association and discontinue the medication if cardiomyopathy develops. Further, tricyclic antidepressants should be used with great caution in patients with cardiomyopathy because of possible risk of ventricular fibrillation. PMID- 6635747 TI - Late appearance of skin rash in Rocky Mountain spotted fever. AB - Late appearance of a skin rash in Rocky Mountain spotted fever is associated with a high mortality. Our patient's rash appeared 14 days after the onset of illness, during his recovery. In endemic areas one must rely on clinical clues other than rash to raise the suspicion of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The combination of fever, headache, myalgias, marked left shift in the differential white blood cell count, severe thrombocytopenia, and hyponatremia all help to suggest the correct diagnosis early in the course of the illness. PMID- 6635748 TI - Traumatic diaphragmatic rupture involving the pericardium. AB - We have described a case of severe blunt injury to the thorax and abdomen causing an 8 cm laceration of the central tendon of the diaphragm, with extension into the pericardium. Herniation of the apex of the heart through this defect produced hypotension that was unresponsive to fluid resuscitation. Replacement of the heart into the mediastinum promptly restored the blood pressure to satisfactory levels. PMID- 6635749 TI - Anesthesia in chalazion surgery. PMID- 6635750 TI - Dolomite toxicity. PMID- 6635751 TI - Postpartum tetany and Crohn's disease. PMID- 6635752 TI - Glossitis, folic acid and pernicious anemia. PMID- 6635753 TI - Analysis of antigens from different developmental stages of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. AB - Protein profiles of somatic extracts from different developmental stages and excretory and secretory products of third-state larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were analyzed and characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate under both reduced and unreduced conditions. Immunological identification of common and stage-specific antigens was determined by radioimmunoprecipitation using chronically infected rat serum and antisera from rats immunized with somatic extracts of third-stage larvae and adult female worms. The somatic extracts of first-and third-stage larvae and of adult worms were found to be highly complex, each consisting of more than 20 different peptides with molecular weights varying from higher than 130,000 to 8,200 daltons. Most proteins were composed of single polypeptide chains. Polypeptides with molecular weights of 80,000, 39,500 and 22,000 daltons were present in more than one developmental stages and were antigenically related. Those with molecular weight of 15,500 dalton, was present primarily in L3S and its possible usefulness in immunodiagnosis of infection that occurs in man was discussed. PMID- 6635754 TI - Schistosoma incognitum and its zoonotic potential role in Phitsanulok and Phichit provinces, northern Thailand. AB - A study on Schistosoma incognitum, a blood fluke of a variety of mammals, was conducted in different ecological conditions in Phitsanulok and Phichit, northern Thailand. The intermediate host of S. incognitum in permanent water habitats studied, i.e; swamps and ditches is Radix (Lymnaea) auricularia rubiginosa. Of 44,412 mollusks representing 13 different species collected from 24 water habitats studied, 7,186 were R. a. rubiginosa. S. incognitum infection rate in the snails was 2.1%. 483 Rattus rattus, 8 R. argentiventer, 280 Bandicota indica and 65 B. savilei were found infected with S. incognitum with an overall infection rate of 41.7%. R. argentiventer and B. savilei are reported as new mammalian hosts of the parasite. Also, 3.9% of dogs in the study area were found excreting S. incognitum eggs in their stools for the first time. The possibility of S. incognitum as a zoonotic potentiality to humans is discussed and is still an equivocal issue deserving further study. PMID- 6635755 TI - Serum levels of a filaricide, diethylcarbamazine citrate, in cats following different routes of administration. AB - We have reported the blood levels of diethycarbamazine (DEC) and the persistence of the drug in the circulation for several routes and protocols of DEC administration in cats. This information will be helpful in studies using the Brugia-cat model for studies of experimental chemotherapy. PMID- 6635756 TI - Improved method, using staphylococcal beta-hemolysin, for detection of hemolysin(s) produced by Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor. AB - A tube test using brain heart infusion broth and staphylococcal B-lysin (HIBL) was devised to improve the detection of Vibrio cholerae El Tor hemolysin. Fifty six (100%) strains of V. cholerae serotypes Ogawa (28) and Inaba (28) were positive by the hemolysin test whereas 4 Inaba and 2 Ogawa were positive by a standard tube test using heart infusion broth (HIB) and 20 Ogawa and 18 Inaba were positive by another tube test using HIB containing glycerol (HIBG). Seven classical V. cholerae strains tested were negative by the 3 methods. The HIBL tube test was faster and more sensitive than the other 2 methods and showed that hemolysin was present that would otherwise have gone undetected by the other 2 methods using HIB or HIBG. PMID- 6635757 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid lactate level in childhood purulent meningitis. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid lactate was determined in 54 pediatric patients by means of enzymatic method of Marbach and Weil. The mean value of cerebrospinal fluid lactate in 13 purulent meningitis patients was 80.4 mg/dl, in 9 clinical purulent meningitis patients was 72.7 mg/dl, in 18 non-purulent meningitis patients and 14 controls were 17.0 and 11.8 mg/dl respectively. The present study demonstrated that a cerebrospinal fluid lactate level of 35 mg/dl may be used as a cut off point to differentiate bacterial from non-bacterial infection of the central nervous system. It should served as a supplementary aid to clinical examinations and conventional methods to diagnose bacterial meningitis. PMID- 6635758 TI - Heavy metal and disinfectant resistance in clinical isolates of gram-negative rods. AB - Ninety-five clinical strains of Gram-negative bacteria were examined for resistance to mercury, silver and disinfectants. 41% of the strains possessed resistance to mercury, 21% to silver and 7.3% of the strains were resistant to chlorhexidine. Mercury resistance was shown to be plasmid-mediated in 17 strains and silver resistance in 10 strains. Chlorhexidine resistance was not shown to be transferable. PMID- 6635759 TI - Experiments in crossing two strains of Anopheles barbirostris van der Wulp 1884 (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand. AB - Crossing experiments between two strains of Anopheles (Anopheles) barbirostris from Chumphon and Chon Buri provinces in Thailand were done by induced copulation in order to determine the genetic relationship. On comparison of the F1 hybrids and those of their parent species as the control, there was a difference in the number of eggs laid, hatchability and viability. The low viability of the F1 hybrids with high larval and pupal mortalities, producing only a few F hybrids, and the fact that F1 hybrids' salivary chromosome showed asynapsis suggest there exists reproductive isolations between both strains. The data presented suggest that these two strains exhibit possible presence of a species complex in An. barbirostris. PMID- 6635760 TI - Unusual manifestations of Salmonella infection. AB - A case report a patient with Salmonella group B septicemia is presented. This patient had continuous high fever for one month, bronchopneumonia, pancytopenia, mucous bloody diarrhea and generalized lymphadenopathy. PMID- 6635761 TI - Field trial on the treatment of fasciolopsiasis with praziquantel. AB - Eight-five of 816 (10.7%) students attending a primary school in Central Thailand were examined and found infected with Fasciolopsis buski. All of students ate fresh water lily stems and most ate other fresh water plants including caltrop, water cress and morning glory. The 85 students were given praziquantel in randomized single doses of 15, 25 or 40 mg/kg body weight. Side effects were mild and transient and consisted of headache, dizziness, nausea, sleepiness, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, diarrhea, epigastric pain, vomiting and lassitude. Those receiving the highest dosages had more side effects than students in the other 2 groups. Large blisters were observed on the tegument of F. buski passed in feces and this was believed to be caused by the drug. The authors recommend a single dose of praziquantel in a dosage of 15 mg/kg of body weight for the treatment of parasitosis. PMID- 6635762 TI - Haplorchis pumilio (Looss) infection in man in northeastern Thailand. AB - During a clinical trial of praziquantel for human opisthorchiasis, Haplorchis pumilio Looss were recovered from the stools of 12 patients. This is the third species of Haplorchis spp. reported from man in Thailand. PMID- 6635763 TI - Humoral immune responses in hamsters infected with Opisthorchis viverrini. AB - The kinetics and nature of humoral immune responses to somatic and excretory secretory (ES) antigens were investigated in hamsters experimentally infected with different numbers of Opisthorchis viverrini. ES antigens were obtained from the in vitro culture of adult flukes and somatic antigens were aqueous extracts of adult flukes. Antibodies in the serum and bile of infected animals were determined by the microhaemagglutination technique, using glutaraldehyde fixed sheep red blood cells sensitized with these parasite antigens. Antibody responses to both somatic and ES antigens were detected in the serum from the second week of infection onward. The peak response was noted at the end of the second month and declined slowly thereafter. Antibody levels in animals with heavy infections (100 metacercariae) appeared earlier but declined more rapidly than in animals with light infections (25 metacercariae). The serum antibodies were highly sensitive to mercaptoethanol throughout the course of infection (23 weeks). Antibodies also appeared in the bile obtained at the time of sacrifice but their titres were rather low compared with those in the serum. Like serum antibodies, biliary antibodies were reactive with both somatic and ES antigens. Biliary antibodies were of the secondary IgA type. These findings are discussed in relation to pathogenesis of the disease process and to the possible usefulness in immunodiagnosis. PMID- 6635764 TI - HBeAG and anti-HBe in the Malaysian population and in Malaysian prisoners. AB - The incidence of HBsAg in random blood donors was found to be twice that of the prisoner population. The anti-HBe however, was about twice that in the prisoners when compared with the random blood donors. Both the random blood donors and the prisoners had similar incidence of HBeAg. The percentage frequency of HBsAg positivity with anti-HBe positivity was also similar in both groups. The 18 normal non-blood donors did not have HBsAg, HBeAg or anti-HBe. PMID- 6635765 TI - Microphalloides vajrasthirae n. sp. (Digenea: Microphallidae) from the small intestine of cat in Thailand. AB - Four specimens of a microphallid trematode were recovered from the small intestine of a cat from Nakhon Nayok, Central Thailand. The worm is assigned under the genus Microphalloides with new species name vajrasthirae in honour of Professor S. vajrasthira who provided the specimens for this study. This species is the third species in Microphalloides, and differs from other two species, japonicus and australiensis by having (i). genital sac armed with two sclerotized bars, (ii). highly branched V-shaped excretory bladder, (iii). small seminal receptacle, (iv). uterus-extended to the anterior half of the body. PMID- 6635766 TI - Experimental infections of Capillaria philippinensis in multimammate rats (Mastomys natalensis). PMID- 6635767 TI - Creeping eruption caused by Gnathostoma spinigerum. PMID- 6635768 TI - Filarial infection of the eye: a case report. PMID- 6635769 TI - Ascorbic acid and iron excretion in a thalassemic child. PMID- 6635770 TI - Vitamin K level in maternal breast milk of infants with acquired prothrombin complex deficiency syndrome. PMID- 6635771 TI - Trapped red cell volume in rhesus monkeys infected with Plasmodium knowlesi. PMID- 6635772 TI - The effect of consumer's social characteristics and behavior on psychiatric admission decisions. PMID- 6635773 TI - [Usefulness of an instrument of contextual analysis for the hospitalization of a psychiatric patient]. PMID- 6635774 TI - Reliability of life event information: a study on 83 psychiatric patients. PMID- 6635775 TI - The path to prescription: sex differences in psychotropic drug prescribing for general practice patients. PMID- 6635776 TI - [Automated system for the analysis of injuries, morbidity and work-time losses]. PMID- 6635777 TI - [Morbidity in young children (results of the examination of children who had pneumonia)]. PMID- 6635778 TI - [Work-time losses incurred in care for frequently ill children]. PMID- 6635779 TI - [Improvement of health education methods]. PMID- 6635780 TI - [The teaching of Soviet law in medical schools]. PMID- 6635781 TI - [Supervision of productivity practices of students]. PMID- 6635782 TI - Kinematics of lumbar intervertebral foramen. AB - This in vitro study provides original data regarding the three-dimensional movements of the intervertebral foramen as the spine undergoes normal physiologic motions. Three-dimensional flexibility characteristics of fresh cadaver functional spinal units were determined. The same spinal units were fixed and thinly sectioned to yield quantitated anatomy of the soft and hard tissues of the specimen in three-dimensions. The flexibility and anatomic data were stored in a computer. A mathematical model was utilized to combine the two data sets, resulting in a precise three-dimensional description of the movements of the intervertebral foramen. Changes in foramen height, width, and area were obtained as functions of major spinal motions. Preliminary results indicate differences in intervertebral foramen kinematics of nondegenerated and degenerated spines. Such changes may affect the nerve root adversely and hence participate in pain production. PMID- 6635783 TI - CT in the evaluation of spine infection. AB - Little experience of computed tomography (CT) evaluation of spinal infection has been reported. We collected 20 patients with spinal infection studied with CT. Fifteen patients had pyogenic infections, four had tubercular lesions, and one infection was fungal. Predisposing factors for spinal infection were present in ten of 20 patients. Metrizamide was injected into the subarachnoid space prior to CT in nine of 20 patients. CT detected bony destruction in all patients with osseous involvement. In addition, CT diagnosed prevertebral abscess formation and/or extension of the process into the spinal canal (and its level) in 12 of 15 patients with pyogenic infection in these sites. All tubercular infections showed prevertebral soft tissue involvement, one was associated with an epidural block. In our experience, CT can combine information provided by conventional tomography and myelography in one imaging modality, and offers the unique ability to provide direct evidence of spread of infection into the soft tissues. PMID- 6635784 TI - Locked facets with fracture of the neural arch of the axis. AB - This report describes a rare variant represented by the association of locked facets at C2-3 with a fracture of the neural arch of the axis. Fracture of the neural arch of the axis is a broad term including the Hangman fracture, traumatic spondylolisthesis of the axis, fractures of the arch of the axis, or the more recently described fractures of the ring of the axis. PMID- 6635785 TI - A biomechanical analysis of posterior cervical fusions using polymethylmethacrylate as an instantaneous fusion mass. AB - Three posterior fusion reconstruction procedures for a canine experimental model of the C4-C5 bilateral facet dislocation are herein mechanically tested. The two procedures utilizing polymethylmethacrylate have increased angular stiffness as compared with the normal posterior soft tissue structures and the reconstruction procedure utilizing wire alone. Their ultimate moments are not significantly greater. These findings lead us to predict an increased incidence of fixation failure when polymethylmethacrylate acrylic cement preparations are used for instantaneous posterior "fusions" as compared with the more traditional wire and bone graft procedure. PMID- 6635786 TI - Comparison of the biochemistry of proteoglycans isolated from normal, idiopathic scoliotic and cerebral palsy spines. AB - Six levels of anulus and nucleus were obtained from each of three spines: one with idiopathic scoliosis, one with cerebral palsy, and one age-matched control. Proteoglycans from all spines had the same extractability and distribution in the associative and dissociative cesium chloride density gradients. In all cases, the anulus differed from the nucleus samples in terms of all the parameters studied. There was no difference between the cerebral palsy and idiopathic scoliotic values. However, they both differed from the control values, having significantly higher levels of aggregate and larger nonaggregating monomers, but no significant differences in proteoglycan monomer chemistry. Results indicate that idiopathic scoliosis may not be the result of a biochemical alteration in proteoglycan but that curvature per se may lead to an alteration in the proteoglycan composition, particularly in the nucleus pulposis. PMID- 6635787 TI - The effect of the Milwaukee brace on spinal decompensation in idiopathic scoliosis. AB - Decompensation of the spine was evaluated in 22 patients with idiopathic thoracolumbar or lumbar scoliosis, both prior to and following treatment in a Milwaukee brace. Curves ranged from 25 degrees to 47 degrees and were followed for an average of three and a half years beyond skeletal maturity. The average time in brace was 47 months. Initial decompensation was unrelated to a patient's age, skeletal maturity, curve location, or curve magnitude. At follow-up, there was no predictable improvement in decompensation despite compliant brace treatment. Changes in decompensation did not correlate with length of brace wear, initial magnitude or changes in curve magnitude, or skeletal age at which treatment was begun. PMID- 6635788 TI - The Boston brace in thoracic scoliosis. A preliminary report. AB - The Boston Brace has been reserved mainly for treating scoliosis curves with an apex below T9 while the Milwaukee superstructure has been recommended as the choice of treatment for higher thoracic curves. This paper is an analysis of the preliminary result of treatment of 300 thoracic curves with an apex of T9 or higher treated with the Boston underarm brace from 1975 through 1979. Preliminary success of Boston Bracing for thoracic curves is dependent upon placement of the thoracic pad adjacent to the ribs at the apex of the convexity and a high axillary crutch on the concave side of the curve. Boston Bracing of thoracic curves appeared initially favorable at apices T9, T8, T7, and possibly T6. Higher thoracic curves are difficult to control, and should be treated with the standard Milwaukee type brace with uprights. PMID- 6635789 TI - Anterior decompression of the spinal cord for neurological deficit. AB - With newer radiographic methods for defining abnormalities affecting the spine, and improved surgical techniques, anterior decompression has proved effective in improving neurologic return when pressure on the cord is directed from anteriorly. Twenty-five patients undergoing anterior decompression for partial neurologic deficit fit into one of four categories: 1) fracture, 2) tumor, 3) infection, and 4) congenital scoliosis. Operative procedures were performed over a period of 15 years with the longest follow-up being 15 years. Of the 25 patients, 19 have been followed for greater than two years. No patient in this series showed worsening of his neurologic status on a permanent basis. The most dramatic improvement was noted in the fracture cases, although in cases of infection and tumor were almost as exciting. In the congenital cases recovery was slow and in some cases not as dramatic; however, progression of neurologic deficit in all cases was halted. In those cases showing a progressive deficit the deterioration was halted. With our present surgical skills and our increased armamentarium of diagnostic techniques and conservative treatment, hopeful waiting for return of neurologic function should no longer be tolerated where the lesion is exerting anterior pressure on the spinal cord. PMID- 6635790 TI - Vertebral body replacement with femoral neck allograft and vascularized rib strut graft. A technique for treating post-traumatic kyphosis with neurologic deficit. AB - A technique using a vascularized rib pedicle graft and femoral neck allograft is presented as a new method of anterior spine fusion in the treatment of symptomatic post-traumatic kyphosis. The cases of six patients are reviewed who were treated surgically from seven months to 24 years following their initial injury. Substantial neurologic improvement was achieved in four patients with incomplete neurologic deficits when the procedure was combined with an anterior spine decompression. Two patients, one who was neurologically normal and one with complete paraplegia and L-1 pseudarthrosis were relieved of chronic back and radicular pain following this procedure. At the time of followup, complete anterior spine decompression was verified by lateral planography or computerized axial tomography. All patients were found to have solid anterior spine fusions with a 63% mean improvement in preoperative kyphosis. Early and rapid incorporation of bone grafts had been demonstrated, thus requiring shorter external immobilization periods for the patients. PMID- 6635791 TI - Comparison of segmental spinal instrumentation devices in the correction of scoliosis. AB - Harrington distraction rods with either sublaminar wires or convexity compression rods and transverse loading wires were used to treat idiopathic scoliotic patients. Laboratory measurement of transverse forces and orthographic projection of the apical vertebra enabled calculation of x- and y- plane forces in addition to torque. The construct utilizing sublaminar wires generated more favorable corrective vectors. Both devices tended to further rotate the scoliotic spine. Use of the compression apparatus should be limited to spines where reduction of kyphosis is desirable. PMID- 6635792 TI - Surgical management of severe thoracic lordosis. A new technique to restore normal kyphosis. AB - A technique of combined anterior and posterior surgery for correction of severe thoracic lordosis with the restoration of normal kyphosis is described. The results in three patients are presented. Preliminary results suggest that this is a valid procedure for obtaining a normal thoracic kyphosis, and that correction of thoracic lordosis may result in improved pulmonary function. PMID- 6635793 TI - Lumbar spinal instability (olisthesis) after extensive posterior spinal decompression. AB - Twenty-seven patients who underwent extensive posterior spinal decompression procedures were reviewed to investigate the incidence, the clinical significance and contributing factors of the postdecompression olisthesis, and indication for spinal fusion at the time of extensive decompression. Eleven patients were female and 16 were male. The mean age was 49.4 years. Twenty-two patients were treated with extensive decompression and spinal fusion, and five patients were treated with decompression alone without spinal fusion. The average follow-up time was 2 1/2 years (1-4 1/2). The incidence of newly developed postdecompression olisthesis was 3.7% (1/27) and all four patients with preoperative spondylolisthesis progressed further postoperatively. The author was neither able to identify definitive contributing factors for olisthesis, nor able to confirm the previously reported factors: young age, normal disc heights, and multiple level decompression in this review study. The incidence rate of pseudarthrosis was high (27.3%) after the extensive posterior decompression and fusion. The concomitant spinal fusion is not routinely indicated to patients with extensive posterior spinal decompression. Furthermore, it does not appear to be effective in prevention of olisthesis. The concomitant spinal fusion should be exceptional rather than routine. PMID- 6635794 TI - Knodt rod distraction lumbar fusion. AB - Ninety-nine cases of Knodt rod fusions have been followed for an average of 18 months postoperatively. These patients were all severely incapacitated with pain for an average of 5.3 years prior to surgery. They all had a thorough preoperative work-up including myelogram, EMG and extensive conservative care. The procedure performed was an extensive bilateral laminectomy of the L5 vertebra with foramenotomy and a posterior lateral intertransverse fusion with the use of Knodt rods between the L4-5 and S1 levels. There was an overall average improvement after surgery in 70.35% of the cases. When the consideration of psychological problems and industrial cases were eliminated, the overall improvement was 80.38%. There were no major complications except that in five patients the Knodt rods were removed from between one week and one year postoperatively. Knodt rod fusions have results reported in the literature of frequent complications and very poor success rates. They can be a very good adjunct to the spine surgeon's armamentarium. In patients with long-range back pain who plan to return to heavy labor, the Knodt rods can give a surprisingly high rate of success. PMID- 6635795 TI - Meningitis secondary to retropharyngeal abscess. Report of a case occurring in association with cervical spine fracture. PMID- 6635797 TI - Special education in parliament. PMID- 6635796 TI - Early isolated paraspinal EMG abnormalities in occult carcinoma with spinal metastasis. PMID- 6635799 TI - Assessing the unit experiment. PMID- 6635798 TI - A model of the reading process. PMID- 6635800 TI - Microcomputers at Ormerod School. PMID- 6635801 TI - An interview with Sir Keith Joseph. Interview by Margaret Peter. PMID- 6635802 TI - [The program content of the Constitution and the new Right to Health Protection]. PMID- 6635803 TI - [An outbreak of food poisoning]. PMID- 6635804 TI - [Lidamidine. Treatment of staphylococcal food poisoning]. PMID- 6635805 TI - [Prevalence of infection in a Jalisco hospital]. PMID- 6635806 TI - [Frequency of intestinal parasitoses in a secondary school]. PMID- 6635807 TI - [Lead concentrations in hair]. PMID- 6635808 TI - [The immune response and tuberculosis]. PMID- 6635809 TI - [Evaluation of risk indices for the transmission of dengue]. PMID- 6635810 TI - [Bioethics and medical ethics in human experimentation]. PMID- 6635811 TI - [Accord instituting the "Basic Profile of Materials for the Health Sector"]. PMID- 6635812 TI - [Accord between the Secretariat of Health and Welfare and the Secretariat of Public Finance and Credit aimed at the simplification of export procedures]. PMID- 6635813 TI - [Accord creating the Internal Council of the General Management of Pharmacies]. PMID- 6635815 TI - [Accord No. 9 creating internal committees for the "Basic Profile of Materials for the Health Sector" for drugs, medical equipment and instruments, therapeutic materials and scientific information material of the Secretariat for Health and Welfare]. PMID- 6635814 TI - [Accord establishing the administrative modernization norms for the organization of units of the Secretariat of Health and Welfare]. PMID- 6635816 TI - [Changes in the lipid concentrations of the blood serum in patients with acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6635817 TI - [Width of the QRS complex of the electrocardiogram in patients with acute myocardial infarct complicated by an atrioventricular disorder of conduction affecting the work of the heart. Clinical and prognostic significance]. PMID- 6635818 TI - [Characteristics of the origin and morphology of the jejunal and ileal arteries]. PMID- 6635819 TI - [Incest as a medico-social problem in Vojvodina]. PMID- 6635820 TI - [The selection of methods of studying persons with coronary artery disease]. PMID- 6635821 TI - [Genetics of malignant tumors. Current problems and perspectives]. PMID- 6635822 TI - [Basilar impression and vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Report on 2 patients]. PMID- 6635823 TI - [Metastasis in the spermatic cord as the first sign of a malignant kidney tumor]. PMID- 6635824 TI - [The need for protecting medical confidentiality]. PMID- 6635825 TI - [Nature and frequency of complications in transcatheteral phlebography]. PMID- 6635826 TI - [Ultrasound diagnosis of the child's skull using the automated multisector scanner (Octoson)]. PMID- 6635827 TI - [Transient hypothyroidism in infants following administration roentgen contrast media]. PMID- 6635828 TI - [Determination of x-ray exposure of patients in roentgen diagnosis]. PMID- 6635829 TI - [Rare earth foils--a possibility for reducing radiation exposure in roentgen diagnosis]. PMID- 6635830 TI - [Pulmonary histiocytoma (plasma cell granuloma). An analysis of 3 cases]. PMID- 6635831 TI - [10 years' experience with Stemmer's parasternal mediastinotomy]. PMID- 6635832 TI - [Analysis of a clinical group of 102 patients within the framework of the surgical prevention of fatal pulmonary embolism from 1971 to 1980]. PMID- 6635833 TI - [Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax]. PMID- 6635834 TI - [3 cases of lipid tumors in the lungs and bronchi]. PMID- 6635835 TI - [Temporary catheterization of injured vessels as the initial phase of their treatment]. PMID- 6635836 TI - [Intracardiac mechanical support with synchronized inflation and deflation of an intraventricular balloon]. PMID- 6635838 TI - [Administration of large doses of adrenaline to dogs. Reaction of the defibrillated heart to subsequent administration of catecholamines]. PMID- 6635837 TI - [Morphologic study of the lymphatic vessels of the heart in an experiment]. PMID- 6635839 TI - [A technic for plastic surgery of the urethra using the tunica vaginalis testis]. PMID- 6635841 TI - [Hypercoagulation state in the postoperative period]. PMID- 6635840 TI - [Extracorporeal arrest in combination with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest in extraordinary situations in cardiovascular surgery]. PMID- 6635842 TI - [Perfusion scintigraphy of the lungs in the early diagnosis of postoperative pulmonary embolism]. PMID- 6635843 TI - [Hauri's plasty for incontinence after prostatectomy]. PMID- 6635844 TI - [A warning about the teres plasty in operations for hiatal hernia]. PMID- 6635845 TI - [Indications for the surgical treatment of fractures in children]. PMID- 6635846 TI - [Personal experience with operations for varices of the lower extremities using Smetana's method]. PMID- 6635847 TI - [Use of the air-bed "SSI Clinitron" in severe burns]. PMID- 6635848 TI - [Epidemiology of burns of the respiratory tract in our case material]. PMID- 6635849 TI - [Systemic changes and complications in injuries from high voltage electric current]. PMID- 6635850 TI - [A new method of collecting nerve grafts]. PMID- 6635851 TI - [The plan and tactics of treatment of the locomotor apparatus in multiple injuries]. PMID- 6635852 TI - [Serious thoracoabdominal injuries]. PMID- 6635853 TI - [Serious injury of the thorax with a circular saw]. PMID- 6635854 TI - [Early surgical treatment of ruptured ligaments of the knee joint]. PMID- 6635855 TI - [Early rehabilitation therapy in amputees]. PMID- 6635856 TI - [Osteosynthesis of fractures of the femoral neck with 2 nails using K.H. Bauer's technic]. PMID- 6635857 TI - The prospects for transplantation tolerance. PMID- 6635858 TI - Carcinoma of the gallbladder. PMID- 6635859 TI - Microsurgical anastomosis of the vas deferens. A study in the rat. PMID- 6635860 TI - The amputee service. A review. PMID- 6635861 TI - The primary care physician. PMID- 6635862 TI - Paraquat poisoning. PMID- 6635863 TI - Some economic and philosophical dilemmas facing medicine in South Africa. AB - Growth of the population in South Africa is not being matched by appropriate expansion of our health care services. Inadequate development of primary health care and community hospitals is placing an increasing burden of clinical service on teaching hospitals, which in turn have not been allocated sufficient resources to cope with both these service demands and academic activities. The current policy, whereby a greater percentage of health care funding is being directed towards preventive medicine, is appropriate, but the coupling of this with a progressive reduction in the relative amount of total expenditure on health (as a percentage of the gross national product) is short-sighted and not in the best interests of academic medicine or health care services in the country. The public and the medical profession in South Africa should recognize these adverse trends and actively participate in reversing them. The profession also needs to re evaluate its priorities and objectives in relation to economic and sociological developments and prospects. An enlightened approach with adequate financial backing is needed to prevent further erosion in medical standards, to protect academic teaching centres of excellence and to ensure an adequate health care service in the future. Social, economic and political advancement of all people in our country is necessary to allow achievement of these objectives. PMID- 6635864 TI - Spondylo-epimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity and severe, progressive kyphoscoliosis. A potentially lethal dwarfing disorder. AB - A progressive and potentially lethal skeletal dysplasia, spondylo-epimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity (SEMDJL), has been recognized in 18 children from the Afrikaner community of South Africa. This serious disorder, which is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, warrants diagnostic consideration whenever an infant or child from this population group presents with dwarfism, deformity, articular hypermobility and spinal malalignment. In view of the clinical and genetic implications, diagnostic precision is of great importance. PMID- 6635865 TI - Magnesium and deaths ascribed to ischaemic heart disease in South Africa. A preliminary report. AB - The incidence of death from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and acute cardiac arrhythmias is increased in some regions where magnesium levels are reduced in soil and water. Magnesium levels in the drinking water of twelve South African magisterial districts have been evaluated together with corrected statistics for deaths apparently due to IHD in White males from the same districts. A significant negative correlation was found between the incidence of deaths ascribed to IHD and the magnesium content of drinking water. Future, prospective, multivariate studies are required to elucidate whether magnesium scarcity in a geological environment is a major coronary risk factor. PMID- 6635866 TI - Duodenal and gastric ulcer in Soweto. AB - Duodenal ulcer is being observed with increasing frequency in the Black population of South Africa, this increase occurring pari passu with industrialization. It is noteworthy that the type of ulcer seen is the 'Western' type of duodenal ulcer, haemorrhage and perforation being the major complications. This picture contrasts with that of gastric outlet obstruction resulting from the 'stenosing' type of ulcer which occurs in rural, non westernized areas of Africa. The specific characteristics of gastric ulcer in the Sowetan population are outlined, and it is emphasized that gastric ulcer is still uncommon among South African urban Blacks. Protective factors may account for the paucity of gastric ulcer in this group. PMID- 6635867 TI - Consultation-liaison clinical psychology in modern general hospital practice. AB - The past few decades have witnessed rapid international development of the interface between psychiatry and the mainstream of medicine. This development, which is a characteristic of general hospital psychiatric units, has become known as consultation-liaison psychiatry and has evolved as a clinical and teaching activity dealing with psychosomatic medicine. Problems of health and illness are inextricably related to physical as well as behavioural and environmental factors, each contributing to problems encountered in the medical management of patients. Therefore as a corollary to the developments mentioned above, a new role has emerged for clinical psychology within the general hospital and has become known as 'medical psychology'. By this term is meant all the medical applications of normal and abnormal psychology. A clinical psychology consultation-liaison service in a general hospital is discussed and an analysis of 1 092 consultations and 4 193 outpatient attendances at a psychiatric unit of a general hospital between 1 January and 30 June 1982 is presented. A rationale for the role of the clinical psychologist as a consultant within the medical setting is suggested. PMID- 6635868 TI - Osteoclastoma. A review of the condition and a report of 5 cases. AB - The presence of giant cells in a tumour does not justify the diagnosis of osteoclastoma. Although some may dispute the existence of the osteoclastoma, its radiological and microscopic features are sufficiently typical to justify its classification as a separate tumour. It is believed that the tumour arises from proliferating capillary buds from cells which have the potential of becoming collagenoblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts or histiocytes. It is suggested that the giant cells are made up of merged matrix cells. Since it is believed that the true osteoclastoma is always malignant (although it is late to metastasize) and since it has a high potential for recurrence, initial treatment should be radical and should consist of block excision or amputation. PMID- 6635869 TI - Drowning--postmortem appearances and forensic significance. A case report. AB - A case of recent drowning in fresh water is presented. Attention is drawn to those features which are of most diagnostic value. Emphasis is placed on certain pitfalls for the unwary which, if not taken cognizance of, may lead to a miscarriage of justice. A number of laboratory investigations which may be of assistance when the autopsy findings are equivocal are outlined. PMID- 6635870 TI - Tobacco smoking among students at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. AB - The epidemiology of smoking, factors which motivated students at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, to smoke, to continue smoking or to stop smoking, and student awareness of the health hazards of smoking were investigated. Analysis of a random sample comprising 13% of the 12426 full-time undergraduate students at the university revealed that 22% smoked, 17% were ex smokers and 61% had never smoked. Most of the smokers smoked between 10 and 20 cigarettes a day. The years between the ages of 17 and 19 years appear to be important in determining whether students become regular smokers or stop smoking. PMID- 6635871 TI - Urinary magnesium output after a single dose of indapamide in healthy adults. AB - Twenty-four hour urinary volume and output of chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, zinc, creatinine and urea were measured under strictly controlled experimental conditions in 7 biologically comparable healthy volunteers given separate single doses of placebo and indapamide 2,5 mg. Indapamide significantly increased the urinary volume and the output of Cl-, Na+, K+ and urea but reduced output of Ca2+ and creatinine. Since Mg2+ output over 24 hours was unaffected, the prolonged use of indapamide at the dose studied may not promote the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death in spite of the significant K+ losses measured. PMID- 6635872 TI - Superior vena-caval obstruction in urban blacks. A report of 82 cases. AB - Eighty-two patients with superior vena-caval obstruction (SVCO) were studied retrospectively. Carcinoma of the bronchus was responsible for the syndrome in 60 patients; of the remaining 22 patients, 7 had mediastinal lymphomas, 5 retrosternal goitres, 4 oesophageal cancer, 3 vascular aneurysms, 2 thymic tumours, and 1 granulomatous mediastinitis. Rigid bronchoscopy, scalene node biopsy or aspiration, cervical mediastinoscopy, anterior mediastinotomy, transthoracic needle biopsy and median sternotomy were the procedures used to make a definitive diagnosis. It is noteworthy that in 9 of the 82 patients malignant disease was not the cause of the SVCO. Seven of the remaining 73 patients had lymphoma causing compression of the superior vena cava. A significant proportion (19.5%) of urban Blacks with SVCO had causes other than hopeless bronchogenic carcinoma as the basis for their condition. PMID- 6635873 TI - Aspects of the value of continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring in the detection and management of ischaemic heart disease. Case reports. AB - In 2 patients admitted for evaluation of chest pain occurring mainly at rest, organic disease of the nondominant circumflex artery only, with normal left anterior descending and right coronary arteries, was demonstrated in each case. Continuous ambulatory ECG monitoring by the Holter system revealed episodes of ST segment elevation probably due to coronary artery spasm, allowing specific treatment to be instituted. Some aspects of the value of continuous ambulatory Holter monitoring in patients with ischaemic heart disease are discussed. PMID- 6635874 TI - Ultrasound diagnosis of situs inversus in utero. A case report. AB - A case of situs inversus diagnosed prenatally by ultrasonography is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed on ultrasound examination and radiography in the immediate postnatal period. Subsequent investigations and management are reported, and the incidence, aetiology and clinical features of situs inversus are briefly reviewed. PMID- 6635875 TI - Thyrotoxicosis and asthma. A case report. AB - A 55-year-old woman with intrinsic asthma that was aggravated by the onset of thyrotoxicosis is described. The possible mechanism for such a relationship is discussed. PMID- 6635876 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the bladder. A case report. AB - A case of spontaneous rupture of the bladder is described. The patient was a 35 year-old woman presenting with an unusual clinical pattern of peritonitis. She underwent surgery 7 days after the onset of symptoms, and recovered after repair of the rupture. A review of the literature is given. PMID- 6635877 TI - Essential fatty acid metabolism and metabolites. PMID- 6635878 TI - Air embolism as a complication in kidney dialysis. PMID- 6635879 TI - Abdominal tuberculosis. A 10-year review. AB - Clinical experience with 125 patients with abdominal tuberculosis (46 of whom had intestinal tuberculosis, 8 mesenteric tuberculous lymphadenitis and 71 the peritoneal form) is presented. The diagnosis, especially in the intestinal cases, was seldom considered and a wide variety of conditions was simulated. Ileocaecal tuberculosis accounted for only 11 (24%) of the intestinal cases, while 17 patients (37%) had more distal involvement. A number of patients with diffuse colonic tuberculosis were seen. Chest radiographs showed that 51% of the 125 patients had active tuberculosis, but were completely normal in 38% of cases. Tuberculin skin testing was negative in 45% of cases. The pathogenesis, pathological features, diagnostic difficulties and complications are discussed, and the importance of considering the diagnosis is stressed. PMID- 6635880 TI - Stress and detention. AB - The psychological response to detention is examined. It is argued that detention imposes severe stress and that many detainees seem to exhibit the characteristic symptoms of a post-traumatic stress disorder. The contention that detention is stressful is based on the fact that detainees are held in isolation and have no control over the situation, both of these factors having been shown to be associated with the experiencing of stress. Individual differences affecting the responses to stress are discussed, as are the long-term consequences of detention. PMID- 6635881 TI - Thalassaemia in the Greek community of Cape Town. AB - A survey of the thalassaemias has been undertaken in the Greek community of Cape Town. In a sample of 250 persons 3 were found to have the alpha-thalassaemia trait, and its prevalence can therefore be estimated to be 1,2%. Neither haemoglobin H disease nor homozygous alpha-thalassaemia was encountered, but 2 persons with homozygous beta-thalassaemia (thalassaemia major) who were not part of the survey were traced through the Western Province Blood Transfusion Service. Twenty-three of the 250 subjects were found to have heterozygous beta thalassaemia (thalassaemia minor), the prevalence of which could be calculated at 9,2%, with a gene frequency of 0,046. The thalassaemias therefore warrant consideration whenever an individual of Greek stock in Cape Town presents with an anaemia. PMID- 6635882 TI - Obstetric complications in adolescent pregnancies. AB - Teenage and pre-teenage pregnancies in 128 patients less than 16 years of age were studied retrospectively. Obstetric outcome was analysed and compared with that in previous studies. Pregnancy-induced hypertension, premature labour and anaemia were significant complications in this group. Perinatal mortality was not increased and there was no evidence of an increased obstetric risk in the very young teenager, but earlier booking and better antenatal counselling are necessary. PMID- 6635883 TI - [The use of a chlorhexidine-alcohol mixture as a hand rinse in a neonatal department]. AB - Regular handwashing is considered to be a most important measure in the prevention of nosocomial infection. However, for practical reasons routine handwashing, before and after handling babies, is not strictly adhered to in the maternity nursery. As an alternative, more readily performed measure, regular handrinsing with an alcoholic chlorhexidine solution has been introduced. The results of a small study (performed as a student project), to evaluate the efficacy thereof in reducing the number of bacteria on the hands of nurses working in the nursery, are presented. Before and during use specimens were obtained from 10 nurses' hands using a sterile glove technique. The repeated use of the 0,5% chlorhexidine in 95% alcohol hand rinse was associated with significant short-term and long-term decreases in the number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacilli and staphylococci cultured from hands. PMID- 6635884 TI - Computed tomographic diagnosis of basilar artery ectasia. AB - Basilar artery ectasia (BAE) can cause numerous neurological signs and symptoms, and awareness of its existence can obviate the need for vertebral angiography. The appearance of BAE on computed tomography is almost pathognomonic, and recognition thereof is important in order to prevent the mistaken diagnosis of a pontine or cerebellopontine angle tumour. PMID- 6635885 TI - Failed intubation. A case report. AB - A case report illustrates one of the dangers of intubation with use of a long acting muscle relaxant where the clinical situation was misjudged. There is still a good case to be made out for the use of suxamethonium for intubation in a routine operating list to provide additional cover in the event of 'failed intubation'. PMID- 6635887 TI - Learning from patients. PMID- 6635886 TI - Agenesis of the right lung associated with hypoplasia of the fourth right rib. A case report. AB - A case of agenesis of the right lung associated with hypoplasia of the fourth right rib is described. Diagnosis was confirmed by bronchographic and angiographic demonstration of absence of any lung tissue on the right. The possible aetiology, differential diagnosis and prognosis of this anomaly are discussed. PMID- 6635888 TI - Ultrasound investigations at a general hospital. A 5-year survey at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, Pretoria. AB - A survey of all the ultrasound examinations carried out at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, Pretoria, over a 5-year period showed increasing use of the investigation, especially by obstetricians, and indicated its value in the investigation of patients with diseases affecting the abdominal and pelvic viscera, particularly the liver and the pregnant uterus. PMID- 6635890 TI - Ultrasonography in the localization of parathyroid adenomas. AB - The use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of a parathyroid adenoma is described, and the limitations and advantages of this method are discussed. PMID- 6635889 TI - Baseline epidemiological studies for a hepatitis B vaccine trial in Kangwane. AB - Hepatitis B markers were determined by radioimmunoassay of serum samples from 1 495 Black subjects representative of the resident population of Kangwane, a rural area with a high incidence of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Pregnant women formed an important part of the study group, since it was intended to assess the frequency of perinatal transmission and the passive immunity of their infants, two factors which would markedly influence an infant immunization programme. A high overall marker positivity rate was found, indicating that hepatitis B is endemic. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier rate was 14,6% in adult males and 4,6% in adult females, while 82.6% of adult males and 69,4% of adult females were positive for at least one marker, indicating that infection had been present at some stage. Of infants under 1 year of age 34,5% were positive for antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs), compared with 9,3% at 13-24 months, which indicates that transplacental transfer of anti-HBs is frequent. Other markers were acquired even in the 1st year of life, with the sharpest increase at 3-11 years. Perinatal transmission was not common, however, and horizontal transmission during early childhood seemed to play an important role. It was concluded that the risk and frequency of infection justified a vaccine trial in this population and that the target group for vaccination should be infants under 1 year of age. PMID- 6635891 TI - Specific language disability--a medical or an educational problem? AB - Specific learning disabilities are often regarded as a medical problem for which medication or other treatment and investigation is requested. However, when problems of concentration are the result rather than the cause of the learning problem, medication is not indicated. This applies to specific language disabilities, which handicap seemingly normal children who do not understand or comprehend the spoken or written word and are therefore failures in a language orientated classroom. The cause may be an organic disorder of the left hemisphere or a dominant right hemisphere, but the management should be educational, using unconventional learning techniques utilizing right hemisphere abilities. PMID- 6635892 TI - Successful removal of a partial Siamese twin with a carbon dioxide laser. AB - A case of a 'partial Siamese twin' is discussed, and the neurological signs and operative findings are recorded. The operation was performed with the aid of a carbon dioxide laser, which not only facilitated and expedited the procedure but also ensured minimal loss of blood. The wound broke down in part, but complete healing occurred within less than a month. At the time of discharge the baby showed no abnormal neurological signs. PMID- 6635893 TI - Acute osteomyelitis complicating a simple fracture. A case report. AB - Osteomyelitis complicating a simple fracture is unusual, but the reason for its rarity is unknown. We report on a 9-year-old Black boy who developed acute osteomyelitis after sustaining an acute simple fracture of the femur. The causative role of trauma in acute osteomyelitis is discussed and 'the relative resistance of healthy bone' questioned. PMID- 6635894 TI - Antifungal activity in vitro of Ro 14-4767/002, a phenylpropyl-morpholine. AB - Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Ro 14-4767/002 for pathogenic yeasts, Aspergillus spp., dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi were determined in dilution tests under a variety of experimental conditions and, for the most of the species and a number of different isolates. Ro 14-4767/002 showed the highest effect against dermatophytes and Cryptococcus neoformans, followed by Candida spp., whereas its activity against Aspergillus spp. was weak. Its activity against most pathogens compared favourably with antifungals of the imidazole class. The activity of Ro 14-4767/002 not only differed between the species but there was also a significant intra-species variation. The MICs were influenced by the inoculum size, the incubation time, and by the composition of the medium. The activity of the compound was significantly higher on Casitone agar than on a chemically defined medium (Yeast Nitrogen Base + glucose). Ro 14-4767/002 was also found to exert fungicidal activity which was time- and concentration dependent. PMID- 6635895 TI - Social Security in review. PMID- 6635896 TI - Female Social Security beneficiaries aged 62 or older, 1960-82. PMID- 6635897 TI - Interfund borrowing under the Social Security act. PMID- 6635898 TI - Purchasing power of U.S. Social Security benefits abroad, 1970-82. AB - This article examines whether the small number of Social Security beneficiaries living abroad enjoy a higher standard of living than they would with the same benefits if they lived in the United States. The article addresses this question using two methods. First, absolute comparisons of U.S. dollar purchasing power abroad are made using "purchasing power parities," a method recently developed to allow international comparisons of real standards of living. Second, the effects of changes in Social Security benefit levels, exchange rates, and rates of inflation on the relative value of benefits abroad are measured. Both methods show considerable instability in purchasing power of Social Security benefits in the 1970's. Although beneficiaries in 1970 generally could live better abroad than in the United States, this advantage eroded considerably during the 1970's, followed by some improvement in 1981-82. PMID- 6635899 TI - Family conferences: an approach to teaching family systems care in a family practice residency. AB - Family conferences facilitate optimal planning for patients in a variety of medical situations. In one family practice residency the social worker plays a leading role in planning and arranging family conferences, while involving residents-in-training in the process. Such conferences provide family-oriented care for a spectrum of illness problems common to family medicine. Such conferences are most commonly held prior to discharging a patient from an in hospital stay. These sessions may also be arranged when a chronic illness is diagnosed in one member of a family or when there is a medical crisis. Family conferences are convened by a resident physician in collaboration with the social worker and/or other appropriate faculty member. PMID- 6635900 TI - Patient representative programs. PMID- 6635901 TI - Family coping with the crisis of heart attack. AB - Forty families of patients who had suffered from their first heart attack were studied during the hospitalization and after discharge. Areas of family functioning examined were maintenance of the emotional health of family members, financial management, household management, and dealing with children and their needs. Impacts of this family crisis varied among these areas as well as over time. Families employed different sets of coping strategies in different areas of their life. Implications of these findings for social work intervention in such crises are discussed. PMID- 6635902 TI - A model for organizing an ethical analysis of the discharge planning process. AB - This paper presents a model for identifying, clarifying and analyzing the ethical dilemmas inherent in the discharge planning process of the chronically impaired older person from an acute care hospital to the community or an institution. From the myriad of moral quandaries that patients, families and service providers face in the process, this paper will address two categories of questions. The first concerns the conflict between provider paternalism and client autonomy. The second question involves distributive justice and the allocation of scarce resources. Two cases at different stages of the identification, assessment and disposition process will be examined in order to identify the morally relevant facts and persons, possible alternatives and competing values and ethical principles. PMID- 6635903 TI - Legal problems and principles in discharge planning: implications for social work. AB - While not immutable, legal principles are among the more sturdy and commanding guides of our professional behavior toward patients. By protecting privacy and autonomy inherent in the Patients Bill of Rights, legal principles shore up what is vulnerable and fearful in the patient's approach to making sense out of their plight. PMID- 6635904 TI - Implications of hospice concepts for social work practice with oncology patients and their families in an acute care teaching hospital. AB - An adaptive approach to the delivery of hospice care in an acute care teaching hospital is described. This approach incorporates the concepts of hospice into existing care services for oncology patients and their family members. Presented are the roles of the social worker in implementing this approach and interventions by the social worker in problems that arise. Improvements in patient/family care services and changes in staff attitudes are summarized. PMID- 6635905 TI - Mental illness in the mentally retarded: challenges for social work. AB - A pressing need exists in social work for information concerning the types of mental illnesses encountered in community-based samples of the mentally retarded. These data are valuable in determining which types of social work treatment are effective with this population. This study examines the types and prevalence of mental disorders seen in a community-based sample of retarded citizens, and delineates the types of psychosocial strategies that were effective in treating these disorders. All of the individuals in this study were treated within a community health facility, thereby supporting ongoing social work contributions toward the normalization and commonly-based care of the retarded. PMID- 6635906 TI - An exemplar of primary prevention in social work: the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921. AB - Sixty years ago, the excessively high rates of maternal and infant mortality in this country posed a major social problem. A series of prospective surveys designed and carried out by the U.S. Children's Bureau established that many of these deaths were related to the poor condition of the mother and could be prevented. Overcoming opposition from a conservative federal government, the American Medical Association, and a coalition of ultraconservative groups, social workers lead a campaign which resulted in passage of the Sheppard-Towner Act in 1921. The work accomplished under this act contributed substantially to the reduction of infant mortality in the United States, demonstrated the effectiveness of such preventive health services, and established the principle of shared federal-state responsibility in matters of health and social welfare. PMID- 6635907 TI - Symposium on surgery in the cardiac patient. PMID- 6635908 TI - Development of a bovine stroma-free hemoglobin solution as a blood substitute. AB - A glutaraldehyde-polymerized or "stabilized" B-SFHS has been developed and tested in rabbits. This solution has been found to be nontoxic in terms of animal survival, nonantigenic when administered in single large volume infusions and capable of remaining in the circulation for a prolonged period of time while retaining the ability to transport and offload oxygen. Additionally, replacement of up to two-thirds of the blood volume with SB-SFHS was found to be advantageous over replacement with plasma protein fraction in terms of survival. By virtue of its unlimited supply, this bovine hemoglobin solution represents a new option for a "blood substitute." PMID- 6635909 TI - A follow-up study on familial polyposis coli in black patients. AB - We have updated our experience concerning eight families (24 patients) with FPC, 11 of whom had FPC with carcinoma and 13, FPC only. The importance of biopsy to prove the presence of an adenoma (tubular, villous or tubulovillous) was emphasized. Although we prefer total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis as definitive treatment, total proctocolectomy also has been recommended. The value of careful follow-up examination to detect carcinoma in the retained rectal segment and the periampullary region has been stressed. No racial differences were noted. PMID- 6635910 TI - Immediate reconstruction in the treatment of primary carcinoma of the breast. AB - Forty-five consecutive patients who underwent immediate reconstruction at the time of a modified radical mastectomy are presented. Results and complications are discussed, and the follow-up rate has been 100 per cent. Our data show that, from both the carcinoma and reconstructive standpoints, the major concerns appear to be minimal with this approach, and that it is, in fact, a most viable option in patients who have early stage carcinoma of the breast. We continue to offer this option to selected patients and believe it is, indeed, a rational alternative for the treatment of primary carcinoma of the breast. PMID- 6635911 TI - Iatrogenic injuries of arteries in infants. AB - Iatrogenic injury is the most common cause of vascular insufficiency in infants; cardiac catheterization, arteriography and monitoring procedures are often implicated. Loss of limb is rare, but limb shortening is a frequent complication. The diagnosis is usually obvious; pulses are absent, and the extremity is cold, pale or mottled, and spontaneous motion may be absent. Noninvasive studies and digital intravenous angiography are valuable diagnostic techniques. If the limb is viable, systemic heparinization is useful, since it is often best to defer operation until the infant is older and larger if a complex vascular surgical procedure is contemplated. Simple thrombectomy is likely to succeed if immediate surgical treatment is required to ensure viability. A more femoral reconstruction may be performed when the infant is older, but before limb shortening is permanent. Good results have been obtained in as much as 85 per cent of surgically treated patients. PMID- 6635912 TI - Comparative study of parenteral piperacillin and cefoxitin in the treatment of surgical infections of the abdomen. AB - Patients who had contaminated traumatic perforations of the gastrointestinal tract and those with acute peritonitis resulting from acute surgical inflammatory conditions were treated with piperacillin or cefoxitin infused intravenously as single therapy for a minimum of five days. Thirty-four patients were given 4.5 grams of piperacillin every six hours and 26 patients, 2.0 grams of cefoxitin every six hours. In the piperacillin group, 63 organisms (34 aerobes and 29 anaerobes) were isolated from pretreatment cultures, while in the cefoxitin group, 73 organisms (35 aerobes and 38 anaerobes) were isolated. Clinical recovery was achieved in 31 of 34 patients receiving piperacillin therapy and in 24 of 26 patients receiving cefoxitin therapy. Organisms were found to be resistant to the respective drug in two piperacillin-treated patients and in one cefoxitin-treated patient, and the patients were given other antibacterial treatment. One patient from each treatment group died of causes unrelated to septic conditions. No serious adverse effects occurred from either antibiotic. PMID- 6635913 TI - Povidone-iodine wound irrigation and wound sepsis. AB - In this prospective, randomized study of 187 patients undergoing a variety of general surgical procedures, no significant difference could be demonstrated between those patients whose wounds were irrigated with normal saline solution and those whose wounds were irrigated with povidone-iodine. The potential of an alpha or a beta error is discussed. PMID- 6635914 TI - Time of onset of carcinoma of the stomach following surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer. AB - In a review of 1,092 patients with histologically proved carcinoma of the stomach, it was found that 40 patients (3.8 per cent) had previously undergone surgical treatment of a duodenal ulcer. In 13 patients, truncal vagotomy had been carried out, while 27 patients had a partial gastrectomy. Patients having truncal vagotomy and who subsequently had carcinoma of the stomach develop did so at a significantly earlier age than those having partial gastrectomy (55 years compared with 64 years). Carcinoma of the stomach was diagnosed after an average interval of 8.5 years in the vagotomy group compared with 24.0 years in the nonvagotomy group. Possible explanations for this observation are considered. Patients in the vagotomy group were less likely to have a resectable tumor. PMID- 6635915 TI - Incidence and significance of primary stones of the common bile duct in choledocholithiasis. AB - To assess the significance of primary common bile duct stones as an index predisposing to recurrent choledocholithiasis, 522 patients who underwent choledochotomy are presented in this study for further discussion. There was an association of primary common bile duct stones with bile infection, with an increased incidence of anaerobes in bile cultures and with an advanced inflammatory infiltration of the biliary tree. Furthermore, primary common bile duct stones have an increased incidence in patients with a long history of symptoms of the disease, of advanced age and who have had previous biliary surgical treatment. Primary stones are an index of existent biliary stasis and have to be taken into serious consideration in dealing with patients suffering from biliary lithiasis. PMID- 6635916 TI - Cholelithiasis in Dubin-Johnson syndrome. AB - Only one instance of Dubin-Johnson syndrome associated with cholelithiasis has been reported. We present one additional patient, a 30 year old man with Dubin Johnson syndrome in whom pancreatitis and cholecystitis, secondary to cholesterol gallstones, developed. A possible cause for the lithogenicity of the bile in the Dubin-Johnson syndrome is considered. PMID- 6635917 TI - The Heyrowsky operation associated with fundoplication for the treatment of patients with achalasia of the esophagus after failure of the cardiomyotomy. AB - In six patients with achalasia of the esophagus who previously underwent, one or more times, cardiomyotomy and had a failure of the procedure, we have done a new operation, an abdominal laterolateral anastomosis between the esophagus and the gastric fundus (Heyrowsky), wrapping it up with the stomach to form a genuine fundoplication. The six patients were preoperatively and postoperatively evaluated roentgenographically, endoscopically and manometrically, and the results were good with no reflux, and the drainage effect of the operation was excellent. This technique is a recourse for patients who have a recurrence of dysphagia after the Heller operation, because it has been ineffective, since it sometimes occurs in a rather large megaesophagus. PMID- 6635918 TI - Diagnostic celiotomy for fever of undetermined origin. AB - In 38 patients with FUO, celiotomy provided a definitive or tentative diagnosis for which specific therapy could be prescribed in 19. No pattern of signs, symptoms or laboratory findings could be defined which might improve the diagnostic yield. In evaluating the outcome in nonoperated upon patients with FUO, prolonged observation or therapeutic trials have been no more successful in reaching a definitive diagnosis. The current process of selection of patients with FUO for celiotomy, although imperfect, has brought about a diagnosis in almost all patients with treatable malignant neoplasms and has not resulted in excessive morbidity or mortality in those who did not undergo operation. PMID- 6635919 TI - Techniques of ultrasonic dissection in resection of the liver. AB - The ultrasonic device allows dissection of hepatic parenchyma without damage to vascular or ductal structures. With it, both standard hepatic resections and more radical ones are made safer. It is an instrument useful for hepatic operations. PMID- 6635920 TI - Resection of false aneurysm from angioaccess of forearm. AB - False as well as true aneurysms occur at needle puncture sites in angioaccess grafts of forearm used for chronic hemodialysis. Thirty-four such aneurysms were resected by a simple technique with use of a pneumatic tourniquet and systemic heparinization. Follow-up examination of these patients showed no unusual problems related to the technique. PMID- 6635921 TI - A simple method for operative cholangiography. AB - Operative cholangiography is a useful adjunct and should be used routinely during most cholecystectomies. The most popular methods for this procedure involve cystic duct cannulation followed by injection of contrast material. A simple method that facilitates holding of the cholangiogram catheter within the cystic duct, without having to tie it in place, is described. This technique has been successfully used in over 250 patients without any related complications and it appears to be adaptable to most situations. PMID- 6635922 TI - An easy technique for tunneling the Broviac catheter. PMID- 6635924 TI - A technique of clipping giant intracranial aneurysms with the preservation of the parent artery. AB - Several methods are currently available for the treatment of giant intracranial aneurysms. In this report, we emphasize the technique of temporary trapping of the aneurysm followed by aspiration and collapse, and subsequent clipping. This method permits the preservation of the parent vessel and avoids the need for creating a microvascular bypass. Two cases are presented to illustrate this technique; in one case the patient had a giant middle cerebral artery aneurysm, and in the other a giant carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysm. Both aneurysms were successfully clipped with preservation of the major vessels and a good result. On the basis of the configurations of their necks, giant aneurysms can be classified into three groups. The different methods of treating these aneurysms are reviewed with respect to this classification. PMID- 6635923 TI - Digital subtraction angiography and dynamic computed tomography for evaluating the hemodynamics in cases of giant intracranial aneurysm. AB - Dynamic computed tomography (CT) and digital subtraction angiography were used for postoperative evaluation of the hemodynamic changes in five patients with giant or large intracranial aneurysms. The lesions in four of these cases were giant or large aneurysms of the internal carotid artery, and were treated by occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery and superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis. The lesion in the fifth case was a giant aneurysm of the right vertebral artery, which was treated by proximal clipping of the vertebral artery. Preoperative digital subtraction angiography revealed aneurysmal staining, and dynamic CT scanning indicated the rapid transit of contrast medium in the dome of the aneurysm. Dynamic CT scanning immediately after operation indicated a low flow state in all of the aneurysms, suggesting that they were thrombosed. Although within a few months the peripheral edges of the aneurysms became enhanced, dynamic CT scanning revealed a slower transit of contrast medium through the centers of the aneurysms than in the basilar artery, and digital subtraction angiography failed to demonstrate aneurysmal staining, suggesting that the aneurysms remained thrombosed. The present data indicate that dynamic CT scanning and digital subtraction angiography may be useful for relatively noninvasive evaluation of the hemodynamic changes in patients with giant intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 6635925 TI - Intrasellar metastasis mimicking a pituitary adenoma. AB - An unusual case of pituitary metastasis from renal cell carcinoma mimicking an adenoma is reported. Panhypopituitarism and chiasmal compression were the first manifestations of the tumor. The clinical, endocrinologic, and pathologic features of pituitary carcinomatous metastasis are discussed. PMID- 6635927 TI - Voluminous benign osteoblastoma of the skull. AB - A case of benign osteoblastoma of the skull is reported. The clinical picture began when the patient was 15 years old, with exophthalmos and blindness in the right eye. After the enucleation of this eye, the only symptoms were repetitive convulsive seizures. Radiologic studies done when the patient was 76 years old, and a postmortem examination following her death at this age, revealed a voluminous osteoblastoma localized in the anterior cranial fossa and invading the structures below. The clinical characteristics of osteoblastomas of the skull are briefly reviewed. PMID- 6635926 TI - Giant pituitary adenoma. AB - The clinical, radiologic, and autopsy findings of an unusually large pituitary adenoma are described. A review of the literature revealed such large tumors to be quite rare. PMID- 6635928 TI - Computed-tomographically guided percutaneous transmastoid drainage of a cerebellar abscess. AB - Computed-tomographic scanning demonstrated a cerebellar abscess in a patient with suppurative mastoiditis. Following radical mastoidectomy, computed tomographically guided percutaneous drainage of the abscess resulted in substantial improvement in the patient's deteriorating neurologic condition. Because of the prior mastoidectomy, burr holes were not required for the drainage, permitting a percutaneous approach to a cerebellar lesion. PMID- 6635929 TI - Pituitary apoplexy and vasospasm. AB - Two cases of pituitary apoplexy complicated by cerebral vasospasm are described. They emphasize the importance of angiography in the investigation of a protracted clinical course after pituitary apoplexy. The pathophysiology of postapoplectic vasospasm is discussed. PMID- 6635930 TI - Giant calcified aneurysm on the posterior cerebral artery in a nine-year-old child. AB - We report the case of a 9-year-old child in whom, after a plain x-ray examination of the skull was performed for a suppurating otitis in the left ear, a calcified lesion was discovered in the left temporal region. Angiographic study showed it to be an aneurysm of the left posterior cerebral artery. The rarity of these lesions is discussed, as well as the successful surgical treatment in this case. PMID- 6635931 TI - Posterior circulation aneurysms. Results of direct operations. AB - Twenty-eight patients with aneurysms of the posterior circulation were managed by direct operations, 53.6% of these being done within 14 days of a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transvenous cardiac pacing was used in 4 of the 13 patients with aneurysms of the basilar bifurcation in order to produce a short period of profound hypotension while final dissection and clip application was performed. There were nine patients with posterior-inferior cerebellar artery/vertebral junction aneurysms, the only one dying having a large aneurysm. The operative technique used in the majority of the 13 patients with basilar bifurcation aneurysms involved subtotal temporal lobectomy, and the operative exposure so obtained was excellent. Five patients died, one of whom rebled from an aneurysm of the basilar artery origin that could only be wrapped, the total mortality being 17.9%. Seventeen (74%) of the 23 survivors were assessed as showing good results; 5 (22%) as showing fair results, and only 1 (4%) as showing a poor result. PMID- 6635932 TI - Late laminectomy in traumatic paraplegia. AB - Long-term observation in cases of spinal injury with subarachnoid block, treated by laminectomy and removal of compressing elements, shows worthwhile results in a good percentage. Twenty-seven cases of fractures of the spine at the dorsolumbar and lumbar levels with conus and cauda equina injury were treated by laminectomy and decompression from 6 to 12 weeks after the injury, and have been followed for periods of 3-27 years. Surgical intervention was offered only in those cases in which myelography demonstrated a subarachnoid block. Most of the cases were operated on at 6-12 weeks after the injury. Displaced laminae, thickened ligamentum flavum, and arachnoidal adhesions were the common causes of compression. In six cases there was also an arachnoid cyst. Long-term follow-up showed improvement in bladder function in 14 of 27 patients, and in motor function in 8 of 27. In dorsolumbar and lumbar injuries in which there is a subarachnoid block, decompressive laminectomy is a worthwhile procedure. PMID- 6635933 TI - Induction of semichronic epileptic foci using cobalt oxide. AB - This paper describes a new method for production of semichronic epileptic foci in the cerebral cortex of cats. Cortical lesions that turned into epileptic foci were induced by extradural application of cobalt oxide powder. These lesions extended through the entire depth of the gray matter, but did not cause gross macroscopic damage. The cobalt oxide powder was removed from the dura mater 7 days after its application, at which time the lesion already showed epileptic activity; this activity did not diminish 7, 14, or 21 days later. Testing of epilepsy was done with a special procedure that allowed work with anesthetized animals. Before treatment with cobalt oxide began, the maximal dose of convulsant drug that would not cause an epileptic electrocorticogram response was determined for each animal (the "trigger dose"). Subsequent testing of potential epileptic foci consisted of monitoring the electrocorticographic responses to rapid intravenous injections of the trigger convulsant dose. The success of the present method in production of epileptic foci is evaluated by several criteria and is compared with other methods. PMID- 6635935 TI - Acute cervical spinal injury. PMID- 6635934 TI - Surgical control of semichronic epileptic foci in the cat's sensorimotor cortex. AB - The present work was undertaken in order to find out whether delicate subpial incisions can be used to stop the epileptic activity of cortical lesions induced by cobalt oxide. Epileptic foci were produced in cats by epidural application of cobalt oxide powder. The presence of epilepsy was demonstrated a week later in anesthetized cats by injections of a "trigger dose" of pentamethylenetetrazole. Performance of subpial incisions through the focus area immediately abolished all ongoing epileptic activity. Such activity could not be evoked again by subsequent injection of pentamethylenetetrazole trigger doses throughout a 2-week period. The practical implications of this result are discussed. Some theoretical consequences of the similarity between the response of penicillin foci and that of cobalt oxide foci to the application of subpial incisions were evaluated. Finally, an attempt is made to explain the differences between our results and those produced by other investigators who also attempted to inactivate cobalt lesions in the cortex. PMID- 6635938 TI - Durability of thrombectomy of occluded aortofemoral graft limbs. PMID- 6635937 TI - Management of congenital arteriovenous malformations. AB - Twenty-five patients with congenital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) involving the head, neck, trunk, or extremities were treated over a 10-year period. In patients with more extensive lesions, selective angiography was essential to delineate the extent of the AVM and its vascular anatomy. AVMs that produced congestive heart failure, hemorrhage, pain, or cosmetic embarrassment were excised if possible. Intra-arterial embolization is useful in the reduction of vascularity before operation or as the primary treatment for unresectable lesions. Incomplete excision or embolization of the AVM often results in a recurrence. However, nonsymptomatic lesions may be observed, and extremity varicosities can be treated by external compression. PMID- 6635936 TI - Presidential address: the development and purpose of a regional vascular society. PMID- 6635939 TI - Hypoplastic aortoiliac syndrome: An entity peculiar to women. AB - Hypoplastic aortoiliac syndrome (HAIS) is a unique disorder that occurs almost exclusively in women. Because reports in the literature are scant, we reviewed our own experience. The criteria for definition were high bifurcation of the abdominal aorta, straight course of the iliac arteries without the normal characteristic bowing, acute angle of the aortic bifurcation, aortic diameter of 14 mm or less, and iliac artery diameter of 7 mm or less. Nineteen patients with HAIS were identified in a 14-year period. All 19 patients were heavy smokers. Most had significant associated arterial disease, and all were women. Fifteen patients were selected as candidates for operation. Two were treated conservatively, one refused surgery, and one died of a myocardial infarction before operation. Reconstruction was performed by aortoiliac thromboendarterectomy with vein patch for segmental disease (four patients) and Dacron bifurcating graft for diffuse disease (11 patients). There were no deaths during operation. Four patients required reoperations for graft failure and three patients eventually required amputations. The four patients who underwent reconstructions by thromboendarterectomy with vein patch had uniformly good results. From this experience, the following approach and management are recommended: conservative nonoperative exercise program with close follow-up if symptoms are tolerable, aortoiliac thromboendartectomy and vein patch if disease is segmental, aortofemoral bifurcating graft for patients with diffuse disease with graft size closely approximating vessel size, and concomitant femoral-to popliteal graft to ensure adequate runoff and graft patency if there is significant femoral disease. The etiology of HAIS remains obscure. Early onset of symptoms seems to be due to small vessels with superimposed atherosclerotic plaques. Addiction to smoking in these women is extreme (paralleling that seen in Buerger's disease) and may be of etiologic significance. PMID- 6635940 TI - Quantitative photoplethysmography in chronic venous insufficiency: a new method of noninvasive estimation of ambulatory venous pressure. AB - We estimated ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) noninvasively with a new technique of quantitative photoplethysmography (PPG). Postural changes of hydrostatic pressure permitted in vivo calibration of the PPG. We recorded quantitative PPG and AVP in 14 normal subjects and 14 patients with postthrombotic chronic venous insufficiency. The results were contrasted with qualitative PPG recordings on 41 consecutive patients with chronic venous insufficiency. All but one of the latter patients demonstrated a decrement in skin blood content with exercise of the calf muscle, and shortened recovery time ws the only significant indicator of venous disease. Quantitative PPG correlated closely with AVP with respect to both estimated drop in superficial venous pressure (r = 0.97, P less than 0.001) and recovery time (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001). PPG estimates of intravenous pressure in normal and postthrombosis patients, 42 +/- 10 and 62 +/- 18 mm Hg, respectively, agreed with AVP measurements, 39 +/- 9 and 61 +/- 18 mm Hg, respectively. Quantitative PPG may prove to be an accurate estimate of AVP in patients with suspected chronic venous insufficiency. PMID- 6635941 TI - The response of venous valvular endothelium to autotransplantation and in vitro preservation. AB - Intraoperative preservation techniques in popular use produced endothelial damage in venous valves of dogs. This damage was evident with only 20 minutes of preservation. Severe endothelial damage was also evident after surgical autologous transfer of valve-bearing vein segments. The damage evolved over a period of days. At 28 days there was essentially complete desquamation of the valve apparatus with exposure of the collagen fibrils to the bloodstream. Complete reendothelialization had occurred by 4 months. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 6635943 TI - Ulcer recurrence two to twelve years after parietal cell vagotomy for duodenal ulcer. AB - An analysis is presented of the ulcer recurrence rate following parietal cell vagotomy in 333 patients with duodenal ulcer. The median period of observation for patients without ulcer recurrence was 54 months (range 1 to 128 months). Forty-two patients developed proven recurrent ulcer. The median period of freedom from recurrence was 33 months (range 3 to 113 months). Recurrent ulcer was suspected but not verified in an additional 12 patients. The calculated risk (by the life table method) of recurrence after 5 years was 13% (95% confidence limits 9-17), after 8 years 21% (14-28), and after 10 years 23% (15-31). The rate of recurrence remained constant throughout the study period. The analysis indicates a constant monthly recurrence risk of 0.23%. The patients with ulcer recurrence had a significantly lower reduction of peak pentapeptide acid output and higher rate of positive insulin test than patients without recurrence. The risk of recurrence did not depend on the location of the ulcer (duodenal bulb or pyloric prepyloric area). PMID- 6635942 TI - Neurologic deficit after carotid endarterectomy: pathogenesis and management. AB - During a 7-year period, 818 patients underwent carotid endarterectomy (CE) and were evaluated for postoperative neurologic deficits. Three hundred and eighteen had CE performed with a shunt; transient deficits occurred in 2.9% (nine patients) and permanent deficits occurred in 1.6% (five patients). CE was performed without a shunt in 274 patients; transient deficits occurred in 2.9% (eight patients), while permanent deficits occurred in 2.2% (six patients). CE was monitored by surveillance in 226 patients; transient deficits were found in 2.2% (five patients), while permanent deficits occurred in 1.6% (four patients). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative neurologic deficits between the groups (P greater than 0.25). The concept of inadequate collateral cerebral flow during endarterectomy could not, therefore, be indicted as the cause of the postoperative neurologic complications. Technical errors that caused carotid thrombosis or cerebral emboli, and not inadequate collateral cerebral flow, accounted for most of the neurologic deficits after CE. Deficits occurred most frequently in neurologically unstable patients, those who were first seen with stroke in evolution or with postreversible ischemic neurologic deficit and poststroke symptoms. Twenty-two patients awoke from CE with minor transient deficits, and neurologic function rapidly returned. Fifteen patients with profound postoperative deficits had reoperations immediately; intracranial emboli were identified in three patients, while a thrombosed CE site was demonstrated in seven. Three late (greater than 6 hours) postoperative deficits were due to thrombosis of the CE site. Patients with minimal postoperative deficits will improve without intervention, but reoperation is mandatory if a major deficit occurs in the immediate postoperative period. A protocol for the management of the post-CE neurologic deficit is presented. PMID- 6635944 TI - Effects of pneumonectomy on pulmonary input impedance. AB - The long-term effects of pneumonectomy on the pulmonary circulation quantifiable through pulmonary input impedance analysis were studied. Excision of the left lung was performed in purebred beagle dogs aged 6 to 10 weeks (n = 6 group I) or 1 year (n = 8 group II). Unoperated beagles served as controls (n = 8 group III). When the dogs were 5 years of age, pulmonary pressure and flow were measured and the impedance spectra calculated. Characteristic impedance (Zo) (indicative of changes in proximal vessel physical properties) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (indicative of the distal response) were estimated. In group III the cardiac output (CO) was 1.7 +/- 0.4 L/min, mean pressure 16 +/- 5 mm Hg, PVR 605 +/- 448 dyne-sec/cm, and Zo 204 +/- 76 dyne-sec/cm. Group I results exhibited bimodal distributions that were not statistically different from results of groups II or III; four dogs had spectra comparable to those of group III, while two dogs had developed moderate hypertension and high PVR and Zo. Group II results were more normally distributed, and comparison with group III indicated statistically significant differences (P less than 0.05) in CO (1.1 +/- 2 L/min), PVR (1396 +/- 573 dynes-sec/cm), and Zo (543 +/- 273 dynes-sec/cm). Doubling of PVR and Zo in group II indicated that proximal vessel compliance and peripheral perfusion radius had not increased following pneumonectomy in adult beagles. Group I results indicate that marked facilitory adaptation can occur when pneumonectomy is performed in puppies; however, the adaptation may not be based on true lung growth and, therefore, may not be sustained indefinitely. PMID- 6635945 TI - Assessment of late patency of profundaplasty by arteriography. AB - We have reviewed 34 cases of profundaplasty to determine patency rates in arteriographic rather than clinical terms. These patients had required subsequent arteriography for a variety of reasons not always related to their original operation. Clinical improvement following profundaplasty could be due to maturation of the collateral circulation rather than to prolonged patency of the reconstructed segment, but in this series all the profundaplasties were patent except where the external iliac and common femoral arteries supplying the profundaplasty had themselves occluded. These patients with profundaplasty failure showed an adverse pattern of proximal disease. The state of the distal vascular bed did not appear to influence the patency rate of the profundaplasties significantly, although this may affect the outcome for the limb itself. PMID- 6635946 TI - Peritoneal lavage: a useful diagnostic adjunct for peritonitis. AB - Diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL) was used to aid in the rapid diagnosis of peritonitis in 138 patients for whom standard diagnostic criteria were not applicable because the patients had altered sensorium, were elderly, or had multiple medical problems. There were abnormal results in 77 patients, and all but one patient had peritonitis. Sixty-five patients had lesions that could be cured only by operative means; 54% of this group of extremely ill patients survived. Of 61 patients with negative results of DPL, only one had intraperitoneal inflammation (acute cholecystitis), which occurred 4 days after DPL. We believe DPL is a useful procedure for the detection of peritonitis in a critically ill subset of patients for whom the standard diagnostic criteria were not available. PMID- 6635947 TI - Induction of cardioplegia with blood and crystalloid potassium solutions during prolonged aortic cross-clamping. AB - Recent controversy concerns the proper vehicle for delivery of potassium cardioplegia. In the present study, adult dogs supported by cardiopulmonary bypass were subjected to 2 hours of multidose, hypothermic potassium cardioplegic arrest with 30 minutes of reperfusion with either autologous blood or crystalloid solution as the cardioplegic vehicle. Preservation of myocardial high-energy nucleotide stores was assessed by serial left ventricular biopsies assayed for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate. Preischemic and postischemic ventricular function was assessed by the use of an isovolumic intraventricular balloon. ATP stores were equally maintained at preischemic levels after ischemia and reperfusion by both autologous blood and crystalloid solution. Although creatine phosphate stores significantly declined (P less than 0.01, both groups) after 2 hours of arrest, reperfusion allowed equal restoration of preischemic levels. Maximum first derivative of left ventricular pressure and measured velocity were not depressed by either mode of protection. Similarly, myocardial compliance, as assessed by length-tension curves, showed no change following either autologous blood or crystalloid solution. The data show equal and significant myocardial protection by multidose, hypothermic potassium cardioplegia when both delivery vehicles were used. PMID- 6635948 TI - Dimensions of constructive dialogue. PMID- 6635949 TI - Low chest compression for removal of pulmonary secretions. PMID- 6635950 TI - [Antithrombin III and indicators of heparin resistance in patients with urinary calculi]. PMID- 6635951 TI - [Colony-forming capacity of fibroblast precursor cells of the bone marrow in patients with various neutropenic conditions]. PMID- 6635952 TI - [Cloning of human hematopoietic cells in the agar drop-liquid medium system]. PMID- 6635953 TI - [Cultivation of fibroblasts of human cadaveric bone marrow and bone marrow preserved at 4 degrees C]. PMID- 6635954 TI - [Hemodynamics and tolerance to physical exertion in patients with acute rheumatism]. PMID- 6635955 TI - [Chromosome aberrations in leukemia and lymphoma]. PMID- 6635956 TI - [Treatment of splenogenic cytopenias in lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 6635957 TI - [Smoldering indolent multiple myeloma]. PMID- 6635958 TI - [Prognostic factors in the treatment of multiple myeloma]. PMID- 6635959 TI - [Radionuclide study of the topography of hematopoiesis in erythremia]. PMID- 6635960 TI - [Differential therapy of lymphocytic leukemia]. PMID- 6635961 TI - [Oxygen-transport function of the blood in decompensated diabetes mellitus before and after complex therapy including hyperbaric oxygenation]. PMID- 6635962 TI - [Acid-base equilibrium in the blood of patients with various diseases of the blood system in relation to surgery and general anesthesia]. PMID- 6635963 TI - [Characteristics of menstrual function in patients with various thrombocytopathies]. PMID- 6635964 TI - [Spectrum of hexokinase isoenzymes in the serum of patients with active rheumatic fever depending upon the clinical variant of disease]. PMID- 6635965 TI - [Dimethyl sulfoxide applications in the treatment of erythema nodosum]. PMID- 6635966 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of monotherapy with cimetidine and combined treatment of the recurrent duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6635967 TI - [Changes in the basal concentrations of growth hormone and prolactin in patients with duodenal ulcer during a step-by-step rehabilitation treatment]. PMID- 6635968 TI - [State of the sympathico-adrenal system during reflexotherapy of duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6635969 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of hyperazotemia in liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6635970 TI - [Hemodialysis and metabolism of erythrocyte porphyrins in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 6635971 TI - [Physical and psychological tolerance of patients with Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 6635972 TI - [General principles of drug therapy in internal medicine]. PMID- 6635973 TI - [Valvular stenosis of the pulmonary artery in tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 6635974 TI - [Clinico-morphological study of the bronchial mucosa in patients with asthma during treatment]. PMID- 6635975 TI - [Clinical efficacy and immunological mechanisms of the effect of hemodes in patients with bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6635976 TI - [Airway reactivity in healthy subjects as a criterion of the results of bronchodilator tests in lung diseases]. PMID- 6635977 TI - [Health as a function of the quality of life]. PMID- 6635978 TI - [Relation between the hemodynamics and physical tolerance after the rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6635979 TI - [Effect of the combined administration of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockaders (propranolol and phentolamine) on central and renal hemodynamics during the treatment of patients with arterial hypertension]. PMID- 6635980 TI - [Treatment of hypertension with the cardioselective beta-adrenergic blockader tenormin]. PMID- 6635981 TI - [Physical endurance of patients with hypertension during prolonged ambulatory treatment]. PMID- 6635982 TI - [Blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity of the erythrocytes in patients with stage II-III hypertension subjected to combined treatment]. PMID- 6635983 TI - [Efficacy of nitrates in the treatment of patients with cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 6635984 TI - [Isolated ultrafiltration in the treatment of cardiac insufficiency in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6635985 TI - [Changes in the hypophyseo-thyroid system in patients with circulatory insufficiency after treatment with digoxin]. PMID- 6635986 TI - [Controlled (double blind) study of various regimens of levamisole administration in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6635987 TI - [Hemosorption in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6635988 TI - Effect of phenytoin on maternal heart rate in A/J mice: possible role in teratogenesis. AB - Phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, Dilantin, PHT), an anticonvulsant and antiarrhythmic drug, is teratogenic to A/J mice, producing an increased incidence of cleft lip with or without cleft palate [CL(P)] and cardiac defects. Although its mechanism of teratogenic action remains unclear, one possibility may involve uterine ischemia resulting from an exaggerated depressant effect on maternal cardiovascular function. To test this hypothesis, the heart rate response of susceptible A/J and resistant C57Bl/6J mice was monitored following intraperitoneal injection of doses of PHT of known teratogenic potential. Heart rate (HR) was obtained electrocardiographically from unanesthetized, pregnant mice on day 10 of gestation via previously implanted subcutaneous electrodes. The HR of A/J mice was significantly depressed relative to vehicle-injected controls following doses of 40, 60, and 75 mg/kg, with the greatest effect occurring in the high-dose group. In C57Bl/6J mice, the HR response of the group treated with 75 mg/kg was not different from that of the vehicle-treated controls. At the same dose level, the depression of HR of A/J mice was significantly greater in magnitude and duration than that of C57Bl/6J mice. A proposed maternally mediated mechanism of CL(P) in A/J mice involving low placental/embryonic oxygen delivery is discussed. The results of the present study indicate the potential significance that changes in maternal physiology may have on embryonic development. PMID- 6635989 TI - Iron deficiency in the rat: biochemical studies of fetal metabolism. AB - The effects of dietary-induced iron deficiency on fetal and maternal metabolism were studied in the rat. Concentrations of phenylalanine, but not tyrosine, were significantly elevated in plasma from iron-deficient maternal and fetal rats at day 20 of gestation with individual fetal plasma levels of phenylalanine as high as 10 mg per 100 ml. Concentrations of total 5-hydroxyindole compounds were significantly decreased in brain tissue from iron-deficient fetuses (day 20 of gestation), suggesting that synthesis of the compounds may be inhibited by iron deficiency. Mitochondrial NADH oxidase activity was markedly decreased (60%) in homogenates of fetuses at day 14 of gestation and may account for the high fetal resorption rate and small fetal size observed in the rat in iron deficiency. PMID- 6635990 TI - Detection of teratogens in the Drosophila embryonic cell culture test: assay of 100 chemicals. AB - An in vitro assay of teratogenesis has been developed that utilizes Drosophila embryonic cell cultures. The endpoint selected in assessing the teratogenic potential of any substance involves detection of interference with normal muscle and/or neuron differentiation. In the validation phase of this project, 100 chemicals were tested. With drugs for which extensive reliable mammalian data are available, the results in the Drosophila assay equate rather favorably with those observed in animals and humans (i.e., a low percentage of false positives and false negatives has been obtained). In an effort to determine if strain differences exist and also to establish that the system shows a dose response, cultures from three wild-type Drosophila strains (Canton S, Canton S109, and Oregon R) were tested. Dose-response differences were observed when diethylstilbestrol, diphenylhydantoin, imipramine, testosterone, and tolbutamide were added to the cultures. These results suggest that the Drosophila assay, with further testing and refinements, might be capable of identifying agents of high teratogenic potential by their effect on neurons and muscle differentiation. Furthermore, sensitive strains might be used to study mechanisms of abnormal development and gene involvement in teratogenic resistance. PMID- 6635991 TI - Differential response of heterozygous curly-tail mouse embryos to vitamin A teratogenesis depending on maternal genotype. AB - Around 60% of mice homozygous for the curly-tail gene have neural tube defects (NTD). F1 hybrids between curly-tail mice (ct) and a nongenetically predisposed A strain (A) do not have NTD. Vitamin A increases the penetrance of the ct gene at doses that hardly cause any NTD in A mice. The susceptibility to vitamin A of the F1 hybrids, derived from ct female X A male and A female X ct male crosses, was examined. Either 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg was injected into the mother on the eighth day of pregnancy. The F1 hybrids did develop NTD, and there was a dose response. The number with NTD was roughly intermediate between that found in the two pure parental crosses. However, there was a significant difference in response according to whether the ct or the A was the mother, more F1 embryos having NTD in the former situation. Also, significantly more of the female F1 hybrids had NTD when the ct was the mother than when the A was the mother, but for the males, the number with NTD was the same in both crosses. The number of intrauterine deaths of F1 hybrids, seen as resorptions in each reciprocal cross, was not intermediate but matched that of the pure parental strain of the mother involved in the hybrid cross. It is concluded that gene-environment interaction has been demonstrated, together with both a maternal effect and a contribution of the fetal genotype in the liability to produce NTD in response to vitamin A. PMID- 6635992 TI - Ultrastructure of trypan blue induced ocular defects: I. Retina and lens. AB - The histological and cytological basis of trypan blue-induced ocular defects were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Microphthalmic and anophthalmic eyes of 16-day rat fetuses were utilized from dams exposed to a teratogenic dose of trypan blue. Retinal and lenticular anlagen were specifically examined for architectural and cellular changes. Nearly all severely abnormal eyes showed no evidence of retina development: Of 41 such eyes, only two retinal rudiments were observed. Those eyes with mild microphthalmia always demonstrated retinae although architectural changes were present. In every abnormal eye, some degree of lenticular morphogenesis was always present. Lenses were small, displaced in the eye field, and arrested at the lens vesicle stage. Lens cells were markedly undifferentiated and thus lacked most of the cytological features normally present at this developmental stage. Neither retinal nor lenticular rudiments were necrotic despite major architectural and cytological disturbances. The data offer three conclusions: First, the absence of necrosis suggests that trypan blue causes developmental arrest in this eye model; second, absence of retinae is most likely due to primary failure of optic vesicle development; third, lack of lens differentiation is attributed to absence of the retina, the primary lens inducer. PMID- 6635993 TI - Palatal slit: a new spontaneous defect of the palate of C57BL/6 mice. AB - A hitherto undescribed palatal defect, here named "palatal slit," was observed during a teratological study of C57BL/6 fetuses. The defect, involving a failure of fusion of the premaxilla and palatal shelves, corresponds to stage 7 in normal palate closure. Adult C57BL/6 mice have been observed with the defect, so it does not represent a developmental delay that is repaired postnatally. Genetic factors of an unknown nature seem to be involved in the occurrence of palatal slit, which does not appear to be related developmentally to cleft palate. Some preliminary information on the defect is reported here. PMID- 6635994 TI - Involvement of GABA in palate morphogenesis and its relation to diazepam teratogenesis in two mouse strains. AB - Previous studies have indicated that serotonin and acetylcholine stimulate palate shelf reorientation. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the palate and whether diazepam mimics GABA to inhibit shelf reorientation and cause cleft palate. First, it was shown that 10(-4) M GABA inhibits palate shelf reorientation in day 14.5 AJ embryos cultured for 2 hours. Anterior palate reorientation stimulated by 10(-5) M serotonin was decreased by GABA; 10(-5) M picrotoxin (GABA antagonist) stimulated anterior shelf reorientation and reversed the effect of GABA. Diazepam (10(-4) M) partially inhibited palate shelf reorientation and that stimulated by 10(-5) M serotonin. Diazepam (400 mg/kg) was administered to AJ mice at day 13.5 of gestation and embryos were cultured at day 14.5. The inhibition produced by diazepam was significantly reduced by 10(-5) M picrotoxin. The teratogenic effect of diazepam was compared with AJ and Swiss Webster Vancouver (SWV) inbred strains. Diazepam produced greater clefting in SWV mice (57% net) than in the AJ (18% net) when compared to their water- and food starved controls. The greater sensitivity of the SWV strain than the AJ strain to diazepam, as well as to GABA, was also observed in embryo culture. GABA (10(-5) M) markedly inhibited posterior palate reorientation and reversed the stimulation produced by bethanechol in SWV mice. The inhibitory effects of GABA on the posterior palate were partially reversed by picrotoxin. Furthermore, diazepam inhibited palate reorientation either when administered to the pregnant dam or added in embryo culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6635995 TI - Drug-induced copper deficiency: a model for copper deficiency teratogenicity. PMID- 6635996 TI - Methyl mercury toxicity in the chick embryo. AB - The toxicity of methyl mercury (mHg) in the developing chick embryo was investigated. The relationship of dose, time of administration (i.e., days 4-9 of development), and body levels of mercury was examined. The LD50 for mHg injected into the yolk sac on day 5 of incubation was 40-50 micrograms. Embryos dying within 24 hours showed increased total body mHg levels when compared to survivors (219 +/- 67 vs. 105 +/- 41 micrograms/gm, mean +/- SD). Absorption was dose related, with a good correlation between mortality and body, blood, and brain levels. Daily analysis of body mHg levels after injection on day 5 showed continued mHg accumulation (0.88 +/- 0.35 micrograms/embryo/day). However, the rate of embryo growth exceeded the rate of mHg absorption, resulting in a progressive decrease in mHg in concentration in tissues (from 94.5 +/- 34.2 micrograms/gm on day 6 to 45.3 +/- 13.4 on day 9). Administration after day 5 resulted in a significant reduction in levels of mHg in the brain on day 18 (from 11.4 +/- 2.1 micrograms/gm when given on day 5 to 8.4 +/- 2.3 when given on day 9) and in mortality (from 64% to 33%). Because blood mHg levels remained unchanged, the increased brain levels and higher mortality early in embryogenesis may reflect facilitated transfer of mHg across a poorly developed blood-brain barrier. Later in development, the reduced mortality and lower brain mHg levels correspond to the formation of specialized interendothelial junctions and a more effective blood-brain barrier. PMID- 6635997 TI - Craniofacial and central nervous system malformations induced by triamcinolone acetonide in nonhuman primates: II. Craniofacial pathogenesis. AB - This study further defines the craniofacial malformations induced by triamcinolone acetonide in the rhesus monkey. Ten timed-mated pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) received intramuscular injections of 10 mg/kg TAC on days 23, 25, 27, 29, and 31 of gestation. Results of previous experiments with rhesus and bonnet monkeys and baboons indicated that specific craniofacial and brain malformations could be induced with TAC during this period of pregnancy (Hendrickx et al., '80). Stage-matched TAC-treated and control embryos (stages 17 18 and 22) and age-matched TAC-treated and control fetuses (50, 60, and 70 days gestation) were removed by hysterotomy. Stage 17-18 TAC embryos appeared grossly normal but histologic evaluation revealed a shortened anlage of the posterior cranial base. Stage 22 TAC embryos and all TAC fetuses exhibited craniofacial dysmorphia and encephalocele. The developing sphenoid was the earliest affected and most severely malformed bone. Its defects included reduced anterioposterior and transverse dimensions, reduced orbitosphenoid and alisphenoid, abnormal pituitary fossa, and reduced dorsum and tuberculum sellae. In addition, shortening of the posterior cranial base and decreased cranial base angle was a consistent finding in the treated embryos and fetuses. Decreased ossification and remodeling in the facial bones and abnormal position due to the malformed sphenoid occurred. PMID- 6635998 TI - Assessment of adult skeletons to detect prenatal exposure to acetazolamide in mice. AB - A skeletal variant assay system (SVAS) consisting of a group of 88 spontaneously occurring qualitative variations of the adult mouse skeleton was applied to CD-1 animals that had been exposed in utero to 0, 200, or 1,000 mg/kg/day of the sodium salt of acetazolamide dissolved in distilled water, presented by SC injection of the dam during day 8 or days 9-11 of gestation. Two separate series of experiments were performed, and skeletons were examined at postnatal 62 +/- 2 days. Variation occurred in 62 and 67 characters in the two series. Frequencies of occurrence differed from untreated (UNTD) and vehicle-treated (VEH) values of substantial numbers of variants in a dose related manner for both series in both treatment regimes as did the number of variants which showed significantly different frequencies (P less than .01) in comparisons of experimental with either UNTD or VEH. At the high doses 12 and 16 variants occurred with significantly different frequencies from UNTD in day 8 treatments in the two series, and 15 and 19 variants differed in the days 9-11 treated group. Contrasting high-dose animals with appropriate vehicle controls revealed differences in 13 and 12 variants in day 8 treatment groups and in 18 and 15 variants in days 9-11 groups. Agreement between the two series was good, especially in the D9-11 treatments. Several variants differed significantly from both UNTD and VEH in both series of experiments. Among these were a number which appeared more or less specific to acetazolamide exposure. They include: day 8 treatments--accessory parietal, frontal extension, and 27 presacral vertebrae; day 9-11 treatments--sacral fusions in dorsal processes and vertebral bodies, and caudal fusions and malformations; both sets of treatments--lumbar fusions, and fusions of the transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae. Other importantly affected variants, also seen in exposure to other compounds include: day 8 treatments--abnormal metoptic roots; day 9-11 treatments--accessory mental foramen, foramina transversaria imperfecta of the atlas, arch foramen of the fifth cervical (C) vertebra, malformed sternebrae, fossa olecrani perforata, and fewer than 30 caudal vertebrae; both treatment regimes--parted frontals, accessory transverse foramina in C3-C6, reduced articular processes on the thoracic vertebrae, and 14 ribs. By all criteria applied, the SVAS is able to detect prenatal exposure to acetazolamide in adult skeletons even in the absence of any gross morphological abnormalities. PMID- 6635999 TI - Maternal characteristics and hypospadias: a case-control study. AB - Various characteristics were compared among mothers of 99 singleton male live births (in Upstate New York, 1970-1974) with hypospadias and mothers of 99 singleton male live births, matched for maternal age, race, and residence. Maternal (and paternal) education, maternal height and weight, and the frequency of maternal diseases did not differ between cases and controls. Mean age at menarche was significantly later, but delayed menarche (16 years) was not more frequent, in case vs. control mothers. In the latest year during which the mother was neither pregnant nor taking oral contraceptives, menstrual cycles were significantly more often asymptomatic in case vs. control mothers, implying a higher frequency of anovulatory cycles in case mothers. This suggests the need for further studies on menstrual symptoms. Among case-control pairs with a previous pregnancy, the first pregnancy was less likely to have resulted in a male fetus in case vs. control mothers. Maternal use of exogenous sex hormones (oral contraceptives, hormone therapy, and hormone pregnancy tests) during the index pregnancy did not differ significantly between cases and controls, but the relative risk of 3.50 for hormone pregnancy tests (seven cases vs. two controls) was noteworthy in view of the results of previous studies. PMID- 6636000 TI - Forebrain damage in chick embryos exposed to carbon monoxide. AB - The consequences of CO-induced hypoxia to the forebrain of seven-day-old chick embryos were investigated. Exposure of embryos to CO for three hours caused hemorrhages in developing forebrain areas. Carboxyhemoglobin levels reached about 50% in the embryos. Two weeks later, about one day prior to hatching, morphology of large neurons in the paleostriatum primitivum was evaluated. In Golgi-stained sections examined under the light microscope, the CO-exposed chicks were found to have reduced branching of the dendritic tree. In addition, the nuclear size of the paleostriatum primitivum neurons was reduced in the CO-exposed chicks. These findings in chick embryos are comparable to results in previous experiments with fetal rats. PMID- 6636001 TI - Reduction of catecholamine-induced cardiovascular malformations in the chick embryo with metoprolol. AB - It has been documented that activation of the beta 1-adrenergic receptor mechanism is directly related to cardiovascular malformations associated with the heart and great vessels of the embryonic chick. These adrenergic receptors are believed to be present and functional in the innervated and noninnervated embryonic heart at early stages of development. The present study examined the effects of four sympathomimetic cardioactive amines on chick cardiovascular morphogenesis at Hamburger and Hamilton stage 24. Special attention was directed toward understanding dopamine teratogenicity. In order of decreasing potency at the maximum teratogenic dose (dopamine greater than isoproterenol greater than epinephrine greater than norepinephrine) each drug was found capable of producing aortic arch anomalies of the third, fourth, and sixth aortic arches and ventricular septal defects (VSD). A new specific beta 1-adrenergic antagonist, metoprolol tartrate, was employed in an attempt to lower the incidence of these cardiovascular malformations. Pretreatment with this selective beta 1-blocker profoundly reduced the incidence of malformations within any amine-treated group. These experiments demonstrate that dopamine, as well as the other sympathomimetic amines, is a potent teratogen and most likely produces these cardiovascular malformations by primarily stimulating the beta 1-adrenoreceptor in the embryonic chick. PMID- 6636002 TI - Design of a medical office data system. PMID- 6636003 TI - Alcohol and injury. PMID- 6636005 TI - Searching for the bottom line via review. PMID- 6636004 TI - Mandatory disclosure standards or informed consent--Texas style. PMID- 6636006 TI - Current perspectives in anesthesia for patients at risk for myocardial ischemia. PMID- 6636007 TI - Psychiatric disorders and differential diagnosis. PMID- 6636008 TI - Highway injury. PMID- 6636009 TI - Spinal cord injury in the houston-galveston area. PMID- 6636010 TI - Public health and cost implications of suicide, homicide, and criminal violence. PMID- 6636011 TI - Injury prevention: wave of the future in trauma. PMID- 6636012 TI - Recent court decisions affecting texas physicians. PMID- 6636013 TI - Injury control advocacy. PMID- 6636014 TI - You can promote safe transportation. PMID- 6636015 TI - Optimal sampling for pedigree analysis: parameter estimation and genotypic uncertainty. AB - Many problems of sampling strategy arise in pedigree analysis. Although specific questions have been previously considered, there is a need for a general study of the form of the likelihood surface for genetic models. Were genotypes observable, the log-likelihood would have a very simple form. The two classes of factors of genealogical structure affecting general questions of inference are thus those (such as inbreeding or assortive mating) which affect the genotype distribution within a pedigree, and those affecting the extent to which these unobservable genotypes can be inferred from phenotypes. The latter aspect is considered in some detail. PMID- 6636016 TI - [Pain. Introduction]. PMID- 6636017 TI - [Portrayal of pain in fine arts]. PMID- 6636018 TI - [Neural pathways of pain]. PMID- 6636019 TI - [Peripheral analgesics]. PMID- 6636020 TI - [Current role of neurosurgery in the treatment of chronic pain]. PMID- 6636021 TI - [Cui dolet, meminit. Pain and its significance to man]. PMID- 6636022 TI - [Effect of intravenous labetalol on hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism in coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 6636023 TI - [Pharmacokinetic study of piroxicam in healthy man after administration of a single dose equal to 20 mg, by the oral route]. PMID- 6636025 TI - [Demonstration of the gastrointestinal absorption of silicon from an alumino silicate compound]. PMID- 6636026 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic agents. Value of the measurement of plasma concentrations in the adjustment and monitoring of the treatment of epilepsy]. PMID- 6636024 TI - [Digestive absorption of silicon after a single administration in man in the form of methylsilanetriol salicylate]. PMID- 6636027 TI - [Antiepileptic therapy in 1982]. PMID- 6636028 TI - [Antiepileptic drugs in nonepileptic neurological diseases]. PMID- 6636029 TI - [Pharmacological analysis of difficulties of adjusting an antiepileptic treatment]. PMID- 6636030 TI - [Comparison of 3 methods for isolating the free plasma fraction of carbamazepine]. PMID- 6636031 TI - ADP-induced platelet release reaction in acute stroke. AB - The extent of the ADP-induced platelet release reaction has been determined in 107 patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke. In 43 of the patients a precise diagnosis was obtained and in those with proven thromboembolic stroke the mean extent of the release reaction was significantly higher than for those with either primary haemorrhagic stroke or those with subarachnoid haemorrhage. Enhanced platelet reactivity was also found in the patients in whom a precise diagnosis could not be obtained, most of whom probably had cerebral infarction. Comparison of the results obtained for patients with stroke with those obtained for individuals who had not experienced a stroke showed that thromboembolic stroke is associated with platelet hyperactivity while haemorrhagic stroke is associated with platelet hypoactivity. The part that abnormalities of platelet behaviour, whether causal or consequential, might play in occlusive stroke and intra-cranial haemorrhage is discussed and the need for large scale prospective studies is emphasised. PMID- 6636032 TI - The ability of fibrinogens, FI and FII, to support ADP-induced platelet aggregation. AB - Fibrinogen plays an integral part in ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Controversy exists in regard to the role of the carboxy termini of fibrinogen A alpha chains in this reaction. We have attempted to clarify this problem in view of the availability of a highly purified FII fibrinogen fraction. Kabi fibrinogen or its purified fractions FI, FII and FIII-IV-V were added to washed platelets in the presence of Tyrode-HEPES buffer pH 7.4. Aggregation was initiated by the addition of calcium and ADP. These fibrinogen fractions equally promoted ADP induced platelet aggregation. The major difference among these fractions is in their A alpha chains. The FI fraction contains intact A alpha chains while FII and FIII-IV-V fractions have one and two partially degraded A alpha chains at the carboxy terminal portion respectively. We conclude that the carboxy terminal portion of the A alpha chain does not play an important role in promoting ADP induced platelet aggregation. PMID- 6636033 TI - The effect of N-6 and N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on hemostasis, blood lipids and blood pressure. AB - Diverging results from studies of marine oil supplementation to western diets initiated the undertaking of a double-blind crossover study, with administration to healthy volunteers for 4 weeks of either 10 g of fish oil or 10 g of vegetable oil. Each oil containing approx. 40% of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) respectively. During the n-3 PUFA period, systolic blood pressure, plasma total lipids, triglycerides and VLDL concentrations fell significantly whereas plasma antithrombin-III (AT-III) rose. Cutaneous bleeding time increased significantly. In contrast only AT-III rose during the n-6 PUFA feeding, however, more marked than during the n-3 oil period. It is concluded that a n-3 PUFA oil supplement to the western diet exerts an effect that generally is considered as beneficial in terms of the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. It is in this respect superior to that of n-6 PUFA, stressing the necessity of a more differentiated approach to advice on dietary PUFA enrichment than presently is exerted. PMID- 6636034 TI - Mechanisms of vascular damage in gout and oxalosis: crystal induced, granulocyte mediated, endothelial injury. AB - Immune triggered granulocyte (PMN)-endothelial interactions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. While hyperuricemia and gout are associated with an increased risk of atherogenesis, we studied the modulation by monosodium-urate (MSU) crystals of PMN-endothelial interactions in vitro. The relationship between calcium oxalate (COX) crystals - implicated in the vasculitis of primary oxalosis - and immunologically mediated endothelial injury was also explored. Both MSU- and COX-crystal treated sera stimulate PMN to adhere to and induce significant 51Cr-release from endothelial cells in vitro. Platelets significantly increase crystal-triggered PMN endothelial cell adherence and 51Cr release. This platelet augmenting effect depends on the release of platelet constituents (e.g. serotonin). Microcrystalline material present in vessel walls, thus may cause C-activation and may trigger PMN and platelets to damage endothelium in vitro and in vivo. These findings may have relevance to the understanding of the accelerated atherogenesis of hyperuricemia and the fulminant vasculitis of oxalosis or ethylene glycol poisoning. PMID- 6636035 TI - 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-3-glycerophosphorylcholine (PAF): some effects on the aggregation of human platelets by thrombin or collagen. AB - 1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-3-glycerophosphorylcholine (PAF) was examined as a potential mediator of aggregation induced by thrombin or high concentrations of collagen in indomethacin treated platelet rich plasma by investigating the response to collagen and thrombin of platelets previously desensitized to PAF. No reduction in the response to collagen or thrombin was observed and it was concluded that PAF was not a mediator of non-prostanoid dependent aggregation in platelets exposed to thrombin or collagen. PMID- 6636036 TI - Factor XIII levels in five families of patients with inherited factor XIII deficiency: support for an autosomal recessive inheritance. AB - Using quantitative methods, f.XIII activity and levels of subunits a and b have been measured in 5 families of 6 patients with inherited XIII deficiency, including 2 children of a XIII deficient male. The parents, as a group, and the children, individually, have low XIII activity and low levels of subunit A when compared to controls. These findings provide further support for an autosomal inheritance of f.XIII deficiency. The measurements, however, did not allow confident selection of individual heterozygotes as has been previously suggested and an explanation of this finding is offered. PMID- 6636037 TI - Lipid class composition and heparin sensitivity in the activated partial thromboplastin time. AB - In an APTT reagent, prepared from purified lipids, the role of phosphatidyl serine (PS) in determining the sensitivity of the APTT test system to measurement of the effect of heparin in plasma has been evaluated. As the concentration of PS decreases sensitivity to heparin increases but procoagulant activity decreases. Dilution of the test liposome over a wide range (1 g/l to 30 mg/l) had a minimal effect on the clotting time. At levels below 30 mg/l, however, the amount of total lipid appeared to be rate limiting; a loss of procoagulant activity being paralleled by an increase in heparin sensitivity. Phosphatidyl inositol (PI) was not a satisfactory substitute for PS in the APTT method studied. The degree of unsaturation of test liposomes appeared to have no effect on either procoagulant activity or sensitivity to heparin at the lipid concentration employed. In the light of these findings, a more critical appraisal of the phospholipid components of APTT reagents should facilitate the development of more reliable reagents for heparin control. A further benefit of this type of approach should be a reduction in the acknowledged wide variations in sensitivity to heparin which exist between available APTT reagents. PMID- 6636038 TI - The significance of plasma and/or platelet activated products after apheresis procedures. PMID- 6636039 TI - Does subunit a of factor XIII regulate the plasma concentration of subunit b? PMID- 6636040 TI - Hemostatic functions in hypoalpha and hyperbetalipoproteinemias. PMID- 6636041 TI - Changes of the levels of antithrombin III in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. AB - Dynamic fluctuations of biological activities and antigen amounts of antithrombin III (AT-III) in acute cerebrovascular diseases were analyzed and evaluated. (1) AT-III levels assayed by both biological and immunological methods showed a gradual decrease with increasing age, and levels in patients with cerebral thrombosis were lower than those in patients with cerebral hemorrhage. (2) AT-III in cerebral thrombosis decreased slowly after administration of urokinase. After administration of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), however, AT-III levels increased presumably due to inhibition of coagulation activities. (3) Both biological activities and antigen amounts of AT-III increased after administration of an AT-III preparation, but the measured value, especially that of biological activity, was dissociated from the expected one, due to changes of the coagulation system after an operation. PMID- 6636043 TI - The effect of surfactants on the interaction of factor XII with surfaces. AB - Factor XII (Hageman factor) binds irreversibly to plastic as well as glass surfaces. In dilute solution this leads to significant losses of protein onto the walls of tubes, etc. This could be prevented most efficiently by the presence of surfactants in solution. Rinsing the surfaces after contact with the protein, or precoating the surfaces were less effective. Triton X-100 was found to be non denaturing and effective at concentrations as low as 0.001%. In its presence higher specific activities were obtained in spectrophotometric assay. The autoactivation of factor XII exposed to glass was inhibited but not prevented by Triton X-100. Similar effects on the binding and assay of (Pre) kallikrein were also found. PMID- 6636042 TI - Comparative study of the iodination of tyrosines in the amino terminal domain of fibrinogen and in N-DSK and fibrin-N-DSK. AB - Lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination has been used to probe for differences in surface orientation of tyrosine residues in the amino-terminal disulfide knot (N DSK) domain of fibrinogen, in N-DSK and in Fb-N-DSK prepared from fibrin. The central region of N-DSK containing the beta chain Tyr 41 and gamma chain Tyr 18 and 32 are much more susceptible to iodination than when an integral part of the fibrinogen molecule. Cleavage of the N-DSK domain from fibrinogen "loosens" up the tertiary structure of N-DSK and allows iodination of its central region. The iodination pattern of comparable tyrosine residues did not change between N-DSK and Fb-N-DSK. This result implies that no significant change occurs in the tertiary structure of N-DSK upon thrombin activation. These results favor the concept that removal of the fibrinopeptides removes a steric hindrance or exposes a binding site for polymerization. PMID- 6636044 TI - Estimation of platelet size by measurement of intracellular water space using an oil technique. AB - The intracellular water space of human platelets has been measured after equilibration with tritiated water and then separating these cells by centrifugation through phthalate oil of density 1.042. The mean intracellular water space of platelets in citrated plasma was 0.52 +/- 0.09 microliter/10(8) cells for 19 normal subjects. The gravimetric water content of platelets was 784 +/- 4 mg water/g cells. From these values the mean platelet volume was calculated to be 6.2 fl which agrees closely with values based on Coulter size distribution and thrombocytocrit. Gel filtration alters platelets such that a mean 19% of the platelets could not be centrifuged through phthalate oils of density 1.031 or 1.042. The measurement of tritiated water space of platelets centrifuged from their own plasma through oil provides a simple and reliable estimate of the mean platelet size. PMID- 6636045 TI - Antithrombin III Toyama: a hereditary abnormal antithrombin III of a patient with recurrent thrombophlebitis. AB - A familial abnormal antithrombin III (AT-III) is reported. The characteristic of the abnormality in this family is low heparin cofactor activity with normal progressive antithrombin activity and normal or rather increased level of AT-III antigen. The patient is a 23-year-old female who had suffered from recurrent thrombophlebitis involving her lower extremities. Her plasma AT-III antigen concentration was 54 mg/dl and progressive antithrombin and factor Xa inhibitory activities were of normal level. However, the heparin cofactor activity of her plasma was as low as 26% of normal control. On crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) containing heparin in the first dimension agarose, patient's AT-III showed no increase in electrophoretic mobility compared to that in the absence of heparin, suggesting that the patient's AT-III has no affinity for heparin. From CIE pattern in the presence of heparin, the patient was found to be a homozygote, and parents and one of her younger sisters were heterozygotes. Thus, the mode of inheritance is proposed to be autosomal dominant. PMID- 6636046 TI - Isolation and characterization of a hereditary abnormal antithrombin III 'Antithrombin III Toyama'. AB - A hereditary abnormal antithrombin III (AT-III) 'Antithrombin III Toyama' was purified from the plasma of a patient with recurrent thrombophlebitis by a procedure involving barium chloride and ammonium sulfate fractionations, affinity chromatography on anti-AT-III-Sepharose gel, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Purified abnormal AT-III was shown to be the same as normal one in the molecular size, having the same molecular weight, amino-terminal sequence and carboxy terminal amino acid. Abnormal AT-III gave the same UV spectrum as normal AT-III and both proteins were immunologically identical. Abnormal AT-III, however, showed the different electrophoretic mobility on agarose gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. Abnormal AT-III was more electronegative than normal one, before and after a neuraminidase digestion of both proteins. These results suggest that in antithrombin III Toyama an amino acid residue at the heparin binding site has been replaced by less basic or more acidic one which has no ability to interact with heparin, resulting in a loss of heparin cofactor activity of this protein. PMID- 6636047 TI - Platelet production: a computer based biological interpretation. AB - The platelet volume distribution was measured in rat and rabbit in normal steady state platelet production. The animals were then sacrificed and the planimetric megakaryocyte and nuclear areas in each animal were measured using histological techniques. These areas were used to obtain an estimate of the megakaryocyte, megakaryocyte cytoplasm and nuclear volume distributions. The production, by physical fragmentation, of the platelet population from the measured megakaryocyte cytoplasm volume distribution was simulated on a computer. The platelet volume distribution predicted by physical fragmentation was then compared with the measured circulating platelet volume distribution from each animal. The physical fragmentation theory gave an accurate quantitative prediction of the observed platelet volume distribution over the whole volume range. Furthermore fragmentation theory predicted the mean platelet volume, the mode, the maximum frequency of the platelet volume distribution and the range of this distribution. Autopsy studies of megakaryocytes volume distributions in healthy man were fragmented to obtain predicted normal platelet volume distributions from the computer simulation. These distributions were compared with measured circulating platelet volume distributions from apparently healthy men who had a similar mean platelet volume. The platelet volume distribution predicted by physical fragmentation was again in quantitative agreement with the measured distribution over the whole volume range. This study provides further evidence that platelet production from megakaryocyte cytoplasm is by physical fragmentation. Furthermore the computer simulation suggests that the mode of production has a specific form. It also explains why different mammals have different mean platelet volumes. PMID- 6636048 TI - Heparin inactivation during blood storage: its prevention by blood collection in citric acid, theophylline, adenosine, dipyridamole-C.T.A.D. mixture. AB - An attempt was made to prevent heparin inactivation during the time that lapses between blood collection and laboratory assay. The blood collection in a combination of citric acid, theophylline, adenosine, dipyridamole - C.T.A.D. mixture - was found to reduce greatly the heparin loss during blood centrifugation and storage whatever the temperature for these two steps (centrifugation at 4 degrees C, 12 degrees C or 25 degrees C; storage at 4 degrees C or 20-25 degrees C). With this mixture the influence of centrifugation temperature upon the heparin loss appeared negligible. The heparin loss during the initial 5 hours storage at 20 degrees-25 degrees C was found to be 4.4 +/- 4% for a heparin concentration of 0.45 +/- 0.05IU/ml. The combination of the platelet active drugs with citric acid in C.T.A.D. mixture did not interfere either with the amidolytic heparin assay (anti IIa) or clotting tests such as activated partial thromboplastin time and calcium thrombin time. Thus the C.T.A.D. mixture appears to be useful in routine use because it is effective, cheap, stable, does not interfere with the tests currently used for monitoring heparin therapy and thus helps overcome the main cause of error in heparin assays. PMID- 6636050 TI - [Prognosis of progress in internal medicine in the next decade]. PMID- 6636049 TI - Platelet alpha 2-antiplasmin is located in the platelet alpha-granules. PMID- 6636051 TI - [Breast cancer. A cohort analysis of cases in Norway diagnosed 1955-1980]. PMID- 6636052 TI - [Chylothorax]. PMID- 6636053 TI - [Disulfiram-induced psychoses]. PMID- 6636054 TI - [Heavy users of primary health care]. PMID- 6636055 TI - [Acute kidney failure after vigorous physical exertion]. PMID- 6636056 TI - [Biological effects of ultrasound and potential hazards in diagnosis. Review of the literature]. PMID- 6636057 TI - [Ultrasonography in patients with palpable abdominal masses]. PMID- 6636058 TI - [Ultrasonography in strangulation ileus]. PMID- 6636059 TI - [Examination of renal function in pediatric urology]. PMID- 6636060 TI - [Hemolytic uremic syndrome]. PMID- 6636061 TI - [Peritoneal dialysis of children with acute renal failure]. PMID- 6636062 TI - [Thymoma]. PMID- 6636063 TI - [Preoperative radiotherapy of locally advanced colo-rectal-anal cancer]. PMID- 6636064 TI - [Human botulism type E caused by consumption of trout]. PMID- 6636065 TI - [Mushroom poisoning as the cause of sudden death]. PMID- 6636066 TI - [Defects in sphygmomanometers: an underdiagnosed condition? A survey of sphygmomanometers in Nord-Trondelag county]. PMID- 6636068 TI - [The use of primary physicians in 2 communities. What happens when the consumption rises]. PMID- 6636067 TI - [Ultrasonics and peripheral arterial insufficiency. Measurement of blood-flow velocity with a Doppler ultrasonics]. PMID- 6636069 TI - [Sterilization of women at a county hospital 1969-1981]. PMID- 6636070 TI - [Accidents in a region of Norway during a single year]. PMID- 6636071 TI - [Aluminum - hazardous or harmless?]. PMID- 6636072 TI - [Angina pectoris and cold]. PMID- 6636073 TI - [Angina pectoris in women. A difficult diagnosis]. PMID- 6636074 TI - [Health care services for patients with angina pectoris. An evaluation of diagnosis and treatment at a regional hospital]. PMID- 6636076 TI - [Transaxillary thoracotomy in idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax]. PMID- 6636075 TI - [Rehabilitation course for cardiac patients. Psychological effects]. PMID- 6636077 TI - [Scintigraphic demonstration of gastroesophageal reflux]. PMID- 6636078 TI - [Parenteral amino acid therapy of liver damage after jejunoileal bypass]. PMID- 6636079 TI - [Myasthenia gravis induced by D-penicillamine]. PMID- 6636080 TI - [Epilepsy and the driving license]. PMID- 6636081 TI - [Diethylstilbestrol and cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 6636082 TI - [Serious interaction between indomethacin and furosemide]. PMID- 6636083 TI - [Trimethoprim with or without sulfonamides?]. PMID- 6636084 TI - [Tumors of the small pelvis. Demonstration with ultrasonography]. PMID- 6636085 TI - [Trace elements and metalloproteins in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6636086 TI - [Treatment of lymphedema with pulsator. How to help patients with lymphedema following breast cancer operations]. PMID- 6636087 TI - [The diagnostic value of liver biopsy]. PMID- 6636088 TI - [Intraluminal shunt in carotid surgery]. PMID- 6636089 TI - [Abuse of the antiparkinson agents biperidin and benzhexol]. PMID- 6636090 TI - [Udder health care as part of a veterinary care program for dairy farms. III. Evaluation and analysis]. AB - An udder health control programme was described in two previous papers of a series of three. The objectives, material required, an extensive farm interview and procedures used during the farm visits in this model were presented. The model is based on a five-point schedule. In the present paper, the various feasibilities of evaluation and analysis which may be performed using the system of recording described are introduced. This includes evaluation of the clinical and subclinical mastitis situation on the farm, as well as an assessment of the economic losses due to this situation. The evaluations are required to constantly motivate the farmer to perform the activities recommended, to illustrate to which extent an improvement in udder health status has been achieved and to correct the objectives for the farm, if necessary. Analysis and evaluating activities require additional knowledge, investment of time and devotion from the practitioner. PMID- 6636091 TI - [Simulation as an aid in the study of the course and effects of an infectious animal disease. A prospective study exemplified by transmissible gastroenteritis in a pig breeding farm]. AB - The possibilities of applying simulation in a study on the occurrence and effects of infectious animal disease are reported. For this purpose a model of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) was designed on a pig-multiplying farm. Using this model, the effects of certain management policies on the financial loss caused by TGE were quantified. It is concluded that computer simulation may be of great help in studying animal disease. It may result in better understanding of the manner in which a disease will exert its effects on the farm or on the population. Moreover, it offers an opportunity of predicting the effects of alternative procedures in prevention and control. PMID- 6636092 TI - [The behavior of a small (still unidentified) insect can be the cause of death in sheep]. PMID- 6636093 TI - [Showering of slaughtering pigs. I. A prospective study of the preference of slaughtering pigs for showering after transport and its consequences for meat quality]. AB - In the Netherlands it is common practice to shower pigs awaiting slaughter during the two-hour period of rest in lairage. However, the quantity of water used in showering is considerable. There is a tendency to restrict the use of water for this purpose. Water, even if the well from which it is drawn is owned, is an expense, as taxes designed to cover the cost of preventing water-pollution are based on the quantity of water used. The main question asked in slaughter houses is whether spraying a mist of water is as effective as is showering (sprinkling drops of water). Another question is whether intermittent showering could replace continuous showering. The length of the periods of showering and intervals between these periods are of importance. So is the temperature of the water. By approaching these questions through two disciplines: applied ethology (preference tests and general observations) and meat-technology (recording carcass quality), an effort was made to find an answer. Sprinkling obviously did not offer any advantage as regards the pigs or the carcass quality, when it was compared with spraying a mist of water, and uses five times as much water during a similar period and on the same surface. The pigs preferred four showers, each lasting ten minutes, to continuous showering throughout the two hours in lairage. Carcass quality was not adversely affected by intermittent showering compared with continuous showering. The experiments were carried out during a (cool) summer period. The pigs did not show any preference for lukewarm water rather than cold. Naturally, the response could be entirely different in winter time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6636094 TI - [Marginal notes on the admissibility and the application of veterinary drugs and animal feed additives]. AB - In principle, registration of a veterinary drug requires more detailed testing for toxicity than does a human drug; among other things, because of possible presence of drug residues in the edible tissues of animals. It is stated that this is not necessarily a requirement for all veterinary drugs. It is essential, however, when a drug is used for mass-medication. Three objectives may be differentiated in these cases, namely, a nutritional a preventive and a curative purpose. In discussing these objectives, it is pointed out that (despite the fact a Veterinary Drugs Act has not been adopted so far) the authorities have made the necessary arrangements to ensure the desired effectiveness and innocuity both in the target animal and in the consumer. When specially medicated feed as well as medicated drinking water are used, the situation becomes more difficult. When veterinary drug residues are being toxicologically evaluated, however, more attention should be paid to pathological studies in target animals. Establishing a veterinary toxicological data bank is advocated. PMID- 6636095 TI - [Animal feed additives, veterinary drugs and the environment]. AB - The use of feed additives and veterinary drugs is an established feature in current animal production practices. Having been administered to the animals, these compounds are excreted virtually in toto in the faeces and urine, thus reaching the environment (soil, surface water) in their initial form and/or in the form of metabolites. In the present paper, the extent of environmental pollution by residues of feed additives and animal drugs, the resulting problems and the requirements of the authorities as regards the collection of information on the environmental impact of this type of compounds, are briefly reviewed. Finally, some instances of studies done in this field are presented. PMID- 6636096 TI - [Gentamicin and sensitivity determination]. PMID- 6636097 TI - [An unusual cause of constipation in a piglet: osteomyelitis of the pelvic bones]. PMID- 6636098 TI - [Experiences with half-closed castration in stallions]. AB - The half-closed method of castration involves ligation of the spermatic cord enclosed in the vaginal tunic, the testicle itself lying outside the opened vaginal tunic. Of 497 horses and ponies admitted to the Department of Large Animal Surgery and castrated using this technique, 68.6 per cent recovered without complications. Although the most serious postoperative complications such as intestinal eventration and haemorrhage of the spermatic cord may be reduced to a minimum by this approach, normal healing cannot be guaranteed under the circumstances in which this method was used. PMID- 6636099 TI - [An inventory of the castration of stallions based on a survey among Dutch veterinarians]. AB - To gain an insight into the procedures adopted in castrating stallions in the Netherlands, a questionnaire was sent to 670 Dutch veterinary practitioners. The 176 veterinary practitioners who replied performed 1850 castrations. Castration of the recumbent horse was preferred by 88 per cent of the veterinary surgeons. Fifty per cent preferred the open method of castration and 44 per cent the half closed technique. A local anaesthetic was given by 65 per cent of the practitioners; 84 per cent administered antibiotics in an attempt to prevent wound infection. Postoperative complications were observed in 18 per cent of the castrations carried out. PMID- 6636100 TI - [Direct communication of both coronary arteries with the right ventricle in a calf]. AB - Direct communication between the two coronary arteries and the right ventricle in a two-week-old bull calf is described. The descending branches of the coronary arteries were dilated. The pathophysiological features and the possible pathogenesis of this malformation are discussed. PMID- 6636101 TI - [Rabies - pseudorabies, also in Groningen!]. PMID- 6636102 TI - [Ulcer of the preputial diverticulum in swine]. AB - The literature on the normal structure and function as well as on ulceration of the preputial diverticulum is reviewed. From personal studies it is concluded that ulceration of the preputial diverticulum is also common in boars in the Netherlands. PMID- 6636103 TI - [Various aspects of lactate production and disappearance in trotters during exertion]. AB - Venous lactate concentrations were determined in standard-bred trotters following exercise of varying intensity to obtain a useful parameter in determining the working capacity of horses. After standard exercise, well-trained horses produced less lactate than did inadequately trained horses. During the post-exercise resting period, lactate disappeared faster from the blood in well-trained horses and young lightly trained horses than it did in poorly trained horses. Steady state training resulted in lower lactate levels than those recorded after racing, whereas interval training resulted in the highest lactate levels. Measuring post exercise venous lactate concentrations was useful in determining the state of training and in assessing the work-load of a horse. It was not possible to predict the racing potential of a horse on the basis of a post-exercise lactate level after standardized exercise in the present study. PMID- 6636104 TI - [Establishment and development of the Code for Veterinarians in the Netherlands]. AB - Veterinary medicine did not develop into a so-called 'liberal profession' based on scientific training, recognizable and functioning in the social system, until the early part of the past century. Far later than other medical professions. Rules of conduct governing the practice of this profession got going very slowly and consisted of unwritten rules which were enlarged and filled out in discussions among veterinarians, until the twenties of the present century. These rules were not regarded as a recognizable entity until the thirties and were published for the first time in 1940. Adjustments and improvements were introduced since then, which may be considered to have been associated with a specific period in retrospect. Precisely during the current period, the eighties, a growing interest (accompanied by critical evaluation) is perceptible, which among other things, is the immediate cause of reconsideration of the actions of veterinarians in particular. This recent stage also turns out to be a matter which is closely associated with the period. PMID- 6636105 TI - [Professional responsibility: multiple loyalty]. AB - Among the many existing occupations, the so-called 'professions' occupy a special position. They are characterized, among other things, by a special intellectual component, special traditions and the fact that they serve the community in a particular fashion. With a profession goes a code including agreements concerning behaviour towards colleagues, clients and patients as well as the community. In the present paper, a number of critical questions are raised regarding the 'Code of Conduct for Veterinarians: Whose interests are served by this code and are given priority respectively? To what extent attention is paid to the rights of clients and patients? How are conflicts of loyalty settled or do they pass unnoticed? To what extent does monopolizing occur of a subject which others would also like to consider and have their say on, namely, the starting-points of a conscientious practice of veterinary medicine? PMID- 6636106 TI - [Neonatal hyperammonemia]. AB - Experience with severe neonatal hyperammonaemia in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit of the Leuven University Hospital is reported and compared with the literature data. Among eleven patients seven presented with the transient neonatal hyperammonaemia-syndrome and four with a urea cycle defect. Prompt recognition of the transient neonatal hyperammonaemia syndrome is important because its prognosis is much better than that of the primary urea cycle defects presenting in the neonatal period. PMID- 6636107 TI - [A patient with neonatal citrullinemia]. AB - In a four days old neonate, showing feeding difficulties, temperature imbalance, convulsions and coma, citrullinaemia was diagnosed. Subsequent treatment, consisting of protein-restriction, exchange transfusions, arginine suppletion and using an alternative pathway for waste nitrogen excretion (through sodium benzoate administration), resulted in a stable clinical and biochemical condition. Aged ten months, our patient shows a normal growth with psychomotor retardation probably linked with the perinatal events. Because it seems possible nowadays to prolong survival in neonates with inborn errors of urea synthesis, prompt and correct diagnosing of these disease entities becomes urgent in view of the long-term prognosis for the children involved. PMID- 6636108 TI - [Learning achievement and current neurological status of premature, premature dysmature and dysmature children at the age of 8]. AB - In this study a group of preterm infants (birthweight less than or equal to 2000 g and/or gestational age less than or equal to 37 weeks), preterm-and-small for gestational age infants and term-and-small for gestational age infants (n = 50) was compared with a control group (n = 45, birthweight greater than 2500 g, gestational age greater than 37 weeks) at 8 years of age with respect to their class at school according to age, learning performance and present neurological state. With the exception of 12 infants in the study-group, referred from other hospitals, both groups were born at the University Hospital (Wilhelmina Gasthuis) of Amsterdam and have been matched in age and social class. Compared with the control group, the group of preterm infants had a (statistically significant) lower score on the three main variables. In the experimental group, diseases were often reported. Short gestational age (less than or equal to 33 weeks) turned out to be a more important risk factor than low birthweight. A weak relationship was found within the experimental group between social class and learning performance, independent of prematurity and present neurological state. PMID- 6636109 TI - [Thoracic pelvic phalangeal dystrophy (Jeune's syndrome)]. AB - The authors describe the clinical histories of four patients with a thoracic pelvic phalangeal dystrophy (Jeune syndrome). A short survey of the literature and a differential diagnosis are given. PMID- 6636110 TI - Family and population studies of HLA and coeliac disease in the West of Ireland. AB - Tissue typing (HLA-A, -B and -DR) was carried out on 92 patients with coeliac disease (CD) and on a further 71 first degree relatives of 13 of these patients. Results of antigen frequencies in unrelated patients and segregation analysis in families shows that HLA-DR3 but not HLA-DR7 is positively associated with CD. Haplotype and sib-pair data from these coeliac families suggest that with all of them, genetic susceptibility to CD lies in the HLA region of the sixth chromosome. In families where the coeliac proband has HLA-DR3, the relative risk to siblings who also have this antigen is increased 35 times. PMID- 6636111 TI - Genetics of HLA-associated disease; rheumatoid arthritis. AB - An association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the HLA antigen DR4 supports the view that genes in the HLA region are important in susceptibility to this disease. To further define the basis for genetic susceptibility to RA, we analyzed HLA haplotype sharing among affected and unaffected individuals in 29 multiple-case families with definite or classic RA. We have observed a non-random distribution of HLA haplotypes to unaffected as compared with affected offspring in sibships containing two or more affected individuals having 3 of 4 parental haplotypes. These data support the view that susceptibility to RA is determined, at least in part, by genes in the HLA region of chromosome 6. PMID- 6636112 TI - HLA-B8/DR3 in sarcoidosis. Correlation to acute onset disease with arthritis. AB - HLA-A, B, C and DR typing was performed in 19 patients with sarcoidosis of acute onset. Besides bilateral hilar lymph node enlargement (BHL), ankle joint involvement was found in all and erythema nodosum in seven. HLA-B8 was present in 13 and HLA-DR3 in 17 of the 19 patients. The joint manifestations and the erythema nodosum subsided in all within three months. The BHL regressed completely in seventeen patients during a three year observation period. In two patients with an observation period of one year and less than six months, respectively, BHL were still visible. The strong association between the acute, prognostically beneficial manifestation of sarcoidosis and HLA-DR3 might partly be related to the presence of circulating immune complexes in acute sarcoidosis as well as to an immunogenetically determined handling of a postulated etiological antigen. PMID- 6636113 TI - Polymorphism of Qa and Tla loci of the mouse. AB - Congenic lines carrying H-2 haplotypes derived from wild mice were typed serologically with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for Tla, Qa-1, and Qa-2 antigens. The typing revealed the presence of a minimum of five Tla, four Qa-1, and three Qa-2 alleles in the 32 lines. Two new Tla, two new Qa-1, and one new Qa-2 alleles could be described. This polymorphism of Tla and Qa loci is lower than that detected at the K and D loci in the same lines. The serological typing for Qa-2 antigens correlates remarkably well with previously published results of typing with cytolytic T lymphocytes. This correlation supports the identify of loci detected by the two methods. PMID- 6636114 TI - HLA and duodenal ulcer in The Netherlands. AB - Eighty-one Dutch patients with a duodenal ulcer (DU) were tested with respect to 24 HLA antigens. There was no significant difference in the distribution of HLA antigens between the DU patients and the controls. However, none of the 22 patients younger than thirty years at the onset of symptoms had HLA-Bw35, whereas among the 59 patients aged between thirty and eighty at the onset of symptoms, twelve had this antigen. PMID- 6636115 TI - Platelet and granulocyte specific allo-antigens in chimpanzees. AB - Chimpanzees were allo-immunized with blood from donors, ChLA-A and -B identical to the recipient. The sera of some of these animals contained antibodies that reacted only with the platelets or granulocytes of the immunizing donor and of some related and unrelated chimpanzees. Both for the platelets and the granulocytes a di-allelic system of allo-antigens is described, provisionally called ChPL-1 and ChGR-1. PMID- 6636116 TI - Effects of monensin on photoreceptors of isolated frog retinas. AB - Monensin induces the vacuolization of the Golgi apparatus in photoreceptors of isolated frog retinas and also, more slowly, produces a vacuolization of the pre synaptic terminals. Accompanying these effects is an inhibition of transport of protein to the outer segment so that the radioactive bands normally detectable by autoradiography do not form. Monensin thus promises to be a useful tool in the study of intracellular transport in photoreceptors. The findings reported here indicate that impairment of the functioning of the Golgi apparatus considerably diminishes transport of membrane protein to the rod outer segment suggesting that passage through the Golgi apparatus is an obligatory step for completion of outer segment membrane or its transport to the outer segment. PMID- 6636117 TI - The effect of primycin on the intracellular monovalent ion and water contents of rat hepatocytes as revealed by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and interference microscopy. AB - Using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalytic and interference microscopic techniques, the intracellular concentration of the monovalent ions (Na+, K+, Cl+) as well as the intracytoplasmic and intracellular water contents were studied in normal and adrenalectomized rat hepatocytes with and without primycin treatment. Although primycin influenced significantly only the intracellular potassium content of the adrenalectomized group, it exerted a marked influence on the intranuclear water content in both the normal and adrenalectomized rats. The intranuclear water content increased significantly in the primycin-treated animals. The conclusion is drawn that the increased level of hydration of the nuclear substances reflects a 'decondensation' of the chromatin which on the other hand, may represent the basis for the various effects of primycin on the induction of certain hepatic enzymes. PMID- 6636118 TI - Fine structures of sponge cell membranes: comparative study with freeze-fracture and conventional thin section methods. AB - Freeze-fracture replicas of sponge cell membranes revealed in general a low density of intramembranous particles, with the exceptions of the membrane (silicalemma) surrounding the siliceous spicules in Ephydatia and the membranes of spherulous cells in Chondrosia. In addition, several types of particle arrangements were observed. A classical necklace is present at the base of the choanocyte flagellum. Rosettes of particles are particularly obvious in the apical membranes of choanocytes, where they are associated with the fuzzy coat covering these cells. Parallel ridges of particles were observed along the microvilli of the choanocyte collar, at sites of insertion of connecting filaments. Rows of particles were observed in the plasma membrane of pinacocytes in Ephydatia where they are located on areas deformed by protruding fibrillar inclusions. Pinacocyte plasma membranes in this species also can contain accumulations of particles which are likely related to desmosomes. Single rows of aligned particles and double rows of staggered particles (sometimes organized in large plates) in addition to rhombic particle arrays were encountered on replicas of marine sponge cell membranes. No classical arrangements corresponding to gap junctions, tight junctions or septate desmosomes were observed. The significance of these data is analysed. PMID- 6636119 TI - The ultrastructure of the byssal apparatus of a mussel. V. Localization of collagenic and elastic components in the threads. AB - Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies have been carried out on the proximal part of byssus threads (TPP) in an attempt to localize collagenic and elastic components. The results show that TPP autoclaving followed by hot alkali treatment causes the extraction of about two-thirds of hydroxyproline and the parallel removal of most of the matrix, leaving filaments unaffected. Moreover the results of the staining reactions signaletic for elastic tissues indicate that TPP filaments contain glycoproteins with a reactivity similar to that of many invertebrate elastic tissues. On the basis of these morphological findings, it seems reasonable to suggest that collagen may be located in TPP matrix, while filaments could be responsible for the elastic properties. PMID- 6636120 TI - An ultrastructural investigation of muscle attachment in the opercular filament of a polychaete annelid. AB - The ultrastructure of peduncle muscle attachment to the cuticular flange in the opercular filament of the serpulid Pomatoceros lamarckii Quatrefages is described. The cuticular flange is composed of layers of orthogonally arranged fibres. Specialized epithelial cells (tendon cells) and a collagenous matrix intervene between the peduncle muscles and the cuticular flange. The tendon cells are characterized by hemidesmosomes at both apical and basal ends, connected by thick bundles of tonofilaments. Apically long specialized microvilli from the tendon cells penetrate the cavities in the orthogonally arranged layers of fibres of the cuticular flange. The basal surfaces of the tendon cells and the terminal ends of the peduncle muscles anchor independently of one another in the collagenous matrix. The peduncle muscles appear to be smooth muscles which contain thin filaments, 5 nm in diameter, and thick filaments, 40-100 nm in diameter, with a faint axial periodicity 12-14 nm. The method of peduncle muscle attachment in the opercular filament is compared with those of other invertebrates. PMID- 6636121 TI - Comparative studies of the effect of thermal stimulation on the permeability of the luminal cell junctions of the sweat gland to lanthanum. AB - Lanthanum injected intradermally in vivo into the skin of cattle, sheep, goats and ponies penetrated the intercellular spaces of the sweat glands. It was not, however, detected in the glandular lumen either visually or by electron probe microanalysis even at elevated ambient temperatures when the animals were sweating. It is concluded that the luminal intercellular connections between epithelial cells in these glands are tight junctions, which remain so during sweating despite the occurrence of cell death and extrusion into the lumen. PMID- 6636122 TI - A morphological study on gills of a crab acclimated to fresh water. AB - The gills of the fully euryhaline Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis were studied by light and electron microscopy. In these Phyllobranchiates, the gills consist of a double row of lamellae extending laterally from a central shaft. Haemolymph flow pattern inside the gill is described and the existence of a complex secondary vascularization inside the platelets is reported. It is shown that important differences exist between the ultrastructure of the three anterior and the three posterior pairs of large gills. The epithelium of the posterior gills is much thicker and possesses an extensive elaboration of the plasma membranes in the form of infoldings, crypts and interdigitations, along which are packed numerous mitochondria. The presence of such a complex membrane system opening to the extracellular space and closely associated with mitochondria is common to all salt-transporting tissues. This study corroborates the idea that the posterior pairs of gills of Eriocheir sinensis are the only ones implicated in active Na+ uptake when the crab lives in dilute aquatic environment. The epithelium of anterior gills is much thinner and the cells poor in intracellular organelles. It seems to be involved essentially in respiration. Thus this work clearly corroborates the existence already suggested by physiological approach of a functional difference between the different pairs of E. sinensis branchiae with respect to their participation in the respiration and in the regulation of the blood ions content. Common to both types of gills is the presence of a lamellar septum separating the haemolymph space into two compartments. The part played by that structure in determining the pattern of haemolymph flow, together with periodic bridges forming pillars across the haemolymph space, is emphasized. PMID- 6636123 TI - DNA synthesis in rat heart cells after injury and the regeneration of myocardia. AB - The regenerative responses of the myocardia of post-natal rats of different age groups (1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks old) to an injury made by a clinical electricator were studied. DNA synthesis and the ultrastructural organization of the cardiac myocytes of the injured myocardia were examined for an evaluation of the potential for regeneration of the developing myocardia. The maximum labeling index of cardiac myocytes was observed in 1-week-old rats showing 8% labeled myocytes 3 days after injury as opposed to 3.2, 2.2 and 0.2% indices in 2-, 3- and 4-week-old rats respectively, 3 days after injury . In subsequent days after injury the labeling indices declined considerably in all age group hearts, and attained values less than 1% labeled myocytes 30 days after injury with the lowest labeling index in the oldest age group heart. When DNA synthesis in uninjured myocardial tissue adjacent to the injured tissue was examined, it was found to be significantly lower than it was in the injured tissue. However, both injured and adjacent uninjured tissue attained a peak in the labeling indices 3 days after injury, with the exception of 3- and 4-week-old uninjured tissue. The overall incorporation of 3H-thymidine into the DNA of heart cells as revealed by scintillation counts showed that the rate of incorporation of the isotope in younger hearts was significantly higher than in the older hearts. Non-muscle cells contributed significantly to the rise of scintillation counts in hearts of all age groups. Ultrastructural analyses of 1- to 4-week-old hearts showed that 24 hr after injury, injured areas of myocardia were heavily crowded with macrophages that surrounded damaged myocytes. Later on, fibroblasts and other non muscle cells predominated the injury sites along with fibrous connective tissue. Scattered regenerating cardiac myocytes were frequently observed in the injury sites of 1- and 2-week-old hearts 3 days after injury. Myocytes were rare in the corresponding regions of 3- and 4-week-old hearts. Instead abundant non-muscle cells and fibrous connective tissue were predominant. In the fourth and final week of this study, the repaired areas of myocardia in 1- and 2-week-old rats contained more myocytes than those of the 3- and 4-week-old rats, and the repaired zone of the 1-week-old heart contained more myocytes than the repaired areas of the other age groups. These findings suggest that the mammalian myocardia possess an age-dependent potential for regeneration that involves the healing of injury sites with contractile and connective tissues. PMID- 6636125 TI - Ultrastructural evidence for paracellular fluid flow in the Malpighian tubules of a larval mayfly. AB - The ultrastructure of the Malpighian tubules of larvae of the Mayfly Ecdyonurus dispar (Ephemeroptera) is described. There are about 60 tubules, which consist of four distinct regions. The most proximal section (region I) appears to be responsible for fluid secretion. A unique feature is the presence of channels leading off the main lumen, which end close to the basal border of the cells. Microvilli are confined to these channels in region I. Region II is a short spiral region, the cells of which possess long basal folds and associated mitochondria. Region III is a simple conducting tube leading to one of six collecting ducts (region IV) arranged radially around the gut. In each collecting duct there are two cell types present. Type 2 cells are relatively simple, but give rise to numerous, long, microvilli-like projections. Type 1 cells possess long basal folds, and curious membrane whorls in the apical zone. Evidence is presented which suggest that water movements into region I takes place via the paracellular route. Region II is probably a reabsorptive region, but the function of region IV, based on ultrastructural evidence is more difficult to elucidate. PMID- 6636124 TI - Development of the acrosome and alignment, elongation and entrenchment of spermatids in procarbazine-treated rats. AB - Intraperitoneally administered procarbazine caused, among other features previously reported (Russell et al., 1983), specific defects in the acrosome of cap phase spermatids of the rat seminiferous epithelium. The effect of procarbazine was to fragment and eventually cause resorption of the acrosomes of a small number of steps 5--9 spermatids. Although the acrosome was lost, close union of the leaflets of the nuclear envelope underlying the acrosomal sac was maintained as was the marginal fossa and acrosomal zonule. Spermatids at steps 8 and 9 of development, which had lost their acrosomes, showed nuclei which were eccentric within the cell--a feature which normally occurs at these steps of spermiogenesis in acrosome intact cells. Even without an acrosomal sac, the plasma membrane of these cells (in stage VIII) became orientated to the region of the nuclear membrane which would have underlaid the acrosome. Although abundant, Sertoli ectoplasmic specialization did not become aligned with the spermatid head. The spermatid failed to become orientated within the seminiferous epithelium and failed to enter the crypts within the Sertoli cell as usually occurs during the elongation process. Thus, the presence of an acrosome is not likely related to the formation of an eccentric nucleus or the alignment of the surface of the nucleus which would normally underlay the acrosome with the cell's plasma membrane (internal alignment). The presence of an acrosome may be related to the alignment of the spermatid head with the ectoplasmic specialization, which in turn may influence the orientation and positioning of the late spermatids within the seminiferous epithelium (external alignment) and their position within recesses of the Sertoli cell. This study also suggests a role for the manchette in the process of elongation of the spermatid. PMID- 6636126 TI - [Interrelation of milk production, health status and fertility and modern maintenance systems for dairy cattle]. PMID- 6636127 TI - [Echinuriasis in 2 black swans. A case contribution on diagnosis]. PMID- 6636128 TI - [Contact eczema due to metal ion allergy in a drill show horse]. PMID- 6636129 TI - [The hip joint of dogs and cats--an enarthrosis?]. PMID- 6636130 TI - [Diabetes mellitus in the bitch. 1. Pathogenesis and clinical picture]. PMID- 6636131 TI - [Experiences with Lysodren therapy of Cushing's syndrome in the dog (1)]. PMID- 6636132 TI - [Distribution of toxoplasmosis. Cat feces and Diptera]. PMID- 6636133 TI - [Heredity of antler weight in deer]. PMID- 6636135 TI - Increased solubilization of immune complexes by the sera from patients with Behcet's disease. AB - The capacity to solubilize immune complexes formed in vitro was measured in 25 patients with Behcet's disease. Both the level of circulating immune complexes and that of complement are increased in these patients. The solubilization capacity appeared to increase, paralleling the rise of serum complement levels in patients with Behcet's disease. Thus, increased capacity to solubilize immune complexes may be attributed to complement that is increased in these patients. The relationship between the capacity to solubilize complexes and the pathogenesis of Behcet's disease is discussed. PMID- 6636134 TI - [Osteology of the giraffe's skull]. PMID- 6636136 TI - Poly-adenosine diphosphate ribose autoantibody in systemic lupus erythematosus and other related autoimmune diseases. AB - The binding activities of poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose (ADPR) and ds-DNA were measured in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other collagen diseases in comparison with normal subjects. High polyADPR binding activity was detected in the SLE sera. The polyADPR binding assay was as sensitive as the DNA binding assay for diagnosing SLE. In SLE sera, the increased polyADPR binding activity was correlated with that of ds-DNA and negatively with the complement (CH50) titer. With improvement of clinical symptoms of SLE, the binding activity of polyADPR decreased in parallel to the binding activity of ds DNA and opposite to the CH50 titer. The polyADPR binding activity was occasionally high in other collagen diseases. Effects of steroid treatment of SLE on the binding activities of polyADPR and ds-DNA, and CH50 titer were examined over half a year, indicating that both binding activities are reliable parameters for judgment of the clinical course. PMID- 6636137 TI - Endothelial alterations of skeletal muscle capillaries in childhood myopathies. AB - Intramuscular blood capillaries in thirteen biopsied specimens obtained from eleven patients with various childhood myopathies were investigated ultrastructurally. The patients were classified into 4 different groups according to the percent distribution of various stages of endothelial alteration; normal endothelial type (E0 Type), slightly abnormal type (E1 Type), moderately abnormal type (E2 Type) and markedly abnormal type (E3 Type). Endothelial types in Duchenne dystrophy progressed from E0 to E1 and further to E2 Type, which kept pace with muscle degeneration. The endothelial types in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and central core disease were E0 and those in multicore disease and Fukuyama type congenital muscular dystrophy were E1. Two cases of mitochondrial myopathy showed E3 Type, which was characterized by markedly swollen endothelial cells and narrowed lumens. The endothelium in these two cases showed more marked changes than in other childhood myopathies. PMID- 6636138 TI - Adipose fatty acid composition in a case of generalized deficiency of cytochrome b5 reductase in congenital methemoglobinemia with mental retardation. AB - The fatty acid composition of the triglyceride in adipose tissue in a case of generalized deficiency of cytochrome b5 reductase in congenital methemoglobinemia with mental retardation was analyzed and compared with age-matched controls. The proportions of linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were decreased to less than half of normal level. There was a decrease in total unsaturated fatty acids and an increase in palmitic acid. These results revealed an undeveloped pattern of fatty acid composition in adipose tissue in the patient. PMID- 6636139 TI - Quantitative studies on sunburn cell formation in mouse epidermis. AB - Sunburn cell (SC) formation induced by single or combined doses of monochromatic ultraviolet-A (UV-A), ultraviolet-B (UV-B) and ultraviolet-C (UV-C) was studied quantitatively using mouse epidermal sheet preparations (NaBr split, H & E stain). Results were as follows: 1) Action spectra for SC formation showed that wavelengths shorter than 300 nm were most effective. 2) A significant number of SCs was produced when a high dose of UV-A (360 nm) was administered, and it was estimated that approximately 600 times more UV-A (360 nm) energy was required to produce the same number of SCs as was required with UV-B (300 nm). 3) SC formation by UV-B (300 nm) and UV-C (260 nm) showed a logarithm-like dose response relationship. 4) Time course studies showed that the maximum number of SCs was attained at 18 hr after UV-C (260 nm) irradiation, at 24 hr after UV-B (300 nm) irradiation and at 30 hr after UV-A (360 nm) irradiation. 5) A high dose of UV-A (360 nm) significantly increased the number of SCs induced by UV-B (300 nm) or UV-C (260 nm) when combined with them. PMID- 6636140 TI - Binding sites of seminal acid phosphatase to Canavalia gladiata DC lectin. AB - Binding sites of seminal acid phosphatase (AcP) to Canavalia gladiata DC lectin (Can G) were examined. Complex of AcP and Can G produced in a test tube was solubilized with alpha-methyl-D-mannoside and was fractionated with Sephadex G 200. The elution pattern of AcP activity of the complex was similar to that of seminal plasma, suggesting that the reaction of AcP and Can G was reversible. Crossed immuno-affinoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel containing free Can G or immobilized one showed that AcP molecule had two or more binding sites per molecule to Can G. AcP activity of frozen sections of the prostate was inhibited by tartaric acid but not by Can G. However, Can G bound to AcP of the sections could be detected with FITC-labeled anti-Can G. These results indicate that the active site of AcP to Can G is not identical with that to the substrate. PMID- 6636141 TI - Principal component analysis of Motokawa's data on wavelength dependence of retinal processes. AB - Electric excitability of the human eye as determined by measuring the threshold for a sensation of phosphene in response to electric stimulation of the eye was found by Koiti Motokawa to increase temporarily after a brief illumination (J. Neurophysiol., 1949, 112, 475-488). While changing the wavelength of illuminating light widely, he found that the time course of the variation in the eye's electric excitability after illumination differed characteristically according to the wavelength. His data on this point (Tohoku J. exp. Med., 1949, 51, 197-205) were subjected to the principal component analysis. Three components were found necessary and sufficient for their linear combinations to reproduce time courses of the excitability enhancement after illumination with lights of varying wavelengths; one of the three components makes a great contribution to the excitability enhancement by green lights, the other to the one by red lights and the remainder to the one by blue lights. This is in support of Motokawa's view that his data are interpretable as summation effects of the three retinal processes which are excited preferentially by red, green and blue lights, respectively. PMID- 6636142 TI - Evidence for prolactin-releasing and release-inhibiting effects of melatonin, serotonin and arginine vasotocin. AB - Adult female Wistar rats (in 12 hr light/12 hr dark) were pinealectomized (PX) or sham-operated (SO) either 21 days after ovariectomy or on the 15-17th day of pregnancy. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were injected with estrogen and progesterone (EP) 48 hr before decapitation. Melatonin, serotonin or arginine vasotocin (AVT; 50, 100 or 200 micrograms) were administered intravenously into OVX-EP rats 9 days after pineal removal. In PX and SO groups, the same study was done 3 days after delivery. Sera and pituitaries were collected 30 min after injection in order to determine prolactin (PRL) levels. Fifty micrograms melatonin significantly suppressed serum PRL levels in PX-OVX-EP rats and PX postpartum rats, but had not significant effect in SO-OVX-EP or PX postpartum rats. After administration of AVT, serum PRL levels markedly rose in PX and SO rats. These results suggest that melatonin may act not only to stimulate but also to inhibit rat PRL secretion and that the stimulatory function would be superior to its inhibitory function when the pineal gland is intact. PMID- 6636143 TI - Animal model of megaureter. AB - A rabbit model with a megaureter was produced by the partial obstruction of the ureter. The resultant dilatation obtained after the chronic obstruction (more than 100 days) was approximately 4 times greater than the normal ureteral diameter. PMID- 6636144 TI - The contents of contractile proteins in the normal and dilated ureter. AB - Using an SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the contractile protein content of the normal rabbit ureter was compared with that of the dilated ureter. The relative amounts of the actin and myosin were significantly decreased in the dilated ureter. PMID- 6636145 TI - Decrease in female university students positive for hepatitis B e antigen. AB - Since 1976 university students were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) every year, and sera positive for HBsAg were tested for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe). Yearly changes in the prevalences of HBeAg in the male HBsAg carrier students were relatively small and statistically not significant. In the female HBsAg carrier students, however, HBeAg which was positive by immunodiffusion in 47% of the students in 1976-79 was not detected by radioimmunoassay in 1981 and 1982. The difference of the prevalences of HBeAg between 1976-79 and 1981-82 was statistically highly significant (p less than 0.001). It is suggested that seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe in female HBsAg carriers is recently accelerated. PMID- 6636146 TI - Quantitative analysis of tremor in Minamata disease. AB - Applying the techniques of power spectrum and pulse correlation, we carried out a quantitative analysis of tremor in normal subjects, patients with methyl mercury poisoning (Minamata disease) and patients with other diseases. We found that tremor of methyl mercury poisoning was different from physiological tremor and the other pathological tremors in frequency and amplitude. PMID- 6636147 TI - Effects of pantethine and its metabolites on fatty acid oxidation in rat liver mitochondria. AB - The mechanism of the activating effect of pantethine [D-bis-(N-pantothenyl-beta aminoethyl)disulfide] on fatty acid oxidation was investigated in rat liver mitochondria. Pantethine, pantetheine and 4'-phosphopantetheine activated three steps of fatty acid oxidation, i.e., acyl-CoA synthetase, carnitine, acyltransferase and intramitochondrial oxidation, to various extents. Although their effects may have been partly due to CoASH derived from them, they also had specific effects. PMID- 6636148 TI - Effect of pantethine on fatty acid oxidation in microvessels of rat brain. AB - Fatty acid oxidation in brain microvessels decreased greatly when persistent hypertension developed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Treatment of SHR with pantethine [D-bis-(N-pantothenyl-beta-aminoethyl) disulfide] in vivo for 4 weeks restored their fatty acid oxidation activity to the control level. The mechanism of the activating effect of pantethine on fatty acid oxidation was investigated in brain microvessels. Pantethine and its metabolites (pantetheine and 4'-phosphopantetheine) activated three steps of fatty acid oxidation, i.e., acyl-CoA synthetase, carnitine acyltransferase and intramitochondrial oxidation. The relation between changes in fatty acid oxidation activities and injuries of brain microvessels and the protective effect of pantethine against such injuries is discussed. PMID- 6636150 TI - Characteristics of phospholipids associated with fibrins in partial thromboplastin test. AB - With the aim to obtain information on the role of individual phospholipids in the coagulation process, lipids associated with fibrins formed with partial thromboplastin reagents were examined. In the absence of the partial thromboplastin reagents, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidylinositol in citrated plasma were incorporated preferentially into fibrin, although the main phospholipid associated with the fibrin was phosphatidylcholine. In the presence of the partial thromboplastin reagents, most phospholipids unseparable from the corresponding fibrins appeared to be derived from the reagents with little selectivity for individual phospholipids, except for lysophosphatidylcholine. These results suggest that phospholipids other than thromboplastic phospholipids may play some role in the coagulation process. The incorporation of lysophosphatidylcholine in the reagent into fibrins was significantly enhanced by the addition of activating agents (celite and ellagic acid), suggesting one role of the activating agents in fibrin formation. PMID- 6636149 TI - Dependency of O2-affinity effects on O2 consumption in the isolated rat heart. AB - We have studied the effect of a decrease in hemoglobin-O2 affinity (increased P50) on O2 delivery in the non-paced, isolated, blood-perfused rat heart before and after coronary vasodilatation with and without an increase in myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) produced with isoproterenol. Changes in perfusate P50 were produced with orthoiodosodium benzoate (OISB). Low concentrations of isoproterenol (0.74 micrograms/liter) caused no significant changes in coronary blood flow (QCOR) or MVO2 per beat. Perfusion with OISB-treated (8 mM) blood increased P50 from 29 to 33 mmHg at constant pH. MVO2 per beat increased significantly, QCOR did not change, and the ratio QCOR/MVO2, a reflection of the flow/metabolism distribution, decreased to values obtained in the absence of isoproterenol. With high doses of isoproterenol (5.0 micrograms/liter), MVO2 per beat and QCOR/MVO2 increased. Addition of OISB (13 mM) increased P50 from 29 to 39 mmHg, with no significant reduction in either QCOR or the QCOR/MVO2 ratio. Our data suggest that a decrease in blood-O2 affinity affects myocardial O2 delivery depending on the initial metabolic requirement: at basal MVO2 changes in the distribution of myocardial blood flow are probably secondary to the effects of PO2 on vessels that supply metabolically less active regions; at high MVO2 and following a maximum increase in capillary density, changes in vascular PO2 appear less effective than locally generated metabolic vasodilators, and distribution of blood flow is unaffected. PMID- 6636151 TI - Ultrasonic endoscopy. AB - With the use of a linear scan type ultrasonic endoscope, the possibility of gastric fiberscopy with ultrasonic procedure in the estimation of the extent of deep infiltration of gastric cancer and in the transgastric diagnosis of pancreatic tumors was studied. Results revealed that the echogenicity of the tumor was more clearly recorded by ultrasonic endoscopy than routine ultrasonography taken via the abdominal wall. With improvements in both the probe and manipulation technique, the device is expected to achieve far-reaching contributions to the diagnosis of the deep invasion of gastric cancer and small sized pancreatic tumors. PMID- 6636152 TI - Effect of cimetidine on gastric mucosal barrier in dogs. AB - The effect of cimetidine on the gastric mucosal barrier (GMB) was investigated in adult mongrel dogs with a Heidenhain pouch. A linear correlation was found between the net flux of Na+ and H+, and transmucosal electrical potential difference (PD). The PD was thus considered to be a good indicator for the degree of impairment of the GMB which can be determined easily with high reproducibility. When irrigated with HCl alone, there was a slight, though not significant, upward tendency of the PD following intravenous cimetidine. The destruction of the GMB during perfusion with HCl plus sodium taurocholate resulted in a marked reduction of the PD. This response of the PD was significantly reduced by the injection of cimetidine. These results indicate that cimetidine protects the GMB from impairments by bile acid. PMID- 6636153 TI - Cultivation of V79 cells in serum-free medium containing bovine serum albumin and the use of gelatin as an attachment factor. AB - V79 cells were cultivated in a serum-free medium. When a serum-free, bovine serum albumin-containing medium was used, removal of trypsin after cell detachment during subcultivation was necessary for routine mass cultivation. For colony formation addition of an attachment factor to the medium was further necessary. Gelatin was proved to serve as a good attachment factor in the colony formation and it could be substituted for fibronectin as an attachment factor for serum free cultivation of many types of cells. PMID- 6636154 TI - Quantitative interrelationship between effects of nitrogen and energy intakes on egg protein utilization in young men. PMID- 6636155 TI - Financial modeling and payroll budgeting. PMID- 6636156 TI - Computer-related reimbursement modeling. PMID- 6636157 TI - Maximization of net income using procedural rate setting. PMID- 6636158 TI - Cash flow modeling. PMID- 6636159 TI - Computer-assisted productivity monitoring and modeling. PMID- 6636160 TI - Computerized modeling concepts and mechanisms. PMID- 6636161 TI - The computer-assisted budget. PMID- 6636162 TI - Interfacing financial models with supporting financial systems. PMID- 6636163 TI - [Inhalation pneumonia in toxic comas. Apropos of 200 cases with 4 deaths]. AB - In 1946, Mendelson described 66 cases of gastric juice inhalation during obstetrical work with no mortality. Other studies studying different populations (essentially in post-operative condition) denounced a mortality from 19 to 64%. In Forensic Medicine, a bronchial regurgitation of gastric juice is denounced in 1/3 lethal toxic comas. This regurgitation can be the direct cause of the death, it also can be an epiphenomena, as suggests the high level of inhalation in agonic process of any cause: 1/4 of autopsy findings. In our department, 200 cases of inhalation pneumonia, during comatose intoxications have been registered between 1972-1982, with a frequency of 1/28 patients. All the patients were under assisted ventilation. 4 deaths occurred in this serie. This 2% mortality suggests the curability of gastric juice inhalation during comatose intoxications in not specifically respiratory-orientated intensive Care Units. These relatively good results are probably party related to the patients' recruitment: young population without underlying organic disease, with a rapid turnover and little hazards of nosocomial superinfections. PMID- 6636165 TI - [Lung injury after use of respiratory revival materials sterilized with ethylene oxide]. AB - One of the most used method of medical appliances sterilization uses ethylene oxide. At high concentration, this very reactive product, causes caustic burns of skin and mucous membranes. In one case of acute pulmonary oedema, levels of ethylene oxide in the endotracheal catheter were discovered. This led us to review the toxicological data on this substance. It should be emphasized that the sterilization and the desorption according to simple and precise rules should prevent such acute accidents. PMID- 6636164 TI - [Deliberate poisoning with paraquat, death in less than 24 hours]. AB - This paper describes a case of deliberate massive ingestion of Paraquat (over 300 mg/Kg). Evolution is toward a circulatory insufficiency with metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, and early death (18 hours). Severe pulmonary failure would have been expected, but not appeared. Autopsy revealed patchy necrosis of the liver but no severe damage of the other organs, including lung and adrenal. PMID- 6636166 TI - [In vitro dissolution of metallic oxides in human plasma and binding of metals to plasma proteins--effect of chelators]. AB - The solubility in biological liquids of oxides is one of the factors which determinate the speed of penetration into the blood stream of toxic agents contained in solid particles inside pulmonary alveoli. This solubility was studied in vitro for the six following metal oxides: Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, by holding particle oxides in suspension into human plasma at 37 degrees C, during variable time. The experimentation was realized on particles which belong to two categories which sizes are 0.45-2 and 2-5 mu. The evolution of metal oxide dissolved level according to time have enabled exponential relation parameters to be calculated. These parameters translate the particle oxide dissolution into plasma and have permitted to classify metal oxide in decreasing solubility order: Cd, Zn, PbO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Mn, PbO2, Pb3O4 and Cr2O3. The second part of the experimentation is about dissolved metal distribution between the different protein fractions. Dissolved metal is distributed between diffusible metal (lower than 10 per cent) and metal binding proteins chiefly in albumin except for Fe which is bound to transferrin. Chelating agents into plasma reduce the proportion of metals bound to proteins. EDTA Ca is energetic on all metals mainly on Lead, Cadmium, and Zinc. N-acetyl-DL penicillamin is less energetic. Meso 2,3 dimercapto succinic acid, and 2,3 dimercapto-1-propan sulfonic acid have an effect only on Lead but in a very light way. Desferrioxamin release a great proportion of Iron bound to proteins. These results, obtained in vitro, are similar to those from animal experimentation or those observed in human therapeutic. PMID- 6636168 TI - Trichothecene-induced hemolysis. I. The hemolytic activity of T-2 toxin. AB - In the present investigation, the hemolytic properties of T-2 toxin were examined. Tests with different concentrations of T-2 toxin showed that essentially complete hemolysis of rat erythrocytes commenced after a lag period, the length of which depended on the concentration of toxin. Comparison of the characteristics of hemolysis caused by T-2 toxin, saponins, H2O2, and polyoxyethylene surfactants showed great similarity between T-2 toxin and the latter two which proceed by a free radical mechanism. The same mechanism was suggested for hemolysis caused by T-2 toxin on the basis of the additional following observations: (1) darkness inhibited hemolysis; (2) specific free radical scavengers, i.e., vitamin E, mannitol, and histidine, inhibited hemolysis caused by T-2 toxin. PMID- 6636167 TI - [Acute paraquat poisoning: prognostic and therapeutic significance of blood assay]. AB - The authors describe a high correlation between the plasma and urine Paraquat concentrations in 45 poisoned patients. The study of the plasma and urine kinetics asserts the importance and the rapidity of distribution processes and how it is necessary to quickly undertake the therapeutic means. PMID- 6636169 TI - The acute toxicity of perfluorooctanoic and perfluorodecanoic acids in male rats and effects on tissue fatty acids. AB - The acute toxicities of single ip injections of perfluorooctanoic (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoic (NDFDA) acids were evaluated in male Fischer rats. The LD50/30 day for PFOA was 189 (208-175) mg/kg and for NDFDA was 41 (47-34) mg/kg. All rats treated with lethal doses of PFOA died within the first 5 days; with NDFDA there was delayed lethality, with deaths in the second and third weeks after dosing. Four groups of rats were used for a more detailed study of toxicity and for analysis of fatty acids from liver, testes, and whole blood. One group received a single dose of 100 mg PFOA/kg; a second, a single dose of 2 ml of propylene glycol-water (1:1)/kg (vehicle control); a third, a single dose of 50 mg NDFDA/kg; the fourth was given 2 ml vehicle/kg and pair-fed with the NDFDA group. The first three groups were fed ad libitum. Rats from each group were killed at 2, 4, 8, and 16 days after dosing for fatty acid analysis. Rats dosed with NDFDA lost half their body weight in 16 days and ate virtually no food from Day 7 to Day 14 after dosing. Weight loss was less rapid in pair-fed controls. With PFOA there were transient decreases in food intake and body weight which were reversed by Day 7. Liver weights of PFOA rats were slightly greater than those from vehicle controls. With NDFDA, liver weights were much greater than those from pair-fed controls. In the livers of PFOA rats there were transient increases in oleic and palmitic acids and a decrease in stearic and docosahexaenoic acids. These changes were maximum by Day 2 and nearly resolved by Day 8. With NDFDA, similar changes were observed and arachidonic acid was also greatly decreased. These changes were quantitatively much larger and more persistent. NDFDA has unusually high toxic potency for a perfluorinated hydrocarbon, and some of the toxic effects caused by this acid are remarkably similar to those seen with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The acute toxicity of NDFDA may be due to an ability to interfere with fatty acid metabolism, and studies of its toxicity may be valuable in helping to understand mechanisms of action of TCDD. PMID- 6636170 TI - Blood-bound carbon disulfide: an indicator of carbon disulfide exposure, and its accumulation in repeatedly exposed rats. AB - Carbon disulfide is present in exposed subjects in free and bound or acid-labile forms. Sensitivities of the blood acid-labile CS2 (AL CS2) concentration and the modified iodine-azide test (IAT) were compared as indicators of CS2 exposure. Rats were exposed to 15 (approximately 5 ppm), 30, 60, or 120 mg/m3 of CS2. Exposure to 15 or 30 mg/m3 of CS2 could not be detected by the modified IAT. However, a linear relationship between blood CS2 (free or AL CS2) concentrations and these exposure levels was observed. Free CS2 is eliminated rapidly, while AL CS2 is eliminated very slowly from the exposed subjects. Repetitive daily exposures (8 hr/day) to 120 mg/m3 of CS2 were carried out in rats. Blood AL CS2 concentrations in exposed rats increased with each successive exposure while the free CS2 level remained relatively constant. By the sixth or seventh daily exposure the blood AL CS2 concentration was about 2.5 times that of the first 8 hr exposure and about 3 times the level of free CS2. These results indicated an appreciable accumulation of CS2 in subjects repeatedly exposed to low concentrations of the solvent. Rats were also exposed to CS2 8 hr/day for 5 days. After a 2-day nonexposure period (Days 6 and 7), the animals were reexposed on Day 8. The blood AL CS2 concentration in animals exposed on Day 8 was substantially higher than in those that received a single 8-hr exposure (Day 1), despite the hiatus on Days 6 and 7. These results indicated that blood AL CS2 was not totally eliminated during the 2-day nonexposure period. In in vitro experiments, the binding profile of CS2 to human blood was remarkably similar to that of rats exposed to CS2 by inhalation. PMID- 6636171 TI - An electrophysiologic and ultrastructural study of the phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride protection against a delayed organophosphorus neuropathy. AB - The delayed organophosphorus neuropathy caused by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) can be prevented by pretreatment with phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). A single injection of DFP (2 mg/kg) into a cat femoral artery produced a delayed neuropathy in the injected leg. Clinical neurotoxic signs in the DFP treated leg were most prominent at 21 to 28 days after DFP administration: a high step gait with some tip-toe walking. During that time the capacity of the cat soleus alpha-motor nerve terminals to generate a stimulus-evoked repetitive discharge, known as SBR, was greatly attenuated. At that time, the ultrastructure of the motor nerve terminals demonstrated prominent alterations that correlated well with the motor nerve terminal SBR deficit. These alterations included the presence of extensive whorls in nerve terminals and axoplasms, the retraction and disruption of nerve terminals from the synaptic cleft, and a widening of secondary junctional folds. From the sampled population, the incidence of normal terminals in soleus muscles of the DFP-treated leg was only 2%. Cats which received PMSF (30 mg/kg ip) 24 hr before DFP administration did not develop any neurotoxic signs. Motor movements were normal. The SBR function of the soleus alpha-motor nerve terminals was not lost and its incidence approached normal values. Moreover, the ultrastructure was normal in 86% of examined neuromuscular junctions in the PMSF pretreated DFP cats. Thus, in this model, pretreatment with PMSF protected cats against the delayed neurotoxic effects of organophosphorus poisoning. PMID- 6636172 TI - The hydrolysis and alkylation activities of S-(2-haloethyl)-L-cysteine analogs- evidence for extended half-life. AB - A series of S-(2-haloethyl)-L-cysteine derivatives, which are analogs of the proposed glutathione half-mustard metabolites of dihaloethanes, were synthesized and studied with respect to their hydrolysis and alkylation rates in aqueous solution. The trend of relative hydrolysis rates, Br greater than Cl much greater than F, paralleled their respective leaving group abilities; however, a dramatic rate increase was seen at pH 8 versus pH's 6 or 4. Hydrolysis of S-(2 chloroethyl)-L-cysteine analogs, where the ionizable groups were blocked (carboxyl esterified and/or N-acetylated), revealed that the amine moiety was responsible for the increased hydrolysis of mustard gas (beta, beta' dichlorodiethyl sulfide) gave similar results with S-(2-chloroethyl)-L-cysteine, a finding which is consistent with the reaction intermediate being a highly charged species. The alkylation rates with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine were not affected by blocking the ionizable groups. A mechanism of internal cyclization is proposed to explain the accelerated alkaline hydrolysis rates noted with S-(2 haloethyl)-L-cysteines but not with the N-acetylated analogs (mercapturic acids). This scheme proposes the formation of 3-(thiomorpholine)-carboxylic acid as an alternative pathway to the generally accepted hydrolysis reaction. This compound and not S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine was the identified product following pH 10 hydrolysis. Increased hydrolysis half-time of amine-blocked cysteine analogs versus parent cysteine analogs may exist with S-(2-haloethyl)-glutathione derivatives which may explain the substantial nucleic acid alkylation seen with S (2-haloethyl) derivatives of glutathione. PMID- 6636173 TI - Acetaminophen nephrotoxicity in the rat. Renal metabolic activation in vitro. AB - High doses of acetaminophen (APAP) result in hepatic centrilobular and renal cortical necrosis in man and the F344 rat. Hepatic necrosis is considered to be due to the generation of an arylating intermediate via a microsomal cytochrome P 450 dependent system. Renal microsomes also metabolize APAP to an arylating intermediate via a P-450 dependent mechanism. Thus, at least part of the renal damage from APAP may be due to a biochemical mechanism similar to that in liver. Additionally, APAP is deacetylated to p-aminophenol (PAP) in renal and hepatic cytosol and microsomes. Previous results demonstrated that PAP may be activated in renal microsomes via an NADPH-independent mechanism. Therefore, significant metabolic activation of APAP in the kidney may occur subsequent to deacetylation. Covalent binding of [ring-14C]APAP to renal subcellular fractions was used to substantiate this hypothesis. Under appropriate incubation conditions, enzymatic NADPH-independent covalent binding of [ring-14C]APAP could be demonstrated in renal microsomes but not in 100,000g supernatant fractions. Combination of these subcellular fractions resulted in greater covalent binding of [ring-14C]APAP than in the individual subcellular fractions alone. Addition of glutathione, bis(p nitrophenyl)phosphate (a deacetylase inhibitor), or PAP inhibited this covalent binding. In contrast, NADPH-independent covalent binding of [ring-14C]APAP could not be demonstrated in any combination of hepatic subcellular fractions. Experiments comparing [ring-14C]APAP and [acetyl-14C]APAP covalent binding to renal 10,000g supernatant fractions indicate that the compound which binds to renal macromolecules is derived from PAP. Thus, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that APAP can be metabolically activated in the kidney after deacetylation to PAP. PMID- 6636175 TI - Mechanism of chloroform nephrotoxicity. I. Time course of chloroform toxicity in male and female mice. AB - Chloroform (CHCl3) nephrotoxicity in male mice could be detected as early as 2 hr after CHCl3 administration (250 microliter/kg, sc) as decreased ability of renal cortical slices to accumulate p-aminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA). The decrease was preceded and paralleled by a reduction of renal cortical nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) concentration, an index of tissue reduced glutathione concentration. Histologic alterations were not observed until NPSH concentrations and PAH and TEA accumulation had reached the nadir, 5 hr after CHCl3 administration. Female mice exhibited no evidence of nephrotoxicity to CHCl3 even when the dose was increased to 1000 microliter/kg or when pretreated with diethyl maleate to reduce renal cortical NPSH concentrations prior to CHCl3 injection. The extent of hepatotoxicity was similar in male and female mice and decreases of hepatic NPSH concentrations also were detected by 1.5 hr after CHCl3 administration. The rapid response of the kidney to CHCl3 toxicity in male mice and the similarity of liver toxicity in both sexes suggests that nephrotoxicity occurs independently of hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, the ability to detect these early changes in vivo following CHCl3 administration may permit the development of an in vitro model to evaluate the mechanism of CHCl3 nephrotoxicity. PMID- 6636174 TI - Cadaverine and aminoguanidine potentiate the uptake of histamine in vitro in perfused intestinal segments of rats. AB - Examination of the serosal fluid following in vitro luminal perfusion of rat intestinal segments with 1 mg/ml [3H]histamine for 2 hr showed that histamine constituted only 22.1% of the total serosal radioactivity. The remainder of the radioactivity was comprised of histamine metabolites. When equimolar amounts of either aminoguanidine and cadaverine were added to the luminal perfusate, the percentage of the serosal radioactivity as histamine increased to 67.0 and 60.4%, respectively. However, when equal amounts of histamine and anserine were added to the luminal perfusate, only 30.6% of the 3H translocated within 2 hr was [3H]histamine. In all cases, the gross translocation rate based on the percentage of total serosal radioactivity for total radioisotope [( 3H]histamine plus [3H]histamine metabolites) was unchanged by the addition of these substances to the luminal perfusate. The results indicate that the potentiation of histamine toxicity by putrefactive amines, such as cadaverine, results from the inhibition of histamine metabolism which leads to increased uptake of unmetabolized histamine. The results do not support the hypothesis that potentiation occurs via an overall increase in the absorption of histamine and its metabolites due to some disruption in the barrier function of the intestine. PMID- 6636176 TI - Mechanism of chloroform nephrotoxicity. II. In vitro evidence for renal metabolism of chloroform in mice. AB - Preincubation of renal cortical slices with chloroform (CHCl3) from male, but not female, mice resulted in a subsequent decrease of the ability of the slices to accumulate the organic ions, p-aminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA). These sex-related differences, the time required for manifestation of this effect (60 to 90 min), and the concentration dependency (0 to 50 mumol, 0 to 4 microliter CHCl3) were similar to in vivo observations on CHCl3 nephrotoxicity in mice. Furthermore, an equimolar concentration of deuterated CHCl3 (CDCl3) in vitro was less effective than CHCl3 in decreasing PAH and TEA accumulation in male renal cortical slices. The effects of CHCl3 on PAH and TEA accumulation could be diminished or blocked by preincubation with CHCl3 in the presence of carbon monoxide or at 0 degrees C, respectively. The nephrotoxicity of CHCl3 in vitro was increased in renal cortical slices from male mice pretreated with diethyl maleate. Thus, this in vitro model with mouse renal cortical slices and the sex-related differences in CHCl3 nephrotoxicity suggests that the kidney may metabolize CHCl3 in situ to a nephrotoxic metabolite. PMID- 6636177 TI - The metabolism of lead in isolated bone cell populations: interactions between lead and calcium. AB - Previous studies of lead metabolism in bone organ culture have defined, in part, an exchangeable bone lead compartment regulated by the same ions and hormones that normally control bone cell metabolism. This study was undertaken to further characterize this subcompartment of exchangeable lead and to examine possible interactions between lead and calcium in isolated bone cell populations. Bone cells, derived from mouse calvaria, were enriched for osteoclasts (OC) and osteoblasts (OB) by a sequential collagenase digestion. We found that (1) the uptake of 210Pb by OC cells was rapid, and OC cells had greater avidity for lead, compared to OB cells, at concurrent time points of incubation, (2) OB cells showed very little increase in lead uptake as medium lead concentrations were increased from 6.5 to 65 microM, in contrast, the uptake of lead by OC cells was almost linear, (3) after loading OC cells with 210Pb, significant release of label (approximately 15 to 30%) occurred within short time periods (less than or equal to 2 hr) during incubations in chase medium, (4) parathyroid hormone (PTH) at physiological concentrations effected a marked increase in 210Pb and 45Ca uptake in OC cells, after 5 min of incubation, Pb accumulation into OC cells continued as calcium uptake markedly decreased, (5) this PTH effect on 210Pb uptake was linear over PTH concentrations of 50 to 250 ng/ml, and (6) rising medium concentrations of lead (greater than or equal to 26 microM) markedly enhanced/exaggerated calcium uptake by OC cells, far above that produced by physiological concentrations of PTH. These data indicate that (1) quantitatively, OC cells are the predominant cell type in the metabolism of lead in this in vitro system of OC and OB cell monolayers, (2) mediated incorporation of lead into OC cells occurs and likely involves changes in membrane permeability effected by hormonal stimuli, such as PTH, and (3) modulations in cellular calcium metabolism induced by lead at low concentration may have the potential of disturbing multiple cell functions of different tissues that depend upon calcium as a second messenger. PMID- 6636178 TI - Response of the bronchial mucociliary clearance system in rabbits to inhaled sulfite and sulfuric acid aerosols. AB - A group of eight rabbits was exposed (orally) for 1 hr to a distilled water aerosol (sham control) or to submicrometer aerosols of either a transition metal sulfite complex (Fe(III)-S(IV], sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), or sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Mucociliary clearance was evaluated by external retention measurements of radioactively tagged tracer particles from the bronchial tree. Fe(III)-S(IV) in the range of 238 to 1227 micrograms/m3 (as SO2-3) produced no significant change from sham control in the mean residence time (MRT) of the tracer, indicating no effect upon mucociliary clearance rate. On the other hand, Na2SO3 at levels greater than or equal to 1200 micrograms/m3 (as SO2-3) resulted in clearance acceleration; the lack of effect of Fe(III)-S(IV) is possibly due to its stability. H2SO4 at 260 to 2155 micrograms/m3 produced a significant dose related response, indicating clearance acceleration at low concentrations and a depression at higher levels. PMID- 6636179 TI - Muscarinic receptor alterations as a mechanism of anticholinesterase tolerance. AB - Tolerance to the toxic signs of the organophosphorus ester acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, O,O-diethyl S-[2-(ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorodithioate (disulfoton), was induced in rats by giving 10 doses of 2.0 mg/kg/day. Concurrent with the induction of tolerance, decreased sensitivity to the cholinergic agonists carbachol and oxotremorine could be demonstrated in studies of heart rate in vivo and in isolated preparations of ileum and atria. A significant decrease in the binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate could be demonstrated in ileum from disulfoton-tolerant animals. However, no alterations in the binding of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate, [3H]oxotremorine-M, or oxotremorine were evident in atria from tolerant animals. The results suggest that, in addition to receptor loss, other mechanisms distal to ligand recognition sites or removed from the receptor complex may contribute to the subsensitivity of tissues to muscarinic cholinergic agonists. PMID- 6636181 TI - Pulmonary physiology and inhalation dosimetry in rats: development of a method and two examples. AB - Methods were developed to measure simultaneously respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, and net uptake of an inhaled vapor in rats. During steady state, if metabolism is the only significant route of elimination, net uptake rate of the inhaled vapor is equal to its rate of metabolism. The rates of metabolism of methyl chloride in 50- and 1000-ppm-exposed rats were 0.20 and 3.3 nmol/min/g, respectively; the rates of metabolism of methylene chloride in 50- and 1500-ppm-exposed rats were 0.57 and 2.8 nmol/min/g, respectively. The uptake values obtained for both solvents were consistent with pharmacokinetic and metabolism data that were previously obtained in our laboratory. A pharmacokinetic model incorporating the metabolic rate at steady state, blood concentration versus time, and respiratory minute volume was used to describe the fate of inhaled methyl chloride in F344 rats, and to estimate the inhaled "effective" dose in 50- and 1000-ppm 6-hr-exposed rats (3.8 and 67 mg/kg, respectively). The approach used in these studies appears to be a useful method for the evaluation of metabolic rates and for inhalation dosimetry. PMID- 6636180 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in hamster lung lavage fluid after lung injury. AB - Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes in Hamster Lung Lavage Fluid after Lung Injury. Beck, B. D., Gerson, B., Feldman, H. A., and Brain, J. D. (1983). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 71, 59-71. Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) levels and isoenzyme patterns were determined in the cell-free supernatant fractions of lung lavage fluid from hamsters exposed to alpha-quartz, iron oxide, Triton X-100, 100% O2, or 200 ppm SO2. The isoenzyme patterns were compared to those derived from hamster lung homogenates, serum, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), pulmonary macrophages, and red blood cells. The isoenzyme patterns from alpha-quartz- and iron oxide exposed animals resembled each other and were similar to that of PMNs. In contrast, the pattern seen after Triton X-100 exposure was similar to those of whole lung homogenates and of red blood cells. A 96-hr exposure to 100% O2 yielded an LD isoenzyme pattern in lung lavage fluid similar to that of serum. Exposure to SO2 did not alter LD levels, showing that upper airways damage is not reflected by changes in LD in lung lavage fluid. We conclude that LD isoenzyme patterns of lung lavage fluid can be used to differentiate among types of pulmonary injury and may help identify the sites of injury. PMID- 6636183 TI - Kinetic profile in blood and brain of the cholinesterase reactivating oxime HI-6 after intravenous administration to the rat. AB - The kinetic profile of the oxime HI-6, a potent cholinesterase reactivator, after iv administration of 0.1325 mmol/kg (50 mg/kg) to rats is described. The blood concentrations measured over a period of 300 min can be described by a two compartment open model. Excretion occurred only by the kidney. Approximately 60% was excreted in unmetabolized form. Brain tissue concentrations were significantly above the detection limit of the HPLC analysis procedure even when a correction was made for the amount of HI-6 present in brain blood. The concentration in brain tissue is built up according to a rapid equilibration mechanism. Disappearance of HI-6 from brain occurred slowly compared to the elimination of HI-6 from blood. These findings are discussed in the light of the existing knowledge on the kinetic behavior of polar solutes in the central nervous system. Whether the concentrations of HI-6 built up in the brain are relevant for the therapy of organophosphate intoxications cannot be determined from the experiments described. PMID- 6636182 TI - Inhibitory effect of triethyltin on taurine transport by glioma cells. AB - The effects of triethyltin (TET) on the transport of taurine, glutamate, lysine, Na+, K+ (using 86Rb+ as tracer), and Cl- by LRM55 glioma cells were examined. Taurine transport was inhibited by TET at much lower concentrations (IC50 = 2.5 microM) than either glutamate or lysine transport (135 and 110 microM, respectively). TET had no significant effect on Na+, Cl-, or 86Rb+ influx at the low concentrations greater than 100 microM. The failure of low concentrations (less than or equal to 10 microM) of TET to affect ion transport indicated that inhibition of taurine transport was not secondary to effects of TET on ion movements or gradients. This conclusion was supported by the observation that neither ouabain nor furosemide, which do affect ion movement and gradients, strongly inhibited taurine transport. Uncouplers and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation (cyanide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone) also had only small effects on taurine transport, suggesting that inhibition by TET was not secondary to possible effects on oxidative phosphorylation. TET had no effect on the efflux of taurine from LRM55 cells at the low concentrations that inhibit uptake, but it induced a nonspecific increase in membrane permeability at much higher concentrations (greater than 100 microM). Tri-n-propyltin and tri-n-butyltin were also potent inhibitors of taurine transport (IC50 = 2.3 and 11 microM, respectively), but trimethyltin was much less potent (144 microM). PMID- 6636184 TI - The pharmacokinetics of inhaled chlorobenzene in the rat. AB - Male rats were exposed for 8 hr/day to 100, 400, or 700 ppm of [14C]chlorobenzene vapor for either 1 or 5 days for the purpose of examining the dose dependency of parameters indicative of the toxicity process and the effect of repeated exposure. 14C burdens in the blood, liver, kidneys, lungs, and fat were measured at 0, 16, and 48 hr after exposure. The labeled material excreted in the urine and expired air was collected for 48 hr. Analysis was performed on both the rats and total amounts eliminated. The mercapturic acid percentage of the urinary metabolites excreted in the first 24 hr was measured. The 14C burdens of all tissues increased in proportion to increased exposure concentrations, except for adipose tissue burdens, which increased more than 30-fold between 100 and 700 ppm. Respiratory elimination of 14C also increased disproportionately. The urinary metabolite profile was altered, with a dose-dependent decreased in the mercapturic acid percentage from 68% at 100 ppm to 51% at 700 ppm. Changes due to multiple versus single exposures were higher tissue burdens 48 hr after exposure, less total excretion of label, a lesser percentage of the total excreted through respiration, and a change in the rate of respiratory excretion. The dose dependent changes are postulated to be due to saturation of the metabolic elimination of chlorobenzene. The effect of multiple exposure is apparently some stimulation of metabolism. PMID- 6636185 TI - Isopropanol enhancement of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase activities and its effects on carbon tetrachloride intoxication. AB - Acute or chronic treatment of rats with isopropanol caused a significant increase in hepatic cytochrome P-450 content and a two- to threefold increase in aniline hydroxylase and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activities, but no significant change in ethylmorphine N-demethylase or benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase activity. In rats treated with isopropanol and challenged with CCl4, liver toxicity of CCl4 was characteristically potentiated, as assessed by elevation of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels. Isopropanol pretreatment also potentiated CCl4-induced damage to the hepatic monooxygenase system. In addition to a decrease in cytochrome P-450, rats treated with isopropanol and challenged with CCl4 showed a nonspecific decrease not only in aniline hydroxylase and 7 ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activities, but also in ethylmorphine N-demethylase, benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities. These results were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of solubilized microsomes. The electrophoretic results showed that isopropanol pretreatment markedly potentiated the CCl4-caused destruction of cytochrome P-450 hemeproteins. The data strongly suggest that isopropanol increases one or more forms of cytochrome P-450 which selectively enhance the metabolism of CCl4 to an active metabolite. This active metabolite then causes a nonselective damage to the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system. PMID- 6636186 TI - Influence of pregnancy on parathion toxicity and disposition. AB - The effects of pregnancy and lactation on the toxicity and distribution of parathion and paraoxon were examined. Signs of cholinergic stimulation were more intense in pregnant mice when compared to virgin controls after administration of parathion or its active metabolite, paraoxon. Cholinesterase activity and tissue levels of parathion and paraoxon were determined in mice at 19 days of gestation or Day 19 postpartum after administration of a single dose of 5 mg/kg parathion or 0.58 mg/kg paraoxon. Plasma (pseudo) cholinesterase activity was consistently lower in treated pregnant mice. Total brain cholinesterase was also suppressed to a greater degree in pregnant mice after treatment with parathion or paraoxon when compared with virgin animals treated similarly. In addition, when equal quantities of paraoxon (32 micrograms) were administered to both pregnant and virgin animals, total brain cholinesterase was significantly less in pregnant mice. Administration of parathion to lactating mice on Day 19 postpartum did not result in any significant differences in plasma or brain cholinesterase activity when compared to that in virgin animals. Pregnant mice treated with 5 mg/kg parathion demonstrated higher concentrations of both parathion and paraoxon in blood and brain than similarly treated virgin controls which correlated with the enhanced cholinesterase inhibition. Decreased ability to detoxify paraoxon was also demonstrated by a significant reduction in serum paraoxonase activity during pregnancy. PMID- 6636187 TI - Pathology of toxic responses to the RD50 concentration of chlorine gas in the nasal passages of rats and mice. AB - Male Swiss-Webster mice and Fischer-344 rats were exposed to chlorine gas at their respective RD50 concentrations (ca. 9 to 11 ppm). The RD50 concentration is that concentration which reduces respiratory rate by 50%. The exposures were carried out for 6 hr per day for 1, 3, or 5 days, and the animals were killed immediately at the end of the last exposure. The nasal passages were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Lesions were observed in all exposed groups and were of similar severity and character in rats and mice. The most severe changes were found in the olfactory mucosa of the anterior portion of the dorsal meatus and consisted of partial to complete degeneration of olfactory sensory cells, with olfactory sustentacular cells being more resistant to chlorine exposure. Lesions in the respiratory epithelium were located primarily on the free margins of the naso- and maxilloturbinates and adjacent nasal septum. Scanning electron microscopy, using large size specimens, demonstrated loss of olfactory cilia in areas of the olfactory epithelium which appeared unaffected by light microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy was also helpful in locating areas of respiratory epithelium exhibiting loss of cilia and cellular exfoliation, which occurred primarily on naso- and maxilloturbinates. Therefore, chlorine induced severe lesions in specific locations in both the olfactory and respiratory epithelia of the nasal passages with more widespread loss of respiratory and olfactory cilia. PMID- 6636188 TI - Autoradiographic disposition of [1-methyl-14C]- and [2-14C]caffeine in mice. AB - Male, C57B1/6J mice received either [1-methyl-14C]caffeine or [2-14C]caffeine via the tail vein at a dose of 0.7 or 11 mg/kg, respectively. At 0.1, 0.33, 1, 3, 9, and 24 hr after treatment, the mice were anesthetized with ether and frozen by immersion in dry ice/hexane. The mice were processed for whole-body autoradiography by the Ullberg technique; this procedure does not allow thawing or contact with solvents. All autoradiographs revealed some retention of radioactivity at early time intervals in the lacrimal glands, seminal vesicle fluid, nasal and olfactory epithelium, and retinal melanocytes. The remaining portion of the animal was densitometrically uniform except for the lower levels noted in the CNS and adipose tissues. Excretion of radioactivity by the liver and kidneys seems to be the major routes of elimination. Localization in the liver at late time intervals was confined principally to the centrilobular region. Late sites of retention, observed only after [1-methyl-14C]caffeine administration, included the pancreas, minor and major salivary glands, splenic red pulp, thymal cortex, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal epithelium. Sites of localization present in both studies included the olfactory epithelium, lacrimal glands, hair follicles, and retinal melanocytes. Further studies are needed to determine whether the localization at these various sites is due to metabolic degradation, active transport, or possibly a specific receptor interaction. PMID- 6636189 TI - Pulmonary response to inhaled Kevlar aramid synthetic fibers in rats. AB - Groups of male rats were exposed to specially prepared ultrafine Kevlar pulp fibers (du Pont's registered trademark for certain aramid fibers) at atmospheric concentrations of either 0.1, 0.5, 3.0, or 18 mg/m3 for 2 weeks. Rats were killed at 0 and 2 weeks and 3 and 6 months postexposure (PE) except the rats exposed to 18 mg/m3, which were killed 0, 4, and 14 days and 1, 3, and 6 months PE. Another group of male rats was exposed to 18 mg/m3 (respirable dust approximately 2.5 mg/m3) of commercial Kevlar fibers for 2 weeks and were killed at 0 and 2 weeks and 3 and 6 months PE. Inhaled ultrafine Kevlar fibers were mostly phagocytized by alveolar macrophages (dust cells) in the alveolar ducts and adjoining alveoli after exposure to either 0.1 or 0.5 micrograms/m3. Most dust cells had disappeared and lungs showed a normal appearance throughout 6 months PE. The pulmonary response almost satisfied the biological criteria for a nuisance dust. Rats exposed to 3 mg/m3 ultrafine Kevlar fibers revealed occasional patchy thickening of alveolar ducts with dust cells and inflammatory cells but with no collagen fibers deposited throughout 6 months PE. After exposure to 18 mg/m3 ultrafine Kevlar, the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and adjoining alveoli showed granulomatous lesions with dust cells by 2 weeks PE. The granulomatous lesions converted to patchy fibrotic thickening with dust cells after 1 month PE. The fibrotic lesions were markedly reduced in cellularity, size, and numbers from 3 to 6 months PE but revealed networks of reticulum fibers with slight collagen fiber deposition. PMID- 6636190 TI - Differential induction of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and glutathione S-transferase activities. AB - Three major enzyme systems have been shown to metabolize epoxidized xenobiotics in vertebrate tissues, and this study demonstrates that these enzyme systems can be differentially induced. The cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity was routinely monitored with trans-beta-ethylstyrene oxide, the microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity with benzo(a)pyrene, 4,5-oxide, and the glutathione S-transferase activity with 2,4-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene. Commonly used inducers of microsomal mixed-function oxidase, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and cytosolic glutathione S transferase activities failed to cause significant induction of the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase while leading to the expected induction of the other epoxide metabolizing enzymes. The compounds tested by ip injection into male Swiss Webster mice included phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, Aroclor 1254, trans- and cis-stilbene oxides, pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile, chalcone, and 4 bromochalcone. To determine if there were strain, sex, or species differences, the enzymes were monitored in male C57BL/6 mice, female Swiss-Webster mice, and male Sprague-Dawley rats following ip injection of phenobarbital, 3 methylcholanthrene, and/or pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile. The time dependence of enzyme induction was followed in Sprague-Dawley rats following trans-stilbene oxide administration. Male Swiss-Webster mice were additionally exposed to dietary alpha-naphthoflavone and 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole while male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol. In no case was significant induction of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activity observed. Dietary di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, 2-ethyl-l-hexanol, and clofibrate proved to be potent inducers of the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase in male Swiss-Webster mice while probucol (a nonperoxisome proliferating hypolipidemic drug) failed to cause significant induction. Data from isoelectric focusing experiments and other data are consistent with the epoxide hydrolase activities induced by 2-ethyl-l-hexanol and clofibrate being due to the same protein that is present in control animals. The lack of induction of the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase by a variety of compounds which were selected to demonstrate induction of other xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, may indicate that the cytosolic epoxide hydrolase has a constitutive role whereas its induction by clofibrate could be related to some of the pharmacological and/or carcinogenic actions of this drug. PMID- 6636191 TI - Somatosensory thresholds in monkeys exposed to acrylamide. AB - Six monkeys were trained to report detection of a vibratory or electrical stimulus applied to the fingertip. The vibratory stimuli were presented at two frequencies (40 and 150 Hz). Thresholds were determined with a tracking procedure before, during, and after dosing. Each monkey served as its own control. Four monkeys were dosed orally with 10 mg/kg of acrylamide 5 days a week until the appearance of toxic signs. The total administered dose varied between 320 and 450 mg/kg. The other two monkeys served as time-matched controls. All the monkeys were observed 5 days a week. They were also weighed and presented with a visuomotor task (pickup test) twice a week. Weight loss usually preceded the onset of gross behavioral disturbances, such as loss of balance, tremor, or decreased activity. Impaired coordination, as revealed with the pickup test, paralleled weight loss. Electrical sensitivity was not affected. Vibration sensitivity, however, fell during dosing and remained impaired for several months after dosing ceased, outlasting all the other effects. Recovery of the other indices occurred relatively soon after dosing ended. These data indicate that vibration sensitivity testing can trace the time course of intoxication and recovery in toxic peripheral neuropathies. Furthermore, the differential results obtained with vibratory and electrical stimulation are consonant with a primary effect on end-organ receptors. PMID- 6636192 TI - Role of calcium and free fatty acids in epinephrine-induced myocardial necrosis. AB - A possible mechanism by which large doses of catecholamines produce myocardial necrosis was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 275 to 325 g in weight, were injected once, sc, with 3 mg/kg epinephrine (E) or infused iv for 1 hr with E at a rate of 1.2 or 1.7 micrograms/min, and also injected iv with either 45Ca or [3H]palmitic acid (3H-PA) at the same time as or at various periods of time after E administration but exactly 0.5 or 1 hr before death. Controls were injected with saline solution. Heart/plasma ratios of radioactivity (H/P) were determined. The ratios increased in the case of both 45Ca and [3H]PA within 0.5 hr after E, reached peak values after 18 to 24 hr with 45Ca and 3 to 6 hr with [3H]PA, and remained above values for the controls for at least 72 hr with 45Ca and 48 hr with [3H]PA. The rate of 45Ca influx into heart 20 hr after E administration paralleled the severity of the myocardial damage that had been produced. When 45Ca and E were injected simultaneously, H/P increased progressively with time to 30 times control values, indicating the accumulation and retention of Ca in the heart. Under the same conditions, H/P values with [3H]PA also rose but remained constant at a level two to three times that in controls. Total cardiac free fatty acids (FFA) rose slightly and remained constant at the elevated level. It was not possible to distinguish a given point in time at which the increase in either Ca or FFA influx, initially due to the normal pharmacological effect of E, began to occur as a consequence of damage produced by the latter. It is concluded that high concentrations of catecholamines promote the deposition of Ca and FFA in myocardial cells in various forms, and that the deposition of these substances as soaps in the plasma membranes may cause permeability changes that lead to cell injury. PMID- 6636193 TI - Enhancement of adriamycin toxicity by carboxymethylcellulose in mice. AB - Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (1% in 0.9% NaCl, 0.2 ml/10 g ip) a common suspending agent, enhanced adriamycin (ADR) (15 mg/kg ip) toxicity when administered to mice 5 hr before the antibiotic. Compared with ADR alone, this combination treatment produced, after 7 days, an increase in lethality from 15 to 80%. The pathologic analysis of hearts, livers, kidneys, and small bowels was performed, revealing an increase in the incidence and severity of hepatic damage in mice receiving ADR + CMC. Furthermore, reduced glutathione (GSH) was measured in livers of all mice; the animals treated with CMC and ADR + CMC showed a significant (p less than 0.01) reduction of hepatic GSH in comparison with controls and ADR-alone-treated animals. These data further confirm a crucial protective role for GSH in ADR toxicity and prove that CMC exerts an important biochemical effect on hepatic GSH. PMID- 6636194 TI - 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)-induced infertility in male rats mediated by a post-testicular effect. AB - The potential for the chemosterilant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) to reduce male fertility by acting at a site in the genital tract beyond the testis was evaluated in male, Fischer 344 rats. A single sc treatment with 100 mg/kg DBCP reduced fertility in male rats 2 to 7 days postexposure without affecting mating frequency. Doses of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg DBCP given sc once daily for 7 days caused a dose-dependent reduction in the metabolism of glucose to CO2 by epididymal sperm, as measured in vitro. Conversion of glucose to lactate was not reduced, indicating inhibition of energy metabolism at a step post-glycolysis. No clinical signs of toxicity were observed in these studies. Direct addition of DBCP to epididymal sperm being incubated in vitro also inhibited the metabolism of glucose to CO2. Inhibition was concentration related, and the minimal inhibitory concentration was 0.316 mM. These data indicate that DBCP may cause a nearly immediate infertility via a direct effect on post-testicular sperm. A possible mechanism of this infertility is inhibition by DBCP of glucose metabolism in the ejaculated sperm. PMID- 6636196 TI - Effects of xylene exposure on the metabolism of antipyrine in vitro and in vivo in the rat. AB - Exposure of male rats to different concentrations of xylene for 3 days induced, in a dose-dependent way, the in vitro liver microsomal metabolism of antipyrine. The degree of induction was statistically significant at an exposure level of 250 ppm and maximal (2.5-fold increase) at 2000 ppm. This increase was of the same magnitude as after phenobarbital treatment. Female rats had a lower basal antipyrine metabolism than males, but exhibited a greater relative increase in antipyrine metabolism following xylene exposure. Cytochrome P-450 isozymes, purified from xylene- and phenobarbital-treated animals, were efficient catalysts of antipyrine metabolism, with turnover numbers of 33.3 and 21.1, respectively. A reduction in the half-life of antipyrine to 39% of preexposure values occurred after exposure of male rats to 1000 ppm of xylene for 3 days. Exposure to lower xylene levels did not produce significant alterations in antipyrine elimination half-life. In vitro, xylene was shown to be a non-competitive metabolic inhibitor of antipyrine. Experiments in vivo indicated that inhibition is not important at relatively low xylene exposure levels. It is concluded that induction of hepatic monooxygenases by xylene can be demonstrated, with antipyrine as a test drug, both in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 6636195 TI - Reproductive toxicity of methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate (benomyl) in male Wistar rats. AB - Methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate (benomyl) is a systemic fungicide which has been implicated in producing damage to the testes. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the functional and behavioral significance of this reported benomyl-induced damage to male rats using a 70-day feeding study followed by a 70-day recovery study. Adult male Wistar rats were fed laboratory chow containing 1.0, 6.3, or 203 ppm benomyl, with control animals receiving standard laboratory chow. Ejaculate sperm counts were significantly depressed (P less than or equal to 0.05) in male ingesting 203 ppm benomyl during the 70 day feeding phase. A significant decrease in relative testicular weights and a lowered male fertility index were observed in all benomyl-treatment groups. No significant alterations in plasma testosterone, LH, or FSH levels were observed during the feeding phase. Benomyl ingestion did not alter male copulatory behavior, nor was benomyl found to be an inducer of dominant lethal mutations. Identical studies performed during the recovery phase demonstrated that the benomyl-induced alterations in testicular function were reversible. The male fertility index, ejaculate sperm content, and testicular weights returned to control values during this phase. PMID- 6636198 TI - Studies on the tissue disposition and fate of [14C]toxaphene in Japanese quail. AB - The disposition and the fate of a [14C]toxaphene preparation was studied in adult and juvenile female Japanese quail. The distribution of [14C]toxaphene in the body is dominated by high concentrations of radioactivity in the adipose tissue and the egg yolk, and, especially in juvenile birds, in the bone marrow. The [14C]toxaphene compounds present in the fat tend to be less polar than the parent [14C]toxaphene. More than half of the radioactive dose is excreted via the droppings, eggs, and preen gland within a few days, with biliary excretion playing a major role. The main part of the radioactivity in feces and urine consists of water soluble compounds, a part of which is indicated to be glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, but other metabolites are probably also present. A possible connection between the toxaphene residues in the bone and the known toxaphene induced osteomalacia in birds is discussed. PMID- 6636197 TI - Protective effects of chromium on the toxicity of cadmium in vivo. AB - The acute toxicity of cadmium is known to be less in animals pretreated with zinc. However, the ability of other metals to decrease the toxicity of cadmium has not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine if chromium will decrease the acute toxicity of cadmium. Rats received one of the following treatments: (1) saline, saline; (2) saline, cadmium; (3) chromium, cadmium; (4) zinc, cadmium; and (5) chromium, saline. The first of each treatment pair was administered i.p. 36 h and 12 h prior to the second of the pair, which was given i.v. The dose of chromic and zinc chloride was 100 mumol/kg and that for cadmium was 9 mumol/kg except for the lethality study in which 35 mumol/kg was used. Chromium decreased the number of animals that died from cadmium. Furthermore, testicular atrophy due to cadmium was also prevented by pretreatment with chromium. However, chromium did not block the cadmium-induced decrease in hepatic microsomal metabolism as evidenced by a fall in both cytochrome P-450 and aniline metabolism. The observed effects of chromium were not due to an alteration in cadmium distribution. This study demonstrates that chromium can reduce some of the acute toxic effects of cadmium and re-emphasizes the requirement for knowledge not only of individual metals but also for the interactions among such chemicals. PMID- 6636200 TI - Ferrous ion-stimulated alkane expiration in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride. AB - Rats which were treated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with FeCl2 X 4H2O expired ethane which increased with increasing doses of iron. The same amount of ethane was expired by animals exposed to 20% or 100% oxygen. The mobilization by FeCl2 of stored ethane from the body was excluded. Propane expiration was also stimulated by FeCl2 treatment, whereas n-pentane expiration could not be detected. Rats which were treated i.p. with 500 mg CCl4/kg expired ethane, propane, and n pentane, the amounts being higher in the presence of 20% than in the presence of 100% oxygen. The treatment of rats with FeCl2 30 min after giving CCl4 resulted in a 2-5-fold increase in ethane, propane and n-pentane expiration, the total amounts depending on the oxygen concentration in the respired air (higher under 20% and lower under 100% oxygen). This increase was due to a minor extent to FeCl2-initiated alkane formation. Therefore, we suggest that in vivo Fe2+, besides its ability to initiate lipid peroxidation, influences the CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation process. The possible relevance for CCl4 toxicity is discussed. PMID- 6636199 TI - Peroxisomal effects of phthalate esters in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. AB - Primary rat hepatocyte cultures were used to compare the effects of some alkylphthalate esters on peroxisomal enzyme activities and morphology. Linear diesters from methyl to n-octyl and their constituent monoesters and alcohols were compared with the branched chain 2-ethylhexyl derivatives. Carnitine acetyltransferase activity was increased 9.5-fold by mono-2-ethylhexylphthalate (MEHP) and 5.5- and 7-fold by mono-n-pentyl- and mono-n-octylphthalate (MNOP), the 2 most potent of the linear monoesters. Activity of the specific peroxisomal marker, cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidation decreased with time in control cultures. Whereas MEHP produced a time related increase over the initial level of palmitoyl-CoA oxidation, MNOP treatment only maintained the initial level of activity. The peroxisome proliferation-associated 80 000 mol. wt polypeptide was induced by MEHP but not MNOP. Similarly, MEHP produced increased numbers of peroxisomes, many without a nucleoid, whereas MNOP and mono-n pentylphthalate had no such effect. 2-Ethylhexanol was less potent as an inducer of carnitine acetyltransferase than MEHP and the linear alcohols had no effect on this enzyme. Studies with diesters indicated that induction of carnitine acetyltransferase required hydrolysis of the diester. It is concluded that the straight-chain phthalates studied have little effect on hepatic peroxisomes compared with the 2-ethylhexyl ester and that hepatocyte cultures provide a rapid means of comparing the peroxisomal effects of different phthalates. PMID- 6636201 TI - The effects on rat pups when nitrofen (4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)nitrobenzene) was applied dermally to the dam during organogenesis. AB - Nitrofen (4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)nitrobenzene; TOK herbicide) was administered dermally as an aqueous dilution of an emulsifiable concentrate on Day 6-15 of gestation to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at dose levels of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 12.0 mg/kg/day. No maternal toxicity occurred. At 12 mg/kg neonatal survival was reduced and the animals that died had a high incidence of diaphragmatic hernias. Survivors showed increased incidences of diaphragmatic hernias and of missing or reduced Harderian glands, chromodarcryorrhea (a clear red exudate around the eyes), and a high frequency of slight to severe dilation of the renal pelvis. Thyroid and Harderian gland weights were significantly depressed in Day 42 survivors of both sexes at 12.0 mg/kg; liver and lung weights were decreased, and renal weight was increased in the females. At 12.0 mg/kg thyroid weights of males and females were significantly depressed at 146 days postnatal. The incidence of dilated kidneys was increased at 0.3 mg/kg and higher. No effect was observed at any dose level on time to eye opening, time to vaginal opening, mitotic index of the liver, or T3 levels in the dams or the offspring, and no gross behavioral effects were recorded. The no observable effect level was estimated to be 0.28 mg/kg in males and 0.17 mg/kg in females using a mathematical extrapolation. PMID- 6636202 TI - Studies on the porphyrinogenic action of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in birds. AB - The porphyrinogenic action of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) was examined in 17-day old embryos, day-old chicks, 18-day-old chickens and adult Japanese quail. The quail was found to be the most sensitive species towards TCB induced porphyria whereas the chick embryo was totally non-responsive. The liver porphyrins of Japanese quail were increased in a dose-dependent manner 1 day after TCB. Elevation in porphyrin levels in quail was associated with comparable increases in delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA-S) activity 1 day after TCB treatment. In contrast, ferrochelatase activity was found to be unchanged 1 day after TCB. Multiple administration of TCB produced only a slight increase in liver porphyrin levels and ALA-S activity in quail. However, there was a marked induction in ferrochelatase activity suggesting increased porphyrin turnover. Liver glutathione and glutathione S-transferase activity were also significantly increased following repeated administration of TCB in quail, which could indicate an enhancement of detoxication of reactive metabolites of TCB. Thus, it is suggested that the inability of low multiple doses of TCB to cause porphyria in Japanese quail may be related to the low responsiveness of ALA-S but high inducibility of ferrochelatase liver GSH and glutathione S-transferase. PMID- 6636203 TI - Metabolism of 1,3-cyclohexadiene by isolated rat liver cells. AB - The metabolism of 1,3-cyclohexadiene by hepatocytes from phenobarbital induced rat has been investigated. Parenchymal cells were obtained by liver perfusion with a hyaluronidase-collagenase mixture. The addition of the diene to a suspension of hepatocytes gave rise to a type I difference spectrum indicating the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex with cytochrome P-450. The subsequent metabolic pathway of 1,3-cyclohexadiene has been shown to involve, as the first step, the formation of 1,2-epoxy-3-cyclohexene, which is rapidly hydrolyzed to trans-3-cyclohexene-1,2-diol and trans-2-cyclohexene-1,4-diol by a non-enzymatic process. The monoepoxide could not be detected in the incubation medium because of its high reactivity. Therefore, kinetic parameters of the epoxidation reaction were determined by following the rate of production of the diols. When incubated with hepatocytes, trans-3-cyclohexene-1,2-diol, the main product of 1,3-cyclohexadiene metabolism, elicited a reverse type I spectrum, indicating that this compound is not a good substrate for the monooxygenase system. PMID- 6636204 TI - Effects of 3-methylcholanthrene on covalent binding and toxicity of 4-ipomeanol in inducible and non-inducible (B6D2) mice. AB - The effects of 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) on the covalent binding and toxicity of 4-ipomeanol (1-(3-furyl)-4-hydroxypentanone, IPO) were studied in (C57BL/6N)(DBA/2N)F1 X DBA/2N backcross (B6D2)D2) mice previously segregated into relatively "inducible" or "non-inducible" groups based on zoxazolamine (2-amino-5 chlorobenzoxazole, ZOX) paralysis times following MC treatment. MC decreased the covalently bound IPO metabolite(s) both in the lungs and in the kidneys of "inducible" and "non-inducible" mice when compared to controls not pretreated with MC. On the other hand, concentrations of covalently bound IPO metabolite(s) in liver were increased in "inducible" mice and decreased in "non-inducible" mice by MC pretreatment when compared to non-pretreated heterogenous mice. Associated with MC pretreatment was a significant decrease in the acute lethality of IPO both in the "inducible" and in the "non-inducible" mice when compared to nonpretreated control animals (LD50: 213 +/- 2, 140 +/- 14 and 14 +/- 4 mg/kg, respectively). Hepatic necrosis occurred frequently in the "inducible" mice and occasionally in the "non-inducible" mice given large IPO doses near the respective LD50-values. Hepatic necrosis was never observed in non-pretreated mice receiving near lethal doses of IPO. These results support previous studies indicating that reactive IPO metabolites binding to extrahepatic tissues are formed in situ and do not reflect binding of blood-borne metabolites formed in the liver. PMID- 6636205 TI - Increased acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity after chronic ethanol consumption in mice. AB - The effect of chronic ethanol consumption on acetaminophen (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) toxicity was determined by maintaining mice for 10 days on diets consisting of chow and one of the following drinking solutions: 10% ethanol + 10% sucrose, 8% sucrose, or tap water. Toxicity as manifested by mortality, liver enlargement, and liver congestion was greatest in the ethanol-treated group. We suggest that the greater mortality was a result of the increased liver congestion and consequent hypovolemia. Despite the increased levels of cytochrome(s) P-450, covalent binding of [3H]acetaminophen reactive metabolite(s) to liver protein was not higher in ethanol-treated animals. This can be explained by the higher initial glutathione concentration and/or ability to replenish glutathione in the ethanol-treated group. We suggest that the enhancement of acetaminophen toxicity by ethanol is the result of an effect of ethanol on hepatocyte membranes which renders the cells more susceptible to toxic injury. PMID- 6636206 TI - Developmental toxicity and psychotoxicity of FD and C red dye No. 40 (allura red AC) in rats. AB - Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing FD and C red dye No. 40 for 2 weeks and were then bred. The diets were continued for the females throughout gestation and lactation and were provided continuously to their offspring thereafter. The treatment groups were: FD and C red dye No. 40 as 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 or 10.0% of the diet, and a positive control group treated with the toxin hydroxyurea on days 2-10 of life with 50 mg/kg/day given s.c. as a positive control group. Parental animals were evaluated for weight and food consumption, and females for reproductive success. The offspring were assessed on a series of tests using the Cincinnati Psychoteratogenicity Screening Test Battery. Additional measures were weight, food consumption, physical landmarks of development, and brain weight. Red-40 significantly reduced reproductive success, parental and offspring weight, brain weight, survival, and female vaginal patency development. Behaviorally, R40 produced substantially decreased running wheel activity, and slightly increased postweaning open-field rearing activity. Overall, R40 produced evidence of both physical and behavioral toxicity in developing rats at doses of up to 10% of the diet. PMID- 6636207 TI - Effects of organophosphorus compounds, O,O-dimethyl O-(2,2 dichlorovinyl)phosphate (DDVP) and O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl 4 nitrophenyl)phosphorothioate (fenitrothion), on brain acetylcholine content and acetylcholinesterase activity in Japanese quail. AB - Effects of 2 organophosphorus compounds, O,O-dimethyl O-(2,2 dichlorovinyl)phosphate (DDVP) and O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl 4 nitrophenyl)phosphorothioate (fenitrothion), on the brain cholinergic system were investigated in Japanese quail. Cholinergic signs, such as salivation and convulsions in legs and wings, were seen 7-15 min after administration with DDVP (3-4 mg/kg) or 6-120 min after administration with fenitrothion (250-350 mg/kg). In the DDVP-treated quail (10 min after dosage of 3 mg/kg), free acetylcholine (ACh), labile-bound ACh, increased significantly and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) decreased to 28% of the value determined in untreated quail. In the fenitrothion treated group (60 min after dosage of 300 mg/kg), only free ACh increased and AChE activity decreased to 20% of the control value. In vitro, DDVP and fenitrothion inhibited AChE activity in brain homogenate with an I50 of 10(-8) M and 10(-5) M, respectively. It appeared that both organophosphorus compounds might have essentially the same effect on the brain cholinergic system. There were only small differences in the effect on various fractions of ACh between the 2 compounds, although there was a hundred-fold range in dose. PMID- 6636208 TI - Direct effects of corticosteroids on in vitro collagen production by normal and damaged lung tissue. AB - The direct, short-term effects of prednisolone on the synthesis of collagen in minced lung tissue from normal mice and from mice with butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT)-induced lung damage were studied. Collagen production rates in lung tissue from BHT-treated or untreated mice were unaffected by 10 or 25 micrograms/ml prednisolone. There was a significant inhibition of collagen production rates in lung tissue from untreated mice by 50 or 100 micrograms/ml prednisolone although there was no effect on the percentage of protein synthesis committed to collagen. Prednisolone 50 and 100 micrograms/ml also inhibited the rate of collagen synthesis in lung tissue obtained 3 days after BHT but, in addition, decreased the percentage of protein synthesis committed to collagen. Seven days after BHT, prednisolone increased both the rate and percentage of pulmonary collagen synthesis. The response of lung tissue to prednisolone 11 days after BHT resembled that of tissue from untreated mice. The tissue concentrations of prednisolone following in vitro incubations were significantly lower in lung from normal compared to BHT-treated mice. These in vitro concentrations were about 100-fold higher than those measured 2 h after an in vivo dose of 30 mg/kg. There were no significant differences in lung prednisolone concentrations between normal and BHT-treated mice in vivo. These data suggest that the observed effect of corticosteroids in vitro on the synthesis and degradation of collagen in lung tissue is variable and depends on the time after an acute insult when these parameters are assessed. The concentrations of prednisolone in lung tissue required to achieve these effects in vitro were significantly greater than those achieved in vivo. PMID- 6636210 TI - Characterization of five commercially available samples of acridine yellow. AB - Commercial samples of acridine yellow, all labeled C.I. 46025, have been analyzed by thin layer chromatography, UV and visible light spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and photodynamic efficiency in the inactivation of bacteriophage phi X174. Three types of sample were clearly delineated: i) true acridine yellow (3,6-diamino-2,7-dimethylacridine) whose spectral and chromatographic properties are very close to those of proflavine (3,6-diaminoacridine); ii) a pure but different dye tentatively identified as euchrysine (3,6-diamino-2,7,9 trimethylacridine), since on the basis of mass spectral data, it contains an additional methyl group not fixed on the amino groups; and iii) a complex dye with its own special properties and whose main yellow component has a molecular weight and a mass spectrum compatible with an overall formula of C16H16N2S. The three types of dye could be distinguished on the basis of simple tests. Acridine yellow is photodynamically almost as efficient as proflavine, but the two other dyes are very poor sensitizers. PMID- 6636209 TI - Vitreous carbon: a new material for making microtome knives. AB - The quality of sections obtained by microtomy depends to a large extent on the quality and characteristics of the microtome knife itself. Despite the need for improved microtomy techniques, there have been few significant developments since the introduction of glass and diamond knives in the 1950's. The manufacture of microtome knives from vitreous carbon provides new possibilities for developing both improved methods and improved equipment for specimen sectioning. Vitreous carbon has unique physical properties that lend themselves to the generation of precision cutting edges. Such as edge can be obtained either by breaking a piece of vitreous carbon or by using lapidary techniques. The resultant edge seems well adapted to both thick and thin sectioning. The introduction of vitreous carbon as a sectioning tool offers a significant alternative to metal, glass and diamond knives. PMID- 6636211 TI - [The first linear electron accelerator, the Therac 15 Saturne, in clinical service. I. Technical data and measurements in photon radiation]. AB - A report is given about the linear electron accelerator operating at the Alfried Krupp Krankenhaus in Essen. This is the first accelerator of the type Therac Saturne supplied for 15 MeV. Besides a description of the most important technical data and the service instructions, dosimetric data for 12 MV photon radiation are presented. The authors communicate the clinical experiences gained hitherto with the accelerator and the patient-orientated verification and recording system which has still to be improved, especially as far as the recording part is concerned. The accelerator meets the requirements of radiologic oncology. PMID- 6636212 TI - [Radiation side effects of neutron and photon therapy of soft tissue sarcomas. Results of a 4-year pilot study]. AB - Within the frame of a four-year pilot study, 41 soft tissue sarcomas were treated with neutrons (31 patients), photons (3 patients), or a combination of both radiations (7 patients). All three patients submitted to relatively high neutrons doses (N + gamma) of 19 Gy showed marked radiogenic side effects. A relatively high percentage of radiogenic side effects (4/11) was observed after a total dose of 18 Gy, too. However, doses of 16 to 17 Gy did not cause any severe troubles. After doses below 16 Gy, the local recurrence rate is relatively high. PMID- 6636213 TI - [Tumor recurrence and massive cerebral angiofibrosis 28 years after conventional high-dose radiotherapy of prolactinoma]. AB - A fatal recurrence developed 28 years after conventional X-ray therapy of a hypophyseal adenoma with a focal dose of 10340R. An organic psychosyndrome of many years preceded the recurrence. The immunocytologic examination of the recurrent tumor showed a prolactinoma. As radiogenic fibroses without primary parenchyma necrosis, massive angiofibroses within tumor, hypothalamus, and neostriatum and less massive angiofibroses in the cerebrum and cortex of cerebrum are opposed to the classical late radiation damage with plasmatic infiltration necrosis. PMID- 6636214 TI - [Somatic radiation risk in brain irradiation]. AB - The somatic dose index for irradiation of the brain was determined for the 10 MeV bremsstrahlung of a linear electron accelerator. A small volume rotation technique and the irradiation of the total neurocranium were chosen as extreme conditions for the radiation exposure of the skull. On the basis of a target volume dose of 50 Gy for the total irradiation series, the somatic dose index of the small volume technique is within the scope of coronarography. In case of irradiation of the total neurocranium, however, the somatic dose index largely exceeds the maximum values of X-ray diagnosis. PMID- 6636216 TI - [Tissue activation by bremsstrahlung from medical accelerators]. AB - If a continuous radiation with a maximum energy of more than 10.55 MeV is used in radiotherapy, there is an activation of tissue. A radiation exposure of the staff may be connected with this activity induced by the nuclear photon effect. The consequences for routine radiotherapy are demonstrated by the examples of a betatron 42 MeV and a linear accelerator Clinac 20. PMID- 6636215 TI - [Effect of satellite supports of different materials on the surface dose in telecobalt therapy]. AB - The surface doses were measured behind shield supports of different materials with a focus-skin distance of 140 cm. The shield supports were at a distance of 40 cm from the skin. The plates were made of lead glass with a thickness of 11.3 mm, window glass with a thickness of 2.6 mm, plexiglas with a thickness of 5 and 10 mm, and perforated plexiglas with a thickness of 6 mm. The greatest contamination of the useful ray with secondary electrons was measured behind the plexiglas plates, the least contamination was measured behind the plate of lead glass. The relative surface dose is increased by at most 18.5% by plates of plexiglas, while the lead glass plate causes an increase of 3.3%. PMID- 6636217 TI - On the application of stochastic partition functions in radiotherapy II: modifications of intensity and depth dose profiles by wedge filters. AB - An algorithm from a previous investigation providing the computation of lateral and depth dose profiles by a generalized Gaussian convolution integral has been extended to various intensity distributions and radiation fields using wedge filters. PMID- 6636218 TI - [Concept of the mean stopping power and the mean electron energy in electron dosimetry]. AB - In consideration of the variations of the values E,Er,EH and Ew of the energy spectrum of electrons at the measuring point in case of a given energy on the surface Eo and in the depth t of a phantom with a low Z-number, the authors present the practical realisation of a conception allowing to determine by one single conversion curve Sw,1 (Er) the energy-dose of rapid electrons in water Dw, at least within the spectrum of Eo = 5 to 42 MeV and Er = 2.2 to 42 MeV, from the cavity ion dose Jc measured absolutely or by means of a calibrated electron chamber. Sw,1 (Er) is the relative unrestricted mass collision stopping power as a function of the mean rest energy Er at the measuring point. Er can be calculated in a simple manner from Eo and t and coincides almost perfectly with the most probable energy Ew of measured electron spectra. The authors present an algorithm for the calculation of the true mean electron energy E from Eo and t with a good coincidence with the values of measured electron spectra. It is shown that, contrary to the curve with one parameter Sw,1 (Er), a relation of Sw,1 to E leads to a series of curves with two parameters Sw,1 (Eo, t). The method using a relation of Sw,1 to Er which offers the advantage of a simple practical application and good precision is presented as "conception of the mean stopping power in electron dosimetry". PMID- 6636219 TI - [Deviations in the control of the monitor calibration of a circular accelerator]. AB - The operation of an accelerator requires to perform at regular intervals a control measurement of the basic calibration. This measurement showed a deviation growing from week to week. Finally, the test measurements gave occasion to suppose a defect of the used ionizing chamber, but this was not confirmed by measurements at a gamma irradiation unit. When the chamber had been repaired by the manufacturer, there were no more deviations with respect to the basic measurement. PMID- 6636220 TI - Influence of dose rate on fast neutron OER and biological effectiveness determined for growth inhibition in Vicia faba. AB - The influence of dose rate on the effectiveness of a neutron irradiation was investigated using growth inhibition in Vicia faba bean roots as biological system. d(50) + Be neutron beams produced at the cyclotron CYCLONE of the University of Louvain-la-Neuve were used, at high and low dose rate, by modifying the deuteron beam current. When decreasing the dose rate from 0.14 Gy.min-1 to 0.2 Gy.h-1, the effectiveness of the neutrons decreased down to 0.84 +/- 0.05 (dose ratio, at high and low dose rate. Dhigh/Dlow, producing equal biological effect). Control irradiations, with 60Co gamma-rays, indicated a similar reduction in effectiveness (0.84 +/- 0.03) when decreasing dose rate from 0.6 Gy.min-1 to 0.7 Gy.h-1. In previous experiments, on the same Vicia faba system, higher RBE values were observed for 252Cf neutrons, at low dose rate (RBE = 8.3), compared to different neutron beams actually used in external beam therapy (RBE = 3.2 - 3.6 for d(50) + Be, p(75) + Be and 15 MeV (d, T) neutrons). According to present results, this higher RBE has to be related to the lower energy of the 252Cf neutron spectrum (2 MeV), since the influence of dose rate was shown to be small. As far as OER is concerned, for d(50) + Be neutrons, it decreases from 1.65 +/- 0.12 to 1.59 +/- 0.09 when decreasing dose rate from 0.14 Gy.min-1 to 0.2 Gy.h-1. Control irradiations with 60Co gamma-rays have shown an OER decrease from 2.69 +/- 0.08 to 2.55 +/- 0.11 when decreasing dose rate from 0.6 Gy.min-1 to 0.7 Gy.h-1. These rather small OER reductions are within the statistical fluctuations. PMID- 6636221 TI - Mortality impact of an MCH-FP program in Matlab, Bangladesh. PMID- 6636222 TI - Analysis of breastfeeding in northeastern Brazil: methodological and policy considerations. PMID- 6636223 TI - Family planning services from multiple provider types: an assessment for the United States. PMID- 6636224 TI - [Establishment of the posture and working actions of pilots in air crashes]. PMID- 6636225 TI - [Principle possibility of using the Parker method for comparing forensic medical objects]. PMID- 6636226 TI - [Cranioscopic method of diagnosing human sex]. PMID- 6636227 TI - [Biomedical and criminalistic methods of obtaining personal information for the purposes of crime detection]. PMID- 6636228 TI - [Lip prints as an object for complex expert study in personal identification]. PMID- 6636229 TI - [Tasks of the forensic medical service of the USSR in light of the decisions of the November (1982) Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU]. PMID- 6636230 TI - [Determination of barbital and noxiron in cadaveric material]. PMID- 6636231 TI - [Isolation from the liver and separation of morphine-group alkaloids using agar gel electrophoresis]. PMID- 6636232 TI - [Forensic chemical determination of acetic acid in the stomach wall]. PMID- 6636234 TI - [Determination of ethylene glycol in biological material]. PMID- 6636233 TI - [Detection and determination of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid in forensic chemical studies]. PMID- 6636235 TI - [Classification of the traumatizing surfaces of blunt objects by the characteristics of the injuries]. PMID- 6636236 TI - [Forensic medical classification of blunt objects]. PMID- 6636237 TI - [Method of determining metal trace clues by color prints]. PMID- 6636238 TI - [New method of detecting pneumothorax in the forensic medical study of a cadaver]. PMID- 6636239 TI - [Fat embolism in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6636240 TI - [Purification of a protein solution of sodium chloride by dialysis]. PMID- 6636241 TI - [Case of infectious allergic myocarditis in chronic left ventricular aneurysm]. PMID- 6636242 TI - [Identification of a motor vehicle from abrasions on the corpse]. PMID- 6636243 TI - [Penetrating abdominal cavity wound in a shooting by a blank cartridge from a homemade weapon]. PMID- 6636244 TI - [Rare case of death from lightning]. PMID- 6636245 TI - [Fatal poisoning with blue vitriol]. PMID- 6636246 TI - [Poisoning by the fruit of the privet (Ligustrum vulgare)]. PMID- 6636247 TI - [Adaptive systems in the diagnosis of the time of death]. PMID- 6636248 TI - [Establishment of the sequence of rib fractures in chest cavity trauma]. PMID- 6636249 TI - Monitoring of free drug levels: determination of free concentration versus free fraction. PMID- 6636250 TI - A prospective evaluation of therapeutic drug monitoring. AB - Since therapeutic drug monitoring is rapidly becoming a widely used tool in clinical medicine, we prospectively assessed 390 serum drug assays over a 4-week period to determine the appropriateness of serum sample collection. The results of appropriately collected samples were used to evaluate the ability of the physician to interpret and apply this information. Of the 244 samples evaluated in the study, 104 (43%) were inappropriately collected. The physician apparently misapplied the results in 40 of 101 (40%) instances. When combined, this represented a misuse of therapeutic drug monitoring 70% of the time and documented an unjustifiable expense of $3,600 for the 4 weeks. The magnitude of misuse of this tool warrants the implementation of measures to assure appropriate serum sampling and application of therapeutic drug monitoring. PMID- 6636251 TI - An audit of requests for therapeutic drug monitoring of digoxin: problems and pitfalls. AB - The use of serum digoxin measurements in a teaching hospital was audited. The reason for test requisition, the timing of blood samples, the recognition of results, and the action taken by house staff were assessed using formal criteria. In 200 consecutive requests for serum digoxin measurements, the reason for requesting the test could not be determined in 165 (82.5%). The timing of plasma samples with respect to duration of therapy and time since last dose was usually satisfactory. However, only 73 (36.5%) of results appear to have been adequately recognized, and approximately 1 result in 4 was followed by an inappropriate decision. High plasma concentrations were usually dealt with more promptly and more appropriately than low plasma concentrations, possibly because the biochemistry laboratory informed physicians directly of the high results. There is a clear need for physicians to better identify the reasons for measuring plasma concentrations of digoxin and to request serum digoxin measurements only when there is a pertinent problem. Indiscriminate requests for serum digoxin measurements are associated with apparent disregard for the results and a high likelihood of making an inappropriate decision regarding further digoxin prescription. PMID- 6636252 TI - Patient selection for serum gentamicin levels. AB - This article describes a set of criteria that can be used to select appropriate patients for serum gentamicin level (SGL) determinations. The set was generated through a critical review of the literature relevant to gentamicin pharmacokinetics and specific patient factors that can influence gentamicin elimination. Gentamicin was chosen because it has been widely used, and a large portion of the body of knowledge concerning aminoglycosides involves gentamicin. Using these criteria, we prospectively evaluated 73 Medical University Hospital patients for appropriateness of sampling. Forty-nine patients (67.2%) were appropriately selected for SGL measurement. This included patients who conformed to at least one criterion and received SGL determination(s), as well as patients who did not conform to any criterion and did not receive a SGL determination. Forty patients (54.8%) conformed to at least one criterion. Although the majority of patients were appropriately selected, only 40% of patients who met at least one criterion received SGL measurement(s). These data suggest the need for greater awareness by the clinician of factors that predispose patients to toxic or subtherapeutic gentamicin therapy. PMID- 6636253 TI - Clinical use of a one-compartment model for determining netilmicin pharmacokinetic parameters and dosage recommendations. AB - To determine netilmicin pharmacokinetic parameters and to evaluate the use of a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, 32 patients receiving netilmicin for suspected gram-negative sepsis were enrolled in our study protocol. Dose and dosage interval for each patient were determined by one-compartment pharmacokinetic analysis of six postinfusion netilmicin serum samples (0.16, 0.33, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 h) measured by radioimmunoassay. In patients with a normal serum creatinine, mean (+/- SD) half-life and distribution volume were 1.9 +/- 1.1 h and 0.2 +/- 0.8 L/kg, respectively. The average daily dose and mean days of therapy were 5.1 +/- 1.9 mg/kg/day for 7.3 +/- 2.8 days. Serum creatinine changes of greater than 0.5 mg% occurred in 2 of 28 (7%) patients. Substantial variability in half-life and distribution volume occurred in patients. Initial dosages of 5-7 mg/kg/day in divided dosages seem appropriate for adult patients with normal renal function. Monitoring of serum levels and adjustment of dose and dosage interval are necessary to maintain therapeutic antibiotic concentrations. As with other aminoglycosides, the one-compartment pharmacokinetic model proved to be an acceptable method for measuring netilmicin pharmacokinetic parameters and individualizing therapy. PMID- 6636254 TI - Some infants receiving theophylline may have caffeine in serum. PMID- 6636255 TI - Kinetic predictive techniques applied to lignocaine therapeutic drug monitoring. AB - As lignocaine clearance is influenced by factors such as cardiac failure and liver impairment, clinical pharmacokinetic principles should be used to account for kinetic variability so that target concentrations are achieved consistently throughout the course of intravenous therapy. Two groups of patients with ischaemic heart disease, who received lignocaine, were studied: a control group with no feedback or intervention from therapeutic drug monitoring, and an intervention group in which strict guidelines for lignocaine administration were introduced. Lignocaine plasma concentrations were measured by EMIT (Syva), and rapid feedback of concentration data in the intervention group allowed adjustment of infusion rates using the Chiou equation. The mean concentration in the intervention group remained within the therapeutic range (2-5 micrograms/ml) at all times, whereas it exceeded 5 micrograms/ml after the first 7 h in the control group. The distribution of concentrations in the intervention group was always narrower than that in the control group. The study also included a comparison of the ability of the Chiou equation and a Bayesian optimisation procedure to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters and to forecast lignocaine concentrations over various periods of time. There was no significant difference between prediction errors determined by the two methods at various points throughout a 32 h period; both methods were associated with a negative prediction bias beyond the first 12 h of infusion. It is likely that this reflects assumptions made about lignocaine clearance and indicates the need for more sophisticated kinetic models. PMID- 6636256 TI - Liquid chromatographic separation of antidepressant drugs: I. Tricyclics. AB - A simple normal-phase (silica), high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay of amitriptyline (AMI), doxepin (DOX), imipramine (IMI), nortriptyline (NORT), desmethyldoxepin (DESDOX), desipramine (DESIP), and protriptyline (PRO) in serum with no coelution is described here. Trimipramine and promazine were used as internal standards. Extraction of the 1.0-ml serum samples (collected in plastic) was done with Bond-Elut C18 columns. The compounds of interest were eluted with 10 mM methanolic ammonium acetate. The eluates were evaporated at 56 58 degrees C and reconstituted with 200 microliters of the mobile phase. The mobile phase was absolute ethanol-acetonitrile-tert-butylamine (98:2:0.05, vol/vol/vol). Detection of eluted drugs was at 254 nm at 0.01 absorbance units full scale (AUFS), except for PRO, which was detected at 229 nm at 0.02 AUFS. Absolute recoveries were 87-97%. A 5-micron silica (4.6 X 250 mm) HPLC column was used; results with a 10-micron silica column (3.9 X 300 mm) are also presented. Peak height ratios with trimipramine were linear for each analyte between 25 and 1200 ng/ml. Peak height ratios with promazine as the internal standard were linear for each analyte between 25 and 600 ng/ml. Detection limits under the conditions described were 2 ng/ml for AMI, DOX, and IMI, 4 ng/ml for NORT, DESDOX, and DESIP, and 10 ng/ml for PRO. Coefficients of within-day and day-to day variation at three concentration levels were less than 9.8% and less than 11.2%, respectively. The hydroxylated metabolites of IMI, DES, NORT, and the cis isomer of DOX are discussed. Steady-state daily dosages and corresponding serum levels are presented for 69 patients. The total assay time was less than 10 min for DESIP and 12 min for PRO. This assay can be used in correlating serum levels with clinical effects, compliancy, and pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 6636257 TI - Liquid chromatographic separation of antidepressant drugs: II. Amoxapine and maprotiline. AB - The simultaneous serum analysis of amoxapine (AMOX) and its major metabolite 8 hydroxyamoxapine (8-OH AMOX), and maprotiline (MAP) and its major metabolite desmethylmaprotiline (D-MAP) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet detection is described here. AMOX and 8-OH AMOX were detected at 254 nm at 0.01 absorbance units full scale (AUFS). MAP and D-MAP were detected at 214 nm at 0.05 AUFS. Serum (1.0 ml collected in plastic) extraction was by Bond-Elut C18 columns. The compounds of interest were eluted from the columns with 10 mM methanolic ammonium acetate. The eluates are evaporated at 56-58 degrees C and reconstituted with 200 microliter of mobile phase. The mobile phase was absolute ethanol-acetonitrile-tert-butylamine (98:2:0.05, vol/vol), and the flow rate was 2.0 ml/min. Absolute recoveries range from 97 to 100% for all compounds. HPLC was done on a 5-micron (4.6 X 250 mm) silica-packing column (normal phase). Separations on a 10-micron silica column (3.9 X 300 mm) are also discussed. Peak height ratios using trimipramine as the internal standard were linear for each drug between 25 and 1080 ng/ml. AMOX and 8-OH AMOX ratios with promazine as the internal standard were linear between 25 and 1080 ng/ml. Detection limits were 3 ng/ml for AMOX and 8-OH AMOX, 12 ng/ml for D-MAP, and 15 ng/ml for MAP. Coefficients of within-day and day-to-day variation at three concentration levels were less than 10.8% and 10.5%, respectively, for all compounds. Correlations of AMOX, 8-OH AMOX, and MAP sample assays using gas chromatography (or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and this method were compared. Steady-state daily dosages and corresponding serum levels are presented for seven patients. AMOX and 8-OH AMOX concentrations for 37 patients are given; these show that the ratios of these compounds are highly variable between patients. MAP and D-MAP concentrations for 30 patients show that D-MAP can be a significant fraction of the circulating drug. Assay time for 8-OH AMOX/AMOX was 6.5 min and less than 13 min for D-MAP/MAP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6636258 TI - Analysis of amoxapine, 8-hydroxyamoxapine, and maprotiline by high-pressure liquid chromatography. AB - Two high-pressure liquid chromatography procedures are presented for the routine analysis of two new antidepressant drugs, amoxapine (Asendin) as well as its active metabolite and maprotiline (Ludiomil). Recovery rates were excellent with both methods of extraction. Method 1, for amoxapine and its metabolites, was linear up to 1,000 ng/ml. Sensitivity for the parent drug was 10 ng/ml and, for the active metabolite, 25 ng/ml. Within-run coefficients of variation (CV) were 4.57% for 8-hydroxyamoxapine and 3.84% for amoxapine. Method 2, for maprotiline, was linear from 10 to 1,000 ng/ml. Intraassay CV was 3.2%. Reliable, yet simple, methods for monitoring these drugs are needed in order to establish firmly the pharmacological data important to appropriate patient therapy. PMID- 6636259 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic measurement of atenolol: methodology and clinical applications. AB - A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the measurement of atenolol in plasma, breast milk, and urine. The sample (250 microliters) is Vortex-mixed for 30 s with approximately 50 mg sodium chloride, 10 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution (50 microliters), internal standard solution (aqueous benzimidazole, 1.69 mumol/L) (50 microliters) and methyl-tert-butyl ether containing 10% (vol/vol) heptafluorobutanol (200 microliters). After centrifugation (9950 X g, 2 min), a portion (100 microliters) of the resulting extract is analysed on a microparticulate (5 micron) silica column using methanol containing 1 mmol/L d-10-camphorsulphonic acid monohydrate as the mobile phase, and the column effluent is monitored by fluorescence detection using an excitation wavelength of 195 nm. A specimen, together with a quality control sample, can be analysed in duplicate within 30 min. The limit of accurate measurement of the assay is 20 micrograms/L, no endogenous sources of interference have been observed and interference from other drugs is minimal. PMID- 6636260 TI - Monitoring phenytoin in salivary and plasma ultrafiltrates of pediatric patients. AB - The plasma binding of phenytoin and the relationship between phenytoin concentrations in salivary and plasma ultrafiltrates were evaluated in pediatric epileptic patients aged 2-15 years. Paired samples of plasma and saliva were ultrafiltered through an Amicon YMT membrane. Phenytoin concentrations were measured by a gas-liquid chromatography procedure. The phenytoin free fraction among pediatric epilepsy patients not taking valproic acid was normally distributed with a mean (+/- SD) of 9.2 +/- 1.8%. The mean (+/- SD) free phenytoin fraction among patients also taking valproic acid was 13.2 +/- 4.5%. Salivary ultrafiltrates exhibited a close correspondence with plasma ultrafiltrate concentrations, and the ratio of salivary to plasma ultrafiltrate concentrations was 1.06 +/- 0.15. Substantial intraindividual variation in the phenytoin free fraction and the increase in free fraction among patients on valproic acid emphasize the importance of using plasma unbound levels for monitoring phenytoin. The close agreement between plasma and salivary ultrafiltrate concentrations suggests that the latter will provide a practical noninvasive means of monitoring phenytoin. PMID- 6636261 TI - Automated fluorescence polarization immunoassay for monitoring vancomycin. AB - We have extended fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) technology for the measurement of drugs to include the complex amphoteric glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin (molecular weight, 1,449). Fluorescein-labeled vancomycin was employed as a tracer, and antisera specific for vancomycin were raised in rabbits by conventional procedures. Tracer, sample, and diluted antiserum were combined, and the polarization of tracer fluorescence is determined in a specially designed fluorometer (Abbott TDx). Because of instrument design, the possibility of fluorescent interferences is minimized. The assay can measure as little as 0.6 mg/L of vancomycin and is free of interferences from hemolysis, lipemia, bilirubin, and changes in protein concentration. The coefficient of variation within assay was 3% (n = 5) and between assays was 5% (n = 5). The FPIA assay (TDx Vancomycin) was compared to a liquid chromatographic (LC) assay for vancomycin and to a commercially available radioimmunoassay (RIA) for 98 clinical specimens. A linear least-squares regression analysis gave a correlation coefficient for LC of 0.980 from the equation FPIA = 1.09 LC + 3.04, and a correlation coefficient for RIA of 0.957 from the equation FPIA = 1.036 RIA + 1.66. PMID- 6636262 TI - Reproducibility of standard preparation in digoxin radioimmunoassay in plasma and serum. AB - We studied the reproducibility of standard preparations in digoxin radioimmunoassay in a randomized trial using serum and plasma as matrices. The errors expressed relative to the observed counts per minute (cpm) attributable to each of the procedures involved in the preparation of standards were as follows: preparation of stock solutions and dilutions, 1.3%; addition of diluted solutions to the medium, 1.2%; and residual error due to the assay procedure, 3.7%. No error caused by mixing, portioning, and storage was detected. Heparinized plasma gave lower cpm values than serum at 4.0 ng/ml (p less than 0.01), an effect that would give over- or underestimations by about 5% at that level, depending on the medium used. This suggests that standard and sample matrices should be similar. Our procedure for preparing the standards seems to be reasonably reliable; this is necessary for satisfactory monitoring of patients on digitalis therapy. PMID- 6636263 TI - A simple preparation of the methotrexate metabolites 7-hydroxymethotrexate and 4 deoxy-4-amino-N10-methylpteroic acid. AB - Simple and convenient preparations of two metabolites of the antineoplastic drug methotrexate (MTX) are described. MTX is incubated in a Tris-HCl rabbit liver homogenate to produce 7-hydroxymethotrexate. Filtration, lyophilization, and recrystallization from water gives a chromatographically pure product. Analytical amounts of 4-deoxy-4-amino-N10-methylpteroic acid (DAMPA) are prepared by 0.05 N NaOH hydrolysis of an amide bond within the MTX molecule. Preparative high performance liquid chromatography was used for purification of DAMPA. Nominal molecular weights of these metabolites have been confirmed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. These synthetic methods provide a simple and efficient source of these compounds for use as standards in analytical methods, drug metabolism and cytotoxicity studies, and therapeutic drug monitoring. PMID- 6636264 TI - Microanalysis of platinum in biological media by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. AB - An accurate method for the analysis of platinum in biological matrix is described. The method requires minimal sample handling and pretreatment prior to injection into the graphite furnace. It is reproducible, with average recovery of 97.7% platinum in biological matrix. The data presented also demonstrate that Fe in particular (also NaCl and HNO3) significantly depresses the atomic absorption signal of platinum. Standard addition calibration curves are therefore essential for determination of platinum in biological samples. PMID- 6636265 TI - Monitoring of cyclosporin A: is it possible? PMID- 6636266 TI - [The support of relatives of the demented elderly]. AB - Relatives of patients suffering from senile dementia have to deal with multiple changes and difficulties. Emotional problems as well as the continuing care for the elderly demented patient may be a cause of progressive social isolation. The co-operation with professional helpers is often a source of considerable conflicts. These conflicts may still aggravate once the patient has been admitted into a specialized psychogeriatric ward. Conceptually some reactions of the relatives may be interpreted as manifestations of a mourning-process, where not only real losses play an important part, but also anticipated loss, e.g. the prospect of imminent death. The characteristics of anticipatory grief are: denial, depression, feelings of guilt and aggression. After an inventarization of the problems, the professional helper can provide the family with information concerning the disease and with advice about the home-care. In group-meetings relatives may support each other. Psychotherapeutic intervention may be necessary for the mourning relative. PMID- 6636267 TI - [Psychiatric symptoms before and subsequent to acute CVA]. AB - The psychiatrist is very seldom faced with the acute or prolonged care of stroke victims. This may be surprising, since it is generally accepted that much of the disability resulting from strokes is mental rather than physical. Psychological influences may even be paramount in determining what progress is made. This paper aims to give a review of those aspects of symptomatology and therapy of stroke patients that are particularly pertinent to the psychiatrist. PMID- 6636268 TI - [Diagnosis: hyperparathyroidism simulating dementia]. AB - A patient is described who was admitted to the geriatric department under the diagnosis: 'dementia'. We found more than once a rise of the calcium level in th serum. The level of parathormon was 15 times as high as normal. CT scanning of the neck showed a structure which was found to be an adenoma during exploration. After the operation, the calcium level normalised and the 'dementia' vanished. PMID- 6636269 TI - Leishmaniasis in Tuscany (Italy): VII. Studies on the role of the black rat, Rattus rattus, in the epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis. AB - The recent finding that four Leishmania isolates from Rattus rattus are enzymologically identical to L. infantum, aetiological agent of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean area, has stimulated further research on the role of R. rattus in the epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Tuscany, Italy. The present work has led to the following results: (a) R. rattus experimentally infected with L. infantum displayed a general resistance to the parasite, even though it appeared that a very low number of amastigotes persisted in the animal for a long period; (b) Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. perfiliewi induced to feed on rats, with either a massive visceral infection or a subpatent immunodepressed infection, became infected, though in different proportions; (c) P. perniciosus and P. perfiliewi were readily attracted to, and fed on, the black rat in nature. These findings, together with those obtained earlier, strongly suggest that the black rat may be one of the wild reservoirs of L. infantum in the areas under study. PMID- 6636270 TI - The adverse consequences of heavy Trichuris infection. AB - Sixty-seven children with heavy Trichuris trichiura infection (Group A) were compared to 73 control children of similar socio-economic status but with light or no T. trichiura (Group B), for nutritional status, rates of concomitant bacterial and protozoal, and symptoms and clinical signs associated with heavy T. trichiura infection. Anoscopy was used to determine heavy T. trichiura infection. Measurements and physical examination were done on Group A on admission to and discharge from hospital; 46% were seen on follow-up visit two to eight months later. Children in Group B were seen only once. There were significant differences for nutritional status (p less than 0.01) and rates of bacterial and protozoal co-infection (p less than 0.01) and a significantly greater rate of invasive amoebiasis in Group A. After treatment, nutritional parameters of Group A children improved significantly, symptoms and clinical signs decreased and there was also a significant decrease in the rate of concomitant bacterial and protozoal infection. Subgroups of Group A children, with and without concomitant enteropathogens, revealed that infection with Entamoeba histolytica and bacterial enteropathogens had had no significant impact on clinical and nutritional status. PMID- 6636271 TI - Evaluation of a visually read ELISA for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of kala-azar in the Baringo District, Kenya. AB - ELISA for detecting leishmanial antibodies was established at Baringo District Hospital Kabarnet, Kenya, and successfully applied in clinical routine and sero epidemiological surveys. To simplify the procedure and to make it more economical, ELISA was read as visual endpoint titre and blood was collected by the blotting paper method. 63 parasitologically confirmed kala-azar patients all showed a diagnostic IgG specific ELISA titre of 1:27,000 or more, which indicates a sensitivity of 100%. 11 of 14 persons found with this diagnostic titre during a house-to-house survey in a known focus of kala-azar could be confirmed parasitologically. Two more showed typical signs and symptoms of kala-azar and were successfully treated accordingly. Controls from unaffected areas were all negative. Low titres of 1:1000 and 1:3000 were observed in healthy individuals from foci of kala-azar, but could be easily distinguished from active cases. ELISA has been shown to be a convenient and reliable method for the serodiagnosis of East African kala-azar. The technique can be integrated into the routine work of a clinical laboratory at the level of a district hospital, without sophisticated equipment and with a minimum of funds. Blood of suspected kala-azar cases can be collected on blotting paper in dispensaries and health centres near known foci and sent to the laboratory. PMID- 6636272 TI - Isolation of leptospires and demonstration of antibodies in human leptospirosis in Madras, India. AB - Among 25 clinically suspected cases of leptospirosis, organisms could be isolated from blood and urine of only 10 cases but demonstrated in 15 cases. Antibody titres at a low level were observed to one or more leptospiral antigens in all 25 cases. Nine of the repeated samples from 12 cases showed a four-fold rise in titre. The highest antibody titres were seen against autumnalis. The predominant clinical picture was of fever, myalgia, conjunctival suffusion and jaundice with renal involvement. PMID- 6636273 TI - Mammalian bile promotes growth of Giardia lamblia in axenic culture. AB - Giardia lamblia was adapted to grow in modified Diamond's TYI-S culture medium with a mean generation time of 12.0 +/- 1.1 hours. Addition of bovine or porcine bile to this medium dramatically promoted growth with marked reduction in generation time. The shortest mean generation time (7.5 hours) was obtained with fresh bovine bile and to our knowledge is the lowest reported time for axenically cultivated G. lamblia. Trophozoite numbers were increased by a factor of 3.4 after 48 hours cultivation. Generation time lengthened as bile concentration was increased, the effect being most marked with commercial bile preparations. We consider that this bile-supplemented TYI-S medium will support growth more consistently than the usual Giardia culture medium TPS-1, and is also cheaper. This trophic effect of bile on Giardia growth may partly explain why Giardia trophozoites are found mainly in the duodenum and proximal jejunum where bile is plentiful. PMID- 6636274 TI - Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni from acute diarrhoeal cases in Calcutta. AB - During a seven-month survey, Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 9.6% of the 116 acute diarrhoeal cases admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta. In six of the 11 cases, C. jejuni occurred together with V. cholerae biotype El Tor (Ogawa) while in one case it was found in association with Shigella sonnei. No age or sex specific incidence was observed. A distinct clinical profile in cases suffering from Campylobacter enteritis was not discernible. Biochemically all strains isolated in this study conformed to the typical reported characteristics of C. jejuni. Survival of the organism in positive stool samples held at 4 degrees C without any transport medium was limited. This preliminary study indicates that C. jejuni is an important aetiological agent of acute diarrhoea and must be routinely monitored in enteric laboratories in India. PMID- 6636275 TI - Biochemical studies on malathion resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from Sudan. AB - The change from larval to adult mosquito control in the Gezira area of Sudan resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of malaria in this region. House spraying with malathion began in 1975 and resistance to this compound was first detected in 1978. Laboratory tests showed that adult Anopheles arabiensis Patton were resistant to malathion and phenthoate but susceptible to all other organophosphates tested. The larvae of this strain were susceptible to malathion. The malathion resistance in the adults was synergized by triphenyl phosphate, but not by piperonyl butoxide. This suggests that a carboxylesterase enzyme may be the basis of malathion resistance in this strain. Analysis of general esterase levels to alpha- and beta-naphthyl acetate showed that there was no quantitative change in the amount of carboxylesterase enzyme present in the resistant strain as compared to the susceptible. The absence of larval resistance suggests that house spraying rather than agricultural spraying is the major source of selection pressure. The presence of a high level of adult malathion resistance in A. arabiensis may decrease the efficacy of malathion for malaria control in Sudan. The lack of cross-resistance to organophosphates which do not contain a carboxylester bond means that insecticides such as fenitrothion are still practical alternatives. PMID- 6636276 TI - Axenic culture of Giardia lamblia in TYI-S-33 medium supplemented with bile. PMID- 6636277 TI - The identity of the sand fly that first experimentally transmitted a neotropical Leishmania. PMID- 6636278 TI - Campylobacter jejuni enteritis in Honolulu, Hawaii. AB - The incidence of Campylobacter jejuni in patients with acute diarrhoea was studied in Honolulu, Hawaii. C. jejuni was recovered from 8.7% of diarrhoeal stools, compared to isolation rates of 4.2% for Salmonella and 3.8% for Shigella. C. jejuni occurred mainly in the summer and autumn, and in all age and racial groups. There was a significantly higher incidence of abdominal pain, fever history, bloody stools and faecal leucocytes in patients with Campylobacter enteritis. PMID- 6636279 TI - Experimental transmission of Capillaria philippinensis to birds. AB - Capillaria philippinensis larvae from fish and adult and larval forms of the parasite from gerbil intestines established parent infections when given a stomach tube to several species of birds from Taiwan. Adult males, oviparous and larviparous females and larval stages were found in Nycticorax nycticorax, Bubulcus ibis, Ixobrychus sinensis, Gallinula chloropus and Amaurornis phoenicurus. C. philippinensis also developed in pigeons, Rostratula benghalensis, a few Anas spp. and chickens. Some birds died of the infection while others recovered; most could not be re-infected after repeated exposure. Autoinfection also occurred in most birds. Eggs from an egret hatched and the larvae developed in fish intestines. This is the first group of animals indigenous to the endemic area that could be infected with C. philippinensis and although no naturally infected birds have been found in the area, fish-eating birds should be suspected as potential reservoir hosts. A fish-bird life-cycle is thought to be occurring throughout Asia but intestinal capillariasis is reported only in areas where the human population eats raw freshwater fish. PMID- 6636280 TI - Excreta disposal facilities and intestinal parasitism in urban Africa: preliminary studies in Botswana, Ghana and Zambia. AB - The relationships between intestinal parasitism and excreta disposal technologies in Gaborone (Botswana), Ndola (Zambia) and Kumasi (Ghana) were investigated. Parasitic prevalence and intensity rates amongst groups of urban residents having similar socio-economic status and housing, but different excreta disposal technologies, were compared. In Gaborone, there was no evidence of a difference in intestinal parasitism between those using aqua privies and having access to public taps and those in identical houses enjoying flush toilets, in-house water connections and showers. In Ndola, the group with sewered aqua privies had larger houses, cleaner toilets, better water supplies, longer residence and more people in paid employment than the groups using pit latrines or communal flush toilets. Despite this, the sewered aqua privy users were not found to be different from the other groups with regard to hookworm and protozoal infection but had significantly higher Ascaris infection rates. In Kumasi, despite the differences in toilet type--from squalid communal aqua privies, through often fouled bucket latrines to well-maintained flush toilet systems--and despite also the differences in water provision, no evidence was obtained of any differences in intestinal parasitism between the groups studied. These findings suggest that the provision of superior water and sanitation facilities to a small cluster of houses, or to houses scattered through an area, may not protect those families from infection if the over-all level of faecal contamination of the environment is high. The sample sizes and response rates achieved in this study were low and follow-up studies, employing the same methodology but with larger samples, are recommended. PMID- 6636281 TI - Interstitial nephritis in human kala-azar. AB - Little is known about renal alterations in kala-azar. The renal histopathology of 21 patients admitted to hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil, during the period 1960 through 1981 who either died or had a renal biopsy (two cases) is presented. All the specimens showed oedema and diffuse interstitial inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells with more compact foci of cells in some areas. In general, glomeruli did not show any important alterations. These aspects were interpreted as acute interstitial nephritis aetiologically related to later phase kala-azar. This interstitial alteration does not usually seem to determine any clinical manifestations. However, it seems that moderate and severe cortical intersitial damage contribute to the onset of renal insufficiency when severe clinical complications occur. The precise mechanisms of this lesion need further investigation since the aetiological agents have not been seen causing the damage locally. PMID- 6636282 TI - Opisthorchis viverrini: the relationship between egg production, worm size and intensity of infection in the hamster. AB - Worm recoveries, egg production and worm lengths were determined in golden Syrian hamsters given between five and 200 Opisthorchis viverrini metacercariae. Animals given five, 10 or 20 metacercariae showed similar worm recovery rates of 38%, 36% and 37%, respectively, whereas animals given 50, 100 or 200 metacercariae gave recoveries of 49%, 65% and 54%, respectively. The distribution of worms between right, left and middle liver lobes was similar for animals with between one and 43 worms but different for animals with between 64 and 154 worms. A curvilinear relationship between eggs found per gram of faeces per worm (epg/worm) and eggs/worm/24 hours and worm burden was observed at 60 days post-infection, with worm egg output decreasing as worm burden increased. Regression analysis of the logarithmically transformed data gave regression coefficients of r = 0.62 for log 10 epg/worm v. worm burden and r = 0.71 for log 10 eggs/worm/24 hours v. worm burden. When the same analyses were performed substituting worm density (worms/gram liver tissue) for worm burden, little or no difference was seen in the correlations obtained. A similar relationship was also observed between worm length and worm burden with mean worm length appearing to decrease with increase in worm burden. These results clearly show that worm crowding in the hamster host can have a profound effect on worm egg output and growth. The possible mechanisms underlying these phenomena are discussed and their potential relevance in human opisthorchiasis considered. PMID- 6636283 TI - Effect of anti-coagulants on cold-reactive anti-lymphocyte activity in the blood of patients with malaria. AB - The effect of three different anti-coagulants on the level of cold-reactive anti lymphocyte activity (ALA) in the peripheral blood (PB) of malarious individuals was assessed to determine if plasma could be substituted for serum in assays designed to characterize ALA. Results show that plasma obtained by treating PB with acid-citrate dextrose or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid can be used instead of serum in these assays but that plasma obtained from heparin-treated blood cannot. PMID- 6636284 TI - Enteric fever in patients admitted to a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh. AB - The hospital records of 62 patients with blood culture-proven enteric fever admitted to the Dacca Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, over a one-year period were reviewed. Older children and young adults had the highest age-specific rates of disease. The clinical, epidemiological and laboratory features of patients with enteric fever were compared with similar information from patients in hospital for cholera and shigellosis. Patients with enteric fever had a significantly longer prodrome of illness and were more likely to have fever than patients in the other groups. Our hospital cares primarily for patients with diarrhoeal diseases and while 94% of enteric fever patients had diarrhoea, only 5% had the recognized diarrhoeal pathogens Shigella or Vibrio cholerae identified, compared to 25% of the total hospital in-patient group, suggesting that Salmonella typhi itself may be a cause of diarrhoea. Antibiotic resistance patterns of S. typhi isolates were reviewed, and one isolate was found to be multiply antibiotic resistant. The advent of an effective oral typhoid vaccine makes further work on the epidemiology of enteric fever in endemic areas such as Bangladesh a high priority. PMID- 6636286 TI - Has the message been received and understood? PMID- 6636285 TI - Further development in infant weighing scales. PMID- 6636287 TI - Frustrated readers at Khon Kaen Medical School. AB - Ability in English is essential for Thai medical students. 34 fifth-year students completed two cloze tests from two standard English language text-books to assess their comprehension. One of these tests was from a recommended text-book. 65% of students had poor understanding of the recommended text (Text A). Results were significantly better from the other text (Text B), but only one student had good understanding. The medical course needs more appropriate English teaching and more appropriate English text-books. More information is needed about which books students learn from. PMID- 6636288 TI - The comprehension of english language texts among paramedical students normally using another language. AB - Comprehension of English language texts was tested among paramedical students. Tests were carried out using the cloze procedure on texts thought appropriate for these students, and previously tested to determine the expected number of years of schooling needed to comprehend them by using the Fog Index. In only 2% of 225 papers completed by 75 students did the participants achieve a score expected of an 'independent reader'. The importance of testing material for suitability is emphasized. The results are discussed and the need for further research on indices for students in developing countries is suggested. PMID- 6636289 TI - Bulinus browni Jelnes, 1979 (Gastropoda: Planorbidae), a member of the forskalii group, as intermediate host for Schistosoma bovis in western Kenya. PMID- 6636290 TI - Genetic analysis of reactivities of allospecific monoclonal antibodies to rat histocompatibility antigens. AB - The reactions of a number of LEW anti-ACI allospecific rat monoclonal antibodies were examined in a series of breeding studies. Analysis of (LEW X ACI) F2 progeny demonstrated concordance of the monoclonal class I and class II specificities with results of conventional alloantisera typing. In addition, a "gene dosage" effect was noted, with a/a homozygotes showing approximately twice the reactivity as a/l heterozygotes. The previously noted crossreaction of antibody 36.3 (anti RT1.Aa) with WF and RP strains segregated with RT1.Au in (WF X ACI) F2 and (LEW X RP) F2 progeny suggesting structural similarity of these two allelic products. Finally, an apparent decreased reaction of two (WF X ACI) F2 offspring with antibody 36.3 was shown to be heritable to the F5 generation and may represent an example of genetic control of level of expression of a class I antigen. PMID- 6636291 TI - Strong stimulation of two aspects of delayed-type hypersensitivity by minor antigens. PMID- 6636292 TI - Class II major histocompatibility complex antigens expressed on blood vascular endothelial cells. PMID- 6636293 TI - Clinical profile of leptospirosis. PMID- 6636294 TI - A study on intestinal transit time on healthy volunteers in Assam. PMID- 6636295 TI - Onchocerciasis in Ecuador. I. Prevalence and distribution in the province of Esmeraldas. AB - In the province of Esmeraldas in Ecuador, 11 endemic foci of onchocerciasis were identified. The major focus, located on Rio Cayapas, consisted of 65 contiguous positive communities with an average infection rate of 51.1%. A distance dependent characteristic of the onchocerciasis infection suggested that the transmission was centered principally in the areas near the head-waters of the river. This area, inhabited primarily by the indigenous tribe, Chachi, with an infection rate of 85%, was considered an area of hyperendemicity. Towards the river's mouth, where the majority of the inhabitants were Blacks, the rate of infection was 7%. The endemic focus located on Rio Santiago, populated entirely by Blacks and consisting of 17 contiguous positive communities, had an average infection rate of 18.8%. Again, the highest rate of infection, 33%, occurred in the upper reaches of the river. Resulting from the transient and migratory activity of some microfilariae-positive persons, 9 other isolated foci were found dispersed throughout the province. The infection rate of each focus was distinct, reflecting geographical location and ethnic composition. All foci other than the interior regions of Rio Cayapas were areas of hypoendemicity. PMID- 6636296 TI - Onchocerciasis in Ecuador. II. Epidemiology of the endemic foci in the province of Esmeraldas. AB - The epidemiology of infection was studied in all endemic foci of onchocerciasis in the province of Esmeraldas in Ecuador. The incidence of infection and the density of microfilariae in the skin, both greater in males than females, increased with age, reaching highest levels at 40-45 years in males and at 60 years and older in females. In the hyperendemic area males and females had the same rate of infection, but the microfilarial density in males exceeded that in females. In the hypoendemic areas males had a higher infection rate than females, but females registered a higher density of microfilariae in the skin. The incidence and location of the onchocercal nodules correlated closely with the density of microfilariae. Adults, aged 50-54 had the highest prevalence of onchocercal nodules, which occurred primarily in the thorax and pelvic regions. Children aged 0-14 years showed a low prevalence of nodules, the head region being the primary site. Of the two diagnostic methods used to detect the presence of microfilariae, most of the diagnoses (85.6%) were made by skin biopsies as compared to those made by the Mazzotti test (14.4%). PMID- 6636297 TI - The fine structure of adult Onchocerca volvulus. V. The digestive tract and the reproductive system of the female worm. AB - The morphology of the oesophagus, the intestine, the ovary, the uterus, the vagina and some inclusions in the body cavity are described in worms of different ages. The oesophagus wall comprises mostly muscle fibrils and a few glandular regions located only in the posterior portion. In the lumen, some material was found. From the anterior to the posterior end, the lumen of the intestine is reduced. The plasm of the intestinal cells of older worms is filled with concentric spherules containing iron, which are absent in mature but not full grown worms. The ovarial cells contain in their outer region some fibrils and in the inner region some dense bodies. The ring-muscles of the uterine wall run in clefts of the basal lamina. They usually have accumulated iron containing bodies. In the final portion of the uterus and in the vagina the muscles are very thick. A comparison of the general morphology of the midbody regions of young, not full grown worms, one less than five years old worm and some worms at least five years old is given. PMID- 6636298 TI - Improvement of in vitro culture conditions of Brugia pahangi four day old developing larvae for use in an antifilarial drug assay. AB - Four day old third stage larvae of Brugia pahangi were cultured in the presence of differing concentrations of early passage dog kidney cells and inactivated foetal calf serum. After a six day culture period worm length, number of moults and worm mortality were determined. Analysis of the length data demonstrated a significant interactive relationship between cell and serum concentration. The greatest increases in length were obtained using an initial cell density of dog kidney cells of 40 x 10(4) plus a serum concentration of 10%. (The surface area of all culture vessels was 2.0 cm2). In addition moulting occurred earlier and was more prolific with higher cell and serum concentrations. The response of larvae to antiparasitic agents in the presence or absence of a confluent dog kidney feeder layer was then compared to determine whether the inclusion of cells altered drug effects. From this it was found that the killing effects of flubendazole, albendazole, furazolidone, levamisole and nifurtimox at their minimum effective concentrations were delayed under biphasic culture conditions. It is suggested that this is an advantage and will improve the selectivity of the assay over and above an assay which does not include a cell feeder layer. In addition the improved growth rates obtained in cultures containing dog kidney cells should mean an increase in test sensitivity to agents capable of disrupting biosynthesis. PMID- 6636299 TI - Control of schistosomiasis in Adwa, Ethiopia, using the plant molluscicide endod (Phytolacca dodecandra). AB - Control of Schistosoma mansoni transmission in a town in northern Ethiopia was attempted using the natural product, endod (Phytolacca dodecandra), and its use compared with niclosamide. Within a five year period prevalence was reduced from 61.5 to 36.4% in the area where endod was used. Most of this decline was accounted for by the reduction in prevalence among 1-6 year old subjects. The practical use of endod as a molluscicide was demonstrated to have a performance which compared favourably with the commercial product, and although more expensive than niclosamide still at minimal annual cost (US + 0.06 per capita). PMID- 6636300 TI - Chronic exposure of the eggs and adults of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say) to the molluscicide, nicotinanilide. AB - Some effects of chronic, low-dosage treatment of Biomphalaria glabrata eggs and adults with nicotinanilide, are reported. The susceptibility of eggs decreased with age. The development and hatching of 0-1 day old eggs could be prevented by continuous exposure to 0.0005-0.001 mg/l-1 whereas prehatch stages had a susceptibility similar to that of adult snails (0.1-0.2 mg/l-1). The possible use of slow-release formulations of nicotinanilide in the control of field populations of snails and schistosomiasis transmission is discussed. PMID- 6636301 TI - The use of 75-seleno-methionine labelled Trypanosoma brucei to measure parasite replication in vivo. AB - The suitability of 75-Se-labelled trypanosomes for the measurement of trypanosome replication rates in vivo was investigated. The principle used to estimate the doubling time of the circulating parasites was the decrease in specific activity of 10(-7) parasites and this was determined both for parasites contained in a whole blood sample and for parasites separated from the blood sample by DEAE cellulose chromatography. When two stocks of T. brucei (TrEU 226, TrEU 667) were compared it was found that the parasitemic profiles of radio-labelled trypanosomes transfered into naive mice were essentially the same as those of unlabelled parasites of each stock. Furthermore it was found that in an acute infection (TrEU 226) there was a rapid and continuous fall in the specific activity implying a constant doubling time. However, in the more chronic relapsing infection (TrEU 667) a biphasic decrease in the specific activity occurred which although initially similar to that of the acute infection changed to a much slower rate of replication at the time of peak parasitemia. The results indicate that radiolabelled trypanosomes can be used to measure parasite replication rates in vivo, and may therefore be a valuable method for investigating the factors governing parasite growth in the circulation. PMID- 6636302 TI - Isolation of human serum resistant Trypanozoon from cattle in Nigeria. AB - Four trypanosome stocks of the subgenus Trypanozoon were isolated from a herd of cattle in the Jos Plateau of Nigerian during a study on the epizootiology of trypanosomiasis. One of the stocks was repeatedly highly resistant to normal human serum (Blood Incubation Infectivity Test), indicating potential human infectivity. These observations suggest that the domestic cattle might act as reservoir hosts for the causative agent of human trypanosomiasis. PMID- 6636303 TI - Observation on drug resistance of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense and Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax in cattle at a feedlot in the Northern Ivory Coast. AB - Studies carried out on feedlot cattle show Berenil at 7 mg/kg to be the treatment of choice in trypanosomiasis although repeated doses may be necessary. Resistant strains of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax and Trypanosomas (Nannomonas) congolense survived dosages of between 0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg of Trypamidium and were cross resistant to Homidium bromide. PMID- 6636304 TI - [Sequential staining of the polymorphic regions of human acrocentric chromosomes using different cytochemical methods]. AB - The chromosome preparations of 12 normal individuals were consequently stained with four different techniques (RV, Q, C and Ag). Correlations between morphological and staining peculiarities of specific polymorphic segments of the short arms of the same acrocentrics were investigated. It was determined that except correlations for the length of satellite stalks and the size of Ag deposits, the polymorphic signs revealed with Q-, C- and Ag-techniques appear to be independent and not correlating with each other. These data allow to think that in spite of morphological similarities between acrocentric arms, the individual chromosomes can differ in structure and properties of the nucleoprotein material available in the examined regions, which may cause a non identical response to cytochemical treatment. PMID- 6636305 TI - Patterns of tuberculin hypersensitivity in South Africa. AB - The frequency distribution patterns displayed by delayed hypersensitivity responses to 170 000 low-dose RT 23 Mantoux tests, measured as induration sizes, were determined for the South African population under 19 years of age. There were wide differences between the results obtained in different age groups and also between those obtained in different geographical regions. Nonspecific hypersensitivity to the tuberculin test, probably arising from nontuberculous mycobacterial infections and particularly BCG vaccinations, is generally high, hampering the calculation by commonly used methods of the sizes of reactor components. In South Africa a high degree of specificity of the tuberculin test may nevertheless be found in children aged 5-9 years who have no BCG scars. PMID- 6636306 TI - Mycobacterium malmoense--problems with treatment and diagnosis--a case report. PMID- 6636307 TI - The Swedish strain of BCG. PMID- 6636308 TI - [DNA-methyltransferase of the plague microbe]. AB - DNA-methyltransferases of Yersinia pestis EV, plague agent bacteria were isolated by P-II phosphocellulose chromatography. The methylating activity is eluated by two fractions at the 0.47 M and 0.53 M NaCl concentrations. Methylases of the plague microbe are specific with respect to two bases (adenine and cytosine) and are capable of modifying both native and denaturated form of DNA. PMID- 6636309 TI - [Application of ultrafiltration for concentration and purification of Penicillium vitale catalase]. AB - Various factors are studied for their effect on the ultrafiltration of Penicillium vitale catalase. It is established that acetate cellulose and polyamide membranes may be used for additional purification and deep concentration of native preliminarily purified enzyme solutions. Membranes YAM 300 and YAM-450 are most preferable. At the temperature of 10 degrees C, pressure 0.2 MPa and 100-fold concentration of the catalase solution the enzyme yield at the ultrafiltration stage is 96-100%. PMID- 6636310 TI - [Kinetics of the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase in bull adrenal cortex by malonate and oxaloacetate]. AB - The activity of succinate dehydrogenase from bull adrenal cortex was studied as affected by malonate and oxaloacetate. The both substrate analogs without preincubation (separately and in the mixture) inhibit the enzyme by the competitive type. After a 3 min oxaloacetate preincubation of the enzyme inhibition is of a mixed character. Malonate under these conditions lowers the oxaloacetate effect without changing the type of inhibition. It is supposed that the protective effect is due to a high rate of formation and decay of the enzyme inhibitory malonate complex. PMID- 6636311 TI - [Comparative study of the effect of verapamil and tubocurarine on acetylcholinesterase of skeletal muscle sarcolemma]. AB - There are many similarities between verapamil and tubocurarine action on acetylcholinesterase of skeletal muscle sarcolemma: verapamil is equipotent with tubocurarine in its inhibitory effect; the kinetic analysis demonstrated the same (mixed) type of inhibition, the Hill coefficient is 0.7 and 0.6 for verapamil and tubocurarine suggested possible binding of verapamil and tubocurarine to the same sites. PMID- 6636312 TI - [Interrelation between the content of thiamine phosphates and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the liver of rats with intensified lipogenesis]. AB - Injection of thiamine (250 micrograms per 100 g of mass daily) to rats with alimentary intensification of lipogenesis decreases the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the liver, which is accompanied by an increase in the concentration of pyruvate and drop in the level of free fatty acids. Under these conditions the content of total thiamine is 1.5 times as high. The level of thiamine pyrophosphate and thiamine triphosphate rises significantly. When all parameters were determined in dynamics after a single thiamine injection, an inverse dependence is observed between the content of thiamine phosphoric esters, thiamine triphosphate in particular, and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. PMID- 6636313 TI - [Enzymes of the antioxidant system of rat liver during aging]. AB - It is shown that ageing induces in rats intensification of a GSH-dependent antioxidant effect of the liver cytozole, growth of glutathione-S-transferase activity of cytozole, microsomes and mitochondria, a decrease of the NADPH generation rate in cytozole with malate and glucose-6-phosphate oxidation (the rate remaining at high level with isocytrate oxidation). It is supposed that under definite physiological conditions a lowered rate of NADPH generation in the malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reactions in old animals may limit the efficiency of the NADPH-GSH-dependent antioxidant system of the liver cells. The peroxidase activity of cytochrome P-450 of microsomes and the glutathione reductase activity (EC 1.6.4.2) of cytozole rise in the liver of rats up to their 12 months and fall considerably with ageing. Cytochrome P-450 in the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum plays the role of an antioxidant. PMID- 6636314 TI - [Effect of adrenalectomy and hydrocortisone on insulin receptors of rat fat cell plasma membranes]. AB - Specific insulin binding with insulin receptors of fatty acid plasma membranes is established to be intensified 10 days after adrenalectomy in rats due to an increase in the receptor number. Hydrocortisone administered for 10 days in a dose of 1 mg per 100 g of body mass to adrenalectomized rats for substitution therapy and to intact ones for 14 days in a dose of 5 mg per 100 g of body mass to induce hypercorticism inhibits the expression of insulin receptors of fatty plasma membranes because of their number and affinity for the hormone. The data obtained confirm information on an inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on the expression of insulin receptors. PMID- 6636315 TI - [Age changes in lipoprotein spectrum of blood in men]. AB - Norms of lipoproteid blood composition in men are determined from examination of nonorganized men population at the age of 20-69 years (for each age decade separately in one of the Kiev regions). It is found that lipid distributions vary essentially up to 50 years: the content of cholesterol and triglyceride in blood plasma and cholesterol in high-density lipoproteids increases. Differences in the cholesterol amount in high density lipoproteids in all age groups are statistically insignificant. PMID- 6636316 TI - [Age variations in ethylmorphine demethylase and benzopyrene hydroxylase activities in rat liver microsomes]. AB - The ethylmorphine demethylase activity of the rat liver microsomes was higher in three-month animals (as compared to one-month), remained at a high level in the 12-month and decreased in old rats. The benzopyrene hydrolase activity increased in three-month animals, decreased in 12-month rats and remained the same with subsequent ageing of the organism. Asynchronicity of variations in the oxidation rate of different xenobiotics with ageing is considered as a result of changes in substrate specificity of the monooxygenase system due to metabolic peculiarities which reflect the age development of the organism and extinction of the reproduction function. PMID- 6636318 TI - [The mechanism of venous thrombosis]. PMID- 6636319 TI - [2 families with antithrombin III deficiency and venous thrombosis]. PMID- 6636317 TI - [Oxidation and reduction of glutathione in rat organs during the administration of ethonium]. AB - An intramuscular administration of ethonium in a dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg 4-6 h later decreases the level of the reduced glutathione and increases that of oxidized glutathione and the glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver and kidneys of albino rats. The duration of the preparation effect depends on the dose and organ, changes in the glutathione reductase activity in the liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen and heart are not found. Participation of ethonium in formation of peroxides in the organism tissues is shown possible. PMID- 6636320 TI - [Trimethoprim]. PMID- 6636321 TI - [The effect of trimethoprim on serum digoxin and serum creatinine]. PMID- 6636322 TI - [Radiological, functional and social healing after Colles' fracture. A prospective study]. PMID- 6636323 TI - [Heterologous heart valves in the mitral ostium]. PMID- 6636324 TI - [159 children with birth weights of 1250 g or less]. PMID- 6636325 TI - [Retained glass fragments in the hand]. PMID- 6636326 TI - [Glass fragments demonstrated by x-rays]. PMID- 6636327 TI - [Congenital syphilis. A case of consequence of lack of prenatal care]. PMID- 6636328 TI - [Sarcoidosis of the endometrium]. PMID- 6636329 TI - [Aortoduodenal fistula]. PMID- 6636330 TI - [Hypothermia during transurethral surgery]. PMID- 6636331 TI - [What do we know about occupational respiratory tract hypersensitivity?]. PMID- 6636332 TI - [Acetylsalicylic acid or paracetamol?]. PMID- 6636333 TI - [Prognosis after treatment for sterility]. PMID- 6636334 TI - [Conception time and age]. PMID- 6636335 TI - [Cutaneous malignant melanoma in Denmark 1943-1977. Cancer statistics]. PMID- 6636336 TI - [Cyclosporin A. A different immunosuppressive agent]. PMID- 6636337 TI - [Method related differences in vital capacity]. PMID- 6636338 TI - [Age-related risk of colorectal surgery]. PMID- 6636339 TI - [Occlusion of the central retinal artery with scintigraphic demonstration of the source of emboli in the aorta]. PMID- 6636341 TI - [Medical education in the 1983 fall semester. Course catalog]. PMID- 6636340 TI - [Prescription or treatment?]. PMID- 6636342 TI - In vitro renal transport of organic ions during exposure to hyperbaric helium. AB - The possibility that hyperbaric helium can modify membrane function in nonneural cells was investigated by measuring the effect of pressure (29.6 atm He + 1.0 atm O2) on transport of the organic anion p-aminohippurate (PAH) and the organic cation tetraethylammonium (TEA) by renal cortex slices. Control slices were exposed to 100% O2 at 1 ATA. A unique incubating and shaking apparatus was built to allow remote control of the incubation conditions in a sealed chamber containing hyperbaric O2. In rat or rabbit renal tissue incubated for 90 min, pressure did not affect the uptake of either substance and was without effect on the total water content and inulin space of rat renal cortex. The kinetic characteristics of the transport systems were investigated by incubating tissue for 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, or 90 min. These experiments were analyzed by fitting a mathematical model to the data and calculating values for parameters representing the active and passive components of the transport processes. Pressure did not affect either of the parameters for PAH or for TEA transport. Thus, if helium elicits its known neural effects through an action on cell membranes, that action is not large enough to be detected by this assay system. PMID- 6636343 TI - Central nervous system reactions during heliox and trimix dives to 51 ATA, DEEP EX 81. AB - Two groups of divers were compressed to 500 msw with heliox (n = 3) and trimix (n = 3). They were followed with repeated neuropsychological and neurological tests during compression, at stable intermediate depths, and at 500 msw. For the heliox group there was a marked increase in tremor and EEG slow waves and reduction in handgrip strength. For the trimix group the tremor increase did not occur, but the EEG changes were the same as in the heliox group. On motor tests only the trimix group showed impaired finger dexterity and manual dexterity. The same occurred for fine visuomotor coordination, but both groups had increased intentional tremor. On cognitive tests the same difference occurred. The trimix group was markedly impaired in reasoning and long-term memory, while only a mild impairment was found in the heliox group. Dizziness and other symptoms of high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) occurred in both groups. CONCLUSION: There were marked HPNS effects during compression for both groups. Only tremor was inhibited by the nitrogen. In addition, the trimix group was impaired because of nitrogen narcosis. These data indicated that 10% nitrogen did not inhibit HPNS effects during compression to 500 msw, but the considerable differences between subjects shows that susceptibility to compression must be an important area for future research. PMID- 6636344 TI - Pharmacokinetics of antipyrine, paracetamol, and morphine in rat at 71 ATA. AB - The pharmacokinetics of [14C]antipyrine, [3H]paracetamol, and [3H]morphine were studied in male Wistar rats at 1 ATA and then at 71 ATA, each animal being its own control. Separate control groups were studied at 1 ATA in order to test the validity of the one-way crossover protocol. The drugs were injected through a femoral venous catheter, and blood was sampled from a catheter in the femoral artery. There were no significant differences in the biological half-life (T1/2), the apparent volume of distribution (Vd), and the clearance (C) of antipyrine and paracetamol. Likewise, there was no appreciable effect of high pressure on the blood concentration profile of morphine. PMID- 6636345 TI - Patterns of wet suit diving in Korean women breath-hold divers. AB - Work shifts, diving pattern, diving lung volumes, and counterweights were studied in professional Korean women breath-hold divers wearing wet suits. One of the major differences, compared with their diving pattern only a few years ago when wearing cotton suits, is the prolongation of the diving shifts from 70 to 180 min in the summer and 10 to 120 min in the winter. In sustained diving the average dive and surface times in a 5-m dive are 32 and 46 s, and in a 10-m dives, 43 and 85 s, respectively. During a 3-h shift the total bottom time for harvesting is 37 min in 5-m dives and 17 min in 10-m dives. Rates of descent and ascent are 0.55 and 0.84 m/s. The wet suit divers adjust their counterweights to obtain a 12% positive buoyancy at the surface of sea water in contrast to the 8% positive buoyancy of cotton suit divers. The average lung volumes before and after a dive are 79% and 64% of their vital capacities, values similar to those of previous cotton suit divers. PMID- 6636346 TI - Gas phase formation and Doppler monitoring during decompression with elevated oxygen. AB - Subjects in 150 man-dives were precordially monitored with a 5-MHz Doppler ultrasound bubble detector. These measurements were made during a series of dives conducted to test decompression tables that utilize changes of breathing mixtures and a time-average PIO2 of 1.9 b during the entire decompression period. Precordially detected bubbles at depth were predictive for limb pain in divers approximately 50% of the time; however, 70% of the divers encountered bends problems in the absence of precordially detectable bubbles. Thus, while the presence of venous return bubbles can be associated with a risk factor for bends, the Doppler method appears to lack the specificity needed for personal dive monitoring. During the oxygen-breathing portions of the decompression individual bubbles could not be detected precordially. The amplitude of the Doppler-detected pulmonary artery flow sound increased, however, and possibly indicated the presence of numerous microbubbles. PMID- 6636347 TI - Fracture studies on a mammalian semicircular canal. AB - In the present work the pressures necessary to fracture the semicircular canal of the mammalian inner ear, specifically the squirrel monkey, have been investigated experimentally. The results indicate that individual canals can fracture when subjected to internal pressures of approximately 1.6 +/- 0.4 MPa. Simulation testing using Plexiglas and polycarbonate specimens, to represent the location of a possible osteoclast site within the bone forming a semicircular canal, demonstrates further that fracture of the canal can be initiated at this or even lower pressures when the pressure is generated within a simulated osteoclast site. These results provide useful information for a better understanding of the mechanisms by which bubble nucleation and growth could cause pressures of this magnitude within an osteoclast cavity during the decompression phase of a diving schedule. PMID- 6636348 TI - Mechanical and physical factors in lung function during work in dense environments. AB - The major effects of breathing dense gas during physical exercise in hyperbaric environments can be traced to high airway resistance during inspiration and expiration and especially to an increased tendency for lung airways to become "choked" during expiration. The body's responses to the high resistance include decrease of alveolar ventilation, which leads to CO2 retention. This hypoventilation is aggravated by poor mixing in the lung because of low diffusivity of gases in the dense environment. Also, there is a tendency for the person to let the end-expired volume of the lung enlarge; this causes a marked increase of work against elastic recoil of pulmonary structures. Because the elastic work occurs during the inspiratory phase of a breath, there is a disproportionate increase of the work of the inspiratory muscles that may lead to fatigue of inspiratory musculature and consequent aggravation of the hypoventilation. PMID- 6636349 TI - Re: Acute oxygen toxicity in a saturation diver working in the North Sea. PMID- 6636350 TI - [Mediastinal involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Prognosis and therapeutic implications]. PMID- 6636352 TI - [The ideal patient, at the end of the day and the termination of an exhausting week]. PMID- 6636351 TI - [Somnambulism]. PMID- 6636353 TI - [Radiologic study of urinary tract infections in children]. PMID- 6636354 TI - [Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia]. PMID- 6636355 TI - [The problem of violence in adolescence]. PMID- 6636356 TI - [Attempted suicide in adolescents. Review of 93 cases]. PMID- 6636357 TI - [Sex offenses against adolescents: 5 years' experience with the victims]. PMID- 6636358 TI - [Sarcoidosis in Quebec]. PMID- 6636359 TI - [Clinical applications of hypnosis]. PMID- 6636360 TI - [Methods and indications for prenatal diagnosis. I. Elements of human genetics]. PMID- 6636361 TI - [Research in community health and primary care: a priority for developing countries]. PMID- 6636362 TI - [Minor abnormalities in mentally retarded adolescents]. PMID- 6636363 TI - [Nutritional evaluation of the hospitalized patient: diagnostic technics accessible to all]. PMID- 6636364 TI - [Precise topographic guide for hair transplants based on linear measurements]. PMID- 6636365 TI - [Non-therapeutic sterilization of mentally retarded patients: yes in certain cases, under certain conditions]. PMID- 6636366 TI - [Functional hypoglycemia]. PMID- 6636367 TI - Controlled bipolar high-frequency coagulation for transurethral application: a new method for the destruction of urinary bladder tumors. AB - The coagulation of small bladder papillomas or of the resection base after transurethral resection by unipolar high-frequency current has turned out not to be sufficiently radical so far. There is no definite and reproducible correlation between the achieved biological effect. Bipolar high-frequency current produces the desired necrosis in the deeper layers of tissue. When providing the high frequency generator with a new experimental automatic control equipment, reproducible deep and homogeneous necrosis of the tissue can be achieved without taking a great deal of time. Moreover, adherence of the probe and carbonization are prevented. First, the experiments had been carried out in vitro on livers of cattle and secondly, in vivo on canine livers. By the conventional unipolar high frequency coagulation a reproducible and homogeneous necrosis cannot be achieved. With the regulated high-frequency coagulation, however, we are able to produce homogeneous tissue necroses up to a depth of 7 mm, the extension of which can definitely be assigned to the adjusted technical parameters. The electrodes do not adhere, since carbonization does not occur because of the automatic control. Premature interruption of the coagulation process, even if the generator is adjusted too high by mistake, can be considered a further advantage of this protective switch. A first clinical experience is reported. PMID- 6636368 TI - Effect of 24-hour ureteral obstruction on subsequent ischemic damage in rat kidney. AB - The effects of prior 24-hour ureteral obstruction on ischemic renal damage were studied in rats. Rats were divided into 6 groups with different times of ischemia (0, 60 and 90 min) and with or without 24-hour ureteral obstruction. Following a 4-week recovery period, contralateral nephrectomy was performed and the rat was sacrificed 24 h later for the determination of serum creatinine and for histologic examination of the affected kidney. A preceding ureteral obstruction for 24 h made no difference to the renal damage with 60 min of ischemia or without ischemia. However, kidneys with 90 min of ischemia and 24 h of ureteral obstruction were more damaged than those with 90 min of ischemia only. These results suggested that the hydronephrotic kidney was more susceptible to long periods of ischemia than the normal kidney. PMID- 6636369 TI - [Value of bladder washing cytology in the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder tumors]. AB - It is reported on the accuracy of the cytological examination of freshly voided urine of 247 patients with 318 urothelial bladder tumors, and the results are compared with the evaluation of bladder washing cytology in 82 patients with 105 bladder tumors. If voided urine is used for examination, there is no evidence in tumors with 0 and 1 grade of malignancy, whereas the bladder washing cytology of grade 1 tumors shows a correlation for the histological findings in 26.3%. In tumors with malignant grades GII and GIII, the bladder washing cytology shows a significantly higher accuracy (81.4%) than in examination of voided urine (67.2%). In both methods the accuracy of cytology rises with infiltration and differentiation grades of the tumor. PMID- 6636371 TI - [Replacement of a dislodged nephrostomy catheter]. AB - A common complication of percutaneous nephrostomy is accidental withdrawal of the catheter. Opacification of the nephrostomy tract demonstrates an intact passage to the collecting system. First one should try to negotiate the tract with a probe under fluoroscopy. If the pelvocalyceal system cannot be entered by probing alone, a puncture is done next. The Seldinger-needle together with a 22-gauge needle and a mandrin allows to combine probing, puncture and fluoroscopy of the nephrostomy tract. PMID- 6636370 TI - Roles of adrenergic drugs in the renal pelvic pacemaker control of ureteral peristalsis. AB - Experiments were performed to explore the influence of noradrenaline and isoproterenol on the ureteral peristalsis in the canine pelviureteral system in vitro. The rhythmic changes of intrapelvic pressure no longer became manifest, and simultaneously recorded electromyograms revealed disappearance of peristalsis at sites distal to the upper region of the renal pelvis following application of isoproterenol, while the pacemaker at the pelvicalyceal border continued to discharge at an unaltered rate. It is concluded from our findings that both noradrenaline and isoproterenol act upon conduction of peristalsis rather than on the pacemaker as such, thereby facilitating or inhibiting the conduction, respectively, in their behavior toward ureteral peristalsis. The results also have demonstrated that the renal pelvic pressure recorded during treatment with isoproterenol did not reflect pacemaker activity of the renal pelvis. PMID- 6636372 TI - Resolution of hypertension after retroperitoneal removal of a solitary renal cyst. AB - A case of a left simple renal cyst associated with hypertension is presented. Preoperative renin was elevated on the left renal vein. Hypertension disappeared after evacuation of the cyst. The possibility of renovascular hypertension in association with the cyst is considered. PMID- 6636373 TI - Fluoroscopically guided skinny-needle aspirative biopsy in normal and suspected lymph nodes in urologic cancer. AB - The authors present their experience with transperitoneal thin-needle biopsy of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. This method is a means of improving lymphographic diagnosis in suspected lymph node metastases, the small contrast defects serving as a sign. The high rate of false-negative results makes its use unadvisable in patients with negative lymphography where the sample cannot be aimed at but is multiple and randomized. PMID- 6636374 TI - Symposium on surgery of stone disease. PMID- 6636375 TI - Surgery of urinary calculi in perspective. AB - Technical developments have stimulated an international interest in the dissolution of kidney stones without conventional surgery. Such techniques and instruments include real-time or manipulative imaging; the transmission and focusing of energy through body tissue by conduits or pulsation; and the instrumentation for percutaneous visual and manipulative entry into the renal pelvis. Proper assessment of these new approaches to the removal of calculi will require extensive data collected over several decades. This review sets some bench marks for the current state of the art of intrarenal surgery for the removal of calculi. PMID- 6636376 TI - Evaluation and medical management of the patient with calcium stone disease. AB - About 80 per cent of renal stones seen in the western hemisphere are composed of calcium and oxalate. The authors discuss some of the metabolic disorders involved in calcium stone disease, describe a comprehensive metabolic work-up for the patient who forms stones recurrently, and suggest some guidelines for treatment. PMID- 6636377 TI - Surgical approaches to renal and ureteral calculi. AB - Surgery for the removal of renal or ureteral calculi can be made easier by the selection of the best surgical incision. After a discussion of preoperative considerations, the author describes the advantages and disadvantages of the surgical exposures for the removal of these stones. PMID- 6636378 TI - Posterior lumbotomy: surgery for upper tract calculi. AB - Posterior lumbotomy, modified by the adjuvant use of nephroscopy and postoperative stents, is presented as a preferred approach to upper ureteral, pelvic, or caliceal calculi. Its limited morbidity, brief hospitalization, brief operative time, and total efficacy of removal of calculi are the standards with which newer techniques described in this symposium must be compared. PMID- 6636379 TI - Intraoperative localization of renal calculi. AB - Various techniques are available for the intraoperative localization of renal calculi. Newer fiberoptic systems have improved nephroscopy. Intraoperative x rays employing mammography film can identify radiopaque renal calculi 1 to 2 mm in diameter. Coupled with intraoperative x-rays, ultrasonography allows rapid, essentially three-dimensional localization of both radiopaque and radiolucent stones. A recent technique of intraoperative pneumopyelography may also serve as an adjunct to intraoperative radiography. PMID- 6636380 TI - Surgery of upper tract calculi in children. AB - The treatment of children with calculi requires special considerations. One must search for underlying anomalies that may be predisposing factors. Technical considerations play a major role in the choice of treatment of upper tract stones in the pediatric population. PMID- 6636381 TI - Pyelolithotomy. AB - New surgical techniques have expanded the role of pyelolithotomy in the surgical management of stone disease. The authors discuss preoperative evaluation of the patient, the techniques of pyelolithotomy, postoperative care, and possible complications and their preferred management. PMID- 6636382 TI - Coagulum pyelolithotomy. AB - Stones in the kidney can be a source of both challenge and frustration to the surgeon. A stone seemingly easily accessible at the start of surgery can move into the depths of a renal calix during the procedure. The intraoperative injection of certain coagulation factors into the renal pelvis will produce a gelled substance (coagulum), which can encase the free-lying stones within the collecting system, thereby expediting their removal. PMID- 6636383 TI - Anatrophic nephrolithotomy. AB - Anatrophic nephrolithotomy is indicated when multiple branched or staghorn calculi associated with infundibular stenosis must be removed and when previous surgery for calculi has been performed and dissection of the renal sinus is difficult if not impossible. Preoperatively all efforts should be directed toward characterizing those factors, both infectious and metabolic, that are associated with the formation of calculi. Postoperatively it is imperative to monitor the patient for recurrent urinary tract infection. PMID- 6636384 TI - Ureteral stones. AB - Ureteral surgery is complicated and technically difficult. Flexibility in operative procedures is necessary because the location of calculi can change intraoperatively. Complications occur, and a comprehensive understanding of corrective measures is required to address them adequately as they arise. PMID- 6636385 TI - Percutaneous stone removal procedures including irrigation. AB - The authors review the indications, techniques, and complications of percutaneous stone removal. Step-by-step descriptions of each technique are provided. PMID- 6636386 TI - Disintegration of renal and ureteral calculi with ultrasound. AB - Disintegration of stones with ultrasound under endoscopic control has eliminated size as the major limitation to percutaneous and transureteral extraction of calculi from the upper urinary tract. With virtually no side effects to soft tissues, approximately 60 per cent of all renal calculi requiring intervention can be managed percutaneously instead of by open surgery. PMID- 6636387 TI - Shock wave treatment for stones in the upper urinary tract. AB - The authors report on their clinical experience in the use of extracorporeally generated, focused shock waves in the treatment of stone disease in the upper urinary tract. Generation of shock waves, arrangement of equipment, treatment, results, and indications are discussed. PMID- 6636388 TI - Renal oncocytoma--bilateral, multifocal. AB - One hundred thirteen cases of "grade I renal oncocytoma" are reported from several centers. All centers report absence of associated metastatic disease. In the present review of 219 radical nephrectomy specimens, 11 renal oncocytomas were identified, an incidence of 5 per cent. No diagnostic angiographic features could be identified. Multifocal potential is exemplified by study of a bilateral case and 2 cases of 2 independent oncocytomas in the same kidney. The fine histologic criteria distinguishing oncocytoma from malignant renal tumors suggest that the oncocytomas may have the potential of malignant degeneration. The possible "premalignant classification" of oncocytomas and the lack of dependable diagnostic features radiographically force the management to be the same as for Stage I renal carcinoma. The prognostic information available after histologic definition of renal oncocytoma is valuable. PMID- 6636389 TI - Transcatheter embolotherapy for congenital renal arteriovenous malformations. Long-term follow-up. AB - Transcatheter embolization was performed five times in 3 patients with congenital renal arteriovenous malformations (AVM). The patients were followed for one to seven and a half years. Two patients whose AVM were completely occluded with Gelfoam have been asymptomatic with no evidence of hematuria. A third patient, embolized with Gelfoam and Ivalon without complete occlusion of the AVM, bled ten months after the first procedure, was re-embolized, and later had the AVM removed surgically. Superselective transcatheter embolization should be the initial treatment modality for congenital AVM with the aim to control bleeding and occlude those malformations supplied by the terminal portion of interlobar arteries. Large malformations supplied by multiple feeders may require operative ligation and removal of the AVM when vessels cannot be occluded satisfactorily because of massive shunting. PMID- 6636390 TI - Detection of cell surface antigen in cancer of renal pelvis and ureter. AB - Thirty-five patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis or ureter of all stages and grades were studied for presence or absence of ABO(H) antigens utilizing an improved technique for staining and preserving the slides. Seventy per cent of the grade I tumors retained their antigens. Patients with antigen present had a longer duration of disease-free interval. Specific red cell adherence (SRCA) may predict the clinical course of patients with low-stage, low grade transitional cell carcinomas and may be helpful in selecting patients for optimal therapy. PMID- 6636391 TI - Use of single J urinary diversion stents in intestinal urinary diversion. AB - A review of the past twenty months of intestinal-urinary diversion with use of the single J urinary diversion stents at Albany Medical Center Hospital and the Albany Veterans Administration Medical Center resulted in no ureteroileal anastomotic fistulas. Thirty-seven stented anastomoses were performed in 19 patients. PMID- 6636392 TI - Benign nonfunctional tumors of adrenal gland. AB - Seven cases of benign nonfunctional adrenal tumors are presented. All except one were found accidentally by computerized tomography (CT) scan during a workup of an abdominal condition. In 1 patient the CT scan was ordered to evaluate hirsutism, but subsequent endocrine studies were found to be normal. Asymptomatic adrenal tumors found by abdominal CT scans are usually benign. Careful selection of individual patients and a possible nonsurgical follow-up are suggested. PMID- 6636393 TI - Transurethral resection of bladder tumors under local anesthesia. AB - More than two thirds of urothelial bladder tumors are of small or intermediate size and of low grade. These lesions are treated mostly with transurethral resection. To reduce trauma to patients and the costs for medical care, we have evaluated if such tumors could be excised using topical anesthesia of the urethra supplemented with infiltration of a local anesthetic into the tumor base and bladder wall. In 104 of 125 resections the patients experienced little or no pain. A new fine-caliber cystourethroresectoscope has greatly facilitated the anesthetic and surgical procedures. PMID- 6636394 TI - Postoperative catheterization and prophylactic antimicrobials in children with hypospadias. AB - A prospective study of 78 children who underwent 84 operations for correction of hypospadias was done. Of these, 54 had a transperineal indwelling Foley catheter for ten days after surgery and 30, a transurethral catheter. Forty-five randomly selected children received prophylactic antimicrobial therapy (sulfamethoxazole), and the remaining 39 children served as controls. Incidence of urinary tract infection was significantly higher in the control group (10 of 39) as compared with the treated group (3 of 45) in spite of the higher incidence of vesicoureteral reflux in the treated group. This suggests that prophylactic antimicrobial treatment may prevent urinary tract infection from prolonged indwelling catheterization. PMID- 6636395 TI - Penile fracture: operative management and cavernosography. AB - Three cases of acute penile injury are presented. Corpus cavernosography at the time of presentation was obtained, confirming the diagnosis. Radiologic evaluations including cavernosography and when indicated urethrography are discussed. Management modalities are reviewed including our preference for surgical exploration when a cavernosal tear has been documented. PMID- 6636396 TI - Clinical application of Pavlov conditioning reflexes in treatment of urinary incontinence. AB - A new method of treatment of urinary incontinence is described. A tape recorder with two outlets generates musical stimuli. One outlet brings direct unconverted musical stimuli to the patient's ear, the other outlet conveys the musical stimuli to a converter where the musical pulses are converted into electrical stimuli which are then applied to the patient's anus. At first stimultaneous application of stimuli into the ear and anus is performed and anal pressure response recorded. After conditioning takes place, music is applied to the patient's ear, stimulation to the anus is disconnected, and only anal pressure response is recorded. The patients are conditioned enough to generate good and response to aural stimulation only. PMID- 6636397 TI - Dissolution of renal calculi with dicloxacillin. AB - A patient with multiple left renal calculi and Staphylococcus epidermidis urinary tract infection is described. Subsequent treatment consisted of dicloxacillin which resulted in complete dissolution of all renal calculi. The rationale, supporting data, and potential therapeutic uses are reported. PMID- 6636398 TI - Accessory perineal scrotum. AB - A sixth case of a patient with an accessory perineal scrotum is presented. PMID- 6636399 TI - Metastatic renal cell carcinoma: unusual cause of Addison disease. AB - We report a case of adrenocortical insufficiency presenting thirty months after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Removal of the remaining contralateral adrenal gland revealed metastatic disease. PMID- 6636400 TI - One-stage hypospadias repair: an alternative. PMID- 6636401 TI - Revision of high-riding kinking Scott penile prosthesis pump. PMID- 6636402 TI - Penile ice pack. PMID- 6636403 TI - Hormone-producing capabilities of renal cell carcinomas. Correlation with ultrastructural findings. AB - A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate ultrastructural aspects of hormone production by renal cell carcinomas. Fifteen renal cell carcinomas examined ultrastructurally were retrieved from the files. Six cases revealing abundant and diffusely distributed secretory granules in the neoplastic cells were found and correlated with clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. Five of these patients were hypercalcemic; the sixth patient was asymptomatic, and no abnormalities were detected in routine laboratory workup. Two additional cases showed focal aggregates of electron dense neurosecretory granules. These last 2 patients had no biochemical abnormalities and were entirely asymptomatic. The size and ultrastructural morphology of the cytoplasmic granules identified in the renal neoplasms were compared with the usual granular morphology associated with the specific hormones involved. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm the parathormone hormone content of the granules in 7 of the 8 cases presented. The other case revealed granules with ultrastructural characteristics of prostaglandin granules. PMID- 6636404 TI - Carcinosarcoma of renal pelvis. AB - A new case of carcinosarcoma of the renal pelvis is reported and the literature reviewed. This tumor occurs in patients over sixty years of age. Three patients died of the disease in one year, and 2 showed six-month and two-year disease-free survival after nephrectomy. PMID- 6636405 TI - Dermoid cyst of testis in five-year-old-child. AB - We report the case of a five-year-old child who had a hard painless left testis discovered on a routine physical examination. He underwent a left inguinal orchiectomy, and the pathology examination revealed a dermoid cyst of the testis. This is a rare tumor, considering the low incidence of testicular tumors in childhood. Histologic criteria and surgical management are also presented. We believe this report is the first well-documented case. PMID- 6636406 TI - Immunocytoma of prostate. AB - Prostatic involvement by non-Hodgkin lymphoma is rare. Infiltration of the gland by the uncommon plasmocytoid cells sufficient to cause clinical signs and symptoms of prostatic obstruction is described. PMID- 6636407 TI - Case profile: anterior bladder herniation. PMID- 6636408 TI - Massive scrotal herniation of bladder with torsion of trigone. AB - We report on a patient with massive scrotal herniation of the bladder, scrotal cystocele, including and causing partial torsion of the trigone. The incidence and etiology of scrotal herniation are discussed. PMID- 6636409 TI - Grading prostate cancers. PMID- 6636410 TI - [Effect of laser therapy on visual function in primary open-angle glaucoma]. PMID- 6636411 TI - [Comparison of traditional surgery and transciliary vitrectomy in treating aphakic glaucoma with vitreal block and a shallow anterior chamber]. PMID- 6636412 TI - [Immediate and late results in variants of sinusotrabeculectomy]. PMID- 6636413 TI - [Causes of failure in glaucoma operations]. PMID- 6636414 TI - [Timolol maleate in preventing postoperative increase of intraocular pressure]. PMID- 6636415 TI - [Ciliary-block glaucoma and its treatment]. PMID- 6636416 TI - [Use of the operating keratoscope for preventing postoperative astigmatism following cataract extraction]. PMID- 6636417 TI - [Differential diagnosis of essential ocular hypertension and initial open-angle glaucoma]. PMID- 6636418 TI - [Effect of cataract incision on corneal astigmatism]. PMID- 6636420 TI - [Subretinal adhesiectomy operation in traumatic retinal detachment]. PMID- 6636421 TI - [Primary combined brephoplasty in penetrating wounds of the sclera]. PMID- 6636419 TI - [Sclerocyclorhaphy in stable posttraumatic ocular hypotension]. PMID- 6636422 TI - [Accuracy in determining the shape of myopic eyes]. PMID- 6636423 TI - [Hernias of the vitreous body and linear parameters of the eyeball]. PMID- 6636424 TI - [Experimental studies of the intensity of sensory fusion]. PMID- 6636425 TI - [Simple method of multiple central static perimetry and the initial results of its use]. PMID- 6636426 TI - [Acoustic scanning in the diagnosis of traumatic hemophthalmos]. PMID- 6636427 TI - [Ultrasonic biometry of the rectus muscles of the eye in edematous exophthalmos]. PMID- 6636428 TI - [Differential diagnosis of pigmented neoplasms of the eye]. PMID- 6636429 TI - [Glaucoma and ocular hypertension: discriminant analysis of a group of diagnostic signs]. PMID- 6636430 TI - [Impulse electrooculography--a new objective method of clinical electrooculography]. PMID- 6636431 TI - [Characteristics of the postoperative treatment of cataract patients]. PMID- 6636432 TI - [Postoperative treatment of cataract patients]. PMID- 6636434 TI - [Rare case of a wound with bilateral damage to the orbits]. PMID- 6636433 TI - [Ophthalmoplegic syndrome in botulism]. PMID- 6636435 TI - [Usefulness of tympanometry in imperforate otitis media]. PMID- 6636436 TI - [Diagnostic value of the glycerol test in Meniere's disease]. PMID- 6636438 TI - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment of ORL diseases in patients with bronchial asthma by pneumoradiography using Xe-133]. PMID- 6636437 TI - [Various problems in the improvement of hearing aids]. PMID- 6636439 TI - [Prevention of occupational hearing loss]. PMID- 6636440 TI - [Role of the crystallographic study in the diagnosis of various diseases of the upper respiratory tract]. PMID- 6636441 TI - [Oncological services and means of improving them in otorhinolaryngology]. PMID- 6636442 TI - [Anatomo-topographical basis for regional intra-arterial chemotherapy of malignant tumors of the maxilla, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses]. PMID- 6636443 TI - [Effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the larynx based on 20 years' data of an ORL clinic]. PMID- 6636444 TI - [Peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve as a complication of mastoidoplasty]. PMID- 6636445 TI - [Actinomycosis of the ear]. PMID- 6636446 TI - [Method of fixing the ear manometer in the external acoustic meatus]. PMID- 6636447 TI - [Rare case of esophageal speech production in a patient with bilateral lesions of the recurrent laryngeal nerve]. PMID- 6636448 TI - [Laryngeal neurofibroma in a child]. PMID- 6636449 TI - [Erosion bleeding from the common carotid artery as a late complication of tracheotomy and radiotherapy]. PMID- 6636451 TI - Symposium on equine orthopedic surgery. PMID- 6636450 TI - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of block of the aditus in chronic suppurative otitis media]. PMID- 6636452 TI - Preoperative considerations. PMID- 6636453 TI - Surgery of the fetlock joint. PMID- 6636454 TI - Fractures of the phalanges. PMID- 6636455 TI - Surgical diseases of the carpus. PMID- 6636456 TI - Fractures of the olecranon. PMID- 6636457 TI - Long bone fractures. PMID- 6636458 TI - Methods of external coaptation. PMID- 6636459 TI - Assessment of the economic value of orthopedic surgery in thoroughbred racehorses. PMID- 6636460 TI - Virus-induced hydrocephalus in the dog. PMID- 6636461 TI - Hemophilus somnus in the reproductive tracts of slaughtered cows: location and frequency of isolations and lesions. AB - One hundred bovine female reproductive tracts were examined for the presence of Hemophilus somnus, and fifty were examined for gross and microscopic lesions. H. somnus was isolated from eight of 100 tracts. The isolation was made from the vagina in seven cows. Of 24 tracts in which the major vestibular gland was sampled, three were positive at this site, and two of these three also had the organism isolated from the vagina. Further investigations into the role of the major vestibular gland as a source for continuing infections of the reproductive tract of cattle were indicated. In this investigation, H. somnus was as likely to be found in a region without lesions as one with lesions. PMID- 6636462 TI - Malignant mesothelioma in urban dogs. AB - Clinical and postmortem materials from six dogs with a diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma were studied retrospectively. The dogs were urban pets with clinical signs of malignant effusions. Two mesotheliomas were pleural, one pericardial, and one peritoneal. Both pleura and pericardium were involved in one dog, and the pleura and peritoneum in another. On gross examination at necropsy, diffuse granular or velvety plaques covering mesothelial surfaces were found in all dogs; firm discrete pleural nodules also were present in two dogs. Neither distant metastases nor areas of deep lung invasion were found. The tumors varied histologically, but the most common type was epithelial with a papillary pattern. Ultrastructurally, the neoplastic cells had prominent surface microvilli, numerous desmosomes, and tonofilaments. Lung tissue from these dogs and from control dogs was evaluated for the presence of ferruginous bodies. Asbestos bodies were found in three of five dogs with mesotheliomas but rarely were found in control dogs. As a group, the mesothelioma cases had significantly more asbestos bodies and total ferruginous bodies than controls. The clinical and morphologic appearance of canine mesothelioma is similar to human mesothelioma and also may be associated with exposure to airborne fibers. PMID- 6636463 TI - Cytology of equine cerebrospinal fluid. AB - The cytology of cerebrospinal fluid samples from horses is described. The samples were obtained from 24 normal horses, 35 horses with axonal degeneration and/or spinal cord compression, 29 horses with encephalomyelitis, 14 horses with other lesions of the nervous system, and eight horses with signs of neurologic dysfunction of undetermined origin. (Three of the latter were suspected botulinum intoxications.) Fluid was aspirated from the atlanto-occipital space following general anesthesia or immediately after a lethal dose of barbiturate. In two horses, fluid also was aspirated from the lumbosacral space. Small mononuclear cells were predominant in normal horses, and in most horses with axonal degeneration and encephalomyelitis. Several horses with encephalomyelitis also had neutrophils, eosinophils, and some mitotic figures. Although the cytologic findings were abnormal in many of the horses with disease of the central nervous system, in most horses the cytologic findings were normal. PMID- 6636464 TI - The effects of intra-amniotic inoculation of Hemophilus somnus on the bovine fetus and dam. AB - The injection of three strains of Hemophilus somnus into the amniotic cavity of pregnant cows produced death of the fetus and abortion followed by retention of the placenta. H. somnus was recovered readily from the placenta but less so from the fetus. Lesions in the placenta were conspicuous in arteries and somewhat resembled vascular lesions observed in septicemic H. somnus. H. somnus was recovered from the maternal circulation in several infected cows. Clinical signs included fever, irritability, lameness, and vulvar discharge, but no cows died. The organism was recovered for prolonged periods in cervicovaginal mucus and urine after remission of clinical signs. This may be a means of spread of infection. PMID- 6636465 TI - Effects of Hemophilus somnus on the pregnant bovine reproductive tract and conceptus following cervical infusion. AB - Three strains of Hemophilus somnus were infused into the posterior cervix of six pregnant cows. The organism persisted in the cervicovaginal region for eight to 87 days, and at parturition H. somnus was isolated from chorioallantois in four of six cows; placentitis developed, and fetal membranes were retained. All calves were born alive and no H. somnus was recovered from them. One cow died 14 days after parturition. The death was attributed to severe necrotizing metritis; H. somnus was not isolated from the uterus at death, but was isolated from the placenta at parturition and cervicovaginal mucus two days days later. PMID- 6636466 TI - Light and electron microscopic changes in cardiac and skeletal muscle of sheep with experimental monensin toxicosis. AB - Monensin toxicosis was induced in lambs by either a single oral dose of 12 mg/kg or six daily doses of 8 mg/kg. Clinical signs of toxicosis consisted of depression, dyspnea, stiffness of gait, reluctance to move, and recumbency. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity was increased. Samples of skeletal and cardiac muscle were obtained over a six-day period and examined by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic changes in cardiac and skeletal muscles consisted initially of vacuolation and intracellular edema of muscle cells followed by segmental necrosis. Interstitial fibrosis was present on days 5 and 6 postexposure. Muscle fiber necrosis was more severe in skeletal than cardiac muscles and most severe in sheep given 8 mg/kg of monensin daily. Macrophages were seen only in areas of severe necrosis. The earliest ultrastructural change was severe swelling of mitochondria. Secondary changes consisted of lipid accumulation and myofibrillar alterations. Myoblast proliferation was present as early as four days after initial exposure to monensin. PMID- 6636467 TI - Renal papillary necrosis in horses after phenylbutazone and water deprivation. AB - Acute renal papillary necrosis occurred in five horses given normal therapeutic doses of phenylbutazone and deprived of water for 36 to 48 hours prior to euthanasia. Five horses given phenylbutazone alone and four horses subjected to water deprivation alone did not develop papillary necrosis. Urinalyses were normal prior to water deprivation, and also after water deprivation in the horses that did not receive phenylbutazone, but the water-deprived, phenylbutazone treated horses had many red blood cells, transitional epithelial cells, and large numbers of oxalate crystals in their urine. Ulceration of the alimentary tract was seen in more than 50% of these horses. Tongue ulceration was present in one of five horses given phenylbutazone and one of five horses which had phenylbutazone and water deprivation. Ulceration of the gastric mucosa was seen in two of the five phenylbutazone-treated horses, four of five horses with phenylbutazone treatment and water deprivation, and one of four horses with water deprivation alone. Severe colonic ulceration with perforation and peritonitis was present in one horse given phenylbutazone for three months. No other significant changes in the small or large intestine were seen in the other 13 horses. PMID- 6636468 TI - The toxicity of Aristolochia bracteata in goats. AB - Diarrhea, dyspnea, tympany, arching of the back, loss of condition, and loss of hair from the back were the prominent signs when Aristolochia bracteata was given orally to goats. The main lesions were hemorrhages in the lungs, heart, and kidneys, fatty change and congestion in the liver, mucoid abomasitis and enteritis and straw-colored fluid in serous cavities. An increase in aspartate aminotransferase activity, ammonia and urea concentrations and a decrease in the concentrations of total protein and magnesium were detected in detected in the serum. PMID- 6636469 TI - Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei infection in deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). V. Macrophage ultrastructure and function. AB - Macrophage numbers increased in the spleen, liver, testes, heart, and kidney of deer mice infected for seven to ten weeks with Trypanosoma brucei EATRO 110. The macrophages were activated as indicated by their increased size and significant increases in numbers of cell organelles including profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (which also increased in length), mitochondria, primary and secondary lysosomes, bundles of Golgi's apparatus, and free lysosomes compared to macrophages from control mice. Some macrophages representing epithelioid cells have even greater numbers of organelles than the activated macrophages and had interdigitation in some locations, such as the heart, but with minimal phagocytic activity. These epithelioid cells were present in the kidney, testes, and particularly in the heart of infected mice. Few cardiac macrophages had finely granular deposits on their nuclear membrane. The activated macrophages had enhanced phagocytosis of trypanosomes, red blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. In addition to phagocytosis, another probable consequence of macrophage activation may be depression of lymphocyte function. Phagocytosis of trypanosomes by neutrophils also was encountered occasionally. PMID- 6636470 TI - Generalized nodular dermatofibrosis in six Alsatians. PMID- 6636471 TI - Cystic rete testis in a cat and fox. PMID- 6636472 TI - Splenic myelolipomas in two dogs. PMID- 6636473 TI - Hemosiderin deposits in the equine small intestine. PMID- 6636474 TI - Monoclonal gammopathy in a horse with defective hemostasis. PMID- 6636475 TI - Osteoblastoma in the radius of a pony. PMID- 6636476 TI - Toxic effects of ethylenediamine dihydroiodide treatment in Swedish calves. AB - To study the preventive effect of supplementary iodine on interdigital phlegmon, 50 Swedish red and white calves weighing approximately 100 kg each were given 1 mg ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDDI) per kg bodyweight daily. Fifty calves in the same herd were untreated controls. As a result of severe side effects the experiment was interrupted after five weeks. No case of interdigital phlegmon was observed, but 31 calves in the EDDI group and one in the control group were treated for respiratory disease. Serum protein bound iodine increased on average from 68.0 to 213.0 micrograms/litre in the EDDI group compared to an increase from 59.9 to 70.7 micrograms/litre in the control group. PMID- 6636477 TI - Interaction of Brucella ovis with ovine tissue extracts. PMID- 6636478 TI - Pregnancy diagnosis in sows based on serum oestrone sulphate concentration. AB - Serum oestrone sulphate concentration was measured in samples taken from 1275 sows of four breeds or crossbreeds (large white, landrace, large white cross landrace and monarch hybrid) during the period 25 to 30 days after mating. A simple, direct radioimmunoassay using 20 microliter serum was employed for the estimation of oestrone sulphate and pregnancy diagnoses were made on the basis that more than 0.5 ng oestrone sulphate/ml serum indicated a pregnant sow and less than 0.5 ng/ml indicated non-pregnancy. Overall accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis based on oestrone sulphate was 98 per cent; this was not influenced by breed or day sampled (within the range tested). For pregnant sows, there was a positive correlation between serum oestrone sulphate level and litter size, although individual values could not be used to predict litter size for particular sows. Oestrone sulphate concentration was also measured in samples taken from pregnant monarch sows during the last third of the gestation period and the level was more than 0.5 ng/ml in 99 per cent of samples taken on day 77 or later. Thus, measurement of serum oestrone sulphate level in samples taken more than 76 days after mating could be used as a confirmatory test of pregnancy. PMID- 6636479 TI - Infection of free-living carnivores with leptospires of the Australis serogroup. AB - Leptospires belonging to the Australis serogroup were isolated from badgers (Meles meles), mink (Lutreola lutreola) and a fox (Vulpes vulpes). Most isolates were identified by cross-agglutination absorption as serovar muenchen but one isolate from a fox from Surrey and one isolate from a badger from Northern Ireland were identified as serovar bratislava. Maintenance of serovar muenchen by a wide range of free-living species is an ecological condition unique to Great Britain. PMID- 6636480 TI - Tiamulin injection for the treatment of swine dysentery. PMID- 6636481 TI - Injured seal. PMID- 6636482 TI - Solomon's seal poisoning in a dog. PMID- 6636483 TI - Effect of anthelmintic treatment on milk yield. PMID- 6636484 TI - Cypermethrin pour-on for control of the sheep body louse (Damalinia ovis). AB - The sheep body louse Damalinia ovis is a potentially serious problem affecting the value of the fleece and possibly causing reduced weight gains. Control has been based on the dipping or showering of sheep using insecticidal oil in water emulsions. The results using a pour-on formulation of the synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin to control louse infestation are reported. Application rates of 5 mg/kg or more gave 99 to 100 per cent control. PMID- 6636485 TI - Tick toxicosis in a crossbred terrier caused by Hyalomma truncatum. PMID- 6636486 TI - Relative canine breed distribution found in a surgical pathology laboratory. PMID- 6636487 TI - Collecting debts. PMID- 6636488 TI - Influence of body size in animals on health and disease. AB - A great many properties of animals vary in a consistent way with bodyweight (W), for example, rates of production and consumption vary with W 3/4 and the time spans of biological processes vary with W 1/4. These quite robust principles enable prediction of many aspects of an animal's biology and are established as important practical tools in the fields of nutrition and selection for growth efficiency. They are perhaps underused in the fields of pharmacology, toxicology and anaesthesiology and their implications on pathogenesis, rate of immune response and healing have received very little consideration. PMID- 6636489 TI - Indirect haemagglutination test for the detection and assay of antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus. AB - An indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test was used for the rapid assay of antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Antigens for the sensitisation of formalised tanned erythrocytes were prepared by treatment of virus infected cells with non-ionic detergent. A close serological relationship was shown by the IHA test between the strain of bovine respiratory syncytial virus used and the A2 strain of human respiratory syncytial virus. The IHA test was sensitive and reproducible. A linear correlation was demonstrated between antibody titres obtained by the IHA test and the serum neutralisation test. Titres obtained by the IHA test were approximately 60 times greater than serum neutralisation titres. Serum samples from 803 two-year-old heifers in 48 herds in England were examined by the IHA test. Ninety-four per cent of the animals had antibody to respiratory syncytial virus. Examination of paired serum samples from outbreaks of respiratory disease by the IHA test showed that respiratory syncytial virus was associated with seven out of 15 outbreaks. PMID- 6636490 TI - Anesthesia in seals. PMID- 6636491 TI - Storage of ovine plasma samples. PMID- 6636492 TI - Type C botulism in intensively farmed turkeys. AB - Type C botulism in turkeys has been confirmed on several production sites by demonstrating the presence of toxin in sera from affected birds. Only male turkeys were affected, mortalities being up to 30 per cent. No source of toxin was found. Possible modes of intoxication are discussed. PMID- 6636493 TI - Praziquantel as a taeniacide in snakes. PMID- 6636494 TI - The 'fading puppy complex': an assessment of a paraimmunity inducer as a means of control. PMID- 6636495 TI - 'Stunting syndrome' in broiler chickens. PMID- 6636496 TI - Rabies. PMID- 6636497 TI - Rabies in a zebu from a mongoose bite. PMID- 6636498 TI - Unusual anaesthetic complication in a pelican. PMID- 6636499 TI - Mortality, morbidity, and external injuries in piglets housed in two different housing systems. I. Farrowing house. AB - An investigation was undertaken to study two different types of farrowing pens, use being made of well characterized veterinary parameters for the well-being of piglets. A housing system with a solid floor and straw-bedding was compared with a partly metal-slatted floor system. The veterinary parameters we used were mortality, morbidity, and external injuries in piglets. There were slight differences in mortality and morbidity rates between the two housing systems. There were big differences with regard to the piglets' 'injury-index' of the two housing systems. The straw system was more favourably. The studies show that observations of external injuries ('Method of Ekesbo') can be used to judge housing systems of piglets in the farrowing house. PMID- 6636500 TI - Crimidine (2-chloro-4-(dimethylamino)-6-methylpyrimidine) poisoning in a dog due to ingestion of the rodenticide Castrix. AB - The diagnosis and treatment of a case of crimidine poisoning in a dog are described. Presenting signs were seizures and vomiting. The vomitus contained a purple coloured cereal grain. The signs and grain colour were suggestive for a rodenticide with convulsive effects. The diagnosis of crimidine poisoning was made by thin layer chromatography and was later confirmed by finding the source of the poison. Except for the administration of Vit B6, the specific antidote for crimidine, general treatment principles for poisoning were followed. The treatment of crimidine poisoning is time consuming and requires intensive care facilities. PMID- 6636501 TI - Penetration of some antibiotics into the lacrimal fluid of sheep. AB - Antibiotic concentrations were determined in the lacrimal fluid of sheep following subcutaneous application of penicillin/dihydrostreptomycin into the lower eyelid, and intramuscular administration of spiramycin base, tiamulin, and oxytetracycline formulations. The penetration of penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin into the lacrimal fluid was poor. The spiramycin and tiamulin concentrations in the lacrimal fluid were 10- and 4-fold higher than in the serum. The peak spiramycin concentration in the lacrimal fluid was 3.4 +/- 0.8 microgram/ml at 8 h post injection (p.i.) and the drug could be detected at least 72 h p.i. For tiamulin and oxytetracycline (OTC) peak concentrations of 1.53 +/- 0.70 and 1.88 +/- 1.9 micrograms/ml, respectively, were achieved in the lacrimal fluid and these drugs could be detected 25 to 30 h p.i. The OTC and tiamulin concentration-time curves for lacrimal fluid and serum were parallel, whereas for the spiramycin appearance in the lacrimal fluid was delayed. PMID- 6636502 TI - Induced abortion with two prostaglandin F2 alpha analogues in mares: plasma progesterone changes. AB - Three experiments were conducted to test the abortifacient effects of PGF2 alpha analogues on mares during midgestation (average gestation length 141.5 days). The progesterone concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. In experiment 1. five mares received an injection of PGF2 alpha analogue (fluprostenol: 500 micrograms intramuscularly) and a second injection either at 24, 48, of 72 h. Although the progesterone concentration decreased (P less than 0.05) an average of 44 per cent in 24 h, none of the pregnancies were terminated. In experiment 2, beginning at least 10 days after experiment 1, the same five mares were given PGF2 alpha analogue as follows: 250 micrograms intravaginally and 500 micrograms intramuscularly. The treatment was repeated 48 h later. Progesterone concentrations had not increased since experiment 1 and did not decrease during the 48 h following either injection. In experiment 3, six mares (average gestation length 162 days) were treated every 6 or 12 h with PGF2 alpha analogue (cloprostenol: 375 micrograms) until expulsion of the fetus occurred at 47 +/- 25 h after the initial injection; the mares received an average of 5 treatments. The progesterone concentration averaged 22 +/- 7 ng/ml before the initial PGF2 alpha treatment, decreased (P less than 0.05) to 8.4 +/- 2.7 ng/ml by 12 h before expulsion and 1-8 +/- 0.4 ng/ml 12 h after fetal expulsion. The progesterone concentration remained below 1.0 ng/ml for the next 4 days. However, only one of six mares exhibited estrual behavior after induced abortion. PMID- 6636503 TI - Inhibition of collagen synthesis as a treatment for paraquat poisoning. AB - The effect of L-3, 4-dehydroproline (L-DHP) or DL-3, 4-dehydroproline (DL-DHP) on paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis was examined in male rats. Rats that declined in body weight during the 10 days after receiving 7.0 mg paraquat dichloride/kg body weight sc for 7 or 8 days were used. L-DHP or DL-DHP (25 mg/kg) was administered sc daily on days 11 through 24. The lung collagen of animals treated with paraquat was significantly elevated. Except for rats that died from acute or subchronic paraquat toxicity (till day 16), paraquat-induced fatal pulmonary fibrosis was not seen in other rats during the 100 days of this study. The effect of L-DHP or DL-DHP on inhibiting lung collagen synthesis was not statistically significant. PMID- 6636504 TI - Cardiac arrhythmias in a patient with grayanotoxin-honey poisoning. PMID- 6636505 TI - Effect of lantana on the composition of the extracellular fluid of sheep. AB - Experiments were done to examine the effects of lantana poisoning on the composition of the extracellular fluid of sheep. Packed cell volume and total plasma protein increased after dosing with lantana and plasma osmolality increased markedly in the days prior to death. During the early stages of the disease plasma electrolytes were unchanged except for a decrease in potassium, but electrolyte levels varied late in the disease. A metabolic acidosis gradually developed as the disease progressed. It is concluded that fluid, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances are minor in the early stages of intoxication, but in the terminal stages of the disease, some major changes occur. PMID- 6636506 TI - Yellow rain: chemical warfare in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan. AB - Circumstantial and laboratory evidence has accumulated supporting the use in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan of Russian-made lethal chemical agents. In this paper we will attempt to answer the question, "What is Yellow Rain?", summarize some of the massive data on microtoxins and mycotoxicoses, discuss the toxicology of the trichothecenes, give a brief historical perspective on chemical warfare, and touch on some of the political implications of these developments. The ubiquitous and insidious mycotoxins have been more or less causally linked to several human diseases, from ergotism to Reye's syndrome, as well as enormous livestock morbidity and mortality. We raise the concern that the Yellow Rain "experiments" pose the threat of massive use of chemical/biological warfare. The importance of an informed, vocal medical constituency cannot be overestimated. PMID- 6636507 TI - A suspected case of loperamide toxicity. PMID- 6636508 TI - The use of hydroxocobalamin in the prophylaxis and treatment of nitroprusside induced cyanide toxicity. AB - The use of OHB12 in the prophylaxis of CN intoxication resulting from SNP infusions is well documented in the literature. However, data is lacking to support its use as an antidote once signs and symptoms have developed. Because of the efficacy of oxygen therapy combined with supportive therapy and nitrite/sodium thiosulfate administration, the use of OHB12 as an antidote cannot be recommended at this time. Further studies are needed to determine efficacy, dosing, mode of administration and comparative trials to other antidotes. PMID- 6636509 TI - Jaw disease in macropod marsupials: bacterial flora isolated from lesions and from the mouths of affected animals. AB - Bacterial infections of the jaws are a common cause of death in macropods. Lesions and oral cavities from 50 affected animals yielded wide ranges of aerobic and anaerobic organisms. The most frequent isolate from lesions (81%) was Fusobacterium necrophorum, generally combined with other bacteria, but in 5 lesions, in pure culture. It was also isolated from 61% of mouths and this was the chief difference between the oral flora of affected and normal macropods. Other groups of organisms isolated from over 50% of lesions were: Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic rods, streptococci, anaerobic Gram-positive cocci. Actinomycetes were isolated from 29% of lesions and from one lesion in pure culture. Differences in the flora were detected between lesions in bone and soft tissue and between closed and open lesions. Antibiotics were given to 22 animals, but without significant differences in frequencies of isolation of organisms between treated and untreated groups, and with no permanent elimination of infection. It was concluded that, while different organisms might be present in the complex of "jaw disease", the pathogenic agent in the majority of cases was F. necrophorum. Actinomycetes were capable of producing lesions in bone, but their role in "jaw disease" remains undefined. PMID- 6636510 TI - The detection of obligate anaerobic bacteria in swine abscesses. A comparison between gas-liquid chromatography and bacteriological culturing methods. AB - From the 62 swine abscesses examined, 56 yielded positive cultures, of which 38 cases were mixtures of facultative aerobes and obligate anaerobic bacteria (OAB). Only 6 species appeared to be sterile. In all specimens, which yielded OAB, VFA (C4-C6) could be detected by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). False negatives were not recorded, and only one false positive was found, which might have been due to faulty culture technique, or to the fact that the metabolic markers may persist longer than the OAB themselves. Because current methods to isolate non sporulating OAB are laborious and not available in most veterinary clinical situations and because there is a need to evaluate the importance of non sporulating OAB in veterinary medicine, GLC seems to be a useful alternative to culture techniques for detecting the presence of OAB in infectious processes in animals. PMID- 6636511 TI - Encapsulation of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk. AB - Evidence is presented that nearly all Staphylococcus aureus infections of the bovine mammary gland are by encapsulated organisms (94% of isolates examined). This observation is based on the demonstration of diffuse growth in serum-soft agar, of cultures taken directly from mastitic milk without subculture on artificial media. Only milks containing pure cultures of S. aureus were examined. It was previously reported that only 6% had capsules. Evidence is presented that as few as 3 or 4 subcultures and/or a short storage on artificial media results in loss of encapsulation of most S. aureus of bovine origin. Antisera raised against encapsulate strains inhibit the expression of capsule formation on bacteria that are encapsulated in the presence of normal serum. PMID- 6636512 TI - [Role and place of roentgenological examination in the diagnosis of infectious allergic myocarditis]. PMID- 6636513 TI - [Value of roentgenological examination in the diagnosis of the left ventricular right atrial connection]. PMID- 6636514 TI - [Anatomo-angiocardiographic correlations in tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 6636515 TI - [Characteristics of the roentgenological image of Eisenmenger's syndrome in adult patients with ventricular septal defect]. PMID- 6636516 TI - [Radiodiagnosis of yataghan syndrome]. PMID- 6636517 TI - [Roentgenological image after surgery of ventricular septal defect]. PMID- 6636518 TI - [Diagnostic possibilities of pneumomediastinography and selective phlebography in the evaluation of the development of the thymus gland in myasthenia gravis]. PMID- 6636519 TI - [Roentgenological image of lung contusion in penetrating thoracic injuries]. PMID- 6636520 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis of congestive (dilatation) cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 6636521 TI - [Roentgenological characteristics of acute pneumonia and its outcome in young children]. PMID- 6636522 TI - [Roentgenological characteristics of the respiratory organs in children with birth injuries of the spine and spinal cord]. PMID- 6636523 TI - [A biosynchronizer for radiography of the respiratory organs in extremal phases of respiration]. PMID- 6636524 TI - [Spontaneous intravascular thrombocyte aggregation in angiographic studies]. PMID- 6636525 TI - [Roentgenological changes during treatment of breast cancer metastases into the bones with adriamycin and tamoxifen]. PMID- 6636526 TI - [Tomography of Blumenbach's clivus in the frontal projection]. PMID- 6636527 TI - [Degree of irradiation exposure of personnel in various types of angiographic examinations and measures for decreasing radiation doses]. PMID- 6636528 TI - [A case of tumor-like lipoid pneumonia]. PMID- 6636529 TI - [A case of atypical site of thymoma]. PMID- 6636530 TI - [Louis-Bar syndrome in an 8-year-old child]. PMID- 6636531 TI - [Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery]. PMID- 6636532 TI - [A case of malignant tumor of the diaphragm]. PMID- 6636533 TI - [Congenital stenosis of the duodenum]. PMID- 6636534 TI - [An improved method of testing the light-centering device]. PMID- 6636536 TI - DNA hyperchromism on paper disks. PMID- 6636535 TI - Serologic markers of hepatitis B and A infections in the healthy population. AB - The prevalence of the serologic markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and of antibodies to hepatitis A virus (HAV) were determined by radioimmunoassay in 200 healthy subjects. One hundred and seven persons (53.5%) were positive for at least one marker of HBV. The prevalence of each marker was: HBsAg - 9.0%, anti HBs alone - 2.0%, anti-HBc alone - 2.5%, anti-HBs and anti-HBc - 29.0%, HBsAg and anti-HBc - 11.0%. Evidence of a previous infection with HAV was found in 155 persons (77.5%); three of them had anti-HAV type IgM. These findings indicate that in the area investigated HAV infection is endemic, and HBV infection has a trend towards endemicity. PMID- 6636537 TI - Respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins. AB - The proteins of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus were analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eight virion structural proteins with molecular weights of 180,000, 89,000, 48,000, 42,000, 34,000, 28,000, 25,000, and 21,000 were identified. These proteins were given tentative designations of L (180,000), G (89,000), F1 (48,000), NP (42,000), P (34,000), M (28,000), Vp25 (25,000), and F2 (21,000). The 89,000-, 48,000-, and 21,000-dalton polypeptides were glycosylated and could be purified on lentil-lectin sepharose columns. All three glycoproteins could be immunoprecipitated from extracts of infected cells but not from uninfected cells, suggesting that they are viral specified. The host cell affected the apparent molecular weights of the largest and smallest glycosylated polypeptides possibly by differences in glycosylation. The 48,000- and 21,000-dalton glycopolypeptides were disulfide linked subunits of a 68,000 dalton glycoprotein that was seen on unreduced gels. The 68,000-dalton glycoprotein was thus similar to the fusion (F) protein of paramyxoviruses. Treatment of infected cultures with tunicamycin, a drug that blocks glycosylation, inhibited syncytial formation and resulted in over a 1000-fold reduction of extracellular infectious virus. Virions purified from tunicamycin treated cells had reduced amounts of all three glycosylated proteins. No new forms of these proteins were conclusively identified, suggesting that unglycosylated forms of RS glycoproteins were not incorporated into virion membranes. PMID- 6636539 TI - Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. VI. Isolation of a glycoprotein mediating neutralization. AB - A structural glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was obtained in pure form by immunoaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody with high neutralizing activity. It blocked neutralization of viral infectivity by antibody and in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis it migrated with an apparent molecular weight of 44 X 10(3). We conclude that the isolated material is identical with the previously described gp44 (GP-1). PMID- 6636538 TI - N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin, a novel inhibitor of glycoprotein processing, and its effect on fowl plague virus maturation. AB - The glucose analogue N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin was found to be a specific inhibitor of the trimming of the outermost glucose residue of the N-linked precursor-oligosaccharide Glc3Man9GlcNAc2, and therefore of oligosaccharide processing, in fowl plague virus-infected chicken-embryo cells. The fowl plague virus glycoproteins in N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin-treated cells contain oligosaccharides of the composition Glc3ManxGlcNAc2 (x = 7, 8, and 9). Inhibition of trimming of the outermost glucose residues does not prevent release of infectious virus with oligosaccharides of the composition Glc3Man7(GlcNAc)2. On the other hand inhibition of the trimming of the innermost glucose residue does inhibit release of infectious virus (Datema, R., Romero, P. A., Legler , G., and Schwarz, R. T. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 6787-6791 (1982) ). PMID- 6636540 TI - The morphogenetic signal of bacteriophage f1. AB - The genome of the single-stranded DNA phage f1 contains an intergenic region (IG), 508-nucleotides long, that does not code for any known protein. By use of a system of chimeric plasmids haboring different f1 fragments, we had previously shown that this region contains, in addition to the f1 'functional origin' of DNA replication, a signal of less than 300 nucleotides required for efficient morphogenesis to occur ('morphogenetic signal'). In the present study, we have localized this signal to within a sequence of less that 60 nucleotides of almost perfect palindromic symmetry at the genet IV/IG border. We also present data indicating that the morphogenetic signal is not necessary for the synthesis of single-stranded DNA, but is necessary only at some later step during virion maturation. PMID- 6636541 TI - Characterization of a cold-sensitive (cs) recombinant between two influenza A strains. AB - Recombinants between fowl plague virus (FPV, H7N1) and the Hong Kong (H3N2) or Singapore (H2N2) influenza virus strains carrying the hemagglutinin of FPV and the neuraminidase of the human strains form only very tiny plaques at 33 degrees, but normal plaques at 37 degrees. One recombinant (113/Ho) has been studied in more detail. It multiplies only very slowly at 33 degrees, the nonpermissive temperature. Adsorption and penetration are normal at 33 degrees, but synthesis of protein is impeded. Temperature-shift experiments suggest that the synthesis of viral mRNA is slowed at 33 degrees. 113/Ho does not agglutinate chicken erythrocytes at 40 degrees, as the parent viruses do. 113/Ho can be adapted to grow normally at 33 degrees. The frequency of adaptation is comparable to reversion of a single point mutation (ca. 10(-5) ). Recombinants which grow well at 37 degrees but not at 33 degrees are called cold-sensitive (cs) recombinants. PMID- 6636543 TI - Dark adaptation of the long-wavelength sensitive cones. AB - Long-wavelength sensitive (L) cone dark adaptation curves were measured with a 10 msec, 20' v.a., 650 nm test flash and a moderate intensity adapting field. When the 650 nm and 500 nm fields were equated for the L cones, the dark adaptation curve fell faster for the 500 nm field than for the 650 nm field. Over the range of adapting lights used, no adjustment of the intensities of the two fields made their dark adaptation curves similar. When 500 nm light was added to the 650 nm field, dark adaptation was faster. Visual sensitivity is not regulated by any single photoreceptor type in this experiment. PMID- 6636542 TI - The nature of polypeptides larger in size than the major surface antigen components of hepatitis b and like viruses in ground squirrels, woodchucks, and ducks. AB - The relationships of various polypeptides associated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), ground squirrel hepatitis surface antigen (GSHsAg), woodchuck hepatitis surface antigen (WHsAg), and duck hepatitis B surface antigen (DHBsAg) were studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) and tryptic peptide mapping. Analysis of independent antigen isolates by SDS-PAGE resulted in bands consistently observed at 24,000, 28,000, 32,000, 43,000, and 50,000 Da with HBsAg; at 22,000, 25,000, 35,000, 37,000, 39,000, and 42,000 Da with GSHsAg and WHsAg; and at 18,500, 30,000, and 38,500, Da with DHBsAg. Comparison of the major polypeptide pair from the mammalian viruses by tryptic peptide mapping suggests more than a single point of glycosylation or other post-translational modification(s) in some paired comparisons and/or heterogeneity in glycosylation in others. Comparison of the major component of each mammalian virus (HBsAg p24, GSHsAg p22, or WHsAg p22), or the major polypeptide of DHBsAg (p18.5), with their respective larger polypeptides by peptide mapping indicated that one or more of the larger components in each virus shares extensive homology with the appropriate major component. Further, these larger components possess additional spots, interpreted as additional primary sequences, which were not found in the map of the appropriate major component. Collectively, the results suggest that a number of surface antigen-associated polypeptides may be partially encoded for by the pre-S gene region known to exist in hepatitis B virus (HBV) and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), and likely to exist in ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) and duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) DNA. PMID- 6636544 TI - Evoked potential estimates of visual accommodation in infants. AB - Pattern reversal visually evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from infants between 2 and 5 months of age in order to measure their accommodative performance over a 9 diopter range (10-150 cm). Accommodation was stimulated by placing minus spherical lenses of increasing power in front of the infant's eyes and by changing the infant's distance from the stimulus. VEP latency measurements indicated that the infant's ability to maintain a zone of clear vision changes with age and pattern element size. For large checks (60 min arc), most 2- to 4 month old infants were able to maintain clear vision over the range of 9 diopters. When small checks (15 min arc) were used, the majority of 4- to 5-month old infants were unable by VEP measures to accommodate beyond 5-6 diopters. This decline in the infant's zone of clear vision with decreasing check size is due primarily to the relatively large depth of focus and poor visual resolution of the infant eye. In a small group of infants, accommodation was assessed both electrophysiologically by VEP recording and behaviorally using a preferential looking technique. Results indicated better accommodation by VEP estimates than by behavioral measures. PMID- 6636545 TI - Inhibition and facilitation of apparent motion by real motion. AB - Observers viewed a CRT display which contained both real and apparent motion. When the apparent motion was in the same direction as the real motion, the strength of the apparent motion was enhanced. Real motion in the opposite direction completely cancelled apparent motion. However, the appearance of the real motion was not affected by apparent motion. PMID- 6636546 TI - Electrophysiological determination of the refractive state of the eye of the opossum. AB - The refractive state of the eye of the South American opossum Didelphis marsupialis aurita was investigated with electrophysiological techniques. Using adult specimens, trapped from the wild, averaged cortical evoked responses were recorded from the region of projection of the central visual field. Stimuli consisted of a phase reversal of a square wave grating generated on a CRO screen, with luminance of 2.4 cd/m2 and contrast 0.84. The refractive state of the eye was altered by means of trial lenses and the amplitude of the cortical responses thus obtained compared to those obtained with no lens (control values). Refraction "tuning curves" were determined for each animal. The average refractive state was found to be -2.27 D indicating that this species when raised in its habitat shows, at low ambient luminosity, some degree of myopia. Determination of the Contrast Sensitivity Function indicate that induced ametropias lead to a reduction of the cut-off value of the spatial frequency and a loss of contrast sensitivity. PMID- 6636547 TI - Spatial frequency tuning of orientation selective units estimated by oblique masking. AB - Threshold elevations were measured as a function of the spatial frequency of high contrast cosine masks using spatially localized test stimuli with a 1.0 octave bandwidth. The cosine masks were oriented at 14.5 degrees relative to the vertical test patterns in order to average out spatial phase effects. The experiment was repeated for each of 14 test frequencies spanning the range 0.25 22.0 c/deg in 0.5 octave steps. The resulting threshold elevation curves fell into a small number of distinct groups, suggesting the existence of discrete spatial frequency mechanisms in human central vision. The data are shown to be consistent with a model having just six distinct classes of spatial frequency mechanisms in the fovea. Spatial frequency bandwidths of these mechanisms ranged from 2.5 octaves at low frequencies to as narrow as 1.25 octaves at high spatial frequencies. These results require revision of the Wilson and Bergen (1979) [Vision Res. 19, 19-32] model for spatial vision. PMID- 6636548 TI - Neural interactions of two slits in the orientation domain in the visual cortical units of the cat. AB - The responses of the cat's visual cortical cells to an optimally oriented (O-) and an inclined (theta-) slit have been studied. Cell's responses to the simultaneous presentation, in simple cells, are similar to those to theta-slit alone, but in complex cells, are remarkably decreased at orientation difference of about 45 degrees. In the sequential presentation, the effects of preceding theta-slit on the responses to the following O-slit decrease as the orientation difference increases. This suggests that neural interactions of simultaneous and sequential presentation of two slits are caused by different mechanisms. PMID- 6636549 TI - Sleep and the McCollough effect. AB - Orientation-contingent chromatic ("McCollough") aftereffects (OCCAs) were induced under carefully standardised conditions, in subjects suffering from varying degrees of sleep deprivation. The initial OCCA strength was found to vary systematically with the prior sleep pattern of the subject. In subjects whose sleep normally lasted 7-8 hr, loss of 3 or 4 hr of the previous night's sleep could reduce initial strength by as much as 50%; no further reduction was observed with still shorter sleep durations. Keeping the eye in darkness while awake had in this respect no comparable effects to those of sleep, and sleeping in a lighted room made no difference. The results suggest that the McCollough Effect depends on a form of neural plasticity which requires a normal sleep cycle for its maintenance. PMID- 6636550 TI - Contrast sensitivity for vertically and obliquely oriented gratings as a function of grating area. AB - Contrast sensitivity for both vertically and obliquely oriented gratings increased with increases in stimulus area to an asymptotic value. Sensitivity grew more slowly for oblique gratings and reached an asymptotic value at a larger area than for vertical gratings. For equal areas, oblique gratings always yielded poorer sensitivity. The results suggest a larger spatial summation area for obliquely oriented gratings. PMID- 6636551 TI - The retinal binocular field of the pigeon (Columba livia: English racing homer). AB - An ophthalmoscopic reflex technique has shown that in sedated pigeons maximum retinal binocular field width occurs approximately 20 degrees above the bill. The binocular field has a maximum width of 27 degrees and extends vertically by 130 degrees (90 degrees above the bill, 40 degrees below it). Both the bill and cere intrude into the binocular field. Maximum optical binocularity also occurs approximately 20 degrees above the bill. The plane containing the optic axes of each eye coincides with the bill. PMID- 6636552 TI - The meaning of non-monotonic psychometric functions in the assessment of infant preferential looking acuity. A reply to Banks et al. (1982) and Teller et al. (1982). PMID- 6636553 TI - Disability days: United States, 1980. PMID- 6636554 TI - [The incidence and significance of psychophysiologic indicators in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6636555 TI - [The effect of nifedipine on calcium metabolism]. PMID- 6636557 TI - [Incidence of diabetes in relatives of patients with diabetes and thyroid diseases]. PMID- 6636556 TI - [Detection of heart involvement in systemic scleroderma using echocardiography, systolic intervals and heart scintigraphy]. PMID- 6636558 TI - [Psychological and social problems in young diabetics]. PMID- 6636559 TI - [Iatropathogenesis - the scope of the problem, relation between benefit and risk in today's diagnosis and treatment of internal diseases]. PMID- 6636560 TI - [Cardiac insufficiency. Pathophysiology, invasive diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 6636561 TI - [Contrast echocardiography. Physical principles, methods and clinical use in adults]. PMID- 6636563 TI - [Use of complex case studies in teaching and evaluating students]. PMID- 6636562 TI - [A contribution to the problem of the clinical use of the diuretic Azosemid]. PMID- 6636564 TI - [Transient Tawara's branch block during the exercise test]. PMID- 6636565 TI - [Atrial arrest in acute myocardial infarct. Contribution to the question of the existence of sinoventricular conduction]. PMID- 6636566 TI - [Prognosis of chronic active hepatitis and the effect of alcohol on lymphocyte subpopulations]. PMID- 6636567 TI - [Monoclonal hyperglobulinemia in the light of 10 years' systematic screening]. PMID- 6636568 TI - [Diabetic microangiopathies and nerve disorders]. PMID- 6636569 TI - [Vital stains and digestive endoscopy]. PMID- 6636570 TI - [Differential diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis in adults]. PMID- 6636571 TI - [Gnosiological analysis of the causes of clinical diagnostic errors]. PMID- 6636572 TI - [Deontology in the practice of military pharmacists]. PMID- 6636573 TI - [Toward improvement of medical services for military and aviation personnel]. PMID- 6636574 TI - [Methods of analgesia in the postoperative period of patients with suppurative peritonitis]. PMID- 6636575 TI - [Temporary cannulation of the blood vessels (review of the literature)]. PMID- 6636576 TI - [Respiratory muscle damage in acute poisoning with organophosphate insecticides]. PMID- 6636577 TI - [Massive complex (combined) immunization against typhoid, cholera and plague]. PMID- 6636578 TI - [Changes in cardiac activity as affected by increased atmospheric pressure based on vectormetric analysis]. PMID- 6636579 TI - [Effectiveness of training of automobile drivers using methods of psychophysiological examination]. PMID- 6636580 TI - [Treatment of complicated caries in sailors in the pre-voyage period]. PMID- 6636581 TI - [Treatment of trophic ulcers of the limbs caused by gunshot injuries of the sciatic nerve]. PMID- 6636582 TI - [Unidimensional echoencephalography in the diagnosis of brain diseases]. PMID- 6636583 TI - [Peripheral nerve diseases in hot humid climate]. PMID- 6636584 TI - [Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]. PMID- 6636585 TI - [Clinical course and diagnosis of measles in adults]. PMID- 6636586 TI - [Clinical aspects and treatment of erysipelas]. PMID- 6636587 TI - [Working schedule of the medical personnel of military hospitals]. PMID- 6636588 TI - [An epidemic of autumnal erythema in military personnel during encampment]. PMID- 6636589 TI - [An epidemic of viral hepatitis A after consumption of mussels from polluted seawater]. PMID- 6636590 TI - [Polarographic determination of PAM-2Cl in pharmaceutical preparations]. PMID- 6636591 TI - [Dysentery-enterocolitis and other diarrheal diseases in Yugoslavia from 1971 to 1980]. PMID- 6636592 TI - [Analysis of local vibration and the use of peripheral rheography in studying blood circulation in operators of construction machinery]. PMID- 6636593 TI - [Endoscopic polypectomy of the colon]. PMID- 6636595 TI - [A contribution to the study of the cell nucleus in human breast tumors]. PMID- 6636594 TI - [Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma]. PMID- 6636596 TI - [The position and role of the psychiatric team in the adaptation of the soldier with a psychopathic type of behavior]. PMID- 6636597 TI - [The value of particular signs and the anatomic-clinical classification of cerebral coma]. PMID- 6636598 TI - [Progressive diaphyseal dysplasia: Camurati-Engelman disease]. PMID- 6636599 TI - [Effect of electrophoresis on electroneuromyographic indices in healthy persons]. PMID- 6636600 TI - [Intrasinusal electrophoresis of dimethyl sulfoxide in maxillary sinusitis]. PMID- 6636601 TI - [A search for the optimum regimen of ultrasonic therapy]. PMID- 6636602 TI - [Local and general changes after UV irradiation]. PMID- 6636603 TI - [Effect of Essentuki No. 4 mineral water on the evacuation from the stomach of different types of food in patients with duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6636605 TI - [Immunomodulating and cholesecretory effects of chloride-sulfate potassium magnesium-sodium mineral water in chronic cholecystitis and hepatitis]. PMID- 6636604 TI - [Effect of magnetic fields on the function of the digestive organs and neurohumoral regulation in patients with stomach and duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6636606 TI - [Effect of health resort treatment on the bile levels of free amino acids in chronic cholecystitis]. PMID- 6636607 TI - [Efficacy of the combined treatment of patients with postdysentery colitis with colibacterin tablets at a balneological resort]. PMID- 6636608 TI - [Effect of electrophoresis of a mud solution on clinico-morphological indices of chronic postinfection colitis in children]. PMID- 6636609 TI - [Heparin electrophoresis in the combined therapy of acute odontogenic osteomyelitis of the lower jaw]. PMID- 6636611 TI - [Exercise therapy and a healthy life style]. PMID- 6636610 TI - [Role of balneology in the prospects for developing and supplying health resort services in the USSR]. PMID- 6636612 TI - [Use of semiconductor lasers in experimental and clinical medicine]. PMID- 6636613 TI - [Experimental study of dimethyl sulfoxide electrophoresis]. PMID- 6636614 TI - [Role of plastic reconstructive operations in the rehabilitative treatment of women following mastectomy for breast cancer]. AB - In 1980--1983, 15 plastic reconstruction surgeries were performed at the Center's clinics. In 11 cases, one-stage reconstruction of the breast was carried out after mastectomy for cancer. 13 females were mastectomized after Halsted and 2- after Patey (radical mastectomy). Good results were obtained in 11 cases. The paper contains a description of a procedure for one-stage mammoplasty for cancer which produces a good uniform bed for silicone prosthesis fixation as well as the breast contour. A musculocutaneous flap from musculus vastus dorsi and a silicone prosthesis were used in all cases of primary reconstruction. Emphasis is placed on the role of plastic reconstruction surgery as a factor of medical and social rehabilitation of females operated on for breast cancer. PMID- 6636615 TI - [Direct suprarenoscopy in the precise determination of the operability of lung cancer patients]. AB - A new procedure for establishing the operability of lung cancer patients--direct suprarenoscopy--is discussed. The procedure was used in examining 6 patients with lung cancer. A detailed discription as well as indications and contraindications are given. A clinical case is reported. The method proved to be highly effective and promising. PMID- 6636616 TI - [40K study in laryngeal and stomach cancer]. AB - Total potassium was assayed in 101 patients (58--laryngeal cancer and 43--stomach cancer) on the basis of natural background radiation of 40K in a low background chamber. Both cellular and extracellular mass of the body was determined. Control group included 260 healthy subjects. Deficiency in cellular and extracellular mass was established. Cellular mass deficiency increased in step with tumor expansion. Cellular mass level showed a decrease within the first days of combined therapy although adequate paranteral nutrition was given. PMID- 6636617 TI - [Anatomical and surgical basis for liver resection in cancer]. AB - On the basis of the results of a study on the interaction of the venous and lymphatic systems of liver and gall bladder, the authors offer an original method of resection of portal lobe of the liver for primary cancer of this organ. Application of oncologically-adequate surgical procedures ensures good results and a favorable prognosis. PMID- 6636618 TI - [Prognostic significance of the clinical symptoms of cervical cancer]. AB - The prognostic value of the basic clinical manifestations of cervical carcinoma is assessed. It is found that the rate of growth of a neoplasm may be evaluated on the basis of a relationship between the duration of previous symptoms and tumor size. Saprogenic vaginal discharge is regarded as an extremely unfavorable prognostic factor. The possible mechanism of this symptom is discussed. A quantitative procedure for evaluation of cervical carcinoma manifestations is suggested. This method was shown to offer a means of objective assessment of the rates of radiation-induced regression of tumor. Clinical manifestations should be taken into consideration in predicting the results of radiation treatment of cervical carcinoma patients. PMID- 6636619 TI - [Blood coagulation disorder during the combined treatment of testicular tumor patients]. AB - The mechanism of hemocoagulation before, during and after combined therapy was studied in 47 cases of testicular tumor. Thrombophilia was suggested by the basal level of hemocoagulation. All patients received a course of combined therapy which included surgery, telegammatherapy and polychemotherapy. In the course of treatment, all patients revealed a decrease in the coagulative properties of blood which manifested itself in hemorrhages in 7 cases. After therapy, blood coagulation indexes did not vary much from normal. This is believed by the authors to be an indication of the efficacy of the treatment. PMID- 6636620 TI - [Squamous cell cancer of the anal canal]. AB - Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal is rather rare and amounts to 3.5% of all rectal neoplasms. Though it has a clear-cut clinical picture, 29.5% of patients admitted for specialized treatment suffer from stage IV due to inadequate diagnosis. Surgery is the most effective method of management of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Radiation therapy may be an adjuvant procedure. PMID- 6636621 TI - [Enhanced capture by tumor cells of liposomes prepared from autologous phospholipids]. AB - The trapping of liposomes from native phospholipids by tumor cells was found to be 2-6 times that of egg lecithin vesicles. These differences in the level of incorporation of the two types of liposomes in the course of incubation with ascitic lymphocytic leukemia cells NKLy/LL seem to be due to the different mechanisms of their utilization. Egg lecithin liposomes are trapped via endocytosis which is not highly pronounced in these cells, whereas vesicles from target-cell phospholipids are incorporated by fusion mechanism. PMID- 6636623 TI - [Reaction of free cells in the skin stroma during treatment of melanoma with pulsed laser radiation]. AB - Melanoma B-16 subcutaneously transplanted to mouse was treated by neodium laser pulsed radiation. It was followed by a rise in the concentration of free stromal cells of the skin and, particularly, in an increase in lymphocyte, macrophage and leukocyte fractions. Also, lymphoid infiltration was detected in epithelium covered wound and scar formed at the site of skin melanoma treated by laser irradiation. PMID- 6636622 TI - [Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of human tumors (basic ultrastructural differential diagnostic criteria)]. PMID- 6636624 TI - [Factors contributing to local recurrences of skin melanomas after surgery]. AB - Clinico-morphological data on 976 surgically-treated skin melanoma patients were analysed. Local recurrences were found in 5.4 +/- 0.7% of cases. Factors contributing to their development were the miscellaneous cell pattern of tumor, nodular form of growth, intradermal histogenetic type of melanoma and depth of invasion. A significant inverse correlation between the frequency of local recurrences and the degree of lymphoplasmocytic infiltration at tumor boundary was established. PMID- 6636625 TI - [Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (clinico-morphological study)]. AB - Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma was found in 11 out of 161 patients with chondrosarcoma of the bone. The assaultive nature of the disease is illustrated by the following data: the period between the manifestation of symptoms and the first visit to the doctor was 5.9 +/- 4.3 months; metastases were detected within 20.56 +/- 6.04 months and 8 patients out of 10 died within the first 5 years. Two histological structures were observed: those of the chondrosarcoma type and hemangiopericytoma-like structures formed of small atypical cells. PMID- 6636626 TI - [Methods of evaluating the results of treatment of breast cancer]. AB - The following limitations of the available prospective cooperated methods of evaluation of the results of breast cancer treatment are identified: the attention of the researcher often appears to be focused on only one and, inevitably, a rather narrow aspect of the problem. The studies are time-consuming and involve organizational difficulties. It is suggested that assessment of treatment results may be carried out faster and more effectively, if the advantages of the Soviet state system of health protection are used to the full. Such measures as life-time registration and dispensary-sponsored follow-up of all cancer patients, particularly, in large cities where cancer incidence is relatively high application of traditional therapeutic procedures developed at oncological dispensaries of the city of Moscow, computerized retrospective randomization and integration of rational methods of breast cancer treatment with practice may serve the purpose. PMID- 6636627 TI - [Most efficient methods of cryodestruction of malignant neoplasms]. AB - Some peculiarities of the procedure for cryodestruction of neoplasms of various sites developed by the authors are considered. The regularities of variation in the adhesion of cryoapplicator to tissues on gradual cooling are discussed. The report is concerned with cryogenic procedures designed to ensure destruction of tumor cells and to prevent tumor cell dissemination in the course of surgical intervention. The cryogenic installation Penguin was used. Such effects as applicator's adhesion to tissue and its freezing-induced fixation in tissue were employed. Thawing period was prolonged with cryoapplicator still in contact with tissue. Tumor tissue adjacent to normal one was allowed to thaw to 0 degrees C. PMID- 6636628 TI - [Microflora of the tracheal mucosa in laryngeal cancer patients following laryngectomy]. AB - Bacterial flora of the trachea was studied in 19 patients at various stages (one month-3 years) after laryngectomy. Inflammatory lesions of the trachea and bronchi were detected in 15 cases. Tracheal flora comprised mostly staphylococci mixed with other bacteria. The best treatment results were secured in patients in whom cannula was removed at least 2 months after surgery and who received an adequate antibacterial therapy. PMID- 6636629 TI - [Feasibility of differential diagnosis of isolated lesions of mediastinal lymph nodes]. AB - Surgical procedures such as mediastinoscopy (101 cases) and parasternal mediastinotomy (6 cases) were used for improvement of diagnosis of lesions in mediastinal organs. As a result of complex examination including histological methods, malignant lymphoma was diagnosed in 12 cases, Boeck's sarcoidosis--75, mediastinal form of lung cancer--8, tuberculosis of mediastinal lymph nodes--6 and other lesions of organs of the mediastinum--in 6 cases. PMID- 6636630 TI - [Relation of the prolongation of life of radically operated lung cancer patients to the state of steroid balance]. AB - An analysis of the rates of steroid hormone excretion and survival time in patients who had undergone radical surgery for lung cancer showed that the said rates may be used as a prognostic variable. Excretion rates of total 17 hydroxycorticosteroids and hydrocortisone proved to be of the highest prognostic value in patients aged 41-50, while in an older age bracket the best results were obtained with androsterone and estrone level measurements. PMID- 6636631 TI - [Simultaneous double contrast in the diagnosis of cancer of the colon]. AB - Usefulness of double contrast examination in diagnosis of colonic cancer is discussed. As a result of application of the procedure, tumors were detected in 74 patients, including 15 asymptomatic patients at high risk who underwent irrigoscopy in the course of a medical check-up. Examination in a double contrast was found to be of diagnostic value in the identification of tumors of all macroscopic patterns and sites. A reverse correlation between tumor size and procedure efficacy was established. A detailed description of X-ray patterns of lesions is given. PMID- 6636632 TI - [Reconstructive operations using the latissimus dorsi muscle for correcting the postmastectomy syndrome]. AB - 26 patients with postmastectomy syndrome were examined. Myocutaneous latissimus dorsi flaps on vascular or muscular pedicle were used in the reconstruction of large areas of soft tissue in axillary space and frontal chest wall. The flaps were completely assimilated in 10 cases and particularly necrotized in 2 cases due to the insufficient width of muscular pedicles which caused damage to the thoracodorsal artery. PMID- 6636633 TI - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of marginal epithelial ovarian tumors]. AB - Clinico-morphological features of 228 proliferating epithelial ovarian tumors of various histological patterns were studied. The group under study consisted of 135 serous (59.2%), 54 mucinous (23.7%) and 39 endometroid cystadenomas (17.1%). These tumors spread by implantation only. Metastases were registered in 20.2% of cases. Their incidence increased significantly in younger patients of reproductive age and in those with bilateral lesions, ascitis, cystic-solid and papillary types of tumor growth, mucinous tumors and invasive neoplasms. A correlation was established between the degree of tumor proliferation and the clinical course of the disease: 79.4% of patients of the atypical proliferation group revealed apparent manifestations of malignancy. PMID- 6636635 TI - [Successful application of osteosynthesis in the treatment of osteoblastoclastoma]. PMID- 6636634 TI - [Unified cancer patient registry of the International Union against Cancer]. AB - The structural, functional and organizational aspects of Project CICA- International System of Collection and Exchange of Data on Cancer Patients and the contribution of the Center for Oncology Research of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences to the development of the Project are discussed. PMID- 6636636 TI - [Mesenchymoma of Meckel's diverticulum (1 case)]. PMID- 6636637 TI - [Iron, copper and manganese metabolism in young sportsmen on diets supplemented with vitamins and microelements]. AB - Young skiers and untrained schoolchildren were under observation. During autumn, they manifested an increase in trace elements in the blood, particularly iron and copper, whereas in spring and summer, a dramatic fall of these elements. Supplementation of the diets with vitamins did not produce any demonstrable beneficial effect on metabolism of trace elements. Intake of vitamins in conjunction with iron, copper and manganese was followed by a more pronounced increase, as compared with the "vitamin" and especially with the control groups, in hemoglobin, red cell count, ceruloplasmin activity and by the increment of trace elements in the blood in the presence of high retention of iron and manganese in the body. PMID- 6636638 TI - [Effect of dietary fats and carbohydrates on protein restoration in the myocardium]. AB - A study was made of the effect of high-fatty and high-carbohydrate diets on the rate of the renewal of individual rat myocardial proteins, particularly on the half-life and the constant of degradation of proteins of sarcoplasm, myosin and actin. Unlike the control diet, the high-carbohydrate diet increased the rate of myosin renewal by 25%, while the fatty diet retarded 20% the rate of the renewal of the main contractile myocardial protein. Similar changes were also found for proteins of sarcoplasma: with the high-carbohydrate diet the rate of the renewal increased 10%, whereas with the high-fatty one it diminished 47%. The rate of actin renewal dropped 11% with the high-carbohydrate diet and 30% with the high fatty diet. Unbalance in carbohydrate and fatty supply of the body produces appreciable changes in the rate of the renewal of individual proteins of the rat myocardium. PMID- 6636639 TI - [Effect of dietary protein content on the structure of blood vessels]. AB - It has been demonstrated in experiments on rats that prolonged (for 1-6 months) use of the diet with protein deficiency or excess (5 and 30% respectively as regards caloricity) determines the development of injuries to the aortal wall and arteries of the heart and kidneys. Vascular elasticity shows abnormality, which is the most pronounced if the animals are given the low-protein diet including butter. Sunflower oil has a protective effect which becomes manifest provided that the animals receive the high-protein diet. PMID- 6636640 TI - [Effect of saccharose and sorbit on indices of carbohydrate metabolism in mixed saliva of patients with diabetes mellitus and dental caries]. AB - The content of lactate in mixed saliva in severe diabetes mellitus associated with multiple caries was 5 times and in diabetes of medium severity 3.5 times greater than in caries-resistant subjects. This increase was largely caused by diabetes proper, since in multiple caries without diabetes, the lactate content was increased only 2-fold. The amount of pyruvate in saliva in multiple caries without diabetes was approximately the same as that in diabetes mellitus coupled with multiple caries. Preliminary administration to the oral cavity of 100 ml of 50% saccharose for 10 minutes (without swallowing) raised the saliva lactate content several times as compared to that in the same subjects before saccharose administration. The lactate content in saliva was particularly high in severe diabetes mellitus. Administration of 50% sorbitol of the oral cavity for 10 minutes did not increase the lactate content in saliva. Upon administration of saccharose lactate dehydrogenase activity in saliva significantly descended while sorbitol dehydrogenase activity significantly increased. Administration of sorbitol solution to the oral cavity did not produce any essential effect on sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in saliva. PMID- 6636641 TI - [Effect of phosphorus intake on calcium homeostasis and bone tissue status in rats receiving hydrocortisone]. AB - The increase of phosphorus content up to 1.2-1.8% in the diet (the calcium/phosphorus ratio 1:2 or 1:3) accelerates the development and raises the rate of hypocalcemia and osteoporosis in rats administered pharmacological doses of hydrocortisone (3.5 mg per 100 g bw a day for 2 or 4 weeks). The decrease of phosphorus content to 0.3% (calcium-phosphorus 1:0.5) essentially retards the development of these disturbances and reduces their severity, which points to the advisability of clinical trials of the diet with phosphorus limitation as means of the prophylaxis of calcium homeostasis and bone alterations during long-term administration of glucocorticoids and in endogenous hypercorticoidism. PMID- 6636642 TI - [Changes in the mucosa of the small intestine in white rats in the process of digestion]. AB - Morphological and morphometric studies of the small intestine of albino rats have shown that its villi undergo cyclic changes. These changes involve the death, growth and maturation of the villi. Digestion intensifies proliferative processes in the small intestinal mucosa. The data obtained support the conception that the death of the villi is a morphological expression of secretion (excretion) and absorption in the small intestine. PMID- 6636643 TI - [Biological value of protein from raw fish and canned fish]. AB - The authors evaluated the nutritive value of protein from 4 kinds of raw fish (herring, cod, mackerel, sprat) and its preserves. Experiments were made on rats fed the diets containing fish protein (8-10% of the total diet). Experiments included the determination of apparent and genuine digestibility, net protein utilization, and net dietary protein caloric value. Evidence was obtained that protein from fish and its preserves is characterized by high digestibility coefficient as compared with casein and egg powder. The highest net protein utilization was noted in animal groups fed the diet containing protein from raw fish. Protein assimilability from fish preserves was on the average 15% lower than that from raw fish. PMID- 6636644 TI - [Nutritive value of a new protein product--dry protein mixture]. AB - A dry protein mixture (DPM) consists of dry slaughtered animal blood clarified by means of the peroxide-catalase system and dry skim milk at a ratio of 1:1. A study was made of organoleptic properties of the DPM, the composition of nutrients and biological efficacy in experiments on animals. The DPM is light yellow powder without specific taste and odor of blood, contains 58.4% of protein, 1.36% of fat, 26.71% of carbohydrates (lactose), and 8.19% of mineral substances. DPM proteins contain all the essential amino acids. As regards their biological efficacy they are not inferior to that of casein. The DPM is rich in calcium (606 mg/100 ml), phosphorus (645 mg/100 ml) and particularly in iron (106 mg/100 ml). Digestibility of iron examined on rats appeared to be high (31.2%). The new product is recommended for rational and dietetic nutrition. PMID- 6636645 TI - [Possibilities of using a mathematical method for determining the biological value of protein mixtures]. AB - The authors have devised a mathematical method that allows for the calculation of the best correlations of proteins in a mixture, the determination of amino acid content of the final protein composition and the evaluation of the enrichment effect whatever the characteristics of the reference aminogram and the number of amino acids in it. The indicators of biological value of protein mixtures determined by the mathematic method are in good agreement with the data obtained in biological studies. PMID- 6636646 TI - [Health-related classification of food poisoning of nonbacterial origin in the light of the tasks of food toxicology]. PMID- 6636647 TI - [Determination of sulfur-containing amino acids in food products]. AB - To define the most accurate method for determination of sulfur-containing amino acids in foods, the possibility was tried of using a method suggested by Moore. The method is based on preliminary oxidation of cystine and methionine by performic acid and transformation of these substances to acid hydrolysis resistant cysteic acid and methionine sulphone. Model experiments and use of foods (wheat flour, grade II, and protein part of chicken egg) demonstrated that exposure of proteins to performic acid brings about oxidation of sulfur containing amino acids to the hydrolysis-resistant forms which may be defined by chromatography with a greater accuracy. Experiments without preliminary oxidation by performic acid showed that foods experience an appreciable destruction (by 30 60%) of cystine and methionine. Therefore, it is advisable that during studies into amino acids contained by proteins, additional hydrolysis may be performed with preliminary oxidation of the samples by performic acid, which enables the determination of the content of methionine and cystine with a greater accuracy. PMID- 6636649 TI - [Natural lithium content in onion and garlic]. PMID- 6636648 TI - [Biological action of different forms of lead in the rat diet]. AB - The effects of the inclusion of biologically bound lead and PbCl2 into the diet of rats were studied. The lead dose with reference to ion was 0.65 mg/kg bw. The experiments lasted 10 days. As compared with aqueous solution of lead chloride, biologically bound lead the source of which was liver of the cattle kept on the diet supplemented with lead for a long time produced a more overt unfavourable action on porphyrin metabolism as judged from the excretion of delta aminolevulinic acid with urine and hemoglobin level. The concentration of lead in the liver of rats fed biologically bound lead was elevated, whereas the amount of lead excreted with urine was less. No principal differences in the manifestations of lead poisoning and accumulation in organs and tissues were discovered whatever the animal group. PMID- 6636650 TI - [Determination of the solanine content of potato tubers]. PMID- 6636651 TI - [Diet therapy in obesity]. PMID- 6636652 TI - [Nutritional stereotype of different population groups]. PMID- 6636653 TI - [Results of the development of microbiological criteria within the framework of the FAO/WHO program on food standardization (Codex Alimentarius Commission)]. PMID- 6636654 TI - Reticuloendothelial cell function in alpha-methyldopa-induced hemolytic anemia. AB - 2 patients having alpha-methyldopa-induced hemolytic anemia were followed sequentially using an in vitro assay of autologous monocyte-macrophage activity to determine if their reticuloendothelial system (RES) function was abnormal and thus could be related to the mechanism of lysis. RES function was evaluated while the patients were actively hemolyzing and during remission, following discontinuance of the drug. The results indicated that RES activity is normal in patients having hemolytic anemia due to alpha-methyldopa administration. Also, following cessation of drug therapy, the patients' IgG-coated red cells interacted significantly for a prolonged period (4-5 months) with autologous or normal allogeneic monocyte-macrophages. This was associated with a concurrent reticulocytosis and indicates a persistent low-level hemolytic phase throughout this period, even though hemoglobin and hematocrit values remained within the normal ranges. Although levels of IgG sensitizing the patients' red cells were essentially constant during the hemolytic phase and when the patients were in complete remission, significant monocyte-macrophage activity was only evident during the hemolytic period. In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, it is postulated that hemolysis in patients receiving alpha-methyldopa is related to the interaction of drug with red cell membrane proteins which results in a variably expressed 'altered' antigen which is recognized by 'autoantibody'. The proper expression of the Fc portion of the immunoglobin molecule to result in specific recognition by receptors on monocyte-macrophages depends upon the extent of the antigen alteration by alpha-methyldopa. If the drug does not result in appropriate antigen alteration, then, although 'autoantibody' may still bind to the red blood cell, its Fc region is not readily recognized by monocyte macrophages and little or no erythrophagocytosis occurs. PMID- 6636655 TI - Activation of complement by blood transfusion filters. AB - Fresh blood, stored blood and granulocyte concentrates were passed through 170 micron and microaggregate blood filters to determine the degree of complement activation that occurs during transfusion of citrated blood products. Complement activation was assessed by measurement of C3 conversion using crossed immunoelectrophoresis and by assessment of C5a using a leukocyte aggregation functional assay. Prefiltration, fresh or stored blood products showed 0-1% C3 activation. Postfiltration, the degree of C3 conversion did not change for fresh blood or granulocyte concentrates. For stored whole blood, the degree of C3 conversion increased slightly to 2-3%. Prefiltration results for all samples showed a low level of C5a which did not change after passage through any filter. Serum incubated with filter material at 37 degrees C showed 2-10% C3 conversion. In contrast, results with citrated plasma showed less than 3% conversion of C3. We conclude that although some filter materials may activate complement in serum, filtration of citrated blood products through microaggregate blood filters induces little complement activation. PMID- 6636656 TI - A new low-frequency antigen, Hga (Hughes). AB - This paper describes a 'new' low-frequency antigen, Hga, which came to light during routine antibody identification tests. 3 families were investigated, 2 found during the screening of 5,434 random group O donors, giving a frequency of 1:2717. The families showed the antigen to be inherited as a Mendelian autosomal dominant character segregating independently of: Rh, MNS and is not linked to X or Y. No pure examples of the corresponding antibody have been discovered in testing 6,580 sera from normal donors in South Wales. PMID- 6636657 TI - Rapid preparation of fresh platelet concentrates from CPD-blood by (mild) acidification. AB - Two methods of preparation of platelet concentrates (PC) derived from citrate phosphate-dextrose (CPD) whole blood have been compared: (1) resuspension after having left the PC undisturbed at room temperature for 1 h (according to Mourad), and (2) immediate resuspension of the PC after the centrifugation of a platelet rich plasma which has been acidified beforehand by the addition of ACD. In vitro platelet yield in acidified (CPD/ACD-)PC was at least equal to and, in cases with a particularly strong postcentrifugal tendency for clumping of platelets, clearly better (p less than 0.05) than in the 'Mourad platelets'. The results show that it is possible to produce PC from fresh CPD whole blood without delay. This may be helpful in clinical situations where freshly prepared PC should be available immediately. A special double bag (Fenwal DFX 733) containing CPD-A in the primary bag and 10 ml of ACD in the satellite bag, allows preparation of PC under these conditions in a closed system. PMID- 6636658 TI - A simple method for the standardization of the centrifugation procedure in blood component preparations. PMID- 6636659 TI - Studies on the binding of IgG and F(ab) anti-A to adult and newborn group A red cells. AB - The values of the functional affinity constants for the binding of human IgG anti A and its F(ab) derivative with adult and newborn group-A red cells have been determined. The values obtained for both monovalent and bivalent antibody with both types of cells were of the same order (about 1 X 10(8) M-1), indicating that IgG anti-A binds to red cells only by one of its F(ab) arms. PMID- 6636660 TI - Serum IgE in polytransfused thalassemic patients. AB - Serum IgE was determined by radioimmunoassay in 28 subjects affected by homozygous beta thalassemia (14 males and 14 females, aged 3-19 years, mean age 7 +/- 5.6 years). They were given transfusions with packed red cells and chelant therapy. Blood samples were taken just before a transfusion (basal value) and at 10-day intervals (2-3 times) between transfusions. Serum IgE values were significantly increased in the thalassemic patients as compared with the control group. There was no relation between IgE and age, sex, skin allergy, familial atopy and splenectomy. Serum IgE was significantly higher in 7 subjects with a history of febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions. In the intertransfusional period there was a further serum IgE increase, which was statistically significant only in the older patients. PMID- 6636661 TI - Assessment of infectiousness of male Malaysian blood donors. AB - HBeAg and anti-HBe were determined in the blood of 189 male blood donors. The incidence of HBsAg was 6.9% while that for HBeAg and anti-HBe was 1.6 and 18%, respectively. Of the 13 samples positive for HBsAg, two (15.4%) were positive for HBe while six (46.2%) were positive for anti-HBe. One specimen was negative for HBsAg but was positive for HBeAg and anti-HBe. The observations are discussed. PMID- 6636662 TI - Blood-group-specific haemagglutinins in seed extracts. PMID- 6636663 TI - Does blood donation prolong life expectancy? PMID- 6636664 TI - [Economic indices of the activity of municipal polyclinics]. PMID- 6636665 TI - [Rheological properties of the blood in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6636666 TI - [A case of Quincke's edema and hemorrhagic vasculitis after tinidazole administration]. PMID- 6636667 TI - [Results of treatment of Parkinson disease of various etiologies]. PMID- 6636668 TI - [Clinico-rheoencephalographic examination of patients with neurocirculatory asthenia exposed pesticides]. PMID- 6636669 TI - [Differential diagnosis of a cholestatic variant of viral hepatitis and liver cancer by A-scanning]. PMID- 6636670 TI - [State of the liver in chronic toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 6636671 TI - [The role of neurologists of an emergency care service in the management of patients with acute disorders of the cerebrovascular circulation]. PMID- 6636672 TI - [Various indices of blood lipid composition in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6636673 TI - [Criteria of the motor activity of patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6636674 TI - [Effect of phenibut and eglonyl on frequency of tachyarrhythmia paroxysms and central hemodynamics in patients with neurocirculatory dystonia]. PMID- 6636675 TI - [Thromboelastographic characteristics of blood coagulation in patients with primary arterial hypotension]. PMID- 6636676 TI - [Disorders of tolerance to carbohydrates in elderly persons as a risk factor in atherosclerosis]. PMID- 6636677 TI - [Natural course of congenital aortic valve stenosis]. PMID- 6636678 TI - [Arterial hypertension in a patient with chronic epimesotympanitis]. PMID- 6636679 TI - [Therapeutic efficacy of unithiol in Buschke's scleredema]. PMID- 6636680 TI - [Morphometric evaluation of the state of the vessels of the bulbar conjunctiva]. PMID- 6636681 TI - [Work activity of agricultural workers as an index of health]. PMID- 6636682 TI - [The role of pharmacological tests in the early diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 6636683 TI - [Plasma chemoluminescence and nonspecific immunologic reactivity in different variants of acute pneumonia]. PMID- 6636685 TI - [Pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with influenza complicated by acute pneumonia]. PMID- 6636684 TI - [Serum levels of immunoglobulins A, M and G in patients with acute pneumonia and chronic bronchitis]. PMID- 6636686 TI - [Clinico-morphological diagnosis of the vascular variant of nephrosclerosis]. PMID- 6636688 TI - [Enzyme spectrum of the ejaculate in normal conditions and in different variants of male infertility]. PMID- 6636687 TI - [Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism as a risk factor in atherosclerosis in patients with glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 6636689 TI - [Effect of the single administration of acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole on microcirculation in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6636690 TI - [General and specific characteristics of morphogenesis]. PMID- 6636691 TI - [Clinical characteristics of myocardial infarction in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6636692 TI - [Effect of different methods of treatment on glucagon secretion in patients with Cushing's syndrome]. PMID- 6636693 TI - [Mathematical analysis of relations in the hypophysis-gonads system in men with hypogonadism]. PMID- 6636694 TI - [Changes in gastric secretion in patients with chronic gastritis during treatment at the Mirgorod health resort]. PMID- 6636695 TI - [Adrenaline tests in patients with stomach and esophageal cancers]. PMID- 6636696 TI - [Primary liver Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 6636697 TI - [Quantitative indices of the immune status of persons inoculated with different vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis]. AB - Inactivated concentrated and unconcentrated vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis given to 80 normal subjects produced no suppressing effect on the quantitative values of the immune status. Immunogenesis was characterized by stimulation of both T- and B-links of the immune system of the vaccines. With the unconcentrated vaccine a greater response was demonstrated after 3 injections; the concentrated vaccine induced an intensive immune response after 2 injections. PMID- 6636698 TI - [Effectiveness of ribavirin administered by injection in a model of experimental influenza infection in white mice]. PMID- 6636699 TI - [Isolation of virion and low-molecular nonvirion ("soluble") antigens of the tick borne encephalitis virus by fractional precipitation with polyethylene glycol]. PMID- 6636700 TI - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome--a new virus infection?]. PMID- 6636701 TI - [Morphological proof of vaccinia virus multiplication in enucleated cells]. AB - Primary monkey kidney cells were enucleated by the combined effect of cytochalasin B and ultracentrifugation. The effectiveness of enucleation in the experiments was 96-99%. Cytoplasts after 1-hour restoration were inoculated with the WR strain of vaccinia virus at a multiplicity of 0.1, 1.0, 10, and 50 PFU/cell. Within 20-21 h postinoculation when a marked cytopathic effect of the virus was evident, the material was fixed for electron microscopy. Serial ultrathin sections of the infected material were examined. Careful examination of the infected cytoplasts revealed all the usual stages of the morphogenetic cycle of vaccinia virus, from virion absorption by the host cell to clumps of mature virus particles in the cytoplasm and extracellularly. Vaccinia virus is thought to have morphologically complete replication cycle in the cytoplasts. PMID- 6636702 TI - [Synthesis of virus-specific proteins in a mixed infection caused by various strains of influenza virus A and B]. AB - Mixed infection produced by different strains of influenza virus was studied. Both laboratory and epidemic strains as well as attenuated vaccine strains were used. Simultaneous double infection of MDCK cells with different combinations of influenza A and B strains led to manifested interference accompanied by phenotypic mixing. In the cells infected with influenza A and B viruses the major virus-specific proteins of both types were found, their rate of synthesis was, however, decreased as compared to that in the course of single infection. The inhibition was reciprocal and differentiated: the synthesis of NP and HA proteins was inhibited stronger than that of NS 1 protein. Homotypic double infection with influenza A strains also led to a decrease in virus-specific protein synthesis. The analysis of virus progeny revealed phenotypic mixing of HA or complete inhibition of formation of virions carrying one of the hemagglutinin types (e.g. type A hemagglutinin in heterotypic double infection). The extent of interference and phenotypic mixing depended on the multiplicity of infection. PMID- 6636703 TI - [Effect of actinomycin D, cycloheximide and hypertonic concentrations of NaCl on the reproduction of the tick-borne encephalitis virus]. AB - Synthesis of virus-specific polypeptides occurs in pig embryo kidney cells infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus and treated with actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and hypertonic concentrations of NaCl in various combinations. Despite the fact that virus-specific matrix RNAs function under such conditions, production of infectious virus particles is inhibited considerably. Virus yield is greatly decreased by treatment with actinomycin D alone and by combined effect of actinomycin D and cycloheximide. Sodium chloride and combined treatment of the infected cells with cycloheximide and NaCl do not affect the intact virus production. The mechanism of the inhibiting effect of actinomycin D on production of infectious tick-borne encephalitis virus is assumed to consist in the impairment of the synthesis of virus-specific ribonucleic acid and/or in marked reduction of its infectivity. Actinomycin D may possibly inhibit somehow the morphogenesis of intact virions of tick-borne encephalitis virus. PMID- 6636704 TI - [Surgical treatment and its indications in protracted pancreatitis]. PMID- 6636705 TI - [Incidence of chronic glomerulonephritis and its hypertonic terminal-stage syndrome and the severity of the cardiovascular changes among 9015 autopsied patients over 14]. AB - Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is responsible for 105 (1.16%) of all 9015 necropcies in a multi-specialized hospital but it occupies the third place after chronic pyelonephritis and diabetic glomerulosclerosis 9.20 per cent. In 91.4 per cent of the deceased of CGN arterial hypertension (AH) had been concomitant, with an average duration, according to anamnestic data, 6.28 years with a mainly light and moderate hypertrophy of left ventricle. Those that died of CGN without AH lived 9.20 years, on the average, wore than those with hypertension. In about 30 per cent of CGN with AH, the hypertension contributed to the lethal end prior to the terminal uremia--from cardiac insufficiency--25 per cent and cerebrovascular stroke 4.16 per cent. The significantly poorer atherogenesis in aorta and coronary and cerebral arteries is worth mentioning in case of CGN with hypertension as compared with the essential hypertension. (The deceased examined were not dialyzed). That atherogenesis is even poorer than hypertension of chronic pyelonephritis. PMID- 6636706 TI - [Polarcardiographic diagnosis of an infarct of the anterior wall of the heart in its subacute and chronic stages]. AB - One hundred and ten patients, with clinically confirmed acute myocardial infarction of the anterior wall in subacute and/or chronic stage were polarcardiographically examined. The polarcardiograms were recorded with e velocity of the record 100 mm/s by an original little analogue computer, designed at RIMT, Ministry of Public Health, connected to a 6-channel ECG apparatus, programmed for orthogonal Frank leads. The recorded curves of space magnitude (M), transversal magnitude (tm) and length were quantitatively analyzed for amplitudes and time intervals. The results obtained were compared with the data from the polarcardiographic studies on a control group of 114 healthy subjects. Positive ECG criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction were found in 82 patients (74.54 per cent). Polarcardiographic criteria for myocardial infarction of the anterior wall (11-16) were found in another 28 patients (25.45%). Thus, myocardial infarction was polarcardiographically diagnosed in 108 patients (98.18%). Infarction criteria were polarcardiographically established in three healthy subjects, i.e. 2.63 per cent false positive diagnoses. The polarcardiography is a valuable additional method to the conventional ECG in making the diagnosis of myocardial infarction of the anterior wall in subacute and/or chronic stage, easily applicable in the cardiological practice. PMID- 6636707 TI - [Functional radioisotope diagnosis in myocardial infarct]. AB - The general and regional hemodynamics was studied in 50 patients with clinical, paraclinical and electrographic data on myocardial infarction in chronic and subacute stage via quantitative radiocardiography (ECG) and via the determination of the total coronary output (TCO). A significant reduction was radiocardiographically established of the indices of cardiac output as well as of the ejection fractions of the right and left ventricles, a manifestation of disturbed contractility of myocardium. TCO was substantially reduced (49.42%) from the normal values), an evidence of profoundly disturbed perfusion of the myocardium in the patients examined. PMID- 6636708 TI - [New constellation of erythrocyte indices characterizing iron metabolism]. AB - Via the determination of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, hematocrit and erythrocyte iron, a constellation is proposed for the assessment of iron metabolism in organism. The percentages of saturation of hemoglobin by iron, the absolute iron content of erythrocytes the erythrocyte iron per litre blood, erythrocyte iron in litre erythrocytes were calculated on the base af the data of the above mentioned indices. The index for the evaluation of erythropoiesis activity was calculated on the base of the determination of hematocrit, erythrocytes and erythrocyte iron, and via the determination of hemoglobin and erythrocyte iron - the iron reserves in organism were calculated. The constellation, making use of minimum quantity peripheral blood enables the characteristic of iron metabolism as far as 70 per cent of the iron in organism is conjugated with hemoglobin, erythrocytes, respectively. PMID- 6636709 TI - [Cytochemical study of leukocyte cationic proteins in rheumatoid arthritis patients]. AB - The markers of granulocyte order non-ferment cation proteins (CP) have pronounced bactericide, vascular-permeable and anticoagulant effect. In connection with the participation of leukocyte ferment and non-ferment systems in the formation of immune inflammations, the cytochemical studies on CP in neutrophil polymorphonuclears in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are of certain importance. A cytochemical method in confirming CP was applied upon smears of peripheral blood of 54 patients with RA and 90 healthy subjects. The results were presented in a mean cytochemical coefficient according to Astaldi and Verga. A significant reduction of CP was established in the leukocytes of patients with RA regardless of the form - sero-negative or sero-positive. Most likely, immune conditioned changes in leukocyte metabolism were present in both forms which no doubt had an effect on their participation in the protective reactions of organism. PMID- 6636710 TI - [New erythrocyte indices characterizing body function in relation to iron in regular blood donors]. AB - Sixty six females and 124 males were studied that were regular blood donors at the first, second, third, fifth, tenth, 20 th, 30 th, 40 th, 50 th blood donation, transversally. The level of hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocyte number were subjected to light fluctuations during the follow-up period, being essentially reduced towards the end of the study. Most dynamic changes were observed in erythrocyte iron, significantly growing after the second-third blood donation in males and after the fifth - in females, whereafter it was reduced under the initial level, that reduction persisting till the end of the follow-up period among the males. The percentage of saturation of hemoglobin with iron was respectively changed as well as the level of erythrocyte iron in litre blood, in litre erythrocytes, the absolute iron content in erythrocyte, and the index characterizing erythropoiesis activity (ICEA). PMID- 6636711 TI - [Directly magnified tomography in the x-ray diagnosis and classification of changes in the sella turcica in intrasellar adenomas]. AB - An original method of simultaneous directly magnified tomography of sella turcica (proposed by A. Tomov) was applied in X-ray diagnosis of intrasellar tumors. The authors proposed their own classification of the osseous changes, caused by the development of the intrasellar adenomas on the base of J. Hardy and on the base of the tomographic X-ray signs. The greater number one-moment tomographic images directly magnified present far better the small alterations in the sellar structures. PMID- 6636712 TI - [A case of leiomyosarcoma of the stomach in which diagnosis echotomographic study made a contribution]. AB - The authors describe a case of leiomyosarcoma of the stomach, progressing clinically with manifested pains in almost all joints, febrile-septic state and repeated enterorrhagias - hematemesis and melena. The case was diagnosed prior to the operation, with the ehcotomographic study of the stomach contributing greatly. PMID- 6636713 TI - Aspects of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). PMID- 6636714 TI - Public and patient education in Caribbean hypertension control programmes: an ethnomedical perspective. PMID- 6636715 TI - Aminoglycoside resistance in clinical isolates of gram-negative bacilli at the University Hospital of the West Indies. PMID- 6636716 TI - Immunoglobulin and C3 levels in normal human amniotic fluid. PMID- 6636717 TI - Public health aspects of halophilic Vibrios in Jamaica. PMID- 6636718 TI - Pulmonary function in cement industry workers. PMID- 6636719 TI - Heart size and chest shape in homozygous sickle cell disease. PMID- 6636720 TI - Skinfold thickness and nutritional status in young Jamaican children. PMID- 6636721 TI - Adult knowledge of childhood immunization and weight-for-age graphs in St. Lucia. PMID- 6636722 TI - The acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Trinidad. A report on two cases. PMID- 6636723 TI - Perirenal abscess and urinary calculus in pregnancy. PMID- 6636724 TI - Internal human myiasis. PMID- 6636725 TI - Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma. PMID- 6636726 TI - Oral contraception and cerebral thrombosis in a Jamaican. PMID- 6636727 TI - Sleep apnea: a prospective study. AB - Sleep apnea is remarkably prevalent among general medical patients. Of 26 men randomly selected on a Veterans Administratin hospital medical ward, with a mean age of 66.2 (SD=11.5) years, 7 (27%) had sleep apnea. Of concern is that two of the seven patients were receiving hypnotic drugs. Portable sleep recordings may need to be done when routinely assessing elderly medical patients. PMID- 6636728 TI - Rehabilitation aspects of human sexuality. AB - The PLISSIT model is a comprehensive program that combines educational strategies with behavioral intervention to integrate human sexuality into the initial rehabilitation of spinal cord-injured persons. Sexuality is treated as a health care issue as important as bowel and bladder care, skin care, psychosocial issues, mobility, self-care and vocational concerns. Patients admitted to the Spinal Cord Injury Program are surrounded by a supportive milieu and an interdisciplinary staff who comfortably incorporate sexuality into discussions about catheter care, positioning, communication styles, assistive devices and so forth. Patients are exposed to a behavioral training program that makes available didactic lectures, group and individual sessions, bibliotherapy, films and opportunities for directed overnight sexual exploration within the hospital. We advocate that sex therapy be integrated into comprehensive rehabilitation programs along with physical therapy occupational therapy, recreation therapy and psychotherapy as an integral and effective form of functional restoration for patients with major physical disabilities. PMID- 6636729 TI - Intestinal parasitic infections in homosexual men at a San Francisco health fair. AB - In a sample of homosexual men attending a San Francisco Bay Area health fair, there were strikingly higher prevalence rates of intestinal parasitic infections compared with rates in a control group of health plan members who had a routine multiphasic health examination. Physicians treating homosexual men must be aware of the likelihood of such infections, whether or not the patients are symptomatic. PMID- 6636730 TI - Rattlesnake bites in Northern California. AB - In a series of 59 cases of rattlesnake bites at two major northern California hospitals, no deaths occurred, no amputations or fasciotomies were required and only one patient had tissue necrosis requiring a graft. Because patients are being seen in major medical facilities earlier, envenomation is encountered in earlier stages. Less specific national standards of treatment, therefore, should receive less emphasis than treatment based on the virulence of the snakes in the particular geographic region. Initial doses of antivenin given intravenously should be based on the degree of envenomation, with additional titration done for worsening symptoms. PMID- 6636732 TI - Will there really be too many doctors? PMID- 6636731 TI - Psoriasis. PMID- 6636733 TI - Advances in hypertension research. PMID- 6636734 TI - Wound botulism associated with a positive tensilon test. PMID- 6636735 TI - Chronic arsenic poisoning masquerading as pernicious anemia. PMID- 6636736 TI - Normotensive pheochromocytoma. Pharmacologic, paraneoplastic and anesthetic considerations. PMID- 6636738 TI - The legal requirements of medical practice. PMID- 6636737 TI - Remembrance of things past: aortobronchial fistula 15 years after thoracic aortic homograft. PMID- 6636739 TI - Hypervitaminosis A, hypercalcemia and hemodialysis. PMID- 6636740 TI - Thyroid hormone replacement. PMID- 6636742 TI - Traditional Chinese medicine in China. PMID- 6636741 TI - Vital records as indicators of chronic diseases. PMID- 6636743 TI - Contingent fees in medical malpractice litigation - a qualitative assessment. AB - The medical profession has experienced high liability insurance premiums accompanied by widespread use of contingent fees in medical malpractice litigation. It is worthwhile, therefore, to assess qualitatively the merits of contingent fees, the evidence suggesting that they are associated with unjustified litigation and their implications for the medical and legal professions. PMID- 6636744 TI - Using an Unna's boot in treating ligamentous ankle injuries. PMID- 6636745 TI - Lyme disease in northern California. AB - Lyme disease is a recently described clinical entity with cutaneous, neurologic, articular and cardiac manifestations. Since the original description of the disease in 1977, more than 500 cases have been reported. Although the vast majority of patients have been from the area near Lyme, Connecticut, we have seen four patients from northern California with various aspects of Lyme disease. This diagnosis should be considered in patients who have traveled to tick regions and who have a distinctive skin lesion (erythema chronicum migrans). Clinical and epidemiologic evidence suggests the disease is transmitted by a tick, lxodes dammini in the eastern United States, lxodes pacificus in the West and lxodes ricinus in Europe. The etiologic agent, a new spirochete, may have been recently discovered. PMID- 6636746 TI - Cowden's disease: familial goiter and skin hamartomas. A report of three cases. AB - Multiple hamartoma syndrome (Cowden's disease) consists of characteristic skin lesions of the face, mucous membranes and distal extremities in association with a variety of benign and malignant internal tumors, especially of the thyroid and breast. We describe a family in which the father, daughter and son were found to have goiter associated with the skin lesions of Cowden's disease. Review of the 40 reported cases of this syndrome indicates that thyroid disease occurs in two thirds of patients with Cowden's disease and most often presents as goiter at an early age. Thyroid cancer has occurred in only three (7.5%) of the patients.Surgical removal of the large goiter of the son showed that it was composed of multiple encapsulated follicular adenomas and a few areas of lymphocytic thyroiditis. Studies of the thyroid tissue showed that peroxidase activity was decreased, the thyroglobulin had a reduced content of thyroxine and triiodothyronine (perhaps due to the therapeutic suppression of thyroid stimulating hormone) and thyroxine 5'-monodeiodinase was greatly increased; increased outer ring monodeiodinase activity may be a characteristic of human follicular adenomas. PMID- 6636748 TI - Office treatment of alcoholism. PMID- 6636747 TI - Intestinal parasites in immigrant children from Central America. AB - To begin to characterize the health needs of the growing number of refugees from Central America, we compiled the results of examinations for ova and parasites of a single stool specimen of each of 128 children of Central American and Mexican background who entered our health center during a four-month period. Among the 96 children who were born in Central America or Mexico, there was a 65% prevalence of parasitic infestation. Pathogens were found in 46% and multiple pathogens in 14%. Among the 32 American-born children there was a 13% prevalence of parasitic infection, but no pathogens were found. There was no correlation between symptoms and the presence of parasites. Screening Central American immigrant children for intestinal parasites is a high-yield procedure and should be part of their routine health care. PMID- 6636749 TI - Car passenger injuries and child restraints. PMID- 6636750 TI - Screening for colorectal cancer. PMID- 6636751 TI - Prevention of hepatitis B virus infections from mothers to infants. PMID- 6636752 TI - Pesticides as a public health concern in California. PMID- 6636753 TI - International travel requirements. PMID- 6636754 TI - Toward the elimination of measles. PMID- 6636755 TI - Eosinophilic meningitis. PMID- 6636756 TI - Effect of respiratory alkalosis in tricyclic antidepressant overdose. PMID- 6636757 TI - Common ectoparasites. PMID- 6636758 TI - [Risk factors in perinatology]. PMID- 6636759 TI - [Changes in the psychological state of patients under conditions of illness and hospitalization]. PMID- 6636760 TI - [Clinical course of myocardial infarct in physicians]. PMID- 6636761 TI - [Personality characteristics in peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6636762 TI - [Magnesium levels of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid in various neurologic diseases]. PMID- 6636763 TI - [Management of labor after cesarean section in the present-day extended indications]. PMID- 6636764 TI - [Circulating immune complexes in parturients]. PMID- 6636765 TI - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the stomach]. PMID- 6636766 TI - [Analysis of the causes of low effectiveness of preliminary and periodic examinations for the prevention of occupational diseases]. PMID- 6636767 TI - [Phantom pain - its nature, etiopathogenesis and treatment]. PMID- 6636768 TI - [Computerized tomography - a contribution to the diagnosis of pancreatic cysts]. PMID- 6636769 TI - [Oppenheim's amyotonia in a newborn infant with diabetic embryopathy]. PMID- 6636770 TI - [Case of esophageal cancer treated with cytostatics and gamma Co-60 irradiation, with an unusual course]. PMID- 6636772 TI - [Current theories on the etiopathogenesis of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6636771 TI - [2 cases of lambliasis, resistant to imidazole drugs, cured with atebrine]. PMID- 6636773 TI - [Local or systemic fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarct?]. PMID- 6636774 TI - [Skin metastases of malignancies of internal organs]. AB - In 4 cases with cutaneous metastases from internal cancer the primary tumours were found in the gallbladder, the breast, the lung and the kidney. The cutaneous metastases were the first symptom of the disease in 2 of 4 cases and led to the diagnosis. Course, treatment and prognosis of secondary skin tumours are discussed in detail. PMID- 6636775 TI - [Vertical transmission of hepatitis B. Results of a prospective study 1978 to 1981]. AB - From June 1978 until August 1981 4400 pregnant women were consecutively investigated in Vienna for the presence of hepatitis B. 23 women (0.52%) were HBs antigen positive; 15 of these were foreigners (from Yugoslavia, Turkey, Philippines, Rumania),22 pregnant women were healthy HBs-antigen carriers. One woman had an unspecific reactive hepatitis. Three pregnant women were HBe-antigen positive, 18 anti-HBe positive. Hepatitis B infection was detected in three children of HBs-positive mothers. The highest risk of infection existed in children of HBe-antigen positive mothers. There was no connection between the infection of the children and HBs-antigen in cord blood, delivery and breast feeding habits. Hepatitis infection took a different course in the three children: one child was an HBs-antigen carrier with a healthy liver, whilst in two children seroconversion took place and anti-HBs was formed without clinical biochemical signs of hepatitis. Measures for the prevention of vertical hepatitis B transmission are discussed. PMID- 6636776 TI - [Clinical experiences with the prolactin-inhibiting serotonin antagonist metergoline]. AB - 20 puerperal women who did not wish to breast feed their infants were treated with the serotonin antagonist metergoline. In 19 cases effective suppression of puerperal lactation was achieved by the administration of metergoline without the side effects or signs of intolerance. Of 9 women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea treated with metergoline the raised prolactin level was lowered, followed by menstruation in 7 patients. Ovulation even occurred in 5 of these women. One patient had to discontinue therapy due to intolerance. in normoprolactinaemic amenorrhoea regular menstruation reappeared in 4 out of 5 women; 2 patients even ovulated. PMID- 6636777 TI - [Psychiatry and antipsychiatry. Future aspects of an unsettled controversy]. AB - The quotation of two representative examples of so-called "antipsychiatry" shows that the given arguments are neither coherent nor of practical use. There is no doubt that antipsychiatry has not only utopian but also very down-to-earth aims in mind which could finally result in parts of psychiatry and, in particular, of psychotherapy being more or less split off from medicine. This can, in the long run, be avoided only if medicine not only makes an effort to continuously update its own theoretical foundations (which are included in the following key words), but more over investigates to what degree practical psychiatric research takes them into account. Difficulties in this context are shown. PMID- 6636778 TI - [The Balint method in continuing medical education]. AB - Aim of the Balint group is the improvement of medical actions through a better understanding of the doctor--patient relationship. To this end the following abilities are trained: 1. Understanding the patient's "secret messages". 2. Using the doctor's reactions as an instrument for diagnosis. 3. Diagnosing the relationship. 4. Shaping the relationship for therapeutic purposes. The method used by the Balint group is the analysis of cases. In this context the handling of resonance phenomena in the group is of special methodical importance. The case problem just discussed is put on the group stage where it often can be solved such a resonance phenomenon. PMID- 6636779 TI - [Somatosensory evoked potentials: normal values and methodological problems in various recording technics]. AB - In order to optimize the method of examination, somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) were studied in 27 healthy subjects, as recorded during stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist. The study shows that recordings with surface electrodes produced better results than with needle electrodes, owing to lesser disturbance from muscle artifacts. The SSEPs of each subject were recorded taking a fixed position of the active electrode placed over the contralateral sensory "hand field", and a reference electrode positioned for the first recording mid frontally and for the second recording at the contralateral ear or vice versa. The first 3 positive and the first 3 negative peaks were studied. Exact identification of each peak was more often possible when recordings were made with the reference electrode placed mid-frontally than placed at the contralateral er. Normal values were evaluated for the latency P15, P25, P45, N30, N35 and N55, for the amplitudes P15-N20, N20-P25, P25-N35, N35-P45 and P45 N55 and for the latency intervals P15-N20, N20-N35, N35-N55, P15-P25 and P25-P45, with the reference electrode in different positions. In addition, the side difference for each subject was determined. Statistical analysis (T-test for independent variables) revealed a significant difference, depending on the position of the reference electrode: with the reference electrode placed at the contralateral ear, the latency P15 was shorter, the amplitude P15-N20 was increased and the amplitude N20-P25 was decreased as compared with a reference electrode placed mid-frontally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6636780 TI - [Problems of diagnostic typology of married couples in therapy]. AB - Over the past years there has been great interest in developing diagnostic typologies of married couples undergoing therapy. 92 couples admitted to therapy were asked to fill out the Giessen test, a test widely used for diagnosis in marital therapy. The method of cluster analysis was used to find a classification. The decision for an 8-cluster solution was based on statistical and clinical data. The 8 diagnostic types are briefly described. PMID- 6636781 TI - [The problem of delays of effective medical treatment in female patients with breast cancer]. AB - In a study on psycho-social aspects of breast-cancer, information is presented on delays in the initiation of medical treatment. Two types of delay are distinguished: 1. Patient delay: i.e. the time elapsing between initial discovery of a lump in the breast by the patient herself and her seeking medical opinion; and 2. iatric delay: i.e. the time span between first presentation of the symptom by the patient to the doctor and onset of effective treatment. In order to obtain this information, semi-structured psychoanalytically oriented interviews, including rating scales for ego functions were carried out in a group of 32 patients with metastatic breast carcinoma. Patient delay is connected with the significance given to the symptom by the patient. This significance seems to depend on the degree to which the patient is informed, and on her body image, influenced by previous pregnancies and childbirth. Iatric delay is probably largely independent of these factors. Such delay cannot even be influenced by patients who take their symptoms seriously and request medical attention immediately. When trying to define a population at risk for breast cancer, the importance of denial is stressed as an additional factor. PMID- 6636782 TI - [MAO-(monoamine oxidase-)inhibitor plus lithium. 1. Choice in psychopathologic rapidly changing bipolar manic-depressive patients (rapid cyclers)]. AB - Patients resistant to therapy with lithium or lithium plus tricyclic antidepressants were included in our study. They had shown no curtailment of depression, no lessening of the depth of depression nor any improvement in the manic symptoms. Therapeutic medication with lithium, lithium plus tricyclics, neuroleptics and/or tranquilizer had been tried out for at last three years and the episodes of the manic-depressive illness were documented over this period. The diagnosis in the case of these patients was manic-depressive illness, type bipolar I or II. We report one case covering three years of treatment showing the following trend: Psychopathology did not change after quitting anciliary medication and tricyclic antidepressants while lithium intake was continued. A low-dose MAO inhibitor (tranylcypromine 13.7 mg/die) in addition to lithium led to shortened and less pronounced depressive and manic episodes and more prolonged normorhythmic periods. This trend emerged with even greater clarity during the course of the study. PMID- 6636783 TI - [Swallowing the psyche]. AB - Various swallowing disorders have been viewed to be psychogenic and an altered contractile activity of the oesophagus has been reported to occur during emotional stress. Non-propulsive activity and "cardiospasm" were suggested to represent a symbolic revulsion, referring to deep, unconscious conflict or an ambivalent attitude towards incorporation (Kronfeld, 1934; Weiss, 1944; Alexander, 1950). However, these concepts were not corroborated by subsequent research. "Globus hystericus" was shown to result from webs and folds in the hypopharynx or from gastrooesophageal reflux, whilst the term "cardiospasm" has even become obsolete: there is no spasm of the lower oesophageal sphincter but an "achalasia", i.e., a failure to relax upon swallowing, which is not induced by psychic factors, but by lesions affecting the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation. On the other hand, it has been shown that the oesophagus reacts with non-propulsive contractions not only emotional tension, but also to cold or hot food and even to stimuli not related to ingestion such as intense short sounds, and that these contractions are likely to form part of the defence reaction of the healthy organism. Despite this responsiveness of the oesophagus and the fact that strategies aimed at inducing relaxation and reassurance can help patients to cope with their swallowing disorders, the psychosomatic concept that "exaggerated" oesophageal responses can lead to organic diseases has remained purely speculative. Present knowledge of the physiology and pathophysiology of the oesophagus clearly indicates that disorders such as globus sensation, achalasia, and diffuse oesophageal spasm should not be treated by psychotherapeutic but by appropriate surgical, or medical, means. PMID- 6636784 TI - [Radiosensitization of hypoxic tumor cells with special reference to head and neck cancers]. AB - The radioresistance of hypoxic tumour cells may be the cause of recurrences in some clinical situations. In nearly all biological systems radiosensitivity is increased by a factor of 2 to 3 in the presence of oxygen. During a course of curative radiotherapy the process of reoxygenation occurs in most tumours. With the use of electron-affinic radiosensitizers of hypoxic cells the possibility exists to eliminate the disadvantage of insufficient reoxygenation of hypoxic cells. The current status of clinical studies using misonidazole in the treatment of head and neck carcinomas is discussed. PMID- 6636785 TI - [Combined surgical and radiological therapy of pancreatic cancer--case report- future aspects]. AB - On the basis of the literature [1, 3-5], combined surgical management and intraoperative radiotherapy of carcinoma of the pancreas is demonstrated and illustrated by a case report and further aspects are discussed. PMID- 6636786 TI - [The consistency of thermographic findings in the breast (with a proposal for lowering the radiation load in repeated mammographies)]. AB - Thermography is a valuable complementary method in breast examination, but is not a suitable screening method. However, the results of control investigations in 200 females who were reexamined after at least two years, showed no change in the thermographic pattern in 87.5% of the women. In 10.5% the change in thermogram was due to pathological changes, whilst no explanation could be found in only 2% of cases. This high stability rate of the thermograms permits an alternative procedure: If, one year after a basic examination which includes clinical investigation, mammography and thermography, the thermographic pattern is identical with the first, no mammography is necessary. On the occasion of the next control, mammography should be carried out again at the time of the subsequent control examination. This schedule permits a reduction in irradiation without reducing the security of diagnosis. PMID- 6636787 TI - [Apud-cell tumors (carcinoids)--immunohistochemical and pathomorphologic results]. AB - 47 carcinoid tumours originating from different sites were classified on a histological basis and immunohistochemically investigated by means of a modified PAP method using 10 different antisera. The biological behaviour and the extent of anaplasia were correlated. The results were compared with those described in the literature. 19 carcinoids showed a positive immune reaction with the antisera used. 5 hormone-producing tumours were poorly differentiated and in 9 cases metastases were recognized. More than one peptide hormone was detected in 7 carcinoids, 3 of which were malignant. Metastases or invasion of lymph and blood vessels were observed in 9 cases although the tumour cells showed no greater degree of cellular atypia. A good correlation between biological behaviour and cytological features was obtained in only 5 atypical carcinoids. Carcinoid tumours represent a group with complex biological, histological and immunohistochemical properties. The secreted peptide hormones might be of importance as tumour markers in some cases. PMID- 6636788 TI - [Results of CO2-laser therapy in laryngeal malignancies]. AB - The introduction of the CO2-laser has led to considerable progress in the technique of endolaryngeal microsurgical resection of laryngeal tumours of stage T i. s. to T2. As compared with conventional therapy (surgery and/or radiotherapy) microsurgical resection with the laser beam is a relatively small operation with a considerably reduced treatment time. Up to now the long-term results, as well as the results of postoperative voice rehabilitation, are equal to those obtained with conventional therapeutic techniques. PMID- 6636789 TI - [Problems of dementia in the elderly]. PMID- 6636790 TI - [The improvement of accuracy with a military rifle under the effect of propranolol (Inderal)]. AB - The shooting results of 26 soldiers were evaluated in comparison between 3 shots without previous administration of tablets and 3 shots after administration of one tablet Inderal 40 mg respectively one placebo. After administration of Inderal there was an improvement of 26.71 percent and after placebo one of 14.29 percent; that means a real Inderal-effectuated improvement of more than 12.5 percent. A separated evaluation corresponding to the situation of the pulse (normal or high) before the first shot proved a more considerable better result: rifle-men with anxiety, restlessness and high pulse showed after Inderal a 58 percent improvement of the accuracy of fire. So it seems proven that Inderal shows already in lower doses a favourable result in sense of anxiolysis and tranquillizing without disagreeable sedative or hypnotic side effects. PMID- 6636791 TI - ["Typical" and "less typical" sports injuries in the field of neurology]. AB - In times of increasing "sparetime pathology" sequels of sports are getting a new meaning in medicine. Surgeons are mainly involved in this issue but it also contacts neurologists. We differentiate between direct sequels of sports and concomitant incidents of sports. Besides the typical head injuries we saw a number of atypical traumatic damages such as a hit by a golf ball, fall on the buttocks and the header in football. Discprotrusions are mainly understood as concomitant incidents at sports because in most cases one has to consider preexisting disc lesions. Though there are typical motions in sports which rather lead to discprotrusions such as strong torsions of the body in football, serving in tennis, heavy lifting in wrestling or an unexpected fall into a hollow in skiing. In cerebrovascular events, sports is usually only one additive etiological component. Nevertheless the lack of adequate acclimatisation and the brisk beginning of stressing sports in high mountain areas (which is enabled through modern technic) can contribute a great deal to decompensation of cerebrovascular disorders. In this respect doping can have a serious influence since protecting physiological mechanisms are eliminated. Diving accidents are able to give rise to spinal, cerebral and cerebellar gasembolisation. Warning early symptoms of great value are TIA, vertigo and fits. Sport practice can figure as an unspecific test situation in order to provoke these events. Diagnostic investigation of the cardiovascular system and the CNS has to be performed in those cases. Particular regard should be paid to expert situations which tend to distort the clinical pictures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6636792 TI - [Can western medicine resolve psychological problems in ethnic regions outside Europe? 2 cases from the region of Borneo-Sarawak]. AB - The case histories of two patients healed by animist treatment in the Iban tradition are reviewed by two psychiatrists. Both psychiatrists point to the difficulties in the evaluation of the background of the disease and of the mechanisms of its treatment by people not aware of the cultural and sociological aspects of eastern civilisation. The diagnostic classification of both patients by means of western medicine and the possible treatment of their disease are discussed. The failure of western medicine to understand the psychiatrical aspects of animist religions in the pathogenesis of diseases raises the question whether western medicine will be able to cope with the health problems of Iban (and other animists) sufficiently when their animist tradition will be replaced by western civilisation. PMID- 6636793 TI - [The state of intensive care medicine from a medico-psychological view point]. AB - The establishment of intensive care units has brought about increasing psychological problems not only for the patients and their relatives, but also for the personnel involved. Following a brief presentation of these problems, various techniques of intervention are discussed from the point of view of medical psychology. A new model of patient care by laymen (i. e. students) is reported in addition to the psychotherapeutic tasks of the psychologist. PMID- 6636794 TI - [Morphologic and functional myocardial changes in experimental pulmonary artery embolism]. AB - After acute experimental obstruction of the pulmonary artery, focal ultrastructural lesions of the right ventricular myocardium were observed in domestic swine. These lesions, mainly myofibrillar fragmentation, were not reflected in hemodynamic measurements, which remained unchanged. PMID- 6636795 TI - [Changes in physical capacity and lung function after a single parenteral alcohol dose]. AB - The purpose of this study was to test whether a parenteral infusion of ethanol had any influence on pulmonary function or cardio-pulmonary capacity. 11 healthy male test persons supplied with an infusion of 0.4 g ethanol per kg body weight in isotonic saline (25--38 g ethanol) and of 400 mls of isotonic solution alternatively. The following measurements were taken: Body-plethysmography, Ergospirometry using a bicycle ergometer, ECG, measuring cardiac frequency, blood gases and lactate concentration. At average maximal alcohol blood levels of 0.61% we found a significant decrease of the residual volume without changes of the bronchial resistance. At increasing physical loads on the bicycle ergometer we found a significant decrease of the maximal oxygen uptake at the same watt ratings and the same maximal respiratory minute volume. The results indicate a shift of respiratory balance and a decrease of the cardiac output after supply of alcohol. PMID- 6636796 TI - [Prolactinoma in men]. PMID- 6636797 TI - [Comparison of 2 theophylline delayed-action preparations of different galenic forms]. AB - Serum concentrations of Theophylline were measured in patients with reversible airways-obstruction during oral and intravenous treatment. The comparison of two sustained-release preparations of Aminophylline (Euphyllin retard 350 mg, Mundiphyllin retard 225 mg), administered according to a randomised study, shows no significant difference. Plasma levels from 5 to 20 mg/l were measured after five days of treatment with either preparation given in average dosage of 10 mg Theophylline per kg body weight. Similar plasma levels, which are associated with therapeutic effects, were measured after the intravenous application of the same dose of Theophylline over 24 hours. PMID- 6636798 TI - [Ewing sarcoma. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in children]. AB - A pathological X-ray of the skeleton with the clinical correlation "painful swelling of soft tissue" is always an alarming sign in childhood. Radiology is our most important device to decide if the disease is of traumatic, inflammatory, incretory or neoplasmatic as well as of degenerative origin. Considering the group of "neoplasmatic alterations" there are more than 50 different entities. The differential diagnosis of a "bone tumor" requires large experience from the radiologist. Supporting the oncologist an experienced pathologist must be capable to distinguish a reticulosarcoma, a neuroblastoma metastasis, a leukemic bone infiltrate or an embryonal rhabdo-myosarcoma from an Ewing's sarcoma. An experienced surgeon is of the same importance capable of not only collecting detritus out of necrotic tumor centres or altered tissues, but of gathering several samples from vital tumor tissue. This experienced team is especially required when children are in concern, as this age represents the peak of manifestation of malignant bone-sarcoma as Ewing's sarcoma or osteosarcoma. The quoted case-descriptions point our how difficult it may be to find the proper biopsy location and how initial false diagnosis lets valuable time pass by and prevents early diagnosis. PMID- 6636799 TI - Lifting the curse of menstruation: toward a feminist perspective on the menstrual cycle. AB - Lifting the curse of menstruation is examined as a process of freeing the imagination rather than rejecting the importance of biology. The defining features of the feminist and biomedical perspectives are discussed and an overview is offered of unexamined assumptions about women, the cycle, and the conduct of research which operate within modern scientific medicine. The real alternative to these unexamined assumptions is seen as the development of a revolutionary system of classification in which even the smallest unit of analysis is a multidimensional process. Suggestions are offered about the proper role of the feminist perspective in helping to free our imaginations and move us toward such an alternative paradigm. PMID- 6636800 TI - Menopause: the closure of menstrual life. AB - This paper discusses questions frequently asked by menopausal women regarding body and affective changes associated with the menopause. Menopause as disease is contrasted with menopause as normal. Common menopausal changes and ways in which to deal with them are presented. Answers to some of the questions and concerns that women have cannot be found in the research done to date because of lack of unbiased research on the normalcy of menopause. Thus, this paper illustrates the need for woman-centered research to answer women-related phenomena. PMID- 6636801 TI - Menarche: the beginning of menstrual life. AB - Menarche represents a developmental milestone in a woman's life. This paper reviews current knowledge about the physiological aspects of menarche and its place in the sequence of pubertal development. Hypotheses regarding the mechanisms that trigger menarche are presented, as is our current understanding of the influence of hormones, genetic factors, nutrition, exercise, and illness. Also discussed are the ways in which the changes of puberty and menarche affect the adolescent girl's psychosocial development, the unique problems of the early maturing girl, and the kind of preparation for menarche that is needed. PMID- 6636802 TI - Menstrual Health products, practices, and problems. AB - This review article examines factors affecting normal variations in menstrual flow, methods used to estimate vaginal blood loss, menstrual health problems related to hygiene practices, and methods of assessing tampon absorbancy. Preliminary studies from this laboratory suggest that normal, cycling women exhibit menstrual flow rates that are significantly higher during the day than at night; also that menstrual blood has a more acid pH than previously reported, and that it demonstrates unique biological properties unlike peripheral venous blood. Women in wheelchairs may be at special risk for the development of menstrual health problems because of difficulties with hygiene management as evidenced by results of a study of 22 women with traumatic spinal cord injuries. PMID- 6636803 TI - Fluid therapy in shock. PMID- 6636804 TI - Denervation of the greater curvature in proximal gastric vagotomy. PMID- 6636805 TI - How do clinical results after proximal gastric vagotomy compare with the Visick grade pattern of healthy controls? PMID- 6636806 TI - Pelvic recurrence rate after abdominoperineal resection and low anterior resection for rectal cancer before and after introduction of the stapling technique. PMID- 6636808 TI - Transcaval posterocranial resection of the liver as treatment of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. PMID- 6636807 TI - A posterior approach to the presacral mass. PMID- 6636809 TI - Prediction of healing time as an aid to the management of open granulating wounds. PMID- 6636810 TI - Intramuscular pressure changes during and after revascularization of the femoral arteries in humans. PMID- 6636811 TI - Fat and carbohydrate metabolism during and following hemorrhagic shock in puppies: a comparison of different resuscitation protocols. PMID- 6636812 TI - Subcutaneous brachial vein arteriovenous fistula for chronic hemodialysis. PMID- 6636813 TI - Fournier's gangrene. PMID- 6636815 TI - A clinician's guide to the physiology of aging. PMID- 6636816 TI - Preventive health care for the elderly. PMID- 6636814 TI - Hepatitis B screening project. PMID- 6636818 TI - Preoperative assessment of the elderly. PMID- 6636817 TI - Laboratory testing in the elderly. PMID- 6636819 TI - Pulmonary diseases of the aged. PMID- 6636820 TI - Depression in the elderly. PMID- 6636821 TI - Medical management of hip fractures in the elderly. PMID- 6636822 TI - Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of methane sulphonanilides with anti inflammatory activity in the rat and monkey--comparison with piroxicam. AB - The biotransformation of N-(6-phenoxyindan-5-yl)methansulphonamide (PMS) and of its 2',4'-difluoro derivative (DF-PMS) were studied in vitro using rat-liver homogenate followed by h.p.l.c. separation and mass-spectrometric identification of metabolites. Both sulphonamides were rapidly oxidized at positions 1 and 3. The pharmacokinetics of DF-PMS and of piroxicam were examined in the rat and monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Considerable concentrations were achieved in the plasma only by the 1-oxo metabolite of DF-PMS but not by the unchanged drug, indicating that the administered compound was a pro-drug of the active principle. 1-Oxo DF-PMS exhibited shorter half-lives, larger volumes of distribution and higher total clearance rates than piroxicam in the animal model studied. PMID- 6636823 TI - Terminal N-sulphoconjugation of an alicyclic amine (piperazine), identified as a new metabolite of tiaramide in mouse and rat. AB - A new metabolite of tiaramide, 4-[(5-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolyl)acetyl]-1 piperazineethanol, found in mouse urine was identified as potassium 4-[(5-chloro 2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolyl)acetyl]-1-piperazinesulphonate (M-I). Sex differences in the excretion of M-I were noted in the mouse following oral administration of tiaramide and female mice excreted about 4.6-fold more M-I in urine than males. M I could not be detected in the urine of male or female rats treated orally with tiaramide. After oral dosing with 1-[(5-chloro-2-oxo-3(2H)-benzothiazolyl)acetyl] piperazine (DETR), M-I was detected in the urine, and the urinary excretion by male and female rats was similar to that in mice. PMID- 6636824 TI - The metabolism and excretion of (+)-[14C]cyanidanol-3 in man following oral administration. AB - Following administration of a single dose of [U14C]cyanidanol-3 to human volunteers, a mean of 55% of the dose of 14C was excreted in urine; 90% of urine 14C was excreted within 24 h of drug administration. The major urinary metabolites were the glucuronides of (+)-catechin and 3'-O-methyl-(+)-catechin, and the sulphate of the latter. These three conjugates collectively accounted for three quarters of urine 14C. Urinary excretion of unchanged (+)-cyanidanol-3 was 0.1-1.4% dose. (+)-Cyanidanol-3 and metabolites containing the intact flavanol ring system accounted for 90% of urine 14C. Ring scission was, under these conditions, a minor metabolic pathway resulting in the excretion of small amounts of 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxyhippuric acid and 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid. Unchanged (+)-cyanidanol-3 was detected in plasma between 30 min and 12 h after administration. Metabolites (as total 14C) persisted in plasma for at least 120 h after administration. PMID- 6636825 TI - Biotransformation of cibenzoline to 2-(2,2-diphenylcyclopropyl)-1H-imidazole. AB - A microsomal metabolite of cibenzoline, 4,5-dihydro-2-(2,2-diphenylcyclopropyl) 1H-imidazole butanedioate, was identified by n.m.r. as the 4,5-dehydro analogue, 2-(2,2-diphenylcyclopropyl)-1H-imidazole. Three dogs dosed orally with 13.8 mg/kg 14C-cibenzoline base excreted 1.8-3.5% of the dose as this metabolite in the urine. Mean plasma concentrations of cibenzoline reached a peak of 1.5 micrograms/ml at 2 h while mean concentrations of the metabolite of 0.4-0.5 micrograms/ml were found between 2 and 7 h. The metabolite was synthesized and found to decrease the frequency of ventricular premature depolarizations in conscious dogs having a two-stage occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery performed 48 h before. It did not inhibit ventricular arrhythmia in rats induced by i.v. infusion of aconitine. Thus, in contrast to cibenzoline, the metabolite does not appear to be a true antiarrhythmic agent. PMID- 6636826 TI - Formation and disposition of N-hydroxylated metabolites of aniline and nitrobenzene by isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The formation and secretion of phenylhydroxylamine plus nitrosobenzene was studied in cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes after addition of aniline or nitrobenzene. With aniline concn. up to 10 mM, N-oxygenated metabolites were secreted linearly with time over 2 h. Phenobarbitone pretreatment in vivo for c. 5 d increased aniline N-hydroxylation by a factor of 2.8. Nitrobenzene reduction by isolated rat hepatocytes, yielding phenylhydroxylamine plus nitrosobenzene in the medium, was stimulated 1.9-fold and 4.3-fold after phenobarbitone pretreatment in vivo for 5 and 10 d, respectively. After reduction of nitrobenzene by isolated hepatocytes, the secretion of N-oxygenated products into the medium was non-linear with time for substrate concn. higher than 2.5 mM, probably due to the formation of cytotoxic concn. of nitrosobenzene. Isolated rat hepatocytes reduced phenylhydroxylamine to aniline. Results indicate that isolated rat hepatocytes are a reliable and sensitive system to demonstrate N oxygenated metabolites of aromatic amino- and reduction of nitrocompounds. PMID- 6636827 TI - Metabolism of the anti-tumour drugs N2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium acetate (NSC 264137) and N2-methyl-9-hydroxyolivacinium acetate in the rat: preliminary identification of biliary 9-(O)-glucuronide and 10-(S)-glutathione conjugates. AB - The metabolites of the two anti-tumour drugs, N2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium acetate (9-OH-NME, NSC 264137) and N2-methyl-9-hydroxyolivacinium acetate (9-OH NMO), in bile of i.v.-treated rats have been studied. Three products have been identified in the bile: the unmetabolized drug (17% excreted products for ellipticinium, 3% for olivacinium derivative); a major metabolite, the corresponding 9-(O)-glucuronide (80 and 96%, respectively) and a minor metabolite, a possible 10-(S)-glutathione conjugate (3 and 1%). The elimination yield of these three products excreted over a period of 12 h represents 36% (ellipticinium) and 74% (olivacinium) of the administered dose. The detection of glucuronide and glutathione conjugates of these pyridinium derivatives was possible by direct injection of bile on to h.p.l.c. without prior extraction with organic solvents, in which these polar metabolites are poorly soluble. Metabolites were tentatively identified by the comparison of h.p.l.c. behaviour (retention times and u.v. absorption ratios) with those of reference samples. Reference conjugates have been prepared by chemical synthesis for the 9-(O) glucuronides and by biosynthesis for the 10(S)-glutathione derivatives. The detection of the GSH conjugates in bile can be considered as the first experimental evidence of the involvement of oxidative activation in vivo of these ellipticine and olivacine derivatives. PMID- 6636828 TI - The metabolism of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in man: isolation of an ester glucuronic acid conjugate from urine. AB - A conjugate isolated from urine of human volunteers after an oral dose of S carboxymethyl-L-cysteine was characterized as a carboxylic acid ester glucuronide. Of the 166 volunteers investigated, 61 gave no detectable drug glucuronide (less than 0.5% administered dose); the remaining 105 showed a unimodal distribution of drug glucuronide excretion accounting for 0.5-11.5% (mean 4.1%, median 3.4%) of the total dose recovered in the 0-8 h urine. No significant variation in subject age, sex or urinary pH was observed between the two groups, but those not excreting urinary glucuronide had significantly higher 0-8 h urine volumes (P less than 0.001), although notable exceptions occurred. PMID- 6636829 TI - Metabolic studies in the rat with 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenol: a haemorrhagic antioxidant structurally related to butylated hydroxytoluene. AB - Single oral doses of the haemorrhagic antioxidant 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenol (260 mg/kg) were well absorbed in the rat. Peak blood levels of this compound were reached in 15-60 min. The blood elimination half-lives were 18.2 min for the alpha-phase and 11.8 h for the slower beta-phase. Max. tissue concns. of this compound were reached 2-3 h in the liver, 2-6 h in kidneys, 1.5-2.5 h in spleen and greater than 24 h in epididymal adipose tissues. This compound and its metabolites were not excreted in the urine; a metabolite but not the parent compound was detected in the faeces. The faecal metabolite had a mol. wt. of 261, and was considered to be 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenoxy radical. 2,4,6-Tri-t butylphenoxy radical was also detected in the bile of rats after oral administration of the parent phenol. PMID- 6636830 TI - Induction of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes in rats, dogs, and monkeys after repeated administration of an anti-inflammatory hexahydroindazole. AB - The effect of repeated administration of an anti-inflammatory hexahydroindazole, (+/-)-3,3 alpha,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2-[3-(4-morpholinyl)-propyl]-3-phenyl-7 (phenylmethylene)-2H-indazole (HMPPI), on hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in rats, dogs and monkeys was studied. Dose-dependent increases in the ratio of liver weight to body weight were observed in all three species. Microsomal protein concentration increased in rats and monkeys but not in dogs. Cytochrome P-450 concentration and aminopyrine N-demethylase activity increased in all species. Aniline hydroxylase activity increased only in dogs. In all three species, the largest increase in all parameters, except for the liver weight/body weight ratio, was observed in animals on the intermediate dose (50 mg/kg per d) of the hexahydroindazole, probably of the toxicity of the hexahydroindazole at the high dose (250 mg/kg per d). PMID- 6636831 TI - The fate of dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine (CR) in the rat, rhesus monkey and guinea pig. Part I. Metabolism in vivo. AB - The fate of dibenz[b,f]-1,4-[11(14)-C]oxazepine (CR) in rats, rhesus monkey and guinea-pig and in isolated perfused rat livers has been examined. 14C-CR was administered to rats at doses from 1.56 to 3470 mumol/kg and irrespective of dose or route of administration most (59-93%) was eliminated in the urine as primarily the sulphates of the 7-, 4- and 9-hydroxylated 10,11-dihydrodibenz[b,f]-1,4 oxazepine-11(10H)-one. In blood, both in vivo and in liver perfusates, CR concentrations decreased biphasically to be replaced initially with CR-lactam (dihydrodibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine-11(10H)-one), followed by the sulphates of the 7-, 4- and 9-hydroxylactams. The rate of disappearance of CR in liver perfusates was slower than in vivo. Bile contained only small amounts of sulphate conjugates and significant amounts of conjugated 2-amino-2'-hydroxymethyldiphenyl ether (amino alcohol). This was not identified in the urine or blood of rats. Preliminary studies in rhesus monkey and the guinea-pig show similar excretory patterns and metabolites. However, only free hydroxylactams were isolated from monkey urine and traces of the amino alcohol were detected in guinea-pig urine. Whole-body autoradiography of mice confirm the rapid disappearance of CR from blood into heart, liver, kidneys and small intestine with evidence of biliary excretion. It is consistent with the rat studies showing the rapid absorption of a highly lipophilic compound undergoing hepatic metabolism, biliary secretion, enterohepatic recirculation and renal excretion. PMID- 6636832 TI - The fate of dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine (CR) in the rat. Part II. Metabolism in vitro. AB - CR (dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine) is metabolized by rat liver 105 000 g supernatant fractions by (a) ring opening and reduction to 2-amino-2'-hydroxymethyldiphenyl ether and (b) oxidation at C11 to give a cyclic lactam. Reaction (a) is NADPH dependent, decreased by dialysis and methylene blue, whereas reaction (b) is heat resistant, inactivated by dialysis, inhibited by CN-, p-chloromercuribenzoate, amytal and menadione, and stimulated by methylene blue, phenazine methosulphate and 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol. Reaction (a) is similar to that of aldehyde reductases (E.C.1.1.1.2) and reaction (b) to that of molybdenum hydroxylases (E.C.1.2.3.1). Reaction (a) is also catalysed by an NADH-dependent enzyme in liver microsomes and subsequent hydroxylation of the lactam also occurs in this cell fraction. Some extrahepatic metabolism of CR occurs via the same routes in kidney, small intestine and lung, though the yield is limited. Digestive gland extract of Helix pomatia converts CR to its lactam in significant amounts. The metabolism of CR in vitro is similar to that predicted from observations in vivo. PMID- 6636833 TI - The fate of dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine (CR) in the rat. Part III. The intermediary metabolites. AB - The fates of several intermediates of dibenz[b,f]-1,4-oxazepine (CR) metabolism in vivo and in vitro in rats have been examined to establish the metabolism and excretory sequence of CR. The ring-opened 2-amino 2'-hydroxymethyldiphenyl ether (amino alcohol) added to isolated perfused rat liver was rapidly cleared in bile as a mixture of highly polar conjugates, whereas the major route of excretion in vivo was as the 4-, 7- and 9-hydroxylactam sulphates in urine. The lactam of CR was eliminated exclusively in urine giving the same products as obtained for CR, but the distribution of metabolites of the C10-C11 dihydro derivative of CR was unlike that of the parent compound indicating that it occupies only a peripheral role in the fate of CR in vivo. A mixture of 7-, 4- and 9-hydroxylactams derived from the enzymic hydrolysis of urinary sulphates was rapidly removed from blood, sulphated and secreted as sulphates into blood both in vivo and in isolated perfused liver. Little biliary excretion occurred. When the urinary sulphates of the hydroxy lactams were administered i.v. to rats, 70% was eliminated in urine within 1 h; however, if the kidneys were ligated biliary excretion of sulphate was higher (58% in 5 h). After intraduodenal administration of the biliary conjugates of CR metabolism, all of the dose was resorbed to be re-secreted in bile or excreted as sulphates in urine. These studies confirm that the major metabolic fate of CR in the rat is oxidation to lactam, followed by ring hydroxylation, sulphation and urinary excretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6636834 TI - Acidic conjugate of phenols in insects; glucoside phosphate and glucoside sulphate derivatives. AB - Conjugates of p-nitrophenol in nine species of insects were identified by paper chromatography and ionophoresis as the glucoside, the sulphate, the phosphate and the glucoside phosphate. Metabolites with similar properties to the glucoside phosphates were also formed from 8-hydroxyquinoline, 1-naphthol and 4 methylumbelliferone in Tenebrio larvae. Tenebrio larvae also metabolized p nitrophenol to a compound believed to be p-nitrophenyl glucoside-6-sulphate. None of the nine species of insect used was able to metabolize [14C]benzoic acid to a glucoside-phosphate or glucoside-sulphate conjugate. PMID- 6636836 TI - Inching toward Armageddon: a psychiatric view. AB - The existence of thermonuclear arsenals capable of destroying much of humanity takes its origins from, and has an influence on, processes that are largely psychological. The threat to use a single nuclear bomb to resolve contemporary conflict is an anathema in part because complex nation-states did not evolve with surviving a nuclear war in mind. The atomic arms race has proceeded apace because of maladaptive psychological mechanism including denial, distortion, projection, and, most relevantly, the need to enhance bonding within groups by creating stereotypes. One consequence of the arms race is a climate of fear and hopelessness, and especially destructive effect of which is seen in children. The physician's role in the prevention of nuclear war is critical, but divided between contradictory roles. On one hand, the physician is traditionally identified as a non-political advocate of the sick; on the other, as an advocate for the public health. It is this second model that enables physicians most legitimately to work for the prevention of nuclear war and to deal with the psychiatric concomitants of a planet drifting toward disaster. PMID- 6636837 TI - Adolescents and the threat of nuclear war: the evolution of a perspective. AB - The authors briefly review recent work in the area of the impact of the threat of nuclear war on children and adolescents. They explore some of the difficulties inherent in understanding the possible effects of the threat of nuclear war on children based on their research experience in the area. PMID- 6636838 TI - Children and the nuclear threat: a child psychiatrist's personal reflections. AB - From the very first stages of life, parents have provided their children with love and protection against harm from within or without, especially from life threatening situations. Children's perception of death as a unique phenomena develops around age ten and later on, when they begin to grasp the meaning of mortality. This often occurs when they themselves suffer from terminal illness. Children have been the object of destruction, as witnessed by The Holocaust and Hiroshima. The threat of nuclear war poses a new problem for parents, since threatening others is no longer a viable solution to the conflict. In addition, adults manifest a massive denial that the destruction of mankind can take place at any time. This denial, like a family secret, prevents children from asking questions and expressing to their parents their fears about their own and mankind's destruction. Examples are given of how children do express their concerns and fears about the nuclear threat when they are allowed to express themselves. Unless this denial is replaced by open communication about the seriousness of the situation, children and adolescents will view the adults' denial as numbness and folly and as responsible for the world's destruction. A meaningful dialogue between parents and children about the threat is given as the solution to the family conflict. PMID- 6636835 TI - Oncogenic genes and human malignancy. AB - All vertebrates possess a series of genes which are homologs of the oncogenic genes of acute transforming retroviruses. Two lines of evidence suggest that these genes may play a role in the development of human malignancy: (1) DNA from a variety of human tumors transforms NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and the transforming genes from a number of carcinomas, sarcomas, and hematological malignancies have been identified as members of a family of genes, the ras family, closely related to the oncogenic genes of the Harvey and Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses; and (2) correlations exist between the chromosomal localizations of certain oncogenes and the chromosomal breakpoints in specific translocations and deletions in certain human malignancies. In three separate hematological malignancies, alterations in more than one oncogenic gene may be involved in the neoplastic process. PMID- 6636839 TI - The regional educational impact of a Renal Stone Center. AB - This study evaluates the impact of the Renal Stone Center (RSC) at Yale University School of Medicine on the extent of the diagnostic search for urolithiasis risk factors at the Yale-New Haven Medical Center and four affiliated community hospitals. Using a multiple time series design and a Physician Performance Index (PPI) based on multiple normative practice criteria, the hospital and outpatient charts of 1,924 patients with a primary diagnosis of urolithiasis at the five hospitals were examined to determine whether there was a change over time that could be related to the RSC. There was no statistically significant improvement in the PPI at four of the five hospitals. At the fifth, there was a statistically significant improvement that possibly was related to factors other than the RSC. Routine blood, urine, and X-ray tests usually were performed well. However, the history of urolithiasis risk factors and the examination of 24-hour urines were generally done poorly or not at all, and this generalization held true (although modified somewhat) even when physician office records were examined as well. PMID- 6636840 TI - Effects of different factors on the sporulation of Pithophora oedogonia (Mont.) Wittrock. AB - The present study emphasizes the effects of different qualities of visible light, intensities of white light, temperature and pH on the sporulation in the green alga Pithophora oedogonia (Mont.) Wittrock. Of the different qualities of light used, green light was found to delay the initiation of sporulation. Percentage of sporulation was greatly decreased in yellow light followed by red light. Delay in time taken for initiation of sporulation and decrease in percentage sporulation were observed at 0.25 and 0.5 K lux intensity of white light. Sporulation upto the extent of its natural population was achieved with white light between 2 to 3.5 K lux, temperature between 20 to 30 degrees C and pH between 4-9. PMID- 6636841 TI - [Improvement of Y-values of Hansenula polymorpha growth on methanol by simultaneous utilization of glucose]. AB - The simultaneous utilization of methanol and glucose by Hansenula polymorpha MH20 was investigated in chemostat (C-limited) cultivation. The mixed-substrate utilization results in biomass yields which are greater up to 20 to 25% as expected assuming an additive growth on both substrates. This is referred to as an auxiliary-substrate effect. Additionally, methanol can be utilized at higher growth rates in the presence of glucose compared to those obtained on this substrate alone. The extend of the auxiliary-substrate effect and the optimum ratio of substrates to reach this effect depend on dilution rate. The greatest stimulation in yield is obtained at D approximately 0.1 h-1, after raising the dilution rate this effect diminishes. At a rate of 0.1 h-1 the optimum mixed substrate ratio of methanol: glucose is 7:1 (g). By increasing the growth rate the ratio changes toward glucose and reached a value of 1:1 (g) at D = 0.3 h-1. This change in the optimum ratio correlates with diminution in yield coefficient of methanol accompanying an increase in growth rate greater than 0.15 h-1. Energy balances of the utilization of the single substrates are used for interpretation of these results. From this it is evident that methanol does not play the role of an energy-rich substrate in the metabolism of yeast. Rather glucose is the energy providing substrate in this combination. PMID- 6636842 TI - Inhibition of fungal NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase by citric acid. AB - The variations observed during earlier studies in the activity of NADP+ isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.42) in a strain of Aspergillus niger were found to be related to the extent of washing of mycelium. As a result the mycelium washed four times with phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 7.5), the enzyme activity present in 4 and 8 days old fungal mycelia increased five- and two-fold, respectively. In vivo studies showed a complete loss of enzyme activity in mycelia resuspended in HCl-KCl buffer (0.02 M, pH 2.2) containing citric acid (13 mM or more). The in vitro studies revealed 50% loss of enzyme activity in presence of 3.6 to 5.2 mM citric acid. However, in case of Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015, which produced less citric acid than the above strain, a much higher citric acid concentration (13 to 26 mM) was required to cause 50% loss of enzyme activity. These findings suggest a correlation between citric acid inhibition of NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase and the ability of A. niger to accumulate citric acid in the medium. PMID- 6636843 TI - Streptomyces maghwi, a new species producing roflamycoin. AB - A new Streptomyces species is described for which the name S. maghwi is proposed. The organism is characterized by a pink mass of aerial mycelium, spiral spore chains, spores with smooth surfaces and a nonchromogenic vegetative mycelium. S. maghwi produces roflamycoin (Schlegel et al. 1981) formerly known as flavomycoin (Schlegel et al. 1971). The type strain of S. maghwi is deposited with CBS, Netherland. PMID- 6636844 TI - [General control of amino acid biosynthesis in mutants of Candida spec. EH 15/D]. AB - The general control of amino acid biosynthesis was investigated in Candida spec. EH 15/D, using single and double mutant auxotrophic strains and prototrophic revertants starved for their required amino acids. These experiments show that starvation for lysine, histidine, arginine, leucine, threonine, proline, serine, methionine, homoserine, asparagine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid can result in derepression of enzymes. A correlation was found between the degree of derepression, growth of strains, and concentration of required amino acids. The amino acids pool pattern of mutants and revertants is different from that in the wild type strain. PMID- 6636845 TI - Cyanide-resistant respiration in Streptomyces citreofluorescens. AB - The capacity of Streptomycetes to carry out cyanide-resistant respiration was investigated. With the model strain, Streptomyces citreofluorescens, it was shown that deprivation of glucose followed by transition from exponential to stationary growth was coupled with declining sensitivity of cellular respiration to cyanide ions. Cyanide-resistant oxidase is located within the cytoplasmic membrane. The occurrence of the cyanide-resistant oxidase did not correspond to qualitative changes of cytochrome spectrum. Cytochrome d is involved neither in cyanide sensitive nor in cyanide-resistant respiratory chain. PMID- 6636846 TI - A comparison of manganese oxidation by growing and resting cells of a freshwater bacterial isolate, strain FMn 1. AB - A bacterial isolate, strain FMn 1, from reservoir sediment oxidized MN2+ when tested in growing culture and resting-cell suspension. The oxidation was biologically mediated and not the result of autoxidation because at a MnSO4 . H2O concentration of 0.05%, the pH remained below 7.5 for the duration of the experiments. The production of manganese oxide was qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrated. The manganese-oxidizing activity of this organism was found to be inducible. PMID- 6636847 TI - A novel MN2+-oxidizing enzyme system in a freshwater bacterium. AB - Manganese oxidation by cell suspensions and cell extracts of a freshwater bacterium, designated strain FMn 1, was investigated. Manganese appeared to be oxidized in the periplasmic space. A conventional, membrane-bound-electron transport system was not utilized. An enzyme or enzyme complex and a cofactor, each of different molecular size, were located in different parts of the cell envelope. Results suggest that the cofactor reacts with manganese in the periplasmic space and that in the presence of oxygen it is reoxidized by the enzyme. The enzyme is probably loosely bound to the membrane. A combination of enzyme and cofactor in a crude preparation exhibited a pH optimum at around 7.0. The enzyme exhibited a temperature optimum at around 30 degrees C. No temperature optimum was found for the cofactor. The enzyme was heat-stable and could oxidize manganese under anaerobic conditions. The enzyme system appears to be different from others so far described. PMID- 6636848 TI - [Detection of occupational cancer]. PMID- 6636849 TI - [Early diagnosis of occupational diseases]. PMID- 6636850 TI - [Treatment of supracondylar humeral fractures in children with special reference to Blount's collar and cuff technic]. PMID- 6636851 TI - [Central anticholinergic syndrome--the possible cause of extended postanesthetic depression]. PMID- 6636852 TI - [Genital mycosis caused by an intra-uterine pessary. (case report)]. PMID- 6636853 TI - [Incidence of carcinogens in the work environment]. PMID- 6636854 TI - [Physician's experiences working in a nursing home]. PMID- 6636855 TI - [Argyrosis--still current today]. PMID- 6636856 TI - [Problems in training and further education in the field of infectious diseases]. PMID- 6636857 TI - [Status and substance of child-environment relations and their significance for the etiology of behavioral conspicuousness in childhood and adolescence. I]. PMID- 6636858 TI - [Current possibilities in resuscitation]. PMID- 6636859 TI - [Death caused by an overlooked esophageal foreign body]. PMID- 6636860 TI - [Increased occurrence of gentamycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in ulcus cruris venosum]. PMID- 6636862 TI - [Orthostatic dysregulation in Marfan syndrome]. PMID- 6636861 TI - [Sex education and sexual development of female adolescents]. PMID- 6636863 TI - [Nomogram for the evaluation of blood cell excretion in the urine]. PMID- 6636864 TI - [The tuberculosis situation in Vietnam]. AB - The fight against tuberculosis in Vietnam is based on bacteriological case finding since 1956. First pilot-studies with this method showed among the population of towns a very high incidence of smear-positive cases of about 2.5%. The systematic fight was interrupted by the war from 1964 to 1975. Nevertheless from an analysis of the TB-situation made in 1976 resulted a percentage of 0.14 0.37 in comparable groups of population. The relatively high number of smear positive cases has decreased in 1980 to 0.03%. The actual program of the fight against TB and the targets of its different periods are described. PMID- 6636865 TI - [The strategy of tuberculosis control in East Germany after 1982]. AB - 100 years after ROBERT KOCH'S detection of the tubercle bacillus the tuberculosis situation in GDR has so improved due to the progress in tuberculosis control, systematic activities in prevention, casefinding, and care and due to the comprehensive social measures that tuberculosis cannot be any more regarded as a "Volkskrankheit". The reduction of the annual infection rate to less than 0.1%, the decrease of infectious tuberculosis to less than 5/100,000 inhabitants, the shortening of the periods of chemotherapy and the further regression of relapses has made it possible to rationalize tuberculosis control by giving up indiscriminate mass x-ray examinations of the whole population in favour of the supervision of endangered person groups, by reducing the extent of risk groups according to stricter criteria, by making shorter the follow-up of the several forms of tuberculosis. Primary health care services have to be involved still more into tuberculosis control, especially in casefinding and outpatient treatment. PMID- 6636866 TI - [The development of tuberculosis control and tuberculosis epidemiology in East Germany]. AB - The fight against tuberculosis in the German Democratic Republic was performed from the very beginning as a task of the state and the society; it was developed according to the progress of economic possibilities and the epidemiological situation. The contribution of the community and of the social-economic development on tuberculosis epidemiology has proved to be decisively important factors in tuberculosis control. The specific methods applied in tuberculosis control in the course of more than 30 years have changed in their importance effectiveness and efficiency with the reduction of the tuberculosis problem and the development of new techniques. Therefore a continuous evaluation of the tuberculosis situation is necessary to recognize the most effective approach. By reducing the estimated annual infection rate to less than 0.05%, the incidence of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis to less than 5/100,000 and the practical disappearance of tuberculosis among children tuberculosis has become an endemic localized disease among predominantly old citizens. People's mass x-ray examinations have considerably lost their value for finding tuberculosis. Early coverage and examination of persons with respiratory symptoms (21-days-coughers), of contact persons and high risk groups will determine the future activities of the chest clinics. Their integration into the system of outpatient clinics and the system of primary health care were an important step on this way. Successful treatment of each case of tuberculosis is now possible and must be attained. Early case finding + treatment considered as an united activity has become the decisively important measure in the control of tuberculosis. The endemic foci of tuberculosis in some communities have to be surveyed and eliminated with priority. Moreover, the cooperation of all physicians of public health is necessary. Only by this way tuberculosis can be eradicated in GDR in a defined time. (Aim of WHO and IUaT: 1 case of smear positive tuberculosis among 1,000,000 inhabitants.) Up to that time tuberculosis control should remain an obligatory task of public health. PMID- 6636867 TI - [Modern bacterial vaccines]. AB - A well founded vaccination strategy is of crucial importance for controlling communicable diseases. The WHO Enlarged Vaccination Programme of 1976 provides to protect by vaccination all children in the world against six infection diseases - diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, poliomyelitis, and tuberculosis, a sure immunization prophylaxis being possible against them. The perspectives of further development of some classical vaccines as against cholera, typhoid fever, and pertussis are reviewed. Some recent bacterial vaccines are discussed being of special significance for controlling nosocomial infections and for protecting patients in intensive therapy and/or persons with lowered immunological defence. New ways for production of vaccine matters are shown such as capsule polysaccharides, membrane proteins, subcellular fractions, and vaccines with synthetic carrier molecules. Fundamental problems concerning the initiation of vaccination and the demands for an enlarged proof of innocence of vaccines are discussed. PMID- 6636868 TI - The future of the fight against tuberculosis in the world. AB - In spite of extraordinary improvement of the methods of prophylaxis, casefinding and treatment, tuberculosis situation throughout the world is further on very serious. In developing countries comprising a high proportion of the world population scarce or only very slow progress may be noted. 4 to 5 millions of highly infectious new cases of tuberculosis and in all 10 millions of new cases of tuberculosis are estimated every year in the world. A great part of the population concerned is living under conditions of poverty, malnutrition, and disease. In these countries tuberculosis control programmes may be actually feasible from medical and technological points of view but they are without any prospects for success by epidemiological, social, and economic reasons. In developing countries the development of a comprehensive primary health care system according to the recommendations of the Alma-Ata Conference has priority in public health policies. The control of tuberculosis is adequate to develop within this system. PMID- 6636870 TI - [Model studies on the behavior of benzo-pyrans in the soil]. PMID- 6636869 TI - [Heavy metals and cancerogenesis]. PMID- 6636871 TI - [Model tests on the passage of benzo(a)pyran from the soil into crops]. PMID- 6636872 TI - [Experimental studies on quantitative thin layer chromatography determination of toxaphene by assessing chromatograms using the extinction-registering device with the integrator ERI 65 m (VEB Carl Zeizz Jena)]. PMID- 6636873 TI - [Comparison of the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus strains isolated from humans and industrially bred animals]. PMID- 6636874 TI - [Determination and elimination of mercury depots in persons exposed to mercury]. PMID- 6636875 TI - [Method for determining hydrogen sulfide exposure in man]. PMID- 6636876 TI - [Occupational hygienic evaluation of UV irradiation at the place of employment]. PMID- 6636877 TI - [Toxic, methemoglobin producing and erythrocyte damaging effects of diaminotoluene following a single application]. PMID- 6636878 TI - [Effect of changes in morbidity and indications for implants on the planning of financial, material and personal funds, using as an example heart pacemaker implantation]. PMID- 6636879 TI - [The necessity of cooperation between psychiatry and social hygiene]. PMID- 6636880 TI - [Assessing integration of the blind]. PMID- 6636882 TI - [Hardness of water in the International System of Units]. PMID- 6636881 TI - [Schedule of classes - a current problem of health in the educational process]. PMID- 6636884 TI - [Post finem]. PMID- 6636883 TI - [Theoretical and practical problems of disinfecting phenol-contaminated waters using chlorine dioxide with special reference to experimental study results of model solutions]. PMID- 6636885 TI - Comparative study of various types of inactivated influenza vaccines. PMID- 6636886 TI - [Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in ambulatory patients with respiratory infections]. PMID- 6636887 TI - [In vitro resistance of various organisms isolated from urinary tract infections to a trimethoprim-sulfonamide drug combination]. PMID- 6636888 TI - [Modified half-micro method for Vitamin E determination in the serum]. PMID- 6636889 TI - [Treatment of foods and consumer products with ionizing radiation]. PMID- 6636890 TI - [Inhaled uptake of carbon disulfide - studies of CS2-uptake under dosed dynamic load]. PMID- 6636892 TI - [Industrial toxicologic evaluation of vulcanizing vapors with special reference to nitrogen-containing aging-preventive agents]. PMID- 6636891 TI - [Analysis of nitrogen containing aging-preventive agents in vulcanizing vapors]. PMID- 6636893 TI - [Analysis and evaluation of local dynamic muscular work - load capacity of selected physiological parameters]. PMID- 6636894 TI - [Analysis and evaluation of local dynamic muscle work--effect of fatiguing load on parameters of the motor and cardiovascular systems]. PMID- 6636895 TI - [Comparative studies on work load during wood chopping and logging]. PMID- 6636896 TI - [Effect of 2 lamps of equal color temperature but different spectral composition on the performance of mental tasks and selected physiological functions]. PMID- 6636897 TI - [Health protection for older workers--a pilot study on category F 03 of regulation no 2. on the decree on prevention, reporting and evaluation of occupational diseases in the central city district Berlin]. PMID- 6636898 TI - [Profile of injuries in selected tasks in the construction industry]. PMID- 6636899 TI - [The role of occupational therapy in vocational rehabilitation of construction workers injured in accidents]. PMID- 6636900 TI - [Terminology of osteopenic skeletal changes]. AB - Osteology which was for a long time only sporadically be found in the literature of internal medicine won an increasing importance during the last decades, above all as the problems of so-called metabolic osteopathy are concerned. Sometimes technical terms appeared which were incorrectly chosen or used, which at any case led to certain misunderstandings. The consequences of this concern partly essential questions of pathology and therapy. In the present discussion it is tried to correct several of these notions and to formulate them according to the actual facts. PMID- 6636901 TI - [Hyperparathyroidism--complications and prevention]. AB - The diagnosis of the primary hyperparathyroidism is, as it is demonstrated at the example of a female patient, up to now always made very late. It is referred to the importance of modern screening methods which are suitable to improve the early diagnosis and to reduce the still high rate of complications. PMID- 6636902 TI - [Stressor effect of toxins]. AB - The organism reacts in a different way to contamination by damaging agents. Chemical stressors enforce the organism to develop adaptive reactions. In the field of industrial medicine the objectivation of premorbid phases is of particular importance. PMID- 6636903 TI - [Effect of vasopressin on memory in healthy probands and patients with central diabetes insipidus]. AB - We analyzed the effects of vasopressin in learning and memory of healthy individuals and patients with diabetes insipidus. The results of our investigations allow the conclusion that vasopressin effects a memory stimulation by influence of neurocentral mechanisms. PMID- 6636904 TI - [Classification of immunodeficiency]. AB - The immunodeficiency, at present an important complex of research, can be classified in 4 main groups. Primary forms can be separated from secondary ones, a third group of interactional type from a fourth one of compensatory character. We suggest a new classification based on a common point of view, which avoids terms as "common variable immunodeficiency" and allows corrections by the results of further research. PMID- 6636905 TI - [Chronic lymphadenosis yesterday and today]. AB - Problems of diagnosis and therapy of chronic lymphadenosis are demonstrated together with historical facts of haematology. Questions of actual research (leukaemic disposition, antigen interaction, unclassified forms) are referred as well as of individual factors of the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. PMID- 6636906 TI - [Plasma ammonia concentrations in mucoviscidosis]. AB - In 16 children and adolescents suffering from mucoviscidosis the ammonia concentration of the plasma determined by a modified ion exchange method was compared with the clinical degree of severity. The ammonia values of the plasma were compared with several parameters, such as Shwachman stage, the presence of cardio-respiratory insufficiency, blood gas values and liver function tests. In 5 children with cystic fibrosis and cardio-respiratory insufficiency high plasma ammonia values were found. In older children with the disease lasting for a longer time with medium Shwachman stage (stage III) but without cardiorespiratory insufficiency the ammonia values were also relatively high. Cardiorespiratory insufficiency and disturbance of the liver function may play a role in the development of hyperammonemia. A distinct hyperammonemia refers to a bad prognosis in children with cystic fibrosis. PMID- 6636907 TI - [Andrologic anomalies in various gastrointestinal diseases]. AB - In several gastroenterological diseases andrological anomalies have become known. From this point of view up to now the liver cirrhosis has been examined most frequently. In patients with cirrhosis apparently the two functions of the testicles are disturbed. On the one hand, a decreased or missing fertility is to be assumed, on the other hand, a cirrhosis does not always exclude the procreative capacity. The hormone analyses plead for the fact that the hypogonadism might rather be conditioned testicularly, in which case the direct toxicity of alcohol may be of importance. In haemochromatosis the hypogonadism develops by a combined mechanism. The cystic fibrosis of the pancreas is practically always associated with a male infertility. In Crohn's disease a disturbance of the spermatogenesis is observed. Even the salazo-sulphapyridine therapy is accompanied by unfavourable influences on the spermiogramme. Cimetidine used in the ulcer therapy shows a certain antiandrogenic effect and after a longer time may evoke impotence and other undesirable andrological side effects which we, however, did not realize in 4 weeks treatment periods. PMID- 6636908 TI - [Definition of the stress concept and its use in various areas of medicine]. AB - The triphasic adaptation reaction of the organism to every kind of demand, originally described by Selye, is a normal adaptation phenomenon which does not evoke any pathologic appearances in the healthy man, but on the contrary fulfills functions furthering the functional capacity. In man not biological, but frequently repeated, long-lasting psychosocial loads stand in the foreground, which may lead to gradually increasing phenomena, when a stress sensitivity and unfavourable social conditions are present. Hereby the changes in the biological field have secondary character. Far more decisive are disturbances of the behaviour which appear in psychosocial permanent loads which may lead to an increase of the risk factors for numerous diseases. When demands are insufficiently managed and a stress sensitivity is present a pathogenic stress may develop and evoke a chronic pathological process. PMID- 6636909 TI - [Lipid and apoprotein profile without and with oil load]. AB - In 20 normolipaemic patients and 1 patient with hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP type IV) the lipid profiles without and with oil load are taken (triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A and B). For the oil load test at 7.00 a.m. 100 g sun-flower oil are given and then till 15.00 every two hours 2 ml venous blood are taken. The lipid profiles without oil load (in normal nutrition) take place in the same temporary course. Of the investigated parameters only the triglycerides show large and characteristic deviations in the profiles with oil load as well as in normal nutrition. For males (n = 10) in contrast to women (n = 10) larger variations in the TGL-profiles are found. According to the size of their TGL deviation the test persons can be divided into 4 groups (A to D), which at the same time possess clearly gradated HDLC levels. In group A (high HDL cholesterol) scarcely variations in the TGL profile (without and with oil load) are recognizable. Group D (relatively low HDL cholesterol) shows high peaks in the TGL curves (under oil load of more than 4 mmol/l). After a dietary and regadrin treatment of 6 months the HLP patient shows a remarkable improvement in the TGL and HDLC profile. The results are discussed from the point of view of the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis and in this case particularly the role of the HDL cholesterol is concerned. PMID- 6636910 TI - [Swim therapy in elderly patients with essential hypertension treated with beta receptor blockers]. AB - It is reported on the behaviour of blood pressure and heart rate at rest as well as on the peripheral microcirculation of the working musculature after physical conditioning in older patients with essential arterial hypertension (stage I and II). The patients with hypertension conditioned in 4 groups (twice a week swimming or once a week swimming and run each with and without propranolol) showed systolic and diastolic decrease of blood pressure with the exception of some patients. The heart rate at rest was significantly reduced only in the groups with swimming twice a week with and without beta-blockers. By means of the xenon-133-half-life period with the exception of the run-swimming group in all groups could be proved significant improvements of the peripheral microcirculation after the therapy, in contrast to the time before therapy. Value and limits of the training treatment described for the influence on the factor of risk arterial hypertension at old age are discussed. PMID- 6636911 TI - [Pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis from the current viewpoint]. AB - The multiform pathogenesis of tuberculosis in vastly clear now. In the article are quoted the main perceptions, and the possible developments of pulmonary tuberculosis are illustrated by a diagram. PMID- 6636912 TI - [Lymphomatoid granulomatosis--a case report]. AB - On the basis of a casuistics the clinical picture of the lymphomatoid granulomatosis is demonstrated and the connection to other granulomatosis and lymphomas is shown. PMID- 6636913 TI - [Experiences with the intranasal and parenteral use of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP)--effect of one time parenteral and intranasal applications]. AB - The balance examinations in 10 patients with a neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus under various forms of parenteral application (s.c., i.m., i.v.) of the 1-desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin show universally the very good antidiuretic effect also under these conditions. Identically with the course of action after intravenous application the maximum of action as obtained after 1 to 2 hours, the duration of action depends on the dosage, in parenteral application of 1 microgram 18 to 24 hours, on an average 20 hours. According to the results demonstrated there are no references to a specific influence of the excretion of sodium, potassium and urea. The particular dynamics of the excretion rates of these substances, of the osmolarity clearance and the osmolarity of the urine is the sequel of the restitution of the renal concentration ability under the application of the antidiuretic hormone. PMID- 6636914 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of ventricular tachycardias]. AB - For the diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia the surface ECG is a sufficient diagnostic tool in most instances. Therefore, invasive electrophysiological studies are normally not indicated for diagnostic purposes, except if the tachycardia has not been documented up to now. However, invasive testing is necessary in every patient with VT for therapeutic reasons. During the study, the tachycardia is induced and terminated by programmed ventricular stimulation and the effect of different antiarrhythmic drugs tested. If no drug is able to suppress the induction of the tachycardia or to render it more difficult, alternative forms of therapy are to be considered. Implantable defibrillators and antitachycardial pacemakers are still at a developmental stage which does not allow a general application yet. In specialized centers, most of these intractable patients are undergoing electrophysiological operations. During operation the "focus" of the tachycardia is localized by means of epicardial and endocardial mapping and excluded by encircling subendocardial incision. In the last years, experimental and clinical studies are focusing on the so-called late potentials as markers for VT. These potentials can be recorded from the body surface by means of the signal averaging technique. Their clinical significance has not been fully established yet. PMID- 6636915 TI - [Clinical significance of the corrected orthogonal ECG (Frank) in comparison with conventional ECG for the detection of coronary heart disease]. AB - The clinical evidence of the two derivation systems is of the same value concerning the recognition of the coronary heart disease. Their information range does not significantly differ from each other statistically, when scale and vectorial parameters of the corrected orthogonal ECG after Frank are taken into consideration. But in individual cases clear differences may be present, such as the insufficient representation of localized precordial potential losses in the corrected orthogonal ECG. With the help of the discriminance analysis the high number of falsely negative findings of the ECG after resting can be reduced from about 45% to 15% to 20%. Within a diagnostic stage programme from the recognition and care of particularly endangered patients with coronary heart disease the corrected orthogonal ECG is suited, when a discriminance-analytic valuation with scale and vectorial parameters is made. In contrast to the conventional ECG it has the advantage that it is more rapidly and less expensively to be evaluated by computers. PMID- 6636916 TI - [Paracetamol poisoning--clinical aspects and pharmacokinetics]. AB - The analgesic and antipyretic effect of paracetamol and phenacetin is to be traced back to the same pharmacologic active substance. When no therapeutic doses are applied, paracetamol causes severe lesions of the liver parenchyma with often fatal termination. It is reported on the paracetamol intoxication of a 38-year old landlady, in whom as a sequel of the intoxication a severe lesion of the liver parenchyma and an acute toxic renal failure developed. The understanding of the paracetamol-conditioned lesions takes the knowledge of the course of the reaction of its biotransformation for granted. Since the pharmacokinetics underlies numerous influence factors, there is no foreseeable correlation between toxicity and doses. It seems that also in therapy paracetamol does not cause less side-effects than phenacetin. The discussed use of paracetamol instead of phenacetin is, therefore, critically to be considered. PMID- 6636917 TI - [Experiences with intranasal and parenteral use of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP). Use in the diagnosis of hypophyseal function]. AB - While 1-desamino-8-D-arginine-vasopressin is not suitable for the functional diagnostics of the anterior pituitary gland, it has as in the therapy of the central diabetes insipidus a firm place also in its diagnostics. A hypothalamic neurohypophyseal system was demonstrated. Apart from a secure diagnostic evidence the test shows further advantages in comparison to the hitherto performed methods: an essentially smaller load for patient and personnel, a shorter duration and a simplified performance. First findings in patients with central diabetes insipidus, in a female patient with renal diabetes insipidus and patient without disturbance of the water balance are discussed. A control of our findings in other institutions is desirable. PMID- 6636919 TI - [Transmucosal potential difference of the stomach wall in man and its relation to HCl secretion]. AB - The measurement of the gastric transmucosal potential difference (PD) in healthy volunteers under endoscopic control revealed: 1. The local PD can be observed also in regions where oxyntic cells are rare or absent. 2. When the gastric mucosa ist irritated mechanically by the tip of the electrolyte bridge, the local PD is declining and becomes poorly reproducible. 3. The reduction of the PD by pentagastrin can be observed even after blockade of the HCl-secretion by cimetidine. It has two components, a rapid and a slower one. Our results are questioning the concept of an electrogenic HCl-transport as the source of the PD and the interpretation of the PD as a quantitative indicator for the functional integrity of the mucosa barrier. PMID- 6636918 TI - [Effect of various vagal functional conditions on the blood flow of abdominal organs]. AB - In 21 mongrel dogs blood flow was measured in different gastrointestinal organs under fasting conditions, vagal stimulation with 2-desoxy-D-glucose and vagotomy. The examinations were performed in anaesthesia with the microsphere method. Basal blood flow was found in corpus, fundus and antrum below 0,5 ml/g X min, whereas in the region of the small curvature values of 0,7 ml/g X min were observed. Vagotomy decreases flowrates especially in the mucosa of the stomach except in the region of the antrum. There a significant increase was measured. The stimulated bloodflow shows a similar effect by a vagotomy, but on an elevated lovel. Observations over the time of 3 weeks revealed that bloodflow changes due to vagotomy are not long lasting over that time. Only a decrease can be observed in the region of the antrum. Also in the other abdominal organs bloodflow changes due to vagotomy are terminated to a short time interval. Except the bloodflow changes in the gallbladder lasts longer than 4 weeks. From this investigation the conclusion can be drawn that vagotomy does not cause long lasting and radical bloodflow changes in the abdomen. PMID- 6636920 TI - [Coincidence of chronic pancreatitis and liver cirrhosis in alcohol abuse. A x ray and histomorphological study]. AB - We conducted a retrospective study in 112 chronic alcoholics in order to evaluate the incidence of simultaneous damage of both pancreas and liver. In all patients, an endoscopic retrograde pancreaticography (ERP) and a liver biopsy were performed. 65 patients had alterations of the pancreatic ducts compatible with the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. 30,7% (20/65) suffered from an additional alcoholic liver cirrhosis. This is a much more frequent association than presumed by H. Sarles et al. and Ammann et al. When the diagnosis was established, the average age of the group with chronic pancreatitis and liver cirrhosis was the same as in patients with chronic pancreatitis without cirrhosis (43,3 versus 42,4 years). Routine laboratory findings were of little value in comparison to the morphological findings. PMID- 6636921 TI - [Computerized tomogram following pancreatic resection]. AB - After partial or total pancreatic resection displacement of abdominal organs, alterated bile- and food passage as well as pathological signs may be observed. In this serie scar-tissue was no problem in the differential diagnosis. Tumor recurrency can be demonstrated quite easily if follow-up examinations are available. Artifacts may influence the interpretation and can be the cause of a false negative reading. PMID- 6636922 TI - [Simplified methods of expiratory hydrogen (H2) analysis--clinical testing of two H2 breath test devices]. AB - Clinical application of two devices available for breath hydrogen (H2) analysis in the gastroenterologist's or hospital practice was investigated. Breath H2 analysis by gaschromatography was used as reference method. Apparatus A was inadequate for measurements of H2 concentrations in endexpiratory air. With the second apparatus (B) valid measurements were obtained. Both, sensitivity and precision suggest that this device may be an alternative for gaschromatographic H2 analysis which will be suitable for the clinical and practising gastroenterologist's purposes. PMID- 6636923 TI - [Permeation of triamcinolone acetonide and zinc oxide from a shake lotion]. AB - Triamcinolone-acetonide crystals suspended in a zinc oxide shake lotion permeate the deeper skin layers especially if applied to a damaged horny layer. The influx rate of the corticosteroid is approximately 20 times higher in damaged skin (e.g. removing of horny layer by stripping) than in healthy skin. Zinc oxide is absorbed by the middle and lower layers of the horny layer respectively epidermis, out of the triamcinolone-acetonide shake lotion. The corticosteroid and zinc component as well as a physical properties of the shake lotion have a therapeutical effect. PMID- 6636924 TI - [UV-B phototherapy in psoriasis]. AB - 67 patients, 41 with chronic plaque-psoriasis and 26 with acute eruptive or seborrhoic psoriasis, were treated in a stand-up unit equipped with UV-B fluorescent bulbs. 92 per cent of the latter group of patients showed satisfactory results (13 exposures, total UV-B dose: 464 mJ/cm2), whereas only 46 per cent of the patients with plaque psoriasis responded comparably (19 exposures, total UV-B dose: 994 mJ/cm2). A split comparison study of PUVA and UV B on plaque-psoriasis revealed the superiority of PUVA in both initial treatment phase and duration of the remission. For certain types of psoriasis, UV-B phototherapy represents an alternative option. With regard to long-term hazards, however, as carcinogenicity in particular, UV-B has to be judged with the same scrutiny as PUVA. PMID- 6636925 TI - [Modification of sebaceous gland secretion by the antiestrogen tamoxifen in female and male golden hamsters]. AB - 24 male and 24 female syrian hamsters were treated with antiestrogen Tamoxifen for 21 days (dosage 5, 50, 200 and 800 microgram/d, respectively). For control, 6 male and 6 female animals remained untreated. After having finished this treatment, we performed double-labelling autoradiography with 3H- and 14C thymidine on all animals, under in vivo-conditions. The number of single labelled 3H-cells has been related to cell proliferation. The quotient " double labelled cells/single 3H-labelled cells " served as a measure for the duration of the S phase. In addition, we measured the sebaceous gland volume. No essential influence on the parameters could be found. Therefore, we have to assume that the antiestrogen Tamoxifen does not have an essential effect on cell kinetics in the sebaceous gland. PMID- 6636926 TI - [Hyperlipoproteinemia due to congenital bile duct atresia with unusually located tuberous xanthoma]. AB - A 17 month old girl with congenital bile duct atresia developed unusually located xanthomas (fig. 2 and 3). The lipids in the xanthomas consisted of cholesterolesters and triglycerides. PMID- 6636927 TI - [Psoriasis therapy with the aromatic retinoid Ro 10-9359 (Tigason)]. AB - At three University Departments of Dermatology (Berlin, Leipzig, Erfurt) of the GRD, 63 psoriatics (46 men, 17 women) were treated with aromatic retinoid Ro 10 9359 (Tigason) up to a maximum of 84 weeks. In 34 of these cases, photochemotherapy was additionally applied. This combination resulted in a more rapid healing than Tigason alone. The average initial dose amounted to 1 mg per kg body weight. Only in cases of psoriatic erythroderma, the treatment started with a daily rate of 25 mg Tigason. The maintenance dose came to 50 to 25 mg daily. On account of deterioration of the cutaneous condition and/or heavy itching, the treatment had to be discontinued in 4 cases. Side effects as cheilitis, rhagades, loss of hair, and onycholysis disappeared after reduction of the dose. Our study confirmed the good therapeutical effect of Tigason with the various forms of psoriasis. PMID- 6636928 TI - [Observations on pityriasis rosea patients]. AB - In the Institute of Skin and Veneral Diseases 252 patients suffering from pityriasis rosea were treated yearly since 1970. As opposed to descriptions published so far several differences were observed. The disease occurs not only in young adults, but also in infants and in old age. It may be observed not only in certain months, but throughout the year. The disease becomes manifest more frequently in workers of larger collectives. It does not leave behind prolonged immunity, but may return after an intervall of 1-12 years with milder symptoms. The repeated incidence was 3,57 per cent. Recurrence was observed in two cases within one family. P.r. was followed by herpes zoster in 3 cases, which is indicative of increased susceptibility for viral infection. The point of attack of the supposed pathogen is the pharyngeal mucous membrane, which may explain the difficulty of isolation of the unknown virus as this region has a rich microflora. PMID- 6636930 TI - [CRSET syndrome: association with erythema figuratum]. AB - We report on a 69-year-old woman showing simultaneous occurrence of CRSET syndrome and erythema figuratum. As far as we known, the association of these two diseases has not been observed before. PMID- 6636929 TI - [Squamous cell carcinoma in discoid lupus erythematosus foci]. AB - Development of squamous cell carcinomas in lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) has been observed extremely rarely. This paper reports on two patients with squamous cell carcinomas in DLE-lesions that had preexisted for decades. Because this complication is observed so rarely, individual predisposing factors are discussed. PMID- 6636931 TI - [Giant condylomata (Buschke-Lowenstein) of the scrotum. 20 years' persistence without signs of malignity]. AB - This case report presents a patient having suffered from giant condylomata Buschke-Lowenstein of the scrotum since more than 20 years, but without showing malignant degeneration. PMID- 6636932 TI - [Effect of prosthetic heart valve replacement on the natural course of isolated mitral and aortic as well as multivalvular diseases. Clinical results in 783 patients up to 8 years following implantation of the Bjork-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis]. AB - In order to establish the influence of prosthetic valve replacement on the natural course of mitral, aortic, and double-valve disease of NYHA class III and IV, the progress of 359 patients with Bjork-Shiley mitral-valve prostheses (BSM), 317 with aortic valve prostheses, and 107 with double valve prostheses was compared with that of patients who had been treated medically. In this last group of patients, valve replacement had been recommended in the period 1968-1976, but for various reasons had not been carried out. Cumulative survival rates after 8 years were 77% for the BSM group, but only 32% for the medically treated group (p less than 0.0001). One year after operation, 70% of the BSM patients showed an improvement equivalent to one NYHA class, and in the majority this was still apparent after 5 years. In patients with aortic-valve incompetence, cumulative survival rates were 86% for the surgically treated group and 32% for the medically treated group (p less than 0.00001). In aortic-valve stenosis, these differences of cumulative survival rates were even more pronounced (p less than 0.000001), and were calculated to be 85% in surgically treated and 10% in medically treated patients. Clinical improvement in the BSA group averaged 1.5 NYHA classes. The 5-year survival rate for the patients with mitral and aortic valve disease was 32%, while following doublevalve replacement it was 67% (p less than 0.005). Clinical improvement after double-valve replacement was similar to that following mitral-valve replacement. Prosthetic heart-valve replacement significantly prolongs life in patients with isolated mitral- or aortic-valve lesions as well as in patients with double-valve disease of NYHA classes III and IV. Even in the early years of the study, when the operative mortality was relatively high, the surgically treated groups had a significantly higher survival rate than the conservatively treated groups, and this was already apparent at an early stage in the follow-up period. Improvement of functional capacity and relief of symptoms amount to a difference of approximately one NYHA class in mitral and double-valve disease and of approximately 1.5 NYHA classes in aortic-valve disease. PMID- 6636933 TI - [Constrictive pericarditis: results and problems of conservative and surgical treatment]. AB - 34 patients (pts.) with chronic constrictive pericarditis (CCP) were investigated by right and left heart catheterization and were followed at Hannover Medical School between 1975 and 1981. 12 pts. in NYHA stage II were treated medically (group I); 22 pts. (group II) in NYHA stages III or IV underwent surgery (pericardectomy). 7 pts. of group I and 12 pts. of group II underwent cardiac catheterization twice; the time interval between the two studies was at least 12 months, averaging 34 +/- 16 months in group I and 34 +/- 19 months in group II. 2 pts. of group I underwent pericardectomy after the second investigation. In group I the mortality was 16.7% (2 out of 12 pts.), both pts. being in stage IV. Hospital mortality in group II amounted to 20.8% (5 out of 24 pts.); late mortality was 4.2% (1 out of 24 pts.). However, 2 of 5 pts. who died in hospital had also undergone aortic and/or mitral valve replacement, and one was on chronic hemodialysis. Additional disorders of liver, lung, and/or kidney function or aortic and/or mitral valve replacement increased the operative risk considerably. Cardiac catheterization performed in 7 out of 12 pts. of group I yielded slight but significant hemodynamic deterioration under conservative management, and 2 of these pts. required surgery after reinvestigation. Cardiac catheterization performed postoperatively in 12 pts. of group II demonstrated normal hemodynamics, especially a decrease in right and left atrial and ventricular enddiastolic pressures (p less than 0.001) and an improvement in cardiac index (p less than 0.05) and stroke index (p less than 0.01). These observations suggest the following conclusions: Pts. in NYHA stage II can be treated medically as long as additional disorders are absent. Hemodynamic deterioration, however, is unpredictable, and approximately one third of pts. may deteriorate rapidly. Therefore, careful clinical observations and repeated hemodynamic studies are necessary. Pericardectomy is still associated with a rather high mortality, depending on additional disorders of liver, lung, and/or kidney function, which accumulate in pts. with long histories of right heart failure. On the other hand, late postoperative results are favorable. When the patient has liver, lung, and/or kidney damage or a long history of cardiac insufficiency, or is advanced in age, operation should be performed even in NYHA stage II because of the increasing operative risk attending higher stages of cardiac insufficiency. PMID- 6636934 TI - [Value of the floating catheter test in cardiologic diagnosis]. AB - This study had two aims: a) to investigate the diagnostic value of right heart catheterization at rest and during exercise in patients with angina pectoris and dyspnea, and b) to find out whether right heart catheterization during exercise provides additional diagnostic information when the correct diagnosis has been established by invasive means. The findings in 109 patients with coronary or myocardial heart disease (average age 50 years) were investigated retrospectively. Right heart catheterization is a semiinvasive measure which permits the differentiation of normal ventricles from ventricles with impaired function during exercise; further diagnostic information cannot be obtained, however. In patients with angina pectoris, right heart catheterization has no greater diagnostic value than the ECG during exercise. The patients were divided into five groups according to the final diagnosis: 55 with coronary heart disease, 11 with dilatative and 6 with latent cardiomyopathy, 26 with systemic hypertension, and 11 without heart disease. The results show that right heart catheterization during exercise is absolutely necessary in addition to invasive measures in patients with normal function of the left ventricle at rest and without coronary heart disease, as these patients show either a normal (patients with systemic hypertension, patients without heart disease) or an abnormal increase in pulmonary artery pressure during exercise (patients with systemic hypertension, patients with latent cardiomyopathy). Patients without coronary heart disease but with impaired left ventricular function even at rest always show a pathological increase in pulmonary artery pressure during exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6636935 TI - [Results of a computer-based analysis of peripheral pulse waves in arterial occlusive diseases of the lower extremity]. AB - A system of data acquisition and computer analysis for pulse wave measurements, realized by means of electronic oscillography (Boucke-Brecht system) or impedance rheography, is described. The system includes: 1. Computer-compatible data acquisition and registration 2. Conversion of data into digital form 3. Data processing and evaluation of parameters 4. Classification. Records are taken from equivalent points of left and right lower extremities. Computer analysis is performed off-line using a small computer (TPA-i). The computer program evaluates the following parameters: 1. Time intervals and amplitudes of pulse propagation time, inclinations, crest time, peak width, maximum and minimum of dicrotic wave 2. Areas between pulse curve and baseline 3. Extremes of 1st and 2nd derivates for the dynamic characterization of signal 4. Fourier coefficients All parameters are computed for 12 single pulse cycles and finally averaged, printed out, and stored in a data bank. The diagnostic significance of all these parameters was examined and evaluated for separation of normal and pathological curves. With linear discriminance analysis a correct classification of about 90% was obtained. Advantages of computer analysis are: 1. Time-consuming visual evaluation is avoided. 2. Accuracy and reliability of diagnosis are improved. 3. Additional parameters offer more diagnostic information. Further investigations are directed toward reducing the number of parameters and developing an efficient screening method for early diagnosis of peripheral arterial obstructions. PMID- 6636936 TI - [Congenital aneurysms of the left atrium with intact pericardium--value of diagnostic methods for recognition, prognosis and therapy]. AB - An intrapericardial aneurysm of the left atrial appendage in a 7-year-old girl is reported. Review of the 36 cases described up to now reveals that there is no specific age for this disease. It is therefore questioned whether this defect is really congenital in origin. Systemic embolism and serious rhythm disturbances are the most common complications; the younger the patient, the less likely they are to occur. Systemic embolism has only been described in the case of aneurysms located at the left atrial appendage, not in aneurysms of other parts of the left atrial wall. The risk of the development of rhythm disorders, however, is independent of the location within the left atrium. Clinical findings (including ECG) are nonspecific. Cardiomegaly and unusual configuration of the heart are constantly found, but are not pathognomonic. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by angiocardiography. Operation seems always to be indicated if complications are to be avoided. Operative deaths or complications during the follow-up after operation are not described. Nothing is known about the etiology of the disease. PMID- 6636937 TI - [Pulsating tumor of the left thoracic wall following pneumonectomy]. AB - 1 year after left-sided pneumonectomy (for carcinoma of the lung) a pulsating mass developed under the thoracic scar. This was shown by computed tomography to be a partly intra-, partly extrathoracic metastasis. PMID- 6636938 TI - [ECG changes and angina pectoris due to direct current from a defective cardiac pacemaker]. AB - The case of a 73-year-old patient whose external cardiac pacemaker produced a constant direct current is reported. The patient had severe angina pectoris, and the ECG showed marked QT prolongation and deformation both of the QRS complex and of the ST-T segments. Both angina and ECG changes disappeared when the defective pacemaker was replaced. PMID- 6636939 TI - [Author abstracts of the fall meeting of the German Society for Cardiovascular Research. 6-8 October 1983, Ulm. Monitoring of therapy]. PMID- 6636940 TI - [Neurology in the elderly]. AB - Possibilities and limits of neurology in the elderly are presented. Normal ageing processes of the brain, the possible interactions with extra- and intracerebral processes and reactions are discussed. Special attention is paid to the great variability of all clinical findings in the elderly, the difficulties of their interpretation, the always present polypathy, the doubtful so-called specific findings in old people. Instead of trying to diagnose doubtful neurological diseases of old age, it is recommended to respect anamnesis, clinical and technical findings (as EEG, digital subtraction angiography, computerized tomography) and to appoint them to the syndromes which may appear in a whole lot of different combinations of symptoms. From this approach a better therapeutical success is expected. PMID- 6636941 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of cerebrovascular ischemia]. AB - The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of complete and focal cerebral ischemia are described. Special attention is paid to the recognition of TIA's, the non-invasive diagnostic possibilities (Doppler ultrasonic imaging, digital subtraction angiography, cranial computerized tomography), the medicamentous and surgical prevention of stroke. Cranial computerized tomography is important for the differential diagnosis of cerebral ischemia/cerebral hemorrhage. The pray and rehabilitation of patients with stroke are discussed. The possibilities of pharmacotherapy are critically reviewed. PMID- 6636942 TI - [The cardiovascular system and cerebrovascular disorders in the elderly with special reference to pacemaker therapy]. AB - Elderly patients are problem patients, especially as far as the selection of the best therapy is concerned. The reduction of cerebral efficiency is caused by a reduced metabolism and blood circulation of the brain. Extracerebral disturbing factors comprise obstructions of the vascular system, disturbances of the pumping action of the heart, changes of blood pressure and a lack of substrates. The symptoms are of a great variety, they may occur in a slowly progressive or an acute form. The pacemaker treatment shows the close connection between diseases of heart and circulation and the cerebral vascular circulation. This treatment improves the contraction of the heart, but it also causes an improvement of the cerebral vascular situation, especially in patients with chronical bradycardiac arrhythmias, demonstrated by a series of EEG investigations and clinical controls. New methods of "physiological" heart stimulations are important in patients having cerebralsclerotic disturbances, whereby the collaboration between cardiologists and neurologists should be intensified. PMID- 6636943 TI - [Epilepsies and epileptic attacks in the elderly]. AB - Epilepsies and epileptic seizures seldom occur firstly in aged people. Clinically these seizures are not different from those of children, adolescents and younger adults, except from pycnoleptic petit-mal almost never manifestating firstly in the elderly. If etiologic factors often remain unknown, cerebral tumors, even if they are rare, must always be suspected. Cerebro-vascular and cerebro-metabolic diseases, head injuries, abuse of alcohol, and medicaments may be responsible for the first manifestation of epileptic seizures in the aged. Degenerative brain diseases sometimes are responsible for epileptic seizures and epilepsies in elderly people. But even if an epileptic seizures is insured, metabolic diseases (e.g., hypoglycemia) or heart diseases must be considered, because they may lead eventually to the manifestation of epileptic seizures. PMID- 6636944 TI - [Diagnostic value of electrophysiologic studies in presenile and senile dementia]. AB - From the therapeutical point of view, reliable differentiations of different dementia types are required. Electrophysiological methods could be advantageous for this purpose. Healthy elderly people already show slight EEG-changes as slower alpha rhythm with decreased percent time and amplitude, furtheron temporal foci predominantly on the left side. Those changes partly are correlated with age, mental abilities, and vigilance. Considering clinical psychopathological findings, the EEG pattern can to some extent differentiate dementia types. The occurrence of disorganized diffuse theta and delta waves instead of the regular alpha rhythm can signify Alzheimer's disease. On the other hand, generally well preserved but slow alpha rhythm with focal slow waves characterizes the multi infarct dementia. Experience with evoked potential findings in dementia is still rare, compared with the relatively well established EEG criteria. An increase of latencies of early components, a decrease or disappearance of amplitudes of late components, and an increase of refractory period using double stimulus as described as typical changes. According to our own preliminary findings, the high polarity of the nonstructured late part of the EP wave could differentiate multiinfarct dementia from Alzheimer's disease, where low polarity seems to be characteristic. PMID- 6636945 TI - [Changes in food consumption in relation to age]. AB - At inquest of 7110 persons statement about the dependence of age in food consumption. More than 50% of the volunteers eat 3 main-meals per day. Particularly the consumption of sugar, sweeteners, sodium-chlorid, fats, dietetic food-stuffs as well as the consumption of various beverages will be described. Furthermore, results are given in compatibility of food in relations to blood pressure and blood parameters. PMID- 6636946 TI - Fatal hemoglobinuria in the case of a 75-year-old female patient. Necropsy findings: sepsis. PMID- 6636947 TI - Hereditary elliptocytosis being the propositus with skeletal malformations 66 years old. PMID- 6636948 TI - [Possibilities and limitations in clinical toxicology analysis]. PMID- 6636949 TI - [Continuous determination of blood glucose using an enzyme electrode]. PMID- 6636950 TI - [Analytical sensitivity of Krypto-Haem SSW compared with other test tapes for the detection of occult blood in the stool]. PMID- 6636951 TI - [The determination of the ratio of intra- and interindividual differences in hematocrit parameters based on Sternberg multiphasic screening over a 10-year period]. PMID- 6636952 TI - [Erythrocyte volume distribution curves in the diagnosis of anemia]. PMID- 6636953 TI - [Mathematical correction of the technical error of a Coulter capillary used in measuring cell volume distribution]. PMID- 6636954 TI - [Characterization of erythrocyte deformability using a filtration technic. I. Methodological aspect of a classical procedure]. PMID- 6636955 TI - [Nephelometric quantification of the intensity of hemagglutination reactions in microliter samples]. PMID- 6636956 TI - [Fluoride determination in human organs and body fluids using an ion-sensitive electrode]. PMID- 6636957 TI - [Rapid diagnosis of anaerobic infections using gas chromatography]. PMID- 6636958 TI - [Separation of peripheral nerve fascicles. Electron microscopic study]. AB - We have examined the sciatic nerve of cats and rabbits. In cats, the epineurium was removed for 10 mm length, and in rabbits for 30 mm. The fascicles of the nerves were separated by a scalpel using an operating microscope. The nerves were observed by electron microscopy, in cats 30 days and in rabbits 90 days after operating. In cats, the internal structure of fascicles was injured and circular parts were formed by fibrocytes which have included axons and Schwann cells. The basal lamina of Schwann cells was injured particularly. In rabbits, a new construction was observed in the internal structure of the nerve. The perineurium was repaired by cells with basal lamina and with 2...5 lamella. PMID- 6636959 TI - Fibrillar centres and condensed nucleolar chromatin in resting and stimulated human lymphocytes. AB - To provide more information on the ultrastructural morphology of fibrillar centres and condensed nucleolar chromatin, both these nucleolar components were studied in ultrathin sections of resting and phytohemagglutinin stimulated human lymphocytes. In comparison with resting cells, in stimulated lymphocytes fibrillar centres increased in number but their total size was smaller. In stimulated cells the size of individual fibrillar centers remained about the same. The size of the intranucleolar condensed chromatin was larger in stimulated than in resting cells. The proportion of the intranucleolar areas with condensed chromatin to the whole nucleolar area was relatively constant since no difference was noted between resting and stimulated cells. On the other hand, the proportion of the condensed intranucleolar chromatin to the condensed perinucleolar chromatin increased in stimulated lymphocytes in comparison with resting cells. The close morphological relationship between fibrillar centres and condensed intranucleolar chromatin was noted in ring shaped nucleoli of resting lymphocytes, this relationship was frequently remaining in nucleoli with less or more distinct nucleolonemata of stimulated cells. PMID- 6636960 TI - An electron microscopic study of the human fetal mandibular periosteum. AB - The authors studied the submicroscopic structure of the human fetal periosteum. The mandible was in the 4 ..5th month of the fetal life formed of woven bone. The periosteum consisted of the cambial and fibrous layers. The cambial layer contained active osteoblasts, characterized by numerous endoplasmic reticulum profiles, flat cells with signs of osteolytic activity in their surroundings, and cells anchored to the bone matrix by their processes. From these cells the osteocytes developed. The submicroscopic structure of the young osteocytes was similar to that of osteoblasts. The fibrous layer contained numerous collagen fibres and fibroblasts, which were in the resting or active metabolic state. The results and literature are discussed in the paper. PMID- 6636961 TI - Central myelin in the shark Scyllium stellare (Elasmobranchii, Selachii). AB - The central myelin of the phylogenetically ancient shark Scyllium stellare (Elasmobranchii, Selachii) was examined at the electron microscope. The known different chemical compositions of the myelin in higher and lower vertebrates is not associated in the Scyllium with a lack of any basic structural myelin elements, but is probably linked to variations in the myelin compactness and periodicity. Several unusual myelin structures and irregular patterns of unknown origin have been observed. The relationship between myelin-forming cells and the most external layers of myelinated structures suggest the possibility that the cytoplasmic glial wrapping is not the only mechanism responsible for central myelination in this vertebrate. PMID- 6636962 TI - [Changes in basolateral membrane of villus cells in the rat small intestine at low pH]. AB - The basolateral membrane of isolated villus cells of rat small intestine was isolated and was used to investigate the structural changes as well as the simultaneous alterations of its protein pattern at low pH-value. For this purpose the alterations, which occur on the membrane under the influence of HCL, were studied in the electron microscope (negative staining) and by SDS-Polyacryl-amid Gel electrophoresis. The results show firstly a total disintegration of the membrane and the formation of very uniformly shaped fragments and secondly the absence of protein bands in the fragments in comparison to the protein pattern of the intact membrane. Extraction of more extensive protein bands could not be demonstrated. Possible conclusions concerning the structure of the basolateral membrane and parallels to the reaction of Erythrocyte membrane under the same conditions are discussed. PMID- 6636963 TI - Effect of acute and repeated immobilization stress on the ultrastructure of neurons of the rat hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus. AB - The fine structure of neuronal somata of the central subdivision of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) was studied in acutely and repeatedly immobilized rats. Four categories of neurons were distinguished in control animals based mainly on ultrastructural appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER): 1. the neurons with longer segments of RER distributed throughout the cytoplasm which, at the same time, clearly dominated in this area, 2. the neurons with RER arranged into several groups located at different sites of the soma, 3. the neurons with only a few of short fragments of RER scattered in the cytoplasm, and 4. the neurons with an extensive parallel system of RER in the cell periphery. After acute stress only three categories were found (the 4th category being absent), whereby the number of the 2nd category of neurons evidently increased. Following repeated immobilization a further category of neurons occurred, which represented 9...11% of the neuronal population and showed a wide variety of RER modifications including whorls. The presented morphological evidence suggest that the central subdivision of rat VMN might be involved in neuroendocrine processes activated during increased pituitary-adrenocortical response under immobilization stress. PMID- 6636964 TI - Lectin (concanavalin A) binding to rat hepatocytes in different stages of cell differentiation. AB - A substantial part of hepatocytes originating from 19-day rat embryos are capable of binding concanavalin-A (Con-A) in the initial stage of culturing, and all embryonic hepatocytes acquire the binding property later on (until 24 days). Although the proportions of Con-A binding hepatocytes also are considerable in cultures derived from newborn and one-week old rats, they do not increase to 100% during culturing, and the cell of newborn rats show a marked decrease rather than increase in percentual Con-A binding capacity during the second part of the culturing period. The quantitative relations of Con-A binding sites were statistically identical in all age categories studied, and seem thus be independent of the age of the animal or culture. PMID- 6636965 TI - [Adaptation of skeletal muscle fibers to endurance training, confinement or selection for body weight and physical endurance of laboratory mice]. AB - By the help of histological methods the changes in skeletal muscle of laboratory mice, which had different levels of exercise during postweaning period (training, confinement) or had been selected for body weight and endurance fitness (Du 6+LB), were investigated. The animal groups with the better endurance fitness (Du 6+LB, trained) had a higher total number of muscle fibres. An increased aerobic capacity of metabolism for the trained and selected animals, a decreased one for the confined animals resulted, indicated by the composition of muscle fibre types of M. rectus femoris. The appearance of stress-induced pathological changes of muscle fibres was observed, with the highest extent in the confined group with decreased endurance fitness. Similar correlations between structure of muscle and fitness in domestic animals are to be expected. PMID- 6636966 TI - [Electron microscopic and morphometric studies of the main kidney segment of male and female rats following castration and testosterone substitution]. AB - The effect of testosterone on the 3 segments of the renal proximal tubule (S1, S2, S3) of male and female rats was studied by electronmicroscopic and morphometric methods. Only light, granulated and dark lysosomes as well as microbodies (peroxisomes) and dictyosomes (Golgi zones) were investigated. After castration the area density of light lysosomes in the S1 segment increases in males whereas it decreases in females; therefore the sex different pattern of light lysosomes, that is to be seen in normal animals, is reversed. The absolute size and number of light giant lysosomes is also elevated in castrated males in comparison to normal animals as well as to animals substituted by testosterone. - Dark lysosomes of the S1 segments are more numerous in castrated females and less numerous in castrated males than in normal animals. - The distinct sex difference in dark lysosomes of the S2 segment which is demonstrable in normal animals disappears after castration the area density of dark lysosomes increasing in castrated females and decreasing in castrated males. The three species of lysosomes in the S1 segments show no longer a sex difference after substitution with testosterone: substituted males develop the same pattern as normal animals and substituted females are almost comparable with normal males. However, the sex difference in dark lysosomes of the S2 segment is more pronounced after testosterone treatment. - The characteristic pattern of light lysosomes in the S1 and S2 segments as well as the change of the sex different lysosomal pattern after castration and substitution with testosterone, respectively - especially in S1 - seem to be caused by testosterone which results in an inhibition of resorption. Only after castration a sex difference appears in dark lysosomes of the S3 segment (males show more dark lysosomes than females). This sex difference is reversed by testosterone treatment. There are more numerous lysosomes with an non-homogeneous matrix in both sexes after castration which are seldom to be seen in normal and substituted animals. The area density of microbodies shows sex differences in all 3 segments of normal animals. While no significant changes in S1 and S2 are to be seen after castration and substitution, there is a pronounced decrease of the area density of microbodies in S3 of males after castration, so that no sex differences are then available.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6636967 TI - [Ultrastructure of intercellular bridges of male germ cells]. AB - The morphology of intercellular bridges between spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids has been examined by electron microscopy on different species and on man. Bridges between spermatocytes and spermatids exhibit species specificity with regard to size, structure and density of the electron dense bridge substance. In each species, intercellular bridges differentiate from the basal compartment to the adluminal compartment. This is seen in structural changes within a layer of dense substance in the subplasmalammal layer. Common to all species are structures such as membranous systems, microtubules or midbodies, associated with the bridges. There is evidence that intercellular bridges have organelle character. PMID- 6636968 TI - Development and differentiation of the brain ventricular system in tadpoles of Xenopus laeris (Daudin) (Amphibia, Anura). AB - The development and the differentiation of the ventricular system of the brain of tadpoles of the South African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis (Daudin), is studied by light microscopy (stages 45 to 66) and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (stages 50 to 66). Special interest is paid to the ependymal structures of the foramen of Monroe, the ventricles of the diencephalon, the mesencephalon, and the rhombencephalon, and to the ependymal of the central canal and the choroid plexus of the third and fourth ventricle. At early developmental stages the lower two thirds of the ventricles are dominated by blebs, cytoplasmatic protrusions of the ependymal cells. During the development they become reduced and replaced by cilia. The number of cilia and microvilli increases strongly towards the end of the metamorphosis. The surface structures demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy are discussed in respect to morphology and physiology. PMID- 6636969 TI - [Ultrastructure of the human colon during ontogenesis]. AB - The ultrastructure of the colon of normal human embryos and fetuses was examined continuously from the 8th to 23rd week of pregnancy. The development of the colonic mucosa could therefore be presented at the moment, where the cellular differentiation nearly resembles those of adults. During the 8th week of pregnancy in the embryonic epithelium endocrine cells begin to differentiate. In the tunica submucosa unmyelinated axon bundles can already be found. The first goblet cells occur on 9 week old fetuses. The superficial epithelium carries a brush border covered by glycocalix. Osmiophile granules and enterochromaffin cells type 4 after Cristina are situated near the basal membrane. Underneath the tunica submucosa a thin layer of circular musculature has developed. From the 13th week onwards a stripe of longitudinal musculature joins the circular muscle layer in direction of the serosa. Between the muscle layers lie nerve bundles of the myenteric plexus. 14 or 15 week old fetuses show crypts. The endocrine cells can be classified into type 1, 2 and 4 after Cristina. In the 22nd week additionally to the lipid granules at the basal membrane, osmiophile bodies appear in the apical cytoplasm. At this stage a certain variety of intermediate forms between goblet- and endocrine cells occurs. Enterochromaffin cells type 3 after Cristina can be defined as well. A lamina muscularis mucosae has not yet arisen. PMID- 6636970 TI - Melanophore characteristics in a fresh-water teleost, Puntius conchonius (Ham.). AB - The present study is an attempt to determine the factors responsible for the melanophore pattern of the freshwater teleost, Puntius conchonius (Ham.) under normal background conditions (i.e., the existence of a large round black spot on the middle of the side above the posterior part of the anal fin and the dull shade of the rest of the body which is brownish on the dorsal part, referred here in the present study as the general body surface and silvery along the lateral and ventral part of the body). On the basis of nature of their branching pattern various morphological types of melanophores are classified in a scale from the dark spot area as well as the general body surface. There are as many as 7 types of melanophores termed as A, B, C, AB/AC (all system I deep melanophores) and a, b and c (all system I superficial melanophores). The integument of the fish, however, possesses 3 kinds of chromatophores namely--melanophores, xanthophores and iridophores. The identity of the dark spot as clearly maintained entity independant from the general body surface may be attributed to greater number of system I melanophores, greater melanin content in the system I and system II melanophores, smaller interspaces between system I and system II deep melanophores, greater anastomosing in the superficial melanophores, larger size of system I deep as well as superficial melanophores. The reverse order of the above mentioned factors is responsible for the dull-brownish shade of the general body surface of the fish. The dark spot toward the tail end in the fish, possibly may serve to intimidate or misdirect attack and thus facilitate escape. PMID- 6636971 TI - Oestrogen-induced renal carcinogenesis in the hamster: ultrastructural and hormonal studies of the pars intermedia before and after withdrawal of oestrogen. AB - Long-term oestrogen treatment of male hamster induced renal carcinoma and pituitary enlargement due to hypertrophic and hyperplastic change in the pars intermedia. The latter effect was accompanied by ultrastructural abnormalities in pars intermedia cells and elevation of serum MSH concentration. Oestrogen treatment was stopped after 36 weeks and animals were killed at intervals from 8 to 36 weeks after oestrogen withdrawal. Nearly complete tumour regression occurred during the 36 weeks following cessation of oestrogen and by 28...36 weeks the pars intermedia cells regained normal ultrastructural appearance. However, pituitary enlargement and elevated serum MSH levels persisted throughout the post oestrogen recovery period. PMID- 6636972 TI - Uptake of horseradish peroxidase in spontaneous adenomas of the rat pituitary. AB - The uptake of horseradish peroxidase was investigated by electron microscopy in 9 non-tumorous adenohypophyses and 13 spontaneous pituitary adenomas of adult female Long-Evans rats. Pituitary adenoma cells retained their ability for endocytosis and exhibited more extensive deposition of horseradish peroxidase than non-tumorous adenohypophysial cells. PMID- 6636973 TI - Action of estriol on the uropygial gland activity in pigeon. AB - Administration of estriol (Sigma Chemical Co., U.S.A.) in the female young-adult pigeons at a dose of 50 micrograms/bird/day for 7 consecutive days caused atrophy of the uropygial gland, associated with increased cytopycnosis and drastic cell loss within the holocrine alveoli and reduction in the content of the glandular lipids. Probable mode of action of this steroid upon the uropygial gland has been suggested in the light of the recent data on its anti-estradiol property manifested in rat uterus. PMID- 6636974 TI - Ontogenesis of the myenteric plexus in the cat gastro-intestinal sphincters. I. Development of the neuronal perikarya and dendrites. AB - The pre- and postnatal development of the myenteric nerve perikarya and processes in gastro-intestinal sphincters was studied by means of light and electron microscopes. In the early fetal period, when migrate neuroblats were still seen, the myenteric ganglia were not formed. A peculiarity of each period of development was the presence of relative proportions of immature, transitional and mature nerve cells. With the progress of development the number of the immature neurons decreased, although single undifferentiated neurons were observed in adult cats. Multi-, bi- and pseudounipolar cells were distinguished in the late fetal period. On the electron microscope different myenteric neuronal types were differentiated in this period too. At birth and during the first postnatal weeks the impregnation showed an intensive dendritic branching and the Dogiel nerve types were well distinguished. To that corresponded a great variety in the fine structure of the dendrites. The nerve perikarya displayed a larger size and a richer content of organelles. Special attention was directed to the differences in the impregnation and fine structural features of the myenteric perikarya and dendrites the sphincters studied during the development. PMID- 6636975 TI - Ontogenesis of the myenteric plexus in the cat gastro-intestinal sphincters. II. Axonal differentiation. AB - The differentiation of the axons in the cat myenteric ganglia of the gastro intestinal sphincters has been examined during pre- and postnatal development. The quantitative analysis has been also used. The differentiation of the axons was a prolonged process that advanced parallel to the maturation of the myenteric nerve perikarya and dendrites. The early fetal period was marked by axonal growth cones. Regardless of the fact that during the development their frequency decreased at the expense of axon varicosities, growth cones were also observed in the first postnatal month. The formation of the axon varicosities was intensive in the late fetal period and in the first weeks after birth. This was judged from the changes in the volume fraction of the varicosities to total neuropil and the number of the varicosities per 100 sp x micrometer of neuropil. The maturation of the varicosities exhibited a longer course which was evident from the changes in the number of the vesicles and in the varicosity area. The cholinergic varicosities differentiated first and most quickly. The so-called p-type varicosities appeared as early as the fetal period, but their number continued to increase after birth. The adrenergic varicosities developed most slowly, which was confirmed by the experiments with 6-OHDA. The axons differentiated with a different speed in the three sphincters examined. PMID- 6636977 TI - Follicular atresia in Amblypharyngodon chakaiensis. AB - The development of pre-ovulatory and post-ovulatory corpora lutea along with the four atretic stages of the mature oocyte of Amblypharyngodon chakaiensis have been described. A unique phenomenon of atresia of immature oocytes has also been reported. PMID- 6636976 TI - [Morphometrically definable aging velocities of cells and tissues]. AB - We determined aging changes of the nucleus-cytoplasm-relation in the epithel of the human epiglottis and intestine of rats. The results were compared with data about the proliferation of connective tissue and the decrease of muscle cells in the wall of the intestine and in the ciliary muscle. We adapted exponential functions to the measured results. For comparing the several equations and the derivable aging velocities, the nucleus-cytoplasm-relation must be transformed into nucleus volume rate of the total cell volume. Similarities in the decrease of the aging speed in the course of life and in the value of the exponent of the aging function by W. Beier (approximately 0,03) were demonstrated. PMID- 6636978 TI - Ultrastructure of the neuromuscular junction in the hindgut of Periplaneta americana and Locusta migratoria. AB - Ultrastructural characteristics of neuromuscular junctions were studied in the hindgut of periplaneta americana and Locusta migratoria. A great number of nerve bundles were found among the muscle fibers. Axon profiles, glial processes, and muscle cell processes made up the nerve bundles. Ultrastructurally rather different types of vesicles and granules were found in the axons and axon terminals. The number of agranular vesicle-containing terminals was usually low. Most frequently, small clear vesicles and moderately electrondense granules were found in the same terminals in different ratios. Nerve terminals containing electron-dense granules were also common in the muscle of proctodeum. Conventional synapses (with pre- and postsynaptic thickenings and accumulation of synaptic vesicles) were seen in the neuromuscular junctions of the proctodeum. The heterogeneous nature of nerve terminal structures on proctodeal muscle of cockroaches and locusts indicated that different active molecules may be stored in th different vesicles and granules. PMID- 6636979 TI - [Morphological and ultrastructural study of the neural pelvic plexus in the male white mouse]. AB - The hypogastric ganglion which innerves the vas deferens and accessory glands of rat genital tract does not exist in the mouse. The mouse genital tract is innervated by a pelvic plexus made of a network of nervous fibres in which there are nervous ganglia. In these latter, there is a subpopulation of S. I. F. cells characterized by clear synaptic vesicles and a low number of dense core vesicles. PMID- 6636980 TI - [Morphometric comparison of neuron types in the nucleus raphe dorsalis and nucleus centralis superior (Nc. raphe medianus) of the rat]. AB - Three similar neuron types (polygonal, fusiform and pyriform neurons) were found to exist in populations of the nucleus raphe dorsalis and of nucleus raphe medianus, resp. The neuron types of both subnuclei were compared morphometrically using sections prepared by means of the Einarson--technique. The comparison between morphometrical values (size and breadth of the somata and nuclei, resp.) of the neuron types didn't show significant differences. PMID- 6636981 TI - Energy parameters, macromolecular synthesis and cell cycle progression of in vitro grown Ehrlich ascites tumor cells after inhibition of oxidative ATP synthesis by oligomycin. AB - In order to elucidate the significance of oxidative ATP production for the proliferation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, cell cycle progression, energy metabolism and macromolecular synthesis in the presence of oligomycin were studied. In the presence of the inhibitor (20 micrograms/ml), lactate production and glucose uptake of the cells increased by about 30-35% as compared to controls; oxygen consumption was maximally inhibited by 30-45% and could not further be reduced by higher concentrations of the inhibitor. ATP/ADP ratios of the oligomycin treated cells and control cells were not significantly different. In the first passage in the presence of oligomycin proliferation of the cells is reduced to about 50% that of controls; without severely affecting viability (dye exclusion test). In the second passage with oligomycin cell proliferation completely arrests. As was shown by flow cytometric analysis and BrdU-H33258 technique of flow cytometry, cells accumulate in the early S phase; division of cells which are in the S- and G2M compartment at the beginning of oligomycin treatment accounts for the increase of cell number in the first passage in the presence of oligomycin. On recultivation in the third passage in the absence of the inhibitor cells take up proliferation again; an increase of cell number of about 60% of controls was observed within 24 h. In the presence of oligomycin incorporation of [2-14C]thymidine is reduced to about 20% of the controls within 8 h, incorporation of [U-14C]lysine begins to slow down immediately after treatment with the inhibitor, the same is true for the incorporation of [2 14C]uridine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6636982 TI - Effect of 5'-terminated (2'-5')-oligoadenylates on cap degrading activities in rat liver nuclei. AB - (2'-5')-oligoadenylates bearing a 5'-terminal triphosphate or a 5'GTP-group inhibit the activity of a dinucleoside triphosphatase in rat liver nuclei thereby protecting mRNA against 5'-exonucleolytic degradation. (2'-5')-oligoadenylates, on the other hand, were known to enhance the activity of an endoribonuclease, RNaseF. Thus a synergistic effect may be assumed in vivo, i.e. cellular metabolism seems to be protected twice in virus-infected cells. PMID- 6636984 TI - Histopathological study of the attrition of challenge cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni in the skin of mice immunized by chronic infection and by use of highly X irradiated cercariae. AB - To find direct evidence for the sites of death of newly transformed schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni in the skin of challenged immunized hosts, a histopathological study of the skin of chronically infected mice and of highly X irradiated cercaria-immunized mice was made at different post-challenge times. Attrition of infecting organisms in naive mice was used as a control. In general, three main kinds of schistosomular attrition were observed: (1) in the granulocytic exudates in the epidermis, (2) in the granulocytic aggregates in the subcutaneous tissue, and (3) in the granuloma-like foci in the subcutaneous tissue. Schistosomula killed by the epidermal granulocytic exudates and by the subcutaneous granuloma-like foci occurred in all three groups of mice, but the schistosomula killed by the subcutaneous granulocytic aggregates were found only in the highly X-irradiated cercaria-immunized animals. Schistosomula killed by the epidermal granulocytic exudates were encountered occasionally in the challenged naive mice but more frequently in both the challenged chronically infected mice and the challenged highly X-irradiated cercaria-immunized mice. The number of subcutaneous granuloma-like foci was greater in the challenged mice immunized with highly X-irradiated cercariae than in the challenged naive mice or the challenged chronically infected mice. Another differentiating character among the three groups of mice was that in the highly X-irradiated cercaria-immunized group, the subcutaneous granuloma-like foci appeared on day 3 after the challenge, but on day 5 in the naive and chronically infected groups. The results clearly indicate that skin is an important site for the attrition of the challenged cercariae in the highly X-irradiated cercaria-immunized mice, and that immunity in the chronically infected and X-irradiated cercaria-immunized mice occurs by different mechanisms. PMID- 6636983 TI - The use of the 2 substituted 5-nitroimidazole, Fexinidazole (Hoe 239) in the treatment of chronic T. brucei infections in mice. AB - Relapse of chronic T. brucei infections was completely prevented by treating with either diminazene aceturate (Berenil) at 40 mg/kg or suramin (Germanin) at 20 mg/kg followed by four doses of the 2-substituted 5-nitroimidazole (Fexinidazole) (Hoe 239). None of these drugs administered singly elicited 100% permanent cures although a high percentage of the mice were cured with four doses of Fexinidazole at 250 mg/kg. A single dose of 20 mg/kg suramin followed by four daily doses of 30 mg/kg Fexinidazole will effectively eliminate all the trypanosomes from the brains of chronically infected mice. PMID- 6636985 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: dose-related tegumental surface changes after in vivo treatment with praziquantel. AB - The in vivo effects of a range of concentrations of praziquantel (10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg body weight of mouse) on the tegumental surface of adult Schistosoma mansoni were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Worms were recovered from mice at 1 and 4 h post-treatment. In general, irrespective of the dose level, male worms exhibited more pronounced and extensive surface alterations which included surface bleeding, swellings, wrinkling and constrictions and surface lesions, particularly on the spined tubercles. In male worms, in particular, the number of worms exhibiting damage and the amount of tegumental surface damage depended, mainly, on the concentration of praziquantel, although, at any given dose level, the extent of the damage increased with time post-treatment. PMID- 6636986 TI - Hammondia heydorni infection in camels (Camelus dromedarius) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Egypt. PMID- 6636987 TI - [Medicine in signs of responsibility. Health as social and cost factor]. PMID- 6636989 TI - [The Osnabruck model. Education of economic managers for public health]. PMID- 6636988 TI - [Controlling ambulatory medical care by remunerative procedures?]. PMID- 6636990 TI - [Long-term effects of irregular work schedules on health and attitude]. PMID- 6636991 TI - [Gastroenterology (15). Nuclear medicine diagnosis in gastroenterology. A short demonstration and evaluation of examination methods]. PMID- 6636992 TI - [Emergencies in general medicine (60). Suicide]. PMID- 6636993 TI - [Cyclosporin A. A new immunosuppressive agent]. PMID- 6636994 TI - [A beta receptor blocker-diuretic combination in elderly hypertensive patients at health resorts]. PMID- 6636995 TI - [Immunoprevention and therapy by plant preparations]. PMID- 6636996 TI - [Are non-kidney-dependent digitalis glycosides therapeutically safer?]. PMID- 6636997 TI - [Drugs of plant origin used in liver diseases]. PMID- 6636998 TI - [Plant cholagogues]. PMID- 6636999 TI - [Human biology]. PMID- 6637000 TI - [Spasmolytic effect of plant carminatives. Animal experiment studies]. PMID- 6637001 TI - [Considerations on a transitional flexible organization of a graduate educational curriculum leading to Doctor of General Medicine]. PMID- 6637002 TI - [Priapism]. PMID- 6637004 TI - [Syphilis--also today a current problem]. PMID- 6637003 TI - [Fournier gangrene. A necrotizing inflammation of the scrotum]. PMID- 6637005 TI - [Lues tertiaria gummosa. Clinico-morphologic aspects based on case examples]. PMID- 6637006 TI - [Public health in the People's Republic of China]. PMID- 6637007 TI - [Complications in acupuncture therapy]. PMID- 6637008 TI - [Interactions with corticoids. Advantages and dangers]. PMID- 6637010 TI - [Gastroenterology (17). Roentgen diagnosis (1): The esophagus]. PMID- 6637009 TI - [Do we need combination preparations?]. PMID- 6637011 TI - [Peridural pain therapy]. PMID- 6637012 TI - [Travel medicine. Medical measures before and after long-distance flights]. PMID- 6637013 TI - [Recommendations for traveling]. PMID- 6637014 TI - [Drug prevention of malaria]. PMID- 6637015 TI - [Health for all--the African dilemma]. PMID- 6637016 TI - [Cats as transmitters of zoonotic organisms. A risk of infection for humans?]. PMID- 6637017 TI - [Head lice. Biology, medical significance and control]. PMID- 6637018 TI - [Gastroenterology. Roentgen diagnosis 2: The stomach]. PMID- 6637019 TI - [Comparative study of the incidence of recurrence of the common wart. Surgical removal and follow-up treatment with and without polyvidon-iodine ointment]. PMID- 6637020 TI - Identifying the child at risk for repeated abuse. PMID- 6637021 TI - Transcapillary fluid filtration in patients with leg edema following arterial reconstruction for lower limb atherosclerosis. PMID- 6637022 TI - Intramuscular pressure in the claudicant leg. PMID- 6637023 TI - [Noninvasive diagnosis of early arteriosclerotic carotid lesions using the duplex system]. PMID- 6637024 TI - [A device for dynamic intravital videomicroscopy]. PMID- 6637025 TI - [Modified phlebography for varicose veins. Report on the effect of bandaging and dihydroergotamine. (2)]. PMID- 6637026 TI - [Surgical treatment of descending thrombosis and acute compression syndrome of the iliofemoral veins by bypass and wall-reinforced PTFE-prosthesis]. PMID- 6637027 TI - Physiotherapy in patients with thoracic outlet syndrome. PMID- 6637028 TI - Comparison of some technical modifications of the pull-through method in the creation of peripheral lymphatico-venous communications. PMID- 6637029 TI - [Unusual aortic aneurysm in Marfan syndrome. A case study]. PMID- 6637030 TI - Arterial pseudoaneurysm in a haemodialysis patient. PMID- 6637031 TI - Cystic adventitial degeneration of the popliteal artery. PMID- 6637032 TI - Stenosis of the superior mesenteric artery diagnosed by intravenous arteriography. PMID- 6637033 TI - [Aneurysm of the femoral vein and comparison of visual diagnostic methods]. PMID- 6637035 TI - [Odontogenic sepsis]. PMID- 6637034 TI - [Is Medusa still alive? A medicomythological observation]. PMID- 6637036 TI - [Current principles of the combined treatment of suppurative-septic infection]. PMID- 6637037 TI - [Importance of the gnotobiological approach in the prevention and treatment of suppurative surgical infection in children]. PMID- 6637038 TI - [Pediatric sepsis]. PMID- 6637039 TI - [General immunology of sepsis]. PMID- 6637040 TI - [Special-purpose immunotherapy of sepsis]. PMID- 6637042 TI - [Efficient schemes for the prevention and treatment of suppurative-inflammatory complications in patients after reconstructive operations]. PMID- 6637041 TI - [Principles of antibiotic therapy in surgical infection]. PMID- 6637043 TI - [Active surgical treatment of the pyemic foci in sepsis]. PMID- 6637044 TI - [Risk factors and the prevention of suppurative complications in surgical patients]. PMID- 6637045 TI - [Treatment of suppurative wounds in a controlled bacterial environment]. PMID- 6637046 TI - [Surgical sepsis--current status of the problem]. PMID- 6637048 TI - [Sepsis in young infants]. PMID- 6637047 TI - [Morphological characteristics of the erythrocytes of patients with suppurative surgical infection (light and scanning electron microscopy)]. PMID- 6637049 TI - [Treatment of acute septic lung abscesses]. PMID- 6637050 TI - [Treatment of suppurative wounds with a carbon dioxide laser]. PMID- 6637051 TI - [Congeneic-resistant mice strains from the Soviet collection stock]. PMID- 6637052 TI - [Inbred strains of mice from the Soviet collection stock: characteristics and applications]. PMID- 6637053 TI - [Mutant strains of laboratory mice from the collection stock of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences]. PMID- 6637054 TI - [Characteristics of inbred strains of rats in the USSR]. PMID- 6637055 TI - [Genetically controlled random-bred laboratory animals]. PMID- 6637056 TI - [Morphometric evaluation of genotypic variations between laboratory mice and choice of strain for experimental studies]. PMID- 6637057 TI - [The world stock of inbred animals]. PMID- 6637058 TI - [Type-specificity of immunity to antigens of chemical cholera vaccine in mice of different genotypes]. PMID- 6637059 TI - [The role of normal microflora for the control of health of laboratory animals]. PMID- 6637060 TI - [Respiratory organs of rats in breeding colonies]. PMID- 6637061 TI - [Control of the health of guinea pigs in breeding colonies]. PMID- 6637062 TI - [Various infectious diseases of dogs in experimental biological clinics (animal houses)]. PMID- 6637063 TI - [Status of the immune system in eczema patients]. PMID- 6637064 TI - [Effect of drugs currently used in treatment on indices of the body's immune reactivity in experimental candidiasis and aspergillosis]. PMID- 6637065 TI - [Ultrastructure of Ureaplasma urealyticum]. PMID- 6637066 TI - [HLA histocompatibility antigens and Reiter's disease]. PMID- 6637067 TI - [Experience in treating patients with fresh forms of syphilis with vibramycin]. PMID- 6637068 TI - [6 cases of recurring herpes zoster]. PMID- 6637069 TI - [Focal scleroderma of the external genitalia in children]. PMID- 6637070 TI - [PUVA-therapy in combination with etimizol in the treatment of psoriasis patients]. PMID- 6637071 TI - [Our experience in using novocaine block in dermatologic practice]. PMID- 6637072 TI - [Features of the clinical picture and treatment of leprosy in Vietnam]. PMID- 6637073 TI - [Current aspects of the epidemiology of secondary syphilis]. PMID- 6637074 TI - [Pathomorphology of the skin in senile pruritus]. PMID- 6637075 TI - Intrauterine devices. Their role in family planning care. PMID- 6637076 TI - Approaches to planning and design of health care facilities in developing areas. Volume 4. PMID- 6637077 TI - Issues and approaches in health services management in developing areas. PMID- 6637078 TI - Humanization of health care facilities in the light of the global strategy for health for all. PMID- 6637079 TI - Engineering and maintenance services in developing countries. PMID- 6637080 TI - The frontline hospital. AB - This brief description of the planning process for a frontline hospital is intended as a guide only: there will be a variety of approaches depending on local conditions. However, certain of the principles raised have universal relevance for the construction of health facilities where resources are limited. In brief, these: - The changing role of the frontline hospital should not be allowed to obscure the fact that the small hospital still has a significant role to play and that future, as yet undefined, functional changes will take place necessitating generalized designs that can accommodate those changes. - The erection of new buildings is not always the appropriate solution to apparent problems with facilities. Often a more relevant course is to adapt existing buildings or to provide community-level primary health care services not based on facilities. - The development of standardized, though flexible, briefs for hospitals of different sizes is essential, since ther will, for some years to come, be a shortage of the professional manpower needed to enable completely individual designs to be produced for each facility. Standardized briefs are infinitely preferable to standard or type plans, which tend to be inflexible and lead to overbuilding. - Local involvement in the planning process is essential, not only because it provides useful knowledge but primarily because local commitment is the only way of avoiding the construction of inappropriate facilities. - Architectural expertise must be available within the health system, since very often outside consultants are unable or unwilling, because of the system of payment, to design suitable hospital buildings. - The type of construction used should be the simplest and most economical that will provide an effective environment for the health tasks to be carried out so that the limited resources available can be stretched to serve as many people as possible. - Local building materials should always be preferred- to imported ones in view of the lower initial cost, greater ease of maintenance, and cultural acceptability. PMID- 6637081 TI - Education for planning and design of health care facilities. PMID- 6637082 TI - Type plans for small health care facilities: the Sudanese approach. PMID- 6637083 TI - Management of a building project. PMID- 6637084 TI - Physical and functional evaluation of existing facilities. PMID- 6637085 TI - Commissioning health care facilities. PMID- 6637086 TI - Planning, building, and operation of health care facilities in the perspective of the development of primary health care: some views based on case studies. PMID- 6637087 TI - Planning and design of laboratory facilities. PMID- 6637088 TI - Choice of health service transport. PMID- 6637089 TI - The use of local materials in the construction of health care facilities. PMID- 6637090 TI - [Ecological characteristics of higher nervous activity in dolphins]. PMID- 6637091 TI - [Regulation of the blood water-saline composition in the frog Rana ridibunda during intravenous administration of hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride]. PMID- 6637093 TI - [Preventive medicine in medical practice. Seminars]. PMID- 6637092 TI - [Thin-layer chromatographic determination of pyrantel in cow's milk and blood serum after oral administration of Banminth]. AB - After oral administration of the anthelmintic Banminth to cows the effective agent pyrantel appeared unchanged in blood serum and milk. After a therapeutic dose of 12,1 mg pyrantel tartrate/kg body weight, a maximum level of 8-9 micrograms/l could be found in milk 0-24 h after the application; the highest concentration of 22 micrograms/l in blood serum appeared after 10 h and the half life time of elimination was ca. 15 h. Pyrantel determination in milk and blood serum was performed by quantitative thin layer chromatography. Positive results could be verified by HPLC. PMID- 6637094 TI - [Mediastinal tumors in childhood]. AB - The article reports on 41 mediastinal tumours in childhood treated from 1967 - 1978 on an inpatient basis. The distributory patterns show that 31.7% of the tumours had their origin in adjacent organs; 24.4% (10) were autochthonous tumours. 16 tumours were located in the posterior mediastinum (11 of which were malignant), 9 in the median mediastinum (7 of which malignant) and 16 in the anterior mediastinum (including 4 malignant ones). Of the primarily malignant tumours, 85% were lymphomas or tumours of neurogenic origin. The lethality of the malignant tumours was 52%. The article deals briefly with the symptomatology, localisation and diagnosis. As far as histology is concerned, a comparison with the mediastinal tumours in adults reveals considerable differences. PMID- 6637095 TI - [Congenital diaphragmatic hernias]. AB - The chances of survival of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia have improved only slightly in recent years. Hence, surgery has little to offer towards improvement of prognosis. For this reason, new avenues must be explored which guarantee the functioning of post-foetal circulation and prevent a relapse into the foetal circulation. The emphasis is on continuous registration of the preductal and post-ductal arterial oxygen content, of the pressure conditions in the pulmonary artery and the extent of a right-left shunt. Among the most important therapeutic measures are high-frequency ventilation, effective control of acidosis and the use of vasodilators with pulmonary effectivity. However, their management requires special experience to avoid or control the frequent side effects. PMID- 6637096 TI - [Diaphragmatic hernia and diaphragm rupture in infancy and childhood]. AB - The article reports on experiences at the Clinic of Paediatric Surgery with 32 infants and school children with diaphragmatic hernia or rupture. The children were between 5 months and 10 years old. Newborn were excluded from the study. 27 hernias were congenital, whereas 5 were traumatically conditioned. Treatment was surgical and almost exclusively via the abdominal approach. Three children died, one of them before surgery, two from postoperative complications. PMID- 6637097 TI - [Results of lung perfusion and lung ventilation scintigraphy following surgery of diaphragmatic defects]. AB - To elucidate the question whether congenital hernias of the diaphragm and diaphragmatic defects are often combined with primary hypoplasia of the pulmonary vascular bed, we performed lung scintigraphy in twenty children after operation of a diaphragmatic defect. We found in 66% of the cases persisting perfusion disorders of the operated side. However, this does not prove primary vascular hypoplasia, because a postoperative ventilation disorder with secondary perfusion disorder cannot be excluded. Ventilation scintigraphy with krypton-81m showed good results in all cases, so that the combination of good ventilation and restricted perfusion indicates primary vascular hypoplasia. PMID- 6637098 TI - [Congenital intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. Case report]. AB - Intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia is characterised by a displacement of abdominal organs covered by a peritoneal diaphragm, into the pericardium. Eventration of the septum transversum can be defined morphologically but not clinically or roentgenologically. Basing on the development of the diaphragm, it would be possible to determine intrapericardial hernia as a very early inhibition malformation.--The article describes the successful outcome of treatment of a male infant, 9 months of age, who had an intrapericardial hernia. Frequent occurrence of rupture of the pericardium with the ventral defect syndrome may allow the conclusion that isolated intrapericardial hernia and eventration of the septum transversum can be considered as minor forms of the ventral defect syndrome. PMID- 6637099 TI - [Management of wounds in fractures with soft tissue injuries]. AB - The results of fracture treatment are based mainly on the correct management of the soft tissues and the correct estimation of damage to muscles and skin. Depending on the extent of the soft tissue damage closed and open fractures are divided into four categories. The important principles in the management of fractures in connection with soft tissue injuries are: Reduction and splinting of fractures and sterile wound dressing at the scene of the accident avoids infection and posttraumatic damage of the soft tissues. Debridement must include the excision of all avascular and polluted skin, muscle and bone. Primary rigid internal or external fixation is considered as optimal for guaranteeing undisturbed healing of fracture and of soft tissues. Wound closure has to be absolutely strainless. In most cases the wound should remain open and be covered with artificial skin. Delayed closure may be done by means of split-thickness skin grafts, muscle transfer or free tissue transfer with microvascular anastomosis. In the future, the surgeon should pay close attention to closed fractures in connection with severe soft tissue damage. Likewise, these injuries demand an urgent and meticulous surgical procedure. PMID- 6637100 TI - [Mediastinal tumors: pathology--a contribution to classification and prognosis]. AB - Basing on 161 mediastinal tumours (thymomas, thymolipomas, thymus carcinoids, neurogenic and histiocytic tumours, malignant lymphomas) and tumour lesions (lymphofollicular thymus hyperplasia, known as Castleman's lymphoma), the article discusses problems of classification, differential histology and prognosis (taking staging groups and tumour-associated syndromes into consideration). The conventional light microscopic methods are often insufficient to accurately classify a specific tumour. The repertoire of morphological methods has in recent years been significantly extended by immunohistological methods. The use of these diagnostically very efficient methods, however, requires close interdisciplinary co-operation (e.g. in special fixation methods) between those competent for diagnosis and for therapy. PMID- 6637101 TI - Pelviureteric obstruction in children. AB - A series of 161 hydronephrotic kidneys from a 30-year period in 147 children is reported. The left kidney was affected more frequently than the right and the condition was more common in the male than in the female child. In infants, abdominal mass was a common mode of presentation. In older children, loin or abdominal pain, haematuria and urinary tract infection were typical findings. The principles of treatment have changed: during 3 decades there has been a definite shift from nephrectomy to dismembered pyeloplasty, mostly according to Anderson Hynes technique or its modifications. The results of the dismembered pyeloplasties were good or excellent as contrasted with often unsatisfactory results of the non-dismembered pyeloplasties. There were 1 early and 1 late death in the series; both of these patients were uraemic already preoperatively. The key to good results is the dismembered pyeloplasty with postoperative nephrostomy drainage and applying a stent for the anastomosis, combined with strict control of postoperative pyelonephritis. PMID- 6637102 TI - [Juvenile bone cysts - recommendations for treatment and new results]. AB - The simple bone cyst (sbc) is generally regarded as a tumourous bone lesion, to be classified with the bone tumours. It is a non-malignant disease which, however, affects adolescents in the immediate area of the epiphysis, so that disturbances of growth and deformities cannot always be avoided. The commonest localisation is stated to be at the proximal humerus, followed by the femur. The authors shell out small sbc, filling the defect with autologous spongiosa, but treat recurrences and extensive cyst formation by means of limb-preserving resection. Procedure followed, e.g. at the humerus; resection of the tumour en bloc, formation of a groove in the head of the humerus, into which an autologous tibia graft is driven, after this has been fitted into the distal humerus after Lexer, where the transplant is fixed by 2 AO screws, or by boring the graft into the marrow canal of the distal humerus, without using extraneous material for osteosynthesis. Postoperative stabilisation is effected in a thoracic abduction plaster for an average of about 12 weeks. A review of the results of treatment in 26 patients with sbc of the humerus showed a recurrence rate of 55% after curettage and filling with spongiosa, against 7% following resection. Complete removal of the cyst by resection can thus be taken to be the most reliable prophylaxis against recurrence in the upper arm. In certain cases, we also perform a subtotal resection of the proximal femur. Of these patients, 22 were followed up:(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637103 TI - Ano-rectal function assessed by manometry and electromyography after endorectal pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease. AB - Since 1975 the endorectal pull-through operation for Hirschsprung's disease has been favoured in this department. Out of 16 patients, 12 were examined 8 months to 6 years later by ano-rectal manometry and external sphincter electromyography. The results indicate a normal postoperative rectal capacity and rectal sensibility. There was no internal sphincter relaxation in response to a rectal distention. Resting and reflex activity of the external and sphincter were normal. PMID- 6637104 TI - Heredity in anal atresia. AB - Although anal atresia is known to occur occasionally in families and as part of genetically determined syndromes, the role of genetics in its causation is highly disputable. In this paper evidence is presented for multifactorial genetic determination as the mode of inheritance in anal atresia. This conclusion is argued as based on evidence from the literature as well as findings in an additional series of 48 cases which were collected as a family study. PMID- 6637105 TI - Antenatal ultrasonic demonstration of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. AB - Prenatal demonstration of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is described. Planned, early treatment is made possible with improvement of survival. PMID- 6637106 TI - [Ceco-ureterocele]. AB - A case of caeco-ureterocele is presented, which is a rare special form of ectopic ureterocele and which was first described by Stephens. Its differential diagnostic characteristics compared with the prolapse of ureterocele are described. The article also discusses possible embryological causes which might explain this peculiar type of malformation. PMID- 6637107 TI - [Head injuries in childhood caused by skiing and their optimal prevention]. AB - During the last three skiing seasons we have treated a total of 105 children in our clinical wards for skull-brain injuries caused by skiing accidents. 25 of these cases (25.2%) were operated on, mostly because of a depressed fracture (92%) with or without brain lesion/bleeding, which the children incurred by colliding with various obstacles. Uncontrolled excessive speed and careless skiing methods are the main reasons for these injuries. However, the responsibility for the increasing number of skisport-connected skull-brain injuries does not lie with the children alone, but more so with us grown-ups, i.e. the parents, teachers and physicians, as long as we do not preach and emphatically insist on the implementation of indirect and direct specific measures of accident prevention. Based on an analysis of typical injuries and their many causes we come to the conclusion that, aside from the usual precautions, only one simple, sensible and effective prevention of skull-brain injuries is feasible, namely the "protection helmet". Similar to the existing crash-helmet law for motorcylists and just like for the professional skiracers, whom the children try to imitate more and more with regard to style and speed, we earnestly urge legislation to make the wearing of a protective helmet compulsory for all skiers up to 17 years of age. PMID- 6637108 TI - [Arrested shunt-independent hydrocephalus]. AB - Analysis of 102 children ventriculo-vascular shunted in infancy from 1958-71 reveals the existence of an arrested shunt-independent hydrocephalus (a.s.h.). 13 suspected cases have been selected by routine examinations and by the so-called retrospective longitudinal examination. The diagnosis of arrested shunt independent hydrocephalus was made in 7 and discarded in 6 as follows: repeated work-ups, shunt ligature and removal and year-long follow-up examinations using a broad spectrum of tests to evaluate the hydrocephalus. The particular analysis of the 13 children contributes to significant findings concerning incidence, aetiopathogenesis and differential diagnosis of a.s.h. PMID- 6637109 TI - Congenital auricular and preauricular sinuses in childhood. AB - Congenital auricular and preauricular sinuses, while seemingly trivial and often unnoticed or ignored, can give rise to troublesome symptoms if infection supervenes. Nine of 30 patients (30%) operated upon between 1969 and 1981 had postoperative recurrence, two of whom required two excisions. We would recommend aggressive treatment of infection followed by excision in 2-3 weeks before further infection can occur. PMID- 6637110 TI - Glucagon administration for the treatment of postoperative cholangitis after Kasai's operation--a preliminary report. AB - Clinical application of glucagon in postoperative ascending cholangitis after Kasai's operation for biliary atresia is reported. Therapeutic use of glucagon in two patients succeeded in treating ascending cholangitis, but failed to prevent progression to hepatic fibrosis. Prophylactic use in two patients prevented development of ascending cholangitis. Prophylactic glucagon administration appears to improve the prognosis of patients with biliary atresia who have undergone a Kasai's operation. PMID- 6637111 TI - [Organ-preserving therapy of splenic injuries in childhood--radiologic and immunologic follow-up studies]. AB - Care of traumatized spleen has undergone an interesting change. In view of the fact that children without spleen are exposed to an increased infection risk, attempts are now directed at preserving the organ. The author's own patients included 9 children whose spleen had been traumatized at an age between 5 4/12 and 11 7/12 years. 4 children were given conservative treatment under intensive care, whereas surgery of the traumatized spleen was performed five times. 7 children were followed up. The changed morphological structure and the immunological situation were factors of particular interest. Depending upon the degree of severity of the injury to the spleen, scars remain in the parenchyma which are of different extension and which are associated with corresponding storage defects. The humoral and cell-promoted immunity is maintained. PMID- 6637112 TI - [Clinical, manometric and electron microscope follow-up studies of the transposed gracilis muscle in anorectal incontinence]. AB - The article reports on six children with complete incontinence. Two patients had lumbar myelomeningocele, whereas four had a supralevatory anorectal atresia. They were given a modified sphincter substitute graft by means of the m. gracilis. Proof of full functional ability of the "neosphincter" is supplied via manometrical and electron microscope studies. PMID- 6637114 TI - [Autologous blood transfusion]. AB - The possibilities of reducing the number of transfusions of heterologous blood are haemodilution, intraoperative auto-transfusion using the Bentley pump, and the administration of autologous deep-frozen erythrocytes. Indications, contraindications as well as the pros and cons of the various methods are discussed. Today, the use of coagulation factors is mainly limited to the treatment of congenital coagulation disorders, and prothrombin concentrate to application in bleeding problems arising from coumarin application. For other indications these preparations have been replaced by the therapeutically more effective fresh frozen plasma. The problems of transfusion hepatitis are briefly mentioned. Only small amounts of whole blood are usually required for transfusion in neonates and infants. Freshly collected whole blood has the best therapeutic effect. The indications and risks of the transfusion of freshly drawn blood are examined. The collection of fresh blood from a donor pool comprised of physicians and nursing staff from our own clinic has proved effective. The selection and control of these blood donors is discussed. PMID- 6637113 TI - [Targeted hemotherapy (blood transfusion using the correct amount)]. AB - Blood component therapy "Nach und mit Mass" = Preparation and Use of the Right Amount. Blood preservation, which is done using citrated blood to prevent coagulation, has been in use for more than 30 years in our hospital. Without stored blood modern surgery would be impossible. The use of plastic bags has made it possible to separate blood into its components. This is done in a closed system. Using blood components--blood cells and plasma derivatives--leads to the development of a more specific haemotherapy. This is done by first of all, isolating the blood cells and also separating plasma into its different components. The stored blood undergoes alterations as time passes by; this has to be considered according to indications such as for fresh blood ("warm blood") as well as for stored fresh blood, red blood cells (erythrocyte concentrates) or deep-frozen fresh plasma. In blood replacement, on other hand, for stopping of any bleeding you must consider the exact cause and indication. The use of micro aggregate filters has to be considered. Generally, when there is an indication for blood transfusion, it is most important to consider also the "right amount". One should not only consider the indication for blood transfusion but at the same time possible errors. Each surgeon should periodically review the most important questions and problems of "transfusion medicine" such as the surgeons had to do who lived in previous decades. PMID- 6637115 TI - [Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of malformations and their surgical consequences- a new chapter in pediatric surgery]. AB - The importance of antenatal diagnosis of malformations for the paediatric surgeon is highlighted on the basis of the authors' own studies. Among 34000 examinations of pregnant women we found 40 malformations (0.1%), 12 of which were surgically corrected postnatally: 6 malformations of the urinary tract, 3 intestinal atresias, 2 ovarian cysts and 1 hydrocephalus. 6 cases are described in greater detail in consideration of the special problems involved. It is stated that today practically all gross malformations can be recognised prenatally. There are three groups as follows, with their pertaining consequences: non-viable, immediate surgical correction, and postponed need for immediate intervention. The necessity of close co-operation between gynaecologist, neonatologist and paediatric surgeon is stressed, as well as the need for including the parents in the consultations. Prognosis of correctable malformations can be improved by termination of birth and immediate interdisciplinary care of the newborn. PMID- 6637116 TI - 30-year follow-up of the original Sulamaa (end-to-side) operation for oesophageal atresia. AB - Between 1949 and 1955 end-to-side anastomosis was performed on 26 patients with oesophageal atresia at Helsinki Children's Hospital. During the same period, 28 patients with oesophageal atresia were operated by the end-to-end method. The re fistula rate and rate of anastomotic leaks did not differ significantly. After 30 years, four patients operated with the end-to-side method were alive and were re examined. All four are well and lead a normal life. Three have no symptoms and one patient has minor swallowing symptoms. In oesophagograms two patients had grossly pathological peristalsis and two had slightly disturbed oesophageal motility. For comparison five patients operated with the end-to-end technique in 1951-1956 were also re-examined. One was symptom-free, the other four had minor symptoms on swallowing, but all were satisfied with their oesophagus. Two oesophagograms showed slight dysfunction, two were moderately pathologic and one was grossly pathologic. The oesophagograms correlated poorly with the subjective symptoms. The long-term prognosis of both end-to-side and end-to-end operated patients with oesophageal atresia seems equally good, all the re-examined patients leading a normal life. PMID- 6637117 TI - [Therapy of progressive interstitial lobar emphysema]. AB - Progressive pulmonary interstitial lobar emphysema is a complication of artificial ventilation in infants with RDS. Several types of conservative approaches are suggested. In 3 of our cases the rapid progression of emphysema makes lobectomy necessary. PMID- 6637118 TI - [Megaduodenum with non-rotation]. AB - In a 16-year-old girl who suffered from non-characteristic upper abdominal complaints, the gastrointestinal passage revealed an extreme megaduodenum associated with nonrotation. Intraoperatively, congenital adhesions were found as cause which had stenosed the duodenojejunal transition and had become fixed in the right upper abdomen. After separating the adhesions, resecting the stenosis and narrowing the duodenum, intestinal continuity was restored by means of an end to side duodenojejunostomy. The causes, signs, diagnosis and therapy of the megaduodenum are discussed. PMID- 6637119 TI - Dorsal herniation of the gut with posterior opening of the terminal colon: a rare manifestation of the split notochord syndrome. AB - A newborn infant with a rare variety of combine anterior and posterior rachischisis in the lumbosacral spine is reported. The associated anomalies in this infant were meningomyelocele, communication of the colon with the spinal cleft, and anal atresia. PMID- 6637120 TI - [The behavior of hemodynamic parameters during surgery in childhood]. AB - Mechanical cardiographic analyses of the circulation were carried out intraoperatively and directly after the operation on 130 children of 11/12 to 15 2/12 years of age. Essential haematodynamic changes are represented by a rise in the cardiac rate, decline of stroke volume, changes in cardiac work and output, and in speed of contraction compared with initial preoperative values. Triggering factors are discussed. A healthy normal circulatory system will tolerate these reversible disturbances. Decompensation may occur in children with a primary decline in cardiac output. PMID- 6637121 TI - Antenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies. AB - Twelve neonates with surgical malformation diagnosed antenatally by ultrasound tomography (UST) with or without foetography were reported. Clinical diagnosis of these 12 cases were: Omphalocele 1, cervical teratoma 1, pyloric atresia 1, duodenal atresia 6, high jejunal atresia 2 and hydronephrosis 1. Three of these 12 deteriorated because of respiratory difficulty before the surgical intervention could be attempted. Operations were performed on the remaining 9 and 6 of them are surviving. The main causes of these postoperative deaths were respiratory complications and combined malformations. UST can detect numerous surgical malformations of the foetus. Antenatal diagnosis of the nature of a malformation may enable corrective surgery to be carried out with minor delay after birth, and good results can be obtained. PMID- 6637122 TI - [The function of the esophagus following cardiomyotomy in childhood achalasia]. AB - Cardiomyotomy and fundoplication were performed in 7 children with achalasia of the oesophagus. They were followed up clinically, radiologically and manometrically from 7 to 18 years. Virtually all clinical symptoms and complaints disappeared immediately postoperatively and the patients remained free from symptoms well into adolescence except for very mild intermittent dysphagia in two of them. The residual mega-oesophagus and the disturbances of motility were least apparent in those operated on in early infancy. It may, therefore, be assumed that the motility pattern is more likely to return to normal in the oesophagus of the infant due to the relatively short period of dilatation. Fundoplication after Nissen did not alter the existing motility but was able to prevent gastro oesophageal reflux and its possible grave consequences in all cases. PMID- 6637123 TI - Surgical implications of congenital chloride diarrhoea. AB - Congenital chloride diarrhoea (CCD) is an inherited inborn error of metabolism. Hydramnios, premature birth, no passage of meconium and a distended abdomen are the typical features of this disease in the neonate. Loss of Cl- from the intestines leads to urine-like diarrhoea, severe dehydration and alkalosis. Without treatment the mortality rate is high. The abdominal distension may erroneously be ascribed to an intestinal obstruction and thereby lead to unnecessary operations and delay of adequate treatment. There is an overrepresentation of intestinal volvulus in reported cases. Three of the five cases of CCD seen at our departments exemplify these surgical implications. PMID- 6637124 TI - Sonographic diagnosis of intussusception in childhood. AB - The diagnosis of intussusception was established in 26 children by sonography alone. In 23 cases barium enema confirmed the diagnosis; two cases because of longstanding intussusception and one case after intestinal anastomosis were confirmed by surgery alone; in two additional cases barium enema ruled out the sonographically suspected intussusception. No positive finding was missed by sonography, which proved to be an accurate method for the diagnosis of intussusception. The sonographic findings of idiopathic intussusception and intussusception caused by lymphosarcoma are presented. PMID- 6637125 TI - Necrotising enterocolitis in small bowel atresia. AB - A retrospective study of 76 infants with small bowel atresia treated in two neonatal surgical units between 1970 and 1979 is presented. The overall survival rate was 75% and there was no significant difference between the two centres. The mortality rose according to the number of atresias and the distance of the first atresia from the ileo-caecal valve. The 19 deaths were classified as inevitable or avoidable. Of the latter group, 5 out of 14 deaths were due to neonatal necrotising enterocolitis, and the remainder to respiratory problems associated with prematurity or to surgical complications producing peritonitis and septicaemia. PMID- 6637126 TI - Hepatic portoenterostomy for congenital biliary atresia - method of dissection of porta hepatis, evaluation of revision, re-boring and supplementary operations. AB - A few guidelines for surgical dissection at the porta hepatis in hepatic portoenterostomy for congenital biliary atresia as evolved from our experiences on 52 cases are suggested. Indication for revision is also shown. Supplementary procedures in case of complications, such as ascending cholangitis and the onset of portal hypertension, are also described. An early primary operation as well as a positive revision and supplementary procedures for ascending cholangitis and oesophageal varices have resulted in an improvement of the therapeutic results. PMID- 6637127 TI - Splenogonadal fusion. AB - A case of splenogonadal fusion of the discontinuous type in a 7-year-old boy is reported. The literature is reviewed and the common clinical features of the malformation are discussed. The condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of scrotal tumours. PMID- 6637128 TI - Results of hypospadias repair according to the principle of the buried strip. AB - The results after hypospadias repair according to methods of Denis Browne and Crawford area evaluated. Chordee release was performed in 361 patients, 41 or 11% of whom had a reoperation. Urethroplasty was done in 479 patients, 372 according to Denis Browne and 107 according to Crawford. Postoperative fistula or rupture of the plasty was recorded in 27% after Denis Browne's method and in 32% after Crawford's method. Stricture formation was low (3%) in all the patients. The use of polyglycolic acid suture in hypospadias repair caused more fistulas than if nylon was used (P less than 0.05). PMID- 6637129 TI - Immobilisation hypercalciuria after limb fractures in children. AB - Immobilisation hypercalciuria and hypercalcaemia following limb fractures or paralysis is a frequent occurrence in children. Assessment of calcium metabolism should be performed in such patients, since the formation of kidney stones is possible. The beneficial effect of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in the prevention of renal stones is most likely due to a reduction of calcium concentration in urine and a significant decrease of crystalluria. Thus, its administration is recommended for children with hypercalciuria following prolonged immobilisation especially due to fracture treatment or paralysis. PMID- 6637130 TI - [Late results following surgical treatment of ruptured ligaments of the upper ankle joint in children]. AB - At the Department of Paediatric Surgery of the University of Zurich, severe distorsions with ruptures of the lateral ligaments of the ankle were operated upon since 1975. The indication for surgical repair was a subluxation of the talus in the antero-posterior x-ray of more than 10 degrees compared with the opposite side during the classical manoeuvre of supination of the forefoot. The late results of 46 of the 55 patients, aged 4 to 15 years, are presented 1 to 5 years after surgery. 33 (71.7%) were completely free of symptoms and very active in sports. 9 (19.6%) had occasionally slight complaints, especially during changes of weather etc. 4 (8.7%) complained about severe pain around the ankle and had about one painful distorsion a week. The x-ray control showed an excellent stability of the lateral ligament in 91.3%. Only 4 patients (8.7%) had a subluxation of the talus over 10 degrees. The 4 patients with severe pain were transferred to an orthopaedic surgeon for an active stabilisation procedure. Our operative results are by far better than other series with conservative treatment. We think, therefore, that severe ruptures of the ankle should be treated surgically. PMID- 6637131 TI - [Intrauterine volvulus with complete bowel necrosis and formation of a pseudo cyst]. AB - The article reports on a male newborn who attained an age of one day only. An intrauterine volvulus resulted in complete necrosis of the ileum with subsequent intrauterine development of a pseudocyst and corresponding structural changes in the abdominal wall. Clinically and on postmortem examination a highly inflated abdomen was particularly remarkable. The diaphragm was displaced upwards to an extremely high degree. The cause may be attributed to a disturbed development of the mesenterium, since other possible causes could be excluded. This case is compared with reports in the literature on this rare phenomenon. PMID- 6637132 TI - Meconium ileus equivalent in children with cystic fibrosis. AB - Children with cystic fibrosis may develop intestinal obstruction later in life due to inspissation of small bowel content. Two children with cystic fibrosis who developed intestinal obstruction at the age of 5 and 14 years respectively are reported. The condition may be precipitated by reduction or stopping pancreatic supplement, dehydration or intercurrent chest infection. The intensive therapy of chest complications has improved the survival of children with cystic fibrosis, so that it is likely that in future more cases of meconium ileus equivalent will present in later childhood and in adulthood. PMID- 6637133 TI - [Aplasia of the inferior vena cava]. AB - A 12-hour-old white female infant is reported who suffered from multiple combined visceral malformations. Inversion of the caecum and ascending colon was noted. An extremely rare finding was the absent inferior vena cava. There was a left-sided Bochdalek's hernia with subsequent hypoplasia of the left lung. Thus respiratory failure immediately after birth required emergency surgery. Besides, a single umbilical artery was found. Manifestations and embryologic background are discussed. PMID- 6637135 TI - [Technical aspects of splenectomy]. AB - A detailed report is given on a modified surgical technique of the resection of the spleen. A successive division is performed within the area of the demarcation line after careful study of the vessels. The wound surface is sealed by fibrin and collagen fleece soaked with fibrin and therefore flexible. PMID- 6637134 TI - A newborn with a covered anus complicated by two concomitant unique fistulas. AB - A newborn having a covered anus and two fistulas, one ano-urethral and one penile urethro-cutaneous, is presented. In spite of the resemblance of this ano-urethral fistula to an "H-type" ano-urethral fistula, which is thought to result from the failure of the division of the cloaca in the embryological period, three abnormalities seen in this case were thought to be the result of a serial event which occurred in the more distal part, the anal and the genital folds, during the embryological period. PMID- 6637136 TI - [Retrograde catheterization of the ureter and pyelography using bladder puncture with a special trocar following Cohen's procedure for anti-reflux surgery]. AB - The advancement technique according to Cohen has proved to be a simple and reliable antireflux procedure. Its major drawback is the impossibility of catheterization of the ureter following this operation because of the transverse position of the ureter. I propose a technique of retrograde catheterization of the ureter by bladder puncture with a special trocar in order to facilitate the insertion of the catheter and to avoid trauma of the ureteral mucosa. PMID- 6637137 TI - [Early rehabilitation and psychosocial problems of burns in childhood]. AB - In the management of burns in childhood teamwork is even more important than in the treatment of other traumatic injuries. The authors describe their experience with more than 600 children referred to the center for burns of the University Children's Hospital, Zurich, between 1 November 1977 and 31 December 1982. The psychological state of the child during hospitalisation and the question of somatic and psychic reintegration into the community are very closely connected. 1. Early rehabilitation: The authors describe technical possibilities in the treatment of scars in children and stress the risks involved and possible mistakes. 2. Psychological problems: Recovery depends to a large extent on the reactions by the medical and nursing personnel. The difficulties which will be encountered if children are treated in a hospital not specialized in the treatment of burned children, are described and the indications for transfers of those children to specialized children's units are enumerated. PMID- 6637138 TI - Plastic surgery for burns of the head and neck. AB - Hypertrophic scars and contractures following 3rd degree burns originate in an excessive production of myofibroblasts from the granulation tissue. Early tangential excision and grafting helps in fighting the multiplication of these cells and hence some later complications. Conservative treatment of the scars is achieved by "Jobst" compressive masking and neck splints. Corrective surgery is accomplished by means of skin grafts or flaps. The authors' own methods are described for reconstructing destroyed organs such as scalp, eyebrows, eyelids, lips, chin, ears and nose. PMID- 6637139 TI - [Conservative management of burns]. AB - The first chapter is dedicated to the frequency and the prognosis of burn trauma, and to the general management of the patient. The second part deals with the pathophysiological basis of the problem and with some controversial facts. The third chapter is a survey of inhalation injury and of electrical burns. PMID- 6637140 TI - [Treatment of sequelae of burns on the trunk]. AB - The management of burn scars of the trunk is discussed, in respect of the specific problems related to different areas such as the axilla, thorax and back, the female breast and the perineum as well as the external genitalia. Special emphasis is placed on the different aspects of burn sequelae of the female breast with regard to pre- and postpuberty age. The prevention and therapy of the burn scar carcinoma are dealt with. PMID- 6637141 TI - [Pulmonary embolism in childhood]. AB - The frequency of pulmonary embolism was investigated in a 10-year period from 1971 to 1982. During this time approximately 30 000 operations in 60 000 surgical and medical patients were performed. In seven patients, six boys and one girl, pulmonary embolism was diagnosed. This includes six patients with septic embolism, arising in three cases from subacute endocarditis, in two from osteomyelitis of the humerus and in one from coxitis. Only in one patient, a boy who was operated for perforated appendicitis, pulmonary embolism resulted as a complication of left-sided ileofemoral thrombosis. In three boys with osteomyelitis and coxitis, staph. aureus was found locally as well as in blood culture and in sputum. Prophylactic anticoagulation is recommended by the authors in all children over 10 years who were immobilized due to a septic process. PMID- 6637142 TI - [Critical observations on the therapy of hydrocephalus using so-called "arrested" hydrocephalus as an example]. AB - A comparative clinical and radiological follow-up study was conducted on 109 hydrocephalic children to study the criteria of shunt dependency. 50 children had a normal functioning shunt, 34 children had an ASD-shunt combination, 14 children had a non-functioning shunt without pressure symptoms and 11 children had the shunt previously removed. None of the cases showed pressure symptoms during examination. The following conclusions could be drawn: 1. The smaller the ventricular system, the higher the complication rate. 2. The standard of well being did not correspond with the amount of the redevelopment of the compressed brain tissue. 3. A "well-drained" ventricular system was not necessarily a sign of an adequate hydrocephalic therapy, but rather a sign of a pathologic overdrainage. 4. The broader ventricular aspects of the suction-protected ASD shunt resembled the findings of the "arrested hydrocephalus" and seemed to be closer to the goal of hydrocephalus therapy, namely, shunt independency. PMID- 6637143 TI - [Primary peritonitis]. AB - Primary peritonitis accounts for 1 to 2 per cent of all paediatric abdominal emergencies and for about 15 per cent of diffuse peritoneal sepsis. The condition is still mainly seen in infants and in mid-childhood years, Most frequently in children four to eight years of age, with females outnumbering the males except among neonates where the males predominate. The mortality rate is about 50 per cent for infants, but drops to 10 to 15 per cent in older children. The origin of the infecting organism may be a haematogenous spread or ascension through the female genital tract, but transdiaphragmatic lymphatics and transmural migration through the gut wall may also be possible sources. The incidence of primary peritonitis is increased in children with nephrotic syndrome, postnecrotic cirrhosis with ascites and immunologic deficiency. Practically all kinds of pathogenic organisms are found, but a relative increase in staphylococcal and gram-negative infections has been noted. PMID- 6637144 TI - Frequency of testicular atrophy following incarcerated hernia. AB - From 1977 to 1981, 40 infants and children were operated for incarcerated inguinal hernia, 35 boys and 5 girls. During this time, 903 hernias were cured. Follow-up examination has been possible with 32 boys, from 6 months to 5 years after surgery. Three have an irreversible lesion of the testis (2 atrophies, 1 orchiectomy), 4 a decrease of testicular volume, 1 has a bilateral retentio testis, 1 has a cryptorchidism on the non-operated contralateral side and 23 are normal. Risk factors of testicular lesions were studied with regard to age, duration of symptoms, reducIbility of hernia and to other clinical findings, and the follow-ups are evaluated with regard to macroscopic operative appearance of testicles. The group of infants less than 1 month of age with symptoms for more than 24 hours and with ileus is the highest risk group for testicular infarction at the time of incarceration of hernia. PMID- 6637145 TI - [Experience with sclerosing treatment in anorectal prolapse in childhood]. AB - Since 1980 we applied to 6 infants of 1-4 years of age the sclerosing, perianal injection treatment with 0.5 per cent Ethoxysclerol (hydroxy--polyethoxy- dodecane) instead of the perianal cerclage according to Thiersch/Ombredanne. All the patients remained free from relapse for 1-2 years, after an injection treatment twice repeated at an interval of 5 days. Two to three days after the treatment all the infants were without symptoms, a major advantage with respect to the above-mentioned cerclage method. The details of the injection are described. PMID- 6637146 TI - [Leisure activity accidents in childhood--roller skating, bicycling and skateboard injuries]. PMID- 6637147 TI - [Dislocated supracondylar femoral fractures, slipped epiphyses and epiphyseal fractures in children]. AB - Dislocated supracondylar femoral fractures are usually transverse fractures and are unstable. In our opinion the primary treatment of these fractures should be surgical in order to save the patient a protracted healing period. Osteosynthesis using a straight plate is impossible, as the distal fragment is too short. Condylar plates are contraindicated and angular plates have too little stability. We feel that intramedullary pins are unsuitable in children. They provide too little stability when the distal fragment is short. Up to now we have achieved the best results with external fixation. Slipped epiphyses and epiphyseal fractures do not present problems as far as the surgical procedure is concerned (removal of the displaced periosteum, repositioning and compression). Healing is not delayed. The long-term results are poor, however, due to premature closure of the damaged epiphyseal plate. PMID- 6637148 TI - [Triplane fractures of the distal tibia]. AB - 9 cases of Triplane fractures are presented. These are fractures of the distal tibial epiphysis in three planes. All our 9 patients were adolescents; their medial epiphyseal part was alreadY closed. Viewed on x-ray film, the Triplane fracture presents in the anterior-posterior view as an Aitken-II fracture, in the lateral view as an Aitken-I fracture. 7 of the 9 patients were operated, 2 had conservative treatment. The late results, after the growth period of the patients had ended--on the average, after 5 years-are presented. On the strength of these results, we recommend open reposition and careful osteosynthesis of these fractures with the aim to reconstruct perfect articular congruity. PMID- 6637149 TI - [Stenosis and atresia of the duodenum]. AB - Report on 24 children with duodenal stenosis or atresia, with regard to preoperative and postoperative course and late results. PMID- 6637150 TI - [Adrenal hemorrhage in a newborn infant]. AB - We report on a case of an adrenal haemorrhage cyst In new-born which caused special differential diagnostic problems. The examinations undertaken for diagnostic purposes as well as the outcome under the operatiOn led us to assume the presence of an adrenal tumor, and hence an epinephrectomy was consequently performed. PMID- 6637151 TI - Combined ulcerogenic effect of ethanol and acetylsalicylic acid on the gastric mucosa of the rat. AB - The effect on rat gastric mucosa of ethanol and acetylsalicylic acid given at two doses singly or in combination were studied by administering the drugs into the stomach. 40% ethanol alone caused many ulcerations after 5 h, and the effect was even more marked with simultaneous administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). 10% ethanol and 50 mg ASA/kg b. wt. were tolerated well. The mucosal lesions consisted of coagulation necrosis and hemorrhages, with a disappearance of histamine and serotonin from the mucosal mast cells in and around the lesion. PMID- 6637152 TI - Fractures of the arches of the atlas: a study of their causation. AB - The autopsy findings in 32 accidental deaths which showed fracture(s) of the arches of the atlas have been correlated to reconstructions of the course of events in the accidents. Flexion of the head causing fracture(s) of the neural arch or odontoid process of the axis also resulted in fracture(s) of the posterior arch due to downward traction. Extension of the head causing fracture of the odontoid process of the axis gave rise to fractures of the posterior arch due to pressure from below. Tilting of the head caused marginal fractures of the anterior arch due to oblique traction. Tilting of the head also caused fracture(s) of the anterior and/or posterior arch due to transverse extension of the atlas ring and/or superior dislocation of one lateral mass in relation to the other. Oblique flexion or extension of the head resulted in similar fractures. Flexion of the head with some rotation combined with compression of the neck can cause the anterior margin of one upper joint surface of the axis to act as a wedge separating the anterior arch of the atlas from below. Extension of the head with some rotation combined with compression of the neck can lead to a fracture running through one lateral mass due to its tilting-dislocation in posterior direction. It is striking that there was no fracture of the atlas which could be ascribed to a simple and symmetric compression of the neck (classical Jefferson's fracture). PMID- 6637153 TI - [Course of alcohol concentration in the vascular and extravascular space in the rabbit following subcutaneous implantation of Teflon capsules]. AB - The availability of the interstitial space for pharmacokinetic research work has been an unfulfilled aspiration until today. As a model s.c. implanted Teflon capsules were proposed. It was thought that the fluid, which is excreted some time after implantation into the cavity of the capsules, is comparable to interstitial fluid as to its physical and chemical properties. This paper deals with the experimental elucidation of the question whether the Teflon model can be of importance to research work on ethyl alcohol. The capsules were implanted under the skin of ten rabbits. After 8-10 days the animals were infused with 0.8 g ethanol per kg body weight, and the capsules punctured at regular intervals. The ethanol content of the punctate water was estimated and compared to the arterial blood-water ethanol concentrations. During the first phase after infusion all Teflon estimates lay below the blood-alcohol concentrations; after 60-90 min the concentration-time curves crossed each other so that the maximum of the Teflon-alcohol concentrations followed that of the arterial blood. Afterwards, the courses were nearly parallel, that of the Teflon fluid above the respective blood levels. This type of behaviour is very similar to experimental results on transcellular fluids, such as vitreous-body and synovial fluid. For ethyl alcohol it is thus very questionable whether the Teflon model reflects the interstitial circumstances to a competent degree. PMID- 6637154 TI - [Electrofocusing of PGM1 subtypes in blood stains on 100 micrometer polyacrylamide gel over a 4 cm distance]. AB - A technique for PGM1 subtyping of blood stains by isoelectric focusing on 100 microns polyarylamide gel over a distance of 4 cm is demonstrated. There are savings of about 60% regarding material, time, and blood stain volume as compared to the 10-cm distance. PMID- 6637155 TI - [Postmortem permeation of myoglobin into the blood]. AB - Myoglobin in heart and femoral blood of human cadavers and of experimentally killed dogs was examined immunologically. Myoglobin was found in blood of most human cadavers more or less without relation to sudden or delayed death. In general, more myoglobin was found in the heart blood than in the femoral blood of cadavers within 1 day after death. The appearance of myoglobin in blood seemed to be related to the length between death and blood taking. In experimentally killed dogs, myoglobin was found in heart blood already 1-2 h and in femoral blood 6-8 h after death. These results reveal that postmortem myoglobin permeation into the blood occurs with in 1-8 h after death and suggest that by examination of myoglobin in blood stains a differentiation between ante- and postmortem blood is highly possible. PMID- 6637156 TI - [Initial results of postmortem diagnosis of diabetes mellitus by Hb A1 determination]. AB - Ensuring the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus by morphological findings is very difficult. Postmortem determination of blood glucose is of no value because of the influence of glycolysis. In clinical studies, Hb A1 determination is used for long-time therapy control of diabetes. Values of less than 10% Hb A1 show that assimilation of glucose is in order. This study is based on the investigation of blood from 174 cadavers (125 men aged between 17 and 84 years; 49 women aged between 27 and 89 years) with many different causes of death, including some cases of coma diabeticum. Blood was frozen immediately; in 48 cases it was stored at +4 degrees C, too. Besides, we took cerebrospinal fluid and urine from each corpse (frozen at -80 degrees C) for determination of glucose, lactic acid, and acetone. Hemoglobin A1 was analyzed by a chromatographic method: the concentrations of Hb A1 ranged from 7.5% to 20% independent of the actual amount of total hemoglobin in our samples (total Hb from 5 to 32 g/dl). Obviously, there is very little influence of autolysis or prefinal glucose fluctuations in blood on its quantity. There is a positive correlation to the concentration of glucose and lactic acid in cerebrospinal fluid (according to the formula of Traub) and also to the presence of acetone in case of diabetic coma. According to our experience, Hemoglobin A1 is a very useful marker to ensure the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus post mortem. As Hb A1 seems to be very constant and stable vs. autolysis, it may help to clear up cases of unexpected death. PMID- 6637157 TI - [Determination of maggot species of forensically significant blow flies]. AB - The morphology of the cephalopharyngealsklerite, the 12th segment of the maggot and the anterior respiratory openings together provide useful recognition features to distinguish the maggots of forensically important blow-fly species. The significant characters of the maggots are finally collected in a classification key. PMID- 6637158 TI - Influence of dietary protein levels on susceptibility of pullets to experimental fowl typhoid. PMID- 6637159 TI - [Biochemical action mechanism of beryllium. 2. Beryllium binding in magnum of the laying hen]. PMID- 6637160 TI - The effect of administration of glycine and tyrosine on the growth depression caused by mimosine in rats. PMID- 6637161 TI - Effect of toxic amounts of dietary nickel in rats. PMID- 6637162 TI - Sulphur amino acid requirement of young pigs. PMID- 6637163 TI - [Penis replantation following autoamputation]. AB - The successful replantation of a penis by micro- and uro-surgery is described. Therapeutic methods against oedema are proposed. PMID- 6637164 TI - [Therapy of bladder cancer. Value of transurethral resection--treatment results]. AB - The significance of carcinomas of the bladder is shown on the basis of epidemiological data. A survey is given of the numbers of operations using various methods over the last 24 years; in our institution TuTuR is mainly used. A report is given on the indications, procedure and possibilities of complications, showing the limits of the method. Problems of radical operations, which make supravesical derivation of the urine necessary, are discussed. Our therapeutic results are presented in the form of mortality curves. The unfavourable therapeutic results cause us to pose the question once again whether, in the light of modern intensive medicine, greater radicality might not be recommendable. PMID- 6637165 TI - [An analysis of complications following transurethral resection of bladder tumors]. AB - On the basis of 404 transurethral resections of tumours of the urinary bladder a report is given on complications and their prevention. Among 404 tumour resections 4 perforations of the bladder occurred (0.9%). The extraperitoneal perforations were simply paravesically drained; the intraperitoneal ones were oversewn and intraperitoneally drained. Post-operative bleeding was well controlled by means of a continuous wash via an additional thin catheter (Charr. 7-8) fitted into the urethra. Patients with existing infections of the urinary passages were traget-specifically treated with antibiotics. The careful coagulation of all bleeding vessels already when cutting is necessary. The good visibility thus achieved reduces the risk of perforation. If wash fluid begins to extravasate intravenous administration of 10% saline solution will prevent any hyponatraemia. PMID- 6637166 TI - [Scanning electron microscopy studies of the structure of calcium oxalate urinary calculi]. AB - The examination of calcium oxalate calculi under a scanning electron microscope confirmed the 4 structural types distinguished under a polarising microscope using microsections. The fine structure of the radial-concentric-shelled structural type I is characterized as a dense pack of radially ordered prismatic bundles. In combination with energy-dispersive analysis the occurrence of the finely crystalline type II is confirmed. Energy-dispersive analysis shows an unexpected variety of element distribution in the microscopic range. PMID- 6637167 TI - [Diagnosis of absorptive hypercalciuria]. AB - Reference is made to the significance of hypercalciuria in the aetiology of calcium oxalate lithiasis. Differentiation between the various forms of hypercalciuria allows the therapy to be suited to the respective causes. In order to measure intestinal calcium absorption the authors examined serum samples from 22 patients after oral administration of Ca47; in 13 cases absorptive calciuria was diagnosed. PMID- 6637168 TI - [Modified T-catheter and its use for transvenous hypothermic in situ perfusion in the surgical restoration of the kidney with staghorn calculi]. AB - The operative treatment of kidneys with staghorn calculi requires intraoperative X-ray and fluoroscopic checks and also ischaemia. Regional transvenous hypothermic perfusion of the kidneys is a method which is technically simple to implement and offers advantages over both clamping of the hilum and transarterial perfusion methods. The catheter used by us requires no great expenditure on material: it can be constructed anywhere out of readily available sterile materials. PMID- 6637169 TI - [Therapy of metastasizing kidney cancer with hormones (androgens). A retrospective study]. AB - A report is given on the results of a hormone therapy of metastatic renal carcinomas using androgens. Out of 38 patients with Robson stage III or IV renal carcinomas, palliative tumour nephrectomy or embolization of the renal artery was operatively performed. 23 patients underwent no operation. 20 patients received 250 mg testosterone per week for 4 weeks and then per month. 18 patients had no therapy. 14 out of the group of 20 with androgen therapy died within a year (70%), 3 patients survived for more than 3 years. 13 out of the group of 18 without androgen therapy (72%) died within a year, 2 (11%) survived for more than 3 years. In no case was a remission observed. PMID- 6637170 TI - [Clinical and animal experiment studies on the pathogenetic significance of small intestine diseases and resections for urolithiasis]. AB - The authors report on metabolic studies on growing domestic pigs with resected ilea on a diet supplemented with oxalic acid and calcium. The content of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in the kidneys and ribs was determined and their excretion in urine was measured. The supplement of oxalic acid in the diet mainly affects the calcium content of the kidneys. It is also likely that oxalic acid inhibits the accumulation of calcium in the skeleton. Hyperoxaluria and hyperphosphaturia were established, whereas significantly less calcium and magnesium were excreted. The results of these animal experiments confirm previous clinical findings. PMID- 6637171 TI - [Results of the determination of enteral calcium absorption and calcium kinetics with 47Ca in patients with chronic recurring urolithiasis]. AB - In the context of the classification of hypercalciuria in urolithiasis, the measurement of enteral calcium absorption is very important. A precise method is that of oral load with 47Ca and measurement of its activity by means of a human body counter; 47Ca activity in serum, urine and stools in simultaneously measured. To date 47 patients with chronically recidive calcium lithiasis (with between 3 and over 100 stone episodes) and an average age of 43.2 years have been examined. Calcium absorption lay between 42.7% and 90.0% of the dose, the average was 59.3% with a standard deviation of +/- 12.9. This is higher than in persons with healthy kidneys, but not significantly so. Calcium absorption is significantly lower in patients with renal insufficiency. The studies on calcium kinetics revealed turnover rates and pool sizes within the normal range. PMID- 6637172 TI - [Long-term clinical experiences with the cation exchanger UJOLYT as a metaphylactic in absorptive hypercalciuria and chronic recurring calcium oxalate lithiasis]. AB - The UJOLYT cation exchange was checked in a clinically controlled study over a long period using 6 male test persons with chronically recidive calcium oxalate lithiasis and absorptive hypercalciuria. The PAK calcium load test proved clinically valuable in the differentiation of idiopathic hypercalciuria. The paraclinical findings revealed an average reduction of urinary calcium excretion by 40% and an increase of urinary magnesium excretion by 11.7% compared to the initial situation. The recidive frequency was clearly reduced. No serious side effects were observed in the patients presented. PMID- 6637173 TI - [Urinary calculi and the single kidney]. AB - The problems and interactions of urolithiasis and monorenality are presented in a survey covering four essential parameters: --Urolithiasis as an indication for nephrectomy: One nephrectomy in four is performed because of urolithiasis. This rate of nephrectomy has not changed in the last 50 years. --Recidive urolithiasis in the residual kidney: Around 37% of all monorenal persons have a diseased single or residual kidney. On average one in four cases of residual kidney disease is caused by urolithiasis. This recidive calculus quota has also not significantly changed in recent decades. --Lethality of operations on the residual kidney: Urolithiasis is becoming almost the only indication for operating on a residual kidney; due to postrenal anuria, uraemia and urosepsis a large percentage of such operations are emergency operations under extremely unfavourable initial conditions. Despite the use of modern methods of medical treatment the lethality rate is for this reason still relatively high (7-15%). - Life expectancy of monorenals with urolithiasis: The life expectancy of monorenals with urolithiasis is clearly limited due to further complications (chronic pyelonephritis, hypertonia, urinary stasis and uraemia). It is therefore absolutely necessary for monorenal persons with urolithiasis to have intensive observation and urological treatment. PMID- 6637174 TI - [Complications following nephrectomy and nephrostomy in calculi]. AB - A report is given on the rate of complication in connection with 139 operations with incision of the renal parenchyma (= 29.3% of all operations to remove calculi). The number of early complications (urinary fistulas, secondary healing, vestigial calculi) is the same after polar resection and pyelocalicotomy as after pyelotomy, but is significantly greater after nephrectomy. The importance of temporary drainage of urine after nephrotomy and especially after operations in the stage of anuria is pointed out. The rate of complication for the various operations lies between 18.7 and 50%. PMID- 6637175 TI - [Recognition of virulence markers in Ureaplasma]. PMID- 6637176 TI - [Complications in the treatment of chronic glomerulonephritis]. AB - In a retrospective study involving 97 patients with histologically confirmed glomerulonephritis the complications which led to the breaking off or changing of an immunosuppressive therapy [Prednison monotherapy (n = 39), Prednison cyclophospohamide therapy (n = 13), Prednison azathioprin therapy (n = 49), Indometazin therapy (n = 25)] were examined. Of 97 patients treated repeatedly over long periods, 22 suffered complications which caused the therapy to be broken off or changed. Because of the risk involved, immunosuppressive therapy of glomerulonephritis should only be practised by institutions specializing in nephrology. PMID- 6637177 TI - [Incidence of bacterial infections during hemodialysis treatment]. AB - 44 chronic hemodialysis patients were evaluated over a period of 24 months regarding location and kind of bacterial infection, hospitalization, influence on rehabilitation and the course of infection episodes (IE). During 409,5 dialysis patients months (DPM) we observed 61 IE's, i.e. 14,9 IE per 100 DPM. Out of 59 hospitalization episodes 33 (56%) were due to bacterial infections. 774 from 1559 hospital days were caused by infections. In 6 cases IE was the cause of death. It could be excluded that duration of dialysis treatment, renal disease or uremic complications are correlating with bacterial infections. PMID- 6637178 TI - [Problems of fever after surgery of the bladder neck. How to classify the causal efficiency of reflux mechanisms]. AB - Fever following operations on the vesical cervix was analysed in 167 patients, whereby the closing of the ostia was observed. Vesicoureteral reflux caused by lesion of the trigonal unit in the region of the inner vesical sphincter causes parenchymatous infection of the kidney to a lesser extent than expected. The specific conditions after the removal of an adenoma of the vesical cervix, with heavy bleeding, the necessity of urine drainage with all its weak points, the high level of bacteria in the urine combined with a delayed epithelization of the "inner wound" can be the starting point for a rise in temperature, whereby haematogenous pyelonephritis is of special significance. A decision on the expediency of antibiotic therapy should in any case only be made after obstructive and locally retentive processes have speedily been excluded as possible causes. PMID- 6637179 TI - [Leiomyoma--a rare tumor of the paratesticular tissue]. AB - Clinical and morphological findings of a leiomyoma of paratesticular tissue in a 30 years old man are presented. The histogenesis of the neoplasia is discussed. PMID- 6637180 TI - [Partial tubular function in interstitial nephritis in various stages of kidney function]. PMID- 6637181 TI - [Tumor-like necrotizing granulomatosis of breast]. AB - The observation of a tumor-like granulomatosis of the breast with vasculitis, necrosis and fibrosis is the reason for the discussion of the pathogenesis and the type of this special inflammatory lesion. The histological picture is that of Wegener's granulomatosis. The delimitation of a true tumor by clinical exploration is difficult or impossible and requires the histological examination in each case. PMID- 6637182 TI - [Malignant hair follicle tumor]. AB - A malignant hair follicle tumor was investigated by light and electron microscopy. The tumor was excised from the scalp of a 46-year-old woman and had recurred rapidly. Half a year after radical excision a metastasis in a cervical lymphnode occurred. The very inhomogeneous pattern of partly differentiated tricholemmal cysts and partly undifferentiated infiltrating areas changed to an aggressively growing, scanty differentiated tumor when it recurred and metastasized. Both findings stress the character of malignancy. Prognostic aspects and histogenesis are compared with similar cases in literature. PMID- 6637183 TI - [Frequency and age and sex distribution of acute natural deaths in the autopsied cases of the district of Leipzig]. AB - The age and sex distribution of acute natural deaths autopsied in 1980 in the district of Leipzig was investigated. Nearly 20% of the autopsied cases died under the circumstances of an acute death. It is assumed that 12-15% of all deaths are acute. Males predominate in the age group between 20-60 years. The part of acute natural death is especially high in the age group up to 49 years. PMID- 6637184 TI - [Malformations of the heart and vascular system in autopsy material of children]. AB - As a result of the autopsy reports of a twenty-year-period from 1960 to 1979 there were 7.1% (n = 324) malformations of the heart and vascular system among 4,561 autopsies of still-born children and live-born ones up to their 16th years of age. Septal defects of the heart are most commonly observed. The malformations were classified and discussed according to nature, combinations and sex differences as well as with respect to importance for mortality, territorial and time distribution. PMID- 6637185 TI - [The neuroblastoma of the cerebellum]. AB - A report is given demonstrating the maturation of a neuroblastoma of the cerebellum and its transformation into a ganglioglioma. In a male infant statomotor retardation was diagnosed at the age of 6 months. 9 months later, he developed symptoms indicating a cerebellar neoplasm. Craniotomy showed a vermian tumor which was classified histologically as a neuroblastoma. 51/2 years after the first operation, a control CT scan revealed a recurrence which showed light and electron microscopically the structure of a ganglioglioma. The child is now 8 years old and develops relatively well. On the basis of this observation and of the limited data published in the literature, it is suggested that, with the aid of light microscopy, it is possible to distinguish neuroblastomas from common medulloblastomas what is of practical importance because neuroblastomas seem to have a better prognosis. However, differential diagnostic criteria need further precision. Problems of the nosological placement of neuroblastomas and their histogenetic relationship to medulloblastomas are discussed. The statement of the WHO Classification of Tumors of the CNS that neuroblastomas correspond to grade IV cannot be accepted generally. PMID- 6637186 TI - [Histological classification of oral leukoplakia by a classification number]. AB - From 1969 to 1980 the authors examined 587 histological specimens of oral leukoplakia obtained from 424 patients. The histological findings were assessed in classification numbers qualitatively and quantitatively characterizing the subepithelial inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, keratosis, the grade of epithelial dysplasia an the degree of infiltration when carcinoma had already developed. From this histological classification a classification number resulted which allows conclusions on the prognosis of the leukoplakia under study. Besides the grade of dysplasia also the features of the subepithelial inflammation are important for the prognostic assessment of leukoplakia. The classification numbers are suitable for data processing. In the grading system reported, the most important morphological findings are represented with qualitative and quantitative objectiveness. The classification number leads to more reliable comparison and evaluation of the results obtained by different research groups. PMID- 6637187 TI - [Morphology and pathogenesis of penicillamine-induced nephropathy]. AB - Histological, immunohistological and electron microscopical investigations on the glomerular renal lesions in penicillamine-induced nephropathy were carried out by studying biopsy material of eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis (4 cases), allergic alveolitis (3 cases) and systemic scleroderma (1 case) under the treatment with D-penicillamine. Summarizing all the findings, the characteristic pattern of immune complex nephritis as membranous type glomerulonephritis on the one hand and proliferative type glomerulonephritis (mesangioproliferative GN, focal proliferative GN or minimal proliferative GN) on the other hand could be demonstrated. The different types of glomerular alterations in penicillamine nephropathy obviously depend on the kind and duration of the primary main disease and on the individual immune reactivity of the body was a whole by this determined. The possible pathogenesis related to definite effects of the D penicillamine is discussed and compared with the communications in the literature. PMID- 6637188 TI - [Elastofibroma dorsi. A contribution to its morphology and pathogenesis]. AB - For the time being it is generally accepted that elastofibroma is a mesenchymal, pseudotumorous hyperplasia. A great amount of a fibrillar and globular material is characteristical in the proliferated connective tissue, which has a high affinity to elastica dyes. These typical structures in the extracellular space are interpreted by various authors as elastotic degenerative collagen, degeneratively changed elastic fibers, or as newly synthetized elastin. The case of an elastofibroma is reported which was investigated by means of light microscopy, electron microscopy and histochemistry. With histochemical methods the peculiar material of the extracellular space was identified as elastin. Light and electron microscopically, there were no relations to collagen fibers. The observations of sinus-like extended vessels support the idea of the pathogenic importance of a vascular alteration. The relations between the damage of vessels, the proliferation of fibroblasts, and the special synthesis of elastin are discussed. PMID- 6637189 TI - [Diagnostic value of mucin-histochemical reaction in biopsy specimens of the large bowel]. AB - The present study was carried out to determine the value of mucin-histochemical reactions in normal and pathologically altered colorectal mucosa. Normal large bowel mucosa shows a regionally different pattern of mucin composition of the goblet cell. In adenomas, remarkable variations of mucin pattern can be observed. Well-differentiated adenocarcinomas contain only sparse amounts of sialomucin or neutral mucins but no sulfomucins. In inflamed large bowel mucosa, the content of sulfomucins decreases in dependence on the degree of inflammation. The changes of mucin composition in the goblet cells are of unspecific reactive nature because they can be observed in the same manner in neoplastic and inflamed mucosa. With the employed mucin-histochemical methods no essential informations can be obtained in addition to pathohistological diagnosis. PMID- 6637190 TI - [Frequency of tuberculosis in autopsy material of the Institute of Pathology of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena]. AB - Steinbruck (1974), Muller and Ebert (1979), Martin and Schulze (1975) as well as Kuhne (1982) reported on a number of cases of tuberculosis which remained undetected until autopsy though, according to analyses of the National Register of Tuberculosis in the GDR, the number of lethal cases has decreased (Steinbruck 1970, 1979). Analysing our post-mortem records we found 165 cases of tuberculosis (4.44%) among 3 714 autopsies. AS proposed by Seelinger an Gebhard (1977), they were subdivided: 1. tuberculosis considered the main cause of death; 2. tuberculosis was a secondary finding. Tuberculosis was shown to be the main cause of death in 50.9% of the cases including consequences of tuberculosis, for instance cor pulmonale. In 49,1% of the cases tuberculosis was a secondary finding. An analysis of age and sex distribution revealed that most of the cases occurred in the age group of 70 to 80 years. Males were 2.1 times more frequently affected than females. Among our 165 cases we found 124 cases of lung tuberculosis (72.2%) and 41 cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (24.8%). These included 17 cases of active tuberculosis of the lymph nodes. As 118 (72.9%) of these tuberculosis cases remained undetected by physicians during the patients' lifetime, each physician should pay more attention to tuberculosis in his diagnostic considerations. PMID- 6637191 TI - [Germ cell tumors of testis: histological classification of 552 cases according to the WHO-nomenclature]. AB - Using the WHO-nomenclature 552 germ cell tumors of testis were reclassified. The analysis revealed the following: germ cell tumors occur in early childhood at the age of 3 months to 3 years, in adult hood (26-35) the occurrence shows a peak, and in old aged men only some tumors are registered. No germ cell was found between 4 to 13 years. Our material comprised 245 seminomas (44.4%) and 307 non seminomatous germ cell tumors (55.6%). In the group of tumors of one histologic type, 245 cases of seminomas represent the main part. The following subgroups were recognized: typical seminomas--229 cases (93.5%), spermatocytic seminomas--9 cases (3.7%), and anaplastic seminomas--7 cases (2.8%). In 10 seminomas (4.1%() we have found syncytiothrophoblastic giant cells. In comparison to other investigations, the number of anaplastic seminomas is very low, but on the other hand the diagnosis Of this tumor is problematic, especially, the differential diagnosis of solid variants of embryonal carcinomas. The most common non seminomatous tumor in this group is the embryonal carcinoma (16.8%). No polyembryoma and choriocarcinoma were observed, and only 2 yolk-sac-tumors occurred in infants. The occurrence of teratomas was also low, i.e. 15 cases of mature teratoma and 13 cases of immature teratoma. In the group of tumors of more than one histologic type, cases showing embryonal carcinoma and teratoma prevail (83 tumors). In addition to this combination other common tumors of this group (contained structures of seminomas (25 cases), yolk-sac-tumors (22 cases), an choriocarcinomas (19 cases) and embryonal carcinomas and yolk-sac-tumors (13 cases). Altogether, this group comprised 72.8% of the non-seminomatous tumors. Furthermore, the peculiarities of germ cell tumors of childhood are described. In this group the mature teratomas prevail. No seminoma could be registered in infancy. The distribution of our cases among the various types and the subgroups agreed in the main classes with that reported in literature but in special differentiations there are some discrepancies. The problem of classification of germ cell tumors is discussed. PMID- 6637192 TI - [Diagnostic problems of the leading symptom of bacteriuria in preventive occupational medicine examinations]. PMID- 6637193 TI - [Gas chromatography determination of hippuric acid in the urine. Normal values and increase following toluol exposure]. PMID- 6637195 TI - [The problem of defining the concept of heavy physical labor]. PMID- 6637194 TI - [Formaldehyde emission from mineral-fiber insulating materials]. PMID- 6637196 TI - [Biomechanical model for the transport of refuse containers over side-walk curbs]. PMID- 6637197 TI - [Health risks in the dry-cleaning industry from using tetrachloroethylenes?]. PMID- 6637198 TI - [Suitability of published measurements of asbestos dust in the work area for the evaluation of industrial medicine risk]. PMID- 6637199 TI - [Substitute materials for asbestos]. PMID- 6637200 TI - [Industrial medicine preventive studies with spirometry, direct measurement of airway resistance, inhalation provocation and ergometry. Uncertain--contradictory -imperfect aspects]. PMID- 6637201 TI - [4 years' experience with the Rekonval balanced diet in colon and rectum surgery]. AB - In preparation of colo-rectal surgery 136 patients were fed an oral balanced diet. This increasingly was done also postoperatively. Additional, antibiotics were administered to the patients (Neomycin and Metronidazol) in the preoperative period and the colon cleansed by orthograd lavage. PMID- 6637202 TI - [Benign liver tumors following long-term use of oral contraceptives. I. Results of image-producing diagnostic procedures of incidental intraoperatively discovered tumors]. PMID- 6637203 TI - [Benign liver tumours following long-term use of oral contraceptives. II. Clinical diagnosis and therapy]. AB - Within one year 15 women suffering from unexplained abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant were examined by sonography and hepatic arteriography. Ten benign liver tumours were detected. Symptoms, diagnostics and therapy are dealt with. PMID- 6637204 TI - [Does an obturation in colorectal cancer also modify the behavior of the serum CEA level?]. AB - The CEA-plasma level was determined in 10 patients with malignant obstruction of the large intestine and in 6 patients with benign obstruction of the small intestine. The plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels were obtained prior to initiating of the treatment and sequentially after treating the complete obstruction. Elevated plasma carcinoembryonic antigen levels are related to the carcinoembryonic antigen production by the primary tumour and not additionally to the obstruction. An elevated plasma CEA level in patients with benign obstruction could not be detected. After relief of obstruction, significant changes in the mean carcinoembryonic antigen values could not be observed. PMID- 6637205 TI - [Use of Prosthex in abdominal surgery]. PMID- 6637206 TI - [Sonographic criteria for the choice of therapy in malignant pancreatic tumors]. PMID- 6637207 TI - [Transnasal splinting of the small intestine in ileus and peritonitis]. PMID- 6637208 TI - [How does one give a presentation?]. AB - Reading a paper successfully requires expert knowledge and precise statements about the matter. The material has to be prepared carefully. Lengthy introductions and closing remarks should be avoided. Problems connected with the presentation of the paper (with the help of the manuscript or without it) and strict observation of the speaking time are discussed in detail. PMID- 6637210 TI - [Intervention radiologic treatments of the bile ducts as an alternative to reoperation]. AB - Balloon dilatation and diathermic cutting of the papilla of Vater through a T drainage tube or a percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheter were performed in 12 patients with jaundice, cholangitis, or acute pancreatitis due to retained common duct stones or benign papillary stenosis. Both methods are an alternative to reoperation and, in addition, there is a minor risk. PMID- 6637209 TI - [Modern trends in biliary surgery]. AB - Surgery of the bile tract is not so simple as it looked like in former times. There is an instant change concerning interpretation of findings and surgical methods applied. A surgeon performing operations on the bile ducts should nowadays also be experienced in endoscopy like ERCP and in sonography. PMID- 6637211 TI - [Operations in acute blockade of the common bile duct and the papilla]. AB - From 1971 to 1980, 7015 operations of the bile duct were performed at the IIIrd Surgical Clinic (University of Brno) and the District Hospital Brno: 25 cases for acute septic cholangitis, 725 cases for acute or recurrent cholecystopancreatitis and 30 cases for acute obstruction of Vater's papilla with concomitant biliary hypertension of the biliary tree and shock symptoms. This "papillary shock" was complicated by infection and needed urgent surgical intervention. PMID- 6637212 TI - [Immediate or interval operation of acute cholecystitis in patients over 70]. AB - Among 1372 cholecystectomies there were 152 patients suffering from acute cholecystitis. 54 patients were over 70 years of age. On suspecting a free or covered perforation surgery took place immediately (11 patients). In case of rapidly progressing abdominal symptoms during the first 48 hours these patients also underwent surgery (17 patients): 6 patients came to death (mortality rate: 21%). In the beginning 50 patients were treated conservatively without any positive result in more than half of the patients because the inflammation in the stone-filled gallbladder could not be brought to a standstill. 15 patients had a delayed cholecystectomy within the first 3 weeks after the onset of symptoms and 11 patients within the first 3 months. The outcome of these delayed operations was infavourable. Therefore, we recommend the early operation as far as patients over 70 years are concerned. PMID- 6637213 TI - [Requirements and use of peroperative bile duct diagnosis]. AB - At present the combination of pressure controlled cholangiography and debimetry can be regarded as the most efficient method in common duct exploration. This recommendation is based on 3907 own peroperative investigations. PMID- 6637214 TI - [Treatment of desmoid tumors]. PMID- 6637215 TI - [Disorders of blood coagulation during and after arterial vascular reconstruction]. AB - In spite of a systemically increased clotting tendency in progredient arteriosclerosis there are locally restricted haemorrhagic sequelae following arterial vasoreconstruction. Because of the fact that each bleeding simultaneously includes the risk of wound infection with subsequent sepsis the formation of a haematoma is to be avoided in the surgical procedure. The development of disseminated intravascular coagulation caused by sepsis and that caused by massive haemorrhage are represented as to their clinical importance. Finally, an internationally accepted substitution concept for severe bleeding sequelae, e.g. in case of the rupture of an aortic aneurysm, is submitted. PMID- 6637216 TI - [How reliable is non-invasive measuring of central venous pressure using the Doppler ultrasound probe?]. AB - The venous flow to the heart can be heard by an ultrasound device. This blood flow ceases at a certain intrathoracic pressure (VAP). By 219 pressure readings VAP could be proved to correlate significantly with the central venous pressure (rs = 0.748). In 90.4% of the measurements the difference was less than 5 cm H2O. PMID- 6637217 TI - [Embolism caused by cardial myxoma]. AB - Myxomas of the heart may present a systemic embolization before heart valve occlusion. A histological examination of peripheral emboli may result in the diagnosis. The tumour should be removed early before the occurrence of irreversible embolic complications. An embolic history could be found in 5 of our 8 cases. Two patients died immediately after complete peripheral arterial obstruction. PMID- 6637218 TI - [The tourniquet syndrome as limiting factor in the reconstruction of injured arteries]. AB - In case of arterial trauma combined with crush lesions of the muscle or in case of delayed arterial reconstruction an individual decision for either primary amputation or arterial reconstruction has to be taken into consideration to avoid tourniquet-syndrome. PMID- 6637219 TI - [Diagnosis of bronchobiliary fistula]. PMID- 6637220 TI - [Early and late reinterventions following intrathoracic surgery]. PMID- 6637221 TI - [Clinical experiences with postoperative osteomyelitis of the sternum with special reference to the use of gentamycin PMMA beads]. PMID- 6637222 TI - [Surgical separation of a calcified ductus arteriosus Botallo in adults]. PMID- 6637223 TI - [Unusual indications for sclerosing treatment]. PMID- 6637224 TI - Workshop conference on Legionnaires' disease. March 21st-22nd, 1983. Federal Health Office, Berlin. Proceedings. PMID- 6637225 TI - Recent advances in the diagnosis of serogroup 1 L. pneumophila pneumonia by detection of urinary antigen. AB - ELISA and radioimmunoassay were analyzed for their ability to detect antigen in urine from patients with serogroup 1 Legionnaires' disease. The sensitivity of the two assays is approximately 80 percent, and the specificity is estimated to be 99 percent or better. Assay predictive values, determined on 1,239 specimens, were 76 percent for positive, and 99 percent for negative results. Antigen was detected nearly as often during the first three days of symptoms as later. Antigen excretion lasted from four to 327 days. A latex agglutination test detected antigen in 82 percent of patients positive by the other immunoassays. PMID- 6637226 TI - Pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of L. pneumophila. AB - In three of five fatal cases of Legionnaires' Disease (LD) bacteria have been detected by DFA in extrapulmonary organs including spleen, liver, kidney, heart and brain. Typical fluorescent pleomorphic rods were seen mostly intravascularly and occasionally in phagocytes of the mononuclear phagocytic system. Legionellae were found extravascularly in the myocard and in the brain tissue together with single cell necrosis of either muscle fibres or ganglion cells in the respective organ. It was of special interest in this context that the clinical data and functional abnormalities reported for the respective cases might well be explained by the histopathological findings. PMID- 6637227 TI - Antigens and toxic components of Legionella in pathogenesis and immunity. AB - Legionellae are opportunistic facultative intracellular pathogens with several antigens and toxic components which may function synergistically in contribution to pathogenesis and immunity. The serogroup specific antigens are associated with endotoxic activities of the bacteria and are potent adjuvants in inducing hypersensitivity and potentiating antibody responses to various antigens. Two protein toxins interfere with oxidative metabolism of host cells and are potential inhibitors of intracellular bactericidal activities. Tissue damage in the host appears to be caused by lysis of infected cells with release of toxic substances of host and bacterial origins. In host defense, the serogroup antigens provide primarily group-specific immunity, and the acid soluble protein toxin induces cross-protection among different serogroups. The combined effects of antibodies to these antigens in promoting phagocytosis and abrogating toxicity would enhance intracellular killing of the invading bacteria. The serogroup antigen complexes may also function as a potent adjuvant to modulate host responses to the invading bacteria. PMID- 6637228 TI - The role of structure and invasiveness on the pathogenicity of Legionella. AB - The pathogenetic mechanism and virulence factors involved in infections and Legionella are little understood. In vitro studies by thin-section and scanning electron microscopy show that legionella organisms attach to mammalian cells in culture, are taken into cytoplasmic vacuoles lined with ribosomes and replicate, probably utilising cell-derived amino acids. The presence of pili (fimbriae), lipopolysaccharide and protein structures at the bacterial surfaces is no doubt related to the initial adhesion to cell surface receptors. Motility through flagella and toxin production add to the potential invasiveness of these bacteria. Intracellular longterm survival and replication in alveolar macrophages affords a mechanism for increasing bacterial infectivity while avoiding the host's immune system, amplifying microbial pathogenicity. PMID- 6637229 TI - Protein and antibody in lavage fluid of guinea pigs with Legionella pneumophila pneumonia. AB - Guinea pigs were infected in an inhalation facility that limited an aerosol of L. pneumophila to the snout, as previously reported in detail (Davis et al., 1982). Individual animals were sacrificed for study either immediately after exposure, at 16 hours, at days one through seven, or at 11 days. Bronchoalveolar lavage was carried out to obtain fluid to study the following: total protein, albumin and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations, and the titer of antibody to L. pneumophila. Antibody also was measured in serum obtained at the time of sacrifice. Concentrations of total protein, albumin, and IgG in lavage fluids peaked 2 days after exposure and correlated with the appearance of maximal numbers of polymorphonuclear cells in the lungs. Presumably, this increased protein resulted from exudation of serum across the alveolar-capillary membrane, which loses its integrity secondary to pneumonia. However, the ratio of IgG/albumin was elevated in animals studied 11 days after exposure even though the concentration of albumin was normal by this time. One possible explanation for this observation is that IgG was being produced in the lung. Antibody in lavage fluid was detected 7, and 11 days post-exposure, and might be important in the recovery of guinea pigs from this infection. PMID- 6637230 TI - Studies on protective immunity to aerosol challenge with Legionella pneumophila. AB - Guinea pigs exposed to 1, 2 or 3 sub-lethal aerosol infections with L. pneumophila developed ELISA serum antibodies after each infection, but were not protected against a lethal aerosol challenge. They died earlier than untreated control animals, though with the same acute exudative bronchopneumonia. Lung bacterial counts were lower in the immunized animals. The extent of pulmonary lesions increased with each successive sublethal infection and lymphoid cell infiltration was prominent after the second. Animals immunized with serotype specific antigen developed serum antibodies, but were also not protected against lethal aerosol challenge and died earlier than controls. PMID- 6637232 TI - Species specific membrane proteins of Legionellaceae. AB - The protein composition of the outer membrane and the whole cell wall of 21 strains representing 14 different serotypes of seven different Legionella species has been determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The insoluble residue after extraction of cell envelopes with sodium laurylsarcosinate was considered to represent the outer membrane. Alternatively isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation could be used; this approach gave similar results to the detergent method. Furthermore the effect of different methods of inactivation, e.g. treatment of the organisms with formaldehyde, heat or either on the outer membrane proteins was investigated. Each of 14 strains from seven serogroups of Legionella pneumophila yielded identical patterns of outer membrane proteins. The most prominent feature is a L. pneumophila specific major outer-membrane protein with a molecular weight of 29,000 dalton. This characteristic component was present after every method of inactivation and could also be found as a prominent protein band in total membrane preparations of non inactivated L. pneumophila. More protein bands were observed after heat or ether inactivation than after formaldehyde inactivation. None of the other Legionella species under investigation contained the characteristic 29,000 dalton major outer membrane protein of Legionella pneumophila. Under all preparation conditions Legionella micdadei showed a characteristic intensively staining protein of 39,000 dalton. Neither the 29,000 dalton protein of L. pneumophila nor the 39,000 dalton component of L. micdadei were present in any of the other Legionella species. These other Legionella species exhibited on the contrary no single dominant membrane component but some weaker staining protein bands were observed and these were characteristic for each species. Both serogroups of Legionella longbeachae yielded identical patterns. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637231 TI - The pattern of immunoglobulins with special reference to IgM in Legionnaires' disease patients during a 2 year follow-up period. AB - Antibody titres to L. pneumophila serogroup 1 were followed for 2 years with indirect immunofluorescence test with polyvalent (mostly IgG) conjugate (49 patients) and with specific IgM conjugate (35 patients). Significant titre rises were found in all patients to both Ig-classes. IgM-antibodies were detectable in 13 patients within one week. In all 25 patients that were possible to evaluate in this respect, the maximum titre of both classes was reached within 3 weeks. Although the geometric mean titre for both Ig-classes followed the general pattern for infectious diseases, a sufficient number of patients had persisting high titres of both IgG and IgM making it impossible to designate a reliable value of a single titre to be used as diagnostic evidence of ongoing or recent Legionnaires' Disease. PMID- 6637233 TI - Differentiation of recent and past infections with Legionella pneumophila by determination of specific IgM. AB - The ELA-IgM antibody test as used in viral diseases can also be applied to infections with Legionella pneumophila and is yielding similar results as the IgM determination by immunofluorescence. Complement-fixation and microagglutination are yielding also positive results in IgM-positive sera. IgM antibodies appear relative late after beginning of the disease and are persisting for several months. There is evidence that IgM antibodies as detected by the use of a Legionella pneumophila antigen are also cross-reacting to a number of other antigens. PMID- 6637234 TI - Sporadic cases versus outbreak associated cases of Legionella pneumonia. AB - Sporadic cases and outbreaks of Legionella pneumonia are more commonly recognized; especially among hospitalized patients. Factors predisposing to L. pneumophila pneumonia and the clinical features of this type of pneumonia are similar for epidemic and sporadic cases. It is difficult to compare overall mortality figures of various epidemics and series of sporadic community-acquired cases of Legionella pneumonia, because the factors that determine the severity and outcome of Legionella pneumonia are poorly defined in most series. PMID- 6637235 TI - Epidemiologic assessment of methods of transmission of legionellosis. AB - The ubiquity of Legionella pneumophila in the environment creates special problems for identifying the source of either outbreaks or sporadic cases due to this organism. Efforts must be made to associate a specific hypothesized source with the occurrence of disease through appropriate epidemiologic studies. Well documented sources of outbreaks include contaminated heat rejection devices, industrial aerosols, and recreational whirlpools. The presence of L. pneumophila in potable water supplies has been associated with the disease in several settings. The precise mechanism of aerosol generation and transmission from potable water remains to be defined. PMID- 6637236 TI - Epidemic legionellosis in England and Wales 1979--1982. AB - National surveillance of legionnaires' disease in England and Wales identified 588 cases during the years 1979--1982. The majority of cases appeared to be sporadic but 32 clusters of two or more cases were recognised, 24 in association with hotels, seven with hospitals and one with a construction site. Reports (3 published and 3 unpublished) on the investigation and control of six outbreaks are reviewed. All six were found to be common source outbreaks; four hotel associated, one was nosocomial and one was associated with a construction site. Domestic water systems were implicated as sources in the four hotels and the hospital. The most effective control measure was found to be continuous chlorination of the water supply combined with raising the hot water temperature to 60 degrees C or more in the calorifier and at least 55 degrees C to a maximum of 60 degrees C at outlets. Raising hot water temperatures alone was not always completely successful as a control measure. Only in the construction site outbreak was a cooling water system shown to be the principal source of infection. PMID- 6637237 TI - Epidemiological patterns in legionellosis in Sweden. AB - Since 1976, 173 confirmed cases of legionellosis of the pneumonic type have been reported in Sweden. Sixty-eight cases belonged to a community-acquired outbreak in the summer and fall of 1979. Fourty percent of the sporadic cases are travel associated. Half of them had visited Mediterranean countries. As much as 76% of the sporadic cases were men, 23% men of the age groups 15--54 years. There is an ongoing nosocomial outbreak in a renal transplant unit. L. pneumophila belonging to serogroups 1, 3, 5 and 6 have been isolated from patients or environment (e.g. from the cooling tower of a shopping mall in connection with the community acquired outbreak and tap water in the nosocomial outbreak). A few cases of L. micdadei and L. bozemanii infections have been diagnosed. The proportion of legionellosis among all community-acquired pneumonia patients in a prospective study was only 1.8%. The frequency of antibodies to L. pneumophila among blood donors in non-endemic areas ranged between 0--6% compared to 20--21% in areas where outbreaks have occurred. The fatality rate has been low and the clinical outcome satisfactory even in cases without adequate antibiotic treatment. PMID- 6637238 TI - Epidemiological features of Legionnaires' disease in the Paris area. AB - Although the first French case of Legionnaires' disease (LD) was diagnosed in 1979 and the first six serogroups of L. pneumophila and L. longbeachae serogroup 2 were demonstrated in environmental samples from the Paris area, the incidence of the disease has not yet been evaluated in France. Prevalence of antibodies, as detected by an immunofluorescent assay, in the Paris population of our study ranged from 0.9 to 2.2%. LD was demonstrated in 155 (4.4%) of 3502 patients investigated mainly by serology. In a prospective study in a respiratory intensive care unit 20 (7.8%) cases of pneumonia out of 257 were caused by L. pneumophila. 171 of the 175 cases of LD diagnosed in Paris during 33 months were caused by L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Risk factors and epidemiological features of patients are similar to those described in other countries. PMID- 6637239 TI - [Significance of prenatal and neonatal infectious diseases for perinatal mortality and infant mortality]. PMID- 6637240 TI - [Current epidemiologic status of rubella in pregnant women in East Germany]. PMID- 6637241 TI - [Preventive program of rubella in women]. PMID- 6637242 TI - [The role of the gynecologist in the prevention of congenital rubella]. PMID- 6637243 TI - [Current and perspective strategy in the prevention of congenital rubella in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 6637244 TI - [Initial results of selective rubella vaccination in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 6637245 TI - [Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy. Prevention, early detection and therapy]. PMID- 6637246 TI - [Fertility prognosis of the male]. AB - In 1977/78 5418 childless human males were examined andrologically and followed up 24-36 months later. Depending upon these results a partial correction of the evaluation criteria of spermatological findings is necessary. The normal values of sperm density and motility rate are obviously lower than hitherto reported in the international nomenclature. Fructose concentration in seminal plasma does not allow to make reliable statements on the prognosis of fertility. PMID- 6637248 TI - [Electron microscopic changes in the endometrium caused by encrusted intrauterine contraceptives]. AB - Alterations of the endometrium caused by incrustated intrauterine contraceptive devices were subjected to electron microscopic examination. The changes were of non-specific character and appeared in the epithelial cells. Dilatation of the endoplasmatic reticula, degranulation and augmentation of microfilaments were conspicuous. The lesions are likely to have played some part in the later developments. PMID- 6637247 TI - [Actinomycotic infection of endometriosis caused by intrauterine contraception]. AB - Based on the course of disease, the clinical and pathohistological findings of two patients reflections are presented about the mode of infection of the upper female genital tract of IUD users with actinomycetes, and conclusions about treatment, too. For avoidance of inflammatory complications of intrauterine contraception it is recommended, to consider evidence of endometriosis, to give up identifying threads in favour of ultrasonic examination and to examine vaginal smears of IUD users with regard to actinomycetes. Laparoscopy is the surest method diagnosing a salpingoophoritis early. Treatment of choice is primarily a conservative therapy with antibiotics and secondly, surgical intervention of persisting findings. The vaginal route is suggested. PMID- 6637249 TI - [Fluorescence diagnosis of Trichomonas colpitis and its frequency]. AB - The vaginal smear of 500 women was investigated by the fluorescence method and a vaginal trichomoniasis was found in 6.8 per cent of the cases. The fluorescence staining was successful. The incidence of the infection was higher, 9.1 per cent, at women with IUP, 9.1 per cent at probands with normal ovary cycle and 10.5 per cent during a pregnancy. The various causes are discussed. PMID- 6637250 TI - Some remarks on the mode of spread of primary benign brain-stem tumours based on description of three cases. AB - On the basis of long-standing own experiences and the literature, the author subdivides the tumours mentioned in the title into two types. Type A (occurring most frequently): Developing in the transversal plane and the longitudinal axis; typical clinical signs on cerebral nerves, long pathways and cerebellar pathways. Choked papilla and signs of cerebral compression develop late or not at all. Surgical removal is impossible. Type B: Tumour growth in the 4th ventricle and subarachnoid space without infiltration of deeper brain-stem structures. Signs of cerebral compression in the early phase. Signs of transversal damage of the brain stem are slight and disappear after decompression. Partial removal and subsequent irradiation lead to a far-reaching freedom from symptoms and a socially useful survival over many years. So these tumours should be operated on with subsequent irradiation. PMID- 6637251 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of intracranial epidermoids]. AB - After a short description of the pathogenesis and morphology of intracranial epidermoids, the clinic symptoms and the diagnosis are dealt with. Therapeutically, it is exclusively a total extirpation with the use of a surgical microscope that can lead to curing. A report is given on nine patients, eight of whom were successfully operated on. It is hardly possible to establish a founded preoperative diagnosis of the kind of the epidermoid. Hypodense space occupying processes in the computer tomogram should, however, give rise to consider differentialdiagnostically also the presence of epidermoids. PMID- 6637252 TI - [Neural control of saliva secretion. Review of questions on special neurosecretory functions of the facial nerve]. AB - Fifty years ago, anatomists and physiologists still held the opinion that the N. facialis had a purely motor fuction without any sensory or secretory components. With respect to the previously only occasionally mentioned possibility of an additional neurosecretory function of the N. facialis, clinical and experimental, especially neurophysiological research and experiences of the last five decades have however led to results which are being discussed under particular consideration of the neural control of salivary secretion. In this connection, side-functions are discussed that are just appearing in outlines and have not yet been fully cleared up, for example questions regarding an internal secretion of certain parts of the facial nerve, especially related to the patotid gland. In connection with this question, the author considered it necessary to refer to some medical-historical findings of earlier times. PMID- 6637253 TI - Spontaneous intracerebral haematomas. Aspects of treatment. AB - We report on 306 cases of spontaneous intracerebral haematomas located in the supratentorial compartment. 167 patients underwent surgical treatment and 87 died (52.09%); 139 patients were conservatively managed and 30 died (21.5%). We point out some indications and contra-indications to surgical or conservative treatment on the basis of the factors influencing the mortality rate. PMID- 6637254 TI - A tumor-simulating giant aneurysm of the vertebral artery. Case report. AB - A giant aneurysm of the left vertebral artery which was nearly completely thrombosed and very difficult to diagnose, was successfully treated by a complete surgical excision. The patient had been hospitalized eight times because of brief episodes of headache associated with neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting and numbness of the left hand. On the ninth admission, the diagnosis of a "tumour" involving the posterior fossa was established. At operation an aneurysm of the left vertebral artery was found and resected. At discharge, one week after surgery, the patient was free of neurologic deficits. PMID- 6637255 TI - [Therapy of intracerebral hematomas]. AB - On the basis of own experiences, fundamentals with respect to the treatment of intracerebral and intracerebellar haematomas are established. Computer tomography permits a narrowing of the indication for a surgical intervention, but only under the condition that this examination can be carried out at any time in the direct vicinity of the neurosurgical establishment. PMID- 6637256 TI - [Tumors of the 4th ventricle and the craniospinal transitional zone. Review of patients of the Neurosurgical Clinic of the Department of Medicine of the Karl Marx University]. AB - From a total of 1,028 infratentorial tumours operated on at the Neurosurgical Hospital of the Section Medicine of the Karl-Marx University Leipzig in the last 30 years, 167 tumours in the region of the 4th ventrical have been selected. Their statistical processing was carried out with respect to specific localisation, average age, kind of tumour, sex, clinical findings, duration of case history, application of instrumental diagnostic procedures and radicality of operation, success and failure. Some fundamental conclussions are drawn. A subdivision in detail will be contained in the following articles based on this material. PMID- 6637258 TI - [Early diagnosis of tumors of the 4th ventricle and the craniospinal transitional zone]. AB - The comprehensive observation material from the OPD and the Hospital for Neurosurgery of the Leipzig Karl-Marx-University has made it possible to make statements on frequency, on the succession and the valence of the diagnosis from a neurological angle for the tumours mentioned in the title. Their differentiation with regard to the respective region and the two essential age groups was carried out. Although quite typical symptom groups can be established for the early and the main diagnosis, the majority of these syndromes are either overlooked or misinterpreted in practice. In this connection, both wrong assessment by the laymen, that is, the late consultation of a doctor, and medical misinterpretation because of the percentual rarity as compared to other causes of some of these symptoms play the essential role. The objective of the compilation is a renewed pointing out of the possibility of an early recognition of tumours with such a localisation by neurological means. PMID- 6637257 TI - [Special diagnostic and surgical problems in tumors of the 4th ventricle in adulthood]. AB - Within 30 years, 1028 operations because of cerebellar tumours have been carried out at the Neurosurgical University Hospital in Leipzig. Of these, 167 were related to tumours within the 4th ventricle or encroaching a little outside of it. In the group of the adults (from the 18th year), 54 observations were made. These patients are subdivided according to histology (ependymomas in the first place), according to clinical findings (high values of cerebral pressure symptoms), according to the duration of the case history in dependence upon histology (long duration of angioblastomas and ependymomas), according to the possibilities of radicality (somewhat below the values in child age), the condition at discharge (better than in child age) and the cause of death (absolute predominance of central causes). A comparison is made with the results obtained with the studied patients in child age. Subsequently, the operation tactics of the Leipzig hospital is dealt with and the respective value of microneurosurgery carried out 10 years before is emphasised. A striking improvement for benign tumours can now only be achieved by a considerably improved early diagnosis. PMID- 6637259 TI - [Special diagnostic and surgical problems in tumors of the 4th ventricle in childhood]. AB - A report is given on 113 tumours of the 4th ventricle in children (up to the age of 18 years) observed among a total of 1028 cerebellar operations. Of these, 87 (= 77%) tumours were exclusively tumours of the 4th ventricle, in 26 cases the tumour also encroached on adjacent structures (cerebellar hemisphere and vermis, pons and Medulla oblongata). Medulloblastomas were predominant (55%), they mainly occurred in school age. Leading clinical symptom of the tumours of the 4th ventricle - especially in child age - is the increase in intracranial pressure which can often be demonstrated radiologically in this age group. Besides there are coordination disturbances and disturbances of the cerebral nerves; relatively frequently one sees a "vermis syndrome". The initial symptoms, which are in most cases non-characteristic (nausea, headache, also ataxia), are more often than not misinterpreted. Surgically treatment aims at a radical removal of the tumour whenever of possible, which is frequently problematic in children, and the restoration of the pathways the cerebrospinal fluid. Microsurgical techniques clearly contributed to a decrease in the mortality rate which, however, still is very high. This stresses the importance of an improvement of early recognition of these tumours. PMID- 6637260 TI - [Special problems in the diagnosis and therapy of craniospinal tumors]. AB - Tumours in the region of the Foramen magnum are rare (34 cases among more than 1000 infratentorial and 400 spinal tumours). The clinical symptoms can be guiding but they sometimes involve differential-diagnostic difficulties. In dependence upon the starting point and the direction of the development, cerebellar signs or transverse paralysis in the cervical region of the medulla are in the fore. In most cases, supplementary examinations are indispensable (X-ray examinations of the skull and the cervical vertebral column, ventriculography and CT). Angiography is of lesser importance. The anatomical relations of the tumour to its environment not only form the clinical picture, but also bring about therapeutical problems. The use of microsurgical methods has improved the prognosis a little, but nevertheless these disease pictures should be considered to be very serious. PMID- 6637261 TI - [EEG findings in tumors of the 4th ventricle and the craniospinal transitional zone]. AB - A total of 238 patients with space-occupying tumours in the region of the 4th ventricle and the cranio-spinal transitional region were examined electroencephalographically. In all cases, the findings were confirmed by an operation or autopsy. 219 tumours were confined to the 4th ventricle and another 7 patients showed tumours of the cranio-spinal transitional zone. Only in 10 patients of the first group and 2 patients with cranio-spinal tumours a normal EEG was recorded. The exact changes are shown in a table. PMID- 6637262 TI - [Tumors of the 4th ventricle and the craniospinal transitional zone in the computer tomogram]. AB - Among 5000 computer-tomographic examinations of the brain, there were only 82 tumours located in the 4th ventricle and spinal space. The method is of value for the indication of the localisation and extension of the tumours. The relation of tumours to the rhomboid fossa cannot always be clearly recognised. In spite of good indications in case of some tumours, this method cannot replace the histological method. It contributed only little to the early diagnosis in the series of examinations; the majority of the tumours had a volume of 30 ml. This is due to the fact that characteristic clinical symptoms occur late. PMID- 6637263 TI - [Anesthesiological problems in the surgery of tumors of the 4th ventricle]. AB - Central dysregulation during and after operations of the 4th ventricle is one of the complications that can only be therapeutically influenced with greater difficulties or not decisively, leaving cosmetic corrections out of consideration. In two collectives of patients separated by twenty years of surgical and anaesthesiological development who suffered exclusively form infratentorial tumours with medullar infiltration, the intra- and postoperative life-span. It was found that a pronounced intraoperative dysregulation is associated with an early postoperative lethality in spite of modern intensive therapeutic measures. PMID- 6637264 TI - [Combination treatment of medulloblastomas]. AB - At the time being, the therapy of malignant cerebral tumours cannot yet be considered to be satisfactory. By a combination of various forms of therapy, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, one tries to achieve optimum results. With respect to the results of the therapy (survival time and survival quality), the medulloblastoma occupies a special position. By employing the combined method, the survival time and also the survival quality can be considerably increased. By the example of one case, the course of the disease in a young medulloblastoma patient is shown whose survival time was six years. PMID- 6637265 TI - [Scanning electron microscope study of the labyrinth of Macaca mulatta under hypokinetic conditions]. AB - Rhesus monkeys have been kept in horizontal position under klinostatic or antiorthostatic hypokinetic conditions for 7 and 19 days. Using scanning electron microscope, studies were made of the otolithic membrane of the utricle, the receptor surface of the utricle, crista ampullaris of the lateral semicircular canals, the organ of Corti, the stria vascularis and spiral ligament. No significant differences were found between control and experimental animals. PMID- 6637266 TI - [Brain insulin receptors in the evolution of vertebrates]. AB - Studies have been made on 125I-insulin binding for brain membranes from cyclostomes (the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis), fish (pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and mammals (rats). The species studied differed by the level of binding (the highest in the rat and the lowest in the lamprey), which was due mainly to differences in the number of binding sites per membrane protein. Qualitative properties of the receptors in the species studied were found to be very similar. All three types of the receptors were capable of differentiating between the insulins from pig, pink salmon and lamprey, all of them binding porcine insulin more readily than the salmon one and the latter better than the insulin from the lamprey. It means that these insulins reacted not to the species specific properties of the hormone, but to biological activity of the insulin. The data obtained indicate that functionally mature insulin receptor may be found already in the brain of cyclostomes and that in the course of animal evolution from cyclostomes to mammals functional properties of this receptor did not undergo any significant changes. PMID- 6637267 TI - [Sodium and chlorine reabsorption system in the kidney of fetal and neonatal rats]. AB - It has been demonstrated that already to the end of embryonic period, foetal rats have rather developed kidney system which is sensitive to one of the most effective diuretics--furosemide (lasix), an inhibitor of chloride channels. Investigation of the activity of transport ATPases revealed the developed system of sodium transport in the kidney of foetal rats. PMID- 6637268 TI - [Comparative study of the phospholipase activity of pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira cultured on a serum-lecithin agar]. AB - The phospholipase activity of leptospires cultivated on serum-lecithin agar has been studied. Two zones of changes in the medium have been found to appear around the colonies of saprophytic Leptospira strains: transparent (5.25 +/- 2.09 mm wide) and turbid (6.90 +/- +/- 1.46 mm wide), which is linked with the production of phospholipases A and C. Only a single clear zone is formed around the colonies of pathogenic strains due to the production of phospholipase A. At the same time virulent Leptospira strains show greater phospholipase activity (the zones are 6.0 +/- 1.2 mm wide) than avirulent strains (the zones are 1.6 +/- +/- 0.04 mm wide). PMID- 6637269 TI - [Biochemical characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated in the Maritime Territory]. AB - The detailed study of 179 strains, considered to be typical and atypical representatives of Y. enterocolitica upon their isolation, has been carried out. Of these, 129 strains have been found to belong to Y. enterocolitica with their typical biochemical properties and 50 strains, to new Yersinia species. The ecological sources of all the isolated strains are indicated. The necessity of the thorough epidemiological, clinical and laboratory study of the etiological role of Yersinia in acute intestinal diseases in humans is pointed out. PMID- 6637270 TI - [Prerequisites for the ecological prognosis of tularemia and leptospirosis foci in human activities in the national economy]. PMID- 6637271 TI - [Data on the prediction of viral hepatitis A morbidity]. PMID- 6637272 TI - [Stimulating action of Brucella melitensis lipopolysaccharide on hemopoiesis in mice]. AB - The bacterial mass, brucellar protective antigen and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) obtained from B. melitensis stimulated the formation of endogenous colonies in the spleen of mice belonging to different strains, subjected to irradiation in sublethal doses. The maximum stimulating effect was observed when the antigens were introduced 24 hours prior to irradiation. LPS introduced in the optimal dose induced an increase in the number of hemopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the s-phase of the cell cycle, thus stimulating the postirradiation survival of mice irradiated in a lethal dose. 24 hours after the injection of LPS the total number of HSC in the spleen increased 1.5 times. These data indicate that LPS has a stimulating effect on hemopoiesis in mice. The effect rendered by LPS is seemingly linked with an increase in the proliferation of HSC and, to a lesser extent, depends on changes in the migration of HSC. PMID- 6637273 TI - [Characteristics of nonspecific resistance in children with lung diseases due to opportunistic microflora]. AB - Acute destructive pneumonia in children was found to be complicated by acute pleural empyema (APE) on days 3-21 of the disease. The time of the development of this complication depended on the state of the nonspecific resistance of the body: the greater was the degree of deficiency as manifested by cell-mediated and humoral immunity indices, the earlier developed APE. Staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected the pleural cavity of children under the conditions of essentially decreased phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, C'H50 and one of the classes of immunoglobulin. The reaction of the body to staphylococci and P. aeruginosa took its course after the type of primary or secondary immune response, depending on the time of infection. PMID- 6637274 TI - [Species characteristics of coagulase-negative staphylococci of animal origin]. AB - The specific identification of 271 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from different animals (cows, sheep, swine, hens, monkeys, minks, sables, foxes, etc.) was carried out according to the scheme of Akatov--Devriese. Species could be determined in 77.5% of the strains. The representatives of S. sciuri (55.5%) and S. xylosus (11.4%), very seldom occurring in humans, prevailed among the identified cultures. In 31.4% of coagulase-negative strains of animal origin the presence of protein A was established. The study of the time of glucose fermentation in the cultures and the type of colonies formed on agar with crystalline violet permitted the additional characterization of the majority of the strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Only in 4.8% of cases the strains under study could be lyzed by typing phages Holmberg and belonged to 6 phage types; of these, 117 A was the most numerous one (7 out of 13 typed cultures). No relationship between the phage type and the species of the strains was established. PMID- 6637275 TI - [Antigenic activity and the reactogenicity of a concentrated, purified, UV inactivated cultured rabies vaccine]. AB - The results of the study of concentrated, purified, UV-inactivated cell-culture rabies vaccine, obtained from strain Vnukovo-22, passage 33-40, in the primary culture of Syrian hamster kidney cells, demonstrated the pronounced antigenic potency of this vaccine: when introduced intramuscularly in 3-4 injections at certain intervals, it induced the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies in high titers. In tests on volunteers the vaccine proved to be nonreactogenic. PMID- 6637276 TI - [Indication of mycoplasmas in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients]. AB - Specimens of synovial fluid taken from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were tested for the presence of mycoplasmas and mycoplasmic antigens. In 30% of cases the direct inoculation into cell-free media permitted the detection of mycoplasma like agents which could not be subcultured on solid media for identification. Mycoplasmic antigens were detected in the tested material with the same frequency by means of the immunofluorescence test. The use of cell cultures made it possible to isolate and identify mycoplasmas. M. arthritidis and M. fermentans, as well as their association, were identified in the immunofluorescence test and in cell cultures. PMID- 6637277 TI - [Isolation and purification of Yersinia pestis neuraminidase]. PMID- 6637278 TI - [Duration of the preservation of postvaccinal immunity against measles and the results of a repeat immunization of children with various initial antibody levels]. AB - The study of the blood sera of vaccinated children carried out by means of the indirect hemagglutination test with the use of dried erythrocytic diagnostic reagents prepared at the Pasteur Institute of Experimental Medicine, revealed that in groups free from measles infection for a long time immunity in children grew lower as the time elapsed since the date of vaccination increased. In 9-12 years antibody titers in the vaccines decreased, the percentage of children with protective titers dropping from 83.5 to 36.3. The revaccination of seronegative children ensured a significant increase in antibody titers in 51.6% of such children with the preservation of protective titers for 1 year (the term of observation). The repeated immunization of seropositive children with initial titers of 1:10 to 1:20 significantly stimulated their increase, lasting for a very short time, in 84.2-89.2% of children. In children with an initial antibody titer of 1:40 short-term seroconversion was detected only in 20-7% of cases, and in those with an initial titer of 1:80 no cases of seroconversion were observed. The data thus obtained suggest that the revaccination of seronegative children should be recommended. PMID- 6637279 TI - [Phage typing of nonagglutinating vibrios isolated in the territory of the USSR]. AB - The work presents the results of the phage typing of 2,437 NAG vibrio strains isolated in the USSR from patients and carriers (374 strains), from open water basins (1,675 strains), from sewage (234 strains) and from bottom silt (172 strains). Phage typing was carried out with a set of 5 phages capable of lyzing enteropathogenic NAG vibrios (phages TEPV 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). NAG vibrios isolated from humans were sensitive to phages TEPV in 45% of cases and NAG vibrios isolated from the environment, only in 29.9% of cases. Enteropathogenic NAG vibrios belonging to phagovar 1 were isolated most frequently from samples taken both from humans and from the environment. The NAG vibrios isolated from patients, carriers and the sources of water supply nearest to them belonged to the same phagovars. PMID- 6637280 TI - [Interrelation of the immunological parameters of healthy donors and of persons frequently ill with acute respiratory diseases and bronchitis in the remission stage (a new approach to assessing immune status)]. AB - The state of the immune system in healthy donors and in chronic bronchitis patients, frequently suffering from acute respiratory diseases, at the period of remission has been studied by the methods of rosette-formation and phagocytosis. The authors propose a new approach to the evaluation of the immune system by regarding each of these groups as a dynamic set of discrete values. As a result, the parameters of the immune system have proved to be interrelated. These interrelations, in contrast to the variability of the numerical values of different parameters, remain constant in health persons and are seemingly the basis of the stability of their internal medium, or at any rate of their immune system. At the same time under the conditions of the remission of chronic bronchitis the interrelation of the above-mentioned parameters has altered in comparison with the normal state, which makes it possible to characterize the immune status of these patients as the state of imbalance of the immune system. PMID- 6637281 TI - [Normal values for regional cerebral blood flow using the 133Xe-inhalation method]. AB - Using the 32-detector system and the inhalation method after W. Obrist, the authors determined normal values of the regional cerebral blood flow (RCB) in 20 healthy subjects. The method demonstrated good reproducibility which warrants its wide clinical application for RCB determination for studying the pathogenetic mechanisms of cerebral blood flow changes. PMID- 6637282 TI - [Differential diagnostic criteria of subarachnoid hemorrhage in arterial and arteriovenous aneurysms]. AB - The clinical manifestations of subarachnoidal hemorrhages were investigated in 115 patients with arterial and 32 ones with arteriovenous aneurysms. The patients' histories, their neurologic status, the clinical and laboratory findings obtained were correlated, enabling the authors to specify the picture of subarachnoidal hemorrhages due to some congenital vascular pathology. PMID- 6637283 TI - [Ultrasound dopplerography in the diagnosis of the subclavian steal syndrome]. AB - To diagnose occlusions in the brachiocephalic trunk and in the proximal portions of the subclavian artery in combination with the subclavian steal syndrome, a simple noninvasive method--Doppler sonography--has been used by the author since 1975. This technique consists in sequential registration of the blood flow rate along the vertebral and axillary arteries in combination with functional compression tests including making a fist, rated physical exercise with a hand as well as compression of the brachial and vertebral arteries. Using Doppler ultrasonography, the subclavian steal syndrome was detected in 25 patients and in 24 cases the diagnosis was confirmed by angiography, this showing a 96% validity of this diagnostic procedure. Peculiar features of this technique as well as its potential wide application for diagnostic purposes in out- and in-patients with cerebrovascular diseases are discussed. PMID- 6637284 TI - [Complex ultrasonic scanning, Doppler sonography, telethermography and infrared radiometry in studies of carotid artery circulation]. AB - The authors first applied a complex of modern noninvasive methods of studying cerebral vascular pathologies, both direct (phonoangiography, echopulso- or echosphygmography, bidimensional scanning) and indirect (telethermography, ultrasound flowmetry, photoplethysmography and ophthalmodynamometry, inhalation radiocirculography) in examining patients with various stages of atherosclerotic carotid impairment and various forms of cerebral vascular pathology (ischemic stroke, transient disorders of the cerebral circulation, initial manifestations of cerebral circulation deficiency) verified by cerebral angiography, surgery or necropsy findings. High informative value of the above methods used combined in cases of circulatory pathology in the carotid bed was shown and the differential evaluation of the importance of every individual method in concrete types of cerebrovascular pathology was carried out. The use of ultrasound and thermovisual methods is considered to be most promising in the diagnosis of vascular cerebral impairments. PMID- 6637285 TI - [Changes in the postural equilibrium of patients with cerebral circulatory disorders]. AB - The results of a study on the postural balance in 80 patients with cerebral circulation disorders are presented. Statographic disorders were found to be dependent on the nature, severity and localization of the pathologic process. PMID- 6637286 TI - [Characteristics of the latent states of short-term verbal memory in patients with sequelae of cerebral circulatory disorders]. AB - A study of 50 patients in the recovery period of cerebral circulation impairment and 11 healthy subjects was carried out to investigate latent conditions of short term verbal memory (STVM), using phonooscillography with subsequent statistical computerized treatment. On the basis of the time-course of latent conditions (16500 phonooscillograms), the temporal organization of STVM was studied. It was established that the patients as compared with the healthy subjects showed substantial changes in temporal parameters of mnemonic processes: the duration of latent conditions of STVM increased, the rate of its adaptation decreased, regular pattern and balance of the main temporal parameters were disrupted. PMID- 6637287 TI - [Neuropsychological manifestations of secondary brain stem dysfunction in patients with strokes of hemispheric localization]. AB - A neuropsychological investigation of 35 patients who had suffered cerebral strokes of hemispheric localization aggravated by secondary dysfunctions of the upper portions of the cerebral trunk was carried out. Neuropsychological examination was supplemented with emotional stimulation methods aimed at detecting superior trunk impairments. The neuropsychological signs of trunk dysfunction are discussed. Even in a favourable course of the stroke, the manifestations of secondary trunk dysfunctions tended to last 2-4 weeks and were more severe in patients with an unsatisfactory somatic state. The author emphasized the necessity of differentiating neuropsychological syndromes due to a principal hemispheric focus from neuropsychological manifestations of secondary trunk dysfunctions. PMID- 6637288 TI - [Is the asymmetrical pulsation in the supraclavicular regions of the necks of healthy subjects in a horizontal posture a physiological or pathological phenomenon? (clinico-ultrasonic study)]. AB - This is a report on a previously undescribed clinical symptom manifested in the form of an asymmetrical pattern of pulsation in the cervical vessels in healthy people, with a more pronounced nature on the right side. Using ultrasound angiography and flowmetry, 300 volunteers (200 healthy people and 100 patients with diseases of the peripheral nervous system) were studied and the physiological asymmetry of the blood flow along the jugular veins was demonstrated. PMID- 6637289 TI - [Clinical picture and epidemiology of disseminated sclerosis]. AB - The prevalence and characteristic features of the clinical course of disseminated sclerosis in the population of the Far North were studied. The proportion of disseminated sclerosis among organic diseases of the central nervous system in this area is considerably lower (0.36%) than in many regions and areas of Western and Eastern Siberia and especially in the central regions of the European part of the USSR. A considerable difference in the incidence of this disease between the local population and newcomers is noted, namely 7% and 93%, respectively. Local population displays a more progressive course of the disease. No cases of disseminated sclerosis have been recorded among the indigenous population i.e., yakutes and small nationalities of the North. PMID- 6637290 TI - [Incidence of mental disorders among the late middle-aged and elderly population (according to the primary registration data of the psychoneurologic institutions of Moscow)]. AB - Analyzing the data on primary elderly and senile patients (60 years or more) presenting psychic disorders which were collected by all psychiatric institutions of Moscow during a year, the incidence of all recorded psychic diseases, psychic disturbances of psychotic and nonpsychotic nature as well as individual diseases in the old population was ascertained. The authors show age-related specificity of the nosological structure of gerontopsychiatric morbidity and the differences in the nosological distribution of patients in relation to their sex and age. It was also shown that psychoses and metal deterioration in the elderly and the old are recorded by psychiatric institutions 2.8 times as often as disorders of nonpsychotic character. It was established that intensive indices of the incidence of recorded psychotic disturbances increase with the aging of the population whereas the indices of the recorded prevalence of nonpsychotic disturbances, in contrast, decrease. Distinctive differences in the incidence of particular forms of psychic pathology with regard to the patients' sex are demonstrated. The condition of psychiatric care for the elderly and senile community is evaluated. PMID- 6637291 TI - [Various current problems in clinical psychopharmacology]. AB - On the basis of author's findings and those reported in the literature, advances and shortcomings of contemporary psychopharmacology are analyzed. Despite the fact that psychopharmacotherapy, in comparison with the previous methods, is a principally new stage in the treatment of psychic diseases; in its present form it is incapable of meeting all the requirements of psychiatric practice (a tendency toward chronicity characteristic of psychic diseases has not been overcome, some patients still continue to display resistance to known psychotropic agents, aggravation of some psychopathologic disturbances and the development of persistent incurable conditions can be observed in the course of psychopharmacotherapy). In view of the fact that with the currently available drugs and their medicinal forms, psychopharmacology as a method of therapy is at the outer limits of its possibilities, ways of its optimization are discussed. General guidelines for its further development, most promising in terms of their realization and scientific validation, are identified. PMID- 6637292 TI - [Role of the age factor in the pathogenesis of manic-depressive psychosis]. AB - It was established that young patients in the depressive phase of manic depressive psychosis (MDP) display the homogeneity of functional changes at various levels of the body auto-regulation system. In advanced age (45-65 years), due to uneven involutional changes, the body exhibits an increase in the activity of the central and, particularly peripheral links of the sympathetico-adrenal homeostatic system, which explains a considerable elevation in the number of patients with pronounced anxious symptomatology and hypersympathicotonia at the periphery. High affective tension with agitation phenomena in patients with the disease onset in advanced age is maintained by fairly high blood levels of catecholamines (particularly noradrenaline) due to the stimulation of their synthesis. PMID- 6637293 TI - [Various patterns in the duration of paroxysms and remissions among patients with schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis with monopolar depressions]. AB - Characteristics of the course of endogenous psychoses (schizophrenia and manic depressive psychoses) with a pattern of depressive attacks were studied on randomized material, using a clinical-statistical method. The duration of paroxysms and remissions was shown to decrease with the progression of disease; differences between nosological groups with regard to lowered duration of remissions were detected. New statistical regularities in the distribution of duration of paroxysms and remissions were elicited which corroborated the data obtained and also allowed the researchers to determine the probability of the cessation of paroxysms and remissions of any ordinal number and to evaluate the representativeness of the group of patients under study. PMID- 6637294 TI - [Age mechanisms determining the specificity of depression with a prominent anxiety component in late middle-age]. AB - States of anxiety-delusional depression in relation to age were compared in 79 patients aged 20 to 82 years with diseases of various nosology. It has been revealed that states of anxiety-delusional depression may occur at any age but their clinical manifestations are dependent on the age of patients. In youth, anxiety-delusional depression represents a part of complex psychopathological formations of predominantly oneiro-catatonic structure. With age, there is a reduction in psychic disturbances which results in an increasingly greater deviation from that accomplished stereotype of the development which is characteristic of young age. As a result of this simplification, states of anxiety-delusional depression assume a form which is consistent with the notion on the age-associated involutional-melancholic syndrome. This is also in agreement with the known tendency toward a general reduction and limitation of psychic disturbances in old age. PMID- 6637295 TI - [Comparative study of the clinical features of the schizophrenic process among relatives and children taking the sex factor into account]. AB - The author studied the regular patterns of the clinical manifestations of schizophrenic process in families with affected parents and children and also possible correlation between some parameters of this disease in parents and children with regard to their sex. A comparative analysis of the clinical characteristics of schizophrenia in parents-children pairs showed quite definitely that with further selection of general signs reflecting the most essential characteristics of disease, their homogeneity (homo-type) within the family becomes increasingly evident. A high degree of similarity in a number of clinical characteristics in parents-children pairs associated with their sex was also demonstrated. PMID- 6637296 TI - [Family status of patients with paranoid schizophrenia with different degrees of progression]. AB - The marital status of patients with continuously progressive paranoid schizophrenia in favourable and unfavourable variants of its course was studied. Both the presence of a psychic disease and the nature of its course were shown to have a significant impact on the marital status of patients and the stability of their marriages. The proportion of infertile women with both variants of the disease course was found to be considerably higher than in the general population. Furthermore, both groups under study exhibited a shift of the age at the first birth toward a younger age as well as a significant decrease in the number of repeated births as compared to the population. PMID- 6637297 TI - [Various features of paroxysmal-progressive schizophrenia associated with alcoholism according to the results of dispensary observation]. AB - The studied group of patients with alcoholism-combined schizophrenia with a progressive paroxysmal course was divided into two subgroups depending on the fact which of the diseases was the first to affect the patient. In Group I patients, paroxysms at the beginning of disease continued to retain their alcoholic pathoplastics. Remissions in these patients were mostly psychopathlike. Alcoholization in well-advanced stages, despite its less marked nature, continued to persist which was reflected in the specific personality changes characterized by some "organic touch". In patients of Group II, alcoholism remained secondary at all stages of disease and was one of the symptoms of endogenous process. There were no differential diagnostic difficulties similar to those seen in Group I, since the very first paroxysms included numerous signs suggestive of schizophrenia. Remissions observed in this group were thymopathic and hypothymic. PMID- 6637298 TI - [Role of biological and social factors in mechanisms of pathologic personality formation in infantile cerebral palsy]. AB - The relationship between the biological and social factors participating in the genesis of the pathological formation of a deficit-type personality in 88 patients with various forms of cerebral paralysis is analyzed. The variations of the personality pathological formation (an asthenic, pseudo-autistic, affective excitable, dysproportional development) are considered with regard to the influence of a psychogenic "complex", types of education, and characteristics of the psychoorganic syndrome. PMID- 6637299 TI - [Further notes on laboratories of experimental pathopsychology in psychoneurologic institutions]. PMID- 6637300 TI - DNA concentrations in the human cerebellum. Computation from kinetics of deoxyribose extraction in hot acid. AB - DNA can be measured in mammalian tissues by extracting deoxyribose from unfixed, lyophilized tissue specimens with 0.5 N perchloric acid at 90 degrees C. Deoxyribose concentrations in the extract are determined photometrically by reaction with diphenylamine. Inevitably, some deoxyribose is destroyed during exposure to the hot acid. A computer program has been written which corrects photometric absorbance data for such loss of deoxyribose. When extrapolated to infinite duration of extraction, the corrected absorbances yield a measure of the DNA content of the specimen. This method was used to estimate DNA concentrations in human cerebellar cortex and white matter. The results are discussed in relation to stable carbon isotope ratios of human cerebellar DNA. PMID- 6637301 TI - Synthesis of oligosaccharides that form parts of the complex type of carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins. Three glycosides prepared for conjugation to proteins. AB - Condensation of 3,6-di-O-acetyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-2- phthalimido-beta-D-glucopyranosyl bromide with p nitrophenyl 3-O-benzoyl-4,6-di-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, p nitrophenyl 3,6-di-O-benzyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl 3,4-di-O benzyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside gave protected tri- and pentasaccharides. The oligosaccharide glycosides 1, 2 and 3 were obtained after de-protection of these condensation products. These oligosaccharides will, after suitable conversions, be conjugated to proteins for biological studies. PMID- 6637302 TI - Chemical feasibility studies concerning potential prodrugs of acetylsalicylic acid. AB - A rationale is developed for aspirin prodrugs based on non-acidic latentiated derivatives. Knowledge of the gastro-intestinal liabilities and pharmacological profile is required for this approach whereby aspirin is built into a common ortho ester function of the type 2-substituted 2-methyl-4H-1,3-benzodioxin-4-one with latentiated carboxyl and acetoxy groups. Twelve compounds of this type, ten substituted with various alkoxy and aryloxy groups and two with arylthio groups, have been isolated and characterized. A new synthetic route, comprising the reaction of 2-acetoxybenzoyl chloride with TMS derivatives of the corresponding alcohols and phenols, has been devised for the preparation of some of the compounds while others were prepared according to known methods. Subsequently, the prodrug candidates have been subjected to non-enzymatic hydrolysis for a first rapid screening in vitro. Only 2-tert-butoxy-2-methyl-4H-1,3-benzodioxin-4 one is observed to act as a true proaspirin, releasing aspirin, under these conditions, but analogous compounds with tertiary substituents may display the same behavior, and this chemical approach to aspirin modification may offer a viable rationale for aspirin prodrugs with reduced gastric irritancy or for making "superaspirins". PMID- 6637303 TI - [The value of anorectal sphincteromyectomy for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation in children]. AB - From January 1974 till the end of 1981, 105 children with chronic constipation not responding to any medical treatment, were submitted to anorectal myomectomy. This operation has both a diagnostic and a therapeutic value; the histological study of the muscle biopsy can confirm or not a Hirschsprung's disease. It is also an ideal treatment in cases of achalasia and idiopathic chronic constipation. If necessary a secondary rectosigmoidectomy can be performed. We did not have any important complication, none of our patients had soiling. Eighty eight percent of our patients had regular bowel movements after the anorectal myomectomy with a better individual, social and family life. PMID- 6637304 TI - Subclavian-carotid transposition. Experience in 33 cases. AB - Thirty-three patients with a lesion of the proximal subclavian artery are treated by transposition of this endarterectomised vessel into the common carotid artery. The main advantages of this technique are the short operative time, the extra thoracic approach, the absence of prosthetic material and the construction of an hemodynamic favorable anastomosis. There was a low morbidity and zero mortality in this series. All patients were selected by careful extensive continuous wave ultrasound Doppler examination of the extracranial arteries. Angiography is only required in case of an unclear Doppler finding, a multivessel extracranial or a peripheral arterial disease and in case of a redo-subclavian surgery. Good results of the technique can only be guaranteed if the donor arterial system is free of hemodynamically significant lesions. If not so, these lesions should be repaired first. Vertebral blood-flow is normalized in 97% of the patients (32/33 patients). Because of the excellent hemodynamic and clinical results, the subclavian artery transposition is the method of choice in the operative treatment of the proximal subclavian lesions. PMID- 6637305 TI - [Acute renal insufficiency in surgery: the surgeon's role]. AB - The surgeon has an active role to play in the treatment of acute renal failure (ARF) occurring in surgical patients. Surgical complications are very often the cause of ARF and their treatment is the only way to cure uremia. PMID- 6637306 TI - [Experience with 46 cases of digital replantation and revascularization]. AB - Forty-six cases of digital replantation and revascularization are reviewed. There were eight failures, seven of them in the group of 20 replantations. Solitary low level replantations (PI, PIP) have a disappointing functional result. The better indications are: distal amputations (P2, P3), multidigital lesions and of course the thumb at every level. PMID- 6637307 TI - [Vascularized nerve grafts]. AB - Conventional nerve grafts initially survive by plasmatic absorption till within 5 to 7 days revascularization has developed originating from the receptor site. Conventional nerve grafts degenerate and regenerate in a manner different from sectioned nerve endings. Their results, although satisfactory, are predictable. The vascularized nerve graft figures among the other tissue transplants with microvascular anastomoses. So far several nerves have been used as donor grafts: the anterior branch of the radial nerve, the sural nerve, the medial cutaneous branch of the forearm. The cubital nerve can also be used in cases of brachial plexus paralysis but is associated with a definitive lesion of the lower roots. Vascularized nerve grafts have been used in 7 cases in extremely unfavorable situations: 3 had a functional result: our experience is too small for conclusions. PMID- 6637308 TI - [Microsurgery and carpal tunnel]. AB - In the surgical treatment of the carpal tunnel syndrome, the best way to take out the compression of the fibers of the median nerve is to do: --an epinevrotomy, - an intraneural neurolysis according to the extent of the lesions, --a clearing of the branches of the nerve trunk. It is to say that to achieve the goal the help of an operating microscope is necessary. To sustain their opinion the authors give a review of 50 cases. PMID- 6637309 TI - Acute traumatic intracranial haematoma and skull fracture. AB - The value of plain skull radiographs in acute head injury has been much debated. A prospective study is presented of the isolated predictive value of skull fracture, in addition to the level of consciousness on admission after trauma, for acute intracranial haematoma. In head injuries which were followed by such haematoma, skull fracture was significantly more common than in injuries without this sequel. The association was found at all levels of consciousness and was most pronounced in patients with minor or no diminution of consciousness on admission. Fractures crossing a vascular groove had additional predictive significance. PMID- 6637310 TI - Regional blood flow in skeletal muscle after high-energy trauma. An experimental study in pigs, using a new laser Doppler technique and radioactive microspheres. AB - The regional blood flow in skeletal muscle after high-energy trauma was studied. The thigh musculature of anesthetized pigs was wounded with a high-velocity missile. The blood flow was measured with a technique using radioactive microspheres and also with a new laser Doppler flowmeter. Both methods showed very little flow in the discolored, traumatized muscle tissue nearest the missile track, whereas normal flow was found in more distal, normally colored muscle. There was good correlation between the results with the two methods. The laser Doppler flowmeter was shown to be a noninvasive technique permitting flow recordings in small areas of tissue surface. The restriction of flow impairment to the discolored areas of the traumatized muscle implies that discoloration is a useful clinical guide during debridement of traumatized muscle. PMID- 6637311 TI - Arterial injuries of the upper extremities. AB - Twenty-five consecutive treated patients with traumatic lesions of upper extremity arteries are presented. All were males, and most were young and able bodied. Simultaneous fracture and/or dislocation of bone was present in 17 of the 25 patients, nerve lesions in 14 and venous trauma in 7 patients. Serious injuries to other organs had occurred in 8 patients, 3 of whom had multi-trauma. Three patients died, 2 of them from injuries to other organs. Seven others underwent amputation of the limb. No amputation was necessitated by the arterial lesion only. The major causes of injury were traffic accidents (mostly involving motor-cycles) and industrial accidents. The rate of limb salvage in this patient series was 60%. All patients with traumatic arterial lesions should be seen as soon as possible by a vascular surgeon, even if there are serious injuries to other organs, so as to avoid unnecessary diagnostic procedures and optimize the prospects for arterial reconstruction. PMID- 6637312 TI - The significance of arteriovenous shunting for the development of varicose veins. AB - The oxygen tension in blood from varicose veins was compared with that in blood from normal superficial and deep veins of the legs. The investigations were made on 15 women and 7 men, age 26-70 years, with varicose veins in one or both legs. Blood was sampled from 2 to 4 varicosities along the saphenous vein in each affected leg and from corresponding sites in contralateral nonvaricose saphenous veins. Samples were also drawn from the popliteal vein in all legs. In a control group of 4 women and 5 men, age 34-63 years, blood was sampled from the saphenous and popliteal veins. No difference in oxygen tension of popliteal vein blood was found between the patients and the controls. Blood from varicose veins had significantly lower oxygen tension than normal venous blood. It seems unlikely, therefore, that arteriovenous shunting of blood is a general factor in the development of primary varicose veins of the legs. PMID- 6637313 TI - A comparative study on the analgesic effects of indomethacin and hydromorphinechloride-atropine in acute, ureteral-stone pain. AB - In a prospective study, including fifty consecutive patients with acute ureteral stone pain, the patients were randomly distributed into two groups for treatment. There were given either an intravenous injection of indomethacin (Confortid) 50 mg, or a subcutaneous injection of 2 mg hydromorphine chloride-atropine (Dilaudid atropin 1 ml). Patients in the latter group also received a suppository of prochlorperazine (Stemetil) 25 mg. The analgesic effect of the two drugs did not differ significantly. Indomethacin was quicker acting, probably due to the intravenous route of administration. The side effects were alike but those caused by indomethacin had a tendency to be milder and of shorter duration. PMID- 6637314 TI - Direct inguinal herniorrhaphy. A long-term follow-up study. AB - The cumulated recurrence rates following repair of 365 primary medial inguinal hernias in 297 patients were 13% after 5 years of observation, 19% after 10 years and 23% after 15 years (median observation times). Re-recurrence after repeat herniorrhaphy occurred in 45% of patients over a 10-year period. A more restrictive approach to surgery of direct inguinal hernia is advocated, especially to repair of recurrent hernia. PMID- 6637315 TI - Intra-operative saline irrigation of the peritoneal cavity in experimental post traumatic peritonitis. AB - A trial of intra-operative saline irrigation of the peritoneal cavity for the prevention of peritonitis was conducted in an animal model. Following abdominal missile injury with intestinal perforation, 43 anaesthetized pigs were operated on an randomly assigned to three treatment groups. In two of the groups intraperitoneal irrigation with 3 litres of saline solution was performed during the operation, using a jet technique in one group. A control group of pigs received no irrigation. The effect of irrigation was evaluated with quantitative bacteriologic studies of peritoneal exudate and peritoneal biopsy specimens. Continuous anaesthesia and assisted ventilation were used and the post-trauma observation period was 3 days. The average bacterial density in the peritoneal exudate decreased by more than 99% in all treatment groups during the operation, but increased to more than the pre-irrigation level during the observation period. Irrigation did not result in significantly greater elimination of the bacterial population. The mortality was not lower in irrigated animals than in the controls. Intra-operative saline irrigation thus did not prevent peritonitis in this experimental model. PMID- 6637316 TI - Decision theory as an aid in the diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice. AB - Current literature was reviewed for studies on diagnostic value and risk to the patient of different diagnostic techniques in jaundice. It was found that few studies of diagnostic techniques were in fact prospective trials and that many materials were highly selected. Reported figures were used for calculating expected risks and benefits of different investigative strategies. Decision analysis, here applied to a problem not as yet studied with this technique, enable us to compare the outcomes of different strategies and to construct a simple plan for the rational choice of investigative procedures in patients with cholestatic jaundice. According to this plan, following history-taking, physical examination and simple laboratory tests, the investigation should proceed directly with fine-needle PTC whenever the probability of extrahepatic cholestasis is judged to be greater than 87%, and with liver biopsy if this probability is judged to be lower than 2%. In all other cases further investigations should start with ultrasonography. PMID- 6637317 TI - Bilateral ureteral obstruction as a complication to a perforated appendix. Report of a case. AB - A 44-year-old man developed anuria 8 days after an operation for a perforated appendix. An intravenous pyelography showed delayed excretion on both sides with hydronephrosis, a right dilated ureter and no contrast passing to the bladder. On neither sides a ureter-catheter could be passed through the obstructions from below. By surgical intervention no ureter-catheter could be passed through the obstructions from above, and both ureters were drained with a T-tube. The benign obstruction was caused by a periappendicular abscess with inflammation and oedema of the ureteral and periureteral tissues. The condition was normalized within 7 days. PMID- 6637318 TI - Large paracervical meningocele due to lesion of cervical spinal nerve roots. AB - In a 26-year-old man a large, soft mass appeared in the right supraclavicular region three months after a severe lesion of the brachial plexus. Contrast X-ray examination revealed a large cavity communicating with the spinal subarachnoid space. PMID- 6637320 TI - Recent concepts on the tissue origin, role and fate of human plasma IgA. PMID- 6637319 TI - Fistula between abdominal aortic aneurysm and left renal vein. AB - A 77-year-old man with spontaneous rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm into the left renal vein, in the presence of an anomalous retroaortic left renal vein is described. The patient was operated and recovered without complications. In the previous literature seven similar cases were found. PMID- 6637321 TI - [Hepatic puncture biopsy using the transvenous approach. An experiment based on 213 tests]. PMID- 6637322 TI - [Constrictive pericarditis following heart surgery: apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 6637323 TI - [Monoclonal antibodies: fundamental principles and application]. PMID- 6637324 TI - [Thesaurismosis caused by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with eosinophilic bronchopulmonary involvement]. PMID- 6637325 TI - The Scimitar syndrome: report of a case. PMID- 6637326 TI - Hypersensitivity reaction to pulse dose of methylprednisolone (Solumedrol): a case report. PMID- 6637327 TI - Serum and urinary activities of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta glucuronidase in diabetic patients. AB - Serum and urinary activities of two acid glycohydrolases, beta-n-acetyl glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase, were significantly higher in a group of diabetic patients when compared to a control group. No significant differences were found between patients without vascular complications and those with retinopathy and/or large vessel disease, while the highest enzyme levels were present in diabetics in poor metabolic control. In diabetics with nephropathy, urinary excretion of both enzymes was further increased, so that the serum/urine activity ratio (greater than 1 in normal subjects and in diabetics without nephropathy) was inverted (less than 1). These data seem to show that the high activity of these enzymes, commonly observed in diabetes mellitus, is related to the illness rather than to its vascular complications, being higher in patients in poor metabolic control. Furthermore serum/urine activity ratio may be a useful indicator in the monitoring of diabetic nephropathy. PMID- 6637328 TI - Carcinoma of the pancreas presenting as hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma. AB - A patient presented with hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma and 3 months later was diagnosed as having carcinoma of the pancreas. There have been no previous reports of this temporal association. PMID- 6637330 TI - Lack of effect of desglycinamide-arginine-vasopressin (DGAVP) on memory in patients with korsakoff's syndrome. AB - The effect of desglycinamide9-[Arg8]-vasopressin (DGAVP) on memory processes was studied in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome. Intranasal treatment with DGAVP for 7 days affected neither attention nor short- and long-term memories. It is suggested that treatment with DGAVP is not indicated for all types of memory disorders, and that the beneficial effect of this treatment may depend on the integrity of certain brain structures. PMID- 6637329 TI - Increased growth rate following transfer to daily sc administration from three weekly im injections of hGH in growth hormone deficient children. AB - The effect of more frequent (daily) injections of human growth hormone (hGH) on growth rate was studied in 16 growth hormone deficient children (12 boys, 4 girls) during 2 years. All had previously been treated with im injection of hGH 2 3 times weekly and in the majority of the patients a waning growth response was observed. For a total weekly dose of 12 IU hGH a daily dose of 2 IU was injected sc at night before sleep. This dosage has been shown by us to imitate the average nocturnal hGH profile in plasma. Growth response on the im treatment was 5.2 +/- 1.2 cm/year (SD) in boys and 5.4 +/- 0.9 cm/year in girls. A significant increase was seen during the first year of sc treatment to 7.9 +/- 2.7 cm in boys and 6.3 +/- 2 cm in girls. During the second year the growth response was still significantly increased in boys (7.2 +/- 1.9 cm). Bone age was more advanced and the period of previous im treatment was longer in girls (6.7 vs 3.6 years) which may be the main cause of the waning second year response (4.7 +/- 1.3 cm/year). Pubertal development occurred in 9 children during treatment. However, the highest growth rates were not found in these children. Absence of antibodies against hGH and local reactions at the injection site is evidence of the safety of the treatment, which was very well accepted by the children. Daily sc injections thus represent an effective alternative to conventional im injections ensuring high acceptance in children with growth hormone deficiency. PMID- 6637331 TI - The effect of bromocriptine on luteinizing hormone levels in the lactating sow: evidence for a suppressive action by prolactin and the suckling stimulus. AB - Lactating sows (5 per group) were given no treatment or 10 mg bromocriptine orally twice daily from day 14 to 22 after parturition. Both groups were weaned at day 22. Frequent bleedings at 10 min intervals for 6 h were performed at 12, 16, 20 and 24 days after parturition. Prolactin and LH levels were measured in the collected blood samples by radioimmunoassays. Reduction of Prl by bromocriptine increased mean LH levels significantly and a further significant increase was observed after weaning. From the results it is concluded that in the lactating sow both Prl per se and the suckling stimulus are involved in suppression of LH levels. PMID- 6637332 TI - Iodine kinetics in patients with euthyroid multinodular goitre compared with normal subjects. AB - In order to investigate whether patients with euthyroid multinodular goitre (EMG) lose more iodine through urinary excretion than is to be expected due to an elevated renal clearance of iodine and/or whether the iodine is handled differently in the thyroid of these patients than in that of normal subjects, the following data were obtained for 33 patients with EMG and 30 normal subjects: thyroid clearance (TC), absolute iodine uptake (AIU), renal 123I clearance (RC) and plasma inorganic iodine (PII). A significantly lower PII and a higher TC was found in the goitre patients. In the control group PII appeared to be higher and TC and RC lower in the older age group (greater than 50 years). The difference in PII and TC is most easily explained by a higher iodine uptake in the subgroup of normal subjects over 50 years of age. AIU did not differ in any of the groups. Thus, it may be concluded that an endogenous iodine deficiency due to elevated renal clearance of 123I is not a factor in sporadic goitre, at least in our patients. At the observed plasma iodine levels a significantly higher AIU was not found for goitrous patients. PMID- 6637333 TI - Immunoreactive thyroglobulin-like material derived from saliva. AB - The presence of an immunoreactive thyroglobulin-like material in saliva from normal subjects and from 35 patients with thyroid carcinoma was detected by radioimmunoassay. The levels of this material in saliva were markedly elevated in patients with extensive metastases. Concentrated saliva samples from normal subjects and from patients with thyroid carcinoma were fractioned on Sepharose-6B and each fraction was assayed from thyroglobulin content by RIA. Several protein peaks of varying molecular size with thyroglublin-like immunoreactivity were observed. The physiological significance of these molecules in saliva remains to be established. PMID- 6637334 TI - A comparison of the effectiveness of 131I whole body scans and plasma Tg determinations in the diagnosis of metastatic differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid: a retrospective study. AB - In 68 patients with proved metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma the comparative value of the 131I whole body scan and plasma Tg measurements in establishing the diagnosis of metastasis or recurrence was analyzed retrospectively. At the time of primary therapy most metastases were diagnosed by the post-therapy scan (78%). Eight of 9 scintigraphic negative metastases in the post-therapy scan were indicated by elevated Tg levels (greater than 10 ng/ml). Twenty-four of 28 recurrences after a disease free interval were negative in the 2 mCi 131I scan, 18 of these patients were Tg positive. Of the 4 recurrences with positive 131I uptake all were Tg positive; two of them only during endogenous TSH stimulation. It is concluded that the routine 2 mCi whole body scan is less efficient in follow-up than is generally assumed. The most important follow-up parameter for these patients is the plasma Tg which can be obtained under suppressive therapy if a sensitive assay is used. In patients with a negative post-therapy scan and a negative Tg (less than 5 ng/ml) it seems justified to omit further 131I whole body control scans as long as Tg remains negative. PMID- 6637335 TI - Effects of L-thyroxine treatment on pituitary GH content of adult rats with neonatal thyrotoxicosis. AB - Rats receiving large doses of thyroxine (30 micrograms/5 doses) during their first days of life develop an apparently permanent alteration of the hypothalamus pituitary-thyroid complex. This neonatal thyrotoxicosis has been called neo-T4 syndrome. A state of permanent but not very severe hypothyroidism seems to be induced, accompanied by a decrease in pituitary GH content at least until day 22. In this work, growth hormone content has been measured by a specific radioimmunoassay in the anterior pituitary of 45 and 78 day old neo-T4 and control (saline-injected) rats. GH content of the adult neo-T4 treated animals was significantly lower than that of the adult controls. Administration of different doses of T4 (1.7 micrograms/100 g body weight/3 doses or 2.5 micrograms/100 g body weight/8 doses, to 70 day old rats, and 5 micrograms/100 g body weight/3 doses to 42 day old rats) to adult neo-T4 rats did not alter these decreased pituitary GH levels. This differs from hypothyroid rats, in which T4 administration has been shown to increase pituitary GH content. A third approach was to thyroidectomize neo-T4 and control rats and administer 5 micrograms T4/100 g body weight, which produced the same increase in pituitary GH in both groups of animals. These results seem to indicate that changes in pituitary GH content of neo-T4 rats are not due to hypothyroidism. Thus, it would appear that treatment with large T4 doses during the early perinatal period not only deranges the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis but other pituitary functions as well. PMID- 6637336 TI - Oestradiol synthesis by granulosa cells from immature rats treated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin. AB - Granulosa cells harvested from follicles in hypophysectomized or intact immature rats treated with 20 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMS) produced immunoreactive oestradiol (E2) when incubated in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing an NADPH generating system; inclusion of steroid substrates in the medium increased the rate of synthesis. Further, tritiated E2 was synthesized when labelled progesterone was used as substrate. Granulosa cells removed from pre-ovulatory follicles on the morning of pro-oestrus in adult females also produced E2 in vitro. Although E2 synthesis was apparent by cells from immature hypophysectomized rats within 12 h of PMS treatment, it increased greatly with longer in vivo exposure to the gonadotrophin. Production was linear with the number of cells incubated and with time, at least through the first 30 min; the production rate decreased slightly with longer incubations. Exposure of the cells in vivo to hCG or ovine LH, before incubation, destroyed most of their ability to synthesize E2 even if progesterone or pregnenolone was added to the medium, but conversion of testosterone to E2 was reduced by only about 50%. Inhibitors of steroid synthesis, i.e. 4-OH-androstenedione, SU-10603, cyanoketone, or aminoglutethimide, greatly reduced the amount of E2 synthesized by the cells. The results indicate that granulosa cells exposed in vivo to gonadotrophins can synthesize E2 without the addition of androgenic substrate provided that cofactors are supplied. This finding has important implications for the current 'two cell' theory for oestrogen production by the ovary. A deficiency in steroidogenic enzymes within the granulosa cell appears to be an inadequate basis for the theory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637337 TI - Germinal centers as the main sites of Leu 7 (HNK-1) lymphocytes in human lymph node and tonsil. PMID- 6637338 TI - Thrombosis and vascular wall reaction. PMID- 6637339 TI - A case of severe childhood aplastic anemia associated with lymphocyte mediated hemopoietic suppression: recovery following cyclophosphamide treatment. PMID- 6637340 TI - Quantitative analysis of biopsied bone marrow tissue embedded in resin from hemopathic patients. II. Correlation between marrow adipose volume (MAV) and hematopoietic cell (HC) and the topographical variation in MAV. PMID- 6637341 TI - Hematopoietic stem cell migration and proliferation after partial body irradiation: significant role of the spleen in hematopoietic recovery. PMID- 6637342 TI - Atypical blasts in bone marrows of various diseases including preleukemia. PMID- 6637343 TI - Membrane complex in 3 cases of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. PMID- 6637344 TI - In vitro monoclonal immunoglobulin synthesis by peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with monoclonal gammopathy. PMID- 6637345 TI - Effective "pulse" methylprednisolone therapy in a case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6637346 TI - Changes of adenine nucleotides in erythrocyte deproteinized extract after one month storage. PMID- 6637347 TI - Pulmonary tissues in strangulation. PMID- 6637348 TI - [Binding affinity of salicylate to human serum albumin]. PMID- 6637349 TI - [Effect of bacterial products on cytokinetics of regional lymph nodes]. PMID- 6637350 TI - [Cholangitis and secondary biliary cirrhosis]. AB - Biliary obstruction and bacterial infection are the most common cause of cholangitis. By modern diagnostic techniques the biliary tract and the liver can be explored in great detail. Decompression of biliary obstruction may be achieved surgically, endoscopically and via the percutaneous transhepatic route, bacterial infections can be controlled by powerful antibiotics, thus preventing the progress of cholangitis to secondary biliary cirrhosis following decompression of biliary obstruction has been documented. In view of recent diagnostic and therapeutic progress it seems likely that the incidence of secondary biliary cirrhosis will further decline in the future. PMID- 6637351 TI - [Drug-induced jaundice]. AB - The preconditions and causes of a drug-induced liver damage are discussed. The drug-induced cholestasis is a relatively seldom, benign liver disease. It may be triggered by more than hundred basic pharmacological substances. According to histology one distinguishes between pure cholestases and cholestases with inflammatory reaction. These cholestases generally are caused by covalent binding of toxic metabolites to structures of the liver cells which are essential for bile secretion. Some of these metabolite-protein-complexes act as antigens. A prophylaxis of drug-induced cholestases is only efficient in a small group of genetically determined persons. In most of the cases therapy besides of the elimination of the causing drug is not necessary. PMID- 6637352 TI - The epileptogenicity of neurolept anaesthesia in patients during and after neuroradiological examinations with metrizamide. AB - Previous experimental studies caution against the use of neurolept anaesthesia during subarachnoid injection of metrizamide for neuroradiodiagnostic procedures because of severe epileptogenic complications. To examine whether these recommendations are relevant in the clinical situation or not, 104 patients were studied. They underwent neuroradiological investigations with metrizamide subarachnoidally and were anaesthetized with neurolept anaesthesia either during the investigation (59 patients, Group I) or within 48 h afterwards (45 patients, Group II) when a neurosurgical operation was performed. In 10 patients of Group I, EEG was recorded during the investigation. All patients were observed for occurrence of clinical epileptic manifestations during and after the anaesthesia. Apart from one patient who had a short episode of suspected epileptogenic EEG activity shortly after the injection of metrizamide, none of the other patients showed EEG-abnormalities of epileptogenic type and none of them had any clinical signs of epileptic manifestations. On the basis of the results of this clinical study it is concluded that neurolept anaesthesia does not increase the risk of epileptic complications during neuroradiological investigations with metrizamide. PMID- 6637353 TI - Attenuation of the cardiovascular intubation response with N2O, halothane or enflurane. AB - The circulatory intubation response was studied in 75 normotensive, otolaryngological patients after a thiopentone-suxamethonium induction followed by 2 min artificial ventilation with 100% oxygen (control), 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen (N2O), halothane 2% with N2O, enflurane 3% with N2O or enflurane 5% in oxygen. The above study groups (n = 15) were chosen after preliminary experiments performed in 25 different patients with halothane 2% (n = 8) or enflurane 3% (n = 6) in oxygen, which did not prevent the increase of arterial pressure after intubation, or with halothane 3% (n = 11) which attenuated the pressor response but caused cardiac arrhythmias in 55% of patients. Enflurane 5% in oxygen attenuated the increase of systolic arterial pressure by 53%, enflurane 3% with N2O by 34% and halothane 2% with N2O by 31%. The increase in heart rate after intubation was lowest in the halothane 2% with N2O group, but there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. Cardiac arrhythmias were commonest in the enflurane 3% with N2O group (20%) and they did not occur in the halothane 2% with N2O group. Considering the total effect on arterial pressure, heart rate and rate-pressure product, we recommend the combination of halothane 2% with N2O. PMID- 6637354 TI - Effect of changes in pleural pressure on fluid filtration rate in expanded and collapsed rabbit lungs. AB - Eight isolated rabbit lungs were suspended from a force-displacement transducer and perfused at constant flow. The pressure surrounding the lungs ("pleural" pressure) was then reduced from -0.5 kPa to -1.0 and -1.5 kPa, and the rate of weight gain recorded. The step reductions in "pleural" pressure produced greater increases in pulmonary vascular volume and fluid filtration rate when the lungs were collapsed than when they were expanded, thus suggesting that the change in "pleural" pressure was more effectively transmitted to the perimicrovascular space when the lung was collapsed. These observations may help to explain the phenomenon of re-expansion pulmonary oedema. PMID- 6637355 TI - Blood levels of bupivacaine after single dose, supplementary dose and during continuous infusion in axillary plexus block. AB - The material consisted of 25 patients undergoing orthopaedic or plastic surgery of the upper extremity, including seven cases of replantation surgery. The total doses of bupivacaine, 150-267 mg as a single dose, 280-440 mg as a supplementary dose and 247-629 mg as a continuous infusion, resulted in maximum venous concentrations of 0.68-3.33 micrograms/ml, 1.21-2.44 micrograms/ml and 0.51-1.89 micrograms/ml, respectively. These usually occurred 30-60 min after the injection of bupivacaine and always following the second injection when a supplementary dose was needed. The highest individual value noted occurred 15 min after single injection, possibly as a result of an exceptionally rapid absorption. Despite the high doses and the rather high venous peak concentration of bupivacaine in some of the patients, no toxic side-effects were observed during the block or during the recovery period. PMID- 6637356 TI - Plasma catecholamines during surgical stress: differences between neurolept and enflurane anaesthesia. AB - To evaluate the influence of enflurane and neurolept anaesthesia on the sympatho adrenal response to surgery, arterial plasma concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured at 11 carefully defined events before, during and after cholecystectomy in two groups of five patients. During steady-state anaesthesia prior to operation and after cholangiography, when the operative procedure had been interrupted for 10 min, adrenaline concentrations were similar in the two groups. During periods of stress such as intubation, skin incision and abdominal exploration, adrenaline levels were 4-6 times higher in the neurolept patients compared to the enflurane patients (P less than 0.01), in whom adrenaline levels were very stable. Noradrenaline levels also varied with stress but without difference between the two groups. Systolic blood pressure was approximately 20 mmHg higher during operation in the neurolept group than in the enflurane group (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that enflurane blocks the sympatho-adrenal response to surgical stress more effectively than conventional neurolept anaesthesia. PMID- 6637357 TI - Oxygen uptake and central circulation during ketamine anaesthesia. AB - Cardiac output, oxygen uptake and plasma catecholamines were studied in patients when awake and during ketamine anaesthesia prior to and during upper abdominal surgery. Oxygen uptake was determined by using a masspectrometer and cardiac output was measured according to the Fick principle. Plasma catecholamines were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography. Stroke volume had fallen by 27% while heart rate had increased after 15 min of anaesthesia, maintaining cardiac output at the awake level. Concomitantly, the oxygen uptake had fallen by 18%. During the succeeding hour of anaesthesia and surgery, cardiac output displayed a transient decrease and oxygen uptake returned to the awake value. The plasma adrenaline concentration fell during the initial phase of anaesthesia and then returned to the awake level. The noradrenaline concentration was increased during the whole anesthetic period. The data suggest a relationship between oxygen uptake and cardiac output during ketamine anaesthesia, similar to that seen during neurolept-nitrous oxide and halothane anaesthesia, except for the initial hyperkinetic period following the induction. No relationship could be shown between catecholamine concentrations in plasma and the central haemodynamics. PMID- 6637358 TI - Rectal and oral cimetidine for prophylaxis of aspiration pneumonitis in paediatric anaesthesia. AB - In a prospective randomized study, 60 children between 1 and 8 years of age in three groups received no premedication, 10 mg kg-1 cimetidine orally or 40 mg kg 1 cimetidine rectally for prophylaxis of acid aspiration syndrome 120-180 min before induction of anaesthesia. The pH of the stomach contents was above 2.5 in both cimetidine groups. The aspirated gastric volume was significantly reduced with rectal cimetidine compared to the other groups. Rectal cimetidine proved to be the more effective drug for prophylaxis of acid aspiration syndrome in paediatric anaesthesia. PMID- 6637359 TI - The anatomical shape of the airway during endotracheal intubation. AB - The shape of the airway during endotracheal intubation was studied from lateral radiographs of patients lying supine on the operating table, with the neck in the normal, extended and flexed position. A computer programme calculated the anterior contour of the tube and the posterior contour of the airway as mean values of the original contours on the radiographs. The mean configuration of the airway in intubated individuals was then presented in a standard coordinate system. The results were compared with the shape of the airway in the same patients before intubation. This study and a previous one (1) have provided relevant data concerning airway anatomy that can be used in standardized testing of tube deformation forces. Our results also showed that patients were routinely placed on the operating table with the head in an unnecessarily extended position. Such a position may partly obstruct the blood flow in the vertebral arteries. An improvement in operating table design is desirable to facilitate optimal positioning of the patient's head during routine surgery. PMID- 6637360 TI - The conformity of an anatomically shaped endotracheal tube to the shape of the airway. AB - The conformity of a pre-shaped endotracheal tube to the shape of the airway during endotracheal intubation was studied from lateral radiographs in patients lying supine on the operating table, with the neck in the normal, extended and flexed positions. A computer programme calculated the anterior contour of the pre shaped tube and the posterior contour of the airway as mean values of the original contours on the radiographs. The mean configuration of the airway in intubated individuals with a pre-shaped endotracheal tube was then presented in a standard coordinate system. The results were compared with the shape of the airway in non-intubated patients and in patients intubated with a standard endotracheal tube. PMID- 6637361 TI - Airway complaints and laryngeal pathology after intubation with an anatomically shaped endotracheal tube. AB - In a group of 100 patients intubated with standard polyvinyl chloride (PVC) endotracheal tubes, 26 spontaneously complained of airway discomfort postoperatively. A further 55 patients complained of airway discomfort upon direct questioning. In a comparison group of 100 patients intubated with PVC orotracheal tubes shaped to conform with the anatomy of the airway, the corresponding figures were 14 and 21. Laryngoscopy before and 5 days after intubation revealed that among patients intubated with standard tubes there was a significantly higher frequency of mucosal lesions at the cricoid plate and at the posterior commissure of the larynx, but lesions at the medial side of the arytenoids occurred to approximately the same extent in the two groups. PMID- 6637362 TI - Studies of body temperatures, blood lactate, cortisol and free fatty acid levels during exercise in human subjects susceptible to malignant hyperpyrexia. AB - Body temperature at a variety of sites (external auditory meatus, rectum, thigh, chest wall, pad of thumb), blood cortisol, lactate and free fatty acid levels and urinary adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine excretion were measured in five human subjects susceptible to malignant hyperpyrexia (MHS) and five normal subjects during a period of progressively severe exercise, starting at rest and going up to an exercise intensity producing heart rates in excess of 180 beats/min. In addition, results are reported of a further study of rectal temperature measurements made during a period of mild exercise in a different group of nine MH susceptible and nine nonsusceptible subjects. The results of the progressive exercise study indicated that as the exercise increased in severity, central (external auditory meatal) temperature rose more in the MHS subjects than it did in the controls. Thumb temperature in both groups rose with exercise but in the MHS subjects this rise was significantly delayed compared with the control subjects. It was thought that this was due to a delay in the onset of vasodilatation which usually accompanies high intensities of exercise. Serum free fatty acids and cortisol levels rose more in the MHS subjects than the controls and during the early stages of exercise blood lactate concentrations in the MHS subjects were higher than in the controls group. During mild exercise, rectal temperature in the MHS subjects was lower than in the controls. It was concluded that the pattern of temperature change was evidence of an abnormality of the heat dissipation mechanisms in the MHS subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637364 TI - Subdural haematoma. A rare but life-threatening complication after spinal anaesthesia. AB - A 70-year-old patient developed severe headache after spinal anaesthesia. He was treated with an epidural autologous blood patch with only temporary relief. Three weeks after the spinal anaesthesia, the headache became more intense and was accompanied by nausea and vomiting. A second epidural blood patch was performed without effect. The patient became unconscious and an acute CT scan revealed a large subdural haematoma. This was immediately evacuated and the patient made a good recovery. This case demonstrates that subdural haematoma should be considered as a possible aetiology in severe postspinal headache. PMID- 6637363 TI - The value of variables of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the diagnosis of adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - In an investigation on 19 patients with traumatic (n = 11) and septic (n = 8) shock, at risk of developing adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), various coagulation and fibrinolysis variables and also blood gases and chest x-ray were monitored. Eight patients developed ARDS - two after traumatic shock and six following septic shock. LABORATORY FINDINGS: the conventional disseminated intravascular coagulation variables (fibrinogen, platelet counts, activated partial thromboplastin time, ethanol gelation test, thrombotest, normotest and fibrin degradation products) could not discriminate between ARDS and non-ARDS patients, but showed an essentially similar reaction pattern in these two groups. Antithrombin-III and plasminogen levels were significantly lower in patients with ARDS, while factor VIII-related antigen levels were significantly higher in ARDS than in non-ARDS patients. CLINICAL DATA: patients with septic shock run a significantly greater risk of developing ARDS (6 of 8) than those with traumatic shock (2 of 11; P less than 0.02). Furthermore, the onset of ARDS after septic shock seems to occur in a more rapid way, while ARDS following traumatic shock develops more gradually. Early ventilator treatment with positive end expiratory pressure counteracts the classical radiographic picture of ARDS with bilateral alveolar densities. PMID- 6637365 TI - Effects of dihydroergotamine on haemodynamics and oxygen consumption in the dog during high epidural block with special reference to the splanchnic region. AB - Dihydroergotamine (DHE) 0.02 mg X kg-1 was administered i.v. in 9 dogs with high epidural block. Mean arterial blood pressure was restored from 11.0 +/- 2.4 kPa to 18.8 +/- 2.5 kPa by DHE due to a near twofold increase in systemic vascular resistance while cardiac output was unchanged. Hepatic arterial blood flow was reduced by 50% by a marked increase in hepatic arterial resistance above the pre epidural value, while portal venous blood flow remained unchanged. Hepatic oxygen consumption decreased following DHE in spite of an increase in total oxygen consumption, probably partly due to a reduction in hepatic arterial oxygen availability. The mechanism by which the arterial blood pressure is restored by DHE in dogs during high epidural block must be regarded as unfavourable, especially with respect to the liver. PMID- 6637366 TI - Modification by baroreceptor feedback of circulatory responses to noxious stimuli during anaesthesia in cats. AB - In eight cats anaesthetized with chloralose, the carotid sinus on one side was either exposed to systemic arterial pressure or perfused with a pump in order to control sinus pressure. Baroreceptor influences from the contralateral carotid sinus and from the aortic arch were interrupted by denervation. Arrangements were made for intermittent electric stimulation of pain fibres in somatic and visceral nerves with stimulation parameters chosen to elicit reproducible increases in arterial blood pressure and in skeletal muscle vascular resistance. The elicited increases in arterial pressure and muscle vascular resistance were both about 40% smaller when the carotid sinus was exposed to systemic arterial pressure in comparison with the experimental condition of a constant carotid sinus pressure. I.v. metoprolol (0.1-0.3 mg kg-1) reduced base-line arterial pressure, but did not attenuate the arterial blood pressure increase in response to pain stimulation. The baroreceptor modulation of the haemodynamic response to the pain stimulation was not affected by metoprolol. PMID- 6637367 TI - The effects of intravenous lorazepam alone and with meperidine on ventilation in man. AB - The respiratory effects of lorazepam (a 1, 4 benzodiazepine) were studied using a modified Read rebreathing technique in healthy adult males about to undergo elective surgery. Lorazepam 0.05 mg/kg (IV) produced an increase in slope and a shift to the left of the CO2 response curve. These effects were also detectable but of smaller magnitude when the same lorazepam dose (IV) was given with meperidine (IV). End-expiratory CO2 (PeCO2), which was significantly elevated in all drug groups, is not a sensitive indicator of either the time course or the degree of respiratory depression. PMID- 6637368 TI - Ventilation-perfusion relationships during epidural analgesia. AB - Resting lung volume (FRC), airway closure (CC) and ventilation-perfusion relationships, using the multiple inert gas elimination technique, were studied during epidural analgesia. The material consisted of 10 patients, 55-84 years of age. Epidural blockade (9-13 ml mepivacaine-adr, 1/200,000) was instituted to an upper level corresponding to Th3-Th6. Minute ventilation and breathing frequency remained unchanged during the epidural block, while cardiac output was significantly increased (4.80-5.74 l/min). The relationship between FRC and CC (FRC-CC) was unchanged during the block, indicating an unchanged magnitude of airway closure. Multiple inert gas elimination data revealed virtually unchanged distribution of ventilation and perfusion during the epidural block in 9 of the 10 patients. It is concluded that lumbar epidural analgesia up to Th3-Th6 does not influence the degree of airway closure, nor does it cause VA/Q mismatching as general anaesthesia does. PMID- 6637369 TI - Abstracts: 4th International Congress, Belgian Society of Anesthesia and Resuscitation. 7-10 September 1983, Louvain-en-Woluwe - Brussels. PMID- 6637370 TI - Freeze-fracture surface of salivary glands of rat observed by scanning electron microscopy. AB - The structure of parenchymal components of rat submandibular glands observed with scanning electron microscopy is presented. The glands were fixed, submerged in liquid nitrogen, cryofractured, dehydrated and critical-point-dried. The fracture surface displayed the acini, granular ducts and striated ducts. Acini exhibit a typical sponge-like pattern of irregular and empty cavities. Granular ducts are lined by bulging cells laden with numerous secretory granules. Their diameter ranged from 0.2 to 3.2 microns, with a mean value of 1.240.4 microns. Measurement of the actual granules was rendered possible by direct observation. Striated ducts exhibited a cribiform pattern near the basal cell region which corresponds to infoldings of the basal cell membrane. PMID- 6637371 TI - Ultrastructural detection of the onset of pituitary thyrotroph sensitivity to lowered thyroid hormone concentrations in the fetal sheep. AB - The goitrogen methylthiouracil was administered orally to pregnant ewes of known gestational ages to induce hypothyroidism in both mother and fetus. Developing pituitary thyrotrophic cells were studied using electron microscopy to detect the earliest gestational age at which morphological changes occurred in response to lowered plasma thyroid hormone concentrations. At 50 days of gestation, the pituitaries of fetuses exposed to the goitrogen were indistinguishable from untreated control glands. However, at 58 days and subsequent ages, "thyroidectomy' cells were observed in pituitaries of all hypothyroid fetuses. These findings indicate that fetal sheep pituitary thyrotrophs are sensitive to lowered thyroid hormone concentrations by 58 days of gestation, suggesting that thyroid-thyrotroph interaction exists at this early stage of development. PMID- 6637372 TI - A comparison of vertebral muscle fiber characteristics between human and monkey tissue. AB - A comparison has been made of the vertebral muscle fiber characteristics between human and rhesus monkey. The main purpose of the experiment was to assess the value of the monkey as an animal model for the study of idiopathic scoliosis involving vertebral muscle influence. Vertebral muscle samples were collected from both clearly defined superficial and deep sites on both sides of the column in the midlumbar region. The material was subjected to routine histological and histochemical techniques. The results show considerable similarities between the deep muscle samples of the two species, but the superficial muscles are significantly different on most of the measurements made. PMID- 6637373 TI - Cholinergic innervation of the human pulmonary circulation. AB - The cholinergic innervation of the pulmonary circulation was studied in man. Both extra- and intrapulmonary branches of the pulmonary artery and vein are provided with a cholinergic of the vein. In the main branches of the pulmonary vessels, the existence of two nerve plexuses, a superficial and a deep one, was observed. The superficial plexus is localized in the outer adventitial layer while the deeper plexus is localized in the adventitial-medial transitional zone. In smaller arteries and veins, the existence of a single plexus (adventitial-medial) was observed. In some specimens, the presence of diffuse masses of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive material or elbow-shaped AChE-positive formations was observed. The nature of these formations as well as the possible functional role of a cholinergic system in the pulmonary circulation are discussed. PMID- 6637374 TI - Ultrastructural features and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry of the rat habenular complex. AB - The ultrastructural features and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) localization of the rat habenula have been studied. On the basis of different morphology and AChE content, it is suggested that at least two types of neurons are present in the medial habenula (MHb) and three types of neurons in the lateral habenula (LHb). In particular, actively AChE-synthesizing neurons have been noticed in both LHb and MHb. Some unusual ultrastructural arrangements of the endoplasmic reticulum have been described in habenular neurons. Finally, the most common types of synaptic contacts present in the habenular complex have been surveyed. PMID- 6637375 TI - Mitotic activity and its 24-hour rhythm in the rat pineal gland. AB - Previous studies have yielded equivocal results concerning the 24-hour rhythmicity of mitotic activity in the rat pineal. The aim of the present study was to re-investigate this problem by carrying out three separate 24-hour experiments on alternate days. The results obtained confirm previous findings showing that in the pineal gland of adults mitotic activity is low. On average 22.3 mitotic figures of pinealocytes are seen per pineal gland, corresponding to a mitotic index of 0.2-0.6/1,000 pinealocytes. Mitotic activity is distinctly higher at daytime than at night. The timing of the peaks and troughs differs slightly from experiment to experiment. The majority of observations now indicate that in the rat pineal gland mitotic activity is higher at day time than at night. PMID- 6637376 TI - Localization of acetylcholinesterase in autonomic nerves of the rat anococcygeus muscle. AB - Using the histochemical method by Karnovsky and Roots, localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has been examined in the autonomic nerves of the rat anococcygeus muscle. The SPG fluorescence method for adrenergic nerves was also employed. By light microscopy the anococcygeus muscle received a much scarcer innervation of lightly stained fibres displaying the AChE reaction than it did of adrenergic fibres. At the ultrastructural level, occasional axons of both adrenergic and non-adrenergic categories were faintly stained for the AChE reaction after 5-15 min incubation and moderately stained after 30-60 min incubation at 0 degrees C. The present findings support the previous colorimetric data reported on the presence of AChE activity in the muscle. However, the typical cholinergic axons observed at the ultrastructural level did not show a heavy enough AChE activity to suggest their cholinergic nature. PMID- 6637377 TI - The circumferential length of the internal elastic membrane measured by computer digitizer morphometry, and its relation to in vivo aorta diameter. AB - The circumference of the internal elastic membrane of rabbit aorta has been measured by means of computer digitizer morphometry. Measurements were made on sections cut at 90 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the vessel. These measurements were compared with calculated values of a luminal circumference based on in vivo measurements of the external diameter and vessel wall thickness measured on the sections prepared. It is found that the lengths of the internal elastic membranes measured are significantly greater than the calculated values. Thus the internal elastic membranes must be thrown into folds in vivo. The possible function of the folds is considered. PMID- 6637378 TI - A quantitative study of the position of the Golgi apparatus in the developing chick myocardium. Effects of colchicine administration. AB - This paper presents a quantitative study of the position of the Golgi apparatus in the developing chick myocardium between stages 8+ and 13+. In addition we have studied the effects of colchicine on the position and structure of the Golgi apparatus. During the formation of the heart tube and loop the position of the Golgi apparatus in the myocytes situated in the vicinity of the dorsal mesocardium is related to that found in the cells of the precardiac mesoderm, but it is completely different from that found in the bulk of myocytes of the heart tube and loop. The position of the Golgi apparatus in both pre- and myocardial cells shows clear significative patterns of polarity. The possible significance of the Golgi apparatus polarity is discussed. After colchicine treatment microtubules disappear, the Golgi apparatus loses its polarization and vacuoles filled with amorphous material and/or collagen fibrils are observed. A possible role of the microtubular system in the maintenance of the structure and polarity of the Golgi apparatus and in the intracytoplasmic transport of the cardiac jelly materials is proposed. PMID- 6637379 TI - Pineal complex of rats: effects of superficial pinealectomy on the deep pineal. AB - Previous studies have shown that in rodents the pineal complex may consist of two parts, i.e. the small deep pineal and the large superficial pineal. As commonly used techniques of pinealectomy remove the superficial pineal only, it was decided to examine what effect this operation has on the deep pineal in male Sprague-Dawley rats. 3 and 6 weeks after superficial pinealectomy, the deep pineal exhibited a clear decrease in volume, due to an atrophy of the intrinsic pinealocytes. An atrophy was still noticeable after 6 or 12 months. It is concluded that after superficial pinealectomy the deep pineal is not an important factor with respect to melatonin formation, in particular, as there are extrapineal sites of melatonin formation. PMID- 6637380 TI - Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis of growth at cranial value sutures in the rabbit. AB - Biometric characterization of rabbit cranial vault bone separation was attempted to further elucidate sutural growth mechanisms. The internasal and frontonasal sutures, connected to the facial skeleton, were also investigated. 17 male New Zealand white rabbits were studied from age 4 to 21 weeks using roentgen stereophotogrammetry with tantalum implants. A uniform cranial growth pattern with successively decreasing rates was observed, as were different growth rates at the neurocranial bones relative to those of the facial skeleton. Anteroposterior length increase was due mainly to bone separation at the frontonasal suture. Growth at the sagittal suture was minimal. Minor rate fluctuations and compensatory rebounds after periods of reduced growth were continuously observable. Small left-right differences within each individual were registered. Oscillations in growth rate across adjacent sutural areas and occasional negative growth values imply that bone separation at sutures demonstrates an alternating pattern of translations and rotations. The experimental data demonstrated the plasticity and variability of normal cranial vault growth. PMID- 6637381 TI - The ultrastructure of the sinu-atrial node of the bat. AB - The sinu-atrial node (SAN) of the bat, Pipistrellus subflavus, is capable of generating a wide range of spontaneous activity varying from 20 bpm when hibernating to bursts of 800 bpm during active flight. Electrophysiological studies have shown an absence of arrhythmias even below 4 degrees C body temperature. In order to determine whether these physiological capabilities are based upon unique ultrastructural features of the bat SAN, the present study was conducted. We found that the structure of the SAN of the bat is typically mammalian. Diameters of all three cell types in the SAN (nodal, transitional, and atrial) are smaller than those observed in any other mammalian species. A morphometric analysis of cell junctions reveals that nodal-nodal and transitional transitional cell contacts are primarily undifferentiated with few nexuses. Atrial-atrial cell contacts have a dominance of fasciae adherentes-type junctions with a small area left undifferentiated. Nexuses are much more prevalent in atrial-atrial cell contacts. PMID- 6637382 TI - [The 1st bundle of the levator scapulae innervated by an aberrant branch of the 2nd dorsal cervical ramus]. PMID- 6637383 TI - [Flexor radialis profundus and palmaris profundus muscles in man]. PMID- 6637384 TI - [Case with an accessory middle cerebral artery]. PMID- 6637385 TI - Notes on architecture of tibialis posterior muscle in man. PMID- 6637386 TI - [Human anatomy training: a trial "group study"]. PMID- 6637387 TI - Abstracts: 12th meeting of the Hungarian Biophysical Society. 24-26 August, 1983, Budapest. PMID- 6637388 TI - Cardiac involvement in myasthenia gravis. AB - Non-specific ECG changes and histological changes in the myocardium in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) have been described. In this study, the left ventricular function using systolic time intervals (STI) was assessed in patients with MG. 4 patients out of the 10 studied showed abnormalities of the STI which reverted towards normal after injection of neostigmine. This finding suggests that myocardial involvement in MG may be more common than clinically suspected. PMID- 6637389 TI - Computed tomography in the diagnosis of syringomyelia. AB - We describe the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of syringomyelia in 12 patients for whom the diagnosis had remained unconfirmed with other diagnostic methods. In 7 of these patients, CT myelography revealed an intramedullary cavitation filled with contrast medium. In 3 patients, the cavitation was not filled, and positive contrast medium was not used in another 2. In these 5 cases, however, CT visualized low-density areas within the cord. CT would seem to be the most preferable method for confirming the clinical diagnosis of syringomyelia and is particularly useful in atypical cases. PMID- 6637390 TI - CT findings in acute MS. AB - In 5 patients with definite or highly probable MS, unusually large hypodense plaques are seen by computerized tomography (CT scan). The active plaques all show enhancement after i.v. contrast medium injection, suggestive of blood-brain barrier-damage, and differ from the well-known CT findings in chronic MS patients, causing diagnostic difficulties between glioma and infarction. PMID- 6637391 TI - The frequency of multiple sclerosis in Mediterranean Europe. An incidence and prevalence study in Barbagia, Sardinia, insular Italy. AB - Recent investigations on multiple sclerosis (MS) distribution in Italy, based on relatively small population groups, contradict the current thesis, derived from studies undertaken in populations exceeding 300,000, of a lower spreading of the disease in Mediterranean Europe. Intensive surveys on small populations strengthen the suggestion that Italy is a high-risk area, although MS studies based on prevalence rather than incidence could also be biased by geographic variables making prevalence unsuitable for comparing MS prevalence rates found in different years and/or zones. We report a further epidemiologic study in Barbagia, Sardinia, insular Italy, undertaken both to establish the MS incidence in the last 20 years, and to estimate a new prevalence rate. Based on 31 probable incident cases, the mean incidence per year for the years 1961-1980 was 2.9 per 100,000 (3.2 if age- and sex-standardized to the Italian population). On October 24, 1981, the prevalence per 100,000 was 65.3 (77.9 if standardized to the Italian population). These results confirm that in Barbagia, MS occurs more frequently than expected in a Mediterranean area, and give further support to the idea that MS frequency in Italy is similar to that established for most central and northern European countries. PMID- 6637392 TI - Visual evoked responses and immunoglobulin abnormalities in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. AB - Visually evoked responses (VERs), CSF IgG/albumin ratio and CSF oligoclonal IgG were examined in 136 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) admitted to hospital for investigation, and compared to the CSF findings in 87 patients with other neurological diseases (OND). 33% of patients with OND had abnormal CSF IgG/albumin ratios but only 9% had CSF oligoclonal IgG banding. In clinically definite MS, VERs were abnormal in 87% and CSF oligoclonal banding was found in 80% of patients, but CSF oligoclonal banding was found significantly more frequently than abnormal VERs in patients with suspected MS. We were unable to show any relationship between benign MS and the absence or presence of CSF oligoclonal IgG. The significance of CSF oligoclonal IgG in the less clinically definite forms of MS will only emerge with prolonged follow-up. PMID- 6637393 TI - Loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease, paralysis agitans and Korsakoff's Disease. AB - The nucleus basalis of Meynert, the major source of cholinergic innervation of the cerebral cortex, was morphometrically investigated in 58 cases of neuropsychiatric disorders and compared to 14 controls. The results demonstrate a loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer's disease (70%), paralysis agitans (77%), and Korsakoff's disease (47%) but no marked reduction of neurons in postencephalitic parkinsonism, Huntington's disease, chronic alcoholism without dementia, schizophrenia and infantile brain damage. Neurons of the three subdivisions of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (the nucleus septi medialis, the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and the nucleus basalis Meynert neurons in the substantia innominata) may be affected in a different manner in different patients within a single group homogeneous with respect to the usual clinical and neuropathological diagnostic criteria. Cell loss in the basal forebrain is restricted to the large neurons of the nucleus basalis, the immediately adjacent neurons of the globus pallidus externus not being affected. The selective degeneration of these neurons provides the morphological correlate of the cortical cholinergic deficiency in these neuropathological conditions. The degeneration of this discrete cholinergic neuronal population in several disorders of higher cortical function is probably directly related to the progressive deterioration of memory and cognitive processes in affected patients. PMID- 6637394 TI - Medulloblastoma (?) with epithelioid features. AB - A midline cerebellar tumor in an 18-year-old male, on light microscopy composed of closely packed, small featureless cells with little cytoplasm, under electron microscopic examination showed distinct epithelial features. The cells were closely apposed and joined by zonula adherentes, puncta adherentia and classical desmosomes. The latter structure has not been described in unequivocal glial or neuronal tumors or in normal cells derived from the neural tube in vertebrates, not even in ontogenesis. In many areas the tumor cells abut on extensive basement membranes. Although the majority of the cells were undifferentiated, we occasionally observed elements containing dense core vesicles, microtubules and cilia. In addition, typical astrocytes were identified. The presence of these features strongly favors the neuroectodermal origin of this neoplasm. PMID- 6637395 TI - Methylmercury poisoning of the developing nervous system: morphological changes in neuronal mitochondria. AB - Neonatal rats received s.c. injections of methylmercuric chloride (MeHg) in physiological saline (1.5 mg Hg/kg b.wt.) at 48-h intervals from postnatal day 2 to day 50. Littermate controls were injected with an equivalent volume of saline. All animals were perfused on day 51 and blocks of cerebral cortex were prepared for electron microscopy. Ultrastructural changes in mitochondria were evident in the dendrites, axons and presynaptic terminals of cortical neurones in the MeHg treated animals. Many mitochondria were condensed with an increased electron density of the inner matrix. Some profiles exhibited regressive alterations, including a disruption of cristae and the inner membrane with an accumulation of electron-opaque material in the matrix. Membranous whorls were found in association with the most degenerate mitochondria. A morphometric analysis of mitochondrial profiles in the neuropil of layer I revealed a 24% decrease in average profile area and a 16% increase in the number of profiles per micrograph in the MeHg-treated animals. These pathological changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure are consistent with an inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. The observed increase in the number of mitochondrial profiles may reflect a compensation by cortical neurons for the reduced efficiency of aerobic metabolism in the individual organelle. PMID- 6637396 TI - Histological and histochemical changes in the central nervous system of the rat poisoned by an irreversible anticholinesterase organophosphorus compound. AB - The effect of soman, a powerful organophosphorus (OP) cholinesterase inhibitor, was investigated in the central nervous system (CNS) of Wistar rats by neurohistology, histochemical mapping of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and biochemical determination of cholinesterase (ChE) activity. Rats were poisoned by one lethal or sublethal subcutaneous (s.c.) injection or by several less strong weekly doses. When the acute cholinergic action of the OP led to severe respiratory failure and to repeated or prolonged convulsions, the surviving rats exhibited neuronal changes similar to those of hypoxic encephalopathy. In one case chronic intoxication gave rise to these symptoms and lesions after the fourth injection. The histochemical data showed that lesioned gray structures were generally poor in AChE. The enzymatic inhibition was quick and strong, but differed from one structure to another. ChE recovery was rapid until about 96 h after poisoning, the time course depending on the structure, but was incomplete even after 8 days. An attempt to correlate the initial level of ChE inhibition with the severity of the symptoms was not very conclusive. Our data suggest that the encephalopathy comes at least in part from complex hypoxic factors produced by the cholinergic crisis. The sequelae of slight hypoxic encephalopathy could account for some nervous long-term effects in men acutely poisoned by OP and surviving owing to mechanical ventilation. PMID- 6637397 TI - Prediction of recurrence in meningiomas after surgical treatment. A quantitative approach. AB - The prognostic significance of nuclear count, nuclear area fraction, and mean nuclear area estimated by automatic image analysis was evaluated in benign meningiomas. One hundred thirty-two meningiomas without recurrences, 39 meningiomas that recurred, and 40 first recurrences were examined. The tumors were classified according to age and sex of patients, localization, and histology; and the correlation between these parameters and the recurrence rate was assessed. The nuclear counts were identical in paraffin sections from meningiomas without recurrences (6.1 nuclei per 1,000 micrometer 2) and in meningiomas that recurred (6.4 nuclei per 1,000 micrometer 2). The cell count in the recurrences (7.4 nuclei per 1,000 micrometer 2) was higher than in the primary tumors. The same relationship was found for the nuclear area fractions, which were identical in meningiomas without recurrences and in primary meningiomas that recurred. The nuclear area fraction was increased in recurrences. The mean nuclear areas were identical in all groups. The histological type was of little significance in prediction of recurrence rate, although bone invasion and necrosis were of some significance. We found a higher recurrence rate in parasagittal meningiomas. Meningiomas that recurred appeared in a younger age group than other meningiomas, and the recurrence rate was higher for males than for females. PMID- 6637398 TI - Resistance of hippocampal CA-1 interneurons to 20 min of transient cerebral ischemia in the rat. AB - The aim of this morphological study was to determine the vulnerability of hippocampal interneurons to ischemia in the adult rat. Two types of interneurons situated in the CA-1 stratum orients were investigated, the larger basket cells close to stratum pyramidale and the smaller basket cells close to the alveus. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 20 min of transient cerebral ischemia by means of 4-vessel occlusion and perfusion fixed 1, 2, 4, or 21 days later. In both Golgi-impregnated and in routinely stained sections the pyramidal cells and interneurons in the hippocampal CA-1 region were examined and counted. The study clearly demonstrated the selective vulnerability of the CA-1 pyramidal cells, as no ischemic cell damage to or loss of interneurons was found. PMID- 6637399 TI - Dense microspheres in normal human brain. AB - The normal postinfancy human brain contains microscopical structure referred to as the dense microsphere (DMS). The function and significance of the DMS are presently unknown. The light microscopical, topographical, histochemical and ultrastructural aspects of the DMS are described, based on the study of 106 normal and 50 diseased brains. The frequency of DMS in random samples of temporal neocortex was compared in 96 normals, 10 cases of Alzheimer's disease, 10 cases of Parkinson's disease, 10 cases of schizophrenia, and 20 cases of other nervous diseases. No significant differences were found between diagnostic categories but there was statistically significant reduction in frequency with ageing. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible significance of the DMS. PMID- 6637400 TI - Neuronal loss in the basal nucleus of Meynert in progressive supranuclear palsy. AB - A morphometric study of the basal nucleus of Meynert (bnM) has been performed in a 70-year-old man with a 4-year history of pathologically confirmed progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). An important neuronal loss (52%) was demonstrated in the bnM. This finding has not been previously documented with morphometric methods in PSP, but the involvement of the bnM is well known in other related conditions, i.e., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson dementia complex of Guam. Our findings yield support to the view that the involvement of the bnM, a nucleus with complex connections with various subcortical structures and diffuse cholinergic projections on the neocortex, could play an important role in the physiopatholog of subcortical dementia. PMID- 6637401 TI - Beta-mannosidosis: lesions of the distal peripheral nervous system. AB - Beta-Mannosidosis, an inherited glycoprotein metabolic disorder so far identified only in the caprine species, is characterized by deficiency of beta-mannosidase, oligosaccharide accumulation and excretion, neurovisceral cytoplasmic lysosomal storage vacuoles and central nervous system myelin and axonal lesions. In this investigation, transmission electron microscopy was used to study peripheral nerve elements in the gingiva of five affected goats and a control animal. Merkel and Schwann cells were vacuolated. Accumulations of dense bodies distended Merkel cell end plates and free-ending axons in the prickle cell layer as well as Pacinian corpuscle axons, and myelinated, unmyelinated, and demyelinated axons in the lamina propria. Unlike central nervous system myelin paucity, loss of peripheral nerve myelin was exclusively related to axonal dense body accumulation and enlargement. The identification of these lesions may facilitate detection of beta-mannosidosis in man and other species. PMID- 6637402 TI - Practice and patterns of estrogen treatment in climacteric women in a Swedish population. A descriptive epidemiological study. Part I. AB - A cohort of 23 233 women to whom estrogens had been prescribed and constituting a total material from a defined Swedish population was recruited for the purpose of conducting a prospective follow-up study of endometrial cancer. Their exposure to estrogens was studied in detail by means of a comprehensive questionnaire, which was mailed to 735 randomly selected women from the cohort and answered by 89%. This paper describes the practice of estrogen prescribing in the population and the patterns of exposure of the cohort, as estimated from the sample. Our results indicated: restrictive usage of estrogens with a marked downward secular trend in the frequency of prescriptions; short duration of treatment and frequent temporary interruptions; predominant choice of estradiol valerate compounds; preference for cyclic administration and low-strength tablets; acceptance of recommended dose levels; and adherence to a few, established indications for treatment. When compared with data from a large number of other epidemiological studies, the risk of endometrial cancer in this cohort is likely to be lower. PMID- 6637403 TI - Characteristics of estrogen-treated women. A descriptive epidemiological study of a Swedish population. Part II. AB - A cohort of 23 233 women who had received estrogen prescriptions was recruited for a prospective study of estrogen therapy and the associated risk of endometrial cancer. For a detailed study, a comprehensive questionnaire was mailed to 735 randomly sampled cohort members, and 89 per cent of them responded. Estrogen exposure and its implications were described in a preceding paper (part I). The present paper reports the distribution in the cohort sample of personal features known to be risk factors for endometrial cancer. A comparison with results from various materials derived from population-based surveys and case control studies implied that the cohort members might have a lower proportion of nulliparity (infertility) and a somewhat higher prevalence of hypertension. Differences in the distributions of age at menarche or menopause, weight, height and prevalence of diabetes were according to these comparisons slight and probably without clinical significance. It was concluded that the prevalence of risk factors for endometrial cancer other than estrogen exposure was not higher in the cohort than in the background population. Moreover, approximately one fifth of the estrogen takers had been freed of their risk through hysterectomies. PMID- 6637405 TI - Tubal surgery and subsequent artificial insemination by donor. AB - The conception rate of 32 infertile women undergoing tubal microsurgery and subsequent artificial insemination by donor (AID) was compared with that of 71 women undergoing tubal microsurgery alone. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 6 1/2 years. Nine (28%) of the patients in the AID group conceived, resulting in 8 (89%) live births and 1 (11%) spontaneous abortion. In the normal semen group 42 (59%) of the patients conceived, resulting in 31 (74%) live births, 6 (14%) tubal pregnancies and 5 (12%) spontaneous abortions. In the AID group the following term pregnancy rates were achieved: 40% after bilateral lysis of periadnexal adhesions, 25% after fimbriolysis and 14% after salpingostomy. The corresponding figures in the group with normal semen analysis was 67%, 64% and 29%, respectively. It is concluded that patients who in addition to tubal microsurgery have been treated with AID for 9-12 menstrual cycles seem to have about a 50% poorer chance of achieving a term pregnancy compared with patients whose husbands have normal semen quality. PMID- 6637404 TI - Diagnosis in utero of congenital hydrocephalus by sonography and computerized tomography. AB - Four patients with suspected fetal hydrocephalus in utero were examined by means of sonography and computerized tomography (CT). The diagnosis was confirmed in 3 cases, while the fourth was found to be normal. The mean radiation dose absorbed by the maternal ovaries was estimated by phantom measurements. PMID- 6637406 TI - Collection of human oocytes for in vitro fertilization. AB - By laparoscopy or laparotomy, oocytes were recovered from 42 (90%) of 47 patients. A total of 185 follicles containing 138 oocytes were aspirated by means of a specially constructed aspiration unit. The patients followed two different schemes pre-operatively. In the unstimulated patients an average of 1.3 pre ovulatory oocytes per patient was collected, while treatment with 600-900 IU human menopausal gonadotropin + 6 000-12 000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin resulted in an average of 2.0 pre-ovulatory oocytes per patient. It is concluded that laparoscopy in combination with the described aspiration technique seems to be a clinically suitable method for collection of human oocytes for in vitro fertilization. PMID- 6637407 TI - Albumin infusion does not alter the intervillous blood flow in severe pre eclampsia. AB - Intervillous blood flow (IVBF) was measured by the 133Xe intravenous method before and after a 100 ml infusion of 20% human albumin in 13 cases of severe pre eclampsia. In spite of the significant increase in serum albumin and colloid osmotic pressure values, no parallel direction of change in IVBF values could be seen to result from the immediate effects of volume expansion therapy. The results suggest that the use of albumin infusion is of no specific value in the treatment of severe pre-eclampsia in terms of evaluation at the level of placental circulation. The observation of an increase in placental blood flow in cases of real hypoalbuminemia calls for a further elucidation. PMID- 6637408 TI - Choice of substrate in determining peroxidase activity in the amniotic fluid. AB - Peroxidase activity in the amniotic fluid has been measured with two different chromogens, O-dianisidine and p-phenylenediamine. No activity was demonstrable with the former substrate but was present with the latter. These results show that choice of substrate is important in determining peroxidase activity, especially in the amniotic fluid. PMID- 6637409 TI - Plasma estriol in late pregnancy in relation to fetal outcome. AB - The study is a retrospective report on the capacity of plasma (P-) estriol (E3) determinations in late pregnancy to detect abnormal fetoplacental state at delivery. From the material of cases with P-E3-determinations, two extreme groups were chosen for comparison: those with absolutely normal fetoplacental status at parturition and those with severe disturbances of the fetoplacental status at delivery. The predictability of a single P-E3 value was generally low, especially at the end of pregnancy. Consecutive (at least 3) high or low values, respectively, in the individual case, proved to have a predictable value that might complement other clinical methods for assessing fetoplacental function. PMID- 6637410 TI - "Morning-after pill" and antithrombin III. AB - Plasma antithrombin III (AT III) was studied longitudinally in 15 subjects (13 patients and 2 volunteers), who used the "morning-after pill" (5 mg ethinylestradiol daily for 5 days). The mean decrease in AT III level in the 13 patients was 17% of the pre-treatment value. From additional observations made in 2 of the patients and in the 2 volunteers it is concluded that this decrease is caused by hemodilution due to salt and water retention rather than by a decreased synthesis or increased consumption. PMID- 6637411 TI - Incontinence surgery in female motor urge incontinence. AB - Conventional incontinence surgery was performed in 41 consecutive female patients despite the finding of motor urge incontinence. The patients were reinvestigated 6 months to more than 2 years after operation. Twenty-eight of the patients also had the symptom stress incontinence. Seventeen patients had coexisting symptomatic genital prolapse and were operated on without prior pharmacological treatment. The remaining 24 patients were all resistant to parasympatholytic treatment. The choice of operative procedure was based on vaginal examination as well as bladder suspension defect as demonstrated on voiding-colpo-cysto urethrography. Subjective cure and improvement rate was 73%. At follow-up, 30% of the patients had normal detrusor reflex control, and a significant improvement in urge incontinence as well as frequency of micturition and nocturia was observed. Probably the primary treatment in females with motor urge incontinence should be pharmacological. However, in patients with symptomatic genital prolapse as well as in patients with ineffective medical treatment, conventional incontinence surgery seems to be well indicated in the absence of neurological disease providing the patient has an associated bladder suspension defect. PMID- 6637412 TI - Fetal muscle biopsy. AB - Fetal muscle specimens suitable for histological and histochemical studies were obtained under fetoscopic visualization by removing a small piece of skin, thereby exposing the underlying muscle. The procedure was carried out in 7 cases prior to second-trimester abortion. Muscle specimens so obtained may become useful in the prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6637413 TI - Premature labor and coincident acute appendicitis not resolved by betamimetic but surgical treatment. AB - Three cases--one of them fatal--of betamimetic "resistant" premature labor with coincident acute appendicitis are presented. These case histories support the opinion held by the authors that in the recent era of widespread use of betamimetics, during the second and third trimester, appendicitis can be concealed by increased uterine contractility which could be secondary to the intra-abdominal inflammatory process or triggered by genuine premature motor activity of the myometrium. We consider that the obstetrician should revise his decision regarding betamimetic treatment on the basis of continuous observation. There is a clinical message in these cases which should be incorporated into the decision-making process: if a patient presents herself with premature labor, betamimetics should not be given before the diagnosis has been established. PMID- 6637414 TI - Abdominal pregnancy. A case report and a brief review of the literature. PMID- 6637415 TI - The invasive potency of dysplasia with koilocytotic atypia. PMID- 6637416 TI - Management of juvenile disciform lesions of the macula. AB - Fourteen eyes with a juvenile disciform lesion of unknown aetiology in the macula were followed up for 1-6 years. Eyes with inflammatory signs, pre-existing chorioretinal scars in the macula, or myopia of more than -5.0 dioptres were not included. Seven eyes in which the subretinal neovascular membrane ws within 200 mu from the foveola were followed-up without treatment. Of these, in 4 the new vessels underwent regression, and the result was good central vision in 3, whereas in 3 eyes the lesion progressed. Seven eyes were treated with photocoagulation: 5 with argon, 2 with krypton laser. In the treated eyes, the neovascular membrane was 200-500 mu from the foveola. New vessels were occluded by photocoagulation in 6 eyes. In the 3 treated eyes in which the new vessels were 350 mu or more from the foveola, the visual acuity improved or remained good (0.8-1.0), whereas in the remaining 4 the vision deteriorated. In the eyes with good initial result the vision has remained stable in spite of remarkable late pigmentary changes in and around the scar. PMID- 6637417 TI - The importance of ophthalmic diseases in the economy and national health care system. AB - The incidence of eye diseases in Finland and the use of glasses has not been much investigated. During 1979-80 an inquiry was made in which a questionnaire was sent by mail to 12 000 people. 1500 volunteers from Estern, Western and Southern Finland were invited to a clinical eye examination. The incidence of eye diseases was low. A little over 2% of the respondents needed continuous ophthalmic treatment. The mean visual acuity was normal in 80% with glasses. About half of the patients examined wore glasses, slightly more females than males. PMID- 6637418 TI - A long-term follow-up of cataract extraction with and without intraocular lens implantation. AB - In 176 consecutive intracapsular cataract extracted eyes with an iris clip lens (IOL) and 159 eyes with consecutively performed intracapsular extractions (ICCE), the visual outcome and complications were examined in a follow-up study. The average observation time was 48 months in the IOL group and 53 months in the ICCE group. In both groups the main cause of a visual acuity less than 0.5 was pre operatively recognized maculopathy. Eighty-six per cent of the remaining IOL eyes and 93% of the remaining ICCE eyes achieved a visual acuity greater than or equal to 0.5. Post-operative complications were the cause of a visual acuity less than 0.5 in 11.9% of the IOL and 6.9% of the ICCE group. The most frequent complications were corneal oedema and retinal detachment. Pre-operative and early post-operative complications were important factors in the development of late complications in the IOL group. With proper pre-operative evaluation and good surgical technique intraocular lens implantation is a safe procedure. PMID- 6637419 TI - Amaurosis fugax. A unselected material. AB - Forty-four unselected patients with amaurosis fugax (AF) have been followed for 4.6 years (mean 2.6). Thirty per cent had atheromatous lesions, 20% had miscellaneous diagnoses (temporal arteritis 5, transitory ocular hypertension 2, glaucomatous iritis 1, benign intracraniel hypertension 1), 50% consisted of young, mainly women, in whom no cause was found. Prior to AF 2 had hemiplegia, 4 TCI, one optic atrophy and suspicion in 3. None died, one developed hemiparesis and one macular degeneration. An individual conservative attitude to AF seems justified in this material. PMID- 6637420 TI - Ocular findings in four siblings with pseudoxanthoma elasticum. AB - In a family consisting of 8 surviving siblings, pseudoxanthoma elasticum was diagnosed in 4 sisters. One of them had a severe visual handicap, and another a slight decrease of the visual acuity because of the ocular lesions. The other 2 sisters also had fundal lesions, but they were visually symptom-free. Great variation was also found in the appearance of the ocular lesions in the affected siblings. In addition to the angioid streaks, the fundal findings in the probands affected included changes of the retinal pigment epithelium, exudative maculopathy, optic disc drusen and 'fire-work'-pattern of drusen of the Bruch's membrane. A similar variety of alterations was also found in the histopathology of the skin. PMID- 6637421 TI - Malignant melanoma of the choroid and the ciliary body 1956-1975 in Halland and Gothenburg. Incidence, histopathology and prognosis. AB - All the 91 cases of enucleated malignant melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body in an area of the Swedish west coast (630 000 inhabitants) during the period 1956 1975 are analysed. The incidence was 0.72/100 000 inhabitants and year, which means that there was no increase lately corresponding to the increase described for cutaneous melanoma. Distribution according to age, sex and cell-type corresponded to other materials. 86 tumours were choroidal, 5 were located in the ciliary body. The mortality after 15 years was 50%. Tumours of the epitheloid type showed a surprisingly low mortality (29%). In only one case, with a 10 years survival, metastases were found at the time of primary diagnosis. The possibilities for early detection of metastases were, however, small. In 11 cases a period of delay and/or other treatment had preceded enucleation. The prognosis for these cases was not worse than for those who underwent immediate enucleation. PMID- 6637422 TI - Determination of protein content in aqueous humour by high-performance gel filtration chromatography. AB - High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to study the protein content of aqueous humour in 17 cataract patients. High-performance gel filtration chromatograms (HPGFC) of the aqueous humour showed 7-12 peaks with low concentrations (mean 0.085 micrograms/microliter) of high molecular weight proteins (peak 1, MW 250 000 or more) and low levels (0.01 micrograms/microliter or less) of IgA (peak 2) and of IgG (peak 3). The fourth peak (MW about 65 000) containing albumin and obviously also trasferrin was the major peak (mean 0.596 micrograms/microliter) at HPGFC of a normal aqueous humour. Lysozyme (peak 6, MW 35 000) occurred in small amounts in the aqueous humour (mean 0.064 micrograms/microliter). The last 6 peaks matched for peptides and amino acids (MW 10 000 or less). It is concluded that HPLC may be a useful preparative method in characterization, separation, and partial purification of immunoglobulins, immune complexes, and other proteins of aqueous humour. PMID- 6637423 TI - Ultrasonographic biometry in congenital glaucoma. AB - Method 'A' ultrasonographic biometry was performed on 23 patients with congenital glaucoma. The axial lengths of these eyes were significantly greater as compared to the 7 fellow eyes with normal intraocular pressures of the same patients and 10 eyes of 5 patients with megalocornea of the same age. Some of the borderline cases showed an increase of axial length during follow-up not attributable to normal growth. After successful surgery an early decrease of the axial length up to 0.8 mm could be seen. The change occurred in post-equatorial measurements. It is concluded that ultrasonographic biometry is a very valuable additional technique for the diagnosis and postoperative follow-up of congenital glaucomas. PMID- 6637424 TI - Visual acuity testing with preferential looking in mental retardation. AB - Twenty-six mentally retarded children and young adults, most of them with severe neurological deficits, in the age range 5-24 years, were examined ophthalmologically, and their binocular visual acuities were tested with 'operant preferential looking' according to the technique of Mayer & Dobson (1980). Five of the subjects did not co-operate sufficiently for visual testing, although 3 had no ocular abnormalities that would affect binocular acuity. The visual acuity levels determined with 'preferential looking' ranged from 1.29 to 0.03 in the 21 subjects that could be tested. Two children with high myopia showed substantial increase in acuity with appropriate correction (from 0.1 to 1.06 in one child and from 0.05 to 0.31 in the other). Inability to fixate light or objects was found in subjects, who at acuity testing showed values of 0.15 or less. In patients with suspected or definite optic atrophy, visual acuities 0.28 or less were obtained. In general there was a good correlation between ophthalmological abnormalities (in fixation, pupil reactions to light, ocular motility, fundus appearance and refraction) and poor visual acuity. It is therefore concluded that visual acuity testing with 'preferential looking' techniques can give valid information on central visual function in mentally retarded children and young adults. PMID- 6637425 TI - Ocular findings among mentally retarded children in Finland. AB - The distribution of refractive errors, astigmatism, anisometropia, visual acuity and organic ophthalmic diseases were determined among 149 Finnish mentally retarded (IQ less than 70) children, aged 9-10 years. The case group was classified in 3 categories according to the degree of mental retardation. The control group (n = 100) was selected by random sampling. PMID- 6637426 TI - Capillary haemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit. A review of 5 children. AB - Five children, previously treated for capillary haemangiomas of the eyelid and orbit, have been examined concerning the functional and cosmetic results of the treatment. Different principles of treatment have been applied (surgical, X irradiation and systemic corticosteroid). All the children developed amblyopia in varying degrees in the affected eye, dependent on the localization of the tumour and duration of eyelid occlusion. They also developed persisted corneal astigmatism. The results of refraction, oculometric measurement and CT-scan are compared and discussed. From the results of the follow-up examination and the literature on the subject, we have attempted to give guidelines for the treatment of children with eyelid and orbital capillary haemangiomas. PMID- 6637427 TI - Eight years experience with the Worst Medallion two loop lens. AB - 282 cataract patients were operated and a Worst Medallion 2-loop pseudophakos was implanted. The material consisted of 154 males, 128 females, mean age 58.8 years, range 3-88 years. 200 had senile, 35 pre-senile, 31 traumatic and 16 some other type of cataract. 247 were intracapsular, 35 extracapsular extractions. 87.6% of all cases had a vision of greater than or equal to 0.5; if 8 cases with non implant dependent complications are excluded, the rate is 90.1%. The following complications were observed: one bullous keratopathy (0.4%) and 5 local corneopathies (1.8%), 9 cases of uveitis (3.2%) of them 2 hypopyon, 1 vitritis and 6 anterior uveitis, 19 cystoid macular oedema (6.7%) and 10 retinal detachments (3.5%). Subluxation was the most common complication, 28 cases (9.9%), and broken sutures were seen in 15 eyes (5.3%). Secondary glaucoma was observed in 2 cases (0.7%), 3 cases (1.1%) needed secondary surgery. The complication rate is similar to that of conventional cataract extraction given in the literature. PMID- 6637428 TI - The prevalence of glaucoma and ocular hypertension in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. An epidemiological study of diabetes mellitus on the island of Falster, Denmark. AB - The prevalence of glaucoma and ocular hypertension was investigated in an epidemiological study of diabetics traced by registration of prescriptions on insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA) on the island of Falster (inhabitants 44 498), Denmark. Among 533 diabetics (227 insulin- and 306 OHA-treated) the prevalence rate of primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension was 6.0% and 3.0%, respectively. Neovascular glaucoma occurred in 2.1% of all diabetics and in 21.3% of diabetics with proliferative retinopathy. Open angle glaucoma was more prevalent (P less than 0.01) in type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with type 1 diabetes mellitus. No difference in the prevalence of neovascular glaucoma was found between type 1 and type 2 diabetics. The occurrence of open angle glaucoma correlated positively (P less than 0.01) to the current age (greater than 65 years) in both groups and the diabetes onset age (greater than 40 years) in insulin-treated diabetics. Neovascular glaucoma correlated positively (P less than 0.05) with diabetic macrovascular complications in total (myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension, cerebrovascular stroke, gangrene/amputation), neuropathy and severe microvascular complications (proliferative retinopathy, retinovascular occlusion). Diabetics with open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension showed a higher frequency (P less than 0.05) of ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension and retinovascular occlusion compared with diabetics without glaucoma or ocular hypertension. PMID- 6637430 TI - Intraocular lens implant symposium. Hirtshals, 4. -6. June 1982. PMID- 6637429 TI - Laser trabeculoplasty in open angle glaucoma. AB - Laser trabeculoplasty was performed in 72 patients (81 eyes) with open angle glaucoma. A positive correlation between pre-laser pressure level and pressure reduction was found. In 23 eyes with POAG and an average pre-treatment pressure of 26.4 mmHg, post-laser IOP 6 months later was 21.6 (18% reduction) and 1 year later 21.8 mmHg (17% reduction). In 24 eyes with CG and an average pre-treatment pressure of 32.9 mmHg, post-laser IOP 6 months later was 23.8 mmHg (28% reduction) and 1 year later 22.8 mmHg (31% reduction). All eyes needed additional medical therapy for glaucoma control, and 8 eyes had to be operated. Three eyes had complications. One eye had a pressure rise on the 2nd post-operative day, and two eyes had a haemorrhage from the chamber angle. PMID- 6637431 TI - Selective trabeculectomy. A report of a new surgical method for open angle glaucoma. AB - A new instrument, the trabeculectome, and an new surgical method for treating open angle glaucoma is described. The double-edged instrument makes 2 cuts through the trabecular meshwork while being pulled through Schlemm's canal, thus cutting free a strip of the trabecular meshwork and the inner wall of Schlemm's canal. The results of the 21 first operations are presented. The observation time is 9-19 months. The characteristic post-operative pressure pattern is an immediate fall to 10-20 mmHg followed by a period of higher pressures which then converge to the range of 8-16 mmHg with most eyes in the 10-14 mmHg range. Four patients need timolol treatment to obtain this, the remaining 17 have no medication. The therapeutic results and additional observations are discussed with special interest to possible physiological mechanisms. PMID- 6637432 TI - Survival time among patients with glaucomatous visual field defects. AB - During our studies on glaucoma we have made an important and surprising observation. We think it is urgent to report that we have found the survival time of glaucoma patients seems to be substantially shortened. To the best of our knowledge this has not been previously reported. PMID- 6637434 TI - [Treatment of fractures of the tibial plateau using percutaneous manipulation and fixation of nails]. PMID- 6637433 TI - [Treatment of fractures of the femur neck using Ender's method of fasciculated nailing]. PMID- 6637435 TI - Intraoperative paravertebral muscular evokes potentials (PMEP) in treatment of traumatic root lesions of the brachial plexus. PMID- 6637437 TI - [Luxation fractures of the shoulder. Apropos of 49 cases]. PMID- 6637436 TI - [Total prosthesis of the shoulder with acromio-coracoidian anchorage. Humeral resection prosthesis. Preliminary study]. PMID- 6637438 TI - [Slipped epiphysis of the elbow in the young child. Diagnostic aspects]. PMID- 6637439 TI - [Radio-scaphoid arthrodesis. Experimental analysis. Review of 2 cases]. PMID- 6637440 TI - [Local antibiotic therapy in the form of gentamycin acrylic cement beads in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. Apropos of 87 cases]. PMID- 6637441 TI - Operative observations and results of surgery after failure of chemonucleolysis. PMID- 6637442 TI - Indications and contra-indications of nucleolysis. PMID- 6637444 TI - The role of the endolymphatic sac in statoconial formation and degradation. AB - In the present investigation we studied the morphology o the endolymphatic sac in guinea pig fetuses (age 20-, 30-, 45-, 60-days-old and newborns). Twenty-day and 30-days-old guinea pig fetuses often displayed small prismatic or hexagonally shaped granules, presumably representing miniature otoconia. The granules appeared freely in the lumen of the endolymphatic sac as well as incorporated in the cytoplasm of the freely floating cells or macrophages. The origin of these "sac otoconia' as well as the possible role of the endolymphatic sac in statoconis turnover and metabolism is discussed. PMID- 6637443 TI - Noise effects on the cochlear vasculature in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The cochlear vessels and the distribution of red blood corpuscles were studied in normotensive (N) and spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats with and without noise exposure. The evaluation was made in a double blind manner. Ten N-rats and ten SH rats were exposed to noise for 8 weeks and terminated immediately thereafter. The noise consisted of a 2 kHz broad noise band swept from 3 kHz to 30 kHz with a resultant equivalent sound level of 100 dB (lin) 10 h. Seven of 84 vascular parameters differed statistically at the 1% level between N- and SH-rats, and 8 and 10 parameters respectively differed for N- and SH-rats as a result of noise exposure. The observations were interpreted as indicative of a precapillary sphincter constriction in the radiating arterioles of the external wall with an upstream relative stasis and a downstream relative lack of blood, both in N- and SH-rats. In the spiral lamina the observations were interpreted as signs of a decreased blood flow after noise exposure, both in the N- and SH-animals, and most marked in the SH-animals after noise. PMID- 6637445 TI - Pressure opening and closing functions of the Eustachian tube by inflation and deflation in children and adults with normal ears. AB - Different inflationary (e.g. Valsalva's) and deflationary (e.g. sniffing) manoeuvres were studied in 58 children and 61 adults, all otologically healthy, in order to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the pressure opening and closing functions of the Eustachian tube. Only 71% of the normal children could voluntarily increase the middle ear pressure compared with 100% of the adults. The corresponding figures for evacuating the middle ear by deflation were 24% and 34%, respectively. The rhinopharyngeal pressure levels during the manoeuvres were age-dependent and decided the response rate in children. Tubal factors also determined the response rate since low pressure opening and closing levels were related to successful deflation. Negative middle ear pressures found in the normal children were due to poor muscular opening function of the tube rather than successful deflation. The pressure closing level seems to be a reliable tool in grading tubal closing ability. PMID- 6637446 TI - Absorbable gelatin sponge (Gelfoam) in otosurgery: one cause of undesirable postoperative results? AB - Absorbable gelatin sponge (Gelfoam)--commonly used in otosurgery--was gently inserted or firmly packed into the middle ear cavities of rats. The postoperative changes were evaluated 2 to 3 months later when, apart from some air-filled canals leading from the tympanal orifice of the Eustachian tube towards the attic, the middle ear cavity had become filled with newly formed bone and an amorphous mass of adhesions and bridles. The mass consisted of loose connective tissue, with fibroblasts, vessels and inflammatory cells. The tympanic membrane was retracted and fixed to the promontory. There were no signs that any Gelfoam had been removed through the Eustachian tube. The authors proposed that similar tissue reactions may occur in tympano-plasties. PMID- 6637448 TI - Quality of life and state of health for patients with cancer in the head and neck. AB - Quality of life is an important factor for patients with cancer in the head and neck region and this factor has not previously been investigated in such patients. A series of 52 patients with head and neck cancer and 104 control subjects answered a questionnaires including two questions concerning health, one question concerning quality of life and one group of questions covering the health index proposed by Grogono & Woodgate (1971). The control series consisted of subjects of the same age, sex and domiciliary district as each of the cancer patients (two for each patient). There was a very high correlation between the answers to each of the four questions. The results were evaluated with special reference to patients who reported poor health and a low quality of life and the material was classified into patients with good vs. poor prognosis. There was a very high correlation between poor prognosis and low health index/low quality of life. Among the factors in the Grogono-Woodgate index, ability to work, physical and mental well-being, ability to eat and enjoy food, hobbies and leisure activities, and communication were better among patients with a good vis-a-vis a poor prognosis. The interval from diagnosis had no effect on the results. Patients with a considerable postoperative handicap reported a comparatively good health status. Cancer patients with a good prognosis often reported better health than the control subjects, but this difference was only significant for the total Grogono-Woodgate index.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637447 TI - Patency tests of the maxillary ostium--model experiments. AB - The function of the maxillary ostia (phi 0.22-4.7 mm) has been evaluated in experiments on a nose-sinus model with variable sinusal volumes. A piston-pump producing to-and-fro volumes of 467 cm3 of air per revolution was used at a speed of 10 and 20 revolutions per minute (rpm). Three different techniques were used: simultaneous pressure recording in the sinus and the nose (Method I); simultaneous recording of the differential pressure between nose and sinus and the air-flow through the ostium (Method II); recording of the pressure rise inside the sinus upon the application of a constant artificial air-flow of 16,7 cm3 . s-1 or 2.0 cm3 . s-1 (Method III). All variables were recorded on an ink jet recorder and onto tape when using methods I and II for later analysis on an x y recorder. A pressure relationship of 1 : 1 was found between nose and sinus, independently of ostial diameters, sinusal volumes and piston-pump rates. The first method did not permit an isolated determination of the ostial function as the pressure values recorded are affected by ostial diameters, sinusal volumes and piston-pump rates. The pressure-flow relationship recorded with the second method was found to be dependent only on the ostial diameters. Hysteresis was observed at ostial diameters less than or equal to 1.63 mm. This is due to ostial diameter, sinusal volume and the rate of the nasal pressure changes. This method is suitable for an isolated determination of the ostial resistance, from which the equivalent ostial diameter can be calculated. With the third method using static air-flows and pressures the results are independent of the sinusal volume. This method is suitable for estimation of the ostial airway resistance and the equivalent ostial diameter. A striking similarity was observed between the results obtained with the last two methods in estimating equivalent ostial diameters. PMID- 6637449 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of vocal cord hyperplasia, keratosis, papillomatosis, dysplasia and carcinoma. AB - The vocal cord fine surface structure was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the observations related to the light-microscopical (LM) findings after embedding and cutting. The SEM micrographs were assessed using a rating system based on 7 parameters. The proportion of "normal" and "abnormal" SEM areas varied within the respective histologic groups. There was, however, a significant difference between the SEM ratings in the group with hyperplasia keratosis, with or without mild dysplasia, compared to the groups with severe dysplasia-carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. In the small number of cases with moderate dysplasia and juvenile laryngeal papilloma, the SEM ratings displayed pronounced disparity. PMID- 6637450 TI - Elective coniotomy. A prospective study. AB - The view current over the last 60 years or so that coniotomy often leads to subglottic stenosis has recently been called into question. In the present study 103 electively performed coniotomies have been analysed. The operation was found to be much easier than tracheotomy. There was no case of severe peroperative or postoperative complications. Six months after decannulation 28 patients were alive and accessible to follow-up examination. No evidence of subglottic stenosis was found. The main disadvantage of this operation would seem to be a tendency for the development of voice changes. PMID- 6637451 TI - Morphological changes in bromocriptine-treated pituitary tumours. AB - Eight cases of pituitary tumours (3 prolactinomas, 3 tumours secreting GH and 2 tumours with a concomitant secretion of GH and PRL) were treated prior to open surgery with bromocriptine. These cases emanated from a series of totally 128 operated cases with pituitary tumours. The tumour tissue was analysed by light and electron microscopy. In 4 cases severe morphological changes had occurred; minor changes were found in 4 cases. Specific morphological changes indicating a dysfunction effect had occurred in one case. It has not been possible to document any consistent finding with regard to tumour susceptibility to bromocriptine. In the present limited material, the extent of morphological damage could not be correlated to dose, duration of treatment period, or endocrinological type of tumour. Our 8 patients with tumours treated with bromocriptine prior to surgery were cases demonstrating no or unsatisfactory clinical/radiological effects of drug therapy. PMID- 6637452 TI - Effect of the acoustic reflex on inner ear damage induced by industrial noise. AB - Shipyard noise is a variable noise which induces permanent threshold shift (PTS) in exposed workers. In humans, the stapedius reflex has been found to be very stable in this type of exposure. Temporary threshold shift (TTS) in the absence of stapedius reflex has been found to extend downwards through the speech frequencies instead of showing a high frequency dip as when the stapedius reflex is normal. The features of PTS produced by the same type of noise was investigated in rabbits with and without functioning middle ear muscles. The auditory sensitivity was measured by auditory brain stem response (ABR) and by the stapedius reflex response. Middle ear muscle function was blocked by denervation of the stapedius muscle or by general anesthesia. With normal middle ear reflex very little PTS was found. When the muscles were inactivated during the noise exposure the PTS was very extensive and covered the mid frequency range. On the basis of previous findings in humans and the present animal study it is suggested that the features of the stapedius reflex should be considered both in assessment of individual susceptibility and design of optimal acoustic environments. PMID- 6637453 TI - The quivering mutant mouse: hereditary deafness of central origin. AB - Mice homozygous for the recessive quivering gene are largely unresponsive to sound, although their cochleas appear normal by light microscopy and cochlear hair cells do not degenerate with age. Cochlear potentials and inferior colliculus evoked responses were recorded in quivering mice (qv/qv) and in littermate controls (+/qv or +/+). There were no significant differences between mutants and controls in cochlear microphonic amplitudes or compound action potential thresholds, amplitudes and latencies. However, inferior colliculus evoked responses in mutants were small in amplitude and abnormal in waveform. Latencies were long and thresholds were elevated by at least 50 dB at all frequencies tested. These data suggest that the genetic hearing impairment in quivering mice is retrocochlear. PMID- 6637454 TI - Innervation of the chicken basilar papilla during its development. AB - Afferent and efferent innervation of the chicken basilar papilla was studied during development. Observations from the 10-day embryonic stage (E 10) and the 8 day post-hatch (P 8), were focussed on some characteristic features of the synaptogenesis. The presynaptic specializations (synaptic bodies: SB) appear early (E 10) in hair cells, opposite afferent dendrites. They are found at all developmental stages in tall hair cells (THC), whereas they become rare in short hair cells (SHC). The maturation of afferent endings, especially those connected to THC, is characterized around the E 15 stage, by an over abundant sprouting and branching. The development of the efferent system indicates two stages. Starting at E 14, some small efferent synapses are seen at the base of the THC and SHC. From E 18, the large synapses extend to the base of SHC. These results are discussed in the light of homologies with the mammalian inner and outer cochlear hair cells. PMID- 6637455 TI - Audio-vestibular findings in patients with vestibular neuritis. AB - 19 patients with the clinical diagnosis vestibular neuritis, i.e., cases with unilaterally ENG verified abolished or reduced caloric reactions but without symptoms of central nervous involvement or hearing impairment, participated in the study. In addition to ENG examinations and Bekesy audiometry all patients were submitted to stapedius reflex tests and auditory brainstem response examinations (ABR) for signs of subclinical auditory nerve engagement. In all but one of the 19 patients the caloric reactions improved; 8 of the 13 patients available for tests after one year recovered completely. The ABR was normal in all cases but the stapedius reflex thresholds were pathologically elevated and remained so in about half of the subjects throughout the observation time; reflex decay was not present in anyone. Cases with pathologically elevated stapedius reflex thresholds showed a tendency to slower recovery of the vestibular function than the group with the normal reflexes. The results were interpreted to indicate lack of eighth nerve or CNS engagement. The possibility that subjects with reflex threshold elevation may constitute a group with constitutional weakness of the audio-vestibular apparatus disposed for vestibular disease is discussed. PMID- 6637456 TI - Organ culture of the late embryonic inner ear as a model for ototoxicity studies. AB - The 16th gestational day inner ear of the CBA/CBA mouse was used in an organ culture system as a model for ototoxicity studies. The specimens in culture were exposed to 1, 10, 100 and 1 000 micrograms/ml of gentamicin base during 1-5 days in culture. Minor changes were found after only one day of exposure. Pathological changes of vestibular hair cells characteristic for aminoglycoside antibiotics occurred after exposure to 1 and 10 micrograms/ml. Concentrations of 100 and 1 000 micrograms/ml caused a general toxicity with destruction of the whole morphology of the crista ampullaris. Hair cells were, however, more affected than were supporting cells. Initially, variation of hair cell damage occurred within each crista and between different cristae but this became less apparent after 5 days in culture. The 16th gestational day organ culture system can serve as a useful model system with many controlled experimental parameters in the testing of ototoxic drugs. PMID- 6637457 TI - Changes in Eustachian tube function with age in children with normal ears. A longitudinal study. AB - A longitudinal study of the Eustachian tube function by different pressure equilibration tests was performed during 11/2-3 years in 44 otologically healthy children, 3-12 years of age. The muscular opening function improved significantly with increasing age. The improvement was most frequent during pre-school ages (3 7 years). Also the tympanometrically measured middle ear pressure, related to the muscular opening function, tended to normalize during the follow-up study. The pressure opening and closing functions, reflecting the tubal closing forces, did not, however, change during the observation time. All the children with poorest muscular opening function at the initial test improved; none developed persistent middle ear disease during the follow-up. Using this standardized exhalation/inhalation test of the pressure equilibrating function of the tube it seems possible to grade the muscular opening function in a valid way. It is argued that the main cause of poor muscular opening function in children is not only due to anatomical differences of the skull base, the tube and peritubal structures but also to the immaturity of the neuromuscular system during childhood. PMID- 6637458 TI - Nasal symptoms and histopathology in a group of spray-painters. AB - Industrial workers more and more frequently seek medical advice for nasal and sinus symptoms that they attribute to occupational exposure. The present study comprised 10 paint-sprayers exposed to solvents (primarily toluene and isobutylacetate) and dust. The working environment was checked by an industrial hygienist and a careful clinical examination including biopsies from the nasal mucosa was carried out. The results revealed prominent nasal symptoms in 3 patients and 4 suffered from cough. The histological examination showed in no case a normal nasal mucosa. The histological grading showed a significantly higher score in the exposed group compared to a matched control group. However, no conclusive connection between the duration of exposure and the clinical symptoms and morphological changes was possible to make, which will necessitate an extended study to evaluate the exact importance of the duration of exposure. The study indicates the possibilities of an early presymptomatic detection of nasal mucosal disturbances and arises the question whether the existing TLVs are adequate in preventing damage to the nasal mucosa and adherent clinical symptoms. PMID- 6637459 TI - Penetration of doxycycline in respiratory mucosa. AB - In order to study the penetration of doxycycline (Idocyklin) in respiratory mucosa 100 mg tablets were given in standard dosage to 58 patients with longstanding secretory otitis media, the "secretion-in-cavity" model, and to 37 patients with nasal polyposis, the tissue model. Myringotomy with aspiration of the middle ear secretion or polypectomy was performed at different intervals during the course of medication. Blood samples were drawn simultaneously. The concentration in secretion, tissue and serum was assessed by means of a microbiological agar well method. The mean concentration of doxycycline in respiratory mucosa and secretion was found to exceed the MICs of the common respiratory pathogens as soon as 3 hours after the first dose, and remained on a therapeutical level until 24 hours after the last dose. The results are in full agreement with those obtained from penetration studies in other parts of the respiratory tract, thereby lending support to the validity of the models used. PMID- 6637460 TI - Tonsillectomy: an appraisal of indications in developing countries. AB - The records of 627 patients with inflammatory disease of the tonsils and 310 patients undergoing dissection tonsillectomy are analysed. The majority of the tonsil population in our study group are adults, and there is a high incidence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. The study population is apt to receive treatment, including attempts at surgery, from highly untrained personnel with serious attendant morbidity and some mortality. Dissection tonsillectomy under general endotracheal anaesthesia has been found effective and safe with acceptable morbidity and no mortality. It is suggested that less stringent criteria for tonsillectomy are appropriate in developing countries with the same pattern of inflammatory disease of the tonsils. PMID- 6637461 TI - The effect of topical decongestant on blood flow in normal and infected nasal mucosa. AB - The nasal mucosal blood flow was determined by means of the 133Xe wash-out method in an early stage of acute rhinitis and in health and the effect of a topical decongestant (oxymetazoline) was evaluated. During an early stage of acute rhinitis, a statistically significant increase of blood flow was found. The topical decongestant in therapeutically recommended doses decreased the blood flow significantly in acute rhinitis as well as in healthy subjects. The effect was more pronounced in acute rhinitis. The effect of oxymetazoline was dose dependent and a statistically significant decrease was found in doses of about 1/50 of the therapeutically recommended. The clinical implication is that it might be possible to reduce the dose of the decongestant in order to minimize the negative side effect of a decreased blood flow. PMID- 6637462 TI - Blood flow in human nasal mucosa after total laryngectomy. AB - The blood flow in the human nasal mucosa was determined in 10 laryngectomees with the 133Xe wash-out method. The blood flow was estimated to be 19.3 +/- 2.1 ml . min-1 . (100 g)-1 (mean +/- SEM) which is significantly lower than in healthy non laryngectomees. The decreased blood flow could be one of the explanations of the functional and morphological alterations in the nasal mucosa after total laryngectomy. PMID- 6637463 TI - Frequent antibiotic therapy improves survival of cystic fibrosis patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. AB - During the period 1971-75, 51 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients who contracted chronic P. aeruginosa infection were treated at the Danish CF centre with anti pseudomonas chemotherapy only when their clinical condition deteriorated considerably. During the period 1976-80, 58 CF patients who contracted chronic P. aeruginosa infection were treated at the Danish CF centre with anti-pseudomonas chemotherapy on a regular basis every 3 months. Each routine 24 day-course of chemotherapy consisted of tobramycin in combination with carbenicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics with activity against P. aeruginosa. In case of allergy or resistant strains monotherapy with tobramycin was used. The 5-year survival of CF patients from the time of the onset of the chronic P. aeruginosa infection increased from 54% in the first period to 82% in the second period (p less than 0.05), and lung function (peak expiratory flow rate) also improved significantly. It is concluded that intensive "maintenance" chemotherapy against P. aeruginosa improves survival and quality of life of CF patients although permanent eradication of P. aeruginosa is not accomplished. PMID- 6637464 TI - Symptomatic and asymptomatic rotavirus infections in hospitalized children. AB - During one year, 871 infants and children admitted to a Dutch paediatric ward were examined weekly for rotavirus. Rotavirus was detected in the stools of 64/129 (49.6%) children with diarrhoea and in 283/742 (38.1%) controls. The incidence of asymptomatic rotavirus excretors increased from 14.5% in infants 0 to 6 months of age to 65.8% in children of 6 years and over, a feature not yet reported. Possible explanations may be the methodology used, the age groups studied, the local hospital (and community) situation and the geographical location. Routine bacteriology revealed enteropathogens in 25.6% of the children with diarrhoea: Salmonellae in 20.9%, Campylobacter jejuni in 3.9%, Yersinia enterocolitica in 1.5%, Shigella sonnei in 0.8% and enteropathogenic E. coli in 0.8% of the patients. PMID- 6637465 TI - Postnatal changes in the ability of plasma albumin to bind bilirubin. AB - The plasma concentrations of total albumin, unconjugated bilirubin and reserve albumin for bilirubin binding were determined in 407 healthy infants of various age up to eight days. The albumin reserve was measured using monoacetyldiaminodiphenyl-sulfone (MADDS) as a deputy ligand for bilirubin. The fraction of albumin capable of binding bilirubin was calculated as the sum of the concentrations of bilirubin and reserve albumin, divided by the total albumin concentration. Our data showed that this fraction was low (average 0.36) and did not change during the first 24 hours of life, and in this period it was independent of the maturity of the infant, as expressed by its birth weight or gestational age. From about 24 hours of life, the fraction began to increase. This increase came to an end about 60 hours after birth, and no further changes were seen during the following five days. The level of the bilirubin-binding fraction reached 60 hours after birth was related to the maturity of the infant: It increased with increasing birth weight up to 3000 g and with increasing gestational age up to 275 days, when on an average it was about 0.58. The fraction of binding albumin was independent of the sex. PMID- 6637466 TI - Immunoglobulin concentrations and bacterial antibody titres in breast milk from mothers of 'preterm' and 'term' infants. AB - IgA, IgM and IgG concentrations and their bacterial antibodies to E. coli, group B streptococci and Brucella abortus were measured in human breast milk collected from the 1st to 10th day post-partum from mothers delivered of 'preterm' infants (Premature Breast Milk or PBM) and from mothers delivered of term infants (Term Breast Milk or TBM). Reverse passive haemagglutination tests (RPH), rocket immuno electrophoresis and mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination tests (MRPAH) were employed. PBM at 2-5 days post-partum (though not beyond this period) contained higher IgA levels than did TBM, and this difference persisted even when total IgA was expressed as a proportion of total milk protein: in contrast the IgM and IgG contents of PBM and TBM were the same at both these postnatal ages. The titre of IgA antibody to E. coli, which was absorbable only by the corresponding bacteria, showed no significant difference between PBM and TBM, whereas the titres of IgA reacting with Br. abortus and, to a lesser extent group B streptococci, were higher in PBM than those in TBM. However the IgA which reacted with Br. abortus and group B streptococci was not specific to those organisms but was absorbed by all three bacteria studied. It is speculated that the high IgA content of early preterm milk and perhaps the presence of especially high titres of what appears to be a non-specific or cross-reacting bacterial IgA in such milk, may be immunologically advantageous to low birthweight infants fed on their own mother's milk. PMID- 6637467 TI - Serum zinc concentrations in growing premature infants. AB - Serial serum zinc concentrations were measured in 31 relatively well, growing premature infants during the first 26 weeks of life. Zinc concentrations declined progressively from 17.9 mumol (1.17 mg/l) at birth (normal adult value) to 8.9 mumol (0.58 mg/l) at 6 weeks of age despite a zinc intake of greater than 13.7 mumol (900 micrograms)/kg/day after the second week of life. The serum zinc increased after 16 weeks of age to 10.7 mumol/dl (0.7 mg/l). No infant demonstrated clinical signs of zinc deficiency. This data may serve as a reference against which serum zinc concentrations in other premature infants may be compared in order to help define the deficiency state. PMID- 6637468 TI - Tri-iodothyronine and thyroxine in human milk. AB - The concentration of tri-iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in human milk was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The analysis of T3 was performed on unextracted milk and on ethanol extracts of defatted milk. Analysis of unextracted milk was complicated by artifacts. Reliable and reproducible results were achieved only with the milk extracts. In 10 colostral milk samples the mean T3 levels +/- SD were 0.80 +/- 0.52 nmol/l before feeding (early milk) and 0.93 +/- 0.62 after feeding (hind milk). The T3 concentration in colostrum did not change significantly during the feeding to the infant. In 12 mature milk samples collected between infant feedings, the mean T3 +/- SD was 1.19 +/- 0.42 nmol/l. T4 was not detected in any of the samples analysed (detection limit 3 nmol/l). PMID- 6637469 TI - Umbilical cord cortisol and prolactin levels in preterm infants. Relation to labor and delivery. AB - The influence of labor and route of delivery upon the umbilical cord serum levels of cortisol and prolactin in ninety-nine preterm infants not exposed prenatally to corticosteroids was studied. Vaginally born infants (group A) presented a higher mean cord cortisol concentration than those delivered by cesarean section (group B); mean prolactin values, however, were not different between both groups. Although there was no difference in cortisol and prolactin levels between infants delivered by cesarean section after spontaneous onset of labor (group B I) and those without labor (group B-II), the mean cortisol concentration was significantly higher in group A than in group B-I. The mean prolactin levels did not differ among all the studied groups. It is concluded that there is no association between presence of labor or route of delivery and cord serum levels of prolactin, there is no association between spontaneous preterm labor and cord cortisol values and there is an association between vaginal delivery and high cord cortisol levels in preterm infants. It is suggested that the increase in serum cortisol levels does not precede the initiation of preterm parturition but it is secondary to the stress caused by vaginal delivery. PMID- 6637470 TI - The renin-aldosterone system in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and the influence of hydrochlorothiazide and indomethacin. AB - Three generations of a family with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus were studied. Treatment of a male infant patient with hydrochlorothiazide normalized the serum sodium concentration and improved the clinical condition, but did not influence the polyuria. Although indomethacin alone was without long-term effect, combined therapy with hydrochlorothiazide and indomethacin regulated serum sodium better than hydrochlorothiazide alone. The renin-aldosterone system was not activated in healthy carriers or patients with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus neither in infancy during severe hypernatremic dehydration nor in adult patients. PMID- 6637471 TI - Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. VIII. Relation to gestational age and post-natal age in appropriate and small for gestational age infants. AB - In 68 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and 33 small for gestational age (SGA) infants, transepidermal water loss was studied during the first four weeks after birth. The method used to measure evaporation rate is based on measurement of the water vapour pressure gradient close to the skin surface. All measurements were made at an ambient humidity of 50% and with the infants calm and quiet. At all the investigated post-natal ages in both AGA and SGA infants, an exponential relationship was found between transepidermal water loss (g/m2 h) and gestational age, this loss being much higher in the pre-term infants than in those born at term. The transepidermal water loss was generally lower in SGA than in AGA infants during the first week of post-natal life, irrespective of gestational age at birth. There was a gradual decrease in transepidermal water loss with increasing post-natal age in both pre-term AGA and pre-term SGA infants. Three weeks after birth this water loss tended to be higher in pre-term SGA infants than in pre-term AGA infants of corresponding gestational age. PMID- 6637472 TI - Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. IX. The relationship between skin blood flow and evaporation rate in fullterm infants nursed in a warm environment. AB - In order to investigate whether a change in skin blood flow is associated with changes in the evaporative loss of water from the skin of fullterm appropriate for gestational age infants, we measured the evaporation rate and skin blood flow in the body temperature range 36.6 to 37.2 degrees C. Fifteen healthy, fullterm newborn infants delivered by Caesarean section were studied in a warm environment. Evaporation rate and skin blood flow were measured non-invasively without disturbing the infant. When the body temperature slowly rose because of the warm environment, the skin blood flow steadily increased. The rate of evaporation of water from the skin slowly decreased until a body temperature of 37.1 degrees C was reached. The evaporation rate then suddenly increased as the infant began to sweat. Thus, in fullterm newborn infants born by Caesarean section the skin blood flow increases in the body temperature range 36.6-37.1 degrees C but does not influence the evaporation rate from the skin. PMID- 6637473 TI - Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. X. Effects of central cold stimulation on evaporation rate and skin blood flow. AB - In order to investigate whether sweating and cutaneous vasodilatation. induced by a warm environment, is inhibited by central cold-stimulation, the evaporation rate and skin blood flow were studied by non-invasive techniques before and after the feeding of cold glucose to 17 fullterm appropriate for gestational age infants, born by elective Caesarean section, on their first day after birth. In newborn infants who were visibly sweating and had an increased skin blood flow at a body temperature above 37.1 degrees C, such central cold-stimulation quickly inhibited sweating and decreased skin blood flow. In infants with almost the same body temperature but with no sweating, this stimulation caused no change in evaporation rate or skin blood flow. The regulation of body temperature in fullterm newborn infants can thus be disturbed by central cold-stimulation, resulting in a decreased heat loss to the environment even though the body temperature is elevated. PMID- 6637474 TI - A follow-up study up to the age of 14 of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. AB - The children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy (n = 1819) and their controls, all born in northern Finland in 1966, were followed up to the age of 14. The children of the smokers were more prone to respiratory diseases than the others. They were also shorter and their mean ability at school poorer than among the controls. The differences remained significant after adjusting for the mother's height and age, social class as determined by the father's occupation, number of older and younger children in the family and the sex of the child. The smoking mothers were found to differ from their controls in each social class, in contrast to the situation at the time of pregnancy, now having on average poorer health, being more often unemployed and having more often left their families. Maternal smoking was still seen to have an effect on the children's physical and mental development, even when these factors were also taken into consideration in the regression analyses, although it was less important than many other socio biological factors, and it was no more important than paternal smoking. PMID- 6637475 TI - Somatomedin in cystic fibrosis. PMID- 6637476 TI - Multiple hereditary gastrointestinal atresias: study of a family. AB - Two siblings with multiple gastrointestinal atresias, from stomach to rectum, are reported. The pathological findings obtained from surgical material and complete autopsies are stressed. This syndrome, first described in 1973, presents a unique combination of clinical, radiologic and pathologic findings and is probably secondary to a malformative process taking place early in intrauterine life and effecting the whole gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 6637477 TI - Prolidase deficiency. AB - The clinical and biochemical findings in a four-year-old girl with prolidase deficiency, treated with L-proline, manganese and ascorbic acid, are presented. PMID- 6637478 TI - Congenital bowing of the long bones. An example of a campomelic syndrome of the short-limbed normocephalic subtype. AB - A short-limbed, normocephalic type of campomelic dwarfism is reported in a 1-year old boy. The pertinent literature on this subject is briefly reviewed. PMID- 6637479 TI - A case of near-miss SIDS developing an abnormal respiratory reaction to hypoxia. AB - A SIDS sibling is described who showed a normal respiratory regulation at 1.5 months but who was equipped with an apnea monitor at home on psychological indications. At 3 months he had a near-miss SIDS episode. He was then found to have developed a reaction to hypoxia with appearance of periodic breathing. With theophylline this response pattern was normalized but despite theophylline medication episodes of prolonged apnea occurred. PMID- 6637480 TI - Immunoglobulin classes and persistence of anti-pneumococcal antibodies in splenectomized adults and adolescents after pneumococcal vaccination. AB - The IgG-, IgM- and IgA- anti-pneumococcal antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination in 29 splenectomized adults and adolescents with hereditary spherocytosis or previous traumatic splenic rupture was determined by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. It was not significantly different from that of 12 healthy controls except for a lower IgM class antibody increase in the splenectomized against one of four antigens studied. The antibody response was predominantly of IgG class, but significant increases in IgM and IgA class antibodies against all four antigens (polysaccharide types 2, 6A, 12F and 14) studied were observed. In 1/29 splenectomized and 2/12 healthy individuals (7%) the IgG antibody class did not predominate. In 36 adults and adolescents splenectomized due to traumatic rupture or during surgery for gastric ulcer, 77% of the peak geometric mean total antibody concentration four weeks after vaccination was still present after 21 months (16-26 months). PMID- 6637481 TI - Effect of antimalarial drugs on human neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. AB - The effect of several antimalarial drugs, commonly used for prophylaxis and therapy of human malaria, on polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis was studied. A modified, reversible Boyden chamber method was used. Various concentrations of each drug was mixed with neutrophils and incubated in the chambers for 2 1/2 hours. After the incubation period percent inhibition of chemotaxis was determined. It was shown that chloroquine, quinine, proguanil, and tetracycline at concentrations frequently obtained in clinical situations significantly inhibited chemotaxis of neutrophils towards casein. There was a direct correlation between increasing drug concentration and percent inhibition of chemotaxis. Drugs such as pyrimethamine and fansidar at any concentration tested had no effect on chemotaxis. PMID- 6637482 TI - [Prospect of gossypol as a contraceptive agents for men]. PMID- 6637483 TI - [Preventive and therapeutic actions of glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetic acid and crude saikosides on experimental liver cirrhosis in rats]. PMID- 6637484 TI - [Comparative study on the physiological disposition of 3H-indirubin and its derivatives, 3H-79002 and 3H-79005, in animals]. PMID- 6637486 TI - [Proton magnetic resonance spectra of 12 anthraquinone compounds]. PMID- 6637487 TI - [Synthesis of dl-17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinorprostaglandin F2 alpha methyl ester and its 15-epimer]. PMID- 6637485 TI - [Modification at the 11 position of 18-methyl estradiol-3-methyl ether and the structure-antifertility relationship]. PMID- 6637488 TI - [Chemical constituents of Qing Yang Shen (Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid)]. PMID- 6637489 TI - [Analysis of essential oils in Elsholtzia spledens Nakai ex F Maekawa and Origanum vulgare L]. PMID- 6637490 TI - [Pharmacognostical studies on the Chinese drug, Qin-Pi (Cortex fraxini). II. Identification of the drug, Qin-Pi, and its adulterants]. PMID- 6637491 TI - [Field desorption mass spectrometry. II. Aminoglycosides]. PMID- 6637492 TI - [Studies on antimalarials. IX. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of 2,4-diamino 6-(N-(substituted benzyl)-N-(substituted aminomethyl)-amino) quinazolines]. PMID- 6637493 TI - [Effect of essential oil of Litsea eubeba (LOUR.) Pers on experimental myocardial infarction in rabbits and myocardial necrosis induced by isoprenaline in rats]. PMID- 6637494 TI - [Degraded product of an injectable form of sodium phenobarbital]. PMID- 6637495 TI - [Pharmacologic effects and toxicity of Fu Tzu (Aconitium carmichaeli Debx) and its major constituents]. PMID- 6637496 TI - [Quantitative control of atropine tablets and eyedrops by means of the indicator dye method]. PMID- 6637497 TI - [Results of the application of some suspensions and topical formulations to the treatment of the mucous membrane of the mouth in clinical practice]. PMID- 6637498 TI - [Drug utilization studies among anti-epileptic agents]. PMID- 6637499 TI - [Preparation of dialyzing solutions]. PMID- 6637500 TI - [Developments in infusion therapy as reflected by the data of the Semmelweis Pharmacy School on utilization]. PMID- 6637501 TI - [Analysis of statistical data on the supply of drugs, chemicals and bandages supplies at Semmelweis University]. PMID- 6637502 TI - The relation of molecular connectivity to the structure and properties of nitrogen-bridged compounds. PMID- 6637503 TI - [Correlation between the chemical structure and solubility of compounds with nitrogen bridgeheads. I]. PMID- 6637504 TI - [Correlation between the structure and properties of pyrido-pyrimidine derivatives. II. Partition coefficients of tricyclic compounds]. PMID- 6637505 TI - [Gas chromatographic determination of the water-octanol partition constant]. PMID- 6637506 TI - [Identification of drugs by means of the alcohol, aldehyde and ketone type products of their acidic and oxidative decomposition]. PMID- 6637507 TI - New phorbol and deoxyphorbol esters: isolation and relative potencies in inducing platelet aggregation and erythema of skin. AB - Diester diterpenes based upon phorbol, 4-deoxyphorbol, 4 alpha-deoxyphorbol, 4 deoxy-5-hydroxyphorbol and 4,20-dideoxy-5-hydroxyphorbol were isolated from the fruit oil of Sapium indicum. Corresponding tri- and tetra-esters were produced by acetylation and mono-esters by selective hydrolysis. Twenty-six compounds were tested for production of erythema in vivo and induction of human and rabbit platelet aggregation in vitro. The flatter shape of the AB-ring trans compounds is necessary for interaction of phorbolesters at their receptor in that the cis analogues were inactive. The tertiary C-4 hydroxy group of phorbol was not necessary for activity although the 4-deoxy derivatives were less potent than the 4-hydroxy diterpenes. A primary hydroxy group at C-20 was essential for biological activity because the methyl and aldehyde derivatives of this position were inactive. The C-20 acetates were also inactive on platelets, but they did produce erythema, possibly because of the removal of the ester due to lipase activity in the skin. 5-hydroxy-analogues which undergo intramolecular hydrogen bonding had greatly reduced activities in both systems. Membrane stabilisers, phospholipase A2 and calmodulin inhibitors were antagonists for phorbol esters in platelet aggregation tests, whilst cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors and free radical scavengers had no inhibitory effects. Consequently, one electron withdrawal and free radical formation plays no part in the biological activity of these compounds. PMID- 6637508 TI - Sustained effect of zinc-protamin-glucagon in hyperlipidaemic patients. AB - Is is well known from laboratory investigations and acute intervention studies that glucagon is involved in lipid metabolism. The present study was undertaken in order to evaluate a possible sustained effect of zinc-protamin-glucagon in moderately hyperlipidaemic patients. 4 patients were investigated after an acute bolus dose of glucagon 5 mg intravenously and 16 patients were given zinc protamin-glucagon 5 mg subcutaneously, b.i.d. for 5 days. A similar degree of decrease of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides was obtained in the acute and chronic study, while the increase in fasting blood sugar and plasma insulin seen in the acute study was not present after 5 days treatment. The effect on plasma triglycerides was much more variable than the effect on plasma cholesterol. Five days after treatment the lipid concentrations had returned to the pretreatment values. The effect could not be predicted from the pretreatment lipid concentrations, neither by the type of hyperlipidaemia present. The decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were not correlated. The drug might prove useful in the long term research of lipid metabolism and the various complex hormonal interactions. PMID- 6637509 TI - Effect of ethanol on the pharmacokinetics of penicillin in the rat. AB - The effect of a single intraperitoneal dose of ethanol (2 g/kg) given 30. min. prior to intravenous administration of benzylpenicillin (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) was studied in rats. Ethanol pretreated animals showed lower blood and brain tissue levels of penicillin, 15 and 30 min. after the administration of the two lower penicillin doses. This difference was not observed when the penicillin dose was raised to 80 mg/kg. The quotient between brain and serum concentrations was increased 45 min. after the injection of 20 mg/kg of penicillin. Urine collection during the following 2 days showed an increased urine volume during the first 4 hour period in animals pretreated with ethanol. During the same time period they excreted less benzylpenicillin than the controls. PMID- 6637510 TI - Tolerance and some circulatory effects of intravenous and oral enprofylline in healthy volunteers. AB - Enprofylline (3-propylxanthine), a novel bronchodilating xanthine derivative that seems to lack adenosine antagonistic potency was given intravenously to eight recumbent healthy male volunteers in the doses 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/kg body-weight and to six of them also orally in the doses 2, 4 and 6 mg/kg. Mean enprofylline plasma levels ranged between 1.6 and 4.4 mg/1 (8.2-22.2 mumol/1) after intravenous, and between 1.9 and 5.5 mg/1 (9.8-27.9 mumol/1) after oral administration. Enprofylline was rapidly and completely absorbed and had an elimination half-life of approximately 2 hrs. About 90% of the dose given by either route was recovered as unchanged drug in the urine. A slight but significant increase in heart rate was seen at peak plasma levels after each of the highest intravenous and oral doses. At these dose levels the heart rate response to orthostatic tests was significantly increased by enprofylline. Adverse reactions were mild and short-lasting and occurred most frequently after the two highest intravenous and oral doses. Headache and nausea were noted in 5 of the 24 intravenous experiments and in 9 of the 17 times that enprofylline was given orally. In conclusion, the circulatory effects of enprofylline were small and the adverse reactions mild. Further clinical studies with enprofylline seem warranted. PMID- 6637511 TI - Inhibition by methylprednisolone treatment of the aortic mineral accumulation in rabbits with chronic renal failure. AB - The effect of methylprednisolone treatment on the mineral accumulation in the rabbit aorta during chronic renal failure (CRF) was investigated. Groups of rabbits with surgically induced CRF and sham operated controls were treated for 14 weeks with 0.40 mg of methylprednisolone per day and compared to corresponding groups receiving placebo. After sacrifice the thoracic aorta was excised and divided into an inner intima-media and an outer media layer before determination of the content of cholesterol and minerals. The surface area and wet weight of both layers were significantly increased in the CRF groups but methylprednisolone treatment had no effect on these parameters. Neither CRF nor methylprednisolone caused significant changes of the cholesterol content of the intima-media. Methylprednisolone treated CRF rabbits had a significantly decreased mineral content of the intima-media layer compared to CRF rabbits receiving placebo although the treatment caused no significant changes in the serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate. In rabbits with normal renal function a similar effect could not be demonstrated. PMID- 6637512 TI - Comparative ototoxicity of dibekacin and netilmicin in guinea pigs. AB - The cochleo- and vestibulotoxicity of dibekacin and netilmicin were compared in a guinea pig model. Both aminoglycosides were administered subcutaneously for 21 days at the dose level of 150 mg/kg/day. Control animals were injected with saline. Dibekacin-treated animals showed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in the thresholds of the Preyer pinna reflex and the VIIIth nerve compound action potential in response to sound click stimulation. Moreover, a deterioration of the electrophysiologic auditory response and an almost complete suppression of the post-rotatory nystagmus were detected. In contrast, netilmicin did not induce any significant change in auditory and vestibular functions as compared to the control group. Our results demonstrated that netilmicin was devoid of ototoxicity in the guinea pig, while dibekacin provoked mild cochlear and severe vestibulotoxicity. PMID- 6637513 TI - The effect of some drugs with purported antianoxic effect on veratridine-induced purine release from isolated rat hypothalamic synaptosomes. AB - Several drugs claimed to protect against anoxic damage to the brain and/or to aleviate symptoms of senility were tested for their ability to influence purine overflow from hypothalamic synaptosomes. Theophylline did not influence the total purine release but tended to decrease the nucleoside and increase the nucleotide release. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors were ineffective, whereas drugs that inhibit carrier mediated nucleoside transport inhibited veratridine induced purine release. Some ergot derivatives, some vinca-analogues and the vasodilator ifenprodil also decreased stimulated purine release, but their effect could not be attributed to adenosine transport inhibition. The results suggest that drugs are reported to aleviate symptoms of anoxic damage or senility may inhibit the release of adenosine and related compounds in the central nervous system. Some possible reasons why a decreased purine release may protect against ischaemic brain damage are discussed. PMID- 6637514 TI - No effect of prolonged fluoride exposure on cytochrome P-450 and associated monooxygenases or on the level of polyamines in the rat. AB - When exposing rats to drinking water containing 100 p.p.m. fluoride for 8 weeks, no effect could be detected in biochemical parameters of the liver, such as the concentrations of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine; the levels of microsomal protein and cytochrome P-450; or the activities of two associated monooxygenases, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase. Neither was there any increase in plasma glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase indicative of liver damage. PMID- 6637515 TI - Synthesis and antihypertensive activity of some derivatives of diaminoguanidine and 3-hydrazino-4H-1,2,4-triazoles. PMID- 6637516 TI - Phencyclidine N-oxide. Synthesis, decomposition and in vitro metabolism studies. PMID- 6637517 TI - X-ray contrast agents. I. Synthesis of some derivatives of 5-amino-2,4,6 triiodoisophthalamide. PMID- 6637518 TI - QSAR of N-alkylated 2-aminotetralins as central dopamine receptor stimulating agents. PMID- 6637519 TI - Delivery of drugs to the colon by means of a new microencapsulated oral dosage form. PMID- 6637520 TI - Effects of hypoxic blood on baroreceptor activity in the dog. AB - The effects of perfusing arterial baroreceptors with venous blood have been tested on eleven single fibres in nine dogs using a discrete pouch preparation. The frequency of discharge on the afferent baroreceptor fibres was not altered by the composition of blood perfusing them. It is concluded that the reduction in impulse discharge from these baroreceptors during sympathetic nerve stimulation is probably not due to anoxia (or reduced blood flow) at the nerve terminals. PMID- 6637521 TI - Bihormonal control of oogenesis in the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium kistnensis. AB - The hormonal control of oogenesis has been investigated in the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium kistnensis. Experiments using bilateral eyestalk ablation and injection of eyestalk extract supported the presence of a gonad inhibiting factor in the eyestalk of female prawns. Injections of brain and thoracic ganglion extract in normal female prawns and in those subjected to bilateral eyestalk ablation revealed the presence of a gonad stimulating factor in the central nervous tissue. PMID- 6637522 TI - A modified screening method for rapid simultaneous determination of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the same brain region. AB - A modification of previously published fluorimetric methods for brain noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) assay is presented in this paper. The modification improved the sensitivity to 5-HT and resulted in a less time-consuming and less expensive method for noradrenaline and dopamine determination. The assay can be used for simultaneous estimation of NA, DA and 5 HT as well as for turnover studies, utilizing catecholamine synthesis inhibition or monoaminoxidase inhibition. PMID- 6637523 TI - Relationship to survival of catecholamine levels and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in experimental haemorrhagic shock. AB - Changes of plasma catecholamine levels, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and survival were studied in pentobarbital anaesthetized dogs during haemorrhagic hypotension. Shock was elicited by bleeding the animals to a mean arterial pressure of 4 kPa. This pressure was maintained until 15% of the maximum bleeding volume had been taken up spontaneously, then the remaining shed blood was reinfused. Twelve out of 28 animals died within 24 hours. Catecholamine and DBH levels were measured by radioenzymatic methods. Haemorrhagic hypotension caused a significant rise in the plasma catecholamine and DBH levels but the magnitude and time course of the rise was different. The increase of the plasma catecholamine level was higher than that of DBH activity. The highest catecholamine level was observed at the time of the maximum bleeding volume. DBH activity reached its peak during spontaneous blood re-uptake, whereas at the same time the catecholamine level decreased. These results suggest that the decrease of sympathetic activity, as represented by the decreasing catecholamine level was not followed immediately by a similar trend in DBH activity, presumably due to the delayed transport of the enzyme. Both the catecholamine and the DBH levels were significantly higher in non-surviving animals in which an extremely high level represents the stage of irreversibility of the shock. PMID- 6637524 TI - Failure of vasoactive intestinal peptide to stimulate aldosterone production. AB - The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) was studied on the aldosterone production of isolated rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. The peptide up to a concentration of 3 X 10(-7) mol/l failed to influence aldosterone production by isolated glomerulosa cells as well as to modify the response to a submaximal (2.5 X 10(-9) mol/l) concentration of angiotensin II. Therefore VIP, previously found in the adrenal zona glomerulosa by immunohistochemistry, is unlikely to exert a direct effect on the glomerulosa cells. PMID- 6637525 TI - Cholinergic and adrenergic effects on diffusional water flux in the toadfish, Opsanus beta. AB - Intraperitoneal injections of adrenaline resulted in increased tritiated water efflux rate in the toadfish, Opsanus beta. Adrenaline-stimulated water flux was inhibited by the beta-adrenergic blocker, propranolol, but not by the alpha adrenergic blocker, phentolamine. Propranolol on its own had no effect but phentolamine significantly stimulated water flux; this action was attributed to a beta-mimetic effect of the drug. The cholinergic neurotransmitter acetylcholine, had no effect while the parasympathico-mimetic carbachol, significantly stimulated water flux. Arguments were advanced to explain the similarity in the effects of the adrenergic and cholinergic drugs although they are both known to produce opposing vascular haemodynamic effects in fish gills. Adrenaline substantially stimulated tritiated water flux in the toadfish, Opsanus beta. The adrenaline-stimulated water flux exhibited a linear dose-response curve up to an adrenaline dosage of 750 micrograms kg-1; wt. At higher doses there was apparently a desensitization of the beta-adrenergic receptor sites. The adrenaline effect was inhibited by the beta-blocker propranolol, but not by the alpha-blocker, phentolamine. This suggests that the adrenaline-stimulated water flux was due predominantly to beta-receptor site stimulation. Stimulation of water flux by phentolamine on its own could be due to the stimulation of endogenous catecholamine release by the drug. We have proposed that the beta stimulated water efflux could be due to an increase in surface area of the branchial epithelium, a decrease in water to blood diffusion distance, a direct metabolic effect or any combination of these effects by adrenaline. Carbachol caused an increase in tritiated water efflux. The carbachol-stimulated water flux was inhibited by atropine thus suggesting that the drug acts via muscarinic receptor sites. We have suggested that the action of the drug on hydraulic water conductivity, water to blood diffusion distance, hydrostatic pressure or a direct effect on membrane diffusion coefficient. PMID- 6637526 TI - Vagotomy effect on the content and synthesis of acetylcholine in autonomic ganglia in dog stomach. AB - The effect of total, selective and highly selective vagotomy was studied on the content and synthesis of acetylcholine in the tissues of the gastric fundus and pyloric part of the stomach in mongrel dogs of either sex aged 3 to 6 years. Total vagotomy produced after 3 weeks a non-significant rise in the amount and a highly significant increase of the synthesis of ACh in the fundus, and a significant increase in the amount and synthesis of ACh in the pyloric part. Six weeks after the procedure the Ch content of the fundus and pyloric part decreased statistically significantly, while the synthesis rate was not different from the initial one. Three weeks after selective vagotomy the ACh content of the fundus and pyloric part was significantly increased. The rate of ACh synthesis was normal. Six weeks after vagotomy the content of ACh and its synthesis in the fundus were similar to those before vagotomy. In the same time the ACh synthesis rate was significantly decreased in the pyloric part, while the ACh content there was similar to the control value. Highly selective vagotomy with denervation of the fundus and corpus of the stomach but with maintenance of the innervation of the pyloric part caused after 3 weeks a rise of the ACh content of the fundus tissues. The ACh synthesis rate was not different from the normal one. In the pyloric part the ACh content was significantly decreased and the synthesis of ACh was somewhat inhibited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637527 TI - Relationship between sensory nerve conduction and temperature of the hand. AB - Electroneurographic and thermographic investigations were carried out in 32 persons. Sensory nerve conduction velocity, the amplitude of sensory nerve potential, subjective and objective electrical threshold were determined during the stimulation of each finger. Thermograms were taken before and after the standard cooling test. Statistical analysis has revealed that all the results of electroneurographic and thermographic parameters obtained from the fingers of the same person as well as of all investigated persons are directly connected. Highly significant (p = 0.001 and 0.01) correlations of second degree were found between electroneurographic and temperature parameters. PMID- 6637528 TI - Coronary arterial disease and atheromatosis in breeding sows. AB - The reported investigations were carried out on old breeding sows belonging to the Big White Polish Breed (BWPB) which were compared with a control group of young female pigs before fertilization, belonging to the same breed. In the perinatal period the animals were examined for presence of chronic ischaemic heart disease by clinical methods and ECG. In the interoestrus period determinations were performed in the serum of total cholesterol, free cholesterol, cholesterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, total lipids and lipoprotein fractions. After killing the animals the heart and the coronary arteries were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Clinical examinations demonstrated coronary failure confirmed by ECG investigations. A correlation was found between hyperlipidaemia, particularly dyslipoproteinaemia, and advanced arteriomediosclerosis of the intramural vessels of the left ventricle, with selective, evident atherosclerotic changes in the left main coronary artery. Correlations and clinico-pathological interrelations are discussed between coronary failure, hyperlipidaemia and morphological changes in the left part of the heart. PMID- 6637529 TI - The content of vasopressin and oxytocin in the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis of pinealectomized male rats. AB - The content of vasopressin in the neurohypophysis as well as the content of oxytocin in both hypothalamus and neurohypophysis were found to decrease considerably 8 weeks following pinealectomy in male rats. It may be, therefore, concluded that the pineal body is in some way involved in the regulatory mechanisms for vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons. PMID- 6637530 TI - Levels of linoleic acid and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in selected lipid fractions of the serum and platelets in patients with coronary arterial disease. AB - The levels of serum fatty acids in the serum and in the serum fractions of cholesterol esters (ECH) and triglycerides (TG) and the levels of these acids in these fractions of platelets were compared in healthy controls and in patients with clinically manifested coronary arterial disease. Decreased level of linoleic acid was found in the serum and in the ECH fraction of the serum in the patients, with a rise in the level of palmitic acid in the ECH fraction of the serum of these patients. The level of linoleic acid in the ECH and TG platelet fractions in these patients was not different from that in the healthy controls, while in the platelet TG fraction of the patients the level of palmitoleic acid was raised, and the level of oleic acid was increased in the platelet ECH fraction. PMID- 6637531 TI - Studies on the colonic bacterial flora during experimental carcinogenesis induced with N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. AB - The study was carried out on 72 rats receiving during 7 weeks rectal infusions of N-methyl-N'nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a carcinogenic agent. During the follow-up of 52 weeks the changes were investigated in the quantitative composition of the aerobic and anaerobic bacterial flora of the large intestine, and the basic composition of the aerobic flora was established. It was found that MNNG modified the quantity and composition of the bacterial flora of the colon not only with a reduction in the number of bacteria in the faeces but also with a transient change in the composition and proportions of various bacterial species. Attention is called to the observation that the appearance and development of malignant tumours in the large intestine was connected with a rise in the number of micro-organisms correlated with the histological transformation of the colonic mucosa and the number of tumours in it. PMID- 6637532 TI - The test of non-specific cell-mediated response in animals with transplantable tumours stimulated with calf thymus extract. AB - Investigations were carried out on the non-specific cell-mediated response in mice with transplantable tumours: LLC in mice C57Bl and F1(C57Bl X C3H), and SAL l tumour in Balb/c mice. The malignant cells were implanted subcutaneously for observation of changes in the non-specific cell-mediated response at the time of the local growth of the tumour, and injections into the vein or into the foot-pad were made for studying the non-specific cell-mediated response at the time of tumour dissemination. In each series of the experiments the animals received an extract of calf thymus--the preparation TFX-Polfa. The control groups had the tumour cells implanted or injected but were not given TFX. For determining the non-specific cell-mediated response the animals were immunized with picryl chloride. In both experimental models, that is with subcutaneous implantation and with injections intravenously or into the foot-pad a decrease of the non-specific cell-mediated response was observed progressing gradually with extension of the tumours. Long-term administration of TFX in doses of 0.1 mg per mouse prevented the decrease of the non-specific cell-mediated response in the first place in mice with subcutaneous implantations. In mice with malignant cells injected intravenously or into the foot-pad TFX administration had no evident effect on the value of the test. This observation suggests that TFX prevents the development of a secondary immune deficit in mice with subcutaneous transplanted tumours--that is mainly at the time of local growth of the tumour, but is of little use in the phase of tumour dissemination. PMID- 6637533 TI - Relationship between G band number and chromosome length from prophase to metaphase. AB - The statistical analysis of the distribution of human chromosomes length served as a basis for their classification according to the suggestions of the Denver Conference (1960). Standards of metaphasal chromosome length were used for programmes of computer-assisted classification. The introduction of banded chromosomes in the study provided a new measurable feature which was used for classification standards accepted at the Paris Conference (1971). The measurements of these two features have been used also in the mathematical models of computer analysis and classification of chromosomes. In the present study the relationship between the number of bands and the length of chromosomes was studied in the period of cell division from prophase to metaphase in the cultures of leucocytes of healthy people. This relationship is strongly correlated and can be approximated in description to simple regression in the period from prophase to metaphase. The relationship will facilitate the construction of dynamic patterns for the needs of computer-assisted classification of chromosomes and detection of structural aberrations. PMID- 6637534 TI - Cyclophosphamide effect on changes in rabbit peripheral blood in the development period. AB - The effect of cyclophosphamide on peripheral blood changes in rabbits to the dose and duration of drug administration and the developmental age of the animal was studied. Cyclophosphamide was administered orally in an aqueous solution. The best tolerated dose was 16 mg/kg of body weight. One such dose decreased transiently the peripheral blood white cell count. The some dose administered during six consecutive days produced blood disturbances the more severe and long lasting the younger were the animals used in the experiment. With higher cyclophosphamide doses blood changes were associated with signs of development arrest. PMID- 6637535 TI - The effects of the stimulation of histamine-forming capacity (HFC) and the inhibition of histamine catabolism on tensile strength and collagen content of skin wounds in the rats. AB - The effects of histamine-forming capacity (HFC) stimulation by 48/80 as well as of histamine catabolism inhibition by aminoguanidine on the tensile strength and collagen production were studied in wounds of rats. 48/80 raised the level of collagen in wounds and increased their tensile strength. Aminoguanidine increased the histamine content of the wounds but markedly lowered the tensile strength and collagen content. PMID- 6637536 TI - The effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on large intestinal motility and blood flow in the cat. AB - The effects of 5-HT on proximal colonic and rectal motility and total colonic blood flow were studied in anaesthetized cats and compared with those evoked by pelvic nerve stimulation. Vasodilator responses, consistently elicited by low doses (5-10 micrograms/min close i.a.) and intermediate doses (10-50 micrograms/min) of 5-HT were invariably abolished by hexamethonium indicating a nerve mediated response. Simultaneously to the vasodilator response both cholinergic and non-cholinergic hexamethonium sensitive non-adrenergic motility responses were evoked in the proximal colon. Furthermore non-cholinergic, non adrenergic inhibitory neurons were excited. In the rectum excitation of such inhibitory neurons was the most consistent finding. The mechanisms behind the nerve mediated vascular and motility responses seem to differ as only the vascular effects were blocked by dihydroergotamine. The nerve mediated responses were in many respects similar to those evoked by pelvic nerve stimulation indicating that 5-HT exerts its effects on the same instrinsic neurons as the pelvic nerves. At intermediate and high doses (50-100 micrograms/min) the effects exerted on the instrinsic reflex arcs were modulated by direct effects on the smooth muscle. PMID- 6637537 TI - The pressure equilibrating function of pars flaccida in middle ear mechanics. AB - In the adult male rat the precise volumes of the middle ear cavity, the lateral attic compartment and a maximally retracted pars flaccida were calculated to 550 microliter, 21 microliter and 3 microliter respectively, using Woods metal. Small intratympanal pressure or volume changes caused the pars flaccida to move in a medial-lateral direction. As the volume of a maximally retracted or bulging pars flaccida only amounted to about 0.5% of the total middle ear volume and the pars flaccida reacted even at volume changes of 0.1% of the middle ear, it would seem that the pressure equilibrating capacity of the elastic pars flaccida is negligible. On the other hand the pars flaccida is extremely sensitive to pressure and volume changes in the middle ear and may take part in the pressure equilibrating system as a detector for minute pressure and/or volume changes in the middle ear. PMID- 6637538 TI - Comparative vascular effects of stimulation continuously and in bursts of the sympathetic nerves to cat skeletal muscle. AB - Recent electrophysiological studies indicate that sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibre dicharge in vivo usually occurs in intermittent high frequency bursts, increased activity being established by raised intra-burst frequency or, more commonly, by shortened burst intervals. The present study describes the responses of the resistance and capacitance vessels in cat skeletal muscle to electrical vasoconstrictor fibre stimulation with characteristics simulating the discharge pattern in vivo. Stimulation in bursts (1 s duration) was applied either at varying intra-burst impulse rates (from 5 to 160 Hz) at constant burst interval (5 or 10 s), or at varying burst intervals (from 32 to 2 s) at constant intra burst frequency (16 or 32 Hz). For comparison, continuous stimulation was made at rates from 0.5 to 16 Hz. Both types of burst stimulation were capable of evoking maintained constrictions in the resistance and capacitance vessels, graded in relation to the total number of impulses/unit time. Stimulation in bursts at varying intervals was as effective as continuous stimulation with maximal constriction reached at 32 Hz bursts at 4 s intervals. The responses to stimulation in bursts at varying impulse rates peaked at 40 Hz, higher intraburst frequencies being less effective, at least in the resistance vessels. The data suggests that the resistance and capacitance vessels are gradedly responsive to sympathetic discharge rates up to about 40 Hz provided excitation occurs in bursts and, that an effective control can be achieved especially by shortening the burst interval. Sympathetic firing in skeletal muscle may thus well exceed 10 Hz, previously believed to be the upper physiological discharge range. PMID- 6637539 TI - The membrane potential of the Japanese quail's oviductal smooth muscle during ovum transport. AB - Previously it has been shown that in the quail's oviductal smooth muscle there exists coordinated electrical and mechanical activity. It is not known how the contractions are regulated; the oviduct probably functions as a stretch receptor and the mechanical stimulus is produced by the ovum itself. The cellular basis for stretch-induced contractions is not known. In strips (n = 8) from the magnum, stretches of 50% changed the membrane potential. Compared with the resting length L0 (= 100%), stretches to 150% and 200% significantly (p less than 0.001) hyperpolarized the membrane potential. Analyses of variance, however, revealed that at the length 150% both the level of stretch and single experiments differed significantly in relation to the membrane potential: F = 7.1, p less than 0.5; F = 14.6, p less than 0.01, respectively. At the length 200%, there were highly significant differences between the groups 100% and 200% (F = 36.3, p less than 0.001) but the differences could be explained by the highly significant (F = 13.9, p less than 0.001) interaction. Membrane potential measured from isolated, intact oviducts (n = 7) which had ovum in the magnum was significantly depolarized by 8-9 mV on the region over the ovum. On the other hand, the membrane potentials were the same in the different segments of the oviduct which did not contain an ovum: 52 mV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637540 TI - Separation and purification of blood plasma arginine vasopressin on Sephadex G 50M for subsequent radioimmunoassay. AB - A gel filtration method has been developed for purification and separation of plasma arginine vasopressine (AVP) from proteins interfering with RIA determination of AVP. The method involves filtration of 1 ml of plasma on a Sephadex G-50M gel column and the eluant used is 100 mM borate buffer. This rapid, and relatively simple method gives rather complete separation of plasma protein and AVP with an AVP recovery of about 90% at normal or elevated plasma AVP levels. Since 30 plasma samples may be run simultaneously, the method has potential value for routine laboratory use. PMID- 6637541 TI - Antroduodenal motor response induced by (Gln4)-neurotensin in man. AB - The effect of (Gln4)-neurotensin on antroduodenal motor activity was investigated in 7 healthy volunteers. Motor activity was monitored by measuring the intraluminal pressure in the antrum and in the proximal and middle part of the duodenum. Intravenous infusion of (Gln4)-neurotensin (6 pmol X kg-1 X min-1) for 20 min significantly increased the number of contractions in the duodenum, from 13.8 +/- 1.1 to 33.2 +/- 3.0 contractions X 5 min-1, and changed the motility pattern in the duodenum to irregular pressure waves similar to those seen after the ingestion of food. The contractile activity (amplitude X number of contractions) in the antrum and duodenum changed significantly from 230 +/- 29 to 148 X 39 and from 288 +/- 21 to 556 X 62 mmHg X 5 min-1, respectively, despite the fact that the baseline pressure gradient was unchanged. The number of antral contractions migrating to the duodenum was significantly reduced from 3.3 +/- 0.4 to 0.1 +/- 0.1 contractions X 5 min-1 and their velocity was also significantly decreased, from 18.2 +/- 1.7 to 11.1 +/- 1.7 mm X sec-1. The concentration of p NTLI rose from 39 +/- 11 pM to a maximum of 150 +/- 14 pM at 20 min; these latter levels are within the range found after a fatty meal. Thus, (Gln4)-neurotensin changes antroduodenal motility to a pattern seen after a meal. This suggests that neurotensin, or a neurotensin metabolite, may carry the information to the antroduodenal area to decrease the rate of gastric emptying after a fatty meal. PMID- 6637542 TI - Studies on the mechanisms by which (Gln4)-neurotensin reduces lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in man. AB - The mechanisms behind the reduction of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure by (Gln4)-neurotensin were investigated in 17 healthy volunteers. LES pressure was measured with a continuous pull-through technique. Intravenous infusion of (Gln4)-neurotensin (6, 12 or 18 pmol X kg-1 X min-1) caused a significant, prompt and dose-related fall in LES pressure from a mean basal value of 35.2 +/- 3.4 mmHg to 29.2 +/- 3.0, 27.3 +/- 3.5 and 25.9 +/- 2.7 mmHg, respectively. Atropine (1 mg) administered as a single i.v. bolus injection did not change the mean pressure significantly. After atropine, the LES pressure response to 12 pmol X kg 1 X min-1 of (Gln4)-neurotensin was abolished. The increase in LES pressure following a bolus injection of pentagastrin (0.6 microgram X kg-1) was not inhibited by 12 pmol X kg-1 X min-1 of (Gln4)-neurotensin. The concentration of plasma neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (p-NTLI) in all experiments was lower than, or in the same order of magnitude as, that obtained postprandially. Thus, the data indicate that reduction of LES pressure by neurotensin may occur postprandially and that this effect seems to involve a cholinergic nervous pathway, rather than being due to a direct myogenic action. PMID- 6637543 TI - Membrane potential oscillations in enzymatically isolated rat myocardial cells. AB - Enzymatical isolation was used for preparation of single myocardial cells, contractions of which were mainly of slow phasic type but normal fast contractions also occurred. Membrane potential (MP) changes of these cells were measured by conventional microelectrode techniques. Initial MP level of these cells varied between -60 to -90 mV (74.4 +/- 1.9). In the majority of the cells the MP rapidly dropped to -20 to -40 mV and continued to decline while oscillating. In some cells MP recovered from -20 to -40 back to a more negative potential, and the MP oscillation was strongest (up to 20 mV) between -30 to -50 mV. In about 3% of the impalements the MPs did not degenerate at all, but stayed at initial values for several minutes. The MP oscillations were dependent on the MP level and connected to the slow phasic contractions. In connection to the normal fast contractions, two types of action potentials (AP) could be registered. Near -50 mV the cells often generated slow APs of duration 200-400 ms and dV/dt less than 3 V/s but at higher MP level normal fast APs up to 120 mV (100-300 ms and dV/dt greater than 40 V/s) were generated. The slow phasic contractions were never connected to either type of AP. PMID- 6637544 TI - Arterial pressure-blood flow relations during limb elevation in man. AB - The effect of local arterial hypotension upon blood flow was studied in 13 healthy humans. Blood flow was measured by the local 133Xe washout technique in the calf or foot region. Changes in arterial pressure was achieved by elevation of the leg above heart level, while the subject rested in supine position. In papaverine-infiltrated subcutaneous tissue, local arterial pressure and blood flow was linearly related. In subcutaneous and skeletal muscle tissue with normal vasomotor tone, blood flow remained constant during a decrease in regional arterial pressure of 30 mmHg--autoregulation of blood flow. Blood flow ceased in vasoparalysed tissue as well as in tissue with normal vasomotor tone, when the local diastolic arterial pressure was reduced to zero. The elevated foot showed signs of vascular ischaemia during these conditions. When the vessels in the ischaemic foot were distended by inflating a femur cuff to a pressure level above the diastolic blood pressure beneath the cuff, the colour of the foot changed into bluish-red and a substantial blood flow was recorded. It is concluded, that the arteries-arterioles seemed to be collapsed with blood flow cessation, when the diastolic portion of a pulsatile inflow pressure was reduced to zero. Vascular distension seemed to reopen the arterial-arteriolar collapse, and during these conditions the vascular bed offered only little resistance to the systolic peak injection. PMID- 6637545 TI - Local cerebral blood flow in the rat brain during hypercapnia and hypoxia. PMID- 6637546 TI - Excitation of perigeniculate neurones from X and Y principal cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. PMID- 6637547 TI - [Semiology and nosology]. AB - While distinguishing three successive steps in the making of a diagnosis, the authors point out the premises of modern semiology. They refer to the work of K. Schneider (pragmatic approach), Jaspers, Bleuler and Janzarik (approach based on theoretical concepts), Kasanin and finally Langfeldt (empirical approach). Current approaches of semiology try to define diagnostic criteria. In that line of thinking, the school of Vienna, while establishing the insufficiency of all systems, proposes the adoption of a polydiagnostic approach that would eventually define consistent semiologies that refer with certainty to real nosological entities. PMID- 6637548 TI - [Towards gardening technology]. AB - Although Western civilization can claim to have contributed by certain elements to the general progress of humanity, the radical dualism which it has proposed between matter and spirit, body and soul, heart and intelligence, art and science, is greatly responsible (together with exploitation principle in which it participates) for the deadly troubles that assail our planet. Only by reconsidering traditional concepts and practices of a warmer, more "natural" type, only by the projection of new technological achievements in their light can the hope of seeing a true culture arise that is capable of coping with the facts and problems of today be warranted. PMID- 6637549 TI - [Handwriting expression of 2 major neuroses: hysteria and obsessive disorder]. AB - In psychopathology, an interesting approach consists of observing the essential characteristics of already recorded entities. Very few works have been devoted to the rapport existing between graphological productions, personality structure and mental illness. This work concerns the handwritings observed in hysteric patients, diagnosed as such after taking into account case history and clinical interview. Our aim is to show the essential points which characterize this particular pathological structure. The stable features of hysteria are verified in graphic items. From, movement and ordonnance of such handwritings serve as useful aides in identifying the stages of maturation of the Ego. The graphological expressions observed in patients presenting with obsessional neurosis significantly contrast, however, with those encountered in the preceding personality structure (Hy). A comparison of these two different series demonstrate the utility of this work in clinical psychiatry. PMID- 6637550 TI - [Pharmaceutic research]. PMID- 6637551 TI - [Markers of stress states of an affective nature]. AB - Measurements of the urinary loss of adrenaline and noradrenaline and of cortisol in a competitor of the Paris-Colmar march permits to draw some conclusions concerning the hypothalamic condition of the said competitor during the race. It concerns a total stimulation, the determining factors of which, as seen from the differences between the various phases of competition, remain uncertain. The limitations which such an analysis is bound to have in the given circumstances are clearly shown. PMID- 6637552 TI - [Psychosocial influences in the precipitation of schizophrenia. A study using the AMPD (Association for Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry) system]. AB - A group of 49 schizophrenic was compared to 40 non schizophrenic controls to verify the incidence of psychosocial factors and life events (in the 22 items and anamnestic cards of the AMDP) on the onset of mental dysfunction. Regardless of the period (less than 3 months, from 3 months to a year, more than one year before the disorder), couple, family problems, psychic and somatic stress and physical problems are significantly more frequent in control subjects than in schizophrenics. PMID- 6637553 TI - [Alexithymia. A new syndrome?]. AB - The concept of alexithymia introduced by Sifneos is analyzed in relationship to its symptomatology. Its nosographic significance in the framework of character disorders is discussed. The distinction between psychosomatic manifestations and alexithymic behavior must be maintained as their causal relationship put to further questioning. Fiable methods of measurement of alexithymia must be developed so as to give the concept more operational value in the prognosis and treatment of psychosomatic disorders. PMID- 6637554 TI - Castration complex. Evidence from men operated for hypospadias. AB - Thirty-three adult hypospadiacs and 36 matched controls were investigated by means of Rorschach's test, in a double-blind design. From psychoanalytic theory predictions were made about the effects of the influences of the genital malformation and its treatment on the psychological adjustment. The hypospadiacs differed significantly from the controls as predicted. They exhibited more neurotic constriction with less ego-strength and less utilization of resources. Their anxiety and hostility levels were judged higher and they showed less self esteem and activity as well as less capacity for interpersonal relations. The results are compatible with psychoanalytic theory on the role of castration anxiety in the neurosis formation. The need for psychotherapeutic support for these boys and their parents is stressed. PMID- 6637555 TI - Subtypes of aggressive conduct disorder. AB - The subjects were 46 boys with aggressive conduct disorder who were admitted to a psychiatric ward. We divided them according to level of activity and number of antisocial "symptoms"; then compared the resulting groups on clinical and social variables. Seventy-four per cent of the boys were observed to be hyperactive. Compared to those with a normal level of activity, this group developed their problems earlier, had more frequent speech and language deficits and came from more disrupted homes. Thirty boys were classed as antisocial and 16 as not. The former differed from the latter chiefly in their failure to respond to treatment. At follow-up significantly more non-antisocial boys were improved than antisocial. The results suggest that antisocial behavior affects outcome, while the variations in activity level are related to different origins of the disorder. PMID- 6637556 TI - The burden of mental illness on the family. Results of observations in four developing countries. A report from the WHO Collaborative Study on Strategies for Extending Mental Health Care. AB - As part of the WHO Collaborative Study on Strategies for Extending Mental Health Care 259 families in four developing countries (Colombia, India, Sudan and the Philippines) were screened with regard to the social burden caused by mental illness of one of its members. Levels of subsistence, previous illness, financial burden, personal relations and social acceptance were studied. The social burden was greatest in the urban areas. PMID- 6637557 TI - Personality changes in the aged. A transectional and longitudinal study with the Eysenck Personality Inventory. AB - As part of a comprehensive epidemiological study in the elderly the Eysenck Personality Inventory was administered to 70-, 75- and 79-year-old samples. Extraversion and Lie scores were approximately normally distributed whereas Neuroticism was positively skewed. There was a negative correlation between Lie scale and Neuroticism. Norms for EPI scores in 70-year-olds are presented. Transectional comparisons with 50-year-old samples showed that in 70-year-olds Extraversion was lower in both sexes, Neuroticism was higher in females, and Lie scores were higher in both sexes. Between 70 and 79 years of age Neuroticism scores were progressively lower for males, which may be explained by selective mortality. Females scored significantly higher than males on Neuroticism in all four age groups. Subjects with lower intelligence scored higher on Extraversion and Neuroticism than subjects with higher intelligence. Subjects with mild moderate dementias and with neurotic conditions scored higher on Neuroticism than subjects with no diagnosis. There were also some differences associated with subjective age, sexual activity and survival, indicating that subjects who were more vital in these respects scored higher on Extraversion and lower on Neuroticism. PMID- 6637559 TI - The Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale in patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and multiinfarct dementia. AB - Eighteen patients with the clinical diagnosis dementia of Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT) and 20 patients with the clinical diagnosis multiinfarct dementia (MID) were interviewed using a subscale to the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), consisting of items measuring psychopathological symptoms and signs commonly seen in patients with dementia. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate whether a difference in psychopathology between AD/SDAT and MID could be observed during a semistructured psychiatric interview using the CPRS. In both groups the duration of illness was similar and the dementia mild to moderate. All patients were subjected to somatic, psychiatric, laboratory, neurophysiologic and neuroradiologic examinations in order to obtain the correct clinical diagnoses. The results show that patients with AD/SDAT have a more variable psychopathology than patients with MID. Patients with MID were rated lower on all items used, especially those concerning verbal and personal contact. This might explain the generally accepted opinion that patients with MID have better contact with their surroundings and better preservation of their personality, even though they have the same degree of dementia as patients with AD/SDAT. PMID- 6637558 TI - Offspring of women with nonorganic psychoses. Development of a longitudinal study of children at high risk. AB - This article describes the development of a prospective, longitudinal study of 88 "high-risk" offspring of pregnant index women with a history of nonorganic psychoses and 104 offspring of demographically-similar pregnant control women. The maternal psychoses represented the diagnostic categories, Schizophrenia, Cycloid Psychosis, Affective Illness, Psychogenic Psychosis, Postpartum Psychosis and Other (remaining) Psychoses. The first phase of the study began during pregnancy and continued until the offspring reached 2 years of age. Selected characteristics of the mothers, the offspring and their environments were investigated during this project phase. PMID- 6637561 TI - Criterion movements in motor short-term memory experiments. PMID- 6637560 TI - Validity of the ICD-9 schizophrenia classification. A blind family history study. AB - Within the framework of the multifactorial-polygenic model of inheritance, multiple threshold strategy was applied to a large set of pedigree data to examine the clinico-genetical position of some subtypes within the ICD-9 classification of schizophrenic psychoses. It appeared highly probable that the ICD-9 subtypes examined, based mainly on the classical Kraepelin-Bleulerian classification (simplex, hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid, schizo-affective) are not homogeneous from the clinico-genetical point of view and genetical factors cannot be held primarily responsible for the clinical differences between the subtypes. PMID- 6637562 TI - Electrodermal orienting responses to verbal and geometrical visual stimuli projected to the left or right retinal half-fields: sex differences. PMID- 6637563 TI - Psychology cannot blame its theoretical mistakes on physics. PMID- 6637564 TI - A rose is a rose is a rose: minimalism in perception. PMID- 6637565 TI - Some perspectives on the way that psychologists use 'ecological physics'. PMID- 6637566 TI - Clustered breast calcifications. AB - In a consecutive series, clustered breast calcifications were classified according to their radiographic appearance. Rounded and 'cloudy' calcifications, and calcifications showing sedimentation were virtually always associated with benign disorders. All other types of clustered calcifications implied a substantial risk of carcinoma. Furthermore, calcifications appearing or increasing during an observation period (median 24 months) implied a larger risk than those remaining unchanged. Guidelines for the management of patients with clustered breast calcifications are given. PMID- 6637567 TI - Radiologic and clinical evaluation of Harrington instrumentation in the injured dorsolumbar spine. AB - Conventional radiography and CT examination of the dorsolumbar spine were performed in 9 cases of vertebral fractures before and after Harrington instrumentation. The findings were correlated with neurologic symptoms and signs and the role of a commonly observed retropulsed vertebral body fragment in the development of compression symptoms of the spinal cord or cauda equina is discussed. PMID- 6637568 TI - Measurement of regional changes in myocardial perfusion using dynamic computed tomography and contrast medium. AB - Changes in regional myocardial perfusion were measured using rapid sequence dynamic transmission tomography to detect differences in the initial distribution of contrast medium injected as an intravenous bolus. The experiments were carried out on 8 mongrel dogs instrumented with flow probes and vascular occluders around the coronary arteries. Flow reductions of 50 per cent or more were detected as regions of myocardium with less contrast enhancement than those with normal perfusion. Reactive hyperemia induced by transient ischemia was detected as areas of relatively increased contrast enhancement. These changes could be demonstrated on the images and quantitated using data depicting changes in HU (Hounsfield units) with time to develop an index of perfusion. The images obtained were of satisfactory quality and differences between the underperfused and normal myocardium were made more prominent by using dipyridamole infusions. PMID- 6637569 TI - Radiation exposure and estimate of late effects of chest roentgen examination in children. AB - The energy imparted and the radiation dose to the lungs, the breasts, the thyroid and to the bone marrow at chest radiography of infants and children were measured or calculated and the risk of inducing future malignant diseases was estimated. The radiation doses to the various organs corresponded to 5 to 30 per cent of the yearly background radiation. In infants of both sexes as well as for boys at a later age, radiation-induced leukemia and thyroid carcinoma constituted the greatest risk of future malignancies. After infancy, girls were more exposed to the risk of future breast carcinoma. On the whole, the risk of developing breast carcinoma constitutes a greater problem than does, for example, the risk of leukemia. Reversing the beam direction from postero-anterior to anteroposterior increases this risk while the risk of leukemia will remain unchanged. PMID- 6637570 TI - Size of normal retroperitoneal lymph nodes. AB - The CT diagnosis of diseases in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes is based mainly on an evaluation of the size of the nodes in the transverse plane. Opinions on the normal size of the nodes vary, however. With the aim of obtaining a normal material, the diameters of the lymph nodes were measured on lymphograms that had been considered to be normal, from 95 patients. The upper limit for the diameter is not the same for all lymph nodes, but varies with the position of the node in the para-aortic chains, ranging from 7 to 15 mm, with increasing diameters in the caudal direction. PMID- 6637571 TI - Lymphography in retroperitoneal metastases in non-seminoma testicular tumor patients with a normal CT scan. AB - Lymphography was performed in 69 patients with a non-seminomatous testicular tumor and a normal CT scan. Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and microscopy were carried out in all patients and revealed metastases in 28, only 4 of whom had a positive lymphogram. PMID- 6637572 TI - Experimental evaluation of a new instrument for transcatheter electrocoagulation. AB - A new coaxial electrode catheter design has been tested in 19 renal arteries of pigs with excellent results, i.e. 100 per cent thrombosis. One vessel ruptured. The electrode (anode) is situated on a thin inner catheter and after electrolysis it is pulled back into a shielding outer catheter. This should reduce downstream embolization. Usual currents have been 8 to 10 mA at 10 V and doses of 16 to 36 C have been used depending on the size of the artery. In the single case of rupture of the vessel a current of 20 mA was used. The method appears to be ready for clinical testing. PMID- 6637573 TI - Intrarenal backflow and renal perfusion during increased intrapelvic pressure in excised porcine kidneys. AB - The effect of increased intrapelvic pressure on renal perfusion was examined by simple magnified angiography of freshly excised artificially perfused kidneys of adult Danish Landrace pigs. In all kidneys control angiography was performed at normal intrapelvic pressure (0-5 mmHg). Intrapelvic pressure was raised by retrograde ureteral perfusion of saline in 9 kidneys. Repeat angiography was performed at an intrapelvic pressure of 30-35 mmHg (4 kidneys), 50-55 mmHg (5 kidneys) or 0-5 mmHg (4 kidneys). Angiography demonstrated a delay in arterial filling in kidneys with increased intrapelvic pressure. Perfusate flow measurements showed a corresponding fall in perfusion flow. Retrograde ureteral perfusion was repeated at similar pressures using contrast medium. Intrarenal backflow (IRB) was demonstrated in all 9 kidneys with elevated intrapelvic pressure. IRB localized to 84 per cent of the compound papillae and to 40 per cent of the simple papillae, and was independent of the level of elevated intrapelvic pressure. One-third of the papillae with IRB had absent or markedly decreased arterial filling in the corresponding lobe at angiography. A third retrograde ureteral perfusion was done with a mixture of barium sulphate and gelatin in 4 kidneys. Light microscopy demonstrated that the primary pathway for IRB was canalicular. The contrast medium entered the interstice by three routes: (1) Tubular leakage in the papilla and the corticomedullary region, (2) tears originating in the papilla itself and (3) tears in the calyceal fornix with extension into the parenchyma. PMID- 6637574 TI - Iohexol compared with metrizoate in urography. AB - Urography was performed in 20 patients using the new non-ionic contrast medium iohexol (Omnipaque) and in 22 patients using the conventional ionic medium metrizoate (Isopaque) in a randomized, double blind comparison. Iohexol caused significantly less subjective reactions and less tachycardia than metrizoate. No significant difference between the contrast media was observed regarding the influence on blood pressure, hematologic parameters, or clinical chemical parameters in blood and urine. Urographic films of similar and high quality were obtained with both contrast media. PMID- 6637575 TI - A roentgen stereophotogrammetric system. Construction, calibration and technical accuracy. AB - The principles for a system of roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis for experimental and clinical applications are presented. Only the positions of implanted reference markers in the investigated object are measured. Tantalum balls, 0.5 or 0.8 mm in diameter, are used as reference markers. Standard roentgen equipment, permitting simultaneous exposure from two roentgen tubes, is employed. The calibration equipment, a glass calibration cage containing radiopaque markers, introduces a rectangular laboratory coordinate system in the roentgen investigation. The calibration of the calibration equipment itself and the obtained methodologic accuracy in determining distances, volumes and movement parameters is described for various film/screen and marker combinations. PMID- 6637576 TI - [Mortality in women of reproductive age due to diseases of the circulatory system caused by the use of oral contraceptives in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 6637577 TI - Hemostatic changes in patients with thyroid gland tumors. PMID- 6637578 TI - Computed tomography of neonatal intracranial lesions. PMID- 6637579 TI - [Penetration of ethmoidal cells into the neighboring bones]. PMID- 6637580 TI - [Risk factors as parameters in the prognosis of ischemic cerebrovascular insult]. PMID- 6637581 TI - Dermatoglyphics in cleft lip and palate--analysis of quantitative traits. PMID- 6637582 TI - De novo terminal deletion del(3) (p25 leads to pter). PMID- 6637583 TI - Nuclear medicine. PMID- 6637584 TI - [Hypertensive crises--therapeutic experience with a calcium antagonist]. PMID- 6637585 TI - Decreased fibrinolytic activity in Behcet's syndrome. PMID- 6637586 TI - Closed versus open, single-layered, anastomosis--a review of 35 esophageal and 113 large bowel cases. PMID- 6637588 TI - Cerebral abscess and hereditary telangiectasia--report of a case. PMID- 6637587 TI - [Tumoral form of schistosomiasis mansoni involving the small intestine. A report of 3 cases in children]. PMID- 6637589 TI - Effects of varying periods of immobilization of a limb on the morphology of a peripheral nerve. AB - Immobilization of a hind limb of the cat in the resting position was found to result in morphological changes in the nerve supplying the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. A reduction in the diameter of the larger myelinated fibres (greater than 12 micrometers) concomitant with a reduction in the mean fibre diameter of the nerve were observed. This reduction in the mean fibre diameter of the nerve was found to be directly proportional to the period of immobilization. Prolonged immobilization beyond 8 weeks, resulted in the splitting of the myelin lamellae, formation of myelin rings and figures in some of the larger axons in addition to an abundant increase in collagen. These structural changes indicate a definite neural involvement in the disuse atrophy of the muscle as a result of immobilization extending for a period of 8 weeks and above. PMID- 6637590 TI - Biomechanical considerations in the modeling of muscle function. AB - The instantaneous functional role of a voluntary muscle in the neighborhood of a joint is often described in clinical terms (e.g. flexor; abductor; external rotator; agonist; contracting concentrically and isokinetically) that seen sufficiently explicit and clear in certain simple situations, but have not yet been carefully defined in precise biomechanical terminology for the general case. In order to describe the functional role of a voluntary muscle as its acts to change and/or maintain the configuration of a joint, it is necessary to make certain modeling assumptions. These include modeling the joint, modeling the muscle force line of action in the joint neighborhood, and establishing the location and orientation of the three joint axes for all possible joint configurations. Modeling the joint as a point leads to simple and sensible definitions which are consistent with clinical practice. The straight line model is most conveniently used to establish the muscle force line of action. A RHO coordinate system embedded in the distal joint segment with origin at the joint center point, and with intersecting axes coincident with the F/E, A/A and I/XR axes when the joint is in the anatomical position, is the joint coordinate system of choice to describe the turning effects of the muscle about the joint. Sensible and simple biomechanical definitions for clinical terms describing muscular contractions (i.e. concentric; eccentric; isometric; isokinetic; isotonic) were presented and appear to be relatively uncontroversial. Alternative biomechanical definitions for agonistic and antagonistic muscular activity were also presented, as were arguments for choosing a simple definition based on using the joint resultant moment as the criterion measure relative to which the individual muscle's moment about J should be compared. Biomechanical definitions for determining when a muscle functions as a joint flexor or extensor, abductor or adductor, and internal or external rotator were also presented. These definitions were based on the classical concept where the muscle's instantaneous turning effect is determined by its moment about the joint center. The algebraic signs and relative magnitudes of the components of the muscle's moment about J were used to determine not only the functional behavior of the muscle (e.g. flexor vs. extensor), but also the relative contributions of the muscle to producing rotations about the three joint axes through J. A detailed critique of the restricted functional classification scheme proposed by Molbech and Carlsoo was also presented.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6637591 TI - An extra atrioventricular node in an anomalous heart of a calf. AB - An extra atrioventricular node in a double outlet ventricle with a quite normal inflow septum in a calf is described. The anomaly resembles the topography of the conducting system in the calf heart in the embryonic stages from 13.5 mm-90 mm. PMID- 6637592 TI - [Evolution toward the essential]. PMID- 6637593 TI - [Psychiatric disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6637594 TI - [Mini-inventory of anankastic personality traits]. PMID- 6637595 TI - [Life event research in the context of the AMPD system (Association of Methodology and Documentation in Psychiatry)]. PMID- 6637596 TI - [Compliance with the prescription in patients with depressive disorders]. PMID- 6637597 TI - Anorexic and analgesic actions of THIP. PMID- 6637598 TI - Binding of taurine to brain synaptic membranes. AB - An account is given of our endeavours to demonstrate sodium-independent and dependent taurine binding to brain synaptic membranes. The total and specific sodium-dependent binding and the total sodium-independent binding were fairly easily amenable to characterization, but the disclosure of specific sodium independent binding succeeded only after repeated freezing and thawing, thorough buffer washes and two Triton X-100 treatments of the membranes. The sodium independent binding capacity for taurine was rather small and only one type of relatively low-affinity binding site was revealed. PMID- 6637599 TI - Solubilization of brain dopamine receptors. PMID- 6637600 TI - Discrimination of heterogeneous serotonin receptors by indolealkylamines. PMID- 6637601 TI - The distribution of serotonin binding sites: a comparison of 3H-serotonin binding in membrane preparations of rat gut and rat brain. PMID- 6637602 TI - Quantitative receptor autoradiography: application to the study of multiple serotonin receptors in rat cortex. PMID- 6637603 TI - Specific binding of radiolabelled antidepressants to brain astroglial cells. PMID- 6637604 TI - Oxygen transport to tissue--IV. PMID- 6637605 TI - Quantitative analysis of reflection spectra on the perfused brain in different states of oxygen supply. PMID- 6637606 TI - Correlation of brain NADH redox state, K+, PO2 and electrical activity during hypoxia, ischemia and spreading depression. PMID- 6637607 TI - Multisite measurements of NADH redox state from cerebral cortex of the awake animal. PMID- 6637608 TI - Dynamics of cerebrovascular responses to oxygen. PMID- 6637609 TI - Cerebrovascular responses to oxygen during barbiturate anesthesia. PMID- 6637610 TI - Hypoxia and the radiation response of tumors. AB - The effect of hypoxia on the in vivo radiation response of tumors is demonstrated both for the measurement of cell survival and growth delay following treatment. Results using these endpoints for the KHT Sarcoma are then presented to demonstrate the effect of various parameters which are expected to control tumor oxygenation: blood flow, blood pO2, blood oxygen carrying capacity and tissue consumption of oxygen. Intrinsic blood flow does not correlate with the level of hypoxia in the tumor, but acute reductions in blood flow do result in decreases in tumor oxygenation. Changing the blood PaO2 or the oxygen carrying capacity change the level of hypoxia as predicted, but only certain aspects have been studied. The intricate feedback mechanism which controls normal tissue oxygenation and compensates for any deficiencies cannot be assumed to work effectively in tumors. PMID- 6637611 TI - Local PO2 and unit activity measured with an oxygen microelectrode from the gerbil cerebral cortex during seizure and EEG suppression. PMID- 6637612 TI - Vascular wall PO2 following carbon monoxide exposure. PMID- 6637614 TI - Delayed recovery following hypothermic arrest in rabbit myocardium. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between the duration of myocardial ischemia at 15 degrees C and the time required for the myocardium to recover maximum contractile function following the ischemia. The isolated blood perfused rabbit heart was used as a model of myocardial ischemia. Hearts from 22 New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups. In Group I seven hearts were subjected to 15 minutes of ischemia at 15 degrees C. In Group II five hearts were subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia at 15 degrees C. In Group III and IV the ischemia time was extended to 60 and 120 minutes, respectively. Following the ischemia each heart was reperfused at normothermia and papillary muscle contractility was measured and used as an index of myocardial recovery. Hearts in Group I recovered their maximum contractile function after an average of 22.5 minutes. Those in Groups II, III, and IV were fully recovered after 31.7, 38.2, and 45.5 minutes, respectively. The study indicates that the time required for the maximum recovery of myocardial contractility following myocardial ischemia increases at a decreasing rate with an increase in the duration of the ischemia at 15 degrees C. PMID- 6637613 TI - Evidence for the blood oxygen boundary layer pO2 gradient (delta pO2) as a significant determinant of intimal (PW) and lowest medial pO2 (p delta n) in the vivo dog femoral artery. PMID- 6637615 TI - The effect of hypoxic and histotoxic hypoxia on contractility and blood flow of the langendorff guinea pig heart preparation. PMID- 6637616 TI - Concomitant reduction in uterine blood flow and intrauterine oxygen tension in the rat following nicotine administration. PMID- 6637617 TI - Capillary supply and utilization of intracellular oxygen in the left ventricular myocardium from rats adapted to high altitude. PMID- 6637618 TI - The Krogh cylinder geometry is not appropriate for modelling O2 transport in contracted skeletal muscle. PMID- 6637619 TI - 31P NMR spectroscopy of brain and heart. AB - 31P NMR technique was applied to monitor changes in the energy metabolism of the brain and heart of unanesthetized cats during shock, stroke, hypoxia and increased functional activity. The results show that in these tissues content of inorganic phosphate, sugar phosphates, phosphocreatine and of ATP can be measured decently in awake animals. At the same time this technique has the great advantage over the disruptive biochemical methods that it gives a semi-continuous reading and it is non-invasive. Our findings are summarized as follows: Hemorrhagic shock resulted in an irreversible deterioration of the energy state of the brain. Our stroke model led to a very marked increase in Pi and a decrease CP in the brain but these changes were reversible. The ATP levels of the brain as it was indicated by 31p NMR spectra were not affected by hemorrhagic shock and stroke which can be attributed probably by the reduced rate of ATP consumption. The verification of this hypothesis needs further work. During increased mechanical performance the levels of SP, and Pi increased, ATP decreased, while CP was not influenced in the heart. PMID- 6637620 TI - Phosphorus NMR spectroscopy of cat biceps and soleus muscles. AB - It is clear that the combination of 31P NMR studies of muscle and of other organs with biochemical and physiological measurements is an extremely powerful method for studying cellular energetics. We have presented examples of our on-going experiments. Well defined and stable in vitro preparations of mammalian fast twitch (cat biceps) and slow-twitch (cat soleus) muscles are developed. Erythrocyte-containing perfusate is needed for adequate oxygenation during stimulation. It is not clear why fluorocarbon suspensions are inadequate. Inorganic phosphate levels in the fast-twitch biceps as determined from NRM spectra are close to lmM, that is very much lower than the value (6 mM) derived from chemical measurements of muscle extracts. A similar discrepancy in the slow twitch soleus cannot yet be established; if it exists, the discrepancy is small. From the metabolite contents, the free energy available from ATP splitting is similar in both muscle types: -63 kJ/mole in biceps and -57 kJ/mole in soleus. Kinetic NMR measurements indicate the creatine phosphokinase reaction is at equilibrium, and in biceps the unidirectional fluxes are 5 mumole per gram per sec. Transient alkalinization of intracellular pH during stimulation periods and acidification during recovery periods are clearly seen. In the biceps the alkalinization is much smaller than in soleus, and suggests a greater buffer capacity in fast-twitch muscles. Both muscles recovery from prolonged ischemic periods upon reperfusion, although the recovery rate is very much slower than that from 10-20 min periods of stimulation in which similar decreases of PCr and increases of Pi occur. The pattern of recovery is however quite similar. Perfused muscles may be a useful model for studying ischemia, anoxia and hypoxia and are useful preparations for a wide variety of metabolic and energetic studies of fast twitch and slow-twitch mammalian skeletal muscles. PMID- 6637621 TI - Lactate production in a pure red muscle in absence of anoxia: mechanisms and significance. AB - Neither lactate accumulation in nor lactate release from muscle tissue can be used as evidence of anoxic tissue. We propose that the principal function of the lactate accumulation in tissue is to buffer cytosolic NADH levels and promote AEROBIC ATP production. This aerobic function of lactate metabolism should increase efficiency and extend the range of muscle performance. PMID- 6637622 TI - Cyanide insensitive respiration in mammalian cells: an artifact of mycoplasmal contamination. AB - Oxygen consumption by mammalian cells occurs primarily in the mitochondria although alternate oxidation pathways are also present. The resistance (often high) of these alternate pathways to metabolic inhibitors like CN- determine the residual oxygen consumption in the presence of the inhibitor. In many plant cells and micro-organisms the cyanide insensitive pathway can account for an appreciable fraction of the total oxygen consumption. We were studying oxidation by electron-affinic drugs in nonmitochondrial pathways and were surprised to find some mammalian cell lines having 10% - 90% residual oxygen consumption in the presence of 1 mM CN-. This oxygen consumption was associated with mycoplasmal contaminants (Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma arginini) and disappeared after treatment with appropriate antibiotics. The rate of CN- insensitive oxygen consumption was dependent on the mammalian cell concentration suggesting that the organisms were oxidizing a product of the mammalian cells. In one species (Mycoplasma hyorhinis) lactate may be the oxidative substrate. Mycoplasmas are known to cause a large number of metabolic alterations in their mammalian cell hosts (Stanbridge et al, 1978) sometimes indirectly due to the metabolism of microorganisms themselves, and sometimes directly due to interference with the normal metabolism of the mammalian cells. It is also known that the respiratory pathways of mycoplasmas are vastly different from those of mammalian cells, (Van Demark and Smith, 1964; see Pollack, 1980 for review) and one might expect alterations of the overall respiratory patterns between infected and non-infected mammalian cell-cultures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637623 TI - Factors influencing the oxygen consumption and radiation response of cultured mammalian cells. PMID- 6637624 TI - Oxygen multistep immunostimulation - a new concept for improving the immune state in cancer patients. PMID- 6637625 TI - Maternal and fetal tissue PO2 in the pregnant ewe measured with galvanic PO2 electrodes. AB - Galvanic PO2 electrodes housed in an acrylic disc 1 cm. in diameter have been implanted in maternal and fetal tissues in the pregnant ewe at 109 to 140 days gestation. Of the 102 electrodes implanted, 52% maintained reasonably acceptable calibration values when recovered from the tissues after implantation periods ranging from one to 73 days. Basal tissue PO2 values were generally less than 10 mmHg in the fetus. Physiologic fluctuations (decreases) in fetal tissue PO2 observed at regular intervals during the last one-third of gestation, coincided with a decrease in maternal uterine PO2 and an increase in amniotic fluid pressure and were attributed to uterine contractions. PMID- 6637626 TI - Interrelationship between PO2, morphology and perfusion in rat mammary adenocarcinoma (AD) using combined in vivo microcathode/India ink injection/freeze substitution techniques. PMID- 6637627 TI - Relationship between size and oxygenation status of malignant tumors. AB - Analyzing the oxygenation status of tumors by means of the oxyhemoglobin saturation of single red blood cells within microvessels, there is clear evidence that tissue hypoxia and anoxia are inherent features during advanced stages of malignant growth. This is a consequence of distinct deteriorations of the convective and diffusive O2 transport with increasing tumor size leading to an O2 depletion in peripheral tissue layers around nutritive blood vessels. These alterations are combined with inhomogeneities of the oxygen distribution, both spatial and temporal. With enlarging tumor mass, the heterogeneities of the O2 supply distinctly intensify. Although in vitro experiments utilizing multicell spheroids failed to show very low oxygen tensions in necrotic regions, it is still proposed that chronic oxygen depletion is a paramount factor for the induction of necrosis in solid tumors under "physiological" in situ conditions. PMID- 6637628 TI - Characterization of oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curves using nonlinear regression of the Hill equation: parameter values for normal human adults. AB - Measurements of oxygen concentration versus PO2 in blood from 33 normal adults were fitted, using a special nonlinear regression analysis, to the Hill equation to obtain the parameters describing the position (P50) and shape (n) of each oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve (OHEC). Data between 20% and 97% saturation were described well by this empirical two-parameter model. The mean (+/- SD) P50 and n were found to be 26.2 (+/- 0.8) torr and 2.50 (+/- 0.07), respectively, in good agreement with previously published values. Some normal individuals, however, deviated markedly from the averages indicating that the published values cannot be applied to everyone. PMID- 6637629 TI - Determination of diffusion constants for metabolites in multicell tumor spheroids. PMID- 6637630 TI - Oxygen consumption profiles inside cellular spheroids calculated from Po2 profiles. PMID- 6637631 TI - Mathematical analysis of the influence of different supply conditions on Po2 fields inside cellular spheroids by the aid of finite element method. PMID- 6637632 TI - The use of a peroxidase electrode to measure the effects of nitro compounds on intact cells. PMID- 6637633 TI - Frequency distribution histograms of oxygen tensions in multicell spheroids. AB - Recessed oxygen sensitive microelectrodes have been used to measure oxygen tensions in spheroids from EMT6/Ro mouse mammary carcinoma cells and from V-79 171B hamster lung fibroblasts. During the experiments the spheroids were exposed to conditions similar to those prevailing during growth and previous experiments with radiation and/or drugs. Frequency distribution curves were generated from 386 steady state readings in EMT6 (N = 20) spheroids with diameters ranging from 386 to 1900 micron and from 289 steady state readings in V79 spheroids (N = 20) with diameters between 376 and 1052 micron. Small spheroids exhibit higher pO2 values than spheroids of medium and large size. Oxygen tensions in small and medium size V79 spheroids are lower than in EMT6 spheroids of the equivalent size ranges. The pO2 histograms in large spheroids of both cell types are similar to pO2 frequency distributions in solid tumors. It is concluded that spheroids may represent a valuable model to provide evidence for the way pO2 histograms are influenced by the density of capillaries, by the cellular O2 consumption and by the sampling technique. PMID- 6637634 TI - O2 uptake and release by red cells through plasma layer and capillary wall. PMID- 6637635 TI - Measurements of oxygen transport in single capillaries. PMID- 6637636 TI - Analysis of the interrelationships of non-nutrient blood flow, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, and the ratio of oxygen delivery/oxygen consumption based on a mathematical model of non-nutrient blood flow. AB - A mathematical model for total body non-nutrient blood flow has been presented. This is a gross model that will show effective non-nutrient blood flow. It shows how NNBF can occur in the setting of decreased oxygen delivery. The implications of this model on the interrelationships of oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, the ratio of oxygen delivery/oxygen consumption, and NNBF are discussed. PMID- 6637637 TI - Responses of the "hypoxic resistant" R15 neuron of Aplysia to reduced extracellular oxygen tensions. AB - These results may be interpreted as follows: Calcium entry into R15 is brought about by hypoxia. The amount of intracellular calcium is probably buffered by the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria whose processes of oxidative phosphorylation exchange protons for Ca2 + ions. (12, 13, 14) It is known that calcium entry into molluscan neurons inactivates the Ca2 + current and that potassium conductance is increased by higher levels of intracellular Ca2 +. (8, 9, 10, 26) Therefore, inactivation of the calcium channel through entry explains why the spike amplitude is depressed without affecting the threshold for activation as shown in Table 1. Secondly, an increased potassium conductance resulting from an increase in intracellular Ca2 + accounts for the membrane hyperpolarization. Little effect, then, is seen on the level of intracellular potassium ion activity (aiK +) since the membrane potential becomes more permeable to potassium and hyperpolarizes. Therefore, the value of EK is relatively unchanged during hypoxia; yet the values of the membrane potential (Em) hyperpolarize corresponding to an increase in potassium conductance. In summary, not only is the cyclical bursting pattern of R15 altered by reduced oxygen tensions in the suffusate but also each spike is depressed in amplitude because of an overabundant calcium entry during hypoxia. Presumably, the additional minute amounts of calcium are buffered by uptake into the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, but there may be a significant increase in intracellular calcium enough so that the pump is not sufficient to move calcium externally without the energy resulting from the driving force of the sodium equilibrium potential (ENa).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637638 TI - The theoretical prediction of substrate levels and their histograms in cell free perfused tissues. AB - The development of experimental techniques to study substrate levels in the isolated perfused heart and brain have renewed interest in the mathematical modelling of perfused capillary-tissue structures. We have reconsidered an analytic representation of the Krogh cylinder model for capillary-tissue structures and relate this mathematical model to experimental data through histograms of the oxygen (PO2) distribution. Model histograms are computed for experimental parameters of interest and changes in the histogram associated with changes in model parameters, especially diffusion constants, are demonstrated. PMID- 6637639 TI - Direct measurement of intracellular O2 gradients; role of convection and myoglobin. AB - During steady phasic exercise in a red muscle the entire O2 gradient between capillary and mitochondria occurs as a step over less than 5 m. The magnitude of this step is determined by VO2 and capillary PO2, and is independent of distance from a capillary, or local capillary density. The above cannot be explained by ordinary and/or facilitated diffusion, according to a classical Krogh model. A step gradient can be produced by intracellular convection and Mb, acting in concert. A uniformly low cell PO2 maximizes the trans-capillary O2 gradient, and hence the O2 flux. Since the O2 affinity of Mb is about 50 times less than that cytochrome a, a3, mitochondria can respire maximally at tensions well below the Mb P50. It seems likely that the principal function of Mb during steady, phasic exercise is to compensate for short capillary transit times by accelerating O2 release from Hb. PMID- 6637640 TI - Changes in tissue oxygenation and acidity induced by localized microwave hyperthermia and hematoporphyrin phototherapy, an update. AB - Changes in tumor tissue oxygenation and acidity were determined using ultramicroelectrodes, and presented in histogram fashion. The effect of Hyperthermia and Hpd photo-therapy were tested. It was found that both modalities affect tumor microcirculation, causing a marked drop in oxygen availability. Tissue pH is decreased by Hyperthermia, but not by phototherapy. These effects are long lasting, at least for 24 hours after treatment. PMID- 6637641 TI - Simulation of skin oxygen supply with heat induced hyperemia. PMID- 6637642 TI - Disposable solid state oxygen sensor. PMID- 6637643 TI - Spectrophotometric investigation of pulsatile blood flow for transcutaneous reflectance oximetry. AB - A new method to estimate arterial oxygen saturation is suggested based on the presence of the plethysmographic pulse. A prototype skin reflectance oximeter system utilizing a miniature solid state optical transducer has been constructed. Preliminary data collected from a group of volunteers indicated good quantitative correlation between skin reflectance and arterial oxygen saturation as determined by an earlobe oximeter. We are now investigating the dependency of the measurements on various physiological conditions and skin characteristics in order to determine appropriate calibration procedures. This study has demonstrated for the first time that arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation can be measured quantitatively using transcutaneous reflectance techniques. However, more extensive work is needed to further develop this technique into a viable clinical tool. PMID- 6637644 TI - [Social public health and social pediatric aspects of child and adolescent health protection]. PMID- 6637645 TI - [Spirometric studies of healthy children and adolescents 13 to 18 years of age with regard to biological development]. PMID- 6637646 TI - [School aptitude and school achievements of former premature infants]. PMID- 6637647 TI - [Significance of the study of acid ethanol-labile phosphatases in the urine in developmental and growth disorders of boys]. PMID- 6637648 TI - [Current status of the therapy and prognosis of hemophilia]. PMID- 6637649 TI - [Pedagogic diagnosis of the hearing damaged, learning disordered, (but educable) child]. PMID- 6637650 TI - [Cornelia de Lange syndrome (longitudinal study of a girl over a 15-year period)]. PMID- 6637651 TI - Complications of the forehead-brow lift. AB - The actual and possible sequelae and complications associated with a series of forehead-brow lifts are reviewed. Based on a review of the records of 61 patients who underwent the procedure, we recommend that the forehead-brow lift be primarily intended to correct soft tissue ptosis of the upper face. Because of the significant number of patients who required a revision upper blepharoplasty, this procedure either should not be combined with a brow lift, or the patient should be warned of the probable necessity of a later revision upper blepharoplasty. PMID- 6637652 TI - Treatment of the postoperative inverted nipple with or without asymmetry of the areola. AB - Postoperative inversion of the nipple is a possible complication in reduction mammoplasty, especially when a tendency toward inversion exists prior to surgery. A technique for correction is presented, leaving no more scars than the peri areolar scar corresponding to the nipple transposition. Dermal flaps are used to prevent recurrence. Any asymmetry in the location of the areolas or excessively high position can be corrected simultaneously. PMID- 6637653 TI - Breast reconstruction: a better skin pattern. AB - Breast reconstruction following mastectomy has reached a high level of excellence. An S-shaped skin island on a latisimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is presented. This flap is an aid to better aesthetic balance in breast reconstruction. PMID- 6637654 TI - Technical variations of the McKissock operation for reduction mammoplasty. AB - Presented are various modifications of the McKissock vertical bipedicle dermal flap technique for reduction mammoplasty, to enhance the cosmetic and functional results. Virtual elimination of vascular embarrassment of the nipple-areolar complex and largely unimpaired nipple sensation are features of this technique. Suited to this method are a wide variety of enlarged and ptotic breasts. PMID- 6637655 TI - Surgery for gynecomastia. AB - The surgical treatment for gynecomastia has had variations since 1538, when the first description of the surgical treatment was attributed to Paulus Aegineta. Since then, various incisions on and under the breast have been used. It has also been thought that when gynecomastia is severe, the excess skin should be removed along with the gland and fat. The technique for the correction of gynecomastia presented leaves minimal scar, allows access to the tumoral mass, and requires no skin excision. PMID- 6637656 TI - The devil's incision mammoplasty. AB - Combination of an oblique ellipse with a half-moon incision around the lower half of the areola is presented by the author to treat breast hypotrophy and moderate ptosis without resorting to implant of foreign material. The crescent combined with an oblique ellipse forms a little devil's figure. A deepidermized dermafat flap, with blood supply coming from the areolar area, increases the apparent volume of the breast. This technique is best used in cases of moderate ptosis in which no change in the position of the nipple is necessary. When there is hypertrophy, excess mammary tissue can be removed simultaneously with the cutaneous ellipse. PMID- 6637657 TI - The nasofrontal angle and profile in rhinoplasty: case presentations. AB - Current anthropometric measurements establish the nasofrontal angle. However, it is unwise to establish the lines and equilibrium of volumes of the face within fixed geometrical parameters. Even the data given by various forms of rhinometers do no seem to be suitable since they do not take into account the inclination and curvature of the forehead. The authors thus prefer to study the individual to be treated within a program of harmonization of the three areas of the face, the upper, middle, and lower thirds. The results of treatment utilizing this concept are depicted. PMID- 6637658 TI - S-shaped nasal wings: rhinopteroplasty. Case reports. AB - The authors discuss the S-shaped nasal wing that is responsible for pseudocryptocolumella. Simple excision of a spindle-shaped cutaneous wedge from the lower rim of the nasal wings corrects this imperfection. The cosmetic appearance is satisfactory and the resulting scar scarcely noticeable. PMID- 6637659 TI - Procedures for repair of the cleft lip nose. AB - The cleft lip nose is a combination of various deformities, which should be considered in relation to the shape of the whole face. This paper deals with (1) the characteristics of the cleft lip nose; (2) time of the operation; (3) primary operative procedure; (4) secondary operative procedure; and (5) aesthetic operation for the cleft lip nose. PMID- 6637660 TI - Suggested nomenclature for aesthetic and reconstructive surgery of the breast. Part I: Breast reduction. PMID- 6637661 TI - Proceedings of the 4th European Workshop on Inflammation, Antwerp, Belgium, 15-16 March, 1982. PMID- 6637662 TI - Immunological aspects of inflammation. PMID- 6637663 TI - Receptors for complement components in inflammation. PMID- 6637664 TI - The structural reaction pattern of endothelial cells to injurious stimuli. PMID- 6637665 TI - Microvascular injury during gastric mucosal damage by anti-inflammatory drugs in pigs and rats. PMID- 6637666 TI - [Comparative studies of patients with "dry" and "wet" senile macular degeneration by ophthalmodynamometry]. PMID- 6637667 TI - [Clinical investigation on congenital primary open angle glaucoma in childhood. Part 1: The statistical observation]. PMID- 6637668 TI - [Basophils in allergic conjunctival disorders]. PMID- 6637669 TI - [Pattern ERG--several moot points for clinical application]. PMID- 6637670 TI - [Studies of human tear proteins--investigation of tear sampling methods]. PMID- 6637671 TI - [Analysis of two types of seesaw nystagmus]. PMID- 6637672 TI - [Retinal nerve fiber layer abnormality in the earliest POAG--analysis by contour synthesizer]. PMID- 6637673 TI - [Histopathological studies of chronic experimental optic neuritis]. PMID- 6637674 TI - [Pupillary reflex in leprosy]. PMID- 6637675 TI - [Electron microscopic studies on the effects of aging on retinal small vessels]. PMID- 6637676 TI - [Vitreous fluorophotometry in diabetes with normal fundi]. PMID- 6637677 TI - [Central regional total choroidal vascular atrophy--a case study]. PMID- 6637678 TI - [Membrane structure of corneal epithelium--freeze fracture observations]. PMID- 6637679 TI - 4-Cholesten-3-one-induced lipoid hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex in rats. PMID- 6637680 TI - The effect of the rate of the acetylation on the formation and further development of the silicosis. PMID- 6637681 TI - Maturation in metastatic testicular teratomas presumably induced by chemotherapy and radiation treatment. PMID- 6637682 TI - Symposium on measurement and evaluation of knowledge in medicine with special regard to pathophysiology. Prague, 3rd February 1982. PMID- 6637684 TI - A psychologist's view of knowledge testing and evaluation in the process of education and instruction. PMID- 6637683 TI - Measurement and evaluation as part of the strategy of instruction in pathological physiology. PMID- 6637685 TI - Ascertaining and evaluating the results of education from the viewpoint of the theory of cognitive socialization. PMID- 6637686 TI - School-achievement test - its parameters and efficacy. PMID- 6637687 TI - Selected aspects of evaluation and assessment in postgraduate medical education. PMID- 6637688 TI - Content and form criteria in the construction of tests in pathophysiology for verification and evaluation of undergraduates' knowledge. PMID- 6637689 TI - System of testing and evaluation of knowledge. PMID- 6637690 TI - Experiences with examination of knowledge of general medicine undergraduates at the Pathological Physiology Department of J. E. Purkyne University Medical Faculty Brno. PMID- 6637691 TI - Experience with problem-oriented examination programs in social medicine education. PMID- 6637692 TI - Testing of knowledge used in modular system of teaching and studying medicine; the need for synthetic examinations (experience from Algerian medical faculties). PMID- 6637693 TI - Pretest - a check of preparedness for laboratory exercises. PMID- 6637694 TI - A contribution to the unification of written examination programmes for medical chemistry at medical faculties. PMID- 6637695 TI - Our experience with repeated testing of the students' preparation by means of scanning cards. PMID- 6637696 TI - Requirements on special and general medicine knowledge for the examination of pathological physiology. PMID- 6637697 TI - Contribution to the problem of agreement between required and performed knowledge in teaching pathological physiology. PMID- 6637698 TI - Experience with including the continuous study control to the result of the partial examination. PMID- 6637699 TI - Immunology and the memory of medical students. PMID- 6637700 TI - The signification of verifying and evaluating pathophysiological knowledge in paediatrics. PMID- 6637701 TI - Retention of pathophysiologic knowledge in time of the surgical degree examination. PMID- 6637702 TI - The scope of requirements and methods of verifying knowledge of pathophysiology in qualification examinations for specialization in surgery. PMID- 6637703 TI - Programmed multiple choice tests in anaesthesiology and resuscitation. PMID- 6637704 TI - The importance of the pathophysiological conception of diseases for the formation of the working capacity medical assessment conclusions. PMID- 6637705 TI - Hurdles of general docimology in teaching pathological physiology. PMID- 6637706 TI - Evaluation of knowledge of pathophysiology in students of medicine. PMID- 6637707 TI - Experience with evaluation of knowledge in technical disciplines. PMID- 6637708 TI - Effective utilization of actual advantages of tests in teaching programmes. PMID- 6637709 TI - Problems of teaching of pathological physiology in postgraduate pharmaceutical education. PMID- 6637711 TI - Communication is the key. PMID- 6637710 TI - Niemann-Pick Disease. Report on a symposium held in Hlava's Institute of Pathology, Charles University, Prague 2nd-3rd September, 1982. PMID- 6637712 TI - High school athletic injuries--a coaches' and physicians' dilemma. PMID- 6637713 TI - Two views of professional liability. PMID- 6637714 TI - Colles' fracture. PMID- 6637715 TI - Just Molly and me and baby makes three . . . PMID- 6637716 TI - Payment for physicians' services. Report of the AMA Council on Medical Service Chicago, June 1983. PMID- 6637717 TI - Considerations in selecting and using commercially prepared informal reading inventories with deaf students. PMID- 6637718 TI - Employability of black deaf persons in Washington, D.C.: national implications. PMID- 6637719 TI - Nonverbal intelligence and verbal achievement in deaf adolescents: an examination of heredity and environment. PMID- 6637720 TI - An analysis of selected instructional methods on cardiopulmonary resuscitation retention competency of deaf and non-deaf college students. PMID- 6637721 TI - A money unit for deaf children. PMID- 6637722 TI - Internal speech and deaf children. PMID- 6637723 TI - State certification standards and reciprocity for teachers of the hearing impaired. PMID- 6637724 TI - Computer-driven decision support systems. PMID- 6637725 TI - Better late than never. PMID- 6637726 TI - Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. PMID- 6637727 TI - The oasis syndrome: the physician's need for refuge. PMID- 6637728 TI - Sibling jealousy: the family with a new baby. AB - The family physician who understands the dynamics of sibling jealousy can help parents recognize behaviors that express this developmental stage. Several strategies are available to prepare the older child for the rewarding and maturing experience of a new baby in the family. These techniques apply to the prenatal period, the time of delivery, the homecoming and the period of growing up together. PMID- 6637730 TI - Thorium dioxide. PMID- 6637731 TI - Hearing conservation and occupational exposure to noise. AB - A hearing impairment can have profound psychologic consequences. A major cause of hearing loss is exposure to excessive noise in the workplace. Stricter regulations to protect the hearing of workers became effective this year. A constructive role for the family physician is to educate the patient about the importance of hearing conservation, to reinforce compliance with personal hearing protection measures, and to support appropriate rehabilitative intervention. PMID- 6637729 TI - Real-time ultrasonography in the diagnosis of intussusception. AB - Adult intussusception may be difficult to detect. Clinical findings are variable and standard radiographic studies are not always helpful. In a patient with colocolic intussusception complicating carcinoma, the radiographic examination was normal and the definitive diagnosis was established by real-time ultrasonography alone. This procedure is noninvasive, rapid, painless, inexpensive and devoid of complications or contraindications. PMID- 6637732 TI - Epiglottitis and laryngotracheobronchitis. AB - Epiglottis and laryngotracheobronchitis are potentially life-threatening infections in the pediatric population. Unlike epiglottitis, laryngotracheobronchitis is very common. While both diseases may present with stridor and signs of respiratory obstruction, it is important to distinguish between them because the management strategies differ. Laryngotracheobronchitis usually responds to humidification. Epiglottitis requires an artificial airway and intensive antibiotics. The use of steroids remains controversial. PMID- 6637733 TI - Subclavian steal syndrome. AB - Subclavian steal syndrome is caused by proximal subclavian occlusion with retrograde filling of the subclavian artery via the vertebral artery. This syndrome is characterized by symptoms due to decreased cerebral blood flow and decreased blood flow to the arm and hand. It is twice as common in men as in women. Diagnosis is confirmed with angiography. Medical management is of limited value. Surgery is the treatment of choice for the symptomatic patient. PMID- 6637734 TI - Cosmetic correction of alopecia. AB - The punch autograft method of hair transplantation has been the mainstay of hair replacement for 25 years. Recently, scalp reduction has emerged as an adjunctive procedure to eliminate bald areas. The procedure is done in the outpatient setting and has been extremely successful in cases of traumatic injury to the scalp, as well as congenital and scarring alopecia. Temporal transposition flaps of hair-bearing scalp should be carried out by surgeons with expert training. PMID- 6637735 TI - Alcoholic coma and some associated conditions. AB - The diagnosis of alcoholic coma is made only when there is a high blood alcohol level and signs of bilateral cortical dysfunction, without focal neurologic signs, and when all other metabolic and structural causes of coma have been ruled out. The ethanol-induced hypoglycemic coma of youth appears to result from the failure of gluconeogenesis to release glucose into the bloodstream. If the hypoglycemia is not immediately corrected, permanent and possibly lethal brain damage will result. PMID- 6637736 TI - Therapeutic exercise: types and indications. AB - In the intact subject, strength is determined by the physiologic cross-sectional area of all the muscle fibers as influenced by the activity of the neural elements. Passive range-of-motion exercises prevent or help correct contractures but do not build strength. High-resistance, low-repetition exercises simultaneously develop strength and endurance. Isotonic exercises are generally preferable to isometric exercises. PMID- 6637737 TI - Henoch-Schonlein purpura. AB - Henoch-Schonlein purpura commonly occurs in children at about age five. There is no known etiologic agent. The illness is characterized by skin rash, joint pain, edema and gastrointestinal symptoms. Laboratory tests are not diagnostic. Although there is no specific treatment, steroids may help prevent serious gastrointestinal complications. Prognosis is good, except for those patients with advancing renal disease. PMID- 6637738 TI - Unstable bladder in elderly patients. AB - In more than half of geriatric patients with urinary incontinence, bladder instability is the underlying cause. Unstable bladder is due to decreased bladder capacity and reduced ability to inhibit voiding, which often occur as a part of aging. Behavior modification has been used to treat this problem. Medications, including those with anticholinergic properties and smooth muscle relaxants, are also helpful. Bladder distention therapy and intravesical anesthetics are rarely used. PMID- 6637739 TI - Neurogenic claudication due to pseudospondylolisthesis. AB - Pseudospondylolisthesis is a subluxation of the lumbar vertebrae due to incompetent facet joints. The resulting stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal may impinge on the nerve roots of the cauda equina and induce neurogenic claudication. This syndrome is difficult to distinguish clinically from lower extremity claudication of vascular etiology. Accurate diagnosis requires radiographic examination of the spine. PMID- 6637740 TI - Naltrexone and clonidine: alternatives to methadone. PMID- 6637741 TI - Nutrition and athletic performance. AB - Athletes and physicians alike are often poorly informed about nutrition. Myths abound, some of them potentially harmful. Common errors include a disproportionately high intake of proteins (especially by weight lifters), vitamins and minerals in excess of the recommended dietary allowances, poorly designed weight gain or loss programs, and various food fads. PMID- 6637742 TI - Predictors of stroke outcome. AB - Findings from several studies of stroke victims indicate that consistent negative predictors of outcome are significant perceptual or cognitive dysfunction, prior stroke, delay in initiating rehabilitation therapy, the presence of nystagmus, and poor motivation. Factors associated with a good prognosis after rehabilitation include early return of voluntary movements, bladder control, high intelligence and feeding skills. PMID- 6637743 TI - Rupture of the diaphragm. PMID- 6637744 TI - Peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes. AB - Peripheral nerve entrapment syndromes must be identified early through careful clinical examination and appropriate diagnostic studies. These neuropathies cause significant pain and disability, but the impairment of nerve function is usually reversible in the early stages. Electromyography and nerve conduction studies are helpful in the differential diagnosis and in localizing the site of entrapment. The carpal tunnel is the most common site of median nerve entrapment, and the cubital tunnel is the most frequent site of ulnar nerve compression. PMID- 6637745 TI - Oxipurinol therapy in allopurinol-allergic patients. PMID- 6637746 TI - Orthognathic surgery in correcting dentofacial defects. AB - Advances in orthognathic surgery now make it possible to correct most skeletal abnormalities of the face. Simple screening measures can be quickly applied to assess the patient who appears to be a candidate. Cases are carefully planned and coordinated, with the aid of special diagnostic procedures to identify the problem and select the appropriate management. Properly executed, these techniques result in a lifetime of improved function and aesthetics. PMID- 6637747 TI - Pyogenic liver abscess. AB - The primary source of pyogenic liver abscess is undetermined in about 30 percent of cases. Escherichia coli, microaerophilic streptococci and Bacteroides fragilis are among the common pathogens. Some cases can be treated with antibiotics alone; others require surgical management. With improved methods of diagnosis and therapy, the mortality rate is now 10 percent or less. PMID- 6637748 TI - Idiopathic hemochromatosis. AB - The incidence of this mendelian recessive trait is higher than previously estimated. Idiopathic hemochromatosis is associated with certain HLA types. Early diagnosis and institution of a phlebotomy program can produce regression of all manifestations except hepatoma and arthritis. Screening, with determination of transferrin saturation greater than 60 percent, permits diagnosis before signs and symptoms appear. Serum ferritin determination is the best indicator of the course of the disease. PMID- 6637749 TI - Cystic fibrosis: a brief update. AB - Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) is a genetic disorder characterized by dysfunction of the exocrine glands. Ninety percent of the morbidity and mortality is due to repeated pulmonary infections and respiratory impairment. Pancreatic disease and intestinal complications result from thick, tenacious mucous secretions. Aggressive medical therapy has improved the prognosis. The family physician plays an important role in dealing with the psychologic and social aspects of the disease, as well as the medical management. PMID- 6637750 TI - Laboratory evaluation of anatomic disorders of the thyroid. AB - Thyroid function tests, radioiodine uptake and scintiscanning, and antithyroid antibody titers are the main laboratory tests useful in the management of goiter. Scintiscanning and ultrasonography aid in differentiating a functioning adenoma from a "cold" solid nodule--a crucial distinction since the incidence of cancer in a cold nodule is 20 percent. Radioiodine scanning and serum thyroglobulin help in the diagnosis of a well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Serum calcitonin serves as a reliable tumor marker for medullary carcinoma. PMID- 6637751 TI - Unusual aspects of Kawasaki syndrome. AB - Kawasaki syndrome (mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome) occurs predominantly in children. The criteria for diagnosis include unresponsive fever; lesions of the skin and conjunctival mucous membrane; edema, rashes and other abnormalities of the hands and feet, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Unusual features occur in the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, as well as elsewhere. The variety of findings may be misleading, and the diagnostic criteria must be kept in mind. PMID- 6637753 TI - Low titer blood. PMID- 6637752 TI - The occupational health history in a family practice setting. AB - Although often omitted from the traditional health history, the occupational history is fundamental to the suspicion and proof that certain problems are work related. A screening occupational health history questionnaire can be incorporated into the family physician's practice. References are available that give further information according to common job titles, important occupational exposures and the signs and symptoms of occupational and environmental diseases. PMID- 6637754 TI - Type I Hyperlipidemia. PMID- 6637755 TI - Methylphenidate. PMID- 6637756 TI - Piroxicam-induced renal failure. PMID- 6637757 TI - Minor head injury becomes a 'silent epidemic'. PMID- 6637759 TI - Abuse of the elderly. PMID- 6637758 TI - $38 billion--up in smoke. PMID- 6637760 TI - Wall motion abnormalities and electrocardiographic changes in acute transmural myocardial infarction: implications of reciprocal ST segment depression. AB - Left ventricular ejection fraction and regional wall motion were assessed by multigated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography within 24 hours of onset of first acute transmural myocardial infarction (MI) in 32 patients. Abnormal left ventricular wall motion was noted in all 16 patients with anterior infarction and in 14 of 16 (87.5%) patients with inferior infarction. Regional wall motion abnormalities frequently included areas adjacent to and remote from those predicted by the ECG location of ST elevation and pathologic Q waves. Such remote wall motion abnormalities were associated with reciprocal ST segment depression in 17 of 18 (94%) patients, and conversely reciprocal ST segment depressions were associated with remote wall motion abnormalities in 17 of 24 (71%) patients. The left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in patients with a reciprocal ST segment depression compared to those without (anterior MI 0.29 +/- 0.07 vs 0.43 +/- 0.08, p less than 0.01; inferior MI 0.45 +/- 0.11 vs 0.63 +/- 0.06, p less than 0.001). In addition, the peak MB-CK levels were higher in patients with compared to those without reciprocal ST segment depression (anterior MI 268 +/- 183 vs 102 +/- 60, p less than 0.05; inferior MI 186 +/- 120 vs 67 +/- 20, p less than 0.05). Thirteen of 18 (72%) patients with reciprocal ST segment depression compared to 4 of 13 (31%) patients without reciprocal ST segment depression had a complicated clinical course during their hospital stay. These observation suggest that global left ventricular dysfunction in first acute transmural MI is greater when reciprocal ST segment depression is present on the 12-lead ECG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637761 TI - The effect of early exercise on myocardial infarct scar formation. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine if exercise undertaken during the phase of incomplete healing after myocardial infarction influences scar formation. Eighteen ether-anesthetized rats underwent coronary artery occlusion (CAO) and were paired by matching ECG infarct size as assessed by QRS morphology. One member of each pair was randomized to a nonswimming group (NoS) or a graded swimming (S) protocol group (up to 40 minutes of swimming per day) beginning 7 days after CAO. Twenty-one days after CAO, rats were reanesthetized, hearts were excised and examined under magnification, and were then sectioned for histology. Transmural scar thickness (mm) measured on gross pathologic specimens was thinner in the S rats (1.0 +/- 0.2, p less than 0.05) than in the NoS rats 1.4 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.05), while noninfarcted septal wall thickness (mm) was similar in the two groups (2.2 +/- 0.1 versus 2.1 +/- 0.1, respectively). The thinnest portion of the scar in S rats measured only 0.6 +/- 0.2 mm compared to that of NoS rats (1.1 +/- 0.3 mm, p less than 0.05). In this experiment exercise during the healing phase of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) caused thinning of the transmural scar. PMID- 6637762 TI - Comparative study of the effect of slow channel inhibiting agents on ischemia induced conduction delay as relevant to the genesis of ventricular fibrillation. AB - Conduction delay has been shown to be an important factor in the genesis of ventricular fibrillation (VF). We evaluated the relationship between conduction delay and (1) initiation of VF and (2) the effects of Ca++ blockers on conduction delay in 41 dogs: eight control (nontreated, non-VF); nine ischemic VF; eight verapamil-treated (0.15 mg/kg bolus followed by 7.5 micrograms/kg/min); eight diltiazem-treated (20 micrograms/kg/min); and eight nifedipine-treated (0.1 mg/kg bolus). Propagation of electrically-induced premature impulses from the midmyocardial bipole of one transmural electrode was recorded at epicardial and endocardial bipoles of other electrodes before and 5, 15, and 30 minutes after coronary ligation. Conduction delay (i.e., conduction times compared to preligation levels) of VF, verapamil, diltiazem, and nifedipine groups were compared to control group in normal and in the center and border of ischemic zones in both base to apex (anterograde) and apex to base (retrograde) directions. Results showed that there was no change in conduction delay in the normal zone between control and VF groups or the treated groups, but both in the center and border of ischemic zone VF was quantitatively related to conduction delay and Ca++ blockers, except that nifedipine significantly reduced conduction delay. We conclude that our model provides a new approach to the assessment of anti-VF intervention. Further, verapamil and diltiazem appear to be useful agents in reducing the risk of ischemia-induced reentrant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. PMID- 6637763 TI - Sensitivity and specificity of radionuclide ejection fractions in doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. AB - We examined radionuclide-determined left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF) at rest and during graded exercise in 37 patients receiving doxorubicin (Adriamycin) therapy in whom the risk of developing congestive heart failure (CHF) was precisely defined by endomyocardial biopsy and right heart catheterization. Echocardiographic (Echo %FS) and phonocardiographic (PEP/LVET) measurements of LV function were also determined. An abnormal LVEF at rest (less than or equal to 45%) had a sensitivity of 53% and a specificity of 75% for detecting patients at moderate or high risk of developing CHF. The addition of exercise LVEF increased the sensitivity of detection of moderate or high-risk patients to 89% but lowered the specificity to 41%. Exercise LVEF improved the sensitivity of detection of high-risk patients from 58% to 100%. Echo %FS and PEP/LVET yielded lower sensitivities than rest or exercise LVEF. As a single test, exercise LVEF possesses the sensitivity for use as a screening method for anthracycline cardiotoxicity, but the lack of specificity prevents the use of single values as a definitive test. Single rest LVEF determinations, although more specific than exercise LVEF, do not possess the sensitivity for use as screening or definitive tests. PMID- 6637764 TI - Evaluation of dilated cardiomyopathy by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. AB - The ability of pulsed Doppler echocardiography to identify patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction was evaluated in 12 patients with dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy. A range-gated, spectrum analyzer-based Doppler velocimeter was used to record blood flow velocity in the ascending aorta and main pulmonary artery. The following blood flow velocity parameters were measured or derived: peak flow velocity, acceleration time, average acceleration, deceleration time, average deceleration, ejection time, and aortic flow velocity integral. Doppler blood flow velocity data in the cardiomyopathy patients were compared to data from 20 normal subjects. Measurements from the ascending aorta revealed that peak aortic flow velocity discriminated between cardiomyopathy patients (mean 47 cm/sec, range 35 to 62) and normal subjects (mean 92 cm/sec, range 72 to 120) with no overlap in data (p less than 0.001). Aortic flow velocity integral was also able to separate the patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (mean 6.7 cm, range 3.5 to 9.1) from normal subjects (mean 15.7 cm, range 12.6 to 22.5) with no overlap in data (p less than 0.001). Although mean values for average aortic acceleration and aortic ejection time were also significantly different (both p less than 0.005), there was some overlap between the two groups. Pulmonary artery blood flow studies demonstrated significantly increased average acceleration, as well as decreased ejection time (both p less than 0.05), but no difference in average deceleration or peak flow velocity in cardiomyopathy patients compared to normals. Compared to pulmonary flow measurements, aortic Doppler flow velocity measurements allowed better separation of cardiomyopathy and normal groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637765 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic detection of left ventricular wall impaction by mitral prosthesis. AB - Real-time two-dimensional echocardiographic (2DE) studies detected impaction of the Starr-Edwards mitral valve prosthesis with the left ventricular wall in eight patients (septum in seven, posterior wall in one). One patient with echocardiographic evidence of posterior wall impaction died; autopsy revealed grooving of the left ventricular posterior wall by the cage. Four of seven patients with ventricular septal impaction developed ventricular arrhythmias in the in-hospital postoperative period which were persistent and difficult to control in two patients, but were not fatal. None of the 22 patients without ventricular wall impaction had ventricular arrhythmias. 2DE appears to be a useful noninvasive technique in detecting left ventricular wall impaction by mitral prosthesis, a potentially lethal complication. PMID- 6637766 TI - Decrease in thallium-201 image defect size after permanent coronary occlusion. AB - In the 24 hours after coronary occlusion, some defects on thallium-201 images decrease in size. This study examined the mechanism of the decrease in defect size in dogs with experimental coronary occlusion. The left anterior descending coronary artery was permanently occluded in chronically instrumented awake dogs. Myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres immediately before occlusion, 30 minutes, and 24 hours after occlusion. Thallium-201 was injected and imaging was performed 2 to 6 days before occlusion, 30 minutes, and 24 hours after occlusion. Two dogs, in which less than 1% of the left ventricle was infarcted, had no defects on the 30-minute postocclusion images. In four dogs the thallium-201 images did not change appreciably over 24 hours (group 1), while in three dogs the image defect size decreased (group 2). In groups 1 and 2 respectively the percent increase in blood flow to the hypoperfused area was: subendocardium 9 +/- 7% vs 31 +/- 15%; subepicardium 26 +/- 6% vs 47 +/- 2% (p less than 0.05). Therefore a decrease in the size of thallium-201 image defects occurred if a sufficient increase in collateral flow to the hypoperfused area took place in the first 24 hours after coronary occlusion. The defects appeared to decrease in size even in the absence of a detectable change in the lateral borders of the hypoperfused area. PMID- 6637767 TI - Assessment of the myocardial perfusion pattern in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. AB - We studied 42 symptomatic patients with coronary artery disease involving two or three vessels using exercise thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy. Qualitative analysis of the images predicted multivessel disease in 75% of the patients with two-vessel disease and in 82% of the patients with three-vessel disease. Quantitative analysis of the size of the perfusion defect indicated that approximately 40% of the left ventricular perimeter showed abnormal perfusion pattern during stress in these patients, and there was no significant difference in the size of the defect in patients with two-vessel disease or three-vessel disease (41 +/- 17% vs 42 +/- 14%, respectively, mean +/- SD). The exercise heart rate, exercise ECG response, and severity of narrowing did not correlate with the size of the perfusion defect. Patients with anterior infarction had larger defects in the distribution of the left anterior descending artery than those without infarction. Collaterals offered partial protection during exercise only when they were not jeopardized. This study confirms the value of qualitative analysis of exercise thallium-201 imaging in predicting multivessel disease, and describes a simple method of assessing the extent of perfusion abnormalities during stress in patients with multivessel disease. The results may be important in patient management and prognosis. PMID- 6637768 TI - Effect of ventricular pacing on left ventricular function assessed by radionuclide angiography. AB - Radionuclide angiography was used to evaluate left ventricular contraction on and off ventricular pacing in 35 patients. Twenty patients had permanent rate adjustable ventricular demand pacemakers whose rate could be programmed to below an underlying sinus rhythm. In these patients there was no difference in left ventricular ejection fraction on and off pacing whether or not heart failure was present (n = 7) or whether or not ventriculoatrial conduction (n = 10) developed during pacing. Eight of the 20 patients also underwent supine bicycle exercise, and rest and exercise ejection fraction values were not significantly different at a similar heart rate and workload when on and off pacing were compared. During pacing, there appeared to be abnormal motion in septal, apical, and inferior walls. In addition, dysynchrony developed, consisting of early right ventricular and anterobasal and posterobasal left ventricular motion with subsequent contraction of the apex. Conversion to atrioventricular pacing produced a clinical improvement in all seven patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction and also in one of the remaining 13 patients without heart failure. Fifteen other patients were studied early after cardiac surgery. Temporary ventricular epicardial pacing resulted in a significant increase in right and left atrial pressure and a significant reduction in stroke volume, end diastolic volume, and end-systolic volume with no significant change in ejection fraction. Conversion from sinus rhythm to ventricular pacing produces a deterioration in cardiac performance and severe regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities, but no significant change in ejection fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637769 TI - Noninvasive evaluation of Blalock-Taussig shunts: determination of patency and differentiation from patent ductus arteriosus by doppler echocardiography. AB - Pulsed Doppler echocardiography has been used to detect continuous turbulent flow in the right pulmonary artery after Blalock-Taussig shunts. Since continuous turbulent flow could also arise from patent ductus arteriosus (frequently present in the neonate), continuous turbulent flow in the right pulmonary artery is not specific for Blalock-Taussig shunt function. We evaluated 35 Blalock-Taussig shunts from suprasternal or high parasternal approach for flow in the right pulmonary artery, and in the Blalock-Taussig shunts themselves. From precordial approach, Doppler evaluations of the main pulmonary artery were also made in search of flow characteristic of patent ductus arteriosus. Doppler detection of flow within the Blalock-Taussig shunts indicated shunt patency, and indicated that continuous turbulent flow in the right pulmonary artery was not due to only patent ductus arteriosus. Shunts were proven patent in 31 patients, occluded in four. Twelve patients also had patent ductus arteriosus. By Doppler, the right pulmonary artery had continuous turbulent flow in 30 of 31 patients in whom the right pulmonary artery was found. From the suprasternal or high parasternal approach, the right Blalock-Taussig shunts were detected by marked continuous turbulent flow directed away from the transducer, between the aortic and superior vena caval flow signals. Left Blalock-Taussig shunts had similar directional continuous turbulent flow. Prosthetic shunts were identified by the dense shunt material. Twenty-four of 31 functional shunts were identified, and all contained continuous turbulent flow. Three left-sided shunts were missed. All four occluded shunts were identified by Doppler, and had no lumen flow within.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637770 TI - Comparative value of invasive and noninvasive techniques for identifying left ventricular mural thrombi. PMID- 6637771 TI - Supravalvular stenosing ring of the left atrium associated with bilateral atrioventricular valvular regurgitation. PMID- 6637772 TI - Laser atrial septostomy. PMID- 6637774 TI - Contrast echocardiographic right-to-left flow in left ventricular-to-right atrial shunt. PMID- 6637773 TI - Double-outlet right atrium: a rare endocardial cushion defect. PMID- 6637775 TI - Chaotic atrial tachycardia in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. PMID- 6637776 TI - Effect of sinus impulses on ventricular parasystolic rhythm. PMID- 6637777 TI - HLA and rheumatic heart disease in Japanese. PMID- 6637779 TI - Electrophysiologic effects of amiodarone. PMID- 6637778 TI - Double ventricular parasystole associated with complete atrioventricular block. PMID- 6637780 TI - Central venous line location in tricuspid endocarditis. PMID- 6637781 TI - Ambulatory ECG-respiration monitoring system. PMID- 6637782 TI - Time to completed redistribution of thallium-201 in exercise myocardial scintigraphy: relationship to the degree of coronary artery stenosis. AB - The relationship between the severity of coronary artery stenosis and the time to completed redistribution of thallium 201 (TI-201) defects following maximal exercise was investigated in 59 patients undergoing stress-redistribution TI-201 scintigraphy, coronary angiography, and contrast ventriculography. Multiple view TI-201 scintigrams were obtained, beginning 6 minutes (immediately post stress), less than 1 hour (early), 3 to 5 hours (average), and 18 to 24 hours (late) following intravenous TI-201 injection at peak exercise. Angiographic lesions were grouped into five levels of severity by percent stenosis. In the 107 defects which were seen on the immediate post stress images, early redistribution was noted in 15 (14%) and late redistribution was found in 23 (21%). In addition, there was a correlation (r = 0.56) between the time to completed redistribution and the severity of the coronary artery stenosis (p = 0.001). In comparison to defects with early and average redistribution, the segments contralateral to those with defects showing late redistribution more often had a critical stenosis supplying that segment. The frequency of myocardial infarction on ECG and the number of segments with akinetic and dyskinetic wall motion were less in defects undergoing late rather than no redistribution. Thus the time to completed TI-201 redistribution following stress appears to be related to the severity of stenosis in the coronary artery supplying the defect. Also, late redistribution is associated with the presence and early redistribution with the absence of a significant stenosis in the coronary artery to the contralateral segment. PMID- 6637783 TI - The functional implications of scintigraphic measures of myocardial ischemia and infarction. AB - To compare serial functional and perfusion scintigraphic changes after myocardial infarction, we performed left ventricular (LV) cineangiograms and thallium (TI) 201 myocardial perfusion scintigrams before and 1 hour, 2 days, 9 days, and 1 month after closed chest coronary occlusion in 14 dogs as survival permitted. Survivors were studied with technetium-99m (stannous) pyrophosphate (TcPYP) scintigrams at 48 hours, and at postmortem examination infarction was documented and measured after nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining. The TcPYP image was abnormal in 10 dogs, each of which had infarcts on NBT staining measuring 3 to 23 gm. In all 14 dogs, perfusion scintigrams became abnormal and LV ejection fraction (EF) fell when measured within 48 hours of occlusion. In the nine late survivors studied over 1 week after the event, perfusion scintigrams and EF improved in those which developed infarcts and normalized in those without infarction. The decrement in LVEF after coronary occlusion generally showed serial improvement and correlated with the size of the defect in the accompanying TI-201 scintigram (r = 0.74). TI-201 defect size seen in late studies correlated well with NBT infarct size (r = 0.89) and TcPYP image infarct size (r = 0.82), as it did with the decrement in LVEF noted in late studies (r = 0.86). The results suggest that early perfusion scintigrams together with TcPYP images may be useful for estimating the amount of reversible dysfunction after coronary occlusion. PMID- 6637784 TI - Cardiovascular disease and multifactorial risk: challenge of the 1980s. AB - The natural history of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases is reviewed in terms of the risk factor parameters in the Framingham Heart Study population over a period of 18 years. The author stresses the importance of multifactorial approach to risk factor management. Two practical tools are offered for physician use. One is a precise number evaluation system that calculates risk by means of five parameters (total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, absence or presence of diabetes mellitus, ECG evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, and cigarette smoking) and a multiplier for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The other, a more general tool, is easily memorized and does not require attention to a set of tables, as does the number evaluation system. It is a categorical checklist that provides cutoff values for all risk factors as an aid in identifying those patients whose overall middle-value profile places them at high risk. PMID- 6637785 TI - The Oslo study: CHD risk factors, socioeconomic influences, and intervention. AB - This article reviews the methods and results of the large-scale, 10-year Oslo study. Two controlled intervention trials are described, one in healthy, normotensive men at high risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), the other in healthy men with mild hypertension. Cause-specific mortality is related to the major CHD risk parameters of serum cholesterol, cigarette smoking, and blood pressure and was found to be highest among the lowest socioeconomic class. Morbidity from myocardial infarction and total cardiovascular incidence decreased with lowered blood lipid levels and cessation of cigarette smoking in one trial. There was no difference, however, in total cardiovascular incidence as a result of antihypertensive therapy in the other trial. The effects on blood lipids of six commonly used single antihypertensive drug preparations and five combination preparations were examined. The study concluded that the beneficial lipid lowering effect of the alpha-adrenergic blocker prazosin made it the antihypertensive drug of choice. PMID- 6637786 TI - Metabolic disturbances increasing the risk of coronary heart disease during diuretic-based antihypertensive therapy: lipid alterations and glucose intolerance. AB - The treatment of hypertension reduces the incidence of stroke and congestive heart failure. Surprisingly, however, no reduction in morbidity from coronary heart disease (CHD) has been found in any of the placebo-controlled trials of hypertension treatment. This observation is unexpected because hypertension is a major risk factor for CHD. The one clinical trial demonstrating reduction of CHD with treatment of hypertension was not placebo controlled, thus provoking uncertainty about the cause of improvement. This article is a summary of the evidence that modest increases of 5% to 7% in serum total cholesterol during diuretic-based antihypertensive therapy offset, in part, the benefit expected from the lowering of blood pressure. Correlative data suggest a link between the lipid disturbance and the long-known glucose intolerance caused by diuretic drugs. The findings raise the possibility that treatment regimens free of these metabolic disturbances may provide the means for greater gains against CHD in patients with hypertension. PMID- 6637787 TI - Effects of trimazosin and prazosin on blood pressure and on pressor responses to phenylephrine in rats. AB - As part of an ongoing investigation into the cardiovascular properties of trimazosin, 99 male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and cannulas were placed in jugular veins for administration of drugs. The rats were injected with phenylephrine and then treated with either solvent, diazoxide, prazosin, or trimazosin. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured by a pressure transducer and a biotachometer, respectively; both were recorded continuously. Preliminary results indicate that trimazosin was less potent but more efficacious in lowering blood pressure than was prazosin and caused less blockade of the alpha-1 adrenoceptors even when its hypotensive effect exceeded that of prazosin. The differences in hypotensive potency and in alpha-1-receptor blockade are consistent with the fact that trimazosin has less affinity than does prazosin for alpha-1-receptors in vitro. The greater efficacy of trimazosin, compared to prazosin, is further evidence that in addition to alpha-1-receptor blockade, another mechanism contributes to the hypotensive effect of trimazosin. This mechanism has yet to be elucidated. PMID- 6637788 TI - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of trimazosin in man. AB - In this study the pharmacokinetics of trimazosin and its major metabolite, CP 23445, were determined, as were also the effects on blood pressure, heart rate, and peripheral vascular alpha-1 receptors. Trimazosin was administered intravenously (100 mg) and orally (200 mg) to six healthy volunteer subjects (24 to 39 years of age). Blood samples were withdrawn from an indwelling intravenous cannula, and supine and erect blood pressure and heart rate recordings were made at frequent intervals over 12 hours. Concentrations of trimazosin and CP 23445 in whole blood were measured by a sensitive and specific high-pressure liquid chromatography-fluorescence assay developed in our laboratory. Both drug and metabolite could be measured after oral and intravenous administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by computer-assisted, nonlinear, least squares-fitting regression analysis. The pharmacokinetic profile of trimazosin was best described by a two-compartment model. The mean (+/- SD) terminal elimination half-life of trimazosin was 2.73 (+/- 0.90) hours. The metabolite concentrations were then incorporated into the model and a simultaneous fit of drug and metabolite carried out. This did not alter the pharmacokinetic profile of the parent drug but did allow the elimination half-life of the metabolite to be calculated as 1.47 +/- 0.65 hours. The bioavailability of oral trimazosin was 61 +/- 28%. Erect blood pressure was reduced for at least 6 hours after both oral and intravenous administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637789 TI - Pharmacokinetics of a sustained-release trimazosin tablet formulation. AB - Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a trimazosin sustained-release tablet (SRT) formulation (300 mg) were studied in healthy volunteers. In the first study of 12 subjects, the bioequivalence of trimazosin, 100 mg, in a standard tablet (ST) and in a capsule was demonstrated. After that, the bioavailability of one SRT (300 mg) was compared with that of the STs, (100 mg three times a day), in 19 subjects. Maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) after SRT (8.1 +/- 3.0 mg/L) was significantly lower than that observed after ST (13.5 +/- 2.3 mg/L), time to peak was strongly delayed by a factor 7, and the time when plasma concentrations were higher than half of Cmax (t Cmax/2) was longer (10.4 +/- 3.2 vs 2.3 +/- 0.6 hours, p less than 0.001). Bioavailability of the SRT (300 mg) as measured by the area under the curve (AUC00) was about 65% of the ST. At the seventh dose, after single daily doses of the SRT in 12 subjects, the mean Cmax values were not significantly higher than after the first dose (8.6 +/- 3.2 mg/L vs 7.7 +/- 2.2 mg/L), t Cmax/2 values were the same (10.4 hours), and the AUC0-24 hr was comparable to AUC00 calculated after the first dose. Steady-state plasma concentration of trimazosin was obtained rapidly. No accumulation of trimazosin or its metabolite occurred. PMID- 6637790 TI - Cautions on the use of vitamin K and enteral preparations. PMID- 6637791 TI - AIDS. Sifting for facts about a puzzling disease. PMID- 6637792 TI - Drug therapy for the opportunistic diseases associated with AIDS. PMID- 6637793 TI - Patient education on cancer chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 6637794 TI - Making the formulary work. PMID- 6637795 TI - A self-inventory of pharmacy knowledge. PMID- 6637796 TI - A 'honey don't'. PMID- 6637797 TI - Nortriptyline confused with Norpramin. PMID- 6637798 TI - The crime threat in pharmacy practice. PMID- 6637799 TI - Reducing the danger of pharmacy robbery. PMID- 6637801 TI - Stemming consumer theft. PMID- 6637802 TI - Controlling internal losses in a pharmacy. PMID- 6637800 TI - Protecting the pharmacy against burglary. PMID- 6637803 TI - Progress in the treatment of coughs! PMID- 6637804 TI - The regulation of prescription drug advertising. PMID- 6637805 TI - Worker right-to-know and the professional industrial hygienist. PMID- 6637806 TI - A tube diffusion dosimeter for sulfur dioxide. AB - A tube type diffusion dosimeter was developed for sulfur dioxide. The dosimeter can be fabricated by the user from inexpensive, easily available materials. The design incorporates a tube diffusion element, liquid absorption reservoir and a porous plastic mass transfer element. The design was verified by exposure chamber tests using constant and fluctuating gas concentrations. Field testing was conducted using a NIOSH bubbler method for comparison. Laboratory and field tests confirmed that the dosimeter was reliable for sulfur dioxide concentrations between 2.5 and 15 ppm. However, to retain accuracy, exposed dosimeters require refrigeration and laboratory analysis within 24 hours after use. PMID- 6637807 TI - Development and implementation of a health surveillance system. AB - With the formation of Shell Oil Company's Health, Safety and Environment Organization in 1976, an expanded employee health surveillance program was started. A computerized system was developed to facilitate collecting, storing, retrieving, and analyzing employee medical, exposure and work history records. System requirements included large storage capacity, confidentiality, operability, flexibility, quality assurance, and minimum impact on user locations. A key element of the system is the Job Exposure Profile (JEP). A JEP describes the work tasks and identifies the chemical and physical agents associated with individual jobs at a location. Employee work history data are collected by utilizing existing payroll systems in conjunction with the JEP. Successful implementation of the system within our manufacturing (refineries, chemical plants and complexes) and products distribution locations has been completed. This was done by obtaining top management support and commitment at each location. A team consisting of corporate industrial hygienists, computer experts, and location staff was responsible for developing JEP's and setting up a system to collect data on the work histories. The system can now be used to prepare reports for location or corporate use, conduct statistical analysis of exposure data and maintain an exposure/work history record for epidemiologic studies. PMID- 6637808 TI - Quantification of human performance circadian rhythms. AB - The quantification of worker performance changes during a shift is critical to establishing worker productivity. This investigation examined the existence of circadian rhythms in response variables that relate most meaningfully to the physiological and neurological state of the body for three subjects maintaining a resting posture for 25 hours on five separate occasions. Significant circadian variation ranging from 3% to 11% of the mean value was detected for elbow flexion strength, physiological tremor, simple reaction time, information processing rate and critical eye-hand tracking capacity. PMID- 6637809 TI - Retention and clearance of stainless steel shieldgas welding fumes in rat lungs. AB - The use of metal inert gas (MIG) stainless steel (SS) welding techniques is rapidly increasing. The possible health hazards of MIG/SS welding fumes are not known; more attention has been paid to manual metal arc (MMA) welding. In this study, 52 male Wistar rats were exposed to MIG/SS welding fumes generated by an automatic welding device for "nose only" exposure. For the retention study, the duration of exposure was one hour per workday for 1,2,3, and 4 weeks. For the clearance study, the duration was 4 weeks, and the follow-up period was 106 days. The retention and clearance of the alloyed metals of SS (chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni] and iron were studied in the rats' lungs, and the results were compared with the corresponding results of MMA/SS welding. The multielement chemical analysis was made using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA); the concentration of exogeneous iron (Feex) was determined by a magnetic measuring method. Feex and Cr were retained in the ratio expected; Mn, Ni and total Fe were retained slower than expected. The total Fe did not clear at all even though Feex cleared with the half-time of 50 d which corresponded well with that of pure magnetite. The accumulation of Cr in the lungs was very high: it cleared with the half-time of 240 d. The clearance patterns of Mn and Ni were very similar. They followed a double exponential model with half-times of 2 d and 125 d for Mn, and 3 d and 85 d for Ni. The results indicated that even though the retention patterns for MMA and MIG welding fumes were very similar, the clearances differed very much. PMID- 6637810 TI - Effectiveness of animal rotation in achieving uniform dust exposures and lung dust deposition in horizontal flow chambers. AB - An important source of variability of experimental results in inhalation toxicology originates from the nonuniformity of chamber concentrations. Two horizontal flow inhalation chambers were used in evaluating the effect of cage rotation within each chamber on the amount of alpha-quartz deposited in the lungs of male Fischer 344 rats. The alpha-quartz lung burden was determined by quantitative X-ray diffraction. A carefully designed animal rotation schedule significantly reduced the variability in the amount of alpha-quartz deposited in the animals, thereby minimizing effects of chamber nonuniformity due either to design or dust generator characteristics. PMID- 6637811 TI - Automated determination of formaldehyde in air without the use of tetrachloromercurate(II). AB - An existing modified (no mercury reagent) pararosaniline method for the determination of formaldehyde in air has been adapted for continuous monitoring using a CEA Instruments, Inc. Model 555 automated wet chemical analyzer. The adapted instrument was checked for linearity of response, formaldehyde collection efficiency, and drift. The instrument response was highly linear (r = 0.9996) in the 1-10 ppm formaldehyde concentration range tested. Formaldehyde collection efficiency of the analyzer increased from 64 to 88% as sample flow rate was increased from 0.25 to 1.0 Lpm. When the analyzer was connected to a constant 4.1 ppm formaldehyde permeation tube source, with careful control of ambient temperature and sample cell liquid levels, 3% instrument drift occurred over a 7 hour period. PMID- 6637812 TI - Sampling for airborne fungi: a statistical comparison of media. AB - Four broad spectrum media employed for enumeration of fungi from air were compared to determine which would yield the highest number of colony forming units when simultaneously sampling air from the same environment. The four media tested were: Inhibitory Mold Agar, Littman Oxgall Agar, Rose Bengal-Streptomycin Agar, and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. The number of colony forming units produced on the media were compared by an incomplete four-factor factorial design (day, time, sampler and medium). Analysis of variance of the data indicated that highly significant variation was associated with collection medium and different sampling days. Comparisons among the media were performed by Duncan's multiple range test which demonstrated significantly lower values on Littman Oxgall as compared to the other media. There was no significant difference in the number of colonies produced on Rose Bengal-Streptomycin Agar, Inhibitory Mold Agar, and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. For a number of reasons, Rose Bengal-Streptomycin Agar is our medium of choice for broad spectrum aeromycological sampling. PMID- 6637813 TI - A field evaluation of noise measuring instruments. AB - Five sound level measuring instrument responses were compared in four plant noise situations. A sound level meter (SLM), an integrating sound level meter (LOSHA), a 25 dB crest-80 dB threshold dosimeter, a 15 dB crest-80 dB threshold dosimeter, and a 15 dB crest-90 dB threshold dosimeter were used in the study. All instruments were calibrated and maintained as recommended by the manufacturers and were tested in constant noise environments at moderate and high levels, at moderate background levels with moderate impact noise, and at low background levels with high impact noise. Experimentation was conducted in a plant environment designed to encompass various types of noise exposure actually found in industry. The results showed varying differences depending on noise levels between dosimeters with matching crest factors but with differing thresholds. The results showed no appreciable differences among instrument precision, dosimeter response at 25 versus 15 crest in impact noise areas, LOSHA meter response with dosimeter response at matching thresholds, SLM readings with 80 threshold dosimeter response, and LOSHA meter response at 80 threshold with SLM data. PMID- 6637814 TI - Computer program for evaluating the thermal environment. AB - The calculations required to evaluate the thermal environment can be tedious and time consuming. To reduce this effort to a minimum, a computer program is presented that requires only five basic measurements to calculate and print out a complete evaluation of the thermal environment at a specific location. These are the dry bulb, natural wet bulb, psychrometric wet bulb and black globe temperatures, and the air velocity. Any reference to charts, tables and nomographs is unnecessary, since all other quantities are contained within, or computed by, the program. PMID- 6637816 TI - Left bundle branch block with left-axis deviation: an electrophysiologic approach. AB - In an attempt to explain QRS left-axis deviation (LAD) in left bundle branch block (LBBB), 69 patients with LBBB were studied. The patients were separated into 2 groups. Group A included 60 patients with a QRS axis of +80 degrees to -55 degrees (average -11 degrees) and Group B included 9 patients with a QRS axis of 60 degrees. In all patients, a point was detected on the apex of the right ventricle at which activation was simultaneous with the beginning of ventricular depolarization (V-apex = 0). Ventricular stimulation at this point gave a monomorphic response with a QRS axis of -60 degrees and QS in D2 and D3. Minor conduction aberrations related to the relative refractory period of the His Purkinje network were found during atrial premature beats in 40 patients in Group A (and always as LAD of the QRS axis [average 24.6 degrees]) and in 4 patients in Group B. In Group B, these aberrations were in the form of a disappearance of the r2 wave with a QRS axis similar to that achieved through stimulation of the right ventricle apex. Given this aberration, one may conclude that the left bundle branch plays a role in the depolarization of the left ventricle. Blocking it brings the QRS axis closer to that obtained by stimulation of the point of primary depolarization of the right ventricle. Thus, LBBB must have a monomorphic morphology. If not, the left branch is the location of slowed, but persistent, conduction. PMID- 6637815 TI - Transesophageal study of infant supraventricular tachycardia: electrophysiologic characteristics. AB - Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart to initiate and terminate tachycardia and analysis of the temporal relation between ventricular and atrial activation during tachycardia have been useful in the evaluation of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Such techniques have rarely been applied to evaluate infants with SVT. We used a silicone rubber-coated bipolar electrode catheter (15 or 22 mm interelectrode spacing), positioned in the esophagus, for electrical stimulation of the heart and recording of electrograms for the evaluation of 14 infants aged 1 to 84 days with SVT. Three infants had electrocardiographic features of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and no infant had other manifestations of congenital heart disease. Tachycardia cycle lengths ranged from 180 to 295 ms and ventriculoatrial intervals recorded from the esophagus were 80 to 220 ms. In 12 infants, transesophageal atrial stimulation was used to terminate and initiate SVT using stimuli of 9.9 ms and 10 to 20 mA. Initiation and termination of SVT by electrical stimulation suggest that SVT in infants is due to reentry, and the presence of ventriculoatrial intervals greater than 70 ms further suggests that accessory atrioventricular connections (usually concealed) constitute a portion of the reentry circuit. PMID- 6637817 TI - Effects of diltiazem on cardiovascular responses during exercise in systemic hypertension and comparison with propranolol. AB - Sixteen patients with uncomplicated systemic hypertension were treated with placebo, diltiazem (180 mg/day) and propranolol (60 mg/day) for 1 month each. Each patient performed multistage symptom-limited treadmill exercise tests during each period of administration. There was no significant difference in maximal exercise duration between placebo, diltiazem and propranolol. Diltiazem significantly decreased both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate at rest, during submaximal exercise at the same work load and maximal exercise. Propranolol produced similar changes in systemic BP and heart rate at rest and during exercise. However, the reductions in systolic BP, heart rate and pressure-rate product with diltiazem during exercise were smaller than those with propranolol at small doses, suggesting that diltiazem in its usual therapeutic dose was almost devoid of beta-blocking activity. Thus, diltiazem may be of benefit to hypertensive patients because it reduces systemic BP even during exercise. It is particularly useful when systemic hypertension occurs in association with coronary artery disease because of its effects of coronary artery dilatation and heart rate reduction. PMID- 6637818 TI - Acute inotropic stimulation with dopamine in severe congestive heart failure: beneficial hemodynamic effect at rest but not during maximal exercise. AB - Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of dopamine were studied at rest and during maximal exercise in 13 patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). During exercise before the administration of dopamine, the stroke volume index increased from 17.1 +/- 5.2 ml/m2 at rest to 28.1 +/- 10.9 ml/m2 (p less than 0.001) at exhaustion, while pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure increased from 22.7 +/- 12.7 to 43.9 +/- 11.9 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). The arteriovenous oxygen difference increased from 8.9 +/- 2.3 ml/100 ml to 12.4 +/- 2.0 ml/100 ml (p less than 0.001) and oxygen uptake increased from 3.5 +/- 0.6 0.6 to 11.9 +/- 2.5 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.001). At rest, dopamine increased the stroke volume index to 23.3 +/- 8.1 ml/m2 (p less than 0.001) and reduced the PCW pressure to 20.5 +/- 1.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). However, during maximal exercise, the stroke volume index and PCW pressure were not changed by dopamine: 28.1 +/- 10.9 versus 28.6 +/- 10.2 ml/m2 (difference not significant [NS]) and 43.9 +/- 11.9 versus 42.5 +/- 11.2 mm Hg (NS), respectively. In contrast, the maximal heart rate achieved during exercise was significantly higher with dopamine, 140.3 +/- 29.3 versus 136.0 +/- 29.7 beats/min (p less than 0.05), which contributed to a slight augmentation in the maximal cardiac index, 3.82 +/- 1.13 versus 3.64 +/- 1.17 liters/min/m2 (p less than 0.05). Nonetheless, neither peak arteriovenous oxygen difference nor maximal oxygen uptake were significantly changed by dopamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637819 TI - Hemodynamic comparison of primary venous or arteriolar dilatation and the subsequent effect of furosemide in left ventricular failure after acute myocardial infarction. AB - The hemodynamic effect of venous dilatation (intravenous isosorbide dinitrate [ISDN]) and arteriolar dilatation (intravenous hydralazine), both as firstline treatment and then combined with intravenous furosemide, were evaluated in a randomized, between-group comparison in 20 men with severe acute left-sided cardiac failure after myocardial infarction (MI). Both ISDN (50 to 200 micrograms/kg/hour) (Group 1) and hydralazine (0.15 mg/kg) (Group 2) reduced systemic arterial pressure (p less than 0.05) and vascular resistance (p less than 0.05). Pulmonary artery occluded pressure was reduced (p less than 0.01) only by ISDN, whereas heart rate (p less than 0.01), cardiac output (p less than 0.01) and stroke volume (p less than 0.05) were increased only after hydralazine. After ISDN, furosemide (1 mg/kg) decreased left-sided cardiac filling pressure by 1 mm Hg (p greater than 0.05), whereas after hydralazine, furosemide in a similar dose reduced pulmonary artery occluded pressure by 5 mm Hg (p less than 0.01). In both groups of patients, furosemide transiently increased systemic arterial pressure (p less than 0.05). Cardiac output was reduced (p less than 0.05) and systemic vascular resistance increased (p less than 0.05) in Group 1 patients after furosemide. Similar changes in both variables in Group 2 patients did not attain statistical significance. In conclusion, ISDN-induced venous dilatation is preferable to primary arteriolar dilatation by hydralazine as first-line treatment in acute left-sided cardiac failure. However, hydralazine and furosemide in combination were equally effective in reducing pulmonary artery occluded pressure and increasing cardiac output. The influences of each regimen on prognosis await further investigation. PMID- 6637820 TI - Acute hemodynamic effect of oral nifedipine in severe chronic congestive heart failure. AB - The temporal hemodynamic effects of oral nifedipine after a single dose of 20 to 40 mg were evaluated in 11 patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction 0.22 +/- 0.7 [mean +/- standard deviation]). Nifedipine significantly reduced systemic vascular resistance, from 1,850 +/- 493 to 1,315 +/- 398 dynes s cm-5 at 1 hour (29%), to 1,410 +/- 246 at 3 hours and to 1,523 +/- 286 at 6 hours (p less than 0.05). Cardiac index increased 21%, from 2.07 +/- 0.46 to 2.51 +/- 0.83 liters/min/m2 at 1 hour, to 2.38 +/- 0.53 liters/min/m2 at 3 hours (p less than 0.05) and to 2.24 +/- 0.41 liters/min/m2 at 6 hours. The group response of stroke volume to nifedipine was smaller. A peak increase of 17% was seen 3 hours after initiation of therapy (22.6 +/- 7.2 versus 25.5 +/- 6.1 ml/m2). This difference did not reach statistical significance. Mean blood pressure declined significantly, from 94 +/- 20 to 80 +/- 13 mm Hg at 1 hour, to 83 +/- 15 mm Hg at 3 hours and to 86 +/- 17 mm Hg at 6 hours (p less than 0.05) and was associated with no significant change in heart rate. The marked decrease in blood pressure resulted in a decrease in rate-pressure product from 12,272 +/- 4,230 to 10,500 +/- 2,074 mm Hg/min at 1 hour, to 10,374 +/- 2,735 mm Hg/min at 3 hours and to 11,047 +/- 3,813 mm Hg/min at 6 hours (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637821 TI - Hemodynamic effects of intravenous administration of amiodarone in congestive heart failure from chronic Chagas' disease. AB - Fourteen patients with congestive heart failure due to chronic Chagas' disease had hemodynamic studies before and 20, 40 and 60 minutes and 24 hours after intravenous amiodarone. Amiodarone was given initially as a bolus (5 mg/kg); after 1 hour a continuous infusion was maintained for 24 hours (total dose 900 to 1,050 mg). During the first hour of observation, heart rate and cardiac index decreased and mean right atrial, left ventricular end-diastolic pressures and pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances increased. Except for heart rate and mean right atrial pressure, all hemodynamic variables returned to control values at 24 hours. Thus, myocardial depression occurred with a dose of 5 mg/kg within the first hour of intravenous administration. Amiodarone must be cautiously administered by bolus, especially in patients with cardiac failure. PMID- 6637822 TI - Diagnosing tricuspid regurgitation by direct imaging of the regurgitant flow in the right atrium using contrast echocardiography. AB - To determine whether tricuspid regurgitation (TR) can be diagnosed by direct imaging of regurgitant flow in the right atrium (RA) using contrast echocardiography, echocardiography was performed in 35 patients using peripheral intravenous injections of 5% dextrose solution. Fifteen patients had TR judged by v-wave synchronous contrast appearance on the inferior vena cava echogram (a previously validated method for diagnosing TR), 5 of whom had clinically obvious TR. Twenty patients had no TR on inferior vena cava contrast echocardiography, 9 of whom were normal volunteers. On subsequent blind review, 13 of the 15 patients with TR were correctly identified on the basis of the regurgitant contrast flow just posterior to the tricuspid valve in the RA. Of the 20 without TR, 19 were correctly identified and there was 1 false-positive result. Using different criteria for the diagnosis (insisting on imaging of flow across the tricuspid valve in systole), another blinded observer correctly diagnosed only 8 of the 15 patients as having TR, but had no false-positive results. To avoid false-positive results, it is important to realize that there are 2 regions where retrograde flow can normally be seen in the RA: (1) briefly at the onset of systole coincident with tricuspid valve closure, and (2) in the posterior RA, as distinct from the anterior RA area just behind the tricuspid valve where TR is diagnosed in this study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637823 TI - Progression of isolated aortic stenosis: analysis of 29 patients having more than 1 cardiac catheterization. AB - Factors related to progression of nonrheumatic aortic stenosis (AS) were analyzed in 29 adult patients who underwent serial hemodynamic studies over a mean of 71 months. AS was congenital in 8 patients and degenerative in 21. The patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of the change in aortic valve area between the 2 studies. Twelve patients had a greater than or equal to 25% reduction in aortic valve area (Group I) and 17 patients had less than 25% decrease in aortic valve area (Group II). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in age, interval between studies, cardiac output, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular peak systolic pressure and origin of AS (congenital or degenerative). Group I patients had significantly larger initial aortic valve areas than did Group II patients (1.3 +/- 0.9 cm2 versus 0.8 +/- 0.4 cm2, p = 0.02). Also, the initial peak transaortic pressure gradients were lower in Group I than in Group II (27 +/- 19 versus 58 +/- 38 mm Hg, p = 0.01). Group I patients had a significantly greater increase in pressure gradient and a greater reduction in cardiac output than did Group II patients (24 +/- 21 mm Hg in Group I versus 0.1 +/- 24.5 mm Hg in Group II, p = 0.01, and -1.0 +/- 1.3 liters/min in Group I versus 0.10 +/- 1.4 liters/min in Group II, p = 0.03). Thus, AS progressed in 41% of a selected group of patients who underwent repeated cardiac catheterization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637824 TI - Frequency and extent of calcific deposits in purely regurgitant mitral valves: analysis of 108 operatively excised valves. AB - Operatively excised purely regurgitant mitral valves in 108 patients aged 21 to 73 years (mean 55) (63% men) undergoing isolated mitral valve replacement were examined for calcific deposits. Of the 108 patients, 19 (18%) had leaflet or chordal calcific deposits or both, but in each the deposits were small and did not appear to alter mitral function. Of the 19 patients with mitral calcium, 6 had had active infective endocarditis and the calcium likely represented healed vegetations; in 6 other patients, the leaflet calcium had extended from the mitral anulus in the setting of mitral valve prolapse. The average total serum cholesterol levels were higher in the patients with compared with those without mitral calcium. Thus, calcium deposits are relatively infrequent in adults with clinically isolated pure mitral regurgitation, and when they occur, the deposits are small and in themselves do not appear to contribute to mitral dysfunction. PMID- 6637825 TI - Wear of the metallic studs on the composite seat of the 2320 Starr-Edwards aortic valve and its clinical consequences. AB - The 2320 Starr-Edwards aortic valve has a composite seat with metallic studs that protrude through the cloth. Certain clinical and morphologic findings are described in 6 patients who had this prosthesis in situ for 50 to 144 months (mean 92). Considerable disruption of the cloth covering both struts and base, and varying degrees of wear of the metallic studs that line the luminal side of the prosthetic ring occurred in each. Excessive stud wear resulted in severe disruption of the cloth lining the interior of the prosthetic ring. Cloth disruption may be associated with hemolytic anemia, embolic consequences, or both. Of our 6 patients, 4 had severe hemolytic anemia, 4 had neurologic events compatible with emboli and 1 died suddenly. Stud wear as observed in the 2320 series Starr-Edwards prosthesis also may occur in the models 2310 and 2400 prostheses, which have the same composite seat. PMID- 6637826 TI - Long-term echocardiographic assessment of dilated cardiomyopathy in children. AB - Left ventricular (LV) dimensions and function were assessed by echocardiography in 22 children with dilated cardiomyopathy. They had survived an initial episode of congestive heart failure in infancy for greater than or equal to 2 years. At the time of echocardiography, when they were 3 to 16 years old, 8 patients (Group 1) still had signs of dilated cardiomyopathy and 14 (Group 2) had lost all roentgenographic and electrocardiographic evidence of heart disease. All 8 patients in Group 1 (average follow-up 4.5 years) had significantly increased LV dimensions. The end-diastolic dimension averaged 144 +/- 18% of the normal value. Fractional LV shortening with systole was significantly reduced and averaged 23 +/- 3%. The E point-septal separation ranged from 7 to 17 mm (mean 12 +/- 4) and was far above the normal limit in all. Of the 14 patients in Group 2, seven (average follow-up 7 years) had normal ventricular dimensions and 7 (average follow-up 10 years) had LV dimensions larger than the upper range of the 95% prediction limit. In 6 of the latter patients the fractional LV shortening with systole was less than or equal to 31% and the E point-septal separation in excess of the upper limit of normal. These findings indicate that about half of the patients who had apparently recovered still had residual lesions as judged from the echocardiogram. In 6 patients in group 1, two-dimensional echo-cardiography allowed the visualization of a thickened endocardium. One of these 6 patients died. The echocardiographic image correlated well with the process of LV endocardial fibroelastosis found at necropsy. PMID- 6637827 TI - Catheter evaluation of left ventricular shape and function 1 or more years after anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries. AB - Twenty-eight children were reinvestigated by cardiac catheterization and angiography greater than 1 year after anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Seventeen patients with simple TGA underwent banding of the pulmonary trunk plus or minus systemic to pulmonary artery shunt to prepare the left ventricle for anatomic correction. In addition to TGA, 10 of the remaining 11 patients had a large ventricular septal defect and 1 had an aorticopulmonary window. They required no preparation of the left ventricle. Age at repair ranged from 2 to 120 months (mean 26). Catheterization 12 to 48 months after anatomic repair revealed a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of 4 to 14 mm Hg (mean 9.5 +/- 2.5 [+/- standard deviation]). Ejection fraction ranged from 52 to 75% (mean 66 +/- 8). Frame-by-frame computer-assisted analysis of left ventricular (LV) contraction and relaxation was performed in 14 patients and compared with normal left ventriculograms. Shape index, derived as 4 pi X cavity area/perimeter2 X 100, was measured in 24 patients and showed a mean index of 89 +/- 3% at end-diastole and 79 +/- 8% at end-systole. A control group had a mean diastolic index of 86 +/- 6% and mean systolic index of 73 +/- 8%. It is concluded that LV shape after anatomic correction tends to be more globular than normal and changes little during systole. LV ejection fraction and end-diastolic pressure are normal. PMID- 6637828 TI - Mitral valve E point to ventricular septal separation in infants and children. AB - This investigation establishes heretofore unavailable norms that permit clinical application of mitral valve E point to ventricular septal separation (EPSS) as an ejection phase index in infants and children. The study consisted of 105 normal subjects (1 day through 15 years of age, mean 7.4 years) and 67 patients of comparable age. Fifty-seven patients had increased left ventricular (LV) volume with normal function (ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus) and 10 patients had increased LV volume with depressed function (dilated cardiomyopathy). In normal subjects, EPSS was 2.5 +/- 1.7 mm and "normalized" EPSS, that is, the ratio of EPSS to end-diastolic dimension (EPSS/EDD), was 0.08 +/- 0.06 (mean +/- standard deviation); there was no correlation between either of these indexes and age, body surface area, height or weight. In patients with ventricular septal defect or patent ductus arteriosus, or both, the EPSS and EPSS/EDD were similar to those of normal subjects (3.2 +/- 2.3 mm and 0.09 +/- 0.06 mm, respectively). In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, these indexes were significantly increased (p greater than 0.05) (EPSS 16.5 +/- 5.1 mm; EPSS/EDD 0.39 +/- 0.09). The data provide normal values for EPSS and EPSS/EDD in infants and children and show that these indexes are independent of age, body surface area, height or weight. Mitral valve EPSS and EPSS/EDD can now be used in pediatric echocardiography as a simple, practical and accurate means of separating normal from abnormal LV function. PMID- 6637829 TI - Diastolic ventricular septal motion in atrial septal defect: analysis of M-mode echocardiograms in 31 patients. AB - Previous echocardiographic studies suggest that diastolic motion of the ventricular septum reflects relative filling of the right and left ventricles. We studied 31 patients with atrial septal defect by M-mode echocardiography. Early diastolic posterior ventricular septal motion (DPSM) occurred in all patients. Measurement of DPSM correlated with pulmonary to systemic flow ratios (Qp:Qs) (r = 0.64, p less than 0.001). All 15 patients with DPSM greater than 5 mm had a Qp:Qs greater than 2.5:1, whereas only 8 of 16 patients with DPSM less than 5 mm had a shunt this large (p less than 0.003). DPSM greater than 5 mm in patients with atrial septal defect is a specific but not sensitive echocardiographic sign of a large left-to-right shunt. Our findings substantiate the hypothesis that diastolic motion of the ventricular septum reflects relative filling of the ventricles. PMID- 6637830 TI - Permanent pacemaker therapy in corrected transposition of the great arteries: analysis of site of lead placement in 40 patients. AB - A retrospective analysis of 58 pacemaker leads in 40 patients with corrected transposition of the great arteries (CTGA) was made to compare the function of endocardial and epicardial leads. Extensive trabeculations of the normal right ventricle are generally thought to be essential for endocardial pacemaker lead stability. Because the systemic venous ventricle in CTGA lacks an extensive trabecular network, there has been concern that transvenous lead placement may result in a high rate of dislodgement. Epicardial leads have been assumed to be more reliable in these patients. Forty-seven epicardial and 11 endocardial leads were placed in 40 patients with CTGA who required permanent pacemaker therapy for symptomatic bradycardia. Of 13 episodes of epicardial lead malfunction in 158 patient-years, 3 were due to lead fracture and 10 to high thresholds. Surgery was required to correct the lead malfunction in 12 instances and thoracotomy was necessary for new lead placement in 6 patients. During 26.2 patient-years, there were 2 episodes of endocardial lead failure due to a high acute threshold and perforation. There were no instances of endocardial lead dislodgement. No association between type of failure and lead design was noted for either endocardial or epicardial leads. Actuarial analysis of survival revealed no significant differences in reliability between endocardial and epicardial leads. Endocardial lead fixation in the systemic venous ventricle in patients with CTGA is adequate to prevent lead dislodgement and preferable to epicardial lead placement because thoracotomy is avoided. PMID- 6637831 TI - Comparative actions of hydralazine, nifedipine and amrinone in primary pulmonary hypertension. AB - The effects of 3 types of vasoactive agents, hydralazine, nifedipine and amrinone, were evaluated in 7 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). Hemodynamic values were measured before and after drug administration in every patient. All drugs increased cardiac output and reduced both systemic and pulmonary resistance in the patients studied. Only nifedipine significantly reduced pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (6 +/- 5 mm Hg). In addition, it decreased pulmonary resistance to a greater degree than systemic resistance in 2 of the 7 patients, suggesting that nifedipine can cause selective pulmonary vasodilation in some patients. Hydralazine appeared to increase cardiac output and stroke volume by reducing systemic resistance. There was no evidence of direct pulmonary vasodilating effects; it decreased systemic resistance more than pulmonary resistance in every case. The increase in cardiac output from amrinone was secondary to a decrease in systemic arterial pressure with reflex tachycardia; stroke volume was unchanged. Amrinone had little pulmonary effect in all but 1 patient, in whom it substantially reduced PA pressure and pulmonary resistance. The mechanism of action of these 3 drugs in PPH differs. Nifedipine holds the most promise as an effective pulmonary vasodilator. A study of the effects of long-term administration of nifedipine in PPH is warranted. PMID- 6637832 TI - Local complications associated with indwelling Swan-Ganz catheters: autopsy study of 36 cases. AB - Thirty-six hearts of patients who died with indwelling Swan-Ganz catheters in place were prospectively examined to assess the incidence and extent of localized lesions in the right side of the heart. Bland mural thrombosis in the superior vena cava, the right atrium and the pulmonary artery was found in 22 of 36 cases (61%). Patients with catheter periods greater than 2 days had a greater incidence and extent of bland mural thrombosis (79%) than patients with short-term catheterization (41%, p less than 0.01). Anticoagulation had no influence on bland mural thrombosis. Valvular hemorrhage occurred in 31% and aseptic valvular vegetations in 8% of the hearts. No case of infective endocarditis was found. Four of 36 cases (11%) had evidence of pulmonary infarction that appeared to be unrelated to the lesions in the right side of the heart. Endocardial lesions were common complications of indwelling Swan-Ganz catheters but had no significant impact on the clinical courses of the patients. PMID- 6637833 TI - Assessment of regional left ventricular function by sector analysis: a method for objective evaluation of radionuclide blood pool studies. AB - Regional wall motion abnormalities are most often detected visually, and hence subjectively, in gated blood pool studies of the heart. Therefore, an automated method was developed to objectively assess regional left ventricular (LV) function. The method was tested in 26 normal volunteers and 29 patients with angiographically proved coronary artery disease. Fifteen patients with coronary artery disease had a normal LV ejection fraction (EF) at rest, and all had an abnormal EF response with exercise; 23 had visual regional wall motion abnormalities with rest or exercise. The left ventricle was divided into 28 sectors that radiated from the LV center of gravity, with 1 region at the LV center. A time-activity curve was generated for each sector and the EF and Fourier phase were computed from each curve. Rest and exercise sector EF versus sector number plots were superimposed and the area difference between these 2 curves was taken as an index of regional contraction. Similarly, an estimator of sector phase differences, obtained from the plot of phase versus sector number, was taken as an index of wall motion asynchrony. Analysis of the reliability of these 2 indexes suggests that this automated technique has at least the same efficiency as subjective evaluation of gated blood pool studies, but possesses the advantage of objectivity. The technique may also be useful in localizing regional defects and, perhaps, in detecting mild abnormalities not readily perceived visually. PMID- 6637834 TI - Application of 2-dimensional contrast studies during pericardiocentesis. AB - Two-dimensional echocardiographic contrast studies were performed in 16 patients with pericardial effusion. A 4-chamber view was obtained by positioning the transducer at the apex. The exploratory needle was visualized in 9 patients. Five milliliters of saline solution were injected through the exploring needle and a cloud of echoes indicated its position. Microbubbles were seen in all 16 patients. This technique enabled the operator to identify that the needle was inadvertently in the left ventricle in 2 patients and in the right ventricle in 1. Furthermore, in 2 patients, when fluid could not be aspirated, the contrast study confirmed that the needle was in the pericardial sac; in both cases, pericardial fluid could be aspirated with slight manipulation of the needle. In a patient with a stab wound a negative contrast effect indicated the probable site of laceration. Thus, 2-dimensional contrast echocardiography was useful in locating needle position, which facilitated pericardiocentesis. PMID- 6637835 TI - Effect of quinidine on differing sensitivities of Purkinje fibers and myocardium to inhibition of monovalent cation transport by digitalis in dogs. AB - Studies have implicated quinidine in increasing serum digoxin levels, resulting in serious arrhythmias. Arrhythmias caused by digitalis intoxication are thought to originate in Purkinje fibers. Thus, the extent of inhibition of monovalent cation-active transport in Purkinje fibers and myocardium may explain the enhanced toxicity of the combined administration of digoxin and quinidine. Monovalent cation transport was assessed by measuring the uptake of the potassium analog rubidium in samples of myocardium and Purkinje fibers after in vitro exposure to ouabain and after long-term administration of digoxin and quinidine or digoxin alone. A group of dogs received chronic digoxin administration and achieved a steady-stage digoxin administration and achieved a steady-stage digoxin level of 2.1 +/- 0.3 ng/ml. Quinidine administered intravenously caused a 134% increase in the serum digoxin level. The transport in myocardium was unchanged, while it was reduced to 40% of control levels in Purkinje fibers. The difference in sensitivity between Purkinje fibers and myocardium may explain the finding that digitalis-toxic arrhythmias arise in Purkinje fibers and that quinidine, when combined with digitalis, increases the incidence of such arrhythmias. PMID- 6637837 TI - The main heart sounds as vibrations of the cardiohemic system: old controversy and new facts. PMID- 6637836 TI - Nature of inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a canine chronic myocardial infarction model. AB - A canine model suitable for serial conscious studies was developed to evaluate the nature of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in chronic experimental myocardial infarction. Thirteen dogs underwent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation followed by complete reperfusion; 11 sham-operated dogs served as controls. In this model, ventricular tachyarrhythmias are inducible in most dogs with experimental infarction and in several dogs without this condition. The morphologic features, rate and drug response of the induced arrhythmias are unlike those of human ventricular tachycardia. Tachyarrhythmia induction is facilitated by anesthesia and thoracotomy. This canine infarct model does not adequately imitate human recurrent ventricular tachycardia, but may simulate human sudden cardiac death. PMID- 6637838 TI - Prevention of coronary heart disease. PMID- 6637839 TI - Regression of ST depressions despite ongoing ischemia. PMID- 6637840 TI - Operative removal of mobile pedunculated left ventricular thrombus detected by 2 dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 6637842 TI - Myocardial metabolic alterations after contrast angiography. PMID- 6637841 TI - Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia utilizing concealed bypass tract induced by ventricular pacemaker. PMID- 6637843 TI - QT QS2 syndrome as a mortality risk factor in coronary heart disease. PMID- 6637844 TI - Diagnosis of subepicardial adipose tissue by older and newer techniques. PMID- 6637845 TI - Partial sympathetic denervation for variant angina pectoris. PMID- 6637846 TI - The "blessing" of angina pectoris. PMID- 6637847 TI - Localization of lesions in the coronary circulation. AB - The location of coronary artery narrowings in coronary disease (CAD) is of considerable importance in assessing the mass of myocardium at risk as well as patient prognosis. The detailed distribution of coronary lesions was mapped in 302 patients with CAD who had coronary angiography for chest pain. All identifiable coronary lesions were measured manually and the site and degree of narrowing were stored in a computer-based multisegmental model of the coronary tree. A high prevalence of CAD was found in proximal vessels and especially at, or adjacent to, proximal points of branching. In the left anterior descending coronary artery, the lesions were most prevalent immediately after the first diagonal branch and at the origin of this branch. In the right coronary artery, there was a high prevalence of narrowing between the infundibular and acute marginal branches and specifically around the origin of the right ventricular branch. In the left circumflex coronary artery, there was a predilection for narrowing in and around the origin of the first marginal branch. When a ramus intermedius was present, its origin was frequently the site of narrowing. PMID- 6637848 TI - Collateral function in early acute myocardial infarction. AB - The role of the collateral circulation less than 6 hours after the onset of acute myocardial infarction (MI) was evaluated in 34 consecutive patients without previous MI. There were 19 patients with and 15 without collaterals. The group was subdivided into those with nonjeopardized collaterals (group A, 14 patients) and those with jeopardized collaterals (group B, 5 patients), and the group without collaterals into those with partially obstructed coronary arteries (group C, 5 patients) and those with totally obstructed coronary arteries (group D, 10 patients). These groups had similar sites of coronary stenoses and MI. Eleven of 14 collaterals in group A were poor, but MI mass measured by peak creatine kinase (CK) was smaller in group A than in group B (p less than 0.01) or group D (p less than 0.01), and cardiac function was significantly better in group A than in group D (cardiac index, p less than 0.05; stroke index, p less than 0.01; ejection fraction, p less than 0.01; regional wall motion, p less than 0.01). Group C was not statistically different from group A in myocardial function and CK. Group B was similar to group D in MI mass and cardiac function (cardiac index, stroke index, ejection fraction and regional wall motion). Thus, patients with nonjeopardized collaterals and those with partially obstructed coronary arteries had less myocardial damage and better cardiac function than did those with jeopardized collaterals and those with totally obstructed coronary arteries. A nonjeopardized collateral circulation may play a role in limiting MI mass and preserving myocardial function in the early stages of acute MI. PMID- 6637849 TI - Quantitative computer-assisted analysis of left ventricular wall thickening and motion by 2-dimensional echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction. AB - Quantitative regional wall motion analyses of 2-dimensional echocardiograms (2-D echo) have usually focused on large arcs (greater than 45 degrees) of the left ventricular (LV) perimeter rather than on small LV zones. Few studies have assessed changes in wall thickness. To determine normal ranges of regional LV function, the endocardial and epicardial contours of short-axis 2-D echoes obtained at the papillary muscle level of 10 normal subjects were manually traced. Then, 15 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) were studied, comparing their contours at admission with ranges determined from the normal subjects. In all patients with MI, 2-D echoes located abnormal wall motion involving at least the region identified as abnormal by the electrocardiogram and often extending into adjacent regions. All 9 patients with transmural MI had either decreased wall thickening or abnormal endocardial wall motion; all except 1 had focal thinning in the region of the MI. Of the 6 patients with nontransmural MI, 2 had abnormal endocardial wall motion, and all had decreased wall thickening. Evaluating regional wall motion at multiple points around the LV circumference should permit more precise delineation of LV function in health and disease than has been heretofore possible. PMID- 6637850 TI - Clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up in 119 survivors of cardiac arrest: relation to inducibility at electrophysiologic testing. AB - Electrophysiologic studies were performed in 119 survivors of cardiac arrest. Sustained ventricular arrhythmias were initiated by programmed ventricular stimulation in 72 patients (61%). Coronary artery disease patients with induced sustained ventricular arrhythmias had a higher incidence of prior myocardial infarction (95 versus 72%) and ventricular aneurysm (59 versus 28%) and a lower ejection fraction (37 versus 50%) than those with no inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias. Of the 72 patients with inducible ventricular arrhythmias, 11 (15%) died suddenly during a mean follow-up of 18 months (range 15 days to 58 months). In this group, 6 of 41 patients (15%) discharged on a successful antiarrhythmic regimen and 5 of 27 patients (19%) discharged on an unsuccessful regimen or without a predischarge study have died suddenly. Of these 27 patients, 1 of 12 patients treated with amiodarone and 4 of 15 (27%) with conventional antiarrhythmic therapy died suddenly. The remaining 4 patients died of nonarrhythmic causes in the postoperative period. Of 47 patients without inducible sustained ventricular arrhythmias, 15 (32%) died suddenly at a mean follow-up of 20 months, 10 (34%) with and 15 (28%) without empiric therapy. It is concluded that sustained ventricular arrhythmias can be initiated in most patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Patients with inducible arrhythmias have greater left ventricular dysfunction than those without inducible arrhythmias. Medical or surgical therapy that prevented the induction of sustained ventricular arrhythmias was predictive of a successful outcome in 85% of the patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637851 TI - Long-term efficacy and toxicity of high-dose amiodarone therapy for ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. AB - Amiodarone was administered to 154 patients who had sustained, symptomatic ventricular tachycardia (VT) (n = 118) or a cardiac arrest (n = 36) and who were refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic drugs. The loading dose was 800 mg/day for 6 weeks and the maintenance dose was 600 mg/day. Sixty-nine percent of patients continued treatment with amiodarone and had no recurrence of symptomatic VT or ventricular fibrillation (VF) over a follow-up of 6 to 52 months (mean +/- standard deviation 14.2 +/- 8.2). Six percent of the patients had a nonfatal recurrence of VT and were successfully managed by continuing amiodarone at a higher dose or by the addition of a conventional antiarrhythmic drug. One or more adverse drug reactions occurred in 51% of patients. Adverse effects forced a reduction in the dose of amiodarone in 41% and discontinuation of amiodarone in 10% of patients. The most common symptomatic adverse reactions were tremor or ataxia (35%), nausea and anorexia (8%), visual halos or blurring (6%), thyroid function abnormalities (6%) and pulmonary interstitial infiltrates (5%). Although large-dose amiodarone is highly effective in the long-term treatment of VT or VF refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic drugs, it causes significant toxicity in approximately 50% of patients. However, when the dose is adjusted based on clinical response or the development of adverse effects, 75% of patients with VT or VF can be successfully managed with amiodarone. PMID- 6637852 TI - Changes in ventricular refractoriness after an extrastimulus: effects of prematurity, cycle length and procainamide. AB - This study was performed to determine the ability of extrastimuli to change ventricular refractoriness. We prospectively evaluated the effects of stimulus prematurity and paced cycle length (PCL) in 30 patients and the effect of procainamide in 8 patients on changes in the ventricular effective refractory period (ERP) after a right ventricular extrastimulus (S2). An S2 was introduced at preselected coupling intervals at a PCL (S1-S1) of 600 and 400 ms. At each S1 S2 interval, a second extrastimulus (S3) was introduced in 5-ms decrements and the ERP of S2 measured. The decrease in the ERP after an S2 was directly related to prematurity and most of the shortening occurred over a narrow range of S1-S2 intervals. At a PCL of 600 ms, the ERP of S2 at S1-S2 intervals less than or equal to 400 ms was significantly shorter than the ERP of S1 (maximal shortening 23%). At a PCL of 400 ms, the ERP of S2 at S1-S2 intervals less than or equal to 350 ms was significantly shorter than the ERP of S1 (maximal shortening 25%). The ERP of S2 at the shortest S1-S2 interval was greater with a PCL of 600 ms than with 400 ms (200 +/- 31 versus 180 +/- 26 ms, p less than 0.001). However, the total shortening in ERP (ERPS1 - ERPS2 at shortest S1-S2 interval) was similar at both PCLs (55 +/- 14 versus 59 +/- 13 ms). Procainamide significantly prolonged the ERP of S2 at each S1-S2 interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6637853 TI - Pharmacokinetics of oxprenolol in the elderly. AB - This paper is a brief review of the problems associated with drug therapy in the elderly. Although the elderly are more prone to suffer adverse reactions to drugs and to respond abnormally, impaired drug handling should not be blamed for these problems until other factors have been evaluated. Renal function deteriorates as people grow older, but the absorption, metabolism and distribution of most drugs may not be adversely affected by advancing age. Evidence to the contrary is sometimes based on studies of convalescent patients in whom an effect of disease or drug therapy cannot be excluded. For an assessment of the effects of aging on the pharmacokinetics of oxprenolol, 2 groups of 8 healthy females, mean age 21 and 68 years, respectively, were studied. Oxprenolol, 80 mg, was given orally in a single dose on day 1 and day 8 of a course of treatment; on the intervening days, oxprenolol, 80 mg, was given twice daily. The mean plasma concentration:time curves for both day 1 and day 8 for the 2 age groups were comparable. Thus, age alone does not affect the pharmacokinetics of oxprenolol. PMID- 6637855 TI - Iron loading in the liver of parasitic adult lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L. AB - Electron microscopic and histochemical procedures were used to describe iron loading in the normal liver of parasitic adult sea lampreys. Petromyzon marinus L. Ferric iron is present in large quantities as ferritin in the cytoplasmic matrix, in hemosiderin granules, and in large vacuoles of hepatocytes. Ferritin is also found in the lateral intercellular space, in the perivascular space, and in the sinusoidal lumen. Large crystals in the cytoplasmic and nuclear matrices of some hepatocytes likely represent excessive aggregations of ferritin molecules. Ferrous iron is localized at the lateral cell membrane and vacuolar membranes of hepatocytes. Iron accumulation is less significant in Kupffer cells which are present in small numbers. The relationship of iron loading in the adult lamprey liver to the sanguivorous diet, the rate of erythrophagocytosis, the absence of bile ducts and canaliculi, and the nature of the iron-binding proteins in the plasma are considered. Emphasis is placed on the similarity of the above morphological findings to those resulting from experimentally induced and pathological states of iron loading in other vertebrates, and on the potential use of the lamprey as a model for studying iron loading in the vertebrate liver. PMID- 6637854 TI - Several cytokinetic methods for showing circadian variation in normal murine tissue and in a tumor. AB - Circadian rhythmicity in cell proliferation was studied by several cytokinetic techniques in 8-week-old CD2F1 and Swiss male mice. In separate experiments on four different dates, subgroups of six or seven mice (fed ad libitum and standardized to 8 hours light alternating with 16 hours of darkness) were killed at 3-hour intervals over a period of 24-48 hours. Cosinor analyses were used to determine the parameters of circadian periodicity in the data. Flow cytometric (FCM) analyses of DNA synthesis in tongue and stomach were compared with estimates of tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) incorporation into the DNA in these tissues. Circadian variation in tongue epithelium was reproducible in phasing and in range-of-change (100-140%) in seven 24-hour studies. The proportion of cells in G1 and G2 in tongue epithelium also demonstrated a circadian periodicity. When DNA synthesis in stomach was analyzed by the two methods, the results were entirely different and thus not comparable. The circadian rhythms in 3HTdR uptake agreed with those reported previously, but results of analyses by FCM were less certain, since epithelium of this organ could not be analyzed separately. Circadian rhythms were detected by FCM in G2, S, and G2M in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). The mitotic index of this tumor varied with a circadian periodicity similar to that of the FCM-derived rhythm in G2M. This study validates the reliability of older techniques, such as 3HTdR uptake and mitotic indices, and suggests that circadian rhythms can be important in studies of cellular properties using FCM. PMID- 6637856 TI - Morphometric analysis of the corpus luteum of 16-day pregnant rats: the effect of preparative procedures on volume of luteal cells, interstitial, and vascular compartments. AB - The volumes of the major tissue compartments, vascular space, interstitial space, and luteal cells, in the corpus luteum (CL) of 16-day pregnant rats were determined morphometrically after different fixation procedures. Ovaries were fixed by perfusion at physiologic pressures (PF), by immersion directly in fixative (IF), by immersion after clamping blood vessels to prevent escape of blood (IFC), or by immersion after administration of heparin to prevent blood clotting (IFH). Three CL in each of eight ovaries were examined for each fixation method. Total volumes were significantly larger in CL fixed by PF and IFC, and approximated physiologic volumes as assessed from frozen ovaries. Perfusion-fixed CL had significantly larger vascular and interstitial spaces and smaller cell volumes than immersion-fixed CL. Capillary surface area varied significantly between the four groups in accordance with absolute volume of vascular space. Estimated numbers of endothelial cells and amounts of connective tissue differed significantly, presumably due to difficulties in identifying these components in immersion-fixed CL with collapsed vessels. The fixation methods used caused substantial fluid shifts between the three major compartments. A theoretical approach for considering these shifts and the likely physiologic situation was developed. PMID- 6637857 TI - "Synaptic" ribbons and spherules of the guinea pig pineal gland: inverse day/night differences in number. AB - The present study deals with the functionally enigmatic "synaptic" ribbons and spherules of guinea pig pinealocytes. Whereas the ribbons have been shown to exhibit a 24-hr rhythmicity with low numbers during the day and high numbers at night, very little of a definitive nature is known about the spherules. Sixteen male guinea pigs of the Hartley strain were perfusion fixed, 8 between 0900-1100 hr, and 8 between 2100-2300 hr. The ribbons and spherules were counted in the pineal parenchyma of the proximal, intermediate, and distal regions. In confirmation of earlier studies, it was found that "synaptic" ribbons are equally abundant in the proximal, intermediate, and distal regions of the gland, during both the day and the night, and that they increase significantly in number at night when compared with daytime values. The spherules, by contrast, are more abundant proximally and are present in greater numbers during the day than at night. As ribbons and spherules are usually not found in one and the same pinealocytic profile, and based on previous electrophysiological studies, it is proposed that the ribbons are morphological markers of nocturnally active pinealocytes, whereas spherules characterize diurnally active pinealocytes. PMID- 6637858 TI - Colchicine-induced changes in the cytoskeleton of the golden-mantled ground squirrel (Spermophilus lateralis) Sertoli cells. AB - Study of Sertoli cells of the ground squirrel provides a unique opportunity to examine cell structure and function. The cells are large, have an elaborate cytoskeleton, and undergo dramatic changes in organization during spermatogenesis. Microtubules (MTs) are prominent elements of the cytoskeleton and appear to be associated structurally with many of the events that occur during sperm production. To investigate the function of MTs, animals were injected subcutaneously with colchicine, and their seminiferous epithelia examined by light and electron microscopy. Some animals were injected with 30--80 mg of the drug per kg body weight and sacrificed 3 to 5 hr later. Others were given 0.3 mg/kg/day for 6 days and processed on day 7. Virtually no MTs were seen in Sertoli cells after short-term treatments, and their numbers were greatly reduced after the long-term injections. Intermediate filaments were very evident throughout the cytoplasm of treated cells, particularly in the short-term studies. Moreover, a close association of some of these filaments with centrioles was observed. In all cases, elongate spermatids which normally move apically did not do so. Indeed, some spermatids appear to have been pulled to a basal position after having moved apically prior to treatment. Also, smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) accumulated basally in the Sertoli cell, unlike controls, and the acrosomes of late spermatids developed abnormally or did not complete their shape changes. Cell junctions appeared normal and sperm release was observed. In conclusion, our data suggest that Sertoli cell MTs are necessary for the normal development and translocation of spermatids in the seminiferous epithelium and are involved with positional changes in Sertoli cell SER. They do not appear essential for the maintenance of cell junctions. PMID- 6637860 TI - Energy expenditure and postprandial thermogenesis in obese women before and after weight loss. AB - In six young obese women (mean weight 85 +/- 3 kg) with a childhood history of obesity, and in six young nonobese women (mean weight 55 +/- 2 kg), the energy expenditure was measured during 24 h in a respiratory chamber with a maintenance energy intake. The next day, the thermogenic response to a mixed meal was investigated by using an open circuit indirect calorimetry hood system. In addition, five of the same obese women were similarly studied after a mean weight loss of 12.1 kg (14% of initial body weight) consecutive to an 11-wk hypocaloric diet (protein-supplemented modified fast). Expressed in absolute terms, the total 24 h and basal energy expenditures were found to be significantly greater in the obese (2208 +/- 105 and 1661 +/- 56 kcal/24 h, respectively) than in the controls (1746 +/- 61 and 1230 +/- 40 kcal/24 h, respectively). After weight loss, both the total 24-h and the basal energy expenditures were significantly reduced (2009 +/- 99 kcal/24 h and 1423 +/- 43 kcal/24 h respectively), but both values were still greater than that of the control subjects. The thermogenic response to the mixed meal (a liquid diet containing 17, 54, and 29% as protein, carbohydrate, and lipid calories, respectively, and an energy level determined to cover 60% of the basal energy expenditure computed for 24 h) was found to be significantly reduced in the obese as compared to controls (ie, 7.6 +/- 0.4% versus 9.5 +/- 0.4% of the energy content of the load, respectively, p less than 0.025). After weight loss, the postprandial thermogenesis of the obese was still markedly reduced (ie, 6.2 +/- 0.8%). Both before and after weight loss, the relative increase in diurnal urinary norepinephrine excretion was found to be lower in the obese than in controls, when compared to the nocturnal values. These results show that the greater 24 h energy expenditure of obese women is entirely due to their higher basal metabolic rate. The lower thermogenic response to the meal in the obese supports the concept of a thermogenic defect which can favor energy gain; furthermore, the unchanged response after weight loss in the obese suggests that the thermogenic defect may be a cause rather than a consequence of obesity. PMID- 6637859 TI - Quantitation of tissue loss during prolonged space flight. AB - An analysis of data from the three Skylab missions was performed to assess the lean body mass (LBM) and fat components of inflight body weight loss. Six methods for determining LBM were employed based on changes in total body water, total body potassium, nitrogen balance, potassium balance, and stereophotometric-body density. Those based solely on body potassium, and potassium and nitrogen balances (when expressed as shifts from preflight control), consistently overestimated LBM loss unless appropriate corrections were made. The average results from the various methods indicated that of a mean inflight total body weight loss of 2.7 +/- 0.3 kg (SD) for all nine crewmembers, more than half (1.5 +/- 0.3 kg) can be attributed to loss of LBM (including 1.1 kg body water), the remainder (1.2 +/- 0.3 kg) being derived from fat stores. The reduction of LBM appeared to be complete after the first month of flight and thereafter was largely independent of mission duration, diet, and exercise. PMID- 6637861 TI - Phenylalanine intakes of 1- to 6-year-old children with phenylketonuria undergoing therapy. AB - Mean of median phenylalanine intakes of 1- to 6-yr-old treated phenylketonuria patients who were growing normally were evaluated by age, sex, and treatment group assignment. Total daily means of median phenylalanine intakes of subjects in treatment group 1 were significantly different from those of subjects in treatment group 2 except at the median age of 69 months. Total daily phenylalanine intakes varied from 285 +/- 10 to 453 +/- 30 mg (mean +/- SEM) by subjects in treatment group 1. Total daily phenylalanine intakes of subjects in treatment group 2 varied from 349 +/- 12 to 530 +/- 42 mg (mean +/- SEM). Mean, median phenylalanine intakes by males ranged from 30 mg/kg of body weight by the younger to 23 mg/kg of body weight by the older subjects. Means of median phenylalanine intakes of females varied from 32 mg/kg of body weight by the younger to 21 mg/kg of body weight by the older subjects. No child had a median phenylalanine intake below 10 mg/kg of body weight. PMID- 6637862 TI - Zinc absorption in celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis: a test of small intestinal function. AB - The increments in plasma zinc concentrations after an oral dose of elemental zinc (50 mg) as the sulphate were used to assess the intestinal absorption of the metal in 11 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) before starting a gluten free diet, 12 patients with newly diagnosed celiac disease (CD), 10 patients known to have CD, and 15 healthy volunteers. The areas under the plasma zinc increment curve plotted against time were determined for 3 (AUC3) and 6 (AUC6) h. The AUC3 in healthy volunteers was 401 +/- 48 mumol 1(-1) 3 h (mean +/- SD); it was reduced in newly diagnosed CD 187 +/- 76 mumol 1(-1) 3 h (p less than 0.001), and in dermatitis herpetiformis 206 +/- 87 mumol 1(-1) 3 h (p less than 0.01); but it was normal in the known CD 396 +/- 204 mumol 1(-1) 3 h, the wide variation reflecting the variable compliance with a previously instituted gluten-free diet. The AUC6 was similarly affected, healthy volunteers 700 +/- 111 mumol 1(-1) 6 h, new CD 380 +/- 169 mumol 1(-1) 6 h (p less than 0.01); dermatitis herpetiformis 471 +/- 107 mumol 1(-1) 6 h (p less than 0.01); known CD 725 +/- 380 mumol 1(-1) 6 h. The AUC3 was more consistently abnormal than conventional tests of small intestinal function. In a prospective study the AUC3 and AUC6 improved and reflected compliance with a gluten-free diet. PMID- 6637863 TI - Selenium and acute alcoholism. AB - Selenium status was investigated in nine inebriated alcoholic subjects by collecting serial samples of blood and urine during hospitalization for alcohol detoxification. The selenium content of various alcoholic beverages and samples of hospital diets was also determined. Mean plasma selenium level and mean urinary excretion of selenium were both significantly lower (p less than 0.01) in alcoholic subjects as compared to the control subjects at the time of admission. Furthermore, the daily dietary intake of selenium before hospitalization was estimated to be below the recommended safe and adequate range in the majority of the alcoholic subjects. The selenium content of various alcoholic beverages was determined to be very low (0.1 to 0.8 microgram/dl). These data suggest that selenium depletion does occur in alcoholic subjects most likely due to poor dietary intake. Selenium depletion in this group of patients is corrected by cessation of ethanol ingestion and adequate dietary intake without additional selenium supplementation. PMID- 6637864 TI - A survey of physician clinical nutrition training programs in the United States. AB - This survey contacted 90 medical schools and 241 universities believed to offer physicians special training in human nutrition. Seventy-two of the medical schools described an existing (67/72) or planned (5/72) clinical fellowship program. In 40 of these 67 programs, nutrition was a major clinical and research focus (greater than 30% and up to 100% of trainees time) and in 27, the nutrition emphasis was definite but more modest (about 30% of time). Between 1976 and 1981, 470 physicians completed training from these programs. Fifty-two of the universities described graduate degree courses (PhD, MPH, MS) in human nutrition open to physicians. Between 1976 to 1981 24 of these schools had enrolled and graduated 152 physicians. The results are discussed in terms of the need for standardization of the content of training programs and a certification process, recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties. PMID- 6637865 TI - Nutrient intake patterns and nutritional status with regard to relative weight in early infancy. AB - To examine whether or not obesity in later life is related to feeding practice in early infancy, daily nutrient intake was studied in relation to relative weight in a cohort of 170 healthy infants from birth to 3 yr of age. Dietary records were made monthly for the first 6 months and at 3-monthly intervals thereafter, always covering the week preceding anthropometric measurements. The frequency distribution of relative weight varied according to age and sex; the infants did not remain in the same relative weight group during the observed period. When comparing the relative weight at 6 and 36 months, the coefficients of correlation were rather weak for both sexes (r = 0.33 and 0.35). There were no significant differences in the history of breast-feeding according to relative weight. The mean energy intake per kg of body weight was always lower in infants with relative weight above 105% of expected weight and fats and carbohydrates were consumed less in the same group. There were no differences in protein intake according to relative weight, although this intake was always higher than the recommended nutrient intake. Daily intake of zinc was comparable in all weight groups. Results indicate that the infants with above-average relative weights did not consume greater quantities of principal nutrients. The results, therefore, do not support the hypothesis that implicates overfeeding in early infancy as a major cause of obesity in later life. PMID- 6637866 TI - Maternal nutritional status and adolescent pregnancy outcome. AB - To investigate the determinants of low birth weight of infants born to adolescent mothers, we studied the obstetric population attended at the Maternity Hospital of Lima, Peru. From this population we selected for study a sample of 1256 adolescent mothers ranging in age from 12 to 25 yr. The study included anthropometric and biochemical measurements used to evaluate nutritional status and physiological maturity of the mother and newborn. Findings from the present research indicate that the low birth weight of infants born to adolescent mothers is not due to premature delivery (short gestation) or low gynecological maturity. Furthermore, young adolescent mothers had smaller and thinner newborns than those born to older women who were adjusted for nutritional status during pregnancy and at delivery. That is, despite the similar nutritional status among the young adolescent mothers, the availability of nutrients for the accumulation of calories in the fetus (measured by skinfold thickness) was less than that of older women. Furthermore, the pregnancy weight gain associated with an optimal or average newborn weight is greater for young teenagers than for older women. These findings support the hypothesis that among rapidly growing teenagers the nutritional requirements of pregnancy may be greater than those of older women, and that this increased requirement competes with the growth needs of the fetus. PMID- 6637867 TI - Growth and nutritional status of Bedouin infants in the Negev Desert, Israel: evidence for marked stunting in the presence of only mild malnutrition. AB - Growth and feeding practices of 353 Bedouin infants from the Negev Desert, Israel, were compared to those of 302 Jewish infants from the same area and to American standards. These two populations differed in their cultures and educational backgrounds. The use of medical and health services was lower among the Bedouin population. The feeding practices of the Bedouin infants were markedly different from those of their controls. The Bedouin infants show a progressive decrease in weight, length, and head circumference (means of all three parameters were around the 5th percentile) while the Jews were comparable to Americans. The nutritional status was assessed by three different anthropometric measurements. The weight to length ratio showed that 88% of Bedouin and 96% of Jewish infants were above the 10th percentile. Tricep skinfold measurements showed that 96% of the Bedouins and 99% of the Jews were above the 5th percentile. The midarm circumference to head circumference ratio was in the range between 0.280 and 0.310 (mild malnutrition range) while that of the Jews was above 0.310 (well-nourished range). These data show marked stunting in the presence of only mild malnutrition. This observation argues against the general belief that marked stunting is the result of prolonged severe malnutrition. Differences in cultural and genetic backgrounds, as well as different feeding practices and increased morbidity, could contribute to this phenomenon. PMID- 6637868 TI - Association of maternal smoking with body composition of the newborn. AB - The relationship of maternal cigarette smoking to anthropometric measurements of the newborn was investigated in 285 full-term Caucasian infants. Mothers were classified as "smokers" if they reported smoking both before and during the pregnancy (n = 109) and "nonsmokers" (n = 176). Infants of smoking mothers were significantly lighter, shorter, and had smaller head circumferences, and arm circumferences than those of nonsmokers, consistent with previous findings of other investigators. Ponderal index was not different in the two groups. There was no difference between the two groups in any of the skinfold measurements or in calculated cross-sectional fat area of the upper arm. Multiple regression analyses revealed independent effects of smoking on weight, length, and arm circumference, but no independent effect of smoking on any index of subcutaneous fat. These data suggest that the reduction in birth weight in infants whose mothers who smoke is primarily due to reduction in lean body mass of the newborn while deposition of subcutaneous fat is relatively unaffected. PMID- 6637869 TI - The fatty meal test: an alternative to stool fat analysis. AB - In view of the technical difficulties inherent in using stool fat estimations as a parameter of malabsorption, we used a fatty meal absorption test. Children under investigation for failure to thrive were divided into two groups, those having a normal stool fat output (less than 3.2 g/day) constituting the control group, and those having steatorrhea. After a fatty meal containing 25 g of margarine and 25 g of butter fat, we measured the rise of serum triglycerides and chylomicrons hourly for 5 h. Serum triglyceride rise of less than 100 mg/dl or less than 100% above basal values and the appearance of less than 7% of chylomicrons were considered pathological. Of our control group 95% had a normal rise of triglycerides; and 96% of our patients with steatorrhea had an abnormal rise. This test was more reliable than the two-point triglyceride test previously described for the diagnosis of fat malabsorption. The fatty meal test as described here is considered to be a useful test of absorptive function. PMID- 6637870 TI - Development of core competencies in clinical nutrition. AB - A nationwide survey of core competencies of nutrition knowledge and skills that primary care physicians should know and/or be able to do has been completed. Nutrition competencies were synthesized from a review of clinical nutrition practices as reported in the medical literature and by medical school faculty group discussions. A nutrition competency questionnaire was sent to 445 practicing physicians and to 752 department chairpersons in every US medical school in the disciplines of family practice, medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, psychiatry, and surgery. The overall response rate for practitioners and faculty combined was 46.03%. Of the 55 nutrition competencies, 28 items received very strong support (greater than 90% of respondents marked agree or completely agree). Twenty-two competencies received strong support (80 to 89% of respondents marked agree or completely agree), and five items received mixed support (40 to 79% of respondents marked agree or completely agree). Statistical comparisons of the item responses between practitioners and faculty were significantly different (p less than 0.05) on 19 (35%) of the items. It is anticipated that the 50 nutrition competencies that have received strong or very strong agreement among the 551 physicians representing primary care disciplines across the US will serve as guidelines for continued development of medical school curriculum and continuing medical education in clinical nutrition. PMID- 6637871 TI - Certification of clinical nutrition specialists: the current role of the American Board of Nutrition. PMID- 6637872 TI - Inaccuracy of applying energy expenditure rates of adults to children. PMID- 6637873 TI - Food intake and weight gain in pregnant women. PMID- 6637874 TI - Role of plasma cholesterol in determining glucose tolerance. PMID- 6637875 TI - Helium charged-particle radiotherapy of locally advanced carcinoma of the esophagus, stomach, and biliary tract. AB - Sixty-five patients with squamous carcinoma of the esophagus (32 patients), carcinoma of the stomach (18 patients) and carcinoma of the biliary tract (15 patients) received from 6000 to 7000 equivalent rad (60-70 Gray-equivalents) of helium radiotherapy at 2.0 GyE per fraction, four fractions per day, using multiportal, spread-out Bragg peak therapy. All patients had locally advanced disease without evidence of distant metastases. Partial compensation for tissue inhomogeneities was accomplished. Although palliation of symptoms and regression of tumor was commonly seen, local failure occurred in most patients (77%). The median survival was 8 months. It does not appear that an increase in tumor dose relative to normal tissues can be achieved that would be high enough to increase locoregional control rates over historical control rates with low-LET irradiation. Further studies will be carried out with heavier particles such as neon or silicon in hopes of achieving greater biological effect on these difficult-to-control tumors. PMID- 6637876 TI - Treatment of locally advanced cancer of the cervix with transperineal interstitial irradiation. Report on 106 cases. AB - The survival of patients with locally advanced cancer of the cervix (stage IIB, IIIB, and IVA) treated with conventional intracavitary radium remains unsatisfactory. Over 50% of these patients are local failures and die with uncontrolled tumor in the pelvis. In 1978, we began performing transperineal interstitial implants to the parametria in patients with advanced disease. One hundred six evaluable patients (34 IIB, 67 IIIB, and five IVA) received one (99) or two interstitial implants (7) following 40-50 Gy of external supervoltage external irradiation. In addition, seven patients underwent exploratory staging laparotomies concurrently with the first implant procedure. Mean follow-up is 23 months and range is 12-60 months. Control of the pelvic tumor has been documented in 85%, 75%, and 40% of stage IIB, IIIB and IVA patients, respectively. Seven patients developed distant metastases and three died of intercurrent disease with no evidence of pelvic relapse. Nineteen patients (18%) developed radiation related complications: proctitis or cystitis (six), rectal stenosis (six), ulceration and necrosis of the vaginal wall (one), and recto- or vesicovaginal fistula (six). It is noteworthy that 7/11 patients (64%) who had radioactive sources placed on the surface of the vaginal obturator as a substitute for an intrauterine tandem developed severe complications. We conclude that transperineal interstitial irradiation is both safe and an effective modality in the treatment of advanced cancer of the cervix. PMID- 6637877 TI - Neuropsychologic function in children with brain tumors: II. Serial studies of intellect and time after treatment. AB - Serial neuropsychologic studies were performed in 18 children following surgery and irradiation for brain tumors. Initial evaluations (#1) 3-70 months post therapy (median 22 months) revealed subnormal full scale IQ (FSIQ less than 90) in nine. Time elapsed since treatment did not significantly correlate with IQ or memory scores. Second evaluations (#2) 10-23 months after #1 showed FSIQ stability in 12 (67%) and improvement (FSIQ greater than or equal to 10 points higher) in three. Deterioration (FSIQ greater than or equal to 10 points lower) was noted in three, in each case associated with clinically significant neurologic events. Serial memory scores improved in two, remained stable in 10, and declined in six. Third evaluations (#3), 6-23 months after #2, documented FSIQ stability in 8/9 studied and significant, late improvement in one. The effect of age is suggested primarily in memory-oriented functions. Selective attending is abnormal at #1 in 6/9 less than 6 years old at diagnosis, and 1/9 greater than or equal to 6 years. Interval decline in memory scores between #1 and #2 occurred in 5/9 less than 6 years old at diagnosis, and 1/9 greater than or equal to 6 years. The findings support earlier observations of relative declines in intellectual function in this population. Identification of intellectual delays requiring special educational assistance permits learning intervention early in the child's course. Substantial interval improvement apparent in 4/18 children indicates some degree of repair or adaptation with time, likely affected by directed educational programs. PMID- 6637878 TI - Myelography and cytology for staging very young children with medulloblastoma. AB - Children under 5 years of age with medulloblastoma reportedly have a worse prognosis than older patients. Twenty-four patients under 5 years of age who completed radiotherapy are reviewed. Eleven were diagnosed after 1974 and were prospectively staged for dissemination with myelography and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) cytology. Thirteen patients were treated before 1974 and without prior myelography or cytology studies. Six of 11 staged patients had abnormal myelograms and one additional patient had malignant cells in the CSF. Thus, only 4/11 staged patients were without evidence of dissemination. Seven of the 11 staged patients are alive and well at least 29 months from diagnosis. All four patients without evidence of dissemination at diagnosis are alive. Of six patients with initial cord involvement, three are alive. The one patient with a positive cytology died. Four of 13 unstaged patients are alive and well. There was no difference in survival between patients under 5 years of age and those over 5 years of age for either series of patients. Children under 5 years of age, when compared to older children, were more likely to have cord involvement at diagnosis. The optimum radiation dose to the cord in children without evidence of dissemination is unknown. Four long-term survivors received less than or equal to 2600 rad to the cord. PMID- 6637879 TI - Lymphadenopathy in a heterogeneous population at risk for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)--a morphologic study. AB - The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) appears to be expanding both in the population at risk and in its clinical form of presentation. Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy has been reported in homosexual men who have immunologic abnormalities associated with AIDS. We are reporting ten cases of unexplained persistent generalized lymphadenopathy that have occurred in a heterogeneous population group at risk for AIDS (homosexual men, drug addicts, or Haitians). The morphologic findings of reactive follicular hyperplasia, increased interfollicular cellularity including an abundance of plasma cells and immunoblasts, preservation of the sinuses containing a sprinkling of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and occasional multinucleated lymphoid cells constitute a constellation of features that are consistent enough so that AIDS should be included in the differential diagnosis. PMID- 6637880 TI - Immunoreactivity of paraffin-embedded normal tissues and mesenchymal tumors for smooth muscle myosin. AB - Immunohistochemical study of smooth muscle myosin, a protein distinct from skeletal, cardiac, or nonmyogenous myosins in paraffin-embedded normal tissues and benign and malignant mesenchymal tumors revealed its strong expression in normal smooth muscle, capillary endothelium, and pericytes. All benign smooth muscle tumors with exception of gastric leiomyomas and few other leiomyomas of the gastrointestinal tract displayed strong or moderate immunoreactivity. On the other hand, strong or moderate immunoreactivity was detected in only eight of 28 spindle-cell leiomyosarcomas, as well as in 13 out of 27 malignant fibrous histiocytomas and three out of nine malignant hemangiopericytomas, while epithelioid leiomyosarcomas, fibrosarcomas, malignant schwannomas, and synovial sarcomas were negative or only weakly positive. Our results demonstrate that, while smooth muscle myosin is a very good marker of normal smooth muscle and benign smooth muscle tumors, it is expressed in diagnostically significant amounts in less than a third of spindle-cell leiomyosarcomas and none of the studied epithelioid leiomyosarcomas. PMID- 6637881 TI - Evaluation of the Abbott TDx for the stat measurement of phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and theophylline. AB - The Abbott TDx is a fully automated method for drug-level monitoring. The system consists of a competitive fluorescence polarization immunoassay performed by a microprocessor-controlled fluorometer with integral pipetting and data reduction systems. We evaluated the method for the stat measurement of phenobarbital (PHENO), phenytoin (PTN), carbamazepine (CARB), and theophylline (THEO). The threshold of detection is PHENO, 0.8 mg/L; PTN, 0.8 mg/L; CARB, 0.1 mg/L; and THEO, 0.4 mg/L. Between-run precision in the therapeutic range expressed as coefficient of variation is between 3.3% and 9.1% for all four drugs. Recovery of each drug from a variety of matrices was essentially 100%, with no significant interference by elevated levels of bilirubin, triglycerides, or hemoglobin. The TDx methods were correlated to established methods for 100 patient specimens: PHENO: Y(TDx) = 0.95 (GLC) + 1.4 mg/L R = 0.98 PTN: Y(TDx) = 0.91 (GLC) + 1.1 mg/L R = 0.99 CARB: Y(TDx) = 0.91 (EMIT) + 0.4 mg/L R = 0.98 THEO: Y(TDx) = 0.93 (HPLC) + 0.5 mg/L R = 0.99 The calibration stability is no shorter than one week (PTN) and as long as five weeks (CARB). The analytic system is an accurate, precise, and highly stable method for the stat measurement of these four drugs. PMID- 6637882 TI - Statistical approach to antigen screening. AB - Pretransfusion testing includes screening the serum of patients for clinically significant antibodies. When discovered, attempts are made to identify the antibody in the hopes of providing the patient with compatible blood that lacks the corresponding antigen. The statistical relationships among the probability of finding the desired number of units, the number of units screened, and the antigen frequency will be discussed. Graphic presentations highlight the relationships and provide a convenient method of assessing the likelihood of finding the desired number of units. A program to perform the necessary calculations on a microcomputer is discussed and is available upon request from the author. PMID- 6637883 TI - An atypical subcutaneous infection associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AB - Cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) continue to be reported at an alarming rate. As the numbers of cases increase, so too does the list of unusual manifestations associated with this syndrome. We report here a patient with AIDS who, during his clinical course, had a previously undescribed, histologically atypical, subcutaneous infection develop. Light microscopic, electron microscopic, and microbiologic data are presented. The cause and pathogenesis of this lesion are discussed. PMID- 6637884 TI - Intracranial lesion resembling giant lymph node hyperplasia. AB - A 30-year-old woman, who, since the age of 20, had epileptic seizures, was hospitalized in 1972 because of frontal headaches, nausea, and vomiting. Clinical examination revealed a right cerebellar syndrome; gamma-encephalogram showed a focus of subtentorial hyperactivity; iodoventriculography showed a deformation of the aqueduct. At surgery, a posterior fossa tumor implanted on the dura mater and tentorium of the right cerebellar fossa was enucleated. The histologic features were those of giant lymph node hyperplasia. Postoperative craniospinal radiotherapy was administered. Ten years later the patient was in good health and neurogically normal. PMID- 6637885 TI - Disseminated infection by Aspergillus terreus. AB - A patient with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia who received chemotherapy developed lung nodules and later central nervous system symptoms consistent with disseminated aspergillosis. The diagnosis was made at open lung biopsy by culturing the organism and observing in tissue sections conidia borne laterally along the hyphae, a characteristic of the Aspergillus terreus-flavipes group. This is the first reported case of disseminated A. terreus infection in an immunocompromised host. PMID- 6637887 TI - Pseudo-prolongation of the partial thromboplastin time. AB - A patient with a negative personal and family history for bleeding was being prepared for bronchoscopy when an extremely long activated partial thromboplastin time was detected. Analyses for the contact phase factors were normal. It was determined subsequently that the prolongation was artifactual. The prolongation was due to a peculiar set of circumstances requiring an intrinsically short partial thromboplastin time, a rapid-acting commercial accelerating agent, and a clot-sensing device having a built-in lag phase longer than the resulting partial thromboplastin time. The authors wish to bring to the attention of laboratory personnel this curiosity. PMID- 6637886 TI - A fatal eosinophilic process in a Laotian refugee. AB - A 17-year-old Laotian refugee developed an ultimately fatal disease process characterized by formation of an abdominal eosinophilic mass, peripheral eosinophilia, and elevated serum IgE. No parasitic pathogens that could explain her disease were isolated during life or identified at autopsy. Furthermore, the disease was not consistent with previously described neoplastic, inflammatory, or idiopathic diseases. We believe this process represents a unique, aggressive variation of the hypereosinophilic syndrome, and that immunosuppressive therapy may be warranted. PMID- 6637888 TI - Amyloidosis complicating cystic fibrosis. AB - A 33-year-old white man with cystic fibrosis and severe chronic pulmonary disease developed nephrotic syndrome and was found to have secondary systemic amyloidosis. Only four such cases have been reported in the English literature. Previously reported cases are reviewed and compared. It is suggested that with increasing longevity in cystic fibrosis, more amyloidosis may be seen. PMID- 6637889 TI - Fatality due to paraquat intoxication: confirmation by postmortem tissue analysis. AB - A brief case report is presented describing a patient who unknowingly ingested a fatal amount of paraquat, presumably mixed in some illicit moonshine alcohol. Despite an initial clinical presentation typical of paraquat intoxication, the herbicide was absent upon analysis of multiple urine and blood specimens, and the diagnosis was confirmed only postmortem after determination of high paraquat tissue concentrations in all the major organs. Autopsy results are presented along with a discussion of the histopathologic changes observed in the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Because the combination of toxicologic sequelae attributable to acute paraquat poisoning is fairly unique to this agent, the diagnosis must be suspected highly early in the clinical course of such cases and appropriate therapy initiated, despite the inability to isolate paraquat on preliminary laboratory screening. PMID- 6637890 TI - Distribution and incidence of viridans streptococcal species in routine clinical specimens. AB - Five hundred consecutive isolates of viridans streptococci were identified to the species level in an effort to determine their distribution and incidence in routine clinical specimens. Viridans streptococci accounted for significant percentages of streptococcal isolates from urine, wounds, body fluids, and blood. The most commonly isolated strains belonged to the Streptococcus milleri, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis I, and Streptococcus sanguis II species. Patient charts were reviewed in order to investigate the possible role as a urinary pathogen of strains belonging to a subgroup of S. milleri. Although these strains frequently are isolated from urine, they appear to play no pathogenic role in urinary tract infections. PMID- 6637891 TI - Comparison of methods for identification of Giardia lamblia. AB - Stool specimens from children in daycare centers were screened for Giardia lamblia and intestinal amoebae by staining wet mounts with methylene blue and dilute Lugol's iodine. Merthiolate-iodine-formalin concentrations (MIFC) and permanent smears stained with Wheatley's trichrome method also were done. In addition, stools were preserved with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and 10% formalin and tested with trichrome and MIFC, respectively. The effectiveness of each method was based on a quantification scheme. Trichrome and MIFC were the best identification methods for cysts of G. lamblia. Trichrome was the superior method for identification of trophozoites. The other staining procedures were significantly less accurate. The use of preservatives did not improve recovery of G. lamblia compared with same morning processing of fresh stools. This study provides evidence that a permanent stain such as trichrome is an important tool for the diagnosis of G. lamblia and should be included in the processing of any diarrheal stool. PMID- 6637892 TI - Clinical significance of osmotic matrix errors in automated hematology: the frequency of hyperglycemic osmotic matrix errors producing spurious macrocytosis. AB - Sporadic examples of spurious macrocytosis due to hyperglycemic osmotic matrix effects have been reported. The present study defines the degree of macrocytosis expected under hyperglycemic normonatremic conditions using a Coulter S + II Isoton + System and its frequency in a large inpatient and outpatient population. No examples of spurious macrocytosis due to hyperglycemia were encountered in a sample comprising 28,471 complete blood counts, of which 564 had macrocytosis. PMID- 6637893 TI - Correlation between hematopoietic progenitors and erythroblasts in cord blood. AB - Erythroid and granulocyte-monocyte progenitors in cord blood were studied, using the methyl cellulose assay. The mean number of progenitors was 12-16 times higher than that of normal adult blood. The number of both erythroid and granulocyte monocyte progenitors correlated positively with the number of erythroblasts present in cord blood. The possible origin of hematopoietic progenitors in cord blood was discussed. PMID- 6637894 TI - Evaluation of ames Multistix-SG for urine specific gravity versus refractometer specific gravity. AB - A comparison of urine specific gravity by a commercially available multiple reagent strip (Multistix-SG; Ames Division, Miles Laboratory) versus refractometer specific gravity (TS Meter; American Optical Corporation) was performed on 214 routine urine specimens. Agreement to +/- 0.005 was found in 72% of the specimens (r = 0.80). Urine specific gravity by the Multistix-SG showed a significant positive bias at urine pHs less than or equal to 6.0 and a negative bias at urine pHs greater than 7.0 in comparison to refractometer specific gravity. At concentrated (specific gravity greater than or equal to 1.020) specific gravities, up to 25% of urine specimens were misclassified as not concentrated by Multistix-SG specific gravity in comparison to refractometer specific gravity. The additional cost of the specific gravity reagent to a multiple reagent test strip in addition to the poor performance relative to refractometer specific gravity leads to the conclusion that including this specific gravity methodology on a multiple reagent strip is neither cost effective nor clinically useful. PMID- 6637895 TI - Primary hyperparathyroidism due to an oxyphil cell adenoma. AB - A 70-year-old black man was found to have primary hyperparathyroidism due to an oxyphil cell adenoma. Ultrastructural studies were essential in elucidating the cell type of the tumor. The morphologic findings in relation to the clinical findings and a brief review of the literature are discussed. PMID- 6637896 TI - A case of peliosis hepatis in association with tamoxifen therapy. PMID- 6637897 TI - Transient neutrophil aggregation in a patient with infectious mononucleosis. AB - Transient neutrophil aggregation is reported in a case of infectious mononucleosis. The phenomenon was observed on a blood film patient just before splenic infarction and decreased after splenectomy. The aggregation was so important that differential blood count could not be done. A high serum level of circulating immune complexes was found, and fluorescent spots inside of granulocytes, presumably engulfed immune complexes, could be observed. It is suggested that C activation associated with high immune complexes in infectious mononucleosis is a possible pathogenetic mechanism inducing PMNs aggregation and immune tissue damage. PMID- 6637898 TI - Nosocomial invasive Saksenaea vasiformis infection. AB - Saksenaea vasiformis is a zygomycete fungus found in soils worldwide; however, it is rarely documented as a cause of human disease. We describe what, to our knowledge, is the first nosocomial infection caused by S. vasiformis and the first documentation that this organism exists in Louisiana. The infection developed at an arterial catheter site in an otherwise healthy young man treated with high-dose corticosteroids and antibiotics for serious head trauma and caused a "cheesy" yellow necrosis of skin, muscle, tendon, and fascia. Resolution of the process occurred following removal of the arterial catheter and without antifungal therapy. The organism was isolated from deep surgical specimens on routine media but did not produce its characteristic sporangia until grown on Czapek's solution agar. It is recommended that zygomycete isolates not identifiable by routine procedures be grown on media that permit Saksenaea to sporulate. PMID- 6637899 TI - Self-poisoning with enteric-coated aspirin. AB - A case of self-poisoning by enteric-coated aspirin tablets is described. Absorption of salicylate was delayed, resulting in serum kinetics different from that obtained with regular aspirin. When the ingested aspirin is enteric coated, the use of Done's nomogram may be inappropriate. PMID- 6637900 TI - Discrepant AT-III and fibrinogen levels on the DuPont acaTM system. PMID- 6637901 TI - Social class, Mexican culture, and fatalism: their effects on psychological distress. AB - We examine the causes and consequences of fatalism in a cross-cultural setting, focusing on the ways in which a fatalistic world view may mediate the effects of social class and Mexican ethnic identity on psychological distress. We find that persons in the lower social classes and Mexicans tend to be more fatalistic than persons in the upper classes and Anglos, and that fatalism, in turn, increases psychological distress. We attempt to integrate research on the social and cultural determinants of cognitive orientations with studies of the effects of social class and Mexican culture on distress. PMID- 6637902 TI - Predictors of help-seeking in an urban setting: the search for child care. AB - The aim of this exploratory study was to identify variables which predict how parents search for child care. Structured interviews were conducted with 50 parents of young children who had searched for full-time nonrelative child care. The respondents represented a 1% sample of Detroit parents. Search behaviors were found to be related to perceived neighborhood age, personal social network ties, and income and family structure. Personal social network ties related to contrasting sets of search behaviors, described as cosmopolitan versus parochial help-seeking patterns. However, perceived neighborhood age modified the relationship between social network ties and search behaviors in that the contrast between cosmopolitan and parochial help-seeking patterns was found only in neighborhoods where most residents had lived more than 10 years (established areas). The findings point to the need for multivariate investigations of the relationship between neighborhood context and patterns of help-seeking, especially in regards to the role of personal social networks. Implications of the findings for the design of a local child care information and referral service are discussed. PMID- 6637903 TI - Social network interactions: a buffer or a stress. AB - Forty-four caregivers to spouses with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease provided a stressed subject population considered at high risk for depression. Unlike more typical unidirectional measures of perceived social support quality, subject ratings were elicited separately as to how helpful as well as how upsetting each network member was in five different support categories. Correlations between perceived network "upset" and depression (Beck Depression Inventory) were highly significant, while in no case did perceived "helpfulness" relate to depression. Using stepwise multiple regression, the set of five support category Upset ratings predicted depression better than did helpful/upset ratios, which in turn predicted depression better than the Helpfulness ratings as a group. The implications of these findings for the conceptualization of social support and its measurement are discussed. PMID- 6637904 TI - A primer for pediatricians on new cephalosporin antibiotics. PMID- 6637905 TI - Treatment of meningitis in the very young infant. PMID- 6637907 TI - Demographic predictors of infant car seat use. AB - Demographic family data obtained from mothers exposed to an inpatient postpartum child restraint device (CRD) education program were correlated with the results of direct observations of how the infant was restrained at a two-week posthospital physical examination visit. Those correctly restraining their infants in an approved CRD were found to be from a higher socioeconomic group than those who did not use CRDs or used them incorrectly. Additionally, the group correctly using the CRD demonstrated a heightened interest in other aspects of preventive medicine and stated that they had a family dentist. This demographic profile enables prediction of which family is most likely to respond to traditional education programs and may be a first step in designing new or alternate approaches for reaching parents not influenced by currently employed instructional methods. PMID- 6637906 TI - A profile of pediatric practice in the United States. AB - We profiled pediatric practice in the United States through a second-order analysis of data gathered in 1977 from 429 practicing pediatricians. Age, sex, board certification status, practice arrangement, and practice location of pediatricians in the United States were evaluated, as well as their patterns of practice. The number of and reasons for visits made to pediatricians by patient age and sex were tabulated. Child health supervision and diseases of the upper and lower parts of the respiratory tract accounted for 84.5% of the principal diagnoses made in 21,784 visits to the sample of pediatricians studied. These data may be useful in planning pediatric primary care residency training program curricula and in making planning decisions regarding the number and distribution of pediatricians nationally. PMID- 6637908 TI - Evaluation of a successful biosocial rotation. AB - Efficacy of an eight-week rotation in developmental and behavioral pediatrics for second-year pediatric residents was evaluated. Pretesting and posttesting disclosed that our residents felt more competent with biosocial problems, had more favorable attitudes toward patients with biosocial problems, and had increased factual knowledge in developmental and behavioral pediatrics. When reevaluated 12 to 24 months after rotation as third-year residents (PL-3), they performed better on a factual knowledge test than a PL-3 control group that had not had the rotation. They also felt more competent than the controls in the diagnosis and treatment of children with learning disabilities, hyperactivity, physical handicaps, depression, and gynecologic problems. PMID- 6637909 TI - The effect of lumbar puncture position in sick neonates. AB - Clinical deterioration has been observed in sick neonates during lumbar puncture. This study was done to determine if hypoxemia occurred during lumbar puncture, if hypoxemia was position dependent, if transcutaneous PO2 (TcPO2) monitoring effected hypoxemia, and what possible mechanisms were involved. Twenty-six neonates received lumbar punctures in either a standard lateral knee-chest position, sitting position, or modified lateral without knee-chest position. Care was taken not to extend or flex the neck. Mean TcPO2 was lower for standard lateral than sitting or modified lateral positions. The time TcPO2 was under 50 mm Hg was greater for standard lateral positions than sitting or modified lateral positions. Increased intraesophageal pressure, in the standard lateral position, suggests extrathoracic compression of the chest by the abdominal contents. We recommend lumbar punctures be done in the sitting or modified lateral position. PMID- 6637910 TI - Clomiphene in the treatment of adolescent gynecomastia. Clinical and endocrine studies. AB - Twelve boys, aged 12 to 19 years, with persistent gynecomastia were treated with the antiestrogen, clomiphene citrate, at a dose of 50 mg/day by mouth for one to three months. The mean breast size decreased by 0% to 36%, with only five boys experiencing a reduction of greater than 20%. Five boys subsequently required reduction mammoplasty. Levels of urinary gonadotropins, serum testosterone, and estradiol increased significantly during therapy. Since the ratio of testosterone to estradiol remained unchanged during treatment, the antiestrogen effects were achieved primarily at the level of breast tissue. Clomiphene citrate in a dose of 50 mg/day resulted in only small decreases in persistent pubertal gynecomastia and was not a satisfactory medical therapy for the condition. PMID- 6637911 TI - Psychology of syndromes. IQ and micropenis. AB - In 20 patients with a micropenis, IQs ranged from 81 to 137, with a mean of 117 +/- 14 and a median of 116. The distribution of IQs approximated a normal distribution except that the entire curve was skewed, with the majority (75%) of scores higher than 109. There was no clustering related to diagnosis, age, sex of rearing, or serial testing to account for the skew, which was stronger for verbal than for performance IQ. These findings negated the probability of an adverse intellectual prognosis for patients born with a micropenis. PMID- 6637912 TI - 'Expanded' Prader-Willi syndrome in a boy with an unusual 15q chromosome deletion. AB - A male infant showed features of the Prader-Willi syndrome (including profound hypotonia, cryptorchidism, and mildly dysmorphic facial appearance) but also had additional multiple malformations (congenital heart disease, unilateral renal malmigration, and bifid uvula). A deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15, larger than that usually demonstrated in children with Prader-Willi syndrome, was found. The cytogenetic findings suggest that the infant's hypotonia and cryptorchidism are explicable on the basis of the portion of the deletion usually associated with Prader-Willi syndrome (q11 to q12) but that his other features could be secondary to effects of the more distal region of the deleted segment (q13 to q15). PMID- 6637913 TI - Tuberculin skin testing in Vietnamese refugees with a history of BCG vaccination. AB - Among 50 Indo-Chinese children 18 years of age or younger who were screened at the Albany County (New York) Health Department, during 1979, 14 had a history of BCG vaccination. These patients were not intradermally tested with 5 TU of PPD because it was assumed that the reactions would not be interpretable. To test this hypothesis, nine patients were available for testing. Six patients had a negative reaction, two had a reaction greater than 10 mm of induration, and one had an equivocal reaction. Nine of the 36 patients without a history of BCG vaccination also had positive reactions to the same dose of PPD. All patients with positive reactions had normal chest x-ray films and received isoniazid prophylaxis, regardless of BCG history in accordance with Centers for Disease Control recommendations. A history of BCG vaccination should not preclude skin testing with PPD (given in tuberculin units), and a patient with a positive reaction should receive appropriate treatment. PMID- 6637914 TI - Trivalent, inactivated influenza virus vaccine in children with sickle cell disease. AB - School-aged children with sickle cell disease who were administered a single dose of trivalent, inactivated influenza virus vaccine had serum antibody titers comparable to titers achieved in the two-dose trials carried out in 1978. The proportion exhibiting titers of 1:32 or greater ranged from 84% to 68% for the three antigens. Preschool children with sickle cell disease received two doses of the same vaccine four weeks apart and their postimmunization titers to each of the antigens were slightly lower. The vaccine, which contained 15 micrograms of hemagglutinin to each of three influenza viruses, A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and B, in a volume of 0.5 mL, was adequately immunogenic for schoolchildren who probably had been primed by previous natural infection. Younger children who received the same quantity in two divided doses four weeks apart had slightly lower but acceptable titers and tolerated the injections with few side reactions. PMID- 6637915 TI - Cardiac pacing in children and young adults. AB - Pacemakers are being used with increasing frequency in children. New pacemakers are smaller, more sophisticated, can be programmed, have output telemetry, are more reliable, and are longer lasting. Implant techniques have been modified, so that they are less traumatic to the patient and result in better electrical measurements. Transvenous implants seem to be the preferred method in children who weigh 13.5 kg or more. Physiologic dual-chamber pacemakers make the patients feel better. The time between hospitalizations for pacemaker replacements or revisions has increased from 14.7 months in 1974 to 22 months in this study. PMID- 6637916 TI - Idiopathic multiple systemic aneurysms in a child. AB - A 3-year-old child had ischemia of the left-sided upper extremity secondary to embolic disease. Arteriography showed multiple idiopathic saccular aneurysms of the left subclavian artery. Coronary arteriograms were normal. Cerebral arteriography showed ectasia of the right common carotid artery, and abdominal aortography, aneurysms of the splenic and phrenic arteries. The patient underwent brachial artery embolectomy, proximal and distal aneurysm ligation, and placement of a carotid to axillary artery polytef bypass graft. Microscopic analysis indicated intimal proliferation, normal elastic tunica media vasorum, and no evidence of an inflammatory process. Electron microscopy showed no evidence of rickettsiae. The patient's clinical appearance was similar but not identical to that of Kawasaki disease, Takayasu's disease, or periarteritis nodosa. Workup of the patient and subsequent surgical exploration failed to demonstrate a definitive cause. PMID- 6637917 TI - Acute liver failure and encephalopathy in a 15-month-old infant. PMID- 6637918 TI - Picture of the month: necrotizing fasciitis. PMID- 6637920 TI - Radiological case of the month: metastatic pulmonary calcification from chronic renal failure. PMID- 6637919 TI - Picture of the month: CHARGE association. PMID- 6637921 TI - Nephrotic syndrome after mumps virus infection. PMID- 6637922 TI - Rectal prolapse in two neonates with Hirschsprung's disease. PMID- 6637923 TI - Rotavirus-induced electrolyte losses in a patient with ileostomy. PMID- 6637924 TI - Fulminant meningococcus infections. PMID- 6637925 TI - Potential hazards of topical steroid therapy. PMID- 6637926 TI - Hemolytic disease. PMID- 6637927 TI - Thyroid function and human breast milk. PMID- 6637928 TI - Furosemide--uses, abuses, and unsolved puzzles. PMID- 6637929 TI - Hospitalization v outpatient treatment of young, febrile infants. AB - Our medical center has an unwritten policy of admitting all febrile infants younger than 2 months of age. We studied this practice during a three-year period to determine what proportion of the febrile infants who came to the outpatient department were admitted. The characteristics of the infants who were not admitted were compared with those who were. The timing of and the infant's status at a subsequent visit for those not admitted were also identified. One hundred six (35%) of 303 encounters with young, febrile infants did not result in admissions. An infant was more likely to be admitted if he was male, younger than 30 days of age, and febrile (greater than 38.5 degrees C). None of the infants who were followed up as outpatients suffered morbidity that could be directly related to their not having been hospitalized. PMID- 6637930 TI - Which children with febrile seizures need lumbar puncture? A decision analysis approach. AB - Whether all children brought to the emergency room with a first seizure and fever require lumbar puncture (LP) remains controversial. We reviewed the emergency room records of 241 children aged 6 months to 6 years who had this clinical picture. Five history and physical examination items discriminated between children with and without meningitis: a physician visit within 48 hours before the seizure; the occurrence of convulsions on arrival at the emergency room; a focal seizure; suspicious findings on physical and/or neurologic examination. Used in combination, these items (risk factors) identified all children with meningitis but would have spared 62% of children without meningitis the need for LP. In a decision analysis framework, they were as sensitive but more specific than LP in detecting children with meningitis. Most important, their negative predictive value was 100%. PMID- 6637931 TI - Secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone disease in infants receiving long-term furosemide therapy. AB - Four preterm infants receiving long-term furosemide therapy were examined for hypercalciuria, hyperparathyroidism, renal calcification, and bone demineralization. All four infants had increased urinary calcium excretion. Three infants had high serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone, and in these three infants, bone mineral content was below the mean of "osteopenic" preterm infants of comparable gestational and postnatal age. In two of these infants, there was ultrasound evidence of renal calcification. In one infant, autopsy disclosed bone changes of hyperparathyroidism, gallstones, and calcification in the heart and kidney. PMID- 6637932 TI - Nifedipine in hypertensive emergencies of children. AB - We studied the acute antihypertensive effect of sublingually administered nifedipine in 21 patients with different clinical diagnoses. Nifedipine lowered systolic and diastolic BP from 181 +/- 18 and 136 +/- 21 mm Hg to 132 +/- 15 and 98 +/- 17 mm Hg, respectively, after 30 minutes, and produced a slight increase in heart rate. This is the first known study of administration of nifedipine for acute hypertension in children. PMID- 6637933 TI - Failure of naloxone to reverse clonidine toxic effect. AB - Acute ingestions of imidazoline compounds, including clonidine hydrochloride, are a recognized clinical entity. The signs and symptoms of this overdose superficially resemble those of opiate intoxication, leading to attempts to reverse this poisoning with naloxone hydrochloride. Despite previous descriptions of success using naloxone in acute clonidine poisoning, five cases of acute pediatric ingestions of clonidine ranging from mild to severe occurred in which naloxone hydrochloride in doses up to 0.1 mg/kg was unsuccessful in reversing the signs and symptoms of this intoxicant. Although naloxone can be safely administered to children who ingest clonidine to distinguish them from those who are intoxicated by opiates, it is not therapeutically useful to use naloxone to reverse poisoning with this class of agents. PMID- 6637934 TI - Uveitis complicating autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. AB - A patient with autoimmune hepatitis B surface antigen-negative chronic active hepatitis (CAH) developed uveitis during the course of her disease. The occurrence of this eye disorder provides additional support for an autoimmune pathogenesis for CAH. Clinicians should be alert to the association of uveitis with CAH, so that patients at risk may be examined for this potentially serious ocular disease. PMID- 6637935 TI - Prolonged survival without therapy in congenital adrenal hypoplasia. AB - A diagnosis of congenital adrenal hypoplasia was established in a male child at 3 years of age. Although there was biochemical evidence of mineralocorticoid deficiency when he was 2 months old, no definite glucocorticoid deficiency was demonstrated. The child thrived well without replacement hormone therapy until he contracted an illness associated with vomiting. Subsequent tests confirmed the existence of both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid deficiencies due to adrenal hypoplasia. This case and the other reported in the literature point out that the glucocorticoid deficiency in congenital adrenal hypoplasia may become progressively more severe with time. Congenital adrenal hypoplasia may be the correct diagnosis in cases mistakenly diagnosed as acquired adrenal insufficiency. PMID- 6637936 TI - Infant walkers and cerebral palsy. AB - We studied a 1-year-old infant with spastic cerebral palsy in its early stage. An infant walker was used by the mother to amuse the infant, but the walker was observed to produce a positive support reflex, perpetuating a primitive reflex that should fade during the first year of life. The walker also prevented the infant from practicing equilibrium reactions and protective responses that should be developing during this age. Positions assumed by the infant in the walker contribute to the development of common adverse sequelae of spastic cerebral palsy: heel cord contractures, sublocations and dislocations of the hips, and pronation contractures of the upper extremities. PMID- 6637937 TI - Picture of the month. Pfeiffer's syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly type V). PMID- 6637938 TI - Radiological case of the month. Hepatic and splenic candidiasis in acute leukemia. PMID- 6637939 TI - Vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumor appearing as growth failure. PMID- 6637940 TI - Acute uvular edema. PMID- 6637941 TI - Pharmacodynamics and kinetics of cimetidine in a premature newborn. PMID- 6637942 TI - 'Lost autoregulation hypothesis' and cerebral hemodynamic events in neonates. PMID- 6637943 TI - Kingella (Moraxella) kingae infections. PMID- 6637944 TI - Acute otitis media. PMID- 6637945 TI - Crepitations in dehydrated infants. PMID- 6637946 TI - Shored gunshot wound of exit. A phenomenon with identity crisis. AB - Shored gunshot wound of exit is produced when the outstretched skin is impaled, sandwiched, and crushed between the outgoing bullet and the unyielding object over the exit site, thus leaving an abrasion collar on the wound margin. Proper coaptation of the wound margin is impossible because of the loss of skin just like those observed in entrance wounds. In contrast to the entrance wound, the supported exit wound shows a scalloped or punched-out abrasion collar and sharply contoured skin in between the radiating skin lacerations marginating the abrasion (Fig. 1). Should gunpowder be observed around the exit site, it is often unevenly distributed, and is not associated with searing, gunpowder stippled abrasion, tatooing, and deposition of soot. PMID- 6637947 TI - The heat resistance of a data-encoded ceramic microchip identification system. AB - Samis introduced the concept of the Dentify system of personal identification. In this system, ceramic microchips embossed with metallic intelligence data are placed in teeth under dental restorations. This paper describes the results of an in vitro study aimed at testing the heat resistance qualities of this identification system when placed in teeth. Teeth were subjected to a temperature of 1,000 degrees C. The results of this study indicate that the ceramic chips and their embossed metallic intelligence data are able to withstand extremely high temperatures. The metallic identifier pins used in this study were less resistant to extreme heat. The significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 6637949 TI - The cemetery skeleton. An exercise in the identity of skeletal remains. AB - In this brief case report, we describe the several means used in 1982 to identify the skeletal remains of a person who disappeared In August 1964. This report exemplifies the multidisciplinary, cooperative approach required for a successful result in such cases. PMID- 6637948 TI - The gender predictive value of sternal length. AB - Measurement of sternal length on chest plate x-rays from 617 autopsied adults was made to assess the ability to predict sex. Manubrio-mesosternal lengths in men and women differ significantly, the mean length in women being 22 mm less than in men. Gender predictive values of 0.95, 0.90, and 0.80 were calculated from this material. A range (143-157 mm) does exist, however, in which predictive value may be less than 80% accurate. When sternal length is combined with the pattern of costal cartilage mineralization, 85% of all adults can be accurately sexed. PMID- 6637950 TI - RituaL mutilation. Subincision of the penis among Australian Aborigines. AB - Subincision of the penis is a traditional ritual mutilation unique to the Aborigines, the indigenous people of Australia. The mutilation is a urethrotomy in which the undersurface of the penis is incised and the urethra slit open lengthwise. Subincision is one element in the initiation of Aboriginal youths. In later ceremonies, repeated throughout adult life, the subincised penis is used as a site for ritual bloodletting. There also exists a ritual of penis holding which occurs when a subincised man enters a strange camp. The origin of subincision and the reason for its localization to the Australian continent has not been satisfactorily explained. The mutilation is still performed among tribal Aborigines, and identifies a man as holding a position of status within the tribe. PMID- 6637951 TI - Arterial embolism of a high-velocity rifle bullet after a hunting accident. Case report and literature review. AB - A unique case of arterial bullet embolism from a 30-30 caliber hunting rifle is presented. Literature review of arterial bullet embolism is included and discussed. PMID- 6637952 TI - Sudden death due to anomalous right coronary artery in a 26-year-old marathon runner. AB - Sudden death due to an anomalous right coronary artery is reported. Once considered a normal variant, there is now evidence that origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva may cause morbidity and mortality. Salient features of the condition are discussed. PMID- 6637953 TI - Drowning with hemorrhage into a splenic cyst. An unusual case of drowning. PMID- 6637954 TI - "Delayed" sudden infant death syndrome. AB - Four cases of "delayed" sudden infant death are described in infants, who were found lifeless and were resuscitated, but did not regain consciousness. Circulatory failure occurred 20-48 hours later. In these cases, one could expect an accentuation of such lesions which might have caused the collapse. Among the cases there were bronchopneumonia, areas of coagulative myocardial necrosis without cellular reaction, and gliosis of the cerebral white matter and the brain stem of focal as well as diffuse type. The CNS changes were of hypoxic type and might have been caused at delivery or shortly after delivery. They seem too insignificant to have caused the collapse, but could have been an auxiliary factor. It cannot be determined whether the bronchopneumonia caused the collapse or if it developed as a consequence of the unconsciousness. Interestingly, no other pathological changes of significance were found. PMID- 6637955 TI - Medicolegal investigation of problems involving criminals and criminal activity. AB - Proper investigation of cases involving criminals and their victims is essential, particularly if the case in question reveals an unusual situation. The various situations involving the criminal where potential problems may exist are reviewed according to the general problem areas of precustody, custody, and postcustody. A routine examination and documentation of these findings, their presentation, and interpretation is also reviewed. In addition, problems related to unusual cases involving deaths in custody are discussed. PMID- 6637956 TI - Forensic activities in Argentina. PMID- 6637957 TI - Plasma cholecystokinin responses after ingestion of liquid meal and intraduodenal infusion of fat, amino acids, or hydrochloric acid in man: analysis with region specific radioimmunoassay. AB - A highly sensitive and precise radioimmunoassay system for plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) was developed with the anti-CCK-8 specific antiserum which raised against N terminal amino acids residue of sulfated CCK-8 and reacted with CCK-8, CCK-33, and CCK-39 but not with gastrin and its related peptides. Mean concentration of the fasting plasma CCK determined with this method using CCK-8 as standard was 12.9 +/- 5.9 pg/ml in normal subjects (n = 26), and in patients with hepatic cirrhosis it was significantly higher (36.7 +/- 16.9 pg/ml, n = 9, p less than 0.01) than in normal subjects. In six young healthy volunteers, intraduodenal infusion of fat caused a significant increase (p less than 0.05) of plasma CCK from a basal level of 8.0 pg/ml to a peak of 43.0 +/- 12.0 pg/ml at 20 min after starting of infusion. In the same subjects, a significant increase of plasma CCK was also observed by amino acids infusion, but no elevation of plasma CCK level was found during intraduodenal acidification. PMID- 6637958 TI - Giant leiomyoma of the esophagus. AB - A patient with a giant leiomyoma of the esophagus (1235 g) presented with persistent cough, intermittent fever, nocturnal pyrosis, and intermittent dysphagia for solid foods. Reconstruction after extirpation of the distal esophagus, the tumor, and the proximal stomach involved a Collis gastroplasty and a Nissen fundoplication using stapling technique. This combination of operations after resection was used to assure the best functional result possible in a young man with benign disease. PMID- 6637959 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus associated with peptic duodenal ulcer. AB - Three cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus coexisting with active peptic ulcer disease are described from a 4-year experience of 46 patients hospitalized at our institution. This association has not previously been described and reasons for this are discussed. The need for recognition of this possible association and complications of diagnosis and management are presented. Peptic ulcer disease is thought to rarely coexist with malignant disorders. No patient with coexistent esophageal carcinoma and peptic ulcer disease was noted over a 5-year period at a Veterans Administration Hospital, and it was suggested that this association was also rare (1). We retrospectively reviewed all cases (n = 46) of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus at Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC) over a 4-year period. All patients had had barium studies and/or endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract performed. Of the 46 patients, two had active ulcer disease complicating their diagnosis and management and one had the diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease established shortly after the diagnosis of esophageal carcinoma. PMID- 6637960 TI - Early gastric cancer in a United States hospital. AB - Early gastric cancer (EGC) confined to mucosa and submucosa, described by Japanese physicians over 20 years ago, yields about 90% 5-year postoperative survival. EGC has been increasingly reported from centers outside Japan, but rarely from the United States. Between 1976-1981, EGC was found in six patients or about 8.5% of all gastric carcinomas diagnosed in our hospital. Diagnoses were established by following suspicious upper gastrointestinal series or negative x rays in patients with dyspepsia by means of gastroscopy and gastroscopically obtained biopsies, brush, and/or wash cytology. All six patients underwent subtotal gastrectomy with histological findings of EGC not invading the muscularis and with no metastases. So far no tumor recurrences have been found in these six patients. The results suggest that EGC as defined by Japanese investigators occurs in our hospital and presumably across the United States more often than heretofore appreciated. Previous fatalistic attitudes toward diagnosing gastric cancer should be replaced by efforts at early diagnosis. Patients with symptoms suggestive of gastric carcinoma, including unexplained dyspepsia, should undergo early upper gastrointestinal x-ray and endoscopic examinations with biopsies and cytological tests of any suspicious raised, flat, or depressed area. PMID- 6637961 TI - Recurrent free perforation in gastroduodenal Crohn's disease. AB - Three separate episodes of free perforation of the duodenum and stomach are described in a 47-year-old white man with histological evidence of gastroduodenal Crohn's disease, co-existing with peptic disease. His mother died of Crohn's disease after ostomy surgery and two brothers required ileostomy for inflammatory bowel disease. In 1972, the patient underwent a bypass gastroenterostomy for obstructing Crohn's disease of the descending duodenum. In 1977, 1978, and 1982, three free perforations occurred first in the duodenum and then twice at the gastrojejunostomy site. This occurred while on continuous Cimetidine therapy as well as steroids and after vagotomy. The basal and maximum acid outputs, secretin stimulation test, and serum gastrins were normal throughout his clinical course. This unique situation of acid peptic perforation in the presence of active Crohn's disease, poses an etiological dilemma and signals the vulnerability of the diseased stomach and duodenum in transmural disease. PMID- 6637962 TI - Lymphangioma of the mesentery of the jejunum: report of a case and a brief review of the literature. AB - Lymphangiomas are benign tumors of lymphatic vessels, that are more commonly found in the pediatric age group, and thought to be congenital in nature. They most commonly occur in the region of the neck, but they frequently may be found in the abdominal cavity. In the abdominal cavity, the tumors usually involve the mesentery of the small or large intestines. They are usually asymptomatic but may present with signs and symptoms of intestinal obstruction. The tumors are rare enough to arouse interest whenever a case is encountered. We present a case of lymphangioma of the mesentery of the jejunum in a young adult which clinically mimicked acute appendicitis. PMID- 6637963 TI - "Pseudoascites" as a presenting physical sign of celiac disease. AB - Two children initially referred for evaluation of ascites were diagnosed as suffering from celiac disease. Positive physical signs of ascites were present in the absence of free fluid in the peritioneal cavity. Physical findings of ascites were caused solely by dilated small intestinal loops filled with copious fluid. "Pseudoascites" should be recognized as a physical sign and possible mode of presentation of celiac disease. PMID- 6637964 TI - The role of minor pancreatic exocrine deficiency in digestive disorders: a review. PMID- 6637965 TI - Postprandial pancreatic secretion and plasma hormones in dogs with pancreatic fistula. AB - The responses of exocrine pancreas, plasma secretin, and gastrin to a test meal were studied in six dogs prepared with gastric and duodenal fistulas. The experiment was doubly repeated in each dog. Pancreatic juice was diverted to the exterior by direct cannulation into the major pancreatic duct. Volume, bicarbonate, and protein secretion of pancreatic juice were rapidly increased and then gradually reduced after the ingestion of the meal. Plasma secretin concentration reached a peak at 25 min after the ingestion of the meal and remained higher than the basal level for about 3 h. Plasma gastrin concentration rapidly reached a higher plateau which lasted for 40 min after the load of the test meal. A close correlation was observed between bicarbonate secretion and the increment in plasma secretin concentration and between protein secretion and the increment in plasma gastrin concentration. When pancreatic juice is diverted to the exterior, endogenously released secretin and gastrin appear to play an important role in postprandial pancreatic secretion. PMID- 6637966 TI - Chronic recurrent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. AB - The mortality rate in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is reportedly high. Patients rarely survive the initial infection. Most patients die either because of infection or end-stage liver disease. A patient with alcoholic cirrhosis and portal hypertension with five distinct episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis over a 2 1/2-year period is described. PMID- 6637967 TI - Liver abscess as a complication of regional enteritis: interventional considerations. AB - Although intra-abdominal abscesses are relatively frequent in the setting of regional enteritis, liver abscesses are rare. Pylephlebitis, steroid administration, and biliary fistulization have been suggested as inciting factors. This report describes the first attempted percutaneous drainage of a liver abscess which was a complication of regional enteritis. The percutaneous drainage proved inadequate therapy due to significant disease outside the liver involving the bowel. A review of all cases reported to date in the literature suggests that although percutaneous drainage might prove to be a satisfactory temporizing measure, all patients will require surgical exploration for definitive therapy. PMID- 6637968 TI - Serum T3 and reverse T3 levels in hepatic cirrhosis: relation to hepatocellular damage and normalization on improvement in liver dysfunction. AB - Liver is one of the major sites of T4 metabolism. Several studies have reported low serum T3 concentrations and elevated reverse T3 (rT3) levels in hepatic cirrhosis. This study examined the influence of degree of the hepatocellular damage and the effect of improvement in clinical state on thyroid hormone concentrations in 44 cirrhotic patients. Low serum T4 and T3 as well as raised rT3 were observed in cirrhotic patients with advanced liver dysfunction alone. T3 resin uptake was increased in some of these patients suggesting decrease in serum thyroid-binding globulin concentration. In patients with histological changes but with normal liver function tests, serum T4, T3, and rT3 were not altered. Serum T3 and rT3 correlated significantly with liver function tests. T4, T3, and rT3 normalized on improvement in clinical status and liver function tests. Lowest levels of T4 and T3 with extremely high rT3 were seen in patients with extremely advanced liver dysfunction. In these patients, the mortality was high. Therefore, in hepatic cirrhosis, 1) T4 metabolism is altered with lowering of T4 and T3 and a rise in rT3. 2) These changes may be dependent on the degree of hepatocellular damage and reverse on improvement in liver function. 3) T4, T3, and rT3 levels are useful prognostic indices. PMID- 6637969 TI - Monooctanoin dissolution of retained biliary stones in high risk patients. AB - Monooctanoin, a cholesterol solvent, was infused into the biliary tracts of six high risk patients, in an attempt to dissolve retained stones. The infusion rate was constant, 5-10 ml/h. The mean age of the patients was 76 years. Associated medical conditions were primarily cardiac in nature. Duration of infusion averaged 6 days. In two patients, the stones were completely dissolved. One patient was reoperated despite the stones appearing smaller after 6 days of infusion. At surgery, no stones were found. Two patients in whom dissolution was unsuccessful underwent reoperation. In both, retrieved stones were composed of less than 5% cholesterol. Five of the six patients experienced at least one episode of mild abdominal pain and vomiting. None developed cholangitis, pancreatitis, or significant biochemical abnormalities. Two of the three who underwent reoperation tolerated it without difficulty. While mechanical extraction, when feasible, is still the treatment of choice for retained biliary stones, chemical dissolution should be attempted before undertaking reoperation. PMID- 6637970 TI - Transcatheter embolization of the liver for control of massive hemobilia in a patient with adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder invading the intrahepatic biliary system. AB - Successful control of massive hemobilia by combined peripheral and proximal transcatheter embolization of the liver is described. Our patient had adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder with extension to the liver and invasion of intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. This caused hemobilia which became uncontrollable after percutaneous exchange of biliary drainage catheter that had been placed previously for relief of obstructive jaundice. PMID- 6637971 TI - Gastroenterology and the law. PMID- 6637972 TI - Management of umbilical hernia associated with ascites. PMID- 6637973 TI - Methyl mercury exposure in northern Quebec. I. Neurologic findings in adults. AB - Cree Indians of northern Quebec were exposed to methyl mercury through contamination of local fish. The relationship between measures of exposure and neurologic abnormalities was studied in two communities in 1978 by comparing the exposure of 41 "cases" with selected neurologic abnormalities with that of 179 normal "controls." In the community of Mistassini, a significant positive association was found between neurologic abnormalities and methyl mercury exposure; in Great Whale, the association, although also positive, was not statistically significant. However, although allowance was made for confounding variables, it remains possible that the effects are not entirely attributable to methyl mercury. Further, the data do not permit estimation of a threshold level of exposure above which excess neurologic abnormalities might occur, because recent levels of exposure do not reflect those of the past. Whether the abnormalities observed in this study will remain stable, regress, or progress can only be determined by continued surveillance. PMID- 6637974 TI - Methyl mercury exposure in northern Quebec. II. Neurologic findings in children. AB - The relationship between prenatal exposure to methyl mercury and neurologic and developmental abnormalities was ascertained among 234 Cree Indian children aged 12 to 30 months from four northern Quebec communities. A pediatric neurologist, "blinded" to the children's level of exposure, assessed neurologic, physical, mental, and psychosocial development. Methyl mercury exposure was estimated from maternal hair segments representing the period of pregnancy. Abnormality of the tendon reflexes, observed in 13 boys (11 per cent) and in 14 girls (12 per cent), was positively associated with methyl mercury exposure only in boys and there was no consistent dose-response relationship. Other neurologic disorders were less prevalent and none was positively associated with exposure; indeed, incoordination was negatively associated with exposure in girls. The mild, isolated neurologic abnormalities found after prenatal exposure to methyl mercury in northern Quebec were different from the effects of prenatal exposure described in other areas, and their clinical importance can be determined only by continued medical surveillance. PMID- 6637975 TI - Smoking and cardiovascular mortality in women. AB - Smoking status and sociodemographic characteristics were recorded for 23,572 white women 25-74 years of age in a private census of Washington County, Maryland, done in 1963. Deaths from all causes, from total and sudden arteriosclerotic heart disease, and with stroke were recorded for the next 12 years. Smoking-specific mortality rates for women aged 25-44, 45-64, and 65-74 years at entry were calculated after adjustment for the effects of marital status, education, housing quality, and frequency of church attendance. Among women in the 65-74-year age group, smoking was not related to mortality. Among women in the two younger age groups, the risks of dying from any cause and from arteriosclerotic heart disease (total and sudden) were positively associated with cigarette smoking. For all arteriosclerotic heart disease deaths, the relative risks associated with smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day were 3.6 and 2.2 for women aged 25-44 and 45-64, respectively; for sudden deaths from arteriosclerotic heart disease, the relative risks were 6.5 and 2.7. The risk of dying with stroke was not associated with cigarette smoking. PMID- 6637976 TI - Sex differential in ischemic heart disease mortality in diabetics: a prospective population-based study. AB - Two previous population-based US studies that examined the sex differential for heart disease mortality in diabetics showed an independent effect of diabetes on fatal heart disease only in women. This paper reports sex-specific ischemic heart disease mortality rates and relative risks for a geographically defined population in southern California of men and women aged 40-79 years, 99.5 per cent of whom were followed prospectively for seven years. When the 212 men and 131 women who had diabetes defined by personal history and/or fasting hyperglycemia were compared with 2104 nondiabetics defined by fasting euglycemia and a negative personal and family history of diabetes, the age-adjusted relative risk of death in diabetics attributed to ischemic heart disease was 2.5 for diabetic men and 3.4 for diabetic women. The sex difference increased only minimally after adjustment for heart disease risk factors when the Cox regression model was used: the adjusted risk ratio was 2.4 for diabetic men and 3.5 for diabetic women. In both men and women, diabetes, along with age and plasma cholesterol, was a statistically significant independent predictor of ischemic heart disease mortality. Among diabetics, male sex made a significant independent contribution to the prediction of fatal ischemic heart disease. PMID- 6637977 TI - The association of blood pressure and dietary alcohol: differences by age, sex, and estrogen use. AB - This paper presents the results of an analysis of dietary alcohol use and blood pressure in representative population samples from four northern California cities surveyed in 1979-1980 as part of the Stanford Five City Project. The pooled samples included 883 men and 959 women aged 20-74 who were not taking blood pressure medications. Blood pressure was obtained while seated using a standard manometer. Alcohol was assessed by self-report of usual intake. In men, age-specific analysis revealed a positive association between dietary alcohol and both systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The association was linear in men aged 20-34 and 50-74 and was stronger in the oldest men. Both linear and quadratic terms were significant for men aged 35-49. This association remained significant in a linear regression model that included age, relative weight, income, education, physical activity, cigarette use, and untimed urinary sodium/creatinine; for alcohol in ml/day in men aged 50-74, beta = 0.21, p = 0.0001, R2 = 0.32 for SBP; beta = 0.09, p = 0.0002, R2 = 0.18 for DBP. In women, alcohol use was significantly associated with blood pressure only in those above age 49 and was more striking in those not taking estrogens; this association was also independent of the same variables listed above for men (beta = 0.43, p = 0.0001, R2 = 0.23 for SBP; beta = 0.17, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.13 for DBP). Multiple logistic analyses with hypertension as a dichotomous dependent variable and including all subjects showed similar results. These results could be due to any one or more of the following hypotheses: 1) a biologic response to alcohol in older men and in older women that is different from the response in younger persons; 2) a delayed effect of alcohol use on blood pressure; 3) effects of a different pattern of alcohol use in the different age groups; or 4) the presence of some unmeasured confounding factor in the older age groups. PMID- 6637978 TI - Coronary heart disease in police officers participating in the Normative Aging Study. AB - There is evidence suggesting that male police officers are at a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease than males in the general population. Thus, 1648 men (including 220 police officers and 1428 non-police officers) were followed for 10 years to determine the incidence of coronary heart disease. Subjects were participants of the Normative Aging Study, a longitudinal study of aging initiated in 1963 at the Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic in Boston, Massachusetts. Comparison of police officers and non-police officers showed no statistically significant differences in the crude incidence rates of coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, or death from coronary heart disease) and myocardial infarction alone. When baseline age, serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and body mass index were taken into consideration in multiple logistic regression analyses, the lack of significant differences between groups persisted. Police officers relative to non police officers had an adjusted risk ratio (odds ratio) of 1.4 (95% confidence interval = 0.7-2.4) for coronary heart disease and 1.0 (95% confidence interval = 0.4-2.4) for myocardial infarction. Differences between occupational groups were not statistically significant. PMID- 6637979 TI - Multivariate logistic analysis of risk factors for stroke in Tilburg, The Netherlands. AB - By means of a case-control study conducted between October 1, 1978, and July 31, 1981, in Tilburg, The Netherlands, various characteristics and events, including personal data, health-related behavior, and medical history, were evaluated as risk factors for stroke. The study subjects included 132 stroke patients and 239 age- and sex-matched control patients interviewed at the two city hospitals. To assess joint effects and possible interactions, and to control for multiple confounding factors, a series of multivariate logistic models for matched data were studied. From this analysis, it appeared that hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, transient cerebral ischemic attacks, obesity, physical activity during leisure time, education of head of household, and Rhesus factor were all significant stroke risk factors. These risk determinants demonstrated a multiplicative effect in general; however, the influence of some variables on stroke risk was not constant with age (hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, obesity, and Rhesus factor) and sex (hypertension and education of head of household). The relationship of diabetes mellitus to stroke slightly decreased and became nonsignificant after adjustment for factors besides age and sex. Stroke risk was not associated with cigarette and alcohol use, family history of stroke and related disorders, marital status, and ABO blood typing. PMID- 6637980 TI - Long-term mortality study of oil refinery workers. I. Mortality of hourly and salaried workers. AB - This longitudinal study examined the mortality and cancer experience of workers at the Gulf Oil refinery located in Port Arthur, Texas. The cohort was studied over a period of 41 years, from 1937 to 1978, and consisted of 16,880 employees, with an accumulation of 406,198 person-years; 4361 deaths were observed. Emphasis of this study was placed on the experience of the hourly and salaried male workers employed one day or more and those with a minimum of one year employment. The standardized mortality ratio analysis revealed generally favorable mortality experience of the refinery workers, including that of overall cancer. Statistically significant deficits in mortality were found for several cancer sites including bladder, liver, and esophageal cancer. Many of the increased cancer risks suggested in the literature were not confirmed in this study. Although bone cancer was found to be increased significantly, review of those death certificates raises questions as to the accuracy of the recording and coding of this cancer. Sample size of this study is capable of providing sufficient statistical power for the detection of a twofold increase in mortality risk for many cancers, if such risk exists. PMID- 6637981 TI - Prevalence of hepatitis B in selected Alaskan Eskimo villages. AB - Sera collected in 1973-1975 from 3053 residents of 12 selected Alaskan Eskimo villages were tested for evidence of hepatitis B virus infection. Overall, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was found in 6.4% of those tested. Evidence of hepatitis B infection (positive for HBsAg or antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs] varied considerably by village, from 4.6% to 69.9%, and increased with advancing age. The proportion with HBsAg was significantly higher in those under the age of 13 years, and the male/female ratio varied from 0.9 to 1.5 to 1.5 in the prepubertal, postpubertal-premenopausal, and postmenopausal age groups, respectively. The prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in HBsAg positive persons decreased with advancing age, and conversely, the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe) increased with age. Hepatitis B infection was found to be sporadically distributed, with great village-to-village variation and further variation by household within most villages. The high HBsAg and HBeAg seropositivity observed in children suggests that children are both more recently infected with hepatitis B and are more involved in hepatitis B transmission in these villages. PMID- 6637982 TI - Iron-binding proteins, hepatitis B virus, and mortality in the Solomon Islands. AB - The hypothesis that serum levels of ferritin and transferrin are associated with subsequent mortality was tested in a population of Solomon Islanders who had been followed over an 8-12-year period beginning in 1966. A case-control analysis of 105 matched pairs showed that 1966-1970 levels of ferritin were higher and levels of transferrin were lower in Solomon Islanders who had died by 1978 than in matched controls who were alive in 1978. These findings support the hypothesis and, in addition, are consistent with the view that increased iron stores are associated with increased mortality. Among females, the association of ferritin with mortality was more pronounced in chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus than in noncarriers. PMID- 6637983 TI - Transmission dynamics of enteric bacteria in day-care centers. AB - The role of fomites in the transmission of diarrhea in day-care centers was evaluated. During a nine-month period (December 1980-August 1981), inanimate objects and hands of children and staff in five Houston day-care centers were cultured monthly and again during outbreaks of diarrhea. Air was sampled from the classrooms and bathrooms using a single-stage sieve sampler. When a diarrhea outbreak occurred, stool specimens were collected from ill and well children and from staff in the affected rooms. Multiple pathogens accounted for 3 of 11 outbreaks. The rates of isolation of fecal coliforms from hands and classroom objects on routine sampling were 17% (22/131) and 13% (8/64), respectively. During outbreaks of diarrhea, fecal coliforms were recovered with significantly greater frequency from hands (32%; p less than 0.005) and from classroom objects (36%; p less than 0.005). There was no difference in the level of fecal contamination in the toilet areas during outbreak and nonoutbreak periods. Shigella was not isolated in the study; salmonella was isolated on one occasion from a table during an outbreak of salmonellosis. Contamination of hands, communal toys and other classroom objects appeared to play a role in the transmission of enteropathogens in day-care center diarrhea outbreaks and helped to explain the presence of multiple pathogens among those affected. PMID- 6637984 TI - Estimation of risk due to low doses of microorganisms: a comparison of alternative methodologies. AB - The log-normal, or log-probit, simple exponential and beta distributed effectiveness models were evaluated for their ability to describe experimental dose-response data for human exposure to waterborne bacteria and viruses. Each of the models was capable of describing at least some of the available data; however, the beta-distributed model appeared to be the most widely applicable. When used to extrapolate to extremely low exposure levels, divergent predictions are obtained for each of the three models. On the basis of this analysis, it is impossible to rule out the hypothesis that a single microorganism when ingested has the potential of inducing infection or disease. PMID- 6637985 TI - Validity of work histories obtained by interview for epidemiologic purposes. AB - Many epidemiologic studies of the relationship between occupation and disease depend on job histories obtained by interview from study subjects. A validation study was undertaken to determine the accuracy of job histories obtained by interview, and to examine whether certain characteristics of respondents and of the study design influence reporting accuracy. For 297 subjects interviewed in Montreal between 1979 and 1981 in the context of a case-control study on occupational factors in cancer, it was possible to compare the names of reported employers with those recorded in the data bank of the government-run quasi universal Pension Plan. The comparison was carried out year by year for the 13 year period 1966-1978. For the 13 X 297 person-years studied, 82.0% of reports agreed with the records. The extent of concordance did not differ substantially between subgroups defined by age, education level, or social class, nor was there a measurable difference in the degree of concordance between the first half of the 13-year period and the second half. There was some evidence that the three interviewers obtained job histories of varying quality. PMID- 6637986 TI - A reformulation of the serially additive expected dose method for occupational cohort data. AB - The serially additive expected dose method for the analysis of occupational cohort data can be biased whenever worker exposure is associated with length of follow-up. An illustration shows that this bias can act to either enhance or reduce the degree of association between disease and exposure. The serially additive expected dose method can be modified, then embedded in a classical Cox proportional hazards model context to eliminate the analytic bias. A chisquare test of no exposure association is derived. PMID- 6637987 TI - Re: "Incidence and prevalence as measures of the frequency of birth defects". PMID- 6637988 TI - Re: "Leukocyte counts and coronary heart disease in a Japanese cohort". PMID- 6637989 TI - Re: "Clustering of disease in population units: an exact test and its asymptotic version". PMID- 6637990 TI - Coffee and pancreatic cancer: an analysis of international mortality data. AB - This study assessed the relationship of per capita coffee imports and consumption, total dietary fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, tobacco, cigarettes, and national income for 1957-1965 to age-adjusted pancreatic cancer death rates of men and women from 22 countries in 1971-1974. With simple correlation analysis, coffee, total dietary fat, saturated fat, and national income were each significantly correlated with both male and female pancreatic cancer mortality. Bivariate partial correlation coefficients of coffee with pancreatic cancer mortality were significant (one-tailed) in 11 of 12 analyses and borderline significant in two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) (two-tailed) controlling for each of the other variables. Saturated fat and pancreatic cancer were also significantly related in univariate analyses, and in 11 of 12 bivariate partial correlation analyses; in ANOVA, significance was borderline in 10 of 12 analyses. Total fat and pancreatic mortality were also significantly associated in most of the univariate and bivariate correlation analyses, but not in the two-way analyses of variance. The findings of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that coffee and dietary lipid are involved in the etiology of pancreatic cancer. PMID- 6637991 TI - Alcohol consumption and ischemic heart disease mortality: are time-series correlations meaningful? AB - Recently, time-series correlations of aggregated data have been used to demonstrate the length of latency periods for environmental factors, such as economic conditions and alcohol consumption, in influencing heart disease mortality. Latency periods were specified by lagging mortality rates relative to the economic indicators or rates of alcohol consumption until the highest correlations were achieved. The tendency has been to interpret these correlations without regard to whether the latency periods described are biologically plausible. The authors have identified four models which represent all the possible outcomes of correlational studies of time-series data. Using United States and Canadian mortality rates in relationship to alcohol consumption, they have demonstrated the application of each of these models. For three of the four models, the time-series (lag) correlations are uniform regardless of the number of years mortality is lagged relative to alcohol consumption, and this uniformity does not permit a latency period to be identified. Only the lag correlations between two nonlinear variables show variations over time, depending on the degree of correspondence between the increasing and decreasing line segments of the two curves. Correlations ranging from high positive to high negative are possible, and several peak correlations (positive and negative) can occur. However, the biologic interpretation of multiple peaks with the same or different signs is problematic. The authors conclude that time-series correlations of aggregated data are not useful for the study of latency periods, and that analysis of time-series correlations for this purpose can be at best ambiguous, and at worst, completely misleading. PMID- 6637992 TI - Coronary risk factors in Italian migrants to Australia. AB - Coronary risk factor levels (height, weight, blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, serum apo-HDL, physical activity, and smoking and drinking habits) were measured in 177 Italian migrants to Australia aged 20-79 years and 176 age-matched native-born Australians of Australian, British or New Zealand parentage. The Italian men had a lower mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (125.0/79.8 mmHg) than the Australian men (129.4/82.3 mmHg), but Italians of both sexes had higher mean body mass indices (2.8 and 2.9 g/cm2) than Australians (2.4 and 2.5 g/cm2) and Italian women had a significantly lower mean serum HDL cholesterol concentration (1.16 mmol/liter) than Australian women (1.34 mmol/liter). The blood pressure differences between Italians and Australians were increased by adjustment of the means for differences between the two groups in age and obesity. There were slightly more current smokers and drinkers in Italian men than in Australian men; the opposite was true in women. Risk factor levels in Italians were influenced little by duration of residence in Australia. Mortality from ischemic heart disease in Italians in Italy and Italian migrants to Australia is between one third and two thirds that in native-born Australians. The small differences in coronary risk factors observed in this study appear insufficient to explain differences in ischemic heart disease mortality of this size. PMID- 6637993 TI - Diabetes among Mexican Americans in Starr County, Texas. AB - An increasing body of evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus constitutes a major health burden among the Mexican-American population. For example, county wide death rates in Texas attributable to diabetes from 1970-1981 range from 2.5 52.0 diabetes deaths per 1000 total deaths with the highest rates generally occurring in counties whose populations are more than 75% Spanish ancestry. To assess the prevalence and morbidity of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among Mexican Americans, 14% of the Starr County, Texas, population (97% Mexican American) was randomly sampled. The reference population, sampling strategy, and screening results are described. Age-specific prevalences of diabetes for males ranged from 0% in males aged 15-24 years to 17.6% in those above 75 years of age. Rates for females ranged from 0.4% in those aged 15-24 years to a high of 19.0% in the 55- to 64-year age group. In both sexes, the rates are relatively low for persons under age 45 with a sharp increase in those aged 45-54 years and high rates prevailing in the older age groups. Comparisons of the rates in Starr County to those of the general US population indicate a two- to fivefold greater risk in Starr County. In terms of impact on this community, these results imply that over 50% of individuals older than 35 years are directly affected by diabetes by virtue of their having the disease or by being a first-degree relative of a diabetic. PMID- 6637994 TI - Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in the biracial (Melanesian and Indian) population of Fiji: a rural-urban comparison. AB - Rural-urban and ethnic comparisons of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes mellitus were made in the biracial population of Fiji in 1980. No statistically significant differences existed in age-standardized impaired glucose tolerance prevalence between rural and urban groups or between Melanesians and Indians. The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes in the rural Melanesian male population was one-third that of the urban male population (1.1 vs. 3.5%). In females, there was a sixfold rural-urban difference (1.2 vs. 7.1%). By contrast, rural and urban Indians had similar rates (12.1 vs. 12.9% for males; 11.3 vs. 11.0% for females). Standardization of two-hour plasma glucose for age and obesity did not eliminate the rural-urban difference in plasma glucose concentration for Melanesian males and females. The results in Melanesians confirm previously reported rural-urban diabetes prevalence differences, and suggest that factors other than obesity, such as differences in physical activity, diet, stress, or other, as yet undetermined, factors contribute to this difference. The absence of a rural-urban difference in diabetes prevalence in Indians may suggest that genetic factors are more important for producing diabetes in this ethnic group, or that causative environmental factors such as diet operate similarly upon both the rural and the urban populations. PMID- 6637995 TI - Seasonal patterns in perinatal mortality and preterm delivery. AB - An investigation of possible seasonal patterns in preterm delivery and perinatal mortality utilized linked birth, infant death, and fetal death records from Minnesota for the years 1967-1973. Data included over 400,000 white singleton live births and stillbirths of 29 or more weeks completed gestation. Composite monthly cohorts of ongoing pregnancies were constructed for each month of the year and the probability of a preterm delivery and/or perinatal death was estimated. A statistically significant increase in the probability of a preterm delivery or perinatal death occurred during July, August, and September. The probability of a preterm delivery ranged from a low of 55 per 1000 pregnancies at risk in April to a high of over 59 per 1000 in July and August. In addition, although each assigned cause of death group showed a similar pattern, perinatal deaths due to infection in the mother or fetus showed a standardized mortality ratio of 65 in May and 155 in August and September, while the ratios of all other causes combined ranged from 94 to 108. Fetal deaths reported as having occurred before labor began showed a seasonal pattern nearly identical with that for all perinatal deaths, while those occurring during labor showed no seasonal pattern. The findings are consistent with published evidence that environmental factors likely involving ascending infections may play a larger role in preterm delivery and perinatal mortality than has been generally recognized. PMID- 6637996 TI - Prevalence of hepatitis B markers in Italy. AB - Among 5005 Navy recruits aged 18-26 years from all sections of Italy, whose blood was tested in 1981, regional prevalence of serologic markers for hepatitis B was higher in southern Italy and in the Italian islands as compared with northern Italy and central Italy (4.3% vs. 2.3% for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and 23.5% vs. 10.5% for any B marker). Social-demographic variables such as region, family size, and education were associated with hepatitis B as were the more traditionally associated variables related to blood or medical care such as history of intravenous injection, history of blood transfusion, or exposure to hospital. Number of siblings was positively related and educational attainment inversely related to prevalence of hepatitis B markers. The prevalence of HBsAg among Italian males aged 18-26 years with residence in southern Italy or in the Italian islands, whose education was limited to lower middle school, and who were from a family of eight siblings or more, is 14.6%. These are among the highest prevalence rates for hepatitis B antigen ever reported for a general population group in Europe. Good correlation exists between incidence of reported cases of hepatitis and prevalence of markers in the different regions of Italy. PMID- 6637997 TI - Mortality of Reserve Mining Company employees in relation to taconite dust exposure. AB - Analysis of mortality among men who were employed by Reserve Mining Company from 1952 to 1976 has been carried out. Follow-up was conducted with standard methods, including searches by the Social Security Administration. Occupational exposures to dust were based on personal samples taken over the past five years by the industrial hygiene department of the company. Smoking habits were obtained by mailed questionnaires or telephone interviews. A modified life table method was used to compare death rates of the employees with those expected for white males in the state of Minnesota. Comparisons were also made with US rates for white males. The results showed that the death rates for all causes were significantly below expectation. Deaths from malignant diseases were marginally below those expected for the state. Exposures to total dust, to silica dust, or to fiber were low. There was no relationship between mortality and estimated lifetime dust exposures, nor was there any suggestion that deaths from malignant neoplasms were increased after 15 to 20 years latency. In contrast, there was a strong relationship between smoking habits and mortality from all causes, from cardiovascular diseases, and from cancer. This study does not suggest any increase in cancer mortality from taconite exposure. PMID- 6637998 TI - Bladder cancer and alcoholic beverage consumption. AB - A population-based case-control study of bladder cancer was conducted in 10 geographic areas in the United States. Risk of bladder cancer was not related to overall alcohol intake, nor to amounts of wine, beer, or spirits consumed. Alcohol also did not interact with known or suspected bladder carcinogens to increase risk, and no evidence was found that indirect mechanisms associated with alcohol ingestion the risk of bladder cancer. PMID- 6637999 TI - Decreased mortality among relatives of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - The authors studied mortality among 2513 relatives of 56 Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The observed deaths in 142 relatives were compared with the expected number of deaths. The observed number of deaths was significantly less among relatives of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (p less than 0.01). Deaths from malignant neoplasms and senility (senescence) were significantly lower than the expected number of deaths among relatives (p less than 0.05). PMID- 6638000 TI - Clustering of disease in population units: an exact test and its asymptotic version. AB - An exact probability test and its asymptotic version are described for testing the hypothesis that clustering of disease observed among population units is likely to have been due to chance alone. The test is based on a scheme for ranking possible arrangements of ill and well persons by degree of clustering, as measured by the sum, over all population units, of the ratio of the number of case pairs in a unit to the size of the unit. The proposed measure of clustering is attractive because increasing segregation of ill and well persons consistently results in a higher index of clustering. The power of the test seems at least as good as that of methods with less attractive clustering measures. The exact version allows analysis of clustering in a small number of population units, while the asymptotic version permits calculations based on larger samples. PMID- 6638001 TI - Lead time estimation in a controlled screening program. AB - A method is presented for estimating a discrete form of the lead time distribution of cases detected in a single-shot screening program. The procedure is based upon a three-state progressive disease model of disease natural history and screening which focuses on the age at entry into the preclinical disease state, the duration of the preclinical state, and the age at screening or observation. Estimation is accomplished by comparing observed incidence rates of the disease between a screened group and a randomized control group in successive follow-up intervals after the screen. No assumptions concerning the false negative rate of the screening test or the distribution of the duration of time spent in the preclinical disease state are required. An example is presented by means of breast cancer screening data. PMID- 6638002 TI - An assessment of the relative validity of retrospective interviewing for measuring dietary intake. AB - The relative validity of a method for determining dietary intake four years previously was assessed. In May 1981, 79 people (46 women and 33 men, aged 29-69 years) were interviewed by use of the dietary history method concerning dietary intake in 1977. These results were compared with those obtained in this same group by means of a seven-day record in February 1977. For daily intake of energy and selected nutrients, the differences in mean intake were generally below 10%, while for six examined food groups, larger differences in the median estimates were noted. The results provide evidence that retrospectively collected dietary data have some meaningfulness, although questions remain concerning whether the retrospective dietary history method is sufficiently valid for use in a particular epidemiologic study. PMID- 6638003 TI - Emergency room admissions, meteorologic variables, and air pollutants: a path analysis. AB - Daily hospital emergency room admissions at hospitals located within 8 km of Los Angeles Basin monitoring stations at Long Beach, Lennox, Azusa, and Riverside, California, were examined for correlations with pollutant and meteorologic variables for 1974-1975. By conventional correlation and regression with lagged and temporospatial analysis, the authors could not distinguish effects of pollution by particulate sulfate from those due to meteorologic variables and oxidant. The authors use a variety of structural models and path analysis to estimate "direct" effects on emergency room admissions of maximum temperature, humidity, wind velocity, barometric pressure, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, high-volume suspended particulates, coefficient of haze, nitrogen dioxide, oxidant, and sulfate. Criteria for choice of models included plausibility of pairwise dependence relationships, magnitude of the correlations with emergency room admissions, and examination of the partial correlation matrix. Their results show that a variety of models gave similarly large path coefficients for a given location for the following variables: maximum temperature at each site; sulfate at Long Beach and Lennox but not at Riverside which nevertheless had the highest sulfate means; oxidant at Azusa which had the highest oxidant levels. At other locations, despite substantial and significantly elevated correlation coefficients, oxidant had a small or negative path coefficient. After considering other possible factors, the authors conclude that sulfate pollution at Lennox and Long Beach had an important and possibly causal association with demand for emergency room admissions. This demonstrates the usefulness of using a variety of structural models in the analysis of ecologic data. PMID- 6638005 TI - Re: "The relationship between the geographic distribution of lung cancer incidence and cigarette smoking in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania". PMID- 6638004 TI - Re: "Risk of cancer and death in relation to serum cholesterol: a longitudinal study in an eastern Finnish population with high overall cholesterol level". PMID- 6638006 TI - Cancer and seasonal patterns. PMID- 6638007 TI - Requirements for growth of human erythroid progenitors in nutrient agar. AB - Human erythroid bursts and neutrophil colonies from fetal liver, term cord blood, and adult bone marrow were grown in nutrient agar, and the colonies were scored using a fixed whole plate method. Human placental conditioned medium was shown to contain burst promoting activity, and low oxygen tension markedly enhanced growth of erythroid bursts. Morphological analysis of colonies showed that eosinophil colonies were more numerous in bone marrow than fetal liver and conversely macrophage and neutrophil-macrophage colonies were more numerous in fetal liver. Erythroid bursts were more numerous and larger in fetal liver. Human fetal liver cells do not produce endogenous colony-stimulating factor. PMID- 6638008 TI - Glycophorin A expression in malignant hematopoiesis. AB - Two hundred twenty-nine patients with hematopoietic malignancies were tested for reactivity with a monoclonal anti-human glycophorin A antibody. One hundred twenty-three of these cases were classified as acute leukemias of either the myeloid, lymphoid, erythroid, or undifferentiated type. The monoclonal antibody we used (VIE-G4) was obtained after immunization with a human thymocyte suspension. It selectively reacts with glycophorin A (GpA) and strongly binds to 40% of K-562 cells and all morphologically recognizable erythroid precursor cells. Apart from two cases with acute erythroid leukemia, this antibody reacted with none of the malignant cells in the 229 tested hematopoietic malignancies, including the 121 nonerythroid acute leukemias. This finding seems to contradict the earlier observations by L. Andersson and colleagues that a considerable proportion of acute leukemias express GpA on their surface. One reason for this discrepancy might be the fact that VIE-G4 detects only complete glycosylated GpA. If this is the sole explanation, this would mean that the poorly differentiated cells in these cases express incompletely glycosylated GpA. PMID- 6638009 TI - The clonogenic assay as a reproducible in vitro system to study predictive parameters of treatment outcome in acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. AB - Seven institutions studied the cloning pattern of leukemic cells from pretherapy bone marrows of 273 patients with newly presenting and relapsed acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. The cloning assay was done in all centers using an identical double-layer agar method with a common source of colony-stimulating factor. Cells were incubated for seven days, and clones were identified visually with an inverted microscope. All centers were able to obtain clonal growth in a substantial proportion of patients. Differences in growth pattern were observed between the major contributing center and the pooled results for all other centers. However, an analysis of clinical results suggested that in vitro differences were more likely related to differences in the patient populations than to variability in laboratory technique. The proportion of marrows in which leukemic cells formed colonies (greater than 40 cells) and large clusters (20-40 cells) was greater in relapsed patients than in newly presenting patients (P less than .06). A progressive improvement in induction treatment outcome was seen with decreasing clonal growth. Patients whose marrows did not produce clones had a complete remission (CR) rate of 83% versus 50% for those patients whose marrow leukemic cells formed colonies and/or large clusters (P = .05). In vitro drug sensitivity studies with cytosine arabinoside and adriamycin were performed on bone marrow cells of patients treated with this combination clinically. The percent killing of clonogenic cells in this assay correlated with remission induction outcome. Complete remission was obtained in 73% of 15 patients whose bone marrow leukemic cells showed greater than 30% killing by in vitro drug exposure, and CR was obtained in only 30% of 23 patients whose marrows showed less than 30% killing (P less than .01). The results indicate that the clonogenic assay correlates with treatment outcome and can be used for drug sensitivity testing in patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. The limitations of the assay are discussed. PMID- 6638010 TI - Splenectomy for thrombocytopenia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - The role of peripheral platelet destruction as a reversible etiology of thrombocytopenia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was evaluated in nine patients with CLL and refractory thrombocytopenia who underwent splenectomy. The patients' ages ranged from 54 to 74 years. Progressive thrombocytopenia refractory to antineoplastic agents and corticosteroids had been present for a mean of 23.4 months. The platelet counts were 4,000-57,000/microliter, and were generally higher in those patients with larger spleens. The spleens ranged from 180 to 4050 gm. Seven patients responded completely to splenectomy, achieving platelet counts greater than 150,000/microliter, and in one other patient, the count rose to greater than 100,000/microliter. The platelet count of one patient failed to respond to surgery. Those patients with massive splenomegaly developed higher, more rapidly rising platelet counts postoperatively. No operative mortality was encountered. Median hospitalization was seven postoperative days. All patients experienced an increased sense of well-being. Median follow-up time is 9 months. PMID- 6638011 TI - A rapid in vitro drug-sensitivity assay in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. AB - Leukemic myeloid, myelomonocytic, and monocytic cells will incorporate radiolabeled sulfate into newly synthesized macromolecules. We developed a liquid culture technique to examine the in vitro effects of chemotherapeutic agents on the incorporation of radiolabeled sulfate into cells of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Cells recovered from bone marrow or peripheral blood of 25 patients with ANLL were incubated in vitro for one hour with saline (control) or a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. Cells were washed free of the drug and grown in liquid cultures containing nutrient medium and 35SO4. The percent of 35SO4 incorporated into the drug treated as compared with control cells was determined after one, three, and seven days of culture. Patients whose drug-treated cells incorporated less than 30% of 35SO4 when compared with the control after three or seven days of culture achieved a complete response to these agents in vivo (P less than .05). Thus, the in vitro effects of various chemotherapeutic agents on the incorporation of 35SO4 into cells obtained from patients with ANLL may help predict clinical response to these agents in vivo. PMID- 6638012 TI - Intracranial myeloid metaplasia: diagnosis by CT and Fe52 scans and treatment by cranial irradiation. AB - A patient with longstanding agnogenic myeloid metaplasia developed a progressive dementia. CT scanning demonstrated multiple intracranial masses, and a Fe52 bone marrow scan demonstrated erythroid activity within the masses and confirmed the suspicion of extra-medullary hematopoiesis. A potentially hazardous biopsy was avoided, and a course of cranial irradiation was administered, resulting in regression of the masses and clearing of the patient's dementia. Fe52 scintigraphy provides a specific and useful diagnostic approach which may eliminate the need for invasive procedures. PMID- 6638014 TI - Effect of brilliant cresyl blue on erythrocytes in hereditary elliptocytosis. PMID- 6638013 TI - Inhibition of cold insolubility of an IgA cryoglobulin by decanedicarboxylic acid and related compounds. AB - Cold insolubility of a serum IgA cryoimmunoglobulin was found to be inhibited by the addition of 1.5 mM sodium decanedicarboxylate in vitro. The patient with the cryoglobulin had advanced multiple myeloma complicated by severe hyperviscosity that caused lethargy and episodic loss of consciousness. Decanedicarboxylic acid administered orally resulted in transient relief of symptoms and the loss of cryoprecipitability of the paraprotein. Further in vitro studies revealed that sodium salts of long-chain monocarboxylic acids with a minimum of eight carbons, and dicarboxylic acids with a minimum of 12 carbons inhibited cryoprecipitation. Salts of short-chain carboxylic acids, by contrast, enhanced cryoprecipitation. Sodium phenolate and sodium salts of benzoic acid, 2,4-DNP, phenylpropionic acid, and salicylic acid were also inhibitory. These latter compounds, which have a ring structure, did not cause precipitation at any concentration. It was demonstrated that the presence of a free carboxylic group was required for these activities; conversion of carboxylic acid to amide resulted in the loss of both the inhibitory and cryoprecipitation-enhancing effects. Normal plasma, or plasma from five other patients who had IgG, IgM, or mixed-type cryoglobulinemia, were not affected by any of these compounds. It is suggested that in selected cases of hyperviscosity syndrome associated with cryoglobulinemia, some of these compounds, especially monocarboxylic acids with appropriate chain lengths, or those with a ring structure, may have therapeutic applications. PMID- 6638015 TI - Evaluation of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - This study was undertaken to ascertain whether 19 patients maintained on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) for at least 1 year experienced any deterioration in peritoneal membrane function. Selected serum chemistries and skinfold measurements were also evaluated to determine whether patients dialyzed by CAPD could maintain a normal nutritional status. This study demonstrates that patients maintained on CAPD had stable dialysate protein losses, glucose absorption from the dialysate, and constant urea, creatinine, and sodium removal. When these patients were subdivided by incidence of peritonitis, the group with a lower incidence of peritonitis (one episode every 349 +/- 155 SEM days) showed stable serum protein concentration and improvement in upper arm area whereas the group with a high incidence of peritonitis (one episode every 95 +/- 7 SEM days) showed a reduction in upper arm muscle area. Thus, our data suggest that over a 1 year period, there is no deterioration in peritoneal membrane characteristics and CAPD is effective in maintaining the nutritional status of the patient. However, both membrane function and nutritional status may be impaired by frequent episodes of infection. PMID- 6638016 TI - The Toronto Western Hospital catheter in a pediatric dialysis program. AB - Following multiple technical problems with Tenckhoff catheters in children commencing prolonged dwell peritoneal dialysis, we have recently used the Toronto Western Hospital (TWH) catheter with considerable success. Six of the TWH catheters were inserted in children who had experienced either obstruction or leakage with prior use of 1-4 Tenckhoff catheters. Overall, we have used 15 TWH catheters in 12 children and have compared the results to 23 Tenckhoff catheters in 9 children. The rate of obstruction with TWH (7%) has been much less than with the Tenckhoff catheter (45%). We conclude that the TWH catheter represents a significant advance in peritoneal dialysis catheter technology for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) children starting continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) or continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD). PMID- 6638017 TI - Relationship of creatinine clearance to orthoiodohippurate measured effective renal plasma flow. AB - Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) was measured utilizing 1-131 orthoiodohippurate (OIH). The OIH ERPF was correlated in 50 patients with routine 24-hour urine creatinine clearance measurements and with a formula predicting creatinine clearance based on age, weight, and serum creatinine (formula creatinine clearance). The filtration fraction (routine creatinine clearance/OIH ERPF) in 38 patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis, tubulointerstitial renal disease, or normal renal function were compared. Filtration fractions in the three groups tested were not statistically different. ERPF had a correlation coefficient of 0.62 with routine creatinine clearance and 0.72 with formula creatinine clearance. Thus, OIH ERPF correlates with creatinine clearance measurements but cannot be used to replace creatinine clearance as a method of evaluating renal function. The reasons for the lack of a stronger positive correlation between ERPF and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) remain to be elucidated. PMID- 6638018 TI - The fetus as a patient: emerging rights as a person? AB - Dramatic scientific breakthroughs in medical technology have revolutionized the physician's diagnostic prowess in the art of obstetrics. Scientific procedures now reveal previously undetectable secrets about the womb's tiny inhabitants. In the last few years, perinatologists have not only demonstrated the ability to discern fetal abnormalities of an extraordinary variety, but also have become increasingly successful in correcting many of these defects in utero. This article identifies the potential medicolegal conflicts that may arise as fetal surgery becomes an accepted medical practice. It begins by surveying the legal rights of unborn persons with a particular emphasis on the role of viability in determining those rights. The article will then examine the concept of viability as developed by the Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade and later abortion decisions and concludes that the current judicial deference to the medical community in determining viability is adequate for balancing rights in the abortion context. However, conflicts among physicians and between the other and her unborn child that may arise in the fetal surgery context suggest that viability may be an adequate benchmark for resolving such conflicts. The article concludes with a recommendation to reform the current method of resolving the critical question of when a fetus becomes viable. PMID- 6638019 TI - The new biology and the question of personhood: implications for abortion. AB - Opposition to abortion is based in part on the assumption that personhood is achieved at or shortly after fertilization of the egg. This interpretation of personhood arises from a contemporary application of the ancient doctrine of preformationism, a doctrine which holds that there is a preformed individual, in an ontological sense, within the developing entity. The assumption that the fertilized egg is unique in its capacity to develop into a human being is at least in part responsible for the opinions of those opposed to abortion. Yet, the uniqueness of the zygote in its capacity to develop into an adult organism is qualified by the discovery that development may be possible in a number of other ways. Consideration of the phenomena of cloning, parthenogenesis and chimerism can relieve moral ambiguity about abortion and may reduce opposition to that practice. PMID- 6638021 TI - Standards for hospital pharmacy computerization. PMID- 6638020 TI - Jefferson v. Griffin Spalding County Hospital Authority: court-ordered surgery to protect the life of an unborn child. AB - In Jefferson v. Griffin Spalding County Hospital Authority, the Supreme Court of Georgia affirmed a lower court order requiring a pregnant woman to submit to a cesarian section and other medical procedures necessary to save her unborn child's life. The court found that the state's interest in protecting the viable fetus outweighed the pregnant mother's right to religious practice, right to refuse medical treatment, and parental autonomy. Jefferson appears to stand for the proposition that fetuses have rights that attach at viability and that mothers have a corresponding duty to ensure live births. The decision foreshadows substantial conflict between fetal and maternal rights. PMID- 6638022 TI - Errors in commonly used references. PMID- 6638023 TI - Determining ideal body weight (and mass) PMID- 6638024 TI - Errors in oncolytic agent stability study. PMID- 6638025 TI - Primer on clinical pharmacokinetics. AB - Basic concepts of clinical pharmacokinetics and principles of therapeutic drug monitoring are discussed. Pharmacokinetic variables such as volume of distribution, clearance, and half-life describe drug disposition in the body; in individual patients, these values may vary substantially. Serum concentrations of drugs may be influenced by numerous factors, such as route of administration, bioavailability, tissue distribution, and clearance. Therapeutic drug monitoring is designed to individualize drug dosages to achieve steady-state concentrations within a range of values that correlates well with patient response. An understanding of clinical pharmacokinetics and drug monitoring facilitates interpretation of serum concentrations in individual patients. PMID- 6638026 TI - Comparison of physician and pharmacist management of anticoagulant therapy of inpatients. AB - The management of anticoagulant therapy for hospitalized patients by seven certified pharmacist prescribers and one physician was compared. Eighty-one consecutive patients referred to the anticoagulation service were randomly assigned to two groups. For patients in the pharmacist-prescriber group, the physician independently monitored laboratory results and simulated heparin and warfarin doses. The roles of pharmacist and physician were reversed for patients in the physician-prescriber group. According to an established protocol, adjustments in heparin sodium infusion rate were based on activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT); warfarin sodium dosage was adjusted using a proconvertin and prothrombin (P&P) method. Heparin doses, warfarin doses, and clotting-test results were compared for patients in the two prescriber groups; simulated and actual doses also were compared. Patients were observed for complications of anticoagulant therapy. There were no significant differences in the mean heparin and warfarin doses administered to patients in the two prescribed groups. Similarly, PTT and number of days to reach therapeutic P&P were not significantly different. Within each group, the mean prescribed and simulated heparin doses were not significantly different. There were no episodes of major bleeding, but four patients in the pharmacist-prescriber group had minor bleeding. While the results are not applicable to all pharmacists or all settings, the certified pharmacist prescribers in this study adjusted anticoagulant therapy as well as an experienced physician. PMID- 6638027 TI - Comparison of six methods for preparing cefazolin sodium for intermittent injection. AB - The time and cost of preparing i.v. piggyback doses of cefazolin sodium using automated and manual methods were compared. One-gram doses of cefazolin sodium were prepared in batches of 100 using each of six methods. Total equipment process times were recorded during five trials with each method. Personnel time and total materials costs were determined. Bulk-vial reconstitution methods, including a manual syringe and three automated fluid-delivery devices (Burron Multi-Ad syringe pump, Unispense peristaltic pump, and Valleylab heart-valve cassette pump), were compared. Two prefilled container systems (Faspak flexible plastic bags with Physio-Control peristaltic pump, and glass piggyback bottles with the Multi-Ad pump) were compared with each other and with the bulk reconstitution methods. Of the bulk-vial methods, total process times were significantly shorter for the Multi-Ad and Unispense systems. Of the prefilled container systems, total process time and personnel time were significantly shorter for the Faspak method than for the manufacturer's piggyback bottle method. Materials costs were similar for all bulk-vial methods and were significantly lower for both prefilled container systems. Overall costs were lower for prefilled systems; the cost per dose was $3.63 for the manufacturer's piggyback bottle system and $4.26 for the Faspak system. Total personnel time required by the Faspak method was 21.5 minutes per batch, approximately one third the time required by any other method. In terms of personnel time and materials costs for preparation of i.v. cefazolin sodium doses, manufacturers' prefilled container systems have advantages over bulk-reconstitution methods. PMID- 6638028 TI - Hospital pharmacists' evaluation of drug wholesaler services. AB - Services provided by drug wholesalers were evaluated by hospital pharmacists. A survey was mailed to 1500 randomly selected pharmacy directors. Respondents indicated availability and use of 26 customer services. Pharmacists rated the services that they used on the basis of importance of the service and satisfaction with the service. The 644 returned questionnaires indicated that most services were available to a large majority of respondents. Most services used were rated as important or essential. Most respondents were satisfied with wholesaler services; the service with which the most respondents were dissatisfied was stocking of pharmaceuticals in single-unit packaging. Of other services that were widely used and rated important, prompt crediting for delivery errors, few out-of-stock items, frequent pickup of return merchandise, and stocking of injectable pharmaceuticals received low satisfaction ratings. Same day delivery service and emergency delivery of prescription items were unavailable to more than 40% of respondents. Hospital pharmacists were generally satisfied with services provided by drug wholesalers. Wholesalers should be aware of the particular service needs of hospital pharmacists, and further studies of these needs should be conducted. PMID- 6638029 TI - Hospital-based training for pharmaceutical manufacturers' representatives. AB - A hospital-based training program for pharmaceutical manufacturers' representatives is described. The pharmacy department of a large teaching institution established a training program for new sales representatives of a major pharmaceutical company. Goals were outlined by the sales training manager and the pharmacy department. The sales training personnel, department of pharmacy, and the cooperating departments of medicine, surgery, and nursing worked together to formulate objectives for the sessions, and teaching responsibilities were delegated to members of all these departments. The program length varied from one to five days. A formal contract was developed specifying content, program dates, and reimbursement. The institution is reimbursed for the use of the facility, materials, and administrative overhead. The program's success has led to the development of similar programs with several other companies. The extra income has enabled the pharmacy to create a new division within the department. Evaluations from more than 500 sales representatives who have participated in the programs have been consistently positive. The pharmacy department in a teaching institution has the resources to provide a training program for sales representatives that can be an additional source of income. PMID- 6638030 TI - Comparative content evaluation of the de Haen and Drugdex drug information systems. AB - The Missouri evaluation protocol was used for comparing the contents of the Drugdex and de Haen drug information systems. Criteria for evaluating (1) general information content and (2) content of drug-drug interactions are given in the Missouri protocol. To check the two drug information systems for content, 113 sample drugs were randomly selected to represent all pharmacologic-therapeutic categories of the American Hospital Formulary Service. A list of 215 sample drug drug interactions was randomly selected from Hansten's Drug Interactions. Each system was then search, applying each general content criterion and drug interaction criterion to each sample drug and sample interaction, respectively. Raw data were transformed into the Missouri protocol's seven weighted variables, and aggregate scores were obtained by summing the weighted scores for the variables. All scoring measurements were done by one investigator. Both raw (unweighted) and weighted scores were analyzed. Aggregate scores showed no significant differences between Drugdex and de Haen for either general information content or content of drug-drug interactions. However, analysis of raw data contradicted these results by showing differences between systems for several variables. The de Haen system included general information on a greater percentage of the sample drugs, but Drugdex covered more information criteria per drug. Drugdex contained a greater percentage of the sample drug-drug interactions, but de Haen covered more criteria for a listed interaction. The results of this study suggest that neither Drugdex nor the de Haen system can be recommended for use in lieu of the other. The Missouri protocol has flaws that preclude its routine use for comparative evaluation of drug information systems. PMID- 6638031 TI - Nonprescription drug use among hospitalized pediatric patients. AB - The parents of pediatric patients were questioned regarding the use and selection of nonprescription drugs for their children. A questionnaire was distributed to the parents of 200 hospitalized pediatric patients. It gathered information on nonprescription drug use during the six-month and one-week periods before hospitalization, the importance of various sources of advice regarding the need to self-medicate, and the sources of product information and the factors influencing product selection. One hundred sixty questionnaires were returned. Almost all of the children (97.5%) were self-medicated by their parents within the six-month period before hospital admission. Only 21% of the parents usually sought advice before deciding to self-medicate their children. Physician recommendations were noted as an important factor in the selection of a nonprescription product, followed an importance by pharmacists and then other health-care professionals. Professional recommendations all ranked higher than other recommendation sources, such as television, radio, or printed advertisements. Pharmacists should take a more active role in aiding parents in their decision to self-medicate their children. PMID- 6638032 TI - Developing a data-collection system. AB - Desirable characteristics for a hospital pharmacy financial data-collection system are described. Data collection should follow standardized methods, require minimum personnel time, monitor financial performance, high-light trends, and use standard reporting periods and nomenclature. When automated data-collection methods are not available for pharmacy departments, manual systems should be developed so that totals correspond to automated hospital reports. Data should be collected for expenses (drug and supply costs; personnel costs; equipment purchase, lease, and maintenance; and purchased services), revenues, workload, transfers, credits, drug use, and hospital indicators. For data to be useful as a management tool, they must be reported in a timely fashion and in a manner that is easy to analyze. Reports to hospital administration should emphasize summary data, and details should support the summary. An adequate system for collection, collation, and reporting of financial data is essential for sound management of a hospital pharmacy department. PMID- 6638033 TI - Compatibility and stability of dobutamine hydrochloride with large-volume parenterals and selected additives. PMID- 6638034 TI - Uptake of clonazepam by plastic intravenous infusion bags and administration sets. PMID- 6638035 TI - Reduced pH associated with mixture of povidone-iodine and compound tincture of benzoin. PMID- 6638036 TI - Aerosolization of technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid during preparation. PMID- 6638037 TI - Estimation of half-life and exponential decay using a nomogram. PMID- 6638038 TI - Short- and long-term (six-year) hemodynamic effects of labetalol in essential hypertension. AB - The acute blood pressure lowering effect of intravenous labetalol (0.2 to 0.8 mg/kg) was studied in 11 patients with severe hypertension. The blood pressure was reduced by 22 percent partly due to a decrease in total peripheral resistance (-14 percent) and partly due to a reduction in cardiac output (-10 percent). Stroke volume was unchanged. Fifteen patients with moderate essential hypertension were studied at rest and during exercise before and after one and six years of labetalol therapy. Blood pressure was reduced approximately 22 percent at rest as well as during exercise, mainly due to a reduction in total peripheral resistance. However, after one year, cardiac index was reduced 10 to 14 percent (p less than 0.01) at rest (sitting) and during exercise due to a reduction in heart rate not compensated for by an increase in stroke volume. During the next five years, blood pressure control was maintained, but cardiac index tended to increase and was not significantly reduced in any situation six years after treatment was started. Total peripheral resistance decreased significantly and was reduced 15 to 20 percent (p less than 0.01) after six years. Stroke index increased about 10 to 15 percent (p less than 0.01). These alterations are the opposite of what is seen in untreated hypertensive patients restudied after 10 and 17 years. The normalization of central hemodynamics could reflect the regression of structural changes in the heart and in the resistance vessels. PMID- 6638039 TI - Systemic, pulmonary, and coronary hemodynamic effects of labetalol in hypertensive subjects. AB - Long-term therapy with oral labetalol, an alpha- and beta-blocking agent, has been shown to effectively lower blood pressure and heart rate without decreasing cardiac output. We examined the hemodynamic effects of the acute intravenous administration of labetalol in nine hypertensive patients. Labetalol (0.6 +/- 0.1 mg/kg) promptly reduced arterial pressure, heart rate, and systemic vascular resistance without change in stroke volume. Heart rate responses to passive tilt and the Valsalva maneuver were significantly blunted. With isometric exercise, heart rate and mean arterial pressure increased significantly during labetalol therapy but less than in the pre-labetalol phase. In eight patients oral labetalol therapy was continued for six weeks (mean dose 1,050 +/- 105 mg/day), and hemodynamic evaluation was repeated. During oral labetalol therapy, decreases in arterial pressure and heart rate were sustained. Systemic vascular resistance was reduced in five of the eight patients. Hemodynamic responses to tilt, Valsalva maneuver, and handgrip were similar to those during intravenous administration. Coronary blood flow decreased, but coronary as well as pulmonary vascular resistances were unchanged. These data show the efficacy of intravenously administered labetalol in lowering blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance promptly. With long-term oral therapy, decreases in blood pressure are sustained. Labetalol does not appear to have significant effects on pulmonary or coronary vascular resistances. PMID- 6638040 TI - Hyperthyroxinemia in patients with acute psychiatric disorders. PMID- 6638041 TI - Controlled clinical trials. PMID- 6638042 TI - The generalist: a jaundiced view. PMID- 6638043 TI - Malignant lymphoma and erythrophagocytosis simulating malignant histiocytosis. AB - Six patients with malignant lymphoma are described, in whom a syndrome that mimicked malignant histiocytosis clinically and pathologically developed as a terminal event. The clinical course was characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, fever, and a rapid fall in all hematologic counts. Survival from onset of this syndrome was less than six weeks. Pathologically, activation of benign histiocytes with marked erythrophagocytosis was seen throughout the reticuloendothelial system. Disseminated lymphoma was also evident but was grossly and microscopically segregated from the erythrophagocytic process. Immunologic and cytochemical studies in two cases indicated the lymphomas to be of peripheral T cell origin, whereas the phagocytic cells had markers characteristic of histiocytes. A likely mechanism for this syndrome is the production of lymphokines (macrophage-activating factors) by neoplastic T lymphocytes. PMID- 6638044 TI - Congestive heart failure: echocardiographic insights. AB - This study was designed to assess the role of echocardiography in the evaluation and management of patients with the congestive heart failure syndrome. Fifty consecutive patients with congestive heart failure referred for echocardiography were evaluated. Thirty patients (60 percent) had ejection fractions under 50 percent (mean +/- SD 30 +/- 9 percent), left ventricular dilatation (6.5 +/- 0.7 cm), and normal wall thicknesses (1.0 +/- 0.2 cm). The echocardiographic findings were predictable on clinical grounds in 18 of the 30 patients (60 percent) and worse than clinically expected in 12 patients (40 percent). Management changes after echocardiography were indicated in 11 of 30 patients (37 percent). The remaining 20 of the 50-patient cohort (40 percent) had ejection fractions above 50 percent (mean 70 +/- 9 percent, p less than 0.01), and, as a group, were characterized by normal left ventricular size (5.1 +/- 0.8 cm, p less than 0.01) and borderline wall thicknesses (1.1 +/- 0.2 cm, p less than 0.01). The largest subgroup of these 20 patients had hypertensive heart disease (seven patients, 35 percent) associated with the congestive heart failure syndrome presumably related to left ventricular diastolic (compliance) dysfunction. The normal ejection fraction was unexpected clinically in 18 of these 20 patients (90 percent). Recommended management after echocardiography changed in all 18 patients. Since standard clinical findings (history, physical examination, and chest roentgenography) failed to separate patients with normal and abnormal ejection fractions, or those in need of changes in management, echocardiography was a useful and, at times, essential part of the evaluation of these patients with the congestive heart failure syndrome. PMID- 6638045 TI - Familial leukemia and aplastic anemia associated with monosomy 7. AB - A kindred is described in which eight of 14 patients in one generation had acute nonlymphocytic leukemia or aplastic anemia either alone or terminating in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. The proband and two siblings in one branch of this kindred presented with aplastic anemia, whereas acute nonlymphocytic leukemia was the presenting feature in the other two branches. Karyotypic evolution from a normal karyotype to monosomy 7 was demonstrated in the proband, and group C monosomy was seen in two other patients. The proband's serum sample inhibited in vitro growth of normal bone marrow colonies. The occurrence of hematologic disease in this kindred appears to be the result of a maternally transmitted trait, and persons younger than 30 years of age appear to have the highest risk of hematologic disease. PMID- 6638046 TI - Pulmonary angiography. Application in a new spectrum of patients. AB - Guidelines that are frequently used to select patients with suspected pulmonary embolus for pulmonary angiography evolved from studies conducted 10 to 15 years ago. To determine if clinical practice in a referral medical center should continue to be based on these guidelines, clinical and angiographic data on 106 patients recently studied were compared with similar data obtained from the same institution in the previous era. The need to perform angiography if a lung scan demonstrated low or high probability for embolus was also examined, along with clinical, laboratory, and hemodynamic findings previously reported to be of diagnostic utility. There has been a marked change in the spectrum of patients studied. Cancer patients and patients who have undergone abdominal and pelvic surgery comprise the preponderance of patients undergoing angiography. Lung scans had a clinically important error rate in that more than one third of these selected patients with either a high- or low-probability scan had discordant results on angiography. Clinical criteria for selecting patients for pulmonary angiography should reflect the contemporary spectrum of patients with pulmonary embolus, as well as the limitations of clinical judgment and of the lung scan. PMID- 6638047 TI - Estimating the likelihood of significant coronary artery disease. AB - Among 23 clinical characteristics examined in 3,627 consecutive, symptomatic patients referred for cardiac catheterization between 1969 and 1979, nine were found to be important for estimating the likelihood a patient had significant coronary artery disease. A model using these characteristics accurately estimated the likelihood of disease when applied prospectively to 1,811 patients referred since 1979 and when used to estimate the prevalence of disease in subgroups reported in the literature. Since accurate estimates of the likelihood of significant disease that are based on clinical characteristics are reproducible, they should be used in interpreting the results of additional noninvasive tests and in quantitating the added diagnostic value. PMID- 6638049 TI - Sudden death during ambulatory monitoring. Analysis of six cases. AB - The ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings of six patients with coronary artery disease who died during monitoring were analyzed. In four patients, sinus rhythm was interrupted by sinoatrial, atrioventricular, nodal, or infra-His conduction abnormalities leading to bradyarrhythmic sudden death. Two patients died of sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. These data emphasize that the arrhythmias involved in the sudden death syndrome may be more heterogenous than currently appreciated. PMID- 6638048 TI - Evaluation of calcium-mediated vasoconstriction in chronic congestive heart failure. AB - Intercellular vascular smooth muscle calcium results in vasoconstriction and is therefore a potentially adverse mechanism of increased afterload in chronic congestive heart failure. Therefore, an evaluation was made of supine and tilt hemodynamic data, sympathetic reflexes, and the hormonal response to calcium channel antagonism after administration of nifedipine in nine patients with severe chronic congestive heart failure. After a 10 mg oral dose, the peak hemodynamic response occurred at 30 minutes and was characterized primarily by afterload reduction, improvement of systemic flow, and reduction of pulmonary hypertension. Despite reduction of supine blood pressure, there was no orthostatic hypotension during head-up tilt at the same time of peak response. Reflex responses to sympathetic stimulation (cold pressor test) were improved but still attenuated when compared with normal responses. Plasma renin activity increased significantly, but a dissociation of the aldosterone response was observed. Plasma catecholamine levels were not significantly altered. In summary, calcium antagonism resulted in significant afterload reduction and hemodynamic improvement in chronic congestive heart failure. This was associated with improved reflex responsiveness and, potentially, altered other vasoconstrictor hormones independently of the hemodynamic response. Calcium antagonism may provide a means to further understand vasoconstrictor mechanisms in heart failure and enhance therapy in appropriate patient subsets. PMID- 6638050 TI - The medical chief residency and its relation to academic sections of general medicine. AB - The role and function of chief medical residents in academic programs were reexamined in light of the advent of departmental units of general internal medicine. Of 87 chief medical residents responding to a questionnaire, 74 worked in departments with active general internal medicine sections. There was much interaction between chief medical residents and general internal medicine faculty: 36 percent of chief medical residents participated formally in general internal medicine section activities, 54 percent shared teaching responsibilities with general internal medicine faculty, and 45 percent of chief medical residents interacted with general internal medicine faculty in administrative activities. Despite this interaction, most basic administrative tasks were handled by chief medical residents alone. Forty-eight percent of chief medical residents thought the position had declined in prestige. Recent literature on the evolution of the chief residency in internal medicine and in other specialties is reviewed, and recommendations for capitalizing on the presence of general internal medicine faculty to make the position more rewarding are made. PMID- 6638051 TI - Multiple infections and death in a homosexual man. PMID- 6638052 TI - Hyperprolactinemia. Long-term effects of bromocriptine. AB - Patients with hyperprolactinemia may be managed by pituitary surgery or irradiation, bromocriptine treatment, or a combination of these methods, and some patients remain untreated. Little is known of the long-term consequences of some of these therapeutic regimens. Forty-six hyperprolactinemic patients (40 female and six male) managed solely with bromocriptine or no treatment over a period of 12 months to six years were therefore evaluated in this study. Nine patients with radiologically normal pituitary fossae were untreated and 10 received bromocriptine, 7.5 to 10 mg daily, while 20 patients with radiologic evidence of a pituitary tumor were treated with bromocriptine, generally 10 to 20 mg daily. Patients were assessed clinically, biochemically, and radiologically before treatment and at least six weeks after discontinuation of therapy. A further seven patients were similarly assessed before and after eight bromocriptine induced pregnancies. Symptoms persisted in the untreated group of nine patients, although menstruation returned in four of the females with previous amenorrhea; serum prolactin levels remained elevated, other pituitary function did not change, and pituitary fossae remained normal radiologically. In all patients treated with bromocriptine, symptoms improved irrespective of radiologic findings on the pituitary, and were abolished in 67 percent during treatment associated with a decrease in serum prolactin levels in all, and a return of levels to within normal limits in 80 percent of patients. Persistent side effects were usually dose-related, but remained troublesome in 13 percent. Bromocriptine induced tumor regression was evident radiologically in all patients with suprasellar tumor tissue and in some with purely intrasellar adenomas. This effect occurred rapidly and persisted or increased throughout follow-up. On discontinuation of treatment, prolactin levels remained significantly lower than before therapy (mean 2,934 versus 5,052 mU/liter, p less than 0.05) but were within the normal range in only two patients. Other pituitary function was unaltered, or improved in some patients with definite tumors. Bromocriptine induced pregnancy produced no permanent change in clinical, biochemical, or radiologic status. Long-term bromocriptine treatment for hyperprolactinemia is thus highly effective in alleviating symptoms and suppressing prolactin secretion, and induces persistent tumor regression on treatment without deterioration of other pituitary function in patients with macroadenomas. On discontinuation of therapy, however, hyperprolactinemia usually recurs, and treatment may therefore need to be continued for years. PMID- 6638053 TI - Cimetidine-induced cutaneous vasculitis. AB - A rash developed in a man consistent with urticarial vasculitis as demonstrated by biopsy on each of two occasions that he was exposed to cimetidine. The vasculitis resolved on discontinuation of the drug. This is the first report demonstrating by biopsy and rechallenge that oral cimetidine therapy may cause type III hypersensitivity. PMID- 6638054 TI - Central nervous system toxoplasmosis in homosexual men. AB - Many opportunistic infections have been associated with an acquired immunodeficiency state in which cellular immune status has been altered. Two homosexual patients are described who presented with fever, peripheral eosinophilia, and a travel history to Haiti and were found to have central nervous system toxoplasmosis. Despite definitive diagnosis and appropriate therapy, both died. Techniques for diagnosis of central nervous system toxoplasmosis are discussed, and the importance of brain biopsy in this clinical situation is stressed. Eosinophilia may serve as an early diagnostic marker for disseminated toxoplasmosis in homosexual patients. PMID- 6638055 TI - Pyridoxine deficiency and peripheral neuropathy associated with long-term phenelzine therapy. AB - A 51-year-old, nonalcoholic, nondiabetic woman with sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy and pyridoxine deficiency associated with long-term phenelzine therapy is described. Since phenelzine, like hydralazine and isoniazid, is a hydrazine capable of reducing pyridoxine levels in the rat, it is suggested that phenelzine, like hydralazine and isoniazid, may cause a pyridoxine-responsive peripheral neuropathy in humans. PMID- 6638056 TI - Initial diagnosis of lipoprotein lipase deficiency in a 75-year-old man. AB - Lipoprotein lipase deficiency, characterized by recurrent pancreatitis, profound hypertriglyceridemia, and delayed clearance of chylomicrons, is generally first diagnosed in childhood. Although patients with this condition have died during episodes of acute pancreatitis in the fourth and fifth decades, no patient older than 50 years has been previously reported. The de novo diagnosis of lipoprotein lipase deficiency in a 75-year-old man illustrates important points about this disease. This inborn error in metabolism may have a relatively benign clinical course resulting in normal life span, particularly if there is strict adherence to a low-fat diet and abstinence from alcohol. Moreover, measurement of lipoprotein lipase activity in persons with severe hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent abdominal pain, even in elderly patients, should lead to the correct diagnosis and treatment of this condition. PMID- 6638057 TI - Human botulism (type F)--a rare type. AB - An unusual presentation of type F botulism (one of the world's three reported outbreaks) is described. The diagnosis was complicated by the presence of pre existing Adie's myotonic pupil. There was also a history of self-inflicted small caliber gunshot wound to the right brain 10 years before the onset of the botulism. Post-traumatic seizure disorder, also present in this patient, was under good control. No offending food was ever discerned, despite exhaustive study. PMID- 6638058 TI - Cardiac valvular replacement in carcinoid heart disease. AB - A woman with tricuspid regurgitation due to carcinoid heart disease underwent successful tricuspid valvular replacement. This was performed as soon as the patient became symptomatic, enabling her to return to a normal life untroubled by slowly growing liver metastases. Few early valvular replacements have been undertaken in this disease. This case report demonstrates its usefulness. PMID- 6638059 TI - Familial central diabetes insipidus: vasopressin and nicotine stimulated neurophysin deficiency with subnormal oxytocin and estrogen stimulated neurophysin. AB - Five members of a family with dominantly inherited diabetes insipidus were diagnosed and treated with deamino-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP), a vasopressin analogue given intranasally. All subjects demonstrated subnormal levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) by radioimmunoassay in response to cigarette smoke inhalation, a standardized nicotine stimulation test. Levels of oxytocin (OT) were found to be normal and unstimulated after cigarette inhalation in two subjects, but when two affected male siblings ingested Ovulen, OT and ESN were stimulated to subnormal levels. After twelve months of DDAVP treatment, the low AVP response to nicotine was preserved whereas the carrier protein, nicotine stimulated neurophysin (NSN) remained undetectable. PMID- 6638060 TI - New hope for the retarded? PMID- 6638061 TI - Conductive deafness, symphalangism, and facial abnormalities: the WL syndrome in a Japanese family. AB - We report on a family in which four relatives were affected with an autosomal dominant syndrome of unusual facial appearance, nasal abnormality, conductive deafness, pectus carinatum, and symphalangism. This appears to be only the second report of the WL symphalangism syndrome of Herrmann and the first studied in a Japanese family. PMID- 6638062 TI - Assessment of variance components models on pedigrees using cholesterol, low density, and high-density lipoprotein measurements. AB - Plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) measurements on 402 individuals in 62 randomly selected families from the Columbia Medical Plan population were used to select the "best" model among a series of multifactorial models using the maximum likelihood method described by Lange et al [1976]. These models included both genetic and nongenetic components of variance. The most parsimonious model for each trait was selected and examined using a goodness-of-fit statistic designed by Hopper and Mathews [1982] to test the assumptions of this technique. A simple additive genetic model was the most plausible for all three measurements, suggesting a strong role for genetic factors in determining lipid and lipoprotein levels in these data. Goodness-of-fit statistics for these models were examined and showed little evidence of deviation from the assumption of multivariate normality within pedigrees. This approach of selecting the most parsimonious model among a series of competing models and then assessing its goodness-of-fit has many applications in studying familial aggregation of quantitative traits. PMID- 6638063 TI - Trisomy 18/trisomy 13 mosaicism in an adult with profound mental retardation and multiple malformations. AB - We report on an adult woman with profound mental retardation and multiple anomalies who consists of 3 cell lines: one with trisomy 18, one with trisomy 13, and a normal cell line. Her phenotype includes manifestations of both trisomy syndromes. The origin of these cell lines could have been a doubly aneuploid (48,XX + 13, + 18) or singly aneuploid (47,XX + 18 or 47,XX + 13) zygote with subsequent mitotic nondisjunctions, or a normal zygote with multiple mitotic nondisjunctions. There have been four previous reports of mosaicism involving both trisomy D and trisomy E; all died in the first six months of life. Two of these cases had a doubly aneuploid (48,XX, + D + E) cell line. Our patient illustrates the need for study of several tissues in patients with complex aneuploidy syndromes or atypical manifestations of a given syndrome (such as prolonged survival), as well as the need for caution in counseling families about prognosis for survival in autosomal trisomies which usually are lethal. PMID- 6638064 TI - Partial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11--prenatal diagnosis. PMID- 6638065 TI - Familial t(4;13) with abnormal offspring in three generations. AB - A newborn infant girl died at 1 day and was found to have severe intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, cleft lip and palate, single umbilical artery, absent thumbs, bicuspid pulmonic valve, pulmonary hypoplasia, malrotation of large and small bowel, and a 46,XX,13q+ chromosome constitution derived from a paternal t(4;13)(q25;q32) with resulting del(13q) and dup(4q). The paternal grandmother and great-grandmother also carried the balanced translocation. Each had had a child with multiple congenital anomalies including "duplex" thumbs. However, a chromosome analysis was not performed on these abnormal infants. Our patient's clinical and cytogenetic manifestations are discussed in relation to the Niebuhr map of chromosome 13. PMID- 6638066 TI - On the nature of folic-acid-sensitive fragile sites in human chromosomes: an hypothesis. AB - The methyl groups of thymine and 5-methylcytosine exposed along the major groove of the DNA double helix are involved in the binding of specific proteins to specific DNA regions. It is hypothesized that folate-sensitive fragile sites on chromosomes appear as a result of heritable defects of DNA methylation along a region normally binding a folding protein involved in chromosome condensation. Impairment of DNA-folding-protein interaction would result. A superimposed folate deficiency, or any condition leading to impaired thymidylate biosynthesis, would promote misincorporation into DNA of uracil in place of thymine, thus producing a further loss of methyl groups at the fragile site and eventually precluding a full DNA-folding-protein interaction. A localized collapse of the chromosome structure would follow. PMID- 6638067 TI - AREDYLD: a syndrome combining an acrorenal field defect, ectodermal dysplasia, lipoatrophic diabetes, and other manifestations. AB - A daughter of second cousins is described as having lipoatrophic diabetes, unusual facial appearance, generalized hypotrichosis, two natal teeth with enamel dysplasia, eruption of four dysplastic deciduous teeth, absence of permanent dentition, low birth weight, short stature, lumbar scoliosis, renal alterations, aplasia of a breast and hypoplasia of the other, hypoplastic and hypopigmented areolae with diffuse limits, hyperostosis of the cranial vault, metacarpal hypoplasias, difficulty of grasping with the left hand, exertional dyspnea, absence of DIP extension and flexion creases, dermatoglyphic alterations, and other anomalies. Her sister, dead at 1 1/2 years, had had some manifestations of the condition; seven sibs are normal. It is more likely that the whole clinical picture represents a single syndrome rather than homozygosity of different autosomal-recessive genes. PMID- 6638068 TI - Probable autosomal recessive inheritance of polysplenia, situs inversus and cardiac defects in an Amish family. AB - We report on an Amish family with five individuals in two generations with complex congenital heart disease. Autopsy findings in one and clinical examination in the others support the diagnosis of polysplenia "syndrome." In a mouse model, this spectrum of situs abnormalities and cardiovascular defects shows recessive inheritance with homozygotes having either situs solitus or situs inversus or ambiguous situs. The parents of the four affected sibs are fourth cousins. We think that the father of these four children is an affected but clinically normal homozygote, that his deceased sister was an affected homozygote, and it seems likely that they too had consanguinous parents. PMID- 6638069 TI - Familial clustering of situs inversus totalis, and asplenia and polysplenia syndromes. AB - We report on a family in which a male infant had the asplenia syndrome, a younger brother had the polysplenia syndrome, and their father had situs inversus totalis. The occurrence of the asplenia and the polysplenia syndromes in a sibship of the present family and in two other previously reported sibships indicates that the two syndromes are causally and pathogenetically related to each other. If it is assumed that the father had an incomplete form of the polysplenia complex, then the condition in this family either is an autosomal dominant trait or is multifactorially determined. PMID- 6638070 TI - Neural tube defects in the Sikhs. AB - Background information on the incidence of neural tube defects (NTD) in Sikhs in India and elsewhere is given. The incidence of NTD in the Sikh population of British Columbia is estimated for 4 years and found to be 2.86 per 1,000 births. The overall rate for NTD in all B.C. births for these same years is 1.26 per 1,000 births. This difference is statistically significant. Analysis of cases showed that a greater proportion of Sikh cases are stillborn, and these account for much of the excess over expected. It appears that the incidence of NTD in Sikhs is increased compared to the general population incidence of these birth defects in B.C. PMID- 6638071 TI - Possible new autosomal recessive syndrome with unusual renal histopathological changes. AB - We report a couple with repeated pregnancy loss--two spontaneous first trimester abortions and two stillbirths with diffuse hypoplasia of the renal tubules. Both parents have been investigated to exclude occult unilateral renal agenesis. We raise the possibility that this is a new autosomal recessive condition. PMID- 6638072 TI - Repeated pregnancy loss. AB - Debate persists over the value of chromosome analysis of couples with repeated pregnancy loss. Therefore, we studied the records of all patients referred to the Genetics Division at Thomas Jefferson University for repeated pregnancy loss. Couples were divided into three groups according to the reason for evaluation. In group I (two consecutive abortions) significant chromosome abnormalities were found in 1.8% of individuals; in group II (three or more consecutive abortions) 2.3% of individuals had a chromosome abnormality; and in group III (50% fetal loss) 1.8% of persons had abnormal chromosomes. These rates are lower than those reported by others, but are still ten times higher than those expected in the general population and affirm the value of doing a chromosome study in such couples. In addition, we found increased incidence of liveborn offspring with congenital abnormalities in couples evaluated for the above indications, and found a high incidence of a family history of repeated suboptimal pregnancy outcome. The significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 6638073 TI - Parents' adaptation to early diagnosis of sex chromosome anomalies. AB - In 56 structured psychiatric interviews parents were asked to describe their experience as participants in the Denver prospective study of children with sex chromosome anomalies in order to assess its impact on attitudes toward the identified child and on family relationships. It was found that most achieved satisfactory understanding of the diagnosis with minimal disturbance, preferred early disclosure, denied its influence on parent-child and parent-parent relationships, and were reasonably comfortable in sharing diagnostic information with the child. Environmental and cultural factors did not correlate with the responses obtained. Emphasis directed toward obstacles in the adaptive process permitted evaluation of reported parental anxieties arising from faulty or delayed communication of the diagnosis, a child's adjustment to problems of growth and development, and, for parents of children with 45,X and 47,XXY chromosome constitutions, anxiety regarding anticipated difficulty in sexual maturation and fertility. The assessment interviews afforded additional opportunity for clinical discussion and counseling with parents on issues of concern to them. PMID- 6638074 TI - Absence of dermal ridge patterns: genetic heterogeneity. AB - An apparently new form of complete absence of dermal ridge patterns was transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait through five generations in an Irish American family. Affected individuals lacked dermatoglyphic patterns, sweat pores, and ability to sweat in the volar areas of the fingertips, palms, and soles. They also had congenital milia and blisters on the fingertips and soles at birth, abnormal nails, single transverse palmar creases, increased heat tolerance, and painful fissures in adult life around the fingernails in cold weather. PMID- 6638075 TI - Autosomal or X-linked recessive syndrome of congenital lymphedema, hypoparathyroidism, nephropathy, prolapsing mitral valve, and brachytelephalangy. AB - Two brothers were found to have an unusual congenital syndrome of lymphedema, pulmonary lymphagiectasia, hypoparthyroidism, hereditary nephropathy, prolapsing mitral valve, and other somatic abnormalities. PMID- 6638076 TI - Adaptation of families with mentally retarded children: a model of stress, coping, and family ecology. AB - Research concerned with families of mentally retarded children has often yielded inconsistent, and at times, contradictory findings. This inconsistency is partly due to methodological inadequacies and a narrow focus on unidimensional variables with unimodal measurements. In addition, no succinct model has been presented to explain family adaptation and the range of possible outcomes. In this paper a critical review focused on parents, siblings, parent-child interactions, and family systems was presented. A comprehensive conceptual model was proposed that accounts for (a) the range of possible familial adaptations, both positive and negative, involving the impact of perceived stress associated with the presence of a retarded child; and (b) the family's coping resources and ecological environments as interactive systems that serve to mediate the family's response to stress. PMID- 6638077 TI - Reciprocal relationship between home environment and development of TMR adolescents. AB - The reciprocal relationship between home environment and social competency of 112 TMR adolescents was examined over a period of 3 years. Assessment of home environment included child-rearing attitudes, educationally relevant stimuli and opportunities available at home, and general psychosocial climate among family members. Measures of social competency included the child's adaptive behavior, psychosocial adjustment, and self-concept. Partial correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed significant bidirectional effects between home environment and psychosocial adjustment of TMR adolescents. The environmental effects on the adolescents appear to be broad and dynamic whereas the adolescents' effects on the home environment appear to be direct and specific. PMID- 6638079 TI - Relationship of sedative-hypnotic response to self-injurious behavior and stereotypy by mentally retarded clients. AB - Groups of clients exhibiting both self-injurious behavior (SIB) and stereotypy, stereotypy alone, SIB alone, or neither of these types of behavior were rated in terms of response to sedative-hypnotic medication. Sixty-eight percent of the clients with both SIB and stereotypy maintained wakefulness and were either resistive, combative, restless, uncooperative, or abusive after treatment with sedative-hypnotics. Thirty-nine percent of the clients with only SIB and 35 percent of the clients with only stereotypy evidenced such "paradoxical" responses to these medications. None of the matched control clients displayed paradoxical responses. This result suggests that an impaired endogenous opiate system characterized by increased levels of beta-endorphin may mediate and maintain a type of syndrome of SIB that involves the presence of stereotypy, implying the need for a new diagnostic classification and treatment of these aberrant behavioral disorders. PMID- 6638078 TI - Structure of the Minnesota Developmental Programming System Behavioral Scales, Alternate Form C. AB - The Minnesota Developmental Programming System Behavioral Scales, Alternate Form C, designed to assess adaptive behavior of profoundly developmentally disabled individuals, was evaluated using data from 3,487 individuals. Relative difficulty within each of four 20-item subscales (Gross Motor, Eating, Environmental Integration, and Language/Communication) deviated slightly from the original instrument description. Factor analyses with orthogonal rotation revealed six factors with high loadings on, respectively: (a) difficult items from all subscales, (b) items from both Gross Motor and Eating subscales, (c) items from both Environmental Integration and Language/Communication subscales, and (d) items within each individual subscale except Language/Communication. Oblique rotation suggested two factors for each subscale, one loading on easier items and one loading on more difficult items. Factor patterns after oblique rotation were similar for four age groups ranging from young children (less than 5 years) to adults (over 30 years). Factor analyses of items within each subscale showed predominance of a single factor and no strong evidence of subscale multidimensionality. These results, in large part, confirmed the original Form C description. PMID- 6638080 TI - Categorical list differentiation by mentally retarded adolescents as a function of transfer list composition and response mode. AB - Likely sources of interference encountered in free-recall transfer word lists were investigated. Recall, but not recognition performance, was assumed to be sensitive to the relatively greater interference generated by old-categories transfer lists to those employing new categories. Eighty EMR subjects were assigned to the cells of a 2 (list novelty) X 2 (response mode) factorial arrangement. Since response mode was manipulated within subjects, a counterbalanced order of testing factor was also included. For the recognition task, one-half of the subjects received either same- or different-categories distractors. Results revealed that recognition performance was significantly influenced by the list novelty variation; performance was better on new- than on old-categories transfer lists. Additionally, the recognition task with same categories distractors was associated with a greater response bias to call new items old than was the task with different-categories distractors. Results suggest that the recognition task may be more vulnerable to interference than has been previously supposed. PMID- 6638082 TI - Vitamin/mineral supplements and intelligence of institutionalized mentally retarded adults. AB - Vitamin/mineral supplements were administered to institutionalized mentally retarded adults in a double-blind study over a 7-month period. No changes were observed in IQ nor in adaptive behavior, i.e., independent living skills within the institution. This was a replication with adults of a previous study of children that had obtained positive results. Possible reasons for the different findings were discussed. PMID- 6638083 TI - A canonical correlation between adaptive and maladaptive aspects of adaptive behavior. AB - The relationship between the adaptive and the maladaptive aspects of the construct of adaptive behavior was examined by means of a canonical correlation between Part One and Part Two of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS). The sample consisted of 439 institutionalized mentally retarded persons. Four significant canonical correlations (.68, .49, .39, .28) were derived, three of which were interpretable. The redundancy index was 30 percent with Part One as the criterion and 14 percent with Part Two as the criterion. A redundancy of about 30 percent was calculated. An analysis of the pattern of canonical components suggested that the three major dimensions responsible for the overlap between ABS Parts One and Two are intellectual ability, sociability, and physical ability. An attempt to cross validate these results was made using another sample of 157 mentally retarded persons. Considerable shrinkage was observed on three of the roots. PMID- 6638081 TI - Autistic self-stimulation and intertrial interval duration. AB - The relationship of short vs. long intertrial intervals to autistic children's correct responding and autistic self-stimulatory behavior was examined. Measures were also obtained on the children's other types of self-stimulatory behavior during all conditions of the experiment. The results showed that: (a) for any given child/task combination, short intertrial intervals produced decreased levels of autistic self-stimulatory responding, (b) increased levels of correct responding occurred during the short intertrial interval conditions, and (c) the category of "other" self-stimulatory behavior was not systematically related to either correct responding or to the length of the intertrial interval. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for understanding self stimulatory behavior and for teaching autistic children. PMID- 6638084 TI - Effects of token reinforcement schedules on work rate: a case study. AB - The response rate of an educably mentally retarded male on a folder assembly task and for two types of self-stimulatory behavior was measured under fixed ratio, variable ratio, and fixed ratio pacing schedules of reinforcement. Higher work rates were maintained by the variable ratio and fixed ratio pacing schedule than by the simple fixed ratio schedule. The rate of self-stimulatory behavior associated with each reinforcement schedule and with a medication termination was also reported. PMID- 6638086 TI - Proteinuria in congestive heart failure. AB - To clarify the association between proteinuria and congestive heart failure (CHF), 24-hour urinary protein determinations were obtained from 27 patients with objectively documented CHF, before and after therapy of the CHF. The results demonstrate that modest proteinuria is a frequent feature of CHF and that this proteinuria reverses promptly with successful CHF therapy. Proteinuria exceeding 500 mg/day occurred only in patients with acute pulmonary edema. However, there was no other correlation between severity of proteinuria and type or chronicity of CHF. When proteinuria exceeds 1 g/24 h or when proteinuria does not reverse within 2 weeks of successful CHF therapy, intrinsic renal disease should be suspected. PMID- 6638085 TI - Humoral immune reactions in uremic pericarditis. AB - Clinical data from 41 patients with pericarditis or pericardial effusion in acute and chronic renal failure were analyzed in respect to the diagnostic relevance of humoral immune reactions. In patients with pericardial effusion in acute renal failure due to surgery or trauma (n = 10), antimyocardial antibodies were rarely detected. In contrast, in the sera of all patients with pericarditis or pericardial effusion following renal failure in chronic or acute glomerulonephritis (n = 6), complement-fixing antisarcolemmal antibodies of the IgM and IgG classes were observed. In patients in whom pericarditis or pericardial effusion evolved during chronic hemodialysis (n = 25), the incidence of complement-fixing antimyolemmal antibodies was 64%. Only sera with complement fixing antimyolemmal antibodies induced cytolysis of vital adult cardiocytes in vitro suggesting that the antimyolemmal antibodies may not only play a diagnostic but also a pathogenetic role in 'uremic' pericarditis in vivo. PMID- 6638087 TI - Quiz of month: question 2. PMID- 6638088 TI - Quiz of the month: question 1. PMID- 6638089 TI - Source of prostaglandin precursor in human fetal membranes: arachidonic acid content of amnion and chorion laeve in diamnionic-dichorionic twin placentas. AB - The lipids of the avascular human amnion and chorion laeve are known to be enriched in the essential fatty acid arachidonic acid, the obligate precursor of prostaglandins of the 2-series. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the source of arachidonic acid that is present in human fetal membranes. To do so we determined the arachidonic acid content of the lipid fractions of amnion and chorion laeve tissues from diamnionic-dichorionic twin placentas. We found that the arachidonic acid content of amnion from twin placentas was similar to that of amnion from singleton placentas irrespective of the site of amnion sampling. However, the same was not true of chorion laeve of diamnionic dichorionic twin placentas. The arachidonic acid content of chorion laeve that was contiguous to the chorion laeve of its twin was strikingly reduced compared to that of chorion laeve contiguous to decidua vera obtained from either singleton or twin placentas. We conclude that the arachidonic acid in amnion is derived primarily from essential fatty acids in the amniotic fluid. However, the arachidonic acid in chorion laeve may be derived from essential fatty acid in the amniotic fluid as well as in maternal plasma by way of the decidua vera. PMID- 6638090 TI - Exercise in pregnancy. II. Fetal responses. AB - Healthy pregnant women underwent a mild exercise study to evaluate the effects of this amount of work on their fetuses. The results indicated that there were no direct correlations between exercise and fetal body or breathing movements at this particular work intensity (2.33 m). We found a relationship between the maternal sympathetic activity as reflected in epinephrine levels and the degree of fetal activity. PMID- 6638091 TI - Oxytocin and initiation of human parturition. III. Plasma concentrations of oxytocin and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha in spontaneous and oxytocin-induced labor at term. AB - The plasma concentrations of oxytocin and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) were measured in serial samples collected during the first stage of spontaneous and oxytocin-induced labor in 17 and 15 women, respectively. Four women in late pregnancy served as control subjects, with serial samples collected at similar intervals as during labor. During spontaneous labor, mean plasma oxytocin levels were consistently raised over the levels observed 1 to 2 weeks before the onset of labor and were higher than the levels in the control patients (mean, 19.9 +/- 3.1 pg/ml) and the initial levels in the oxytocin-induced group of women (mean, 17.4 +/- 4.8 pg/ml). The mean plasma oxytocin levels during spontaneous labor (45 +/- 3.9 pg/ml) were similar to those observed during infusion of 4 to 6 mU/min of synthetic oxytocin (49.1 +/- 10.9 pg/ml). Plasma oxytocin levels increased progressively with stepwise increments of the infusion. Plasma PGFM levels also rose during labor, but, in contrast to the oxytocin levels which increased in early labor, plasma PGFM levels did not increase significantly until relatively late in labor, provided the membranes were intact. The state of the membranes had a marked influence on plasma PGFM; patients with spontaneous rupture of membranes had significantly increased PGFM levels when admitted early in labor or when membranes ruptured during labor. This increase in prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) production does not by itself suffice to initiate labor, as evidenced by the failure of premature rupture of the membranes to initiate labor in a number of patients with elevated PGFM levels in whom labor was then induced with oxytocin. Conversely, oxytocin induction was successful only when PGFM levels increased during the infusion of oxytocin; in the absence of a rise in plasma PGFM, oxytocin induction failed. These data add support to the view that both oxytocin and PGF2 alpha are required for adequate stimulation of the human uterus during labor. In addition, the data suggest that oxytocin rather than PGF2 alpha may be the major stimulus that initiates labor, whereas PGF2 alpha appears responsible for the progress of labor. PMID- 6638092 TI - Oxytocin and the initiation of human parturition. IV. Plasma concentrations of oxytocin and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha during induction of labor by artificial rupture of the membranes. AB - The influence of artificial rupture of the membranes on plasma levels of 13,14 dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) and oxytocin was examined in 23 pregnant women at term. Serial blood samples were collected before and 15 minutes, 2 hours, 5 hours, and 8 hours after artificial rupture of the membranes. A significant rise in the concentration of plasma PGFM was observed at 15 minutes in the majority of women (20 of 23), but the magnitude of this early rise or the lack thereof was not related to the subsequent course of labor. The concentration of plasma PGFM at 2 hours was, on the other hand, significantly correlated with the induction-delivery interval. Amniotomy, by itself, induced labor and delivery when the increased PGFM levels were maintained from 2 to 5 hours after the procedure (n = 16). In those cases where Pitocin stimulation was required for adequate uterine contractions, it was found that plasma PGFM levels had declined to initial values at 2 hours. Pitocin infusions then partially reversed this decline. In one patient, the cervix failed to dilate in spite of prolonged Pitocin infusion which did not induce significant uterine contractions, and the infusion did not reverse the marked fall in plasma PGFM after the early but transient rise. Mean plasma oxytocin levels did not rise significantly during labor induced by artificial rupture of the membranes and were, on the average, similar to the levels observed during the first stage of spontaneous or oxytocin induced labor. Considering the previously demonstrated maximal levels of uterine oxytocin receptors in early labor, the absence of a rise in the plasma oxytocin levels does not negate a role for oxytocin in working synergistically with prostaglandins in the mechanism of labor. PMID- 6638093 TI - Transcutaneous scalp PO2 measurements in the fetal sheep: the influence of external pressure on the electrode or on the skin. AB - Measurements of continuous transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) have been performed on the scalps of six fetuses from ewes not in labor, while they were under epidural anesthesia. The effects of artifacts such as pressure upon the electrode and pressure on a circle around the electrode (tonsure effect) have been studied. It appears that tcPO2 measurements are markedly influenced by pressure as well as tonsure. As a result, an artificially low tcPO2 reading caused by pressure or tonsure cannot be distinguished from a low value caused by a real decreased intravascular PO2. The "relative heating power" necessary to keep the temperature of the electrode at 44 degrees C is influenced by a number of variables and hence does not solely reflect capillary flow beneath the electrode. Fetal tcPO2 monitoring is unlikely to function as a suitable method of antepartum monitoring throughout delivery in the same manner as the cardiotocograph. The value of dynamic tests at the start of labor such as testing the response to administration of medicaments or gas mixtures needs to be evaluated. PMID- 6638094 TI - Management of patients with hyperprolactinemia and normal or abnormal tomograms. AB - Forty women with hyperprolactinemia with and without radiologic evidence of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma were prospectively treated with bromocriptine. On the basis of tomographic studies, the patients were divided into either a microadenoma group (N = 19) or no adenoma group (N = 21). Both groups had similar distributions as to obstetric history, menstrual abnormalities, levels of baseline serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyrotropin. Patients in the adenoma group had significantly higher (p less than 0.001) baseline serum prolactin levels (173 +/- 4.4 ng/ml) than those of patients without adenoma (61.1 +/- 4.5 ng/ml). Patients without an adenoma required significantly less bromocriptine (5 to 7.5 mg) (p less than 0.005) to normalize serum prolactin or establish a pregnancy than did those who had an adenoma (5 to 20 mg). Similarly, patients with adenoma resumed ovulatory cycles (8.7 +/- 1.2 versus 5.7 +/- 0.06 weeks), had their galactorrhea disappear (11.3 +/- 2.1 versus 5.6 +/- 1.1 weeks), and become pregnant (16.2 +/- 2.5 versus 9.8 +/- 1.5 weeks) in a significantly longer time (p less than 0.01) than did those who had no adenomas. There was no significant difference in the pregnancy rate between the groups, and the overall rate was 86% of 28 patients desiring pregnancy. No complications were observed during pregnancy. The conclusion is that both patients with and those without radiologic evidence of a prolactin secreting pituitary adenoma can be safely treated with bromocriptine. In addition, the resumption of ovulatory cycles is more important than the absolute normalization of serum prolactin. PMID- 6638095 TI - The use of prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing emergency primary cesarean section. AB - The use of short-course (24-hour) prophylactic antibiotics was studied in 84 consecutive afebrile patients who underwent emergency primary cesarean section. There was a significant reduction in the incidence of postoperative endomyometritis in the group prophylactic antibiotics (12/45, 26.7%) compared to the control group not given prophylactic antibiotics (20/39, 51.3%), p less than 0.05. The duration of hospital stay was also significantly reduced by the use of prophylactic antibiotics (4.3 +/- 0.6 days versus 5.1 +/- 1.3 days, p less than 0.05). Other identified advantages that resulted from the use of prophylactic antibiotics included a shorter duration of treatment required for postoperative endomyometritis in the group given prophylactic antibiotics and an increased likelihood of being cured by initial therapy for endomyometritis in the group given prophylactic antibiotics (100% versus 70%). When taken together, these results indicate that the urgency of operation is a unique risk factor for postoperative infectious morbidity, and suggest that patients who undergo emergency primary cesarean section benefit from a short course of prophylactic antibiotics. PMID- 6638096 TI - Origin of prostanoids in human amniotic fluid: the fetal kidney as a source of amniotic fluid prostanoids. AB - The present study was designed to investigate the origin of prostanoids that are present in amniotic fluid. We evaluated the concentration of prostaglandins in fetal urine that was obtained from newborn infants immediately after delivery either before or after the onset of spontaneous labor or after oxytocin-induced labor. We found that the levels of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2 alpha, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha in the fetal urine of newborn infants delivered after the spontaneous onset of labor and after oxytocin-induced labor were significantly greater than the levels in the fetal urine of newborn infants delivered before the spontaneous onset of labor. We conclude that one source of the prostanoids present in amniotic fluid is fetal urine, and, thence, fetal kidneys, and that labor, whether spontaneous or induced, caused increased excretion of prostanoids in fetal urine. PMID- 6638097 TI - Amniotic fluid absorbance at 650 nm: its relationship to the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and neonatal pulmonary sufficiency. AB - In the present study, we sought to assess the clinical efficacy of the optical density of amniotic fluid at 650 nm (A650) to predict lung maturity in the human fetus. The A650 of 113 samples of amniotic fluid obtained from 16 to 45 weeks' gestation was determined. Mature values (A650 greater than or equal to 0.11) were not observed until 35 weeks' gestation but were always present after 39 weeks' gestation. In those infants delivered within 48 hours of amniocentesis, the absence rates of respiratory distress syndrome were the same with a mature lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio (97.9%) and a mature A650 (97.3%). However, immature values in both tests were poor prognosticators of respiratory distress syndrome, with a rate of 37.5% with the immature L/S ratio and 15.8% with the immature A650. A mature A650 may be substituted for the L/S ratio, but an immature A650 is less reliable. In addition, we found that differences in centrifugation altered the A650 value, whereas exposure to light and cold storage did not. PMID- 6638098 TI - Progesterone and estradiol in the saliva and plasma during the menstrual cycle. AB - Plasma and salivary progesterone and estradiol were measured throughout nine menstrual cycles and before and after intramuscular injection of progesterone in four women. Mean +/- standard error of the mean (SE) salivary progesterone increased significantly from 238.7 +/- 14.3 pg/ml in the proliferative phase to 475.3 +/- 39.8 pg/ml in the secretory phase (p less than 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between plasma and salivary progesterone levels throughout the menstrual cycle (r = 0.5841, p = 0.001). The ratio of plasma to salivary progesterone was 6.4 during the proliferative phase and increased to 26.7 during the secretory phase. Free unbound progesterone as determined by equilibrium dialysis gave a mean +/- SE level of 126.8 +/- 6.9 pg/ml during the proliferative phase and increased significantly to 196.8 +/- 18.8 pg/ml during the secretory phase (p less than 0.001). The corresponding levels in the plasma were 88.5 +/- 11.2 pg/ml, which increased significantly to 332.2 +/- 39.2 pg/ml (p less than 0.001). Free progesterone constituted 53.7% and 41.4% of salivary progesterone during the proliferative and secretory phases, respectively, whereas the corresponding percentages in the plasma were 5.8% and 2.6%. Both plasma and salivary progesterone levels increased in a dose-dependent manner after an intramuscular injection of progesterone, with peak levels being attained from 2 to 3 hours after the injection. Salivary estradiol levels were 5 to 18 and 8 to 35 pg/ml in the proliferative and secretory phases, respectively, but showed no correlation with plasma estradiol levels. The findings are discussed in relationship to the origin of salivary progesterone and the potential use of it as an index of ovulation. PMID- 6638099 TI - The prostanoid content in peritoneal fluid and plasma of women with endometriosis. AB - Peritoneal fluid and plasma collected at laparoscopy in women with and without endometriosis were evaluated for prostanoid content. 6-Keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-F1 alpha), thromboxane B2 (TxB2), 15-keto- 13, 14 dihydroprostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM), prostaglandin F (PGF) and prostaglandin E (PGE) were assayed in peritoneal fluid, with 6-keto-F1 alpha, TxB2, and PGFM being studied in plasma. The concentrations of these prostanoids in women with endometriosis were not significantly different from the concentrations in the disease-free group, nor was a significant difference seen in any of the prostanoids studied in relationship to the severity of the endometriosis. The results suggest that routine study of prostanoid levels in patients with endometriosis may not be of a diagnostic or prognostic value. PMID- 6638100 TI - Effect of lengthening the fallopian tube on fertility in the rabbit. AB - The effect of surgically lengthening the rabbit oviduct was investigated. In the study group, a lengthened fallopian tube was created by division of the left fallopian tube at the ampullary-isthmic junction and the right fallopian tube at the uterotubal junction. The proximal left tube and the entire right tube were mobilized to the midline, and a microsurgical anastomosis was performed with 10-0 nylon. This formed a tube that was lengthened by approximately 50%, with doubling of the isthmic region. In the control group, both tubes were divided at the ampullary-isthmic junction, and the proximal left and distal right segments were joined to form a tube of normal length. The left ovary and ampulla were resected in both groups. After the animal had been bred, a second laparotomy was performed to assess adhesion formation, document tubal patency, and establish a nidation index. The median nidation index of the control group (N = 11) was 0.89, whereas that of the lengthened group (N = 7) was 0. The nidation indices of the two groups were different, with P less than 0.01. PMID- 6638101 TI - Catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in erythrocytes of pregnant women with sickle cell disease before, during, and after transfusion and partial exchange transfusion. AB - In the present investigation we found that the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity in erythrocytes of pregnant women with sickle cell disease was strikingly elevated compared with that in erythrocytes of men and pregnant and nonpregnant women. Moreover, the enzyme activity in erythrocytes remained high during and after transfusion or partial exchange transfusion even though the enzyme activity in donor cells was low. This finding is suggestive of the possibility that a factor(s) in plasma of persons with sickle cell disease activates erythrocyte COMT activity. PMID- 6638102 TI - Erythrocyte aggregation during normal pregnancy. AB - Red blood cell aggregation induced by fibrinogen is a major determinant of the non-Newtonian flow behavior of blood and has been suggested as a possible contributing factor for thrombogenesis. Given the elevated fibrinogen levels and the incidence of thrombotic accidents in pregnancy, a study was designed to assess red blood cell aggregation at selected gestational periods. Three separate in vitro aggregation assays were used: (1) aggregation half time, (2) zeta sedimentation ratio, and (3) microscopic aggregation index. Our results indicate that red blood cell aggregation is increased throughout normal pregnancy (i.e., at 10, 25, and 36 weeks and during labor) in comparison to that in nonpregnant women. Significant correlations between plasma fibrinogen concentration and zeta sedimentation ratio (p less than 0.001) or aggregation half time (p less than 0.02) were demonstrated, but the correlation coefficient for the microscopic aggregation index technique did not reach significance (p greater than 0.20). Type O-positive red blood cells suspended in plasma from pregnant women also exhibited increased aggregation (p less then 0.001), thus suggesting plasma rather than cellular factors for the enhanced aggregation. Possible influences of abnormal fibrinogen structure during pregnancy are considered and the implications of increased red blood cell aggregation vis-a-vis altered blood viscosity are discussed. PMID- 6638103 TI - Maternal and fetal plasma oxytocin levels during pregnancy and parturition in the sheep. AB - To assess fetal oxytocin release in relation to maternal oxytocin, serial paired maternal (femoral artery) and fetal (aorta) plasma oxytocin were determined by a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay during pregnancy and parturition in the sheep. The maternal oxytocin level was 29.1 +/- 2.6 pg/ml (mean +/- SE) but was significantly lower than fetal oxytocin levels of 45.8 +/- 4.3 pg/ml (p less than 0.001). There was a significant correlation between paired maternal oxytocin and fetal oxytocin levels throughout late pregnancy (r = 0.2523, p less than 0.05). Maternal oxytocin levels calculated for every 5 days' gestation ranged from 15.8 +/- 2.7 to 32.7 +/- 5.6 pg/ml while the corresponding fetal oxytocin levels (21.6 +/- 3.5 to 62.5 +/- 21.6 pg/ml) were always higher (92 to 135 days) but not significantly different. However, at 136 to 142 days' gestation, fetal oxytocin levels (63.9 +/- 14.1 pg/ml) were significantly higher than maternal oxytocin levels (20.1 +/- 3.3 pg/ml) (p less than 0.01). Based on observations in two animals, fetal oxytocin levels appeared higher than maternal oxytocin levels at parturition with an increase a few days before labor. Our findings indicate that, in the sheep, fetal oxytocin levels were usually higher than but not significantly different from maternal oxytocin levels and that fetal oxytocin levels changed in relation to labor, suggestive of fetal release of oxytocin. PMID- 6638104 TI - Periovulatory glycoprotein secretion in the macaque fallopian tube. AB - Anatomic demonstration of a specific midcycle fallopian tube secretion has been sought by transmission electron microscopy in the Macaca mulatta fascicularis with a method of in vivo perfusion-fixation that includes the polycation alcian blue (plus glutaraldehyde) to precipitate and stabilize anionic extracellular secreted glycoproteins. Of nine monkeys entered into the study, six ovulated regularly. With the help of daily plasma total estrogen radioimmunoassays and serial laparoscopies, these six monkeys were killed and the pelvic organs were perfused at specific times in the menstrual cycle: the midfollicular phase (one), during the midcycle estrogen peak immediately before ovulation (one), 24 hours after ovulation (one), 2 to 4 days after ovulation (two), and premenstrually (one). The other three monkeys were oophorectomized and were treated with estradiol benzoate, 10 micrograms/kg/day for 7 days (two), or with estradiol benzoate, 10 micrograms/kg/day for 7 days, and progesterone in oil, 1 mg/kg/day from day 3 to day 7. Evenly distributed, granular, precipitated material was found in the isthmic lumen both immediately before and 24 hours after ovulation (and in the two oophorectomized, estrogen-treated monkeys, both of which had plasma total estrogen levels that exceeded those of preovulatory monkeys); this would coincide with times of sperm ascent through the isthmus, ovulation, and fertilization and with the time of temporary impedance of the ovum's normal transport to the uterus, known to occur at the ampullary-isthmic junction. No substantial precipitable secretion was found in the ampulla at any stage of the cycle, in the isthmus before the midcycle estrogen rise, or 48 hours or more after either ovulation or initiation of progesterone treatment. These observations indicate that, in the primate fallopian tube, the unique ability of the isthmus to transport spermatozoa and ova in opposite directions sequentially is related temporally (and perhaps causally) to the presence and absence, respectively, of specific isthmic luminal secretions. The biochemical basis for this isthmic property may lie in the expected highly expanded state of acid mucus glycoproteins in the secretions. PMID- 6638105 TI - Analysis of sites of persistent cancer at "second-look" laparotomy in patients with ovarian cancer. AB - Forty-two patients with ovarian cancer underwent "second-look" laparotomy to determine disease status. Seventeen patients were free of disease; 15 demonstrated tumor regression, but microscopic (3) or macroscopic (12) cancer persisted; and 10 had progressive disease. A significantly increased correlation between positive biopsy sites at second look and sites of known initial residual cancer was noted (76.7% versus 42.3% total positive), particularly in patients with minute disease, at second look. This correlation increased (85.3% versus 64.8%) when both the initial tumor reduction and documentation of residual disease and the second-look procedure were performed by the same surgeon. No such difference was noted in patients with progressive disease. In no instance was disease found at new sites when sites of previous residual cancer were disease free. These results underscore the need for accurate documentation of residual tumor after initial tumor reduction in order to direct the biopsy pattern more accurately, particularly in patients with minute or microscopic disease at second look. PMID- 6638106 TI - Prevention of acute pelvic inflammatory disease after hysterosalpingography: efficacy of doxycycline prophylaxis. AB - In an attempt to minimize the infectious morbidity of hysterosalpingography, the efficacy of oral doxycycline prophylaxis was examined. The records and hysterosalpingograms of 278 consecutive women (group 1) were reviewed to correlate the radiologic findings and the development of acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) after hysterosalpingography. Four women (1.4%) developed PID and all four had tubal dilatation. The overall frequency of PID in women with dilated tubes was 4/35 (11%). Subsequently, 56 of 326 women (group 2) with tubal dilatation received oral doxycycline prophylaxis. No cases of PID were observed in the 56 women who had antibiotic prophylaxis (p less than 0.02) or in group 2 as a whole. The study suggests that the risk of infection after hysterosalpingography is very low when nondilated tubes are present (0/398 women of groups 1 and 2). The relative risk of PID in women with peritubal disease or proximal tubal occlusion, although apparently low, remains to be determined. Furthermore, in the highest-risk group of women with dilated tubes, doxycycline prophylaxis was effective in reducing infection after hysterosalpingography. PMID- 6638108 TI - The in vivo and in vitro effects of clomiphene citrate on ovulation, fertilization, and development of cultured mouse oocytes. AB - Clinical data indicate a high rate of discrepancy between ovulation and pregnancy rates and a high abortion rate in anovulatory women treated with clomiphene citrate. An animal model was used to examine the in vivo and in vitro effects of the drug on fertilization and preimplantation development. This work indicates that mice treated with clomiphene in the early follicular phase of pregnant mare's serum-induced cycles show a dose-dependent decrease in ovulated oocytes. No effect was seen on the further development of these ova. When the drug was administered in the late follicular phase, a dose-dependent decrease was seen in the rate of successful copulation, ovulation, and embryo development. Concomitant 17 beta-estradiol treatment reversed the copulatory, ovulatory, and developmental effects of clomiphene. A short in vitro treatment of oocytes with clomiphene prior to in vitro fertilization resulted in an increased proportion of degenerated and unfertilized ova. Moreover, this treatment caused a dose dependent decrease in blastocyst formation. PMID- 6638107 TI - Progesterone and estradiol receptors in the cytosol of the human uterine artery. AB - The binding of progesterone and estradiol to their specific cytoplasmic receptors was studied in cytosols of uterine arteries from 33 women undergoing hysterectomy. Twenty-five patients were premenopausal and one of them was pregnant. The regularly menstruating women were operated on at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Eight patients were postmenopausal with their last menstruation 4 to 30 years ago. Both progesterone and estradiol receptor concentrations were highest during the follicular phase. Decline in both receptors was observed during the early luteal phase, and this decline coincided with the luteal rise of serum progesterone. Significant correlations between steroid receptors and serum estradiol and progesterone levels were not found. The highest amounts of both receptors were found in the youngest patients. The concentrations decreased with age to undetectable levels. The decrease in progesterone receptor concentration after the menopause was statistically significant. Myometrial biopsies were taken as control material from eight women. No association could be observed between myometrial and arterial receptor concentrations. PMID- 6638109 TI - Human myometrium: a new potential source of prolactin. AB - Human myometrium is shown for the first time to produce prolactin in vitro. This prolactin is similar to pituitary prolactin by criteria of immunologic identity, gel chromatography and bioassay. The de novo synthesis of myometrical prolactin is supported by no detectable prolactin in initial tissue homogenate, nondetectable prolactin production during the first 24 hours of culture, cycloheximide inhibition of prolactin production with recovery of production in control medium, and tritiated leucine incorporation into prolactin. Although human myometrium is capable of producing prolactin without the addition of exogenous hormones, the addition of estrogen and progesterone, respectively, enhances and suppresses prolactin production in contrast to decidualized human endometrium where opposite effects on prolactin production are found. PMID- 6638110 TI - Ripening of the human uterine cervix related to changes in collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and collagenolytic activity. AB - Connective tissue in biopsy specimens taken from the lower part of the uterine cervix in 40 pregnant women at various gestational ages was compared to that in similar biopsy specimens from 15 nonpregnant women. The concentrations of collagen, sulfated glycosaminoglycans, and hyaluronic acid decreased during pregnancy. At the gestational age of 10 weeks, the collagen concentration was 70%, and at term 30%, of that in the nonpregnant cervix. After delivery, no further decrease was observed. The extractability of collagen increased during pregnancy, as well as during labor. Also, the water concentration increased. An increase in the collagenolytic activity was observed with advancing gestational age. The 2,4-dinitrophenyl-Pro-Gln-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Gin-D-Arg hydrolytic activity (collagenase) and the concentration of leukocyte elastase increased gradually by a factor of 10. The physiologic importance of the collagen was also demonstrated, since the cervical dilatation time during spontaneous labor was long in women with high concentrations of collagen and short in women with low concentrations of collagen. PMID- 6638111 TI - Changes in the mechanical forces of cervical distention before and after rupture of the membranes. AB - Rupture of the membranes at term, when performed at an appropriate time, is clinically known to induce or accelerate labor. In the present study, the mechanisms of cervical softening and onset and/or enhancement of labor after spontaneous or artificial rupture of the membranes were investigated. The mechanical forces involved in cervical distention at the area where the fetal head is in contact with the cervix were mathematically estimated before and after rupture of the membranes, and the difference between forces under both conditions was calculated. Rupture of the membranes, when occurring either spontaneously or artificially at an appropriate time, has been found to result in an increase of the force of distention in the cervix where it comes into contact with the head. Thus, the increased force against the cervix, as seen by stretching, through the possible increased release of prostaglandins, results in cervical softening and initiation and/or enhancement of labor. PMID- 6638112 TI - Occurrence and characterization of different types of cytotoxic antibodies in pregnant women in relation to parity and gestational age. AB - Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in sera from 55 pregnant women (of whom 23 were in their first, 21 were in their second, and 11 were in their third pregnancy), as detected by four different microcytotoxicity tests, were predominantly cold reactive and of the IgM class. During pregnancy, there is an increase in lymphocytotoxic antibody formation which is most pronounced after delivery. It is impressive that during first and second pregnancies antibody frequency is similar in the first and second trimesters, whereas in a third pregnancy there is a decrease intermittently. The behavior of antibody frequency in the second trimester may suggest a possible absorption by fetal and/or placental structures. The antibodies seem to be part of a natural immunization process and may play a protective role in pregnancy. PMID- 6638113 TI - Spurt release of oxytocin during surgical induction of labor in women. AB - Oxytocin levels were measured in closely spaced samples of maternal blood from 10 women who underwent amniotomy for induction of labor. The procedure was associated with a spurt release of oxytocin, the highest frequency being found during sweeping and rupture of the membranes. It was concluded that the main stimulus to this release was vaginal distention (Ferguson's reflex) and that the same mechanism probably accounts for the increase in maternal oxytocin during the expulsive phase of labor. PMID- 6638115 TI - Neonatal deaths in Alabama. III. Out-of-hospital births, 1940-1980. AB - Out-of-hospital births in Alabama are characterized with special emphasis on the period from 1970 to 1980. Women having an out-of-hospital birth were more likely to be nonwhite, aged greater than or equal to 35, and multiparous and to have little or no prenatal care. However, within the group of women having out-of hospital delivery, characteristics which predicted neonatal death included being white, aged less than 20, primiparous, and unmarried and having little or no prenatal care. Both the risk factors for and outcomes of out-of-hospital birth differed markedly by race. In all, out-of-hospital births, which declined from 25% to 0.5% of all births from 1940 to 1980, were associated with a twofold increase in neonatal mortality. The major care provider for out-of-hospital births, the "granny" midwife, was found to have little knowledge about, or ability to provide, modern obstetric care. High-risk status of the patients, limited capability of the care-givers, and lack of appropriate medical resources are suggested as the likely reasons for the excess neonatal mortality in out-of hospital births. PMID- 6638114 TI - A new rapid slide agglutination test for amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol: laboratory and clinical correlation. AB - A new rapid slide agglutination test (Amniostat-FLM/AFLM) for amniotic fluid phosphatidylglycerol has been developed. One hundred ninety-three samples of amniotic fluid were tested for lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and phosphatidylglycerol by thin-layer chromatography and fluorescence polarization and compared with the AFLM. All four tests agreed in 123/193 cases. Phosphatidylglycerol and AFLM were concordant in 176/193 cases. From these samples, data were available on 105 neonates, of whom 74 were delivered within 72 hours of amniocentesis. All positive AFLM tests were associated with absence of hyaline membrane disease, of 22 negative tests, eight babies had hyaline membrane disease. Thus, preliminarily, it appears that this is a useful, rapid test for assessing fetal lung maturity, which like other tests is reliable when indicating maturity but has a high incidence of falsely immature results. PMID- 6638116 TI - Isovolumetric partial exchange transfusion in the management of sickle cell disease in pregnancy. II. Simplified ambulatory technique. AB - A simple technique is presented for determining the volume of blood to be exchanged in an isovolumetric partial exchange transfusion in order to achieve a desired final hematocrit or desired final percentage of normal hemoglobin. Experience from 16 exchange transfusions in 10 obstetric patients is used to improve the estimate of specific blood volume and, hence, the accuracy of the technique. A detailed protocol for this simple outpatient procedure is presented. PMID- 6638117 TI - Iron overdose during pregnancy: successful therapy with deferoxamine. PMID- 6638118 TI - One-dimensional versus two-dimensional phosphatidylglycerol. PMID- 6638119 TI - Adolescents' preference of source to obtain contraceptive information. PMID- 6638120 TI - A comparison of ultrasound (with autocorrelation) and direct electrocardiogram fetal heart rate detector systems. PMID- 6638121 TI - Malignant melanoma in the ovary with ultrastructural confirmation. PMID- 6638122 TI - Complications of tubal sterilization. PMID- 6638123 TI - Hypokalemic and hypoglycemic effects of ritodrine. PMID- 6638124 TI - Tocolytic therapy with ritodrine. PMID- 6638125 TI - Effect on the retina of an air cushion in the anterior chamber and coaxial illumination. AB - In an attempt to minimize the danger of light-induced maculopathy during cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation, we assessed the refractive power of a posterior chamber lens inserted with its convex surface forward (Procedure 1) and with its plano surface placed forward (Procedure 2). In both procedures, a large air bubble is placed in the anterior chamber while the corneoscleral wound is being sutured. With the convex surface forward, parallel rays of light focus 23.6 mm behind the intraocular lens and 5 mm behind the retina. For a pupil 5 mm wide, the diameter of the beam on the retina is 1.03 mm; for a pupil 2 mm wide, the beam is 0.41 mm wide. With the plano surface forward, the refracting surface is in contact with water and its power is therefore reduced. Parallel rays of light focus 97.3 mm behind the intraocular lens and 79.6 mm behind the retina. For a pupil 5 mm wide, the diameter of the beam on the retina is 4.14 mm; for a pupil 2 mm wide, the beam is 1.66 mm wide. Thus, the intensity of the radiation experienced by the retina per surface unit is only 6.19% of that produced when the convex surface is forward. PMID- 6638126 TI - Comparison of two methods of marking the visual axis on the cornea during radial keratotomy. AB - We compared two methods of marking the visual axis on the cornea during radial keratotomy surgery in 34 eyes of patients participating in the National Eye Institute Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy. The locations of the corneal light reflections produced by an optical centering device and by the operating microscope filament were identical in 18 eyes, overlapped partially or touched in ten eyes, and were separate in the remaining six eyes. The two corneal marks in this last group were close enough to make little practical difference. The two methods can be used interchangeably in clinical practice. PMID- 6638127 TI - Pupillary defects in amblyopia. AB - We examined the pupils of 55 amblyopic subjects to determine whether a pupillary defect could be detected in the amblyopic eye. We found relative afferent pupillary defects in 45 of the subjects; these defects were equal to or larger than 0.3 log unit (that is, easily visible) in 29 subjects. The pupillary defect was always in the amblyopic eye, but it could not be correlated with the severity or the cause of the amblyopia, with visual-evoked potential abnormalities, or with color vision defects. PMID- 6638128 TI - Effects of topical timolol on corneal endothelial cell morphology in vivo. AB - To determine the effect of topical timolol on corneal endothelial cell morphology in a randomized, controlled, double-masked study of 40 healthy human eyes, we photographed the central corneal endothelium with a contact specular microscope before and after two weeks of treatment with placebo (20 eyes), with 0.5% timolol with 0.01% benzalkonium chloride (ten eyes), or with 0.5% timolol without benzalkonium chloride (ten eyes). From the specular photomicrographs, we analyzed five morphologic cell characteristics by means of electronic digitizer and microcomputer--cell density, mean cell area, the coefficient of variation for cell area, mean cell perimeter and a new feature quantifying cell shape. Statistical analysis of the data showed that two weeks of exposure to topical timolol or its preservative had no significant effect on corneal endothelial cell morphology in young, healthy eyes in vivo. PMID- 6638129 TI - Ultrasonographic mapping of vitreoretinal abnormalities. AB - We conducted a prospective study of 50 consecutive eyes to determine the accuracy of ultrasonographic mapping of vitreoretinal abnormalities. The 50 eyes, all of which had opaque media, underwent A- and B-scan ultrasonography before undergoing vitrectomy. The location and differentiation of any abnormalities were mapped on a fundus drawing sheet. At the time of vitrectomy, the surgeon independently examined the fundus and recorded his findings on a second drawing sheet. When we compared the two sets of drawings, we found that ultrasonography correctly predicted the position of the retina in 45 of 50 eyes and the presence or absence of macular detachment in 48 of 50 eyes. These two findings are particularly important to the surgeon. Ultrasonography also correctly predicted the presence or absence of posterior vitreous detachment in all 50 eyes, correctly described the exact extents of the retinal detachments in 44 of 50 eyes, and located points of vitreoretinal adhesion in 39 of 50 eyes. PMID- 6638130 TI - Toxic effect of fluorouracil on the rabbit retina. AB - We conducted electrophysiologic tests of the toxic effects of fluorouracil on 26 albino rabbit eyes. Fluorouracil concentrations of 10(-7) g/ml, 10(-6) g/ml, and 10(-5) g/ml produced no significant changes in the b-wave amplitudes of the electroretinogram. A concentration of 10(-4) g/ml, however, reduced the b-wave amplitude to 62% +/- 7.3% of the original value after 60 minutes. A concentration of 10(-3) g/ml decreased the value even further, to 41% +/- 12% of the original value. At this concentration the a-wave appeared to be enhanced, probably because the ascending phase of the b-wave was delayed. A concentration of 5 X 10(-3 g/ml resulted in disappearance of the b-wave within approximately three minutes, but removal of the test solution and replacement with a fluorouracil-free medium produced recovery of the b-wave amplitude to 89% +/- 9.9% of the original value within 55 minutes. PMID- 6638131 TI - Comparison of lesions predisposing to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment by race of subjects. AB - Because rhegmatogenous retinal detachments are thought to be much less common in blacks than in whites, we compared the incidence of various lesions known to cause or predispose to this condition (synchysis senilis, posterior vitreous detachment, breaks, tears, and holes of the peripheral fundus, and lattice degeneration of the retina) in a series of postmortem eyes on the basis of race. Our statistical analysis also included trauma, myopia, and chorioretinitis. The series included 322 black subjects and 2,012 white subjects. The subjects ranged in age from 20 to 93 years at the time of death. Although the initial data showed a racial difference in the incidence of synchysis senilis of grade 3 (50% destruction) or higher and posterior vitreous detachment (P = .033 and P = .021, respectively), we found no difference when the data were age-corrected. PMID- 6638132 TI - Clinical, computed tomographic, and histopathologic characteristics of juvenile ossifying fibroma with orbital involvement. AB - A 9-year-old boy who had had painless progressive proptosis of the right eye for 18 months, initially diagnosed as fibrous dysplasia, was found to have a circumscribed mass involving the frontal bone in the roof of the orbit. Biopsy of the mass led to the diagnosis of juvenile ossifying fibroma and the tumor was removed by a craniotomy approach. One year after surgery, the child appeared to be healthy. Ossifying fibroma can sometimes be differentiated from fibrous dysplasia both clinically and by computed tomography. Ossifying fibroma usually appears between the ages of 7 and 28 years and produces slowly progressive proptosis and displacement of the globe in a direction that depends on the original site of the tumor. Fibrous dysplasia usually develops during the first decade of life and produces facial asymmetry, proptosis, and displacement of the globe. An ossifying fibroma characteristically has well-defined margins, is round or ovoid, is usually monostotic, and produces expansion of the involved bone. Fibrous dysplasia is usually sclerotic and expands the bone throughout its length rather than in a localized fashion. Its borders are poorly defined and the lesion is often polyostotic. PMID- 6638133 TI - Visual field defects in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). AB - Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) produces loss of visual field and visual acuity. We conducted a retrospective study of 12 patients (all female, ranging in age from 6 to 44 years) using computerized visual field analysis. In seven of the 12 patients, the visual field loss appeared to be permanent, and follow-up was too short for the final outcome to be determined in two others. The visual field defects were those known to be associated with optic disk lesions. The most common were blind spot enlargement (all 12 cases), isopter constriction (nine cases), and loss on the nasal side of the visual field (seven cases), especially in the inferonasal quadrant. Four patients had diminished visual acuities. The reversibility of the visual field defects was correlated with the presence (nonreversible) or absence (reversible) of ophthalmoscopic signs of chronic papilledema. Because visual loss is reversible if treatment is begun before the onset of the optic disk changes associated with chronic papilledema, patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension should be monitored carefully with frequent perimetric and visual acuity testing. PMID- 6638134 TI - Choroidal malignant melanoma in siblings. AB - Choroidal malignant melanoma was diagnosed on pathologic examination of enucleated globes from a 54-year-old man and his 58-year-old sister. The brother had been monitored at four-month intervals for four years because of a choroidal lesion, which abruptly increased in size, in his left eye. Three years after an examination with normal findings, the sister developed a retinal detachment with a pigmented dome in her right eye. Both patients are doing well five years (Patient 1) and two years (Patient 2) after enucleation. Screening examinations detected two cases of benign melanoma (nevi) in 18 close relatives but this incidence did not exceed chance. PMID- 6638135 TI - Acute retinal necrosis. PMID- 6638136 TI - Regional specular microscopy. AB - It was originally assumed that endothelial damage associated with radial keratotomy occurred at the time of surgery. However, Yamaguchi and his associates suggested that there is an ongoing loss of endothelial cells related to repetitive stretching of the posterior cornea. Endothelial cell densities can be monitored by specular microscopy of the central cornea, but it is possible that regional endothelial cell losses occur in the peripheral areas near the incisions, and that these changes are not reflected in the central areas until some time after surgery. PMID- 6638137 TI - Actinic comedonal plaque of the eyelid. AB - A variety of actinic lesions occur on the eyelids and facial skin. Actinic comedonal plaque is an unusual entity that falls into this category. We successfully treated such a lesion with cryotherapy. PMID- 6638138 TI - Why patients return after refraction. AB - Although nonsurgical ophthalmologic practice depends on refraction, in recent years interest in this procedure has decreased. The ophthalmologist, however, must recognize that a well done refraction builds the patient's confidence and is the basis on which most surgical practices develop. PMID- 6638139 TI - The use of a cautery for trimming exposed nylon sutures. AB - Ophthalmic nylon sutures (9-0 or 10-0) that become exposed postoperatively are irritating to the patient, especially if the knots are not buried, or if the sutures are not well covered by (or protrude through) the conjunctiva. Obviously, these sutures cannot be removed safely less than six to eight weeks after surgery. The symptoms may even be aggravated by trimming the suture ends, as these become more stiff and pointed when shortened. Moreover, trimming sutures can be a difficult task in some uncooperative patients. PMID- 6638140 TI - A simple methods of instant close-up photography. AB - In the ophthalmic examination, photographs document both normal and pathologic findings in patients. Thus, they constitute an invaluable part of the medical record. High-quality external photographs, produced quickly and inexpensively, are particularly helpful as a surgeon's reference in blepharoplasty, blepharoptosis correction, and other oculoplastic procedures. Instant-camera photography is also useful in the evaluation of ocular motility and neuro ophthalmic disorders. PMID- 6638141 TI - Soft contact lenses and clinical disease. PMID- 6638142 TI - Future impact on occupational therapy from current changes in higher education. AB - The positive and negative consequences of four dimensions of change affecting higher education are examined to consider some strategies to ensure quality of the preparation and practice of future occupational therapists. Experts from several disciplines view the decades of the 1980s and 1990s as a period of intense political, social, and economic change. Forecasting the effects of change on occupational therapy education and practice could result in strengthening the profession since decisions made now will have a direct bearing on the nature of occupational therapy practice in the future. The four changes discussed are enrollment patterns, student characteristics, fiscal resources, and institutional issues. PMID- 6638143 TI - The effect of two body positions on head righting in severely disabled individuals with cerebral palsy. AB - This study examines the association between head righting and two commonly used therapeutic positions: semiprone on an inclined prone positioner and upright short-sitting in an adapted wheelchair. The subjects were 26 individuals with cerebral palsy and multiple handicaps who had difficulty maintaining active head control in a vertical orientation. Such head control is necessary for attending to learning tasks in the classroom and activities of daily living in the clinic. The frequency and duration of head righting during a feeding task was measured by means of a mercury switch system mounted on a headband and attached to an electromechanical digit counter and a clock. Measurements of duration and frequency beyond the predetermined range of functional head righting plus measurements on five control variables were analyzed by four statistical methods: t-test on the means, simple correlation, cannonical correlation, and regression analysis. The control variables were age, mobility level, degree of hypertonicity, level of seizure activity, and level of reflex maturity. Results indicate that, in this severely handicapped population, head righting while in the adapted wheelchair is no different from head righting while in the semiprone position. One control variable, level of independent mobility, was positively correlated with the length of time that subjects were able to maintain head righting in the semiprone position. PMID- 6638144 TI - The effect of psychological type on the mood and meaning of two college activities. AB - This study used the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to identify two types of college students who differed in preferred perceptual processes, with one group strongly preferring the use of sense impressions (sensing types), and the other preferring the use of unconscious associations (intuitive types) in becoming aware of phenomena. All subjects then participated in two collage activities with slightly different instructions, one requiring a creative approach and the other requiring imitation. Change in mood after each college was measured by the Bipolar Form of the Profile of Mood States, and the affective meanings of the two activities were assessed by Osgood's 12-scale short-form semantic differential. Results indicated that the creative activity elicited significantly higher scores on two mood states (agreeable-hostile and composed-anxious) and two factors of affective meaning (power and evaluation). Intuitive types rated both activities higher than sensing types on one mood (agreeable-hostile) and one factor of affective meaning (action). Hypothesized interactions were not found. The findings have possible implications for the effects of occupational therapy activities that require creativity as opposed to imitation as well as for the effects of perceptual preferences on the moods and meanings of activities. PMID- 6638146 TI - Research priorities. PMID- 6638147 TI - A "tempest" over t-tests. PMID- 6638145 TI - Reliability of the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test with learning disabled children. AB - The Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT) provides an objective assessment of nystagmus. Although depressed nystagmus duration as measured by the SCPNT is considered a major sign of vestibular dysfunction in learning-disabled children, the reliability of the SCPNT with this population has not been established. To study reliability of nystagmus duration in this population, 89 learning-disabled children were evaluated with the SCPNT. The results demonstrated that this sample had significantly depressed scores and more variability in scores than normal children. Intrascorer and test-retest reliabilities, although statistically significant, were lower than those established with normal children. A test-retest study of the reliability of placing a child in a deviant duration range over time significantly reduced reliability estimates. Clinicians using nystagmus duration scores in the evaluation of vestibular dysfunction in learning-disabled children should be sensitive to the variation in this measure in this population. PMID- 6638148 TI - OT manpower shortage, cooperative education, and OT March of Dimes. PMID- 6638149 TI - Effect of endothelium on glycosaminoglycan accumulation in injured rabbit aorta. AB - Previous studies have indicated that reendothelialized regions of injured rabbit aortas are more susceptible to diet-induced atherosclerosis than persistently deendothelialized regions or uninjured aortas. However, the mechanism responsible for this selective lipid deposition is not understood. One possibility is that these regions differ with respect to the quantity and type of glycosaminoglycan containing proteoglycans which are known to interact with lipoproteins. To determine whether these regions differed with respect to their glycosaminoglycan composition, the authors divided 53 rabbits into four groups. Groups IA and IB were fed a regular diet beginning 5 weeks prior to aortic deendothelialization; Groups IIA and IIB were fed the same diet supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol. The rabbits were continued on these diets following aortic deendothelialization with a balloon catheter. Those in Groups IA and IIA were sacrificed either at 2-5 weeks or 6-8 weeks following deendothelialization; proteoglycans were assessed morphometrically following staining with alcian blue. Groups IB and IIB were sacrificed at 10 weeks following injury; glycosaminoglycans were extracted from deendothelialized and reendothelialized aortas, separated by electrophoresis, and quantitated by scanning densitometry. Morphometric analysis of stained aortic sections revealed significantly increased quantities of alcianophilic material in the neointima of reendothelialized aortas as compared with deendothelialized aortas in both diet groups. Chemical analysis revealed significantly more of each glycosaminoglycan in reendothelialized aortas when compared with deendothelialized or uninjured aortas. The major glycosaminoglycans present in all regions were heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate; and although absolute quantities of these particular glycosaminoglycans increased in the reendothelialized region, their relative percentages remained the same for each area analyzed. Cholesterol feeding did not appear to influence glycosaminoglycan concentration and composition in reendothelialized and deendothelialized regions when compared with normal diets, but cholesterol feeding alone did increase aortic glycosaminoglycans in uninjured aortas. The results suggest that the presence of endothelium influences the quantity and type of glycosaminoglycans accumulating in the neointima, and that the differences in proteoglycans in the reendothelialized artery may account at least in part for the propensity of this area to accumulate lipid and evolve as atherosclerosis. PMID- 6638151 TI - The impact of political and economic changes upon mental health. PMID- 6638152 TI - Death by poverty, arms, or moral numbness. AB - The plight of children in a world in which weapons are given priority is outlined, and the particular effects on children in the United States of the policies of the present government are described. Ways in which mental health workers--acting as professionals and as citizens--can advocate meaningfully on behalf of social programs vital to children are set forth. PMID- 6638150 TI - Estrogen-induced hyperplasia and neoplasia in the rat anterior pituitary gland. An immunohistochemical study. AB - Diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment of weanling F344 female rats resulted in enlarged pituitary glands and diffuse pituitary prolactin (PRL) cell hyperplasia in all animals after 9 and 12 weeks of treatment. Serum PRL was significantly greater than in control rats (P less than 0.001). Immunohistochemical studies showed that most of the pituitary gland cells consisted of PRL cells. Ultrastructural studies showed increased numbers of PRL cells with hyperplasia of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and decreased numbers of secretory granules. There was a decrease in the relative number of growth hormone (GH) and other cell types in the anterior pituitary. Pituitary tumors and normal pituitary glands were dissociated with trypsin and maintained in culture for 3 weeks. The numbers of PRL and GH cells decreased with time in both groups, and there was an increase in the number of fibroblasts. Staining of the culture cells with neuron-specific enolase showed that the anterior pituitary cells were positive for this enzyme, while the fibroblastic cells were negative. When dissociated pituitary cells were cultured in the presence of 10(-9) M DES for 7 days, there was a 42% increase in the number of immunoreactive PRL cells. These results indicate that DES-treated rats provide an excellent model for study of the in vivo and in vitro regulation of pituitary hyperplasia and neoplasia. PMID- 6638153 TI - The arts as healing. AB - The relationship between artistic involvement and individual mental health is considered, and the concept of "healing" is differentiated from that of "therapy." Seven properties of art experience are identified which, when developed, have contributed to patients' recovery from mental illness. Implications of these properties for clinical programs, and the related value of art experience for non-patients, are discussed. PMID- 6638154 TI - The use of Soviet psychological theory in understanding learning dysfunctions. AB - Learning disabilities have been formally defined as problems caused by inherent neurological dysfunctions. This paper argues that this prevalent interpretation is reductionist, unproven, and fails to provide a theoretical basis for the understanding of these problems. Drawing upon learning theory of Soviet psychologists, this paper offers an alternative interpretation in which learning disabilities are seen as developing within interactive social relationships. PMID- 6638155 TI - Accidental policy: an analysis of the problem of unintended injuries of childhood. AB - The problem of childhood injury is examined from an ecological, public health perspective, and a range of preventive and ameliorative strategies is considered. Three policy evaluation criteria--efficiency, freedom of choice, and equity--are discussed. A framework is proposed, and examples given, to assist professionals concerned with mental health and with child health and development in critically analyzing policy options. PMID- 6638156 TI - Child abuse and accidents in black families: a controlled comparative study. AB - Families of child abuse and accident victims were evaluated in a study of 402 families with children up to four years of age. Children were matched on a one-to one basis with a control according to race, socioeconomic status, and age. Socioeconomic factors that play a significant role in imposing undue stress upon many families are identified, and implications for prevention and for practice are offered. PMID- 6638157 TI - Intraindividual variability in human figure drawings: a developmental study. AB - An investigation was conducted with a normal population, in which 180 children drew "a person" four times under identical conditions. Three types of variability were assessed: score, content, and visual. A cyclical pattern was found in all three areas, with significant correlations between visual variability and score and content variabilities. PMID- 6638158 TI - Factors influencing the severity of childhood bereavement reactions. AB - As part of a longitudinal study of 25 preadolescent kibbutz children who lost their fathers during the October War of 1973, child, family, and circumstantial variables were examined in an effort to assess their relative contribution to the intense emotional disturbance exhibited by half of the group. Findings suggest that pretraumatic family and environmental factors are significant determinants of the duration and severity of bereavement. PMID- 6638159 TI - A diagnostic axis relevant to psychotherapy and preventive mental health. AB - Concepts commonly useful to therapists in deciding upon the direction of psychotherapy are collated into a diagnostic axis, using the language of skills. It is argued that this skills axis has more therapeutic relevance than a symptom cluster scheme, is less pejorative than personality disorder labels, lends itself to scientific grounding, would promote clarity in outcome research, and could be usefully applied to preventive mental health. PMID- 6638160 TI - Female dependency in context: some theoretical and technical considerations. AB - For many women, passive-dependent behavior serves a protective function in the maintenance of primary relationships. The therapist's ability to identify and appreciate the systemic meaning behind the patient's dependent posture is an important factor in facilitating autonomy and self-direction. PMID- 6638161 TI - Minority families, early education, and later life chances. AB - Children from low-income minority families participated in early childhood education programs conducted in the 1960s and 1970s by members of the Consortium for Longitudinal Studies. Data on program impact from early childhood to young adulthood revealed direct, positive effects on standardized tests, school competence, attitudes toward achievement, high school completion, and occupational attitudes. Indirect program effects were found on occupational attainment. PMID- 6638162 TI - Diagnostic and prescriptive intervention in primary school education. AB - This study evaluates the effectiveness of a two-year educational intervention for low-income, minority children. The superior performance by the experimental group on achievement measures administered at the end of both kindergarten and first grade clearly indicates that academic success is facilitated by early educational intervention. PMID- 6638163 TI - Calcium elevation in cultured heart cells: its role in cell injury. AB - Inhibition of the Na+-K+ pump in cultured embryonic chick heart cells promotes the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and is a useful manipulation to study the relationship between Ca2+ and myocardial cell injury. One hour of Na+-K+ pump inhibition resulted in a fourfold increase in cell Na+, a 50% decline in cell K+, and a 5- to 10-fold increase in cell Ca2+, 45% of which is mitochondrial. The degree of cell injury induced by Ca2+ loading was evaluated by monitoring the content of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and the release of the intracellular enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Under these conditions ATP content declined by 25-30% and LDH release increased from 1 to 1.4% of the total LDH. Furthermore, cells subjected to 1 h of Na+-K+ pump inhibition and returned to control solution for 5 h showed that Ca2+ decreased to near control levels and ATP content was restored. Although inhibition of Na+-K+ transport caused a large increase in cell Ca2+, neither Na+-K+ pump inhibition nor elevation in total cell Ca2+ per se resulted in irreversible myocardial cell injury. PMID- 6638164 TI - Intracellularly recorded electrical activity of smooth muscle of guinea pig oviduct. AB - Action potentials of the simple spike form, similar to those observed in the longitudinal myometrium, were recorded intracellularly from the strands of longitudinal muscle that are associated with the guinea pig oviduct. Action potentials recorded from the circular layer were dominated by a prolonged (1- to 10-s) plateau component that was sometimes preceded by a spike. Electrotonic potentials in response to hyperpolarizing current pulses are consistent with the view that the plateau component might be associated with an increase in membrane conductance. Action potentials of circular smooth muscle were resistant to changes in the extracellular cationic concentration. Increasing external Ca2+ prolonged the duration of the plateau component of the action potential in the region nearest the uterus on days 3 and 4 after ovulation: Ca2+ had no consistent effect at other times during the estrous cycle or on ampullary segments at any time. Reducing the concentration of external Cl- in the presence of Na+ resulted in a significant increase in the amplitude of the plateau. PMID- 6638165 TI - Vasopressin stimulates growth of renal epithelial cells in culture. AB - The hypothesis that arginine vasopressin could regulate kidney epithelial growth by its effect on Na+ transport was examined in cultures of cells from the BSC-1 line. Addition of vasopressin (75 pg/ml) or NaCl (25 mM) to the medium stimulated growth of confluent cultures but retarded growth of sparse cells in the presence of 0.5% calf serum. Thus the capacity of vasopressin or exogenous NaCl to regulate growth of BSC-1 cells was cell density dependent. Vasopressin stimulated growth of confluent cultures only in the narrow concentration range of 50-100 pg/ml (approximately 10(-10)M), whereas concentrations of 10 pg/ml and 125-1,000 pg/ml had no effect. In contrast, vasopressin at or above concentrations of 10 pg/ml raised cell Na+ content to its maximal value, which indicated that the hormone could increase the Na+ content of cells without necessarily stimulating their growth. To determine if vasopressin modulates growth by acting on the plasma membrane, nutrient transport and ligand binding were assessed in high density quiescent cultures. The hormone augmented uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and binding of epidermal growth factor, whereas the addition of NaCl (25 mM) did not. Thus growth stimulation by vasopressin was associated with increased cell Na+ content, enhanced uptake of an amino acid, and augmented binding of a growth factor. These observations suggest that the growth-promoting effect of vasopressin is not a simple function of its capacity to alter cell Na+ flux but could be mediated by other actions of the hormone, perhaps at the level of the plasma membrane. PMID- 6638166 TI - Effects of "loop" diuretics on ion transport by dog tracheal epithelium. AB - The "loop" diuretics MK-196, bumetanide, piretanide, and furosemide are all potent inhibitors of Cl transport by the dog's tracheal epithelium. In short circuited tissues, the drugs caused significant decreases in both unidirectional Cl fluxes and in the net flux of Cl toward the lumen; the change in net Cl flux was not significantly different from the change in short-circuit current. The drugs had no effect on active Na absorption. All drugs caused a significant fall in tissue conductance. All drugs, except MK-196, were more potent from the serosal bath; MK-196 was equipotent from either side of the tissue. In experiments with isolated cells, the diuretics caused no significant changes in intracellular Na and K concentrations, a fall in intracellular Cl concentration, and approximately equal falls in Na and Cl influxes. These results suggest that the site of action of these drugs is on a basolateral linked Na-Cl entry process. Additional evidence for such a linked entry process was provided by experiments in which removal of Cl reduced Na influx and removal of Na reduced Cl influx. PMID- 6638167 TI - Energy transport from mitochondria to myofibril by a creatine phosphate shuttle in cardiac cells. AB - In hyperpermeable cardiac cells, in which the surface membrane has been made highly permeable to small molecules and ions, resting tension increases when the concentration of ATP falls below 200 microM. Peak resting tension occurs in 10 microM ATP and equals 60% of maximum Ca-activated force in 5 mM ATP. The mitochondria in hyperpermeable cells can maintain an ATP concentration above 200 microM if supplied with O2, substrate, ADP, and inorganic phosphate (Pi). Removal of ATP from the bathing solution does not increase resting tension as long as creatine phosphate is present. However O2, substrate, and Pi cannot lower resting tension in the absence of ATP and creatine phosphate. These results are interpreted as evidence for adenine nucleotide tightly bound to the myofibrils and a creatine phosphate shunt of energy from the mitochondria to the myofibrils. PMID- 6638169 TI - Nitrogen-14 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of mammalian tissues. AB - The use of 14N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to monitor the concentrations of nitrogenous compounds in biological tissues was investigated. 14N-NMR spectra were collected in vivo and in vitro from several tissues of the rat and rabbit. Many nitrogen-containing compounds were detected, including urea, NH+4, trimethylamines, and several amino acids. In general, the compounds detected had approximately tetrahedral symmetry about the 14N nucleus and concentrations in the millimolar range. A problem that may limit the usefulness of 14N-NMR in intact tissue is the rapid exchange of nitrogen compounds in solution with those bound to sites on macromolecules. Such interactions tend to broaden the 14N resonance signal considerably. The binding of urea to intra- and extracellular proteins is presented as a specific example of this phenomenon. A particularly interesting finding was the high concentration (approximately 90 mM) of trimethylamine compounds in the renal inner medulla. We propose that 14N-NMR is a potentially useful technique for noninvasive detection of specific nitrogen containing compounds in intact biological tissues. PMID- 6638168 TI - Regional cerebral glucose utilization measured with [14C]glucose in brief experiments. AB - A method was developed to measure regional cerebral glucose utilization (rCMRGlc) in very short times using autoradiography and [2- 14C]glucose. It includes a more comprehensive mathematical treatment than prototypes and allows greater experimental flexibility. The current model takes into account the exchange of glucose between plasma and brain as a function of the plasma glucose concentration and rCMRGlc. The loss of 14C as 14CO2, although relatively small, is also calculated and the results corrected accordingly. Fully metabolizable radiolabeled glucose was chosen as the tracer, because it most closely resembles the natural substrate. Glucose is more rapidly phosphorylated than analogues such as 2-deoxyglucose and the 14C accumulated within intermediary metabolites soon account for most of the radioactivity in cerebral tissue. Furthermore, no special constant is necessary to adjust the rates as is the case when analogues are used. Excellent anatomic resolution was achieved when the technique was used to determine rCMRGlc in experiments as short as 5 min. By taking this approach, more short-lived phenomena may be studied under more diverse conditions than was previously possible. PMID- 6638170 TI - Thiol-dependent passive K+-Cl- transport in sheep red blood cells. V. Dependence on metabolism. AB - Measurement of ouabain-insensitive K+ efflux and Rb+ influx in low-K+ sheep red blood cells with artificially altered cellular ATP levels revealed that Cl- dependent K+ transport was activated by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) in cells with ATP concentrations above 0.5 mM. Depletion of ATP by starvation at 37 degrees C either in glucose-free media for 16 h or in 2-deoxy-D-glucose-containing media for 4 h completely abolished the response of K+-Cl-transport to NEM but did not reduce the basal Cl--dependent K+ flux. On repletion of cellular ATP by a second incubation in media containing glucose, inosine, and inorganic phosphate, the NEM stimulated K+ (Rb+) flux reappeared. The magnitude of flux reactivation varied directly and monotonically with the ATP level. The data constitute the first unequivocal evidence for a reversible ATP dependence of thiol groups functionally involved in the thiol-dependent K+-Cl- transporter, suggesting that thiol dependent and volume-sensitive K+-Cl- transport systems are operationally different. PMID- 6638171 TI - Splanchnic glucose metabolism during leg exercise in 60-hour-fasted human subjects. AB - An increased mobilization of the hepatic glycogen is necessary for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis during exercise. To examine the effect of exercise on glucose metabolism when the hepatic glycogen stores are depleted, five prolonged-fasted (60-h, PF) subjects were investigated. Arterial concentrations and splanchnic exchange of glucose and gluconeogenic precursors were studied at rest and during exercise (40 min, 60% of VO2max) using the hepatic venous catheter technique. Five overnight-fasted subjects (OF) served as controls. In the resting state, arterial glucose concentration (3.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/liter) and splanchnic glucose output (SGO) (0.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/min) were 30 and 55% lower, respectively, in the PF than in the OF subjects. During exercise SGO rose in both groups, but the increase was smaller in the PF subjects so that at the end of work SGO (0.9 +/- 0.2 mmol/min) was only one-third of that in the OF group (2.5 +/- 0.4 mmol/min). During exercise in the PF state the arterial lactate concentration (5.0 +/- 1.1 mol/liter) and the splanchnic lactate uptake (1.1 +/- 0.3 mmol/min) were threefold and twofold higher, respectively, than in the OF state. In the PF state, the splanchnic uptake of gluconeogenic precursors could account for more than 80% of the splanchnic glucose production both at rest and during exercise. Despite the lower SGO in the PF state, blood glucose concentrations rose during exercise, indicating a diminished peripheral glucose uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638173 TI - Organ and plasma metabolism of neurotensin in sheep. AB - The metabolism of neurotensin (NT) across specific vascular beds of conscious sheep and the stability of NT in plasma have been quantitated. The nature of the metabolites has been characterized with region-specific antiserums and chromatography. NT-(1-13) was infused at 200 pmol X kg-1 X h-1 for 60 min into nine ewes, and blood samples were taken via cannulas in the aorta, pulmonary artery, portal vein, hepatic vein, renal vein, and jugular vein. Two antiserums, one directed towards the N-terminal end of NT (7852) and the other directed to the C-terminal end (C28) were used for radioimmunoassay. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was measured also. Using the steady-state concentrations in the aorta, the metabolic clearance rate of NT measured with C28 was 25.8 +/- 3.2 ml X kg-1 X min 1, twice that with 7852. The kidney, brain, and gut were the major organs clearing NT with a greater disappearance of C-terminal than N-terminal immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of plasma at steady state showed that the NT immunoreactivity consisted of intact NT and N-terminal fragments; no C-terminal fragments were detected. Similarly, incubation of NT in plasma in vitro resulted in the generation of stable N-terminal fragments. The kidney was also the major organ involved in the clearance of PP both in the basal state and after stimulation by NT. Because the C-terminal end of NT is biologically active, these studies suggest that either N-terminal fragments have some unknown biological role or that NT is acting as a local hormone. PMID- 6638172 TI - A potassium-induced mitochondrial protein related to aldosterone biosynthesis. AB - Late steps of aldosterone biosynthesis, i.e., the conversions of corticosterone to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone, are catalyzed by a mitochondrial cytochrome P-450. Resumption of potassium intake by potassium-depleted rats resulted within 2 days in a marked stimulation of these conversions, as reflected by increased production of aldosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone and decreased outputs of deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and 18-hydroxy-11 deoxycorticosterone by incubated capsular portions of the adrenal glands. The stimulation of aldosterone biosynthesis was accompanied by the appearance of a protein with a molecular weight of about 49,000 in the mitochondria of the zona glomerulosa but not of the inner zones of the adrenal cortex. Over 48 h of potassium repletion, the amount of this protein increased in parallel with the activity of the final steps of aldosterone biosynthesis. According to its molecular weight, its zone specificity, and the time course of its appearance, this protein might represent the steroid 18-methyl oxidase (cytochrome P-450CMO for corticosterone methyl oxidase) that catalyzes the conversion of corticosterone to 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone. PMID- 6638174 TI - Estimation of glucose carbon recycling and glucose turnover with [U-13C] glucose. AB - To estimate "true" rate of glucose production, as well as glucose carbon recycling in humans, a mass spectrometric method with [U-13C]glucose as tracer was developed. Because the opportunity for the uniformly labeled glucose, [13C6]glucose, to recycle back as [13C6]glucose is negligible, the true glucose production rate was obtained by measuring the plasma isotope enrichment of [13C6]glucose with chemical ionization mass spectrometry. In contrast, when the isotopic enrichment of C-1 of glucose was measured by enzymatic decarboxylation and ratio mass spectrometry, the "apparent" glucose production including carbon recycling was obtained. The difference between the two rates was the extent of glucose carbon recycling. [U-13C]glucose was administered as primed constant-rate infusion to six normal healthy adult subjects. Rates of glucose turnover were calculated from tracer dilution by applying steady-state kinetics. The true rate of glucose production estimated by the present method was 2.02 +/- 0.19 mg X kg-1 X min-1 (mean +/- SD). After an overnight fast, glucose carbon recycling contributed from 3 to 26% of the total glucose production rate. Use of stable isotopes and mass spectrometric technique permits estimation of important parameters of glucose metabolism without resorting to multiple tracers and at the same time preventing the risk of radiation. PMID- 6638175 TI - Effector loci for renal nerve control of cortical microcirculation. AB - To determine the effector loci for renal neural vasomotor control, we performed micropuncture measurements before or after renal nerve stimulation and during low (0.5-1.5 Hz) (LFS) or high- (3-5 Hz) (HFS) frequency nerve stimulation in Munich Wistar rats. In response to HFS, single nephron glomerular filtration rate decreased on average from 24.1 +/- 4.1 to 10.4 +/- 2.3 nl/min. Although mean glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference remained essentially constant, HFS led to a marked fall in glomerular plasma flow rate (71.3 +/- 0.9 to 44.1 +/- 10.4 nl/min). The latter was associated with significant increase in both afferent (RA) and efferent (RE) arteriolar resistance, on average by more than twofold. Because of this profound arteriolar constriction, early peritubular capillary hydraulic pressure (PEA) fell markedly during HFS (mean: 19.1 +/- 1.4 vs. 13.2 +/- 1.4 mmHg). The ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) also decreased significantly, on average from 0.055 +/- 0.014 to 0.015 +/- 0.002 nl/(s . mmHg) with HFS. By contrast, LFS affected these indices to a much lesser and more variable degree although the marked decline in PEA was again demonstrated. Despite this decrease in postglomerular capillary hydraulic pressure, absolute proximal tubule fluid reabsorption (APR) failed to change in some animals and decreased slightly in others. Analysis of the Starling forces acting across the peritubular capillaries showed that due largely to a uniform decrease in mean peritubular capillary hydraulic pressure, mean net reabsorption pressure (Pr) rose substantially and significantly, on average by more than 5 mmHg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638176 TI - Perturbation analysis of tubuloglomerular feedback in hydropenic and hemorrhaged rats. AB - A closed-feedback-loop method was used to investigate regulation of SNGFR and distal fluid delivery by tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) in hydropenic and hemorrhaged rats. Unblocked nephrons were perturbed by early proximal perfusion of previously collected, inulin-free, tubular fluid at 0, 7.5, and 15 nl/min, thereby increasing nephron fluid load. The resultant changes in SNGFR, tubular reabsorption, proximal intratubular pressure, and early distal flow were measured. During perfusion, SNGFR decreased and distal flow increased; the effect on reabsorption was variable. Analysis of the data indicated that the combined action of TGF and changes in proximal tubule and Henle's loop reabsorption were able to provide a maximum of 56% compensation for the effect of the perturbation on distal delivery in hydropenic rats and 70% compensation in hemorrhaged rats. In one group of hydropenic rats in which a significant fall in reabsorption was found, the total fluid load presented to the nephron, SNGFR plus the perfusion rate, was significantly better regulated than distal delivery. This result is consistent with the behavior of a model used to estimate the contribution of TGF to the observed regulation. The results indicated that TGF alone could provide 56% compensation for the perturbation in hydropenia and a significantly greater 72% compensation following hemorrhage. The conclusions are 1) that the properties of TGF are sufficient to result in significant regulation of distal fluid delivery and SNGFR, 2) that hemorrhage increases the strength of the TGF response, and 3) that TGF regulation of SNGFR and distal delivery is strongly influenced by changes in proximal tubule and loop of Henle reabsorption. PMID- 6638177 TI - Chloride dependence of the HCO3 exit step in urinary acidification by the turtle bladder. AB - To characterize the efflux of HCO-3 across the basolateral membrane of the H+ secreting cells of the turtle bladder, we examined the effect of substitution of gluconate or methyl sulfate for Cl- on the rate of acidification (JH). JH was measured as the short-circuit current in bladders in which Na+ transport was abolished with 10(-4) M ouabain. In hemibladders bathed in normal Ringer solution (Cl- = 122 mM) JH was 44.9 microA. Substitution of the Cl- resulted in a marked reduction in JH (12.5 microA with gluconate and 7.5 microA with methyl sulfate). Addition of Cl- to the mucosal surface had no effect on JH. In contrast, serosal addition of Cl- restored JH to control. The apparent Km for Cl- in gluconate Ringer was 0.13 mM. Serosal furosemide (1 mM) inhibited JH by 55% in Cl- Ringer. We conclude that HCO-3 exit across the basolateral membrane of the H+-secreting cell occurs via a Cl-HCO3 exchanger that has a high affinity for chloride. PMID- 6638178 TI - Effect of acute potassium load on reabsorption in Henle's loop in the rat. AB - Rats fed a low potassium diet were studied before and after KCl infusion to determine whether potassium recycling in the renal medulla accelerates potassium excretion by increasing delivery of sodium, water, and potassium to the distal tubule. Fluid samples were obtained from the end-proximal and beginning-distal tubule before and at the same sites after KCl loading by re-collection micropuncture and were compared with samples obtained from similarly fed control animals not infused with KCl. Potassium excretion increased in the KCl group from 3 to 48% but remained low in the controls. Fractional sodium and water delivery to end-proximal and beginning-distal tubule increased with time equally in both groups. Potassium reabsorption in Henle's loop fell from 75 to 58% (P less than 0.005) after KCl infusion but not significantly in the controls (from 77 to 75%). Fractional potassium delivery to the distal tubule increased from 12 to 26% (P less than 0.005) in the KCl group, which could account for over half the potassium excreted. The increase in controls from 12 to 17% was significantly less (P less than 0.02). These findings suggest that potassium recycling reduces potassium reabsorption in Henle's loop, enabling the loop to participate with the distal and collecting tubule in accelerating urinary excretion of an acute potassium load. PMID- 6638179 TI - Evidence for PAH extraction from superficial cortical efferent vessel plasma. AB - Consistent with its anatomical association with the proximal tubule we have previously shown that superficial cortical efferent vessel blood contains an admixture of early and late proximal tubular reabsorbate. Since tubular secretion of p-aminohippurate (PAH) occurs predominantly in the late proximal tubule, extraction of this compound should occur preferentially from efferent vessel blood. As a result, the midportion of the proximal convoluted tubule supplied by the more downstream peritubular capillaries would receive blood containing a disproportionately reduced concentration of PAH. To study this, proximal and distal tubular fluid and efferent vessel blood samples were collected from rats. The data confirm that preferential secretion of PAH occurs in the pars recta and demonstrate that PAH is extracted from efferent vessel plasma by the pars recta. This in turn preferentially reduces PAH concentration in early postglomerular blood before it reaches the peritubular capillary network. We speculate that PAH and similar substances secreted by the pars recta are short-circuited by rapid extraction from early postglomerular blood, reducing their delivery to the mid proximal convoluted tubule. Such circumstances must be considered in any analysis of organic compound secretion by the in vivo proximal tubule. PMID- 6638180 TI - Ammonium transport in rat cortical tubule: relationship to potassium metabolism. AB - Free-flow micropuncture studies were carried out in rats to study the relationship between ammonium and potassium transport along superficial nephrons. Proximal and distal tubular fluid was analyzed for [3H]inulin, potassium, and ammonium. Ammonium was measured by a titrimetric formaldehyde method using a glass electrode to measure pH and an antimony electrode to deliver OH ions. In addition to experiments carried out under control conditions, the rats were also acutely potassium loaded, chronically potassium depleted, or given glutamine intravenously to stimulate ammonium excretion. Ammonium production along the proximal tubule was sharply enhanced in potassium depletion and, most likely, also following glutamine infusion, but it remained unchanged during hyperkalemia. Significant amounts of ammonium were lost along the loop of Henle in all experimental conditions. During stimulation of ammonium excretion by either potassium depletion or glutamine infusion the urine became alkaline. No loss or gain of ammonium beyond the late distal tubule was observed in any of the experimental conditions. With respect to potassium transport the glutamine induced rise in urinary ammonium excretion was associated with stimulation of potassium reabsorption beyond the late distal tubule. PMID- 6638181 TI - Influence of acute potassium loading on renal phosphate transport in the rat kidney. AB - This study examined 1) whether potassium-induced depression of phosphate excretion is a parathyroid hormone-dependent phenomenon, and 2) whether such stimulation of tubular phosphate reabsorption capacity involves increased phosphate reabsorption in the distal tubule. Potassium was infused into intact rats (25 mumol X min-1 X kg-1) during stepwise addition of phosphate to the infusion and led to a significant drop in phosphate excretion; this effect was abolished in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) animals. In intact rats the maximal tubular Pi reabsorption per milliliter of glomerular filtrate (max TRPi/ml GF) was significantly higher in the potassium group (2.54 +/- 0.06 mumol/ml GF) compared with the control group (2.31 +/- 0.06 mumol/ml GF) (means +/- SE). In TPTX rats no difference in max TRPi/ml GF was observed: 3.44 +/- 0.07 and 3.49 +/ 0.07 mumol/ml GF during potassium and sodium infusion, respectively. Free-flow micropuncture was carried out on superficial distal tubules of intact rats and fluid samples were analyzed for [3H]inulin and phosphorus (electron microprobe). Phosphorus delivery into the distal tubule was similar in control and potassium loaded rats. Whereas net phosphorus reabsorption along the distal tubule was absent in the control group, intravenous potassium administration stimulated distal phosphorus reabsorption. CONCLUSION: potassium stimulates renal phosphate reabsorption capacity, an effect that is abolished after TPTX. The potassium effect on phosphate occurs along the distal tubule. PMID- 6638182 TI - Passive driving forces of proximal tubular fluid and bicarbonate transport: gradient dependence of H+ secretion. AB - The effect of oncotic pressure changes on fluid (Jv) and net bicarbonate transport (JHCO-3) and the transepithelial bicarbonate permeability (PHCO-3) were measured by an improved luminal and capillary microperfusion method that allows paired experiments on the same tubule. Rat proximal tubules were pump-perfused and Jv and [HCO-3] measured with [14C]inulin and a pH glass electrode. Raising peritubular protein (0-8-15 g/100 ml bovine serum albumin) stimulated Jv and HCO 3 reabsorption. The response to oncotic pressure changes was asymmetrical since changes of the luminal protein concentration had no significant effects. Whereas transepithelial solvent drag effects on HCO-3 must be minimal, peritubular protein most likely stimulates translocation of fluid and bicarbonate from intercellular spaces into peritubular capillaries. PHCO-3 was measured from HCO-3 net flux along a lumen-to-capillary-directed electrochemical potential gradient. In these experiments active H+ transport and Jv were minimized by 10(-4) M acetazolamide and luminal raffinose. PHCO-3 was 1.77 X 10(-5) cm X s-1 and was unaffected by increasing luminal flow rate from 10 to 45 nl X min-1. Since bicarbonate backflux is only a small fraction of physiological rates of JHCO-3, net transport alterations at varying [HCO-3] in the lumen must be due to changes in active HCO-3 (H+) transport. Thus, active H+ ion secretion across the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule is gradient dependent. PMID- 6638183 TI - Urea transport in isolated thick ascending limbs and collecting ducts from rats. AB - The use of pathogen-free rats allows the dissection and in vitro perfusion of several rat nephron segments not previously studied. In the present experiments, net urea fluxes were measured in isolated perfused cortical and medullary thick ascending limbs and cortical collecting ducts from pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats. No evidence for active transport of urea was found in either cortical or medullary thick ascending limbs. Permeabilities were calculated from urea fluxes measured with 5 mM urea either in the bath or perfusate and with no urea on the opposite side of the epithelium. Permeability coefficients (cm/s X 10(-5) +/- SE) in different portions of the thick ascending limb were: inner stripe, short looped nephrons, 0.9 +/- 0.2; inner stripe, long-looped nephrons, 0.6 +/- 0.2 (not significantly different vs. short loops); outer stripe, 1.4 +/- 0.3 (P less than 0.05 vs. inner stripe); and cortical, 1.5 +/- 0.3 (P less than 0.05 vs. inner stripe). The relatively high urea permeability of thick ascending limbs in the outer stripe of the outer medulla and medullary rays is likely to permit substantial passive absorption of urea from these segments in vivo. This will contribute to dilution of the tubule fluid in thick ascending limbs and thus indirectly enhance urinary concentrating ability. In cortical collecting ducts, the urea permeability was relatively low both in the presence of 100 microU/ml arginine vasopressin in the bath (0.5 +/- 0.1 X 10(-5) cm/s) and in its absence (0.4 +/- 0.1). These permeability values are similar to values previously measured in rabbit cortical collecting ducts. PMID- 6638185 TI - Calcium flux in vivo in the rat duodenum and ileum during pregnancy and lactation. AB - Intestinal calcium transport was examined in nonpregnant, pregnant, lactating, and 100 ng 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-dosed rats. Solutions containing 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM Ca, and 0.1 microCi 45Ca were recirculated in vivo through the duodenum and ileum to determine calcium efflux from the lumen, influx into the lumen, and net absorption. In the duodenum of the nonpregnant control rats, efflux of calcium was greater than influx, resulting in net absorption of calcium. In the ileum, calcium efflux and influx were equivalent and there was little net movement of calcium. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] significantly increased efflux and net absorption of calcium in the duodenum without affecting influx. In the ileum 1,25(OH)2D3 had no effect on calcium flux. During pregnancy and lactation there was a marked increase in mucosal tissue, and expression of transport data per centimeter of intestine gave different results than transport expressed per gram of dry mucosal tissue. Per centimeter of intestine, duodenal efflux and net absorption, but not influx, increased significantly during pregnancy and to greater extent during lactation. Per gram of dry mucosa, duodenal efflux and net absorption were increased significantly only during lactation, and the increase was comparable with that observed in 1,25(OH)2D3-dosed rats. In the ileum of pregnant and lactating rats, efflux and influx expressed per centimeter of intestine increased to approximately the same extent, and net movement of calcium remained unchanged from the control level. Expression of ileal transport data per gram of dry mucosa resulted in no significant difference in calcium movement during pregnancy and lactation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638184 TI - Intracellular chloride activities in the isolated perfused shark rectal gland. AB - The isolated, perfused shark rectal gland secretes Cl when stimulated with adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). To investigate the mechanism of secretion, we used Cl-selective and conventional (KCl-filled) microelectrodes to measure the intracellular Cl activity (aClc). Under nonsecreting conditions, the electrical potential difference across the basolateral membrane (psi b) was -78 m V and aClc was 57 mM, a value seven times greater than predicted for electrochemical equilibrium across the basolateral membrane. When theophylline and 8-bromo-cAMP were added to the perfusate, the transglandular electrical potential difference doubled and the rate of fluid secretion increased 20-fold; however, neither psi b nor aClc changed. During both nonsecreting and secreting conditions the intracellular accumulation of Cl results in an electrochemical potential difference favoring Cl exit across the apical cell membrane. The constancy of aClc despite the variation in secretion rate suggests that stimulation is associated with an equivalent enhancement of net Cl movement across both the apical and basolateral membranes. When stimulated glands were perfused with Na-free (choline) Ringer, secretion was abolished and aClc fell toward the value predicted for electrochemical equilibrium. These findings suggest that the "uphill" step in Cl secretion lies at the basolateral membrane, where cellular Cl accumulation probably involves secondary active transport; i.e., Cl entry is driven by an inwardly directed electrochemical potential difference for Na. PMID- 6638186 TI - Manganese action on pancreatic protein synthesis in normal and diabetic rats. AB - The effects of manganese on [3H]phenylalanine incorporation into protein were studied in pancreatic acini prepared from normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In the absence of added Ca2+ manganese exerted a biphasic effect on [3H]phenylalanine incorporation in both groups of acini. Significant stimulation occurred at 3 X 10(-5) M manganese. At higher concentrations manganese inhibited incorporation. The magnitude of stimulation was similar in all acini, whereas the magnitude of inhibition was greater in acini from normal rats. Addition of Ca2+ to incubation media abolished the stimulatory effect of manganese in normal rat acini and greatly enhanced it in diabetic rat acini, significant stimulation now occurring at 10(-5) M manganese. The magnitude of inhibition was again greater in acini from normal rats. Insulin in vivo partially reversed the diabetes-induced alterations in acinar cell responsiveness to manganese. The present findings suggest that streptozotocin-induced diabetes is associated with postreceptor alterations in the pancreatic acinar cells. PMID- 6638187 TI - Intestinal capillary exchange capacity and oxygen delivery-to-demand ratio. AB - The relations between intestinal capillary exchange capacity and various determinants of tissue oxygenation were characterized in autoperfused, denervated preparations of the canine ileum. Ileal metabolic demand was either increased (intraluminal glucose) or decreased (graded reductions in intraluminal temperature) while measuring blood flow, arterial oxygen content, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and the capillary filtration coefficient (an index of capillary exchange capacity). No significant correlations were obtained between the capillary filtration coefficient and 1) blood flow), 2) oxygen delivery, or 3) oxygen demand. The capillary filtration coefficient was directly related to the arteriovenous oxygen difference and inversely related to the oxygen delivery to-demand ratio. These observations support the hypothesis that intrinsic modulation of oxygen extraction is mediated by vascular elements which govern capillary exchange capacity and that capillary exchange capacity is inversely related to the oxygen delivery-to-demand ratio. PMID- 6638188 TI - Activity fronts in fed dogs: effect of a beta-adrenergic agonist. AB - The effect of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol on intestinal myoelectric activities was studied in fed dogs. A 15-min isoproterenol infusion (0.5 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) initiated activity fronts after a meal in 14 of 16 experiments. The phase III motor activity was of similar duration and migrated aborally at the same rate as spontaneous fronts occurring in the interdigestive period; however, the activity fronts usually originated in the midjejunum and seldom migrated to the terminal ileum. The isoproterenol-induced fronts were blocked by pretreatment with propranolol (1 mg/kg). Activity fronts were not induced by sodium nitroprusside (10 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1), even though it inhibited myoelectric activity and induced hypotension and tachycardia to a degree similar to that caused by isoproterenol. The effects of isoproterenol were not blocked by vagotomy. Longer isoproterenol infusions of 2 h produced one but not more activity fronts and infusions in the fasted state did not induce premature fronts. These results do not support the hypothesis that the effect of isoproterenol is due to a neural reflex, and further studies are necessary to determine which of several potential mechanisms is responsible for this effect. PMID- 6638189 TI - Taurocholate, but not taurodehydrocholate, increases biliary permeability to sucrose. AB - To determine whether bile salts alter the permeability of the biliary tree to inert solutes, we investigated the effects of taurocholate and taurodehydrocholate on [14C]sucrose bile-to-plasma ratio in the situ perfused rat liver. Sucrose bile-to-plasma ratio remained virtually constant over a 3-h period in untreated rats. Infusing increasing amounts of taurocholate produced the anticipated dose-dependent increase in bile flow and bile salt secretion up to a maximal secretory rate of 278 nmol X min-1 X g liver-1. When the secretory rate was exceeded, bile flow decreased by 22%. Even at doses below the maximal secretory rate, sucrose bile-to-plasma ratio increased in a dose-dependent fashion. To determine whether this was due to recruitment of more permeable centrizonal hepatocytes, the effect of equimolar amounts of taurodehydrocholate was determined. This nonmicelle-forming bile salt led to more marked choleresis than taurocholate but did not affect sucrose bile-to-plasma ratio. We conclude that taurocholate, but not taurodehydrocholate, leads to a dose-dependent increase in biliary permeability. PMID- 6638190 TI - Polyamines and intestinal growth--increased polyamine biosynthesis after jejunectomy. AB - Transient increases in the activities of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAM-DC), key enzymes in polyamine biosynthesis, may be critical to initiation of cell growth. We now report that such increases in ODC (X170) and SAM-DC (X83) activities, and their synthetic products putrescine (X4) and spermidine (X2), occur in rat ileal mucosa between days 1 and 4 after 50% intestinal resection. This is the time period of initiation of mucosal cell hyperplasia in intestinal adaptation after resection and is characterized by increased mucosal cell proliferation, as measured morphologically and biochemically. Intestinal weight increased by 76% and mucosal thickness by 48%. Mucosal DNA content increased by 67% and mucosal DNA synthesis by 104%. Increased intestinal crypt cell proliferation was manifested by a 120% increase in labeling per crypt and a 152% increase in crypt cell production rate (CCPR). The increase in ODC activity was closely associated with the increases in CCPR and rate of villus lengthening. Rates of mucosal cell proliferation, as measured by CCPR, and villus and crypt lengthening were significantly correlated with ODC activity (r = 0.97, 0.98, and 0.94, respectively; P less than 0.01 for all). Our results indicate that the increase in ODC activity, SAM-DC activity, and polyamine biosynthesis is closely associated with the process of adaptive postresectional crypt cell proliferation. PMID- 6638191 TI - Corticosteroid alteration of active electrolyte transport in rat distal colon. AB - To determine the effect of corticosteroids on active transport processes, unidirectional fluxes of 22Na, 36Cl, and 42K were measured under short-circuit conditions across isolated stripped distal colonic mucosa of the rat in control, secondary hyperaldosterone, and dexamethasone-treated animals. In controls net sodium and chloride fluxes (JNanet and JClnet) and short-circuit current (Isc) were 6.6 +/- 2.2, 7.6 +/- 1.6, and 1.3 +/- 0.2 mu eq X h-1 X cm-2, respectively. Although aldosterone increased Isc to 7.3 +/- 0.5 mu eq X h-1 X cm-2, JNanet (6.9 +/- 0.7 mu eq X h-1 X cm-2) was not altered and JClnet was reduced to 0 compared with controls. Dexamethasone also stimulated Isc but did not inhibit JClnet. In Cl-free Ringer both aldosterone and dexamethasone produced significant and equal increases in JNanet and Isc. Theophylline abolished JNanet in control animals but not in the aldosterone group. Aldosterone reversed net potassium absorption (0.58 +/- 0.11 mu eq X h-1 X cm-2) to net potassium secretion (-0.94 +/- 0.08 mu eq X h 1 X cm-2). Dexamethasone reduced net potassium movement to 0 (-0.04 +/- 0.12 mu eq X h-1 X cm-2). These studies demonstrate that 1) corticosteroids stimulate electrogenic sodium absorption and 2) aldosterone, but not dexamethasone, inhibits neutral NaCl absorption and stimulates active potassium secretion. The effects of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids on electrolyte transport are not identical and may be mediated by separate and distinct mechanisms. PMID- 6638192 TI - Intracellular bile acid transport in rat liver as visualized by electron microscope autoradiography using a bile acid analogue. AB - The role of hepatocyte organelles in the intracellular transport and secretion of conjugated bile acids has not been defined. Therefore we studied the transport and observed the subcellular localization of the bile acid analogue 125I cholylglycyltyrosine by electron microscope autoradiography to further understand the possible compartmentation of bile acids within the hepatocyte. 125I cholylglycyltyrosine, which retains a net negative charge, exhibited transport properties similar to native bile acids. After portal vein injection, the compound was recovered intact from bile, and the pattern of excretion paralleled that of [14C]cholylglycine. In addition, cholylglycyltyrosine uptake by isolated hepatocytes was sodium dependent. For autoradiography the analogue was injected into the portal vein, and the liver was perfusion fixed after 30 or 300 s. Light microscope autoradiography performed 30 s after isotope injection demonstrated a steep periportal-to-centrilobular gradient for 125I-cholylglycyltyrosine uptake. At 30 s quantitative grain analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs showed predominant labeling of the plasma membrane and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). The grain distribution over the region of the plasma membrane decreased from 15% at 30 s to 7% by 300 s and was associated with a sevenfold increase in labeling of the Golgi apparatus and a sixfold increase in labeling of the pericanalicular region. Grain distribution over the SER at 300 s was the same as that noted at 30 s. The hypothesis is presented that bile acids move from the sinusoidal plasma membrane to bile via a pathway that includes the SER and Golgi apparatus. PMID- 6638193 TI - beta-Adrenergic control of exocrine secretion by perfused rat pancreas in vitro. AB - To investigate the role of beta-adrenergic receptors in the genesis of pancreatic juice, we studied the effect of the agonist isoproterenol (25 or 2.5 mumol X 1( 1] on the isolated perfused rat pancreas and compared it with the effect of secretin (approximately 3 nmol X 1(-1). Isoproterenol stimulated flow of a HCO3 rich juice; the response was qualitatively similar to that evoked by secretin, but the flow rate was only about 70% of the maximum in vitro secretin response. We also studied the effects of the autonomic blockers propranolol, phentolamine, and atropine. None of the blockers altered basal pancreatic flow or the juice content of electrolytes or protein. The threshold for the response of the gland to isoproterenol was approximately 10 nmol X 1(-1), and effects appeared to be near maximal at approximately 1 mumol X 1(-1). As is the case with secretin stimulation in the rat, protein excretion was increased by isoproterenol in parallel with flow. However, juice potassium, which is increased by secretin, was not elevated. The effects of isoproterenol were antagonized by propranolol (25 mumol X 1(-1), and neither atropine nor atropine plus phentolamine had any effect on the gland response. We conclude that neither cholinergic nor adrenergic neurotransmitters are responsible for basal secretion. However, from the response of the gland to isoproterenol, it appears that stimulation of beta-adrenergic neural receptors is the counterpart to hormonal stimulation with secretin, just as activation of cholinergic receptors is to the actions of cholecystokinin. PMID- 6638194 TI - Gastrointestinal blood flow and oxygen consumption in awake newborn piglets: effect of feeding. AB - Regional and total gastrointestinal (GI) blood flow, O2 delivery, and whole-gut O2 extraction and O2 consumption were measured before and 30, 60, and 120 min after feeding in nonanesthetized, awake 2-day-old piglets. Cardiac output and blood flow to kidneys, heart, brain, and liver were also determined. Blood flow was measured using the radiolabeled microsphere technique. In the preprandial condition, total GI blood flow was 106 +/- 9 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1, while O2 extraction was 17.2 +/- 0.9% and O2 consumption was 1.99 +/- 0.19 ml O2 X min-1 X 100 g-1. Thirty minutes after slow gavage feeding with 30 ml/kg artificial pig milk, O2 delivery to the GI tract and O2 extraction rose significantly (P less than 0.05) by 35 +/- 2 and 33 +/- 2%, respectively. The increase in O2 delivery was effected by a significant increase in GI blood flow, which was localized to the mucosal-submucosal layer of the small intestine. O2 uptake by the GI tract increased 72 +/- 4% 30 min after feeding. Cardiac output and blood flow to non-GI organs did not change significantly with feeding, whereas arterial hepatic blood flow decreased significantly 60 and 120 min after feeding. The piglet GI tract thus meets the oxidative demands of digestion and absorption by increasing local blood flow and tissue O2 extraction. PMID- 6638195 TI - Release of endogenous and labeled GABA from isolated guinea pig ileum. AB - The release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was studied by comparing the properties of labeled GABA released from preloaded preparations to those of endogenous GABA released from the isolated guinea pig ileum. The spontaneous release of endogenous GABA was 4.46 +/- 0.10 pmol X min-1 X g wet wt-1, and the fractional rate of endogenous GABA release was much lower. The ratio of evoked to spontaneous release of endogenous GABA was high compared with that of labeled GABA. The electrical transmural stimulation-evoked release of labeled and endogenous GABA was inhibited by superfusion with tetrodotoxin and Ca2+-free Krebs-Ringer solution containing 1 mM ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethylether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid. Thus the nature of the stimulation-evoked release of labeled GABA was similar to that of endogenous GABA. These results indicate that the released GABA is neuronal in origin and provide additional evidence for the presence of GABA-ergic neurons in the guinea pig ileum. PMID- 6638196 TI - Effects of catecholamines on cardiac chronotropic response to vagal stimulation in the dog. AB - The influence of isoproterenol, norepinephrine, and dopamine on the cardiomoderator effects of moderate vagal stimulation was studied in anesthetized dogs. The drugs were administered at increasing doses in successive perfusions. Stimulation of the vagus nerve, the parameters of which remained constant throughout each experiment, was performed immediately before each sequence of perfusion and after 10-min perfusion. Isoproterenol at 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 microgram X kg-1 X min-1 raised heart rate dose relatedly but did not alter heart rate under vagal stimulation. Thus the amplitude of vagal bradycardic effects increased dose relatedly. Norepinephrine at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 microgram X kg-1 X min-1 lowered heart rate through reflex hypertension. Heart rate under vagal stimulation remained constant. Thus the effects of vagal stimulation decreased as dose increased, finally becoming null. Dopamine at 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1 did not significantly alter heart rate, but at 10 and 20 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1, like norepinephrine, it raised blood pressure, causing a reflex fall in heart rate. At all doses, heart rate under vagal stimulation remained stable. Consequently, at the highest doses, the net effects of vagal stimulation were slight. These results suggest the simultaneous involvement of sympathetic-parasympathetic interactions both post- and prejunctionally. In the latter case, different mechanisms of regulation of neurotransmitter release are involved during vagal stimulation according to the sympathomimetic used. With isoproterenol, norepinephrine release seems more particularly affected, whereas with norepinephrine and dopamine, acetylcholine release is apparently inhibited. PMID- 6638197 TI - Regional circumferential lengthening patterns in canine left ventricle. AB - We employed sonomicrometers in open-chest dogs to study lengthening of short segments of circumferentially oriented myocardium located at the base, midportion, and apex of the anterior left ventricular free wall. Left ventricular pressure was varied by inferior vena caval occlusion and volume expansion. Diastole was divided into rapid and slow lengthening phases. Rapid lengthening was completed first at the basal site at each of three successive levels of left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP). At the base, significant further lengthening occurred during the slow lengthening phase while at the apex virtually all lengthening was completed during the rapid phase. At low LVDPs, peak lengthening rates (dl/dt) were greatest at the apex. As LVDP was increased, regional differences in dl/dt diminished. These results indicate that there is regional variation in the timing of the phases of diastole and in lengthening patterns of the left ventricle. The volume-dependent variation in lengthening rates that we observed is consistent with the concept of regional differences in elastic recoil, which may contribute to active ventricular filling. PMID- 6638198 TI - Effect of Na+- or Ca2+-filled liposomes on electrical activity of cultured heart cells. AB - Phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes were used to deliver their entrapped ions into spontaneously contracting cultured heart cells (reaggregates) prepared from 15 day embryonic chick ventricles (superfused at 8 ml/min). With slowly rising action potentials (AP) (+Vmax less than 30 V/s), when Na+ liposomes were added (13.2% vol/vol), there was a progressive decrease in slope of the pacemaker potential and in firing frequency. Recovery on washout was rapid. When vesicles containing Ca2+ (6.6% vol/vol) were added, there was an immediate decrease in AP duration. Within 10 min, +Vmax, overshoot, maximum diastolic potential, and frequency decreased, and all spontaneous activity stopped within 30 min. Electrical stimulation could not elicit AP responses. Partial recovery of APs occurred after 60 min of washout, but the recovering APs initially were abnormal. Lower liposome concentration (3.3%) had a similar but slower effect. The rapidity of the effects depended on the Ca2+ concentration inside the vesicles (0.15 and 1 M). K+-containing liposomes had no effect. This difference between liposomes containing Na+, Ca2+, and K+ suggests that the effects observed were due to the ions and not to the phosphatidylcholine. Injection of Ca2+ could cause depolarization by the Ca2+-activation of a nonspecific Na+-K+ channel (i.e., gNa, K, (Ca]; inhibition of automaticity by injection of Na+ or Ca2+ could be due to diminution of the electrochemical gradient for inward background depolarizing current. Thus PC liposomes provide a good means for delivering substances inside the cells without altering the electrical properties of the membrane by the lipid vehicle. PMID- 6638199 TI - Left ventricular interaction with arterial load studied in isolated canine ventricle. AB - We developed a framework of analysis to predict the stroke volume (SV) resulting from the complex mechanical interaction between the ventricle and its arterial system. In this analysis, we characterized both the left ventricle and the arterial system by their end systolic pressure (Ps)-SV relationships and predicted SV from the intersection of the two relationship lines. The final output of the analysis was a formula that gives the SV for a given preload as a function of the ventricular properties (Ees, V0, and ejection time) and the arterial impedance properties (modeled in terms of a 3-element Windkessel). To test the validity of this framework for analyzing the ventriculoarterial interaction, we first determined the ventricular properties under a specific set of control arterial impedance conditions. With the ventricular properties thus obtained, we used the analytical formula to predict SVs under various combinations of noncontrol arterial impedance conditions and four preloads. The predicted SVs were compared with those measured while actually imposing the identical set of arterial impedance conditions and preload in eight isolated canine ventricles. The predicted SV was highly correlated (P less than 0.0001) with the measured one in all ventricles. The average correlation coefficient was 0.985 +/- 0.004 (SE), the slope 1.00 +/- 0.04, and the gamma-axis intercept 1.0 +/- 0.2 ml, indicating the accuracy of the prediction. We conclude that the representations of ventricle and arterial system by their Ps-SV relationships are useful in understanding how these two systems determine SV when they are coupled and interact. PMID- 6638200 TI - Quantitative relation between sites of atrial impulse origin and cycle length. AB - Having previously described the multicentric origin of the atrial impulse from sites widely distributed over the right atrium as well as an intrinsic link between these sites of origin and cycle length (CL), we undertook a quantitative study of this relationship. In 132 dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium or fentanyl citrate, we recorded atrial activation sequence maps from 360 closely positioned electrodes and determined locations of impulse origin at heart rates between 80 and 240 (CL between 750 and 250). We used cardiac nerve stimulation and agonist-antagonist infusion to produce changes in CL and impulse origin. Results demonstrate a significant correlation between site of impulse origin and CL. These sites, associated with both the sinus node (SN) and extranodal sites, function predictably and consistently controlling impulse initiation at heart rates above and below rates at which the SN predominates. This relationship can be used to specify an anatomic-functional model of atrial pacemaker hierarchy and to quantitate the response of different atrial regions to specific pharmacological and physiological interventions. PMID- 6638202 TI - Enhanced sensitivity of diabetic hearts to alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation. AB - Inotropic responses to alpha-adrenergic stimulation with methoxamine were compared in 12 normal (N) and 12 diabetic (Db) lambs. Diabetes was produced by giving alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg iv). Measurements of maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), coronary flow, and myocardial O2 consumption were made simultaneously in hemodynamically controlled preparations. All animals were subjected to ganglionic blockade (tetraethylammonium chloride, 100 mg) and beta1-adrenergic blockade (practolol, 4 mg/kg). Methoxamine was given in incremental doses ranging from 0.4 to 6.0 mg/kg. dP/dtmax increased progressively to 126 +/- 4% of initial values in N. However, the increase was twice as large (150 +/- 4%) in the diabetics (P less than 0.005). LVEDP fell in both groups. These changes were abolished by phentolamine (2 mg/kg). Inotropic responses to methoxamine in lambs 2 and 3 wk after induction of diabetes did not differ from those with acute (2 days) diabetes. Dose-response curves obtained by infusing Ca2+ (2-8 mg X min-1 X kg-1) were identical in N and Db. It is concluded that lamb myocardium possesses an alpha-adrenergic receptor system that is stimulated by methoxamine in a dose dependent manner and blocked by phentolamine. Db hearts are supersensitive to alpha-receptor activation. The mechanistic basis for this latter finding has not been examined but may relate to altered receptor density or nucleotide regulation. PMID- 6638201 TI - Arteriolar responses to elevation of venous and arterial pressures in cat mesentery. AB - These studies were undertaken to determine the importance of metabolic (flow dependent) and myogenic (pressure-dependent) factors in the response of arterioles to changes in intravascular pressure. The response of 26 arterioles in the isolated cat mesentery to increased venous and arterial pressure was studied by measuring changes of arteriolar diameter, red blood cell velocity, and intravascular pressure. Circumferential wall tension and volume flow in the arterioles were calculated. The fraction of the arteriolar responses to intravascular pressure elevation that could be attributed only to a myogenic response in which wall tension is regulated varied from 20 to 56%, depending on the method of pressure elevation. The largest fraction of the response attributable to a myogenic mechanism (ignoring the contributions of flow) varied from 50 to 93%. The fraction of the responses attributable only to flow dependency varied from 0 to 23%, whereas the largest fraction attributable to this mechanism varied from 18 to 73%, depending on the method of pressure elevation. It is concluded that, in cat mesentery, both metabolic and myogenic mechanisms appear to contribute to local regulation of flow with elevation of intravascular pressure, but other factors cannot be excluded. PMID- 6638203 TI - Isolated myocytes from adult canine left ventricle: Ca2+ tolerance, electrophysiology, and ultrastructure. AB - We have developed a method for isolating single cardiac muscle cells in high yield (greater than 5 X 10(7) cells) from the canine left ventricle. Most of the myocytes are single cells with ultrastructural detail indistinguishable from intact ventricular myocardium, and more than 50% of the isolated cells remain elongated for at least 7 h in 0.5 mM calcium. Electrophysiological studies demonstrate that external potassium has a strong influence on repolarization in the isolated ventricular cells. Action potentials in [K+]o = 3.78 mM exhibit a positive over-shoot (greater than zero potential), but repolarization often arrests at congruent to -35 mV unless driven to more negative potentials by hyperpolarizing current. This phenomenon of two levels of resting potential is not observed at [K+]o = 5.78 mM. At the higher potassium concentration, values for maximum diastolic potential, amplitude, maximum rate of rise of phase 0, and action potential duration all are similar to those of intact ventricular muscle. However, the potential at the peak of the action potential plateau (phase 2) in the isolated myocyte is considerably more negative than that of intact myocardium. In addition, there is a conspicuous notch between phases 1 and 2 of the action potential in the isolated myocyte, whereas the notch is small or absent in intact myocardial action potentials. In summary, our method results in a preparation of stable, ultrastructurally and electrophysiologically intact cells, which should prove useful in studies requiring a large and homogeneous population of myocardial cells. PMID- 6638204 TI - Medial morphometry and mechanics of sequential rabbit ear arteries and myograph ring segments. AB - The medial structure of three different branching orders of arteries in the rabbit ear was studied to assess the possible significance with regard to mechanical behavior determined with the in vitro myograph. The central ear artery, its main side branch, and a terminal branch were fixed while dilated in situ at 100 mmHg; this resulted in internal diameters of 960, 456, and 251 micron, respectively. The average ratio of medial thickness to internal diameter was 0.0293 for arteries in situ and 0.0487 for arterial rings in vitro. Measurements undertaken for the determination of smooth muscle (SM) stress included the percentage of SM in the media (74%) and the pitch of SM (0.89 degrees). These parameters were not significantly different in the three various sized arteries or for the two myographs. Stereological estimates of SM cell volume, length, and diameter were based on counts of SM nuclei and their length. In evaluating the ring preparation of the vessel myographs, the damage due to the wires (20%) and cut edges (6.4%) was considered. The maximum active SM stress was approximately the same in the different-sized vessels with an average value of 3.14 X 10(5) N/m2. Since this stress is comparable to measurements made by others on different mechanical apparatus and consistent for the three arterial orders, these in vitro myographs should allow for valid comparison of arterial mechanical properties over the size range studied. PMID- 6638205 TI - Physiological and metabolic characterization of a cardiomyopathy induced by chronic copper deficiency. AB - Male weanling rats were made copper deficient with a purified diet containing all known essential dietary nutrients except copper. Copper deficiency was verified by indirect (anemia, growth retardation, hypercholesterolemia, gross pathology, and abnormal electrocardiograms) and direct (tissue copper analysis) criteria. His bundle electrographic and electrocardiographic changes detected in the copper deficient group consisted most notably of depressed His-Purkinje system conductivity and S-T segment depression. Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of cardiac, renal, and hepatic tissue perchloric acid extracts revealed significant metabolic changes associated with the dietary copper deficiency, including a generalized marked decrease in ATP and phosphocreatine levels and a corresponding increase in inorganic orthophosphate and ADP levels in the various tissues. Tissue-specific changes consisting of elevated ribose 5-phosphate (heart), phosphocholine (heart), and inosine monophosphate (kidney) and decreased glycerol 3-phosphorylethanolamine (liver) and glycerol 3-phosphorylcholine (liver) levels were detected in copper-deficient rats. Microscopic examination of heart tissue from copper-deficient rats revealed extensive disruption of mitochondrial fine structure, including fragmentation of cristae and inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, which resulted in pronounced vacuolization throughout the tissue. Although the physiological and metabolic disturbances manifested in hearts from copper-deficient animals generally mimic myocardial responses to chronic ischemia, the observed changes are interpreted in a broader context to represent the appearance of a copper-dependent cardiomyopathy. PMID- 6638206 TI - Sensitive and selective assay for adenosine using high-pressure liquid chromatography with fluorometry. AB - A new method for quantitation of adenosine was tested in canine myocardial extracts. The method involves incubation of the extract with chloroacetaldehyde to form the fluorescing adenosine derivative 1, N6-ethenoadenosine. The ethenoadenosine is separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and quantitated by fluorometry. Experiments demonstrated that 1) the method is selective for adenosine, 2) fluorescence peak height is linearly related to the quantity of ethenoadenosine, and 3) adenosine in the extract is quantitatively converted to ethenoadenosine by the incubation procedure. Also, within the range of adenosine concentrations seen in five extracts, estimates of myocardial adenosine content with the fluorometric method were nearly identical to those using the more routine technique of HPLC with direct detection by ultraviolet (UV) absorption. A primary advantage of the fluorometric method is its greater sensitivity. As little as 0.50 pmol on the column could be quantitated by fluorescence, compared with approximately 20 pmol with UV absorption. Because of the greater sensitivity, the fluorometric method should be more easily applied to samples with smaller adenosine concentrations. PMID- 6638208 TI - Information content of data with respect to models. AB - A measure is proposed for the information content of data with respect to models. A model, defined by a set of parameter values in a mathematical framework, is considered a point in a hyperspace. The proposed measure expresses the information content of experimental data as the contribution they make, in units of information bits, in defining a model to within a desired region of the hyperspace. This measure is then normalized to conventional statistical measures of uncertainty. It is shown how the measure can be used to estimate the information of newly planned experiments and help in decisions on data collection strategies. PMID- 6638207 TI - Isolation and morphology of calcium-tolerant feline ventricular myocytes. AB - A technique has been developed for isolating a high yield of Ca2+-tolerant rod shaped myocytes from the right and left ventricles of cat myocardial tissue. Myocytes were prepared by retrograde perfusion of the coronary arteries via the aorta with a nominally Ca2+-free (20-30 microM) modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 0.12% collagenase. After exposure to physiological levels of Ca2+ (1 2.5 mM), the cells retained rod-shaped morphology, exhibited clear cross striations, and excluded the dye trypan blue (0.4%). Initial percents of viable Ca2+-tolerant rod-shaped cells were 58.6 +/- 3.4 (SE) and 51.8 +/- 3.5 for right and left ventricular cells, respectively. Viability studies demonstrated that these values decreased approximately 10% at the conclusion of a 2-h incubation in 1 mM Ca2+. The total numbers of rod-shaped myocytes obtained were 4.48 X 10(7) and 3.89 X 10(7) in nominal (8-10 microM) and 1 mM Ca2+-containing buffer, respectively. A total of 3.44 +/- 0.40 X 10(6) rod-shaped Ca2+-tolerant myocytes was initially isolated per gram of tissue wet weight. Measurements of cell length, width, and sarcomere length demonstrated no significant differences between right and left ventricular cells suspended in nominal (8-10 microM) and 1 mM Ca2+-containing buffer. No significant difference was found in the percent of binucleate cells when right and left ventricular myocytes were compared. These results demonstrate that a stable population of Ca2+-tolerant myocytes with similar morphological characteristics can be isolated from the right and left ventricles of cat myocardium. PMID- 6638209 TI - Is the "pool-fraction" paradigm a valid model for assessment of in vivo turnover in non-steady state? AB - Quantification of in vivo turnover of endogenous substances in nonsteady state is of fundamental importance for understanding a variety of physiological and clinical metabolic situations. Toward this end, a pool-fraction model has become a paradigm in the glucose and ketone body areas. We discuss the basic assumptions on which the pool-fraction model is based and the criteria on which it has been validated. Specific comments are then made on its current and potential use for quantifying the non-steady-state turnover of glucose, ketone bodies, and insulin. We conclude that the quantitative reliability of predictions provided by the pool fraction model is quite poor and that new developments are needed for quantifying the non-steady-state situation. PMID- 6638210 TI - Arterial pressure-urinary output relationship in DOCA-saline hypertensive rats. AB - To know the role played by the kidney in the genesis of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-saline hypertension, the arterial pressure-urinary output (AP-UO) relationship was compared in unanesthetized, unrestrained uninephrectomized (1-K) control and normal Wistar-Imamichi (W-I) rats according to the method of Norman et al. [Am. J. Physiol. 234 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 3): R98-R103, 1973]. The gradient of AP-UO relationship was slightly decreased in 1-K control rats compared with that in W-I rats. However, the AP-UO relationship of DOCA saline hypertensive rats underwent only a parallel shift to higher blood pressure ranges compared with that of 1-K control rats. There was no significant change in the urinary volume, urinary sodium excretion, and urinary osmolarity. Furthermore, the AP-UO relationship was shifted back to the lower pressure range under the influence of hydralazine, a preferential renal arteriolar dilator, suggesting that constriction of the renal artery caused the rise of the arterial pressure in DOCA-saline hypertensive rats. PMID- 6638211 TI - Canine visual acuity: retinal and cortical field potentials evoked by pattern stimulation. AB - The visual acuities (i.e., visual thresholds for pattern detection) of four dogs under neuromuscular block were measured using visually evoked cortical potentials (VECP) and/or pattern-evoked retinal potentials (PERR). Stimuli were phase reversing square-wave gratings with a mean luminance of 86 cd/m2 and 70% contrast. The mean of the VECP thresholds of two dogs tested was 12.59 cycles per degree (cycles/deg). The mean of the PERR thresholds of four dogs tested was 11.61 cycles/deg. The difference between VECP and PERR thresholds was not statistically significant. VECP acuities appear to be determined at or before the last stage of retinal processing (PERR). Our estimates of canine acuity are 1.3-2 times those reported for cats and 0.2-0.4 times those reported for primates when tested under comparable luminance and contrast conditions. PMID- 6638212 TI - Metabolic adjustments to diving and recovery in the African lungfish. AB - The metabolic potentials of the heart, brain, white muscle, and liver in the African lungfish were estimated by enzymatic data. Metabolic effects of a 12-h submergence were monitored using metabolite measurements. Heart was the most oxidative tissue but also showed the greatest anaerobic potential. The brain displayed relatively low oxidative capabilities. White muscle remained almost inert. Although high-energy phosphate concentrations in brain and heart did not fall during submergence, glycolysis was activated as indicated by crossover plots, depletion of endogenous glycogen stores, and lactate accumulation. Blood tissue lactate and glucose gradients indicated 1) that the heart and brain released lactate throughout submergence, 2) that after 12 h of submersion the brain and heart were probably obtaining all their required glucose from the blood, 3) that the liver released glucose throughout submergence, and 4) that white muscle was metabolically isolated from the rest of the body during submergence. It appeared that perfusion adjustments occurring during submergence were directed more toward regulating intertissue exchange of metabolites than toward oxygen conservation. Comparisons are made to diving responses in mammals. PMID- 6638213 TI - Energy balance and regulation of body weight after intestinal bypass surgery in rats. AB - This study evaluated the possibility that intestinal bypass surgery alters energy balance and regulation of body weight. In two sets of experiments, male Sprague Dawley rats underwent bypass or sham bypass surgery. In experiment 1, half of each group was overfed and half was underfed. Bypass reduced net calorie intake (intake - fecal loss) at 2 wk but not at 6 wk. Body weights were maintained at a much lower level in the bypass rats, yet apparent energy expenditure was greater. In experiment 2, bypass rats were compared with sham bypass and sham bypass who were food restricted for paired-weight-loss to bypass (PWL sham). Net calorie intake and body weights of bypass and sham bypass followed a similar pattern as in experiment 1. At similar levels of body weight postoperatively, bypass rats required more calories per kilogram than did the PWL shams, suggesting that bypass resets downward the level at which body weight is regulated. Calorie requirements correlated with food intake better than with absolute body weight. Further studies to determine the mechanism of altered energy expenditure may provide methods for weight loss without extensive surgery. PMID- 6638214 TI - A bladder contractility constant. AB - Muscle contractility can be characterized by two related properties: force and velocity. The initial velocity of a tetanic contraction is inversely related to preload. This was demonstrated experimentally by Hill and quantified in his well known empiric equation. Subsequent investigators argued that a theoretical maximum contractile element velocity (V max) could be predicted from the rate of change of isometric force. V max has been applied clinically in heart studies, prompting others to use similar methods to evaluate bladder contractility. These attempts have so far been unsuccessful. The present study shows for whole canine bladders that the time to reach maximum isometric force from the moment of onset of active contraction is a constant independent of muscle length, preload, and maximum force. This can be expressed as a frequency constant (omega) whose calculation appears similar to that for V max. In contrast to V max, omega is obtained only from the active component of pressure. PMID- 6638215 TI - Carbohydrate feeding speeds reversal of enhanced glucose uptake in muscle after exercise. AB - Muscle contractile activity results in an increase in glucose uptake rate that can persist for hours. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of carbohydrate repletion on reversal of an exercise-induced increase in glucose uptake. Rats were exercised by swimming. In rats studied 60 min after exercise, muscle glycogen content was 75% depleted and glucose uptake rate was increased. The effect of exercise on glucose uptake was reversed, and glycogen concentration had increased 44 mumol/g muscle, within 18 h in rats fed carbohydrate. In rats fed a carbohydrate-free diet, muscle glycogen increased only 11 mumol/g, and glucose uptake rate had returned only 50% of the way to base line 18 h after exercise. The rate of 3-methylglucose accumulation in muscles was increased sixfold 60 min after exercise. This increase in permeability to sugar was reversed within 18 h in rats fed carbohydrate. In rats fed a carbohydrate-free diet the rate of 3-methylglucose accumulation was still threefold above base line 18 h after exercise. Our results provide evidence that decreased availability of carbohydrate slows reversal of an exercise-induced increase in permeability of muscle to sugar. PMID- 6638216 TI - Lipoprotein lipase activity and lipolysis after swim training in obese Zucker rats. AB - Obese and lean Zucker rats, 7 wk old, were swim trained or kept sedentary. Another group of obese rats was food restricted and exercised. Half the rats were killed after training for 8 wk, the remainder were retired and killed after an additional 8 wk. Neither treatment decreased adipocyte size in obese rats. Although basal lipolysis per cell was elevated in obese rats, their adipocytes were insensitive to epinephrine at 15 and 23 wk of age. Exercise training did not affect lipolysis. At all ages, adipose lipoprotein lipase (LPL) capacity was higher in obese relative to lean rats. In obese rats, swim training and exercise plus food restriction increased adipose and gastrocnemius LPL activity and depressed plasma insulin and triglyceride levels. All effects of exercise were transient. Thus, exercise training improved some of the metabolic disturbances in the Zucker obese rat but did not normalize adipocyte size, LPL activity, or lipolysis. PMID- 6638217 TI - Cerebral metabolism in hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic fetal lambs. AB - To investigate the mechanism whereby glucose affects fetal breathing movements (FBM), cerebral metabolism was studied in 12 unanesthetized fetal lambs, during fasting-induced hypoglycemia and after a subsequent fetal infusion of glucose. Preductal arterial and sagittal sinus blood samples were analyzed for glucose and oxygen concentrations and for blood gases and pH. Measurements of regional brain blood flow were made with radioactive microspheres. Maternal fasting of 24- to 36 h duration resulted in a decrease in fetal blood glucose from 1.061 +/- 0.085 mmol X l-1 to 0.664 +/- 0.053 (P less than 0.001). Although cerebral glucose and O2 uptake remained unchanged, sagittal sinus CO2 partial pressure (Pco2) and [H+] were significantly decreased and may have contributed to the observed decrease in FBM. A 2-h infusion of glucose to the fetuses of fasted animals resulted in an increase in blood glucose to 2.452 +/- 0.173 mmol X l-1. Cerebral O2 consumption was again unchanged; however, cerebral glucose consumption was significantly increased as were sagittal sinus Pco2 and [H+], which may have contributed to the observed increase in FBM. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that glucose affects the incidence of FBM in part by altering the environment of central chemoreceptors. PMID- 6638218 TI - Decrease in adenylate cyclase activity in dog livers during endotoxic shock. AB - The effects of endotoxin administration on adenylate cyclase in dog liver plasma membranes were studied. The basal, fluoride-, guanine nucleotide-, isoproterenol , and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were decreased by 61, 62, 69, 83, and 63%, respectively, 2 h after in vivo administration of endotoxin. Endotoxin (100 micrograms/ml) in vitro decreased the guanine nucleotide-, isoproterenol-, and glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities by 24, 25, and 21%, respectively. These data demonstrate that endotoxin administered in vivo or in vitro had an inhibitory effect on the adenylate cyclase enzyme system in dog liver plasma membranes. Because of the involvement of the adenylate cyclase adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) system in the regulation of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism, the finding that endotoxin administration decreased adenylate cyclase activity in the liver should contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology of altered hepatic glucose homeostasis during shock. PMID- 6638219 TI - Renal glomerular filtration rate and hepatic blood flow during voluntary diving in Weddell seals. AB - Renal and hepatic function were studied during voluntary dives in Weddell seals by measuring the clearance rate of inulin and indocyanine green (ICG). Inulin is cleared exclusively by the kidneys and measures renal glomerular filtration rate (GFR). ICG is cleared by the liver and is blood flow dependent at concentrations used. Studies were conducted from a portable hut with a trapdoor placed over an isolated hole in the sea ice near McMurdo Station, Antarctica. An intravertebral extradural catheter was inserted percutaneously under light anesthesia in subadult seals weighing 130-200 kg. When released into the ice hole, the seals made voluntary dives, but always had to return to breathe. Serial blood samples were taken after single injections of inulin and ICG and analyzed within 24 h. The mean half time (t 1/2) for inulin clearance while resting at the surface was 27.3 +/- 13.0 min (n = 43) and the mean t 1/2 for ICG clearance was 18.3 +/- 7.3 min (n = 23). The mean resting GFR was 3.6 ml X min-1 X kg-1 (range 3.2-3.9, n = 3). Inulin and ICG clearance rates did not change from resting levels during dives shorter than the seal's aerobic dive limit (ADL). Inulin clearance decreased over 90% during dives longer than the ADL, but there was no significant reduction in ICG clearance during dives lasting up to 23 min. It appears that normal renal GFR and hepatic blood flow continue during natural aerobic dives. During dives that exceed the ADL, GFR is reduced but hepatic blood flow may be maintained. PMID- 6638220 TI - The two hermeneutics of psychotherapy. PMID- 6638221 TI - Significance of match in sex of analyst and patient. PMID- 6638222 TI - Current application of Horney theory to dream interpretation. PMID- 6638223 TI - On early alienation from the self. AB - Drawing from the description in the literature and my observations, alienation from the self may be seen to be the forerunner of the formation of an idealized (false) self-image. Starting from the premise that the formation of the idealized image starts during the process of separation and individuation, the development of at least some alienation from the self would have to occur, at the latest, during this period and probably much earlier. The clinical evidence cited in this paper strongly implies that early alienation from the self occurs as a disturbance of the earliest days of the attachment phase of infant development; the evidence also implies that the disturbance is more severe the more of his real self the infant has to sacrifice in order to accommodate himself to his mother's needs. The greater the disparity between his mother's and his own needs, the more blindness to his own needs the child must develop in order to form a self-image acceptable to both his mother and himself. The consequence of this repression in earliest childhood of his real feelings, self-awareness, and self expression is the formation of basic anxiety and of functional illness in general. However, the details of the development of these functional disturbances as consequences of early alienation from the self need much further exploration and clinical confirmation. PMID- 6638224 TI - Inventors of new selves. AB - This paper delineates a pattern of personality organization in which an individual is self-defined as having an identity that has been produced independently of all prior experiences. Usually there is a history of several radical changes of self-concept, in the conscious sense. Two psychodynamic bases of this pattern are discussed: one involving a flight from engulfment in others' perceptions and definitions, and the other involving a flight from a sense of irrevocable inner badness. In both cases, the childhood origins appear to be located in the pathogenic responses of caretakers during the phases of separation and individuation. Patients showing this pattern present special problems for the psychoanalyst. The main hazard one encounters in treating such people is that the patient will respond to the analyst's efforts to illuminate his or her personality structure and psychic origins with a sudden redefinition of the self and a breaking off of therapy. We have presented some treatment recommendations based on our experiences working with such people that involve substantial modifications of classical analytic technique. Central in these recommendations is the emphasis we have placed on the potential value of the analyst's empathically guided personal openness in the conduct of therapy. PMID- 6638225 TI - Patriarchy and phantasy: a conception of psychoanalytic sociology. AB - The nature versus nurture controversy in the history of the social sciences is compared with the heredity versus environment debate in the history of psychoanalysis. Generally, psychoanalysis addresses the question of human thought in contrast to the social disciplines, which examine human behavior. This division of science may be considered the representation of a fundamental dichotomy between internal (latent) and external (manifest) aspects characteristic of human existence. This universal duality is based on the division between the sexes, the union of which reproduces life. This paper attempts to draw attention to the common structure of the mind and society by showing that the same pattern of manifest and latent content exists within each entity. The manifest aspect of existence is reflected in patriarchal social structure and the latent aspect in the structure of unconscious phantasy. These aspects are dialectically interrelated in that patriarchy is the manifest form of phantasy and phantasy the latent form of patriarchal order. This model of the integration of psychoanalysis and sociology is based on the work of Juliet Mitchell, particularly Psychoanalysis and Feminism. Psychoanalytic sociology is defined as a discipline that investigates the relationship between mental life and social organization. PMID- 6638226 TI - Sources of lead in the urban environment. PMID- 6638227 TI - Lessons in surgery for the Third World. PMID- 6638228 TI - Surgeons and operating rooms: underutilized resources. AB - A classification of surgical procedures, based on degree of complexity and the need for facilities and personnel, was applied to all 50,782 surgical interventions performed in the Valle del Cauca, Colombia during 1974. Three fourths of all operations were of low levels of complexity, and most could be performed on an ambulatory basis with immediate discharge after recovery from anesthesia. Mean numbers of operations per year for surgical specialists and other physicians were 119.7 and 18.1, respectively. The 76 existing operating rooms were utilized only 41.6 per cent of the time. The implications of underutilization of personnel and facilities and low productivity of surgeons are discussed. PMID- 6638229 TI - Lead concentrations in inner-city soils as a factor in the child lead problem. AB - Soil samples were randomly collected from 422 vegetable gardens in a study area centered in downtown Baltimore, Maryland, and having a radius of 48.28 km (30 miles). The levels of lead, four other metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc), and pH were measured for each location. The application of multi-response permutation procedures, which are compatible with mapping techniques, reveals that lead (as well as cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc) is concentrated and ubiquitous within the soils of the inner-city area of Metropolitan Baltimore. The probability values that the concentration of metals occurred by chance alone vary from about 10(-15) to 10(-23) depending on the metal considered. Our findings pose environmental and public health issues, especially to children living within the inner-city. PMID- 6638230 TI - Concussion incidences and severity in secondary school varsity football players. AB - The head coaches and players of 103 secondary school football teams in Minnesota were asked to respond to mail questionnaires. Information about injury incidence and concomitant health care provision was elicited. Responses from 3,063 players (81 per cent) yielded a total injury rate of 78 injuries/100 players; 19/100 players reported a concussion experience characterized by loss of consciousness and/or loss of awareness. Of the players who experienced a loss of consciousness, 69 per cent were returned to play the same day. Persistent concussion symptoms were reported as long as six to nine months following the end of the season; six cases involved permanent disabilities. Continued use of illegal techniques of butt-blocking and face-tackling by as many as 40 per cent of the players was associated with apparent increased risks of concussions and concussion symptoms. Players with a prior history of loss of consciousness had a risk of loss of consciousness four times that of the player without a prior history. PMID- 6638231 TI - Predictors of effectiveness among public health nutritionists. AB - This study investigated how public health nutrition directors and practitioners each rated the effectiveness of their professional performance. We examined the specific factors which were predictive of each set of effectiveness ratings. Eleven directors supplied the names and addresses of 226 practitioners, each of whom was mailed a questionnaire. The response rate to the mailing was 84 per cent. Director ratings of practitioners were not significantly related to the self-ratings. Results of multiple regression analysis revealed that the directors had based their evaluation on more "external" criteria, such as age, being a Registered Dietitian, and possessing an extroverted personality. In contrast, the nutritionists' self-ratings were based on more introspective qualities, including self-perceived innovativeness, and the number of competencies which they felt they were currently performing well. The roles of work environment, nature of supervision, and type of educational preparation need to be assessed in future research. PMID- 6638232 TI - Establishing efficient interview periods for gonorrhea patients. AB - From February through December 1978, venereal disease casefinders in Polk County, Iowa used an expanded interview period of at least 120 days to interview 983 gonorrhea patients for sexual partner information. We grouped patients according to sex and clinical findings and evaluated the percentage of all new cases identified by time intervals within the expanded interview period. Ninety-one per cent of all untreated, infected sexual partners of symptomatic males were identified by using an interview period which spanned the interval from date of treatment to 15 days before symptom onset. In contrast, the traditional 30-day interview period missed 23 per cent of those untreated, infected partners named by women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 34 per cent of those partners named by women with uncomplicated gonorrhea, and 29 per cent of those named by asymptomatic men. The Polk County data suggest the importance of basing interview periods upon a patient's sex and clinical presentation. PMID- 6638233 TI - Infant botulism in the United States: an epidemiologic study of cases occurring outside of California. AB - Data were obtained for the 96 hospitalized cases of infant botulism reported to the Centers for Disease Control between 1976-1980 from all states other than California. Forty-one cases were associated with Clostridium botulinum type A, 53 with type B, one with type F, and one with a strain of C. botulinum capable of producing both type B and F toxin. Cases occurred in 25 states; the disease was more common in the western part of the United States, with the highest attack rates reported for Utah and New Mexico. Birth-weights of hospitalized infants with infant botulism tended to be high compared with birth-weights in the United States population. Mothers of infants with infant botulism tended to be older and better educated than mothers in the general population. Seventy per cent of infants had been predominantly breast-fed; breast-feeding in type B cases was associated with a significantly older age at onset of illness. PMID- 6638234 TI - Personal versus telephone surveys for collecting household health data at the local level. AB - Personal and telephone interview surveys were conducted simultaneously during 1981 in the same area (four counties in the area of Tampa Bay, Florida) and utilizing the same interview schedule. Following completion of the surveys, validity checks were made with the medical providers reported by a subsample of respondents to each mode. The telephone survey yielded a lower response rate but cost less than half the personal interview. There was some evidence of nonresponse bias in the telephone survey, and some relatively minor differences in responses were found between the two modes, but there was no conclusive evidence that the response differences resulted from mode effects. Telephone respondents appeared to be somewhat more accurate in their reporting of visits to medical providers, although accuracy comparisons must be interpreted with caution in view of the disparate success experienced for the two modes in securing permission forms for the release of medical record information. PMID- 6638235 TI - Worksite smoking cessation programs: a potential for national impact. AB - Data from three pilot studies of small worksite smoking cessation programs demonstrate that programs which appeal to all smokers in an organization, not just those who have stated an interest in achieving cessation, will attract a high per cent of smokers and assist an unusually high per cent of them to achieve and maintain abstinence. PMID- 6638236 TI - Coffee consumption during pregnancy and selected congenital malformations: a nationwide case-control study. AB - Finland leads the world in per capita coffee consumption. To evaluate the hypothesis that coffee consumption during pregnancy is teratogenic, 755 pairs of mothers of malformed children and their controls were personally interviewed soon after delivery. After excluding tea drinkers and pairs with inadequate information, the study group included 706 pairs. Study subjects consisted of mothers of children with 112 defects of the central nervous system, 241 orofacial clefts, 210 structural defects of the skeleton, and 143 cardiovascular malformations. The coffee consumption during pregnancy was similar for the mothers of malformed or non-malformed children. The comparison of the mothers drinking at least four cups of coffee a day during pregnancy with those not consuming coffee at all showed a relative risk point estimate of 1.0 with the 95 per cent confidence limits of 0.7 and 1.3. PMID- 6638237 TI - Effects of the Islamic Revolution in Iran on medical education: the Shiraz University School of Medicine. AB - Some consequences of the Islamic Revolution in Iran on medical education were studied utilizing the Shiraz University School of Medicine. Of the 173 full-time faculty employed in 1978, 108 (63 per cent) had left the university by the end of 1982, and 81 (47 per cent) had left the country, aggravating the chronic shortage of medical personnel in Iran. Steps taken by the Iranian authorities to counteract these trends have not proven effective. PMID- 6638238 TI - Variations in minimum licensing age and fatal motor vehicle crashes. AB - The effect of differences in the legal minimum licensing age on fatal motor vehicle crashes was studied in New Jersey (age 17), Massachusetts (age 16 1/2), and Connecticut (age 16). New Jersey's 17-year-old licensing law was associated with greatly reduced fatal crash involvement. It is estimated that 65 to 85 per cent reductions in 16 year-old-driver fatal crash involvement can be expected if the licensing age is increased from 16 to 17 without increasing fatal crash rates at older ages. PMID- 6638239 TI - The temporal relation between cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer. AB - Temporal trends in US cigarette smoking prevalence rates 1920 to 1978, were related to temporal trends in US pancreatic cancer mortality rates in both sexes. In males, the rise and fall in smoking prevalence was followed by a rise and recent fall in cancer rates. In females, the later rise in smoking prevalence has been accompanied by a rise in cancer rate, and a recent slight decline in smoking rate has been associated with a slowing of the rise in cancer rate. PMID- 6638240 TI - Genetic testing in the workplace. PMID- 6638241 TI - Right to refuse treatment and threat to public health. PMID- 6638242 TI - Symptomatic shoulder instability due to lesions of the glenoid labrum. AB - Lesions of the glenoid labrum can be associated with and cause shoulder instability and symptomatology by (1) allowing the shoulder to dislocate recurrently (anatomical instability); (2) allowing the shoulder to subluxate (anatomical instability); and (3) allowing the shoulder to click, catch, and lock secondary to partially attached fragments becoming interposed between the articular surfaces (functional instability). The latter two clinical entities are usually associated with "lesser" labral damage and diagnosis can be difficult. Six illustrative cases are presented and salient diagnostic and therapeutic points are discussed. The glenohumeral axillary arthrotomogram is presented as a sensitive diagnostic test for detecting labral lesions. PMID- 6638243 TI - Optimization of knee ligament position for lateral extraarticular reconstruction. AB - A kinematic study of five adult cadaver knees was performed to determine the behavior of the separation distances connecting all combinations of a network of points on the lateral side of the knee. Measurements were obtained between each pair of points at the level of the capsule for seven different angles of flexion ranging from 0 to 125 degrees. The data obtained allow further analysis of tendinous reconstructions attached to each pair of points as regards stretching and laxity throughout a normally occurring range of motion. The Rowe-Zarins combined intra- and extraarticular reconstruction, the Sling-and-Reef procedure, and other extraarticular methods were analyzed in light of these data. Attachment of a reconstruction at the proximal anterolateral tibia, in front of Gerdy's tubercle paired with femoral attachment high and proximal to the origin of the lateral collateral ligament on the femur, was observed to demonstrate favorable behavior for several reasons. First, such a check reign represents an obvious, major restraint to anterior translation as it is positioned well posteriorly on the femur and anteriorly on the tibia. Second, the attachment points were seen to demonstrate maximum separation between 15 and 45 degrees of flexion, thereby not being forced into any undesirable stretching if the knee were to move normally throughout the other portions of the motion cycle. Consequently, obligate stretch with full flexion or full extension would appear unlikely. Separation distances between attachment points were highly dependent upon changes in the femoral fixation point and much less variable as a result of tibial attachment position. Placing the knee through a flexion-extension range of motion with the tibia held unnaturally in external rotation, which is frequently done in the operating room, violates the normal kinematic pattern of knee motion. As a result, unsuitable attachment points may erroneously appear well behaved. This observation may offer one important explanation for long-term stretching of a ligament reconstruction which appeared satisfactorily tight and strong at the time of surgery. The data obtained allow proper positioning of anterolateral reconstructions so that this mode of stretching will not be encountered as a result of normal knee motion. PMID- 6638244 TI - Lateral reconstruction for anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee. AB - Sixty patients underwent surgery for correction of anterolateral rotatory instability using an extraarticular approach. Forty procedures were performed utilizing Hughston's technique which is outlined. This approach is shown to provide effective control of pivot shift and anterolateral rotatory laxity. PMID- 6638245 TI - Acute tears of the posterior cruciate ligament: clinical study and results of operative treatment in 27 cases. AB - Twenty-seven knees (in 27 patients) operated on for acute posterior cruciate ligament tears at the Istituto Ortopedico "G. Pini" of Milan from 1974 to 1979 are documented according to injury, type and degree of instability, surgical technique, and treatment. Materials for this study came from clinical evaluations, roentgenograms, and operative observations. Inability to obtain follow-up data eliminated two cases from the results. Followup on the other patients ranged from 2 to 5 years and consisted in part of individual interviews conducted after reintroduction into working and sporting activity. Three separate gradings of the results were assessed: objective, subjective, and functional. The overall results in the objective category were 48% good, 44% fair, and 8% poor. Functional gradings were 55% good and 45% fair, while subjectively patients reported 70% good and 30% fair results. PMID- 6638246 TI - Articular and ligamentous contributions to the stability of the elbow joint. AB - This preliminary study of four elbow specimens investigates the relationship of articular geometry and ligamentous structures in providing stability to the elbow joint. A technique is presented that describes the constraining features of varus valgus and distraction in extension and at 90 degree of elbow flexion. Valgus stability is equally divided among the medial collateral ligament, anterior capsule, and bony articulation in full extension; whereas, at 90 degrees of flexion the contribution of the anterior capsule is assumed by the medial collateral ligament which provides approximately 55% of the stabilizing contribution to valgus stress. Varus stress is noted to be resisted primarily by the anterior capsule (32%) and the joint articulation (55%) with only a small (14%) contribution from the radial collateral ligament. At 90 degrees of flexion, little change is noted in the contribution to the radial collateral ligament (9%), but the anterior capsule offers only 13%, with the remaining stability (75%) arising from the joint articulation. In extension, the soft tissue resistance to distraction is provided minimally by either the radial (5%) or the medial (5%) collateral ligaments, and thus primarily originates from the anterior capsule (85%). At 90 degrees of flexion, however, the capsule offers virtually no resistance to distraction (8%). The radial collateral ligament contributes 10% of the stability, while the medial collateral ligament accounts for 78% of the resistance to distraction in this position. Too few specimens have been studied to form any conclusions for direct clinical applications at this time. However, the technique provides a reliable tool with additional studies for different positions and loading conditions underway. These efforts should disclose useful information that might be applied to the management of chronic elbow instability, radial head or olecranon fracture, the design and implantation of elbow prostheses, or provide a rationale for other reconstructive procedures. PMID- 6638247 TI - 99m-Technetium phosphate compound joint scintigraphy in the management of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyles. AB - The known sensitivity of joint scintigraphy in following the course of fracture healing caused the authors to believe that this radiologic technique might be valuable in the management of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Accordingly, 99mTc diphosphonate joint scintigraphy was used on 18 patients with OCD of the knee. The average age was 13 1/2 years. The scintigrams were repeated at 6-week intervals until healing had occurred. When the diagnosis of OCD was established by standard roentgenograms and joint scintigraphy, the patients were placed on an activity restriction program, attempting to reach a symptom-free level. The patients were followed for an average of 18 months. Ninety-five scans were categorized according to their level of scintigraphic activity. This led to a discrete four-part scintigraphic classification that is indicative of the extent of healing or progression of this condition, and precedes changes seen on standard x-rays by months. Joint scintigraphy also rules out anomalies of ossification in the diagnosis of OCD since an anomaly should have a normal scintigraphic appearance. We have concluded that joint scintigraphy is valuable in the management of OCD because of its superior sensitivity to changes in the activity of the lesion. As experience is gained with this technique, those cases that should be prophylactically surgically stabilized may be indicated. PMID- 6638248 TI - Posttraumatic sports-related musculoskeletal abnormalities: prevalence in a normal population. AB - The prevalence of posttraumatic musculoskeletal (MS) abnormalities attributable to athletics within general populations has not been identified. In this study, comprehensive athletic histories and MS examinations were performed on 127 medical students, aged 23 to 32. A total of 158 separate congenital, developmental, and acquired MS abnormalities were detected among 93 subjects (73.2%). Forty-seven subjects (37.0%) demonstrated 64 separate sports-related abnormalities, including decreased joint range in motion (ROM), articular laxity, synovitis, tendinitis, and bursitis. Participants in contact sports had the highest prevalence, runners were intermediate, and participants in noncontact sports had the lowest prevalence of posttraumatic MS abnormalities. Ninety subjects (70.8%) had previous history of sports-related injuries. Participation in specific sports correlated with predictable injury patterns and with their sequelae as noted on physical examination. The data presented suggest a high incidence of sports injury in general populations, and demonstrate that posttraumatic MS abnormalities attributable to athletics are highly prevalent in otherwise normal young adults. PMID- 6638249 TI - The nonoperative treatment of grade I and II medial collateral ligament injuries to the knee. AB - A prospective investigation covering 8 years (1971 to 1978) at a major university was undertaken involving the nonoperative management of medial collateral ligament injuries to the knee. Rigid diagnostic criteria were used for each injury prior to inclusion in a program of functional rehabilitation without cast immobilization. Eighty-nine fresh ligamentous injuries were reviewed. Thirty eight knees required surgery. The remaining 51 knees were classified as isolated Grade I or Grade II injuries. Forty-two (80%) successfully completed the program of rehabilitation. Nine (20%) were considered failures. These were attributed to inadequate diagnoses during the early period of the study. Average time required for the athletes to return to full competition was 21 days (range of 9 to 32 days.) PMID- 6638250 TI - The Lenox Hill brace in anterolateral rotatory instability. AB - We evaluated the efficacy of the Lenox Hill Brace in controlling anterolateral rotatory instability (ALRI) of the knee. Thirty-six patients with ALRI previously fitted with the Lenox Hill Brace were examined and graded using standard clinical laxity tests. A comparison was made of the degree of instability with and without the brace applied. Of the 20 patients with ALRI, 89% of the knees with Grade I instability and 45% of those with Grade 2 instability were improved. Sixteen patients had combined anteromedial-anterolateral rotatory instability (AM-ALRI). Although AMRI was improved in all, ALRI was unchanged in 69%, in spite of proper brace specifications and fit. PMID- 6638251 TI - Stress fracture of the fifth metatarsal. AB - Stress fractures of the fifth metatarsal have been reported with increasing frequency, especially in athletes. Prolonged healing time and the risk of refracture following conservative treatment have led to recommendations for operative treatment including bone grafting of these fractures. An axial intramedullary screw, inserted without opening the fracture site, was used in 10 athletes with stress fractures of the fifth metatarsal. Union was obtained in all patients in an average of 7.5 weeks. All patients returned to their sports in an average of 8.5 weeks postoperatively. There were no operative complications or refractures after screw insertion. Complaints of local pain over the screw head and/or the fifth metatarsal head, seen in 7 of the 10 patients, were relieved by local shoe modifications. PMID- 6638252 TI - Transchondral fracture of the dome of the talus sustained during weight training. PMID- 6638253 TI - Ganglion cysts and tear of triangular fibrocartilages of both wrists in a cheerleader. PMID- 6638254 TI - Traumatic osteitis pubis: the gracilis syndrome. AB - The "gracilis syndrome," a fatigue fracture of traumatic etiology involving the bony origin of the gracilis muscle at the pubic symphysis, is akin to traumatic osteitis pubis and injuries of the adductor longus muscle origin. It is a well recognized and reported injury in European athletes, but has received less attention in North America. This paper describes a case of this syndrome in a 23 year-old male athlete with a 2-year history of groin, perineal and medial thigh pain, of gradual onset, associated with his participation in rather violent contact sports. The only positive finding on examination was the belated appearance of local tenderness over the symphysis pubis. Radiographically, a bony fragment, including the inferior corner of his left pubis at the symphysis, could be identified. This lesion was surgically excised, and the patient was relieved of his symptoms. The histopathological features of the fragment revealed both viable and nonviable bony trabeculae embedded in fibrous tissue, suggesting that the lesion is an avulsion type of fatigue fracture with the avulsion related to the directional pull of the gracilis muscle. PMID- 6638255 TI - Cystic degeneration of the plantaris muscle simulating a baker's cyst: a case report. PMID- 6638256 TI - Bilateral distal radius and ulnar shafts in adolescent weight lifters. PMID- 6638257 TI - Surgical pathology of endoscopically removed malignant polyps of the colon and rectum. AB - Fifty-six endoscopically removed malignant polyps of the colon and rectum were studied to assess criteria for adequacy of therapeutic polypectomy. Features examined were: 1) tumor grade; 2) lymphatic invasion; 3) tumor extent (head, stalk, margin); 4) sessile versus pedunculated; 5) size; and 6) type of background adenoma. Thirty-four patients underwent colon resection while the remaining 22 malignant polyps were followed for a mean of 4.5 years. Five (8.9%) malignant polyps metastasized to lymph nodes while three cases showed metachronous liver metastases. Pathologically, malignant polyps were grouped into 28 long stalk (LS), 21 short stalk (SS), and seven sessile types, with a lymph node metastatic rate of 0%, 19%, and 14%, respectively. Only one of six malignant polyps with lymphatic invasion had any lymph node metastases (16.5), while 66% of grade III cancers had lymph node metastases. In those 24 cases with tumor at or near the resection margin (17 SS and seven sessile cases), the incidence of lymph node metastases or local recurrence was 25%. The incidence of lymph node metastases or local recurrence was 0% among the 28 LS polyps and the four SS polyps with tumor limited to the head. Two of seven polypoid carcinomas (28.5%) metastasized; however, both had positive resection margins. There was no difference in size between metastasizing and nonmetastasizing malignant polyps. Of the 36 cases where histological criteria indicated polypectomy inadequate, the incidence of lymph node metastases or local recurrence was 17%. There were no metastases or recurrences where polypectomy was considered histologically adequate. LS polyps may be treated by polypectomy alone, except in those cases with grade III cancer, lymphatic invasion, or tumor at the resection margin. SS polyps with cancer limited to the head may be treated similarly to LS polyps, while all other SS polyps and sessile polyps should undergo resection postpolypectomy. PMID- 6638258 TI - Chondroid chordoma. Electron-microscopic study of two cases. AB - Chondroid chordoma is an unusual tumor composed of an admixture of chondromatous and chordomatous tissue usually located in the spheno-occipital region. This tumor shares many of the clinical and histologic features of classic chordoma and chondrosarcoma and has been shown to have a better prognosis than either of these lesions. To the best of our knowledge, no ultrastructural studies have been performed in the 26 cases of chondroid chordoma published previously. We document the ultrastructural features of two examples of chondroid chordoma. Certain features such as prominent and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, intracytoplasmic glycogen aggregates, and abundant fibrillogranular matrix are common to chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and chondroid chordoma. The presence of well formed tonofilament desmosome complexes as well as complexes composed of alternating profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were seen only in chordoma and chondroid chordoma, but not in cartilaginous tumors. Of particular interest was the finding of crystalline, tubular structures within the rough endoplasmic reticulum of both cases of chondroid chordoma, a finding not described previously. The distinction of chondroid chordoma from classical chordoma is said to be a difficult one at the light-microscopic level, and we suggest that these intraergastoplasmic tubular structures might constitute an extremely helpful differential marker. PMID- 6638259 TI - Plexiform (multinodular) schwannoma. A tumor simulating the plexiform neurofibroma. AB - We describe a rare variant of schwannoma characterized by a interconnecting multinodular growth mimicking a plexiform neurofibroma. The schwannoma recurred twice. The second recurrence was not excised and has not increased in size for 1 1/2 years. The patient is alive and well, 3 years and 4 months after the first excision with no clinical evidence of metastasis. PMID- 6638260 TI - Chronic obstructive pancreatitis after healing of a necrotic pseudocyst. AB - Seven patients presented with chronic pancreatitis localized upstream to a complete stenosis of the main pancreatic duct in its median part. This stenosis seemed to be secondary to the healing of a necrotic pseudocyst after either acute pancreatitis (four patients) or blunt abdominal trauma (three patients). In five patients, after spontaneous regression of the clinical symptoms of the initial pseudocyst, a silent period which ranged from 2 to 5 months was followed by recurrent attacks of pain of lesser intensity and shorter duration (less than 2 days) than observed during the evolution of the initial pseudocyst. These attacks of pain decreased spontaneously with time, probably because of the atrophy of the left part of the pancreas drained by the obstructed duct (in 6 months to 2.5 years). In 2 patients, the initial pseudocyst was revealed at the same time as the obstructive pancreatitis. The histologic features of chronic obstructive pancreatitis have been described. Fibrosis uniformly spread throughout the diseased pancreas with uniform atrophy of the exocrine parenchyma. Dilated ducts showed far less damages than in chronic calcifying pancreatitis. Since spontaneous clinical healing may be observed, surgical treatment is often useless. Only in patients with severe or frequent attacks is a Roux-Y anastomosis with the dilated part of the main pancreatic duct indicated rather than a risky left pancreatectomy. PMID- 6638261 TI - Colonic complications of acute pancreatitis and pancreatic abscess. AB - Colonic involvement should be suspected in patients with severe acute pancreatitis, especially in the following clinical settings: plain abdominal radiographs suggesting bowel ischemia, colonic obstruction, acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage, gram-negative septicemia, enteric bacteria on Gram stain or culture of peritoneal fluid, and feculent abdominal drainage from a previously drained pancreatic abscess. Intraoperatively, the pancreas should be widely drained and the fecal stream diverted. Colonic hemorrhage and nonviable bowel require immediate resection. Broad-spectrum antibiotic administration and vigorous nutritional support also are required in these critically ill patients. Although proximal diversion and pancreatic diversion alone may suffice, colonic resection may be required later for persistent obstruction or fistulization, but in a more elective setting. Colonic anastomoses should be performed only when pancreatic inflammation and associated sepsis have resolved completely. PMID- 6638262 TI - Incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in patients with atheromatous arterial disease. AB - Seventy-three patients with atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease underwent prospective evaluation of the abdominal aorta by both physical examination and ultrasonography. The objective was to find out the incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms by these two methods. Early diagnosis may decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Ultrasonography established an incidence of 9.6 percent, whereas physical examination only demonstrated a 2.6 percent incidence. We recommend that routine ultrasonographic examination be performed on patients with peripheral atherosclerotic vascular disease in order to demonstrate the presence or absence of abdominal aortic aneurysm. PMID- 6638263 TI - Noninvasive diagnosis of internal carotid artery occlusion. AB - In summary, internal carotid artery occlusion can be reliably diagnosed by noninvasive techniques, particularly when complementary studies such as B-mode imaging, oculopneumoplethysmography and Doppler frequency spectral analysis are used in combination. Our data suggest that it may also be possible to distinguish acute thrombosis from chronic occlusion by real-time ultrasonography, although further evaluation is necessary. Additional clinically important information about the ipsilateral external carotid artery and the contralateral internal carotid artery is also obtained with this combination of noninvasive studies. Finally, although internal carotid artery occlusion remains a therapeutic challenge to the clinician, its noninvasive diagnosis may be of great help in planning early therapy and in determining arteriographic needs. PMID- 6638264 TI - Therapeutic and clinical course of deep vein thrombosis. AB - We have reviewed our experience with the treatment of 250 patients with deep vein thrombosis diagnosed by contrast venography. The level of thrombosis was recorded according to the anatomic level to which it extended. A third of the patients had cancer, and the most common clinical findings were swelling and pain. The risk of the development of pulmonary embolism, based on the anatomic level of initial deep vein thrombosis, revealed the following: 12 of 115 patients (10 percent) with level I (calf) deep vein thrombosis developed pulmonary embolism, as did 2 of 27 patients (7 percent) with level II (popliteal) disease, 5 of 60 (8 percent) with level III (thigh) disease, 1 of 19 patients (5 percent) with level IV (groin) disease, and 2 of 26 patients (8 percent) with level V (iliac) disease. Based on our favorable experience with heparin we believe that heparin is the treatment of choice for deep vein thrombosis regardless of the anatomic level. The incidence of pulmonary embolism does not appear to be influenced significantly by the level of the deep vein thrombosis. PMID- 6638265 TI - Complications and weight loss in 150 consecutive gastric exclusion patients. Critical review. AB - Results of extensive follow-up for weight loss and complications in 150 consecutive patients who underwent a standardized gastric exclusion procedure have been presented. A comparative review of the literature has also been presented. All patients were followed for up to 6 years (mean 27.8 months). Only one patient was lost to follow-up. Complications during this period occurred in 54.7 percent of our patients. These were mainly postsurgical biliary disease and ventral hernias. Our recent experience has suggested that the latter complications could have been prevented. The absence of pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and stomal ulcer in our series, as well as the low incidence of perforations, thrombophlebitis, and stomal and pouch complications suggest that the occurrence of these complications can be minimized as well. Patients in this series lost an average of 75 percent of their excess weight, 38 percent of their original weight, and stabilized at 30 percent above their ideal body weight. Ninety percent of the weight loss occurred in the first 12 months. Eighty percent of the patients, however, continued to lose weight 18 months postoperatively and 40 percent lost weight up to 24 months postoperatively. Weight loss has been maintained from 2 to 5 years. In conclusion, analysis of available data has demonstrated that careful patient selection, attention to technical detail, and close follow-up are of paramount importance for providing successful results and minimizing complications in the morbidly obese population who undergo gastric exclusion surgery. PMID- 6638266 TI - Perioperative complications of gastric restrictive operations. AB - It has not been established which gastric restrictive operation produces the lowest postoperative morbidity. Of a total of 565 morbidly obese patients who underwent various operations, perioperative complications occurred in 70 patients who underwent gastric bypass with loop gastrojejunostomy, 192 patients who underwent Roux-Y gastrojejunostomy, 47 patients who had greater curvature gastroplasty, 226 who had gastrogastrostomy and 40 who had vertical banded gastroplasty performed on a total of 565 morbidly obese patients. Twenty (3.5 percent) of the patients had intraoperative complications that were not related to the specific procedure. The exception was splenic injury which should not occur with vertical banded gastroplasty. Twenty-five (4.4 percent) of the patients had general postoperative complications that were not related to differences in techniques of the five operations. Two postoperative deaths were caused by massive pulmonary embolism and one by cardiopulmonary arrest. When the complications specifically related to the five different operative techniques were compared, there was a 14.3 percent incidence with gastric bypass with loop gastrojejunostomy, a 14.5 percent incidence with Roux-Y gastrojejunostomy, a 23.4 percent incidence with greater curvature gastroplasty, a 10.2 percent incidence with gastrogastrostomy, and no incidence with vertical banded gastroplasty. The potentially most serious complication, leak from the stomach, was most common with the two types of gastric bypass operations but it also occurred with greater curvature gastroplasty and gastrogastrostomy. This study has indicated that vertical banded gastroplasty is the safest operation. Our 1 year follow-up findings indicate it is as effective as any of the other operations in helping patients lose weight. PMID- 6638269 TI - Nissen fundoplication. Results at 10 year follow-up. AB - Between 1970 and 1973, 94 patients underwent Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux; 60 of the 94 patients returned for follow-up study in 1982. The same surgeon operated on all the patients, and another physician who did not participate in the treatment interviewed the attending patients. Four patients (7 percent) had persistent symptoms, 7 patients had recurrent symptoms (in 3, during the first postoperative year, and in four, 2 to 10 years postoperatively), and 47 (78 percent) had postfundoplication symptoms which were moderate in most but disturbing in some. Some technical details in the performance of the fundoplication could reduce the frequency of the fundoplication symptoms. Because recurrent symptoms may appear late, even 10 years or more after operation, a definitive evaluation of the results of Nissen fundoplication is impossible to perform. PMID- 6638267 TI - Maintenance of nutritional competence after gastric partitioning for morbid obesity. AB - Can normal nutritional status, as indicated by albumin, transferrin and lean body mass values, be maintained during a 100 lb weight loss after gastric partitioning? Fifteen morbidly obese patients with normal nutritional status were fed three diets before (diet A) and after (diets B and C) gastric partitioning, and changes in albumin, transferrin, and lean body mass were monitored. Diets A and C were compositionally equal and contained 40 to 60 g of protein and 600 to 900 calories administered in six to eight equally divided portions per day. Diet B contained 20 to 40 g of protein and 600 to 800 calories per day and was given through a gastrostomy tube for three months after surgery while oral input was limited to noncaloric liquids. Results showed that weight loss was more rapid before surgery with diet A, than after surgery with diet B or C (diet A versus diet B, p less than 0.05; diet A versus diet C, p less than 0.05). Lean body mass was maintained with each diet, but transferrin (p less than 0.01) and albumin (p less than 0.05) decreased while patients were fed diet B. When gastrostomy tube feedings were discontinued, diet C restored albumin and transferrin to preoperative values (diet C versus diet B, p less than 0.05, diet C versus diet A, p greater than 0.1). Total postoperative weight loss averaged 106 +/- 20 lb after 2 years. These data show that in carefully selected patients with morbid obesity who demonstrate compliance to diet A before surgery, a 100 lb weight loss may be achieved while nutritional competence is maintained. PMID- 6638268 TI - Critical analysis of jejunoileal bypass. AB - This study analyzed a group of morbidly obese patients who underwent jejunoileal bypass over a 10 year period. Patients underwent either a Payne or Scott procedure. Weight loss was reported in terms of percent of excessive weight loss. Results showed that patients who had a Payne bypass had an average excess weight loss of 75 percent, whereas those with the Scott bypass had an average excess weight loss of 61 percent. All patients lost weight. Complications in this series were lower than what has been traditionally reported. The problem that occurred most often was kidney stones (8 percent of the patients). There has been only one death to date. The low incidence of complications can be attributed to the fact that the patients were evaluated, operated on, supervised, and followed by one doctor and his associated nurses. Thus, it is proposed that jejunoileal bypass, compounded with good patient care and careful patient selection, can produce positive results with a minimum number of problems. PMID- 6638270 TI - Duffy antigens and cancer in a black population. AB - A genetic study of hybrid Baltimore blacks in relation to the presence of cancer may be timely since the mortality rate in blacks compared with the mortality rate in whites has increased considerably. The appearance of white genes in black persons may provide some help in such a study. A positive relationship was not established in a group of randomly selected black patients when Duffy phenotypes were examined in patients with cancer. PMID- 6638271 TI - Cause of primary vaginal hydrocele and ascites in advanced liver cirrhosis. AB - Primary hydrocele occurs due to a great reduction in protein outflow from the tunica vaginalis cavity and is not due to obstruction of fluid outflow because fluid continues to flow at a nearly normal rate. Fluid collects because of the increased osmotic pressure due to retained proteins and cholesterol. In other words, the fluid is captured from within the sac. Increased capillary permeability is secondary to the increased amount of hydrocele fluid. In idiopathic hydrocele, the hinderance of protein is due to the obstruction of the pores in the intercellular cement substance of the seroendothelial membrane. In acquired hydrocele, the hinderance of protein is due to lymphatic obstruction. The same mechanism may be applied to the occurrence of ascites in advanced liver cirrhosis. If we are able to recognize the substance that occludes the intercellular pores and dissolve it so the occluded pores are reopened, thus allowing the passage of hindered proteins, operation can be avoided and the problem of ascites can be solved. PMID- 6638272 TI - Nutrition and immunity after peritoneovenous drainage of intractable ascites in cirrhotic patients. AB - Severe malnutrition and related impaired cell-mediated immunity are commonly found in cirrhotic patients with intractable ascites and may be responsible for the poor prognosis of these patients. The effects of LeVeen peritoneovenous shunting of ascites on protein reserves and cell-mediated immunity were studied in 31 cirrhotic patients with intractable ascites over a period of 1 year following operation. Arm-muscle circumference, serum albumin, and transferrin levels markedly increased and became close to the normal values. In the same period, delayed hypersensitivity improved. Although the lymphocyte count and the absolute T cell concentration in peripheral blood remained low after peritoneovenous shunting, the in vitro lymphoblastic transformation in response to phytohemagglutinin was augmented. An increased capacity to eat normal meals and the resumption of a good appetite due to the discontinuation of a salt restricted diet seemed to be the most important factors in the dramatic improvement in the nutritional status of these patients. Restriction from heavy alcohol use may have also contributed, although the patients had already stopped drinking for several months before operation. Improvement in cell-mediated immunity might have been secondary to the increase in protein reserves. PMID- 6638273 TI - Unsuspected hepatic abscess associated with biliary tract disease. AB - Experience at Beth Israel Medical Center with 10 patients who had unsuspected intrahepatic abscesses due to biliary tract disease led to a reevaluation of this entity. Ultrasonography, computerized tomography, and radionuclide imaging techniques have radically altered the approach to the evaluation and management of this disease in the last several years, and rapid diagnosis and treatment have led to a markedly improved prognosis, especially in those patients with calculous disease of the biliary tract. PMID- 6638274 TI - Use of the barium swallow in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. AB - A simplified radiographic procedure was utilized in children with suspected acute appendicitis in an effort to improve diagnostic accuracy. Children with suspected appendicitis were given 6 oz of barium by mouth, and follow-up posteroanterior, and oblique radiographs of the abdomen were obtained 6 to 12 hours after barium ingestion. Appendicitis was not seen in 63 children with complete appendiceal filling. An 8 percent incidence of appendicitis was seen with partial appendiceal filling. A 42 percent incidence of appendicitis was noted in 110 children with nonvisualization of the appendix, and an 86 percent incidence of appendicitis was noted where there was a mass effect on the cecum. The advantages and disadvantages of the barium swallow have been discussed. By utilizing the barium swallow as a diagnostic adjunct, an overall 95 percent accuracy rate in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis was achieved over a 4 1/2 year period. PMID- 6638275 TI - Spontaneous hepatic hemorrhage during pregnancy. AB - Spontaneous rupture of the liver during pregnancy seems to represent an extreme vascular complication of toxemia. The very high mortality rate has generally been attributable to uncontrolled hemorrhage. However, control of the hemorrhage may not be sufficient to achieve recovery. Hepatic dysfunction may proceed to necrosis associated with multiple organ failure, even after successful hemostasis. Although ligation of the hepatic artery has been successful in controlling hemorrhage in hepatic trauma, this maneuver may contribute to injury in patients with this lesion in whom there is a preexisting hepatic abnormality. In this brief review, the relationship of the underlying pathology to a variety of therapeutic measures in the context of a catastrophic complication of pregnancy are discussed. PMID- 6638276 TI - Subcutaneous mastectomy in the treatment of breast disease. PMID- 6638277 TI - Long-term results of fundoplication. PMID- 6638278 TI - VIth International Symposium of Posturography. Kyoto, 17th-19th September 1981. Part 1. PMID- 6638279 TI - VIth International Symposium of Posturography. Kyoto, 17th-19th September 1981 Part 2. PMID- 6638280 TI - [Study of the microbial flora in a neurosurgical unit. Computer processing of the data]. PMID- 6638281 TI - [Postoperative infectious complications in neurosurgery]. PMID- 6638282 TI - [Immune depression in neurosurgical traumatology. Study of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity by the Multitest]. PMID- 6638283 TI - [Neurologic infectious complications in patients with transplants. Apropos of 8 cases]. PMID- 6638284 TI - [Tomodensitometry in infectious brain syndromes]. PMID- 6638285 TI - [Tomodensitometry in the early diagnosis and therapeutic management of brain abscess. Neuropathological and tomodensitometric correlations]. PMID- 6638287 TI - [Peculiar cytobacteriology of the CSF collected from neurosurgical patients]. PMID- 6638286 TI - [Tomodensitometric aspects of intracranial infections in children]. PMID- 6638288 TI - [Diffusion of antibiotics in the cerebrospinal fluid]. PMID- 6638289 TI - [Changes in the ventricular and serum levels of fosfomycin during treatment of 5 cases of coagulase-negative staphylococcal ventriculitis]. PMID- 6638290 TI - [Iatrogenic infection of neurosurgical implanted equipment (epidural, intrathecal, intracerebroventricular catheters). Evaluation of 3 years of use]. PMID- 6638291 TI - [Risk of meningitis from the placement of shunts in neurosurgery. 1st results of an open randomized series of patients treated with oxacillin compared to a control series]. PMID- 6638292 TI - [Infectious iatrogenic complications of continuous epidural analgesia]. PMID- 6638293 TI - [Glomerulonephritis disclosing a ventriculoatrial shunt infection]. PMID- 6638294 TI - [Current concepts in the treatment of severe bacterial meningitis]. PMID- 6638295 TI - [2 cases of intracerebral arteritis, a rare complication of acute bacterial meningitis]. PMID- 6638296 TI - [Neuropsychological disorders associated with severe primary acute infectious pneumopathies in adults]. PMID- 6638297 TI - [Nontraumatic cerebral abscesses and empyema. Bacteriologic diagnosis and management of antibiotic treatment (41 cases)]. PMID- 6638298 TI - [3 cases of surgical wound superinfection in cerebral neurosurgery]. PMID- 6638299 TI - [Posttraumatic rhinorrhea and otorrhea: risk of infection evaluated in 96 fistulae]. PMID- 6638302 TI - [Etiology and treatment of posttraumatic and postoperative meningitis (56 cases)]. PMID- 6638301 TI - [Infectious complications of open skull injuries and therapeutic management]. PMID- 6638300 TI - [Incidence and risk factors in meningitis after head injury (8 cases)]. PMID- 6638303 TI - [A case of postoperative meningitis caused by 3 gram-negative bacteria]. PMID- 6638304 TI - [Significance of bacteriology study in the treatment of intracranial suppuration (102 cases)]. PMID- 6638305 TI - [Treatment of postoperative subcutaneous cellulitis in neurosurgery with preservation of the bone flap]. PMID- 6638306 TI - [Importance of the systematic culture of subcutaneous and extradural drainage tubes in neurosurgery]. PMID- 6638307 TI - [Peroperative prophylactic antibiotics in neurosurgery]. PMID- 6638308 TI - [Antibiotic prophylaxis of postoperative infectious complications in neurosurgery]. PMID- 6638309 TI - [Trial prevention of the risk of infection during treatment of hydrocephalus in children by cerebrospinal fluid shunts]. PMID- 6638310 TI - [Incidence of pneumopathies in severe cranial injuries. Retrospective study of 94 cases]. PMID- 6638311 TI - [Prevention and treatment by head-down prone posture of pneumopathies in mechanically ventilated cranial injuries. Influence on intracranial pressure]. PMID- 6638312 TI - [Incidence of infection by yeasts in neurosurgical resuscitation. 2-year evaluation]. PMID- 6638313 TI - [Impact of infection on mortality and morbidity in multiple injuries with cerebral involvement (study of 90 cases)]. PMID- 6638314 TI - [Cranial injuries with brain stem lesions in children]. PMID- 6638315 TI - [Malnutrition and immunodepression in young adults with cranial injuries during the first 10 days of resuscitation]. PMID- 6638316 TI - [Prevention of vascular spasm during hyperselective carotid-vertebral catheterization]. PMID- 6638317 TI - [Rhabdomyolysis, complication of the knee-chest position]. PMID- 6638318 TI - The association-induction hypothesis. A theoretical foundation provided for the possible beneficial effects of a low Na, high K diet and other similar regimens in the treatment of patients suffering from debilitating illnesses. PMID- 6638319 TI - General metabolic dysfunction in septic shock. PMID- 6638321 TI - Standardization in platform stabilometry being a part of posturography. PMID- 6638320 TI - Vitamin C and longevity. PMID- 6638322 TI - Changes in postural control and vision induced by multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6638323 TI - [Are the parameters of the Fukuda's stepping test valid?]. PMID- 6638324 TI - Carotid-body-like tissue within the recurrent laryngeal nerve: an endoneural chemosensitive micro-organ? AB - Paraganglia associated with the ninth and tenth cranial nerves have been observed in several locations in the head and neck region. The most studied of these organs, both morphologically and functionally, is the carotid body, a chemoreceptor organ located in the carotid bifurcation. In the present study a microglomus (microparaganglion) composed of islands of carotid-body-like cells was found in the endoneural space of the recurrent laryngeal nerve of rats, 5 to 10 mm from the nerve entrance into the larynx. This microglomus was surrounded by bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Fenestrated blood vessels were observed between cells. The cells were characterized by their cytoplasmic membrane-bound granules and dense-core vesicles. Ultrastructurally, these cells seemed to be identical to carotid body chemoreceptor cells and thus to indicate that the cells of the microglomus store catecholamines. Nerve terminals impinging on the cells, classified as both afferent and efferent, were also identified. The recurrent laryngeal endoneural microglomus may have a chemosensitive function influencing the laryngeal physiologic reflex mechanisms. PMID- 6638325 TI - Hearing loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. AB - With use of standard audiometric procedures, the hearing thresholds of patients with known diabetic retinopathy did not differ significantly from those of a control population group. However, use of a more subtle psychoacoustic tool--a filtered speech task--showed a definite difference in hearing acuity between the two groups. PMID- 6638326 TI - Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the tongue. AB - Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare malignancy. To our knowledge, 13 cases in the head and neck have been reported previously. It occurs more commonly in the extremities, where it is associated with a poor prognosis. Its clinical course resembles that of adenoid cystic adenocarcinoma in that late metastases often cause death in 10 to 15 years. A 5-year-old girl with alveolar soft part sarcoma was successfully treated with partial glossectomy and is free of disease at two year follow-up. PMID- 6638327 TI - Upper airway obstruction due to laryngeal coccidioidomycosis in a 5-year-old child. AB - Laryngeal coccidioidomycosis with severe upper airway obstruction occurred in a 5 year-old boy. Diagnosis was confirmed by positive serum precipitin and complement fixation titers, pathologic demonstration of typical Coccidioides spherules in biopsy specimens from subglottic tissue and paratracheal lymph nodes, and culture of C. immitis from the subglottic tissue specimen. The child was treated successfully with tracheostomy and intravenously administered amphotericin B (total dose of 60 mg/kg). PMID- 6638328 TI - Central auditory testing. PMID- 6638329 TI - [Development of regulatory mechanisms of the reproductive system in the antenatal ontogenesis]. PMID- 6638330 TI - [Endocrine function of the reproductive system in girls with amenorrhea and weight loss]. PMID- 6638331 TI - [Clinical manifestations and principles of the diagnosis of hyperandrogenism in adolescents]. PMID- 6638332 TI - [Development of menstrual and ovulatory functions in girls born to mothers with sclerocystic ovary syndrome]. PMID- 6638333 TI - [Somatic and sexual development and health status of girls born to mothers with placental dysfunction]. PMID- 6638334 TI - [Physical development of prematurely born girls]. PMID- 6638335 TI - [Luteinizing hormone excretion and cortisol secretion in patients with pubertal hypothalamic syndrome]. PMID- 6638336 TI - [Principles of the management of patients with juvenile uterine hemorrhage]. PMID- 6638337 TI - [Reflexotherapy of juvenile uterine hemorrhage with low-intensity laser beam]. PMID- 6638338 TI - [Combines step-by-step treatment of adolescent girls with menstruation disorders]. PMID- 6638339 TI - [Role of chronic tonsillitis in the development of reproduction disorders during puberty]. PMID- 6638340 TI - [Gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland and secretion of sex hormones in girls with malignant ovarian tumors]. PMID- 6638341 TI - [Vaginal rhabdomyosarcoma in children]. PMID- 6638342 TI - [Oophoropexy (ovariopexy) in the prevention of radiation castration in children]. PMID- 6638344 TI - [A pattern of hair distribution in healthy women with normal reproductive function]. PMID- 6638343 TI - [Pregnancy outcomes in women with sex chromosome abnormalities]. PMID- 6638345 TI - [Possibilities of computed tomography in gynecology]. PMID- 6638346 TI - [Morpho-functional characteristics of the artificial vagina]. PMID- 6638347 TI - [Surgical treatment of infertility using radiopaque collagen protectors as tubal prosthesis]. PMID- 6638348 TI - [A case of uterus involvement with tuberculosis and malignant tumor]. PMID- 6638349 TI - [Relation between the coagulative and fibrinolytic properties of the plasma and the uterine tube tissue in experimental infectious salpingitis]. PMID- 6638350 TI - [Principles of the organization of therapeutic and preventive care in gynecologic diseases in children and adolescents]. PMID- 6638351 TI - [Contractile activity and tonus of the uterus during the physiological course of pregnancy]. PMID- 6638352 TI - [Blood levels of progesterone and its derivatives during normal pregnancy and normal labor]. PMID- 6638353 TI - [Contractile function of the uterus in primiparas in normal labor]. PMID- 6638354 TI - [Effect of seasonal and climatic factors on catecholamine excretion during the period preparatory to labor]. PMID- 6638355 TI - [Effect of duration of labor on the erythropoietin level in maternal and neonatal blood]. PMID- 6638356 TI - [Changes in the indices of carbohydrate-phosphorus metabolism in women with acute hemorrhage during labor management]. PMID- 6638357 TI - [Effect of sodium oxybutyrate on changes in the electrolyte balance and acid-base equilibrium in labor]. PMID- 6638358 TI - [Determination of serum ferritin in the diagnosis of occult iron deficiency in uncomplicated pregnancy]. PMID- 6638359 TI - [Electroencephalographic changes during sleep in women in normal and pathological pregnancy]. PMID- 6638360 TI - [Pregnancy course and labor outcomes in primigravidas over 30 years old]. PMID- 6638361 TI - [Use of peridural analgesia during treatment of uterine inertia]. PMID- 6638362 TI - [Erythrocyte and iron indices following cesarean section]. PMID- 6638363 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the results of intra- and extraperitoneal cesarean section]. PMID- 6638364 TI - [Change in hemodynamic indices in normal pregnancies during cesarean section]. PMID- 6638365 TI - [Effect of ketamine anesthesia during cesarean section on central hemodynamics in the parturient]. PMID- 6638366 TI - [Effect of exogenous phospholipids on lipid metabolism indices in late pregnancy toxemias and in the newborn]. PMID- 6638367 TI - [Health status of women after puerperal sepsis]. PMID- 6638368 TI - [Quantitative characteristics of milk microflora in the diagnosis of puerperal mastitis]. PMID- 6638369 TI - [Use of the helium-neon laser for treatment of nipple cracks]. PMID- 6638370 TI - [Characteristics of the course of heterozygous beta-thalassemia in pregnancy]. PMID- 6638371 TI - [Clinical picture, prevention and treatment of hemorrhoids in pregnancy]. PMID- 6638372 TI - [Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in obstetric practice]. PMID- 6638373 TI - [Determination of gestational age and delivery date by ultrasonic measurement of total intrauterine volume]. PMID- 6638374 TI - [Effect of abortion on premature labor]. PMID- 6638376 TI - [Changes in and characteristics of the monitoring of the reactivity and variability of the heart rate of the premature fetus during a non stress test (NST)]. PMID- 6638375 TI - [The course and outcome of pregnancy in women residing in a region with intensive chemical industry]. PMID- 6638377 TI - [Epidural anesthesia during labor]. PMID- 6638378 TI - [Our experience with primary and continuous respiration resuscitation in newborn infants]. PMID- 6638379 TI - [10-years' experience in the prevention and diagnosis of cervix neoplasms]. PMID- 6638380 TI - [Hysterocervicoscopy in the diagnosis of endometrial and cervix precancer and cancer]. PMID- 6638381 TI - [Use of essential oils in the treatment of various inflammatory cervix diseases]. PMID- 6638382 TI - [Metastasis, classification and methods of treatment of early invasive cervix cancer]. PMID- 6638383 TI - [Our experience with conization of the cervix uteri]. PMID- 6638384 TI - [Treatment of benign changes in the cervix uteri by cryosurgery]. PMID- 6638385 TI - [Surgical treatment of Stage IB cervix cancer (preliminary communication)]. PMID- 6638386 TI - [The cervix uteri as a site of local immunity against sperm antigens]. PMID- 6638387 TI - [Epididymodeferentovesiculography--a routine method in the diagnosis of male infertility]. PMID- 6638388 TI - [Possible applications of partusisten in obstetrics]. PMID- 6638389 TI - [Classification of cervix incompetence]. PMID- 6638390 TI - [Use of tocolysis as a routine method of preventing spontaneous abortions and premature labor]. PMID- 6638391 TI - [Use of a urinary balloon catheter in abortions after the 20th week of gestation and in premature labor]. PMID- 6638392 TI - Internal carotid velocity measurements in children with cerebrovascular disease. AB - Internal carotid artery flow velocity was evaluated by the Doppler ultrasound method in 32 children with cerebrovascular disease. The average maximal blood velocity (A/L) and end-diastolic blood velocity (d) were compared with each other as indices of blood flow velocity. The right and left mean A/L and d of moyamoya disease were significantly lower than those observed in normal children. The A/L and d of the affected side both in internal carotid artery occlusion and in middle cerebral artery occlusion were also significantly low. In the subarachnoid hemorrhage after rupture, these values were significantly low. In basilar artery occlusion, these values were similar to those in normal children. The results of this study indicate that Doppler ultrasound assessment of internal carotid flow velocity provides noninvasive reliable information for the diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease in childhood. PMID- 6638393 TI - Neurological complications in Kawasaki disease. AB - We have experienced 540 cases with Kawasaki disease over the past 10 years. Six of them (1.1%) had neurological complications with clinical manifestation. Two infants had central nervous system involvement with remarkable changes of cerebrum on CT scan during an acute stage, and these findings disappeared completely within six months. One of these two patients showed no abnormal changes on cerebral angiography. The other four infants had lower motor neuron facial palsy of acute onset and improved within two months. PMID- 6638394 TI - Effects of ketogenic diet on electroconvulsive threshold and brain contents of adenosine nucleotides. AB - The anticonvulsive effect of a ketogenic diet was investigated using mice fed on a ketogenic milk powder which contained medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). Electroconvulsive shocking and determination of adenosine nucleotides in mice brain were performed on three mice groups, (1) a control group; free access to a commercially available diet, (2) a fasted group; fasted for two days, and (3) a ketotic group; fasted for two days and then fed on the ketogenic milk powder for two weeks. The maximal electroconvulsive threshold of the ketotic group was significantly higher than that of the fasted group (p less than 0.001). The maximal electroconvulsive threshold of the fasted group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p less than 0.05). The contents of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the brain of the ketotic group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that chronic ketosis with the ketogenic diet increases the contents of ATP in the brain and this increase in ATP probably accounts for the neuronal stability. PMID- 6638395 TI - Short latency somatosensory evoked potential in children. AB - The short latency somatosensory evoked potential was studied in 90 normal children of 1 month to 16 years old and 7 adults. Somatosensory stimuli were delivered through a disc electrode placed over the median nerve at the wrist joint. The uniform recording sites used were the central region of the scalp, and the seventh cervical spine or Erb's point. Reference electrodes were placed on the hand contralateral to the median nerve stimulated. Three positive peaks (P1, P2 and P3) and one negative peak (N1) were consistently recorded, a further positive peak (P4) after N1 was not always observed. The latency of each peak per 1 m body length decreased with age until 2 or 5 years of age. The latency of each peak after 2 years of age was positively correlated with the body length and arm length. The value of P1 peak latency per 1 m body length reaches adult values at an earlier rate than the value of P3 peak latency and P2-P3 latency per 1 m body length. This suggests that central lemmiscal pathways mature at a slower rate than peripheral nerve fibers. The wave form pattern of the short latency somatosensory evoked potential changed to the adult pattern at 10 years of age. The peak latency of P4 during deep sleep was slightly prolonged. In recording on infants during sleep, the EEG should be monitored to determine the stage of sleep. PMID- 6638396 TI - A case of asymmetrical arthrogryposis--a clinical study and a preliminary report on the value of CT-scanning. AB - Following the introduction of the conception that arthrogryposis is a symptom and not a clinical entity, a case of the very rare asymmetric form of neurogenic arthrogryposis is presented. The asymmetry of congenital contractures and weakness is associated with hemihypotrophy. The value of muscular CT-scanning prior to muscle biopsy is demonstrated. Muscular CT-scanning shows the extension of adipose tissue, which has replaced damaged muscles and thereby indicates the exact site for muscle biopsy. Since orthopaedic treatment in arthrogryposis can be unrewarding due to severe muscular degeneration, preoperative scanning may provide additional important information on muscular function and thus be of benefit for surgery. The advantage of muscular CT-scanning in other forms of arthrogryposis requires further determination. The differential diagnosis with Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is discussed. PMID- 6638397 TI - Hemorrhagic tendency as a complication of Moxalactam therapy in bacterial meningitis. AB - Moxalactam penetrates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and subdural fluid well enough to be a promising antimicrobial for enteric bacterial meningitis in neonates and infants. Clinical trials in adults and children have found few adverse effects. Prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) with or without bleeding was reported in adults. This paper reports this complication in two infants occurring at a time of clinical improvement following addition of Moxalactam to other antibiotics to which the meningitis had failed to respond. It is not certain if this complication was related to the underlying meningitis, the use of Moxalactam together with other antibiotics, or a combination of many factors. Further observation, close hemostatic monitoring, and timely vitamin K administration during its use are warranted. PMID- 6638398 TI - Congenital muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6638399 TI - The conservative management of primary breast cancer with tylectomy, axillary dissection, photons, electrons, brachytherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy. PMID- 6638400 TI - Child auto restraints. PMID- 6638401 TI - Anchorage, Alaska and Honolulu, Hawaii: seasonal differences in demand for counseling services. PMID- 6638402 TI - An inventive mother: creating a product for other mothers. PMID- 6638403 TI - A survey of medicine in China. PMID- 6638404 TI - Labour hygiene and the prevention of occupational diseases in the USSR. PMID- 6638405 TI - Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans metastatic to lymph nodes and showing a dominant histiocytic component. AB - Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a neoplasm composed of cells that have morphologic characteristics of fibroblasts and histiocytes. We report the eighth documented case of dermatofibroma protuberans metastatic to regional lymph nodes. The metastases consisted predominantly of cells that appeared to be atypical histiocytes. This case is considered to be an example of dermatofibroma protuberans in which primitive histiocytic cells have not acquired secondarily acquired fibroblastic characteristics. PMID- 6638406 TI - Cutaneous neuroanatomy and neuropathology. Normal nerves, neural-crest derivatives, and benign neural neoplasms in the skin. PMID- 6638407 TI - Lichen planus. PMID- 6638408 TI - Infiltration of the supraorbital nerve by basal cell carcinoma. AB - A case report is presented of a man with a recurrence of a basal cell carcinoma on the forehead that upon histologic examination of the specimen of surgical excision revealed both perineurial and endoneurial invasion of several fascicles of the supraorbital nerve by neoplastic cells. PMID- 6638409 TI - Circulating immune complexes and dermatologic diseases. AB - Immune complexes are products formed by the noncovalent union of antibody and antigen. Formation of immune complexes usually benefits the host by clearing antigens from the circulation. In some instances however, immune complexes are deposited in tissues with subsequent inflammation and tissue damage. The physiochemical characteristics of the immune complex, the status of the host's reticuloendothelial system, and the duration of exposure to antigen all influence the possibility of immune complex-mediated damage to tissues. Examples of this mechanism of injury are seen in serum sickness, systemic lupus erythematosus, and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. It is likely that the development of sensitive and reliable antigen-specific tests will provide more definitive information about the analysis of immune complex mediated injury. PMID- 6638410 TI - [Clinical manifestations and immunology of Sjogren's syndrome]. PMID- 6638411 TI - [Hyposensitization]. PMID- 6638412 TI - [Heiner's syndrome]. PMID- 6638413 TI - Venom immunotherapy in hymenoptera sting allergy. Comparison of rush and conventional hyposensitization and observations during long-term treatment. AB - 42 patients with confirmed hypersensitivity to honey bee (HBV) and/or yellow jacket (YJV) were treated with the respective venoms (7 with HBV, 5 with VJV and 30 with both venoms). Treatment tolerance, skin tests (ST), specific IgE- and specific IgG-antibodies were monitored before, after 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. 21 patients had a rush and 21 a conventional treatment schedule. Maintenance dose was 100 micrograms. Adverse effects occurred as large local (8 patients), slight systemic (12 patients) and moderate to severe systemic reactions (4 patients). Of 24 re-exposed patients 17 had no reaction at all, six a markedly decreased and one an unchanged reaction. After 3 years of treatment ST became negative in nine of 31 patients on HBV and in seven of 26 patients on YJV. RAST became negative in three of 30 patients on HBV and 17 of 29 patients on YJV treatment. Both ST and RAST became negative in five HBV- and 10 YJV-treated patients. Loss of venom hypersensitivity according to diagnostic tests may correspond to actual desensitization and enable discontinuation of immunotherapy. PMID- 6638414 TI - Non-allergenic haemolysins in grass pollens and housedust mites. AB - 25 batches of pollen (six common grasses, maize, short ragweed) and two batches of housedust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) all contained haemolysins. The haemolysins of two grass pollens and of the housedust mites were of small MW (100 200 Da) and apparently non-allergenic. Both caused inflammation when injected into human skin, at doses that could be experienced naturally. The "allergic" airways diseases may not be entirely immunologically mediated. PMID- 6638415 TI - A clinical and immunological study of allergy to hen's egg white. IV. Specific IGE-antibodies to individual allergens in hen's egg white related to clinical and immunological parameters in egg-allergic patients. AB - Different subgroups of egg-allergic patients were established according to differences in allergic symptoms provoked by hen's egg white, total IgE-level, RAST (radioallergosorbent test) results to egg white, and age. In each group the pattern of specific IgE-antibodies to individual allergens in the egg white, determined by means of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), was compared with the pattern in a control group. The RAST value to egg white was found to exert the strongest influence on the CRIE results. A few statistically significant differences in CRIE results to certain allergens were also observed in other pairs of subgroups of egg-allergic patients. Possible explanations for this are discussed. It was concluded that CRIE studies of allergens in mixed protein solutions, using a series of sera from allergic patients, will most probably give the same results and the same classification of the allergens independent of the characteristics of the patients from which the sera were collected. However, it should be emphasized that the CRIE series must include a sufficient number of patients with high RAST values to the allergen in question. Otherwise some allergens may be missed and the classification of the allergens may be different. PMID- 6638416 TI - Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of rat allergen extracts. II. Fur, urine and saliva studied by crossed radio-immunoelectrophoresis. AB - Many constituents of rat fur, urine and saliva were identified as being allergenic using crossed radio-immunoelectrophoresis with sera from 14 patients who had asthma and rhinitis on exposure to rats. Three was considerable diversity in the spectra of components recognized by individual patients, though the majority reacted with immunoprecipitate 4. In all three extracts this represents a similar component, which was originally characterised as a urinary prealbumin. Most of the allergenic components of urine and saliva have also been detected in the fur extract. Some of the minor allergens are those antigens which appear to be unique to urine, saliva or the skin, suggesting that sensitisation to rats can result from exposure to allergenic material from all three of these sources. PMID- 6638417 TI - Environmental and social influences on skin test results in children. AB - Skin tests with 13 inhalant allergens were performed in 788 children with respiratory allergy. Positive reactions were common to animal danders (65%), to grass pollens (55%) and to tree pollens (44%) but rare to moulds (13%) and to house dust mite (12%). Children exposed to cows, dogs or horses at home more often had skin test reactions to these allergens than the children not exposed, but reactions to cat dander occurred as frequently in children exposed to cats at home as to those not exposed. Reactions to three pollens occurred most often in children from upper social classes and from urban areas and reactions to house dust mite occurred most often in children from lower social classes and from rural areas. Children with positive reactions to house dust mite came from larger families than children with negative test results. PMID- 6638418 TI - [Endobronchial ventilation in transthoracic endoscopic sympathectomy]. AB - Thoracic endoscopic sympathectomy (TES) is a short surgical procedure used for the treatment of axillary and palmar hyperhydrosis. It involves creation of tension pneumothorax, lateral and head-up position and necessitates minimal lung excursions during breathing, so that a special anaesthetic technique is required. In six otherwise healthy patients an endobronchial double lumen tube was used for one-lung ventilation with intravenous anaesthesia and muscular relaxation, and circulatory response, FE CO2 and blood gases were monitored in order to compare this anaesthetic technique to conventional endotracheal intubation in previous patients. Some difficulties with inserting and securing the double lumen tube were encountered, but were far outweighed by the advantages of stable circulation, physiological blood gas values and easy access to a calm surgical field. PMID- 6638419 TI - [Analysis of contemporary and future respiratory therapy]. AB - Up to now there are no systematics of respiratory therapy, although those procedures of "conservative" respiratory therapy are well known since the last century. As ventilation will take over a part or the whole work of breathing of a patient this kind of respiratory therapy must be separated from the conservative therapy procedure, which is the focal point of respiratory therapy. This has been demonstrated by an analysis of respiratory therapy made on two different ICU's. From this analysis a system has been developed encompassing the whole range of respiratory therapy. PMID- 6638420 TI - [Time and incidence of peroperative cardiovascular complications in geriatric patients]. AB - The incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications was determined in a retrospective study via data evaluation by computer. Two groups of patients were examined, one group comprising patients below 60 years of age, whereas the other group consisted of persons above 60 years of age. The results show that complications of the cardiovascular system are three to four times more frequent in patients older than 60 years; severe hypotension or hypertensive reactions were seen in 2.9 and 9.3% of the patients, respectively, while arrhythmias occurred in 3.9%. No differences could be found in respect of the time at which these complications became manifest (intraoperatively or in the recovery room). Enumeration of the secondary diseases covered by this study, reveals significant differences; this can explain the limited range of compensation in persons of advanced age. Hence, an optimal preanaesthetic treatment and diagnosis, as well as monitoring are mandatory in geriatric patients to ensure safe anaesthesia. PMID- 6638421 TI - [Cardiovascular complications in hypertensive patients during the peroperative phase]. AB - Circulatory complications during the intraoperative and postoperative phases were evaluated in a prospective study on the effectivity of different modes of treatment of hypertonics. 151 patients were subdivided into four groups: Group 1: Treated hypertension, blood pressure normal Group 2: Treated hypertension, blood pressure levels above 160 mmHg Group 3: Untreated hypertension or treatment of hypertension discontinued Group 4: Patients with threshold hypertension. The results show that patients treated inadequately or for a short period only, had the highest complication rates. On the whole, more than 36% of the patients treated inadequately (group 2) during the intraoperative and postoperative periods, had complications of the cardiovascular system, whereas in the untreated patients (group 3) the rate of complications was 30%. Patients with a normal blood pressure (group 1) and with threshold hypertension (group 4), on the other hand, showed a markedly lower incidence of complications, namely, 16%. These results suggest that it would be advisable to effect a consistent preoperative treatment, thus lowering the involved risk. On no account should any possible difficulties in organizing such treatment result in discontinuance of treatment of in-non-treatment. PMID- 6638422 TI - [Resuscitation injuries]. AB - This investigation is based on 140 autopsy protocols of unsuccessful resuscitation procedures (Resuscitation Center of the Army Hospital, Hamburg); injections and closed-chest cardiac massage had been performed in every case. - Most of the patients had collapsed because of cardiac shock; patients with thoracic or abdominal injury were excluded from this study. In individual cases only, the following severe complications originated from the resuscitation procedures: fracture of a chest vertebra, serial fractures of ribs resulting in an unstable thorax, bilateral haemothorax, tension pneumothorax, rupture of kidney and of spleen (but not of liver). In one case the lesions caused by the resuscitation measures must be considered as responsible for the lethal outcome. Fractures of ribs and/or sternum were found in 45.9% of all cases, the frequency increasing with age. The number of fractured ribs ranged up to 16, mainly 3-8 ribs were fractured. Fractures of rib No. 1 and 8-12 were very rare. The fractures were located between the parasternal and axillary lines.--In a comparative study the site of rib fractures after heavy blunt thoracic injuries was preferably found in the dorsal region. PMID- 6638423 TI - [Medical performance record of emergency physicians' mobile unit and emergency aid helicopter]. AB - A large amount of data and information has accumulated in the course of the ever increasing rate of first-aid relief by emergency physicians. These data have either not been documented so far or, if so, in a rather perfunctory manner. For this reason, the authors developed for the Mannheim emergency physician's mobile car unit and for the first-aid relief helicopter Christoph 5, a record of performance (logbook) of primary-care cases for the purpose of data acquisition and computer-assisted medical documentation and statistics via EDP. An example of an E-605 intoxication serves to illustrate the advantages of this logbook, which has already been applied to more than 200 emergency cases. PMID- 6638424 TI - [Obstruction of the tracheal lumen by a palacos implant]. AB - A case of tracheal obstruction by a methylmethacrylate implant which has been used to stop a massive bleeding during a struma operation, is reported. The intubation was successfully performed with a paediatric bronchoscope and a 18 charriere endotracheal tube. PMID- 6638425 TI - [Nasotracheal intubation aid--cuff protection and intubation guard]. PMID- 6638426 TI - [Television and mental health]. PMID- 6638427 TI - [Fatty liver of pregnancy]. PMID- 6638428 TI - [Long-term results]. PMID- 6638430 TI - Hypertension after naloxone. PMID- 6638429 TI - [Human enteroparasitoses and their localization in various geographic areas of Spain]. PMID- 6638431 TI - Early recognition of a possible Althesin reaction. PMID- 6638432 TI - Pain after injection of methohexitone. PMID- 6638433 TI - Anaesthesia and intensive care. One hat or two? PMID- 6638434 TI - Training in intensive care. PMID- 6638435 TI - Maternal position during induction of anaesthesia for Caesarean section. PMID- 6638436 TI - Dangers of heated water blankets and small children. PMID- 6638437 TI - Ketamine and infants. PMID- 6638438 TI - Resistance of Enderby tapered tracheal tubes. PMID- 6638439 TI - Amiodarone-induced haemodynamic complications during anaesthesia. PMID- 6638440 TI - Dose-response relationships for infusions of Althesin or methohexitone. AB - A technique is described for the determination of equipotent rates of infusion of intravenous hypnotic agents. Two end points have been defined; the rates needed to suppress the initial response to the surgical incision in 50% (ED50) and 95% (ED95) of patients receiving continuous infusion anaesthesia to supplement 67% nitrous oxide in oxygen. For patients aged 20-60 years, and premedicated with morphine 0.15 mg/kg intramuscularly, the ED50 values for Althesin (as alphaxalone) and methohexitone by infusion were 13.7 and 48.8 micrograms/kg/minute respectively. The ED95 values were 18.1 and 75.9 micrograms/kg/minute. For patients of a similar age premedicated with diazepam 10 mg orally, the ED50 values for Althesin and methohexitone were 18.5 and 66.0 micrograms/kg/minute respectively; while the ED95 values were 24.2 and 80.8 micrograms/kg/minute. PMID- 6638441 TI - Circulation, respiration and serotonin levels in carcinoid patients during neurolept anaesthesia. AB - Release of hormones peri-operatively in patients with metastatic carcinoids may lead to severe circulatory and respiratory disturbances. Fourteen patients with liver metastases were studied during 16 operations with a modified neurolept anaesthesia in order to evaluate the central haemodynamic and respiratory functions as well as plasma serotonin levels. The premedication in five patients was supplemented with levopromazine. During the 11 operations performed on patients not pretreated with levopromazine, no major significant fluctuations in circulatory or respiratory functions were recorded although big variations in serotonin plasma levels were measured. In the patients treated with levopromazine, however, significant changes were observed in heart rate, mean pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index, and left and right ventricular stroke work especially during flushing episodes. However, these changes did not correlate with the changes in plasma serotonin levels. Modified neurolept anaesthesia without levopromazine pretreatment combined with careful monitoring seems to be a safe procedure for carcinoid patients. Using this type of anaesthetic procedure only one major complication occurred in connexion with 16 major operations and then in the postoperative period. PMID- 6638442 TI - Does obesity affect recovery? A study using intravenous methohexitone and Althesin for short procedures. AB - One hundred and twenty unpremedicated patients, scheduled for minor gynaecological procedures, were randomly allocated to receive Althesin or methohexitone to supplement N2O and O2 anaesthesia. Patients were assessed as thin, medium or fat according to the degree of obesity as measured by skinfold calipers. The range of mean times for the patients to open their eyes was 3.1-4.0 minutes, to be orientated was 4.4-6.7 minutes and to perform a manipulative test was 27.7-32.1 minutes. No statistically significant differences were seen in these indices of recovery whether they received Althesin or methohexitone or whether they were thin, medium or fat. A paper and pencil test was also performed. Induction doses of the intravenous agent were calculated on a body weight basis and increments given only in response to movement. The mean total dose of Althesin was decreased from 1.33 mg total steroid/kg for thin patients to 1.06 mg total steroid/kg for fat patients (p less than 0.01). The mean total dose of methohexitone was decreased from 3.4 mg/kg for thin patients to 2.9 mg/kg for fat patients which was not significant. PMID- 6638443 TI - Second stage of labour with or without extradural analgesia. AB - Two groups of parturients who had received selective extradural analgesia were studied. In Group A patients the regional block was allowed to wear off for the second stage of labour whereas in Group B patients' analgesia was maintained throughout labour. The maintenance of selective analgesia was of positive benefit to the mothers. They experienced much less pain, labour was not prolonged, dosage of bupivacaine was not increased, the forceps delivery rate was lower and there were fewer persistent malrotations. PMID- 6638444 TI - Neurogenic pulmonary oedema. AB - Neurogenic pulmonary oedema is a not uncommon condition with a mortality that may exceed 90%. A fatal case in a 17-month-old child is reported. The literature is reviewed and current theories of the pathogenesis presented. Suggestions are made on how the condition might best be managed. PMID- 6638445 TI - Exsanguination in a Jehovah's Witness. AB - A case is reported in which death occurred after a patient's adamant refusal to accept blood transfusion, despite prompt control of blood loss. The management of this situation is discussed. Reconstitution of the circulating volume was followed by survival for 2 hours after surgery. The haemoglobin level fell to 1.8 g/dl. PMID- 6638446 TI - Forum. Femoral neck surgery using a local anaesthetic technique. AB - Thirty cases of femoral sub-capital fractures, Garden grades 1-4, were reduced and internally fixed with crossed Garden screws using femoral nerve block. In addition, sedation and analgesia was provided by low dose ketamine and diazepam. No deaths or other complications occurred in these patients. In a similar group of patients who received spinal analgesia in the same unit under similar conditions there was one death and two cerebrovascular accidents. PMID- 6638447 TI - Vaporizer failure. PMID- 6638448 TI - Failure of anaesthetic gas supply. PMID- 6638449 TI - Hazards of high dose fentanyl for short procedures. PMID- 6638450 TI - Isoflurane: the need for new volatile agents. PMID- 6638451 TI - Day-case anaesthesia for termination of pregnancy. Evaluation of a total intravenous anaesthetic technique. AB - An investigation was undertaken to assess the use of a total intravenous anaesthetic technique of fentanyl and methohexitone for outpatient vaginal termination of pregnancy. When compared with a technique of fentanyl, methohexitone, nitrous oxide and trichloroethylene the total intravenous method caused swifter recovery, minimal side-effects and no cardiovascular depression. However, both anaesthetic techniques produced significant postoperative reduction of memory for new facts when compared with a control group receiving no general anaesthesia. There is a need to continue the search for anaesthetic methods appropriate for day cases. PMID- 6638452 TI - Intravenous lignocaine in dental anaesthesia. The effect of pretreatment on the incidence of dysrhythmias. AB - The prophylactic use of intravenous lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg given 1 minute prior to induction of anaesthesia has been shown to reduce significantly the incidence of dysrhythmias during dental anaesthesia, and reduce the rise in blood pressure associated with tracheal intubation. PMID- 6638453 TI - Postoperative analgesia provided by morphine infusion in children. AB - A technique is described for using morphine by continuous infusion to relieve postoperative pain in children between the ages of 1 year and 15 years. The pain relief produced by the infusion was found to be significantly better than that produced by intramuscular injections of morphine given as required in 20 children after major surgery. PMID- 6638454 TI - Hypersensitivity reactions to Althesin infusion: measurement of complement involvement. AB - Two cases of hypersensitivity reactions in the course of slow infusion of Althesin are reported. Serial examination of their complement system showed a marked activation of the alternate pathway which returned almost to normal within 24 hours. PMID- 6638455 TI - Anaesthesia-related surgical mortality. AB - This is the report of the second of two studies conducted by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland based on anonymous reports of deaths within 6 days of anaesthesia. One hundred and ninety-seven detailed reports were received during 1981; 43% were found by assessors to have nothing to do with anaesthesia, 41% to be partly due to, and 16% totally due to anaesthesia. These figures confirm earlier results reported by the same system. It is important to have the opinion of the two clinicians (anaesthetist and surgeon) separately and not to ignore either in a study which attempts to identify aspects of clinical medicine which might be improved. PMID- 6638456 TI - Suicide amongst anaesthetists-in-training. PMID- 6638457 TI - Regional hip blockade. PMID- 6638458 TI - A cheap and simple nerve stimulator. PMID- 6638459 TI - An explosive spray. PMID- 6638460 TI - Reliability of 'Butterfly' needles during anaesthesia. PMID- 6638461 TI - Nitrous oxide and termination of pregnancy. PMID- 6638462 TI - Fibreoptic bronchoscope and double-lumen tracheal tubes. PMID- 6638463 TI - Self poisoning with formic acid. PMID- 6638464 TI - Gammahydroxybutyrate. PMID- 6638465 TI - Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica. PMID- 6638466 TI - Hyperthermia. PMID- 6638467 TI - Insertion of epidural catheters. PMID- 6638468 TI - [Permeability pulmonary edema (neurogenic pulmonary edema) following isolated head and brain injury]. AB - This paper reports on 3 patients with permeability pulmonary oedema accompanying an isolated head injury (neurogenic pulmonary oedema - NPE). The occurrence of a NPE in our patients with isolated head injury amounts to 0.62%. Comparing our case reports and results, respectively, with those published in the literature, the pathogenesis of NPE is discussed and delineated. PMID- 6638469 TI - [The anesthetist and operating room hygiene]. AB - Environmental contamination with bacteria in the course of extubation was shown to be minimal as compared to contamination of the hands and gowns. 7 out of 21 anaesthesiologists were carriers of staphylococcus aureus. Two persons spread staphylococci to their patients and the operating room environment in spite of strict adherence to conventional hygienic policies. PMID- 6638470 TI - ["Analgesic" fentanyl blood concentrations under neuroleptanalgesia]. PMID- 6638471 TI - [The rediffusion system. Limitation of nitrous oxide increases the cuff pressure of endotracheal tubes]. AB - There is an increase in endotracheal tube-cuff volume and pressure due to nitrous oxide diffusion into the cuff during anaesthesia. A rise of the cuff pressure up to 100 mm Hg (high volume-low pressure cuffs!) within only two hours is nothing out of the ordinary. The inspiratory nitrous oxide concentration influences the cuff pressure rises. The rate of pressure rise depends on the diffusion constant of the cuff material for nitrous oxide, on the cuff wall thickness, and on the difference of nitrous oxide concentration between cuff and trachea or tracheal tissue. An innovation of the blocking system--we call it the Rediffusion System- reduces the nitrous oxide-induced rise of cuff pressure even during long lasting endotracheal anaesthesia with a high FIN2O. The principle of the Rediffusion System is the enlargement of the pilot balloon in order to improve its diffusion capacity for nitrous oxide. In this way a rediffusion into the air is enabled for that nitrous oxide that diffused into the blocking system through the cuff wall. In endotracheal tubes with a Rediffusion System, cuff pressure never exceeds capillary perfusion pressure of the tracheal mucosa. In our in vitro-experiments we found an increase of cuff pressure from 14.2 +/- 0.5 mm Hg to only 27.3 +/- 1.9 mm Hg within six hours (FIN2O = 0.66). Within 150 minutes of endotracheal anaesthesia (FIN2O = 0.66) cuff pressure rose from 14.6 +/- 0.5 mm Hg to only 21.5 +/- 3.6 mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638472 TI - Identification and fractionation of human milk oligosaccharides by proton-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - It has been shown that the retention times of oligosaccharides containing N acetyl amino sugars in reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography are sensitive both to chain length and to stereochemical differences. Data showing that oligosaccharides of human milk can be fractionated according to stereochemistry on C-18 columns using water as eluant, is presented. Detection at the nanomolar level is possible using ultraviolet absorption at 190 nm as a result of the acetamido group. The separation of linkage isomers by fractionation of two tetrasaccharides of identical carbohydrate composition, lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose, and by the separation of two isomeric pentasaccharides, lacto-N-fucopentaose I and II, is shown. In some cases it was possible to preparatively fractionate pure oligosaccharides from complex mixtures. The identity and purity of the oligosaccharides was determined by proton-nuclear magnetic resonances spectroscopy at 300 MHz using the method of Vliegenthart and co-workers (B. Fournet, G. Montreuil, L. Strecker, J. Dorland, J. Haverkamp, J. F. G. Vliegenthart, J. P. Binette, and K. Schmid (1978) Biochemistry 17(24), 5206; J. F. G. Vliegenthart, H. V. Halbeek, and L. Dorland (1981) Pure Appl. Chem. 53, 45) in which "structural reporter" protons are identified for the different isomeric oligosaccharides. In addition to assignment of the anomeric proton resonances, it was possible to assign H4 of galactose linked at O3 as well as fucose H5 and H6 resonances. PMID- 6638473 TI - Determination of cystathionine in rat tissues using isotachophoresis. AB - A method for measurement of cystathionine in biological samples has been developed by using an isotachophoretic analyzer. The determination of the amount of cystathionine was carried out by measuring a zone length of cystathionine in isotachophoresis. The amount of cystathionine in brains of normal rats determined by using this method was 0.084 +/- 0.023 mumol/g. This value agreed well with earlier reports. The amount of cystathionine in rats with experimental cystathioninuria was determined in several tissues. The results determined by using this method for the determination of cystathionine in the rat tissues agreed well with the results obtained by using an amino acid analyzer. PMID- 6638474 TI - Synthesis of a naphthylvinylpyridine derivative and its use for affinity chromatography of choline acetyltransferase. AB - N-(10-carboxy)decamethylene-4(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium chloride, a derivative of the choline acetyltransferase (CAT) inhibitor naphthylvinylpyridine (NVP) was synthesized and used as a ligand for affinity chromatography of choline acetyltransferase. The preparation of this inhibitor included the quaternization of naphthylvinylpyridine with 11-Br-undecanoic acid methyl ester to obtain N-(10 carbomethoxy)decamethylene-4-(1-naphthylvinyl)pyridinium bromide, followed by hydrolysis to free the carboxylic group. This inhibitor (C11-NVP+) had a potency comparable to that of N-methyl-4(1-naphthylvinyl) pyridinium iodide (C1-NVP+) which is the most potent derivative of NVP but which lacks a functional group for conjugation to Sepharose. The C11-NVP+ was then bound through the carboxylic group to aminoalkyl Sepharose by a carbodiimide promoted condensation reaction. Interaction of CAT with the inhibitor retarded its elution from a column of Sepharose-C11-NVP+ and permitted the purification of the enzyme to electrophoretic homogeneity starting from a preparation in which CAT represented about 20% of the total proteins. Conventional procedures of protein purification had previously been unsuccessful in isolating the enzyme in pure form. Inhibition studies showed that CAT could exhibit either a "high" or a "low" sensitivity to inhibition by naphthylvinylpyridine and its derivatives (I50 with C1-NVP+ = 0.57 microM or 5.2 microM). A direct relationship existed between the sensitivity of CAT to these inhibitors and the retention of the enzyme by the affinity column. PMID- 6638475 TI - Efficient transfer of proteins from acetic acid-urea and isoelectric-focusing gels to nitrocellulose membrane filters with retention of protein antigenicity. AB - A method which facilitates the rapid and quantitative electrophoretic transfer of proteins from gels not containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to nitrocellulose membranes is described. The equilibration of non-SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic gels in a buffer containing SDS confers a net negative charge to the proteins present, presumably as a result of the formation of SDS-protein complexes. Proteins from gels equilibrated in the SDS buffer and then electroblotted in a Tris-glycine buffer at pH 8.3 are transferred with much greater efficiency than are proteins from untreated gels. The method has been shown to significantly enhance the electrophoretic transfer of polyoma viral proteins resolved in either acetic acid-urea or isoelectric-focusing gels to nitrocellulose membranes, and it is suggested that the method should have universal applicability to all gel electrophoresis systems currently employed. The proteins from isoelectric-focusing gels treated with SDS and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes were found to retain antigenicity to antisera prepared against either denatured or native viral proteins. PMID- 6638476 TI - Determination of the degree of derivatization of acryloylated polysaccharides by Fourier transform proton NMR spectroscopy. AB - Dextran, glycogen, hydroxyethyl starch, and maltodextrin were derivatized with acrylic acid glycidyl ester at alkaline pH. The degree of derivatization was determined by water-elimination Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and compared with a bromination method. The signals from the anomeric protons of the glucose residues were used as an internal standard and the degree of derivatization was obtained from the relation between the integrated signals from the acrylic and anomeric protons. The NMR technique is shown to be more precise and convenient for the determination of acryloyl groups than the bromination method used. PMID- 6638477 TI - An automated method for determination of the molecular weight of macromolecules via sedimentation equilibrium in a preparative ultracentrifuge. AB - An automated method for quantitating the concentration gradient of a macromolecule brought to sedimentation equilibrium in a preparative ultracentrifuge is described. Between 30 and 80 microliter of macromolecular solution are spun in a combination centrifuge tube and optical cell fabricated from quartz. Immediately following the conclusion of centrifugation the tube is optically scanned along its length using a spectrophotometer sample cell modified for this purpose. Successive scans of the same tube containing first solution and then solvent permit the differential absorbance due to macromolecule to be measured precisely as a function of position within the centrifuge tube, and hence the radial position within the rotor. Molecular weights calculated from data so obtained from 32 centrifugations of eight proteins ranging in Mr from 12K to 340K using either swinging-bucket or fixed-angle rotors agree with previously published values with a standard deviation of 5%. PMID- 6638478 TI - Metal complexes as mediator-titrants for electrochemical studies of biological systems. AB - Various redox-active metal complexes were evaluated electrochemically for stability, reversibility, and general utility as mediator-titrants in the 0 to + 1.0 V vs standard hydrogen electrode range. Those complexes which were evaluated and appear to be useful in potentiostatic or potentiometric techniques are Ru(bpy)3(CIO4)2, Ru(bpy)2(im)2, Os(bpy)3(NO3)2, K2Fe(phen)(CN)4, Co(phen)3Cl2, and Co(terpy)2Cl2. PMID- 6638479 TI - Analysis of porphyrin precursors, 5-aminolevulinic acid derivatives by isotachophoresis. AB - Porphyrin precursors, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), 4,5-dioxovaleric acid (DOVA), and porphobilinogen (PBG) can be simultaneously and conveniently analyzed by isotachophoresis. The quantitative analysis requires a minimum of 12 nmol for ALA, 4 nmol for DOVA, and 35 nmol for PBG. The reproducibility determined as coefficient of variation for qualitative and quantitative determination is within 4 and 5%, respectively. Isotachophoresis permits simple, efficient and quantitative detection, and identification of ALA derivatives in a mixture. PMID- 6638480 TI - Methylation analysis of complex carbohydrates in small amounts: capillary gas chromatography-mass fragmentography of methylalditol acetates obtained from N glycosidically linked glycoprotein oligosaccharides. AB - A version of the methylation analysis of complex carbohydrates by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the methylalditol acetates (H. Bjorndal, C. G. Hellerquist, B. Lindberg, and S. Svensson (1970) Angew. Chem. 82, 643-674) is described. With this version 100- to 500-pmol samples of N-glycosidically linked glycoprotein oligosaccharides may be analyzed. The method is based on the use of capillary columns which allow the separation of all partially methylated alditol acetates potentially obtained from this group of oligosaccharides and on their selective and sensitive detection by mass fragmentography after chemical ionization with ammonia. PMID- 6638481 TI - Purification of commercial preparations of NADP+ from AMP contamination. AB - A method for purification of commercial preparations of NADP+ from AMP contamination is described. The purification procedure includes one-step anion exchange chromatography on Dowex-1 (formate) and results in a highly purified salt-free coenzyme with a yield of 70-80%. The chromatography conditions have been selected allowing for complete separation of AMP from NADP+ in a HCOOH concentration gradient. This is followed by NADP+ elution with 1.5 M HCOOH containing HCOOK at a concentration at which the salt remains in solution during subsequent precipitation and washing of NADP+ with acetone. An addition of HCOOK is necessary to reduce the coenzyme elution volume that is important for further precipitation of NADP+ with acetone. PMID- 6638482 TI - An automated micropipet especially designed for use with the oil-well technique. AB - A high-precision microprocessor-controlled micropipetting unit which is applicable for serial enzyme or substrate microdeterminations with the oil-well technique is described. Positioning of the reaction wells, pipetting of microliter and submicroliter volumes, as well as measurements of incubation times are performed automatically following an adjustable present program. PMID- 6638483 TI - Mobile phase selection for the high-performance ion-exchange chromatography of proteins. AB - Proper mobile phase selection significantly improved high-performance ion exchange fractionations of proteins. The pH and salt content of the eluant affected chromatographic behavior on both strong and weak ion-exchange columns. The retention and resolution of a number of proteins was examined on strong and weak ion-exchange supports with regard to these mobile phase variables. The strong ion-exchange columns were found to be superior for the protein separations performed in this study. The selectivity of both weak and strong ion-exchange columns was pH dependent, however, strong ion-exchange columns were operable over a broader range of pH. Examination of the effect of salts demonstrated that their "displacing activity" could be divided into three categories: weak, intermediate, and strong with regard to the protein mixture utilized. Intermediate salts provided best resolution along with good recoveries. Strong displacing salts were useful for eluting strongly retained proteins. The selection of a mobile phase with respect to protein retention is discussed. PMID- 6638484 TI - A method for concentrating dilute solutions of macromolecules. AB - A simple, inexpensive acrylate polymer which has a capacity to absorb 170 ml of water per g has been developed. It can be used to concentrate dilute solutions of macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. The polymer absorbs only low-molecular-weight substances such as glucose, sucrose, and inorganic salts. It can replace the various conventional concentration methods. No special device or electricity is needed for the concentration. The inexpensive polymer, molded in the form of rods, can be very conveniently used as "disposable concentration sticks." PMID- 6638485 TI - An assay for the detection of specific binding of 3-methylcholanthrene to rat liver cytosolic proteins using DEAE-cellulose. AB - A method for the detection of the specific binding of 3-methylcholanthrene to rat liver cytosolic proteins is described. The separation of the protein-bound 3 methylcholanthrene from the free 3-methylcholanthrene was achieved using a batch DEAE-cellulose technique. Extraction of the DEAE-cellulose with 0.3 M KCl allowed the selective release and measurement of the amount of protein-bound 3 methylcholanthrene. The assay was optimized for the following parameters: time of incubation with DEAE-cellulose, time required for salt extraction, protein concentration, the concentration of KCl required to elute the specific binding proteins, the amount of DEAE-cellulose required to bind the specific binding proteins, and ligand specificity. The sedimentation properties of those 3 methylcholanthrene-binding proteins which were extracted with salt from DEAE cellulose were examined on 5 to 20% sucrose gradients; the major binding species sedimented as a broad peak at 4.5 S. PMID- 6638486 TI - Ethylated fluoresceins: assay of cytochrome P-450 activity and application to measurements in single cells by flow cytometry. AB - Four ethylated derivatives of fluorescein were synthesized and their metabolism by mouse liver homogenates and cultured mouse hepatoma cells was investigated. Two of the ethylfluoresceins are specifically metabolized by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon inducible cytochrome P-450 to yield fluorescein, which is about 15 times more fluorescent than the ethylated compounds. One of these fluorogenic derivatives, ethoxyfluorescein ethyl ester, is useful for flow cytometric analysis and sorting of intact, viable cells on the basis of cytochrome P-450 activity. The structure-activity relationship of the ethylfluoresceins is discussed. PMID- 6638487 TI - High-pressure liquid chromatographic-reductive electrochemical detection analysis of serum trans-phylloquinone. AB - A sensitive method for the determination of human serum trans-phylloquinone levels has been developed. Serum samples were extracted with hexane and subjected to preliminary separation on a silica semipreparative HPLC column with an 80% recovery as determined by the addition of [3H]phylloquinone. The portion of the eluate containing trans-phylloquinone was dried and injected into a muBondapak C 18 analytical HPLC column, and the concentration of the vitamin was determined by reductive electrochemical detection utilizing a glassy carbon electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The presumed vitamin peak was confirmed as trans phylloquinone by rechromatography at different HPLC conditions, hydrodynamic voltamography, and photodegradation. As little as 300 pg/ml trans-phylloquinone could be detected, and normal human serum concentrations were found to be in the range of 1 ng/ml. PMID- 6638488 TI - Separation of pteridines from blood cells and plasma by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. AB - In order to determine free and conjugated pteridines, the pteridine-releasing procedure for biological materials (e.g., plasma, blood cells, bone marrow) was optimized and the parameters which influence pteridine releasing are discussed. Using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC) on 5-micron ODS (C18; mobile phase, K2HPO4 buffer, pH 7.0-7.8), up to 10 pteridines (pterin-6 carboxylic acid, xanthopterin, neopterin, monapterin, isoxanthopterin, lumazine, biopterin, 6-hydroxymethylpterin, pterin) could be separated in the extracts of blood samples and determined fluorometrically (femtomolar range). In addition, three sepiapterins (sepiapterin, deoxysepiapterin, 3'-hydroxysepiapterin) could be separated with aqueous methanol as eluent (uv and fluorometric detection, respectively). The methods described are suited to compile pteridine patterns for plasma and individual cell fractions (erythrocytes, lymphocytes, buffy coat) from blood. Moreover, it was shown that the pteridine concentrations in dog blood (beagles) were in some cases substantially higher than in human blood, and that neopterin is lacking in the blood cell fractions of beagle dogs or occurs only in very low concentrations. PMID- 6638489 TI - A sectorial centrifuge cell for swinging bucket rotors--application to a velocity gradient centrifugation methodology. AB - A sectorial cell of 1.55 ml capacity, designed to be used in swinging bucket rotors, is introduced and applied to boundary sedimentation studies. The cell, made of polycarbonate by injection molding, represents an improvement over previously existing models in terms of resistance and attainable speeds. Its use has been extended to polydispersity determination by evaluation of the s value distribution function g(s) = dC/ds. The latter can be corrected to standard conditions (water at 20 degrees C), by using newly derived equations in connection with a cesium sulfate linear density and viscosity gradient which is introduced for boundary stabilization. The cell performance is illustrated with the centrifugal characterization of a polydisperse hyaluronate solution and a paucidisperse proteoglycan A1 preparation. In the latter case a distinctive distribution of aggregates into two polydisperse families of molecules, hitherto not reported in the literature but previously observed with cylindrical cells in this laboratory, has been clearly confirmed. Analysis of plateau dilution during centrifugation indicated absence of artifacts. PMID- 6638491 TI - Rapid resolution of transferrin C subtypes through isoelectric focusing with 2 mercaptoethanol. AB - The technique of choice currently used for the detection of serum transferrin molecular polymorphism is isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide slab gels. However, this procedure is unsatisfactory for routine purposes, since a long pretreatment of the serum with iron-donor compounds or neuraminidase is necessary in order to obtain a complete resolution of the transferrin molecule. A very fast and highly economical standardized procedure for transferrin typing which enables a fair molecular resolution within only 3 1/2 h is reported. Protracted pretreatment of serum with neuraminidase or with iron-donor compounds can be totally avoided. An ultrathin layer of polyacrylamide gel is employed for the run, using pH ranges of 4-6.5 or 5-7. A short pretreatment of serum with a 13% solution of 2-mercaptoethanol is performed before the samples are placed on the gel. This technique has been used to perform transferrin typing in 396 cord serum samples from newborn infants of Arezzo (Tuscany), without occurrence of artifacts or the appearance of extra bands in transferrin patterns. PMID- 6638490 TI - Purification of glutathione reductase from gerbil liver in two steps. AB - A new method for the isolation of glutathione reductase which successively utilizes chromatography on 2'-5'-ADP-Sepharose 4B and DEAE-Sepharose CL 6B, is described. With these two steps, it was possible to purify to homogeneity the glutathione reductase from gerbil liver. Some molecular properties of the purified enzyme are reported. PMID- 6638492 TI - Laccase assay by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Spectrophotometric determination of laccase activity may be affected by the formation of quinoid chromophores arising from nonenzymatic oxidations interfering with enzymatic reactions. Km values for guaiacol obtained by spectrophotometric and HPLC methods confirm the above hypothesis. HPLC results are particularly useful for the assay of laccase activity on natural phenolic extracts. PMID- 6638493 TI - Radiochemical synthesis of L-[guanidinooxy-14C]canavanine. AB - The initial reaction in this three-step procedure for the radiochemical synthesis of L-[guanidinooxy-14C]canavanine involved the formation of barium [14C]cyanamide by reacting Ba14CO3 with ammonia at 950 degrees C. Barium [14C]cyanamide was converted to radioactive O-methylisourea, a guanidinating agent. L-[guanidinooxy 14C]Canavanine was formed by the reaction between the copper salt of L-canaline and [14C]O-methylisourea under alkaline conditions. The labeled canavanine was racemically pure as determined by enzyme-mediated hydrolysis. Reverse-phase HPLC and a novel colorimetric assay for cyanamide were used to quantify the reaction products. An overall yield for L-[guanidinooxy-14C]canavanine of approximately 25% was obtained. PMID- 6638494 TI - Molecular weight determination of peptides by high-performance gel permeation chromatography. AB - A method for molecular weight determination of small peptides using Bio-Sil TSK 20 and Bio-Gel TSK 125 columns is described. The TSK 20 column provided a good separation of the standard peptides in the range from 1000-10,000 with an accuracy of less than 5% from the calculated regression line. Two combined TSK 125 columns allowed a reliable molecular weight determination in the range from 800 to 3500. PMID- 6638495 TI - An ultrasensitive electrometric system to measure membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase activity. AB - A very sensitive method for the determination of membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase from sarcoplasmic reticulum is described. The acetic acid which is released by the enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine is measured by means of an electrometric system. Diluted hydrochloric acid is used as the standard to evaluate the amount of H+ produced during the time course of the reaction. With the use of a bucking voltage device the sensitivity of the method permits one to follow changes in H+ concentration below 1 microM. Therefore the enzyme activity can be estimated using a very small amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum protein. This procedure is very simple, accurate and reproducible, and it can be applied to measure membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase where the membrane suspension makes it difficult to employ spectrophotometric techniques. PMID- 6638496 TI - Infrared spectroscopy of retinoids. AB - The Fourier transform infrared spectra of 15 purified retinoids were compared. Retinoids with conjugated C = O groups revealed the presence of a band between 1730 and 1630 cm-1 X A characteristic of retinoids is the presence of a band between 1650 and 1620 cm-1 due to C = C stretching where three to four conjugated C = O and C = C bonds were present or between 1610 and 1555 cm-1 where more conjugated unsaturations were present. The presence of cis double bonds was confirmed by a band at 1380 cm-1 while unsubstituted trans double bonds gave absorbances at 990 to 955 cm-1. Epoxy rings, which are present in some retinoids, resulted in bands at 1250, 880, and 790 cm-1 while a furan structure was confirmed by bands at 1175, 1083, and 1065 cm-1. PMID- 6638497 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of amino acids in physiological fluids: on-line precolumn derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde. AB - The reaction between primary amines and o-phthaldialdehyde in the presence of a thiol was exploited to measure the concentrations of 21 amino acids in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. The method described here includes an automatic on-line precolumn procedure for derivatizing the amino acids, permitting full automation and avoiding problems due to time dependent decay of fluorescence of the derivatives. The total analysis time is less than 60 min and limits of sensitivity are about 100 fmol. Proline, hydroxy proline, and cysteine are not detected. Comparison with data generated by a standard amino acid analyzer shows this technique to be reliable. PMID- 6638498 TI - The analysis of acyl-coenzyme A derivatives by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A method for determining tissue levels of Coenzyme A and various short-chain length acyl-CoA derivatives using high-performance liquid chromatography is presented. Separation of the various compounds was accomplished using a reverse phase Spherisorb ODS II, 5-microns C18 column. Mobile-phase solvents were (a) potassium phosphate, 220 mM; thiodiglycol (2,2-thiodiethanol), 0.05% (v/v), pH 4.0 and (b) methanol, 98%; chloroform; 2% (v/v). The various acyl-CoA derivatives were detected by monitoring the column effluent at 254 nm. Nearly baseline separation was obtained for a standard mixture of free CoASH, methylmalonyl-CoA, beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA, succinyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA, beta-methyl-crotonyl-CoA, and isovaleryl-CoA. CoA derivative profiles were determined in neutralized perchloric acid extracts of perfused rat hearts and livers and of isolated rat liver mitochondria to demonstrate the utility of this method for assessing the levels of CoA derivatives in biological samples. PMID- 6638499 TI - Recovery of methylated saccharides from methylation reaction mixtures using Sep Pak C18 cartridges. AB - Methylated oligo- and polysaccharides can be rapidly and efficiently separated from the reaction mixtures used to methylate them using a Waters C18 Sep-Pak cartridge. The methylated saccharides are retained by the Sep-Pak as the reaction mixture, diluted fivefold with water, is passed through. Extraneous materials are washed away with water, and then the sugars are eluted with 50 or 100% methanol. Samples of up to approximately 4 mg can be accommodated. Extremely small samples (10-50 micrograms) can also be purified. PMID- 6638500 TI - Reduction potential and thermodynamic parameters of adrenodoxin by the use of an anaerobic thin-layer electrode. AB - An enzymatic system to remove dissolved O2 in solution was applied to an optically transparent thin-layer electrode cell. This combination enabled the easy establishment of anaerobic conditions for the spectroelectrochemical study of O2-sensitive oxidation--reduction enzymes. By the use of the anaerobic cell with a small volume of 80 microliter, the formal reduction potential (E0) of adrenodoxin was found to be -250 +/- 2 mV vs a normal hydrogen electrode at 25 degrees C in a solution containing 0.1 M K-phosphate (pH 7.4) and 0.1 M KCl. Temperature-dependent experiments (5-25 degrees C) yielded the following thermodynamic parameters for the electron-transfer reaction of adrenodoxin: enthalpy (delta H0), -13.6 +/- 0.7 kcal/mol; entropy (S0red-S0ox), -49.6 +/- 2.4 eu. The large negative entropy value is quite unique among iron-sulfur proteins and heme proteins, suggesting that the protein structure changes dramatically upon one-electron reduction. PMID- 6638501 TI - Radiometric assay of S-adenosylmethionine:calmodulin(lysine)N-methyltransferase by calcium-dependent hydrophobic interaction chromatography. AB - A radiometric assay for S-adenosylmethionine:calmodulin(lysine)N methyltransferase in tissue extracts has been developed. This assay utilizes the non-N-methylated calmodulin from Dictyostelium discoideum as a substrate and calcium-dependent hydrophobic interaction chromatography to isolate the reaction product, N-methylated calmodulin. The assay measures the transfer of 3H-labeled methyl groups from [methyl-3H]S-adenosylmethionine to calmodulin. Methylated calmodulin is eluted from phenyl-Sepharose columns with EDTA and protein carboxylmethyl esters are removed by heat treatment prior to liquid scintillation counting of [methyl-3H]calmodulin. This assay is more specific, more sensitive, and more precise than the acid-precipitation assay previously employed and lends itself more readily to the assay of large numbers of samples. PMID- 6638502 TI - The purification and identification of flavin nucleotides by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Many preparations of flavin nucleotides contain nucleotide isomers of the natural compounds which are difficult to remove or separate. The method of dynamic complex-exchange (or paired-ion) chromatography has been used with high performance liquid chromatography to achieve resolution and purification of isomers. A solution of nucleotide in water was chromatographed isocratically on a C18-substituted silica column with a mobile phase of methanol, water, and tetrabutylammonium phosphate at neutral pH. Commercial preparations of FMN and FAD contained multiple components. The purified isomers were subjected to ion exchange chromatography directly on a quaternary nitrogen-substituted silica column to remove methanol and tetrabutylammonium cation, and thus obtain pure nucleotide in aqueous buffer suitable for use with proteins. With analytical equipment, a milligram of pure FMN or FAD was produced in 1 day. The same procedure was useful for the rapid identification and quantitation of flavin nucleotides in proteins. After exposure of a protein solution to heat treatment, the supernatant was subjected to dynamic complex-exchange chromatography, as described above. PMID- 6638503 TI - A coupled radiometric assay for dihydrofolate reductase based on the oxidative decarboxylation of D-6-phospho-[1-14C]gluconate. AB - The synthesis of D-6-phospho-[1-14C]gluconate and the utilization of this compound in a novel assay procedure for dihydrofolate reductase is described. This new assay method couples reductase-dependent NADP+ production to the enzymatic and NADP+-dependent decarboxylation of D-6-phospho-[1-14C]gluconate. By several criteria it is demonstrated that [14C]CO2 release is directly proportional to dihydrofolate reductase activity. This coupled radiometric assay for dihydrofolate reductase is more sensitive than the commonly used spectrophotometric assay and offers a number of advantages over earlier radiometric methods. PMID- 6638504 TI - Quantitative analysis of ether-linked lipids as alkyl- and alk-1-enyl-glycerol benzoates by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Methodology for the quantitative and qualitative analyses of alkyl- and alk-l enyl-glycerols derived by Vitride reduction of ether-linked glycerolipids in the presence of an internal standard was developed. The procedure involved preparation of benzoate derivatives that were subsequently analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with detection at 228 nm. Separation of the glycerol ether dibenzoates on a C18 reverse-phase column allowed for the simultaneous quantitation and the determination of chain length of both alkyl- and alk-l-enyl-glycerols in a single chromatographic run of less than 15 min. The method was accurate (less than 10% error), reproducible, and sensitive (less than 1 microgram per component). Application of the method to the analysis of phospholipids from L-M cells grown in the presence and absence of elaidic acid demonstrated that the cells incorporated a portion of the trans acid supplement (presumably via the fatty alcohol) into the side chains of both alkyl- and alk-l enyl-glycerol-containing phosphatides. PMID- 6638505 TI - A microfluorometric assay for cholinesterases, suitable for multiple kinetic determinations of picomoles of released thiocholine. AB - A highly sensitive microfluorometric assay for cholinesterases has been developed. Enzymatic activity is measured by monitoring the thiocholine produced by specific hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine. This is carried out by reacting the thiocholine formed with the fluorogenic compound N-(4(7 diethylamino-4 methylcoumarin-3-yl)phenyl)maleimide to yield an intensely fluorescent product. The assay is linear over a range extending from a few picomoles to nanomoles of thiocholine. The specificity and accuracy of this microfluorometric assay were examined using microgram quantities of rat brain tissue as a source for cholinesterases. The specific activities and the Km values determined by this new method for both cholinesterase activities present in the brain (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7, and "nonspecific" cholinesterase-acylcholine acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8) were identical to those reported earlier using the less sensitive spectrophotometric and radiometric methods. The background emission caused by nonenzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate is relatively low, and does not exceed background values encountered in other methods. The assay may be used for monitoring the kinetics of enzymatic activities in microscale reaction mixtures, providing a linear determination of the thiocholine produced over a period of at least 30 h at room temperature. The method can also be adapted for use in other enzymatic assays where reagents containing thiol groups can be produced or consumed. PMID- 6638506 TI - Purification of human milk bile salt-activated lipase. AB - A modified procedure for a large-scale purification of human milk bile salt activated lipase (BAL) has been devised. An initial step used cholate-Sepharose affinity chromatography for the partial purification of the enzyme followed by the removal of cholate with a Bio-Rex 5 anion-exchange resin. The final step of purification used heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. This procedure of purification resulted in a 50-fold purification of BAL from human skim milk and a specific activity of 50-60 mumol/min/mg with p-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate. From 450 ml of human skim milk, approximately 30 mg of purified enzyme could be obtained. The N-terminal-region amino acid sequence of the purified BAL was determined as follows: Ala-Lys-Leu-Gly-Ala-Val-Tyr-Thr-Glu-Gly-Lys-Phe-Val-Glu Gly-Val-Asn-Lys-Lys-Leu-Gly-Leu-. Despite the finding that BAL interacts with heparin-Sepharose, soluble heparin had no effect on BAL activity. The possible physiological role of BAL-heparin interaction has also been discussed. PMID- 6638508 TI - Quantification of polyacrylamide gel bands by digital image processing. AB - A method of quantifying bands on polyacrylamide gels based on image processing of digitized photographic negatives is presented. PMID- 6638507 TI - A spectrophotometric method to determine the amount of CO bound to hemocyanin. AB - The amount of CO bound to hemocyanin has been determined by titration with human hemoglobin (Hb). The spectrophotometric method makes use of the high affinity of Hb for CO, which (at pH 9) allows a complete transfer of the ligand from hemocyanin to hemoglobin. Taking advantage of the large spectral changes at the level of the heme, this method allows the rapid determination of the CO bound to hemocyanin, using relatively small amounts of protein (less than 5 mg). Application of this method shows (i) that CO binds to hemocyanins with a stoichiometry of 1:1, in agreement with one earlier observation with 14C-labeled carbon monoxide (1), and (ii) that decrease of the CO-copper luminescence of hemocyanin observed upon addition of KCN is quantitatively related to the displacement of CO from the active site. PMID- 6638509 TI - A method to measure critical detergent parameters. Preparation of liposomes. AB - A simple physical method to determine the monomer concentration of detergents below as well as above the critical micelle concentration based on the bubble pressure measurement is described. Aggregated surfactant molecules (micelles) and phospholipid vesicles if present in the sample will not disturb the measurements. Three applications of the method relevant to the preparation of liposomes are shown: (i) measurements of critical micelle concentrations, (ii) evaluation of the affinity constant of the interaction of detergents with liposomal membranes, and (iii) monitoring of residual detergent in liposome preparations during dialysis or after gel chromatography of mixed micelle-derived liposomes. It was found that the efficiency of detergents to produce liposomes during their removal depends on their critical micelle concentrations as well as on their affinity to liposomal membranes. PMID- 6638510 TI - Spectrophotometric quantitation of silver grains eluted from autoradiograms. AB - Autoradiograms or fluorograms can be quantified by eluting the silver grains from the developed film with 1 M NaOH and measuring the absorbance of the eluate in a conventional spectrometer. In contrast to direct scanning of the film, the present method is rapid, requires only simple equipment, and permits accurate quantitation of even heavily exposed bands. PMID- 6638511 TI - A discontinuous electrophoretic system for separating peptides on polyacrylamide gels. AB - An electrophoretic system for separating, with high resolution, peptides 25-250 residues in length is described. The peptides are stacked by discontinuous electrophoresis to form very sharp bands at the origin. They are then separated on a matrix of 20% polyacrylamide, 8 M urea, and 0.1% dodecyl sulfate. Through this combination, high resolution and clean separation, based on polymer length, are achieved. PMID- 6638512 TI - Multiple analytical frequencies and standards for the least-squares spectrometric analysis of serum lipids. PMID- 6638513 TI - Characterization of glucuronides with a thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry interface. PMID- 6638514 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of amino and imino acids and thiols by postcolumn derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzo-2,1,3-oxadiazole. PMID- 6638515 TI - Errors in determination of potassium in physiological fluids with valinomycin electrodes. PMID- 6638516 TI - Ultrasonic preparation of fat-free biological materials for elemental analysis. PMID- 6638517 TI - Internal standardization in energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of trace elements in urine after preconcentration with a chelating filter. PMID- 6638518 TI - Simultaneous monitoring of both phases in the solvent extraction/flow injection analysis of Dramamine tablets. PMID- 6638519 TI - Ion implantation for quantitative ion microscopy of biological soft tissue. PMID- 6638520 TI - Relative sensitivity factors of elements in quantitative secondary ion mass spectrometric analysis of biological reference materials. PMID- 6638521 TI - Determination of pterins in biological samples by liquid chromatography/electrochemistry with a dual-electrode detector. PMID- 6638522 TI - Analysis of fish for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by electron capture capillary gas chromatography. PMID- 6638523 TI - Radioimmunoassay of propranolol. PMID- 6638524 TI - Electrogenerated chemiluminescent determination of oxalate. PMID- 6638525 TI - Elimination of perchloric acid in digestion of biological fluids for fluorometric determination of selenium. PMID- 6638526 TI - Weak calf syndrome and the determination of cortisol: adapting literature methods to real-life problems. PMID- 6638527 TI - Spectrophotometric determination of arsenic in biological tissues and sediments after digestion with nitric, sulphuric and perchloric acids and pre-concentration by zinc column arsine generation and trapping. PMID- 6638528 TI - Rapid spectrophotometric determination of saccharin in soft drinks and pharmaceuticals using Azure B as reagent. PMID- 6638529 TI - Voltammetric studies of zomepirac sodium and its determination in tablets by differential-pulse polarography. PMID- 6638530 TI - Response of epididymal duct to the temporary depletion of spermatozoa induced by testicular irradiation in mice. AB - The mouse epididymal duct can be histologically divided into five segments (I-V), and the principal cells in segment II appear to secrete periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive material into the lumen. In this study, male dd-mice received one, two, or four 800-R doses of radiation beginning at age 50 days. Mice receiving multiple doses were irradiated at 1-week intervals. After irradiation, marked depletion of spermatozoa, or aspermia, occurred in the epididymal duct for 2 to 16 weeks after a latency period of 3 to 4 weeks according to the times of irradiations. During oligospermia or aspermia, PAS-positive inclusions appeared in the principal cells in segment IV. The inclusions occupied a supranuclear position and appeared as round granules and globules measuring 2-15 micron in diameter, and increased in number, size, and staining intensity with time. They disappeared after reappearance of spermatozoa. The findings suggest that PAS positive material may bind to spermatozoa and, if not bound, is reabsorbed by the principal cells in segment IV and deposited as intracellular inclusions, and the principal cells in segment IV are capable of digesting the accumulated PAS positive material. PMID- 6638531 TI - The liver hemopoietic environment: I. Developing hepatocytes and their role in fetal hemopoiesis. AB - Mouse fetal liver was studied ultrastructurally to identify and characterize the developing hepatic parenchyma or prehepatocyte which may be responsible for producing the liver hemopoietic environment. It was observed that as the liver develops, there is close association of endodermal and mesenchymal cells in the region of the septum transversum. Numerous intercellular adhesions were observed between endodermal cells and mesenchymal cells. Twenty-four after endodermal and mesenchymal cells first intermingle, the liver extravascular space consisted of spherical hemopoietic cells dispersed among a heterogenous population of dark and light cells. The reticulum of prehepatocytes formed a three-dimensional cellular network which structurally supported the hemopoietic cells residing in the liver. By 12 days of gestation, prehepatocytes were a homogenous population of dark, stellate cells joined together by numerous intercellular adhesions. Broad areas of intercellular association were noted between processes and prehepatocytes and hemopoietic cells; however, no intercellular junctions between these two disparate cell populations were observed at this or any stage in development. Characteristics reflecting a cell population capable of synthesis and secretion of proteinaceous substances, namely, dilated Golgi apparati, increased numbers of polyribosomes and profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), two types of vacuoles and/or vesicles, and intercellular microvillus-lined spaces, were observed in the prehepatocytes between 12 and 17 days gestation. By day 17 of gestation, glycogen accumulation, biliary channel development, appearance of a subendothelial microvillus surface, nuclear shape and chromatin pattern, and arrangement of cytoplasmic organelles reflected the maturation of prehepatocytes into hepatocytes, the adult liver parenchyma. PMID- 6638532 TI - The liver hemopoietic environment: II. Peroxidase reactive mouse fetal liver hemopoietic cells. AB - Through the combined use of peroxidase cytochemistry and examination at the ultrastructural level, the present study has identified liver hemopoietic foci containing three forms of erythropoietic cells, two forms of myelopoietic cells, and a population of peroxidase nonreactive cells within the extravascular compartments of mouse fetal liver. The nonreactive cells were 10 micron in diameter, displayed no peroxidase activity and were designated type I cells. This cell had an irregular nucleus, small profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a considerable population of monoribosomes and a few polyribosomes. The incidence of this cell type decreased significantly from 50% at 12 days gestation to approximately 10% of the hemopoietic cells at 17 days gestation. Type I cells could not be classified into a hemopoietic lineage and may represent undifferentiated hemopoietic stem cells. Three forms of erythropoietic cells, designated types II, III, and IV, were identified. These cells had a diffuse cytoplasmic peroxidase reaction, no peroxidase positive membrane-bound organelles, and were approximately 7 micron in diameter. They corresponded to the more classically defined proerythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, and nucleated normoblast, respectively. Types II and III had moderate cytoplasmic reactions, whereas type III, in addition, had a slight nuclear reaction. Type IV cells had a very dense cytoplasmic reaction but no nuclear reaction. Of the myelopoietic cells detected, one form had a slightly reactive Golgi and a few reactive granules. The other form possessed a clearly positive nuclear envelope (NE), RER, Golgi, and a population of reactive granules. The phagocytic sinusoidal lining cells (Kupffer cells) were peroxidase negative in contrast to similar cells in the rat. A population of peroxidase-positive granules was detected in fetal liver developing hepatocytes at 17 days gestation and increased in number with age. The morphology and organization of these various cell types in the liver hemopoietic environment are discussed. PMID- 6638533 TI - Development and innervation of soleplates in the freely grafted extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in the rat. AB - The ultrastructural events in the establishment of the neuromuscular junction of the freely grafted extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of the rat were studied 1-120 days after grafting. The original axons and muscle fibers, including soleplates, degenerated during the first few days, but Schwann cells and basal laminae persisted. Myofibers regenerated within the original basal laminae. Indentations of the sarcolemma, termed "presumptive synaptic clefts" (PSC), were found on myotubes from 7-day grafts. Schwann cells and residual acetylcholinesterase were invariably associated with the PSC, suggesting that the PSC developed at the site of the original soleplate. Nerves entered the grafts 10 days postoperatively and contacted the PSC of the regenerating muscle fibers on the 18-20th day. The secondary synaptic clefts of these "reconstructed" soleplates extended far beyond the subaxonal region. A second type of soleplate appeared on the 18-20th day. These soleplates were similar to those found in embryonic muscle and were considered to have been induced to form "de novo" by the presence of the nerves. When grafts were placed in permanently denervated limbs the "reconstructed" soleplates appeared, but the "de novo" type did not. These results show that information directing the morphogenesis and innervation of the soleplate persists after the original muscle fibers and axons of a graft degenerate and regenerate. PMID- 6638534 TI - Effects of chronic denervation in type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben). AB - Cutaneous type I receptor sites (Haarscheiben or tactile domes) were examined at intervals of 4 to 275 days after chronic denervation of the skin. The number of domes decreased with denervation time, and only about one-third of the domes originally present were still visible at 275 days. Most but not all of the Merkel cells from these domes were absent by 48 days, and the epithelium was significantly thinner than in nondenervated domes. Only a few of the examined domes appeared to be completely devoid of Merkel cells. It is concluded that after nerve transection, domes degenerate but do not always disappear entirely. The remnants may thus act as target sites which either attract regenerating type I nerve fibers or facilitate the formation of new dome structures after nerve regeneration. PMID- 6638535 TI - Ultrastructure of a tail stump sperm defect in an Ayrshire bull. AB - The sperm cells in the ejaculate of a sterile Ayrshire bull were studied by light microscopy as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The spermatozoa showed an almost total lack of tails, whereas the heads appeared morphologically normal. The cytoplasmic residue at the caudal end of the head contained numerous membrane structures as well as mitochondria and incomplete elements of the proximal centriole and striated column. The basic disturbance appears to be a hereditary defect in the spermiogenesis. PMID- 6638536 TI - Acrosomo-nuclear syndrome in canine sperm. AB - An acrosomo-nuclear syndrome in sperm of an infertile semicryptorchid dog is described. Based on an EM study of developing and mature sperm the syndrome is defined by simultaneous occurrence of these symptoms: 1) intranuclear inclusions of acrosomal origin, 2) maldifferentiated apical segment of acrosome, 3) intraacrosomal inclusions of Sertoli cell origin, 4) characteristic change of nuclear shape and 5) retained cytoplasmic droplet. The cause of the syndrome and possibility of a transfer of somatic factors are discussed. PMID- 6638537 TI - Effect of continuous local microdose norethisterone enanthate on the epididymis of adult rat. AB - Unilateral implantation of a small silastic capsule containing crystalline Norethisterone Enanthate (NE, average observed rate of release, 17-22 micrograms/24 h) into the epididymal fat-pad of adult rats induced drastic impairment of epididymal functional anatomy in the adjacent epididymis six weeks later without affecting the contralateral epididymis. Tubular elements in the ipsilateral epididymis were highly shrunken with their luminal epithelial height greatly reduced and the lumen devoid of spermatozoa as compared with the normal epididymis (full of spermatozoa) on the sham operated contralateral side. PMID- 6638538 TI - In vitro metabolism of (3H)-androstenedione in the rat epididymis and vas deferens. AB - The in vitro metabolism of (3H)-androstenedione in the epididymis and vas deferens of intact and castrated rats was investigated and the metabolites formed were identified by radio gas chromatography. Incubation of slices of caput epididymidis for 2 hr at 34 degrees C metabolised 90% androstenedione. Similar incubations of tissue samples from cauda epididymidis and vas deferens metabolized 60 and 25% of androstenedione respectively. The major metabolites formed in the epididymis were androstanedione (caput: 48%; cauda: 33%) and androsterone (caput: 35%; cauda: 13%). These metabolites appeared in much less concentration in the incubations with vas deferens (about 8% each). In general, conversion to testosterone and dihydrotesterone was low in all the three organs examined. Castration did not significantly alter the metabolic pattern in the caput epididymidis and vas deferens but promoted the formation of androsterone (38%) in the cauda epididymidis. The conversion of androstenedione, a weak androgen to testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and 3 alpha/3 beta-diols in the epididymidis and vas deferens of castrated rats may be of physiological significance. In addition, androsterone appears to be an important androgenic metabolite in the epididymis. PMID- 6638539 TI - Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone seminal plasma levels in varicocele patients. AB - Testosterone (T) and Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured in seminal plasma levels of forty-four varicocele patients and in seventeen normal men. T values were not significantly different from controls, while DHT values were significantly lower in varicocele patients. When we grouped the patients according to the sperm count, we observed a decrease of DHT similar to that reported by other authors in oligozoospermic patients. However in the patients with normal sperm count, where the motility was the only parameter significantly lower, DHT in the ejaculate showed again a marked decrease. In contrast to that observed in the normal subjects, in the latter group, with normal sperm count, we observed a negative correlation between the age of the patients and DHT in the ejaculate. This suggests that the duration of varicocele per se could affect DHT seminal plasma levels. PMID- 6638540 TI - Acid-extracted glycoproteins in human seminal coagulum. AB - Protein in intact coagulum of fresh human ejaculate was extracted by 0.25 N HCl, the condition used for extraction of sperm basic proteins. About 75% of the total coagulum protein was found to be acid-extractable and therefore so-called coagulum basic proteins (CBP). The CBP were glycosylated and entirely distinguishable from sperm protamine in many aspects. The CBP consisted of two major components as analyzed by acid-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). However sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE could resolve the CBP into 3 main components with apparent molecular weights of 52,000, 80,000 and 82,000 daltons respectively. Dissolution of the CBP during in vitro liquefaction of the fresh ejaculate suggested the possible role of the glycoprotein in the coagulum structure. PMID- 6638541 TI - Naloxone has a local effect on the testis of immature rats. AB - Local effect of naloxone on testicular weight, compensatory hypertrophy, and differentiation of the testis and serum testosterone level has been studied in immature rats. A single injection of naloxone in a dose of 2 micrograms/testis under the testicular capsule significantly increased the testicular weight, promoted testicular differentiation and enhanced the rate of compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining testis in unilaterally orchidectomized animals. Data suggest that naloxone has a direct effect on the testis of immature rats. PMID- 6638542 TI - [What is a spermiogram?]. AB - The spermiogram is a part of the andrological investigation. The spermiogram is equally entitled to the anamnestic data and to the clinical investigation. The spermiogram includes physical, morphological as well as biochemical investigations of the ejaculate. Only the equivalent consideration of all parameters allows a correct diagnosis in andrology. PMID- 6638543 TI - Comparative renal effects of midazolam and thiopental in humans. AB - Midazolam is a water-soluble benzodiazepine whose quick onset after intravenous injection, short duration of action, absence of venous irritation, and mild cardiovascular and respiratory effects suggest its use for induction of anesthesia. The renal effects of midazolam-N2O-O2 anesthesia, as determined by renal clearance of injected inulin and para-aminohippuric acid (PAH), in hydrated ASA Class I-II surgical patients (N = 8) were compared in a double-blind fashion with a similar group of patients (N = 9) anesthetized with thiopental-N2O-O2. Except for glomerular filtration rate, there were no significant changes in any of the measured variables (blood pressure, effective renal plasma flow, renal blood flow, and renal vascular resistance). The per cent reduction in glomerular filtration rate in patients given thiopental differed significantly from that in patients given midazolam. This study suggests that midazolam, as opposed to thiopental, offers minimal advantage in maintaining renal performance at least during the period of anesthetic administration. PMID- 6638544 TI - Neonatal pattern of breathing following cesarean section: epidural versus general anesthesia. AB - We tested the hypothesis that different anesthetic techniques for elective cesarean section would be reflected in the pattern of breathing and its control after birth. The pattern of breathing, including tidal volume, total breath duration (TTOT), minute ventilation, inspiratory (TI) and expiratory times, TI/TTOT ratio, and mouth occlusion pressure, was measured in 27 infants delivered by elective cesarean section during maternal epidural (lidocaine-carbon dioxide epinephrine, n = 19) or general anesthesia (66% oxygen in N2O and 0.5% halothane, n = 8) at 10, 60, and 90 min and 3-5 days of age. Neonatal acid-base values and Apgar scores were within normal limits in both groups of infants. In general, at any given age the values of the respiratory parameters measured and their variability were similar between the two groups of infants. These findings indicate that the pattern of breathing after birth is not different following epidural or general anesthesia, and on the basis of our measurements, both epidural or general anesthesia appeared equally suitable for elective cesarean section. PMID- 6638545 TI - The pharmacokinetics of midazolam in chronic renal failure patients. AB - Fifteen patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) were given midazolam 0.2 mg/kg iv over 15 s. All but one lost consciousness in a time ranging from 22-100 s (mean +/- SD was 55 +/- 26 s) after drug administration. Patients regained consciousness from 6-105 min (mean 53 +/- 32) after drug administration. The calculated mean plasma level of midazolam at arousal was 81 +/- 47 ng/ml. Pharmacokinetics parameters were determined from midazolam plasma levels measured in 16 consecutive venous blood samples. The pharmacokinetic parameters in CRF patients were compared with those of healthy volunteers matched for age, sex, and body size with the CRF patients. Protein binding was determined by equilibrium dialysis. CRF patients had a significantly higher (P less than 0.005) plasma-free drug fraction (6.5% +/- 0.7) compared with the control patients (3.9% +/- 0.1). Total (bound plus unbound) kinetics differed in the two groups: volume of distribution 3.8 +/- .3 1/kg in CRF patients versus 2.2 +/- .2 1/kg in controls (P less than 0.001), and clearance 11.4 +/- 1.6 ml X min-1 X kg-1 in CRF patients versus 6.7 +/- 0.9 ml X min-1 X kg-1 in controls (P less than 0.02). When kinetic parameters were corrected for protein binding, CRF patients unbound volume of distribution (63.5 +/- 6.8 1/kg) and free drug clearance (189 +/- 29 ml X min-1 X kg-1) were not different from the control group's volume of distribution (55.6 +/ 5.7 1/kg) and free drug clearance (176 +/- 24 ml X min-1 X kg-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638546 TI - The effect of halothane anesthesia on myocardial necrosis, hemodynamic performance, and regional myocardial blood flow in dogs following coronary artery occlusion. AB - The effect of halothane anesthesia on myocardial necrosis resulting from coronary artery ligation was examined in 28 anesthetized mongrel dogs. In 18 dogs, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated immediately proximal to the first apical diagonal branch, and 1 h later the dogs were assigned randomly either to receive halothane, 0.5-1.0% inspired in room air for 12 h (n = 10) or to awaken without further intervention (control, n = 8). Infarct size was measured by staining the myocardium with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride 24 h after LAD ligation. Infarct size in halothane-treated dogs was 17.8 +/- 2.0% of the left ventricle, compared with 27.3 +/- 3.3% in control dogs (P less than 0.05). Myocardial salvage was present transmurally but was greatest in epicardial regions. In 10 additional dogs, hemodynamic variables (heart rate, arterial pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, peak left ventricular dP/dt, tension-time index, and rate-pressure product) were measured or calculated, and radionuclide-labeled microspheres were injected for measurement of cardiac output and regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF). Thirty minutes after LAD ligation and after initial hemodynamic measurements and microsphere injection, these dogs were assigned randomly to receive either halothane, 1.0%, inspired in room air (n = 5) or no intervention (control, n = 5). After 15 min of halothane inhalation (45 min after LAD ligation in control dogs), measurements were repeated. Halothane inhalation reduced heart rate, arterial pressure, and indexes of left ventricular contractile and pump performance. During halothane treatment, RMBF declined in normal myocardium but not in ischemic regions, while neither normal nor ischemic zone RMBF changed in control dogs. Systemic vascular resistance was unchanged in either group. Thus, halothane was associated with a 35% smaller myocardial infarct, transmural myocardial salvage, reduced heart rate, reduced left ventricular contractile and pump performance, reduced RMBF to nonischemic regions, and unchanged RMBF in the ischemic myocardium. PMID- 6638547 TI - Selective actions of intravenous anesthetics on nicotinic- and muscarinic receptor-mediated responses of the dog adrenal medulla. AB - The selective actions of intravenous anesthetics on the cholinergic nicotinic and muscarinic responses of adrenal medullary cells were studied using isolated dog adrenals perfused with modified Locke's solution. Log-probit dose-response curves of the inhibitory effects of the anesthetics on the catecholamine releases induced by acetylcholine, nicotine, and muscarine were determined. Percentage inhibition by the anesthetics at clinically relevant concentrations were 98% of nicotine- and 31% of muscarine-induced releases by alphaxalone 2.6 microM, 76% of nicotine and 13% of muscarine by thiopental 23.9 microM, 86% of nicotine and no inhibition of muscarine by ketamine 17.0 microM, and no inhibition of either response by diazepam 5.0 microM. The ratio of IC50 (concentration for 50% inhibition), which was calculated by dividing IC50 for muscarine by IC50 for nicotine, showed a variety of values ranging from 3.9 for diazepam to 38.0 for ketamine. The results suggest that each anesthetic has characteristic selective inhibitory effects on nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic responses. The differing effects on the muscarinic responses might be one of the factors contributing to the characteristic properties of each anesthetic, whereas the inhibition of nicotinic responses might reflect a common property for many anesthetics. PMID- 6638548 TI - Halothane inhibits metabolism of enflurane in Fischer 344 rats. AB - The authors investigated the effect of prior administration of halothane upon the metabolism of enflurane. Twenty-four, one-year-old male, Fischer 344 rats were assigned randomly to four anesthetic exposure groups. Groups 1 and 2 were controls exposed only to halothane and enflurane, respectively. Group 3 was exposed for 1 h to 0.3% halothane, followed by 2 h of 1% enflurane. Group 4 was exposed for 1 h to 1% halothane and then to 2 h of 1% enflurane. Blood samples were taken prior to, immediately following, and 1, 24, and 48 h after anesthetic exposure. Serum was assayed for inorganic fluoride (F-), SGOT and SGPT. Twenty four-hour urinary collections were assayed for F excretion. Group 1 rats exposed to halothane alone had the lowest peak mean serum F- (5.0 microM). Group 2 rats exposed to enflurane alone had the highest serum F concentration 4 h after anesthesia (18.7 microM). Peak serum F in Group 3 rats (9.5 microM) was significantly lower than in Group 2 rats (enflurane control). In Group 4 rats, serum F- was not significantly different from Group 1 rats (halothane control) at any time. In the first 24 h after anesthetic exposure, urinary F- excretion in Groups 2 and 3 was significantly higher than in Groups 1 and 4. This study demonstrated that prior exposure to halothane reduced the metabolism of enflurane; previous work suggested that this was due to an interaction of halothane with hepatic cytochrome P-450.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638549 TI - Anesthetic requirements for halothane in young children 0-1 month and 1-6 months of age. AB - In a previous study, the authors found that infants, in the first 6 months of life, required the highest minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of any age group (1.09% halothane). Because only two neonates (0-31 days of age) were included in the original study and because profound depression of blood pressure and heart rate have been reported in neonates, the authors determined 1) whether the MAC of halothane in neonates (n = 12) differs from that in infants (1-6 months of age) (n = 12) and 2) whether the blood pressure and heart rate responses in neonates differ from those in infants at approximately 1 MAC. The authors found that the MAC of halothane in neonates, 0.87% +/- 0.03 SEM, was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that in infants, 1.20% +/- 0.06 SEM. With induction of anesthesia, the systolic blood pressure decreased 23% in neonates (P less than 0.05) and 34% in infants (P less than 0.005) from awake values. Similarly, the heart rate decreased 12% in neonates and 22% in infants (P less than 0.05). The incidence of hypotension (greater than 30% decrease in systolic blood pressure from awake) in neonates, 33%, was not significantly different from that in infants, 44%. The authors conclude that the MAC of halothane in neonates is 25% less than that in infants and significantly less than was thought previously. The MAC in infants is the highest of any age group. The decrease in blood pressure and the incidence of hypotension in neonates are similar to those in infants at approximately 1 MAC of halothane. PMID- 6638550 TI - Minute ventilation and oxygen consumption during labor with epidural analgesia. AB - Oxygen consumption (VO2) and minute ventilation (VE) were measured between and during uterine contractions in the first stage of labor before and after lumbar epidural analgesia (LEA) in 11 women who served as their own controls. VO2 and VE between contractions were essentially unchanged by LEA to a T10 or higher sensory level. Before LEA, both VO2 and VE were increased significantly during contractions by 63% and 74% respectively, whereas following LEA there was no significant increase in VO2 or VE during contractions. In the second stage of labor, VO2 and VE were measured in seven patients electing to have no analgesia or sedation and in 10 patients having complete pain relief produced by LEA. Measurements were obtained 5-10 min before delivery. During contractions with pushing, VO2 and VE were decreased by 25% and 31%, respectively, in patients having LEA as compared with patients having no analgesia or sedation. These results suggest that the increase in VO2 and VE are due primarily to pain associated with uterine contractions and that LEA decreased the work of breathing and the oxygen consumption of the parturient in both the first and second stages of labor. PMID- 6638551 TI - Influence of mixed venous oxygen tension (PVO2) on blood flow to atelectatic lung. AB - The influence of mixed venous oxygen tension (PVO2) on blood flow to the atelectatic left lung was studied at normal and reduced cardiac outputs (CO) using extracorporeal veno-venous bypass in six pentobarbital anesthetized, mechanically ventilated dogs. Aortic and left pulmonary artery flows; airway, left atrial, central venous, pulmonary, and systemic arterial pressures; hemoglobin, arterial, and mixed venous blood gases were measured. The blood flow reduction observed in atelectasis was altered by the PVO2. Approximately 50% of blood flow was diverted away from atelectatic lung when PVO2 was low (24 +/- 2 mmHg) or normal (46 +/- 2 mmHg) (mean left lung blood flow [QL%] was 23.2 +/- 4.6% with low PVO2 and 19.0 +/- 3.4%, with normal PVO2). When PVO2 was increased to greater than 100 mmHg, diversion of blood flow away from atelectatic lung did not occur and QL% was nearly the flow expected for normoxic ventilated left lung (mean QL% = 40.4 +/- 5.9%). Shunt (QS/QT%) was significantly greater when PVO2 was high than when it was normal or low (mean QS/QT% = 51.7 +/- 5.6%, 31.0 +/- 3.1%, 26.0 +/- 3.4% with high, normal, and low PVO2, respectively). Mean PaO2 was significantly greater when PVO2 was high than when PVO2 was normal or low, despite the increase in QL% and QS/QT% (PaO2 = 327 +/- 25 mmHg, 220 +/- 32 mmHg, 115 +/- 21 mmHg with high, normal, and low PVO2, respectively). A 40% reduction in cardiac output significantly decreased transmural pulmonary artery pressure but did not affect PaO2, QS/QT%, or QL%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638552 TI - Monitoring anesthetic vapor concentrations using a piezoelectric detector: evaluation of the Engstrom EMMA. AB - The Engstrom anesthetic gas analyzer (EMMA) was evaluated to determine the reproducibility, response time, gas interference, water vapor dependence, and sensitivity. The analyzer also was evaluated clinically in 20 children undergoing orthopedic surgery. Difference between the analyzer output and anesthetic gas standard (reproducibility) ranged from 0.013 +/- 0.008 vol % to 0.018 +/- 0.018 vol %. Response times decreased from 710 ms at 5 l X min-1 to 149 ms at 30 l X min-1. Nitrous oxide caused an offset of +0.11 +/- 0.007 vol %. Water vapor caused positive offsets of 0.25 +/- 0.044 vol %, 0.51 +/- 0.027 vol %, and 0.80 +/- 0.037 vol % at 25 degrees C, 30 degrees C, and 34 degrees C, respectively. The analyzer reproducibly measured dry gas concentrations, but compensation had to be made for water vapor when measuring wet gases. The analyzer's usefulness for end-tidal monitoring was questioned because of its slow response time and its sensitivity to water vapor. PMID- 6638553 TI - No effect of hyperbaric oxygen on methionine synthetase activity in rats. AB - Nitrous oxide is the only anesthetic gas or vapor known to inactivate the vitamin B12 cofactor of the enzyme methionine synthetase. However, there are conflicting reports on whether oxygen at one atmosphere has any effect. The authors found that the hepatic methionine synthetase activity of Sprague-Dawley rats was unchanged after 4 h exposure to two atmospheres of oxygen. PMID- 6638554 TI - Effects of volatile anesthetics on myocardial oxidation-reduction status assessed by NADH fluorometry. AB - In experiments on isolated rat heart perfused by the Langendorff method, the effect of halothane, isoflurane, enflurane, and diethyl ether on myocardial oxidation-reduction status was evaluated with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorometry. All inhaled anesthetics studied caused a dose dependent increase in NADH fluorescence. Concentrations of anesthetics necessary to produce 10% of the maximal increase in NADH fluorescence caused by anoxia were 1.1% for halothane, 1.6% for isoflurane, 2.6% for enflurane, and 6.8% for diethyl ether (all concentrations are different from each other at P less than 0.05 level, n = 24). These findings indicate that the order of potency with regard to the effect of the agent on NADH paralleled their potencies as general anesthetics. The deterioration in myocardial oxidation-reduction status probably is related to the ability of the anesthetic agents to inhibit the electron transport chain in mitochondria. PMID- 6638555 TI - Methemoglobinemia associated with benzocaine-containing lubricant. PMID- 6638556 TI - Temperature-related T-wave changes during thoracotomy. PMID- 6638557 TI - Transient large upright T-wave on the electrocardiogram during multiple monitored electroconvulsive therapy. PMID- 6638558 TI - Catastrophic pulmonary vasoconstriction associated with protamine reversal of heparin. PMID- 6638559 TI - Postoperative dorsal epidural analgesia in the child with respiratory disabilities. PMID- 6638560 TI - Hemiparesis following dural puncture. PMID- 6638561 TI - Intrathecal morphine for relief of labor pain in a parturient with severe pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6638562 TI - Failed release of an activated oxygen flush valve. PMID- 6638563 TI - Endotracheal tube obstruction possibly due to structural fault. PMID- 6638564 TI - Bupivicaine toxicity and bier blocks. PMID- 6638565 TI - Intravenous infusions: making life easy. PMID- 6638566 TI - A simple device for monitoring the esophageal electrocardiogram. PMID- 6638567 TI - A balloon catheter for nasal intubation. PMID- 6638568 TI - Concepts of thiopental distribution and metabolism, old and new. PMID- 6638569 TI - Mechanism of epidural lidocaine reversal of tachyphylaxis to epidural morphine analgesia. PMID- 6638570 TI - Anesthesia-induced hepatotoxicity. PMID- 6638571 TI - Safety check for the CPRAM circuit. PMID- 6638572 TI - Use of microcomputers for teaching. PMID- 6638573 TI - [Anesthesia during minor surgery in children]. PMID- 6638574 TI - [General anesthesia and a succinyldicholine-sensitive phenotype in children with various orthopedic diseases]. PMID- 6638575 TI - [Computer evaluation of the state of the cardiovascular system during lung surgery]. PMID- 6638576 TI - [Acute disorders of cardiac rhythm in heart valve prosthesis during cardioplegia]. PMID- 6638577 TI - [Causes of hemolysis during extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 6638578 TI - [The role of arterial pressure during perfusion and criteria of the adequacy of artificial circulation]. PMID- 6638579 TI - [Hypokalemia and its correction during an immediate postoperative period after open-heart surgery]. PMID- 6638580 TI - [Effect of Trendelenburg's position on pulmonary gas exchange and circulation]. PMID- 6638581 TI - [Hemodynamics during the immediate postoperative period in young children undergoing surgery under assisted circulation for congenital heart defects]. PMID- 6638582 TI - [Histochemical characteristics of the liver in different methods of resuscitation after severe mechanical injury]. PMID- 6638583 TI - [Hemosorption in combined therapy of complicated myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6638584 TI - [Disorders of the metabolism of free amino acids in the donor heart during hemodialysis in functioning heart-lung preparations]. PMID- 6638585 TI - [Antitissue antibodies in patients with severe mechanical injury during the post traumatic period]. PMID- 6638586 TI - [Anesthesiological tactics in emergency replantation of the fingers, hand and arm]. PMID- 6638587 TI - [Effect of premedication and general anesthesia on intragastric pH values in patients with duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6638588 TI - [ECG changes after acute delagil (chloroquine poisoning]. PMID- 6638589 TI - [Hemodilution in the combined treatment of status asthmaticus]. PMID- 6638590 TI - [Various aspects of resuscitation and intensive therapy in young children with croup syndrome]. PMID- 6638591 TI - [Combined evaluation of the position of patients on the operated side during an immediate postoperative period after pneumonectomy]. PMID- 6638592 TI - [Intensive therapy with the use of hemosorption after snake bites in children]. PMID- 6638593 TI - [Heat algesimeter]. PMID- 6638594 TI - [Use of an electrocardiograph for the recording of neuromuscular block]. PMID- 6638595 TI - [Injection artificial ventilation in tracheobronchial surgery in children and adolescents]. PMID- 6638596 TI - [Dose as the determining factor for the size of the parasite population in the Muellerius capillaris/Cernuella cespitum arigonis system (Nematoda, Protostrongylidae/Mollusca, Stylommatophora]. AB - Ten lots, each one made up of 40 specimens of the snail Cernuella (Xeromagna) cespitum arigonis, were infected with L1 of the nematode Muellerius capillaris, at dosages ranging from 50 up to 1,000 L1/mollusc, in order to determine the influence of the infecting dose on the invasion and further development of the parasite population. Mathematical calculations are based on a basic model of a growing population. During the invasion phase a densith dependence on the number of available larvae was demonstrated, the process being adjusted to a binomial distribution and, secondly, to a Poisson type. The step from L1 to L2 was also density-dependent, and also the development from L2 to L3. PMID- 6638597 TI - [Acanthocolpidae (Digenea) from fish from the coast of Mozambique]. AB - From the southern region of the coast of the People's Republic of Mocambique 5 new species of the family Acanthocolpidae (Digenea) out of Teleostei have been described [Monostephanostomum krusei nov. spec., Stephanostomum jesseni nov. spec., Stephanostomum keilbachi nov. spec., Stephanostomum casum (Linton, 1910) McFarlane, 1934 and S. ditrematis (Yamaguti, 1939) Manter, 1947] have been stated. In the flesh of teleostei 4 different types of metacercariae of the genus Stephanostomum Looss, 1899 were discovered. The author has summarized the known species of the genus Stephanostomum from the Indian Ocean and the species of the genus Tormopsolus Poche, 1926. PMID- 6638598 TI - [2 rules for the life cycles of cestodes in the ecosystem]. AB - Rule I: The more advanced in its primary evolution the life cycle of a cestode is, the greater is the participation of the animal component of the ecosystem in it. The direct influence of the non-living component of the ecosystem on the course of the cycle is one and the same with both the primarily evolved 2-host and 3-host life cycles within the separate orders. Rule II: In the secondarily evolved life cycles of cestodes, when compared with their initial life cycles, the following things are observed: a) either a decrease of both the participation of the animal component of the ecosystem in the life cycle and the direct influence of the non-living component of the ecosystem on the course of the cycle; b) or a decrease only of the participation of the animal component of the ecosystem in the life cycle, without any change in the direct influence of the non-living component of the ecosystem on the course of the cycle; c) or, quite rarely, a decrease only of the direct influence of the non-living component of the ecosystem on the course of the life cycle, without any change in the participation of the animal component of the ecosystem in the life cycle. PMID- 6638599 TI - [Indigenous mosquitoes of the subgenus Aedes (Diptera, Culicidae)]. AB - Review of hitherto existing locations of Aedes geminus in the German Democratic Republic. The taxonomic characters of larvae of Aedes esoensis rossicus are discussed. PMID- 6638600 TI - [Effect of trichlophenidine on the housefly Musca domestica and the development of a trichlophenidine resistance in East Germany]. AB - UTH WP 50-7 (active agent: trichlophenidine) proved to be very effective against the housefly Musca domestica and shows favourable toxicological features. However, in several cases the repeated and exclusive usage of this insecticide caused a quick development to highly resistant populations. The resistance applies to DDT but not to pyrethrum + piperonylbutoxid. Our results were compared with those from Denmark and discussed with regard to the mechanisms of DDT resistance in Musca domestica. Selection with trichlophenidine did not increase resistance to dimethoate and vice versa. The frequent application of aerosols with pyrethrum + piperonylbutoxid had no influence on the degree of resistance against trichlophenidine. According to the hitherto existing results it seems feasible and recommendable to use the insecticides UTH WP 50-7, Bi 58 (a.i.: dimethoate) and Py ULV 10/78 alternately in case the combination of chemical and non-chemical measures, which should be given preference, is impossible. PMID- 6638601 TI - [Mallophaga from birds and mammals in zoological gardens]. AB - Almost 1,850 Mallophagen individuals from 95 host species (birds and mammals) most of which from the Zoological Gardens in lodz and Wroclaw (both in Poland) have been investigated. As regards bird biting lice Amblyceran species were found to be more frequent than Ischnoceran ones. The great majority of species and individuals of Mallophaga were host-specific. Stragglers were mainly found on relatively big birds. The "populations" of bird biting lice in the two Zoological Gardens were found to be of smaller quantity and poorer quality than in free nature. Differences of that kind could not be observed with biting lice of mammals. PMID- 6638602 TI - [National Congress of Angiology and Vascular Surgery. 29th Spanish Angiology Seminar. 29 May-1 June 1983, Oviedo (Spain). Abstracts]. PMID- 6638603 TI - Plasma fibrinogen levels and the clinical course of acute myocardial infarction. AB - Plasma fibrinogen levels were followed from admission to the coronary care unit up to 3 months after an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (51 patients at entry- 49 patients at follow-up). Mean initial value as determined with 24 hours of onset of symptoms was 522 mg% +/- 205 S.D. Peak value 845 mg% +/- 215 S.D. was reached 3-5 days after onset of symptoms. Mean fibrinogen level on a later follow up was similar to the initial value (521 mg% +/- 145 S.D.). Our data confirm that a rise in the plasma fibrinogen level is common after myocardial necrosis. No correlation was found between the maximum peak value and the clinical course of the disease. However, death, reinfarction and cardiogenic shock were more frequent among patients with an initial plasma fibrinogen level higher than 400 mg%. Our findings suggest that the acute increase in fibrinogen following necrosis is less significant to the clinical course than a chronically high plasma fibrinogen level. PMID- 6638604 TI - Haemodynamic changes following blood transfusion in cases of chronic severe anemia: increased safety with simultaneous furosemide administration. AB - Left ventricular filling pressures as reflected by pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) were measured in 20 adult subjects of chronic severe anemia before and after transfusing one unit of blood. The cases were divided into two groups of ten each. In both groups blood was transfused at a speed of 5 ml/mt; group II cases received, in addition, 40 mg furosemide intravenously just before the start of the transfusion. Pretransfusion PCWP was normal in all the cases. Following transfusion, 'wedge' pressure increased significantly (P less than 0.001) in group I but not in group II patients, in whom it actually decreased (P less than 0.001). It is concluded that prior administration of furosemide completely prevents any increase in LVFP following transfusion of one unit of blood at a moderately rapid speed, and makes such a transfusion quite safe, at any rate, so far as pulmonary haemodynamics are concerned. PMID- 6638605 TI - Improved exercise myocardial perfusion during lidoflazine therapy. AB - Lidoflazine is a synthetic drug with calcium-channel blocking effects. In a study of 6 patients with severe classic angina pectoris, single-blind administration of lidoflazine was associated with improved myocardial perfusion during exercise as determined by thallium-201 stress scintigraphy. These studies demonstrate that lidoflazine therapy is associated with relief of angina, an increased physical work capacity, and improved regional myocardial perfusion during exercise. PMID- 6638606 TI - The atrio-ventricular node artery in the human heart. AB - The atrioventricular node artery is a major contributor to the arterial supply of the atrioventricular conducting pathway and is an important vessel in the pathogenesis of heart block. The terminal ramifications of this artery were studied in detail by serial sectioning techniques in 50 human infant hearts. The artery provided branches to the posterior interventricular septum in all hearts (100%) and to the interatrial septum in 22 hearts (44%). The vessel supplied the atrioventricular node in 45 hearts (90%) but it terminated before reaching the node in five (10%). It supplied the penetrating bundle in 32 hearts (64%). Alternative sources of arterial supply to the atrioventricular conducting pathway include: the first septal branch of the left anterior descending coronary artery; the descending septal artery; and anterior atrial branches. Although the arterial supply to this region of the heart is variable, it is possible to make hypothetical predictions of conducting tissue involvement in myocardial infarction of various types. PMID- 6638607 TI - Noninvasive venous pressure measurements in different venous diseases. A new case collection. AB - We use from some years the doppler method for noninvasive measurements of venous pressure and about seven years ago we communicated the early results. We have confirmed the reliability and sensitivity of the method carrying on our clinical work. Now we report the results of a more extensive observation. PMID- 6638608 TI - Ocular pneumoplethysmography (OPG-Gee) in noninvasive evaluation of carotid artery stenosis. AB - Carotid artery stenosis can be evaluated noninvasively by ocular pneumoplethysmography (OPG-Gee). This simultaneously measures both ophthalmic artery pressures and is therefore capable of detecting pressure-reducing or hemodynamically significant carotid lesions. An OPG-angiography correlation was made for 200 carotid arteries in 110 patients. Sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were 91%, 89%, and 90% respectively, if calculated per artery. On a per patient basis these figures were 94%, 88%, and 91%. Applications of this rapid and simple technique in clinical practice include selection of patients for angiography and carotid endarterectomy, as well as early and late control of the operative results. PMID- 6638609 TI - Cerebral venous and arterial thrombosis in pregnancy and puerperium. A study of 135 patients. AB - Cerebral venous thrombosis occurring in puerperium is about 10 to 12 times more frequent in India than in Western countries. A clinical study of 135 patients with cerebrovascular accidents in early puerperium is reported. Cortical vein thrombosis is common and arterial thrombosis rare (6/135). The illness usually occurs within the first two weeks, after normal delivery at full term, in a multiparous woman, with multi-focal seizures, stupor or coma, regressing focal signs or at times as pseudotumour cerebri. Deep leg vein thrombosis and pelvic sepsis are rare. Mortality has been high reaching 28 to 33 percent in both Indian and Western countries. With the use of anticoagulants in some selected patients and earlier; energetic, supportive and symptomatic measures in others the mortality could be reduced to less than 20 percent. The quality of survival is good since those who survive have only minimal physical disability. PMID- 6638610 TI - Electrophysiologic properties of ethacrynic acid in man. AB - Ethacrynic acid is a potent oral diuretic and saluretic agent. It has been used extensively in the treatment of heart failure and its effects on cardiovascular dynamics are well established. The clinical relief of the symptoms of pulmonary congestion frequently precedes any demonstrable diuretic effect suggesting that extra renal factors may also be involved. In spite of ethacrynic acid's wide use in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension, there is no information on the electrophysiologic properties of the drug in man. The present study involving 10 human subjects was undertaken to determine what effect intravenously administered ethacrynic acid has on the human conduction system. PMID- 6638611 TI - Certification in diagnostic laboratory immunology: implications for the practicing allergist/immunologist. PMID- 6638612 TI - Eisenmenger's syndrome complicated by severe pulmonary disease. Part one. PMID- 6638613 TI - Primary nasal polyposis. AB - Twenty patients with nasal polyposis, either asymptomatic or with persistent nasal obstruction, were studied prospectively. Fourteen of 18 patients when free of obstructing polyps had no ongoing nasal symptoms. Nasal secretion eosinophilia of greater than or equal to 20% was demonstrated in 19/20 patients. Prick skin tests and RAST were positive to inhalant allergens with poor clinical correlation in 10/20 patients. Mean total eosinophil count and mean total serum IgE, IgA, IgG and IgM were normal. Sinus roentgenograms were consistent with sinusitis in 11/20 patients. Methacholine bronchial provocation was positive in 11/19 patients. Aspirin challenge was negative to 650 mg and 3250 mg in 18/18 and 8/8 patients respectively. Serum salicylate levels two hours post 3250 mg aspirin challenge had a mean of 18.5 mg/dl. HLA typing to the A and B loci revealed no specific pattern. Patients with primary nasal polyposis are characterized by nasal secretion eosinophilia, lack of ongoing symptoms when free of obstructing polyps, increased frequency of cholinergic bronchial hyper-reactivity, increased susceptibility to recurrent or chronic sinusitis, lack of aspirin sensitivity and high frequency of inhalant prick skin test and RAST positivity without correlation to symptoms. These patients may represent a variant of the syndrome involving nasal polyposis, bronchial asthma and bronchospastic reactions to aspirin and related drugs. PMID- 6638614 TI - Preliminary report on the effects of tiaramide on the ice cube test in patients with idiopathic cold urticaria. AB - Three subjects diagnosed as having idiopathic acquired cold urticaria were studied to assess the ability of orally administered tiaramide to inhibit the wheal induced following cold challenge with ice cubes placed in contact with the skin, and to establish the safety of multiple doses of 250 mg, q.i.d., for one week administered after a single oral dose of 500 mg. Two subjects completed the study. One subject was known to be unresponsive to antihistamines for allergy and the second was intolerant of antihistamines due to side effects. A third subject discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction experienced while on the study medication. The skin of the forearm of each subject was exposed to cold stimuli for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 minutes by placing five ice cubes on the ventral surface at one minute intervals, and removing all simultaneously five minutes after contact with the first cube. The challenge sites were observed for ten minutes and the area of the wheal, intensity of edema and the time of contact necessary to induce the skin response were recorded. The results of this provocative test following the single and multiple dosage administration of tiaramide were compared to baseline skin responses. After one week of tiaramide treatment at 250 mg, q.i.d., both subjects who completed the study had a markedly attenuated skin response to cold challenge and no adverse effects. Our results suggest that absorbable compounds that can inhibit mast cell degranulation may be efficacious in cold urticaria and of particular value in treating patients who do not respond to standard therapy. PMID- 6638615 TI - Effects of diluents on skin tests. AB - The role of diluents and preservatives on skin tests was examined in 41 allergic patients. The effect of glycerol in intradermal tests was studied. Concentrations of five percent glycerol were shown to induce a significant wheal which was not inhibited by clemastine fumarate, suggesting a direct toxic effect without the participation of histamine release. Twenty five Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergic patients were prick tested with standardized and lyophilized extracts reconstituted either in saline, 50% glycerol or human serum albumin. The wheal size induced by saline or HSA diluted extracts was very similar but greater than that elicited by extract dissolved in 50% glycerol. The correlation between prick tests induced by the three types of extracts tested was always significant. PMID- 6638616 TI - The dose of house dust mite antigen (P1) inhaled by infants aged one month. AB - A survey of the habitats occupied by 12 infants of one month of age revealed that approximately 10% of their day was spent in conditions of potential exposure to the major (P1) allergen of the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. A respiratory pump which reproduced the minute ventilation of an infant was placed in representative infant habitats. The P1 allergen trapped by the filter in this pump was measured as an estimate of infants' allergen intake. Detectable P1 intake was only present when there was active air disturbance (bed making and vacuuming). The average P1 intake was approximately 3 ng P1/24 hours. Comparison of this P1 intake with that which sensitizes in other situations suggests that it is usually inadequate to sensitize infants. PMID- 6638617 TI - RAST with animal dander, urine, saliva and serum. AB - Binding of specific IgE antibodies from the sera of patients allergic to animals was investigated by direct RAST, using the animal's dander, urine, saliva or blood serum as insolubilized allergens. In allergy to rat, mouse, guinea pig, dog, cat or horse, the RAST results with the excretions of a particular animal were mutually well correlated. RAST with the animal blood serum was positive less often, and only in cases of a positive dander RAST. It is concluded that a RAST with animal dander precludes the use of other animal products. PMID- 6638618 TI - Diagnosis of atopic conditions in the tropics. AB - Controversy surrounds studies of the incidence and clinical importance of atopic disease in tropical populations. This could be due in part to the methods of evaluation employed. The value of some of the tests commonly used in the diagnosis of atopic disease was therefore examined in a tropical situation. Extracts of environmental allergens are usually obtained from suppliers located in more temperate regions of the world, and skin tests, the radio-allergosorbant test (RAST) and RAST-inhibition demonstrate that these can lack important tropical allergens. In addition, although some local extracts are used in clinical practice, these have great variability in their protein content, allergenicity and toxicity. In the tropical environment serum IgE levels can have a greater relation to intestinal helminthic infestation than to atopic disease, even after anti-parasitic treatment, and thus the definition of "normal" IgE values must take into account the socio-economic status of the groups examined. The helminth-induced elevation of total serum IgE levels can also cause false positive RAST results. PMID- 6638619 TI - Modifications in apoprotein C composition of very low density lipoproteins in type IV hyperlipoproteinemic subjects after dietetic triglyceridemia reduction. AB - Variations in peptide composition of apoprotein C from very low density lipoproteins were studied in 10 type IV hyperlipoproteinemics, before and after triglyceridemia normalization through appropriate diet. The subjects were sensitive to carbohydrates or alcohol : a reduction or elimination of the inducing nutrient led to a decrease in serum triacylglycerol levels, correlated with an increase in the proportion of apo CII and a decrease in the proportion of apo CIII1. Apo CIII2 was not affected. This led to an increased ratio, apo CII/apo CIII1. The percentage of variation of different lipid (triacylglycerols and cholesterol) and protein (apoproteins CII, CIII2) parameters were also studied. PMID- 6638620 TI - [Gas-phase chromatography in the rapid bacteriological diagnosis of infections. Contributions and limitations of this technic]. AB - Gas-liquid chromatography has been used directly on clinical specimens as a method for presumptive diagnosis of anaerobic infections. This technique proved to be valuable and reliable. Combined with a Gram stain, it offers the possibility to differentiate in less than 1 hour aerobic from anaerobic infections by means of detection of volatile fatty acids (short chain monocarboxylic acids) others than acetic acid. PMID- 6638621 TI - C-peptide comparative radioimmunoassays: a study of three commercial kits. AB - Plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) was measured in 18 fasting subjects with three different commercial kits (RIA-mat C-peptide, Byk-Mallinckrodt : RIA-gnost h C-peptide, Hoechst-Behring : human C-peptide radioimmunoassay kit, Novo). The subjects were chosen as to cover a wide range of CPR concentrations (five healthy subjects, six obese subjects, three insulin-dependent diabetics, four normal subjects whose plasmas had been kept at - 20 degrees C for periods of 16 or 36 months). CPR was measured with the Novo kit in eight other plasmas which were kept over a period of 36 months, with or without aprotinin. Good correlations have been established among the values found with the three kits. However, absolute concentration values for each subject as well as the dispersion of all plasma C-peptide values varied as a function of the kit used because of antibody specificity differences and because of the various separation methods. The normal range proposed changes with each kit and the blood CPR of a subject can be a normal, reduced or increased one, depending on the kit used. After several months of storage, plasma CPR degradation is observed with the three kits. A protease inhibitor is necessary in order to avoid this C-peptide degradation due to the apparent existence of a plasma proteolytic enzyme. PMID- 6638622 TI - [Assay of cystine aminopeptidase activity on a centrifuge analyser]. AB - The assay of the serum cystine-aminopeptidase activity, of placental origin, is a useful test for monitoring pregnancy. The authors present an adaptation of Van Oudheusen's method on a centrifuge analyser which allows a rapid kinetic measurement of this activity and they justify their choice of procedure. The values obtained in non-pregnant women and in pregnancies of between 8 and 40 weeks of amenorrhoea are presented. PMID- 6638623 TI - [Assay of serum selenium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Value in the biological diagnosis of nonobstructive cardiomyopathies]. AB - The authors present a technique of direct assay of serum selenium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, using electrothermal atomization in a graphite oven. The initial results of the assays performed in patients with non obstructive cardiomyopathies (NOCM) reveal a decrease in the serum selenium level. This element could therefore represent a laboratory marker for these diseases. PMID- 6638624 TI - [Decrease in the binding activity of transcortin (CBG) in the serum of chronic hemodialysis patients]. PMID- 6638625 TI - [Interpretation of glycosylated hemoglobin levels obtained by affinity chromatography]. PMID- 6638626 TI - Hemodynamic effects of pneumatic external counterpressure in canine hemorrhagic shock. AB - To assess the effects of external counterpressure in a hypovolemic canine model, mean right atrial pressure (RA), left ventricle end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), mean aortic pressure (Ao), and cardiac output (CO) (indicator dilution technique or electromagnetic ascending aortic flow) were measured in eight closed-chest mongrel dogs following phlebotomy to an Ao of 50 to 60 mm Hg. Inferior vena cava (IVC) flow was measured electromagnetically with a cannulating probe in four animals. The antishock garment was inflated to pressures of 40, 60, 80, and 100 mm Hg. An extended shock "control" period preceded inflation to minimize the effect of reflex circulatory responses to acute blood loss. IVC flow (2 +/- 1 mL/min/kg) during and immediately following antishock garment inflation was not significantly different from control (3 +/- 1 mL/min/kg) regardless of inflation pressure. Ao, RA, and LVEDP measured 30 seconds and 15 minutes after garment inflation were increased, but CO was not significantly different from control values at each inflation pressure. Garment inflation significantly increased peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) at all inflation pressures, and there was a significant correlation (r = .53; P less than .001) between the change in Ao and PVR. These results indicate that the change in arterial pressure produced by external counterpressure is the result of an increase in PVR and not the result of an autotransfusion and subsequent increased left heart outflow in the canine shock model. PMID- 6638627 TI - Comparison of mediastinal width, mediastinal-thoracic and -cardiac ratios, and "mediastinal widening" in detection of traumatic aortic rupture. AB - This study was undertaken to determine whether direct measurement of mediastinal width or computation of ratios of measurements of easily detectable mediastinal structures is more effective than the subjective impression of "mediastinal widening" in selecting trauma patients for aortography. A group of five surgeons and radiologists individually read in blinded fashion 149 chest films of trauma victims who had undergone aortography to rule out traumatic rupture of the aorta (TRA). Each made a subjective interpretation of "mediastinal widening," as well as direct measurement of mediastinal width (MW), thoracic width at the level of the mediastinum, cardiac width, and maximum thoracic width. Mediastinal-cardiac (MC), mediastinal-thoracic (MT), and mediastinal-mediastinothoracic (MMT) ratios were calculated. Statistically significant differences were found in all parameters of direct measurement between cases with and without TRA (P from .0001 for MT to .01 for MMT). The critical measurement for mediastinal width separating positive from negative cases was 8.0 cm; the critical ratios were MT = 0.275, MC = 0.555, and MMT = 0.36. Application of these parameters to detect TRA yielded sensitivities of .75 for MW, .68 for MC, .66 for MMT, and .62 for MT. Statistically significant differences between observers' measurements were seen. None of these measurements was as effective as subjective interpretation of mediastinal widening, which had a sensitivity of .91 (P = .0000). We conclude that the subjective impression of mediastinal widening is superior to "objective" direct measurement of mediastinal structures for identification of trauma patients with aortic rupture. PMID- 6638628 TI - Epidemiology of cardiac arrest and resuscitation in children. AB - A surveillance system identified all out-of-hospital cardiac patients under the age of 18 who received emergency care in suburban King County, Washington. The etiology, cardiac rhythm, and outcome were identified for each case. During a 6 1/2-year period, 119 cardiac arrests occurred (annual incidence, 12.7/100,000 among individuals less than 18). Sudden infant death was the most common etiology (32%), and drowning was the second most common (22%). The most common rhythm was asystole, accounting for 66% of all rhythms. Six percent of patients treated with basic EMT care were discharged, compared with 7% of patients treated with EMT and paramedic care. In contrast to resuscitation from cardiac arrest in adults, the likelihood of successful resuscitation in children is very poor. This is due to different etiologies and the higher proportion of asystole seen in pediatric cardiac arrest as compared with adults. PMID- 6638629 TI - Evaluation of an emergency cardiac transport system. AB - A university-based cardiac transport system was developed for the safe transfer of critically ill cardiac patients from community hospitals to a tertiary care facility. During the first year of operation, 50 patients were transported, 41 (82%) by ambulance and 9 (18%) by helicopter, from 24 hospitals in four New England states. The average response time from hospital request to transport team arrival was 75 minutes. Seventy-eight percent of these patients were unstable at the time of transfer. Hypotension or cardiogenic shock (39%), ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (16%), and severe and recurrent chest pain (12%) were the most common conditions for which the team was summoned. Forty-six percent required invasive procedures for stabilization prior to transport, and one-third of patients required active intervention, including defibrillation, during transfer to the tertiary care facility. The majority (62%) of transferred patients underwent significant hospital procedures, and 75% of admitted patients were discharged from the hospital. Our initial experience indicates that transport of critically ill cardiac patients in need of advanced care can be accomplished in a rapid and efficient manner with a relatively good short-term prognosis. PMID- 6638630 TI - Calculation of infusion rates of vasoactive substances. AB - We present a framework for understanding calculations of continuous infusions of vasoactive substances. Several simplified methods for establishing initial concentrations and infusion rates of drug are derived, their applicability is discussed, and examples are given. PMID- 6638631 TI - Trauma and oral anticoagulants. AB - Patients on oral anticoagulants who present to the emergency department following trauma pose a special problem. Careful attention must be given to exclude any sites of overt or occult bleeding, particularly in the CNS, where there may be no external evidence of injury. A PT or thrombotest should be obtained as minimum laboratory workup in all cases. In specific situations, emergency reversal of anticoagulation must be undertaken. PMID- 6638632 TI - Hyponatremia due to antidepressant medications. AB - Presented is the case of an elderly woman who developed severe hyponatremia while taking tricyclic antidepressants. She met the criteria for the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion induced by drugs. Her symptoms of lethargy, weakness, and gastrointestinal disturbances developed insidiously, allowing the hyponatremia to reach severe levels before a diagnosis was made. A variety of psychoactive drugs, most prominently tricyclic antidepressants, have been reported to produce hyponatremia idiosyncratically in elderly persons. PMID- 6638633 TI - Upper airway obstruction complicating warfarin therapy--with a note on reversal of warfarin toxicity. AB - In a patient taking oral anticoagulants, the complaint of pharyngeal pain, a change in the voice, dysphagia, respiratory difficulty, or a neck mass should prompt a thorough investigation to rule out hemorrhage into the upper airway. This case report describes an anticoagulated patient who experienced precipitous hemorrhagic upper airway obstruction. She was successfully treated with tracheostomy, plasma infusion, and parenteral vitamin K1. PMID- 6638634 TI - Luxatio erecta: an uncommon shoulder dislocation. AB - A 24-year-old man sustained a rare form of anterior dislocation of the shoulder known as luxatio erecta. As in this case, the presentation of these patients is nearly pathognomonic. Successful reduction was accomplished, and the patient suffered no sequelae. PMID- 6638635 TI - Inferior glenohumeral dislocation. AB - Presented is the case of a 55-year-old alcoholic with an inferior glenohumeral dislocation of his right shoulder. The patient was unable to move his right arm, which was flexed at the elbow and locked in an overhead position. After roentgenographic confirmation of the dislocation, traction-counter-traction was employed for reduction. Reduction was indicated by an audible click. The shoulder was immobilized and the patient was discharged for follow up in two weeks. Luxatio erecta is the result of a severe hyperabduction mechanism frequently associated with significant rotator cuff injury. Immediate reduction followed by surgical repair of the rotator cuff at a later date is the standard treatment. PMID- 6638636 TI - Free speech, free press, and the scientific journal. PMID- 6638637 TI - Entrepreneurism in emergency medicine. PMID- 6638638 TI - Calcium chloride for cardiac arrest. PMID- 6638639 TI - Lumbar spine X-ray study questioned. PMID- 6638640 TI - Spontaneous drainage of cardiac tamponade. PMID- 6638641 TI - Hematologic and biochemical abnormalities associated with induced extrahepatic bile duct obstruction in the cat. AB - Bile duct obstruction was induced in 6 cats by surgical ligation and transection of the common bile duct. Clinical and laboratory changes were monitored weekly for 25 to 54 days. Clinical signs of obstruction were similar in all cats and included anorexia, pyrexia, lethargy, intermittent vomiting, weight loss, palpable gallbladder, hepatomegaly, and bleeding tendencies. Tissue jaundice and acholic feces were evident grossly as early as postsurgical day (PSD) 4 with a mean onset of jaundice at PSD 5.3 +/- 0.4. Hematologic changes were initially characterized by a mild neutrophilic leukocytosis that increased with the chronicity of bile duct obstruction. Regenerative anemia developed in 4 cats associated with gastrointestinal blood loss. Acute serum biochemical changes were characterized by a marked increase in the mean values of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, and copper. Comparatively, only moderate increases in mean serum alkaline phosphatase activity were observed. Mean total bilirubin values increased remarkably at postsurgical week (PSW) 1, reaching a maximal value of 23.1 +/- 4.4 mg/dl at PSW 3 with 71.6 +/- 2.7% direct bilirubin. With chronicity of bile duct obstruction ranging from PSW 3 to PSW 7, the mean serum values of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, serum alkaline phosphatase, and total and direct bilirubin stabilized and then declined, whereas the increased mean serum copper values persisted. At PSD 25 to 54, hepatic copper values and serum bile acids were markedly increased. Seemingly, clinicopathologic changes of induced cholestatic hepatic injury depended largely on the duration of biliary obstruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638642 TI - Studies of the pathogenesis of anemia of inflammation: erythrocyte survival. AB - Erythrocyte survival was investigated in healthy cats and in cats with sterile abscesses. Erythrocyte survival time in cats with sterile abscesses was found to be significantly reduced. The erythrocyte destruction appeared to be the major factor in the early stages of anemia of inflammation. PMID- 6638643 TI - Studies of the pathogenesis of anemia of inflammation: mechanism of impaired erythropoiesis. AB - Cats with induced sterile abscesses developed a hematologic disorder consistent with anemia of inflammation. Serum iron concentrations decreased while the abscess was present, but erythropoietin concentrations did not change significantly. Cobalt administration to control (healthy) cats resulted in polycythemia, reticulocytosis, and hyperferremia. Cats with abscesses responded to cobalt similarly; however, magnitudes of the polycythemia and reticulocytosis were less. Constant infusion of ferric citrate (IV) into cats with sterile abscesses maintained serum iron concentration in the normal to high range. The iron infusion did not prevent the anemia, but did enable the bone marrow to respond to the anemia. PMID- 6638644 TI - Isolation of Mycobacterium kansasii from lymph nodes of cattle in the United States. AB - The isolation of 6 strains of Mycobacterium kansasii from bovine lymph nodes is reported. Occasional isolations of this organism from cattle lymph node lesions provides further evidence of its pathogenicity in domestic animals. The isolates were similar as determined by biochemical and serologic examinations. Histopathologic changes induced by this organism relative to those by M bovis and factors regarding source of infection are discussed. PMID- 6638645 TI - Effect of the intramammary device on milk infection status, yield, and somatic cell count and on the morphological features of the lactiferous sinus of the bovine udder. AB - Twenty primiparous heifers were fitted intramammarily with polyethylene coils in both quarters of one random right or left udder half at 5 days after parturition. Foremilk samples were collected and udder-half milk yields were measured at the afternoon milking on days - 1, 3, 7, and 14 and on every 14th day for 8 months after the device was inserted. Three weeks after the heifers were fitted with the intramammary device, 6 were euthanatized for gross observation of devices and tissues and cytologic evaluation of the gland cistern epithelium. There were significantly fewer bacterial isolations (P less than 0.01) and less clinical mastitis (P less than 0.05) in treated quarters than in the control quarters. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated at frequencies of 0 and 15.2% for treated and control quarters. The reduction in isolation frequency for treated, compared with control, quarters was less marked with other organisms. Intramammary devices in no way interfered with the milking process. Milk yields per milking were 4.2 kg for treated udder halves compared with 4.4 kg for control halves; however, this 0.2 kg difference was not significant. Mean milk somatic cell counts, as determined by electronic counter, were 34 X 10(3) and 81 X 10(3) cells/ml for control and treated quarters (P less than 0.05). Mean bovine serum albumin values were 0.160 and 0.175 mg/ml for control and treated udder halves (P less than 0.05), indicating an increased capillary permeability due to the device. Quantitative morphologic analysis of gland cisterns showed a significant (P less than 0.05) change toward a single layer of epithelial cells in treated quarters compared with a double layer in control quarters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638646 TI - Transmission of equine cyathostomes (Strongylidae) in central Texas. AB - After foaling, 6 mares and their foals were placed on equine parasite-free pastures. Observations of fecal nematode eggs and pasture larvae indicated peak cyathostome egg production occurred in late August and early September, with greatest numbers of larvae on the forage appearing during October. Two foals were necropsied for parasitologic evaluations at approximately 155 days of age. Both had approximately 100,000 adult cyathostomes, mostly Cylicostephanus longibursatus, Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cyathostomum catinatum. However, there were nearly 7 times more cyathostome larvae (189,004) in the foal necropsied in October, during the autumn rise in pasture larval populations, than in the foal examined in September (27,354). PMID- 6638647 TI - Segmental epidural and subarachnoid analgesia in conscious horses: a comparative study. AB - Six adult horses were used to compare the effects of segmental epidural analgesia (SEA) and segmental subarachnoid analgesia (SSA). A 17-gauge Huber point directional needle was used to place a catheter with stylet into the epidural space or the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral junction and to catheterize the thoracolumbar epidural or subarachnoid space. The position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 2% solution of mepivacaine hydrochloride was used at average doses of 80 mg (4 ml) to produce SEA and 30 mg (1.5 ml) to produce SSA. Onset of analgesia in response to superficial and deep muscular pinprick stimulations was significantly (P less than 0.05) faster in horses with SSA than with SEA (8.0 +/- 1.9 minutes vs 15.8 +/- 3.8 minutes). Maximal thoracolumbar analgesia extended from spinal cord segments T14 to L3 on both sides of the spinal column during SSA and from T12 to L2 on one or both sides during SEA. Duration of analgesia lasted significantly (P less than 0.05) longer in horses with SEA than in those with SSA (80.8 +/- 16.9 minutes vs 44.8 +/- 14.5 minutes). There was a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in subcutaneous temperature at the right and left 18th thoracic (T18) dermatomes and decreases of respiratory rate and rectal temperatures in horses with SEA. Respiratory rate and rectal temperature were not significantly (P greater than 0.05) decreased in horses with SSA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638649 TI - Transfer of adult Strongylus vulgaris via stomach tube. AB - Patent infections with Strongylus vulgaris were established in 6 of 8 helminth free ponies given 41 to 101 adult worms via nasogastric tube. The parasites were removed from the cecum and ventral colon and transferred within 1 to 2 hours of the death of the donor horses. Eggs were found in the feces of the recipients in 2 or 3 days; egg counts reached maximum, 28 eggs per gram of feces, at 4 weeks after ponies were inoculated. In 6 ponies euthanatized 3 to 7 weeks after parasitic transfers were done, 28% of the inoculated worms were found alive at necropsy. A 7th pony was maintained as a donor for establishing infections for chemotherapy trials and, although never passing more than 6 eggs per gram of feces, shed infective larvae over a period of 2 years. PMID- 6638648 TI - Reservoir of St. Louis encephalitis virus in Ohio bats. AB - Inoculation of the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) with a small dose of a St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus strain isolated in Ohio indicated that the big brown bat was susceptible to infection. The virus was maintained in the bats through hibernation (70 days), and the bats developed a viremia within 4 days of arousal from hibernation (105 days after inoculation). A field survey of 390 big brown bats and little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) conducted in 5 regions of Ohio during 1979 to 1981 revealed a SLE virus-neutralizing antibody prevalence of 9%. Cohabitation of natural caves and abandoned mineshafts in Ohio by Culex pipiens mosquitoes, big brown bats, and little brown bats was also documented. Demonstration of a 9% prevalence rate of neutralizing antibody to SLE virus in big brown bats and little brown bats in Ohio during a nonepizootic period indicated that the bat may be involved in the maintenance of SLE virus in enzootic foci and could have a role in dissemination of SLE virus to epizootic foci. PMID- 6638650 TI - Cardiac dimensions in severely anemic neonatal pigs. AB - The effects of chronic severe anemia on weights and chamber volumes of hearts were studied in 9 spontaneously anemic neonatal pigs (mean hematocrit = 10.1%) and 10 healthy piglets (mean hematocrit = 28.3%) of approximately the same age and similar body weights. All cardiac chamber weights, as well as total heart weight/body weight ratios, were significantly higher in the anemic pigs than in the healthy pigs (P less than 0.001). The left ventricular free wall/right ventricular free wall weight ratio was identical in the 2 groups. Calculated left ventricular volume/body weight ratio also was significantly greater in the anemic pigs (P less than 0.05). It is concluded that cardiac dilatation and hypertrophy occur consistently in chronically anemic neonatal pigs. These changes are independent of age or body weight of the animal. PMID- 6638651 TI - Prevalence of antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in Iowa swine. AB - The prevalence of complement-fixing antibodies to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was determined in 7,321 sera collected from breeding swine of various ages. Samples were selected randomly in approximate proportion to the number of hogs marketed annually from each of 9 crop-reporting areas in Iowa. Testing was accomplished by means of a Microtiter complement-fixation test. Of the 7,321 sera, 22% had antibody titers of 1:4 or greater to M hyopneumoniae. Of the 597 herds sampled, 60% or 357 had at least 1 animal with a titer of 1:4 or greater. Use of the chi square association test indicated that animals which were M hyopneumoniae positive were more often Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae-positive than those that were M hyopneumoniae-negative. PMID- 6638652 TI - Lymphocyte transformation and humoral immune factors in Basenji dogs with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease. AB - Serum protein concentrations and 4 immunologic factors were determined in 5 Basenji dogs with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease. There was no correlation between the total serum proteins, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M concentrations, and physical health status of the animals. The severity of clinical signs correlated roughly with decrease in albumin and increase in globulin concentrations. The main changes were detected in beta- and fast gamma globulins. The total hemolytic complement levels were decreased in the 2 most severely affected animals below the minimal laboratory values observed in healthy animals. Alteration in the intrinsic responsiveness of lymphocytes to various mitogens did not correlate with progression in severity of the disease. Correlation between the appearance of blastogenesis-suppressing substances in serum and the severity of the disease was only partial: Sera (at 20% concentration) from the 2 most severely affected dogs completely suppressed blastogenesis induced by all 3 mitogens. The sera of 3 other dogs either did not suppress or suppressed only concanavalin A-induced mitogenesis and to a lesser extent phytohemagglutinin-induced mitogenesis without correlations to the overall clinical status. The disturbances of immunologic mechanisms were detected after the appearance of clinical disease, were not considered the cause of immunoproliferative small intestinal disease, may represent a manifestation of the secondary infection, and may contribute to aggravation of the clinical course. PMID- 6638653 TI - Postural influence on systemic blood pressure, gas exchange, and acid/base status in the term-pregnant bitch during general anesthesia. AB - Effects of positioning on certain physiologic parameters were done in 7 term pregnant bitches during general anesthesia. Five positions (right and left lateral recumbency, right and left 10 degrees to 15 degrees tilt toward lateral recumbency, and dorsal recumbency) were examined. Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal sodium and was maintained with halothane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Direct arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gases, pH, base excess, heart rate, respiratory rate, and a lead II ECG were recorded from the bitches during each position. Effects of positioning for each bitch during general anesthesia were reexamined after the bitch weaned its pups; therefore, each bitch served as its own control. Maternal posture had no significant (P less than 0.05) effect on any measured parameters in bitches before or after parturition. Pregnancy had a significant (P less than 0.05) effect on every parameter, except heart rate. Pregnant bitches had a lower systolic blood pressure, lower Pao2, lower PCV, higher PaCO2, higher respiratory rate, and a more severe acidosis than did the bitches after parturition. Seemingly, supine hypotension did not occur in anesthetized term pregnant bitches (9 to 16 kg). Tilting the bitch 10 degrees to 15 degrees toward right or left lateral recumbency or true lateral recumbency was not preferable to dorsal recumbency for doing cesarean sections using general anesthesia. PMID- 6638654 TI - Survey of bacteriologic flora of conjunctiva and cornea in healthy psittacine birds. AB - A total of 151 eyes from healthy psittacine birds were examined by bacteriologic cultural methods. Bacterial growth was not found in 41% of eyes cultured, Staphylococcus epidermidis was found in 25%, alpha-hemolytic streptococci in 25%, Corynebacterium spp in 7%, and Staphylococcus aureus in 5%. Each of the following organisms were found in 1% of the eyes; Pasteurella spp, Actinobacillus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter spp, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, and Bacillus spp. More than one bacterial species was found in numerous eyes. Psittacines from an import station had a greater occurrence of ocular bacterial growth than did birds from private owners. The frequency of ocular bacterial growth and types of bacteria isolated were similar to studies from dogs and cats. PMID- 6638655 TI - Serum concentration of bile acids in guinea pigs as an indicator of liver damage caused by aflatoxins. AB - Serum concentrations of glycocholic acid (GA) and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDA) and serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined after guinea pigs had been fed 0, 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, or 0.030 mg of aflatoxin B1 equivalents daily for 21 days. Mean serum concentrations for the 20 control guinea pigs were GA, 3.70 mumole/L; GDA, 0.12 mumole/L; and AST, 59.7 IU. Concentrations of GA and GDA in treated guinea pigs were significantly higher than those in controls (P less than 0.05) at doses of aflatoxin greater than or equal to 0.010 mg/day. The highest serum concentrations of bile acids were in guinea pigs given the higher doses of aflatoxin. Activities of AST in treated guinea pigs were significantly higher than those in controls for only 2 dosage levels (0.010 and 0.030 mg/day). Bile acids in the serum of guinea pigs was a more sensitive indicator of liver damage caused by aflatoxin than was AST. PMID- 6638656 TI - Leptospirosis in rodents from an arid environment. AB - Rodents (n = 358) were trapped from 6 locations in Arizona, including 2 dairies, 2 swine raising operations, and 2 areas where domestic animal access was limited. Isolates of Leptospira interrogans serovar ballum were obtained from 3 house mice (Mus musculus) trapped in dairies. Leptospira were seen in silver-stained kidney sections of 10.4% of the rodents. The usefulness of serologic data in detecting leptospiral infection in these rodents was uncertain because so few animals yielded isolates that valid comparisons of culture positives to serologic positives were not possible. Titers greater than or equal to 1:160 were obtained to serovars autumnalis, ballum, bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohaemorrhagiae, and pomona. Nearly 60% of the rodents had microscopic lesions in kidneys, including 20 of 34 (59%) of those in which leptospira were seen. PMID- 6638658 TI - Psychotherapy--is it safe, effective, and appropriate? The beginning of an evolutionary dialogue. PMID- 6638657 TI - Mice and rabbit models for oral and percutaneous absorption and disposition of amphoteric surfactant C31G. AB - A topical antimicrobial agent (C31G), composed of amphoteric surfactants (alkyl betaines and alkyl amine oxides), had a significant (P less than 0.001) and concentration dependent rate of percutaneous absorption in mice and rabbits. Percutaneous absorption studies (3 concentrations for 3 exposure periods) in mice indicated that dermal interaction resulted in nonlinear changes for rate of penetration and transport as a function of exposure and concentration. Kinetic studies of absorption and disposition after oral dosing in mice with [3H]C31G were used to determine the body burden (0.21 g/kg of body weight) at a no effect level. Dermal penetration (P) and transport (T) resulting from percutaneous exposure at variations of time and dosage concentrations were shown to fit the equation T = a + k ln t. The regression coefficient k represents the characteristic change of T with exposure time (t). For low concentrations k equaled 1.89 and at the high concentration k equaled 2.68. This increase of T indicated the interaction of the agent with the dermal barrier at high concentrations. Dermal transport in the rabbit was less than one-fourth of that in the mouse. Excretion of C31G after oral or dermal dosing was predominantly renal at higher dosage levels, whereas fecal excretion dominated at the lowest dosage levels. The half-life of [3H]C31G in the mouse was 68 hours and 86 hours in the rabbit. Data and statistical methods allowed prediction of the effects of daily exposures PMID- 6638659 TI - Mental health care. Access, stigma, and effectiveness. PMID- 6638660 TI - The National Center for Health Care Technology. Assessment of psychotherapy for policymaking. PMID- 6638661 TI - The efficacy of psychotherapy as the basis for public policy. PMID- 6638662 TI - Psychological and psychiatric peer review at CHAMPUS. PMID- 6638663 TI - Health financing, service utilization, and national policy. A conversation with Stan Jones. By: Gary R. VandenBos. PMID- 6638664 TI - Is alcoholism different from other substance abuse? PMID- 6638665 TI - Mystery in Milwaukee. Early intervention, IQ, and psychology textbooks. PMID- 6638666 TI - Minute ventilation in asthma. Enhancement by mouthpiece and depression by oxygen administration. AB - To evaluate independently the effects of an inspiratory stimulus (a mouthpiece) and a ventilatory depressant (oxygen) on minute ventilation (VE) in asthma, we measured VE with magnetometers in 18 asthmatic subjects. When room air was inspired from a loose-fitting mask, VE was 10.2 +/- 0.6 L/min. When oxygen was substituted for room air, VE decreased (8.4 +/- 0.6). In contrast, when oxygen was given by mouthpiece, VE increased (12.9 +/- 0.7). We conclude that in the clinical setting, the mouthpiece artifact may operate either to exaggerate the tidal breath or to obscure the effect of a respiratory depressant (e.g., oxygen) upon the measurement of resting ventilation. PMID- 6638667 TI - The contribution of leukocytes and bacteria to the low pH of empyema fluid. AB - Empyema fluid characteristically has a low pleural fluid pH, and it has been demonstrated that this fluid has a high acid-generating capacity. To evaluate the contribution of leukocytes and bacteria to the low pH of empyema fluid, an experimental model of empyema was used. After the production of a sterile pleural effusion by turpentine in both normal and neutropenic New Zealand white rabbits, either live Streptococcus pneumoniae, killed Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Acinetobacter, an organism that does not undergo fermentation or produce substantial acid, were injected into the pleural fluid. With these manipulations, the contribution of leukocytes and bacteria alone could be assessed. The results showed that both leukocyte phagocytosis and bacterial metabolism contribute to the low pH of empyema fluid and that the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes per se in clinically observed ranges is not critical to the change in pleural fluid pH. PMID- 6638668 TI - Variability in lung elasticity measurements in normal humans. AB - The variability of quasistatic lung inspiratory and expiratory pressure-volume (P V) curves has been investigated in 8 young healthy volunteers studied on 4 occasions. The reproducibility of the total lung capacity (TLC) measured by body plethysmography was good, with a mean coefficient of variation of 1.8 +/- 0.9% (SD). The following variables were calculated from the P-V curves: the recoil pressures measured at TLC and 90, 80, 70, 60, and 50% TLC, as well as the compliance at functional residual capacity. For all the variables considered the intraseries variance was similar to the interseries variance so that all the individual results were pooled together. For each variable a coefficient of variation was calculated for each subject, as well as an F ratio to compare the interindividual differences to the intraindividual differences. For the variables obtained from the expiratory P-V curve, the lowest coefficient of variation was found for elastic lung recoil pressure, 90% TLC (6.6 +/- 2.6%, mean +/- SD). The reproducibility of the inspiratory P-V curve was found to be somewhat better than that of the expiratory one, with a coefficient of variation of 3.4 +/- 0.8% at 90% TLC. In absolute terms at that same level, the mean standard error of measurements was 1.2 cm H2O for the expiratory curves and 0.8 cm H2O for the inspiratory ones. It is concluded that in terms of reproducibility the best index of lung elasticity is the recoil pressure measured at 90% TLC and that the inspiratory curve is even better than the expiratory one. PMID- 6638669 TI - Increased serum theophylline clearance with orally administered activated charcoal. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the oral administration of activated charcoal would increase the clearance of theophylline. Seven normal subjects received aminophylline intravenously (8 mg/kg) on 2 separate days. On Day 1 at 2-h intervals starting immediately after the completion of the aminophylline infusion, subjects ingested 4 doses of a slurry of activated charcoal (30 g each). On Day 2 they received no charcoal. The order of the days the subjects received charcoal or no charcoal was randomized. Plasma theophylline levels were determined by an enzyme immunoassay (Syva) every 2 h after the completion of the intravenous infusion. The theophylline half-life was reduced with charcoal from 10.2 to 4.6 h (p less than 0.001), and clearance increased from 35.6 to 72.6 ml/kg/h (p less than 0.001). In a patient with an initial serum theophylline concentration of 31.0 micrograms/ml and signs of toxicity (arrhythmias and seizures), the administration of charcoal (4 doses of 30 g every 2 h) reduced the half-life from 34.4 to 5.7 h concomitant with rapid resolution of signs of toxicity. We conclude that orally administered activated charcoal significantly enhances the clearance of theophylline and offers a new therapeutic modality in the treatment of theophylline toxicity. PMID- 6638670 TI - In vivo bronchodilator activity of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the cat. AB - Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an octacosapeptide that occurs widely in the animal kingdom, is distributed in many organs and tissues, and has a broad range of biologic actions. We evaluated the ability of VIP to produce bronchodilation in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, atropinized, closed chest cats. Boluses of VIP injected intravenously (0.1 to 10 micrograms X kg-1) reversed in a dose-dependent manner the increase in lung resistance (RL) and the decrease in dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) induced by an intravenously administered infusion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) (5 to 30 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1). Distribution of bronchodilator activity was assessed by using RL as an index of central airways caliber and dynamic elastance (Edyn; the inverse of Cdyn) as an index of tone in peripheral airways and lung parenchyma. Although all levels of the tracheobronchial tree responded to VIP, the predominant site of action appeared to be in central airways. A similar distribution and magnitude of relaxant effects were observed after the intravenous administration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (0.1 to 10 micrograms X kg-1). Prostaglandin E2 also was effective in reversing 5HT-induced bronchoconstriction when given by ultrasonic nebulization, whereas VIP was not. Bronchodilation mediated by VIP persisted after pretreatment with indomethacin or propranolol. We conclude that VIP is a potent relaxant of feline airways smooth muscle in vivo and that this effect of the peptide occurs independent of prostaglandin production or beta adrenergic receptor activation. PMID- 6638671 TI - Characterization of a late phase pulmonary response after antigen challenge in allergic sheep. AB - We determined if allergic sheep undergo a dual bronchoconstriction in response to inhalation of antigen and whether these responses could be modified by cromolyn or glucocorticosteroids. In 8 conscious sheep with Ascaris suum hypersensitivity, mean pulmonary flow resistance (RL), dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), thoracic gas volume (Vtg), and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) were determined prior to, immediately after, and from 2 through 8 h after and 24 h after inhalation challenge with Ascaris suum antigen. Immediately after antigen challenge, mean specific lung resistance (SRL = RL X Vtg) increased by 750% (p less than 0.01) and mean Cdyn and PaO2 decreased by 55% (p less than 0.01) and 37% (p less than 0.01), respectively. By 5 h after challenge, mean SRL and PaO2 had returned to baseline values, whereas mean Cdyn was still below baseline (-19%, p less than 0.05). At 6.5 h, mean SRL increased again to 245% (p less than 0.01) of baseline and remained significantly elevated through the eighth hour. The average increase in mean SRL for the 6.5- to 8-h postchallenge period was 196%, with concomitant decreases in mean Cdyn and PaO2 of 29% and 10%, respectively. By 24 h, all values had returned to baseline. Control inhalation challenge with ragweed, an antigen to which sheep are not sensitive, did not significantly alter SRL, Cdyn, or PaO2 at any time during the 8-h observation period, indicating that the late response was antigen specific and not caused by circadian rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638672 TI - Polymorphonuclear leukocyte participation in acute oleic-acid-induced lung injury. AB - The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to analyze the cellular components of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid throughout the development of oleic-acid-induced lung injury in the rat and (2) to investigate the role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the pathogenesis of this disease. Animals were killed and lavaged at various times after a single intravenously administered injection of oleic acid. The results demonstrate that a significant influx of inflammatory cells appear in the lavage fluid as early as 4 h after the administration of oleic acid. The PMN are the first cells to appear, and significant levels persist through Day 5 after injection. There is a transient yet significant influx of lymphocytes between 3 and 7 days after treatment. Rats treated with oleic acid displayed significant increases in lung vascular permeability over control animals at 1 and 4 h after injection. Depletion of PMN by anti-PMN serum significantly decreased the permeability changes induced by oleic acid. Treatment of oleic-acid-injected animals with catalase, superoxide dismutase, or dimethyl sulfoxide failed to inhibit lung permeability changes induced in this model. PMID- 6638673 TI - Changes in inert gas rebreathing parameters after ozone exposure in dogs. AB - The acute (30 min postexposure) and delayed (24 and 48 h postexposure) effects of a 4-h exposure to 1.0 ppm O3 (n = 10), 0.3 ppm O3 (n = 9) were evaluated using an inert multiple gas rebreathing method as well as arterial blood gas determinations in anesthetized dogs. Rebreathing parameters included pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc), diffusing capacity, functional residual capacity, pulmonary tissue plus capillary blood volume (VTPC), and oxygen consumption. The Qc and PaO2 were significantly decreased 30 min after exposure to O3 and remained decreased 24 and 48 h after exposure only in the 1.0 ppm O3 group. After exposure to 1.0 ppm O3 only, a 33% increase in VTPC was found at 24 but not at 48 h and was confirmed by autopsy lung water determinations. No changes in rebreathing parameters or arterial blood gas measurements occurred in the air exposure control group. Therefore, an acute exposure to O3 resulted in adverse cardiopulmonary effects in dogs. Five additional dogs were exposed to 1.0 ppm O3 for 4 h while breathing spontaneously rather than with ventilation being assisted by electrophrenic stimulation (as done in the other exposures), and no changes in VTPC occurred. Thus, the ventilatory pattern used during O3 exposure is also an important factor in causing critical degrees of parenchymal lung injury. PMID- 6638674 TI - Treatment of canine low pressure pulmonary edema. Nitroprusside versus hydralazine. AB - In canine oleic acid pulmonary edema, we investigated acute cardiopulmonary effects of different doses of nitroprusside and compared the results with those obtained after intravenously administered hydralazine. Oleic acid increased (p less than 0.05) intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt), increased (p less than 0.01) systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and reduced (p less than 0.05) cardiac output (CO). In the presence of low-pressure pulmonary edema, low-dose nitroprusside (NP1) reduced (p less than 0.01) mean blood pressure (BP) approximately 8%, but with the exception of a small fall in ventricular filling pressure, other parameters remained constant. Compared with control values, a higher dose of nitroprusside (NP2) reduced mean BP 20%, and despite a fall (p less than 0.01) in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, CO increased (p less than 0.05) 20%. Corresponding to the increase in flow, mean Qs/Qt increased (p less than 0.05) from 26 to 36% with NP2 and arterial O2 tension fell (186 to 166 mmHg, p less than 0.05). Compared with NP2, intravenously administered hydralazine caused a larger (p less than 0.01) change in CO. Despite increased CO and increased (p less than 0.01) mixed venous O2 tension, there was no deterioration in gas exchange with hydralazine. Mean Qs/Qt remained constant and arterial O2 tension, (PaO2) increased (p less than 0.05) from 174 mmHg to 217 mmHg. The increased CO with NP2 and hydralazine is probably explained by the large reduction in systemic vascular resistance. Because Qs/Qt remained constant with hydralazine, the increase in PaO2 is most likely due to the increase in PvO2, which increased because CO increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638675 TI - Age-dependent effects of aminobutyryl muramyl dipeptide on alveolar macrophage function in infant and adult Macaca monkeys. AB - We compared the antimicrobial function of alveolar macrophages (AM) from adult and 3- to 5-wk-old infant primates (Macaca nemestrina) and the effects of the immunomodulator, aminobutyryl muramyl dipeptide (abu-MDP) on this function. Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and group B streptococcus (GBS) by adult and infant AM was comparable. Adult and infant AM killed SA equally within 15 min of incubation; however, after 45 min, with phagocytosis of additional bacteria, adult AM had greater bactericidal activity (p less than 0.01). The bactericidal activity of infant and adult AM against GBS was comparable after 45 min of incubation; infant AM had slightly but significantly greater bactericidal activity with short incubation (15 min; p less than 0.025). The bactericidal activity of abu-MDP-treated infant AM against SA (p less than 0.01) and GBS (p less than 0.05) was greater than that of untreated infant AM and untreated or abu MDP-treated adult AM. The abu-MDP did not significantly (p greater than 0.2) enhance the antimicrobial activity of adult AM. Catalase, but not superoxide dismutase or mannitol, significantly (p less than 0.005) increased survival of GBS in infant AM; this effect was comparable in abu-MDP-treated and in untreated AM. The abu-MDP-treated infant, but not the adult AM, released more acid phosphatase when triggered by opsonized zymosan than did untreated AM, but superoxide anion release by infant or adult AM was not affected by incubation with abu-MDP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638676 TI - Concentrated albumin does not affect lung edema formation after acid instillation in the dog. AB - Recent investigations of the role of large infusions of concentrated serum albumin on the acute pulmonary edema caused by hydrochloric acid (HCl) aspiration have produced contradictory results. We used the open thorax anesthetized dog with weighed lung lobe as well as completely isolated perfused weighed lobes. The results were the same with both preparations. Instillation of 0.1 N HCl (2 ml/kg) caused small increases in pulmonary artery pressure, and the rate of lung weight gain increased from 1.2 to 2.5 g/h to 22.2 to 30.2 g/h. Addition of 25% human serum albumin, either before or after acid instillation, had no significant effect on the rate of lobe weight gain. Additional experiments showed that after HCl the rate of lobe weight gain was exquisitely sensitive to pulmonary arterial pressure. Albumin therapy is without benefit in the prevention or treatment of the pulmonary edema caused by HCl aspiration. PMID- 6638677 TI - Long-term effects of exposure to sulfur dioxide. Lung function four years after a pyrite dust explosion. AB - The lung function of 7 men accidentally exposed to sulfur dioxide (SO2) in a pyrite dust explosion was followed for 4 yr. The greatest decrease in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, and maximal midexpiratory flow was observed 1 wk after the accident. After about 3 months no further decrement occurred. The pattern of spirometric findings was obstructive in 6 and restrictive in 1 of the patients. Four years after the accident a reversible obstruction of the bronchi was still observable in 3. Four patients reacted positively to the histamine challenge test. Two patients either did not respond to bronchodilator or did not react to histamine. The results suggest that bronchial hyperreactivity is a frequent sequela after exposure to high concentrations of SO2. The hyperreactivity may persist for several years. PMID- 6638678 TI - The effect of temperature on recording spirograms. AB - Correcting spirometric indexes to BTPS assumes that the spirometer has a short cooling time constant. This assumption was challenged by testing a rolling seal spirometer (RSS), a water seal spirometer (WSS), and a heated pneumotachygraph (PT) with simulated spirograms from a computer-driven servo-controlled pump whose internal temperature could be regulated. When tested with ambient air (19 degrees C) the devices recorded forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (4.0 L) to within 1%. With air at 37 degrees C the precision of the PT was little changed but the RSS and WSS (corrected to BTPS) overestimated FEV1 by 6 and 5%, respectively. The first moment of the spirogram (mean transit time) was 8 and 15% underestimated by the RSS and WSS, respectively, whereas the PT was precise to within 1%. These errors changed with ambient temperature and time constant of the spirogram. Clinical judgments concerning individual patients are unlikely to be seriously influenced by these errors. However, for the precise recording of spirograms required in epidemiologic and research work, and especially for studies on the shape of spirograms and flow-volume curves, these are important errors. PMID- 6638679 TI - Diaphragm dysfunction induced by upper abdominal surgery. Role of postoperative pain. AB - The effects of upper abdominal surgery on diaphragmatic function were studied in 5 patients. During quiet tidal breathing, the volume displacement of the abdomen within the tidal volume (Vab/Vt) and the ratio of abdominal and transdiaphragmatic pressure changes (delta Pab/delta Pdi), taken as an index of the diaphragmatic contribution to the breathing process, decreased significantly on the first postoperative day (p less than 0.001); in 2 patients, a cephalad paradoxical motion of the diaphragm during inspiration was observed. Diaphragmatic dysfunction also occurred during maximal inspiratory efforts as shown by the significant fall in maximal static transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdimax) and cephalocaudal diaphragmatic displacement on the first (p less than 0.001) and third (p less than 0.001) postoperative days. On the first postoperative day, opiate epidural analgesia did not modify Vab/VT, delta Pab/delta Pdi, and Pdimax. These parameters spontaneously returned towards control values on the seventh postoperative day. We conclude that upper abdominal surgery induces a marked diaphragmatic dysfunction lasting about 1 wk and that it is not suppressed by postoperative pain relief. The mechanism of this dysfunction remains to be determined. It may be the main cause of the postoperative pulmonary restrictive pattern. PMID- 6638680 TI - Effects of exercise on particle deposition in Syrian golden hamsters. AB - The effects of exercise and its associated increase in ventilation on the deposition of inhaled particles were investigated. Both total retention and patterns of distribution of a 99mTc sulfur colloid aerosol (activity median aerodynamic diameter, 0.38 micron; geometric standard deviation, 1.35) were measured in male Syrian golden hamsters. Animals were either anesthetized, resting, or exercising on a treadmill during a 15-min aerosol exposure. Each hamster's oxygen consumption (VO2) was continuously monitored during the exposure; immediately after, the animal was killed. The lungs were excised, inflated, and dried in a microwave oven. The rigid lungs were sliced and dissected in a predetermined way so that retention at specific locations could be compared. The radioactivity and weight of 40 pieces from each of 12 hamsters were measured. The uniformity of deposition was described by an evenness index (EI) for each piece: EI = (cpm/g)piece/(cpm/g) whole lung. With theoretical uniformity of retention, all EI values should be 1.0. During aerosol exposure, the exercising group had a VO2 of 5.0 +/- 0.6 (SD) ml STPD/min/100 g, which was 2 times the resting group (2.5 +/- 0.4) and 4 times the anesthetized group (1.2 +/- 0.2). The total retention of particles in the lungs increased in a parabolic manner as a function of VO2; the exercising animals had a retention 6 times greater than the anesthetized animals. The increased retention in running hamsters may reflect either increased ventilation alone or increased collection efficiency. Each animal's activity level also affected local distribution of particles in the lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638681 TI - Pulmonary tissue resistance to Candida albicans in normal and in immunosuppressed mice. AB - We characterized the clearance of Candida albicans from the lung using a murine model for pulmonary aspiration. Swiss Webster mice uniformly survived intratracheally administered boluses of C. albicans (1 to 30 X 10(5) colony forming units of yeast) which killed the majority of mice (more than 85%) when injected intravenously. Clearance studies, using quantitative cultures of lung homogenates, demonstrated rapid elimination of C. albicans from the lung after a 6-h delay; the residual fractions of viable fungi were 8.3 and 0.7% of the initial inoculums at 24 and 48 h, respectively, after inoculation. The number of leukocytes in the bronchoalveolar spaces increased twofold to threefold after deposition, and this primarily reflected a neutrophil influx. Histologic studies supported the bronchoalveolar lavage results and revealed a diffuse interstitial neutrophilic infiltrate and clusters of inflammatory cells in air spaces at 6 and 24 h after Candida deposition. Examination of lavage pellets demonstrated that both neutrophils and macrophages ingested C. albicans in vivo. Immunosuppression (orally administered prednisolone for 2 wk) delayed the clearance of C. albicans from the lung. However, evaluation of neutrophil migration into bronchoalveolar spaces and of the in vivo ingestion capacity of both macrophages and neutrophils did not identify differences that could explain this delayed clearance in steroid treated mice. The fungicidal activity of pulmonary leukocytes was measured with in vitro assays and was similar in phagocyte cultures from control and steroid treated mice. In summary, intrinsic pulmonary defense factors and recruited neutrophils rapidly and completely clear C. albicans from the lung after bolus deposition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638682 TI - The purification and identification of circulating immune complexes in tuberculosis. AB - Circulating immune complexes (CIC) have been documented in patients with tuberculosis. Like most other disease-related CIC, the composition of CIC in tuberculosis is unknown. Using the new technique of conglutinin affinity chromatography, we isolated and purified CIC from 6 patients with mycobacterial disease and compared these with CIC from 6 patients with other disorders. The CIC material from both groups was found by Ouchterlony analysis to be similar, containing IgG, IgA, and variable amounts of Clq, C3, and C4. Relative purity was confirmed by the absence of other serum components such as fibrinogen, alpha 1 antiprotease, alpha 2-macroglobulin, and transferrin; trace amounts of albumen were present in all samples. On sucrose density ultracentrifugation, CIC material from both groups demonstrated a well-defined major peak in the 9S to 12S range and a much smaller peak at 7S. After dissociation of CIC at pH 2.8, only a broad band in the 7S region was noted. Ouchterlony analysis demonstrated a positive precipitation reaction between CIC and rabbit anti-BCG in 5 of 6 patients with tuberculosis and 1 of 6 patients without tuberculosis. Anti-BCG activity was demonstrated by precipitation inhibition in 5 of 6 tuberculous and 2 of 6 nontuberculous samples. In all but one of the tuberculous samples tested, these reactions were confined to the 9S to 12S fraction. We conclude that some of the CIC found in patients with tuberculosis are composed of immunoglobulin, complement, and antigen derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PMID- 6638683 TI - Lung changes in rats inhaling volcanic ash for one year. AB - Rats were exposed to 5 mg/m3 or 50 mg/m3 (respirable aerosol concentration) volcanic ash, or to 50 mg/m3 quartz, 6 h/day, 5 days/wk, for as long as 12 months. Subgroups of rats were killed at 4-month intervals to determine lesion development as a function of dose and cumulative exposure. Treatment-related lung changes comprised alveolar macrophage accumulation, interstitial reaction, peribronchiolar lymphoid hyperplasia, lymph node hyperplasia, and--in the 50 . mg/m3 ash-exposed and quartz-exposed rats--alveolar proteinosis. Some of the changes did not increase appreciably after 8 months of exposure, whereas others continued to increase as a function of cumulative exposure. Generally, there were distinct dose-response and agent-response relationships. These trends were also observed in lung weights, respiratory rates, and volumes of mediastinal lymph nodes. Like the histologic changes, the effects on these ancillary parameters also increased in the following order: sham-exposed control group, 5 mg/m3 and 50 mg/m3 ash-exposed groups, and quartz-exposed positive control group. PMID- 6638684 TI - The health effects of involuntary smoking. AB - Involuntary smoking is defined as the exposure of nonsmokers to tobacco combustion products in the indoor environment. Involuntary smokers are exposed to a quantitatively smaller and qualitatively different smoke exposure than active smokers. Quantitation of exposure is particularly difficult in both physiologic and epidemiologic studies. Acute physiologic studies have documented minimal physiologic changes in healthy subjects. However, individuals with heart or lung disease may be differentially affected. A relatively large body of data relates parental (particularly maternal) cigarette smoking to the occurrence of both acute respiratory illnesses and chronic respiratory symptoms in children. The effect seems to be greatest early in life and cannot be separated from in utero exposure. Data linking parental smoking to lower levels of pulmonary function are all cross-sectional and less conclusive. What is apparent is that the magnitude of the direct effect of passive smoke exposure is likely to be relatively small (from 1 to 5% reduction in maximally obtained lung function level in exposed children). Data on adults are insufficient to allow for a quantitative estimate. The important effects of passive smoke exposure in childhood are twofold. The slight reduction in pulmonary function level may predispose individuals to increased risks from environmental agents later in life. In addition, having a parent who smokes substantially increases the likelihood that a child will become a smoker. Finally, two studies have linked lung cancer in nonsmokers to exposure to spouses' cigarette smoke. Further research is needed to confirm these findings. Involuntary smoking may have important health effects, either direct or indirect, which deserve further study. PMID- 6638685 TI - Effects of added resistance to breathing during exercise in obstructive lung disease. AB - Forty-nine men performed progressive submaximal treadmill exercise to determine the cardiopulmonary and subjective response to added resistance to breathing. Twenty subjects (controls), FEV1/FVC% = 79.2 +/- 1.4 (mean +/- SEM), were compared with 19 mildly obstructed men (OB1), FEV1/FVC% = 66.9 +/- 0.5, and 10 with moderate obstruction (OB2), FEV1/FVC% = 53.7 +/- 1.9. Separate exercise trials were performed with no added resistance (NAR), R1 = 3.5 cm H2O/L/s inspiratory and 1.5 cm H2O/L/s expiratory resistance, and R2 = 5 cm HKO/L/s inspiratory and 1.5 cm H2O/L/s expiratory resistance. Analysis of cardiopulmonary parameters was made at an oxygen consumption rate of VO2 = 1.5 L/min for all 3 obstruction groups at all 3 resistances. With NAR, all 3 groups had similar respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (VT), minute ventilation (VE), end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2), respiratory exchange ratio (R), heart rate (HR), and mouth pressure swing (Poral). With both R1 and R2 compared with NAR, control and OB1 subjects (at VO2 = 1.5 L/min) had reduced RR, VE, and R, and increased VT and Poral (p less than 0.01 for all). Changes with added resistance for OB2 subjects were in the same directions, but were significant only for VE and with R1 for RR. Heart rate did not change; PETCO2 increased in control subjects and with R2 in OB1 subjects. Separate analysis showed that except for the smaller increase in PETCO2 in OB2 subjects, none of the changes with added resistance in the OB1 or OB2 groups were different from changes in the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638686 TI - Roentgenographic determination of total lung capacity: normal values from a National Population Survey. AB - Planimetric measurements of total lung capacity (TLC) were made from posteroanterior and lateral chest roentgenograms obtained during a nationwide survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized United States population. Regression equations for TLC, residual volume (RV), and the ratio of RV to TLC for healthy, nonsmoking participants are presented. The equations predict values that agree closely with previously published normal values obtained by other methods. PMID- 6638687 TI - Aspirin desensitization in aspirin-sensitive asthma: failure to maintain a desensitized state during prolonged therapy. AB - A patient with a history of asthma induced by acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) was found to be ASA sensitive when orally challenged with ASA. She was successfully desensitized using incremental doses of ASA given orally and maintained on ASA or other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory (NSAI) agents for the treatment of arthritis. After 6 months of uninterrupted therapy the patient developed asthmatic symptoms that were related to ASA and NSAI drug therapy. Although desensitization may be achieved in patients with ASA-sensitive asthma, sensitivity may recur despite continuous therapy. PMID- 6638688 TI - Unresponsiveness of Legionella bozemanii pneumonia to erythromycin administration despite in vitro sensitivity. AB - We report a case of Legionella bozemanii pneumonia that failed to respond clinically and microbiologically to erythromycin administration. The organism was recovered from bronchial brushings and washings and was demonstrated to be sensitive in vitro to erythromycin as well as to rifampin and sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim. The patient received a 9-day course of erythromycin before she died. Nonetheless, postmortem lung tissue yielded Legionella bozemanii. In treating Legionella pneumonia unresponsive to erythromycin, addition of another antibiotic, based on sensitivity testing, should be considered. PMID- 6638689 TI - Treatment of tuberculosis. PMID- 6638690 TI - Occlusion pressure and breathing pattern in patients with interstitial lung disease. PMID- 6638691 TI - The relationship between respiratory illness in childhood and chronic air-flow obstruction in adulthood. PMID- 6638692 TI - Primary hyperparathyroidism and hypertension. AB - A causal relationship between hyperparathyroidism and hypertension has been presumed to exist. In order to determine the nature of any such relationship, 50 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and diastolic hypertension undergoing surgical correction of hypercalcemia (study group) were compared to 50 matched eucalcemic patients with diastolic hypertension of similar magnitude undergoing equivalent elective surgery (control group). There were no significant differences in average preoperative diastolic pressures, average postoperative diastolic pressures, or the magnitude of early postoperative reduction in diastolic pressure between the study and control groups (P greater than 0.05). Bed rest may play a significant role in the early postoperative reduction in blood pressure frequently observed in patients undergoing correction of hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6638693 TI - Low serum iron concentration in acute cholecystitis. A discriminator of severity of infection. AB - This study demonstrates that serum iron levels are significantly depressed during acute cholecystitis. Mean admission serum iron concentration for 18 patients who had required emergency cholecystectomy within 48 hours of hospitalization was 40.9 micrograms/100 ml +/- 27.08 (7.32 mumol/l) while for 108 patients who had undergone elective cholecystectomy in the same 18-month period the mean concentration was 90.5 micrograms/100 ml +/- 34.27 (16.2 mumol/l); a mean difference of 49.6 micrograms/100 ml (3.92 mumol/l) (t = 5.8395, P less than 0.00001). Mean serum iron level in seven patients with culture positive acute cholecystitis was 26.4 micrograms/100 ml +/- 10.45 (4.73 mumol/l), significantly different (P less than 0.05) than in 11 patients with culture negative cholecystitis, 50.3 micrograms/100 ml +/- 30.41 (9.00 mumol/l). Admission serum iron level averaged 25.6 micrograms/100 ml (4.58 mumol/l) in three patients with gangrenous gallbladders and was 18 micrograms/100 ml (3.22 mumol/l) in one patient with empyema of the gallbladder. Determination of serum iron level may help distinguish patients with significant infections requiring urgent surgery from patients with biliary colic. PMID- 6638694 TI - Gentamicin-induced hypomagnesemia. AB - There have been several case reports of hypomagnesemia associated with gentamicin therapy. A cause and effect relationship between gentamicin and hypomagnesemia has been difficult to establish in these cases due to: 1) large doses of gentamicin; 2) concomitant administration of other antibiotics and cytotoxic agents; 3) failure to monitor drug levels; and 4) poor oral intake. To test for a direct cause and effect relationship and to determine the frequency of gentamicin induced hypomagnesemia, we administered the drug for 10 days to six healthy, well fed, subhuman primates. Five of the six animals developed a mean decrease in serum magnesium of 0.34 mg/dl (P = 0.03) after 10 days of therapy. Four of the five had levels in the frankly hypomagnesemic range (less than 1.4 mg/dl). Urine magnesium values were inappropriately elevated in relation to serum magnesium concentrations. It is concluded that gentamicin-induced hypomagnesemia may occur more commonly than has been previously appreciated. Serial monitoring of serum magnesium in patients receiving gentamicin is recommended. PMID- 6638695 TI - Gunshot wounds to the buttocks. AB - Twenty patients sustaining gunshot wounds (GSW) to the buttocks (including one shotgun wound) were treated at two affiliated institutions during the last 5 years. Male patients predominated nine to one. Fifteen patients with extraperitoneal injuries had a benign course. One underwent negative exploratory laparotomy based upon positive physical findings. The remaining five patients had clinical abdominal findings consistent with severe intra-abdominal injuries (four organs per patient). Although the morbidity was high, there was no mortality in this series. Careful analysis of a bullet's trajectory will allow detection of a possible intraabdominal component of this type of injury, mandating early surgical management. PMID- 6638696 TI - Evaluation of efficacy of cefoxitin in the prevention of abdominal trauma infections. AB - Recent studies showed high populations of both aerobes and anaerobes in penetrating abdominal trauma infections. Combined aminoglycoside-clindamycin therapy has resulted in infection rates of 7 to 10 per cent. However, high side effect incidences of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity have been attributed to the aminoglycosides. Cefoxitin is reportedly free of these side effects. In our study, 62 penetrating abdominal trauma patients requiring laparotomy were treated with cefoxitin pre- and postoperatively. The majority of the injuries, 75.8 per cent, involved small bowel and large bowel. Infections occurred in four patients of the total 62 (6.5%). Two side effects, a fever and a rash, subsided immediately after discontinuing cefoxitin; no ototoxicity or nephrotoxicity occurred. The safety and efficacy of cefoxitin alone versus aminoglycoside clindamycin combination therapy was statistically compared in intestinal injuries only among two historical controls and our subgroup. Our infectious rate, 8.5 per cent, was comparable to 7.4 per cent and 10.4 per cent of the historical controls. We concluded that pre- and postoperative use of cefoxitin alone is as effective in the prevention of penetrating abdominal trauma infections as combined aminoglycoside-clindamycin therapy. Experience to date suggests that the use of a beta-lactam antibiotic such as cefoxitin may allow the physician to avoid the more serious side effects associated with the use of aminoglycosides in these patients. PMID- 6638697 TI - Pancreatic pseudocyst. AB - Pancreatic pseudocyst is a relatively rare complication of pancreatitis with a reported incidence of 1 to 5 per cent in patients with pancreatitis. The 5-year experience with pancreatic pseudocyst at Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center and Mount Sinai Hospital has been reviewed in an effort to determine optimum diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. Twenty-eight patients were treated for this problem during the period of June 1976 through June 1981 with one death. All patients had operative therapy, with internal drainage being the procedure of choice. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain. The most useful diagnostic study proved to be ultrasonography. Complications occurred in nine patients (32%). These included bleeding, obstructive jaundice, infection, rupture, and recurrence. PMID- 6638698 TI - The utilization of cystic duct cholangiography. AB - The patient records at two hospitals were reviewed to ascertain the incidence of unsuspected common duct stones and to evaluate the patterns of utilization of routine and selective intraoperative cystic duct cholangiography. The incidence of unsuspected common duct stones discovered only by cystic duct cholangiography was 4.3 per cent. Unnecessary common duct exploration was performed on 5.3 per cent of patients undergoing routine cystic duct cholangiography because of false positive cholangiograms. The use of routine and preexploratory cystic duct cholangiography was significantly different at the two hospitals studied. Choledochotomy without preexploratory cystic duct cholangiography resulted in unnecessary common bile duct explorations in 44 per cent of patients. Although routine cystic duct cholangiography will identify unsuspected common duct stones, it is associated with an equal incidence of unnecessary common duct exploration. Preexploration cholangiography is an essential procedure which diminishes unnecessary choledochotomy and facilitates accurate demonstration of biliary tract pathology. PMID- 6638699 TI - Analysis of bone biopsies. AB - The orthopedic surgeon is frequently confronted with the decision of when to perform a bone biopsy and whether to do a needle biopsy or an open biopsy. Frequently consultations are received from other services requesting bone biopsies with questionable indications. The indications and contraindications for performing bone biopsies are discussed as well as advantages and disadvantages of either closed or open technique. Four selective cases are discussed with illustrations. The challenge of undiagnosed osseous lesions is best met by rational evaluation of each individual case and coordinated with the team effort of the primary care physician, surgeon, pathologist, and radiologist. The decision for either an open or closed biopsy technique must be based on the experience and skills of the surgeon and pathologist. PMID- 6638700 TI - Low colorectal anastomosis with a modified circular stapler. AB - In order to construct a colorectal anastomosis with the EEA or the Russian stapler, one must tie the colonic and the rectal stump on the instrument with two pursestring sutures. A modified circular stapler equipped with hooks eliminates the need to insert sutures. The instrument constructs a double row anastomosis at a minimal cost because it operates with cheap staples that are inserted manually. Its preliminary evaluation in clinical practice showed that it facilitates considerably low anterior resection. PMID- 6638701 TI - Osteoradionecrosis of the chest wall. Management of postresection defects using Marlex mesh and a rotated latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. AB - Full thickness chest wall resection and single stage reconstruction for osteoradionecrosis of the chest wall was performed on five patients. All patients had undergone radical mastectomy and radiation therapy from 5 to 18 years prior to chest wall resection. Defects varied from 12 X 5 cm to 15 X 15 cm, and included from two to four ribs. Reconstruction was performed using Marlex mesh to reconstruct the bony thorax and a rotated latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. Coverage was successfully performed in all cases, and no patient experienced postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. There were no complications related to either the bony thorax reconstruction or the latissimus flap. The use of this technique has provided a safe, convenient, and reliable method of chest wall reconstruction. PMID- 6638702 TI - Marked concomittant elevations in serum creatine kinase and lactic dehydrogenase in a patient with bowel necrosis. AB - We report what we believe to be the first proven marked concomittant elevations in serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactic dehydrogenase (LD) in a patient with bowel necrosis. The necrosis was the result of infarction secondary to bowel strangulation. The serum from this patient showed elevation of total CK activity resulting from an abnormal amount of MM, MB, and BB isoenzymes with LD2, LD3, and LD5 yielding 18 per cent, 19 per cent, and 29 per cent, respectively, of the total LD activity. PMID- 6638703 TI - Pyrophosphate scanning in early frostbite injury. AB - Early identification of soft tissue injury is a major problem in the patient with frostbite injury. A patient is presented with a method for early (less than 2 days) identification of nonviable tissue. This is a noninvasive method employing technetium 99m stannous pyrophosphate which was used to accurately predict the level of ultimate amputation. PMID- 6638704 TI - Evaluation of technique for autotransplantation of the spleen in dogs. AB - Preservation of the human spleen is important in the prevention of overwhelming sepsis, particularly in infants and immunosuppressed patients. When that preservation is not possible, due to disease or severe trauma, it has been suggested that autotransplantation of splenic tissue might provide adequate immunological protection. This study looked at the feasibility of autotransplantation via subcutaneous implantation in the dog. This method is important, since controlled intraabdominal splenosis is very difficult to achieve. The adverse effect of splenectomy, as well as the ineffectiveness of autotransplantation was demonstrated in providing demonstrable in vitro evidence of decreased sheep red blood cell immunization, even though the subcutaneous implantation itself was successful. From this study, the authors suspected, but could not prove, that the ineffectiveness of the splenic autotransplants was related to their lack of critical mass for good bacterial clearance from the blood stream and the fact that they did not lie within the main vascular channels, probably a criterion for proper clearance. The role of splenic preservation by autotransplantation needs to be evaluated in the immature host. PMID- 6638705 TI - Childbearing decision making and family well-being: a dynamic, sequential model. PMID- 6638706 TI - [Juvenile hepatic hydatidosis. Analysis of 40 cases]. AB - A series of 40 children (average age 8,7 years) with hepatic hydatic disease is presented. The clinical diagnosis was based on palpation of the tumour and/or hepatomegaly in 95% (38 patients). Other symptoms such as pain, fever and jaundice were less frequent (47,5%, 22,50% and 12,50%, respectively). Other diagnostic tests yielded the following results: the Casoni skin test was positive in 68,57%, the investigation of antibodies in 40% and the Weinberg reaction in 38,70%. The ultrasonography which was carried out only on the last two patients was definitive. The scintigraphy carried out on 30 patients was positive in 93,33%. Due to the polymorphism of the disease all surgical proposals are considered to be initially acceptable. However, the high rate of bile involvement resulting from our experience (55%) has induced us to favour the Lagrot surgical technique with routine surgical colangiography in 16 patients in order to achieve short postoperative periods (10,3 days) and 6,25% of morbidity (one case of biliary fistula). Following all surgical procedures, there was no mortality. No recurrence has been found within a follow-up time ranging from 1 to 14 years. PMID- 6638707 TI - [Esophagocoloplasty in childhood. Analysis of 14 cases]. AB - A series of fourteen colon esophagoplasties carried out in children suffering from different pathologies (seven caustic stenosis, five of the peptic type and two atresias) is reported. The intestinal segments used were the terminal ileum right colon in seven cases and the transverse left colon in the other seven. A decreasing number of indications has been observed. The main technical aspects are commented. The results of this technique have been rewarding: a reduced morbidity with no mortality and excellent long-term function were obtained in twelve patients. PMID- 6638708 TI - [Facial asymmetry when crying. Apropos of 9 cases]. AB - Authors report nine cases of asymmetric crying facies related to congenital aplasia or hypoplasia of depressor anguli oris muscle (DAOM). The interest of this abnormality consists in the frequently associated malformations (over 50%), specifically, congenital heart disease, urogenital, musculoskeletal and cervicofacial. This association occurs in five of our cases. Its genetical condition is significant: 22% in our own series. The paper emphasizes the easiness of diagnosis (merely observing the baby crying) and also its frequency, higher than usually thought. PMID- 6638709 TI - [Birth month as a predisposing factor in allergic disease]. AB - Authors have collected the month of birth of: a) 500 children diagnosed and treated for allergy; b) 500 children treated for other pathological conditions and in which any indicative sign of atopy have been discarded, and c) Total of births in the different months of the years 1977-78 and 1979 in our hospital. Authors carried out statistic evaluation of numbers found and among affected from pathological allergy, April births present a standard deviation of more than 2,09; a deviation not present in other studied groups. Findings show that in our medium, to be born in April, signifies an important allergic risk, in relation with being born in any other month. PMID- 6638710 TI - [Juvenile malignant osteopetrosis. Clinico-radiological study of 7 cases]. AB - Clinical and radiological studies of seven patients with autosomic recessive malignant osteopetrosis are presented. Diagnosis was established before the age of 3 months in six cases and at 7 months in one. In all cases the presenting signs were pallor and hepatosplenomegaly with associated neurological involvement in five. All patients had normocytic normochromic anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia with features of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Radiological studies revealed increase in the density of bones with "mask" appearance of facial bones and diminished size of optic foramina. Long bones showed absence of normal trabeculae and anomalies in modeling with methaphiseal bands and "bone within bone" images. There was hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia with slight increases in alkaline phosphatase; parathormone was normal. Clinical course was characterized by progressive pancytopenia, recurrent infections and neurological deterioration with convulsions, nistagmus and optic atrophy. Five out of the seven patients died after a median of 3 months, due to infections or haemorrhage. The patient diagnosed at 7 months of age presented bilateral optic atrophy and moderate anemia; no other complications appeared after 2 year follow-up. Histological findings included substitution of bone marrow by chondro-osseous tissue; focal obsteoblastic and osteoclastic activity in calcified cartilage, and myeloid metaplasia in liver, spleen, lymph nodes and kidneys. The lesions are in agreement with the concept of a defect in bone formation-resorbtion balance; dysfunction of both osteoclasts and osteocytes is implicated in the pathogenesis. Unlike experimental disease, osteopetrosis in man is probably an heterogeneous disease and appropriate therapy should be individualized. Nevertheless, at present, the only favorable results have been obtained with bone-marrow transplantation. PMID- 6638711 TI - [Chronic renal insufficiency secondary to infectious mononucleosis]. AB - This report describes the first pediatric case of chronic renal failure as a complication of infectious mononucleosis in a 3 1/2 year old girl. The clinical features were marked at onset by proteinuria and later by nephrotic syndrome. The evolution to chronic renal failure took about two years. In the renal biopsy, lesions characteristic of interstitial nephritis were observed, associated with focal and segmental glomeruloesclerosis and deposits of C3 in granular and discontinued form. Renal participation in infectious mononucleosis is not unusual and fundamentally it is manifested by proteinuria and abnormalities of urinary sediment, with interstitial nephritis as a characteristic lesion in the renal biopsy. PMID- 6638712 TI - [Hepatopathy associated with ulcerative colitis in childhood. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - Two patients of 3 and 5 years old presented ulcerative colitis associated with liver disease. In both cases, liver biopsy evidenced a severe pericholangitis. The authors have undertaken a comparative bibliographical study, emphasizing the low incidence of this association in our environment. They have also studied the relationship between the hepatic lesion and that of the colonic mucosa. PMID- 6638713 TI - [Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease). Presentation of 3 cases]. AB - Authors report three cases of Kawasaki disease who were admitted to hospital during the period of November 1981 and January 1982. Two of these patients had an excellent evolution while the third one died in the second stage of the disease due to an anterior-external and septal myocordial infarction. They could not find etiological factors nor could establish a relationship to histocompatibility antigen. All the three patients were females. PMID- 6638714 TI - [Lymphangiectasis of bone. Apropos of a case]. AB - A case of osseous lymphangiectasis in a girl is presented and a review of existing literature is made. We include this illness in the group of complex vascular displasis. We mainly focus our attention on radiographic examination which is characteristic, even if not specific. Diagnosis was confirmed by osseous biopsy which is not easy to perform successfully but produced a positive result in our case. It was not possible to perform lymphography. PMID- 6638715 TI - [Omental graft, without devascularization, in the hepatic hilum. Experimental study]. AB - Epiploon grafts were made into the resected hepatic hilum of dogs with the aim of creating anastomosis between the intrahepatic and epiploic lymphatic systems. Various hepatic enzymes were observed over a three month period, and then a histopathological study of the grafted area was made. This type of graft was also applied to rabbits, after tying off the common hepatic duct, and the histopathological study made fifteen days after. The results show no lymphatic anastomosis between the liver and the grafted epiploon. So we would not advise using this type of technique to drain intrahepatic cholestasis in biliary atresia, at least not as the procedure of choice. PMID- 6638716 TI - [Thymic cyst mimicking localized pneumomediastinum]. PMID- 6638717 TI - Pregnancy in patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - As more patients with cystic fibrosis reach adulthood, questions arise about the potential hazards of pregnancy. We reviewed the medical records of eight women with cystic fibrosis who had a total of 11 completed pregnancies and had been evaluated within 1 year before conception. In five women (Group 1), the overall maternal condition was little affected by the pregnancy, and in three women (Group 2), the mother's condition deteriorated during and after pregnancy and did not return to the pregravid state. With regard to pregravid status, significant differences between patients in Group 1 and Group 2 were found in Shwachman Kulczycki clinical scores, weight for height values, Brasfield chest radiograph scores, and pulmonary function. A quantitative assessment of pregravid nutritional and pulmonary status is useful in counseling women with cystic fibrosis about the risk of pregnancy. PMID- 6638718 TI - Crystallocryoglobulinemia resulting from human monoclonal antibodies to albumin. AB - Two patients had a previously unrecognized form of crystallocryoglobulinemia. Their clinical presentations were similar, consisting of necrotizing vasculitis and purpura involving the legs. Analysis of each cryoglobulin complex showed that two components, albumin and a monoclonal IgG-lambda, were present, and both components were needed in a fixed ratio for precipitation. In addition, cryoprecipitation occurred in serum, but not plasma, due to citrate inhibition of complex formation. Our findings suggest that the monoclonal IgGs have the properties of antibodies directed specifically against a calcium-dependent antigenic site on human albumin, and that the resultant IgG-lambda-albumin immune complexes crystallized in the cold. PMID- 6638719 TI - An endogenous digoxin-like substance in patients with renal impairment. AB - Digoxin concentrations were measured in serum samples from 102 patients with renal impairment who were receiving digoxin therapy. Many patients had values that differed widely on several currently available immunoassays, with differences as great as 2.9 ng/mL. In contrast, patients with normal renal function who were receiving digoxin had few discrepant results, with the largest difference being 0.5 ng/mL. We also assayed serum samples from 54 patients with renal impairment not on digoxin therapy and found that more than 60% of these digoxin-free patients had false-positive digoxin values on most assays. Our data suggest that a substance with digoxin-like immunoactivity is present in many patients with renal insufficiency. This substance may seriously compromise the accuracy and interpretation of digoxin concentration measurements. PMID- 6638720 TI - Physical examination for exclusion of hemodynamically important right ventricular infarction. AB - Fifty-three consecutive patients with inferior myocardial infarction were evaluated prospectively, by physical examination and right heart catheterization within 36 hours of the onset of symptoms, to determine whether physical findings can separate such patients into those with and without associated right ventricular infarction. Hemodynamic findings consistent with right ventricular infarction were defined as right atrial pressure of 10 mm Hg or greater and a right atrial: pulmonary artery wedge pressure ratio of 0.80 or greater. Eight patients (Group 1) had hemodynamic evidence of right ventricular infarction, whereas 45 patients (Group 2) did not meet these criteria. Group 1, compared with Group 2, had a lower cardiac index (1.8 +/- 0.3 versus 2.6 +/- 0.6 L/min X m2, p less than 0.001), and a lower right ventricular stroke work index (4.1 +/- 3.6 versus 7.3 +/- 3.2 g X m/m2, p less than 0.05). An elevated jugular venous pressure of 8 cm H2O or more was seen in 7 of 8 Group 1 and 14 of 45 Group 2 patients (p less than 0.01). In addition, a Kussmaul's sign, substantiated by hemodynamic findings, was seen in all 8 Group 1 and in no Group 2 patients (p less than 0.001). The absence of both an elevated jugular venous pressure and a Kussmaul's sign in patients with inferior myocardial infarction makes the presence of a hemodynamically significant right ventricular infarction highly unlikely. PMID- 6638721 TI - The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for IgG antibody to purified protein derivative in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tuberculous meningitis. AB - Three patients with culture-proven Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis were studied. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method measuring IgG antibody to purified protein derivative rapidly yielded positive results, whereas results of acid-fast smears were negative and cultures took several weeks before growth appeared. We did serial studies of cerebrospinal fluid and sera from one patient. Initially, greater amounts of IgG antibody to purified protein derivative were present in the cerebrospinal fluid than in the serum. The antibody level in the cerebrospinal fluid paralleled the patient's clinical course, cerebrospinal fluid cell count, protein level, and glucose level. Cerebrospinal fluid samples from 33 hospitalized control patients were negative for antibody to purified protein derivative. The ELISA method measuring IgG antibody to purified protein derivative should be evaluated as a means of early diagnosis and management of patients with suspected tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 6638722 TI - Idiopathic anaphylaxis: a clinical summary. PMID- 6638723 TI - Plasmacytoma and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 6638724 TI - Acute, severe, aortic regurgitation in Behcet's syndrome. PMID- 6638725 TI - Overdrive pacing for ventricular tachyarrhythmias: a reassessment. AB - Overdrive pacing was used for many years to prevent ventricular tachycardia and there are many reports of its effectiveness. Nevertheless, the use of overdrive pacing for most types of ventricular tachyarrhythmia has been abandoned. One notable exception is torsades de pointes, in which interventions that increase heart rate, including pacing, at least temporarily protect against recurrence. Overdrive may work by narrowing dispersion of ventricular refractoriness, and measurement of the latter could provide a marker to selectively apply overdrive pacing, thus increasing its usefulness. PMID- 6638726 TI - Interactions between oncologists and patients during rounds. AB - Physician behavior during inpatient rounds was observed and quantified for 394 interactions between patients with cancer and physicians. Most patients had solid tumors (90%) and a limited prognosis despite treatment (61%). The physicians spent 1.45 +/- 0.58 h on morning rounds seeing an average of 9.3 +/- 3.39 patients. For each patient an average of 3.61 +/- 2.83 min was spent in the room. The rest of the time was involved in reviewing the results of diagnostic tests, discussing treatment plans, and updating patient's charts. Time spent in the room was significantly related to the patient's sex and diagnosis. Physicians spent more time with patients having the poorest prognosis (p = 0.009). Specific behaviors were analyzed using a Physician Behavior Check List that allows accurate recording of behavior during a brief patients-physician encounter. Factor analysis of responses to the check list resulted in four factors that explained 58.7% of the variance. The physician behavior factor scores failed to correlate with factor scores from the responses of the same physicians to the Cancer Attitude Survey. In addition, the physicians were unable to accurately estimate the time they actually spent with patients or the frequency of specific behaviors that occurred during these interactions. PMID- 6638727 TI - Collagen genes and brittle bones. AB - The heritable diseases of connective tissue are caused by known or putative defects in the synthesis of collagens, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, or attachment proteins of the extracellular matrix. Abnormal synthesis of type I collagen has been reported in several clinical variants of osteogenesis imperfecta. Because clinical classification of these variants is limited by genetic heterogenity and variable expression, biochemical criteria should be used for precise definition of the variants. Newly recognized molecular defects in osteogenesis imperfecta include the diminished formation of type I collagen and alpha-1[I] messenger RNA; abnormal synthesis or faulty assembly of alpha-2[I]; deletion or insertion of base pairs in the gene for alpha-1[I] or alpha-2[I] and failure to secrete type I procollagen; and substitution of cysteine for glycine in the triple helix. These molecular defects are characteristic of several variants. However, the molecular lesion in most cases of severe osteogenesis imperfecta has not been identified; synthesis of type I collagen and alpha-1: alpha-2 chain ratios appears to be normal. Production of an alpha-1 trimer may represent one such lesion in severe disease. PMID- 6638728 TI - An additional basic science for clinical medicine: III. The challenges of comparison and measurement. AB - The main scientific virtue of randomized allocation of treatment is an unpredictability that reduces susceptibility bias in the groups created when treatments are assigned preferentially according to prognostic differences. Even in randomized trials, however, prognostic analyses are needed for checking imbalances in the randomization, for precise clinical application of results, and for discerning disparate therapeutic effects. Improved methods of prognostic analyses can enhance effectiveness in randomized trials and credibility for nonrandomized therapeutic comparisons. Regardless of randomization, therapeutic comparisons will also be improved with better analysis of proficiency for the main treatments, better attention to identifying "soft" clinical outcome events, and development of new analytic structures for complex problems in logistics. The challenges will require better scientific methods for the two types of clinical measurement: the mensuration with which descriptive expressions are provided for individual observations; and the quantification with which individual descriptions are grouped, summarized, and compared. PMID- 6638729 TI - Lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and atherosclerosis. PMID- 6638730 TI - Ulcerative colitis: a clearer picture. PMID- 6638731 TI - Evaluation of humanistic qualities in the internist. PMID- 6638732 TI - Clinical disorders of bone and mineral metabolism. PMID- 6638733 TI - Medical care in the People's Republic of China: access and cost. PMID- 6638734 TI - Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. PMID- 6638735 TI - Amiodarone and pneumonitis. PMID- 6638736 TI - Lupus nephritis. PMID- 6638737 TI - Chemotherapy for malignant thymoma. PMID- 6638738 TI - Routes of morphine administration. PMID- 6638739 TI - Azathioprine and urinary bladder tumor. PMID- 6638740 TI - Nomograms for sample size. PMID- 6638741 TI - Heparin prophylaxis. PMID- 6638742 TI - Unnecessary prophylaxis for phantom hepatitis. PMID- 6638743 TI - Care of adolescents. PMID- 6638745 TI - The family and factitious disorders. PMID- 6638744 TI - Yersinial cervical adenitis. PMID- 6638746 TI - [The Checklist for Evaluation of Somatic Symptoms (CHESS). Its use in anxious and depressive pathology. Factor structure]. AB - The CH.E.S.S. is a new inventory for the assessment of somatic symptoms and complaints. Initialy it included 57 items (43 somatic complaints, 12 neurological signs and 2 "other symptoms"). The CH.E.S.S. was scored before treatment on two groups of patients (133 anxious and 133 depressed) with no schizophrenic or organic symptomatology. 71 somatic complaints or symptoms were identified. A principal component analysis with a subsequent Varimax rotation yelded 25 factors with 18 of clinical significance. 12 factors significantly discriminate between the two groups. Seven factors (21 items) have higher scores in depressed patients: sleep and general somatic disorders, 2) general impairment of intellectual functioning, 3) neurological, 4) neuro-muscular hypo-excitability, 5) lower limbs oedema-amimia, 6) and 7) digestive. Five factors (18 items) have higher scores in anxious patients: 1) and 2) autonomic hyperactivity, 3) neuro muscular hyper-excitability, 4) digestive, 5) micturition disorders with limb paresthesias. According to these results the 67 items new version of the check list (CH.E.S.S. 82) includes 51 somatic complaints or symptoms and 16 neurological signs. PMID- 6638747 TI - [Alterity in psychopathologic languages. 3: the sex of words]. AB - This study of alterity in psychopathological language includes three parts: 1) The double without dialogue; 2) The ego(s) in the soliloguy; and here: 3) The sex of words. Two clinical cases (an asexuation delusion, an agressive misogyny) show the systemic interrelations in one of their sides only. The relations between neurosis, perversion, psychosis are operating into the sexuation and into the insatured dialogical structure of language. Enclosed alterity in language is the specific fact of psychopathology. PMID- 6638748 TI - [The Lewis blood group is more frequently nonexpressed in psychiatry than in the general population]. AB - The Lewis-negative blood group seems to occur more frequently in psychiatry than in the overall population. The Lewis group is not genetically determined at birth as Lewis-positive or negative; the latter occurs significantly more often among 219 "overall" psychiatric patients than in the overall population: 47% instead of 10%. As a first approximation, the absence of transition from its negativity to positivity seems to constitute a favoring factor for the subsequent clinical development of a psychiatric syndrome, without allowing to predict its nature or severity. For the other blood groups, the genetic determination of which is irreversible, the same sample shows the same repartition as in the overall population. PMID- 6638749 TI - [Widlocher's depression scale. Examination of a sample of nondepressed, nondejected subjects. II]. PMID- 6638750 TI - [Psychopathology of puerperalism]. PMID- 6638751 TI - [Symptomatology of pathologic inhibition in child and adolescent psychiatry]. AB - We propose firstly to take a synchronic approach, looking at different classifications of the morbid features of inhibition, and at how aspects change according to the degree of inhibition. We will then move on to a diachronic approach, looking at how inhibition can be observed at the different stages of maturity of the child and adolescent, and at how the significance of the clinical picture alters according to the age of onset, and family, social and cultural background. The third part will consist of a pathogenetic approach to manifestations of inhibition. Finally, some case histories will be presented to provide concrete illustration of the theory discussed above. PMID- 6638752 TI - [Life communities for aged persons with mental deterioration: the Cantou]. PMID- 6638753 TI - DNA relatedness between Enterobacter sakazakii and other members of the genus Enterobacter. AB - A DNA-DNA hybridization study (nitrocellulose filter method) was carried out with 13 strains of Enterobacter sakazakii and 38 strains belonging to other Enterobacter species (E. cloacae, E. amnigenus, E. intermedium and E. gergoviae). E. sakazakii strains were highly related (mean relative binding ratio +/- standard deviation: 89% +/- 10) to the strain R 16-76 (labelled DNA). No close relationship was found with the other Enterobacter species. The low relative binding ratios were not due to a difference in genome size (as shown by reciprocal binding experiments). PMID- 6638754 TI - Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bifidobacterium. AB - The susceptibility pattern of 459 strains of bifidobacteria, representing 15 species, to 16 antimicrobial agents was determined by the broth dilution method. The majority of the strains derived from human faeces. Penicillin G, erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin and bacitracin were the most active compounds; they inhibited 90% of the strains at less than 1.6 micrograms/ml. All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol (MIC90 = 2.0-5.8 micrograms/ml) and also to lincomycin (MIC50 = 0.64-1.5 micrograms/ml). Neomycin, streptomycin and tetracycline presented a great variability in their activity. Most strains were resistant to polymyxin B, nalidixic acid, kanamycin, gentamicin and metronidazole. The only variation in susceptibility which was observed among the different species concerned Bifidobacterium suis, which generally appeared to be more resistant than other species. PMID- 6638755 TI - [Action of the delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on cultured cells from Aedes aegypti L]. AB - The effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis delta-endotoxin were investigated on a cell culture of Aedes aegypti with the electron microscope. The ultrastructural changes following intoxication were: disintegration of endoplasmic reticula by the formation of spherical structures; condensation and then swelling of mitochondria with disappearance of internal cristae; frequent dilatation of the perinuclear space; cellular lysis. The action of a metabolic inhibitor, 2,6-dibromophenol (2,6-DBP), was tested for comparison: beyond condensation of mitochondria, no changes in other cell structures were observed. These data seem to indicate that the mode of action of delta-endotoxin is quite different from that of 2,6 DBP. PMID- 6638756 TI - [The homogeneity of a population of yeasts from Camembert cheeses]. AB - Yeasts are found to a large extent in cheeses, more particularly in soft cheeses such as Camembert. The proximity between two species previously identified by standard methods was studied using a factorial discriminant analysis on 326 strains. Twenty-three fermentation and assimilation tests (discriminant variables) gave a fairly good discrimination between species. This treatment has allowed us to confirm the present tendencies noticed in yeast classification and has also enabled us to group some of the species. PMID- 6638757 TI - Photosynthetic prokaryotes. An international colloquium, Bombannes (France), 19 25 September 1982. PMID- 6638758 TI - Phototrophic growth of halobacteria and its use for isolation of photosynthetically-deficient mutants. AB - Phototrophic growth conditions for halobacteria in complex and synthetic media have been established, demonstrating the photosynthetic capacity of this class of archaebacteria. Mutagenesis, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine selection and screening techniques are described which are useful tools in the elucidation of the structure-function relationship of retinal proteins in halobacteria. PMID- 6638759 TI - The problems of Prochloron. AB - Prokaryotic green algae (prochlorophytes), which contain chlorophylls a and b but no bilin pigments, may be phylogenetically related to ancestral chloroplasts if symbiogenesis occurred. They may be otherwise related to eukaryotic chlorophytes. They could have evolved from cyanophytes by loss of phycobilin and gain of chlorophyll b synthesis. These possibilities are briefly discussed. Relevant evidence from biochemical studies in many collaborative laboratories is now becoming available for the resolution of such questions. PMID- 6638760 TI - Flow-dependence of the Casella respirable-dust cyclone. PMID- 6638762 TI - Occurrence of chemical exposure in small industry in southern Finland, 1976. PMID- 6638761 TI - Void-counting in assessing membrane filter samples of asbestos fibre. PMID- 6638763 TI - A critique of the internal logic of ICRP risk factor derivation. PMID- 6638764 TI - Formation of pseudo-asbestos bodies on sized glass fibres in the hamster lung. PMID- 6638765 TI - Toxicokinetics of hexavalent chromium in the rat after intratracheal administration of chromates of different solubilities. PMID- 6638766 TI - An attempt to detect a macrophage fibrogenic factor in vitro. PMID- 6638767 TI - Farmers' exposure to formic acid vapour in silage making. PMID- 6638768 TI - [Minor abnormalities of the internal ear. Radioclinical correlations]. AB - Moderately severe cochleovestibular disorders of often late onset may arise from minor dysplasias of the internal ear. Diagnosis of these bone dysplasias is radiologic. The problem that arises is that of the indications for radiotomography of the internal ear, insofar as on the one hand no certain radioclinical equivalence exists, and on the other hand this radiologic examination is of greater diagnostic than therapeutic value. PMID- 6638769 TI - [Sudden deafness. Critical study of a series of 118 cases]. AB - The different types of sudden deafness have been the subject of considerable research, particularly in respect of their definition and etiopathogenic mechanisms. The concept of a vascular disorder has acquired a predominant place that is open to discussion; very little attention has been paid to the very different ages of the patients, their sex distribution, and the varying course of sudden deafness with age. It is in this respect that the original nature of this study lies. PMID- 6638770 TI - [Cancer of the cervical esophagus. 64 cases treated by radiotherapy. Evaluation and considerations]. AB - Radiotherapy was applied in 64 of 88 cases of cervical esophagus cancer during the period 1968 to 1980. The lesions treated were 49 epitheliomas of the esophageal opening, excluding hypopharyngeal tumors extending into the esophagus, and 15 epitheliomas of the remaining cervical segment of the esophagus. Survival did not exceed 2 years in any patient, and the reasons for these poor results are investigated. These included the particular selection of patients, the choice of radiotherapy as basic treatment, and the dosage administered. A new therapeutic approach is proposed based on pathologic findings and the various therapeutic measures available. Preoperative chemotherapy is followed by a total laryngopharyngectomy, with a total esophagectomy without opening the thorax and under certain well defined conditions. Continuity is re-established by a gastropharyngostomy, and postoperative radiotherapy is given routinely. This very heavy therapeutic approach, is appropriate for selected patients only, other cases having, unfortunately, to make do with an association of radio and chemotherapy. PMID- 6638771 TI - [Complications and failures of otoplasty]. AB - Hematoma and infection are particularly serious true complications of otoplasty because of the fragile nature of the cartilage. Perichondritis and chondritis are happily extremely rare sequelae as they may provoke veritable disasters. In contrast, imperfect results due to poor evaluation of protrusion factors or an unadapted technique are encountered less rarely. Schematically they can be divided into anomalies of the external ear in relation to the skull and morphological alterations. The former include overcorrections, or more usually insufficient corrections which may be uni or bilateral, global, or sectorial, particularly affecting the lobe. Among the latter are found poor reconstructions of the anthelix, which constitutes one of the most important elevations on the external ear, but also of the concha or helix. Corrective treatment consists mainly of procedures that were omitted or poorly performed during initial operations. Repeat surgery is always a delicate procedure, and the comments in this report should contribute to avoiding its necessity in the majority of cases. PMID- 6638772 TI - [Sinus endoscopy in the diagnosis of rhinosinal pathology]. AB - Findings in 86 endoscopic examinations of the nose and paranasal sinuses were compared with clinical and radiographic signs. Precise evaluations of endomaxillary lesions, including analysis of secretions, and histologic examinations were conducted. Clinical and endoscopic findings failed to concord in 28 p. cent of cases, and radiological and endoscopic images in 26 p. cent of cases, the majority of these errors arising because of homogeneous total filling of the sinuses. In spite of these divergences, endoscopy is relatively non invasive and simple to perform, and occupies a place of choice in the diagnosis of disorders of the nose and sinuses. Sinus endoscopy can also be of therapeutic value, particularly for aeration of the sinuses and during minor surgical procedures. PMID- 6638773 TI - [Mandibular reconstruction by composite musculocutaneous flap in glossopelvimandibular excisions]. AB - Results of 14 mandibular reconstruction by a composite muscular flap of the pectoralis major and trapezium muscles during widespread glossopelvimandibular excisions are described. The technique employed is outlined, emphasis being placed on the need to observe strict precautions during removal and application of the bone component, to avoid accidental avulsion during reconstruction which could compromise the musculoperiosteal vascularization of the graft. Results are sufficiently encouraging for this type of reconstructive surgery to be proposed in all cases where mandibular repair is necessary after interruption of continuity. PMID- 6638774 TI - [Penetrating wounds of the neck. Apropos of 4 cases]. AB - Penetrating neck wounds are those which imply involvement of the platysma. For a long time the prerogative of wartime surgery they are now tending to become more frequent in civil practice. As with penetrating abdominal wounds they are serious and provoke varied lesions. Lesions encountered in the 4 cases reported affected vital structures such as the internal carotid artery, larynx, trachea, and esophagus. The main causes of these injuries: aggression, road or work accidents, attempted suicide, are summarized. These wounds raise, therefore, the problem of their repair, and thus of their exploration, which is tending to become systematic. However, though these injuries may be very impressive they can still be treated without major difficulties, on the condition that they be entrusted to an experienced cervicofacial surgeon. PMID- 6638775 TI - [Rare tumor of the cavum (mycosis fungoides)]. AB - A case of mycosis fungoides initiating in the cavum is reported. Results of biopsy of specimens taken from this region were negative, and diagnosis was established only after the appearance of lymph node and cutaneous lesions. The etiology is discussed, particularly in relation to the possible viral nature of the acquired immunodeficiency sundromes and more especially the "gay syndrome". PMID- 6638776 TI - [Giant mucocele of the maxillary sinus. Apropos of a case]. AB - A young woman presented with a very large primary mucocele of the right maxillary sinus having a tumoral appearance as it had destroyed the bony walls of the sinus. The various proposed etiopathogenic theories fort these mucoceles are discussed, emphasis being placed mainly on their possible inflammatory origin. The contribution of computed tomography for differential diagnosis is stressed, the quality of the images obtained and the data supplied being of invaluable assistance. PMID- 6638777 TI - [Riedel's thyroiditis. Apropos of a case with acute massive fibrous development]. AB - Before a brief historical review of the disease, including its classical diagnostic criteria, the authors present a true case of Riedel's thyroiditis. After an initial operation involving virtually complete excision of the affected lobe, the course was particularly rapid with very extensive cervical fibrosis which resulted in death from tracheal and oesophageal complications. Such rapidly progressive secondary fibrosis has not been described before and did not have the histological characteristics of a recurrence. The authors liken it to phenomena of fibrosis frequently described as being associated with Riedel's disease (retroperitoneal fibrosis, fibrosing cholangitis, orbital pseudotumour, etc.). Bearing in mind that glucocorticosteroids have a beneficial action on such sites, the authors wonder whether routine preoperative corticosteroid therapy might not have avoided such an early fatal outcome in this patient. PMID- 6638778 TI - [Repair of loss of substance in the auriculotemporal region using a trapezius musculocutaneous flap]. AB - Various methods for repair of loss of substance in the auriculotemporal region using adjacent flaps are described. A musculocutaneous flap from the trapezius provides a reliable, effective solution which enables eventual total reconstruction of the external ear to be envisaged. PMID- 6638779 TI - [Idiopathic calcinosis of the scrotum : note on ultrastructure]. AB - Calcium deposits develop in the vacuoles of fibroblasts and histiocytes within the granuloma at the periphery of the nodules. There is no clue for an epithelial origin. PMID- 6638780 TI - [Treatment of herpes zoster]. AB - A critical study of therapeutic trial reports on herpes zoster is presented. It is noteworthy that authors are frequently unaware of the natural history of herpes zoster; therapeutic trials are not always correctly designed; misinterpretation of the data is not unfrequent. Proof of efficacy is missing for several commonly used drugs. Two groups of drug seem promising: -- Modern antiviral nucleoside analogues : Acyclovir, Vidarabine, Bromovinyl-desoxyuridine are probably effective for severe herpes zoster in immunocompromized patients. Systemic adrenal steroids are effective as a prevention of post-herpetic neuralgia in elderly patients. The real usefulness of these two treatment procedures, as a whole and for individual patient, remains to be established by well-designed controlled trials. Other treatments should be surrended. PMID- 6638781 TI - [Allergy in cosmetology]. AB - The computer analysis of a sample collecting 2,028 patients suffering from an eczematous dermatitis and subordinated to epicutaneous tests allowed us to analyze the rather difficult question of cosmetic allergy. This allergy is observed only in 2 p. 100 of the cases, if one considers the cosmetic allergy isolated; it reaches 5 p. 100 if it is associated with allergens coming from other origins (drugs of professional). However, in a more selected population of 91 patients suffering from a face dermatitis, these levels reach respectively 25 and 43 p. 100. The respective role of topic drugs and cosmetics is studied as well as main allergens associated with cosmetic allergy. The good tolerance of cosmetics encountered in patients allergic to one of their presumed components seems paradoxical. A prevention model of cosmetic allergy is presented, with an hypoallergenic variety of lanolin. PMID- 6638782 TI - [Cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma : apropos of a case]. AB - A case of neuroendocrine carcinoma (Merkel cell tumor) of the skin in a 76 years old woman is reported. The lesion, an erythematous nodule, 2 to 3 cm in diameter occurred on the face. Light microscopic examination showed sheets of indifferentiated cells that had a uniform round nucleus and scanty cytoplasm containing argyrophil granules. An ultrastructural study demonstrated neurosecretory type granules in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Immunocytochemical analysis was strongly positive for neuron specific enolase, but negative for Met-Enkephalin. This case is discussed in the light of a review of 73 cases already published in the literature. The origin of the cells involved in this tumor is still discussed. Several authors have suggested that this tumor is an Apudoma possibly arising from Merkel cells. In most cases, the lesion is an erythematous nodule. The most common localization is the face (45 p. 100). The tumor can be diagnosed by routine histology, but silver staining and electron microscopic study are often helpful. Removal of the tumor should be performed. This tumor appears to be of a low grade malignancy. Local recurrences or metastases have been reported in a few cases. PMID- 6638783 TI - [Lambert-Eaton's syndrome associated with lupic anomalies]. PMID- 6638784 TI - [Chronic lymphoid leukemia with skin localizations. Possible association with larva migrans]. PMID- 6638785 TI - [Mycosis fungoides with epithelioid granulomas]. PMID- 6638786 TI - [Occurrence of a genital hemorrhage in prurigo nodularis treated with thalidomide]. PMID- 6638787 TI - [Ligophorus parvicirrus n. sp. (Monogenea, Ancyrocephalidae), parasite of Liza ramada (Risso, 1826) (Teleostei, Mugilidae)]. AB - Ligophorus parvicirrus, a new gill parasite of Liza ramada is described with its taxonomic position. The diagnosis of the genus Ligophorus Euzet and Suriano, 1977 is reviewed. The branchial distribution of Ligophorus parvicirrus is given and its microhabitat defined. The effects of a competition between this species and Ligophorus imitans Euzet and Suriano, 1977, another gill parasite of L. ramada are shown. PMID- 6638788 TI - [Effect of the number of miracidia and age of the mollusc on the survival and degree of infestation of Lymnaea glabra Muller by Fasciola hepatica L]. AB - This report summarizes studies on the infection of Lymnaea glabra by Fasciola hepatica in connection with the following: 1) the number of miracidia for a single exposure; 2) the snail height (0,5 mm, 1 mm or 2 mm) at miracidial exposure. Snails with evolutive infection were only observed in 0,5- and 1-mm high groups at day post-exposure. In 0,5-mm-high groups, the percentage of these infected snails showed a peak for 5 miracidia per snail. In 1-mm-high groups, there was no infected snails until 5 miracidia per snail; then the percentage of infected snails increased in connection with the number of miracidia used per snail. L. glabra is an accidental snail host for F. hepatica. PMID- 6638789 TI - [Possibilities of using amphoteric surface agents in the campaign against the agents of schistosomiasis transmission]. AB - Among the chemicals which might be used against the larvas of Schistosoma, some surface active substances show some high activity at very low concentrations (0,1 5 ppm) against the miracidiums and the cercariae. The laurylamidopropylbetain has shown out of a group of products which were tested, a very high activity by lowering considerably the infection by the larvas of the hosts, like molluscs and mice, which were in contact with them. After a serie of tests made in Nigeria, these products showed a satisfactory remanence in tropical waters, in spite of the biodegradation and the adsorption on the suspended particles. It was faced to put that betain into soaps at a concentration of 5% which will permit to renew constantly the active product and which will reduce heavily any infection. PMID- 6638790 TI - Maseria vespertilionis n.g., n.sp. (Dorylaimina : Muspiceidae), a nematode from nearctic bats (Vespertilionidae). AB - Maseria vespertilionis n. g., n. sp. (Dorylaimina : Muspiceidae) is described from nearctic bats (Vespertilionidae). In addition to the type host, Eptesicus fuscus (P. de Beauvois), in Oregon, M. vespertilionis was recorded from Myotis volans (Allen) in Oregon, and from M. lucifugus (Le Conte) in Oregon and Alaska. The nematode was found only in subcutaneous tissues near the plantar surface of the rear feet of the host. The genus Maseria is distinguished from other genera in Muspiceidae by various morphological characteristics, among which the presence of a Demanian system is important. The lesions produced in the feet of the host are described, and other biological characteristics of the nematode are discussed. PMID- 6638791 TI - [Characteristics of Ostertagia sp. populations in naturally infested sheep in the region of Moulay-Bouazza (Morocco)]. AB - Sixty-six abomasa of ewes were collected monthly at the slaughter-house of Moulay Bouazza (Morocco) during two years. The characteristics of the population of Ostertagia (mostly O. circumcincta) were studied: number of eggs per female, vulvar polymorphism, length, sex-ratio and size of the worm-burden. These parameters were interrelated and could account for the seasonal variations of the number of eggs per female. PMID- 6638792 TI - [An aphasmid nematode in the ear capillaries of the reindeer, Lappnema auria n. gen., n. sp. (Robertdollfusidae)]. AB - Lappnema auris n. gen., n. sp. induces the formation of large nodules on the ears of reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, in Finland; it occurs in subcutaneous capillaries of this organ. The morphology is degenerate. Females are viviparous, 5-6 mm long and 20-25 micrometers wide; infective larvae are almost 2 mm long and 10 micrometers wide. Males are unknown and spermatozoa have not been observed; parthogenetic reproduction seems likely. The genus is similar to Durikainema macropi Spratt and Speare, 1982, the only other aphasmidian from blood vessels and a parasite of marsupials in Australia. PMID- 6638793 TI - [Phlebotomus of the Congolese Mayombe (Diptera, Psychodidae). Phenologic study]. AB - The seasonal cycle of activities of three phlebotomine sandflies populations of the congolese Mayombe proves to be closely linked to climatic factors. The entire population of the so-called "Faustin" tropical rain forest consist of a cycle of abundance which reaches two very pronounced peaks during the periods of heaviest rainfall each fall. The forest-skirt species at Dimonika are most active when the rains begin anew. The seasonal population cycle at Makaba in 1978, on other hand, was severely disrupted following a period of exceptional drought at the beginning of the year. Abundance and frequency are assessed and seasonal fluctuations analyzed for each species. PMID- 6638794 TI - [Uveitis in the child]. PMID- 6638795 TI - [Strabismus and amblyopia. Value of early detection]. PMID- 6638796 TI - [Traumatic emergencies of the child in ophthalmology]. PMID- 6638797 TI - [Conjunctivitis in the child]. PMID- 6638798 TI - [Results of treatment with growth hormone. Apropos of 31 cases of hypopituitarism]. PMID- 6638799 TI - [Acute epiglottis in the child. Our experience at the University Hospital Center at Reims]. PMID- 6638800 TI - [Rothmund-Thomson syndrome with glaucoma. An endocrinologic study]. PMID- 6638801 TI - [Effectiveness, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic aspects of oral amoxicillin in the newborn infant]. PMID- 6638802 TI - Chronic juvenile arthritis: a search for its identity. PMID- 6638803 TI - Juvenile chronic arthritis with persistently positive tests for rheumatoid factor (sero-positive juvenile rheumatoid arthritis). PMID- 6638804 TI - [Articular prognosis of the systemic form of chronic juvenile arthritis (100 cases)]. PMID- 6638805 TI - Pauciarticular arthritis of childhood (pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis). PMID- 6638806 TI - [Nosologic aspects of systemic forms of very early onset juvenile arthritis. Apropos of 17 cases]. PMID- 6638807 TI - [Cervical spine involvement in chronic juvenile arthritis. Review of 29 cases of more than 5 years' development]. PMID- 6638808 TI - [Reactive arthritis in children]. PMID- 6638809 TI - [Juvenile onset ankylosing spondylarthritis]. PMID- 6638810 TI - [Osteoarthritis and tuberculous multifocal synovitis. Apropos of a case simulating chronic juvenile arthritis]. PMID- 6638811 TI - [Psycho-educational and social care of children with chronic juvenile arthritis in Sweden]. PMID- 6638812 TI - [Simplified graphic representation of the evolution of articular function]. PMID- 6638813 TI - [Rehabilitation of children with chronic juvenile arthritis]. PMID- 6638814 TI - [Surgical indication in chronic juvenile arthritis]. PMID- 6638815 TI - [The place of prosthetic arthroplasty in the management of coxitis in chronic juvenile arthritis]. PMID- 6638816 TI - Nasal airway function as it relates to the timing of mid and lower facial osteotomies. AB - It has been established in primate studies that mouth-breathing can affect lower facial development. We submit that mouth-breathing has a similar effect on human development--specifically, that chronic mouth-breathing during growth contributes to long-face syndrome. When reconstructive surgery is contemplated for this deformity, we believe that the sequence of surgical steps is important and that particular attention should be given to enhancing nasal respiration. The possibility that mouth-breathing is a factor in relapse following mandibular surgery is discussed. PMID- 6638817 TI - Lateral facial clefts: closure with W-plasty and implications of speech and language development. AB - Lateral facial clefts are rare; their incidence is about 1 in 60,000 births. Early treatment with closure in layers is stressed. The mucosa is closed in with a Z-plasty to avoid intraoral band contracture, the orbicularis muscle is closed after interfiber reorientation, and the skin is closed with W-plasty to produce a more aesthetic result and avoid the fissure-like appearance. A familial incidence is noted. Language development is observed before and after the surgical corrective procedure. PMID- 6638818 TI - Selective use of serial expansion in breast reconstruction. AB - The advent of serial expansion adds a new dimension to the armamentarium of the plastic surgeon. While latissimus dorsi and rectus abdominis flaps remain invaluable in patients with severe tissue deficiency, they are unnecessary in most patients. The judicious use of the Radovan prosthesis has enabled us to place adequate-sized prostheses entirely beneath the chest-wall musculature. It has also allowed us to better control reconstruction in other developmental and traumatic deformities of the breast. PMID- 6638819 TI - Effect of nicotine on blood flow and patency of experimental microvascular anastomosis. AB - Nicotine is known to have deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system, causing vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. A drop in blood-flow velocity in humans, endothelial damage in rats, and inhibition of platelet aggregation in rabbits' blood have all been shown experimentally. In this article two studies are described that investigate the effects of nicotine on microvascular anastomotic patency. In experiment 1, electromagnetic blood-flow recordings were made in the saphenous artery of the saphenous flap after intraarterial installation of nicotine. Decreased blood flow was consistently recorded up to a maximum of 72% of normal flow. In experiment 2, rabbit femoral arteries were anastomosed and the patency rates at three weeks checked after various combinations of pre- and postoperative intraperitoneal nicotine had been injected. There was no significant increase in thrombosis between the groups treated with nicotine and the control. Although no thrombosis occurred in these experiments, decreased blood flow was noted in the saphenous flap in the dog. This slowing of flow should predispose to thrombosis, especially if other factors associated with the vascular repair were suboptimal. It is concluded in view of this study and the observed clinical effects in 2 patients with microvascular transfer that smoking in the perioperative period should be avoided. PMID- 6638820 TI - Standardization of the dorsal rat flap model. AB - In an effort to standardize use of the dorsal rat flap model originally described by McFarlane, we determined the following. The effect of delay is readily demonstrated but does not prevent necrosis entirely. Almost all flaps showed some necrosis, but delayed flaps showed approximately 15% less necrosis. Measurement of surviving flap length is simpler and as reliable as the calculations of flap area. Flap survival shows little change after fifteen days, making longer periods of observation unnecessary. The simplest landmarks for flap length are the scapular tips and the palpable hip joint. No difference in survival is demonstrated by repositioning the flap's base 1 cm caudally. A one-week delay was found to be as effective as a two- or three-week delay. These observations are offered to encourage use of the dorsal rat flap model and to lessen the cost, time, and effort needed for flap research. PMID- 6638821 TI - The effect of hyaluronidase and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on experimental skin flap survival. AB - Hyaluronidase has been shown clinically and experimentally to reduce the effects of tissue ischemia in myocardial infarction and hemorrhagic shock. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been shown to reverse the effects of cerebral ischemia in the primate model. A caudally based dorsal skin flap in the rat was used to study the effects of these two drugs in physiological doses on skin flaps, and to investigate their mechanisms of action. This study demonstrates that both hyaluronidase and DMSO, which are nontoxic in physiological doses, can increase the surviving length of an experimental skin flap. It is hypothesized that these substances exert their effect by decreasing tissue edema and by aiding in the transport of nutritive substances to the flap during its acute phase. PMID- 6638822 TI - Cryotherapy in the treatment of keloids. AB - A brief account of the clinical and histological features of keloids, their differentiation from hypertrophic scars, their etiopathogenesis, and the various methods for their treatment is followed by an assessment of the possibilities offered by cryotherapy and its advantages and drawbacks. Reference is made by way of illustration to 4 patients chosen from a series of more than 100 on the basis of the importance of their clinical pictures. The conclusion is drawn that cryotherapy with nitrogen protoxide is both useful and practical in the management of carefully selected cases and deserves fuller understanding and more widespread employment than it enjoys at present. PMID- 6638823 TI - Rapid management of persistent seromas by sclerotherapy. AB - Postoperative lymphoceles and adventitious bursae are common occurrences. They are slow to resolve and often persist when traditional techniques of prolonged drainage, multiple aspirations, and local pressure are used. Tetracycline sclerotherapy provides a rational nonoperative alternative treatment that is simple and without major complications and provides a rapid resolution of persistent seromas. Based on our favorable limited experience we believe that this technique should be studied in patients with persistent seromas in a randomized prospective fashion. PMID- 6638824 TI - The release of flexion contractures as a prerequisite for the treatment of pressure sores in multiple sclerosis: a report of ten cases. AB - Ten patients with multiple sclerosis who had severe flexion contractures of the lower extremity ranging from 120 to 180 degrees were treated for large pressure sores. Each patient had at least one pressure sore in the sacral, greater trochanteric, or ischial areas. It was necessary to perform a tendon release procedure of the knee joint prior to addressing the problem of the pressure sores. Prior to treatment all patients were unable to utilize a wheelchair owing to their condition. Subsequent treatment, including development of skin flaps and skin grafts, postoperative casting, and immobilization in a special lamb's wool sling, allowed all 10 patients to improve to the point where they could utilize a wheelchair, with the result that their self-images improved. PMID- 6638825 TI - Pressure ulcer of the hand masquerading as a burn. AB - Pressure ulcer of the hand is unusual and can be difficult to identify if not suspected. This report concerns a patient with a hand pressure ulcer that masqueraded as a burn and defied diagnosis for a prolonged time. PMID- 6638826 TI - Repair of ptosis possibly attributable to the long-term wearing of a contact lens. AB - In recent years contact lenses have become more popular from the ophthalmological viewpoint and because they are easy to wear and aesthetically more acceptable than eyeglasses. One of the complications produced by wearing contact lenses, however, is ptosis. We have had a patient with ptosis possibly due to the long term wearing of a contact lens in one eye. We performed a skin resection together with repair of the aponeurosis of the levator muscle of the upper eyelid. According to our investigations, there has been only one report on the repair of aponeurosis of the levator muscle of the upper eyelid for this type of problem, and the approach and findings were similar to ours. PMID- 6638827 TI - Belaboring a principle. PMID- 6638828 TI - Postoperative protection for the external ear. AB - The postoperative dressing is an integral part of an otoplasty. The dressing should fit securely, provide protection, and be comfortable for the patient to wear. Wrestling headgear can be used to fill these needs. PMID- 6638829 TI - Reduction mammaplasty with inferiorly based glandular flap. PMID- 6638830 TI - The totem pole rib graft reconstruction of the nose. AB - The totem pole rib bone graft for nasal reconstruction is presented as an effective way to prepare the donor bone for the correction of saddle-nose deformity. The article's title emanates from the fact that when the sculpturing of the rib is completed it has the appearance of a totem pole before the separate parts are disarticulated for insertion into the nose. The use of this technique permits an accurate, detailed sculpturing of the component parts of the subsequent reconstruction, permitting correction of each feature of the saddle nose deformity. If these bony segments were dissected or sculptured separately, the smallness of each part would make it very difficult to carve the precise definition needed for a reconstruction that would give structural support and at the same time afford an aesthetically pleasing result. The rationale of the technique and representative cases are presented. PMID- 6638831 TI - The V-Y rotational flap for nasal tip defects. AB - The V-Y rotational nasal flap is designed for repair of defects of 1 to 2.5 cm involving the lower third of the nose. The flap is rotationally-based on the side of the nose with a triangular extension into the glabellar area. It is done in one stage and in most cases gives an almost invisible scar with no depression or mismatch of color as with skin grafts. Seventeen such patients have been treated with this method since 1968. PMID- 6638832 TI - Lining the superiorly based pharyngeal flap. AB - Developing a mucosal flap to line the nasal surface of a superiorly based pharyngeal flap can present technical difficulties, particularly in the scarred and immobile soft palate. Employing the technique described, the forward attachment of the pharyngeal flap to the nasal surface is made through a long, horizontal incision high in the soft palate. The dissection of the nasal lining is started at this point and carried posteriorly to provide a single broad mucosal flap, hinged near the margin of the velum, and turned backward to line the raw area of the pharyngeal flap. This minor variation in technique has made the operative procedure easier to perform, resulting in fewer complications. PMID- 6638833 TI - The conchal flap: an adjunct in otoplasty. AB - When the protruding ear is caused in whole or in part by an enlarged or abnormally angulated concha, the conchal set-back is a recognized technique in corrective surgery. The authors describe a modification of this procedure in which a posterior flap of cartilage, based laterally adjacent to the antihelix, is elevated and sutured to the mastoid process. The maneuver serves to bring the concha closer to the scalp and thus reduces the protrusion. The residual deformity in the conchal bowl, resulting from the development of this cartilage flap, is negligible. The authors stress the need for correct analysis of the original deformity and usually employ this maneuver in conjunction with a suture technique for creating or accentuating a poorly defined antihelix. PMID- 6638834 TI - Correction of webbed neck defects. AB - The posterior approach for correction of the webbed neck defect involves wide anterolateral skin undermining and skin resections from the nape of the neck. The redundant tissue and the underlying defect are corrected and the resultant scar is hidden in the scalp rather than being exposed on the lateral aspect of the neck or shoulder as would be the case with a Z-plasty procedure. In addition, the hairline remains smooth and in a relatively natural position. The surgical dissection is not difficult, and few anatomical structures are involved. The procedure has been employed in 4 patients and has proved to be effective and safe, with long-lasting improvement and acceptable aesthetic results. PMID- 6638835 TI - Ultrasound study of the nose and upper lip before birth. AB - A review of 2,000 patient scans was utilized in the evaluation of the development of the nose and lips. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that it is possible to identify easily and reliably the anatomical nose, nostrils, and upper lip from 15 weeks' gestation onward. It is also possible to show the nose and lips at 11 weeks. However, this is much more difficult owing to the relatively disproportionate size of transducer and fetus at that point of gestation. The utility of the technique of facial ultrasound is related to the detection of cleft lip and cleft palate as previously reported. PMID- 6638836 TI - Recognition and treatment of recurrent basal cell carcinoma. AB - The recognition and treatment of recurrent basal cell cancer presents a diagnostic as well as a therapeutic problem. While recurrences are often masked by previous surgical efforts, there are definite clinical features that warrant suspicion and subsequent biopsy. Adequate therapy can come only with accurate recognition and aggressive treatment using microscopical control. PMID- 6638837 TI - Keystone graft correction of the deviated nasal tip. AB - The technique of the greenstick osteotomy of the nasal spine with a bone graft cartilage graft, placed in the osteotomy site as a mechanism for the straightening of the deviated nasal tip, is presented. PMID- 6638838 TI - Secondary island composite flap: an experimental study in ear reconstruction. AB - An experimental study is presented which demonstrates that a large composite graft of cartilage and skin can survive with an overlying skin flap. The grafts were transferred without loss of configuration when the composite tissue was placed on a bed of vascular tissue. The presence of a skin flap over the graft appears to assist in providing an environment conducive to survival while neovascularization is occurring. This is the first stage in developing a technique of ear reconstruction in which the overlying skin is not used and the cartilage will retain its shape with subsequent transfer. PMID- 6638839 TI - Ultraviolet light and hyperpigmentation in healing wounds. AB - The concept of permanent hyperpigmentation in wounds following ultraviolet light exposure during the postoperative period has found a place in plastic surgical literature but has not been documented. This study evaluates the effect of ultraviolet light on healing wounds in paraplegics. It failed to confirm permanent alteration in pigmentation response to ultraviolet exposure and suggests that other factors are of greater importance in the development of hyperpigmentation in the healing wound. PMID- 6638840 TI - Tissue pH monitoring in microsurgery: a preliminary evaluation of continuous tissue pH monitoring as an indicator of perfusion disturbances in microvascular free flaps. AB - In an experiment using a continuous tissue pH monitoring system, selective occlusion of the vessels supplying lower abdominal island flaps in Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in predictable tissue pH changes. Arterial occlusion resulted in a rapid fall in pH. In all three experimental groups, the steepest rate of pH drop occurred during the first 30 minutes postocclusion. In a series of 9 patients who underwent microvascular free flap surgery the continuous pH monitor was employed postoperatively. Tissue pH was (and remained) normal in well-perfused free flaps. Tissue pH fell almost immediately with anastomotic failures. These findings demonstrate that pH measurement offers the microvascular surgeon a new, simple, and reliable approach to perfusion assessment in free flaps. Perhaps improved survival rates will result from earlier anastomotic exploration in compromised free flaps that exhibit falling pH values. PMID- 6638841 TI - Platelet coagulopathy secondary to topical salicylate use. AB - The use of topical salicylate-containing creams and ointments is widespread. A case is presented which implicates the use of one such cream (Aspercreme) as a potential cause of platelet coagulopathy after rhytidectomy. PMID- 6638842 TI - A modified gluteus maximus musculocutaneous free flap based on the inferior gluteal vessels. AB - A single case is reported of a large posterior calf defect, involving skin, subcutaneous tissue, and underlying muscle, in which contour is restored employing an inferior half of the gluteus maximus musculature and overlying skin as a free flap. In this patient a bulk of tissue was moved using microvascular surgical techniques while maintaining minimal donor site deformity. PMID- 6638843 TI - The perioperative management of the patient with pressure sores. AB - The occurrence of pressure sores is a major obstacle to the long-term rehabilitation of the spinal cord--injured patient. To achieve the best functional result with the most efficient use of resources, a comprehensive treatment plan is needed. In our twenty-five-year experience we have evolved guidelines for the perioperative management of the spinal cord-injured patient with pressure sores. Through a team approach such as that used at TIRR, the spinal cord-injured patient with a decubitus ulcer can be treated and rehabilitated. Our aim is to decrease morbidity, achieve better functional outcome, and efficiently utilize public and private resources to rehabilitate such patients. PMID- 6638844 TI - The fishing leader retractor. AB - A retractor for utilization in the microsurgery laboratory is described. PMID- 6638845 TI - The use of pedicled transplants of sigmoid or other parts of the intestinal tract for vaginal construction. AB - The use of transplants from different parts of the intestinal tract for vaginal construction is surveyed and the special value of sigmoid colon for this purpose is demonstrated by the results obtained in 7 patients treated by the author. PMID- 6638846 TI - Invasive breast cancer--the tip of an iceberg. AB - Use of large (6 in. X 4 in.) paraffin sections in the routine examination of specimens from patients with operable breast cancer has revealed multiple quadrant involvement by carcinoma in 20% of 186 consecutive cases. Eighty-nine per cent of patients had invasive carcinomas, which were associated with carcinoma in situ (CIS) in 71%. CIS was frequently extensive, and in 47% was remote from the principal invasive lesion. Fourteen patients had multifocal invasive disease with 34 separate primary tumours. The involvement of 32% of sampled axillary nodes by tumour, combined with this significant incidence of multiple quadrant disease, brings into question the rationale of local surgery in most cases even of early breast cancer. Mastectomy with node sampling permits full assessment of the extent of disease, which is essential for the logical selection of patients for adjuvant therapy. The potential role for limited surgery in non-invasive and very small invasive tumours in combination with radiotherapy remains under evaluation. PMID- 6638847 TI - Reconstruction of the oesophagus. PMID- 6638848 TI - The restoration of laryngeal competence by polytetrafluoroethylene paste after oesophageal surgery. PMID- 6638849 TI - Post-thoracotomy pain relief: combined use of cryoprobe and morphine infusion techniques. AB - In a reported study we found that freezing of the intercostal nerves under direct vision at thoracotomy provided better postoperative analgesia than im morphine on demand. Infusions of morphine were also more effective than when used by the intramuscular route. The benefit on the eighth postoperative day was greatest following the use of the cryoprobe. Further studies were carried out to evaluate the benefit of combining 'cryoprobe' analgesia with infusions of morphine. The combined use of morphine infusion and a cryoprobe did not produce greater postoperative pain relief than the use of the cryoprobe alone with im morphine on demand. PMID- 6638850 TI - Regional anaesthesia in elective hand surgery. AB - The technique of regional anaesthesia for hand surgery is described. This has been successfully carried out in a series of 179 patients treated as day cases. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed. Emphasis is placed on careful patient selection and attention to detail in applying the technique. PMID- 6638851 TI - Airway management in the transfer of the unconscious patient. AB - Thirty-one consecutive unconscious patients admitted to a specialist neurosurgical centre for computerised axial tomography and further management were reviewed with emphasis upon initial airway management. Fourteen patients had inadequate airway control on arrival and needed immediate intubation. Six of this group developed pulmonary complications. The implications of this are discussed and certain recommendations made. PMID- 6638852 TI - Undergraduate students' experience in 'peripheral' and 'teaching' hospitals compared. AB - Increasingly, British medical schools are using hospitals other than designated teaching hospitals for the provision of undergraduate clinical experience. This paper reports upon a study which compared students' experience in 'peripheral' and 'teaching' hospitals. Students report greater involvement in peripheral hospital firms and a more encouraging atmosphere. They gain more experience of practical procedures in these hospitals, and devote more time to ward and operating theatre work. More informal teaching is received in peripheral hospitals as compared with the teaching hospital. Less planned, formal teaching occurs, however: this is a focus of student concern, particularly towards the end of their course. There is little support for the view that students receive more experience of common conditions in peripheral hospitals. PMID- 6638853 TI - Manual dilatation of the anus and elastic band ligature: an effective short stay alternative to formal haemorrhoidectomy for prolapsing haemorrhoids. AB - Fifty patients with second or third degree haemorrhoids were treated by manual dilatation of the anus (MDA) and elastic band ligature under general anaesthesia. All patients had prolapsing haemorrhoids at presentation associated with bleeding in 46, and pain in 39. A final review by questionnaire was undertaken one to three years later, at which time 44 patients remained symptom-free. Forty-three had experienced only mild or moderate discomfort postoperatively. Mean time from operation to pursuing all normal activities was 10 days. MDA and elastic band ligature under GA is a simple, quick and effective alternative to haemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of second and third degree haemorrhoids. PMID- 6638854 TI - The efficacy of face masks. AB - Photographs of smoke particles expelled by coughing showed that the filtration type of face mask effectively prevents them from spreading far from the wearer. PMID- 6638855 TI - Towards an efficient retractor handle: an ergonomic study. AB - In a study whose aim was to design an ergonomically efficient retractor handle, surgeons' views on retractor design were canvassed by questionnaire. After observing retractors in use and measuring the forces involved peroperatively, prototype handles were made and tested in a laboratory. Experimental subjects showed a marked preference for a vertical 'T' configuration. Such a handle could easily be incorporated into most existing retractor designs. PMID- 6638856 TI - The effect of cephradine prophylaxis on wound infection after arterial surgery through a groin incision. AB - Cephradine administered prophylactically to a group of 35 patients undergoing reversed saphenous vein femoro-popliteal bypass, iliofemoral endarterectomy or profundaplasty through a groin incision, resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of wound infection (P = 0.025; exact probability test). One gram of cephradine was given at induction of anaesthesia, followed by three postoperative doses of one gram at 6 hourly intervals. The overall wound infection rate at 7 days, as assessed by frank purulent discharge, was 15%. After cephradine prophylaxis, no infections were noted as judged on this basis, but erythema of the suture line was seen in equal numbers (40% of each group). Where the indication for operative intervention was rest pain or gangrene, the incidence of wound infection was very much increased, 80% of the infected cases being from this group. PMID- 6638857 TI - Post operative care: the role of the high dependency unit. AB - The development of a High Dependency Unit (HDU) which caters for the early postoperative care of patients undergoing major surgery, and for the seriously ill, is described. During its first six months, 320 patients have been treated in the unit, and its initial objectives have been successfully achieved. PMID- 6638858 TI - Delayed rupture of the spleen can masquerade as appendicitis. PMID- 6638859 TI - The hip cast-brace for hip prosthesis instability. AB - The use of a hip cast-brace in the treatment of unstable hips following prosthetic replacement is described. A retrospective study of 21 patients with 22 hip prostheses treated with the cast-brace is reported. Seventeen Charnley low friction arthroplasties (LFA) were treated--four cast-braces were used for prophylaxis, five for single dislocations and eight for recurrent dislocations. To date, only four hips have required an operation to achieve stability. Five patients with Thompson hemi-arthroplasties were treated following dislocation with only one requiring surgery to achieve stability. A hip cast-brace is recommended as a useful alternative to surgical management of prosthetic instability. PMID- 6638860 TI - The fate of the below knee amputee. PMID- 6638861 TI - [Computerized tomography in sciatica. Results in 128 patients]. PMID- 6638862 TI - [Standard radiological examination of myasthenic patients. Reflections apropos of 200 cases]. PMID- 6638863 TI - [Angiography by the arterial route of arteriovenous fistula in hemodialysis patients]. PMID- 6638864 TI - [Interruption of the caval flow by the Mobin-Uddin endoluminal umbrella filter. Apropos of 27 cases. Comparison with experience using 50 clips]. PMID- 6638865 TI - [Symptomatology of pseudotumoral forms of hydatid cyst of the liver. Apropos of 7 cases]. PMID- 6638866 TI - [Submucosal hematoma of the urinary excretory passages. Apropos of 3 cases]. PMID- 6638867 TI - [Information theory. Standardization of a method for statistical analysis in the diagnostic evaluation of alternative instrumental tests]. PMID- 6638868 TI - [Technological developments in cardiovascular radiology]. PMID- 6638869 TI - Metastatic bone lesions in children. Current assessment of radionuclide skeletal survey. PMID- 6638870 TI - Choice of radiotracer in the study of bone or joint infection in children. PMID- 6638871 TI - Absorbed radiation dose from routine imaging of the skeleton in children. PMID- 6638872 TI - [Surgical echography in gynecology-obstetrics]. PMID- 6638873 TI - [Fetal blood sampling: a new technic under echographic control]. PMID- 6638874 TI - [Echo-controlled amniocentesis]. PMID- 6638875 TI - [Approach to collection of fetal fluid under echographic control]. PMID- 6638876 TI - [Echographic puncture of major hydrocephalus]. PMID- 6638877 TI - [Cystic drainage of a fetal obstructive uropathy. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6638878 TI - [Intrauterine placement of a nephro-amniotic shunt]. PMID- 6638879 TI - [Uterine curettage under echographic control]. PMID- 6638880 TI - [Selective reduction in cases of multiple pregnancy]. PMID- 6638881 TI - [Technic, indications for and results of the puncture of liquid renal masses]. PMID- 6638882 TI - [Wounds of the small intestine in closed injuries of the abdomen. Apropos of 14 cases]. PMID- 6638883 TI - [Conservative treatment of breast epitheliomas. Retrospective study of a series of 370 cases (1963-1974)]. PMID- 6638884 TI - [Postural involvement of the peroneal nerve. Apropos of a surgically-treatable canal form]. PMID- 6638885 TI - [Complications disclosing rectal cancer. Retrospective study apropos of a series of 557 surgically-treated rectal neoplasms]. PMID- 6638886 TI - [Respiratory manifestations of early postoperative localized peritonitis]. PMID- 6638887 TI - [Generalized peritonitis of nontraumatic colonic origin. Reflections apropos of 62 cases]. PMID- 6638888 TI - [Injuries of the spleen in children. Therapeutic management]. PMID- 6638889 TI - [A rare etiology of spontaneous recurrent pneumoperitoneum: ileal cystic pneumatosis. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6638890 TI - [A case of retroperitoneal cystic lymphagioma disclosed by recurrent phlebitis with pulmonary embolism]. PMID- 6638891 TI - [Intra-abdominal perforation of a peptic ulcer of the colon 1 year after colonic esophagoplasty for caustic stenosis of the esophagus]. PMID- 6638892 TI - [Torsion of an accessory spleen]. PMID- 6638894 TI - [Psychological factors and ischemic cardiopathies]. AB - In order to evaluate the implications of psychological factors in the genesis of ischaemic heart disease, three study groups applied the same research program to three series of patients, resulting in a total of 2 876 men aged between 40 and 59. The mean follow-up was 73 months. The psychological assessment included the type of behaviour (type A or B) and the presence or absence of neurotic characteristics (note N of Eysenck's inventory of the personality). The results demonstrate that psychological factors definitely do have a place amongst the risk factors of heart disease. The predictive value of the type A personality is more obvious in patients who will develop a myocardial infarction than in patients who will develop angina. Conversely, the degree of neurosis is strongly correlated with angina pain, but is predictive value is low or nil for myocardial infarction. These findings demonstrate the value of multi-dimensional psychological surveys. PMID- 6638893 TI - [Climatologic parameters and myocardial infarction]. AB - 535 patients admitted to hospital with myocardium infarct which was confirmed in a determined period and within a 80 kilometers radius from a city of the East of France were compared to the meteorological parameters of the day when the infarct occurred and of the day preceding its occurrence. On one hand, climatic parameters were selected: atmospheric pressure, temperature of the air under shelter, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction, hydrometeors and electrometeors; on the other hand, parameters of solar and planetary activity: daily flare index, AA index, Ap index or daily planetary index, phases of the moon. The analytic study concerning all acute vascular accidents (infarcts and cerebral accidents all together) enabled to us to notice a higher frequency of vascular accidents in various meteorological circumstances: atmospheric pressure lower than 990 mb, temperature lower than 12 degrees, wind of sector North to South-South West, hoar-frost with fog, rain, snow, first quarter of the moon, daily flare index lower than 530, magnetic activity lower than 6. A factorial analysis of correspondence enabled to us to understand the problem better and to determine "an infarct area" in which main meteorological factors appeared: low or decreasing atmospheric pressure, relative or increasing humidity, clear or increasing solar activity, steady magnetic activity; other factors could play an apparently less important role: low temperature, snow, decrease of wind speed, full moon, wind of sector East to North-East, South-South West. Consequently it appeared in that study that the occurrence of myocardium infarct corresponded to a climatic tendency corresponding to cold, bad or deteriorating weather. PMID- 6638895 TI - [Bacterial endocarditis and mitral valve prolapse]. AB - The suspected diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis is based on a presumption. Over the last few years, ultrasound, which can identify valvular lesions and their repercussions, has established itself as a supplementary diagnostic tool in the early stages of this disease. The existence of false negatives should not be underestimated, but one must also be aware of the possibility of false positives. These false positives are mostly due to mitral valve prolapse. An unusual cas serves as an illustration of the potential diagnostic difficulties of this association and confirms the value of the ultrasound examination, provided it is performed under optimal conditions and repeatedly. However, the abnormalities of ventricular kinetics in the course of mitral valve prolapse limit the evaluation of the haemodynamic repercussions of the regurgitation. The authors stress the supplementary contribution of phonomechanographic examinations. In this particular case, they gave an idea of the severity of the mitral leak and of its recent onset and they strongly suggested the integrity of left ventricular function and the presence of major valvular dysplasia. PMID- 6638896 TI - [Comparative study of endocavitary recording and the 24-hour electrocardiogram in the study of sinus function. Apropos of 174 cases]. AB - We compared the results of electrophysiological investigations of sino-atrial node function in a series of 174 patients (including the sino-atrial conduction time (SACT) according to the method of Narula and Strauss, the corrected sino atrial recovery time (CSART) and, in, 22 patients, the atropine test) with the results of 24 hour Holter monitoring. 73 patients presented a pathological Strauss curve, 47 had a prolonged SACT (Strauss' method) and 19 had a pathological CSART. Of the 22 bradycardic patients, the injection of atropine relieved the bradycardia in 45.5 per cent of cases. 19 patients showed signs of sino-atrial node dysfunction on the 24 hour Holter recording. Of the 35 patients with a surface electrocardiogram (ECG) suspicious of sino-atrial node dysfunction, 21 (60%) had a prolonged SACT and 13 (37.1%) had a pathological CSART: 15 of them (42.8%) showed major electrophysiological abnormalities and 19 (54.3%) had a positive Holter. In two-thirds of the cases of pure sino-atrial bradycardia, the results of electrophysiological and Holter investigations were normal; in 50 per cent of cases of sino-atrial block and/or pause on the surface ECG, major abnormalities were found on both electrophysiology and the Holter monitor. The SACT, estimated according to the method of Strauss, is discorsdant with the SACT estimated according to Narula's method in 46 p. cent of cases. It seems that Strauss' SACT was more sensitive in our study. In 102 cases (59.3%), the SACT and the CSART were concordant. In 10 cases, the SACT was normal while the CSART was pathological and in 42 cases, the SACT was pathological while the CSART was normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6638897 TI - [Cardiac amyloidosis. Report of 11 autopsy cases and review of the literature]. AB - The authors report 11 cases cardiac amyloidosis discovered on autopsy. The routine examination of the artrial of 20 patients over the age of 60 revealed the presence of these deposits in 10 per cent of cases. Three cases of secondary amyloidosis were discovered with minimal cardiac involvement. There was one case of senile amyloidosis and five cases of primary amyloidosis, two of which were associated with multiple myeloma. The clinical manifestations of these last six cases were cardiac decompensation (congestive in one case) and angina with normal coronary arteries, but involvement of the small vessels. Two cases of anterior pseudo-sequelae are reported and there were 4 cases of disturbances of intraventricular conduction and one case of atrial fibrillation. Amyloid deposits are rarely localized to the heart alone. Associated immunological disorders were present in 3 of the 6 cases. The authors compare this series to a review of the literature. PMID- 6638898 TI - [Traumatic myocardial infarct in the sportsman]. AB - The authors report the case of a 38 year old sportsman who received a football in the centre of his chest during a football match. Over the following minutes, he experienced a mid-thoracic pain which corresponded to the development of a myocardial infarction which was secondarily complicated by left ventricular failure. Ventriculography revealed a large apical aneurysm and coronary angiography revealed thrombosis of the anterior interventricular artery. Based on this case, the authors discuss the mechanism of cardiac trauma and the type of coronary lesions. PMID- 6638899 TI - [The concept of branch block. Development of ideas (1910-1982)]. PMID- 6638900 TI - [Amiodarone and hyperthyroidism. Several guidemarks for the practitioner]. AB - The prevention and diagnosis of amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism are largely based on clinical signs: a personal or family history of thyroid disorders, or an abnormality detected on palpation of the thyroid gland, are contraindications for amiodarone treatment. At that stage it is useless to determine hormone levels, since they do not permit screening of any cell metabolism abnormality. Weight loss accompanied by tachycardia is suggestive of amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism. Amiodarone-induced hyperthyroidism will regress in 2 to 6 months after treatment discontinuation. PMID- 6638901 TI - Vascularization and tumour volume estimations of solitary liver tumours in rats. AB - Tumour vascularity of a transplantable N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine induced adenocarcinoma of the colon in the liver was investigated by repeated hepatic arteriography and portography. The arterial vascularity was influenced by tumour size; a transient increase in vascularization was observed when tumour size increased. Portography revealed portal vessels concentrated to the peripheral parts but some portal vessels were also observed leading to the central part of the adenocarcinomas. The tumour volume of solitary adenocarcinoma in the liver could be estimated from measurements of the largest (a) and smallest (b) diameters on the angiogram according to the formula V = a x b2/2. PMID- 6638902 TI - Atresia of the small bowel. AB - From 1969 to 1981 duodenal atresia was found in 21 patients and jejuno-ileal atresia in 15 patients. Associated anomalies were revealed in 14 neonates with duodenal atresia and in 2 with jejuno-ileal atresia. Vomiting was the predominant symptom in all patients with ileal atresia except one. Abdominal distension was seen in 2 cases with duodenal atresia and in 11 with jejuno-ileal atresia. The primary surgical procedure was a duodeno-jejunostomy in case of duodenal atresia, and bowel resection with end-to-end anastomosis in jejuno-ileal atresia. Of the 36 patients (8%) died. The cause of death was respiratory insufficiency in one child with duodenal atresia and one with ileal atresia. Another child with ileal atresia died of cardiac malformation. Anastomotic stricture was the most common postoperative complication and was seen in 3 cases with duodenal atresia and in 4 with ileal atresia. As jejuno-ileal atresia is caused by a vascular accident ample resection of the blind ends is recommended. PMID- 6638903 TI - Total ankle replacement in rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary review of 28 arthroplasties in 24 patients. AB - Twenty-eight arthroplasties performed during a period of three and a half years during 1976-1980 were evaluated after an average follow-up period of 21 months. All patients had advanced rheumatoid arthritis. The Richard's prosthesis was used in 22, the ICHL prosthesis in five and St. George prosthesis in one instance. The results were in general satisfactory, particularly as to pain relief, yet there was only limited improvement in the actual range of movement. All ankles were stable: nevertheless loosening could be demonstrated radiologically and clinically in 5 out of 56 prosthetic components. No revisions have been warranted so far. In strictly selected cases, replacement arthropolasty seems a worthwhile alternative to arthrodesis in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis in many weightbearing joints. PMID- 6638904 TI - Daily repeated traction in developing osteoarthritis. An experimental study in rabbits. AB - The effect of repeated traction on rabbit knee joint was studied during the development of experimental osteoarthritis. The traction (10 N to the immobilized leg) was administered one hour daily during seven weeks of immobilization of the knee and eight weeks of follow-up. The control group consisted of rabbits similarly immobilized and followed but without traction. The degree of osteoarthritis was measured from joint mobility, the evaluation of radiographs and the histological picture. Traction did not statistically significantly increase the mobility range of the knee joint in the treatment group in comparison with that of the control group, and the differences were small between the histological assessments of the two groups. At the end of immobilization the radiographic changes were less marked in the traction group than in the control group, but at the end of the follow-up the difference between the two groups was not as clear. Repeated traction did not, therefore, permanently prevent degenerative changes produced by the immobilization of the rabbit knee. PMID- 6638905 TI - Postoperative thromboembolism and risk factors in elective hip surgery. AB - The incidence of pulmonary embolism determined by perfusion - ventilation lung scintigraphy was 19% in 108 consecutive patients undergoing elective hip operations. Twelve patients had clinical symptoms. The sensitivity of clinical symptoms was 30 and the specificity 93%. Warfarin was used as prophylactic anticoagulant. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis examined by contrast venography was 43%. Only one patient developed femoral vein thrombosis propagating from the calf region. From the clinical risk factors, overweight had a statistically significant relationship to thromboembolism (p = 0.005). Age over 60 years was positively associated but the difference was not significant. When operation time exceeded 150 min the risk increased significantly (p less than 0.01). A large volume of blood loss at operation showed an increased but statistically insignificant trend towards thromboembolism. There were no fatal emboli. Although prophylactic warfarin treatment is not able to prevent the development of thromboembolism, it probably reduces the incidence of fatal pulmonary emboli. Of clinical and operative risk factors overweight and increasing operation time seem to have the strongest relationship to thromboembolism. PMID- 6638906 TI - Prevention of posthysterectomy infection with a combination of preoperative vaginal and perioperative intravenous administration of metronidazole. AB - In a prospective double-blind study 58 patients received 1000 mg of metronidazole vaginally 12--16 hours preoperatively and 500 mg intravenously during abdominal hysterectomy while 54 patients were treated with placebo. The lack of all operative site infections in the metronidazole group in comparison with 9 infections (17%) in the placebo group (P less than 0.01) proved the combined short-term vaginal and intravenous use of metronidazole to be efficacious in the prevention of posthysterectomy infections. PMID- 6638907 TI - Cure rates after laser conization for early cervical neoplasia. AB - Follow-up results by vaginal cytology and colposcopy after laser conization for early cervical neoplasia in 333 patients are reported. 95.7% of all the women were free from disease after 4-24 months. The separate figure for very early invasive carcinoma was 96.4% and for CIN III through CIN I it was 96.6%, 94.9% and 90.6% respectively. The cure rate depended on whether or not the resection margins of the cones were free from epithelial cells with atypia. The highest cure rate, 97.8%, was noted for CIN III with margins free from atypical cells. Out of patients not free from disease, 92.9% were detected at the first follow-up at 4--6 months after conization and represent persistent disease. Laser conization seems to give at least as good cure rates as laser vaporization and has the chief advantage that histopathological evaluation is available both for the whole lesion and the resection of the cones. The procedure can be safely performed on an out-patient basis. PMID- 6638908 TI - Appendicectomy in the elderly, incidence and operative findings. AB - The incidence during the last decades of acute appendicitis and the number of appendicectomies in the elderly, 60 years of age and older were studied. In addition, the incidence of the disease and of appendicectomy and the preoperative findings were studied in a well defined population during the twelve year period from 1969 to 1980. The results showed that there was no increase in the sex- and age-specific incidence of acute appendicitis in the elderly. However, there has been a significant decrease in the incidence of acute appendicitis in the elderly during the last four decades. Furthermore, a significant difference was found in the findings in the elderly operated upon because of suspected acute appendicitis compared to the younger age groups. The percentage of perforated appendices and normal appendices was significantly higher in the elderly. This difference might be of importance to the surgeon in his approach to an elderly patient admitted because of suspected acute appendicitis. PMID- 6638909 TI - Late cutaneous and muscular metastases of a uterine leiomyosarcoma after an initial simultaneous presentation with an adenocarcinoma. AB - A case is reported of late cutaneous and muscular metastases of a uterine leiomyosarcoma following an initial simultaneous presentation with an endometrial adenocarcinoma. Such behaviour is discussed in view of the prognostic features of the original sarcoma. PMID- 6638910 TI - Rupture of the common femoral artery during hip replacement surgery. A report of two cases. AB - Two cases are reported where the common femoral artery ruptured during hip replacement surgery. In both cases only the intimal and medial layers of the artery were injured, without profuse bleeding during the operation. The diagnosis of this type of lesion of the arterial wall can be delayed. The use of non invasive Doppler ultrasound techniques for verifying arterial injury proved to be effective and the presence and degree of arterial insufficiency was easily estimated from distal blood pressure measurements. In both cases the femoral artery was then exposed with no preoperative angiography and the arterial damage was successfully repaired. If the classical signs of acute ischaemic lesion are observed soon after hip replacement operations, the possibility of an acute arterial lesion must be kept in mind. PMID- 6638911 TI - [A new weapon in plastic surgery: the cutaneous aponeurotic flap. Its application in the repair of tissue losses of the lower limb. Apropos of 10 cases]. PMID- 6638912 TI - [Free inguinal cutaneomuscular flap connected to the deep circumflex iliac pedicle]. PMID- 6638913 TI - [Our experience with the parascapular free flap. Apropos of 7 cases]. PMID- 6638915 TI - [Plea for an enlightened conservatism in rhinoplasties]. PMID- 6638914 TI - [New concept of the chronology and surgical technic in the treatment of cleft lip and palate. Results in 220 cases]. PMID- 6638916 TI - [Multifocal basocellular epitheliomas: importance of the temporal region]. PMID- 6638917 TI - [Repair of traumatic partial losses of ear tissue]. PMID- 6638918 TI - [Repair of the digital nerves in a Hand Emergency Service. Statistical analysis]. PMID- 6638919 TI - [Autotransfusion: value in plastic surgery. Technic and indications]. PMID- 6638920 TI - [Decubitus ulcers. Comparative study of 2 therapeutic attitudes]. PMID- 6638921 TI - [Therapeutic approach to decubitus ulcers in a specialized rehabilitation center]. PMID- 6638922 TI - [Experimental infection and surgical stress]. PMID- 6638923 TI - [Experimental surgery at the Boucicaut Hospital in 1982]. PMID- 6638924 TI - Sudden death after myocardial infarction and T-wave changes in connection with exercise testing. AB - Exercise testing-induced T-wave changes in lead CH6 were analysed after acute myocardial infarction. In 21 patients with subsequent sudden death the mean +/- SD T-wave amplitude at supine rest 5 minutes after exercise was -2.74 +/- 2.37, in 26 patients with non-sudden death -1.08 +/- 2.67, and in 23 patients who survived +0.44 +/- 2.26 mm. Differences between groups were statistically significant. Within the sudden death group and in patients who survived the T wave was lower (p less than 0.05) after exercise than before exercise. In the non sudden death group, however, the T wave depth was about the same before and after exercise. The pattern of T-wave changes in the sudden death group was similar to the primary, "vasoregulatory" T-wave changes in young men and, accordingly, enhanced sympathoadrenal activity could be involved. PMID- 6638925 TI - Functional limitation in aortic valve disease: superiority of bicycle test to symptom-rated appraisal? AB - The overall functional capacity in aortic valve disease was evaluated using the New York Heart Association criteria and symptom-limited bicycle ergometry in 80 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization. The correlations between exercise performance and resting cardiac haemodynamics and clinical class were poor. Similar exercise tolerance appeared to be associated with comparable resting left ventricular (LV) performance in each haemodynamic subgroup. Limitation in exercise tolerance in aortic stenosis (n = 25), as defined by peak work-load achieved and work-pulse index, together with an inability to raise systolic blood pressure during exercise, appeared to be associated not only with a more significant reduction in LV systolic pump function and compliance but also with greater LV dilatation. A lack of correlation between exercise performance and resting LV function was seen in patients with aortic regurgitation (n = 35); and, to large extent, in those with combined lesion (n = 20). The severity of the valvular lesion was not indicated by functional limitation in any of the subgroups, although greater systolic blood pressure during exercise appeared to reflect more significant valvular leakage in the combined lesion group. It is concluded that objective tests of exercise tolerance are to be preferred in monitoring the course of the disease and the therapy provided. Aortic regurgitation appears to cause as great a limitation in exercise tolerance as does aortic stenosis alone, but may not be associated with greater deterioration in LV function at a similar level of functional limitation. Pressure overload to the LV may explain the ability of impaired LV function to reflect the limitation in exercise tolerance in cases of aortic stenosis. PMID- 6638926 TI - Gastrointestinal transit of liquids. AB - A simple, non-invasive technique has been established for the simultaneous measurement of stomach emptying and the small bowel transit of a liquid meal. The rate of gastric emptying (T1/2) was measured in 21 normal subjects by using a gamma camera and computer to observe emptying of 200 ml of water to which 200 muCi 99Tcm - diethylene tetramene pentacetic acid chelate was added. By adding lactulose to the drink and measuring breath hydrogen (H2) concentration, small bowel transit time (Ta) was simultaneously estimated. There was no significant correlation (r = 0.26, P greater than 0.2) between T1/2 and Ta or between T1/2 and the shape of the breath H2 evolution curve. However, the shape of the breath H2 curve did seem to be affected by Ta. The technique should prove useful for the study of gastrointestinal motility in disease states. PMID- 6638927 TI - Thyroid carcinoma and eosinophilia. AB - An elderly woman with a thyroid nodule slowly growing over ten years is described. During follow-up, this patient developed a rapidly expanding thyroid tumour, multiple lung nodules, hypercalcaemia and pronounced eosinophilia. A needle biopsy of the thyroid revealed a giant-cell carcinoma. This was later confirmed at autopsy. Tumour associated blood eosinophilia has rarely been described with thyroid carcinoma and is discussed here. PMID- 6638928 TI - The effect of smoking on the stressed template bleeding time. AB - Tobacco cigarette smoking is known to affect platelet function. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cigarette smoking acutely shortens the bleeding time of healthy men. The mean initial stressed template bleeding time of 12 nonsmokers (9.0 minutes) was not significantly different from that of nine habitual smokers (9.2 minutes) who were asked to abstain from smoking for 12 hours before determination of the bleeding time. The mean bleeding time was the same immediately before and after the 21 men smoked two filtered tobacco cigarettes in 20 minutes. Separate analyses showed that the mean bleeding time of neither the nonsmokers nor the habitual smokers changed significantly after experimental smoking. We conclude that smoking two cigarettes has no effect on the stressed template bleeding time of healthy men. PMID- 6638929 TI - Effects of a massive single oral dose of oestradiol valerate in a young woman. AB - Effects of a massive single oral dose of oestradiol valerate were studied in a young woman. A slight increase in serum triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations was seen soon after the oestrogen administration. A marked rise in the serum cortisol concentration was evidently caused by psychic stress on the patient. The EEG examined on the first day after oestrogen administration showed findings typical of subcortical disturbance. One week later the EEG was normal. The low toxicity and slight side effects of a large overdosage of oestradiol valerate by month are worth noting. PMID- 6638930 TI - Post-mortem glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c): evidence for a history of diabetes mellitus. AB - Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels on blood obtained from 28 cadavers were compared with that of healthy volunteers and patients with diabetes mellitus. Levels of HbA1c did not correlate with post-mortem intervals of four to 36 hours, suggesting that HbA1c is stable under these conditions. All deceased with a history of diabetes mellitus, five cases, had an elevated post-mortem blood HbA1c. Twenty-three deceased had a negative history for diabetes mellitus and seven of this group had an elevated HbA1c. These seven cases had diagnosis of malignancies and a history of prolonged exposure to steroids in excess compared to the remaining 16 cases. PMID- 6638931 TI - Non-specific and specific stimulation of resistance against Leishmania donovani in C57BL/6 mice. AB - Stimulation by intravenous injections of glucan, a beta 1,3 polyglucose, provided a significant degree of resistance in mice against Leishmania donovani. The response of C57BL/6 animals was dose-dependent. A single glucan injection before or after infection induced significant resistance but to a lesser degree than two or three injections. Immunization by injections of formalin-killed promastigotes with glucan via the subcutaneous or intravenous routes provided greater resistance than glucan or dead parasites alone against subsequent infection with viable parasites. Subcutaneous immunization with promastigotes from cultures passaged 10 times in vitro and those from cultures maintained for 25 passages elicited a similar degree of resistance against infection and induced positive skin test responsiveness against leishmanial antigen prior to infection. PMID- 6638932 TI - Acquired coagulopathy owing to parenteral cefamandole: renal failure as a predisposing factor. AB - Within a span of four months at a 550 bed community hospital, four elderly patients who had been taking cefamandole for various infections developed a severe coagulopathy within 10 days after initiation of cefamandole. All patients had a prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time with a marked decrease of the vitamin K dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, X, and also were found to have mild to moderate renal function impairment. The coagulopathy was promptly corrected to normal with or without treatment of vitamin K and/or fresh frozen plasma when the drug was discontinued. Treatment with vitamin K while on cefamandole also corrected the coagulation abnormalities and in vitro cefamandole had no direct effect on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in therapeutic concentrations. These clinical and laboratory observations and the nature of high excretion rate of cefamandole in bile suggest cefamandole induced coagulopathy is caused by decreased vitamin K synthesis, probably secondary to rapid depletion of vitamin K producing intestinal organisms. PMID- 6638933 TI - Evidence for a hepatic-renal antagonism in the production of hepatic erythropoietin. AB - A tandem perfusion of the liver and kidneys of hepatectomized (hepx) rats was performed to ascertain the precise levels and time of appearance of the previously reported hepatic erythropoietic factor (HEF) and its antagonist, the renal inhibitory factor (RIF). Hepatic erythropoietic factor is produced by the hepx animal and is capable of augmenting the hepatic erythropoietin (Ep) response to hypoxia when administered to normal rats, whereas RIF acts to diminish this Ep response. Renal inhibitory factor does not directly affect Ep but appears to alter its synthesis owing to an inhibition to HEF production and/or action. In the present study, levels of HEF and RIF were determined at different intervals following hepx by in situ perfusion of the livers and kidneys of these animals. Levels of HEF are significantly higher than controls in rats at 24 to 72 hrs post hepx whereas its antagonist, the RIF, is not detectable until between 48 and 72 hrs after hepx. Inhibition of RIF of the hepatic Ep response is nearly total by 96 hrs following surgery. In previous studies, an increase in the hepatic Ep response to hypoxia was noted from 24 to 72 hrs after hepx. Peak hepatic Ep levels occurred at 72 hrs post hepx and declined thereafter, manifesting near normal hepatic Ep levels at 96 hrs after hepx. The present study provides an explanation for these findings by demonstrating that production of Ep by the hepx animal is dependent on the relative levels of a stimulatory (HEF) and an inhibitory (RIF) factor. PMID- 6638934 TI - Erythrocyte creatine in cord blood. AB - Erythrocyte creatine (EC) content and reticulocyte counts were compared in normal adults, pediatric patients with hemolytic anemia, and cord blood. A good correlation between reticulocyte count and EC content was found in normal subjects and patients with hemolysis, thus confirming the usefulness of creatine as an estimate of mean red cell age in these populations. No significant correlation (p greater than 0.1) was observed between the two measurements in cord blood. While reticulocyte counts were significantly elevated (p less than 0.001) in cord blood when compared to normal adults (indicating the presence of a young mean red cell age), EC concentrations in most samples were not correspondingly high. These results may indicate that creatine is not well synthesized by the neonatal red blood cell. PMID- 6638935 TI - Body height and upward social mobility. AB - Stature and education in 214 pairs of adult brothers and 188 pairs of adult sisters were analysed in order to test the hypothesis that in modern stratified societies upward and downward social mobility is selective with respect to body height. Among the 116 male pairs in which the sibs differed in both education and stature, the proportion of pairs in which the taller sib was the better educated (BE) was significantly higher than the proportion of pairs in which the taller sib was the less well educated (LE) of the two. Mean intra-pair difference in stature between the BE and LE brothers was 1.26 cm, and significantly different from zero. In female pairs similar tendencies were noted but deviations from the null hypothesis were not significant. Implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 6638936 TI - Maternal factors in dizygotic twinning: evidence from interracial crosses. AB - In the USA, Blacks have been shown to have a higher incidence of DZ twinning than Whites. We studied maternal and paternal race determinants of the rates of like sex and unlike-sex twinning using US live-birth certificate data for 1973-78. After adjustment was made for father's race, Black mothers had a higher rate of unlike-sex twinning than White mothers (odds ratio, OR = 1.74, P less than 10( 8]. This maternal race effect persisted after further adjustments were made for maternal age, parity, education, and marital status and did not apply to the rates of like-sex twinning (OR = 1.06). On the other hand, after adjustment was made for mother's race, Black fathers did not have higher rates of unlike-sex (OR = 0.93) or like-sex (OR = 1.11) twinning than White fathers. The study shows that the high rate of DZ twinning in Blacks is associated with maternal race and not paternal race. The data further support the importance of maternal determinants of dizygotic twinning in humans. PMID- 6638937 TI - Sleep latency and lifestyle in Oxfordshire villages. AB - Sleep latency, the usual delay in falling asleep, was estimated in 689 male and 757 female residents of a group of Oxfordshire villages by means of a sleep questionnaire. Sleep latency is analysed in relation to 59 descriptive elements of lifestyle and reported feelings. The pattern of association is broadly similar in the two sexes, and multivariate analysis identifies boredom and insufficient to do, mild morbidity, and use of sleeping tablets and tranquillizers as important correlates of long sleep latency in both sexes. These data are compared with a similar analysis of the correlates of sleep duration and sleep quality. It is concluded that sleep latency represents an important measure of well-being. PMID- 6638938 TI - The final phase of growth in height. AB - Among 221 boys investigated, only 54% had the same (+/- 1 cm) body height at age 27 years as they had at age 19. Longitudinal observations of those boys indicate that the increment from 18 to 27 years is strongly dependent on skeletal maturation and even on such a distant event as age at peak height velocity. Average increment in stature was 2.13 cm, and the maximum increment was 7 cm. Late-maturing individuals are largely responsible for the differences in average stature observed in cross-sectional studies in the third decade of life. PMID- 6638939 TI - Morphometric features as tribal predictors in north-western Amazonia. AB - Multivariate analyses of variance were carried out on stature and weight of 50 adults (25 males, 25 females) from each of two linguistically distinct groups, Maku and Tukanoan, living sympatrically in north-western Amazonia. Results showed significant intertribal differences, with Maku (sylvan hunter-gatherers) being both shorter and lighter than their Tukanoan (riparian fisher-gardeners) conspecifics. Classification with a linear discrimination function achieved 80% accuracy. Stature or weight were equally good predictors of group for men, but for women weight rather than stature was a more powerful predictor. These data offer support for the view that some factor(s) associated with life within the equatorial forest environment appear to select for generally small body physique in humans. PMID- 6638940 TI - Trends in the growth of ethnic Chinese children living in London. AB - Height, weight and triceps skinfold thickness of children aged 5 years and under were measured in a semi-longitudinal study of 50 Chinese families in London. Heights and weights of their mothers were also measured once. The children were taller and heavier than Chinese children in Hong Kong, but height-forage, when expressed as a percentage of the UK median value, declined after two years of age. The pattern of growth of triceps skinfold did not conform to the UK standards. PMID- 6638941 TI - Genetic composition of Jewish populations: diversity and inbreeding. AB - Genetic diversity and F statistics analysis, using 9 and 5 blood group loci, respectively, were carried out on 16 Jewish populations from 5 geographic regions: East Europe, Central Europe, South Europe, Middle East and North Africa. The proportion of total diversity found within populations was 98.9% while that between populations, within geographic groups and between groups altogether was only 1.1%. The average heterozygosity between geographic groups ranged from 0.3867 to 0.4150. There were no significant differences between geographic groups of populations in heterozygosity or in its variance. Average estimates of inbreeding were as follows: Fis = 0.0419, Fst = 0.0084 and Fit = 0.0498. Because the heterogeneity and relative proportion of diversity were less between Jewish populations than between non-Jewish ones, we conclude that genetic similarity between Jews is higher than between Gentiles. The findings are in agreement with our previously obtained calculations of genetic distances (Kobyliansky, Micle, Goldschmidt-Nathan, Arensburg and Nathan 1982). PMID- 6638942 TI - Adaptive significance of the Indian caste system: an ecological perspective. AB - Indian society is an agglomeration of several thousand endogamous groups or castes each with a restricted geographical range and a hereditarily determined mode of subsistence. These reproductively isolated castes may be compared to biological species, and the society thought of as a biological community with each caste having its specific ecological niche. In this paper we examine the ecological-niche relationships of castes which are directly dependent on natural resources. Evidence is presented to show that castes living together in the same region had so organized their pattern of resource use as to avoid excessive intercaste competition for limiting resources. Furthermore, territorial division of the total range of the caste regulated intra-caste competition. Hence, a particular plant or animal resource in a given locality was used almost exclusively by a given lineage within a caste generation after generation. This favoured the cultural evolution of traditions ensuring sustainable use of natural resources. This must have contributed significantly to the stability of Indian caste society over several thousand years. The collapse of the base of natural resources and increasing monetarization of the economy has, however, destroyed the earlier complementarity between the different castes and led to increasing conflicts between them in recent years. PMID- 6638943 TI - Patterns of TW-1 and TW-2 skeletal age differences in 12-19-year-old Belgian boys. AB - The pattern of differences between TW-1 and TW-2 skeletal ages was investigated in a mixed longitudinal sample of Belgian school boys aged about 12-19 years. The differences between the TW-1 and TW-2 skeletal ages decrease from 12 years until 15 years, then increase until they stabilize at 17 years. TW-1 skeletal ages are greater than TW-2 skeletal ages, except at 14 and 15 years. This trend confirms the findings in better-off black and white Philadelphia children and in disadvantaged Mexican children (Malina and Little 1981). PMID- 6638944 TI - Heritability of body measurements among the Jalari population in Visakhapatnam. AB - A total of 436 Jalari families, a fishing caste population of Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, India, are surveyed for thirteen anthropometric measurements. Heritability coefficients (h2) of these anthropometric measurements are calculated using Fisher (1918) and Penrose (1971) formulae. The longitudinal measurements record highest heritability coefficients followed by breadth measurements and circumferences. The heritability coefficients of all the measurements, calculated by using Penrose's method show relatively higher values than Fisher's method. PMID- 6638945 TI - Effect of variations in fat and linoleic acid intake on the calcium, magnesium and iron balance of young men. AB - In one study a group of 10 young adult male volunteers were given two experimental diets, differing in fat content. In a second study another group of 12 such volunteers received two experimental diets differing in linoleic acid content. The retention of calcium, magnesium and iron was measured during the dietary periods, each lasting 1 month. Decreasing the fat intake from 42 to 22 energy % did not result in statistically significant changes of the mineral balance. An increase in linoleic acid intake from 4 to 16 energy % (at a constant level of fat intake of 42 energy %) caused a decrease in the iron balance from 3.3 to 2.3 mg/day (p less than 0.01), while the calcium and magnesium retention did not change significantly. During the high linoleic acid dietary period haemoglobin levels decreased from 9.6 to 9.1 mmol/1 and packed cell volume from 0.48 to 0.46 1/1 (p less than 0.001). This effect of linoleic acid on iron utilization needs further investigation. PMID- 6638946 TI - [Plasma glycerol and hepatic synthesis of lipoproteins in the Zucker fa/fa rat]. AB - In order to determine if excess plasma glycerol originating in lipolysis increased the synthesis and secretion of lipoproteins in the liver of Zucker fa/fa rats, labelled (1-14C) glycerol was injected in vivo in the jugular vein, in the presence of (9,10-3H20 oleic acid and Triton WR 1339 to block plasma clearance of neoformed lipoproteins and to be secreted into the blood by the liver. Glycerol stimulated hepatic synthesis of lipids in the Zucker fa/fa rat. This resulted in an increased secretion by the liver of VLDL and lipoproteins comparable to chylomicrons. PMID- 6638947 TI - Effects of metabolic acidosis on zinc and calcium metabolism in rats. AB - To delineate the potential role of renal acidosis on zinc and calcium metabolism, 24 male Charles River rats, with a mean weight of 154 g, were assigned to four groups of 6 rats each. Three groups of rats were given ammonium chloride for 5 days by stomach tube at dosages of 4, 8, 16 mEq/kg/day, respectively. The control group received the solvent (normal saline) only. The animals were fed a semi purified diet containing 100 ppm of zinc. The total food intake averaged 18, 16, 17 and 18 g/day, respectively, for the control and the three treated groups. On the 4th and 5th day, two 24-hour urinary collections for net acid excretion, zinc and calcium excretions were obtained. The net acid excretion progressively increased from 0.85 +/- 0.21 muEq/min/kg in the control rats to maximal values of 10.61 +/- 0.87 muEq/min/kg in the acid-loaded rats. The net acid excretion is highly correlated with the urinary calcium excretion (r = 0.95, p less than 0.01). However, the acid-loading has no effect on the carcass retention of zinc as documented by isotope studies or urinary zinc excretion. PMID- 6638948 TI - Metabolism of glucose in the small intestine of lean and obese (ob/ob) mice. AB - The possibility of alterations in the metabolism of glucose in the small intestine of C57BL/6J (ob/ob) obese-diabetic mice has been investigated. Glucose metabolism was assessed by direct measurement in vitro, and by assaying the activities of glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway enzymes. The small intestine of 3-week-old obese mice exhibited a reduced glucose metabolism and hexokinase activity in comparison with lean controls. In adult animals there was little evidence for an effect of hyperphagia or hyperinsulinaemia on metabolism of glucose supplied from the lumen, except that the elevated pyruvate kinase activity in the intestinal mucosa of 20-week-old obese mice might have been a consequence of hyperinsulinaemia. PMID- 6638949 TI - [Effects of diets containing medium-chain and long-chain triacylglycerols in the genetically obese Zucker fa/fa rat. Composition of fatty acids and triacylglycerols of the liver and adipose tissues]. AB - The effects of a hyperlipidic diet containing medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT) or long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) and a control diet on the lipid composition of liver and adipose tissue in the Zucker fa/fa and Fa/- rat are compared. The weights of liver and adipose tissues of the rats fed the MCT diet are little different from those of the two other groups, but they are always higher in obese rats than in lean rats. After feeding the MCT diet, the amounts of the constituent octanoic and decanoic acids in liver and adipose tissues are higher in the fa/fa rat than in the Fa/- rat. The rate of lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissues of the obese rat fed the MCT diet remains high. PMID- 6638950 TI - Autoradiographic studies with albumin-bound 1-14C-linoleic acid in normal and essential fatty acid-deficient rats. A pilot study. AB - Young rats fed a diet providing 0.3, 3 or 10% of the energy as essential fatty acids (EFA) were given a single intravenous dose of albumin-bound 1-14C-linoleic acid. 1 animal from each group was killed at 1 and 18 h, respectively, after the injection and submitted to whole-body autoradiography. In general, the activities in the tissues were higher in the 0.3% group than in the other groups, whereas the differences between the 3% and the 10% group were small. In all groups the highest activity occurred in the brown fat. High activities were also noted in the liver, the adrenal cortex, the diaphragm, and the gastric and intestinal mucosa. The higher activities in the tissues of the rats fed 0.3% than in the tissues of those fed 3% or 10% EFA probably reflect a higher incorporation of fatty acids of the linoleic acid series into structural and other lipids in the former group due to the lack of EFA. PMID- 6638951 TI - Serum uric acid, inorganic phosphorus, and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and blood pressure in carbohydrate-sensitive adults consuming three different levels of sucrose. AB - 12 men and 12 women, classified as carbohydrate-sensitive on the basis of an exaggerated insulin response to a sucrose load, consumed diets containing either 5, 18, or 33% sucrose in a crossover design. The diets simulated the average American diet and consisted of identical natural and processed foods with the exception of a patty. The patty provided the experimental levels of sucrose; the difference was made up by starch. Each level of sucrose was consumed for a 6-week period. Subject body weights were maintained. Fasting serum uric acid and inorganic phosphorus increased as the level of dietary sucrose increased. Diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher when subjects were on the 33% sucrose diet as compared to the 5 and 18% diets. Serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase was not affected by diet. In tolerance tests after a sucrose load (2 g/kg body weight), the uric acid response was higher after the 18 and 33% sucrose diets than after the 5% sucrose diet. Serum inorganic phosphorus, which increased significantly with each level of dietary sucrose, decreased following the sucrose load. These results indicate that carbohydrate-sensitive individuals may be affected adversely by the level of sucrose commonly found in the Westernized diet. Since elevated serum uric acid and blood pressure have been identified as risk factors in degenerative diseases, this study suggests that carbohydrate sensitive individuals should limit their sucrose consumption. PMID- 6638952 TI - Effect of lactose content of nonfat milk diets on male rat serum lipids and lipoproteins. AB - The lactose content of a semisynthetic diet containing 45% of calories as nonfat milk powder was modified by enzymatic hydrolysis with beta-galactosidase or bacterial fermentation with yogurt cultures. Three milk-based diets and a stock diet were fed for 28 days to male rats derived from the Sprague-Dawley strain. Energy consumption, growth rate, feed efficiency, liver weight, liver cholesterol and liver triglyceride concentrations were not significantly different between the four diets. At day 28 serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations were not different between the milk-based diets. No hypocholesterolemic effect of the milk-based diets was seen at any time compared to the stock diet. Two of four electrophoretic lipoprotein fractions varied with the lactose content of the milk based diet. The faster alpha lipoprotein decreased while the slower alpha lipoprotein increased with decreasing content of dietary lactose. These data indicate that lactose differs from its constituent monosaccharides, galactose and glucose, in its effect on lipoprotein levels, even though total serum cholesterol and triglycerides do not differ. PMID- 6638953 TI - Doppler ultrasonography in the determination of neonatal brain death. AB - Both clinical and electroencephalographic criteria for brain death have limited value in the newborn. A simple test to determine the cessation of cerebral blood flow would be a useful adjunct to the determination of brain death in this population. In contrast to the invasive techniques used in older patients to estimate cerebral blood flow, the Doppler technique to estimate cerebral blood flow velocity from the anterior fontanelle of the newborn is noninvasive and can be used at bedside. In this study we define the changes in the flow velocity pattern in the anterior cerebral and the common carotid arteries in six newborn infants with clinical criteria for brain death: coma, absent brainstem function, and dependence on mechanical ventilation. A characteristic sequence of deterioration of the flow velocity waveform in both vessels was defined. This sequence consisted of (1) loss of diastolic flow, (2) appearance of retrograde flow during diastole, (3) diminution in systolic flow in the anterior cerebral artery, and, ultimately, (4) no detectable flow in the anterior cerebral artery, despite considerable flow in the common carotid artery. This constellation of findings suggests a progressive increase in cerebrovascular resistance and a progressive decrease in cerebral perfusion, compatible with the diffuse cerebral necrosis and edema documented postmortem. We conclude that the transcutaneous Doppler technique is a useful complement to other noninvasive methods, especially clinical assessment, in the determination of brain death in the newborn. PMID- 6638954 TI - Natural killer cell activity in patients with multiple sclerosis given alpha interferon. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the function and regulation of natural killer cells in vitro and in vivo in patients with multiple sclerosis. Of 12 patients who received 5 X 10(6) international units of human alpha interferon, 9 demonstrated an increase in natural killer cell activity within 48 hours as defined by the lysis of 51Cr-labeled K-562 cells. The activity was normal before treatment, unlike that of tumor-bearing patients, and reached baseline levels within one week despite continuous interferon administration over the next six months. The same patients given a placebo preparation failed to show this enhanced natural killer cell activity. We also studied K-562 killing in 36 other patients and age- and sex-matched control subjects and were unable to demonstrate any differences between the two groups or any correlation of natural killer cell function with disease activity. The in vitro augmentation of natural killer cell activity by purified measles virions, which is associated with the release of interferon, and by the isolated glycoproteins of measles virus, which activates natural killer cells without the extracellular release of interferon, was similar in both patients and control subjects. Further, the proportion of cells defined by the monoclonal antibody HNK-1, which defines both natural killer cells and a small subset of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, was normal. In patients with multiple sclerosis, the normality of natural killer cell function, as defined by these several interrelated assays, speaks against a defect in this nonspecific antiviral defense mechanism in the pathogenesis of the disease. PMID- 6638955 TI - Twelfth annual meeting: Child Neurology Society. October 13-15, 1983, Williamsburg, VA. Abstracts. PMID- 6638956 TI - Brain microvessel endothelial cells in tissue culture: a model for study of blood brain barrier permeability. AB - Endothelial cells were prepared from bovine microvessels and grown in tissue culture. They contained factor VIII/von Willebrand antigen, the most specific market available for determination of the endothelial origin of cells in culture. The cultured cells formed complex tight junctions and contained few pinocytotic vessels. These properties are responsible for formation of the blood-brain barrier in vivo. When monolayers of the endothelial cells were exposed briefly to a calcium-free solution or treated with 1.6 M arabinose, distinctive morphological changes occurred in the intercellular contacts. In either case, a normal structure was reestablished following return to control medium. To assess the effect of these treatments on transcellular permeability, we measured the movement of sucrose labeled with carbon 14 across a monolayer of endothelial cells cultured on a collagen-coated nylon mesh. Removal of external calcium increased the rate of sucrose movement by 120%; the arabinose treatment increased transcellular flux by 40%. PMID- 6638957 TI - Polymorphous meningitis with atypical mononuclear cells in Sjogren's syndrome. AB - Central nervous system complications in Sjogren's syndrome have been reported sporadically for years. We examined the nature and frequency of central nervous system abnormalities in 11 patients with clinically documented Sjogren's syndrome on whom postmortem examination was performed. In 9, characteristic mixed (polymorphous) inflammatory infiltrates containing large atypical mononuclear cells were observed in the leptomeninges, choroid plexus, or both; only 5 of the 9 neurological symptoms, however. Among patients with central nervous system lesions, 3 had definite vasculocentric inflammation and 1 had a necrotizing vasculitis with extensive subarachnoid hemorrhage. Four patients had evidence of chronic subarachnoid microhemorrhage associated with polymorphous meningitis. Atypical mononuclear cells in a polymorphous inflammatory exudate were observed in antemortem cerebrospinal fluid cytological specimens from 2 of the patients. The findings suggest that central nervous system involvement in Sjogren's syndrome is common and that neurological symptoms are related to polymorphous meningitis and vasculitis. Detection of atypical mononuclear cells in cerebrospinal fluid specimens may be of diagnostic value. PMID- 6638958 TI - A progressive syndrome of autism, dementia, ataxia, and loss of purposeful hand use in girls: Rett's syndrome: report of 35 cases. AB - Thirty-five patients, exclusively girls, from three countries had a uniform and striking progressive encephalopathy. After normal general and psychomotor development up to the age of 7 to 18 months, developmental stagnation occurred, followed by rapid deterioration of higher brain functions. Within one-and-a-half years this deterioration led to severe dementia, autism, loss of purposeful use of the hands, jerky truncal ataxia, and acquired microcephaly. The destructive stage was followed by apparent stability lasting through decades. Additional insidious neurological abnormalities supervened, mainly spastic parapareses, vasomotor disturbances of the lower limbs, and epilepsy. Prior extensive laboratory investigations have not revealed the cause. The condition is similar to a virtually overlooked syndrome described by Rett in the German literature. The exclusive involvement of females, correlated with findings in family data analyses, suggests a dominant mutation on one X chromosome that results in affected girls and nonviable male hemizygous conceptuses. PMID- 6638959 TI - The crossed upgoing toe sign: a clinical study. AB - We compared the crossed upgoing toe sign with the plantar response as an indicator of pyramidal tract dysfunction in 125 normal subjects and 192 patients with neurological disorders. A positive crossed upgoing toe sign was associated significantly with a partial pyramidal tract lesion in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere with a frequency similar to that of Babinski's sign. Unlike Babinski's sign, however, the positive crossed upgoing toe sign was lost when pyramidal weakness was severe enough to produce paralysis of voluntary dorsiflexion of the great toe, and it was found only rarely with pyramidal tract lesions of the spinal cord. The crossed upgoing toe sign has little value as a sensitive indicator of a pyramidal tract lesion. It is potentially of limited value as an aid in determining the level of a pyramidal tract lesion (cerebral hemisphere versus spinal cord), but its usefulness is seriously impaired by the high frequency of false positive signs in normal subjects and patients with other neurological disorders. PMID- 6638960 TI - Persistent vegetative state with high cerebral blood flow following profound hypoglycemia. AB - A persistent vegetative state (severe dementia) developed in a 30-year-old man following hypoglycemic coma. Despite the poor clinical outcome, sensory evoked response recovered between 6 and 34 months after the insult. The cerebral blood flow level at rest after 34 months was slightly above the normal range. This finding contrasts with the low cerebral blood flow regularly reported in patients who are comatose or stuporous following severe brain hypoxia-ischemia. PMID- 6638961 TI - Plasmapheresis does not affect subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. PMID- 6638962 TI - Fasciculations in lower motor neuron disease. PMID- 6638963 TI - Sensory loss from whole sural nerve biopsy. PMID- 6638964 TI - Growth in Hyderabad boys of various language groups. AB - Possible differences in the growth of boys of four language groups were investigated by anthropometric measurements in a sample of 582 boys of documented age from a Hyderabad school. Correlation of all body measurements with age was sufficiently close over the age range studied to allow linear regressions on age to be fitted. Covariance analysis suggested a difference in trunk length, with Telugu speakers having longer trunks than the other language groups, both absolutely and after stature was taken into account. PMID- 6638965 TI - Age changes in skinfolds, body fat and lean body mass in Jat-Sikh and Bania females during 20 to 80 years. AB - The present paper reports the changes in body fat and lean body mass during 20 to 80 years. The data consist of 502 Jat-Sikh and 510 Bania females. The body fat has been calculated by applying Durnin & Womersley's (1974) formulae. The body fat reaches a maximum value of 20.06 kg at age-group 60-64 in Jat-Sikh females and 22.15 kg at age-group 45-49 in Bania females followed by a decline, reaching a value of 15.28 kg in Jat-Sikhs and 14.93 kg in Banias in the 70+ age group. The redistribution of fat with ageing has also been observed from skinfold measurements and changing body contours. The lean body mass reaches a maximum value of 35.64 kg in Jat-Sikhs and 36.22 kg in Bania at age-group 35-39 followed by a steady decrease reaching a value of 30.47 kg in Jat-Sikhs and 28.27 kg in Banias at age-group 70+. The females of the present study possess significantly lesser body fat and lean body mass as compared to American and British females. But in terms of percentages the Jat-Sikh females of the present study possess the largest lean body mass and the least body fat. PMID- 6638966 TI - [On a newly modified method for plastic reconstruction of the face using the skull (based on Kollman data)]. AB - Since Kollmann & Buchly (1898) presented for the first time a plastic reconstruction of the face on the skull, which was based on empiric data, this method has been improved continuously. Up to now, however, doubts on its reliability could not be removed completely. While in the meantime the reconstruction of the large organs of the face could be based on a more secured empiric basis, this was not possible concerning the remaining surface of the face. This could be surmounted using the measurements of the soft parts of the living body (34 items) proposed by Helmer (1980). Basing on these measurements the author presents a newly modified method for the plastic reconstruction of the face on the skull. Among others he accepts as basic pattern the principle of parallel profile lines suggested by Helmer (to identify skulls by means of superposition of electronic pictures). By that the author is of the opinion that he has improved the possibility of verifying and reproducing acquired results. It is recommended to fill still uncertain methodological gaps by distinct working hypothesis. However, on plastic reconstructions unclear details should be treated in such a way that they are standing out against the remaining surface. The potential scope of the plastic reconstruction of the face on the skull has been limited by Helmer's method (identification of skulls), but is basically still unchanged. PMID- 6638967 TI - The reciprocal influence of the different finger pattern types on their ridge count values. AB - The mutual influence of fingertip pattern types, whorls (W), ulnar loops (Lu), radial loops (Lr) and arches (A), on the pattern ridge count (RC) values is evident from the dermatoglyphics of a sample of 606 Israeli Jewish males. The presence of W is associated with an increase in the RC of Lu and Lr of the same individual, and conversely, the presence of Lu, Lr or A coincides with a decrease in the RC of W. The presence of A decreases also the RC of Lu and Lr, but the reciprocal influence does not occur because the RC of A is, by definition, always equal to zero. When two different pattern types concomitantly affect a third type, the net results is an intermediate one. The modifying influence of a pattern on the RC of others is proportional to the number of fingers carrying that pattern. When the total RC of an individual is used for genetic or medical purposes, the reciprocal influences of fingertip patterns on pattern RC values must be considered. PMID- 6638968 TI - Salivary agglutinins in an Indian population. AB - Saliva samples from 239 Punjabis have been analysed for the presence of anti-A and anti-B. Agglutinins have been found to be present in 35.98 per cent of the saliva samples studied. The amount of agglutinin present varies from one individual to another. Anti-A has been found to occur more frequently than anti-B among the Punjabis and most of the other populations studied so far. PMID- 6638969 TI - [Matrimonial radius and anthropologic differentiation of the population of the Peloponnese, Greece]. AB - Mean matrimonial radius (MMR) and mean breeding radius (MBR) were studied in the population of the Peloponnese (Greece). The historical and geographical causes of these important genetical variables are discussed considering, too, their effects on the anthropological differentiation of this population. PMID- 6638970 TI - [Isolation and low-temperature preservation of liposomes containing rifampicin]. AB - The optimal conditions for preparations of rifampicin-containing liposomes were determined with the methods of mechanical shaking, gas dispersion and and reversible phases. It was found that the percentage of rifampicin incorporation into liposomes depended on the molar ratio of the antibiotic to the lipid (the optimal ratio was 1 : 10), the size and structure of liposomes, the amount of cholesterol added and the lipid membrane charge. Incorporation of rifampicin amounted to 16.1 +/- 2.4, 39.2 +/- 3.2 and 60.5 +/- 2.9 per cent with respect to neutral lecithin multilamellar liposes, liposomes prepared with the gas dispersion method and liposomes prepared with the method of reversible phases, respectively. Cholesterol in a molar ratio to lecithin equal to 2 : 5 or higher and dicetyl phosphate imparting the negative charge to the membrane had an inhibitory effect on the drug uptake by liposomes, while stearyl amine having the positive charge had a stimulating effect. The effect of the cryoprotectors glucose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly-ethylene glycole-400 and glycerol on low temperature preservation and storage of rifampicin-containing liposomes was studied. It was shown that 10--15 per cent solutions of sucrose and glucose had the highest cryoprotective effect, when the two-stage method of freezing was used. It provided almost 84 per cent preservation of liposomal rifampicin. Electron microscopy showed that after defrosting liposomes no significant changes in the size and structure of lipid membranes were observed. PMID- 6638971 TI - [Antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria of the family Vibrionaceae isolated from the intestines of swine]. AB - Bacteria of Aeromonas hydrophila subsp., biotype 1 and Aeromonas anaerogenes, biotype 2, as well as Proteolitica of the vibrio pasahumoliticus biotype were isolated from the intestine of pigs with diarrhea. Close antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates was shown. The differences in their sensitivity were not sufficient for defining the taxonomic features. PMID- 6638972 TI - [Basic principles of developing national standards for antibiotics]. AB - The main principles in preparation of national standards of the antibiotics manufacture in the USSR are compared with those of the World Health Organization. The characteristics of preparing standards of mono- and multicomponent antibiotics, as well as the requirements for optimal packing of the standards are presented. PMID- 6638973 TI - [Preparation of bioindicators for controlling the efficacy of sterilization processes]. AB - A test microbe for the control of the efficacy of vacuum steam sterilization was selected. Conditions for the spore cultivation were developed. The optimal bioindicator composition, test microbe loading, nutrient medium, pH indicator, carbohydrates and a carrier were defined. PMID- 6638974 TI - [Vitamin E and selenium-containing preparations in the prevention treatment of tetracycline-induced lesions of the liver]. AB - Studies on albino rats showed that high doses of tetracycline-induced damages of the liver evident from increased activity of serum enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) and inhibition of bile secretion, synthesis and secretion of bile acids and cholesterol excretion. Administration of vitamin E, sodium selenite, infusion of Astragalus L. and especially vitamin E combinations with sodium selenite markedly or completely arrested the occurrence of hepatotoxic properties of tetracycline. It is suggested that the use of vitamin E combinations with selenium-containing preparations is advisable in the prophylaxis and treatment of tetracycline induced damages of the liver. PMID- 6638975 TI - [Treatment of staphylococcal pneumonias]. AB - Sensitivity of 129 strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated from patients with pneumonia was studied with respect to a large number of drugs in the Bacteriological Laboratory of Konstantiny in the Algerian People's Democratic Republic. The method of paper discs and the Muller-Hinton solid nutrient medium were used. The staphylococcal strains were highly sensitive to cephalosporins, some of aminoglycosides (neomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin), nitrofurans, rifampicin, some antibiotics of other groups. Minocycline proved to be the most active among the tetracycline antibiotics. The number of the strains sensitive to it amounted to 82 per cent. 74--76 per cent of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and oxytetracycline. 40--77 per cent of the isolates were resistant to sulfanilamides. PMID- 6638977 TI - [Formation of an antibiotic of the siomycin group by a Streptomyces corchorusii 1401 culture]. AB - Streptomycete 1401 inhibiting the growth of gram-positive organisms was isolated from a soil sample in the screening of new antibiotics. By its cultural and morphological properties the culture was classified as Str. corchorusii. An antibiotic complex was isolated from the mycelium of the culture. The main component of the complex was shown to belong to the antibiotics of the siomycin group. PMID- 6638976 TI - [Efficacy of doxorubicin (adriamycin) in disseminated forms of breast cancer]. AB - The efficacy of doxorubicin used alone or in combination with other drugs in chemotherapy of 53 patients with disseminated breast cancer was studied. Doxorubicin combinations with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide and methotrexate were used. The efficacy of the treatment amounted to 35--50 per cent. Alopecia and hemopoiesis inhibition were the main adverse reactions. Over the past years a new combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (adriamycin) and cis-platinum was used in the treatment of 45 patients with disseminated breast cancer. The objective effect was observed in 14 patients (38.9 per cent). In 4 of them complete tumor regression was recorded. The administration regimens and side effects of the drugs are described. PMID- 6638978 TI - [Interrelations between adenine nucleotides in Penicillium nigicans Thom]. AB - Based on the participation of ATP in biosynthesis of NAD and NADP the correlation coefficients were calculated between the levels of ATP, ADP, NAD and NADP, as well as between the concentration ratios of ATP/ADP and NADP in the mycelium of P. nigricans. The data of the previous studies on the concentration of these nucleotides in the mycelium of cultures subjected to periodical feeding of glucose, NaNO3 or their mixtures on the 5th-7th days of the organism development were used. No relation between the levels of ATP and NAD or NADP and the ratios of ATP/ADP and NAD was observed in any of the variants. Feeding of NaNO3 allowed disclosing the relation between the concentrations of ADP and NAD, while feeding of the NaNO3 mixture with glucose allowed the relation between ADP and NADP and negative relation between the ratio of ATP/ADP and NADP to be ascertained. Relation between the levels of NAD and NADP was observed in all the variants, including the control ones. The mechanism of the effect of NaNO3 and its role in revealing the relations between the nucleotide levels are discussed. PMID- 6638979 TI - [Role of sterols in the membranotropic activity of triterpene glycosides]. AB - Interaction of stichoposide A, a triterpene glycoside and trepang sterols in solution was studied. With the use of liposomes the binding of the glycoside and its effect on the ion permeability of the lipid membranes of different sterol composition were also studied. It was shown that the membrane activity of the glycoside was defined by the level of its affinity to the sterol receptor. It decreased in the following order: cholesterol, total fraction of delta 5-sterols, total fraction of delta 7-sterols, delta 7-sterol xylosides and delta 5-sterol sulfates. Possible involvement of glycosylated and sulfated forms of sterols in development of resistance in the cell membranes and tissues of trepangs to their own glycosides is discussed. PMID- 6638980 TI - [Bioavailability of drug forms of tetracycline-group semisynthetic preparations for internal use]. AB - Bioavailability of methacycline capsules manufactured by two different firms was studied and it was shown that they had statistically significant differences. Conditions for investigation of the rate of methacycline transfer from the pharmaceutical form into solution were developed with the use of a "rotating basket". Such investigations provided in vitro prediction of the drug bioavailability. The effect of additives on bioavailability of methacycline capsules was found. Study of bioavailability of doxycycline capsules manufactured by the same two firms revealed no differences. PMID- 6638981 TI - [Surface-active properties of antibiotics]. AB - The critical concentrations of the mycella formation of novobiocin, mithramycin, variamycin, erythromycin, oleandomycin and lincomycin were determined with two methods by changes in the isotherms of the surface tension and in the maximum absorption of rodamine due to the antibiotic concentrations. The results obtained with the two methods were comparable. PMID- 6638982 TI - [Content of SH- and --S--S-groups in the blood and liver homogenates in acute poisoning with tetracycline antibiotics]. AB - It was shown in experiments with albino rats that intoxication with tetracyclines and especially with chlortetracycline and tetracycline lowered the levels of sulfhydryl groups in the blood and liver homogenates of the animals, while the levels of the --S--S-groups increased. Tetracycline is characterized by a lower hepatotoxic action and did not affect the levels of sulfhydryl groups. It is suggested that impairment of lipid metabolism, inhibition of bile production and suppression of tissue respiration and oxidative phosphorylation due to oxidation or binding of SH-groups of enzymes and low molecular substances were the main links in the pathogenesis of liver fatty degeneration induced by tetracycline antibiotics. PMID- 6638983 TI - [Aminoglycoside activity in relation to gram-negative microflora isolated from heart surgery patients]. AB - Sensitivity of 130 clinical strains of gram-negative bacteria isolated from cardiosurgical patients was studied comparatively with respect to 5 aminoglycosides: monomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, gentamicin and sisomicin. The strains were mainly isolated from purulent wounds and the respiratory tract of patients in the postoperative period. All the patients were operated on with the use of artificial circulation. Analysis of the antibioticograms revealed that 30 per cent of the strains were resistant to all the aminoglycosides and 58 per cent showed selective sensitivity. Sisomicin was the most active antibiotic with respect to the clinical strains of gram-negative bacteria. PMID- 6638984 TI - [Urinary excretion of rifampicin in kidney failure when administered alone or together with isoniazid]. AB - Rifampicin excretion with urine and its plasma levels were studied in 46 patients with nephrophthisis treated with rifampicin alone or in combination with isoniazid in doses of 8--10 mg/kg bw with regard to the degree of renal insufficiency. It was shown that excretion of rifampicin with urine decreased with progression of renal insufficiency and had no effect on its plasma levels. The combined use of isoniazid and rifampicin in a single dose was accompanied by a decrease in the latter's excretion with urine and different changes in its plasma concentration. The use of the two drugs for 4--6 weeks resulted in a further decrease in rifampicin excretion with urine not dependent on renal function and in decreased plasma levels of the antibiotic in 1/3 of patients. The findings indicate that the use of rifampicin in a dose less than 10 mg/kg of the body weight in patients with chronic renal insufficiency is not advisable. The absence of rifampicin in the urine specimens collected during the first hours on the 2nd day after its single use or its use for 4--6 weeks indicate that rifampicin does not accumulate in patients with renal insufficiency. PMID- 6638985 TI - Statistical comparison of the antibacterial activities of broad-spectrum penicillins against gram-negative bacilli. AB - Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) or two alpha-carboxypenicillins (carbenicillin and ticarcillin) and three acylaminopenicillins (azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin) for 300 aerobic and facultative gram-negative bacilli were determined by a microdilution method and compared by parametric statistical tests. Within each group of penicillins, MICs were highly interrelated; MICs of one antibiotic were readily predictable based on knowledge of MICs of another antibiotic. Ticarcillin was consistently more active than carbenicillin by approximately one dilution step, but the relative activities of the acylaminopenicillins varied by bacterial species. The acylaminopenicillins were generally more active than the alpha-carboxypenicillins, particularly against alpha-carboxypenicillin-resistant organisms. There were exceptions, however, and antibiotic MICs in one group were not readily predictable on the basis of the knowledge of antibiotic MICs in the other group. The enhanced antibacterial potencies and spectra of the acylaminopenicillins against gram negative bacilli make these antibiotics potentially useful therapeutic agents. It is not necessary for clinical laboratories to routinely perform susceptibility tests with all five antibiotics. PMID- 6638986 TI - Properties of IncP-2 plasmids of Pseudomonas spp. AB - Thirty IncP-2 R plasmids from isolates of Pseudomonas spp. of diverse geographical origins were examined for the production of resistance properties. All the plasmids determined resistance to tellurite and all inhibited the propagation of certain DNA phages, although several patterns of phage inhibition were detected. Of the 30 plasmids, 29 determined resistance to streptomycin, 28 determined resistance to mercuric ion, and 24 determined resistance to sulfonamide. Resistance to other antibiotics, to compounds of arsenic, boron, or chromium, and to UV irradiation was less common. The degradative plasmid CAM also belonged to this group. When CAM was introduced into recipients carrying an IncP 2 R plasmid, recombinant plasmids were often formed in which antibiotic resistance and the ability to grow on camphor were transferred together to further recipients or were lost together in a strain in which IncP-2 plasmids were unstable. Such hybrid plasmid formation was rec dependent. CAM and other IncP-2 plasmids that determine UV light resistance demonstrated UV-enhanced, nonpolarized transfer of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosome. By agarose gel electrophoresis, all IncP-2 R plasmids and CAM were ca. 300 X 10(6) in molecular weight. PMID- 6638987 TI - Pharmacokinetics of metioprim in normal subjects and patients with impaired renal function. AB - The pharmacokinetics of metioprim, a new competitive inhibitor of bacterial dihydrofolate reductases, were studied after a single oral dose of 100 mg in two young healthy subjects, four elderly volunteers, and eight patients with impaired renal function. The pharmacokinetic parameters of unchanged metioprim were derived by analyzing plasma level curves using a two-compartment model. Plasma half-lives determined for the beta phase were 10.5 to 11.5 h in young volunteers, 12.0 to 12.9 h in elderly subjects, and 13.2 to 15.3 h in patients with renal impairment. A significant correlation between the overall elimination rate constant and the creatinine clearance was demonstrated. PMID- 6638988 TI - In vitro evaluation of three new macrolide antimicrobial agents, RU28965, RU29065, and RU29702, and comparisons with other orally administered drugs. AB - Three new macrolide drugs (RU28965, RU29065, and RU29702) were compared in vitro with erythromycin and five other orally administered antimicrobial agents by using 733 recent clinical isolates. All of the investigational macrolides had a spectrum very similar to that of erythromycin, but with slightly higher (two- to fourfold) minimum inhibitory concentrations against Haemophilus influenzae, staphylococci, and streptococci including Streptococcus faecalis. RU29065 and RU29702 were more active than erythromycin against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. The drugs appeared to be predominantly bacteriostatic and were ineffective against gram-negative bacilli, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations were greatly increased by high inoculum concentrations. Cross resistance between the macrolides was nearly complete, favoring the use of a single agent for in vitro susceptibility test if in vivo therapeutic differences are not observed. PMID- 6638989 TI - Activity of purine analogs against Leishmania tropica within human macrophages in vitro. AB - The activity of purine analogs against Leishmania tropica in human monocyte derived macrophages in vitro was determined. Formycin B, formycin A, formycin B and A monophosphate, and formycin A triphosphate all had 50% effective doses of 0.02 to 0.04 microM and eliminated 90% of organisms at less than or equal to 0.5 microM. Allopurinol ribonucleoside was much less active: the 50% effective dose was 76 to 190 microM, and 90% of organisms were not eliminated at the highest dose tested (190 microM). 7-Deazainosine had a low 50% effective dose (0.2 microM), but only 80% of organisms were eliminated at 4 microM. Thio derivatives were as active as or less active than the parent compounds. These data suggest that certain inosine analogs are much more active than others against macrophage contained Leishmania spp. such as are found in human lesions. However, because toxicity to the human macrophage hosts generally paralleled antileishmanial activity, the more active compounds might also be more toxic to human cells. The activity of 3-deazaguanosine (50% effective dose, 3.6 microM) in this model suggests that guanosine derivatives may have potential as antileishmanial agents. PMID- 6638990 TI - Rapid drug susceptibility testing of mycobacteria in tissue culture medium. AB - Mycobacteria grew rapidly in FST medium (tissue culture medium F12 supplemented with 5% serum and 0.05% Tween 80). Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other niacin-negative mycobacteria in flat-bottomed, 96-well tissue culture plates was estimable by the naked eye within 3 to 5 days when mycobacteria were inoculated at 0.1 to 0.01 Klett units (5 X 10(4) to 0.5 X 10(4) CFU) per well. Spontaneous resistant variants of M. tuberculosis to isoniazid arose and grew in the medium within 2 weeks of culture. A total of 56 clinically isolated mycobacteria whose drug susceptibilities had been tested by a conventional method were tested in FST medium for minimal inhibitory concentrations of streptomycin, ethambutol, rifampin, and isoniazid. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of these drugs in FST medium strictly coincided with the drug susceptibility patterns obtained by a conventional method, except for 3 of 224 estimations. PMID- 6638991 TI - Antimicrobial activity and other in vitro properties of cefoperazone A, the principal metabolite of cefoperazone sodium. AB - Cefoperazone A, the principal metabolite of cefoperazone, was found to have an antimicrobial activity ranging from slightly below to 16-fold less than that of the parent drug. Like cefoperazone, the metabolite is bactericidal, penetrates well into bacterial cells, and has moderate beta-lactamase stability, some strains of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae produce an inoculum effect on the metabolite activity. PMID- 6638992 TI - In vitro activities of new beta-lactam antibiotics against Acinetobacter spp. AB - The in vitro activities of new beta-lactam antibiotics was studied and compared with those of other known agents against 51 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus and 23 isolates of A. calcoaceticus subsp. lwoffi. Of the new beta-lactam antibiotics, imipemide (N-formimidoyl thienamycin), ceftazidime, ceftizoxime, ceftriaxone, and piperacillin demonstrated good activities. The minimal inhibitory concentrations for A. calcoaceticus subsp. lwoffi were lower than those obtained for A. calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus. PMID- 6638993 TI - Analysis of penicillin N ring expansion activity from Streptomyces clavuligerus by ion-pair high-pressure liquid chromatography. AB - An ion-pair, reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of penicillin N ring expansion activity has been developed which allows simultaneous measurement of both substrate and product. The high-pressure liquid chromatography conditions were as follows: stationary phase, C18; flow rate, 2 ml/min; detection, 220 nm. The stationary phase was preconditioned with 4.5 mM tetrabutylammonium bromide in 0.05 M KH2PO4 (pH 4.0)-methanol (85:15, vol/vol) and then equilibrated with 0.06 mM tetrabutylammonium bromide in 0.05 M KH2PO4 (pH 4.0)-methanol (95:5, vol/vol) for analysis of reaction mixtures. These conditions separated authentic samples of penicillin N and desacetoxycephalosporin C and allowed cell-free studies of the ring expansion of penicillin N to desacetoxycephalosporin C by a partially purified enzyme from Streptomyces clavuligerus to be followed conveniently. PMID- 6638994 TI - Resistance of gram-negative bacilli as related to hospital use of antimicrobial agents. AB - The development of resistance of gram-negative bacilli, which are common nosocomial pathogens, is an increasing problem. It is generally accepted that this resistance may directly reflect the frequency of use of various antimicrobial agents. Because our institution experienced in 1976 a dramatic change in the pattern of antimicrobial use, primarily a marked decrease in prescribing cephalosporins, we attempted to evaluate retrospectively the effects of this change upon the resistance of gram-negative bacilli that are common nosocomial pathogens. Susceptibilities of Klebsiella and Providencia spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens were determined for the years 1975 to 1979. Not unexpectedly, we observed a substantial decrease in cephalosporin resistance. An unexpected finding was a decrease in aminoglycoside resistance, despite increased use of these agents. The possibility that decreased cephalosporin use may lead to decreased aminoglycoside resistance is an intriguing and provocative thesis which can only be speculative at this time but which would seem worthy of additional formal investigation. PMID- 6638995 TI - Developmental pharmacokinetics of moxalactam. AB - A pharmacokinetic evaluation of moxalactam was performed with 30 infants and children with documented or suspected bacterial infections arising outside the central nervous system. Each child received 50 mg of moxalactam per kg infused intravenously over a period of 15 min every 8 h. A total of 26 children were studied after receiving the first dose; 20 of these, along with 4 additional patients, were evaluated after receiving continuous therapy for at least 3 days. After the first dose, the elimination half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and plasma clearance averaged 1.59 h, 0.331 liter/kg, and 100.9 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively. The biodisposition of the moxalactam epimers was also evaluated, with similar overall results. No differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were observed when the first-dose values were compared with those obtained at the steady state. Age-dependent changes in moxalactam elimination were observed for children of less than or equal to 1 year of age, suggesting that a dosage reduction may be necessary for children of less than or equal to 2 months of age. PMID- 6638996 TI - In vitro antibacterial activity of concentrated polyethylene glycol 400 solutions. AB - It was found that concentrated polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) solutions have significant antibacterial activity against various pathogenic bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. This effect might be attributed to two effects: lowering of water activity and, superimposed on this, the specific action of PEG-400 molecules on bacterial cells. Phase-contrast microscopic observations of cells placed in contact with PEG 400 revealed clumping and morphological changes of bacterial cells. The larger changes in appearance were evidenced by the species which were more rapidly killed by PEG 400. The results obtained suggested that concentrated PEG 400 solutions may have a potential value in medicine as a topical antibacterial agent. The feasibility of this application is the subject of present investigation. PMID- 6638997 TI - Clindamycin enhances opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Staphylococcus aureus 502A was grown in the presence of one-third of the minimal inhibitory concentration of clindamycin. Phagocytosis of the antibiotic-treated bacteria by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was significantly enhanced, compared with that of the untreated control (P less than 0.001). Study of opsonization kinetics by a chemiluminescence assay demonstrated that clindamycin treated staphylococci were opsonized more rapidly than control bacteria and that the serum concentration required for sufficient opsonization was lower. Complement was consumed much faster, and the opsonic fragment C3b was fixed more rapidly to the bacterial surface when the staphylococci were preincubated with clindamycin. Electron micrographs showed an alteration of the staphylococcal cell wall after clindamycin treatment. PMID- 6638999 TI - Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 19 antimicrobial agents for 96 clinical isolates of group IVe bacteria. AB - Susceptibility testing of 96 clinical group IVe isolates to 19 antimicrobial agents by agar dilution revealed that, at drug levels achievable in serum, the isolates were susceptible only to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, and colistin, whereas at drug concentrations attainable in urine, they were susceptible to erythromycin, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin as well. PMID- 6638998 TI - Minimal inhibitory concentrations of various antimicrobial agents for human oral anaerobic bacteria. AB - The minimal inhibitory concentrations of a series of antimicrobial agents for human oral organisms were determined under anaerobic growth conditions by an agar dilution assay. With the exception of black-pigmented Bacteroides spp., minimal inhibitory concentrations for oral isolates were similar to those for non-oral isolates of organisms of the same or closely related species. PMID- 6639001 TI - In vitro activity of midecamycin, a new macrolide antibiotic. AB - Midecamycin, an acetoxy-substituted macrolide antibiotic, was tested against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. It inhibited the majority of streptococci, staphylococci, and strains of Haemophilus and Listeria at concentrations of less than 3.1 micrograms/ml. It was less active than erythromycin, and it failed to inhibit erythromycin-resistant isolates. PMID- 6639000 TI - Effect of N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and nigericin on Staphylococcus aureus susceptibility to gentamicin. AB - The abilities of the H+-ATPase inhibitor N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and the antibiotic ionophore nigericin to enhance the bactericidal effect of subinhibitory concentrations of gentamicin in two strains of Staphylococcus aureus were studied. Each compound significantly increased both gentamicin uptake and killing. The use of agents which alter the plasma membrane energy state is a novel approach to enhance the activity of conventional antibiotics. PMID- 6639002 TI - In vitro activity of rodogyl against putative periodontopathic bacteria. AB - The minimal inhibitory concentrations of Rodogyl (composite tablet of metronidazole and spiramycin), metronidazole-spiramycin mixture, spiramycin, metronidazole, and tetracycline were determined for selected putative periodontopathic microorganisms. Rodogyl was active against almost all strains, including Bacteroides species and the anaerobic spirochetes. Synergism of the component drugs in the Rodogyl combination was noted against Propionibacterium species. Spiramycin activity against Actinomyces species was enhanced in the presence of metronidazole. PMID- 6639004 TI - Comparative analysis of conjugative plasmids mediating gentamicin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Five gentamicin-resistant clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were found to contain self-transmissible plasmids of 32 to 37 megadaltons in size. Restriction endonuclease digests of the plasmids were markedly similar to those of reference plasmids of unrelated geographical origin, thus suggesting the significant contribution of common conjugal plasmids to the emergence of gentamicin resistance in S. aureus populations. PMID- 6639003 TI - 5-fluorocytosine susceptibility of pathogenic fungi in the presence of allopurinol: potential for improving the therapeutic index of 5-fluorocytosine. AB - The minimal inhibitory concentration of 5-fluorocytosine in 18 pathogenic fungal isolates was not altered by either allopurinol (100 microM) or oxypurinol (100 microM). Since allopurinol at this level clinically has been demonstrated to interfere with 5-fluorouracil anabolism, thereby reducing toxicity owing to 5 fluorouracil, allopurinol may be useful in counteracting the 5-fluorouracil induced myelotoxicity observed in patients being treated with 5-fluorocytosine without interfering with the antifungal activity of 5-fluorocytosine. PMID- 6639006 TI - Antibacterial activity of DL 473, a C3-substituted rifamycin derivative. AB - DL 473 is a 3-[(4-cyclopentyl-1-piperazinyl)iminomethyl] rifamycin SV derivative which inhibited staphylococci, streptococci (including Streptococcus faecalis, Listeria species, and Bacteroides species. DL 473 was less active than rifampin against these species. DL 473 did not inhibit Enterobacteriaceae nor most Pseudomonas species. A combination of DL 473 and vancomycin or nafcillin tested against staphylococci was primarily additive and antagonism was not encountered. PMID- 6639005 TI - Diethylcarbamazine citrate, an antifilarial drug, stimulates human granulocyte adherence. AB - Incubation with diethylcarbamazine citrate caused significant augmentation of human neutrophil and eosinophil adherence to tissue culture plastic. This effect was dose dependent and cell dependent, with eosinophils showing greater sensitivity and a greater adhesive response to the drug than did neutrophils. Eosinophils preincubated with diethylcarbamazine citrate demonstrated decreased adhesive responses to other adherence-augmenting stimuli. Use of Fc-treated plastic augmented diethylcarbamazine citrate-stimulated neutrophil (but not eosinophil) adherence. Direct stimulation of host effector cell adherence may explain, in part, the therapeutic action of diethylcarbamazine citrate in vivo. PMID- 6639007 TI - Current issues in mental retardation in Hungary. AB - The status of care and treatment of the mentally retarded is reviewed. Specific aspects of diagnosis and care are discussed within the context of the philosophy of care. Additionally, a discussion of future trends is provided. PMID- 6639008 TI - Correlation between reaction time and intelligence in psychometrically similar groups in America and India. AB - The relationship between psychometrically tested reasoning ability, or general intelligence (Raven's Progressive Matrices), short-term memory (forward and backward digit span), and measures of reaction time (RT), including visual and auditory simple RT and four degrees of choice RT, was investigated in groups of unskilled workers, mostly of below average, borderline, or retarded mental ability, selected in the United States and in India. Both groups showed parallel phenomena with respect to the relative difficulty of the various RT tests, their factor structure, and their theoretically expected correlations with psychometric intelligence, although the correlations were lower (and generally nonsignificant) in the Indian group, most likely because of this group's greater restriction in range of ability. The findings, overall, are consistent with other recent studies of RT and intelligence, which indicate that our standard IQ tests reflect basic cognitive processes, particularly speed of information processing, involved in individual differences in intellectual ability, and not merely differences in specific acquired knowledge, skills, or cultural background. PMID- 6639009 TI - Interpersonal tactics and communicative strategies of Anglo-American and Mexican American mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded students. AB - In this investigation, we compared the preferred interpersonal tactics of mildly mentally retarded Mexican-American and Anglo-American children in an experimental social problem-solving situation. Sixty subjects were divided into four equal groups based upon ethnicity (Mexican-American or Anglo-American) and educational status (mildly mentally retarded or nonretarded). Results indicated that although there were no ethnic group differences, differences in preferred problem solving strategies were demonstrated by mentally retarded and nonretarded children. Overall, nonretarded children tended to utilize strategies such as cooperation and temporary withdrawal more often than mentally retarded children. PMID- 6639010 TI - Increasing productivity rates in adult mentally retarded clients: the failure of self-monitoring. AB - A series of three studies investigating procedures to increase productivity rates of mentally retarded adults in a sheltered workshop are reported. In the first study, the use of a behavioral intervention program implemented in a small classroom consisting of prompting, social praise, and performance feedback was found to significantly increase the productivity rates of five mentally retarded adults. Study 2 showed that simply the change in environment from the large, open space workshop setting to the smaller classroom did not contribute significantly to improve production. Despite the gains evident in the first study, production rates were found to decrease to pretreatment levels once the intervention was terminated. Study 3 examined the use of self-monitoring to increase productivity and achieve generalization across settings. Results of that study found self monitoring to be ineffective. Implications for future research are discussed in light of the failure of self-monitoring with the mentally retarded. PMID- 6639011 TI - Evaluating the degree of concordance between employers' evaluations of work behavior. AB - This study investigated employers' evaluations of work performed by six mentally retarded adults in a restaurant setting. The results suggested two important points. First, employers, when provided repeated observations of worker performance, rate employees fairly consistently along the production dimension (inter-rater reliability). Secondly, these same employers did not agree with themselves when provided double filmings of the same person working (intrarater reliability). Potential explanations for these findings and future areas of research are discussed. Finally, degree of concordance between trained observers and these same employers was estimated. PMID- 6639012 TI - Relation of rumen ATP concentration to bacterial and protozoal numbers. AB - Cultures of Streptococcus bovis and mixed populations of rumen bacteria were used to investigate the concentration of ATP and rumen bacterial numbers at various stages of growth. ATP, extracted with Tris buffer, was analyzed using the firefly luciferin-luciferase bioluminescent reaction. ATP concentrations of S. bovis and mixed cultures of rumen bacteria significantly correlated with live cell counts during the log phase of growth but not during the stationary phase. The average cellular ATP concentration of rumen bacteria was calculated to be 0.3 fg of ATP per cell. Studies done with in vivo artificial rumen apparatus revealed that the protozoal contribution to rumen fluid ATP pool size was much more substantial than was the bacterial contribution. The rumen fluid ATP concentration was greater in cattle with protozoa than in those that were defaunated. Differences in ATP concentration due to size differences of ciliate protozoa were observed. Due to the unbalanced distribution of ATP in rumen microbes, ATP appears to be an unsuitable indicator of rumen microbial biomass. PMID- 6639013 TI - Phenylacetic acid stimulation of cellulose digestion by Ruminococcus albus 8. AB - The rate of cellulose digestion by Ruminococcus albus 8 grown on a defined medium could be increased by adding a minimum of 6.6% (vol/vol) rumen fluid. Strain 8 was grown on half this concentration, and the culture medium before and after growth was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine which components of the rumen fluid were used. Phenylacetic acid was identified as the component needed to make the defined medium nutritionally equivalent to one supplemented with rumen fluid. [14C]phenylacetic acid fed to cultures of strain 8 was primarily incorporated into protein. Hydrolysis of protein samples and separation of the resulting amino acids showed that only phenylalanine was labeled. The results indicate that cellulose digestion by strain 8 was probably limited by phenylalanine biosynthesis in our previously reported medium. The data obtained on the utilization of other rumen fluid components, as well as on the production of metabolites, illustrate the potential usefulness of this method in formulating defined media to simulate those in nature. PMID- 6639015 TI - Properties and roles of bacterial symbionts of polyvinyl alcohol-utilizing mixed cultures. AB - From several polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-utilizing mixed cultures, two component bacterial strains essential for PVA utilization were isolated, and their properties and roles in PVA utilization were studied. Each pair of essential component strains consisted of a type I strain, which produced a PVA-degrading enzyme and constituted the predominant population of the mixed culture in PVA, and a type II strain, which produced a certain growth stimulant for the former strain. All of the type I strains were taxonomically identical and assigned as Pseudomonas sp. In contrast, type II strains were taxonomically different from each other, belonging to Pseudomonas spp. and Alcaligenes sp. PVA utilization occurred in each mixed culture of a type I strain with Pseudomonas putida VM15A as a substitute for the type II strain of the original pair and also in each mixed culture of a type II strain with Pseudomonas sp. VM15C. The growth rates of these substituted, mixed cultures differed from each other. PMID- 6639014 TI - Purification and characterization of 1-nitropyrene nitroreductases from Bacteroides fragilis. AB - We isolated four nitroreductases from Bacteroides fragilis GAI0624 and examined their physicochemical and functional properties. Two major enzyme activities were found in the adsorbed and unadsorbed fractions from DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The adsorbed fraction was subjected to Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, and two further activities were separated. One has high nitroreductase activity (nitroreductase I), and the other has low activity and relatively high molecular weight (nitroreductase III). The nitroreductase I fraction was subjected to hydroxylapatite and chromatofocusing column chromatography, and nitroreductase I was purified about 416-fold with a yield of 6.77%. The unadsorbed fraction from DEAE-cellulose column chromatography was subjected to Sepharose 2B and Sepharose 6B column chromatography. Two enzyme activities were obtained by the Sepharose 6B column chromatography. One has high activity (nitroreductase II), and the other has low activity (nitroreductase IV). Nitroreductase II was rechromatographed by Sepharose 6B gel filtration and purified about 178-fold with a yield of 9.65%. The four enzymes (nitroreductases I, II, III, and IV) were shown to be different by several criteria. Their molecular weights, determined by gel filtration, were 52,000, 320,000, 180,000, and 680,000, respectively. The substrate specificity, the effect on mutagenicity of mutagenic nitro compounds, of nitroreductases I, III, and IV was relatively high for 1-nitropyrene, dinitropyrenes, and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, respectively, but nitroreductase II had broad specificity. Nitroreductase activity required a coenzyme; nitroreductases II, III, and IV were NADPH linked, but nitroreductase I was NADH linked. All enzyme activity was enhanced by addition of flavin mononucleotide and inhibited significantly by dicumarol, p chloromercuribenzoic acid, o-iodosobenzoic acid, sodium azide, and Cu2+.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639016 TI - Predicting coliform concentrations in upland impoundments: design and calibration of a multivariate model. AB - This paper reports on the calibration and use of a multiple regression model designed to predict concentrations of Escherichia coli and total coliforms in two upland British impoundments. The multivariate approach has improved predictive capability over previous univariate linear models because it includes predictor variables for the timing and magnitude of hydrological input to the reservoirs and physiochemical parameters of water quality. The significance of these results for catchment management research is considered. PMID- 6639017 TI - Detection and enumeration of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica in food by DNA colony hybridization. AB - A portion of a 44-megadalton plasmid found in Yersinia enterocolitica 8081 was used as a genetic probe to differentiate virulent and nonvirulent strains of the species. A DNA colony hybridization technique was employed. Three BamHI restriction endonuclease fragments labeled with 32P by nick translation were hybridized to lysed colonies of pure cultures, mixtures of virulent and nonvirulent cells, and portions of a food sample artificially contaminated with virulent Y. enterocolitica. The results of the colony hybridization test for virulence were the same as those obtained by the autoagglutination and suckling mouse tests. DNA colony hybridization detects pathogenic Y. enterocolitica in foods without the need for enrichment or pure cultures. PMID- 6639018 TI - Effect of soluble carbohydrates on digestion of cellulose by pure cultures of rumen bacteria. AB - The rate of cellulose digestion in the presence of either glucose or cellobiose was studied for the three predominant species of cellulolytic rumen bacteria: Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Bacteroides succinogenes. When a soluble carbohydrate was added to cellulose broth, the lag phase of cellulose digestion was shortened. Presumably, this was due to greater numbers of bacteria, because increasing the size of the inoculum had a similar effect. Cellulose digestion occurred simultaneously with utilization of the soluble carbohydrate. The rate of cellulose digestion slowed markedly for B. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens and slowed less for R. albus after the cellobiose or glucose had been utilized, and was accompanied by a decrease in pH. Both the rate and the extent of cellulose digestion were partially inhibited when the initial pH of the medium was 6.3 or below. R. albus appeared to be less affected by a low-pH medium than were B. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens. When a soluble carbohydrate was added to the fermentation during the maximum-rate phase of cellulose digestion, the rate of cellulose digestion was not affected until after the soluble carbohydrate had been depleted and the pH had decreased markedly. Prolonged exposure of the bacteria to a low pH had little if any effect on their subsequent ability to digest cellulose. Cellulase activity of intact bacterial cells appeared to be constitutive in nature for these three species of rumen bacteria. PMID- 6639019 TI - Characterization of staphylococci. AB - A total of 158 Staphylococcus strains from various sources were characterized by biochemical, physiological, and morphological tests. Numerical taxonomy was applied by using these features. Taxonomic analysis was done with programs run under the MVS-TSO system of the IBM 370 complex and PDP-10 system of the National Institutes of Health. DNA-DNA hybridization with nitrocellulose filters was done to compare selected atypical cultures with American Type Culture Collection reference strains. We found that the use of the nomenclature of Bergey's Manual (8th edition) to identify these strains by species was not adequate. DNA homology values supported the formation of Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus separate from Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. The three tests that best separated these strains into four species were (i) tube coagulase (6-h or 24-h porcine plasma or 24-h Difco rabbit plasma), (ii) production of acetoin or acid aerobically from ribose, maltose, or trehalose, and (iii) growth in the presence of novobiocin. Four strains of S. hyicus subsp. hyicus (VII76, VII113, VII131, and VA519) gave typical enterotoxigenic responses in monkey-feeding tests but were negative for enterotoxins A through E, suggesting the presence of one or more new enterotoxins. Two coagulase-negative, heat-stable DNase-positive strains (D143 and ARM) could not be classified by either DNA-DNA hybridization or numerical taxonomy, and D143 was enterotoxigenic as measured by the monkey-feeding bioassay. DNA homology showed that strain FRI-698M was more closely related to S. epidermidis than to S. aureus, yet it produced enterotoxin D. These data suggest the occurrence of coagulase-negative enterotoxigenic strains that are not S. aureus; nonetheless, a positive tube coagulase test and heat-stable DNase test should together be useful for routine screening of most potentially enterotoxigenic staphylococci in foods. PMID- 6639020 TI - Absence of microbial mineralization of lignin in anaerobic enrichment cultures. AB - The existence of anaerobic biodegradation of lignin was examined in mixed microflora. Egyptian soil samples, in which rapid mineralization of organic matter takes place in the presence of an important anaerobic microflora, were used to obtain the anaerobic enrichment cultures for this study. Specifically, 14CO2 or [14C]lignin wood was used to investigate the release of labeled gaseous or soluble degradation products of lignin in microbial cultures. No conversion of 14C-labeled lignin to 14CO2 or 14CH4 was observed after 6 months of incubation at 30 degrees C in anaerobic conditions with or without NO3-. A small increase in soluble radioactivity was observed in certain cultures, but it could not be related to the release of catabolic products during the anaerobic biodegradation of lignin. PMID- 6639021 TI - Degradation and total mineralization of monohalogenated biphenyls in natural sediment and mixed bacterial culture. AB - Mixed bacterial cultures obtained from polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated river sediments are capable of degrading monohalogenated biphenyls under simulated natural conditions. Culture conditions include river water as supportive medium and mixed bacterial cultures obtained from river sediments. Degradation occurs when the substrates are supplied as the sole carbon source or when added together with glucose. The degradation rates of 2-, 3-, and 4 chlorobiphenyl, at 30 micrograms ml-1, were 1.1, 1.6, and 2.0 micrograms ml-1 day 1, respectively. Monobrominated biphenyls, including 2-, 3-, and 4-bromobiphenyl, were degraded at rates of 2.3, 4.2, and 1.4 micrograms ml-1 day-1, respectively. Metabolites, including halogenated benzoates, were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. By using chlorophenyl ring-labeled monochlorobiphenyls as substrates, total mineralization (defined as CO2 production from the chlorophenyl ring) was observed for 4-chlorobiphenyl but not for 2-chlorobiphenyl. Rates of total mineralization of 4-chlorobiphenyl (at 39 to 385 micrograms ml-1 levels) were dependent on substrate concentration, whereas variation of cell number in the range of 10(5) to 10(7) cells ml-1 had no significant effects. Simulated sunlight enhanced the rate of mineralization by ca. 400%. PMID- 6639022 TI - Adsorption of reovirus to clay minerals: effects of cation-exchange capacity, cation saturation, and surface area. AB - The adsorption of reovirus to clay minerals has been reported by several investigators, but the mechanisms defining this association have been studied only minimally. The purpose of this investigation was to elucidate the mechanisms involved with this interaction. More reovirus type 3 was adsorbed, in both distilled and synthetic estuarine water, by low concentrations of montmorillonite than by comparable concentrations of kaolinite containing a mixed complement of cations on the exchange complex. Adsorption to the clays was essentially immediate and was correlated with the cation-exchange capacity of the clays, indicating that adsorption was primarily to negatively charged sites on the clays. Adsorption was greater with low concentrations of clays in estuarine water than in distilled water, as the higher ionic strength of the estuarine water reduced the electrokinetic potential of both clay and virus particles. The addition of cations (as chloride salts) to distilled water enhanced adsorption, with divalent cations being more effective than monovalent cations and 10(-2) M resulting in more adsorption than 10(-3) M. Potassium ions suppressed reovirus adsorption to montmorillonite, probably by collapsing the clay lattices and preventing the expression of the interlayer-derived cation-exchange capacity. More virus was adsorbed by montmorillonite made homoionic to various mono-, di-, and trivalent cations (except by montmorillonite homoionic to potassium) than by comparable concentrations of kaolinite homoionic to the same cations. The sequence of the amount of adsorption to homoionic montmorillonite was Al greater than Ca greater than Mg greater than Na greater than K; the sequence of adsorption to kaolinite was Na greater than Al greater than Ca greater than Mg greater than K. The constant partition-type adsorption isotherms obtained when the clay concentration was maintained constant and the virus concentration was varied indicated that a fixed proportion of the added virus population was adsorbed, regardless of the concentration of infectious particles. A heterogeneity within the reovirus population was indicated. PMID- 6639023 TI - Assessment of bacterial growth and total organic carbon removal on granular activated carbon contactors. AB - The overall growth rate of bacteria on granular activated carbon (GAC) contactors at the Philadelphia Torresdale Water Treatment Pilot Plant facility was found to decrease until steady state was reached. The growth rate was found to fluctuate between 6.94 X 10(-3) and 8.68 X 10(-4) doublings per h. The microbiological removal of total organic carbon (TOC) was calculated by considering the GAC contactors as semiclosed continuous culture systems and using growth yield factors determined in laboratory experiments. After ozonation, the average TOC entering the contactors was 1,488 micrograms/liter, and the average effluent TOC was 497 micrograms/liter. Microbiological TOC removal was found to average 240 micrograms/liter on GAC contactors, which was not significantly different from microbiological TOC (220 micrograms/liter) removal across a parallel sand contactor where no adsorption took place. Thus, GAC did not appear to enhance biological TOC removal. Bacterial growth and maintenance was responsible for approximately 24% of the TOC removal on GAC under the conditions of this study. PMID- 6639024 TI - Mutagenesis of Micromonospora rosaria by using protoplasts and mycelial fragments. AB - Both mycelial fragments and protoplasts were successfully employed for mutagenesis of Micromonospora rosaria NRRL 3718, and the results were compared. The optimal conditions and effective procedures for mutagenesis of M. rosaria by a chemical mutagen, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, have been determined. Mutation was efficiently induced when mycelial fragments were treated with N methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine at a concentration of 0.3 to 0.5 mg/ml in the reaction buffer of pH 7.0. Optimal treatment time was 20 to 40 min. Ampicillin treatment was very effective for enrichment of auxotrophs. Protoplasts showed much higher sensitivity to the lethal effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine. Although protoplasts have some advantage of single cell characteristics, the frequency of auxotrophs obtained was somewhat lower. Up to 4% of the colonies were shown to be auxotrophs under the well-defined conditions. This mutagenesis method with protoplasts or fragmented mycelia (or both) should be applicable to other actinomycetes that have limited or no sporulation. PMID- 6639025 TI - Kinetics of two subgroups of propionate-using organisms in anaerobic digestion. AB - A novel method for measuring the kinetics of a subgroup of organisms growing in mixed culture was used to measure the kinetics of propionate-using organisms in a mixed-population anaerobic digester. It was shown that there are at least two subgroups of propionate-using organisms with distinctly different growth kinetics. Both subgroups could grow without reducing sulfate. The slower-growing subgroup had a Ks of 11 mg/liter and a mumax of 0.0054 h-1 which is similar to the mumax reported for Syntrophobacter wolinii. The faster-growing group had a mumax of 0.050 h-1 and a Ks of 330 mg/liter. The slower-growing group was inhibited by a pH shock from 7.0 to 6.0, whereas the faster-growing group was less sensitive to the pH shock. PMID- 6639026 TI - Bacterial degradation of lignified wood cell walls in anaerobic aquatic habitats. AB - Test blocks of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) were buried in fresh, brackish, and seawater anaerobic muds for periods ranging between 1 and 18 months. At appropriate time intervals the test blocks were recovered and examined for changes in weight and for bacterial attack of lignified wood cell walls. Only small weight losses occurred. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that there was extensive superficial bacterial erosion of beech wood cell walls. The decay patterns are illustrated by micrographs and discussed in relation to other types of bacterial attack. PMID- 6639027 TI - Rumen bacterial and fungal degradation of Digitaria pentzii grown with or without sulfur. AB - Sheep fed the forage Digitaria pentzii fertilized with sulfur were compared with those fed unfertilized forage for the rumen microbial population involved with fiber degradation. No differences were detected in the bacterial population as determined by anaerobic cultures on a habitat-simulating medium, xylan, or pectin, by 35S labeling techniques for microbial protein, or by transmission electron microscopic studies of bacterium-fiber interactions. Rumen volume and water flow from the rumen were not different for sheep fed each of the forages. Rumen fungi were prevalent in sheep fed sulfur-fertilized D. pentzii as shown by sporangia adhering to forage fiber and by colonies developing from zoospores in roll tubes with cellobiose plus streptomycin and penicillin. Fungi were absent or in extremely small numbers in sheep fed unfertilized forage. Nylon bag digestibility studies showed that the fungi preferentially colonized the lignified cells of blade sclerenchyma by 6 h and caused extensive degradation by 24 h. In the absence of bacteria in in vitro studies, extensive hyphal development occurred; other lignified tissues in blades (i.e., mestome sheath and xylem) were attacked, resulting in a residue with partially degraded and weakened cell walls. Nonlignified tissues were also degraded. Breaking force tests of leaf blades incubated in vitro with penicillin and streptomycin and rumen fluid from sheep fed sulfur-fertilized forage or within nylon bags in such sheep showed a residue at least twice as fragile as that from sheep fed unfertilized forage. In vitro tests for dry matter loss showed that rumen fungi, in the absence of actively growing bacteria, could remove about 62% of the forage material. The response of rumen fungi in sheep fed sulfur-fertilized D. pentzii afforded a useful in vivo test to study the role of these microbes in fiber degradation. Our data establish that rumen fungi can be significant degraders of fiber and further establish a unique role for them in attacking and weakening lignocellulosic tissues. The more fragile residues resulting from attack by fungi could explain the greater intake consistently observed by sheep eating sulfur-fertilized compared with unfertilized D. pentzii forage. PMID- 6639028 TI - Relationship between colonization of hospital building with Legionella pneumophila and hot water temperatures. AB - Legionella pneumophila was isolated from four hospital buildings that maintained hot water storage temperatures at 43 to 45 degrees C. Two adjacent hospital buildings with negative cultures maintained temperatures at 58 to 60 degrees C. PMID- 6639029 TI - Endotoxins in baled cottons and airborne dusts in textile mills in the People's Republic of China. AB - Bulk cotton samples and airborne vertical elutriated cotton dusts were obtained from textile mills in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Analysis of endotoxin contents revealed that baled cottons which were grown in different countries varied in endotoxin contamination. The two textile mills, which operated at similar overall airborne dust levels, differed markedly in the levels of airborne endotoxins. The data suggest that the biological activity or "toxicity" of airborne cotton dusts may not be correlated directly with gravimetric dust levels. PMID- 6639030 TI - Use of murine myeloma protein M467 for detecting Salmonella spp. in milk. AB - This investigation introduces the use of an immunoglobulin A mouse myeloma protein for the detection of Salmonella spp. in milk. The immunoglobulin A protein M467 reacts with flagellin from a wide variety of serotypes. Two assays were developed which used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and M467. Alkaline phosphatase was conjugated to M467 (M467-PH), and the presence of Salmonella dublin was detected by a competitive solid-phase ELISA and a membrane filtration ELISA. The competitive assay competed viable Salmonella spp. found in contaminated milk against polymerized flagellin or whole bacteria fixed to polyvinyl plates for binding by M467-PH. The membrane filtration method utilized a hydrophilic membrane for filtering the bacteria, which were then detected by the reaction with M467-PH and substrate. The sensitivity of the competitive solid phase ELISA was 10(3) bacteria ml-1, whereas the filter membrane assay required the media containing the bacteria to be cultured in enrichment medium for 4 h before the assay to ensure detection. Either assay could be run within a typical 8-h work day. The filter membrane assay was not suitable for milk due to the high level of natural alkaline phosphatase activity in the liquid food. PMID- 6639031 TI - Microthrix parvicella, a filamentous bacterium isolated from activated sludge: cultivation in a chemically defined medium. AB - A large number of media have been tested for cultivating Microthris parvicella, a filamentous microorganism often present in the activated sludge of oxidation ditches. The bacterium was found to utilize oleic acid (preferably as Tween 80) as the sole source of carbon and energy. Sulfur is required in the reduced form. The tested media vary from a complex to a chemically defined medium. Growth yields of 1.3 to 1.5 g/liter were obtained on media containing Tween 80 (4 g/liter), reduced nitrogen and reduced sulfur compounds, calcium and magnesium salts, phosphate buffer, trace elements, thiamin, and cyanocobalamin. The optimum temperature for growing the organism is approximately 25 degrees C, and the pH of the nutrient medium should be above 7. PMID- 6639032 TI - Hexavalent chromium-resistant bacteria isolated from river sediments. AB - Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a known carcinogen and mutagen; however, the actual mechanisms of Cr toxicity are unknown. Two approaches were used to isolate Cr(VI)-resistant bacteria from metal-contaminated river sediments. Diluted sediments were plated directly onto a peptone-yeast extract (PYE) medium containing 0 to 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. Approximately 8.4 x 10(5) CFU g-1 were recovered on 0 microgram of Cr(VI) ml-1, whereas 4.0 x 10(2) CFU g-1 were recovered on PYE plus 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. Alternatively, continuous culture enrichment techniques were employed using PYE and 100 micrograms Cr(VI) ml-1 input at dilution rates of 0.02 and 0.10 h-1. After six residence periods, 10(9) CFU were recovered on PYE agar containing 0 microgram of Cr(VI) ml-1 and 10(7) CFU on PYE agar plus 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. Of 89 isolates obtained by direct plating onto PYE, 47% were resistant to 100 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1, and 29% were resistant to 250 micrograms of Cr(VI) ml-1. When the same isolates were plated onto PYE containing Cr(III), 88% were resistant to 100 micrograms ml 1 but only 2% were resistant to 250 micrograms ml-1. Cr, Co, Sb, and Zn were found in significantly higher concentrations at an industry-related contaminated site than at a site 11 km downstream. Total Cr in the sediments at the contaminated site averaged 586 micrograms (dry weight) g-1, and the downstream site averaged 71 micrograms (dry weight) g-1. The Cr recovered from acid-digested Ottawa River sediment samples was predominantly hexavalent. Five acid digestion procedures followed by atomic absorption spectroscopy were compared and found to be 30 to 70% efficient for recovery of Cr relative to neutron activation analysis. A population of aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria was recovered from sediments containing elevated levels of Cr.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639033 TI - Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from domestic and wild mammals in Norway. AB - A total of 1,262 domestic and wild mammals from Norway were surveyed for fecal carriage of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Of the five species of domestic mammals examined, the highest isolation rate was recorded among swine (100.0%), followed by sheep (8.1%) and cows (0.8%). No strains were recovered from horses or goats. Among wild mammals, C. jejuni was isolated from 1 of 23 hares, and no isolated were obtained from three species of cervids and three species of rodents. Of the 133 Campylobacter strains isolated, 114 were classified as C. coli, 18 were C. jejuni biotype 1, and 1 belonged to C. jejuni biotype 2. All 114 strains from swine were C. coli. Milk samples from 113 domestic animals with clinically diagnosed mastitis (106 cows, 5 sheep, 1 horse, and 1 pig) were negative for campylobacters. PMID- 6639034 TI - Modification of delayed-incubation procedure for detection of fecal coliforms in water. AB - Three holding media, including the vitamin-free Casitone holding medium (m-VFC) recommended by Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for use with the delayed-incubation membrane filter procedure, were compared for their ability to maintain viability of fecal coliforms. Each medium was tested according to the procedure described in the above reference with 60 to 80 pure cultures of fecal coliforms and a variety of natural water samples containing fecal coliforms. Fecal coliform recovery with m-ST holding medium (containing ethanol, sulfanilamide, and Tris [pH 8.6] was significantly greater than recovery with m-VFC (containing vitamin-free casein hydrolysate, sodium benzoate, sulfanilamide, and ethanol). Recovery with m-VFC, was, in turn, significantly greater than with NSB medium (containing nutrient broth, boric acid, and NaCl as major ingredients). Fecal coliform counts obtained with m-ST by the delayed incubation membrane filter procedure were higher than counts obtained by the standard immediate incubation. This result suggested that some of the sublethally injured fecal coliforms in natural water samples may have recovered during the incubation period. We propose that m-ST be used in place of m-VFC for the delayed incubation membrane filter procedure. PMID- 6639035 TI - Relationship between lactic acid concentration and bacterial spoilage in ground beef. AB - Lactic acid concentration correlated with organoleptic spoilage of refrigerated, coarsely ground beef stored in casings with low oxygen permeability. The samples were assayed over time for lactic acid concentration, total aerobic plate count, percentage of gram-positive organisms, and pH. Lactic acid increased in all samples, as did the bacterial counts and percentage of gram-positive organisms in the total microflora, the latter representing an increase in the lactic acid producing bacteria. pH was found to decrease in all samples, with the smallest decrease in pH being observed in the meat sample which maintained the lowest proportion of gram-positive organisms. With samples evaluated by a sensory panel, lactic acid levels were found to correlate inversely with odor acceptability. PMID- 6639036 TI - Novel method for selective isolation of actinomycetes. AB - A new technique for the selective isolation of actinomycetes from natural mixed microbial populations is described. A nutrient agar medium was overlaid with a 0.22- to 0.45-microns-pore cellulose ester membrane filter, and the surface of the filter was inoculated. During incubation, the branched mycelia of the actinomycetes penetrated the filter pores to the underlying agar medium, whereas growth of nonactinomycete bacteria was restricted to the filter surface. The membrane filter was removed, and the agar medium was reincubated to allow the development of the isolated actinomycete colonies. This procedure selects actinomycetes on the basis of their characteristic mycelial mode of growth, offers a general method for their selective isolation, and does not rely on the use of special nutrient media or of antibacterial antibiotics. PMID- 6639037 TI - Effects of nutrient deprivation on Vibrio cholerae. AB - Environmental and clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae were exposed to nutrient free artificial seawater and filtered natural seawater microcosms for selected time intervals and examined for changes in cell morphology and number. Cells observed by transmission electron and epifluorescence microscopy were found to undergo gross alterations in cell morphology with time of exposure. The vibroid cells decreased in volume by 85% and developed into small coccoid forms surrounded by remnant cell walls. The initial number of cells inoculated into nutrient-free microcosms (culturable count and direct viable count) increased 2.5 log10 within 3 days, and even after 75 days the number of viable cells was still 1 to 2 log10 higher than the initial inoculum size. Nutrient-depleted coccoid shaped cells were restored to normal size and assumed a bacillary shape within 3 h and began to divide within 5 h after nutrient supplementation. The increase in cell number and decrease in cell volume under nutrient-depleted conditions, as well as the rapid growth response after nutrient supplementation, may describe some of the survival mechanisms of V. cholerae in the aquatic environment. PMID- 6639038 TI - Simple and rapid method for disruption of bacteria for protein studies. AB - A simple and rapid method was developed for the extraction of proteins from both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. The method involves the treatment of cells with acetone followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction of cellular proteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the protein composition of extracts made by this method was comparable to that of extracts made by established methods, namely, sonication and agitation with beads. This technique has been successfully applied to the extraction of proteins from a wide variety of bacteria, including pathogens. PMID- 6639039 TI - Toxicity studies of metabolites of some fungal isolates in albino mice. AB - Crude metabolites of 21 of 60 fungal cultures isolated from some of the common cereals collected from different parts of India were found to be toxic. Of these toxin-producing fungi, 79% caused hepatic pathology of varying severity in mice. Serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase values and blood urea nitrogen were found to be high in such experimental animals. PMID- 6639040 TI - Comparison of cytotoxicity and thin-layer chromatography methods for detection of mycotoxins. AB - Thirty-three standard mycotoxins were assayed by thin-layer chromatography and by cytotoxicity in HEp-2 and Chang cells. Various levels of detection were found. The cytotoxicity test was significantly more sensitive than thin-layer chromatography for the trichothecenes and should be useful for screening extracts from animal feedstuffs for the presence of unknown mycotoxins. PMID- 6639041 TI - Ontogeny of the leg muscle tissue in the crooked neck dwarf mutant (cn/cn) chick embryo. AB - The crooked neck dwarfism (cn/cn) is characterized, among other anomalies, by a muscular hypoplasia, particularly conspicuous in the tibiotarsal segment. Histological observations were performed between day 6 and day 12.5 of incubation. They show, in the tibiotarsal segment, that the hereditary muscular hypoplasia is not caused by a defect of the normal muscular splitting pattern. Indeed, in the mutant, the splitting of muscle masses proceeds normally up to the last partition (day 7-7.5), but is followed by the secondary fusion of individuated muscles into an unpatterned muscle tissue. Thus the mutant phenotype is the result of an inability of the muscle pattern to become stabilized into definitive structures. PMID- 6639042 TI - Tubulated bodies in teleost (Pimelodus maculatus) endothelial cells. AB - In the present report tubulated granules are described for the first time in a freshwater teleost (Pimelodus maculatus) endothelial cells. Some ultrastructural characteristics as well as the localization and distribution suggest that tubulated bodies represent the teleost counterpart of the Weibel-Palade bodies described in other animal classes. PMID- 6639043 TI - [Cicatrization of the skin of the 7-day-old chick embryo cultured in vitro]. AB - A morphological study of in vitro wound healing has been performed by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy in dorsal thoraco-lumbar skin of 7 day chick embryos. A circular wound, 750 microns in diameter, was punched out of dorsal skin, removing epidermis and the underlying dense dermis. Wound closure was completed within 96 to 120 hours. Feather bud development was not observed at the wound site. The epidermis began to migrate some 24 h after the wounding; the migration of peridermal cells preceded that of basal epidermal cells by some 12 hours. Mechanisms of the epidermal migration were similar to those observed in situ during wound healing of the integument in 5-day chick embryos (THEVENET, 1981), Superficial epithelization of bare dermis occurred as soon as 12 h after the injury. Cytoplasm of dermal cells exhibited many microtubules and a dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. During the first 48 h, the epidermal cells established direct contacts and zones of close parallel apposition with epithelized dermal cell processes. The basement membrane lamina densa was maintained at the edges of the wound without retraction or ruffling. It was reconstituted concomitantly with the epidermal migration within 72 h. Cytoplasm of migratory epidermal and epithelized dermal cells exhibited many cytoskeleton structures. PMID- 6639044 TI - [Ultrastructural study of embryonic development in Grantia compressa F. (Porifera, Calcarea)]. AB - The embryonic development of Grantia compressa is studied by means of the electron microscope from the blastula inside the mesenchyme to the mature amphi blastula released in the excurrent canals. The study of the different cellular categories of the embryon shows the distribution of the vitellin inclusions and their evolution. The ultrastructure of the "cellules en croix" is not in favour of a photoreceptor part. PMID- 6639045 TI - Phospholipase A2 of chicken erythrocyte membranes. AB - Chicken erythrocytes have been found to have at least two kinds of phospholipase A2. The first is a soluble enzyme from the cytosole fraction and has no calcium sensitivity. The second can be extracted from the plasma membrane fraction with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. In this study the membrane-bound enzyme was partially purified by affinity chromatography on phosphatidylcholine-Sepharose, and its specific activity was increased 1100-fold compared with that of the cell homogenate without nuclei. It has an optimum pH of 8.5 and required calcium for maximum activity. It showed the specificity for both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, but reacted preferentially on the former substrate. Analysis by concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatography revealed that the membrane-bound phospholipase A2 was retained on the resin and could be eluted specifically with a haptenic sugar, methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside. The enzyme seems to be either a concanavalin A-binding glycoprotein or a part of a complex with certain concanavalin A-binding glycoproteins. PMID- 6639046 TI - Kinetic properties of arachidonoyl-coenzyme A synthetase in rat brain microsomes. AB - Free arachidonic acid is released rapidly in the brain at the onset of ischemia and during convulsions. The transient nature of this phenomenon indicates the existence of an active reacylation system for this fatty acid, likely an arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase-arachidonoyl transferase. The first of these enzymatic activities in brain microsomes was studied and it was found that [1 14C]arachidonic acid is rapidly activated and shows an absolute requirement for ATP and CoA. MgCl2 enhances this activity 10-fold. The optimum pH is 8.5, and the apparent Km values for the radiolabeled substrate, ATP, CoA, and MgCl2 are 36, 154, 8, and 182 microM, respectively. The apparent Vmax is 32.4 nmol/min/mg protein for arachidonic acid. The presence of Triton X-100 (0.1%) in the assay medium caused a significant reduction in apparent Km (9.4 microM) and Vmax (25.7 nmol/min/mg protein) values. The enzymatic activity is thermolabile with a T1/2 of less than 1 min at 45 degrees C and a maximal activity at 40 degrees C. The breaking point or transition temperature is 25 degrees C in an Arrhenius plot. The activation energies were 95 kJ/mol from 0 to 25 degrees C and 30 kJ/mol from 25 to 40 degrees C. Fatty acid competition studies showed inhibition by unlabeled docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids with a Ki of 31 and 37 microM, respectively, in the absence and 18 and 7.7 microM in the presence of Triton X 100. Palmitic acid and oleic acid slightly inhibited the reaction whereas linoleic acid inhibited it to a moderate extent. It is concluded that this very active enzyme can activate arachidonic acid as well as docosahexaenoic acid in brain microsomes. In addition, this reaction may be involved in regulating the pool size of these free fatty acids in brain by rapid removal through activation, thus limiting eicosanoid formation. Moreover, the rapid formation of polyenoic acyl-coenzyme A may participate in the retention of essential fatty acids in the central nervous system. PMID- 6639047 TI - Protein phosphorylation-induced State I-State II transitions are dependent on thylakoid membrane microviscosity. AB - Incorporation of cholesterol hemisuccinate into thylakoid membranes decreased the membrane fluidity as measured by polarized fluorescence from 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene. Increasing membrane viscosity in this manner did not inhibit the thylakoid membrane protein kinase. In contrast the effects of the protein phosphorylation on State I-State II transitions, which were observed in untreated membranes, were abolished. This observation is interpreted as indicating that protein phosphorylation-induced energy transfer changes are sensitive to membrane viscosity because they might require a lateral migration of the light-harvesting complex serving Photosystem II from grana to stromal lamellae. Cation effects on room- and low-temperature fluorescence emission properties and membrane adhesion were not abolished in these cholesterol hemisuccinate-treated membranes. PMID- 6639048 TI - Solubilization and partial purification of dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase from guinea pig liver. AB - Dihydroxyacetone-phosphate:acyl coenzyme A acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.42) was solubilized and partially purified from guinea pig liver crude peroxisomal fraction. The peroxisomal membrane was isolated after osmotic shock treatment and the bound dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase was solubilized by treatment with a mixture of KCl-sodium cholate. The solubilized enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by Sepharose 6B gel filtration. The enzyme was purified 1200-fold relative to the guinea pig liver homogenate and 80- to 100-fold from the crude peroxisomal fraction, with an overall yield of 25-30% from peroxisomes. The partially purified enzyme was stimulated two- to fourfold by Asolectin (a soybean phospholipid preparation), and also by individual classes of phospholipid such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. The kinetic properties of the enzyme showed that in the absence of Asolectin there was a discontinuity in the reciprocal plot indicating two different apparent Km values (0.1 and 0.5 mM) for dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The Vmax was 333 nmol/min/mg protein. In the presence of Asolectin the reciprocal plot was linear, with a Km = 0.1 mM and no change in Vmax. The enzyme catalyzed both an exchange of acyl groups between dihydroxyacetone phosphate and palmitoyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the presence of CoA and the formation of palmitoyl [3H]coenzyme A from palmitoyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate and [3H]coenzyme A, indicating that the reaction is reversible. The partially purified enzyme preparation had negligible glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15) activity. PMID- 6639049 TI - Structure of membrane-associated and solubilized uterine adenylate cyclase. Evidence against activation through dissociable subunit interactions in the lipid bilayer. AB - Adenylate cyclase was extracted from the rat uterus with Lubrol PX in a form which remained soluble following centrifugation for 60 min at 100,000g. The soluble enzyme was stimulated by both Mn+2 and by guanyl-5'-yl-imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p), indicating that both the catalytic subunit (C) and the guanyl nucleotide-binding coupling factor (N) had been extracted. Catalytic activity was bound by a GTP-affinity resin only under conditions which resulted in irreversible activation of the native (particulate) form of the enzyme and could be eluted under acidic conditions shown to reverse the activated state. The S020,w of the soluble enzyme in both its activated and unactivated state was determined by linear sucrose gradient centrifugation. Activation by prolonged treatment with Gpp(NH)p did not alter the S020,w of the enzyme whether treatment was carried out before or after solubilization. The chaotrope LiBr (0.4 M) reduced the S020,w of the soluble enzyme but its smaller size was still not altered by activation with Gpp(NH)p. These results indicate that most adenylate cyclase activity in uterine membranes exists as a preformed complex between the catalytic subunit and the coupling factor: NC. The existence of this complex explains some of the temperature-dependent properties previously described for this form of the enzyme and suggests that dissociable interactions between the subunits do not play a role in the activation of C by guanyl nucleotides. PMID- 6639050 TI - Reductive metabolism of N-nitrosodiphenylamine to the corresponding hydrazine derivative. AB - The first evidence for the reductive metabolism of a noncyclic nitrosamine to the corresponding hydrazine derivative in vivo and in vitro is provided. Under anaerobic conditions, N-nitrosodiphenylamine was reduced by guinea pig liver 9000g supernatant to 1,1-diphenylhydrazine in the presence of 2-hydroxypyrimidine or to acetaldehyde diphenylhydrazone in the presence of acetaldehyde. These metabolites were identified unequivocally by comparative study with authentic samples. In addition, the study shows that such reductive reactions of the nitrosamine can be catalyzed by guinea pig and rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase in the presence of its electron donors. When the nitrosamine was given orally to acetaldehyde-treated guinea pigs, a metabolite was detected from plasma and identified as acetaldehyde diphenylhydrazone by comparison with the authentic sample. PMID- 6639051 TI - Further characterization and regulation of malonyl-coenzyme A: flavonoid glucoside malonyltransferases from parsley cell suspension cultures. AB - Two malonyltransferases, malonyl-CoA:flavone/flavonol 7-O-glucoside malonyltransferase and malonyl-CoA:flavonol 3-O-glucoside malonyltransferase, were purified to apparent homogeneity from uv-irradiated parsley cell cultures. Both purified enzymes appear to be specific for flavonoid glycosides. Additional malonyltransferases, active toward several phenol glucosides other than flavonoids, were present in partially purified 7-O-glucoside malonyltransferase preparations. Antibodies raised against the purified 3-O-glucoside malonyltransferase did not inhibit the activity of the 7-O-glucoside malonyltransferase over a wide antibody concentration range. Determination of the rate of synthesis in vivo of the 3-O-glucoside malonyltransferase after ultraviolet light-pulse induction of parsley cells revealed two maxima at 6 and 30 h, respectively. These results indicate that the induced changes in 3-O glucoside malonyltransferase activity were the consequence of either a repeated change in the rate of synthesis of one enzyme species or changes in the synthesis rates of more than one enzyme species. PMID- 6639052 TI - De novo synthesis of DNA in human platelets. AB - Platelets, incubated with radiolabeled thymidine and purified free of contaminating nucleated cells, were analyzed for their ability to synthesize DNA. The only DNA species isolated from these purified platelets was mitochondrial DNA. The CsCl gradient-purified platelet DNA was treated with the restriction endonucleases EcoRI, HindIII and HpaI yielding the expected pattern for human mitochondrial DNA. Nitrocellulose blots of the electrophoresed, restriction endonuclease-treated DNA were fluorographed. All of the DNA fragments generated by the restriction enzymes were labeled, indicating de novo synthesis. This was further substantiated by inhibition of DNA synthesis by ethidium bromide and 2',3'-dideoxythymidine. Platelet DNA appeared to become greatly fragmented after 4 to 7 days storage while all of the thymidine incorporated was observed in intact mitochondrial DNA. These results indicate a continuous degradation of platelet mitochondrial DNA with no apparent repair mechanism. The ability of platelets to synthesize DNA may be associated with the protein synthetic capacity of platelets previously described. PMID- 6639053 TI - Guanidoacetate methyltransferase from rat liver: purification, properties, and evidence for the involvement of sulfhydryl groups for activity. AB - Guanidoacetate methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.2) has been purified about 800-fold from rat liver. The purified preparation shows a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The molecular weight of the enzyme is estimated to be 25,000 and 26,000 by Sephadex gel molecular-exclusion chromatography and by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gradient gel, respectively. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured enzyme also has a molecular weight of 26,000; thus, the enzyme is a monomeric protein. Guanidoacetate methyltransferase as isolated is catalytically inactive, but is readily reactivated by incubation with a thiol. The reactivated enzyme, which contains 3 mol of sulfhydryl groups/mol of enzyme, is again inactivated by oxidized glutathione. This inactivation is accompanied by the disappearance of two sulfhydryl residues. The relationship between the loss of enzyme activity and the number of residues disappeared indicates that the integrity of these sulfhydryl residues is critical for activity. The oxidized enzyme fails to bind the substrate S-adenosylmethionine as evidenced by the equilibrium dialysis study. Alkylation of the nonoxidizable sulfhydryl by N-ethylmaleimide shows that this residue is also essential for activity. UV absorption, fluorescence, and CD spectra show no difference between the reduced and oxidized enzymes, but the former is more susceptible to proteolytic attack by trypsin. The enzyme has an isoelectric pH of 5.3, and is most active at pH 9.0. From the CD spectrum, an alpha helix content of 15% is calculated. The Km values for guanidoacetate and S adenosylmethionine are 97.5 and 6.73 microM, respectively, at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees C. PMID- 6639054 TI - Coimmobilized multienzymes: an in vitro model for cellular processes. AB - Two different systems of multienzymes have been coimmobilized onto Sepharose and shown to be catalytically active. The first system consists of the five enzymes that catalyze the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to 1,3-diphosphoglycerate along with the bacterial enzymes which are used to monitor NADH production by light emission. The NADH:FMN oxidoreductase-luciferase enzymes act to "pull" the reactions by continually oxidizing the NADH formed. The second system consisted of the 11 enzymes necessary for the conversion of glucose to alcohol and the bacterial enzymes. In the presence of excess glucose this immobilized system was able to produce 4068 nmol of alcohol per gram of Sepharose-enzymes in 4 h. Using the same system, if 3-phosphoglycerate was used as the substrate, 6552 nmol of alcohol were formed. These multienzyme immobilized systems are models that are uniquely suited for comparative studies of metabolic processes that occur in intact cells. PMID- 6639055 TI - The comparative kinetics of soluble and heparin-Sepharose-immobilized bovine lipoprotein lipase. AB - While lipoprotein lipase (LPL) acts in vivo as an immobilized enzyme, its kinetics are commonly studied with soluble LPL (S-LPL). Hence kinetic parameters of S-LPL and heparin-Sepharose-immobilized LPL (B-LPL) were compared. A modified purification procedure for bovine milk, LPL gave a 56% yield of S-LPL, purified 7250-fold, and a specific activity of 27,000 mumol fatty acid/mg LPL/h when assayed with triolein (TG) emulsions in the presence of serum. The purified LPL also showed low but detectable esterase activity with p-nitrophenylacetate and p nitrophenylbutyrate as substrates. Apolipoprotein C-II (C-II) had no effect on the esterase activity of LPL. Dixon plots of experiments with S-LPL indicated that heparin is a competitive inhibitor against both C-II and TG, and that the binding of either C-II or heparin to the enzyme is a mutually exclusive event. Similarly, the binding of TG and heparin to the enzyme is mutually exclusive. From the Dixon plots, the dissociation constant Ki for the LPL:heparin binary complex was determined to be 5.0 X 10(-8) M. In contrast to the heparin inhibitory effect on LPL activity against triolein, heparin had no effect on the esterase activity of LPL against p-nitrophenylacetate or p-nitrophenylbutyrate. Comparative studies with B-LPL and S-LPL, using triolein as substrate and apolipoprotein C-II or serum as activator, indicated that S-LPL has a higher apparent Km and lower apparent Vmax than B-LPL. It is concluded that most of the LPL bound to heparin-Sepharose is probably inaccessible to substrate, hence a low Vmax. However, Km (C-II) and Km (TG) were higher for B-LPL due to the competitive inhibitory effect of heparin on LPL. Consistent with these kinetic analyses and with the use of human very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) as substrate, S-LPL, even in the presence of heparin, was found to have an apparent rate of lipolysis of VLDL approximately ninefold greater than B-LPL. PMID- 6639056 TI - Chemical and catalytic properties of the peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase from Candida tropicalis. AB - The peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase has been purified from extracts of the yeast Candida tropicalis grown with alkanes as the principal energy source. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 552,000 and a subunit molecular weight of 72,100. Using an experimentally determined molar extinction coefficient for the enzyme-bound flavin, a minimum molecular weight of 146,700 was determined. Based on these data, the oxidase contains eight perhaps identical subunits and four equivalents of FAD. No other beta-oxidation enzyme activities are detected in purified preparations of the oxidase. The oxidase flavin does not react with sulfite to form an N(5) flavin-sulfite complex. Photochemical reduction of the oxidase flavin yields a red semiquinone; however, the yield of semiquinone is strongly pH dependent. The yield of semiquinone is significantly reduced below pH 7.5. The flavin semiquinone can be further reduced to the hydroquinone. The behavior of the oxidase flavin during photoreduction and its reactivity toward sulfite are interpreted to reflect the interaction in the N(1)-C(2)O region of the flavin with a group on the protein which acts as a hydrogen-bond acceptor. Like the acyl CoA dehydrogenases which catalyze the same transformation of acyl-CoA substrates, the oxidase is inactivated by the acetylenic substrate analog, 3-octynoyl-CoA, which acts as an active site-directed inhibitor. PMID- 6639057 TI - The effect of the energy state of mitochondria on the kinetics of unidirectional cation fluxes. AB - Unidirectional fluxes of triphenylmethylphosphonium and of Cs+ as its valinomycin complex were studied using trace concentrations of the cations. The rate constants of influx and efflux were estimated mainly at 0 degrees C from the uptake kinetics in respiring mitochondria and the in/out ratios in the steady state. The efflux rate constants in the energized state were also measured after dilution of the mitochondrial suspension in the steady state, and in deenergized mitochondria from the efflux rates of cations after inhibition of respiration. It was found that the energy state of mitochondria had little effect on the rate constants of efflux, while the rate of influx was strongly stimulated by respiration. The former finding is not readily explained by the classical chemiosmotic theory, since a transmembrane potential, negative on the inside, formed on energization would be expected to strongly inhibit the efflux of cations. The data may be explained by a pump-and-leak model in which localized electrical fields in hydrophobic domains of the membrane are coupled to the pumping of hydrophobic cations against an electrochemical gradient, while leaks would effect efflux. PMID- 6639058 TI - Positive cooperativity in binding by albumin: the system bovine serum albumin and alizarin yellow G cobinding by salicylic acid. AB - The binding of alizarin yellow G--an azo derivative of salicylic acid--by bovine serum albumin has been investigated using the method of equilibrium dialysis. Six strong and a number of additional, weak binding sites have been found to be present. The system is characterized by strong positive cooperativity between the first and second sites. Six binding constants have been determined on the basis of a simplified mathematical model. The results are approximately 2 X 10(4) M-1 for the first binding site, 6 X 10(5) M-1 for the second, and between 4 X 10(4) and 10(5) M-1 for the rest. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of the existence of various conformers or of the conformational adaptability of albumin. Cobinding by salicylic acid does not displace alizarin yellow G but induces a conformational change in the protein which affects the absorption spectrum of the bound dye. As expected for this kind of heterotropic interaction, the spectrum of the system albumin-salicylic acid is similarly affected by the cobinding of alizarin yellow G. PMID- 6639059 TI - Pig red blood cell hexokinase: evidence for the presence of hexokinase types II and III, and their purification and characterization. AB - Pig erythrocytes, in contrast to red blood cells from other mammals (M. Magnani, V. Stocchi, F. Canestrari, M. Dacha, and G. Fornaini (1982) Biochem. Int. 4, 673), have been shown to contain hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) types II and III. Hexokinase type III is the predominant form, accounts for 98% of the total glucose phosphorylating activity, and has been purified 290,000-fold by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography on Sepharose-N-hexanoylglucosamine. The enzyme was shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide and sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The highest specific activity obtained was 190 units/mg protein with a yield of 60%. Because the amount of hexokinase II was small, it was only partially purified by ion exchange chromatography. The native proteins have the same molecular weight of 100,000 by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA44. The apparent isoelectric point of hexokinase type II was shown to be 4.8 and 4.9 pH units, whereas hexokinase type III was shown to have a pI of 4.3 to 4.4 pH units by isoelectric focusing. Both hexokinases are able to phosphorylate several hexoses. However, while hexokinase II shows an apparent Km for glucose of 1.5 X 10(-4) M with negative cooperativity (nH = 0.4), hexokinase III shows an apparent Km for glucose of 1.5 X 10(-5) M and a positive cooperative effect (nH = 1.5). Furthermore, glucose at concentrations higher than 0.4 mM becomes an inhibitor of hexokinase III. Amino acid analysis of hexokinase type III revealed a low number of the aromatic residues Phe, Tyr, and Trp; this is in agreement with the low extinction coefficient of E1%280nm = 12.5. PMID- 6639060 TI - Acute effects of ethanol in the control of protein synthesis in isolated rat liver cells. AB - The acute effect of ethanol on hepatic protein synthesis is a rather controversial issue. In view of the conflicting reports on this subject, the effect of ethanol on protein labeling from L-[3H]valine in isolated liver cells was studied under a variety of experimental conditions. When tracer doses of the isotope were utilized, ethanol consistently decreased the rate of protein labeling, regardless of the metabolic conditions of the cells. This inhibition was not prevented by doses of 4-methylpyrazole large enough to abolish all the characteristic metabolic effects of ethanol, and it was not related to perturbations on the rates of L-valine transport and/or proteolysis. When ethanol was tested in the presence of saturating doses of L-[3H]valine no effect on protein labeling was observed. These observations suggest that the ethanol effect in decreasing protein labelling from tracer doses of the radioactive precursor does not reflect variations in the rate of protein synthesis but reflects changes in the specific activity of the precursor. These changes probably are secondary to variations in the dimensions of the amino acid pool utilized for protein synthesis. Even though it showed a lack of effect when tested alone, in the presence of saturating doses of the radioactive precursor ethanol inhibited the stimulatory effects on protein synthesis mediated by glucose and several gluconeogenic substrates. This effect of ethanol was not prevented by inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase, indicating that a shift of the NAD system to a more reduced state is not the mediator of its action. It is suggested that ethanol probably acted by changing the steady-state levels of some common effector(s) generated from the metabolism of all these fuels or else by preventing the inactivation of a translational repressor. PMID- 6639061 TI - Thymosin beta arg10, a major variant of thymosin beta 10 in rabbit tissues. AB - Two homologous peptides, designated thymosin beta 4 and thymosin beta 10, respectively, have been shown to be widely distributed in mammalian cells and tissues (S. Erickson-Viitanen, S. Ruggieri, P. Natalini, and B.L. Horecker (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 221, 570-576; S. Erickson-Viitanen, S. Ruggieri, P. Natalini, and B.L. Horecker, (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 225, 407-413). In the rabbit, thymosin beta 4 is replaced by a variant, thymosin beta ala4, that contains alanine in place of serine at the blocked NH2-terminus. It is reported that in rabbit tissues thymosin beta 10 is also replaced by a variant, designated thymosin beta arg10, that contains an additional amino acid, arginine, inserted following lysine-38. The rabbit tissues analyzed also differ from those of other mammals in the relative quantities of thymosin beta ala4 and beta arg10, which are nearly equal, compared to tissues from other mammals where the quantities of thymosin beta 10 are only one-third to one-tenth those of thymosin beta 4. PMID- 6639062 TI - DEAE-Affi-Gel Blue chromatography of human serum: use for purification of native transferrin. AB - Human serum was subjected to chromatography on DEAE-Affi-Gel Blue which combines ion-exchange and pseudo-ligand-affinity chromatography in a 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. All serum proteins were bound with the exception of transferrin, IgG (immunoglobulin G) and trace amounts of IgA. After a second step of Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography, or affinity chromatography against goat anti-human IgG F(ab')2 coupled to AH-Sepharose 4B, IgG and IgA were removed. The transferrin obtained was homogeneous and of high yield (greater than 80%), and was unaltered as judged by analyses of molecular weight, isoelectric point, iron-binding capacity, antigenicity, and ability to bind to high-affinity specific cellular receptors. Thus, DEAE-Affi-Gel Blue chromatography may be used as the basis for a simple, rapid, two-step method for the purification of large amounts of native transferrin from serum. PMID- 6639063 TI - S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from hamster liver: purification and kinetic properties. AB - 3-Deazaadenosine is both an inhibitor of and a substrate for S adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Its administration to rats results in the accumulation of both S-adenosylhomocysteine and 3-deazaadenosylhomocysteine in the liver and other tissues. In hamsters, however, the administration of 3 deazaadenosine results only in the accumulation of 3-deazaadenosylhomocysteine (P. K. Chiang and G. L. Cantoni (1979) Biochem. Pharmacol. 28, 1897). In order to investigate the possible reasons for this difference, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from hamster liver has been purified to homogeneity and some of its kinetic and physical parameters have been determined. The molecular weight of the native enzyme is 200,000 with a subunit molecular weight of 48,000. The Km's for adenosine and 3-deazaadenosine are about 1.0 microM, and the Vmax's are also similar. The Km for S-adenosylhomocysteine is 1.0 microM, or more than 10 times smaller than the Km of the rat liver enzyme. This difference in Km value may explain the differences in the response of rat and hamster liver to the administration of 3-deazaadenosine. S-Adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from hamster liver exhibits an interesting kinetic property in that its activity can be affected bimodally by either adenosine or adenosine analogs. At very low concentrations of these analogs, the activity of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase can be stimulated by 10-30%, and at higher concentrations these same analogs become competitive inhibitors. PMID- 6639064 TI - Purification and properties of carnitine acetyltransferases from bovine spermatozoa and heart. AB - To investigate the physical and kinetic properties of sperm carnitine acetyltransferase, the enzyme was purified from bovine spermatozoa and heart muscle. Carnitine acetyltransferase was purified 580-fold from ejaculated bovine spermatozoa to a specific activity of 85 units/mg protein (95% homogeneity). Sperm carnitine acetyltransferase was characterized as a single polypeptide of Mr 62,000 and pI 8.2. Heart carnitine acetyltransferase was purified 650-fold by the same procedure to a final specific activity of 71 units/mg protein. The kinetic properties of purified bovine sperm carnitine acetyltransferase were consistent with the proposed function of this enzyme in acetylcarnitine pool formation. Product inhibition by either acetyl-L-carnitine or CoASH was not sufficient to predict significant in vivo inhibition of acetyl transfer. At high concentrations of L-carnitine, bovine sperm and heart carnitine acetyltransferases were most active with propionyl- and butyryl-CoA substrates, although octanoyl-, iso butyryl-, and iso-valeryl-CoA were acceptable substrates. Binding of one substrate was enhanced by the presence of the second substrate. Carnitine analogs that have significance in reproduction, such as phosphorylcholine and taurine, did not inhibit carnitine acetyltransferase. Bovine sperm and heart carnitine acetyltransferases were indistinguishable on the basis of purification behavior, pI, pH optima, kinetic properties, acyl-CoA specificity, and sensitivity to sulfhydryl reagents and divalent cations; thus there was no indication that bovine sperm carnitine acetyltransferase is a sperm-specific isozyme. PMID- 6639065 TI - Properties of latent and thiol-activated rat hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and regulation of enzyme activity. AB - The effect of the thiols glutathione (GSH), dithiothreitol (DTT), and dithioerythritol (DTE) on the conversion of an inactive, latent form (El) of rat liver 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) to a catalyticaly active form (Ea) is examined. Latent hepatic microsomal HMG-CoA reductase is activated to a similar degree of activation by DTT and DTE and to a lower extent by GSH. All three thiols affect both Km and Vmax values of the enzyme toward HMG-CoA and NADPH. Studies of the effect of DTT on the affinity binding of HMG-CoA reductase to agarose-hexane-HMG-CoA (AG-HMG CoA) resin shows that thiols are necessary for the binding of the enzyme to the resin. Removal of DTT from AG-HMG-CoA-bound soluble Ea (active enzyme) does not cause dissociation of the enzyme from the resin at low salt concentrations. Substitution of DTT by NADPH does not promote binding of soluble El (latent enzyme) to AG-HMG-CoA. The enzymatic activity of Ea in the presence of DTT and GSH indicates that these thiols compete for the same binding site on the enzyme. Diethylene glycol disulfide (ESSE) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) inhibit the activity of Ea. ESSE is more effective for the inhibition of Ea than GSSG, causing a higher degree of maximal inhibition and affecting the enzymatic activity at lower concentrations. A method is described for the rapid conversion of soluble purified Ea to El using gel-filtration chromatography on Bio-Gel P-4 columns. These combined results point to the importance of the thiol/disulfide ratio for the modulation of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. PMID- 6639066 TI - Metabolism of branched-chain keto acids in neonatal rat liver perfusions. AB - The ability of the neonatal rat to oxidize the branched-chain amino acids leucine and valine and their corresponding keto acids was evaluated. In vivo, about 20% of orally administered labeled amino or keto acids were oxidized in 6 h, after which time little further oxidation occurred. In perfused neonatal liver the amino acids were oxidized at only 5-10% the rate of the keto acids. The oxidation of the keto acids showed a saturable dependence on concentration. The decarboxylation of ketoisocaproate (KIC) had a maximal rate of 40.1 +/- 1.6 mumol/h/g liver with an apparent Km of 0.27 +/- 0.03 mM, and decarboxylation of ketoisovalerate (KIV) had a maximal rate of 37.9 +/- 1.9 mumol/h/g liver and an apparent Km of 0.28 +/- 0.04 mM. KIC was ketogenic, producing mainly acetoacetate at a maximal rate of 44.5 +/- 1.6 mumol/h/g liver with an apparent Km of 0.27 +/- 0.03 mM. On the other hand, KIV was not gluconeogenic, although the perfused neonatal liver was able to produce glucose from lactate. During liver perfusion, KIV did not produce measurable quantities of either propionic or beta aminoisobutyric acids, which are possible end products of KIV metabolism. Decanoic acid inhibited the decarboxylation of both keto acids to the same extent with a maximal effect at 0.4 mM fatty acid. At saturating levels, KIC was less ketogenic than decanoate. Inhibition of endogenous fatty acid oxidation by 2 tetradecylglycidic acid had no effect on keto acid oxidation. These data suggest that branched-chain amino acids derived from milk proteins are probably not quantitatively significant sources of either ketone bodies or glucose in the neonatal rat. PMID- 6639067 TI - Mitochondrial, plastid, and cytosolic isozymes of hexokinase from developing endosperm of Ricinus communis. AB - Ion-filtration chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 at pH 5.5 resolved the total hexokinase activity in a 27,000g supernatant prepared from developing castor oil (Ricinus communis L., cv. Baker 296) seeds into three distinct peaks. These were designated one, two, and three in order of elution from the column. Ion filtration chromatography of various subcellular fractions demonstrated that isozyme one is associated with the mitochondria, isozyme two with the leucoplasts, and isozyme three is located in the cytosol. Organelle subfractionation studies showed that hexokinase one is associated with the mitochondrial outer membrane, and hexokinase two is located in the plastid stroma. Isozyme one could be specifically solubilized from the mitochondrial outer membrane by incubation with nucleoside triphosphates or hexose monophosphates. In addition to differences in net charge and localization, the three hexokinase isozymes could be distinguished by pH optima, substrate specificity, and response to sulfhydryl-directed inhibitors. Mr values, determined by gel permeation using Sephacryl S-200, were identical for all three isozymes at 38,000. The preferred divalent metal ion for each of the hexokinases is Mg+2, and none was affected by Na+, K+, or NH+4 at their pH optima, nor by Al+3 at pH 6.6 or 7.8. PMID- 6639069 TI - The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by arsenite and fluoride. AB - The effect of fluoride on the rate of reaction of acetylcholinesterase with arsenite, on the rate of dissociation of the enzyme-arsenite complex, and on the equilibrium between enzyme and arsenite was studied. Fluoride decreases the rate of the reaction between acetylcholinesterase and arsenite and changes the apparent equilibrium dissociation constant between the enzyme and arsenite, but even at concentrations as high as 0.2 M has no effect on the rate of dissociation of the enzyme-arsenite complex. The binding of fluoride and arsenite with the enzyme is highly anticooperative and may well be mutually exclusive. These results are consistent with a model in which the binding sites overlap and in which the same functional groups are involved. PMID- 6639068 TI - Bovine liver dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase: purification, properties, and characterization as a zinc metalloenzyme. AB - Beef liver dihydropyrimidine amidohydrolase has been purified to homogeneity using both an electrophoretic and a hydrophobic chromatographic method. The enzyme is a tetramer with a molecular weight of 226,000 g mol-1, a subunit molecular weight of 56,500 g mol-1, and contains 4 mol of tightly bound (Ks greater than or equal to 1.33 X 10(9) M-1) Zn2+ per mole of active enzyme. The enzyme appears to be a true Zn2+ metalloenzyme because there exists a direct proportionality between enrichment of Zn2+ and active enzyme during purification, there is an almost quantitative relationship between the loss of both enzyme activity and Zn2+ during 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid treatment to form apoenzyme, Zn2+ and Co2+ reactivate dipicolinic acid-inhibited enzyme, and saturating concentrations of a substrate, dihydrothymine, protect against 8 hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid inhibition. EDTA does not inhibit the enzyme; however, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid, o-phenanthroline, and 2,6 dipicolinic acid cause a time-dependent loss in activity which follows pseudo first-order kinetics. Analysis of the resulting kinetic data for these three chelators indicates that the reaction pathway involves the formation of an enzyme Zn2+-chelator ternary complex which then dissociates to form apoenzyme and a Zn2+ chelator complex. Like other Zn2+ metalloenzymes, the enzyme is inhibited by a number of substituted sulfonamides. In the case of p-nitrobenzenesulfonamide, this inhibition is competitive in nature. Using the purified enzyme, kinetic constants were determined for a variety of dihydropyrimidines, ureidocarboxylic acids, and hydantoin substrates. Normal hyperbolic kinetics were observed for the hydrolysis of the cyclic compounds, but the cyclization of the ureidoacids showed biphasic kinetics and different values of Km can be estimated at either high or low concentrations of these substrates. PMID- 6639070 TI - Isolation and characterization of uteroglobin from the lung of the hare (Lepus capensis). AB - Uteroglobin has been purified from hare lung by gel filtration and chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose. Hare uteroglobin appears homogeneous by electrophoresis under both denaturing and nondenaturing conditions. Its chemical and immunological properties as well as its ability to bind progesterone are compared to those of rabbit uteroglobin. The two proteins have the same N terminal residue (glycine) and both lack tryptophan but differ in amino acid composition. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis shows that hare uteroglobin is composed of two subunits of identical Mr (about 7000) held together by disulfide bridges. The amino acid composition indicates a subunit composed of 65-67 residues, which is compatible with the apparent Mr observed. Thus, hare uteroglobin appears to be slightly smaller than the rabbit protein. Hare uteroglobin partially reacts with anti-rabbit uteroglobin in a radioimmunoassay and also binds progesterone, although this binding is relatively unaffected by dithiothreitol. The synthesis of hare uteroglobin in the uterus appears to be rather insensitive to ovarian steroid hormones. PMID- 6639071 TI - Different levels of glycosylation contribute to the heterogeneity of alpha 1(II) collagen chains derived from a transplantable rat chondrosarcoma. AB - Three collagen fractions, each of which contain molecules composed of alpha 1(II) chains, have been isolated from pepsin-solubilized rat chondrosarcoma collagen. One fraction could be selectively precipitated from the pepsin digest at 0.7 M NaCl. Two additional fractions were obtained on chromatography of the collagen precipitating at 1.2 M NaCl on carboxymethyl cellulose under nondenaturing conditions. When chromatographed on carboxymethyl cellulose under denaturing conditions, each fraction contained components eluting in the position expected for alpha 1(II) chains. One of the fractions precipitating at 1.2 M NaCl contained the recently described 1 alpha and 2 alpha chains in addition to material eluting as alpha 1(II) chains. Comparison of the chains eluting as alpha 1(II) chains in the various fractions with respect to amino acid composition, carbohydrate content, and cyanogen bromide-cleavage products showed that they differed only in the number of glycosylated hydroxylysyl residues. In this regard, alpha 1(II) chains obtained from collagens precipitated at 1.2 M NaCl exhibited significantly higher levels of glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysyl residues than alpha 1(II) chains precipitated at 0.7 M NaCl. These results indicate that molecules composed of alpha 1(II) chains are heterogeneous with respect to levels of hydroxylysine-linked carbohydrate moieties and that the more highly glycosylated molecules require higher salt concentrations for precipitation from acidic solutions. The data also indicate that a proportion of the more highly glycosylated alpha 1(II) chains are involved in the formation of one or more molecular species with 1 alpha and 2 alpha chains. PMID- 6639072 TI - Dependence of aggregation and ligand affinity on the concentration of the folate binding protein from cow's milk. AB - Ultracentrifugation and gel-filtration studies showed that the folate-binding protein from cow's milk possessed a remarkable aggregation tendency at pH 7.4. Aggregation was enhanced in the presence of folate which suggested an interrelationship between the mechanisms of ligand binding and polymerization. The degree of polymerization increased with increasing concentrations of binding protein. Thus, while the monomer prevailed at 1 nM, a polymer composed of more thn 32 monomers was formed at 130 microM. Two characteristics of folate binding, i.e., Scatchard plots that were convex upward and a ligand affinity that was inversely proportional to the concentration of binding protein, could be interpreted in terms of ligand binding to a polymerizing system in which the polymerization equilibria affect the ligand affinity. PMID- 6639073 TI - Support of embryonic chick survival by vitamin D metabolites. AB - The provision of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as the only source of dietary vitamin D3 to laying hens failed to support normal embryonic development in their fertile eggs. Significant (P less than .001) improvement in embryonic survival to hatching in these eggs resulted from injections of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, or 24,24-difluoro-25 hydroxyvitamin D3 prior to incubation. Maximum embryonic survival with lowest embryonic mortality was observed when 0.20 micrograms/egg of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 or 0.60 micrograms/egg 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was injected. These results indicate that several forms of vitamin D, two of which cannot be converted to 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, can provide this activity; and of the vitamin D compounds tested, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 may be the most active in supporting embryonic survival in the chick when delivered directly by injection. PMID- 6639074 TI - Ascorbate deficiency results in decreased collagen production: under hydroxylation of proline leads to increased intracellular degradation. AB - Collagen production by cultured human lung fibroblasts was examined when the cells were made deficient in ascorbate. Cells grown in the absence of ascorbate produced 30% less collagen during a 6-h labeling period than cells incubated with as little as 1 microgram/ml ascorbate during the labeling period. Cells grown without ascorbate produced under-hydroxylated collagen which was subject to increased intracellular degradation from a basal level of 16% to an enhanced level of 49% of all newly synthesized collagen. The likely mechanism for increased intracellular degradation is the inability of under-hydroxylated collagen to assume a triple-helical conformation causing it to be susceptible to intracellular degradation. Measurement of collagen production by enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) using antibodies directed against triple-helical determinants of collagen showed that both types I and III collagens were affected. In contrast, another connective tissue component, fibronectin, was not affected. Analysis by ELISA showed a greater decrease in collagen production than did analysis by the collagenase method, suggesting that some non-helical collagen chains (detected by collagenase but not by ELISA) were secreted in the absence of ascorbate. These results provide a mechanism to account, in part, for the deficiency of collagen in connective tissues which occurs in a state of ascorbate deficiency. PMID- 6639075 TI - Lectin-binding domains on laminin. AB - The nature and location of carbohydrate moieties on the laminin molecule were identified by studying the binding affinity of a series of lectins for purified, protease-derived fragments of laminin. Laminin is a cross-shaped molecule containing three short arms (36 nm) and one long arm (76 nm). All arms contain globular end regions by electron microscopy. Purified fragments of laminin were obtained which (a) lacked the long arm of the molecule but retained the intact short arms, or (b) lacked both the long arm and the globular end regions of the short arms. These two types of fragments differed markedly in lectin-binding capacity. Using the known sugar specificities of the lectins and hapten sugar competition for lectin-binding to laminin fragments, the following conclusions were reached: (a) alpha-D-Galactopyranosyl end groups are markedly enriched in the globular end regions of the short arms compared to the rod-shaped portions of the molecule. (b) alpha-D-Mannopyranosyl residues are present on both the globular end regions and the rod-shaped portions of the molecule. (c) Exposed N acetyl-D-galactosaminyl end groups are absent or present in low amounts on laminin. (d) (NANA)-(2 leads to 6)-beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1 leads to 2)-D-Man-terminated oligosaccharide units are enriched on the rod-shaped regions of the short arms compared to the globular end regions. PMID- 6639076 TI - A rapid separation of bovine brain S-100a and S-100b proteins and related conformation studies. AB - S-100 protein absorbs to the calmodulin antagonist W-7 coupled to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B in the presence of Ca2+ and is eluted by ethylene glycol bis(beta aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid buffer. S-100a and S-100b were separated and isolated by Ca2+-dependent affinity chromatography on W-7 Sepharose. The Ca2+ induced conformational changes of S-100a and S-100b were examined using circular dichroism, ultraviolet difference spectra, and a fluorescence probe. Differences in Ca2+-dependent conformational changes between S-100a and S-100b became apparent. Circular dichroism studies revealed that both S-100a and S-100b undergo a conformational change upon binding of Ca2+ in the aromatic and far-uv range. In the presence or absence of Ca2+, the aromatic CD spectrum of S-100a differed completely from that of S-100b, possibly due to the single tryptophan residue of S-100a. Far-uv studies indicate that alpha-helical contents of both S-100a and S 100b decreased with addition of Ca2+. Ca2+-induced conformational changes of S 100a and S-100b were also detected by uv difference spectra. The spectrum of S 100a also differed from that of S-100b. Fluorescence studies using 2-p toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS), a hydrophobic probe for protein, revealed a slight difference in conformational changes of these two components. The interaction of TNS and S-100b was observed with concentrations above 3 microM Ca2+; on the other hand, S-100a required concentrations above 8 microM. This finding was supported by the difference in the binding affinities of S-100a and S 100b to the W-7 (N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide)-Sepharose column; both S-100a and S-100b bound the column in the presence of Ca2+ but S 100a was eluted prior to S-100b. These results suggest that S-100a and S-100b differ in their dependence on Ca2+ and that the affinity-chromatographic separation of S-100a from S-100b on the W-7-Sepharose column makes feasible a rapid purification of these two components. PMID- 6639077 TI - Kinetic methods for the study of the enzyme systems of beta-oxidation. AB - Kinetic methods for studying the reactions of the "general" fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenase under three sets of substrate and enzyme concentration conditions have been developed. The reaction of butyryl-CoA and electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) can be studied either under steady-state conditions with enzyme at catalytic concentration or under single-turnover conditions with enzyme in excess. Under the latter conditions, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase acts both as a catalyst and an ultimate electron-transfer acceptor. The reductive half-reaction of butyryl-CoA and enzyme can also be studied in a separate kinetic experiment. Comparison of the pH dependences of the rate constants and isotope effects of the steady-state reaction of butyryl-CoA and ETF with the same parameters for the reductive half-reaction is consistent with a mechanism involving transfer of electrons from butyryl-CoA to ETF within a ternary complex. An alternative mechanism in which the reductive half-reaction takes place prior to the binding and reaction of ETF seems unlikely because the pH 8.5 isotope effect on the reductive half-reaction is much larger than that on the complete reaction in spite of the fact that the rates of the reactions are comparable. The pH dependence of the Km for substrate and KI for inhibitor is consistent with a mechanism for transfer of electrons within the ternary complex which involves protonation of the C = O group of substrates. The protonation labilizes the C-2 proton and base catalysis of the removal of the C-2 proton results in the production of the active enzyme-substrate species, namely the C-2 anion of substrate. PMID- 6639078 TI - The effect of a phase transition on penetration of phospholipid monolayers by melittin and glucagon. AB - The penetration of melittin and glucagon into phospholipid monolayers was studied by measuring compression isotherms of phospholipids in the absence and presence of various concentrations of protein in the subphase. Differences in molecular area were calculated as a function of protein concentration at constant pressure. Area change as a function of surface pressure at constant protein concentration was also calculated. Melittin showed greater affinity for penetration into phosphatidylglycerol (PG) than into phosphatidylcholine (PC) monolayers. The cutoff pressure for melittin penetration was 45 mN/m with PC and 60 mN/m (extrapolated) with PG. Dipalmitoyl PC and PG monolayers show phase transitions upon compression at 25 degrees C. Both melittin and glucagon showed increased penetration as measured by area change within the region of the phase transition with both lipids. Glucagon showed a cutoff pressure of 25 mN/m for penetration into dimyristoyl PC. The preference of glucagon for interaction with lipid bilayers in the gel phase is discussed with respect to monolayer penetration as a function of surface pressure. PMID- 6639079 TI - The effect of calcium on the thermotropic properties of bovine blood coagulation factors IX and X and their activation intermediates and products. AB - The thermotropic properties of bovine blood coagulation Factors IX and X, as well as the activation intermediates and products of these proteins, have been investigated by differential scanning microcalorimetry in the presence and absence of Ca2+. Bovine Factor IX displays a single thermal-denaturation transition characterized by a temperature midpoint (TM) of 54.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C and a calorimetric enthalpy (delta Hc) of 105 +/- 15 kcal/mol, in the absence of Ca2+. In the presence of Ca2+ concentrations sufficient to saturate its sites on Factor IX, the Tm value is increased to 57.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C and the delta Hc is virtually unchanged. When the activation intermediate, Factor IX alpha, is similarly analyzed in the absence of Ca2+, a broad, diffuse thermogram was obtained which did not lend itself to calculation of thermodynamic parameters. In the presence of Ca2+, Factor IX alpha displayed thermograms characterized by a TM of 51.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C and a delta Hc of 109 +/- 10 kcal/mol. The activated product, Factor IXa alpha, in the absence of Ca2+ (the values in the presence of saturating Ca2+ are given in parentheses), undergoes thermal denaturation with a TM of 54.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C (57.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C) and a delta Hc of 158 +/- 10 kcal/mol (156 +/- 10 kcal/mol). Similarly, the terminal-activation product, Factor IXa beta, displays a TM of 51.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C (54.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C) and a delta Hc of 85 +/- 5 kcal/mol (126 +/- 10 kcal/mol). Bovine blood coagulation Factor X has been analyzed in this same fashion, and shows very similar thermal properties to Factor IX. The thermal denaturation of Factor X is represented by a TM of 54.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C (55.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C) and a delta Hc of 102 +/- 10 kcal/mol (118 +/- 10 kcal/mol), whereas its activated form, Factor Xa beta, possesses a TM of 55.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C (55.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C) and a delta Hc of 92.0 +/- 5 kcal/mol (136 +/- 10 kcal/mol). These studies indicate that, for many of these proteins, Ca2+ induces a conformational alteration to a more thermally stable form, which also requires the absorption of greater amounts of heat for thermal denaturation. PMID- 6639080 TI - Tetrahydrobiopterin is synthesized by separate pathways from dihydroneopterin triphosphate and from sepiapterin in adrenal medulla preparations. AB - Using Escherichia coli guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase, dihydroneopterin triphosphate was synthesized from guanosine triphosphate and was compared with sepiapterin as a substrate for tetrahydrobiopterin formation in bovine adrenal medulla extracts. The dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, methotrexate, blocks the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin from sepiapterin but not from dihydroneopterin triphosphate. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and a divalent metal ion are required in partially purified preparations (gel filtration of 40 60% ammonium sulfate fraction on Ultrogel ACA-34) for the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin from dihydroneopterin triphosphate. Sepiapterin was converted only to dihydrobiopterin in the same fractions since dihydrofolate reductase was removed. The evidence indicates that both dihydroneopterin triphosphate and sepiapterin are good precursors of tetrahydrobiopterin but they are not on the same pathway, contrary to previous proposals. PMID- 6639082 TI - Esterase-like activity of human serum albumin: enantioselectivity in the burst phase of reaction with p-nitrophenyl alpha-methoxyphenyl acetate. AB - Enantioselectivity in the burst phase of the reactions of D- and L-p-nitrophenyl alpha-methoxyphenyl acetates with human and bovine serum albumin was investigated kinetically in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and at 25 degrees C. The burst phase was measured under the conditions of excess albumin over the enantiomer. Both albumins reacted with D enantiomer about threefold faster than L enantiomer, mainly due to the catalytic step and not due to the binding step. The reactivity of human serum albumin toward the enantiomers was four- to fivefold higher than that of bovine serum albumin. PMID- 6639081 TI - Light-dependent nitration of bacteriorhodopsin. AB - Purple membranes were treated with tetranitromethane to modify tyrosine residues of bacteriorhodopsin. At pH 8.0, nitration is shown to be affected by illumination during the modification. Amino acid analysis revealed about 0.7 residues nitrated if reaction was in the dark while about 2.0 tyrosines were modified if illumination greater than 540 nm was provided. Tryptophan was unaffected under both conditions. Light-dependent nitration caused a blue shift of the absorbance maximum of bacteriorhodopsin from 568 to 530 nm while no chromophore shift was observed for the dark-modified preparation. Both preparations show an absorption band at 360 nm indicative of the presence of nitrotyrosines. Reduction by dithionite eliminated the pH-dependent changes associated with the 360-nm nitrotyrosine band. Circular dichroism spectra indicate that interactions between neighboring chromophores are altered concomitant with the blue shift of the absorbance maximum by nitration. These studies show that light is required for the nitration of the tyrosine residue, and that Tyr 26 (H. D. Lemke and D. Oesterhelt (1981) Eur. J. Biochem. 115, 595 604) is probably responsible for the blue shift of the absorbance maximum. The intrinsic fluorescence and photocycle kinetics of the tyrosine-modified preparation and reduction of nitrotyrosine by dithionite were studied. In dark modification, only pH-dependent dithionite-reducible nitrotyrosines were produced. It is concluded that surface tyrosines probably do not directly participate in the proton-translocation events coupled to the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin. PMID- 6639083 TI - On the interaction between flavin-adenine rings and between flavin-indole rings by X-ray structural studies. AB - Two crystal structures of 7,8-dimethylisoalloxazine-10-acetic acid:adenine-9 ylethylamine(1:1)hepatahydrate and 7,8-dimethylisoalloxazine-10-acetic acid:L tryptophan methylester(1:1)heptahydrate complexes were determined as models for the flavin-adenine and flavin-indole interactions, respectively. In the former complex, both molecules were connected by Hoogsteen-type hydrogen bonds between the pyrimidinoid portion of flavin and the adenine, in addition to the normal stacking of both aromatic rings. On the other hand, parallel stackings and intermolecular vertical spacings less than the normal van der Waals separation distance were observed between the flavin and indole rings of the latter complex, indicative of the pi D-pi A charge-transfer interaction in their ground states. Comparing with the X-ray findings of related complexes, we discussed the interaction modes between flavin and adenine rings and between flavin and indole rings. PMID- 6639084 TI - Comparative study of physiochemical properties of two pike parvalbumins by means of their intrinsic tyrosyl and phenylalanyl fluorescence. AB - Physicochemical properties of two pike parvalbumins (pI 5.0 and 4.2), belonging to two different gene lineages, have been studied by their intrinsic tyrosine and phenylalanine fluorescence. The CD sites of these paravalbumins have similar affinities to Ca2+ (and Mg2+) ions, but the EF sites of the proteins have very different affinities to these ions. This results in differing stabilities of these parvalbumins to pH-, urea-, and temperature-induced denaturation. The structure of pike parvalbumin pI 5.0, which binds Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions more tightly, is more stable than that of parvalbumin pI 4.2. Both proteins have higher affinities for Na+ ions than for K+ ions. PMID- 6639085 TI - Secondary structure of bovine beta-lactoglobulin B. AB - Secondary-structure-prediction algorithms have been used to find the segments of beta-lactoglobulin sequence most likely to fit the circular dichroism assignment of 15% alpha-helix, 50% beta-sheet, and 15-20% reverse turn. A number of segments may have an alpha-helical conformation but the most prominent region of alpha helix is from residue 129 to 143. A further probable alpha-helix segment is residues 65-76. The number of residues predicted to occur in segments of beta sheet structure is less than expected. However, the most likely segments are for residues 1-6, 11-16, 39-45, 80-85, 92-96, 101-107, 117-123, and 145-151. Predicted reverse-turn tetrapeptides are residues 7-10, 49-52, 61-64, 88-91, and 112-115. These predicted secondary structures are consistent with the low resolution structure of the molecule determined by X-ray diffraction studies. PMID- 6639086 TI - [Clinical study of recurrent stomach cancer]. AB - There are various patterns of recurrence of gastric cancer after radical resection, such as hepatic metastasis, carcinomatous peritonitis, residual stomach recurrence, local lymph node metastasis and establishment of distant metastasis. In cases of residual stomach recurrence, resection is sometimes feasible. Kruckenberg's tumor resulting from metastasis to the ovary can frequently be removed. With such resectable metastasis, surgical procedure is actively employed, with subsequent chemotherapy. Chemotherapy in such a case consists of combined chemotherapy by arterial infusion for induction of remission and administration of oral preparation and/or suppositories for maintenance. In the treatment of recurrent gastric cancer by arterial infusion, we made it a rule to administer drugs through a catheter inserted subselectively into the aorta. In the treatment by arterial infusion, the daily administration of 5-FU serves as the basic regimen. Dissolve 250 mg 5-FU in about 20 cc physiologic saline or 5% dextrose solution, and infuse the solution over 2 hrs with the use of a continuous arterial infusion pump. Administer of 5-FU daily, and fortify this treatment by one-shot injection of MMC 10mg/body each time, MMC is usually given 3-4 times, with intervals between its administrations adjusted according to WBC and platelet counts. ADM is given at dosage of 40 mg/body each time. We found it advisable to continue the administrations of 5-FU until its total dose reached about 20 g, while giving sufficient doses of ADM or MMC for induction of remission. The results obtained from 108 cases of the recurrent gastric cancer were shown as follows. The median survival period was 5 months. The twenty-one cases out of 108 cases in recurrent gastric cancer survived more than one year, because they received the intensive chemotherapy such as arterial infusion chemotherapy and oral or rectal administration of FT. The most patients with liver metastasis were treated with selective arterial infusion chemotherapy consisting of 5-FU plus MMC or ACNU. And the efficacy of arterial infusion chemotherapy was remarkable. Our efforts must be made to continue any treatment as long as possible and change drugs as necessary. Also we must keep general condition of the patients as good as possible using support therapy such as IVH, prevention of infection, immunotherapy, drainage so on. PMID- 6639087 TI - [Strategy and treatment of postoperative recurrence of primary lung cancer]. AB - We studied the strategy and treatment of the postoperative recurrence cases of primary lung cancer. A total of 723 resected primary lung cancer patients treated with adjuvant therapy until 1982 were subjected for this study. One hundred and eighty-five cases recurred postoperatively among the cases with 4 histologic types of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma or small cell carcinoma, with definite postsurgicopathologic TNM classifications. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The recurrence rate of slightly advanced cases with complete mediastinal lymph node dissection was lower than those with incomplete dissection, indicating the importance of complete mediastinal lymph node dissection for the strategy of the postoperative recurrence of primary lung cancer. 2. Transfer factor adjuvant immunochemotherapy appeared to suppress or delay postoperative recurrence. 3. Most of the cases with recurrence were found at the terminal stage and the postoperative check-up method should be improved. 4. The treatment modality for the recurrent cases was different depending on patients' characteristics. 5. The cases with brain or pulmonary metastasis were rarely operated, however, the resection of pulmonary metastasis was considered to be effective for survival in selected cases. PMID- 6639088 TI - [Clinical features of recurrent breast cancer--factors related to prognosis]. AB - Influencing factors related to clinical appearances of recurrent breast cancer for the prognoses were studied. Stages of the disease at the time of the first surgery were highly related to the disease free interval (DFI) and the survival after the recurrence. Positivity of estrogen receptor in tumor tissue was found to be correlated with prognoses. The prognosis was also influenced by the first recurrent site. The patients with liver metastases which found as the first recurrent site showed shorter survival, on the other hand, the patients with metastases at soft tissue or bone showed relatively longer survival. The comparative analysis was performed in terms of the factors which effect on the prognoses of the patients of early death and the long survivors after the recurrence of the disease. PMID- 6639089 TI - [Treatment of acute leukemia in relapse]. AB - For the early diagnosis of recurrence of acute leukemia, differential count of the 5000 leukocytes was found very effective. In 29 cases out of 30 cases whose leukemic cells were elevated to the level higher than 10/5000 from the level of 0 4/5000 in stable stage of remission, overt recurrence was diagnosed by peripheral blood or bone marrow examination after 3-12 weeks. Prevention of overt recurrence was observed in several cases, in which an intensive treatment was administered at the early stage of recurrence. For the treatment of cases with overt recurrence, it is important to plan the treatment with drugs different from those used in previous treatment. AAAP therapy or new drugs such as mitoxantrone might be considered. In cases in which leukemic cells proliferate earlier than normal cells after intensive treatment, a sustained small dose Ara-C therapy was often effective. PMID- 6639090 TI - [Treatment of recurrent cancer]. AB - From our immunological and pathophysiological studies, recurrent cancer is not a stage following non-curative cancer, but is an intermediate tumor burden between operable and inoperable cancer cases. The survival of the patients with advanced cancer is comparable whether their disease is primary or recurrent. There is also no difference in the response rate to cancer chemotherapy between primary cases and recurrent cases. Therefore, recurrent cancer should also be an object of vigorous treatment. The problem in the treatment of patients with recurrent cancer is that there are two or more lesions in most instances and that cancer invasion is usually deeper. Therefore, treatment of recurrent cancer should be done with due consideration of sites of primary lesion and metastasis, and an appropriate regimen should be chosen for individual patients. However, what is important in treating recurrent cancer cases is its early detection and multidisciplinary treatment. It is desired the systematization in the treatment of patients with recurrent cancer. PMID- 6639091 TI - [Treatment of multiple myeloma. High-dose intermittent administration of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone--follow up study of 10 years period]. AB - Twenty patients with plasma cell myeloma were treated with high-dose (10 mg/kg) intermittent administration of cyclophosphamide for remission induction and maintenance therapy. High-dose intermittent administration of glucocorticosteroid hormone was also performed usually in parallel with large-dose of cyclophosphamide. A significant objective response was obtained in 12 of 20 patients (60.0%). The median survival was 32 months in all cases; 47 months in the responding cases. The response rate was not affected by the class of M protein, the type of light-chain and/or the presence of bone lesions. All responders were on the 3rd stage. High-dose intermittent administration of cyclophosphamide was evaluated as very useful since it showed equivalent effects obtained by combination chemotherapy regimens, hardly producing bone marrow suppression. PMID- 6639092 TI - [Effect of intra-arterial infusion of adriamycin on locally advanced primary breast cancer--second report]. AB - In 37 cases of locally advanced breast cancer, arterial administration of adriamycin (ADR), given a total dose of 150 mg in a single dose of 30 mg or 50 mg, was attempted as means of preoperative chemotherapy, and its tumor contraction action in the primary breast cancer and side effects were studied. On the basis of the "Assessement Criteria of Therapeutic Effects on Advanced and Recurrent Breast Cancer" by the Japan Breast Cancer Society, complete response (CR) was noted in 3 cases, and partial response (PR) in 25 cases, with an efficacy rate (CR+PR) of 75.7% (28/37 cases). There was no significant difference in the efficacy rate between the two groups and histological effects were statistically similar. Besides, regarding the difference in the route of administration, the clinical effects were more significant in the group administered from two routes of subclavian artery and internal thoracic artery than in the group injected only from the the subclavian artery. As for side effects, alopecia, leukocytopenia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting were found at high frequencies, and local toxicity was also recognized at a considerable rate, but there was no difference between single dose groups, and these adverse effects were considered to be permissible as far as the total dose up to 150 mg. PMID- 6639093 TI - [Phase I study of forphenicinol, a new biological response modifier]. AB - Forphenicinol, [L-(4-hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxyphenyl) glycine], a new biological response modifier, is a derivative of forphenicine, an inhibitor of chick intestine alkaline phosphatase, discovered by H. Umezawa from the microbial culture filtrate. In order to find an optimal dose schedule of forphenicinol, the drug was given p.o. at doses ranged from 10, 50, 100, 400 to 800 mg once a day for 7 days to 103 patients (39 malignant and 64 benign). No side effect was observed. Statistical analysis was performed on immunological parameters, including WBC; lymphocyte, T-cell, B-cell, T gamma-cell (each % and count); S.I. of PHA and Con A, NK cell activity and K cell activity before and after administration. The patients were divided into the "low-dose" group given less than 100 mg/day of the drug and the "high-dose" group given more than 400 mg/day. Further, on the basis of values of each parameter before administration, the patients were divided into the "low-before" or the "high-before" group, when the pretreated value of parameters was lower or higher than the median of all cases. In the malignant patients, lymphocyte (% and count), T-cell (% and count) and B cell (% and count) significantly increased in the "low-dose"-"low-before" group (p less than 0.05), but B-cell (%) and S.I. of PHP and Con A decreased in the "low-dose"-"high-before" group. On the contrary, there was no significant change in both the "low-before" and the "high-before" group, when "high-dose" of the drug was given. In the benign patients T gamma-cell (% and count) and NK cell activity were found to be significantly increased in the "high-dose"-"low-before" group, indicating some difference in response of parameter from cancer patients. An optimal dose of forphenicinol for cancer patients was considered to be in a range of 10-100 mg/day. PMID- 6639094 TI - [Combination therapy of vinca alkaloids and nicardipine in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with resistant to various antineoplastic agents]. AB - Three patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who relapsed and were considered to be resistant to standard chemotherapeutic agents including vinca alkaloids were treated with a vinca alkaloid combined with calcium antagonist, nicardipine. All three patients showed some response to this treatment. Two of them were reentered into partial response at a dose of 1.0 mg of vincristine weekly and 40 mg of nicardipine, p.o., tid. From this result, it was suggested that the resistance to vinca alkaloids could be overcome and the cytotoxic effect of vinca alkaloids could be enhanced by nicardipine. The plasma concentration of nicardipine was variable in each patient and lower than initially expected. Overcome of drug resistance and enhancement of chemotherapeutic effect by nicardipine should be tried in the treatment of refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 6639095 TI - [Prophylactic antiemetic treatment for cancer chemotherapy--comparison of domperidone and chlorpromazine]. AB - The antiemetic effect of domperidone against nausea, vomiting, and anorexia induced by antineoplastic agents was compared with that of chlorpromazine. Twenty patients with malignant neoplasms given 2 cycles of a combination chemotherapy including cisplatinum and adriamycin received domperidone in one cycle and chlorpromazine in another cycle. Antiemetics 10-20 mg were given 30 minutes before chemotherapy and every 4-6 hours afterwards by div, iv, or po. No significant differences in severity of nausea and vomiting and duration of anorexia were noted between domperidone and chlorpromazine. Side effects were observed in 11 patients who received chlorpromazine, while none was observed in domperidone. It was concluded that domperidone was as effective as chlorpromazine as antiemetics and more useful because of its lower incidence of side effects. The antiemetic effect of domperidone, however, was not great enough for some patients, especially when they received cisplatinum. A higher dose of domperidone or domperidone with concomitant use of glucocorticoids should be considered as promising antiemetics for these patients. PMID- 6639096 TI - [Effect of C-reactive protein on natural killer activity]. AB - The relationship between natural killer (NK) activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration was analysed in patients with carcinoma of the lung and metastatic pulmonary tumors. Significant reverse correlation (r=-0.43) was found between NK activity against OAT cells or K-562 cells and serum CRP concentration. For the elucidation of the mechanism of suppressive activity of CRP against NK activity, in vitro effects of CRP on NK activity was studied. Relative NK activity compared to control decreased to 23.3 +/- 5.6% in experiment adding 1.0 mg/dl of CRP into NK assay mixture (p less than 0.001). Relative NK activity was also strongly inhibited in experiment preincubating lymphocytes with CRP. The decrease of NK activity with CRP was depending on the concentration of CRP. PMID- 6639097 TI - [Experimental studies on the optimal therapeutic mode of intra-arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil. (1) Preparation of an animal model for continuous intra arterial infusion and comparison of the therapeutic and adverse effects of 5 fluorouracil delivered by various modes]. AB - 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most popular anticancer drugs, especially in treatment of for adenocarcinoma; however, an optimal therapeutic schedule of 5-FU is not determined even now. An animal model for continuous intraarterial infusion in rats was constructed using retrograde cannulation to aorta via right femoral artery in order to study the intraarterial and systemic effects of 5-FU on Yoshida sarcoma implanted in left fore limb and hind limb subcutaneously. By implanting Yoshida sarcoma in fore and hind limb and cannulating and infusing aorta, the regional and systemic antitumor effects could be compared in the same animal. Antitumor effect and toxicity after intraarterial 5-FU administration was studied at various infusion time and doses. The results revealed that intraarterial infusion of 5-FU was more effective than its systemic administration from view points of the antitumor effect. The antitumor effect after one shot intraarterial injection of 5-FU was ar superior to that after continuous infusion of 5-FU. However, toxicity after one shot injection was much more severe than continuous infusion. Consequently, the desirable administration schedule of 5-FU appears to be an intraarterial infusion as short time as possible within tolerable toxicity. PMID- 6639098 TI - [Experimental studies on the optimal therapeutic mode of intra-arterial infusion of 5-fluorouracil. (2) Concentrations within the tumors and normal tissues and therapeutic and adverse effects of 5-fluorouracil delivered by various routes]. AB - 5-Fluorouracil levels in Yoshida sarcoma implanted subcutaneously and some organs of rats were measured following intraarterial or intravenous administration of 5 FU at various infusion time and doses, and the relationship between 5-FU level in tumors and antitumor effect was examined. The antitumor effect following intraarterial infusion of 5-FU was superior to its systemic administration. With intraarterial infusion, higher levels of 5-FU in tumors could be expected during infusion and immediately after injection. One-shot intraarterial injection of 5 FU was much more effective than continuous infusion of 5-FU from view points of the antitumor effect. This reason might be attributed to that, 5-FU level in the tumor after one shot intraarterial injection was maintained higher for many longer period than its level during continuous infusion. 5-FU levels in the liver following and during intraaortic infusion of 5-FU showed interesting change, i.e. if 5-FU levels flowing into the liver was low, 5-FU in the liver was not detected at all, however, if high level of 5-FU was flown into, the liver 5-FU was measured even 24 hours after injection. It was supposed that the low level of 5 FU was degraded by the liver easily, but the high level of 5-FU flown into the liver could not be metabolized. From these experiments it may be concluded that infusion time of intraarterial administration of 5-FU must be as short as possible within tolerable toxicity, and infusion doses must be as high as possible that could be degraded by the liver for reduction of toxicity. PMID- 6639099 TI - [Sulbenicillin and amikacin for febrile patients with cancer--with special reference to granulocytopenia]. AB - Between March 1978 and March 1983 ninety-four episodes of fever in 56 mainly granulocytopenic patients with cancer were treated empirically with a combination of sulbenicillin (5.0 g, every 6 hours) and amikacin (200 mg, every 6 hours) in Saitama Cancer Center. Profound granulocytopenia at the beginning of treatment (less than 100/mm3 of granulocytes) was present in 66% of the patients. Oral absorbable or nonabsorbable antibiotics were used in 59 febrile episodes. WBC transfusion was not given. The response rate for all documented infections was 75%, including 10 of 13 (77%) of bacteremias. The majority of infections with identified organisms were caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli: the major gram negative pathogens being Ps. aeruginosa (11 cases), Klebsiella spp. (7 cases), E. coli (7 cases) and Enterobacter spp. (7 cases). The response rate of gram negative bacilliary infections was 74%. Pneumonia responded less satisfactorily than all other types of infection with the response rate of 20%. The response rate of 69% for profound persistent granulocytopenia (less than 100/mm3 of granulocytes without a rise during therapy) is higher than that of any other reports. The most common adverse effect was hepatotoxicity (19%), whereas oliguria or anuria occurred in two patients, by which they eventually expired. PMID- 6639100 TI - [Effects of adriamycin and daunomycin on cardiac functions]. AB - The effects of adriamycin and daunomycin on cardiac function were studied in 33 patients with acute leukemia (16 cases), neuroblastoma (5 cases), osteosarcoma (4 cases), malignant lymphoma (3 cases), rhabdomyosarcoma (3 cases) and malignant histiocytosis (2 cases). The left ventricular function was evaluated by serial echocardiographic assessment. Ejection fraction (E.F.) and shortening fraction (S.F.) of left ventricule were calculated from echocardiographic measurements. Seven of 33 cases (21.2%) revealed the decrease of E.F. and S.F. There was the significant correlation between total doses of daunomycin and E.F. Three patients died of severe congestive heart failure probably due to daunomycin administration. Usually, cardiac dysfunction caused by these drugs has improved within 3 months after the discontinuation. PMID- 6639101 TI - [Phase II study of mitoxantrone for hematologic malignancies]. AB - A phase II study of mitoxantrone (MIT) was performed in 21 patients with hematologic malignancies refractory to combination chemotherapy including anthracyclines. MIT was administered intravenously at doses of 8 to 13 mg/m2 on day 1 for 12 malignant lymphoma patients, and 1 to 3.3 mg/m2 on day 1 through 5 for 7 acute leukemia patients and 2 malignant lymphoma patients. Four malignant lymphoma patients (2 each of Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma) achieved partial response lasting 19, 14, 8+, and 4 weeks, respectively. Although no definite response was obtained in acute leukemia patients, a marked cytoreduction was observed in 2 patients. Myelosuppression was a major toxicity, however, life-threatening toxicities were not observed in this study. PMID- 6639102 TI - [Phase I study of an oral administration of VP 16-213]. AB - A phase I study of VP-16-213 oral capsule was performed in 25 patients with various malignant tumors refractory to standard treatments. Doses were escalated from 50 mg/d to 300 mg/d by a 5-day administration. Leukopenia was dose-related and nadirs at 200 mg/d, 250 mg/d and 300 mg/d were 2,000, 1,600 and 700/cmm respectively, reaching in about 2 weeks and approximately one week was required for recovery. Thrombocytopenia was also dose-related but generally less frequent and milder than leukopenia. Gastrointestinal toxicities such as anorexia, nausea and vomiting occurred in about 20% of patients but well tolerated; alopecia was observed in 40%. The result indicated that an optimal dose of oral VP-16-213 for phase II study was daily 200 mg/d (approximately 130 mg/m2) for 5 consecutive administration in 3-week intervals. PMID- 6639103 TI - [Preparation of adriamycin-resistant cells using multicellular tumor spheroid]. PMID- 6639104 TI - [Experimental animal information file: effect of bestatin in muscular dystrophy in mice]. PMID- 6639105 TI - Xeroderma pigmentosum-like changes. PMID- 6639106 TI - Keratotic papules of chronic renal failure: the process of transepithelial elimination. PMID- 6639107 TI - Methotrexate and teratogenesis. PMID- 6639108 TI - A clinical variant of chancroid resembling granuloma inguinale. AB - Sixteen patients with nonsyphilitic genital ulcerations had the clinical features of granuloma inguinale. Biopsy specimens and Wright's-stained tissue crush preparations obtained from all patients failed to demonstrate Donovan bodies. Herpes simplex virus was absent in cultures obtained from 11 patients. However, when techniques for culturing Hemophilus ducreyi became available in the latter part of the study, this organism was isolated from seven of eight consecutively studied patients. The pathologic process, therefore, represents a variant of chancroid having the clinical features of granuloma inguinale. Without the widespread availability of culture techniques for isolating H ducreyi, diagnostic uncertainty between these two diseases may occur. PMID- 6639109 TI - Therapy for basal cell epitheliomas by curettage only. Further study. AB - Thorough curettage alone, a simple, effective, inexpensive therapy, has now been used to treat 644 basal cell epitheliomas in 437 patients. Three hundred twenty eight treatment sites have been evaluated for more than five years. There have been 28 recurrences. Cosmetic results are superior to those obtained with x-ray therapy and electrocoagulation, and appear to be at least equal to those following cryosurgery and excision surgery. PMID- 6639110 TI - Morphologic changes in epidermis of PUVA-treated patients with psoriasis with or without a history of arsenic therapy. AB - The uninvolved skin of patients with psoriasis was examined microscopically. Atypical nuclear features in keratinocytes and melanocytes were found in about half of the patients. The patients treated with psoralens and UV-A (PUVA) had significantly more of these changes than did patients without PUVA treatment, and the risk was dose dependent. Previous arsenic treatment and x-ray irradiation seemed to have a similar effect. The changes may have been due to the shortwave UV range of the light source. PMID- 6639111 TI - Delayed hypersensitivity in ampicillin-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. AB - A patient with ampicillin-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) showed pronounced delayed hypersensitivity to ampicillin sodium by both intradermal and patch tests. In addition, a positive lymphocyte transformation test to ampicillin was demonstrated by an in vitro study. On the basis of these findings and the data found in the literature, we believe that delayed hypersensitivity plays a crucial role in the development of drug-induced TEN. We recommend patch testing with suspected medication in such cases. PMID- 6639112 TI - Cutaneous pigmentation secondary to amiodarone therapy. AB - Amiodarone (Cordarone) is an iodinated cardiac antiarrhythmic drug that causes a slate-gray discoloration of the sun-exposed skin and a yellow-brown stippling of the cornea. Histopathologically, biopsy specimens of aminodarone pigmentation sites disclose yellow-brown refractile granules in the reticular dermis. These granules were characterized by transmission electron microscopy as being concentrically arranged intralysosomal inclusions ("myelinlike" bodies) in dermal endothelial cells and perivascular smooth-muscle cells. Electron probe x-ray analysis of these same inclusions disclosed definite peaks for iodine, evidence for the presence of amiodarone or a metabolite of the drug at these sites. Amiodarone, then, concentrates in lysosomes and causes an accumulation of lipids similar to what has been seen with other cationic amphiphilic compounds, such as the glycosphingolipid stored in Fabry's disease. Amiodarone must be recognized as a cause of a drug-induced lipid storage disease with cutaneous and corneal manifestations. PMID- 6639113 TI - Target blue nevus. AB - In two cases of target blue nevi of the foot, both lesions displayed a distinctive concentric pigmentary variation. This correlated histologically with a peripheral alteration of dermal collagen accompanied by a focal regression or differentiation of blue nevus cells. The resulting distinctive target blue nevus can be clinically differentiated from a malignant melanoma. PMID- 6639114 TI - Phenytoin therapy for junctional epidermolysis bullosa. AB - Junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB) is a recessively inherited mechanobullous disease characterized by neonatal onset of blisters, healing without scarring or milium formation, dystrophic nails, and internal involvement in some patients. Several treatment modalities have been tried, including systemic corticosteroids and oral vitamin E, but no form of therapy has been uniformly successful. We describe a patient with JEB treated with phenytoin, followed by improvement in his skin lesions. PMID- 6639115 TI - Eruptive generalized clear cell syringomas. AB - Syringomas occur quite commonly, but the occurrence of widespread lesions is rare. A patient is described with the unique coincident findings of eruptive generalized syringomas associated with an unusual microscopic preponderance of clear cells. PMID- 6639116 TI - Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing. A review. AB - Delayed hypersensitivity skin testing is based on the reaction that occurs in response to the intradermal injection of an antigen. The technique, interpretation, and pitfalls of interpretation of delayed hypersensitivity skin testing are presented. The histologic findings and immunologic mechanisms characterizing this form of immunologic response are discussed. The diagnostic and clinical importance of reactivity to recall skin test batteries, common microbial antigens, dinitrochlorobenzene, and tumor-associated antigens is also discussed. PMID- 6639117 TI - Ulcers associated with congenital arteriovenous fistulas. PMID- 6639118 TI - Treatment of keratoacanthoma with topical fluorouracil. PMID- 6639119 TI - Acanthosis nigricans. In association with the adrenogenital syndrome, hyperlipoproteinemia type IV, and congenital malformation of the urinary tract. PMID- 6639120 TI - How to make the most of bone ages. PMID- 6639121 TI - Incest. PMID- 6639122 TI - Do unnecessary spectacles make the eyes worse. PMID- 6639123 TI - Prediction of adult height from height and bone age in childhood. A new system of equations (TW Mark II) based on a sample including very tall and very short children. AB - A new series of equations is presented for predicting the adult height of a child given present height and bone age. These equations (TW height prediction, Mark II) which replace the ones given in 1975 (TW height prediction, Mark I) are based on larger numbers of normal children, and more importantly on a sample that includes, for the first time, numbers of very tall, very short, and very growth delayed children. In addition, equations are given for use when the increment of height or bone age, or both, over the previous year is known. These variates improve the prediction at most ages over 8 years in girls and 11 years in boys. The previously given parental allowance has been dropped. Typically 95% of the predictions lie within +/- 8 cm of the real value for boys aged 10 years, falling to +/- 6 cm for boys aged 15 years, or +/- 4 cm if their previous height increment is known. For premenarcheal girls the predictions lie within about +/- 6 cm at age 8 years; a figure which diminishes little till 13 years unless height and bone age increments are known, when it reaches +/- 4 cm at 13 years. For postmenarcheal girls the predictions are substantially more accurate. PMID- 6639124 TI - Morbidity and school absence caused by asthma and wheezing illness. AB - A survey in the London Borough of Croydon was conducted among an entire school cohort, aged about 9 years, to describe the current morbidity from wheezing illness, its relation to social and family factors, and its effects on social and educational development. A postal screening questionnaire was sent to 5100 parents, and 11.1% of the children were reported to have had wheezing illness over the previous 12 months. A sample of 284 parents were subsequently interviewed at home about their child's illness. School absence over the past year caused by wheezing illness was reported by 58%; and in 12% of children this amounted to more than 30 school days. School absence was strongly associated with all other indicators of morbidity-- short and long term. The proportion described as having "asthma' rose from 22% in those with no absence, to 50% in those with more than 30 days absence. Compared with 92 randomly selected controls with no history of wheezing, wheezy children had more atopic conditions, recurrent headaches, and abdominal pains. School absence was associated with parental separation, non-manual occupation of the mother, more than three children in the household, poor maternal mental health, lack of access to a car, and renting of accommodation. The child's illness had substantial effects on the activities of the mother and the rest of the family, but not on the child's social and recreational activities. Children with over 6 weeks' school absence scored appreciably worse on a teacher's assessment of their social, psychological, and educational adjustment. PMID- 6639126 TI - Growth and development of very low birthweight infants recovering from bronchopulmonary dysplasia. AB - Twenty four infants with birthweights less than or equal to 1500 g had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Four died in the neonatal period and four in the postneonatal period-one had been discharged and was aged one year. Sixteen (67%) survived long term and were followed up until they were two years old. Common medical conditions included respiratory illnesses in 14 (88%) children and otitis media in 8 (50%). Eleven (69%) required hospital admission for an average of 5 times; total days in hospital averaged 27 days. The most common reasons for admission were bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia. At two years 37% were below the 10th centile for weight, as were 25% for height: head circumferences were normal. Two children had cerebral palsy, two had developmental delay, two had multiple disabilities, and one had sensorineural deafness. Of the 24 BPD infants, 8 (33%) died, 7 (29%) survived with a disability (severe in one), and 9 (38%) had a normal neurodevelopmental outcome. From the available perinatal data it was not possible to predict late disabilities in BPD survivors. PMID- 6639125 TI - Diagnosis of neonatal seizure by continuous recording and rapid analysis of the electroencephalogram. AB - Clinical diagnosis of neonatal seizure is difficult and repeated seizures may be unrecognised. To assist in early diagnosis we recorded continuously the electroencephalogram (EEG) of very sick newborns while intensive care continued. In 25 babies at high risk of seizure a continuous record of two channels of EEG, ECG, and respiration was made for periods varying from 11 hours to 16 days. The method employed produced an EEG largely free of movement and electrical artefact which was analysed rapidly using a visual display unit. Electroencephalographic seizure activity was recorded in 20 babies, and continuous monitoring of the EEG allowed earlier recognition of seizure than was possible with clinical observation. PMID- 6639127 TI - Low flow oxygen therapy in infants. AB - Fifty one infants who were oxygen dependent after treatment for neonatal respiratory disease were entered into a study programme where 100% oxygen was delivered at low flow through a nasal catheter. Thirty five (69%) of the infants were discharged home and the remainder were either discharged to a convalescent hospital or back to their peripheral referring hospital. Excluding repeat admissions for monitoring or for the treatment of acute infections, 2760 hospital days (79 days/patient) were saved, representing a financial saving of $11990 (pounds 6500) per treated infant. A home low flow oxygen therapy programme has benefits to the infant/parent relationship, provides a more constant flow of oxygen than conventional methods, and the early hospital discharge represents a considerable financial saving. PMID- 6639128 TI - A common congenital immunodeficiency predisposing to infection and atopy in infancy. AB - Twenty six infants with a congenital immunodeficiency, characterised by failure of their sera to opsonise heat killed bakers' yeast for phagocytosis by normal polymorphonuclear leucocytes, were studied during infancy to determine the frequency of infection and development of atopy. They were compared with controls, matched prospectively for birth date, sex, parental smoking, and atopy and in whom feeding patterns were similar. In 18 of 26 infants the serum defect persisted at age one year. The incidence of infection and atopy, was appreciably greater in the study group than in controls. The 8 children in whom the defect was transient had a similar incidence of infection but a higher incidence of atopy than controls. Eight of 26 mothers and four of 9 fathers tested also had the serum defect, suggesting a strong genetic component. We support the hypothesis that immunodeficiency predisposes to infection and atopy, and that transient immunodeficiency predisposes to atopy. PMID- 6639129 TI - Neonatal screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia. AB - Capillary blood samples from 42930 infants born in the Italian region of Emilia Romagna were collected for 17-hydroxyprogesterone radioimmunoassays on days 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, or between days 7 and 15 of life. A microfilter paper method modified from that of Pang et al.1 was used for this assay. Pathologic values of 17-hydroxyprogesterone were found in 5 infants giving an incidence in this homogeneous Caucasian population of 1:8586. We also investigated 17 hydroxyprogesterone values in relation to the day of sampling and the possible correlation between 17-hydroxyprogesterone values and birthweight and gestational age. We concluded that neonatal screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency was possible by this method and that the infants' maturity and the particular day of collection of the samples affect the values but not the validity of the screening. PMID- 6639130 TI - Peripheral blood leucocyte zinc depletion in babies with intrauterine growth retardation. AB - The zinc content of peripheral blood leucocytes from the cord blood of 63 normal and 20 preterm babies, and of 27 babies with evidence of idiopathic intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was measured. Leucocyte zinc depletion was present in babies with acute IUGR (IUGR babies compared with controls, mean 47.8 v 51.5 ng zinc/mg dry weight), but was especially severe in those with prolonged IUGR (mean 43.2 ng zinc/mg dry weight), while preterm babies were normal (mean 51.9 ng zinc/mg dry weight). We suggest that this fetal tissue zinc depletion is caused by maternal zinc depletion, and may reflect a reduction of whole body zinc status. PMID- 6639131 TI - Convexity cerebral haemorrhage in the neonate: in vivo ultrasound diagnosis. AB - In vivo diagnosis of subdural or subarachnoid haematoma was made in five neonates by realtime ultrasound scanning. A combination of asphyxia and sequelae of exchange transfusion were probable precipitating factors. Persistent ultrasound abnormalities relate to quality of outcome in survivors. PMID- 6639132 TI - Biliary lipid compositions in cholestatic diseases of infancy. AB - Biliary lipid compositions in infants with cholestasis were analysed. Bile acid and phospholipid values were appreciably lower in infants with idiopathic neonatal hepatitis syndrome or corrected biliary atresia than in control infants. Cholesterol values were not, however, notably lower in infants with cholestasis. When biliary lipid components were determined in terms of molar percent, bile acid values were considerably lower in infants with cholestasis than in controls, and cholesterol and phospholipids were appreciably higher, as was the lithogenic index. PMID- 6639133 TI - Three successfully treated cases of nonamoebic liver abscess. AB - Three previously healthy children developed nonamoebic liver abscess. Diagnosis was aided by liver scan, ultrasound assessment, and computed tomography. A variety of surgical procedures were successful in achieving proper drainage, resection of chronic lesions, and resolution of associated cholangitis. PMID- 6639134 TI - Selective placement of bronchial suction catheters in intubated neonates. AB - Flexible suction catheters were passed through the endotracheal tubes of infants undergoing mechanical ventilation, just before chest radiographic examination for clinical purposes. With the head straight, 7 of 10 straight catheters entered the right main bronchus but with the head turned, 17 of 20 straight catheters and 19 of 20 curved tip catheters entered the contralateral bronchus. PMID- 6639135 TI - Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency presenting with gout and renal failure in infancy. AB - A month old infant had gout and renal failure caused by hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRTase) deficiency. Investigations showed a high uric acid value, crystal nephropathy on ultrasound, and uric acid deposition on renal biopsy. The HGPRTase value was low in red cells and fibroblasts. PMID- 6639136 TI - Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with carbamazepine. AB - An 8 year old girl treated with carbamazepine developed eczema, wheeze, and evidence of pulmonary eosinophilia. Single dose challenge confirmed allergy to this drug. This reaction should be considered in patients being treated with carbamazepine who develop respiratory symptoms. PMID- 6639137 TI - Survival rates in cystic fibrosis. AB - Life tables were calculated for 273 British children with cystic fibrosis for the period 1974-9. There was a marked improvement in survival rates in the meconium ileus group compared with the 1969-73 data, but there was little improvement in patients presenting later with other symptoms. PMID- 6639138 TI - Lithium toxicity in the newborn. PMID- 6639139 TI - Uptake of lead from aquatic sediment by submersed macrophytes and crayfish. PMID- 6639140 TI - Distribution of cadmium and zinc in tissues and organs, and their age-related changes in striped dolphins, Stenella coeruleoalba. PMID- 6639142 TI - Determination of selected chlorinated pesticides, bound and free, in human semen. PMID- 6639141 TI - Accumulations of naphthalene and cadmium after simultaneous ingestion by the black sea bass, Centropristis striata. PMID- 6639144 TI - [Perspectives in obstetrics--toward obstetrics without ideology]. PMID- 6639143 TI - [Proceedings of the German Gynecology and Obstetrics Society. 44th meeting, Munich, 13-17 September 1982]. PMID- 6639145 TI - [Transplacental carcinogenesis]. PMID- 6639146 TI - [Prostaglandins in obstetrics]. PMID- 6639147 TI - [Pregnancy]. PMID- 6639148 TI - [Development of psychosexuality and its disorders in girls]. PMID- 6639149 TI - [Experience with so-called ambulatory delivery in the clinic]. PMID- 6639150 TI - [The risk of home delivery]. PMID- 6639151 TI - [Solitary pediatric hepatic hemangioendothelioma. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6639152 TI - [Osteofibrous dysplasia of long bones in adults. Apropos of 2 cases with an ultrastructural study]. PMID- 6639153 TI - [Kaposi's disease. Form with lymph node manifestations in a young African. Difficulty of the initial diagnosis and relation to dysimmune lymphadenitis]. PMID- 6639154 TI - [Ultrastructural study of a case of dacryops. Comparison with a normal lacrymal gland]. PMID- 6639155 TI - [Endometrial cytology and postmenopausal metrorrhagia]. PMID- 6639156 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the wall of the deep femoral vein. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6639157 TI - [Unusual sites of bone metastases in primary epithelioma of the liver. Apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 6639158 TI - Experience with the Nissen fundoplication for correction of gastroesophageal reflux in infants. AB - In the past 15 years at Children's Hospital in Washington, D.C., approximately 500 infants under 1 year of age have been evaluated because of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. A contrast esophagogram will demonstrate reflux in the majority of affected infants. However, this diagnostic method is not always reliable. Timed monitoring of esophageal pH, and extended radionuclide scan even in infants can document accurately the frequency and character of episodic reflux. Following diagnosis, most infants are treated by conservative therapy, which includes the upright position. Of the 500 patients, 72 infants (14%) were selected for operative correction using the Nissen fundoplication. The indications for surgery in these infants with gastroesophageal reflux were: (A) failure to thrive, (35); (B) chronic respiratory infection, (24); (C) apnea spells, (8); and (D) esophagitis. One infant was found to have a stricture. In these symptomatic patients, three had previous operative correction of esophageal atresia, and two had congenital gastric dislocation in the chest. RESULTS: 61 excellent; six recurrences, of whom five are satisfactory after a second operation; two lost to follow-up but doing well when last seen; three deaths from causes unrelated to reflux. The selection of infants with gastroesophageal reflux for surgical correlation is primarily based on life-threatening clinical effects. The Nissen fundoplication has worked well in this group of infants. PMID- 6639159 TI - Remedial surgery following failed gastroplasty for morbid obesity. AB - Gastroplasty (GP) or gastric bypass with exclusion of 90% of the distal stomach (GBP) have largely replaced small bowel bypass in the surgical management of morbid obesity. Despite the theoretical advantages of GP over GBP, revision rates of up to 20% are reported with GP because of unsatisfactory weight loss resulting from staple line disruption, pouch dilatation, and/or stomal enlargement. This report describes four alternative surgical approaches to failed GP. "Complete" partitioning of the stomach accompanied by gastrogastrostomy or conversion to Roux-en-Y GBP is recommended. Because of intangible advantages associated with exclusion of the stomach and duodenum, conversion to GBP is favored over GP revision in such cases. PMID- 6639160 TI - Glucose turnover and recycling in colorectal carcinoma. AB - Glucose metabolism is affected by various pathologic states including tumors. In this project, glucose turnover and recycling rates in 11 patients with colorectal carcinoma were measured using a double-labelled 3-3H and 1-14C glucose injection technique. Fasting blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol, 3 hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, plasma cortisol, and plasma insulin concentrations were also measured. No patient in the study had a history of diabetes mellitus or endocrine disorders, nor any abnormal liver function tests. The findings demonstrated a significantly elevated glucose turnover rate in patients with Dukes C and D lesions in comparison to patients with Dukes B lesions. Cori recycling rates were not significantly different between Dukes B vs. Dukes C and D patients. There were no differences between Dukes B and Dukes C and D patients in any of the metabolites measured. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in glucose turnover or recycling rates as a function of pre-illness weight loss. These data suggest that, when colorectal carcinoma extends beyond the limits of the bowel wall, glucose metabolism is significantly altered. PMID- 6639161 TI - Factors influencing survival after total pancreatectomy in patients with pancreatic cancer. AB - A retrospective analysis of factors influencing short-term and long-term survival after total pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer was done in 86 patients. Among the 41 factors studied, hospital mortality was significantly affected by age over 70 years, preoperative diabetes, pain as presenting symptom, S-bilirubin, preoperative bile drainage, prophylactic antibiotic treatment, stage of the tumor, and experience of the surgeon. The only factors which had a statistically significant influence on long-term survival were stage of the tumor and sex of the patient. It is concluded that improvement of long-term survival can mainly be achieved by earlier identification and removal of the tumors and by introduction of more efficient adjuvant therapy. Whereas these goals probably will require a long time to be reached, the majority of factors associated with worsening of hospital mortality may be avoided by a strict selection of the patient, the tumor and the surgeon. PMID- 6639162 TI - A prospective study comparing nuclear scintigraphy and computerized axial tomography in the initial evaluation of the trauma patient. AB - Eighty-five consecutive patients admitted for trauma evaluation and fulfilling criteria suggesting the possibility of intra-abdominal injury underwent both immediate computerized axial tomography of the abdomen and a nuclear medicine evaluation, including a liver-spleen scan with or without a renal scan, in order to delineate their injuries and direct management. The limitations, advantages, and complementary use of each modality in the initial evaluation of the trauma patient is described. Overall, nuclear scintigraphy excelled in instances of contusion, in the evaluation of the restless or uncooperative patient, and in children. With computerized tomography, the retroperitoneal structures were well defined and multiple abdominal injuries could be seen. Neither modality demonstrated the presence of intra-abdominal fluid consistently. No patient with assumed isolated liver, spleen, or renal injury on the basis of the above studies, who was managed nonoperatively, required subsequent laparotomy. PMID- 6639163 TI - Effect of albumin resuscitation on canine coagulation activity and content. AB - Prior work showed that albumin resuscitation in man leads to decreased coagulation activity and coagulation protein content. These observations were tested in 20 splenectomized dogs shocked by control hemorrhage and resuscitated with the sequential infusion of: (1) 20 ml/kg balanced electrolyte solution (BES) or 5% albumin/BES; (2) shed blood; (3) 30 ml/kg BES or 5% albumin/BES; (4) 250 ml blood stored from the time of splenectomy. Either BES or 5% albumin/BES was given for the next 3 days. Coagulation activity (fibrinogen, plasminogen, factor VIII, and prothrombin) and coagulation protein content (factor VIII by specific canine antigen) were measured preshock, post resuscitation, and daily for 3 days. Albumin resuscitation significantly (p = greater than 0.05) reduced coagulation activity of fibrinogen (423 +/- 145 vs. 274 +/- 80 mg/dl SD), factor VIII:C (64 +/- 24 vs 42 +/- 16% SD), prothrombin (195 +/- 44 vs. 141 +/- 22% SD) but did not alter CPC of factor VIII:RAg (142 +/- 83 vs. 156 +/- 141% SD). Lower coagulation activity after 5% albumin/BES resuscitation in conjunction with no change in factor VIII:RAg content which is produced by the vascular endothelium suggest that impaired hepatic synthesis may lead to the reduced coagulation activity after albumin resuscitation. PMID- 6639164 TI - The extent of primary melanoma excision. A re-evaluation--how wide is wide? AB - A retrospective review of 118 clinical Stage I melanoma patients, including the re-examination of histologic slides in 57 cases, was performed to define factors important to survival. The majority (76.7%) had excision margins of 30 mm or less (range = 6-85 mm, mean--29.3 mm). The adjusted 5-year survival was 77.3%. Local recurrences within 5 cm of the primary closure scar developed in 3.4%. The recurrences occurred in patients with satellitosis (1), unrecognized subclinical Stage II disease (1), or as the first evidence of disseminated Stage III disease (2). Margins less than 20 mm were associated with an increased risk of dying if the tumor diameter was more than 10 mm (p = 0.0105) or if the depth of invasion was more than 2.0 mm (p = 0.0491). Increasing the margin to 25 mm improved survival. However, no further protection was evident for margins over 30 mm. For smaller and shallower lesions, no optimal margin could be identified. It appears that a 30 mm margin is adequate for large and deep clinical Stage I melanomas, and mortality and local recurrences are due to factors other than the extent of excision. PMID- 6639166 TI - The use of operative prebypass arteriography and Doppler ultrasound recordings to select patients for extended femoro-distal bypass. AB - Of 113 preoperative arteriograms analyzed, 46 (40%) were unsatisfactory to determine operability for femoral-distal bypass. In 23 of these 46 arteriograms, there was complete nonvisualization of calf vessels (Group A) and in the remaining 23, there was limited visualization (Group B). Both prebypass, on-table operative arteriography and Doppler ultrasound recordings were helpful in predicting the best available artery for bypass in all but one patient (4%) in Group A. In Group B, 7 of 23 patients had the site of distal anastomosis altered after prebypass, ontable arteriography. There was no statistical difference in the patency rates of grafts in patients with inadequate visualization (Groups A and B) and those with adequate visualization (67 patients, Group C). Prebypass, on-table operative arteriography, supplemented by preoperative Doppler ultrasound recordings, helps to extend operability and to avoid unnecessary amputation. PMID- 6639168 TI - Profound accidental hypothermia with cardiorespiratory arrest. PMID- 6639167 TI - Acute renal failure subsequent to increased intra-abdominal pressure. PMID- 6639165 TI - Determining criteria for shunt placement during carotid endarterectomy. EEG versus back pressure. AB - EEG monitoring and carotid back pressure were performed on 100 patients undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy. Shunts were inserted selectively in those patients who showed change in EEG after a trial period of carotid clamping (15%). No patient in the series awoke with a neurologic deficit. Back pressures were significantly lower in the shunted group and these pressures roughly correlated with EEG changes. Only one patient with a back pressure of greater than 40 mmHg had EEG changes and this patient had a recent mild stroke. EEG changes were most frequent in patients with contralateral carotid occlusions and in asymptomatic significant stenoses. EEG is a more discriminating indicator for shunt insertion than back pressure, although a pressure greater than 40 mmHg is safe in patients without recent stroke. PMID- 6639169 TI - "Posterior padding" of the esophageal gastric junction in the region of the lower esophageal sphincter. PMID- 6639170 TI - A new concept in the surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux. PMID- 6639171 TI - Distinguishing between primary hyperparathyroidism and milk-alkali syndrome. PMID- 6639172 TI - Risk of internal mammary lymph node metastases and its relevance on prognosis of breast cancer patients. AB - The risk of internal mammary chain metastases according to some parameters and its prognostic relevance was evaluated on the basis of the experience collected at the National Cancer Institute of Milan where, from January 1965 to December 1980, 1085 patients were submitted to Halsted mastectomy plus internal mammary chain dissection. A multivariate analysis was carried out, resorting to a multiple linear regression with logistic transformation of the dependent variable. The selection of prognostic factors has been performed with a step-down approach. The frequency of metastases to internal mammary chain nodes was evaluated according to four criteria: age, site and size of primary tumor, and presence of axillary metastases. Data of this series indicate that the frequency of internal mammary node metastases is significantly associated with the age of the patients (younger patients have a higher risk) (p = 0.006) with the size of primary tumor (p = 0.006) with the presence of axillary node metastases (p = 10( 9). Patients with both axillary and internal mammary positive nodes have a very poor prognosis (10-year survival 37.3%) while patients with either axillary metastases only or internal mammary metastases only have an intermediate less grave prognosis (59.6% and 62.4%, respectively). As regards the risk of internal mammary nodes involvement, it appears that knowing the age, the size, and the axillary nodes status, it is possible to calculate with good approximation the probability of their invasion. PMID- 6639174 TI - Post-fundoplication symptoms. Do they restrict the success of Nissen fundoplication? AB - The post-fundoplication symptoms were assessed in 226 patients who had symptomatical improvement of gastroesophageal reflux after Nissen fundoplication. Follow-up range was from 3 to 12 years (average 5,6 years). Of these patients, 24% were totally asymptomatic. All had transient postoperative dysphagia which improved within an average of 3-5 months. Forty four per cent had changes in habits of swallowing; 38% had increased abdominal meteorism; 31% were unable to vomit and 19% unable to belch; 12% had pain in the upper left abdominal quadrant; and 10% had dyspepsia. These symptoms were uncomfortable in 26% and disturbing in 10%. Diverse causes can be responsible for these symptoms; mechanical (narrowing of the cardia, postoperative adherences), functional (motor troubles, denervation), and depending of the patients (alimentary habits). The high frequency of post-fundoplication symptoms restrict clearly the success of Nissen fundoplication. PMID- 6639173 TI - Intraoperative cholangiography. A review of indications and analysis of age-sex groups. AB - A retrospective review was performed of patients who had biliary tract stone formation as the primary diagnosis for hospitalization and indication for surgery. Five hundred and eighty-nine consecutive charts were reviewed of patients admitted between 1975 and 1979. Intraoperative cholangiography was performed in 166 patients of whom 22 had common duct exploration. Choledochotomy in this series was performed in 63 cases without utilizing pre-exploratory cholangiography. A normal intraoperative cholangiogram was found to be 100% accurate; however, an abnormal cholangiogram was associated with a 16% false positive rate of exploration of the common duct. The incidence of unsuspected common duct stones detected only by intraoperative cholangiography was 2.3%. Age sex analysis confirms a 10-year mean age difference between men and women within the population of this study (p less than 0.001). This age-sex difference is maintained in patients without common duct pathology as well as in patients with sterile bile. However, the mean age difference between male and female patients with either demonstrable common duct obstruction by stones or infected bile as determined by routine intraoperative culture is not statistically significant. A review of the role of intraoperative cholangiography, and the experience at Northeastern Hospital is discussed. PMID- 6639175 TI - Aminopyrine breath test predicts surgical risk for patients with liver disease. AB - To determine whether the [14C] aminopyrine breath test (ABT) predicts surgical risk in patients with liver disease, it was obtained prior to various surgeries in 38 patients with known or suspected liver disease. A modified Child's classification was also determined. Six of the seven operative deaths (three Child's A, two B, two C) had ABTs less than 2.3%, while 30 of 31 survivors (24 Child's A, seven B) had ABTs greater than 2.3% (p less than 0.000018). Seven of the 16 patients with normal ABTs had biopsy-proven cirrhosis and had postoperative courses indistinguishable from the remainder of the group. We conclude that surgery in patients with ABTs less than 2.3% is associated with extremely high mortality. In addition, cirrhotics with normal ABTs tolerate elective surgery well. PMID- 6639176 TI - Management of cholelithiasis in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. AB - Gallstones were detected in 42 of 865 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (4.9%). Eighteen patients underwent concomitant aneurysm resection and cholecystectomy. Eleven patients had aneurysmectomy without cholecystectomy. Thirteen patients underwent cholecystectomy alone. There were no significant increases in operative mortality, duration of operation, or length of hospital stay when cholecystectomy was added to aneurysm resection. However, there was one instance of prosthetic infection which occurred in a patient who did not have his graft retroperitonealized prior to cholecystectomy, and who also underwent gastrostomy and drainage of the liver bed. There have been no graft complications in the remaining 17 consecutive patients who had their graft retroperitonealized prior to cholecystectomy. Nine of 11 patients who underwent aneurysmectomy without cholecystectomy experienced an episode of acute cholecystitis during a mean follow-up period of 2.9 years. Two of these episodes occurred in the immediate postoperative period and one patient died of biliary sepsis. On the basis of these findings, concomitant aneurysmectomy and cholecystectomy is advised in those patients with cholelithiasis undergoing aortic aneurysm resection providing no contraindications exist. PMID- 6639177 TI - Scoring system to aid in diagnoses of appendicitis. AB - Problems related to the diagnosis of appendicitis are evidenced by the significant negative laparotomy rate. The present study sought to assess the feasibility of decreasing this diagnostic error by studying two groups of patients and identifying and weighing details of history, physical examination and laboratory findings utilizing 23 predictive factors. One hundred consecutive cases of proven appendicitis (AAp) were retrospectively reviewed and compared with 100 consecutive cases that had normal appendices removed because of erroneous preoperative diagnosis of appendicitis (NAp). Rates of occurrence for each predictive factor were determined separately for both groups. These were converted into weights which were then added to yield a diagnostic score for each patient. A cutoff point established the score which designated one group for observation and the other for surgery. Scores were assessed at three different points by balancing risks of missed diagnoses against benefits of avoiding unnecessary operations. Seven predictive factors had differentiating weights and reached statistical significance (p less than or equal to 0.05):-sex, age, duration of symptoms, GU symptoms, involuntary right lower quadrant muscle spasm, right-sided rectal mass, and white blood cell count. Using these seven predictors, at a "-3" cutoff, 38% NAPs would have been spared laparotomy and about 5% of the AAps would have been indicated for observation. Analysis indicated little risk in observing the 5% AAp (5/7 history less than or equal to 1 day), and progressive improvement for NAps with increasing time. This simple scoring system could have eliminated over one third of the unnecessary laparotomies in the present sample, indicating potential value as an aid in surgical decision-making. PMID- 6639178 TI - The Yersinia enterocolitica infection in acute abdominal surgery. A clinical study with a 5-year follow-up period. AB - By estimation of antibody titres or possibly isolation of the micro-organism, the role of the Yersinia enterocolitica as an etiological agent in mesenterial lymphadenitis, ileal inflammation, or abdominal colics was evaluated in 94 consecutive patients (25 operated upon and 69 treated conservatively) during a 1 year period from 1975-76. Eighty four patients (24 operated upon and 60 treated conservatively) were re-examined 5 years later. Among the 25 patients operated upon, three presented acute terminal ileitis, two of them in association with acute Y. enterocolitica infection. A substantial part of the 22 patients with other peroperative findings also presented trace or positive Y. enterocolitica antibody titres. Some of these patients experienced complaints attributable to the Y. enterocolitica infection over the following years. At re-examination, previously elevated Y. enterocolitica antibody titres had generally normalized, and in the two patients who in 1975 presented acute terminal ileitis associated with acute Y. enterocolitica infection, radiological examination now demonstrated normal terminal ileum. Among 69 patients treated conservatively for abdominal colics, 36 in 1975 presented trace or positive titres. During the 5-year follow up period, abdominal pain and joint complaints were significantly more commonly experienced by patients with trace or positive titres than by patients with negative titres (p = 0.007 and p = 0.004, respectively). The Y. enterocolitica is an important cause of abdominal disease in our region, and the infection commonly gives symptoms of long duration. PMID- 6639179 TI - The mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Is total pulmonary mass inadequate, no matter what? AB - Much progress has been made over the past 20 years in neonatal surgery, but the mortality rate in cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) for babies presenting in the early hours of life has remained high. We have reviewed our experience with special reference to 40 autopsied patients. Hypoplastic lungs were seen in all patients. When the ratio of observed combined lung weight to the expected combined lung weight is calculated, the result is 0.33 +/- 0.17 when the expected lung weights are calculated from the babies' birth weight; and 0.36 +/- 0.17 when the expected lung weights are calculated from the gestational age. In all patients with high ratios, extensive pneumonia was confirmed. Those patients with pneumonia were eliminated from the calculations. We cannot state unequivocably that hypoplasia of both lungs is the cause of death in all patients with CDH. We can affirm that, in our experience, hypoplasia is present and is probably a major factor in the high mortality rate. PMID- 6639180 TI - Popliteal artery puncture in the assessment of patients with severe leg ischemia. AB - Two-plane angiography and direct segmental pressure measurements in the femoral and popliteal arteries and indirectly on the arm and ankle were performed in 101 limbs seeking to establish a relationship between angiographic assessment of the patency of the popliteal artery and the trifurcation vessels and the popliteal ankle pressure difference. When the tiberoperoneal trunk or the trifurcation vessels were occluded or more than 50% of the lumen was stenosed, the pressure difference exceeded 10 mmHg in 30/40 limbs (75%). When three, two, or only one of the tibial vessels were patent, the pressure difference exceeded 10 mmHg in 2/58 limbs (3%). One month following above knee femoropopliteal bypass (48 limbs), patients with a popliteal-ankle difference less than 10 mmHg obtained a significantly higher ankle pressure index (PI 0.86, range 0.56-1.20) (p less than 0.01) than those with a pressure difference exceeding 10 mmHg (PI 0.66, range 0.40-0.91). The clinical state 6 months following femoropopliteal bypass did not demonstrate that patients with a low popliteal-ankle difference fared better than patients with a higher pressure difference; however, the PI appeared significantly lower in the latter group compared to the former. The graft material was correlated to the popliteal-ankle pressure difference. It appeared that prosthetic grafts failed within 6 months when the difference exceeded 10 mmHg in 10/12 limbs (83%), but autologous vein grafts only failed in 2/10 limbs (20%). Finally, it was possible to predict the postoperative ankle pressure index significantly from data derived from the pressure measurements. PMID- 6639181 TI - Hemodynamic assessment of the circulation in 200 normal hands. AB - The frequent use of arterial puncture, cannulation, and A-V shunting has demonstrated a greater degree of safety than could be predicted from previous anatomic and angiographic studies. Using a noninvasive technique, the status of the superficial palmar arch (SPA) and relative contributions of radial and ulnar arteries were determined in 100 volunteers with no history of vascular disease. Although there was no significant difference in the diameter of the vessels at the wrist, the flows showed statistically significant ulnar dominance, suggesting that the difference is a factor of a lower distal resistance on the ulnar side. The lower resistance across the ulnar bed probably is responsible for the clinically observed ease of sacrifice of the radial artery contribution to palmar flow. The SPA was found to be incomplete in 11.0% of the hands. PMID- 6639182 TI - The problem of hepatic hemodynamic changes following portacaval anastomosis (PCA) PMID- 6639183 TI - Studies on the kinetics of uptake and distribution of free and liposome-entrapped primaquine, and of sporozoites by isolated perfused rat liver. AB - The kinetics of uptake and the distribution of free primaquine differed markedly from that of liposome-entrapped primaquine. The uptake of the liposome-entrapped drug (LPQ) was gradual, reaching a plateau of 60% of the initial load after 20 minutes of perfusion. However, clearance of the free drug was almost immediate, reaching its maximum uptake of 44% within five minutes. Some interactions also seen between liposomes and malarial sporozoites. In mixed perfusions the removal of LPQ was enhanced whilst the uptake of sporozoites remained normal. Liposome uptake was significantly lower in livers obtained from silica-treated animals, in which Kupffer cell numbers are depleted. Further, analysis of the radioactive content of hepatocyte and Kupffer cell fractions following perfusion with 3H and 14C labelled liposomes suggested that the vesicles were concentrated in the latter cell type. PMID- 6639184 TI - Marking snails with nail varnish as a field experimental technique. AB - The use of nail varnish to mark snails for release and recapture in aquatic habitats in the Gezira Irrigation Canals has been evaluated. The nail varnish withstood immersion in canal water and adhered to the snail shell. The recovery of marked snails from a backwater site in a slow moving canal was satisfactory and indicated the usefulness of the technique in predicting changing patterns of immigration and emigration of snails. The method may also indicate ecological changes which affect the stability and mobility of snail populations and yield data on growth rates and longevity. PMID- 6639185 TI - Studies on the sero-epidemiology of endemic diseases in Libya. I. Echinococcosis in Libya. AB - In Libya traditional animal husbandry and the practice of domestic slaughter of food animals contribute to the maintenance of the Echinococcus cycle. The cost of echinococcosis is high and may significantly affect the national economy. This study, employing the ELISA test, has indicated an approximately 10% infection rate in children and young adults from the environs of Benghazi, no difference being apparent between rural and urban dwellers. The prevalence of the infection should be determined in both animals and man and possible disease inter relationships investigated. Surveys are required in all alleged endemic areas and in sheep and camel breeding areas. It is also necessary to determine the importance of foxes, hyaenas and jackals in transmission among other animals. A clinical trial is recommended to assess the value of mebendazole against Echinococcus cysts. PMID- 6639186 TI - Sickle cell disease in Sierra Leone: a clinical and haematological analysis in older children and adults. AB - A prospective study of the clinical and haematological features of sickle cell disease in 121 Sierra Leonean patients (106 SS: sickle cell anaemia; 15 SC: sickle cell haemoglobin C disease) was undertaken. Fifty-five per cent of the patients were Creoles who were descendants of liberated slaves and who therefore had strong ethnic and genetic relationships with West Indians and black Americans. No essential differences were noted between the Creoles and non-Creole Sierra Leonean patients. The general clinical features and the patterns of vaso occlusive crises were similar to those of black American, Jamaican and other West Africans (Ghanaians and Nigerians). However the incidence of certain complications such as avascular necrosis of the femoral head was higher in Sierra Leoneans (8.5% SS, 20% SC) than in other West Africans e.g. Ghanaians (2.8% SS, 6.6% SC) but similar to that of Jamaicans (8.2% SS, 18% SC). Also the frequency of leg ulceration in Sierra Leonean sickle cell patients (13.2% SS, 13.3% SC) was relatively low when compared to patients in the United States of America (73.6% SS) and Jamaica (63.3% SS) but relatively high in comparison to Nigerian (5.4% SS + SC + S beta-thal) and Ghanaian (10.6% SS, 2.2% SC) patients. The causes for such varying manifestations are probably environmental. The haematological features of the Sierra Leonean patients were similar to those of other population groups in all essential aspects. PMID- 6639187 TI - The taxonomy of phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Sichuan Province, China, with descriptions of two species, Phlebotomus (Adlerius) sichuanensis sp. n. and Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) zhengjiani sp. n. PMID- 6639188 TI - Congenital Toxoplasma infection and response to novelty in mice. PMID- 6639189 TI - Laboratory studies on a differential filtration technique for the recovery of schistosome cercariae from natural waters. PMID- 6639190 TI - Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in eosinophil granulocytes after treatment with diethylcarbamazine. PMID- 6639191 TI - A species of the Indoaustralian genus Amerianna (Pulmonata: Gastropoda) occurring in Africa. PMID- 6639192 TI - Postpneumonectomy empyema does not improve survival in bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - There is much disagreement in the literature about the beneficial effect of postpneumonectomy empyema on survival following operation for bronchogenic carcinoma. We had the opportunity to gather data on 407 patients with this serious complication. The survival data for a group of patients with postpneumonectomy empyema and fistula were compared with those for another group without such complications. Our statistical analysis confirms that postpneumonectomy empyema does not improve life expectancy. PMID- 6639193 TI - Multivessel coronary revascularization without saphenous vein: long-term results of bilateral internal mammary artery grafting. AB - When the saphenous vein is absent or inadequate, options for multivessel coronary revascularization include bilateral mammary artery grafting and the use of conduits of unproven durability (arm vein, homologous umbilical vein, prosthetic graft). To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of bilateral mammary artery grafting, we reviewed the cases of 76 consecutive patients with multivessel disease (33 with two-vessel disease, 43 with three-vessel disease) who underwent revascularization with bilateral mammary artery grafts only during the period from 1971 to 1980. No hospital deaths occurred. Thirty-three free and 119 in situ grafts were used. Late follow-up was complete, ranging from 12 to 132 months (mean interval, 67 months) and revealed improvement by at least one New York Heart Association functional class in 59 of 71 survivors. Postoperative arteriograms (mean interval, 26 months) of 55 grafts in 28 patients showed that 49 grafts were patent (89%). Five late deaths (2 noncardiac) occurred. Actuarial survival was 97.2% to seven years and 90.2% at nine years after operation. Bilateral mammary artery grafting yielded excellent graft patency, relief of symptoms, and long-term survival. When saphenous vein is unsuitable for grafting, bilateral mammary artery grafts should be utilized before other conduits are considered. PMID- 6639195 TI - Aortic valve replacement in adult patients with small aortic annuli. AB - Fifty-five patients with small aortic annuli underwent valve replacement either isolated or combined with other procedures. Patch enlargement of the aortic annulus in the area of the noncoronary sinus was used in 32 patients. The width of the patch was calculated by multiplying the desired increase in diameter by pi and adding 8 mm for suturing. The remaining 23 patients had aortic valve replacement with a prosthesis larger than the aortic annulus. The prosthesis was sutured in a supraannular position in the area corresponding to the noncoronary sinus. This slightly tilted position does not compromise function of Carpentier Edwards or Bjork-Shiley prostheses. Prosthetic gradients ranged from 0 to 18 mm Hg (9.2 +/- 3.9 mm Hg) in patients with patch enlargement of the aortic annulus and from 0 to 22 mm Hg (7.2 +/- 5.8 mm Hg) in patients with supraannular aortic prostheses. Although these techniques allow for insertion of prosthetic valves only one and two sizes larger than the aortic annulus, they appear to be satisfactory in most adult patients with a small aortic annulus. PMID- 6639194 TI - Management of patent ductus arteriosus in the premature infant: indomethacin versus ligation. AB - A previous report from our institution analyzed the results of pharmacological (indomethacin) closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in 82 neonates. Closure was achieved in 54 patients. However, gastrointestinal complications occurred in 21, necrotizing enterocolitis in 13, and focal perforation in 8. Overall mortality in the indomethacin group was 40%. This paper compares the results of that pharmacological experience with our subsequent surgical experience with 86 low-birth-weight neonates for whom gestational age, size, illness, and mode of diagnosis were comparable. Mean weight at operation for this study was 1.1 kg; mean gestational age was 29.1 weeks. All infants required endotracheal-assisted ventilation for severe radiographic and clinical hyaline membrane disease. Range gated Doppler study, retrograde flush aortography, and echocardiographic measurement of the ratio between the left atrium and the aortic root were used to confirm the diagnosis of PDA. Ligation was done in the neonatal intensive care unit using local anesthesia supplemented with morphine. Ventilation was controlled by an inhalation therapist; drug and blood administration were controlled by the infant's nurse. Surgical ligation was employed in all infants except for 7 in whom hemoclip ductal closure was chosen because of extreme instability, coagulopathy, or ductal perforation. There were no operative deaths. Surgical morbidity included ductal perforation (2 patients), wound infection (1), and phrenic nerve injury (1). Necrotizing enterocolitis occurred in 9 patients. The overall mortality was 17%. Patients with preoperative pneumo-thorax had a 32% overall mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639196 TI - Anatomical problems with identification and interruption of posterior septal Kent bundles. AB - To gain insight into the cause of the complex anatomical problems associated with posterior septal Kent bundles, 20 cadaver hearts were carefully examined and the operative results in 22 patients analyzed. The following important anatomical relationships were noted. The posterior right atrium overlies the left ventricle and muscular septum. The coronary sinus wall contains myocardium continuous with both atria. The posterior superior process of the left ventricle connects the mitral annulus to the muscular septum. The epicardium of the crux can be 2.5 to 3.5 cm from the right fibrous trigone. A Kent bundle can originate in either atrium, the atrial septum, or the coronary sinus and connect with the left ventricle or muscular septum. At operation, antegrade and retrograde activation sequences were used for identification. Antegrade maps could not be recorded in 4 patients. Two operations were used, right atrial and left atrial. The initial right atrial operation was successful in 12 patients--all 7 with earliest antegrade activation over the midpart of the muscular septum or its right side and 3 with activation on its left side. Among the 6 patients with more than one operative approach, 5 had Kent bundle division. One of the patients probably had a left free wall pathway. Two pathways thought to be free wall turned out to be septal. The Kent bundles were divided in 18 patients and missed in 4, 2 of the latter having His interruption. There were no deaths. The conclusions are that the right atrial operation is reliable when the pathways are clearly posterior septal. Surgical problems occur because Kent bundles in the posterior left free wall sometimes cannot be separated from Kent bundles in the posterior septal area. Both right atrial and left atrial operations are needed if there is doubt about the location of a pathway. PMID- 6639197 TI - A simplified method of esophageal pH monitoring for assessment of gastroesophageal reflux. AB - We have found that 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring is clinically useful in the evaluation of reflux-related symptoms but that the application of this diagnostic tool is limited by lack of simplicity and easy portability of equipment, a time consuming method for data analysis, and the necessity to hospitalize patients for the study. We have resolved the first two problems with the development of a lightweight, portable, solid-state system for recording and analyzing the data. To assess the feasibility of utilizing an 8-hour study applicable to outpatients, we studied 30 unselected patients referred for 24-hour pH monitoring. We separately analyzed the data from the first 8 hours of the study and the data from the entire 24-hour period. The correlation between the results obtained with each analysis was excellent, indicating that the 8-hour study can be used to quantitate reflux accurately. An 8-hour outpatient protocol was developed and applied to 25 healthy volunteers to determine the normal range of values. From this, a simplified scoring system was created for assessing the results of 8-hour pH studies. PMID- 6639198 TI - Surgical technique for the management of constrictive epicarditis complicating constrictive pericarditis (the waffle procedure). AB - Epicardial constriction is a frequent accompaniment of constrictive pericarditis. The operative procedure presented here is an atraumatic, effective alternative to epicardial resection. PMID- 6639199 TI - Enzyme activities in cynomolgus monkey and mouse spermatozoa evaluated histochemically during epididymal maturation. AB - Activities of dehydrogenases, phosphorylases, and hydrolases were investigated histochemically in situ comparatively in monkey (Macaca fascicularis), and mouse testicular and epididymal spermatozoa. Longitudinal sections of the whole mouse epididymis also were processed to evaluate the progressive changes along the duct. Numerous common enzymatic activities were found in spermatozoa of both species, particularly the dehydrogenases in the midpiece. However, there were specific differences concerning the occurrence, the distribution, and the intensity of several reactions. The activities acquired in the testis persisted or increased in the epididymis, in which some new enzyme activities arose. The main events occurred at the proximal part of the duct. PMID- 6639200 TI - Biochemistry of the nonhuman primate prostate and seminal vesicles. I. Some chemical parameters. AB - Normative biochemical values for cranial prostate, caudal prostate, and seminal vesicles were obtained in four macaque species and in baboons, with a view to chemical comparison of the cranial lobe with the other two tissues. The cranial prostatic lobe and the seminal vesicles were both significantly different from the caudal prostate in prostatic acid phosphatase activity. However, citric acid and lactate dehydrogenase in the cranial lobe were comparable to concentrations in the caudal lobe and significantly different from the seminal vesicles. Dihydrotestosterone was higher in content than testosterone in all tissues of each species examined. The nonhuman primate cranial lobe seems to be a link between the seminal vesicles and the caudal prostate. PMID- 6639201 TI - Biochemistry of the nonhuman primate prostate and seminal vesicles. II. Molecular weights of soluble proteins. AB - The molecular weights of the soluble proteins from cranial and caudal prostate and seminal vesicle tissues of several species of nonhuman primates were separated by electrophoresis. The tissues of animals belonging to the genus Macaca were found to be similar and are compared to those of other species. The molecular weights of these proteins are discussed with regard to known concentrations of prostate and seminal vesicle proteins. PMID- 6639202 TI - A rat model for chemotherapy-induced male infertility. AB - The effects of chronic administration of cyclophosphamide and procarbazine on testicular function in the rat were examined. Cyclophosphamide produced disruption of the normal spermatogenic architecture that was dose and time dependent. Total ablation of the germinal epithelium was not achieved. Procarbazine produced more specific testicular damage. Multiple weekly injections of 100-200 mg/kg of procarbazine caused complete destruction of the spermatogenic cells, with no effect on Sertoli cells. Treated animals remained infertile for more than 4 months and showed no histologic evidence of recovery. This model may be useful for examining possible mechanisms to prevent spermatogenic damage associated with cancer chemotherapy in man. PMID- 6639203 TI - Fertilizing ability of spermatozoa of rats treated with STS 557. AB - Treatment with 1.0 mg of STS 557 (17 alpha-cyanomethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-estra-4.9 (10)-diene-3-one) daily for 3 weeks had no effect on the weight of the accessory genital organs of male rats. Acid phosphatase activity in ventral prostate was reduced. The fertilizing ability and motility of spermatozoa were reduced. Twenty eight percent of the seminiferous tubules in testis were partly or completely devoid of germinal cells. Treatment with 0.5 mg of STS 557 had no significant effect. PMID- 6639204 TI - Inability of round acrosomeless human spermatozoa to penetrate zona-free hamster ova. AB - The spermatozoa from five healthy men of proved fertility and five infertile men with a single abnormal semen parameter associated with high proportion of round acrosomeless heads were evaluated for their ability to bind to and to penetrate zona-free hamster ova. Sperm from five men of proved fertility penetrated a high proportion of the eggs (16-80%) while sperm from men of the infertile group failed to bind and to penetrate any of the ova. Round acrosomeless sperm do not have the ability to bind to or to fuse with the vitellus of zona-free hamster eggs. PMID- 6639205 TI - [Past, present and future of cardiac ultrasonography]. PMID- 6639206 TI - [Electro-vectorcardiogram in myocardial infarct with involvement of the right ventricle in humans]. AB - The electrocardiograms of 7 patients with anatomical diagnosis of right ventricular infarction, were studied. Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic records of 11 patients surviving the acute stage of myocardial infarction, were also analized. In 10 cases, both ventricles were involved. All patients had echocardiograms, ventriculograms and cineangiograms of coronary arteries, which showed the damaged vessels and the severity of their alterations. A severe obstruccion of the right coronary artery was found in all the cases, except one, in each group. The signs of necrosis were recognized in DIII, aVF, right unipolar thoracic leads and abdominal leads MD, ME, less frequently MI. They consisted in QS, Qr or W complexes in the absence of intraventricular blocks, and in slurred QR complexes in the cases with right proximal or distal blocks. Q wave duration fluctuated between 35 and 60 msec. The orientation of the initial vectors resulting from the ventricular activation sequence (20 - 40 msec) as well as ARST were different if obtained from usual precordial loads or the right thoracic ones. The latter was concordant with the orientation observed in the standard leads. VCGF suggested the posterior-inferior necrosis by its clockwise rotation and delayed downward crossing (32.5 - 50 msec) or by the situation of the entire ventricular curve above and to the left of E point. The duration of QF loop as increased in 9 (17.5 - 35 msec) Analysis of VCGH made possible the diagnosis of anterior septal necrotic zone because of the changes in QH loop. VCGS generally started upward and showed a delayed crossing of the anterior-posterior axis downward. PMID- 6639207 TI - [Use of the temporary pacemaker in acute myocardial infarct]. AB - 80 patients with acute myocardial infarction were analyzed in our coronary heart unit in whom the use of a transient pacemaker was indicated. The over all mortality was 33.75%, three fold the general myocardial infarction mortality in the CCU of the INCICH which is 12%, and increased to 51.35% in those with complete AV block. The mortality rate was even more significative with the association of RBBB and first degree AV block (80%). Cardiac failure was a fatal complication in 94% of that group of patients, and it increased to 100% in those with cardiogenic shock. Except those who progressed to complete AV block, there was not mortality in the patients with 2nd degree AV block. In the last mentioned group, predominated the posterior infarction with extension to the right ventricle and none had severe heart failure. The mortality rate was low in patients with recent LBBB or in those with RBBB associated to left branch hemiblock, but the majority had the disturbance permanently. In 7.5% of the patients implantation of a permanent pacemaker was necessary. In half of them due to the presence of a 3rd degree AV block of more than one moth duration. We conclude that the insertion of a temporary pacemaker in our cases had no major complications and the 12 accepted indications for this still hold on. PMID- 6639208 TI - [Formation and migration of radioactive microemboli to the lung during radiovenography]. AB - Two patients with lower extremity thrombophlebitis were studied by radionuclide venography with macroaggregated albumin labelled with 99mTc. Data analysis was performed with a new method. It generated sequential series of imagen (1-2 sec/frame) of the transit of the tracer through leg, thigh, and abdomen, allowing a more precise definition of temporal changes on regional radioactivity. This method rendered the first real evidence of the binding of the tracer to pre existent venous thrombi, of the dislodgement of these and their gradual fragmentation during their transit to the lungs. The patients had no complaints during or after the study. Lung scanning, performed 24 hours later, showed slight alteration on regional lung perfusion in one case, and none in the other. It is concluded that radioactive microemboli to the lungs is a minor complication of radionuclide venography, which does not justify prevention. This could only nullify the sensitivity of the procedure. PMID- 6639209 TI - [Unilateral agenesis of the main branch of the pulmonary artery]. AB - We studied ten patients with unilateral absence of main branch of pulmonary artery (UAMBPA). Six patients with absent right pulmonary artery (ARPA) and four with the left pulmonary artery (ALPA). The presence of either atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus alone or combinated were associated with pulmonary hypertension (mean pressure of the pulmonary artery greater than 48 mm Hg). The patients without associated cardiac defects were asymptomatic and with little elevation of the pulmonary arterial pressure (mean pressure of the pulmonary artery less than 26 mmHg). PMID- 6639210 TI - [Functional significance of collateral coronary circulation in univascular obstructions (1)]. AB - The presence, degree and functional significance of the coronary collateral circulation was investigated in a group of 68 patients with angiographycally important (greater than 60%) univascular coronary obstruction. The following clinical parameters were reviewed. Smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, functional class (NYHA), and degree of angina pectoris. In the ECG the presence of abnormal Q waves and the response to the stress test were analysed. To evaluate the functional significance of the collateral circulation the following angiographic and hemodynamic parameters were measured: ejection fraction (FE 100), mid sistolic ejection fraction (FE 50), percent of regional shortening of the left ventricular wall and finally the end diastolic pressure. According to the obstructed vessel (R, DA, Cx) the degree of obstruction (parcial or complete) and the degree of collateral circulation (O, I, II, III) several groups were formed. Statistical analysis of all the above mentioned clinical, electrocardiographic and angiographic findings were compared amongst the various groups. Coronary collateral circulation was demonstrated in 45 patients (68%) being present in 82% of those with complete coronary obstruction. In most of the patients (87%) an abundant collateral network was present (grade II or III). No statistical differences were demonstrated between the groups with abundant or poor collateral circulation in all the clinical, electrocardiographic or angiographic parameters. Finally we conclude that important collateral circulation usually develops in the presence of severe coronary obstruction; however its functional value is limited. PMID- 6639212 TI - [Occlusive aorto-arteropathies: surgical treatment and long-term results in 4 cases treated surgically]. AB - A rare disease with an obscure etiology is described. It affects predominantly the aorta and occasionally some of its branches, producing a decrease on the lumen vessel. In our experience it has been diagnosed in four young patients and the most important symptom has been arterial hypertension. In three cases the thoracic aorta was involved, with aneurysmal dilatation in one of them. In the rest the thoracic as well as the abdominal aorta were involved. All of them were treated surgically; on three, a latero lateral by pass was performed and in the fourth an aneurysmal resection was done and the aorta reconstructed with a dacron prosthesis. The clinical follow up 4 1/2 years later, showed normal arterial pressure, and patent by-passes, on angiography. We conclude that the revascularization technique can change the natural history of this disease. PMID- 6639211 TI - [Patients with indications of open mitral commissurotomy undergoing mitral valve replacement]. AB - Between 1970 and 1979 one hundred and sixty seven patients underwent open mitral commissurotomy (OMC). In 22 of these cases the surgeon had to replace the mitral valve by a prosthesis. The authors discuss the pre-operative cardiac status, the surgical findings and mishaps which led to prosthetic implantation. Mean age for the group was 35 years; atrial fibrillation was found in 73%. Most patients were in class II and III of the NYHA, with a cardiac-thoracic ratio of 56-60%. On X ray systemic emboli had occurred in 45% prior to surgery. All had predominant mitral stenosis without other valve lesions. Surgical findings were: valve fibrosis in 59%, sub-valvular fibrosis in 33%, moderate calcification in 27% and intracavitary thrombus in 12%. Half of the patients had associated mitral regurgitation (MR) of slight degree. In 11 patients, (50%), the surgeon aggravated the pre-existing MR while performing the valvotomy and had to replace the mitral valve (MVR). In 4 other patients, without previous MR a severe regurgitation was produced during valvotomy and MVR was required. In the 7 remaining, patients MVR was indicated because of valvular, subvalvular fibrosis or calcification. Surgical mortality was 14% as compared to less than 1% for OMC. PMID- 6639213 TI - [Clinical applications of Doppler echocardiography]. AB - In this review, we demonstrate the normal patterns of flow and some quantitative applications of Doppler echocardiography combined with two-dimensional imaging. Flow information can be accurately measured and valve gradient calculations can be made in patients with stenotic diseases. Further corroborative work in this area is necessary before definitive statements can be made, but this appears to be a promising noninvasive technique which can be applied at the bedside or in an ambulatory setting with a fair degree of confidence. PMID- 6639214 TI - [Hemodynamic changes caused by prazocin in patients with uncomplicated arterial hypertension]. AB - Hemodynamic changes produced by prazosin were evaluated in 19 patients with mild non complicated essential hypertension using M mode echocardiography. Patients received an initial dose of the drug of 0.5 mg tid, which was augmented gradually. As a whole, arterial pressure was reduced significantly. Heart rate did not show changes. Telediastolic and stroke volumes augmented significantly (p less than 0.05) and consequently cardiac output was increased. Systemic vascular resistance decreased notably (p less than 0.01). Left ventricular function indexes (EF, % shortening, Vcf) were not modified at all. These findings suggest that prazosin is a good antihypertensive drug and its actions upon the different hemodynamic parameters in normal and non complicated hypertensive patients are complex. Generally, it decreases systemic vascular resistance, without modification of contractility. Decreases in afterload were evident and something interesting, in contrast with other papers, is the demonstration of an augmented telediastolic volume, which indicates that the venodilatator effect with the consecutive decrease in blood return to the heart is masked by other effects. Nevertheless, it is necessary to perform a more detailed study with more sensitive methods in order to elucidate the complex hemodynamic interactions produced by prazosin in patients with mild non complicated essential hypertension. PMID- 6639215 TI - [Pathology of the papillary muscles]. AB - Anatomoclinical findings in 21 cases of papillary muscle (PM) damage found in 4,000 consecutive autopsies are reviewed. Mitral PM muscles were involved in 17 cases, the posteromedial muscle in 11 patients, in 8 of these with necrosis (N) in 3 with fibrosis (F), in 2 with rupture. The mitral antero-lateral (MAL) was involved in 4 cases, by myocardial infarction (MI), fibrosis, hemorrhage and infectious endocarditis (IE). Both mitral PM were involved in two patients (MI and endomyocardial fibrosis). Tricuspid PM involvement was found in 4 cases. In two because of MI and the two remaining with fibrosis. In the 12 cases with MI microscopic examination showed, PM necrosis of variable magnitude: in the 7 cases with F, there was increased interstitial tissue by connective tissue; in the case with IE there was severe inflammatory reaction with microabscess formation and in one case, a small central longitudinal artery was damaged, a finding not previously described. Mitral PM infarction caused regurgitant murmurs, increase in heart size, heart failure and death from acute pulmonary edema or serious arrhythmias. There was no radiological evidence of left atrial enlargement. ECG findings were not useful in the diagnosis. Based on this anatomoclinical experience considerations are made about other diagnostic and surgical methods. PMID- 6639216 TI - Deficits in cholinergic enzymes and muscarinic receptors in the hippocampus and striatum of senescent rats: effect of chronic hydergine treatment. AB - Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholine esterase activities in the hippocampus and striatum were significantly decreased in senescent (26-36 mo.) rats as compared with adult (11-12 mo.) animals. A significant reduction in 3H QNB binding sites was also observed in the striatum from aged rats whereas in the hippocampus these binding sites were not influenced by age. A four week treatment of aged animals with Hydergine resulted in an increase in choline acetyltransferase activity so that the age-dependent deficit was no longer apparent. PMID- 6639217 TI - Effects of certain antiepileptics on cephaloridine- and cefazolin-induced seizures in rats. AB - Effects of phenobarbital, phenytoin and diazepam on cephaloridine-induced spiking activity (focal seizure) and cefazolin-induced violent seizure appearing repeatedly in EEG and general behavior (repeated generalized seizure) were studied in rats with chronically implanted electrodes. Phenobarbital, phenytoin and diazepam showed remarkable inhibition on cephaloridine-induced focal seizure and the ED50 values were 4.52 mg/kg, 9.41 mg/kg and 0.86 mg/kg, respectively. Phenobarbital and diazepam also inhibited cefazolin-induced repeated generalized seizure. The ED50s to inhibit seizure pattern in EEG were 30.5 mg/kg and 3.4 mg/kg, respectively and the ED50 values to suppress seizure behavior were 49.0 mg/kg and 4.7 mg/kg. However, phenytoin did not suppress repeated generalized seizure even at 100 mg/kg. From these results, cephaloridine-induced focal seizure and cefazolin-induced generalized seizure are thought to be useful models for evaluating the inhibitory effect of test compounds on cortical seizure and status epilepticus, respectively. PMID- 6639218 TI - Release of noradrenaline from rabbit atria by isoprenaline and histamine. AB - The release of noradrenaline accompanying positive inotropic and chronotropic actions of isoprenaline and histamine was investigated in rabbit atria in which the transmitter stores were labelled with (2H)-noradrenaline. Propranolol (3 microM) significantly reduced the isoprenaline (1 microM)-induced release of radioactivity and positive inotropic and chronotropic actions. Cimetidine (30 microM) significantly reduced the histamine (25 microM)-induced release of radioactivity and positive inotropic and chronotropic actions. Tetrotoxin (0.9 microM) significantly reduced the release of radioactivity by both isoprenaline and histamine but did not affect the positive inotropic and chronotropic actions of these drugs. The results suggest that conducted action potentials are associated with isoprenaline- and histamine-induced release of noradrenaline and it is possible that the sympathetic nerves are ephaptically stimulated by increased myocardial activity. PMID- 6639220 TI - Efficacy of intravenous sotalol on ventricular arrhythmias occurring during maximal exercise stress testing. AB - The efficacy and safety of an intravenous dose of 40 to 100 mg sotalol was evaluated in fourteen symptomatic patients with ventricular arrhythmias occurring during maximal exercise stress testing. A statistically significant reduction in premature ventricular complexes (PVC's) occurring as singles, doublets and triplets was observed during both exercise (p less than 0.05) and recovery (p less than 0.01). Sotalol plasma levels after administration of 100 mg i.v. ranged from 3.7 to 4.75 micrograms/ml (average 4.2 micrograms/ml). The injected dose was well tolerated in all patients. Neither arrhythmogenic nor adverse effects were observed. PMID- 6639219 TI - Electrocardiographic changes induced by amrinone in the isolated perfused guinea pig Langendorff heart preparation. AB - ECG changes induced by three different concentrations of amrinone were determined in the spontaneously beating guinea-pig Langendorff heart preparation. At a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml, there were no ECG changes except for a sinus tachycardia having a mean increase of 15.64 +/- 4.0, (P less than 0.01). At a concentration of 250 micrograms/ml, sinus tachycardia was more evident (+ 20.86% +/- 1.22; P less than 0.001). There was also a statistically significant shortening of the Q-T interval (P less than 0.001). With 1000 micrograms/ml, amrinone further increased heart rate (+ 45.10% +/- 13.26; P less than 0.001). There was a greater shortening of the Q-T interval, and occasionally sagging of the S-T segment. Dysrhythmic phenomena including coupled beats, at times with R waves appearing during the vulnerable period of the T wave; ventricular premature beats and alternating polymorphic ECG patterns, were evident. Second and third degree atrioventricular block preceded by marked prolongation of the P-R interval less commonly developed at this concentration. On the basis of these observations and others, it appears that as regards the development of cardiotoxocity, amrinone possesses a relatively wide margin of safety not less than 5 and may even approach 20. PMID- 6639221 TI - Effect of aspirin treatment on the hypotensive effect of clonidine in rats. AB - Rats were pretreated with aspirin (5 mg/kg i.p. 5 days) or saline, anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, and blood pressure recorded from the carotid artery. Clonidine (30 micrograms/kg) was injected intravenously via a cannula inserted into the femoral vein. Aspirin pretreatment significantly reduced the hypotensive effect of clonidine. Spleen, heart brain, kidneys and lung were removed from the animals 60 min after clonidine administration. Prostaglandin biosynthesis from endogenous substrate was determined by homogenizing tissues (1:4 w/v) in either Tris buffer (pH 7.4) or in 1 M formic acid: ethanol (1:V/v). Prostaglandins were extracted into ethyl acetate and bioassayed on the rat stomach strip. Clonidine administration significantly increased the prostaglandin formation in heart, brain and kidney. Animals pretreated with aspirin showed a reduction in the clonidine-induced increase in prostaglandin synthesis in heart, brain and spleen. The results suggest that the hypotensive effect of clonidine in anaesthetized rats may in part be secondary to stimulation of central prostaglandin biosynthesis. PMID- 6639222 TI - Octylonium bromide: a smooth muscle relaxant which interferes with calcium ions mobilization. AB - A series of "in vitro" experiments have been carried out to determine the mechanisms(s) responsible for the smooth muscle relaxant properties exhibited by octylonium bromide. Unlike N-butyl-scopolammonium bromide, octylonium bromide possesses both competitive and non competitive antimuscarinic and antihistaminic properties. Pretreatment of ileal segments with dibenamie, which destroyed muscarinic spare receptors, revealed the non competitive nature of octylonium bromide antagonism. The competitive antagonism toward BaCl2-induced contraction of rat ileum and aorta suggested that octylonium bromide interferes with Ca++ mobilization. As compared with verapamil a known Ca++ entry blocker and unlike it, octylonium bromide is more effective in antagonizing Ca++-induced contraction in K+ depolarized rat colon than aorta. Both octylonium bromide and verapamil reduced in a concentration-dependent manner the tonic contraction produced by exposure to high K+ of rat duodenum and rabbit ear artery. Both octylonium bromide and verapamil antagonized carbachol-induced phasic plus sustained tonic contraction of rat colon in high K+ Ca++-free medium. Unlike octylonium bromide, verapamil antagonized the phasic contraction only and inhibition of the overall contraction did not exceed 60%. Unlike verapamil, octylonium bromide antagonized norepinephrine-induced contraction of rabbit ear artery in high K+ C++-free medium. Interference with mobilization of cellular and extracellular Ca++ pools produced by different neurohormones is likely to be the mechanism responsible for octylonium bromide smooth muscle relaxant properties in both animals and humans. PMID- 6639223 TI - Aging America renews its interest in osteoporosis. PMID- 6639224 TI - Long-term anticoagulant therapy in patients with venous thrombosis. PMID- 6639225 TI - Will the deans of the medical schools and the chairmen of departments of medicine, please stand up! PMID- 6639226 TI - Influenza and pneumococcal immunization in medical clinics, 1978-1980. AB - In 1978 to 1979, the General Medicine Clinic (GMC) immunization program at the University of Chicago immunized 54% of 1,543 high-risk patients with influenza vaccine. In 1979 to 1980, 45% of 1,462 high-risk patients were immunized, including 72% of the patients who had been immunized the year before. Many patients who were immunized were initially undecided or did not want the vaccine. In 1978 to 1980, pneumococcal vaccine was given to 784 GMC patients, including 24% of 2,229 high-risk patients seen at least once during the two immunization program periods. Twenty-two patients (2.8%) were inadvertently reimmunized. The GMC programs were approximately seven to ten times more effective in immunizing patients than were physicians in medical subspecialty clinics without such programs. Since many patients hospitalized with influenza and pneumonia have recently received care in hospitals, organized programs for immunization in hospitals could make a substantial contribution to the prevention of these diseases. PMID- 6639227 TI - Progressive increase in antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacterial isolates. Walter Reed Hospital, 1976 to 1980: specific analysis of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin resistance. AB - During a five-year period at Walter Reed Army Hospital, Washington, DC, the frequency of aminoglycoside resistance among clinical bacterial isolates increased from less than 1% in 1976 to 13% of all isolates in later years. This resistance was seen among frequently isolated species of gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients throughout the hospital and from all anatomical sites, including blood. The incidence of gentamicin and amikacin resistance rose with increased administration of these antibiotics; however, the incidence of tobramycin resistance increased despite its minimal usage. From 1977 to 1978 and from 1979 to 1980, there was a decrease in the conjugal transmissibility of resistance to gentamicin and tobramycin. There was no detectable transmissible amikacin resistance. These findings suggest that high priority must be given to strategies that limit the emergence and dissemination of organisms resistant to these important antibiotics. PMID- 6639228 TI - Circulating immune complexes in prosthetic valve endocarditis. AB - Using the Raji cell radioimmunoassay, we have determined circulating immune complex (CIC) levels in 36 patients with prosthetic valves during 38 episodes of fever. Fever resulted from prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) in 27 instances and from other causes in 11 instances. Peak initial CIC levels higher than 100 micrograms/mL occurred more frequently in the group with PVE, while peak initial CIC values less than 30 micrograms/mL were more frequent in the control group. Circulating immune complex levels fell substantially with completion of antibiotic therapy in 28 (78%) of the patients with PVE. Late CIC elevations were associated with drug-related rashes and replacement of persistently infected prostheses. Our data suggest that the predictive value of measurement of CIC levels in patients with fever and prosthetic valves is in excluding PVE in patients with CIC levels persisting below 30 micrograms/mL. PMID- 6639229 TI - Biases in the laboratory diagnosis of depression in medical practice. AB - Several studies, conducted in psychiatric settings, have reported that the dexamethasone suppression test (ST) is useful in the diagnosis of endogenous depression. To determine whether the test has clinical utility in internal medicine practice, data were reviewed and reanalyzed from all studies that evaluated the dexamethasone ST in the diagnosis of depression. In these 11 studies, the mean positive predictive value reported for the test was 84%, reflecting high prevalence of disease (50%), sensitivity (43%), and specificity (92%) in those specialized populations studied. When estimates of the prevalence and severity of conditions associated with depressed mood seen in internal medicine were used, the sensitivity dropped to 30%, and the specificity to 85%. Assuming a prevalence of 20%, a figure based on available epidemiologic data, the predictive value for a positive test would be 33%, too low to have value in most clinical settings. Data from studies currently available do not support the use of dexamethasone ST in internal medicine practice. More generally, before any test is adopted in a general medical setting, it should be studied in that setting, or available data should be reanalyzed to correct for biases affecting prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity that may inflate the test's value. PMID- 6639230 TI - Histaminuria from histamine-rich foods. AB - Using a highly specific and sensitive assay, the histamine content of foodstuffs and the effect of ingesting these foodstuffs on urinary histamine excretion were measured. Certain vegetables (spinach, eggplant), cheeses (Parmesan, blue, Roquefort), and red wines (Chianti and Burgundy) had a high content of histamine. Although only 0.21% of the ingested histamine was excreted unchanged in the urine, the histamine content of some of the foods was so high (Parmesan cheese, 185 micrograms/g; spinach, 60 micrograms/g; baked eggplant, 26 micrograms/g) that they caused histaminuria. Patients collecting urine for analysis for 24-hour histamine excretion for diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis or carcinoid syndrome should avoid intake of these foods and beverages on the day of the urine collection. PMID- 6639232 TI - Long-term follow-up of patients receiving aprindine. Safety and efficacy. AB - Aprindine hydrochloride is an antiarrhythmic agent presently undergoing clinical trials in the United States. Because of the narrow therapeutic-toxic ratio observed for aprindine, the long-term follow-up of these patients is important in determining the potential clinical effectiveness of this drug. In this report we examine our experience with 30 patients with drug-resistant arrhythmias who were discharged receiving aprindine and who were followed up for a mean period of 25 months. PMID- 6639231 TI - Pulmonary function testing. What is 'normal'? AB - For many years, confusion has existed concerning the normal range for pulmonary function test results. Using statistical guidelines that have been traditionally applied to the interpretation of measured forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), we have redefined normal limits for the most common pulmonary function test values, including those for FVC, FEV1, mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC, FEV1 as a proportion of FVC, residual volume, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity, diffusion capacity, maximum voluntary ventilation, and peak expiratory flow. Our goal is to provide a simple and consistent scheme for interpretation of pulmonary function test data. We consider the assumptions used to achieve this simplification to be reasonable, as long as their limitations are understood. PMID- 6639233 TI - Families with myotonic dystrophy with and without cardiac involvement. AB - Study of 30 patients with myotonic dystrophy and 17 unaffected family members in a total of 18 families by echocardiography and ECG, including noninvasive His bundle recording, appeared to show two phenotypes of myotonic dystrophy: those with and those without substantial cardiac involvement. Besides the 29% incidence of asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse common to many neuromuscular diseases, 20% of families had progressive involvement of the cardiac conduction system. It is important to recognize these families in order to treat patients with cardiac pacemakers who are rapidly progressive or symptomatic. If one patient with myotonic dystrophy is found to have myotonic heart disease with cardiac block or arrhythmia, it should be expected in other family members with myotonic dystrophy. PMID- 6639234 TI - Local dental anesthesia with epinephrine. Minimal effects on the sympathetic nervous system or on hemodynamic variables. AB - To define the hemodynamic effects of local dental anesthesia, we measured the mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, and plasma catecholamine responses for 60 minutes following an inferior alveolar nerve block with epinephrine-and nonepinephrine-containing lidocaine hydrochloride anesthesia in 14 men using a randomized double-blind crossover trial. Lidocaine alone caused no significant change in MAP or heart rate and only slight, transient changes in plasma catecholamine concentrations when compared with baseline values. Lidocaine with epinephrine caused significant, sustained (60 minutes) increases in plasma epinephrine concentrations (mean +/- SEM, 27 +/- 4 to 94 +/- 13 pg/mL) and a slight, but transient (two-minute) increase in heart rate from 68 +/- 3 to 70 +/- 3 beats per minute. Lidocaine with epinephrine caused no significant change in MAP. There is no significant hemodynamic response to lidocaine dental anesthesia (with or without epinephrine) in healthy young men. PMID- 6639235 TI - Bacteremic pneumonia due to gram-negative bacilli. AB - Bacteremic pneumonia due to aerobic gram-negative bacilli was diagnosed in 27 patients during a 20-month period. The mortality was high (81.5%) among these elderly patients (mean age, 61.2 years) with serious underlying disease, in spite of amikacin sulfate therapy that was appropriate as determined by susceptibility testing. Bacteremic pneumonia accounted for 14.1% of patients with gram-negative bacteremia but was responsible for 39.4% of the deaths in the total group of 191 patients. The worsened prognosis of patients with pneumonia was unrelated to the species of infecting organisms or the underlying conditions or disease. PMID- 6639236 TI - Yersinia enterocolitica endocarditis. AB - A patient with Yersinia enterocolitica endocarditis was seen with bacteremia, valvular vegetation, new heart murmur, and septic embolism. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Y enterocolitica infectious endocarditis and is yet another clinical manifestation of disease produced by this organism. PMID- 6639237 TI - Seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Fact or fiction? AB - Patients with clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but negative rheumatoid factor (RF) present a diagnostic challenge. The seronegative spondyloarthropathy (SNSA) syndromes, previously believed to be "rheumatoid arthritis variants," eg, Reiter's syndrome and psoriatic arthritis, are now considered to be genetically separate from RA and have been shown to be closely associated with HLA-B27. This syndromic discrimination has raised question as to the validity of RF negative RA (ie, seronegative RA). Demographic, clinical, and roentgenologic features of seronegative RA and SNSA are compared. Also, more common diagnoses that may stimulate seronegative RA are outlined according to onset age of arthritis. Recent concepts of RF positivity and HLA-DR4 correlations are reviewed. Multiple unknown factors contribute to the currently recognized syndrome of RA. Its diagnosis continues to rest on an aggregate of host, clinical, immunologic, and radiologic features. PMID- 6639238 TI - Normal hemodynamic, ventilatory, and metabolic response to exercise. AB - An integrated response to exercise must occur among the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and regional circulations. The increased oxygen inspired by the lungs must be transported through the circulation and taken up by the exercising muscles. The cardiovascular adaptations to maximal exercise include an increase in cardiac output (predominantly by a rise in the heart rate) and a widening of the arteriovenous oxygen difference. In the regional circulations, there are increases in both the rate of skeletal blood flow and the rate of arteriovenous oxygen extraction. Pulmonary ventilation also increases by a rise in both the respiratory rate and tidal volume. The fuel necessary for maximal exercise is derived initially from accelerated breakdown of muscle glycogen and later by an increase in the hepatic glucose production. A combination of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism generates the adenosine triphosphate necessary for muscular contraction. PMID- 6639239 TI - Pulmonary cryptococcosis and Cushing's syndrome. AB - Pulmonary cryptococcosis occurred in two patients with Cushing's syndrome, both of whom were successfully treated with amphotericin B and flucytosine. Excessive endogenous production of corticosteroids may have predisposed these patients to the development of opportunistic infection. Persons with Cushing's syndrome and a pulmonary infiltrate should be examined for infection with Cryptococcus neoformans in addition to an examination for ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone production. PMID- 6639240 TI - Sarcoidosis of the pancreas. AB - A case of painful granulomatous infiltration of the pancreas occurred in a patient with well-documented sarcoidosis. In the few previous reports of symptomatic granulomatous pancreatitis, none occurred in a clear setting of sarcoidosis. Granulomatous pancreatitis alone has not been reported to cause exocrine or endocrine dysfunction and appears to improve with steroid therapy. Although distinctly rare, granulomatous involvement of the pancreas should be considered in the examination of patients with sarcoidosis and abdominal pain of unclear cause. PMID- 6639241 TI - Cerebral salt wasting in a man with carcinomatous meningitis. AB - The purpose of this report is to alert the clinician that hyponatremic patients with CNS disease do not necessarily have a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. We describe a patient with hyponatremia and carcinomatous meningitis whose volume contraction resulted from striking urinary sodium losses. Although no longer even alluded to in reviews of hyponatremia, cerebral salt wasting appears to be a real clinical entity that warrants further investigation. PMID- 6639242 TI - Acute cholecystitis as a complication of sarcoidosis. AB - Although sarcoidosis has been described affecting almost all body systems, acute cholecystitis has not previously been documented. Such a case is presented with a review of other gastrointestinal tract manifestations of the disease. PMID- 6639243 TI - Propranolol-induced hyperthyroxinemia. AB - A patient on a regimen of 400 mg/day of propranolol hydrochloride was observed to have elevated thyroxine (T4) and free T4 levels with a normal thyrotropin response to protirelin. This led us to study the prevalence of hyperthyroxinemia in 14 consecutively treated patients with hypertension on daily doses of propranolol of 320 mg or more. Four of 14 patients had elevated serum T4 levels. As a group, the patients on propranolol therapy had higher serum T4 levels, free T4 indices, and triiodothyronine levels than did healthy controls. The use of high-dosage propranolol may be associated with euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia and be a source of diagnostic confusion. All patients receiving therapy with high-dosage propranolol should undergo protirelin testing before one can conclude that their elevated thyroid hormone levels are due to hyperthyroidism. PMID- 6639245 TI - Myoclonus induced by metoclopramide therapy. AB - Metoclopramide hydrochloride is increasingly used as an antiemetic agent. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated dopamine antagonism, and extrapyramidal side effects have been reported in patients given the drug for gastrointestinal disorders. Multifocal myoclonic jerking developed in our patient after he received metoclopramide therapy for gastroparesis due to renal failure. He had had no previous neurologic symptoms, and no evidence of CNS abnormality was found; the myoclonic jerking subsided when metoclopramide therapy was discontinued. Multifocal myoclonus must be differentiated from seizure activity in patients with renal failure and other metabolic encephalopathies. Metoclopramide clearance is reduced in renal failure, and myoclonus or other neurologic complications may be precipitated in such patients by usual doses of this drug. PMID- 6639244 TI - Symptomatic hypotension following the clonidine suppression test for pheochromocytoma. AB - A 42-year-old man with generalized atherosclerosis underwent surgery of the left carotid artery with eventual placement of a Dacron graft bypassing the left carotid sinus. Subsequently, symptoms suggestive of pheochromocytoma developed, and 24-hour urine catecholamine levels were elevated. Clonidine testing resulted in suppression of plasma norepinephrine levels but was complicated by severe hypotension and a transient ischemic attack. Baroreceptor dysfunction may have been involved. Caution is advised and recommendations are offered for future usage of the clonidine suppression test. PMID- 6639246 TI - Fibrous myopathy in association with pentazocine. AB - Cutaneous complications of chronic parenteral narcotic use have been described. A 61-year-old man had severe joint restriction secondary to fibrous replacement of proximal muscles. Parenteral pentazocine lactate use was implicated in the cause of his condition. PMID- 6639248 TI - Silent thyroiditis. PMID- 6639247 TI - Renal failure limiting antihypertensive therapy as an indication for renal revascularization. A case report. AB - Although surgical repair of renal artery stenosis occasionally improves renal function, it is not yet known when revascularization is indicated for that reason. We report the results observed in a patient with renovascular hypertension and additional stenosis in the contralateral kidney whose renal function deteriorated on repeated occasions during antihypertensive therapy. Renal hemodynamic studies during sodium nitroprusside infusion showed severely impaired autoregulation of blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate was corrected after revascularization of the contralateral kidney alone. After surgery, normal BPs were tolerated without loss of function. These findings demonstrate a specific clinical indication for renal revascularization to preserve kidney function. PMID- 6639249 TI - Warfarin-miconazole interaction. PMID- 6639250 TI - Ventricular preexcitation. PMID- 6639251 TI - Unilateral toxic multicystic goiter. PMID- 6639252 TI - Evolution of protein-bound cobalamin malabsorption. PMID- 6639253 TI - Cardiac sarcoidosis. PMID- 6639254 TI - Bone marrow necrosis associated with tumor emboli and disseminated intravascular coagulation. PMID- 6639255 TI - Peroxidase deficiency in histiocytes of patients with nodular lepromatous leprosy. PMID- 6639256 TI - Effects of dexamethasone on experimental lesions of rat brain. PMID- 6639257 TI - Anticancer potentiality of three new synthetic nitrogen mustards. PMID- 6639258 TI - Glycosylated hemoglobin, glycosuria and height growth in insulin-dependent diabetics. PMID- 6639259 TI - Determination of tryptophan in total serum and in an ammonium sulfate precipitated fraction. PMID- 6639260 TI - Use of heparin in the continuous flow centrifuge (CFC) during cytapheresis and plasmapheresis. PMID- 6639261 TI - New comparative method of the pharmacokinetics of the 2 antibiotics by HPLC analysis after simultaneous administration. PMID- 6639262 TI - [Cerebral infarction in the area of middle cerebral artery: CT classification and clinical prognosis]. PMID- 6639263 TI - [Pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock and liver resection under hemorrhagic shock. Comparison of arterial hemorrhage and portal hemorrhage]. PMID- 6639264 TI - [Circulation dynamics in traumatic swelling: an experimental study]. PMID- 6639265 TI - [New data base system of medical records at Shimane Medical University Hospital]. PMID- 6639266 TI - [Evaluation of liver function reserve in esophageal varices. Dissociation between glucose tolerance and ICG plasma disappearance rate]. PMID- 6639267 TI - Hepatic arterioportal fistula following cholecystectomy. PMID- 6639268 TI - [Arteriovenous fistula associated with cerebral aneurysm in the posterior fossa cranium]. PMID- 6639269 TI - [2-stage correction of interrupted aortic arch]. PMID- 6639270 TI - [Intussusception of the appendiceal mucocele]. PMID- 6639271 TI - RNA polymerase from Rhizobium japonicum. AB - DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6) from Rhizobium japonicum was purified. The subunit structure was found to be beta beta' alpha 2 alpha, with the following apparent molecular weights determined by electrophoresis: Mr (beta and beta') 150,000 each, Mr (sigma) 96,000, Mr (alpha) 40,000, Mr (holoenzyme) 490,000, Mr (core enzyme) 380,000. The recovery of sigma was 28%. RNA polymerase from aerobically grown R. japonicum cells and from nitrogen-fixing cells have the same electrophoretic properties suggesting that no chemical modification of the enzyme occurs when cells undergo this metabolic differentiation. The enzyme is Mg2+-dependent, rifampicin-sensitive, and has optimal activity at alkaline pH (8- 10) and at 35--40 degrees C. It binds strongly to bacteriophage T7 promoters, weakly to antibiotic resistance genes, and not at all to cloned R. japonicum nif DNA. Preliminary in vitro transcription experiments, including nif DNA as template, revealed that additional factors may be required for selective transcription from promoters. PMID- 6639272 TI - Reduced degradability by lysozyme of staphylococcal cell walls after chloramphenicol treatment. AB - The effectiveness of host defence against staphylococcal infections depends on the capability of phagocytes to degrade the bacterial cell walls. Treatment with bacteriostatic agents like chloramphenicol could cause problems since under these drugs staphylococcal walls will be substantially thickened. This study presents evidence that the additional wall material built in the presence of chloramphenicol could moreover be rendered more resistant to lysosomal enzymes: In vitro at pH 5.6, lysozyme from hen egg-white proved to degrade the chloramphenicol-wall material at a velocity reduced to 20% of that of the normal wall. Thus, during the degradation of chloramphenicol-treated staphylococcal cell walls the phagocytes have to deal not only with a quantitative but also with a qualitative problem. Possible reasons for the reduced degradability as to chloramphenicol-induced alterations of the wall composition as well as to activating effects of lysozyme on cell wall autolysins are discussed in view of microbiological and medical implications. PMID- 6639273 TI - Chemical composition and structure of cell wall teichoic acids of staphylococci. AB - The cell wall teichoic acid structures of 22 staphylococci including 13 type strains were determined. Most of the strains contain a poly(polyolphosphate) teichoic acid with glycerol and/or ribitol as polyol component. The polyolphosphate backbone is partially substituted with various combinations of sugars and/or amino sugars. Most of the substituents occur in a monomeric form but some strains also contain dimers of N-acetylglucosamine as substituents. Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus NCTC 10350 and S. sciuri DSM 20352 revealed rather complex cell wall teichoic acids. They consist of repeating sequences of phosphate-glycerol-phosphate-N-acetylglucosamine. The amino sugar component is present in this case as a monomer or an oligomer (n less than or equal to 3). Moreover, the glycerol residues are partially substituted with N acetylglucosamine. The cell wall teichoic acid of S. auricularis is a poly(N acetylglucosaminyl-phosphate) polymer similar to that found in S. caseolyticus ATCC29750. The cell wall teichoic acid structures for type strains of S. auricularis, S. capitis, S. cohnii, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. hyicus subsp. hyicus, S. sciuri, S. xylosus and S. warneri were determined for the first time in detail. The structures of some of the previously described teichoic acids had to be revised (S. epidermidis, S. simulans, S. aureus phage type 187). PMID- 6639274 TI - [A Copernican revolution in neuropathology. Implications of the discovery of lesions in the nucleus basalis in Alzheimer's disease]. PMID- 6639275 TI - [Multiple sclerosis in the province of Las Palmas]. PMID- 6639276 TI - [Multiple calcifying hemangiomas of the brain and the blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome]. PMID- 6639277 TI - [Morphological changes in the cerebral cortex of mice subjected to environments enriched or impoverished in sensory stimuli and their later recovery]. PMID- 6639278 TI - [Munchausen's syndrome, Ahasuerus' syndrome or chronic factitious disorders with somatic symptoms]. PMID- 6639279 TI - [Neonatology and pediatric intensive care : threatened attainments]. PMID- 6639280 TI - [Chronic diarrhea in nonspecific colopathies in children. Trial of etiological classification]. AB - 305 children with non specific colopathies were studied with respect to the etiologic factors which may be responsible for the onset of the diarrheic syndrome. Epidemiologic factors (ethnic group, mode of housing, standard of living, parents's age and profession) did not appear to play a significant role and studies of familial and personal histories did not appear to be of any help. On the contrary, analysis of the diet showed a high incidence of nutritional imbalances (75.2% of cases) especially with respect to hyperprotidic diets. The role of a major and repeated antibiotic therapy and of psychologic problems may be suggested in 46 (15%) and 36 (11.8%) of the 305 cases, respectively. Fiberoptic and histologic investigations of the proctosigmoid mucosa were performed in 67 children: an inflammatory aspect was found in 22. In 21 of these 22 cases, no etiologic factors could be found and these cases, especially those occurring before 6 months of age, might belong to a special clinical entity. PMID- 6639281 TI - [Desensitisation with hymenoptera venom in children]. AB - The efficiency of immunotherapy with hymenoptera venom is well known in adults. Its clinical tolerance and its immunologic consequences during an accelerated desensitization program were studied in children with bee venom (n = 12, average age: 9.4 +/- 4.6 years) or wasp venom (n = 6, average age: 10.4 +/- 3.7 years) hypersensitivity. Results were compared with those obtained in adults susceptible to bee venom (n = 15, average age: 36.6 +/- 10.4 years) or to wasp venom (n = 18, average age: 36.2 +/- 7.4 years). Despite doses identical to those used in adults, clinical tolerance was better in both groups of children. Provocation tests (6 children, 10 adults) after immunotherapy showed a similar efficiency of the treatment in adults and children. The immunologic study showed a significantly greater increase in specific IgG in children, and a significant decrease in specific IgE (p less than 0.05) only in children treated with bee venom. PMID- 6639282 TI - [Erythroblastopenia in a child with immune deficiency and hyper IgM]. AB - The authors report the case of a boy with a history of recurrent infections, who presented with erythroblastopenia at age 5 years. An immune deficiency with hyper IgM was found. Erythroblastopenia appeared to be related to a serum inhibitor of erythropoiesis. This inhibitor was present in the serum IgM fraction and acts by blocking the erythropoietic activity of a soluble substance in the serum, which is not erythropoietin but which could be a cofactor of this hormone. A series of 5 plasma exchanges, performed in 10 days, permitted to clear the inhibitor and induced remission, still persisting after a 12 month follow-up. PMID- 6639283 TI - [Multiple sclerosis and unilateral deafness]. AB - A girl complained of unilateral hearing loss, vertigo, and ipsilateral symptoms of trigeminal and facial involvement. Negative neuroradiological evaluation, C.S.F. study and clinical outcome allowed to retain the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (M.S.). Unilateral abnormalities were recorded on the auditory evoked potentials, localizing the lesion immediately after the auditory fibers enter the brain stem. An unilateral hearing loss does not rule out M.S. in vertigo syndromes, and auditory evoked responses are a diagnosis aid. PMID- 6639284 TI - [Surgical correction of interventricular communication with pulmonary stenosis in a hemophiliac]. AB - Open heart surgery was performed in a 5 year-old boy with severe hemophilia A and large ventricular septal defect with pulmonary stenosis. High doses of Factor VIIIC superconcentrates delivered as small transfusion volumes allowed the use of extracorporeal circulation with heparin. Transfusions began 5 hours before surgery and were stopped 21 days later. No adverse reaction was observed. Thus major surgery is possible in severe hemophiliacs provided strict rules for replacement therapy are followed. PMID- 6639285 TI - [Echographic diagnosis of a cachexia-inducing diencephalic tumor]. AB - In a 2 month-old girl presenting with severe cachexia, ultrasonography of the brain through the fontanella showed a diencephalic tumor. Ultrasonographic pictures were compared with those obtained with CT scan. This report emphasizes the value of ultrasonography in such a syndrome with little neurologic symptoms. PMID- 6639286 TI - [Use of phenobarbital by the oral route in the acute and maintenance treatment of convulsions in children]. AB - Early and long-lasting phenobarbital plasma levels were obtained by the following schedule in children presenting with convulsions who remained at risk for early relapse: a load dose of 15 mg/kg, followed 12 hours later by the administration of 5 mg/kg in children under 1 year of age and 3 mg/kg in older children; further maintenance doses were 3 mg/kg every 24 hours for 10 days in all children. No child presented with any convulsion in the period of time studied. The mean phenobarbital plasma levels were, from the 1st to the 88th hour, between the values considered as effective (12.6 and 22.3 mg/l). These values were always lower in children under 1 year of age, except for the 1st hour. PMID- 6639287 TI - Development of the Spanish-language version of the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. AB - The use of the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) to elicit DSM-III-defined mental disorders among Hispanic respondents in the Los Angeles site of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area project required development of a Spanish translation of the instrument that would be understood readily by persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban origin. The translation was carried out using back translation, bilingual test respondents, a bilingual translation staff, an extensive committee of experienced bilingual clinicians as translation consultants, and revision following clinical evaluation. A study of its reliability and comparison with clinical diagnoses obtained with Spanish speaking psychiatric outpatients indicated satisfactory equivalence of the Spanish DIS to the English version. Early international use of the Spanish DIS promises new data on the cross-cultural validity and prevalence rates of DSM-III diagnosed disorders. PMID- 6639288 TI - The Spanish Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Reliability and comparison with clinical diagnoses. AB - The National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) was translated into Spanish. The reliability of the Spanish instrument, its equivalence to the English version, and its agreement with clinical diagnoses were examined in a study of 90 bilingual (English-and Spanish-speaking) and 61 monolingual (Spanish-speaking only) patients from a community mental health center. The study design involved two independent DIS administrations and one independent clinical evaluation of each subject. PMID- 6639289 TI - Engaged members of the Unification Church. Impact of a charismatic large group on adaptation and behavior. AB - This project was designed to study the psychological nature of compliance with unusual behavioral norms among members of a charismatic religious sect. Three hundred twenty-one members of the Unification Church had been placed into marital engagement a year previously in a highly unusual fashion: their partners were assigned to them by the group's leader as part of a religious ritual. The abrogation of contemporary norms for mate selection was not associated with increased psychological distress. Church-related life experiences, however, were perceived as being of considerable psychological impact. Multiple regression analyses further revealed that the vulnerability of respondents to perceived life disruption was relived by their affiliation to the sect. This "relief effect," associated with social and religious ties to the sect, apparently reinforces compliance with the group's behavorial norms, particularly since the manner of reinforcement is integrated into the social structure of the group. PMID- 6639290 TI - Risk, protective factors, and supportive interventions in chronic airway obstruction. AB - Fifty-nine patients with chronic airway obstruction completed the Schedule of Recent Experiences and Social Assets Scale (SAS) to measure life stress and social supports. Patients with highest stress and lowest SAS scores (the high risk group) were randomly assigned to a pulmonary rehabilitation group, self-help support group, or waiting-list control group. Patients with lower stress and/or higher SAS scores (the low-risk group) served as controls. Six months later, a records review showed that high-risk control patients were hospitalized more often than low-risk control patients and for more days than high-risk patients in rehabilitation and self-help support groups. Discriminant analysis determined that SAS and life stress scores predicted subsequent hospitalization, but age, sex, previous hospitalizations, and severity of illness did not. Measurements of stress and social supports can help identify high-risk patients. In turn, professionals might assist these patients by increasing their supports. PMID- 6639291 TI - Consultation outcomes. The psychiatrist as consultee. AB - The frequent coexistence of psychiatric and medical illness supports the need for excellent medical care on inpatient psychiatric services. Effective use of consultation is an important element in ensuring this care. In our study of medical-surgical consultation to an inpatient psychiatric service during a two year period, outcome variables, such as frequency of and concordance with drug and diagnostic action recommendations, were determined and compared with similar data for psychiatric consultations to medical-surgical services. Thirty-eight percent of cases received a consultation. Patients seen by a consultant had a longer hospital stay. Twenty-seven and forty-six percent of consultantions contained a drug or a diagnostic action recommendation, respectively. The concordance of psychiatric consultees was 79% for drugs and 75% for diagnostic action recommendations. Comparison with medical-surgical consultations done by psychiatric consultants revealed important important differences and similarities. PMID- 6639292 TI - Depression in a sample of 9-year-old children, Prevalence and associated characteristics. AB - We investigated the prevalence of depression in a sample of 9-year-old children from the general population being studied longitudinally. Current point prevalences of major and minor depressive disorder were estimated at 1.8% and 2.5%, respectively. A comparison of children with depression and a nondepressed group disclosed no significant differences by sex, nor any significant association between depression and socioeconomic status, teacher reports of behavior problems, and cognitive or motor development. The children with current depression were reported by a parent to have had a history of more behavioral problems, had been referred more often for assessment or treatment of behavioral or emotional problems, and had more negative self-perceptions of their academic ability. The results suggested that parents may be more sensitive than teachers to the behavior problems exhibited by depressed children. PMID- 6639293 TI - A children's global assessment scale (CGAS). AB - We evaluated the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), an adaptation of the Global Assessment Scale for adults. Our findings indicate that the CGAS can be a useful measure of overall severity of disturbance. It was found to be reliable between raters and across time. Moreover, it demonstrated both discriminant and concurrent validity. Given these favorable psychometric properties and its relative simplicity, the CGAS is recommended to both clinicians and researchers as a complement to syndrome-specific scales. PMID- 6639294 TI - Hyperactive children's event-related potentials fail to support underarousal and maturational-lag theories. AB - Hyperactivity in children has been attributed to underarousal, maturational lag, and both. Using event-related potentials (ERPs) and EEG spectra, we compared hyperactive children with age-matched normal controls. Neither underarousal nor maturational lag explained our findings, and we concluded that these explanations are now too simple to be useful. We found a number of differences in EEGs and ERPs between hyperactive subjects and controls. The best single measure was EEG power from 14 to 25 Hz, which was consistent with previous reports. Hyperactive children had lower beta power than normal controls. PMID- 6639295 TI - Brain function in psychiatric disorders. I. Regional cerebral blood flow in medicated schizophrenics. AB - We measured regional cerebral blood flow during resting baseline and the performance of verbal and spatial tasks in 15 medicated schizophrenics and 25 matched controls. Patients did not differ from controls in resting flows but showed different blood-flow changes during task performance. Controls replicated earlier findings in normal subjects: flow increased during task performance, and the hemispheric increase was greater in the left for the verbal and in the right for the spatial task. In contrast, patients showed no flow asymmetry for the verbal task and greater left hemispheric increase for the spatial task. The latter finding is consistent with the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with left hemispheric overactivation for spatial tasks. In addition, schizophrenic women had unusual flow changes in that their highest flow increase was for the verbal task. PMID- 6639296 TI - DSM-III schizophreniform disorder. PMID- 6639297 TI - Health manpower shortage in geriatric psychiatry. PMID- 6639298 TI - The teacher as impediment to learning: the problem of focal conviction. PMID- 6639299 TI - Effects of glucocorticoid on the ultrastructure of the mouse parathyroid gland. AB - Ultrastructural changes in the parathyroid glands of dexamethasone-treated mice were examined. Many chief cells of the treated mice contained a decreased number of prosecretory granules, secretory granules and storage granules, and an increased number of lipid droplets, compared with the control mice. In addition, myelin-like structures associated with cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum were observed in the parathyroid glands of the treated mice. These findings suggest that cellular activity of the parathyroid gland may be suppressed by dexamethasone. PMID- 6639300 TI - Fine structural aspects of the development and aging of the tracheal epithelium of mice. AB - The fine structure of the mouse tracheal epithelium from the fetal period to the stage of old age was examined with electron and light microscopes. The tracheal epithelium of the adult mouse is ciliated and single columnar in shape, consisting of three kinds of cells: ciliated, non-ciliated and basal. Neither goblet nor brush cells were found. The earliest signs of the cytodifferentiation of ciliated and non-ciliated cells appear at 15 and 17 days of gestation respectively. The secretory granules in non-ciliated cells appear at 17 days of gestation, and increase in number from 18 days of gestation (one day before birth) to 1 day after birth and decrease in number rapidly, while elements of smooth endoplasmic reticulum appear in this cell. Non-ciliated cells constitute the major component of the tracheal epithelium in the adult mouse. They have two kinds of granules: one a secretory granule surrounded by a single limiting membrane and released by exocytosis, and the other surrounded by double limiting membranes and considered to be derived from mitochondria. With the advance of age, some parts of the epithelium invaginate into the lamina propria without any noticeable changes in either the epithelial cells or the basal lamina. These invaginations, which the present authors named "cyst-like structures," are found in all mice over four months of age examined, and increase in number and size with age. They seem to be physiological structures and are distributed in all parts of the tracheal epithelium from the first tracheal ring to the tracheal bifurcation. They contain concentric circular materials with entangled filaments (15-20 nm in diameter) and/or destructed cell debris mainly derived from granular leucocytes. PMID- 6639301 TI - Electron microscopic studies on the sinusoidal cells in the monkey liver. AB - The sinusoidal wall was observed by transmission electron microscopy in crab eating monkey livers. The perikarya of sinusoidal endothelial cells were characterized by numerous macropinocytotic vacuoles and curved smooth-surfaced tubules of high electron density. Size and spacing of fenestrae in endothelial sieve plates corresponded to essentially those in other mammalian species including the human. It was verified that the high concentration of microfilaments was responsible for the electron dense appearance of the sieve plate in tangential sections. Besides occasional overlapping of endothelial sheets, complicated interdigitations of several short lamellae originating from endothelial processes occasionally caused a layered structure of the endothelial lining. Kupffer cells were strikingly rich in lysosomes and contained large mitochondria and phagosomes. They were fixed to the endothelial lining by patches of junctional complexes identical with those between endothelial cells. Ito cells of the monkey liver demonstrated, like those of the human liver, many smooth surfaced caveolae and vesicles along their perisinusoidal surface, suggesting their micropinocytotic activity. They also contained glycogen beta-particles which were partly gathered around lipid vacuoles. The electron dense droplets enclosed by glycogen particles as revealed in human Ito cells and regarded as immature lipid droplets retaining the chemical properties of glycogen, could rarely be confirmed in the present study. Between the Ito cell and hepatocyte there occurred many junctional complexes. The space of Disse contained, besides abundant collagen fibrils, numerous fine filaments forming irregular meshworks or bundles which resembled fibrillar material (precursor of collagen) in appearance in the dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) of the Ito cell. These filaments often entwined the collagen fibrils in the Disse's space as if to participate by apposition in their development. The question, whether pinocytosis-like structures of the Ito cell might be involved in the precursor transport from the cisternae of the RER to the Disse's space, remained unanswered. PMID- 6639302 TI - [A test for excretion of etofenamate into milk]. PMID- 6639303 TI - Tetrazole analogues of ibuprofen and flurbiprofen. PMID- 6639304 TI - New quinolines as potential CNS agents. PMID- 6639305 TI - Synthesis of new 1-[5-(substituted phenoxymethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl] -5 (substituted benzylidene)hydantoins as potential anthelminthic agents. PMID- 6639306 TI - A clinical study of the results of cementless total hip replacement. AB - We introduce our total hip prosthesis, its operation technique, and report the clinical results. Ours does not use bone-cement, but its design, together with the use of original bone and new bone formation surrounding it, results in a biological anchoring. Since 1978, we developed for this new type of total hip prosthesis 6 sizes of stem to fit more rigidly within the intramedullary canal of femur. The new femoral component also has larger notches on its surface than did the old one. Our results of 144 cases (147 joints) ranging from 2 to 10 postoperative years giving an average of 4.4 years, are quite satisfactory. Blood loss during the operation is as little as 480 ml. The few complications observed differ from those of the Charnley type, and will be reduced greatly when the operation is yet more cautiously and skillfully done. Unilateral replacement in bilaterally affected patients improved the condition of the unoperated side in 30% of the cases. PMID- 6639307 TI - Localised (circumscribed) nodular synovitis (histiocytic xanthogranuloma). AB - Localised nodular synovitis is a benign tumour which originates from the synovia. The circumscribed nodules are characterised by multinucleated giant cells associated with the proliferation of histiocytes. There is a histiogenetic relationship to the diffuse, heavily pigmented, villo-nodular form. The treatment consists in excising the complete nodule. PMID- 6639308 TI - Methicillin induced drug-fever during treatment for acute post traumatic osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. AB - High dose intravenous methicillin therapy is a common form of treatment for post traumatic acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, with positive staphylococcus aureus cultures. A high and spiking fever, persisting in the face of adequate antibiotic therapy, presents a difficult diagnostic dilemma in such patients. In seven patients, methicillin induced drug fever was found to be the cause of such as persisting pyrexia, inspite of an adequate antibiotic regime. This diagnosis must be established by a cautious clinical evaluation and by a careful elimination of all other causes for fever. Upon discontinuation of methicillin, the body temperature reverted to normal within 24 h. PMID- 6639309 TI - The surgical treatment of the upper quadrant syndrome. A preliminary report. AB - The U.Q.S. is clinically described and a working hypothesis of its possible pathogenetic pathways is forwarded. The A.C. and R.H. joints were found to be the trigger points in six cases. All were pain free following joint resection surgery. PMID- 6639310 TI - Computer-aided manufacture of individual endoprostheses. Preliminary communication. AB - Long-term anchorage of foreign material in vital bone has proven to be the main problem in endoprosthetics. In the authors' opinion, modelling an endoprosthetic anchorage component to the individual anatomic needs is, at present, the best way to transmit stresses harmoniously from the prosthesis to the sensitive bone, in order to utilize functional adaptation, and to guarantee long-term function. The production of a true-to-scale joint model is possible with computer-assisted tomography. This model of the joint or bone canal can be used to construct an individual endoprosthesis prior to surgery. A procedure described. PMID- 6639311 TI - The importance of the mediopatellar synovial plica for chondromalacia patellae. AB - In 60 autopsy knee joints findings on morphology and topography of medio- and suprapatellar plicae and level of insertion of the medial vastus muscle in relation to localization and degree of severity of chondromalacia were determined. The middle fields were affected most frequently and severely with 70% (chondromalacia class II and III). Thirty specimen with mediopatellar plica could be identified out of which 29 (97%) had class II or III chondromalacia; out of 30 specimen without a plica 18 (60%) showed chondromalacia. Accordingly a significant correlation could be detected between the incidence of chondromalacia and that of a mediopatellar synovial plica. When measuring the level of insertion of the medial vastus muscle class III chondromalacia showed an average level of insertion of 11%, class II of 22%, and class O or I of 30%. These differences are statistically significant. Patellar index, patellar facet angle, and patellar depth angle did not show any direct correlation to chondromalacia. The question arises whether the involution anomaly of the genicular septa and the muscular changes are not a manifestation of the same developmental disorder, thus creating the basis for an imbalance of the dynamic functional structure. PMID- 6639312 TI - The risk of malignant edema following lower limb amputation for ischemic gangrene. AB - Authors review 1360 lower limb amputations for ischemic gangrene. The incidence of postoperative malignant edema of the stump was found to be 0.2 to 0.4%, and the distribution was favourable to encourage amputating surgeons to choose possibly distal levels even in case of vascular disease. PMID- 6639313 TI - Nucleoscope. Instrumentarium for endoscopy of the intervertebral disc space. AB - Basing on preliminary endoscopic examinations to present the intervertebral disc interspace using a common arthroscope in operations performed for lumbar disc prolapses, a special endoscopic instrumentarium (nucleoscope Hausmann-Forst) was developed allowing detailed and riskless views into the intervertebral disc interspace. PMID- 6639314 TI - Fracture-dislocation of the femoral head with associated ipsilateral trochanteric and shaft fracture of the femur. AB - An exceptional fracture-dislocation of the femoral head with associated trochanteric and shaft fracture of the same femur in a severely multi-injured 25 year-old man has been treated by open reduction of the dislocation and internal fixation of the trochanteric and shaft fractures, with a 130 degrees and a straight plate, respectively. At the 27-months follow-up examination the patient showed good evidence of fracture healing, and avascular necrosis of the femoral head had not developed, even though there had been a 5-day delay in reduction of the dislocation. The reported observation not only illustrates this extremely rare combination of injuries, but also shows that this therapeutic plan, which is able to provide the basis for eventual and further reconstructive procedures, may also offer unpredictable and gratifying outcomes in certain instances. PMID- 6639315 TI - Recurrent dislocation of patella following lateral retinacular release. A case report. AB - A case is presented with several total dislocations of patella after an operative lateral retinacular release for chondromalacia patellae. The patient, a 27-year old woman, had no history of preoperative luxations or subluxations. She had, however, a Q-angle of 20 degrees--a fact that may have been significant in the pathogenesis. PMID- 6639316 TI - Carotid palpation and heart rate changes in postmyocardial infarction patients. AB - Forty cardiac rehabilitation patients were selected to determine the effects of carotid artery palpation at different time periods during rest, exercise, and recovery on the bicycle ergometer and following jogging-in-place. Fifteen-second carotid artery palpation was performed twice during minutes 1 and 3. The experimenter palpated during minute 1 while the subject palpated during minute 3. A significant decrease in resting heart rate occurred during minute 1 when the experimenter palpated, but no significance was evident during minute 3 when the subject palpated. During exercise with experimenter palpation, a significant decrease in HR occurred during the second 15 seconds of minute 1. Subject palpation during minute 3 did not significantly influence exercise heart rate. Both experimenter and subject palpation during minutes 1 and 3, respectively, of recovery 1 (on the bike) resulted in significant decrease in recovery heart rate. Jogging-in-place (recovery 2) was not influenced by experimenter or subject palpation. The significance of these findings lies in the fact that, although carotid palpation had a significant influence on heart rate, the differences were too small to be determined by a 10- or 15-second count. Thus, carotid palpation cannot be considered a threat to the postmyocardial infarction patient's safety. PMID- 6639317 TI - Wrist dimensions: correlation with median sensory latencies. AB - A serendipitous observation that many individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome have square wrists led to this study which correlates wrist dimensions with median sensory latencies. Results suggest that the squarer the wrist the longer the latencies. PMID- 6639318 TI - Electrically elicited blink reflex in children. AB - Blink reflex was studied in 12 neurologically intact infants and children aged 2 weeks to 3 years. A coaxial needle electrode inserted in the outer lower quadrant of the orbicularis oculi muscle was used for recording. Responses were elicited by a 50-100V current delivered through a stimulating electrode placed on the supraorbital groove. Absence of contralateral R2 response was a consistent finding. Ipsilateral R2 responses were elicited in 50% of the cases. R1 response was present in all instances and showed latency values similar to adults. The amplitudes of both R1 and R2 were lower than reported in adult population. The blink reflex may be an indication of the degree of myelination of the brain stem, facial and trigeminal pathways in children. PMID- 6639319 TI - Metabolic cost of extremely slow walking in cardiac patients: implications for exercise testing and training. AB - To assess metabolic cost of extremely slow walking, nine patients with coronary heart disease (means age, 56.1 yr) underwent multistage treadmill testing using standard open circuit calorimetry techniques. Heart rate, blood pressure, minute ventilation, and oxygen uptake in METS (1MET = 3.5 ml/kg/min) were determined at rest and at six submaximal work loads: 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 and 3.5mph, 0% grade. The oxygen uptake versus walking speed (0.8 to 3.5mph) relationship was y = 0.2064 (x)2 + 0.0180 (x) + 1.7260 (y = METS and x = speed in mph), r = 0.99. Results indicate that low-level exercise test protocols employing work loads between 0.8 and 2.0 mph impose similar metabolic and cardiac demands. Extremely slow walking approximates 2METS and may impose metabolic loads sufficient for exercise training in select patients with coronary heart disease. PMID- 6639320 TI - Wrist driven flexor hinge orthosis: linkage design improvements. AB - Wrist driven flexor hinge orthosis (WDFHO) linkage movements were analyzed graphically for existing kit form orthoses and modified orthoses. The graphical analysis indicated improved function by increased torque and resultant pinch force in modified orthoses. A geometric solution to pivot point location which will allow clinicians and orthotists to properly locate the linkage pivot points for WDFHOs was developed. Improved function was documented in 5 orthoses converted from kit form linkages to modified linkages. PMID- 6639322 TI - [Psychological tests of epileptic patients]. AB - A total of 140 epileptic patients were examined using psychological tests in a combined psychiatric and psychological study to assess cognitive malfunctions. Compared with a control group, significantly lower levels of performance were shown in intelligence, concentration and psychomotoric speed, but not in memory. Surprisingly, there was no uniform relationship between the degree of performance deficit and the severity of fits, perhaps with the exception of intelligence. Missing significant memory malfunctions restrict the value of a so-called organic psychosyndrome, the relevance of which is doubtful from the neurospychological point of view, anyway. PMID- 6639321 TI - Computerized tomographies of 34 patients at the chronic stage of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. AB - The brains of 34 patients at the chronic stage of acute carbon monoxide poisoning (CO poisoning) were examined using computerized tomography (CT). Ventricular and sulcal dilatations were measured quantitatively, with picture analysis of CT for the measurement of ventricular dilatation. Significant ventricular and sulcal dilatations were found in all cases of the CO group compared with age-matched controls, and bilateral low density areas in the globus pallidus were seen in 9 of the patients. There were significant correlations between duration of initial unconsciousness and the ventricular dilatation or cortical atrophy. Such dilatations were considered to be due to the cerebral damage in the acute stage. PMID- 6639323 TI - [Critical life events as risk factors for alcoholism]. AB - There is some evidence for a relation between critical life-events and the excessive drinking of alcoholics; the present study fits well into the approach of life-event-research assuming an aggregation of life-events and difficulties to elicit or cause excessive drinking. In all 25 men who were in danger of becoming excessive drinkers and 29 who were not--all between 18 and 24 years of age--were asked for their life-events and difficulties within the past 5 years. The LES by G. Brown was used for assessment. The results showed clear evidence for the basic hypothesis of life-event-research; to account for this a 'model of an addictive threshold' is proposed. A qualitative analysis of the experienced difficulties and the way of coping throw some light on the nonspecificity of critical life events within the stress model. PMID- 6639324 TI - Children's perceptions of sex differences in babies and adolescents: a cross national study. AB - A sample of 838 children aged 5-15 in Australia, England, North America, and Sweden were interviewed about physical and sexual development. One section covered how children perceived sex differences. Criteria used for scoring were based on a biological realism scale. In identifying sex differences of newborn babies, a progression from realistic to unrealistic recognition was observed with increasing age in all countries. The Swedish younger age groups were more realistic than their English-speaking peers, with the latter catching up in the teenage years. In discerning pubertal sex differences, children tended to move from presexual ideas between 9 and 11 years and to have achieved full sexual answers between 13 and 15 years. Evidence did not support the latency period theory or the presence of castration fantasies in children. Cross-national differences are discussed and their implications explored. PMID- 6639325 TI - Comarital sexual behavior: individual and relationship variables. AB - This study contrasted the individual and relationship variables of 35 married couples who engage in comarital sexual behavior with 35 married couples who do not. The couples were matched on age, length of marriage, age difference between partners, marital satisfaction, and socioeconomic status. Each couple was administered a battery of personality and relationship measures. In comparison with control subjects, comarital subjects reported a higher need for social approval and more liberal attitudes toward heterosexual behavior. Comarital subjects also reported greater sexual satisfaction and pleasure from their sexual relationship. Comarital couples resolved conflicts less satisfactorily than the control couples; the comarital couples disagreed and interrupted more often and used problem-solving strategies less successfully. Future research should explore the characteristics of couples who engage in different forms of recreational sexual activities. PMID- 6639326 TI - Consecutive-night reliability of portable nocturnal penile tumescence monitor. AB - Consecutive-night reliability of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) was determined in 77 patients, including 47 normal controls (NC), 16 patients with end stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis (ESRD), and 14 patients with chronic illnesses but normal renal functioning (CI). A portable NPT monitor was used in a clinical research ward setting. Since there is not yet widespread agreement as to the clinically most relevant NPT response criteria, three were examined: the proportion of sleep time during which an erection of a given penile circumference change was maintained, the maximum penile circumference change obtained, and the number of erections per night of a given penile circumference change. For all three response criteria in each of the three populations the consecutive-night correlation of results was statistically significant, suggesting that portable NPT has consecutive-night reliability. PMID- 6639327 TI - Sexual orientation and consistency of sexual identity. AB - The semantic confusion in the use of the terms sexual and gender identity and role is discussed. Theories concerning the development of the sense of sexual identity in normals have been based largely on the sense of sexual identity in sexually deviant subjects. It is suggested that such subjects may have a stronger and more consistent sense of sexual identity than subjects unaware of sexually deviant impulses. Male medical students in two consecutive years anonymously completed a questionnaire concerning their sexual orientation, preference, role, and identity. In both years, students aware of a homosexual component answered the items investigating their sexual identity with greater consistency than did the students unaware of a homosexual component. PMID- 6639328 TI - Estimating the duration of sexual behavior: a laboratory analog study. AB - Estimate of male orgasm latency, a common parameter of the sex history, is hypothetically subject to retrospective distortion. This investigation attempted to assess the degree and direction of the distortion using a laboratory analog procedure. Groups of sophomore medical students were shown a movie depicting a couple engaging in continuous foreplay and coitus. About half were asked to estimate the length of the foreplay and coitus periods in minutes. The other half were required to judge whether time periods were average, below average, or above average in duration for people of their own age. Subjects tended to overestimate the length of the coitus period in the film, but not the foreplay period. Females tended to estimate both periods as significantly longer than males. Nearly half of the group judged the foreplay period to be average, and over 60% judged the coital period to be average. Less than 23% thought that the coital period was below average. Married subjects tended to regard both time periods as above average, compared to single subjects. A possible inference from this investigation is that the mean young adult male orgasm latency is probably in the range of 2-3 minutes. PMID- 6639329 TI - Comparison of attitudes toward transsexuality and homosexuality. AB - Attitudes toward transsexuality and homosexuality were compared in a sample of 318 university students. More people felt that homosexuality was "wrong" than felt that transsexuality was "wrong". This difference in favor of transsexuality was more pronounced in female than in male respondents. In addition, more people rejected the notion that biological factors were responsible for homosexuality than was the case for transsexuality. General attitudes about the morality of transsexuality and homosexuality, however, were not mirrored in response to questions pertaining to job discrimination. To the contrary, male respondents, especially, were more inclined toward equal opportunity for homosexuals than for transsexuals. One hypothesis supported by this study was that homosexual denial and "homophobia" in some transsexuals may, in part, be a reflection of society's greater moral condemnation of homosexuality relative to transsexuality. PMID- 6639330 TI - Sensation seeking in homosexual and heterosexual males. AB - The study was designed to test the relationship between the personality trait of sensation seeking and homosexuality. Previous studies had shown a relationship between the trait and variety of heterosexual activity but had not shown a relationship to homosexual behavior. This study compared 19 male homosexuals associated with a gay club in a university, 16 control students belonging to a social club at the same university, 13 members of a gay church group, and 19 members of a nongay church group on conservative vs. liberal attitudes toward religion and politics, attitudes toward homosexuality, heterosexual and homosexual experience scales, and the sensation seeking scales. The control (nongay) church group had more conservative attitudes, less heterosexual experience, and lower sensation scores than the other groups. But the control university group did not differ from the gay university group on any of the sensation seeking scales and differed from the gay church group on only one of the subscales. However, the gay university group was also higher than the gay church group on this subscale, so the difference was probably a function of the younger ages of the university groups than the gay church group. It is concluded that male homosexuals, as a general group, do not differ from heterosexuals on the sensation seeking trait, although the trait might be related to variety of homosexual behavior and partners, just as it is to variety of heterosexual experience. PMID- 6639331 TI - Pectoral changes during the sexual response cycle: a thermographic analysis. AB - Pectoral changes over the course of the sexual response cycle were examined using thermographic measurement. Three married couples volunteered to participate. Each couple reported to the thermography laboratory two times. Included within the two sessions (which were a minimum of a day apart) was a masturbation to orgasm sequence and a control behavior sequence. During both sequences, the thermographic image was focused on the pectoral region. An asymmetrical vasocongestive pattern was discovered in the right side of the pectoral region throughout the course of the sexual response cycle, for both men and women. The results were interpreted in terms of the structure and function of the lymphatics. PMID- 6639333 TI - Preoperative disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with aortic aneurysms. A prospective study of 76 cases. AB - A prospective study of 76 preoperative patients with aortic aneurysms was undertaken to determine the true incidence of associated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Although 39% of the patients showed a notable elevation of the fibrin split products level, only three had thrombocytopenia and a clinical bleeding diathesis, as well. Thus, clinically overt DIC occurred preoperatively in only 4% of the patients. All three patients had extensive aneurysms that involved the thoracoabdominal aorta. Preoperative fibrinogen levels in this series tended to be high-normal or elevated and were not good indicators of underlying excessive fibrinolysis. Hemostatic abnormalities, such as ecchymoses and petechiae, may be the key to the clinical diagnosis of DIC in preoperative patients with aortic aneurysms. PMID- 6639332 TI - Metabolic abnormalities associated with postoperative organ failure. A redox theory. AB - We studied metabolic abnormalities of postoperative organ failure in 55 patients and classified them into four groups according to the postoperative changes in the arterial blood-ketone body ratio (acetoacetic acid-beta-hydroxybutyric acid) reflecting hepatic mitochondrial redox potential: patients in group A had no decrease below 0.7, patients in group B had a transient decrease to 0.4, patients in group C had a progressive decrease to below 0.4, and patients in group D (terminal stage) had a decrease to below 0.25. All group A and B patients tolerated their operations well; the group C and D patients had multiple organ failure. In groups B, C, and D, plasma concentrations of alanine, proline, phenylalanine, and tyrosine were negatively correlated with the blood--ketone body ratio and the molar ratios between the plasma concentrations of branched chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids were positively correlated with the blood--ketone body ratio. Hepatic energy deficit associated with decreasing blood ketone body ratio may be the metabolic basis of postoperative organ failure. PMID- 6639334 TI - Cardiovascular monitoring during elective aortic surgery. AB - We designed a prospective study to determine whether cardiac ejection fraction as measured noninvasively could isolate a subset undergoing aortic surgery for whom central venous pressure (CVP) predicted pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP). Sixteen patients were studied. Simultaneous values of PAWP and CVP were analyzed, using linear regression analysis. A significant correlation between CVP and PAWP was found for the entire patient population and for each of four time periods: preoperative, before and after aortic cross-clamping, during aortic cross clamping, and postoperative. A significant correlation between PAWP and CVP was found during the entire perioperative period for 14 of the 16 patients. However, the slope of the regression line, or the sensitivity of the CVP in reflecting changes in PAWP, was greater than 0.5 in only seven of the 16 patients. There was no correlation between the preoperative ejection fraction and the CVP/PAWP. We conclude that the CVP is an insensitive indicator of left ventricular filling pressure in most patients accepted for elective infrarenal aortic surgery, and monitoring of the PAWP is recommended. PMID- 6639336 TI - Surgery for acute carotid occlusion. Therapy in search of predictability. AB - Carotid thromboendarterectomy is rarely performed in the face of an acute, apparently nontransient neurologic deficit. However, clinical improvement may follow timely surgery. Because efficacy and safety remain unpredictable, operative therapy is denied to many patients who might benefit. We reviewed six illustrative cases and the clinical and experimental rationale for surgery in patients with an acute carotid occlusive neurologic deficit in hopes of stimulating renewed interest in refining criteria for selection of operative candidates. PMID- 6639335 TI - Moxalactam. Evaluation of clinical bleeding in patients with abdominal infection. AB - Previous clinical studies have emphasized that hypoprothrombinemia may occur during treatment with moxalactam disodium, a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin. Usually, this abnormality is corrected by administering vitamin K. Recent case reports have described bleeding complications associated with moxalactam therapy and suggested that platelet function is depressed by this drug. We studied eight patients with abdominal infection who were treated with moxalactam. Six of them had prolonged template bleeding times, and two had clinically significant hemorrhage (epistaxis, hematuria, and rectal bleeding) during treatment with moxalactam. These observations suggest that coagulation studies and template bleeding times should be monitored during moxalactam therapy, especially before major surgery. PMID- 6639337 TI - Typhoid perforation of the intestine. AB - We reviewed 91 cases of intestinal perforation complicating typhoid fever treated at a rural hospital in Haiti over a ten-year period. Surgical management involved simple primary closure of the perforation (80 patients), small-bowel resection with anastomosis (two patients), simple drainage of the peritoneal cavity (two patients), and serosal patching of the perforation (one patient). Six patients died before surgery. The mortality was 30.8% for all 91 cases but 21.2% for those treated with primary closure of the perforation. We also reviewed the literature pertaining to the management of intestinal perforation complicating typhoid fever. PMID- 6639338 TI - Posttreatment laparotomy for Hodgkin's disease. AB - We examined and surgically restaged (using posttreatment laparotomy) 26 patients with stage III and IV Hodgkin's disease treated with combination chemotherapy and in apparent remission to determine the status of their clinical remission. Eleven patients had normal clinical restaging and surgical restaging. Fifteen patients had abnormal clinical restaging, mainly consisting of abnormal lymphangiograms or abdominal CT scans. Ten lymphangiograms were abnormal and could not exclude persistent lymphoma. Two of the 15 patients proved to have Hodgkin's disease involving the para-aortic nodes and the spleen. With a median follow-up of 24 months, two patients had relapses in supradiaphragmatic sites and no patient with a negative laparotomy had a recurrence abdominal sites. Restaging laparotomy in selected patients with Hodgkin's disease with abnormal lymphangiograms or CT scans may identify additional patients with residual lymphoma who require further therapy and, more importantly, may identify those patients who have no residual disease and, therefore, may be spared additional therapy. Mortality and morbidity were nil. PMID- 6639340 TI - Combined operative angiodilation and arterial reconstruction for limb salvage. AB - Fifteen high-risk patients with threatened limb loss underwent combined operative iliac angiodilation and infrainguinal vascular reconstruction for iliac and femoropopliteal occlusive disease. The patients were poor candidates for combined surgical inflow and outflow reconstruction because of associated cardiopulmonary disease. The mean systolic pressure gradient across the iliac stenosis was 34 +/- 5 mm Hg. Iliac artery angiodilation was accomplished intraoperatively and reduced all gradients to zero. Stenoses in the distal portion of the deep femoral artery were endarterectomized in nine patients, and six cross-femoral and six distal popliteal or tibial grafts were constructed. Life-table analysis at 36 months showed iliac patency in 86% of cases and successful distal reconstruction in 76%. Our limb salvage rate of 86% suggests that combined intraoperative angiodilation by the angiographer and arterial reconstruction by the vascular surgeon may provide effective therapy for high-risk patients. PMID- 6639339 TI - Does edematous pancreatitis exist in biliary-related pancreatitis? A hemodynamic and histologic study of the progression of bile-induced pancreatitis. AB - The progression of pancreatitis induced in dogs by either single or hourly injections of two different bile solutions was monitored to determine whether acute necrotizing pancreatitis developed through an earlier mild interstitial form. In this model of biliary-related pancreatitis, acute interstitial pancreatitis could not be produced. The earliest lesion produced, although having the macroscopic appearance of edematous pancreatitis, was histologically a mild necrotizing form of the disease. If the bile solution was of sufficient concentration, then further injections resulted in progression of the pancreatitis from this mild form of scattered areas of focal acinar necrosis through coalescence of these areas to areas of parenchymal hemorrhage. Pancreatic blood flow, measured through its arterial inflow, increased during the earliest phase of the disease, but then decreased as the disease progressed. PMID- 6639341 TI - The desmoid tumor. IV. Choice of treatment, results, and complications. AB - We analyzed the results of treatment in 89 cases of desmoid tumor (DT) with a follow-up period of 9.3 +/- 5.9 years. After surgical removal, the frequency of recurrence was equal, regardless of whether a complete removal of the tumor was obtained or not. After combined operation and radiotherapy, recurrence was higher. A higher frequency of recurrences was observed in extraabdominal (45%) v abdominal (10%) DTs. Recurrence was particularly high in the juvenile variety (70%), and low in the DTs of fertile women (11%). If a recurrence followed the first operation, multiple recurrences were the rule. Spontaneous regression was observed in 4% of the cases. The results emphasize that the basic biologic characteristics of this rare neoplasm have a greater impact on the results than the operation itself. A simple excision at the primary operation is recommended. PMID- 6639342 TI - The slipping rib syndrome. AB - The slipping rib syndrome is a cause of upper abdominal pain that is not widely known, possibly because of failure of recognition rather than infrequent occurrence. The syndrome should be suspected when pain can be reproduced by a rib hooking maneuver. However, a thorough evaluation including intercostal nerve blocks is necessary both to eliminate coexistent gastrointestinal and psychiatric disorders as a cause of pain and to assure adequate treatment and a good prognosis. Patients with obvious slipping ribs appear to benefit from surgical excision. PMID- 6639343 TI - Traumatic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta with acute thrombosis of bilateral iliac arteries. AB - A traumatic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta resulting in acute peripheral thrombosis is rare. A 29-year-old man suffered a sudden occlusion of the terminal abdominal aorta and bilateral iliac arteries. An infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm was found, along with destruction of lumbar vertebrae and an aberrant renal artery. The pathogenesis of this false aneurysm was thought to be traumatic rather than inflammatory because the patient's history and laboratory findings showed no signs of inflammatory reactions. He had been in an automobile accident five years previously, resulting in lumbar vertebral injury. Arterial reconstruction and intraoperative perfusion of the aberrant renal artery were performed successfully. To our knowledge, our case is the seventh one reported in the English literature of a traumatic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta successfully repaired by surgery. PMID- 6639344 TI - Low-dose streptokinase in the treatment of celiac and superior mesenteric artery occlusion. AB - Selective delivery of low-dose streptokinase was effective in the treatment of embolic occlusion of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries. The two catheter technique resulted in complete lysis of clot in the celiac artery and improvement in patency of the superior mesenteric artery. The procedure restored effective mesenteric blood flow and provided an alternative to surgery in a very ill patient. PMID- 6639345 TI - Tension pneumoperitoneum. A cause of acute aortic occlusion. AB - Massive accumulation of intraperitoneal air may result in an entity known as tension pneumoperitoneum. The patient usually complains only of abdominal fullness, and the abdomen becomes ballooned, barrel-shaped, and tympanic in all quadrants. Upward displacement of the diaphragm may cause respiratory embarrassment. There may also be diminished venous return due to compression of the inferior vena cava. Abdominal paracentesis may be necessary to improve respiratory exchange before laparotomy. In one patient with a perforated peptic ulcer and tension pneumoperitoneum, an enormous increase in intra-abdominal pressure apparently led to acute aortic occlusion. This particular complication of tension pneumoperitoneum has not previously been reported, to our knowledge. The clinical findings of aortic occlusion were reproduced in a canine model by insufflation of air into the abdomen. An intra-abdominal pressure of 100 mm Hg resulted in loss of the femoral pulse wave measured by an indwelling arterial catheter. PMID- 6639346 TI - A case of tandem lesions in the extracranial internal carotid artery. AB - The tortuous internal carotid artery is occasionally encountered during carotid endarterectomy. While much has been written about the hemodynamic problems associated with the tortuous vessel, a second atherosclerotic plaque in the kinked portion of the artery has not been reported previously, to our knowledge. We encountered such a case, with the second lesion recognized at reexploration following neurologic deficit after a standard carotid endarterectomy. The presence of a solitary lesion at the carotid bifurcation should not be assumed. PMID- 6639347 TI - A rare case of pseudo-crossed renal ectopia. PMID- 6639348 TI - Burkitt's lymphoma with acute appendicitis. PMID- 6639349 TI - Effects and biotransformation of 4-dimethylaminophenol in man and dog. AB - The cyanide antidote 4-dimethylaminophenol . HCl (DMAP) was administered orally, i.v., or i.m. to man and dog. Ferrihemoglobin formation and changes of several parameters in human blood were investigated to obtain information on damage to liver, kidney, muscle, and red blood cells; in addition, the metabolism of DMAP was studied. In dogs, the initial rate of ferrihemoglobin production (DMAP, 3.25 mg/kg i.v. or i.m., 15 mg/kg orally) amounted to 28%, 3.5%, and 2% of the total hemoglobin per min; the corresponding values for man were 9%, 2%, and 2% per min. The dogs behaved normally while CPK increased after i.m. injection. In man, only i.m. injection of DMAP (3.25 mg/kg) was followed by increases in LDH, GOT, and CPK of 110, 260, and 490%, resp.; while total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, and iron concentration rose by 270, 120, and 50%, respectively. Bilirubin and iron concentration increased also after DMAP i.v. (3.25 mg/kg) or when it was taken orally (600 or 900 mg). The lactate concentration was not influenced while the pyruvate concentration increased by 50%. DMAP produced hemolysis in vitro. Generally, the values determined in vivo approached the starting level within 1 week. Intramuscular injection of DMAP induced reversible subjective and objective symptoms, e.g., local pain, swollen buttock, fever reaction. The urine showed no pathological changes. About 54% of DMAP taken orally was excreted as metabolites in the urine, 41% as glucuronide, 7% as sulfate, and 6% as thioethers. After i.v. administration the total of metabolites was somewhat higher, and the thioether proportion was 15%. The results indicate that DMAP is readily absorbed after oral administration but undergoes significant first pass effect in the liver. Therefore, the 4-fold i.v. dose must be administered orally to achieve the same ferrihemoglobin formation. PMID- 6639350 TI - [Chloroform poisoning in a young drug consumer. Analysis and distribution of chloroform in human body]. AB - A young drug consumer died after sniffing and drinking chloroform. The method to determine chloroform in body fluids and tissues is described. The influence of the oral and pulmonary absorption in the view to cause of death is discussed. PMID- 6639351 TI - Occupational handling of cytostatic drugs. AB - The bacterial fluctuation test and measurement of the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges were used for evaluation of the exposure of different groups of hospital personnel to cytostatic drugs. Increased mutagenic activity in the urine was detected only in personnel working with inadequate safety precautions, e.g., lack of a ventilated safety cabin for preparation of parenteral solutions. Although such a safety cabin was used within the hospital pharmacy, increased mutagenic activity was detected in the urine of prescriptionists preparing parenteral cytostatic drugs. After a change of glove material and improvement of ventilation in the safety cabin, no work-related increase in urinary mutagenic activity was seen. None of the different groups tested, showed any increase in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges. It is therefore concluded that handling of cytostatic drugs according to the issued safety recommendations including working in a well ventilated safety cabin, will not result in any enhancement of mutagenic activity in the urine related to work. PMID- 6639352 TI - Transport of citrinin by rat renal cortex. AB - Citrinin, a secondary product of fungal metabolism, is nephrotoxic in the rat. Because citrinin is an organic anion, it might be expected to be transported by the renal organic anion transport system. Rat renal cortical slices were used to characterize the transport. 14C-Citrinin uptake was enhanced by lactate and reduced by probenecid, a specific inhibitor of anion transport. Dinitrophenol is a metabolic inhibitor as well as competitive inhibitor of anion transport, and it also reduced citrinin transport. Organic cations did not alter citrinin accumulation by the slices. These data are consistent with the transport of citrinin by the renal organic anion secretory system. PMID- 6639353 TI - Changes in the redox state of neuroblastoma cells after manganese exposure. AB - The toxicological effects of manganese chloride on the redox state of thiols and on the lipid peroxidation in cultures of the neuroblastoma clone N1E 115 were studied. The cell cultures were exposed, after a stationary growth phase was attained, to manganese chloride (25-100 microM) for up to 9 days. The non-protein thiols decreased at the most 27% as compared to the controls. Significant effects were obtained at all manganese concentrations tested. The total thiol content was maximally reduced by 40%. This reduced thiol content was also reflected in a lowered activity of the thiolenzyme, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in manganese exposed cells. In addition the lipid peroxide level in the cells was decreased during the manganese treatment. PMID- 6639354 TI - Toxicokinetics of methyl parathion and parathion in the dog after intravenous and oral administration. AB - Methyl parathion (20 mg X kg -1 intravenously and orally) and parathion (5 mg X kg -1 intravenously and 10 mg X kg -1 orally) were given to non-anesthetized dogs and the serum concentrations were followed in function of time. For both substances a low bioavailability after oral administration was found. In other dogs radioactivity was followed in urine after oral and after intravenous administration of labeled methyl parathion or parathion. The results suggest a good gastro-intestinal absorption of the substances. In anesthetized dogs which were given methyl parathion or parathion intravenously, high hepatic extraction ratios were found, suggesting that the low systemic availability after oral administration can be explained by an important hepatic first-pass extraction. Binding of methyl parathion and parathion to dog serum, to human serum and to a solution of human albumin was determined with equilibrium dialysis. In both species a high binding (greater than 90%) was found for both substances and there was no concentration-dependency in the concentration range used (0.2-30 micrograms X ml -1). In man and in dog the serum protein binding of parathion was about 5% higher than that of methyl parathion. PMID- 6639356 TI - Biochemical and genetic characterization of vaccinia virus temperature-sensitive mutants with DNA- and DNAf-phenotypes. AB - Eighty temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of vaccinia virus were examined for defects in synthesis of DNA. Nine ts mutants were incapable of synthesizing DNA at the restrictive temperature of 39.5 degrees C (DNA- mutants). Biochemical and genetic data indicate that all 9 DNA- mutants carry mutations in different genes. Temperature shift-up experiments have shown that 6 ts mutants with the DNA- phenotype have mutations in the genes coding for the proteins directly associated with vaccinia DNA synthesis. Temperature shift-down experiments in the presence of cytosine arabinoside revealed 5 ts mutants capable of synthesizing DNA at the elevated temperature, but this DNA failed to form infectious virions. These ts mutants were designated as DNAf- mutants. Pulse-chase experiments for the DNAf- mutant 1877 revealed that viral DNA produced at 39.5 degrees C was incapable of entering into mature virions or any subviral particles. Based on the data for recombination among ts mutants with the DNA- and DNAf- phenotype a tentative genetic map was constructed. PMID- 6639357 TI - Determination of ribonucleoside triphosphate pools in influenza A virus-infected MDCK cells. AB - A rapid method for determining the concentration of ribonucleoside triphosphates in cell cultures is described. The pool sizes of the ribonucleoside triphosphates in uninfected MDCK cells were found to be, 0.28-0.59 mM CTP, 0.96-1.6 mM UTP, 6.5 7.8 mM ATP, and 1.1-1.4 mM GTP, depending on the condition of the cell-monolayer. Infection of MDCK cells with influenza A strains Victoria 3/75 x-47 or WSN resulted in insignificant changes in the ribonucleoside triphosphate concentrations. Treatment of infected and non-infected MDCK cells with ribavirin caused a decrease of 60 per cent in the GTP pool. PMID- 6639355 TI - Distribution and metabolism of O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate after a single oral dose in one-week old chicks. AB - The toxicokinetics and metabolism of a single 1 mg (2.7 muCi/kg) oral dose of uniformly phenyl-labeled [14C]EPN (O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl [14C]phenylphosphonothioate) have been studied in 1-week old chicks. One control and three treated chicks were killed at each of the following time intervals: 0.5, 2, 4, 8, and 12 days. Radioactivity was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed in all tissues. 14C in tissues reached a peak of 16.9% of the dose after 0.5 day and decreased to 0.6% at 4 days. The tissues of the gastrointestinal tract had the highest concentration of radioactivity, followed by bile and liver. Among nervous tissues, concentration of the 14C was highest in the peripheral nerves. The spinal cord had the next highest concentration, while the brain had the least. After 4 days 91.3% of the 14C had been eliminated in the combined urinary-fecal excreta. By the end of the 12-day experiment this percentage reached 93.1%. No 14C was detected in the expired CO2. Following the oral administration of [14C]EPN, a monophasic body level curve was observed. The half-life for the elimination of 14C from chick body was 16 h, corresponding to a rate constant of 0.04 h -1. Most of the excreted 14C materials were identified as O-ethyl phenylphosphonic acid, phenylphosphonic acid, and O-ethyl phenylphosphonothioic acid. PMID- 6639358 TI - Persistent infection of cultivated cells with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: regulation of virus replication. Brief report. AB - L cells were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM virus). They were subcultivated and infectious virus and interfering virus were quantified at intervals. Both entities fluctuated in perfect parallelism. Superinfection with LCM virus revealed a pattern of interference that bore no simple relationship with the quantity of interfering virus present. We explain the oscillating pattern of virus replication, which characterizes this type of LCM virus carrier cultures, as being due to spontaneous shutdown of virus synthesis in conjunction with the action of a resistance factor produced by cells coinfected with infectious virus and interfering virus. PMID- 6639359 TI - [Evaluation of a bronchial hypersensitivity test by the oscillation method--with special reference to bronchial asthma in adult]. PMID- 6639360 TI - Participation of cholestatic factor in the pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis in acute viral hepatitis. PMID- 6639361 TI - [Plasma histamine levels in allergic diseases. 2. Evaluation of asthmatic attacks and severities]. PMID- 6639362 TI - [Histological changes, especially the cellular responses of the lung, in bronchial asthma--evaluation by transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB)]. PMID- 6639363 TI - [Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in Japan]. PMID- 6639364 TI - [Effects of adenosine on histamine-induced contraction of isolated guinea pig tracheal rings]. PMID- 6639365 TI - [Endoscopic and histologic studies on the bronchi in patients with bronchial asthma by fiber optic bronchoscopic challenge with house dust allergens]. PMID- 6639367 TI - [Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections among asthmatic children]. PMID- 6639366 TI - [Smooth muscle contraction augmenting factor produced by human mononuclear cell]. PMID- 6639368 TI - [Complement system in immunological disease of infants and children. Part 1. The role of the complement system in Kawasaki disease]. PMID- 6639369 TI - [Studies on suppressive effect of human monocytes on mitogen-induced blastogenesis]. PMID- 6639370 TI - [Initiation of a 4-year program of mass education, training and exchange therapy for adult patients with bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6639372 TI - Transduodenal calcium-45 transfer in the presence of lead nitrate. PMID- 6639373 TI - [Disposal of toxic industrial material]. PMID- 6639371 TI - [Evaluation of the toxic effect of lead in workers in shipscrapping]. PMID- 6639374 TI - [A survey of methods for the determination of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere]. PMID- 6639375 TI - Liver and kidney function in molybdenum and copper poisoning. PMID- 6639376 TI - [Ultrastructure of the nerve plexuses of the arteries of healthy rabbits and rabbits with Brown-Pearce tumors]. AB - The neural formations of intact rabbit major arteries and nerves of the same arteries in rabbits with the II and IV stages of the malignant Brown--Pearce tumor have been studied. Periarterial neural fasciculi, fibers and terminal branches have been revealed. According to ultrastructure of their cytoplasmic matrix, they can be divided into adrenergic, cholinergic or sensitive. When the malignant tumor is growing, the arterial neural formations undergo certain distrophic-destructive changes; they are especially pronounced in the membranous structures of the neural elements. Their cytoplasmic and basal membranes are partly or completely destroyed. In mitochondria the matrix is altered, some of them are vacuolized. Neurotubules and vesicles change their form and size and are partly destroyed. Membranous structures of lemmocytes are altered. The electron microscopic investigation adds something new to our data on ultrastructural changes in the arterial neural formations under growth of the malignant tumor previously obtained by means of neurohistological and neurohistochemical methods. PMID- 6639377 TI - [Changes in the structure of the lymphoid organs of rats during prolonged hypokinesia]. AB - The thymus and the spleen in the male rats sacrificed on the 30th, 60th, 90th, 120th and 165th days of hypokinesia, as well as 2 and 3 months after its termination have been studied by means of certain histological methods. The organs in question are subjected to involution that depends on development of a stress reaction. The most acute changes develop during the first month of hypokinesia, that coincides with the alarm stage of the stress-reaction. Subsequently, the rats gradually adapt to the new conditions of their existence, that corresponds to the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome. Stabilization of the mass and structure of the spleen, as well as a deceleration rate of the thymus involution are specific for the resistance stage. A reduced mass of the thymus under hypokinesia depends on a decreasing amount of the lymphoid tissue, and a reduced mass of the spleen depends on disappearing the elements of the erythropoietic raw and on a decreasing number of lymphocytes. No normalization of the structure and function in the lymphoid organs is observed at the resistance stage of the hypokinesia stress. After hypokinesia is stopped, the cellular composition and mass of the spleen normalize and the erythropoietic function of the spleen is the first to of the spleen normalize and the erythropoietic function of the spleen is the first to restore. The mass and structure of the thymus do not normalize during the readaptation period after hypokinesia. This can produce premature immunological aging of the organism. PMID- 6639378 TI - [Structure of thymus and bone marrow lymphocytes in explants]. AB - A comparative electron microscopic and morphometric investigation of lymphocytes has been performed. They are taken from the growth zones of the in vitro cultivated explants of the rat thymus and the bone marrow. Their main ultrastructural differences concern the form of the cells, electron density of the nuclei and presence of organelles. In the lymphocytes of the thymus intraplasmic nuclear fragments are revealed. PMID- 6639379 TI - [Typologic characteristics of muscle fibers of the digastric muscle]. AB - The digastric muscle has been studied in 6 men and in 14 rats. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDG) activity has been revealed, contents of muscle fibers of various types have been estimated, as well as areas of their cross sections. The number of capillaries around myons, their amount per 1 mm2 in the muscle cross section, volumetric fractions of the muscle fiber ultrastructures have been counted in the rats. In the anterior belly, that gets its motor innervation from the trigeminal nerve branches, the myons are larger, the SDG activity is lower, the number and density of the blood capillaries is less, in the fibers the sarcoplasmic reticulum is developed better and mitochondria are presented poorly. In the posterior belly, that is innervated by the fascial nerve motoneurons, the number of muscle fibers of the I type is greater than that of the II type. The differences in the myon composition of the bellies are rather connected with morphofunctional adaptation, that regulates quantitative signs of the structural organization of the muscle fibers, than with the source of innervation. PMID- 6639380 TI - [Ultrastructure of the contact surfaces of joints]. AB - Scanning and transmissive electron microscopy of the rubbing surfaces in the human and rabbit knee joints has demonstrated that on the articular cartilage and meniscus there is a globular layer bordering the articular cavity. The globules are round, 500-1,200 nm in the diamter. The size of the globules and their arrangement density are not constant. Small globules (less than 100 nm) occur more often near the collagenous fibrillae of the sublayer. Large globules (up to 2,800 nm) are ball-shaped or flattened and found in aged persons. PMID- 6639381 TI - [Systems principle for separating out neuron groups as relatively independent working units]. AB - The respiratory center has been studied as an example of the neural center organization. This organization is presented by a number of cellular populations, each of them consisting of several neuronal groups (components of the populations) of various types. These groups are considered as relatively autonomic sets of various neuronal categories, where 1-5 large efferent (phase) neurons are present as a central link. Analyzing the spatial arrangement and functional interrelations of the neurons in the group, it is possible to conclude that the groups revealed (respirons) are functional units of neuronal activity. Applying the theory of functional system (P. K. Anokhin) for analyzing connections between the neurons in the group and the afferent impulsation that gets into action sphere of the group, it is possible to formulate certain criteria on integrity and a relative functional independence of the neuronal groups as working units of neuronal activity, in which the reticular component of the groups as widely represented in all parts of the CNS, a suggestion is made that the respirons are the natural invariant of the structure when the cerebral function is reorganized. PMID- 6639382 TI - [Effect of heparin on the thyroid gland]. AB - Effect of heparin on the white rat thyroid gland has been studied in vivo and in vitro by means of light microscopy, electron microscopy and radiometry methods. Heparin is injected subcutaneously (1,000 units per 100 g of the body mass) once in 24 h. In the in vitro experiments heparin contents in medium is 10 units/ml and 10 units/ml. Heparin produces a decrease in thyrocyte height (control--12.6 +/- 0,5, experiment--10.4 +/- 0.6 mcm), a decrease in the number of folds on the basal surface of thyrocytes, changes in Golgi complex and an increase in electron density of the mitochondrial matrix. In endotheliocytes of the perifollicular blood capillaries the number of fenestrae decreases. Iodine accumulation in the thyroid is lowered under the effect of heparin. The thyroid gland blood stream (estimated by accumulation of 86Rb) decreases by 35%. The data obtained support the previous suggestion of the authors on a system-forming role of the tissue basophils in the thyroid micro-region. PMID- 6639383 TI - [Absorption routes of stearic acid and leucine in the small intestine of the rat after gamma irradiation]. AB - The aim of the investigation was to study transport of 3H-stearic acid in ultrastructural compartments of epitheliocytes during absorbtion, resynthesis and translocation of lipids having the form of chylomicrons after a local large fractionated gamma-irradiation of the rat small intestine with a total dose of 35 Gr. In the anesthesized animals the ligated fragments of the jejunum, which kept their blood supply and innervation, were separated, fatty emulsion with 3H stearic acid (a label) was administered into their lumen. Intensity of the label incorporation was quantitatively estimated in the electron microscopic autographs every 2, 5, 10 and 20 min after the isotope administration. Time distribution of the label concentration after irradiation characterized the sequence of the transport stages of 3H-stearic acid across microvilli and the terminal reticulum (MV + TR) triglycerides resynthesis in the agranular and granular endoplasmic reticulum (AER, GER), chylomicrons formation in Golgi complex (GC), as well as their exudation into the lacunar intercellular space (LIS), basal membrane and capillaries. Transport deceleration of the label at the level MV + TR and decreasing synthesis of triglycerides in GER was accompanied with a delay in the chylomicrons formation in the GC and their excretion into the LIS. Conglomerates of the aggregated chylomicrons were formed in the LIS. The radioautographic data on 3H-leucine incorporation characterized a decreased activity of the protein synthesizing system of epitheliocytes. PMID- 6639384 TI - Asymptomatic myocardial ischemia. PMID- 6639385 TI - High birth defect rates in Arizona? Geographic and ethnic factors bearing upon late childbearing and birth defect rates. PMID- 6639386 TI - Group treatment for female sexual dysfunction. PMID- 6639387 TI - Case of the month No. 68. Milk of calcium bile (limy bile). PMID- 6639388 TI - Social vulnerability or responsible preparedness? Physicians and nuclear war. PMID- 6639389 TI - [Ultrastructure of human skin melanomas]. AB - Sixty invasive melanomas of human skin including 30 nodular, 28 extending superficially and 2 lentigo-melanomas were studied. The results indicate that electron microscopy may be efficiently used for differential diagnosis of melanomas and poorly differentiated tumors of other histogenesis. Some ultrastructural differences between lentigo-melanoma, melanoma extending superficially and nodular melanomas were found. PMID- 6639390 TI - [Types of myoepithelial cell proliferation in dyshormonal breast dysplasias and benign breast tumors]. AB - Myoepithelial cells (MC) were identified and types and forms of their hyperplasia in dysplasias and bening mammary gland tumors in dog and man were studied by indirect Coons' method using highly purified monospecific antiserum to smooth muscle myosin and by performing alkaline phosphatase test. Operation material from 75 patients and 12 dogs was studied by immunohistochemical method and from 26 persons and 12 dogs by histochemical method. Comparative analysis of immunohistochemical and histochemical identification of MC revealed differences in the results of staining in 7 out of 38 observations due to negative test for alkaline phosphatase in the presence of fluorescence. A high degree of coincidence of positive tests in immunohistochemical and histochemical methods of the study suggests that the test for alkaline phosphatase is a sufficiently reliable marker of MC. The principal similarity of types and forms of MC hyperplasia in canine and human mammary gland tissue indicates that dogs may be used as an adequate model for the study of various diseases of this organ. In addition to the known centripetal and centrifugal types, a uniformly concentric and smooth-muscle proliferations of MC were distinguished in parallel immunohistochemical and histochemical studies on variants of MC proliferation. PMID- 6639391 TI - [Ultrastructural characteristics of endometrioid and serous ovarian adenocarcinomas]. AB - Analysis of the fine structure of glandular-solid tumors of the ovaries of endometrioid and serous genesis was carried out for specification of criteria for differential diagnosis of these tumors. The specific ultrastructural features (homogeneous or heterogeneous cell composition, the presence or absence of villi, tonofibrilos, glycogen inclusions) were shown to be present in areas of formation of glandular structures. Diagnosis of solid variants of endometrioid and serous carcinomas should also take into consideration the rate of occurrence of such ultrastructural signs typical of malignant cells as deep invaginations of the nuclear membrane, extended perinuclear space, increased number of nucleoli and macrosegregation of their content, increased number of myelin figures, polymorphism of mitochondria, cut-up cellular surface, well-developed laminar complex, and hypertrophy of the cytoplasmic reticulum. In serous carcinomas these features occur much more frequently. PMID- 6639392 TI - [Morphological diagnosis of early forms of adenocarcinomas of the cervix]. AB - Three observations of early cervical adenocarcinoma are described. Pathomorphological and cytological features of adenocarcinoma in situ and signs of microinvasive growth were determined. Problems of diagnosis of early forms of cervical adenocarcinomas are discussed. PMID- 6639393 TI - [Clear-cell chondrosarcoma of the bone]. AB - Data on the macroscopic features and histological structure of clear-cell chondrosarcoma of the bone obtained in studies on 15 tumors are presented. The most typical element of the histological picture consists of peculiar "clear" cells containing glycogen inclusions. The tumor cells produce interstitial cartilage substance and osteoid as well as primitive slightly atypical bone structures. Electron microscopic examinations performed in 5 tumors revealed "clear" cells, the cells of the type occurring in chondrosarcomas and chondroblastomas, and multinuclear giant cells. Morphological features of the clear-cell chondrosarcomas allow them to be considered as a special type of malignant bone tumors. They differ from the known kinds of chondrosarcomas and somewhat resemble chondroblastomas and chondroblastic osteogenic sarcomas. The possibility of secondary origin of the tumor on the basis of malignization of chondroblastoma is discussed. PMID- 6639394 TI - [Malignant histiocytosis in children (pathologicoanatomic study of 16 cases)]. AB - Malignant histiocytosis is a rare neoplastic disease from the group of acute leukemias. Morphological characteristics of the disease are presented on the basis of histological, histochemical, and electron microscopic examinations of section materials from 16 cases of malignant histiocytosis in children of 6 to 14 years. Systemic focal-diffuse proliferation of tumor cells of histiocytic type of various degrees of differentiation was observed in organs and tissues. Most frequently, typical macro- and/or microscopic lesions were detected in lymph nodes, bone marrow of vertebrae, flat and tubular bones, liver, and spleen. The histiocytic nature of tumor cells was judged primarily from such signs as their capacity for phagocytosis detectable by light and electron microscopy, high diffuse cytoplasmic activity on nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase, and features of the ultrastructure. In the establishment of the diagnosis, malignant histiocytosis had to be differentiated from Letters-Siwe disease, sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, lymphogranulomatosis, immunoblastic lymphosarcoma, melanoma, undifferentiated cancer. PMID- 6639395 TI - [Mechanism of development of fatal pulmonary artery thromboembolism during the treatment of kidney and bladder cancer]. AB - Retrospective evaluation of the state of hemostasis in 20 patients dying with pulmonary artery thromboembolism (PATE) after combined treatment of renal carcinoma (10) and urinary bladder carcinoma (10) was performed. The signs of intravascular blood coagulation (IVBC) in the initial condition were determined in all the patients. After a course of pre-operation actin therapy with large fractions (totally 20 g) activation of IVBC was observed both in renal and urinary bladder carcinoma. In the postoperation period, on the day of PATE development in patients with renal carcinoma the state of hemostasis corresponded to stage I of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. In patients with urinary bladder carcinoma after operation the state of hemostasis corresponded to stage II of DIVC-syndrome with signs of local hemorrhage of the urinary bladder wound. The therapy of this condition with fibrinolysis inhibitors (aminocaproic acid) with hemotransfusion without heparin facilitated thrombus formation in these patients in deep pelvic veins followed by PATE. PMID- 6639396 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in tissues in postburn cicatricial esophageal stenosis during bougienage and prolonged intubation]. AB - The ultrastructure of tissues in postburn esophageal strictures was studied in 24 patients varying in ages from 23 to 70 years with the postburn period ranging from 1 1/2 months to 36 years. Biopsy samples for the study were collected during fibroesophagoscopies before treatment, after bougienage and longterm intubation with the Tkachenko tube. Before treatment, pathologically altered granulation tissue forming the surface of ulcerated esophageal strictures was found to contain such mature forms of fibroblasts as collagenoblasts with moderate collagen-producing activity, myofibroblasts, and fibrocytes. Mechanical effects of bougienage and intubation of the esophagus stimulated formation of young granulation tissue in the area of ulcerated strictures, intubation of the strictures stimulating both biosynthesis and catabolism of collagen. Mature forms of fibroblasts of young granulation tissue formed in bougienage were represented by collagenoblasts with intensive collagen-producing activity, myofibroblasts, fibrocytes, and after long-term esophageal intubation also by fibroclasts. PMID- 6639397 TI - [Morphology of healing of an experimental gunshot wound following primary surgical treatment]. AB - The time-course of healing of a perforating gunshot wound of soft tissues after primary surgical treatment was studied histologically, histochemically and electron microscopically in 24 rabbits. Throughout the observation period (1-28 days) disorders of the microcirculation, inflammatory reaction, degenerative and necrotic changes, disorders of the ultrastructure and metabolic processes in cells were observed in the wound tissues. Morphological changes developed in the zone of molecular concussion the presence of which delayed healing of the gunshot wound and reduced the efficiency of the primary surgical treatment. The experimental results extend current knowledge of the morpho-functional features of healing of gunshot wounds and indicate the proper choice of rational methods for surgical treatment. PMID- 6639398 TI - [Effect of laser radiation on the process of tissue vascularization after damage]. AB - The pattern of influence of helium-neon laser irradiation on the process of revascularization, one of the most important stages of wound healing, is described. By the 16th day of the experiment, microvessels in the experimental animals were found to occupy than half of the area of the "regeneration table" of a transparent chamber implanted into the rabbit ear, while in the control animals only one-fourth of the area was occupied. Complete revascularization of the regenerating tissue in irradiated animals was completed by 20-22 days of the experiment and in controls only by 25-27 days. The results indicate the stimulating effect of laser rays on the process of restoration of hemomicrocirculation in damaged tissues. PMID- 6639399 TI - [Structure of the mineral deposits in major arterial walls in calcinosis (based on scanning electron microscopic data)]. AB - The results of morphological studies on the structure of mineral deposits in the walls of major arteries in atherosclerosis are presented. Calcium deposits looking like petrificates and microgranular deposits were found. The petrificates consisted of microgranular, microcrystalline and macrocrystalline deposits of calcium salts. In the arterial wall, the crystals consisted of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. The relationship between the destruction of elastic fibers and elastic membranes and calcification of the vascular wall was confirmed. PMID- 6639400 TI - [Clinical study of catamenial epilepsy: clinical types of epileptic crises]. AB - Four hundred thirty one epileptic patients, aged 10 years or more old, have been studied in the neurology clinic of Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto da U.S.P., from February to July, 1981. The authors selected 119 patients aged between 13 to 45 years, that presented periodic menstrual bleeding and at least, one epileptic seizure a month. The patients were divided in two groups, the first constituted of 36 patients with catamenial seizures and the second one with 83 patients showing non catamenial seizures. It was determined a prevalence coefficient of 105.9/1000. The authors classify the clinical types of epileptic seizures found in patients with catamenial epilepsy and compare them with those occurred in a group of patients on menacme. The statistical analysis shows that there are no differences between the two groups. PMID- 6639401 TI - [Tuberous sclerosis: a multidisciplinary study of 15 cases]. AB - Report of a multidisciplinary study of patients affected with tuberous sclerosis, 8 of them males and 7 females, with ages ranging from 19 months to 23 years; 11 of these cases were sporadic, while the remaining 4 cases lacked information regarding family data. The following skin signs were observed: Pringle's adenoma in 9 cases; achromatic spots in 9 cases; periungueal fibroma in 3 cases. One of the patients had a heart tumor. Two patients had borderline intelligence, while the other 13 were mentally retarded of varying degrees. Epileptic seizures were present in 13 patients, atypical absence and tonus crises were frequent. Three of the patients had had infantile spasms in the first year of life as the first neurological symptom of the disease. Computer assisted axial tomography was performed in 7 cases and was positive in all of them, by revealing intracranial calcifications even in 4 cases in which the standard X-ray pictures had been silent about this eventuality. PMID- 6639402 TI - Computerized axial tomography and diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. AB - Computed axial tomography (C.T.) findings are illustrated in 3 patients who presented with C.T. changes suggesting respectively chronic M.S., acute M.S., and an appearance simulating a malignant tumour. Review of the literature shows that the chronic form with cerebral atrophy and low density lesions in the hemispheres is common in patients with a long history and is unlikely to cause diagnostic difficulty. The acute presentation is less common and could be confused with a variety of causes of multiple low density enhancing lesions. The C.T. diagnosis of M.S. is more difficult in rare cases in which plaques cause mass effect and show ring enhancement; all 3 such cases in the literature were subjected to cerebral biopsy. PMID- 6639403 TI - [Necrotizing myelopathy and neoplasms: clinico-pathological report of 2 cases]. AB - Two clinico-pathological cases of necrotic myelopathies with a distant malignancy are presented. The first patient had histiocytic medullary reticulosis and the second one had a renal cell carcinoma. The authors referred to other similar cases found in the literature. In both patients the pathological features in the spinal cord were similar to the other cases reported, but in their first case they found an intense inflammatory reaction and hyperplasia of astrocytes into bizarre giant forms. The cause of necrotizing myelopathy associated with neoplasms remain unknown. The authors think that the presence of inflammatory reaction and the changes in the astrocytes in their first case are consistent with the effects of a virus. PMID- 6639404 TI - [Nemaline myopathy: report of a case with a histochemical and electron microscopy study]. AB - Report of a case of a male child, with hypotonia since birth, along with severe feeding difficulties due to lack of swallowing, that resulted in a permanent gastrostomy. Despite the delayed motor development, he had a normal intelligence. An electromyography was suggestive of primary muscle involvement. A fresh-frozen muscle biopsy stained by the modified Gomori trichrome and processed by histochemistry and electron microscopy presented the typical nemaline rods and deficiency of type II muscle fibers. It is made a brief revision about the clinical symptoms, origin and pathogenesis of nemaline bodies. The case reported probably represents a nemaline myopathy, of the congenital type. PMID- 6639405 TI - [Recurrent polyradiculoneuritis: report of 2 cases]. AB - Two cases of patients with relapsing polyradiculoneuropathy with high protein level in cerebrospinal fluid are reported. The immunological features and the natural history of the relapsing polyradiculoneuropathy are discussed. This disease is considered a particular auto-immune nosologic condition, independent from acute polyradiculoneuropathy. PMID- 6639406 TI - Downbeating nystagmus. A review of 62 cases. AB - We reviewed the clinical and oculomotor findings in 62 patients with downbeating nystagmus (DBN). Only those patients whose DBN was enhanced in lateral gaze were included. Apart from gait ataxia, few patients had additional neurologic signs. The two most common causes of DBN were cerebellar ectopia (25%) and cerebellar degeneration (25%) with another 10% having a variety of conditions. In about 40% the cause remained undiagnosed. In some patients with idiopathic DBN and in others with DBN due to cerebellar ectopia, the disease progressed slowly, if at all. In DBN the slow-phase velocity is dependent on vertical head position and head velocity in pitch; vertical pursuit, particularly downward pursuit, is defective and vertical vestibulo-ocular reflexes are intact. We concluded that at least some cases of DBN were due to an imbalance in otolithocular reflexes. The lesion causing DBN appears to be in the vestibulocerebellum, perhaps the nodulus, a structure that normally inhibits otolith-ocular reflexes. PMID- 6639407 TI - Pergolide in Parkinson's disease. AB - Twenty-two patients received pergolide mesylate for Parkinson's disease for one year. Improvement was maximal at six months, but average functional scores were still better at 12 months than at pretreatment evaluation. On-off fluctuations were reduced in severity, and two of 18 patients experienced full resolution. Pergolide is an effective and safe ongoing medication for Parkinson's disease. PMID- 6639408 TI - Familial spastic paraplegia, mental retardation, and precocious puberty. AB - Two brothers had progressive spastic paraplegia and precocious puberty develop due to Leydig's cell hyperplasia when they were 2 years old. Both later had moderate mental retardation. Family members displayed brisk lower-extremity reflexes and dysarthria in a pedigree that suggested autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expression. Precocious puberty has been associated with other neurologic syndromes. Its occurrence in two brothers with spastic paraplegia has not, to our knowledge, been previously reported. PMID- 6639410 TI - Papilledema in the metastatic jugular foramen syndrome. AB - In a patient with Ewing's tumor, bilateral papilledema developed along with a left jugular foramen syndrome. Plain tomograms demonstrated a metastasis at the base of the skull. A digital intravenous angiogram showed an occlusion of the left transverse sinus at the level of the jugular foramen. The papilledema was explained by an increase in the intracranial pressure due to the rapid obstruction of venous drainage by the metastasis. PMID- 6639409 TI - Hand muscle atrophy in multiple sclerosis. AB - The occurrence of muscular atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been considered unusual and classically has been ascribed to disease involving the motor unit. Nine patients with MS in a single clinic were found by strict criteria to have focal hand muscle atrophy associated with weakness. None had electrodiagnostic evidence of either anterior horn cell or axonal abnormalities. These observations indicate that focal muscular atrophy is common in MS; it may often occur as a result of relative disuse resulting from disease of central pathways involved in motor control. PMID- 6639411 TI - Cerebellar lesion in myoclonic encephalopathy of infants. AB - The syndrome of opsoclonus and polymyoclonus developed in an infant who had acute meningoencephalitis with ataxia. A low-density cerebellar lesion was noted by computed tomography, subsequently resolving with residual cerebellar atrophy. The infant recovered completely, except for a mild intention tremor. This was the first documentation, to our knowledge, of an acute cerebellar lesion in this syndrome. PMID- 6639412 TI - Repeated self-induced syncope and subsequent seizures. A case report. AB - A patient with an unusual "compulsion" to induce syncope over a period of years by bilateral compression of the carotid arteries subsequently had recurrent seizures. The EEG showed patterns typical of cerebral ischemia during the syncope and epileptogenic foci in both temporal lobes after sleep deprivation. It is difficult to distinguish between seizure and syncope associated with involuntary movements when making a differential diagnosis. We hypothesize that the frequent self-induced ischemic insult to the brain caused a cicatrix to develop, which in turn caused the frequent seizure disorder; and that because this ischemia functioned as a stimulus to the reward site in the limbic system, the patient repeatedly induced it. PMID- 6639413 TI - Tuberous sclerosis with intracranial aneurysm. PMID- 6639414 TI - Cataplexy relieved by tiapride. PMID- 6639415 TI - Nonprogressive congenital neuromuscular disease with uniform type 1 fiber. PMID- 6639416 TI - Sweet's syndrome with neurologic signs and psychiatric symptoms. PMID- 6639417 TI - Treatment with myelography. PMID- 6639418 TI - Neuropathologic data in Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 6639419 TI - Oligoclonal bands in meningeal carcinomatosis. PMID- 6639421 TI - Further observations concerning the diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis syndrome. AB - Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN) is a clinical syndrome characterized early by visual loss, vitritis, papillitis, and recurrent crops of gray-white retinal lesions and later by progressive visual loss, optic atrophy, retinal vessel narrowing, and diffuse pigment epithelial degeneration. Evidence is presented that it is caused by a nematode that is probably not Toxocara canis; that at least two nematodes of different sizes are involved; that there are at least two endemic areas for the disease; that these areas are related to the size of the nematode; that the nematode may remain viable in the eye for three years or longer and cause progressive ocular damage; that thiabendazole and diethylcarbamazine citrate are ineffective therapeutically; and that photocoagulation is effective in destroying the nematode. Surgical excision of the nematode was attempted in two patients. PMID- 6639422 TI - Macula halo syndrome. Variant of Niemann-Pick disease. AB - The macula halo syndrome is the name proposed to describe patients with a unique ring-form opacity about the foveolas and a histiocytic storage disease. Since sphingomyelinase deficiency has now been found in the three patients in whom it was sought (including two in the present report), the entity may be classified as a variant of Niemann-Pick disease. A secondary hyperlipidemia may also be present. The macula halos consisting of symmetric crystalloid opacities with little or no visual impairment are pathognomonic of the entity. PMID- 6639420 TI - Update: international standards 1983. Ophthalmic urgencies for 'one world'. PMID- 6639423 TI - Cataract extraction in the sympathizing eye. AB - Cataract extraction was performed on the sympathizing eyes of six patients with sympathetic ophthalmia. In five patients the clinical diagnosis of sympathetic ophthalmia was supported by the results of histologic examination of the exciting eye. The postoperative period averaged 12 years, and visual acuities ranged from 20/25 to light perception. The presence of posterior synechiae posed the major complicating operative factor. Cystoid macular edema, vitreous opacity, pupillary membrane formation, and corneal opacification were associated with postoperative visual impairment in four cases. We conclude that the underlying status of the sympathizing eye at the time of cataract extraction and postoperative management are critical factors that influence ultimate visual outcome. PMID- 6639424 TI - Optic nerve pit and baring of the circumlinear vessel. AB - The concept of a circumlinear vessel (CLV) of the ophtic disc was recently introduced into the opthalmic literature, and baring of the CLV was suggested as a sign of acquired disc injury, especially from glaucoma. In a review of fundus photographs of 27 eyes with optic nerve pits, only one eye was found in which the CLV was bared. This observation supports the concept that baring of the CLV is a sign of acquired disc change. PMID- 6639425 TI - Monochromatic fundus photography of human albinos. AB - The clinical diagnosis of albinism can often be uncertain, particularly when one is confronted with blond patients with congenital nystagmus. Monochromatic fundus photography was carried out on 31 patients with congenital nystagmus to examine three retinal features: the macular pigment, foveal vasculature, and the retinal pigment epithelium. All subjects who were later classified as albinos did not exhibit any signs of macular pigmentation. Our results imply that monochromatic fundus photography can be a useful aid in the diagnosis of albinism. PMID- 6639426 TI - Coalescence of endothelial cells in the traumatized cornea. II. Clinical observations. AB - In the rabbit, cells coalesce to repair a damaged corneal endothelial layer. Clinical specular microscopy showed that this phenomenon also occurs in human beings. The resulting endothelial cells are large, irregularly shaped, and multinucleated. They are quite different in their specular microscopic appearance from corneal endothelial cells seemingly undergoing mitosis, which was observed in a successful penetrating keratoplasty and which represents another apparent mode of repair. Additional evidence for coalescence of endothelial cells is derived from evaluation of histograms of cell size v age that have been published previously. PMID- 6639427 TI - Early receptor potential measurements in human ocular siderosis. AB - There is electrophysiologic evidence that photoreceptors have normal visual pigment density (outer segment length) at a stage of ocular siderosis when the photoreceptor membrane function is defective. The early receptor potentials (ERPs) from two patients showed normal amplitudes, although the electroretinograms (ERGs) had reduced a- and b-waves for both cone and rod ERG responses. Since the ERP is generated by photolysis of visual pigment and requires orientation of the pigment molecules by outer segment disc membranes, the normal ERP amplitudes suggest that the photoreceptor outer segments have normal photopigment density, are of normal length, and are properly oriented. However, the transduction mechanism that converts visual pigment photolysis into membrane electrical potentials (the ERG a wave) is defective at this stage of ocular siderosis. PMID- 6639428 TI - Orbital fistula. Causes and treatment of 20 cases. AB - A retrospective analysis of 20 cases of orbital fistula in Shanghai showed the causes to be trauma with foreign-body retention, osteomyelitis, mucocele, and dermoid cyst. Half the patients were children younger than 10 years old. Cicatricial ectropion, ptosis, and extraocular motility disturbance constituted the common clinical findings. Treatment according to the various causes included surgical removal of the foreign body, oral administration of antibiotics combined with local irrigation, radical extraction of all the epithelium lining the fistula, and excision of the fistula. PMID- 6639429 TI - Recurrence of choroidal melanoma after photocoagulation therapy. AB - A 40-year-old man had a small choroidal melanoma in his left eye. The tumor was seemingly erradicated by xenon arc photocoagulation; however, eight years later the tumor recurred along the inferior edge of the chorioretinal scar, and the eye was enucleated. Histopathologic examination of the lesion revealed a spindle B cell melanoma. PMID- 6639430 TI - Rapidly progressive proptosis secondary to Burkitt's lymphoma. Origin in the ethmoidal sinuses. AB - A case of unilateral proptosis secondary to Burkitt's lymphoma occurred in the ethmoidal sinuses. Involvement of the skull and paranasal sinuses by Burkitt's lymphoma may masquerade initially as an infectious process delaying diagnosis and treatment. The tumor's rapid growth and dramatic response to therapy with the potential for long-term remission and cure emphasize the need for prompt diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 6639431 TI - Ocular Candida with pale-centered hemorrhages. AB - A 54-year-old man with severe thermal burns had Candida corneal ulcers and Candida septicemia develop, and he died 39 days after admission to the hospital. At autopsy examination, fungi were noted in the cornea to extend across the intact Descemet's membrane and were also found within foci of retinitis and choroiditis. Also, hemorrhages (some of which had pale centers) were present in both retinas. Histopathologic examination of these hemorrhages disclosed that the pale centers were comprised of a disrupted small blood vessel surrounded by an acellular material that most likely represented fibrin-platelet aggregates. PMID- 6639432 TI - Vitreous fluorophotometry for clinical research. I. Description and evaluation of a new fluorophotometer. AB - In vitro and in vivo tests of a new commercial fluorophotometer showed that the instrument is capable of measuring fluorescein concentrations of 1 to 1,000 ng/mL accurately. The in vivo estimate of the spread functions of the lens and chorioretinal peaks yielded values of about 1% and 0.5% 3 and 6 mm, respectively, from the peak. Pigmentation did not influence the chorioretinal spread function. Reproducibility in vivo was evaluated to be 12%. Furthermore, when compared with other existing fluorophotometers, the new instrument performed superiorly. PMID- 6639433 TI - Vitreous fluorophotometry for clinical research. II. Method of data acquisition and processing. AB - Several methods of data analysis permit improved evaluation of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) by vitreous fluorophotometry. With the use of an algorithm for artifact correction, tested in vivo in situations in which large artifacts are expected, artifacts were reduced to less than the equivalent of 1 ng/mL in normal eyes 3 mm from the chorioretinal and lens peaks. A procedure developed to evaluate the lens transmittance was found to have a 12% reproducibility. In addition, the anterior and posterior sources of leakage could be separated by choosing the appropriate time of measurement after injection of the dye. Moreover, a procedure to estimate quantitatively the inward permeability of the BRB yielded a preliminary estimate of 7.2 X 10(-8) cm/s in normal subjects. PMID- 6639434 TI - Heredofamilial retinal dystrophy in Guinea baboons. II. Electron microscopic observations. AB - Electron microscopic study of an inherited retinal degeneration in Guinea baboons disclosed primary pathologic alterations in photoreceptor cells. These changes were first seen in the perifoveal region. Cell death occurred in two forms: hydropic degeneration and densification and/or necrosis. The hydropic type was mainly associated with cone cells, whereas densification and/or necrosis was largely seen in rod cells. Lamellar bodies and granular membrane-bound inclusions were noted in the inner segments and soma. Mitochondria were vacuolated and formed membranous whorls. Bundles of filaments were arranged in parallel array in the soma synaptic endings. Clusters of tubules were present in the synaptic terminals. Preliminary biochemical studies on these animals have yielded no clues to the pathogenesis of the retinopathy. PMID- 6639435 TI - Antibiotics and corneal epithelial wound healing. AB - The healing of a de-epithelialized cornea was measured by serial standardized photography after treatment with different antibiotics. Histological studies were also performed. Low doses of bacitracin (500 units/mL), gentamicin sulfate (3 mg/mL), neomycin (3.5 mg/mL), and chloramphenicol (4 mg/mL) did not retard normal epithelial healing. However, higher doses of bacitracin (10,000 units/mL), gentamicin sulfate (10 mg/mL), and neomycin (8 mg/mL) significantly inhibited reepithelialization. PMID- 6639436 TI - Evaluation of a new silicone-methane polymer contact lens. AB - A new gas permeable contact lens is produced using a solid silicone core and a plasma polymer surface. This surface is hydrophilic and impermeable to macromolecules. The surface characteristics of this lens were compared with the surface characteristics of available silicone contact lenses. We found that in contrast to our lens, the silicone contact lenses lost their hydrophilic surface with time. In addition, they are permeable to lipid dyes, eg, Sudan red. PMID- 6639437 TI - Evaluation of a self tonometer for home use. AB - It has been repeatedly stated that home monitoring of the intraocular pressure of glaucomatous patients could be of clinical significance. However, home tonometry has not been implemented due to the lack of an appropriate instrument. We present herein an upgraded version of a home tonometer that can be used by the patient alone. When it was tested on 37 eyes of 22 glaucomatous patients, the reproducibility was 1.7 mm Hg at IOPs of 20 mm Hg. The IOP was also measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer. The two measurements were well correlated (r = .89) and the accuracy of the home tonometer, namely the variation of the data from the regression curve, was 2.5 mm Hg. This accuracy is compared with that of conventional tonometers. Moreover, the study showed that the home tonometer yielded reliable results in the hands of a substantial portion of the potential population. PMID- 6639438 TI - The effect of indomethacin on the growth of epidermoid carcinoma of the palate in rats. AB - The in vivo effect of indomethacin therapy in head and neck cancer was tested using rats (Fisher 344) with implanted epithelial palatal carcinoma. Indomethacin was then given to half of the rats in their drinking water, starting two weeks after tumor implantation. The animals were then killed at four weeks and the tumor volumes were measured. It was found that four (21%) of the 19 rats were complete responders and eight (42%) of the 19 rats were partial responders. The control group showed increased tumor growth in all animals. The experimental group also demonstrated five (26%) of the 19 regional metastases. No metastases were seen in the control group. Indomethacin seems to inhibit local tumor growth, perhaps through its effects on cellular and humoral immunity and its effects on the host-tissue stroma. It also may increase tumor spread through the regional lymphatics or hematogenously. Further animal studies need to be carried out to determine the effect on cancer on a cellular and biochemical level before using it for treatment of cancer in humans. PMID- 6639439 TI - Intraoperative iodine 125 implants. Their use in large tumors in the neck attached to the carotid artery. AB - Twenty-nine patients with large masses attached to the carotid artery underwent surgical resection, preservation of the artery, and intraoperative iodine 125 implantation via an absorbable suture. Eighteen were treated for recurrent neoplasms, having failed prior surgery and/or irradiation therapy. Eleven were treated primarily. With a minimum follow-up of one year, 76% were disease free in the implant volume and 62% were disease free in the entire neck. Distant metastases occurred in 45%. Mean survival was 15 months in the primary group (range, two to 50 months) and 12 months in the recurrent group (range, four to 26 months). This technique shows promise in providing local control without necessity for sacrifice of the carotid artery. PMID- 6639440 TI - Osteomyocutaneous reconstruction of the oral cavity. AB - Osteomyocutaneous reconstruction of the anterior oral cavity affords rapid rehabilitation that saves the patient hospital time and substantial expense when compared with secondary reconstruction techniques. When successful, it offers more rapid and complete rehabilitation of the oral cavity because of the immediate and permanent maintenance of intraoral relationships without cicatrix. Four patients have successfully undergone reconstruction with this flap. Comparison of hospital records have shown that this operation, when successful, can save 24 to 47 days in the hospital over a period of one to two years in comparison with patients who must have secondary reconstruction substituted for the primary flap. The difference in hospital bills can be as much as $26,000 to $39,000 per patient. PMID- 6639441 TI - Fine-needle aspiration in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. AB - Cytological examination of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens from patients with known or suspected squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, between 1979 and 1982 was reviewed. Of 229 aspirates, 187 were of cervical or submandibular sites and 42 were of oral cavity sites. The accuracy of cytological diagnoses was determined by histological comparison and clinical follow-up. There were no false-positive aspirates (specificity, 100%) and one false-negative aspirate (sensitivity, 99%). Twenty-one (9%) contained insufficient cellular material for adequate cytological diagnosis. Seventy-eight percent of histologically confirmed aspirations were malignant. Proper use requires close communication between an experienced cytologist and a head and neck surgeon knowledgeable in the indications and limitations of the technique. This study demonstrates that FNA is a highly accurate, safe, predictive, and valuable technique in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PMID- 6639442 TI - The treatment of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Selective management? AB - Two hundred thirty patients with differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid gland received definitive treatment at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute (MDAH), Houston, from January 1960 through December 1975. Two thirds of these patients were women, and 127 of these female patients (55%) had not had any previous treatment. The mean follow-up period was 11.8 years. The vast majority of patients (80%) had mixed papillary and follicular cancers; 104 patients were seen with cervical metastases. Overall absolute survival was 72.6%. The prognosis was more favorable in the female patients and those persons who were treated solely at MDAH. In 4.4% of those patients treated with a total thyroidectomy, the cancer recurred locally. Of those whose operation was only a lobectomy, local recurrence developed in 10.7%. Several adverse prognostic factors were identified in this group of patients. This analysis would suggest the need for a more selective approach to the surgical treatment of this disease. Differentiated cancer of the thyroid gland affects a heterogeneous group of patients and also appears with varied clinical and anatomic manifestations. PMID- 6639444 TI - Tongue flap reconstruction of the hypopharynx. AB - Many different reconstructive procedures are available to the surgeon for restoration of a functioning conduit from the oral cavity to the esophagus. Most procedures require a lengthy single stage or multiple stages to complete reconstruction of the hypopharynx. The base of the tongue is a potential source for variously designed flaps that can be employed to reconstruct the hypopharynx following major resections. Because of proximity and rich vascularization of the tongue base, flaps fashioned from this region have proved to be very expedient and reliable in repair of large defects of the pharynx following subtotal laryngopharyngectomy and supraglottic laryngectomy. PMID- 6639443 TI - Head and neck cancer survival and life-style change. AB - A retrospective analysis using patient and family questionnaires and chart review was done on 269 patients with head and neck neoplasms. Sixty-nine with tumors at sites known to be unrelated to tobacco and alcohol use served as controls. Two hundred patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx constituted the study group. Alcohol use alone increased the risk of acquiring the study cancer 3.6 times; smoking alone increased the risk 5.8 times. Both factors combined increased the risk 19 times. Those who continued to smoke after diagnosis had a fourfold increase in the recurrence rate over those who did not smoke, and double that of those who stopped smoking. Survival was also the lowest in those who continued to smoke, while persistent alcohol use did not affect survival. PMID- 6639445 TI - Patterns of cancer recurrence in the postoperatively irradiated neck. AB - Data from 92 patients with stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated with surgery and planned postoperative radiotherapy were analyzed to determine the incidence and patterns of tumor recurrence. Overall, recurrent tumor in the cervical region developed in 19 patients (21%). Of these, eight were in the neck alone and 11 in both the neck and the primary site. All recurrences were in the ipsilateral cervical region and none in the contralateral neck. The presence of two or more metastatic nodes at the time of surgery correlated with tumor recurrence and decreased survival. Extracapsular tumor spread increased the recurrence rate. Our data suggest that postoperative radiotherapy decreases ipsilateral cervical tumor recurrence in only those patients with more than two metastatic lymph nodes, and contralateral neck recurrence in all patients. PMID- 6639446 TI - Sphenoid sinus pneumocele. Report of a case. AB - Only five previous paranasal sinus pneumoceles have been described and all occurred in the maxillary antra. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a sphenoid sinus pneumocele. Clinically it was seen as recurrent episodes of left-sided blindness occurring only during airplane flights. The roentgenographic findings and the differential diagnosis are discussed. PMID- 6639447 TI - Multiple laryngeal papillomatosis requiring laryngectomy. AB - Laryngectomy has been performed on two of the 63 cases of laryngeal papillomatosis treated at the Royal National Throat, Nose, and Ear Hospital, London, over 24 years. Their case histories are reported to illustrate the difficulties in managing extremely diffuse and recurrent forms of the disease. Whole organ laryngeal sections of one case are presented. Both patients experienced an improved life-style and fewer hospitalizations following laryngectomy. Although improved microsurgical methods are now available, the search continues for a treatment that will significantly alter the course of the disease. PMID- 6639448 TI - Candida epiglottitis. AB - Acute epiglottitis is most commonly of bacterial origin. A case of Candida epiglottis in a healthy, nondebilitated patient is reported. A literature search did not produce a previously reported case. PMID- 6639449 TI - Parotitis associated with Eikenella corrodens in a healthy adult. AB - Eikenella corrodens is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rod that is part of the normal oral flora. Although its pathogenicity was uncertain until recently, E corrodens has been implicated in a variety of human infections, usually in mixed culture, and commonly in patients predisposed by virtue of trauma, malignant neoplasms, antecedent surgery, or parenteral drug abuse. Parotitis due to E corrodens occurred in a healthy 72-year-old woman. Therapy with high-dose intravenous oxacillin sodium had been without effect, but surgical drainage plus antibiotic therapy directed against E corrodens produced prompt resolution. PMID- 6639450 TI - Membranous basal cell adenoma of the hypopharynx. AB - A membranous basal cell adenoma arose from the minor salivary glands in the hypopharynx of a 62-year-old man. Features distinguishing the membranous variant from other forms of basal cell adenoma include the following: (1) abundant reduplicated basement membrane material, (2) the presence of sialomucin containing cells, and (3) the lack of distinct encapsulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a basal cell adenoma of the hypopharynx, and the first report of the membranous variant in a minor salivary gland. PMID- 6639451 TI - Middle ear foreign body. A hearing aid complication. AB - Inadvertent placement of molding for a hearing aid in the middle ear space caused symptoms of chronic ear disease, including pain, otorrhea, vertigo, and progressive neurosensory hearing loss. The problem failed to respond to conservative means, and removal of the foreign body was complicated by fixation to the ossicles. Removal was eventually accomplished via a mastoidectomy with facial recess approach to the middle ear. Even hearing aids are not entirely benign. PMID- 6639452 TI - Error in formula. PMID- 6639453 TI - Olfactory neuroblastoma. Biologic and clinical behavior. AB - The biologic behavior of olfactory neuroblastoma in 21 persons treated at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, from 1960 to 1980 is reviewed. Follow-up data of five years or more are available for 19 cases. Findings showed the tendency of these tumors to spread submucosally and intracranially without obvious involvement of the anterior cranial fossa dura. The aggressive nature of this lesion has not been appreciated. Metastatic disease occurred in 62% and local recurrence in 57%. Long-term follow-up showed that recurrent or metastatic disease could occur up to ten years after initial diagnosis. The five-year survival rate was 58%. Only four patients who have been follow-up for more than five years were without local recurrence or metastasis. This review should prompt a change in the current attitudes toward treatment of this tumor. PMID- 6639454 TI - Cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck. A review of 399 cases. AB - A retrospective search of the Duke University Melanoma Clinic patients identified 399 cases with primary malignant melanoma located in the head and neck region. Ninety-five percent of the deaths in this series were from metastatic melanoma. Various clinical and pathological data were examined and their effects on survivability and disease-free intervals were evaluated. The characteristics noted included sex, age, depth of the invasion, thickness, site of the lesion, histologic type, and nodal status. A multivariate regression analysis identified the following factors as having a negative effect on survival: nodular histologic type, scalp primary, increasing Clark level, and male sex. In comparing head and neck, extremity, and truncal primary sites, the median survival for patients with head and neck malignant melanomas was notably less. These differences correlated with a higher incidence for male patients, for patients with thicker lesions, and for patients with an increased frequency of nodular histologic type. PMID- 6639455 TI - Rehabilitative surgery for aspiration. A clinical analysis. AB - Operative intervention for refractory aspiration necessitates an understanding of its prognostic implications. The closure procedures most often performed are evaluated, comparing and rating technical difficulty, degree of closure, reversibility, and vocalization, both immediately and after reconstruction. The epiglottic over-sew was shown to have merit. Its distinctive features include the potential for postclosure phonation as well as the opportunity for sequential reversal. Both of these features make mastering the technique worthwhile. PMID- 6639456 TI - Complications after pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction of head and neck defects. AB - This article reviews our experience with 86 patients undergoing 95 pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstructions. Complications and their incidence were very similar to those reported in previous series. Three cases of hidden recurrences appear to be previously unreported complications. The problem of delayed detection of recurrence in at-risk patients is an important one and may be unique to myocutaneous flaps. With the exception of the problem of hidden recurrence, the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap compares favorably with other methods of reconstruction of head and neck defects. Its size, viability, and versatility make it a valuable tool for extending the limits of resectability and reconstruction. PMID- 6639457 TI - Fetal rhabdomyoma of the larynx. AB - A patient had fetal cellular rhabdomyoma of the larynx confirmed histologically and by electron microscopy. The literature on laryngeal rhabdomyomas is reviewed. Adult and fetal rhabdomyomas demonstrate no clinical differences in the larynx, unlike rhabdomyomas described elsewhere in the body. Most patients are middle aged men with less than three years' history of hoarseness. The diagnosis is established pathologically by using routine histologic criteria, special stains, and electron microscopy. Treatment consists of local surgical excision. The tumors rarely recur. PMID- 6639458 TI - Papillary adenocarcinoma of minor salivary gland origin in a child. AB - A papillary adenocarcinoma with metastasis occurred in a 5-year-old child. The neoplasm arose on the anterolateral sublingual aspect of the tongue and metastasized to a submandibular lymph node. Histologically, the tumor contained broad glandular papillary projections. The tumor cells were cuboidal and had vesicular, "ground glass" nuclei. Colloidlike material was found within the stroma and lumen of the glands. To determine whether the papillary adenocarcinoma was of minor salivary gland or ectopic thyroid in origin, ultrastructural, histochemical, and immunohistochemical techniques were applied to make this clinically important distinction. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies did not indicate the site of origin. Histochemical methods, however, demonstrated the colloidlike material to be sulfated mucopolysaccharide, which was nonreducible by ferric ferrocyanide. These histochemical properties and the anterolateral location identified the tumor as salivary gland in origin. PMID- 6639459 TI - Drug use by junior high and high school students. PMID- 6639461 TI - C-reactive protein in EPH gestosis. PMID- 6639460 TI - The role of diuretics in EPH gestosis. PMID- 6639462 TI - Total platelet count, adhesive platelet count, platelet adhesiveness in normal menstrual cycle and functional uterine bleeding: a comparative study. PMID- 6639463 TI - Ectopic pregnancy: a clinical review of 204 cases. PMID- 6639464 TI - Selection of therapeutic methods in consideration of the clinical stage of carcinoma of the corpus uteri in Japan. PMID- 6639465 TI - Sinusoidal fetal heart rate pattern on simultaneous nonstress test of a monoamniotic twin. PMID- 6639466 TI - Uterine phlebography in patients with chronic pelvic pain of unknown origin. PMID- 6639467 TI - Ultrasonic assessment of cause of genital bleeding during pregnancy. PMID- 6639468 TI - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and pregnancy: a case of uterine rupture. PMID- 6639469 TI - Changes in plasma P, Ca, ALP, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone with age and after oophorectomy in women. PMID- 6639470 TI - Effect of ritodrine hydrochloride on uterine activity and maternal and fetal circulations in the pregnant sheep. PMID- 6639471 TI - Audit repeat on urinary tract infection following an hysterectomy. PMID- 6639472 TI - National hysterectomy audit. An analysis of the process. PMID- 6639474 TI - Setting up quality assurance in a private hospital. PMID- 6639473 TI - AMA/ACHS Peer Review Resource Centre. Strategy for 1983. PMID- 6639475 TI - Clinical audit. PMID- 6639477 TI - Clinical review and medical records. PMID- 6639476 TI - Clinical review and medical records. PMID- 6639478 TI - A medical audit on patients admitted to Royal Adelaide Hospital with jaundice. PMID- 6639479 TI - Seronegative arthritis. AB - The term seronegative arthritis (alternately labelled seronegative spondarthritis or spondyloarthritis) includes ankylosing spondylitis; Reiter's syndrome; psoriatic arthritis; enteropathic arthritis; and some forms of juvenile chronic arthritis. PMID- 6639480 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease of variable natural history. It may be mild, remit completely, and produce no long term damage to joints. In a few patients, however, it may progress inexorably and produce widespread joint destruction. This article highlights important points in the diagnosis, natural history, and management of the disease. PMID- 6639481 TI - Family assessment the basis for understanding children. PMID- 6639482 TI - 'Hyperactivity' in childhood. AB - The management of a 'hyperactive' child entails a thorough individual assessment, close communication with the school, intensive work with the family and the development of an individualised management plan which takes account of the unique circumstances of the child and his or her environment. PMID- 6639483 TI - 'I'm upset, you're upset and so are my mum and dad'. PMID- 6639484 TI - Herpes zoster (shingles). PMID- 6639485 TI - Sleep disorders in childhood. AB - This review of sleep disorders in children uses a background of sleep physiology and normal development to propose an approach to the common disorders of wakefulness. A group of disorders associated with emergent sleep is presented. The less common disorders of hypersomnia are not discussed. PMID- 6639486 TI - Assessment of the disturbed child. A holistic approach. AB - Referral of disturbed children and their families comes more often at the point of breakdown than before it. Signs and symptoms may occur as early as the first year of life; the family physician has one of the earliest opportunities to intervene and prevent multidetermined problems that may repeat patterns of disturbance of previous generations. PMID- 6639487 TI - Behavioural management for toddlers. AB - Introductory outlines of behavioural management for problems with toddlers. The need is noted for analysis of the whole family situation before intervention and basic behaviour modification techniques are described. PMID- 6639488 TI - Vertigo in children: two cases of 'scarlet face'. Authentic case histories from Australian general practice illustrating pitfalls in diagnosis and management. PMID- 6639489 TI - The disturbed child. How important is the family? AB - Family dysfunction is an important determinant of childhood disturbance. Emotional disorders may present overtly or through somatic symptoms and the family doctor must be alert to their relationship to disturbances within the family. Early intervention may avert more serious problems in childhood. PMID- 6639490 TI - Face up to it. PMID- 6639491 TI - Appendicitis. AB - Delay in diagnosis of appendicitis still occurs, sometimes with disastrous consequences. This paper reviews the management of appendicitis, giving diagnostic aids and explanations of common difficulties and errors in both diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 6639492 TI - Enuresis. PMID- 6639493 TI - The psychology of children in sport. PMID- 6639494 TI - Continuity counts. AB - Group practice in Australia developed more quickly than it did in the UK and although our system of primary care differs, some problems are shared, especially criticism from patients about lack of continuity of care. Dr Pereira Gray, eminent British general practitioner, discusses his ideas about meeting this criticism. Doctors working in group practice would do well to examine their own practices from this point of view. PMID- 6639495 TI - Dihydroergotamine and herpes simplex infections. PMID- 6639496 TI - The discharging ear. PMID- 6639497 TI - Foreign bodies in the ear, nose and throat. PMID- 6639499 TI - Childhood deafness. PMID- 6639498 TI - The use of antibiotics in upper respiratory tract infection. AB - The current literature is surveyed for evidence on which to base policies for prescribing antibiotics in upper respiratory tract infections. Moderation is recommended in the prescribing of antibiotics for sore throat in adults. Antibiotic treatment of otitis media and sinusitis is appropriate only when severe infection is likely. It is concluded that there is a need for further controlled trials in Australian general practice to provide data on streptococcal disease in children, to determine carrier rates and when to treat. PMID- 6639500 TI - Assessment of hearing. AB - Deafness is a common problem and no age group is spared. Prompt detection and management of hearing loss in children is essential to ensure adequate development of language and associated skills. Untreated hearing loss in adults may cause them to withdraw from social activities. PMID- 6639501 TI - Deafness. AB - Deafness is a major community health problem to which doctors must remain alert. As many as 20 per cent of children are estimated to suffer a hearing loss sufficient to handicap development by the age of 10. Mild to moderate and fluctuating hearing loss is often difficult to detect in children and discovered only after development of a medical, language or educational problem. PMID- 6639502 TI - Adolescent suicide. AB - In Australia, the suicide rate for adolescent males has doubled during the seventies; that for adolescent girls remains unchanged. For the remainder of the male population the rise is paralleled only by men in their twenties. Otherwise, for middle-aged men the suicide rate remains about the same and in the older age groups is falling. PMID- 6639503 TI - Ear problems in children. PMID- 6639505 TI - Drop attack in glaucoma. The Melbourne experience with topical miotics, adrenergic and neuronal blocking drops. AB - We have considered the effectiveness of miotics (pilocarpine 2% and ecothiopate iodide (Phospholine Iodide) 0.125 or 0.25%), adrenaline (Eppy/N 1%) or adrenaline precursors (dipivalyl epinephrine or dipivefrin hydrochloride (Propine) 0.1%) and neuronal blockers (timolol maleate (Timoptol) 0.5%) in 165 patients in the clinical situation. All drops were effective in lowering intraocular pressure with an average fall of 6.6 mmHg for timolol (160 eyes), 8.21 mmHg for pilocarpine (79 eyes), 5.77 mmHg for dipivalyl epinephrine (57 eyes), 7.23 mmHg for adrenaline (17 eyes) and 10.5 mmHg for ecothiopate iodide (16 eyes). In chronic simple open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, pilocarpine and timolol were almost equally effective while dipivalyl epinephrine and adrenaline were also effective, but more as additive therapy, though dipivalyl epinephrine may be useful on its own in ocular hypertension. In low-tension glaucoma timolol and dipivalyl epinephrine together seemed best, while in secondary glaucomas all were effective at times, but ecothiopate iodide was best in aphakic glaucoma and fluorometholone (FML Liquifilm) 0.1% was important in inflammatory glaucoma. Side effects were frequent with dipivalyl epinephrine and timolol, with respiratory disease a strong contraindication to timolol. PMID- 6639506 TI - Timoptol--three years on. A study of timolol maleate drops over a longer period. AB - A group of 130 patients with chronic glaucoma has been followed from one to more than three years on timolol maleate drops; this confirms that these drops remain effective in long-term therapy through added therapy is usually needed. Of 54 patients originally controlled by timolol alone or in combination, only four were not controlled more than three years later, though some needed further additional therapy. Of 35 patients followed for two to three years, only six could not be controlled by timolol alone or in combination; and of 41 followed for one to two years, 18 were controlled on timolol alone while 23 needed additional therapy. Attention is drawn to side effects including a mild keratopathy and in particular the occurrence of bronchospasm or other severe respiratory disease in 10 patients, not all of whom had a previous history of respiratory disease. Great care should be exercised with timolol in the presence of present or past respiratory disease as the complication is not generally recognised and it falls to the ophthalmologist to act to stop the drop. PMID- 6639507 TI - Experience with dipivalyl epinephrine. Its effectiveness, alone or in combination, and its side effects. AB - Dipivalyl epinephrine was as effective as adrenaline as an eyedrop for glaucoma. It was responsible for fewer side effects, through side effects did occur. It had an additive effect when used with timolol maleate and, in 12 of 14 patients on long-term medication with both drugs, a rise of pressure of 3 mmHg or more occurred when dipivalyl epinephrine was stopped. As sole therapy dipivalyl epinephrine was effective in chronic simple open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, and may be useful on its own in the latter two conditions. In low-tension glaucoma it seemed the best therapy when combined with timolol. Headache and ocular pain were uncommon but prominent side effects. PMID- 6639508 TI - Combined trabeculectomy and cataract extraction. AB - A small personal series of patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma who underwent combined trabeculectomy and cataract extraction is analysed with regard to the effect of the operation on the control of intraocular pressure. The results support the regular use of the operation as an effective means of reducing intraocular pressure. PMID- 6639509 TI - Laser trabeculotomy or trabeculoplasty. Early experience with a new non-invasive surgical technique for glaucoma. AB - A series of 38 laser trabeculoplasty operations in 32 eyes of 29 patients is described. An average fall of 5.32 mmHg intraocular pressure was obtained; if secondary glaucomas were excluded the average fall was 7.39 mmHg. If a fall of 10 mmHg or more is considered a good result then eight eyes obtained a good result, five of these eyes having pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. A fall of 3-9 mmHg was considered a moderate result and 12 eyes obtained this, 11 of them having chronic simple open-angle glaucoma, the other being the only other case of pseudoexfoliative glaucoma in the series. Five eyes with chronic simple open angle glaucoma and seven eyes with secondary glaucoma all obtained no significant fall. It is stressed that in chronic simple open-angle glaucoma there was often only a small fall or no fall at all, so that it seems unwise to temporize if there is a high uncontrolled pressure in this condition. Great care is also needed in advanced chronic simple open-angle glaucoma because of the occasional occurrence of a high rise of pressure soon after operation. The procedure works well in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. PMID- 6639510 TI - Laser trabeculoplasty. Early experience with a new procedure. AB - Twenty-five laser trabeculoplasty procedures were performed on 20 patients. All patients were treated as inpatients so that early changes in intraocular pressure could be monitored. The range of fall was recorded: in four cases there was a significant rise in intraocular pressure in the first four hours which, if sustained, could have lead to a further visual field loss in patients with advanced chronic simple open-angle glaucoma. Patients with a high initial intraocular pressure had the greatest fall in intraocular pressure. Those patients with a more pigmented trabecular meshwork with wide open angles were the easiest to treat and gave the best signs of effective laser endpoint reaction. Gonioplasty was performed in many patients with narrow angles, which gave much better access to the posterior trabecular meshwork. PMID- 6639511 TI - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive nerve fibres in the human eye. AB - Immunohistochemistry applied to whole-mount preparations was used to investigate the presence and distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) immunoreactive nerves in the non-retinal part of the human eye. The choroid has a dense perivascular supply of VIP immunoreactive nerve fibers, and some free nerve endings within the stroma. These nerves enter the choroid in ciliary nerves and also as perivascular networks around the ciliary arteries. Occasional choroidal VIP immunoreactive nerve cell bodies are seen. The ciliary body stroma, close to the iris root has a dense circumferential plexus of VIP immunoreactive nerve fibers that occur both singly and in bundles. The iris root has a circumferential arrangement of bundles from which VIP immunoreactive nerve fibres travel radially in the stroma. They supply the pupillary region with numerous free nerve endings; the sphincter pupillae is not supplied by these nerves. The cornea is devoid of VIP immunoreactive nerves. These findings, together with existing knowledge of the physiological actions of VIP, indicate that VIP immunoreactive nerves are likely to be involved in the functioning of several ocular tissues. PMID- 6639512 TI - Management of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. AB - Instruments designed for pars plana vitrectomy can be used to manage selected complicated congenital cataracts such as those with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). We have applied closed-eye vitrectomy techniques through a limbal approach in seven eyes with PHPV. A clear pupillary space was achieved in all cases and two of the seven eyes achieved useful vision. The management of children with complicated congenital cataracts such as those with PHPV is discussed. PMID- 6639513 TI - Superior oblique tuck for superior oblique palsy. AB - Fifty-nine patients with a superior oblique palsy had a superior oblique tuck as part of their surgical treatment. The average size of the tuck was 12.0 mm. All cases had a decrease in the hyperdeviation in the primary position and some decrease in elevation in adduction in the operated eye (Brown's syndrome). Seventeen per cent of the patients required take-down of the tuck three to 24 months after surgery (average time for reoperation, 9.1 months). Symptoms forming indications for take down of the tuck were head tilt, vertical diplopia, torsional diplopia, and a tight feeling on elevation in adduction. No patient who had a tuck alone required take-down. Brown's syndrome was more likely to occur in cases with weakening of the antagonist inferior oblique and when a bilateral tuck of the superior oblique had been done. Taking down of the tucked tendon relieved the symptoms of Brown's syndrome in seven of 10 patients, without a recurrence of superior oblique underaction. After superior oblique tuck in all patients, a residual vertical deviation could be measured and in nearly every case a Brown's syndrome could be found. PMID- 6639514 TI - Benign intracranial hypertension. AB - Benign intracranial hypertension is caused by defective cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption which may sometimes be secondary to partial superior sagittal sinus obstruction. It may appear in obese young women for obscure hormonal reasons or may be a reaction to head injury, infections or certain medications. It commonly presents with headache and papilloedema, sometimes with associated ocular palsies. Conservative management comprises repeated lumbar puncture, salt and fluid restriction and the use of diuretics or steroids. Surgical treatment such as CSF shunting procedures, optic nerve decompression or subtemporal decompression may become necessary. The results of treatment have not been subjected to adequate evaluation, but the patient usually recovers well, although some 10% suffer severe visual impairment and 10% are subject to recurrence. PMID- 6639515 TI - Equine onchocerciasis in Queensland and the Northern Territory of Australia. AB - Investigations were conducted on the taxonomy, distribution in the carcase, pathology and transmission of Onchocerca spp. in equids from Queensland and the Northern Territory. Examination of small groups of horses and ponies revealed high infection rates with O. cervicalis, while lesser numbers were infected with O. gutturosa. O. reticulata was not found. Neither of the Australian species is likely to be of economic importance to the horsemeat industry. The findings support the belief that O. cervicalis is a pre-disposing factor in the aetiology of equine nuchal disease, most commonly seen clinically as fistulous withers. O. gutturosa is virtually non-pathogenic. Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) townsvillensis, Austrosimulium pestilens and Culicoides victoriae are suggested as potential vectors, and it is unlikely that C. brevitarsis is involved. PMID- 6639516 TI - Bovine abortion associated with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection. AB - During 1981, 265 bovine abortions were investigated by serological and histological methods for evidence of leptospiral infection. Leptospires were demonstrated in the tissues of 10 foetuses by a Levaditi silver impregnation technique. Serological testing of maternal sera indicated that Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was associated with 5 of the abortions while the remaining 5 were due to L. interrogans serovar pomona infection. In cases of abortion associated with L. interrogans serovar hardjo leptospires were readily demonstrated in foetal liver, kidney, intestine and heart. They were demonstrated less often in lung and placenta and could not be found in foetal brain. Autolysis did not appear to interfere with the demonstration of leptospires by silver impregnation. No lesions attributable to leptospiral infection were seen in placentas but mild interstitial nephritis was found in some of the foetuses. Fourteen other cows had serological evidence of recent leptospiral infection but leptospires were not detected in foetal tissues. Histological examination of silver impregnated foetal tissues in combination with the microscopic agglutination test was shown to be an effective method for diagnosing abortion associated with L. interrogans serovar hardjo in cattle. PMID- 6639517 TI - Ovine lupinosis resulting from the ingestion of lupin seed naturally infected with Phomopsis leptostromiformis. AB - In each of 2 trials lupin seed naturally infected with P. leptostromiformis was fed to 4 sheep for extended periods as a sole ration. The levels of infection of the batches of seed used were 7% and 21% respectively. Three sheep in each trial developed lupinosis, which was complicated by nutritional imbalances and deficiencies, and other disorders. PMID- 6639518 TI - Epidemiological aspects of toxoplasmosis in southern Western Australia. PMID- 6639519 TI - A trombiculid mite infestation of canaries. PMID- 6639520 TI - Ovine white liver disease. PMID- 6639521 TI - Poisoning of cattle by Glyceria maxima. PMID- 6639522 TI - Abnormal births in cattle following ingestion of Cupressus macrocarpa foliage. PMID- 6639523 TI - Cataracts in a chicken flock. PMID- 6639524 TI - Infertility in a Hereford bull associated with increased numbers of detached sperm heads in his ejaculate. PMID- 6639525 TI - The significance of Leptospira isolated from the kidneys of slaughtered pigs. PMID- 6639526 TI - Factors predisposing dairy and beef cows to grass tetany. AB - In a study of dairy and beef herds on 120 farms in south-western Victoria, losses attributed to grass tetany were shown to have been an important cause of economic loss during the cooler months of 1980. Thin dairy cows had a higher incidence of suspected grass tetany than dairy cows in moderate body condition, and both thin and fat beef cows had a higher incidence than beef cows in moderate body condition. A lower incidence was found among dairy cows when the available pasture or hay contained a high percentage of clover, when cows in moderate body condition had been grazed on pastures topdressed with low rates of potassium fertilisers, and when cows had been rotated onto fresh pasture at least daily rather than at 2 or 3 day intervals. The incidence among dairy cows was also associated with the length of available pasture, the correlation being positive for cows of moderate body condition, but negative for thin cows. Possible reasons for the associations are discussed. Only a small proportion of farmers adopted measures to prevent grass tetany, and those who did often applied them inefficiently. Practicable control measures are suggested on the basis of the survey results. PMID- 6639527 TI - Inherited copper toxicosis in Bedlington terriers. AB - Chronic hepatitis and increased hepatic copper concentrations, from 1,600 to 6,361 micrograms/g dry tissue were found in 4 related, Australian-bred Bedlington terriers. Two dogs were asymptomatic and 2 were clinically ill with signs referable to liver dysfunction. Two dogs were treated with d-penicillamine. After one year there was no improvement in the histopathological liver changes in either dog or significant lowering of hepatic copper level in one dog. PMID- 6639528 TI - A morphometric analysis of the changes with age in the skin surface wax and the sebaceous gland area of Merino sheep. AB - Skin samples were collected from the midside of Merino ewes at 6 weeks, one year, and 3 years of age. The thickness of the surface wax and the number and area of sebaceous glands per unit length of skin were measured with an image analyser. Three-year-old sheep had a significantly (P less than .05) thicker skin surface wax layer, (14.45 mu +/- 1.45), than they did as lambs, (7.85 mu +/- 0.88). Both the number (2.91 +/- 0.15 per mm) and area (24.27 mu2/mu +/- 1.54) of sebaceous glands per unit length of skin of 3-year-old sheep were significantly less than in lambs, which measured 4.10 +/- 0.15 per mm and 39.30 +/- 4.14 mu2/mu respectively and one-year-old sheep, which measured 3.99 +/- 0.21 per mm and 35.43 mu2/mu +/- 3.65 respectively. PMID- 6639529 TI - Idiopathic neurogenic diabetes insipidus in a cat. AB - A 5-year-old, domestic long-haired cat was presented for examination because of polydipsia, polyuria and inappropriate urination of 3 months' duration. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus was diagnosed, based on hyposthenuria with failure to concentrate urine in response to water deprivation and positive response to antidiuretic hormone administration. Treatment with hydrochlorothiazide or chlorpropamide orally gave inadequate antidiuresis, but response to injections of vasopressin tannate in oil was sufficient for satisfactory management. PMID- 6639530 TI - The accuracy of ultrasound techniques in diagnosing pregnancy in beef cattle. PMID- 6639531 TI - Ovine lupinosis resulting from the ingestion of lupin stubble residues in subsequent seasons. PMID- 6639532 TI - Occurrence of mycobacteria in normal bovine lymph nodes. PMID- 6639534 TI - Ulcerative stomatitis in horses and cattle caused by triticale hay. PMID- 6639533 TI - Comparison of tick and blood challenge for assessing immunity to Babesia bovis. PMID- 6639535 TI - Statistical analysis of CT brain scans in the evaluation of cerebral atrophy and hydrocephalus. PMID- 6639536 TI - Intraventricular brain tumors associated with tuberous sclerosis: clinical and radiographic characteristics. PMID- 6639537 TI - Techniques of Metrizamide myelography. PMID- 6639538 TI - The narrow cervical spinal canal. PMID- 6639539 TI - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis--the varying lung appearances in four cases. PMID- 6639540 TI - Non-malignant oesophago-bronchial fistulae in the adult. Case reports and review of the literature. PMID- 6639541 TI - The small bowel enema in the management of small bowel obstruction. PMID- 6639542 TI - Colonic duplication presenting in an adult. PMID- 6639543 TI - Radiological features of sclerosing cholangitis. PMID- 6639544 TI - Mandibular osteolysis in progressive systemic sclerosis. PMID- 6639545 TI - Computed tomography in the assessment of peripheral arterial disease. PMID- 6639546 TI - The growth rate of breast cancer as a dynamic indicator of prognosis. PMID- 6639547 TI - Local tumour control and its effect upon survival of the patient. PMID- 6639548 TI - Attenuation of Eimeria necatrix and E. tenella of U.S. origin by serial embryo passage. AB - Two lines of Eimeria tenella (PS and FS65) and one line of E. necatrix (FS144) of U.S. origin were passaged in chicken embryos. The embryo-passaged line of E. tenella PS was significantly less pathogenic than the parent line when tested in chickens after 33 embryo passages. After 29 embryo passages, E. tenella FS65 was just as pathogenic to chickens as the parent line. A comparison of the immunogenicity of the embryo-adapted lines and the parent lines in chickens showed that embryo-passaged E. tenella PS and E. tenella FS65 were as immunogenic as parent lines. The embryo-passaged line of E. necatrix FS144 was significantly less pathogenic when tested in chickens after 30 embryo passages. Although there was also some loss of immunogenicity in the embryo-passaged line of E. necatrix, immunity to this parasite could be achieved by increasing the dose of oocysts. PMID- 6639549 TI - Aortic atherosclerosis in nonlaying hens with fatty liver syndrome. AB - Ten laying hens with low plasma cholesterol levels and no signs of fatty liver syndrome were examined at necropsy. Liver coloration and deposition of body fat were not abnormal in such hens. Eleven nonlaying hens had signs of fatty liver syndrome. They were out of production for 1 to 3 months and had elevate plasma cholesterol levels. At necropsy, such hens had yellow livers, heavy deposits of body fat, and several involuted egg yolks, which were dark yellow. Intimal plaques were observed by light microscopy in the abdominal aortas of hens with low plasma cholesterol levels; the plaques contained little or no lipid and were composed of three or four rows of modified smooth-muscle cells. Aortic intimal plaques of hens with high plasma cholesterol levels were composed of 16 to 18 rows of modified smooth-muscle cells when examined by light microscopy. The plaques contained intracellular and extracellular lipid, indicating aortic atherosclerosis. Electron-microscopic observations of the abdominal aortas of both groups of hens were similar to light-microscopic observations, except that lipid, including cholesterol clefts, was seen both intracellularly and extracellularly in the thickened tunica intima of hens with high plasma cholesterol values. Thus, the presence of aortic atherosclerosis was confirmed by electron microscopy. It is suggested that the endogenous hypercholesterolemia and cessation of egg production, characteristic of severe fatty liver syndrome, originated from the reabsorption of involuted egg yolks and that such reabsorption caused the development of aortic atherosclerosis and deposition of excess body fat. PMID- 6639550 TI - Influence of formulation on the efficacy of experimental oil-emulsion Newcastle disease vaccines. AB - Twenty-one experimental oil-emulsion vaccines with different emulsifier contents, aqueous-to-oil ratios, and antigen concentrations were compared by immunization of 4-week-old chickens. Vaccines that contained oil-phase (Arlacel 80) and aqueous-phase (Tween 80) emulsifiers induced 2-to-4-fold higher hemagglutination inhibition titers than vaccines with only the oil-phase emulsifier. The emulsion vaccines containing both emulsifiers were also more stable at 37 C and less viscous than those containing only the oil-phase emulsifier. Vaccines that had different aqueous-to-oil ratios and contained different quantities of allantoic fluid antigen (1.2% to 50% of the vaccine volume) induced similar protection against challenge, but hemagglutination-inhibition titers were proportional to the amount of antigen added. Vaccines that had different aqueous-to-oil ratios but contained equal amounts of antigen induced similar hemagglutination inhibition titers and similar protection against challenge. PMID- 6639551 TI - Micro neuraminidase-inhibition assay for classification of influenza A virus neuraminidases. AB - A neuraminidase-inhibition (NI) assay performed in microtiter plates is described. This micro-NI assay is a modification of the NI assay recommended by the World Health Organization. It reduces the quantity of reagents required and permits antigenic classification of many isolates simultaneously. To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of this micro-NI assay, 110 influenza A viruses, representing all subtypes, based upon the nine known neuraminidases (NAs), were classified by both the micro-NI and macro-NI assays in two separate laboratories. The NAs were identified accurately by the micro-NI assay. Virus mixtures were detected by both assays, although the macro-NI was clearly more sensitive. The micro-NI assay was also suitable for testing sera for the presence of antibodies to the NAs. Although the micro-NI assay did not provide the quantitation of the macro-NI assay, it did prove to be a rapid method for virus classification and antibody studies on influenza A viruses. PMID- 6639552 TI - Indirect micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma synoviae and M. gallisepticum. AB - The sensitivity and specificity of the indirect micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was compared with that of the rapid serum-plate test (RSPT) and the hemagglutination-inhibition test (HIT) in detecting antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS). Membrane antigens of MG strain S6 and MS strain NEL 61800 were used. ELISA was performed with single MS and single MG antigens and a combined MS/MG antigen. The MS-ELISA was as sensitive as the MS RSPT and more sensitive than and as specific as the MS-HIT in detecting antibodies to MS. The MG-ELISA was less sensitive than the MG-RSPT and slightly less sensitive than the MG-HIT in detecting antibodies to MG in chickens experimentally infected with MG R strain but more sensitive in detecting antibodies in chickens infected with MG F strain. MG-ELISA resulted in fewer cross-reactions than the MG-RSPT but more than the MG-HIT. The combined MG/MS ELISA was as sensitive as the ELISA with its individual antigen components. No nonspecific reactions were observed with sera from MG/MS-free flocks. The combined MG/MS-ELISA was found to be a practical screening test for antibodies to both MS and MG. Further improvement of the sensitivity and the specificity of the MG antigen is desirable. PMID- 6639553 TI - Genetic stability of Newcastle disease virus CG179: a strain containing only clear plaque subpopulations. AB - Two cultures of the CG179 strain of Newcastle disease virus were maintained apart in two laboratories for over 30 years. One culture had been passaged 45 times through embryonated chicken eggs, yet this virus had the same virulence, thermostability of hemagglutinin, plaque types, and RNA fingerprint as a culture lyophilized in 1948. The genetic stability observed here has not been reported for strains containing both red and clear plaques and may occur only in strains like CG179 that do not have red plaques. PMID- 6639554 TI - Effective control of a gentamicin-resistant Salmonella arizonae infection in turkey poults. AB - A gentamicin-resistant Salmonella arizonae isolate was identified as the cause of an unusually high early mortality rate in several flocks of poults produced by a primary turkey breeder. The company routinely dipped its hatching eggs in 500 ppm gentamicin before incubation and injected each poult at 1 day of age with 1 mg gentamicin. Mortality was reduced to normal, but S. arizonae was not eliminated by injecting the day-old poults with higher doses of gentamicin. S. arizonae was not isolated from sample normal-sized poults in treated groups when tetracyclines were used for antibiotic inoculation of day-old poults. Tetracyclines seemed to be completely effective only when a 5-mg subcutaneous injection per day-old poult was combined with an approximately equal dose in drinking water daily for 4 days, and therapy was accompanied by the culling of runts and other debilitated poults. PMID- 6639555 TI - Chronic cholera-like lesions caused by Moraxella osloensis. AB - Cholera-like lesions appeared in four house-confined flocks of tom turkeys on one farm from October 30, 1980, to December 2, 1980; Moraxella osloensis was isolated from the tissues. All flocks were treated with 0.04% sulfaquinoxaline in the water for 3 days. The flocks returned to normal and had normal condemnation rates at slaughter. An experiment was conducted in which six hen turkeys were inoculated with a M. osloensis isolate. The same gross lesions were produced as seen in the field cases. PMID- 6639556 TI - Nocardiosis in two Pesquet's parrots (Psittrichas fulgidus). AB - Nocardiosis is described in two Pesquet's parrots (Psittrichas fulgidus). Granulomatous lesions containing numerous branching, filamentous, acid-fast, gram and methenamine silver-positive organisms were observed in sections of lung from both parrots, suggesting an oral-respiratory portal of entry. Thyroid follicular hyperplasia and osteoporosis were observed in one parrot, suggesting the presence of an underlying nutritional or metabolic defect. PMID- 6639557 TI - Establishing an "affective scale" for odor preferences of infant rats. AB - To establish an "affective scale" for odor preferences, the scale must indicate aversion as well as attraction to odors. Because the construction of preference scales requires repeated tests with a set of odors, and because exposure to aversive odors may lead to a reduction in the aversiveness of these odors, the effects of repeated exposure to an aversive odor (peppermint) on preferences for this odor were examined. Eighteen-day-old Long-Evans rats were given three preference tests using all pairs of three odors: unscented pine shavings (N), own maternal odors (M), and peppermint odors (P). Before these tests rats were exposed to the test arena and unscented pine shavings or peppermint odor for 0, 1, or 4 days. All rats showed an attraction to their maternal odor and an aversion to peppermint odor, showing the preference scale M greater than N greater than P. Preexposure to peppermint in the test apparatus only slightly reduced the aversion to peppermint odor. The results indicate that scaling procedures will accurately detect odor aversions as well as attractions and that the preference scales are only slightly altered by repeated exposure to odors during the testing period. PMID- 6639558 TI - Memory facilitation and impairment with supraseizure electrical brain stimulation: attenuation with pretrial propranolol injections. AB - Post-training supraseizure stimulation of frontal cortex enhances retention of active avoidance in rats trained using a low footshock but impairs retention when high footshock is used in training. Pretreatment with the adrenergic antagonist propranolol results in attenuation of both memory facilitation and amnesia. These results are consistent with previous evidence indicating that adrenergic antagonists attenuate amnesia and facilitation produced by a variety of agents and suggest that memory modulatory treatments may enhance or impair memory by actions which include effects on adrenergic systems. PMID- 6639559 TI - Sex chromosomal anomalies: prospective studies in children. PMID- 6639560 TI - Linearity of offspring-parent regression for general cognitive ability. PMID- 6639562 TI - Familial distribution of alcohol use: II. Assortative mating of alcoholic probands. PMID- 6639561 TI - Familial distribution of alcohol use: I. Assortative mating in the parents of alcoholics. PMID- 6639563 TI - Selective breeding for high and low levels of opiate-induced analgesia in mice. PMID- 6639564 TI - Reproductive consequences of food restriction at low temperature in lines of mice divergently selected for thermoregulatory nesting. PMID- 6639565 TI - Selection for copulation ability of Drosophila subobscura in the absence of light. PMID- 6639566 TI - Genetic control of emigration behavior in Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum. PMID- 6639567 TI - Rapid acquisition of two-way active avoidance in inbred Roman low avoidance rats. PMID- 6639568 TI - A systems model of schizophrenic dysfunction. AB - A review of pertinent literature suggests that central integrative, as opposed to peripheral, systems are primarily at fault in schizophrenia. More specifically, it is proposed that the central decision apparatus, defined as the subsystems which determine goals and end-states, is intermittently dysfunctional. This dysfunction, in turn, leads to a decoupling of the negative feedback system which normally aligns responses with the desired goal. The failure of these central systems is accompanied by an increase of diffuse activity within neural systems, semiautonomous activity on the part of subsystems, and a partial failure to regulate arousal systems. The paper closes with suggestions for future research in schizophrenia. PMID- 6639569 TI - Quantification of behavior. AB - Quantification of behavior starts with the observation of behavioral phenomena. These observations can be classified by fundamental types of behavior and the energies associated with these behaviors can be measured or calculated using known procedures. Behaviors can occur, if, and only if, energy is available for use in the behavior and the behaving system has the capacity to direct energy. A relationship is developed among behavior, available energy, and the capacity to direct energy that gives a coherent interpretation of behavioral phenomena and allows the quantification of behavior. PMID- 6639570 TI - A method of DNA histogram analysis by computer and its evaluation by simultaneous combination with 3H-thymidine autoradiography. AB - A method for determining the fractions of cells in the G1, S, and G2 + M phases of the cell life cycle, by quantifying DNA histograms derived from static fluorescence cytophotometry, was evaluated by simultaneous combination with 3H thymidine autoradiography. DNA histograms were obtained by cytofluorometry on the Feulgen-stained autoradiographs of HeLa cells, and mouse and rat hepatocytes, after DNA labelling with 3H-thymidine. The synthetic histogram determined by "sum of discrete normal curves" technique was fitted to the experimental data according to a weighted least-squares method by a desk-top computer (HP 85F). The mean relative percent deviations of estimated cell cycle phase fractions from the actual phase fractions determined directly on an autoradiograph was 6.6 +/- 3.3%. PMID- 6639571 TI - Cytochemical quantitative determination of some enzymatic activities in rabbit epididymal spermatozoa. PMID- 6639572 TI - [Organization and teaching forensic medicine as part of the ecology curriculum at the University of Cologne]. PMID- 6639573 TI - [Quantification of p-nitrophenolglucuronide and sulfate in blood and urine using enzyme hydrolysis and HPLC following E 605-poisoning]. PMID- 6639574 TI - [Studies of the qualitative and quantitative determination of tri-xylyl phosphate in biologic materials]. PMID- 6639575 TI - [Animal experiment studies of the toxicity of tri-xylyl phosphate]. PMID- 6639576 TI - [Reaction to new methods of teaching ecology in forensic medicine courses]. PMID- 6639578 TI - [Fatal nickel sulfate poisoning]. PMID- 6639577 TI - [Analytic studies on the presence of drugs and CO-Hb in automobile drivers]. PMID- 6639579 TI - [Animal experiment studies on the course of paraldehyde levels in blood]. PMID- 6639580 TI - [Tf and Pi subtyping. Phenotype distribution and gene frequency in Schleswig Holstein]. PMID- 6639581 TI - [Acid phosphatase reaction in the rectum; value of sperm counts]. PMID- 6639582 TI - [Possibilities of the use of miniaturized ultra thin isoelectric focusing for blood stain examination]. PMID- 6639583 TI - [Video technics as teaching aid in forensic medicine classes]. PMID- 6639584 TI - [Studies on determining transformations in the Gm and Inv system]. PMID- 6639585 TI - [Comparative studies of blood and body tissue for definite ABO determination in putrefaction]. PMID- 6639586 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of higher alphatic alcohols]. PMID- 6639587 TI - [Determination of congener substances of alcoholic beverages and their metabolites in blood and urine samples]. PMID- 6639588 TI - [Comparative studies on the concentrations of congeners of alcoholic beverages in stomach, blood and urine]. PMID- 6639589 TI - [Errors in investigations and judgment as consequence of insufficient synopsis of interdisciplinary reconstruction of traffic accidents]. PMID- 6639590 TI - [Combined morphologic studies of the infant lung in sudden infant death syndrome]. PMID- 6639591 TI - [Retrospective study of 385 fatal pedestrian accidents]. PMID- 6639592 TI - [Determination of sitting position of automobile passengers following traffic accidents]. PMID- 6639593 TI - [Injuries and survival time in fatal accidents]. PMID- 6639594 TI - [Fatal occupational accidents in Berlin (West) from a forensic medicine viewpoint]. PMID- 6639595 TI - [The problem of supravital reaction, using as example basilar intracerebral arteries]. PMID- 6639596 TI - [Histologic findings of the lung following traffic accidents with different survival times]. PMID- 6639597 TI - [Relationship of area and hemoglobin content of hematomas]. PMID- 6639598 TI - [Tracer studies in experimental drowning]. PMID- 6639599 TI - [Ultrastructure pathology of the lung following drowning in humans]. PMID- 6639600 TI - [Differential diagnostic significance of individual morphometric pulmonary artery patterns in sudden infant death syndrome]. PMID- 6639601 TI - [Obstruction of the neck arteries and the upper airways during strangulation]. PMID- 6639602 TI - [Obligation of the physician to Social Insurance Agencies with special reference to the proposed amendment of volume 10 of the social law]. PMID- 6639603 TI - [Forensic medicine evaluation of self-mutilation of joints]. PMID- 6639604 TI - [What additional information can be expected from x-ray studies following an autopsy?]. PMID- 6639605 TI - [Morphologic and morphometric studies of the lung in shock of various etiologies]. PMID- 6639606 TI - [Histologic findings of jaw bones, soft tissues and small salivary glands in drug related deaths]. PMID- 6639607 TI - [Objectivation of pathomorphologic and traumatic eye changes]. PMID- 6639609 TI - [Determination of milk and cheese in stomach contents]. PMID- 6639608 TI - [Comparative studies of methods for determining time of death]. PMID- 6639610 TI - [Comparative studies on the density of teeth from the viewpoint of forensic medicine]. PMID- 6639611 TI - [Possibilities and limits of determining shooting distance using antimony concentrations in the contusion ring in shooting distances up to 400 m]. PMID- 6639612 TI - [Transmission of weapon-oil during shooting]. PMID- 6639613 TI - [Epidemiologic observations on the use of alcohol and benzodiazepines]. PMID- 6639614 TI - [Experimental studies on the interaction of alcohol and metaclazepam]. PMID- 6639615 TI - [The effect of imipramin and alcohol on motor activity on rats in open fields]. PMID- 6639616 TI - [Studies on postmortem biogenic amine levels in cerebral spinal fluid]. PMID- 6639617 TI - [Sudden infant death caused by adrenal gland hemorrhage. Case report]. PMID- 6639618 TI - [Studies of blood stains on clothing of patients who underwent faith healing (psychic or medial surgery)]. PMID- 6639619 TI - [Faith healing and legal order]. PMID- 6639620 TI - [Psychopathologic criteria for alcohol intoxication]. PMID- 6639621 TI - [Results of postmortem organ and tissue perfusions]. PMID- 6639623 TI - [Microradiographic findings in death by hanging]. PMID- 6639622 TI - [Differences in rigidity of fresh and macerated skeletal bones]. PMID- 6639624 TI - [Alcohol diffusion of the dura mater]. PMID- 6639625 TI - [Development of the adrenal medulla following birth]. PMID- 6639626 TI - [Comparative microscopy studies of the brain of alcoholics and controls]. PMID- 6639627 TI - [Morphologic determination of abuse of phenacetin-containing analgesics]. PMID- 6639629 TI - [Possibility of injury in the chest area due to air-pressure weapons - reconstruction of a questionable suicide]. PMID- 6639628 TI - [Forensic medicine diagnosis of death caused by burns in severely charred cadavers. Determination of ethanol, toluol and propane in experimentally severely burned animal organs]. PMID- 6639630 TI - [Fatal aspiration of contrast media during x-ray examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 6639631 TI - [Experiences with a modified organization of training as part of the obligatory curriculum for forensic medicine]. PMID- 6639632 TI - [Invasive reposition of childhood supracondylar humeral fractures]. PMID- 6639633 TI - [Prosthesis shaft fracture]. PMID- 6639634 TI - [Suboccipital subluxation caused by primary chronic polyarthritis and its surgical treatment]. PMID- 6639636 TI - [Popliteal cysts]. PMID- 6639635 TI - [Zielke's ventral derotation spondylodesis for surgical scoliosis treatment]. PMID- 6639637 TI - [Bone densitometry: using the axial Isotom tomograph on healthy and diseased navicular bone in horses in vitro]. PMID- 6639638 TI - [Podotrochlosis--significance and incidence of X-ray-determined changes in the navicular bone]. PMID- 6639639 TI - [Respiratory complications during anesthesia in the horse]. PMID- 6639640 TI - [Field study of anthelmintic resistance of strongylids in horses]. PMID- 6639641 TI - Hydrodynamic studies on the association of cytochrome P-450. AB - Extended ultracentrifugation experiments have been performed on cytochrome P-450 LM2 from rabbit liver microsomes to analyse the behaviour of this membrane protein. The sedimentation coefficients and molecular weights vary between 11 S and 19 S and 350,000 and 700,000, respectively. No concentration dependence of these values could be observed between 0.3 microM 5.0 microM protein. The sedimentation coefficients and molecular weights appear to correlate with the heme content. Partial loss of heme leads to formation of aggregates of higher molecular weight. Analysis of the distribution of sedimentation coefficients clearly reveals the heterogeneity of the individual samples with values ranging from about 8 to 23 S. Thus, the smallest particle in the associate mixture of the enzyme consists of at most 3 monomers. PMID- 6639642 TI - Kinetics of elementary steps in the cytochrome P-450 reaction sequence. V. Laser temperature-jump investigation of the spin relaxation kinetics of cytochrome P 450 LM2. AB - The cytochrome P-450 LM2 spin state relaxation kinetics has been resolved by means of laser temperature-jump techniques. The first order rate constants amount to about 10(6) S-1 in the substrate-free and the substrate-bound protein, respectively. Evidence is provided that the spin equilibrium preequilibrates the P-450 reduction but is not rate-limiting. Additional capacitor discharge temperature-jump studies elucidate substrate dependent perturbations. PMID- 6639643 TI - Theory of the magnetic properties of ferric hemoproteins: development of a 4-term ligand field model. AB - A ligand field 4-term model is used to calculate the g-values and the magnetic moments of ferric hemoproteins. The 4-term model allows the common description of the magnetic properties of high spin and low spin hemoproteins with the same approach. The model includes the four energetic lowest cubic terms (6A1, 2T2, 4T1, 4T2) which are mixed by ligand field components of axial and rhombic symmetry and by spin-orbit coupling. Especially the g-values of the high spin cytochrome P-450 LM4 and of the low spin cytochrome P-450 LM2 were simulated and compared with the results of a 3-term model (without 4T2) earlier developed by Ristau [5, 6]. The multiterm model is also suitable to calculate the magnetic properties of spin-mixed ferric hemoproteins with ligand field strengths in the crossover region of ground states. PMID- 6639644 TI - [The primary structure of hemoglobins from the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Cetacea)]. AB - Only one hemoglobin component was found in the bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus, Cetacea). The alpha and beta chains were separated by chromatography on CM-52 cellulose. The complete primary structures of both chains were established by automatic Edman degradation of the chains and the tryptic peptides. The alignment was done by homology with alpha und beta chains of adult human hemoglobin. A comparison of these two hemoglobins shows an exchange of 22 amino acid residues in the alpha chains and of 20 in the beta chains which corresponds to the phylogenetic distance between primates and cetacea. In the surroundings of the heme we found one substitution in the beta chains. In the alpha 1 beta 1 subunit interphase three and four residues are exchanged respectively in the alpha and beta chains. The possible influence of two exchanges in the alpha 1 beta 2 contact region (alpha 38 (C3) Thr leads to Ser and alpha 44 (CD2) Pro leads to Ser) on the oxygen affinity is discussed. Compared with hemoglobins of terrestrial mammals the primary structure of dolphin hemoglobin shows no amino acid substitutions, which alter the function of the molecule significantly. The adaptation to hypoxic conditions during diving is regulated by other mechanisms. PMID- 6639645 TI - How many base-pairs per turn does DNA have in solution and in chromatin? An answer from wide-angle X-ray scattering. AB - Experimental excess wide-angle X-ray scattering curves from DNA in solution, from Na-DNA crystallites in mother-liquor, from mononucleosomes in solution and from nucleosome core histone complexes are compared with each other and with calculated excess scattering curves of DNA with variable number of base-pairs per turn. The DNA in the Na-DNA crystallites and in the mononucleosomes has on average the canonical B-conformation which is well-known from fibre-diagrams with 10 base-pairs per turn and a rise of 0.34 nm per base-pair. The averaged structure of DNA in solution differs from this conformation. The model which fits best this structure has 10.8 base-pairs per turn and a rise of 0.34 nm per base pair. PMID- 6639646 TI - [Asymmetrical content of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N methyltransferase in the adrenals of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats]. AB - The enzymatic activities of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) were determined in adrenals of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and controls of the Wistar-Kyoto-strain (WKY) of different ages. In SHR of all examined age groups (10, 14 and 26 weeks) lower enzyme activities were found than in WKY rats of the same ages. That was more evident for PNMT than for DBH, SHR show a clear asymmetric distribution or PNMT with higher values in the left adrenals. This concerns 10, 14 and 26-week old animals. An asymmetric distribution of DBH with higher values in the right adrenals were shown only in 14 and 26 weeks old rats. The asymmetric distribution was generally more obvious in SHR. This fact could be related to changes in the control of the connections between hypophysis and adrenals during development of hypertension. PMID- 6639647 TI - PAGE-autoradiography of fucose incorporation into rat hippocampal glycoproteins after acquisition of a brightness discrimination. AB - Male rats aged 8 weeks received intraventricular injections of 100 microCi (3.7 MBq) L-[1-3H] fucose each, 7 h after acquisition of a brightness discrimination task. Two, 8 and 24 h as well as 16, 29 and 60 days after injection of labelled fucose hippocampal tissue was prepared to obtain Tris-soluble, Triton-soluble and Triton-resistant fractions. Two and 8 h after application of [3H]fucose, the trained animals revealed an increased incorporation of fucose mainly into the Triton-soluble glycoproteins. However, it is considered that also material from the Tris-soluble fraction may be used as an additional precursor for Triton soluble glycoproteins. Quantitative analysis of autoradiographic densitograms obtained after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the occurrence of a training-related increase in fucose incorporation predominantly into the slow moving Triton-soluble glycoproteins. The latter exhibited a higher turnover rate than the faster-moving glycoproteins. For the longer incorporation times (days) after injection of labelled fucose, no differences were observed between trained animals and corresponding active and passive controls. PMID- 6639648 TI - [Cellular sensitization to fetal antigens during chemical carcinogenesis]. AB - Tumor-bearing mice show a cellular sensitization to fetal antigens as detected by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test. Sensitization is independent of etiological and histological tumor factors. An identical state of sensitization can be found after application of chemical carcinogens (N-methyl-N nitrosourea, benz(a)pyrene or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene) before the tumors have developed. The results indicate that the effect is dose-dependent. PMID- 6639649 TI - High field NMR study of antibiotic peptides: 1H assignment of trichorzianine A1 spectra by 2D experiments. AB - A new antibiotic peptide, trichorzianine A1, was isolated from a culture of Trichoderma harzianum. It contains 19 residues, the N terminus is blocked by an acetyl group and the C terminus is tryptophanol. As a first part of the structural study of this new peptide, we here present the analysis of the 1H NMR spectrum accomplished by 2 DJ resolved and spin echo correlated spectroscopy. PMID- 6639650 TI - Localization of phosphoprotein PP 105 in cell lines of various species. AB - The cellular location of phosphoprotein pp 105 was determined in various mouse cell lines with rabbit anti mouse pp 105 serum. Immunofluorescence was predominantly observed in the nucleoli in addition to a diffuse but weaker fluorescence of the whole nucleus. Cell surface fluorescence was obtained only with cells grown in suspension cultures. The presence of pp 105 in normal mouse tissue was demonstrated with tissue extracts by immunobinding assays. Cross reacting phosphoproteins with the same molecular weight were detected in hamster and human cell lines as well as in chicken cartilage cells and Drosophila embryonic cells. Endogenous phosphorylation of pp 105 studied with purified mouse nucleoli showed optimal activity at isotonicity, pH 8.7, in the presence of 10 mM magnesium. PMID- 6639651 TI - Detection of sequences with Z-DNA forming potential in higher plants. AB - Sequences of alternating purine-pyrimidine residues with Z-DNA forming potential have been detected in the nuclear DNA of two higher plant species: wheat and radish. Poly (dG-dT) and poly (dG-dC) stretches have been detected by hybridization of the corresponding nick-translated probes to Southern blots. These stretches are scattered throughout the genome and some of them belong to moderately repeated sequence families interspersed with other DNA sequences. PMID- 6639652 TI - Inhibition of tubulin assembly by antileprosy drug dapsone. AB - The effect of dapsone on assembly-disassembly process of bovine brain tubulin was examined. The drug was found to readily bind tubulin dimer and that in its presence colchicine binding to tubulin was enhanced. Although dapsone associated with tubulin at a site other than the colchicine binding site, distinct inhibition of microtubule assembly was detected. PMID- 6639653 TI - The intralysosomal pH in cultured human skin fibroblasts in relation to cystine accumulation in patients with cystinosis. AB - The intralysosomal pH in cultured skin fibroblasts from a patient with cystinosis and from control fibroblasts was estimated by the method of Hollemans et al. (Hollemans, M., Oude Elferink, R.P.J., de Groot, P.G., Strijland, A. and Tager, J.M. (1981) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 643, 140-151). 1. The intralysosomal pH in cystinotic fibroblasts (5.37 +/- 0.04; n = 12) was almost identical to that in the control fibroblasts (5.27 +/- 0.06; n = 10). 2. After depletion of cystine by pretreatment of cystinotic fibroblasts with 1 mM cysteamine, there was no significant change in the intralysosomal pH. Incubation of either cystinotic or control fibroblasts with higher concentrations of cysteamine (10 or 25 mM) led to an increase in intralysosomal pH similar to that seen with other weak bases. 3. The fractional volume of the lysosomes in cystinotic fibroblasts (0.100 +/- 0.012; n = 4) was higher than that in control fibroblasts (0.039 +/- 0.010; n = 4). 4. It is concluded, in contrast to Jonas et al. (Jonas, A.J., Smith, M.L. and Schneider, J.A. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 13185-13188), that the lysosomal proton-translocating ATPase (Okhuma, S., Moriyama, Y. and Takano, T. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 2758-2762) is not impaired in cystinotic fibroblasts. PMID- 6639654 TI - 5'-Terminal sequence of the mRNA of mouse whey acidic protein contains three possible sites of interaction with 18S rRNA. AB - The mRNA sequence of whey acidic protein, a major mouse milk protein, was cloned in full length. The sequence analysis of the cDNA clones revealed that the mRNA contains a 28 nucleotide-long 5'-noncoding region. Three different portions of this region were identified as possible sites of interaction with the 3'-end of 18S rRNA that may facilitate efficient rate of translation of the mRNA. PMID- 6639656 TI - Dual effects of calcium on the oxidation of fatty acids to ketone bodies in liver mitochondria. AB - The addition of calcium ions (Ca2+) to rat liver mitochondria, under conditions of rapid accumulation of 10-40 nmol Ca2+/mg protein, inhibited the oxidation of long and medium chain fatty acids to ketone bodies, whereas higher quantities of Ca2+ activated the process. The mitochondrial NADH:NAD ratio exhibited corresponding depression and elevation. Both inhibitory and stimulatory actions of Ca2+ were operative in liver mitochondria from fed and fasted rats and appear to be localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane-matrix region. These observations may signify involvement of Ca2+ in the regulation of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. PMID- 6639655 TI - A molecular model for the exobilayer portion of the alpha-subunit of the acetylcholine receptor with binding sites for acetylcholine and non-competitive antagonists. AB - A molecular model for the exobilayer portion of the alpha-subunit of the acetylcholine receptor is presented. Binding sites for an acetylcholine and non competitive antagonists are indicated. PMID- 6639657 TI - A novel thrombin enhancement factor in human plasma. AB - A protein has been isolated from human plasma by gel filtration followed by affinity chromatography with a derivative of wheat germ agglutinin and ion exchange chromatography. This protein showed one peak in high performance liquid chromatography but in gel electrophoresis, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and beta-mercaptoethanol, revealed two major components of 74 kDa and 55 kDa. These results indicate that the protein probably exists as a complex of the two polypeptides. This protein complex enhanced platelet aggregation by thrombin while aggregation induced by ADP was not significantly affected. Similarly, the rate of thrombin action on fibrinogen and N-benzoylarginine ethyl ester as measured in a spectrophotometer was increased in the presence of this plasma protein. These results suggest the presence of a protein complex in human plasma which can directly interact with thrombin and enhance its reactivity. PMID- 6639658 TI - Transformed liver cells have modified transplasma membrane redox activity which is sensitive to adriamycin. AB - Electron transport across the plasma membrane is found in all cells which have been tested. This activity has been implicated in control of cellular growth, transport and hormone response. In virus transformed cells and tumor cells we find the activity is decreased and becomes sensitive to the antitumor drug adriamycin. Inhibition of transmembrane redox by adriamycin parallels cytoxicity to transformed cells. PMID- 6639659 TI - The role of acyl transferase in the biosynthesis of pulmonary microsomal phosphatidylglycerol. AB - Dog lung microsome contain an enzymatic system capable of catalyzing the transfer of radiolabel from [14C]-acyl CoA, palmitoyl or oleoyl, to 1-acyl-2 lysophosphatidylglycerol thereby forming phosphatidylglycerol. This synthetic activity is consistent with a 1-acyl-2-lyso-phosphatidylglycerol:acyl-CoA acyl transferase. Kinetic analysis suggests the enzyme is preferentially, but not exclusively, orientated to the production of 1-acyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylglycerol. When enzymatic activity was examined with palmitoyl-CoA as the donor substrate and either 2-lysophosphatidylglycerol or 2 lysophosphatidylcholine as the acceptor substrates, the preferred product seemed to be phosphatidylglycerol. When the activity was examined with both acceptor substrates present, phosphatidylglycerol formation decreased while phosphatidylcholine formation increased. This observation may represent an effective control mechanism for the differential synthesis of pulmonary phospholipids, according to metabolic or physiological requirements. PMID- 6639660 TI - (2R,5R)-6-heptyne-2,5-diamine, an extremely potent inhibitor of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase. AB - It was previously shown that 5-hexyne-1,4-diamine is a potent enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase. However this compound has secondary pharmacological effects owing to its in vivo oxidation to 4-aminohex-5-ynoic acid, an irreversible inhibitor of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. The first step of this oxidation is catalysed by mitochondrial monamine oxidase. The monomethyl and dimethyl analogues of 5-hexyne-1,4-diamine, i.e. 6-heptyne-2,5-diamine and 2-methyl-6-heptyne-2,5-diamine, which cannot be substrate of monoamine oxidase, were tested as selective irreversible inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase. Our results demonstrate that (2R,5R)-6-heptyne-2,5 diamine is greater than 10 times more potent, both in vitro and in vivo, than alpha-difluoromethylornithine, the most widely used irreversible inhibitor of this enzyme. PMID- 6639661 TI - A multigene family for the vasopressin-like hormones? Identification of mesotocin, lysipressin and phenypressin in Australian macropods. AB - Mesotocin ([Ile8]-oxytocin), lysipressin ([ Lys8]-vasopressin) and phenypressin ([Phe8]-vasopressin) have been identified in the western gray kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) as well as four other macropodids. Lysipressin and phenypressin, which differ by the amino acids in positions 2 (Tyr/Phe) and 8 (Lys/Arg) are likely products of two separate vasopressin-like genes. It is assumed that arginine vasopressin found in most mammals is the product of two identical genes which can be revealed in some species by differential mutations as seen usually in marsupials. The duality can also be revealed by differential mutations in another domain of the precursors, such as the neurophysin (MSEL-neurophysin), as observed in the ox. PMID- 6639662 TI - Differential regulation of high-affinity agonist binding to muscarinic sites in the rat heart, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. AB - The muscarinic agonist [3H]cismethyldioxolane ([3H]CD) was used to characterize the effects of regulators upon high-affinity agonist binding sites of the rat heart, cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Comparative studies with sodium ions (Na+), magnesium ions (Mg++), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and the guanine nucleotide Gpp(NH)p revealed tissue-specific effects. Mg++ preferentially enhanced while Gpp(NH)p and NEM reduced high-affinity [3H]CD binding in the heart and cerebellum. By comparison NEM enhanced high-affinity agonist binding in the cerebral cortex while Gpp(NH)p and Mg++ had little or no effect. Kinetic studies support an allosteric mechanism for these effects and provide further evidence for muscarinic receptor subtypes in mammalian tissues. PMID- 6639663 TI - Positive cooperativity in binding carbon monoxide to hemocyanin. AB - The binding of carbon monoxide to hemocyanin from the crab Scylla serrata has been studied by thin layer optical absorption and front face fluorescence techniques. The binding to the monomeric form is completely noncooperative whereas the binding to the native oligomeric form is found to be weakly but definitely cooperative. An analysis based on the MWC model of the oxygen and carbon monoxide binding curves indicates that the allosteric constant, L, describing the equilibrium between the 2 unligated forms is different for each ligand. This implies that at least 3 allosteric forms are needed to characterize the binding of oxygen and carbon monoxide to this hemocyanin. PMID- 6639665 TI - Fourier transform infrared spectra of cells treated with the drug adriamycin. AB - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) is used to study the interaction of adriamycin molecule with DNA and/or cells. For the drug-DNA complexes, the data show that adriamycin interacts not only with the bases pair but also with the sugar-phosphate of DNA within intercalating process. In the case of treated tumor cells, spectra suggest that adriamycin could be interacting also with the proteins of the membrane. The obtained results show that FT-IR is a powerful technique in the study of biological system, say cells. PMID- 6639664 TI - Heme binding and substrate-protected cysteine residues in P-450cam. AB - Reactions of the Pseudomonas putida cytochrome P-450-substrate complex or enzyme alone with 14C-labeled iodoacetic acid have been investigated at pH 7.0. After subsequent conversion of all of the cysteine residues to S-beta carboxymethylcysteinyl residues, tryptic peptides of the derivative were separated by either high performance liquid chromatography or two dimensional electrophoresis, and their amino acid compositions and partial sequences were determined. All but cysteine residue-134 reacted to some extent. This result implicated residue-134 as the thiol group which is the axial heme ligand since the heme was intact in all of the derivatives made. Reaction of the enzyme substrate complex with "cold" iodoacetic acid followed by substrate removal and reaction with 14C-labeled iodoacetic acid resulted in radiolabeling of mainly cysteine-240. This suggested cysteine-240 to be an active site cysteine residue. PMID- 6639666 TI - Identification of thyroglobulin mRNA sequences in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of cultured thyroid cells: a post-transcriptional effect of thyrotropin. AB - Cytoplasmic and nuclear RNA were isolated from porcine thyroid cells cultured with or without thyrotropin. After denaturation by glyoxal-DMSO treatment, the RNAs were analyzed on agarose gels, transferred onto nitrocellulose filters and hybridized with a [32P]-labelled thyroglobulin cDNA clone. In the cytoplasmic RNA a single mature thyroglobulin mRNA molecule (9 Kb) was present whereas in the nuclear RNA several molecular species (24 to 3.3 Kb) were identified. In the nucleus only the 9 Kb mRNA was polyadenylated. In cytoplasmic preparations the level of mature thyroglobulin mRNA was two-fold higher when cells were cultured with thyrotropin. In nuclear preparations only the level of the mature transcript was affected by the presence of thyrotropin, increasing relative to the concentration of the higher molecular weight species. These results suggest a hormonal effect at the post-transcriptional level that may serve to stabilize the mature mRNA molecule. PMID- 6639667 TI - DMSO is a substrate for chloroperoxidase. AB - Dimethyl sulfoxide has been used as a nonaqueous organic solvent in haloperoxidase reactions. However, it has been found that this solvent is not inert under chloroperoxidase reaction conditions, forming the halosulfoxide, the sulfone, and the halosulfone. The biological significance of this finding is briefly discussed. PMID- 6639668 TI - Changes in some rat hepatic microsomal components induced by prolonged administration of chloroquine. AB - Alterations in microsomal drug metabolizing enzymes and phospholipids following prolonged exposure to chloroquine have been investigated. The levels of microsomal aminopyrine-N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and both microsomal and cytosolic glutathione-S-transferase are reduced in treated rats. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase is unaffected by the treatment. An increase in the cholesterol phospholipid ratio and a decrease in the phosphocholine-sphingomyelin ratio occur. There is a general reduction in the total microsomal phospholipid level though the percentage content of sphingomyelin is higher in all cases. The reduction in microsomal phospholipid level is probably due to a reduced incorporation of acetate into microsomal phospholipids as shown in this study using radioactive sodium acetate. PMID- 6639669 TI - Effects of acyclovir and its metabolites on hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. AB - Acyclovir [9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine], a clinically useful anti herpesvirus agent, was a weak inhibitor (Ki = 190 microM) of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) from human erythrocytes. Nevertheless, this acyclic nucleoside analog was a more effective inhibitor than were its natural counterparts, guanosine (Ki = 1400 microM) and deoxyguanosine (Ki = 570 microM). The two oxidized metabolites of acyclovir, 9-carboxymethoxymethylguanine (Ki = 720 microM) and 8-hydroxy-9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (Ki greater than 2000 microM), were less inhibitory than was the parent drug. None of the phosphorylated metabolites of acyclovir was as potent an inhibitor of HGPRTase as was GMP (Ki = 4 microM). However, the Ki value for acyclovir monophosphate was similar to that of dGMP (12 microM). The Ki values for acyclovir diphosphate (8.3 microM) and triphosphate (30 microM) were less than those for dGDP (110 microM) and dGTP (140 microM). The levels of these phosphate esters of acyclovir in cultured monkey kidney (Vero) and human embryo fibroblast (WI38) cells exposed to therapeutic levels of the drug were well below the observed Ki values. However, in herpesvirus-infected WI38 cells the levels of the phosphate esters of acyclovir were high enough potentially to inhibit the enzyme. Although inhibition of this enzyme by the phosphorylated metabolites of acyclovir may occur in these infected cells, concentrations of the drug very much higher than the EC50 concentration were required to achieve inhibitory levels. It is, therefore, unlikely that this inhibition contributes significantly to the antiviral activity. PMID- 6639670 TI - Zinc effects on glutathione metabolism relationship to zinc-induced protection from alkylating agents. AB - Several aspects of the effects of zinc on the metabolism of glutathione were examined in the Chinese hamster cell (line CHO) and in three derived sublines which differ in their resistance to the thiol reactive heavy metal cadmium. In the parental CHO cell, which does not induce the synthesis of metallothionein in response to zinc, glutathione levels remained approximately constant during the first 6 hr of zinc exposure. In the resistant cell lines, which induce the synthesis of metallothionein in response to zinc, the glutathione levels dropped transiently during zinc exposure. In all cell lines except the most cadmium resistant line, the glutathione levels after 12 hr were increased up to 3-fold relative to pretreatment levels. Similarly, the glutathione S-transferase activity measured by the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene to glutathione was increased after 9-12 hr of zinc treatment in all except the most highly cadmium resistant cell line. Glutathione reductase was not affected consistently by zinc treatment; however, the level of activity of this enzyme in the most highly cadmium resistant line was two to three times greater than that observed in the other cell lines. These effects are considered in relation to the zinc-induced protection of these cells from the toxic effect of the alkylating agent melphalan. PMID- 6639672 TI - The formation and metabolism of N-hydroxymethyl compounds--IV. Cytotoxicity and antitumour activity of N-hydroxymethylformamide, a putative metabolite of N methylformamide (NSC 3051). AB - Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that N-hydroxymethylformamide (HMF) is the active metabolite of the antitumour agent N-methylformamide (NMF). In an in vitro bioassay against the TLX5 lymphoma HMF was more cytotoxic than NMF; this cytotoxicity was abolished by preincubating the TLX5 cells with semicarbazide, a formaldehyde trapping agent. Similarly, the inhibition of incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine, uridine, formate and leucine into TLX5 cells elicited by HMF was eliminated by preincubation of the cells with semicarbazide. HMF is considerably less toxic to tumour-bearing BDF1 mice than NMF and, unlike NMF, does not reduce hepatic glutathione levels in vivo. HMF has no inhibitory activity against the TLX5 lymphoma or the Sarcoma 180 in mice in vivo and only marginal activity against the M5076 reticulum cell sarcoma; these tumours are highly sensitive to NMF. However, like NMF, HMF inhibits growth of the human mammary tumour MX-1 implanted in the subrenal capsule of mice. PMID- 6639671 TI - Regulation of intestinal cytochrome P-450 and heme by dietary nutrients. Critical role of selenium. AB - The intestinal cytochrome P-450 (I-P-450)-dependent mixed function oxidase (MFO) system is regulated to a remarkable extent by various ingested xenobiotics, including drugs and carcinogens, as well as dietary nutrients. Accordingly, acute dietary iron deprivation is found to result in a marked decrease in I-P-450 content and activity. This decrease is most pronounced in the villous tip cells, the very cells committed to absorption of ingested materials. We investigated the mechanistic basis for such acute reduction and report that iron was not only required as a co-substrate for I-P-450 heme formation, but also as a regulator of two key heme-synthetic enzymes, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and ferrochelatase. In addition, our studies revealed that dietary deprivation of selenium for a single day dramatically reduced I-P-450-dependent MFO activity. This prompt reduction apparently reflects impaired I-P-450 formation resulting from lowered ferrochelatase activity and consequently decreased intestinal heme availability, and was not a consequence of intracellular peroxidation presumably enhanced by concomitant lowering of the seleno-dependent glutathione peroxidase. Thus, we report the novel observation that dietary selenium also appears to be a critical modulator of intestinal cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism of ingested drugs, carcinogens, and toxins that are absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. PMID- 6639674 TI - Selenium and drug metabolism--I. Multiple modulations of mouse liver enzymes. AB - Male albino mice were raised on diets containing less than 10 ppb selenium (Se-) or supplemented with 0.5 ppm selenium (Se+) for 6 months. In the (Se-) group total liver selenium was less than 10% of the control, liver selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) less than 2%. The specific activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase showed essentially no differences between the dietary groups. Several phase I-related specific enzyme activities were measured in liver microsomes. No significant differences between the two animal groups were found for cytochrome P-450 and b 5 content, NADH-cytochrome b 5 reductase, as well as for aniline hydroxylation and aminopyrine dealkylation rates. In (Se-) microsomes, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity was about half that found in (Se+) microsomes. An increase in microsomes from (Se-) mice was found for 7 ethoxycoumarine deethylation rate (460%), cytochrome P-450 hydroperoxidase activity (170%), and heme oxygenase (276%). The N-oxidation rate of the flavin containing monooxygenase decreased by 35%, the N-demethylation rate by 50% in (Se ) animals. Stopped-flow measurements of the reduction rates of microsomal pigments did not support evidence for limitations in microsomal electron supply during selenium deficiency. Among the phase II reactions examined, sulfotransferase activity towards 4-nitrophenol was 47% of the controls in Se deficient liver cytosols while UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards this substrate increased to 215%. Glutathione-S-transferase activity was much higher in (Se-) livers than in (Se+): 310% with 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, 255% with 1 chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and 120% with ethacrynic acid as substrate. The data indicate that in addition to GSH-Px many other enzyme activities in mouse liver are affected by prolonged dietary selenium deficiency. These effects might be useful in assessing the severity of selenium deficiency. A microsomal selenium dependent metabolic modulator is discussed as a possible mechanism. PMID- 6639673 TI - Metabolism of cocaine and norcocaine to N-hydroxynorcocaine. AB - The mixed function oxidase system of mouse liver microsomes converts norcocaine to N-hydroxynorcocaine (NHNC). This metabolite can be measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an electrochemical detector. Experiments with inducers and inhibitors suggested that the cytochrome P-450 system was responsible for most of the formation of NHNC. NHNC was relatively unstable under physiological conditions, with a T 1/2 of 17 min at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees. HPLC with the electrochemical detector was also used to demonstrate the formation of NHNC in vivo when mice were injected with norcocaine or cocaine. PMID- 6639675 TI - Acinar heterogeneity in hepatic transport of dibromosulfophthalein and ouabain studied by autoradiography, normal and retrograde perfusions and computer simulation. AB - This study is aimed to investigate the relative involvement of periportal (zone 1) and perivenous (zone 3) hepatocytes in the uptake and biliary excretion of the organic anion dibromosulfophthalein (DBSP) and the uncharged cardiac-glycoside ouabain. The localization in the acinus of [35S]BSP (sulfobromophthalein, the tetra-bromo-analogue of DBSP) and [3H]ouabain administered to livers perfused with normal and retrograde flow, was detected by autoradiography. The plasma disappearance and biliary excretion rates of DBSP and [3H]ouabain were determined in normal and retrograde perfusions. In addition, computer simulations were performed to predict the effect of reversal of the perfusate flow on the plasma disappearance and biliary excretion rate curves and on the concentration of label in zones 1 and 3. Autoradiography showed that 2 and 10 min after injection of [35S]BSP to normally and retrogradely perfused livers, the label was uniformly distributed in the liver acinus. The same results were found 30 sec and 10 min after injection of [3H]ouabain to normally and retrogradely perfused livers. The plasma disappearance and biliary excretion rate of DBSP were slightly faster in retrograde perfusions compared to normal perfusions both with and without a basal bile salt infusion of 15 mumole/hr. This could not be explained by an acinar heterogeneity with respect to any of the DBSP transport steps (plasma to liver, liver to plasma, liver to bile) as was shown by computer simulations. The plasma disappearance and biliary excretion rate of ouabain were similar in normal and retrograde perfusions. It is concluded that periportal and perivenous hepatocytes are equally involved in the uptake of (D)BSP and ouabain from the medium. However, due to the particular distribution patterns no conclusions can be drawn from normal and retrograde perfusions about the relative involvement of these cells in biliary excretion, as was shown by computer simulation. The unaffected kinetic behaviour of the retrogradely perfused livers indicated that no liver damage occurs during retrograde perfusion with respect to transport function. PMID- 6639676 TI - In vivo inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis in the rat by cyclandelate (3,3',5 trimethylcyclohexanylmandelate). AB - Rates of hepatic lipogenesis were measured in vivo in rats by incorporation into lipids of [3H] from injected [3H]H2O 17 hr after a single oral dose of cyclandelate (3,3',5-trimethylcyclohexanylmandelate, a vasoactive substance). Cyclandelate administration resulted in a significant inhibition (40-60%) of both sterol and fatty acid synthesis in the livers which was independent of the 3.2 fold diurnal variation in the rates of hepatic sterol and fatty acid synthesis. The inhibition of accumulation of newly synthesized fatty acid in intestine also reached statistical significance. The accumulation of newly synthesized sterol was significantly depressed in serum but did not result in any change in the concentration of serum total cholesterol. These results are interpreted in terms of the inhibitory effect of cyclandelate on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase previously reported by us (Biochem. Pharmac. 32, 649, 1983). PMID- 6639677 TI - Ethanol metabolism in heavy drinkers after massive and moderate alcohol intake. AB - Some alcoholics have a regular daily alcohol consumption of more than 100 g. In preliminary observations we had the impression that the claimed alcohol intake in such 'heavy drinkers' was higher than could be accounted for by the ethanol elimination rate as measured routinely at 10 mmol/l (0.5 g/l). We therefore measured the ethanol elimination rate at very high blood ethanol concentrations of 40-80 mmol/l (2-4 g/l) found in eight alcoholics following heavy alcohol intake by measuring the falling blood ethanol concentrations until being less than 1 mmol/l. The elimination rate, on average 83 mumol/min per 1 blood, was about 49% higher than the elimination rate measured at 10 mmol/l in the same subject, being on average 58 mumol/min per 1/blood (paired t-test, P less than 0.05). The elimination rate following the high initial ethanol concentrations remained high until the concentration was below 5 mmol/l. Calculations of elimination rates are based on a number of assumptions concerning the physiologic and metabolic conditions. We examined specifically if the concentration-time curves could be adequately described by assuming metabolism according to a Michaelis-Menten pathway with a low Km value (simulating alcoholdehydrogenase with Km 0.2 mmol/l) or by assuming metabolism by two pathways with an alternative high-Km pathway with Km about 10 mmol/l. It was not necessary, in the statistical analysis, to include an alternative high-Km pathway. On the other hand, the data does give room for up to 50% elimination via such alternative pathways. The elimination rate at the high concentrations corresponded roughly to the claimed daily alcohol intake; furthermore the measured elimination rate at the lower concentrations were similar to values in non-alcoholics. PMID- 6639678 TI - Evaluation of monooxygenase induction as a means of enhancing the yield of the rat liver cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme with high affinity for cimetidine. AB - The binding of cimetidine to liver microsomes prepared from untreated rats and rats pretreated with phenobarbitone or 3-methylcholanthrene has been investigated by difference spectroscopy and equilibrium partition methods. In M/15 phosphate buffer, pH 7.9, microsomes from each group of rats yielded markedly biphasic spectral binding curves, which have been interpreted in terms of two independent classes of cytochrome P-450 site with widely differing binding affinities for the drug. Support for such interpretation was provided by the finding that the spectral binding curve for a purified sample of the principal cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme from liver microsomes of phenobarbitone-pretreated rats could be described adequately by a single rectangular hyperbolic relationship, the spectral dissociation constant being indistinguishable experimentally from that for the weaker class of cytochrome P-450 binding site in the corresponding microsomes. The spectral dissociation constants were 2 microM and 80 microM for microsomes from untreated rats; 44 microM and 540 microM for those from phenobarbitone-pretreated rats; and 34 microM and 540 microM for microsomes from rats pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene. On this basis, both classes of P-450 site in the microsomes from rats subjected to either pretreatment exhibited lower affinity for cimetidine than their counterparts in microsomes from untreated rats. Equilibrium partition studies of the higher-affinity class of microsomal binding site for cimetidine showed that the twofold increase in the cytochrome P 450 content of microsomes effected by 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment was more than offset by a diminished proportion of the total cimetidine-binding capacity present as the higher-affinity, pharmacologically significant, receptor (18%, cf. 48% in control microsomes); and that phenobarbitone pretreatment resulted in replacement of the high-affinity receptor by one with a threefold weaker cimetidine-binding affinity. Thus the use of these monooxyginase inducers to enhance the cytochrome P-450 content of liver microsomes would seem to offer little potential in the isolation of the isoenzyme with high affinity for cimetidine. PMID- 6639679 TI - The plasma clearance of indocyanine green in rats with acute renal failure: effect of dose and route of administration. AB - The pharmacokinetics of various doses (1-7.5 mg/kg i.v.) of indocyanine green (ICG) have been studied in control rats and rats with glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF). The pharmacokinetic changes seen at a dose of 1 mg/kg, after jugular vein administration, were significant decreases in uraemic rats in the rate of entry of ICG into the liver (k12) and in the rate of movement of dye from liver to plasma (k21). Greater and more numerous changes in pharmacokinetic parameters were recorded in experiments conducted using 4.0 and 7.5 mg/kg ICG. The results from these experiments showed that in addition to significant decreases in k12 and k21 there was a significant reduction in the rate constant for transfer of dye from liver to bile (k23). These changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in plasma clearance. In a separate series of experiments steps were taken to reduce the degree of uraemia produced by glycerol injection. The findings from these experiments showed no significant pharmacokinetic differences between control and mildly uraemic animals after administration of a dose of 7.5 mg/kg ICG. This suggests that the kinetic changes described above were a consequence of renal failure and not a direct hepato-toxic effect of glycerol. PMID- 6639680 TI - Sex- and substrate-dependent effects of the thyroid gland on drug metabolism in the rat. PMID- 6639681 TI - The metabolism of O-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptophol in the rat. PMID- 6639682 TI - The effects of metal ions on the binding of a new alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist radioligand (3H)-RX 781094 in rat cerebral cortex. PMID- 6639683 TI - Formation of bilirubin monoglucuronide and diglucuronide in isolated rat hepatocytes. Effect of spironolactone. AB - The formation of bilirubin monoglucuronide (BMG) and diglucuronide (BDG) was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes with appropriate viability. Isolated cells were obtained from normal rats and from rats pretreated with spironolactone (SP). A fixed number of cells (4.8 X 10(6)) was incubated in a medium containing uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA, 3.4 mM) and bilirubin (11.3 microM, 29 microM, 50 microM and 81 microM) for different time intervals (from 0 to 25 min). The pellet of cells and the supernatant fraction were subjected to alkaline methanolysis, and the proportions of BMG and BDG were estimated by thin-layer chromatography. No conjugates were detected at time O or in the absence of UDPGA in the incubation system. BMG and BDG were detected after 2 min of incubation and then they increased up to 15 min of incubation. Both conjugates were mostly found in the supernatant fraction, and a predominance of BMG was apparent. Normal cells also synthesized increasing amounts of BMG and BDG with the increase of bilirubin substrate concentration up to 50 microM. When hepatocytes from SP-treated rats were used, a more rapid rate of glucuronidation, that was mainly produced at the expense of BMG found in the supernatant fraction, was clear. The results probably indicate that enzymic conversion of BMG to BDG may be rate limiting in isolated hepatocytes although other possible mechanisms were not excluded. PMID- 6639684 TI - Regioselective O-methylation of tetrahydropapaveroline and tetrahydroxyberbine in vivo in rat brain. AB - Enzymatic O-methylation is a primary pathway for the metabolism of catecholamines in mammals and of isoquinoline alkaloids in plants. This report describes the differential O-methylation patterns of the racemates and enantiomers of two catecholamine-derived alkaloids, tetrahydropapaveroline (THP) and 2,3,10,11 tetrahydroxyberbine (THB), in the brain of the rat. One hour after intracerebroventricular administration of a specific isomeric form of each alkaloid, the O-methylated metabolites were isolated from the rat brain and subsequently quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. The isomeric form of THP or THB which was administered markedly influenced the pattern of O-methylation. The racemate and R-(+)-enantiomer of THP were mono-O methylated predominantly at the 7 and 3' positions, while the S-(-)-enantiomer of THP was mono-O-methylated to an essentially equal degree at the 6, 7 and 3' positions. Minimal mono-O-methylation at the 4' position was detectable only with the racemate and (-)-enantiomer of THP. The racemate and enantiomers of THB were mono-O-methylated predominantly at the 2 and 11 positions and to a lesser extent at the 3 and 10 positions. Although minimal with the R-(+)-enantiomer, the 3 and the 10-O-methylation pathways were enhanced significantly with the S-(-) enantiomer of THB. These results demonstrate that both enantiomers of THP and THB are O-methylated in vivo in rat brain and that the chiral centers of these alkaloids influence the position of O-methylation, thereby dictating the relative amounts of specific products formed. PMID- 6639685 TI - Effects of phenobarbitone and phenytoin on folate catabolism in the rat. AB - The effects of phenobarbitone and phenytoin on the catabolism of oral [2-14C] and [3',5',7,9-3H] folic acid were investigated. Normal rats were found to excrete an excess of 3H-labelled compounds into the urine and 14C-labelled compounds into the faeces. Phenytoin abolished this urinary 3H imbalance and also delayed and prolonged the overall excretion of radioactive material. Phenobarbitone appeared to increase the amounts of urinary scission products in the first 24 hr but over the 0-72 hr period both anticonvulsants decreased folate polyglutamate catabolism. As the anticonvulsants used in these experiments decreased folate catabolism in the rat it is unlikely that the megaloblastic anaemia caused by chronic anticonvulsant therapy is due to induction of the enzymes responsible for folate breakdown in vivo. PMID- 6639687 TI - Further studies of the response of kidney lysosomes to aminoglycosides and other cations. AB - Rat renal cortical lysosomes were isolated in 0.3 M sucrose containing 1 mM EDTA by differential centrifugation. Lysosomes were incubated in isotonic sucrose or isotonic glycine with various concentrations of endogenous and exogenous compounds at 37 degrees for 1 hr. Lysosomes were resedimented, and the N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity was measured in the supernatant fraction and the disrupted pellet and the percentage of total NAG released was calculated. Gentamicin and its C1 and C2 components had similar potencies for inhibiting NAG release from lysosomes at low concentrations. The release of alpha-galactosidase and beta-galactosidase from lysosomes was also inhibited by streptomycin and gentamicin. Mepacrine at low concentrations stabilized lysosomes and at high concentrations disrupted lysosomes. This drug also enhanced the effect of low concentrations of gentamicin on lysosomes. Inositol hexaphosphoric acid was a potent antagonist of the effect of low concentrations of gentamicin and mepacrine on lysosomes. Rats were treated with gentamicin at doses of 40, 80 and 160 mg/kg for 1 and 3 days. NAG excretion in gentamicin-treated groups as compared to saline controls was unchanged at day 1. Only the 160 mg/kg treatment group showed a tendency toward elevated renal cortical NAG at day 1 (P less than 0.06). All treatment groups had elevated renal cortical NAG at day 3, while the 160 mg/kg group also had elevated NAG excretion. Lysine, arginine, L-canavanine and polymyxin B all affected NAG release from lysosomes in vitro. Lysine enhanced the disruptive effect of high gentamicin concentrations on lysosomes. Ferric and ferrous ions, tested over widely varied concentrations, inhibited NAG release at low concentrations while enhancing NAG release at high concentrations. We therefore conclude that the nephrotoxicity of aminoglycoside and other endogenous and exogenous renally excreted cationic compounds may be produced by their effects on lysosomes in the proximal renal tubule. PMID- 6639686 TI - Selective inhibition of rat pulmonary monooxygenase by O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate treatment. AB - The effects of oral administration of O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS), an impurity present in widely used organophosphorus insecticides, were studied using pulmonary and hepatic microsomal enzymes of rats. The animals were treated with OOS at 10,20 and 40 mg/kg, and were killed on day 3 after treatment. Their relative lung weights increased markedly at 20 and 40 mg/kg, increasing 94% at the highest dose, whereas the weight of liver decreased. At 20 mg/kg OOS, the cytochrome P-450 content of the lung and liver decreased to 83 and 80% of the control levels respectively. Pulmonary microsomal 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-Ec) O deethylase decreased in a dose-dependent manner; activities were less than 10% of control at the 40 mg/kg dose. The activity of pulmonary coumarin hydroxylase also decreased following OOS treatment, but the decrease was not dose-dependent since no activity was detectable at doses over 10 mg/kg. In contrast, the effect of OOS treatment on hepatic monooxygenase activity was moderate. 7-Ec deethylase activity was not affected by OOS treatment at any dose level, while p nitroanisole (p-NA) demethylase activity was decreased only at the 40 mg/kg dose of OOS. Pulmonary malathion carboxylesterase activity was not affected by OOS treatment. In contrast, a dose-dependent decrease was observed in the liver carboxylesterase. Time course effects of OOS treatment on these parameters were examined by treating rats at 20 mg/kg. The animals were killed 0.5, 1,3 and 7 days after the treatment. The 7-Ec deethylase activity of pulmonary microsomes was decreased on days 0.5, 1 and 3 after treatment, the maximum decrease being observed on day 1. Significant decreases were not observed in hepatic microsomal activities of 7-Ec deethylase or p-nitroanisole demethylase throughout the experimental period; rather, these activities were higher on day 7. Hepatic microsomal malathion carboxylesterase was lower on days 0.5, 1 and 3 after OOS treatment. PMID- 6639688 TI - A study on the binding of diazepam to serum albumins by T1 NMR measurements. PMID- 6639689 TI - Oxidation of [14C]diethylstilbestrol epoxide by uterine peroxidase: a possible protective mechanism. PMID- 6639691 TI - 3'-(3-Cyano-4-morpholinyl)-3'-deaminoadriamycin: a new anthracycline with intense potency. PMID- 6639690 TI - On the metabolic origin of plasmatic indole-3-acetic acid in the rat. PMID- 6639692 TI - The role of hypertension in the vascular disease and myocardial infarcts associated with murine systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - The several kinds of mice that spontaneously develop acute systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)--BXSB males, MRL/l males and females, and (NZB X W)F1 females -have a 15-20% incidence of degenerative vascular disease (DVD) and myocardial infarcts (MI) in which the affected coronaries contain deposits of immunoreactants, presumably in the form of immune complexes. Among the F1 hybrid crosses of SLE mice, only the (NZW X BXSB)F1, (W X B)F1 male has a significantly higher incidence of DVD/MI (80%). Search for possible causes of this high incidence of myocardial infarcts revealed several unique features of this mouse: hypertension, thrombocytosis, and early onset of circulating immune complexes and glomerulonephritis. Our attempts to prevent this DVD/MI focused on: reduction of hypertension, prevention of thrombosis, and immunosuppression. Immunosuppression by Cytoxan resulted in almost complete prevention of both the SLE disease and DVD/MI. Administration of bretylium, an antihypertensive and anti-arrhythmic agent, resulted in reduction of blood pressure and the severities of glomerulonephritis, DVD, and MI; it also slightly reduced the levels of circulating immune complexes and leukocytosis. Of the 4 antithrombotic agents used, only aspirin showed some reduction in the incidence of DVD/MI and delay of glomerulonephritis-associated mortality. PMID- 6639694 TI - On the design of the Phase III drug trial. The example of rheumatoid arthritis. AB - No new drug can be marketed in the United States unless a favorable risk-benefit ratio has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Food and Drug Administration. Inspection of the fashion in which this is accomplished with reference to rheumatoid arthritis reveals shortcomings in form and substance. Ten issues of design are isolated and options discussed. One design suggested, as a compromise, is 2 20-center trials to supplant late Phase II and Phase III trials. At each center a single investigator evaluates at least a 10-subject, highly selected cohort over 6 months in a 2-drug or a 2-drug plus placebo double-blind format. The active drug versus active drug component of the program will be pivotal in analysis. Advantages include expedience, lower cost, effective detection of short-term stratum-specific toxicity and of investigator bias, and absence of compromise in beta error. With such data and with emphasis on the beta error, the risk-benefit judgment will be more meaningful. Formalized Phase IV monitoring is proposed to detect infrequent or delayed toxicities. PMID- 6639693 TI - Assessment of patient satisfaction in activities of daily living using a modified Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. AB - Patient satisfaction in performing activities of daily living (ADL) was assessed by using a self-administered questionnaire modified from the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). The HAQ includes questions to determine a patient's degree of difficulty and need for help and assistive devices in ADL. A modification of the HAQ (MHAQ) was developed to include questions concerning perceived patient satisfaction regarding the same ADL, along with perceived change in degree of difficulty. In order to add additional questions while maintaining the length of the questionnaire in a format suitable in routine care, the number of ADL included in the MHAQ was reduced from 20 to 8. Information regarding degree of difficulty derived from 8 questions in the MHAQ is comparable with that derived from 20 questions in the HAQ. The response of a patient that a specific activity is associated with difficulty in functional capacity was not inevitably associated with the absence of patient satisfaction; 43.7% of patients responding "with some difficulty" and 19.1% of patients responding "with much difficulty" expressed satisfaction with their functional capacity. A major determinant of expression of patient satisfaction was perceived change in difficulty: 81.4% of patients noting that their function was "less difficult now," in contrast to 16.9% of patients responding "more difficult now," expressed satisfaction. These studies suggest that data regarding patient satisfaction and perceived change in difficulty can be assessed to more completely characterize patients' functional status in ADL. PMID- 6639695 TI - Connective tissue activation. XXVII. The behavior of skin fibroblasts from patients with scleroderma. AB - Four normal (NF) and 4 scleroderma skin fibroblast (SF) strains were compared with respect to 1) basal 14C-glucosamine and 35SO4-labeled glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis, 2) responsiveness to autacoid mediators, and 3) performance following maximal stimulation. Under basal conditions, SF synthesized and secreted 2-3 times more radioactive hyaluronic acid than the NF (P less than 0.001); molecular volume by gel chromatography was similar and suggested a high molecular weight product. SF were essentially as responsive to normal lymphoid and platelet factors as were NF. No consistent qualitative or quantitative differences in sulfated GAG synthesis were noted between the 2 groups of cells. Incubation of NF and SF with a false "core protein" such as p-nitrophenyl-beta-D xyloside suggested that synthesis of the core protein was rate limiting; SF and NF were equally facile in SO4-GAG chain synthesis in the presence of a beta xyloside. SF appear to retain in vitro a partially activated state for many generations, at least with respect to hyaluronic acid synthesis. PMID- 6639696 TI - A new model of osteoarthritis in rabbits. III. Evaluation of anti-osteoarthritic effects of selected drugs administered intraarticularly. AB - A battery of steroidal and nonsteroidal antirheumatic drugs and protease inhibitors were tested by intraarticular injection for effects on osteoarthritis of the knees of rabbits subjected to partial lateral meniscectomy and section of the sesamoid and collateral fibular ligaments. Among the standard drugs, only the glucocorticoid, triamcinolone hexacetonide, and the protease inhibitor, tranexamic acid, exhibited significant anti-osteoarthritic activity. An experimental drug, GPA 2163, also offered some protection against joint degeneration. The nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs had no effect on the development of osteoarthritis in the model. PMID- 6639697 TI - Hereditary chondrocalcinosis in a Mexican-American family. AB - In a study of 45 adults in a family of Mexican-Indian ancestry, it was found that 22 (49%) had joint symptoms resembling those of degenerative joint disease. Eleven family members had radiographic evidence of chondrocalcinosis, and 1 adult and 3 adolescents had clinical histories and examinations consistent with the familial arthropathy, but no radiographic evidence of disease. The cause of the arthritis in the affected family members is calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition. The mode of inheritance appears to be autosomal dominant with a high degree of penetrance. The disease is characterized by onset in the second to fifth decades of either episodes of acute inflammatory arthritis or degenerative joint disease. A unique finding of this study was a "halo" surrounding chondrocytes in 1 patient's cartilage, demonstrating loss of the proteoglycans. PMID- 6639698 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with Reiter's syndrome. PMID- 6639699 TI - Primary meningococcal arthritis and pseudogout in an elderly woman. PMID- 6639700 TI - Gout in Heberden's nodes. PMID- 6639701 TI - Charcot-Leyden crystals in synovial fluid. PMID- 6639702 TI - 1983 convention program. November 15-20, 1983, Cincinnati. American Speech Language-Hearing Association. Abstracts. PMID- 6639703 TI - Improving language assessment in minority children. PMID- 6639704 TI - Projections of speech and hearing impairments to 2050. PMID- 6639705 TI - Effect of low density lipoprotein on glycosaminoglycan secretion by cultured human smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Influence of serum concentration and cell proliferation rate. AB - Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) secretion was studied in cultures of human fibroblasts and arterial smooth muscle cells. Supplementation of culture medium with whole human serum increased the secretion of GAG but this effect disappeared as cell density increased. Lipoprotein-free serum (LFS) supported cell growth but led to a decrease in GAG secretion and in cell cholesterol. Addition of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) to the medium containing 10% LFS produced increases in GAG secretion (200%) and cell cholesterol (300%) and a decrease (60%) in cell population. The effects of LDL were considerably smaller in medium containing 5% LFS; this was related to the lower rate of proliferation in this medium, since there was a close relationship between rate of proliferation and stimulation of GAG secretion by LDL independent of serum concentration. In addition, fetal smooth muscle cells showed a qualitatively different response to LDL in 5% LFS, with a biphasic dose-response of GAG secretion and cell number. It is concluded that: (1) whole human serum stimulates GAG secretion by sparse cell cultures, (2) LFS can support cell growth but not GAG secretion, (3) LDL stimulates GAG secretion but has a cytotoxic effect, (4) the degree of GAG stimulation by LDL is dependent on the proliferative state of cells, (5) at low serum concentrations fibroblasts and fetal smooth muscle cells show differences in response to LDL which are not evident at higher serum concentration. PMID- 6639706 TI - Partial ileal bypass inhibits atherosclerosis in WHHL rabbits. AB - The effectiveness of partial ileal bypass (PIB) as a counter-measure against atherosclerosis was evaluated in WHHL rabbits. The effects of PIB and sham operation, each performed in five animals, on serum lipids, lipoproteins and plaque formation were investigated. PIB resulted in an immediate and sustained decrease of 52% (range 29-67%) in serum cholesterol, while sham operation had no effect. The main reduction was in LDL cholesterol; VLDL-cholesterol was lowered to a lesser extent. PIB also appeared to change the electrophoretic behaviour of total serum, very low density and low density lipoproteins. Plaque formation, measured 30 weeks after operation in various aortic segments and arteries, was significantly reduced after PIB. It is concluded that an induced lowering of serum cholesterol can prevent atherosclerosis in WHHL rabbits. Also, these animals must be considered as a model for the receptor-defective cellular phenotype of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, not for the receptor negative type, which is the only truly genetically homozygous form. PMID- 6639707 TI - Changes in the density distribution of pig high density lipoproteins during incubation in vitro. Influence of esterified cholesterol transfer activity. AB - Pig plasma, depleted of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) by ultracentrifugation, was incubated in vitro at 37 degrees C in the presence of 0.002 M parachlormercuriphenyl sulfonate, a chemical inhibitor of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. Incubation resulted in a consistent and significant shift in the density distribution of esterified cholesterol within the high density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction. After 24 h of incubation the esterified cholesterol in HDL of density greater than 1.125 g/ml was reduced by a mean of 28%, while that in HDL of density less than 1.125 g/ml was increased by a mean of 77%. Both the rate and the magnitude of this redistribution were markedly enhanced when the incubation mixture contained rabbit lipoprotein-free plasma, a rich source of the esterified cholesterol transfer protein. When pig plasma, depleted of VLDL and LDL, was subjected to rate zonal ultracentrifugation, the HDL in non-incubated samples eluted as a single symmetrical peak in a position comparable to that of human HDL3. After 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C the density of the HDL was reduced, with a peak midway between the positions of human HDL3 and HDL2. When VLDL- and LDL-depleted pig plasma were mixed with human lipoprotein-free plasma (also a source of esterified cholesterol transfer activity) and incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C, there was an even greater reduction in the density of pig HDL, which now eluted in a position comparable to that of human HDL2. It was concluded that the capacity of the esterified transfer protein to redistribute esterified cholesterol between different lipoprotein particles may be of importance in the process of HDL interconversion. PMID- 6639708 TI - The importance of the subendothelial connective tissue to the permeability of the neointimal barrier. AB - The thoracic aortas from two rabbits that had survived a single embolectomy catheter lesion for 2 years were studied by transmission electron microscopy after vital staining with Evans blue. An intimal thickening was formed inside the original internal elastic lamella in the re-endothelialized areas. Small blue areas in the ventral aortic wall showed intact endothelial cells covering an amorphous structureless subendothelial matrix. These observations indicate that endothelial cells do not form an effective barrier in the absence of differentiated subendothelial connective tissue. PMID- 6639709 TI - Relationship between aorta cholesterol content and plasma lipids in guinea pigs fed an atherogenic diet. AB - Guinea pigs fed a diet enriched with 0.5% cholesterol for 15 weeks developed a 25% increase in their aorta cholesterol content. This increase was positively correlated with the mass of all the LDL components, but inversely correlated with the mass of the VLDL phospholipids and triglycerides. No clear relationship was detected with the HDL constituents. The partial correlation coefficients suggested that the harmful influence of the LDL or VLDL cholesterol generally depends on the actual variation of the other components of the lipoproteins, with the exception of triglycerides. PMID- 6639710 TI - Saponins and plasma cholesterol. PMID- 6639711 TI - [Acetaminophen poisoning in children: a serious error in medical prescription]. PMID- 6639712 TI - [Behavior of infants offered semisolid food from a spoon]. PMID- 6639713 TI - [Coccidioidomycosis in the child]. PMID- 6639714 TI - [Meningeal coccidioidomycosis in children. Study of 5 cases]. PMID- 6639716 TI - [The advantages of a pediatric education in the training of a surgeon]. PMID- 6639715 TI - [Treatment of poisoning: antidotes and antagonists]. PMID- 6639717 TI - [Phenobarbital poisoning]. PMID- 6639718 TI - [Severe poisoning by phenobarbital caused by mistaken dosage in the tablets]. PMID- 6639719 TI - Comparison of acuity tests and pattern evoked potential criteria: two mechanisms underly acuity maturation in man. AB - A comparative study of acuity tests and pattern evoked potential (EP) criteria was performed on a total of 307 subjects, 214 of them at an age between 2 months post-term and 12 years. All were examined ophthalmologically prior to testing. It was shown that both psychophysical and EP estimated acuity improve in the same way until puberty. From birth to about 6 months a rapid improvement is found. This fast phase can probably be attributed to retinal morphological maturation. During this period a fair estimate of acuity can be obtained by determining the checksize that yields the largest EP; a conclusion of practical importance for screening. The subsequent slow improvement phase, which ends around puberty, is reflected in the development of the waveform of the pattern onset EP. Since it correlates with the growth of a spatial contrast specific component of extrastriate origin in the EP, the slow improvement phase most likely reflects maturation of central processes. PMID- 6639720 TI - Eye movements in the human fetus and newborn. AB - The human oculomotor system becomes active long before birth. At about 16 weeks (post-menstrual age) the first slow changes of eye position can be observed with the aid of real time ultrasonography. At 18-20 weeks more rapid eye movements are detectable. There is a gradual decline in the percentage of time spent in rapid and slow eye movements from 32-40 weeks. These eye movements are organized in episodes of activity, divided by episodes of quiescence which are at first unrelated to cyclical changes in other variables (such as breathing movements, body movements and fetal heart rate patterns). At about 36 weeks gestation, REM and non-REM episodes become linked with other changes and then represent behavioural states identical to those seen in the newborn infant. This organization of behavioral states in the fetus is identical with that found in preterm infants of comparable age. Opening of eyelids is difficult to see before birth but the existence of episodes of wakefulness seems most probable. Hence fetal eye movements will be in part related to wakefulness. In the newborn at term, the interval distributions of REMs during sleep and of scanning eye movements during wakefulness are statistically different. PMID- 6639721 TI - Development of fixation and pursuit eye movements in human infants. AB - Visual fixation and pursuit abilities of human infants were tested during their first year of life. Eye as well as head position was measured. Results show that the fixation of visual targets is accomplished by a head rotation accompanied by a series of small eye saccades. The number of these saccades increases with target eccentricity but progressively decreases with age. Pursuit of a moving visual target is performed by a smooth eye and head movement only if the target velocity is low. The maximum speed of pursuit progressively increases with age. The results are compatible with the relatively late development of the fovea. PMID- 6639722 TI - Measurement of visual acuity in human and monkey infants: the interface between laboratory and clinic. AB - The development of visual acuity has been studied in human and monkey (Macaca nemestrina) infants by a combination of preferential looking and operant techniques. Infants of both species demonstrate acuity of about 1 cycle/degree (20/600 Snellen equivalent) near birth. Acuity develops gradually in both species, reaching adult levels at 3-5 years in humans and about 1 year in monkeys. Amblyopiogenic conditions, such as strabismus, occur spontaneously in monkey infants as they do in human infants, and normal monkeys reared under deprivation conditions that mimic amblyopiogenic conditions in humans also become amblyopic. These results help to establish the infant monkey as an animal model for human visual development, and provide an important resource for sorting out the developmental causes of human amblyopia. Three major difficulties and limitations involved in the use of these techniques in clinical settings are described. These are that the testing must be done with standardized equipment by trained personnel; that it is not yet known which kinds of clinical cases can be most usefully evaluated; and that the inherent statistical limitations of the available techniques put them at the outer margin of efficiency for routine clinical use. PMID- 6639723 TI - Peripheral vision and optokinetic nystagmus in children with unilateral congenital cataract. AB - The vision of cats which were monocularly deprived during early infancy, of kittens, and of young human infants shares two limitations: detection in the nasal visual field is far poorer than detection in the temporal visual field, and optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is difficult to elicit when a pattern moves nasally to temporally. Here we report similar limitations on the vision of children who had a dense central cataract in one eye during early infancy. Extensive static perimetry with one of these children whose visual acuity was good in both eyes revealed that her threshold for detection all along the horizontal meridian was higher in her aphakic than in her normal eye, with this difference much more pronounced in the nasal visual field than in the temporal visual field. Three children who developed cataracts after 6 months of age showed no such discrepancy between thresholds in the temporal and nasal fields. We tested the symmetry of OKN in 12 children treated for unilateral congenital cataract. In every test of an aphakic (n = 4) or normal eye (n = 12), OKN occurred significantly more often when stripes moved temporally to nasally than when they moved nasally to temporally. In contrast, no asymmetry was observed in any of 13 children treated for traumatic cataracts incurred after 3 years of age. We conclude that children treated for unilateral congenital cataract, like young human infants and monocularly deprived cats, show asymmetric OKN and relatively poor detection in the nasal visual field. PMID- 6639724 TI - Optokinetic and spontaneous nystagmus in children with neurological disorders. AB - Binocular and monocular optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was examined with EOG recordings in 26 visually impaired children with neurological disorders, aged 2.5 months to 15 years. Spontaneous and/or latent nystagmus, complicating the assessment of OKN, was seen in 73% of the children. Binocular OKN in 21 patients with positive visual functions was symmetrical in 5 cases, asymmetrical in 12 cases and could not be elicited in 4 patients. Monocular OKN was nearly always asymmetrical, with usually a superiority of the temporal-to-nasal (TN) components. Five blind children, 4 of them cortically blind, showed positive binocular and monocular OKN, suggesting that neural control of OKN in humans may be at least partly independent of the cortex. This, together with results from some of the sighted patients, indicates that in humans, cortical and subcortical contributions to OKN, and particularly to monocular nasal-to-temporal (NT) OKN, may be more complicated than had been thought. PMID- 6639725 TI - Behavioural and electrophysiological measures of visual functions in children with neurological disorders. AB - The preferential looking (PL) technique, pattern visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and (simple) tests for visual field size were used to assess visual functions in 37 children with neurological disorders, ranging in age from 10 weeks to 15 years. PL acuities were obtained for 23 out of 32 patients tested (70%). Acuity was nearly always lower than normal, which often, but not always, was related to ophthalmological or neurological defects. Pattern VEPs were recorded in 7 patients. In 3 out of 4 patients, VEP 'acuity' was much lower than PL acuity, possibly due to spontaneous eye movements. One of two cortically blind children had positive pattern VEPs. Visual field defects were seen in 21 out of 23 children tested with a simple method using a pair of white balls. In only one third of these, the field defects could have been predicted by the neurological and/or ophthalmological conditions. In several cases, field size appeared to be affected by spontaneous and/or latent nystagmus. A simplified perimeter has been found very useful with children from the age of 4 years onwards. PMID- 6639726 TI - Visual testing with 'preferential looking' in mentally retarded children. AB - In 21 out of 26 children and young adults with mental retardation visual acuity could be successfully examined with operant preferential looking. There was a good correlation in this group of patients between ocular abnormalities demonstrated in an ophthalmological examination and the visual acuity results. PMID- 6639727 TI - Vision attention and discrimination in infants at risk and neurological outcome. AB - Visual behavior has been studied in 129 high risk infants in order to appreciate the value of eye opening, visual fixation and pursuit and visual discrimination in predicting permanent brain damage. The assessment of visual discrimination according to Fantz and Miranda, has proven to be particularly helpful after corrected term. These tests allow the detection of severe permanent neurological sequelae even when visual attention and neurological examination appear to be normal. Certainly, during the 3 first months of life, visual behavior is of more value to predict future neurological outcome than the classical neurological examination. PMID- 6639728 TI - Structural development of the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in monkey and man. AB - This study concerns the development of the primary visual pathway of the primate. The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the principal thalamic relay to the visual cortex (area 17), and its neurons have similar morphological characteristics in both monkey and man, as identified by Golgi impregnation. The commonest neuron is the multipolar with a radiate or tufted dendritic tree; next is the bipolar neuron with two or three diametrically opposed dendritic trunks. Less frequent are neurons with beaded dendrites and others with fine, axon-like dendritic processes, possibly interneurons. The dendritic tree of all neurons remains generally within a lamina, but some dendrites cross interlaminar zones. LGN neurons are identifiable before birth and differ from their adult form by the presence of immature features, especially numerous dendritic and somatic spines, most frequent at birth in monkeys and at about 4 months postnatally in man. They disappear almost completely by 3 months in monkeys and 9 months in man. The human LGN has reached its 'adult' volume by this age. Two stages in the development of the human area 17 can be defined. The first is marked by a rapid growth to its 'adult' volume by about 4 months, and by intense synaptogenesis beginning in the foetus and reaching a maximum around 8 months. The second stage is one of stabilization in the volume of area 17 and loss of synapses to reach 'adult' synaptic density around 11 years, at about 60% of the maximum values. PMID- 6639729 TI - The maturation of visual acuity in neurologically normal and abnormal newborn infants. AB - The maturation of visual acuity was studied in 162 neurologically normal and 96 neurologically abnormal newborn infants. Ninety-five percent of the neurologically normal infants developed an acuity of 80 min arc by 35 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) but only 50% developed an acuity of 40 min arc by 40 weeks PMA. Neurologically abnormal infants, and in particular those with periventricular haemorrhage (PVH), had a delay in the development of acuity. There was a close correlation between the development of 80 min arc acuity and the appearance of the first positivity of the flash visually evoked potential (VEP). PMID- 6639730 TI - Preferential looking acuity in preterm infants. AB - Acuity was measured in 48 prematurely born infants using the preferential looking technique. These quantitative results show that acuity development in these infants is related to conceptional rather than postnatal age, in agreement with the qualitative findings of previous studies. Severe intraventricular haemorrhage was accompanied by low visual acuity in two infants. PMID- 6639731 TI - Psychophysical assessment of visual acuity in infants with visual disorders. AB - The measurement of visual acuity is an essential part of the eye examination of adults, but is rarely attempted in infants being examined for presumed or known eye disease. We have used a preferential looking technique to test visual acuity of infants attending a hospital eye clinic. Serial measurements of acuity of infants attending a hospital eye clinic. Serial measurements of acuity in infants with certain eye diseases can provide examples of the effects of visual deprivation on the developing human visual system. Amongst 14 cases of monocular visual form deprivation in early life, there were 9 infants who had monocular occlusion as therapy for esotropia; 3 infants who had unilateral opacities of the ocular media; and 2 infants who had unilateral eyelid closure from infection or burns. Despite differences in exact mode of deprivation, the effects on visual acuity were similar. There was a reduction of visual acuity in the deprived eye and a simultaneous increase in acuity of the non-deprived eye. These effects of monocular deprivation were not permanent. Recovery occurred with reverse deprivation or by simple cessation of the deprivation. Of 10 children with binocular visual form deprivation, there were 5 who had bilateral congenital cataracts and 5 who had bilateral uncorrected high refractive errors. Infants with cataract surgery before 2 months of age showed normal early development of visual acuity. A 4-6 month delay before treatment resulted in reduced acuity, but recovery subsequently occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639732 TI - Retinal sensitivity and adaptation in pediatric patients. AB - A two-alternative forced-choice preferential looking psychophysical procedure was used to measure dark-adapted thresholds of 79 patients whose medical and ophthalmological conditions raised the possibility of scotopic retinal disorders. The average dark-adapted threshold first obtained from 48 patients, who eventually manifested diseases affecting the scotopic retina, was higher than the average threshold of the 31 patients without scotopic disease. Among the 48 patients with scotopic disease, most (40 out of 48) had abnormal electroretinographic b-wave amplitudes; in 23 scotopic b-waves were present but attenuated to less than or equal to 30% of the normal mean; no scotopic b-wave responses could be elicited from 17. In only 6 of the 40 patients with abnormal scotopic b-waves were the psychophysical thresholds elevated greater than 2.5 log units. That is, the scotopic b-wave is often sensitive to the effects of the retinal disorders of our patients, but the wider range of psychophysical responses permits investigation and analysis of retinal function. In the 13 patients for whom b-wave thresholds could be determined, b-wave and psychophysical thresholds were not correlated, further suggesting that electroretinographic and psychophysical data provide complementary information about retinal function. Thus the psychophysical techniques are suitable for investigation of the functional organization of diseased pediatric retinas. In patients with retinal disorders psychophysical procedures have enabled description of temporal and spatial summation and adaptation to steady background lights. Examples of results of spatial summation and background adaptation studies are presented in this report. PMID- 6639733 TI - Vision screening and photorefraction - the relation of refractive errors to strabismus and amblyopia. AB - Isotropic photorefraction is a technique well suited for screening infants and young children for refractive errors. The photorefractive measurements have been empirically calibrated against retinoscopic refractions, so errors exceeding selected criteria can be identified in screening and followed up. Such a screening programme is in progress for the population of 6-9 month infants in the City of Cambridge. In 1096 infants screened 5% have been found to have large hypermetropic errors, 1.3% to show a refractive difference between the eyes (anisometropia) and less than 1% to have significant myopia or manifest strabismus. These findings were generally confirmed on retinoscopic examinations. In subsequent follow up of the large hypermetropic errors, most decline with age but a few show little or no change up to age 2 years and some show more change in one eye than the other leading to anisometropia. A trial is underway to examine whether early correction with spectacles can reduce the later incidence of strabismus and amblyopia in hypermetropic infants. Significant astigmatism is found in a large fraction of the infant population; the predominant axis of this astigmatism shows marked and unexplained variations between different locations in England. PMID- 6639734 TI - Photorefractive studies of normal and handicapped infants and children. AB - We have photorefracted 360 infants and children of ages 2 months to 5 years from and around Tompkins County, New York, who were free of any obvious ocular pathology. From these studies we have established 95% confidence limits for largest cylinder, largest sphere, and spherical and cylindrical differences between eyes as a function of age. Using this normal data we have begun to photorefract handicapped children from special childrens' centers in and around Tompkins County. Our preliminary data indicate a higher prevalance (greater than 4 X ) of refractive anomalies in handicapped children, as compared to normal children, even when allowance for ocular pathology is made. PMID- 6639735 TI - Why do we measure contrast sensitivity? AB - The fundamental advantage of measuring the contrast sensitivity of the eye using sinusoidal gratings is that it gives a more complete description of its functional range. Such measurements increase our understanding of how we perceive events in the visual world. The technique can also be applied to other animals whose visual system is matched to a different visual environment. Moreover, single neurones can be measured and compared with psychophysical results. In recent years it has also become possible to investigate abnormal vision using clinical material. PMID- 6639736 TI - Discrimination of monkey faces by split-brain monkeys. AB - Eighteen split-brain rhesus monkeys were tested with each hemisphere for the ability to learn to discriminate photographs of the faces of other monkeys. Seven subjects also ran tests of generalization to new photographs of the discriminated monkeys; these tests confirmed that facial features pertaining to individual monkeys were learned. Equal numbers of male and female monkeys and nearly equal numbers of right and left handed monkeys were tested. Over all the monkeys there was no significant advantage in learning with either the left or right hemisphere or with the hemisphere contralateral or ipsilateral to the preferred hand. The group of 9 female monkeys, however, did shown a significant advantage in learning with the left hemisphere. Furthermore, there was a tendency for monkeys older at the time of surgery to show greater hemispheric specialization. PMID- 6639737 TI - Widespread neuroanatomical damage and learning deficits following chronic alcohol consumption or vitamin-B1 (thiamine) deficiency in rats. AB - Consequences of long-term consumption of alcohol (20 months) and of pyrithiamine induced blockade of vitamin-B1-uptake on the shape of individual brain structures and on the acquisition of two learning tasks have been investigated in 3 groups of rats (alcohol group, AL; thiamine-deficient group, TH; control group, CG). Groups AL and TH wee allowed an 8, or 3 week recovery period, respectively, with normal food and water available ad libitum before behavioral testing started. This consisted of training an active two-way avoidance task and a spatial reversal task. Rats of both experimental groups were, compared to rats of the control group, significantly impaired in acquiring the avoidance task and in acquiring the original discrimination of the spatial reversal task. No differences were found among the two experimental groups. Histological and microscopical examinations of the brains of the rats with a history of thiamine deficiency or of chronic alcohol consumption revealed a variety of severely affected brain areas. In both groups hippocampal and cerebellar damage was prominent. Furthermore, the mamillary nuclei, certain brainstem regions situated around the ventricles and a few cortical areas contained loss or damage of neurons. It is concluded that the anatomical changes, especially, can be related to those seen in chronic alcoholics and that consequently animal models can be established to investigate in detail the multiple interactions of alcohol consumption, thiamine deficiency, brain damage and behavioral deterioration. PMID- 6639738 TI - Behavior during hippocampal microinfusions: anticholinesterase-induced locomotor activation. AB - Awake, unrestrained rats received direct bilateral infusions of the cholinesterase inhibitor, echothiophate, into the dentate gyrus during a 40-min experimental session in a holeboard/activity chamber. Additional animals were similarly tested during intrahippocampal infusions of a novel cholinesterase inhibitor, NBD-AP-MPF. The computerized behavioral pattern monitor recorded the animals' locomotor activity, holepoking, and rearing in a manner that permitted the reconstruction and analysis of their sequential patterns of movement. Both echothiophate and NBD-AP-MPF infusions produced dose-dependent increases in locomotor activity that were accompanied by increased holepoking and rearing. The hyperactivity induced by anticholinesterase infusions was qualitatively similar to the atropine-sensitive effects of infusions of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, as previously reported. Dye infusions revealed that spread of the infusate was restricted to the dentate gyrus of the anterodorsal hippocampal formation. The locomotor activation caused by the echothiophate infusions into the dentate gyrus were interpreted as indicative of a role for the cholinergic septo-hippocampal pathway in the release of motor responding. PMID- 6639739 TI - Diencephalic sites from which calling can be evoked with small currents in Japanese quail. AB - A systematic stimulation survey f the diencephalon in Japanese quail, showed that calling could be evoked with currents as low as in the midbrain (less than 50 microA). These low threshold areas were located in the pre-optic area and posterior hypothalamus. Both are likely to influence output, but are not on a calling motor pathway from the forebrain. Putative pathways for calling had somewhat higher thresholds, than the preoptic area and posterior hypothalamus. Calling was evoked from much of the diencephalon with currents up to 200 microA, but positive sites tended to be located posteriorly. A few of the calls elicited resembled natural calls subjectively, but statistical analyses showed significant differences. Most elicited calls were unlike any spontaneous call and could be produced in both sexes. PMID- 6639740 TI - Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: behavioural, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study. AB - Behavioural, electroencephalographic and neuropathological responses to increasing doses of pilocarpine (100-400 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally to rats were studied. At the dose of 400 mg/kg pilocarpine produced a sequence of behavioural alterations including staring spells, olfactory and gustatory automatisms and motor limbic seizures that developed over 1-2 h and built up progressively into limbic status epilepticus. Smaller doses showed different threshold for these behavioural phenomena but a similar time course of development. The earliest electrographic alterations occurred in the hippocampus and then epileptiform activity propagated to amygdala and cortex. Subsequently electrographic seizures appeared in both limbic and cortical leads. The ictal periods recurred each 5-15 min and were followed by variable periods of depression of the electrographic activity. The sequence of electrographic changes correlated well with the development of behavioural phenomena. Histological examination of frontal forebrain sections revealed disseminated, apparently seizure-mediated pattern of brain damage. Neuropathological alterations were observed in the olfactory cortex, amygdaloid complex, thalamus, neocortex, hippocampal formation and substantia nigra. Pretreatment of animals with scopolamine (20 mg/kg) and diazepam (10 mg/kg) prevented the development of convulsive activity and brain damage. These results show that systemic pilocarpine in rats selectively elaborates epileptiform activity in the limbic structures accompanied by motor limbic seizures, limbic status epilepticus and widespread brain damage. It is suggested that a causative relationship between excessive stimulation of cholinergic receptors in the brain and epileptic brain damage may exist. PMID- 6639741 TI - Effects of lesions to ascending noradrenergic neurones on performance of a 5 choice serial reaction task in rats; implications for theories of dorsal noradrenergic bundle function based on selective attention and arousal. AB - Five experiments examined the effects of destruction of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNAB), arising in the locus coeruleus, both on brightness and spatial visual discrimination, and selective attention. An analogue o Leonard's 5-choice serial reaction task for human subjects was used. Hungry rats were trained to detect brief (0.5 sec) flashes of light presented randomly in one of 5 locations with a fixed intertrial interval of 5 sec, paced by the rat. Correct responses were rewarded with food and incorrect responses punished by time-out (darkness + delay). Following training to high levels of accuracy (80%, with less than 20% errors of omission), rats received either 6-OHDA (4 micrograms/2 microliters) injected bilaterally into the trajectory of the dorsal bundle, or injection of vehicle (0.1% ascorbic acid in 0.9% saline). The 6-OHDA lesion was sufficient to reduce cortical NA by 84%. Performance on both the spatial discrimination and brightness (produced by graded reductions in the brightness of the stimuli) discrimination was unaffected by DNAB lesions. However, the DNAB lesion produced significant decreases in accuracy and increases in omissions when the stimuli were presented at faster, unpredictable rates. In addition, although intense white noise failed to produce differential impairments when presented simultaneously with the visual discriminanda, the DNAB lesion significantly impaired accuracy when the noise was presented immediately prior to, but not overlapping, the onset of the visual stimuli. The implications of this pattern of deficits in performance found following DNAB lesions is discussed in terms of disruptive effects of cortical NA depletion upon mechanisms of selective attention and arousal. PMID- 6639742 TI - Post-trial reticular facilitation of associative changes in multiunit activity; comparison between dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex. AB - Multiunit activity recorded in both the dentate gyrus and the entorhinal cortex during classical conditioning was studied in freely moving rats receiving a mild post-trial stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation. Dentate multiunit activity progressively increased in response to an auditory signal (conditioned stimulus) after pairing the signal with a footshock (unconditioned stimulus). No such increase was seen in the entorhinal cortex of the same animals during conditioning. Post-trial reticular stimulation facilitated the development of associative changes in dentate multiunit activity, while having no effect in the entorhinal cortex. The results were interpreted as indicating a possible specificity of action of post-trial reticular stimulation on learning-induced plasticity and are discussed in relation to the concept of neural perseverance in memory consolidation. PMID- 6639743 TI - Anterior thalamic lesions and neuronal activity in the cingulate and retrosplenial cortices during discriminative avoidance behavior in rabbits. AB - Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the anteroventral (AV) nucleus of the thalamus given after training impaired retention performance (extinction and reacquisition) of rabbits in a differential avoidance conditioning task. In addition, the lesions abolished the excitatory, discriminative multiple-unit discharges that had developed in the cingulate and retrosplenial cortices to the auditory conditional stimuli (CSs) during the course of behavioral acquisition, prior to the induction of the lesions. The excitatory discharges were supplanted in the subjects with lesions by CS-elicited reduction of neuronal firing to levels below the prestimulus baseline. Lesions given before training did not disrupt behavioral acquisition, but they did eliminate the excitatory tone elicited neuronal discharges that normally occur in the cortex before and during training. The CS-elicited reduction of neuronal firing did not occur at the beginning of training in the subjects given lesions before training, but it developed during the course of training. The lesions did not eliminate the excitatory and discriminative neuronal activity of the prefrontal cortex. These results demonstrate that excitatory and discriminative neuronal discharges in the cingulate and retrosplenial cortices are critically dependent on the connections of these areas with the anterior thalamic nuclei. Also the lesion-induced disruption of performance during extinction and reacquisition but not during original learning confirms a prediction from past electrophysiological studies, that the AV thalamic nucleus is involved in the mediation of the maintenance and retention of the conditioned avoidance behavior, but not in its original acquisition. PMID- 6639744 TI - Habituation of the acoustic startle response in rats after lesions in the mesencephalic reticular formation or in the inferior colliculus. AB - Extensive damage to the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) in rats altered long-term habituation of the acoustic startle response without disrupting short term habituation. The MRF lesions did not alter initial startle amplitudes, but the animals with lesions were unable to attain as low a long-term asymptote of habituation as could control animals. Subsequent manipulation of stimulus intensity and interstimulus interval revealed no differences in short-term habituation between the two groups. Large lesions to the inferior colliculus (IC) did not disrupt long-term habituation of the acoustic startle response, but these animals were unable to suppress responding as much as controls to intense stimuli presented rapidly. The deficits in long-term habituation following MRF lesions suggested a disruption of an extrinsic, inhibitory mechanism of habituation. The deficits following IC lesions could be due either to a disruption of a short-term habituation mechanism or to an increase in response sensitization produced by the lesions. PMID- 6639745 TI - Thirst and sodium appetite after colloid treatment in rats: role of the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system. AB - Recent experiments indicated that rats usually develop sodium appetite 5 hr after subcutaneous injection of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution. However, sodium appetite appeared within 30 to 60 min if the rats had been maintained on sodium deficient diet instead of Purina chow for 2-4 days previously. Elevated levels of aldosterone paralleled the appearance of NaCl consumption in both circumstances. In the present experiments, sodium appetite was no longer potentiated by pretreatment maintenance on sodium-deficient diet when the hypersecretion of aldosterone after PEG administration was prevented by prior hypophysectomy. Conversely, sodium appetite was enhanced in PEG-treated rats when angiotensin II (AII) was produced in unusually large amounts in the brain, owing to the systemic administration of captopril. This latter effect occurred even when drinking water was withheld and plasma sodium concentrations were markedly elevated. These and other findings raise the possibility that the normal secretion of aldosterone in rats after PEG treatment might permit physiological amounts of AII to be effective in stimulating sodium appetite. Such actions would complement the accepted physiological role of the renin-angiotension-aldosterone system in the maintenance of blood pressure and sodium balance. PMID- 6639746 TI - Sodium appetite elicited by intracerebroventricular infusion of angiotensin II in the rat: I. Relation to urinary sodium excretion. AB - Intracerebroventricular infusion of angiotensin II (Ang II) elicits a substantial sodium appetite in the rat. The present results demonstrate that this phenomenon consists of a small, early phase of sodium ingestion that is not the result of prior sodium loss but that thereafter urinary excretion of sodium exceeds intake and consequently the animals become hyponatremic and hypovolemic. The larger and more sustained bouts of sodium ingestion occurring 8-12 hr after the start of the Ang II infusion appear to represent a behavioral compensation for this incurred sodium deficit. These results confirm the arousal of a sodium appetite by action of Ang II on the brain but indicate the need for caution in assigning to it a direct and exclusive role in the neuroendocrine control of sodium intake. PMID- 6639747 TI - Sodium appetite elicited by intracerebroventricular infusion of angiotensin II in the rat: II. Synergistic interaction with systemic mineralocorticoids. AB - Angiotensin and mineralocorticoids, the hormones of sodium conservation, acted together to arouse a sodium appetite with shorter latency and greater magnitude than is produced by larger amounts of each acting alone. This potentiation was selective for sodium ingestion and occurred in the absence of significant changes in sodium balance. Therefore, because endogenous angiotensin and mineralocorticoids are concurrently elevated during sodium deficiency, sodium appetite may be aroused by a synergy of the peptide and the steroid. PMID- 6639748 TI - Recovery of masculine copulatory behavior from lesions of the medial preoptic area: effects of age versus hormonal state. AB - The present experiments tested the hypothesis that one consequence of the hormonal activation of the onset of copulation in male rats is a reduction in the plasticity of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) with respect to its role in copulation. In Experiment 1, one group of male rats received 1 mg of testosterone propionate daily from 10 to 45 days of age, and a second group received oil injections. Males in each of these groups received either bilateral MPOA lesions (MPOAX) or a sham operation as juveniles (28-31 days of age). The proportions of MPOAX males copulating as adults did not differ for males previously injected with oil or testosterone. In Experiment 2, male rats were castrated at 15 days of age. These castrated males as well as gonadally intact males received bilateral MPOA lesions or a sham operation in adulthood. Following testosterone replacement, MPOAX males displayed copulatory impairments regardless of hormonal state during development. Taken together, the results of these experiments suggest that the plasticity (with respect to copulation) of the neural system encompassing the MPOA is a function of some aspect of chronological age unrelated to the animal's developmental hormonal condition prior to the time of the lesion. PMID- 6639749 TI - Behavioral and pharmacological specificity of the feeding elicited by cholinergic stimulation of the substantia nigra in the rat. AB - Microinjections of the cholinergic agonist carbachol into anterior substantia nigra dose dependently increased food intake in satiated rats. This resulted from a prolongation of the duration of eating. In the absence of food, those doses of carbachol that stimulated food intake (.1 and .5 microgram) had no effect on any other response examined, including gnawing, drinking, locomotion, grooming, sniffing, and rearing. The effect of carbachol depended on the degree of prior food deprivation, but supra-additive effects of carbachol and deprivation were not observed. These results are contrasted with those of previous studies demonstrating the nonspecific behavioral effects of electrical stimulation of the brain and of studies showing that carbachol has radically different behavioral effects at other central nervous system sites. Microinjection of an acetylcholine/eserine sulfate mixture also significantly increased food intake. This response was abolished by prior microinjection of the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine into the substantia nigra, a result that provides evidence for pharmacological specificity of the behavioral effects. These data provide further evidence for the hypothesis that a functional cholinergic system is present within substantia nigra. PMID- 6639750 TI - Dissociation between peripheral and central heat loss mechanisms induced by neonatal capsaicin. AB - Fifty-eight 4-day-old male rats were studied. Peripheral desensitization was induced in 36 rats by sc administration of capsaicin in increasing doses (350, 700, 1,400, 2,100, and 2,800 micrograms) on 5 consecutive days. When adult, 9 treated and 5 control rats were chronically implanted with a lateral intracerebroventricular (icv) guide cannula. This tube was used for icv capsaicin injection. Eleven treated rats and 6 controls were implanted with a hypothalamic thermode. Hypothalamic heating was activated with the aid of this water-perfused thermode. Twenty-eight rats, 12 control and 16 treated, were injected ip and sc with capsaicin. Results showed that in control rats, icv, ip, and sc capsaicin injections produced a fall in body (core) temperature and an increase in cutaneous temperature. These changes are attributed to cutaneous vasodilation. In capsaicin-treated rats, sc and ip injections had no effect on body temperature. However, neonatal treatment did not inhibit the effect of capsaicin on body temperature. Furthermore, in these rats thermoregulatory behavior for fresh air was identical to that of controls at all ambient temperatures before and during hypothalamic heating. These results suggest that the central heat receptors responsible for autonomic and behavioral thermoregulation in the treated rats function normally when icv capsaicin is injected or when the hypothalamus is heated. In contrast, neonatal injection of capsaicin produced an inhibition of the heat loss mechanisms induced by ip or sc capsaicin, i.e., by stimulation of the peripheral nervous system. PMID- 6639751 TI - Habituation and sensitization of components of the human eyeblink reflex. AB - The supraorbital branch of the right trigeminal nerve was stimulated with trains of electric shocks, 10 in each train, with interpulse intervals of 1, 2, or 5 sec. Electromyographic reflex activity in the palpebral musculature was measured to each pulse in the train. Each response consisted of two components, a fast brief ipsilateral burst (R1) and a slower prolonged bilateral burst (R2). Over the 10-pulse series, the amplitudes of R1 increased in strength (sensitization), whereas the allied R2 amplitudes declined (habituation). Both of these effects were enhanced as the interpulse interval was reduced. A consideration of the anatomical substrate for each reflex component, together with some other data in the literature, suggests that reflex sensitization occurred in the efferent limb of this brain stem reflex while simultaneously habituation occurred in its central link. PMID- 6639752 TI - [Diagnostic criteria of the variants of central hemodynamics in normal individuals and in those with high arterial pressure]. AB - By using tetrapolar impedance cardiography and tachooscillography some central hemodynamic indices were studied in 200 healthy males and females, aged 15-49 years, in 40 males with borderline blood pressure, aged 35-49 years, in 50 males with labile arterial hypertension, aged 35-49 years. The central hemodynamic heterogeneity associated with age, sex and different variants of normal blood circulation was revealed in healthy subjects. While comparing the same circulation variants in healthy subjects and in those with borderline blood pressure and labile arterial hypertension, simultaneous increase in a number of subjects with hyperkinetic and hypokinetic variants and intensification of their hemodynamic "vividness" in the groups of patients with elevated blood pressure compared to the group with normal blood pressure were revealed. PMID- 6639753 TI - [Standardization in the study of water-containing spaces in patients with hypertension]. AB - The study of hypertensive and normotensive patients has shown that as body weight increases the size of water-containing spaces decreases due to an improportional increase of the body surface area. The rise of total water content occurs mostly due to intracellular fluid. Patients with different sodium chloride consumption are characterized by different redistribution of extracellular fluid. Patients with low basal plasma renin activity, unlike those with normal renin activity, are characterized by different fluid distribution in watercontaining spaces and no interrelation between plasma renin activity and extracellular volumes. PMID- 6639754 TI - [The adequacy of hypertensive therapy]. PMID- 6639755 TI - [Some approaches to the treatment of hypertension, refractory to hypotensive agents]. AB - The furosemid test followed by PRA evaluation in 83 hypertensive patients has revealed 22% of patients highly sensitive to diuretics. Their treatment with diuretics alone during 6-12 months had a good antihypertensive effect. In 42% of patients antihypertensive effect was achieved by continuous long-term treatment with diuretics supplemented periodically with short-term courses of beta-blockers or Korinfar. In 9 patients with stage II B hypertension refractory to hydrochlorothiazide, PGE2 infusion was performed, which increased the patients' drug sensitivity and reduced blood pressure. Of 134 patients with hypertension refractory to antihypertensive agents and associated with some clinical and biochemical signs of primary hyperaldosteronism 38 had adrenal adenoma and 34 adrenal idiopathic hyperplasia. All the patients were adequately treated. PMID- 6639756 TI - [Elemental analysis of atherosclerotic plaque using laser mass-spectrometry]. AB - Using laser mass-spectrometry elemental and isotopic studies of atherosclerotic plaques (atheromatosis, calcinosis) and adjacent tissues were performed. The studies have revealed changes in concentrations of various elements depending on the gravity of the disease (atheromatosis, calcinosis) and impaired natural distribution of calcium and silicon isotopes independent of the damage degree. PMID- 6639757 TI - [Current capabilities of the echocardiographic study of coronary arteries]. AB - Literature data are presented on the possibility of ultrasound diagnosis of coronary artery lesions. Current methods of coronary artery examination are described and echocardiographic criteria of stenosis, atherosclerotic lesions and coronary artery aneurysm are delineated. The authors have examined 10 healthy subjects, 21 patients with coronary heart disease, 1 patient with left main coronary stenosis, 2 patients with proximal stenosis of the right coronary artery, documented by coronaroangiography. PMID- 6639758 TI - [Long-term prognosis for patients resuscitated in acute stages of myocardial infarction]. AB - Long-term outcomes were evaluated during a 1-3 year period (1.7 on average) in 118 males under 65 years of age, recovered after ventricular fibrillation registered during acute myocardial infarction and discharged from hospital. During the follow-up period 25.4% of patients died. The highest mortality rate (18.6%) was registered during the first year. A significant difference was observed in the incidence of paired and salve ventricular premature beats (54%- in dead patients, and 9%--in those who survived myocardial infarction). The dead patients showed significant differences in heart volumes. Heart volume of 1000 cm3 was noted 2.5 times more frequently in the dead patients as compared to those who survived. Thus this group of patients has a poor prognosis and requires special examination and intensive treatment. PMID- 6639759 TI - [Programmed transesophageal electrostimulation of the left atrium]. AB - In 34 patients with complex arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, programmed transesophageal electric stimulation of the left atrium was performed to determine the sinoatrial conduction time, relative refractory period of the atrioventricular conducting system, effective refractory period of the atrioventricular conducting system, that of the atria, that of an accessory tract in the Wolff-Parkinson--White syndrome, and stimulation parameters to trigger and reverse supraventricular tachicardia in order to define its mechanism. Potentials of a new noninvasive method of study are discussed. PMID- 6639760 TI - [Use of exercise tests and echocardiography during long-term observation of patients with mitral stenosis and cardiac insufficiency]. AB - Findings of echocardiography and bicycle exercise testing were considered objective hemodynamic criteria during long-term follow-up studies of patients with mitral stenosis and early stages of cardiac insufficiency. In patients with the first degree cardiac insufficiency the most sensitive parameters were: exercise tolerance, physical adaptation index and left atrial size. In patients with the second A degree cardiac insufficiency additional information has also been obtained upon studying the ejection fraction and the rate of left ventricular circular shortening. PMID- 6639761 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the state of the microcirculatory bed in patients with cardiovascular diseases using a new Soviet device]. PMID- 6639762 TI - [Development of methodical principles and approval of new forms of contact with school children (ages 12-13 years) in carrying out preventive measures (results of a pilot study)]. AB - The results of the screening and 1-year follow-up of pupils from two Moscow schools of general education (Moscow secondary schools) are presented. The program on preventive measures was conducted by using the playing forms of contact and influence, at one of the above schools (experimental school). Most of the adolescents of the experimental school (mean 80%) participated in the preventive measures. By the completion of the program the number of the participants increased up to 94%. A reliably significant increase in the education level on the problems about the adverse effects of smoking and beneficial effects of regular nutrition in adolescents of the experimental school was observed. The analysis of the results of the screening and follow-up of schoolchildren aged 12-13 years enables us to conclude that it is necessary to work out new criteria for the assessment of preventive measures among adolescents. PMID- 6639763 TI - [Developing a problem-solving list of classification headings for cardiology]. PMID- 6639764 TI - [Effect of diazoxide on the functional state of the heart]. PMID- 6639765 TI - [Accumulation of 99m Tc-Sn-pyrophosphate in the myocardium and the contractile function of the left ventricle in patients with stable angina]. PMID- 6639766 TI - [1st experiment in the clinical use of the Soviet synthetic peptide, dalargin in patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6639767 TI - [Contact urticaria. Experimental contribution]. AB - Contact urticaria is characterized by erythematosus whealing lesions after apposition of particular substances on the skin. Sometimes these substances are able to determine systemic reactions as rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, gastrointestinal dysfunction and anaphylactic shock: these symptoms justify the denomination of contact urticaria syndrome. It can be classified as Immunological, not Immunological and Unidentified. Our cases show a sharp prevalence of contact urticaria caused by foods and especially by fruits and vegetables. PMID- 6639768 TI - [Cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis caused by immunocomplexes during treatment with levamisole]. AB - A cutaneous necrotising vasculitis developed in a young woman who was receiving levamisole for polysclerosis. Biopsy of a cutaneous lesion showed a leucocytoclastic vasculitis. Immunofluorescence showed Ig G, Ig M and C3 deposition in the vessel wall. PMID- 6639769 TI - Staphylococcal toxic-shock syndrome: mixture of toxins including endotoxin. PMID- 6639770 TI - "Streptococcus pneumoniae" strains relatively resistant to penicillin G in Italy. PMID- 6639771 TI - Virulence factors of "Treponema hyodysenteriae": newer contributions. PMID- 6639772 TI - [An influenza outbreak of type A and type B influenza viruses]. AB - Results of investigations carried out during an outbreak of influenza occurred in January 1981 in a School of Milan are reported and discussed. A total of 9 type A (H1N1) influenza virus strains, antigenically intermediate between A/USSR/90/77 and A/Brazil/11/78 variants, and 2 type B influenza virus strains, antigenically intermediate between B/Hong Kong/8/73 and B/Singapore/222/79 variants, have been isolated. In one case both epidemic strains have been simultaneously detected. From the results of type-specific complement-fixing antibody titration it appears that an influenza virus infection occurred in 64% of the 300 subjects serologically examined. In 43% of the cases type A strain was involved, in 12% type B strain and in 9% both serotypes. Judging from the data of school absenteeism it seems that infections by type A virus were more severe than those by type B virus. Finally, because a group of pupils attending the school had been vaccinated in December 1978, it has been demonstrated that the rate of type A presumptive infections was correlated to the hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titers attained after vaccination. PMID- 6639773 TI - [Importation of malaria to Lombardy. I - Analysis of reported cases]. AB - The comparative analysis of the cases of imported malaria in Lombardy and in Italy during 1976-1980, shows that the prevalent factors of risk are, in both, the male sex, the young age, the stay in endemic areas of tropical Africa where P. falciparum is greatly prevalent. The only very significant difference is represented by the prevalence of touristic motivation of the stay among the cases of Lombardy. The efficacy of prophylaxis against these factors of risk allowed to note, in the two last years considered (1979-1980), a sharp reduction of the annual number of cases in opposition to the trend of European cases of malaria. PMID- 6639774 TI - [Study of antitetanus immunity in a population sample]. AB - A statical investigation conducted by the authors in a random population demonstrated the utility of the determination of antitetanic antibodies by means of Tetan test in order to establish the immunological defence level against infection. PMID- 6639775 TI - [Antitetanus immunity in children]. AB - Authors investigated tetanic immunity in pediatric age by means of titration of antitetanic antibodies in serum. PMID- 6639777 TI - [Epidemiologic observations on Chlamydia trachomatis infections]. AB - A group of 82 patients (77 with urethritis) was studied for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. The agent was isolated by inoculation on McCoy cell cultures, followed by Giemsa and/or Lugol-iodine staining. The results obtained showed that the frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the group of patients considered was comparable with that previously reported on other groups. Male patients showed a higher infection rate than females. Different percentages of positivity were obtained in patients with gonococcal infection and in those with post-gonococcal urethritis. PMID- 6639776 TI - [Acute viral hepatitis in the Florence area: II. Immunologic study]. AB - Sera obtained from 302 patients with acute viral hepatitis were studied for the presence of organ and non organ specific autoantibodies and of circulating immune complexes (CIC). Autoantibodies were determined by indirect immunofluorescence techniques and CICs were detected by 125 J - C1q assay (C1qBA according to Zubler et al., 1976). A high prevalence of anti smooth muscle autoantibodies (SMA) was found in the sera of the patients. In particular, SMA were found in the sera from 44/73 (60.2%), 92/182 (50.55%) and 10/47 (21.3%) of A, B and nonA nonB hepatitis, respectively. The highest prevalence of SMA was observed within 10 days after the clinical onset of the disease in hepatitis A patients and within 10-15 days in nonA nonB hepatitis. The prevalence of SMA in hepatitis B is persistently high during the first two weeks of illness, then decreases and, about the 3rd week, increases again. CIC were detected in 156 sera from 302 patients (51.65%) affected by acute viral hepatitis. The prevalence of CIC was significantly higher in hepatitis A (78.08%) than in B and nonA nonB hepatitis (45.6% and 34.03% respectively). CIC were demonstrated in almost all the sera of hepatitis A patients admitted between the 6th and the 15th day after the onset of the disease. A strict connection was observed between SMA and CIC and, although to a lesser extent, between CIC and markers of A and B viruses. No significant connection between CIC and serum aminotransferase or bilirubin levels was noted. CIC screening was performed weekly for 1 month after admission in 225 patients with acute viral hepatitis. According to our data, the clearance of immune complexes from serum seems to occur more quickly in B and nonA nonB hepatitis than in virus A hepatitis. PMID- 6639778 TI - [Presence of Caulobacter genus in distilled water]. AB - Schizomycetes have been examined by optical microscope at monochromatic reflected light system, after treatment with a ferrotannic ammoniacal silver solution according to Blenden and Goldberg (1). The bacterial preparations appeared to contain some cellular forms which because of their morphology, could belong to the family Caulobacteriaceae. Further investigations showed that these Caulobacters derived from the distilled water used to prepare the solutions. PMID- 6639779 TI - [In vitro anti-fungal activity of the econazole-ornidazole combination (1:10 ratio)]. AB - The antifungal activity of Econazole-Ornidazole combination (ratio 1:10) has been evaluated against 90 strains of Candida spp. recently isolated from a clinical environment. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) has been determined by a dilution broth method in test tube with Mycophil Broth (B.B.L) at pH 7.00 and drug concentrations ranging from 800 micrograms/ml to 0.2 microgram/ml. By the same technics it has been determined the pH influence of growth medium, human serum and fungal inoculum on the activity of the association towards the three strains of Candida spp.: C. albicans, C. krusei and C. tropicalis. The obtained data have shown that the Econazole-Ornidazole combination actuates a sure synergic effect towards the tested Candida strains. Such synergism is met at pH 8.00. The plasma proteins influence negatively the antifungal activity of the association proportionally to the increase of the concentration. The same thing happens with the inoculum of yeast. However, this decrease of activity of the association is always smaller than the one found in the compounds alone. PMID- 6639780 TI - Neutrophyl function in children with chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita: evidence for defective chemotaxis. AB - Some neutrophil functions (superoxide anion production, bactericidal activity and chemotaxis) have been examined in four children with Chondrodystrophia Calcificans Congenita. Superoxide anion production and bactericidal activity were in the normal range, but a defect in cellular chemotaxis has been proved. This finding account for predisposition to infection which is frequently present in these patients, and may include this disease among those syndromes in which a deficiency of the immune system is associated with growth failure. PMID- 6639781 TI - [Enzymatic parameters in boutonneuse fever. II. Behavior and significance of lactic dehydrogenase]. AB - Serum levels of Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined at weekly intervals, in 52 patients with Boutonneuse Fever: 33 adults (23 uncomplicated and 10 complicated cases) and 19 children (no complication occurred in these patients). In the first week of illness, LDH was increased in 86 and 100% of adults (uncomplicated and complicated cases respectively) and in 89% of children. Mean values were 419 and 472 U/l for adults (uncomplicated and complicated) and 423 for children (normal values until 240 U/l). In total (adults plus children), in the first week, pathological findings were observed in 90% of patients. In the second week, LDH was increased in 53 and 100% for adults, and 66% for children. Mean values were 252 and 306 for adults, and 291 U/l for children. The significance of this increase is related to the pathophysiology of rickettsial diseases. Rickettsiae cause endothelial injury with platelet aggregation, activation of inflammation as well as coagulation mechanisms and subsequently damage of various organ systems at various degree (from silent to evident forms). From a general point of view LDH increase appears in part of platelet origin, at first stage of illness, in part from other organ systems involved in the vasculitic process. PMID- 6639782 TI - [Thin layer and densitometry for quantitative determination of drugs. I. Identification and determination of sulindac and its metabolites in plasma]. PMID- 6639783 TI - Serum concentration and urinary excretion of dapiprazole in the rat. PMID- 6639784 TI - [Chromatographic study using TLC and HPLC on 6-beta-hydroxycortisol in mixtures of compounds with steroid structures]. PMID- 6639785 TI - Nutritional induced changes in muscle biochemistry in various catabolic states. PMID- 6639786 TI - Accidents in schoolchildren: epidemiologic, aetiologic and prognostic considerations. AB - A prospective follow-up study of school accidents occurring to 21 712 city pupils and to 1584 rural pupils aged 7-18 years during the school year 1977-78 was carried out. The facilities of the pupils to be referred to the school policlinics were practically as good to all pupils. The incidence of accidents was in Turku 363 per 1000 pupils aged 7-12 years and 233 per 1000 pupils aged 13 18 years. Minor injuries were in 84.2% of cases located in the extremities. In the great majority, they were slight sprains and strains (46.9%) or cutaneous lacerations and bruises (40.0%). More severe injuries were found in 4.9% among the Turku pupils and in 2.1% of those in Lieto. The accidents met by boys was almost double that found for girls. Individual exercise and sports turned out to involve approximately the same degree of risk as team sports. The site of injury was most commonly either the upper extremity (38%), lower extremity (28%), the head (22%) or the eyes (4%), the remaining 8% of injuries having been to the trunk. More than two thirds of the cases could be treated in two or three visits to nurse or doctor, the treatment period being two to seven days in the majority of cases. No delayed effects such as postconcussive headache or other psychosomatic symptoms occurred during the follow-up period of three years. PMID- 6639787 TI - Isolation and physiochemical properties of an adenosine-rich gluten fraction. AB - Gluten proteins were isolated from the 0.01 mol acetic acid extract of bread. It was observed that precipitation of gluten provoked by 200 mM NaCl could partly be inhibited by adenosine. Based on this finding a method for isolation of the gluten fraction resisting saline precipitation in the presence of adenosine was elaborated. This fraction termed by us gluten-A-S, was found to have a lower glutamine + glutaminic acid and a higher proline and phenylalanine content than gluten. By sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gluten-A-S was shown to contain components of 58 000 and 34 000 dalton molecular weight after mercaptoethanol treatment while without the latter it contained a component of 74 000 dalton. The absorption maximum of the compound is at 260 mm; E280nm/E260nm = 0.5. In accordance with previous findings, gluten-A-S was found to contain 50-100 nmol adenosine per mg protein in a strong binding. It seems that in addition to the small amount of tightly bound adenosine, gluten-A-S contains a larger quantity of adenosine loosely bound to the protein. The physiological effects of dissociable adenosine bound to gluten and its possible role in the pathomechanism of gluten sensitive enteropathy is discussed in detail. PMID- 6639788 TI - Primary aortitis in childhood. AB - The case of a 5-year-old boy affected by autoimmune aortitis is reported. The onset was acute, the progression rapid. Hypertension, absence of right radial pulse, elevated ESRand immune globulin levels, cellular and humoral immunity against blood vessel wall were observed. The tests suggested an autoimmune origin of the aortitis. On immunosuppressive treatment the signs of activity disappeared and the condition improved and after captopril treatment the blood pressure decreased. PMID- 6639789 TI - The importance of cow's milk protein intolerance in chronic diarrhoea of children. AB - A survey is given of the cases diagnosed as cow's milk protein intolerance in the last 5 years. The diagnosis was established on the basis of the regression of clinical symptoms after elimination from the diet of cow's milk and their recurrence after milk challenge. In more than half of the cases intestinal biopsy was carried out; three patients were rebiopsied after milk challenge. Intestinal biopsy is indicated solely in cases when the exclusion of coeliac disease is necessary for the correct diagnosis. PMID- 6639790 TI - Six years mortality statistics in a Libyan paediatric hospital. AB - During the six year period from 1975 to 1980, at Al-Fatch Paediatric Hospital 35,488 sick children under 12 years of age were admitted for inpatient treatment; 3 009 had a fatal outcome. The mortality rate per 1000 admissions and discharges respectively, was 54.9 and 52.1 in 1975; and 135.6 and 119.4 in 1980. The age specific mortality rate per thousand discharges was 219.4 for infants, 32.8 for 1 to 4 years, 21.7 for 5 to 9 years, 25.7 for 10 to 12 years of age. Although the overall mortality rate was almost equal for boys and girls, it was higher for boys below 1 year or over 10 years, and higher for girls between 1 to 9 years of age. The proportion of deaths and admissions was more during winter the season from September to January and during the summer season from May to July. More than 80% of those who recovered were admitted with acute respiratory infection, gastroenteritis, meningitis, diseases of urinary system, acute poisoning and symptoms or ill-defined conditions; whereas, more than 70% of expired cases were admitted with prematurity, gastroenteritis, septicaemia, acute respiratory diseases and congenital malformations. The case fatality in 1980 was 84.5% for septicaemia, 55.5% for prematurity, 41.7% for congenital malformations, 18.9% for malnutrition and 16.1% for diseases of nervous system. PMID- 6639792 TI - Prevention of adult cardiovascular disease in obese children. AB - An investigation was carried out to establish the risk factors of cardiovascular disease among obese children. Among 173 obese children 38% were endangered in respect of cardiovascular disease. The frequency of hyperlipoproteinaemia was near to 20%. It is considered necessary to separate these children from the group of obese children and to treat them according to the outlined aspects. PMID- 6639791 TI - Positive skin prick tests of immediate type in non-allergic children. AB - Prick tests with twenty different Beneard antigens were performed in 300 children aged 2-16 years, all having a negative individual and familial history for allergic disease. At least one positive result was obtained in 64% of the children and among the 6000 tests a total of 727 were positive. Of the positive tests 93% were + or ++, 7% were +++ or ++++. No relationship was found between age and the incidence of positive skin tests. Mild reactions against more than one antigen in the same individual were quite frequent, pronounced reactions (+++ or ++++) against more than one antigen were exceptional. The incidence of mild reactions was found to be independent of the gender; strong reactions occurred in girls twice as often as in boys. The highest incidence of positive reactions was observed with house-dust mite, pollens, hay and straw dust, and canine and feline hairs. The diagnostic value of mild positivity is slight but pronounced positivity, especially against more than one antigen, must carefully be considered and in any case followed by a bronchial provocation test. PMID- 6639793 TI - [Follow-up studies of hydrocephalus in children]. PMID- 6639795 TI - [Rolling-over movement of the body and righting reflex of the head in normal infants]. PMID- 6639794 TI - [Diet therapy and EEG in phenylketonuria]. PMID- 6639796 TI - [Pseudo-achondroplasia associated with atlanto-axial dislocation]. PMID- 6639797 TI - [Electrophysiology of schizencephaly]. PMID- 6639798 TI - [Peculiar unilateral spatial agnosia in carbon monoxide poisoning]. PMID- 6639799 TI - [7 types of cerebral complications of schistosomiasis japonica]. PMID- 6639800 TI - [Finger imitation difficulty, constructional disorder and classical apraxias]. AB - In the field of apraxia study, difficulty of finger pattern imitation was generally considered as parts of classical apraxias, i.e. ideomotor apraxia or limbkinetic apraxia. But there were some authors who considered it more related to constructional ability. To bring some clarity to this ambiguity, we studied 139 right-handed unilateral brain-damaged subjects: 70 with left hemisphere lesion and 69 with right hemisphere lesion: on various tasks. Three types of manual movements, i.e. object manipulation, representational movement to verbal command and finger imitation, and constructional task were tested. As for manual praxis, response patterns elicited were recorded according to Kaplan's original method, which was slightly modified. Responses were categorized as apractic only when either no movement was elicited, or when the response was amorphous or parapraxic. Of the 139 subjects tested, 35 subjects were classified as apractic in at least one category of the three types of manual praxis and 60 subjects were categorized as showing constructional disorder. Object manipulation disturbance was observed in 9 subjects. Finger imitation difficulty was seen in 16. Disturbance of representational movement to verbal command was confirmed in at least 17 subjects and was not determined in 7 more subjects who had comprehension difficulty to spoken language. With regard to relationship between apractic disorders and laterality of hemisphere lesions, object manipulation difficulty and deficient representational movement to verbal command was seen only in the left hemisphere lesions. On the contrary, finger imitation difficulty was found in either hemisphere lesion and has no tendency toward lateralization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639801 TI - [Reversibility of glucose utilization in focal cerebral ischemia]. AB - Although changes in local cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism during and following transient "global" ischemia have been discussed, no reports for these changes in transient "focal" ischemia have been made. In the present report we studied reversibility of cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism after transient "focal" ischemia. Focal ischmia was induced in rat by clipping a left middle cerebral artery by Zen's clip. Local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) and local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) were measured by quantitative autoradiography using 14C-iodoantipyrine and 14C-deoxyglucose, respectively. At 2 and 3 hours after clipping, 70% reduction of LCBF was found in the left sensorimotor cortex. At one hour after restoration of blood flow from 2 hours of occlusion LCBF recovered to 70% of controls. At 2 and 3 hours after clipping, LCGU was low in the territories of the left MCA, which were surrounded by zones of high LCGU. Low LCGU may represent a depressed glucose metabolism and high LCGU, anaerobic glycolysis. The abnormal pattern of LCGU seen at 2 hours after occlusion was clearly improved by restoration of blood flow. The results indicate that glucose metabolism might be reversible in the moderate degree of focal cerebral ischemia, and early restoration of blood flow may be beneficial for glucose metabolism. PMID- 6639803 TI - [Some practical problems of clinical diagnosis of brain death]. AB - The authors experienced thirty brain deaths including eighteen head injuries and seven cerebrovascular accidents during the period from Nov. 1980 to Dec. 1982 and encountered with some practical problems on clinical diagnosis of brain death. In sixteen patients subjected to barbiturate (pentobarbital) therapy, the attempt to meet the criteria of brain death made it necessary to confirm the total cerebrocirculatory arrest as well as to measure the serum concentration of pentobarbital and assure its level low enough. But as a result of the angiograms performed in twenty-four cases the cerebral angiography sometimes failed to give sufficient evidence to confirm it not merely because of the angiographical intracranial delayed opacification but also because of the dissociation of filling between supra- and infratentorial spaces or between right and left hemispheres. And besides the contrast enhancement of cerebral vessels was verified in computed tomograms of two cases among ten cases who had already met the criteria and demonstrated angiographical nonfilling phenomenon. The angiographical narrowing of C 1-2, A 1, M 1 portions or basilar artery observed on serial angiograms preceding the angiographical nonfilling phenomenon was regarded as direct vascular compression by cerebral swelling or vasospasm and considered to suggest that brain death might be impending. At present the continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure performed in twenty-six cases proved to be a convincing guide to suspicion of brain death or impending brain death according to decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure and appearance of so called plateau waves recorded in four cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639802 TI - [Electrophoresis of proteins of muscle fibers with rimmed vacuoles]. AB - This is the first report on the analysis of the proteins in the single muscle fibers with rimmed vacuoles. A new method was developed to analyse single muscle fibers which had been histologically characterized in the freeze-dried sections of muscles. Muscle biopsy was performed in three patients with distal myopathy and one patient with Kearns-Sayre-like syndrome associated with rimmed vacuoles (Table 1). Ten (30 micron thick) frozen serial sections were dried according to Lowry and Passonneau, and further five consecutive sections were cut and stained with usual histochemical methods including Gomori trichrome and NADH-TR staining. Each muscle fiber in the freeze-dried sections could be identified with the corresponding one in the stained sections, and it was possible to determine whether the fiber had rimmed vacuoles or not (Fig. 2). Particular fibers were identified in the consecutive freeze-dried sections and cut out from three sections with no contamination of the interstitial tissue, and they were subjected to SDS gel electrophoresis. Resultant gel patterns showed substantial increase of 55 k dalton band, the extent of which was much more larger in that of the fiber with rimmed vacuoles than that without vacuoles (Fig. 3). This feature was common to all of the gels from four patients. A portion containing a number of muscle fibers of a freeze-dried section from each of the four patients and the two controls was subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D). Of 55 k dalton proteins, three spots around the isoelectric point of alpha-actin were found to be increased (Fig. 4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639804 TI - [Angiographic findings of atrophic cerebral disorders in children]. AB - Angiographic findings of the cerebral atrophy in children are discussed. Cerebral angiographies were performed on 20 patients, ranging from 6 months to 16 years of age. Their clinical diagnoses were H-H-E syndrome (4 cases), sequelae of meningoencephalitis (2), sequelae of head trauma (3), infantile spasms (2) and others (9). Final radiological diagnoses of these cases were hemiatrophy (14 cases), generalized atrophy (2) and focal atrophy (4). Circulation time, caliber of arteries, degree of opacification in cortical and deep veins and early filling of deep veins were investigated on angiogram. Slow circulation of cerebral blood flow was shown in 10 cases and normal circulation in 10 cases. Arterial narrowing was observed more frequently in slow circulation group. In cases with hemiatrophy, small caliber of the middle cerebral arteries and slow circulation on the atrophic hemisphere were demonstrated, but no abnormality on the normal side. Deep veins were prominently opacified in cases which showed poor cortical veins, the other way cortical veins were prominent in cases which showed poor visualization of deep veins. Cortical veins and deep veins may compensate each other in cerebral venous drainage. In most cases of slow circulation, dominant opacification of deep veins were visualized and these veins already appeared in arterial phase, but cortical veins had a tendency of poor opacification. These venous drainage patterns are similar to those of Sturge-Weber syndrome. Causes of these vascular changes are unknown. But they may play an important role in cerebral atrophic disorders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639805 TI - [Central pontine myelinolysis--pathogenesis and review of the literature]. AB - A 77-year-old, nonalcoholic man was admitted to the Omiya Red Cross Hospital with the complaint of fever and delirium state of two days' duration. Two months prior to admission he had had cough and sputum. Chest X-ray revealed honey comb lungs. Cultures of sputum revealed mycobacterium tuberculosis after eight weeks incubation. He had no liver disease in his past history. The patient appeared cachetic. His vital signs were as follows; temperature 38 degrees C, blood pressure 132/68 mmHg, with a pulse rate of 84/min. He was delirium and excited. Findings of the cranial, motor and sensory nerve examination were normal. Initial laboratory studies showed a serum sodium value of 133 mEq/l, potassium 4.5 mEq/l, chloride 98 mEq/l; a serum GOT value of 51 units, GPT 36 units; a total protein content of 7.8 g/dl and ESR rate of 87 mm/hr. Six days after admission, the patients' consciousness level began to stupor and nuchal rigidity was appeared. Spinal fluid examination revealed opening pressure 270 mm H2O, cell counts 720 (N 712, L 8)/cumm, sugar 57 mg/dl and protein 170 mg/dl. Spinal fluid cultures were positive in mycobacterium tuberculosis after eight weeks incubation. Laboratory studies showed a serum sodium value of 114 mEq/l, potassium 4.4 mEq/l, chloride 86 mEq/l, a serum osmorality (SeOs) 225 mOsm/l and urine osmorality (UOs) 958 mOsm/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639806 TI - [Simplified microdetermination of cerebral phospholipase A1, A2 and lysophopholipase]. AB - The purpose of our study was to examine the ischemia induced enzymatic changes of decaylation-reacylation cycle of membrane phospholipids in dog brain. In this study, we developed new modified method for assay of phospholipase A1, A2 and lysophospholipase which is simpler and needs only a smaller amount of materials. For the first report, we introduced this new method and demonstrated some properties of phospholipase A1, A2 and lysophospholipase in dog brain. Crude enzyme solution for assays of phospholipase A1, A2 and lysophospholipase was gained from extraction of frozen brain with aceton, butanol and saline. The level of phosphorus in the enzyme extract was determined and only those extracts which had a level of phosphorus within a certain range were used. The substrates for assays were L-alpha-[beta-palmitoyl-1-14C] phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl for phospholipase A1 and A2 and L-lysophosphatidylcholine-1-[1-14C] palmitoyl for lysophospolipase respectively. Each radioactive substrates was diluted with cold carrier lipid to give the proper specific activity. Reaction system including substrate, buffer [pH 7.0] and enzyme extract was incubated for 10 hours at 38 degrees C. But for the assay of phospholipase A1 and A2, enzyme solution was pre incubated at 70 degrees C for 5 minutes. In our new method, reaction mixture was directly separated by TLC without extracting lipids. Enzyme activities were calculated from radio thin-layer chromatograms. Furthermore, we made a comparison between our method and the former one. The value of each enzyme activity was slightly higher in our method than in the former one. However, it was revealed that the results were reproducible in both methods. PMID- 6639807 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in the cerebellum of experimental hypothyroidism (cretinism)]. AB - We examined the cerebellum of the rats being the experimental hypothyroidism (cretinism) on the 20th day, 35th day and 60th day by the light and electron microscope. The remarkable findings were observed to the experimental group on the 20th day. The maturational states of this group correspond to that of the 16th day of the control group. On the other hand, the remarkable pathological findings were not observed on the 35th and 60th day of the experimental group. According to the findings of the experimental rats on the 20th day, the changes of the cells were the retention of the external granule cells and the maturational changes of the internal granule cells. We recognized the retardation of the maturational timing and a disagreement of the maturational rate of the internal granule cells. The lamellar bodies being the disturbance of the mitochondrial cristae were observed. About the white matter, the myelinated nerve fibers were a small quantity in number, and the deficiency of the myelin synthesis, the maturational disturbance of oligoglia were seen. In the several axons, the lamellar bodies and the honeycomb like structures were seen. It is concluded that the maturational disturbance of the internal granule cells are due to the disturbance of the secondary protein synthesis by the hypothyroid state and the degeneration of the mitocondria. The deficiency of the myelin synthesis is related to the maturational disturbance of oligoglia. PMID- 6639808 TI - [Immunochemical characterization of light smooth-surfaced membrane of the rat brain]. AB - The microsomal fraction of the rat brain had been subfractionated by a sucrose density gradient centrifugation into three distinct membrane fractions, namely "light smooth-surfaced membrane" LSM, "heavy smooth-surfaced membrane" HSM, and "rough-surfaced membrane". They were different in their chemical compositions and enzymatic activities as well as their buoyant densities. In the present experiment antisera to purified LSM and HSM were raised in rabbits to characterize the two membranes immunochemically and immunohistochemically. Antigenicity of these membranes was studied by using [125I]-protein A autoradiography and immunohistochemical localization of the antigens in the rat brain was revealed by the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. By [125I]-protein A autoradiography (Fig. 1), differences in the antigenicity between LSM and HSM were clearly shown. Two out of nine antisera to LSM were relatively specific to LSM; anti-LSM #8 serum detected a protein band of Mr 53,000 which is relatively specific to LSM (Fig. 1 B-a) and anti-LSM #9 serum reacted with three proteins specific to LSM (Mr 53,000, Mr 46,000, and Mr 27,000) (Fig. 1 C-a). However, anti HSM sera did not discriminate between LSM and HSM antigens (Fig. 1 D & E) and non immune serum did not detect any antigen at all (Fig. 1 F). Indirect immunoperoxidase pattern by anti-LSM #8 revealed heavy staining of the neuropil in the cortices of cerebrum, hippocampus and cerebellum (Fig. 2 A, B & C). The perivascular structures identical to glial end-feet were also stained but the cell bodies and dendritic trunks of the neurons were not stained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639809 TI - Intracoronary thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6639810 TI - Intracoronary thrombolysis in evolving myocardial infarction. Sequential angiographic analysis of left ventricular performance. AB - Since November 1979 left ventricular angiography and coronary arteriography have been performed in 80 patients with evolving acute myocardial infarction in order to attempt coronary recanalisation by local streptokinase infusion. The average delay between the onset of symptoms and streptokinase infusion was 3.6 hours. Thrombolysis was successful in 64% of cases. No serious complications related to the procedure were noted. Of the 12 patients in cardiogenic shock, recanalisation was achieved in only four, of whom two survived. To evaluate the left ventricular salvage resulting from early recanalisation the last 58 patients had a second left ventricular angiogram and further coronary arteriograms 21 +/- 10 days later and 16 patients had a third study three months later. From the left ventricular angiogram in the right anterior oblique projection the ejection fraction and two graphic variables of regional wall motion were computed quantifying the hypokinetic zone. Patients were divided into two groups, according to the patency of the infarct related artery at the second control: group 1 consisted of 28 patients with successful recanalisation confirmed, and group 2 of 30 patients in whom no recanalisation was achieved or secondary reocclusion had occurred. At the second study the ejection fraction was unchanged in group 1 but had significantly decreased in group 2. Regional wall motion improved in group 1 and worsened in group 2, more so in patients without recanalisation than in those in whom secondary reocclusion had occurred. The third study showed a further decrease in ejection fraction in group 2. A progressive decrease in percentage residual stenosis was observed in group 1. This sequential angiographic study confirms the partial myocardial salvage resulting from early coronary recanalisation during acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6639811 TI - Diagnosis of right ventricular outflow obstruction in infants by cross sectional echocardiography. AB - Cross sectional echocardiographic studies were assessed prospectively in 58 infants in whom right ventricular outflow obstruction was subsequently shown angiographically. A subcostal cut was used to display simultaneously the short axis of the aortic root and the long axis of the right ventricular outflow tract. This facilitated the differentiation of the common right ventricular outflow tract obstructive lesions. Tetralogy of Fallot was diagnosed correctly in 22 of 26 infants; pulmonary atresia with intact septum in all of 14 neonates; isolated severe pulmonary valve stenosis in all of nine infants; and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect in eight of nine infants. The subcostal approach is the technique of choice for evaluating right ventricular outflow tract obstruction as it is more reliable than the left parasternal approach. PMID- 6639812 TI - Anatomical basis of cross sectional echocardiography. AB - Ten hearts were cut in planes to simulate echocardiographic cuts which may be taken to visualise the anatomy of the cardiac chambers and great arteries. The various myocardial wall segments were named from these sections by referring to their position in the reconstituted heart. The sections were studied in their correct anatomical position. In this way they provide a reference for appropriate orientation of echocardiographic images. PMID- 6639813 TI - Cross sectional echocardiographic assessment of the aortic root and coronary ostial stenosis in familial hypercholesterolaemia. AB - Aortic root abnormalities (atherosclerotic thickening and obstruction) seen at necropsy may readily be detected by aortography in familial hypercholesterolaemia. We studied 35 patients with familial types IIa and IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia including three homozygotes and 32 heterozygotes. Two homozygotes showed abnormal bright echoes (atheroma) encircling the proximal aortic root, which interfered with full excursion of the aortic cusps. One homozygote showed the typical echocardiographic features of supravalvular aortic stenosis at the superior border of the sinus of Valsava with normal aortic cusps. Cardiac catheterisation showed valvular gradients of 15 and 80 mm Hg in two homozygotes and a supravalvular gradient of 40 mm Hg in the third. Left coronary artery ostial stenosis was identified by echocardiography in all three homozygotes. Echocardiographic measurements of the aortic root in the 32 heterozygotes were similar to the control group, but 10 patients showed abnormal bright echoes within the aortic cusps and four had supravalvular changes similar to, but less severe than, the homozygotes. In one severely heterozygote supravalvular atheroma prevented full aortic cusp excursion, and this finding was confirmed during coronary artery bypass surgery. PMID- 6639814 TI - Three dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricle from multiple cross sectional echocardiograms. Value for measuring left ventricular volume. AB - The accuracy of a system for reconstructing a three dimensional image of the left ventricle from randomly recorded multiple short axis images was tested by comparing the calculated left ventricular volume with the directly measured left ventricular volume in 11 excised porcine hearts. The system comprised a real time phased array sector scanner, a transducer locating system, and a computer system for digitising outlines of the left ventricle, displaying the reconstruction image, and calculating the left ventricular volume. The reconstructed image was similar to the real image and the calculated left ventricular volume showed a high correlation with the directly measured left ventricular volume. This method was accurate in vitro and is expected to be available for clinical measurement of left ventricular volume. PMID- 6639815 TI - Quantitative assessment of tricuspid regurgitation using pulsed Doppler echocardiography. AB - Tricuspid valve regurgitation was assessed quantitatively by measuring blood flow velocity in the vena cava using a pulsed Doppler velocimeter. A non-invasive index of regurgitation was obtained by calculating the ratio between the maximum amplitudes of the systolic and diastolic components of the velocity curves. The index was compared with the angiographic grading of regurgitation in 70 patients after right heart catheterisation; the results were closely correlated. Using the Doppler index the differences between the groups defined according to their angiographic grade were significant. Thus measurement of blood flow velocity in the vena cava appears to quantify accurately the severity of tricuspid regurgitation. PMID- 6639816 TI - Echocardiographic features of tropical endomyocardial disease in South India. AB - Fifteen patients with tropical endomyocardial disease which had been proved angiographically were studied using M-mode and cross-sectional echocardiography to determine the extent to which specific features of this disease could be recognised by these non-invasive methods. Tethering of the posterior mitral valve leaflet to the ventricular wall in combination with areas of echo-dense material in the posterior left ventricular wall and associated papillary muscle appeared to be a constant diagnostic feature of this disease. Colour coding of regional echo amplitude showed high intensity echoes in a distribution corresponding closely to that of the fibrosis known to occur in this condition. Though M-mode echocardiography did not contribute diagnostic information, it was useful in defining the functional consequences of myocardial or mitral valve disease. Digitisation of records allowed a restrictive pattern of left ventricular filling to be observed. It was concluded that cross-sectional echocardiography, particularly when supplemented by colour coded amplitude processing, can make a confident non-invasive diagnosis of tropical endomyocardial disease and so could be useful in assessing its progression or response to treatment. PMID- 6639817 TI - Ambulatory electrocardiographic ST segment changes in healthy volunteers. AB - Twenty four hour ambulatory monitoring was performed on 120 healthy volunteers using a frequency modulated recorder: 50 men and 50 women below 40 years and 20 men between 40 and 60 years were studied. Twenty eight subjects had episodes of ST segment elevation (range 1-3 mm), which occurred almost invariably at night with a slow heart rate 62.4 +/- 10.4 beats/min). ST segment elevation occurred most often in men, and was not found in subjects over the age of 37. Also in 10 subjects horizontal or downsloping ST segment depression (range 1-2 mm) was recorded, usually in association with tachycardia (135 +/- 10.5 beats/min). Nine of these exercised on a bicycle ergometer, and widespread ST segment depression was observed in eight. Thus ST segment changes, which are often interpreted as myocardial ischaemia in patients with ischaemic heart disease, are commonly seen in 24 hour electrocardiographic monitoring of healthy volunteers. PMID- 6639818 TI - Electrocardiographic changes due to sauna bathing. Influence of acute reduction in circulating blood volume on body surface potentials with special reference to the Brody effect. AB - Sauna bathing causes profuse sweating, which could lead to an acute reduction in the circulating blood volume and the intraventricular blood volume. Sauna bathing thus provides a good clinical model with which to evaluate the inter-relation between the body surface potentials and the intraventricular blood mass. After bathing the internal dimension of the left ventricle in diastole was appreciably decreased, whereas the spatial QRS magnitude and the magnitudes of the R and Q waves in lead Z and of the S wave in lead X were significantly increased. These findings indicate that a decrease in the intraventricular volume was accompanied by an increase in the body surface potential and contradict the Brody effect. PMID- 6639819 TI - Surgical repair of lesions associated with corrected transposition. Late results. AB - Between 1970 and 1980 19 patients aged 13 months to 47 years (mean 16 years) had surgical repair of lesions associated with corrected transposition. Four had had previous palliative surgery. Operations were performed for ventricular septal defects in 17 (multiple in two), and in addition 10 had relief of pulmonary stenosis, three had atrial septal defects closed, and three had valve replacement for left atrioventricular valve regurgitation. Two patients had annuloplasty for isolated left atrioventricular valve regurgitation. There was a high operative mortality (37%). Twelve survivors left hospital and were followed up for three to eight years. There is concern about the high incidence of left atrioventricular valve regurgitation and progressive postoperative left sided ventricular dysfunction. Heart block after surgical intervention contributes to this, and careful pacemaker policies are necessary as two late deaths were related to this. Only one patient is asymptomatic and without complications 40 months after operation. These disappointing late results are partly related to the onset of heart block, but it seems that independent systemic ventricular function may deteriorate in some patients. Thus surgical treatment of lesions associated with corrected transposition should be recommended only in those with important symptoms or signs of changing systemic ventricular dysfunction. PMID- 6639820 TI - Amiodarone associated alveolitis and polyarthropathy. Treatment by plasma exchange. AB - In a case of severe alveolitis and polyarthropathy occurring within two to five months of starting amiodarone treatment high plasma concentrations of immune complexes were found, suggesting a drug mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Initial symptomatic response followed high dosage corticosteroid and immunosuppressant treatment, but reduction in the dosage of corticosteroids was achieved only by successive plasma exchange with concomitant reduction in plasma concentrations of both amiodarone and immune complexes. PMID- 6639821 TI - Aneurysm of left ventricle and left coronary artery after non-penetrating chest trauma. AB - A 17 year old boy who sustained blunt chest trauma to his chest developed a proximal left anterior descending coronary artery aneurysm and an aneurysm of the left ventricle. He underwent left ventricular aneurysmectomy and was discharged to outpatient follow up. PMID- 6639822 TI - Sarcoid heart disease. PMID- 6639823 TI - Side effects of amrinone therapy. PMID- 6639824 TI - Servo-controlled closed-circuit anaesthesia. A method for the automatic control of anaesthesia produced by a volatile agent in oxygen. AB - A method of closed-circuit anaesthesia has been developed in which the end-tidal concentration of the volatile anaesthetic agent used is controlled automatically using a closed-loop servo system. End-tidal anaesthetic concentrations, measured by the Engstrom EMMA, were maintained in the closed circuit by direct liquid injection. The system was tested in the laboratory and in clinical use (12 subjects). Accurate estimation of anaesthetic uptake was readily obtained and results for the uptake of halothane agreed closely with those of previous workers. The major sources of error in the method were the result of zero offset in the Engstrom EMMA which in turn was caused by humidity and the intrinsic characteristic of the simple proportional controller used. These errors were easily correctable, and end-tidal halothane concentration could be controlled to within 0.1%. Mean halothane vapour uptake at a constant end-tidal concentration of 0.8% was 114 ml min-1 at 1 min, 36 ml min-1 at 5 min, 29 ml min-1 at 10 min and between 22 and 18 ml min-1 at 20-35 min. PMID- 6639825 TI - Uptake of isoflurane during clinical anaesthesia. Servo-control of liquid anaesthetic injection into a closed-circuit breathing system. AB - Twenty-six patients were anaesthetized with isoflurane (Forane) in oxygen using a completely closed-circuit breathing system to which liquid isoflurane was injected. The rate of injection was controlled to maintain the end-tidal concentration at a pre-set value (1.5% = 1.3 MAC). The rate of injection of anaesthetic was recorded and from the data the uptake of anaesthetic by the patient was measured. It was found to average 44.5 ml of vapour at 2 min, 23.7 ml at 10 min and 19.4 ml at 30 min. Attempts were made to correlate the data with anthropometric measurements. PMID- 6639826 TI - The value of early fibreoptic bronchoscopy after aspiration of gastric contents. AB - Fibreoptic bronchoscopy was undertaken in 26 patients upon hospital admission, to assess if they were suffering from pulmonary lesions subsequent to the aspiration of gastric contents. In 24 of these patients erythematous lesions were observed (sensitivity of the procedure: 92.3%), mainly on the carina. Distal to the carina, the lesions were observed less frequently. The procedure caused no complications in any of the patients studied. PMID- 6639827 TI - Ketamine disposition in children and adults. AB - The pharmacokinetics of ketamine 2 mg kg-1 i.v. and 6 mg kg-1 i.m. were investigated in nine children undergoing minor surgery. After either route of administration plasma ketamine concentrations were similar to those found in adult patients receiving the same dose, except at later times after i.v. injection, when concentrations were smaller in children. Also, absorption after i.m. injection appeared to be more rapid in children. Substantially larger concentrations of the metabolite norketamine were found in children than in adults after the injection of ketamine. Concentrations of ketamine upon awakening in a further group of nine children receiving ketamine as the sole anaesthetic showed large inter-individual variation. The concentrations were greater than those previously reported for adults. The greater dose requirements in children, compared with adults, are probably attributable to pharmacodynamic rather than pharmacokinetic factors. PMID- 6639828 TI - The stability of adrenaline injection 1 in 10000. AB - A biological assay was used to determine the potency of adrenaline solution 1 in 10000 soon after manufacture and again after storage at room temperature for 1 year. No deterioration in potency was observed. PMID- 6639829 TI - Subarachnoid spinal analgesia. Changing patterns of practice. AB - The results of a postal enquiry into the current usage of subarachnoid spinal analgesia in Scotland are compared with those obtained in 1976. On each occasion replies were received from more than 70% of those consultants receiving questionnaires. Replies indicating use of the techniques increased from 40% in 1976 to 75% in 1981 and this was accompanied by an increase in the frequency of usage and a decline in medico-legal anxiety. While medical conditions retain their importance, the use of surgical procedures as primary indications has increased. The majority of consultants currently practising extradural techniques also use spinal methods, and there have been changes in attitude regarding the place and safety of both. There is continued minority dissatisfaction with the choice of spinal agents. No major neurological sequelae were reported and replies indicating that subarachnoid spinal analgesia had a useful place in practice increased from 80% in 1976 to more than 90% in 1981. PMID- 6639830 TI - Protective effect of thiopentone on induced myalgias. PMID- 6639831 TI - Pulmonary deadspace during induced hypotension. PMID- 6639832 TI - Prolactin secretion in man: a useful tool to evaluate the activity of drugs on central 5-hydroxytryptaminergic neurones. Studies with fenfluramine. AB - Acute oral administration of various doses of fenfluramine, a 5-HT releaser, induced a dose-related increase of PRL secretion in nine healthy volunteers. Fenfluramine reached the maximum effect on PRL secretion at 4 h after its administration. This effect was already significant at 2 h and lasted till 8 h. Metergoline, a 5-HT receptor blocker, when administered alone, decreased serum PRL levels in six healthy subjects. The pretreatment with this drug significantly antagonized the PRL-releasing action of fenfluramine (60 mg) suggesting that the effect of fenfluramine on PRL release may be mediated through a 5-HT mechanism in the brain. These findings suggest the possibility that serum PRL levels in humans may represent a useful tool to evaluate, in vivo, the activity of drugs possessing putative 5-hydroxytryptaminergic properties. PMID- 6639833 TI - The analgesic effect of the GABA-agonist THIP in patients with chronic pain of malignant origin. A phase-1-2 study. AB - Fourteen patients with chronic pain of malignant origin were treated with escalating doses of THIP intramuscularly 5-30 mg in an open phase 1 study. Analgesic activity was demonstrated in 60% of the patients at the level of 20 mg THIP and a dose response relation was present. Side effects, sedation, dizziness, euphoria, nausea, and blurred vision were present in up to 80% of the patients and were dose limiting. The maximum serum concentration was reached within 1 h after dosing in 87% of all administrations. Mean t1/2 was 1.52 +/- 0.63 h and the clearance was 0.49 +/- 0.181 min. Significant correlations were demonstrated between serum concentration, dose of THIP, analgesic effect and side effects. It is concluded that THIP cannot be used for the treatment of chronic cancer pain, not because of insufficient analgesic effect but because of unacceptable side effects. PMID- 6639834 TI - Mitochondrial respiration inhibitors and human sperm motility: implication in the development of spermicides. AB - Three inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, rotenone, antimycin A, potassium cyanide and the uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, 2,4 dinitrophenol, were tested for their sperm immobilizing effects with a trans membrane migration method. None of these drugs inhibited human sperm motility at the concentrations of 10(-6), 10(-5), 10(-4) and 10(-3) M. The suggestion to develop spermicidal contraceptives from mitochondrial respiration inhibitors could not be substantiated; and the theory that motility inhibiting drugs act primarily on the sperm membrane was reconfirmed. PMID- 6639835 TI - Active metabolites of acenocoumarol: do they contribute to the therapeutic effect? AB - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of racemic acenocoumarol (AC), the amino (AM) and acetamido (AA) derivative were investigated in healthy volunteers after administration of a single oral (10 mg) dose. All three coumarins were rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The elimination half-lives were 10.9, 10.4, and 4.1 h, for AC, AM and AA, respectively. After the oral administration of AC, no AM and AA was detected in the plasma, and less than 1% of the dose was recovered in the urine (0-24 h) as AM. Renal clearance was the main route of elimination of AM and AA; the former by glomerular filtration, the latter by active excretion. Binding to serum proteins was the highest for AC (1.52% free). AM and AA were less tightly bound (about 3% free). AM or AA did not interfere with the AC plasma protein binding. The oral administration of AC resulted in a rise in prothrombin time with a maximum effect at 24 to 30 h. No anticoagulant activity was observed upon the administration of AM and AA. The results indicate that the compounds AM and AA, if they are formed out of AC at all, do not contribute to the anticoagulant activity of AC. PMID- 6639836 TI - Effect of chloroquine and primaquine on antipyrine metabolism. AB - The effects of two antimalarial drugs, chloroquine and primaquine on antipyrine kinetics and metabolism have been studied in volunteers. Chloroquine (250 mg) given 2 h before antipyrine (600 mg orally) had no effect on salivary kinetics of antipyrine or on the urinary recovery of metabolites. Primaquine (45 mg) given 2 h before antipyrine (300 mg orally), increased antipyrine half-life (calculated from 0-24 h) from 12.7 +/- 3.2 (mean +/- s.d.) to 25.3 +/- 3.9 h and decreased clearance from 3.01 +/- 0.67 to 1.32 +/- 0.32 1 h-1. There was no change in the apparent volume of distribution. Antipyrine half life changed with time in the presence of primaquine and when calculated between 24 and 48 h had returned to control. After primaquine, the metabolic clearance (calculated from 0-24 h) of antipyrine to its three main metabolites, 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, 4 hydroxyantipyrine and norantipyrine was significantly reduced. There was no selective effect on a particular metabolic pathway. There was no change in 6 beta hydroxycortisol excretion (expressed as a ratio of total 17-hydroxy corticosteroids) in the period 0-48 h following primaquine administration. The inhibition of hepatic metabolism by primaquine but not the structurally related chloroquine may be an example of a structure activity phenomenon and could be of clinical significance. PMID- 6639837 TI - Prediction of maintenance oral theophylline dosage using single oral doses in patients with obstructive airways disease. AB - This study was designed to test whether single oral doses of theophylline, rather than the specified single intravenous infusions, could be used with a nomogram designed to predict the maintenance oral dose necessary to establish plasma theophylline concentrations of 10 micrograms ml (Koup et al., 1979) in patients with obstructive airways disease. A test dose of theophylline (5 mg kg) was administered on two separate occasions as an oral elixir and as an intravenous infusion. Exactly 6 h after each test dose, plasma theophylline concentration was measured, and the result used to predict daily maintenance dose requirements. During subsequent oral administration, a sustained-release preparation was given in equally divided 12-hourly doses, and 'steady-state' concentrations were measured at trough. Nineteen patients completed the study, and on doses ranging from 4.2 to 21.1 mg kg-1 day-1, trough concentrations of 5.4 to 15.8 micrograms ml (mean 10.0 +/- 0.7 micrograms ml) were achieved. No significant differences were noted between the dose predictions made following either the oral or the intravenous test doses, and the predictive accuracy using the oral route was not compromised. This would suggest that the test dose of theophylline may be administered orally, instead of intravenously, with this nomogram without reducing its efficiency. PMID- 6639838 TI - Phase 1 tolerability and antiamoebic activity studies with 1-methylsulphonyl-3-(1 methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-2-imidazolidinone (Go.10213): a new antiprotozoal agent. AB - Go.10213, a new nitroimidazole, was studied in 12 male volunteers for tolerability and in 20 patients with intestinal amoebiasis for antiamoebic activity. Go.10213 was well-tolerated by volunteers up to a dose of 400 mg X 3. Patients also tolerated well the dose of 100-150 mg X 3 for 7 days. In two patients, there were mild and transient side-effects like headache, dizziness, fatigue, etc. No neurological side-effects were observed. There were no significant changes in blood pressure, pulse rate and ECG. The organ function tests did not show any adverse effects of Go.10213 on bone-marrow, kidney, liver, etc. Go.10213, at a dose of 150 mg X 3, showed potent antiamoebic activity in 10 patients with intestinal amoebiasis, as judged by the clinical relief, the eradication of the trophozoites and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica from stools and the healing of colonic ulcers. Go.10213, a novel nitroimidazole, may prove to be the most potent and safe agent against the protozoal infections, e.g. amoebiasis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis. PMID- 6639839 TI - Dose-response studies on glycopyrrolate and atropine in conscious cardiac patients. AB - The dose-heart rate response relationship for the two anticholinergics, atropine and glycopyrrolate, were studied in non-anaesthetised patients about to undergo coronary artery surgery. Two methods were used, the administration of increasing doses to different groups of patients, and an incremental dose technique in the same patient. Both drugs increased heart rate in a dose-related manner with glycopyrrolate being approximately twice as potent as atropine. Glycopyrrolate is as effective as atropine in correcting bradycardia prior to open heart surgery. PMID- 6639840 TI - Clinical pharmacological studies with prazosin during pregnancy complicated by hypertension. AB - The disposition and effect of orally administered prazosin have been studied in eight women with hypertension which was uncontrolled by beta-adrenoceptor blockade during the last trimester of pregnancy. Results were compared with healthy men of similar age. The median time to peak concentration was 165 min during pregnancy and 120 min in the men (P less than 0.04). Area under the concentration vs time curve was 3914 ng l-1 min in pregnancy and 2439 ng l-1 min in the men (P less than 0.06). Mean elimination half-life was 171 min in the pregnant women and 130 min in the men (P less than 0.01). Blood pressure was lowered by prazosin in both supine and standing positions. Blood pressure control remained satisfactory in six of the eight women and the median prolongation of pregnancy was 22 days. Neonatal outcome was satisfactory and all babies are developing normally. We conclude that prazosin is more slowly, but apparently more completely, absorbed during pregnancy and that its half-life is slightly prolonged. Prazosin appears to be both effective and safe when used during the last trimester to control blood pressure. PMID- 6639841 TI - Serum protein binding of propylthiouracil. AB - Serum protein binding of propylthiouracil (PTU) was measured by ultrafiltration in healthy and hyperthyroid patients. The serum protein binding in 12 euthyroid subjects was 76.2 +/- 1.2% (mean +/- s.d.), not significantly different from the values in 10 hyperthyroid patients: 76.6 +/- 1.3% Binding was unaffected by incubation time and temperatures between 25 and 37 degrees C, but increased from 76.5 to 79.1% when pH changed from 7.4 to 7.9. PTU is predominantly bound to albumin with two classes of binding groups with different number of binding sites and affinity. Displacement experiments showed interaction with acetylsalicylic acid, warfarin and phenylbutazone, but not with antipyrine and nortriptyline or other basic drugs. PMID- 6639842 TI - Induction of propranolol metabolism by rifampicin. AB - The effect of rifampicin on the blood concentration-time curve of propranolol at steady-state following oral administration of 120 mg every 8 h was investigated in six normal, young, male subjects. After an initial 2 week dosing period, all individuals additionally received 600 mg rifampicin daily for 3 weeks followed by a 4 week period during which again only the propranolol was given. In four of the subjects the effects of 900 and 1200 mg rifampicin daily was also studied. Changes in disposition were assessed by estimation of propranolol's oral clearance and elimination half-life during the dosage interval. Rifampicin (600 mg/day) caused a large increase in propranolol's oral clearance (35.7 +/- 16.3 vs 96.1 +/- 26.9 ml min-1 kg-1, mean +/- s.d.), but neither the elimination half life nor extent of plasma binding were affected. Increasing the daily dosage to 900 and 1200 mg did not cause any additional changes in oral clearance. Four weeks after discontinuing rifampicin, propranolol's oral clearance had essentially returned to its pre-induction level. The oral clearance of propranolol was significantly smaller (89.5 +/- 14.4%) during the dosage interval immediately after administration of the last rifampicin dose than the value measured 24 h later. The findings are consistent with rifampicin causing induction of the drug metabolizing enzymes responsible for propranolol's biotransformation. The marked reduction in the steady-state propranolol blood concentration that results from chronic rifampicin administration would be expected to result in a significant change in clinical effectiveness of the beta adrenoceptor blocker when the two drugs are used concurrently. PMID- 6639844 TI - Binding of theophylline and its metabolites to human plasma proteins. PMID- 6639843 TI - The action of salicylates on bile flow in man. AB - Following oral administration of 1.5 g of sodium salicylate or acetylsalicylate to five patients with indwelling T-tubes there was an approximately 50% increase in bile flow. The increase appeared to be in the bile-acid independent fraction of canalicular flow and was not accompanied by a change in lithogenicity. Neither agent would be of use in the medical treatment of cholesterol gallstones. PMID- 6639845 TI - Ophthalmological monitoring of patients receiving long-term acebutolol. PMID- 6639846 TI - Effect of ethnic origin on ampicillin bioavailability in healthy Sudanese subjects. PMID- 6639847 TI - Paracetamol absorption from Paramax, Panadol and Solpadeine. PMID- 6639848 TI - Statistical analysis of data on paracetamol absorption. PMID- 6639849 TI - The significance of fever and increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate occurring in patients in a general medical unit. PMID- 6639850 TI - Jaundice, ultrasound and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography--a surgical appraisal. PMID- 6639851 TI - Can once-daily beta-blockade provide 24-hour cardioprotection? PMID- 6639852 TI - A study of naproxen sodium and mefenamic acid in primary dysmenorrhoea. PMID- 6639853 TI - Diagnostic value of R wave changes after exercise testing. PMID- 6639854 TI - Perforated posterior peptic ulcer associated with gallbladder agenesis and midgut malrotation. PMID- 6639855 TI - Granulomatous orchitis. PMID- 6639856 TI - Patterns of anal carcinoma by gender and marital status in Los Angeles County. AB - Marital status and other characteristics of 970 residents of Los Angeles County in whom cancer of the anus (including perianal skin) was diagnosed during the period 1972-1981 were compared with those of all county residents and all other persons in whom cancer was diagnosed during the same period. The incidence rate of anal cancer for single males was 6.1 times that for married males (P less than 0.001). This excess was limited to squamous and transitional cell carcinomas and was reasonably consistent by age, stage, subsite, social class and race. Single women were not at increased risk, but separated and divorced persons of both sexes were at increased risk compared to married persons. Anal cancers were more common in males under the age of 35, after which there was a substantial female predominance. This relative excess in older women occurred at all stages, subsites, and social classes of whites and also in blacks, but not in Hispanics, among whom women had lower overall incidence rates compared to both whites and blacks. The findings were consistent with the hypothesis that sexual activity involving the anus is related to anal cancer. We could not rule out the possibility that anal cancer is related to the acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS) since the incidence in young single men appears to have increased in 1980 and 1981. PMID- 6639857 TI - Cutaneous malignant melanoma in West Yorkshire: I. A prospective study of variables, survival and prognosis. AB - A prospective study was made of 150 cases of primary invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I diagnosed during the period 1966-1980. Thirty-six of the patients were male, the remaining 114 female, and thus the age-standardized male:female ratio was 2.9:1. One hundred and forty cases were part of the first author's personal series while the data for the remaining 10 patients were provided by colleagues and were subject to the same prospective approach. As a preliminary to multivariate analysis 19 clinical and pathological variables were subject to contingency table analysis to determine significant associations between pairs of variables. Sixty-six nominally significant associations were found of which 28 were highly significant (P less than or equal to 0.0001). Survival to 3, 5, and 7 years was examined by the life table method and a better survival was found in females than in males. Linear logistic regression analyses with dependent variables of 3, 5, and 7 years were carried out by 2 modifications of Cox's regression model, that with survival to 5 years as the dependent variable showing the best goodness of fit. In this study "level of microinvasion" and "patient's sex" emerged as the primary dominant variables in the 5-year regression model. Possible reasons for this and other apparent anomalies between different Cox's models are discussed. PMID- 6639858 TI - Correlation between circulating cancer cells and incidence of metastases. AB - Quantitative aspects of the behaviour of B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma cells during the post-intravasation stages of metastasis were examined in relation to their spontaneous metastatic potential. Cancer cells were isolated from the blood of mice bearing i.m. tumours throughout tumour growth using a novel discontinuous gradient centrifugation technique. Four times more Lewis carcinoma cells than B16 melanoma cells were shed into the circulation, although the numbers of cells shed from either tumour were orders of magnitude more than the numbers of spontaneous pulmonary metastases which developed. Greater numbers of Lewis carcinoma cells were also shed as clumps and with leukocytes attached. However, although similar numbers of radiolabelled melanoma and Lewis carcinoma cells were arrested in the lungs after i.v. injection, fewer carcinoma cells were retained there and 12 times fewer Lewis carcinoma nodules developed in the lungs following injection of non-radiolabelled cells. It appears that the low lung colonization potential of the Lewis lung carcinoma is compensated for during spontaneous metastases by the numbers of cells shed from primary tumours as single cells and as clumps. PMID- 6639859 TI - Pharmacokinetic rationale for the interaction of 5-fluorouracil and misonidazole in humans. AB - As part of a Phase I clinical trial, 5 patients received 5-fluorouracil (FU) both singly and in combination with misonidazole (MISO) for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer. Concentrations of total FU and F-containing metabolites in urine specimens, taken during 48 h after therapy, were determined. The clearance of FU following administration of 1.0 or 1.5 g FU m2 was significantly reduced by treatment with MISO (1.75-2.0 gm-2) given 2 h prior to FU therapy. Reduced clearance of FU by MISO was associated with an earlier onset of the period of nonlinearity of FU pharmacokinetics and an increased half-life of elimination. Furthermore, the clearance of FU correlated inversely with the severity of gastrointestinal toxicity. The mechanism of MISO enhancement of FU action is unlikely to be competition for microsomal enzymes, as proposed for the interaction of MISO and alkylating agents, since FU is catabolized at mitochondrial and cytosolic sites. PMID- 6639860 TI - Fibreoptic bronchoscopy as an aid to diagnosis of respiratory symptoms in breast cancer patients. PMID- 6639861 TI - Characterisation and chemosensitivity of a well-differentiated murine transplantable adenocarcinoma of the colon. PMID- 6639862 TI - Structural variation in the named bronchi of the left lung. A morphometric study. AB - In order to establish whether or not the named bronchi of the left lung differ structurally from each other, their proportions of cartilage, gland and muscle in normal and chronic bronchitic patients were measured. In the normal subject the lower lobe bronchus contains proportionally more muscle than either the upper lobe bronchus or the segmental bronchi. Its proportion of cartilage is less than that of the main and upper lobe bronchi, and in this respect it is similar to the segmental bronchi. The proportions of gland in the main, upper and lower lobe bronchi are the same. There is no difference between the tissue proportions of the segmental bronchi of the upper and lower lobes. In chronic bronchitics the proportion of gland is increased, and in many cases there is also an increase in muscle. The relatively high proportion of muscle in the lower lobe bronchus is no longer apparent, and its proportion of cartilage is greater than in the normal subject. The main and upper lobe bronchi contain a higher proportion of gland than the lower lobe bronchus and the segmental bronchi. The proportions of the components in the upper and lower segmental bronchi are again similar. It is concluded that in the left lung the tissue proportions of the named bronchi vary. In particular, the normal lower lobe bronchus is characterized by a relatively high percentage of muscle, and a similar cartilage content to the segmental bronchi. Care is therefore needed in selecting airways for morphometric studies. PMID- 6639863 TI - Alcoholic drinks and asthma: a survey. AB - A questionnaire was designed to investigate how commonly alcoholic drinks affected asthmatic patients in a population of 168 patients with asthma. Fifty four patients (32.1%) reported that one or more types of drink made their asthma worse, the main offenders being wines, beer and whisky. Thirty-nine patients (23.2%) reported that alcohol, usually brandy or whisky, made their asthma better, particularly when their symptoms were severe. Patients in this latter group tended to be older and were likely to have worse asthma than those who reported no improvement with alcohol (P less than 0.003). In all 47% of patients reported that alcoholic drinks affected their asthma, indicating a more frequent influence of alcohol than is usually appreciated. PMID- 6639864 TI - A new nasal oxygen mask. AB - Recent interest in the benefits of long-term oxygen therapy for patients with chronic airflow obstruction and hypoxaemia should lead to an increased use of nasal prongs for prolonged (15 hours/day) oxygen administration. Because some patients find nasal prongs uncomfortable and since they may slip out of position during use, we have devised a new nasal oxygen mask and compared both its performance and comfort with conventional nasal prongs. Changes in end-tidal oxygen concentration were measured after administering oxygen at 2 litres/min through each device for 10 minutes in 15 normal subjects and for 1 hour in patients with chronic airflow obstruction and hypoxaemia. Although the prongs produced larger increases in end-tidal oxygen concentration in normal subjects, there were no significant differences between the two devices in the patients. There was also no difference in the improvement in arteriolized capillary oxygen tensions (mask 3.5 kPa; prongs 4.0 kPa). In a separate study of prolonged (22 hours) use there was no difference in reported comfort. The new mask is a useful alternative to conventional nasal prongs. PMID- 6639865 TI - Predictive nomograms for forced expiratory volume, forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow rate, in Chinese adults and children. AB - A survey of three indices of ventilatory capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), was undertaken on 3490 Chinese inhabitants of Hong Kong. Nomograms have been constructed for the prediction of these three indices for subjects between the ages of 5 and 75 years. PMID- 6639866 TI - Red cell folate levels, food antibodies and reticulin antibodies in farmer's lung -is there an association with coeliac disease? AB - Indirect evidence of enteropathy has been sought in a group of 57 subjects with farmer's lung (FL) by clinical questionnaire, estimation of red cell folate levels, the presence of precipitating antibodies to various food antigens and detection of reticulin antibodies. One subject was found who had villous atrophy and responded clinically to gluten withdrawal. There were two subjects with low red cell folate levels and multiple food antibodies, and one subject with reticulin antibodies and multiple food antibodies. Enteropathy is infrequent in subjects diagnosed clinically as having farmer's lung but seems to be more common than would be expected by chance. The mechanism has yet to be elucidated. PMID- 6639867 TI - Hyperuricaemia induced by ethambutol. AB - Seventy patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and 12 healthy controls were included in a study to observe the effect of ethambutol on serum uric acid level. In ethambutol-treated cases a statistically significant increase in mean serum uric acid levels was observed in the second, third and fourth week of treatment. This increase was independent of dosage of ethambutol. However, 22 of the 52 (42%) ethambutol-treated cases showed no increase. Streptomycin was found not to potentiate the hyperuricaemic action of ethambutol. Hyperuricaemia due to ethambutol was reversed with probenicid but not by salicylates. No patient developed acute gouty arthritis although two developed arthralgia. PMID- 6639869 TI - Studies on the pathological effects of feeding betel-nut meal in albino rats. AB - The pathological effects of betel-nut meal consumption in weaned albino rats were studied for a period of 4 weeks. In higher concentrations (60-100%), toxic effects were observed. The rats showed severe diarrhoea and died within 1-3 weeks depending upon the amount of betel-nut meal consumed. In lower concentrations (5 10%), no grossly detectable pathological changes were observed in any one of the experimental rats. With the increase in the concentration of betel-nut meal in the experimental diets, the pathological changes were intensified gradually. The pathological changes observed in the rats fed with experimental diets containing more than 15% betel-nut meal were necrosis of the buccal and intestinal mucosa, splenomegaly, fatty changes in the liver and stunted skeletal growth. Catarrhal enteritis was observed in the rats fed with 15% betel-nut meal and haemorrhagic gastroenteritis was observed when the concentration of the betel-nut meal was raised above 15%. PMID- 6639868 TI - Fracture repair in the Snell dwarf mouse. AB - Snell dwarf mice are deficient in the somatomedin peptides which are mediators of growth hormone action on the skeleton. Tibial fractures in dwarf mice united within 6 weeks, however chondroid differentiation and osteogenesis at the fracture site were retarded in the first few weeks after fracture compared with normal mice. Administration of bovine growth hormone (5 micrograms daily) accelerated the repair process and 2 micrograms thyroxine daily resulted in rapid callus formation and ossification indistinguishable from normal controls. Normal somatomedin levels are not therefore essential for adequate fracture healing in Snell dwarf mice. The acceleration resulting from growth hormone and thyroxine administration may be due to an increased production of somatomedins locally or systemically or by direct action on connective tissue. PMID- 6639870 TI - Testicular amyloidosis in hamsters experimentally infected with Leishmania donovani. AB - Thirty hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally with Leishmania donovani. Testes were examined grossly and histologically by light and electron microscopy. Progressive testicular atrophy developed. Spermatogenic cells of the seminiferous tubules showed vacuolar degeneration and decreased in number leading to a total azoospermia in the final weeks of the pathological process. Lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates with macrophages containing leishmanias appeared in the intertubular space. Amyloid deposits in the intertubular space and tubular basement membrane were identified by optical and ultrastructural methods. It has been suggested that testicular amyloidosis may have a pathogenic mechanism related to a dysfunction of plasma cells and stimulation of the reticuloendothial system, due to the antigenic character of the parasite. PMID- 6639871 TI - Strain differences in mice in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury. AB - A study was made in inbred mice of genetic determinants of toxic liver cell injury, and the subsequent occurrence of autoantibodies to mouse liver-specific protein (M-LSP). Carbon tetrachloride was injected s.c. in sublethal doses to induce liver cell damage in 4 strains of mice, BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6 and SJL/J. The degree of liver cell damage was assessed by blood cholylglycine levels and by semiquantitative histological analysis 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 45 days after dosing. Striking differences were observed among the 4 strains in degrees of liver necrosis, cellular infiltration and rate of removal of the necrotic tissue. BALB/c was the strain most susceptible to the necrotizing effects of CCl4. These mice showed confluent areas of hepatocellular necrosis from Day 1 and histological recovery was protracted up to 3 weeks, and was accompanied by pronounced macrophage activity and a cellular inflammatory response. Mice of the SJL/J strain were the least susceptible and showed minor hepatocellular necrosis, which resolved by Day 7, and a slight histiocytic response. C3H and C57BL/6 showed lesions which were intermediate between the other 2 strains. The autoantibody response to LSP was weak, transient and detected only in C57BL/6 mice. This study indicates the presence of genetic control, either H-2 or non-H-2 linked, over the degree of liver cell necrosis resulting from toxic liver injury, and the ensuing cellular infiltrate and rate of removal of the necrotic tissue. PMID- 6639872 TI - Effects of cyclosporin A on mouse lymphoid tissues. AB - Cyclosporin A (CsA) was administered s.c. to BALB/c and C3H mice for periods up to 25 days and the effects were monitored by the immune response to SRBC, HGG, and B. abortus. Whereas the rate of growth of BALB/c mice was only depressed after the 20th day, C3H mice lost weight from the start of treatment. In both strains there was no change in the weight of the spleen and mesenteric lymph node but the thymus weight decreased markedly. This decrease in thymus weight was accompanied by thymic involution with little or no change in spleen or mesenteric lymph node. An increase in Mott cells, as so strikingly demonstrated in the CsA treated chicken (Nowak et al., 1982), was dependent on the degree of thymic involution. When the thymus was normal in appearance there was a slight increase in the number of splenic Mott cells, when compared with untreated controls; in the more usual case of thymic involution (or necrosis), there was no increase in the number of Mott cells. PMID- 6639873 TI - Tumour rejection in immunized guinea-pigs. AB - The morphological aspect of the antineoplastic defence mechanism was studied in Sewall-Wright strain 13 guinea pigs using isogeneic line 2 hepatoma cells. When these tumour cells were injected i.p. into isogeneic hosts, they grew rapidly and always killed their hosts within 8 weeks. An intradermal injection of line 2 hepatoma cells in strain 13 guinea-pigs 3 weeks before i.p. challenge with the same tumour cells protected such pre-immunized animals. While the intradermal inoculum failed to grow, it conferred sufficient immunity to enable the host to reject the tumour after a short period of growth. This phenomenon showed immunological specificity since intradermal injection of allogeneic hepatoma cells did not offer this protection. By using sequential histological analysis in these preimmunized animals, we were able to identify 2 sets of cells migrating into and around tumour modules in relation to tumour cell death. Firstly, small numbers of small lymphocytes were observed at the earliest signs of tumour cell damage. They were most likely the effectors of antineoplastic defence mechanisms. Secondly, a variety of numerous inflammatory cells including macrophages were observed later when the tumour was necrotic, and these cells were considered to be present as a response to tumour cell death. PMID- 6639874 TI - Dissecting aneurysm of aorta in rats fed with cysteamine. AB - Degeneration of elastic fibres leading to aortic aneurysm and rupture was observed in rats treated with cysteamine. The destructive changes are comparable to those of spontaneously occurring cardiovascular abnormalities in man. PMID- 6639875 TI - The role of naturally-acquired bacterial infection in influenza-related death in neonatal ferrets. AB - Concomitant, naturally-acquired bacterial infection was the cause of some deaths occurring in neonatal ferrets infected with the attenuated influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34, these being prevented by antibiotic therapy. Bacterial infection played an insignificant role in the greater number of deaths following inoculation with the virulent clone 7a (of the recombinant influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34-A/England/939/69/(H3N2]. As seen previously with clone 7a some ferret neonates infected with A/PR/8/34 died either from obstruction in the upper respiratory tract or from viral pneumonia, but with the latter virus, both types of lesion were probably attributable to the bacterial superinfection. PMID- 6639876 TI - T-2 toxin-induced pathology in the hearts of rats. AB - T-2 toxin is the major lethal component of several Fusarium fungi implicated in diseases of man and animals. We report here on the histological and ultrastructural changes in hearts of rats given i.p. single large or repeated small doses of T-2 toxin. One, 2 and 3 days after a single large dose, there were lesions in most hearts. They consisted of interstitial oedema, focal cellularity and damage to single or groups of myocytes. The small intramural coronaries were constricted, swollen and sometimes disrupted. After 7 days, most of the changes subsided. In rats killed 1 or 2 months after the last of 10 daily injections of T 2 toxin, cardiomyopathy-like changes were seen with hypertrophy, focal fibrosis and abundant cellularity especially in the subendocardial regions of the left ventricle. The findings, although non-specific, indicate that T-2 toxin is cardiotoxic. PMID- 6639877 TI - Human skin battery potentials and their possible role in wound healing. AB - Measurements of transcutaneous voltage have been made on seventeen normal volunteers. The results show the presence of 'skin battery' voltages comparable in size to those previously reported for amphibian and mammalian skin. No correlation was found between battery voltage and age or sex in the group studied, but consistent anatomical variations were observed. The possible role of these voltages in the natural wound healing process is discussed. PMID- 6639878 TI - Anatomical mapping of epidermal Langerhans cell densities in adults. AB - The densities of T6 antigen-bearing Langerhans cells in 112 biopsies of human skin from sixteen surgical out-patients and four cadavers were determined for eight anatomical regions. The regional mean densities (+/- s.e.m.) of epidermal Langerhans cells per mm2 were: head and neck, 489 +/- 27; chest, 466 +/- 22; back, 466 +/- 11; upper extremities, 458 +/- 25; lower extremities, 431 +/- 30; buttocks, 411 +/- 11; genitalia, 298 +/- 45; soles, 58 +/- 12. No statistically significant differences were found between any of these Langerhans cell densities except for that of the soles which was lower than those of all other regions (P less than 0.002). No significant differences were detected between the mean densities of patients and cadavers, Caucasians and Hispanics or males and females. PMID- 6639879 TI - Transfusion therapy for erythropoietic protoporphyria. AB - Five patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria, in whom beta-carotene treatment had proved unsuccessful, were treated on 5 or 6 occasions with washed, packed red blood cell transfusions. Following the transfusions, the photosensitivity and the protoporphyrin levels in the red blood cells decreased considerably. This treatment may be useful in reducing the high protoporphyrin level in patients with a rapidly deteriorating hepatic function. PMID- 6639880 TI - Malignant pyoderma. AB - Malignant pyoderma is a rare, chronic, destructive ulcerating skin disease of unknown cause that affects young adults, usually males. In the seven previously reported cases, the lesions were distributed mainly about the head and neck region, and some were associated with neurological disturbances. The disease is progressive but responds to high doses of systemically administered steroids. We here describe an additional case and a follow-up of a previously reported case that was managed successfully with corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide therapy. PMID- 6639881 TI - Pigmented lesions of the tongue in heroin addicts--fixed drug eruption. AB - Pigmentation of the tongue is an uncommon finding. We describe a case in which it was due to a fixed drug eruption following the inhalation of heroin pyrolysate and methaqualone vapours. PMID- 6639882 TI - Herpes simplex infections in pemphigus: an indication for urgent viral studies and specific antiviral therapy. AB - Four cases of herpes simplex virus infection in exacerbations of pemphigus are described. Three of these patients had severe generalized infection requiring systemic anti-viral therapy. The presenting features, methods for rapid viral diagnosis and appropriate treatment are discussed. PMID- 6639883 TI - Multiple pyogenic granulomata occurring during etretinate therapy. PMID- 6639884 TI - Cryosurgery in cutaneous leishmaniasis. PMID- 6639885 TI - Detoxification of xenobiotics by glutathione S-transferases in erythrocytes: the transport of the conjugate of glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. AB - The incubation of human erythrocytes with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) results in almost quantitative conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to form S-(2,4 dinitrophenyl) glutathione. The reaction is catalysed by erythrocyte glutathione S-transferase. During the present studies we have identified the conjugate in the incubation medium of CDNB-treated erythrocytes, indicating that the conjugate of GSH and CDNB is transported out by the erythrocytes. Quantitation of the conjugate in the incubation medium by amino acid analysis and thin layer chromatography indicates that the erythrocytes transport the conjugate at an approximate rate of 140 nmol/h/ml erythrocytes. The transport of the conjugate is inhibited by sodium fluoride. Exhaustion of ATP from the erythrocytes results in a significant decrease in the rate of transport which is restored with the regeneration of ATP by incubating the erythrocytes with adenine and inosine. This indicates that the transport of conjugate is an energy dependent process. PMID- 6639886 TI - Influence of heat-treatment on rabbit liver-ferritin kinetics. AB - Rabbit liver-ferritin was purified by heat-treatment and immuno-affinity chromatography or by immuno-affinity chromatography alone. The ferritin was labelled with 125I and injected into rabbits. Significant differences between the two preparations were observed in the rate of clearance from plasma. The biological half-life in vivo of the heat-treated samples was 5.3 +/- 0.5 min, and of non-heated preparations 8.5 +/- 0.5 min, thereby showing a significant (P less than 0.001) affect on the final preparation of heat-treatment during the isolation procedure. After the first 10-15 min period the clearance rate of a slower disappearing fraction was not dependent on the purification method used. The smaller amount of that fraction present in the heat-treated preparation, however, implies a selective loss of ferritin forms with a slow plasma clearance during the isolation procedure that includes heat-treatment. PMID- 6639888 TI - Preservation of deformability (filterability) of sickle cells by BW12C during progressive deoxygenation. AB - Venous blood from patients with sickle-cell disease in the steady state or in crisis was progressively deoxygenated in vitro to study the effect of BW12C, a new compound designed to stabilize haemoglobin in the oxy-conformation, on the deformability (filterability) of washed erythrocytes. At a final concentration of 1.5 mM, BW12C significantly increased erythrocyte deformability, compared with no added compound, at all levels of deoxygenation below normal arterial PO2. At concentrations of 3.0 and 5.0 mM, BW12C prevented any significant reduction of erythrocyte deformability, or increase in sickled cells, with deoxygenation down to PO2 values below the normal venous level. These in vitro results demonstrate the considerable potential, as an anti-sickling agent, of this novel compound. PMID- 6639887 TI - A phenomenological difference between membrane skeletal protein complexes isolated from normal and hereditary spherocytosis erythrocytes. AB - Membrane skeletons may be obtained from human erythrocytes by extraction with non ionic detergent. When treated under defined conditions with a cAMP-independent kinase preparation from normal membranes, a suspension of these membrane skeletons sets to a gelatinous mass. Membrane skeletons from the cells of hereditary spherocytosis patients fail to show this response. Those from subjects with some other haemolytic anaemias do not share the abnormality. The gelation process could be shown also to occur with normal membrane skeletons, extracted at high ionic strength, and containing essentially only the structural protein constituents, spectrin, actin, 4.1 and 4.9. It also occurred rapidly when a column-purified kinase preparation was used, so that no significant amounts of contaminating proteins were introduced. Added spectrin, 4.1 or actin in moderate amounts did not induce gelation in the presence of ATP. Cytochalasin E did not perturb the gelation process. Gelation required ATP as well as kinase, and did not occur when the non-hydrolysable analogue, AMP X PNP, was used instead. Gelation was accompanied by phosphorylation of the spectrin alone, and is thus evidently a consequence of the modification of its properties by this means. Inhibition of phosphorylation by added adenosine retarded gelation. It may be inferred that phosphorylation of spectrin generates new, probably weak, non covalent interactions between cytoskeletal constituents that cause association of the isolated cytoskeletons. A semi-quantitative method of observing the gelation process, based on the time of incubation before the membrane skeleton suspension ceases to flow under gravity at a low shear, is described. PMID- 6639889 TI - Effect of alpha thalassaemia on the rheology of homozygous sickle cell disease. AB - A study of rheological determinants (plasma viscosity, whole-blood viscosity, and erythrocyte deformability) was made in 24 matched pairs of patients with homozygous sickle cell disease, with and without homozygous alpha-thalassaemia 2. Patients with coexisting alpha-thalassaemia showed a significant increase in erythrocyte deformability measured as filtration of washed erythrocytes through 5 micron diameter pores and also as viscosity of whole blood at high shear rate (230s-1) and standard haematocrit (0.45). This rheological advantage may explain the beneficial effect of alpha-thalassaemia 2 on haematological parameters and clinical events in homozygous sickle cell disease. PMID- 6639891 TI - Erythropoietic activity in primary proliferative polycythaemia. PMID- 6639890 TI - The effects of alpha-thalassaemia in HbSC disease. AB - In HbSC disease, as in sickle cell anaemia, there is a spectrum of clinical severity. A reduced mean corpuscular volume and haemoglobin concentration, traits typical of thalassaemia, might retard sickling. We therefore ascertained the prevalence of alpha-thalassaemia in 53 adults with HbSC disease and related alpha globin gene deletion to the haematologic and clinical findings. Alpha-globin genotype was identified by restriction endonuclease gene mapping. Indirect ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography were used to document the presence of proliferative retinopathy. Bone necrosis and infarction were determined roentgenographically or by radionuclide scanning. Either heterozygous or homozygous alpha-thalassaemia-2 was present in 26% of patients. There was no relationship between alpha-globin genotype and haematocrit, pain crises, bone lesions, proliferation retinopathy or clinical severity score. PMID- 6639892 TI - Gammaglobulin in the management of immune thrombocytopenia. PMID- 6639893 TI - Crossed immunoelectrophoresis in the study of abnormal antithrombins III: behaviour of AT III trento. PMID- 6639894 TI - The approximate gene frequency of sickle haemoglobin in the Arabian Peninsula. PMID- 6639895 TI - Genetic and environmental transmission in the Colorado Adoption Project: path analysis. PMID- 6639896 TI - Amniotic fluid phospholipid profile in multiple pregnancy and the effect of zygosity. AB - Because respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) may occur in one twin but not the other it may be misleading to assess fetal lung maturity using amniotic fluid from only one sac. We compared the amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S), phosphatidyl glycerol/sphingomyelin (PG/S) and phosphatidyl inositol/sphingomyelin (PI/S) ratios between co-twins and co-triplets in 32 sets of twins and three set of triplets. In the twin pregnancies we found a weak correlation for L/S ratio but a much improved one for PG/S and PI/S. The concordance between sacs for all three ratios was better in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins. The efficacy of amniotic fluid PG in the determination of fetal lung maturity was demonstrated and the discrepancies between the sacs was much less for PG than for the L/S ratios. Employing the L/S ratio combined with the presence or absence of PG should reduce false results to a minimum. PMID- 6639897 TI - Pregnancy-associated hypertension, a comparison of its prediction by 'roll-over test' and plasma noradrenaline measurement in 100 primigravidae. AB - One hundred primigravidae had a 'roll-over test' between 28 and 32 weeks of gestation. Of the 10 women with positive results (a rise of greater than or equal to 20 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure after roll-over) only two later developed diastolic blood pressures greater than 90 mmHg. Of the 90 patients with a negative result, 17 subsequently sustained diastolic pressures of greater than 90 mmHg. The change in plasma noradrenaline levels measured before and after roll over, in all patients, did not distinguish between those patients who remained normotensive and those who subsequently developed hypertension. At 28-32 weeks gestation, those patients who subsequently developed hypertension had a higher mean plasma noradrenaline level and a higher systolic blood pressure than the patients who remained normotensive. PMID- 6639898 TI - Plus ca change: predictors of birthweight in two national studies. AB - The 16 989 singleton births in one week of March, 1958, studied by the British Perinatal Mortality Survey, were subjected to an analysis of covariance, which showed that major factors associated with birthweight of the infant were: maternal height, history of smoking in pregnancy, parity and history of pre eclampsia during the pregnancy. The same analysis was repeated on the data collected on 16792 singletons born 12 years later in one week of April, 1970 and studied by the British Births Survey. In spite of major changes in obstetric practice and in the maternal population, the same factors were shown to be highly significant and the magnitude of the associations had changed little. PMID- 6639899 TI - Ritodrine in the treatment of preterm labour: a study of 213 patients. AB - In a study of 213 patients with diagnosed, uncomplicated preterm labour up to 33 weeks gestation, intravenous followed by oral ritodrine (Yutopar) was found to be an effective treatment. Success rate was related to Bishop score at commencement of therapy, the mean time to delivery being 36.9 days. It was greater than or equal to 56 days in 26.5% of patients and greater than or equal to 2 days in 91%. Relapse rate was low if infusion was followed by an adequate oral dosage. Concurrent signs and symptoms were seen in a third of patients but drug withdrawal was only necessary in seven. There was no significant difference in the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome between the infants of patients treated with ritodrine alone and those of patients treated with ritodrine plus steroids. PMID- 6639900 TI - Bacteriuria in pregnancy treated with a single dose of cephalexin. AB - Of 87 women in whom bacteriuria was diagnosed on dip slides at between 9 and 22 weeks gestation only 51 (59%) had true bacteriuria in urine obtained by suprapubic aspiration. A single oral dose of cephalexin (3 g) was given to 37 of these patients, 10 were Indian and none of them had recurrence of infection after treatment, whereas 11 of the 27 (41%) 'indigenous' women again had bacteriuria within 2 weeks of treatment. None of the other 26 patients had recurrent bacteriuria in the pregnancy studied. Success of treatment was not related to renal concentrating ability nor, apart from ethnic group, were there other significant differences between successes and failures. Although single-dose treatment seems to be less effective in pregnancy than in the non-pregnant patients, it is an acceptable method of treatment provided that all treated patients are followed closely to detect those who do not respond and require further therapy. PMID- 6639901 TI - A retrospective review of cervical cytology in women developing invasive squamous cell carcinoma. AB - The records of 93 women who presented with invasive squamous cell carcinoma were searched for evidence of cervical cytology during the years preceding this diagnosis; a search was also made through the files of local laboratories and contact was made with general practitioners and relevant hospital departments. Only 26 (28%) of these 93 women had had a cervical smear at any time before the diagnosis of invasive cancer, and only 11 (12%) had had regular cytological surveillance. Fifteen (60%) had had a smear taken and reported as negative within the previous 5 years, six (6%) within the previous year. Eleven of these 15 slides were obtained for review: three were regarded as positive and three more were re-classed as too scanty for conclusive assessment. In nine of the 67 women who had never had a smear, a gynaecological or obstetric examination was known to have been performed or indicated within the previous 5 years, thereby representing a missed opportunity for screening. In three patients cytological abnormalities had been reported within the previous 3 years but no action had been taken. PMID- 6639902 TI - The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in decline. PMID- 6639903 TI - Is the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio outdated? AB - The lecithin/sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio in amniotic fluid is an excellent predictor of fetal lung maturity in most pregnancies but today its value is limited. A review of the use of the L/S ratio service in Manchester from 1975 to 1981 (inclusive) shows a dramatic and consistent fall in the number of requests made over the last 18 months of this period resulting in inconvenience and inefficiency in the laboratory service. Possible explanations for the declining use of the L/S ratio service are discussed with particular reference to St Mary's Hospital, Manchester and a regional re-organization of laboratory assessment of fetal lung maturity is proposed. PMID- 6639904 TI - Lacrimal scintigraphy. I. Compartmental analysis of data. AB - Linear compartmental analysis was applied to lacrimal scintigraphy data from asymptomatic and obstructed lacrimal systems. Failure to achieve satisfactory results in most of the asymptomatic systems studied suggests that variable tear flow is a feature of normal lacrimal drainage which precludes linear analysis. However, in cases where the analysis was successful the results were consistent with the occurrence of reflux between the conjunctival and lacrimal sacs, and between the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct. Further support for the existence of reflux between compartments was provided by the analysis of obstructed systems, particularly those with obstruction at the upper end of the nasolacrimal duct. In such cases there was rapid equilibrium of the tracer between the conjunctival and lacrimal sacs, which in the absence of tear flow could be explained by reflux between these 2 compartments. PMID- 6639906 TI - Lacrimal scintigraphy. III. Physiological aspects of lacrimal drainage. AB - Lacrimal scintigraphy (LS) was performed on asymptomatic lacrimal drainage systems and the results were evaluated to understand the physiology of lacrimal drainage. It was found that a physiological obstruction can exist at the level of the nasolacrimal duct in normal asymptomatic individuals, and it is suggested that this obstruction is due to the resistance offered by the valve of Hasner, which in turn is dependent on (a) the volume of fluid in the lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct, and (b) the anatomical integrity of the valve. The LS observations are taken into account to postulate a mechanism of drainage from the lacrimal sac into the nose, which hitherto has not been very clear. It is also suggested that reflux can occur between the various compartments of the lacrimal drainage system and that the various valves in the membranous passageway can become incompetent in an obstructed system. PMID- 6639905 TI - Lacrimal scintigraphy. II. Its role in the diagnosis of epiphora. AB - Lacrimal scintigraphy (LS) was performed in 860 lacrimal drainage systems (LDS) in 188 patients with bilateral epiphora and 226 patients with unilateral epiphora. A very high incidence of canalicular obstruction was found in these patients, the incidence being higher in the group with unilateral epiphora. It is suggested that a canalicular block is a commoner cause of obstructive epiphora than has been recognised previously and that LS is a reliable method of studying the canalicular function. A significant number (42%) of the opposite asymptomatic eyes of patients with unilateral epiphora were found to have an abnormality in the LDS, which supports the view that abnormalities in the LDS tend to be bilateral. Only 25% of these asymptomatic systems showed a normal drainage, confirming that physiological obstruction can exist below the lacrimal sac in normal lacrimal drainage systems. PMID- 6639907 TI - Biomicroscopy of papillae associated with wearing of soft contact lenses. AB - We studied the topographical, macrostructural, and fluorescein staining characteristics of papillary changes of the upper tarsal conjunctiva associated with the wearing of hydrophilic (soft) contact lenses. Fifty soft contact lens wearers with elevated conjunctival papillae greater than 0.3 mm in diameter were studied. Topographic characteristics recorded were distribution and number of papillae; macrostructural characteristics recorded were diameter and morphology of papillae. The information collected included age of patient, duration of lens wear, average daily time of wearing lens, presence or absence of itching or mucus, refractive status, and atopic history. Papillae were found in most cases in the conjunctival zone adjacent to the tarsal fold and were never found in the zone adjacent to the eyelid margin without also occurring in the intervening zone. The diameter of the papillae ranged from greater than 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm. The number of papillae per eyelid ranged from 4 to over 100. The apices of the papillae were frequently flattened, and these flattened surfaces frequently stained with fluorescein. The vascular supply of individual papillae was observed to radiate from a vessel occupying the central core of each papilla. PMID- 6639908 TI - Unusual features in the conjunctiva and cornea of the normal guinea-pig: clinical and histological studies. AB - Clinical and histological studies of the outer eyes of newborn and adult female guinea-pigs were carried out together with histological studies of fetal eyes. Fine superficial corneal vessels, extending from the limbus, were seen in most newborn and adult eyes and were also present in histological preparations of fetal eyes. These vessels were therefore considered to be features of the normal guinea-pig eye. Masses of tissue composed of lymphoid cells, which were often organised into germinal centres, were found in the fornices of newborn and adult eyes. Smaller accumulations of lymphoid cells were found in fetal eyes, and this lymphoid tissue was therefore also considered to be a normal feature of the guinea-pig eye. In adult eyes mild but short-lived oedema or hyperaemia of the palpebral conjunctiva was quite common. There were no differences in the amounts of conjunctival cellular infiltration in these eyes c found in fetal eyes, and this lymphoid tissue was therefore also considered to be a normal feature of the guinea-pig eye. In adult eyes mild but short-lived oedema or hyperaemia of the palpebral conjunctiva was quite common. There were no differences in the amounts of conjunctival cellular infiltration in these eyes c found in fetal eyes, and this lymphoid tissue was therefore also considered to be a normal feature of the guinea-pig eye. In adult eyes mild but short-lived oedema or hyperaemia of the palpebral conjunctiva was quite common. There were no differences in the amounts of conjunctival cellular infiltration in these eyes compared with normal eyes, and these inflammatory changes were therefore not considered to be significant. PMID- 6639909 TI - Extrinsic and idiopathic vernal keratoconjunctivitis? Two cases with dissimilar immunopathology. AB - Two clinically similar cases of vernal keratoconjunctivitis with dissimilar immunological data are reported. One patient had strikingly elevated IgE levels in both serum and tears, and his tear fluid contained specific IgE antibodies to a number of allergens. Conjunctival scrapings and peripheral blood samples showed marked eosinophilic reactions. The other patient showed normal values for tear and serum IgE; no IgE type antibodies to allergens were detected; and no local or systemic eosinophilic reactions were observed. The immunopathogenesis of these cases is discussed. PMID- 6639910 TI - Prevalence and 15-year incidence of retinopathy and associated characteristics in middle-aged and elderly diabetic men. AB - We examined 178 men for the presence of diabetic retinopathy during 1978-80. They had been part of a group of 205 men from the Jerusalem area, diagnosed as being diabetic or having an abnormal glucose tolerance test in the Israel Ischaemic Heart Disease Project, a 5-year epidemiological investigation of Israeli male government employees. Seventy-four (42%) had diabetic retinopathy as determined by direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, 3-mirror contact lens examination, and fundus photography. Those with and without retinopathy were compared for clinical, biochemical, behavioural, and biographical variables measured subsequently in 1963, 1965, and 1968. We found no significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to antecedent Quetelet index, blood pressure, peripheral vascular disease, blood lipids, haematocrits, smoking habits, area of birth, and education. Statistically significant differences between men with and without retinopathy were found for severity of carbohydrate metabolic intolerance at identification, duration of the metabolic abnormality, age, casual glucose values, and serum uric acid levels. Low serum uric acid appears to precede the incidence of diabetic retinopathy and to decline further as the disease progresses. PMID- 6639911 TI - Alpha thalassaemia and the macular vasculature in homozygous sickle cell disease. AB - The interaction of homozygous alpha thalassaemia 2 with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease results in a generally milder haematological picture with less intravascular sickling, less haemolysis, and higher haemoglobin levels. Clinically, patients are generally more mildly affected, though not all vaso occlusive complications are reduced. Thus there is a possibility that the advantages gained by inhibition of sickling have been offset by the rheological disadvantages of the higher haemoglobin level. The capillary bed in the perimacular region of the posterior pole has been used to examine the degree of vaso-occlusion in age and sex matched controls with SS disease with and without homozygous alpha thalassaemia 2. The results demonstrated significantly less capillary abnormalities in the perimacular region of patients with alpha thalassaemia, though the size of the foveal avascular zone and the grading of perimacular capillary drop-out did not differ between the 2 genotypes. These results are compatible with a mild inhibitory effect of alpha thalassaemia on vaso-occlusion of the macular vasculature in SS disease. PMID- 6639912 TI - Sickle cell retinopathy in Jamaican children: a search for prognostic factors. AB - Children with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease and with sickle cell haemoglobin C (SC) disease, aged 6 1/2 to 8 1/2 years, were examined by fluorescein angiography/angioscopy to determine the presence of retinal nonperfusion. The haematological and clinical features of children with and without nonperfusion were compared. Retinal vessel closure was significantly correlated with low total haemoglobin, and high fetal haemoglobin, reticulocyte, and irreversibly sickled cell counts in SS disease, and with high reticulocyte count in SC disease. No relationships were apparent between vessel closure and other haematological indices or clinical events in either genotype. PMID- 6639913 TI - Predicting acuities in patients with cataracts. PMID- 6639914 TI - The effect of oral contraceptive therapy and of pregnancy on serum folate levels of rural Sri Lankan women. AB - Serum folate level, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration of apparently healthy rural Sri Lankan women, between 20 and 45 years and earning up to Rs. 500 (Sri Lankan Rs. 35 congruent to 1 pound Sterling) per month, were estimated during pregnancy and when on oral contraceptive (OC) treatment with Ovulen 50 (ethinyl oestradiol 0.05 mg, ethinodiol diacetate 1 mg). Ovulen 50 administration led to a fall in serum folate levels which occurred very rapidly during the first 6 months and more slowly thereafter, stabilizing at 2.2 ng/ml in women of very low economic status and at 2.9 ng/ml in the more privileged. There was a steady fall in serum folate concentrations during pregnancy, the levels at the end of pregnancy being higher than those in women under OC treatment for 9 months. The need for folate supplementation during OC treatment is stressed. PMID- 6639915 TI - Availability of iron from chicken meat and liver given to rats. AB - The concentration and distribution of iron in 59Fe-labelled chicken leg and breast meat and liver were determined by gel filtration. In all samples approximately 50% of the Fe was insoluble (haemosiderin) and the haemoproteins (haemoglobin and myoglobin) constituted from 15% (liver) to 25% (leg meat) of the total Fe. Ferritin accounted for from 12% (leg meat) to 27% (liver) of the total Fe. A technique was developed which enabled the time-course of the passage of 59Fe-labelled whole and fractionated meat and liver through the gastrointestinal tract of Fe-replete and Fe-deficient rats to be followed and it was found that the rate of stomach emptying appeared to be a function of the viscosity of the meal. In Fe-replete rats approximately 71% of a meal of raw chicken meat had left the stomach within 1 h of administration and by 2 h the stomach was almost empty and much of the unabsorbed 59Fe was in the ileum. By 4 h the ileum and colon contained almost equal amounts of 59Fe. Between different test meals there were only slight differences in gastrointestinal distribution and these reflected the different rates of stomach emptying. Stomach emptying was slower in Fe-deficient compared with Fe-replete rats. In Fe-replete, but not Fe-deficient, rats it was found that the amount of 59Fe lost (absorbed) from the gastrointestinal tract 2 h after administration of a test meal was not significantly different from the value found using a 7 d faecal collection technique. Comparison of the 2 h absorption values for several test meals indicated that 59Fe absorption from raw whole meat was significantly higher than from the soluble extract and the residue after extraction (haemosiderin). Heat treatment caused a significant decrease in the absorption of Fe in whole meat and the soluble meat extract but a significant increase in the liver absorption values. It is suggested that denatured haemoproteins are less available for absorption than their native forms but that heating increases the availability of the Fe of haemosiderin or ferritin or both. Isolated muscle ferritin was poorly absorbed but on the addition of excess bovine serum albumin the absorption of the Fe was markedly increased. It is concluded that, to estimate the Fe availability of a food such as chicken meat or liver one must not only take account of the concentration and type of each Fe-containing compound present but also such factors as their possible synergistic effects, the presence of chelating agents, the extent of cooking and the concentration and type of proteinaceous digestion products. PMID- 6639916 TI - A comparison of the influence on plasma lipids and platelet function of supplements of omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. AB - A randomized double-blind crossover trial was carried out to compare the influence on plasma lipid concentrations, platelet thromboxane B2 production and platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and U46619 (a prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue), of a daily 10 g supplement of a fish-oil concentrate (MaxEPA), which provided (g): 1.7 20:5 omega 3, 0.3 22:5 omega 3 and 1.2 22:6 omega 3, taken for 2 weeks by ten healthy subjects, with one of vegetable oil providing 3.4 18:2 omega 6. A lower response to platelet aggregation induced by 0.5 micrograms collagen/ml but not by other aggregating agents was observed following both types of supplement. Platelet thromboxane B2 production induced by collagen also tended to be lower following the supplements. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations were unaffected by the supplements. The MaxEPA but not the vegetable-oil supplement lowered the concentration of plasma triglycerides and increased that of high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol. PMID- 6639917 TI - Similar serum lipoprotein reductions by lipid-lowering diets with different polyunsaturated:saturated fat values. AB - Lipid-lowering diets enriched in polyunsaturated fat decrease the serum cholesterol in hyperlipoproteinaemia, usually by reducing both the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the effects on LDL could be maintained but those on HDL cholesterol be diminished by reducing the ratio, polyunsaturated:saturated fat (P:S) of the diet. Twenty hyperlipoproteinaemic patients (six with type IIa, eight with type IIb and six with type IV) in a metabolic ward were given two fat-modified diets during two consecutive 3-week periods in a randomized order. The diets were identical with regard to nutrient composition but differed with regard to the P:S values, which were 2.0 and 1.3 respectively. The lipoprotein-lipid composition and serum apolipoprotein concentrations were similar at the end of the two dietary periods in type IIa and type IV patients but in type IIb patients a more pronounced reduction of the LDL cholesterol concentration by 9% (P less than 0.05) was achieved on the diet with the higher P:S value. The HDL-cholesterol did not differ significantly. The results indicate that increasing the P:S value of lipid-lowering diets from 1.3 to 2.0 does not offer a great advantage with regard to the lipoprotein-lipid reductions achieved in moderate hyperlipoproteinaemia. PMID- 6639918 TI - Rumen protein degradation and biosynthesis. I. A new method for determination of protein degradation in rumen fluid in vitro. AB - A method is described for the determination of protein degradation based on measurements of ammonia concentration and gas production (Menke et al. 1979) when a feedingstuff was incubated with rumen fluid in vitro. NH3 liberated during incubation is in part used for microbial protein synthesis. Production of carbon dioxide and methane can be regarded as a measure of energy available for protein synthesis. The ratio, gas production: incorporation of NH3-nitrogen was estimated by addition of starch to the substrate. The response in gas production was linear in the range 0-200 mg starch, when starch was added to 0-200 mg feedingstuff dry matter and 30 ml rumen fluid-medium mixture. Linear regression between NH3-N concentration (y, mg) and gas production (x, ml) yielded an intercept (bo) representing that amount of NH3-N which would be released when no fermentable carbohydrates were available and consequently no bacterial protein synthesis took place. The difference between this intercept bo and NH3-N content in the blank (rumen fluid without substrate added) indicated the amount of NH3 liberated from protein and other N-containing compounds of the feeding-stuff incubated. In vitro degradable N (IVDN) was calculated as a proportion of total N by the equation: (formula; see text). PMID- 6639919 TI - Absorption of methionine and methionine sulphoxide in rat intestine and the effect of glutathione. AB - The absorption of methionine and methionine sulphoxide was compared in inverted rings from three sections of rat intestine. In all sections, absorption of unoxidized methionine was 20-40% higher than that of methionine at low physiological substrate concentrations. At higher substrate levels, the difference was not so pronounced. Inhibition studies indicated that absorption of methionine and of methionine sulphoxide took place by different absorption systems. Glutathione increased the absorption of methionine and, to a greater extent, the absorption of methionine sulphoxide. PMID- 6639920 TI - Neonatal role of milk folate-binding protein: studies on the course of digestion of goat's milk folate binder in the 6-d-old kid. AB - Groups of kids were reared from birth to 5 d on goat's milk. On the 6th day five of the kids received by bottle a morning feed of goat's milk with [3H]folic acid added to saturate the folate-binding proteins (FBP) (Expt 1); three kids received raw goat's milk containing only the endogenous folate and hence a large surplus folate-binding capacity (FBC) (Expt 2). The contents of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were recovered by washing out 1.5 h after feeding (Expt 1) or at 0.5, 1 and 3.5 h after feeding (Expt 2). Recovery of [3H]folic acid 1.5 h after feeding (Expt 1) in all segments was 58.4%, mainly in a soluble form, most of this being in the stomach (37.0%) and ileum (14.3%). No surplus FBC was found in any gut segment. Sephadex G-75 chromatography of the soluble fractions of the contents of the various gut segments showed that [3H]folic acid remained bound to FBP throughout the stomach and small intestine. The bound [3H]folic acid exhibited a molecular weight of 81 000 in stomach contents, similar to that in the milk feed, presumably representing an aggregated form of the FBP, whereas in the intestinal contents its molecular weight was 39 000 indicating dissociation to monomer due to dilution in the recovery process. In Expt 2, the total recovery of free FBP in all four gut segments was 67, 54 and 23% respectively at 0.5, 1 and 3.5 h after the milk feed, and the distribution of FBP along the gut at 1 h was similar to that of [3H]folic acid-labelled FBP at 1.5 h in Expt 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639921 TI - Effect of zinc deficiency on muscle fibre type frequencies in the post-weanling rat. AB - Male weanling rats were maintained on diets either deficient or adequate in zinc for a period of 4 weeks. The rats on the deficient diet showed a reduction in food intakes and growth. After 4 weeks both soleus muscles and the lateral portion of the diaphragm were studied histochemically to examine the relative frequencies of the fibre types. The soleus muscles of the deficient animals showed a significant change in the proportion of slow and fast fibres. The diaphragm muscles of the deficient animals had a significant increase in the proportion of fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibres and a significant decrease in fast-twitch glycolytic fibres compared with the controls. Stainable lipid increased in the diaphragm muscle of the deficient animals with respect to their pair-fed controls. PMID- 6639922 TI - The influence of protein nutrition in early life on growth and development of the pig. 1. Effects on growth performance and body composition. AB - The effects of feeding either a high-protein (HP) diet or a low-protein (LP) diet between 1.8 and 15 kg live weight (LW) and a low-energy (LE) or a high-energy (HE) intake but at the same protein intake subsequent to 15 kg LW on the performance and body composition of pigs growing to 75 kg LW were investigated. During the LW period 1.8-15 kg, pigs given the LP diet exhibited poorer growth performance (P less than 0.01) and at 15 kg contained more fat (P less than 0.01) in their empty bodies than pigs given the HP diet. On the LE treatment subsequent to 15 kg LW, pigs previously given the LP diet deposited protein at a faster rate and exhibited more rapid and efficient growth to 60 kg LW than those given the HP diet before 15 kg. However, on the HE treatment, pigs previously given the LP diet deposited protein at a slower rate and exhibited poorer growth performance (P less than 0.05) between 15 and 45 kg LW but grew at a faster rate between 45 and 60 kg LW than pigs previously given the HP diet. On the LE treatment subsequent to 15 kg LW the differences in body composition between the two protein groups were no longer significant at 45 kg. However, on the HE treatment, pigs previously given the LP diet remained fatter (P less than 0.05) to 60 kg LW than those previously given the HP diet. The results suggested that restricting protein intake between 1.8 and 15 kg LW reduced, temporarily, the upper limit of protein retention and growth performance during subsequent development. This finding is discussed in relation to the effects of protein nutrition in early life on the hyperplasic development of muscle tissue. PMID- 6639923 TI - The influence of protein nutrition in early life on growth and development of the pig. 2. Effects on the cellularity of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue. AB - The effects of feeding either high-protein (HP) or low-protein (LP) diets between 1.8 and 15 kg live weight (LW) and a low-energy (LE) or high-energy (HE) intake subsequently on the cellularity of muscle and adipose tissue in pigs growing to 75 kg LW were investigated. The effects of the nutritional treatments on muscle tissue were assessed from the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor. For adipose tissue the total DNA content and fat cell size of the subcutaneous adipose tissue contained in the left shoulder joint were determined. Feeding the LP diets in early life reduced the weight and DNA content of the m. adductor (P less than 0.01) and increased fat cell size (P less than 0.01) at 15 kg LW. Subsequent to 15 kg there was an almost linear increase in muscle DNA with increasing LW, and the difference between pigs from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished and was no longer apparent at 60 kg LW. At 30 kg LW, pigs given the LP diets before 15 kg LW contained less DNA in the subcutaneous adipose tissue from the shoulder joint (P less than 0.01) and had larger fat cells (P less than 0.05) than pigs given the HP diets initially. However, adipose DNA and fat cell size increased with increasing LW and the differences resulting from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished. On the LE and HE treatments subsequent to 15 kg these differences were no longer evident at 45 and 60 kg respectively. Pigs given the HE intake subsequent to 15 kg, contained less DNA in muscle tissue (P less than 0.05) at 60 and 75 kg LW and had larger fat cells (P less than 0.05) at 45, 60 and 75 kg LW, than pigs on the LE treatment. PMID- 6639924 TI - Effects of ruminant digestion and metabolism on phenolic monomers of forages. AB - Immature and mature lucerne (Medicago sativa) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) hays were analysed for their lignin and phenolic monomer (hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives) contents. These hays were given to four sheep with rumen, duodenal and ileal cannulas, and to a steer with rumen and abomasal cannulas, to investigate the extent and sites of digestion of lignin and phenolic monomers. The hays and digesta samples were analysed for alkali and nitrobenzene-extractable phenolic monomers. Lanthanum oxide was used as an external marker in the digestion studies. Urine was also collected for estimates of total phenolic balance. Grass hays contained greater concentrations of alkali-labile phenolic monomers than did legume hays, whereas legume hays had higher levels of nitrobenzene oxidation products. Mature tall fescue hay had greater concentrations of phenolic monomers than did immature tall fescue hay, but corresponding differences with maturity were not observed with lucerne hays. There were quantitative differences between diets in the digestibilities and in the sites of digestion of phenolic monomers. Digestibilities ranged from 0.191 to 1.004 for alkali-labile compounds and from -1.137 to 0.868 for nitrobenzene oxidation products. Composition of lignin was altered during its passage through the digestive tract. The proportion of phenolic monomers not recovered in urine and faeces varied from -1.014 to 0.871 for individual compounds and differed between diets. Soluble phenolic monomers decreased in concentration as digesta passed from the rumen to the abomasum and duodenum, but increased again in the ileum; levels varied with diet. Phenolics were rapidly solubilized in the rumen after feeding. Results indicate that forages differ in their phenolic monomer content and in the digestibility of these compounds. Therefore, lignin is not an inert compound in the digestive tract of ruminants as has been previously reported. PMID- 6639925 TI - Hepatic iron accumulation in copper-deficient rats. AB - Studies of anaemia and tissue iron distribution were carried out in copper deficient rats and pair-fed control animals given Fe orally or parenterally in varying doses. The anaemia of Cu deficiency was partially but incompletely corrected by oral Fe supplementation of one- to five-fold normal dietary levels or by intramuscular Fe supplementation. Serum Fe increased in Cu-deficient animals as the dose of supplemental Fe was increased. Hepatic Fe accumulation occurred in Cu-deficient rats which were administered with either oral Fe in two- to five-fold excess or low doses of intramuscular Fe. This difference was not seen in animals receiving high doses of intramuscular Fe, but similar relative differences were seen in Cu-deficient and Cu-replete rats which had been given no Fe supplementation. Duodenal Fe was not increased in Cu deficiency. Bone marrow Fe was present in Cu-deficient animals receiving either parenteral or oral Fe supplementation. Present studies suggest that a decrease in caeruloplasmin (EC 1.16.3.1) activity does not wholly explain the anaemia of Cu deficiency. Fe accumulation may be restricted to the liver, suggesting that Cu may be required for normal intracellular Fe metabolism. PMID- 6639926 TI - Voluntary food intake of growing pigs given diets containing rapeseed meal, from different types and varieties of rape, as the only protein supplement. AB - The voluntary food intake, during 30 min periods after morning and afternoon feeds and during 24 h, by growing pigs given diets containing rapeseed meal (Rsm) or soya-bean meal (Sbm) as the only protein supplement was determined. One diet was offered at a time and a daily changeover sequence of feeding was followed. Four rapeseed meals were compared, one from seeds of British-grown winter Brassica napus varieties (Brsm) and the others from seeds of the varieties Tower (Trsm), Erglu (Ersm) and Span (Srsm). The effects on feed intake of adding flavouring substances to the Brsm diet were also determined. The flavouring substances were molassine meal, sucrose and four commercially-available substances: P, pig nectar; H, hog nectar; S, sow nectar and A, apple. Intake of the Brsm diet was significantly less than those of the Sbm, Trsm and Ersm diets. Addition to the Brsm diet of molassine meal or sucrose at 50 or 100 g/kg did not improve voluntary feed intake. None of the commercial flavouring substances raised the intake of the Brsm diet to the level of the Sbm diet but they improved intake of the Brsm diet to varying extents. Flavourings H, S and A gave similar improvements which were substantial. The Sbm, Brsm and Trsm diets were each fed ad. lib. to groups of growing pigs continuously for 4 weeks. Weekly feed intakes and weight gains were determined. Feed intakes and weight gains followed closely the intake values obtained in the changeover experiments. The highest values were for the Sbm diet; those for the Trsm diet were slightly lower and those for the Brsm diet were substantially and significantly lower. The glucosinolate, sinapine and tannin contents of the rapeseed meals were determined and the results suggested that voluntary feed intake of diets containing these meals was related to their glucosinolate content, but not to their sinapine or tannin contents. PMID- 6639927 TI - N tau-methyl histidine excretion by poultry: not all species excrete N tau-methyl histidine quantitatively. AB - The rate of elimination of administered N tau-[14CH3]methyl histidine was used to assess the validity of N tau-methyl histidine excretion as an index of muscle protein breakdown in poultry. Broiler chicks (2-3 and 4-5 weeks old), laying hens, adult quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), adult cockerels and turkey poults (2-4 weeks old) were tested. All except the turkey poults showed quantitative recoveries of N tau-[14CH3]methyl histidine within 1 week. Turkeys showed a different pattern of N tau-[14CH3]methyl histidine output; the mean total recovery after 14 d was less than 50% of the injected dose. The majority of the label remaining after this time was found in breast muscle. All birds tested excreted N tau-methyl histidine unchanged, although a small amount sometimes appeared as another metabolite. No significant oxidation of N tau-[14CH3]methyl histidine by broiler chicks turkey poults or adult quail was found. The results show that excretion of N tau-methyl histidine is a useful measure of muscle protein breakdown in the domestic fowl and quail but not in turkeys. PMID- 6639928 TI - Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the ewe during pregnancy and lactation. 1. Calcium. AB - Mineral balance and radioisotope studies have been carried out to test the adequacy of recent Agricultural Research Council (1980) recommendations for calcium and phosphorus for pregnant and lactating ewes. At the same time, Ca metabolism was compared throughout pregnancy and lactation in ewes restricted to these recommendations and in ewes given a plentiful supply of dietary Ca and P. Irrespective of their Ca intake, ewes were unable to absorb enough dietary Ca in late pregnancy and early lactation to meet the high demands, and skeletal stores of Ca were mobilized to make good the deficit. Whereas ewes given the plentiful intake absorbed enough dietary Ca in mid- to late lactation to replace their lost skeletal Ca stores, ewes given the restricted Ca and P intake did not and, at the end of lactation, were still in deficit of about 10% of their total body Ca. Since Ca absorption in the restricted ewes occurred at the maximum efficiency (66%) expected from a hay and concentrates diet, the Agricultural Research Council (1980) recommendations for Ca, particularly in mid-to late lactation, must be inadequate. It is suggested that in calculating requirements, allowance must be made for the inevitable loss and subsequent replacement of skeletal stores. The endogenous faecal loss of Ca was found to vary in direct relation to the food intake, and the significance of this finding to calculations of Ca requirements is discussed. PMID- 6639929 TI - Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the ewe during pregnancy and lactation. 2. Phosphorus. AB - Mineral balance and radioisotope studies have been carried out to test the adequacy of the recent Agricultural Research Council (1980) recommendations for calcium and phosphorus for pregnant and lactating ewes. At the same time, P metabolism was compared throughout pregnancy and lactation in ewes fed according to these recommendations and in ewes fed a plentiful supply of dietary Ca and P. Bone mineral stores were mobilized in late pregnancy and early lactation, irrespective of the rate of P absorption. These stores were then replaced in mid- to late lactation in ewes given the plentiful Ca and P intake but not in the ewes given the restricted intake. Results suggest that these changes in bone stores occurred as a result of changes in Ca requirements rather than in P requirements, and that accretion of P into bone or resorption of P from bone occurred merely as a consequence of this change in Ca requirements. Immediate demands for P for maintenance and fetal or milk production do not reflect net P demands, which also take into account changes in bone P metabolism. The rate of P absorption was directly related to net demands and the rate of endogenous excretion was inversely related to net demands. Absorption and endogenous faecal loss of P were also both directly related to P intake. A lack of dietary Ca, particularly in mid to late lactation, makes it impossible to draw conclusions on the adequacy of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) recommendations for P. Results do suggest, however, that P requirements ought to be calculated according to net demands for P rather than immediate demands. PMID- 6639930 TI - Winter food restriction and summer compensation in red deer stags (Cervus elaphus). AB - Twelve red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) penned individually from weaning were fed on a concentrate diet. Six stags received the diet to appetite throughout the study, and the other six were restricted to 70% of the intake of the first group during winter and then fed to appetite during summer. The winter-restricted stags showed remarkable compensatory growth during summer. Compared with the unrestricted stags they showed greater food intake, greater daily live-weight gain and increased food conversion efficiency. Nonetheless, they failed to compensate fully for the previous undernutrition. The hind-foot of the restricted stags failed to grow as long as that of the unrestricted stags. Poor winter nutrition, particularly during the first year of life, and subsequent failure to compensate during the short periods of summer plenty, provides an explanation for the small mature size of wild stags in Scotland. Although the winter-restricted stags were less fat both grossly and relative to body-weight than the unrestricted stags, both groups showed the same relationship of level of fatness to empty-body-weight. In both the groups of stags, extensive fat deposition began once they had reached about half their expected mature weight, a much later stage of development and age than in sheep and cattle. The annual cycle of growth and appetite is considered to form part of a complex adaptive system to enhance survival in a harsh seasonal environment followed by a mild seasonal environment. On Scottish hills deer reach a size appropriate to their environment rather than their genetic potential size. PMID- 6639931 TI - Studies of the large intestine of sheep. 3. Nitrogen kinetics in sheep given chopped lucerne (medicago sativa) hay. AB - A study was made of nitrogen kinetics in the large intestine of sheep given 800 g chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay/d. Four sheep were continuously infused with (15NH4)2SO4 into the caecum and three other sheep were infused intravenously with [15N]urea. A digesta marker, 51Cr complexed with EDTA (51Cr-EDTA), was infused into the rumen of each sheep to allow estimation of the rates of digesta constituents. Infusions were continued until tracer concentrations reached plateaux in digesta and blood pools, after which the sheep were anaesthetized and slaughtered. Pre-infusion samples and samples on plateau were obtained before slaughter for subsequent analysis to give plasma urea and rumen ammonia-N concentration and enrichment. At slaughter, digesta were obtained from the ileum and segments of the large intestine. These were analysed for 51Cr-EDTA content and concentration and enrichment of ammonia-N, microbial N and non-urea non ammonia-N (NU-NAN). N flows in segments of the large intestine were calculated and represented in a quantitative eight-pool model. Transfer of plasma urea across the wall of the caecum and proximal colon was negligible but there was an input of 0.8 g endogenous NU-NAN/d. Flow of urea plus ammonia-N in digesta from the ileum into the caecum contributed 1.0 g N/d to the caecal ammonia pool. Proteolysis and deamination produced a further 3.0 g ammonia-N/d in the caecum and proximal colon. The net absorption of N between the ileum and the rectum was 2.8 g N/d but 3.0 g ammonia-N/d was absorbed from the caecum and proximal colon and, in addition, at least 0.9 g ammonia-N/d from the distal colon and rectum. Ammonia-N was incorporated into caecal microbes (0.6 g N/d) and approximately 57% of the NU-NAN in caecal digesta was microbial N. The majority of the microbial N flowing from the caecum was excreted in faeces. The rate of irreversible loss of urea-N from plasma, measured by intravenous infusion of [15N]urea, was 13.6 g/d. On average 83 (SE 6.8)% of the 15NH3 apparently absorbed from the caecum was incorporated into plasma urea; caecal ammonia contributed 9-19% of the N in plasma urea and 0.2-3.1% of the N in rumen ammonia. PMID- 6639932 TI - Incorporation of nitrogen into rumen bacterial fractions of steers given protein- and urea-containing diets. Ammonia assimilation into intracellular bacterial amino acids. AB - Experiments were carried out in vivo to investigate the pathways of ammonia incorporation into rumen bacteria, bacterial fractions and free amino acids within the bacteria. Steers were alternately given two isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diets containing the nitrogen mainly as either urea or decorticated groundnut meal (DCGM). At the end of each period on a given diet, a solution of 15NH4Cl was infused into the rumen and samples of rumen contents were removed at 2, 10, 20 and 90 min and 5, 10 and 24 h afterwards. Concentrations of ammonia and its 15N enrichment were determined and samples of mixed rumen bacteria were prepared. Bacteria were disrupted ultrasonically and separated into bacterial protein, cell wall and protein-free cell supernatant fractions. Amino acids were separated after hydrolysis and their 15N contents determined. A rumen fluid circulation pump was developed so that representative samples could be taken at very short time intervals after the introduction of the 15N label. Rumen pH changes, rumen fluid dilution rates and patterns of rumen ammonia concentrations were consistent with normal rumen metabolism. Net bacterial synthesis (as calculated from the net outflow of bacteria from the rumen) was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater with the DCGM diet (12.4 g bacterial N/d) than with the urea diet (9.24 g bacterial N/d). With both diets the 15N label rapidly left the rumen ammonia pool and entered the rumen bacteria. Analysis of the bacterial fractions indicated that the label appeared rapidly in the protein-free cell supernatant fraction and more slowly in the bacterial protein and cell wall fractions. With the DCGM diet bacteria apparently utilized intracellular label less efficiently than with the urea diet. The proportion of N in the protein-free cell supernatant was higher with the DCGM diet, suggesting increased levels of intracellular amino acids and peptides, following extracellular protein degradation. Levels of enrichment of the amino acids alanine and glutamate in the protein-free cell supernatant fraction suggested that the enzymes alanine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.1) and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.2 and 1.4.1.4) may be the major enzymes for assimilating ammonia when concentrations of soluble carbohydrate and rumen ammonia are high in the rumen. The high levels of intracellular alanine are discussed with reference to published work on the excretion of alanine by rumen bacteria. PMID- 6639933 TI - The activities of some metabolic enzymes in the intestines of germ-free and conventional chicks. AB - The metabolic enzymes alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42) were measured in mucosal homogenates and these enzymes, together with glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9), were measured in homogenates of isolated enterocytes from germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) chicks which were either fed continuously until they were killed or were subjected to a 16 h fast before killing. The intestine of the GF chicks was generally lighter than that of the CV controls. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was greater in the mucosal homogenates of the CV chicks compared with the GF birds, but the concentrations of acid phosphatase and isocitric dehydrogenase were not different in the two groups. In the isolated enterocytes the concentration of all enzymes expressed per mg DNA, except alkaline phosphatase, was higher in the GF chicks. Expressed per mg protein there was no significant difference in enzyme activity in the two groups. Fasting caused a reduction in intestinal weight and total mucosal protein in both groups but the reduction was greater in the GF chicks compared with the CV controls. In the GF chicks, fasting caused a significant fall in acid phosphatase and isocitric dehydrogenase activities of the mucosal homogenate, whereas in the CV chicks only acid phosphatase fell to a significant extent. In the isolated enterocytes feeding caused a marked fall in protein per mg DNA in the CV chicks; fasting tended to reduce enzyme concentrations in the GF chicks but to have less effect in the CV group except for alkaline phosphatase where there was a marked rise in activity. It is suggested that the difference in enzyme activities in the mucosal homogenates and isolated enterocytes might resulted from (a) the presence of a much greater lamina propria in the CV compared with the GF chicks and (b) the greater mitotic activity in the fed CV chicks yielding a much larger number of smaller immature cells. PMID- 6639934 TI - Acridine-psoralen amines and their interaction with deoxyribonucleic acid. AB - A series of novel compounds in which a 9-acridinyl nucleus is linked to a psoralen nucleus in the 5- or 8-position via polyamines was prepared and examined. Their reversible binding to DNA and their irreversible binding to DNA and DNA cross-linking upon irradiation with UV-A light were examined. It was found that they were all less efficiently photoreactive than 8-methoxypsoralen (8 MOP), both in cross-linking and photobinding to DNA, whereas the ratio between their photobinding and cross-linking was 40-400 times that of 8-MOP. Compounds in which the linker was attached to the 5-position in psoralen showed smaller cross linking and photobinding efficiencies and larger ratios between photobinding and cross-linking than those of psoralens attached in the 8-position. This strongly indicates that the 9-substituents of the acridines are oriented toward the minor groove. Flow linear dichroism studies showed that the compounds were DNA intercalating with the acridine moiety, whereas the psoralen moiety in no case was clearly intercalating. This conclusion was further supported by viscometry which also strongly indicated monointercalation. PMID- 6639935 TI - Secondary structure assignment for alpha/beta proteins by a combinatorial approach. AB - We describe an algorithm for assigning the secondary structure of alpha/beta proteins. Turns are identified very accurately (98%) by simultaneously considering hydrophilicity and the ideal spacing of turns throughout the sequence. The segments bounded by these turns are labeled by a pattern recognition scheme based on the physical properties of alpha-helices and beta strands, in this class of proteins. Long-range, as well as local, information is incorporated to enhance the quality of the assignments. Although the assignment for any one sequence is not unique, at least one of the assignments bears a close resemblance to the native structure. The algorithm successfully divides protein sequences into two classes: alpha/beta and non-alpha/beta. The accuracy of the secondary-structure assignments in the alpha/beta class is sufficient to provide useful input for tertiary-structure assignments. PMID- 6639936 TI - Neutron scattering studies of nucleosome structure at low ionic strength. AB - Ionic strength studies using homogeneous preparations of chicken erythrocyte nucleosomes containing either 146 or 175 base pairs of DNA show a single unfolding transition at about 1.5 mM ionic strength as determined by small-angle neutron scattering. The transition seen by some investigators at between 2.9 and 7.5 mM ionic strength is not observed by small-angle neutron scattering in either type of nucleosome particle. The two contrasts measured (H2O and D2O) indicate that only small conformational changes occur in the protein core, but the DNA is partially unfolded below the transition point. Patterson inversion of the data and analysis of models indicate that the DNA in both types of particle is unwinding from the ends, leaving about one turn of supercoiled DNA bound to the histone core in approximately its normal (compact) conformation. The mechanism of unfolding appears to be similar for both types of particles and in both cases occurs at the same ionic strength. The unfolding observed for nucleosomes in this study is in definite disagreement with extended superhelical models for the DNA and also disagrees with models incorporating an unfolded histone core. PMID- 6639937 TI - Circular dichroism and ordered structure of bisnucleoside oligophosphates and their Zn2+ and Mg2+ complexes. AB - Circular dichroism, absorbance, hypochromicity, and the formation of Mg2+ and Zn2+ complexes have been measured for a series of bisnucleoside oligophosphates that contain adenosine, guanosine, and mixed guanosine/adenosine, guanosine/cytidine, and guanosine/uridine, as well as 7-methylguanosine and ribose-methylated purine nucleosides. All of the metal complex ions have stacking interactions at 2 degrees C, 10 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride, pH 8.0. There is a measurable degree of base stacking for all unsubstituted purine nucleotides that differs, however, from that of bases in nucleic acids. The degree of base stacking varies with the length of oligophosphate chains and the state of methylation. The effect of 7-methylation of guanosine is interpreted as causing a switch of nucleic acid base stacking from an atypical to a typical mode, which could be important for cap function in mRNA. The Mg2+ and Zn2+ complexes give rise to characteristic circular dichroism. In all instances excepting 7-methylated bisguanosine oligophosphates, the active secondary structures are disrupted, and in this regard, Zn2+ is more effective than Mg2+. At least two sets of binding sites are involved. A single metal ion is bound tightly. Stability, in terms of equilibrium constants, increases by more than 1000-fold as a function of chain length varying from two to six phosphates. The consequences of methylation are only minor. Electrostatic attraction between metal ions and phosphates is the most likely mechanism of these phenomena as judged by the effect of high ionic strength. PMID- 6639938 TI - Reinvestigation of the shape and state of hydration of the skeletal myosin subfragment 1 monomer in solution. AB - Hydrodynamic calculations lead to the conclusion that chymotryptic (or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) myosin S1 in solution (hydrated), at 1-5 degrees C, can be modeled as a prolate ellipsoid, with an axial ratio lying between p = 1.0 and 2.5 (major axis between 100.5 A, for p = 1.0, and 162.5 A, for p = 2.5). The degree of hydration is considerable (1.24 g/g for p = 2.5 and 2.02 g/g for p = 1.0). The dehydrated myosin head is pear-shaped under the electron microscope, and its narrowest part is located near the junction with the tail [Elliott, A., & Offer, G. (1978) J. Mol. Biol. 123, 505-519]. Mendelson & Kretzschmar [Mendelson, R. A., & Kretzschmar, K.M. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 4103-4108] have shown that the pear-shaped molecule does not predict the experimental X-ray scattering curve. Nor is this model able to predict the hydrodynamic values. The three-dimensional model for S1 used by Mendelson and Kretzschmar gives a rather good fit to the experimental X-ray scattering curve, but it does not predict the hydrodynamic values. In order to try to reconcile the three models and to fit the X-ray scattering curve and the hydrodynamic data, we suggest that, in solution, the S1 monomer has the shape of a prolate ellipsoid and that an inclusion of bound water exists at one extremity of the protein. The rest of bound water surrounds the protein. As first approximation, the dry protein and the hole are assumed to have the same shape as the hydrated molecule (prolate ellipsoid; p).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639939 TI - Natural abundance Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver and adipose tissue of the living rat. AB - We have employed the topical magnetic resonance (TMR) technique to obtain natural abundance 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra from liver and adipose tissue in the living rat. Experiments were performed in a TMR magnet (20-cm diameter) with a two-turn radio-frequency coil ("surface" coil) combined with a focused static magnetic field. The in vivo spectra that were obtained at 20.2 MHz have been assigned by comparison with those from excised organs obtained in a conventional spectrometer operating at 90.5 MHz. Signals in the TMR spectra corresponding to carbons of the carbohydrates, glucose and glycogen, and of the lipids, triglycerides and phospholipids, have been resolved in vivo and assigned. The effects of chronic modification of dietary fat and carbohydrate on the in vivo spectra have been investigated. The levels of carbohydrates and of saturated and unsaturated fats in the liver as measured by 13C TMR reflect the relative amounts of these compounds in the long-term diet. PMID- 6639940 TI - Functions of the 5'-phosphoryl group of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in phosphorylase: a study using pyridoxal-reconstituted enzyme as a model system. AB - Pyridoxal-reconstituted phosphorylase was used as a model system to study the possible functions of the 5'-phosphoryl group of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) in rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase. Kinetic study was conducted by using competitive inhibitors of phosphite, an activator, and alpha-D-glucopyranose 1 phosphate (glucose-1-P) to study the relationship between the PLP phosphate and the binding of glucose-1-P to phosphorylase. Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance (19F NMR) spectroscopy of fluorophosphate bound to pyridoxal phosphorylase showed that its ionization state did not change during enzymatic catalysis. Evaluation of the apparent kinetic parameters for the activation of pyridoxal phosphorylase with different analogues having varied pKa2 values demonstrated a dependency of KM on pKa2. Molybdate, capable of binding as chelates in a trigonal-bipyramidal configuration, was tested for its inhibitory property with pyridoxal phosphorylase. On the basis of the results in this study, several conclusions may be drawn: (1) The bound phosphite in pyridoxal phosphorylase and, possibly, the 5'-phosphoryl group of PLP in native phosphorylase do not effect the glucose-1-P binding. (2) One likely function of the 5'-phosphoryl group of PLP in native phosphorylase is acting as an anchoring point to hold the PLP molecule and/or various amino acid side chains in a proper orientation for effective catalysis. (3) The force between the PLP phosphate and its binding site in phosphorylase is mainly electrostatic; a change of ionization state during catalysis is unlikely. (4) Properties of the central atoms of different anions are important for their effects as either activators or inhibitors of pyridoxal phosphorylase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6639941 TI - Subcellular distribution of cholic acid:coenzyme a ligase and deoxycholic acid:Coenzyme a ligase activities in rat liver. AB - Cholic acid:CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.7, choloyl-CoA synthetase) and deoxycholic acid:CoA ligase catalyze the synthesis of choloyl-CoA and deoxycholoyl-CoA from their respective bile acids in rat liver. A modification of the phase partition assay was introduced which yields significantly (3-fold) higher specific activities for cholic acid:CoA ligase than previously reported. An independent method of separating choloyl-CoA from the substrates by high-pressure liquid chromatography was also developed and validates the modification. Both enzymic activities were found to be localized predominantly in the endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver. The level of either ligase in other purified, active subcellular fractions is consistent with the level of contamination by endoplasmic reticulum, estimated by using marker enzymes. Hence, the ligase assay can be used as a sensitive enzymic marker for endoplasmic reticulum in rat liver. The kinetic parameters of both enzymic activities were determined by using purified rough endoplasmic reticulum from rat liver. While the apparent maximal velocities for the two substrates are similar, the Michaelis constant for deoxycholate is significantly lower than that for cholate. Taurocholate and deoxycholate are shown to be competitive inhibitors of cholic acid:CoA ligase. The inhibition constant of deoxycholate is similar to its Michaelis constant for the deoxycholoyl-CoA-synthesizing reaction, suggesting that the same enzyme is responsible for both ligase activities. PMID- 6639942 TI - Glycolipids of fetal, newborn, and adult erythrocytes: glycolipid pattern and structural study of H3-glycolipid from newborn erythrocytes. AB - The glycolipids of blood group type O adult, newborn, and fetal erythrocytes were compared. The total amount of glycolipids was indistinguishable between adult and newborn erythrocytes. However, glycolipids with long and neutral carbohydrates and the H determinant were greatly reduced in newborn cells. On the other hand, the amount of sialylated glycolipids (gangliosides) was significantly higher in newborn cells, suggesting that during erythropoiesis sialyltransferases are more active in fetuses than in adults. The amount of each core structure, lacto-N tetraosyl, linear lacto-N-hexaosyl, and branched lacto-N-octaosyl, was compared between adult and newborn erythrocytes. It was found that branched lacto-series glycolipids were reduced in newborn cells compared with adult cells. Thus, development from fetal to adult human erythrocytes is associated with an increase of branching and a decrease of sialylation of N-acetyllactosaminyl carbohydrate chains. The study indicates that glycolipids are quantitatively different between adult and newborn or fetus. PMID- 6639943 TI - Low-potential cytochrome b as an essential electron-transport component of menaquinone reduction by formate in Vibrio succinogenes. AB - Incorporation of the electron-transport enzymes of Vibrio succinogenes into liposomes was used to investigate the question of whether, in this organism, a cytochrome b is involved in electron transport from formate to fumarate on the formate side of menaquinone. (1) Formate dehydrogenase lacking cytochrome b was prepared by splitting the cytochrome from the formate dehydrogenase complex. The enzyme consisted of two different subunits (Mr 110 000 and 20 000), catalyzed the reduction of 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone by formate, and could be incorporated into liposomes. (2) The modified enzyme did not restore electron transport from formate to fumarate when incorporated into liposomes together with vitamin K-1 (instead of menaquinone) and fumarate reductase complex. In contrast, restoration was observed in liposomes that contained formate dehydrogenase with cytochrome b (Em = -224 mV), in addition to the subunits mentioned above (formate dehydrogenase complex). (3) In the liposomes containing formate dehydrogenase complex and fumarate reductase complex, the response of the cytochrome b of the formate dehydrogenase complex was consistent with its interaction on the formate side of menaquinone in a linear sequence of the components. The low-potential cytochrome b associated with fumarate reductase complex was not reducible by formate under any condition. It is concluded that the low-potential cytochrome b of the formate dehydrogenase complex is an essential component in the electron transport from formate to menaquinone. The low-potential cytochrome b of the fumarate reductase complex could not replace the former cytochrome in restoring electron-transport activity. PMID- 6639944 TI - Sodium-dependent transport of phosphate in LLC-PK1 cells. AB - Transport of phosphate has been studied in subconfluent monolayers of LLC-PK1 cells. It was found that this transport system shows similar characteristics to those observed in the kidney. Uptake of phosphate is mediated by a Na+-dependent, substrate-saturable process with an apparent Km value for phosphate of 96 +/- 15 mumol/l. Kinetic analysis of the effect of Na+ indicated that at (pH 7.4) two sodium ions are cotransported with one HOP4(2-) ion (Hill coefficient 1.5) with an apparent Km value for sodium of 56 mmol/l. Pi uptake is inhibited by metabolic inhibitors (ouabain and FCCP). In the pH range of 6.6 of 7.4 Pi uptake rate does not change significantly, indicating that both the monovalent and the divalent form of phosphate are accepted by the transport system. It is suggested that phosphate is transported by LLC-PK1 cells together with sodium (2 Na+:1 HPO4(2-) in an electroneutral manner down a favourable sodium gradient. PMID- 6639945 TI - Methylation of phospholipids in microsomes of the rat aorta. AB - The methylation of phospholipids by S-adenosyl-L-methionine was characterized in microsomes prepared from strips of rat aorta. In the presence of 0.5 microM S adenosyl-L-methionine, endogenous phosphatidylethanolamine was methylated to form three products: phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N,N dimethylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. In the presence of 150 microM S adenosyl-L-methionine the methylation activity increased more than 50-fold and the principal radioactive product was phosphatidylcholine. Optimal activity was at pH 9 and no magnesium requirement was detected. Exogenous phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine and phosphatidyl N,N-dimethylethanolamine served as substrates for the enzyme. The methylation of exogenous phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine proceeded at a slower rate. Incubation of trypsin with the aorta microsomes reduced the enzymatic activity and reduced the relative yield of phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine. Phospholipase C degraded the methylated phospholipids, but phosphatidyl-N,N dimethylethanolamine appeared to be less accessible to the phospholipase. The phospholipid methylation activity was inhibited by the addition of S-adenosyl-L homocysteine or by L-homocysteinethiolactone. When intact strips of rat aorta were incubated with L-[methyl-3H]methionine, [3H]methyl groups were incorporated into phospholipids. This incorporation was inhibited when L homocysteinethiolactone was added to the incubation. Polarized fluorescence of diphenylhexatriene in aorta microsomes was measured to determine the apparent membrane fluidity. When intact strips of aorta were incubated with methionine or with L-homocysteinethiolactone, methionine enhanced and L-homocysteinethiolactone decreased apparent fluidity of the microsomal membranes. Phospholipid methylation activity was examined in aorta microsomes prepared from genetically spontaneous hypertensive SHR strain rats. Phospholipid methylation activity was substantially greater in the SHR aorta microsomes than in microsomes prepared from Wistar-Kyoto WKY control strain aorta. Membrane fluidity was greater in the SHR aorta microsomes than in the WKY aorta microsomes. The hypothesis that phospholipid methylation activity influences fluidity of membranes and the possible involvement of methylated phospholipids in aorta membrane functions are discussed. PMID- 6639946 TI - Interaction of biologically active molecules with phospholipid membranes. I. Fluorescence depolarization studies on the effect of polymeric biocide bearing biguanide groups in the main chain. AB - Interaction of poly(hexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride) (PHMB), which is a polymeric biocide bearing biguanide groups in its main chain, with phospholipid bilayers was studied by the fluorescence depolarization method. A strong interaction of PHMB with negatively charged bilayers composed of phosphatidylglycerol(PG) alone or of PG and phosphatidylcholine (PC) was observed, whereas neutral PC bilayers were not affected. On adding PHMB, the fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene embedded in the negatively charged bilayers was reduced to a great extent, especially in the gel phase. This was interpreted in terms of PHMB-induced expansion and fluidization of the bilayer, which enables the probe molecule to undergo less-hindered torsional motion. Similarity between PHMB and polymyxin B in the structure, the mode of action against bacteria and the interaction with lipid membranes is discussed. PMID- 6639947 TI - Fusion of mitochondrial inner membranes by electric fields produces inside-out vesicles. Visualization by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. AB - The fusion of vesicular-shaped mitochondrial inner membranes was observed by a new approach which combines freeze-fracture electron microscopy and electric field-induced fusion. Results show that membrane events caused by the exposure to the electric field can be time-coordinated with sample freezing for subsequent analysis by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. PMID- 6639948 TI - The sphingomyelin pools in the outer and inner layer of the human erythrocyte membrane are composed of different molecular species. AB - Analyses of the fatty acid composition of the outer and inner pools of sphingomyelin in the human erythrocyte membrane revealed significant differences in molecular species composition of these two pools. The sphingomyelin in the inner monolayer, representing 15-20% of the total sphingomyelin content of this membrane, is characterized by a relatively high content (73%) of fatty acids, which have less than 20 carbon atoms, whereas these account for only 31% of the total fatty acids in the sphingomyelin in the outer leaflet. On the other hand, the ratio saturated/unsaturated fatty acids in the two pools is similar. Significant differences are also observed for the fatty acid composition of the sphingomyelin in human serum when compared to that in the outer monolayer of the corresponding red cell. These results are interpreted to indicate an (almost) complete absence of transbilayer movements of sphingomyelin molecules in the human erythrocyte membrane, whereas an exchange of this phospholipid between the red cell membrane and serum is either virtually absent, or affects only a minor fraction of the sphingomyelin in the outer membrane layer. PMID- 6639949 TI - Circular dichroism studies of low-spin ferric cytochrome P-450CAM ligand complexes. AB - Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has been used to probe the active site of bacterial ferric cytochrome P-450CAM. The endogenous sixth ligand to the heme iron has been displaced by an extensive series of exogenous oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and other neutral and anionic donor ligands in an attempt to examine systematically the steric and electronic factors that influence the coupling of the heme chromophore to its protein environment. General trends for each ligand class are reported and discussed. Both the wavelengths and the intensities of the CD bands vary with ligand type and structure. All but one of the complexes exhibit negative CD maxima in their delta and Soret bands. Comparison to ferric myoglobin-thiolate complexes indicates that the negative sign observed for the cytochrome P-450 spectra is not a property of the thiolate fifth ligand, but rather arises from a different interaction of the cytochrome P-450 heme with its protein environment. Complexes with neutral oxygen donors display CD spectra that most closely resemble the spectrum of the native low-spin enzyme. Hyperporphyrin (split Soret) cytochrome P-450 complexes with thiolates, phosphines and cyanide trans to cysteinate have complex CD spectra, reflecting the intrinsic non degeneracy of the Soret pi pi transitions. The extensive work presented herein provides an empirical foundation for use in analyzing the interaction of heme chromophores with their protein surroundings, not only for the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases but also for heme proteins in general. PMID- 6639950 TI - Spectral changes upon subunit association in valency hybrid hemoglobins. AB - The absorption, circular dichroism (CD) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of valency hybrid hemoglobins and their constituents (alpha + and beta chains for alpha 2+beta 2, alpha and beta + chains for alpha 2 beta 2+: + denotes ferric heme) were measured in the Soret region for F-, H2O, N3- and CN- derivatives. Absorption and MCD spectra of valency hybrid hemoglobins were very similar to the arithmetic mean of respective spectra of their corresponding component chains in all derivatives. The Soret MCD intensity around 408 nm for various complexes of valency hybrid hemoglobins seems to reflect the spin state of ferric chains. Upon ferric and deoxy ferrous subunit association to make the deoxy valency hybrid hemoglobins, only the high-spin forms bound with F- and H2O of alpha 2+beta 2 displayed a blue shift in the peak position around 430 nm and those of alpha 2 beta 2+ an increase in intensity around 430 nm. The blue shift and the increase in intensity were considered to be caused by the structural changes in deoxy beta chains of alpha 2+beta 2 and deoxy alpha chains of alpha beta 2+, respectively. These spectral changes were interpreted on the basis of their oxygen-equilibrium properties. In contrast to absorption and MCD spectra, the CD spectra of valency hybrid hemoglobins were markedly different from the simple addition of those of their component chains in all derivatives examined. The large part of CD spectral changes upon subunit association were interpreted as changes in the heme vicinity accompanied by formation of the alpha 1 beta 1 subunit contact. PMID- 6639951 TI - The primary structure of Vipera ammodytes venom trypsin inhibitor I. AB - The primary structure of Vipera ammodytes venom trypsin inhibitor I consists of 61 amino acid residues [sequence in text]. The N-terminal group of the inhibitor is pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid. The sequential data were obtained by analysis of peptides isolated from tryptic and chymotryptic digests and by analysis of peptides derived from the hydrolysis of the aspartyl-prolyl bond of the carboxymethylated inhibitor. The primary structure of trypsin inhibitor I presented shows approximately 80% sequence homology with chymotrypsin inhibitor isolated from the venom of the same snake, and nearly 50% homology with bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. It belongs to the Kunitz-pancreatic trypsin inhibitor family of inhibitors. PMID- 6639952 TI - Differential cleavages of disulfide cross-links of protamines in boar sperm nuclei. AB - Limiting reduction of boar sperm nuclei revealed that disulfide cross-links of the boar protamines complexed with DNA were classifiable into five groups from the differences in their sensitivity toward the reduction. A feature of cross linkings in boar sperm chromatin and that of bull is discussed. PMID- 6639953 TI - Modification of arginines in D-beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. AB - D-beta-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (D-3-hydroxybutyrate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.30) is a lipid-dependent enzyme which has an absolute and specific requirement for phosphatidylcholine for function. Chemical derivatization studies using 1,2-cyclohexanedione, an arginine-specific reagent, have been carried out on the purified enzyme devoid of lipid as well as on the enzyme reactivated with phospholipid. Cyclohexanedione inactivated the active enzyme-phospholipid complex and the lipid-free enzyme was rendered inactivatable by phospholipid. From kinetic studies and by direct chemical derivatization studies with [1 14C]cyclohexanedione, we find that incorporation of a single cyclohexanedione molecule per enzyme monomer resulted in complete loss of enzymic activity. The presence of NADH or NAD+, cofactors for the enzyme, offered no protection for the rate of inactivation. The substrates beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate with or without coenzyme gave little or no protection. However, 2-methyl malonate, a competitive inhibitor for beta-hydroxybutyrate, strongly protected against inactivation. These studies indicate that: (1) a single arginine serves a vital role and is essential for function; (2) the arginine is located in the proximity of the substrate binding site. PMID- 6639954 TI - Porcine cholesterol esterase, a multiform enzyme. AB - Cholesterol esterase (sterol-ester acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.13) has been purified from porcine pancreas by two methods, one of which was previously reported by Momsen, W.E. and Brockman, H.L. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 486 (1977) 102-113). Multiple forms of the enzyme were demonstrated throughout the course of both purification procedures. These forms hydrolyzed both p-nitrophenyl acetate as well as cholesteryl oleate. Isoelectric focusing was used to select one form of cholesterol esterase having a pI of 4.3 for further study. Using high-pressure liquid chromatography on a TSK Spherogel column this apparently homogeneous preparation of cholesterol esterase was separated into two components having molecular weights equal to 90 000 (peak I) and 45 000 (peak II). The number of each amino acid residue in peak I was double that of the corresponding residue in peak II, suggesting a dimer-monomer relationship. The N-terminal analyses showed that the first five amino acid residues were the same in peak I and peak II. The enzyme is a glycoprotein containing glucosamine, glucose, galactose, mannose and rhamnose; it is inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. PMID- 6639955 TI - Glutamate dehydrogenase in Reye's syndrome. Evidence for the presence of an altered enzyme in serum with increased susceptibility to inhibition by GTP. AB - The glutamate dehydrogenase activity found in the serum of patients with Reye's syndrome is shown to be inhibited about 1000-fold more potently by GTP than is the normal human enzyme. 1 mM ADP, which with the normal enzyme effectively reverses GTP inhibition, has no effect in the GTP inhibition of the Reye's syndrome serum activity. PMID- 6639956 TI - Disulfide linking of albumin to the hinge region of immunoglobulin G in normal human serum. AB - A protein-protein complex from human serum was isolated and characterized as a two-component system, containing albumin and IgG in a 1:1 mole ratio. The observations reported here suggest that the albumin-IgG complex may have formed through intermolecular disulfide bonds between albumin and IgG. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of papain-digested fragments of albumin-IgG complex revealed that the combining sites for albumin may be located in the hinge region between the Fab and the Fc fragments of IgG. PMID- 6639957 TI - A prominent feature of the conversion of P-450 to P-420 of cytochrome P-450B1 among the cytochrome P-450 isozymes. AB - Conversion of cytochrome P-450 to P-420 was observed with the use of three isozymes of P-450, P-450PB, P-450MC and P-450B1. The last one, which was isolated and characterized in our laboratories, is the cytochrome P-450 with high affinity for cytochrome b5. Of these isozymes, cytochrome P-450B1 is predominantly fast in the rate of conversion from P-450 to P-420 in the reduced state under carbon monoxide. p-Nitroanisole, which is the substrate of P-450B1 for demethylation, accelerated the conversion, whereas the effects of the compound on the rate of conversion of the other P-450S were small. The effect of cholate on the conversion was distinct and rapid but not very selective among the isozymes. Stabilization with glycerol for prevention of the conversion was found to be effective, for any of these isozymes. No remarkable difference was observed in the stability of the oxidized state among these isozymes when detected in the CO reduced form. The rates of the reaction from the oxidized to the CO-reduced form were measured with these isozymes. The rate of P-450B1 was the highest in both the medium with glycerol and that without glycerol. Circular dichroism was measured with respect to conversion of P-450 to P-420. The absorption at 450 nm was related to the significant circular dichroism, while the increased absorption at 420 nm due to the conversion was not accompanied by distinct circular dichroism. These data support the concept that the heme vicinity of cytochrome P 450B1 is more labile in the structure of the reduced form under carbon monoxide than those of the other isozymes. PMID- 6639958 TI - Irreversible inhibition of phosphotransacetylase by S-dimethylarsino-CoA. AB - S-Dimethylarsino-CoA was synthesized by acylation of CoA with dimethylchloroarsine. The new analogue of acetyl-CoA was tested as an active-site directed irreversible inhibitor of phosphotransacetylase (EC 2.3.1.8), carnitine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.7) and citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7). Irreversible inhibition was observed only with phosphotransacetylase, which was derivatized via a simple bimolecular process (k2 = 197 +/- 15 min-1 . M-1). Acetyl-CoA provided complete substrate protection against the inactivation, while phosphate (a substrate) and desulfo-CoA (a competitive inhibitor) provided a partial protection. The inactivation was not reversed by dithiothreitol. The new reagent was a linear competitive inhibitor versus acetyl-CoA with both carnitine acetyltransferase (Ki = 41 microM) and citrate synthase (Ki = 20 microM). Chemical studies showed that S-dimethylarsino-CoA reacts with the thiol of N alpha-acetylcysteine but not with the side-chain functional groups of histidine and lysine. The nature of the chemical modification of cysteine was determined by investigating a model system. Thus the chemical reaction between the thioarsenite linkage of S-dimethylarsinobenzylmercaptan and the thiol of cysteine was shown to involve transesterification of the dimethylarsino group. PMID- 6639959 TI - Properties of a calmodulin-activated Ca2+-dependent protein kinase from wheat germ. AB - A soluble protein kinase that is largely dependent upon Ca2+ for activity was partially purified from wheat germ. The protein kinase (Mr 90 000) catalyzes the phosphorylation of casein, histones and of endogenous proteins. Calmodulin activates the protein kinase with histone as substrate, half-maximal activation being obtained with 1.4 microM sheep brain calmodulin. The rate of casein phosphorylation is half-maximal at 0.3 microM free Ca2+ and maximal at 2.0 microM free Ca2+. Higher Ca2+ is required for histone phosphorylation, namely 80 microM and 500 microM free Ca2+, respectively, for half-maximal and maximal phosphorylation rates. In addition to Ca2+, millimolar Mg2+ is required for maximal activity of the enzyme; millimolar Mn2+ can substitute for the (Ca2+ + Mg2+) requirement. The Km for ATP is 31 microM; other nucleoside 5'-triphosphates and ADP inhibit phosphoryl transfer from ATP to protein. Serine and threonine residues of casein or histones are phosphorylated by the enzyme. The protein kinase is inhibited by relatively high concentrations of chlorpromazine and fluphenazine. The low free Ca2+ required for activation of the enzyme suggests that this type of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase may be involved in Ca2+-mediated stimulus-response coupling in plants. PMID- 6639960 TI - Alterations in the apparent tissue factor (thromboplastin) expression in HeLa cells by a cellular factor Xa inhibitor. AB - HeLa cells have undetectable tissue factor (thromboplastin) activity when measured by a one-stage coagulation assay. In contrast, these cells accelerated the factor VII-catalyzed cleavage of factor X. The two assays gave similar results after either heating the samples to 100 degrees C for 2 min or exposure to thrombin. Neither of these treatments altered the tissue factor activity of human foreskin fibroblasts, a cell type with high tissue factor activity. HeLa cells contain an inhibitor(s) directed against factor Xa but not thrombin. The inhibitor(s) was inactivated by exposure to thrombin or by heat treatment. Inhibition of factor Xa-catalyzed cleavage of a synthetic peptide was blocked by ethyleneglycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) so the inhibition was apparently dependent on divalent cations. Inhibition was not accelerated by heparin. The inhibitor(s) was not protein C or other serine proteases since it was not inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate. The factor Xa inhibitor(s) has been isolated from HeLa cells with an approximate 500-fold increase in specific activity. After SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis factor Xa-inhibitory activity was recovered from a region corresponding to the major Coomassie-staining band at 43 kDa and in lesser amounts from regions corresponding to 26 and 17 kDa. Cellular inhibitors of coagulation may partially explain the low apparent tissue factor observed in some in vitro cells and may serve a regulatory role in limiting the expression of tissue factor. PMID- 6639961 TI - Role of N-acetylglutamate and acetyl-CoA in the inhibition of ureagenesis by isovaleric acid in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - 1 and 10 mmol/l isovalerate strongly inhibited urea synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes incubated with 10 mmol/l alanine and 3 mmol/l ornithine. Isovalerate also markedly decreased N-acetylglutamate levels, and the decrease correlated with the inhibition of urea synthesis by isovalerate. This compound also lowered cellular levels of acetyl-CoA, a substrate of N-acetylglutamate synthase (EC 2.3.1.1). Isovalerate did not significantly affect the cellular levels of ATP and had no direct effect on N-acetylglutamate synthase activity. These results suggest that the inhibition of urea synthesis by isovalerate is due to decrease in N-acetylglutamate levels. PMID- 6639962 TI - Elastin synthesis during perinatal lung development in the rat. AB - The rate of soluble elastin synthesis was estimated in lung explants from rats of differing ages to better define periods in lung development important to the deposition of lung elastin. Lungs from rat pups at days 1, 3, 7, 9, 12, 15, and 21 post-parturition and from adult rats were incubated in a defined medium containing L-[3H]valine. Following incubation, labelled soluble elastin (tropoelastin) was separated from other soluble proteins by coacervation and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. The tropoelastin synthetic rate was then estimated after correcting for differences in recovery of radioactivity as tropoelastin and lung tissue L-[3H]valine specific activity. Maximal rates of elastin synthesis were observed in lung explants from 7-12-day-old rats. The rate of elastin synthesis during this period was 5-8-times the rate observed in adult rat lung (expressed per g of fresh lung) and represented approx. 2% of the total protein synthesis. Moreover, the values derived from lung explant culture for elastin synthesis were consistent with values for lung elastin deposition in the perinatal rat (5-10 micrograms elastin/h per g lung). PMID- 6639963 TI - Specificity of submaxillary gland sialyltransferases. AB - A method has been developed to determine the activities of specific sialyltransferases by analysis of the products of the reaction. This method, which utilizes high performance liquid chromatography, distinguishes addition of sialic acid to the N-acetylgalactosamine vs. galactose residues of the mucin disaccharide Gal beta(1 leads to 3)GalNac, and can be used to distinguish formation of the 3'- and 6'-isomers of sialyllactose. For the bovine, ovine, and porcine submaxillary extracts, more than 95% of the activity with asialo ovine submaxillary mucin is due to formation of NeuAc alpha(2 leads to 6)GalNAc. With lactose as the acceptor, more than 95% of the alpha(2 leads to 3) isomer is produced. Activity with asialofetuin is due solely to the O-linked chain, with relative activity toward the galactose vs. GalNAc residues of 0.32, 1.5, and 0.10 for bovine, ovine, and porcine, respectively. The rat submaxillary gland extract showed equal formation of 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose, and very low activity with asialo ovine submaxillary mucin. However, at least 40% of the activity toward the Gal beta(1 leads to 3)GalNAc disaccharide of asialofetuin was directed toward the GalNAc residue. The relative preference of the N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha(2 leads to 6) sialyltransferase for a monosaccharide vs. a substituted GalNAc may play a role in regulation of chain length during mucin synthesis. PMID- 6639964 TI - [Increase in rigidity of lysozyme molecule during the binding of inhibitors]. AB - An increase in Young's modulus of different solid samples (amorphous and crystalline) of hen egg white lysozyme after soaking them with inhibitor solution was shown to originate from the restriction of domain mobility when the inhibitor binds at the active site cleft provided the binding induces no changes in the packing of the molecules in the samples. N-acetyl-D-glucosomine was found to be able to bind in two sites of the crevice of active centre. The change in the compliance of the globule resulted from the inhibitor binding and low limit of globule compliance was estimated to be 0,14 H-1 m. PMID- 6639965 TI - [Pyruvate and glucose transport through the erythrocyte membranes and the role of spectrin in these processes]. AB - Effect of antibody to peripheral protein spectrin and antibody to integral protein of band 3 on kinetic parameters of pyruvate and glucose transport in the pink erythrocyte ghosts has been studied. It is shown that spectrin structure reorganization induced by the antibody to this protein has different effect on pyruvate and glucose transport parameters. Band 3 protein modification with the help of the antibody to this protein changes pyruvate transport parameters, while glucose transport is not changed. The data obtained show that facilitated diffusion of glucose and anions in the erythrocyte membrane is carried out by different carriers, the action of these carriers essentially depending on the structure state of spectrin. PMID- 6639967 TI - [Electric parameters of the L-type horizontal cell layer in the carp retina]. AB - The inner longitudinal resistance of the L-type horizontal cell syncytium in the carp retina ranges from 1.5 X 10(5) to 7,4 X 10(5) Ohm. The static resistance of the nonsynaptic membrane at the potential level corresponding to the bright light ranges from 2,5 X 10(3) to 19 X 10(3) Ohm . cm2 i.e. comparable with membrane resistances of many neurons recently investigated. Depolarization increases the resistance in 3,5 divided by 21 times up to 16 X 10(3) divided by 69.10(3) Ohm . cm2. Measured values of the capacity are 1 divided by 2 mcF . cm-2. PMID- 6639966 TI - [Effect of phallotoxins on the mechanism of Ca2+-activation of glycerinated fibers of the rabbit psoas muscle]. AB - The effect of phalloidin (Ph) and some of its derivatives on isometric tension and spectrum of mechanical relaxation times of single fibres was under investigation. It was shown that Ph had a great effect only at low levels of Ca2+ activation, evoking multi-phase changes of isometric tension and a sharp rise of the rate constant of delayed tension development up to value close to that for control fibres at high [Ca2+]. As to their efficiency to change Ca2+-sensitive parameters of the fibres, phallotoxins can be arranged as follows: Ph approximately equal to Ph-sulfone greater than Ph-sulfoxide B approximately equal to dethio-Ph greater than Ph-sulfoxide A greater than or equal to seco-Ph. There is a qualitative correlation of this sequence with the actin stabilising properties for all these substances with the exception of dethio-Ph. These findings are discussed from the viewpoint of two different "on" actin states, only one of them being Ph-sensitive. PMID- 6639968 TI - [Influence of mechanical conditions on myocardial chronoinotropy]. AB - The force-frequency relationships in isometric, isotonic and auxotonic regimes of contractions have been analysed in right rabbit papillary muscles. The uncorrelated Hauss input sequence of interstimulus intervals was used. For studied mechanical regimes a number of differences have been shown. These differences were in: 1) coefficients of contraction amplitude variation (with the same input stimulus dispersion); 2) dependence of mechanical activity upon the amplitude of previous contraction; 3) force-frequency relationships calculated with regression equations. The nature of revealed differences and usage of chronotropic indexes as a measure of contractility have been discussed. PMID- 6639969 TI - [Effect of the constant magnetic field on the chemoluminescence of the skin during its destruction]. AB - A study was carried out of the effect of constant magnetic field of magnitophore applicator ALM-2 (CMFMA) with magnetic induction B on the surface, in the active centre zone--30 MT and gradient B--5 mT/mm on the intensity of peroxidation of lipids in the human skin during its destruction and under hypothermia. Parameters of ultralow chemoluminescence of skin homogenates initiated by bivalent iron ions were considered as intensity indices of lipid peroxidation. It has been shown that skin incubation for 24 hours under CMFMA effect rules out the strengthening of lipid peroxidation, while it takes place at skin incubation under normal conditions. PMID- 6639970 TI - [Change of hydration properties of serum albumin in ontogenesis]. AB - Hydrophile and hydrophobic regions in serum albumins of 30--180- and 720-day old rabbits were studied by NMR-spectroscopy and solubilization. It has been shown that the ratio between effective sizes of hydrophile and hydrophobic regions changes in the course of development. This results in a change of conformational structure of studied proteins. PMID- 6639971 TI - [X-ray diffraction study of polymorphism of the DNA double helix at protonation]. AB - X-ray diffractograms of DNA fibers have been obtained at various degrees of protonation (alpha). At the protonation degrees preceding acid denaturation, DNA double helix undergoes polymorphic transformation. At 75% relative humidity DNA helix of 11 : 1 type protonated up to alpha = 0.3 changes to 10 : 1 type. PMID- 6639972 TI - [Theory of DNA melting in the interval of B-A transition]. AB - Theory of DNA melting within the B--A transition range is presented. The phase diagram in coordinates alcohol--temperature is plotted. The temperature shift of DNA helix--coil transition in the B--A transition point is predicted to be delta T = 3 degrees. The temperature rise of DNA melting in the range of B--A transition is caused by the presence of junctions between regions in B and A forms in helical sections. PMID- 6639973 TI - [Electrical breakdown of erythrocyte membranes during UV-radiation]. AB - The electric stability of erythrocyte membrane was shown to reduce under UV radiation. The disturbing action of UV-radiation depends on the value of membrane potential difference. PMID- 6639974 TI - [Cell sorting using magnetoliposomes]. AB - Liposome-entrapped ferromagnetic particles are bound to the surface of L cells. A system of circular magnets is capable of concentrating magnetoliposome-bound cells, separating them from free cells. Antibodies associated with magnetoliposomes enable to concentrate selectively the target cells. Magnetoliposomes could be used for developing a new cell-sorting system. PMID- 6639975 TI - [Role of synchronization in the action of weak electromagnetic signals of millimetric wavelength on living organisms]. AB - Possible mechanism of the influence of weak electromagnetic radiation on living organisms is discussed. PMID- 6639976 TI - Generalization of lowered EMG levels during musical performance following biofeedback training. AB - Electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback training offers a means by which musicians can control excess muscle tension during performance. Music instructors generally agree that unnecessary muscle tension not only leads to physical problems but also can interfere with performance quality. It is important, however, that the reduced EMG levels resulting from biofeedback training generalize to situations in which feedback is not available, and that the reduction in muscle tension not result in decreased performance quality. Eight intermediate to advanced clarinet players participated in four EMG biofeedback training sessions during which short term and extended generalization of lowered EMG levels was assessed along with trill and scale speed scores. Significant reductions in EMG levels associated with biofeedback training generalized to short-term and extended situations, while trill and scale performances remained at or above pretest levels. PMID- 6639977 TI - Feedback and incentive effects on the decrease of interbeat interval. AB - Johnston and Lethem (1981) have hypothesized that when subjects attempt to decrease their interbeat interval (i.e., increase their heart rate) maximally, then interbeat interval feedback has a purely motivational role, but when they attempt to decrease their interbeat interval by a precise amount, such feedback has a primarily informational role. This was tested by comparing the performance of 16 subjects on both types of task. It was predicted that additional monetary incentives would reduce the difference between feedback and no-feedback conditions when subjects were attempting to reduce interbeat interval maximally but not when attempting to reduce it by a specific amount. This prediction was not supported. Incentive was found to aid performance on the maximal interbeat interval decrease task, but this was independent of the effects of feedback. Only feedback effects were detected on the specific interbeat interval decrease task. PMID- 6639978 TI - A model for the monocular line orientation analyzer. AB - A model for monocular line perception by human Ss is based on three basic assumptions: (a) the line's inclination is coded by the maximally excited orientation detector's number; (b) the inclination of the perceived line is equivocally determined by the excitation vector in the subjective space; (c) the analyzer has a maximum differential sensitivity over the whole range of the line inclinations. This simple model for the line inclination analyzer, taking into account the optimization of its sensitivity, provides incomplex explanations for a wide range of psychophysical and neurophysiological data obtained from human and animal experiments. PMID- 6639979 TI - Analysis of nonlinear physiological systems with single or multiple spike inputs and analogue or spike outputs. AB - This paper outlines an extension of Krausz' (1975) approach to nonlinear analysis of physiological systems with random impulse train inputs. This extension concerns multiple (here two) inputs and spike train outputs in addition to analogue outputs. The respective theoretical formula are given, and the approach is illustrated by experimental data relating to the nonlinear interaction of cat motor units activated with random pulse trains. As outputs are considered muscle tension (as an example for an analogue signal) and discharge frequency of a Ia fibre (as an example for a spike output). PMID- 6639980 TI - The frequency of seeing square wave density modulations in random dot patterns. AB - A theoretical and experimental study on the detection of a square wave pattern of random dots is presented. Our theory applies to two-alternative forced choice experiments as well as to "seen"-"not seen" discrimination experiments. In our experiments we used the forced choice method. The theory provides a good description of the psychometric function of the percentage of correct decisions versus contrast. From these frequency of seeing (FOS) curves the apparent signal to-noise ratio of the detection mechanism of human subjects can be derived. It is found that this ratio can have values of up to 100% and that it decreases with the number of dots in the stimulus and with the number of periods of the square wave. It is shown that a more precise description of the human performance can be obtained from the mid-points of the FOS-curves (i.e. the thresholds) rather than from the slopes. PMID- 6639981 TI - Synchronization in chains of pacemaker cells by phase resetting action potential effects. AB - Interactions between pacemaker cells in a chain were calculated according to a "phase-reset" model. It is based on effects of action potentials in the cells on the cycle lengths of neighbouring cells. These effects were defined for each cell by a latency-phase curve (LPC), giving the latency time (L) until the onset of the next action potential in that cell, as a function of the phase (phi) at which a neighbour cell fired an action potential. Neighbour cells with simultaneous action potentials did not influence each others cycle length. We investigated how stable synchronization depends on the shape of the LPC's of the pacemaker cells and on chain length. Three types of interactive behaviour were distinguished. First, anti-phase synchrony, in which neighbouring cells fired with large phase differences with respect to the synchronized period Ps. Second, asynchrony, in which the periods of the cells did not become equal and constant. Third, in-phase synchrony, in which the phase differences between the neighbouring cells were zero or much smaller than the synchronized period Ps, depending on the differences between the intrinsic periods. Asynchrony and anti-phase synchrony may be seen as cardiophysiological arrhythmias, while in-phase synchrony represents the physiological type of synchrony in the heart. In-phase synchrony appeared to be strongly favoured by LPC's, which have a no-effect (refractory) part at early phases, a lengthened latency (or phase delay) part at intermediate phases and a shortened latency (or phase advance) part at late phases in the cycle. Such LPC-shapes are commonly found in preparations of cardiac pacemaker cells. When the pacemaker cells were identical, the synchronized period Ps during in-phase synchrony was equal to their intrinsic period P*i. For different intrinsic periods, Ps was equal to the intrinsic period of the fastest cell if the LPC's contained a sufficiently long initial no-effect period at early phases and a shortened latency part at late phases. When, on the other hand, such cell chains had a linear gradient in their intrinsic periods, "action potentials" started from the fast end and traveled along the chain. The propagation of an action potential wave slowed down as it reached the slower cells. When the gradient in the intrinsic periods was too steep, only the intrinsically fast end of the chain developed synchrony.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6639982 TI - Three dimensional arm trajectories. AB - Planar arm trajectories are characterized by a segmentation of the hand velocity profile and by a coupling between shape and speed. The question addressed in this paper is whether such coupling, observed in two dimensions, still holds in three dimensions. This matter was investigated experimentally by recording three dimensional "aimless" movements of the arm, particularly three dimensional scribbles, and the answer suggested by the experimental data is that only the "bending" of the trajectory is coupled with speed, whereas the "twisting" is independent of speed. The same behaviour was also found to characterize a computational model of trajectory formation which is based on the spatial composition of chains of planar strokes, overlapped in time. PMID- 6639983 TI - The silent period in the stretch response of Ia-activated dorsal spino-cerebellar tract neurons to sinusoidal muscle stretch in cats. AB - By means of extracellular recordings of action potentials the stretch responses of single neurons of Clarke's column were analysed. The neurons were monosynaptically activated from Ia afferents of both ipsilateral gastrocnemius muscles. When stretch cycles of more than 0.2 mm amplitude and frequencies above 2 Hz were applied to the gastrocnemius muscles, the discharging was found to cease during the period of stretch release, whereas the average discharge rate was found to increase. In the frequency range between 0.1 and 10 Hz a sinewave of stretch frequency - the response sinewave - fitted to the non-zero bins of cycle histograms described the stretch response at small and large amplitudes equally well. The amount of increase in the average firing rate corresponded quite well to the portion of the response sinewave below the zero discharge rate. This indicates that the occurrance of discharge pauses and the relation of the average discharge rate to frequency and amplitude of stretch can be described successfully by a half-wave rectification of the response at zero discharge rate. If one regards the shape of cycle histograms to be a nearly sinusoidal modulation plus a non-linear clipping at zero the application of linear systems analysis is worthwhile in describing the response not only at very small amplitudes but in the whole range of muscle stretch. PMID- 6639984 TI - Model emulates human smooth pursuit system producing zero-latency target tracking. AB - Humans can overcome the 150 ms time delay of the smooth pursuit eye movement system and track smoothly moving visual targets with zero-latency. Our target selective adaptive control model can also overcome an inherent time delay and produce zero-latency tracking. No other model or man-made system can do this. Our model is physically realizable and physiologically realistic. The technique used in our model should be useful for analyzing other time-delay systems, such as man machine systems and robots. PMID- 6639985 TI - [Synchronous synthesis of DNA in coleoptiles and the initial leaf of developing etiolated wheat shoots: the nature and correlation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA syntheses]. AB - In etiolated coleoptiles and initial leaf of developing wheat shoots the DNA synthesis is periodical and synchronous. In the initial leaf each step of DNA synthesis results in a stepwise increase of DNA content and is doubled at the first three steps. During the leaf plane formation the synthesis of nuclear DNA (nDNA) is decreased, while that of mitochondrial DNA (mitDNA) continues in synchronous cycles. This is the cause of relative stabilization of DNA content per unit of leaf plane length. The DNA increase in this organ occurs due to synchronous synthesis of nDNA and mitDNA in intercalary meristem cells. In coleoptiles a marked replication of nDNA is observed at the first three steps of the synthesis; in each cycle nDNA synthesis precedes that of mitDNA. With completion of coleoptile formation the nDNA synthesis in it practically ceases, whereas that of mitDNA continues in synchronous cycles. MitDNA is non-methylated and its composition (56 mol.% GC) differs significantly from that of the newly synthesized nDNA (44 mol.% GC; 100 X m5C/(C + m5C) = 16-17%). It may be concluded that in various organs of wheat shoots the composition and methylation of newly synthesized DNA depend on the age of the shoot and on the ratio of nDNA/mitDNA syntheses. PMID- 6639986 TI - [The heterogeneous character of protein modification during substitution of their amino groups. Acylation of alpha-chymotrypsin]. AB - Thin-layer isoelectric focusing of chymotrypsin modified by stepwise acylation with acryloyl chloride or maleic anhydride revealed a high heterogeneity of modification products, with a maximal number of components near 50% of substituted amino groups. Disc electrophoresis failed to establish the products diversity and could not therefore be used for heterogeneity control. The activity of the modified enzyme towards proteins and low molecular weight substrates depended on the modification reagent and correlated with the electrostatic enzyme -substrate interaction. The low hydrolytic activity towards N-acetyl-L-tyrosine p nitroanilide was due to the increase in the Michaelis constant; the value of the catalytic constant remained unchanged. PMID- 6639987 TI - [Multiple molecular forms of esterases from grass aphids inhibitory identification and stereospecificity]. AB - Nine esterase fractions hydrolyzing 1-naphthylacetate were revealed in Triton X 100-solubilized extracts from aphides homogenates by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The less mobile fractions 1-4 were identified as cholinesterases, using specific inhibitors--eserine and the cationic phosphoorganic inhibitor Gd-42; fractions 5-7 were related to carboxylesterases, using specific inhibition by triorthocresylphosphate and O,O-dimethyl (2,2 dichlorvinyl)phosphate. The most mobile fractions 8-9 which were resistant to the inhibitors, were classified as arylesterases. The aphis cholinesterase fractions revealed the highest mobility; the activity of carboxylesterase fractions was lower. Thiophosphonate--C8H17O(CH3)P(O)-SCH2SCH2COOCH3 was found to be a highly efficient selective inhibitor of aphis carboxylesterase, i. e. the kII values for carboxylesterase and cholinesterase were equal to 10(8) and 10(5) M-1 min-1, respectively. The thiophosphoorganic derivatives containing a beta-alanine residue in the cleaved part are more specific to acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase than those containing a valine residue. Studies with enanthiomers--C2H5O(CH3)P(O)SCH2CONHCH2CH2COOC2H5 and (C2H5O)2P(O)SCH2CONHCH(iC3H7)COOC2H5 have demonstrated that the asymmetry due to the central phosphorus atom is more essential for the acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities than that connected with the carbon atom in the cleaved part of the inhibitor molecule. During the interaction of the enanthiomers with the asymmetric phosphorus the stereospecificity of acetylcholinesterase is much higher than that of carboxylesterase. In terms of stereospecificity of the esterase site aphis acetylcholinesterase is is similar to its mammalian counterpart, while carboxylesterase from the same source is rather close to mammalian butyrylcholinesterase. PMID- 6639988 TI - [Comparative study of laminarinases from marine mollusks using differential UV spectrophotometry]. AB - A comparative study of tryptophane residues in endo-beta-1.3-glucanases from marine molluscs was carried out by UV-differential spectrophotometry and chemical modification with N-bromosuccinimide methods. The number of tryptophane and tyrosine residues exposed and accessible to the solvent was determined, using a solvent perturbation technique with 20% ethylene glycol. The alteration in the accessibility of these residues in 8 M urea and in the presence of the reaction substrate was shown. The tryptophane residues of endo-beta-1.3-glucanases were found to participate in the enzyme-substrate interaction. The interaction between endo-beta-1.3-glucanases and the substrate, laminarine, as well as between the substrate analogs and inhibitors--cellobiose and glucone-1,5-lactone, was investigated. PMID- 6639989 TI - [Endo-beta-1,3-glucanase using affinity inhibition]. AB - Synthetic 2',3'-epoxypropyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside selectively modifies a catalytically essential nucleophylic group in the active site of beta-1,3 glucanase LIV from the marine mollusc Spisula sachalinensis, the inactivation being as high as 95%. The properties of native and epoxypropylthioglucopyranoside inhibited glucanase LIV were compared, using UV-spectroscopy, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectrofocusing. It was found that the addition of laminarine and laminarioligosaccharides to a solution of the inhibited enzyme induces UV-differential spectra typical for the tryptophanyl residue involved in the formation of the enzyme-inhibitor-substrate complex. The glucone-1,5-lactone does not produce such spectrum. It was shown that epoxypropylthioglucopyranoside protects the accessible tryptophanyl residues in the enzyme active center against the oxidation by N-bromosuccinimide. PMID- 6639990 TI - [Isolation and physico-chemical properties of rat ceruloplasmin]. AB - Ceruloplasmin was isolated and purified from albino rat blood serum. Relative molecular mass of the protein is 130 000. Electrophoresis of the protein preparations leads to a formation of the apo-protein devoid of the oxidase activity and migrating slower than the holo-protein. Leucine was found to be the N-terminal amino acid of the ceruloplasmin polypeptide chain. The amino acid composition and carbohydrate content of the protein were determined. The tryptic peptide maps of rat ceruloplasmin were compared to those of human protein. The properties of rat and human ceruloplasmin are discussed with respect to copper metabolism in animal body as well as in normal humans and patients with Wilson's disease. PMID- 6639991 TI - [Coupling between 3-ketosteroid-delta'-dehydrogenase and the respiratory chain in the bacterium Arthrobacter globiformis]. AB - Intact bacterial cells and their cytoplasmic membranes obtained by ultrasonic desintegration are able to induce dehydration of hydrocortisone to prednisolone that is coupled with O2 uptake. This reaction is inhibited by cyanide and 2-n nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HOQNO). Oxidation of hydrocortisone results in cytochrome reduction both in intact cells and in cytoplasmic membranes. Aerobic dehydration of hydrocortisone is linked with transmembrane potential generation. The data obtained suggest that the electron translocation from 3-ketosteroid delta'-dehydrogenase to O2 occurs via the respiratory chain. The enzyme donates reduced equivalents directly to the respiratory chain, presumably at the level of menaquinone. PMID- 6639992 TI - [Mechanism of flagellin polymerization in Bacillus brevis]. AB - The optical properties of acid-dissociated and tetranitromethane-modified flagellin has been studied by circular dichroism (CD) techniques. The flagellins have the same CD spectra which do not change over the 2.9-10.0 range. The spectra character depends on pH in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ammonium sulphate which accelerate polymerization. As the content of PEG goes up to 20% and ammonium sulphate to 1 M, the value of the molecular ellipticity at 222 nm ([O]222) of the both flagellins considerably increases at pH 4.3-10.0, however [O]222 does not achieve the value for bacterial flagella. PEG and ammonium sulphate addition at pH 2.9-3.9 gives less dramatic increase of the [O]222 value. It has been concluded that the changes in the CD spectra at pH 4.3-10.0 is a result of conformational rearrangements in flagellin before it incorporates into the flagella. PMID- 6639993 TI - [Availability of erythrocyte phosphatidylethanolamine for labelling by trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid at different stages of radiation sickness in rats]. AB - It has been found that 1 h after rats' irradiation (dose 800 rad) the incorporation of the label 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulpho-acid into phosphatidylethanolamine of erythrocyte membranes increases and 3 h and 72 h after irradiation it decreases. Concanavalin and calcium ions modify the incorporation of the label into phosphatidylethanolamine. PMID- 6639994 TI - [Separate groups in the oocyte population of cows, their cytogenetic analysis and capacity for in vitro maturation]. AB - Heterogenic population of the follicular oocytes of bovine ovaries has been divided into 5 groups on the basis of morphological characteristics. Chromatin structure, frequency of degenerative changes and the ability to maturation in vitro of different oocyte groups have been studied. The correlation of morphological characteristics of native oocytes and their ability to mature in vitro have been shown. The bovine follicular oocyte classification allows to pick out more homogeneous oocyte groups in comparison with the population as a whole and the oocyte group which is the best for maturation in vitro. PMID- 6639995 TI - Effect of liquid ventilation on preterm lamb tracheal mechanics. AB - Liquid ventilation with fluorocarbon has been demonstrated as a viable mode of ventilatory support to preterm or distressed lambs. The effect of liquid ventilation and its high inflation pressures in proximal airways was evaluated on the mechanical behavior of the preterm trachea. 7 preterm lambs (134 +/- 1.5 SE days of gestation; 90% term) were ventilated with fluorocarbon (Rimar) for 58.6 +/- 8 min. The tracheae were dissected and the ventilated, distal segments were compared to nonventilated proximal segments. Pressure-volume curves were determined by plethysmography and specific tracheal compliance was computed. Tracheal dimensions increased 13.6 and 25.6% in diameter and volume (p less than 0.05), respectively, and the compliance decreased 29.9% (p less than 0.05). The magnitude of these changes is comparable to that observed during gaseous ventilation of term animals. PMID- 6639996 TI - Development of the lipolytic activity in isolated perfused perinatal rabbit lungs and the influence of maternal cigarette smoke exposure on it. AB - The ability of the lungs to release fatty acids from circulating triglycerides or lipoproteins for its own phospholipid synthesis may be one of the factors which limit the rate of surfactant formation. Therefore, the development of the lipolytic activity of lungs obtained from late fetal and neonatal rabbits has been studied and the results correlated to the phospholipid content of lungs of similar ages. Isolated lungs were perfused with a medium which contained cold and radioactive triglyceride, and the release of fatty acids into the perfusion medium was analyzed by both colorimetric and radiochemical methods. The phospholipids of the postmitochondrial supernatant fractions of the lungs were extracted and quantified by measuring inorganic phosphorus. Finally, the influence of maternal cigarette smoke exposure on the lipolytic activity of the lungs of their litters were studied. A high lipolytic activity in the lungs of 28 day-old fetuses was detected. The activity decreased towards birth, and was lowest on the first day after birth (about 20% of that observed in 28-day-old fetuses). However, it increased again during the first week after birth. Exposure of the mothers to cigarette smoke during the last 10 days before delivery did not affect the pulmonary lipolytic activity of the offspring. Although the lung phospholipid content increased 3.6-fold from 28 days of fetal life to 1 week after birth, it remained unchanged on the days when the lung lipolytic activity was lowest. We conclude that changes in lung lipolytic activity influence lung phospholipid synthesis, and consequently influence also surfactant formation in the lungs. PMID- 6639997 TI - Effect of intralipid on total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in newborns and infants. AB - Even in very small premature infants (less than 1,000 g) intravenous feeding with Intralipid results in an elevation of total and a fall of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. If oral feeding occurs while Intralipid is given, HDL cholesterol levels rise again. A positive correlation was found between levels of total cholesterol and the amount of fat administered. A negative relationship was evident between the level of total cholesterol and that of HDL and between the latter and the amount of fat consumed. PMID- 6639998 TI - Lipoproteins and lipids in fetal, neonatal and adult rat serum. AB - Levels of the serum lipoproteins (HDL, LDL and VLDL) and lipids in the fetal, neonatal and pregnant rat were measured using electrophoretic, immunological and biochemical methods. The results were compared to those of the adult rat. In the fetal rat at the end of gestation, the lipoprotein pattern was dominated by LDL (beta-lipoprotein). Fetal HDL (alpha-lipoprotein) occurred at a low concentration and showed a lower proportion of cholesterol and a higher proportion of triglycerides than did HDL in the adult rat serum. VLDL (pre-beta-lipoprotein) was present only at very low concentrations. The lipoprotein pattern of suckling neonatal rats showed rapidly increasing levels of VLDL and LDL, and high serum lipid values during the first 2 weeks after birth. The lipoprotein pattern of the adult rat, with the HDL fraction dominating, was completely developed by about 4 weeks after birth. In rats during late pregnancy, very high serum values were found for VLDL and LDL. High levels of triglycerides associated with these fractions were also seen. The serum lipoprotein development of the fetal and neonatal rat is different from that reported for the pig and man. This focuses the interest on the differences in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism between species during ontogenic development. PMID- 6639999 TI - Postnatal increase in the metabolism of leucine and valine. AB - The catabolism of tritium-labeled leucine, valine, and glycine was determined by measuring the appearance of tritium-labeled water at various postnatal and adult ages in rats. Results for leucine and valine show a marked increase in the formation of labeled water during the 3rd postnatal week. The partial exclusion of leucine and valine from brain, as a result of the blood-brain barrier, particularly enhances observation of labeled water formation in that the product (water) and precursor (amino acid) are largely separated (supporting experiments demonstrate the prior existence of the blood-brain barrier for leucine). Results for glycine indicate its extensive metabolic degradation at all postnatal ages. These data indicate that the metabolic rate of intraperitoneally administered, radioactively labeled leucine and valine changes appreciably during early postnatal development. The early postnatal manifestation of human disorders of branched-chain amino acid metabolism is consistent with the chronology of development in the rat. PMID- 6640000 TI - Phenotypic immaturity of T and B lymphocytes in cord blood of full-term normal neonates. Analysis of cell surface markers by using conventional techniques and monoclonal antibodies. AB - We examined mononuclear cell subsets in cord blood of normal newborns by surface marker analysis. The percentages of T lymphocytes (E-rosetting and T3+ cells) were lower in cord blood than in peripheral blood (PB) from adults, while the percentage and absolute number of T6+ cells were higher in cord blood. As the sum of T4+ and T8+ cells exceeded the values of E-rosetting lymphocytes in cord blood, we suggest that immature lymphocytes with the phenotype of 'common' thymocytes (T6+, T4+, T8+) are present in cord blood of full-term newborns. Higher percentage and absolute number of B lymphocytes were detected in cord blood. More than 50% of B cells in cord blood formed rosettes with mouse erythrocytes, a surface marker of functional immaturity. Finally, cells bearing receptors for IgG-Fc fragments or C3 and expressing Ia-like and M1 antigens were uniformly increased in cord blood, suggesting higher percentages of cells of the monocytic lineage. PMID- 6640001 TI - Effect of sodium benzoate on the cutaneous bilirubin content of the adult Gunn rat. AB - Na benzoate, which dissociates intravascular bilirubin-albumin complexes, might thus have the potential for driving bilirubin from the plasma into tissues such as the skin. We investigated this hypothesis in the adult Gunn rat. As others, we observed an early fall in blood bilirubin concentration after intraperitoneal Na benzoate injection, without any change in skin bilirubin content. Nevertheless, we observed a significant decrease (p less than 0.01) in skin bilirubin content at 24 and then 48 h after Na benzoate injection, at which times blood bilirubin remained at a low level. The phenomenon was reversible since, at 8 days after Na benzoate injection, blood and skin bilirubin contents had returned to control values. Regarding the decrease in skin bilirubin content after Na benzoate injection we described a dose-effect relationship. So, we could not confirm our hypothesis. We concluded that the phenomenon we observed is probably due to a shift in the distribution equilibrium of the pigment between serum, skin and other tissues. PMID- 6640002 TI - Delusional depression and inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. AB - Two cases of delusional major depression associated with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) are described. Delusional depression and SIADH may both result from alterations of brain catecholamine neurotransmitters, and may coexist more commonly than previously thought. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed. PMID- 6640003 TI - Laterality shift in alcoholic males. PMID- 6640004 TI - The effect of isocarboxazid on platelet MAO activity. PMID- 6640005 TI - Low-dose apomorphine and bromocriptine in neuroleptic-induced movement disorders. PMID- 6640006 TI - Does lithium stabilize mood? PMID- 6640007 TI - Who is culpable? The insanity defense. PMID- 6640008 TI - A morphometric study of the dopamine-containing cell groups in the mesencephalon of normals, Parkinson patients, and schizophrenics. AB - A quantitative study of the melanin-containing dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system (A 9) and of the mesolimbic system (A 10) was carried out on Nissl-stained serial sections of nine normal brains, six age-matched brains of schizophrenics, five brains of paralysis agitans, and six brains of postencephalitic parkinsonism. By contrast with most laboratory animals the A 10 cell group is not well developed in the human brain. Both in Parkinson's disease with a known hypoactivity of dopamine neurons and in schizophrenia with a postulated hyperfunction of these systems, pathological alterations of the dopamine cell groups can be observed. In paralysis agitans the nigrostriatal and the mesolimbic cell groups exhibit a significant loss of neurons, while the remaining mesolimbic cells appear to be in better condition. In the postencephalitic parkinsonism both systems have almost completely disappeared with a significant loss of nerve and glial cells. In schizophrenia there is a significant decrease in the volume of the nigrostriatal area. Here the mean volume of the glial nuclei is reduced, whereas the mean volume of the nerve cells is diminished in the mesolimbic part. PMID- 6640010 TI - Neuroticism and the pupillary response to a brief exposure to noise. AB - 'Neurotic' and 'stable' groups (n = 8) were formed by means of the Finnish version of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Subjects were exposed individually to 80-100 dBA broadband noise. No overt response was made. The dependent variable was the pupil dilation. The louder the noise, the larger the pupil was. At each level of noise intensity, the dilation was largest immediately after the change of intensity. In general, the pupil size decreased in the course of the experiment, indicating habituation. The 'neurotic' subjects displayed the largest relative dilation as a function of noise intensity. Results are discussed in terms of the arousing effects of auditory stimulus intensity. PMID- 6640009 TI - Facial muscle tension influences lung airway resistance; limb muscle tension does not. AB - In healthy adult subjects, operantly conditioned increases in facial (frontalis) muscle tension produce increased lung airway resistance, whereas conditioned facial muscle relaxation results in decreased airway resistance. Conditioned increases and decreases in limb (brachioradialis) tension do not affect airway resistance. The latter finding rules out general muscular events and mitigates against metabolic agents as explanations of the airway resistance changes associated with facial tension change and suggests that the facial muscles influence airway resistance through the operation of a neural reflex. PMID- 6640011 TI - Reliability of spontaneous electrodermal activity in humans as a function of sleep stages. AB - This study was designed to examine the reliability of spontaneous electrodermal activity (EDA) as a function of the sleep stages in human subjects. Recordings were made from 10 volunteer paid male students during four complete nights. The results show that: (a) reliability of EDA varies as a function of sleep stages for both frequency and amplitude parameters although in a different way: frequency reliability shows a U-shape curve whereas amplitude reliability grows monotically with the depth of sleep and; (b) paradoxical sleep appears to be the most reliable stage for both frequency and amplitude variables. These results are compared to those obtained in waking human subjects and in sleeping cats. PMID- 6640012 TI - Electrodermal asymmetry during human sleep. AB - The bilateral spontaneous electrodermal activity (EDA) of four paid volunteer male students was recorded during three consecutive complete nights (after a habituation night). The results showed that: (a) there was a high proportion of electrodermal asymmetry (80%) during human sleep; (b) there were no significant differences in asymmetry between sleep stages; (c) electrodermal laterality during sleep seems to be under a random effects model; and (d) laterality appears to be an unreliable parameter. These results are discussed in terms of the activation theory. PMID- 6640013 TI - Effects of stimulus content and brain lateralization on the habituation of the electrodermal orienting reaction (OR). AB - Slides with either a six-letter word or a complex spatial pattern were repeatedly flashed either to the left or to the right of a center fixation point (i.e. visual half-field technique) in an electrodermal orienting paradigm. Skin conductance (SC) was recorded from both the left and right hand. Half of the subjects had the slides projected 6.0 degrees of visual angle lateral to fixation, the other half had the stimuli projected 2.5 degrees lateral to fixation. There were 15 presentations of each stimulus with a mean inter-trial interval (ITI) of 30 sec. Results showed significantly larger mean SCR-amplitudes across trials to the verbal stimuli compared to the spatial patterns when presented in the right visual half-field, and larger amplitudes to the spatial stimuli when presented in the left half-field. However, this was only true for the 6.0 degrees condition, but not for the 2.5 degrees condition. No differences were found between left and right hand recording. The present data imply a functional relationship between electrodermal orienting habituation and hemispheric asymmetry. PMID- 6640014 TI - EEG alpha-hypnotizability correlations are not simple covariates of subject self selection. AB - An earlier study (Dumas, 1977) summarized EEG alpha-hypnotizability studies and concluded that: (1) 'Correlations between alpha indices and hypnotizability are found only in studies using non-naive volunteers as subjects.' (2) 'Correlations are not found in studies using invited subjects.' Contrary to these conclusions the present paper demonstrates an inconsistent mix of significant and non significant correlations between alpha density and hypnotizability in studies using drafted and volunteer subjects. It appears that alpha-hypnotizability correlations are not simple covariates of subject self-selection. Assumptions about alpha production and relaxation are also questioned. PMID- 6640015 TI - Single trial ERP estimation in the frequency domain using orthogonal polynomial trend analysis (OPTA): estimation of individual habituation. AB - A new Event Related Potential (ERP) model is described in which ERPs are estimated as single cortical responses. This model is based on an Orthogonal Polynomial Trend Analysis of Variance (OPTA) in the frequency domain. The orthogonal polynomials are limited to the fifth order in this study. The means and trend-coefficients which are used to estimate the ERPs are tested for significance with the F-statistics. Coefficients not reaching a preset significance criterion are set to zero. Subsequently significant means and trend coefficients multiplied with the polynomials are inversely transformed to the time domain for each trial. The method is demonstrated with artificial signal-in noise EEG (electroencephalogram) series in which the signal component (the ERP) decreases in a relatively short time span. The estimated signals approximate closely the input signals and a signal-to-noise improvement on single trial level is reached of about a factor 10. Comparison with the statistical 'Wiener' filtering method shows that the OPTA detects weaker signals. Single trial ERPs estimated with the OPTA from EEGs collected in a habituation paradigm suggest that the averaged evoked potential model may be inadequate in detecting ERP change over a few trials. It is shown that the frontal P3b wave habituated in 7-9 trials, a habituation speed which is comparable to the habituation rate of the visual orienting reaction and the electrodermal orienting reaction. PMID- 6640017 TI - Unconscious odour conditioning in human subjects. AB - In the first session, two groups of male and female subjects were given a stressful task involving the completion of eleven WAIS block patterns under time limitations. A low intensity of a neutral odour (TUA) was present for half of the subjects. During a second session several days later, subjects completed a mood rating scale and then entered a room, where the odour of TUA was present, to judge a series of photographs of people and complete a second mood rating scale. During the first session female subjects completed significantly fewer block patterns, and completed fewer correct designs. In the second session, female subjects who had experienced TUA odour in the stress condition showed an increase in anxiety ratings. They also had higher ratings scores when judging the photographs. In contrast, subjects who did not experience odour during the stress session became calmer during the second session. None of the female subjects reported perceiving the odour irn either session. As both pairing and elicitation occurred at low levels of awareness, the study demonstrates how odours might acquire values through pairing with emotionally significant events. PMID- 6640016 TI - The component structure of event-related slow potentials: task, ISI, and warning stimulus effects on the 'E' wave. AB - Two experiments were conducted to investigate the role of task variables and ISI length on the late component of the event-related slow potential (ERSP) recorded during various two-stimulus anticipation tasks. In the first experiment, a two component ERSP was observed during short (1 sec) and long (4 sec) ISI conditions. The first component was generally Fz dominant and independent of task variables. The second component was generally Cz dominant and most prominent when an immediate motor response was required. A second experiment was successful in eliciting large second ERSP components even in the absence of response requirements. In this experiment, the topography of the second component was not exclusively Cz dominant; rather, it was task dependent, and achieved Fz dominance under delayed-response conditions. Heart rate, monitored concurrently with the EEG, also reflected the change in experimental conditions by the enhancement of a mid-ISI acceleratory component. The data are discussed with respect to a multiple component model of slow potential activity during periods in which subjects anticipate significant events. PMID- 6640018 TI - Surface EMG and Achilles tendon reflexes during a foot movement in a reaction time task. AB - A forewarned simple visual reaction time (RT) experiment was conducted to study the relation between surface EMG of the soleus muscle and Achilles tendon reflex amplitudes during the initiation of a voluntary plantar flexion of the right foot. In two conditions the tension of the response-involved soleus muscle was manipulated: (1) gradual isometric contraction towards the end of the foreperiod (FP) and (2) complete relaxation during the FP. Gradual contraction of the involved soleus muscle produced faster RTs. It was found in both conditions that reflex amplitudes and EMG of the involved soleus muscle were equally informative about the growing motor excitation during the execution of the response. In the tension condition reflex amplitudes in the involved leg were smaller than the reflex amplitudes in the non-involved leg prior to the initiation of the movement, 0-50 msec after the expiration of the FP. The EMG, however, showed a reversed involved/non-involved difference in this condition. In the relaxation condition, neither the EMG nor the reflex amplitudes showed a significant involved/non-involved difference. It was concluded from these results that changes in Achilles tendon reflex amplitudes should only cautiously be interpreted as an indication of motor preparation. PMID- 6640019 TI - Subject expectancy effects in frontal EMG conditioning. AB - The influence of subject expectancies on performance has been examined extensively within the framework of behavior therapy but has received little attention within the context of EMG training. This study assessed the effects of subject expectancy on acquisition during frontal EMG conditioning. Prior to conditioning, subjects were either given no expectancy or instructed that learning to control the feedback stimulus would be either easy (high expectancy) or difficult (low expectancy). Subjects in the three expectancy conditions then underwent 20 min of contingent reinforcement for frontal EMG decreases. Three similar groups of no, low, or high expectancy subjects received noncontingent reinforcement. Differential EMG behavior was exhibited between the two no expectancy groups, with the contingent group reliably lower in EMG activity than that noncontingent. However, differences were not observed between contingent and noncontingent subjects given either low or high expectancy sets. None of the groups could be differentiated on the basis of subjective variables such as anxiety, relaxation, or frustration. These findings suggest that subject expectancies, either positive or negative, interfere with the acquisition of conditioned EMG behavior. PMID- 6640020 TI - Seasonal variations in plasma luteinizing hormone levels of gonadectomized male ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis). AB - Plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were determined at monthly intervals in intact and orchidectomized ground squirrels maintained in a constant 14L:10D photoperiod at a temperature of 23 +/- 2 degrees C. Animals were orchidectomized or sham operated at different ages and at different stages of the annual reproductive cycle. LH levels were elevated in orchidectomized as compared to intact males within 1 month, and often within 48 h, after orchidectomies performed either before or after the normal breeding season. LH levels tended to remain chronically elevated in long-term orchidectomized males. Although negative feedback regulation of LH by the testes was evident at most stages of the reproductive cycle, effects of orchidectomy on LH were most pronounced during the nonbreeding season when plasma LH titers of intact males were at their annual nadirs, and less pronounced or absent during the breeding season when levels were normally elevated in intact males. For most of the year male gonadal hormones exert negative feedback on LH release. We hypothesize that under the influence of a circannual timing mechanism, sensitivity to steroid feedback is reduced as the breeding season approaches and LH secretion increases despite the attendant rise in plasma androgen levels. These results contrast with data for female squirrels in which there is a seasonally restricted and characteristically brief elevation of plasma LH after ovariectomy; in females, but not in males, onset and termination of LH secretion appear to be regulated by a circannual clock that functions independently of gonadal secretions. PMID- 6640021 TI - Relationship between seasonal plasma estradiol-17 beta and testosterone levels and in vitro production by ovarian follicles of amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus). AB - Plasma estradiol-17 beta and testosterone levels were assessed by radioimmunoassay during the sexual maturation of female amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus). Estradiol-17 beta levels gradually increased during vitellogenesis (June to September), reached a peak in September (about 16 ng/ml) and rapidly decreased in mature and ovulated fish (about 3-4 ng/ml) in October. The seasonal pattern of plasma testosterone levels lagged behind and followed that of estradiol-17 beta during vitellogenesis, but levels remained high in mature and ovulated fish (90-110 ng/ml). Estradiol-17 beta levels and the gonadosomatic index (GSI) values correlated well during vitellogenesis: GSI values showed a linear increase, and reached a peak (29.9 +/- 1.4) in October. Values were extremely low in ovulated fish (1.2 +/- 0.2). In vitro production of estradiol-17 beta and testosterone by ovarian follicles in response to partially purified chinook salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) was examined monthly using 18-h incubations. Throughout the vitellogenic period SG-G100 stimulated both estradiol 17 beta and testosterone production: the steroidogenic response of follicles increased from June (about 2 ng/ml estradiol-17 beta; 0.1 ng/ml testosterone) to September (about 10 and 14 ng/ml, respectively). In October full-grown immature follicles which could be induced to mature in vitro by hormone treatment produced large amounts of testosterone (about 130 ng/ml) but not estradiol-17 beta. Postovulatory follicles also produced testosterone but the values were low (10 ng/ml) compared with full-grown immature follicles. Very low levels of estradiol 17 beta were produced by postovulatory follicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640022 TI - Evidence for a decrease in aromatase activity in the ovarian granulosa cells of amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus) associated with final oocyte maturation. AB - Aromatase activity in the isolated granulosa layers of amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus) ovarian follicles was examined during the course of vitellogenesis and final oocyte maturation and ovulation. Estradiol-17 beta production by isolated granulosa layers incubated with exogenous testosterone increased during the period of vitellogenesis to reach a peak in late vitellogenesis, and then declined rapidly, in association with the ability of the oocyte to mature in response to partially purified salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100). Extremely low levels of estradiol-17 beta were produced by granulosa layers from follicles which had undergone final oocyte maturation in vivo and by post-ovulatory follicles. SG-G100 had no discernible effect on estradiol-17 beta production. These results are discussed in relation to other studies on the endocrine control of steroidogenesis in this species. PMID- 6640023 TI - Steroid concentrations in isolated theca and granulosa layers of preovulatory follicles during the ovulatory cycle of the domestic hen. AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to measure the concentrations of progesterone (P4), testosterone (T) and estradiol-17 beta (E2) in isolated theca and granulosa layers of the five preovulatory follicles of the domestic hen. The largest follicle (F1), the second largest (F2), third largest (F3), fourth largest (F4) and fifth largest (F5) follicles were removed at 24, 18, 12, 6 and 2 h before the expected ovulation. Theca and granulosa layers were isolated and P4, T, E2 and protein concentrations determined. Protein concentrations of the granulosa and theca layers increased 5- and 15-fold, respectively, during the five ovulatory cycles prior to ovulation. As the follicle approached ovulation, there was a linear decrease in E2 concentration of the theca layer with the most significant decrease (P less than 0.001) occurring between 24 and 18 h of the ovulatory cycle. In the F3 and F4 theca layers, there was a significant increase (P less than 0.005) in E2 at 6 h of the ovulatory cycle. Fluctuations in T concentrations in theca and granulosa layers were similar. There was a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in T in both layers of the F2, F3 and F4 follicles at 6 h followed by a decrease (P less than 0.005) in the theca layers at 2 h of the ovulatory cycle. The P4 concentration of the granulosa layer increased gradually during follicular maturation, with the greatest increase occurring in the F2 and F1 granulosa layers between 18 and 12 h of the ovulatory cycle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640024 TI - Catechol estrogens stimulate synthesis of prostaglandins in the preimplantation rabbit blastocyst and endometrium. AB - The influence of estradiol-17 beta (E2) or catechol estradiols [4 hydroxyestradiol-17 beta (4-OH-E2) or 2-hydroxyestradiol-17 beta (2-OH-E2)] on prostaglandin (PG) production in the rabbit blastocyst and endometrial cell in vitro on Day 6 of pregnancy (144 h postcoitum) was studied. Blastocysts (4-6) were incubated in 1 ml of RPMI-1640 medium for a total period of 8 h. Media were changed every 2 h and stored at -80 degrees C. E2, 4-OH-E2 or 2-OH-E2 at various concentrations were added during the second and fourth periods, while the vehicle was added during the first and third periods. Single cell suspensions of endometrial tissues in 0.5 ml of RPMI-1640 were incubated for 2 h with and without estrogens. The media and cells were separated and stored at -80 degrees C. PGs were determined by radioimmunoassay. The results for blastocyst were expressed as the cumulative release of PGs over a period of two 2-h incubations of the same experimental conditions (pg/blastocyst per 4 h). The release of PGs from the blastocyst was not influenced by 8.8 microM of 4-OH-E2, whereas 44 microM of this steroid stimulated the release of PGE-A by about 25% and PGF by 59% (P less than 0.05) over the vehicle-treated controls. The release of PGE-A and PGF in the presence of 44 microM of 2-OH-E2 was stimulated by about 60% and 37%. On the other hand, E2 at any concentration, either showed none or inhibitory effects on the release of PGs from the blastocyst.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640025 TI - Prevention of continuous light-induced anovulation in rats by early exposure to continuous light. AB - Continuous illumination (LL) beginning at 22 days of age caused precocious puberty followed by persistent estrus with anovulation in female offspring originating from mother rats exposed to a 14L:10D light-dark cycle prior to and during pregnancy. However, LL had no deleterious effect on reproductive cycles of offspring reared in LL and originating from mothers exposed to LL prior to and during pregnancy. These rats had a normal onset of puberty in LL, a normal 4-day estrous cycle, a periodic rise of plasma estrogen prior to the periodic appearance of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, and spontaneous ovulation in LL continued until at least 300 days of age. Also, the female offspring of these rats showed a similar resistance to the deleterious effects of LL on cyclic ovulation. These results support the following interpretation: 1) offspring from mother rats exposed to LL prior to and during pregnancy become insensitive to the deleterious effects of LL on cyclic ovulation, 2) neural elements controlling cyclic release of LH are not totally photoperiod (14L:10D) dependent, and 3) in the absence of daily 14L:10D signals, an endogenous clock, possibly timed by daily laboratory signals (temperature, noise, taking of vaginal smears), may provide time cues for cyclic LH release. PMID- 6640026 TI - Movement characteristics of bovine epididymal spermatozoa: effects of forward motility protein and epididymal maturation. AB - Movement characteristics of untreated bovine caudal epididymal spermatozoa were compared by high-speed cinemicrography with those of theophylline-activated caput epididymal spermatozoa with and without added forward motility protein (FMP). Comparison of individual movement characteristics clearly established the importance of FMP in converting the nonprogressive motility of theophylline activated caput sperm into the progressive swimming of mature caudal sperm. Although the total or curvilinear distance traveled in 1 sec by theophylline activated caput sperm was not changed by the addition of FMP, the linear progression was doubled and the percentage of progressively motile sperm was tripled by this protein. Untreated caudal sperm were 80% motile and theophylline activated caput sperm were nearly 50% motile; the percentage of motile sperm that were progressive was the same for theophylline-activated caput sperm with FMP and for untreated caudal sperm. Caput sperm without FMP roll infrequently, if at all, but caput sperm with FMP and caudal sperm roll at 4.7 Hz. The beat frequency increases significantly with the addition of FMP and is even higher for caudal sperm. The hydrodynamic power output rises concomitantly with the beat frequency. Perhaps the most striking difference between caput sperm without FMP and those with it is in the swimming paths they follow. Caput sperm without FMP exhibit frequent reversals in direction, or yawing of the sperm heads as they loop back and cross over their tails in an apparently very flexible bending. Their average swimming paths are circles. Caput sperm with FMP and caudal sperm do not show this behavior, but swim in average paths which are linear. The minimum radius of curvature of the tail of caput sperm without FMP is much smaller than that for the other two cell types. These studies clarify the role of FMP in epididymal development of sperm motility. PMID- 6640027 TI - Regulation of prolactin secretion in the pregnant pig: effect of fetal hypophysectomy and fetal death in small litters. AB - Fetal effects on prolactin secretion in late pregnancy and at term were studied in gilts with small litters of intact, hypophysectomized, partially hypophysectomized or dead fetuses. Litter size was reduced at surgery at Days 30 40 of gestation and fetal hypophysectomy or sham procedure attempted on Days 90 95 of gestation using an electrocoagulating probe. Plasma prolactin concentrations rose markedly before parturition in three gilts with normal litters (P = 0.05) and to lower peak concentrations in two gilts with a single fetus. Plasma prolactin did not change from basal concentrations in 4 gilts with small litters (1-2 fetuses) of hypophysectomized fetuses or, in 2 gilts with dead fetuses. Basal plasma prolactin concentrations were significantly lower in gilts carrying hypophysectomized or dead fetuses, compared to normal gilts (P = 0.01). A surge of prolactin secretion preceded delivery in 2 gilts with fetuses with incomplete hypophysectomy and in 1 gilt with 1 of 3 hypophysectomized fetuses. Abnormal patterns of prolactin secretion were seen in 1 gilt with 3 of 5 hypophysectomized fetuses and in 1 gilt with 1 partially hypophysectomized fetus. The results suggest that the fetus may be associated with a mechanism regulating plasma prolactin concentration at term. It is possible that this association may be by way of the fetal pituitary endocrine axes, and/or a function of conceptual mass. PMID- 6640028 TI - Time course of sensitivity of golden hamsters to melatonin injections throughout the day. AB - Twenty-four groups of adult male golden hamsters, housed on 14 h of light, 14L:10D, received daily injections of melatonin, each at a different hour of the day. Injections (15 micrograms melatonin/0.1 ml ethanol:saline, 1:10, s.c.) persisted for 27 weeks. At the beginning of this investigation and every 2-4 weeks thereafter, laparotomies were performed on a few animals of each group and the testes measured to assess the efficacy of the melatonin injections in causing testicular regression. Two periods of melatonin sensitivity were identified. The first was brief, of 1-h duration, immediately prior to lights on (0500-0600 h). The second period extended for 6 h throughout late afternoon and early evening (1500-2100 h; lights out 2000 h). Regression was complete in all these groups except that injected at 1500 h in which the testes regressed to only 950 mg before recrudescence occurred. In all other affected groups, testes regressed to less than 400 mg. In those groups where melatonin did not cause full testicular regression, daily injections resulted in partial regression, usually to approximately 2000 mg prior to regrowth. PMID- 6640029 TI - Gonadal growth and gonadal hormones do not participate in the development of responsiveness to photoperiod in the golden hamster. AB - Photoperiod regulates seasonal reproductive cycles in adult golden hamsters but does not influence the timing of puberty in juvenile hamsters. We examined whether pubertal gonadal growth or gonadal hormones were important for the development of photoperiodic responsiveness in hamsters. In one experiment, hamsters raised on long or short days were implanted with 20 mm of testosterone filled Silastic capsules between 2 and 12 weeks of age. This treatment completely prevented testis growth in 50% of the hamsters on short days and retarded testis growth in hamsters on long days. When the capsules were removed at Week 12, the testes of hamsters on long days matured to adult size within 4 weeks. The testes of hamsters on short days showed no signs of growth for 9 weeks after testosterone was removed whether testis growth had been completely suppressed or only partially suppressed through Week 12. In the second experiment, hamsters born and maintained on long days for 8 weeks were castrated either at 1 week of age or at 8 weeks of age. Half of the animals in each of these groups were exposed to short days from 8 to 19 weeks of age. All hamsters were challenged with various doses of testosterone between 15 and 19 weeks and blood samples were collected after each dose for measurement of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Hamsters exposed to short days were more sensitive to the negative feedback effects of testosterone on gonadotropin secretion than hamsters on long days, whether castrated as neonates or as adults.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640030 TI - Foraging effort, food intake, fat deposition and puberty in female mice. AB - A novel caging system was used to study the interrelationships between foraging effort, food intake, growth and sexual maturation of peripubertal female mice. Females housed in these cages were forced to work (forage) at various intensities in order to obtain food pellets. It is argued that this is a biologically more meaningful approach to understanding the energetics of sexual development than the traditional approach of simple underfeeding. Female mice exhibited a cascade of developmental adjustments and deficits when challenged to forage harder for less food. The functions most sensitive to increased foraging effort were sexual development and growth in body length; growth in body weight was intermediate and fat deposition was least sensitive of all. The relative insensitivity of fat deposition to higher foraging costs suggests a strategy for survival during the postweaning dispersal movements of the wild ancestors of the laboratory mouse. Finally, regression analyses suggested that heavier females who had less than average body fat and higher than average food intake achieved their pubertal ovulation most rapidly. PMID- 6640031 TI - Smooth muscle of the quail oviduct functions as a stretch receptor during ovum transport. AB - The present experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that ovum transport in the quail oviduct is regulated by a time-dependent, stretch-mediated feedback cycle which alters the frequency of contractions. According to this hypothesis, a ligature preventing the forward movement of ovum should reverse the direction of the feedback cycle and an artificial ovum should be transported like the normal ovum. When the ligature was placed in the borderline between magnum and isthmus, it caused the reversal of transport direction after a delay of several minutes. Once the direction had changed, it persisted until the ovum was expulsed through the fimbrial end or until a second reversal was caused by either a second ligature or a minor mechanical impediment at the proximal end of the magnum. The ovum was transported between the ligatures at the mean speed of 1.7 +/- 0.17 mm/min (n = 7) until the ovum broke. An artificial ovum placed in the proximal magnum from which the natural ovum had been removed, was transported like the natural ova. Myoelectrical activity recorded with suction electrodes was statistically similar in both types of experiments and the direction of the frequency gradient changed when the transport direction was reversed. The frequency of the electrical activity of oviductal smooth muscle was significantly higher behind the ovum than in its front whether ova were transported in the direction of shell gland or infundibulum; in the segment maximally stretched by the ovum the activity was significantly lower than in other segments. These observations confirmed the hypothesis and suggest that the quail oviduct functions like a stretch receptor. PMID- 6640033 TI - Unique seminal quality in the South African cheetah and a comparative evaluation in the domestic cat. AB - Analysis of 40 semen samples collected by electroejaculation from 18 cheetahs revealed no major differences in seminal traits among Transvaal, South West (Namibia) or hybrid (Transvaal X South West) males. However, mean spermatozoal concentration (14.5 X 10(6) spermatozoa/ml of ejaculate) and percent motility (54.0%) were less in cheetahs than in domestic cats (147.0 X 10(6) spermatozoa/ml of ejaculate, 77.0% motility) subjected to the same electroejaculation regimen. On the average, cheetah ejaculates contained 71.0% morphologically abnormal spermatozoa compared to 29.1% aberrant spermatozoal forms in the domestic cat. These results indicate that seminal characteristics in the cheetah are markedly inferior compared to the domestic cat, particularly with respect to the incidence of pleiomorphic spermatozoa. Because a recent parallel study demonstrates that the cheetah lacks genetic variation, it appears likely that spermatozoal abnormalities are a genetic consequence of genomic homozygosity characteristic of this endangered species. PMID- 6640032 TI - Effect of deprival of rete testis fluid on the morphology of efferent ductules. AB - One week after unilateral cannulation of the rete testis and ligation of the efferent ductules, samples of the proximal, middle and distal segments of the efferent ductules of 6 goats were examined by light and electron microscopy and compared with normal contralateral efferent ductules. The pseudostratified columnar epithelium consisted of ciliated, nonciliated and basal cells. The number of clear vacuoles decreased markedly in the proximal and middle segments following deprivation of androgen-rich rete testis fluid. The epithelium of the distal segment of the cannulated side had few large clear vacuoles compared to the normal side, which had a high concentration of large vacuoles. Since the large vacuoles decreased in all three segments following ligation, they were thought to be absorptive. Some cells of the distal segment of the cannulated side contained a single, huge, basal vacuole. Electron-dense, membrane-bound granules were abundant in the proximal segment of normal ductules. After cannulation these granules were still present. It was concluded that the electron-dense granules were insensitive to rete testis fluid and that they did not arise from the fluid leaving the rete testis. PMID- 6640034 TI - Gossypol-induced inhibition of guinea pig sperm capacitation in vitro. AB - The effect of gossypol acetate at various concentrations (10(-6) to 10(-4) M) on guinea pig sperm forward progressive movement, capacitation, and the acrosome reaction was explored in vitro. We found that 10(-4) M gossypol completely abolished the forward progressive motility of the sperm, and that this inhibition of motility was proportional to the concentration of gossypol used. Also, a dose dependent decrease in acrosome reactions occurred with concentrations of the agent as low as 5.0 X 10(-6) M. However, we observed that such prevention of the acrosome reaction apparently happens at the capacitation stage rather than during the acrosome reaction itself. Inhibition of capacitation by gossypol was reversible--once the spermatozoa were capacitated in gossypol-free medium, the compound did not block the reaction. PMID- 6640035 TI - Sequence of sperm cell surface differentiation and its relationship to exogenous fluid proteins in the ram epididymis. AB - To study successive surface changes of maturing ram spermatozoa, we determined the 125I-labeling patterns of testicular spermatozoa and of spermatozoa from 10 consecutive regions of the epididymis. Overall, three phases of cell surface transformations are distinguishable: Phase I occurs in the caput epididymidis and it is characterized by a series of rapid surface changes. The most striking surface transformations occur during transport of spermatozoa from the testis into the proximal caput epididymidis. All major surface components in the zones 78 to 115 kd disappear or are lost from the surface of testicular spermatozoa. Concurrently, several low molecular weight components (17 to 65 kd) appear or become increasingly accessible to 125I. Phase II represents a period of relative quiescence which is confined to the corpus epididymidis. Phase III takes place in the cauda epididymidis where several existing (97, 65 and 41 kd) and new (24 kd) proteins become the predominant features of the sperm cell surface. Electrophoretic analyses of luminal fluid proteins from corresponding regions of the testis and epididymis also show that the most striking changes occur between the rete testis and the proximal caput epididymidis. No rete testis fluid (RTF) components are detectable in luminal fluid of the proximal caput epididymidis. In the epididymis, however, fluid proteins are more persistent than sperm surface components. Several major fluid components (i.e., 95, 76, 21.5, 19.5 and 16 kd) persist throughout the epididymis. Other fluid proteins are of a more transient nature as, for example, a 25 kd molecular weight component (regions E1 through E6) or the 180, 62, 37 and 32 kd components in regions E4 to E10, the 270, 115 and 105 kd proteins in regions E6 to E10 and the 360, 145, 125 and 62 kd molecular weight components in regions E7 to E10. No direct relationships could be established between intrinsic surface components and exogenous fluid proteins from corresponding regions of the testis and epididymis. These results demonstrate a much greater complexity of sequential surface transformation in maturing epididymal spermatozoa than was predictable from our earlier studies of testicular and ejaculated spermatozoa. Apparently, ram spermatozoa must undergo extensive surface renovations in the caput epididymidis before the surface protein pattern typical of mature spermatozoa slowly develops. PMID- 6640036 TI - Nucleic acid content and growth of fetal brain, liver and heart during inanition in pigs. AB - Previous investigations have indicated that gilts deprived of dietary intake for periods up to 40 days are capable of maintaining pregnancy and producing offspring of normal body weight. The present experiment was designed to study the effects of inanition during middle or late pregnancy on growth and on protein and nucleic acid content of porcine fetal brain, liver and heart. Gilts were subjected to prolonged inanition (40 days; 0 kcal/day; water only) during either the middle third (Days 30-70, n = 3) or last third (Days 70-110, n = 3) of pregnancy; controls received a full diet (7028 kcal/day) until Day 70 (n = 3) or 110 (n = 3) when all dams were hysterectomized. Inanition during middle or late pregnancy had no detrimental effect on fetal brain development. Brain weight, cell size (protein/DNA ratio) and cell number (total DNA) were similar in all fetuses at Day 70 or 110. RNA concentrations at Days 70 and 110, protein concentration at Day 70 and total protein at Day 110 were higher in fetuses from starved dams than in those from controls, indicating greater protein synthetic activity in fetal brains from nutrient-deprived dams. Prolonged inanition during midpregnancy had only a limited effect on fetal liver and heart. Only liver RNA concentration and content at Day 70 differed in fetuses from starved dams; however, 40 days inanition during late gestation had marked detrimental effects. Liver weight, cell size and cell number were reduced in inanition as compared with controls by Day 110.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640037 TI - Influence of perinatal androgenization on the castration response of adult rats. AB - An unexplained dichotomy exists between the LH (luteinizing hormone) responses to castration of male and female rats, as males show a more prompt increase in serum LH levels. We have tested the hypothesis that neonatal exposure to androgen determines the sexual dimorphism of that response. Control groups of male and female rats were castrated at 60 days of age. Other animals had been castrated at 0 or 25 days of age and then given steroid treatment via testosterone (T) implants from 25 through 60 days of age. At 60 days of age a blood sample was taken from each animal before removal of either the T implant or the gonads. Animals were bled again 24 and 48 h later. Within 24 h after orchidectomy the typical early plateau of plasma LH had occurred, represented by an increment in mean LH concentrations of 316 ng/ml. Orchidectomy at 25 days of age had little or no effect on subsequent response to removal of T. In contrast, neonatal orchidectomy resulted in a markedly diminished response to T removal on Day 60. The response, however, was not reduced to that of normal females. In female rats plasma LH does not increase by 48 h after ovariectomy. Perinatal testosterone propionate (TP) treatment of females partially masculinized (enhanced) the LH response to T implant removal, but only if ovariectomy had been performed prior to puberty (at 0 or 25 days of age).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640038 TI - Bovine placentomes contain factors which decrease progesterone secretion. AB - We examined the effects of 20% ammonium sulfate precipitates from cytosolic extracts of whole placental tissue collected between 100-150 days of gestation on progesterone secretion by bovine granulosa cells and dispersed bovine luteal cells. These extracts produced a dose-dependent inhibition (23-92%) of progesterone synthesis by bovine granulosa cells. However, no inhibitory activity could be demonstrated in similarly prepared extracts from term placentae. Inhibitory activity could be extracted from both maternal caruncles and fetal cotyledons. In the presence of 2 mg/ml of maternal caruncle extract, basal progesterone secretion was dramatically reduced (90%), as was steroidogenesis in the presence of bovine lutenizing hormone (bLH) and 8 bromocyclic (Br)-cAMP. Moreover, coincubation of dispersed luteal cells and dispersed fetal or maternal placental cells from 100- to 150-day placentae produced a significant (50%) reduction in progesterone content of the medium. The addition of 2 mg/ml of caruncle or fetal cotyledon extract from 100- to 150-day placentae also produced 100% and 50% inhibitions, respectively, of progesterone secretion by dispersed placental cells. Thus, the inhibitory factor appears to be produced by cells of both the maternal and fetal placenta. It is heat-stable and not extractable by ether. The inhibitory substance eluted was two distinct peaks from Sephadex G-100 columns, one with a molecular weight of about 60,000 daltons and the other about 30,000 daltons. Using isoelectric focusing, several peaks of inhibitory activity were obtained, one with a pI of 3-5, the others having pIs between 6 and 9.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640039 TI - Monitoring ovulation and implantation in the lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) through urinary estrone conjugate evaluations. AB - Urine samples were collected daily during ten nonfertile and four fertile ovarian cycles of four adult female lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus). Urine was analyzed for concentrations of total immunoreactive estrogen (Et), estrone conjugates, and bioactive luteinizing hormones (LH). The estrone conjugates of selected samples were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to evaluate the relative proportions of estrone glucuronide (E1 G) to estrone sulfate (E1 S) contributing to the sum total of the conjugate measured in the samples. The estrone conjugate profile was found to accurately reflect the preovulatory estrogen peak in both nonfertile and fertile cycles as well as the early pregnancy increase which was found to be statistically significant on Day + 14 postovulation (P = 0.003). Estrone conjugate levels rose in the early follicular phase from 126.00 +/- 24.07 (SEM) ng/mg creatinine to a preovulatory peak of 471.90 +/- 62.95 ng/mg creatinine. Fertile cycles exhibited a postovulatory climb to a peak of 515.00 +/- 38.00 ng/mg creatinine on Day + 19, in contrast to the secondary rise observed in nonfertile cycles that peaked at 148.11 +/- 13.80 ng/mg creatinine on Day + 10. Bioactive LH evaluations confirmed ovulation and, in the fertile cycles, reflected the subsequent elevation of chorionic gonadotropin on Day + 18. The estrone conjugate profile of fertile cycles and early pregnancy compared favorably to the Et profile: both showed the same time course and increases in estrogen excretion. PMID- 6640040 TI - Concentrations of progesterone in arterial and venous plasma of fetal pigs and their dams in late gestation. AB - Blood samples were drawn from uterine arteries and veins of pregnant gilts and from the umbilical artery and vein of each of their fetuses during laparotomy at Day 80. Concentrations of progesterone (P) were greater in fetal than maternal plasma. Uptake of P from the placenta by the fetal blood was evident but was not equivalent to the maternal uterine arterial-venous difference in P concentration. No correlation between plasma P and fetal weight was noted. Concentrations of P in both umbilical vessels of female fetuses were higher than in male fetuses. These data indicate that fetal sex affects the rate of transport and/or synthesis of P in the utero/placental compartment and/or the rate of metabolism of P in the fetus. The relative importance of de novo synthesis and transplacental transport of P in establishing concentrations of P in fetal blood remains to be elucidated. PMID- 6640041 TI - Body composition at vaginal opening in mice as influenced by food intake and photoperiod: tests of critical body weight and composition hypotheses for puberty onset. AB - To determine if photoperiod and food intake influenced age and body composition at vaginal opening (VO), 80 mice were exposed to either 18L:6D (LL) or 6L:18D (SL) and fed either 3.64 g/mouse per day (HIGH) or 2.73 g/mouse per day (LOW) of Wayne Lab-Blox. Treatments began at weaning (21 to 23 days of age). Mice were killed at VO and analyzed for fat, water and protein content. Mice fed the HIGH ration were younger (P less than 0.01; 35.9 vs. 41.1 days) and heavier (P less than 0.001; 17.8 vs. 15.4 g) at VO than mice fed the LOW ration. Neither age nor weight at VO were affected by photoperiod. Fat content at VO was greater (P less than 0.001) for HIGH than LOW. Differences in fat percentage at VO between diet groups were greater for LL (9.7 vs. 7.0%) than for SL (9.1 vs. 8.6%), resulting in a photoperiod X ration interaction (P less than 0.01). Percent water and protein at VO were not significantly affected by photoperiod or diet. Within group correlations between body weight and age at VO were not significant. Body water/body weight was inversely proportional to age at VO. This resulted from increased fat deposition in older animals of the LL-LOW group and increased percent protein in older animals of other groups. We concluded that dietary intake did not influence age at VO by affecting age at which a critical body weight or fat content were attained. A photoperiod of 18L:6D did not affect age at VO relative to 6L:18D. PMID- 6640042 TI - Biphasic response of the rat lateral prostate to increasing levels of serum prolactin. AB - Our previous work has shown that an increase in serum prolactin (Prl) levels produced by two pituitary grafts specifically enhances testosterone-stimulated growth of the rat lateral prostate. Since Prl has been shown in several mammalian systems to have biphasic effects, i.e., stimulatory at low doses and inhibitory or without effect at high levels, the present study was undertaken to determine whether the prostate gland would respond differentially to increasing Prl levels. Adult male rats were castrated, given s.c. testosterone implants and grafted with 0, 1, 2, 4 or 6 pituitaries under the renal capsule. Three weeks later all animals were sacrificed. The three prostate lobes were removed for analysis and blood was collected for Prl and testosterone radioimmunoassay. There were no significant differences in ventral and dorsal lobe parameters among the 5 groups whereas the lateral lobe showed a marked tropic response. As serum Prl levels increased, the weight of the lateral prostate first increased and then diminished. Mean weights (mg +/- SEM) were: 40 +/- 3, 65 +/- 3, 76 +/- 6, 70 +/- 4 and 59 +/- 3 for animals with 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 grafts, respectively. Protein and DNA levels showed the same response pattern. To ensure that this response was a result of elevated Prl, the study was repeated with daily injections of bromoergocriptine (CB-154). The mean weights after 3 weeks in the control and CB 154-treated animals, respectively were: 0 graft, 44 +/- 3 and 43 +/- 2; 2 grafts, 81 +/- 4 and 41 +/- 3; 6 grafts, 56 +/- 3 and 44 +/- 3. Again, a biphasic response occurred in control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640043 TI - Quantification of receptors for estradiol-17 beta and progesterone in the pituitary and hypothalamus of gilts during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. AB - Nuclear and cytoplasmic exchange assays were utilized to quantify receptors for estradiol-17 beta (E2) and progesterone (P4) in hypothalamic and pituitary tissues from 4-6 gilts each on Days 1, 5, 10, 15 and 18 of the estrous cycle and from 4-5 gilts each on Days 5, 10, 15, 21 and 30 of pregnancy. No differences in the number of cytoplasmic E2 or P4 receptors in the pituitary were found from Days 1 to 15 of the estrous cycle (P greater than 0.05). However, on Day 18, the quantities of E2 and P4 receptors were 64-fold and 25-fold lower (P less than 0.01) than those found during Days 1 to 15 of the estrous cycle. No differences in the number of nuclear receptors for E2 in the pituitary were observed from Days 1 to 18 of the estrous cycle, but nuclear receptors for P4 were 2-fold higher (P less than 0.01) on Day 1 than Days 5 to 18. In hypothalamic tissue, the numbers of cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors for E2 and P4 were lower (P less than 0.05) on Day 18 than Day 10 of the cycle. The quantity of most steroid receptors decreased between Days 15 and 18 in nonpregnant gilts as luteolysis occurred and a new follicular phase was initiated. Pregnant pigs on Days 5, 10 and 15 had decreased pituitary receptors for E2 and P4 when compared with cycling animals on these days. In general, numbers of receptors in hypothalamic tissue did not differ between pregnant and nonpregnant pigs except for decreased (P less than 0.01) nuclear P4 receptors on Day 15.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640044 TI - Steroid metabolism by avian ovarian cells during follicular maturation. AB - The profiles of steroid hormones produced by ovarian cells from the domestic hen were examined. Theca cells from the immature, small white follicles (SWFT), the third largest (T3), and largest (T1) preovulatory follicles, and the ruptured, postovulatory follicle (POFT) were incubated for 3 h at 37 degrees with [3H] progesterone (Prog) or [3H] pregnenolone (Preg). Granulosa cells from the largest preovulatory follicle were incubated with [3H] Preg or were coincubated with theca cells and [3H] Preg. The production of specific steroid metabolites was determined on the basis of coelution of radioactivity with known standard compounds, using an isocratic high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Granulosa cells converted 93% of [3H] Preg substrate to Prog. More Prog was utilized by T3 cells than by T1 and SWFT cells, either when [3H] Prog was the substrate or when coincubated with granulosa cells and [3H] Preg. The major metabolites of Prog were androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and an unidentified compound with an elution time of 53 min. The POFT cells metabolized [3H] Prog to the same extent as T3 cells did, but their profile of steroidogenesis favored production of the unidentified 53 min metabolite. SWFT cells utilized the least amount of [3H] Preg substrate. The results point to marked changes in enzyme activities in theca cells during maturation and following ovulation. PMID- 6640045 TI - Effects of clomiphene on luteal function in the nonpregnant cynomolgus macaque. AB - Although estradiol-17 beta (E2) induces premature regression of the corpus luteum (CL), its role in spontaneous luteolysis which occurs at the end of the nonfertile cycle has not been demonstrated. We compared the effects of an estrogen antagonist on E2-induced and spontaneous luteolysis by administering clomiphene (10 mg/day) to cynomolgus macaques during the luteal phase in the presence and absence of exogenous E2 (supplied by subcutaneous Silastic implants). Other animals received either vehicle or E2 implants. Luteal function was assessed by progesterone concentrations and luteal phase length. Clomiphene maintained normal luteal function in the presence of luteolytic levels of E2 in five of six monkeys. However, clomiphene alone did not prolong luteal function beyond that observed in monkeys receiving vehicle. To assess the direct effect of clomiphene on the CL, we incubated monkey luteal cells with human chorionic gonadotropin and clomiphene, E2, or clomiphene plus E2. Clomiphene (1500 ng/ml) alone and E2 (1000 ng/ml) alone significantly (P less than 0.05) inhibited progestin production. Clomiphene and E2 together depressed progestin production to an even greater extent. The data suggest that the mechanisms involved in E2 induced and spontaneous luteolysis differ. PMID- 6640046 TI - Purification and partial characterization of plasma membranes from bovine spermatozoa. AB - Bovine epididymal spermatozoa were subjected to nitrogen cavitation (600 psi for 10 min) to remove plasma membrane. Examination of the cavitated cells by electron microscopy revealed that the plasma membrane was preferentially removed from the periacrosomal and flagellar regions. Nuclear, mitochondrial and acrosomal membranes remained intact and attached to the spermatozoa, but the cytoplasmic droplets were frequently disrupted and their internal membrane-bound vesicles were released. Lower pressures (less than 200 psi) were relatively ineffective in removing the periacrosomal plasma membrane, while an intermediate pressure (400 psi) removed this membrane from about 70% of the spermatozoa. No apparent selectivity for removal of the periacrosomal and flagellar plasma membrane was observed as a function of cavitation pressure. The cavitated cells were separated from the plasma membranes by differential followed by linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Two distinct membrane populations were resolved on sucrose gradients and were designated Band I and Band II. Band I contained only spherical vesicles which arose from the plasma membrane. Surface labeling of intact cells confirmed the plasma membrane as the origin of Band I. The membranes of higher density comprising Band II were heterogeneous consisting of both spherical and flattened vesicles. When purified cytoplasmic droplets were cavitated and centrifuged on the sucrose gradient only Band II was obtained. These studies indicate that nitrogen cavitation of bovine epididymal spermatozoa can result in significant contamination of plasma membrane fractions by cytoplasmic droplet membranes unless appropriate differential centrifugation is used to separate the membrane fractions. PMID- 6640047 TI - Fracture toughness of dental amalgams. AB - The fracture toughness of selected low and high copper content amalgams has been determined using three testing methods. A miniature single edge notched three point bend specimen, based on BS 5447, was found to give the most reliable values of fracture toughness, determined both as the work of fracture and as the opening mode plane strain critical stress intensity factor. The conventional low copper amalgam, Aristaloy, proved to be tougher under all test conditions than the high copper amalgams. It is suggested that time-dependent plastic flow mechanisms are responsible for this behaviour. PMID- 6640049 TI - A scanning transmission electron microscopy study of two dental amalgams. AB - Two fully aged amalgam alloys were examined using a scanning transmission electron microscope both in the transmission and scanning mode. The dispersed type amalgam containing a distribution of silver-copper spheres in addition to the Ag3Sn powder showed a markedly reduced gamma 1 grain size compared to a conventional Ag3Sn type amalgam. It is suggested that the increased compressive creep strength of the dispersed type material is a direct result of the reduced gamma 1 grain size and not due to a dispersion hardening effect from the cores of the remaining Ag-Cu spheres. Similarly, the formation of complex Cu-Sn intermediate phases at the Ag-Cu sphere surfaces are unlikely to lead to a dispersion strengthening effect. It is postulated that the reduced grain size in high copper amalgams is a consequence of the enhanced nucleating effect of a copper based phase on gamma 1. PMID- 6640048 TI - In vivo evaluation of ocular inserts of hydrogel impregnated with antibiotics for trachoma therapy. AB - Sustained release of antibiotics from hydrogel matrices in the eye was studied for the purpose of developing a new method for trachoma therapy. Copolymers of N vinylpyrrolidone were moulded into an ocular insert and impregnated with erythromycin or erythromycin estolate. The antibiotic-hydrogel inserts completely suppressed the chlamydia trachomatis infection in the owl monkey eyes. The drug elution rates were a little lower in vivo than in vitro. By comparison of the drug elution rate in the human eye with that in the owl monkey eye, similar therapeutic effect is expected in the treatment of human trachoma. PMID- 6640050 TI - Cyclic creep and fracture of dental amalgam. AB - The creep strain rate and fracture of several dental amalgams has been shown to be markedly dependent on the type of loading applied. Cyclic loading typical of the in vivo situation increases creep rates and reduces times to fracture when analysis is based on a Mechanical Equation of State. The cyclic strain rate enhancement over static loading is highest for conventional amalgam while the modern ternary alloys show the smallest increases. PMID- 6640051 TI - Controlled release of water-soluble macromolecules from bioerodible hydrogels. AB - A bioerodible hydrogel based on water-soluble unsaturated polyesters crosslinked through the double bonds and capable of immobilizing water-soluble macromolecules has been developed. As the ester linkages cleave, the entrapped macromolecule is gradually released to the surrounding aqueous environment. In vitro rate of hydrolysis and concommitant macromolecule release can be controlled by constructing unsaturated polyesters containing varying proportions of esters activated by electron-withdrawing substituents vicinal to the ester function and/or by varying crosslink density. Polyesters containing unsaturation either in the polymer backbone or pendant have been prepared. Macromolecule-containing hydrogels have been fabricated as dessicated microspheres that can be resuspended in water and passed through a 22-gauge hypodermic needle. PMID- 6640052 TI - Silane cross-linked polyethylene for prosthetic applications. Part I. Certain physical and mechanical properties related to the nature of the material. AB - Certain physical and mechanical tests have been conducted and scanning electron microscopy carried out in order to characterize a high density polyethylene cross linked using vinyl trimethoxysilane. It is suggested that this cross-linked polyethylene could be an alternative to high molecular weight polyethylene for prosthetic applications. PMID- 6640053 TI - Nerve repair using a polyglactin tube and nerve graft: an experimental study in the rabbit. AB - Defects in a sectioned tibial nerve were bridged by a new method using a polyglactin mesh-tube and compared with conventional nerve grafting in the rabbit. The capability of healing was evaluated by morphometrical observations and repeated EMG-recordings. Only minor differences between the two different techniques were observed and the possible advantage of the polyglactin method is discussed. PMID- 6640054 TI - Gas-to-liquid permeation in silicon-containing, crosslinked, glassy copolymers of methyl methacrylate. AB - Copolymers of methyl methacrylate with disiloxane derivatives have been proposed as biomaterials for contact lens applications. Although glassy, these copolymers exhibit high oxygen permeability and adequate wettability so that they can be used for manufacture of hard, extended wear lenses. Crosslinked copolymers of poly(methylmethacrylate-co-1,3-bis(methacryloxymethyl) -1,1,3,3-tetramethyl disiloxane), P(MMA-co-BMTDS), containing from 0.085 to 0.53 mole fraction of BMTDS were prepared and tested for oxygen permeation using a novel apparatus which simulates the atmosphere/lens/cornea conditions. The gas-to-liquid dissolved oxygen permeability, P gd1 was determined and it was found to increase with BMTDS content. Permeability values for P(MMA-co-BMTDS) at 34 degrees C were significantly higher than for pure homopolymer PMMA, although these copolymers were glassy at this temperature. The increased oxygen permeation was attributed to increased oxygen solubility in the copolymers due to the presence of the -Si-O bonds. PMID- 6640055 TI - Quantitative microradiography of cortical bone in disuse osteoporosis following fracture fixation. AB - Stainless steel (elastic modulus 210 GN/m2) and carbon fibre reinforced epoxy resin (elastic modulus 65 GN/m2) plates have been attached to intact femora in cats and the development of disuse osteoporosis assessed by microdensitometric methods after 8 months. The bone adjacent to the stainless steel plate showed evidence of considerable demineralization, both uniformly throughout a section and especially at certain focal points. A noticeable, but much smaller amount of osteoporosis developed adjacent to the composite plate. Various methods of presenting quantitative micro-densitometric data are used. PMID- 6640056 TI - Quantitative measurements of contact interactions between solid surfaces--a novel method for characterizing surface properties of biomaterials. AB - A method developed in colloid chemistry for quantitative measurements of adhesion forces in dispersive systems was adapted for the characterization of surface properties of biomaterials in electrolyte solutions and in the presence of macromolecular adsorption layers. The adhesion force between a reference surface (glass) and different polymers (polyurethanes and cellulose derivatives) was found to be dependent on the immersion time of polymers in electrolyte and on the formation of adsorption layers of serum albumin and fibrinogen. It was concluded that the adhesion forces measured can be considered as a further complex interfacial parameter reflecting such microscopic surface properties of biomaterials, which are responsible for biocompatibility. PMID- 6640057 TI - Affinity of purified thrombin or antithrombin III for two insoluble anticoagulant polystyrene derivatives: I. In vitro adsorption studies. AB - In previous papers, we described insoluble polystyrene derivatives which exhibit a heparin-like antithrombic activity in plasma. In order to ascertain the heparin like mechanism of this activity we have studied the interactions of thrombin and antithrombin III with two polymers of this series: sulphonated polystyrene and sulphonate-glutamic acid sulphonamide polystyrene. The adsorption was measured using purified enzyme and enzyme inhibitor and polymer beads whose average diameter was about 25 micron. The maxima of adsorption approximately correspond to a monolayer of protein. The results are discussed with respect to the most common isotherms used in chemisorption and the affinities of the enzyme and its inhibitor for both materials are evaluated: kT congruent to 10(7) (M/I)-1, kAT congruent to 3.10(5) (M/I)-1. PMID- 6640058 TI - Electrokinetic properties of polymer and glass surfaces in aqueous solutions: experimental evidence for swollen surface layers. AB - Streaming potential and streaming current measuring techniques have been applied to polymer and glass surfaces to study solid/liquid interface electrical properties. The streaming current technique provides a reliable electrokinetic potential value, preexcluding surface conduction. A combination of both techniques results in experimental evidences for swollen, gel-like layers at (even apolar) polymer surfaces. Protons and hydroxide ions are the potential determining ions indicated by the dependence of streaming potential on pH. Human serum albumin adsorption at a glass surface is discussed in terms of spatial distribution of the fixed macromolecular electric charges. PMID- 6640059 TI - Mechanical characteristics of skin and underlying tissues in vivo. AB - This paper is concerned with the mechanical characteristics of the complex composite of skin and subcutaneous tissues as they relate to the development of soft tissue replacements. Following a review of previous work and a summary of theoretical considerations, the results of a series of in vivo experiments aimed at quantifying the stiffness of skin and underlying tissues are reported. Variations in compressive properties with age, sex and body site are explained in terms of differences in anatomy and tissue structure. PMID- 6640060 TI - Wound treatment with Sorbsan--an alginate fibre dressing. AB - This highly absorbent, biodegradable dressing derived from seaweed can be successfully applied to cleanse a wide variety of secreting lesions. The high absorption of exudate is achieved via strong hydrophilic gel formation and this serves to control wound secretion levels and to minimize bacterial contamination. Alginate fibres trapped in a wound are readily biodegraded and do not have to be removed thus avoiding disturbance of granulation tissue formation. Additional features are odour remission, conformability and ready removal of tissue adherent material. PMID- 6640061 TI - Release of gas residues from an ethylene oxide sterilized haemodialyser. AB - Ethylene oxide, a toxic gas used as sterilant for medical devices, is absorbed in plastic materials. The gas is desorbed from the sterilized devices occasionally leading to injuries to the users. A photoionization detector, being specific and sensitive, is used for measurement of liberated ethylene oxide from a haemodialyser. The detector, used as a flow through cell direct connected to the haemodialyser, enables measurement of ethylene oxide in quantities ten times smaller than the maximum daily exposure. PMID- 6640062 TI - [Capacitive measuring device for pressure distribution with high transducer density]. PMID- 6640063 TI - [Stress analysis of the shoulder blade following shoulder joint replacement]. PMID- 6640064 TI - Simulation of the interaction heart-pump to improve assist-techniques with minimal myocardial lesions. PMID- 6640066 TI - [Loadability of the bone-cement bond in joint endoprostheses]. PMID- 6640065 TI - [A newly developed microcomputer-aided measuring device for non-invasive analysis of the human His bundle signal]. PMID- 6640067 TI - [Microcomputerized tomograph for quantitative studies of bone in human extremities]. PMID- 6640068 TI - Interactions of lens proteins. Self-association and mixed-association studies of bovine alpha-crystallin and gamma-crystallin. AB - Concentrated solutions of calf alpha-crystallin (up to 45 g/l) and gamma crystallin (up to 67 g/l) were subjected to frontal exclusion chromatography at pH 7.3, ionic strength 0.17 and 20 degrees C. The experimental concentration dependence of the weight-average partition coefficient was compared with theoretical expressions, which include considerations of thermodynamic non ideality effects, for the concentration dependence of a single solute and of a solute undergoing reversible self-association. Two types of association pattern were examined, discrete dimerization and indefinite self-association. The partition chromatography results are consistent with an indefinite self association of gamma-crystallin, governed by an isodesmic association constant of 6.7 X 10(-3) l/g. alpha-Crystallin appears to self-associate either very weakly, with a maximal association constant of 0.9 X 10(-3) l/g, or not at all; the distinction depends on the assessment of the non-ideality coefficients. The consequences of excluded volume effects on these self-association equilibria at high total protein concentration are discussed. Mixtures of alpha-crystallin and gamma-crystallin were analyzed by frontal exclusion chromatography (up to 14 g/l) and sedimentation velocity (up to 115 g/l): no interaction was observed. PMID- 6640070 TI - Boundaries of the universal K3 region and plateau region of the dynamic structure factor for DNA. PMID- 6640069 TI - Fluorescence decay studies of poly(riboadenylic acid) containing 1-N6 ethenoadenosine. AB - The fluorescence properties of the 1-N6-etheno derivatives of poly(riboadenylic acid) (poly(rA, epsilon rA)) have been examined. The fluorescence quantum yield of poly(rA, epsilon rA) decreases with an increase in the degree of the epsilon A substitution and is much smaller than that for epsilon AMP even for low degrees of epsilon A substitution. The nearest-neighbor interactions such as epsilon adenine-adenine and epsilon-adenine-epsilon-adenine may be responsible for this behavior. It is found that the fluorescence decay kinetics obeys a three exponential decay law for poly(rA, epsilon rA), suggesting that there exist at least three different stacked conformational states. PMID- 6640071 TI - Conformation of sequential and random copolypeptides of lysine and alanine in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution. PMID- 6640072 TI - Conformation of sequential polypeptides of (Lysi-Leuj), (Lysi-Serj), and (Lys Gly) in sodium dodecyl sulfate solution. PMID- 6640073 TI - Temperature dependence of the dynamic light scattering of linear phi 29 DNA: implications for spontaneous opening of the double-helix. PMID- 6640074 TI - Field desorption mass spectrometric measurement of picomole amounts of leucine enkephalin in canine spinal cord tissue. AB - Leucine enkephalin is measured in canine spinal cord tissue in a structurally unambiguous manner. A rapid tissue procurement procedure minimizes enkephalin metabolism. High-performance liquid chromatography purification of brian neuropeptides is followed by field desorption mass spectrometric measurement of leucine enkephalin in spinal cord tissue extracts. Quantification is performed at the 70 ng (126 pmol) g-1 of wet weight tissue, or 70 parts per billion level. The higher homolog of leucine enkephalin, 2ala-leucine enkephalin, is utilized as internal standard. Straight-line statistics are obtained for a series of samples to which a peptide standard is added. PMID- 6640076 TI - 3,5-Diiodotyrosine excretion in human urine in individuals of differing thyroidal status. AB - The urinary excretion of 3,5-diiodotyrosine was determined in euthyroid, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid individuals using a sensitive gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assay. This involved a multi-step extraction of the amino acid from urine (mean efficiency 28 +/- 5.7%) then conversion to the N,O diheptafluorobutyryl methyl ester. The fragmentation of the derivative is discussed. Although the mean excretions in the two pathological states were significantly different from that of euthyroid individuals (P less than 0.01 in both instances) there was considerable overlap with the normal range. PMID- 6640075 TI - The F and 19-hydroxy F prostaglandins and their 8 beta-isomers in human seminal plasma: data on chromatography and mass spectrometry. AB - Human seminal plasma contains eight different prostaglandins belonging to the F series, i.e. PGF1 alpha, PGF2 alpha, 19-hydroxy-PGF1 alpha, 19-hydroxy PGF2 alpha, as well as the corresponding 8 beta-isomers. A systematic description of the mass spectrometric fragmentation of the 8 beta-isomers has not been previously reported. In the present study the prostaglandins were separated from human seminal plasma and analysed as methylester, trimethylsilylethers with gas chromatography mass spectrometry. All the eight F and 19-hydroxy F prostaglandins fragmented in the same manner, but the relative abundances of the formed ions varied in a typical way. Thus, the mass spectra of 8 beta-PGF1 alpha and 8 beta 19-hydroxy PGF1 alpha differed clearly from those of their 8 alpha-isomers, which could be used for identification and should be considered in selected ion monitoring. The ratio between the seminal plasma levels of 8 beta- and 8 alpha isomers of 19-hydroxy F1 alpha was much higher than the corresponding ratio for the PGF1 alpha. PMID- 6640078 TI - Evaluation of morbidity from mortality. AB - The authors have attempted to measure morbidity involved in mortality, from French regional statistics of causes of death, for the 1968-1970 period. Particularly, they have estimated prevalence rates (proportion of patients at a given moment) and incidence rates (annual proportion of new patients). These rates have been assessed by sex, and for age groups: 15-44 years, 45-64 years, 65 74 years, 75 years and more, and for 18 leading causes of death, according to the International Classification of Diseases (1965). Statistics of causes of deaths have been corrected to take into account non specified causes of death. PMID- 6640077 TI - Beta-oxidation of C-6-C-10 fatty acids in rat liver homogenates measured by selected ion monitoring: effects of cyanide and clofibrate. AB - The beta-oxidation of C-6-C-10-fatty acids/acyl CoA/acylcarnitines in whole rat liver homogenates was determined by specific and simultaneous measurements of the C-6-C-10-fatty acids, i.e. hexanoic, octanoic and decanoic acids, in hydrolysed homogenates in relation to time in assays incubated with the above-mentioned substrates. Measurements were performed by a combined gas chromatographic mass spectrometric technique, i.e. selected ion monitoring. The rate of beta-oxidation of the C-6-C-10-fatty acids/acyl CoA/acylcarnitines were registered as the consumption rate of the added substrate. The conversion to the C-2-shortened beta oxidation products was illustrated simultaneously. The rate of beta-oxidation of C-6-C-10-fatty acids was several times higher in homogenates from clofibrate treated rats than in control rats, both in the presence and absence of 2.0 mmol l 1 cyanide. Cyanide caused a minor but significant decrease in the beta-oxidation rate in both control and clofibrate-treated rats. No differences were found between the beta-oxidation of decanoic acid and decanoyl CoA in homogenates from clofibrate-treated rats, whereas the degree of beta-oxidation of DL decanoylcarnitine was halved compared with decanoic acid and decanoyl CoA. PMID- 6640079 TI - Repeated I. V. injections of calcium salts give rise to increased exocrine pancreatic cell sensitivity to caerulein and urecholine in the dog. AB - The persisting modifications induced by repeated intravenous infusion of calcium salts were investigated in five dogs with Thomas fistulae. Five control dogs were also tested. In calcium treated dogs the pancreatic secretion stimulated by graded doses of either caerulein or urecholine showed: a) an increase in the sensitivity of acinar cells to caerulein and urecholine and potentiation by caerulein of the water and bicarbonate response to secretin, in contrast to the decreased sensitivity to secretin alone reported previously. b) an inhibition of water and bicarbonate secretion with urecholine stimulation, c) an inhibition of calcium secretion which was significant with caerulein. These findings could explain the data previously observed on basal pancreatic secretion of calcium treated dogs such as protein hypersecretion with protein precipitates and reduced bicarbonate secretion which are similar to modifications observed in chronic alcoholic dogs and men. These results have a clinical relevance to the understanding of the pathology of chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 6640080 TI - Sex-associated relationships between cell counts and lymphoproliferative responses in healthy young adults. AB - Correlation analyzes of lymphoproliferative responses, total T (E-rosettes) cell levels and autologous rosette-forming cell (A-RFC) levels of healthy human volunteers revealed previously unsuspected sex-associated differences. A negative association existed between response to Con A and E-rosette levels in men, and between PHA lymphoproliferation and E-rosette counts in women, whereas mitogen induced responses and A-FRC levels varied independently in either sex. Total T cell and A-RFC counts correlated only in man. PMID- 6640082 TI - Phosphorus-31 NMR studies of smooth muscle from guinea-pig taenia coli. AB - Phosphorus-31 NMR spectra of superfused isometrically mounted guinea-pig taenia coli were obtained using a horizontal probe at 103.2 MHz. The spectra showed resonances for ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr), and a sugar phosphate resonance. The PCr/ATP ratio was between 1.5 and 2.0 consistent with chemical analysis of tissue extracts. The level of PCr, but not of ATP, decreases reversibly during contraction or inhibition of respiration. These conditions did not cause substantial changes in the intracellular pH, which was 7.0 +/- 0.1. PMID- 6640081 TI - Increased thermal stability of solubilized chromatin after poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. AB - A hyperthermic shift in the hyperchromicity curve of thermally denatured swine aortic-smooth-muscle-cell chromatin solubilized by digestion of nuclei with micrococcal nuclease was observed after the chromatin was incubated under conditions to allow poly-(ADP-ribose) synthesis by the endogenous poly(ADP ribose) polymerase. When the order of solubilization and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation was reversed, a smaller proportion of the solubilized chromatin exhibited greater thermal stability. Nuclease digestion of nuclei preincubated for poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis revealed no difference in kinetics of digestion or fragment size distribution compared to that of control nuclei. Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in these nuclei was proportionately greater in the chromatin fraction most resistant to solubilization by micrococcal nuclease treatment. PMID- 6640083 TI - Potent and specific blockade by AH 22216 of histamine-H2-receptor-mediated acid secretion in isolated rabbit gastric cells. AB - AH 22216 is a new histamine-H2-receptor antagonist which possesses a triazole ring. When compared to cimetidine, AH 22216 is about 100 times more potent (Ki = 0.21 x 10(-8) M) in inhibiting histamine-stimulated acid secretion in isolated rabbit gastric cells. These two antihistamines have no effect on carbachol stimulated acid secretion in the system. The data indicate that AH 22216 interacts directly and specifically on the gastric H2-receptor of the parietal cell and are consistent with the reported pharmacological potencies of AH 22216 and cimetidine on histamine-induced gastric-acid secretion in vivo. AH 22216 could thus be a useful therapeutic agent in patients with peptic ulcers. PMID- 6640084 TI - Copper and the biological evolution. AB - Copper is contained in a number of enzymes and proteins. A remarkable feature is that except for the electron-carrying blue copper proteins (azurin and plastocyanin) and copper-containing cytochrome c oxidase found in some cyanobacteria and some aerobic bacteria, all copper enzymes and proteins are found only in eukaryotes. In the early and middle precambrian period when the stationary oxygen pressure in the atmosphere was quite low, copper existed as either metallic or cuprous sulfides which are very insoluble in aqueous media; thus copper might have been unavailable to organisms. The time when copper became Cu(II) upon rise of the atmospheric oxygen pressure and thus became available to organisms seems to be in the middle of Proteozoic era when first eukaryotic organisms seem to have appeared on earth. Thus copper may be considered to be an indicator element for the atmospheric evolution (switching from anoxygenic to oxygenic) and the evolution of higher organisms (eukaryotes). PMID- 6640085 TI - [Regeneration of the peripheral nerves in the lumen of implanted vessels]. AB - Regeneration of the rat peripheral nerve in the lumen of implanted aorta was examined over 4 months. The nerve invaded the vessel with its entire trunk and went out of the distal vessel to the adjacent muscles. Inflammatory infiltrations were observed only outside the implant. Only insignificant number of inflammatory elements were inside the lumen. These conditions favored good regeneration of the nerve without forming a neuroma at the end of the cut nerve. The regenerating myelinized fibers formed spiral-like or bush-like terminals on muscle fibers. The model of directed regeneration of the peripheral nerves in the vascular lumen holds promise for rapid and accurate reinnervation of tissues and organs. PMID- 6640086 TI - [Elimination of impairment of myocardial relaxation and contraction during stress with uridine, a cofactor of glycogen resynthesis]. AB - The effects of administering high glucose concentration (22 mM) or uridine, a cofactor of glycogen synthesis (2 X 10(-4) M), into the perfusion medium on the post-stress disturbances of the rat isolated atrium extensibility and contractile function were studied. Stress decreased the extensibility of the atrial myocardium and caused the depression of the developing systolic pressure in the isometric regime of contraction. These disturbances could be completely eliminated by a 4-fold increase of glucose concentration compared with physiological concentration, namely from 5.5 to 22 mM. The same radical effect was attained under unchanged glucose concentration by addition of uridine (2 X 10(-4) M) into the solution. The data evidence that the disturbances in glycogen resynthesis and glycolysis play an important role in the occurrence of post stress disturbances of heart contractile function and hold promise for uridine use with a view of elimination of the stress-induced and ischemic heart injuries. PMID- 6640087 TI - [Relation between the number of vesicles in the vascular smooth muscle cells and extracellular calcium concentration]. AB - The relationship between the number of vesicles in smooth muscle cells in mesenterial arteries and calcium concentration in incubation medium was studied in experiments on normotensive control rats (NKWR) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Extracellular elevation of calcium resulted in an increase in the number of vesicles, which was more demonstrable in SHR than in NKWR. After preliminary adrenalectomy the same high concentration of calcium in incubation medium did not induce any changes in the number of vesicles in both animal groups. The decrease of calcium concentration did not produce any changes in the number of vesicles in SHR or NKWR before and after adrenalectomy. The increase of the number of vesicles in response to high extracellular concentration of calcium is assumed to be a means of raising the active surface of the smooth cells and compensates for membrane deficiency seen under pathology. PMID- 6640088 TI - [Mechanisms of collagen resorption in liver cirrhosis]. AB - Electron microscopy used in experiments on white mice has shown the presence of vacuoles containing collagen fibers in the cytoplasm of some hepatocytes in liver cirrhosis and during its reverse development. These vacuoles mostly merged with lysosomes. The data obtained are suggestive of the involvement of hepatocytes in the resorption of collagen formed in abundance by means of its phagocytosis. PMID- 6640089 TI - [Glucocorticoid receptors in normal human lymphocytes]. AB - Glucocorticoid (GC) receptors were studied in intact lymphocytes from 11 donors. GC binding parameters were found to be highly reproducible in repeated experiments with lymphocytes. It was shown that GC receptors in donors' lymphocytes could be distributed into two different classes similarly to the pattern seen in skin fibroblasts. Human lymphocytes are an adequate object for studying genetically determined variability of GC receptors and its clinical importance. PMID- 6640090 TI - [The system of active transport of organic acids in the proximal tubules of rats with hereditary retinal degeneration (Campbell strain)]. AB - Active transport of organic acids (ATOA) in proximal renal tubules of Campbell, Wistar and random-bred rats was studied by contact microfluorometry with anion fluorescein as a marker. Beginning with the 60th day of life this transport in Campbell rats was characterized by a lower equilibrium uptake of fluorescein by the tubules, by altered sensitivity to AMP and adenosine, and by no response to unilateral nephrectomy. It is assumed that ATOA in Campbell rats plays a certain role in the pathogenesis of retinitis pigmentosa. PMID- 6640091 TI - [Functional and structural changes in the small intestine during experimental hypercholesteremia]. AB - Functional and structural changes that occurred in the small intestine and liver of rabbits with alimentary hypercholesterolemia have been studied. Maximal rise of peripheral blood cholesterol after a single exposure to cholesterol was coupled with an increased penetration of chylomicrons and low and very low density lipoproteins from the intestine to the circulation. The decrease of cholesterol excretion along the whole length of the small intestine was accompanied by activation of the release of high density lipoproteins into the blood outflowing from the intestine. The decay of chylomicrons in the liver was restricted during the first days of hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol concentration in the bile was decreased. The microvessels of the small intestine demonstrated the dilatation of the postcapillary-venular component erythrocyte aggregates and capillarostases. PMID- 6640092 TI - [Contractile properties of reinnervated skeletal muscle and their relation to the degree of nerve damage]. AB - Experiments with 22 rats have shown that the anterior tibial muscle in the stage of incomplete reinnervation is marked by decreased force and retardation of the semi-relaxation of an isometric contraction. In completely reinnervated muscles, the changes in the contractility are determined by the degree of nerve damage. The group of animals with the sciatic nerve injury demonstrated the contractility characteristic of a slower muscle, in contrast to the group with the fibular nerve damage. PMID- 6640093 TI - [Reflexogenic changes in the spontaneous and evoked activity of the parafascicular neurons in the rat thalamus during electroacupuncture stimulation]. AB - Acute experiments on cats were made to study the electroacupuncture (EAP) effect on neuronal impulse activity in the parafascicular complex (PFC) of the thalamus in response to solitary peripheral nociceptive and non-nociceptive stimuli. EAP stimulation affects the pattern of spontaneous and evoked activity of PFC neurons and forms their new functional status. It is suggested that the analgetic effect is brought about by the changes in neuronal activity in subcortical structures of the brain including the thalamic nuclei which transmit the ascending nociceptive input. PMID- 6640094 TI - [Activation of lipid peroxidation and its prevention with ionol during mechanical asphyxia followed by resuscitation]. AB - It was shown in experiments on random-bred male rats that during mechanical asphyxia, lipid peroxidation in the brain, heart, lungs and skeletal muscles experiences activation. At the beginning of the resuscitation measures under elevated tissue oxygenation there is a further increase in the intensity of lipid peroxidation, whereas the content of lipid hydroperoxides and Schiff's bases approaches the initial values only after 3 months. It is assumed that excessive activation of lipid peroxidation plays the key role in the pathogenesis of the postresuscitation disease. Preliminary administration of the synthetic antioxidant ionol in a dose of 30 mg/kg reduces activation of lipid peroxidation in all the organs and tissues under study, improves energy supply of the brain and heart, and decreases 3-fold the lethality in the early postresuscitation period. PMID- 6640095 TI - [Direct evidence of the role of propionate in choline synthesis in rats]. AB - Wistar rats were injected with 2-14C-propionate in a dose of 30 mu Ci/100 g bw, 2 h after food intake. Two hours after isotope injection the rats were decapitated to determine specific radioactivity (SR) in liver and brain lipids, in liver phosphatidylcholine (PC) and its structural components. The label was incorporated in liver lipids in a far greater amount. In liver PC, SR appeared the highest in glycerin and less higher in the fraction of higher fatty acids. The least amount of the label from 2-14C-propionate was incorporated in choline. The fact of the label incorporation in choline was recorded for the first time. PMID- 6640096 TI - [Enzyme activity of thiamine pyrophosphate in the rat after oxythiamine administration]. AB - Intraperitoneal injection of hydroxythiamine to rats (1 mmol per kg bw) resulted after 2-4 h in a more than 4-fold decrease in the activity of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in adrenal mitochondria. Inhibition of hyaloplasmic transketolase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase occurred later. Based on the correlation of the time course of enzymatic activity in the adrenals and the decreased concentration of 11 hydroxycorticosteroids in the blood the paramount role in the maintenance of the steroidogenesis among thiamine pyrophosphate-containing enzymes is assigned to the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. PMID- 6640097 TI - [Effect of the ionic strength of solutions on the size of ganglioside mycelia]. AB - Gangliosides in aqueous media of low ionic strength (2-5 mM NaCl) and in concentrations over the critical ones (10(-5) M) form micellas which do not differ from liposomes as regards the chromatographic behavior on Sepharose 4R, with a molecular weight of greater than or equal to 10(7) dalton. In aqueous media of a higher ionic strength (greater than or equal to 20 mM NaCl), gangliosides form micellas which are eluted during chromatography in far later fractions than liposomes 70-80 nm in diameter, with a molecular weight of (1-5) X 10(5) dalton. It is assumed that the conclusions about ganglioside incorporation into the liposomal membrane made on the basis of their peaks coincidence are correct, provided that ganglioside-containing liposomes are obtained and chromatographed under high ionic strength (greater than or equal to 20 mM NaCl). PMID- 6640099 TI - [Predetermined phylo- and ontogenic characteristics of the distribution of lysosomal acid phosphatase in the digestive tract]. AB - The pattern of the distribution of acid phosphatase activity in the alimentary tract was studied from the standpoint of phylo- and ontogenesis. Experiments made on beluga, crucian, frogs, grass snakes, pigeons, rats, 3-4-day-old cubs, 20- and 28-day-old rabbit embryos and 40-day-old rat embryos have shown that acid phosphatase displays its activity in all the parts of the alimentary tract. The lowest activity was recorded in the esophagus, rising progressively in the stomach and duodenum and reaching the maximal level in the distal part of the small intestine, and then dropping in the inferior parts of the intestine. It is assumed that such a mechanism of the distribution of lysosomal activity in the alimentary tract is formed at the early stages of the phylogenetic and ontogenetic development of the animals and is linked with the performance of the physiological functions. PMID- 6640098 TI - [Antioxidants as stabilizers of cytochrome P-450 in hepatocytes]. AB - Spontaneous destruction of cytochrome P-450 arising from activation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) occurs during incubation of hepatocytes. LPO activation in hepatocyte suspension by a catalytic system containing Fe2+--ADP plus NADP X H makes the destruction of cytochrome P-450 more rapid. Supplementation of the incubation medium with the antioxidant, 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine (HP 6), inhibits LPO, on the one hand, and stabilizes cytochrome P-450, on the other one. Ionol appeared to be a more effective LPO inhibitor in hepatocytes and, accordingly, a more effective stabilizer of cytochrome P-450 than water-soluble HP-6. PMID- 6640100 TI - [Relation between the changes in glycolipid levels and substrate oxidation in skeletal muscle in alloxan diabetes in rats]. AB - Administration of alloxan to rats in a dose of 50-150 mg/kg raises blood sugar level from 200 +/- 14 to 800 +/- +/- 16 mg/100 ml. Under these conditions, the content of total gangliosides in the rat femoral muscle progressively decreases, namely from 137 +/- 9 micrograms sialic acid per g tissue to 63 +/- 4, which is linked with alloxan diabetes severity and hyperglycemia. At the same time there was a 3-4-fold inhibition of 14C-glucose oxidation intensity by tissue sections of the skeletal muscles in the presence of a 1.5-2-fold activation of 1-14C palmitate. Fractionation of glycolipids on silica gel KSK demonstrated a 33% decrease in the content of monosialogangliosides, and a lesser diminution in the content of other fractions. Total muscle gangliosides, added to the incubation medium exogenously, produced a pathogenetic correcting action on disturbed oxidation of 14C-glucose in alloxan diabetes. PMID- 6640101 TI - [Concentration of endogenous ethanol and alcoholic motivation]. AB - Trials with patients suffering from stage II chronic alcoholism and normal test subjects as well as experiments made on male C57BL mice (with genetically determined alcoholic motivation) and CBA mice (with genetically determined alcoholic aversion) and random-bred male rats with different levels of initial alcoholic motivation have shown the presence of reverse proportional dependence between blood plasma endogenous ethanol and alcoholic motivation. PMID- 6640102 TI - [State of adrenergic innervation of rat mesentery and dura mater during immobilization stress]. AB - Fluorescent microscopy combined with an assay of the intensity of nerve structure fluorescence was used to study adrenergic innervation of the rat mesentery and dura mater under immobilization stress. The adrenergic nerves were found to undergo morphofunctional changes over time. These changes were marked by a dramatic fall of noradrenaline fluorescence within the first immobilization hours, followed by rise at the 4th-6th hour of experiment. In prolonged immobilization, mediator activity of the adrenergic nerves remained under initial (control) level. The data obtained attest to the involvement of the peripheral adrenergic innervation in stressor response and in the adaptive mechanisms during immobilization. PMID- 6640103 TI - [Morphological characteristics of colonic cancer in organ cultures]. AB - Three types of human colonic carcinoma were studied in organ cultures. Apart from the formation of glandular structures and processes not structurally differing from those in human bodies, there occurred complexes of cancer cells spreading beyond the boundaries of the explant and forming no structures at all. It was shown that in organ cultures, cancer cells retained their capacity to synthesize carcinoembryonic antigen. PMID- 6640104 TI - [Cytochemical characteristics of the clones of human bone marrow stromal fibroblasts]. AB - Cytochemical methods were used to study the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases, neutral and acid nonspecific esterases, and peroxidase in the clones of stromal human marrow stromal fibroblasts at the 10th-12th day of cultivation with rabbit feeder. All the cells in the clones contained acid phosphatase. All the colonies had 5 to 90% of cells with positive response to alkaline phosphatase. The colony cells did not show any neutral and acid nonspecific esterases or peroxidase. PMID- 6640105 TI - The effect of bloodletting on exercise performance in a subject with a high affinity hemoglobin variant. AB - We studied two young army recruits with erythrocytosis. One had a variant hemoglobin with high affinity for oxygen (hemoglobin Osler, also known as Fort Gordon and Nancy, beta 145 Tyr leads to Asp). The other had normal oxygen affinity and erythrocytosis of undetermined etiology. Both were asymptomatic. We studied exercise capacity on a cycle ergometer before and after hemodilution. In the subject with high oxygen affinity, hemodilution resulted in reduced maximal work and increased heart rate at every work level. In addition, minute ventilation and arterial lactic acid increased, while anaerobic threshold decreased, indicating diminished oxygen supply to tissues. In contrast, the subject with normal oxygen affinity had no significant changes in exercise performance after hemodilution. These results suggest that when blood oxygen affinity is high, loss of efficiency in tissue oxygenation can be expected after phlebotomy or hemodilution. Therefore, it may be useful to measure blood oxygen affinity and exercise performance in polycythemic subjects in whom such procedures are intended to ameliorate symptoms of hyperviscosity. PMID- 6640106 TI - Intracellular ferriprotoporphyrin IX is a lytic agent. AB - Human erythrocytes were treated with menadione to oxidatively denature hemoglobin and release ferriprotoporphyrin IX (ferriheme, FP) intracellularly. The high affinity of FP for chloroquine was used to detect its release. After incubation for 1 hr at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4 with 0.5 mM menadione, erythrocytes bound 14C chloroquine with an apparent dissociation constant of 10(-6)M. Untreated erythrocytes did not bind chloroquine with high affinity. At a chloroquine concentration in the medium of 2 microM, for example, menadione-treated erythrocytes bound 70 mumole chloroquine/kg and untreated erythrocytes bound 13.4 mumole/kg. The intracellular location of FP released by menadione was verified by finding that Tween 80 did not prevent chloroquine binding. By contrast, Tween 80 inhibited the binding of chloroquine to erythrocytes treated with extracellular FP. The hemolytic response to menadione was characteristic of the hemolytic response to FP. Thus, 5 microM chloroquine caused hemolysis to increase to 60% from baseline values of 5% in experiments using erythrocytes treated either with 0.5 mM menadione or with 5 microM FP; and, in both cases, the potentiating effect of chloroquine was inhibited by 1 microM mefloquine or 10 microM quinine. Higher concentrations of menadione caused hemolysis in the absence of chloroquine. We conclude that FP released by menadione exists intracellularly in a form that is accessible to bind chloroquine and to express its lytic activity. PMID- 6640107 TI - Molecular heterogeneity of hereditary pyropoikilocytosis: identification of a second variant of the spectrin alpha-subunit. AB - In hereditary pyropoikilocytosis (HPP), the red cell membrane skeletons exhibit a mechanical instability that can be correlated to defective self-association of spectrin heterodimers. To determine the underlying molecular defect, we have subjected HPP spectrin to limited tryptic digestion, followed by one- and two dimensional separations of the peptides. Two of the HPP kindreds exhibited a marked decrease in 80,000-dalton peptide (previously identified as the spectrin dimer-dimer contact domain of the alpha-subunit) and a concomitant increase of the 74,000-dalton polypeptide (presumably derived from the 80,000-dalton domain) and a decrease in a 22,000-dalton polypeptide. We now report tryptic digests of two other HPP kindred that are characterized by a decrease or complete absence of the 80,000-dalton tryptic fragment, with a concomitant increase in fragments at 46,000 and 17,000 daltons. The 46,000-dalton fragment separated into multiple spots on isoelectric focusing, ranging in isoelectric point from 5.25 to 5.35, and the 17,000-dalton fragment focused to a single spot at 5.4. Minor fragments at 56,000 and 22,000 daltons were also decreased, while a 38,000-dalton fragment increased. Limited tryptic digestion of the separated alpha- and beta-subunits revealed that the 74,000-dalton fragment in the first group of patients and the 46,000-dalton fragment in the second group of patients were derived from the alpha-subunit. Both subtypes exhibited a similar defect of spectrin self association, with 30%-38% of spectrin dimers in O degrees C extracts. The results indicate that at least two distinct forms of structurally defective spectrin may give rise to the clinical presentation of HPP. PMID- 6640108 TI - Sulfhydryl reagents induce altered spectrin self-association, skeletal instability, and increased thermal sensitivity of red cells. AB - Incubation of erythrocytes with the sulfhydryl reagent N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) results in altered spectrin self-association and formation of dimers on the membrane. Skeletons isolated from these cells exhibit marked skeletal instability. In addition, NEM treatment induces increased thermal sensitivity of both cells and purified spectrin. These effects were not produced in aerobically incubated glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient cells and were therefore presumably not due to depletion of intracellular reduced glutathione. These effects were produced by another permeant sulfhydryl reagent, monobromobimane, but not by its membrane-impermeant derivative. We conclude that spectrin sulfhydryl groups play an important role in spectrin self-association and thermal stability. PMID- 6640109 TI - Antithrombin "Chicago": a functionally abnormal molecule with increased heparin affinity causing familial thrombophilia. AB - A family with a high incidence of spontaneous thromboembolism over four generations has been investigated. The propositus is a 21-yr-old male with a history of thrombophlebitis. Medical histories of 46 family members were obtained. Twelve of these individuals have experienced deep venous thromboses and/or pulmonary emboli. Seven members of the kindred, with a prior history of thrombotic phenomena, were investigated in detail. These subjects were found to have normal plasma concentrations of immunoreactive antithrombin (mean 96%), decreased plasma levels of progressive antithrombin activity (mean 50%), and greatly reduced amounts of plasma heparin cofactor activity (mean 42%). The abnormal antithrombin ("Chicago") was found to elute from heparin-Sepharose at a higher ionic strength than normal inhibitor. The functionally defective antithrombin molecules exhibit a reduced ability to neutralize thrombin in the presence or absence of heparin (approximately 10%-20% of normal). The molecular defect of this protease inhibitor thus appears to be distinct from those of previously described abnormal antithrombins. PMID- 6640110 TI - Inhibition of human bone marrow fibroblast colony formation by leukemic cells. AB - The number of bone marrow fibroblast colony formations decreases in most cases of acute leukemia before the initiation of chemotherapy. This study was undertaken to clarify the mechanism of suppression of fibroblast colony formation in leukemic patients. Titration of the number of bone marrow cells did not indicate a linear relationship between the number of bone marrow cells cultured and the number of fibroblast colony formations. The number of fibroblast colony formations recovered by removal of nonadherent leukemic cells following one day of incubation increased. The cloning efficiency of patient bone marrow still showed increases in colony formation at higher plating concentrations after the nonadherent cells were removed. When leukemic and normal bone marrow cells were cocultured, the suppressive effect of leukemic cells on normal marrow fibroblast colony formation was clearly observed. The suppressive effect disappeared at complete remission, and then reappeared at relapse. Heat-inactivated serum and bone marrow culture media from leukemic patients whose fibroblast colony formations were small in number suppressed fibroblast colony formation from normal bone marrow. From these results, it was concluded that the suppression of fibroblast colony formation in leukemic patients was through humoral factors produced by leukemic cells. PMID- 6640112 TI - Antithoracic duct lymphocyte globulin. PMID- 6640113 TI - Proximate cause and traumatic neurosis. AB - Because there is not definite scientific knowledge about posttraumatic neurosis, a psychiatrist involved in evaluating allegations of psychiatric impairment in negligence law cases can make only a circumscribed contribution. Nevertheless, the contribution can be an important one. PMID- 6640111 TI - Adult hemoglobins are synthesized in murine fetal hepatic erythropoietic cells. AB - The hemoglobins present in murine fetal hepatic erythroblasts on days 12-15 of gestation were studied by biochemical and immunocytologic techniques. In addition, fetal hepatic hemopoietic progenitor cells obtained from normal and mutant f/f mouse fetuses on days 11-13 of gestation were cultured in vitro with added erythropoietin and adult spleen cell conditioned medium to form large erythroid colonies. In all instances, adult hemoglobin synthesis was detected in the fetal hepatic erythroblasts and in the erythroid cell cultures in vitro. The tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, enhanced the fetal hepatic erythroid colony growth in vitro, but did not alter the hemoglobin phenotypic expression. PMID- 6640114 TI - Famous and notorious cases, publication and privacy. PMID- 6640115 TI - A survey of drugs used in the management of assaultive inpatients. PMID- 6640116 TI - The significance of countertransference and related issues in a multiservice court clinic. PMID- 6640117 TI - Adolescent separation-individuation and the court. PMID- 6640118 TI - A new pretrial screening program. AB - Pretrial screening of defendants for competency to stand trial and responsibility at the time of the crime reduces unnecessary hospitalization. It can be developed on a statewide basis at little cost, resulting in great savings. Such programs should be established in every state. PMID- 6640119 TI - Crisis intervention in interpartner abuse. AB - Most of the literature on partner abuse deals with the pattern wherein one member, the aggressor, repeatedly assaults the other, the victim. In some cases of partner abuse, however, both partners are perpetrators and victims of reciprocal violence. These cases can present as the former, more familiar pattern, if one partner functions as the complainant. To intervene effectively, the professional should identify interpartner abuse at once. Barriers to intervention, on the part of both care providers and abusive partners, should be appreciated. The twofold challenge for the helping professional is to interrupt violence and engage partners in appropriate treatment or counseling. Techniques for accomplishing this are presented. Initial separation of partners is advised. Some important psychological issues can be profitably addressed during intervention. Ironically and simply, intervention should help abusive partners become acquainted with one another. PMID- 6640120 TI - Competence to stand trial in Connecticut. PMID- 6640121 TI - A footnote to Parham: Was J. L. a casualty of the mental health bar? PMID- 6640122 TI - Preparation of the sexually abused child for court testimony. PMID- 6640123 TI - [Lateral calcaneal flaps]. AB - The authors have studied the cutaneous vascularization of the lateral side of the ankle. Different technics of vascular injection have identified a cutaneous flap based on the lateral calcaneal artery, a collateral branch of the posterior peroneal artery. This flap can be used to cover the chronic ulceration of the achilleen region. PMID- 6640124 TI - [Vascularization of the ulnar nerve of the arm]. AB - A review of 53 dissections associated with injections and radiographs was performed (by the authors) to specify the arteriovenous vascularization of the ulnar nerve of the arm. An arteriovenous pedicle is constantly to be found. The artery "collateralis ulnaris superior" arises from the inferior border of the "pectoralis major" at an average distance of 6,7 cm. The arterial depending vein most often directly rejoins the "vena brachialis" lower than "vena basilica" does, but usually more distally than the arterial emergence level. Thus constituted, the pedicle can be anastomosed, measuring generally more than 1 mm in diameter. The arterial distribution originates from an arcade parallel to the nerve from which arise some extremely fine ladderlike vessels. Finally, this pedicle vascularizes the whole brachial part of the nerve (roughly 23,6 cm). PMID- 6640125 TI - [Sub-astragalar articulation: functional approach using load imprints]. AB - The prints of the subtalar articulation were studied in several positions. An original set allowed the fixation of the articulation under pressure and in the desired position. Contact areas of articular surfaces were coloured by Safranin 0. In inversion and eversion, the rate of incongruency of articular surfaces increased, while the contact was maximal in a mid-position, fixed by a passive blocking of the articulation. According to our results, the support is the main position transmitting the pressures during the gait when the talocrural joint is in motion; the inversion is the essential movement when the foot is not in contact with the ground. PMID- 6640126 TI - [Tomodensitometry of the humeral distal extremity. Morphologic and biometric study of the pillars]. AB - Biometry by computerized tomography on osseous series has not yet been applied in physical anthropology. I performed computed tomographical cross-sections on nine distal human humeri, every three millimetres, up to five centimetres of their length. The bi-epicondylar width was the reference level to compare the bones. I took several measurements at each level for each bone, and each area was calculated. The results confirmed our previous data on dry bones. Many reproducible and valuable measurements were possible, the accuracy of several was increased, and new measurements were defined. The morphological analysis of density measurements added new data. The osseous areas were easily integrated. This method which does not alter bones is precise and important in osteological studies in modern and paleo-anthropological primatology. PMID- 6640127 TI - [The place of urinary cytology in the diagnosis of urothelial tumors]. AB - A cytologic study was done in three groups of patients, either for screening purposes or for the follow up of vesical tumors already treated by transurethral resection or cystectomy. The reliability of urinary cytology is closely related to the degree of tumor anaplasia (81,8% positive cytology in grade III tumors). When a cytologic and cystoscopic follow-up is done, the results of these two methods are in agreement in 60% of the cases. In the follow up of patients already treated for vesical tumors, the association of cystoscopy and cytology increases the discovery of recurrences by 40%. The persistence of isolated positive cytologies is indicative of highly malignant lesions (grade III). In cystectomized patients, a close correlation exists between the histologic grade and the positivity of the cytologic survey. A cytologic follow up after cystectomy helps to discover a greater number of urethral recurrences. PMID- 6640128 TI - [Anatomic study of the left inferior diaphragmatic vein (vena phrenica inferior sinistra)]. AB - The anatomy of the left inferior phrenic vein is poorly understood. It can be exposed by transecting the left triangular ligament and clearing the hepatic veins. We inspected twenty embalmed specimens that were injected with Rhodorsil. Generally, the vein has its origin above the diaphragm near the apex of the heart. After traversing the diaphragm, the vein receives two collateral veins, in front of the left triangular ligament. One is located anteriorly and to the right of the vein, the other one is situated behind and to the left. The phrenic vein continues laterally, passing posteriorly to the triangular ligament, or rarely, when the coronary ligamentum is wider than usual, the vein will pass through it as well. In 74% of the case, the vein terminates into the left side of the left hepatic vein. Three dissections appeared to be very interesting: --in one, the vein followed the free margin, then the hepatic margin of the triangular ligament, receiving accessory hepatic veins, --in another, the vein joined the right inferior phrenic vein in front of the inferior vena cava, --in the third one, the vein followed the left inferior phrenic artery, to join the left suprarenal vein, then terminating in the left renal vein. PMID- 6640129 TI - [Anatomic study of the aponeurosis of the posterior spinal muscles]. AB - A macroscopic study of the lumbar regions of 4 adult bodies and of 4 foetuses has been made by the authors to specify the inferior insertion of the deep muscles of the back. These observations have demonstrated that the longissimus dorsi, and the ilio-costalis muscles are separated by a sagittal aponeurosis. The aponeurosis is a ventral reflection of the aponeurotic fascia of the Erector Spinae. PMID- 6640130 TI - [Topographic study of parasternal lymph nodes. Finding a window for radiotherapy]. AB - A series of arteriographies of the internal thoracic arteries was performed by the authors. By superimposing the tracing of 55 thoracic walls thus obtained, the authors were able to observe a preferential pathway. This pathway is located at a rather precise distance of the manubrio-corporeal angle and of the median axis. 22 parasternal chains were dissected. The lymphatic chains appeared closely linked with the arteries. An irradiation field covering all the parasternal nodes was thus precisely defined. PMID- 6640131 TI - [Functional anatomy of humero-radial articulation]. AB - From a theoretical study combined with dissection of twelve joints and the building of a mechanical model, the authors describe the contact zones between capitulum and conoidal zone of the humerus on one hand, and cupule and radial bevel-edge on the other, and this, during the various phases of pro-supination. In supination, the contact is essentially forward. In pronation, it is mostly backward. In each position, it is approximately the same area of the cupule which is in contact with the capitulum. The best fit is in the functional position. Major displacement occurs with almost flat cupules, displacement is minimal with hollow cupules which correspond to rounder heads. PMID- 6640132 TI - [The Chinese anti-brachial radial flap: anatomic study]. AB - Concerning twenty forearms of fresh cadavers, the authors describe a cutaneous flap irrigated by a radial artery whose ligature is without consequence on the vascularization of the hand. They specify the margins of the flap, its vascularization and innervation. They also specify the anatomical sacrifices necessary to its dissection and the different bony and tendinous elements which it is possible to include to form a complex osteo-musculo-cutaneous flap. PMID- 6640133 TI - Effect of cadmium and aluminum on bone alkaline and acid phosphatases. PMID- 6640134 TI - Catabolism and tissue distribution of Cd109 in rats. PMID- 6640135 TI - Distribution and retention of cadmium 109 by the gastrointestinal tract and other organs following intraperitoneal cadmium exposure. PMID- 6640136 TI - Zn, Cu, and Mn levels in the liver of the dogfish exposed to Zn. PMID- 6640137 TI - Elemental composition of potted vegetables and millet grown on hard coal bottom ash-amended soil. PMID- 6640138 TI - Comparison between personal and stationary sampling results: a field survey in a printing factory. PMID- 6640139 TI - Effects of diphenyl, o-phenylphenol and 2-(4'-thiazolyl)benzimidazole on growth of cultured mammalian cells. PMID- 6640140 TI - Compatibility of Rhizobium japonicum with commercial pesticides in vitro. PMID- 6640141 TI - Sediment bioassays with oyster larvae. PMID- 6640142 TI - Effects of environmental pH and temperature on embryonic survival capacity and metabolic rates in the smallmouth salamander, Ambystoma texanum. PMID- 6640143 TI - Regulation of phosphorylases and aldolases in tissues of the teleost (Tilapia mossambica) under methyl parathion impact. PMID- 6640144 TI - Effect of pyrethroid insecticides and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) dicarboximide fungicides on microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix). PMID- 6640145 TI - Effects of sea salt anions on the formation and stability of methylmercury. PMID- 6640146 TI - Analysis of phenols in sea water by fluorometry: direct analysis of the water phase. PMID- 6640147 TI - Environmental disturbance and estuarine benthos functioning. PMID- 6640148 TI - Effect of the aquatic herbicide endothal on the critical thermal maximum of red shiner, Notropis lutrensis. PMID- 6640150 TI - Effects of embryonic pre-exposure to methylmercury and Hg2+ on larval tolerance in Fundulus heteroclitus. PMID- 6640149 TI - Detection of dibenzothiophene in mussel, Mytilus edulis, as a marker of pollution by organosulfur compounds in a marine environment. PMID- 6640151 TI - Influence of an elevated cadmium level in the food on growth and food conversion of Nereis succinea. PMID- 6640152 TI - An inexpensive, floating, insect-emergence trap. PMID- 6640153 TI - Mass balance of 14C-pentachloronitrobenzene and metabolites in a closed, aerated soil-plant or soil-system. PMID- 6640154 TI - Trace metal distributions in the surficial sediments of Penobscot Bay, Maine. PMID- 6640155 TI - Heavy metal content of rainwater in Geneva, New York during late 1982. PMID- 6640156 TI - Concentration of diazinon in air of a retail garden store. PMID- 6640157 TI - Propachlor herbicide residue studies in cabbage using modified analytical procedure. PMID- 6640158 TI - Confirmation of residue identity: characterisation of the products of the reaction between vanadium (II) solutions and endrin. PMID- 6640159 TI - Uptake and distribution of mercury in mice from ingesting soluble and insoluble mercury compounds. PMID- 6640160 TI - Disposition of chlorinated diphenyl ethers isolated from technical pentachlorophenol in the rat. PMID- 6640161 TI - Structure-activity relationship in organophosphate-induced beta-glucuronidase release from rat hepatocytes in vitro. PMID- 6640163 TI - Prediction equations for fractional CO uptake derived from 50 healthy subjects. AB - Fractional CO uptake was measured in 50 healthy men and women aged 18 to 65 years in the sitting and supine positions and during the steady state of treadmill exercise at four different workloads. The unwanted influence of respiratory frequency and ventilation on fractional uptake and the indirect effect of workload (via changes in total diffusing capacity) were taken into account, according to previous theoretical analysis, in formulating prediction equations. Correlations for the best equations were between 0.816 and 0.971. The extra precision they afford makes the fractional CO uptake a potentially useful clinical measurement, less prone to spurious results than conventional measurements of diffusing capacity. PMID- 6640162 TI - Fractional carbon monoxide uptake and "diffusing capacity" in models of pulmonary maldistribution. AB - Two models of pulmonary non-uniformity have been studied to determine the effects of maldistribution on "diffusing capacity", measured by steady state (DSS) and single breath (DSB) methods, and on the fractional carbon monoxide uptake (U). The distribution of ventilation with respect to lung volume, perfusion and diffusing capacity, as well as breath-holding time, series inhomogeneity and sequential emptying, variously affect DSS and DSB. Of these, only the distribution of ventilation with respect to diffusing capacity (V/D) influences U. In addition, U is very sensitive to dead space ventilation and thus to respiratory frequency, and this is the chief defect of this very simple measurement. The models described indicate ways in which frequency dependence of U may be allowed for, leaving total diffusing capacity and V/D distribution as its sole determinants. PMID- 6640164 TI - Deposition pattern of droplets from medical nebulizers in the human respiratory tract. AB - Total and regional deposition data for aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract measured in normal mouth-breathing subjects are applied to aerosols from medical nebulizers. From deposition data as a function of particle size and respiratory parameters and from the droplet size distributions of various jet and ultrasonic nebulizers, integral mass depositions as a fraction of the aerosol entering the mouthpiece are determined for the total respiratory tract, the extrathoracic airways, the tracheobronchial tree and the alveolar region. Since the aim of inhalation therapy is the deposition of particles in that part of the respiratory tract which is to be treated, the results of this study may also be useful in finding out optimum conditions in cases of therapeutic applications. PMID- 6640165 TI - Circadian variations of airway response to histamine in asthmatic subjects. AB - In 15 clinically stable asthmatic subjects, histamine inhalation challenges were carried out on six different days, at 8, 16 and 22 h, twice at each time. On each visit, baseline functional measurements including FEV1 and forced mid-expiratory flow rates (FEF25-75%) were followed by the assessment of the concentration of histamine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20). There was no significant difference in baseline lung function tests and PC20 for visits done either at the same or different times. The correlation coefficients of PC20 for the visits at 8, 16 and 22 h were 0.95, 0.88 and 0.78 respectively. The dispersion of results of PC20 was significantly (p less than 0.05) more pronounced at 22 h than at 8 h. The cosinor analysis which depicts biologic rhythms as sinusoidal curves [8] revealed that seven subjects had detectable diurnal rhythms with acrophases (time of least excitability) at 9.8, 10.0, 11.8, 15.3, 15.4, 22.2 and 23.1 h. In five and three of these seven subjects respectively, significant rhythms of FEV1 and FEF25-75% were also detected with similar acrophases. PMID- 6640166 TI - Hypoxemia in attack free asthmatic children: relationship with lung volumes and lung mechanics. AB - In 113 asthmatic children (mean age +/- SD = 11.0 +/- 2.8 years), the presence of hypoxemia was evaluated during an attack free period. Blood gases were measured in arterialized blood samples. 71% of the patients were hypoxemic. Hypoxemia was defined as partial pressure of O2 (PaO2) below 90% of the mean value for normal children. In a first step, the relationship between hypoxemia and frequency of asthma attacks was examined: frequency of attacks appeared to be a poor predictor of hypoxemia in an attack free period. In a second step, the relationship between hypoxemia and 9 pulmonary function test variables was examined. The static lung volumes considered were: functional residual capacity (FRC: helium dilution technique); thoracic gas volume (TGV: body plethysmography technique) and trapped gases (TG: difference between TGV and FRC). TG was expressed as a percentage of 1) measured FRC (TG/FRCmeas), 2) measured TGV (TG/TGVmeas), 3) predicted FRC (TG/FRCpred). Lung mechanics variables were determined by the oesophageal catheter technique: lung resistance (RL) and dynamic lung compliance (CLdyn). RL and CLdyn were expressed 1) in absolute terms, 2) as a percentage of the index of distension (ID: TGV/FRCpred). All variables are expressed as a percentage of predicted values except for TG/FRCmeas and TG/TGVmeas. Considering lung volumes, hypoxemia was found when TG was present. When lung mechanics were altered, hypoxemia was also present. The relationship between PaO2 and PFT variables was best expressed by the following equation: PaO2 (%) = 85.393 + 0.121 CLdyn/ID- 0.151 TG/FRCpred--0.026 RL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640167 TI - Bronchial response to hyperventilation of dry air at room temperature in normals and asthmatics. AB - The bronchial effects of three levels (25, 40 and 60 1 X min-1) of voluntary isocapnic hyperventilation of dry air at room temperature (20-22 degrees C) have been studied in 18 normal, non-atopic subjects and in 25 nonperennial asthmatics who were asymptomatic and whose airway obstruction at the time of the study was mild, with a peak expiratory flow rate of 6.1 +/- 1.5 (SD) 1 X s-1 vs a predicted 8.4 +/- 1.3 1 X s-1. The bronchial response was assessed by use of maximal expiratory flow-volume curves obtained before and 1, 5, 10 and 15 min after the 5 min hyperventilation challenge. In normal subjects, there was a minimal though significant (p less than 0.001; two-way analysis of variance) fall in maximal expiratory flows which did not increase with the level of hyperventilation and was not accompanied by a fall in forced vital capacity. The bronchial response of asthmatics differed from that in normal: the fall in maximal expiratory flows was significantly greater, associated with a significant fall in forced vital capacity and increased with the level of hyperventilation. Results in 10 asthmatics studied on two different study days were highly reproducible. Sensitivity and specificity are excellent (approximately equal to 1) for the 40 1 X min-1 hyperventilation challenge. Our results suggest that isocapnic voluntary hyperventilation of dry air at room temperature (20-22 degrees C) is a highly satisfactory screening test to detect bronchial hyperreactivity. PMID- 6640168 TI - [Bronchial response to acetylcholine and Dermatophagoides pteronissimus in asymptomatic asthmatics]. AB - Bronchial reactivity to increasing concentrations of acetylcholine (from 0.01 to 10 mg X ml-1) was studied in 84 asthmatic patients during a remission period. Three groups were identified based on decreasing reactivity : group 1 : 57 patients (68%) who exhibited a decrease equal or of more than 20% of forced expiratory volume per second (FEV1) and a decrease equal or of more than 35% of specific airway conductance (sGaw); group 2: 16 patients (19%) with a decrease in FEV1 of less than 20%, but a decrease in sGaw still equal or superior to 35%; group 3 : 11 patients (13%) with a less than 20% decrease in FEV1 and a less than 35% decrease of sGaw. Basal measurements of FEV1 and sGaw gave significantly lower values in group 1 than in group 2 and in group 2 than in group 3. A strong positive relationship was found between initial FEV1 (% of predicted) and acetylcholine concentration giving a fall of 20% in FEV1 (PD20-FEV1) (r = 0.87; p less than 0.001); a weak but still statistically significant relationship existed between initial sGaw and PD35-sGaw (r = 0.38; p less than 0.01). Twenty-five patients with allergic asthma were submitted to an inhalation test with Dermatophagoides pteronissimus (Dpt). Bronchial reactivity to Dpt was significantly correlated with acetylcholine (r = 0.9; p less than 0.001). Twenty four hours after Dpt exposure, seven patients (28%) still presented bronchial obstruction. Eleven patients without persistent obstruction 24 h after Dpt exposure were resubmitted to acetylcholine; bronchial reactivity was found increased when compared to the initial acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640169 TI - Comparative reflex action of histamine, acetylcholine and serotonin on dog airways. AB - To dissociate airway stimulation from airway response, a segment of the cervical trachea was isolated from the rest of the bronchial tree in 15 anesthetized dogs; nerve and blood supplies of the segment were preserved. Patency of the intrathoracic airways was assessed with lung resistance (RL) measurements. When doses of aerosolized histamine (His), acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin (Ser) causing comparable increases in RL were delivered into the intrathoracic airways, concomitant increases in pressure were recorded in the tracheal segment (indicating constriction) with His being the most effective. When the hypoxemia accompanying His- and ACh-induced bronchoconstriction was prevented by inhaling an air-oxygen mixture, the tracheal response persisted (2 dogs). Vagotomy decreased the RL response to His, ACh and Ser and abolished tracheal response (13 dogs). The tracheal response was still abolished when larger doses of His and ACh were given in order to induce an increase in RL similar to that observed before vagotomy (7 dogs). These data suggest the existence of a positive feed-back mechanism in the airways, pharmacological bronchoconstriction causing vagally mediated reflex bronchoconstriction. Direct stimulation of lung irritant receptors by histamine may explain the larger degree of reflex bronchoconstriction observed with this agent. PMID- 6640170 TI - Electric organ lactate dehydrogenase:physical and kinetic properties of the purified enzyme from Electrophorus electricus (L.). AB - L(+)lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus (L.) was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. Purified LDH was homogeneous when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. Both LDH activity and protein were demonstrable in the same band. The mobility of the LDH-5 isozyme is characteristic of the muscle type enzyme. Isoelectric focusing showed a single molecular species of pIO 6.5 +/- 0.4. The apparent molecular weight was 140,000 (+/- 10%) on the basis of gel filtration of Sephadex G-200. The effect of organic acids on the enzyme activity towards pyruvate (NADH) and lactate (NAD) was determined spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. Sodium oxamate behaved as a mixed inhibitor when lactate (NAD) was the substrate, whereas ethyl oxamate was an uncompetitive inhibitor. Both the sodium salt and the ester of oxamic acid were competitive inhibitors when pyruvate (NADH) was the substrate. PMID- 6640171 TI - The use of anhydrotrypsin-Sepharose for isolation of trypsin inhibitors from Vigna unguiculata seeds. AB - The preparation of anhydrotrypsin-Sepharose 4B for the isolation of trypsin inhibitors by affinity chromatography was described. Soybean trypsin inhibitor and an acetic acid extract of Vigna unguiculata seed meal were used to evaluate the binding of trypsin inhibitors. Both soybean trypsin inhibitor and Vigna trypsin inhibitors were retained at pH 7.6 and desorbed at pH 2.0. The Vigna trypsin inhibitors isolated by the Sepharose-4B anhydrotrypsin did not differ by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing from native inhibitors, indicating that partial proteolysis obtained with trypsin affinity columns can be avoided by using anhydrotrypsin, the enzymatically inactive form of the enzyme which retains the capacity to bind inhibitors. PMID- 6640172 TI - Lymphocyte reactivity to mitogens in American visceral leishmaniasis. AB - In vitro lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was evaluated in 11 patients with American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and 11 control subjects. The diagnosis of AVL was established by the demonstration of leishmania in bone marrow aspirates. Thymidine incorporation (cpm +/- SEM) of PHA-stimulated cultures was 27, 520 +/- 4,488 in the AVL patients and 56,531 +/- 8,787 in the controls (P less than 0.01). No significant difference was observed in the response to Con A and PWM between AVL and control patients. The restoration of the PHA response to levels similar to normal was observed when cells from five AVL patients were cultured in medium supplemented with standard AB serum rather than autologous serum. In this group of experiments the average suppressor activity of the PHA response present in sera from AVL patients was 46%. Lymphocyte reactivity of normal subjects to PHA was also suppressed by the AVL serum: PHA-stimulated lymphocytes cultured in standard AB serum were 49,122 +/- 9,345 vs 23,115 +/- 4,935 cpm in cultures supplemented with AVL serum. The demonstration that AVL serum suppressed the PHA response indicates that some of the cellular immunological abnormalities in AVL patients may be dependent on inhibitor factory present in AVl serum. PMID- 6640173 TI - Changes in the rat liver induced by total portal vein ligation. AB - An enlargement of the hepatic arterial tree with dilation of the main branches, rich ramification of smaller branches and marked tortuosity were seen in rats after total portal vein ligation (compensatory hypertrophy). The normal architecture and histochemistry of the liver showed no evident changes, but some definite alterations were seen in the sinusoids. There was a mild hyperplasia of the reticulum framework. Electron microscopy disclosed capillarization of sinusoids in animals with prolonged portal vein ligation and the presence of hyperfibers of collagen in Disse's space. It is concluded that these changes resulted from hepatic arterialization. PMID- 6640174 TI - Modifications of gastric compliance in dogs related to changes of extracellular fluid volume: a possible physiological role. AB - Gastric compliance was measured with an intragastric probe connected to a water manometer in pylorus-ligated anesthetized dogs. Measurements were carried out in the same animal at different levels of extracellular fluid (ECF) obtained by expansion, bleeding and reexpansion. Acute isotonic expansion of the ECF volume shifted gastric compliance curves upwards and to the left, indicating that the stomach retains less volume than the control at the same intraluminal pressure. Conversely, the acute loss of blood shifted gastric compliance curves downwards and to the right. The data suggest that the ECF volume contributes to the modulation of gastric compliance. PMID- 6640175 TI - Distractibility among paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenics using subtests matched for discriminating power. AB - The performance of hospitalized schizophrenics broken down into paranoid and non paranoid subgroups was compared with that of two control groups on an auditory distraction test designed to rule out the confounding effect of differences between the distraction and non-distraction subtests in discriminating power. The results supported the hypothesis of schizophrenic distractibility. PMID- 6640176 TI - Some norms and reliability data for the State--Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale. AB - Means and standard deviations are reported for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale, collected during the course of a general health survey. Data for different age samples and for both sexes are presented for use in the evaluation of the significance of anxiety and depression levels in patients presenting with these symptoms. High estimates of reliability based on internal consistency statistics were found for all scales. Females scored more highly on both the measures and scores were inversely correlated with age, indicating the importance of specific and appropriate norms in assessing affective states. PMID- 6640177 TI - Group modification of affective verbalizations in a psychiatric population. AB - An operant group procedure significantly increased the frequency of here-and-now affect, feedback and empathy statements made by psychiatric patients when compared with non-reinforced patients and with base-line performances. Transfer effects were also noted when randomly selected patients from these original groups were 'seeded' into new groups during a non-reinforced session one week after training. Self-disclosure, measured by a modification of Jourard's scale, showed pre-post increases, but the expected interaction with reinforcement was non-significant (P less than 0.20). Scores on the Mooney Problem Check List were unaffected by the procedures. No apparent problem resulted from the absence of a therapist during the group process and it was concluded that the operant group procedures may prove useful both as an adjunct to and as preparation for other therapeutic methods. PMID- 6640178 TI - Characteristics of expressed emotion: its relationship to speech and looking in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. AB - The measure expressed emotion (EE) is an established indicator of characteristics in the relatives of schizophrenic patients which predict relapse. Despite this, little is known of its construct validity except that schizophrenic patients are less calm in the presence of high EE than low EE relatives. There is also tentative evidence that schizophrenic patients show heightened avoidance responses to aversive social stimuli. It was therefore hypothesized that acutely ill schizophrenic patients would show social behaviours characteristic of avoidance in interaction with high but not low EE relatives. This hypothesis was not confirmed as no patient difference was found, but there were differences in the behaviour of high and low EE relatives. High EE relatives spend more interview time talking and less in looking at the patients. Low EE relatives were more prepared to be silent. This is consistent with the general tendency of high EE relatives to be socially intrusive and low EE relatives to be supportive to schizophrenic patients. PMID- 6640179 TI - A study of collective disturbed behaviour among psychiatric patients. AB - An investigation was conducted over a 40-week period in which staff completed weekly a list of 34 items representing aspects of disturbance for all patients in a modified therapeutic community comprising male and female wards. Four principal components accounted for about half the variance in both the men's and women's disturbance data. The first components in both groups represented general disturbance. Subsequent components in the men concerned rejection and withdrawal, nocturnal disturbance, and physical aggression, whilst among the women the later components reflected hysterical acting-out, withdrawal and 'opting out', and self directed and indirect forms of aggression. There was only an insignificant relationship between the general disturbance levels in the two wards. A number of variables, including the level of disturbance predicted from the diagnostic composition of the ward, average length of stay, and numbers of patients in the wards were found to correlate with the weekly levels of disturbance. In the men's ward, a 12-week cycle of general disturbance was found. An occasion of disruption to the routine of the unit (Christmas) was implicated in an episode of high disturbance. PMID- 6640180 TI - Mood changes during pregnancy and after the birth of a child. AB - This paper reports data obtained with five different measures of psychological change during a longitudinal study of 128 women in pregnancy and the first postnatal year. This group of women had relatively low levels of symptomatology and reported little dysfunction or distress. For the group as a whole, there were few significant changes over the course of pregnancy or over the course of the first postnatal year on the measures employed. In contrast, many scores exhibited significant change from late pregnancy to the puerperium. Without exception, the changes are in the direction of improved physical and psychological health after the birth, suggesting that most women feel better one month after the birth than one month before it. There were important differences between the patterns of change observed in individual women, confirming the fallacy of generalizing about childbearing women and emphasizing individual differences in response to this life-event. PMID- 6640181 TI - Depression, psychopathology, and self-serving attributions. AB - Depressed and non-depressed psychiatric in-patients and non-depressed non psychiatric controls classified their performance on a verbal recognition task as either a success or a failure, and made attributions about the causes of their perceived success or failure. In all three groups, subjects who classified their performance as a success attributed their outcome more to internal and less to external factors than did subjects who classified their performance as a failure. These results suggest that depression and attributional style may not necessarily be related. Discussion centres on the idea that individuals' expectations of success can affect their subsequent attributions. PMID- 6640182 TI - Treatment of an obsessional patient using habituation to audiotaped ruminations. AB - A single case where persistent and pervasive ruminations were treated by intensive audiotaped exposure to the ruminations themselves is reported. Exposure at two levels produced significant effects in an interrupted time series analysis of daily frequency, and the patient was rumination free at the end of treatment and at 6 months follow-up. PMID- 6640183 TI - Dietary treatment of chronic obsessional ruminations. AB - Chronic obsessional ruminations may prove resistant to psychological treatment because they are not psychological in nature but epiphenomena of brain dysfunction secondary to nutritional factors. The case is described of a chronic, treatment-resistant ruminator who made a dramatic and lasting recovery when a high protein breakfast was added to his elimination diet regimen, undertaken when years of psychological and pharmacological treatment had failed. Biochemical and clinical evidence supports the hypothesis that hypoglycaemia secondary to inappropriate diet was the cause of his disorder. Dietary contributions to obsessional ruminations should probably be sought early on in the assessment of such patients. PMID- 6640184 TI - [Closure by first intention of severe inter-ventricular shunts in infants]. PMID- 6640185 TI - [The role of neurobiologic factors in the diagnosis and treatment of depressive syndromes]. PMID- 6640186 TI - [Immunogenetic analysis of multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 6640187 TI - [Experimental and clinical pharmacology of daunorubicin]. PMID- 6640188 TI - Adult development theories and Erik Erikson's life-cycle model. PMID- 6640189 TI - Object-relations concepts applied to the psychotic range of ego functioning. With special reference to the Rorschach Test. PMID- 6640190 TI - Therapeutic "side effects" of drug research. PMID- 6640191 TI - Handling psychiatric urgency. Or, keeping one's diagnostic wits in a crisis. PMID- 6640192 TI - A psychodynamic view of character pathology in Vietnam combat veterans. PMID- 6640193 TI - Bone and joint replacement for the preservation of limbs. PMID- 6640194 TI - Second generation joint replacements. PMID- 6640195 TI - Breast implants. PMID- 6640196 TI - The business expansion scheme. PMID- 6640197 TI - Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. PMID- 6640198 TI - Dose-dependent reduction in renal magnesium clearance by amiloride during frusemide-induced diuresis in rats. AB - The effects of the potassium-sparing diuretic, amiloride, on fractional magnesium excretion were investigated at four doses (0.02, 0.08, 0.20 and 2.00 mg kg-1 h-1) during frusemide-induced diuresis. Amiloride caused a dose-dependent reduction in the fractional excretion of both magnesium and potassium, whereas the effects of amiloride, over the same dose range, on fractional sodium and calcium excretion were not dose-dependent. The results indicate that amiloride exerted a specific renal action to alter magnesium and potassium transport dissociated from effects on sodium excretion. PMID- 6640199 TI - The effect of bilateral adrenal demedullation on vascular reactivity and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Bilateral adrenal demedullation of juvenile spontaneously hypertensive rats attenuated, but did not prevent, the development of hypertension. Neither did it affect the subsequent vascular reactivity to phenylephrine though it significantly reduced the vascular effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation. Demedullation of adult spontaneously hypertensive rats did not alter blood pressure, but did attenuate the pressor responses to both alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and sympathetic nerve stimulation. In acutely demedullated adult rats, vascular reactivity to sympathetic nerve stimulation, but not to exogenous amines, could be restored by slow i.v. infusion of adrenaline in a dose-dependent manner. The results support a possible facilitatory role for adrenaline in sympathetic neurotransmitter release, both during the development of genetic hypertension and in vascular responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. PMID- 6640200 TI - Effects of sodium and calcium concentrations on the potentiation by indomethacin of the responses of rabbit mesenteric and coeliac arteries to vasoconstrictor agonists. AB - The contractile responses of the rabbit isolated coeliac and mesenteric arteries to five agonists (angiotensin, adrenaline, histamine, acetylcholine and 5 hydroxytryptamine), but not to K+, were potentiated by indomethacin (8.4 microM) The potentiation was similar whether indomethacin was added 1 h before or during the response to the agonist. The agonists that were more potentiated by indomethacin were also more dependent on the Ca2+ concentration in the medium, for their contractile action. Prostaglandin E2 in low concentrations (micromolar) did not affect the resting tone but relaxed the agonist-contracted arteries both in normal and in Ca2+-free medium. No prostaglandin E (PGE)-like substances were detected in the perfusate of arteries contracted by angiotensin. Reduction of the external Na+ concentration to 80 mM resulted in potentiation of the responses to agonists (angiotensin and adrenaline), but not to K+, and in this Na+-deficient medium potentiation by indomethacin was greatly reduced. These results suggest that potentiation by indomethacin of the arteries' responses to vasoactive substances may result from that drug's inhibitory action on sodium influx and consequent increase in calcium entry through receptor-operated channels. PMID- 6640201 TI - Release of acetylcholine at the motor endplate of the rat - evidence against a muscarinic acetylcholine autoreceptor. AB - The effect of some drugs on the release of endogenous acetylcholine from the phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation of the rat was measured. Muscarinic ligands had no effect. 8-Br-cyclic GMP, a penetrating analogue of cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) was also without effect. 8-Br-cyclic AMP somewhat enhanced the basal release while the potassium-induced release remained unaltered. In supersensitivity experiments, no specific binding of ligand [3H]-quinuclidinylbenzilate [( 3H]-QNB) was found in homogenates of the diaphragm, either before or after atropine treatment, while concomitant binding studies in the CNS demonstrated the expected increase in muscarinic binding sites after atropine. Our conclusion is that muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are probably absent from the presynaptic motor endplate area of the rat. Certain preliminary results suggest that a presynaptic nicotinic mechanism might be involved in the release of acetylcholine. PMID- 6640202 TI - Functional interactions of calcium-antagonists in K+-depolarized smooth muscle. AB - The functional significance of the interaction of certain calcium-antagonists with nimodipine was examined so that this might be related to binding studies. To this end, the relaxant effects of nimodipine (1-100 nM) on Ca2+ (10 mM)-induced contractions of K+-depolarized taenia preparations from the guinea-pig caecum were compared in the presence of nifedipine and cinnarizine (which competitively displace [3H]-nimodipine with high and low affinities respectively), diltiazem (which increases binding), verapamil (which allosterically reduces binding) and W 7, a calmodulin antagonist. The relaxant effects of nimodipine were similar in the presence of nifedipine, diltiazem and cinnarizine, but were slightly attenuated in the presence of verapamil and W-7. These findings can be reconciled with the differentiation of calcium antagonists evident from [3H]-nimodipine binding studies, but indicate that the functional consequences of allosteric interactions disclosed in such studies are small. Drugs which bind to calcium channels and drugs which bind to calmodulin did not potentiate each other. PMID- 6640203 TI - Effects of pancuronium and hexamethonium on paraoxon-induced twitch potentiation and antidromic firing in rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparations. AB - The actions of pancuronium, a selective antagonist of acetylcholine (ACh) at nicotinic cholinoceptors at motor endplates, and hexamethonium, a selective antagonist of ACh at nicotinic cholinoceptors in autonomic ganglia, have been studied in rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparations. The effects on paraoxon induced twitch potentiation and antidromic firing (ADF) in the phrenic nerve, were compared with the effects on normal twitch tension and intracellularly recorded miniature endplate potentials (m.e.p.ps) and endplate potentials (e.p.ps.) In preparations exposed to paraoxon, pancuronium was found to be approximately 10 times more effective in reducing the potentiated component of the twitch than the component which corresponded to the pre-paraoxon twitch. A similar result was obtained with hexamethonium. Pancuronium and hexamethonium, in concentrations which reduced paraoxon-induced twitch potentiation but had no effect on the twitch tension of preparations not treated with paraoxon, reduced paraoxon-induced ADF. The lowest concentrations of pancuronium and hexamethonium required for this also reduced the amplitude of m.e.p.ps and e.p.ps. Dithiothreitol, a disulphide bond reducing agent which reduces the affinity of ACh for nicotinic cholinoceptors, enhanced the potency of pancuronium 2 to 3 fold. The same also applied for hexamethonium. It is concluded that the experiments failed to provide evidence for an action of ACh on prejunctional nicotinic cholinoceptors of the ganglionic-type being involved in the initiation by paraoxon of twitch potentiation and ADF. Furthermore, the results obtained can be explained by pancuronium and hexamethonium reducing the action of ACh at the postjunctional membrane. PMID- 6640204 TI - Effects of amrinone on the transmembrane action potential of rabbit sinus node pacemaker cells. AB - Effects of amrinone on the membrane action potential and spontaneous activity were investigated in sinus node pacemaker cells of rabbit heart by use of microelectrode techniques. Amrinone (1 X 10(-4) M to 6 X 10(-6) M) caused a shortening of cycle length of spontaneous firing (SPCL) accompanied by an increase in the maximum upstroke velocity at phase O (Vmax) and amplitude of action potential (AAP), while it did not affect the maximum diastolic potential (MDP). All the effects of amrinone on sinus node pacemaker cells were markedly attenuated or abolished in a low calcium medium (Ca+ 0.1 mM or 0.3 mM) or in the presence of the slow channel blocking agent, verapamil (5 X 10(-7) M, 2 X 10(-6) M). The effects of amrinone were not antagonized by the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent, pindolol (2 X 10(-7) M). These results indicate that amrinone has an intrinsic effect on sinus node pacemaker cells, increasing their spontaneous firing activity. It is also assumed that the effects of amrinone on sinus node cells are probably mediated by an augmentation of the slow calcium and/or sodium inward current through the cell membrane. PMID- 6640205 TI - The inhibitory effects of N2-dansyl-L-arginine-4-t-butylpiperidine amide (TI233) on contraction of vascular and intestinal smooth muscle. AB - Effects of N2-dansyl-L-arginine-4-t-butylpiperidine amide (TI233) on the contractions in vascular and intestinal smooth muscles were examined. High K induced sustained contractions in the smooth muscles were inhibited by TI233 with an IC50 of 2.1 X 10(-5) M for rabbit aorta and 3.6 X 10(-6) M for guinea-pig taenia coli in a solution containing 1.5 mM Ca. Initial transient contraction induced by K in taenia coli was less sensitive to the inhibitory effect of TI233. When the Ca concentration in the medium was decreased to 0.3 mM, the concentration-inhibition curves for TI233 shifted to the left in both aorta and taenia coli. Increasing the Ca concentration to 7.5 mM shifted the curve to the right in the aorta. TI233 also inhibited the noradrenaline-induced contraction in the aorta (IC50 = 2.1 X 10(-5 M). In a hypoxic solution without added glucose, the inhibitory effect of TI233 on the K-induced contraction in aorta was augmented. In the presence of high concentrations (40 mM) of glucose in hypoxia, TI233 did not inhibit the noradrenaline-induced contraction of the aorta. Hypoxia and a high concentration of glucose also decreased the inhibitory effect of TI233 on the K-induced contraction in taenia coli. TI233 inhibited the K-induced increase in cellular Ca content measured by a modified lanthanum method. TI233 decreased oxygen consumption and ATP content of resting and K-stimulated aorta and taenia coli. It was concluded that TI233 inhibits the vascular and intestinal smooth muscle contraction by a Ca antagonistic action and also by inhibition of aerobic metabolism. PMID- 6640206 TI - The spasmogenic action of potassium chloride in guinea-pig trachealis. AB - Tissue bath experiments showed that potassium chloride (KC1) at 10-40 mmoll-1 evoked spasm of guinea-pig trachealis which was unaffected by atropine (1 mumoll 1), mepyramine (1 mumoll-1), tetrodotoxin (3 mumoll-1) or indomethacin (2.8 mumoll-1). Spasm evoked by KC1 was depressed in Ca2+-free Krebs solution or by exposure of tissues to LaCl3 (0.25-1 mmoll-1). Extracellular electrical recording showed that the spasm evoked by KCl 10 mmoll-1 was associated with promotion of electrical slow wave activity. Higher concentrations of KC1 abolished slow wave activity but caused further tension development. Intracellular recording confirmed the ability of KC1 10 mmoll-1 transiently to promote slow wave activity in individual trachealis cells. This action was associated with depolarization and tension development. Higher concentrations of KC1 evoked further tension development but slow waves were suppressed as the depolarization evoked by KC1 increased. KC1 (10-40 mmoll-1) increased the lanthanum-resistant calcium fraction of muscle-containing strips of trachea. It is concluded that KC1 acts directly on the smooth muscle of guinea-pig trachea. The spasmogenic action is associated with transient promotion of slow wave activity and a fall in resting membrane potential. The spasm involves the cellular influx of Ca2+ and is dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid. PMID- 6640207 TI - Interactions between alinidine and responses to acetylcholine, dopamine and 5 hydroxytryptamine of specific Helix central neurones. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from identified neurones in the brain of the snail, Helix aspersa. The effect of alinidine on the excitatory and inhibitory responses to acetylcholine and dopamine and on the excitatory response to 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was investigated. Alinidine was found to reduce the responses to acetylcholine and 5-HT and the excitatory response to dopamine but had no effect on the dopamine inhibitory response. pA2 values were determined for alinidine antagonism to indicate relative potency. The pA2 values against the excitatory responses of acetylcholine, dopamine and 5-HT were 5.8, 5.6 and 5.5 respectively. The pA2 value against acetylcholine inhibition was 3.5. From these studies it is suggested that alinidine interacts preferentially with the sodium inonophore, to a lesser degree with the chloride ionophore and not at all with the potassium ionophore on Helix central neurones. PMID- 6640209 TI - A psychotherapist looks at depression. PMID- 6640208 TI - Characterization of the locomotor stimulant action of nicotine in tolerant rats. AB - Tests of locomotor activity (photocell cages) were used to investigate the development of tolerance to nicotine in rats. Repeated exposure to the apparatus did not influence the rate at which tolerance was acquired. Comparisons of (+) nicotine (0.4-1.6 mg kg-1, s.c.) and (-)-nicotine (0.1-0.4 mg kg-1, s.c.) in tolerant rats showed that the (-)-isomer was at least ten times more potent in stimulating motor activity. Subcutaneous pretreatment with mecamylamine (1.0 mg kg-1) completely prevented the locomotor stimulant action of nicotine in tolerant rats, whereas chlorisondamine (0.01 or 0.1 mg kg-1 s.c.) only partially reduced it. When mecamylamine was given after an injection of nicotine, the locomotor stimulant action of nicotine was blocked, and nicotine actually reduced activity. A single intraventricular dose of chlorisondamine (2 micrograms) blocked the stimulant actions of nicotine for the duration of the experiment (23-24 days). PMID- 6640210 TI - Contraindications and dangers of psychotherapy. AB - Psychotherapy, like any other effective treatment in medicine, may lead to negative effects either in the patient or those around him. The source of these unwanted effects may be in the patient's or the therapist's personality, in the patient-therapist interaction, in faulty therapy technique or in the patient's unresolvable social situation. The possibility of negative effects should be anticipated during the descriptive and psychodynamic assessment of the patient and before establishing the therapeutic contract. The technique of a trial of psychotherapy should be more frequently used than it is in cases where the therapist is in doubt. If negative effects do develop, these should be minimized by decreasing the frequency of psychotherapy sessions and depth of exploration. This may be done by allowing greater therapist "transparency", by making fewer psychodynamic interpretations and by altering the focus of therapy from problems of early development to problems of current living. PMID- 6640211 TI - Standardized assessment of depressive disorders (SADD) in Ghana. AB - A study on the Standardized Assessment of Depressive Disorders (SADD) in collaboration with WHO Headquarters, Geneva, is reported in this paper. The instruments used for the study were screening forms and the SADD schedule, both of which were supplied by WHO. Fifty depressed patients were selected from the outpatients and inpatients of the Accra psychiatric hospital by experienced specialist psychiatrists using the screening forms. The two investigators then carried out a clinical assessment on each selected patient using the SADD schedule. The data collected were subjected to computer analysis. Findings were similar to those from previous WHO/SADD studies in different cultures. Specifically, the investigators found a "core" of depressive symptomatology among African patients in Ghana. An interesting finding was the change in the presentation of depression in African patients over the past 30 years. Broad diagnostic groupings like endogenous depression and psychogenic depression could easily be applied to the study patients. There is a great need for more SADD studies in Africa. PMID- 6640212 TI - Follow-up study of schizophrenic patients initially treated with home care. AB - A follow-up enquiry was carried out after two years on 54 patients who had earlier participated in a controlled experiment on home-care through a community nurse in Bangalore. Thirty seven of these patients could be contacted, of whom 21 had undergone the experimental care (home care) and 16 were from the control group, which had been treated by hospital admission. It was found that the experimental subjects had maintained a significantly better clinical status than the controls, and had been readmitted less often. PMID- 6640213 TI - An algorithmic method for management of mental health problems in developing countries. AB - A new problem-oriented cross-cultural method has been developed to identify the appropriate management of mental health problems in primary-care settings. It is designed to be used by multipurpose health workers in out-patient clinics in many developing countries. Presenting mental health problems in many cultural settings can be placed into one or more of eight behaviourally determined categories. After this initial categorization an algorithmic process is used to determine the sequence of observations which must be made in order to identify the appropriate management. The system allows for variations in available resources and local constraints. We outline the design principles of this algorithmic method and the rules for using it, and describe a training programme developed to teach people to adapt it and use it effectively. The evaluation studies that have been done in different developing countries confirm that the method is acceptable and efficient, and gives management decisions with a high degree of repeatability. PMID- 6640214 TI - A psychiatric emergency clinic: a study of attendances over six months. AB - Two thousand three hundred and ninety consecutive visits to a walk-in psychiatric emergency service were studied to examine issues relevant to service provision. Only a third of patients were from the catchment area. Psychotic patients and those admitted or kept overnight (guests) were more frequent after hours and among non-medical referrals, especially family and police referrals; but suicidal patients often came from other hospitals. At index visit a third of patients were offered follow-up, but attendance was poor. Factors influencing attendance were examined. Keeping overnight avoided unnecessary admissions. There was little evidence that patients abused the service. The findings suggest that a psychiatric emergency service should be available to all referrals 24 hours a day. PMID- 6640215 TI - Social relationships during the onset and remission of neurotic symptoms. A prospective community study. AB - In a prospective study of a community sample, we examined changes in social relationships accompanying the onset and remission of neurotic symptoms. For those who developed symptoms in the course of 12 months, no decrease was found in the availability or reported adequacy of either close or diffuse ties, compared to those who remained symptom-free. For those having a remission, an increase in the adequacy of social relationships and a decrease in rows was observed only in those who improved later on, at the 12-month interview. But with either the onset or remission of symptoms, the availability of relationships remained unchanged. These observations cannot establish the direction of causality, but suggest that neurotic symptoms are more associated with the perception of social relationships than with the structure of personal networks. PMID- 6640216 TI - Prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms and associated social factors in mothers in Dunedin. AB - A large sample of women (n = 899) from Dunedin, New Zealand, completed a self report questionnaire on depressive symptoms. On this basis, about 8 per cent of the sample were identified as having major depressive disorder. These women tended to have a history of previously reported psychological symptoms and formal treatment for depression. A significantly high proportion of the depressed group had been young at first pregnancy and had since been separated from their partners. The depressed women also reported more behaviour problems in their children, but these reports were not confirmed by teachers' reports or by the children's self-reports, suggesting a response bias in depressed women towards reporting problems. PMID- 6640217 TI - Asymmetrical transfer: an inherent weakness of repeated-measure drug experiments. AB - When subjects act as their own controls in drug experiments there is a risk of asymmetrical transfer between treatment conditions, with the result that treatment effects are determined largely by order of administration. In such cases the effect of a drug may be reduced or exaggerated, and prior treatment with a drug may affect placebo conditions. Asymmetrical transfer is probably much more common than is generally realized. Suggested causes include inadequate wash out between treatments, state-dependent learning, adoption of learning strategies, and practice effects. The problem is illustrated by the reanalysis of a paper on the effects of benzhexol on memory, published recently in this journal (Potamianos and Kellet, 1982). The advantages of separate-group experimental design are reconsidered. PMID- 6640218 TI - Coefficients of agreement. AB - Several coefficients have been suggested for the measurement of agreement between raters. Recently Maxwell (1977) has proposed, and Janes (1979) has extended, a new coefficient, which they have termed the random error coefficient (RE). This paper criticizes their proposal and suggests that Cohen's (1960) coefficient kappa (K) is still the measure of choice. PMID- 6640219 TI - Activity/disengagement revisited: personality types in the aged. AB - Different patterns of personality in old age were examined in an aged community sample of 82 subjects (mean age 79.6 years). Four personality patterns in old age were identified using multivariate techniques. They were the normal, the introverted, the perturbed and the matured integrated. The clinical implications of personality types in old age are discussed; the perturbed group are most likely to develop psychiatric disorder. PMID- 6640220 TI - A survey of training in child and adolescent psychiatry. AB - In a survey of training in child psychiatry in Great Britain, all senior registrars were sent questionnaires; the response rate was 69 per cent. We describe background factors of the trainees, details of the clinical and academic experience available to them, and their attitudes towards their training. Most trainees had had extensive previous experience in adult psychiatry and the predominant orientation was psychoanalytic. In general, they approved of the guidelines for training issued by the Joint Committee for Higher Psychiatric Training. Family therapy was the most popular treatment method. We comment on their training experience where the interest expressed was not matched by adequate availability of the training facilities. PMID- 6640221 TI - Psychiatric illness in medical students. AB - Over a 25 year period, 2.4 per cent of Birmingham medical students developed psychiatric disorder which was severe enough to cause loss of time from the course; 1 per cent of the total required hospital admission. One-third of the psychiatrically ill students did not graduate, but those who did were as likely as graduates who had not been ill to remain on the Medical Register. PMID- 6640222 TI - Short-course diphenoxylate hydrochloride for treatment of methadone withdrawal symptoms. AB - The authors conducted a preliminary trial of a 5-day course of diphenoxylate in the treatment of out-patients with methadone withdrawal symptoms. Diphenoxylate provided substantial relief from detoxification symptoms with no drug-associated adverse effects. PMID- 6640223 TI - The experimental treatment of two cases of auditory hallucinations. AB - Two cases are described where auditory hallucinations persisted, in spite of medication, in two schizophrenic patients, one with acute onset and one with a severe chronic illness. The hallucinations were treated successfully by methods derived from Green's theory that auditory hallucinations are represented in the non-dominant hemisphere. PMID- 6640224 TI - An experience of ulcerative colitis. PMID- 6640225 TI - Feigned psychosis. PMID- 6640226 TI - Folie imposee in a Kenyan couple. PMID- 6640227 TI - ECT seizure duration and alleviation of depression. PMID- 6640228 TI - Function of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia. PMID- 6640229 TI - Munchausen syndrome. PMID- 6640230 TI - Rapid tremor of the eyelids after overdose of fluphenazine. PMID- 6640231 TI - Social phobia. PMID- 6640232 TI - Counting processes in deaf children's arithmetic. AB - Ten profoundly deaf children and 10 hearing controls matched for arithmetical achievement were given integer additions to classify as right or wrong. Hearing children perform this task by using covert counting strategies which have been assumed to be subvocal. In view of deaf children's poor spoken language abilities it was expected that the deaf group would make little or no use of such covert counting strategies and would rely more on alternative methods such as recalling learned number facts from long-term memory. The results failed to confirm this expectation and showed that classification times for the deaf were generally consistent with the same counting model as for the hearing. There was no difference between the groups in responses to correct sums involving ties or to incorrect sums, potential indicators of the use of associative retrieval. It is suggested that the covert counting processes of both deaf and hearing children in integer addition do not involve subvocalization. Alternative possibilities and general implications of this result for the education of the deaf are discussed. PMID- 6640233 TI - Intra-individual variability in divergent thinking in response to audio, visual, and tactile stimuli. AB - This study explored intra-individual variability in divergent thinking (fluency, flexibility, and originality) in response to audio, visual, and tactile stimuli. Forty-four participants responded to three divergent thinking tasks. The divergent thinking assessors were structurally similar (i.e. duration of task, amount of stimuli presented, time allowed for responding), but differed in that one was based on auditory stimuli, a second used visual stimuli, and the third required participants to respond to tactile stimuli. A within-subjects repeated measures research design was used; task treatment order was counterbalanced across subjects. A principal components factor analysis with oblique rotation distinguished three divergent thinking factors defined by sensory modality response preferences. Within-individual differences in level of originality appeared as a function of the kind of stimuli which served to evoke divergent thinking. Results are discussed in the light of the need for discriminating the dimensionality of creativity as a construct. PMID- 6640234 TI - Measurement of stress and arousal: validation of the stress/arousal adjective checklist. AB - It is suggested that, although often confounded, the mood states of stress and arousal may be independent, and that they may have different psychological consequences. The present investigation demonstrated the ability of a stress/arousal adjective checklist to differentiate between groups of people subject to different potentially stressful situations. The results are interpreted as suggesting that two distinct responses to a perceived demand are possible. Elevated arousal is associated with a coping response, whilst elevated stress appears to indicate the presence of fear or doubts about coping. PMID- 6640235 TI - Selective retrieval and free emission of category exemplars in schizophrenia. AB - In a free emission task, normals, chronic schizophrenics with only positive and those with only negative symptoms generated as many exemplars from natural language categories as they could in three minutes. While the overall output level of both schizophrenic groups was lower than that of the normals, neither showed intrusions of unrelated words, and the temporal distribution of the output was marked by a clustering pattern inconsistent with a selective attention deficit hypothesis. The schizophrenics with negative symptoms tended to produce consistently smaller clusters than the normals and the schizophrenics with positive symptoms, implicating a specific retrieval constriction. The relationship of this to the major negative symptom poverty of speech is discussed. PMID- 6640236 TI - A case study of developmental phonological dyslexia. AB - H.M. is a 17-year-old girl of at least average intelligence and with an above average oral vocabulary. She is impaired at non-word reading in comparison to word reading. She is incapable of reading any long nonsense words or long unusual regular words correctly. Many of her non-word reading responses are lexicalizations. She reads non-words homophonic with real words better than she reads non-words that are not homophonic with real words. Her reading age is 10 years 11 months. A large proportion of her reading errors are derivational or visual paralexias. She makes no semantic errors or errors of regularization and few neologistic responses. H.M. is not influenced by the dimensions of spelling to-sound regularity and word length. There is no effect of word class on single word reading although a function word deficit is present when continuous text is read aloud. H.M. is impaired at word reading when the stimulus items are distorted in a manner that reduces the potential for global perception. H.M.'s spelling errors are primarily phonological, though more complex errors are made than those characteristic of surface agraphics. All of these features are consistent with reported cases of acquired phonological dyslexia. H.M. may be confidently regarded as a developmental phonological dyslexic. PMID- 6640237 TI - Early results of subcutaneous mastectomy with immediate silicone prosthetic implant for carcinoma of the breast. AB - Surgery for carcinoma of the breast is becoming less radical even to the extent of breast conservation. Subcutaneous mastectomy and implant offers itself as an alternative, retaining a breast shape and removing almost all breast tissue. Forty-four consecutive patients who had this procedure for breast carcinoma were studied with a follow-up of 5-44 months (mean 25.3 months). Only 4 patients (9 per cent) had local recurrences, i.e. recurrence in the skin flap or scar. This compares favourably with other series and other forms of treatment. Removal of the prosthesis was necessary in 10 patients due to local factors. The cosmetic result as assessed by the patients was almost universally pleasing. Twenty-six of 27 patients with prostheses in situ who were interviewed in person or by postal questionnaire were pleased with the results of their surgery. The absence of high recurrence rates locally and high patient acceptance makes this a definite surgical alternative. PMID- 6640238 TI - Central breast carcinoma treated by simultaneous mastectomy and latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction. AB - Simultaneous mastectomy with latissimus dorsi flap reconstructions have been performed on 15 women with primary central breast cancer and on 5 women with local recurrence after local excision and deep X-ray treatment. The indications and technique are discussed. There was no mortality and no initial morbidity. No prosthesis has become infected. One prosthesis has slipped laterally, requiring removal and re-insertion at the time of nipple reconstruction. In all patients an acceptable cosmetic result, as assessed by the patient and the surgeon, has been achieved. Follow-up is very brief, 1-18 months, but there is as yet no sign of local recurrence. PMID- 6640239 TI - Differences in anorectal manometry between patients with haemorrhoids and patients with descending perineum syndrome: implications for management. AB - Anorectal manometry was carried out at rest, during balloon distension of the rectum and during rectal infusion of saline in 19 patients with haemorrhoids, 30 patients with descending perineum syndrome and 21 controls. Basal and squeeze pressures were significantly higher in patients with haemorrhoids than patients with the descending perineum syndrome. A lower rectal volume was required to inhibit internal sphincter tone in patients with descending perineum syndrome compared with control subjects or patients with haemorrhoids. During rectal infusion of saline basal and peak anal pressures in patients with the descending perineum syndrome were lower than in haemorrhoid patients. Peak rectal pressure was abnormally high in both groups. These differences in anorectal function suggest that despite a similar presentation, the two conditions have a different pathogenesis. Moreover, inappropriate anal sphincter stretch or mucosal excision in patients with descending perineum syndrome may lead to severe incontinence. PMID- 6640240 TI - The role of partial denervation of the puborectalis in idiopathic faecal incontinence. AB - Recent studies have suggested that patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence have neuropathic damage to the external and sphincter and pelvic floor musculature, though no direct assessment of puborectalis function has been made in intact man. Obstetric trauma and chronic straining at stool are thought to be possible causes for damage to the puborectalis nerve supply. In this study the motor unit potential duration in the external sphincter and puborectalis was measured by conventional electromyography in incontinent patients and two groups of continent patients who strained at stool. Our results confirm that incontinent patients had significant neuropathic damage to the puborectalis and the external sphincter compared with controls. Patients with the descending perineum syndrome, who were continent, showed partial denervation of the external sphincter and puborectalis, though the degree of abnormality in puborectalis was less than that in incontinent patients. Finally, patients with constipation showed neurogenic abnormalities in the external anal sphincter but not in the puborectalis. The findings suggest that partial denervation of the external sphincter can occur independently of partial denervation of the puborectalis in patients who strain at stool but if severe changes are present in both muscles, the patient is likely to be incontinent. PMID- 6640242 TI - An assessment of long saphenous venography to evaluate the saphenous vein for femoropopliteal bypass. AB - A long saphenous venogram was performed on a consecutive series of 42 patients (5 bilateral) though in 4 the vein was not satisfactorily demonstrated. In all cases the long saphenous vein was dissected out and its suitability for use for a femoropopliteal bypass compared to the radiological findings. Eleven veins were unusable for a bypass and radiologically these were narrower (mean diameter 2.8 mm) than the veins which functioned satisfactorily (mean diameter 5.0 mm), and had more tributaries (mean 5) than the suitable veins (mean 2). Preoperative venography is a useful technique to identify veins that will be unsuitable for a femoropopliteal bypass and thereby save an unnecessary dissection. PMID- 6640241 TI - Single dose metronidazole with and without cefuroxime in elective colorectal surgery. AB - Seventy patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery for malignant and inflammatory bowel disease were allocated randomly to one of two groups. Patients in group 1 were given, after induction of anaesthesia, a single dose of metronidazole 500 mg i.v. Patients in group 2 were given in addition a single dose of cefuroxime 1.5 g i.v. Of 34 patients in group 1, 4 (11.8 per cent) developed postoperative infection. Of 36 patients in group 2, 5 (13.6 per cent) developed postoperative infection. No significant difference was noted in the incidence of postoperative sepsis between the two treatment groups. PMID- 6640243 TI - Acute scrotal pain. PMID- 6640244 TI - Prognostic role of tumour fixity in colorectal cancer. PMID- 6640245 TI - Specific vagotomy. PMID- 6640246 TI - In situ femoropopliteal and distal vein bypass for limb salvage. PMID- 6640247 TI - Patency of axillofemoral grafts. PMID- 6640248 TI - Cimetidine or vagotomy? Comparison of the effects of proximal gastric vagotomy, cimetidine and placebo on nocturnal intragastric acidity and acid secretion in patients with cimetidine resistant duodenal ulcer. AB - Nocturnal pH, acid output and volume of gastric secretion have been measured in a group of patients who were referred for surgery because of a poor clinical response to cimetidine. Patients were studied after no treatment, cimetidine 1 g/day and proximal gastric vagotomy. Although pH and acid output were controlled better with cimetidine than no treatment this was not true for volume of secretion. Vagotomy was significantly better than cimetidine in controlling pH, acid output and volume of gastric secretion. The results suggest that cimetidine non-responders should have a good result from proximal gastric vagotomy, making more radical forms of gastric surgery unnecessary. PMID- 6640249 TI - The disappearing chief cell phenomenon (DCP): a preliminary report. AB - The appearance of chief cells was studied in normal dogs and in dogs after anterior and bilateral highly selective vagotomy. The normal chief cell is columnar in shape, with a well-defined cell membrane, basal nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm. Many cells show what has been called the 'disappearing chief cell phenomenon'--DCP. The features of the DCP are striking. There is fragmentation of the cell membrane, loss of cytoplasm, changes in the appearance of the nucleus and actual disappearance of some cells. The parietal cells remain normal. The DCP is seen in normal mucosa and should not be regarded as evidence of chronic gastritis. From this preliminary study it is suggested that the procedure of highly selective vagotomy may have a specific effect on pepsin secreting cells, increasing the amount of the DCP. PMID- 6640250 TI - Treatment of acute pancreatitis with fresh frozen plasma. AB - A consecutive series of 239 patients experiencing 336 separate attacks of acute pancreatitis have been treated with fresh frozen plasma during the first 5 days of the illness. Using established criteria, 96 attacks occurring in 69 patients were judged to be severe at the time of admission. The overall mortality was 3.7 per cent per patient population and 2.7 per cent per total number of separate attacks. Four of 69 patients with severe pancreatitis (5.8 per cent) have died and the mortality rate for the 96 severe attacks was 4.2 per cent. No complications which could be directly attributed to fresh frozen plasma were encountered in the series. The results of this prospective pilot study with naturally occurring human proteinase inhibitors have been encouraging and indicate the need for randomized clinical trials. PMID- 6640251 TI - Mortality after surgery for hypopharyngeal cancer. AB - Results of 362 patients with squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx are presented. The hospital mortality was 25 per cent for patients treated surgically. The mortality was increased by previous radiotherapy and poor general condition, and also depended on the method of pharyngeal repair: the mortality for visceral (stomach or colon) transposition was higher than that for repair by skin flaps. The chance of long term survival decreased with increasing N stage, and was also reduced for patients undergoing visceral repair compared with skin flap repair of the pharynx. PMID- 6640252 TI - An abdominal extraperitoneal approach for the incarcerated inguinal hernia of infancy. AB - Incarcerated inguinal hernias in infancy often present considerable technical problems when approached through the inguinal canal. The advantages and technique of an abdominal extraperitoneal approach are described, and results show this approach to be safer for the patient and easier for the surgeon. PMID- 6640253 TI - Peranal repair of rectoprostatic fistula. AB - Rectoprostatic fistula is a rare complication of prostatectomy by any route including transurethral resection. Occasionally a fistula occurs congenitally or as a result of pelvic trauma. Five patients with rectoprostatic fistulas (4 post prostatectomy, 1 traumatic) were repaired peranally using a full-thickness local flap of anterior rectal wall. The repair was protected by sigmoid loop colostomy. Primary healing occurred in all 5 patients. Anal and urinary continence are normal following colostomy closure in 3 patients. Two patients died of unrelated causes before colostomy closure. PMID- 6640254 TI - A survey of postoperative function after rectal anastomosis with circular stapling devices. AB - Seventy-five patients, who had previously undergone anterior resection or sigmoid colectomy using a circular stapling device, were interviewed and examined. Their postoperative bowel, sexual and bladder function was noted. 22 patients had anastomoses more than 10 cm from the anal verge (Group A); 32 between 5-10 cm (Group B); 21 below 5 cm (Group C). The lower anastomoses were associated with less perfect function but only 2 patients were incontinent. Some impairment of sexual function was noted in one-third of patients in Group B and one half of patients in Group C. Changes in bladder function were rare. PMID- 6640255 TI - Coeliac plexus block for pain in pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis. AB - We have performed coeliac plexus block by standard percutaneous technique for disabling pain in 36 patients (13 with cancer and 23 with chronic pancreatitis). Eleven of the 13 cancer patients had complete pain relief initially and 7 remained pain free at the time of death. By contrast, only 12 of the 23 patients with pancreatitis had complete pain relief, 6 had partial relief and there was no effect in 5. The mean pain-free period in the chronic pancreatitis patients was only 2 months, and the longest 4 months. Benefit was least in patients with previous pancreatic surgery and repeat blocks were unhelpful. Transient postural hypotension occurred in most patients; two had nerve root pain and one developed persistent weakness and anaesthesia of the left leg, with bladder disturbance. These results warrant the continuing use of coeliac plexus block in pancreatic cancer, but rarely in chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 6640256 TI - Late onset hypothyroidism after subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism: implications for long term follow-up. AB - A follow-up register has been used in Aberdeen and Dundee to record early and late onset hypothyroidism occurring in a large population of post-thyroidectomy patients treated for hyperthyroidism. In one centre, in a total of 1170 patients, the prevalence of postoperative hypothyroidism, at the time of entry to the register, was 41 per cent. Of these early cases of hypothyroidism 93 per cent occurred within 18 months of operation. Results are presented from a 12-year prospective study of patients treated in two centres, who were euthyroid when entered on the follow-up register. In one centre, based on 683 patients, the 10 year incidence of late onset hypothyroidism estimated by actuarial methods was 7.4 per cent (95 per cent confidence limits, 3.8-11.1); in the other centre with 156 patients the 5-year incidence was 10.8 per cent (95 per cent confidence limits, 3-18.6). The minimum predicted annual incidence is 1 per cent. Large thyroid remnants do not protect some patients against early or late postoperative hypothyroidism but do lead to an increased risk of recurrent hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism after subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism shows a bimodal pattern and this study emphasizes the need to maintain life-long follow-up. PMID- 6640257 TI - Long term consequences of Roux-en-Y. PMID- 6640258 TI - In situ femoral, popliteal and distal bypass for limb salvage. PMID- 6640259 TI - Marlex mesh abdominal rectopexy for rectal prolapse. PMID- 6640260 TI - Aortocaval fistula with aortic aneurysm. PMID- 6640261 TI - Genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. PMID- 6640262 TI - Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from prostatic fluid in association with inflammatory joint or eye disease. AB - We describe two patients, one with peripheral arthritis, sacro-iliitis, positive HLA B27, and autoantibodies to smooth muscle and gastric parietal cell; the other with aphthoid ulcers, geographical tongue, conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, peripheral arthralgia, and diarrhoea with distal proctocolitis. Neither patient would have been diagnosed as having urethritis on the basis of accepted microscopic criteria. In both patients, however, Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the prostatic fluid, but not the urethra. PMID- 6640263 TI - Uveitis due to secondary syphilis. AB - The incidence of uveitis caused by syphilis has fluctuated during the past century. This paper suggests ways in which the diagnosis of this condition may be helped by reactions to chemotherapy. It also reports on a 22 year old woman presenting with anterior uveitis due to secondary syphilis, who rapidly developed bilateral papilloedema on starting antisyphilitic chemotherapy. She later developed psychiatric symptoms which were partly the result of corticosteroid treatment. PMID- 6640264 TI - Chancriform papule. A case report. AB - We describe a chancriform papule, a typically chancre like lesion, which was situated well away from the genital area in a patient diagnosed as having secondary syphilis. The diagnosis was confirmed by dark field microscopy, the effectiveness of antisyphilitic treatment, and the presence of a preputial scar. PMID- 6640265 TI - Cefoxitin v procaine penicillin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea. PMID- 6640266 TI - Treatment of gonococcal infections in men with single dose thiamphenicol. PMID- 6640267 TI - Comparison of procaine penicillin, mezlocillin, and doxycycline in treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea. PMID- 6640268 TI - Painful epileptic seizures. AB - Out of 858 epileptic patients, 24 had painful seizures. Three distinct groups emerged: (1) those with unilateral pain in the face, arm, leg or trunk (Unilateral Group)--10 cases; (2) a Cephalic Group with pain restricted to the head--11 cases; and (3) an Abdominal Group with central abdominal pain--3 cases. Unilateral pain consistently implicated ictal involvement of the contralateral rolandic region at the time of pain. In most cases it was probably due to involvement of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI). Cephalic pain did not localize the site of seizure origin. In most cases it probably arose by a vascular mechanism. Abdominal ictal pain reflected temporal lobe epileptic activity in our cases. The mechanism of its production is uncertain, but it is unlikely to be due to a peripheral (for example gastrointestinal) mechanism. PMID- 6640269 TI - Ocular motor deficits in Parkinson's disease. I. The horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex and its regulation. AB - Horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) function was quantified in 14 parkinsonian patients and compared with that of 10 age-matched normals. Eight patients had mild and 6 had advanced rigidity and akinesia. In advanced disease VOR gains were subnormal in darkness during sinusoidal wholebody rotation at frequencies from 0.3 to 3.0 Hz. When fixating a stationary target, patients enhanced VOR gains to near unity, but gains of patients with advanced disease were significantly lower than controls. Visual suppression of the VOR by fixating a target moving with the head was defective in all stages of the disease. Advanced patients also exhibited defective voluntary control of the reflex in darkness: both voluntary enhancement, by imagining a stationary target, and voluntary suppression, by imagining a target moving with the head, were abnormal. This disordered voluntary control of the VOR was independent of defective visually mediated smooth pursuit. Attempted visual and voluntary suppression of the reflex produced a rise in VOR gain, above the hypoactive values recorded in darkness in advanced disease. This inappropriate activation of the VOR implied structural integrity of brainstem smooth eye movement pathways, despite vestibulo ocular hyporeflexia. Unrecognized degeneration in brainstem VOR circuits, or defective cerebral hemisphere control of the reflex caused by the nigrostriatal or cerebral cortical dysfunction of Parkinson's disease, may explain subnormal ocular responses to passive head motion. We attribute the abnormal visual and voluntary modulation of smooth eye movements to disordered long-loop cerebral control of the VOR and suggest that it is analogous to the defective long-loop cerebral regulation of spinal reflexes that occurs in Parkinson's disease. PMID- 6640270 TI - Ocular motor deficits in Parkinson's disease. II. Control of the saccadic and smooth pursuit systems. AB - We quantified the horizontal pursuit and saccadic function of 14 parkinsonian patients and 10 normal subjects matched for age. Eight patients had mild, and 6 advanced disease. Ocular motor deficits were more marked in patients with advanced disease. Saccadic reaction times and postsaccadic refractory periods were prolonged. Peak saccadic velocities were significantly reduced. Slow saccades may be caused by inappropriate coactivation of opposing ocular muscles. Multiple step, hypometric saccades were abnormally frequent. Correct final eye position towards a brief target flash was attained without visual feedback. Brief corrective intervals occurred after hypometric saccades. They are attributed to internal (nonvisual) efference copy feedback of eye position errors. Frequent square wave jerks were also a feature of Parkinson's disease. Smooth pursuit gain was lowered in all patients while tracking sinusoidal targets at frequencies from 0.25 to 1 Hz. Pursuit gain was uniformly reduced at all target velocities at each frequency. This decrease in gain indicates that dysfunction of the gain element, rather than abnormal drop acceleration saturation is responsible for impaired smooth pursuit. The results indicate that Parkinson's disease damages structures involved in the regulation of the saccadic and pursuit systems. We infer that nigrostriatal pathways, known to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, control the latency, velocity and amplitude of saccades, and the gain element of smooth pursuit. PMID- 6640271 TI - Microneurographic evidence of excessive sympathetic outflow in the Guillain-Barre syndrome. AB - We investigated 3 patients with moderate to severe Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) who had transient hypertension and tachycardia during the illness. Microelectrode recordings of muscle nerve sympathetic activity were made in the peroneal nerve once during the acute phase when hypertension and tachycardia were present and twice after recovery from these symptoms. During the acute recording the level of sympathetic activity was considerably higher than after recovery, when the two recordings showed reproducible levels. The normal cardiac rhythmicity was preserved except during brief periods in one patient. Control recordings were made during the acute phase and after recovery in 4 GBS patients without clinical signs of autonomic involvement and twice in 15 healthy subjects. In each control subject the level of sympathetic activity was reproducible, although recordings were made with intervals of two days to four years. The findings show that in the GBS with transient elevations of blood pressure and heart rate there is sympathetic hyperactivity. It is suggested that the increased activity is due to reduced inhibition of the vasomotor centres caused by lesions of the afferent limbs of arterial and perhaps mainly intrathoracic baroreflexes. PMID- 6640272 TI - Drawing objects from memory in aphasia. AB - The ability of aphasic patients to draw from memory objects with a characteristic shape has been investigated. Their capacity to reproduce the form of real objects was studied by showing them for a short time line drawings of simple objects. When the patient had analysed and recognized the figure, the model was hidden from view and the subject was asked to draw the same object from memory. This Drawing from Memory task was administered to 54 aphasics, 67 patients with right hemisphere lesions, 44 nonaphasic left brain-damaged patients and 23 normal controls. The influence of visuoconstructive disabilities was controlled by administering to the same patients a standard test for constructional apraxia (copying 10 geometrical figures). The severity and clinical form of the aphasia and the presence of semantic-lexical impairment at the receptive level were also examined in the aphasic patients. The following results were obtained. (1) Aphasic patients scored significantly less well than the control groups on the Drawing from Memory task and the intergroup differences became greater when the scores from the test for constructional apraxia were included by an analysis of covariance. (2) No significant correlation was detected between the severity and clinical form of the aphasia and the scores obtained on the Drawing from Memory task. (3) There was a significant correlation between impaired drawing from memory and disruption at the semantic-lexical level of language integration. PMID- 6640273 TI - Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential). The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. AB - The recordable cerebral activity (readiness-potential, RP) that precedes a freely voluntary, fully endogenous motor act was directly compared with the reportable time (W) for appearance of the subjective experience of 'wanting' or intending to act. The onset of cerebral activity clearly preceded by at least several hundred milliseconds the reported time of conscious intention to act. This relationship held even for those series (with 'type II' RPs) in which subjects reported that all of the 40 self-initiated movements in the series appeared 'spontaneously' and capriciously. Data were obtained in at least 6 different experimental sessions with each of 5 subjects. In series with type II RPs, onset of the main negative shift in each RP preceded the corresponding mean W value by an average of about 350 ms, and by a minimum of about 150 ms. In series with type I RPs, in which an experience of preplanning occurred in some of the 40 self-initiated acts, onset of RP preceded W by an average of about 800 ms (or by 500 ms, taking onset of RP at 90 per cent of its area). Reports of W time depended upon the subject's recall of the spatial 'clock-position' of a revolving spot at the time of his initial awareness of wanting or intending to move. Two different modes of recall produced similar values. Subjects distinguished awareness of wanting to move (W) from awareness of actually moving (M). W times were consistently and substantially negative to, in advance of, mean times reported for M and also those for S, the sensation elicited by a task-related skin stimulus delivered at irregular times that were unknown to the subject. It is concluded that cerebral initiation of a spontaneous, freely voluntary act can begin unconsciously, that is, before there is any (at least recallable) subjective awareness that a 'decision' to act has already been initiated cerebrally. This introduces certain constraints on the potentiality for conscious initiation and control of voluntary acts. PMID- 6640274 TI - Spontaneous eye-blink rates and dopaminergic systems. AB - A series of studies demonstrated a possible relationship between eye-blink rate and central dopamine activity. First, apomorphine and other dopamine agonists acutely increased blink rate in monkeys, an effect blocked by sulpiride. Secondly, parkinsonian patients with levodopa-induced dyskinesia exhibited twice the mean blink rate (21 blinks/min) of other parkinsonians (11 blinks/min, P less than 0.002) whereas the more symptomatic of the nondyskinetic patients had a very slow rate (3 blinks/min, P less than 0.01). Thirdly, schizophrenic patients had an elevated mean blink (31 vs 23 blinks/min for normals, P less than 0.05) which was normalized by neuroleptic treatment. Thus, the correlation with central dopamine activity may also prove clinically useful in selected neuropsychiatric disorders. PMID- 6640275 TI - Deficits in attention and movement following the removal of postarcuate (area 6) and prearcuate (area 8) cortex in macaque monkeys. AB - The effect of unilateral surgical ablations of the postarcuate cortex (area 6) has been studied in the macaque monkey (Macaca irus). Two series of neurological deficits were found: (1) a failure to grasp food with the mouth when presented contralaterally to the lesion and a reluctance to use the contralateral hand; (2) a severe hemi-inattention. This was present in both the somatosensory and visual modalities but, in the latter, was limited to the peripersonal space. Both motor and attentional deficits improved with time. However, when the symptomatology was stabilized, the animals tended to use the ipsilateral hand and, when presented with two stimuli, preferred that ipsilateral to the lesion. Control experiments in which area 8 (frontal eye fields) was ablated unilaterally showed a decrease of eye movements contralateral to the lesion and a neglect of the contralateral hemispace. No somatosensory deficits were found. The visual neglect was more prominent for 'far' space than for that near the animal. The role of area 6 in organizing motor acts and the strict relation between the type of motor deficit and the type of neglect are discussed. PMID- 6640276 TI - The long-term effects of removal of sensorimotor cortex in infant and adult rhesus monkeys. AB - A comparison is made between the long-term effects of the unilateral removal of sensorimotor cortex in infant and adult rhesus monkeys. Both infants and adults recovered to a remarkable extent. They walked, climbed and jumped with ease. However, neither infant nor adult monkeys could grip food by using thumb and forefinger independently of the other fingers. It was demonstrated in the adults that there was a permanent impairment in the use not only of the fingers but also the wrist and forearm. The results do not support the claim made by Kennard (1942) that infants recover more completely than adults from the effects of brain lesions. An analysis of the relevant evidence suggests that compensation occurs only when the animal is very immature at the time of operation. The brain is much more mature in a neonatal monkey than a rat or hamster. True compensation can probably only occur in monkeys if the lesion is made well before birth. PMID- 6640277 TI - From 4 to four. A supplement to 'From three to 3'. AB - The psycholinguistic investigation of the ability of patients with Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia to transcode quantities from the ideographic digital coding system to alphabetical numerals parallels our previous study on the reverse transcoding task. The results support the generality of differential impairment of syntactic/nonsyntactic skills in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia. PMID- 6640278 TI - Speech sound errors in patients with conduction and Broca's aphasia. AB - Speech sound errors exhibited by three conduction and three Broca's aphasic patients on naming and word-repetition tasks were subjected to phonemic and subphonemic analyses. In the conduction aphasic patients, errors occurred equally often on consonants and vowels in both the naming and word-repetition tasks, while in the Broca's aphasic patients errors occurred selectively on consonants. Transposition errors occurred almost as often as substitution errors in the conduction aphasic patients, while substitution errors constituted the majority of errors in the Broca's aphasic patients. The Broca's aphasic patients, as compared to the conduction aphasic patients, exhibited a markedly higher number of substitution errors occurring between phonemes separated by a single subphonemic feature on the naming task. On the basis of these findings, it was hypothesized that the differences in the error patterns of the two types of aphasia reflected differences in the underlying mechanisms of the impairment in each type. PMID- 6640279 TI - Language in right-handers with right-hemisphere lesions: a preliminary study including anatomical, genetic, and social factors. AB - A comprehensive test battery was devised to study the effects of right hemisphere lesions on the speech and language of "nonaphasic" dextrals. Data were thus obtained for 62 subjects, 20 of them neurologically healthy and 42 with a focal right hemisphere lesion resulting from a cerebro-vascular accident. A preliminary global analysis of these data is reported. Anomalies were observed in 33 brain damaged subjects. Although discreet in all cases, these anomalies were shown to have various degrees of severity. Given the population submitted to this study, the subject most likely to show such anomalies was defined, genetically, as a right-handed adult with a family history of ambidextrality or left-handedness and, socially, as one with a relatively limited education. The implications of these findings are discussed together with the problem of the anatomo-clinical correlations of language disorders resulting from right hemisphere lesions in "nonaphasic" dextrals. PMID- 6640280 TI - Acquired and developmental spelling dyslexia. AB - Two cases of acquired spelling dyslexia and one case of developmental spelling dyslexia are described along with accounts of their performance on various psycholinguistic tasks. It is argued that there is some evidence that spelling dyslexia may exist in developmental form but that parallels are difficult to draw because of the very different histories of child and adult cases. It is also suggested that features of surface dyslexia exist in at least a proportion of spelling dyslexic cases and that this may be influenced by level of premorbid reading skill. PMID- 6640281 TI - Lesions of the basal ganglia, thalamus, and deep white matter: differential effects on language functions. AB - Forty-five patients with unilateral demarcated vascular lesions in the basal ganglia, the thalamus and the deep white matter were investigated with an "aphasia battery." Patients with basal ganglia lesions performed worse than both other groups in tests of articulation, syntax, and lexical functions. The deficit of patients with basal ganglia lesions on all expressive language modalities was lateralized to the left hemisphere. Patients with left thalamic lesions showed impairments of speech fluency and in the Token Test. Patients with white matter lesions alone showed no effect of laterality in tests of language functions. The results are discussed on the basis of a recent theory of the participation of the deep nuclei in language processing. PMID- 6640282 TI - An analysis of writing in a case of deep dyslexia. AB - In tests of her ability to produce written and spoken language, this deep dyslexic patient produced semantic, visual, and derivational errors, including functor substitutions, and exhibited part-of-speech and abstractness effects in oral reading, oral and written naming, and writing to dictation, but not in repetition of single words and copying from memory. This patient therefore provides confirmation of the hypothesis presented in Nolan and Caramazza (1982) that the defining symptoms of deep dyslexia will be observed in responses to any task which requires lexical mediation. The patient's written responses in all tasks but direct copying were characterized by spelling errors which included transpositions, omissions, substitutions, and additions of letters. A model of writing is proposed which explains these errors in terms of a disruption of a phoneme-grapheme conversion process which normally functions to prevent decay of information from a Graphemic Buffer. PMID- 6640283 TI - Voice onset time production and perception in apraxic subjects. AB - This study explored the relationship between the perception and production of voice onset time (VOT) in apraxic subjects. Spectrograms of the words, "bees" and "peas" spoken by apraxic subjects were acoustically analyzed to obtain a measure of VOT. The subjects also identified the initial cognate ("b" or "p") from synthetically generated speech spanning a voiced to voiceless time continuum. The results suggest that apraxic subjects have production as well as perceptual errors in the voicing feature but no significant relationship was found between the two measures. PMID- 6640284 TI - Classification of spelling errors and their relationship to reading ability, sex, grade placement, and intelligence. AB - A simple scheme for the classification of spelling errors was applied to the errors of four groups of children, totaling 483 subjects, in grades 3 to 12. The subjects in two of the groups, Group I and Group IV, consisted of individuals who attended special schools for children with dyslexia or specific reading disability (SRD). Group II included school age siblings of subjects in Group I, and Group III included subjects drawn from regular school programs. It was shown that (a) type of spelling error is independent of sex, (b) there are no consistent effects of IQ or grade level on type of spelling error, and (c) disabled readers as a group are more likely to produce dysphonetic errors than are normal readers. Although the type of spelling error produced by children who had a spelling disability only was shown to be similar to that of normal readers and to differ from that of disabled readers as a group, disabled readers were shown to differ among themselves, lending strong support to the use of spelling error type as a characteristic for identifying subgroups. PMID- 6640285 TI - Effects of apomorphine on self-stimulation responding: does the drug mimic the current? AB - The effects of apomorphine (APO) on self-stimulation responding were examined as a function of drug dose and stimulation current intensity. The lowest dose tested (0.02 mg/kg) significantly elevated the stimulation threshold, presumably reflecting the drug's preferential affinity for presynaptic dopamine (DA) receptors at this dose. At a dose which stimulates postsynaptic DA receptors (0.2 mg/kg), the rats responded with a pattern of behavior that resembled that obtained when non-drugged animals are given non-contingent current. However, during extinction, drugged animals were identical to non-drugged rats in their pattern of responding. These data indicate an interaction of APO with the stimulating current and suggest that APO may be mimicking only one component of the stimulation--perhaps the rewarding but not the motivating one. PMID- 6640286 TI - Strain differences in fear between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reduced conditioned fear response in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) relative to Wistar-Kyoto controls (WKYs); (a) reflects a decrease in fear in SHRs or an increase in fear in WKYs, relative to other strains; (b) is secondary to strain differences in cardiovascular regulation; (c) represents a weaker conditioned response or a weaker memory trace; and (d) generalizes beyond tests of conditioned fear. SHRs, WKYs and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected to classical fear conditioning (30 trials) involving the pairing of a tone conditioned emotional stimulus (CES: 800 Hz, 82 dB, 10 s) with an electric footshock unconditioned stimulus (US: 1.5 mA, 0.5 s). Cardiovascular responses elicited by the CES (without the US) were assessed through computer assisted techniques in chronically instrumented animals. Conditioned fear behavior was assessed as the proportion of time accounted for by crouching or freezing during a 300 s presentation of the CES without the US. Unconditioned fear reactivity was examined using the open field test. Conditioned fear reactivity (% freezing during 300 s CES) was reduced (P less than 0.01) in SHRs relative to both WKYs and SDs, which did not differ (SHR: 57% +/- 5; WKY 85% +/- 3; SD: 93% +/- 4). Young (7 week) and mature (14 week) animals within each strain differed in resting mean arterial pressure (MAP, in mm Hg) (WKY: young , 102 +/- 1; mature, 133 +/- 2; P less than 0.01; SHR: young, 124 +/- 3; mature, 153 +/- 5; P less than 0.01) but did not differ in conditioned fear reactivity (WKY: young, 91% +/- 3; mature, 93% +/- 3; SHR: young, 47% +/- 3; mature, 62% +/- 8.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640287 TI - Vestibular afferent inputs to lobules I and II of the cerebellar anterior lobe vermis in the cat. AB - Vestibular nerve stimulation evoked mossy fiber responses in lobule I and a part of lobule II of the cerebellar cortex in the anesthetized cat. The latencies of the N2 and N3 potentials were in the range of 1.7-2.0 and 3.2-5.0 ms, respectively. The contribution of both primary and secondary vestibular neurons in producing these responses were indicated by electrophysiological methods. PMID- 6640288 TI - Response of dopaminergic neurons in cat to auditory stimuli presented across the sleep-waking cycle. AB - The response of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta to auditory clicks continuously presented across the sleep-wake cycle was studied in cats. The initial excitatory followed by inhibitory response to the click which occurred during quiet waking diminished as the cat progressed into slow-wave sleep and was absent during REM sleep. Upon awakening from REM sleep, dopamine neurons once again displayed an excitatory/inhibitory response to the clicks, implying that the decrease across the sleep-wake cycle was not attributable to long-term habituation. PMID- 6640289 TI - The monoclonal antibody A2B5 is specific to ganglioside GQ1c. AB - The neural specific monoclonal antibody A2B5 was found to interact with GQ1c but not with Gq1b, nor did it interact with other glycolipids such as GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1a, GT1b and GA1. Since GQ1c is enriched in embryonic chicken brains but not in adult chicken brains, this antibody should be useful as a tool in assessing the role of GQ1c in neuronal maturation. PMID- 6640290 TI - Recovery of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the ipsilateral hippocampus following unilateral, partial transection of the fimbria in rats. AB - An initial decrement followed by a significant recovery of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the ipsilateral hippocampus was observed in rats with unilateral, partial transection of the fimbria. Regeneration of hippocampal cholinergic terminals could account for the parallel return towards normal of both the enzyme activities. We suggest that the still intact fimbrial fibres, homologous to those severed, contribute to the observed recovery. PMID- 6640291 TI - Astrogliosis limits the integration of peripheral nerve grafts into the spinal cord. AB - Segments of peripheral nerve were grafted into the site of a spinal cord transection in mice. To determine the relationship of spinal cord astrocytes to graft derived Schwann cells, graft sites were examined with immunohistochemical as well as conventional histological techniques. Myelin derived from Schwann cells, as identified by immunoreactivity to antibodies against its major protein PO, was strictly confined to the graft. Astrocytes and astrocytic filaments, identified by immunoreactivity to antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), predominated at the graft-spinal cord interface, bordering the most central penetration of Schwann cell myelin. Occasional GFAP-positive astrocytes were observed within the graft. It appears that astrocytes limit the penetration of Schwann cells from peripheral nerve grafts into the spinal cord. PMID- 6640292 TI - Generating monoclonal antibodies against excised gel bands to correlate immunocytochemical and biochemical data. AB - Two MAbs against fixed leech CNS which bind the nociceptive neurons, either the complete set or the lateral subset, yield bands on immunoblots of SDS acrylamide gels. When one of these bands is excised from a gel and used as immunogen. MAbs showing histological and biochemical properties similar to the original mAbs are obtained. PMID- 6640293 TI - Learning of fast and stable hand movement and cerebro-cerebellar interactions in the monkey. AB - Monkeys were trained to lift a lever by wrist extension in response to a light stimulus and changes of premovement cortical field potentials were observed during the training period with electrodes which had been chronically implanted in various cortical areas. The purpose of the study was to follow changes in potentials mediated by cerebro-cerebellar neuronal circuits as fast and stable hand movements were attained during later stages of motor learning. As compared to initial stages of an operantly conditioned movement in response to the light stimulus, further training shortened reaction times gradually over several weeks, and this was associated with gradual increases of premovement superficial thalamo cortical (T-C) responses in the contralateral forelimb motor area. Since the T-C responses are known to depend at least in part on impulses from the neocerebellum, it is suggested that the neocerebellum--superficial T-C projection -motor cortex system is gradually recruited during motor learning and that this in turn contributes to fast and stable movements. PMID- 6640294 TI - Dopamine release and synthesis in the neurointermediate lobe of the rat hypophysis in vitro after electrical stimulation of the pituitary stalk. AB - The isolated neurointermediate lobe of the rat hypophysis was incubated in Krebs solution and the stalk was electrically stimulated. The endogenous dopamine (DA) released into the medium was estimated by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Stimulation with biphasic pulses (1 ms, 10 Hz) in the presence of pargyline elicited a mean DA output of 200 fg X pulse-1. This release was calcium-dependent but was only partially inhibited by tetrodotoxin (TTX) (1 microM), effects typical for direct electrical depolarization of the nerve endings. Reducing the duration of the electric pulses to 0.2 ms (15 Hz) caused a reduction in DA output to about 40 fg X pulse-1 which was completely blocked by TTX indicating that it was evoked by propagated action potentials. DA overflow was enhanced when the action potential was prolonged with tetraethylammonium (TEA) or when DA uptake was inhibited with GBR 12921. Evidence for a calcium-dependent increase in DA synthesis in electrically stimulated NILs has been obtained when monoamine oxidase was inhibited and TEA or GBR 12921 was present in the Krebs solution. The present results complete the requirements for the DA in the NIL to be classified as a neurotransmitter substance. The NIL-pituitary stalk preparation is a useful model for studying regulatory mechanisms in dopaminergic nerve terminals. PMID- 6640295 TI - The influence of GABAergic inhibitory processes on the receptive field structure of X and Y cells in cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). AB - Visually elicited inhibitory processes, underlying the receptive field structure of cells in layers A and A1 of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), have been examined by a combination of visual neurophysiological and iontophoretic techniques. Discrete visual stimulation of both centre and surround mechanisms, produced a powerful suppression of the elevated background discharge levels induced by iontophoretic application of an excitatory amino acid. These observations are consistent with the activation of a postsynaptic inhibitory input, a view supported by the fact that the suppressive effects were blocked by iontophoretic application of bicuculline, an antagonist of GABA, a putative inhibitory transmitter in the dLGN. These inhibitory effects were always elicited by the opposite phase of a flashed stimulus to that eliciting responses associated with the receptive field region. That is 'on' inhibitory effects were elicited from 'off' excitatory regions and 'off' inhibitory effects from 'on' excitatory regions. Plotting the responses of dLGN cells to flashed stimuli of increasing diameter, before and during iontophoretic application of bicuculline, revealed a marked reduction of the surround antagonism of centre response in the presence of the drug. During bicuculline application, surround antagonism of centre responses was at a level associated with that seen in retinal ganglion cells. Annular stimuli of internal and external diameter selected to be just outside the centre-surround border, insofar as they gave pure surround responses, were observed in the presence of bicuculline to elicit strong centre responses, as well as surround responses. These observations indicate that GABAergic inhibitory processes generate the enhanced centre-surround antagonism associated with dLGN cells and serve to increase the contrast between the two sets of mechanisms at the centre-surround border. The present conclusions apply equally to 'X' and 'Y' cells. PMID- 6640296 TI - The cells of origin of cat trigeminothalamic projections: especially in the caudal medulla. AB - Thalamic projections from the caudal medulla of the cat were examined using the method of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Injections were made unilaterally in various thalamic regions. Large injections labeled cells in the subnuclei: zonalis (Vcz), gelatinosus (Vcg), magnocellularis (Vcm), reticularis dorsalis (Vcrd) and ventralis (Vcv) medullae oblongatae. The largest number of labeled cells were in Vcz, Vcrd and Vcrv. Most of the labeled cells in Vcz and Vcrd were contralateral to the injection site, although the labeled cells in the Vcrv were bilateral. Small injections were made into the medial, lateral and dorsal regions of the nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), rostral regions of the posterior nuclei (POm and PO1), caudal POm, the nucleus centralis lateralis (CL) and the center median-parafascicular nuclear complex (CM-Pf). Most of the neurons in Vcz were found to project to the medial VPM and some to the caudal POm. A small number of cells in the Vcrd project to the medial VPM, but a large number project to the caudal POm and CM-Pf complex. The largest number of neurons projecting to the CM-Pf complex was present in Vcrv, where the labeled cells were bilateral. The types of trigeminothalamic projecting cells and the sizes of their somata were observed for different subnuclei and a considerable difference was found to exist among the subnuclei. This anatomical differentiation of the trigeminothalamic projections probably reflects a functional specialization of neuronal location since the functional properties of neurons vary according to their locations. PMID- 6640297 TI - Laminar cell counts and geniculo-cortical boutons in area 17 of cat and monkey. AB - Counts have been made of the number of cells in individual laminae of the cortex in area 17 of the macaque monkey and cat, and degenerating terminals of geniculo cortical axons have been studied with the electron-microscope in laminae IVab and IVc of the cortex of area 17 and lamina IV of area 18 of the visual cortex of the cat. The increase in number of cells through the depth of cortex in area 17 of the monkey compared with the cat would appear to involve about equally all laminae. In lamina IVab of area 17 of the cat the axon terminals of Y-type geniculo-cortical fibres make many more synapses per bouton than those of X-type fibres ending in lamina IVc. The geniculo-cortical axons ending in lamina IV of area 18 also make more multisynaptic boutons than those in lamina IVc of area 17. Thus, the terminals in the cortex of the X and Y functional types of fibre show comparable differences in both the cat and monkey. PMID- 6640298 TI - Horizontal and vertical vestibulo-ocular and cervico-ocular reflexes in the monkey during high frequency rotation. AB - In the alert monkey the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is basically compensatory over the range of 0.5 to 6 Hz with a gain near unity, and with the phase of the compensatory eye position having a minimal lag with respect to head position. Typical frequency-dependent eye movement patterns were observed. Vertical VOR is also compensatory having the same phase relations but with a reduced gain (-2.5 to -3.7 dB). In this range, vestibular input appears to be the predominant sensory influence on reflex eye movements. Additional optokinetic reflexes do not improve the VOR above 0.5 Hz. The horizontal cervico-ocular reflex (COR) is minimal or absent in normal monkeys. PMID- 6640299 TI - Peripheral projections of nerve fibres in the human median nerve. AB - Elementary sensations of definable quality were evoked by intraneural electrical stimulation of sensory units through tungsten microelectrodes inserted in the median nerve of awake human subjects. The most commonly reported sensations were tapping, pressure, dull pain and sharp pain, which correlated with recording from RA units, SA I units, C nociceptors and A delta nociceptors, respectively. All sensations were projected more often to the fingertips than to the palm. The multifocal projections of sensations recruited by excitation of small groups of neighbouring nerve fibres were significantly more scattered in space than anticipated if these fibres had preserved an orderly intraneural map, implying lack of somatotopy in the nerve. Mean projected field sizes were 3.4 mm2 for sharp pain, 9.2 mm2 for tapping/vibration, 29.3 mm2 for pressure and 35.4 mm2 for dull pain, and in addition the latter two showed a rising size gradient from fingertip to palm. Consideration of projected field size as a variable in discriminative touch suggests that input from RA units and A delta nociceptors may be of importance in stimulus localization, while SA I units may play an additional role in two point discrimination. PMID- 6640300 TI - Two types of medial hypothalamic inhibition of lateral hypothalamic reward. AB - Electrode-implanted rats pressed a lever to self-stimulate a reward mechanism in their lateral hypothalamus (LH) each time with a brief train of pulses. Interdigitation of a medial hypothalamus (MH) train into the ipsilateral LH train inhibited the reward as indicated by a reduced lever pressing rate. Such interdigitation into the contralateral LH train resulted in only a minimal inhibition accounted for by an across-midline current spread, thus indicating only an ipsilateral MH-to-LH route for inhibiting reward. By varying the phase of interdigitation according to a pulse-pair technique (cf. 20), the time course of this ipsilateral reward inhibition proved bimodal. The peripheral administration of strychnine, a glycine transmitter antagonist, resulted in disinhibition of the fast rising, fast decay (0.1-2.0 ms) intervals, while peripheral administration of picrotoxin, a GABA transmitter antagonist, increased bar pressing only at the slow rising, slow decay (2-20 ms) intervals. The placement of the MH electrodes was then varied dorsoventrally and the strength of the MH current was reduced to minimize dorsal-ventral current spread. From the resulting differential reductions in the two modes it was inferred that the neural elements in the MH responsible for short duration inhibitory effects on LH reward are concentrated more dorsally whereas those responsible for the longer duration inhibitory effects are concentrated more ventrally. These findings demonstrate the relevance of the pulse-pair technique for visualizing congruences between overt behavior and underlying neurophysiological, neuroanatomical and molecular events. PMID- 6640301 TI - Neuronal gap junctions in the polymorph layer of the rat dentate gyrus. AB - In thin sections of the rat dentate gyrus, neuronal gap junctions were observed in the polymorph layer. Gap junctions were seen on dendritic stems, on smooth and/or varicose dendrites, on spine-like appendages, and in one case on a soma. Somata of gap junction-bearing neurons showed indented nuclei with intranuclear inclusions, and received many asymmetrical and a few symmetrical synapses. PMID- 6640303 TI - Major differences in the concanavalin A binding glycoproteins of postsynaptic densities from rat forebrain and cerebellum. AB - A highly purified fraction of postsynaptic densities (PSDs) was isolated from rat forebrain and cerebellum. The glycoproteins in the PSDs from the two brain regions were compared by probing nitrocellulose blots with concanavalin A. This approach revealed the presence of 8, previously undetected PSD glycoproteins and a 230K M, glycoprotein unique to forebrain PSDs and 260K Mr glycoprotein unique to cerebellar PSDs. There were also variations in the relative abundances of glycoproteins common to both brain regions. These observations may indicate that individual PSDs differ in their complement of major glycoproteins. PMID- 6640302 TI - Interaction of the opiate antagonist, naltrexone methyl bromide, with the acetylcholine receptor system of the motor end-plate. AB - Naltrexone methyl bromide (NMB) caused alterations in both the amplitude and the time course of end-plate currents (EPC) recorded from rat muscle. The amplitudes were significantly lower than control, and the EPC decay was no longer singly exponential. There was also a decrease in the voltage dependence of the peak amplitude and the decay time constant of the EPCs. These findings suggest NMB is blocking the open state of the acetylcholine channel. PMID- 6640304 TI - Depolarizing action of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) on myelinated fibers of peripheral nerves. AB - The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) has been shown to have a depolarizing action on myelinated axons of both mammalian and amphibian peripheral nerves. In initial in vivo observations intravenous injections of GABA caused an increase in the excitability of the low-threshold, fast conducting fibers of the superficial radial and median nerves of the cat. Similar, graded, reversible effects were confirmed (using changes in the amplitude/integral of the stimulus-evoked A-fiber submaximal compound action potential to assess excitability) in in vitro studies with the isolated, desheathed frog sciatic nerve. GABA caused a mean maximal increase in half-maximal action potential of 29.8% (S.E. +/- 2.7), with an ED50 value of 0.09 mM and Hill coefficient of 0.70. This effect did not appear to desensitize, and could be reversibly antagonized by both bicuculline and picrotoxin. Comparison of agonist sensitivities showed a rank order of potency with muscimol greater than 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid greater than GABA greater than beta-guanidinopropionic acid greater than imidazole-acetic acid greater than guanidoacetic acid greater than delta aminovaleric acid. With structure activity analysis the maximal activity was found to be related to N+-C separation near the 5 A value. Partial substitution of chloride ions in the superfusate by isethionate reversibly depressed the effect of GABA. These observations support the conclusion that extrasynaptic receptors for GABA are present on the myelinated axons of peripheral nerves. PMID- 6640305 TI - Synthesis of [3H]2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid and characterization of its binding to rat brain membranes: a selective ligand for the chloride/calcium dependent class of L-glutamate binding sites. AB - [3H]2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid was synthesized by the conjugate addition of 1-lithio-2-trimethylsilyethyne to diethyl ethynylphosphate followed by catalytic tritiation and hydrolysis. Radiolabelled 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid binds to a distinct class of L-glutamate binding sites and does not exhibit appreciable binding to sites not displaced by L-glutamate. The binding affinity (Kd = 5.1 +/- 0.4 microM) and pharmacological profile correspond to those values obtained from physiological studies of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid inhibition of synaptic transmission, and to those values obtained in [3H]L-glutamate binding assays. [3H]2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid does not exhibit significant binding to the Cl-/Ca2+-independent L-glutamate binding site(s), nor to the Na+-dependent L glutamate binding site (up to 50 mM Na+). These data provide further evidence that the physiological action of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid is mediated by the previously described Cl-/Ca2+-dependent L-glutamate binding sites, and provides an assay system which is optimal for the study of these sites. PMID- 6640306 TI - Cholinergic role in monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during bar-press feeding behavior. AB - Cholinergic involvement in the neuronal activity of the dorsolateral (DL) prefrontal cortex in the monkey was investigated during bar-press feeding behavior. Iontophoretic application of ACh increased the firing rate of more than half of the cells through muscarinic receptors. Activity of ACh-sensitive cells did not correlate with any particular event during the feeding task. Continuous application of ACh markedly enhanced increases in response to events during the feeding task, and application of an ACh antagonist diminished response levels. This indicates that ACh release may occur during the feeding task and affect cortical cells to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the excitatory input. Decreased responses to events during the feeding task diminished during ACh application. Driven discharges in the cells were evoked by stimulation of the basal nucleus of Meynert (BNM) where ACh containing cells are localized. This response was specifically blocked by iontophoretic application of atropine. In conclusion, cholinergic inputs arising from the BNM are distributed profusely among the cortical cells and modulate their excitability during bar-press feeding behavior. PMID- 6640307 TI - Diencephalic neuronal activity during acquisition and ingestion of food in sheep. AB - Single unit recordings were made in the lateral hypothalamic region and ventrobasal thalamus in conscious sheep during presentation of food and feeding. Unit responses to all aspects of testing were observed between the two areas. However, analysis of the data revealed a functional division of unit types between the two regions. Unit responses specific to the sight of food, to the approach of food to the mouth, and during ingestion of food were observed in the lateral hypothalamic area, but not the ventrobasal thalamus. These responses were not associated with specific or generalized movements, non-specific arousal, with olfactory stimulation, or with other oral stimuli. Units responding in association with specific mouth movements or somatosensory stimulation of the face or mouth-parts were observed in the ventrobasal thalamus but not in the lateral hypothalamic area. In the case of movement-related activity, the response was independent of the stimulus inducing the movement, food and non-food stimuli being equally effective. This was also true of the somatosensory responses observed. Two possibilities in relation to this functional division are discussed. Firstly, that the ventrobasal thalamus receives oral sensory afferents which may be associated with the thalamic area for taste. Secondly, that the activity of hypothalamic cells recorded in the sheep is consistent with a role for this area of the brain in the guidance and control of ingestive behaviour in ruminant as well as non-ruminant species. PMID- 6640308 TI - Enhanced response of cortical neurons to thalamic stimuli precedes the appearance of spike and wave discharges in feline generalized penicillin epilepsy. AB - Peristimulus time histograms of extracellularly recorded action potential discharges of cortical neurons in response to single shock and/or repetitive stimulation of 'specific' and 'non-specific' nuclei of the thalamus were studied after i.m. penicillin injection during a period corresponding to that of the development of spike and wave (SW) discharges of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy (FGPE). After i.m. penicillin cortical neurons displayed an enhancement of both the excitatory and 'inhibitory' phases of their responses to single shock stimulation of n. centralis medialis (NCM). This increase was even more pronounced for responses induced by repetitive stimulation of NCM at the frequencies inducing typical recruiting responses. These changes always preceded the appearance of SW discharges. Changes of the responses of cortical neurons to single shock and repetitive stimulation of 'specific' thalamic nuclei after penicillin were weak and inconsistent, although when observed were characterized by an enhancement of both excitatory and 'inhibitory' phases. The latter appeared not to decrease after i.m. penicillin. These data suggest that the appearance of SW discharges of FGPE is closely related to an increased responsiveness of cortical neurons to thalamocortical volleys arising from the so-called 'non specific' nuclei. This facilitation of the recruiting process is accompanied by an increase of both excitatory and 'inhibitory' phases of the cortical neuronal responses induced by the volleys. PMID- 6640309 TI - Bodian's silver method reveals molecular variation in the evolution of neurofilament proteins. AB - The recent demonstration that Bodian's silver method specifically stains mammalian neurofilament subunits (NFs), but not other intermediate filament proteins (IFs), provides a specific marker for the identification of neurofilament polypeptides. We have applied the Bodian stain to SDS-PAGE separated polypeptides in nervous tissues from 9 species, representing neuronal evolution in 4 major phyla: chordata, mollusca, arthropoda and annelida. Every species tested except the arthropod showed intense silver staining of a set of polypeptides, each subsequently identified as NFs by immunomethods. These results demonstrate that the affinity of NFs for Bodian's silver stain is conserved during the evolution of nervous systems in a diverse spectrum of animals. Further, considerable variation in the molecular weight of NF subunits was found among the 6 vertebrates studied. This variation suggests that the molecular weight of NFs has not been conserved during evolution, a quality which appears to be unusual for a structural protein. PMID- 6640310 TI - PGP 9.5--a new marker for vertebrate neurons and neuroendocrine cells. AB - PGP 9.5 is a new cytoplasmic neuron-specific protein structurally and immunologically distinct from neuron-specific enolase. A specific antiserum has now shown that this protein is widely distributed in vertebrate brains and is also present in cells of the human diffuse neuroendocrine system. PGP 9.5 appears to be older than neuron-specific enolase in evolutionary terms, as an immunologically-related protein can be found in species as remote as the trout. PMID- 6640311 TI - An in vivo assay of neurotropic activity. AB - Previous studies in this laboratory indicate that diffusible factors from distal stumps of transected peripheral nerves exert a neurotropic effect on regenerating nerve fibers in vivo. The present study was performed (a) to strengthen this hypothesis, and (b) to begin to determine the distribution and identity of putative neurotropic factors in peripheral nerves. Rat sciatic nerves were transected and inserted into the inlet end of a hollow 6 mm-long Y-shaped implant made of medical-grade Silastic tubing. To one of the outlet ends was attached an Elvax pellet impregnated with whole homogenate from a single sciatic nerve. The other outlet was attached to a pellet not containing homogenate. Homogenates assayed were obtained from distal stumps of transected nerves derived 14 days postoperatively or from unoperated sciatic nerves. After 3.5 weeks, nerve fiber bundles consisting of myelinated regenerating axons were only present in implant forks attached to pellets containing denervated nerve homogenate. This activity was heat- and trypsin-sensitive. These data (a) strengthen the hypothesis that diffusible factors from distal nerve stumps of transected nerves can support nerve fiber regeneration, (b) indicate that those factors are protein and/or protein dependent, and (c) suggest that unoperated peripheral nerve (at the levels assayed) either do not contain such factors or contain substances which inhibit such factors. PMID- 6640312 TI - Postnatal rat neurons form apparent presynaptic elements on polylysine-coated beads in vivo. AB - Polylysine-coated sepharose beads implanted in the cerebellum of 3-4-day-old rats resulted in the formation of neuronal swellings on the surface of the beads. These neuronal swellings resembled presynaptic elements and contained numerous 40 nm vesicles that accumulated at the site of contact with the bead. Uncoated beads did not show apparent presynaptic elements on the surface of the beads. The in vivo finding of apparent presynaptic elements on polylysine-coated beads suggests that polybasic surfaces may be involved in recognition leading to the formation of presynaptic elements. This system offers an excellent model to test developing or regenerating axons to determine their ability to form presynaptic elements. PMID- 6640313 TI - Overlap of retinal and prestriate cortical pathways in the primate pretectum. AB - Connections between the pretectum and prestriate visual cortex were examined following injection of HRP into area V4 of Macaca nemestrina monkeys. Orthograde label was found in nucleus olivarius (NO) and the sublenticular (SL) regions while retrogradely labeled neurons were present in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT). Following injection of [3H]proline into one eye, 3 pretectal zones of retinal input were seen: NO, SL and the posterior pretectal region (PPR). These results indicate that NO and SL may be sites for retinal and cortical pathway interaction in primate pretectum. PMID- 6640314 TI - Increase in hypothalamic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in prepuberal female rats administered estrogen. AB - In previous studies, it has been reported that the administration of estrogen to prepuberal female rats produces precocious surges in the serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin and the number of synaptic contacts in the arcuate nucleus. In the study reported here, we tested the hypothesis that the concentration of hypothalamic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is the synaptic event initiating the precocious hormonal surges. A single injection of estrogen was administered to prepuberal female rats on day 25 and the serum concentrations of LH and prolactin and the concentration of the binding sites for alpha bungarotoxin (BuTX), a putative nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligand, were measured on day 27. The concentration of hypothalamic BuTX binding sites was increased by the estrogen treatment, but we found no evidence that this increase in receptors precedes or initiates the serum hormonal surges. PMID- 6640315 TI - Release of gamma-aminobutyric acid from guinea pig myenteric plexus synaptosomes. AB - A crude synaptosomal preparation obtained from myenteric plexus of guinea pig small intestine was used to study the release of [3H]GABA. GABA release was elevated in response to depolarizing agents when tested in normal Krebs but was depressed in a calcium-free medium. GABA was also noted to stimulate a release of [3H]ACh from the same preparation. These data support the possible role of GABA as an enteric neurotransmitter. PMID- 6640316 TI - Methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate attenuates GABA effects in rat brain hippocampus in vivo. AB - The benzodiazepine receptor ligand methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate was applied by micropressure-ejection in the course of extracellular recordings of spontaneously firing rat brain hippocampal pyramidal cells in vivo. Methyl-beta carboline-3-carboxylate was found to attenuate the depressant effects of GABA, increase the spontaneous firing rate and increase the tendency to fire in bursts. The possibility that both firing rate and burst firing in the hippocampus are controlled by the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA is discussed. Methyl-beta carboline-3-carboxylate is a convulsant and this action on GABA could explain the mechanism. Methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate seems to have effects on the firing of CA1 neurons which are similar to the effects reported for ethyl-beta carboline-3-carboxylate and opposite to those reported for the benzodiazepines midazolam and diazepam. PMID- 6640317 TI - Evoked release of aspartate and glutamate: disparities between prelabeling and direct measurement. AB - Slices prepared from hippocampus were dual prelabeled with [14C]L-glutamate and [3H]D-aspartate and superfused in the presence or absence of kainic acid (KA; 1 mM) or KCl (40 mM). Drug-evoked release of radioactivity as well as the endogenous amino acids, glutamate and aspartate were determined. Whereas KCl induced a Ca2+-dependent release of all compounds, only the release of the endogenous amino acids was stimulated by KA. The results of the present study demonstrate that disparities exist between the Ca2+-dependent drug-evoked release of exogenously supplied and endogenous acidic amino acid neurotransmitters. PMID- 6640318 TI - Proprioception in extraocular muscles of the rat. AB - Stretch receptor afferents from extraocular muscles were found in the rat. Their first-order somata, responding specifically to eye muscle displacements, were restricted to the ipsilateral semilunar ganglion. Over a broad range of stimulus frequencies the sensitivity of receptors increased by a factor of 2.2 per decade with a mean sensitivity of 125 imp. s-1 mm-1 at 1 Hz. PMID- 6640320 TI - Adaptive plasticity in the primate spinal stretch reflex: reversal and re development. AB - Monkeys can gradually increase or decrease the amplitude of the segmentally mediated spinal stretch reflex (SSR) without change in initial muscle length or background EMG activity. Both increase (under the SSR increases mode) and decrease (under the SSR decreases mode) occur slowly, progressing steadily over weeks. The present study investigated reversal and re-development of SSR amplitude change. Over a period of months, following collection of control data, monkeys were exposed to one mode, then to the other, and then to the first mode again. Development, reversal, and re-development of change all took place over weeks, following very similar courses. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that persistent segmental alteration underlies SSR amplitude change. Such persistent segmental alteration would constitute a technically accessible substrate of memory. PMID- 6640319 TI - Binocular properties of lateral suprasylvian cortex are not affected by neonatal corpus callosum section. AB - The lateral suprasylvian cortex (LS) was physiologically examined in cats with neonatal section of the posterior corpus callosum (CC) at 2 or 3 weeks after birth. All receptive field properties of the LS cells, including ocular dominance, were found to be normal, despite a reduction in binocular activation in area 17 in the 2 week CC cats. Therefore, binocular activation of LS cells is not dependent on callosal input at any age, nor is it dependent on normal levels of binocular activation of striate cortex. PMID- 6640321 TI - Temperature dependency of the chemical responses of the polymodal receptor units in vitro. AB - Thermal effects on chemical responses of polymodal receptors were studied using in vitro testis-superior spermatic nerve preparations excised from anesthetized dogs. Unitary discharge rates of the polymodal receptors responding to bradykinin and hypertonic NaCl solutions were found to be dependent on the temperature: the higher the temperature, the greater the discharge rate induced, although the temperature itself was mostly subthreshold to activate the receptor. PMID- 6640322 TI - Increasing PGO spike density by auditory stimulation increases the duration and decreases the latency of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) spikes play a role in triggering or maintaining sleep. During the recording of the sleep cycle of cats, the appearance of the first PGO spike automatically triggered an auditory stimulus through a speaker placed in the cat's recording cage. The effect of this procedure was compared to similar period when no such stimulus was given. The results showed that the auditory stimulus increased PGO spike density during REM sleep. It also produced a spectacular increase in the duration of REM, while decreasing the latency of its appearance from the first PGO spike. It is suggested that the auditory stimulus reinforces the 'PGO system', which in turn may function as a pace-setter for priming and maintaining REM sleep. PMID- 6640323 TI - Median raphe- and contralateral hippocampus-elicited EEG spikes which correspond to hyperpolarizations of pyramidal cells in the kindled hippocampus of the rabbit. AB - Rabbit hippocampus was chronically stimulated with implanted electrodes until interictal EEG spikes were kindled in it. The kindled hippocampus was then studied in acute experiments. Stimulation of the median raphe nucleus and that of the opposite hippocampus produced EEG spikes, whose intracellular correlates were hyperpolarizations of pyramidal cells (referred to as inhibitory EEG spikes). PMID- 6640324 TI - The ontogeny of specific binding sites for the calcium channel antagonist, nitrendipine, in mouse heart and brain. AB - The high specific activity radioligand, [3H]nitrendipine, was used to study the ontogeny of high affinity binding sites in mouse heart and brain. A period of rapid postnatal brain growth is reflected by a dramatic increase in the receptor density (Bmax) between 7 and 21 days of age, reaching an adult Bmax value of 10.7 +/- 0.38 fmol/mg tissue. A more linear rise in cardiac binding site density to 16.8 +/- 2.0 fmol/mg tissue was found while no change in Kd of either tissue was noted during development. PMID- 6640325 TI - Testosterone metabolism in discrete areas of the hypothalamus and adjacent brain regions of male and female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica). AB - The metabolism of testosterone in small regions of the hypothalamus was studied by an in vitro radioenzymatic assay in male and female Japanese quail. 5 beta reduction was the most important metabolic pathway. This enzymatic activity is not evenly distributed in the brain: it shows a rostral to caudal decrease. There is some suggestion that 5 beta-reduction could be more active in females than in males which could contribute to the behavioral dimorphism in this species. PMID- 6640326 TI - Shark CNS myelin contains four polypeptides related to the PNS protein Po of higher classes. AB - The relationship between the proteins of shark central nervous system (CNS) myelin and those of myelin from higher classes has been investigated using antibodies raised against a 31,500 molecular weight polypeptide from shark myelin. The antibodies cross-reacted with 3 shark CNS polypeptides apart from the original antigen, with 2 major polypeptides from shark peripheral nervous system myelin, with the Po protein from chicken and sheep peripheral nervous system myelin, but with none of the components of bovine CNS myelin. It appears that the oligodendroglial cells of the shark synthesize a protein closely related to the Po protein produced by Schwann cells of vertebrate classes above and including chondrichthytes. PMID- 6640328 TI - Role of nigral dopamine in amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. AB - Dopamine (100 micrograms) injected into the substantia nigra pars reticulata of rats pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, resulted in a stimulation of locomotor activity. Bilateral injection of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol (5 micrograms) into the substantia nigra pars reticulata resulted in a reduction of the locomotor activity evoked by a low dose of amphetamine (1.25 mg/kg s.c.). These results suggest that the release of dopamine from nigral dendrites is involved in amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. PMID- 6640327 TI - Effect of strychnine and of bicuculline on dopamine synthesis in retinas of dark maintained rats. AB - The intravitreal administration of strychnine produced a significant elevation of dopamine (DA) synthesis in the retinas of dark-adapted rats. Strychnine had no antagonistic effect on the ability of muscimol to suppress the normal increase in retinal DA synthesis observed after exposure of rats to light. This latter observation suggests that strychnine is not merely acting in a non-selective fashion to suppress the inhibitory GABAergic tone exerted on the DA neurons in darkness. These results suggest that there may be a direct or indirect strychnine sensitive input to the retinal DA neurons in the dark. This input may not be glycinergic, however, as even high dosages of glycine did not suppress the light mediated enhancement of DA synthesis in the retina. PMID- 6640329 TI - [3H]R05-4864 and [3H]flunitrazepam binding in kainate-lesioned rat striatum and in temporal cortex of brains from patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - In agreement with other workers we report increased [3H]R05-4864 binding in kainate-lesioned rat striatum. [3H]R05-4864 binding, a possible glial marker, was also increased in temporal cortex obtained post-mortem from patients with Alzheimer's disease. [3H]Flunitrazepam binding was decreased in these brain samples, possibly indicative of neuronal cell loss. It is suggested that the poor binding characteristics of [3H]R05-4864 in human brain samples may limit its usefulness in assessing gliosis. PMID- 6640330 TI - A statistical method for the estimation of neuronal response latency and its functional interpretation. AB - The functional role of many central nervous structures has been inferred from the temporal relationship of a neuronal response with the different sensory and motor events in an experimental design such as when an animal performs a trained movement in response to a conditioned stimulus. However, this kind of data analysis leads to problems in estimating the occurrence and latency of any neuronal response. We examine these problems and propose a novel technique of data analysis to estimate the point of change in a sequence of neuronal discharge. Furthermore, data can be tested to see whether the neuronal response is related to the conditioned stimulus or the motor act. The method can also be used in the simple situation of determining the latency of a neuronal response after a stimulus. PMID- 6640331 TI - A study of some of the ascending and descending vestibular pathways in the pigeon (Columba livia) using anterograde transneuronal autoradiography. AB - A mixture of tritiated proline and fucose was injected into the endolymph of one of the membranous labyrinths of each of 5 white king pigeons (Columba livia). The membranous labyrinth was resealed and the animals were allowed to survive for 15 days. Brains and upper parts of the spinal cords were sectioned and processed by standard autoradiographic procedures. Clear labeling was noted in structures usually associated with both the ascending auditory pathways and the ascending and descending vestibular pathways. Vestibular structures ipsilateral to the injected labyrinth which contained heavy labeling were Scarpa's ganglion and all 6 vestibular nuclei. No labeling was noted in the contralateral Scarpa's ganglion and sparce, if any, labeling was noted in the contralateral vestibular nuclei. Contralateral structures associated with ascending vestibulo-ocular pathways which contained heavy labeling were the medial longitudinal fasciculus, abducens nucleus, trochlear nucleus, and two parts of the oculomotor nucleus--the dorsolateral part and the ventromedial part. Less heavily labeled ipsilateral vestibulo-ocular-related structures included the medial longitudinal fasciculus, abducens nucleus and the ventrolateral edge of the trochlear nucleus. The dorsomedial part of the oculomotor nucleus was heavily labeled on the side ipsilateral to the injected labyrinth. Slight, if any, labeling was noted in either the ipsilateral or contralateral brachium conjunctivum or regions corresponding to the mammalian ascending tract of Deiters. The medullary core of most folia but primarily the medullary core and granular areas of folia IX and X of the cerebellum were labeled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640332 TI - Synaptic junctions isolated from cerebellum and forebrain: comparisons of morphological and molecular properties. AB - Synaptic junction (SJ) fractions have been isolated from rat cerebellum which are similar to forebrain SJs on the basis of morphology and enrichment of synaptic structures. The polypeptide compositions of SJ fractions were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional SDS-gel electrophoresis and stained by the silver technique. Equivalent numbers of proteins that possess similar relative mobilities (Mr), isoelectric points and staining intensities were present in cerebellum and forebrain synaptic fractions. A few prominent differences were observed between cerebellum and forebrain synaptic fractions; cerebellum SJs contained a 240 K protein that was not detected in the forebrain and the 52,000 K, major PSDp protein was present in forebrain SJs in amounts that are approximately 5-fold greater than in cerebellum SJ fractions. The identity of the cerebellum mPSDp was verified by electrophoretic mobility, peptide fingerprinting and [125I]calmodulin binding. Differences between various synaptic fractions in mannose containing glycoproteins were examined by the binding of [125I]concanavalin A (Con A) to gels. On the basis of apparent molecular weights, the glycoproteins in forebrain and cerebellum SPMs were very similar. In contrast, however, the prominent glycoproteins that reside in the postsynaptic junctional membrane of forebrain SJs were undetectable in SJ fractions isolated from cerebellum. SJ fractions from cerebellum contained their own distinct group of Con A binding glycoproteins. SPM and SJ fractions from forebrain and cerebellum were examined for receptors for excitatory (aspartate, glutamate and kainic acid) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitters and the benzodiazepine analog flunitrazepam. On the basis of relative receptor contents, SJ fractions isolated from either brain region were qualitatively similar and bound significant amounts of excitatory and inhibitory transmitters. These findings support the notion that SJs from cerebellum contain a distinct class of synaptic elements that are in large part derived from asymmetric, type I synapses. PMID- 6640334 TI - Prostanoid profile in specific brain areas, pituitary and pineal gland of the male rat. Influence of experimental conditions. AB - Using chromatographic separation and specific radioimmunoassays, we were able to detect the prostanoids PGD2, PGF2 alpha, PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2 in selected brain areas, pituitary and pineal glands of adult male rats. Our results suggest regional differences in the biosynthetic capacity of homogenates. Higher amounts were produced by the pituitary and pineal gland (33 and 28 ng/mg protein, respectively). In the hypothalamus, the median eminence was the most active part (24 ng/mg protein). The sum of the 5 prostanoids in whole hypothalamus was higher after 15 min incubation (10 ng/mg protein), than at zero time (2.7 ng) or after immediate freezing of the tissue (1.2 ng). We confirm the predominance of PGD2 after incubation of the homogenates in each of the 8 areas in the brain, pituitary and pineal gland. However, PGD2 was not predominant when the prostanoid profile was estimated immediately after homogenization or when the hypothalamus was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. The ratio PGD2/PGF2 alpha was 2.7, after 15 min incubation, 0.9 at zero time and 0.8 for the hypothalamus immediately frozen. Furthermore, PGD2 predominance was not observed when intact tissues were incubated without homogenization. PMID- 6640333 TI - [3H]corticosterone binding in the caudate-putamen. AB - Autoradiographic data indicate little specific binding of corticosterone in the caudate-putamen. However, chronic glucocorticoid treatment has been reported to alter certain biochemical parameters within the caudate-putamen, including high affinity choline uptake. We asked whether glucocorticoid receptors in the caudate putamen of adrenalectomized rats could be detected by a biochemical approach. We determined the amount of specific [3H]corticosterone binding in cytosols from the caudate-putamen and the ability of nuclei in this brain region to retain [3H]corticosterone in vivo. Results indicated that 72 h post-adrenalectomy, the caudate-putamen has 56% of the maximal binding capacity of the hippocampus (205 +/- 11 vs 361 +/- 19 fmol/mg protein). The apparent Kd of [3H]corticosterone in the two tissues did not differ substantially. The cytosolic binding capacity of the caudate-putamen was similar to that of the cerebellum, a brain region which also fails to demonstrate marked retention of glucocorticoids in autoradiographic studies. When cytosol binding was measured at a shorter time period after adrenalectomy (12 h), no differences were observed between the binding capacities of the hippocampus and the caudate-putamen. In competition experiments using [3H]corticosterone as ligand, no differences between the caudate-putamen and the hippocampus were found in the relative affinities of any of 8 steroids; the order of relative affinities obtained was in good agreement with those reported for the classical glucocorticoid receptor in other tissues. Rats were injected via the tail vein with [3H]corticosterone, 36 nmol/kg, an amount calculated to saturate more than half the nuclear sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640335 TI - Environmental stimuli but not homeostatic challenges produce apparent increases in dopaminergic activity in the striatum: an analysis by in vivo voltammetry. AB - Using in vivo voltammetry in rats, we examined the relationship between the electrochemical signal measured in the striatum and the behavioral responses associated with various types of stimulation. Three patterns emerged. First, a series of homeostatic challenges, including abrupt decreases in glucose utilization, blood volume, or arterial blood pressure, were ineffective in altering the electrochemical signal despite the sympathoadrenal response produced by each. Second, intense exteroceptive stimuli, such as an electric shock applied to the tail or placing animals in a shallow ice-water bath, provoked large and abrupt rises in the signal which decayed rapidly. Third, rats eating after a 24-h fast, drinking after a period of dehydration, or presented with novel olfactory or visual stimuli, exhibited much smaller and more gradual rises in the electrochemical signal which were more long-lasting. In each case, the magnitude of the change in electrochemical signal was generally related to the level of behavioral activation, being most prominent when treatments produced a startle response. Those large increases in signal were markedly attenuated by pretreatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine or gamma-butyrolactone, drugs known to decrease the release of dopamine, suggesting that the signal observed was associated with an increase in the activity of central dopaminergic neurons. PMID- 6640336 TI - Distribution of free and conjugated dopamine in monkey brain, peripheral tissues and cerebrospinal fluid determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - The occurrence of free and conjugated dopamine was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in brain areas, peripheral tissues, and CSF from rhesus monkeys. Free norepinephrine, epinephrine, and 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were also determined in some tissues. Conjugated dopamine was found to be widely, but not homogeneously, distributed in this species. In the brain, conjugated dopamine was found to account for greater than 10% of the total dopamine present in the frontal cortex (74%), cingulate gyrus (31%), cerebellum (16%), and occipital cortex (11%). Conjugated dopamine accounted for 21% of the total dopamine in the liver, and ranged from 10 to 20% of the total in testicle, kidney and heart. In CSF from both the lateral ventricle and lumbar thecal sac, free dopamine was not reliably detected, but conjugated dopamine was found in all samples tested. PMID- 6640337 TI - Mechanism of the water response in carp gustatory receptors: independent generation of the water response from the salt response. AB - The carp gustatory responses to various salts and those to distilled water after adaptation of the receptors to the salts were recorded from the palatine nerve under varying conditions. (a) As far as Na4Fe(CN)6 solution prepared freshly was used, any peak in the dose-response curve was not observed, while the solution stored overnight induced a large peak response at the low concentration region as Konishi reported. The magnitude of the water response after adaptation to the stored solution was practically equal to that after adaptation to the fresh solution, suggesting that the receptor site for the water response is different from that for the dilute salts. (b) The responses to salts depended largely on the species of both cations and anions of the salts. The responses were deceased with an increase in the lyotropic number of the anions and increased with an increase in the number above 11. The response to distilled water was practically independent of the species of both monovalent cations and anions of the salts used for the adaptation. The pH dependence of the response to 10 mM NaCl was largely different from that to distilled water after adaptation to 10 mM NaCl. (c) The water response was suppressed by the presence of electrolytes in stimulating solution; the data obtained with different species of salts were described by a single curve as a function of the ionic strength. (d) The mechanism to explain how distilled water leads to depolarization of the taste cell was discussed in terms of the electric double-layer potential. PMID- 6640338 TI - Motor impairment after unilateral electrolytic lesions of the substantia nigra in baboons: behavioral data with quantitative and kinematic analysis of a pointing movement. AB - Unilateral electrolytic lesions of the substantia nigra (SN) were carried out stereotaxically on 4 baboons which had been previously trained to perform a visually guided pointing movement. For a few days after operation, all animals exhibited a behavioral impairment affecting the contralateral body half and consisting of dystonic flexed posture and akinesia. The animals were thus unable to perform the pointing task with the contralateral hand. After a delay which depended on the extent of the SN lesion, the animals began to make the pointing movement again. Postoperative changes were then observed only on the side opposite the SN lesion. These consisted of an increase in the latency and particularly the duration of the movement without any change in the accuracy. The kinematic analysis of the hand trajectory showed that the contralateral increase in the movement duration corresponded to a regular decrease in the velocities. Study of the recovery over 120 days after SN lesion showed a progressive improvement which was faster with regard to movement duration than to movement latency. These data clearly point to the functional role of the SN in the initiation and particularly in the execution of movement. Quantitative and kinematic analysis of this pointing movement makes it possible to detect and quantify very closely the changes in movement program and execution induced by a SN lesion. This experimental model will be useful for pharmacological in vivo studies allowing a more specific assessment of the functional role of the neurotransmitters involved in SN dysfunction. PMID- 6640339 TI - Development of cholinergic properties in nerve cell cultures in the presence of brain extract. AB - Cells dissociated from cerebral hemispheres of 6-day-old chick embryos were cultured either in standard nutrient medium or in the presence of a brain extract from 8-day-old chick embryo. Morphological observations showed the development of bipolar and multipolar neurons in both culture conditions and acetylcholinesterase activity was found in all neuronal cells. Brain extract stimulated the morphological maturation of neurons, expressed by the formation of fiber bundles, fine structural maturation and development of synapses rich in clear vesicles. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activities were higher in the cultures treated with brain extract. In these cultures, the values of choline acetyltransferase activity reached a peak at 10 days and then decreased. These observations are discussed with particular reference to proliferation, maturation and degeneration of cholinergic neurons. PMID- 6640340 TI - Volume regulation and metabolism of suspended C6 glioma cells: an in vitro model to study cytotoxic brain edema. AB - The in vitro model presented provides an approach to study the nature of cell volume control as well as of swelling mechanisms under pathophysiological conditions. Pertinent parameters of cell volume control can be analyzed in isolation due to a virtually infinite extracellular environment precluding secondary effects of the suspended cells. Exposure of C6 glial cells to hypotonic medium was investigated as a model to study fundamental aspects of cell volume control. In confirmation of studies on other cell types glial cells suspended in hypotonic medium recover cell volume after transient swelling. Normalization of cell volume is associated with stimulation of respiration. Moreover, normalization of cell volume in hypotonic medium can be pharmacologically influenced. Addition of naftidrofuryl which enhances cellular O2-consumption led to acceleration of cell volume recovery. On the other hand, inhibition of Na+-K+ ATPase by ouabain did not prevent regulatory volume decrease ruling out a major role of the Na+-transport enzyme in this process. Contrary to hypotonic suspension, hypertonic exposure did not result in volume regulation during an observation period of 3 h. However, this may not necessarily exclude a capability of cell volume to normalize in hypertonic conditions as observed in vivo. Volume control of glial cells in abnormal osmotic medium may--on a cellular basis- reflect fundamental adaptive processes of central nervous tissue. Knowledge of the physiological and biochemical basis of cell volume control is not only of scientific interest but also of therapeutical significance in patients suffering from cytotoxic brain edema. PMID- 6640341 TI - A crossed rubrobulbar projection in the snake Python regius. AB - In the present study a distinct crossed rubrobulbar projection has been demonstrated in the snake Python regius, a limbless vertebrate which lacks a rubrospinal tract. This rubrobulbar projection is presumably involved in the neural control of mastication. The red nucleus may relay cerebellar influence to the trigeminal and facial nuclei. PMID- 6640342 TI - Widespread callosal connections in infragranular visual cortex of the rat. AB - Following multiple injections of HRP into the posterior cortex of one hemisphere of adult rats, dense and overlapping distributions of retrogradely labeled cells and anterogradely labeled terminations are observed throughout the depth of the cortex in the region of the border between the lateral portion of area 17 and area 18 in the opposite hemisphere. In contrast to previous studies of the visual callosal pathway, we also find large numbers of labeled callosal cells extending throughout areas 17 and 18 in cortical layers Vc and VIa. PMID- 6640343 TI - Regeneration of locomotor command systems in the sea lamprey. AB - Ammocoete larvae of the sea lamprey were allowed to recover from a complete transection of the spinal cord posterior to the last gill arch. Specimens were then prepared for focal extracellular stimulation of the brainstem in the region known to contain the command systems for swimming. In 4 preparations where behavioral recovery had occurred, stimulation in this region would initiate swimming, indicating that the command function of this 'locomotor' region had recovered. PMID- 6640344 TI - Transplants of olfactory mucosa in the rat brain I. A light microscopic study of transplant organization. AB - Olfactory mucosa from neonatal rats has been transplanted into the fourth cerebral ventricle or into the parietal cortex of neonatal and adult rats. In these ectopic locations, olfactory neurons continue to differentiate from the neurogenetic matrix (basal cells) of the neuroepithelium. Sensory axon bundles from the newly formed olfactory neurons penetrate the host brain where they branch without forming the characteristic olfactory glomeruli. From the base of the neuroepithelium neural elements migrate into the host cerebral tissue losing their epithelial organization. PMID- 6640345 TI - Timecourse for receptive field plasticity following spinal cord hemisection. AB - Previously, we demonstrated that between 5 days and 3 months following a partial spinal cord hemisection, proximal hindlimb receptive fields of neurons in the ipsilateral L7 dorsal horn of cats become enlarged. In this study, we used somatotopic mapping procedures, applied bilaterally, to demonstrate that this change in receptive field size occurs between 10 and 14 days postoperatively. PMID- 6640346 TI - Visual activation of neurons in the primate pulvinar depends on cortex but not colliculus. AB - Superior colliculus lesions had little effect on the visual response of neurons in the monkey inferior pulvinar. By contrast, striate cortex lesions eliminated the visual response of all inferior pulvinar neurons for a period of 3 weeks after the lesion. At longer survival times, a few pulvinar neurons responded to small light spots, but sensitivity to orientation and direction of movement never returned. Thus striate cortex, rather than the colliculus, appears to be responsible for the visual properties of pulvinar cells. PMID- 6640347 TI - White noise analysis of cortical directional selectivity in cat. AB - We studied spatiotemporal interactions in cat cortical receptive fields by presenting a stimulus composed of 16 narrow bars whose luminances were randomly modulated. Conventional stimuli were also presented to classify receptive field properties. A white noise estimate of the cell's response to a stepwise moving bar stimulus was calculated from responses to the spatiotemporal random stimulus. The white noise estimate captured the most important feature of the receptive field demonstrated by conventional stimuli, i.e. directional selectivity. In addition, the white noise analysis; (1) made visible inhibitory response phases that are usually below threshold; (2) subdivided the response into its linear and non-linear estimates; (3) further subdivided the non-linear estimate into spatial and temporal interactions; and (4) allowed estimation of responses to stimuli that were never explicitly presented. PMID- 6640348 TI - Inhibition of rat spinal cord dorsal horn neurons by non-segmental, noxious cutaneous stimuli. AB - Extracellular single unit recordings were obtained from spinal cord dorsal horn neurons in halothane-anesthetized rats. Inhibitory effects induced by noxious mechanical or electrical stimuli applied to a remote area of the body surface were assessed on the spontaneous or evoked activity of these cells. Noxious mechanical stimulation inhibited 59% of the cells receiving nociceptive inputs (wide dynamic range and nociceptive specific) but only 5% of the other cell types. Inhibition produced by mechanical stimulation lasted for the full duration of stimulus application (up to 30 s) whereas inhibition produced by electrical stimulation lasted less than 500 ms. Increasing the depth of anesthesia was found to depress or abolish the inhibition. PMID- 6640349 TI - Depressor area within caudal ventrolateral medulla of the rat does not correspond to the A1 catecholamine cell group. AB - In an attempt to confirm reports of a depressor area corresponding to the location of the A1 noradrenaline cell group within the caudal ventrolateral medulla, cardiovascular responses associated with focal electrical stimulation of that region of the brainstem were measured. Depressor responses were reliably elicited by stimulation of an area immediately dorsomedial to the rostral third of the A1 cell group, but not by stimulation of the A1 group itself. PMID- 6640350 TI - Presynaptic modulation of the release of dopamine from striatal synaptosomes: differences in the effects of high K+ stimulation, methamphetamine and nicotinic drugs. AB - We examined the effects of nicotinic drugs on the metabolites of [3H]dopamine (DA) released from rat striatal synaptosomes in comparison with the effects of high K+ and methamphetamine stimulation. The pattern of outflow of [3H]DA and its metabolites induced by nicotine stimulants, acetylcholine (ACh), nicotine and lobeline, was different from that induced by high K+ and methamphetamine. PMID- 6640351 TI - Specificity of gonadal hormone modulation of cholinergic enzymes in the avian syrinx. AB - The effectiveness of testosterone (T) and metabolites to increase activity of cholinergic enzymes in the androgen-sensitive syrinx of male zebra finches was assessed. Administration of aromatizable (T and androstenedione) or non aromatizable (androsterone) androgens to castrates increased total activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the syrinx. Estradiol was ineffective in altering AChE activity. Results, when compared with behavioral data from the birds, support the hypothesis that expression of male reproductive behaviors requires peripheral target organ activation by androgens and central target area activation by both androgens and estrogens. PMID- 6640352 TI - Effects of neonatal testosterone administration on anterior pituitary levels of Met5-enkephalin in adult rats. AB - Neonatal injection of testosterone to male rats significantly increased the anterior pituitary level of Met5-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ME-LI) in adulthood. Neonatal castration resulted in a decrease of the ME-LI level, but neonatal testosterone administration failed to restore the level. Combined administration of androgens neonatally and in adulthood was required to restore the level to that of unoperated controls. On the other hand, neonatal testosterone injection to female neonates diminished the elevation of ME-LI level which occurred after ovariectomy in adulthood. These results suggest that neonatal testosterone plays some role in priming or modifying the responsiveness of the anterior pituitary ME system to gonadal hormones present during adulthood. PMID- 6640353 TI - Colocalization of proenkephalin peptides in rat brain neurons. AB - A serial, thin-section immunocytochemical study of the anatomical distribution of Leu-enkephalin and BAM-22P (an adrenal proenkephalin peptide) demonstrated that both immunoreactivities occur within the same neurons throughout brain. However, neither peptide immunoreactivity could be observed in neurons containing dynorphin A immunoreactivity. These results are consistent with the possibility that the enkephalin precursor in brain is similar to that sequenced in adrenal, but fail to support the hypothesis that the dynorphin precursor is a major source of Leu-enkephalin in brain. PMID- 6640354 TI - Regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose during hyperbaric oxygen-induced convulsions. AB - Hyperbaric oxygen-induced convulsions in awake unrestrained rats are preceded by electrocorticographic changes including paroxysmal electrical discharges (PED). During oxygen induced convulsions, alterations in regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRgl) were autoradiographically measured and compared with rCMRgl results obtained during pre-convulsive periods in an earlier study. Statistically elevated rCMRgl during oxygen-induced convulsions were found in globus pallidus, substantia nigra, limbic structures, and cerebellar cortex. Significant reductions were found largely in auditory structures and cerebral cortex. This pattern of changes in rCMRgl resembles the pattern of changes during successive PED in the absence of overt convulsions. This similarity may indicate that a common sequence of biochemical changes leads to both oxygen-induced pre convulsive as well as convulsive electrical discharges. PMID- 6640355 TI - Age-related changes in the sleep pattern of male adult rats. AB - In order to study whether or not the age-related changes in the sleep pattern observed in humans also occur in rats, young adult (4 months) and old (22 months) male Wistar rats were implanted with EEG and EMG electrodes for 24 h on-line registration by means of an automatic sleep-classifier. During the 12 h light period, the old rats as compared to the young adult ones showed a significant increase of the time spent awake and a decrease of active sleep time. Furthermore, the light-dark ratio was decreased in the old rats for wakefulness and active sleep. Off-line analysis of the EEG during quiet sleep and active sleep revealed no differences between the two age groups. These results suggest the existence of a number of considerable age-related changes in the sleep pattern of adult rats, which are comparable to those observed in humans. PMID- 6640356 TI - Does the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus contain a self-sustained circadian oscillator associated with periodic feedings? AB - Multiple unit activities (MUAs) of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) were recorded from intact free-moving male rats. Rhythmic activities observed in the VMH were not distinguishable from those recorded in other places of the brain. When exposed to restricted daily feeding schedules, animals with suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) lesions developed a rhythm in motor activity and a rhythm of the VMH with a peak of activity immediately after and a trough right before the feeding. While neural activities of the SCN revealed circadian rhythms even after a lesion of the VMH, circadian rhythms in MUA of the VMH were completely abolished by a lesion of the SCN. Although the VMH is involved in the synchronization of rhythms to periodic feeding, the present results indicate that, unlike the SCN which contains an oscillator associated with light, the VMH does not contain another self-sustained oscillator associated with food. PMID- 6640357 TI - The effect of auditory stimulus rate on [14C]2-deoxyglucose uptake in rabbit inferior colliculus. AB - The relationship between auditory stimulus rate and level of [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake was examined using the 2-DG technique developed by Sokoloff as an indication of glucose uptake and neural activity. Conscious restrained albino rabbits were given one monaural tone either once per second or once per minute for 45 min, or served as unstimulated controls. Autoradiographs of the inferior colliculi from these animals were compared densitometrically. It was found that the rabbits stimulated once per second had markedly elevated levels of 2-DG uptake compared to both other groups: the rabbits stimulated once per minute and to unstimulated control rabbits. In addition, the inferior colliculus autoradiographs of the rabbits stimulated with pure tones showed a distinctive banding pattern in central nucleus different from that seen in control rabbits. PMID- 6640358 TI - Prolonged estrogen treatment induces changes in opiate, benzodiazepine and beta adrenergic binding sites in female rat hypothalamus. AB - Exposure of the rat brain to estradiol is known to modify certain neurotransmitter binding sites. We have now examined the influence of long-term (3 months) treatment with this steroid. Opiate and benzodiazepine receptors are both elevated in hypothalamus but not in amygdala or cerebral cortex. In contrast, the affinity, but not maximum binding, of hypothalamic beta-adrenergic sites is reduced 5-fold. Our results confirm and extend previous reports that hypothalamic neurotransmitter binding sites are particularly sensitive to estrogen feedback. PMID- 6640359 TI - Circling from intracranial morphine applied to the ventral tegmental area in rats. AB - Crystalline morphine applied unilaterally to the ventral tegmental area in rats caused circling away from the side of application. This circling was reversed by naloxone (3 mg/kg) and blocked by pretreatment with pimozide (0.5 mg/kg). When tested in an open field the animals followed the perimeter of the enclosure; thus the radius of the circles described was determined by environmental rather than central factors. Morphine induced forward locomotion in all four limbs; there were no major signs of postural asymmetry noted in the longitudinal axis of the animal's body. This study suggests that morphine activates a population of A-10 dopamine cells known to be involved in locomotion. PMID- 6640360 TI - Localization of motoneurons innervating the levator veli palatini muscle in the cat. AB - Recent investigations of the nucleus ambiguus (NA) have attempted to identify motoneurons associated with the branchiomeric muscles of the larynx and pharynx. However, relatively little attention has been directed to the levator veli palatini muscle (LVP) which is critical in respiration, deglutition and eustachian tube function. Although the consensus is that cranial nerve X (vagus) innervates this muscle, some investigators have suggested that the LVP is innervated by either cranial nerve VII (facial) or IX (glossopharyngeal). The present study was designed to identify the specific location of LVP motoneurons within the brainstem. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the LVP of 18 cats. Following a survival period of 24-48 hours, animals were sacrificed and tissue processed according to Mesulam's TMB procedure. HRP labeled cells were located in the rostral NA both ipsilateral and contralateral to the side of injection and in the ipsilateral retrofacial nucleus (RFN). There were no labeled cells in the facial nucleus. Innervation of the LVP by cranial nerve VII would thus be excluded. This is the first report to definitively localize LVP motoneurons. Although the innervation of LVP by cranial nerve X is generally agreed upon in basic anatomy textbooks, identification of LVP motoneurons within the NA does not exclude innervation by cranial nerve IX. PMID- 6640361 TI - Evidence that an accumbens to subpallidal GABAergic projection contributes to locomotor activity. AB - Neural projections from nucleus accumbens to subpallidal region, which contains a major GABAergic component, have been demonstrated with anatomical and electrophysiological techniques. The possible contribution of this GABA projection to the initiation of locomotor activity was investigated using neuropharmacological techniques. Injecting picrotoxin, a GABA antagonist, into the ventral globus pallidus increased locomotor activity measured in an open field test, confirming findings. Locomotor activity was also increased when picrotoxin was injected into the lateral preoptic area, the sublenticular part of the substantia innominata and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In another series of experiments locomotor activity initiated by injecting dopamine into the nucleus accumbens was attenuated by pretreating the lateral preoptic area, the substantia innominata and ventral globus pallidus with GABA. These observations provide evidence that GABAergic projections from accumbens to subpallidal region contribute to locomotor activity and raise the possibility that they have a role in exploratory locomotion and in certain goal-directed behaviors. PMID- 6640362 TI - Inhibition of drug-induced circling by GABA-ergic activity in the nucleus accumbens. AB - Injections of GABA (125-500 micrograms in 1 microliter) or muscimol (40-200 ng in 1 microliter) into the nucleus accumbens markedly reduced the amphetamine-induced circling of rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced lesions of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. The potency of muscimol was approximately 10(4) times that of GABA. Muscimol exerted a similar effect when injected in a smaller volume (0.5 microliter) at a slower rate (0.11 microliter/min), a procedure which was shown to reduce the spread of injected [3H]muscimol. Intra-accumbens injections of subconvulsive doses of picrotoxin had no effect on amphetamine induced circling. Intra-accumbens muscimol (40 ng, 0.5 microliter, 0.11 microliter/min) also reduced the contralateral circling evoked by apomorphine in rats with unilateral 6-OHDA-induced lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway and bilateral 6-OHDA-induced lesions of the mesolimbic dopamine terminals. These results suggest that GABA-ergic activity in the nucleus accumbens exerts an inhibitory influence on drug-induced circling. At least part of this action is at a step beyond the release of dopamine from mesolimbic terminals. PMID- 6640363 TI - An analysis of the sensory innervation of the urinary system in the rat. AB - The neuronal cell bodies of the afferent fibers innervating the urinary system and the adrenal gland were identified utilizing the method of the retrograde transport of the fluorescent dyes, fast blue and nuclear yellow. Fast blue was injected into the bladder, left ureter, or left adrenal gland, and nuclear yellow was injected into the left kidney of the same animal. The results demonstrate that each organ receives a discrete sensory innervation and that none of the sensory neurons innervating the organs have collateral inputs to the kidney. The location of the DRG cell bodies indicates that more caudally placed organs are innervated by more caudally placed DRG. These findings confirm previous localization studies of the kidney afferents, and support the effectiveness of the use of the fluorescent dye method to localize peripheral afferent cell bodies. PMID- 6640364 TI - Neuronal types in the basolateral amygdaloid nuclei of man. AB - A parcellation of the human basolateral amygdala is given on the basis of pigmentoarchitectonic analysis. Examination of Golgi preparations and deimpregnated preparations counterstained for lipofuscin pigment revealed three classes of nerve cells: Class I neurons generate a stout main dendrite from one pole of the cell body and several minor ones from the base opposite to the main process. The dendrites are covered with spines. The axon follows a straight course and gives off numerous collaterals. Class I neurons in the lateral and accessory basal nucleus contain finely granulated and widely dispersed pigment. Cells located in the basal nucleus store a large amount of pigment, concentrated at one pole of the cell body. The small class I neurons in the granular nucleus and the intercalated cell masses are marked by large vacuolated pigment granules. Class II neurons have smoothly contoured or sparsely spined dendrites. Size and shape of their cell bodies vary. They contain a large amount of course and intensely stained lipofuscin granules. Class III neurons display similar features in the Golgi preparation but their cell bodies are devoid of pigment. A frequently occurring type is a tiny cell with thin dendrites and profusely branching local axon. Each of the different classes of neurons shows a characteristic pattern of pigmentation. Therefore, Nissl preparations combined with a pigment staining technique, offer the particular advantage of distinguishing the spine-laden neurons from sparsely spined or aspinous types. PMID- 6640365 TI - Oxygen consumption of hypothalamic tissue slices after varying incubation periods. AB - In order to quantitate possible time-related changes in the viability of rat hypothalamic tissue slices, tissue oxygen consumption was measured after incubation periods ranging from 0-4 hours. There were no significant differences in mean tissue oxygen consumption between the various incubation periods; nor was there any trend indicating that oxygen consumption gradually decreases over time. Moreover, no regional differences were observed among the various rostral hypothalamic slices. One obvious trend, however, was that during the first two hours of each experiment, tissue oxygen consumption decreased briefly and then returned to normal higher levels. The exact occurrence of this transitory decrease varied from experiment to experiment; but the subsequent recovery in oxygen consumption was always complete by two hours of incubation. This initial transient decrease in tissue oxygen consumption may reflect the initial period of electrophysiological inactivity reported in several in vitro studies. PMID- 6640366 TI - Comparative morphology of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the monkey, cat and rat. AB - Four types of neurons were identified in the substantia nigra (SN) of the monkey, cat, and rat. The compacta-type neurons, characterized by unevenly distributed and intensely stained Nissl substance, display many shapes and sizes. The reticulata-type neurons, characterized by the presence of discrete Nissl bodies, are triangular or round. The intermediary-type neurons contain less intensely stained but more diffusely distributed Nissl substance. These triangular or fusiform neurons have thinner processes than the compacta- and reticulata-type cells. The globular-type neurons, characterized by a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, are much smaller than the three other types of SN neurons. The total number of neurons of the SN, which is much greater in the macaque (n=73,508) than in the cat (n=38,366) and the rat (n=22,532), is comprised mainly of the compacta type neurons (n=62,624; 22,323; and 9.925 in the three species, respectively). The reticulata-type neurons are more abundant in the cat, and the intermediary and globular types are more numerous in the rat. The compacta-type neurons have a particular distribution in each species. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains numerous globular-type neurons and a number of compacta-like or transitional type neurons which constitute the foyer pediculaire of the central linear nucleus and the paranigral nucleus. The rostral linear nucleus is unique to the cat brain. PMID- 6640367 TI - [Fluorescence microscopy detection of catecholamines using glyoxylic acid]. PMID- 6640368 TI - [Right-left index and weight correlation of the liver in newborn infants]. PMID- 6640369 TI - [Contribution to the detection of a natural focus of tick-borne encephalitis in the southern part of Central Slovakia]. PMID- 6640370 TI - [Catamnestic study of the reactivity of allergic patients to the most common contact allergens]. PMID- 6640371 TI - [Chronic non-specific monoarthritis and its derivatives]. PMID- 6640372 TI - [Personal experience with photochemotherapy and phototherapy of dermatoses]. PMID- 6640373 TI - [Adaptive changes in the pulse and skin temperature during pediatric examinations and dental treatment in children]. PMID- 6640374 TI - [Diagnosis and classification of respiratory insufficiency]. PMID- 6640375 TI - [A program for the prevention of congenital rubeola in Slovakia]. PMID- 6640376 TI - Some aspects of medical research in the U.K. PMID- 6640377 TI - Malignant melanoma incidence and association with arsenic. PMID- 6640378 TI - Triple synchronous colorectal carcinoma causing intestinal obstruction. PMID- 6640379 TI - A survey of double contrast barium enemas at Bristol Royal Infirmary. PMID- 6640380 TI - Imaging techniques in the diagnosis of a mediastinal mass. PMID- 6640381 TI - 'The long and the short of it'--radiographic aspects of bone growth. The first Ian Gordon Memorial Lecture. PMID- 6640382 TI - The William Gissane lecture 1982 the burn wound: its character, closure and complications. PMID- 6640383 TI - 1981 circus fire disaster in Bangalore, India: causes, management of burn patients and possible presentation. AB - The circus fire disaster claimed 92 lives and 300 others were injured. A total of 119 patients were treated in the Burns centre at Victoria Hospital. Forty-two patients were treated as outpatients and 77 cases were admitted. Fourteen patients with more than 80 per cent burns of the body surface died within 48 hours of the disaster. Three patients out of the remaining 63 cases died in the course of treatment, 32 patients were operated by escharectomy and skin grafting or flap procedures. Proper medical assessment, early fluid therapy and respiratory care saved many critical patients. Human Antitetanus toxin and Pseudomonas hyper Immune globulin seem to have a definite role in the prevention and control of infection with Clostridium tetani and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 'Furacin' was found to be a valuable topical agent. PMID- 6640384 TI - Actual problems of immunoprophylactic and immunotherapy of burn infection. AB - Staphylococcal anatoxin which has a systemic therapeutic effect, improving burn wound condition and increasing humoral and cellular immunity was used for the prevention of staphylococcal infection among patients with deep burns of up to 15 per cent of body surface area as a component of their therapy. The patients with burns of over 15 per cent of their body surface were treated with hyperimmune antistaphylococcal plasma which had a clinical effect and decreased mortality in the group of severely burned patients by more than two fold. On our model of general wound infection from 5 most frequently observed serotypes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa we have got multicomponent cellfree vaccine pyoimmunogen with marked protective effect in experiments. This vaccine protected 80-85 per cent of animals in comparison with 90-95 per cent mortality in experiment. Preliminary clinical data speak for the high preventive and medical effect of pyoimmunogen and anti-Ps. aeruginosa hyperimmune plasma. PMID- 6640385 TI - Lightning injury: report of two cases. AB - Two cases of lightning injury which occurred while mountain climbing and took different clinical courses are reported. One case with lightning marks on the abdomen was treated as a crush injury because of myoglobinuria and elevation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase. The other case had lightning burns and complained of abdominal pain. He was treated with fluid transfusion resulting from superficial and deep dermal burns estimated at 55 per cent of the body surface and received a skin graft. The subsequent three-year follow-up has revealed no residual deformity in either case. PMID- 6640387 TI - The problem of euthanasia and dysthanasia in burns. AB - The authors discuss basic approaches to the problem of defining euthanasia. The definition should maintain the distinction between active and passive and between voluntary and involuntary euthanasia. Some of the recent views of the ethical and moral aspects are mentioned, as well as the reasons for terminating resuscitation in persons who suffer 'brain death' (permanent central nervous system) dysfunction. This problem is a matter of great urgency particularly in the burn centres, dealing with old patients. The authors base the discussion on their clinical experience showing that it is sometimes better that a person should die than continue living in certain desperate states, such as unbearable suffering, severe debilitation, permanent coma etc. However, the problem of euthanasia is in conclusion considered as an open system of question, where the answers are not unanimous. They are complicated with respect to the ethical, forensic aspects and also to the peculiarities of psychology. PMID- 6640386 TI - Treatment of electrical burns of the mouth. AB - A study is made of 58 cases of burns produced in the mouth by electricity in which the authors assess the possible advantages and disadvantages of three kinds of treatment: conservative, surgical after debridement and early of primary surgical. The different kinds of treatment are considered to be suitable, depending upon the type of lesion. In the slight cases, good results are obtained with conservative treatment. In serious cases, with important destruction of the lips or the tongue, our experience favours surgery which should be performed very early whenever possible. The results obtained enable us to reach the conclusion that surgery allows the problem of burns produced in the mouth by electricity to be resolved in less time, with a shorter stay in hospital fewer surgical operations and better final results than conservative treatment. PMID- 6640388 TI - Microcirculation in hypertrophic burn scars. AB - Using the technique of capillary microscopy the microcirculation of post burn hypertrophic scars and grafts, at varying stages of maturity, have been documented. Sympathetic innervation of larger vessels beneath and within the scarred tissues could be found only in fully-matured scars, suggesting a link between the processes of scar reinnervation and maturation. PMID- 6640390 TI - [The economics of occupational medicine in France]. PMID- 6640389 TI - Topical silver sulphadiazine: side effects and urinary excretion. AB - Silver sulphadiazine has been used as a topical antimicrobial agent in a large group of children with burns and scalds. Four developed neutropenia and two an erythema multiforme rash which were thought to be due to sulphadiazine sensitivity. To assess the extent of sulphadiazine absorption in children, the urinary excretion was measured in a group of 8 patients with a mean area of injury of 13 per cent BSA. The mean urinary concentration of sulphadiazine was 31.8 mg/l. PMID- 6640391 TI - [What are the alternatives to hospitalization?]. PMID- 6640392 TI - [Heterogeneity of sociocultural characteristics in the category of manual workers]. PMID- 6640393 TI - Anticholinesterase antagonism of succinylcholine phase II block. PMID- 6640394 TI - The uptake of isoflurane by the foetal lamb in utero: effect on regional blood flow. AB - Because isoflurane has recently been approved for clinical use in anaesthesia, we have studied the effect of this agent in the foetus using the pregnant ewe as an animal model. Eight pregnant ewes of 120-125 days gestation were surgically prepared with indwelling catheters and tracheostomy. Prior to anaesthesia, labelled microspheres were injected into the foetal circulation to determine cardiac output and regional blood flows to all organs. The ewes were anaesthetized with a constant inspired concentration of 2.0 per cent isoflurane in oxygen. Blood samples were drawn to construct an uptake curve for both mother and foetus. At 60 and 96 minutes of anaesthesia, microspheres were injected into the foetal circulation to measure changes in organ blood flow from the control period. Isoflurane crossed the placenta and appeared in the foetal circulation within two minutes. By 96 minutes, maternal and foetal arterial levels were 116.3 +/- 9.9 and 99.3 +/- 9.1 mEq/L (0.98 vol% and 0.75 vol%). There were no significant changes in foetal blood pressure or pulse rate but foetal pH decreased significantly from 7.39 +/- 0.02 to 7.26 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SEM) and base excess decreased from -1.1 +/- 1.5 to -6.2 +/- 0.7. Foetal cardiac index decreased from 390.8 +/- 26.9 ml X kg-1 X min-1 to 292.0 +/- 13.8 after 96 minutes of anaesthesia. There were no significant changes in any of the maternal cardiovascular or acid-base parameters. PMID- 6640395 TI - Cimetidine - antacid combination as premedication for elective Caesarean section. AB - The effect of premedication with an oral antacid (magnesium trisilicate), oral cimetidine or a combination of both was studied in 80 patients undergoing elective Caesarean section. Twenty patients served as untreated controls. Seventy per cent of the patients were in the high risk range for acid aspiration pneumonitis (pH less than 2.5 plus gastric content volume greater than 25 ml). Antacid therapy was effective in raising pH but the gastric volume remained high in 50 per cent of the patients. Cimetidine was effective in decreasing gastric volume and raising pH but the pH was still less than 2.5 in two patients. None of the patients given the cimetidine-antacid combination were in the high risk range for acid aspiration pneumonitis. The combination of an oral dose of cimetidine 400 mg, three to four hours before the operation followed by 20 ml of magnesium trisilicate one hour preoperatively proved to be the most efficacious regimen for prophylaxsis against Mendelson's syndrome in elective Caesarean section. Recent reports have suggested that non-particulate antacids (e.g., sodium citrate) may be preferable to particulate antacids such as magnesium trisilicate. PMID- 6640396 TI - Epidural morphine does not affect the duration of action of epidural 2 chloroprocaine following Caesarean section. AB - The effect of epidural morphine on the duration of action of epidural 2 chloroprocaine was studied in a double-blind fashion in 30 patients following elective Caesarean section. When compared to epidural saline controls (n = 15), patients (n = 15) who received epidural morphine (4.0-5.0 mg) did not experience a prolongation or reduction in the duration of the somatic or sympathetic nervous system blockades produced by epidural 2-chloroprocaine. PMID- 6640397 TI - Oral diazepam premedication reduces the incidence of post-succinylcholine muscle pains. AB - In a prospective, double-blind placebo controlled trial, the effect of oral diazepam premedication on post-succinylcholine fasciculations and myalgia was studied. Forty patients undergoing septoplasty procedures received orally identical capsules containing either 10 mg of diazepam or a placebo 90 minutes preoperatively. A standardized anaesthetic regimen included induction with 5 mg X kg-1 of thiopental and 1 mg X kg-1 of succinylcholine. The diazepam and control groups did not differ significantly in extent of fasciculations or ease of intubation. However, only 15 per cent of the diazepam premedicated patients had myalgias postoperatively compared to 50 per cent of the control patients, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.04). PMID- 6640398 TI - Thiopental bolus during carotid endarterectomy-rational drug therapy? AB - Ten studies were performed to examine the time course of arterial and venous thiopental concentrations following the administration of thiopental (4 mg X kg-1 over 3 min) for cerebral protection during carotid occlusion in nine patients undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy; in five patients the time course of EEG change was also studied. The arterial and venous thiopental concentrations were similar with no evidence of a sustained arterial-venous gradient. The average arterial concentration was 20.1 microgram X ml-1 +/- 10 (SD) at 2 min after thiopental, and fell rapidly to 13.0 micrograms X ml-1 +/- 3.2 at 5 min, 10.7 micrograms X ml-1 +/- 4.4 at 10 min and 6.2 micrograms X ml-1 at 30 min. After thiopental the EEG record showed an increase in delta activity and in four patients a burst suppression pattern was seen. The duration of burst suppression activity was variable (130 to 367 seconds) but in all instances cortical activity had returned to the pre-thiopental level by five to ten minutes. Thus concentrations of thiopental of 10-30 micrograms X ml-1 were associated with EEG burst suppression and both were seen only within the first five minutes after drug administration. In contrast the carotid artery was occluded for considerably longer (26 +/- 4) minutes. We conclude that, since there was no sustained arterial-venous gradient, either arterial or venous concentrations are adequate for the study of thiopental pharmacokinetics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640399 TI - Assessment of anaesthetic action of morphine and fentanyl in rats. AB - In 150 Sprague-Dawley rats, morphine and fentanyl dose-effect curves were determined for the following three end points--prevention of purposeful movement response to a noxious stimulus (PM), loss of righting reflex (RR), and prevention of heart rate increase to a noxious stimulus (HR). Accordingly, for each agent, three series of experiments were performed with intravenous administration of the following doses: morphine--3-10 mg X kg-1 for PM, 3-10 mg X kg-1 for HR, 35-55 mg X kg-1 for RR; fentanyl - 5-15 micrograms X kg-1 for PM, 18-30 micrograms X kg-1 for RR, 200-400 micrograms X kg-1 for HR. Dose-effect curves were calculated with the use of probit procedure and potency ratios were determined on the bases of ED50 values. It was found that potency ratios of morphine and fentanyl are different for the studied end points. The ratios of RR ED50 to PM ED50 were 7.8 for morphine vs 2.4 for fentanyl (p less than 0.001), the ratios of HR ED50 to PM ED50 were 1 and 33, respectively (p less than 0.001). These results suggest that blockade of movement response to noxious stimulation (which is usually regarded as an index for analgesic action of opioids) and blockade of heart rate increase to noxious stimulation (which is one of the goals of anaesthesia) is not necessarily induced by intravenous narcotic anaesthetics through the same mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640400 TI - Postoperative malignant hyperthermia and dantrolene therapy. AB - A case of malignant hyperthermia (MH) in a three-year eight-month-old girl is presented. Definite symptoms of MH developed in the awake patient 30 min after termination of anaesthesia which had lasted five hours. This postoperative MH episode resolved promptly following intravenous administration of dantrolene (2.5 mg X kg-1 initially, followed by 5 mg X kg-1 over 12 hours). Results of serial serum samples revealed a steady increase in creatine kinase (CK) concentration with the highest value being observed at the second day, despite dantrolene therapy. The unusual occurrence of MH in the postoperative period, when the major effects of anaesthesia were no longer an important consideration, is discussed with regard to the "human stress syndrome." The necessity to give this information to people usually not familiar in diagnosing MH (e.g., medical personnel in surgical wards) is stressed. PMID- 6640402 TI - Safety of anaesthesia breathing circuit connectors. AB - Conical connectors used in anaesthesia breathing circuits are prone to accidental disconnections. We tested 291 connectors of 15 and 22 mm size and found that most did not comply with dimensional requirements in voluntary standards such as those issued by the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). However, measurements of disconnecting force showed no strong correlation with dimensional accuracy as determined by the standard gauge tests. When wrung together, metal-to-metal or plastic-to-plastic joints were considerably stronger than metal-to-plastic joints. Wrung joints were much stronger than connections made with a straight push, which showed no marked dependence on the type of material. Our results indicate that improved compliance with dimensional standards as determined by existing gauge tests will not improve connector performance. Rather, what is needed is a performance standard based on practical criteria. Under such a standard, some materials may prove unsuitable for friction-fit connections. PMID- 6640401 TI - Substitution of the "group-and-screen" for the full crossmatch in elective operations. AB - For many years, the crossmatch has served as the pretransfusion determinant of compatibility between recipient and donor. The majority of units of blood crossmatched for elective surgical procedures are not used and many antibodies detected in the crossmatch are not of clinical significance. Motivated by the need to eliminate testing that does not significantly enhance the provision of a safe product, the necessity for doing crossmatches has been questioned. Recent studies indicate that the substitution of the "group-and-screen" for the complete crossmatch represents an acceptable approach to the provision of blood for many elective surgical procedures. The benefit of this approach is significant: blood is utilized more efficiently and the blood bank has a reduction in workload. The risk is very minimal: only one of several thousand transfusions will be given to patients with previously undetected alloantibodies; and recent evidence indicates that such incompatibilities have little clinical impact. PMID- 6640403 TI - A vapourizer interlocking system. PMID- 6640404 TI - Modern infusion pumps: are they accurate? AB - This study examined the volumetric accuracy of six infusion pumps currently available in Canada. Volumes delivered by all pumps over a range of 20-200 ml an hour were within five per cent of their indicated values. The pumps proved to be consistent and unaffected by the height of the infusion bag above the pump or by differing cannulae sizes. A discussion of some of the infusion methods for obtaining clinical accuracy is included. PMID- 6640405 TI - Experience with parents' presence during anaesthesia induction in children. PMID- 6640406 TI - Hazard of interchangeable oxygen connectors. PMID- 6640407 TI - Anticholinergic premedication for infants and children (the oculocardiac reflex) PMID- 6640408 TI - The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of total plasma protein in the diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis. AB - We analyzed the value of total plasma protein in the diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in dairy cattle using the concept of sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of a test. Cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis surgically confirmed at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine served as cases, while cows surgically explored for other abdominal diseases that might be confused with traumatic reticuloperitonitis during differential diagnosis were controls. The sensitivity of the total plasma protein in diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis decreased from 97% to 6.3% as the cutoff value for a positive test rose from 65 g/L to 110 g/L, while specificity increased from 11.3% to 99.1% over the same range of cutoff values. Application of these figures to predictive values positive and negative at various prevalence levels of disease is discussed. For example at the measured prevalence level of 37%, 76% of cattle with plasma protein concentrations in excess of 100 g/L had traumatic reticuloperitonitis. PMID- 6640409 TI - Mucociliary clearance from the calf lung. AB - Mucociliary clearance rate constants for ten calves were obtained using Technetium 99m-sulphur colloid complex. The mean rate constant measured at the lung for all calves was 0.012 (+/- 0.009) min-1 (half-life 58 minutes). The clearance rate constants obtained from measurements made at the larynx were higher (0.02 +/- 0.007 min-1), although not significantly higher, than those determined from measurements taken at the lung. The constants can be used to predict the particle burden on the lungs of calves kept under husbandry systems of varying air hygiene. PMID- 6640410 TI - The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria from pneumonic cattle lungs. AB - One hundred and forty-four lungs obtained postmortem from cattle with pneumonia were cultured for anaerobic bacteria. Forty-five lungs yielded 73 anaerobic isolates belonging to 20 species. The number of isolations of anaerobes from acute fibrinous or suppurative bronchopneumonias (32.5%) was slightly lower than from similar chronic bronchopneumonias (36.5%). Anaerobes were not recovered from 15 lungs showing macroscopic changes not of bacterial origin, nor from 13 healthy lungs. The predominant genera isolated were Bacteroides, Peptococcus, Fusobacterium and Clostridium. The most common species were P. indolicus (15 isolates), B. asaccharolyticus (nine), F. necrophorum (six), C. perfringens (four) and B. fragilis (four). There was a significant correlation between the presence of Corynebacterium pyogenes (p less than 0.001) or Escherichia coli (p less than 0.01) and the presence of anaerobes in the lungs. The isolated anaerobic bacteria were generally susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin G, cefoxitin, cephalothin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline and metronidazole. The B. fragilis and C. perfringens isolates showed multiple antibiotic resistance, and five P. indolicus isolates were resistant to tetracycline. PMID- 6640411 TI - Echocardiographic assessment of cats anesthetized with xylazine-sodium pentobarbital. AB - Left ventricular echocardiographic parameters in cats were recorded, measured and analyzed to study the effects of a combination of xylazine and sodium pentobarbital on left ventricular function. The depressant effects of a combination of xylazine and sodium pentobarbital on the left ventricular dimension at end diastole, the percent change in minor diameter and the velocity of circumferential fibre shortening were compared to echocardiographic values of unanesthetized cats. No change in heart rate was noted. Stroke volume and cardiac output were depressed. PMID- 6640412 TI - Halothane and halothane/succinylcholine induced malignant hyperthermia (porcine stress syndrome) in a population of Ontario boars. AB - This paper recounts a study of the prevalence of malignant hyperthermia in a population of boars entering the Record of Performance Test Station at New Hamburg, Ontario over a period of ten months. The literature is briefly reviewed and an account of the present status of malignant hyperthermia (porcine stress syndrome) in Ontario boars using the halothane or halothane/succinylcholine screening tests is presented. It was determined in this population of boars that there was a 1.5% prevalence rate of malignant hyperthermia susceptible boars. This was based on a five minute halothane challenge carried out on 786 boars from 107 herds. The halothane reactors came from a total of eight herds or 7.5% of the total number of herds. A majority of 58.3% of the animals reacted after the three minute mark of the halothane challenge. In contrast, an 18.0% prevalence rate was determined using halothane/succinylcholine challenge on 123 boars. This further identified an additional eight herds with the problem, bringing the total to 16 or 15% of the total number of herds. It is suggested that the prevalence of malignant hyperthermia in Ontario breeding herds is much higher than was originally thought and that the halothane challenge is an inadequate screening test for this trait if the intention is to remove the genetic trait from the breeding herd. At the same time halothane challenge testing will identify those animals which have a strong susceptibility to the trait and if used on key breeding stock will help to maintain some control on the condition until a more definitive test is readily available.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640413 TI - Experimental T-2 toxicosis in sheep. AB - Lambs received T-2 toxin at a rate of 0.6 or 0.3 mg/kg body weight per day in a protein reduced diet for 21 days to study the immunological and pathological effects of T-2 toxin in sheep. Blood was collected before T-2 treatment and on days 7, 14 and 21 of the trial for hematological and biochemical examination and for the separation of peripheral blood lymphocytes for the mitogen assay. Myeloid:erythroid ratios were determined from sternal bone marrow samples taken a day before T-2 treatment began, on day 12 and at death (day 22). Lambs treated with 0.6 mg/kg body weight of T-2 toxin daily were leukopenic on day 7 and lymphopenic on days 7 and 14. Also, on day 7, the mitogenic responses of these lambs to the B-cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide, were significantly depressed and prothrombin times were prolonged. At necropsy, lymphoid atrophy of mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens was most marked in lambs treated with 0.6 mg/kg body weight of T-2 toxin per day. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of leukopenia, lymphopenia and lymphoid depletion in ruminants fed T-2 toxin. PMID- 6640414 TI - Haemophilus somnus: a comparison among three serological tests and a serological survey in beef and dairy cattle. AB - Serological tests for the detection of antibodies against Haemophilus somnus were carried out in herds of beef and dairy cattle using three different techniques: agglutination, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The agglutination test appeared to detect more seroreactors than the complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests. Results of the three tests indicated that there were more positive reactors in beef cattle and dairy cattle from infected herds than in dairy cattle from clinically normal herds. PMID- 6640415 TI - Influenza hemagglutination inhibiting activity in respiratory mucus from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (heaves syndrome). AB - Samples of mucus from the lower trachea were collected from 53 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and from 24 clinically normal horses. Serum samples were collected from 35 of the horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and from the 24 normal horses. Samples were tested for inhibition of hemagglutination by influenza A equine 1 and 2 viruses. There were high levels of hemagglutination inhibiting activity against influenza A equine 1 in mucus samples from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PMID- 6640416 TI - Comparison of the 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol tests for determining Brucella immunoglobulin G agglutinating antibody in bovine serum. AB - The dithiothreitol test was evaluated as a substitute for the 2-mercaptoethanol test for determining Brucella immunoglobulin G agglutinating antibody in bovine serum. The tests were compared on 207 card-positive sera that showed a standard tube-agglutination titer of incomplete 1:50 or higher. The tests agreed within one dilution with 182 of the 207 sera tested for an 87.9% rate of agreement. When titers were not the same, those obtained with the dithiothreitol test were more frequently lower than higher than those obtained with the 2-mercaptoethanol test. Sixteen sera that showed a titer with the 2-mercaptoethanol test were negative with the dithiothreitol test and two that showed a titer with the dithiothreitol test were negative with the 2-mercaptoethanol test. Results suggest that the dithiothreitol test is not a reliable substitute for the 2-mercaptoethanol test to detect immunoglobulin G agglutinating antibody in bovine serum. PMID- 6640417 TI - A comparison of two enrichment and two plating media for the isolation of Salmonella sp. from broilers. AB - Twenty duplicate cloacal swabs and the intestines of 98 broilers were cultured using Rappaport-Vassiliadis and tetrathionate as enrichment broths. These were plated to brilliant green and modified dulcitol brilliant green agars at one, two and seven days. Salmonellae were recovered with greater frequency from tetrathionate plated to modified dulcitol brilliant green than the other combinations. PMID- 6640418 TI - Unusual phenomena during pregnancy in the cat and cow. AB - Unusual situations were observed during examination of pregnant uteri from a cat and a cow. The feline specimen revealed three corpora lutea at the surface of each ovary with three fetuses developing normally in the left and two in the right uterine horn. The right horn had been ruptured between two of the locular enlargements but the damage was sealed by the omentum. Three conceptuses were present in the cow's uterus. Two of these embryos, each with its individual allantois, were developing within a single chorion within one uterine horn. The adjacent tips of these allantoic vesicles were entangled into a complex knot which could provide opportunity for vascular anastomosis. PMID- 6640420 TI - Freezing point and melting point of barnacle muscle fibers. AB - The freezing point and the melting point of myoplasm were measured with two experimental models. In all samples, a supercooled stage was reached by lowering the temperature of the sample to approximately - 7 degrees C, and the freezing of the sample was mechanically induced. The freezing process was associated with a phase transition in the interstices between the contractile filaments. In intact muscle fibers, the freezing point showed a structural component (0.43 degrees C), and the melting point indicated that the intracellular and the extracellular compartments are isotonic. When the sample of myoplasm, previously inserted in a cylindrical cavity was incubated in an electrolyte solution, the freezing point showed a structural component similar to that of the intact muscle fiber, but the melting point was lower than the freezing and the melting points of the embedding solution. This was interpreted as evidence that the counterions around the contractile filaments occupied a nonnegligible fraction of the intracellular compartment. PMID- 6640419 TI - Omasal squamous cell carcinoma in a ewe. AB - A squamous cell carcinoma of the omasum is reported in a six year old ewe. Hepatic and local lymph node metastases were present. PMID- 6640421 TI - Phase-linked variations in the amplitude of the digastric nerve jaw-opening reflex response during fictive mastication in the rabbit. AB - The diagastric nerve reflex response to stimulation of the upper lip was studied in urethan-anesthetized rabbits paralysed with pancuronium bromide. Rhythmic bursts of masticatory activity were evoked in the nerve by repetitive electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. The amplitude and latency of the reflex responses during fictive mastication were compared with preceding control values. When stimuli close to threshold were given, the largest and earliest responses occurred during the digastric burst. When intense stimuli were employed, the largest responses were out of phase with the burst, although the latency was still shortest when the motoneurons were rhythmically active. Since the pattern is essentially the same as that seen during normal mastication, we conclude that the cyclical modulation of reflex amplitude and latency is not the result of sensory feedback generated by the movements themselves but is instead governed by the central motor program. PMID- 6640422 TI - Kinetics of uptake of glucose in rabbit jejunum: influence of sodium, unstirred layers, and passive permeation. AB - Failure to account for the effect of the unstirred water layer and the contribution of passive permeation will lead to errors in the estimation of the kinetic constants of glucose uptake into the intestine. It is widely accepted that variations in the concentration of sodium in the bulk phase profoundly influence the rate of uptake of glucose in the intestine, but the kinetic basis for this effect remains in dispute. Accordingly, a previously validated in vitro technique was used to assess the effect of Na+ on the uptake of glucose into rabbit jejunum under conditions selected to reduce the unstirred layer resistance. Varying Na+ had no effect on the uptake of lauryl alcohol and therefore on unstirred layer resistance. The passive permeability coefficient for glucose uptake was estimated from the uptake of L-glucose, of D-glucose at 4 degrees C, or in the presence of 1 mM phlorizin or 40 mM galactose. The permeability for glucose increased as Na+ rose. The values of both the maximal transport rate and the Michaelis constant (Km) were influenced by Na+. A linear relationship was noted between Na+ and the maximal transport rate; the value of Km fell as Na+ was increased to 75 mequiv./L, but Km did not decline further with higher values of Na+. These results support the theoretical predictions of the presence of both an affinity and a velocity effect of the sodium gradient on the intestinal transport system for glucose. PMID- 6640423 TI - Effects of desmethylimipramine and normetanephrine on calorigenic response and plasma noradrenaline concentration in warm- and in cold-acclimated rats exposed to cold. AB - Oxygen consumption and plasma noradrenaline concentration were increased significantly above resting levels in warm-acclimated and in cold-acclimated rats exposed to an ambient temperature of 4 degrees C. Administration of normetanephrine (1 microgram X min-1 X g body weight-0.74), but not of desmethylimipramine (1 mg X kg-1), resulted in higher resting plasma noradrenaline levels at 24 degrees C and increased the length of time required for the oxygen consumption to return to resting levels after cold exposure in both acclimation groups. These observations support a significant role of extraneuronal uptake in noradrenaline inactivation under normal physiological conditions. Calorigenic responses to cold exposure were not affected at all by treatment of animals with desmethylimipramine and (or) normetanephrine in either warm-acclimated or cold-acclimated rats, although an enhancing effect of these uptake inhibitors on plasma noradrenaline was evident in cold-acclimated rats. It is suggested that a peripheral-central thermoregulatory mechanism adjusts activation of thermogenic effectors so as to maintain a steady calorigenic response, appropriate to the thermal demand of the environment, to compensate for changes in perineuronal concentration of noradrenaline in sympathetic thermoeffectors owing to blockade of extraneuronal uptake. PMID- 6640424 TI - A fluorometric study of the possible role of calcium in synchronizing substrate metabolism with contractile performance in rabbit papillary muscle. AB - Based on the hypothesis that Ca2+ plays an important role in coordinating the rates of substrate catabolism with those of mechanical power utilization, experiments were designed to answer two questions. First, to what extent do the separate Ca2+ pools (e.g., Na+-Ca2+ exchange, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR] contribute to this messenger Ca2+ pool; and second, are the three catabolic pathways (glycolysis, beta-oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA] equally sensitive to regulation by Ca2+. To answer these questions, an assessment of the dynamic relation between metabolism and mechanical performance in rabbit papillary muscle was employed which used the slope (coupling coefficient: Mc) of the linear relation between the maximum oxidation of NADH accompanying an increase in contractile activity and the product of the peak isometric tension times the stimulation rate. Except for ketones, changes in superfusate [Ca2+] significantly decreased the coupling coefficient, suggesting a greater sensitivity of metabolism to mechanical requirement. Studies using ouabain indicated that this response was not attributable to Na+-Ca2+ exchange. Experiments with theophylline yielded two important results. First, the redox response of the respiratory chain can be significantly influenced by the available substrate. Second, the glycogenoltic complex associated with the SR may play an important role in ensuring adequate supplies of reducing equivalents and therefore may be a prime site for coordinating metabolism with mechanical performance. The data also suggest that glycolysis and beta-oxidation are more sensitive to regulation by messenger Ca2+ than the TCA cycle. PMID- 6640425 TI - Hypertension: cation transport and the physical properties of erythrocytes. AB - In recent years, many reports have appeared describing altered Na+ and K+ transport in erythrocytes of individuals with essential hypertension. Collectively, the interpretation of these results has been unclear. Our studies revealed that the active ouabain-sensitive K+ influx, the furosemide-sensitive K+ influx and the residual passive K+ influx in both human and rat erythrocytes can vary considerably among individual persons or rats and that these measurements alone can not be used to distinguish normotensive from hypertensive individuals. The only consistent cation transport difference observed was an increased Na+ permeability in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) erythrocytes. We have also examined certain physical properties (equilibrium density distribution and sedimentation velocity) of erythrocytes from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and SHR rats, since these characteristics may be altered in response to abnormalities of ion transport. It was found that the erythrocytes from geographically, environmentally, and age-matched littermates of WKY and SHR rats have identical equilibrium density distributions. It was also found that the density distribution of erythrocytes can vary among geographically dispersed colonies of the same strain of rat, and even among successive litters of the same rat colony. However, the sedimentation time required for erythrocytes to reach their equilibrium density was always shorter in the normotensive WKY samples than in the matched SHR. Utilizing a simple centrifugation method, we were able to clearly show that for any population of erythrocytes with the same upper limit of cell density, normotensive WKY cells always sediment at a faster rate than those of the hypertensive SHR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640426 TI - Inhibition of hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenases in the rat by calcium carbimide (calcium cyanamide). AB - Oral administration of 7.0 mg/kg calcium carbimide (calcium cyanamide, CC) to the rat produced differential inhibition of hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) isozymes, as indicated by the time-course profiles of enzyme activity. The low-Km mitochondrial ALDH was most susceptible to inhibition following CC administration, with complete inhibition occurring at 0.5 h and return to control activity at 96 h. The low-Km cytosolic and high-Km mitochondrial, cytosolic, and microsomal ALDH isozymes were inhibited to a lesser degree and (or) for a shorter duration compared with the mitochondrial low-Km enzyme. The time course of carbimide, the hydrolytic product of CC, was determined in plasma following oral administration of 7.0 mg/kg CC to the rat. The maximum plasma carbimide concentration (102 ng/mL) occurred at 1 h and the apparent elimination half-life in plasma was 1.5 h. Carbimide was not measurable in the liver during the 6.5 h time interval when carbimide was present in the plasma. There were negative, linear correlations between plasma carbimide concentration and hepatic low-Km mitochondrial, low-Km cytosolic, and high-Km microsomal ALDH activities. In vitro studies demonstrated that carbimide, at concentrations obtained in plasma following oral CC administration, produced only 19% inhibition of low-Km mitochondrial ALDH and no inhibition of low-Km cytosolic and high-Km microsomal ALDH isozymes. These data demonstrate that carbimide, itself, is not primarily responsible for hepatic ALDH inhibition in vivo following oral CC administration. It would appear that carbimide must undergo metabolic conversion in vivo to inhibit hepatic ALDH enzymes, which is supported by the observation of no measurable carbimide in the liver when ALDH was maximally inhibited following oral CC administration. PMID- 6640427 TI - Increased mortality with cardiotoxic doses of Adriamycin after verapamil pretreatment despite prevention of myocardial calcium accumulation. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the calcium blocking agent, verapamil, could modify Adriamycin cardiotoxicity, and if so, whether or not such modification is mediated by a mechanism involving myocardial electrolyte distribution. The mean survival time of female New Zealand white rabbits administered Adriamycin was reduced by pretreatment with verapamil. Myocardial cellular calcium concentration, [Ca]i, in animals pretreated with verapamil before receiving Adriamycin was lower than in animals receiving Adriamycin alone (1.49 +/- 0.11 vs. 2.22 +/- 0.35 mmol/kg cell water, respectively; P = 0.05). Myocardial [Ca]i in control animals was 1.68 +/- 0.10 mmol/kg cell water. Myocardial [Mg]i in animals receiving Adriamycin alone was lower than that for animals receiving verapamil alone (15.6 +/- 1.4 vs. 19.2 +/- 0.8 mmol/kg cell water, respectively). When these drugs were combined, [Mg]i approached the control value of 17.3 +/- 0.06 mmol/kg cell water. Cellular concentrations of the monovalent electrolytes were little affected by these drugs, except for a reduction of [Cl]i by verapamil. Neither myocardial water distribution nor plasma concentrations of these electrolytes were altered by either drug. The data indicate that verapamil pretreatment increases the mortality associated with Adriamycin in rabbits despite the continued efficacy of verapamil as a Ca blocking agent after injection of Adriamycin. Particular caution must be exercised if clinical combination of Ca-blocking agents and anthracyclines is contemplated. PMID- 6640429 TI - Polychlorinated benzene and phenol congeners as inducers of rat hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in immature male Wistar rats. AB - The effects of the higher chlorinated benzene and phenol congeners as inducers of the hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes have been determined in the immature male Wistar rat by comparing the enzymic, electrophoretic, and spectral properties of the microsomes. 3,4,5-Trichlorophenol, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and pentachlorobenzene induced 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine (DMAP) N-demethylase, an enzyme induced by phenobarbitone (PB) and several PB-type inducers. Hexachlorobenzene induced DMAP N-demethylase and aldrin epoxidase, two PB-inducible enzymes, and benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, two enzymes induced by 3 methylcholanthrene (MC). This mixed-type induction pattern has been previously reported for hexachlorobenzene. The remaining higher chlorinated benzene and phenol congeners were inactive as inducers of the drug-metabolizing enzymes in the immature male Wistar rats. PMID- 6640428 TI - Comparative effects of adenosine and nifedipine in rabbit vascular smooth muscle. AB - The calcium channel blocker nifedipine attenuates the coronary response to adenosine infusion and reactive hyperemia in dogs. Other evidence indicates adenosine may dilate vascular smooth muscle with a mechanism similar to the calcium channel blockers. In isolated rabbit femoral arterial rings, we studied the interaction of adenosine and nifedipine in mediating vascular relaxation. We also compared the actions of adenosine and nifedipine in relaxing norepinephrine- and K+-stimulated tension, and Ca2+-free contractions in an effort to elucidate differences in the specificity of the two agents. Nifedipine (10-25 micrograms/L) was without effect on adenosine-mediated relaxation of femoral arteries. Adenosine exhibited a greater ability to relax NE-induced contractions and contractions in Ca2+-free medium than did nifedipine. Conversely, nifedipine attenuated K+-induced contractions more effectively than adenosine. These results suggest that adenosine and nifedipine have different cellular actions and that part of adenosine-mediated relaxation may operate intracellularly. Furthermore, the negative interaction of nifedipine and adenosine in vivo suggests that these agents might act differently in an in vitro setting. PMID- 6640430 TI - Increase in ventricular fibrillation threshold following blockade of atrioventricular conduction. AB - The threshold for electrically induced ventricular fibrillation was determined in anesthetized open-chest dogs, before and after blockade of atrioventricular (A-V) conduction. Without exception, the threshold was significantly elevated after creation of the block. The precise mechanism of this effect is not known at this time. However, it is apparent that when ventricular fibrillation thresholds are being determined, the functional status of A-V conduction should be established and maintained throughout the study. PMID- 6640431 TI - Calcium efflux from amphibian sciatic nerve. AB - Eight Xenopus laevis were injected intraperitoneally with 45CaCl2 and 16-18 h later an unbranched section from each sciatic nerve was removed. Efflux measurements of nerve from which the perineurial sheath had been removed could be described by three compartments of approximately equal size with half-lifes of 2.37 +/- 0.76 (SD), 30.3 +/- 17.3 and 196 +/- 61 min, the shortest lived compartment representing diffusion from the extracellular space with a coefficient of diffusion of 2.1 +/- 0.7 X 10(-6) cm2/s. Efflux from nerve in which the perineurium remained intact was characterized by a half-life of 862 +/- 399 min resulting from the sheath acting as a diffusion barrier of permeability 3.4 +/- 1.6 X 10(-7) cm/s. The perineurium was found to bind or sequester a quantity of calcium 1-2 times that contained in an equal volume of plasma. PMID- 6640432 TI - Prostaglandin synthesis by human amnion is dependent upon extracellular calcium. AB - Prostaglandin (PG) E and F output was studied in collagenase-dispersed amnion cells to determine the effect of extracellular Ca2+ upon PG synthesis. In the presence of 2.5 mM CaCl2, PGE and PGF output (picograms per 10(5) cells per 3 h) by cells obtained at term prior to labour following elective cesarean section (CS) was 183 +/- 39 and 127 +/- 23, respectively. This increased to 435 +/- 111 (p less than 0.025) and 241 +/- 49 (p = 0.056) from cells obtained after spontaneous labour and delivery at term (SL). Exclusion of CaCl2 from the medium (plus 0.1 mM EGTA) significantly reduced (p less than 0.025) PGE output in CS and SL cells (83 +/- 22 and 183 +/- 47, respectively) and PGF output in CS cells (70 +/- 17). PGE output in both CS and SL cells was unchanged when CaCl2 concentrations in the medium were decreased from 2.5 to 0.25 mM, but significantly attenuated (p less than 0.01) when extracellular CaCl2 was decreased from 0.25 to 0 mM. The voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel blocker, D-600, decreased PGE output in the presence of (2.5 mM) CaCl2 to levels observed in the absence of CaCl2. Ionophore A23187 restored PGE output in the presence of D-600 and Ca2+. PGE output from CS amnion cells was stimulated by A23187 and elevated extracellular K+ (40 mM). In each case, exclusion of CaCl2 from the medium eliminated the response. These results suggest that PG output by human amnion is dependent, in part, upon the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and that Ca2+ may enter the cell via a potential-sensitive mechanism. PMID- 6640433 TI - Calcium antagonist blockade of slow action potentials in cultured chick heart cells. AB - The effects of four Ca antagonists, bepridil, diltiazem, nifedipine, and verapamil, on slow channels were studied in cultured cell reaggregates prepared from 14-day-old chick embryonic hearts. The cell membrane was partially depolarized to about -45 mV by using 22 mM KCl to inactivate the fast Na+ channels. Slow action potentials were induced by 10(-6) M isoproterenol with electrical stimulation. Cumulative dose-response curves for the effect of the four drugs on the blocking of slow action potentials (using Vmax as the indicator) were analyzed by Hill plots. The dose values for 50% of maximal effect, at a stimulation frequency of 60/min, were (in order of decreasing potencies) as follows: 5.2 X 10(-9) M for nifedipine, 3.1 X 10(-7) M for diltiazem, 1.2 X 10(-6) M for verapamil, and 5.1 X 10(-6) M for bepridil. The effect of all four Ca antagonists showed use (or frequency)-dependency, i.e., the drugs were more effective at higher stimulation rates. This may reflect a blocking action of the drugs on the nonresting states of the channels and (or) a slowing of the recovery kinetics of the channels from the inactivated state back to the resting state. In a separate type of experiment utilizing a 5-min rest period in the presence of the drugs, nifedipine blocked and bepridil exhibited some depression of the first action potential elicited, i.e., use-independent effect, indicating that these drugs may also act on resting channels. Thus, these four Ca antagonists have a prominent use-dependent component in their actions, and one or two may also have a use-independent component. PMID- 6640434 TI - Nonadditive effects of combined in vivo hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers in the Wistar rat. AB - Compounds that are known to increase the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenases were administered to adult female rats, alone or in combination, to determine whether their effects on certain substrate oxidations were additive. 3-Methylcholanthrene (3-MC) and pregnenolone-16 alpha-carbonitrile (PCN), known to induce different forms of cytochrome P-450, when administered together increased benzo[a]pyrene oxidation to the same level as observed following 3-MC treatment alone. Phenobarbital (Pb) and PCN when administered concomitantly increased benzo[a]pyrene, amino-pyrine, and ethylmorphine metabolism to the same extent as seen following PCN administration alone. Both compounds are known to induce different forms of cytochrome P-450. Nonadditive effects were also observed with Pb and spironolactone, as well as with Pb and trans-stilbene oxide. Treatment of adult male rats with either PCN or 3-MC resulted in significantly smaller increases in benzo[a]pyrene oxidation than observed in adult female rats. These results suggest that oxidative metabolism in hepatic microsomes is not the sum of activities of a number of cytochrome P-450s, but may represent the activity of a single predominant hemeprotein. In addition, it appears that the oxidation of substrate by a particular cytochrome P-450, in intact microsomes, is greatly influenced by the presence of another form. PMID- 6640435 TI - Specific binding of [3H]oxytocin in the female rat brain. AB - Because of demonstrated effects of oxytocin on some limbic system mediated behaviours, the specific binding of [3H]oxytocin to a plasma membrane containing fraction of rat limbic tissue has been studied. The binding of the microsomal fraction of estrogenized, female rat tissue was time dependent and saturable, with a Bmax of 2.5 X 10(-13) moles per milligram of protein and an apparent KD of 3.53 X 10(-8)M, and appeared to show positive cooperativity. The pH optimum of the binding was 6.0, close to the pH optimum for oxytocin-neurophysin binding; however, other results show the two types of binding to be different. The microsomal fraction did not appreciably degrade oxytocin under the conditions used for [3H]oxytocin binding. The distribution in limbic tissue of oxytocin degrading activity and of individual enzymes capable of degrading oxytocin has been examined and an interplay of enzymes concentrated in different cell types is proposed. PMID- 6640436 TI - Discrimination and identification of voicing and place contrasts in aphasic patients. PMID- 6640437 TI - Dichhaptic recognition of shapes and letters in children. PMID- 6640438 TI - Individual differences in cognitive abilities and brain organization, Part I: Sex and handedness differences in ability. PMID- 6640439 TI - Functional organization of the right nondominant cortex: evidence from electrical stimulation. PMID- 6640440 TI - The effects of focal brain damage on pragmatic expression. PMID- 6640441 TI - Perception of faces by patients with localized cortical excisions. PMID- 6640442 TI - Laterality and visual masking: interhemispheric communication and the locus of perceptual asymmetries for words. PMID- 6640443 TI - Contextual cues and release from proactive inhibition in young and old people. PMID- 6640444 TI - The effects of sensory limitations on hemispheric processing. PMID- 6640445 TI - Long-term memory and mental rotation. PMID- 6640446 TI - [Ontogenetic study of visual motor coordination]. PMID- 6640447 TI - Perceptual interference between spatially separate sequential displays. PMID- 6640449 TI - The alleged MD surplus: a need for superb data, national policy. PMID- 6640448 TI - Memory and search in loud noise. PMID- 6640450 TI - Penile ulcer and infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 6640451 TI - Human gamete research: where are we going? PMID- 6640452 TI - Free radicals and oxygen toxicity: a fundamental biologic process. PMID- 6640453 TI - Caring for AIDS patients: the physician's risk and responsibility. PMID- 6640455 TI - Cancer mortality in metal workers. AB - Age-standardized proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) were calculated for 10 036 metal workers in British Columbia with the use of information on cause of death and occupation recorded in death registrations from 1950 to 1978. Metal workers were found to have a significantly increased risk of death from lung cancer (PMR = 134). In addition, certain occupational groups of metal workers were found, for the first time, to be at increased risk of death from other types of cancer; these included leukemia (PMR = 356) and cancer of the rectum (PMR = 248) in metal mill workers, Hodgkin's disease in welders (PMR = 242) and multiple myeloma in machinists (PMR = 209). PMID- 6640454 TI - Carotid Doppler evaluation in cerebrovascular disease. AB - The Doppler technique has proven to be a useful noninvasive technique for evaluating the patency of the carotid artery in patients at risk of stroke. The data obtained from 246 carotid Doppler examinations were compared with the angiographic findings in the same patients. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were high when the degree of stenosis was greater than 50%, but occlusions were less reliably detected, with 8 (33%) of the 24 being misdiagnosed as high-grade stenoses. Carotid Doppler evaluation guides and accelerates decisions regarding further investigations, such as cerebral angiography. It helps one decide whether a neck bruit is of arterial origin and aids assessment following cerebrovascular surgery. It is not a substitute for cerebral angiography because it poorly visualizes both the posterior and the intracranial circulations and cannot accurately detect low-grade (less than 50%) stenoses or ulcerated arterial plaques. Detection of stenosis in a carotid artery in an otherwise uncertain case is an indication for cerebral angiography, so the Doppler technique will probably increase the number of angiograms performed. However, this technique is also useful in follow-up, being without hazard, and should, therefore, reduce the likelihood of unnecessary angiographic examinations. PMID- 6640456 TI - Toxic shock syndrome in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A case is presented of toxic shock syndrome in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Toxic shock syndrome is rarely reported in patients who are immunosuppressed, perhaps because such patients are often treated vigorously with antibiotics at the earliest sign of infection. The association in this case may have been coincidental. PMID- 6640459 TI - Revenue Canada plans new attack on management companies. PMID- 6640457 TI - Prolonged delirium without anticholinergic signs following amitriptyline overdose. AB - In a case of acute intoxication with a tricyclic antidepressant (amitriptyline) delirium was prolonged without there being prominent peripheral anticholinergic or electrocardiographic signs. Administration of physostigmine, repeated when necessary, reversed the delirium. PMID- 6640458 TI - AIDS in Haitian immigrants and in a Caucasian woman closely associated with Haitians. AB - In Montreal the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was seen in eight Haitian immigrants and one Caucasian woman who had lived with Haitian immigrants for 3 years before the onset of her illness. AIDS was characterized by opportunistic infections alone in seven patients, by opportunistic infection and Kaposi's sarcoma in one patient and by chronic generalized lymphadenopathy in one patient. Five of the patients had presented with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections 1 to 12 months before the onset of opportunistic infections. All nine patients were found to have recall anergy by skin testing for delayed hypersensitivity. Enumeration of the lymphocyte subpopulations in three patients showed a marked inversion of the ratio of helper to suppressor T lymphocytes. Six of the patients died as a result of the opportunistic infections; autopsies showed no recognizable causes of immunodeficiency. Thus, there is in Montreal a third clustering of AIDS cases in North America related to Haitian immigrants. PMID- 6640460 TI - US family physicians battling for their livelihood. PMID- 6640461 TI - [Geographic repartition of multiple sclerosis cases: application to the area of Eastern Quebec]. PMID- 6640462 TI - [Dental health of sixth year students (11-12 years old) in the area of the Community Health Department of Robertval]. PMID- 6640463 TI - Postpartum concerns of mothers and their sources of help. PMID- 6640464 TI - Sex differentials in mortality by income level in urban Canada. PMID- 6640465 TI - Mapping the severity of alcohol and drug problems in Ontario. PMID- 6640466 TI - Smoking and health: a survey of research in Ontario. PMID- 6640467 TI - Day care for handicapped elders: an evaluation study. PMID- 6640468 TI - Screening for undue lead absorption: correlation between lead and erythrocyte protoporphyrin. PMID- 6640469 TI - The legal case against fluoridation. PMID- 6640470 TI - Clomiphene citrate: nuances of clinical application. AB - The results of administration of clomiphene citrate to 507 patients in 578 pregnancy attempts were evaluated with respect to pregnancy rate, outcome, sex ratio, and life table analysis. The effect of dose and concomitant administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) was also assessed. The overall pregnancy rate was 38% by individual patient and 43% by patient attempt. A pregnancy rate of 61% was recorded for couples in which anovulation was the only reproductive problem. The abortion rate was 23% in a population screened by serum beta subunit hCG determination within a week of the missed expected menses. Many patients had multiple adverse fertility factors and fully 29% had been treated unsuccessfully with clomiphene citrate prior to entry into the program. The discussion includes results from the literature over the past two decades. PMID- 6640471 TI - Reduced pregnancy rates in AID women with unsuspected ovulatory failure. AB - A review over five years of 232 patients attending an artificial insemination by donor (AID) clinic was undertaken in order to detect abnormalities in ovulation patterns. Ovulation was determined by luteal phase progesterone estimations. Unexpected anovulation was found in 36% of the patients attending despite an apparently normal previous menstrual history and investigations. This group consisted of 22% who were anovulatory from commencement in the programme and 14% who became anovulatory during treatment. The cumulative pregnancy rates at 15 months for these two groups were lower (73% and 55%) than that for the remaining patients who ovulated normally (90%). A proportion (16%) of the latter group were receiving clomiphene therapy for anovulation recognized before entering the programme. The lower pregnancy rate could not be related to other factors influencing conception and occurred in spite of clomiphene therapy. These results should assist in advising patients on their chances of conception, preventing early discouragement but not encouraging long term insemination which may not improve the pregnancy rate. PMID- 6640472 TI - Quantitative evaluation of the spermicidal potencies of vaginal contraceptives with a transmembrane migration method. AB - The spermicidal potencies of four vaginal contraceptives, namely Delfen cream, Samtol tablet, Lorophyn suppository and Ortho-Gynol jelly were compared using a transmembrane migration method which measured the proportion of sperm that moved from a semen-drug mixture across a Nuclepore membrane with 5 micron pores into phosphate buffer. The concentration-response curves of all preparations were parallel. The maximal dilutions that decreased sperm motility to 50% of control for Delfen, Samtol, Lorophyn and Ortho-Gynol were 240, 160, 75 and 35 respectively. The trans-membrane migration method is a simple, reproducible and quantitative test for evaluating the spermicidal potencies of vaginal contraceptives. PMID- 6640474 TI - Characteristics, attitudes and personalities of AI donors. AB - The first 50 men recruited to an artificial insemination by donor (AID) programme have been assessed for their attitudes and characteristics using a basic questionnaire and a standard well evaluated personality inventory. The results have shown that donors can be characterized as stable and moderately extroverted people who come from a wide range of occupations. Their marital and parental status had no particular relationship to their desire to donate and most of them volunteered for altruistic reasons, financial remuneration being a poor inducement. Most subjects lived within the close environs of the Westmead Centre and preferred to donate during normal working hours. The inconvenience of donating appeared to be the most important factor in considering new approaches to recruiting semen donors. PMID- 6640473 TI - Prevalence, testicular function and seminal parameters in men with sperm antibodies. AB - A prospective survey of 289 unselected men, attending a male infertility clinic (200 subjects) or as donors presenting for an artificial insemination programme (89 subjects) was performed. High titres of sperm agglutinating antibodies (greater than 1/32) were present only in a group of (6.5%) of infertile men but not in volunteer donors. Low titres occurred with similar frequencies (12%) in both groups. The sperm immobilizing antibody test was less sensitive and more specific but of no additional diagnostic benefit. Patients with high titres of sperm antibodies had evidence of testicular damage with decreased testicular volumes, elevated serum FSH and LH levels and reduced sperm density and motility whereas low titres were not associated with any testicular or seminal pathology. These data suggest a sub-group of infertile men have evidence of spermatogenic damage and impaired sperm function associated with high titres of sperm antibodies. Immunologic infertility in these men may reflect either an underlying autoimmune orchitis or a secondary immune reaction following testicular damage of various causes. PMID- 6640475 TI - Treatment of sperm autoimmunity in men. AB - Positive sperm immobilization tests were found in the sera of 6.3% of 491 infertile men. There was a higher frequency of family histories of autoimmune diseases than for other subfertile men. Prognosis for fertility was related to results of sperm-mucus penetration tests: progressively motile sperm indicated a fair outlook--8 of 15 couples conceived within 7 months either spontaneously or with artificial insemination with husband's semen. Absence of progressively motile sperm indicated severe infertility - only 6 of 72 couples produced pregnancies. Treatment of the latter group by temporary suppression of spermatogenesis with testosterone or with Artificial Insemination by Husband (AIH) appeared to be ineffective. However, sperm immobilization titres fell and sperm concentrations, motility and mucus penetration increased during treatment of 14 of the men with prednisolone (0.5-0.75 mg/kg per day) for 4-7 months and there were three pregnancies. It is concluded that sperm autoimmunity in men causing failure of sperm to penetrate cervical mucus produces severe but not absolute infertility. Immunosuppression with continuous high dose glucocorticoid reduces antibody levels and improves semen quality. A controlled trial is needed to determine if this treatment is a practical method for improving fertility in men with sperm autoimmunity. PMID- 6640476 TI - The attitudes of semen donors. PMID- 6640477 TI - Studies in hysteria. AB - This paper describes how the idea of substituting "Briquet Syndrome" for "Hysteria" developed. It emphasizes the need to base the diagnosis firmly on clinical features and also the value of differentiating "polysymptomatic" forms (Briquet Syndrome) from "conversion" symptoms (unexplained neurological symptoms). Other studies have shown that there is a preponderance of Briquet's Syndrome in women, and that female relatives of patients have an increased prevalence of Briquet's Syndrome, while male relatives have an increased prevalence of antisocial personality and of alcoholism. Conversely, a study of female relatives of a male prison population reveals a high prevalence of Briquet's Syndrome amongst them. It is suggested that the association between Briquet's Syndrome and antisocial personality may explain many clinical and epidemiologic observations. PMID- 6640478 TI - Electroconvulsive therapy and the stimulus waveform. AB - The amount of electrical energy transmitted to the patient while inducing a seizure during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may vary considerably depending on the waveform of the electrical stimulus. The majority of ECT equipment used in the past employed a sinusoidal waveform for the stimulus. Advances in waveform technology have led to the development of pulsatile waveforms which are effective convulsants requiring a fraction of the electrical energy transmitted by the sinusoidal waveform. This paper summarizes the clinically relevant advances in waveform technology. The therapeutic principle of using the minimum effective dosage is emphasized. PMID- 6640479 TI - Electroconvulsive therapy and the seizure threshold. AB - The use of a pulsatile square wave stimulus for a large series of electroconvulsive treatments under conditions of routine clinical practice is compared to the equivalent experience with a sine wave stimulus. The literature indicates that both waveforms are equally effective convulsants. However, in this series, the induction of a convulsion was found to be much more difficult with the pulsatile square wave such that the rate of failure to convulse was four times that compared to sine wave stimulation. A number of variables that may affect the seizure threshold during ECT were examined. It is concluded that the benefit obtained by reducing the electrical energy transmitted to the patient with the pulsatile stimulus offsets the difficulty encountered in reaching the seizure threshold. PMID- 6640480 TI - Factors effecting the recruitment of residents: the residents' and residency directors' view. AB - A survey of the opinions of Canadian psychiatric residents (N = 199) and their residency directors (N = 13) was conducted regarding six hypothesized reasons for the decline in psychiatric career choice by medical students. The residents felt that the adverse effects of undergraduate education and the negative socialization experience in medical school were particularly important. Of less importance was the competition from family practice programs and medical school admission policies that pre-screened biosocial students out. Little importance was attached to the relatively low financial benefits of this specialty and to new immigration laws. The experience of negative socialization was found to be significantly more important to Canadian medical school graduates than foreign graduates. The residency directors placed less emphasis on the importance of undergraduate education than did the residents. PMID- 6640481 TI - Termination of pregnancy in teenagers. AB - This is a study of some epidemiological aspects of fifty-three unmarried girls, aged sixteen years and under, who were referred for therapeutic termination of pregnancy during the year 1976. Although the results showed that the overall abortion rate in Canada is much higher than in Newfoundland, the abortion rate in the 14-16 year age group is higher in the Province than in the rest of Canada. Secondly, the abortion rate for the fifteen year age group in this Province is higher than that for the sixteen year old girls, suggesting that more pregnancies in the older age group go to term. The rate of abortions among some religious denominations is significantly higher than in others. Urban living does not appear to produce an increase in abortion rates in these age groups. Interruption of schooling due to the occurrence of pregnancy is not a cause for concern in about half of this group. There is some evidence in support of the contention that precocious maturation is related to early pregnancy. PMID- 6640482 TI - Effectiveness of cognitive mediation and behaviour modification with hospitalized hyperactives. AB - This study examined the efficacy of behaviour modification and cognitive mediation in treating two groups of hyperactive boys in day treatment. The study marks a departure from other research in two main areas: a) the severity of the children's symptomatology was such that it necessitated their removal from school; b) the interventions employed were intensive and of long duration (10 months), as opposed to the brief, short-term efforts commonly reported. Multiple outcome measures were employed to assess the effectiveness of each of the behavioural treatments. The children were administered a battery of tests shortly after their admission and again prior to discharge, 10 months later. Six main areas, considered relevant to the syndrome of hyperactivity, were tapped. These were: impulsivity, motor activity, sustained attention, self-concept, field dependence/independence, and an overall hyperactivity rating independently assessed by a clinician. Results indicated that the two groups of children made comparable gains in each of the main areas studied. Moreover, the children of both groups were considered sufficiently improved by their clinical team to be discharged back to the regular school system. PMID- 6640483 TI - Preparation for the certification examination. AB - The authors present their view of the oral certification examination of the Royal College. They found that preparation for the examination was educational, and that the examination itself was fair. Some suggestions to prospective candidates are offered. PMID- 6640484 TI - [Suicides and attempted suicides in relation to the delivery of medical care: study of legal prosecutions in Quebec between 1968 and 1977]. AB - This study analyzes 39 malpractice suits based on suicide attempts of hospital patients in Quebec between the years 1968 and 1977. Both the age and sex of the victims, as well as the pathology involved, the site of occurrence, the technique used and the foreseeability of the event are examined. The study discusses the two main criteria that are used by the courts to determine liability for such occurrences, that is the foreseeability of the attempt and the possibility of its prevention. This is followed by an outline of the different factors that are considered by the courts in determining liability, such as the nature of the illness, the behavior of the patient, the site of hospitalization and the type of surveillance prescribed and exercised. This analysis illustrates the difficulty in predicting the behavior of suicidal patients. In addition, as demonstrated, it is often impossible to prevent these patients from committing suicide. In conclusion, it is important to recognize the difficulties facing those who do decide to sue, difficulties stemming from the requirement of proving fault on the part of the doctor or the hospital staff in either not foreseeing the event or in not prescribing appropriate measures so as to prevent its occurrence. PMID- 6640485 TI - A symptom based approach to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. AB - This study reviews the attempts of Carpenter et al to develop valid diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia by means of a flexible 12 point system of signs and symptoms based on the IPSS. The authors applied the 12-point system to 67 inpatients and obtained different levels of certainty in identifying proportions of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic patients: 80% of clinically diagnosed schizophrenic patients obtained 5 or more points. Kappa statistics revealed a 0.59 proportion of agreement in excess to chance between clinical and experimental diagnosis of schizophrenia, indicating the clinical usefulness of the 12 point system. PMID- 6640486 TI - Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in association with chlorpromazine ingestion. AB - A patient is described who was found to have the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) in association with chlorpromazine ingestion. Electrolyte abnormalities should be considered in patients who demonstrate behavioral changes while on chlorpromazine. PMID- 6640487 TI - Medical certification of the mentally ill. PMID- 6640488 TI - Is incest harmful? PMID- 6640489 TI - The characterologically difficult patient: a hospital treatment model. PMID- 6640491 TI - Ointment-based mechlorethamine treatment for mycosis fungoides. AB - The treatment of skin disease with topical mechlorethamine has been restricted because of the frequent development of contact dermatitis. A series of 43 patients with mycosis fungoides in Stages 1A (17), IB (22), II (2), and III (2) were treated with an ointment-based mechlorethamine, prepared by an anhydrous method. Complete clearing occurred in 26 patients over a 42-month evaluation period. The incidence of contact dermatitis was very low. Only 1 of 31 patients exposed to mechlorethamine for the first time, and only 3 of 12 patients with a history of previous hypersensitivity to mechlorethamine, developed contact dermatitis to the ointment-based mechlorethamine. PMID- 6640490 TI - Remission of rapidly growing desmoid tumors after tamoxifen therapy. AB - A patient is described with Gardner's syndrome manifested initially by an extra abdominal desmoid which was resected. The case was complicated by metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon and recurrence of several large painful desmoid lesions. In view of the predilection of desmoids to occur in women in their childbearing years, it was decided to treat these painful lesions with an anti estrogen, tamoxifen (20 mg orally, four times daily). This therapy led to a complete relief of pain within 1 week and a progressive decrease in the size of the desmoid tumors to less than 50% of their initial volume by the end of the second week. Unfortunately, the patient's metastatic adenocarcinoma progressed and was complicated by sepsis leading to her death. This case suggests that the growth of desmoid tumors is under hormonal influence, a suggestion which deserves further investigation. PMID- 6640492 TI - Patterns of care study: Hodgkin's disease relapse rates and adequacy of portals. AB - The Patterns of Care Study (PCS) has noted differences in stage adjusted relative relapse rates for Hodgkin's disease in four large facilities; the rates vary from 0% to 11% for infield or marginal recurrence (P = 0.003), and from 10% to 39% for any relapse (P = 0.0006) among these facilities. These differences in outcome were not attributable to variation in patient workup, treatment method, or radiation dose. A resurvey of 181 of these records of patients treated with radiation therapy for cure, in which portal films were available for review, indicates that treatment portal films did not encompass the disease adequately in 66 patients. When this occurred, there was a 50% overall relapse rate with 32% recurrence either infield or marginal. Chemotherapy tended to obscure the effect of inadequate technology, and when the 26 patients receiving chemotherapy as part of their initial treatment were excluded, inadequate margins were followed by even higher rates of relapse. For the subgroup of patients treated with radiation therapy alone, inadequate margins were associated with a 54% overall relapse rate, of which 33% were infield or marginal recurrence. When the portal films for patients treated with radiation therapy only were judged to be adequate, the total rate of any relapse was 14%, with 7% infield or marginal recurrence. PCS data indicate there is a critical need for accurate inclusion of Hodgkin's disease in the treatment portals; that marked facility differences exist in this technical process; and that skilled independent observers can reliably identify inaccurate technical performance. PMID- 6640493 TI - Autologous serologic responses in glioma patients. Correlation with tumor grade and survival. AB - The serologic responses of 42 patients with gliomas have been evaluated in a quantitative microcytotoxicity assay utilizing autologous cultured glioma cells. Forty-five percent of patients had detectable cytotoxic antibody apparently directed to their own cultured cells. When tumor grade was correlated with immune response, 15/20 patients with Grade I, II and III astrocytomas had antigens detectable in autologous sera whereas only 5/22 patients with Grade IV astrocytomas had such responses. None of the autologous fibroblasts from the 15 patients with paired gliomas and fibroblast lines had membrane antigens detectable using autologous sera and fibroblast absorption did not reduce antiglioma activity. Thus, the cytotoxicity observed in this assay appears to be restricted to tumor cells, suggesting reactivity against tumor-associated antigen. In addition, it appears that these immune responses are highly correlated with survival in primary malignant brain tumor patients. PMID- 6640494 TI - Synthesis of thyroglobulin in thyroid carcinoma patients after radioiodine therapy. AB - Endogenously radioiodinated thyroglobulin (Tg) and the serum concentration of Tg have been measured in patients with metastatic thyroid carcinoma after therapeutic doses of radioiodine. Serial samples of blood were analyzed for both these parameters over a period of 10 to 22 days. The specific activity of Tg (cpm/ng) was calculated for each sample. Among the six patients studied, three showed constant specific activity. The specific activity of the other three fell, indicating the entering of newly synthesized Tg into the circulation. The respective amounts of Tg entering into the circulation in these three patients were 120, 852, and 20,935 ng/ml serum/day. PMID- 6640495 TI - Malignant lymphoepithelial lesions of the salivary glands with anaplastic carcinomatous change. Report of nine cases and review of literature. AB - Nine cases of malignant lymphoepithelial lesion with anaplastic carcinomatous change (MLEACC) of the salivary glands are presented. In addition to the cases previously reported in the literature, the total number of cases of MLELACC now amounts to 58, among which 39 cases were of the Mongoloid race with 30 Eskimos and 9 Chinese. Histologic findings are in accordance with Hilderman's original description, i.e., well demarcated cancer cell islands with the presence of occasional lumens found lying in a background of lymphoid stroma, and with lymphoid follicle formation and the presence of remnants of salivary ducts or even glands. Epimyoepithelial islands were found in some cases. Based on the above definitive histologic features and a better prognosis, this tumor is different from anaplastic carcinomas at other sites. These patients have a prolonged survival if there is early radical excision with or without irradiation immediately the diagnosis is made; or if there is early local excision whenever there is a tumor of the salivary gland and there is local excision of a recurrent tumor mass and excision of metastatic lymph nodes and distant metastatic nodules. PMID- 6640496 TI - Membranous nephropathy associated with an unusual phenotype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - The nephrotic syndrome is uncommon in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. When present, the most frequently documented cause is membranous nephropathy, although several other glomerular lesions have also been described. This report describes a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia of an unusual surface marker phenotype recently suggested to be associated with an increased incidence of proteinuria. Renal biopsy specimens demonstrated membranous glomerulonephritis. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated glomerular deposition of IgG and C3, but not the human T-lymphocyte antigen, T65, which had been found on circulating leukemia cells. PMID- 6640497 TI - Hypercalcemia in head and neck carcinoma. Incidence and prognosis. AB - A retrospective review of all head and neck cancers seen between January 1, 1975, and September 1, 1981, at Harper-Grace Hospitals, Detroit, Michigan, was performed. Of 1438 patients with head and neck cancers, 41 (2.9%) had hypercalcemia (calcium greater than 11.0 mg%) during the course of their disease. The incidence of hypercalcemia by site was 13 of 351 (3.7%) larynx, 7/280 (2.5%) pharynx, 19/733 (2.6%) oral cavity (floor of mouth 4/171, tongue 9/209, tonsil 5/176, palate 1/95, other 0/82, 2/26 (7.7%) nasal cavity, and 0/48 salivary gland carcinomas. Chest radiograph results were positive for mass lesions in 17/35 (49%). Bone scans and/or x-ray results were positive in 15/31 (48%), negative in 16/31 (52%), and were not evaluated in 10 patients. Of five patients tested, all had inappropriately elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) for their serum calcium level. The hypercalcemia was medically treated in 29/41 (70%), with return-to-normal calcium levels in 17/29 (59%). Twelve patients (30%) received only terminal care. Survival from the diagnosis of hypercalcemia ranged from 1 to 514+ days (mean, 80+ days; median 33 days). It is concluded that hypercalcemia is unusual in head and neck carcinoma. Furthermore, hypercalcemia frequently is a late manifestation and terminal event. Finally, hypercalcemia in some patients may be mediated by PTH production. PMID- 6640498 TI - The heterogeneity of follicular follicle center cell tumors. II. Clinical follow up of 30 patients. AB - The Kiel classification for the histology of malignant lymphomas distinguishes the group of follicular lymphomas as low-grade malignancies. Clinically, this proves to be a heterogeneous group. With the aim of establishing parameters giving indications for the prognosis of the patient, a retrospective analysis was made of 30 patients with a histologic diagnosis of follicular follicle center cell tumor (FCC). Neither the immunologic markers of the cells nor the stage of dissemination have prognostic significance for survival. On the basis of the predominating neoplastic cell type, a cytologic subdivision of the lymphomas was made, characterizing the following subgroups: SCC (small centrocytes with occasional centroblasts), CBCC/A (centrocytes with several centroblasts), and CBCC/B (centrocytes with many centroblasts), SLCC (small and large centrocytes), SLCB (small and large centroblasts). The actuarial survival of the total group of 30 patients was 66% after 5 years, but the survival in the cytologic subgroups ranged from 100% in group SCC to 0% in group SLCB. Comparing the groups SCC and CBCC/A with CBCC/B and SLCB gave a significantly worse prognosis for the groups with an increased number of centroblasts (i.e., CBCC/B and SLCB). Therefore it seems justified to treat patients with a predominance of centroblasts aggressively with the aim of reaching a complete remission. PMID- 6640499 TI - Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with a high serum Yersinia enterocolitica titer. A case report. AB - An old man with systemic illness initially treated with trimethoprim-sulfa, clinically, histologically and immunohistologically typical of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy (IBL) subsequently appeared to have a high serum Yersinia enterocolitica titer. The possibility that Y. enterocolitica has played some role in the course of IBL in this case is considered. PMID- 6640500 TI - Primary hepatic or hepatosplenic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children. AB - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma confined to the liver is unusual in adults and has not been reported in children. Two children with primary hepatic and one with hepatosplenic NHL are described. All three patients are males, and both tumors examined for cell surface markers were of B-cell origin. Two patients, treated with chemotherapy and radiation, developed disseminated disease and died with 7 months of diagnosis. A third patient treated aggressively with radiotherapy and multiagent chemotherapy (LSA2-L2 protocol) remains in complete continuous remission 22 months after initiation of therapy. Hepatic NHL, even if well localized at diagnosis appears to warrant an aggressive therapeutic approach. PMID- 6640501 TI - Adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Correlation of cell surface marker phenotype with prognosis, the new working formulation, and the Rappaport and Lukes-Collins histomorphologic schemes. AB - The interrelationships between histomorphologic classification, cell surface marker phenotype and prognosis were prospectively studied in 130 adults with non Hodgkin's lymphomas. Within each of the classification schemes used there were certain histologic variants that exhibited heterogeneity of cell lineage as well as those that were extremely uniform. Diffuse lymphomas with cell populations consisting of large cells, or mixtures of large and small cells were the most heterogeneous phenotypically and were most resistant to precise definition of immunologic cell lineage. The new Working Formulation for Clinical Usage likewise exhibited considerable heterogeneity of phenotype even within well defined histomorphologic categories. Two immunologic phenotypic variables that conferred a significant favorable prognosis were the expression of surface membrane immunoglobulin (B derivation) and the simultaneous expression of a membrane mu and delta immunoglobulin heavy chain. The results of this study suggest that cell surface marker phenotypic determinations have well defined and potentially useful correlations with histomorphologic classification schemes, and are useful in predicting biologic behavior and prognosis. It is suggested that a knowledge of both immunologic phenotype and histomorphologic characteristics is necessary in formulating therapeutic decisions. PMID- 6640502 TI - Serum ferritin in relation to the course of Hodgkin's disease. AB - Serum levels of patients with Hodgkin's disease were evaluated during the course of the disease. Significant correlations were seen in relation to the stage of the disease, to sex and to various hematological data. An increase of Fer levels during progression and a decrease during remission was observed. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 6640503 TI - Brain stem gliomas of children. A clinicopathological study. AB - To determine the risks and benefits of biopsying brain stem gliomas of children, the authors analyzed the clinical and histopathological features of 27 children with biopsied brain stem gliomas and compared them to 26 children with brain stem gliomas that were not biopsied. In both groups, cranial nerve palsies at the time of diagnosis were associated with increased mortality. There was no operative mortality and low operative morbidity associated with biopsies, and 35% of the biopsied children survived 5 years or longer. Children with exophytic tumors and those who received more than 4000 rad survived significantly longer. When the histologic features of pleomorphism, nuclear hyperchromatism, and mitoses were present, they occurred uniformly throughout each biopsy, regardless of the sample size. Mitoses in the biopsy specimen were associated with significantly increased mortality. The authors conclude that the risk of biopsying brain stem gliomas in children is low, and that the benefit is the identification of those children who should be treated more intensively because of their poor prognosis. PMID- 6640504 TI - Carcinoembryonic antigen in gastric juice collected during endoscopy. Value in detecting high-risk patients and gastric cancer. AB - In order to ascertain the role of gastric carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) determination in detecting patients with a risk for gastric cancer, 69 subjects were studied; 23 were referred for endoscopy because of dyspepsia but without obvious macroscopic lesions, 27 with duodenal ulcer, 11 with benign gastric ulcer, 8 with gastric cancer. The following results were obtained by subdividing the material according to the histologic interpretation of the results of gastric mucosal biopsies: (1) in the presence of minor histologic abnormalities of the gastric mucosa, CEA in gastric juice was under 100 ng/ml in all but five cases; and (2) in moderate or severe chronic atrophic gastritis (associated or otherwise with intestinal metaplasia or dysplasia), and in gastric cancer, gastric CEA ranged between 224 and 3120 ng/ml in all but two cases. Although not diagnostic for gastric cancer, gastric CEA is a promising test in detecting patients at risk, including those with dysplasia of the gastric mucosa. PMID- 6640505 TI - Occlusion and infection in Broviac catheters during intensive cancer therapy. AB - Before administration of intensive cytotoxic therapy, 90 central venous catheters were inserted into 80 patients with malignancies. Twenty-seven episodes of bacteremia and fungemia occurred during 96 treatment courses. The majority of these infections were due to gram-positive bacteria (45%) or fungi (22%), although gram-negative organisms accounted for 33%. Catheter occlusion occurred in patients receiving intravenous phenytoin, but blood products could be infused without difficulty. An increase in gram-positive bacteremias in patients with these catheters and drug-induced catheter occlusion must now be appreciated. PMID- 6640506 TI - Central nervous system metastasis from breast carcinoma. Autopsy study. AB - Central nervous system (CNS) metastasis was noted in 309 patients of 1044 autopsy cases of breast carcinoma. The brain was involved in 193 cases, and cranial dura in 167 cases. In 82 cases, the cranial dura was the sole site of CNS involvement. Metastasis to the leptomeninges was found in 59 cases, and to the spinal cord and dura in 32 cases. Metastases to the infratentorial portion of the brain was almost as frequent as to the cerebrum. Forty-two percent of the brain metastasis were single lesions, which is similar to the frequency of solitary metastasis to the brain from malignant tumors as a whole. CNS metastasis occurred more frequently in younger patients than older patients, and the clinical course of these patients was shorter than for those patients without CNS metastasis. CNS metastasis developed in the late stage of the disease, and often was not recognized clinically. Only 31% of the cases were clinically diagnosed or suspected before death. A median survival of these patients after clinical diagnosis of CNS metastasis was 33 days. However, a significant improvement was noted in the clinical diagnosis and median survival in the latter half of the study period. Eleven patients lived for more than 1 year after diagnosis of CNS metastasis. Only 14% of the 309 patients died from CNS failure. PMID- 6640507 TI - Systemic cancer presenting as diabetes insipidus. Clinical and radiographic features of 11 patients with a review of metastatic-induced diabetes insipidus. AB - Since computerized transaxial tomography (CTT) scanning at the Mayo Clinic (1974 1981), 25 cases of metastatic diabetes insipidus (DI) have been identified. Of 100 consecutive cases of DI of any cause, 14 were due to metastatic cancer. Diabetes insipidus was the initial presentation in 11 patients with systemic cancer. In the 11 patients, the most common sources metastatic to the posterior pituitary-hypothalamic region were lung (3) and the leukemia/lymphoma group (4). Although skull x-ray results were usually normal (9 of 11), CTT scanning results were abnormal in 5 of 11, including demonstration of pituitary stalk enlargement, suprasellar masses, or both. Metastases elsewhere in the nervous system were apparent in four patients. Anterior pituitary and visual system involvement occur in a minority group of patients. PMID- 6640508 TI - Leiomyoma presenting as prolonged fever, anemia, and thrombocytosis. AB - The manifestations of leiomyoma of the large bowel in a 2-year-old boy included prolonged fever, anemia, and thrombocytosis. This parallels the previously reported case in an adult. Awareness of these features may suggest the diagnosis in future patients, and thereby offer opportunities to study the pathogenesis of these abnormalities before surgery. PMID- 6640509 TI - Role of flavonoids in suppressing the enhancement of phospholipid metabolism by tumor promoters. AB - Quercetin, a ubiquitous flavonoid in plants, inhibited the incorporation of [32P]inorganic phosphate (32Pi) into phospholipid of HeLa cells enhanced by 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a potent tumor promoter. Among the flavonoids tested, luteolin was the most effective in inhibiting the action of TPA. Studies on structure-activity relationships demonstrated that more hydroxylated flavones and flavonols had stronger inhibitory effects. Quercetin and luteolin also inhibited enhancement of 32Pi-incorporation into phospholipid by dihydroteleocidin B, another potent tumor promoter. The inhibitory effect of quercetin on the biological action of tumor promoters is interesting in relation to the non-carcinogenicity of this flavonoid in animals, in spite of its mutagenicity. PMID- 6640510 TI - The carcinogenic effect of butylated hydroxyanisole on the stratified epithelium of the stomach in rat versus pig. AB - Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was given to pregnant SPF pigs (Danish Landrace) in doses of 0, 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg body wt per day for 110 days. BHA was mixed in the diet (pelleted). Hyperkeratotic and parakeratotic proliferative changes of the stratified epithelium of the stomach were found at various degree in both control and dosed pigs. Papillomas were not found and no changes of the glandular part of the stomach were observed. PMID- 6640511 TI - Effect of quercetin on two-stage carcinogenesis of the rat urinary bladder. AB - The initiating and promoting effects of quercetin on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in male F344 rats were examined histopathologically. No tumor or hyperplasia were observed in rats given 5.0% quercetin as initiator in the diet for 4 weeks followed by 0.001% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BHBN) for 29 weeks. Moreover, administration of 5.0% quercetin diet for 25 weeks after initiation with 0.01% BHBN for 4 weeks did not promote urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Furthermore, no lesions were detected in rats given 5.0% quercetin diet only. These results suggest that quercetin is not carcinogenic to rat urinary bladder. PMID- 6640512 TI - Triethylenemelamine: an initiator of two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin which lacks the potential of a complete carcinogen. AB - The dorsal skin of female CD-1 mice was treated with triethylenemelamine (TEM) to determine whether this agent acted either as a complete carcinogen or as an initiator of carcinogenesis. A dose of 0.01-1.0 mumol of TEM applied once a week for 32 weeks to the skin of the backs of mice did not produce any detectable tumors. A dose of 2.5 mumol applied once a week over the same period produced only a single papilloma in a group of 20 mice. However, when mice were treated with a single dose of 1 mumol of TEM followed by promotion with 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) twice a week, 88% of the mice produced papillomas after 28 weeks. Using the same protocol, a single application of hexamethylmelamine (HMM), pentamethylmelamine (PMM), or melamine followed by promotion with TPA had no significant tumor initiating activity. These data suggest that TEM acts primarily as an initiator of two-stage carcinogenesis. PMID- 6640513 TI - The suppressive effect of piroxicam on autochthonous intestinal tumors in the rat. AB - Male Lobund strain Sprague--Dawley (SD) rats respond to single doses of methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) with high incidence of intestinal tumors within 5 months. Some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can block the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs) and also interfere with tumor growth. A new class of NSAID, piroxicam, was added to the feed of MAM-treated rats. When examined 150 days later, there was a significant reduction of tumor-bearing rats and of tumors/rat compared to controls on drug-free feed; and there was no evidence of toxicity. PMID- 6640514 TI - Mutagenic activity of N-nitrosomethamphetamine and N-nitrosoephedrine. AB - The mutagenicity of N-nitrosomethamphetamine (NMA) and N-nitrosoephedrine (NEP), which were synthesized in our laboratory, was examined by the modified pre incubation method of Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98. Both nitroso compounds showed significant mutagenic activity in the presence of hamster S9. PMID- 6640515 TI - Elevated levels of a 17-kilodalton nuclear protein in carcinomas. AB - The presence of a 17-kilodalton nuclear protein with pI variants of 6.7-6.9 in solid human malignant tumors is reported. This protein was more prominent in the carcinomas sampled compared to the sarcomas studied. Small amounts were detectable in placenta, but not in adult human liver, suggesting that the protein may be the product of a gene involved in normal differentiation. PMID- 6640516 TI - Opioid antagonists inhibit the growth of metastatic murine neuroblastoma. AB - Naltrexone (NTX), an opiate antagonist, had an inhibitory effect on the growth of S20 Y neuroblastoma (NB) in A/Jax mice. Daily injections of 0.1 mg/kg NTX resulted in a 69% tumor take, 70% delay in time prior to tumor appearance, and a 60% increase in median survival time. Inoculation of NB in control mice resulted in 100% tumor take within 15 days. The pattern and incidence of metastases of NTX and control mice were similar. These results show that NTX has antineoplastic activity, and suggests a role for the endogenous opioid system in neuro-oncogenic events. PMID- 6640517 TI - Single-strand breaks in DNA of various organs of mice induced by styrene and styrene oxide. AB - Styrene and its metabolite styrene oxide were given i.p. to mice. The induction of single-strand breaks (SSB) in DNA was studied with the DNA unwinding technique. The level of SSB in kidney-DNA was a linear function of the dose for both substances. Styrene and styrene oxide induced an increase in the level of SSB in DNA of kidney, liver, lung, testis and brain 1 h after administration. After 24 h the damage remained on an enhanced level in liver, lung and testis after styrene oxide administration and in all organs except liver after styrene administration. PMID- 6640518 TI - Growth in agar and tumor formation in immunologically incompetent mice as criteria for keratinocyte transformation. AB - Established cell lines from 8 human squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) together with normal human keratinocytes, have been investigated for their ability to grow in soft agar and as xenografts when injected as a single cell suspension into immunologically incompetent mice. One of 8 SCC lines formed colonies with efficiencies greater than 1% in soft agar, and only 2 formed progressively growing tumors when injected into animals. It is concluded that these 2 criteria are not reliable markers of malignant transformation in squamous epithelia unless cytological criteria are also applied. PMID- 6640519 TI - Influence of surface charge and dissolution on the selective phagocytosis of potentially carcinogenic particulate metal compounds. AB - Substantial evidence has accumulated which documents the active endocytosis by cells of particulate nickel compounds having potent carcinogenic and transforming capacity; compounds less potent in these respects exhibit a reduced tendency to be phagocytized by cultured fibroblasts. The surface charges (zeta potentials) of a number of particulate nickel compounds were measured in an attempt to identify the determinants of their variable degrees of cellular uptake. The carcinogenic particulates, crystalline NiS, Ni3S2, and NiO, exhibit strongly negative zeta potentials in distilled water and enter cells readily, while noncarcinogenic amorphous NiS, which is phagocytized to a lesser degree, is slightly positive in surface charge under similar conditions. The greater dissolution rate of amorphous NiS in comparison to crystalline NiS may contribute to its reduced uptake by cells by causing substantial alteration of the particle surface and/or by the generation of particle dissolution products at its site of cellular interaction which inhibit particle uptake. Addition of ionic nickel was found to be inhibitory toward the phagocytosis process in general, although the potency of ionic nickel in inhibiting particle uptake is not sufficiently high to attribute the selectivity of uptake of nickel-containing particulates solely to this inhibitory effect. Freshly suspended amorphous NiS particles were phagocytized more than particles aged in either H2O or culture medium for 1 to 7 days. This reduced tendency of the aged amorphous NiS particles to be phagocytized remained following removal of potential inhibitory dissolution products. Binding of amorphous NiS to DEAE paper, which represented an alternate method to determine the surface charge, was decreased by aging in H2O or culture medium, suggesting that a loss of negative surface charge during this aging process may have been associated with decreased uptake. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that surface charge may play a role in the phagocytosis of potentially carcinogenic nickel sulfide particles. PMID- 6640520 TI - Simple method for quantifying pulmonary metastases in a murine fibrosarcoma. AB - A simple method is described for quantitating pulmonary metastases in C57BL/6J mice implanted with the Lewis T241 fibrosarcoma. Lungs were removed from tumor bearing mice, homogenized, and diluted to 14 ml with supplemented Roswell Park Memorial Institute Tissue Culture Medium 1640 (+5% fetal calf serum). Twenty-five microliters of lung suspension from individual mice were added to a flat-bottomed microtiter plate containing 175 microliters of supplemented media, pulsed with [3H]thymidine, and incubated for 20 hr at 37 degrees. The cells were processed with a multiple automated sample harvester and counted in a liquid scintillator. Total lung burden was extrapolated from measured radioactivity (as cpm) through the use of a standard curve. This method is reasonably accurate and precise and provides more quantitative information on the pulmonary metastatic process than most conventional assays. PMID- 6640521 TI - Chromium(VI)-induced DNA lesions and chromium distribution in rat kidney, liver, and lung. AB - DNA lesions were detected in rat organ nuclei following an i.p. injection of sodium dichromate. Kidney, liver, and lung nuclei were examined for DNA interstrand cross-links, strand breaks, and DNA-protein cross-links using the alkaline elution technique. The time course for formation of cross-links in kidney nuclei revealed the presence of DNA interstrand and DNA-protein cross links 1 hr after injection of sodium dichromate. By 40 hr in kidney, DNA interstrand cross-links had been repaired, but DNA-protein cross-links persisted. In liver nuclei, the time course for formation of cross-links after injection of dichromate showed a maximum in DNA-protein cross-linking at 4 hr and a maximum in DNA interstrand cross-linking at 2 hr. By 36 hr, in the liver, both types of lesions had been repaired. In lung nuclei, both DNA interstrand and DNA-protein cross-links were observed 1 hr after dichromate injection; however, by 36 hr, only DNA-protein cross-links persisted. No DNA lesions were detectable in kidney 1 hr after an i.p. injection of chromium(III) chloride. Chromium distribution in rat kidney, liver, and lung was measured and is discussed with respect to the observed DNA lesions. The lung and kidney may be more sensitive than liver to chromium-induced DNA damage, an observation which correlates with the reported toxicity and carcinogenicity data for chromium(VI) in both animals and humans. PMID- 6640522 TI - Variation in normal and tumor tissue sensitivity of mice to ionizing radiation induced DNA strand breaks in vivo. AB - The efficiency of DNA strand break formation in normal and tumor tissues of mice was measured using the technique of alkaline elution coupled with a microfluorometric determination of DNA. This methodology allowed measurement of the DNA strand breaks produced in tissues irradiated in vivo with doses of radiation comparable to those used in radiotherapy (i.e., 1.0 gray) without the necessity for the cells to be dividing and incorporating radioactive precursors to label the DNA. The results showed that substantial differences existed among various tissues in terms of the amount of DNA strand break damage produced for a given dose of radiation. Of the normal tissues, the most breaks were produced in bone marrow and the least were produced in gut. Furthermore, strand break production was relatively inefficient in the tumor compared to the normal tissues. The efficiency of DNA strand break formation measured in the cells from the tissues irradiated in vitro was much more uniform and considerably greater than that measured in vivo, suggesting that the normal tissues in the animal may be radiobiologically hypoxic. PMID- 6640523 TI - Relationship between antitumor effect and metabolites of 5-fluorouracil in combination treatment with 5-fluorouracil and guanosine in ascites sarcoma 180 tumor system. AB - The antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil (FUra) against ascites Sarcoma 180 was significantly enhanced by coadministration of guanosine, and slightly by adenosine, but not by cytidine or uridine. In advanced ascites Sarcoma 180, guanosine also enhanced the action of FUra, but adenosine, uridine, and cytidine did not. The potentiation of antitumor activity by guanosine was reversed by addition of cytidine. The antitumor activity of FUra was significantly potentiated when guanosine was administered either 0 to 15 min before or 5 min after FUra. Changes in metabolites of FUra after potentiation by guanosine were investigated. Total radioactivity in the plasma was significantly decreased 10 min after the combined administration of [6-14C]FUra (3 mg/kg i.p.) and guanosine (100 mg/kg i.p.) in comparison with that of [6-14C]FUra alone and was slightly decreased by coadministration of [6-14C]FUra and adenosine. Conversely, it was significantly increased by uridine or cytidine. The decrease in total radioactivity in the plasma caused by guanosine was completely reversed by addition of cytidine. FUra, 5-fluorouridine, alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid, and alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine were found in the plasma. Intact FUra accounted for about 55% of the total radioactivity. The proportion of metabolites of [6-14C]FUra was not changed by coadministration of [6-14C]FUra and guanosine, adenosine, or cytidine, but the proportion of FUrd was increased by uridine. In the ascitic fluid, the total radioactivity derived from [6-14C]FUra was decreased by its combined administration with guanosine, and it was reversed by addition of cytidine. This pattern was similar to that in the plasma. The main FUra compound was intact FUra itself (90%), and 5-fluorouridine accounted for 1% of the total radioactivity in the ascitic fluid. On the other hand, total radioactivity of [6 14C]FUra in the tumor cells was significantly and slightly increased by guanosine and adenosine, respectively. Total radioactivity after [6-14C]FUra in combination with uridine or cytidine was less than that after [6-14C]FUra alone. Incorporation of [6-14C]FUra into RNA was increased about 3.7 times by its combination with guanosine in comparison with FUra alone, and it was increased 2.0, 0.6, and 0.7 times by adenosine, uridine, and cytidine, respectively. Moreover, FUra-nucleotides were significantly increased by guanosine. The increased radioactivity in RNA and FUra-nucleotides of tumor cells caused by guanosine was completely reversed by cytidine. These changes in incorporation into tumor cells were comparable to those in antitumor activity against ascites Sarcoma 180. The potentiation of antitumor activity of FUra by guanosine was considered to be due to an increase in incorporation of FUra into FUra nucleotides and RNA in the tumor cells. PMID- 6640524 TI - Lysis of fresh natural killer-resistant tumor cells by lectin-activated syngeneic and allogeneic murine splenocytes. AB - This paper demonstrates that lectin-activated lymphocytes of selected mouse strains can lyse fresh autologous or allogeneic tumor cells but not the fresh normal cells tested in short-term 51Cr release assays. Murine splenocytes, incubated with concanavalin A for 3 days, lysed tumor cells from fresh syngeneic P815 mastocytoma, 102 methylcholanthrene sarcoma, and FBL3 lymphoma; fresh allogeneic 3LL lung carcinoma and MethA sarcoma; and tissue-cultured YAK cells in 18-hr51Cr release assays. Natural killer cells in fresh splenocyte preparations only lysed tissue-cultured YAK cells and not the other targets. Syngeneic and allogeneic lymphoblasts, lung, or liver cells were not lysed by the concanavalin A-activated killer (CAK) cells. The induction of cytotoxicity by concanavalin A incubation was abrogated by alpha-methylmannoside in the 3-day incubation, but not in cytotoxicity assay. Radiosensitive cells and adherent cells were necessary for the generation of CAK cells. The CAK effectors themselves were radioresistant, nonadherent, and mostly Thy 1+ and Ly 2+. The CAK phenomenon may be mediated by lymphokine production by an Ly 1+ cell, since depletion of Ly 1+ cells prior to activation abrogates CAK induction, and the ability of numerous mouse strains (and nude mice) to generate CAK cells correlated with their ability to produce Interleukin 2. The biological and therapeutic role of these cells is currently being investigated in murine syngeneic primary and metastatic tumor models. PMID- 6640525 TI - Correlation between initial and long-term responses of spontaneous pet animal tumors to heat and radiation or radiation alone. AB - Most early-phase testing of new therapeutic modalities involves analysis of initial tumor response as opposed to estimation of long-term response. In this study, the validity of initial response rates to predict long-term responses was examined for tumors treated with radiotherapy alone compared with heat combined with radiotherapy. A total of 130 pet animals with either squamous cell carcinomas, melanomas, fibrosarcomas, mammary adenocarcinomas, or mast cell sarcomas were randomized to receive either radiation alone (XRT) or heat + radiation (delta + XRT). Responses to treatment were evaluated by response rates and response duration. The complete response (CR) rates were consistently higher for delta + XRT than for XRT across different histology groups. The combined therapy led to prolonged tumor response in all histological subgroups except melanomas, which had a longer response duration when treated with XRT alone (p = 0.043). This was in spite of a relatively high CR rate in that group (100% versus 12.5% for delta + XRT and XRT, respectively). In contrast, while no significant improvement in CR rate was observed for dermal squamous cell carcinomas treated with delta + XRT (XRT = 52.9%; delta + XRT = 68.8%), a significant improvement in response duration was noted (p = 0.002). These are two examples where CR rate did not predict long-term response. When all histological subgroups were combined (except melanomas), the CR rate was higher (p less than 0.001), and response duration was prolonged (p = 0.031) for delta + XRT compared to XRT alone. PMID- 6640526 TI - Release of 3-methyladenine from linker and core DNA of chromatin by a purified DNA glycosylase. AB - Oligonucleosomes were isolated from [14C]thymidine-labeled HeLa cells by digestion of the nuclei with micrococcal nuclease and were then alkylated with [3H]methylnitrosourea. Nucleosome core particles were also prepared by further digestion of the oligonucleosomes. The distribution of 3H-labeled methyl groups in the linker versus the core DNA was established by a determination of 3H:14C ratios in oligonucleosome and core DNA. The ratios in the core DNA of 145 and 165 base pair DNA fragments were 5.2 and 5.4, respectively, while the ratio in the oligonucleosomal DNA was 8.2. Assuming an equal mixture (as determined) of 145 and 165 base pair fragments of DNA in the 185 base pair repeat, the relative concentration of 3H methyl groups in the linker versus the core DNA was 4.2. Thus, 45% of the 3H methyl groups were in the linker DNA, and 55% were in the core DNA. Some shielding of the DNA was evident during alkylation. The concentrations of alkyl groups on the linker and core DNA were 67 and 12% of that found on free DNA alkylated under comparable conditions. No evidence for preferential shielding of the major or minor groove was observed. The purified 3 methyladenine DNA glycosylase I of Escherichia coli released approximately 37% of the 3-methyladenine from the linker DNA and 13% from the core DNA. The limited enzymatic removal of 3-methyladenine in vitro compared to the efficient removal in vivo suggests that conformational changes of the oligonucleosome and core structure must occur for total repair. PMID- 6640527 TI - H-2 gene control of resistance to P815-X2 mastocytoma. AB - Some, but not all, mutations at H-2 loci can alter, in either direction, histocompatible tumor resistance in the model system of P815-X2 mastocytoma (DBA/2 origin) transplanted into DBA/2J or (C57BL/6 X DBA/2J)F1 mice. This hybrid effect has been shown previously to depend on the immune system. We have examined eight mutants at H-2Kb (bm1, bm4, bm6, bm7, bm8, bm10, bm11, and bm16, two at H 2Db (bm13 and bm14), and one I-Ab mutant (bm12). When one parent is an H-2b mutant (C57BL/6 mutant), the hybrid progeny (C57BL/6 mutant X DBA/2J)F1 may have increased (bm7 and bm8) or decreased (bm10, bm11, bm12, and bm16) survival times when compared to C57BL/6 X DBA/2J)F1 controls. Hybrids from bm1, bm4, bm6 (all H 2Kb), and bm13 and bm14 (both H-2Db) mutants showed no differences in survival. Several of the mutant molecules differ from those of the parental strain by only one or two amino acids. Apparently, these small changes in H-2 antigens are capable of altering resistance to a histocompatible tumor to produce an immune response gene-like effect. The availability of H-2 mutant strains and detailed data on the molecular nature of the gene products make the model presented in this report a particularly useful system to study. PMID- 6640528 TI - Heat-induced protection of mice against thermal death. AB - The possibility that the exposure of organisms to whole-body hyperthermia may provide protection against subsequent thermal exposures is intriguing and may play an important role in the clinical scheduling of fractionated hyperthermia. We used C3H mice to investigate whether whole-body heating can be used as a conditioning treatment to induce protection of mice against thermal death from a subsequent heat treatment. Our data clearly show that a conditioning whole-body heat dose (41 degrees for 40 min), by itself nonlethal, can give substantial protection to animals against a later heat treatment. The heat-induced protection is transient in nature: it reaches a maximum by 6 to 24 hr following the 41 degrees conditioning dose and decays by approximately 60% by 72 hr. The data presented do not shed any light on the cause of death following whole-body hyperthermia. Our results show clearly that the response of a complex organism to heat can be altered by previous heat exposure. PMID- 6640529 TI - Metabolism of pancreatic carcinogens N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine and N nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine by microsomes and cytosol of hamster pancreas and liver. AB - Liver preparations from Syrian golden hamsters catalyze the metabolism of the pancreatic carcinogen N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine largely to N-nitroso(2 hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine (HPOP). This reaction is catalyzed by a mixed function oxidase in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and oxygen at a rate of 3.8 nmol/min/mg of protein, and it is inhibited by known cytochrome P-450-specific inhibitors. A second potent pancreatic carcinogen N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) is converted to HPOP by hamster liver in which two enzyme systems appear to be involved. The first is a reductase associated with microsomes which reduces BOP to HPOP in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide at a rate of 9.1 nmol/min/mg of protein. The second enzyme is a cytosolic one which catalyzes the same reaction at a slower rate (2.3 nmol/min/mg of protein) and is more effective with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate as cofactor. Based on the amount of protein in hepatic cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum, the two enzymes may be involved to a similar extent in the reduction of BOP to HPOP in the liver. Pancreas, on the other hand, lacks the microsomal reductase for BOP but contains a cytosolic enzyme which catalyzes its reduction in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate at a rate of 0.35 nmol/min/mg of protein. Since both pancreatic carcinogens N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine and BOP are metabolized to HPOP in the liver at rates much higher than those observed in the target organ pancreas, it is suggested that the liver may play an important role in pancreatic carcinogenesis in the hamster by these compounds. PMID- 6640530 TI - Plants with potential to enhance significant tumor growth. AB - Of 20,000 plant extracts submitted to the National Cancer Institute antitumor screens from 1960 to 1980, over 95% exhibited inadequate tumor-inhibiting activity or promoted tumor growth. Of these, 50 extracts representing 42 species showed significant levels of tumor growth enhancement compared to controls on the basis of tumor weights when the extracts were administered to test and control animals dosed equally on the basis of implanted tumor weights. Because of the continuing threat of environmentally induced or promoted cancer in the human population, the species identified in this report are deemed worthy of studies designed to quantitate the risks of contact by botanists, hikers, plant hobbyists, and field workers. Even more fundamental, studies of these plants could provide knowledge of new compounds under the influence of which tumor growth is enhanced. Further studies might also reveal the mechanisms of this tumor enhancement. PMID- 6640531 TI - Role of corticosteroid hormones in the control of cell proliferation in residual tumor after surgical cytoreduction. AB - Changes in tumor cell proliferation in local and distant residual tumor were studied after subtotal surgical cytoreduction in three experimental tumor models varying in corticosteroid receptor content, cell proliferation, and animal host. In residual s.c. RIF-1 anf R3230AC tumors, proliferation was inhibited within 24 hr after 75% resection. Subsequently, intervals of increased proliferation, characterized by increases in tritiated thymidine [( 3H]-dThd) labeling index, primer-dependent DNA polymerase labeling indices, and S-phase clonogenic fractions, were observed. In RIF-1 "artificial" lung metastases. [3H]dThd uptake in tumor-bearing lungs increased by about 70% at 3 days after amputation of "primary" tumor-bearing legs. When dexamethasone was given every 12 hr during the postsurgical recovery interval, changes in [3H]dThd labeling indices and [3H]dThd uptake per lung indicated that the proliferative recovery was delayed until after cessation of dexamethasone treatments. Other studies with RIF-1 tumors indicated that postsurgical tumors indicated that postsurgical proliferation inhibition was dependent on intact adrenal function and that the initiation of postsurgical proliferative recovery was preceded by reestablishment of normal serum corticosterone levels and presurgical levels of saturable glucocorticosteroid receptor. The effectiveness of cyclophosphamide 5-fluorouracil after surgery was time dependent in residual local and distant tumor, with the most efficacious intervals being coincident with postsurgical proliferative recovery. Our results indicate that, in these experimental tumor models, changes in endogenous corticosteroid hormones resulting from the surgical trauma, cellular corticosteroid hormone receptor levels and cytoreduction may influence the time course of the proliferative response in residual tumor after surgical cytoreduction. PMID- 6640532 TI - Stability and capacity of dimethylnitrosamine-induced O6-methylguanine repair system in rat liver. AB - Repeated administration of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) (2 mg/kg for 3 weeks) to BD IV rats results in an increased capacity for the liver to repair O6-methylguanine in DNA, whereas other DNA adducts (7-methylguanine and 3-methyladenine) are not affected. In the experiments reported here, data on the rapidity of action of the enhanced system, its capacity after different challenging doses of [14C]DMN (0.2, 2.0, and 20 mg/kg), and the persistence after cessation of the DMN pretreatment are described. The results show that, after a dose of [14C]DMN (2.0 mg/kg), the increased activity acts very rapidly (10 min) repairing O6-methylguanine as soon as it is formed and that, by 2 hr, 65% of the O6-methylguanine generated in liver DNA has already been removed. Very little removal of O6-methylguanine occurs within this time in control rats not receiving any DMN pretreatment. The DMN induced repair activity is of limited capacity, since its effect can be detected after DNA damage induced by 0.2 or 2.0 mg of [14C]DMN per kg, whereas this activity has little impact on the O6-methylguanine generated in liver DNA by 20 mg of [14C]DMN per kg. Upon cessation of the DMN pretreatment, the enhanced repair activity, as determined also by the in vitro activity of the O6 methyltransferase, decays slowly, but after 25 days, the repair activity is still higher than control values. No correlation was observed between increased [3H]thymidine incorporation in liver DNA and increased O6-methylguanine repair, indicating that liver cell proliferation is not necessarily coupled with an elevated methyltransferase level. PMID- 6640533 TI - Further studies on the conversion of 4-hydroxyoxazaphosphorines to reactive mustards and acrolein in inorganic buffers. AB - The rates at which the 4-hydroxyoxazaphosphorines, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxyifosfamide, are converted to reactive mustards and acrolein in phosphate and bicarbonate buffers were determined as a function of pH, ionic strength, temperature, and buffer concentration. Conversion was first-order with respect to both the 4-hydroxyoxazaphosphorine and phosphate or carbonate serving as a catalyst. The catalytic constant for dianionic phosphate-catalyzed conversion of 4-hydroxyifosfamide to isophosphoramide mustard and acrolein at 37 degrees was 0.189 min-1; a value of 0.194 min-1 M-1 was obtained when dianionic phosphate catalyzed conversion of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide to phosphoramide mustard and acrolein was examined. A catalytic constant of 3.09 min-1 M-1 was obtained for carbonate-catalyzed conversion of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide to phosphoramide mustard and acrolein. Hydroxyl ion and water also catalyzed the reaction; catalytic constants were 2710 and 0.000006 min-1 M-1, respectively. The rate at which the 4-hydroxyoxazaphosphorines were converted to reactive mustards and acrolein in phosphate buffer increased as the pH, ionic strength, and temperature increased. The energy of activation was about 20 kcal/mol. Dianionic phosphate, carbonate, hydroxyl ion, and water were apparently acting as general base catalysts of the rate-limiting step (probably the conversion of the intermediate aldehyde to the corresponding reactive mustard and acrolein) of the overall reaction, although specific base-general acid catalysis could not be ruled out. Bifunctional catalysis of the rate-limiting step did not appear to be significant and certainly was not obligatory as concluded previously by our laboratory. Assuming that the oncotoxic specificity of the oxazaphosphorines resides with the 4-hydroxyoxazaphosphorines and that their cytotoxic effect at therapeutic doses is largely mediated by the reactive mustards released within cells, these observations offer the possibility that intracellular general base catalytic activity serves as an important determinant with regard to the oncotoxic potential and specificity of the oxazaphosphorines. General base catalytic activity varies directly with pH, ionic strength, temperature, and the concentration of the base. The influence of some of these factors on the development of cyclophosphamide-induced bladder toxicity has already been demonstrated. PMID- 6640534 TI - Biological and biochemical effects of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-(trans-4 methylcyclohexyl)-N-nitrosourea on two transplantable murine colon tumors. AB - Other investigators have reported that transplantable murine colon Tumor 26 is more sensitive than transplantable colon Tumor 38 to treatment with N-(2 chloroethyl)-N'-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-N-nitrosourea. The present report presents the results of several kinds of in vivo and in vitro experiments that were performed to compare the effects of this agent upon these two tumors or upon cultured cells derived from them. In the in vivo experiments, data were also obtained for the spleens, colons, and marrow of the host animals. In the in vivo experiments, it was observed that: (a) approximately equal quantities of 14C from the 2-chloroethyl-14C-labeled agent were fixed to the DNA of the two tumors and the three host tissues following a single i.p. injection of the radioactive agent; (b) in all of the tissues examined at 24 hr after treatment, the drug caused greater inhibition of the synthesis of DNA than of the synthesis of RNA or protein, and the extents of inhibition of DNA synthesis were greater at 24 hr after treatment than at 6 hr after treatment; (c) the inhibition of DNA synthesis was slightly greater for Tumor 26 than for Tumor 38; (d) although the extents of inhibition of synthesis of DNA by Tumor 26 and by the colonic mucosa were similar at 24 hr after treatment of the animal, colonic mucosa much more quickly recovered the ability to synthesize DNA; and (e) the agent had no significant effect upon the sizes of the pools of purine and pyrimidine ribonucleoside phosphates. Cultured cells derived from the two tumors retained their tumorigenicity upon reimplantation into mice and their differential sensitivities to the agent, although approximately equal quantities of the 14C of the radioactive agent were fixed to the nuclei of the cells. In the in vitro experiments, the main effect of the agent upon the synthesis of macromolecules was the delayed inhibition of synthesis of DNA by Tumor 26 cells. Several experimental methods yielded evidence that the agent caused strand scission of the DNA of both kinds of cells, and there was more evidence of cross-linking of the DNA of Tumor 26 cells than of Tumor 38 cells. These results are consistent with the possibility that the differences in sensitivity of the two tumors to the agent are due to differences in the extents of cross-linking of the DNA. This explanation would be in agreement with the proposal suggested by other investigators who worked with other experimental systems. PMID- 6640535 TI - DNA repair following ultraviolet and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea treatment of cells cultured from human fetal brain, intestine, kidney, liver, and skin. AB - DNA excision repair was measured in cell cultures derived from human fetal brain, intestine, kidney, liver, and skin following ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and N ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) treatment. Cells in early passages were exposed to 5 or 10 J of UV radiation per sq m or to 25 microM to 3.5 mM ENU. DNA excision repair was determined by (a) scintillation counting and autoradiography to measure unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) and (b) the UV-endonuclease-sensitive site assay to measure pyrimidine dimers directly. The level of UDS following treatment of these cell cultures with UV was both time and dose dependent. UDS also increased with increasing doses of ENU up to 350 microM but decreased at doses greater than 500 microM. Cells derived from human fetal brain, kidney, and liver appeared to exhibit lower (50 to 80%) levels of UDS following UV irradiation or ENU treatment than did cells cultured from human fetal skin or intestine. The loss of UV endonuclease-sensitive sites assayed in skin, liver, and kidney cells over a 24 hr period confirmed the differences observed by UDS in these cells. Skin cells removed 50% of the initial pyrimidine dimers from their DNA within an 8-hr period and 65 to 86% in 24 hr. Kidney and liver cells, on the other hand, removed only 28 and 32% of the initial dimers, respectively, over a 24-hr period. The data suggest differential excision repair responses following UV irradiation and ENU treatment of cells derived from different human fetal organs. PMID- 6640536 TI - Optimal treatment schedule and antitumor spectrum of 4-carbamoylimidazolium 5 olate (SM-108) in murine tumors. AB - By designing optimal administration schedules, it was found that 4 carbamoylimidazolium 5-olate (SM-108) showed an excellent antitumor potency against a number of murine tumors. The optimal administration schedule of SM-108 was an intermittent multiple administration, in which the drug was multiply administered to mice at definite intervals of less than 3 hr for about 1 day on Days 1, 5, and 9 following tumor implantation. Although usual daily administration of SM-108 exhibited poor efficacy, the intermittent multiple administration of SM-108 exhibited potent antitumor activity against a wide variety of tumors, such as Ehrlich carcinoma, P388, 6-mercaptopurine-sensitive and -resistant L1210, Lewis lung carcinoma, Colon 26 adenocarcinoma, and Sarcoma 180. Among them, Ehrlich carcinoma showed the most prominent susceptibility to SM 108. With the intermittent multiple administration of SM-108, complete suppression was obtained in both the ascitic and solid forms of this tumor over a wide dose range. The schedule dependency of the antitumor effect of SM-108 described above was reasonably explained by its in vitro growth-inhibitory effects and pharmacokinetics in the mice. PMID- 6640537 TI - Stimulation of rat peritoneal mast cell migration by tumor-derived peptides. AB - The accumulation of mast cells is characteristic of a number of pathological states. We demonstrate here the directional motility of mast cells in vitro in response to tumor-derived peptides. Rat peritoneal mast cells were isolated on Percoll gradients and maintained in serum-free medium containing transferrin, albumin, soybean lipid, and cholesterol. The isolated mast cells migrated under agarose in response to medium conditioned by any of eight tumor cell lines but not to medium conditioned by any of a variety of nontumorigenic cell types. The tumor-derived activity is dialyzable (cutoff, Mr 3500), stable to trypsin treatment and to heating at 56 degrees, but destroyed by heating to 100 degrees or by treatment with Streptomyces griseus protease or carboxypeptidase A. Ultrafiltration suggests a molecular weight of 300 to 1000. Two tripeptides, glycylhistidyllysine and N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine, were also found to be potent chemoattractants for mast cells. N-Formylmethionylphenylalanine and valylglycylserylglutamic acid (eosinophil chemotactic Factor A) had significantly less chemoattractant activity over the same range of concentrations. Several peptide analogues of glycylhistidyllysine were tested and found to have no activity. The growth of capillary blood vessels toward a growing tumor is generally preceded by an accumulation of mast cells at the tumor site. Based on the results presented here and previous data from our laboratory on mast cell stimulation of capillary endothelial cell migration, we propose an hypothesis that the chemoattraction of mast cells by tumor-derived peptides may be an important early event in tumor neovascularization. PMID- 6640538 TI - Isozyme patterns of normal, benign, and malignant human breast tissues. AB - Isozyme patterns of 23 different enzymes were compared in normal, benign, and malignant breast tissues; in MCF-7 cells; and in organoids of normal human breast tissue. Benign lesions generally showed isozyme patterns similar to those of normal tissues. Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5 was significantly increased in malignant tumors; MCF-7 cells had only lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.27). The mitochondrial form of malate dehydrogenase was also significantly increased in human malignant tumors; this was especially evident when comparing tumor and apparently uninvolved breast tissue from the same patient. The K4 isozyme of pyruvate kinase was the major form in most malignant breast tumors, but in only 41% of normal tissues, 30% of fibrocystic disease specimens, and 46% of fibroadenomas. A more anodal band of pyruvate kinase, probably a K3M or K3Kpm hybrid, predominated in most normal and benign tissues, but in only 63% of primary and 56% of secondary tumors. All specimens had predominantly creatine kinase BB, aldolase A4, and hexokinase I. Traces of aldolase A3C and of hexokinase II were observed in some tumors. None of the tumors had the Regan variant of alkaline phosphatase. The isozymes of lactate and malate dehydrogenases and of pyruvate kinase appear to be the most promising as putative tumor markers. PMID- 6640540 TI - Differential control by platelet factors of squamous differentiation in normal and malignant human bronchial epithelial cells. AB - Recently, we developed a nutritionally optimal medium for rapid clonal growth (greater than 1 population doubling/day) of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. Adding fetal bovine or adult human blood-derived serum to this medium depresses the clonal growth rate of NHBE cells in a dose-dependent fashion. In contrast, 10 representative lines of human lung carcinomas either replicate poorly or fail to grow at all when inoculated at clonal density in serum-free medium, and their rates of multiplication increase in direct proportion to the amount of blood-divided serum added to the optimized medium. Thus, the growth factor requirements of these lung carcinoma cell lines are significantly different from those of their normal counterparts. Blood-divided serum reduces the clonal growth rate of NHBE cells by specifically inducing the normal cells, but not lung carcinoma cells, to undergo squamous differentiation. The differentiation-inducing activity was found in platelet lysates. In addition, a growth-inhibiting activity that did not induce squamous differentiation of NHBE cells was also identified in partially purified commercial preparations of platelet-derived growth factor. This observation was in marked contrast to results using human bronchial fibroblasts and human lung carcinoma cell lines; the growth rate of the former was significantly stimulated by commercial preparations of platelet-derived growth factor, whereas the growth rates of the tumor cell lines were unaffected. These results indicate that an aberration in the cellular differentiation as assayed in vitro is positively correlated with cancer and suggests that decreased responsiveness to inducer(s) of differentiation may be a major aspect of bronchial cell carcinogenesis. PMID- 6640539 TI - Light, fluorescent, and electron microscopic analysis of cultured breast tumor cells (T-47D) treated with 9,10-anthracenedicarboxaldehyde bis[(4,5-dihydro-1H imidazol-2-yl)hydrazone] dihydrochloride. AB - The influence of bisantrene on T-47D human breast tumor cells was assessed by colony-forming assay in soft agar and by light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. Test solutions of bisantrene solubilized in distilled water or dimethyl sulfoxide were added to cultures at final concentrations between 0.01 and 60 micrograms/ml. Brightly fluorescent particles appeared in a concentration dependent fashion after cultures were treated with water-soluble bisantrene at concentrations greater than 0.1 microgram/ml. Similar fluorescent crystals appeared in culture media when concentrations of the dimethyl sulfoxide-dissolved drug exceeded 10 micrograms/ml. Clonogenic survival as defined by soft agar assay indicated significant reproductive impairment in cells treated with concentrations greater than 1 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.01). Nuclear and cytoplasmic fluorescence was evident in treated cells. Cells that survived 24-hr drug treatment displayed round nuclei with watery nucleoplasm when examined under the light microscope. Under the electron microscope, nuclei of these cells revealed fragmentation of the nucleolar complex and a highly electron-lucent nucleoplasm. Cytoplasmic responses, which seem to be relatively innocuous, include incorporation of the fluorescent crystals into lysosomes and some mitochondrial abnormalities. Crystalline inclusions engulfed by lysosomes were found in cells obtained from cultures showing bisantrene precipitates. PMID- 6640541 TI - High frequency of carcinogen-induced early, preneoplastic changes in rat tracheal epithelial cells in culture. AB - To study the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, we have developed a system that uses normal cells from an environmentally and epidemiologically relevant tissue, respiratory epithelium. The induction of preneoplastic variants of epithelial cells in culture was quantitated on a per-cell basis following exposure of rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells in vitro to the direct-acting carcinogen N-methyl N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Following treatment of normal RTE cells, large colonies of altered cells exhibiting an enhanced growth potential under selective culture conditions were observed, while normal RTE cells ceased proliferation after several cell doublings. After further growth in culture, these altered cells acquired the ability to grow in semisolid medium and to produce squamous cell carcinomas when injected into nude mice. The induction of enhanced growth variants of RTE cells by MNNG occurred with a high frequency (greater than or equal to 2.6%/colony-forming cell). In addition, a linear dose response curve with a slope of approximately 1 was observed when the logarithm of MNNG-induced transformation frequency was plotted versus the logarithm of MNNG dose. These results are consistent with a one-hit mechanism for induction of preneoplastic variants of RTE cells by MNNG. Similar frequencies and kinetics of induction of preneoplastic variants in other culture systems using diploid cells have been observed, suggesting a common mechanism for this early step in carcinogenesis. The RTE cell system will be useful for mechanistic studies of early as well as late changes in the development of neoplasia by epithelial cells. PMID- 6640542 TI - "COLO 357," a human pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma: growth in artificial capillary culture and in nude mice. AB - The human pancreatic cancer cell line COLO 357 has been xenografted s.c. in athymic Swiss mice. The xenografts grew well to form typical adenosquamous carcinomas. The cells were placed in a perfused artificial capillary system where they formed a solid tumor mass which survived for 7 weeks. In this system, the cells consumed glucose and released enzymes and carcinoembryonic antigen into the extracapillary space. PMID- 6640543 TI - Effect of calcium deprivation on the proliferation and ultrastructure of cultured human carcinoma cells. AB - The ability of cells to proliferate in the presence of low extracellular calcium levels has been proposed as a marker for malignancy. To further evaluate this marker, the effects of extracellular calcium deprivation on proliferation and morphology in culture were examined in eight tumorigenic lines derived from human cancers. With calcium reduced from 1.8 mM (HCM) to 0.02 mM (LCM), the colony forming ability remained unchanged in five lines, increased in line SK-BR-3, decreased partially in line C-4II, and was reduced to the level of nontumorigenic cells (by approximately 90%) in line C-4I. This atypical response of C-4I could not be accounted for by the presence of a subpopulation of nontumorigenic cells. In contrast to nontumorigenic cell, sparsely seeded C-4I cells adapted to growth in LCM with time. Like nontumorigenic cells, C-4I cells grew efficiently in LCM if seeded at high densities, suggesting that conditioned medium compensated for calcium depletion. The four tumorigenic lines with the least organized growth patterns in HCM changed least in shape, intercellular associations, cell surface, and cytofilaments upon exposure to LCM. Line C-4I, which in HCM expressed characteristics of stratified squamous epithelium, underwent the most drastic changes, including a redistribution of tonofilaments from the peripheral cytoplasm and contact regions to a perinuclear position. The results support the concept that most tumorigenic lines have reduced calcium requirements for proliferation. Exceptions, as illustrated by the limited colony-forming ability in LCM of the C-4I cells, may be related to the retention of a requirement for growth factors. PMID- 6640544 TI - Single-step phototoxic selection procedure for isolating cells that possess aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. AB - The development of a selection procedure is described which utilizes the fact that certain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are rendered highly cytotoxic when illuminated with near-ultraviolet light. Twenty polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were screened for phototoxicity and toxicity in the absence of light in the mouse hepatoma line Hepa1c1c7, which has high inducible aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity, and in AHH-deficient mutants derived from this line. In the assessment of phototoxicity, a period of time was allowed for the metabolism of these compounds prior to illumination. Benzo(g,h,i)perylene had the greatest phototoxicity in cells lacking AHH but was not toxic to cells possessing AHH either in the presence or absence of light. We show that, under conditions of our selection procedure, cells which possess AHH and thus are capable of metabolizing, and therefore of eliminating, benzo(g,h,i)perylene (as determined by the magnitude of the fluorescence of the compound in the cells) are resistant to subsequent exposure to near-ultraviolet light, while cells which lack AHH and are thus unable to eliminate the compound are killed by subsequent illumination. We show, furthermore, that cells possessing AHH can be selected from a majority population of cells lacking the enzyme by this procedure. PMID- 6640545 TI - Lack of toxicity of methylene blue chloride to supravitally stained human mammary tissues. AB - Methylene blue chloride (MBC) has been used previously as a supravital stain to facilitate the excision and subsequent transplantation of mammary epithelial structures by delineating them from surrounding connective tissue and fat, which stain less intensely. This study was undertaken to determine why MBC selectively stains epithelium and if it has any long-term toxicity to epithelial cells. Light microscopy indicated that MBC was taken up into cell cytoplasm, but neither thin section nor scanning electron microscopy indicated the mechanism of uptake or cytoplasmic localization. Spectrophotometry indicated that relative MBC uptake was greatest by macrophage and mammary epithelial cell lines and least by endothelial and fibroblast cell lines, offering an explanation for the more intense staining of epithelium. Toxicity of MBC to the cell lines was dose dependent and corresponded roughly to the MBC uptake capacity of the cell lines. Low concentrations were stimulatory to growth of some cell lines in serum-free medium. Comparisons of primary epithelial cultures from 28 pairs of MBC-treated and untreated human breast tissues indicated no significant effect of MBC on the growth of cells of any classification (normal, nonmalignant atypical, and malignant). These results confirm that supravital MBC staining of mammary tissues may be used with confidence that it will not bias the outcome of subsequent experiments requiring healthy, proliferating mammary epithelium. PMID- 6640546 TI - Differentiated features of a transformed epithelial cell line (TRKE-1) derived from dimethylnitrosamine-treated rat kidney. AB - TRKE-1 is a pure line of epithelium-like neoplastic cells derived from the kidney of a rat treated 48 hr previously with a carcinogenic dose of dimethylnitrosamine. Using light microscopy, the line was characterized by cohesive growth behavior typical for epithelium and the formation of hemicysts (domes) at postconfluence. Enhancement of dome formation by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate and dimethyl sulfoxide and inhibition by ouabain established these structures as a manifestation of differentiated cellular function, namely, transepithelial fluid transport. Structurally, TRKE-1 cells in monolayer culture were characterized by apical distribution of microvilli, cilia, and endocytic vesicles, ordered sequence of junctional components at the apical lateral border including tight junction and desmosomes, basolateral cellular interdigitations below the junctional complex, basal location of microfilament bundles, and a conspicuous content of mitochondria. Each of these features typifies mammalian renal tubule epithelium in vivo. The occasional profusion of microvilli; the prominent, apically distributed endocytic vesicles; and the well developed basal microfilament tracts suggest, in particular, that the proximal segment of the nephron may represent the site of origin of this transformed cell line. The various morphological aspects of renal epithelial differentiation were also expressed in multicellular tumor spheroids grown in suspension, with an accentuation of junctional complexes, endocytic vesicles, and intracytoplasmic lumina. In addition, this three-dimensional culture mode supported cellular organization into acinar profiles suggestive of primitive tubule formation. In confirming the epithelial nature of TRKE-1 and a possible identity with the proximal tubule, this study provides an in vitro animal model representative of chemically transformed renal epithelium which may be analogous to human renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 6640547 TI - Heterogeneity of protein phosphorylation in metastatic variants of B16 melanoma. AB - The polypeptide and phosphoprotein profiles of a spectrum of B16 melanoma clones of defined metastatic potential have been analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. To accommodate the documented instability of metastatic properties in B16 clones, in vitro biochemical assays were always accompanied by in vivo assays of the metastatic behavior using replicate samples of the same clonal populations harvested on the same day. To exclude differences in polypeptide and phosphoprotein profiles resulting from inherent variation in electrophoretic measurements made at different times, polypeptides and phosphoproteins were analyzed in unison for every clone, and a series of clones was examined in parallel in each experiment. Also, samples were electrophoresed simultaneously using a custom-designed apparatus capable of accommodating 20 two dimensional samples. When tested under these stringent conditions, the polypeptide profiles of B16 clones were indistinguishable. Significant qualitative and quantitative differences in phosphoprotein expression were detected in each clone, but no correlations were found between alterations in protein phosphorylation and metastatic potential. Over 200 discrete phosphoproteins were detected in each clone, but interclonal variation was confined to approximately 10 to 15 phosphoproteins. Expression of three phosphoproteins with the following molecular weights (in kilodaltons) and isoelectric points was strictly qualitative: pp96 (7.9); pp30 (8.2); and pp30 (8.8). In any given clone, they were present individually at equal intensities or were completely absent, but their expression was not coordinate. The data indicate that expression of polypeptide gene products is similar in B16 melanoma clones with widely differing metastatic abilities, but considerable clonal variability exists in posttranslational covalent modification of cell proteins. The possible contribution of protein phosphorylation and other posttranslational pathways in generating the extensive phenotypic heterogeneity observed in tumor cell subpopulations within the same tumor and in the rapid generation of new clonal variants with altered metastatic properties are discussed. PMID- 6640548 TI - Aberrant de novo methylation of DNA after treatment of murine cells with N acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene. AB - The ultimate chemical carcinogen N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene inhibits the enzymatic methylation of newly replicated DNA in cultured mouse P815 cells in a dose-dependent manner. After removal of the carcinogen, a significant de novo methylation of newly replicated DNA takes place, the level of methylation being higher than in control cultures. This aberrant methylation persists in the absence of N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene in subsequent cell cycles. Cellular cloning experiments suggest that N-acetoxy-N-2-acetylaminofluorene treatment leads to two distinct sets of cells, one with a higher and another with a lower extent of enzymatic methylation of DNA, contrasting to the apparent uniform methylation pattern in control clones. PMID- 6640549 TI - Phase II and pharmacokinetic study of aziridinylbenzoquinone [2,5-diaziridinyl 3,6-bis(carboethoxyamino)-1,4-benzoquinone, diaziquone, NSC 182986] in high-grade gliomas. AB - 2,5-Diaziridinyl-3,6-bis(carboethoxyamino)-1,4-benzoquinone (AZQ; Diaziquone, NSC 182986) is a rationally designed antitumor drug possessing sufficient lipid solubility to allow penetration into the central nervous system. Thirty-one patients with high-grade glioma and progressive disease following radiation, with or without previous chemotherapy, have been treated with 144 cycles of drug, consisting of 20 mg/sq m given as an i.v. infusion on Days 1 and 8 of a 28-day cycle. Responses were measured by serial computer tomography scanning. Of the 28 evaluable patients, 6 (21%) had limited improvement (10 to 40% reduction in tumor size) on computer tomography scan, 10 (36%) had disease stabilization, and 12 (43%) had progressive disease. The drug was well tolerated clinically, with little acute toxicity. The major toxicity was myelosuppression, which appeared cumulative, using this dose regimen. AZQ was measurable in both tumor tissue and tumor cyst fluid in patients on therapy. Plasma samples taken during the period of infusion confirm that 50% or more of the total AZQ exposure occurs during the infusion period. AZQ behaves as intended by design and demonstrates activity in this poor-prognosis group of patients. PMID- 6640550 TI - Governance of science at the national cancer institute: management of resources in an era of scarcity. PMID- 6640551 TI - Randomized phase II studies in advanced colorectal carcinoma: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group study. AB - 5-FU, semustine (MeCCNU), triazinate (TZT), and razoxane (ICRF-159) have each shown activity against advanced colorectal cancer in studies by at least two investigative groups. Objective response rates, however, have been low, without evidence of increased patient survival. The hope of this study was that enhanced activity might result from giving these agents in two-drug combinations. There were 167 eligible and evaluable patients randomized among the programs: 5-FU at a dose of 500 mg/m2/day by iv push X 5 (F); 5-FU at a dose of 400 mg/m2/day iv X 5 plus TZT at a dose of 175 mg/m2/day iv X 3 (FT); 5-FU at a dose of 400 mg/m2/day plus ICRF-159 at a dose of 600 mg/m2/day orally X 3 (FI); MeCCNU at a dose of 150 mg/m2/day orally plus TZT at a dose of 200 mg/m2/day iv X 3 (MT); MeCCNU at a dose of 150 mg/m2 orally plus ICRF-159 at a dose of 500 mg/m2/day orally X 3 (MI); and ICRF-159 at a dose of 425 mg/m2/day orally X 3 plus TZT at a dose of 125 mg/m2/day iv X 3 (IT). Patients with limiting conditions (serum creatinine greater than 1.5 mg/dl or elevated bilirubin) were randomized among programs F, FI, and MI. Objective response rates by treatment arm were: F--13% (four of 31 patients); FT--13% (four of 31); FI--15% (four of 27); MT--11% (three of 28); MI- 13% (four of 32); and IT--6% (one of 17). Response rates of combination arms were not significantly larger than those of 5-FU alone. With regard to survival, patients initially treated with 5-FU alone had the most favorable experience (median, 10.8 mos). Multivariate analysis showed the following factors to have a significant and independent influence on survival: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score, grade, site of indicator lesion, and the presence of 5 FU in the treatment regimen. Toxic effects most frequently seen were nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, diarrhea, stomatitis, alopecia, and dermatitis. The incidence and severity of toxicity were roughly comparable among the six treatment arms. PMID- 6640552 TI - Phase II trial of lymphoblastoid interferon in metastatic colon carcinoma. AB - Nineteen patients with advanced metastatic colon carcinoma were treated with human lymphoblastoid interferon at a dose of 3.0 X 10(6) units/m2 im three times/week for 6 weeks. Patients who did not progress at the 6-week interval were randomized to receive maintenance treatment with either interferon (3.0 X 10(6) units/m2 once/week) or no further treatment. All patients had evaluable metastatic lung, liver, or abdominal disease as measured by radiographs or computerized tomographic scans. Complete remission or partial remission of greater than 50% decrease in tumor measurements was not demonstrated with interferon treatment. Among 18 evaluable patients, seven had stabilization of measurable disease at 6 weeks, but 11 showed progressive disease. Of the seven patients followed during maintenance, only one (placebo maintenance) remained with no objective progression. No serious organ toxic effects were attributed to interferon, but one patient demonstrated liver enzyme elevation that persisted after cessation of interferon therapy. All patients had significant constitutional symptoms of fever, muscle aches, and malaise. Using interferon at the dose schedule outlined, this study failed to demonstrate significant regressions in metastatic colon carcinoma. PMID- 6640553 TI - Phase II study of mitoxantrone in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma: a Southeastern Cancer Study Group project. PMID- 6640554 TI - Phase II clinical trial of L-alanosine in advanced upper aerodigestive cancer. PMID- 6640555 TI - Treatment of side effects in patients receiving Iv metoclopramide. PMID- 6640556 TI - Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with etoposide therapy. PMID- 6640558 TI - Reproducibility of ischaemic lactate metabolism during atrial pacing in man. AB - The reproducibility of myocardial ischaemia provoked by atrial pacing was studied in two groups of patients. The heart rate was slowly increased (10 beats per fourth min) until angina in group A, and quickly increased (10 beats per 20 s) in group B. Cardiac venous flow was measured by thermodilution and blood was sampled for metabolic studies at rest and during the maximum obtained heart rate and repeated after 20 min of rest. Ischaemia was defined as a reduction in myocardial lactate extraction ratio by 50% and to a ratio lower than 0.15. Lactate metabolism changed from production (-0.06 +/- 0.05) during the first pacing to extraction (0.05 +/- 0.05) during the second in group A (p less than 0.02). Lactate metabolism was quite reproducible in group B. All the other metabolic and haemodynamic parameters were unchanged in both groups. We conclude that the duration of atrial pacing is important for the reproducibility of pacing-induced myocardial ischaemia. PMID- 6640557 TI - Phase I investigation of ametantrone. AB - Ametantrone is the third of a family of anthracene derivatives to undergo a phase I trial in man. Sixteen patients received 33 courses of drug as a single iv dose given every 3 weeks. Escalations proceeded from 120 to 180 mg/m2. Predictable and reversible leukopenia was the dose-limiting toxic effect. Four patients developed thrombocytopenia. Nonhematologic toxic effects included a marked cumulative blue discoloration of the skin seen in all patients receiving more than three courses of the drug. This cumulative cosmetic effect may also be dose-limiting. Other nonhematologic toxic effects included: blue urine (all patients), nausea (two), vomiting (one), a blue stool (one), and reversible elevations of either SGOT or alkaline phosphatase (two). No objective responses were seen in this study. A dose of 140-160 mg/m2 is recommended as the starting dose for phase II trials in patients who have received prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy. PMID- 6640559 TI - Comparative study of electrophysiological and Holter monitoring data in estimating sinoatrial function. Significance of intrinsic heart rate in disclosing autonomic sinus node dysfunction. AB - To study the diagnostic possibilities and mechanisms involved in sinus node dysfunction (SND), 26 patients with sick sinus syndrome were evaluated by basic electrophysiological tests before and after autonomic blockade, and by Holter monitoring. Based on intrinsic heart rate (IHR), two groups, a normal and a pathologic one, were separated. With Holter recordings, significant differences were manifested in minimal heart rate during sleeping and also in sinus cycles averaged for 24 h between the two groups. In patients with pathological IHR (n = 9) abnormal intrinsic rhythmicity were verified by electrophysiological means, while we found positive ECGs referring to sinoatrial dysfunction during the first 24 h of rhythm recording. The group of normal IHR (n = 17) covers patients with intrinsic SND (intrinsic SA block, 3/17 patients) and patients (14/17) where the electrophysiologic properties of the pacemaker cells were normal: normal intrinsic recovery time, gradual return to the stable intrinsic sinus cycle length in the postpacing secondary cycles, biphasic postextrasystolic patterns with a well-estimated intrinsic sinoatrial conduction time. Repeated Holter recording (total 26 X 24 h) revealed severe bradycardia (2 cases), SA block (4 cases), SA arrest (2 cases), tachybradyarrhythmia (1 case). Electrophysiological studies have a low diagnostic value in autonomic SND; repeated rhythm monitoring is obviously the best complementary method for appreciating the role and significance of autonomic tone in sick sinus syndrome. PMID- 6640560 TI - Prognostic implication of detecting vegetations by M-mode echocardiography. AB - The prognostic significance of finding vegetations by M-mode echocardiography in patients with infective endocarditis remains controversial because many such patients are referred for early surgery. We detected vegetations in 7 of 25 consecutive subjects with active infective endocarditis (28.1%) studied by M-mode echocardiography. 11 patients died within 1 year and only 1 underwent surgery. Patients with vegetations had a higher likelihood of developing serious complications such as death, congestive heart failure or "severe congestive heart failure' when compared with patients without vegetation. This study validates previously reported series including a high percentage of patients "requiring surgery' and points to the serious prognostic implication of finding a vegetation by M-mode echocardiography. PMID- 6640561 TI - Ischemic heart disease and heart weight. AB - Separate weights for heart ventricle walls and interventricular septa were analyzed in 110 hearts with autopsy findings of ischemic heart disease (coronary atherosclerosis, recent or old myocardial infarcts) and with no other cardiac or systemic causes of cardiac enlargement. In hearts with coronary atherosclerosis alone (without old or recent myocardial infarcts) no weight increase was observed in the left ventricle when compared to 29 controls. Patients having infarcts associated with nonstenosing atherosclerosis (less than 50% of the luminal diameter narrowed) of the coronaries had normal heart weights as well. On the contrary, infarcts associated with stenosing coronary sclerosis (narrowing more than 50%) showed significant signs of left ventricular weight increase, which is interpreted as compensatory heart hypertrophy. The greatest degree of hypertrophy was observed in hearts with left ventricular aneurysms. PMID- 6640562 TI - Cardiac rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction. 9-year controlled follow-up study. AB - Since the effect of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on morbidity and mortality due to myocardial infarction on a long-term basis appears controversial, a controlled follow-up survey was conducted from 1973 to 1981 in 193 patients suffering a first acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The admission criteria included absence of contraindications to CR during the acute phase of AMI. Patients were divided into two matched groups: 93 patients followed a CR program, exercising 30 min three times a week (means 42; range 6-108 months) and the remaining 100 patients served as controls. Age, sex, location and extension of the myocardial damage, frequency of coronary risk factors and complications during the acute phase were comparable. At 9 years, there were 24 cardiac deaths (15 AMI, 7 sudden deaths and 2 heart failures) among the controls and 13 deaths in the CR group (7 AMI, 4 sudden deaths, 2 heart failures), mortality rates being 5.2 and 2.9% per year (p less than 0.1 greater than 0.05; NS), respectively. There were 23 recurrent AMI in the control versus 16 in the CR patients, the corresponding rates being 4.9 and 3.6% per year, respectively (NS). Nor were any differences observed in the incidence of myocardial ischemia, severe arrhythmias or cerebrovascular strokes between both groups, but the appearance of angina was significantly lower in the CR group compared with the controls (5.1 and 10.2% per year, respectively, p less than 0.005). It is concluded that CR on a long-term basis seems to improve the mortality rate of AMI and to reduce the frequency of anginal pain. PMID- 6640563 TI - Pacemaker therapy. PMID- 6640564 TI - Pacemaker management of cardiac arrhythmias. PMID- 6640566 TI - Pacemaker implantation: surgical techniques. PMID- 6640565 TI - Cardiac pacing in children. AB - We believe that improvements in pacing are such that no patient who has the slightest need for pacing should be denied. The type of pacemaker implanted should be based on the patient's needs and underlying electrophysiologic status. PMID- 6640567 TI - Available types of pacemakers. PMID- 6640568 TI - [2-dimensional echoencephalography or cranial CT in premature or newborn infants with suspected intracranial hemorrhages]. AB - 65 newborns or low-birthweight infants with suspicion of intracranial hemorrhage were examined with B-mode small part scanners. In 12 cases the diagnosis made by ultrasound could be compared with CT. There was a similar accuracy of both methods in case of intraventricular (IVH) and subependymal (SEH) hemorrhage. SEH seems to be easier detected by US. On the other hand there are problems in diagnosing subdural (SDH) and intracerebral (IHC) hemorrhages by US. These problems are caused by the adjacent skull, but does not exist for CT. B-mode Echoencephalography is the method of choice for examination of high risk infants and for the follow up, because US is a cribside method and of high diagnostic accuracy. CT-studies should be done in case of hemorrhage adjacent to the skull and if the US-diagnosis seems not to be reliable. PMID- 6640569 TI - [CT diagnosis of adrenal gland tumors]. AB - The article reports on 36 examinations conducted to identify a possible adrenal tumour, or leading to the discovery of a disease of the adrenal glands. Pathological findings were obtained in 17 cases, including 6 adenomas, 6 metastases, 1 leukaemic infiltrate, 1 primary carcinoma, 1 phaeochromocytoma, 1 cyst and 1 bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. In 16 patients, CT produced the correct diagnosis. No false-negative diagnosis were seen. The tumours are described in respect of their morphological characteristics and their density performance in the CT. This is followed by a comparative discussion involving the results obtained by other working groups. The ranking of CT in respect of diagnosis of adrenal tumours is discussed in comparison to the competing imaging methods. Since CT ranks very high as far as its diagnostic value is concerned, it should be given preference in the identification of adrenal tumours. PMID- 6640571 TI - [Image of tumorous obstructions of the extrahepatic bile ducts in computer tomography]. AB - Basing on a patient material consisting of 28 patients with tumours in the region of the extrahepatic bile ducts, the following criteria are examined which govern the demonstration of tumour obstructions by means of the computer tomogram: Extent of widening of the bile ducts, assessment of stenosis or complete obstruction of the bile ducts and demonstration of the structure of the tumorous tissue and of the tumorous infiltration into the adjacent tissues. Computerized tomography of this region can achieve a narrowing-down of the indications for an endoscopic or percutaneous visualization of the bile ducts, these being more severely invasive methods. PMID- 6640570 TI - [Computer tomography-guided puncture of the retroperitoneal space]. AB - A CT-guided fine-needle puncture was performed in 42 patients with renal or retroperitoneal space-occupying growths identified by means of computed tomography. In 18 out of 24 patients (75%), CT-guided fine-needle puncture enabled verification of malignant neoplasias, relapses and metastases by means of identification of malignant cells. In 9 out of 13 patients suspected of retroperitoneal abscess, fine-needle puncture helped to establish the diagnosis by a positive bacteriological finding. In 5 cases, CT-guided anterograde pyelography and percutaneous nephrostomy were effected after puncture of the renal pelvis by means of sonography had failed. CT-guided puncture should be used as an additional or complementary examination over and above computed tomography alone whenever a space-occupying growth is present the aetiology of which remains unclear. CT-guided puncture is indicated on principle in retroperitoneal space occupying growths which cannot be properly defined by sonography. PMID- 6640572 TI - [Pancreas tail pseudotumor--CT for the detection of position variants of the pancreas tail as a cause for pathologic findings in conventional radiographic and ultrasound studies]. AB - Four cases are presented, in whom conventional radiography of the abdomen including tomography and ultrasound raised high suspicion of a left suprarenal tumor. Abdominal CT explained the finding in each case as being produced by a normal anatomic variation of the pancreatic tail, which was found in a paraspinal and suprarenal location. The statistical incidence of such a variation is discussed. PMID- 6640573 TI - [Computer tomographic image of the cranial vault]. AB - Imaging of the vault of the cranium via CT must be considered as an additional examination. It is possible to assess the CT image already stored during examination of the brain, without additionally exposing the patient, merely by changing position and breadth of the window. In our opinion, primary indication for CT of the vault of the cranium exists only if diagnosis based on survey remains doubtful. However, examination will always be combined with a representation of the individual strata of the brain. Our studies have also shown that in many cases CT assessment of the vault of the cranium necessarily also involves comparison with the surveys. PMID- 6640574 TI - [Cerebral cysticercosis in the computer tomogram]. AB - Cysticercosis cerebralis can occur as a parenchymatous, subarachnoidal, ventricular or mixed type. One further form can be identified besides these clearly defined types. X-ray morphology in the computer tomogram, as well as the histopathological findings, suggest that this special form may be designated as "vasculitis cysticercotica" or "encephalopathia inflammatorica cysticercotia". Our own results indicate that this disease is widespread among the populations in developing and threshold countries; in our own patient material (Northern Mexico), the rate of incidence was more than 9%. PMID- 6640575 TI - [A pulsating tumor in the chest wall]. AB - A pericardial constriction with calcification and a pulsating cyst is an unusual outcome after a pericardial windowing. The application of cardiac computed tomography evaluating the morphological parameters of the heart chambers and the adjacent vessels is an appropriate noninvasive method in the diagnostics of pericardial constriction. PMID- 6640576 TI - [Temperature storage ability and radiation ability of rotating anodes in high performance roentgen tubes]. AB - In long time or serial operation metal anode discs with blackened layer can be loaded much higher than graphite anode discs, because the distance between thermal source and temperature sensitive spot in metal discs is larger than in graphite discs and the maximum permissible temperature for metal discs is much higher than that for graphite discs. PMID- 6640577 TI - [Determination of integral dose in cranial CT by measurement of radiation exposure of the brain]. AB - To estimate risks involved in x-ray diagnosis, it is useful to employ the concepts of organ dose and integral dose, whereas the surface dose should be considered as unsuitable. Although the methods of measurement differ from each other, they can lead to comparable results, as is demonstrated in this article, eg, for computerised tomography of the skull. PMID- 6640578 TI - [Radiation exposure in whole body and cranial CT studies in relation to parameters of the examination technic]. AB - The article gives the organ doses for whole body CT examinations of the thoracic region, the upper abdomen, the mesogastric and pelvic regions as well as of the lumbar vertebral column and for CT scanning of the skull. The examinations were performed using an Alderson-Rando phantom with the whole body computer tomograph Somatom DR2 supplied by Siemens and with the skull computer tomograph Siretom 2000, also supplied by Siemens. It was found that the magnitude of radiation exposure of the patient depends not only on instrument-specific properties, but also to a very large measure on the examination parameters and techniques which can vary considerably from one clinic to another. PMID- 6640579 TI - [Comparison between experimentally and theoretically determined CT values]. AB - The article presents two methods for the theoretical determination of CT values. These methods involve relatively little work and cost and enable at least an estimation of the CT value of any object to be examined. The results are compared with the experimental data, and possible sources of errors are shown. The article concludes with a discussion of a few examples from actual practice. PMID- 6640580 TI - [Nuclear magnetic resonance tomography in gynecologic tumors]. AB - The article discusses initial experiences of NMR examinations of carcinoma of the uterus and cervix uteri (resistive magnet, NMR prototype of Siemens). All examined carcinomas show prolonged relaxation times. Variation of measurement parameters results in good optical presentation of carcinoma tissue in the resonance scans. The results are compared with those of CT-scans and in one case with the site of the operation. PMID- 6640582 TI - [Budd-Chiari syndrome: the CT image]. AB - The article reports on the CT image of a venous thrombosis of the liver with severe parenchymal damage (Budd-Chiari's syndrome) in a young woman, resulting in her death. The x-ray morphology image showed a liver pattern of reduced density in spot form with hepatomegaly and ascites. The hypodense areas were both circumscribed and disseminated over both lobes with density values between +15 and +30 HE. Enlargement of the lobus caudatus is considered as typical of the disease (4, 7). PMID- 6640581 TI - [Computer tomographic densitometry of the normal vertebral body spongiosa]. AB - The absorption values of cancellous bone of the third lumbar vertebral body were measured in 80 patients by CT. It was possible to demonstrate a statistically significant linear correlation between absorption values and patient age. The older the patient, the lower the average absorption values of cancellous bone. The average absorption values in patients between 20 and 30 Jrs. were found to be about 200 HU, between 30 and 50 Jrs. 180, between 60 and 70 Jrs. 120 and between 70 and 80 Jrs. 100 HU. Although correlation between calcium salt content and absorption of bone under CT are well known, there are other factors (mainly fatty involution of bone marrow) who influences the absorption behaviour of cancellous bone. PMID- 6640583 TI - [Acute orbital paranasal sinus complications: the CT image]. AB - The authors report on an orbital complication in a child of 14 years of age with an abscess on the upper eyelid and pansinusitis on the left side. The clinical suspicion of involvement of the orbita could be definitely clarified with computed tomography only. The article describes the regression of this finding. PMID- 6640584 TI - [Bow artefact in B-image sonography]. AB - Bow-shaped artifacts can often be seen in B-mode-ultrasound examinations. In order to find out the origin of these artifacts, water tank experiments were carried out and compared with in vivo observations. The studies showed that bow shaped artifacts are caused by beam breadth, and that their shape is influenced by the type of the B-mode-instrument, the adjustment of the machine, and by the shape of the reflector. In vitro and in vivo, bow-shaped artifacts arise at strong reflectors and are visible in regions of low echogeneity. In vivo bow shaped artifacts may imitate pathological findings such as septa or sludge. PMID- 6640585 TI - Hemodynamic findings after mitral valve replacement with the Pyrolite Beall prosthesis. PMID- 6640586 TI - [Traumatic apallic syndrome. Review of diagnosis and treatment during 10 years at the Research Institute of Traumatology in Brno]. PMID- 6640587 TI - [Limits of objective clinical diagnosis of traumatic fat embolisms]. PMID- 6640588 TI - [Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of chronic bone infections]. PMID- 6640589 TI - [Confrontation of classical and microsurgical reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries]. PMID- 6640590 TI - [Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 6640591 TI - [Hysterical Machiavellianism]. PMID- 6640593 TI - [Symptomatology and pathogenesis of speech neuroses]. PMID- 6640592 TI - [Neurosis and female sexuality]. PMID- 6640594 TI - [The most important results of the departmental research plan of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Socialist Republic]. PMID- 6640595 TI - [Present endeavors in medical training]. PMID- 6640596 TI - [Scientific research activities at the Institute for Postgraduate Education of Physicians and Pharmacists in Prague]. PMID- 6640598 TI - [Pathology as applied to biopsies]. PMID- 6640597 TI - [Selected aspects of the development of the medical population throughout the world and in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 6640599 TI - [Differentially directed autopsy based on clinical data]. PMID- 6640600 TI - [Obtaining information from autopsies and its retrospective use]. PMID- 6640601 TI - [Health aspects of work-related recreation]. PMID- 6640602 TI - [Rational indications for clinico-biochemical studies]. PMID- 6640604 TI - [Longitudinal study of glucose tolerance and the dynamics of its changes]. PMID- 6640603 TI - [Metabolic effect of glucagon in obese individuals. II. Effect on the levels of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood]. PMID- 6640605 TI - [Biochemical changes in rats after intraperitoneal administration of Traumacel P]. PMID- 6640606 TI - [Current possibilities in the treatment of cholelithiasis]. PMID- 6640607 TI - [A simple method for determining the lithogenic index of bile]. PMID- 6640608 TI - [Study of the function of the Bjork-Shiley disk valve using pulse Doppler echocardiography. Study on a circulation model]. PMID- 6640609 TI - [Absorption of salicylic acid in topical therapeutic use]. PMID- 6640610 TI - Iron loading in the livers of metamorphosing lampreys, Petromyzon marinus L. AB - Iron loading of hepatocytes was followed through the stages (1-7) of metamorphosis in lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) using light- and electron microscopic histochemistry. Iron is present in ferric and ferrous forms in the hepatocytes of larval lampreys in levels that can only be detected in the electron microscope. During the initial stages (1-3) of metamorphosis iron begins to increase in the cytoplasmic matrix and in dense bodies but it is not apparent in the light microscope until stage 4. The increased accumulation of iron through the subsequent stages (5-7) of metamorphosis coincides with the advanced degeneration and ultimate disappearance of bile canaliculi and bile ducts. The absence of a bile canaliculus is concurrent with the beginning of staining of lateral cell borders for ferrous iron and with intense concentrations of ferric iron throughout the cytoplasmic matrix and within cytoplasmic dense bodies. By the end of metamorphosis the hepatocytes resemble iron-loaded hepatocytes in pathological and experimentally induced situations in other vertebrates. The iron loading of hepatocytes during metamorphosis is discussed with respect to both the concomitant atresia of the biliary tree and alteration of several aspects of blood morphology and chemistry. Since iron loading occurs synchronously in the hepatocytes of a given population of metamorphosing lampreys, this organism should prove to be a useful experimental system for investigation on cellular mechanisms of iron loading in vertebrates. PMID- 6640611 TI - Ultrastructural characteristics of vasopressin-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. AB - Vasopressin-containing neurons, identified by immunocytochemistry, are located predominantly in the posterior magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. By electron microscopy, the immunoreaction product is seen within the cell bodies and neuronal processes. In the perikarya and dendritic processes, the immunoreactive material is associated primarily with neurosecretory granules. Axonal processes, identified by their content of microtubules and accumulation of neurosecretory granules, show the immunoreaction product in association with both of these organelles. Afferent axo-dendritic, axo somatic and putative axo-axonic synapses with immunostained vasopressinergic neurons can be identified. The presynaptic profiles do not contain immunoreactive material. This study contributes to the ultrastructural characterization of vasopressinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and of their afferent synaptic input. PMID- 6640612 TI - Fibronectin in early amphibian embryos. Migrating mesodermal cells contact fibronectin established prior to gastrulation. AB - The three-dimensional organisation of fibronectin (FN) in early amphibian embryos (Ambystoma mexicanum, Pleurodeles waltlii) was studied with the use of antibodies against amphibian-FN. Immunofluorescence labelling was performed on whole-mount specimens. It was shown that before gastrulation an extensive extracellular network consisting of anastomosed FN-fibrils underlies the roof of the blastocoel prior to the migration of mesodermal cells. Initially, FN-fibrils develop radially on the inner surface of ectodermal cells (early blastula stage) and become confluent there to elaborate a fibrillar network. During the late blastula stage the entire surface of the blastocoel roof (presumptive ectoderm and mesoderm) is covered by the FN-rich extracellular matrix. As gastrulation proceeds, the migrating mesodermal cells interact with the FN-fibrillar network. The results suggest that the FN-containing extracellular matrix plays an important role in mediating mesodermal cell-substratum contacts in gastrulating embryos. No FN-fibrils were found in other parts of the embryo. PMID- 6640613 TI - Electron-microscopic demonstration of alkaline-phosphatase activity in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. AB - In the rat nephron, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was observed, with the light microscope, to be present on the brush border of the proximal tubule and in a small band of cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. With the electron microscope, ALP activity could not be demonstrated in the macula densa cells proper, but was seen for the first time in a narrow zone of cells interposed between the macula densa and the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. The lead phosphate precipitates were precisely localized on the plasma membranes which form an intricate network of cytoplasmic interdigitations. Since ALP is known to be involved in some steps of phosphate transport, the present morphological data might be considered as an indication for a role of phosphate as a signal ion for the autoregulation of glomerular filtration. PMID- 6640614 TI - Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of fibronectin in the developing rat lung. AB - In a previous study changes in the macrodistribution of fibronectin during rat lung development were examined. Using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical technique, we have demonstrated the presence of fibronectin in embryonic, neonatal, and adult rat lung at the ultrastructural level. In the embryo, fibronectin is found both in an intra- and extracellular association with isolated pneumoblasts, and in a periodic distribution along the basal lamina. The neonate displays fibronectin in an intracellular association with early type-I cells and on their basal and luminal surfaces, but not in association with type II cells. Neonatal basal lamina is diffusely labeled by anti-fibronectin antiserum. Fibronectin in adult tissue is found both intracellularly and on the basal and luminal surfaces of type-I cells but not in type-II cells. The basal lamina and interstitial connective tissue are slightly or non-reactive. These observations confirm and extend our initial suggestion that fibronectin is involved in rat-lung development. PMID- 6640615 TI - Spatial relationships between fibroblasts during the growth of rat-tail tendon. AB - Sections of tendons from the base of the tail of rats were taken at eight time intervals from 18 days in utero until 244 days after birth and were examined in the electron microscope. For each time period, measurements were made of the relative area of fibroblasts, collagen and interstitial material, of the number of fibroblasts per unit area of tendon and of the average area of individual fibroblasts. The spatial arrangement of fibroblasts in the tendon sections was described quantitatively using the "nearest neighbor" method. Initially there was a rapid increase in the area of collagen accompanied by a decrease in the area occupied by fibroblasts but after 104 days of age these values changed very little. The numbers of fibroblasts per unit area decreased steadily from the embryo until 104 days whereas the average size of each cell increased to reach a maximum area at 40 days of age and then declined. At all time intervals cells were arranged in a regular, dispersed pattern across the tendon fascicles. Growth in width of the rat tail appears to involve the secretion of collagen and other intercellular material symmetrically around each fibroblast, so as to gradually separate the cells until a stage is reached at which cells are sufficiently far apart that there is little contact between adjacent cell processes. This may interfere with the integration of metabolic activity in the tissue. As a consequence, there is shrinkage of the cell bodies and a reduction in secretory activity so that, between 55 and 104 days of age, the tendon enters a period of terminal senescence. PMID- 6640616 TI - Light- and electron-microscopic study on the maturation of the primary portal plexus during the perinatal period in rats. AB - The maturation of the capillaries of the primary portal plexus in rats during the perinatal period has been studied light- and electron-microscopically. The number of capillaries covering the median eminence and of those invading the nervous tissue (capillary loops) increases significantly with age. Capillary loops were observed as early as the 18th fetal day. The mitotic divisions of the endothelial cells within the preexisting capillaries seem to be the main reason for the vascular growth. Immature capillaries with a characteristic narrow lumen are surrounded by a fuzzy basal lamina; their wall is formed by a generally expanded endothelium with rather sparse organelles and inclusions, and by minute flattened areas. The maturation of the capillary results in a progressive spread of flattened endothelium followed by an enlargment of the capillary lumen. Moreover, a rising concentration of organelles and inclusions, relatively numerous luminal microvilli, and a dense and uniform basal lamina become noticeable as capillary differentiation proceeds. These data are thought to reflect the progressive increase in the metabolic activity of the endothelium as well as the establishment of capillary patency during the perinatal period of rats. PMID- 6640617 TI - Electron microscopy of extracellular materials during the development of a sea star, Patiria miniata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). AB - The fine structure of conspicuous extracellular materials during the life history of a sea star (Patiria miniata) is described. The outer surface of the developing sea star is covered by two morphologically different cuticles that appear sequentially during ontogeny. The primary cuticle, which is about 120 nm thick and two-layered, is present from mid-blastula through the end of the larval stage. The secondary cuticle, which is about 1 micron thick and three-layered, first appears on the epidermis of the rudiment region of the larva and, after metamorphosis, covers the entire epidermis of the juvenile and adult stages. During ontogeny, there are only two conspicuous gut cuticles: the first lines the newly invaginated archenteron at the start of the gastrula stage, and the second lines the esophagus during the larval stage. A blastocoelic basal lamina first appears at mid-blastula and persists as subectodermal and subendodermal basal laminae. Ruthenium red-positive granules are detectable between the lateral surfaces of adjacent ectodermal cells during part of the gastrula stage; this transient intercellular material may possibly aid in lateral adhesion between cells. PMID- 6640618 TI - In-vivo effects of lipopolysaccharide on lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells in the mouse spleen. Migration of marginal metallophils towards the follicle centres. AB - In mice marginal metallophils are located at the periphery of the white pulp along the inner border of the marginal sinus. These cells have a weak phagocytic capacity but their function is still unclear. In the present study evidence is given that marginal metallophils migrate from the periphery of the follicle towards the follicle centres after administration of at least 7 micrograms lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This migration is most significant after 24 and 48 h and appears to be a specific effect of LPS. In the follicle centre marginal metallophils take up cell debris and may become tingible body macrophages. The similarity between these two cell types is discussed. The possible effects of several other polyclonal B-cell mitogens on marginal metallophils have also been studied. Dextran sulphate also induces migration of marginal metallophils but this compound triggers a migration and accumulation of these cells at the periphery of the follicles. PMID- 6640619 TI - The retinopetal system in the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. AB - Injections of 125I wheat-germ agglutinin or horseradish peroxidase into the eyes of turtles labeled retrogradely cells in a mesencephalic reticular area lying between the trochlear and the isthmic nuclei. Their number was small and they were found predominantly contralateral to the injected eye. These reticular neurons were not labeled following control injections into the orbital cavity and therefore are considered to project to the retina similar to correspondingly located neurons in some other vertebrates. PMID- 6640620 TI - Distribution of neurons with high-affinity uptake sites for GABA in the myenteric plexus of the guniea-pig, rat and chicken. AB - The occurrence of neurons possessing high-affinity uptake sites for GABA was studied in the myenteric plexus of the guinea-pig ileum, caecum, and proximal and distal colon, the rat proximal colon, and the chicken gizzard with the use of 3H GABA and autoradiography. Experiments were carried out on plexuses that had been freshly isolated from the gut wall or on isolated plexuses that had been maintained as explant cultures for 7 to 14 days. Scattered neurons selectively labelled with 3H-GABA were found in the myenteric plexuses from all the areas examined. The results suggest that GABAergic neurons are widely distributed in the enteric nervous system. PMID- 6640621 TI - Projections to the midbrain tectum in Salamandra salamandra L. AB - Following unilateral iontophoretic application of HRP into the optic tectum of Salamandra salamandra, retrogradely HRP-filled cells were found bilaterally in the pretectum, tegmentum isthmi, the reticular formation, pars medialis, and in the nucleus vestibularis magnocellularis. The area octavo-lateralis projects only to the caudal part of the tectum. Ipsilateral projections were noted from the dorsal gray columns of the cervical spinal cord, the dorsal tegmentum, the thalamus dorsalis pars medialis, thalamus dorsalis, pars anterior (to the rostral one-third of the tectum), the thalamus ventralis (in its entire rostro-caudal extent), and the preoptico-hypothalamic complex. Retrogradely filled cells were identified in deeper layers of the contralateral tectum. There are two telencephalic nuclei projecting ipsilaterally to the tectum via the lateral forebrain: the ventral part of the lateral pallium, and the posterior strioamygdalar complex. PMID- 6640622 TI - Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of secretory-granule, granule-membrane, and plasma-membrane proteins of rat parotid cells. AB - Secretory granules and plasma membranes were isolated from rat parotid cells and characterized enzymatically and by electron microscopy. The proteins of the secretory granule membranes, the secretory granules and the plasma membranes were characterized by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by silver staining. The granule membrane contains 166 polypeptides of which only 26 are also present in the granule contents. The membrane proteins have isoelectric points between 4.75 and 6.45 and apparent molecular weights of 17 000 to 190 000 Daltons. The granule content proteins are surprisingly complex and contain 122 polypeptides with molecular weights of 11 000 to 138 000 and isoelectric points of 4.8 to 6.55. Thirteen of these peptides are present as major species. The plasma membrane contains 172 polypeptide species with molecular weights from 17 000 to 200 000 Daltons and isoelectric points of 5.0 to 6.8. Thirty-five of the plasma membrane proteins are also present in the secretory granule membranes indicating that the two membranes have some enzymatic or structural properties in common. Thus, secretory granule membranes and plasma membranes from parotid cells have a more complex polypeptide composition than has previously been shown for membranes of this type. The systems developed are suitable for the analysis of regulatory events such as protein phosphorylation, proteolytic processing, and other types of post-translational modifications that may be important to the secretory mechanism. PMID- 6640623 TI - The seasonal distribution of anionic binding sites in the basement membrane of the kidney glomerulus of the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. AB - The blood of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, contains small (3000-8000 daltons) anionic peptides (pI less than 5) with antifreeze properties. They are present only in the winter and are retained in the circulatory system even though inulin and polyethylene glycol, of comparable molecular size, are filtered by the glomerular kidney. Electron micrographs of flounder-kidney glomeruli revealed that their structure is similar to that of mammals and that cationized ferritin binds at regular 60 nm intervals in the lamina rara interna of the basement membrane as it does in mammals. The binding of cationized ferritin, in conjunction with the previous observation that cationized antifreeze peptides exhibit a marked increase in renal clearance, suggests that an anionic repulsion barrier within the glomerular basement membrane of the winter flounder is responsible for the conservation of the anionic antifreeze peptide molecules found in their blood during the winter. This barrier also appears to be present in summer specimens of the flounder which lack the antifreeze peptide. PMID- 6640624 TI - Microinjection of Lucifer yellow CH into sea urchin eggs and embryos. AB - Eggs and embryos of Arbacia punctulata were microinjected with the fluorescent dye, Lucifer yellow CH, using a simple pressure injection system. When injected into eggs that were subsequently fertilized, the dye was distributed throughout all cells of the developing embryo. If one cell of a two-cell embryo was injected, dye did not diffuse into the uninjected blastomere. During subsequent development, all progeny of the injected cell contained dye resulting in an embryo that was half-fluorescent. Blue light irradiation of a two-cell embryo, one cell of which had been injected with Lucifer yellow, caused the injected blastomere to stop further divisions while the uninjected blastomere developed normally and was free of dye. These results indicate that the first two blastomeres of Arbacia embryos are not electrically coupled, nor up to the time of hatching, is there any coupling between cells in one half of the first cleavage plane and cells in the other half. PMID- 6640625 TI - Neural elements associated with the subcommissural organ of the brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). AB - By means of various techniques and on the basis of a large sampling of the brush tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, a detailed description is given of the morphology of the neural elements associated with the subcommissural organ (SCO) and the leptomeninges on the dorsal surface of the midbrain. It is shown that the SCO of the possum is richly innervated, the nerves reaching the cerebral aqueduct by passing through the organ; there is, however, no evidence of a neural link between the SCO and the pineal gland. No typical axo-glandular synapses were found; however, many axo-glandular synaptoid junctions between axons and secretory cells of the SCO were demonstrable within the parenchyma of the SCO and on the aqueductal surface of the organ. The possible functional implications of the findings are: (1) The secretory activity of the SCO may be modified by nerves associated with it; this is in accord with some recently published experimental studies. (2) The nerves that innervate the SCO may also be responsible for ciliary activity on the aqueductal surface of the SCO, thus directing the apical secretory product of the SCO and debris flowing caudally in the cerebrospinal fluid into the poorly ciliated median groove where Reissner's fibre is found. PMID- 6640626 TI - Changes in nucleolar structure, number and size in cellular activation and inactivation. Observations in human phytohaemagglutinin-treated lymphocytes. AB - Lymphocytes in human peripheral blood are small, relatively inactive cells. The addition of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) to cultures of these cells causes a marked increase in cellular and nuclear size, DNA-synthesis and metabolic activity, which reaches a maximum three days after the onset of culturing. The cells then undergo an inactivation process over a period of approximately ten days by which time they have reverted to cells resembling small, inactive lymphocytes. Within the first three days, nucleoli increase in size and number, changing from ring shaped to nucleolonema-exhibiting to compact nucleoli. In the course of the inactivation process the nucleoli decrease in size and change from compact nucleoli directly into ring-shaped nucleoli. Thus activation and inactivation pathways are different. There is an increase in the number of nucleoli during the inactivation phase up to the seventh day in culture, followed by a slight decrease until day 14. This suggests that nucleoli in metabolically active cells have a tendency to fuse, whereas those in inactive cells tend to fragment. PMID- 6640627 TI - Lack of orthogonal particle assemblies and presence of tight junctions in astrocytes of the goldfish (Carassius auratus). A freeze-fracture study. AB - The cytoplasmic membranes of astrocytes in the optic nerve of the goldfish were investigated by means of freeze-fracture techniques. Astrocytes of normal and regenerating optic nerves did not differ in the fine structure of plasma membranes. Emphasis is placed on the following results: Astrocytic membranes of fish do not reveal the orthogonal particle assemblies that are believed to be generally characteristic for astrocytes in the white matter. Astrocytes reveal extensive membrane areas occupied by tight junctions, which to date have not been described as characteristic astrocytic structures. These junctions are astro astrocytic and are frequently intercalated by gap junctions. Desmosomes are another characteristic type of astro-astrocytic junction. By means of freeze fracture replicas it can be demonstrated that they occur in more or less close association with tight and gap junctions. Caveolae are also seen in the astrocytic membranes of fish: their density and distribution show distinct variations. Caveolae occur at the interface between astrocytes and the interstitial space, between astrocytes and myelin sheaths, and in astrocytic processes. It is suggested that the differences between the astrocytic membranes of fish and mammals reflect different physiological functions. They are discussed in relation to the problem of neuronal-glial interrelationships and the behavior of astrocytes during fiber regeneration in the CNS. PMID- 6640628 TI - Scanning electron-microscopical study of epididymal secretions in the lizard Lacerta vivipara (Reptilia, Squamata) and of their relationships with spermatozoa. AB - During the breeding season (April, May) the epididymis of the lizard Lacerta vivipara produces voluminous secretory granules which are abundantly discharged into the lumen of the duct where they mingle with spermatozoa. The mode of secretion appears quite unusual with respect to the method by which the cells discharge their products, the granules coming out of the cells like bullets out of a gun barrel. Spermatozoa come into close relationships with discharged granules, dipping into their outer layers. This is probably the way in which the heads of spermatozoa become covered with the epididymal soluble protein (protein L). This mode of secretion in Lacerta is discussed with regard to possible artifacts and compared with that encountered in the epididymis of some other species including mammals. PMID- 6640629 TI - Phagocytosis of rhabdomeral membrane by crab photoreceptors (Leptograpsus variegatus). AB - Many crabs possess fused rhabdoms which are partly broken down at dawn and re synthesised at dusk. The cross-sectional area of the rhabdom is therefore smaller during the day than at night. The only previously described mechanism of membrane removal from the rhabdomere in Crustacea involves the formation of pinocytotic vesicles at the bases of the microvilli. The geometry of the rhabdom is such that uniform pinocytosis across the base of each rhabdomere would result in a stack of orthogonally oriented rectangles. In the process described here, microvilli from the outer edges of the rhabdomeres are engulfed by adjacent retinula cells, reducing the number as well as the length of the microvilli and maintaining the smooth longitudinal profile needed for optimal functioning of the rhabdom. PMID- 6640630 TI - Differential response to contact during embryonic nerve-nonnerve cell interactions. AB - The outcome of contact interactions involving neurons and nonneurons varies depending on the cell types involved. When neuronal growth cones from either ciliary (motor) or dorsal root (sensory) ganglia directly contact the lamellipodium of an embryonic heart fibroblast, both neurite elongation and fibroblast locomotion are inhibited. This occurs in spite of the fact that cell surface activity in both cells continues unabated. Such contact inhibition is not observed when homologous ganglionic nonneurons are involved in the interaction. In fact, these cells become intimately associated with growth cones and/or neuritic shafts as a result of the contact. The detailed nature of the response to contact exhibited by nerves and nonnerves varies not only with cell type but also with the portion of the cell involved in the contact. Growth cone filopodia tend to actively palpate the fibroblast surface, whereas spread regions, termed "veils," form areas of apposition with fibroblast lamellipodia. This latter situation resembles the "typical" contact inhibition of locomotion that occurs following embryonic heart fibroblast-fibroblast interactions. Growth cones also frequently exhibit contact guidance when interacting with nonruffling lateral surfaces of heart fibroblasts. PMID- 6640632 TI - [Case-controlled study of the relationship between smoking and lung cancer in Tianjin]. PMID- 6640633 TI - [Experimental breeding of a Culex tritaeniorhynchus population and study of certain aspects of its life history]. PMID- 6640631 TI - Changes in cytoskeletal proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes induced by chemotactic peptides. AB - Changes in the state of polymerization of actin and phosphorylation of myosin have been observed in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) soon after the addition of the chemotactic peptide N-formylnorleucylleucylphenylalanine. At a time when the cells are observed to extend many ruffles or lamellipodia from their surface, the fraction of the cellular actin present in a monomeric form is decreased by about 25% as assayed by the ability of the G-actin to inhibit DNAase. These changes are temporally correlated with an increase in the staining by nitrobenzooxadiazole (NBD)-phallacidin, a probe that binds F-actin selectively. The NBD-phallacidin staining is observed in the surface ruffles. When the peptide concentration is decreased by addition of a tenfold excess of buffer, cells withdraw their surface ruffles and form blebs. These changes correlate with an increase in the G-actin levels detected with the DNAase inhibition assay. An increase in phosphorylation of the 20,000-dalton light chain of myosin is also observed in leukocytes stimulated by addition of chemotactic peptide. These observations of changes in cytoskeletal proteins of PMNs provide a beginning for further studies on the regulation of cell motility by chemotactic factors. PMID- 6640634 TI - [Preliminary survey on influenza virus in ducks of southern China]. PMID- 6640635 TI - [Observation on immunological parameters and HBsAg-carrying status of newborn infants infected by hepatitis B virus from their mother during perinatal period]. PMID- 6640636 TI - [Detection of HBeAg among HBsAg-positive patients with various hepatic diseases and epidemiologic significance of the findings]. PMID- 6640637 TI - [Preparation of a live Shigella vaccine using T32 strain (Roumania) in a form of popsicle and observation of its prophylactic efficacy]. PMID- 6640638 TI - [Detection of HBsAg in vaginal secretion, semen and saliva]. PMID- 6640639 TI - [Surveillance of diseases in Tianjin Municipality in 1980--analysis of illness, wounds and death among inhabitants]. PMID- 6640641 TI - [Methods of investigating the morbidity of poliomyelitis]. PMID- 6640640 TI - [Epidemic diarrhea]. PMID- 6640642 TI - [Epidemiological data on echinococcosis in China]. PMID- 6640643 TI - The distribution of tsetse flies and the disease they transmit to humans in Zimbabwe. PMID- 6640645 TI - Non-carcinomatous gastric tumours and tumour-like lesions. PMID- 6640644 TI - Prevalence and pathology of gastric carcinoma in Zimbabwe. A study of 105 cases. PMID- 6640646 TI - Mental retardation in Nigerian children. PMID- 6640647 TI - Some epidemiological aspects of intestinal helminth infections in a farmworker community in Burma Valley. PMID- 6640648 TI - Benzoyl peroxide: a potent human platelet aggregating agent. PMID- 6640649 TI - Red cell hypoplasia following dapsone and pyrimethamine. PMID- 6640650 TI - Health interests of schoolchildren, parents and teachers and their application to health education in primary schools. PMID- 6640651 TI - Unilaterality of headache. Hauge's studies revisited. PMID- 6640652 TI - Prophylactic treatment of classical and non-classical migraine with metoprolol--a comparison with placebo. AB - A double-blind investigation with parallel groups was carried out in three Danish neurological clinics to evaluate the effect of metoprolol (Beloc, Betaloc, Seloken) versus placebo in migraine patients. 71 patients were included; 62 completed the study. The following parameters were used in the evaluation: frequency of headache attacks, days with migraine, severity score (days X intensity), and the consumption of pain-relieving tablets. The results of the study show that metoprolol 200 mg in Durules (a controlled release formulation) once daily is more effective regarding all evaluated parameters than placebo and that metoprolol is well tolerated. PMID- 6640653 TI - Effects of dietary protein-tryptophan restriction upon 5-HT uptake by platelets and clinical symptoms in migraine-like headache. AB - Ten women with recurrent migraine-like headache, flush, urticaria and itching excoriations were put on a protein/tryptophan reduced diet. The 5-HT uptake kinetics in platelets, the frequency of headache attacks and skin symptoms were recorded. On customary food the 5-HT uptake kinetics were severely disturbed. On diet, the platelet 5-HT uptake was normalized and, in parallel, the migraine-like symptoms and skin manifestations were reduced. The parallel between the improvement in active 5-HT uptake by platelets and clinical symptoms during dietary protein/tryptophan restriction supports the idea that impairment of the 5 HT uptake in platelets is a contributory factor in the pathogenesis of migraine like headache and other 5-HT related symptoms. PMID- 6640654 TI - Presence of alpha-adrenoceptors in human temporal arteries. Comparison between migraine patients and controls. AB - Alpha-adrenergic mechanisms have frequently been implied in migraine pathophysiology. We have examined the noradrenaline reactivity of isolated human temporal arteries removed from six migraine sufferers (not during attack) and from six patients without migraine operated for intracranial disorders. Noradrenaline constricted these vessels in a concentration-dependent manner, the response being altered by phentolamine 10(-8) M to 10(-6) M. There was no statistically significant difference between migraine patients and controls with respect to maximal contractile force (Emax) or pD2 (negative logarithm of the concentration eliciting half maximal force). The pA2 value for phentolamine was 8.3 in vessels from controls and 7.6 in arteries from migraine sufferers. The small difference between migraine patients and controls was not statistically significant. We obtained clear evidence of alpha-adrenergic receptors in human temporal arteries but their sensitivity was independent of the migraine disorder. PMID- 6640655 TI - Migraine: definition and classification. AB - There are an enormous number of terms and classifications used in the field of headache and migraine. There is little general agreement and the situation is not helped by the introduction of new terminologies. An approach is suggested to overcome this problem based on the clinical characteristics of the patient. Until there are more definite markers of the different types of headaches, e.g. biochemical, physiological or pharmacological, this should obviate the need for yet further neurological debate. PMID- 6640656 TI - Total IgE, specific IgE and prick-tests against foods in common migraine--a prospective study. AB - A prospective study of total IgE, specific IgE against 12 common foods, and prick tests with 11 common food allergens was performed on 50 consecutive migraine sufferers. Total IgE levels were found above 100 kU/l for seven patients, but five of them were atopic. Prick-tests and RAST were positive for four and six patients (class 1), respectively. Food challenge on these six patients did not cause any migraine attacks. This study thus indicates a very low frequency of allergic dietary migraine to common foods. PMID- 6640657 TI - Superior laryngeal neuralgia. AB - This disorder has failed to achieve the status of general recognition among the cephalic neuralgias. Whether its orphanage derives from narrow-minded expulsion from the neurological domain of cephalic neuralgias to the ENT-field, or can be attributed to its rarity (though this did not keep glossopharyngeal neuralgia from rightfully assuming its place among equals), or to the hazy outlines of the disorder, remains a question more readily posed than answered. Yet, if it shares with Sluder's sphenopalatine neuralgia an uncertain clinical identity, there are a sufficient number of observable clinical data from which to conclude the reality of this neuralgia. A review of pertinent reports should enable the reader to make up his own mind. PMID- 6640658 TI - A possible role of the carotid body in the pathogenesis of cluster headache. AB - An hypothesis regarding the possible role of the carotid body in the pathogenesis of cluster headache is presented. It states: 1. The pathways concerned with cyclic cluster periods may begin centrally involving specific areas in the hypothalamus. The major influence of this physiological change is proposed to be an inhibition of the sympathetic and disinhibition of parasympathetic supplies to the carotid body. The result, whether due to increased vasomotor tonus or interruption of intrinsic sympathetic stimulation, is suggested to cause diminished peripheral chemoreceptor activity. 2. The pathway concerned with onset of spontaneous or induced attacks begins, as proposed, with oxygen desaturation- which, upon reaching threshold levels may induce a hyperactive chemoreceptor response, and stimulate through afferent pathways the nuclei of the 7th and 10th cranial nerves and respiratory centers, via the nucleus solitarius. 3. The consequence of this excitation may involve the third suggested pathway resulting in stimulation of peripheral secretory and other receptors innervated by the cranial nerves. PMID- 6640659 TI - "Cervicogenic" headache. An hypothesis. PMID- 6640660 TI - The timing of surgical intervention in chronic mitral regurgitation. PMID- 6640661 TI - Regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in chronic volume overload. AB - Computer-assisted analysis of left ventricular (LV) wall motion has been performed in 12 patients (pts) with chronic volume overload and in seven normal subjects. All pts were in sinus rhythm, without congestive heart failure and without coronary artery disease at selective coronary angiography; 30 degrees right anterior oblique ventriculograms were employed in each case. Thirty-six radiants were automatically traced and the percent shortening of each radiant was calculated using two different reference methods (fix and floating methods). In valvular heart disease (VHD) pts LV volumes were significantly increased, and ejection fraction and LV eccentricity were significantly reduced. LV eccentricity inversely correlated with LV volumes. VHD pts showed regional LV abnormalities. Inferoapical and anterior wall motion was significantly reduced (two-sample t test P less than 0.05) using the fix method. With this method a significant inverse correlation between percent shortening of the radiants correspondent to the inferoapical region and end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes was found; a significant direct correlation was found with LV systolic eccentricity. Ejection fraction directly correlated with the percent shortening of radiants correspondent to both the anterior and inferior regions. The role of LV "dynamic geometry" alterations as a possible cause for the observed regional LV wall motion abnormalities is emphasized. PMID- 6640662 TI - Resting and exercise hemodynamics in constrictive pericarditis and a case of cardiac amyloidosis mimicking constriction. AB - The resting and exercise hemodynamics in seven patients with pericardial constriction and in one patient with cardiac amyloidosis are described. Equalization of left and right heart diastolic filling pressures was observed in all cases, both at rest and during exercise. This hemodynamic response, although typical, should not be considered pathognomonic of pericardial constriction. PMID- 6640663 TI - Early segmental thinning of the left ventricular wall following regional ischemia. AB - To explore possible mechanisms of left ventricular early segmental relaxation, complete occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was produced in seven open-chest dogs and partial occlusion of the LAD was produced in six open-chest anesthetized dogs. Regional wall thickness was measured both in an ischemic and a normally perfused zone using implanted ultrasonic crystals. Two to three seconds following complete LAD occlusion, thinning of the ischemic wall occurred prematurely during isovolumic relaxation. The extent of premature thinning became more prominent 5 to 10 sec following LAD occlusion. Early thinning of the ischemic wall preceded thinning of the normally perfused wall by 110 +/- 10 msec. Partial occlusion of the LAD produced a 33 +/- 6% reduction of coronary flow and a 23 +/- 4% reduction of systolic wall thickening in the ischemic region. Systolic thickening of the nonischemic wall was unchanged relative to the preocclusion period. Premature early thinning of the mildly ischemic wall preceded thinning of the normally perfused segment by 90 +/- 8 msec. The observation that ischemia can produce segmental early thinning of the ventricular wall may have implications in understanding the mechanism of the angiographic observation of the segmental early relaxation phenomena in patients with coronary artery disease. PMID- 6640664 TI - Usefulness of left ventricular wall thickness-to-diameter ratio in thallium-201 scintigraphy. AB - The ratio of left ventricular wall thickness to the cavity dimension, as seen on thallium-201 images, was used in this study to predict left ventricular ejection fraction and volume. We obtained rest thallium-201 images in 50 patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease. The thickness of a normal-appearing segment of the left ventricular wall and the transverse diameter of the cavity were measured in the left anterior oblique projection. The left ventricular ejection fraction and volume in these patients were determined by radionuclide ventriculography. There was a good correlation between thickness-to-diameter ratio and ejection fraction (r = 0.80) and end-systolic volume (r = -0.71). In 18 patients with a thickness-to-diameter ratio less than 0.70, the ejection fraction was lower than in the 16 patients with thickness-to-diameter ratio greater than or equal to 1.0 (22 +/- 2% versus 49 +/- 3%, mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.001). Similarly, in patients with a thickness-to-diameter ratio less than 0.70, the end diastolic and end-systolic volume were higher than in the remaining patients with higher thickness-to-diameter ratios (p less than 0.02, p less than 0.001, respectively). All 18 patients with a thickness-to-diameter ratio less than 0.70 had ejection fractions less than 40%; 14 of 15 patients with a thickness-to diameter ratio greater than or equal to 1.0 had an ejection fraction greater than 40% (p less than 0.001). The remaining 16 patients with a thickness-to-diameter ratio of 0.7-0.99 had intermediate ejection fractions and volumes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640665 TI - Tunneled ("bridged") left anterior descending coronary artery in a newborn without clinical or morphologic evidence of myocardial ischemia. AB - Tunneled epicardial coronary arteries have been presumed congenital in origin, but morphologic or angiographic documentation of myocardial bridging at birth is lacking. This report describes a 42-day-old infant with a lengthy tunneled left anterior descending coronary artery observed at necropsy that produced no apparent clinical cardiac dysfunction during life despite sinus tachycardia. These observations support the concept that myocardial bridges may be congenital in origin, and suggest length of tunneling and tachycardia may not be adverse factors for myocardial bridges in infancy. PMID- 6640666 TI - A case of normal coronary infarction after intracoronary thrombolysis with urokinase. AB - We report the case of a 50-year-old male who had classical ECG signs of inferior wall myocardial infarction. Intracoronary thrombolysis resulted in fragmentation of a thrombus in the lumen of the right coronary artery. Angiography 1 month later showed no abnormalities at the site of previous thrombus. Ergonovine stress did not produce spasm. We conclude that (1) a mild cardial infarction can occur with an occlusive thrombus arising in angiographically normal coronary arteries; (2) transient change in minimal atheromata or spasm may induce such thrombi; and (3) thrombolytic therapy may be able to expedite recanalization of the occluded artery and salvage the myocardium. PMID- 6640667 TI - Use of the fluid column in a cardiac catheter for emergency pacing. AB - Given the not infrequent need for intracardiac pacemaking during intensive cardiac care, a new type of cardiac pacemaker has been designed and tested [1]. With this pacemaker the heart can be stimulated through the fluid column of any conventional catheter, provided it is filled with a 0.9% NaCl solution. This fluid column pacemaker (FCP) is of the "constant current" type. The FCP was tested in 37 animals, in 30 patients in sinus rhythm, and also in two critical patients. In addition to the pacemaker circuit, a special connector was designed, enabling a fast, effective, and safe contact between patient and pacemaker. The FCP is considered to be ideally suited for use in emergency cardiac pacing in intensive care units and other areas where sudden bradycardias may occur and where intrathoracic catheters are inserted for a variety of reasons. PMID- 6640668 TI - Rapid visualization of the right coronary artery with an anterior-inferior ostium. AB - We describe an approach for rapid visualization of the right coronary artery (RCA) with an anterior-inferior ostium. The success rate of this method has been 100% without any complications. It decreases patient discomfort, reduces radiation exposure, and increases safety by decreasing procedure time. PMID- 6640669 TI - Echocardiographic definition of right pulmonary venous connection at catheterization. AB - Traditional methods of identifying partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection to the right atrium in the presence of an atrial defect are not always reliable. Twenty patients were studied with a new technique in which the catheter is introduced into the right superior pulmonary vein followed by echocardiographic assessment of the catheter position in relation to the left atrium and atrial septum. The insertion site of the right pulmonary veins was detected in every patient and in ten patients has been verified at operation. This approach can be performed rapidly and appears to be accurate as well as reliable. PMID- 6640670 TI - Changes in cardiac rate and rhythm in physicians performing cardiac catheterization. PMID- 6640671 TI - Antigen-dependent colonies of human peripheral blood lymphocytes: an immunomorphologic study. AB - Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), stimulated by sheep red blood cells (SRBC), focally proliferate in agar and form colonies of anti-SRBC antibody secreting cells surrounded by hemolytic areas. Two types of colonies develop: type I (diffuse type), which grows deeply into the agar, and type II (compact type), which grows above the former. Immunochemical and ultrastructural studies show that diffuse colonies contain differentiating lymphoid cells, from small lymphocytes to mature plasma cells. About 50% of cells stain positively in their cytoplasm for IgM and only 1-2% for IgG. Most colonies produce light chains of one class, whereas only a few produce both classes. Many cells resemble monocytes or T lymphocytes in their general morphology and lie in close contact with immunoglobulin-positive cells. Compact colonies contain cells not engaged in antibody production. The culture system described here is the first available antigen-dependent colony assay for human PBMC and may be useful for in vitro studies on the mechanism of human B-cell activation. PMID- 6640672 TI - Neutrophil-assisted DNA synthesis by human lymphocytes in response to mevalonic acid; enhancement by cytochalasin B. AB - Mevalonic acid is capable of initiating DNA synthesis, morphologic transformation, and cell division in cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Pure populations of lymphocytes respond poorly to mevalonic acid, but their response can be enhanced by peripheral blood neutrophils. Addition of cytochalasin B (0.5-1.0 micrograms/ml), but not cytochalasin A, to mixed neutrophil-lymphocyte cultures enhances the response of lymphocytes to both Con A and mevalonate, but the increment in mevalonate-induced DNA synthesis (+343%) far exceeds the enhancement which cytochalasin B produces in the Con A response (+24%). As a consequence, the DNA synthetic response in mevalonate (10(-2) M) containing cultures averages 39% of the response to an optimal dose of Con A. The cytochalasin B-enhanced response of mixed neutrophil-lymphocyte cultures to mevalonate is abolished by prior X irradiation of the lymphocytes, or their pretreatment with mitomycin C, as well as by the addition of hydroxyurea to the cultures but is not altered by prior X irradiation or mitomycin C pretreatment of the neutrophil helper population. These experiments suggest that the enhancing effect of cytochalasin B in the response of mixed neutrophil-lymphocyte cultures to mevalonic acid results from its ability to potentiate a time-dependent conditioning effect on lymphocytes which neutrophils exert. The conditioning effect of neutrophils cannot be achieved by cell-free neutrophil lysosomal enzymes released by exocytosis, and reactive oxygen species potentially generated by neutrophils are not involved. Attempts to demonstrate the production by neutrophils of a soluble mediator induced by mevalonate in the presence of cytochalasin B were without success. In the presence of cytochalasin B, only the metabolically active R(-) enantiomeric form of mevalonate is capable of initiating DNA synthesis in mixed neutrophil-lymphocyte cultures. The cytochalasin B-potentiated response of mixed neutrophil-lymphocyte cultures to mevalonic acid is preferentially displayed in cultures containing E-rosette negative, as opposed to E-rosette-positive, lymphocytes. These observations add to the growing knowledge about the relationship between mevalonate metabolism, DNA synthesis, and cell replication. PMID- 6640673 TI - Cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood monocytes. AB - Native tumoricidal activity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was examined before and after their separation by counterflow centrifugation elutriation (CCE). Tumoricidal activity was found in the subpopulation of small mononuclear cells but not within the relatively pure subpopulation of large monocytes. Addition of lymphokine and/or lipopolysaccharide demonstrated that large monocytes were resistant to activation for tumor killing, in contrast to small mononuclear cells. However, cryopreservation or simply exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) rendered the large monocytes sensitive to activating agents without altering their unstimulated tumoricidal activity. Cryopreservation was not detrimental to small or large monocytes either in number or tumoricidal function but did decrease the number of large granular lymphocytes (LGL). The small mononuclear cell fraction was enriched for small monocytes to 80% by combining CCE with Percoll gradient separation. HNK-1 mouse monoclonal antibody against human LGL was used with complement to remove virtually all LGL from cryopreserved cells as judged by morphology and tumoricidal activity against K 562 human lymphoblastoid cells. Such treatment actually augmented rather than suppressed tumoricidal activity against P-815 mastocytoma cells. Therefore, we conclude that small monocytes but not large monocytes possess native tumoricidal activity distinct from that attributed to LGL or natural killer lymphocytes. Further, small monocytes are readily activated for tumor killing and can be cryopreserved without loss of tumoricidal activity. PMID- 6640674 TI - Lymphocyte transformation to connective tissue antigens in adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and a nonarthritic control population. AB - Transformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes after exposure to connective tissue antigens was measured in patients with adult (n = 35) and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (n = 34), osteoarthritis (n = 21), ankylosing spondylitis (n = 15), and systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 26) and in control subjects (n = 36). The connective tissue antigens included homologous cartilage-type proteoglycan, cyanogen bromide-derived peptides of type I, II, and III collagens, and type I and II helical collagens. Lymphocyte transformation was not detected in the osteoarthritic and control groups, with one exception. Sensitization to at least one connective tissue antigen was detected in approximately one-third of the rheumatoid arthritic and lupus patients and in one-quarter of the juvenile rheumatoid patients. In ankylosing spondylitis, positive responses occurred to proteoglycan in 20% of patients tested but never to collagens or peptides. Sensitivity to proteoglycan was detected only in ankylosing spondylitis except for one patient with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and both forms of rheumatoid arthritis, lymphocyte transformation was usually more frequently detected to peptides than to the helical collagens. In adult rheumatoid arthritis, type II peptides elicited an elevated number of responses (14%) as did type I (9%) and III (8%) peptides to lesser degrees. Responses to type I (4%) and II (4%) helical collagens were infrequent. Rheumatoid arthritic patients usually exhibited sensitivity to only one antigen and lymphocyte transformation was often detected when the arthritis was improving. In juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, lymphocyte transformation was detected to peptides of type I (16%), II (9%), and III (29%) collagens and to helical type I (12%) and II (8%) collagens. In systemic lupus erythematosus, sensitization was detected to peptides of type I (13%), II (20%), and III (14%) collagens and to helical type I collagen (18%) but not type II collagen. Simultaneous sensitivity to several antigens often occurred in both systemic lupus erythematosus and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Examination of individual patients in all three rheumatic disease groups revealed that immune sensitivity developed to collagen peptides rather than to the helical molecules, particularly in the case of type II collagen. Thus, some patients with inflammatory arthritis exhibit immune responses to connective tissue components which are, as a group, characteristic for each type of arthritis. These responses, which were not obviously associated with disease activity, may develop as a result of inflammation or trauma which destroys connective tissue and exposes molecules, in either a native or degraded state, to cells of the immune system. Expression of sensitivity to these tissue antigens may contribute to the chronicity of the inflammatory arthritides. PMID- 6640675 TI - Inhibition of delayed-type hypersensitivity by heparin depleted of anticoagulant activity. AB - The intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of heparin fractions depleted of anticoagulant activity (HFDA) into mice, either at the time of immunization or challenge, inhibited hapten-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. The loss was not due to functional elimination of sensitized lymphocytes, since mice sensitized with the contactant and then treated with HFDA retained their ability to transfer reactivity into normal syngeneic recipients. In contrast, lymphocytes from sensitized mice were unable to produce DTH reactivity in recipient mice pretreated with HFDA. The intravenous injection of HFDA resulted in a rapid, but transient increase in the number of circulating leukocytes. The intravenous injection of HFDA also reduced the footpad swelling that resulted from a local injection of concanavalin A. It is postulated that HFDA exercise their inhibitory effects on the DTH response by interfering with the migration of cells into the challenge site. PMID- 6640676 TI - A simple method for the removal of contaminating fibroblasts from cultures of rat mammary epithelial cells. AB - A simple method of removing fibroblasts from cultured mammary epithelial cells is described. Primary cultures of both fibroblasts and epithelial cells have been prepared from rat mammary tissue dissociated with collagenase and hyaluronidase. Fibroblasts present as contaminants in the epithelial cell cultures have been selectively removed by incubating cultures at 37 degrees C in Hanks' balanced salt solution that contained antibiotics (100 micrograms/ml) and fungizone (5 micrograms/ml, a treatment which does not appear to decrease cell viability. PMID- 6640677 TI - Plasmodium formation in Physarum polycephalum: cytological events and their timing relative to commitment. AB - Amoebae of "selfing" strains of Physarum polycephalum transform into multinucleate plasmodia without change in ploidy. The transformation occurs when cultures of amoebae reach sufficiently high cell densities or when cultures of low densities are exposed through filters to dense "inducing" cultures of amoebae. We have induced selfing amoebae to transform individually and in populations in order to study cytological changes and their timing relative to the irreversible commitment of cells to plasmodium formation. An increase in cell size was observed to precede commitment, and the first nuclear mitosis, which gives rise to a binucleate cell, was found to follow commitment. PMID- 6640678 TI - Inhibition of protein synthesis during G2 induces irregular metaphase and anaphase in mitosis of root cells of Allium sativum L. AB - When partially synchronized root tip cells of Allium sativum L. (Garlic) were treated with cycloheximide during G2, some cells showed condensed chromosomes in arrested prophase nuclei. Other cells that were able to proceed into metaphase exhibited abnormal alignments of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, resulting in irregular anaphase and telophase movements of the chromosomes. Electron microscopy showed that kinetochores were poorly developed with only few kinetochore-to-pole microtubules attached. Other microtubules, probably mostly pole-to-pole microtubules, exhibited irregular pathways making the spindle appear disorganized. These observations seem to suggest that a protein (or proteins) necessary for kinetochore and spindle function are synthesized at a time in G2 similar to the synthesis of the mitotic proteins that are necessary for chromosome condensation and nuclear membrane breakdown. It is suggested that the protein(s) needed for normal spindle function are newly synthesized during each cell cycle and therefore belong functionally to the mitotic proteins. PMID- 6640679 TI - Rosette-like structures from nuclei with condensed (chromomeric) chromatin but not from nuclei with diffuse (nucleomeric or nucleosomic) chromatin. AB - The structure of chromatin of rat hepatocyte nuclei has been studied. At low ionic strength (20-50) chromatin in isolated nuclei, depending on the concentration of MgCl2 in the solution (0-2 and 4-5 mM), may be present in two states, respectively, diffuse and condensed. The major structural component of the nuclei with condensed chromatin is globular structures 100 nm in diameter, i.e. chromomers. By treating chromomer-containing nuclei with heparin and dextransulfate (polyanions/DNA equal 1), one can isolate rosette-like structures having an electron-dense core and numerous loops (the number loops in the rosette, 15-30, total length of all the loops, 15-20 micrometers, core diameter, 30-60 nm). The action of endogeneous nuclease on the nuclei and DNase I (but not RNase) on the rosette results in the break-down of the loops. Pronase or higher concentrations of polyanions (polyanions/DNA equal 4) induces partial or total decondensation of the rosette core and unfolding of the loops into a continuous linear structure. Rosette structures are not isolated from nuclei with diffuse chromatin. Rosette structures are discussed in terms of the known levels of the organization of chromatin. PMID- 6640680 TI - The influence of the nucleus on the regulation of the dCMP deaminase in acetabularia. AB - The enzyme activity of dCMP deaminase (EC 3.5.4.12) In Acetabularia mediterranea is substantially increased at the beginning of cyst formation. A similar albeit advanced increase is observed in anucleate cells. The advance in the anucleate cells is not due to non-specific effects of cell surgery since nucleate grafts which are also subjected to surgery exhibit a delayed regulation characteristic for nucleate cells. Moreover, the nuclear effect on the regulation is demonstrated by experiments in which the flow of information from nucleus to cytoplasm is interrupted by treatment with actinomycin D or by tying off the rhizoid for five days. In these cells not only is the time of the increase advanced but also cyst formation is accelerated. PMID- 6640681 TI - [Densitometric determination of prazosin in plasma]. PMID- 6640682 TI - [Consideration of medical ethics in gastroenterology]. PMID- 6640683 TI - [Evaluation of short-term results in the treatment of patients with acute viral hepatitis]. PMID- 6640684 TI - [Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography with the Chiba needle (PTC)]. PMID- 6640685 TI - [A large congenital liver cyst]. PMID- 6640686 TI - [Contemporary views on the surgical treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers and its results]. PMID- 6640687 TI - [Disinfection of endoscopy instruments]. PMID- 6640688 TI - [Etiology and pathogenesis of nonspecific intestinal inflammations. Review and working hypothesis. III]. PMID- 6640689 TI - [Visually evoked responses in children with amblyopia]. PMID- 6640691 TI - [The effect of instilled eserine on the bovine uvea and retina]. PMID- 6640690 TI - [The effect of instilled pilocarpine on the bovine uvea and retina]. PMID- 6640692 TI - [ERG and EOG in patients with simple glaucoma after long-term treatment with timolol]. PMID- 6640693 TI - [ERG and EOG in arteriosclerotic disease of the macula]. PMID- 6640694 TI - [Catamnesis of patients with orbital exenteration]. PMID- 6640695 TI - [Bilateral ischemia of the optic nerve papilla]. PMID- 6640696 TI - [Pulsating exophthalmos associated with a post-traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula in a child]. PMID- 6640697 TI - [Evaluation of the activity of the orthoptic kindergarten]. PMID- 6640698 TI - [The effect of congenital toxoplasmosis on the visual apparatus in children]. PMID- 6640699 TI - [Extensive angiomatosis of the retina of both eyes cured with cryopexy]. PMID- 6640700 TI - [Determination of the glucocorticoid content in human cataracts]. PMID- 6640701 TI - [Contribution to the clinical picture of angioid streaks]. PMID- 6640702 TI - [Clinical experience with corneal endothelial microscopy. Comparison of normal and pathological findings]. PMID- 6640703 TI - [An unusual case of bilateral central chorioretinitis in acquired rubeola]. PMID- 6640704 TI - [The effect of miotics on ocular hydrodynamics]. PMID- 6640705 TI - [Dynamics of the penetration of water from hydrophilic contact lenses into the eye and central nervous system]. PMID- 6640706 TI - [The amount of collagen cross-links in the sclera and cornea]. PMID- 6640707 TI - [Computerized perimetry]. PMID- 6640708 TI - [Primary experience with computerized perimetry in intracranial pressure on the anterior part of the visual pathway]. PMID- 6640709 TI - [Intermittent papilledema in a brain tumor]. PMID- 6640710 TI - [Contribution to the physiology of voice production after laryngectomy and the creation of a neoglottis by the Staffieri technic]. PMID- 6640711 TI - [The range of fundamental tone frequency in the speech of stutterers and clutterers]. PMID- 6640712 TI - [Study of motor feedback in clinically cured stutterers]. PMID- 6640713 TI - [Experience with the laser scalpel in otolaryngology and stomatosurgery]. PMID- 6640714 TI - [Drug dosage for the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and the new Czechoslovak Pharmacopoeia]. PMID- 6640715 TI - [Holographic study of experimentally induced elastic deformations of the temporal bone]. PMID- 6640716 TI - [Tympanometric findings in otosclerosis]. PMID- 6640717 TI - [Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome from the viewpoint of the otolaryngologist]. PMID- 6640719 TI - [Rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx]. PMID- 6640718 TI - [Genetically conditioned aplasia of the large salivary glands in a 9-year-old girl]. PMID- 6640720 TI - [Leukoplakia and pachydermia of the mucous membrane of the vocal cords]. PMID- 6640721 TI - [Pistons in revision after Schuknecht's stapedioplasty]. PMID- 6640722 TI - [Current views on the treatment of Meniere's disease with ultrasound]. PMID- 6640723 TI - [Surgical treatment of fractures of the orbital base using polymeric materials]. PMID- 6640724 TI - [Diagnostic problems in direct laryngeal examinations of children up to 3 years of age]. PMID- 6640725 TI - [Thermography in parotid tumors]. PMID- 6640726 TI - [Clinical electrogustometry]. PMID- 6640727 TI - [Osteomyelitis of the frontal bone in a 12-year-old girl]. PMID- 6640728 TI - [The therapeutic effect of submucosal diathermocoagulation in chronic rhinitis based on the evaluation of a questionnaire]. PMID- 6640729 TI - [Pneumocisternography with computer tomography in the diagnosis of acoustic neurinomas]. PMID- 6640730 TI - [Initial experience with microsurgery of tumors of the 8th cranial nerve]. PMID- 6640731 TI - [Experience with extra-intracranial arterial anastomosis]. PMID- 6640732 TI - [Pseudotumorous form of a demyelinating lesion in the CNS]. PMID- 6640733 TI - [Patency of leptomeningeal vessels at the site of experimental spinal contusion prerequisites for transplantation of a peripheral nerve into the spinal cord]. PMID- 6640734 TI - [The significance of dural sinusography in neurosurgery]. PMID- 6640735 TI - [Traumatic aneurysm of a cerebral artery]. PMID- 6640736 TI - [Variability of the cortical veins in the frontal lobe of the brain. Angiographic study]. PMID- 6640737 TI - [World Health Day. Health for all--a task for all]. PMID- 6640738 TI - [Neurological symptoms of disorders of the right and left hemispheres]. PMID- 6640739 TI - [Contribution to the study of chronic symptomatic hypersomnias]. PMID- 6640740 TI - [Cortical somatosensory evoked potentials of the median nerve in an adult. Normal values]. PMID- 6640741 TI - [Development of the central infantile hypotonic syndrome in early childhood]. PMID- 6640742 TI - [The risk of lead poisoning]. PMID- 6640743 TI - [The effect of hydantoins on normal postural tremor]. PMID- 6640744 TI - [The lateral recess syndrome in the lumbosacral region, neurological and neuroradiological signs]. PMID- 6640745 TI - [Corticoids in the treatment of Bell's palsy]. PMID- 6640746 TI - [Pontine infarcts with manifestations of the "locked-in" syndrome and alpha coma]. PMID- 6640747 TI - [Tumors of the cerebral midline and surrounding region. Retrospective studies]. PMID- 6640748 TI - [Dissecting aneurysms of the internal carotid, vertebral and cerebral arteries]. PMID- 6640749 TI - [The future of psychopharmacology]. PMID- 6640750 TI - [Lithium 1982]. PMID- 6640751 TI - [Topical questions of practical pharmacotherapy with antidepressives (observations from the past)]. PMID- 6640752 TI - [Functional examination of the lungs in evaluating the effect of respiratory rehabilitation and mucolytics in cystic fibrosis]. PMID- 6640753 TI - [Successful prenatal diagnosis of the fragile X chromosome without the use of folic acid antagonists]. PMID- 6640754 TI - [Experience with postnatal and prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis of Fanconi's anemia]. PMID- 6640756 TI - [Characteristics of tumors in childhood]. PMID- 6640755 TI - [Levels of immunoreactive trypsin in the serum in children]. PMID- 6640757 TI - [Diagnosis of expansive processes in the abdomen in newborns and infants]. PMID- 6640759 TI - [Electrophysiological study of sleep in premature children-developmental and prognostic aspects]. PMID- 6640758 TI - [Evaluation of the reactivity of the bronchial system in preschool-age children using the histamine provocation test]. PMID- 6640760 TI - [Particularities in the evaluation of dynamic lung compliance in newborn infants]. PMID- 6640761 TI - [Conceptual design for a department of military medicine]. PMID- 6640762 TI - [Shift of emphasis from operative management of the Institutes of National Health to conceptual management]. PMID- 6640763 TI - [Combination of data on deceased persons with additional common statistical data in the general assessment of health status. B. Comparison of standard and studied populations]. PMID- 6640764 TI - [Methods of predicting the development of science and technology in the health care system of Slovakia up to the year 2000]. PMID- 6640765 TI - [Objectivization of wage setting in the health system]. PMID- 6640767 TI - [Trust between physician and patient, the basic pillar of successful therapy]. PMID- 6640766 TI - [Evaluation of electrocardiographic changes in rural men]. PMID- 6640768 TI - [Principles and use of the Somatom 2 computer tomography]. PMID- 6640769 TI - [Computer tomography in the diagnosis of the spinal canal]. PMID- 6640771 TI - [Computer tomography in renal diagnosis]. PMID- 6640770 TI - [Possibilities of using computer tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary and mediastinal processes]. PMID- 6640772 TI - [The significance of computer tomography in the diagnosis of Grawitz's tumor of the kidney]. PMID- 6640773 TI - [Computer tomography diagnosis of abdominal abscesses]. PMID- 6640774 TI - [Directed thin-needle aspiration biopsy guided by computer tomography]. PMID- 6640775 TI - [Computer tomography in the diagnosis of diseases of the bile ducts]. PMID- 6640776 TI - [Unusual complications of diverticulosis of the colon]. PMID- 6640777 TI - [A miniature detector for oncological use]. PMID- 6640779 TI - [Flow thermal protector R 100 for the 3-phase synchronous electric motor in the Chiratrix apparatus]. PMID- 6640778 TI - [Applicators for hyperthermia]. PMID- 6640780 TI - Interactions between selenium and mercury in mice: marked retention in the lung after inhalation of metallic mercury. AB - The distribution of 203Hg after inhalation of radioactive metallic mercury (4.3 mumol 203Hg0/kg body wt. for 1 h) was studied in saline (control) and selenite (10 mumol/kg body wt. intraperitoneally, i.p.) pretreated male C57BL mice by means of whole-body autoradiography and scintillation counting. Selenite pretreatment did not apparently change the immediate uptake and distribution of 203Hg (presumably inorganic Hg after oxidation in the different organs) but markedly increased the retention time in the whole body. The most marked retention was seen in the lungs where the selenite-pretreated animals had 200 times higher concentration as compared to control animals 14 days after inhalation. In other organs the corresponding value ranged between 1 (brain) and 12 (spleen). Selenite-pretreated and control animals showed the same low rate of exhalation of 203Hg after the inhalation period, while the latter animals eliminated significantly more through the urine and faeces (measured only during the first 24 h). When inversely radioactive selenite (75Se-selenite) was injected i.v. into animals 1 h earlier exposed to non-radioactive Hg0 (by inhalation), the lung concentration of 75Se after 24 h was 4 times higher than that of control animals. When radioactive mercury was injected i.v. in the form of 203HgCl2 (4.3 mumol/kg body wt.), selenite (10 mumol/kg body wt., i.p.) increased the retention time in the body, more so than after 203Hg0 inhalation. In this case the mercury was retained especially in the serum, red pulp of the spleen and liver (reticulo endothelial system). 75Se-selenite injected i.v. after i.p. administration of non radioactive HgCl2 in the same doses as above similarly accumulated more in serum, spleen and liver as compared to control animals. It is presumed that while injected selenite and inorganic mercury (Hg2+) interact strongly in the serum, increasing each other's uptake and retention especially in the reticulo endothelial system, inorganic mercury retained in various organs after oxidation of Hg0 upon inhalation interacts with selenium mainly intracellularly. This occurs especially in the lungs, where initially high concentrations of mercury are found after inhalation. PMID- 6640781 TI - Interaction of nogalamycin with chromatin. AB - Number of available nogalamycin binding sites in Sarcoma-180 chromatin is less than that present in Sarcoma-180 DNA. Gradual removal of proteins from chromatin by salt leads to increase in available drug binding sites, without appreciable alteration in binding affinity. Histones restrict the accessibility of nogalamycin to chromosomal DNA, whereas high mobility group (HMG) proteins have no effect. Association of histone H1 with chromosomal DNA has a more marked inhibitory effect on nogalamycin binding than other types of histones. Chromosomal protein induced conformational change in DNA appears to be the main factor in determining the availability of strong binding sites. PMID- 6640782 TI - Cytochrome P-455 nm complex formation in the metabolism of phenylalkylamines. VII. Enzyme interactions with synthetic 2-nitroso-1-phenylalkanes. AB - Cytochrome P-455 nm complex formation in rat liver microsomes was investigated with 2-nitroso-1-phenylpropane, the nitroso compound related to amphetamine, and six homologues comprising different alpha-alkyl substituents. The C-nitroso compounds were synthesized and obtained as trans nitroso dimers, the only form in which they are available in pure solid state. Their physical and chemical properties were investigated and their decomposition in ethanol solutions was correlated with the complexing efficacies of these solutions. Dissociation of the nitroso dimers to monomers constitutes an equilibrium which is displaced in favour of the dimer but with the monomers ultimately undergoing tautomerization to oximes. Based on these kinetics a mathematical model was produced, which by computer simulations gave simultaneously the dimer (Mo2), monomer (Mo) and oxime (Ox) concentrations of the substrate solutions used in the complex formation studies. The results show that the formation of cytochrome P-455 nm complexes is directly related to the numerically predicted concentrations of the nitroso monomers, but is very slow or absent when the dimer or oxime concentrations are at their highest. Substrate solutions derived from nitroso dimers with larger alpha-alkyl substituents (3-4 carbons) were devoid of complexing activities because of low solubility and very slow chemical kinetics. PMID- 6640784 TI - Intracellular interaction and metabolic fate of arsenite and arsenate in mice and rabbits. AB - In vitro incubation of [74As]arsenite, -arsenate or -dimethylarsinic acid (DMA, the main metabolite of inorganic arsenic) with liver, lung and kidney homogenate of mice and rabbits showed that arsenite is the main form of arsenic bound to tissues. Injection of arsenite in mice and rabbits (0.04 mg As/kg body wt.) caused higher concentration of arsenic in the liver and the lungs than did the same dose of arsenate. This was less marked in the mice than in the rabbits, mainly due to the faster methylation to DMA. The relatively high degree of binding of arsenic to tissue constituents which also followed injection of arsenate may be explained by in vivo reduction to arsenite. The similar binding pattern after exposure to arsenite and arsenate indicates further that one and the same form of arsenic, arsenite, is retained independent of the form of exposure to inorganic arsenic. In contrast to the liver and lungs the kidneys showed a higher retention of arsenic after injection of arsenate than after injection of arsenite. Following injection of [74As]DMA in the animals excretion was essentially completed within 24 h, indicating low affinity for the tissues in vivo. PMID- 6640783 TI - Structure elucidation of a 6-methylbenzo[a]pyrene-DNA adduct formed by horseradish peroxidase in vitro and mouse skin in vivo. AB - Activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with H2O2 has been studied as a model system for one-electron oxidation. This peroxidase has been used to catalyze binding of 6-[14C]methylbenzo[a]pyrene (BP-6-CH3) to DNA, which was purified, hydrolyzed to deoxyribonucleosides and analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The predominant hydrocarbon-DNA adduct observed was identified as BP-6-CH3 bound at the 6-methyl group to the 2-amino group of dG, confirming that activation by HRP occurs by one electron oxidation. When DNA from mouse skin treated in vivo with [14C]BP-6-CH3 was purified, hydrolyzed and analyzed by HPLC, a profile was observed which was qualitatively similar to that from the peroxidase system. In particular, the identified adduct with the hydrocarbon bound at the 6-methyl group to the 2-amino group of dG was obtained. These results demonstrate that one-electron oxidation is the mechanism of activation by HRP for aromatic hydrocarbons and indicate that the same mechanism may occur in mouse skin, a target tissue for hydrocarbon carcinogenesis. PMID- 6640785 TI - The induction of multiple forms of cytochrome P-450 by SKF 525-A. AB - SKF 525-A induces several subpopulations of cytochrome P-450 which differ in their chromatographic properties and in their abilities to sequester themselves as metabolic-intermediate complexes. The two major subpopulations induced by SKF 525-A have both similar chromatographic elution profiles on DEAE cellulose and the same molecular weight as the two major forms induced by phenobarbital (PB). They differ from those induced by phenobarbital, however, in the extent to which they sequester themselves as SKF 525-A metabolic-intermediate complexes in vivo. They also differ markedly from the major cytochrome induced by beta naphthoflavone (BNF) which is incapable of forming metabolic-intermediate complexes with SKF 525-A in vivo. PMID- 6640786 TI - An internal fluorene model for iodo-N-2-acetylaminofluorene modified DNA. AB - Minimized conformational potential energy calculations have been performed for the 7-iodo (AAIF) and 7-fluoro (AAFF) derivatives of N-2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF), linked covalently to guanine C-8 in dCpdG. Both the iodo and the fluoro derivatives are carcinogenic and mutagenic. The lowest energy forms on the dinucleoside monophosphate level have syn guanine and fluorene-cytidine stacking. However, the iodo adduct cannot adopt this conformation in larger polymers, according to earlier experimental studies (Fuchs et al., Biochemistry, 15 (1976) 3347) and model building, because of iodine's large Van der Waal's radius. Therefore, a model consistent with all the experimental evidence, incorporating the second lowest energy conformation in B form duplex (dCdG)3 was constructed. In this model the modified guanine is syn, yet still stacked with the adjacent cytidine in one direction, the fluorene is located primarily at the helix interior between the base pairing sites, rupturing two base pairs, and the iodine atom and its adjoining ring protrude to the helix exterior. PMID- 6640787 TI - The relationship between ionization potential and horseradish peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide-catalyzed binding of aromatic hydrocarbons to DNA. AB - The ionization potentials (IP) of 91 alternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were determined from the absorption maximum of the charge-transfer complex of each hydrocarbon and chloranil in chloroform. The extent of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed binding to DNA of 14 hydrocarbons of varying IP was measured. Only hydrocarbons with IP less than approx. 7.35 eV were significantly bound to DNA. These results provide further evidence that HRP-mediated binding of PAH to DNA occurs by one-electron oxidation and indicate that hydrocarbons must have IP less than approx. 7.35 eV to be activated by one-electron oxidation. Thus, determination of IP and HRP-catalyzed binding to DNA can offer some guidelines for selecting aromatic hydrocarbons which might undergo carcinogenic activation by this mechanism. PMID- 6640788 TI - Synthesis and antibacterial activity of 3-acylamino-2-azetidinone-1-sulfonic acid derivatives. PMID- 6640789 TI - Amino acids and peptides. VIII. Synthesis of a hexacosapeptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence 36-61 of human metallothionein II (hMT II) and determination of its heavy metal binding activity. PMID- 6640790 TI - Synthesis and biological activities of 3-aminomethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene derivatives. PMID- 6640791 TI - Synthesis and spasmolytic activity of 2-substituted-3-(omega dialkylaminoalkoxyphenyl)acrylonitriles and related compounds. PMID- 6640792 TI - A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the evaluation of bioconversion of indomethacin prodrugs into the parent drug. PMID- 6640793 TI - Cell surface radiolabeling of the carbohydrate moieties of the plasma membrane major glycoprotein of AH-66 hepatoma ascites cells. PMID- 6640794 TI - Studies on anisotropy of compressed powders. III. Effects of different granulation methods on anisotropy, pore size and crushing strength of tablets. PMID- 6640795 TI - Dissolution properties and bioavailability of phenytoin from ground mixtures with chitin or chitosan. PMID- 6640796 TI - Inhibitory effect of gallotannins on the respiration of rat liver mitochondria. PMID- 6640797 TI - Synthesis and biological activities of 5-substituted 6-phenylthio and 6 iodouridines, a new class of antileukemic nucleosides. PMID- 6640798 TI - The principles of Tetragonia tetragonoides having anti-ulcerogenic activity. II. Isolation and structure of cerebrosides. PMID- 6640799 TI - Pyrimidine derivatives. VI. Synthesis of 2-(1-piperazinyl)-5,6 polymethylenepyrimidine derivatives and determination of their hypoglycemic activity. PMID- 6640800 TI - Isolation and identification of anti-platelet aggregation principles from the bark of Fraxinus japonica BLUME. PMID- 6640801 TI - Synthesis and activity of a newly isolated analgesic pentapeptide, neo kyotorphin. PMID- 6640802 TI - A simultaneous determination of norephedrine, pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and methylephedrine in Ephedrae Herba and oriental pharmaceutical preparations by ion pair high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6640804 TI - Hemolysis induced by benzyl alcohol and effect of the alcohol on erythrocyte membrane. PMID- 6640803 TI - Mechanism of the blood urea nitrogen-decreasing activity of rhatannin from Rhei Rhizoma in the rat. I. PMID- 6640806 TI - Pyrimidine derivatives. VII. Structure-activity relationship of hypoglycemic 4 amino-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrimidines investigated by the adaptive least-squares method. PMID- 6640805 TI - Biopharmaceutical study of inclusion complexes. I. Pharmaceutical advantages of cyclodextrin complexes of bencyclane fumarate. PMID- 6640807 TI - Metabolism of afloqualone, a new centrally acting muscle relaxant, in the rat. PMID- 6640808 TI - Studies on poisonous metals. X. Metabolic fate of manganese after oral administration of excessive manganese chloride in rats. PMID- 6640809 TI - Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of N1-(substituted phenyl)pyridinecarboxamidines. PMID- 6640810 TI - Studies on the activities of tannins and related compounds of medicinal plants and drugs. II. Effects of various tannins and related compounds on adrenaline induced lipolysis in fat cells (1). PMID- 6640811 TI - Agonist-antagonist properties of 5,7-ethano-4,5,5a,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2,6,7 trimethyl-1H-benzo[g]homoquinolin-9-ol and 4,6-ethano-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro 2,5,6-trimethylbenzo[f]quinolin-8-ol. PMID- 6640812 TI - Micelle formation of diacylglycerophosphocholines in organic solvents I. Effects of the solvents on Krafft points. AB - Krafft points of diacylglycerophosphocholines (PC) were measured in alkanes cyclohexane solutions by differential scanning calorimetry, and it was found that they were regularly increased following the increase in alkane content in the solutions and the chain length of the alkanes. From these results it was deduced that the mixing of PC with alkanes occurred in the gel state of the PC, but not in micelles at higher temperatures above the Krafft points, where micellar solutions are provided. The penetration of alkanes into gel state PC was found to be dominated by Langmuir type interaction, and the affinity of alkanes increases with increasing in chain lengths. Above the Krafft points, the micelle formation was confirmed by using the fluorescence probe technique. PMID- 6640813 TI - Spreading and polymerization behavior of diacetylenic phospholipids at the gas water interface. AB - A variety of polymerizable lipids derived from hexacosa-10,12-diynoic acid and hexacosa-10,12-diyne-1-ol have been synthesized and spread at the gas/water interface. The measured surface pressure/area isotherms indicate that head group charge and bulkiness have strong influences on the area occupied per molecule. In the case of zwitterionic phospholipids additional area changes are brought about by alkaline and acidic subphases, which is probably due to an alteration of head group conformation. Condensed state diacetylenic lipid monolayers in a nitrogen atmosphere are polymerizable by UV irradiation. The polymerization reaction was monitored at the gas/water interface by the area change at constant surface pressure and the change of optical density in the visible region. As already observed for vesicle polymerization, single chain amphiphiles exhibit a different absorption behavior than asymmetric double chain amphiphiles of the phosphoglycerol type. The polymerized monolayers were more densely packed and more stable than their monomeric counterparts as indicated by the smaller areas and higher pressures reached before the collapse points. PMID- 6640814 TI - Hydrolysis of 1-triacontanoyl-2-(pyren-1-yl)hexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by human pancreatic phospholipase A2. AB - A novel fluorescent phospholipid analogue, 1-triacontanoyl-2-(pyren-1-yl)hexanoyl sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C30PHPC) was employed as a substrate for human pancreatic phospholipase A2. C30PHPC has a main endothermic phase transition with Tm at 46 degrees C as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For an aqueous dispersion of C30PHPC the ratio of the intensities of pyrene excimer and monomer fluorescence emission, (IE/IM) has a maximum between 32 and 36 degrees C. The excimer emission intensity (at 480 nm) exceeds the monomer emission intensity (at 400 nm) 6.5-fold thus indicating a close packing of the phospholipid pyrene moieties in the lipid phase. C30PHPC has a limiting mean molecular area of 37 A2 at surface pressure 35 dyn cm-1 as judged by the compression isotherm at an air-water interphase. The hydrolysis of C30PHPC by human pancreatic phospholipase A2 was followed by monitoring the increase in the pyrene monomer fluorescence emission intensity occurring as a consequence of transfer of the reaction product, pyren-1-yl hexanoic acid into the aqueous phase. The enzyme reaction exhibited an apparent Km of 2.0 microM substrate. Calcium at a concentration of 0.2 mM activated the enzyme 4-fold. Maximal hydrolytic rates were obtained at 45 degrees C and at pH between 5.5 and 6.5. The enzyme reaction could be inhibited by 5 mM EDTA, confirming the absolute requirement for Ca2+ of this enzyme. The present fluorimetric assay easily detects hydrolysis of C30PHPC in the pmol min-1 range. Accordingly, less than nanogram levels of human pancreatic phospholipase A2 can be detected. PMID- 6640815 TI - Cardiovascular responses to short-term olympic style weight-training in young men. AB - An experimental group (N = 9) was trained similarly to olympic weight-lifters for eight weeks. Max VO2 was determined with a Beckman MMC and a Monark Cycle ergometer. Work began at 0 watts (1st minute) and was raised to 60 watts each minute until 180 watts was reached, thereafter it was increased by 30 watts until exhaustion. Short term endurance (min) was measured as time to exhaustion. Resting HR and Resting BP (auscultation) were measured immediately before the max VO2 test. Body composition was determined by hydrostatic methods. Variables were measured at 0 (T1), at 5 weeks (T2), and at 8 weeks (T3). The max VO2 showed a significant increase (p less than or equal to 0.05) over time both l . min-1 (3.25 +/- 0.38 to 3.44 +/- 0.47) and ml . min-1 . kg-1 (39.5 +/- 4.2 to 42.4 +/- 5.5). Resting heart rate decreased from 63.9 +/- 8.9 to 58.8 +/- 6.5, systolic blood pressure decreased significantly from 119.3 +/- 13.4 to 114.8 +/- 9.0, diastolic pressure did not change (70.9 +/- 7.9 to 71.3 +/- 7.3). Lean body weight increased significantly from 64.9 +/- 7.4 to 67.3 +/- 7.7 kg, and % fat decreased significantly from 18.9 +/- 6.3 to 15.9 +/- 6.1. These data suggest that weight training can produce a significant positive change in some cardiovascular parameters. PMID- 6640816 TI - Dietary supplementation with vitamin C delays the onset of fatigue in isolated striated muscle of rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to assay the effect of prolonged vitamin C supplementation on contraction time and strength in the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat. Fifteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were given 30 mg of vitamin C orally per day for thirty days, while an additional fifteen animals served as controls. Contraction of the isolated gastrocnemius muscle was induced by electrical stimulation, and strength and time to fatigue was measured. Results indicate that the supplementation of vitamin C prolongs contraction time by 19% thus delaying fatigue but had no affect on muscle strength. PMID- 6640817 TI - Seasonal variables among physiological variables in elite oarsmen. AB - Nine members of the U.S. Men's Olympic Rowing Team were studied during the in season (IS) and off-season (OS). Maximum power, VE, VO2, and heart rate were measured during a 6-min rowing ergometer exercise during IS and OS. Per cent body fat and isokinetic quadriceps strength were also determined. Biopsies were removed from the vastus lateralis and analyzed histochemically and morphometrically during OS only. No changes were noted for body composition between IS and OS. VEmax and VO2max increased significantly from OS to IS; absolute VO2max increased from 5.09 to 6.01 l/min and relative values increased from 56.5 to 69.1 ml . kg-1 . min-1. Power increased 14% from OS to IS while heart rate showed no difference. Leg strength increased significantly at 6 different angular velocities from IS to OS especially at the lower speeds. Biopsy data revealed an average ratio of 75% slow twitch Type I fibers and 25% fast twitch Type II fibers. Larger fiber diameters were noted for Type II fibers but this difference was not significant. Although seasonal effects were expected, the unusually large differences in metabolic and strength capacities between IS and OS reflect a high degree of training specificity. PMID- 6640818 TI - The acute effects of controlled breathing swimming on glycolytic parameters. AB - Hypoxic Training, which has been popular in swimming for the past few years, is more correctly called Controlled Breathing Swimming (CBS). This study investigated the acute effects of CBS on blood glucose (GL), lactate (LA), pH, PvCO2, and recovery oxygen uptake. Six male swimmers were studied in two separate swimming sessions using two breathing patterns--free breathing (FB), and 7-stroke breathing (7B). For each session venous blood samples were drawn prior to the swim (Rest), immediately after the swim (IA), and during the 6th minute of recovery (6-R). Analyses for GL, LA, pH, and PvCO2 were carried out, and recovery VO2 (20 minutes) was calculated. Significant increased due to the exercise sessions themselves were found in both GL (p less than 0.05), and LA (p less than 0.05) concentrations. Between the two swim protocols, no significant difference was observed except for a significantly greater % CO2 production after the 7B swim (p less than 0.05). These results indicated that the acute CBS did not induce more glycolytic metabolic activity than did the normal swimming protocol. PMID- 6640819 TI - [Decision strategy as a function of event probability: 2. Latency of the decision and covering the field]. AB - A fair number of studies have been conducted in order to assess the effect of event probability on decision strategy in a two choice reaction time (CRT) task. Results showed that increasing the probability of an event from 0.5 to 0.8 did not affect CRT. In fact, a significant decrease in CRT was obtained only when one of the two stimuli reached a probability of 0.9. It was concluded from these studies that subjects used a very conservative decision strategy. It should be pointed out that in these studies the instructions given to subjects emphasized both speed and accuracy of response. In many sport situations however, a player must choose speed of response over accuracy. For example the tennis player who knows that the opponent will smash the ball either to his right or hs left. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether or not in such situations the defensive player might not choose a less conservative decision strategy than that presented earlier. Fourteen subjects were submitted to a two CRT task, where the probability of each event and the time allotted (TA) to complete the appropriate response were systematically manipulated. The results obtained for each level of TA were similar to those discussed earlier. More specifically, a significant decrease in CRT was obtained only when one of the two possible events reaches a probability of 0.9. However, it appeared that, reducing TA forced subjects to reduce CRT and to base their responses more and more on anticipation than on reaction. PMID- 6640820 TI - [Development, evaluation and application of a dynamometric system of skates]. AB - The present paper accounts for the elaboration validation and application of a dynamometric system device for ice skates that allows measurements of the forces and the point of application of their resultant on the blade during ice skating. The dynamometric system was built using strain gauges fixed to the frame of the blade and mounted in a Wheatstone bridge network which enabled after proper calibration to record force measurements. The type of frame chosen for the blade and the various modifications that were brought to it appear essential for the applicability of the system. In order to conduct a dynamic study of the "stop" during skating the system was coupled with a cinematographic technique enabling measurements of tridimensional angles of the skates. Two male subjects completed five "stops" at three different determined speeds. Results indicated that dynamometric systems build with frames of modified metal blades were of an adequate precision for measuring forces. Moreover coupling of the system with the cinematographic technique allowing measurements of tridimensional angles provides a powerful and innovative tool for the dynamic study of ice skating. PMID- 6640821 TI - Impact of coaching certification on coaching attitudes. AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the impact of coaching certification upon coaching attitudes toward important social psychological correlates of involvement in sport. Specifically, 249 coaches with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 levels of certification in the National Coaching Certification Program for Hockey were compared on attitudes toward important social psychological correlates of athletic involvement. As a consequence of anomalies in the sample, the six levels of certification were collapsed to form a factorial design comprising 2 levels of certification (coaches with 0.1 and 2 levels versus coaches with 3, 4, and 5 levels) and 2 levels of competition (house league versus competitive league coaches). The results revealed that coaches with greater certification were older and more experienced. Also, coaches in competitive leagues were more experienced, attached more importance to setting realistic objectives and playing well, but less importance to providing a recreational experience for players than house league coaches. Also, with increasing certification, coaches in competitive leagues attached increased importance to beating an opponent and having a winning team while house league coaches showed a decrease. Finally, the emphasis planed upon providing equal ice time for all players remained low over the two levels of certification in the competitive league coaches; it showed a decrease with greater certification in the house league coaches. PMID- 6640822 TI - Maximal exercise and residual lung volume: considerations for body composition analysis. AB - Pulmonary function was evaluated in 11 female cross country runners before and after maximal treadmill exercise. Hydrostatic weighing was also performed post exercise. Significant increases were found in both residual lung volume (X delta + 210 ml, 20.6%) and total lung capacity (X delta + 170 ml, 3.4%). These changes were not correlated to the intensity of the exercise. The magnitude of the change in residual lung volume resulted in a mean error of 12.1% in body composition prediction. Standardized testing orders are recommended. PMID- 6640823 TI - Disposition of orally administered 14C-prednimustine in cancer patients. AB - A single oral solution dose (40 mg/m2) of 14C-prednimustine was administered to each of four cancer patients. Plasma, urine, and feces were collected at appropriate times and analyzed for total radioactivity. Plasma samples were analyzed for prednimustine. Peak plasma levels of radioactivity (1-3 micrograms 14C-prednimustine equivalents) occurred at 1.5-3 h in three patients and at 5-6 h in one patient. No intact prednimustine was detected in the plasma; this means that if present, it would be at a concentration of 0.02 micrograms/ml or less and would account for less than 1% of the total drug-related material at the time of peak plasma levels. Solvent-extractable metabolites had a plasma half-life of about 8 h or less. By 24 h essentially all the plasma radioactivity appeared to be covalently bound, and it was eliminated slowly with an estimated terminal elimination half-life of about 10 days. Rapid urinary excretion occurred in the first 24 h, and 40%-60% of the dose was recovered in the urine in 72 h. Although prednimustine was well absorbed, the ester was subject to extensive presystemic metabolism and was not present in the systemic circulation after oral administration. PMID- 6640824 TI - Pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate in dogs. An experimental model with diffusion chambers. AB - The usefulness of a diffusion chamber method for determination of concentrations of cytostatic drugs in the interstitial fluid of tissues was tested. Chambers with a permeable membrane (pore size: 0.45 micrometer) were implanted in the liver, kidney, bladder wall, and prostate of dogs. After administration of high doses of methotrexate (100 mg/kg body wt) the concentrations in the chamber fluid and in serum were measured simultaneously and repeatedly for 72 h. The method proved to be effective for collecting data on the distribution of drugs in different organs. The results show that knowledge of the serum concentration does not permit predictions of the drug concentration in the interstitial fluid of various tissues to be made. PMID- 6640825 TI - Development and characterization of a new murine renal tumor model. Chemotherapeutic results. AB - A murine renal cell carcinoma model, the RC tumor, was pharmacologically and histologically characterized and was used for the evaluation of 20 chemotherapeutic agents. This model, when implanted IP or SC showed reproducible behavior and was found to be very sensitive to many drugs with different mechanisms of action, and particularly to alkylating agents. The IP-implanted tumor was sensitive to some clinically active drugs which were reported inactive against L1210 or P388 murine leukemias. The highest sensitivity of this model than of L1210 and P388 leukemias makes the RC tumor a good prescreening system for testing potential chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 6640826 TI - Serum profiles and safety of intermediate-dose (500-1,000 mg) methotrexate following IV and IM administration. AB - Despite extensive clinical experience with methotrexate there is no consensus of opinion as to the ideal method of administration. This study tested the hypotheses that intermediate-dose (500-1,000 mg) methotrexate can safely by administered to outpatients as an IM injection, and that similar serum profiles of methotrexate result from IM and IV administration. Fourteen patients received 500 mg methotrexate, and nine of these received 1,000 mg as an IM injection. Methotrexate levels at 24 and 48 h were below the levels at which toxicity can be expected. Six patients received 500 mg both IM and IV and 1,000 mg both IM and IV. Serum methotrexate profiles over 48 h were similar following both IM and IV administration. This study showed no evidence of significant toxicity in terms of bone marrow, gastrointestinal, or renal impairment. PMID- 6640827 TI - Pharmacokinetics of high-dose cyclophosphamide in patients with metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - Cyclophosphamide (CP) was administered to eight patients with metastatic bronchial carcinoma in escalating doses of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 g/m2 at intervals of 3 weeks. The proportion of the administered dose converted into alkylating metabolites was similar for each dose and there was no evidence to suggest that the enzyme system responsible for activating CP was saturated even with the highest dose. Considerable between-patient variation in drug metabolism was observed, but within each patient the fraction metabolised remained constant. PMID- 6640828 TI - The testis. A protected environment for leukaemic cells against cyclophosphamide in a mouse model. AB - Groups of BDF1 mice, inoculated either IM or by the intratesticular (IT) route with comparable numbers of L1210 cells, died within the same time range from the disseminated disease. Cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg IP) given on day 6 after inoculation, when the disease was advanced, increased the lifespan by about 100%, but all the mice died. The same dose on day 3 effectively cured all mice inoculated IM, whereas those injected with cells into the testicular lymphatic sinusoidal system died with only a short prolongation of lifespan. The study indicates that L1210 cells present in the testis are relatively protected from the action of cyclophosphamide, and the experimental results are consistent with clinical evidence for the occurrence of relapse in children with ALL due to malignant lymphoblasts persisting in the testicular environment. PMID- 6640830 TI - Second International Conference on Treatment of Urinary Tract Tumors with adriamycin. September 4, 1982, San Francisco. PMID- 6640829 TI - Optimum scheduling during combination chemotherapy of murine leukemia. Additional examples of schedule-dependent synergism between S-phase-specific antimetabolites and agents inducing mitotic or pre-mitotic (G2) arrest. AB - In an extension of our prior studies with methotrexate and vinca alkaloids, three additional drug combinations incorporating an S-phase-specific antimetabolite and an agent inducing blockade at mitosis or G2 were found to exhibit potent schedule dependent synergism against the L1210 leukemia. Combinations employed include cytosine arabinoside with vindesine and methotrexate with teniposide (VM-26) or the -deaza-pteridine derivative, NSC 181,928. Synergism was observed following sequential administration (antimetabolite given 24 h before the second agent), but effects following simultaneous administration or sequential administration in the reverse order (antimetabolite given 24 h after the second agent) were only additive. PMID- 6640831 TI - Intravesical instillation therapy with adriamycin for bladder cancer in the Korean study group. AB - Eighteen cases of bladder cancer were treated with intravesical instillation therapy with 60 mg Adriamycin daily. Overall, the treatment was markedly effective in two cases, effective in nine cases, and ineffective in seven cases. Bladder irritation was noted in four cases. Postinstillation therapy was required in most cases. PMID- 6640832 TI - Early adjuvant adriamycin in superficial bladder carcinoma. AB - A multicenter study was performed in 110 patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Adriamycin (50 mg/50 ml) was administered intravesically within 24 h after transurethral resection of TA-T1 (O-A) bladder tumors. Instillation was repeated twice during the first week, then weekly during the first month and afterwards monthly for 1 year. The tolerance was evaluated in these 110 patients, and 29 patients presented with local side-effects. In 24 of these patients chemical cystitis was severe enough for them to drop out of the study. No systemic side-effects were observed. Recurrence was studied in 82 evaluable patients after 1 year of follow-up and in 72 patients followed for 2-3 years (mean 32 months). Of the 82 patients studied after 1 year, 23 had primary and 59 recurrent disease. Of the 82 evaluable patients, 50 did not show any recurrence after 1 year (61%), while 32 presented with one or more recurrences (39%). Of these recurrences, 27 were T1 tumors while five progressed to more highly invasive lesions. In patients that were free of recurrence during the first year, 80% remained tumor-free during the 2- to 3-year follow-up period. Of the patients developing one or more recurrences during the first year, only 50% presented with further recurrence once the instillations were stopped. The beneficial effect of Adriamycin appears obvious and might be related to the drug itself, the early and repeated instillations after TUR, or both. PMID- 6640833 TI - Treatment of carcinoma in situ of the bladder with doxorubicin (adriamycin). AB - Fifty-five patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder have been treated with intravesical Adriamycin, the longest follow-up being over 2.5 years. Side-effects were negligible. Primary carcinoma in situ shows the highest overall response rate, with over 80%, followed by secondary carcinoma in situ with no tumours, with 67%; in the presence of active tumour only 25% of patients treated showed any real improvement. Adriamycin is recommended for the conservative management of primary carcinoma in situ. PMID- 6640834 TI - Combination chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer with adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil. AB - Combination three-drug chemotherapy with adriamycin (ADM), cyclophosphamide (CPM), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was performed in 24 cases of advanced bladder cancer who underwent surgical treatment, and three cases with recurrent or metastatic bladder cancer. The average age (25 men and 2 women) was 53. Of the 24 cases, nine were in stage T2, 10 in T3, and five in T4. One course consisted of a combination of 30 mg/m2 of ADM, 300 mg/m2 of CPM, and, 250 mg of 5-FU, administered five times. The combination was administered to three groups: every day for 5 days consecutively in group A, twice a week for 21/2 weeks in group B, and once every 4 weeks for 16 weeks in group C. After injection of ADM, CPM, and 5-FU, 200 mg/day of 5-FU was administered PO daily in all three groups. The 5 year survival rate of the 24 cases (apart from 3 cases with measurable metastatic tumor) was 58%. The 5-year survival rate for stage T2 was 88%, and that for stage T3 was 62.5%; all patients with stage T4 disease died before 3 years and 6 months. Partial response was seen in two out of three patients with recurrent or metastatic disease. Alopecia was observed in all cases as a side-effect of the chemotherapy. Also anorexia, nausea, and myelosuppression were observed in many cases, though the degree was tolerable. However, there were no disorders of the cardiovascular system, except for one case with transient hypotension. PMID- 6640835 TI - Long-term intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy with adriamycin for advanced bladder cancer. AB - Long-term intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy with Adriamycin (ADM) was performed in cases of bladder cancer prior to total cystectomy. This report describes the effects in 13 cases evaluated more than 3 weeks after infusion of 10 mg ADM once or twice weekly. An oblique skin incision approximately 10 cm long was made in the gluteal region to expose the gluteus maximus muscle. A teflon catheter was then inserted into the gluteal artery and fixed; the distal end was brought out from under the skin in the precordial region. A similar procedure was performed on the contralateral side. The catheter was inserted through the superior and inferior gluteal arteries in five and eight cases, respectively. In the former group, partial response was obtained in two cases, minimal response in two and no response in one, so that primary tumor remission was evident in 40% of the cases. In the latter group, all cases but one attained partial response, i.e., remission was seen in 87.5% of cases treated by inferior gluteal infusion. Skin erosion of the gluteal, perineal, and anal regions and sciatica-like pain were observed in some cases; however neither myocardial effect nor bone marrow suppression, which have been reported as side-effects of ADM, were observed in any of the cases. These results suggest that this therapeutic modality could be effective in the preoperative work-up of candidates for total cystectomy, and also that it could be useful in the treatment of patients in whom total cystectomy is contraindicated. PMID- 6640836 TI - Intra-arterial adriamycin chemotherapy for bladder cancer. Semiselective intra arterial chemotherapy with compression of the femoral arteries at the time of injection. AB - Twenty patients with bladder cancer were treated by semiselective intra-arterial chemotherapy with Adriamycin. Ten of them were given the agent while the femoral arteries were compressed, to prevent loss of the agent into the external iliac arteries. The other ten were given Adriamycin without this compression. Clinical and pathological responses of tumor and the side-effects were examined in these two groups. The results of the comparative study led us to the conclusion that the compression technique is a simple and valuable means of decreasing the side effects of Adriamycin and increasing tumor response. PMID- 6640837 TI - Intravesical chemotherapy in urinary bladder cancer. AB - Monthly instillation therapy with Adriamycin in a standardized dose of 300 ng/ml/h together with a phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 seems to give satisfactory results in patients with primary bladder carcinoma in situ and in patients with secondary carcinoma in situ of the bladder who have previously received full courses of irradiation. The side-effects are transient and few. PMID- 6640838 TI - Intravesical adriamycin chemotherapy in bladder cancer. AB - In an experimental study undertaken to elucidate the mechanism whereby Adriamycin (ADM) instilled into the bladder produces its side-effects, the time course of ADM concentration in blood, urine, and tissues of various organs, and also histopathological changes in the bladder mucosa were investigated in normal adult dogs that had undergone bilateral ureterostomy and then received intravesically instilled ADM. Clinically, ADM was used in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors in an attempt to facilitate the transurethral operative procedure. A total of 261 patients were included in this trial. ADM was instilled into the bladder at the following dosages: 1,000 micrograms/ml (30 mg ADM per 30 ml physiological saline), 1,600 micrograms/ml (50 mg ADM per 30 ml physiological saline), and 2,000 micrograms/ml (60 mg ADM per 30 ml physiological saline). The rate of effectiveness was 32%, 66%, and 60%, respectively. The incidence of side-effects was 29%, 20%, and 45%, respectively. The systemic uptake of the drug was small and the side-effects were pain an micturition, pollakiuria, and urgency. From the aspects of efficacy and toxicity, 1,600 micrograms/ml was found to be the optimal dosage. PMID- 6640839 TI - Mechanisms of action of intravesical treatment. Effect on the ABH surface antigens of urothelial cells. AB - Blood group isoantigens can be demonstrated immune-histologically on normal urothelium of the urinary bladder by means of the specific red cell adherence test. In preneoplastic and reactive changes of the urothelium and in dysplasia and carcinoma in situ, there is a loss of these antigens. Ultrastructural investigations of carcinoma in situ demonstrate a loss of normal membrane structures such as tight junctions, desmosomes, and glycocalyx. Of 18 patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder, 12 achieved tumor remission after topical chemotherapy with doxorubicin hydrochloride. A recurrence of blood group isoantigens was demonstrated in patients who achieved tumor remission. The antigenicity reappears before complete normalization of the urothelium. Ultrastructural investigations demonstrated normalization of cellular membrane structures in the respective biopsies. According to these findings and the current literature, the mechanisms of action of doxorubicin hydrochloride in carcinoma in situ may be due to retardation of cell cycle, cell loss by desquamation, cell death, and decrease of growth fraction. PMID- 6640840 TI - Minimization of inflammation in the treatment of bladder tumors by intravesical instillation of adriamycin. AB - The purpose of this trial was to minimize local inflammation caused by intravesical instillation of antitumor agents, especially Adriamycin, in the treatment of bladder tumor. Tranexamic acid was chosen as the solvent vehicle for Adriamycin and IV bolus injection of an antiallergic drug, Stronger neo minophagen C, was given at the time of each instillation. Of 81 cases scheduled for Adriamycin instillation therapy, nine cases (11.1%) dropped out due to severe bladder inflammation, while 17 other cases (21%) experienced local side-effects which were tolerated. Of 62 evaluable cases in whom more than eight instillations were performed, complete regression was observed in six cases (9.7%) and partial regression in 20 cases (32.3%). PMID- 6640841 TI - Transplacental effect of N-diethylnitrosamine on chromosomal aberrations in fetal tracheal cells of the Syrian hamster: comparison between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. AB - Chromosomal aberrations were investigated in tracheal cells of fetal Syrian hamsters after transplacental administration of N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN). On the 15th day of pregnancy, Syrian hamsters were injected s.c. with a tumorigenic dose of DEN (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight). Two hours later, the fetal tracheae were isolated, the epithelial tissue was separated from the mesenchymal tissue by collagenase-treatment, and then each cell population was transferred to cell culture after Dispase treatment. At 24, 48 and 72 h after the cell cultivation, chromosomal damage was examined. The results clearly showed that a high incidence of chromosomal aberrations, especially chromatid-type exchanges, was seen in the epithelial cells of DEN-treated groups. However, significant induction of chromosomal aberrations was not observed in the mesenchymal cells from DEN-treated groups. PMID- 6640842 TI - Mutagenesis and lethality following S phase irradiation of xeroderma pigmentosum and normal human diploid fibroblasts with ultraviolet light. AB - The mutagenic and lethal effects of u.v. light exposure in the DNA synthetic phase of the cell cycle were determined in xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XP-A), hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR), and a normal, foreskin derived cell strain (AG1522). For AG1522, an increased sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of u.v. light (survival curve D0 = 3.2 J/m2) was observed as compared to previous findings for confluent, non-proliferating cultures (D0 = 4.2 J/m2). XP-A fibroblasts were markedly hypersensitive (D0 = 0.5 J/m2) and ACR fibroblasts exhibited an intermediate response (D0 = 2.0 J/m2). The mutagenic response of ACR fibroblasts, however, was similar to normal fibroblasts. A threshold of 1.5-2 J/m2 was observed for u.v. induced mutagenesis in normal and ACR fibroblasts. XP fibroblasts, on the other hand, were strikingly hypermutable and demonstrated little or no threshold. When S phase mutagenesis was considered as a function of survival level rather than u.v. light dose, XP fibroblasts remained significantly hypermutable as compared with normal fibroblasts at all survival levels. Previous mutagenesis results with confluent, nonproliferating cultures of XP and normal fibroblasts were reanalyzed as a function of cytotoxicity; XP hypermutability at all survival levels was also observed. PMID- 6640843 TI - Defective thymine dimer excision from xeroderma pigmentosum chromatin and its characteristic catalysis by cell-free extracts. AB - Specific excision of thymine dimers from isolated normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP complementation groups A, C, D and G) chromatin was investigated under cell-free conditions. Crude extracts derived from unirradiated XP groups A, C and G cells were unable to excise dimers from their own nuclear sonicates, native chromatin and whole-cell sonicates prepared after exposure to 100 J/m2 of u.v. radiation at 254 nm, while normal-cell extracts were able to do so from all substrates including purified DNA. However, the extracts of XP groups A, C and G cells became capable of excising thymine dimers from chromatin preparations depleted of loosely bound nonhistone proteins with 0.35 M NaCl and from purified DNA. Extracts of XP group D cells catalyzed normal levels of excision from nuclear sonicates, native chromatin and 0.35 M NaCl-treated chromatin. These results suggest that none of the XP groups examined is deficient in a dimer specific u.v. endonuclease. XP groups A, C and G cells are apparently defective in 'XP factors' present in the non-histone protein fraction, which are required for the excision of thymine dimers from chromatin. The XP group D factor appears to be different from the others. Extracts from XP groups A, C and G cells were able to complement each other with respect to dimer excision from chromatin. Novobiocin (200 micrograms/ml) completely inhibited dimer excision effected by extracts of normal cells or by complementing extracts of XP cells. PMID- 6640844 TI - The induction of ornithine decarboxylase by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or by serum is inhibited by antioxidants. AB - The mechanism of action of tumor promoters may involve the modulation of gene expression, e.g., the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). The tumor promoter phorbol-13-myristate-12-acetate (PMA) induces chromosomal damage via the intermediacy of active oxygen species which may trigger the activation of certain genes. Therefore, we have studied the effect of antioxidants on the induction of ODC by PMA, medium change only and medium change plus PMA in mouse mammary tumor cells Mm5mt/C1. CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD, a scavenger of superoxide radicals), catalase (CAT, a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide) and mannitol (a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals) suppressed ODC induction under all three conditions. The relative inhibitory potency of the antioxidants was always SOD less than CAT less than mannitol less than SOD + CAT. Maximal suppression by SOD + CAT was approximately 50%. It is concluded that active oxygen species play a role in ODC induction by factors contained in serum and by PMA. PMID- 6640845 TI - Metabolism of 7-methylbenz[c]acridine: comparison of rat liver and lung microsomal preparations and identification of some minor metabolites. AB - The metabolism of the carcinogenic polycyclic aza-aromatic compound, 7 methylbenz[c]acridine, has been studied in lung and liver microsomal preparations obtained from control and induced rats. Minor metabolites not previously identified included, trans-10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[c]acridine, trans-1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[c]acridine, 7-methylbenz[c]acridine 5,6-oxide and 7-hydroxymethylbenz[c]acridine-5,6-oxide. Metabolite profiles from liver microsomes showed 7-hydroxymethylbenz[c]acridine, trans-8,9-diydro-8,9 dihydroxy-7-methylbenz[c]acridine, 7-methylbenz[c]acridine-5,6-oxide and phenols to be major products. Metabolite distributions obtained with lung microsomes were very similar although activities were much lower than those of liver microsomes prepared from the same animals. PMID- 6640846 TI - Studies on adaptation of V79 Chinese hamster cells to low doses of methylating agents. AB - Pretreatment of V79 cells with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) or N methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) significantly reduced the frequency of mutations (6 thioguanine resistance) induced by a challenge dose of these agents. Mutagenic adaptation can be observed after exposure to pretreatment doses which have no measurable toxic or cytogenetic effects, and which do not change DNA synthesis as measured at the moment of challenge. The influence of pretreatment on challenge dose-induced cell killing, chromosomal aberrations, and sister chromatid exchanges has also been studied. The effect of the challenge with respect to these end points was not in the same way dependent on the pretreatment dose as the challenge dose-induced mutation frequency. Therefore it is concluded that mutagenic adaptation and adaptation with respect to the other end points studied have no identical underlying causes. PMID- 6640847 TI - Reaction of 1-n-propyl-1-nitrosourea with DNA in vitro. AB - [n-propyl-2,3-3H]1-n-Propyl-1-nitrosourea (PNU) (sp. act.: 665 mCi/mmol) was synthesized and incubated with calf thymus DNA at pH 7.0 and 37 degrees C in vitro. The degree of alkylation was proportional to the concentration of PNU added. The extent was 68 pmol/mg of DNA at 1 mM PNU. After mild acid hydrolysis, purine bases were separated by Sephadex G-10 column chromatography. Although O6-n propylguanine and O6-iso-propylguanine were separated by this method, 7-n propylguanine and 7-iso-propylguanine were not separated. Then we used a h.p.l.c. equipped with a mu Bondapak-C18 reverse phase column with a linear gradient elution. 7-n-Propylguanine and O6-n-propylguanine were identified as major reaction products, and 7-iso-propylguanine and O6-iso-propylguanine were identified as minor reaction products. The ratio of O6-n- and iso-propylguanine/7 n- and iso-propylguanines was 0.73. This ratio is similar to that produced by 1 ethyl-1-nitrosourea and 1-n-butyl-1-nitrosourea. PMID- 6640848 TI - Enzymatic reduction of beta-ketonitrosamines. AB - The reduction of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) and N-nitroso(2 oxopropyl)propylamine (NOPPA) by hepatic and pancreatic cytosol and microsomes from Syrian golden hamsters and Sprague-Dawley rats has been examined. All hepatic fractions reduced both substrates, although the activity depended on the fraction tested and the cofactor employed (NADH or NADPH). Generally, hamster hepatic fractions contained higher activity than the rat hepatic fractions and BOP was a better substrate than NOPPA. Of the pancreatic fractions, only cytosol exhibited reductase activity. The hamster cytosol was able to utilise both cofactors, but the rat fraction exhibited activity only when NADPH was present. BOP was the better substrate for the pancreatic enzymes and in the presence of NADPH, the rat and hamster activities were about equal. These results suggest that the pancreatic reduction of BOP to HPOP is unlikely to be a significant factor in the species-specific induction of pancreatic cancer by BOP. PMID- 6640849 TI - A changing pattern of cerebral palsy and its implications for the early detection of motor disorders in children. AB - Hemiplegic cerebral palsy is appearing as the commonest cerebral palsy syndrome found at the Yorkshire Regional Child Development Centre, Leeds, and in the majority of cases does not follow a definable perinatal injury. As a practical consequence of this changing pattern of cerebral palsy a large proportion of these children will now be detected at 'well baby' clinics rather than at hospital neonatal 'at risk' clinics. As lack of awareness of the signs of cerebral palsy in the young infant lead to delay in detection and management, the early signs of congenital hemiplegia are discussed. PMID- 6640850 TI - 'Slugs and snails and puppy-dog tails'-children's ideas about the inside of their bodies. AB - Twenty-six children at each of four age-levels (6, 8, 10 and 12 years) were asked to draw the inside of their bodies and to answer some questions on body organization and function. Although knowledge increased with age, it was consistently below that reported in earlier American studies. Children's responses to questions about how their bodies worked revealed some basic misunderstandings and errors. The significance of these data both for health education and for communicating with sick children is discussed. PMID- 6640851 TI - Children's knowledge of health and illness: implications for health education. AB - 20 children at each of 4 age-levels (6, 8, 9 and 11 years) were interviewed about their knowledge of health and illness. Children were asked to define 'being healthy' and what they must do to remain healthy. Knowledge of diseases and their prevention was poor. Children assigned a central role to diet in maintaining good health. The results are discussed in relation to possible ways of improving health education to school-children. PMID- 6640852 TI - Pulmonary hemodynamic responses during superior mesenteric artery occlusion. AB - We investigated the possibility that the reestablishment of blood flow to the intestine after a 2-h occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) may liberate vasoactive substances in quantities sufficient to cause pulmonary vasoconstriction. Experiments were conducted in dogs in which we compared the hemodynamic responses of the animal's left lower lung lobe (LLL), which was perfused at constant flow with blood pumped from the animal's pulmonary artery, with those of its intact right lung. Changes in systemic hemodynamics were similar to those reported by others for this stress. By 1 h after the release of the occlusion, cardiac output and stroke volume had fallen by 41.1 and 50.0%, respectively. Comparable changes were not observed in sham-operated control animals. Following the release of the occlusion, we observed an average 0.9 torr (P less than 0.10) increase in LLL arterial pressure, no significant changes in left atrial pressure, and a 11.9% increase (P less than 0.025) in LLL vascular resistance. In the intact right lung, no significant changes in pulmonary arterial pressure were observed at this time. Although the responses of the LLL suggested that some very small increase in vasomotor tone may have occurred, the small magnitude of the response indicated that the lung vasculature is only minimally affected during the early phases of this stress. PMID- 6640853 TI - Metabolic alterations in trauma: lactate and pyruvate levels after aortic surgery. AB - Arterial lactate and pyruvate concentrations were measured in five patients undergoing abdominal aneurysmectomy. In all cases, a bimodal rise and fall in both lactate and pyruvate levels were observed. Hemodynamic data indicated that cardiac output as well as oxygen delivery and consumption were constant throughout this period. The first lactate peak which was initially related to the cross-clamping of the aorta, but which continued for a period of 5 h after removal of the clamp, was characterized by elevated lactate to pyruvate ratios indicating an anaerobiosis. A transient hyperglycemia was also present during this lactate peak. Ten to 15 h later, when lactate and pyruvate levels were returning to normal levels, a second peak occurred in both lactate and pyruvate lasting 10 h in all five patients. A relatively large increase in pyruvate levels also occurred during this second peak so that the lactate to pyruvate ratios remained normal. This suggests that the second peak was characterized by aerobic metabolism and may have been due to a defect in pyruvate metabolism. PMID- 6640854 TI - Action of glucagon on canine left ventricular performance and coronary hemodynamics. AB - The effects of glucagon on coronary resistance and myocardial performance were evaluated in a canine heart-lung preparation in which changes in left ventricular compression of the coronary vessels, due to inotropic effects, could be largely prevented. Glucagon (0.2 mg) caused an increase in left ventricular performance as evaluated by maximal dp/dt, time to peak ventricular pressure, and end diastolic pressure. Although coronary flow increased slightly, the increase was significant only when heart rate was allowed to increase and followed the same time course as the change in heart rate. It therefore appeared to be the result of an indirect metabolic effect. The increase in flow involved only the systolic component. This effect was not blocked by propranolol. No redistribution of coronary flow was demonstrated using microspheres. Myocardial efficiency, as evaluated by cardiac work versus oxygen consumption, increased slightly after glucagon injection. PMID- 6640855 TI - ATP-MgCl2 treatment prior to hypoxic-hypotension. AB - We have previously implicated uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and the associated decreased concentrations of tissue adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the liver and brain as major factors contributing to death after hypoxia and hypotension. To determine if intravenously administered ATP-MgCl2 complex would result in increased liver and/or brain concentration of ATP, rats were pretreated with intravenous ATP-MgCl2 prior to exposing them to hypoxic-hypotensive stress. In this preliminary work, pretreatment was selected based on the premise that such an experimental design was most apt to demonstrate an effect if such existed. Baseline cerebral cortical and liver ATP and lactate concentrations were obtained immediately after the intravenous infusion of either saline (control group) or ATP-MgCl2 (treated group). ATP and lactate concentrations were again determined after 30 min hypoxic-hypotension and 20 min after resuscitation. ATP MgCl2 pretreatment resulted in a modest increase in hepatic ATP concentration when measured after 30 min of hypoxic-hypotension. This increase was not evident 20 min later. No increases in cerebral ATP concentrations were noted at any sample time after ATP-MgCl2 pretreatment. PMID- 6640857 TI - A model to study local effects of thermal trauma on muscle metabolism. AB - To study local effects of burn on muscle in the absence of direct tissue damage, a rat's foot was insulated and one hindlimb was scalded by immersion in 85 degrees C water for 3 sec. Upon recovery, rats exhibited normal locomotion with both hindlimbs in spite of a full-thickness burn from ankle to knee. Thus the effects of the burn were not complicated by disuse atrophy. As in human burns, histological examination of soleus from the burned leg showed it to be morphologically indistinguishable from normal tissue. After 2 or 4 days postburn, the rat was sacrificed and the soleus muscles from the burned and unburned leg were incubated in vitro to measure protein turnover. Muscle from the burned leg demonstrated a maximal increase in protein breakdown 2 days postburn with no change in protein synthesis. At 4 days postburn, protein breakdown remained elevated and synthesis remained unchanged. Since metabolism of contralateral (unburned) muscle was identical to muscle from unburned animals, burn-induced changes must be ascribed to local and not to systemic mediators. Therefore, these experiments demonstrate that local mediators of burn-induced muscle catabolism primarily augment protein breakdown. PMID- 6640856 TI - Left ventricular volumes and contractility during hemorrhagic hypotension: dimensional analysis and biplane cinefluorography. AB - Biplane cinefluorography was used to study left ventricular volume and contractility in hemorrhagic hypotension in nine dogs. A blood loss of 42% of the total blood volume caused end-diastolic volume to fall 20% without any change in end-diastolic pressure. There were decreases in cardiac output (63%), end systolic volume (23%), stroke volume (63%), ejected fraction (27%); and dP/dt DP 40 (47%) during hemorrhage. Without treatment of shock and dP/dt returned to the prehemorrhage level and the ejected fraction increased despite a decrease in end diastolic volume, indicating a positive inotropic effect. Peripheral vascular resistance decreased after 2 h of hypotension at the same low cardiac output. These data suggest that in the spleen-intact dogs peripheral circulatory failure and not left ventricular dysfunction causes irreversibility in hemorrhagic hypotension. PMID- 6640858 TI - Release of cardiodepressants from the canine jejunum in irreversible hemorrhagic shock. AB - The possible release of cardioinhibitory factors from the small intestine during severe hemorrhagic shock was examined by testing arterial and intestinal venous plasma samples obtained at various stages during the experiment in two groups of anesthetized dogs. One group of dogs was subjected to arterial hypotension at 35 +/- 5 mmHg for 3 h followed by reinfusion of all shed blood, while the other group was treated alike except that there was no hemorrhagic hypotension. The plasma samples were assayed for cardioinhibitory activity by utilizing the Langendorff guinea pig heart preparation. None of the plasma samples obtained from the sham operated dogs significantly alter the performance of the guinea pig heart. The arterial sample taken during the compensation phase of hemorrhagic hypotension increased, while the arterial and intestinal venous plasma taken at the terminal stage decreased the dP/dt. Plasma Na+, K+, total Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentration of all samples were within normal limits. It is concluded that the small intestine releases cardioinhibitory factors in severe hemorrhagic shock. PMID- 6640859 TI - The effect of water deprivation on local renal blood flow and filtration in the laboratory rat. AB - The effects of longlasting dehydration on total and local renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate have not been studied previously in the laboratory rat. We therefore determined zonal renal blood flow (ZRBF) in cortical and medullary zones by the 125I-iodoantipyrine and H2 gas washout techniques. After 8 days of water deprivation renal blood flow (RBF) was reduced by 65% and renal vascular resistance (RVR) had increased by 110%. Half the RVR increase could be ascribed to increased blood viscosity as reflected by increased hematocrit (42 to 60%). Fractional ZRBF decreased by 5% in the outer half and increased by 5% in the inner half of the cortex. Measurements of the relative single nephron glomerular filtration rate (sngfr) of superficial and deep nephrons, determined by the 14C-ferrocyanide technique, indicated no detectable changes in filtrate distribution. Both ZRBF and sngfr heterogeneity had increased in dehydrated as compared to control rats. In one rat studied with the H2 gas washout method, local ischemia and intermittent blood flow occurred. Similarly, cortical patches of nonfiltering nephrons were observed in another rat. These findings suggest that the increased heterogeneity of intrarenal flow and filtration may involve, and in part be due to, intermittent local changes in blood flow. PMID- 6640860 TI - Effect of sulfinpyrazone on homocysteine-induced endothelial injury and arteriosclerosis in baboons. AB - The effect of sulfinpyrazone on endothelial injury induced by homocysteine has been studied both in vitro, using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and in vivo, using a primate model of homocysteine-induced arteriosclerosis. Oral sulfinpyrazone (250 mumol/kg body weight per day in three divided doses) in eight chronically homocystinemic baboons (0.14 +/- 0.04 mM plasma homocystine) decreased the extent of aortic endothelial injury as measured morphometrically by silver staining techniques, compared with six untreated comparably homocystinemic animals (denuded surface averaged 0.5% with range 0-2.1 vs 7.7 +/- 1.6%, respectively; P less than 0.001). Sulfinpyrazone therapy to homocystinemic baboons also normalized platelet survival and turnover measurements (5.1 +/- 0.4 days and 70,000 +/- 11,000 platelets/microliter per day vs. 2.8 +/- 0.6 days and 179,000 +/- 19,000 platelets/microliter per day in untreated homocystinemic controls; P less than 0.001). Sulfinpyrazone therapy also reduced the size and frequency of homocysteine-induced intimal lesion formation (P less than 0.001). Although sulfinpyrazone reduced the amount of specific 51Cr release from cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by 10 mM homocysteine after 24 hours of co-incubation, no effect was observed in assays of endothelial cell detachment when sulfinpyrazone (10(-5) M) or its thioether metabolite were pre- or co-incubated during 24 hours with homocysteine (2.5-10 mM). These data suggest that sulfinpyrazone may protect endothelial cells from injury in vivo by some apparently indirect mechanism. PMID- 6640861 TI - Effects of acetylcholine on electrophysiological properties of rabbit cardiac Purkinje fibers. AB - The action of acetylcholine (10(-9)-10(-4) M) was investigated in isolated rabbit cardiac Purkinje fibers, using standard microelectrode recording of transmembrane potentials and two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique. In nonstimulated fibers, acetylcholine hyperpolarized the diastolic membrane potential and slowed or suppressed spontaneous activity. The hyperpolarization was more pronounced in low potassium solutions and in depolarized fibers; it was less marked in the presence of cesium (2 X 10(-2) M), and was suppressed by barium (3-5 X 10(-3) M). In stimulated fibers, acetylcholine shortened the action potential duration and shifted the plateau level to more negative values; this effect was influenced little by the stimulation frequency and not by chloride removal from the perfusing solution. In voltage-clamped preparations, acetylcholine shifted the holding current in the outward direction at potentials less negative than EK, while it shifted the current in the inward direction at potentials more negative than EK. The changes induced by acetylcholine were concentration-dependent (apparent KM: 1.5 X 10(-7) M); they were mimicked by carbachol (10(-8)-10(-5) M) and blocked by atropine (10(-8)-10(-7) M). The time course of the effects was biphasic: a maximum was reached in the first minute after addition of acetylcholine; thereafter, the effect decayed to a steady value. On removal of acetylcholine, a transient inversion of the changes produced by acetylcholine was observed, the magnitude of which depended on the acetylcholine concentration used and on the duration of exposure to acetylcholine. This time course was not abolished by pretreatment with physostigmine (10(-6) M), manganese ions (2 X 10( 3) M), or with adrenoceptor blockers [propranolol (2 X 10(-7) M) and/or phentolamine (10(-7)-10(-6) M)]. The results show that rabbit Purkinje fibers are as sensitive to acetylcholine as atrial preparations. The changes produced by acetylcholine are suggestive of an increase in an inward rectifying potassium ion conductance and are mediated by muscarinic receptor stimulation. The secondary decay in the effects of acetylcholine and their inversion on washout can be explained by a desensitization mechanism if it is assumed that the acetylcholine sensitive channel is already functional in the absence of acetylcholine and is modulated in its conductance and/or open state probability by acetylcholine. PMID- 6640862 TI - Energy levels at systole vs. diastole in normal hamster hearts vs. myopathic hamster hearts. AB - The following studies were carried out to examine energy metabolites and cardiac performance of the failing heart (hereditary cardiomyopathy) of the Syrian hamster (strain UM-X7.1) perfused either by normal or stress conditions, and to determine whether cyclical changes in energy-related metabolites occurred in the glucose-perfused hearts of both normal and heart failure animals. Hamster hearts from 250-day-old animals with moderate heart failure were removed and perfused either as nonworking hearts (Langendorff method, an afterload pressure of 90 mm Hg and 2.5 mM calcium in the perfusate) or as working hearts with stress conditions [an afterload of 110 mm Hg, high calcium concentrations in the perfusate (3.5 mM), and 10(-8) M isoproterenol]. Mechanical parameters (developed pressure and max dP/dt) and measurements of oxygen consumption indicated that both contractility and oxygen consumption had fallen 50% in myopathic hearts, compared with those of normal hamsters perfused with either of the two conditions. By means of a specially designed stimulator-triggered freeze clamp, hearts were terminated at systole and diastole, and tissue content of ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, phosphocreatine, creatine, pyruvate, lactate, and inorganic phosphate were analyzed. A 50% reduction in cardiac performance of the cardiomyopathic hamster hearts was associated with a corresponding reduction in systolic ATP, adenosine, and phosphocreatine values, while inorganic phosphate and lactate increased. With glucose as the sole substrate, the high energy phosphates, ATP and phosphocreatine, reached maximum values during diastole and minimum values during systole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640863 TI - The contractile state as the major determinant in the evolution of left ventricular dysfunction in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - Female spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats were studied at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age to determine which characteristics of myocardial performance herald the onset of left ventricular dysfunction. Peak ejection fraction index was derived from measurements of peak stroke volume (in vivo volume loading) and passive pressure-volume relations. The myocardial stiffness constant (km, slope of the incremental modulus-stress relation, EINC = km sigma), chamber stiffness constant (kc, slope of the chamber stiffness-pressure relation, dP/dV = kcP), and left ventricular cavitary volume-to-wall volume ratio at 10 mm Hg) were calculated from the pressure-volume data and the contractile state was assessed from the ejection fraction index-afterload relations. In the normotensive rats, the myocardial stiffness constant was not affected by age, whereas, in the spontaneously hypertensive rats, the myocardial stiffness constant remained within normal limits until 18 months, at which time a significant increase in this index of myocardial stiffness occurred. Baseline and maximal cardiac indices and ejection fraction index of spontaneously hypertensive rats were normal from 6 to 18 months, but were markedly reduced at 24 months. This reduction in cardiac performance was associated with a decrease in the left ventricular chamber stiffness constant, i.e., kc. This decreased chamber stiffness, which occurred at a time when myocardial stiffness was increased, was due to a greater increase in cavity size than in myocardial stiffness. The left ventricular cavity-to-wall volume ratio of normotensive rats was not affected by age, whereas, in the spontaneously hypertensive rats, this ratio markedly declined by 18 months. The ejection fraction index-afterload relations i.e., a measure of the contractile state, of the 6- and 12-month-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were similar to those of the normotensive rats of all ages. However, a depression in the contractile state of the spontaneously hypertensive rats occurred at 18 months and was further depressed at 24 months. This abnormality of the contractile state was evident before the deterioration of cardiac performance, as reflected in a decrease in baseline and maximal cardiac indices, and dilation of the left ventricle occurred. The contractile state (ejection fraction index-afterload relation) is thus the most sensitive indicator of left ventricular dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PMID- 6640864 TI - Activation-dependent cumulative depletions of extracellular free calcium in guinea pig atrium measured with antipyrylazo III and tetramethylmurexide. AB - We have used a spectrophotometric method to monitor mean free extracellular calcium concentrations in isolated left atria of guinea pigs via extracellular application of the calcium-sensitive absorption dyes, antipyrylazo III and tetramethylmurexide. Exchange of extracellular free calcium with the bathing medium takes several minutes and closely parallels contractile response in this preparation. Under conditions favoring a rapid positive force staircase response during repetitive stimulation after a long rest period (2-10 minutes), cumulative depletions of extracellular calcium can clearly be differentiated from motion artifact due to muscle movement by multiple-wavelength spectrophotometry. Responses of similar magnitude and characteristics are obtained with both dyes employed. In the presence of 10(-7) M isoproterenol, the mean extracellular calcium concentration falls by at least 5% (0.25-0.8 mM total calcium concentration) in four beats at 0.5 Hz; extracellular calcium replenishes during rest with an apparent t1/2 of 25-60 seconds. A 10-minute pretreatment with 10(-8) M ryanodine greatly reduces the contraction force and motion artifact of the first beat after a rest period, whereby the magnitude of depletion response to one post-rest stimulation is increased 2- to 3-fold. With further ryanodine treatment, the magnitude of depletion responses remains stable, and the rate of calcium replenishment during rest increases many-fold. After ryanodine treatment and 10(-7) M isoproterenol, at least 10% of total dye accessible calcium (0.25 1.0 mM) is lost during two to five rapid stimulations, and returns to the extracellular space within 20 seconds of rest. Cumulative extracellular calcium depletion responses are strongly suppressed by 10(-6) M nifedipine. Cumulative depletion responses are also inhibited by 10 mM caffeine, whereby contraction and corresponding motion artifacts are increased at post-rest stimulation. PMID- 6640866 TI - Electrical and mechanical restitution of the human heart at different rates of stimulation. AB - Action potential duration and contractility are reduced following premature excitations, and gradually increase as the stimulus interval is lengthened. To examine these phenomena of electrical and mechanical restitution in the human heart, we simultaneously measured action potential duration and the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure in five patients undergoing electrophysiological study. Test beats were introduced at varying intervals after the last of a series of steady state intervals. By plotting action potential duration and maximum rate of left ventricular pressure as a function of the test interval, we formed electrical and mechanical restitution curves. When the rate of steady state pacing was increased, there was a decrease in action potential duration and an increase in the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure for all test intervals; i.e., a change in pacing rate affected action potential duration and maximum rate of left ventricular pressure of test responses in a reciprocal fashion. In addition, a higher steady state pacing rate allowed action potentials and contractile responses to be elicited at shorter test intervals, thereby displacing the electrical and mechanical restitution curves to the left. The magnitude of the leftward shift of both curves corresponded closely to the shortening of the steady state action potential duration induced by the increase in pacing rate. These findings confirm for the human heart that both electrical and mechanical restitution occur after membrane repolarization, i.e., as a function of the electrical diastolic interval preceding a beat, and not the stimulus interval. PMID- 6640865 TI - Effects of endothelial denudation and cholesterol feeding on in vivo transport of albumin, glucose, and water across rabbit carotid artery. AB - An in vivo system for studying arterial transport was developed which utilized the rabbit carotid artery perfused in vivo with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 125I-labeled albumin, [3H]-3-methyl-d-glucose, or tritiated water. The appearance of labeled materials in jugular venous blood was measured serially over 4 hours. Vascular integrity was assessed by scanning electron and transmission microscopy. Maintenance of endothelial integrity appeared dependent on perfusion with nutrient tissue culture medium, use of papaverine to inhibit arterial spasm, and circulation of the medium under pressure. Acute endothelial denudation with a balloon catheter induced an approximate 10-fold increase in plasma concentration of labeled albumin and a 3-fold rise in plasma [3H]-3-methyl d-glucose activity, compared with results in animals with intact endothelium. Increased appearance of tritiated water in venous blood was also observed in the rabbits with denuded endothelium, although the relative rise was less than that with albumin or glucose. Feeding rabbits a diet containing 1.5% cholesterol for periods of 16-28 weeks produced approximately 10-fold increases in plasma concentration of 125I-labeled albumin after arterial perfusion to levels comparable to those present in chow-fed rabbits with experimental endothelial denudation. The increases in albumin transport with cholesterol feeding occurred even though a relatively small fraction of the intimal surface was involved with lesions. The results suggest that the arterial endothelium provides a relative barrier to albumin and, to a lesser extent, glucose and water. The findings also suggest that cholesterol feeding markedly increases arterial permeability to albumin, to a degree that is disproportionately greater than the extent of atherosclerotic involvement of the intimal surface. PMID- 6640867 TI - Active transport and inotropic state in guinea pig left atrium. PMID- 6640868 TI - Replacement of aortic valve combined with myocardial revascularization: determinants of early and late risk for 500 patients, 1967-1981. AB - Five hundred consecutive patients underwent aortic valve replacement and coronary revascularization in the years from 1967 to 1981, with 29 (5.9%) in-hospital deaths. Current operative mortality (1978-1981) is 3.4%. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify determinants of early and late risk. Female sex, aortic insufficiency, and advanced age increased in-hospital mortality, whereas use of cardioplegia decreased it. At follow-up of 471 patients who survived hospitalization for 1 to 135 months (mean 41) after surgery, 96 late deaths were documented. Survival rates were 87%, 80%, and 55%, and event-free survival rates were 80%, 65%, and 39% at 2, 5, and 10 years after surgery, respectively. The late survival rate was unfavorably influenced by the presence of moderately or severely impaired left ventricular function and double-vessel coronary disease; the rate was enhanced for patients in age group from 50 to 59 years old and was not influenced by the method of myocardial protection. The event-free survival rate decreased with the presence of moderately or severely impaired left ventricular function and was enhanced for patients with New York Heart Association class I or II symptoms before surgery. Patients with bioprostheses who did not receive anticoagulants had higher survival and event free survival rates than did either patients with bioprostheses who received anticoagulants or patients with mechanical valves, whether they received anticoagulants or not. PMID- 6640869 TI - A life table and Cox regression analysis of patients with combined proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex coronary artery disease: non left main equivalent lesions (CASS). AB - Combined proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex artery stenoses greater than or equal to 70% have been referred to as "left main equivalent" lesions. We compared the survival rates of medically treated patients who have this type of coronary anatomic characteristics with the survival rates of patients who have left main coronary artery stenoses greater than or equal to 70% by use of a stratified life table approach and a Cox regression model. Comparison of the patients with left main coronary artery stenoses with those who have left main equivalent lesions by use of life table analysis and three different calculations of patient exposure time revealed a poorer prognosis for the patients who had left main coronary artery disease (p less than or equal to .04 for all three methods). The stepwise Cox analysis also determined that patients who had left main artery stenoses had a significantly poorer prognosis than patients who had left main equivalent coronary disease (p = .002), even after consideration of important baseline variables known to affect survival rates. We then compared the patients who had combined proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex artery disease with patients who had combined stenoses greater than or equal to 70% in the nonproximal left anterior descending stenosis influenced survival rates. The 5 year to determine if location of the left anterior descending stenosis influenced survival rates. The 5 year survival rate was not as high for the patients who had proximal left anterior descending artery disease (55% vs 70%, p = .001). In conclusion, combined proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex artery disease identifies a high-risk (as determined by angiography) patient subset.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640870 TI - Results of endomyocardial biopsy in patients with spontaneous ventricular tachycardia but without apparent structural heart disease. AB - To evaluate possible occult myocardial disease in 18 patients whose only major manifestation of heart disease was spontaneous ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies were performed. None of the patients had symptoms of ischemic or congestive heart disease, and at catheterization none had significant lesions of the coronary arteries or regional wall motion abnormalities of the left ventricle. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction (65 +/- 7%), mean right ventricular ejection fraction (55 +/- 9%), mean cardiac index (3.0 +/- 0.5 1/min/m2), mean right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure were normal. However, right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy specimens were abnormal in 16 of 18 (89%) patients: nine (50%) had changes of a significant, although nonspecific, cardiomyopathy with myocellular hypertrophy, interstitial and perivascular fibrosis, and vascular sclerosis; three (17%) had subacute inflammatory myocarditis; two (11%) had diffuse abnormalities of the intramyocardial arteries; and two (11%) had pathologic changes consistent with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. In the two (11%) patients with normal biopsy specimens, one had Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and the other had mitral valve prolapse. Although histologic abnormalities were found in 89% of these patients, performance of right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies in this group of patients should be considered a research procedure. We conclude that the majority of patients who have serious ventricular arrhythmias but no apparent structural cardiac abnormalities have abnormal right ventricular biopsy specimens and that the arrhythmias may be the first manifestation of a variety of primary myocardial abnormalities. PMID- 6640871 TI - Cardiovascular manifestations of mixed connective tissue disease in adults. AB - To assess the nature and distribution of cardiovascular abnormalities associated with mixed connective tissue disease, we studied 38 patients with overlapping clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis and polymyositis, and circulating antibodies to nuclear ribonucleoprotein. The protocol included taking a medical history and a physical echocardiogram, and pulmonary function tests. Cardiac catheterization was performed on 17 patients. Postmortem examination was performed on four of the five patients who died during follow-up. Acute pericarditis and/or pericardial effusion was detected in 11 patients (29%) and mitral valve prolapse was identified in 10 patients (26%). Marked intimal hyperplasia of coronary arteries was observed in all four hearts that were autopsied and perivascular and myocardial leukocytic aggregates were present in two hearts. Pulmonary vascular resistance was elevated in 11 of the 17 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization. In summary, cardiovascular abnormalities associated with mixed connective tissue disease include acute pericarditis and/or effusion, mitral valve prolapse, intimal hyperplasia of coronary arteries, perivascular and myocardial leukocytic infiltrates, and pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6640872 TI - Human myocardial histologic characteristics in congestive heart failure. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify the histologic characteristics of human myocardium in congestive heart failure (CHF) by cellular hypertrophy, nuclear area, endocardial thickness, and percentage of fibrosis and to correlate histologic findings to cause, severity, and duration of disease. Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsies from 109 patients were quantitatively analyzed. Ten patients with normal cardiac history, physical examination results, and cardiac function served as the control group. The remaining patients were divided into the following groups: those treated with doxorubicin (n = 18), and those with chest pain with normal coronary arteries (n = 8), familial CHF (n = 3), CHF associated with myotonic dystrophy (n = 3), peripartal CHF (n = 2), valvular CHF (n = 9), alcohol-induced CHF (n = 13), postviral CHF (n = 6), or idiopathic CHF (n = 36). Linear regression analyses showed a strong correlation between cell diameter and nuclear area (r = .70, p less than .001) and weaker correlations between amount of fibrosis and cell diameter (r = .30, p less than .005) and fibrosis and nuclear area (r = .29, p less than .005). Results of function studies and histologic measurements (e.g., echocardiographically measured change in the minor-axis dimension of the left ventricle with systole and cell diameter) correlated poorly (r = -.33, p less than .005). Duration of dyspnea did not correlate with any histologic factor. Within the normal group there was a direct correlation of cell diameter with age (r = .67, p less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640873 TI - Analysis of ventricular shape by echocardiography in normal fetuses, newborns, and infants. AB - Qualitative and quantitative changes in left ventricular shapes were analyzed in 14 normal fetuses, 29 normal newborns, and 12 normal infants. Qualitative observations demonstrated that most fetuses and newborns with dominant right ventricles had flattened or even indented interventricular septae, which changed left ventricular shape into an ellipse. In contrast, left ventricular shapes in infants were round, similar to shapes described in older children and adults. When changes in shape or septal distortions were gross, interobserver agreement was 100%; when changes were less altered from a circular shape, interobserver agreement was 78%. To avoid subjective misinterpretations, quantitative analyses were performed, including M mode echocardiographic comparisons of right ventricular/left ventricular dimensions and left ventricular cavity anterior posterior/lateral diameters, as well as Fourier analysis of digitized tracings of the entire left ventricular shape. The right ventricular/left ventricular ratio, determined by M mode echocardiography, showed significant differences between fetuses (1.07 +/- 0.07) and newborns (0.62 +/- 0.12) (p less than .001). Infants had a significantly lower right ventricular/left ventricular ratio (0.45 +/- 0.01) when compared with newborns (p less than .01). Ratios of left ventricular anterior-posterior/lateral diastolic diameters were significantly lower (p less than .001) in newborns (0.66 +/- 0.08) when compared with those of infants (0.82 +/- 0.10). All diameters tended to increase (toward roundness) with systole and with aging. Fourier analysis allowed evaluation of the entire left ventricle, including that portion of the septum that qualitatively appeared most indented and could not be analyzed by either of the above techniques. Shape factor derived from idealized shapes ranging from a circle to an indented ellipse allowed comparison with digitized left ventricular tracings. This technique allowed accurate quantitation of the observed changes in shape. Fetuses had the highest diastolic shape factor (7.47 +/- 0.92), whereas infants' shape factors were lowest (2.12 +/- 0.41). A tendency toward roundness and loss of distortion occurred with aging. Systolic shape factor was lower with aging in each group studied. The Fourier technique used in this study allows evaluation of an arbitrarily large number of components of a shape, and thus a complete description of that shape is permitted. Comparisons of right ventricular/left ventricular diastolic dimensions and left ventricular anterior-posterior/lateral comparisons are subsets of this technique, which allow evaluation of only two points (circular component-first harmonic) or four points (elliptical component second harmonic) of an overall shape.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6640875 TI - A computer graphic-based angiographic model for normal left ventricular contraction in man and its application to the detection of abnormalities in regional wall motion. AB - Analyzing the digitized left ventricular cineangiograms of 70 patients with no demonstrable heart disease (NDHD), we derived an angiographic model for normal contraction in the intact heart as viewed in the 30 degree right anterior oblique projection. This model was verified statistically by comparing the predicted regional stroke volumes with the measured volumes for the NDHD group. A wall motion system based on this model was compared with four other systems by examining the ventriculograms of 141 patients, all suffering from coronary artery disease but with normal volumes and ejection fractions (greater than 0.61). Of these, 60 had normally contracting ventricles and 81 exhibited mild regional abnormalities according to two experienced angiographers. Using Cochrane's Q test, we found significant differences among the five methods (Q = 29.5;p less than .001). The new approach showed significantly better agreement with the subjective assessment than the next best method (Q = 5.3;p less than .05). On a regional basis, overall sensitivity was 87.5% and specificity was 97.9%. PMID- 6640874 TI - Divergence between refractoriness of His-Purkinje system and ventricular muscle with abrupt changes in cycle length. AB - The concept that refractoriness of the His-Purkinje system (HPS) and ventricular muscle both vary directly with cycle length is based on observations during the use of constant cycle length. During abrupt changes in ventricular cycle length, refractoriness of the ventricular muscle is known to reflect the cumulative durations of preceding cycle lengths. The effect of such changes on retrograde refractoriness of the HPS is not known. In this study refractoriness of ventricular muscle and of the HPS was evaluated in 30 patients with normal intraventricular conduction by the ventricular extrastimulus (V2) technique during constant cycle length (method I) and during abrupt cycle length changes (method II). During method II the cycle length immediately before V2 was identical to the constant cycle length of method I and therefore was designated as the reference cycle length (CLR); however, the cycle length preceding (CLP) CLR was either longer than CLR (method IIA) by 100 to 300 msec in 11 patients or shorter than CLR (method IIB) by 100 to 300 msec in 30 patients. Results showed that compared with method I, method IIA shortened the relative refractory period (RRP) of the HPS from 350 +/- 29 to 344 +/- 29 msec (p less than .04), whereas the effective refractory period (ERP) of the ventricular muscle increased from 225 +/- 21 to 233 +/- 20 msec (p less than .0001). In contrast, compared with method I, method IIB lengthened the RRP of the HPS from 335 +/- 30 to 351 +/- 35 msec (p less than .0001), whereas ERP of the ventricular muscle decreased from 223 +/- 23 to 213 +/- 22 msec (p less than .0001). Similar to the inverse relationship between CLP and RRP of the HPS, ERP of the HPS was prolonged with short CLP (method IIB) compared with long CLP (method IIA). The results indicate a marked divergence between refractoriness of the HPS and of ventricular muscle during abrupt cycle length changes; these results were not previously anticipated. Whereas ventricular muscle responded to cumulative effects of preceding cycle lengths and varied directly with CLP, the HPS appeared to respond to directional and/or dynamic changes in cycle length and varied inversely with CLP. Moreover, in contrast to ventricular muscle, the HPS appeared to be responsive to rate of change in cycle length whereby short-to-long change in cycle length had a greater effect than long-to-short change in cycle length. PMID- 6640876 TI - Morphine and postoperative rewarming in critically ill patients. AB - Morphine sulfate (MSO4) has been demonstrated to attenuate the stress response. MSO4 might be useful in minimizing the stress associated with the perioperative period, particularly that due to awakening from anesthesia and rewarming. Two groups of critically ill patients who developed hypothermia (35.8 degrees C) during a surgical procedure were studied. The control group was observed during routine medical management. Group II received 1 or 4 mg/kg MSO4 followed by an infusion of 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg/hr. During the postoperative rewarming period the control group patients demonstrated a major increase in metabolic demand and myocardial work. In group II patients the infusion of MSO4 resulted in a lower metabolic rate. This was associated with a significantly longer rewarming time and a significant reduction in shivering, heat loss, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and rate-pressure product. Infusion of MSO4 in critically ill patients during the perioperative period suppressed metabolic demands and myocardial work while preserving cardiovascular function. PMID- 6640877 TI - Adenosine: electrophysiologic effects and therapeutic use for terminating paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. AB - Adenosine was administered intravenously to 17 patients undergoing intracardiac electrophysiologic studies. At a mean dose of 179 +/- 88 micrograms/kg (+/- SD), adenosine suppressed sinus node automaticity and depressed atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction. These effects were less than 20 sec in duration and were not influenced by muscarinic blockade with atropine (0.02 to 0.03 mg/kg). Adenosine at this dose had no effect on antegrade conduction over accessory pathways in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. No independent hemodynamic effects were observed. In six patients, adenosine was administered intravenously during stimulation-induced paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In the five patients in whom the reentry loop of their tachycardia included the AV node, adenosine at a mean dose of 83 +/- 35 micrograms/kg (+/- SD) terminated their tachycardia within 20 sec after peripheral intravenous injection. The dose of adenosine required to terminate these tachycardias did not produce manifest sinus node suppression, and sinus rhythm promptly resumed in all patients. Adenosine did not terminate either supraventricular tachycardia due to intra-atrial reentry or atrial flutter, but did produce transient AV block during these arrhythmias. Our findings demonstrate that the human sinus and AV nodes are sensitive to physiologic doses of adenosine and that adenosine may be used safely and effectively to terminate acute episodes of supraventricular tachycardia that involve the AV node in the reentry pathway. PMID- 6640878 TI - The effect of pericardium on the end-systolic pressure-segment length relationship in canine left ventricle in acute volume overload. AB - The effect of the pericardium on the end-systolic pressure-segment length relationship in the left ventricle was examined with an ultrasonic miniature gauge in open-chest dogs. In 12 dogs, blood was infused until left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure reached about 20 mm Hg, and then the pericardium was opened widely. In the other 12 dogs a pericardiectomy was performed without blood infusion. Stroke volume was measured in six dogs in the former group and in seven dogs in the latter group. After blood infusion, LV systolic, end-systolic, and end-diastolic pressures increased from 120 +/- 14 to 162 +/- 16 mm Hg (mean +/- SD), from 106 +/- 13 to 146 +/- 17 mm Hg, and from 8 +/- 2 to 19 +/- 2 mm Hg, respectively (all p less than .01). End-systolic and end-diastolic segment lengths increased from 8.9 +/- 2.1 to 10.6 +/- 2.2 mm and from 11.6 +/- 2.5 to 14.9 +/- 2.7 mm, respectively (both p less than .01). After pericardiectomy, the segments were further lengthened by 8.9 +/- 4.4% and by 10.0 +/- 6.2%, respectively (both p less than .01). Heart rate, LV systolic and end-systolic pressures, and peak positive dp/dt did not change, although end-diastolic pressure fell from 19 +/- 2 to 18 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than .01). Stroke volume rose from 13.1 +/- 3.7 to 23.9 +/- 5.0 ml due to volume loading and further increased by 26.7 +/- 9.0% after pericardiectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640879 TI - Effects of hydralazine and nitroprusside on cardiopulmonary function when a decrease in cardiac output complicates a short-term increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. AB - We investigated the short-term cardiopulmonary effects of nitroprusside and hydralazine when cardiac output (CO) was reduced by a short-term increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). In six anesthetized, ventilated dogs, small autologous blood clots, injected over 1 to 2 hr, increased right ventricular afterload. When CO had fallen approximately 40%, dogs were treated with nitroprusside and subsequently with hydralazine. Both drugs reduced biventricular filling pressures (p less than .05), but only hydralazine increased CO and stroke volume (p less than .05). Although mean blood pressure and pulmonary artery pressure remained constant with hydralazine, systemic vascular resistance and PVR decreased (p less than .01). In contrast, although nitroprusside reduced blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance (p less than .01), it did not affect PVR and pulmonary artery pressure. When CO is significantly reduced because of a short-term increase in PVR, hydralazine may be superior to nitroprusside in improving cardiopulmonary function. PMID- 6640880 TI - Effects of diastolic transseptal pressure gradient on ventricular septal position and motion. AB - Despite the clinical prevalence of paradoxic interventricular septal (IVS) motion, its pathogenesis remains unclear. To assess the influence of the end diastolic transseptal pressure gradient, we studied eight open-chest dogs during right ventricular (RV) volume loading (induced by opening a Dacron shunt between the pulmonary artery [PA] and right atrium), RV pressure loading (constriction of PA), and left bundle branch block (RV pacing). Ultrasonic crystals in the IVS and on the RV and left ventricular (LV) free walls (FW) allowed measurement of RV septal-to-free wall (S-FW) and LVS-FW diameters. Another set measured the anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the LV (LVAP). Two-dimensional and M mode echocardiograms confirmed IVS shape and motion pattern, respectively. RV volume load caused a reduction in mean transseptal end-diastolic pressure gradient from 2.1 to -2.6 mm Hg (p less than .001), with a concomitant increase in mean end diastolic RVS-FW diameter of 2.5 mm (p less than .001) and a decrease in LVS-FW diameter of 2.8 mm (p less than .001). LVAP was unchanged. Echocardiograms confirmed a leftward IVS shift during diastole with paradoxic systolic motion. PA constriction and RV pacing caused similar directional changes in transseptal end diastolic pressure gradients and diameters. Compared with control values, shunt opening and PA constriction also caused a small leftward shift of IVS at end systole. Normalized data from all eight dogs revealed significant (p less than .001) correlations between reduction in LV-RV end-diastolic pressure gradients and increases in RVS-FW (r = .85) and decreases in LVS-FW (r = .80) diameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6640881 TI - Effects of dipyridamole-induced vasodilation on myocardial uptake and clearance kinetics of thallium-201. AB - Myocardial thallium-201 (201Tl) uptake and clearance after intravenous administration of dipyridamole (150 micrograms/kg) were determined in 12 open chest anesthetized dogs with a partial coronary artery stenosis. 201Tl (1.5 mCi) was injected intravenously and myocardial biopsy specimens were obtained 10 min, 60 min, and 2 hr after injection. Serial changes in 201Tl activity in the normal zone and in the zone of partial stenosis were correlated with microsphere determined regional blood flow and distal coronary pressure. Another nine dogs with equivalent stenosis not given dipyridamole before 201Tl served as controls. In the 12 dogs given dipyridamole, 201Tl activity at 10 min in the zone of stenosis was reduced to 42 +/- 5% of initial normal zone activity (p less than .001) and remained at 44 +/- 3% of initial normal zone activity at 2 hr. There was a good correlation (.81) between the percent reduction in myocardial 201Tl activity and the percent reduction of peak hyperemic flow as determined by measuring the percentage difference in peak coronary flow after a transient 10 sec occlusion under control and stenotic conditions. In contrast, 201Tl clearance was rapid in the normal zone, with 201Tl activity decreasing to 55 +/- 3% of initial normal zone activity by 2 hr. A redistribution pattern was produced because of the disparate clearance rates from hyperperfused and relatively hypoperfused myocardial regions. The relative 201Tl defect decreased from 58% to 11% from 10 min to 2 hr. In the normal zone dipyridamole increased epicardial flow from 1.03 +/- 0.09 (SEM) to 3.52 +/- 0.36 ml/min/g (p less than .0001) and endocardial flow from 1.19 +/- 0.09 to 2.96 +/- 0.20 ml/min/g (p = .0001). In the zone of partial stenosis the increase in epicardial flow after dipyridamole was less marked (1.01 +/- 0.10 to 1.55 +/- 0.15 ml/min/g; p = .009) and endocardial flow decreased (0.84 +/- 0.11 to 0.64 +/- 0.15 ml/min/g; p = .04). Coronary perfusion pressure distal to the stenotic zone fell from 65 +/- 3 to 50 +/- 3 mm Hg after dipyridamole. In the nine control dogs with equivalent stenosis, 201Tl uptake and washout were not significantly different in the stenotic zone compared with the normal zone. These data indicate that dipyridamole-induced vasodilation in the presence of a partial stenosis results in diminished uptake and delayed clearance compared with increased uptake and more rapid clearance in normally perfused myocardium producing an initial 201Tl defect with delayed redistribution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6640882 TI - Changing guidelines for intraocular lens implantation: an opinion. PMID- 6640883 TI - Stereopsis in anisometropically fit presbyopic contact lens wearers. PMID- 6640885 TI - Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Inc.: Policy statement on arc welding and contact lens wear. Adopted July 23, 1983 by the CLAO Board of Directors, Toronto, Canada. PMID- 6640884 TI - Nomogram for gas-permeable silicone acrylate lenses. PMID- 6640886 TI - Local nasal immunotherapy for ragweed-allergic rhinitis. III. A second year of treatment. AB - In 1979, pre-seasonal local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT) was found to be an effective treatment for ragweed hay fever. In 1980, this study was continued to evaluate the clinical and immunologic responses of a second year of LNIT. Patients received either pre-seasonal treatment with an unmodified ragweed extract (RW) or a polymerized ragweed extract (PRW), or no treatment. The results of the second year of treatment were the same as the first year. Adverse reactions were significantly higher in the RW-treated group than in the PRW treated group (P less than 0.001). Symptom/medication scores (SMS) in the RW treated group were significantly lower than in the control group (P less than 0.005). Although SMS in the PRW-treated group were lower than in the control group, this difference was not significant. The immunologic response was evaluated by measurements of serum (S) RW-specific IgE and IgG and nasal secretory (NS) RW-specific IgE, IgG, and IgA. After treatment, serum IgE titres and secretory IgA titres rose in the RW-treated patients. Nasal secretory-IgG and NS-IgA titres increased with PRW treatment. The only immunologic response observed in the control group was a rise in S-IgE titres after the ragweed season. There was no substantial difference in immunologic measurements observed in the 1979 and 1980 seasons, except that the pre-treatment NS-IgE level was higher in 1980 (P less than 0.02). No significant correlations were found between antibody response and SMS. This study supports the efficacy of LNIT but does not support the protective role for NS-ragweed-specific IgA or IgG. PMID- 6640887 TI - Total serum IgE levels in Venezuelan schoolchildren. AB - Seventy-eight disease-free children were evaluated by PRIST for total serum IgE in order to establish the normal range for this immunoglobulin and assess its utility, in tropical climates, such as Venezuela, as a diagnostic tool for clinical allergy. Seventy-eight normals were selected from a group of 1053 children, aged 7-12 years from fourteen schools in Caracas. Exclusion from the normal pool was based on nationality, and on historical, clinical, and/or laboratory evidence of atopic and/or infectious diseases, particularly with parasites. In addition to a routine CBC and differential, the following studies were performed: a search for stool ova and parasites; in vitro (RAST) and in vivo (skin prick) testing for specific IgE to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and ragweed. Measurement of antibodies against influenza A and B, adenovirus A2 and B, cytomegalovirus, parainfluenza 1 and 3, herpes simplex, respiratory syncytial virus, Coxsackie B1 to B6, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Rotavirus was also carried out. Normal serum IgE levels for disease-free children in the age group studied ranged from 1.7-255 mu/ml. The highest average level (Y: 74 mu/ml) occurred at the age of 9 years. These values differed significantly from age-matched control groups of known atopic and helminth infected children. Thus, once common causes for elevated IgE levels are eliminated, determination of total serum IgE can be utilized as a valuable tool in diagnosis of clinical allergy in countries with tropical climates. PMID- 6640888 TI - Sensitivity to house dust mite and grass pollen in adults. Influence of the month of birth. AB - A comparison was made between the birth month of a control population and a sample of 240 adult patients with bronchial asthma or rhinitis and positive skin test towards house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus). The patients were born more frequently (P less than 0.005) in the summer and autumn months than in the other seasons. A similar comparison of 336 allergic patients with a positive skin test towards grass pollen (Phleum pratense) but no consistent seasonal preference in the birth months was revealed. This was possibly explained by the age of the patient group studied. The increased incidence of house-dust mite allergy in patients born in the months of May to September inclusive when house dust mites are supposed to be most abundant corresponds to a relative risk of 1.44. It is important to diminish the exposure to house dust mites in early childhood because exposure to allergens may influence the development of allergic disease in later life. PMID- 6640889 TI - A study on airborne allergenic pollen content of the atmosphere of Naples. AB - In this paper we describe the results of volumetric sampling of the airborne allergenic pollen content of the Naples atmosphere. These studies have been carried out continuously since 1 May 1979 until 31 December 1981 utilizing a Burkard volumetric spore trap. We found that the most important allergenic pollen in Naples air is Parietaria, with a very long-lasting period of pollination occurring from March to November. After Parietaria, Gramineae play an allergenic role frequently in association with the pollen of Olea, which is the most important pollen of all the trees in this area. In the summer/autumn seasons we observed in this area the pollination of mugwort (the unique plant of the Compositae) which was found to be of allergenic importance in Naples. PMID- 6640890 TI - Plasma histamine concentrations in atopic eczema. AB - Plasma histamine concentrations were determined using a radio-enzymatic assay in fifty-four patients suffering from atopic eczema and in thirty-nine controls (contact dermatitis, psoriasis and normal non-atopic healthy volunteers). While in none of the controls histamine levels in plasma exceeded 1 ng/ml, seventeen out of fifty-four patients with atopic eczema showed increased plasma histamine concentrations ranging between 1.2 and 5.2 ng/ml. Elevated plasma histamine levels were found mostly in patients with severe eczema and high serum IgE levels. Longitudinal studies in seven patients revealed normal plasma histamine values during clinical remission. PMID- 6640891 TI - Asthma in merchant seamen and laboratory workers caused by allergy to castor beans: analysis of allergens. AB - Three merchant seamen and two laboratory workers who developed allergic symptoms following exposure to castor beans have been investigated. Bronchial-provocation testing with castor beans in the merchant seamen demonstrated a late reaction in two. Specific IgE against whole castor-bean extract and ricin, ricinus agglutinin and dericinated extracts of castor bean were found in the patients' sera using radioallergosorbent tests (RAST). RAST inhibition, toxocological and haemagglutination tests suggest that the ricin and dericinated extracts contain distinct allergens. PMID- 6640892 TI - Induction of benzylpenicilloyl specific antibodies, including IgE, by long-term administration of benzylpenicillin. AB - Using the ELISA and passive haemagglutination test we investigated the humoral immune response induced by long-term administration of benzylpenicillin in patients. After the second week of the course in twenty-four out of sixty-one patients, synthesis of benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) specific IgG, IgA, IgM and/or IgE could be demonstrated. BPO-specific IgE was always found in combination with BPO specific IgG and/or IgM. No difference in the humoral immune response was found between patients who developed clinical hypersensitivity reactions and those who did not. In a follow-up study the disappearance of BPO-specific immunoglobulins of all classes was observed. Results of the epicutaneous tests showed that a long term course of benzylpenicillin did not evoke delayed hypersensitivity. However intracutaneous tests with benzylpenicilloyl-polylysine or benzylpenicillin showed positive immediate type reactions. From the results it can be concluded that a BPO-specific IgE response is not necessarily associated with the development of a clinical hypersensitivity reaction. PMID- 6640893 TI - Intrinsic and extrinsic asthma, a shared lymphocyte abnormality. AB - We have examined in vitro cell-mediated lymphocyte responses to Concanavalin A, (Con. A), and the effects of histamine and indomethacin upon these responses, in normal subjects, and patients with extrinsic and intrinsic asthma, and chronic bronchitis. Lymphocytes from both intrinsic and extrinsic asthmatics are particularly sensitive to histamine-induced suppression of their response to Con. A, and this increased sensitivity was reversed by indomethacin. In these respects, lymphocytes from intrinsic and extrinsic asthmatics behave in an identical fashion, but differ significantly from lymphocytes from both normal subjects and patients with fixed airways obstruction (chronic bronchitis). It is suggested that there is a common immunological mechanism in extrinsic asthma and intrinsic asthma. PMID- 6640894 TI - Action of tiaramide in nasal allergen challenge. PMID- 6640895 TI - Spectrophotometry of occult blood in feces. AB - This method for measuring fecal occult blood is based on the heme-catalyzed oxidation of tetramethylbenzidine by H2O2. An aliquot of heated stool homogenate is mixed with acetic acid to chemically separate heme from globin. The heme is extracted into ethyl acetate and reacted with the reagent and H2O2 to produce a green oxidation product. The reaction is followed kinetically for 30 to 60 s at 660 nm. A660 is linearly related to the amount of hemoglobin. The lower limit of detection is 1 to 2 mg of hemoglobin per gram (wet weight) of feces. Within-day precision (CV) of the analysis for hemoglobin added to stool specimens (4 to 30 mg/g) ranged from 2.3 to 7.6%, between-day CV from 2.1 to 8.1%. Analytical recovery of hemoglobin added to fecal specimens (4 to 30 mg/g) ranged from 86.7 to 106.2%. Of the substances known to interfere with conventional dye-oxidation tests for fecal occult blood, only myoglobin and ascorbic acid interfere with hemoglobin quantification by our procedure. The test is fast, inexpensive, and easy to perform, and involves equipment available in hospital laboratories. PMID- 6640897 TI - Creatine kinase activity and isoenzyme pattern in various normal tissues and neoplasms. AB - I measured total creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) activity and isoenzyme pattern in normal and neoplastic tissues. CK activity was detected in all of them examined. In various tumors it was greater than, less than, or the same as that in normal tissue, no clear correlation being seen between total activity and growth rate or degree of differentiation. In several cases, there was a greater proportion of the CK-MM isoenzyme, and 15 of 53 cases showed an atypical CK-MM band. The atypical CK-MM band, also reported by others, might be an insensitive and nonspecific tumor marker. The CK-BB isoenzyme, ubiquitous in neoplastic tissues, might accordingly be a nonspecific marker. Total CK activity was very low in most tumor tissues. Presumably a bulky tumor or an advanced stage of malignancy is a requisite to release of routinely detectable CK-BB into the circulation. PMID- 6640896 TI - Quantification of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol by precipitation with phosphotungstic acid/MgCl2. AB - We evaluated the use of a modified phosphotungstic acid/MgCl2 precipitation procedure for the precipitation of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. Precipitation of these lipoproteins [very-low- and low-density lipoproteins, and lipoprotein (a)] is complete, with negligible coprecipitation of high-density lipoprotein subfractions (HDL1, HDL2, HDL3), even in hypertriglyceridemic sera. In comparison with ultracentrifugation, the precipitation method yields, on the average, values that are 0.17 mmol/L lower for cholesterol values but almost identical for apolipoprotein A-I and phosphatidylcholine. Looking for delta 3,5 cholestadiene formed from cholesterol in the precipitation residue, we used "high performance" liquid chromatography and "high-performance" thin-layer chromatography and found none. PMID- 6640898 TI - Mechanism of cefoxitin and cephalothin interference with the Jaffe method for creatinine. AB - Some cepha antibiotics interfere positively in the Jaffe method for determining creatinine. The extent of this interference differs with the modification used, and its mechanism is unknown. We studied the spectrophotometric and thermodynamic properties of the reaction of picrate with creatinine and two cepha antibiotics, cefoxitin and cephalothin. The absorbance spectra of the chromophore produced by each of the three compounds when reacted with picrate were essentially identical, with an absorbance maximum at 485 nm. We determined the molar absorptivity, rate constant, and equilibrium constant for the reaction of the three compounds with picrate. The molar absorptivity was similar for creatinine and cefoxitin but about fourfold smaller for cephalothin. The rate constant and equilibrium constant for the reaction with picrate were respectively 20- and 10-fold greater for creatinine than for either of the two cepha antibiotics. Thus, these differences indicate the mechanism by which these two cepha antibiotics interfere with the Jaffe procedure for creatinine, and explain why the degree of interference depends on details of the procedure. PMID- 6640899 TI - Coproporphyrin in urine of newborns with meconium aspiration syndrome. AB - We evaluated coproporphyrin in the first urine passed by newborn infants with and without meconium aspiration, by spectrophotometric analysis and thin-layer and "high-performance" liquid chromatography. Urines of newborn infants without meconium aspiration contained only very small quantities of coproporphyrin, detected, after partial purification, by "high-performance" liquid chromatography. Urines of newborn infants with meconium aspiration contained large quantities of coproporphyrin, identified by all three techniques. Urinary coproporphyrin as measured spectrophotometrically correlates well with the "urinary meconium index," and the method is simple, rapid, and reliable, even for samples containing hemoglobin. PMID- 6640900 TI - The "HemoQuant" test: a specific and quantitative determination of heme (hemoglobin) in feces and other materials. AB - We describe a new, specific, quantitative method for fecal blood, based on conversion of nonfluorescing heme to fluorescing porphyrins, that obviates serious deficiencies inherent in currently used tests. A two-reagent system is used to determine the two hemoglobin-related fractions that are found in feces. The hot citric acid extract includes only the variable fraction of porphyrins that have been preformed from heme in the intestinal tract; this often is the major fraction. Total hemoglobin is indirectly determined by reaction with heated oxalic acid:FeSO4 reagent, which converts the remaining heme to porphyrin without loss of the preformed porphyrins. A three-step purification procedure eliminates interfering materials. Analytical recovery of added hemoglobin is linearly related to concentration over a several-thousand-fold range. The assay is equally applicable to whole blood or to sub-microgram amounts of hemoglobin in the 8-mg (wet weight) fecal sample tested. Quality control by liquid chromatographic and fluorometric analysis documents fluorescence specificity of the heme-derived porphyrins. PMID- 6640901 TI - Solid-phase chemiluminescence immunoassay for plasma estradiol-17 beta during gonadotropin therapy compared with two radioimmunoassays. AB - Estradiol in plasma was determined with a simple solid-phase immunoassay based on chemiluminescence in patients undergoing ovulation induction. In the assay, we use a purified monoclonal antibody to estradiol-17 beta, with estradiol-6 carboxymethyl oxime-aminobutylethyl isoluminol as the chemiluminescent marker. The antibody is covalently coupled to polymer beads. Bound and free ligand are separated by simple centrifugation. Values so determined were compared with those determined with two different radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods, one involving the same monoclonal solid-phase antibody plus iodinated estradiol, 125I-RIA, the other a polyclonal antibody and tritiated estradiol, 3H-RIA. In the latter RIA, dextran-coated charcoal was used to separate bound and free ligand. Values determined by the three methods agreed well: for chemiluminescence vs 125I-RIA, r = 0.93; for chemiluminescence vs 3H-RIA, r = 0.94; for 125I-RIA vs 3H-RIA, r = 0.94. The three methods are similar in sensitivity, specificity, and precision. The present method is simple and reliable, taking advantage of the specificity and sensitivity intrinsic to the use of an antibody without the inconveniences associated with use of an isotopically labeled ligand. PMID- 6640902 TI - Determination of thiamin and thiamin phosphate esters in blood by liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. AB - We demonstrate a liquid-chromatographic method involving post-column derivatization for determining the concentration of thiamin and its phosphate esters in human blood. Blood, erythrocytes, or plasma is deproteinized and centrifuged. Aliquots of the samples are applied to a mu Bondapak C18 column attached to a "high-performance" liquid chromatograph. Addition of potassium ferricyanide/sodium hydroxide solution to the column effluent with a proportioning pump converts thiamin phosphates into fluorophores, the intensities of which are measured with a spectrofluorophotometer. Thiamin, thiamin monophosphate, thiamin pyrophosphate, and thiamin triphosphate eluted as single peaks; no coeluting substances were detected. Thiamin pyrophosphate was the ester present in greatest concentration, followed by thiamin triphosphate; thiamin monophosphate and thiamin were present in slight amounts. This method allows easy determination of thiamin and its phosphate esters in 0.1 mL of blood. PMID- 6640903 TI - Preliminary isolation of urinary placental estriol before gas or liquid chromatography. AB - We describe a rapid, simple assay for placental estriol in urine, involving a small sample volume (250 microL) and, correspondingly, a small amount of enzyme reagent. After hydrolysis, estriol is adsorbed from urine onto graphitized carbon black (Carbopack B). After some washing steps, estriol is desorbed with a small volume of a suitable mobile phase. This single-step purification technique is rapid (about 15 min), with minimal sample manipulation. Analytical recoveries for estriol-supplemented urine ranged from 95.9 to 101.0%. Ten replicate analyses of urines containing typical concentrations of estriol gave CVs of 3.3, 2.6, and 2.4% for low, medium, and high concentrations, respectively. The specificity of our extraction technique was good, as assessed by treating 35 urine samples and quantifying estriol by gas chromatography with packed and capillary columns and by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorometric detection. PMID- 6640904 TI - Kinetic methods that are independent of the rate of reaction. AB - Kinetic methods for the quantification of substrates offer a number of advantages over equilibrium methods, such as speed and economy. However, in their most commonly practiced form they are liable to error from various sources in addition to those ordinarily encountered in equilibrium methods, owing to variations in enzymic activity between test and standard assays. In certain circumstances the differences in enzymic activity may be such as to completely invalidate the method. Such difficulties may, however, be avoided if three or more measurements are made during the reaction of the sample and are evaluated by one of five means. In each case data from the early course of the reaction are used to predict the total change in sensor signal at infinite time, from which the concentration of the substrate may be calculated as for an equilibrium method. PMID- 6640905 TI - Discrepancies in measurement of aspartate aminotransferase by continuous-flow analysis. AB - I compared results for aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) obtained with a reaction-rate analyzer (LKB 2086 Mark Two), based on IFCC methodology, and a continuous-flow analyzer (the Technicon SMA 2) for 115 patients' sera and seven commercial quality-control sera. The data from the SMA 2 showed a clear positive bias in those sera with activities exceeding 40 U/L (the upper limit of the reference range). Independent data to support the bias of the SMA 2 and other continuous-flow analyzer systems are presented. Application of a correction factor to the SMA 2 data above the upper limit of the range significantly decreased this bias. Failure to apply such a factor to data obtained from continuous-flow analyzers could lead to serious clinical misinterpretation. PMID- 6640906 TI - Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of propylene glycol in plasma and urine. AB - We describe a gas-chromatographic assay for propylene glycol in human plasma and urine. The method is sensitive enough to allow quantification of the compound at concentrations observed clinically. It requires no derivative preparation and takes only 13 min of chromatographic time. PMID- 6640907 TI - Quality control of acid phosphatase assay improved by direct reconstitution of lyophilized control materials with citric acid. AB - Current quality control of assays of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) with thymolphthalein substrate is inadequate when certain control-suppliers' instructions are followed for reconstituting and stabilizing human lyophilized control material. If such materials are reconstituted with a citric acid solution, then stored frozen, control vial-to-vial variability is minimized, as are losses of activity in freshly reconstituted controls and losses during room temperature storage of the control material. Effects of pH of the reconstituting solution on the acid phosphatase activity of human lyophilized controls are also discussed. PMID- 6640908 TI - Accuracy of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme estimations by a thin-layer agarose fluorescent technique: experience with ternary and quaternary mixtures of purified human lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes. AB - We have further assessed the accuracy of the thin-layer agarose fluorescent technique of Elevitch et al. [Am J Clin Pathol 46, 692 (1966)]. Previously, we used semi-purified human lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1 and -5 [Clin Chem 22, 1995 (1976)] and isoenzyme-1 and -2 [Clin Chem 27, 1708 (1981)] to show that this assay accurately measures the proportions of these binary mixtures. In the present study, using ternary and quaternary mixtures of isoenzyme- 1, -2, -3, and -5, we show that the assay gives accurate estimations of all of these isoenzymes, within the errors of the techniques used. We also show that peak area (integration) is more nearly accurate, but less precise, than peak height (amplitude) measurements. PMID- 6640909 TI - Micro-analysis for quinidine in serum by thin-layer chromatography followed by fluorescence densitometry. AB - We report a thin-layer-chromatographic micro-analysis for quinidine in serum, with detection by fluorescence densitometry. Quinidine is extracted from 20 microL of serum at pH 13 into 3 mL of hexane/acetone solution (80/20 by vol) containing N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine as internal standard. The extract is concentrated and applied to silica-gel-impregnated plates for conventional thin layer chromatography. Quinidine is identified from its RF value and quantified from the peak-height ratio between quinidine and the internal standard, relative to that of simultaneously extracted serum standards. The proposed assay is sensitive (to 0.2 mg/L), specific for unmetabolized quinidine, precise (between run coefficients of variation less than 6%), and readily adaptable to large-scale "batch" analysis. Peak-height ratio is linearly related to concentration to at least 20 mg/L. Quinidine concentrations in the serum of patients, as measured by the proposed method (x) and by a traditional double-extraction spectrofluorometric assay (y), were related as follows: y = 0.994x + 0.276 (r = 0.989, n = 20). PMID- 6640910 TI - Multilayer film analysis for glucose in 1-microL samples of plasma. AB - With the ultramicroanalytical system described here we can measure glucose in 1 microL of plasma or serum. The sample is placed on a dry, multilayer film element (Eastman Kodak), where a colored spot about 3.5 mm in diameter develops. The reflectance of these spots is measured with a reflectance digital matrix photometer that was conceived, designed, and constructed in our laboratory. The spot is illuminated with monochromatic light and its image is projected by a camera lens onto the photosensitive surface of a linear photodiode array containing 512 individual photodetectors. The photodetector signals are processed by a computer to obtain the reflectance and diameter of the spot. The latter is proportional to sample volume. Because the reflectance of the spot does not depend greatly on sample volume, accurate pipetting is not required. The coefficients of variation of repeatable glucose analyses were, for 400, 3000, and 5120 mg/L, 1.7, 2.3, and 2.8%, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) between glucose analyses by our method (y) and with the Ektachem 400 (x) was 0.9918; the regression equation was y = 1.07x - 94.3 mg/L. PMID- 6640911 TI - Limited usefulness of the proportion of tests with normal results in review of diagnostic services utilization. AB - We tested the hypothesis that the proportion of normal results in tests ordered by a physician correlates directly with the proportion of tests that are disapproved by a utilization review audit for inappropriate test use. Auditors reviewed 3497 charts for 13 067 repeated determinations of 10 diagnostic tests ordered by 81 medical residents to determine if test use had been appropriate, according to explicit criteria. By the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, there was a significant (p less than 0.001) correlation between the proportion of normal results in tests ordered by residents and the residents' audit-disapproval rates, a previously undocumented relationship. Although statistically significant, the correlation coefficient of 0.25 means that the proportion of normal tests results predicted only 6% of the variance in the audit disapproval rates. This relationship is not strong enough to use the proportion of normal results as a measure of a physician's inappropriate test use, except to select physicians for utilization review. PMID- 6640912 TI - More on vitamin B12 results as measured with "boil" and "no-boil" kits. PMID- 6640913 TI - Microbiological and radioimmunological assays for folic acid in whole blood compared: effect of zinc nutriture. PMID- 6640914 TI - "Improved" sample extraction before liquid chromatography of prednisone and prednisolone in serum. PMID- 6640915 TI - Paracetamol and blood-glucose analysis with the YSI Analyzer. PMID- 6640916 TI - Determination of serum and urine magnesium with a centrifugal analyzer. PMID- 6640917 TI - Antibiotics and p-aminohippurate. PMID- 6640918 TI - Gelman kit modified. PMID- 6640919 TI - Fluorescent materials in uremic fluids. PMID- 6640920 TI - Enzymic method for acetaminophen adapted to a centrifugal analyzer. PMID- 6640921 TI - Methods for assay of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB compared. PMID- 6640922 TI - Postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase activities in patients with primary asymptomatic gout. PMID- 6640923 TI - Theophylline concentrations may be falsely high in serum of uremic patients. PMID- 6640924 TI - Charcoal stripping has no effect on prostate androgen receptor. PMID- 6640925 TI - Unusually high proportion of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme, evidently of nonmyocardial origin, in serum of a patient with cancer of the prostate. PMID- 6640926 TI - Enhancing the sensitivity of an immunoradiometric assay for thyrotropin. PMID- 6640927 TI - Commentary and update: methotrexate for psoriasis--two decades later. PMID- 6640928 TI - Contact dermatitis to knee patch adhesive in boys' jeans: a nonoccupational cause of epoxy resin sensitivity. PMID- 6640929 TI - Hyaluronic acid synthesis in fibroblasts of pretibial myxedema. PMID- 6640930 TI - Long-term and short-term histopathologic changes in the skin after PUVA therapy. PMID- 6640931 TI - Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome. The Cleveland Clinic experience. PMID- 6640932 TI - Juvenile plantar dermatosis: the "wet and dry foot syndrome". PMID- 6640933 TI - Recurrent amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma: a case report. PMID- 6640934 TI - Metallic cutaneous contaminant mimicking malignant melanoma. PMID- 6640935 TI - Pretibial myxedema (elephantiasic form): treatment with cytotoxic therapy. PMID- 6640936 TI - Childhood-onset pityriasis rubra pilaris treated with methotrexate administered intravenously. PMID- 6640938 TI - Home care ventilation. PMID- 6640937 TI - Does acyclovir have an adjunctive role in plantar wart therapy? PMID- 6640939 TI - Clinical considerations in the implementation of home care ventilation: observations in 24 patients. PMID- 6640940 TI - Value and limitations of cross-sectional echocardiography in the diagnosis of myocardial aneurysm. PMID- 6640941 TI - The Congress: structural changes affecting biomedical legislation: an overview, 1965-1981. PMID- 6640942 TI - The value of persistence and thoroughness in searching for the allergen in contact dermatitis. PMID- 6640943 TI - Commentary and update: beryllium granulomas of the skin: a small window to understanding. PMID- 6640944 TI - Commentary and update: topical chemotherapy with mechlorethamine for mycosis fungoides. PMID- 6640945 TI - A new micromethod for the quantification of low molecular weight oligomers of polyethylene glycol. AB - We describe a gas-liquid chromatographic technique for quantifying the low molecular weight (Mr 106-634) oligomers of polyethylene glycol (PEG) in clinical specimens. The deionized sample, containing tetra-ethylene glycol as an internal standard, is applied on column. This technique readily quantifies as little as 2.5 micrograms of an individual oligomer; with such a quantity, the coefficient of variation is +/- 2.5 percent (N = 25 analyses). Small volumes (250 microliter) of urine are conveniently analyzed, and a single column can be utilized for the analysis of approximately three hundred specimens. We have analyzed timed urine specimens from humans who received 0.15 g of PEG 400 per kilogram. Individuals varied markedly with regard to the total amount of PEG excreted into the urine; each subject, however, consistently excretes a uniform percentage of the ingested dose. The urinary oligomeric profile of PEG does not vary from subject to subject nor from hour to hour, during the first six hours following oral administration, so that a random urine obtained during this period provides a reliable clinical specimen. This technique should facilitate clinical studies that utilize polyethylene glycol 400 as an index of passive intestinal transport. PMID- 6640946 TI - Thin-layer and gel permeation chromatographic separation of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol oligomers. AB - We describe a gel permeation and a thin-layer chromatographic technique for the complete resolution of oligomers of ethylene glycol up to a chain length of fourteen ethylene oxide [OCH2CH2] units. We employed columns of Bio-Gel P-2 with 0.02 mol/l ammonium acetate as the eluant to prepare milligram quantities of each of the individual oligomers. Thin-layer chromatography on silica gel G plates with an ethyl acetate/methanol/water solvent provides a sensitive and simple method for monitoring multiple specimens. We determined the flame ionization detector response of purified individual ethylene glycol oligomers relative to tetraethylene glycol. These data permit the accurate quantification of the oligomeric profile of commercially available mixtures of low molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEG). When PEG 400 is administered orally to normal subjects, aged three months through adulthood, they excrete in their urine a mixture of unmetabolized oligomers with a mean molecular weight of 360 +/- 14 daltons. The ability to measure absolute, rather than relative, amounts of ethylene glycol oligomers will permit more accurate studies of passive intestinal permeability in human subjects. PMID- 6640947 TI - High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of molecular species of phosphatidylcholine--development of quantitative assay and its application to human bile. AB - In this paper we propose a novel, rapid and simple high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the identification and quantitation of individual phosphatidylcholine (PC) molecular species from natural mixtures. To overcome difficulties deriving from the lack of adequate standards and from the variability of the responses to UV spectrophotometric detectors currently used in HPLC analysis, we first fractionated and quantitated the major molecular species of a commercial egg PC by means of a preparative column. The identification of PC molecular species was confirmed by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acids. We employed the fractions recovered from preparative HPLC to determine the detector calibration factors of the individual molecular species separated using an analytical, high-speed, reversed-phase HPLC column. The proposed method seems to be adequate for the analysis of PC from many biological sources. Its application to the analysis of human hepatic and gallbladder biliary PC is shown. PMID- 6640948 TI - Glucosylation of human haemoglobin a in red blood cells studied in vitro. Kinetics of the formation and dissociation of haemoglobin A1c. AB - We examined the stability of the ketoamine adduct, termed HbA1c, formed between the N-terminal valine of the haemoglobin A (HbA) beta chain and D-glucose using an isoelectric focusing method. Prolonged saline incubation of purified HbA1c followed by renewed isoelectric focusing revealed that the HbA1c concentration decreased while a corresponding increase in the HbA concentration occurred. The emergence of haemoglobin A on saline incubation indicates that the non-enzymatic glucosylation of haemoglobin A to HbA1c is a reversible process. This finding was further substantiated by kinetic studies on the formation and breakdown of the ketoamine adduct during incubation of red cells in glucose and saline. It appeared that the rate constant for the formation k2 was 14.2 X 10(-6) X s-1 at 37 degrees C while the rate constant for dissociation k-2 was 1.7 X 10(-6) X s-1. From these data an equilibrium constant K of 8.4 was calculated. This information should be of importance in interpretation of HbA1c levels during abrupt changes in diabetic control. PMID- 6640949 TI - Sensitive and simplified method for the differential determination of serum levels of ketone bodies. AB - A highly sensitive and simplified method for the differential determination of serum ketone bodies has been developed. Serum was deproteinized with perchloric acid, and acetoacetate contained in the supernate was reacted with newly synthesized p-nitrobenzene diazonium fluoroborate at 37 degrees C for 10 min. The formed hydrazo compound was converted by alkali to the more stable azo compound which has a peak absorbance at 645 nm. For the determination of 3 hydroxybutyrate, this was enzymatically converted to acetoacetate using 3 hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, LDH, NAD and pyruvate. Using 0.2 ml serum, acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate could be quantitated in 30 min. The described method is five times more sensitive than the enzymatic photometric method and can detect individual ketone bodies at concentrations as low as 20 mumol/l. Differential determination of serum levels of ketone bodies is clinically useful for the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and in monitoring diabetic control. PMID- 6640950 TI - Separation of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of creatine kinase by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. PMID- 6640951 TI - Reference method for pH measurement in blood. PMID- 6640952 TI - Long term effects of spinal cord lesions on the configuration of somatosensory evoked potentials. Part 2: Changes in components produced by afferent interaction. PMID- 6640953 TI - Changes in short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials during hemodialysis in chronic renal failure. AB - Short-latency SEPs were monitored in eight patients undergoing hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. The peak latencies of EP,N13, and N20 were significantly delayed compared with those of the control group. Because the interpeak latency of N13 - N20 (central conduction time) was not significantly prolonged, there could be no possible subclinical involvement of the ascending sensory fibers in the brainstem. The dialysis did alter the peak latencies of EP,N20, and interpeak latencies of EP-N13 and EP-N20; these changes, however, were not highly significant. The evoked potential changes did not correlate with the routine biochemical data. Monitoring short-latency SEP may lead to early recognition of pathologic involvement of the peripheral nervous system. PMID- 6640954 TI - Electroencephalographic findings in pediatric cases of coma. AB - Electroencephalographic aspects of coma in 201 children are presented. The ages of the subjects ranged between 1 month and 14 years. The EEG picture was not specific. Diffuse slowing and convulsive activity were present in meningoencephalitis and postconvulsive coma. Diffuse slowing was also present in coma of metabolic origin. Mixed slow and fast activity was typical of coma due to benzodiazepines, barbiturates and alcohol. In patients with intracerebral hemorrhages, there was marked focal slowing associated with generalized delta and theta waves. In 12 patients with craniocerebral trauma, the EEG showed generalized slowing which was associated with focal reduction of voltage in 6 cases and with convulsive activity in 2. Extreme slowing or an isoelectric recording had a bad prognosis. The reappearance of sleep spindles was a favorable sign. PMID- 6640955 TI - Occipital evoked spike epilepsy in childhood. PMID- 6640956 TI - Complex partial status epilepticus: two case reports. PMID- 6640957 TI - Incomplete androgen insensitivity syndrome: partially masculinized genitalia in two patients with absence of androgen receptor in cultured fibroblasts. AB - In male pseudo-hermaphroditism due to end organ unresponsiveness, partial androgen insensitivity can usually be related to low but detectable dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding activity in cultured sexual skin fibroblasts. We have studied two patients with partial virilization and total absence of androgen receptors in cultured fibroblasts. A lack of DHT binding could be related to a selection of a fibroblast strain with no androgen receptor activity, to insufficient sensitivity of the method in detecting very low receptor concentrations or to an instability of the receptor or the androgen-receptor complex. However, these observations raise the question of masculinization of external genitalia with undetectable androgen receptor. PMID- 6640958 TI - Effect of heparin on serum free thyroxine linked to post-heparin lipolytic activity. AB - A possible association between free T4 (fT4) changes, occurring after heparin administration, and the post-heparin lipolytic activity, i.e., the release of lipases and the lipolysis of triglycerides to non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) was studied. In 19 patients heparin increased mean fT4 values obtained by equilibrium dialysis from 23.4 to 38.6 pmol/l (P less than 0.01) and mean fT4 values measured by GammaCoat two-step RIA from 17.0 to 24.1 pmol/l (P less than 0.01), the results of the two methods agreeing well (rs = 0.88). Concurrently, NEFAs increased from a mean of 0.55 to 2.20 mmol/l (P less than 0.01) and fT4 increases were significantly correlated with post-heparin NEFAs (rs = 0.69, P less than 0.001). In vitro addition of palmitic acid to sera increased fT4 concentrations to values similar to those observed in vivo. Post-heparin fT4 increases were also strongly correlated to the concentrations of triglycerides (rs = 0.63, P less than 0.01). Hypertriglyceridaemia was associated with pronounced fT4 increases after heparin administration, and normolipidaemia with moderate or no changes. These results suggest that the effect of heparin on fT4 is linked to the activation of lipases by heparin and is mediated by NEFAs, which, at high concentrations, compete with thyroxine for binding proteins. PMID- 6640959 TI - Should one measure serum thyroglobulin in the presence of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies? AB - Thyroglobulin auto-antibodies (anti-Tg) may affect measurement of serum thyroglobulin (Tg). We have assayed sera for Tg by RIA regardless of presence or absence of anti-Tg, and this study was designed to assess the influence of anti Tg on the results. Binding of human anti-Tg by the second antibody in our RIA (sheep anti-rabbit immunoglobulin) is very low and sera containing anti-Tg of varying titres do not systematically affect assay of Tg regardless of concentration. In our follow-up study of patients with thyroid cancer, correlation between clinical state and Tg concentration is greater than 97% whether anti-Tg is present or absent. These results indicate that in our assay anti-Tg positive sera do not need to be excluded. PMID- 6640960 TI - Long term results of radical hypophysectomy for Cushing's disease. AB - Sixteen consecutive cases of Cushing's disease were treated by radical transphenoidal hypophysectomy. Surgical removal was not possible in two cases. Of the other 14, there was total clinical and biochemical remission of the disease in 13 and partial remission in one. Some form of replacement therapy has been necessary in 11 out of the 14 cases. During a long period of postoperative clinical and biochemical assessment extending over 5-14 years (average 8 years) there have been no recurrences. PMID- 6640962 TI - Structural aspects of rat angiotensinogen. AB - Rat angiotensinogen (Ao) consists of two molecular weight forms (Ao-1 and Ao-2). The amino acid composition of both forms is very similar. In addition, the immunological properties of both molecules obtained by immunodiffusion and direct radioimmunoassay are very similar as well. Beside the difference in molecular weight there is a heterogeneity in isoelectric points within and between both forms. The difference in the carbohydrate moiety between both forms is the basis of the suggestion that the main difference in weight and charge is due to the presence or absence of one oligosaccharide chain. The twin bands of Ao-2 in IEF which have the same amount of sialic acid, can be separated on ConA Sepharose CL 6B, indicating that different types of oligosaccharide chains are attached to Ao 2. The structural features of angiotensinogen have been studied by circular dichroism. The structure of angiotensinogen consists of 17% alpha-helix, 37% beta structure and 45% irregular structure. Concentrations of dithiothreitol (DTT) of up to 2o mM cause a decrease in regular structure at neutral pH and an increase in regular structure at pH 9.5. There is no change in the amount of angiotensin I cleaved by the enzyme renin. However the binding of angiotensinogen to a specific rabbit antibody is decreased following treatment with 1o or 2o mM DTT. PMID- 6640961 TI - Biochemistry and regulation of angiotensinogen. AB - Angiotensin II and angiotensin III, the active peptides of the renin-angiotensin system, are produced by a cascade of enzymatic reactions, whose initial step is the reaction between renin and its substrate, angiotensinogen. In plasma, the concentration of angiotensinogen is a limiting factor: the Km of the enzymatic reaction is between 1 and 2 microM depending on the species. It is therefore of interest to measure its level in plasma and tissues and to examine the main factors which may influence its synthesis and release. The complete purification of angiotensinogen has made possible the preparation of specific antibodies which cross-react with both angiotensinogen and its residue, des-angio I angiotensinogen, and are currently used in radioimmunoassays and immunohistochemical studies. A small amount of angiotensinogen is stored in hepatic cells, where it can be detected by immunofluorescence and measured by radioimmunoassay. It is also present in proximal tubular cells of the kidney, probably reabsorbed from glomerular filtrate, but it is absent from juxtaglomerular cells. Several hormones are able to increase liver synthesis of angiotensinogen and its release. Thyroxine, angiotensin II, dexamethasone, ethinyl-estradiol and binephrectomy increase both synthesis and release. Adrenalectomy and converting-enzyme inhibition are accompanied by an increased peripheral consumption of plasma angiotensinogen, and by accumulation of des angio I-angiotensinogen whose metabolism and role are unknown. The major role of angiotensinogen in renal hemodynamics is demonstrated by its effects on the isolated perfused kidney, an experimental observation which parallels the clinical observation of women on estroprogestative therapy, whose renal blood flow is reduced, even in the absence of a detectable increase in their blood pressure. A better knowledge of renin substrate structure in various species is a necessary requirement for the design of inhibitory analogs of angiotensinogen which will have application for the treatment of hypertension and oedema. PMID- 6640963 TI - The tissue renin-angiotensin systems: focus on brain angiotensin, adrenal gland and arterial wall. AB - The enzyme renin has long been considered an exclusively renal enzyme responsible for the generation of angiotensin in the plasma, and angiotensin was considered a peptide hormone with specific target organs. Since renin has been discovered to occur not only in the kidney but in addition in a large number of other tissues, e.g. the salivary gland, the uterus, the blood vessels, the adrenal gland and the brain, this concept had to be revised. The possibility of local generation of angiotensin in these target tissues, where it has marked biological effects casts a new light on angiotensin as a more ubiquitous tissue factor or even a neurohormone. PMID- 6640964 TI - Local generation of angiotensin in the kidney and in tissue culture. AB - The renin-angiotensin system is an exception among the various peptide hormone producing mechanisms in that it is an extracellular system. It was not clear whether renin in tissues other than kidney participates in the extracellular system or an intracellular mechanism. We examined the possibility of intracellular formation of angiotensin II in these tissues by using cloned, renin containing cells in culture as models. Neuroblastoma cells, pheochromocytoma cells, adrenal cortical cells and juxtaglomerular cells were shown to contain renin, angiotensin I and angiotensin II. Presence of angiotensin I converting enzyme was also demonstrated in some cell lines examined. Even juxtaglomerular cells in the intact kidney were shown to contain angiotensin I and angiotensin II by immunohistochemical technique. These findings indicate an intracellular mechanism of angiotensin II formation in various tissues and suggest that angiotensin II may have local paracrine functions. PMID- 6640965 TI - Proceedings of the symposium on the renin-angiotensin system: biochemistry, pharmacology, clinical aspects. Heidelberg Academy of Sciences, March 6-8, 1983. PMID- 6640966 TI - Echocardiographic evidence for increased cardiac performance during early renal hypertension in dogs. AB - Cardiac function early (less than 4 weeks) in the course of experimental renal hypertension was investigated. In 11 male mongrel dogs, one kidney was wrapped in silk to produce two-kidney, one-wrapped hypertension. Two weeks later, the contralateral kidney was removed. Five sham-wrapped and then contralaterally nephrectomized dogs served as controls. M-mode left ventricular (LV) echocardiograms were recorded twice weekly in all dogs for 4 weeks before and for 2 weeks after wrapping (or sham-wrapping) and for 4 weeks after nephrectomy. In the 11 hypertensive dogs, mean arterial pressure (MAP) rose from 127 mm Hg (mean) to 143 two weeks after wrapping (p less than 0.05) and to 185 two weeks after nephrectomy (p less than 0.001). The fractional shortening of the left ventricle (% delta D) of hypertensive dogs was increased (9% maximum, mean, p less than 0.01) for 2 weeks after wrapping and for one week after nephrectomy. Two weeks after wrapping, LV end-systolic wall stress calculated from femoral artery peak systolic pressure, end-systolic dimension and wall thickness was unchanged, suggesting that increased myocardial contractility accounted for the findings. In normotensive control dogs, there were no echocardiographic changes during the study. PMID- 6640967 TI - Central and regional hemodynamics and plasma volume distribution during the development of spontaneous hypertension in rats. AB - In this study, we investigated the central as well as the regional hemodynamics of spontaneous hypertension in different phases using the reference sample microsphere method in conscious, unrestrained spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) using age-matched progenitor Wistar Kyoto rats (WKy) as controls. Moreover, in order to study the role of intravascular fluid volumes and their regional distribution in the early hemodynamics of spontaneous hypertension, we measured albumin distribution spaces at different ages in SHR and WKy. Microsphere studies showed an increase of cardiac output in 5 weeks old SHR when compared to age matched WKy. This increased flow was mainly transmitted to the muscular and skin vascular bed. The kidney vascular resistance was increased significantly already in 5 weeks old SHR. In 7-8 weeks old animals, cardiac output was not significantly different in SHR and WKy. The increase in blood pressure was then characterized by a generalized increase in vascular resistance in almost all tissues. Plasma volume (PV) measurements indicate a significantly higher PV in 5 weeks old SHR when compared to age-matched WKy. At later ages (7-16 weeks), PV was lower in SHR than in WKy. Regional measurements show a consistently lower PV in gut, muscle, testes, and skin in SHR. It is concluded that the early increase in cardiac output in SHR is related to an increased central intravascular volume, possibly because of renal fluid retention. Moreover, the later further rise in blood pressure and increase in total peripheral resistance seem to be caused by an independent secondary rise in vascular resistance of all vascular beds. PMID- 6640968 TI - Evidence for an increase in [3H]spiperone binding in hypothalamic nuclei during the development of spontaneous hypertension in the rat. AB - The in vivo binding of [3H]spiperone was measured in discrete areas of the hypothalamus in 7, 9 and 16 weeks old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) controls. The specific binding of [3H]spiperone was significantly higher in the four different hypothalamic regions (H1, H2, H3, H4) that we have tested in 7 or 9 weeks old SHR than in age matched WKY controls. At 16 weeks a significant increase was only present in H3. These results suggest that dopaminergic hypothalamic neurons might be implicated in the onset of hypertension in the rat. PMID- 6640969 TI - Corticosteroid modulation of the renin system and blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - This study examines the role of gluco- and mineralcorticoids in the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Effects of adrenalectomy and selective treatment with either aldosterone (30 micrograms/kg/day) or dexamethasone (60 micrograms/kg/day) on plasma renin substrate, active renin (PRA), total renin and blood pressure were studied in 10 week old SHR and control WKY rats. Systolic blood pressure was moderately lower in adrenalectomized rats (129 +/- 2 mm Hg vs 137 +/- 4 mm Hg in control WKY and 145 +/- 4 mm Hg vs 160 +/- 3 mm Hg in control SHR) but could be restored to the control range by aldosterone. Dexamethasone repletion induced substantial increments of systolic blood pressure to comparable levels in both species (202 +/- 8 mm Hg in WKY and 192 +/- 6 mm Hg in SHR). Renin substrate was markedly lower in adrenalectomized, saline repleted rats. This could be reversed by dexamethasone in both species and by aldosterone in WKY rats only. Both PRA and total renin were higher (p less than 0.01) in the adrenalectomized, saline repleted state. This increase was not observed in aldosterone repleted rats. However, dexamethasone inhibited the adrenalectomy associated increase of PRA and total renin in SHR but not in WKY rats. Differences in blood pressure between SHR and WKY persist even in adrenalectomized state despite comparable stimulation of the renin system. Conversely, while blood pressure of both species responds similarly to selective corticosteroids therapy, the response of the renin angiotensin system in SHR and WKY rats is distinct. Therefore factors other than the adrenal gland and the renin system must be involved in the determination of the high blood pressure in SHR. PMID- 6640970 TI - Influence of alpha-methyldopa treatment on adrenergic receptor binding in rat forebrain. AB - We studied the influence of 6 days treatment with alpha-methyldopa (50 mg/kg s.c.) twice daily on radioligand binding to alpha 1 [3H)prazosin), alpha 2 [3H)clonidine) and beta[3H)dihydroalprenolol (DHA] receptors in rat forebrain. A 27% rise (p less than 0.05) in the Bmax for (3H)prazosin without change in Kd was found. Following alpha-methyldopa, the Kd for (3H)clonidine was increased from 1.78 +/- 19 to 3.03 +/- nM and Bmax fell from 197 +/- 20 to 167 +/- 19 fmoles/mg protein (p less than 0.05). These findings suggest that chronic alpha-methyldopa therapy induces changes in alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors which may modify the antihypertensive effect of alpha-methyldopa. PMID- 6640971 TI - [Pathology of adenomatous goiter--with special reference to the cases presented at the 15th Conference of Thyroid Surgery]. PMID- 6640972 TI - [Adenomatous goiter associated with thyroid cancer]. PMID- 6640973 TI - [Clinical aspects of adenomatous goiter--clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment]. PMID- 6640974 TI - [Functional thyroid nodules (functioning nodular goiter)--comparative evaluation of adenomatous goiter and adenoma]. PMID- 6640975 TI - [Dyshormonogenesis--with special reference to its relationship with thyroid adenoma]. PMID- 6640976 TI - [The erythrocyte profile in hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 6640977 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of Eiken Thyroglobulin Kit]. PMID- 6640978 TI - [Clinical application of a calmodulin radioimmunoassay kit]. PMID- 6640979 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of Amerlex Free T4 RIA Kit]. PMID- 6640980 TI - [Mechanism of single ovulation in human]. PMID- 6640981 TI - [Involvement of the anterior hypothalamus in releasing growth hormone under the stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus in rats]. PMID- 6640982 TI - [Anorexia nervosa with spontaneous pneumothorax]. PMID- 6640983 TI - [Nonfunctional parathyroid cysts--report of 4 cases and a review of Japanese literature]. PMID- 6640984 TI - [Fine needle biopsy of thyroid tumor]. PMID- 6640985 TI - [Catecholamines and opioid peptides contained in the catecholamine granules of adrenal medulla cells]. PMID- 6640986 TI - [Controlled release of sex steroid hormones by radiation induced polymerization (3)]. PMID- 6640987 TI - [Endocrinological study of pellagra--a case study]. PMID- 6640988 TI - [Pharmacological studies of the slow-release or controlled-release polymer composites of steroid hormones]. PMID- 6640989 TI - [Female pseudohermaphroditism of unknown origin. Etiological considerations]. PMID- 6640990 TI - [Primary hyperparathyroidism associated with hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemic crisis and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6640991 TI - [Pituitary prolactinoma associated with diabetes mellitus, masked primary hypothyroidism, and polycystic ovary]. PMID- 6640992 TI - [Reduced serum prolactin values following pregnancy and delivery in hyperprolactinemia]. PMID- 6640993 TI - Diagnostic screening for acoustic neuromas. PMID- 6640995 TI - Staging systems for cancer of the head and neck region--comparison between AJC and UICC. AB - Two major TNM classification systems are currently in use for staging cancer of the head and neck region, i.e. AJC and UICC. This results in confusion when attempting to evaluate treatment results and exchange information between overseas centres. The actual differences between these systems are described. The effect on 2 year survival is assessed by reviewing 898 cases of squamous carcinomas of the nasopharynx, larynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx and oral cavity. The direct correlation between the 2 systems is established suggesting that head and neck oncologists may communicate accurately, thus allowing optimal treatment for the patient to be selected. Shortcomings of the systems are presented and other important variables not included in either current TNM systems are discussed. PMID- 6640994 TI - Epithelial migration on the guinea-pig tympanic membrane: the influence of perforation and ventilating tube insertion. AB - The guinea-pig tympanic membrane was used to study epithelial migration by using an ink-dot staining technique. The normal tympanic membrane exhibited clear-cut migratory pathways, mainly in a superior direction. Tympanic membranes were acutely perforated and others had ventilating tubes inserted in them to determine their influence on the migratory process. The overall pattern of migration was found to be unaltered; only those cells were affected whose normal pathways had been disrupted by these procedures. The possible relationship of epithelial migration to ventilating tube extrusion is discussed. PMID- 6640996 TI - Vestibular caloric test and local anaesthesia: a nystagmographical study on pigeons. AB - The caloric test was conducted on pigeons before and after the application of infiltration anaesthesia around the investigated ear. After irrigation with the same amount of water at the same temperature, it was observed that following local anaesthesia the caloric response was intensified. This result suggests that the nerve supply and blood supply of the external ear may be one of the factors responsible for the large variability of caloric responses found in routine caloric investigations. PMID- 6640997 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea and otorrhoea: extracranial repair. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid otorhinorrhoea is a well recognized problem. The otolaryngologist has a major role to play in the diagnosis and management of this condition. Five cases are described which illustrate the problems involved; four presented as leaks and one as pneumoencephalus and meningitis. Of the various methods of diagnosis and localization non-invasive techniques, i.e. tomography, CT and flexible endscopy are preferred. The extracranial extradural approach for anterior, middle and posterior fossa leaks allows a direct assault on the fistula. It may be usefully augmented by temporary lumbar drainage. PMID- 6640998 TI - Nasal meningoencephalocele. A clinical problem. AB - Four cases of nasal meningoencephalocele are reported. They demonstrate the importance of considering the diagnosis of nasal glioma or meningoencephalocele in adults with a nasal polyp of atypical appearance, or in infants with nasal obstruction and unilateral nasal polyp. Misdiagnosed and incorrectly handled patients with nasal meningoencephaloceles may develop serious ascending infections and/or a constant CSF leak. A thorough radiological examination including conventional and computerized tomography of the anterior cranial fossa, isotope cisternography and CT-cisternography is advocated. A multi-disciplinary approach is recommended in the diagnosis and treatment. The surgical procedure includes an anterior fossa craniotomy often in combination with a transnasal approach. PMID- 6640999 TI - Petrosectomy. AB - Petrosectomy either total or subtotal is sometimes required for carcinoma of the middle ear. This operation is complicated by severe blood loss. The simple technique described appears to be successful in greatly reducing blood loss during petrosectomy. PMID- 6641000 TI - Chromosome preparations of human whole blood lymphocytes: an improved technique. AB - A new modification of currently utilized methods of processing cell cultures of whole peripheral blood for obtaining chromosome preparations necessary for differential staining (Q, G and C) is proposed. After the usual hypotonic treatment of cultures, a 3%-5% aquaeous solution of glacial acetic acid is added to the cell suspension prior to fixation in order to completely destroy and wash out red cells, as well as for selective fixation of lymphocytes. PMID- 6641001 TI - Aberrant twinning (diprosopus) associated with anencephaly. AB - A case of Monocephalus diprosopus, associated with craniorachischisis and duplication of most of the foregut derivates is presented. The major part of the cardiovascular system remained single but the heart exhibited severe defects, including a complete persistent atrioventricular canal, transposition of the great arteries and atresia of the pulmonary valve. This report further supports the hypothesis that certain-types of incomplete twinning and neural tube defects may be caused by a single teratogenic mechanism. PMID- 6641003 TI - A Rothmund-Thomson case with hypertension. AB - An unusual association of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and hypertension is described. The histologic studies showed large narrowing and calcification of arteries at renal biopsy, thickenings of glomerular basement membranes and nodules of subendothelial basement membrane lamellae in arterioles by means of electron microscopy. The mechanisms of these morphologic alterations are discussed with regard to disturbances of collagenous and fundamental substances of metabolism. PMID- 6641002 TI - Greig cephalopolysyndactyly: report of 13 affected individuals in three families. AB - Three families with Greig cephalopolysyndactyly are reported, the relationship with pre-axial polydactyly type IV and the acrocallosal syndrome is discussed. PMID- 6641004 TI - An unusual otological manifestation of Usher's syndrome in four siblings. AB - A family in which four out of ten siblings affected by Usher's syndrome, with progressive hearing loss, is described. Two of the siblings had hearing loss while of school age, but two others first exhibited otological symptoms in their thirties. One of the siblings had retinitis pigmentosa, diagnosed before the hearing impairment became evident. The family seems to exhibit type III Usher's syndrome with unusual manifestations. PMID- 6641005 TI - Association of the Klippel-Feil sequence with frontonasal dysplasia sequence. PMID- 6641006 TI - Dermatitis herpetiformis: a review of 119 cases. PMID- 6641007 TI - An attempt to evaluate the relative clinical potencies of various diluted and undiluted proprietary corticosteroid preparations. PMID- 6641008 TI - DNA analysis by flow cytometry in lymphomatoid papulosis. PMID- 6641009 TI - A histological assessment of normal vulval skin. PMID- 6641010 TI - A comparative histopathological study of polymorphic eruption of pregnancy and herpes gestationis. PMID- 6641011 TI - The dermatosis of hairless rats fed a hypomagnesaemic diet. I. Course, clinical features and inhibition by drugs. PMID- 6641012 TI - Erythema elevatum diutinum--a report of two unusual patients. PMID- 6641013 TI - Mycetoma (madura foot) in the United Kingdom--a survey of forty-four cases. PMID- 6641014 TI - Clinical meeting of the St. John's Hospital Dermatological Society: 4 November 1982. Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers. PMID- 6641015 TI - Verapamil-induced contracture in an excised, blood-perfused skeletal muscle preparation from the dog. AB - The ability of verapamil to induce a contractile response in skeletal muscle was investigated using the canine isolated, blood-perfused diaphragm preparation. Verapamil-induced contracture was characterized by a biphasic increase in muscle tension consisting of an initial phasic and subsequent tonic contracture. The second tonic component of the verapamil-induced contracture was inhibited by procaine, but procaine had no effect on the initial phasic contracture. Verapamil potentiated both KCl- and caffeine-induced contractures during the second tonic stage. This action might be explained by enhancement by the drug of availability, or by an increased sensitivity of the contractile machinery to calcium liberated by membrane depolarization or by the calcium-induced calcium release mechanism. The second tonic component of verapamil-induced contracture was much less than the initial phasic component. It seems, therefore, that the calcium release induced by the procaine-resistant process is the principal action of verapamil in inducing contracture in skeletal muscle. PMID- 6641016 TI - Antagonism by manganese of isoprenaline dilatation of the guinea-pig isolated trachea. AB - Manganese (0.5-100 mumol/l) was found to be a potent inhibitor of the dilator effect of isoprenaline on the isolated tracheal muscle of the guinea-pig. Above these concentrations the inhibitory action of Mn2+ diminished and no inhibition occurred above 1000 mumol/l Mn2+. Thus a bell-shaped dose-response curve resulted for the inhibition of isoprenaline by Mn2+. The antagonism was surmountable but apparently noncompetitive. Dilation of the isolated trachea caused by theophylline or nitroprusside was not inhibited by Mn2+ at concentrations of 12.5 to 750 mumol/l. At the dose range which could be tested manganese did not antagonize isoprenaline bronchodilatation in vivo. However, manganese at doses between 0.5 and 2.0 mumol/kg inhibited increased in pulmonary resistance caused by acetylcholine, histamine or serotonin. At concentrations above 250 mumol/l Mn2+ inhibited constrictor responses to histamine, acetylcholine and serotonin in guinea-pig isolated ileum and trachea, and inhibited serotonin and prostaglandin E2 contractions in rat fundus. Co2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+ were also tested for their action against isoprenaline on the isolated trachea. Co2+ was similar in effect to Mn2+ but had only 1/50 of the potency. Up to the highest concentrations which could be tested, namely 1000 mumol/l, the other trace metals produced negligible effects. Thus Mn2+ showed selective inhibition of the relaxant effect of isoprenaline on the guinea-pig isolated trachea, at concentrations of Mn2+ well below those shown previously to inhibit constrictor responses by block of transmembrane Ca2+ entry. It is suggested that Mn2+ may interfere with intracellular Ca2+ fluxes in the isolated trachea. PMID- 6641017 TI - Influence of FLA-63 on pentobarbitone sleep in chicks and rats. AB - The influence of FLA-63 on pentobarbitone-induced sleep was studied in young chicks and adult rats. FLA-63 produced a time-dependent biphasic effect on the gross behaviour of chicks and rats; an initial sedation followed by behavioural excitation. The behavioural effects of FLA-63 were associated with an initial EEG synchronization prior to an increased activity of the EMG of the neck muscle and desynchronization of the EEG of the hyperstriatum, optic tectum and pontine reticular formation of the chick. Similarly, in rats, the EEG of the frontal cortex, optic lobe and pontine reticular formation was desynchronized while the EMG activity of the neck muscle was enhanced by FLA-63. FLA-63 delayed the onset and shortened the duration of pentobarbitone sleep. Pentobarbitone-induced EEG synchronization and decreased EMG activity in chicks was antagonized by FLA-63. Dopamine-induced antagonism of pentobarbitone sleep was potentiated by FLA-63 in chicks. Levodopa antagonized pentobarbitone-induced sleep in rats and this effect was potentiated by FLA-63. FLA-63 potentiated levodopa-induced desynchronization of the EEG of the frontal cortex, optic lobe and pontine reticular formation of the rat. Haloperidol antagonized the effect of FLA-63 on pentobarbitone-induced sleep in both rats and chicks. Noradrenaline induced behavioural sleep in young chicks dose-dependently; this effect was antagonized by phentolamine. In the rat, phentolamine shortened pentobarbitone sleeping time but did not significantly influence the effects of FLA-63 on pentobarbitone sleep. Those results suggest that an increased dopamine neurotransmission may be associated with the mechanism of wakefulness in chicks and rats. PMID- 6641018 TI - Responses of human arterial muscle to stable vasoactive substances released from human platelets by collagen and heat aggregated IgG. AB - The supernatant solutions obtained after aggregation or sonication of washed human platelets were superfused over preparations of human isolated digital arteries using a small volume bioassay method. The agents released from the platelets caused strong contractions of the artery strips. Platelet aggregation induced by 10 micrograms/ml collagen or by 100 micrograms/ml heat aggregated IgG, released 31.5% and 38.5% respectively, of the contractile activity produced by sonication of the platelets. The quantitative contractile effect of supernatants from platelets aggregated by 50 micrograms/ml IgG was significantly less than that for 100 micrograms/ml HA IgG. Similarly, the maximum contractile effect of supernatants from platelets aggregated by 300 ng/ml collagen was significantly less than that for 1 microgram/ml collagen. This suggests that the concentration of contractile agents released from platelets depends on the concentration of aggregating stimulus. Comparison with concentration-effect curves for exogenous serotonin suggests that if the contractility of the platelet supernatant occurring after sonication of platelets is solely due to serotonin, then it is present in a concentration of approximately 3.3 X 10(-6) mol/l (6.6 nmol per 10(9) platelets). It is suggested from this study that in certain clinical situations characterized by hypertension, and in which circulating immune complexes have been found, in vivo platelet activation by immune complexes may be releasing sufficient concentrations of serotonin to constrict peripheral blood vessels and contribute to the hypertension. PMID- 6641019 TI - The effect of the calcium ion antagonist 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5 trimethoxybenzoate on malignant hyperpyrexia-susceptible porcine skeletal muscle. AB - In malignant hyperpyrexia susceptible (MHS) porcine skeletal muscle, a low concentration (100 mumol/l) of the calcium ion antagonist 8-(N,N-diethylamino) octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) inhibited KCl-induced contractures, but potentiated contractures induced by halothane, caffeine and succinylcholine. Higher concentrations of TMB-8 (333 mumol/l to 1 mmol/l) contracted MHS muscle, but had little effect on muscle tension in control preparations. Treatments which inhibit excitation-contraction coupling abolished TMB-8-induced hyper-reactivity in MHS muscle. TMB-8 (50 mumol/l and 1 mmol/l) did not alter 45Ca2+ levels in actively loaded microsomal preparations from MHS swine. These results suggest that in malignant hyperpyrexia the primary abnormality occurs proximal to the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, probably at the level of excitation-contraction coupling. PMID- 6641020 TI - Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans, hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine in rabbits after excessive ingestion of fluoride. AB - Urinary levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and hydroxyproline from normal and fluoride treated rabbits were estimated. The hydroxylysine content of serum and urine of rabbits after excessive ingestion of fluoride was also investigated. There was a progressive decrease in GAG content, reduction in hydroxylysine, whereas the hydroxyproline content was increased after fluoride ingestion. Enhanced hydroxyproline in urinary excretion is due to collagen breakdown after fluoride ingestion. The reduction in hydroxylysine content is due to reduced collagen cross-link formation. The report suggests the possibility of using the urinary levels of GAG or hydroxyproline or hydroxylysine as an index of fluoride intoxication. PMID- 6641021 TI - A role for natural killer cells in survival: functions of large granular lymphocytes, including regulation of cell proliferation. PMID- 6641022 TI - Chemiluminescence of whole blood. II. Application to clinical examination of phagocytic functions of whole blood from various types of disease. AB - Measurements of whole blood chemiluminescence (CL) were carried out by using 0.1 ml of blood to evaluate phagocytic functions from various kinds of pediatric patients. Patients with definite bacterial infections showed an elevated background CL and high peak CL per 1000 granulocytes after stimulation with zymosan. These results suggest that granulocytes of these patients had been preactivated in vivo, their phagocytic and/or metabolic activity being enhanced. Contrary to these results, blood from the patients with viral infections showed almost no abnormalities. Patients with chronic granulomatous disease showed no significant CL by this method similar to conventional ones. This method was also shown to be a useful technique for monitoring the phagocytic functions of blood after granulocyte transfusion. PMID- 6641023 TI - Membranous and vascular choroidopathy: two patterns of immune deposits in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Two patterns of immune aggregate localization were demonstrated by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy in the choroid plexus of four young women with fatal systemic lupus erythematosus. The two patients with granular immune aggregates localized to the basement membrane of the choroid epithelium (membranous choroidopathy) had subepithelial and intramembranous electron-dense deposits and membranous glomerulopathy in their kidneys. The two patients with immune aggregates in the walls of choroidal blood vessels (vascular choroidopathy) had subendothelial electron-dense deposits and proliferative glomerulonephritis. Vascular deposits in the choroid plexus were associated with capillary thrombi and extravasation of fibrinoid material, while isolated membranous choroidopathy had no histopathologic evidence of inflammation. The clinical presentation and serological studies of blood and cerebrospinal fluid were compared in an effort to discriminate between patients with membranous and vascular choroidopathy. All patients had variable neuropsychiatric symptoms and major motor seizures. While those with vascular choroidopathy had more evidence of disease activity in their sera, both groups demonstrated elevated titers of immune-complexed antinuclear antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid. Although both patterns of choroidal localization of immune aggregates were associated with neuropsychiatric dysfunction, we were unable to identify discrete clinical symptom complexes which differentiated patients with membranous and vascular choroidopathy. These contrasting patterns of choroid plexus immunopathology suggest that factors responsible for differential localization of immune aggregates are not restricted to the renal glomerulus. PMID- 6641024 TI - The nephrotic syndrome in IgA glomerulonephritis: response to corticosteroid therapy. AB - The nephrotic syndrome was observed in eight out of 170 patients with IgA glomerulonephritis (5%). Three patients had mild glomerular alterations, all of them were normotensive, had normal renal function and responded to treatment with corticosteroids. In five patients moderate to marked mesangial changes associated with segmental sclerosing or proliferative lesions were seen. These patients were hypertensive and four of them had renal insufficiency. Three were treated with corticosteroids without response. PMID- 6641025 TI - Hemodynamic changes during hemodialysis: role of dialyzate. AB - To determine the contribution of the dialyzate to the hemodynamic changes that occur during hemodialysis, echocardiographic measurements obtained during identical conditions of hemodialysis except for the use of different dialyzates were compared. With an acetate-buffer systolic blood pressure and arterial oxygen tension declined but mean rate of left ventricular fiber shortening increased. These changes occurred after only 15 min of hemodialysis. By contrast, with a bicarbonate buffer these alterations did not ensue. Thus, during hemodialysis with limited ultrafiltration, the fall in arterial pressure observed is caused by the acetate-buffer. In hemodynamically unstable patients, bicarbonate may be the preferable dialyzate. PMID- 6641026 TI - Heparin inactivation, acidosis and copper poisoning due to presumed acid contamination of water in a hemodialysis unit. AB - An accident in a hemodialysis unit involving 13 patients is reported. Circumstantial evidence suggests that acid contamination of the water supply to the unit resulted in inactivation of heparin with widespread extracorporeal clotting and secondary copper intoxication which proved fatal in one patient. Serum copper concentrations were raised in 6 of the 11 patients and whole blood copper concentrations were raised in 4 patients. Results of serum ceruloplasmin, whole blood lead and zinc analyses are reported together with tissue analyses for copper in the fatal case. The majority of the patients showed evidence of a metabolic acidosis. PMID- 6641027 TI - The effect of low aluminum water and desferrioxamine on the outcome of dialysis encephalopathy. AB - Five patients with dialysis encephalopathy were transferred to deionized water; all died after a variable period, 4 of progressive dementia. Six other patients with encephalopathy were started either on deionized or reverse osmosis water as well as desferrioxamine on dialysis. Serial EEG's were performed in this group. In 2 patients the EEG's showed rapid and sustained improvement after the institution of desferrioxamine, whereas there had been no EEG change after 15 and 32 months of reverse osmosis water. In 2 patients there was similar clinical and EEG improvement, related to water change and the institution of desferrioxamine. Two patients died of progressive dementia in spite of both water change and desferrioxamine. Thus, while not a panacea, desferrioxamine has a definitive therapeutic effect on the clinical and EEG manifestations of dialysis encephalopathy, when used in conjunction with deionized or reverse osmosis water. PMID- 6641028 TI - Oral aluminum toxicity in a non-dialyzed patient with renal failure. AB - A patient is described with chronic renal failure who developed toxic levels of aluminum in bone after one year of oral aluminum hydroxide ingestion with a total dose of 711 grams. Caution in the use of oral aluminum compounds is recommended in patients with renal failure. PMID- 6641029 TI - Influence of keto acids on serum parathyroid hormone levels in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - The metabolic effects of short-term and long-term treatment by keto acids were examined in 46 patients with chronic renal failure. Long-term as well as short term administration to chronic uremics resulted in a significant reduction of serum PTH and inorganic phosphate levels while serum concentrations of serum calcium, 25-OH-D and calcitonin were not influenced. The results presented in this paper allow the conclusion that keto acid treatment of patients with chronic renal failure may be helpful in the control of abnormal calcium-phosphate metabolism and secondary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6641030 TI - Fc-receptor function in minimal change nephrotic syndrome of childhood. AB - This study was undertaken to establish whether the Fc-receptor function of circulating monocytes (CM) and/or of splenic macrophages (SM) is modified during the course of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) of childhood. The Fc receptor function of SM was ascertained by measuring the spleen to liver uptake ratio 40 min after IV injection of heat-damaged autologous erythrocytes labeled with 99Tc, whereas the Fc-receptor function of CM was determined by a "rosetting" test. The Fc-receptor function was followed in six girls presenting with a MCNS and receiving no therapy at the time of testing. The Fc-receptor function of SM was decreased in five patients during an acute phase of MCNS. In four of these five patients, the Fc-receptor function of CM was also altered. No significant correlations were observed between the Fc-receptor blockade and the C3, C3d, C4, C3PA or immune complex-plasma levels. The Fc-receptor blockade was persistent in three girls during remission. A prior incubation of CM with trypsin did not completely reverse the Fc-receptor blockade. Further studies are now being pursued in order to determine whether this persisting abnormality is inherited and mainly observed in relapsing nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 6641031 TI - Capillary sclerosis of the urinary tract and analgesic nephropathy. AB - Morphology, frequency and significance of capillary sclerosis (CS) in the ureter and electron microscopic findings in early papillary necrosis are described. CS of the urinary tract is characterized by a thickening of the basement membrane of capillaries lying just underneath the urothelium. The basement membrane changes can be demonstrated by PAS, Sudan stain and autofluorescence with equal reliability. By electron microscopy the thickened basement membranes exhibit a tree ring like pattern permeated by lipid vacuoles. CS is most often present in the renal pelvis and the ureter and only in particularly severe cases also in the urinary bladder. The most severe CS is found in the proximal and middle third of the ureter. In a prospective autopsy study CS was found in 3.5% of autopsies of adults and in 83% of clinically recognized phenacetin abusers. Since there is no association with other renal or metabolic diseases, CS can be considered as specific for phenacetin abuse. This finding is further substantiated by a significant correlation between the degree of severity of capillary sclerosis and the daily dose of phenacetin in grams. In about half of the patients with known analgesic abuse but without CS, possible causes for the lack of CS can be identified, of which the most important is regression of CS after stopping the abuse. Electron microscopic studies of early papillary necrosis show the same BM changes as in the ureter in peritubular capillaries, loops of Henle and similar BM alterations in the collecting ducts. The morphologic findings in the ureter and in the renal papilla suggest that CS in papillary necrosis are the consequence of a toxic damage of endothelial and in the kidney of endothelial and epithelial cells. PMID- 6641032 TI - Bone mineral content in patients on prolonged maintenance hemodialysis: a three year follow-up study. AB - Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured annually over a three year period in 31 consecutive patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). No patient had received treatment with vitamin D derivatives, anticonvulsants or corticosteroids, nephrectomy or a renal transplant. Initial median BMC value in per cent of sex and age matched normal mean was significantly decreased to 91.0% (P less than 0.01), indicating bone mineral loss in chronic renal failure prior to HD. During HD a highly significant fall in mean BMC (in per cent of initial value) continued to 95.1%, 92,7% and 90.8% after 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively, with no influence of age, sex or initial BMC value. The interindividual variation in BMC changes, however, was considerable: the BMC loss over 3 years exceeded 10% in 13 (42%) patients ("rapid losers") while 12 (39%) patients had a BMC loss below 5%, or no loss at all. The "rapid loser" group had significantly higher serum levels of parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatases and, moreover, developed a lower serum phosphate and calciumXphosphorus product than the other group of patients ("slow losers"). The mean BMC loss over 3 years of HD was pronounced and significant (P less than 0.02) in patients with chronic pyelonephritis (9.8%) and polycystic kidney disease (14.2%), but much smaller, and not significant, in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (4.8%). It is concluded that a selection of patients with a high degree of bone mineral loss during HD is not possible by means of sex, age, initial BMC, biochemical parameters, or diagnosis (2 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis appeared to be "rapid losers"). For that purpose a high-precision BMC method is mandatory. PMID- 6641033 TI - Pseudoaldosteronism due to 9-alpha-fluoroprednisolone creams. PMID- 6641034 TI - Renal adenocarcinoma with or without acquired cysts in chronic hemodialysis patients. PMID- 6641035 TI - Hyperglycemia in dialysis patients. PMID- 6641036 TI - Prediction of single versus multivessel disease following myocardial infarction using 201thallium scintigraphy and electrocardiographic stress testing. AB - We evaluated 50 patients who suffered a single myocardial infarction with graded electrocardiographic stress testing, 201thallium myocardial perfusion imaging and coronary angiography to assess the role of noninvasive indices as predictors of single versus multivessel coronary artery disease. Multivessel involvement was defined angiographically as the presence of two or more major coronary arteries with at least a 70% intraluminal diameter narrowing. Multivessel disease was defined scintigraphically as the presence of stress and/or redistribution perfusion defects in the distribution of more than one coronary artery. The results of stress electrocardiography were not useful in differentiating patients with single (9/16 positive) versus multivessel (22/34 positive) disease. The degree of exercise-induced ST-segment depression was also not helpful. Stress 201thallium imaging did offer limited additional information with correct predictions of multivessel disease in 21 of 26 patients. Predictions of single vessel disease were accurate in 11 of 24 patients. Eleven of these 13 incorrect predictions of single-vessel disease were due to the relative insensitivity of the thallium stress image to perceive defect in the anterior wall when the left anterior descending artery had significant obstruction at catheterization. Further refinements of stress perfusion imaging are needed before this method can be used to reliably separate patients with single and multivessel disease after myocardial infarction. PMID- 6641037 TI - Safety and effectiveness of a portable external automatic defibrillator pacemaker. AB - Sudden cardiac death in the community can be reduced by early resuscitation. The commonest arrhythmia encountered in this setting is ventricular fibrillation. A portable external automatic defibrillator-pacing machine for use by emergency services and laymen after basic training, has recently been introduced. This device has a tongue-abdominal pathway for sensing the electrocardiogram and respiration, as well as delivery of current. In its automatic mode, the machine cannot defibrillate unless the patient's breathing and gag reflex are virtually absent. The decision-making characteristics of the machine were defined in isolation from the patient using simulated ECG signals and recordings of arrhythmias obtained during cardiac surgery and during electrophysiological studies. The pathway was evaluated separately by attaching it to a conventional defibrillator and using it in the elective cardioversion of 15 patients. Electrode sites were examined and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatinine phosphokinase isoenzyme (CPKMB) release determined following conversion. Repeated playback of the same 34 minutes of selected recordings showed that decisions were consistent 95% of the time. Automatic pacing always occurred with asystole. ECG signals less than 0.35 mV in amplitude were not recognized, but a manual override switch could be operated in those circumstances where there was failure to act upon fine ventricular fibrillation. Defibrillation of 50% of the recordings of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia did occur, but this could not have happened in practice unless the patient was unconscious, and in addition, the operator failed to countermand this decision. The tongue-abdominal pathway yielded good recordings of the ECG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6641038 TI - Large V waves in the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure tracing without mitral regurgitation: the influence of the pressure/volume relationship on the V wave size. AB - We have previously demonstrated that a large V wave in the pulmonary capillary wedge tracing may occur in the absence of mitral regurgitation. This study evaluates the role of left atrial and pulmonary vein compliance on such a finding. We studied 11 patients with coronary disease, without clinical or angiographic mitral regurgitation. Heart rate, pulmonary capillary wedge mean, A and V waves, V-wave slope, left ventricular and aortic pressures, cardiac output, and left atrial echo and apical phonocardiogram were recorded simultaneously. Preload was modified acutely by volume overload and by the administration of i.v. nitroglycerine. Volume administration induced a marked increase in V-wave pressure (13.0 +/- 9.6 vs. 27.0 +/- 9.6 mmHg, p less than 0.05), without producing mitral regurgitation, and without appreciable change in left atrial dimension by echo (33.0 +/- 4.9 vs. 35.5 +/- 5.2 mm, NS), or stroke volume (101.7 +/- 26.2 vs. 97.8 +/- 34.3 ml, NS). An increase was also seen in the A wave (13.6 +/- 8.9 vs. 23.3 +/- 8.5 mmHg, p less than 0.05), pulmonary capillary wedge mean pressure (9.8 +/- 7.2 vs. 20.6 +/- 7.8 mmHg, p less than 0.05), and left ventricular diastolic pressure (7.4 +/- 5.5 vs. 14.6 +/- 6.3 mmHg, p less than 0.05). All values returned to baseline after nitroglycerine. The compliance of the left atrium/pulmonary veins decreased with increasing pulmonary capillary wedge pressures. With large filling volumes, a small stroke volume brings on a large pressure change, thus explaining the finding of large V waves in patients with elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and without mitral regurgitation. PMID- 6641040 TI - Acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries. In vivo demonstration of coronary thrombosis during the acute episode. AB - Two cases with acute myocardial infarction are presented. Both had thrombotic occlusion of the infarct-related artery. Following successful thrombolysis with streptokinase, coronary angiography was normal. These cases prove that "myocardial infarction with normal coronaries" can be associated with coronary thrombosis in the acute stage. PMID- 6641039 TI - A noninvasive comparison of left ventricular performance in sickle cell anemia and chronic aortic regurgitation. AB - Abnormalities of the cardiovascular system are common in patients with sickle cell anemia (SS). Noninvasive testing to document left ventricular dysfunction has yielded conflicting results. Left ventricular performance was evaluated in 27 patients with SS by M-mode and 2-D echocardiography, and systolic time intervals. Comparisons were made to 25 normal controls, and to 22 patients with chronic aortic regurgitation. Left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVDD) and cardiac index (CI) were significantly greater in the patients with SS than in controls (LVDD 5.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 4.7 +/- 0.5 cm; CI 4.2 +/- 1.3 vs. 3.1 +/- 0.8 liters/min/m2; both p less than 0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was slightly, but significantly less (62.9 +/- 7.3 vs. 67.0 +/- 5.4; p less than 0.05). In comparison to the patients with chronic aortic regurgitation, the LVDD in the patients with SS was slightly, but significantly lower (LVDD 5.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 5.9 +/- 0.6 cm; p less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between the patients in EF or CI (EF 62.9 +/- 7.3 vs. 63.3 +/- 4.4; CI 4.2 +/- 1.3 vs. 5.0 +/- 1.0 liters/min/m2; NS). Left ventricular EF was below 55 in three patients who also had hypertension at the time of examination. We conclude that patients with SS have resting left ventricular performance consistent with a high output state. Significant left ventricular dysfunction related to sickle cell disease alone was not demonstrated in this population, although the addition of hypertension appears to deleteriously affect resting left ventricular performance. PMID- 6641041 TI - 5th Symposium on Echocardiography: June 22-24, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University, Rotterdam. PMID- 6641042 TI - Septic arthritis of the hip caused by Neisseria gonococcae. AB - In two patients septic monoarthritis of the hip was caused by Neisseria gonococcae. Treatment by parenteral penicillin in the first patient and oral erythromycin in the second resulted in complete recovery without residual loss of function in the affected hips. Gonococcal arthritis of the hip appears to respond favorably to appropriate antibiotic therapy, and immediate surgical drainage is probably unnecessary. This is in contrast to bacterial arthritis of the hip due to other organisms, for which surgical intervention and drainage are mandatory. PMID- 6641043 TI - Bilateral central dislocation of the hip. A case report. AB - Bilateral posterior shoulder dislocations and vertebral fractures are well described complications of convulsive activity. A 72-year-old woman with osteoarthritis of both hips and knees centrally dislocated both hips during a tonic-clonic seizure. Bilateral central fracture dislocation of the hip, although rare, must be suspected in the postictal patient who complains of hip and knee pain. PMID- 6641044 TI - Infection after total joint arthroplasty from distal extremity sepsis. AB - At the UCLA Medical Center in three patients treated for hematogenous infection after total joint arthroplasty, the source was apparently an infection in the extremities at a site distal to the joint arthroplasty. In a 72-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis infection developed in the right hip after total hip arthroplasty following a Staphylococcus aureus infection at the site of a left metatarsophalangeal arthroplasty. In a 64-year-old man with osteoarthritis the staphylococcal infection that developed after right total hip arthroplasty was seeded from a pyarthrosis of the right knee. In a 61-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis the sites of bilateral knee arthroplasties were seeded from a soft tissue infection of the left foot. These cases illustrate the potential for infection from local wound sepsis distal to joint arthroplasty. Such infections, particularly in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, should be treated aggressively to avoid seeding of the more proximal total joint arthroplasty site. PMID- 6641045 TI - Femoral shortening by a step-cut osteotomy for leg-length discrepancy in adults. AB - The problem of leg-length discrepancy in the adult differs from that in children. The technique of shortening the femur by the step-cut osteotomy and Kuntscher rod fixation to correct leg-length discrepancy in the adult was employed in 14 consecutive patients. There were seven male and seven female patients, ranging in age from 15 to 36 years (average, 22.7 years). The leg-length discrepancy ranged from 2.7 to 11.0 cm (average, 5.6 cm), and the shortening of the longer leg (and thus of the patient) ranged from 2.7 to 7.5 cm (average, 5.0 cm). There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. All fractures were united clinically and radiologically three to four months after surgery (average, 3.6 months). The follow-up period ranged from two to 18 years (average, 8.9 years). The final leg-length discrepancy was 0 in six patients and ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 cm (average, 1.3 cm) under correction in seven. One patient was overcorrected by 0.5 cm. All patients were satisfied both cosmetically and functionally with the operation. PMID- 6641046 TI - Arthrorisis by means of a subtalar polyethylene peg implant for correction of hindfoot pronation in children. AB - A modified subtalar arthrorisis is obtained by implantation of an endoprosthesis manufactured from ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. It is fashioned into the shape of a peg and implanted into the dorsal surface of the calcaneus just anterior to the posterior facet of the subtalar joint and fixed with polymethylmethacrylate. The purpose of the implant is to eliminate abnormal pronation, correct heel valgus, and produce an increase of the medial longitudinal arch in the growing child. PMID- 6641047 TI - External fixation by Hoffmann-Vidal-Adrey osteotaxis for severe tibial fractures. Treatment scheme and technical criticism. AB - In addition to the many advantages of external fixation, e.g., Hoffmann's osteotaxis technique, in the treatment of severe, open tibial fractures (grades II and III), some disadvantages result from both technical factors and the nature of the bone injury. Risk of delayed union or nonunion and secondary bone atrophy is due not only to the severity, comminution, soft tissue injury, and/or infection of the fracture site but also to the prolonged use of the external fixation equipment and the long nonweight-bearing time. In addition, a small distraction between the main fragments is often present after an otherwise successful reduction of an unstable comminuted fracture. The use of compression rods in an attempt to remove the distraction often leads to loss of the reduction result (sliding effect). The necessary compression effect between the tibial fragments in early weight-bearing is further prevented by the usual early union of the fibular fracture, which enhances the danger of delayed union or nonunion in the tibia, especially in older persons. To prevent the ossification disturbances mentioned, the authors treated 79 patients during the period from 1971 to 1978 by osteotaxis consisting of (1) a relatively short fixation time (less than or equal to 10 weeks); (2) correspondingly early graded weight-bearing in a cast; and (3) prophylactic fibulectomy in patients with the distraction phenomenon of comminuted tibial fractures. These patients have been followed up for an average of more than five years. This treatment scheme used during the early phase of treatment is often effective in producing union of tibial fractures without bone grafting. However, during later phases closed intramedullary nailing (Kuntscher nail) can be used as a reliable method to treat the few severe cases that are resistant to the measures mentioned. PMID- 6641048 TI - Common peroneal nerve entrapment in a hemophiliac. AB - Traumatic neuropathies of the common peroneal nerve at the head of the fibula are relatively common, but nerve entrapment at this site is rarely encountered. A 55 year-old man with hemophilia A in whom common peroneal nerve entrapment occurred secondary to a probable muscle hematoma is described. PMID- 6641049 TI - Tarsal tunnel syndrome. AB - In 14 patients tarsal tunnel syndrome was associated with varus heels and pronated, splayed forefeet. Review of the literature and the author's experience suggest that these conditions may be a common cause of the tarsal tunnel syndrome. Treatment of fixed varus deformities of the heel by outer heel wedges has been shown to be ineffective. Although outer heel wedges provide symptomatic relief in patients with relatively flexible hindfeet, surgical release of the flexor retinaculum behind the medial malleolus is the treatment of choice in patients who have the tarsal tunnel syndrome with planovarus deformity and is successful in more than 90% of cases. The tarsal tunnel syndrome, in the author's experience, is grossly underdiagnosed. Tarsal tunnel syndrome should be suspected in patients who have pain in the bottom of the feet without localized forefoot tenderness, who have a varus heel and a pronated, splayed forefoot, and who have a positive Tinel's sign behind the medial malleolus. It is important to differentiate tarsal tunnel syndrome from a peripheral neuropathy that obviously will not respond to surgical intervention. PMID- 6641050 TI - Anterior interosseous nerve avulsion. AB - A 19-year-old man with a fracture of the distal humerus avulsed the anterior interosseous nerve. Avulsion of this nerve may be more common than previously believed. As shown by a cadaver study, the mechanism of injury is related to traction on the median nerve. Complete clinical assessment requires an accurate neurological examination; specifically, the integrity of the anterior interosseous nerve is tested, and a characteristic disturbance of pinch is identified. By treatment with a free nerve graft it is possible to achieve full functional recovery. PMID- 6641051 TI - Utilization of the extensor retinaculum in the radiocarpal joint of rheumatoid wrists. AB - Synovectomy and debridement were combined with use of pedicled flaps of the extensor retinaculum as interposition material in the radiocarpal joint to cover the eroded articular surfaces of the radius and ulna in rheumatoid wrists. The technique was devised for the purpose of preventing postoperative osseous ankylosis of the radiocarpal joint. Results were satisfactory in 13 of 17 wrists operated on during the period from 1974 to 1979 and followed up for 38 to 84 months (average, 61 months). PMID- 6641052 TI - Intraosseous lipoma. AB - Intraosseous lipoma is the rarest benign primary tumor of bone. The incidence is less than one per 1,000 bone tumors. Because of its rarity and non-specific clinicopathologic findings, large biopsy specimens are needed for an accurate diagnosis. Once diagnosis has been established, a conservative treatment protocol is mandatory. The prognosis is generally excellent, and recurrences have not been reported. PMID- 6641053 TI - Thermal effects of casting materials. AB - A number of variables are important in controlling the exothermic reaction of cast materials. These reactions can reach temperatures capable of producing burns. The most important variables are plaster type, cast thickness, and the presence of externally applied materials, e.g., vinyl pillows. Moderately important factors are dip water temperature, humidity, room temperature, and used dip water. An insignificant factor is cast-padding thickness. PMID- 6641054 TI - Thirty-two noninfected total hip arthroplasties revised due to stem loosening. AB - Thirty-two total hip arthroplasties with radiographic signs of loosening were revised due to pain. Infected hips were excluded from the study on the basis of clinical, radiographic, and laboratory findings. In spite of increased operating time and blood loss, early complications were rare. In most patients the result of revision was a pain-free hip with good function. However, in seven patients (22%) results were rated failures, and six of these patients required rerevision. Only one underwent a Girdlestone resection. PMID- 6641055 TI - Internal fixation of supracondylar and bicondylar femoral fractures using a new semielastic device. AB - Previous reports of failures following surgery of distal femoral fractures prompted the development of a semielastic internal fixation device suitable for the mechanically weak bone of the elderly. The fixation device consists of intramedullary elastic Ender-type nails connected to cancellous screws at each condyle by a special coupling piece. Thus, the intercondylar fracture is rigidly stabilized by screws and adjusted to the supracondylar fracture by connected elastic nails. The device is easily applied through small incisions. During a two year period 54 fractures of the distal third of the femur were treated. Most patients were elderly and suffered from concurrent diseases or previous ipsilateral fractures. The goal was twofold: to avoid traction in bed and to start early mobilization. Fifteen undisplaced fractures were treated by plaster or cast-brace. Five fractures were treated by traction. Thirty-four displaced supracondylar and bicondylar fractures were operated on using the new fixation device. No deep infections or osteomyelitis occurred. Immediate mobilization was possible in all 34 cases, most with an external support of plaster for two weeks and a hinged cast-brace for eight weeks. Twenty-nine patients were followed up to union; results in these displaced supracondylar and bicondylar femoral fractures were excellent in 12, good in nine, fair in five, and poor in three patients. The semielastic character of the system seemed to prevent the failures observed with the use of rigid internal fixation in osteoporotic bone. PMID- 6641056 TI - Membranous lipodystrophy (lipomembranous polycystic osteodysplasia). Two case reports. AB - Membranous lipodystrophy, a hereditary disease, is characterized by symmetric multiple cystic bone lesions and progressive neuropsychiatric symptoms. In two patients, a 22-year-old woman and a 30-year-old man, as in others reported in the literature, neither the etiology nor the pathogenesis was apparent. Histologically, the lesions consisted of convoluted membranes interlaced with lipoid structures. PMID- 6641057 TI - Nutrient pathways to extensor tendons within the extensor retinacular compartments. An experimental study in dogs. AB - Diffusion and vascular perfusion are the nutrient pathways to extensor tendons within the synovium-lined dorsal retinacular compartments. With tritiated proline used as a tracer, 58% of the nutrients to the extensor tendons were shown to be supplied by synovial diffusion. Vascular perfusion, either from the synovial mesotendon or from the proximal and distal tendinous attachments, provides the remaining nutrient supply. PMID- 6641058 TI - Freeze-dried flexor tendons in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. AB - Flexor tendons were harvested from donor dogs, freeze-dried, and reimplanted into six mongrel dogs that were made surgically anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficient. After one month of immobilization the dogs were allowed to run free for eight months. At this time all ACL substitutes were found to be intact and repopulated by host cells. Mechanical testing showed the freeze-dried allograft ACL to be significantly weaker than the normal control ligament but similar in strength to implanted tendon autograft ligament substitutes. PMID- 6641059 TI - Modified Hoke-Miller flatfoot procedure. AB - Within a relatively limited follow-up study of ten patients, the modified Hoke Miller flatfoot operation proved effective both in removing symptoms and changing the architecture of the foot. PMID- 6641060 TI - Comparison of unrepaired, primarily repaired, and polyglactin mesh-reinforced Achilles tendon lacerations in rabbits. AB - The tensile and histologic characteristics of sharply transected Achilles tendons treated by cast immobilization, surgical repair, and surgical repair reinforced with polyglactin mesh were evaluated in 31 rabbits. All modes of tendon treatment resulted in tensile failure at significantly lower loads than in the contralateral control tendons. However, when the cross-sectional area and rupture stress of each pair of tendons were considered, the surgically repaired tendons more closely approximated the load tolerance of the control side than did the unrepaired, casted tendons. The mesh-reinforced tendons exhibited no mechanical superiority to the suture-repaired tendons. No microscopic difference in the quality of collagen deposition for the three types of repairs was apparent. Subcutaneous mesh did not evoke a significant cellular or fibrous reaction and was totally absorbed by the time of necropsy. A significant difference was found between the tolerated stress of the unrepaired and repaired tendons, but no functional benefit of repairing acutely transected Achilles tendons with synthetic mesh was observed. PMID- 6641061 TI - Effects of pulsing electromagnetic fields on bone growth and articular cartilage. AB - Observations made during treatment of juvenile pseudarthrosis by pulsing electromagnetic fields (PEMF) suggested that bone growth might be altered. PEMF applied to immature rabbits under conditions of continuous stimulation (24 hours/day for 8 weeks) produced no major changes in bone growth. Continuous stimulation by PEMF induced a statistically significant increase (22%) in femoral articular cartilage glycosaminoglycan. Intermittent PEMF stimulation (12 hours with stimulation/12 hours without stimulation) for 18 weeks produced no significant change in bone growth or time of epiphyseal plate closure. No significant changes in the physical characteristics of growing bone were observed with any treatment. PMID- 6641062 TI - The relative incidence of tarsal coalition. AB - The overall incidence of tarsal coalition in the general population is unknown, but it is far less than 1%. Calcaneonavicular coalition was found to be the most common type (53%), followed by talocalcaneal coalition (37%). The other types appear infrequently. Most calcaneonavicular and talocalcaneal coalitions present as a painful foot of some type. Peroneal spastic flatfoot is a rare finding and occurred in only two of 22 talocalcaneal coalitions in the present study. Talonavicular coalitions were always associated with other congenital foot anomalies and were typically asymptomatic. Age at presentation, sex, and time to diagnosis were not statistically different among patients with coalitions at different locations. It is thought that clinical presentation corresponds to ossification of the coalition, which occurs an average of three to four years later. PMID- 6641063 TI - Effect of weak, pulsing electromagnetic fields on neural regeneration in the rat. AB - The short- and long-term effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on the rate and quality of peripheral nerve regeneration were studied. High bilateral transections of rat sciatic nerves were surgically approximated (a 1-mm gap was left) and shielded with a Silastic sleeve. Animals were exposed to PEMFs for two to 14 weeks after operation. Three groups of 20 rats each (control rats and rats undergoing 12- and 24-hour/day PEMF exposure) were killed at two weeks. Histologically, regenerating axons had penetrated the distal stump nearly twice as far in the PEMF-exposed animals as in the control animals. Return of motor function was judged two to 14 weeks after operation by the load cell-measured, plantar-flexion force produced by neural stimulation proximal to the transection site. Motor function returned earlier in experimental rats and to significantly higher load levels than in control rats. Nerves from animals functioning 12-14 weeks after operation had less interaxonal collagen, more fiber-containing axis cylinders, and larger fiber diameters in the PEMF-exposed group than in the control rats. Histologic and functional data indicate that PEMFs improve the rate and quality of peripheral nerve regeneration in the severed rat sciatic nerve by a factor of approximately two. PMID- 6641064 TI - Pathologic ligamentous constraint of the hip. AB - A mathematic model of the hip capsule and lower extremity musculature was utilized to predict the forces present in the hip ligaments during locomotion. The results demonstrate principles and trends (rather than absolute results) in hip mechanics, the details of which are affected by the associated modeling assumptions. The active stretching of a hip joint capsule tightened by scarring or surgical transfer may appreciably increase the hip contact force. Capsular elements that prevent hip flexion and adduction play a major role in hip contact force exaggeration during common activities. The positive effect of maintaining the hip capsule to reduce total hip component dislocation contrasts with the potential negative effects of restricting joint motion and increasing the joint contact force. Increased joint loading due to capsular restriction may contribute to prosthetic component loosening. PMID- 6641065 TI - Evaluation of hyperpronation and pes planus in adults. AB - Pes planus and hyperpronation of the hindfoot and midfoot are differentiated, and the numerous methods available for the clinical evaluation of both (including their norms) in the adult are presented. Pedotopography, a moire fringe technique, is currently used in the clinical evaluation, along with "eyeball" visualization, tape measurement, ink mats, and roentgenography. Static deformities of the lower limbs and their joints are frequently responsible for manifestations of hyperpronation in the feet. Trauma and disease to bone, joints, or tendons in the region of the hindfoot or ankle can result in spastic pes planus with hyperpronation. Hyperpronation (excessive medial rotation of the talus) may exist without pes planus, but pes planus rarely is present without some degree of hyperpronation. PMID- 6641066 TI - Acquired flatfoot in adults. AB - The main causes of the acquired flatfoot deformity in adults are reviewed. This condition can be extremely disabling; however, careful analysis combined with thoughtful conservative management or surgical treatment can usually enable the patient to maintain a functional level. PMID- 6641067 TI - Evaluation of the cavus foot for orthopedic treatment. AB - Each case of cavus and equinovarus foot must be thoroughly assessed prior to operation. Assessment includes diagnosis; electrodiagnostic and muscle testing; and evaluation of the type, location, and severity of the deformities and whether they are flexible or fixed. The vascular status must also be ascertained. The sites of plantar callus are noted, as well as the amount of correction that will be necessary. The integrity of the metatarsal fat pads must be noted. Muscle power is charted, and any sensory loss is mapped. Joints are evaluated clinically to determine the amount of fixed deformity and pain and roentgenographically to determine mainly the effect of prior surgical procedures, the presence of nonunion, and secondary osteoarthritic changes in noninvolved joints. Bone wedges are obtained proximal to any painful callus and should be taken from joints that are painful, stiff, arthritic, unstable, or functionless. Flexible and functional joints, e.g., the subtalar complex, should not be sacrificed for arthrodesis unless the cavus deformity is very severe or fusion is necessary to obtain necessary motors. Appropriate tendon transfers are usually done only after bony correction of fixed deformities but may also be used (along with soft tissue releases) to balance muscle power before deformities become fixed. PMID- 6641068 TI - "Beak" triple arthrodesis for severe cavus deformity. AB - Attention is called to the principles of a technique described more than 20 years ago that has proved clinically useful in the correction of severe cavus and cavovarus deformities when foot stabilization by triple arthrodesis is indicated. The method obtains correction of the cavus deformity by depressing the anterior aspect of the foot beneath a beak or ledge created in the talus, thereby preserving the vascularity to the talus and the integrity of the anterior ankle joint without shortening the foot. PMID- 6641069 TI - Flat feet in children. AB - In the assessment of the child with flat feet a sound knowledge of arch and subtalar biomechanics, epidemiology, and etiology is important. The occurrence and natural history of flat feet are presented, and treatment modalities that have withstood the test of time are discussed. PMID- 6641070 TI - Hypermobile flatfoot in children. Comprehension, evaluation, and treatment. AB - Comprehension of the hypermobile flatfoot deformity depends on an understanding of the three structural deformities of the foot associated with the condition: (1) abduction of the forefoot relative to the weight-bearing line; (2) supination of the forefoot; and (3) heel valgus. Evaluation of the hypermobile flatfoot deformity is by clinical examination to determine the position of the foot with the talonavicular joint in the congruous position: position and motion of these components are determined from this starting point. A standing lateral talometatarsal angle is used to evaluate the deformity roentgenographically. Treatment in the newborn or infant is by casting, inflare shoes, and Denis-Browne night splints for severe deformities. Support with shoes is used in children one to three years of age. Complete clinical and roentgenographic examinations should be performed when the child is three years of age. If a painful or grossly abnormal flatfoot deformity is present, custom-molded inserts are used during the period of growth. After growth has ceased flatfoot is treated only if it is painful or produces impairment. Treatment is then by shoes, inserts, or orthotics. Surgery is considered only if these devices do not alleviate the difficulty and the patient is incapacitated. Surgical procedures are designed to correct the structural abnormalities without fusing joints in an attempt to restore the normal position and motion of the components of the foot. PMID- 6641071 TI - Roentgenologic results of total hip arthroplasty. A ten-year follow-up study. AB - A ten-year roentgenologic follow-up study was made of the results of 326 total hip arthroplasties in 256 patients. Seventy-two percent of the living patients are included in the study. Clinical results at ten years were good in 87% of the patients, fair in 7%, and poor in 6%. The incidence of femoral component loosening was 9% at ten years. There was no correlation between femoral component loosening and calcar resorption. The incidence of acetabular component loosening at ten years was 7.9%. Of six hips with calcar resorption greater than 5 mm, three had loose acetabula. Most of these components shown to be loose roentgenologically were clinically asymptomatic. One and one-half percent were revised because of loosening. PMID- 6641072 TI - Total hip joint arthroplasty with gentamicin-impregnated cement. A clinical study of gentamicin excretion kinetics. AB - The excretion pharmacokinetics of gentamicin (GM) following total hip joint arthroplasty with GM-impregnated bone cement were studied in ten patients. The patients received 0.5-1.1 g of GM. Twenty-four-hour portions of urine were collected for up to 60 days after operation. GM concentrations in urine were initially 8-25 mg/l, and during the first four days the excretion ranged from 0.7 to 25 mg/day. On the 30th day drug levels in the urine were 0.5-1.0 mg/l, and the excretion was 0.5-1.0 mg/day. The GM excretion-time curve consisted of an initial rapid phase that terminated four to six days after operation, with a half-life of 0.65 days, and a slow phase with a half-life of 7.5-73.0 days (mean, 16 days). From the area under the excretion-time curve and from extrapolation of the registered terminal phase, it was calculated that 5%-18% (mean, 13%) of the GM administered was accounted for. Thus, a major portion of the drug was unaccounted for. Data obtained two years after operation suggested that the half-life of the terminal phase is much longer (greater than 240 days) than that calculated from data obtained during the first two months after operation. It was calculated that the surface area of the cement would be in excess of 150 cm2 and that the volume of an interface tissue layer 1 mm thick would be approximately 15 cm3. Thus, at three weeks, when the daily excretion was approximately 1 mg/24 hours, 67 micrograms/cm3/day of GM would be available for antimicrobial action at a tissue- cement interface 1 mm thick. PMID- 6641073 TI - "Cold spot" imaging with gas gangrene in three phase skeletal scintigraphy. AB - A photon deficient "cold spot" was noted in all three phases of a three phase bone study in a patient with gas gangrene of the foot. The scintigraphic findings correlated with the area of soft tissue gas noted in radiographs. PMID- 6641074 TI - Detection of aortoarterial graft infections by leukocyte scintigraphy. AB - Infections of aortoarterial prostheses are serious, difficult to detect, and difficult to treat. Scintigraphy with indium-111 labeled autologous leukocytes is an accurate noninvasive method of assessing the presence and extent of such an infection. In three cases of aorto-arterial bypass graft infections, the leukocyte study was successful in establishing the diagnosis and in assessing the extent of infection. Other noninvasive diagnostic techniques are useful, but all have serious limitations. The leukocyte study alone appears to be free of likely sources of error. PMID- 6641075 TI - Effect of neck position during radionuclide superior cavography. Its value in the diagnosis of superior vena cava obstruction due to retrosternal goiter. AB - In five patients with substernal goiter, three of whom presented with superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome, and in five normal subjects, radionuclide superior cavography (RNSC) was performed with extension and flexion of the neck during tracer administration (simultaneous bilateral injection of Tc-99m pertechnetate). When the tracer was injected during neck extension, venous flow pattern was abnormal in four of five patients, and transit time (TT) prolonged in three of five patients. In this posture, mean TT +/- 1 standard deviation (SD) was 6.3 +/- 2.6 s (range 3.5 to 9 s) for the five patients and 3.5 +/- 0.7 s (range 2.5 to 4.5 s) for a group of five control subjects. When the tracer was injected during neck flexion, all five patients showed abnormal flow patterns and prolonged TT (mean +/- 1 SD 10.1 +/- 4.1 s; range 4.4 to 16 s), in contrast to the control group where a slight decrease in TT was found (mean +/- 1 SD 3 +/- 0.6 s; range 2 to 3.5 s). In the presence of a substernal goiter, or any mobile mass at the thoracic inlet, impairment of venous flow through the SVC system appears to be a common occurrence, readily detectable by RNSC. RNSC should be performed with neck flexion during tracer injection, since in this posture its ability to detect compromised venous flow through the SVC system is enhanced, even in patients without a clinically apparent SVC syndrome. PMID- 6641076 TI - Pediatric esophageal scintigraphy. Results of 200 studies. AB - Esophageal transit of a small volume of watery liquid has been observed scintigraphically in 200 studies performed on patients aged between 6 days and 16 years. Qualitative information concerning esophageal morphology and function in the various phases of deglutition, and scintigraphic features of achalasia, stenosis, and other pathologies are described. Measured esophageal transit time and its normal variation, its relevance to the diagnosis of esophagitis, and the monitoring of treatment are discussed. This technique observing distinct deglutitions has proven a useful diagnostic tool. Its advantages and limitations are discussed in comparison with other methods. PMID- 6641077 TI - In vivo diagnostic nuclear medicine. Pediatric experience. AB - The use of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic tests in children is increasing and interest in these is evidenced by the addition of scientific sessions devoted to pediatric medicine at annual meetings of The Society of Nuclear Medicine and by the increase in the literature on pediatric dosimetry. Data presented in this paper describe the actual pediatric nuclear medicine experience from 26 nationally representative U.S. hospitals and provide an overview of the pediatric procedures being performed the types of radiopharmaceuticals being used, and the activity levels being administered. PMID- 6641078 TI - Rapid resolution of spleen scan changes after trauma. PMID- 6641079 TI - Hepatic artery-portal vein fistula. Scintigraphic detection. PMID- 6641080 TI - Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. PMID- 6641081 TI - An unusual cause of multiple splenic infarcts. PMID- 6641082 TI - Bone imaging. Adrenal cyst. PMID- 6641083 TI - Program schedule & abstracts presented at the Society of Nuclear Medicine, 8th annual Western regional meeting. Seattle, Washington, October 6--9, 1983. PMID- 6641084 TI - Clonidine in patients with diabetes and mild hypertension. AB - Clonidine has been reported to adversely affect glucose tolerance in experimental animals and normal man. We assessed its short- and long-term effects in 10 patients with both mild hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Patients were studied before and 10 wk after treatment with 0.1 mg clonidine twice daily, which induced reductions in blood pressure (from 148 +/- 5/93 +/- 2 mm Hg sitting, to 125 +/- 4/80 +/- 2) and control of hypertension in all patients. Clonidine increased the glycemic response to intravenous glucose (incremental glucose AUC from 161 +/- 13 to 184 +/- 14) but did not significantly change long-term diabetic control as assessed by weekly fasting serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and 24-hr urinary glucose excretions before and after treatment. We conclude that low-dose clonidine controlled blood pressure and impaired the response to an acute glucose challenge in midly hypertensive, type II diabetic patients but did not adversely affect diabetic control over 10 wk. PMID- 6641085 TI - Stereoselective binding of propranolol to human plasma, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, and albumin. AB - Our aim was to determine possible stereoselectivity in the plasma binding of propranolol. Equilibrium dialysis with plasma from seven healthy subjects and a deuterium-labeled pseudoracemate of propranolol was used. Plasma binding of the propranolol enantiomers differed with the unbound fraction of (-)-propranolol (22 +/- 2%; mean +/- SE) being smaller than that of (+)-propranolol (25.3 +/- 1.9%). The (-)/(+)-propranolol ratio for the unbound fraction, a measure of the stereoselectivity, was 0.86 +/- 0.02. There was an inverse correlation between the unbound (-)/(+)-propranolol ratio in individual subjects and overall binding of (+/-)-propranolol, indicating greater stereoselectivity at higher total binding. To assess the site of the stereoselective binding to plasma proteins, the binding of (+)- and (-)-propranolol to human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and human serum albumin (HSA) was examined. The binding to AGP was stereoselective for (-)-propranolol with a (-)/(+)-propranolol ratio for the unbound fraction of 0.79 +/- 0.01, whereas (+)-propranolol was bound to a greater extent to HSA with a (-)/(+)-propranolol ratio for the unbound fraction of 1.07 +/- 0.01. Although these results demonstrate opposite stereoselectivity in the binding of (+)- and (-)-propranolol to AGP and HSA, the stereoselective binding of (-)-propranolol to AGP predominates in plasma. This stereoselective plasma binding of the (-)-enantiomer of propranolol could limit the access of this more active enantiomer to beta-receptors or other active sites. The uptake of propranolol by red blood cells was not stereoselective. PMID- 6641086 TI - Hepatic extraction of isosorbide dinitrate in cardiac patients. AB - Hepatic extraction of organic nitrates, including that of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), has been thought to be nearly complete in man but has never been directly measured. We examined the time course of plasma ISDN and metabolite concentrations in arterial and hepatic venous blood in four cardiac patients receiving an intravenous ISDN infusion. Apparent hepatic extraction of ISDN was high (90%) at the beginning of infusion but fell to about 44% 1 hr after termination of infusion. The decrease in ISDN concentration gradient across the liver correlates with an increase in plasma isosorbide-5-mononitrate concentration, but a cause-and-effect relationship resulting from metabolite inhibition cannot be established. The time-averaged hepatic extraction of ISDN, at about 70%, agreed with its oral bioavailability in patients. PMID- 6641087 TI - Differential stereoselective metabolism of metoprolol in extensive and poor debrisoquin metabolizers. AB - The hypothesis that variability in metoprolol metabolism stereoselectivity is related to debrisoquin oxidation phenotype was tested in six extensive (EM) and six poor (PM) debrisoquin metabolizers. In EM, plasma AUCs for (S)-metoprolol were 35% higher than for (R)-metoprolol, whereas in PM, AUCs for (S)-metoprolol were lower than for (R)-metoprolol. AUCs for total metoprolol correlated with the ratio of (S)- to (R)-metoprolol AUC. The renal clearance of metoprolol was also stereoselective but to the same extent in both EM and PM. Findings suggest that the enzyme system responsible for polymorphic oxidation of the debrisoquin-type is stereoselective. The relation between log total metoprolol plasma concentration and response (beta-blockade) was shifted to the right in PM relative to EM, which is compatible with a difference in pharmacologic activity of metoprolol enantiomers. Kinetic predictions based on total drug measurements will tend to overestimate dynamic differences between EM and PM, but the magnitude of the error is relatively small, and, in absolute terms, there is a large difference in pharmacologic activity between the phenotypes (beta-blockade at 24 hr: EM = 5.3 +/- 5.6%; PM = 18.9 +/- 3.8%). PMID- 6641089 TI - Perhexiline during exercise training in coronary heart disease. AB - The effects of low-dose perhexiline on the exercise training response of 22 male patients, 14 after myocardial infarction and 8 after coronary artery bypass who underwent exercise training, were examined. All subjects underwent treadmill exercise testing and resting left ventricular function evaluation by radionuclide ventriculography before and after an 8-wk course of three-times-weekly exercise training. Blood levels of perhexiline confirmed that there was a steady state sufficient for antianginal therapy. There were no side effects. There were improvements in exercise tolerance in treated and placebo groups. There were no significant intergroup differences. Resting left ventricular ejection fraction and end-systolic and diastolic dimensions were not altered. Resting blood pressures were not affected by treatment. There was no evidence of a beta adrenoceptor-blocking effect. Perhexiline during exercise training did not impair the training response. PMID- 6641088 TI - Decreased digoxin cardioinactive-reduced metabolites after administration as an encapsulated liquid concentrate. AB - The generation by intestinal bacteria of large amounts of cardioinactive metabolites of digoxin with a reduced lactone ring (digoxin reduction products, or DRP) may be associated with increased dosage requirements. Since DRP excretion varies inversely with bioavailability, we compared the 6-day urinary excretion (CUE) of digoxin and DRP after 0.4-mg doses of an encapsulated liquid concentrate and a standard tablet in 22 normal subjects known to form substantial amounts of DRP. Mean (+/- SE) CUE of digoxin was greater with the capsules than the tablets (195.9 +/- 8.6 and 137.5 +/- 6.3 micrograms). CUE of DRP was less after the capsules (60.8 +/- 5.5 and 102.7 +/- 9.5 micrograms). Percent DRP was greater after the tablets in every subject (mean for tablets, 41.2 +/- 2.7%; capsules, 23.5 +/- 1.8%). Patterns of DRP excretion differed with the two preparations, probably reflecting differences in the routes whereby digoxin reached the colon. The use of highly bioavailable capsules in subjects with heavy DRP production should minimize metabolic inactivation during digoxin therapy. PMID- 6641090 TI - Cardioselectivity of prenalterol and isoproterenol. AB - We examined the hemodynamic effects and kinetics of prenalterol, a new beta adrenoceptor agonist, in 10 normal subjects. There is some doubt whether prenalterol is selective for beta 1 adrenoceptors in animals; therefore, we also compared its cardioselectivity with that of the nonselective agonist, isoproterenol, with respect to heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) responses after inhibition of cardiovascular reflexes with atropine, clonidine, and phentolamine. After intravenous (2.5 mg) and oral (10 mg and 100 mg) dosing, t 1/2 beta was 2 to 3 hr. Oral bioavailability averaged 33% and was independent of dose. Oral prenalterol, 10 mg and 100 mg, increased resting HR, systolic BP, and cardiac index by up to 27% but had no significant effects during graded exercise. Prenalterol infusions were calculated to attain steady-state plasma concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 ng/ml. HR and BP effects of the levels (10.8, 23.6, and 47.4 ng/ml) were compared with those of 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 micrograms isoproterenol. Before autonomic block, prenalterol increased HR by 10 bpm at the highest dose and mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 10 mm Hg. In contrast, HR rose and MAP fell after isoproterenol. After block, at the highest doses of prenalterol and isoproterenol, there was an average rise in HR of 42 and 27 bpm; BP was almost maintained after the former but fell by 33 mm Hg after the latter. Prenalterol is an inotropic drug that has the effects of a full cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor agonist. Its inotropic effects are evident at doses that have little effect on HR because of the modifying effect of cardiovascular reflexes. The hemodynamic effects are most obvious at rest when sympathetic tone is low. PMID- 6641091 TI - Predictability of antihypertensive efficacy of selective beta 1 blockers. AB - The possibility that hemodynamic and biohumoral factors may help predict the antihypertensive effectiveness of selective beta 1 blockers was investigated. The effects of 3 wk of treatment with two selective beta 1 blockers, metoprolol and atenolol, were observed in 54 patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension. No significant difference between the hemodynamic effects of the two drugs was found. The percent fall in systolic blood pressure induced by the two correlated strongly with the pretreatment values of the chronotropic response to isoproterenol and with the pretreatment values of cardiac output, heart rate, and plasma renin activity (PRA). There was no correlation between the decrease in systolic blood pressure induced and initial 24-hr urinary catecholamine output, total peripheral resistance, and plasma aldosterone. Percent fall in diastolic blood pressure correlated only with the pretreatment levels of PRA. Our results support the view that the hypotensive effect of beta 1 blockers are predictable on the basis of the pretreatment values of chronotropic response to isoproterenol, PRA, heart rate, and cardiac output. PMID- 6641092 TI - Alinidine in angina. AB - Alinidine--N-allyl-clonidine--reduces heart rate without blocking beta adrenoreceptors. It may be used in patients with angina without inducing the adverse effects of beta-adrenergic blockers. We therefore evaluated alinidine efficacy in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease and stable angina during a 10-wk placebo-controlled randomized double-blind trial. Alinidine (40 mg three times a day) reduced the number of anginal attacks and the average number of nitroglycerine capsules consumed. The double product was slightly lowered during rest but more pronounced during exercise. This effect was mainly due to decreased heart rate. The ischemic S-T segment depression was diminished. Exercise tolerance was clearly improved in six, slightly improved in two, and unchanged in four subjects. PMID- 6641093 TI - Mexiletine in refractory ventricular arrhythmias. AB - The antiarrhythmic efficacy of mexiletine was evaluated in 28 subjects with recurrent ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (22 subjects) or with symptomatic complex ventricular ectopy (six subjects). In all, either the arrhythmia was refractory to other drugs, or such therapy was not tolerated. Response to mexiletine was assessed by continuous ECGs, and in five cases by programmed electrical stimulation. Mexiletine abolished the arrhythmia in 12 cases, but was not tolerated long-term in four. Mexiletine was ineffective in 10 subjects. Seven subjects had significant adverse reactions during short-term dosing; in six, mexiletine was discontinued because of adverse effects after the first few doses so efficacy was not evaluated. The most common adverse effects were nausea, tremor, and generalized malaise. We conclude that mexiletine is an effective antiarrhythmic in some patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias refractory to conventional drugs. Adverse effects significantly limit its use. PMID- 6641094 TI - Kinetics of medroxalol, a beta- and alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist. AB - Eight healthy men received single oral doses of 400, 800, and 1200 mg medroxalol and a single intravenous dose of 1 mg per kg body weight on four occasions separated by at least 2 wk. Plasma medroxalol concentrations were assayed up to 24 hr after each dose by a specific high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay. Urinary excretion of parent compound was determined as well. Following oral doses medroxalol reached peak plasma concentrations within 2.5 to 3 hr. The t 1/2 of the terminal decay phase was 11.1 hr. Mean apparent volume of distribution (aVD) was between 11.2 and 16.4 l/kg, and mean total body clearance (ClT) was between 0.73 and 0.99 l hr-1 kg-1. Mean urinary recovery of parent drug within 48 hr was 2.3%, 3.9%, and 3.6% after the oral doses compared to 8.2% after the intravenous dose. Bioavailability estimated from AUC was 27.2% after 400 mg, 31.3% after 800 mg, and 37.4% after 1200 mg by mouth. Since aVD, t 1/2, ClT, and urinary excretion did not differ significantly after the three oral doses, medroxalol kinetics appear to follow a dose-linear model. PMID- 6641096 TI - Enprofylline kinetics in healthy subjects after single doses. AB - The kinetics of enprofylline, a novel antiasthmatic xanthine derivative, were studied. Eight healthy subjects received three different single enprofylline doses, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mg/kg, injected as an infusion over 10 min. Plasma and urine levels of unchanged enprofylline were observed 3 to 7 and 21 to 24 hr after dosing. Plasma t 1/2 varied among individuals from 1.2 to 1.9 hr. Volume of distribution (V beta or area) and volume of distribution at steady state (V ss) averaged 0.57 and 0.511 X kg-1. Total clearance averaged 0.25 l X hr-1 X kg-1. Renal clearance ranged from 200 to 400 ml X min-1, indicating a large contribution by active tubular secretion. The mean recovery of unchanged drug in the urine was 89%. Thus, unlike theophylline, enprofylline was eliminated mainly by the kidney. PMID- 6641095 TI - Ampicillin and cephalexin in renal insufficiency. AB - We analyzed the relationship between functional damage and transport processes in the kidney in patients with glomerulonephritis and renal failure by a new analytic method. In renal failure patients, there was substantial diminution of maximum transport of secretion in renal tubules. This reduction affected the urinary excretion of ampicillin and cephalexin substantially because both drugs depend on active renal tubular secretion. Our results indicate that dosage adjustment based on creatinine clearance is not appropriate for patients receiving drugs requiring active tubular secretion for urinary excretion. Our data point to a need for a prolongation of the dosage interval of cephalexin to 20 times that in normal subjects, while five times is recommended by the creatinine clearance. In these patients, it is therefore suggested that a dosage adjustment method that involves both factors--glomerular and renal tubular functions--is required. PMID- 6641097 TI - Coupling between renal tubular secretion and effect of bumetanide. AB - The relationship between renal tubular secretion of bumetanide and its saluretic effect was studied in six healthy subjects before and after probenecid (1 gm IV). Bumetanide was determined in serum and urine by HPLC. Continuous intravenous infusion of bumetanide (200 micrograms/hr) gave an average diuresis at steady state of 15 +/- 3 ml/min. Corresponding plasma concentration, urinary excretion rate, and renal clearance of bumetanide averaged 14.3 +/- 2.3 ng/ml, 64 +/- 31 micrograms/30 min, and 145 +/- 59 ml/min. After probenecid there was a marked change in bumetanide kinetics. Average plasma concentration rose to 41.7 +/- 8.1 ng/ml, whereas renal clearance and urinary excretion rate fell to 15.1% and 29.5% of control. There was also a concomitant decrease in diuresis and saluresis to 47% and about 40% of control. Probenecid also reduced the renal clearance of para aminohippurate and inulin to 67% and 75% of control. Since the fractional water and sodium chloride excretion was also reduced about 33% and 42%, it is concluded that a large part of the diuretic effect of bumetanide depends on its active tubular secretion. As with furosemide and piretanide, bumetanide diuresis is elicited from the luminal side of the human nephron. PMID- 6641098 TI - 6 beta-hydroxycortisol in random urine samples as an indicator of enzyme induction. AB - 6 beta-Hydroxycortisol (6 beta-OHF) is a major cortisol metabolite formed primarily in the hepatic reticulum by mixed-function oxygenases. Changes in 6 beta-OHF may be used to detect enzyme induction by drugs or disease. Excretion of 6 beta-OHF must be corrected for change in urinary free cortisol (FF) excretion to allow for changes in cortisol production. We report the absence of circadian changes in 6 beta-OHF/FF ratios. Thus random measurements of 6 beta-OHF/FF ratios may be used to detect enzyme induction. This approach greatly simplifies noninvasive screening for enzyme induction. PMID- 6641099 TI - Diazepam loading: simplified treatment of alcohol withdrawal. AB - Alcohol withdrawal therapy can be simplified with a loading dose of diazepam, taking advantage of the kinetic tapering afforded by the drug's long t 1/2s and its metabolites, and of the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic maneuvers. In a double-blind trial, 50 inpatients in moderate to severe alcohol withdrawal received 20 mg oral diazepam and supportive care (n = 25) or placebo and supportive care (n = 25) every 2 hr until they were asymptomatic. Fifty-six percent of patients responded to placebo within 5 +/- 2.9 hr (mean +/- SD), whereas 72% responded to initial diazepam within 6.3 +/- 3.9 hr. Patients treated with diazepam had more rapid and greater improvement than those treated with placebo. Patients who did not respond to six doses of diazepam received further (unblinded) diazepam, 20 mg, every 1 to 2 hr. All patients who did not initially respond (n = 18) improved after more diazepam. Thus all patients who received diazepam (n = 36), during the experimental phase or subsequently, were effectively treated. There were no adverse effects. The median number of 20-mg diazepam doses to treat alcohol withdrawal were three, given over a period of 7.6 hr (range = 1 to 12 and 0.33 to 45 hr). Complications occurred only in those who received placebo during the experimental phase, indicating that delay in therapy may be responsible for the appearance of complications in alcohol withdrawal. PMID- 6641101 TI - [Multiple-choice questions in medicine]. PMID- 6641100 TI - Influence of oxidation polymorphism on phenformin kinetics and dynamics. AB - Plasma and urinary kinetics and responses of blood lactate, pyruvate, and glucose after a single 50-mg phenformin dose were investigated in eight subjects of known debrisoquin oxidation phenotype, four poor metabolizers (PM) and four extensive metabolizers (EM). Higher peak plasma concentrations of phenformin (152.2 +/- 12.7 ng/ml; mean +/- SE) and a greater plasma AUC (779 +/- 99 ng X hr X ml-1) were reached in PM than in EM (99.8 +/- 13.7 ng/ml and 549 +/- 47 ng X hr X ml 1). Although the urinary excretion of unchanged phenformin was greater in PM between 2 and 24 hr after dosing than in EM, excretion of 4-hydroxy-phenformin could not be detected in most samples collected from PM but was present in every sample from EM. Blood lactate concentrations increased dramatically in PM but fell in EM after phenformin. There were no changes in either blood pyruvate or glucose levels. The results may help to explain lactic acidosis in patients given phenformin in the absence of other predisposing factors. PMID- 6641102 TI - [Side-effects and changes of some physiological parameters after administration of a single 20 to 30 mg dose of prazepam. Double-blind study]. PMID- 6641103 TI - [Ambroxol in bronchopulmonary pathology in children]. PMID- 6641104 TI - [Bronchopneumonia: diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 6641105 TI - [Clinical study of the combination of calcium phosphorylcholine and pantetheine]. PMID- 6641106 TI - [Multicenter study on the use of injectable diclofenac in pain states: analysis of the clinical data on 1873 patients]. PMID- 6641107 TI - [New orientations in the diagnosis and therapy of headache in children]. PMID- 6641108 TI - [The treatment of overdose: clinical experiences]. PMID- 6641109 TI - [Therapy of spondylarthritis ankylopoetica]. PMID- 6641110 TI - Symposium on laboratory management. PMID- 6641111 TI - Evaluation of laboratory instrumentation. AB - Clinical laboratory instruments have increased in complexity and number. In order to simplify the selection process when a need for a new instrumentation is perceived, a program is presented which will lead to the selection of the instrument that best satisfies the laboratory's needs. Four major steps are identified: analysis of the current functional status of the laboratory, analysis of instrumentation needs, instrument evaluation, and justification and cost analysis. PMID- 6641112 TI - Personnel management. AB - When a pathologist becomes the director of a clinical laboratory, his job description changes, and most of his professional training and experience becomes incidental and largely irrelevant. This article discusses the qualities necessary for effective leadership, the various styles of management popular today, and the tools a manager must develop and use in order to effect a chosen style of management. PMID- 6641113 TI - Safety in the medical laboratory. AB - The clinical laboratory has achieved an enviable record for safety even though the opportunities for accident and misfortune are ever present. This article provides an overview of what constitutes an adequate safety program for a laboratory, as well as a list of sources from which more detailed information can be obtained. PMID- 6641114 TI - The "stat" problem. AB - "Stat" testing is a major asset and a major liability of the hospital laboratory. The ability to perform critically important tests in large numbers with great speed and with reliable precision and accuracy has developed to a remarkable degree. Nonetheless, the demand for "stat" service so outstrips the supply in most hospitals that delivery of this service often falls short of the expectations of the physicians who order the tests with disturbing frequency. PMID- 6641115 TI - Selection of reference laboratory services. AB - This article is directed primarily to hospital pathology and clinical laboratories that require the testing services of other laboratories. However, many of the observations and principles presented should apply to other users of reference laboratory services, such as outpatient clinics, public health laboratories, occupational health laboratories or clinics, and even the individual doctor's office. PMID- 6641116 TI - The application of measurement systems in the management of medical laboratories. AB - The Workload Recording System, initially developed by the Canadian Association of Pathologists, with subsequent and joint active participation with the College of American Pathologists and numerous other medical laboratory specialist societies, is a powerful tool for the management of medical laboratories. This article describes the system and its implementation. PMID- 6641117 TI - Opportunistic diseases. PMID- 6641118 TI - Implantable cardiac pacemakers: current techniques and clinical concerns. PMID- 6641119 TI - Echocardiography for the general internist. PMID- 6641120 TI - Low-dose heparin prophylaxis in medical patients. PMID- 6641121 TI - Conspectus. Sensing the internal milieu. PMID- 6641122 TI - Cell adhesive, protein binding, and antigenic properties of laminin. AB - The cell adhesive, protein-binding and immunological properties of laminin were studied. When present on a solid-phase, laminin promoted to some degree the adhesion of various types of cells including fibroblasts, but it was less active than insolubilized fibronectin, type I collagen, or type IV collagen. When laminin was present in solution, it promoted the adhesion of cells to surfaces that would otherwise be nonadhesive. No significant binding of laminin to type IV collagen could be demonstrated by affinity assays employing radioactively labeled ligands or enzyme-labeled antibodies. Binding of laminin to anti-laminin and to polyornithine could be readily demonstrated under the same conditions. The possible autoantigenicity of laminin was studied by immunizing mice with rat and mouse laminin. Rat laminin induced antibodies that reacted strongly with rat laminin and weakly with mouse laminin in enzyme immunoassay. Mouse laminin did not induce any detectable antibodies. These results confirm earlier work on cell adhesive properties of laminin but show that laminin is different from fibronectin adhesive properties of laminin but show that laminin is different from fibronectin in that laminin promotes adhesion of cells better when presented to the cells in a soluble form. They do not support the contention that laminin would bind directly to type IV collagen or that it would be autoantigenic. PMID- 6641123 TI - Serum and urine analysis of the aminoterminal procollagen peptide type III by radioimmunoassay with antibody Fab fragments. AB - A radioimmunoassay based on antibody Fab fragments was developed for the aminoterminal peptide Col 1-3 of bovine type III procollagen. This assay does not distinguish the intact aminopropeptide Col 1-3 from its globular fragment Col 1. Parallel inhibition profiles were observed with human serum and urine allowing the simultaneous quantitative determination of intact and fragmented antigens in these samples. Most of the material has a size similar to that of fragment Col 1 indicating that the aminopropeptide is degraded under physiologic conditions. The concentration of aminopeptide in normal sera was in the range 15-63 ng/ml. Daily excretion was found to be in the range 30-110 micrograms. More than 50% of patients with alcoholic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis showed elevated serum levels of aminopropeptide by the Fab assay. Elevated concentrations were detected more frequently with an antibody radioimmunoassay which measures mainly the intact form of the aminopropeptide. It is suggested that analysis of patients material by both assays could improve their diagnostic application. PMID- 6641124 TI - Kinetic analysis of collagen fibrillogenesis: I. Use of turbidity--time data. AB - A method is presented for analyzing turbidity-time curves characterizing biological assembly and disassembly processes. The method allows for the determination of apparent rate constants for the turbidity lag and growth phases of collagen fibrillogenesis. Plots of concentration/lag time versus concentration for type I collagen and concentration/(time to complete growth phase) versus concentration are shown to be straight lines. The slopes of these plots are defined as the apparent rate constants for the lag and growth phases. Activation energies are obtained from the temperature dependence of these slopes. The slopes of the growth portion of turbidity-time curves as well as the final turbidity are directly proportional to the collagen concentration. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the rate limiting steps for both lag and growth phases are apparent first order with respect to collagen concentration. Sample calculations based on light scattering theory suggest that the turbidimetric growth phase begins when the number of collagen molecules per unit length is greater than 100 and that the extent of fibril formation is proportional to the turbidity per unit concentration. These studies indicate that the turbidimetric lag phase involves both linear and lateral growth of collagen linear aggregates. PMID- 6641125 TI - Model conformations of the carboxyl telopeptides in vivo based on type I collagen fibral banding patterns. AB - Densitometric scans of high resolution banding patterns of uranyl acetate stained, type I collagen fibrils teased from rat tail tendon were correlated with sequence derived model scans. The best model for the alpha 1 carboxyl telopeptide has the first 15 residues in a "S fold" or "random coil" with a net axial displacement of 7 residues (a contracted region) and the last 10 residues extended along the fibril axis. The correlation of both models with experimental scans is significantly improved when two 4D-staggered intermolecular crosslinks are modeled by eliminating four charges in band a3: the two lysines in the alpha 1 carboxyl telopeptides and two hydroxylysines at residues 87 and 88 in the triple helix. The alpha 2 carboxyl telopeptide is modeled as being folded back on the triple helix. Also, as previously found for type I segment long spacing crystallites, the highest correlation of models with the experimental data is obtained when the alpha 2 chain is in the A or reference position of the triple helix (alpha 2, alpha 1, alpha 1). It is further hypothesized that unfolding of the "S fold" or "random coil" in the alpha 1 carboxyl telopeptide may be a reversible mechanism for low strain energy dissipation in tendon and other connective tissues. PMID- 6641126 TI - Proteinase inhibitors of human articular cartilage. AB - Extracts of human articular cartilage contain a variety of inhibitors to serine, cysteine and metallo-proteinases. By gel filtration chromatography, inhibitory activity towards serine proteinases was resolved into two components of apparent molecular weights 62,000 and 12,000 daltons; whereas inhibitory activity towards cysteine proteinases eluted with an apparent molecular weight of 13,000 daltons. In both cases the low molecular weight inhibitors were further resolved into two components by ion-exchange chromatography. Inhibitory activity towards metallo proteinases resolved into two components of apparent molecular weights 35,000 and 25,000 daltons. No inhibitor of aspartic proteinases was detected. Although most of the inhibitory activities to serine and cysteine proteinases could be extracted from cartilage with 1 M NaCl, the complete removal of metalloproteinase inhibitory activities required extraction with 4 M guanidinium chloride. This suggests that they are more strongly associated with the cartilage. PMID- 6641127 TI - Perception of partly occluded objects in infancy. PMID- 6641128 TI - Screening for cancer. PMID- 6641129 TI - Implementation of the rubella vaccination programme in Manchester. PMID- 6641130 TI - Hepatitis B vaccine: whether and how to use it. PMID- 6641131 TI - Services for disabled people; what criteria should we use to assess disability? PMID- 6641132 TI - Waiting list monitoring using information from hospital activity analysis and SBH 203 returns. PMID- 6641133 TI - The practice of health services research. PMID- 6641134 TI - Personal privacy concerns threaten epidemiology. PMID- 6641135 TI - Korner and the community health services in context. PMID- 6641136 TI - Communicable disease report. April to June 1983. PMID- 6641138 TI - The national health service and its administration. PMID- 6641137 TI - Recognition of senior house officer posts for general professional training. PMID- 6641139 TI - Planning for Armageddon. PMID- 6641141 TI - Positive health indicators. PMID- 6641140 TI - S47 and the community physician. PMID- 6641142 TI - Assessment of catchment populations for hospital geriatric services. PMID- 6641143 TI - Measles immunization. PMID- 6641144 TI - Wheeling, healing and dealing: the political economy of health care in Australia. PMID- 6641145 TI - Prevalence of some risk factors for cardiovascular disease in rural Western Australian children. PMID- 6641147 TI - Reported drinking practices amongst women working in the home. PMID- 6641146 TI - Reported health, life-style and occupational stress in prison officers. PMID- 6641148 TI - Fencing of private swimming pools in New Zealand. PMID- 6641149 TI - Breastfeeding: attitudes and beliefs of an Australian Capital Territory sample of secondary school students. PMID- 6641150 TI - Healthcraft: a self-care program for the mature ages, it's development and evaluation. PMID- 6641151 TI - Lessons in practical methodology from an alcohol survey of hospital patients. PMID- 6641152 TI - Response rates: a comparison of mail, telephone and personal interview strategies for an Australian population. PMID- 6641153 TI - Commentary: environmental lead and health--the tensions between social policy and scientific research. PMID- 6641154 TI - Commentary: preparing for the second community health program. PMID- 6641155 TI - Effect of intra-pregastric administration of nitrite on erythrocyte GSH and GSSG contents of male golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). AB - Effect of single dose of nitrite on the formation of methaemoglobin, the erythrocyte content and redox state of glutathione of male golden hamster were investigated up to 20 min. The marked depletion of GSH following the oxidation of haemoglobin was observed in nitrite treated animals. Conversely, the GSSG contents of animals given 20 and 25 mg of nitrite were slightly higher than that of normal but not difference in total glutathione. The respective difference of the redox electrode potential between saline and nitrite treated animals was -84 mV at 20 mg and -125 mV at 25 mg of nitrite 20 min after administration. PMID- 6641156 TI - Expression of the lactate dehydrogenase genes of Xenopus species and interspecies hybrids during early development. AB - The expression of LDH genes throughout early development of different Xenopus species, and interspecies hybrids has been compared. In X.1. victorianus oocytes the LDH-B4 polymer is synthesized exclusively and is stored during early embryonic stages. For the first time at stage 27 is the embryonic LDH gene activity manifest. In other species the situation is somewhat more complicated, in that additional anodal bands appear or, like in X. clivii, even cathodal polymers are formed. In X.1. victorianus female X X. borealis male hybrids only the maternal pattern was expressed throughout the whole embryonic development. This allelic repression persisted up to metamorphosis. PMID- 6641157 TI - Synthesis of phosphocreatine and phosphoarginine by mitochondria from various sources. AB - Mitochondria from heart, skeletal muscle and the liver of the rat have been shown to synthesise phosphoarginine through ATP if supplied with arginine and lobster arginine kinase. Liver mitochondria have been shown to synthesise phosphocreatine through ATP with the aid of the cytosolic isomer of creatine kinase. Mitochondria prepared from muscles of a crustacean, a fish and a bird have been shown oxidatively to synthesise phosphocreatine (crustacean) and phosphoarginine (fish and bird) provided they are supplied with the appropriate kinase and catalytic amounts of ATP. Within one second of the addition of either cytosolic kinases, mitochondria from skeletal muscle and liver begin a steady state synthesis of phosphoarginine or phosphocreatine. The results suggest that, with respect to phosphagen synthesis, the addition of the cytosolic enzymes can substitute for the mitochondrial enzyme. It is difficult therefore to accept a special vectorial function for the bound mitochondrial enzyme at the biological concentrations of ATP and the cytosolic enzymes normally associated with phosphagen synthesis. PMID- 6641159 TI - Purine metabolism in Biomphalaria glabrata under starvation and infection with Schistosoma mansoni. AB - Purine content and its alterations during a starvation period of 29 days and an infection period of 52 days were studied. During starvation the amount of uric acid increased from 2.11 +/- 0.95 mg/g dry wt in control snails to a maximum of 6.73 +/- 3.99 mg/g dry wt on day 29 of starvation for uric acid and from 4.73 +/- 2.10 mg/g dry wt in control snails to a maximum of 11.29 +/- 3.48 mg/g dry wt on day 23 of starvation for guanine. During infection there was an increase with both uric acid and guanine to maximum on day 40 post infection (7.17 +/- 3.51 mg/g dry wt for uric acid, 14.83 +/- 4.53 mg/g dry wt for guanine) and a decrease afterwards. Of all the snails' organs tested, only in the kidney were purines detectable, but it was impossible to find excreted purines. PMID- 6641158 TI - The site of sulfated glycoprotein biosynthesis in rat gastric mucosa. AB - The site of the synthesis of the sulfated glycoproteins in rat gastric mucosa using organ culture system has been studied. About 98% of the 35S radioactivity associated with the glycoproteins was found in corpus region. The sulfated glycoproteins were synthesized mainly in corpus, poorly in antrum and none in forestomach. The synthesized sulfated glycoproteins were heterogeneous by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl density gradients. The 35S-labeled oligosaccharides released from the glycoproteins under alkaline condition were composed of 4-8 sugar residues. PMID- 6641160 TI - One and two dimensional isoelectric focusing of lactate dehydrogenase from the tissues of ovis aries. AB - Lactate dehydrogenase in ovine tissues was separated by electrophoresis, one dimensional isoelectric focusing (IEF) and a two dimensional technique. Tissues showed five zones of enzyme activity consisting of multiple bands after IEF. The IEF zymograms were unique for each tissue and differed from those of other species. Two dimensional separation revealed that the five zones of activity observed on IEF corresponded to the five isoenzymes separable by conventional electrophoresis. PMID- 6641161 TI - Carnitine and creatine content of tissues of normal and alloxan-diabetic sheep and rats. AB - The concentration of carnitine in liver increased 28-fold and urinary carnitine excretion 5-fold in alloxan-diabetic sheep. In contrast there were no similar increases in alloxan-diabetic rats. The creatine content of liver decreased 3 fold and creatine excretion decreased 2-fold in diabetic sheep. In contrast the creatine content of liver increased nearly 4-fold in diabetic rats with no change in creatine excretion. The marked increased in production of carnitine by the liver of the diabetic sheep appears possible because of decreased production and excretion of creatine. PMID- 6641162 TI - Lipid composition and lipogenic activities in the livers of normo- and hereditary hyperlipidemic chickens. AB - Lipid content of the liver and its lipogenic activities were compared among year old laying hens and hereditary non-layers and roosters fed a low-fat and cholesterol-free grain diet. In contents of free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester and phospholipid, the differences between groups were relatively minor, but striking differences were noted in triglyceride with a marked accumulation in non layers. Incorporation studies of [14C]acetate and [14C]mevalonate by liver slices revealed that in layers, acetate was preferentially incorporated into saponifiable lipids (SF), whereas mevalonate incorporated actively into both saponifiable and non-saponifiable (NSF) lipids. Lipid synthesis with acetate and mevalonate was extremely low in non-layers; in roosters, utilization of acetate was very poor but mevalonate was actively incorporated into SF and NSF lipids. During incubation of tissue slices, acetate was extensively oxidized to CO2, whereas mevalonate was poorly oxidized in all chickens. The level of substrate oxidation was similar between layers and roosters, but their level of oxidation was much greater than that of non-layers. PMID- 6641163 TI - Plasma membrane: can its structure and function be modulated by dietary fat? AB - Compositional analysis of plasma membranes from rats fed nutritionally adequate diets different in fatty acid composition establishes that fundamentally different dietary fat intake results in alteration in structural lipid composition of plasma membranes in brain, liver and the intestinal mucosa. Dietary differences in fatty acid intake altered the fatty acyl tail composition of plasma membrane phospholipids in brain, liver and intestinal mucosa. Diet altered the phospholipid profile observed in brain synaptosomal and liver plasma membrane. Feeding high vs low polyunsaturated to saturated fat diets for 7 days altered the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin and monoglucosylceramide isolated from plasma membrane of the intestinal mucosa. PMID- 6641164 TI - Acid hydrolase activity in tissues of mice after physical stress. AB - The activities of beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin D and the protein concentration were assayed from brain, kidney, liver, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle (m. rectus femoris) samples from mice (Mus musculus) 1, 3, and 6 days after intermittent exhaustive (duration 100-145 min) and submaximal prolonged (duration 9 hr) running on treadmill. The activity of beta-glucuronidase in skeletal muscle strongly increased being the highest 3 days after both exertions. Cathepsin D activity also slightly increased. In cardiac muscle beta glucuronidase activity was unaffected. Cathepsin D activity slightly increased 3 days after intermittent exhaustive exercise. The specific activities of beta glucuronidase and cathepsin D in the liver increased 1 day after the both exertions. Simultaneously the protein concentration decreased. In the kidney beta glucuronidase activity and protein concentration were unaffected but cathepsin D activity decreased 1 day after intermittent exhaustive exercise. In the brain protein concentration transiently decreased 3 days after the exertions. beta Glucuronidase activity transiently decreased 1 day after intermittent exercise thereafter increasing 6 days afterwards above the control level. Cathepsin D activity decreased 1 day after intermittent exercise but was unaffected after prolonged submaximal exercise. Physical stress affected to varying extent the acid hydrolase activities in all organs studied. PMID- 6641165 TI - Biochemical and morphometric studies of heart, liver and skeletal muscle from the hibernating, arousing and aroused big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. AB - Heart, liver, pectoralis major, and plasma of hibernating, arousing and aroused bats were studied. The activities of four mitochondrial enzymes and three morphometric parameters of mitochondria did not change in the heart. Mitochondrial enzyme activities in the liver and pectoralis major did not change. Lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoenzyme content in heart, liver and pectoralis major did not change. Heart lipid content determined morphometrically decreased transiently after 30 min arousal from hibernation. Plasma free fatty acid concentration increased significantly by 7.5 min and peaked at 15 min after arousal from hibernation. Concentrations of heart free fatty acids, triglycerides, glycerol, and cholesterol and liver triglycerides did not change. PMID- 6641166 TI - Tropomyosin from adult human skeletal muscle is partially phosphorylated. AB - Alpha and beta tropomyosins were isolated from postmortem adult human psoas and pectoralis major muscles. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance and amino acid analysis were used to show that 10% of the major alpha tropomyosin component was phosphorylated. The 31P NMR spectra also suggested that human beta tropomyosin was phosphorylated, but to a lesser extent. PMID- 6641167 TI - Alterations in sex-steroid hormone receptors during mammary gland differentiation in the rat. AB - Sprague-Dawley and Wistar strains were the best tissue sources for the estrogen receptors of the mammary gland of 7 rat strains examined. Tissue DNA content reached a maximum in late lactation (15-19 days). Cytosolic protein concentrations reached a maximum in late lactation (15-19 days). Both tissue DNA and cytosolic protein concentrations decreased upon weaning. The dissociation constant of the cytosolic estrogen receptor showed little change in pregnancy and lactation. The cytosolic estrogen receptor concentration was maximal at 19 days lactation. The cytosolic protesterone receptor was undetectable in late pregnancy (14-20 days) and in mid and late lactation (10-19 days). PMID- 6641168 TI - Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase activity in the tissues of lake trout. AB - The enzyme branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCAT) was found in five tissues of fingerling lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, (listed in order of decreasing tissue specific activity): posterior kidney, skeletal muscle, gill, liver, and anterior kidney. This pattern is consistent with that found in other animals. The results of this study seem to indicate that BCAT in the liver of lake trout has a higher specific activity than that of the rat and that the specific activity is higher in both the liver and skeletal muscle than it is in these organs of the chick. PMID- 6641169 TI - Structural comparisons of mouse histones 2A.X and 2A.Z with 2A.1 and 2A.2. AB - The tryptic peptide patterns of the recently described H2A species H2A.X and H2A.Z from mouse were compared with the tryptic peptide patterns of the major mouse H2A's, H2A.1 and H2A.2. The identities of the H2A.1 peptides were determined by comparing their in vivo labeling with various 14C-labeled amino acids with the expected labeling determined from the known sequence. All the H2A.1 tryptic peptides larger than dipeptides were accounted for. The procedure was repeated for H2A.2, H2A.X and H2A.Z. H2A.X was found to have large regions of sequence identical to that of H2A.1 with the variability occurring mainly near the N and C termini. Mouse H2A.X had some sequence characteristics found in the sequenced H2A's of trout and sea urchin. In contrast, H2A.Z was found to have only two peptides in common with H2A.1; in addition, the labeling patterns of the non-identical peptides were too different to suggest analogous peptides. We conclude from these studies that H2A.Z differs considerably from H2A.1 in major portions of its sequence. PMID- 6641170 TI - Purification and partial characterization of chick intestinal sucrase. AB - The sucrase was purified from the small intestinal mucosa of the adult chick. Purification procedure involved solubilization with papain, ethanol precipitation, chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and DEAE-Sephadex. Several characters of the chick intestinal sucrase resembled those of the intestinal sucrase-isomaltase complex of some mammals (rabbit, rat and human). PMID- 6641171 TI - AMP deaminase isozymes in rabbit red and white muscles and heart. AB - To characterize AMP deaminase activity in rabbit red and white muscles and heart, phosphocellulose column chromatography was carried out. White muscle and heart showed a single activity peak, but their elution positions were different. Red muscle showed two peaks of enzyme activity (Red-I and Red-II). Chromatographic, electrophoretic, immunological and kinetic studies showed that Red-I is identical to the isozyme in heart and Red-II identical to the isozyme in white muscle. PMID- 6641172 TI - Isolation and characterisation of myoglobin from the fresh water tortoise, Trionyx niloticus. AB - Myoglobin was isolated from the skeletal muscle of the water tortoise, Trionyx niloticus. The myoglobin is monomeric with an apparent molecular weight of 18,000 daltons as determined on Sephadex G-75 (with a non-denaturing eluant) and 18,547 from the amino acid composition. Spectrophotometric characteristics for a variety of ferrous and ferric derivatives have been determined. PMID- 6641173 TI - Primary structure of aspartate aminotransferase from horse heart and comparison with that of other homotopic and heterotopic isoenzymes. AB - Sulphydryl groups of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase from horse heart were titrated with 5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid). From analysis of peptic peptides, 378 amino acid residues (94.3% of the total) in the protein were identified. The results of amino acid sequence analysis are compared with those of cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferases from other sources. PMID- 6641174 TI - On the possible significance of the transamidination reaction in evolution. AB - The origin of the various muscle phosphagens during evolution is considered in the context of the need to conserve ornithine for the synthesis of proline for connective tissue necessary for structural strength and flexibility and/or a complicated musculature. In each phosphagen, arginine is known to have contributed its amidine moiety thus maintaining the function of the phosphagen and setting free the proline precursor ornithine. Tissues from an earthworm, a starfish and a sea-squirt have been found to contain the enzymes arginase, ornithine aminotransferase and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase which are necessary to convert arginine to proline. For each of the animals studied analysis for the relevant free amino acids and for the characteristic amino acids (Pro, Oh-Pro, Oh-Lys, Gly) of collagen are presented. The amino acid composition of the diet of the sea-squirt Pyura stolonifera and of the starfish Coscinasterias calamaria is presented along with the level of the phosphagen kinases of the animals studied. The significance of the experimental results is discussed in connection with the importance of the transamidination reaction. PMID- 6641175 TI - A comparative study of protein synthesis in nototheniids and icefish at Palmer Station, Antarctica. AB - Protein synthetic rates were measured in tissues of Notothenia corriceps, N. gibberifrons and Chaenocephalus aceratus in vivo at 2 degrees C by a method in which high doses of 14C-phenylalanine are used for stabilization of specific radioactivity. Rates in N. coriiceps, as per cent of tissue protein synthesized per day, were: liver 10.4, head kidney 3.5, testis 2.6, spleen 2.1, kidney 1.9, gill 1.6, heart 1.4, pectoral muscle 1.0, epaxial muscle 0.37, brain 0.42. With the exception of liver and head kidney (9.8 and 3.4, respectively) all rates in the icefish C. aceratus were significantly reduced compared to the nototheniids, consistent with the dependence of protein synthesis on oxidative metabolism. Icefish lack hemoglobin in the blood. The effects of two-week starvation were tissue-specific. Rates declined markedly in pectoral and epaxial muscle, were unchanged in liver, kidney, brain, heart and testis, and were increased in gill and head kidney. The results are discussed in relation to cold adaptation of Antarctic fishes and to the adaptation of metabolism required during non-feeding periods and for species which lack an oxygen-binding pigment in their blood. PMID- 6641176 TI - Antifreeze glycopeptides of antarctic fishes. AB - A method is described for analysis of amino acid composition and concentration of antifreeze glycopeptides of Antarctic fish by automatic amino acid analysis of hydrolyzed samples purified by trichloroacetic acid fractionation. Preparations were 98% pure and showed characteristic alanine, threonine and proline compositions. Analyses were carried out in 17 known species of Ross Sea, Antarctica, fishes and in 11 undescribed species tentatively placed in genera, where possible, or families. Collections have been preserved for classification. The results provide evidence of species specificity in amino acid composition and plasma concentration of these substances. Closely related species showed nearly identical Pro/Ala ratios, but differing concentrations. The results do not support reclassification of Trematomus and Notothenia into a single genus or the inclusion of the genus Pleuragramma in the family Nototheniidae. Data obtained for developing ovaries of 6 species showed concentrations of these substances (per unit wet wt) about one-half those of plasma and similar, but not identical, amino acid compositions to those of plasma. The total amount in eggs was 4 times that of plasma in pre-spawning individuals. Calculations are presented to indicate the role of these substances in the protein metabolic economy of the animal for Nototheniidae and Channichthyidae. PMID- 6641177 TI - Comparative study of ferritins from dove Columba oena and chicken Gallus domesticus livers. AB - A comparative study of ferritin from the liver of doves and chicken has been carried out. In both cases, the molecular weight, the number of iron atoms bounded to the protein and composition of amino acids were determined. The ferritins were isolated by the Luxton method. The identification of both proteins was carried out by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ferritin from the dove showed two bands while that from the chicken only one. PMID- 6641179 TI - Amphibian brain gangliosides: pattern analysis by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. AB - Gangliosides were extracted from brains from ten amphibian species, representing six different genera from two orders, and analyzed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC). Qualitatively distinct differences were detected at the family level, while differences within the same family or genus were primarily quantitative. PMID- 6641178 TI - Biochemical genetic relationship in three taxa of the malaria mosquito Anopheles balabacensis complex. AB - Three taxa of the malaria mosquito Anopheles balabacensis complex representing three geographical regions (Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah) in Southeast Asia, were analysed for genetic variation at 15 gene-enzyme systems. The Sabah taxon was monomorphic for all the 15 gene-enzyme systems. Only two gene-enzyme systems (esterase and glucose phosphate isomerase) were variable in the Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia taxa. The average heterozygosity or gene diversity was 0.007 for the Thailand taxon and 0.028 for the Peninsular Malaysia (Perlis) taxon. There were no unique gene-enzyme markers in the three taxa studied. The average values of genetic identities (0.933-0.997) and genetic distances (0.003 0.069) indicate that these three taxa are of subspecific status. PMID- 6641180 TI - Solubilization and partial purification of two forms of cytochrome P-450 from trout liver microsomes. AB - Liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, aniline 4-hydroxylase and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activities of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were found to be 0.16 (n = 10) nmol P-450/mg protein, 38 (n = 5) units/mg protein, 0.04 (n = 4) nmol p-aminophenol/min/mg protein and 0.174 (n = 3) nmol formaldehyde/min/mg protein, respectively. Trout liver cytochrome P-450 was solubilized by treatment of microsomes with sodium cholate. Chromatography on DEAE-cellulose column yielded two distinct cytochrome P-450 fractions from solubilized microsomes. Cytochrome P-450-I was eluted with Emulgen 913-containing buffer. Application of 0.08 M KCl in Emulgen 913-containing buffer to the DEAE cellulose column eluted cytochrome P-450-II fraction. Cytochrome P-450-I was further purified on hydroxylapatite column. CO-difference spectrum of dithionite reduced cytochrome P-450-I gave a peak at 449 nm while the similar spectrum of cytochrome P-450-II showed a maximum absorbance at 451 nm. Monomer molecular weights of cytochrome P-450-I and cytochrome P-450-II were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and found to be 56,000 and 48,500, respectively. PMID- 6641181 TI - Rectal cancer: extent of disease and radiotherapeutic effects by computed tomography. AB - The CT scans of 54 patients with carcinoma of the rectum were studied in an attempt to assess the value of computed tomography in the initial evaluation and therapeutic management of these patients. Thirty-five of the examined patients received full dose preoperative radiation therapy for sphincter preservation purposes, and had two or more computed tomography studies to delineate the progression of the disease and the response to radiotherapy. In 70% of these patients, changes in tumor size were demonstrated. Various aspects in the CT diagnosis of the primary or recurrent tumor extent, distant metastatic spread or involvement of surrounding tissues are discussed. PMID- 6641182 TI - Computerized radiology of the colon: a potential screening technique. AB - We report here a new technique, computerized radiology of the colon. This technique consists of digital radiography of the colon combined with colon CT utilizing only air as a contrast agent. This technique is capable of detection of very small polyps. It is also useful in the study of diverticulitis of the colon. Comparison between CT and radiographic air contrast barium enema is demonstrated. In one case, a 13-yr-old girl who underwent total colectomy for familial polyposis, the surgical pathologic findings are also shown. Future potential of the technique is discussed including use as a mass screening method. PMID- 6641183 TI - Anomalous inferior vena cava with idiopathic thrombosis simulating a mass. AB - The author presents a case of a mass seen on computed tomography. Initial appearance suggested a tumor but, because of the overlap of the vascular anatomy, the benign nature of the anomalous vessel could not be assured. Surgical intervention was, therefore, necessary. PMID- 6641184 TI - Thalamic gliomas: clinical and computed tomographic correlations. AB - Sixteen patients who had clinical and CT findings consistent with thalamic gliomas were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were clustered in a younger group of which 89% were females and the older group of which 72% were males. The CT findings were positive for a thalamic mass in all cases; however, other lesions simulated the findings of a thalamic glioma. PMID- 6641185 TI - Effects of bromocriptine for prolactin-secreting adenomas: analysis by CT scan. AB - Effects of bromocriptine on the size of adenomas in CT scans were examined in eight patients with prolactin-secreting adenomas. The changes on CT scans were classified into three types: Type I showed a reduction of enhanced area, Type II showed a decrease of enhanced density and Type III showed no change on CT scans. PMID- 6641186 TI - Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint. AB - Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) rarely occurs in the temporomandibular joint. The bony changes are easily assessed by tomography. Pluridirectional tomography cannot, however, evaluate the soft tissue component of the lesion especially that medial to the mandibular condyle. This area is accessible to CT scan evaluation. A case is presented in which the medial extent of the lesion was determined by CT scan. The radiologic findings of PVNS of the temporomandibular joint are discussed. PMID- 6641188 TI - Abdominal and thoracic CT. PMID- 6641187 TI - Dual energy computerized tomography: a simplified approach. AB - Attenuation numbers of various organic liquids were measured in a phantom at the low and high X-ray beam settings of the Mark I and CT 1010. The readings were translated into absolute units and ratios computed. There is a nonlinear relationship between this ratio and the effective atomic number of the compounds tested. A ratio of one defines a substance with energy dependence like water. Ratios below one definite anhydrous substances composed of elements with low atomic numbers. Ratios greater than one defined substances containing elements with high atomic numbers. PMID- 6641189 TI - Non-invasive evaluation of thoracic aneurysms. AB - Sixty-six patients with possible abnormalities of the thoracic aorta were examined by CT and the data compared with standard chest radiographs, angiography and, in most, with the surgical findings. Using contrast enhancement computed tomography was able to evaluate and differentiate between a tortuous aorta, an atherosclerotic aneurysm, and aortic dissection and extra-aortic masses. Distinguishing pathological features are discussed. In aortic dissections angiography may be necessary to delineate the site of the intimal tear. Long term follow-up of aortic dissections, especially Type III, is best done by CT. Aneurysmal rupture or leakage, as well as extension into the abdominal aorta, can easily be ascertained by this method. PMID- 6641190 TI - Computerized tomographic demonstration of toxic megacolon: report of a case. AB - Computerized tomography was performed on a patient with toxic megacolon. It is conceivable that a patient may be studied by CT prior to plain radiography, and the appearance of the colon described below should alert the examiner to the possibility of toxic megacolon. PMID- 6641191 TI - CT demonstration of pneumatosis intestinalis from bowel infarction. AB - A case is presented that illustrates the value of CT in detecting pneumatosis intestinalis prior to plain film findings. PMID- 6641192 TI - Computed tomography in Caroli's disease. AB - Two cases of Caroli's disease are presented in which the diagnosis could be made by computed tomography without the use of invasive modalities. The findings in computed tomography in Caroli's disease are outlined. PMID- 6641193 TI - Nephro colo cutaneous fistula: use of CT scan to aid diagnosis. AB - Nephro colo cutaneous fistula is an uncommon complication of calculus disease of the urinary tract. A case is presented in which CT scan was helpful in the diagnosis. The treatment which must be individualized usually consists of nephrectomy and colonic repair via oversewing, exteriorization with secondary closure, or resection with primary anastomosis. PMID- 6641194 TI - Computed tomographic diagnosis of pulmonary sequestration. AB - Two cases of pulmonary sequestration demonstrated by CT scans of the chest are described. In one, CT demonstrated the anomalous artery. This finding may obviate the need for angiography when surgery is not contemplated. PMID- 6641195 TI - Computed tomographic diagnosis of rounded atelectasis: a case report. AB - A case of rounded atelectasis of the lung is presented in which the diagnosis was made following computed tomography. This imaging technique enabled differentiation of this benign condition from other causes of lung masses. In certain cases where diagnosis is difficult by conventional means, CT may prove helpful and prevent unnecessary surgery. PMID- 6641196 TI - Metrizamide enhanced computed tomography: an adjunct to myelography in lumbar disc herniation. AB - In our opinion, computed tomography of the lumbar spine with intrathecal metrizamide is a highly effective diagnostic method for the demonstration of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. However, the method is too expensive and too time-consuming to be employed routinely. We have used CT scanning immediately following a normal or equivocal metrizamide myelogram in patients with strong clinical suspicion of lumbar disc herniation. This approach combines the practicality of metrizamide myelography with the accuracy of metrizamide enhanced CT scanning, producing better diagnostic results. PMID- 6641197 TI - Computerized tomography in intracardiac tumors. AB - Two cases of cardiac tumors were studied by computerized tomography. The first patient presented with cerebral embolization from left atrial tumor. Chest X-ray showed calcification in the region of the atria. A 2-"D" echo showed tumors of the right and left atrium. CT studies with contrast confirmed tumors of right and left atria its relationship with atrial septum and calcification. This is the first case report in the literature of multicentric biatrial tumors thought to be myxomas shown by computerized tomography. The second patient presented with weight loss, progressive weakness, shortness of breath and palpitations. A 2-"D" echo showed a large pedunculated left atrial mass prolapsing across the mitral valve into the left ventricle. CT with contrast showed large mass 3.5 X 4.5 cm in the left atrium. At surgery, this was proved to be a left atrial myxoma. PMID- 6641198 TI - Computed tomography and radiotherapy in giant hemangioma with thrombocytopenia. AB - A case of giant hemangioma of the right thigh and thrombocytopenia in a 5-month old male infant is presented. The role of computed tomography (CT) in assessing the extent of the lesion and its value in planning radiation therapy is discussed. PMID- 6641199 TI - Computed tomography of the calvarium: a prospective study. AB - Retrospective analysis of high-resolution raw scanning data was prospectively applied in the evaluation of lesions of the scalp and the calvarium over a 12 month period. The spectrum of abnormalities identified and the impact of CT on both diagnosis and management of 25 patients are presented. Metastases and traumatic lesions were excluded. CT was useful in both diagnosis and subsequent patient management. PMID- 6641200 TI - Computerized tomography in diagnosis of pelvic abscess in spinal-cord-injured patients. AB - Twenty-four spinal-cord-injured patients with pressure sores, and suspected of having other complications were studied by CT, gallium scanning, and ultrasonography. CT was found to be by far the modality of choice for evaluation of the extent and depth of the pressure sore, assessment of the thickness of fibrous tissue scar alongside its boundaries and at its base, detection of associated peri-pelvic and intra-pelvic soft tissue abscesses, sinus tracts and osteomyelitis of the pelvic bones. PMID- 6641201 TI - Computerized tomography in diagnosis of compression of the common peroneal nerve by ganglion cysts. AB - A 48-yr old man noted gradual onset of pain, and paresthesia on the lateral aspect of his right leg. The findings were suggestive of S1 root compression. CT of spine was normal. Physical examination revealed a small mass overlying the right fibular head. CT revealed this to be a cystic mass. At surgery a ganglion cyst compressing the common peroneal nerve was found. Peripheral nerves may be compressed by ganglia producing a syndrome mimicking central nerve root compression. CT is the modality of choice for detection of these lesions. PMID- 6641202 TI - Computerized tomography of the Cupid's bow contour of the lumbar spine. AB - The inferior endplates of the third, fourth, and fifth lumbar-vertebral bodies frequently have paired parasagittal concavities when viewed in the frontal projection. In the lateral projection, these concavities lie posteriorly and are superimposed. This has been called Cupid's bow contour of the spine. On CT, Cupid's bow is visualized in an axial plane as two rounded relatively well circumscribed areas of hypodensity rimmed by apparant osteosclerosis in the posterior half of the vertebral bodies. This, on occasion, may resemble metastasis or other pathology of the spine. The CT features, however, once appreciated, are characteristic of this normal variant, helping to distinguish it from other contour deformities of the vertebrae having clinical significance. The CT features are described and the incidence is discussed in 100 patients. PMID- 6641203 TI - Lumbosacral epidural metastases: CT evaluation and comparison with myelography. AB - Computerized tomography (CT) of lumbosacral region and lumbar myelograms of 100 patients with primary tumours were evaluated independently for evidence of epidural metastases. An attempt was made to predict myelographic abnormalities (or absence of such) on the basis of CT appearance at the spine and spinal canal contents. The overall accuracy of computed tomography was found to be 80%. There was a good correlation with myelography in patients without evidence of epidural lesions (79%). However, in group of patients with positive myelograms, CT was rather unreliable with high number of false negative studies (50%). PMID- 6641205 TI - Computed tomography in hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease). AB - Fifteen cases of hepatolenticular degeneration have been studied by means of computerized cranial tomography (CT). The common abnormalities were hypodense areas in the regions of the basal ganglia, in 9 cases; ventricular dilatation, in 7 cases; cortical atrophy, in 5 cases and brain-stem atrophy, in 4 cases. CT abnormalities were most common and most marked in patients with neurological presentations, but 1 of 3 asymptomatic patients discovered by the genetic screening of the affected family had hypodense areas in bilateral lenticular nuclei. PMID- 6641204 TI - The use of computed tomography in the assessment of cardiac masses. AB - Computed tomography has been found to be a useful tool in the evaluation of cardiac masses. It can be most effacious in the detection of a lesion and in the delineation of its size and location, as well as the demonstration of its relationships to intra- and extracardiac structures. It can be especially useful in areas of the heart where echocardiography can be difficult. This is particularly true for the left atrium, where lesions such as small thrombi can be missed. PMID- 6641206 TI - The CT detection of thymic hyperplasia in association with thyrotoxicosis: case report. AB - A thymic mass was diagnosed by computed tomography in a young male with an anterior mediastinal mass demonstrated by chest X-ray. The association of thymic hyperplasia and thyrotoxicosis is discussed and the importance of CT in the evaluation of anterior mediastinal masses in patients with thyrotoxicosis is emphasized. Micronodular enlargement of the thymus is a common association of Graves' disease in contradistinction to the rare detection of radiologically visible thymic masses in this condition. PMID- 6641207 TI - Addison's disease due to metastatic carcinoma: the value of CT scan. AB - A case of Addison's disease secondary to bilateral adrenal metastasis is reported. The adrenal metastasis were secondary to bronchogenic carcinoma and the diagnosis was made on the basis of the CT scan. The role of CT in the diagnosis of adrenal disease as well as the importance of including the adrenals in the chest CT scan for preoperative staging of bronchogenic carcinoma is discussed. PMID- 6641208 TI - The computed tomographic spectrum of cerebral cysticercosis. AB - The main findings observed in computed tomography (CT) of the brain of 116 patients with cerebral cysticercosis are reviewed. Calcifications, cysts, nodules, hydrocephalus and inflammatory reactions are better detected by CT than through the use of any of the conventional neuroradiologic procedures, and surgical cases are more properly selected. PMID- 6641209 TI - Perspectives on teaching medical and experimental virology in China. PMID- 6641210 TI - Herpes simplex encephalitis: the case against brain biopsy. PMID- 6641211 TI - Gunshot wounds to the buttocks. PMID- 6641212 TI - Scurvy: a contemporary historical perspective (second of three parts). PMID- 6641213 TI - A teenage view of cigarette smoking. PMID- 6641214 TI - Breach of contract and the Yellow Pages. PMID- 6641215 TI - General recommendations on immunization. PMID- 6641216 TI - The impact of the 1981-1982 recession on medical practice. PMID- 6641217 TI - Reflections from the dean's office. Medical education: ethics and principles. PMID- 6641218 TI - Dying, death and public policy. PMID- 6641219 TI - An user acceptability study of vaginal spermicides in combination with barrier methods or an IUCD. AB - Ninety-eight women were entered into an open study of Staycept jelly (octoxynol 1% w/w) and Staycept pessaries (vaginal suppositories) (nonoxynol-9 6% w/w) in combination with other vaginal methods of contraception. Medical problems during use of either pessary or jelly were few and were restricted to genital irritation or increased vaginal discharge. This seemed more common with the pessaries than with the jelly, but this could have been related to the types of women entered. There were no unplanned pregnancies. PMID- 6641220 TI - Effect of polyphloretin phosphate on the contraceptive action of a polyethylene intrauterine device in rats. AB - A polyethylene intrauterine device (IUD) inserted in one horn of the rat uterus on Day 2 of pregnancy prevented implantation in 9 out of 12 rats in the horn with the device. When polyphloretin phosphate (PPP), a substance known to inhibit alkaline phosphatase, was administered to such rats from Day 1 till Day 5 of pregnancy, the device prevented implantation in only 3 out of 12 rats in the horn with the device. PPP also significantly reduced the raised levels of endometrial alkaline phosphatase observed in the presence of the device. A significant rise in endometrial alkaline phosphatase was seen in such animals not administered PPP. It is suggested that there is a correlation between the anti-implantation effect of an IUD and raised levels of endometrial alkaline phosphatase in rats. PMID- 6641221 TI - Metabolic effects of two triphasic formulations containing ethinyl estradiol and dl-norgestrel. AB - The metabolic effects of two triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) preparations containing dl-norgestrel (dlN) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) were studied in young women. The marked difference in the two preparations was in the progestogen content, allowing the study of the metabolic effects of high and low progestogen in oral contraception. The results suggest that high progestogen increases serum sodium, potassium, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, albumen, and lactic dehydrogenase. An increase in aspartate transaminase and a decrease in alkaline phosphatase were probably estrogen-related. High progestogen significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose levels (p less than .001). Both preparations significantly increased the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in women who had not taken OCs for 3 or more months, and with the low progestogen preparation these increases are dissimilar to the effects reported in the triphasic preparations containing levonorgestrel. PMID- 6641222 TI - Blood prolactin levels: influence of age, menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives. AB - The relationships between the serum levels of estradiol, progesterone and prolactin have been analysed in normal women in relation to age, to menstrual cycle, and in oral contraceptives users. We have been able to detect significant differences between the prolactinemia values during the cycle in different age groups as well as following oral contraceptives. A word of caution is presented for the evaluation of the prolactin blood level which should always be related to the physiological phase of the cycle and to the age of the subjects. PMID- 6641223 TI - Three methods for gradual cervical dilatation prior to vacuum aspiration in late first trimester pregnancy. AB - Sixty healthy women at 8 to 12 weeks of gestation were divided into three groups of 20 women each to evaluate three methods for gradual cervical dilatation prior to vacuum aspiration - Group I: Laminaria tent: Group II: Isaptent, and Group III: 250 ug 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha intramuscular injection. The three methods showed comparable cervical dilatation (10.46 mm) over a mean period of 3 hours 40 minutes. Administration of 15-methyl-PGF2 alpha, though relatively simple, had significant gastrointestinal side effects and bleeding per vaginum (P less than 0.001) prior to vacuum aspiration and greater blood loss (P less than 0.01) during vacuum aspiration as compared with the other two groups. No sequelae, immediate or delayed, were encountered. Isaptent indigenously made and relatively inexpensive is a reliable, safe and effective method for gradual dilatation of cervix for 8 to 12 weeks of gestation prior to vacuum aspiration and is the cervical dilator of choice. PMID- 6641224 TI - Plasma levels and pharmacokinetics of norethindrone and ethinylestradiol administered in solution and as tablets to women. AB - Twenty-four normal adult female volunteers were dosed orally with a solution and tablet formulation containing the contraceptive combination of norethindrone (NET, 1.0 mg) and ethinylestradiol (EE2, 0.12 mg) in a crossover bioequivalence study. Blood was sampled sequentially following single oral doses and the plasma separated for analysis of NET and EE2 by specific radioimmunoassays. Comparisons of both drugs following a dose in solution and tablets were made with respect to the following parameters: (a) plasma concentrations at each sample time; (b) maximum plasma concentration (Cpmax); (c) time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax); (d) total area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC), and (e) plasma half-life (t1/2). It was found that the tablet and solution doses were bioequivalent with respect to EE2 absorption. However, absorption of NET from solution and tablet doses exhibited significant differences with respect to plasma levels at certain time points as well as AUC (which were higher following the tablet dose), but Cpmax, Tmax and t1/2 were not significantly different. Pharmacokinetic analysis of both drugs following the tablet dose was carried out using a two-compartment open model. The absorption rate constant (ka) and peripheral to central compartment transfer rate constant (k21) were similar for NET and EE2, but statistically significant differences were observed with respect to the distribution rate constant (alpha), the central to peripheral transfer rate constant (k12), the overall elimination rate constant (ke1), and volume of distribution (V1/F). The elimination rate constant (beta) for both drugs showed a difference of borderline statistical significance. PMID- 6641225 TI - The effect of oxytocin on the corpus luteum of the monkey. AB - The effect of a pharmacologic dose of synthetic oxytocin on corpus luteum function was evaluated in rhesus monkeys during normal menstrual cycles, or during menstrual cycles in which the corpus luteum was concomitantly stimulated by injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Oxytocin administered by intramuscular injection at a total dose of 4.5 milligrams (2250 I.U.) on Day +6 of the normal luteal phase (Day 0 is the day of the midcycle LH surge) did not change the concentrations of progesterone in the peripheral serum of monkeys or alter the duration of the luteal phase. The same dose of oxytocin, administered to monkeys on Day 22 of menstrual cycles in which hCG was also given on Days 20 22, caused a small, but statistically significant, reduction in serum progesterone values. The results indicate that oxytocin does not alter luteal life span or markedly change blood progesterone concentrations in primates. PMID- 6641227 TI - Pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in rheumatic heart disease. AB - In 328 patients with moderate or severe pulmonary hypertension, operated for stenosis of the left atrioventricular orifice and mitral-aortic stenosis, the character of the regulation of cardiac output, gas exchange in the lungs, haemodynamics in the lesser circulation and of the work of the ventricles was analysed. On the basis of the results, the theory has been deduced about the cardiac origin of pulmonary hypertension, according to which spasm of the pulmonary precapillaries represents a reaction of the organism to imperfect cardiac output and of balance in the left and right ventricular ejection. PMID- 6641226 TI - Structural and functional changes in epididymis following danazol plus testosterone enanthate administration in rabbit. AB - Danazol in combination with testosterone enanthate was administered to adult male rabbits to assess the structural and functional activity of epididymis. Seminal, biochemical and histological studies were made throughout the experiment. Sperm motility and count decreased markedly and at the end of treatment 75% of the animals became azoospermic. Seminal plasma GPC levels decreased significantly at 45 through 75 days of treatment. At 30 days of drug exposure, phospholipid, protein and sialic acid concentrations in caput epididymides were significantly low. Epididymal weight, phospholipid and protein contents markedly dropped in all segments of epididymides after 60 days of treatment. A reduction in epithelial and stereocilia height (caput and cauda), and lumen diameter (caput and corpus) was observed. Increase in intertubular stroma was evident. Lumen was devoid of spermatozoa at 60 days of treatment. All the changes were restored to normal 75 days after cessation of treatment. The combination therapy impaired the structural and functional integrity of the epididymis. PMID- 6641228 TI - Segmental ejection fraction in normal subjects. AB - Following a modification of the area method described by Gelberg et al., left ventricular regional wall motion was studied in 30 normal subject. The left ventricular cineangiograms were filmed in the right anterior oblique projection at 48 frames/s after injection of 76% sodium-meglumine diatrizoate. The end diastolic and end-systolic frames were each divided into 8 regions using a grid formed by longitudinal axis, which was traced from the midpoint of the aortic valve to the apex, and three equally spaced perpendiculars to the long axis. Segmental ejection fraction was estimated by determining the percent decrease in each segment area in end-systole with respect to the end-diastolic area. The mean values +/- S. D. obtained for each segment were: anterobasal 58 +/- 14%; anterolateral-proximal 59 +/- 6%; anterolateral-distal 58 +/- 4%; apical-superior 59 +/- 8%; apical-inferior 58 +/- 7%; diaphragmatic-distal 58 +/- 9%; diaphragmatic-proximal 55 +/- 6%; and posterobasal 42 +/- 15%. The values obtained are useful for comparison when evaluating left ventricular performance in patients. PMID- 6641229 TI - The role of catecholamines in myoglobin content increase in the myocardium. AB - The mechanism of myoglobin content increase in the myocardium was investigated in experiments carried out in 33 mongrel dogs, weight 18-25 kg, divided into three groups: 1 -- with acute ischaemic myocardial infarction; 2 -- animals with mitral insufficiency, which were followed up for 6 to 12 month; 3 -- dogs which were over a protracted period given i.v. infusions of noradrenaline (2.3 micrograms/kg body weight/min). The amount of myoglobin in tissue samples was determined by spectrophotometry. In the 2nd and 3rd groups, there was a tendency towards an increase in myoglobin content in the left ventricle and a marked increase in the right ventricle; in the 1st group, an increase occurred predominantly in the right ventricle. In the same groups, the metabolism of catecholamines and their precursors was also investigated; it was found that the catecholamine synthesis was increased. The author advances the hypothesis that increased catecholamines secretion is one of the causes of the increase in myoglobin concentration in the heart muscle. PMID- 6641230 TI - [Measuring device for routine intraoperaative morphological-functional estimation of the peripheral outflow and terminal flow channels during operations in peripheral vascular surgery]. AB - In 1975, Heinrich, Forster and Oschartz developed the radioresistometry as a method of intraoperative assessment of the peripheral resistance. In this report the authors describe a full-electronic apparatus of their own construction making possible to introduce the above mentioned method into the routine clinical programme of surgical treatment of chronic occlusions of peripheral arteries. A combined use of the intraoperative angiography with measurement of peripheral resistance permits a more exact indication for vascular reconstruction and an early detection of technical failures. PMID- 6641231 TI - A coordinating center in a clinical trial: the Hypertension Detection and Followup Program. AB - Multicenter clinical trials are often larger and more complex than other methods of clinical inquiry. They tend to involve a number of research or clinical centers and several formal committees. In many of these trials a coordinating center is one of the participating organizational units. This article describes one such coordinating center, that of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP). In 1971 the HDFP Coordinating Center was established to assist in planning and implementing this National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) sponsored, multicenter, community-based, randomized, controlled clinical trial. The HDFP Coordinating Center is a large, intricate organization comprised of personnel who perform a wide variety of functions. From 1972 to 1979 it supervised the adherence to a common protocol among the cooperating centers and reported the Program's progress to the various monitoring and review committees, the Steering Committee, and the NHLBI Program Office. The Program screened approximately 159,000 persons ages 30 to 69 years, identifying and following 10,940 hypertensive participants. It has been the responsibility of this Coordinating Center to institute, coordinate, and monitor the data-gathering activities of the study as a whole and to process, store, and analyze the large, multifaceted set of data that were collected. PMID- 6641232 TI - A Monte Carlo comparison of three up-and-down designs for dose ranging. AB - One of the first objectives in the clinical study of a new drug is to determine the range of effective dosages to be studied further. That is, to determine the threshold and plateau doses of the dose response. To this end, three up-and-down designs are described for use when a dichotomous (binary) response of primary interest can be defined. Each design involves entering the subjects chronologically, with each subject's dose being chosen based on the response of the preceeding subject: up one dose level after a response, down one after no response. The three designs were compared using Monte Carlo simulated results from a typical sample size of 30 observations each and dose-response relationship with a range of 5 increasing doses. The design involving one observation on each of 30 subjects was found to be most efficient, although the other two involving three observations on each of 10 subjects performed adequately. PMID- 6641233 TI - Development of standardized simulated patients for quality control of the clinical interview. AB - The evaluation and training of clinical trial staff who counsel patients in lifestyle changes for disease prevention is aided by a review of videorecorded interviews conducted with a simulated patient. This report describes the Inventory of Simulated Patient Characteristics, a listing of 34 generic parameters for developing a simulated patient for use in staff training and evaluation in counseling. The Inventory creates a complete person in all critical aspects of counseling for lifestyle change (e.g., daily routines, family, job). The Inventory was used in the Lipid Research Clinics' Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (CPPT) to examine the trial staff's skills in counseling for regimen adherence. In 1979 and 1980, 85 and 52 clinic staff, respectively, conducted a total of 548 interviews with four different simulated patients developed using the Inventory, and rated the portrayals as highly realistic. The Inventory also was used to verify that the simulated patient portrayals were greater than 90% faithful to their characterizations. While simulated patients limited to specific clinical syndromes have been used widely in medical education, no guidelines exist for their use in training trial staff in regimen counseling. The Inventory provides a simple template for creating simulated patients with broad characterizations that closely mimic actual trial participants. PMID- 6641234 TI - Interaction between prognostic factors and treatment. AB - In randomized trials, the better therapy may depend on values of a prognostic factor. This article presents methodology for subdividing a target population into three subsets: one region of superiority of each treatment, and one region of uncertainty. The basis of such a subdivision is treatment by prognostic factor interaction. The importance of this analysis in group trial sequences is discussed briefly. PMID- 6641235 TI - Two-stage plans for the testing of binomial parameters. AB - Two-stage plans, a middle course between fixed-sample-size plans and sequential plans, are a worthwhile tool. Attention is given to the testing of binomial parameters in two-stage plans. Tables are given for testing pi = 0.5 in one population, the sign-test situation. An example demonstrates how these tables can be used for testing the equality of the binomial parameters in two populations as well. Results of the two-stage plans are compared with fixed-sample-size plans, sequential plans, and other published results. PMID- 6641236 TI - Overall prognosis as the primary criterion of outcome in a clinical trial. AB - In a randomized trial on premature infants, with follow-up to 1 year of age only, the goal is to identify which one among the compared strategies of intervention affords the best outcome throughout life. This requires the assessment of lifetime prognosis at the end of follow-up as the primary criterion of outcome. Moreover, with the treatments potentially influencing a variety of organ systems, it is necessary to combine their separate prospects into an overall prognosis as a basis for identifying the preferable mode of intervention. The development of the scheme of rating overall prognosis posed considerable challenges, in theory as well as in application. PMID- 6641237 TI - Comments on Dupont's article on sequential stopping rules. PMID- 6641238 TI - On the frequentist and likelihood controversy over sequential stopping rules in clinical trials. PMID- 6641239 TI - Visual field, exposure duration, and sex as factors in the perception of emotional facial expressions. PMID- 6641240 TI - The importance of being first: an analysis of tachistoscopic presentations of words. AB - The importance of the first letter of a word as a cue for the rest of the word was explored in a tachistoscopic presentation of four letter English words to the two hemispheres. The positioning of words presented bilaterally and the frequency of the words were manipulated so that the role of the first letter could be examined. The results indicate that the first letter does not play the critical role in word recognition that has been ascribed to it. In the standard bilateral presentation, subjects' recall patterns indicated that first letters were recalled equally well whether the word was presented in the right or left visual field. However, subjects did not recall as many words correctly when they went to the left visual field. The results were interpreted as supporting an information processing view of hemispheric specialization. Such a view proposes several levels of functioning in which the two hemispheres overlap, cooperate, or specialize, depending on the task to be accomplished. PMID- 6641241 TI - Hemiface mobility and facial expression asymmetry. AB - Thirty-seven right-handed college-aged males and females were assessed for facial asymmetry during emotional expression and for nonemotional hemiface mobility. Objective, subjective, and undirected measures of facial mobility were obtained, separately for the upper and lower face. While judges rated mobility of the lower face as left-sided, subjects declared themselves to be as facile on the right as on the left side of the face. When asked to move a side of the lower face, subjects moved the right side more frequently than the left. For the upper face, none of the measures of mobility were significantly left- or right-sided. Facial expression asymmetries (which were observed to be left-sided) were not significantly related to any measures of hemiface mobility. PMID- 6641242 TI - Performance of left brain-damaged patients on imitation of single movements and motor sequences. Frontal and parietal-injured patients compared. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the relation of apraxia to the sequential features of the motor task required and to the intra-hemispheric locus of lesion. A single movement and a multiple movement imitation test were given to 60 control patients and 60 left brain-damaged patients, among which patients with frontal and parietal lesion were identified, based on CT scan evidence. Both groups performed the tasks using the left limb. On either test left brain-damaged patients scored poorer than controls and parietal patients were significantly more impaired not only than controls, but also than frontal patients. Seventy five per cent of them performed lower than the poorest control patient. In comparison, the severity and the frequency of the motor deficit following frontal damage was much lower. In no case was there a significant difference between the discriminating power of the single movement test and of the sequence test. These findings suggest that the left parietal lobe has a leading role in motor planning and that the control it exerts over the motor cortex of the right hemisphere does not necessarily involve pathways running through the left premotor area. PMID- 6641243 TI - Visual exploration of non-verbal material by dyslexic children. AB - Eye movements were recorded from fifteen matched pairs of dyslexic children and normal readers (boys) during a field of search task. The task required the subjects to locate a target that matched a central standard. The relative familiarity of elements in the array, the array density, and the tilt of the elements with respect to the central standard were varied. Results showed that the dyslexic children took significantly longer than controls to find the matching target when the elements in the array were tilted, and somewhat (though not significantly) longer when the material was unfamiliar. Within the dyslexic group, search durations were related to graphomotor skills and to WRAT reading level. Two explanations for the results were proposed: (1) dyslexic children may have a specific difficulty in processing directionally confusing information; (2) some dyslexic children may have a pervasive difficulty in motoric gating of visual information. PMID- 6641244 TI - CT scan cerebral hemispheric asymmetry measurements in stroke cases with global aphasia: atypical asymmetries associated with improved recovery. AB - This study was undertaken in order to examine the relationship between CT scan hemispheric asymmetries and recovery in aphasia. The study had two parts. In Part I, hemispheric asymmetries were measured on the CT scans of 60 right-handed male non-aphasic (non-neurological) controls and 89 right-handed male aphasics, using a modification of LeMay's (1977) techniques. Both the non-aphasic control and aphasic data were in agreement with that of LeMay for frontal width, occipital width and occipital length. In Part II, the degree of CT scan hemispheric asymmetry was quantified for 14 right-handed male global aphasics, in whom differences in degree of language recovery were observed in the months following stroke. Atypical occipital asymmetries were significantly associated with certain aspects of language recovery (naming, single-word comprehension and single-word repetition). The authors postulate that increased capacity for right hemisphere contribution to language function might in part explain recovery in the cases exhibiting atypical occipital CT asymmetries. PMID- 6641245 TI - Effects of phonetic similarity and order of report on the right ear advantage. AB - Two experiments are reported which were aimed at testing the effect of phonetic similarity and order of report on the right ear advantage in consonant-vowel dichotic tasks. The stimuli were consonant-vowel syllables which comprised the six stop consonants: /ba/, /da/, /ga/, /pa/, /ta/ and /ka/. In Experiment 1 the syllables were contrasted on place of articulation (condition 1) or on voicing (condition 2). In Experiment 2 the stimuli were contrasted either on one feature (place or voicing) or on both features (place and voicing). The results showed that the right ear advantage did not depend on phonetic similarity, whereas it depended on the order of report, being stronger when the perceptual channel was considered. PMID- 6641246 TI - Inter-relationships among retrograde amnesia, post-traumatic amnesia, and time since head injury: a retrospective study. AB - A questionnaire is described and data are analyzed from 1000 young adults who retrospectively reported on features of memory lapses associated with head injury with loss of consciousness as it may have occurred in their lifetimes. It was found that 24% of the males and 16% of the females claimed a former head injury with loss of consciousness. Lengths of retrograde amnesia, post-traumatic amnesia, and the length of time that had passed since the head injury are shown to be related to each other. PMID- 6641247 TI - Sequential musical symptoms in a professional musician with presumed encephalitis. AB - The case of a middle-aged professional musician with a presumed encephalitis is reported. Clinical and radiological evidence suggested a mainly right-sided lesion. He complained of a wide variety of musical symptoms which occurred in a mainly sequential manner: these are described and classified. Their relationship to a predominantly right-sided lesion is discussed. PMID- 6641248 TI - Left ventricular function and extent of coronary artery disease in the absence of antecedent myocardial infarction in patients with ischemic cardiac pain. AB - Left ventricular (LV) function and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) are important prognostic factors in patients with ischemic cardiac pain (ICP). This study was designed to compare LV function in patients with ICP admitted to our coronary care unit (CCU). Patients with previous transmural myocardial infarction (TMI) or who were over age 75 were excluded. Group 1 (n = 17) developed their 1st TMI; group 2 (n = 14) were diagnosed as unstable angina (UA). All patients demonstrated significant CAD on arteriography; i.e., at least 70% stenosis of at least 1 major coronary vessel. LV function was evaluated by single plane ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) (ml/m2), and the slope of a modified LV function curve (S) utilizing change in CI divided by change in end diastolic pressure at rest and post-LV angio (ml X min X M-2 X mm Hg) (normal +/- SD: 176 +/- 39). Both TMI and UA patients had LV dysfunction; although group 1 had more severe abnormalities, they were not statistically significant. Eleven (65%) in group 1 and 10 (71%) of 14 in group 2 had multivessel CAD. We conclude that in patients without previous TMI admitted with ICP: (1) Those who do not develop TMI have similar LV dysfunction compared to those with TMI; and (2) TMI and UA patients have similar multivessel CAD. PMID- 6641249 TI - The cutaneous R-pulse interval: its application as a clinical measure of neonatal cardiovascular function. AB - The time interval from the onset of the R wave of the ECG to the onset of the cutaneous capillary pulse wave, i.e., cutaneous R-pulse interval or RPIc, was evaluated in 21 full-term and 22 preterm infants as a measure of cardiovascular function. RPIc showed a significant linear relationship with birth weight (r = .58, p less than .001) and gestational age (r = .62, p less than .001) for healthy infants. At similar gestational ages, the sick infants showed a significant prolongation of RPIc when compared to their healthy counterparts (mean prolongation 18.5 msec, p less than .01). The infusion of calcium gluconate, an inotropic agent, consistently and significantly shortened the RPIc from its preinfusion value (p less than .01). In 7 infants, simultaneous measurement of intra-aortic R-pulse interval accompanied parallel changes in RPIc. These preliminary observations suggest that continuous monitoring of RPIc may provide a reliable noninvasive measure of neonatal cardiovascular function. PMID- 6641250 TI - The incidence of EEG abnormalities and outcome of infants paralyzed with neuromuscular blocking agents. AB - The EEGs of 40 infants paralyzed with D-tubocurarine or pancuronium during the neonatal period were reviewed retrospectively. The 23 infants who survived were re-examined at 1-3 yr of age. Sixteen infants had normal or mildly abnormal EEGs in the neonatal period; 3 died of nonneurologic causes; the remainder were normal at follow-up. Three of 8 infants with moderately abnormal EEGs in the neonatal period died, 2 had neurologic sequelae at follow-up, and 3 were normal at follow up. Eleven of 16 infants with markedly abnormal EEGs died, and 5 had neurologic deficits at follow-up. Seizures occurred in 16 infants. Ten (63%) of the 16 died, whereas only 7 (29%) of 24 infants without seizures died (p less than .1). Eight infants had seizures only during paralysis. The EEG was statistically the best predictor of neurologic outcome when compared with the following variables recorded before paralysis: estimated gestational age (EGA), birth weight, Apgar score at 1 and 5 min, lowest PO2 and pH and highest PCO2. This study establishes the value of the EEG in the neurologic assessment of iatrogenically paralyzed newborns in the detection of seizures, and confirms previous studies which showed the value of EEG in predicting outcome. PMID- 6641251 TI - Erroneous interpretation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in massive pulmonary embolism. AB - Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (WP) values obtained after catheterization of a pulmonary artery (PA) totally occluded by thrombus may be erroneously interpreted. The left lower lobe PA was catheterized in 13 anesthetized dogs. Measurements of mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) and WP were performed before and after total occlusion of the PA by a clamp located 1 cm from the tip of the catheter. There was a difference between pulmonary artery occluded pressure (PAoP), MPAP, and WP, both in normovolemic and overload conditions (p less than .01). The PAoP was not equivalent either to WP or to MPAP. In massive pulmonary embolism, WP may not reflect left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). PMID- 6641252 TI - Prospective evaluation of radial and femoral artery catheterization sites in critically ill adults. AB - Prospective evaluation of 178 radial (RAD) and 114 femoral (FEM) artery catheters inserted in 231 critically ill adults in 2 ICUs was performed. FEM catheter duration (5.8 days) was greater than RAD (3.9 days, p less than .001). Most catheters were removed when no longer needed. Complication rates of RAD (7.5%) and FEM catheters (6.9%) were similar. Digital ischemia was the most common complication (3.5%) yet no digital necrosis occurred. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), greater age, and greater catheter duration were not associated with more complications. Difficult percutaneous and surgical cutdown insertion of RAD catheters was associated with much greater complication rates. In conclusion, FEM and RAD artery catheters have acceptably low complication rates of 7%. Percutaneous FEM catheterization is recommended as a safe alternative to difficult RAD cannulation. PMID- 6641253 TI - Method for continuous conjunctival oxygen monitoring during carotid artery surgery. AB - A new device for measuring conjunctival oxygen tension (PcjO2) was used for intraoperative monitoring during carotid endarterectomy. The PcjO2 measures local tissue oxygenation and, thus, reflects the oxygen delivery to the areas supplied by the internal carotid artery. PcjO2 was found to be sensitive to manipulation, clamping, and obstruction of the carotid artery; it provided a useful monitoring system for assessment of the cerebral circulation during carotid surgery. PMID- 6641254 TI - Initial aminoglycoside levels in the critically ill. AB - Twenty-six consecutive patients admitted to the medical ICU with presumed sepsis or septic shock had their initial serum aminoglycoside level determined 1 h after completion of a 20-min infusion of tobramycin, 2 mg/kg. There was a poor correlation between the dose received and the measured aminoglycoside level; 59% of the patients had initial blood aminoglycoside concentrations below the recommended peak level of 5 micrograms/ml. An underestimation of the volume of distribution in critically ill patients best explains the low serum aminoglycoside levels produced by the currently recommended dosage schedule. PMID- 6641255 TI - Hydrothorax and hydromediastinum after use of an indwelling percutaneous catheter introducer. AB - Indwelling percutaneous catheter introducers are useful tools in the critically ill patient. However, their placement is an invasive procedure with potential complications. We describe a previously unreported complication of introducer use and the prevention of this complication. PMID- 6641256 TI - Clonidine overdose. AB - A case of acute intoxication in a 60-yr-old woman who ingested 20 mg of clonidine is presented. The patient showed CNS depression (bradycardia, hypotonia) with systemic hypertension and peripheral vasoconstriction. She was treated with atropine and sodium nitroprusside. There was no recurrence and the patient recovered in 8 days. PMID- 6641257 TI - Radiological evaluation of the peri- and pararenal spaces by computed tomography. AB - Computed tomography (CT) gives an excellent opportunity to revisit normal anatomy and to understand pathological aspects. Renal fascia alterations, on CT scans, are a sensitive sign of local lesion. While a thin renal fascia has no pathological significance, any thickening may be considered abnormal although nonspecific. It is found in pancreatitis as well as in cancer of the pancreas, in renal tumors as well as in pyelonephritis. It may persist as a scar. On the other hand, lack of fascial thickening allows us to rule out renal extension of a neighboring lesion or to decide that a renal mass is an ancient slowly-growing benign one. PMID- 6641258 TI - The radiology of chronic neck pain: sequelae of occult traumatic lesions. AB - Occult traumatic lesions of the cervical spine usually involve the smaller, posterior elements of the vertebrae. Chronic neck pain associated with these lesions is intermittent and of variable severity, but with patterns that are fairly characteristic of the osseous lesions. Similarly, the long-term radiographic sequelae occur in fairly predictable patterns. The original osseous injury characteristically involves a fracture deformity and frequently some instability. There is a closed five point suspension system at each of the levels of the lower cervical spine, so that each of these five points is stressed whenever any one of them is deformed. Thus there follows bilateral hypertrophic changes and disc deterioration. Satellite changes also occur. The original deformity usually leads to rotation at the level of the lesion, cervical malalignment, and muscle imbalance. Therefrom the osseous and disc changes associated with chronic torticollis may occur, as well as distant instabilities. PMID- 6641259 TI - Computed tomography in acute head injuries. AB - Computed tomography (CT) is ideally suited for detection of intracranial pathology, whereas plain radiography is limited to the bony structures. Distinguishing surgical and nonsurgical lesions is quite feasible with CT. Follow up examinations are non-traumatic and carry minimal risk to the critically ill patient. In the great majority of head trauma cases, the recognition of pathology is unequivocal, thus facilitating proper management. PMID- 6641260 TI - Intracranial venous aneurysms: vein of Galen and other similar vascular anomalies. AB - Aneurysmal dilatation of the vein of Galen is peculiar to arteriovenous malformation around the midbrain. Similar venous aneurysms may rarely occur in other regions. This paper deals with the radiographic findings in three cases of vascular malformation associated with giant venous aneurysms. The pathophysiology resulting in aneurysmal venous dilatation is discussed based on our material and those previously reported. PMID- 6641261 TI - Thymic cyst: computed tomography and ultrasound correlation. AB - Thymic cyst is a rare cause of an anterior mediastinal mass that cannot be easily differentiated from more sinister neoplastic anterior mediastinal processes on the chest radiograph. It is controversial as to whether computed tomography can make the distinction between thymic cysts and neoplastic disease. Sonography is a useful adjunct to the computed tomographic examination in determining whether or not an anterior mediastinal mass is cystic. Sonography is easily performed provided the mass is in contact with the chest wall. PMID- 6641262 TI - Use of computed tomography in congenital dislocation of the hip. AB - The diagnosis of congenital dislocation of the hip is easily made on plain film; however, after the patient is placed in a spica cast with abduction, plain films and even tomograms often fail to show the position of the capital femoral epiphysis. The usefulness of computed tomography in the clinical setting is described by a sample case. The decreased radiation and increased accuracy of diagnosis should make computed tomographic scanning of the hips the procedure of choice over plain film or tomogram when evaluating congenital dislocation of the hip. PMID- 6641263 TI - Computed tomography of pressure sores. AB - Twenty-three paralyzed patients admitted for treatment of recurrent pressure sores were evaluated by computed tomography, bone scanning, gallium scanning, and sonography. Computed tomography was helpful in detecting associated peripelvic and pelvic abscesses and pelvic osteomyelitis, which were undiagnosed by all other modalities combined in more than half of the patients. Computed tomography was also useful in preoperative planning by revealing the extent of the undermining of the pressure sore, the thickness of the fibrous scar at its base, and the size and status of the adjacent muscles. PMID- 6641264 TI - Computed tomographic and ultrasound appearance of Kim-Ray Greenfield vena caval filters and potential for noninvasive localization. AB - The appearance of the Kim-Ray Greenfield filter in the inferior vena cava on both computed tomography and sonography is described. The potential use of these modalities in the noninvasive localization of caval filters is discussed. PMID- 6641265 TI - Computed tomography of liver trauma due to surgical retraction. PMID- 6641266 TI - Computed tomography of traumatic serosanguineous cysts. AB - Two patients developed traumatic peripelvic serosanguineous cysts, following pelvic fracture. A serosanguineous cyst develops when shearing forces cause separation of the skin and subcutaneous fat from the deep fascia and muscle. The space thus created is filled with serious fluid and blood, and clinically presents as soft cystic masses, appearing usually within a day or so, or rarely, after several weeks or months. Most of these lesions resolve spontaneously, or following aspiration; however, some may persist, necessitating surgical resection. Computed tomography is the modality of choice for detection and, in those cysts requiring surgery, it is helpful in revealing the exact size and location of these lesions. PMID- 6641267 TI - Computed tomography of invasive pleural mesothelioma. AB - The computed tomography (CT) findings in three patients with invasive pleural mesothelioma are presented, and the invasive route and metastatic extension of the disease in the abdomen and retroperitoneum are discussed. These findings indicate the value of CT in detecting the extrathoracic extension of mesothelioma. Abdominal CT studies should be obtained in evaluating mesothelioma patients for extrathoracic extension of the disease. PMID- 6641268 TI - The use of computed tomography in evaluating chest wall pathology. AB - Forty-nine patients with chest wall lesions were evaluated by computed tomography (CT) and conventional radiography. Computed tomography was found to be indispensable for detecting and precisely localizing these lesions. It revealed unsuspected bone destruction and lung, pleural, and mediastinal involvement, as well as invasion of the spinal canal. In more than two thirds of the patients, CT provided additional information of clinical importance in management and, in one third, treatment was altered or the surgical approach modified because of the CT findings. Computed tomography is an essential diagnostic modality in evaluating chest wall lesions. PMID- 6641269 TI - Computed tomography in the diagnosis of extramedullary plasmacytoma. AB - Extramedullary plasmacytomas involving the retroperitoneum are rare. Review of the literature reveals only one case in which computed tomography (CT) findings were illustrated, and this case involved the pancreas. Described here is unusual case in which pancreatic and renal plasmacytomas occurred in a patient who 18 months previously had presented with a solitary plasmacytoma of bone. The clinically unsuspected renal masses was diagnosed by CT, allowing easy biopsy and radiotherapy planning. PMID- 6641270 TI - Parallel structures in professional and folk health care: a model applied to rural Hati. AB - The paper argues that professional and folk sectors of pluralistic health care systems share certain structural features that in some respects have equal or greater importance than obvious differences. A model based on the concepts of primary, secondary and tertiary care is adapted to an analysis of both folk and professional domains of the rural Haitian health care system. Ethnographic and survey data are presented to support the position that underlying similarities are evident in patterns of cost, accessibility, specialization, recruitment and training of practitioners in both health sectors. The level of care model provides an analytic framework which gives proper attention to diversity in traditional healing, which is applicable to other health care systems, and which has relevance for the development of primary care resources in developing areas. PMID- 6641271 TI - The structure of dream sequences. AB - The present study examines the relationships between dreams reported by a subject in the course of two nights in a sleep laboratory. The method used is derived from Levi-Strauss's structural analysis of myth. The dreams are shown to constitute a set of systematic transformations of a single structure. The structure itself is formed by a set of oppositions, which in part represent a dilemma or conflict facing the dreamer. In the course of the night's dreams a series of transformations of the problem are generated and scanned. These transformations are governed by regular quasi-logical procedures. PMID- 6641272 TI - Healing and transculturation in Xhosa Zionist practice. AB - The process of transculturation of healing is considered in the cultural belief system and practice of a Xhosa Zionist community. At present in the throes of rapid socio-cultural transition, this community operates with a holistic understanding of health and sickness in which all levels of existence, including the superempirical, are held to be in dynamic mutual interrelationship. The paper examines categories of illness, diagnostic procedures and therapeutic practices in relation to converging traditional Xhosa and Western Christian frames of reference and two illustrative case histories are presented. The use made of heightening of individual and group consciousness is briefly assessed. The Zionist belief system and therapeutic practices are evaluated in terms of cultural accessibility and sociopolitical influences. PMID- 6641273 TI - Coping with fertility in Israel: a case study of culture clash. AB - The concepts of culture-bound belief systems and explanatory models focused on reproduction and contraception are applied to a case of a married Jewish woman seeking to interrupt an unwanted pregnancy. Discrepancies between the lay belief system held by the woman, and the clinical belief system of the medical mediators of contraception and abortion, have created a situation where none of the alternatives at the woman's disposal seems correct: the options available for preventing pregnancy are unacceptable or inefficient; having a child is also not acceptable; and termination of unwanted pregnancy by abortion is ethically and morally wrong. The "no-win" situation results from medical ethnocentrism and failure to interpret the context of meanings and norms within which health decisions are constructed. PMID- 6641274 TI - Syncope. PMID- 6641275 TI - Quick action stressed for transient ischemic attack victims. PMID- 6641277 TI - Cynical? Not us. PMID- 6641276 TI - The basic tenets for appropriate evaluation of the elbow in pediatrics. PMID- 6641278 TI - Extrinsic allergic alveolitis. PMID- 6641279 TI - Scar sarcoidosis. AB - A patient with erythema nodosum, bilateral hilar adenopathy, and induration of a scar is presented. Scar sarcoidosis is one of the specific but more unusual manifestations of sarcoidosis. PMID- 6641280 TI - Panniculitis associated with hepatitis. AB - Panniculitis occurred in a 34-year-old man. The clinical features of the panniculitis were not consistent with erythema nodosum, Weber-Christian disease, or the other previously described panniculitides. Subsequent investigation showed concurrent hepatitis possibly caused by type A hepatitis virus. The skin lesions resolved following treatment with oral indomethacin. We believe this is the first report of a case of nonerythema nodosum panniculitis associated with viral hepatitis. PMID- 6641281 TI - Lupus erythematosus with perforation of the pinna. AB - Cutaneous inflammation occurred in a 56-year-old woman who had chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Lesions on the pinna resulted in perforation. This finding has not been reported previously in association with lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6641282 TI - Effects of tritiated uridine and tritiated histidine on survival of Chinese hamster cells at -196 degrees C. AB - Chinese hamster cells in vitro subjected to tritium disintegrations at -196 degrees C from incorporated tritiated uridine were more sensitive to decays occurring in the nucleus (Do = 1,610 decays/cell, equivalent to approximately 3.0 Gy to the nucleus) than to those occurring over the whole cell (Do = 3,240 decays/cell). A tritiated amino acid, 3H-histidine, gave a result (Do = 2,710 decays/cells) between nuclear 3H-uridine and whole cell 3H-uridine. Evidence for a tritium transmutation effect is discussed. PMID- 6641283 TI - Lymphocyte nucleoli activation and changes of the mononuclear phagocytic system in mice during 3-methylcholanthrene carcinogenesis. AB - After an intra-muscular application of 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) in a dose of 0.2 mg/animal to SPF mice, strain C57B1/10, changes in the lymphocyte nucleoli activation (LNA) and changes of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) in blood and tissues were monitored. The tests were carried out after the first and sixth weeks of the MCA administration, when the tumours were not yet palpable, and 12 weeks after the MCA injection, when the tumours were manifest in 100% of animals. In the first and sixth week after MCA application, the number of non-activable lymphocytes with micronucleoli increased at the expense of the resting ring shaped forms. In the 12th week, a highly significant drop of active lymphocytes with nucleolonemas and compact nucleoli and particularly a high number of afunctional lymphocytes with micronucleoli were observed in tumour-bearing mice. The phagocytic activity of peripheral mononuclears was significantly increased in the same time interval. MPS activity, monitored on the basis of the colloidal carbon clearance, was stepwise inhibited in animals with originating tumours. It should be pointed out that the LNA test and probably the changes in carbon clearance were early indicators of involvement in chemical carcinogenesis. PMID- 6641284 TI - The effect of cell kinetics and harvest time on SCE and NOR associations in Macaca fuscata lymphocytes. AB - The relationship between cell kinetics and cell harvest time on sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and NOR (marker chromosome) association was investigated in cultured Macaca fuscata lymphocytes. The average number of SCE's in individuals ranged from 3.77 to 9.07 per cell. The highest SCE rate was found in cultures harvested at 60 h. The data suggest a decrease in SCE frequency between 60 h and subsequent cell harvest at 72, 84, and 96 h. NOR association frequency was also affected by cell kinetics, as well as by cell harvest time. The highest association frequencies were at 48 h, when the number of first mitoses was greatest. PMID- 6641285 TI - Chromosomal evolution in Malagasy lemurs. VII. Phylogenic relationships between Propithecus, Avahi (Indridae), Microcebus (Cheirogaleidae), and Lemur (Lemuridae). AB - A chromosomal banding study was carried out on Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi, P. verreauxi deckeni, and Avahi laniger laniger. Comparison of their karyotypes with those of Microcebus murinus and Lemur fulvus led to reconstruction of the ancestral Lemuriform karyotype and a determination that the branch leading to the Indridae was isolated very early, before the separation of the Lemuridae from the Cheirogaleidae. The karyotype of Avahi remained highly ancestral, whereas that of P. verreauxi was considerably modified, chiefly by Robersonian translocations. PMID- 6641287 TI - Synaptonemal complex analysis of chromosome rearrangements in domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus. AB - Electron microscopy of synaptonemal complexes in heterokaryotypic Gallus domesticus cockerels revealed that chromosome rearrangements that had been classified by light microscopy as single breaks were in fact reciprocal translocations. A microchromosome provided the centromere for the acentric long arm of chromosome 1 in a rearrangement that had been classified as a centric fission, and microchromosomes were involved in several other rearrangements. The translocation points were mapped in three of the rearrangements. PMID- 6641286 TI - Chiasma frequency and nondisjunction in heteromorphic bivalents: meiotic behavior in T(1;13)70H/T(1;13)1Wa mice as compared to T(1;13)70H/T(1;13)70H mice. AB - Two different reciprocal translocations between chromosomes 1 and 13 in the mouse, T(1;13)70H and T(1;13)1Wa, were intercrossed, resulting in T(1;13)70H/T(1;13)1Wa animals, possessing two heteromorphic marker bivalents. The meiotic behavior of these animals was compared to that of T(1;13)70H/T(1;13)70H animals. In females the chiasma frequency in the translocation bivalents was decreased by the presence of the loops following meiotic pairing, but in males chiasma frequencies were not changes. The nondisjunction level of both translocation bivalents was increased in females and males. The nondisjunction level of bivalents not involved in the translocations was increased in the females, but not in the males. Possible causes and relevance of these phenomena are discussed. PMID- 6641288 TI - Involvement of chromosome 6 in rearrangements in human malignant melanoma cell lines. AB - We analyzed the karyotypes of nine established human malignant melanoma cell lines derived from two female and six male patients. Each of the cell lines had an aneuploid stemline chromosome number. Analysis of G-banded chromosomes identified a number of altered (marker) chromosomes in these cell lines; in all the lines, chromosome 6 was found to be involved in the marker chromosomes. A review of the literature and these cases showed that of 47 cell lines or primary melanoma cells karyotyped, 38 (80.8%) had a marker involving the 6. We believe that the genetic factor determining melanoma initiation is located in the distal segment of 6q. Deletion of this segment or the entire 6q is responsible for the cell's (melanoblast or melanocyte) becoming malignant. The proximal segment of 6q and 6p can be involved in marker formation. PMID- 6641289 TI - The possibility of detecting fetal lymphocytes in the maternal blood of the domestic pig, Sus scrofa. AB - Fourteen pregnant sows were examined to determine if transplacental migration of fetal lymphocytes had occurred. Giemsa-stained and C-banded karyotypes were examined. Male metaphases constituted 1% to 4% of all metaphases of peripheral blood leukocytes of pregnant sows. Regardless of the experimental method or stage of gestation, no essential differences were found in the number of male cells. PMID- 6641290 TI - Localization of the human 2(I) collagen gene (COL1A2) to chromosome 7q22. PMID- 6641291 TI - Early infectious syphilis in Greenland. Epidemiology, treatment and control. PMID- 6641292 TI - Evaluation of an identification method of twin pairs based on the Danish national identification number system. PMID- 6641293 TI - A case-control study of bladder-cancer. A multivariate, stratified analysis of a low-risk population. PMID- 6641294 TI - Passive smoking. Its relationship to respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function and nonspecific bronchial responsiveness. PMID- 6641295 TI - Interaction of immunoglobulin E and cigarette smoke. Predisposition to symptomatic lung disease? PMID- 6641296 TI - Radioactivity and lung cancer in active and passive smokers. PMID- 6641297 TI - Myocardial infarction with angiographically "normal" coronary arteries. Is this rapid progression of early coronary artery disease? PMID- 6641298 TI - Interactions of smoking and immunologic factors in relation to airways obstruction. AB - The relationships of smoking, allergy skin test reactivity, and serum IgE to ventilatory function have been analyzed in 1,182 subjects from a general population sample. The study group consisted of subjects aged 35 or more who deny previous lung surgery, old tuberculosis, or a current diagnosis of heart disease in the absence of chronic bronchitis or emphysema. Impairment of the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) shows a definite relationship to total serum IgE. However, this relationship is significant only for a low FEV1 which is accompanied by symptoms suggesting asthmatic or a chronic bronchitis type disease. Allergy skin test reactivity to a battery of common aeroallergens shows no overall relationship to FEV1. However, after accounting for total serum IgE, positive allergy skin tests tend to be associated with high rather than low FEV1 values. The findings suggest that some type of IgE which is not specific for aeroallergens but which is associated with smoking, may be important in the pathogenesis of the "chronic asthmatic bronchitis" syndrome. PMID- 6641299 TI - Relationship of parental smoking and gas cooking to respiratory disease in children. AB - In a survey of 1,355 children six- to 12 years of age, the risk of hospitalization for respiratory illness among children before age two years was increased when gas was used for cooking at home (p less than 0.001) or at least one of the parents smoked (p less than 0.02). The occurrence of cough with colds in children also was significantly increased when one or both parents smoked (p less than 0.001). Small but significant increases (p less than .05) in the mean values of forced expiratory volume at one second, the flow rate at 75 percent of the forced vital capacity, and the forced expiratory flow rate from 25 percent to 75 percent of the vital capacity (FEF25-75) were seen after administering inhaled isoproterenol to children whose parents smoked (n = 94) but not among children whose parents did not smoke (n = 89); this was not seen in association with gas cooking. Thus, exposure of children during the first two years of life to gas cooking or cigarette smoking appears to be associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory illness, and cigarette smoking appears to be associated with a more consistent response to inhaled bronchodilator among six- to 12-year-old children with no other history of chronic respiratory illness. PMID- 6641300 TI - The clinical profile of unresolved pulmonary embolism. AB - Nearly all patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) have complete clinical and hemodynamic and at least near complete roentgenographic and angiographic resolution within four to six weeks of the acute event. To classify the syndrome of unresolved pulmonary embolism we reviewed our experience and that of the English literature to extract 30 well-described cases. The mean age at presentation was 45 years, and most patients were less than 60 years old. Almost all complained of dyspnea, and the majority had at least one clinical event suggestive of PE. Most had clinical evidence of pulmonary hypertension. Roentgenographic, arterial blood gas and electrocardiographic findings were nonspecific, though the perfusion lung scan was always abnormal. Most patients exhibited mild-to-moderate pulmonary hypertension. The severity of pulmonary artery obstruction was quite variable and did not correlate with the magnitude of arterial hypoxemia or pulmonary hypertension. Most patients did not improve with long-term anticoagulation therapy and underwent pulmonary embolectomy with acceptable mortality. Postoperative improvement correlated with improved arterial blood gas levels, abatement of pulmonary hypertension, and more satisfactory pulmonary perfusion. PMID- 6641301 TI - Perfusion lung scans vs pulmonary angiography in evaluation of suspected primary pulmonary hypertension. AB - A retrospective review of 15 patients with angiographically- or biopsy-documented primary pulmonary hypertension was performed to assess the value of pulmonary perfusion scanning in noninvasively differentiating these patients from those with potentially operable, chronic (large-vessel) thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. None of the 15 patients with primary pulmonary hypertension demonstrated a segmental or larger perfusion defect whereas such defects have been uniformly present in previous reports of patients with large-vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. While perfusion scans in primary pulmonary hypertension may show certain abnormalities, the presence of segmental or larger perfusion defects should suggest the diagnosis of potentially correctable, large vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension rather than small-vessel, obliterative (primary, idiopathic) pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6641302 TI - Physiologic effects of oral bronchodilators during rest and exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - At rest and during exercise, noninvasive studies of cardiopulmonary physiology in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were carried out to determine the objective benefits of commonly used oral bronchodilator drugs in 15 stable patients without cardiovascular disease or reversible obstruction of airflow. Theophylline, terbutaline, a combination of theophylline and terbutaline, and placebo were given for ten days each in a randomly sequenced double-blind protocol for outpatients. Spirometric values, the ratio of physiologic dead space to tidal volume (VDp/VT), and the alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (P[A-a]O2) were studied at rest on each regimen. During steady-state exercise the changes in VDp/VT and P(A-a)O2, as well as the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen and oxygen pulse, were measured. When compared with placebo, no significant change was noted in the previously mentioned measurements with any regimen, with the exception of a small improvement in the forced expiratory volume in one second, which was significant for all regimens. These findings suggest that commonly used oral bronchodilator drugs in usual doses may have small effects on airflow even in "irreversible" COPD but that the objective effect of these agents on gas exchange during rest and exercise is not significant. PMID- 6641303 TI - The preoperative evaluation in patients with endocarditis. Is cardiac catheterization necessary? AB - We retrospectively compared clinical assessment and cardiac catheterization to subsequent surgical findings with regard to specific valvular involvement, hemodynamic status, and presence of myocardial abscess in patients recommended for cardiac surgery for endocarditis. Of 105 consecutive patients with endocarditis, 19 met one or more of the following criteria suggesting the need for early surgery: congestive heart failure; systemic emboli; persistent infections or new conduction abnormalities. Of these 19 patients, seven had prosthetic cardiac valves. Clinical assessment was highly sensitive (95 percent) and specific (89 percent) for specific valvular involvement and was also highly sensitive and specific in evaluating myocardial abscess and congestive heart failure; however, clinical assessment could not identify the source of infection in one patient with multiple prosthetic valves, did not define the specific valve in one patient with right-sided endocarditis, and overestimated the severity of mitral regurgitation in one patient who had normal pressures and flows at catheterization. Catheterization incorrectly predicted multivalvular involvement in four patients. At catheterization, only one patient experienced evidence of clinical deterioration, and this was probably not related to the procedure. We conclude that although clinical assessment is correct in most patients, it may on occasion lead to an erroneous conclusion. Catheterization and angiograms are of value in the preoperative evaluation of patients with endocarditis, particularly in cases where the clinical assessment is ambiguous or uncertain. The procedures can be performed at low risk, and the information obtained may substantially influence management in some cases. PMID- 6641304 TI - Computer analysis of exercise-induced changes in electrocardiographic variables. Comparison of methods and criteria. AB - In order to evaluate computerized methods of electrocardiographic signal processing, determination of QRS end, and measurement of criteria for ischemia, we analyzed the data from 42 male patients with coronary heart disease who underwent maximal treadmill testing. Electrocardiographic data were digitized on line and leads X, V5, Y and Eigen V were later analyzed for noise content, isoelectric baseline, and ST parameters using the UCSD spatial electrocardiographic computer program. Various ST segment criteria for ischemia were calculated and compared. Noise was greater in lead Y and in all leads when the median was used for signal averaging. Two isoelectric baseline algorithms and three ST segment slope algorithms gave similar results. Spatially derived QRS end was highly correlated with the amplitude measured using a fixed time interval after peak R wave. Both ST area and ST midpoint estimates differed widely using two different algorithms for each. Regression equations were derived that make it possible to estimate QRS end or ST60 amplitudes in V5 from values in X or vice versa. PMID- 6641305 TI - A new oral slow release form of isosorbide dinitrate. Effect on the hemodynamics and exercise capacity of patients with angina. AB - To assess the bioavailability of a new oral and slow release form of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN-SR), we evaluated 12 patients with confirmed coronary artery disease, chronic stable angina pectoris and abnormal maximal exercise tests (angina-limited and associated with greater than or equal to 0.1 mV ST displacement). Each patient was known to have an increased exercise time after 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin. Patient responses to exercise on the treadmill at two, four, six, and eight hours after the double-blind administration of 40 mg of ISDN-SR were compared to an identical placebo. It is concluded that 40 mg of this slow release form of isosorbide dinitrate is bioavailable for at least eight hours as demonstrated by significantly improved exercise capacity of the majority (64 percent) of angina patients in this study, each of whom demonstrated anginal limitation to exercise and favorable responses to 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerin. PMID- 6641307 TI - Re-expansion of refractory atelectasis using a bronchofiberscope with a balloon cuff. AB - For the re-expansion of refractory atelectasis, it is necessary to remove sputum in the airway and to deliver the intrabronchial positive pressure to the atelectatic lobe in order to overcome the critical opening pressure of the alveoli. Selective intrabronchial air insufflation is effective for this purpose, because with this procedure, endobronchial pressure in the atelectatic region can be selectively increased without elevation of the pleural surface pressure in the surrounding region of the lung. The inflator devised consisted of a flexible bronchofiberscope with a small balloon cuff at the distal end; through the fiberscope air was insufflated into the atelectatic lung. Using our procedure, we successfully performed intrabronchial insufflation in 14 of 15 patients with atelectasis, who had failed to respond to conventional therapy. In six patients, atelectasis recurred, and the same treatment was successfully performed again. PMID- 6641308 TI - Unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery. AB - Congenital absence of a main pulmonary artery is a rare anomaly. Most patients without associated congenital cardiac abnormalities are asymptomatic, and the diagnosis is first suggested by the appearance of the involved lung on a routine chest roentgenogram. The ipsilateral lung will be smaller than normal, and the contralateral lung will be overinflated and may herniate across the midline. We describe eight children with unilateral pulmonary arterial atresia (seven on the right side, four of whom were without associated cardiac anomalies). PMID- 6641306 TI - Right ventricular stroke-work. An index of distribution of pulmonary perfusion in acute respiratory failure. AB - To evaluate the possibility that an elevated right ventricular stroke-work index observed in acute respiratory failure correlates with less dead space ventilation, 20 patients requiring mechanical ventilation were studied. Ratio of physiologic dead space to tidal volume was used as an index of distribution of pulmonary perfusion. An inverse linear relationship was found between right ventricular stroke-work index and dead space ratio (r = -0.74, p less than 0.001). No correlation was present between cardiac index and dead space ratio. To evaluate the effects of other hemodynamic data on the distribution of pulmonary perfusion, the patients were divided into two groups based on a dead space ratio. Comparison of the two groups revealed right ventricular stroke-work index was significantly higher in the low dead space ratio group (p less than 0.001). There were no differences in cardiac index, pulmonary-artery pressure, or right atrial pressures. These data suggest that elevated right ventricular stroke-work index in acute respiratory failure is associated with more even distribution of pulmonary perfusion, and that patients with a high dead space ratio were characterized by right ventricular dysfunction when compared to patients with a low dead space ratio. PMID- 6641310 TI - Tuberculosis. A look at the world situation. PMID- 6641311 TI - Management of the asthmatic, Sabbath-observant Jewish patient. Some guidelines in the light of Jewish law. PMID- 6641309 TI - Acute respiratory failure in a young asthmatic patient. PMID- 6641312 TI - Atrial lead malposition in a dual chamber (DDD,M) pacemaker. AB - A model 7000 pacemaker in the DVI mode emitted two stimuli, the first stimulating the right ventricle and the second 110 ms later. The atrial lead was found in the right ventricular outflow tract. The QRS complex produced by the atrial lead fell after the blanking period, and "committed" the ventricular stimulus 110 ms after the "atrial." Intracardiac electrography during the original implant would have enabled proper atrial lead position. PMID- 6641313 TI - Coronary thrombosis in the absence of angiographically-evident obstructive coronary disease. AB - A 31-year-old man with an acute myocardial infarction underwent intracoronary thrombolysis with streptokinase. Post-thrombolytic angiography revealed no underlying obstructive coronary disease. This particular syndrome of a documented thrombus in a normal vessel causing infarction has not previously been described. Such a sequence may explain the occurrence of myocardial infarction in some patients with normal coronary arteries. The mechanism by which thrombus occurs in an angiographically-normal coronary artery is at present undefined. PMID- 6641314 TI - Pattern of breathing in a case of generalized respiratory muscle weakness. AB - A patient with motor neuron disease is described. He had signs and laboratory data indicating generalized, symmetrical weakness, involving both inspiratory and expiratory muscle groups. The pattern of breathing involving recruitment of accessory muscles and expiratory contraction of abdominal muscles is similar to that seen in normal people at high minute ventilation, and suggests the compensating mechanism for increasing motor discharge to weak respiratory muscles is mediated centrally. Observation of this sort of respiratory activity gives a clinical clue to generalized respiratory muscle weakness. PMID- 6641315 TI - Giant coronary-to-bronchial arterial anastomosis complicated by myocardial infarction. AB - A patient with giant extracardiac coronary anastomosis connecting the proximal right coronary artery and the right bronchial artery of the right middle and lower lobes had an inferior myocardial infarction. The pulmonary arteries were hypoplastic and those of the right middle and lower lobes were completely occluded. Left pulmonary arteries were also diffusely hypoplastic. Furthermore, this patient with rare coronary-to-bronchial arterial anastomosis and pulmonary arterial occlusion suffered from inferior myocardial infarction in the distal area of the anastomosis. This appears to be the first case of myocardial infarction reported in this type of anomaly. PMID- 6641316 TI - Endobronchial polyposis following smoke inhalation. AB - A 50-year-old fireman was found to have multiple endobronchial polyps when investigated for hemoptysis two months after acute thermal inhalation injury. Biopsy was obtained and the histology demonstrated benign granulation tissue. The polyps spontaneously regressed, without specific treatment, six months after the accident. Tracheal bronchial polyposis appears to be another complication of heat and smoke inhalation. PMID- 6641317 TI - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis with impaired cellular immunity. Eight year survival without treatment. AB - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG), a non-neoplastic lymphoreticular disorder, was diagnosed in a 65-year-old woman. Chest radiographs demonstrated bilateral lower lobe nodular infiltrates. Percutaneous needle biopsy of the lung showed an infiltrate composed of plasma cells, lymphocytes and large histiocytic-like cells. Impairment of cellular immunity was found by in vivo as well as by in vitro tests. The clinical condition of the patient has remained stable for the last eight years without specific treatment. PMID- 6641318 TI - Endomyocardial fibrosis. Preoperative diagnosis and surgical therapy. AB - The case of a Nigerian student with biventricular endomyocardial fibrosis is presented. Diagnosis was suggested by cardiac catheterization and histologically confirmed by a percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy. Successful surgical repair including mitral valve replacement, tricuspid valve reconstruction, and left ventricular endomyocardial resection was performed through a biatrial approach. The pathologic and surgical considerations are reviewed. This is one of the few cases of endomyocardial fibrosis reported from the United States and the first in which a percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy was used to provide a definitive preoperative histologic diagnosis. PMID- 6641319 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic detection of left pulmonary artery aneurysm following Potts' anastomosis. AB - The two-dimensional echocardiographic detection of left pulmonary artery aneurysm following a Pott's anastomosis in a patient with tetralogy of Fallot is described. The diagnosis was confirmed at angiography and surgery. PMID- 6641320 TI - Swan-Ganz catheterization via left superior vena cava. PMID- 6641321 TI - Pleurectomy for recurrent pneumothorax. PMID- 6641322 TI - Respiratory illness and hypophosphatemia. PMID- 6641323 TI - Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis from occult stomach carcinoma in young adults: an unusual cause of dyspnea. PMID- 6641324 TI - Reexpansion pulmonary edema. PMID- 6641325 TI - Silly questions and straight answers about adoption. PMID- 6641326 TI - Head Start research: a new chapter. PMID- 6641327 TI - Identifying the missing links in the study of latchkey children. PMID- 6641328 TI - Nutrition education for preschoolers: the Head Start experience. PMID- 6641329 TI - Phonefriend: a prevention-oriented service for latchkey children. PMID- 6641330 TI - Family resource programs. PMID- 6641332 TI - Bridging the gap: from foster care to independent living. PMID- 6641331 TI - Feeding the "turtle": helping the withdrawn child to emerge. PMID- 6641333 TI - Helping today's beginning families: support for parents. PMID- 6641334 TI - Helping today's beginning families: training early parenting educators. PMID- 6641335 TI - [Stability of osteosynthesis of femoral neck fractures with 2 "Osteo" screws]. PMID- 6641336 TI - [Spiral fractures of the femur shaft. Mechanisms, methods of treatment and results]. PMID- 6641337 TI - [Early diagnosis of fat embolism by the cryostatic test]. PMID- 6641338 TI - [Effect of long-term traction of crural bones on the knee joint cleft in proximal epiphyseal fractures of the tibia treated by early passive and active movements in the injured joint]. PMID- 6641339 TI - [Evaluation of callus formation after conservative and surgical treatment of experimental infected fractures]. PMID- 6641340 TI - [Various aspects of morphological variants of healing of experimentally infected fractured treated conservatively and surgically]. PMID- 6641341 TI - [Use of gentamicin chains in the treatment of chronic suppurative osteomyelitis]. PMID- 6641342 TI - [Marked neurological improvement in patients with tetraplegia hospitalized after spinal cord injuries in the cervical segment]. PMID- 6641343 TI - [Anastomosis of the obturator and sciatic nerves in a case of high inoperable sciatic nerve paralysis]. PMID- 6641344 TI - [Arthrodesis of the wrist joint in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6641345 TI - [Porous corundum ceramics as a biological material]. PMID- 6641346 TI - [Correlations between the length of spinal segments and body height and their proportions in man]. PMID- 6641347 TI - [Single exostosis of the femur]. PMID- 6641348 TI - [Use of stimulation by electromagnetic fields in delayed consolidation or pseudarthrosis]. PMID- 6641349 TI - [Remaining indications for amputation of the rectum by a purely perineal approach]. PMID- 6641350 TI - [Female genital tuberculosis. Apropos of a case of salpingo-sigmoidal fistula]. PMID- 6641351 TI - [Tuberculous tenosynovitis of the flexor tendons of the fingers. Apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 6641352 TI - [Retrospective study of severity factors in severe peritonitis. Value of the definition of an initial severity index]. PMID- 6641353 TI - [Noncancerous pathology of the ileocecal region]. PMID- 6641355 TI - [Value of the combined cervical and thoracic approach in the surgery of Pancoast and Tobias's syndrome of tumoral origin]. PMID- 6641354 TI - [Surgical treatment of 150 cases of extrauterine pregnancies]. PMID- 6641356 TI - [Lateral thoracotomy without muscular section in pleuropulmonary and mediastinal surgery. Experience with 624 operations in 5 years]. PMID- 6641357 TI - [Thyroid and duodenal metastases of a renal cancer]. PMID- 6641358 TI - [Ischemic left colitis. Late complications of aortoiliac or iliac surgery]. PMID- 6641359 TI - [Value of ultraconservative surgery in renal artery stenosis]. PMID- 6641360 TI - [Supraceliac revascularization of the renal arteries. Choice or necessity]. PMID- 6641361 TI - [Experimental bacterial colonization of 3 types of arterial prosthesis]. PMID- 6641362 TI - [Recurrent internal carotid artery stenosis]. PMID- 6641363 TI - [Results of surgery for subrenal aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Study of 297 surgically-treated cases]. PMID- 6641364 TI - [Role of presurgical endoscopic sphincterotomy in common bile duct lithiasis, after analysis of a series of 280 cases of extrahepatic biliary lithiasis]. PMID- 6641365 TI - [Emergency surgical sphincterotomy]. PMID- 6641366 TI - [Our experience with choledochotomy for lithiasis]. PMID- 6641367 TI - Breast skin temperature rhythms in relation to ovulation. AB - Breast skin temperatures have been monitored at 30-min intervals throughout wake span for the whole or part of the menstrual cycle of women aged 20-37 years using both manual and automatic (chronobra) methods of measurement. Circadian breast skin temperature rhythms have been mathematically characterized and rhythm parameters assessed in relation to the estimated time of ovulation. Data generally indicate that there is a peri-ovulatory rise in breast temperature. Computer simulation and practical experiments, based on changes in the residual sums of squares from target values obtained for days in the cycle prior to ovulation, have indicated that this peri-ovulatory increase in temperature is possibly detectable within 24 h. The use of the chronobra and associated statistics may be of value in signalling the onset of the infertile phase of the menstrual cycle. PMID- 6641368 TI - Influence of the hour of administration of lidocaine on its intraerythrocytic passage in the rat. PMID- 6641369 TI - Chronobiologic fluctuation of cyclophosphamide induced urinary bladder damage in mice. AB - Cyclophosphamide is the most widely used alkylating agent in clinical medicine. The usefulness of this drug is often limited by its propensity to produce hemorrhagic cystitis. To be active cyclophosphamide must be metabolized by the mixed function oxidase system. It has been previously demonstrated that the oncolytic activity and host lethality of cyclophosphamide are dependent upon circadian fluctuations. When cyclophosphamide is administered i.p. to male mice there is a dose dependent increase in urinary bladder weight. Histopathologic examination of these bladders revealed hemorrhage, edema, inflammation and stretching of the epithelial lining. When administered i.p. at 4-h intervals throughout a 24-h time period, cyclophosphamide produced maximum bladder damage when administered at 0500 and 1700 and little or no damage to the bladder when administered at 0100 or 1300. These studies suggest that cyclophosphamide induced cystitis, a toxicity resulting from the metabolic production of acrolein, may also be dependent upon chronobiologic fluctuations. PMID- 6641370 TI - [Progressive systemic sclerosis: a clinical and immunological study]. PMID- 6641371 TI - [Cardiac abnormalities in progressive systemic sclerosis]. PMID- 6641372 TI - [Ankylosing spondylitis: clinical analysis of 35 cases]. PMID- 6641373 TI - [Long-term prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction: a 20-year follow-up study]. PMID- 6641374 TI - [Clinical analysis of isolated infundibular obstruction of the right ventricle- report of 26 cases]. PMID- 6641375 TI - [Viral myocarditis associated with complete heart block and Adams-Stokes attacks]. PMID- 6641376 TI - [Tuberculous peritonitis--a clinical analysis of 330 cases]. PMID- 6641377 TI - [Cryoglobulinemia associated with viral hepatitis--analysis of 149 cases]. PMID- 6641378 TI - [Prediction of the response of patients with acute leukemia to chemotherapeutic agents by tritiated thymidine uptake by leukocytes]. PMID- 6641379 TI - [Testicular measurement in 339 normal subjects and its clinical application]. PMID- 6641380 TI - [Clinical analysis of 236 cases of malaria in Somalia]. PMID- 6641381 TI - [Emergency treatment of arrhythmia]. PMID- 6641382 TI - [Secondary gut]. PMID- 6641383 TI - [Sister chromatid exchange and cell cycle of peripheral lymphocytes from patients with acute leukemia]. PMID- 6641384 TI - [Bone marrow cell culture of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) and its relation to prognosis]. PMID- 6641385 TI - [Pathologic and clinical features of intracranial hemorrhage in leukemia]. PMID- 6641386 TI - [Observation of megakaryocytic features of the bone marrow in 300 cases of acute leukemia]. PMID- 6641387 TI - [Clinical effect of amikacin. Report of 31 cases]. PMID- 6641388 TI - [Preliminary report on 30 cases of non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDD) treated with gliclazide]. PMID- 6641389 TI - [Experience with LeVeen peritoneal-venous shunt in the treatment of intractable cirrhotic ascites]. PMID- 6641390 TI - [Survey of uric acid among healthy Chinese and its relation to blood lipids]. PMID- 6641391 TI - [Plasma exchange therapy]. PMID- 6641392 TI - [Preliminary study on lymphocyte subpopulations of the cerebrospinal fluid of 16 patients with myasthenia gravis]. PMID- 6641393 TI - [Dynamic pupillary response to positive differential light stimulation in patients with myasthenia gravis]. PMID- 6641394 TI - [Presence of a large Y chromosome in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]. PMID- 6641395 TI - [Hypothyroid myopathy--a case report]. PMID- 6641396 TI - [Report of 9 cases of hereditary neuromuscular atrophy and investigation of its genetic patterns]. PMID- 6641397 TI - [Transoronasosphenoid approach for removal of pituitary adenoma]. PMID- 6641398 TI - [Tumors of the trigone region of the lateral ventricle]. PMID- 6641399 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of tumors at the base of skull]. PMID- 6641400 TI - [Experiences in the treatment of 50 cases of brain herniation due to brain abscess]. PMID- 6641401 TI - [Surgical treatment of myelopathic cervical spondylitis report of 32 cases treated with posterior decompression]. PMID- 6641402 TI - [Relationship between the morphology of the straight sinus and the clinical manifestations]. PMID- 6641403 TI - [Current status and prospect of the study on neurosis]. PMID- 6641404 TI - [Recommendations on diagnostic criteria for several types of neurosis]. PMID- 6641405 TI - [Clinical analysis of anxiety and determination of cholinesterase]. PMID- 6641406 TI - [Panic attack and mitral valve prolapse]. PMID- 6641407 TI - [Screening of masked depression from psychoneuroses using a rating scale]. PMID- 6641408 TI - [Protective efficacy of gloves against the penetration of radioactive labeled pesticides]. PMID- 6641409 TI - [Epidemiological and clinical analysis of 25 outbreaks of botulism]. PMID- 6641410 TI - [Effects of certain groups of causes of death on the life expectancy of the Shanghai civilian population]. PMID- 6641411 TI - [Experimental study on the fibrogenic effect of metallic aluminum powder in the lung]. PMID- 6641412 TI - [Maximum allowable concentration of epichlorohydrin in surface and drinking water]. PMID- 6641413 TI - [Epidemiological study of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen]. PMID- 6641414 TI - [Observations on the effect of common methods of cooking and freezing on the kidney contaminated by Leptospira]. PMID- 6641415 TI - [Toxicity of cyolane]. PMID- 6641416 TI - [A calculation for constructing a life table after excluding a certain causes of death]. PMID- 6641417 TI - [Survey on antibodies against measles virus and mumps virus in sera of children in Beijing]. PMID- 6641418 TI - [Effectiveness of pasteurization of milk]. PMID- 6641419 TI - [X-ray differentiation of silicosis from silicosis complicated with tuberculosis]. PMID- 6641420 TI - [X-ray features of workers at an aluminum-producing plant]. PMID- 6641421 TI - [Comparative role played by HBsAg-positive and -negative chronic persistent hepatitis patients in intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis type B]. PMID- 6641422 TI - [Serological study of influenza virus antibody in deer]. PMID- 6641424 TI - [Scanning electron microscopy of gallstone matrix]. PMID- 6641423 TI - [Bile composition and gallstone formation]. PMID- 6641425 TI - [Value of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in the diagnosis of primary biliary calculi]. PMID- 6641426 TI - [Intrahepatic gallstones]. PMID- 6641427 TI - [Intrahepatic cholelithiasis]. PMID- 6641428 TI - [Clinical analysis of 623 cases of intrahepatic bile duct stones]. PMID- 6641429 TI - [Perforation of the biliary tract: analysis of 240 cases]. PMID- 6641430 TI - [Intermittent ejective fluid pressure in the treatment of residual intrahepatic stones]. PMID- 6641431 TI - [Orthopedic application of a Ni-Ti shape-memory alloy compression staple]. PMID- 6641432 TI - [Observation on adaptation of human body to titanium alloy]. PMID- 6641433 TI - [Application of forearm skin flap for total rhinoplasty]. PMID- 6641434 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of cor triatriatum]. PMID- 6641435 TI - [Late cardiac tamponade after open heart surgery: report of 3 cases]. PMID- 6641436 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia]. PMID- 6641437 TI - [Reconstruction of the chest wall following extensive resection for primary tumors]. PMID- 6641438 TI - [Adenomyomatosis of the common bile duct: report of 3 cases]. PMID- 6641439 TI - [One-stage reconstruction of hypospadia by elongation of the anterior urethra]. PMID- 6641440 TI - [Tumor of the lateral ventricle]. PMID- 6641441 TI - [Transposition or transplantation of a myocutaneous flap for traumatic osteomyelitis of extremities]. PMID- 6641442 TI - [Evaluation of percutaneous thyroidography in diagnosis of thyroid tumor]. PMID- 6641443 TI - [Tuberculous thyroiditis: report of 4 cases]. PMID- 6641444 TI - [Hematogenous metastasis of thyroid carcinoma]. PMID- 6641445 TI - [Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury during thyroid operation: its prevention and treatment]. PMID- 6641446 TI - [Effect of traditional Chinese medicine, "thyroid tumor pill" ("TTP"), on thyroid function and ultrastructural morphology in experimental goiter and normal control rats]. PMID- 6641447 TI - [Vascularization of an autogenous free composite tissue block using vascular implantation and subcutaneous burying: an experimental study]. PMID- 6641448 TI - [Analysis of the causes for failures in prosthetic replacement of the femoral head]. PMID- 6641449 TI - [Avascular femoral necrosis after manual reduction in congenital dislocation of hip]. PMID- 6641450 TI - [Intubation in advanced carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia]. PMID- 6641451 TI - [Prosthesis for complete agenesis of the diaphragm]. PMID- 6641452 TI - [Gradual screw-occlusive vascular clamp used in surgery of the internal carotid artery]. PMID- 6641454 TI - [Ectopic ureteral orifice: report of 37 cases and review of Chinese literature]. PMID- 6641453 TI - [Roentgenographic characteristics of hallux valgus and clinical significance of Keller's operation]. PMID- 6641455 TI - [Surgical experience in treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 6641456 TI - Presidential address. A return to academia. A goal for colorectal surgery. PMID- 6641457 TI - Fate of the rectal mucosa after rectal mucosectomy and ileoanal anastomosis. AB - The aim of our study was to determine if the rectal mucosa regenerates after rectal mucosectomy and endorectal ileoanal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis. Such regenerated rectal mucosa could be the site of recurrent disease, leading to complications of the operation, and potential malignant degeneration. Pathologic specimens of the ileoanal anastomosis, surrounded by rectal muscular cuff, were obtained from eight patients who required takedown of their ileoanal anastomosis between one and 18 months after construction. Reepithelialization of the rectal cuff was not observed. In two patients, small islets of rectal mucosa and anal glands were identified. In all patients, the rectal muscularis propria was adherent to the serosa of the ileum by fibrous reaction. Three patients were diagnosed, both clinically and pathologically, as having chronic ulcerative colitis at the original ileoanal operation, but features suggestive of Crohn's disease were noted in the subsequently resected neo-rectum. Our observations suggest that, although isolated rectal mucosal cells may remain after mucosectomy, extensive rectal mucosal regeneration does not occur, thus minimizing the risk of recurrent disease and potential malignant change. Failure of an ileoanal anastomosis is therefore most likely related either to technical factors or to the presence of unsuspected Crohn's disease. PMID- 6641458 TI - Colorectal schistosomiasis. Endoscopic polypectomy. AB - The role of colonoscopic polypectomy for schistosomal polyps was studied. The results showed that, in spite of the large number of polyps, a total of 404 polyps were removed from 20 patients. The procedure is feasible with minimal complications. A marked reduction of rectal bleeding occurred in half the patients, and the remaining half had minimal symptoms. Colonoscopic polypectomy gives equal results to colonic excision for schistosomal polyps. PMID- 6641459 TI - EEA stapler for mid-rectum carcinoma. Review of recent literature and own initial experience. AB - Over a three-year period, 1980-82, 79 per cent of our patients with rectal cancer were treated with the intention of cure, and sphincter-saving procedures were performed in 62 per cent of these cases. This report concerns 21 patients with mid-rectum cancer operated on with low anterior resection and extraperitoneal EEA stapled anastomosis. Nine patients had Dukes' stage A tumors, seven had stage B, and five had stage C tumors. An 86-year-old woman died in the sixth postoperative week, and a 74-year-old man died after 20 months with a probable recurrence. Nineteen patients are currently alive 4 to 40 months post-operatively, with no overt signs of recurrence. We cannot confirm recent alarming reports on a significant incidence of early local recurrence. Routine Gastrografin enemas were performed and offered very little in terms of clinical guidance. Significant anastomotic leakage occurred in four patients, although without clinical symptoms or the need for fecal diversion. Despite initially intact anastomoses in 13 patients, pelvic sepsis with late dehiscence developed in three, all of whom required fecal diversion. The clinical leak rate was thus 3 of 21, 14 per cent, and the total incidence of leakage 7 of 21, 33 per cent. We performed routine colostomy on the first three patients but, in retrospect, believe this was unneccessary. Only one of the 19 survivors still has a colostomy, due to a benign anastomotic stricture. We consider anterior resection of mid-rectum carcinoma with EEA-stapled anastomosis a highly feasible procedure, the curative potential of which, however, can be established only by long-term follow-up studies. PMID- 6641460 TI - Experience with the one-stage perineal repair of rectal prolapse. AB - Our experience with 27 patients undergoing 33 Altemeier procedures for repair of rectal prolapse is presented. The overall recurrence rate during a 1- to 17-year follow-up period is 35 per cent (per patients) or 50 per cent (per operations). There was no mortality and only minimal morbidity, although we were dealing with an elderly group of patients (average age 61 years) with many associated diseases (2.8 diseases per patient). Of 13 patients with successful anatomic repair, ten described it as a success, one developed an anal stricture, and two patients claimed only partial success, despite a perfect anatomic repair, due to lack of improved continence. Our results with the Altemeier procedure for the repair of rectal prolapse are unsatisfactory. However, as the procedure is well tolerated by elderly and sick patients, it should be reserved for those. PMID- 6641461 TI - Endorectal repair of rectocele. AB - A modification of Sullivan's procedure for endorectal repair of "low" rectocele was completed in 59 patients with local anesthesia. Associated anorectal pathology was corrected in all patients. The technique is described. At follow up, the results were as follows: 37 excellent (62.7 per cent), 10 good (16.9 per cent), eight fair (13.6 per cent), and four poor (6.7 per cent). PMID- 6641462 TI - Long-term follow-up of closed hemorrhoidectomy. AB - Four hundred forty-one patients who had closed hemorrhoidectomy with local anesthesia were followed for one to seven years postoperatively to assess long term results and patient satisfaction. Seven and one-half per cent needed further treatment of hemorrhoids, 7.7 per cent developed other anorectal or colonic pathology, and 0.5 per cent had lasting incontinence. Lateral internal sphincterotomy did not predispose to incontinence. Patient satisfaction was 92.6 per cent. PMID- 6641463 TI - Pilonidal disease: long-term results of follicle removal. AB - Pilonidal disease is treated by follicle removal and lateral drainage. The method is suited to outpatient management and gives minimal disability and good long term control. Other treatment methods for management of the unhealed midline pilonidal incision are discussed. Results are satisfactory to as long as nine years on follow-up. Microphotographs demonstrate that pilonidal disease arises from hair follicles in the skin. PMID- 6641464 TI - Uncommon features of giant colonic diverticula. AB - Two patients with giant colonic diverticula were operated upon within one week. Uncommon features of this rare condition were observed in both patients: 1) the diverticulum was located outside the sigmoid colon, 2) smooth-muscle fibers and ganglion cells were present in the wall of the diverticulum, and 3) free perforation into the peritoneal cavity was the presenting symptom. Barium enema in one patient showed no communication between the diverticulum and the colonic lumen, despite evidence of such communication on histologic examination. Both patients were successfully treated by simple excision of the diverticulum without colonic resection. PMID- 6641465 TI - Ectopic salivary gland tissue in submucosa of rectum. AB - A case of ectopic salivary gland tissue in the submucosa of the rectum adjacent to a hyperplastic polyp is described. The two previously reported cases of ectopic salivary gland tissue in the rectum were different in that ectopic gastric mucosa was also present. The 16 cases of ectopic tissue in the rectum noted in the world medical literature are reviewed. PMID- 6641466 TI - Hemangiomas of the large bowel. Report of a case. AB - This report concerns a 19-year-old man who complained of rectal bleeding of about one year's duration. Colonoscopy revealed a 10-cm segment of sigmoid colon characterized by the presence of multiple lesions identified as probable hemangiomas; one sessile dark tumor, 0.5 cm large, was snared endoscopically; histologic examination revealed a cavernous hemangioma. Three weeks later anterior resection was performed and histologic examination of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis of hemangiomas. PMID- 6641467 TI - Spontaneous rupture of the rectosigmoid with small-bowel evisceration through the anus. Report of a case and review of the literature. AB - A patient with spontaneous rupture of the rectum and evisceration of small bowel through the anus is presented. To the authors' knowledge, this paper represents the third reported case of this type of spontaneous rectal rupture. A discussion of the pathogenesis and treatment of this rather unique complication is presented. It is suggested that rectal or rectosigmoid rupture be considered a rare complication of rectal prolapse. PMID- 6641468 TI - Splenic abscess associated with Streptococcus bovis septicemia and neoplastic lesions of the colon. AB - Streptococcus bovis bacteremia is known to be associated with gastrointestinal disease, especially colon lesions. Two patients are presented with a previously unreported syndrome: S. bovis bacteremia, endocarditis, colon neoplasms, and splenic abscess. In one case, the colonic lesion was occult and required colonoscopy for identification (normal barium enema). S. bovis bacteremia is an important marker for occult gastrointestinal neoplasia. PMID- 6641469 TI - Volvulus of the transverse colon. Reports of cases and review of the literature. AB - Volvulus of the transverse colon is rare. Sixty-six cases have been reported in the English medical literature, and three new cases are presented herein. The causative factors, classical clinical presentation, radiologic findings, and management have been addressed. It is believed that colonoscopy will have an increasing role in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition in the future. PMID- 6641470 TI - Phencyclidine: effects on the fetus and neonate. AB - As phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) has become one of the more frequently abused drugs in the United States, there has been increasing interest in its effect on the fetus and neonate of the pregnant abuser. Two groups of women enrolled in a comprehensive perinatal addiction program were studied: 7 women abused PCP prior to and during pregnancy, and these women were compared to a group of 27 drug-free women. No differences between the two groups were seen in maternal age, gravidity, gestational age or Apgar scores. At birth, there was no difference in birth weight, length, or head circumference between the two groups of neonates. The most characteristic features of the PCP-exposed infants were the sudden outbursts of agitation and rapid changes in level of consciousness, similar to responses described in adults intoxicated with PCP. Scores on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale revealed a significant increase in lability of states and poor consolability in PCP-exposed infants. 3-month scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development revealed no significant difference between the two groups of infants. PMID- 6641471 TI - Ethanol and diazepam effects on intrauterine growth of the rat. AB - Four groups of 6 pregnant Long-Evans rats were intubated on days 6, 7, 9, 12, 15, and 18 of gestation with (a) 4 g/kg ethanol (E), (2) 10 mg/kg diazepam (D) plus isocaloric amounts of sucrose, (3) 10 mg/kg diazepam plus 4 g/kg ethanol (DE), and (4) gum arabic suspension plus sucrose solution in isocaloric amount with E (PF). All groups were pair-fed with group DE and had ad libitum access to water. On day 19 there were no differences in maternal weight gain, litter size, fetal weight, and protein content in fetal brain. Fetal brain and placental weight were significantly decreased in E, D, and DE. The decrease in placental weight in DE was significantly higher than in E or D. The concentrations of glutamic acid, alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, leucine, valine, and tyrosine in fetal brains were significantly decreased after E and D, but not different in DE from PF. Diazepam did not potentiate the effects of ethanol. Undernutrition could be a confounding factor in the observed effects. PMID- 6641472 TI - Computer-tomographic appearance of branchial cleft and thyroglossal duct cysts of the neck. AB - The usefulness of computer tomography (CT) in the evaluation of a congenital neck mass has received little attention in the literature. We present the CT findings in two relatively common congenital neck masses - the thyroglossal duct cyst and the branchial cleft cyst. These cysts present a relatively common CT appearance of a mass with an enhancing capsule and a lucent center measuring between 20 and 35 Houndsfield Units. The branchial cleft cyst commonly occurs along the lateral border of the neck, anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, while the thyroglossal duct cyst occurs along the midline of the neck. CT is excellent for determining the location, size, extent and character of these two common congenital neck masses. PMID- 6641473 TI - Diagnostic efficacy of echography in cholestasis. AB - The usefulness of hepatobiliary echography was assessed prospectively in 32 patients with cholestatic jaundice. The predictive reliability of the method for detecting major bile duct obstruction was 93% and for excluding this possibility was 88%. Echography altered diagnostic thinking significantly in 22 patients (69%). Correct management decisions were made promptly in all but 1 patient who underwent unnecessary laparotomy for acute hepatitis. Laparotomy was correctly avoided in 2 patients and invasive investigations were not required in a further 12. It is concluded that hepatobiliary echography is a useful and cost-effective method in the diagnosis and management of the jaundiced patient. PMID- 6641474 TI - Extent of BrdUrd-induced prolactin gene amplification in GH cells. AB - The thymidine analog, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd), induces prolactin (Prl) synthesis and Prl gene amplification in a subclone of GH cells (rat pituitary tumor cells in culture). Withdrawal of drug treatment reverses both processes. Our previous results show that Prl gene amplification is associated with an event involving extrachromosomal DNA. The results presented in this report show that a 20-kb length of DNA, including all the coding sequences of the Prl gene, is amplified following BrdUrd treatment of this strain of GH cells. Amplification of DNA sequences extends about 3 kb upstream from the 5' end and about 7 kb downstream from the 3' end of the Prl gene. The DNA sequences immediately adjacent to these 5'-and 3'-flanking regions of the Prl gene are not affected by BrdUrd treatment. These results suggest that BrdUrd-induced amplification of Prl gene coding and neighboring sequences is restricted to within 3 kb of the 5' end and within 7 kb of the 3' end of the structural gene Analysis of low-molecular weight extrachromosomal DNA isolated by Hirt's procedure from drug-treated cells reveals a similar pattern of amplification of the Prl gene and its flanking sequences. PMID- 6641475 TI - Quick-blot: selective mRNA or DNA immobilization from whole cells. AB - Quick-blot, a method for selectively immobilizing either mRNA or DNA on nitrocellulose, is described in detail. Essential elements of the procedure for immobilizing DNA include tissue lysis, proteinase K treatment, solubilization of nucleic acids in hot 12.2 molal NaI, passage through a nitrocellulose filter, and acetylation of residual protein with acetic anhydride. Advantages include speed, quantitative recovery, low background, and elimination of the usual baking step. Essential elements of the procedure for selectively immobilizing mRNA include dissolving cells in Brij-35 and desoxycholate, proteinase K treatment, solubilizing nucleic acids in room temperature 12.2 molal NaI, filtration through nitrocellulose, and acetylation of residual protein. Advantages include selective immobilization of mRNA but not tRNA, rRNA, or DNA, and the maintenance of biological activity of the immobilized mRNA. Control experiments to optimize the procedures and examples of their application are shown. PMID- 6641477 TI - Component analysis of pattern evoked occipital potentials in hemianopic patients. AB - In a group of 33 patients with hemianopia, interhemispherical differences of the visually evoked potentials after pattern stimulation were studied. Both full field stimulation and vertical half field stimulation were applied. The results were not consistent, i.e. interhemispherical differences were not always according to the hemianopia. In general, with hemifield stimulation a better score was obtained. Differences between vascular accidents and tumours as the underlying cause of the hemianopia could not be established. With full-field stimulation and a midline electrode hemianopias could not reliably be detected. PMID- 6641476 TI - Binocularity in comitant strabismus: II. Objective evaluation with visual evoked responses. AB - Campos (1982a) reported on his psychophysical studies on the binocularity of patients with comitant strabismus. With binocular visual field techniques, it was possible to show that patients with small-angle eso- and exotropia exhibit a binocular vision, without suppression of the deviated eye. In the present paper visual electrophysiology is used objectively these findings and to provide more insight in the problem. First, the studies on binocularity in normals and strabismics, done by using visual evoked responses (VER) are reviewed. This type of investigation is relatively new and the results of the literature are still conflicting. Then personal results of the authors are reported. It is shown that with VER it is possible to objectively assess the presence of anomalous binocular vision (ABV) sustained by anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC) in small-angle strabismus. In patients with large angle deviations this type of binocularity is absent. A correlation between psychophysical and electrophysiological data is provided. Lastly a simple method is described for differentiating the binocularity of normals from that of Strabismics with ARC. This method is based on the recording of binocular VER with the anteposition in front of the fixing eye of neutral filters of increasing density. PMID- 6641478 TI - Perimetry, today and tomorrow. AB - Perimetry is clearly in an explosive stage of development. Here, an attempt is made to bring together major developments and put them into an orderly perspective. The projection-bowl-perimeters of Bern and Tubingen set the stage. Standardization provides the base for future development and data exchange. Automation and inclusion of computational procedures enhance the possibility of broad utilization for better screening and advanced testing. New test procedures make possible extremely fine localization of functions and allow superior definition of areas of involvement in pathology. New fundus perimeters make possible instantaneous fine correlations between functional changes and observed retinal anatomic lesions. PMID- 6641480 TI - Examination of the peripheral field of vision with the waterfall phenomenon (motion stop reverse illusion). AB - With the help of a moving stripe-pattern, generated onto a monitor screen, adjusted to the peripheral visual acuity, a local stimulation in the peripheral field of vision of one eye was carried out. During this stimulation no optokinetic nystagmus was observed. After the stimulating objects were brought to a halt, brief movement sensations in the opposite direction appeared to take place. This is known in the vertical direction as the waterfall phenomenon. This phenomenon (called MSRI) also occurs after stimulation from other directions. It gives an impression of the sensitivity of the periphery of the retina to movement and may be of use in measuring the peripheral dynamic visual acuity. PMID- 6641479 TI - Non-fusable stimuli and the role of binocular inhibition in normal and pathologic vision, especially strabismus. AB - Stimuli on corresponding points of both retinae that cannot be fused may cause binocular rivalry: the stimuli suppress each other alternately. This effect was used to study the influence of image sharpness upon binocular inhibition. Blurring an image means decreasing its contrast and attenuating its high spatial frequencies. Both factors diminish the time that a stimulus is perceived during rivalry. This fact has implications both for normal vision--as objects off the horopter are normally blurred--and for disturbed vision when the image of one or both eyes is (locally) deteriorated. In both cases, the binocular field of view can be combined from the 'good' parts of both eyes. Hence, the field of view may consist, in a piece-meal fashion, of parts stemming from the right or the left eye exclusively and others where both images are superimposed. We present evidence for the hypothesis that there is a common neural mechanism causing both binocular rivalry and functional amblyopia in anisometropia and strabismus. Consequences of the results on rivalry suppression for the pathophysiology and therapy of strabismic amblyopia are discussed. PMID- 6641481 TI - Ocular anatomy and refraction. AB - An examination is made of possible relations between ocular morphology and refraction in man. Special attention is paid to astigmatism, prematurity, the eye at birth, and differences as between the eyes of men and women respectively. Some functional correlates are also pointed out. PMID- 6641483 TI - [Characteristics of the antioxidative action of tocopherols as natural antioxidants]. PMID- 6641482 TI - Effects of near ultraviolet radiation on the lens and retina. AB - This communication represents a consideration of non-visual interactions between environmental light and the eye. It covers the following topics: light in the environment; light entering the eye and transmission to the retina; observed light damage; mechanisms of light damage; and considerations of the absorptive properties of artificial lenses. The intention of this paper is to summarize the available information and some of the current thinking about the non-visual interactions of the eye with short wave-length radiation. Many more experiments must be done for us to appreciate the full significance of this information for the benefit of man. PMID- 6641484 TI - [Lag-period in the kinetics of lactate dehydrogenase]. PMID- 6641485 TI - [Transition of the specific binding sites of glucocorticoid receptor complexes from the fraction of potentially active DNA into the fraction of transcriptionally active DNA under cortisol induction in rat liver cells]. PMID- 6641486 TI - [Detection of extrachromosomal DNA in Azotobacter chroococcum strains]. PMID- 6641487 TI - [Tunneling between quasi-degenerate conformational states and the low-temperature thermal capacity of biopolymers. A glass-like protein model]. PMID- 6641488 TI - [Neuronal correlates of internal inhibition in the frontal cortex of dogs]. PMID- 6641489 TI - [Nuclear behavior of the growing oocytes of the clawed frog in the cytoplasm of the maturing oocytes of the axolotl]. PMID- 6641490 TI - [Neuroanatomical characteristics of rat strains differing in the ability to form active avoidance conditioned reflexes]. PMID- 6641491 TI - [Channel-forming properties of the presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the spider Latrodectus tredecimguttatus]. PMID- 6641492 TI - [New type of specific binding sites for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) found in a mouse glioblastoma]. PMID- 6641493 TI - [Neurochemical components of the compensatory reorganization of the cortical portion of the somatosensory analyzer]. PMID- 6641494 TI - Blood beta-carotene status in chronic alcoholics--a good biochemical marker for malnutrition. PMID- 6641495 TI - Relapse rates for former clients of alcoholism rehabilitation units who are drinking without symptoms. AB - A follow-up study of former clients of 17 alcoholism rehabilitation units of New York State shows that those clients drinking without symptoms at the first follow up have higher relapse rates at the second than those who were abstaining at the first follow-up. This is true for all identifiable sub-groups of former clients. PMID- 6641497 TI - Mediator mechanisms of cathinone effects on animal behaviour. AB - The effect of cathinone on the visual differentiation of cats was investigated by the method of defense conditioned reflexes. It was found that cathinone decreases the differentiation of both the short-term and prolonged visual stimuli. These effects of cathinone increase when the serotoninergic system is activated and decrease under dopaminergic system activation. PMID- 6641496 TI - Altered mood and norepinephrine metabolism following withdrawal from alcohol. AB - Affective symptoms were evaluated in chronic alcoholics during a 2-week period following detoxification from alcohol. Increased ratings were apparent both on the Manic State Rating Scale (MSRS) and on the Ma Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in a subgroup of these patients. Primary symptoms included grandiosity, irritability, and mildly increased psychomotor activity. Alcoholics who had been detoxified for several months or hospitalized medical patients did not show similar symptoms. Measurements of urinary 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG), a metabolite of norepinephrine which has been associated with manic-depressive illness, also showed increased excretion in a subpopulation of recently detoxified patients. The coexistence of depressed mood in these patients may have led to symptoms of hypomania being previously overlooked, although signs of depression are common in mania itself. PMID- 6641498 TI - Drinking patterns and alcohol problems among Hispanics in the U.S.: a review. AB - The literature on drinking patterns and alcohol problems among Hispanic Americans is critically reviewed. The picture provided by studies which have been examined indirect indicators of alcohol problems is contradictory. Some results suggest that Hispanics in the U.S.A. are over-represented among alcohol-related deaths and among those arrested for drunk driving and in treatment in alcoholism programs. Other studies do not provide evidence of over-representation. Studies in the general population indicate that there is more heavy drinking and alcohol related problems among Hispanics than among other ethnic groups in the U.S.A. general population. However, very few of these studies were specifically designed to evaluate alcohol use and problems among this ethnic group, and these results are based on the analysis of a small number of Hispanic respondents. In the conclusions this and other methodological limitations are discussed and new areas for study are proposed. PMID- 6641499 TI - Variation in length of time to development of alcoholism by family history of problem drinking. AB - Patients hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism were asked to provide information on family history of drinking problems, age at onset of drinking, and timing of the occurrence of problems due to use of alcohol in their lives, using a time scale. Analysis of data from 256 male patients indicated a strong association between a family history of problem drinking and development of alcoholism at a young age. Mean age at the time the patients could be defined as alcoholic, based on the chronological history of the time of occurrence of symptoms, ranged from 27.2 years for bilineal family history positive patients to 38.5 years for those with negative family history, and the difference could not be explained by differences in age at onset of drinking. The results indicate that the increased risk of alcoholism among individuals with family history of problem drinking, which has been postulated on the basis of many cross-sectional studies, is likely to be overestimated. PMID- 6641500 TI - Platelet monoamine oxidase and erythrocyte catechol-o-methyltransferase activity in alcoholism and controlled abstinence. AB - This study substantiates previous reports that low platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is associated with alcoholism. Catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) activity in erythrocytes of alcoholics did not differ from that of controls. In 20 male alcoholics low platelet MAO activity was found during the first 3 days after hospitalization. The MAO activity increased in the next 2 weeks of abstinence and then tended to decrease again. PMID- 6641501 TI - Retention of driving-under-the-influence offenders in alcoholism treatment. AB - The race, age, education, marital status, employment status, occupational level, prior treatment status, and SCL-90-R Global Severity Index scores of 244 men admitted to a 90-day outpatient treatment program for alcoholism, following their arrests for driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol, were analyzed to determine whether or not these psychosocial characteristics were related to completing treatment. A stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that age, the SCL-90-R Global Severity Index, and current employment differentiated between offenders who completed and did not complete treatment. Older employed men complaining of less intense symptoms were more likely to finish treatment than younger unemployed men complaining of more intense symptoms. PMID- 6641502 TI - Factor structure of common drug usage. AB - The correlated usage of commonly employed, legal drugs was examined in a sample of 377 American and 908 Swedish adults. Measures of alcohol, tranquilizer, sleeping pill, and coffee or tea consumption were submitted to a principal components factor analysis with Varimax rotation. The resultant three factors were characterized by (1) heavy drinking in general and beer consumption specifically (ALCFAC), (2) the use of tranquilizers and sleeping medications (TSFAC) and (3) the consumption of coffee and tea (CTFAC). Factor structure profiles for ALCFAC and TSFAC were more stable than CTFAC across nationalities, sexes, and cohorts. Profiles for Swedish smokers and never-smokers were very similar; for Americans, however, profiles for never-smokers were more similar to Swedish profiles than to those of American smokers. Factor scores were computed to examine the relationship between tobacco use and levels of the factors by means of analysis of variance. In Swedes, ALCFAC and CTFAC levels varied with smoking status, whereas ALCFAC and TSFAC levels with smoking status in Americans. PMID- 6641503 TI - Correlation between the total cholesterol serum concentration data and carbamazepine steady-state blood levels in humans. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine at steady state, after multiple doses in patients with elevated serum cholesterol levels. Twelve patients participated in the investigation; patients were divided into two groups according to their total serum cholesterol levels. Each patient received multiple doses of carbamazepine 600 mg po once per day. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for carbamazepine by gas-liquid chromatography. The clearance concept was used to describe the pharmacokinetic behavior of carbamazepine in high and low cholesterol patients. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve was determined by the trapezoidal rule method. This value was used to determine the oral dose clearance. In this study, the authors found that the elevated serum cholesterol and elevated total lipids cause a decrease in drug concentration. The significantly higher values of the total body clearance of carbamazepine, obtained in patients with elevated serum cholesterol levels, may have significance in clinical practice. PMID- 6641504 TI - Hemolytic anemia and pancytopenia induced by cefoxitin. AB - A 77-year-old man received cefoxitin for the treatment of peritonitis. He developed hemolytic anemia and became clinically jaundiced. The patient was switched from cefoxitin to doxycycline. His total bilirubin decreased and his hematocrit increased. Several weeks later he developed septicemia. For an infiltration in the left lower lobe, he was treated with cefoxitin and gentamicin. The patient proceeded to develop a mild granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia. Anemia was not seen because the patient was transfused several times. Bone marrow aspiration showed a mildly hypocellular marrow with a depression of all cell series, suggesting drug-induced bone marrow toxicity. Nine days after discontinuing cefoxitin, his blood elements had gone back to normal. This is the fourth case on file at Merck Sharp & Dohme of hemolytic anemia induced by cefoxitin. There have been several reports of hemolytic anemia or pancytopenia caused by cephalothin, but few, if any, citing the other cephalosporins, particularly cefoxitin. Clinicians should be made aware of the possibility of hematologic toxicities occurring with cefoxitin therapy. Patients should have their erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets monitored while on this drug. PMID- 6641505 TI - Quinidine interaction with anticonvulsants. PMID- 6641506 TI - Predictability of serum digoxin concentrations in clinical practice. AB - A study was conducted to clarify the reliability of serum digoxin concentration (SDC) predictions in the absence of concurrent quinidine administration. The effects of age, sex, congestive heart failure (CHF), and the method used to estimate creatinine clearance were investigated. Data were collected from patients who were representative of those seen in clinical practice. Patients admitted to the study were required to have not received quinidine, to have stable renal function, to have been taking digoxin for ten consecutive days--the same dose and route of administration, and to have been categorized as having or not having CHF at the time of the SDC determination. There were 44 patients who qualified for admission to the study. SDCs were predicted on the basis of four methods for estimating creatinine clearance and four methods for estimating serum concentrations. After simple linear regression analysis, one method was found to have correlation coefficients ranging from 0.72 to 0.79, regardless of the method used to estimate creatinine clearance. In addition, analysis determined that age and presence of CHF were not factors affecting the reliability of predicted SDCs. Female patients had, on the average, a greater difference between measured and predicted SDCs; however, this was not statistically significant. Thus, in the absence of concurrent quinidine administration, SDCs may be estimated as long as the limitations of the method are acknowledged. Age, CHF, and the common methods used to estimate creatinine clearance do not significantly affect the reliability of predicted SDC values. PMID- 6641507 TI - Bendectin: a case of mourning sickness. PMID- 6641508 TI - The role of the institutional review board in research involving human subjects. AB - Concern with the rights and welfare of human experimental research subjects has given rise to the evolution of institutional review boards. This article describes the basic composition and purposes of these boards, as well as the federal regulations by which they are governed. Since many of these regulations are open to interpretation, the policies and procedures of one such board are included to represent an example of how these regulations are interpreted and applied. PMID- 6641509 TI - Cognitive variants in the elderly: an integral part of medication counseling. AB - The elderly population continues to be a major consumer of drugs. In working with this population, special consideration should be given to the specific problems that make drug use in the elderly more complex. One area that is often not considered is cognitive aspects of information receipt, storage, retrieval, and utilization. By considering these factors in working with the elderly, more appropriate and useful outcomes may be achieved. PMID- 6641510 TI - Comment and case report on dose-dependent theophylline elimination. PMID- 6641511 TI - Commercial IV fluid overfill effects on continuous-infusion drug administration and assessment. PMID- 6641513 TI - Happy families in the pharmaceutical industry. PMID- 6641512 TI - Two legal issues: expert witnesses and Bendectin case. PMID- 6641515 TI - How to help patients with senile macular degeneration. PMID- 6641514 TI - Coparvax for malignant effusion? PMID- 6641516 TI - More on muscle cramps. PMID- 6641517 TI - Chronic simple glaucoma--current treatment. PMID- 6641518 TI - Indoprofen--another NSAID. PMID- 6641519 TI - Drinking alcohol after viral hepatitis: more precise advice. PMID- 6641520 TI - Tinidazole v. metronidazole. PMID- 6641521 TI - p-tert.-Butylphenol formaldehyde and other causes of shoe dermatitis. AB - Because p-tert.-butylphenolformaldehyde-free shoes are unavailable in the Dutch market we had to have shoes made of alternative materials for 13 patients reacting to this resin. These alternative materials consisted of leather samples prepared with various tanning agents, counters (heel stiffeners), stitching yarns, adhesives, etc. The composition of these alternative materials was kept a secret. New shoes were composed of materials to which the patient had shown negative reactions. These shoes are well tolerated. Only one patient reacted to virtually all materials tested. She may have an excited skin syndrome. She will be tested in the near future with the necessary materials applied one by one to find out whether this is true. Up to present we have encountered only a few shoe positive patients who have neither reacted to the resin, nor to a series of alternative adhesives. These patients will be studied in more detail as to the origin of their dermatitis. PMID- 6641522 TI - [Complete revascularization surgery in patients with coronary disease with severely reduced left ventricular function. Discrepancies in the evaluation of results]. AB - Clinical data, function and compliance of left ventricle as well as regional wall motion were analysed in 17 patients with preoperatively limited left-ventricular function and signs of myocardial ischaemia after complete revascularisation surgery. Recatheterisation after 5.2 months on average after surgery showed improvement by one NYHA class, an increase of mean left-ventricular enddiastolic pressure, which was interpreted as "improved status of ischaemia", a decrease of left-ventricular compliance by 30%, of enddiastolic volume by 14% and of endsystolic volume by 20% (P less than 0.05). Loss of function occurred in 3 out of 92 bypasses. Up to the time of reporting, 22.4 months postoperatively, all patients have survived in a relatively satisfactory clinical state. All parameters of left-ventricular function as well as regional wall motion showed a tendency for improvement after surgery in the majority of patients. However, pre- and postoperative mean values were not significantly different (P greater than 0.05). Thus, despite clearcut improvement of clinical state and "ischaemia index", improvement of left-ventricular function and regional wall motion are not consistently demonstrable. The reasons of this discrepancy cannot be ascertained by this investigation. The quality of the surgical intervention and the sensitivity of parameter assessment cannot be held responsible. PMID- 6641523 TI - [Metamizol--acute overdose with suicidal intent]. AB - An 18-year-old girl swallowed 98 tablets of Novalgin (corresponding to 49 g metamizole) with suicidal intent. After stomach lavage she received forced diuresis for 14 hours. Metamizole metabolites in serum and urine were measured by thin-layer chromatography. After 24 hours the serum concentration of metamizole metabolites was still clearly elevated. Renal elimination amounted to 11 g metamizole. The patient survived the severe overdosage without significant organ abnormalities. This favourable course differs from reports of lethal intoxication with other pyrazolone derivatives, especially those with metamizole combination drugs. The forced diuresis proved to be a satisfactory elimination procedure. Biotransformation and elimination of the metamizole metabolites still continued after 24 hours. PMID- 6641524 TI - [Effect of diuretics on myocardial function in chronic heart insufficiency]. PMID- 6641525 TI - [Delivery of hospital discharge reports to health insurance companies]. PMID- 6641526 TI - [Pharmacotherapy in severe asthma attacks]. PMID- 6641527 TI - [Computer tomography of an atypical echinococcal cyst in the liver]. PMID- 6641528 TI - [Efficacy of oral and parenteral hyposensitization with pollen extracts]. PMID- 6641529 TI - [Methods in mechanical cardiac resuscitation. A critical evaluation]. PMID- 6641531 TI - [Therapy of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6641530 TI - [Effect of nifedipine on hemodynamics in precapillary pulmonary hypertension at rest and during exertion]. AB - The effect of sublingual nifedipine (20 mg) on haemodynamics at rest and during bicycle ergometry in supine position was assessed in 22 patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension (obstructive form: n = 17, restrictive form: n = 2, combined obstructive-restrictive: n = 3). At rest nifedipine resulted in an increase of cardiac frequency from 85 to 89/min, during exercise from 109 to 120/min (P less than 0.05). Concomitantly the mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly both at rest and during exercise. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure showed significant reduction from 42.9 to 36.2 mm Hg (P less than 0.0005) only during exercise. The total body vascular resistance at rest decreased by 21% (P less than 0.005), during exercise by 15% (P less than 0.1). Pulmonary arteriolar resistance at rest decreased by 9%, during maximum loading by 34% from 312 to 215 dyn X s X cm-5 (P less than 0.05). Nifedipine was shown to be a suitable agent for lowering right ventricular afterload in secondary pulmonary hypertension due to chronic lung disease. The beneficial effect at rest depends on the extent of the pulmonary arteriolar resistance and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure. However, during exercise conditions it can be observed in the majority of patients (93%). Due to the variable response haemodynamic assessment is required prior to routine use in order to establish patients with optimal response. PMID- 6641532 TI - [Oxmetidine--a new H2-receptor antagonist]. PMID- 6641533 TI - [Acid secretion and hormone levels after several weeks of omeprazole administration]. PMID- 6641534 TI - [Vaccination of uremic patients against hepatitis B]. AB - Hepatitis B vaccine (Merck, Sharp & Dohm) was administered according to various vaccination schedules to 12 patients in preterminal renal failure without haemodialysis treatment, 81 patients on a chronic haemodialysis programme and 43 staff of a nephrological centre. After three-times vaccination (at 0, 1, 6 months) with 20 micrograms HBs antigen, seroconversion occurred in 91% of persons without kidney disease. A double dose (40 micrograms) was given, at the same time intervals, to 29 dialysis patients, with a seroconversion rate of 55% and titre levels less than in those without renal disease. Of 26 dialysis patients given the same dose (40 micrograms) five times (at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 months), 63% achieved seroconversion with a definitely higher anti-HBs titre than those dialysis patients vaccinated only three times. Passive-active vaccination with 40 micrograms HBs antigen (at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 months) as well as 3 ml hepatitis B immunoglobulin (at 0, 2 months) was given to 26 dialysis patients. There was a comparable frequency of seroconversion (58%) and a comparable titre rise to those obtained with active vaccination alone. Twelve pre-uraemic patients not requiring dialysis (serum creatinine 753 +/- 184 mumol/l) also were actively vaccinated three times, the results not differing from those in dialysis patients. The findings indicate that patients with renal disease potentially needing dialysis should, in the early stages of renal failure (serum creatinine less than 500 mumol/l) be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine. PMID- 6641535 TI - [Chemotherapy of metastasizing breast cancer. Adriamycin mono and combination therapy after LMFP pretreatment]. AB - To test the effectiveness of adriamycin (ADM: doxorubicin), alone or in combination with other cytostatic drugs, as second treatment, the course of illness in 53 patients with metastasizing carcinoma of the breast was analysed retrospectively. After pre-treatment with leukeran (chlorambucil), methotrexate, fluorouracil and prednisone (LMFP), they were treated with ADM, either alone or in combination with other drugs. Twenty-seven patients were pre-treated with hormones. If progression was demonstrated under LMFP, treatment was continued either with ADM alone; with ADM, vincristin and cyclophosphamide (VAC); or with other ADM combinations. On LMFP 25 patients (47%) had remission of a mean duration of 10.5 months and mean survival time of 23 months. With ADM alone during the second treatment phase there was no case of remission, while with VAC remission was obtained in 38%, with other ADM combinations in 39%. The median second-remission duration was seven months with VAC and five with other ADM combinations, median survival time 11 months with VAC and nine months with other ADM combinations. 25% of patients had a survival rate of twenty-four months after onset of second treatment with VAC. The most important side-effect during the ADM treatment phase was total alopecia (92% of patients). Haematological and gastrointestinal side-effects were also more marked than during the first treatment phase (with LMFP). PMID- 6641536 TI - [One-time therapy of acute cystitis in women. Comparison between gentamycin and amoxicillin]. AB - In a randomized trial 65 women with symptoms of acute cystitis and significant bacteruria were treated with 120 mg gentamycin intramuscularly or 3 g amoxicillin orally. The patients were selected by excluding those with recurrent infection and involvement of the upper urinary tract (by history and clinical examination). The urine was sterile in 53 patients (82%) after a one-week treatment-free interval. The results indicate that there was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups. Further diagnostic tests revealed an underlying urological disease in five of the 12 remaining patients. PMID- 6641537 TI - [Intramyocardial block in carbamazepin poisoning]. AB - A 37-year-old woman took 20 g carbamazepine with suicidal intent. After 16 hours the serum carbamazepine level was 260 mg/l. She died 29 hours after taking the tablets. Main cause of death was progressive intramural conduction disturbance. As carbamazepine is widely used, it should also be considered in intoxications associated with intraventricular and intramyocardial conduction disturbances. Haemoperfusion is suggested as a means of secondary poison elimination. PMID- 6641538 TI - [Disciplinary responsibility of an insurance physician for incidents during appointment registration]. PMID- 6641539 TI - [Changes in thyroid function during anti-arrhythmia therapy with amiodaron]. PMID- 6641540 TI - [Hereditary uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency in porphyria cutanea tarda caused by hormonal contraceptives]. PMID- 6641541 TI - Endometriosis. Current concepts in pathogenesis and treatment. PMID- 6641542 TI - [The immunology of reactive arthritis]. PMID- 6641543 TI - [Natural killer cells and tumor resistance]. PMID- 6641544 TI - [Fine-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of amyloidosis]. PMID- 6641545 TI - [Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency: fatty acid utilization defect causing myopathy]. PMID- 6641546 TI - [Drug-induced renal diseases]. PMID- 6641547 TI - [Causes of sudden, unexpected death in the young and middle-aged]. PMID- 6641548 TI - [Congenital atrial flutter]. PMID- 6641549 TI - [Penicillamine-induced nephrotic syndrome treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy]. PMID- 6641550 TI - [Does the modern environment increase the occurrence of respiratory diseases and allergies?]. PMID- 6641551 TI - Tip refinement in upturned noses. PMID- 6641552 TI - Hemangioma of the nasal septum. PMID- 6641553 TI - Metastatic melanoma to the palatine tonsil. PMID- 6641554 TI - Fiberoptic bronchoscopy: review of 1,000 cases. PMID- 6641555 TI - Old laryngeal fracture. PMID- 6641556 TI - The true disease pattern in East Africa. Part 1. PMID- 6641557 TI - A bacteriological study of cerebrospinal fluids for pyogenic meningitis in Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. PMID- 6641558 TI - A study of ascorbic acid and ceruloplasmin levels in scorbutic guinea pigs and its possible relation to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. PMID- 6641559 TI - Renal failure in children in northern Nigeria. PMID- 6641560 TI - Renal failure and hypertension in tropical Africa--a pre-dialysis experience from Nigeria. PMID- 6641561 TI - Hypercalcaemia in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 6641562 TI - Malignant astrocytoma in an immature (malignant) ovarian teratoma. PMID- 6641563 TI - Sickle cell-thalassemia associated with G6PD deficiency in an African girl in Tanzania. PMID- 6641564 TI - Intrauterine growth retardation: beyond birthweight criteria. PMID- 6641565 TI - Neurological assessment of preterm infants at term conceptional age in comparison with normal full-term infants. AB - In a long-term prospective study 46 unselected infants born before 35 weeks of gestational age were followed up, which included repeated neurological and psychological examination. 40 of them were neurologically evaluated at term conceptional age and compared with 26 full-term newborns, all the infants being considered healthy. There was no difference in mean weight or length between the two groups, but mean head circumference was greater in the preterm group. The preterm infants had lower muscle tone as judged by spontaneous posture of arms and legs, and poor resistance to passive movements and slow arm recoil. In the traction test they had more head lag. The withdrawal and Moro reflexes were weaker, while asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) was easier to elicit. Head control in the sitting position was better. All infants were evaluated with a prenatal and perinatal optimality score, which was not however significantly correlated with the neurological findings. The preterm infants with only slightly reduced optimality score (low risk group) had approximately the same birth weight and gestational age as the other preterms. They more resembled the full-term infants with good resistance to passive movements, fast arm recoil and good responses concerning the withdrawal and Moro reflexes. However, they had a semiflexed position in supine and thus in this respect were more like the other preterms. PMID- 6641566 TI - Cardiac ventricular geometry and function in the growth-retarded fetus. AB - M-mode recordings of the fetal cardiac ventricles were studied in 15 pregnant women with fetal growth retardation. Pregnancy duration varied between 28 and 40 weeks of gestation. In the presence of normal fetal heart rate patterns, M-mode assessment of ventricular geometry and function did not provide additional information on fetal condition. A close relationship between left ventricular output and fetal weight could be demonstrated. PMID- 6641567 TI - Body weight, static and dynamic skinfold thickness in small premature infants during the first month of life. AB - The growth of prematurely born infants is different from the growth of fetuses of the same age remaining in utero. This is in part due to changes in body composition that occur after birth. In search for a practical and reliable method to assess the growth of small prematures, we analyzed data obtained in two anthropometric studies that included 180 premature infants of 750-1750 g weight at birth, and we studied the relationships between weight, static skinfold thickness (SSFT) and dynamic skinfold thickness (delta SFT, i.e. the percentage of change in skinfold thickness between 15 and 60 s after application of the Harpenden caliper). The results show that the SSFT increases steadily after birth in spite of a significant decrease in weight and delta SFT. Whether it contains fat or not, the fold of the skin is increasing in thickness at a time when by weight alone, one would have considered that there was no growth. The nutritional implication of this finding remains to be studied. Serial correlations of measures obtained at each period indicate that weight and SSFT have a good correlation to same measures in subsequent weeks (P less than 0.01). delta SFT, however, showed only a weak correlation (P = 0.05). The delta SFT follows the general pattern of known changes in total body water, but it is not accurate enough to determine changes in individual infants; further studies are thus needed to find a practical method to evaluate changes of body composition and its relevance in the measurement of growth of premature infants. PMID- 6641568 TI - Anthropometric standards for term neonates. AB - 32 anthropometric measurements have been carried out (within 48 h of birth) on 106 full-term normal neonates. Trunk and limb parameters are considered and the results presented as mean values with standard deviations. Comparison with previously published standards, where available, showed good agreement. Both sides of the body were measured but no significant difference was found overall between values for left and right sides of the body. The effect of gender on each measurement was also considered with females having significantly smaller head circumferences and head lengths and larger upper leg lengths. PMID- 6641569 TI - Respiratory frequency during sleep in siblings of sudden infant death syndrome victims. A comparison with control, normal infants. AB - The present study was carried out on 76 polygraphic recordings performed on 38 siblings of sudden infant death syndrome victims and on 38 control (2 days to 18 weeks old) infants. Each sibling corresponded to a control infant according to gender, gestational age at birth and postnatal age criteria. We found that in siblings as in controls, respiratory frequency (RF) was higher in active sleep (AS) compared to quiet sleep (QS) state (P less than 0.05 for 11-18 week siblings, p less than 0.01 for the other groups). During the transitional sleep (TS), RF was on an intermediate level (AS greater than TS greater than QS). There were no significant differences between RF of siblings compared to controls, except that RF during QS in 6-10 week control infants was higher than in siblings of the same age (P less than 0.05). We found a wide variability between RF of different individuals within all the age groups of siblings and of controls (P less than 0.001). However, a high correlation was usually noted between RF found in different sleep states: some infants (siblings or controls) breathed more rapidly and others more slowly in all states studied. In siblings, as previously described in other groups of normal infants, RF seems to be an individual characteristic. In addition, the present work shows that according to RF criterion, healthy siblings are similar to normal infants. PMID- 6641570 TI - Small-for-dates babies at the age of four years: health, handicap and developmental status. AB - 221 small-for-dates (SFD) and 244 average-for-dates (AFD) children were personally examined at birth, and seen thereafter at regular intervals up to 4 years, when a thorough assessment was made. There was an excess of SFD children with major congenital abnormalities; but no difference between the groups in the number of children who were handicapped without congenital abnormality. Their general health was good, and the prevalence of specific disease or major ill health did not differ. SFD girls seemed to have less acute hearing than AFD girls; but there was not difference for boys. The prevalence of squint, impaired vision, speech defects, and abnormalities of gross and fine motor movements were equally low in both groups. At 4 years the mean scores for five sectors of development were significantly lower in the SFD than the AFD group. Within group analyses of 16 variables and their effects on developmental scores showed no associations in either group according to maternal height and weight, birthweights of previous siblings, the presence or not of hypertension and pre eclampsia, bleeding during pregnancy, asphyxia and injury at birth, or birth order. Within each group the net effect of the remaining eight factors was assessed; adjustment being made for the other seven variables. In the SFD group social class and method of delivery made a significant contribution to total scores. In the AFD group significant differences were found according to social class, sex, gestational age at birth and smoking. Method of infant feeding just failed to achieve significance. When all the children were considered together, and birthweight group included as an additional variable, no significant differences remained between the SFD and AFD groups for any sector of development. PMID- 6641571 TI - The behavior of jaundiced infants treated with phototherapy. AB - This study was performed in order to evaluate possible changes in behavior in jaundiced infants without perinatal complications other than hyperbilirubinemia treated with phototherapy. Thirty jaundiced infants (mean bilirubinemia 13.3 mg/100 ml, range 8.4-17.5) born spontaneously at term and undergoing phototherapy for 6 h or more, and 30 comparison subjects similar for sex, birthweight, gestational age, Apgar score, obstetrical history and father's profession were examined during the 3rd day of life according to Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (BNBAS). For 6 of 26 items we found higher values for comparison group (Wilcoxon's Test): inanimate visual median (m.) 5 vs. 3 (P less than 0.05); animate visual m. 5 vs. 3.5 (P less than 0.01); visual and auditory 5.5 vs. 4 (P less than 0.005); pull-to-sit m. 6 vs. 5 (P less than 0.01); cuddliness m. 5 vs. 4 (P less than 0.01); alertness m. 5 vs. 4 (P less than 0.005). Visual orientation responses were the most compromised. On the 4th day of life, 14 infants who had terminated phototherapy at least 2 h before (mean 9.9 h) were compared with their matched comparison group subjects and the same significantly poorer performances, mainly in visual orientation, were found. At one month of age, 12 of these infants treated with phototherapy still showed a significantly poorer performance in 2 items of orientation: inanimate visual m. 6 vs. 4.5 (P less than 0.05); visual and auditory m. 6.5 vs. 4 (P less than 0.05). Whether these results depend on the jaundice or on the phototherapy remain to be established. PMID- 6641572 TI - Analysis of the potential for transfer of lipoprotein-cholesterol across the human placenta. AB - We sought to determine whether evidence exists for the contribution of maternal plasma cholesterol to the fetal plasma cholesterol pool. We found maternal lipoprotein-cholesterol levels at the time of delivery to be significantly higher than those in mixed umbilical cord plasma. The maternal plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were not correlated to fetal plasma levels of these lipoproteins. There was a weak, but statistically significant, positive correlation between maternal and fetal plasma levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol. Also, we found a highly significant difference between the levels of HDL-, LDL-, and total cholesterol in umbilical venous and umbilical arterial plasma; venous levels being 7.7-12.8% higher than those in arterial plasma. These data are suggestive that cholesterol derived from maternal plasma can be delivered across the placenta to the fetal compartment in normal pregnancies at term. The contribution of such cholesterol to the fetal plasma cholesterol pool, however, appears to be of minimal quantitative importance in term newborns of women experiencing uncomplicated pregnancies. PMID- 6641573 TI - Maternal diabetes and neonatal macrosomia. II. Neonatal anthropometric measurements. AB - Anthropometric measurements were obtained within 12 h of birth in 52 infants of non-diabetic mothers and 61 infants of diabetic mothers. Most of the diabetic patients were under good control, only ten of 61 having postpartum hemoglobin A1c levels in excess of normal. Neonates were grouped as normally-grown or macrosomic. Birthweight, crown-heel length, head circumference and skinfold thickness were measured. In each diabetes class, macrosomic neonates had larger mean length, head circumference and skinfold thickness than their normally-grown peers. At equal birthweight, neonates of gestational diabetic mothers and of non diabetic mothers were similar in length, head circumference and skinfold thickness. Neonates of permanently insulin-requiring diabetics were similar to their non-diabetic peers in length and head circumference but had thicker skinfold thicknesses. Anthropometric measurements do not permit differentiation of the origin of neonatal macrosomia. PMID- 6641574 TI - Maternal diabetes and neonatal macrosomia. III. Neonatal body water estimates. AB - Body water estimates were obtained within 12 h of birth in 52 infants of non diabetic mothers and 61 infants of diabetic mothers. Neonates were grouped as normally-grown or macrosomic. Total body water and extracellular water were estimated from antipyrine space and corrected bromide space, respectively. Intracellular water was assumed to be the difference between total and extracellular water. Infants of diabetic mothers, whether normally-grown or macrosomic, had markedly less mean total body water than normally-grown neonates of non-diabetic mothers. No effect of neonatal macrosomia or maternal diabetes on extracellular and intracellular water estimates could be detected with the techniques used. It is suggested that changes in total body water occur as a result of excessive fat accretion during fetal life. PMID- 6641575 TI - Nonstress Test in standing and lying women. AB - The effect of the maternal postural position on the Nonstress Test (NST) was evaluated in 14 normal pregnancies at 38-40 weeks of gestation. Each women was studied for two periods of 30 min, each in the standing and left lateral recumbent positions. Comparing both positions no significant difference was found in the number of fetal movements and heart rate accelerations. The total surface area of accelerations (TSAA) was significantly larger in the standing position. PMID- 6641576 TI - Amino acid composition of preterm and term breast milk during early lactation. AB - The amino acid composition of the protein nitrogen (PN) and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) fractions of human milk obtained from mothers delivering maturely and at term was studied weekly until 44 weeks postconceptual age. Preterm milk contained significantly more total nitrogen (TN) and PN than the term milk; the NPN component was similar between the two groups. The amount of PN decreased significantly in both term and preterm milk during the first weeks of lactation (from approximately 300 mg/100 ml at day 7 to approximately 220 mg/100 ml at 8 weeks), while the level of NPN remained constant (approximately 33 mg/100 ml). The concentrations of almost all amino acids in the PN fraction also decreased during early lactation, while those in the NPN portion remained relatively constant. Glutamate (1630 microM) and taurine (398 microM) were the most plentiful amino acids found in the NPN fraction. No differences in the amino acid composition of the PN were detectable between the preterm and term group. Amino acids measured in this study accounted for 67% of the TN present. Whether the remaining 33% of the nitrogen can be attributed to nitrogen-containing substances other than amino acids and/or methodologic error is not known. PMID- 6641577 TI - Glucocorticoid accelerates renal functional maturation in fetal lambs. AB - Renal function was measured in seven premature lambs delivered spontaneously after a fetal injection of betamethasone, four near term lambs delivered via cesarean section after a fetal injection of a placebo and in ten spontaneously delivered full term lambs. Glomerular filtration rates were significantly higher in the premature betamethasone treated than in the near term placebo treated and the full term lambs. Fractional sodium excretions were significantly lower in the betamethasone treated preterm than the placebo treated near term lambs. This suggests that glucocorticoid accelerates renal glomerular and possibly tubular maturation. As in the lung, fetal administration of glucocorticoid stimulates functional maturation of the kidney. PMID- 6641578 TI - Experimental production of pulmonary hypoplasia following amniocentesis and oligohydramnios. AB - We have analyzed the impact of a single needle puncture of the fetal rat membranes on day 15 of gestation on growth and development at term (day 21). Untouched littermate fetuses served as controls. The procedure led to persistent oligohydramnios. The experimental fetuses weighed less, 94% of the weight of controls, P less than 0.01. Both lungs and liver weighed significantly less, 72% (P less than 0.01) and 89% (P less than 0.03) of controls respectively and there was no effect on brain weight. When the values were expressed as organ/body weight ratio only the lung/body weight ratio was significantly lower, 77% of controls, P less than 0.01. DNA per lung was less, 83%, as was lung DNA per gram of fetal weight, 89%, and the lung protein/DNA ratio was lower, 79%, indicating lung hypoplasia and hypotrophy (all three P values less than 0.01). There were no significant differences in either liver or brain biochemical analysis. We conclude that pulmonary hypoplasia associated with oligohydroamnios in the rat is a suitable animal model of the human condition. PMID- 6641579 TI - Infant incubators and radiant warmers. AB - Incubators and radiant warmers are used to maintain the body temperature of newborn infants. This is best done so that the energy expended for metabolic heat production is minimized. The heat output of these devices is usually regulated by servocontrol to keep the skin temperature constant at a site on the abdomen where a thermistor probe is attached. In incubators, air temperature can also be controlled as an alternative to skin temperature servocontrol. Increased ambient humidity, heat shields and clothing have been used to decrease the evaporative or nonevaporative heat loss of infants in incubators under certain conditions. Double-walled incubators, by adding a second inner layer of Plexiglas, reduce radiant heat loss. They may also reduce total heat loss, but only if air temperature is controlled rather than skin temperature. The minimal oxygen consumption under a radiant warmer is the same or perhaps slightly higher than it is for the same infant in an incubator. Compared with incubators, the partition of body heat loss is quite different under radiant warmers. Radiant warmers increase convective and evaporative heat loss and insensible water loss but eliminate radiant heat loss or change it to net gain. A heat shield of thin polyethylene film can be used with a radiant warmer to reduce heat loss by convection and evaporation. The major advantage of the radiant warmer is the easy access it provides to critically-ill infants without disturbing the thermal environment. Its major disadvantage is the increase in insensible water loss produced by the radiant warmer. Most infants can be safely and adequately cared for in either incubator or radiant warmer bed. PMID- 6641580 TI - Birth order, maternal age and spontaneous abortion. PMID- 6641581 TI - Improved methods for harvesting and counting synchronous populations of Artemia nauplii for use in developmental toxicology. AB - Artemia nauplii have, within recent years, gained popularity as a test organism for short-term toxicity testing. Because nauplii exhibit rapid development and growth within 48 hr after hatch, their potential as a model organism for teratology screening has been considered. To do this, synchronous populations of nauplii at different developmental intervals must be available. A dual-chamber hatching vessel which enables multiple harvesting of synchronous populations of nauplii from one sample of prepared cysts has been developed. An accumulation period of 2 hr defines the synchronous population and produces around 1000 nauplii among five hatching vessels. The body lengths of nauplii harvested 2 to 9 hr after the initial harvest were equivalent to and lower than that of animals incubated at the hatching temperature (31 +/- 1 degree C); e.g., the body length of freshly harvested nauplii at 9 hr was 473 +/- 6.2 micron (+/- SE) and for nauplii incubated for 8 to 10 hr, the body lengths were 643 +/- 10.7 and 702 +/- 10.9 micron, respectively. A counting method was developed that enabled precise counting up to 400 nauplii in suspension and distinguishing dead from live nauplii. Measurements of body length, body water volume, and whole animal DNA and protein of nauplii harvested sequentially from the same sample of prepared cysts indicated that in addition to temporal differences in hatching, the nauplii may differ both physically and chemically. PMID- 6641582 TI - Effects of heavy metals absorbed from water on the laser-induced fluorescence in Elodea densa. AB - Comparative rates of absorption of copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, tin, and inorganic and methylmercury ions from water by Elodea densa were measured. Methylmercury, at relatively low tissue concentrations, was the only ion that quenched the laser-induced fluorescence. PMID- 6641584 TI - Subacute toxicity of paraquat in rats--biochemical effects. AB - The toxic effects of paraquat administered to rats in drinking water for a period of 30 days were studied. Paraquat had no effect on the body weight gain or on organ weights of rats. However, microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and cytochrome P-450 content were increased in rats given paraquat in drinking water. The obtained differences were statistically significant. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was not significantly changed with respect to control animals but a statistically changed, with respect to control animals, statistically significant decrease was established in serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity of test animals compared to values obtained for control groups. Hematological data showed that paraquat caused a decrease in hemoglobin concentration and total red blood cell number, while the total white blood cell number was significantly increased compared to values obtained for control animals. PMID- 6641583 TI - Effects of acute pesticide poisoning on blood clotting in the rat. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 1 ml of diazinon or malathion, 1750 ppm given orally by gavage. Clotting determinations included the prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and coagulation factors II, V, VII, and X, plus the hematocrit and platelet count. The results suggest that insecticides influence the clotting times of rats ingesting these insecticides even after as short a time span as 2 hr. PMID- 6641585 TI - Population ecology of rotifers as a bioassay tool for ecotoxicological tests in aquatic environments. AB - The population dynamics of the monogonont rotifer Brachionus rubens were used under controlled experimental conditions as a sensitive bioassay for toxic substances in sublethal doses. Even slight reductions in organism fertility and life expectancy were reflected at the integrated level of population dynamics. Serving as bioindicators for the standard test are the population parameters "intrinsic rate of natural increase" (r), "carrying capacity" (k), "frequency" (f), and "pregnancy" of the density oscillations (p). The optimal spreading power (steepest slope of the response curves) lies at different concentration areas for each parameter, so that they can be used specifically in standard tests. PMID- 6641586 TI - [Program for instruction in comprehensive general medicine: conceptualization and strategies for its evaluation]. AB - This article describes the concepts and strategies underlying the evaluation of the Comprehensive General Medicine Program of the School of Medicine of the Autonomous National University of Mexico. The exact purpose of that evaluation, done in 1982, was to strengthen and redirect the lines of this program's current development, which had been conceived since its inception in 1974 as an experimental study plan based on a system of modular and tutorial instruction. The article describes the identified conceptual, methodological, logistic, operational and attitudinal obstacles to this evaluation process. The methodology involves a sequence consisting in the evaluational experiences of basically innovative programs of undergraduate medical instruction, the selection of an evaluation model, identification of the aspects to be evaluated, the determination of priorities, and the definition of specific evaluation projects. From the aspects identified and given priority the following 12 evaluation projects emerged: curriculum review, follow-up of alumni, instruction materials, tutors, integration of knowledge, student performance, instructional activities, students in social service, student enrollments, dropping out, professional examination, and education administration. PMID- 6641587 TI - [Profile and establishment of the physician in the rural Mexican environment]. AB - A survey made of a national sample of physicians revealed certain characteristics which contribute to an understanding of the rural physician's profile in Mexico. Some findings regarding the physician's settling in a rural location are discussed in this article. The most relevant finding is that the rural physician (much more than the urban physician) performs several productive activities unrelated to medicine. This is because in a rural location, the low demographic concentration and scarce social division of labor make it difficult for the individual who is devoted to a single activity to be fully occupied in it. Hence, the physician who settles in this sector has to break from his urban training and be, at first, a man who incorporates himself in the local society both in the economic and social aspects, in order to practice his profession in accordance with actual needs. Moreover, in the rural sector, general medicine predominates over specialized medicine, and the smaller the location, the more private medicine predominates over institutional medicine. This is a result of the rural economic structure which favors precapitalist or capitalist commercial (pre industrial) relationships. Likewise, it is a product of the current tendency in institutional medicine which converts it into an inflexible costly apparatus, unable to cover the scattered rural population. The results suggest new alternatives for the educational field, especially in relation to the physician man who seems to be required by the rural sector. With regard to its application, such research opens possibilities for private medicine and represents many institutional alternatives not based on rural sector urbanization but on the ruralization of thought, physician, and medical care. That means accepting the rural reality and knowing it before trying to change it. The author considers that these findings and the conclusions derived from them are applicable not only to Mexico, but to another countries with a similar structure or interests in relation to medical care as well as other areas of human welfare. PMID- 6641588 TI - [Animal health and primary health care]. AB - As part of the primary care strategy, the Governments of the Americas have included the agricultural and animal health sectors among the public health activities of the Plan of Action. This means that both sectors--agricultural and veterinary--must be guided in their work by a multidisciplinary and multisectoral approach, with full community participation. Hence, it is certain that both the study of veterinary medicine and the practice of the profession in the Region will have to be reoriented so that they may be more fully integrated with the primary care strategy. The reorientation of animal health activities is the subject of this paper. There can be no doubt that animal health has a vital part to play in improving the quality of human life and that veterinary practice itself offers excellent opportunities for building a sense of personal and community responsibility for the promotion, care, and restoration of health. Through their contact with the rural population while caring for their livestock (an integral part of the rural socioeconomic structures), the veterinarian and animal health assistant establish close bonds of trust not only with farmers, but with their families and the entire community as well; they are thus well placed to enlist community participation in a variety of veterinary public health activities such as zoonoses control, hygiene programs, and so forth. While the goal of the Plan of action is to extend primary care to the entire population, the lack of material and human resources requires that priority attention be given to the needs of the more vulnerable groups, including the extremely poor living in rural and urban areas. These are the groups at greatest risk from the zoonoses still present in the Americas. In the face of these facts, it is clear that primary care in the animal health field should be based on the application in each country of proven, effective, appropriate technology by personnel who, whether new or retrained, are well prepared for the responsibility. To this end, the veterinary public health sector should foster intersectoral coordination and technical and economic cooperation among countries, in addition to promoting (in schools of veterinary medicine) continuing education programs to train veterinary personnel for work in common with the other public health fields. PMID- 6641589 TI - [Extension work and rendering services in the schools of veterinary medicine]. AB - This article reviews the extension work in the schools of veterinary medicine and says that it performs a multiple function: it supports instruction and research, performs intra- and interinstitutional and promotional services, and acts as a link between the academic establishment and the community serves. After citing a variety of recommendations made by international expert groups in veterinary medicine connected mainly with instruction and training programs, the author explains the content of the intra- and extramural services provided by universities and schools through extension programs. In connection with the former, he describes in detail the organization of libraries, audiovisual resources, methodology units, planning, etc. As to extramural services, he gives an equally detailed account of the features and functions of clinics, dispensaries, diagnostic services, experiment stations, and so forth. Finally, the point is made that extension programs should be linked to national development plans, and that they have a series of institutional barriers and negative attitudes to overcome in order to accomplish a true integration of the veterinarian's academic training with the real needs of the community. PMID- 6641590 TI - [Various problems in the training of nursing personnel and health technicians and in the evaluation of their performance]. AB - One aspect that is difficult to evaluate in the performance of graduates of nursing and health technician training centers is their acceptance by the establishments that employ them. Even though in Cuba the Ministry of Public Health is responsible for both the training and employment of these personnel, differences arise between the qualifications of the graduates and the needs of the services. The Office of the National Director of Intermediate Medical Education was instituted in order to solve this problem; it operates under the guidance of the Ministries of Education and of Public Health. After a brief review of the steps leading to the establishment of an efficient and effective educational subsystem in this field, the article enumerates the various polytechnic institutes and schools comprised in that system, and the methods by which study plans and programs are drawn up. The authors also describe the procedure used in Cuba to evaluate the efficiency of manpower training in relation to the graduate's educational and occupational profile and the needs of the services. PMID- 6641591 TI - [The university and change]. AB - The training of the nutritionist, adjusted to a new professional profile compatible with the requirements of the current grave situation in the Third World, is addressed from the ideal perspective of a university whose prime aim is self-sustained socioeconomic development. The author suggests the need to train human resources for the production process who are also agents of change, with a view to building an increasingly humane society; to adjust curricula to meet current needs in the food and nutrition field; to make the university not just a transmitter of knowledge, but an agent of change by, among other ways, drawing on the creative energy unleashed by the conflicts that underlie all social processes. PMID- 6641592 TI - [Incidence of fatal, biliary pancreatitis--an analysis of 19167 autopsy protocols]. AB - 19 167 autopsy records are analysed to the frequency and to risk-groups for a lethal biliary pancreatitis. In cholecystolithiasis biliary pancreatitis was the far most stone caused lethal complication, in choledocholithiasis the 4. An increased incidence of the lethal biliary pancreatitis was found in younger individuals, in male individuals and in choledocholithiasis. PMID- 6641593 TI - [Our experiences with lactoferrin determination in the diagnosis of pancreatopathies]. AB - Authors report on their experiences with the evaluation of lactoferrin in the duodenal juice in patients with pancreatic diseases. The duodenal juice was collected after preceeding stimulation of the pancreas by means of a cholecystokinin-secretin-Test (CCK-S-test). Authors show that the evaluation of lactoferrin in connection with the CCK-S-test can better differentiate between inflammatory and neoplastic pancreatic diseases. The estimation shows the sufficiently sensitive, simply and quickly practicable. Therefore it is recommended as a diagnostic procedure for pancreatology. PMID- 6641595 TI - Serum immunoglobulin levels during acute viral B hepatitis. AB - The follow-up of serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with acute viral hepatitis B demonstrated a significant decrease of the IgG and IgM concentrations during the first 6-10 weeks of the illness in a group of 29 patients who resolved the disease. In contrary, similar changes could not be observed in 8 patients developing a chronic course of the disease with persistence of the HBsAg. PMID- 6641594 TI - [Chronic alcoholism and infection with hepatitis B virus]. AB - The study Hepatitis-B-virus infection was performed in the population of chronic alcoholics (224 persons). Among this population the HBs-antigenemia was proved in 42%. The immunoglobulin dysproteinemia and coexistence of autoantibodies can indicate a symptomatic Hepatitis-B-virus infection. PMID- 6641596 TI - [Ophthalmologic complications in chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases]. AB - Through investigations which we performed ophthalmological complications in chronic inflammatory intestinal disease are revealed. It could be demonstrated that in most cases ocular symptoms are associated with joint troubles which in their turn depend on the severity of the general disease. Especially in elderly patients with longstanding history it is important to co-operate with representatives of other medical branches in the control of ocular complaints, since there may quickly occur functional deterioration when the eye is also involved. PMID- 6641597 TI - Studies of local muscular endurance capacity of isometric working muscles using electromyographic methods. PMID- 6641598 TI - The upper limbs during human walking. Part I: Sagittal movement. PMID- 6641599 TI - The upper limbs during human walking. Part 2: Function. PMID- 6641600 TI - Effect of changes in stimulus intensity and sensory acuity on auditory brainstem response. PMID- 6641601 TI - A possible method of automatic electromyographic analysis and diagnosis on line. PMID- 6641602 TI - The value and limits of the H reflex as a diagnostic tool in S1 root compression. PMID- 6641603 TI - Interference electromyogram processing. Part II: Experimental and simulated EMG AR-modeling. PMID- 6641604 TI - Preference pattern of mastication during the first chewing cycle. PMID- 6641605 TI - Quantitative assessment of the blink reflex in normals physiological side-to-side differences and frequency-dependence. PMID- 6641606 TI - Blink reflex influenced by tonic vibration reflex (TVR) some observations upon the patients with neurological deficit. PMID- 6641607 TI - Deep peroneal nerve injury by muscle biopsy. PMID- 6641608 TI - Normal sensory nerve conduction in the feet nerves. New method. PMID- 6641609 TI - Somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with metastatic involvement of the brachial plexus. PMID- 6641610 TI - Conduction velocity of the posterior interosseus nerve across the arcade of Frohse. PMID- 6641611 TI - Somatic brain-stem reflexes in vertebral-basilar insufficiency: an electrophysiological study. PMID- 6641612 TI - Shulman's syndrome. Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia. A single fibre electromyography study. PMID- 6641613 TI - [Dexamethasone suppression in the depressed patient. Reflections apropos of an experience]. AB - This work, based on the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) for 28 patients classified according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC), tries, by examining the literature, to point out the acquired knowledge through this new biological psychiatric instrument. The results confirm those of previous works. The discussion is directed towards a better delimitation between the different categories of primary affective disorder and the possible extensions of DST to other fields not yet enough studied. PMID- 6641614 TI - [MAO inhibitors and depressive disorders today]. AB - MAO inhibitors are now only exceptionnally used in France. These medications are efficient to improve depressive states resistent to tricyclic antidepressants. Some authors suggest that we have to control the efficacy of the MAOI by evaluation of the part of inhibition of the activity of the enzyme MAO. This possibility of biological control, the apparition of specific medications inhibiting MAO A or MAO B, the efficacy of some associations (MAOI + tricyclic antidepressants or MAOI + tryptophane precursors) should lead us to reconsider our opinion about these medications. PMID- 6641615 TI - [Acute poisoning by viloxazine chlorhydrate taken by itself]. AB - One of the missions of the Poison Control Centres is to collect an important number of cases concerning a substance in order to determine its toxicological pattern for man. Such data were collected for Viloxazine chlorhydrate, an antidepressant belonging to a new chemical, ingested without association with other drugs, at doses varying from 100 mg to 4 g. The toxicological action of this drug was moderate, as no death occurred in the cases under study. The depression of the central nervous system was characterised only by a transitory loss of consciousness with recovery within a few hours. Two cases of convulsive seizure and one of extrapyramidal syndrome were the only complications in these intoxications. This confirms the difference between viloxazine and other antidepressants (tricyclics or IMAO inhibitors) whose toxic action on C.N.S. is more pronounced and sometimes complicated by cardiovascular disorders. PMID- 6641616 TI - [Effects of gamma-vinyl GABA per os in 5 cases of hebephreno-catatonic schizophrenia]. AB - gamma-Vinyl GABA, an irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, was administered orally to five patients with catatonic or hebephreno-catatonic schizophrenia. Improvement of psychiatric symptoms was observed in four cases. The results are discussed in relation to previously reported attempts to increase the CNS gabaergic function of patients with schizophrenia. PMID- 6641617 TI - [Pharmacoclinical comparison of 2 dosage forms of trihexyphenidyl]. AB - The peak plasma level of Trihexyphenidyl sustained release from (THR = Parkinane sustained release) is lower than that produced by the simple form (THS = Artane) while it provides a quantitatively equivalent serum concentration. The less noticeable with sustained release Trihexyphenidyl. THR plasma levels, maintained relatively constant by a progressive release of the active principle, are sustained over a 24-hour period, allowing a simplified mode of administration: the drug may be given once a day. PMID- 6641618 TI - [Pseudodementias. Clinical and pathogenic problems]. AB - Since the initial description by Ganser and Wernicke at the beginning of the century, two types of problems have appeared in the history of the concept of pseudo-dementia. The clinical ones have been at the root of careful descriptions of the pseudodemential syndrome by the Anglo-Saxon authors of the sixties, and have emphasized the psychiatric etiology and the reversible aspect of the disorders. The others are concerned with the pathogenic problems coming from pseudodementia and take in consideration -- on the basis of bringing together the clinical and neuropsychological sides with subcortical dementia -- the mechanisms that could be common to the physiopathology of the degenerating, demential and psychoneurotic disorders. This article analyses the concept of pseudementia in this double view, dwelling on the clinical and diagnostic problems. PMID- 6641619 TI - Abstracts from the symposium Monoamine oxidase and disease: prospects for therapy with reversible inhibitors. Paris, October 26-28, 1983. PMID- 6641620 TI - Acute effects of estradiol on circulating luteinizing hormone and prolactin concentrations and on serotonin turnover in individual brain nuclei. AB - Two experiments tested whether serotonergic neurons participate in the acute feedback effects of estradiol on LH and PRL secretion. In the first study, ovariectomized female rats received oil vehicle or estradiol benzoate and were killed 3 h later. The turnover of serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] in microdissected brain nuclei was assessed from its accumulation after monoamine oxidase inhibition. Estradiol treatment produced a gradual rise in PRL and a decline in LH, and potentiated the accumulation of 5-HT in the medial preoptic, ventromedial, and cortical amygdaloid nuclei, suggesting increased turnover. Concentrations of the metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, were also elevated in these areas. 5-HT turnover was unaffected by estradiol in the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, periventricular, dorsomedial, or lateral amygdaloid nuclei. The second experiment tested whether localized 5-HT depletions in these estradiol-activated nuclei blocked the acute effects of the steroid on LH or PRL. Stereotaxic microinjections of the 5-HT neurotoxin, 5,7, dihydroxytryptamine were made into the preoptic area, cortical amygdala, or medial basal hypothalamus in ovariectomized rats, pretreated with desmethylimipramine. Such treatment reduced 5-HT, without affecting catecholamines, in the targeted structures. Localized 5-HT depletion in the preoptic area and amygdala blunted the elevation of PRL, but not the decline of LH, after estradiol. 5-HT depletion in the medial basal hypothalamus elevated, whereas 5-HT depletion in the medial preoptic area lowered, resting levels of LH. These results suggest that: 1) estradiol may acutely increase PRL secretion by activating serotonergic projections to the medial preoptic and cortical amygdaloid nuclei, and 2) serotonergic neurons innervating the preoptic area stimulate LH release, whereas serotonergic systems in the medial basal hypothalamus inhibit LH release. PMID- 6641621 TI - Lifelong dietary modulation of calcitonin levels in rats. AB - Studies were carried out on specific pathogen-free rats to evaluate the effects of aging and dietary manipulation on serum and thyroid calcitonin (CT) levels. Male Fischer 344 rats were randomized at 6 weeks of age to six dietary groups and subsequently maintained on the following dietary regimens. Group 1 rats were fed ad libitum throughout life; group 2 rats were fed 60% of the ad libitum food uptake, but received the same amounts of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D; group 3 rats were fed as the group 2 animals until 6 months of age and from then on were fed ad libitum; group 4 rats were fed ad libitum until 6 months of age and then switched to 60% food restriction; group 5 rats were fed ad libitum on food isocaloric with that of group 1 rats, but containing only 60% of the protein. Group 6 rats were killed at 6 weeks of age to serve as baseline controls. Ten rats were killed in each of the remaining five groups 15 h postprandial at 6-month intervals. The following observations were made. Serum CT increased with age similarly in the ad libitum fed group 1 and 5 rats. Food restriction markedly inhibited the increase in serum CT, and the effect was more profound in animals whose food intake was restricted after 6 months of age (group 4) than in animals on lifelong food restriction (group 2). In rats switched from food restriction to ad libitum feeding (group 3) at 6 months of age, serum CT increased with age to levels identical with those of lifelong ad libitum fed group 1 animals. Thyroid CT showed a similar pattern of age-dependent and dietary modulated changes. In contrast, aging and dietary modulation had no appreciable effect on serum calcium levels, except at 27 months of age when the serum calcium level of group 1 animals increased dramatically from the level for 24-month-old animals. There was a weak positive correlation between serum calcium and serum CT (r = 0.627; P = 0.02) and a highly significant positive correlation between serum CT and thyroid CT (r = 0.917; P = 0.001). These findings indicate that elective and therapeutic restriction of food intake might also attenulate CT levels in humans, with potentially adverse implications for skeletal homeostasis. PMID- 6641622 TI - Preparation and biological reactivity of polyiodinated human growth hormone. AB - Studies with iodinated human GH (hGH) were undertaken to characterize the iodinated product and to evaluate the possibility that iodination might distort the hGH molecule sufficiently to interfere preferentially with binding to one or more classes of receptors on adipocytes. hGH containing an average of 1.2 atoms of 125I/molecule was subjected to cleavage with cyanogen bromide, and the cleavage products were examined by autoradiography after electrophoresis of the lyophilized reaction mixture on polyacrylamide gel. 125I was found to be distributed in the fragments according to their content of tyrosine, suggesting that there is no single tyrosine residue that is iodinated preferentially. Digestion of the iodinated hormone with pronase followed by paper chromatography revealed that 7.6 times as much iodine appeared as MIT than as DIT, suggesting that the incorporation of 125I into a tyrosine residue had little influence on the incorporation of a second iodine atom. By increasing the molar ratios of iodide and chloramine-T to hGH in the reaction mixture, increasing amounts of iodine were incorporated into hGH in a highly predictable and reproducible manner until a product containing 11-12 atoms of iodine/molecule hGH was obtained. The ratio of MIT to DIT decreased progressively with increasing incorporation of iodine. The data suggest that only six of the eight tyrosine residues of hGH are accessible for iodination. Iodinated hGH retained full biological potency with respect to stimulation of glucose oxidation (insulin-like effect) and lipolysis even after incorporation of 4.6 atoms of I/molecule hGH. Two preparations containing 9.4 and 9.6 atoms of I/molecule hGH retained full biological potency, whereas another preparation containing 9.4 atoms/molecule had approximately one third the potency of uniodinated hGH with respect to both activities. Some biological potency, at least with respect to stimulation of lipolysis, was retained even in maximally iodinated preparations. We conclude that iodination occurs randomly among the six accessible tyrosine residues, and even after polyiodination, the interaction of hGH with its receptors in adipocytes is not completely compromised. PMID- 6641623 TI - Effects of phospholipases on ornithine decarboxylase activity in mammary gland explants from midpregnant mice. AB - Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) and C (PLC) stimulate ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in mouse mammary gland explants preincubated with insulin and cortisol. PLC concentrations of 0.1 micrograms/ml produced responses that were close in magnitude to that of PRL, whereas PLA2 at concentrations of 5-50 micrograms/ml was 35-40% as efficacious as 1 microgram/ml PRL in stimulating ODC activity. The time courses of PLC, PLA2, and PRL actions on ODC activity were not different from one another. When PRL and PLC were tested together, a response greater than the sum of the responses of each of these agents alone was observed; PLA2 (25 micrograms/ml) when tested with PRL produced a nonadditive response. The action of PRL on ODC activity was significantly attenuated by quinacrine, an inhibitor of PLC and PLA2 activities. These results suggest that PRL, PLA2, and PLC stimulate ODC activity via similar mechanisms in the mammary gland and make tenable the idea that the action of PRL on ODC activity may be carried out via an action of PRL on PL activity. PMID- 6641624 TI - Meal timing as a Zeitgeber for skeletal deoxyribonucleic acid and collagen synthesis rhythms. AB - Meal timing protocols were used to probe the circadian regulation of DNA and protein synthesis in the rat tibia. Two groups of 4-week-old rats were entrained to 12-h light, 12-h dark cycles (light, 0800-2000 h; darkness, 2000-0800 h) for 4 weeks. One group was fed for 4 h at the onset of the light span (EL). The other group was fed for 4 h at the onset of the dark span (ED). Forty-eight hours before death, the rats were injected ip with 0.015 microCi/g BW [14C]proline [collagen and noncollagen protein (NCP) synthesis], and they received 0.25 microCi/g BW [3H] thymidine (DNA synthesis) 1 h before death. Groups of 10-12 rats were bled from the abdominal aorta at 4-h intervals under light ether anesthesia (1-2 min/rat) during 2 consecutive 24-h periods, and the tibias were then biopsied and frozen in liquid N2. Serum samples were analyzed for calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and immunoassayable levels of corticosterone (CS), PTH, and calcitonin. Epiphyseal cartilage and metaphyseal and diaphyseal bone were analyzed for DNA and acidic pepsin-digestible collagen. Chronograms indicated that DNA synthesis in cartilage and bone, along with serum CS, showed two approximately equal and positively correlated peaks, with the cycles for rats fed EL vs. ED being in approximate antiphase. The fit of a 12-h cosine curve was statistically significant in all cases (P less than 0.01). The acrophase peaks were: EL, 0800 and 2000 h; and ED, 1600 and 0400 h. These patterns were unrelated to those for NCP and collagen synthesis. EL and ED relationships for NCP synthesis were also antiphasal. A statistically significant circadian rhythm of collagen synthesis was detected in cartilage and bone of ED-fed rats (peak, 0800 h; nadir, 2400 h). In EL-fed rats, the 0800 h peak alone was muted. No consistent correlations were observed between serum calcium and phosphorus chronograms and those of cartilage and bone collagen and DNA synthesis. The results suggest that physiological alterations of CS in vivo serve to modulate cartilage and bone cell proliferation, but they do not seem to regulate the phasing of the net collagen synthetic rhythm. PMID- 6641625 TI - Luteal adenylyl cyclase does not develop sensitivity to desensitization by human chorionic gonadotropin in the absence of nonluteal ovarian tissue. AB - There is evidence suggesting that the mere presence of a hormone-responsive adenylyl cyclase system in a tissue may not be sufficient for desensitization to occur since phosphorylation reactions might also be involved. The purpose of this study was to determine if luteal tissue in the absence of other ovarian tissues would desensitize to human CG (hCG). One or both ovaries were removed from rabbits 5 h before hCG-induced ovulation and the periovulatory follicles were transplanted underneath the kidney capsule where they formed ectopic corpus luteum [or corpora lutea (CL)]. Rabbits which were bilaterally ovariectomized received estradiol implants at the time of ovariectomy to maintain control serum estradiol concentrations. On day 7 of pseudopregnancy, the rabbits were injected with saline (control) or with 75 IU hCG and were killed 24 h later at which time ovarian and ectopic CL progesterone content and adenylyl cyclase activity were assessed. As expected, in ovarian CL there was decreased LH-responsive adenylyl cyclase (69% relative to control) and a correspondingly decreased luteal progesterone content (40% relative to control). In the same rabbits, the ectopic CL showed much the same pattern of response as the ovarian CL but perhaps to a slightly lesser extent (decreases relative to control of 59% in adenylyl cyclase response to LH and 29% in progesterone content). However, in rabbits with ectopic CL only, the luteal tissue showed no change either in hormone-responsive adenylyl cyclase activity or in progesterone content. Similarly, binding of radiolabeled hCG to luteal membranes 24 h after hCG was almost totally absent in ovarian CL, was decreased by 50% in ectopic CL with one ovary present, and was unaltered in ectopic CL of bilaterally ovariectomized rabbits. These data suggest that nonluteal ovarian tissue may be required for the induction in CL of the appropriate protein kinases for the proposed phosphorylations involved in adenylyl cyclase desensitization. PMID- 6641627 TI - A 60,000 molecular weight human pituitary glycopeptide stimulates adrenal androgen secretion. AB - An approximately 60,000 mol wt glycopeptide has been isolated from acetone-dried human pituitary glands which stimulates production of the adrenal androgen dehydroepiandrosterone, but not cortisol, in acute suspensions of collagenase dispersed dog adrenal cells. Adrenal androgen secretion has generally been considered, like cortisol, to be under the control of ACTH. This new pituitary glycopeptide, with a molecular weight greater than that of proopiocortin, ACTH, PRL, or LH, may help explain instances during adrenarche, puberty, aging, and stress in which cortisol and adrenal androgen metabolism diverge. PMID- 6641626 TI - Effects on male sex behavior and preoptic dopamine neurons of hyperprolactinemia induced by MtTW15 pituitary tumors. AB - We have earlier reported that dopamine (DA) activity in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic (POA-AH) region of castrated rats is inhibited by testosterone and accelerated by PRL. These results suggested that dopaminergic neurons may play an important role in male copulatory behavior, particularly in the attenuation of sex behavior reported to be associated with hyperprolactinemia. We have now examined the effects of severe hyperprolactinemia on the POA-AH DA activity in association with any modifications of copulatory behavior. Sexually experienced adult male rats were castrated and implanted sc with Silastic implants containing testosterone to maintain serum testosterone levels in the range found in intact rats. Hyperprolactinemia was induced by inoculation of minced MtTW15 PRL secreting pituitary tumor fragments. Copulatory behavior was assessed at weekly intervals in hyperprolactinemic and control rats. During the period of tumor growth serum PRL levels increased logarithmically. Whereas sexual activity continued to improve in control rats, there was a marked decrease in several important parameters of copulatory behavior in hyperprolactinemic rats. The most dramatic decrease occurred in the percentage of tumor-bearing rats ejaculating which decreased progressively to zero at 6 weeks after tumor inoculation. Ejaculation frequency decreased and ejaculation latency increased in tumor bearing rats before the complete disappearance of ejaculatory behavior. The deficits in copulatory behavior of hyperprolactinemic rats were accompanied in parallel studies by significant depletions of DA concentrations in the POA-AH. Further, neuronal activity, as evidenced by the turnover rates measured by rate of loss of DA after tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition with alpha-methyl paratyrosine, was markedly augmented in the POA-AH of hyperprolactinemic rats as compared to control animals. These findings disclose a close association between the acceleration in POA-AH DA activity and the attenuation of copulatory behavior induced by hyperprolactinemia and suggest the probability of an underlying role of the POA-AH DA neurons in male sex behavior normally induced by testosterone. PMID- 6641628 TI - Naturally occurring forms of thyrotropin with low bioactivity and altered carbohydrate content act as competitive antagonists to more bioactive forms. AB - We have examined the interaction of certain forms of mouse (m) tumor and bovine (b) pituitary TSH with standard bTSH on the activation of adenylate cyclase in human thyroid membranes. Tumor extract, serum from tumor-bearing mice, culture medium from dispersed cell incubations, and two preparations of purified bTSH (Sigma and Pierce) were fractionated on Sephadex G-100 (1.2 X 200 cm). For each fraction, TSH bioactivity was measured by stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in human thyroid membranes, and immunoactivity was determined by RIA. On G-100, Pierce bTSH had multiple immunoactive components with partition coefficients (Kav) of 0.28-0.32 and ratios of biological over immunological activity (B/I) of 0.59-1.42. Sigma bTSH, mouse tumor, serum, and medium were even more heterogeneous (Kav = 0.23-0.32), with a lower range of B/I (0.04-1.0). When single doses (125-2000 ng) of those fractions with the highest Kav (0.30-0.32) and lowest B/I (0.04-0.51) were mixed with multiple doses (200-10,000 microU) of Armour TSH standard (B/I = 1), there was 30-56% inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity stimulation. Double reciprocal plots showed competitive inhibition for the low B/I forms from all sources, except for a medium form which showed mixed inhibition. The medium form had the highest inhibitory activity. There were no inhibitors in G-100 fractions from the Kav regions devoid of TSH immunoactivity or from the same Kav regions of normal mouse serum. To determine the chemical differences between different forms, affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin was employed. Compared with the apparent higher molecular weight form with higher B/I, the apparent lower molecular weight form with lower B/I contained decreased amounts or availability of alpha-mannose and increased amounts or availability of beta-N-acetyl-D galactosamine and/or beta-galactose; both forms appear to contain similar beta-N acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, presumably in the inner core. PMID- 6641629 TI - Aromatase activity of membrane fractions of human adipose tissue stromal cells and adipocytes. AB - Adipose tissue is the principal site of extraglandular estrogen formation in nonpregnant women. The importance of adipose tissue as a site of estrogen formation is emphasized by the finding that increased body weight is associated with an increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma. In the present study, the kinetics of estrogen formation from androstenedione by adipocytes and by stromal cells isolated from human adipose tissue as well as by membrane fractions prepared from these cells were investigated. Subcutaneous adipose tissue samples obtained from women were dispersed by collagenase treatment, and aromatase activity was assayed by the incorporation of tritium from [1-3H]androstenedione into [3H]water. As previously reported, aromatase activity was found in intact stromal cells of adipose tissue, whereas little aromatase activity was detected in intact adipocytes. When crude membrane fractions (100,000 X g pellet) of stromal cells and adipocytes were incubated in the presence of [1 3H]androstenedione and an NADPH-generating system, however, aromatase activity was found in membrane fractions of both stromal cells and adipocytes, and estrogen formation increased in a linear manner as a function of time and membrane protein concentration. The apparent Michaelis constant (Km) of aromatase for androstenedione of intact stromal cells was 0.03 microM, whereas intact adipocytes did not convert androstenedione to estrone at substrate concentrations up to 3.0 microM. In membrane fractions of stromal cells, the rate of aromatization as a function of androstenedione concentration did not follow simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and both low affinity (Km = 1.03 microM) and high affinity (Km = 0.10 microM) components were observed. The affinity of androstenedione for aromatase of adipocyte membrane fractions was low; the rate of aromatization was not saturable at concentrations of androstenedione up to 3.0 microM. When intact adipocytes were incubated with [1-3H]androstenedione, then homogenized, and the homogenate was treated by differential centrifugation, the radioactivity that was added to the medium was found almost entirely in the lipid fraction of the cells. This finding is indicative that the low aromatase activity in intact adipocytes is the result of sequestration of steroid in lipid droplets in the cells. We suggest that the stromal cells of adipose tissue are a major source of the increased estrogen production in obese persons; a role for adipocytes in the regulation of adipose tissue estrogen formation, however, cannot be excluded at this time. PMID- 6641630 TI - Cysteamine induces depletion of both immunological and biological prolactin activity in the anterior pituitary and blood of the rat. AB - Previous studies have shown that cysteamine [2-aminoethanethiol (CSH)], given in vivo or in vitro, rapidly but reversibly depletes immunoreactive PRL from the anterior pituitary (AP) through a mechanism which, in vitro, does not appear to involve the dopamine (DA) receptor. In the present investigation, these effects of CSH were explored further with emphasis on determining whether CSH; (1) depletes biological as well as immunological PRL activity from the AP and blood, (2) has effects on plasma PRL in chronically cannulated male rats, (3) alters the PRL response to drugs which stimulate the secretion of the hormone, and (4) acts in vivo via DA receptors to deplete PRL. CSH produced a dose-dependent depletion of both immunological and biological PRL activity from the AP and blood. In chronically cannulated animals, PRL levels in the plasma were undetectable 90 min after CSH administration and remained so for 4 h. However, by 24 h plasma PRL in treated animals had returned to control levels. The PRL response to both domperidone and morphine was virtually abolished in CSH-treated animals. Blockade of DA receptors by pretreatment with domperidone did not alter the ability of CSH to reduce AP PRL stores. These results indicate that CSH: 1) alters both biological and immunological PRL activity by a rapid but reversible effect, and 2) circumvents the DA receptor to deplete pituitary PRL content. Thus, CSH or similar compounds may serve as a prototype for a new class of drugs which can be used in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia. PMID- 6641631 TI - Purification and characterization of bovine placental lactogen. AB - Bovine placental lactogen (bPL) was purified 4,200-fold from cotyledon homogenates by 1) salt precipitation and 2) ultrafiltration, followed by 3) gel filtration, 4) anion exchange, 5) hydroxylapatite, 6) chromatofocusing, and 7) final gel filtration chromatography. Purification was monitored by radioreceptor assay (RRA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. During chromatofocusing, three distinct peaks of bPL were eluted: a small peak at pH 5.34 (bPL-1), a larger peak at pH 5.09 (bPL-2), and the largest peak at pH 4.84 (bPL-3). These three were further purified separately by the final gel filtration. The purified bPLs were compared with bovine (b) PRL (0.81 IU/mg) and bGH (30 IU/mg) by RRA. The bPRL-like activities were 67.1, 750, and 1,090 micrograms/mg, and the bGH-like activities were 74.4, 787, and 715 micrograms/mg for bPL-1, bPL-2, and bPL-3, respectively. In sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the molecular weights of all bPLs were the same, 31,100. In gel filtration under nondenaturing conditions, all bPLs had a 40,000 mol wt, with a Stokes radius of 2.70 nm. The isoelectric point (pI) of bPL 1 was higher than 5.85, the pI of bPL-2 was 5.52, and that of bPL-3 was 5.39. The amino acid compositions of bPL-2 and bPL-3 were virtually identical, except that bPL-3 had a few more acidic amino acids. Both bPL-2 and bPL-3 had an estimated 277 amino acid residues. Thus, bPL appeared to have both PRL- and GH-like activities equivalent to bPRL and bGH in the RRA on a mass basis, to be 50% larger than bPRL, bGH, and PLs in other species, and to occur in at least three different forms differing in their pI values and in their acidic amino acid compositions. PMID- 6641632 TI - An evaluation of peroxidase as a marker for estrogen action in normal mammary glands of mice. AB - The present studies were initiated to study peroxidase and its possible regulation by estrogen in normal mammary glands. The activity of peroxidase was measured biochemically using guaiacol as the substrate for oxidation. Significant levels of peroxidase activity were associated with the particulate fraction of mammary glands from virgin mice, pregnant mice, and mice undergoing lactational involution. However, during lactation there was no detectable level of peroxidase activity in the mammary glands. Although ovariectomy led to a decrease in mammary peroxidase, detailed studies using various hormonal manipulations revealed that mammary peroxidase was perhaps not a product of estrogen action alone, but might be the result of a complex hormonal control related to growth. Alternatively, a critical evaluation of all of the data obtained with mammary glands and a comparison of these data obtained with the uterus also suggest that the presence of peroxidase in mammary glands may be due to infiltration of eosinophils and macrophages in these tissues resulting from mast cell degranulation. PMID- 6641633 TI - Androstenedione, testosterone, and estradiol concentrations in fetal and maternal plasma in late pregnancy in the sheep. AB - Fetal and maternal plasma concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, and estradiol were measured in chronically catheterized pregnant sheep during late gestation, spontaneous term delivery, and premature delivery induced by the infusion of low doses of synthetic ACTH-(1-24) (ACTH) to the fetus at 120-130 days gestation. RIAs employing two different antisera directed at different sites of each molecule were used in combination with Celite column chromatography to ensure the specificity of the hormone measurements. Fetal plasma concentrations of all three hormones were greater than the respective maternal concentration at all periods investigated, except immediately before ACTH-induced delivery when fetal testosterone and estradiol concentrations were lower. These observations further support the hypothesis that delivery in the sheep is associated with the induction of placental 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase by the increased conversion of progesterone to estrogens. The higher values of androstenedione than of testosterone also support the view that estrone is produced in larger quantities than estradiol and that estrone and estrone sulfate are good endocrine markers of the progress of the endocrine changes occurring immediately before parturition in the sheep. PMID- 6641634 TI - Pineal melatonin secretion drives the reproductive response to daylength in the ewe. AB - This study was conducted to determine whether the pineal indoleamine melatonin mediates the effects of photoperiod on the capacity of estradiol to inhibit LH secretion in the ewe. Patterns of serum melatonin were characterized in pineal intact ovariectomized ewes treated with sc Silastic estradiol implants and exposed to 90-day alternations between long and short photoperiods. High fluctuating levels of serum melatonin were found during the night, with the duration of elevated serum levels corresponding to the length of the dark period. Transfer from long to short photoperiods caused a rapid change in the duration of nightly melatonin secretion and reduced the negative feedback potency of estradiol upon LH secretion during the natural anestrous season. In pinealectomized ewes, the night-time rise of melatonin was absent, and transfer from long to short days failed to reverse the capacity of estradiol to inhibit LH secretion during anestrus. Nightly infusions of melatonin restored patterns of this indoleamine similar to those observed in pineal-intact ewes exposed to the 90-day alternation between long and short days. The melatonin infusions also restored the reproductive response to the inductive photoperiod: in every ewe, the negative feedback effects of estradiol upon LH secretion were diminished after transfer from long to short days. The amplitude and latency of this escape matched those of pineal-intact animals. We conclude that the pineal mediates the reproductive response of the ewe to inductive photoperiods through its daily rhythm of melatonin secretion. PMID- 6641635 TI - Large luteal cells the source of luteal oxytocin in the sheep. AB - To determine the cellular origin of oxytocin produced by the cyclical corpus luteum (CL) of the sheep, enriched fractions of enzymatically dispersed small and large luteal cells from 12 CL were prepared on a Ficoll 400 gradient. Oxytocin was measured by RIA. Large luteal cells contained 1.08 +/- (SD) 0.70 fg/cell oxytocin, which was congruent to 30 X the content of small luteal cells. Endothelial cells contained little if any oxytocin. During a 12-h incubation, large luteal cells produced 0.28 fg/cell.h oxytocin: small luteal cells did not produce measurable amounts of oxytocin. It is concluded that the large luteal cells are the source of the oxytocin produced by the CL of the sheep. PMID- 6641636 TI - Compensatory thyroid hyperplasia in hemithyroidectomized Snell dwarf mice. AB - The effect of hemithyroidectomy (HEMITX) on the proliferation of follicular cells in the remaining thyroid lobe in Snell dwarf mice (dw/dw) and in phenotypically normal mice from the same strain (?/+) was examined by means of the colchicine metaphase-arrest technique. In both the normal and dwarf mice, the mean mitotic activity rate of the thyroid lobe 48 h after contralateral HEMITX was significantly higher than that in the animals with intact contralateral lobe (P less than 0.001), indicating the existence of compensatory thyroid hyperplasia (CTH). Since in Snell dwarfs not only GH and PRL but also TSH is lacking, it is concluded that extrapituitary factors, most probably neural pathways, are involved in CTH in these animals. PMID- 6641638 TI - Serum concentrations of 3, 3'-diiodothyronine, 3', 5'-diiodothyronine, and 3, 5 diiodothyronine in altered thyroid states. AB - To investigate the thyroid hormone metabolism in altered states of thyroid function, serum concentrations of 3, 3'-diiodothyronine (3, 3'-T2), 3', 5'-T2 and 3, 5-T2 as well as T4, T3 and rT3 were determined by specific radioimmunoassays in 17 hyperthyroid and 10 hypothyroid patients, before and during the treatment. Serum T4, T3, rT3, 3, 3'-T2 and 3', 5'-T2 concentrations were all higher in the hyperthyroid patients than in age-matched controls and decreased to the normal ranges within 3 to 4 months following treatment with antithyroid drugs. In the hypothyroid patients, these iodothyronine concentrations were lower than in age matched controls and returned to the normal ranges after 2 to 3 months treatment with T4. In contrast, serum 3, 5-T2 concentrations in hyperthyroid patients (mean +/- SE : 4.0 +/- 0.5 ng/dl) were not significantly different from those in controls (3.9 +/ 0.4 ng/dl), although they tended to decrease in 3 of 6 patients after the antithyroid drug therapy. Serum 3, 5-T2 levels in the hypothyroid patients (3.8 +/- 0.6 ng/dl) were also within the normal range and showed no significant change following the T4 replacement therapy. However, serum 3, 5-T2 as well as 3, 3'T2 concentrations rose significantly with a marked rise in serum T3 following T3 administration, 75 micrograms/day for 7 days, in Graves' patients in euthyroid state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6641637 TI - 18-oxocortisol, a naturally occurring mineralocorticoid agonist. AB - Two C-18-oxygenated corticosteroids, 18-hydroxy- and 18-oxocortisol, have recently been isolated from the urine of patients with primary and genetic (dexamethasone-suppressible) aldosteronism and from adrenal tissue. The relevance of these steroids to the manifestations of mineralocorticoid excess in these disorders was investigated by measuring their affinity to rat renal corticosteroid receptors. 18-Oxocortisol showed greater affinity than the 18 hydroxy derivative for both mineralocorticoid and the glucocorticoid receptors and was accordingly assayed in vivo for mineralocorticoid activity. The 18-oxo derivative was found to be an agonist with a sodium-retaining and kaliuretic action qualitatively similar to that of aldosterone. Although 18-oxocortisol was one-third as active as 11-deoxycorticosterone in this assay, it was a more potent mineralocorticoid at the same total plasma concentration because of its lower affinity for corticosteroid-binding globulin. PMID- 6641639 TI - Sodium induces oxytocin release from superfused rat pituitary. AB - The effects of various osmotic agents on the release of oxytocin were examined in a superfusion system. Oxytocin was released significantly from the rat pituitary by superfusion with medium of an osmolality of 350 mOsm/kg H2O adjusted with NaCl, regardless of the presence of the rat hypothalamus. Media adjusted to an osmolality of 350 mOsm/kg H2O with sucrose, glucose, urea or mannitol had no effect on oxytocin release from the hypothalamo-pituitary complex. Medium containing excess Na2SO4 induced significant release of oxytocin from the pituitary without the hypothalamus. The administration of tetraethylammonium chloride had no oxytocin secretion. These data suggest that oxytocin release from the pituitary is influenced by the level of sodium ion rather than the osmotic pressure. PMID- 6641640 TI - Biopotency and nuclear binding of glucocorticoids. AB - Nuclear binding abilities of 3 glucocorticoids, dexamethasone (Dex), prednisolone (Pred) and corticosterone (Cort), which exhibited different biopotencies were compared in vitro. cytosols labelled with 3H-Dex, 3H-Pred and 3H-Cort from the rat liver prepared by incubation at 0 degrees C for 16 hr were bound to isolated liver nuclei in rates of approximately 25%, 9% and 1% of added radioactivity, respectively. Nuclear binding rates observed were correlated with biopotencies of these steroids. Time course studies of the cytosol binding revealed that the difference in the nuclear binding ability of these ligands was attributable, at least in part, to the metabolic transformation of ligands during the incubation period. A significant portion of 3H-Pred and 3H-Cort was transformed to polar metabolite(s) even under the incubation conditions at 0 degrees C. Kd's of the cytosol binding to 3H-Dex which was metabolically stable were decreased with the length of incubation time, significantly lower Kd being observed in the cytosol incubated for 16 hr than in those incubated for 2 and 6 hr. Kd's and the number of maximum binding sites were erratic when the ligands received biotransformation during the course of incubation. Transformed 3H-Pred and 3H-Cort during the incubation still exhibited features of the protein bound state. Besides biotransformation of ligands, structure related difference in the nuclear binding ability of these glucocorticoids was also observed. These observations suggest that metabolic susceptibility as well as structure related ability of the nuclear binding may contribute to the biopotency of glucocorticoids. PMID- 6641641 TI - Estrogen therapy for gonadal dysgenesis: a rational approach. AB - The administration of estrogens for gonadal dysgenesis is sometimes associated with the development of endometrial neoplasms. An approach which minimizes the inadvertent side effects while still providing the desired therapeutic effects may be to imitate the hormonal milieu of the normal menstruating woman. Oral administration of estradiol will not necessarily accomplish this, because of the intestinal conversion of estradiol to estrone. That problem can be overcome by the vaginal administration of estrogens. PMID- 6641642 TI - Monodeiodination of thyroxine to 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyronine and to 3, 3', 5' triiodothyronine in isolated dog renal cortical tubuli. AB - Monodeiodination of T4 to T3 and rT3 in the intact cells of dog renal tubuli and glomeruli was investigated. The tubuli and glomeruli were obtained by a sieve method. T4 (2 micrograms/ml) was incubated in Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, with renal cells (180 micrograms protein/ml) and 5 mM DTT for 1 h at 37 degrees C and the T3 and rT3 generated during incubation were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. In order of decreasing activity, dog renal cortical tubuli, cortical homogenate, glomeruli and medullary tubuli were capable of converting T4 to T3. Net rT3 production from T4 in cortical tubuli was also greater than that in cortical homogenate. The conversion of T4 to T3 and also to rT3 in cortical tubuli was enzymatic in nature, since the reactions showed dependence on time and protein concentration; instability to heating; temperature and pH optimum. The production of T3 and rT3 from T4 was maximum at pH 6.5 and at pH 9.5, respectively, indicating that two different enzymic systems, a 5- and a 5'-monodeiodinase, might be involved in the deiodination of the tyrosyl and the phenolic ring of T4 in dog kidney. PMID- 6641643 TI - Relationship among the status of the human oocyte, the 17 beta-estradiol concentration in the antral fluid and the follicular size. AB - We studied the relationship among the status of the human oocytes, the E2 concentration in the antral fluid and the follicular size in the different phases of the menstrual cycle, in order to determine the microenvironment of the follicles with healthy or degenerative oocytes in the human ovary. In the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, follicles which contained a healthy but not degenerative oocyte had a significantly higher level of 17 beta-estradiol (E2). In the late follicular phase, the larger follicles (greater than or equal to 13 mm, in diameter) had only health oocytes. It seems that the follicle containing a degenerative oocyte does not develop physiologically until maturation of the preovulatory follicle. In the luteal phase, there were no relationships among the status of the oocyte, E2 concentration in the antral fluid and the follicular size. However, the E2 levels of the antral follicles with healthy oocytes in an ovary with corpus luteum were significantly lower than those in the contralateral ovary. The results suggest that the corpus luteum may exert an influence on the adjacent follicles. PMID- 6641644 TI - Correlations among minimal neurotoxicity, anticonvulsant activity, and displacing potencies in [3H]flunitrazepam binding of benzodiazepines. AB - Five clinically available 1,4-benzodiazepines (BDZs) (chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, oxazepam, nitrazepam, and clonazepam) and four investigational 1,4-BDZs (BDZ I, BDZ II, BDZ III, and BDZ IV) were tested in vivo for minimal neurotoxicity (TD50) and for ability to obtund seizures (ED50) induced by a battery of five well standardized procedures (maximal electroshock, strychnine, pentylenetetrazol, bicuculline, and picrotoxin). In addition, these BDZs were also tested in vitro as inhibitors of [3H]flunitrazepam binding to BDZ receptors. The results with each of the six in vivo tests were compared with those with the in vitro receptor binding test, and the correlation coefficients (r) were calculated. There was a high correlation between the inhibitor constants (Ki) derived from BDZ binding studies and the TD50 values (r = 0.882) and the pentylenetetrazol ED50 values (r = 0.946). There was also good correlation between ED50 values of BDZs effective by the bicuculline and picrotoxin tests and their Ki values in the BDZ receptor binding studies (r = 0.868 and 0.892, respectively). However, BDZ I, BDZ II, and BDZ IV had Ki values of 1.830, 0.075, and 0.015 microM, respectively, but BDZ I was ineffective in nontoxic doses by the bicuculline and picrotoxin tests, BDZ II by the picrotoxin test, and BDZ IV by the bicuculline test. In contrast, there was no correlation between the BDZs' anticonvulsant potency, determined by either the maximal electroshock or strychnine test, and their inhibitory potency on [3H]flunitrazepam binding to receptor sites. The possible methodological and neurochemical bases for these differences are discussed. These studies indicate that BDZ binding studies can be used to screen BDZs for anticonvulsant activity (selectively for antipentylenetetrazol activity and less selectively for antibicuculline and antipicrotoxin activity). More importantly, they complement the conventional in vivo anticonvulsant threshold tests. Therefore, BDZ binding studies can be used in concert with conventional in vivo procedures for the pharmacological differentiation of candidate antiepileptic BDZs. PMID- 6641645 TI - Drug effects on afterdischarge and seizure threshold in lissencephalic ferrets: an epilepsy model for drug evaluation. AB - In normal and lissencephalic ferrets with chronically implanted electrodes, two antiepileptic drugs, (E)-2-[(amino)phenylmethylen]-benzo [b] thiophen-3(2H)-on (AF-CX 921 XX) and carbamazepine (CBZ), were compared. The variables included afterdischarges (AD) and seizures induced by cortical electrical stimulations (ES). Both drugs were given orally, 100 mg/kg of pure substance. ES was applied before and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 24 h after drug administration. Lissencephaly was produced by a single intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg methylazoxymethanol acetate to pregnant animals. The administration of both drugs resulted in increases of the AD threshold current to 240% in the normal and to 170% in the lissencephalic ferrets, in comparison with control stimulations (the difference significant at p less than 0.001). Moreover, duration of the AD was shorter (p less than 0.01) than before the drugs. Seizure threshold also increased 170% after AF-CX 921 XX and 175% after CBZ in normal and 153% and 138% in lissencephalic ferrets, respectively. The difference between the two drugs was significant. However, in contrast to the threshold, duration of seizures during AF-CX 921 XX administration was significantly shorter (p less than 0.05) than during CBZ. In general, lissencephalic ferrets responded less than normal ferrets to both drugs, but AF-CX 921 XX had a greater inhibitory effect on the duration of seizures. The lissencephalic ferret is proposed as an animal model of epilepsy with diffuse developmental defects. PMID- 6641646 TI - Pharmacokinetic profile of a new anticonvulsant, stiripentol, in the rhesus monkey. AB - Stiripentol is a new anticonvulsant drug derived from phenyl-l-pentene-ol. One of its metabolites resulting from opening of the methylenedioxy ring also possesses anticonvulsant activity. This study undertook to define the overall pharmacokinetic profile of stiripentol in rhesus monkey prior to its efficacy evaluation. The experimental design included six treatments (three intravenous doses of 40, 80, and 120 mg; one oral dose of 80 mg; and two intraperitoneal doses of 80 and 120 mg) administered to five chaired rhesus monkeys in a randomized fashion. Sixteen plasma samples were obtained over 7 h and urine was collected for 24 h. A high-performance liquid chromatography assay was developed for the determination of stiripentol in plasma and urine (C8 reverse phase column and UV detection, lambda = 254 nm). The intravenous data revealed multiexponential behavior and therefore noncompartmental methods were used to describe the pharmacokinetics of stiripentol. Values for plasma clearances (L/h/kg) were 1.10 +/- 0.07 (40 mg), 0.92 +/- 0.08 (80 mg), and 0.86 +/- 0.15 (120 mg). The decrease in clearance with dose provided evidence of nonlinearity. The average mean residence time was 1.09 +/- 0.03 h. The average volume of distribution at steady state was 1.03 +/- 0.3 L/kg. The bioavailabilities obtained for the oral and intraperitoneal doses were consistent with first-pass effect predictions: 0.3 (oral), 0.32 (i.p. 80 mg), and 0.34 (i.p. 120 mg). The free fraction determined by equilibrium dialysis was less than 1%. The fraction of dose excreted unchanged in urine ranged between 0 and 3%. The metabolite with anticonvulsant activity could not be detected in plasma with any of the modes of administration. However, it was found in urine and accounted for 2% of the dose. The fraction metabolized by glucuronidation was 34.8 +/- 9.1%. The percentages of total amount of glucuronide excreted in the intervals 0-2, 2-4, 4-8, and 8-24 h were 70.6 +/- 6.2, 10.1 +/- 5.4, 13.6 +/- 5.1, and 5.7 +/- 3.1%. These findings suggested that the terminal phase was not associated with elimination but rather with drug distribution. PMID- 6641647 TI - Fluctuations in salivary carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide concentrations during the day in epileptic children. AB - Hourly salivary concentrations of carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine-10,11 epoxide (EP) were studied during 2 consecutive days in a group of epileptic children receiving twice daily CBZ monotherapy either as the tablet or syrup formulation. Relatively large fluctuations were observed for both CBZ (mean, 57%; range, 32-100%) and EP (mean, 97%; range, 19-189%) during a dosage interval. However, concentrations of EP were generally much lower, approximately 34% of corresponding CBZ levels, and in absolute terms the concentration-time curves for EP appeared much less variable. Further evidence supporting extensive CBZ concentration fluctuations during the day was provided by an additional group of 30 epileptic children receiving CBZ monotherapy whose time of dosage was manipulated to achieve peak and trough concentrations during assessment with a psychomotor test battery. Changes in salivary CBZ concentrations within subjects ranged from 4 to 272% (median, 65%), excluding two atypical cases who showed greater than 10-fold increases in the expected high concentration. These results suggest that in children there is a substantial risk of error in the interpretation of CBZ concentrations from a single sample without consideration of the time of last dose. The implications of these findings for clinical treatment with regard to the appearance of side effects and changes in psychomotor function are discussed. PMID- 6641648 TI - Vigilance level-dependent tonic seizures--epilepsy or sleep disorder? A case report. AB - A case with vigilance level-dependent, nightly occurring, generalized, axial, tonic motor seizures without any ictal or interictal scalp electroencephalographic expression is presented. A pathological sleep pattern with many arousals, superficial sleep, and an interrelation between the seizures and the arousal episodes was demonstrated. An epileptic excitation discharge during the seizures was verified on the right cingular cortex by stereoencephalography. The physiopathogenesis and differential diagnostic problems in the interpretation of such cases as a sleep disorder or an epileptic mechanism are discussed. PMID- 6641649 TI - Program evaluation in epilepsy rehabilitation. AB - The Vocational Services Program of the University of Washington Regional Epilepsy Center is described, and data relating to the first 106 clients who entered the program are examined. A major emphasis of the study was characteristic differences between those clients later competitively employed and program dropouts. Other study purposes related to examining client satisfaction ratings of different aspects of services and establishing whether a relationship existed between seizure occurrences and job loss. Stepwise discriminant function analysis indicated that "months employed in the last 24" appeared to be the stable discriminator between the employed and dropout groups. The group later employed averaged 12 of the prior 24 months in employment, whereas dropouts approximated 7. Associated psychiatric/addictions treatment was initially a key outcome discriminator, but it did not hold up on cross-validation. Subjects were more satisfied with individualized client services (e.g., counseling sessions) than with group activities (e.g., Job Club). As opposed to seizures, emotional/attitudinal difficulties with this rehabilitation population appeared to be the primary reason for job loss. A work adjustment or job station program can be critical for these individuals and others with neurological impairments. The importance of counselor follow-up after the initial job placement is also underscored. This program, with about half of its clients entering unsubsidized jobs, basically replicated the results of other community-oriented epilepsy rehabilitation programs. PMID- 6641650 TI - Keynote address: potential of in vitro tests in asbestos-related problems. PMID- 6641651 TI - An adherent cell perifusion technique to study the overall and sequential response of rat alveolar macrophages to toxic substances. AB - Essentially pure (97%) alveolar macrophages were isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage of rats with warm (37 degrees C) PBS solution. These cells were allowed to adhere to the inside walls of open-ended glass cylinders which were closed off at each end by three-way stopcocks. The adhering cells were perifused with RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum for 18 hr at the rate of 1 mL/hr, and the effluent medium was collected automatically in 2-mL aliquots. Cell recoveries and viabilities did not differ from those found for Petri cultures treated similarly, indicating that the perifusion method under study offered an adequate milieu for short-term primary cultures. The alveolar macrophages in culture were subjected to the presence of particulate (chrysotile asbestos) and soluble (phorbol myristate) toxicants, and their response was monitored in the effluent medium by measuring the release of prostaglandins (PGE) by radioimmunoassay. A significant increase in the sequential release of PGE was observed in the presence of asbestos (100 micrograms/mL) or phorbol myristate (200 ng/mL). Treatment of the cells with indomethacin (20 microM) completely abolished the release of PGE stimulated with phorbol myristate. A cumulative response to the toxicants was also observed when cells were harvested manually from the chambers: asbestos caused a 2-fold increase in cell mortality relative to control, while phorbol myristate brought about a 3-fold increase in the number of dead cells. This effect was not prevented by the presence of indomethacin. Cell aggregation was also observed when cells were perifused in the presence of phorbol myristate, whether indomethacin was present or absent. Our results indicate that the cell perifusion system combines the advantages of conventional adherent cell cultures (viability, aggregation) with those of perifusion techniques (sequential metabolism studies). PMID- 6641652 TI - Macrophage functions after exposure to nonfibrous mineral dusts. AB - The effects of the standard dusts, electrocorundum, and Dorentruper quartz (DQ12), as well as mine dusts have been tested in guinea pig lung macrophage cultures. The parameters compared were: release of lactic dehydrogenase for demonstration of plasma membrane permeability and production of lactic acid as an indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. In addition to the dose-dependent toxicity of different mine, coal and other mineral dusts, we studied the influence of cell culture media and the supplement of fetal calf serum (FCS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) upon the cell toxicity in this test system. We demonstrated a protective effect of FCS and BSA on dusts of low and medium toxicity, while dusts of high toxicity, like DQ12, were not influenced in their toxicity. PMID- 6641653 TI - Physical and biological studies of coal and oil fly ash. AB - Studies were performed to compare the physical and chemical characteristics and the in vitro macrophage cytotoxicity of oil and coal fly ash. Sampling methodology was developed to collect size-fractionated particulate matter from the smokestack of either a coal-fired or an oil-fired power plant. Morphological studies demonstrated particle heterogeneity, although most coal fly ash particles appeared to be spherical. Oil fly ash contained two major morphologies; nonopaque amorphous particles and opaque amorphous particles. Elemental analysis indicates that the coal ash is predominantly composed of aluminosilicate particles, while the oil ash is predominantly inorganic sulfates and carbonaceous particles. In vitro macrophage assays demonstrate that the finest coal fly ash particles are the most cytotoxic; the cytotoxicity is significantly less than that of alpha quartz, the positive control particle. In contrast, the oil fly ash particles are more cytotoxic than quartz. The cytotoxicity of oil fly ash is due to soluble components, possibly vanadium salts. PMID- 6641654 TI - Bioassay of genotoxic effects of environmental particles in a feeding ciliate. AB - The ciliated protozoan, Paramecium, can be used to quantitate cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ingested complex environmental particles. Cytotoxicity is quantitated by the increased proportion of treated versus control cells which do not retain their capacity for normal cell replication. Genotoxic effects are assessed by the increased fraction of nonviable offspring from treated versus control parent cells after the self-fertilization process of autogamy. Since these cells ingest nonnutrient respirable-sized particles, biological activity of intracellular extraction of dusts and fly ash can be compared before and after extraction with polar and nonpolar solvents. Previous studies indicated that coal fly ash was mutagenic in these eukaryotic cells. Mutagenicity of coal fly ash was not detectable after extraction with a concentration of HCl known to remove nonmatrix trace elements. These results suggested that this ciliate bioassay might be a detector of mineral mutagens. Fine particles of the carcinogenic nickel compounds, alpha-nickel subsulfide, and beta-nickel sulfide were compared for their biological activity in this bioassay. Both nickel compounds were ingested by the ciliates and induced heritable damage in the progeny of the treated parent cells. PMID- 6641655 TI - In vitro assessment of equivalence of occupational health risk: welders. AB - The possibility of using in vitro testing to determine the equivalence of risk for various occupational groups is discussed. In the absence of epidemiological evidence or relevant animal in vivo bioassays on which to determine the health effects of specific occupational exposures, it is proposed to use similarities in the in vitro response to substances with known (or strongly suspected) and unknown risk to demonstrate their risk equivalence. Identification and evaluation of a high risk "hot spot" due to exposure to Cr(VI) for stainless steel welders is discussed in terms of recent developments in collection, analysis and bioassay of welding fumes. PMID- 6641656 TI - In vitro toxicity and transformation potency of nickel compounds. AB - An in vitro bioassay utilizing BHK-21 cells in culture is used to determine the relative transformation potential of a number of nickel compounds including, as relatively insoluble particulates a known carcinogen (Ni3S2) and several oxides either of commercial interest or found in the working environment in the metal industry (e.g., NiO), and a soluble salt [Ni(CH3COO)2]. Although a wide range of transformation potency is found as a function of the dose of Ni per area of culture, all substances produce the same number of transformed colonies at the same degree of toxicity (e.g., 50% survival). If toxicity is a direct measure of intracellular concentration, then apparently nickel per se is the ultimate transforming agent independent of source or uptake mechanism. PMID- 6641657 TI - In vitro RPM fibrogenic potential assay of welding fumes. AB - The fibrogenic potential of 11 different welding fumes and metallic aerosols, considered to be reference standard surrogates for the commonly used welding technologies and applications responsible for 70% of welders exposure, is screened by using the rat peritoneal macrophage (RPM) in vitro bioassay. Only one class of fumes, that from the manual metal are welding of stainless steel, shows distinct fibrogenic potential. This fume, however, is not common to more than four or five of the heretofore 90 cases of pulmonary fibrosis reported among welders. Thus, although insoluble Cr(VI) is probably the active fibrogen in stainless steel fumes, an etiological factor common to all fibrogenic welding exposures must be sought; it is tentatively proposed to be NO chi, a potent experimental in vivo fibrogen copiously produced by certain welding processes and ubiquitous at low concentrations in the welding environment. PMID- 6641658 TI - Factors involved in the cytotoxicity of kaolinite towards macrophages in vitro. AB - The cytotoxicity of a high purity Cornish kaolinite toward mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro was examined. The material was cytotoxic towards these cells, the activity could be decreased substantially by pretreating the dust with poly(2-vinylpyridine N-oxide). Pretreatment of the dusts with poly(acrylic acid) had a small effect on cytotoxicity, but combinations of the polymer treatments virtually abolished the material's biological activity towards macrophages. These studies indicated that the cytotoxicity of kaolinite is not due to its flakelike morphology. PMID- 6641659 TI - Asbestos fibers, plasma and inflammation. AB - Fibrin clots have been detected at sites of inflammation, and kinins have been implicated as mediators of the vascular phenomena of acute inflammation, systemic shock, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. It is now reported that both negatively and positively charged asbestos fibers shorten the partial thromboplastin time of human plasma, indicating coagulation of the plasma. A sample containing short (less than 5 micron in length) chrysotile fibers is ineffective. Only the negatively charged amphiboles (crocidolite and amosite) are able to activate factor XII (Hageman factor). This particular effect of the amphiboles is enhanced by high molecular weight kininogen and leads to kinin formation. PMID- 6641661 TI - Identification of chlorite and serpentine in cosmetic or pharmaceutical talc. AB - Chlorite is the most common accessory mineral group found in high purity talc ore used in cosmetic or pharmaceutical consumer talcum products. X-ray diffraction and wet chemical analytical data obtained on geologic samples representing commercial talc ore deposits of high purity and on processed samples representing talc found in consumer talcum products indicate that clinochlore and penninite are the two chlorite minerals most commonly found in all talc samples irrespective of origin or source, but sheridanite is also found in some samples representing talc deposits that are associated with serpentinite rocks. The chlorite minerals exhibit certain well-defined X-ray diffraction characteristics which differentiate them from each other as well as from those of serpentine minerals, including the hazardous chrysotile asbestos. PMID- 6641660 TI - Biochemical studies on the toxicity of slate mine dust. AB - As part of a detailed experimental study of the pathogenicity of disease of slate dust workers, the early biochemical changes in rat lung from 1 to 90 days after intratracheal inoculation of slate dust of particle size below 5 micron were investigated. A severalfold increase in free cell population (initially macrophages) was elicited by the dust. The free activity of acid phosphatase tended to increase along with a break of lysosomal latency with increasing exposure period. However, actual release of enzyme activity into the acellular fraction was low. The phospholipid content varied both in cellular and acellular fractions, indicating altered turnover of membrane lipids and surfactants. At advanced periods of the study, sialic was found to be released into the acellular fraction, indicating membrane damage. Considerable decrease in glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity and free sulfhydryl content and enhanced osmotic fragility of erythrocytes were also recorded. These results indicate the potential toxicity of slate mine dust. PMID- 6641662 TI - Effect of mineral dusts on metabolic cooperation between Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro. AB - The mode of action of inorganic fibers as carcinogens is unknown. There is conflicting evidence whether they act by inducing lesions in DNA, such as initiating carcinogens, or alternatively act as promoters of carcinogenesis. Recent evidence has suggested that promoters inhibit the process of cell-to-cell chemical communication known as metabolic cooperation. Chinese hamster V79-4 cells in culture exhibit metabolic cooperation which can be blocked by the promoter tetraphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Three kinds of mineral dust were tested to determine whether or not they could interfere with the intercellular communication. The three dusts studied were: amosite, a fibrous asbestos from the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) standard reference series, which is a typical carcinogenic fibrous dust inducing pleural tumors following intrapleural injection into rats; ball-milled amosite, a nonfibrous dust derived from UICC amosite by ball-milling, which has the physical properties characteristic of a noncarcinogenic dust; and Min-U-Sil silica, a widely available sample of fibrogenic quartz which does not induce pleural tumors following intrapleural injection into rats. The results demonstrated that metabolic cooperation between V79-4 cells cannot be reduced by carcinogenic asbestos fibers or by relatively large numbers of nontoxic dust particles. It is concluded that if inorganic fibers promote carcinogenesis, then they do not operate by blocking metabolic cooperation. PMID- 6641663 TI - Cell-mediated cytotoxicity expressed by lymphoid cells from rats with asbestos induced peritoneal mesothelioma towards rat fetal cell. AB - Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) directed towards rat fetal cells was evaluated in Fischer F344 young inbred male rats having asbestos-induced peritoneal mesothelioma. The tumors were induced by exposure to Canadian chrysotile B fibers and the CMI delineated by the injury and destruction brought about to 6- to 10 day-old primary fetal cell cultures by the so-called educated peripheral blood lymphoid-cells (PBLC) obtained from the cancer-bearing rats. A significant cytotoxicity was found to be expressed by the PBLCs, suggesting that during the development of mesothelioma, a cellular retrodifferentiation occurs, thereby educating the effectors to recognize a common determinant existing in both the tumor and fetal cells. Educated PBLCs were produced from rats having endodermal tissue cancers (adenocarcinomas of the small bowel, colon and pancreas) and were found to also be cytotoxic to the fetal cultures, yet no injury was apparently inflicted upon cultured mesothelioma target cells by these effectors. These results suggested that the tumor education was specific and that probably a unique and different fetal component was being recognized by the effector cells obtained from the rats with lesions arising either in the mesodermal or endodermal tissue. Further support for this concept was the failure of an antibody, specific to an oncofetal protein existing in endodermal lesions, to apparently recognize any common oncogenic proteins in the mesothelioma. Preliminary studies have also been accomplished which suggests the existence of natural killing immune responses existing to the mesothelioma target cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6641664 TI - Demethylation and excretion of methyl mercury by the guinea pig. AB - Female guinea pigs were dosed po with 1.0 mg CH3 203Hg/kg as methylmercuric chloride, 10 times over a 3-week period. Tissue distribution, excretion, and accumulation of inorganic and organic mercury were studied. The highest concentration of mercury was found in the kidney. The greatest decreases of mercury levels were observed in the small bowel, red blood cells, liver, and cerebrum. The half-life of whole body clearance, based on a single compartment model, was 31.6 days. Mercury in the kidney, liver, and cerebrum was bound mainly by nuclear and soluble fractions. The highest ratio of inorganic to total mercury was seen in the kidney, 60% of this being as inorganic mercury. Excretion of mercury in the feces was measured throughout the experiment. The relationship of organic to inorganic mercury was relatively constant at about 1:3. Data on the effects of methyl mercury on tissue concentrations of zinc and copper show that the only change in the copper content was a marked increase in the kidney. PMID- 6641665 TI - Toxicity of T-2 toxin, a Fusarium mycotoxin, to alveolar macrophages in vitro. AB - The exposure of agricultural workers to dust particulates, which may be contaminated with common fungi and/or their toxic metabolites, is an occupational health concern. To assess the cytotoxic properties of T-2 toxin, rat alveolar macrophages (AM) were exposed to T-2 in tissue culture. Determinations of cell viability, cell number, and viability index indicate that T-2, a trichothecene mycotoxin, is highly toxic to AM. The concentrations of T-2 toxin required to decrease these parameters by 50% at 20 hr were 8.93, 0.33, and 0.89 microM, respectively. The effect of T-2 toxin on AM cell volume was dose dependent, with cultures containing 0.1 microM T-2 being significantly different than controls. The data show that T-2 toxin causes significant AM shrinkage. The amount of chromium released from preloaded AM after 18 hr of incubation was significantly different in culture containing 0.01 microM or greater T-2 toxin. The percentage of chromium released was dose dependent and parallel to the amount of cell death occurring in each culture. Scanning electron microscope examination of AM treated 20 hr with 0.1 microM T-2 toxin demonstrated detachment of pseudopodia, cellular blebing, smoothing of membrane processes, and finally cell lysis. Thus, the data clearly demonstrate that T-2 toxin is cytotoxic for rat alveolar macrophages in vitro and suggest the possibility of a respiratory hazard to agricultural workers. PMID- 6641667 TI - Mesothelioma in pet dogs associated with exposure of their owners to asbestos. AB - Pet dogs with spontaneous mesothelioma were used to identify environmental exposures that might increase their owner's risk of asbestos-related disease. These animals share man's domicile environment, yet do not indulge in activities (e.g., smoking, working) which confound interpretation of epidemiologic studies. Eighteen histologically confirmed canine mesotheliomas were diagnosed at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, from April 1977 to December 1981. Sixteen owners of cases and 32 owners of age, breed, and sex-matched controls were interviewed to determine their occupation and medical history and their dog's medical history, life style, diet, and exposure to asbestos. An asbestos-related occupation or hobby of a household member and use of flea repellents on the dog were significantly associated with mesothelioma. In addition, there was a trend indicating an increased risk of mesothelioma with an urban residence. Lung tissue from three dogs with mesothelioma and one dog with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung had higher levels of chrysotile asbestos fibers than lung tissue from control dogs. These findings indicate that well designed epidemiological studies of spontaneous tumors in pet animals may provide insight into the role of environmental factors in human cancers and serve as a valuable sentinel model to identify environmental health hazards for humans. PMID- 6641666 TI - Effects of dietary cadmium on mallard ducklings. AB - Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings were fed cadmium in the diet at 0, 5, 10, or 20 ppm from 1 day of age until 12 weeks of age. At 4-week intervals six males and six females from each dietary group were randomly selected, bled by jugular venipuncture, and necropsied. Significant decreases in packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and a significant increase in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were found at 8 weeks of age in ducklings fed 20 ppm cadmium. Mild to severe kidney lesions were evident in ducklings fed 20 ppm cadmium for 12 weeks. No other blood chemistry measurement, hematological parameter, or tissue histopathological measurement indicated a reaction to cadmium ingestion. Body weight, liver weight, and the ratio of the femur weight to length were not affected by dietary cadmium. Femur cadmium concentration in all ducklings 12 weeks of age declined from the values detected at 4 and 8 weeks of age. Liver cadmium concentrations were significantly higher in relation to the increased dietary levels and in relation to the length of time the ducklings were fed the cadmium diets. At 12 weeks of age the cadmium concentration in liver tissue was twice that in the diet. PMID- 6641668 TI - Toxicological effects on mice following inhalation exposures to fluidized-bed coal combustor fly ash. AB - Toxicological effects of exposure to reaerosolized fly ash from a fluidized-bed coal combustor were evaluated in mice following 500- and 1000-hr inhalation exposures. Alveolar macrophage function, organ histology, and hematopoiesis were assessed following 24-hr/day exposures in two 500-hr experiments. There was little mutagenicity detected by the Ames assay in the samples of the fly ash tested. The chemical characteristics of the fly ash were very similar to those of fly ash produced during conventional coal combustion. However, physical characterization revealed that the fluidized-bed combustion fly ash was not fused as is commonly the case in conventionally combusted fly ash, and as a result had a very large surface area. The function of the alveolar macrophages of exposed mice was impaired, and there were significant changes in the histology of the lung, including cellular infiltration and hyperplasia of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium. These changes are characteristic of pulmonary responses to chronic irritation of the lung. PMID- 6641669 TI - Hazardous chemical exposure at a municipal wastewater treatment plant. AB - The use of municipal wastewater treatment plants for the disposal of industrial wastes creates the potential for the exposure of treatment plant workers to hazardous chemical compounds that may be present in these wastes. Urine from workers and air and wastewater samples from a municipal wastewater treatment plant receiving wastes from a pesticide manufacturer were analyzed on several occasions by electron-capture gas chromatography for the presence of the compounds hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HEX) and hexachlorobicycloheptadiene (HEX BCH) which are present in the waste stream from this industry. HEX-BCH was detected more frequently in urine from these workers than in urine from workers at another municipal wastewater treatment plant in the same city. Urine concentrations of HEX-BCH were found to be higher in specimens collected late in the work shift than in those collected earlier. The primary rate of exposure is thought to be by inhalation. This is the first known report of these compounds being detected in human urine and it demonstrates the potential for wastewater treatment plant worker exposure to industrial wastes. PMID- 6641670 TI - Biochemical studies on the toxicity of hematite dust. AB - Biochemical alterations in guinea pig lungs caused by hematite dust were followed at 150 days after intratracheal administration of the dust. In vivo dust exposure caused a significant increase in mitochondrial protein content and cytochrome c oxidase activity whereas diaphorase activity remained unaltered. Mitochondria from the exposed animals were apparently in a swollen state and their contraction profile upon the addition of ATP reflected permeability changes. However, in vitro dust caused no significant alterations. Significant increases in glycogen content along with an insignificant decrease in glycogen phosphorylase activity were also observed in hematite-treated guinea pig lungs. Decrease in drug metabolizing enzymes such as aniline hydroxylase and tyrosine aminotransferase activities were also evident in the postmitochondrial fraction of the siderotic lungs. [3H]Leucine-incorporation studies showed increased protein synthesis in the postmitochondrial fraction. Increase in protein synthesis in mitochondria was only marginal whereas in whole homogenate it decreased considerably. Experiments employing dust tagged with radioactive iron indicated the rapid mobilization of iron from lung and its distribution to various organs. The presence of iron binding protein was confirmed by employing Sephadex gel-filtration techniques. PMID- 6641671 TI - Hydrocarbons disposition, lipid content, and fatty acid composition in trout after long-term dietary exposure to n-alkanes. AB - Uptake, distribution, and storage of n-alkanes was studied in rainbow trout receiving a diet containing 1% normal paraffins in the C13-C22 range. After 3 months, the concentration of hydrocarbons deposited in the whole body reached a steady equilibrium value in the range 700-900 ppm. The most pronounced deposition occurred in the adipose tissue. The n-alkane pattern in the whole body exhibited a profile different from that of the alkane mixture ingested. The alkanes around C20 were not retained to any great extent, but as the chain length decreased, the relative amount stored increased. In the liver a marked predominance of even carbon chain length was observed while in whole fish and in other organs such a phenomenon did not occur. After 5 months, total lipids in the carcass were significantly lower in the test group than in the control group. At the end of the accumulation period, a significant enhancement in the proportion of odd- and even-chain saturated fatty acids from C14:0 to C18:0 was noted in carcasses of hydrocarbon-fed fish. Myristic, pentadecanoic, and heptadecanoic acids were also significantly more abundant in the liver and adipose tissue of contaminated fish. This increase is attributed to the terminal oxidation of the predominant n alkanes in the diet into the corresponding fatty acids. During the depuration period, one-half of the trout in each group were fed a hydrocarbon-free diet, while the others were starved. After 2 months, both starved and fed trout had lost approximately 50% of the amount of total n-alkanes stored. The n-alkanes longer than C16 were well retained, while short-chain alkane concentration decreased rapidly. PMID- 6641672 TI - Morphology and fatty acid composition of erythrocytes from monkeys exposed to ozone for one year. AB - Monkeys (Macaca radiata) were exposed to a low dose (0.64 ppm) of ozone (O3) for 8 hr each day over a 1-year period. Control monkeys were exposed to filtered air. The morphology of the red blood cell (RBC) from these monkeys was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Red cells from control monkeys had normal morphology with 69% having biconcave shape (discocytes). In O3-exposed animals, blood contained only 35% discocytes. Knizocytes, stomatocytes, and spherocytes each have defined shape which are different from discocytes. The number of knizocytes and stomatocytes in O3-exposed monkeys was twice that of controls. In addition, significant levels of spherocytes were observed while they were absent in the blood of controls. The fatty acid composition of RBC from control and O3 exposed monkeys was the same. These were similar to that of human RBC. However, earlier reports of monkey RBC fatty acid composition differ from our results. These differences are discussed. We conclude that low-dose O3 exposure changes the morphology, but not the fatty acid composition, of erythrocytes in vivo. PMID- 6641673 TI - Cellular toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. I. Analysis of cytotoxicity endpoints for twenty-nine priority pollutants. AB - Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to 29 toxic chemical substances which were representative of several classes of compounds listed by the Natural Resources Defense Council Consent Decree as priority toxic pollutants. After cell cultures were exposed to the test substance, cell samples were assayed for protein and DNA synthesis, ATP, cell number, and viability. A filter-disk technique employing a batch-washing procedure was used for the determination of protein and DNA synthesis. Dose-response data were obtained for 15 of the more toxic agents including chlorinated aromatics, metallic compounds, phenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Estimates of the sample concentrations necessary to produce a 50% reduction in response were used to compare cytotoxicity endpoints. ATP and protein synthesis were approximately equally effective as indicators of cellular toxicity. Cadmium chloride, nickel nitrate, arsenic trioxide, and potassium chromate produced a more pronounced effect on DNA synthesis than on ATP or protein synthesis. The dose-response relationship for protein and DNA synthesis was a smooth, continuous function for responses as low as 1 to 2% of the control. On a log-log scale, the dose-response relation yielded a unique pattern for several chemical classes. A ranking of the compounds based on their inhibition of DNA synthesis was compared to a ranking obtained from the literature for whole-animal toxicity. With the exception of the polychlorinated biphenyls, the in vitro results correlated well with animal test data. PMID- 6641674 TI - Differential effects of amorphous and crystalline nickel sulfide on murine alpha/beta interferon production. AB - Mouse embryo fibroblast cultures were exposed to various concentrations of amorphous or crystalline NiS (nickel sulfide). After removal of the NiS from the cultures, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid was added to induce alpha/beta interferon. Pretreatment of the cultures with crystalline NiS significantly inhibited the production of alpha/beta interferon at relatively noncytotoxic concentrations (i.e., 1 microgram/ml) while amorphous NiS had no significant effect on alpha/beta interferon production at 10 micrograms/ml. Treatment of cells with reduced glutathione did not block the inhibitory effects of crystalline NiS on alpha/beta interferon production, suggesting that these effects are not mediated by a free-radical mechanism. PMID- 6641675 TI - The twinning connection. PMID- 6641676 TI - Interpreting radiographs 1: the foot. PMID- 6641677 TI - Aspects of the pathology of stifle bone cysts in the horse. AB - The gross and histological appearance of subchondral bone cysts in six Thoroughbred or partbred horses is described. The lesions were all situated in the centre of the medial femoral condyle and were not associated with any other damage to the articular surface of the femorotibial or femoropatellar joints. In three cases the cysts were unilateral but had an early non-cystic lesion present in the opposite stifle. All the cysts had a narrow channel at their distal extremity which communicated with the femorotibial joint. The more recently developed ones were fluid filled and contained fibrous strands, while those in the older horses contained dense fibrotic detritus. No signs of significant ossification of the cysts were detected. The likely pathogenesis of these lesions is discussed in the light of the pathological findings. PMID- 6641679 TI - Observational study of "urine testing" in the horse and donkey stallion. AB - Although "urine testing" is said to enable the male equid to assess the sexual status of the mare, there are no reports in the literature of any detailed study of this behavioural response of the stallion. Behavioural response to conspecific urine was studied in two horse stallions and one donkey stallion. The relevant nasopalatine anatomy is described. Events observed during urine testing included head, neck, lip, jaw, tongue movements, penile changes and nasal secretion. Nasal endoscopy indicated that the source of part of the nasal secretion was the secretory glands of the vomeronasal organ complex. The significance and probable function of these events in urine testing is discussed. PMID- 6641678 TI - Leptospiral infection in horses in Northern Ireland: serological and microbiological findings. AB - Thirteen strains of pathogenic leptospires were isolated from 12 of 91 horses; seven strains belonged to the Australis serogroup (serotype bratislava) with three, two and one strains belonging to the Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis (serotype hardjo) and Autumnalis serogroups respectively. Using leptospires isolated from horses and others representing the known parasitic Leptospira serogroups, a sample of 650 mares' sera was tested for agglutinating antibodies. Antibodies were found in 89.1 per cent of sera. The predominant reaction was to serotype bratislava, strain S/1334/79, isolated in this study, antibodies to which were detected in 81.8 per cent of sera. It is suggested that serotype bratislava may be adapted to, and maintained by, the horse population in Northern Ireland. PMID- 6641681 TI - Survey of 79 referral colic cases. AB - The clinical, surgical and/or necropsy diagnosis of 79 horses admitted to a referral clinic for evaluation of colic are reported. Twenty-one horses were presented with conditions amenable to medical treatment and all were subsequently discharged. Exploratory laparotomies were performed on 44 horses during the present study, in some cases as a diagnostic procedure preceding euthanasia. In general, in surgical cases the mortality rate was highest for problems involving the small intestine, followed by those affecting the large colon and then the small colon. Postoperative sequelae included peritonitis, infarction, visceral rupture and acute circulatory failure. Colitis, visceral rupture and thromboembolic infarction generally had a fatal result. The overall recovery rate (for 79 horses) was about 50 per cent. PMID- 6641680 TI - Prognosis in equine colic: a study of individual variables used in case assessment. AB - The individual merit of the use of 43 variables to assess the prognosis of equine colic cases was examined. The following variables revealed highly significant (P less than 0.001) differences between cases which survived and those which died: blood pressure; heart rate; oral mucosal capillary refill time; degree of mental depression; venous haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, erythrocyte count, urea concentration and lactate concentration; peritoneal fluid lactate concentration; and haematocrit/plasma protein and serum protein concentration ratios. Thus, in general, variables which assessed cardiovascular function were good prognostic guides. PMID- 6641682 TI - SEM study of Strongylus vulgaris larva-induced arteritis in the pony. AB - This paper describes the histological and scanning electron microscopical examinations of the right colic artery of eight ponies. Lesions all had large thrombi surrounding a larva or larvae, with arterial wall thickening. Endothelial shape change, degeneration and loss were present. Fibrin-platelet red blood cell aggregates were present on endothelial surfaces as well as on the surface of thrombi. Damage to the intima appeared to produce the conditions for progressive thrombus formation. PMID- 6641683 TI - Review of pulsing electromagnetic field therapy and its possible application to horses. AB - The relevant literature on electrostimulation in general, and pulsing electromagnetic fields in particular, is reviewed. DC current influences cell behaviour by affecting transmembrane ion transport, which is often under enzymatic control. Pulsing electromagnetic fields influence cell functions through adsorption of ions or dipole formation at the cell membrane. Invasive and non-invasive DC current stimulation is compared to pulsing electromagnetic fields. The mode of application of pulsing electromagnetic fields to the equine limb and suggested treatment times are briefly discussed. Two case reports are used to illustrate the effect of pulsing electromagnetic fields in equine fracture treatment. PMID- 6641684 TI - Treatment of equine cutaneous neoplasia by radiotherapy using iridium 192 linear sources. AB - The treatment of equine cutaneous tumours by conventional or cryosurgical techniques can be limited where the position of the tumour makes radical excision or freezing impractical or dangerous. Radiotherapy provides an effective and practical alternative. The use of iridium pins with guide needles allows accurate positioning of sources and uniform radiation fields to be achieved. The subsequent removal of the pins reduces the period of incapacity and reduces the radiation risk when compared to permanently implanted sources. Twenty-seven tumours on 26 horses were treated by this method with a 100 per cent success rate after a single irradiation. The technique of implantation is described and the criteria used to select cases and to assess the efficacy of this treatment are discussed. PMID- 6641685 TI - Relationship between condition score, physical measurements and body fat percentage in mares. PMID- 6641686 TI - Colorimetric measurement of albumin in horse sera. PMID- 6641687 TI - Serum biochemical and haematological findings in two foals with focal bacterial hepatitis (Tyzzer's disease). PMID- 6641688 TI - Complete transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis in a Thoroughbred foal. PMID- 6641689 TI - Effects of noise on signal detection. PMID- 6641690 TI - Task demands for shovelling in non-erect postures. PMID- 6641691 TI - Pumping effects on thermal insulation of clothing worn by human subjects. PMID- 6641692 TI - Judging the centres of irregular shapes. How much variability is there? PMID- 6641693 TI - Cooling of motorcyclists in various clothing during winter in Britain. PMID- 6641694 TI - Changing local health and safety practices at work within the explosives industry. PMID- 6641695 TI - Conceptions of dentists and dental nurses about ergonomics. PMID- 6641696 TI - Tea-leaf plucking--workloads and environmental studies. PMID- 6641697 TI - Hand positions at possible critical points in the stoop-lift movement. PMID- 6641698 TI - Influence of high ambient temperature and humidity on visual sensitivity. PMID- 6641699 TI - Spinal loading in static and dynamic postures: EMG and intra-abdominal pressure study. PMID- 6641700 TI - Differential promotion and suppression of Z leads to B transitions in poly[d(G C)] by histone subclasses, polyamino acids and polyamines. AB - The right-handed (B) conformation of poly[d(G-C)] in 7.5 mM sodium cacodylate and 25% ethylene glycol can be readily converted to the left-handed (Z) conformation by the addition of 250 microM MnCl2 and this transition can be reversed by chelation of the Mn ions with EDTA or by addition of NaCl. This ability to obtain such reversible transitions in solvent and solute conditions which allow DNA protein interactions and their assessment by c.d. permitted an analysis of the effect of purified histones, polyamino acids, protamine and polyamines on these transitions. Individual core histones H3, H4, H2a and H2b or protamine stabilised the Mn-induced Z form and prevented the transition to B DNA normally observed after chelation with EDTA or on dialysis to physiological salt concentrations. A similar suppression of Z leads to B transition was also achieved with poly-L arginine (but not with poly-L-lysine). In contrast, histones H1 and H5 promoted the Z leads to B transition. Polyamines (spermine and spermidine) converted the B form to another right-handed (A) form which transformed to the Z form after the addition of EDTA and this Z form was restored to the B conformation on the addition of NaCl. These results suggest that sequence-dependent variations in the conformation of natural DNA may be modulated by interaction with histones and other basic cellular components and may provide a conformational basis for nucleosome formation and possibly for the control of gene expression. PMID- 6641701 TI - Correlation between endogenous nucleosomal hyper(ADP-ribosyl)ation of histone H1 and the induction of chromatin relaxation. AB - The effect of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis on chromatin structure was investigated by velocity sedimentation and electron microscopy. We demonstrate that locally relaxed regions can be generated within polynucleosome chains by the activity of their intrinsic poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. This relaxation phenomenon is also shown to be NAD dependent and to be correlated with the formation of hyper(ADP ribosyl)ated forms of histone H1. Evidence is also presented which suggests that hyper(ADP-ribosyl)ated histone H1 is neither released from the relaxed chromatin, nor does it seem to participate in polynucleosomal aggregation. PMID- 6641702 TI - Comparative transcription of right- and left-handed poly[d(G-C)] by wheat germ RNA polymerase II. AB - The template properties of left-handed synthetic polymers, the Z* form of poly[d(G-C)] and the Z form of poly[d(G-m5C)], have been investigated using an eucaryotic RNA polymerase, the class II enzyme from wheat germ. Results from a comparative kinetic study of transcription using the polynucleotide substrates in the B and Z conformations are reported. Optimal conditions for enzyme activity compatible with the preservation of the desired template conformation were determined. On the basis of several criteria, both physical (c.d. spectra of the polymers, sedimentability of the Z* form) and biochemical, it was demonstrated that the left-handed conformations of poly[d(G-C)] and poly[d(G-m5C)] serve as templates for wheat germ RNA polymerase II. The level of incorporation was less than that exhibited by the B form of poly[d(G-C)], the relative activity being a function of the precise experimental conditions. Activity ratios (Z*/B or Z/B) ranged from 0.1 to 0.5. The effect of various incubation parameters, including pH, salt concentration, temperature, and the presence of dinucleoside monophosphate primers were investigated. The Km values for nucleoside triphosphate substrates were slightly smaller for the Z* form of poly[d(G-C)] than for the B conformation. Titration of DNA (Z* or B) with enzyme and reciprocal experiments suggested that the reduced activity of left-handed templates might derive from the availability of fewer and/or lower affinity sites for initiation and/or translocation on these templates. Specific antibodies raised against left-handed DNA strongly inhibited the observed transcription of Z* and Z DNAs by wheat germ RNA polymerase II. PMID- 6641703 TI - Spectral evidence for sub-picosecond iron displacement after ligand detachment from hemoproteins by femtosecond light pulses. AB - We have measured spectral and kinetic differences in protoheme, sperm whale or horse heart myoglobin and human hemoglobin following photodissociation induced by optical pulses of 80 fs duration. Full ligation was performed with oxygen or carbon monoxide. Femtosecond kinetics and transient difference spectra revealed the appearance of a deoxy species with tau approximately equal to 250-300 fs. The transient deoxy species in myoglobin and hemoglobin evidenced a 3-4 nm red shift of their delta A spectra compared with the equilibrium delta A spectrum. This shift was not observed after photodissociation of the carbon monoxide liganded protoheme. We proposed that the 250 fs time constant corresponding to the appearance of the deoxy-like species is related to the displacement of the ferrous iron out of the heme plane. Consequently, the small red shift of the delta A spectra observed in photodissociated hemoproteins may be tentatively attributed to changes in the vibrational modes of either the proximal histidine Fe2+ bond and/or of the N4 porph-Fe-N epsilon His (F8) bent. PMID- 6641705 TI - Differential distribution of microtubule-associated proteins MAP-1 and MAP-2 in neurons of rat brain and association of MAP-1 with microtubules of neuroblastoma cells (clone N2A). AB - To study the individual location of the microtubule proteins MAP-1 and MAP-2 in neuronal tissues and cells, antisera to electrophoretically purified MAP-1 and MAP-2 components were raised in rabbits. When frozen sections through rat brain were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy the antibodies to MAP-1 strongly stained a variety of nerve cells including dendrites and myelinated axons in the cerebrum and cerebellum. Antibodies to MAP-2 showed similar staining patterns, except that myelinated axons were unstained. These results were confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy of frozen sections through cerebellum using the peroxidase technique. Thereby, the association of MAP-1 with microtubules was also clearly demonstrated. When cultured mouse neuroblastoma N2A cells were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy the antiserum to MAP-1 brightly stained filamentous structures resembling microtubules, whereas relatively weak and diffuse staining of the cytoplasm was observed with the antiserum to MAP-2. In agreement with the immunolocalization, MAP-1, but not MAP-2, was found as a prominent component of microtubules proteins polymerized in vitro by taxol from soluble N2A cell extracts. Together these results indicate that neuronal microtubules are preferentially associated with distinct high mol. wt. polypeptides. Therefore, they support the concept that different complements of associated proteins determine distinct functions of microtubules. PMID- 6641704 TI - Differential repression of specific mRNA in erythroblast cytoplasm: a possible role for free mRNP proteins. AB - Two types of in vivo untranslated 'free' mRNA-protein particles (mRNP) were isolated from duck erythroblast cytoplasm and characterised. Both types, namely the highly purified globin mRNA-specific '20S' mRNP and the '35S' mRNP containing a heterogenous non-globin mRNA population, are not translatable in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, but yield active mRNA upon deproteinisation. In vivo, 90% of globin mRNA is translated, but the majority of mRNA types are found in the inactive mRNP fraction, including fully repressed mRNA species. Searching for the factors controlling differential mRNA repression, we characterised and compared the protein composition of globin and '35S' mRNP using two dimensional gel electrophoresis, in vivo labelling with [35S]methionine and in vivo phosphorylation. The major proteins ubiquitously bound to globin or any other mRNA in the polyribosomes (e.g., the 73 K mol. wt. poly(A) binding protein) were not detected in purified inactive mRNP. In the latter some polypeptides appear to be associated with only one of the two inactive mRNA types while some others are common to both mRNPs. Furthermore, different rates of synthesis and phosphorylation characterize the protein populations of the two types of repressed mRNP. The specificity in composition and metabolism of the populations of polypeptides associated with different subpopulations of inactive cytoplasmic mRNA, as shown here, argues in favour of a role of mRNP proteins in mRNA recognition and selective translational repression, possibly in association with the ScRNA previously found as components of the free mRNP and able to inhibit protein synthesis. PMID- 6641706 TI - Human-mouse hybrids with an embryonal carcinoma phenotype continue to transcribe HLA-A,B,C. AB - We previously constructed a hybrid cell line, MCP6, which contains an X/6 translocation chromosome as its sole human genetic component in a mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell background. This chromosome, which carries the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) originated from a human B cell which expresses class I and class II MHC antigens. EC cells do not express class I or class II antigens on their cell surface. Northern blot analysis has now shown that in the MCP6 hybrid, human class I genes, i.e., HLA-A,B,C, continued to be transcribed, and cellular levels of the transcripts were similar to, or only slightly lower than, levels in hybrids with a non-EC phenotype. However, very low levels of mRNA species recognised by a mouse class I gene (H-2) probe were also detected in EC cells and EC hybrids. Comparison of the relative levels of H-2 and HLA class I gene transcripts in the EC hybrids and non-EC hybrids indicated that the introduced HLA-A,B,C genes were not appropriately regulated in the EC cell but were subject at least in part to cis control. In contrast to the class I genes, no class II gene (i.e. HLA-DR alpha) transcripts were detected in MCP6. Hybrid EC lines thus provide a system to investigate the different levels of control of MHC gene expression during development and may help to elucidate mechanisms whereby the embryonic genome programs expression of differentiated cell functions. PMID- 6641708 TI - Excision of amplified viral DNA at palindromic sequences from the adenovirus type 12-transformed hamster cell line T637. AB - In the DNA of the adenovirus type 12 (Ad12)-transformed hamster cell line T637 approximately 20-22 viral DNA molecules per cell are covalently linked to cellular DNA. Spontaneously arising morphological revertants of T637 cells have lost the bulk of the viral DNA. We have been able to mimic the excision event of viral DNA, as it occurs during reversion, by autoincubation of isolated nuclei from T637 cells. The same Ad12 DNA sequences, which had been deleted in morphological revertants, proved highly sensitive to endogenous nucleases in isolated nuclei of T637 cells. Viral DNA sequences, which persisted in the revertants, are resistant to endogenous nucleases in isolated T637 nuclei. All attempts to clone the nuclease-sensitive sites of Ad12 DNA in cell line T637 have so far failed. After denaturation and renaturation of T637 DNA followed by treatment with S1 nuclease, large fold-back structures of DNA have been found. These snap-back structures were derived from precisely those viral DNA restriction fragments which were uncloneable. The fragments containing palindromic sequences were both highly sensitive to endogenous nucleases in isolated T637 nuclei and were absent from the DNA of all revertant cell lines. Moreover, the palindromic sequences are susceptible to the phage T4-specific endonuclease VII which specifically attacks cruciform structures in DNA. The peculiar structures at the termini of integrated Ad12 DNA molecules are highly sensitive to endogenous nucleases in isolated nuclei. These nucleases may be related to the reversion event. PMID- 6641707 TI - The genes coding for the cardiac muscle actin, the skeletal muscle actin and the cytoplasmic beta-actin are located on three different mouse chromosomes. AB - The actins are a group of highly conserved proteins encoded by a multigene family. We have previously reported that the skeletal muscle actin gene is located on mouse chromosome 3, together with several other unidentified actin DNA sequences. We show here that the gene coding for the cardiac muscle actin, which is closely related to the skeletal muscle actin (1.1% amino acid replacements), is located on mouse chromosome 17. The gene coding for the cytoplasmic beta-actin is located on mouse chromosome 5. Thus, these three actin genes are located on three different chromosomes. PMID- 6641709 TI - Intracellular vesicles involved in the transport of Semliki Forest virus membrane proteins to the cell surface. AB - The route of transport of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) membrane glycoproteins to the plasma membrane was studied using immunoperoxidase electron microscopy. SFV glycoproteins were localized in cultured BHK-21 fibroblasts infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant ts-1 of SFV, which shows a temperature-dependent, reversible defect in the transport of membrane glycoproteins to the cell surface. At 39 degrees C (restrictive temperature) the viral proteins were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear membrane. After shift of the infected cultures to 28 degrees C (permissive temperature) the proteins were synchronously transported to the Golgi complex. In the Golgi complex the labeled proteins were first (at 2.5 min) detected in large Golgi-associated vacuoles (GAV). Subsequently, i.e., at 5-30 min, the viral glycoproteins appeared in the cisternal stack: at 5 min the label was found in one or two of the proximal cisternae whereas at 15 or 30 min also the more distal cisternae were partially or uniformly labeled. At all time points examined after the temperature-shift, peroxidase label was found in 50 nm vesicles which were frequently coated. At 30 min, in addition to the 50 nm vesicles, larger 80 nm vesicles, which often had a cytoplasmic coat were labeled in the Golgi region. These results identify two major size classes of both coated and smooth vesicles which appear to function in the transport of the viral membrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum via distinct GAV and the stacked Golgi cisternae to the plasma membrane. PMID- 6641710 TI - 'Attached cell' antigen 28.3.7 mapping to human chromosome 15 characterises TPA induced differentiation of the promyelocytic HL-60 cell line to give macrophage/monocyte populations. AB - Human cells growing in vitro attached to the substratum express a cell antigen called 28.3.7 identified by a species-specific monoclonal antibody. This antigen is not expressed on human cells growing in suspension. The antigen has a mol. wt. in reduced SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels of 95 000 and in human mouse somatic cell hybrids, expression of the antigen is controlled by a gene, MIC7, mapping to human chromosome 15. The antigen functions as a marker for macrophage differentiation. In vitro differentiation of the 28.3.7 antigen negative human promyelocytic leukaemia line HL-60 induced by phorbol ester, results in the formation of a macrophage/monocyte population and the concomitant expression of the 28.3.7 antigen on this adherent cell population. PMID- 6641711 TI - A thermodynamic study of sperm-egg interaction. AB - We have studied the binding of spermatozoa to the receptor sites on the vitelline coat (VC) of glycerol-treated eggs (ghost eggs) of the Ascidian, Ciona intestinalis (Protochordate). Glycerol treatment cytolyses the egg without affecting the ability of the VC to bind spermatozoa in a species-specific manner; however, in this system binding is not followed by the acrosome reaction. The ghost eggs are metabolically inert. As a base line for our analysis, we have studied the concentration-dependent heat evolved and oxygen consumption of spermatozoa when diluted in sea water. The process has been analyzed on the basis of equations derived by Liquori and Tripiciano to describe cell growth. Upon binding to the ghost eggs, the spermatozoa produce an explosive heat evolution (excess heat) which is not accompanied by oxygen consumption. The excess heat produced plotted against sperm concentration (at constant egg concentrations) gives an asymmetric bell-shaped curve. This is interpreted as being due to the competitive effect of sperm agglutination at a high sperm concentration. It is concluded that only spermatozoa that attach singly (monomeric spermatozoa) to the egg undergo metabolic activation. PMID- 6641712 TI - A macromolecular structure favouring microtubule assembly in NGF-differentiated pheochromocytoma cells (PC12). AB - Cellular extracts derived from pheochromocytoma cells (PC12-) inhibit the assembly of calf brain tubulin, while those derived from nerve growth factor differentiated cells (PC12+) do not display this effect. Incubation with RNase abolishes the inhibition by PC12- extracts and reveals the presence of an activating effect exerted by PC12+ extracts. Activation of microtubule assembly is enhanced when extracts are prepared from PC12+ cells exposed for 1 day to 1.0 microM taxol and is abolished when PC12+ extracts are: (a) prepared from cells incubated for 1 day with 1 microM colchicine, (b) treated with the non-ionic detergent Nonidet P-40 or (c) centrifuged at 100 000 g instead of 80 000 g. 2D gel electrophoresis of the proteins of the 100 000 g pellet responsible for the activating effect (referred to as 100 K g pellet) reveals the presence of 100 K, 88 K and 32 K proteins which are markedly enriched in PC12+ extracts. The 88 K protein is further enriched in taxol-treated cells and markedly reduced in the same cells incubated with colchicine. A correlation between the differential protein composition of the 100 K g pellets and their effect on microtubule formation is postulated. PMID- 6641713 TI - Secretion of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen from mouse cells using an extra-chromosomal eucaryotic vector. AB - Recombinant DNA molecules which contained a subgenomic fragment of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome, the pML2 vector and the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV) genome were constructed. The HBV fragment includes the entire transcription unit for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). After propagation in Escherichia coli, the recombinant plasmids were cleaved with endonucleases SalI and PvuI to eliminate most of the bacterial sequences before transfection of mouse C127 cells. Foci were observed 10--14 days after transfection. Cells from selected foci were cloned and the supernatants were assayed for the presence of HBsAg. Most of the clones tested were found to secrete HBsAg particles into the growth medium. These particles appear to be similar to the 22 nm particles present in the serum of HBV chronic carriers. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the particles contain two polypeptides, probably representing the glycosylated and unglycosylated forms of the HBsAg major polypeptide. An analysis of DNA from the transformed clones revealed that they contain multiple extra chromosomal copies of the recombinant, which, however, had suffered rearrangement. PMID- 6641715 TI - Nucleotide sequence of promoter, operator and amino-terminal region of caa, the structural gene of colicin A. AB - The nucleotide sequence of 378 bp covering the promoter-operator regions and the region coding for the N-terminal portion of the colicin A gene was determined. These assignments were made possible by the determination of the N-terminal 12 amino acids of the colicin A protein. DNA sequence homologies between operator regions of recA, lexA, uvrA, uvrB, cea and caa genes are discussed. PMID- 6641714 TI - Expression of c-onc genes: c-fos transcripts accumulate to high levels during development of mouse placenta, yolk sac and amnion. AB - The c-onc genes c-fos and c-fms are expressed at high levels specifically in mouse extra-embryonal tissues. Here, we report the results of a detailed analysis of expression of these genes within the developing placenta and extra-embryonal membranes (i.e., yolk sac and amnion). (i) The c-fos gene is expressed at relatively high, but nearly constant levels in the undissected placenta throughout gestation. (ii) The level of c-fos transcripts is greater than or equal to 15-fold higher in the separated outer portion of the midgestation placenta (primarily undifferentiated fetus-derived cytotrophoblast maternal decidua) relative to the inner moiety (predominantly differentiated syncytiotrophoblast). (iii) In the inner placenta and in the extra-embryonal membranes c-fos transcripts accumulate as gestation proceeds. The abundance of c fos transcripts in the micro-surgically isolated 18th day amnion reaches a level which is two orders of magnitude greater than that in midgestation fetuses, and is thus close to the level of v-fos transcripts in virus-transformed cells. (iv) The distribution of c-fos transcripts within the developing extra-embryonal tissues is markedly different from that of the c-fms gene. It is suggested that the c-fos and c-fms proteins may participate in differentiation, growth or transport processes occurring in mouse extra-embryonal tissues. PMID- 6641717 TI - Polynucleotide-histone H1 complexes as probes for blot hybridization. AB - Biotin and/or 125I-labelled histone H1 proteins (21 kd) have been covalently bound to single-stranded DNA. Complexes of equal masses of DNA and modified histone H1 (approximately 1 histone H1 molecule per 70 nucleotides) were used as probes for blot hybridization experiments and found to have hybridization characteristics very similar (or identical) to radiolabelled DNA probes. PMID- 6641716 TI - The three dimensional structure of sheep liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase at 2.6 A resolution. AB - The three-dimensional structure of sheep liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase has been determined at 2.6 A resolution by X-ray crystallographic studies. The amino acid sequence of the enzyme is now known and can be fitted to a modified electron density map. Use of 6 A electron density maps and the results of chemical modification experiments allows description of the active site and identification of residues which may be implicated in the binding of co-enzyme and substrate. PMID- 6641718 TI - Cell cycle regulation of histone H1O in CHO cells: a flow cytofluorimetric study after double staining of the cells. AB - The regulation of histone H1O content throughout the cell cycle of non synchronized Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells has been studied using double fluorescent staining and flow cytofluorometry. In exponentially growing cells, the amount of H1O was found to be proportional to the DNA content of the cells, indicating that the protein is synthesized throughout the cell cycle. However, when cells were arrested in G1 at saturation density the amount of H1O was greater than that found in G1 cells of the exponentially growing population. In contrast, the levels of H1-1 were the same for G1 cells of both populations. These results show that the regulation of H1O accumulation differs from that of other histones. PMID- 6641719 TI - Shuffling adenovirus promoters: a viral recombinant with early region 1A under late transcriptional control. AB - Adenovirus recombinants were constructed in which a copy of the major late promoter was inserted either upstream or in place of the promoter for early region 1A (E1A). The ectopic late promoter directs a 20- to 100-fold increase in the level of cytoplasmic RNA from E1A. The RNA is correctly processed at the normal splice and polyadenylation sites, and directs the in vitro synthesis of the full complement of E1A proteins. Furthermore, the novel transcripts are translated in vivo, since the recombinants are fully viable on HeLa cells notwithstanding the loss in one case of the intact E1A promoter. PMID- 6641720 TI - Structural differences in the catalytic subunits of acetylcholinesterase forms from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. AB - [3H]Diisopropylfluorophosphate was used to label covalently the catalytic subunits of the acetylcholinesterase forms extracted using different solubilization media. The incorporation of radiolabel was specific for true acetylcholinesterase, and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that differences in molecular size existed between low salt-soluble (mol. wt. approximately 76 000), detergent-soluble (69 000) and high salt-soluble (72 000) acetylcholinesterase. These differences could not be attributed solely to an unusual migration behaviour but appeared to reflect differences in primary structure. While the basic unit of the low salt-soluble esterase was a monomer, the detergent-soluble esterase was linked by disulphide bridges to form dimers. The high salt-soluble form existed in large aggregates, whereby disulphide bridges form covalent links between the catalytic and non-catalytic elements. Pronase treatment showed that the differences were confined to the 'outer' structure of these molecules. The active site peptide exhibited homologies indicating that this part is conserved in the different classes of acetylcholinesterase. The results suggest that one can discriminate between at least three distinct esterase classes in the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. PMID- 6641722 TI - Partial purification of estradiol receptor from Xenopus laevis liver and levels of receptor in relation to estradiol concentration. AB - We have used ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by affinity chromatography to partially purify the estrogen receptor from Xenopus laevis liver which may control the genes for vitellogenin, the precursor of the egg yolk proteins. The rate at which receptor binds estradiol explains the kinetics of the induction of vitellogenin synthesis by estradiol, and the dissociation constant (0.5 X 10(-9) M) explains the concentration dependence of the response, which has a threshold of 10(-9) M estradiol, when 67% of the receptor is bound to estradiol. The estradiol concentration in male liver, which does not make vitellogenin, is 0.18 X 10(-9) M, sufficient to saturate 26% of the receptor, while in female liver, which makes vitellogenin continuously, the estradiol concentration is 3.5 X 10( 9) M, giving 88% saturation of receptor, suggesting that the proportion of occupied receptor decides whether or not the vitellogenin genes are active. In the physiological concentration range, estradiol modulates the level of receptor, which varies between 100 binding sites per nucleus in males and 440 in females, but artificially high concentrations of estradiol raise the level to approximately 1000 sites per nucleus. This suggests that the small increase in vitellogenin mRNA induced by physiological concentrations of estradiol is due to pre-existing receptor and that the much larger increases induced by very high concentrations depends on newly-synthesized receptor. PMID- 6641721 TI - Primary structure and gene organization of the middle-component RNA of cowpea mosaic virus. AB - Middle component RNA (M RNA) of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) was transcribed into cDNA and double-stranded cDNA was inserted into the EcoRI site of plasmid pBRH2. The nucleotide sequence of inserts was determined, after subcloning in bacteriophages M13mp7, M13mp8 or M13mp9, by the dideoxy chain termination method. The complete sequence of CPMV M RNA, up to the poly(A) tail, is 3481 nucleotides long. The sequence contains a long open reading frame starting at nucleotide 161 from the 5' terminus and continuing to 180 nucleotides from the 3' terminus. The sequence does not contain a polyadenylation signal for the poly(A) tail at the 3' end of CPMV RNA. The initiation site at position 161 together with AUG codons in the same reading frame at positions 512 and/or 524 account for the two large colinear precursor polypeptides translated in vitro from M RNA. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence suggests that both precursor polypeptides are proteolytically cleaved at glutaminyl-methionine and glutaminyl glycine, respectively, to produce the two viral capsid proteins. PMID- 6641723 TI - Cross-reacting opsonic antibodies to clinically important pneumococcal serotypes after pneumococcal vaccination. AB - Opsonic activity of serum to pneumococcal serotypes 6 B, 9 V and 19 A was measured in 16 patients before and after immunization with a pneumococcal vaccine. The capsular polysaccharides of these serotypes are not included among, but are antigenically related to the vaccine polysaccharides. Patients responding to immunization with a twofold increase in serum antibodies to vaccine polysaccharides 6 A, 19 F and 23 F were studied. Increased opsonic activity towards serotypes 6 B, 9 V and 19 A was found in 12, four and ten patients respectively. In ten of the patients antibodies to serotypes 6 B, 9 V and 19 A were measured by a staphylococcal protein-A binding assay. A twofold increase in antibodies was found in postvaccination samples from ten, three and seven patients respectively. These results indicate that humans responding to pneumococcal vaccination, may also develop opsonic antibodies to other clinically important pneumococcal serotypes. The degree of cross-immunization appears to vary between individuals and between different pneumococcal serotypes. PMID- 6641724 TI - Characterization of Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains isolated from the urethra and the vagina. PMID- 6641725 TI - Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae in hospitalized patients in Israel. PMID- 6641726 TI - Repair of O6-ethylguanine DNA lesions in isolated cell nuclei. Presence of the activity in the chromatin proteins. AB - Cell nuclei prepared from rat liver were alkylated in vitro with ethylnitrosourea; the nuclear DNA was found to lose O6-ethylguanine and 7 ethylguanine during a subsequent incubation at 37 degrees C. The rate of O6 ethylguanine loss is comparable to that observed in vivo, indicating that no cytoplasmic component is needed for the repair; no free O6-ethylguanine was found in the incubation medium of the ethylated nuclei. The rate of 7-ethylguanine loss is higher than the spontaneous depurination in vitro and an amount of free 7 ethylguanine equivalent to that lost by the nuclear DNA was found in the incubation medium; these results suggest that this DNA lesion is excised by a DNA glycosylase. The proteins of the chromatin prepared from the isolated nuclei induced the disappearance of O6-ethylguanine from an added ethylated DNA. No free O6-ethylguanine was released indicating that the repair is not catalyzed by a DNA glycosylase; no oligonucleotides enriched in O6-ethylguanine were released either, indicating that the disappearance of O6-ethylguanine from DNA is not the result of the cooperative action of a specific endonuclease and an exonuclease. Activities capable of removing O6-ethylguanine from DNA were found in other cell compartments; most of it, however, is in the nucleus where the main location is chromatin. A pretreatment of the rats with daily low doses of diethylnitrosamine during 3 or 4 weeks increased 2-3-times the repair activity of the chromatin proteins. PMID- 6641727 TI - Properties of the chromatin repair activity against O6-ethylguanine lesions in DNA. Mechanism of the reaction. AB - Chromatin proteins from rat liver contain a repair activity that removes O6 ethylguanine from ethylnitrosourea-treated DNA. This activity does not depend on divalent cations and works in the presence of EDTA, but does depend on the presence of free thiol groups. Thus, it is destroyed by N-ethylmaleimide and is protected by dithiothreitol. The repair activity on single-stranded DNA is only 20% of what it is on double-stranded DNA; its half-life at 35 degrees C is 55 min, but DNA, ethylated or not, affords some protection. The repair reaction is a transethylation from O6-ethylguanine in DNA onto two different cysteine residues contained in acceptor proteins. The reaction can be followed by monitoring the appearance of ethylated proteins or by disappearance of O6-ethylguanine from DNA. PMID- 6641728 TI - Proteins from the sperm of the bivalve mollusc Ensis minor. Co-existence of histones and a protamine-like protein. AB - Analysis of the total protein of the mature sperm of the bivalve mollusc Ensis minor (razor shell) using gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism and trypsin digestion, show it to contain all five histones plus a protamine-like protein. The histones H3, H4 and probably H2A are similar to those from calf thymus or sea urchin sperm, but the putative H2B appears to have a very high molecular mass (about 20 kDa). The histone H1 molecule is unusual, having little or no proline and 8-10 residues of histidine. The protamine-like species is rich in both lysine as well as arginine and is of much higher molecular mass than fish sperm protamines. Nucleosomes containing the four core histones have been prepared and the nucleosomal repeat shown to be 200 +/- 5 base pairs. Checks for the absence of contaminating cells reinforce the conclusion that a histone-containing nucleosomal structure co-exists with a protamine-like protein in this sperm chromatin. PMID- 6641729 TI - Interaction of alpha-1,2-mannosidase with anionic phospholipids. AB - A partially purified microsomal alpha-1,2-mannosidase from rabbit liver binds to vesicles that contain anionic phospholipids. The affinity of the enzyme for the phospholipid vesicles is dependent upon the negative charge density of the vesicles rather than the concentration of the anionic phospholipid or the phospholipid specificity. A phosphatidylinositol/phosphatidylcholine ratio of 1:3 is sufficient to bind all of the enzyme. The association of enzyme with anionic phospholipids involves ionic interactions and can be readily reversed by high ionic strength or changes in pH. The alpha-mannosidase is inhibited when bound to the anionic phospholipid vesicles, but the enzyme can be reactivated when released by NaCl or CaCl2. When bound to anionic phospholipid vesicles, the enzyme was also found to undergo a slow inactivation process that was time and temperature dependent and could not be reversed by the addition of CaCl2. PMID- 6641730 TI - Reversibility characteristics of glucose-induced trehalase activation associated with the breaking of dormancy in yeast ascospores. AB - The breaking of dormancy in yeast ascospores by addition of glucose is associated with a sudden tenfold increase in the activity of trehalase. The rapid activation of trehalase is followed by a slower inactivation process which is greatly retarded in the presence of nitrogen sources and cycloheximide. When glucose is washed away from the spores after some time and the spores resuspended in glucose free medium, the trehalase activity decreases sharply. Subsequent addition of new glucose partially reactivates the enzyme. The extent of reactivation decreases further with each subsequent activation/inactivation step. Changing the duration of the inactivation periods has no effect on this diminution of the reversibility. However, prolonging the duration of the activation step speeds up the loss of reversibility. On the other hand, addition of a nitrogen source or cycloheximide completely prevents the loss of reversibility. The results of the reversibility studies are in agreement with the phosphorylation mechanism which has been proposed for the underlying molecular process of trehalase activation. Apparently, they are also in agreement with proteolytic breakdown being responsible for the inactivation of trehalase after its initial activation. However, the effect of cycloheximide and nitrogen sources, at least in ascospores, does not appear to be due to inhibition or repression of protease synthesis, respectively, since the addition in the presence of glucose of a nitrogen source after trehalase inactivation immediately reactivates the enzyme completely. PMID- 6641731 TI - Isolation and characterization of the three fractions (DE-I, DE-II and DE-III) of rat-liver Z-protein and the complete primary structure of DE-II. AB - Three fractions (DE-I, DE-II and DE-III) of Z-protein (fatty acid binding protein) have been isolated from rat liver cytosol by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and characterized. They had the same molecular weight of 14000 and essentially identical amino acid composition. However, compositions of endogenous fatty acids were found to differ strikingly from one another. Long-chain fatty acids detected in DE-II were palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids. In contrast to DE-II, DE-III contained mainly arachidonic acid. Molar ratios of endogenous long-chain fatty acids to both DE-II and DE-III were estimated to be around 1.0. Unlike the latter two fractions, DE-I was virtually lipid-free. Analyses of the three fractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electrofocusing and DEAE-cellulose chromatography before and after delipidation suggested that the difference between DE-I and DE-II was in part due to fatty acids bound to DE-II. In contrast, DE-III appeared to be somewhat different from these forms in its protein structure, though tryptic peptide mappings of the three fractions did not reveal clear differences among them. Analysis of the primary structure was made on the most abundant fraction, DE-II, to investigate the relationship among the three fractions and to other proteins. The protein was a single chain consisting of 127 amino acid residues and had a mostly acetylated NH2 terminus and a free sulfhydryl group. The complete sequence of Z-protein showed striking homology to cellular retinoid binding proteins and peripheral nerve myelin P2 protein, which indicated the presence of a new family of cellular lipid-binding proteins diverged from a common ancestor. A possible intragenic duplication of Z-protein was also suggested. PMID- 6641732 TI - Actions of glucagon on flux rates in perfused rat liver. 1. Kinetics of the inhibitory effect on glycolysis and the stimulatory effect on glycogenolysis. AB - Changes in the rates of glucose, lactate and pyruvate production following infusion of glucagon were studied in isolated livers from fed or fasted rats perfused with non-recirculating Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer. Evidence was presented that under these experimental conditions, the release of lactate plus pyruvate into the perfusate represents 80-90% of the total glycolytic flux; oxidation of pyruvate derived from glucose and/or glycogen accounts for the remaining 10-20%, whereas recycling of pyruvate to glucose is negligible. In the presence of glucagon, rates of lactate plus pyruvate production were diminished to less than 30% in the fed state (glycogen as substrate) and to less than 10% in the fasted state (glucose as substrate). Rates of pyruvate oxidation were unchanged. Although recycling of pyruvate to glucose was enhanced, it could account for not more than 20% of the decrease in lactate plus pyruvate production. The data indicate a strong inhibition of the substrate flux through glycolysis. The glucagon concentration for half-maximal inhibition of glycolysis was 0.2 nM, independent of the substrate (glucose or glycogen) and the nutritional state. The effective concentrations were within the physiological range of glucagon concentrations reported for portal venous blood. Transient state analyses indicated that the inhibition of glycolysis precedes the stimulation of glycogenolysis. When after a delay glycogenolysis was accelerated, it was followed by a transient stimulation of glycolysis. The stimulatory component in the glucagon effect on glycolysis was diminished in glycogen depleted livers and when glucose was the main substrate. The coordinated control of glycolysis and glycogenolysis by glucagon and the interaction of the two processes in the transient state are discussed. PMID- 6641733 TI - Actions of glucagon on flux rates in perfused rat liver. 2. Relationship between inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of respiration by glucagon. AB - The relationship between inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of oxygen consumption by glucagon was studied in perfused rat livers. The two effects exhibit similar kinetics and dose-response curves; they are slower and less sensitive to the glucagon concentration than the stimulatory effect on glycogenolysis. A stoichiometry of 1 mol extra oxygen consumed/1.8 mol of diminished lactate plus pyruvate production was found. Under conditions where glucagon did not cause a marked inhibition of glycolysis (i.e. low glycolytic flux rates in the fasted state or in the presence of ethanol), oxygen consumption was also not markedly increased. These findings provide evidence that the major portion of glucagon-induced stimulation of hepatic respiration in the fed state is due to an enhanced demand for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to compensate for the diminished extramitochondrial ATP production following inhibition of glycolysis by glucagon. PMID- 6641734 TI - Consequences of impeding in mitochondrial function in Physarum polycephalum. II. Influence on "de novo" generation of contractile activities and responses to glucose and blue light. AB - The "de novo" generation of longitudinal contractile activity in endoplasmic veins is inhibited by 5 mM KCN, whereas 10 mM alpha-ketoglutarate combined with 5 mM AMP abolishes this inhibiting effect in spite of a continued presence of KCN. An analysis of the Young's modulus and studies on the morphogenesis of endoplasmic veins reveal morphological effects of an impediment of cell respiration: (1) an increased fibrillogenesis and changes in the spatial distribution of cytoplasmic actomyosin fibrils, (2) an impediment of the "de novo" generation of the plasmalemma invaginations, and (3) the appearance of a thick cortical layer of ground-plasm. These effects of KCN do not appear in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate and AMP, and disappear by their subsequent application. Impediment of cell respiration by 5 mM KCN inhibits the tensiometrically registrable responses to glucose and blue light. Both reactions are restored in the presence of KCN by an additional application of 10 mM alpha ketoglutarate combined with 5 mM AMP. The importance of mitochondrial function with respect to morphogenetic events and to the perception and transduction of external signals as well as to locomotory reactions of Physarum plasmodia is discussed. PMID- 6641735 TI - Factors involved in the sensitivity of Stentor to colchicine, lumicolchicine, and vinblastine sulfate. AB - Oral regeneration by the ciliate Stentor coeruleus is inhibited by colchicine (Cc), but only at a relatively high concentration (0.9 mM); moreover, regeneration is inhibited by an even lower concentration of lumicolchicine (LCc) (0.2 mM). Together these results suggest that Cc may not be acting via tubulin binding. To evaluate this possibility we: (1) tested the effect of both drugs, and vinblastine sulfate (Vb) for comparison, on a population of labile cytoplasmic microtubules; and (2) measured the kinetics of association of all three drugs with regenerating cells. We found that Cc and Vb reduced the number of microtubules only at concentrations that blocked regeneration, whereas LCc blocked regeneration without reducing microtubule number. In addition, LCc associated with the cells much more readily than Cc, such that the cell associated concentration of Cc that blocked regeneration was actually several fold lower than the effective concentration of LCc. We propose that common effects of Cc and LCc unrelated to tubulin binding play no more than a minor role in Cc effects on regeneration and conclude that Cc acts primarily if not exclusively via its antimicrotubule activity. PMID- 6641736 TI - Membrane traffic in Dictyostelium discoideum: plasma membrane glycoconjugates internalized and recycled during fluid phase pinocytosis enter the Golgi complex. AB - Plasma membrane glycoconjugates, enzymatically labelled with [3H]galactose, were used as an autoradiographic membrane marker for a morphometric analysis of membrane traffic during fluid phase pinocytosis in the amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum. The fraction of grains associated with the plasma membrane decreased exponentially from 99% for cells fixed directly after labelling on the cell surface, to a steady-state value of 45% after about 1 h of pinocytotic activity. The complementary fraction of grains was observed on vacuolar membranes. Only after a lag of about 20 min, a small but significant fraction (3%) of the total grains, was found in the region of the Golgi membranes. During two subsequent doublings of cell number, over a period of 24 h, label was lost into the medium at a constant rate of 1% per h. The cell bound label remained fully membrane bound over the entire period. The beta(1-4) linkage was not noticeably modified, as judged by its susceptibility to hydrolytic release by beta-galactosidase. An analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed an identical labelling pattern for total membrane fractions when prepared directly after labelling or after 24 h of membrane flow. PMID- 6641737 TI - The distribution of solid liposomes of different size on the surface of epithelial cells. AB - Interaction of large multilamellar and small sonicated liposomes with epithelial sheets in culture has been studied. Liposomes were comprised of dipalmitoyl- or distearoylphosphatidylcholine and were solid at 37 degrees. Sodium fluorescein was entrapped in liposomes and their localization on the cell surface was studied by fluorescence microscopy. The distribution of liposomes depends on their size. Large liposomes adhere uniformly all over the surface of the sheet, which proved to be nonadhesive either for other cells or for inert particles. Small liposomes adhere mostly along the margins of the sheet. When the cells are partly detached from each other by mild EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid) treatment, the newly accessible cell margins become capable of binding small liposomes. The binding of both types of liposomes is trypsin-sensitive; however large liposomes, bound along the edges of the cellular sheet, are removed slower than those adhering to the inner parts of the sheet. Competition experiments show that large and small liposomes bind to the same sites on the surface of the sheet. Liposome acceptor proteins are suggested to exist on the surface of epithelial cells. We suppose that these proteins are concentrated along the cell margins and are involved in cell-cell contacts. PMID- 6641738 TI - Subfractionation of rat liver Golgi apparatus by free-flow electrophoresis. AB - Using the technique of preparative free-flow electrophoresis, cisternae of unstacked rat liver Golgi apparatus were separated into a series of fractions of increasing content of sialic acid, thiamine pyrophosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase, markers regarded as being concentrated toward the mature Golgi apparatus face. These same fractions showed a decreasing content of nucleoside diphosphatase, an endoplasmic reticulum marker. Fractions enriched in sialic acid also were enriched in cisternae from the mature or trans face of the Golgi apparatus as deduced from cytochemical criteria. Those fractions least enriched in sialic acid contained cisternae that accumulated deposits of reduced osmium under standard conditions, a test used to mark the opposite, forming or cis-face. Thus subfractionation along the functional polarity axis of the Golgi apparatus with separation of cis and trans face cisternae has been achieved. PMID- 6641739 TI - Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes as a model system of canalicular development, biliary secretion, and intrahepatic cholestasis. IV. Disintegration of bile canaliculi and disturbance of tight junction formation caused by vinblastine. AB - Treatment of cultured hepatocytes with vinblastine or colchicine caused striking perturbations of the structural organization of the biliary pole and of the junctional complexes. During the early hours of cultivation the reassociation of the bile canaliculi was impaired by the drug, whereas at later times in culture preformed canaliculi were disintegrated to small vesicular remnants lacking microvilli. Vinblastine did not impair tight junction formation per se. However, under the influence of the drug, tight junctional strands associated in an atypic manner perpendicular to the upper surface of the hepatocytes, whereas those strands lining the canaliculi were decomposed to smaller entities and dislocated within the lateral membrane. Concomitantly to the structural disintegration of the biliary pole an accumulation of vesicles in the pericanalicular cytoplasm was noted. As indicated by numerous filipin-induced lesions, they were characterized by a high content of membrane cholesterol. The apical pole and the contiguous membrane on the other hand contained only very few filipin-cholesterol lesions. These findings suggest that antimicrotubular drugs impair the fusion of pericanalicular vesicles with the luminal membranes of the canaliculi, thus interrupting the delivery of membraneous material to the apical pole. In addition, microtubules seem to play an important role in the coordinated development and the structural fixation of the biliary pole of cultured hepatocytes. PMID- 6641740 TI - Distribution of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the glomerular basement membrane and mesangial matrix. AB - The relative distribution of heparan sulfate-glycosaminoglycan (HS-GAG) and chondroitin sulfate-glycosaminoglycans (CS-GAG) of the mesangial matrix (MM) and the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), which represent the two glomerular extracellular matrices, was determined by a combination of enzymatic treatments and autoradiographic methods. The kidneys were digested in situ either with heparinase (degrades HS and CS-GAG) or chondroitinase-ABC (degrades CS-GAG). Subsequently, the sulfated GAGs were labeled with a radioiodinated analog of cationic ferritin (CF, pI approximately 7.5). The tissues were then processed for light and electron microscopic autoradiography. The autoradiographic analysis showed that sulfated GAGs are distributed both in the GBM and mesangial matrix. The predominant GAG present in both the matrices is HS-GAG and the CS-GAG is exclusively present in the mesangial matrix. These data indicate that the GBM and mesangial matrix are compositionally different. These differences may be of importance in the establishment of normal glomerular function and organization and in the alteration of that function and organization as a result of various disease processes, especially of those that are immune-complex mediated. PMID- 6641741 TI - Ultrastructural and chemical analysis of the outer membrane leaflet of the human red blood cell. AB - Structural and biochemical analysis of the outer membrane leaflet of human erythrocytes freeze-fractured on positively charged supports showed that glycophorin A is its major constituent. Two classes of intramembrane particles can be discriminated on the external fracture face: those which are high but small in diameter and those which are low and large or elongated. The presence of small amount of band 3 protein in the outer membrane leaflet cannot be ruled out; it could be contained in the class of 'high' intramembrane particles on the external fracture face. PMID- 6641742 TI - Specific visualization of ribosomal RNA in the intact ribosome by electron spectroscopic imaging. AB - The recently developed electron microscopic technique of electron spectroscopic imaging has been used to map the distribution of phosphorus, and therefore of RNA, in situ in the ribosomal subunits of E. coli. The results indicate that the RNA moiety of both subunits is concentrated toward the centre of the particle somewhat more than is the total mass, but reaches the outer surface at several places. The micrographs also reveal certain distinctive features in the shape of the RNA component that may be related to the overall shape of the ribosome. The method yielded a reasonably accurate estimate of the phosphorus content of the 30 S ribosome. PMID- 6641743 TI - Rapidly phosphorylated histone-like proteins are modulated in the course of transcription block by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole. AB - A putative histone H2A and H4 protein with posttranslationally added and covalently linked phosphate group(s) have been found in salivary gland cells of Chironomus tentans. The phosphate moieties possess a rapid turnover rate and the incorporation of 32P reaches steady-state level within 5 to 10 min of incubation. The H2A-like protein incorporates twice as much label as the H4-like one. The core histones H2B and H3 are not measurably phosphorylated under identical experimental conditions. The administration of the nucleoside analogue 5,6 dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole (DRB), a likely inhibitor of transcription initiation, rapidly modulates the phosphorylation of H2A- and H4 like proteins. The incorporation of 32P into the H2A-like phosphoprotein is enhanced by up to 180% after 3 to 10 min of preincubation with DRB but the rise in phosphorylation is of a transient character. The phosphorylation of H4-like protein is affected somewhat later than that of H2A but the stimulatory effect persists even after a longer pretreatment with DRB. If the elongation inhibitor alpha-amanitin replaces DRB in similar experiments no significant effect on histone phosphorylation can be registered. The results are discussed in relation to the possibilities that there is a cause and effect relation between the rapid modulation of phosphorylated putative histone proteins and the repression of gene activity or condensation of active chromatin. PMID- 6641744 TI - Non-nucleosomal configuration of chromatin in nucleolar organizer regions of metaphase chromosomes in situ. AB - The structure of metaphase chromatin in a human tumor cell line, TG cells, was investigated using thin sections selectively stained for DNA with the Feulgen like osmium-ammine reaction. The bulk of metaphase chromatin was characterized by the nucleosomal configuration. Some specimens were pretreated by silver staining for selective visualization of acidic proteins of the nucleolar organizer regions. In these specimens, the osmium-amine DNA tracer revealed that the chromatin present at the sites of silver granule localization had a completely extended configuration, and never gave rise to nucleosomal structures. PMID- 6641745 TI - Atrial muscle cells from hearts of adult guinea-pigs in culture: a new preparation for cardiac cellular electrophysiology. AB - By means of a modified Langendorff perfusion technique using collagenase and elastase cell suspensions of viable myocytes from atria of adult guinea-pigs can be obtained. If the cell isolation is performed aseptically the myocytes can be kept in long term cell culture. Under these conditions the cells attach to the bottom of the culture dish within 12 to 24 h after plating. Thereafter they round up forming spherical 'cardioballs'. These cardioballs are highly suitable for electrophysiological experiments using different configurations (cell-attached and cell-free) of the patch-clamp technique. They can be employed for these experiments for up to 8 days after isolation. Thereafter they tend to flatten resembling embryonic heart cells in tissue culture. PMID- 6641746 TI - The idiopathic long QT syndrome: the need for a prospective registry. AB - The pathogenetic mechanisms of idiopathic long QT syndrome have been largely, although not completely, understood; however, several critical issues highly relevant to the clinical management of patients affected by the syndrome need to be clarified. For this purpose, physicians are invited to a registry of such patients. PMID- 6641747 TI - The provocation of coronary arterial spasm in patients with recent transmural myocardial infarction. AB - Provocative tests for coronary spasm were performed in a group of 131 patients (124 men and 7 women) with recent (less than 6 weeks) transmural myocardial infarction. Coronary arteriography was performed 27 +/- 9 days after the onset of the infarction. The provocative test was performed using a single IV bolus of 0.4 mg of ergometrine. Aortic pressure, ECG and arteriograms of the two coronary vessels were repeated 3 and 5 min later. Provoked spasm was observed in 27 (21%) of the patients. In 13 (48%) the coronary spasm occurred in a vessel presumed to be responsible for the myocardial infarction, while it was observed in coronary artery unrelated to the area of the infarct in 14 (52% of the cases with spasm). Thus, this study demonstrates a high degree of reactivity of the coronary tree of patients with recent transmural myocardial infarction suggesting the likelihood of a role for spasm in the infarction process and offering some explanation for subsequent recurrent ischemic events. PMID- 6641748 TI - Intra-aortic balloon assistance without a pump. AB - An intra-aortic compression chamber system (CCS) was utilized in 19 anaesthetized dogs and in seven patients. The CCS consisted of an intra-aortic balloon in the thoracic aorta, an external rigid wall air chamber, and a catheter connecting the other two parts. The CCS, inflated for 2-3 min to a pressure between the systolic and diastolic arterial pressures, caused changes in the following measurements (compared with those immediately before inflation, and after deflation to atmospheric pressure): a significant (P less than 0.001) increase in cardiac output (7.8 +/- 18.8% means S.D.), aortic compliance (12.8 +/- 29.6%), aortic resistance (20.1 +/- 32.7%), cardiac power (or minute work, + 36.7 +/- 44.6%), coronary sinus outflow (+ 23.6 +/- 43.6%) and aortic backflow (+ 28.0 +/- 36.4%); the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure did not change significantly. During a 5-90 min utilization in seven patients with cardiogenic shock, the cardiac output was increased by 4.1 +/- 42.4% (lower than when intra-aortic balloon pumping was applied). It is concluded that the simple device described may be useful in clinical cardiogenic shock, especially when an intra-aortic balloon pump is not available or a portable device is desirable. PMID- 6641749 TI - Angiographic evolution of coronary atherosclerosis in non-operated patients. AB - Repeat coronary arteriography was performed in 100 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease, because of worsening symptoms (n = 67), persistent stable angina (n = 22) or other reasons (n = 11). The mean interval between the studies was 34.6 months (range 6-99). No patient had interim coronary artery bypass surgery. Progression of coronary artery disease was demonstrated in 60 patients and was correlated in bivariate analysis with the time interval between coronary arteriograms (P less than 0.0001) and with the interim clinical evolution (P less than 0.01). The incidence of progression was similar in the coronary arteries. Moderate lesions (40-70% narrowing) had the highest progression percentages. New significant lesions in previously normal arterial segments were rare. A multivariate analysis of 18 possible predictors revealed three independent variables correlated with progression of coronary artery disease: time interval (P less than 0.0001) and change in functional class (P less than 0.02) between coronary arteriograms, as well as the presence of clinical diabetes (P less than 0.03). Other risk factors and a change of individual risk factors between coronary arteriograms were not correlated with progression of coronary artery disease. Using the results of the multivariate analysis, the evolution of coronary artery disease was correctly predicted in only 72 patients. Following the repeat coronary arteriogram, coronary artery bypass surgery was proposed to 62 patients, 26 of whom needed more distal anastomoses for optimal myocardial revascularization. Because of the important therapeutic implications and the lack of reliable predictors, an aggressive follow-up of patients with known coronary artery disease seems warranted. PMID- 6641750 TI - Different mechanisms of mitral regurgitation in acute and chronic forms of coronary heart disease. AB - Contradictory two-dimensional echocardiographic findings have been reported in relation to the role of prolapse of the mitral valve and lack of systolic leaflet coaptation in mitral regurgitation secondary to coronary heart disease. A prospective study of 22 patients with chronic coronary heart disease and mitral regurgitation showed the following: Inferior akinesia was detected in 14 (64%), fibrosis of the postero-medial papillary muscle in 10 (45%), and prolapse of the mitral valve in nine (41%). A combination of the three signs was seen in six patients (27%). Lack of systolic leaflet coaptation was seen in only two patients, both with anterior myocardial infarction. When these results are compared with those reported in the literature, it is apparent that in acute coronary heart disease, lack of leaflet coaptation is frequently visualized (P less than 0.01) and fibrosis of the postero-medial papillary muscle and prolapse of the mitral valve are lacking (P less than 0.01). A unitary explanation of all forms of mitral regurgitation in coronary heart disease is misleading; mechanisms of mitral regurgitation in coronary heart disease depend on the clinical presentation--acute or chronic, the site of infarction, and the presence of cardiac dilatation. PMID- 6641751 TI - Left ventricular relaxation at rest and during handgrip in aortic valve disease before and after valve replacement. AB - In 14 patients (pts) with aortic valve disease (AVD) left ventricular (LV) relaxation was assessed by the time constant (T) of LV pressure (tipmanometer) fall before and 19 months after successful aortic valve replacement (AVR). 12 control pts (CO) were studied by the same technique. Preoperative LV ejection fraction in AVD (64%) and in CO (69%) did not differ. In AVD T was increased (60 ms) as compared to the CO (38 ms, P less than 0.05). During handgrip (HG) there was a similar increase of LV peak systolic pressure (LVSP), heart rate and peak measured contractile element velocity of shortening in AVD and in the CO. LV end diastolic pressure varied minimally in both groups. T decreased during handgrip in CO (38 to 33 ms, P less than 0.01) and remained unchanged in AVD. Following AVR T at rest decreased insignificantly to 52 ms, but remained increased (P less than 0.025) as compared with CO. During postoperative HG however, a decrease to 47 ms (P less than 0.05) was noted. Postoperative angiographic LV muscle mass (105 g/m2) and LVSP at rest (137 mmHg) remained elevated (P less than 0.02) as compared to CO (72 g/m2; 119 mmHg). It is concluded that (1) in AVD with normal ejection performance LV relaxation at rest is prolonged and the reaction of relaxation to HG is abnormal despite preserved contractile response, (2) following AVR the response of LV relaxation to HG becomes normal and (3) elevated postoperative T at rest appears to be related to residual hypertrophy and probably also to the still increased LVSP rather than to intrinsic disturbances of myocardial relaxation. PMID- 6641752 TI - Blood pressure, coffee, tea and tobacco consumption: an epidemiological study in Algiers. AB - The connections and possible interactions between coffee consumption, tobacco consumption, blood pressure (BP), age, and body mass index (BMI) were analysed in a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of 1098 men and 393 women of the Algiers district. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was negatively and significatively correlated with cigarette smoking. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was positively and significantly associated with coffee consumption (P less than 0.001) and negatively and significantly with cigarette consumption (P less than 0.001). These associations remained significant after multivariate analysis including sex, age, BMI, physical exertion at work, athletic activity, rural versus urban residency, tobacco, tea and coffee consumption. Coffee consumption and cigarette smoking were positively associated (P less than 0.001). In the subgroup of men, the association between coffee consumption and DBP was significant only after adjustment for cigarette smoking. In the subgroup of women, containing a low percentage of smokers, this association was significant without such adjustment. This finding suggests that cigarette consumption might partly mask the association between coffee consumption and BP. The contradictory interactions observed between BP, cigarette consumption and coffee consumption might help to explain the conflicting reports concerning the association between coffee consumption and ischemic heart disease. PMID- 6641754 TI - Useless diagnostic value of exercise-induced R wave changes in coronary artery disease. AB - To investigate the usefulness of exercise-induced R wave changes in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and detection of left ventricular contraction abnormalities, 105 patients were studied. Among 64 patients who had significant coronary artery disease (greater than or equal to 70% narrowing), 43 showed an increase or no change in the R wave amplitude and 55 showed ST segment depression (sensitivity 67 versus 86%). Among 41 patients without significant stenosis, 11 had decreased R wave amplitude and 36 had no change in ST segment (specificity 27 versus 88%). Twenty-five of 64 coronary disease patients had left ventricular contraction abnormalities, and the R wave amplitude changes gave a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 41% and a predictive value of 47%. There were no differences in the variables of exercise intensity and ejection fraction between patients who had decreased R wave amplitude and those in whom it increased or did not change. We conclude that R wave amplitude change during exercise is not a useful variable for the diagnosis or evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease. PMID- 6641753 TI - Characteristics of the association between salt intake and blood pressure in a sample of male working population in southern Italy. AB - A possible association between dietary salt intake and blood pressure was investigated in an unselected sample of 188 healthy Neapolitan men. In univariate analysis diastolic pressure was positively correlated with age, body mass index and 24-h excretion of sodium, potassium and creatinine, but not with urine volume or sodium: potassium ratio. Systolic pressure was also related to age, body mass index and 24-h sodium, but to a lesser degree. As a high level of intercorrelation was apparent, multivariate analysis was also carried out. Body mass index was shown to be the variable having the largest influence on diastolic pressure variability: nevertheless a significant independent role was still found for 24-h urinary sodium when the latter was included in a regression along with body mass index, age, urine volume and potassium excretion. These results seem to support the possibility that dietary salt has a substantial influence on blood pressure levels. PMID- 6641755 TI - Bayesian analysis of stress thallium scintigraphy for the detection of multivessel coronary disease. AB - This study was performed in 224 men to determine the respective contribution of history and thallium-201 stress myocardial scintigraphic imaging in the non invasive prediction of the severity of coronary disease. Myocardial scintigraphic imaging had the better diagnostic accuracy (80%) for the detection of multivessel disease but the results emphasize the importance of the history in predicting the extent of coronary artery disease. In patients with myocardial infarction, the diagnostic accuracy of the history (80%) was similar to the diagnostic accuracy of myocardial scintigraphic imaging (79%); in the subgroup of patients with residual angina pectoris after infarction, the accuracy of the history was even greater (87%) than that of myocardial scintigraphic imaging (78%). Thus, after myocardial infarction, scintigraphy was useful only in the small subgroup of patients without residual angina pectoris when it had a diagnostic accuracy of 79%, slightly but insignificantly superior to that of the history (62%). In patients without previous myocardial infarction, but with typical angina, myocardial scintigraphy was clearly superior to the simple history (diagnostic accuracy of 78% versus 53%; P less than 0.001). In patients without myocardial infarction and with atypical angina the prevalence of multivessel disease was low (17%) and the diagnostic accuracy of history (83%) was barely different from the diagnostic accuracy of myocardial scintigraphic imaging (90%). Thus, when the likelihood of multivessel disease is very high (angina pectoris post myocardial infarction), or very low (atypical angina), the contribution of exercise testing is very limited. Important additional information is provided by maximal exercise testing and myocardial scintigraphic imaging only in the groups with an intermediate prevalence of multivessel disease, namely in the asymptomatic patients after myocardial infarction and in the patients with typical angina but no previous myocardial infarction. PMID- 6641756 TI - Value of isometric exercise testing in the optimal timing of aortic valve replacement in aortic regurgitation. AB - To evaluate the possible irreversibility of isometric exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction in aortic regurgitation, we performed handgrip exercise tests during cardiac catheterization on 17 patients with chronic aortic regurgitation (AR-group), both preoperatively and one year after successful aortic valve replacement. Nine normal subjects served as a control group. Preoperatively, the ejection fraction decreased from 59 +/- 7% to 53 +/- 8% (P less than 0.001) in the AR-group while it remained unchanged in the control group during exercise. A positive correlation existed between the changes in the ejection fraction during pre- and postoperative exercise tests (r = 0.85, P less than 0.001), which revealed that in patients with severely depressed ejection fraction during the preoperative exercise test, the ventricular response to exercise was not totally corrected after surgery. The regression of left ventricular mass was also smaller in the patients with most depressed ventricular response to exercise preoperatively. As the isometric exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction appears to be partly irreversible, we conclude that the valve replacement should perhaps be performed before stress-induced ventricular dysfunction has occurred. Non-invasive monitoring of ventricular response to exercise might be helpful in optimizing the timing of valve replacement in aortic regurgitation. PMID- 6641757 TI - Results of surgical therapy in patients with left ventricular aneurysm. AB - The clinical, angiographic and haemodynamic findings in 87 patients with left ventricular aneurysm were investigated before and after different surgical interventions. Thirty-four patients underwent aneurysmectomy alone (group I), 35 patients had additional coronary revascularization (group II), and 18 patients had revascularization alone because of the findings during operation (group III). The size of aneurysm was not significantly different in the three groups. Postoperatively, it decreased only in groups I and II. The majority of the patients in group I (predominantly one-vessel disease) had no angina pectoris, with no significant change early and late (more than 12 months) after operation. The patients in groups II and III (with more two- and three-vessel diseases) showed an improvement in angina pectoris. Preoperatively, most patients had experienced exertional dyspnoea. Overall, there was no significant change after operation, but most patients showed an improvement in angina and dyspnoea when these symptoms had been the major indication for surgical therapy. Heart rate, systolic and end-diastolic pressures in the three groups did not change significantly after surgery. End-diastolic and end-systolic volumes decreased and ejection fraction increased significantly in groups I and II. In group III these variables did not change. Circumferential fibre shortening velocity in the residual ventricle increased significantly only in group I. Haemodynamic studies during exercise were performed in a total of 32 patients. In group I the increase of mean pulmonary pressure was significantly lower postoperatively; there was no significant change in groups II and III.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6641758 TI - Interpretation of the effects of propranolol on coronary reactive hyperaemia. AB - The effect of propranolol on the hyperaemic response after transient coronary arterial occlusion has been evaluated. The excess volume of blood delivered to the myocardium after an occlusion is diminished after propranolol in proportion to the reduced coronary blood flow. From the findings it is not necessary to postulate a change in the intrinsic mechanisms of reactive hyperaemia after propranolol has been given. PMID- 6641760 TI - Electrophysiological prediction of arrhythmogenic sudden death. PMID- 6641759 TI - Atrial synchronous ventricular pacing in ischaemic heart disease. AB - Atrial synchronous pacing has been considered contraindicated in patients with a high degree of atrioventricular block and concomitant ischaemic heart disease. The rationale for this view was a fear of provoking angina pectoris by a rate dependent increase in myocardial oxygen consumption. As possible problems with atrial synchronous pacing in patients with ischaemic heart disease have not been extensively studied we have examined whether these patients could benefit from this more physiological method of pacing. Thirteen patients with ischaemic heart disease and a high degree of atrioventricular block were supplied with pacemakers, programmable both in reference to the pacing mode (ventricular inhibited (VVI) or atrial synchronous ventricular inhibited (VDD)) and for maximal synchronous rate. The patients were examined with the pacemaker programmed in the VVI and VDD modes. Maximal exercise capacity was determined by means of bicycle ergometry. There was a statistically significant increase in exercise capacity when comparing VVI (67 + 24) with VDD (79 + 25, P less than 0.001) pacing with suitable programming of maximal synchronous rate. No patient experienced increased anginal pain on VDD pacing and all preferred VDD compared to VVI pacing. In conclusion, VDD pacing should not be considered contraindicated in patients with ischaemic heart disease and a high degree of atrioventricular block, and may, on the contrary, contribute to further clinical improvement. PMID- 6641761 TI - Hypochondrogenesis. AB - Three clinicopathological observations of a mild form of type II achondrogenesis are presented. The cases were selected from a group of 21 similar cases to illustrate the various degrees of clinical and roentgenological signs that can be found. The cases had various survival periods after birth but not exceeding several months. The roentgenological signs were less severe than those of type II achondrogenesis. Some cases similar to case no. 3 have roentgenological signs very close to spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia congenita and probably were confused previously with the latter. The name of hypochondrogenesis was proposed for these cases because the lesions of the growth plate are similar although less marked to those found in type II achondrogenesis: high cellularity with poor matrix development; irregular columnization and vascular penetration; large chondrocytes and even more enlarged lacunae; large sclerotic cartilage canals. The clinical and roentgenological diagnosis of hypochondrogenesis could be difficult especially in the less severe forms. The delay in vertebral ossification, the absence of all the epiphyseal nuclei and of the tarsal bones might suggest the diagnosis of hypochondrogenesis, rather than that of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. The evolution which seems to be always lethal in a period of several weeks or months would make the diagnosis still more likely and it could be confirmed by histopathological examination. Cases of spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia congenita might have at birth, roentgenological signs indistinguishable from those of hypochondrogenesis, as was illustrated by case no. 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6641762 TI - Hypocalcaemic seizures following gastrectomy. AB - Two cases of hypocalcaemia following removal of the stomach due to complications of surgery for tracheo-oesophageal anomalies are reported. In both instances grand mal seizures were the presenting features with radiological and biochemical evidence of rickets. Both children had elevated blood parathyroid hormone levels. The bone changes, hypocalcemia and symptoms responded to parenteral vitamin D therapy. Sub total gastrectomy is a rare event in infancy and consequently no previous cases of vitamin D lack has been recorded as a complication of gastric surgery in this age group. PMID- 6641763 TI - Abnormal fatty acid pattern of the plasma cholesterol ester fraction in cystic fibrosis patients with and without pancreatic insufficiency. AB - In our previous work it was found that in cystic fibrosis patients with and without pancreatic insufficiency, the fatty acid pattern of the plasma long chain, non-esterified fatty acid fraction is strikingly abnormal in comparison with the corresponding pattern of healthy subjects. However, other investigators have shown abnormal fatty acid patterns only in patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Therefore, we studied the plasma cholesterol ester fraction in cystic fibrosis patients of both types by gas liquid chromatography. It was found that the absolute total concentration of the plasma cholesterol esters in cystic fibrosis patients with and also without pancreatic insufficiency is significantly lower than in healthy subjects. Furthermore, the fatty acid pattern of this lipid fraction is significantly abnormal in both groups of patients, although to a lesser extent in patients without pancreatic insufficiency. PMID- 6641764 TI - Gestational age assessment by the lens examination method in normal and pathological pregnancies. AB - The anterior vascular capsule of the lens was examined in 100 premature infants. It was found that the normal embryological process of gradual disappearance of the anterior vascular capsule between 27 and 34 weeks of gestation is not significantly influenced by maternal and fetal high risk factors, nor by maternal drug intake. It seems that lens examination could be regarded as a good method of gestational age estimation between the 27th and 34th week of gestation. PMID- 6641766 TI - Circulating immune complex in the mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. AB - In 16 patients with mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MCLS) during the first 2 weeks after the onset (acute phase) and 1 month after the onset (remission phase), measurement of the circulating immune complex (CIC) was performed by a C1q-binding assay (C1q-B.A.) and/or a Protein-A precipitation test (protein-A P.T.). Seven out of 12 samples and four out of nine samples were shown to have raised levels of CIC in the acute phase with the C1q-B.A. and Protein-A P.T. test. In the remission phase, on the other hand, positive results were found in one out of six samples with the C1q-B.A. test and in three out of nine samples with the Protein-A P.T. test. High levels of CIC and disease activity were parallel. Our finding of a higher incidence of positive CIC in MCLS supports the possibility of the immunopathological mechanism. PMID- 6641765 TI - Unexpectedly high peak expiratory flow rates in normal Greek children. AB - Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and standing height (Ht) were measured in 522 healthy Greek children aged 7-16 years. The regression equation of PEFR on height in centimetres was PEFR = 5.34 Ht--380.8. This demonstrated markedly higher values for PEFR in Greek children compared to previously published data from other countries. A sample of 339 British children was examined similarly. The regression equation of PEFR on height in centimetres was PEFR = 5.64 Ht--472.5. This was similar to previously published data. No cause for this discrepancy was found after close examination of population sampling, measurement error or calibration error in the Greek study. It is therefore concluded that Greek children appear to have an unexpectedly high PEFR for height. PMID- 6641767 TI - Prenatal ultrasonic diagnosis of meconium peritonitis in a preterm infant. AB - This paper reports on a preterm infant with meconium peritonitis in which prenatal sonography demonstrated calcified peritoneal meconium associated with fetal ascites. His spontaneous and favorable outcome is described and other causes of neonatal abdominal calcifications are discussed. PMID- 6641768 TI - Partial trisomy 3p in two siblings: clinical and pathological findings. AB - Two siblings affected with partial trisomy 3p resulting from a maternal balanced translocation 46,XXt(3;10) (p21;q26) are reported. The clinical features of this syndrome are reviewed. The necropsy findings of the two siblings are discussed. PMID- 6641769 TI - The Weaver syndrome in a girl. AB - This paper reports the first female case of the Weaver syndrome. The prominent clinical features are gigantism, macrocephaly, and the characteristic facial dysmorphism. Hypertonia and bone maturation acceleration are somewhat less pronounced than in the formerly published cases of male patients. The etiology of the syndrome remains unclear, but if genetic, X-linked recessive inheritance can be excluded. PMID- 6641770 TI - A case of transient neonatal citrullinemia. AB - A male infant with transient citrullinemia is described. Initially, he was found to have hypertyrosinemia and hypermethioninemia upon routine neonatal screening for inborn errors of metabolism performed at 4 days of age and was revealed to have citrullinemia upon detailed examination of plasma amino acids. At 30 days of age, the plasma citrulline concentration was 13 mg/dl (normal, less than 0.8). In addition, the citrulline concentrations in the urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were markedly elevated. The blood ammonia and the CSF ammonia concentrations (300 micrograms/dl and 59 micrograms/dl, respectively) were also increased, but the infant showed no symptoms. Dietary protein intake was restricted to 2 g/kg/day, resulting in normalization of plasma citrulline and blood ammonia concentrations by 2 months of age. At 12 months of age, the infant was given a regular diet, and his physical and mental development was normal. 14C citrulline incorporation into trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable material was normal in the fibroblasts. This report describes the first case in the literature of transient neonatal citrullinemia. PMID- 6641771 TI - The effect of repeated testing upon comprehension of informed consent materials by elderly volunteers. AB - One hundred elderly adults (mean = 71.3 years of age, range = 59-88 years) in four WAIS vocabulary subgroups (less than 40, 40-49, 50-59, greater than or equal to 60) served in an evaluation of the effects of using multiple comprehension test trials to improve informed consent procedures. Participants in Group I were given a single comprehension test and feedback before signing consent documents, while those in Group II were provided with as many as three comprehension trials, if necessary. All participants were tested for memory of the information 2-3 weeks later. Results indicated that both comprehension and memory performance varied directly with vocabulary level. The multi-trial approach improved comprehension scores at all vocabulary levels, but had no effect upon memory. PMID- 6641772 TI - The use of focused attention in visual search by young and old adults. AB - A deficit in focused attention has recently been suggested to underlie some of the cognitive decrements seen in the elderly. This hypothesis was tested in two visual search studies. Subjects had to decide whether or not a given target was present among an array of six digits, three of which were red, the rest black. For the "yes" trials, prior information regarding target color substantially reduced search time in comparison to warning signal that did not provide color information. This reduction in search time was equivalent in the young and the old, both at long (ad lib) and shorter (250-1000 msec) array durations. This result suggests that both age groups are equally proficient in focusing their attention on the digits of the relevant color. On the "no" trials, prior color information was not effective in reducing search time. There was some evidence in experiment two that the older subjects were using a different search strategy on these trials. PMID- 6641773 TI - The effects of aging and degree of association on the semantic priming of lexical decisions. AB - Adults completed a lexical decision task in which they saw two strings of letters on each trial and were asked to respond "yes" only if both strings were words. Later, participants were tested for incidental free recall and incidental forced choice recognition of the words presented in the lexical decision task. These tasks were given to 20 young (mean age = 31.1 years) and 20 old (mean age = 69.5 years) non-student adults in Experiment 1, and to 20 young college students in Experiment 2. In both experiments, semantic priming occurred, i.e., lexical decisions were faster when the words within a pair were related than when they were not. For the college students in Experiment 2, but not for the non-students in Experiment 1, this effect was greater for high-dominance pairs (e.g., BIRD ROBIN) than for low (e.g., BIRD-DUCK). Experiment 1 revealed no age differences in priming, but significant age differences favoring the young in both free recall and recognition. The results are interpreted in light of theories that distinquish between automatic and effortful activation of semantic memory. PMID- 6641774 TI - Memory for topics of conversation: adult age differences and intentionality. AB - Young adults and elderly adults received a series of topics for discussion, followed by a recall test of the topics per se and a recognition memory test of the questions asked during the conversations. Half of the participants in each age group were forewarned of the subsequent recall test (intentional memory); the remaining participants were not forewarned (incidental memory). Null effects for instructional variation were found at both age levels for all memory scores. For recall, an age difference, favoring young adults, was found. However, no age difference was found for either the recognition of old questions as old or the recognition of new questions as new. The results were interpreted in terms of an age deficit for the retrieval of memory traces established by the comprehension of conversational content. PMID- 6641775 TI - The effects of orienting tasks on adult age differences in recall and recognition. AB - This research examined the type of recognition errors made following orienting task instructions in order to investigate possible age differences in the depth of processing of information to be learned. Eighteen young, 18 middle-aged, and 18 elderly adults viewed 48 words, each of which was accompanied by learning instructions or a phonological or semantic orienting task. Subjects were then presented previously-seen items paired with a synonym, rhyme, or unrelated word. Analyses revealed no age differences in the number or pattern of recognition errors. Middle-aged and elderly adults recalled fewer items than young adults and their recall scores were less affected by orienting task instructions. Results are discussed in the context of possible age differences in the depth and elaboration of processing during study. PMID- 6641776 TI - Age-related preferences for paced and unpaced tasks in chained schedules of reinforcement. AB - Younger and older men were studied on chained operant schedules. A response in the initial link produced a terminal link where a sequence of 10 key presses was reinforced with money. In different conditions, the time available for each key press was varied from .5 sec to an unlimited amount, and the speed with which the men produced the terminal links containing the paced and unpaced sequences was taken as an index of preference for the terminal link conditions. When the men had difficulty adjusting to pacing, initial link speed was directly related to reinforcement rate in the terminal link: the greater the reinforcement, the faster the speed. This effect was stronger among the older men, who had more difficulty adjusting to pacing. With continued exposure to pacing, however, men of both ages adjusted more readily and the speed-reinforcement relationship decreased. These results suggest that the role of monetary reinforcement in determining task preferences is moderated by other factors such as task difficulty. PMID- 6641777 TI - Spatial knowledge of young and elderly adults: scene recognition from familiar and novel perspectives. AB - Thirty young adults (mean age = 25.3) and 30 elderly adults (mean age = 65.3) were tested on a memory task in which they were asked to recognize environmental scenes from familiar and novel perspectives. Participants initially viewed slides of 10 business and 10 residential street intersections. Pairs of intersections were then presented and subjects were asked to select the intersection viewed previously. During the recognition phase subjects saw the intersections from the original perspective (0 degrees), rotated 90 degrees from the original perspective, or rotated 180 degrees from the original perspective. Young adults were more accurate than elderly adults and accuracy was greater for business than residential scenes at both age levels. Subjects were more accurate in the 0 than 180 degree condition, while performance in the 90 degree condition was significantly less accurate than in the other two conditions. These results indicate that (1) young adults have better recognition memory than elderly adults for real world scenes, and (2) environmental differentiation aids recognition memory for spatial locations. PMID- 6641779 TI - Can age-related deficits in spatial memory be attenuated through the use of verbal coding? AB - In a sequential mental rotation task, women of three age groups (18-28, 50-60, and 70-80) viewed semi-abstract figures which were rotated in the picture plane. To investigate the effects of verbal mediation, each figure was presented under one of four labeling conditions. Errors increased as a function of age. Meaningful labels were beneficial in decreasing errors for the older subjects. Reaction time results generally replicated earlier studies, but there were indications that some women in the oldest group might have used strategies other than mental rotation. Results suggest that possible age related deficiencies in spatial abilities may be compensated for by greater use of verbal mediation. PMID- 6641778 TI - On the use of word association norms in aging research. AB - The word associations of young, middle-aged, and older adults were compared to cohort matched normative word associations. Cohort differences in most common response were observed for a subset of stimulus words which did not have strong primary responses in the norms. For those stimulus words assumed to be free of cohort differences, there were no significant differences between the three age groups in amount of agreement with the normative responses. It is concluded that standard word association norms are as reliable for older individuals as for the young provided that words with strong associates are selected. PMID- 6641780 TI - Age differences in cued recall and recognition under varying encoding and retrieval conditions. AB - This experiment investigated the role of the encoding-retrieval relationship in adult age differences in memory. To determine the optimal encoding-retrieval conditions for adults of different ages, young, middle-aged, and older adults were given a semantic or acoustic orienting task, followed by semantic and acoustic recognition tests or semantic and acoustic cued recall tests. As predicted, the results demonstrated the importance of similar encoding and retrieval conditions at all ages, especially with semantic processing. Age differences were reduced on the recognition test and when semantic encoding was combined with a semantic cue test at retrieval. It was concluded that acoustic processing is not as effective as semantic processing for older or younger adults, and that effective use of semantic processing by older adults depends on constrained task conditions. These conditions include congruent semantic orienting questions that specify precise meanings for each target item, and retrieval cues that match the information in the orienting questions. PMID- 6641781 TI - Adult age differences in the use of story structure in delayed free recall. AB - Thirty-six young adults (M age = 24.3 years) and 36 old adults (M age = 71.8 years) listened to four double-episode stories having either standard, interleaved, or scrambled structure. Two days later they were asked to recall the stories. Analysis of the mean number of nodes recalled revealed no age differences in the recall of standard and scrambled stories with both groups recalling the standard stories equally well and the scrambled stories equally poorly. However, for interleaved stories, young adults followed their pattern of recall for standard stories while old adults followed their pattern for scrambled stories. Also, the age groups differed in their pattern of additions and distortions, with old adults giving more for standard stories and young adults giving more for scrambled stories. Results appear to support models of age related differences in memory processes and/or strategies when material must be reorganized or hierarchized. Possible metacognitive differences were also discussed; i.e., old adults may aim to tell the story interestingly, while young adults aim to tell it accurately. PMID- 6641782 TI - Do sex-role appropriate materials influence the Piagetian task performance of older adults? AB - The intent of this study was to assess the influence of sex-role appropriate materials on the utilization of logical competence among older persons, and to determine how such materials interact with subject's sex-role identity to affect cognitive performance. Thirty male and 30 female Ss (mean age = 71.3 years) were administered the Short Form of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and either a male oriented, a female-oriented, or a traditional version of two concrete operational and two formal operational Piagetian tasks. Gender was found to influence performance on one of the concrete tasks, task orientation influenced performance on one of the formal tasks, and sex-role classification interacted with task orientation to influence performance on both of the formal operational tasks. The pattern of results suggested that subjects may perform best on those versions of the formal operational tasks that do not match their own sex type. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed. PMID- 6641783 TI - Effects of intermittent feeding upon growth, activity, and lifespan in rats allowed voluntary exercise. AB - From weaning until death, male Wistar rats were housed in activity-wheel cages with one group maintained on an ad libitum (AL) diet and another provided the diet every-other-day (EOD). EOD-fed rats had a mean lifespan of 124 weeks compared to 103 weeks for AL-fed rats. While post-weaning body weight and growth rates were reduced among the EOD-fed animals compared to AL-fed animals, there was no significant difference in growth duration. Positive correlations were observed between lifespan and estimates of growth rate and duration in the AL group but not in the EOD group; thus, little evidence was produced to support the hypothesis that growth rate is inversely related to longevity. While the EOD feeding regimen resulted in higher activity levels later in life, wheel activity levels were actually lower in this group in early life compared to the AL group. The observation of reduced wheel activity among young rats fed EOD was replicated in a second experiment. Thus, little support was obtained for the hypothesis that increased activity mediates the beneficial effects of dietary restriction on longevity, unless this mechanism is active late in the lifespan. PMID- 6641784 TI - Improvement of 8-arm maze performance in aged Fischer 344 rats with 3,4 diaminopyridine. AB - Short-term memory of a spatial task by male Fischer 344 rats at 3, 12, and 24 months of age was examined in a radial 8-arm maze. Performance by 24 month old rats was significantly poorer than that of 3 or 12 month old rats. 3,4 Diaminopyridine (1000 pmole/kg), a compound that stimulates acetylcholine release, significantly improved 8-arm maze performance by 24 month old rats. Thus, an age-related deficit in short-term memory for a spatial task can be ameliorated by a compound that stimulates acetylcholine release. PMID- 6641785 TI - The cellular compartmentalization of macrophage-associated nominal antigen: immunologically relevant macrophage-associated antigen may not require an intracellular phase of macrophage handling. AB - It has been hypothesized that internalization and "processing" of the nominal antigen by antigen-presenting cells may be a mandatory event in antigen handling prior to cell surface presentation of the immunologically relevant moiety to T lymphocytes. In previous functional and immunochemical analyses of macrophage (M phi)-associated nominal antigen, we obtained data strongly suggesting that an immunologically relevant pool of antigen was detectable on the surface of M phi pulsed with a soluble protein antigen and then aged for 3-24 h. To provide further information about requisite events of M phi antigen handling, we have attempted to this study to determine the origin of the nominal antigen associated with the surface of the pulsed-aged cell using the terpolymer L-glutamic acid, L lysine, L-tyrosine (GLT) as the antigen. The surface-bound GLT, after a 24-h culture, appeared to be derived from GLT initially surface-associated after the pulse. No evidence was obtained to support the notion that a significant quantity of GLT, initially internalized after the pulse exposure, was recompartmentalized to the cell surface. The turnover of cell-surface GLT resembled the turnover of M phi membrane proteins in general. These results, therefore, imply that the crucial events of M phi antigen handling of GLT may entirely be a cell surface phenomenon. PMID- 6641786 TI - Standard sera in solid-phase immunoassays. AB - Solid-phase immunoassay-derived antibody titers are often converted to weight unit concentrations with the aid of standard sera containing known antibody concentrations. Systematic studies justifying this procedure have not yet been published. We therefore investigated the magnitude of errors associated with this conversion. Antibody concentrations of thirteen sera or ascites fluids were determined by quantitative precipitation or equilibrium dialysis, and one was then used as a "standard antibody" for the others in solid-phase radioimmunoassay (SP-RIA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. Antibody concentrations determined by the conventional solid-phase assay (the "standard serum" has the same specificity as the "sample") had up to fourfold errors. These errors could be reduced by basing the conversion on the combination of two standard sera instead of one. The possibility was studied of whether the conversion to weight units could be done with the aid of a standard serum directed to a different antigen than the sample antibody. Errors associated with the use of such a heterologous standard were not significantly greater than those found using the conventional conversion. A combination of two reference sera again reduced the errors. The use of such heterologous standard(s), however, requires checking the binding capacity of the antigen coats. PMID- 6641787 TI - Rheumatoid factors and secondary immune responses in the mouse. II. Incidence, kinetics and induction mechanisms. AB - Production of IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) during secondary immune responses was studied in normal mouse strains by measuring RF synthesis in spleen cell cultures. A considerable, although transient, RF response was observed in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice immunized and i.v. boosted with various protein antigens and with sheep erythrocytes. With most antigens, RF production equalled or exceeded that of antigen-specific IgM, but it peaked and subsided earlier. No RF production was detected when either priming or boosting was omitted. The isotypic specificity of RF depended upon the antigens used for immunization: all proteins tested stimulated the synthesis of RF specific for IgG1, whereas sheep erythrocytes induced both IgG1- and IgG2a-specific RF. Reconstitution experiments of irradiated naive C57BL/6 mice with various combinations of syngeneic antibody against human transferrin and primed or unprimed spleen cells indicated that important RF responses could be induced only when antigen was injected into mice that had received both antibody and immune spleen cells. PMID- 6641788 TI - Natural killer activity in (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 hybrids undergoing acute and chronic graft-vs.-host reaction. AB - The present findings demonstrate that a total i.v. transfer of 100 X 10(6) C57BL/6 (B6) parental spleen cells into untreated (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 hybrids (B6D2F1) resulted in acute runting, which was associated with a significantly elevated graft-vs.-host (GVH) index over a one-month period following GVH induction. Furthermore, this B6-induced acute GVH disease was associated with a marked depression of natural killer (NK) cell activity (spleen and peripheral blood) (with or without addition of mouse fibroblast interferon), which correlated with lymphoid cell hypocellularity, prominent splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), and parallel depressions of both concanavalin A- and lipopolysaccharide-induced mitogenesis. Significantly increased killing by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of antibody-coated chicken red blood cells, as well as increased T cell killing of the NK-insensitive cell line P815 (as compared to the significantly decreased killing of the NK-sensitive cell line YAC-1) was also observed in the spleens of this 100 X 10(6) B6-injected F1 group. In marked contrast to this 100 X 10(6) B6-injected acute GVH group, untreated mice injected i.v. with the same or greater numbers of parental DBA/2 spleen cells (100 X 10(6)-150 X 10(6) DBA/2 spleen cells) exhibited a milder and more chronic form of GVH disease, which was not associated with a significant decrease of NK activity. It was of considerable interest that a total i.v. transfer of 50 X 10(6) B6 spleen cells (i.e. one-half of that required to produce acute GVH, markedly depressed NK, and prominent splenic EMH) into B6D2F1 hybrids also resulted in a more chronic form of GVH disease, but was associated with significantly increased levels of NK activity at two weeks post GVH induction. PMID- 6641789 TI - Antidiuretic response in conscious dogs following peroral administration of arginine vasopressin and its analogues. AB - Conscious dogs were subjected to a constant water load causing water diuresis. When arginine vasopressin or analogues of vasopressin were administered through a gastric tube a dose-dependent antidiuretic response occurred. All the peptides tested proved to be antidiuretic in doses of 50 micrograms or less with 1-deamino 8-D-arginine vasopressin and 1-deamino-4-asparagine-8-D-arginine vasopressin being the most potent substances. No pressor response was observed even after 1 mg of AVP. PMID- 6641790 TI - Influence of psychotomimetics and lisuride on synaptosomal dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of rats. AB - In superfusion experiments with a crude synaptosomal fraction from the nucleus accumbens of rats, lysergic acid diethylamide, mescaline and N,N dimethyltryptamine (representing different chemical classes of psychotomimetics) produced a concentration-related inhibition of K+-evoked [3H]dopamine release whereas spontaneous release remained unchanged. The nonpsychotomimetic ergoline lisuride tested at the same concentration range did not modulate spontaneous or K+-evoked [3H]dopamine release. The inhibitory effects of the psychotomimetics tested were antagonized by equal concentrations of haloperidol or methiothepine. It is postulated that the effects of psychotomimetics on DA release were triggered via simultaneous action at presynaptic dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors which are located at dopamine nerve endings in the nucleus accumbens. PMID- 6641791 TI - Neuropharmacological specificity of the diazepam stimulus complex: effects of agonists and antagonists. AB - A food-reinforced two-lever operant method was used to train rats (n = 10) to discriminate diazepam (3.0 mg/kg i.p.) from saline. Thereafter drugs with supposed agonist and antagonist activity were submitted for test. Pentobarbital was the only agonist able to produce the diazepam discriminative stimulus complex (DSC), while pentylenetetrazol was the only antagonist able to abolish the diazepam DSC. It is concluded that the diazepam DSC is highly specific in this test and is suitable for the investigation of the neuropharmacological action of the benzodiazepines. PMID- 6641792 TI - Are convulsant and toxic properties of folates of the kainate type? AB - Intra-amygdaloid injections of folic acid (FA) in rats induce behavioural, metabolic (assessed using the 2-deoxyglucose method) and neuropathological changes which, however, differ considerably from those produced by kainic acid (KA). Thus FA, in contrast to KA, does not readily induce limbic motor seizures, fails to activate the entire limbic system and does not readily reproduce the local and distant damage induced by KA, notably in the Ammon's horn of the hippocampus. The results argue against the hypothesis that KA acts at folate receptors to induce its limbic epileptic/brain damage syndrome. PMID- 6641793 TI - Development of brown fat cells in monolayer culture. II. Ultrastructural characterization of precursors, differentiating adipocytes and their mitochondria. AB - The stroma of mature brown fat has been shown to contain cells which can proliferate and accumulate fat in monolayer cultures, and which have inherent characteristics distinct from those of white fat precursor cells. The purpose of the present investigation was to characterize by electron microscopic analysis these brown fat cells and their subsequent development when they were grown in vitro. By comparison with the existing ultrastructural data on brown fat in situ, it could thus be determined whether or not the precursor cells have the capacity to differentiate in culture. The stromal-vascular fraction isolated from the brown fat of weaned rats was identified as containing adipocyte stem cells, preadipocytes, endothelial cells and a few mature adipocytes. During the first week in culture (i.e., growth phase to confluence), when multilocular fat accumulation occurred, the mitochondria of the preadipocytes developed cristae and matrix granules, as they do in differentiating brown fat in situ. Such granules have been shown to be a sign of intense inner membrane synthetic activity. After confluence, the mitochondria regressed in internal structure and became morphologically more similar to white fat mitochondria. It was concluded that mature brown fat contains precursor cells which can differentiate in vitro. However, this differentiation was incomplete, and the necessity of specific factors for a full mitochondrial development in brown fat is discussed. PMID- 6641794 TI - Organization of the surface and adhesive properties of cleavage furrows in loach (Misgurnus fossilis) eggs. AB - The experiments with chimerous embryos of teleost loach (Misgurnus fossilis) have shown that before furrows of the 1st cleavage appeared, the eggs were completely nonadhesive. At the stages of cleavages II-IV whole eggs were able to adhere and then make extended junctions in the blastodisc region. Adhesive domains of blastomeres were discovered by using carmine dye particles which attached primarily in the region of blastomere cleavage furrows. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the cells in the depth of the cleavage furrows have domains with a smoother relief than their outer surface with numerous folds. Moreover, most adhesive flat lamellar formations (ruffles) with microvilli at their ends were discovered in the furrow region, particularly in its apical part (in the sites of intercellular contact formation and carmine absorption). Colchicine (5 X 10(-4) M) treatment affects the reorganization of the cleavage furrow surface, and the eggs, one by one, lose their ability to adhere, and then to attach dye particles. Mechanisms of formation of an adhesive contact between divided cells are discussed. PMID- 6641795 TI - Stimulation of sialyltransferase activity of melanoma cells by retinoic acid. AB - Retinoic acid (RA) treatment of murine S91-C2 melanoma cells has been found to augment the activity of glycoprotein: sialyltransferase in a dose-dependent and time-dependent process. The enzymatic activity in cells treated with 10 microM RA reached a maximal level, 3-fold higher than in untreated cells, 72 h after initiation of treatment. In contrast, the addition of RA directly into the reaction mixture had no stimulatory effect on sialyltransferase. The endogenous glycoproteins to which sialic acid is transferred from cytidine monophosphate (CMP)-[14C] sialic acid by the action of sialyltransferase have been identified by fluorography after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One of these acceptors, a glycoprotein of Mr 160 000, comigrated in gel electrophoresis with a cell surface sialoglycoprotein that can be labeled by the periodate-tritiated borohydrate procedure more intensely on intact RA-treated than on untreated cells. Removal of sialic acid residues exposed on the surface of either control or RA-treated cells enhanced 2- to 3-fold the transfer of sialic acid to endogenous acceptors. These results suggest that the increased sialyltransferase activity in RA-treated melanoma cells may be responsible for the enhanced sialylation of certain cell surface glycoproteins. RA treatment of several other tumor cell lines also resulted in stimulation of sialyltransferase activity indicating that this effect of RA is not limited to the S91-C2 melanoma cells. PMID- 6641796 TI - Effect of carboxylic ionophores on lysosomal protein degradation in rat hepatocytes. AB - Three different carboxylic ionophores (monensin, nigericin and lasalocid) were each found capable of causing a relatively complete block of the lysosomal (i.e., methylamine-sensitive) protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Monensin was found to be the most specific in action, as it had no effect on non-lysosomal degradation and did not bring about any substantial inhibition of protein synthesis. Morphometric examination of electron micrographs revealed that monensin causes an accumulation of early forms of autophagic vacuoles and blocks the swelling of lysosomes seen in the presence of methylamine. The results indicate that monensin inhibits lysosomal protein degradation by affecting lysosomal pH. PMID- 6641797 TI - Dolichyl phosphate supplementation increases N-linked protein glycosylation in rat parotid acinar cells without increasing glycoprotein secretion. AB - N-linked protein glycosylation was increased three- to five-fold, in dispersed rat parotid acinar cells in vitro, by supplementation with exogenous dolichylphosphate. Despite this increase, glycoprotein secretion from both control and dolichylphosphate-supplemented cells was comparable. PMID- 6641798 TI - Interactions of adipocytes and their precursor cells with endothelial cells in culture. AB - Factors involved in the growth of adipose tissue were examined by testing interactions under cell culture conditions between cellular components of this tissue and plasma from overfed rats. The cellular factors were capillary fragments, endothelial cells during growth and after confluence, fibroblasts, adipocytes and adipose precursor cells before determination (adipoblasts) and after determination (preadipocytes). Multiplying adipose precursor cells stimulated markedly the multiplication of endothelial cells, while their own multiplication was inhibited. The stimulatory effect was partially transferred into the culture medium but not remaining in culture dishes conditioned by preceding cultures of adipose precursor cells, removed by Tris-EDTA buffer or mechanically. The activity was apparently not dependent on feeding conditions. Plasma from overfed rats did not affect endothelial or adipose precursor cell multiplication, but caused more rapid lipid filling of the latter. Endothelial cells facilitated lipid accumulation of preadipocytes. These results indicate that when adipose tissue is expanding by adipocyte multiplication capillarization is stimulated secondarily, being then capable of facilitating triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes. PMID- 6641800 TI - Correlation between torsion and streaming in Physarum. AB - Experiments are described which show that the torsional oscillations arising in a strand of the slime mould, Physarum polycephalum, under certain conditions remain closely correlated to oscillations in cytoplasmic streaming. When this is the case, the direction of rotation is related to the direction of streaming by a left-hand rule. PMID- 6641799 TI - 31P-NMR analysis of sea urchin sperm activation. Reversible formation of high energy phosphate compounds by changes in intracellular pH. AB - 31P-NMR has been used to estimate the internal pH (pHi) of sperm from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. The values for pHi obtained from the chemical shift of inorganic phosphate agree well with those obtained from amine accumulation. At low pHi, when sperm are quiescent (immotile and non-respiring), they accumulate phosphocreatine (PCr), but have a low level of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Conversely, when the pHi is elevated, sperm respiration and motility are activated, PCr is decreased and Pi is increased. This change is reversible upon decrease of the pHi, whereupon respiration and motility are arrested, Pi disappears and PCr increases. We conclude that the overall balance of energy metabolism, and thus the phosphate potential, of sea urchin sperm are under the control of the pHi. PMID- 6641801 TI - Mitotic cell cycle control in Physarum. Unprecedented insights via flow cytometry. AB - High resolution flow-cytometric studies of isolated macroplasmodial nuclei of the myxomycete. Physarum polycephalum provide definite evidence for the persistence of natural synchrony at mitosis throughout the entire cell cycle, i.e. completely synchronous DNA replication and traverse of G2. Even if nuclei within a given macroplasmodium belong to two distinct genome size classes (mixoploidy), they cycle and traverse mitosis in strict synchrony. This cannot be explained by current models of regulation of division based solely upon nuclear size and/or nuclear/cytoplasm ratios. Constitutional DNA content variation was apparent among all tested strains, and loss of late-replicating, presumably AT-rich DNA accounts for this variation. A constant duration of the S phase is maintained, irrespective of DNA content, via differential slowdown of replication rates during the 2nd and 3rd hours of replication. A frequently described extension of nuclear replication into G2 could not be substantiated. Interference with DNA and protein synthesis provides the first evidence for a brief "G1 phase" equivalent of 3-4 min duration in asynchronous microplasmodial cultures, and temporally assigns a protein synthesis-dependent "transition point" for completion of mitosis and initiation of DNA synthesis at 5 min prior to actual division nuclei which have passed this point at the time of addition of cycloheximide replicate 5% of their DNA before they become arrested. These findings provide strong experimental support for the transition point concept of cell cycle control, and additionally are commensurate with some form of the replicon-set hypothesis in Physarum. PMID- 6641802 TI - Interaction of bovine epithelial lens (BEL) cells with extracellular matrix (ECM) and eye-derived growth factor (EDGF). I. Effects on short-term adhesiveness and on long-term organization of the culture. AB - A growth factor (EDGF) derived from the retina controls the proliferation and shape of adult bovine epithelial lens (BEL) cells in vitro as well as extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly. In order to analyse this mechanism and the specificity of the interactions between BEL cells and the extracellular matrix we have investigated the adhesion and growth of BEL cells on various substrata (fibronectin, laminin, ECM). BEL cells treated with EDGF adhered more slowly to plastic Petri dishes than untreated cells, in part due to EDGF inhibition of fibronectin deposition. The untreated BEL cells spread less well on ECM or laminin than on fibronectin-coated plastic. The preferential adhesiveness of BEL cells on fibronectin vs laminin was confirmed by attachment experiments performed on replicas of SDS-PAGE of these proteins. However, in long-term cultures, 8 days after seeding, BEL cells were very differently arranged on plastic or on ECM. ECM by itself did not increase the proliferation rate but helped to restore an organized cell monolayer. BEL cells stimulated to grow on ECM by treatment with EDGF exhibited at least transiently contact inhibition producing a perfectly organized epithelium similar to the one observed in vivo. These results suggest specific interactions between ECM or ECM components with BEL cell that restrain excessive cell spreading and restore an original polarized phenotype of the cells seen in vivo. PMID- 6641803 TI - Interaction of bovine epithelial lens (BEL) cells with extracellular matrix (ECM) and eye-derived growth factor (EDGF). II. Partial re-expression of the differentiated collagen distribution and phenotype. AB - The differentiated phenotype of bovine epithelial lens (BEL) cells consists primarily of type IV collagen production with homogeneous cellular form and monolayer organization. We have previously described how, after several subcultures, BEL cells lost this phenotype, which was replaced by a complex collagen mixture consisting predominantly of type I and type III collagens and a minor proportion of type IV collagen. The cells became irregular and formed multilayers. These dedifferentiated cells can re-express their initial morphological properties when subcultured on an extracellular matrix (ECM) in presence of an eye-derived growth factor (EDGF), as described in the first paper of this series [30]. Furthermore, those cells passaged only one time on ECM + EDGF partially re-express the native differentiated collagen phenotype. The cells synthesize a majority of type IV collagen (up to 65%) with minor amounts of interstitial collagens. As in early subcultured cells, the major proportion of total collagen accumulated in the cell layer. Taken together, the morphological and biochemical data emphasize the relationship between cell shape and collagen phenotype expression. They also provide a reversible system for the study of normal gene expression and pathological alterations. PMID- 6641804 TI - Interaction of bovine epithelial lens (BEL) cells with extracellular matrix (ECM) and eye-derived growth factor (EDGF). III. Control of glycoprotein and proteoglycan synthesis. AB - Bovine epithelial lens (BEL) cells, cultured in the presence or absence of an eye derived growth factor (EDGF) on plastic surfaces or on extracellular matrix (ECM) laid down by corneal endothelial cells, were metabolically labelled with [3H] glucosamine and with [35S]O2+4. The newly formed glycoproteins and proteoglycans were determined and studied in the extracellular compartment. EDGF reduces radiosulfate incorporation and provides the formation of low molecular weight (LMW) proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. [3H]Glucosamine incorporation into the glycoprotein fractions is affected by EDGF and by ECM, but in a different manner. EDGF and ECM reduce the formation of the glycoproteins with an affinity towards the collagen, but the effect of EDGF and ECM on the other glycoproteins is different. It is suggested that the actions of EDGF and of ECM are at least partially different and mutually independent. PMID- 6641805 TI - Role of glycoproteins in neuronal differentiation. Inhibition of neurite outgrowth and the major cell surface glycoprotein of murine neuroblastoma cells by a purified tunicamycin homologue. AB - Mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture can be induced to differentiate morphologically by serum deprivation or by dibutyryl cyclic AMP (db-cAMP), e.g. they appear flattened, adhere more firmly to the culture substratum and extend long neuritic processes, and thus represent a widely used model system for neuronal cells. This differentiation is accompanied by modulation of cell surface components, such as the induction of a high molecular weight (HMW) glycoprotein (200 kD). We have studied the role of glycoproteins in the process of neuronal differentiation, using a purified homologue of the antibiotic tunicamycin (Al tunicamycin) and neuroblastoma N115 cells grown in culture. Al-tunicamycin markedly inhibited (up to 60-75%) the incorporation of radioactively labelled sugars into cellular proteins of differentiating neuroblastoma cells. Concomitantly, the cells altered their morphology, they became rounded and less adhesive and retracted their neurites. Changes in the appearance, glycosylation and electrophoretic mobility of several cellular and secreted glycoproteins were observed, when cells were incubated in the presence of Al-tunicamycin. The most striking effect of Al-tunicamycin on the composition of cellular glycoproteins was the marked reduction in appearance of the 200 kD glycoprotein. The findings suggest that glycoproteins and in particular the neuron-specific 200 kD glycoprotein, are related to morphological differentiation processes, mainly to cellular adhesion and neurite outgrowth. PMID- 6641806 TI - Identification of mammalian DNA repair factors using a reconstituted subcellular system. Partial characterization and subcellular location of a DNA repair stimulating protein in hamster cells. AB - By reconstituting lysolecithin-permeabilized hamster cells with endogenous proteins, a protein(s) which stimulated bleomycin-induced DNA repair synthesis was identified. The repair protein was inactivated by proteinase K and had an apparent molecular weight of 12 000-15 000 D. The following enzymatic activities were not detected in the partially purified DNA repair protein: general endonuclease, apurinic endonuclease, exonuclease, DNA polymerase or DNA polymerase beta-stimulating activity. The subcellular location of the DNA repair stimulating activity was investigated by cytochalasin B enucleation; approx. 80% of the activity was associated with karyoplasts, suggesting a nuclear location. Neither the activity nor subcellular location of the repair protein fluctuated appreciably during the cell cycle, consistent with a physiological role in DNA repair. Although the function of the DNA repair protein is not yet known, this approach should be useful in identifying and characterizing mammalian DNA repair proteins. PMID- 6641807 TI - Variance of ploidy in mitochondrial nucleus during spherulation in Physarum polycephalum. AB - In Physarum polycephalum, microplasmodia differentiated into spherules when cultures were aged for 8-10 days. Respiration rates of the microplasmodia decreased rapidly with ageing to a 90% decrease in oxygen consumption over 9 days. We studied this phenomena by isolating and characterizing mitochondria from microplasmodia and spherules at different stages of spherulation. Oxygen uptake by the isolated mitochondria decreased with spherulation. Morphological and biochemical analyses showed that mitochondrial differentiation to inactive state was characterized by a decrease not only in dimension but also of content (DNA, RNA and protein). Diminutive mitochondria contained small particle-shaped mitochondrial nuclei. The DNA content, measured by microscopic fluorometry, was about 1.15 and 0.58 X 10(-10) g, which corresponded to about 16 and 8 genome copies, respectively (e.g., 32 genome copies per mitochondrion at mitochondrial G1). Restriction endonuclease analysis showed that the physical structure and methylation pattern of the mtDNA had not changed although the DNA content per mitochondrion had decreased remarkably with spherulation. This showed that changes in the ploidy level of the mitochondrial nucleus during spherulation were due to reduction in the number of whole mitochondrial genomes. PMID- 6641808 TI - The distribution of calmodulin in living mitotic cells. AB - Calmodulin has been labeled with rhodamine isothiocyanate (CaM-RITC) and used as a probe for the location of calmodulin in vivo. CaM-RITC retains its capacity to regulate the activity of brain phosphodiesterase in a Ca2+-dependent manner in vitro, indicating that the labeled protein is still active. After injection into living mammalian cells CaM-RITC incorporates rapidly into the mitotic spindle; the details of its localization there mimic closely the distribution of calmodulin seen by immunofluorescence. In interphase cells the CaM-RITC is excluded from the nucleus, but shows no region of specific concentration within the cytoplasm. Neither a 2-fold increase in cellular CaM nor the injection of anti CaM has any observable effect on the progress of mitosis. PMID- 6641809 TI - Tubulin dynamics during the cytoplasmic cohesiveness cycle in artificially activated sea urchin eggs. AB - Sedimentation studies and [3H]colchicine-binding assays have demonstrated a relationship between the cytoplasmic cohesiveness cycles and the changes in tubulin organization in Paracentrotus lividus eggs activated by 2.5 mM procaine. The same amount of tubulin (20-25% of the total egg tubulin) is involved in these cyclic process and appears to undergo polymerization and depolymerization cycles. Electron microscopy studies reveal that the microtubules formed during these cytoplasmic cohesiveness cycles are under a particulate form which is sedimentable at low speed. Activation experiments carried out in the presence of cytochalasin B (CB) show that the increase in the cytoplasmic cohesiveness is highly reduced while tubulin polymerization and depolymerization cycles and pronuclear centration are not affected. Although tubulin or actin polymerization can be independently triggered in procaine-activated eggs, the increase in cytoplasmic cohesiveness requires the polymerization of both proteins. However, the cytoplasmic cohesiveness cycles appear to be regulated by tubulin polymerization and depolymerization cycles. PMID- 6641810 TI - Serum effects on the in vitro differentiation of sea urchin micromeres. AB - When micromeres isolated from the 16-cell stage of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus are cultured in sea water containing 3.5% horse serum, they produce spicules at approximately the same time as in normal development. The serum requirement of the micromeres has been investigated by adding serum at varying intervals after isolation or by pulsing the cells with serum at specific times during their in vitro development. The optimum time of serum addition for spicule formation is 36 h after fertilization (AF). Further delay in the addition of serum results in a reduction in the number of spicules formed in culture and a delay in the time at which they appear. A 1-h pulse of serum at 36 h AF is sufficient to initiate a response in some of the micromere aggregates. A 12-h pulse at 36 h AF produces the maximum number of spicules per culture. The critical period for serum addition, 36-48 h AF, corresponds to the time in the normal embryo at which the syncytial primary mesenchyme ring is formed. Electron micrographs of cultured cells demonstrate that micromeres cultured without serum until 48 h AF fail to form pseudopodial extensions and remain as rosette-like clusters of cells. If serum is present, extensive pseudopodial networks form which resemble the primary ring syncytium. These results suggest that serum acts to stimulate fused pseudopodial networks in cultures of micromeres and that the resulting syncytium is necessary for spicule formation. PMID- 6641811 TI - Acquired drug resistance is accompanied by modification in the karyotype and nuclear matrix of a rat carcinoma cell line. AB - A Walker 256 breast carcinoma cell line (WR) exhibiting a greater than 20-fold resistance to alkylating agents has been selected from a parent cell line (WS). Karyotypic heterogeneity was apparent, with a number of differences evident between WR and WS cells. The modal chromosome number for WS is 62; for WR, 54; double minutes were found only in WR, whereas spontaneous chromosomal aberrations were present in approx. 40% of the WS cells. No similar aberrations were observed in WR. Using SDS-gel electrophoresis and subsequent silver staining, differences in the profile of nuclear matrix proteins in WR and WS were observed. A diffuse band at approx. 70 kD in the WS was absent in WR cells. This protein was phosphorylated, together with a number of the other major matrix polypeptides. Levels of phosphorylated matrix proteins were approximately equivalent in both WR and WS cell lines, but matrix protein phosphorylation levels were approx. 2-fold higher than corresponding values for bulk nuclear proteins. Selective pressure of drug exposure has resulted in enhanced genetic stability in WR cells and observed karyotype differences are accompanied by modifications in the structural proteins of the nuclear matrix. Whether the observed differences are the cause or result of drug resistance remains to be established. PMID- 6641812 TI - Localization of the 70 000 dalton heat-induced protein in the nuclear matrix of BHK cells. AB - The exposure of exponentially growing BHK cells to supranormal temperatures (41 44 degrees C, for 15 min to 1 h) induces the synthesis of a new set of proteins, the heat shock proteins, while the synthesis of proteins made before heat shock is repressed at 43 degrees C. Among the two major heat shock proteins induced, of molecular weight 70 K and 68 K, only the 70 kD protein is found bound to the nuclear matrix. This protein is resolved differently from the normal matrix proteins by isoelectric focusing and, when blotted, does not react with antibodies directed against nuclear matrices. These results show that the 70 kD heat shock protein is a new protein transferred from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it binds to the nuclear matrix, suggesting a structural role for this protein. PMID- 6641813 TI - Analysis of baseline and BrdU-dependent SCEs at different BrdU concentrations. AB - In the present paper we have used a rationale based on the development of theoretical equations that define sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies as a function of two variables, namely the baseline (BrdU-independent) and the BrdU dependent SCE frequencies. The experimental design includes the estimation of SCE frequencies in second division chromosomes when both cycles occurred in the presence of BrdU and when BrdU incubation took place only during the first cycle in a wide range of BrdU concentrations. The final SCE yields in second division chromosomes could be separated into three different components: (1) The BrdU independent, 'spontaneous' or baseline SCEs, whose low but biologically significant frequency was calculated to be about 0.06 SCEs per pg of DNA; this figure could be similar for most of the cell types; (2) the BrdU-dependent SCEs whose frequency increases with BrdU dose, probably as a result of BrdU substitution for thymidine; (3) the BrdU-dependent SCEs as a consequence of other cellular factors such as disturbance of nucleotide pool sizes. At high BrdU concentrations (300 microM upward) the three components appear to have a significant value in the final SCE yield, whereas at lower BrdU doses the third component seems to be negligible. PMID- 6641815 TI - Thymidine triphosphate synthesis in senescent WI38 cells. Relationship to loss of replicative capacity. AB - The effect of in vitro age on thymidine triphosphate (TTP) synthesis was assessed in WI38 cultures according to the following measurements: (1) thymidine kinase activity of broken cell preparations; (2) in situ incorporation of [3H]thymidine into acid-soluble material; and (3) total intracellular TTP content as determined by an enzymatic assay. All three parameters were maximal in exponentially proliferating populations and minimal in quiescent monolayers; no significant differences between young and old cultures were observed despite the reduced replicative capacity of the latter. The addition of serum to density-arrested cultures induced both TTP synthesis and DNA replication after a lag of approx. 12 h; although a greater percentage of young cells initiated replication as compared with old, pool sizes expanded to a similar extent in both populations. Pool expansion did not require entry into S phase; the pool sizes of control and cytosyl arabinoside-treated cultures were comparable. These findings suggest that senescent cells retain the ability to synthesize TTP, even though they are incapable of replicating DNA. Because TTP synthesis is a cell cycle-dependent event that normally begins in late G1, senescent cells might be blocked in the latter portion of the prereplicative phase and not in G0 as are quiescent cells. PMID- 6641814 TI - Melanin endocytosis by cultured mammalian cells. A model for melanin in a cellular environment. AB - The incorporation of natural eumelanin from bovine eyes and synthetic 3,4 dihydroxy-phenylalanine (dopa) melanin into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is reported. The process is linear for at least 8 h. Electron microscopy showed phagocytosis of melanin, either as a single granule or in groups of granules, into cell lysosomes with subsequent degradation of the granule. The general features of the ingestion and degradation processes mimic those of the incorporation of melanosomes into keratinocytes. CHO cells with ingested melanin in general revealed properties very similar to those of the pigment-free CHO cell: cell division, oxygen consumption and plating efficiency were not greatly altered by moderate concentrations of pigment. This suggests that the CHO cell system may be useful for the study of pigment in a cellular environment; pigment free CHO cells are well characterized and can serve as a good control. Preliminary applications are reported: demonstrations of (1) incorporation of metal ions (Al3+) into CHO cells using melanin as a carrier; (2) the ability of melanin to enhance the rate of oxygen consumption during photo-irradiation of the cells. PMID- 6641816 TI - Isolation of focal contact membrane using saponin. AB - The fragments of lower cell surface remained attached to the substrate after incubation of mouse or chick fibroblasts in 0.2% saponin solution and subsequent removal of cells under the action of shearing force. These fragments corresponded exactly to the cellular focal contacts seen by interference reflection microscopy. Ultrastructurally they were membrane fragments with typical three layered structure. No cytoskeletal components were found in saponin-isolated focal contact membranes either by immunofluorescence or electron microscopy. Only one major cell-derived protein with an apparent molecular weight (MW) of 51 kD (chick embryo fibroblasts) or 47 kD (mouse embryo fibroblasts) remained on the substrate after saponin treatment and removal of cells. PMID- 6641817 TI - The effects of light on transdifferentiation and survival of chicken neural retina cells. AB - The effects of light on the development of chicken embryo neural retina cultures were studied with a view to investigating similarities between the enhancement of transdifferentiation by light and light-induced degeneration of the retina in vivo. Normal levels of laboratory illumination were found to stimulate early mitotic events in the cultures, promoting formation of pigment cells. Short exposure of the cells to bright white light caused widespread cell death and a decrease in the area of the cell sheet. Minimal Essential Medium which had been irradiated with bright white light inhibited expansion of the cell sheet, but had no mitogenic effect. Illumination of the cells with red light had no effect on survival or mitosis; yellow light promoted mitosis, but did not affect cell survival. Blue and green light both reduced the areas occupied by undistinguished cells. Light-induced retinal degeneration has a comparable action spectrum. It is suggested that a study of the physiological basis of light-induced destruction and transdifferentiation of neural retina in culture could play an important role in the development of therapeutic measures for the control of retinal degeneration in man. PMID- 6641818 TI - Partial retinal dysplasia and subsequent degeneration in a mutant strain of domestic fowl (rdd). AB - An inherited recessive form of retinopathy has been discovered in the domestic fowl (rdd) which is characterized by progressive deterioration of the retina, culminating in blindness by sexual maturity. Morphologically, the condition is recognizable by abnormalities in both the retinal pigment epithelium and the neural retina. Gaps in the pigment epithelium which are first detected macroscopically at nine days of incubation become larger and more numerous until the time of hatching, then disappear during the subsequent week. Undulations in the outer nuclear, outer plexiform, and inner nuclear layers are obvious by 11 days of incubation. There is a marked reduction of photoreceptors at 18 days of incubation as compared to normal controls. After hatching, the thickness of the retina decreases with age, primarily due to cell loss from the photoreceptor region and inner nuclear layer. Detachment of the atrophic retinas generally occurs in adults, and is followed in some adults by granulation and ossification of the vitreous. Problems concerning the site of the lesion are discussed. PMID- 6641819 TI - Human trabecular meshwork in primary culture: a morphological and autoradiographic study. AB - The growth and behaviour of human trabecular meshwork cells in primary culture was studied by light microscopy, time-lapse cinephotomicrography, autoradiography and electron microscopy. In all 925 explants of trabecular tissue from 132 eyes (68 +/- 14 years) were set up, and 20% produced extensive monolayers. Failure to produce primary outgrowths did not increase substantially until the eyes were over 5 days post-mortem. The latent period prior to growth was anything from a few days to 4 weeks; only then did meshwork cells label with [3H]-thymidine. The cells which grew incorporated large amounts of [3H]-leucine and this served as a useful marker to identify migratory cells. In addition they had the ultrastructural features of metabolically active cells including many mitochondria, a well-developed Golgi apparatus, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and prominent lysosomes. It was considered that the cells in primary culture had many features in common with 'activated' rather than normal meshwork cells. PMID- 6641820 TI - alpha m-Crystallin: the native form of the protein? AB - Evidence is presented that alpha-crystallin isolated at 37 degrees C exists as a species, alpha m, which has a minimum molecular weight of about 320000 and a sedimentation coefficient of about 12 S. The amino acid composition, subunit distribution, near- and far-UV CD spectra and immunochemical properties were identical to those of the previously studied, 19 S protein, alpha c-crystallin (minimum molecular weight, 635000). It was demonstrated that only alpha m crystallin was present in 37 degrees C lens extracts and that cooling of lenses or extracts resulted in a conversion of alpha m- to alpha c-crystallin. This conversion appears to be a general phenomenon, independent of age or species. It was concluded that alpha c-crystallin is an aggregate, produced by cooling, and that alpha m-crystallin is more likely to represent the in vivo form of the protein. PMID- 6641821 TI - Distribution of taurine in the crystalline lens of vertebrate species and in cataractogenesis. AB - Marked heterogeneity was observed in the distribution of taurine in different regions of the lens in various species. In general low taurine pools were observed in the nucleus of all species except frog and human. The distribution of taurine in human senile cataractous lenses at different stages of maturation showed decreased contents in all the regions except capsule epithelium as compared to the normal human lenses. This decrease is progressive upto the 'mature' stage of cataract. In rat lenses with galactose cataracts taurine contents decreased by about 83-94% of the normal values in the equatorial, anterior, posterior cortical and nuclear regions. PMID- 6641822 TI - Age-related changes in thermoregulation in male albino rats. AB - Male Sprague Dawley rats were followed longitudinally from 3 to 24 months of age. Resting oxygen consumption (VO2), measured in the thermal neutral zone (29 +/- 1.0 degrees C) decreased 47% between 3 and 24 months of age with a stable period from 6 to 9 months. Changes in rectal temperature in general followed changes in VO2. On the average the decline in rectal temperature from 3 to 24 months was 0.8 degrees C. Thermal conductance dropped initially from 3 to 6 months and remained stable during further age periods. Thermal circulation index rose slightly from 3 to 13 months, and dropped thereafter from 13 to 24 months. When animals were exposed to a mild cold challenge (18-19 degrees C for 90 min.), the increase in VO2 was the same from 3 to 13 months of age. At 24 months this increase was significantly higher. The capacity for non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) measured after norepinephrine stimulation declined from 3 to 6 months, remained stable from 6 to 9 months and declined to 13 months. The capacity for NST after a mild cold challenge was significantly decreased at 24 months of age. These results suggest that shivering thermogenesis (ST) may be the main source of heat production in the old organism when faced with a mild cold challenge. Since ST is more energy consuming than NST it may explain the accidental hypothermia which occurs often in the elderly. PMID- 6641823 TI - Aging changes in the kidneys of two poeciliid fishes, the guppy Poecilia reticulatus and the Amazon molly P. formosa. AB - Histological surveys of the kidneys of two poeciliid fishes, the Amazon molly Poecilia formosa and the guppy P. reticulatus, throughout their lifespans showed no regular aging trends. Few kidney lesions were found in the Amazon molly until very late in life, 60 months or more, when obsolescent glomeruli and dilated renal tubules occurred. Guppies showed involutional changes of the renal system earlier, and the lesions became more severe with age, particularly in male fish. Hemopoietic tissue was reduced in amount in older fish of both species. Guppies of a year and older had marked accumulation of melanin in the melanomacrophage centers of the kidney, and the amount present increased with age. By contrast, there was little melanin deposition in mollies until almost the end of the lifespan. Hyaline droplets were consistently seen in the renal tubules of the mollies, but were rare in guppies. The degenerative changes in the kidneys of these two teleosts are similar to those seen in the kidneys of aging mammals. Despite the loss of normal structure in older fish, it seemed unlikely that degeneration of the kidney was directly involved in aging and death. PMID- 6641824 TI - Ageing of hamster embryo fibroblasts as the result of both differentiation and stochastic mechanisms. AB - Fibroblasts from hamster embryos were serially cultivated in vitro and their evolution followed from a morphological, physiological and biochemical point of view. After an exponential growth for about 20 passages, cells entered the ageing phase which ended up after 29-34 passages. From our observations, it seems that the arrest of growth results from two different phenomena: first, the typically fibroblastic cells may undergo a stochastic ageing process; second, some of these cells evolve into a terminal differentiation process, characterized by a different non-fibroblastic phenotype. PMID- 6641825 TI - Circadian variations in mouse bone marrow. AB - Circadian variations in mouse hemopoiesis were investigated in the early spring and summer using spleen colony assay, agar colony technique and differential counting. The multipotent stem cells and committed stem cells as well as the numbers of myelopoietic cells/femur underwent strong circadian variations with similar type of rhythmicity. In both types of stem cells (CFUS, CFUC) the rhythm was correlated to the variations in the numbers of myeloid cells/femur. Highest value (acrophase) was found at 1300 (MET). The amplitudes for CFUS and CFUC were between 50 and 80% of the 24 h mean values (mesor), whereas the variations in the other compartments of the bone marrow were less pronounced. For the CFUC the circadian rhythms were reproducible both at two different times of the year and over 48 h. Changes were found in erythroid cells as well, but the rhythm was not so pronounced. PMID- 6641826 TI - Merocyanine 540 alters the self-renewal capacity of murine pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells. AB - Merocyanine 540 (MC 540), an impermeant photoreactive dye with a high affinity for the plasma membrane of hemopoietic precursors, was examined for effects on the self-replicative capacity (SR) of CFUS from normal mouse marrow, and on various CFUS subpopulations fractionated by velocity sedimentation. Brief exposure (30 s) of whole marrow to MC 540 resulted in a reduction in overall CFUS self-renewal in primary recipient spleens. Reduced self-renewal was also observed when fractionated CFUS subpopulations were used. Reduced self-renewal was not accompanied by obvious changes in primary spleen colony number or composition. MC 540 may interact with specific superficial membrane sites relevant to the SR process. Upon longer exposure, further MC 540 effects appear restricted to a reactive subpopulation of large (low SR) CFUS. Self-renewal was enhanced in this fractionated pool, without evidence of primary colony reduction, by intermediate staining. This strongly suggests that under certain conditions the dye can alter a fundamental functional property of susceptible stem cells, without their inactivation. Still more prolonged staining apparently leads to the selective elimination of this reactive low SR CFUS subset. A marked reduction in whole marrow-derived spleen colonies was accompanied by an enhanced self-renewal capacity among the survivors. These two MC 540 effects--stem cell modification, and stem cell elimination--may reflect different stages in an ongoing membrane photo-oxidation process. PMID- 6641828 TI - Multipotent hemopoietic progenitors (CFUMIX) in human fetal liver. AB - Colony formation by multipotent hemopoietic precursors (CFUMIX) from human fetal liver was studied in a methylcellulose culture system containing erythropoietin (Ep) and media conditioned by leukocytes in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA-LCM). The 15 fetal livers used were obtained from 13-23-week-old abortuses. Morphologic characteristics of the fetal mixed colonies were similar to those of colonies derived from adult marrow cells. The number of colonies reached a maximum at about 15-17 days. Fetal liver CFUMIX was apparently more sensitive to added Ep than progenitors from adult bone marrow. Frequency of fetal liver precursors was higher than frequency of adult marrow precursors. Number of mixed colonies tended to increase with fetal age from 13 to 23 weeks of gestation (r = 0.547, P less than 0.05). PMID- 6641827 TI - Isolation and characterisation of dimethylsulphoxide resistant variants from the human promyeloid cell line HL60. AB - The HL60 line can be induced to differentiate into neutrophils by 1.25% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) or monocytes by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Seven variants of this line have been isolated which do not respond to 1.25% DMSO. Five of these lines can be induced to mature into neutrophils using DMSO concentrations of 1.75% (HL60 m2, m4, Sp1 and Ast3) and 2.0% (HL60 Ast25). Two lines, HL60 Ast1 and 4, showed minimal differentiation even at a concentration of 2.0% DMSO, and 2.25% DMSO was toxic to these cells. Of the seven variant lines, HL60 Ast3, Ast4 and Sp1 failed to differentiate into monocytes in response to TPA. Sublines from HL60 that either require higher concentrations of DMSO to induce maturation or fail to differentiate into neutrophils, such as those described above, can be used to investigate how genetically determined properties within HL60 cells affect the ability to mature into neutrophils. PMID- 6641829 TI - Enhanced erythropoiesis induced by hypoxia in hypertransfused, post-hypoxic mice. AB - The erythropoietic response, measured as RBC-59Fe uptake after 24 h-exposure to hypoxia, were determined in posthypoxic, "acute" and "chronic" hypertransfused, and posthypoxic-hypertransfused mice. Radioiron uptake by erythrocytes was about 25 times greater in post-hypoxic than in both types of hypertransfused mice. Posthypoxic-hypertransfused mice showed an erythropoietic response to hypoxia which was not significantly different from that of posthypoxic mice and about 20 times greater than those of "acute" and "chronic" hypertransfused mice. When hypertransfused mice were exposed to hypoxia before transfusions, a linear increase in 59Fe uptake values in response to hypoxia was observed with exposures between 6 and 30 h. No further increase was observed for exposures of 46 to 216 h. These results suggest a sensitization of the erythropoietin-producing organ(s) by hypoxia. PMID- 6641830 TI - Compensation of oculomotor deficits in monkeys with neonatal cerebellar ablations. AB - The oculomotor performance of 11 monkeys, who had various degrees of cerebellar ablation shortly after birth, is described in this study. Detailed numerical results were obtained on three of these adult macaques after extensive training of specific pursuit eye movements and fixation. The vestibular nuclei were kept intact. In the presence of the intracerebellar nuclei, quite extensive neonatal ablations of the cerebellar cortex leave the adult monkey without any discernible oculomotor deficits. If ablation also includes the nuclei on one side, compensation is never complete even several years later: while vestibulo-ocular and saccadic responses seem normal, there are deficits in pursuit and gaze holding performance. The residual deficits vary with the extent of the ablation and are comparable with the pattern exhibited by acute hemicerebellar ablations. Monkeys who had their cerebellum including the nuclei essentially completely removed just after birth, could pursue, albeit with limited velocity, and hold gaze, albeit in a limited zone. Their vestibulo-ocular responses seemed unaffected. PMID- 6641831 TI - Interruption of motor cortical discharge subserving aimed arm movements. AB - Can evolving motor commands be interrupted by changes in sensory signals that triggered them? We investigated this problem by observing the changes in single cell activity in the motor cortex of monkeys, changes that preceded movement of the hand toward a visual target. We found that this activity was interrupted following a shift of the target during the reaction or movement time and replaced by the pattern activity related to the movement towards the new target. This suggests that motor cortical commands subserving aimed arm movements are processes that can be interrupted in the course of their formation and/or execution by changes in afferent controlling inputs. PMID- 6641832 TI - The spatiotemporal building blocks of X-, Y- and W-ganglion cell receptive fields of the cat's retina. AB - The spatiotemporal distribution of excitation and inhibition has been characterized in 283 X-, Y- and W- cat retinal ganglion cells. Cells were classified by their latency from optic chiasm stimulation, responses to moving bars and gratings and responses to flashed gratings. As expected from earlier LGN studies the responses of retinal X-cells and Y-cells had distinct spatiotemporal profiles. The Y-cells had a relatively constant or homogeneous spatial distribution of responses while X-cells had a heterogeneous spatial arrangement. As has been previously reported in LGN, retinal X- and Y-fields had four independent spatiotemporal components or response domains; primary excitation (PE), primary inhibition (PI), secondary excitation (SE) and, finally, secondary inhibition (SI). In contrast, W-receptive fields had a few as a single response domain or as many as eight. An unexpected discovery was that all of these W receptive fields were constructed from spatiotemporal domains, identical to those found in X-receptive fields. Thus, taking on-center and off-center cells into account we have found a total of 16 different spatiotemporal response components or "building blocks" for X- and Y-cells and the X-building blocks appear to be used in the construction of W-receptive fields. PMID- 6641833 TI - Zonal termination of the tecto-olivocerebellar pathway in the cat. AB - The climbing fibre pathway from the tectum to posterior cerebellar cortex was investigated in chloralose anaesthetized cats. With low threshold electrical stimulation within the deeper layers of the superior colliculus, climbing fibre responses were recorded in a centrally located, longitudinal area of lobulus VII, oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the folia. This same area showed climbing fibre evoked activity regardless of the side of tectum stimulated. Hence, it was concluded that the tecto-olivocerebellar pathway terminates bilaterally in the most medial parts of the cerebellar cortex, the termination zones being denoted the al zones. The results were discussed in relationship to recent anatomical knowledge of the tecto-olivary proteins and of the olivocerebellar projection to lobulus VII, and indicate that descending paths from the brain stem to the inferior olive might "respect" its intrinsic compartmentalization. PMID- 6641834 TI - Identification and input-output properties of bulbar reticular neurons involved in the cerebral cortical control of trigeminal motoneurons in cats. AB - Neurons found in the medial bulbar reticular formation were activated by stimulation of the orbital gyrus and responded with antidromic spike potentials to selective stimulation of either the masseter or anterior digastric motoneuron pool in the trigeminal motor nucleus in cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. These two kinds of reticular neurons were assumed to be inhibitory neurons projecting to masseter motoneurons (IM neurons) and excitatory neurons projecting to anterior digastric motoneurons (ED neurons), involved in the effects of stimulation of the orbital gyrus on trigeminal motoneurons: inhibition of masseter motoneurons and excitation of anterior digastric motoneurons. Input output properties of IM and ED neurons were studied intracellularly with the following results: (1) stimulation of the orbital gyrus evoked EPSPs in IM and ED neurons with mono- and polysynaptic latencies; and (2) stimulation of the lingual nerve evoked a spike potential in a few IM and ED neurons after a rather long latency, indicating that the pathways involved in the cortical control of trigeminal motoneurons via IM and ED neurons were basically separate from those responsible for the reflex control by the peripheral inputs. Intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase revealed that both IM and ED neurons were small or medium in size and the former were smaller than the latter, while none of the large reticular neurons directly projected to the trigeminal motor nucleus. This suggests a possible functional differentiation among bulbar reticular neurons according to cell size. PMID- 6641835 TI - Visual perception fields in the superficial layers of the opossum's superior colliculus: representation of the ipsi and contralateral hemifields by each eye. AB - Visual receptive fields of single units in the superior colliculus of the opossums were analysed in regions representing the ipsilateral (rostral pole - RP) and the contralateral hemifields (direct binocular region - DBR) close to and including the representation of the horizontal meridian. Of 242 units half had receptive field centres of the contralateral eye at the ipsilateral hemifield and the other half at the contralateral hemifield. The proportion of units driven by the ipsilateral eye was considerably smaller at the RP than at the DBR and the frequency of unit response to this eye diminished within the ipsilateral hemifield with progressively more rostral penetrations in the RP. The midline was unequally represented by the two eyes in RP units: while 24 out of 26 receptive fields of the ipsilateral eye straddled the vertical meridian, only 50 out of 120 of the contralateral eye did so. Furthermore, at the RP receptive fields of units responsive to the contralateral eye extended up to 46.8 degrees into the ipsilateral visual field while those mapped for the ipsilateral eye extended only up to 26 degrees. As a result of this tendency for the receptive fields of the ipsilateral, but not the contralateral eye, to overlap the vertical meridian, progressively more rostral recordings yielded an increase in the binocular convergent disparity as a function of the eccentricity for the receptive field of the contralateral eye. Since the disparity didn't vary with the eccentricity in the DBR units, we suggest that stimuli at the midline and close to the animal might be the natural ones to drive large disparity units present in the RP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6641836 TI - Interactions between visually and electrically elicited saccades before and after superior colliculus and frontal eye field ablations in the rhesus monkey. AB - Recent work has shown that humans and monkeys utilize both retinal error and eye position signals to compute the direction and amplitude of saccadic eye movements (Hallett and Lightstone 1976a, b; Mays and Sparks 1980b). The aim of this study was to examine the role the frontal eye fields (FEF) and the superior colliculi (SC) play in this computation. Rhesus monkeys were trained to acquire small, briefly flashed spots of light with saccadic eye movements. During the latency period between target extinction and saccade initiation, their eyes were displaced, in total darkness, by electrical stimulation of either the FEF, the SC or the abducens nucleus area. Under such conditions animals compensated for the electrically induced ocular displacement and correctly reached the visual target area, suggesting that both a retinal error and eye position error signal were computed. The amplitude and direction of the electrically induced saccades depended not only on the site stimulated but also on the amplitude and direction of the eye movement initiated by the animal to acquire the target. When the eye movements initiated by the animal coincided with the saccades initiated by electrical stimulation, the resultant saccade was the weighted average of the two, where one weighing factor was the intensity of the electrical stimulus. Animals did not acquire targets correctly when their eyes were displaced, prior to their intended eye movements, by stimulating in the abducens nucleus area. After bilateral ablation of either the FEF or the SC monkeys were still able to acquire visual targets when their eyes were displaced, prior to saccade initiation, by electrical stimulation of the remaining intact structure. These results suggest that neither the FEF nor the SC is uniquely responsible for the combined computation of the retinal error and the eye position error signals. PMID- 6641837 TI - Stance posture control in select groups of children with cerebral palsy: deficits in sensory organization and muscular coordination. AB - This study has focused upon the automatic components of posture and movement in a group of ten cerebral palsy children carefully selected to represent a spectrum of abnormalities relatively pure by clinical standards and ten age-matched normals. Each subject stood unsupported upon a movable platform and within a movable visual surround and was then exposed to external perturbations or was asked to pull with one arm upon a movable handle. In comparing the performance of cerebral palsy children in each clinical category with the age-matched normals and with normal adults assessed in previous studies, the process of maintaining stance was subdivided into two component functions: substrates which determined the onset timing, direction and amplitude of postural actions from somatosensory, vestibular, and visual stimuli were termed "sensory organization", and those establishing temporal and spatial patterns of muscular contractions appropriate to produce effective movements were termed "muscle coordination". We found among seven of the ten cerebral palsy children a clear localization of dysfunction within either sensory organization or muscle coordination mechanisms. These results are providing some new insights into the organization of each of these processes as well as suggesting methods for developing a more systematic understanding of the abnormalities of movement control. PMID- 6641838 TI - Binocular responses of cortical cells and the callosal projection in the albino rat. AB - Four hundred and fifteen cells were recorded in the binocular segment of the visual cortex in the albino rat. Cells encountered were mainly dominated by the contralateral eye. The percentage of binocularly-driven cells increased as the electrode was moved towards the border between areas 17 and 18a. Ninety percent of the cells studied in the region of the border could be driven by electrical stimulation applied at the corresponding site in the opposite hemisphere. Within area 17, however, there were only about 30% of such cells. Through the combined use of electrical stimulation and reversible cortical cooling, two types of contributions by callosal fibres were revealed. One is that the callosal fibres constitute the only inputs from the ipsilateral eye to a cell. The other is that the callosal input provides ipsilateral reinforcement to a binocular cell. These results are compatible with neuroanatomical findings and show that binocularity of visual cortical cells in this animal depends, to a great degree, on the function of callosal fibres. PMID- 6641839 TI - Exploring the functional significance of physiological tremor: a biospectroscopic approach. AB - The functional significance of physiological tremor - the high frequency (8-12 Hz), low amplitude oscillation that occurs during the maintenance of steady limb postures - is not known. Often tremor, perhaps because of its pathological manifestations, is considered a source of unwanted noise in the system, something to be damped out or controlled. An examination of the phase relationship between tremor and rapid voluntary finger movement in normal subjects suggests a very different view. In four experiments in which tremor displacement and accompanying electromyographic activity were simultaneously monitored, we show a clear and systematic relationship between tremor and movement initiation. Empirically obtained frequency distributions of tremor peak-to-movement initiation time were most closely aligned to a probability density function (derived via numerical integration techniques) that assumed movements were initiated when the muscle joint system possessed peak momentum. This relationship - evaluated by Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests - was evident regardless of whether the movements were self paced (Experiments 1 and 2) or in response to an auditory reaction time signal (Experiments 3 and 4). The addition of a load to the finger in Experiments 2 and 4, though tending to reduce tremor frequency, did not prove disruptive, nor did a fractionated reaction time analysis reveal any significant inertial contribution to the maintenance of the phase relationship. These data are consistent with an emerging view that the motor control system is sensitive to its own dynamics, and suggest that under certain conditions normal physiological tremor is a potentially exploitable oscillation intrinsic to the motor system. PMID- 6641840 TI - Auditory neurons in the rat thalamic reticular nucleus. AB - In the thalamic reticular nucleus (TR) of the rat a cluster of neurons has been located which receives auditory inputs and acts as a source of inhibition for relay neurons of the medial geniculate nucleus (MG). These TR neurons (auditory thalamic reticular neurons; A-TR neurons) showed a repetitive burst of grouped discharge upon electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus (IC) or of the auditory cortex. Many of them responded to tonal stimuli such as clicks or pips. Adjacent to the cluster of A-TR neurons there were the cluster of TR neurons receiving visual inputs (V-TR neurons) and that receiving somatosensory inputs (S TR neurons). The cluster of A-TR neurons was situated ventrally to the cluster of V-TR neurons, both extending caudally from the level of the rostral tip of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The S-TR neurons distributed rostrally to the clusters of A- and V-TR neurons. Some of the sensory TR neurons, usually found around the boundaries between the clusters of different sensory modalities, were activated from stimulation of different central sensory pathways. Single electric shocks directly applied to the cluster of A-TR neurons suppressed discharges of relay neurons of the MG, either spontaneous or evoked by click stimuli or by electric shocks to the IC. The postexcitatory suppression of MG relay neurons was similar in time course to the suppression following electrical stimulation of A TR neurons. Response latencies of the A-TR neurons to IC shocks were found to be 1.0-1.5 ms longer than those of the MG relay cells with respect to the modal and shortest values. It is suggested that A-TR neurons are intercalated in the axon collateral circuit of the thalamocortical projection arising from relay neurons of the MG. PMID- 6641842 TI - Effects of luminance gradient reversal on complex cells in cat striate cortex. AB - We have examined the responsiveness of various classes of complex cells in the cat's striate cortex to stimuli comprising bars aligned with segments of opposite luminance contrast. In all cases, a short segment of opposite polarity depressed, without abolishing, the bar response; within the length summation zone, the response to the bar in the presence of longer segments matched the length summation characteristics of each cell, depressed by a constant amount. The results could not be accounted for purely on the basis of convergent input from simple cells, whose behaviour to comparable stimuli has previously been reported (Hammond and MacKay 1981a). PMID- 6641841 TI - Effects of photic environment on the development of spectral response properties of optic nerve fibers in the ground squirrel. AB - The California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) has two classes of cone photopigments (lambda max = 440 and 525 nm). Under photopic conditions about 30% of all optic nerve fibers receives inputs from both cone classes, the remainder are driven solely by the 525 nm cone. Recordings were made from optic nerves in young ground squirrels to trace the development of their spectral responsiveness. Animals were reared from birth in one of three photic environments: white light, darkness, or red light. In the youngest ground squirrels examined (ca. 50 days old) many units receiving inputs from the 525 nm cone were found, but the proportion of units receiving inputs from both cone classes was significantly lower than that of adults. From these initial low levels the proportion of such units increases gradually. Adult proportions were achieved at varying rates which depended on the photic environment in which the animal was reared: animals reared in white light achieved the adult standard earliest, those reared in darkness somewhat later, and the animals reared in red light required much longer to achieve the adult organization. We conclude that: (a) the neural substrates for normal color vision in this species develop to some extent postnatally, and (b) the normal sequence of development can be significantly extended by spectral environments which provide a highly biased stimulation of the two cone mechanisms. PMID- 6641843 TI - Retrograde labeling of ascending and descending neurons in the inferior colliculus. A fluorescent double labelling study in the cat. AB - By means of retrograde axonal transport of fluorescent substances, e.g., Propidium Iodide, Fast Blue, and Nuclear Yellow, the present study was made to determine whether or not single neurons in the cat inferior colliculus share ascending and descending projections to the following two pairs of structures, i.e. (1) to the medial geniculate body and cochlear nuclei, and (2) to the superior colliculus and pontine nuclei. Our findings indicate that extremely few neurons, if any, in the inferior colliculus harbor such divergent axon collaterals, although most of the different types of projection neurons are located in the same subdivisions of the colliculus. PMID- 6641844 TI - Regional difference in sexually dimorphic synaptic organization of the medial amygdala. AB - The existence of sexual dimorphism in synaptic pattern is demonstrated in the molecular layer of the medial nucleus of the rat amygdala by semiquantitative electron microscopic analysis on synaptic density. Sex difference in synaptic number was found in dendritic shaft synapses in the medial part of the molecular layer, whereas the difference occurred in dendrite spine synapses in the ventral molecular layer. The present study also provides evidence for the involvement of sex steroids in the development of sexually dimorphic neuronal circuitry in the molecular layer. PMID- 6641845 TI - Localisation of 3H-GABA in the rat olfactory bulb: an in vivo and in vitro autoradiographic study. AB - In an attempt to further clarify the localisation of GABAergic elements in the olfactory bulb we have performed, in vivo and in vitro, autoradiographic studies with 3H-GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid) and 3H-DABA (L-2,4 diamino butyric acid). The results have shown a strong labelling with 3H-GABA of the glial cells in all the layers of the olfactory bulb. A high concentration of grains was observed in the periglomerular region. The labelling in the external plexiform layer was uniformly distributed in the neuropile with the strongest activity at the level of the dendritic processes of the granule cells, leaving the mitral cell dendrites and cell bodies almost free of grains. 3H-DABA showed a very similar pattern to 3H-GABA. When olfactory bulb slices were preincubated with beta alanine the labelling of the glial elements almost disappeared especially at the level of the olfactory nerve layer. The labelling pattern of the other layers of the bulb remained mostly unchanged. This supports the view that a population of periglomerular and granule cells are GABAergic and that beta-alanine competes with GABA uptake sites only in glial cells. PMID- 6641846 TI - A comparison of the shift response of X- and Y-cells in the cat's retina. AB - The shift response (McIlwain or peripheral effect) was elicited by either flashing or shifting a grating while the receptive field (RF) was covered by a 30 degree mask in the cat. The responses elicited by shifting the grating was comparable to that elicited by flashing the grating. In 10% of the units, the on- and off-responses elicited by flashing the grating were unequal in amplitude. The larger response corresponded with the light phase which leads to excitation of the surround mechanism of the RF. The maximum firing rates of the shift response did not differ in the different types of units, but the amplitude of the shift response (maximum - maintained firing rates) was significantly larger in Y-cells. For all types of cells, the amplitude of the shift response increased with greater eccentricity of the RF. A strong inhibitory period was found in on-center Y-cells but not in the other types of cells. The latency of the shift response was significantly shorter in Y-cells. The differences in the responses of X- and Y-cells suggest that the lateral pathways used are different for the X- and Y cells. PMID- 6641847 TI - The saccule may be the transducer for directional hearing of nonostariophysine teleosts. AB - The hearing of fishes is transduced by the otolithic end-organs of the eighth nerve. In several nonostariophysine fish, the nerve innervation and hair cell orientation in the saccule, one otolithic organ, suggest that directionality is encoded by a set of mutually perpendicular sensory epithelia. The anterior saccular branch innervates only the hair cell groups oriented along the rostrocaudal body axis which are located at the anterior of the saccule. The posterior saccular branches innervate the hair cell groups oriented along the dorsoventral body axis and are found at the posterior of the saccule. PMID- 6641848 TI - Responses of different compartments of cat's splenius muscle to optokinetic stimulation. AB - The EMG in different compartments of the splenius muscle was recorded simultaneously with the horizontal electrooculogram in the alert, head restrained and head freed cat during optokinetic and vestibular stimulation. All compartments of the splenius muscle behaved qualitatively similarly. Tonic and phasic muscle activity was closely related to eye position. PMID- 6641850 TI - Automatic postural responses in the cat: responses to headward and tailward translation. AB - EMG responses, vertical and A-P shear forces and kinematics of "automatic postural responses" to unexpected translational perturbations in the headward and tailward directions were studied in cats. Muscles acting on the major joints of the forelimbs and hindlimbs were studied. Movement of the animals in response to perturbation were highly stereotyped and consisted of two phases: (1) motion of the feet during platform movement while the trunk remained relatively stationary followed by (2) active correction of posture by movement of the trunk in the direction of perturbation. Vertical force changes occurred after the perturbation was well underway (latency 65 ms) and were related to the displacement of the center of mass and active correction of trunk position. Shear forces showed both passive (inertial) and active components and suggested that the majority of the torque necessary for postural correction was generated by the hindlimb. EMG responses in forelimb and shoulder muscles were most correlated with increase in vertical force, showing a generalized co-contraction in tailward translation (when these limbs were loaded) and little activity when the forelimbs were unloaded. EMG responses in hindlimb showed reciprocal activation of agonists and antagonists during perturbation with strong synergies of thigh and foot flexors in tailward translation and thigh and foot extensors in headward translation. The forelimb EMG patterns were most consistent with the conclusion that the forelimb is used primarily for vertical support during perturbation. It was concluded that hindlimb EMG responses were appropriate for both vertical support and performance of the postural correction. The hindlimb muscle synergies observed during translation are the "mirror image" of those observed in humans by other workers. PMID- 6641849 TI - Effect of striatal stimulation on cellular activities of medial thalamic neurons studied in rats. AB - Medial thalamic cells responded to stimulation of the striatum in either lightly anaesthetized or chronically implanted awake rats. Orthodromic and antidromic short-latency excitatory responses were associated with a pause in spontaneous activity followed by bursting activity. The thalamic distribution of the different types of response is given; the main nuclei involved were parafascicularis, centrum medianum, centralis lateralis, habenula and lateralis posterior. When observed with intracellular electrodes the pause in spontaneous activity was accompanied by a long hyperpolarisation. The possibility that this effect could be due either to inhibition or to disfacilitation is examined. Electrophysiological evidence is given to show that a direct striatothalamic pathway does not exist. Different relayed pathways which could be responsible for the observed responses are proposed and their possible role is discussed on the basis of anatomical and electrophysiological findings obtained in cats and rats. A role for a pathway making a cortical detour is suggested. PMID- 6641851 TI - The effect of ascorbic acid on malonaldehyde formation, K+, Na+ and water content of brain slices. AB - The ascorbate status of cortical brain slice preparation was correlated with malonaldehyde levels during the first hour of incubation in normal Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium. The ascorbate content of fresh cortical slice was 3.33 +/- 0.34 mumol/g. A portion of ascorbate was released from the tissue during incubation. The release of ascorbate was less extensive when 1 mM ascorbate was added to the medium, and in the presence of 3 mM ascorbate the initial tissue level of ascorbate was maintained during the experiment. Addition of ascorbate to the medium produced a biphasic effect on malonaldehyde formation: 1 mM ascorbate doubled, 3 mM ascorbate inhibited malonaldehyde production, as compared to control values. When in vivo cortical ascorbate level was increased by 25% through an intraperitoneal injection of 2 g/kg Na ascorbate, the relationship between tissue and medium ascorbate during incubation was unaltered, but malonaldehyde formation was delayed by approximately 30 min and the stimulatory effect of low concentration of ascorbate was not seen. During the lag period there was evidence of an ion and water pumping mechanism opposing the accumulation of water and the movement of K+ and Na+ along their concentration gradients. PMID- 6641852 TI - Auditory compensation of the effects of visual deprivation in the cat's superior colliculus. AB - Neurones in the superior colliculus of normal and visually deprived cats were analyzed for their responses to visual, auditory and somatosensory stimuli. The percentage of auditory-responsive cells throughout all layers had increased from 11% to 42% after binocular deprivation. Some auditory responses were found even in superficial layers. The number of somatosensory responses, though not systematically tested, was also higher in the visually deprived animals. Visually responsive units did not significantly decrease in number, thus resulting in an increased proportion of multisensory neurones. The vigour of auditory responses had increased after visual deprivation, while the vigour of visual responses had decreased significantly. In addition to the auditory effects of visual deprivation found, our study confirms previous findings on the visual effects of visual deprivation in the superior colliculus. Since only qualitative changes of visual responses, but no suppression of visual by non-visual activity was found, the neuronal mechanisms responsible for these changes may be different from competition as present in the visual cortex. PMID- 6641853 TI - Basal telencephalic origins of the anterior commissure of the rat. AB - The cells of origin of the three limbs of the rat's anterior commissure (AC) have been identified by horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. Following transection of the corpus callosum and hippocampal commissure, rats were subjected to multiple, unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase throughout one cerebral hemisphere. The cells of origin of the rat's AC are found in the anterior olfactory nucleus, the olfactory tubercles, the anterior piriform cortex, the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the lateral, basolateral, basomedial and cortical nuclei of the amygdala, the posterior perirhinal cortex, and the entorhinal cortex. Anterogradely labeled fibers were also found in the olfactory bulbs and in the plexiform layer of the anterior and posterior piriform cortices. PMID- 6641854 TI - Physiological and morphological properties of identified basket cells in the cat's visual cortex. AB - In 87 cells studied physiologically, and filled intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we have found four cells which make multiple contacts with the perikarya of their post-synaptic targets. These cells are all multipolar non pyramidal neurones with elongated smooth dendrites. Three resemble the classical "basket cells" of Ramon y Cajal (1911), having widely distributed axons which contribute to the "nids pericellulaires" around pyramidal cell perikarya. The fourth cell has a much more restricted axon virtually confined to layer 4 and appears to contact principally small, probably non-pyramidal, cells. Two of the basket cell axons have been examined by electron microscopy and make symmetrical, Gray's type II contacts with the perikarya and apical and basal dendrites of pyramidal cells. Ten percent of the synapses are on dendrites of non-pyramidal cells. The axon arborizations of all four cells are distributed in a patchy fashion. In two cells examined for the purpose, very few boutons were found within 100 micron of the cell body and a radially aligned cylinder of the same diameter extending from the cell body to the pial surface. The physiological properties of these structurally similar cells are far from uniform. They can be activated mono- or polysynaptically, by X- or Y-type lateral geniculate input, and can have S or C type receptive fields. Two were activated, probably monosynaptically, via callosal afferents. These cells may play an important role in the inhibitory mechanisms of the cortex. PMID- 6641855 TI - Saccadic reaction times and activation of the prelunate cortex: parallel observations in trained rhesus monkeys. AB - Rhesus monkeys were trained to fixate a small spot and saccade to a second stimulus in the near periphery if the fixation spot went off. In different tests the target stimulus could occur at various delay times before or after the offset of the fixation spot. During periods of single unit recording from the prelunate cortex neural events were measured together with saccadic reaction times (SRT): If the stimulus was visible for a period of time (1 or 0.5 s) before the fixation spot disappeared (positive "delayed saccade" task) the SRT reached values of more than 300 ms. The SRTs were shorter when the target stimulus occurred simultaneously with the offset of the fixation spot ("saccade" task). SRT were shortest (approximately 150 ms) if the target stimulus appeared 100-250 ms after the offset of the fixation spot (negative "delayed saccade" task). Moreover, they decreased with the time of daily training. The different behavioural conditions resulted in different types of cortical activity with different latencies: In "saccade" and negative "delayed saccade" tasks the neurons on-responses could be enhanced in comparison to the passive visual on-responses during stationary fixation. The latencies of the on-response and the enhanced on-response were equal with approximately 80 ms. In striking contrast the latencies of the presaccadic activation (PSA) in the positive "delayed saccade" tasks were more than twice as long with about 200 ms. Daily training influences both the SRTs and the PSA: The SRTs become shorter by more than 150 ms in positive "delayed saccade" tasks (delay: 300-500 ms) and the percentage of PSA-neurons decrease from more than 70% to less than approximately 20% after 3 weeks of daily training and recording. The temporal aspects of events preceding visually guided eye movements are important to understand the serial and parallel processing in cortical and subcortical structures that are involved in the learning, initiation, and execution of goal directed movements. PMID- 6641856 TI - Motor unit categorization on basis of contractile properties: an experimental analysis of the composition of the cat's m. peroneus longus. AB - Recordings were made of isometric contractions of single motor units of the cat's m. peroneus longus (PerL). The units were activated by stimulation of dissected filaments of ventral roots. In accordance with the general principles introduced by Burke et al. (1973), the 80 isolated PerL units were classified into three or four type-categories according to their contractile speed and endurance. Three currently used varieties of a "fatigue index" were calculated and found to give equivalent results. Units with a high, intermediate and low resistance to fatigue were responsible for about 22.5, 25.4 and 52.1% respectively of the total muscle force. Two alternative methods for fast/slow categorization were compared: (i) classifying all units as slow that failed to show a "sag" in partly fused contractions ("sag-criterion", Burke et al. 1973) and (ii) classifying all units as slow that had a more prolonged twitch contraction time than that of fatigue sensitive units ('FF vs. S-criterion'). The relative contribution of slow units to total muscle force was about 2.8 times as great (14 versus 5%) for a classification by the FF vs. S-criterion than for a subdivision according to sagging behaviour. When compared to equivalent data from previously published studies of feline hindlimb muscles, peroneus longus was found to resemble gastrocnemius medialis in relative motor unit composition. The maximum force of individual PerL units was, however, on average less than or equal to 50% of that reported for corresponding types of gastrocnemius units. PMID- 6641857 TI - Optokinetic nystagmus in the pigeon (Columba livia). II. Role of the pretectal nucleus of the accessory optic system (AOS). AB - In birds, the accessory optic system (AOS) includes two nuclei: the nucleus ectomamillaris (nEM) and the pretectal nucleus superficialis synencephali (nSS). The role of the nSS in the production of a horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was studied in the pigeon, by comparing the OKN before and after a unilateral lesion of this nucleus. The lesions were performed either by electrolysis or by local application of kainic acid (KA); the KA lesions gave more stable modifications of the OKN than the electrolytic lesions. A quantitative analysis of the slow-phase velocity (V) of the OKN was carried out on the animals receiving KA lesions. Lesion of the nSS provokes the almost total disappearance of the OKN for stimulation of the contralateral eye in the temporo-nasal direction, and a reduction of the OKN for stimulation in the naso-temporal direction. Thus, the nSS is essential for the production of the OKN in the temporo-nasal direction, but it also participates in the production of the OKN in the naso-temporal direction (slow-phase direction). The same lesion produces a large increase of the OKN (V) when the ipsilateral eye is stimulated in the temporo-nasal direction, and a smaller increase following stimulation in the naso temporal direction. These increases suggest some kind of inhibitory (or disfacilitatory) interactions between the nSS (or the associated system) on one side, and the contralateral optokinetic centers. The lesion of one nSS does not provoke a deficit when the stimulation is binocular. This result probably reflects the combined effect of both monocular inputs. After a pretectal KA injection, a spontaneous nystagmus of the contralateral eye, in the naso-temporal direction, can be seen for several hours. The mechanism is still unknown, but it might be related to a reverse optokinetic after nystagmus (R-OKAN). The anatomical and physiological data so far available consistently support the hypothesis of a functional equivalence between the nSS in birds and the nucleus of the optic tract in mammals. PMID- 6641858 TI - Optokinetic nystagmus in the pigeon (Columba livia). III. Role of the nucleus ectomamillaris (nEM): interactions in the accessory optic system (AOS). AB - The accessory optic system (AOS) in birds is composed of two structures: the nucleus Superficialis Synencephali (nSS), essential for the production of an optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) in the temporo-nasal direction (slow phase) for the eye contralateral to the nucleus, and the nucleus Ectomamillaris (nEM), or nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR). The objectives of the present work were: (1) to study the importance of the nEM for the horizontal OKN, (2) to study the interactions between the nSS and the nEM. Experiments were realized by combining different kinds of lesion. (1) Results show that the nEM is essential for the production of an OKN in the naso-temporal direction (direction of the slow phase), but it also participates in the temporo-nasal response. (2) After bilateral lesion of the nEM or the nSS, only a residual nystagmic response remains. (3) Synergic effects exist between (I) the homolateral nEM and nSS, or between the systems related to them; we call this relation "homolateral synergy", (II) a nEM and the contralateral nSS (or systems related to these nuclei). The synergic effect exerted by one nEM upon the contralateral nSS appears to be stronger than the reciprocal effect. (4) The effects obtained after combined lesions, either homolateral (nEM and nSS on the same side) or heterolateral (nEM and nSS on opposite sides) confirm the previous results and show that heterolateral interactions are stronger than homolateral interactions. (5) For all the lesions studied, the results obtained from binocular stimulation are compatible with a model of convergence of monocular inputs. The role of the nuclei of the AOS in birds is discussed in terms of existing anatomical and physiological data. PMID- 6641859 TI - Short- and long-term modifications of vestibulo-ocular response dynamics following unilateral vestibular nerve lesions in the cat. AB - The dynamics of the horizontal vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) were determined in the dark prior to and at various time periods after unilateral removal of the vestibular nerve. One chronic group, consisting of cats that were operated at the age of 6 weeks or as adults, was studied 10.5 to 22 months later; an adult operated group was measured 1-244 days postoperatively (p.o.). Between measurements cats were kept in a normal environment. In control animals the VOR gain was close to unity only up to certain stimulus velocities which varied amongst cats; thereafter a sharp drop in gain occurred probably due to saturation of central and peripheral neuronal responses. Therefore, VOR gains in lesioned animals were compared to the control responses yielding high gain. It is only at these small stimulus amplitudes that the two labyrinths maximally interact and, therefore, one would expect the largest changes. The gain was computed after correction for the ocular imbalance induced by the lesion. Immediately after the lesion a drop in gain to stimulations in both directions was noted; the reduction was larger for the VOR evoked on rotation to the lesioned side. Contrary to control animals, no partial response saturation occurred in lesioned animals but, following rotation to the lesioned side, complete saturation was noted with larger stimuli. Ocular balance was greatly improved within the first 3-4 days p.o. as indicated by the strong reduction of nystagmus. The time course of p.o. adaptive gain changes could be divided into three stages: in the initial stage (1 5 days p.o.) no improvement was visible; between p.o. days 5-10 one group of cats showed an abrupt increase in gain while it remained low in others. Response symmetry showed no consistent change in either group; the 3rd stage starting p.o. day 10 and extending throughout the observation period (22 months) is characterized by slowly developing changes reducing significantly response asymmetry. The incremental gain was higher in the young than in the adult operated chronic cats. Compared to controls the phase plot of the VOR of lesioned animals shows a parallel shift of ca. 10 degrees towards larger lead over the frequency range tested (0.05-1.0 Hz) independent of direction of rotation or p.o. stages. All lesioned animals showed a clear failure to hold eye position in the dark even in the chronic stage; a drift with an exponentially decreasing velocity of ca. 2-4 degrees/s was typical.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6641860 TI - Diencephalic and mesencephalic efferents of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat: electrophysiological evidence for the existence of branched axons. AB - Efferents originating from the rat medial prefrontal cortex and projecting to diencephalic and mesencephalic structures were analyzed electrophysiologically. The antidromic activation technique was used in order to identify cortical neurons which innervate the medio-dorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD), lateral habenula, ventro-medial mesencephalic tegmentum (VMT), substantia nigra (SN), superior colliculus (SC) and central gray (CG). Corresponding cortical neurons, found mainly in layers V and VI, were distributed in the rostro-caudal extension of the medial prefrontal cortex. Their conduction velocities were relatively slow and ranged between 0.4 and 5.5 m/s. The reciprocal collision test allowed us to determine whether a given cortical neuron innervated only one structure or whether it sent axon collaterals to other subcortical areas. Twelve patterns of axonal branching were established: MD-VMT, MD-SN, MD-SC, VMT-SN, VMT-SC, VMT-CG, SN-SC, habenula-VMT, habenula-CG, MD-SN-SC, VMT-SN-SC and VMT-habenula-CG. Finally, it was estimated that a large proportion of the prefrontal cells which project to a given subcortical structure also innervate one or two other subcortical areas. Results are discussed in the light of anatomical data and their functional significance. PMID- 6641861 TI - Peripheral and transcortical loops activated by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve in the monkey. AB - Peripheral and supraspinal loops activated by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve were studied in alert monkeys. Weak conditioning stimuli below the threshold for muscle contraction and strong conditioning stimuli which elicited a direct motor response and an H-reflex were applied to the tibial nerve, while soleus EMG was recorded. The motoneuronal excitability was measured with a test H reflex for different intervals between conditioning and test stimuli. A facilitation of the motoneuronal pool occurred with a latency of about 50 ms for weak, as well as strong, conditioning stimuli. The facilitation was superimposed on a long-lasting inhibition which was more pronounced when strong stimuli were used. The shape of the excitability curve of the motoneurons after strong conditioning stimuli was studied before and after various lesions. The shape of the curve did not change after an ipsilateral cerebellectomy except that the facilitation was more pronounced. A few days after pyramidotomy, the facilitation diminished in size but it recovered to its initial size after 3 months. Spinal hemisection did not abolish the facilitation. We concluded from these results that a peripheral loop was activated when conditioning stimuli above the threshold for a direct motor and reflex response were applied. The facilitation might be mediated by the muscle contraction and following activation of muscle afferents. Superimposed on thus loop is a previously demonstrated transcortical loop of similar latency. PMID- 6641862 TI - Bulbar raphe neurones with projections to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and the lumbar cord in the rat: a fluorescence double-labelling study. AB - Retrograde transport of the fluorescent dyes Evans blue and 4,6-diamidino-2 phenyl indole (DAPI) has been used to study projections from the medullary raphe nuclei to the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and to the dorsolateral quadrant of the thoracolumbar cord in the rat. The majority of projecting neurones were found in n. raphe magnus (NRM) and its ventrolateral extensions over the pyramids and inferior olive. Double labelling experiments showed that 94% of raphe-trigeminal neurones sent a collateral branch to the nucleus in the contralateral brainstem. Similarly, 92% of raphe-trigeminal neurones branched to supply the thoracolumbar cord. It is suggested that the widespread nature of the analgesia produced by electrical stimulation in NRM in conscious animals may be due to activation of a population of raphe neurones which inhibit the responses of neurones in the trigeminal nucleus and dorsal horn via an extensive system of collateral projections to these structures. PMID- 6641863 TI - Cerebral cortical areas of origin of excitation and inhibition of rubrospinal cells in the cat. AB - The relations between the cerebral cortex and the red nucleus have been studied in acute, chloralose anaesthetized cats using intracellular recording techniques. Stimulation of the cerebral cortex induces in rubrospinal cells a short latency excitation followed by a long lasting silent period. The evidence is presented that at least a great part of the latter is due to genuine IPSP evoked in these cells. Three populations of rubrospinal neurones have been distinguished according to the cortical origin of their afferents: one group receives projections from the forelimb cortical area. These cells project to the cervical spinal cord and thus should control the forelimb. The second group receives projections from the hindlimb cortical area. These cells project to the lumbar spinal cord and should control the hindlimb. The third group of rubrospinal neurones receives convergent projections from both forelimb and hindlimb cortical areas. If these cells have collateralized axons terminating in both rostral and caudal spinal cord, they could contribute to the coordination of fore- and hindlimb movements. The projections originate in cytoarchitectonic areas 1-5 i.e. in the primary motor and sensory areas and in the rostral portion of the parietal area. No projection has been found from area 6 (premotor) or from area 7 (caudal parietal). The projection upon single rubrospinal cells has been found to originate from large cortical regions with a large overlap between those with excitatory and inhibitory actions. This could indicate the intermingling of cortical cells transmitting both effects. PMID- 6641864 TI - Neuroendocrine control of adrenocortical ornithine decarboxylase activity. AB - The increase in activity of adrenocortical ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) elicited by the administration of apomorphine (APM) was studied in rats, four days after transection of the spinal cord or 24 h after various types of brain surgery: transection of the mesencephalon or of the diencephalon, or hypothalamic deafferentation (creation of a "hypothalamic island"). Section of the cord elevated endogenous adrenocortical ODC activity and potentiated the induction of the enzyme by APM. Incomplete sections of the brain at the level of the mesencephalon or diencephalon produced no change in either endogenous or induced ODC activity. In contrast to this, interruption of the mesencephalic-diencephalic connections by complete diencephalic transection produced profound decreases of endogenous ODC and of the response to APM. Deafferentation of the hypothalamus raised endogenous ODC concentrations of the adrenal cortex and potentiated the response to APM. The results strongly suggest that APM acts at the level of the diencephalon (hypothalamus) to increase adrenocortical ODC activity. Diencephalic mesencephalic connections must be intact for this to occur. Peripheral and extrahypothalamic influences play a modulatory role in this effect. PMID- 6641866 TI - Monocular and binocular evoked average potential field topography: upper and lower hemiretinal stimuli. AB - Scalp potentials evoked by monocular and binocular 2/s checkerboard reversals with checks of 56 or 14 min were recorded from four midline electrodes between inion and 7.5 cm above inion vs a common anterior reference in 31 normals. The electrode location and latency of the evoked maximal occipitally positive potential difference between any 2 of the 5 electrodes, between 80 and 140 ms latency was determined in each run. Mean maximum locations over subjects for upper hemiretinal, binocular stimuli were more anterior than for monocular stimuli; for lower hemiretinal stimuli, inverted location differences were found. Binocular responses also had shorter latencies than monocular responses. Since area 18 is more anterior to 17 for upper, more posterior to 17 for lower hemiretinal projection to cortex, the results suggest that neurons which respond only if both eyes are simultaneously stimulated are more frequent in higher than lower order visual areas. PMID- 6641865 TI - 3H-thymidine-radiographic studies of neurogenesis in the rat olfactory bulb. AB - Neurogenesis in the rat olfactory bulb was examined with 3H-thymidine radiography. For the animals in the prenatal groups, the initial 3H-thymidine exposures were separated by 24 h; they were the offspring of pregnant females given two injections on consecutive embryonic (E) days (E12-E13, E13-E14, . . . E21-E22). For the animals in the postnatal (P) groups, the initial 3H-thymidine injections were separated by 48 h, each group receiving either four (PO-P3, P2 P4, . . . P6-P9) or two (P8-P9, P10-P11, . . . P20-P21) consecutive daily injections. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells added during either 24 h or 48 h periods were quantified at several anatomical levels for each neuronal population in the main olfactory bulb (mitral cells, tufted cells, granule cells, interneurons in the external plexiform layer, periglomerular granule cells) and accessory olfactory bulb (output neurons, granule cells, periglomerular granule cells). The total time span of neurogenesis extends from E12 to beyond P20. Output neurons are prenatally generated over 5-9 day periods (with most neurogenesis occurring over 2-4 days) in a strict sequential order beginning with the accessory bulb output neurons (E13-E14) and ending with the interstitial tufted cells lying between the glomeruli in the main bulb (E20-E22). These data are correlated with the main and accessory bulb projection fields in the amygdala and with the chronology of amygdala neurogenesis. With the exception of the granule cells in the accessory bulb (88% generated between E15-E22), the rest of the interneuronal populations are generated postnatally and nearly simultaneously. While most neurons (75-80%) originate during the first three weeks of life, all interneuronal populations, including accessory bulb granule cells, show some neurogenesis beyond P20. Injections of 3H-thymidine in juvenile and adult rats indicates neurogenesis up to P60 in the accessory bulb and up to P180 in the main bulb, especially in the main bulb granule cell population. There is circumstantial evidence for turnover of main bulb granule cells during adult life. PMID- 6641867 TI - Expansion and retinotopic order in the goldfish retinotectal map after large retinal lesions. AB - A peripheral annulus of neural retina and pigment epithelium was removed from the eye of adult goldfish. After survival times from 148 to 560 days, the retinotectal projection from the remaining central fragment was mapped. In most cases, the map was orderly and had expanded to fill the entire contralateral tectum, but when less than 10-15% of the original retina remained intact, the projection failed to fill the entire available tectal space and was abnormally disordered. PMID- 6641868 TI - Cerebellar cortical afferents from the red nucleus in the cat. AB - A crossed projection from the red nucleus to the cerebellar cortex in the cat has been demonstrated by means of retrograde transport of the wheat germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase complex. The majority of projecting neurons are situated in the rostral part of the red nucleus and have a maximum diameter of more than 20 microns. The findings indicate that rubrocerebellar fibers terminate in intermediate parts of the anterior and posterior cerebellar cortical lobes. PMID- 6641869 TI - Ambiguous motoneurons discharging synchronously with ultrasonic vocalization in rats. AB - Unit discharges associated with ultrasonic vocalization were recorded from the rat medullary region including the nucleus ambiguous (NA). Three types of units were distinguished: ultrasound-related (US), expiration (EXP) and inspiration (INSP) units. Both US and EXP units discharged with tonic bursts mostly prior to ultrasounds. US units were silent during respiration while EXP units discharged synchronously with expiration. During ultrasonic vocalization INSP units suppressed their discharges which were otherwise synchronized with inspiration. Histological examination revealed that US and EXP units were recorded from the ventral division of the NA and the adjacent medullary region where the NA contained large cells and the adjacent region consisted of small cells. These results suggest that both US and EXP units are NA motoneurons responsible for ultrasound emission. EXP units were always supplied with respiratory afferents while US units were not. PMID- 6641870 TI - Critical periods in development for susceptibility to the effects of stroboscopic rearing in the rabbit visual cortex. AB - Previous studies have shown that rearing rabbits in a stroboscopically illuminated environment results in a decrease in orientation and direction selectivity and an increase in responsivity to stroboscopic stimuli among neurons in area 17. In the present study, the critical period for susceptibility to these effects was studied by varying the time of onset of the deprivation. Groups of Dutch belted rabbits were reared normally and then placed in a stroboscopically illuminated environment at ages 1, 2 or 3 months, and response characteristics of visual cortical neurons were compared with those obtained from normal rabbits and from rabbits reared in a stroboscopic environment from birth. Results show that the different effects of strobe rearing have different critical periods. Increased responsivity to stroboscopic stimuli was seen only in rabbits deprived from birth. The effects of strobe rearing on both direction and orientation selectivity decreased with increasing age at the time of onset of the deprivation. However, only direction selectivity was modified by deprivation beginning at 3 months of age. PMID- 6641871 TI - Numbers of neurons and astroglial cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of male and female rats. AB - The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of male and female rats contains about 180,000 neurons per mm3 tissue. As the volume of the SCN (unilaterally) does not exceed 0.064 mm3 in the present preparation it is assumed to contain between 11,000 and 12,000 neurons. The astroglia: neuron ratio is approximately 1:3. The number of neurons and glial cells were obtained by a new approach measuring the areal density of the nuclei on micrographs and their mean volume from three dimensionally reconstructed nuclei in serial thick sections. Neuronal nuclei tend to be smaller in SCN of male rats, but contain relatively more nucleoli than neuronal nuclei in SCN of female rats. PMID- 6641872 TI - Passive membrane properties, afterpotentials and repetitive firing of superior colliculus neurons studied in the anesthetized cat. AB - Intracellular recording and staining with HRP were used to characterize cat superior colliculus neurons with identified projection into the tecto-bulbo spinal tract (TBSNs). TBSNs are large multipolar neurons with heavy stem dendrites. First and second order dendrites bifurcate with an average branch power n of about 3/2. More peripheral branch points have n less than 1.5. Input resistances of TBSNs range from 0.9 to 4.6 M omega. Most TBSNs display 'anomalous rectification'. Based on Rall's steady-state cable equations, input resistances were calculated for 3 TBSNs labelled with HRP. Assuming a specific membrane resistance of 2,300-2,600 omega cm2 the/calculated values agree well with the experimentally determined estimates from another set of non-stained TBSNs. Membrane time constants of TBSNs range from 3.0 to 5.6 ms. The electrotonic length was calculated using the ratio tau 0/tau 1. The respective average value was 1.13. TBSNs respond to orthodromic, antidromic and direct stimulation with action potentials of 60-80 mV, composed of IS- and SD-components. The critical interval for IS-SD-invasion was on average 1.6 ms. Spike decomposition occurs usually at M-level. The postspike conductance increase underlying hyperpolarizing afterpotentials (HAP) decays exponentially, with the time constants tau F = 1.5 ms and tau S = 13 ms. The HAP was equilibrated at membrane potentials of -73 to 90 mV. When tested by antidromic stimuli at varying intervals most TBSNs show very poor "summation" of HAPS. A pronounced depolarizing hump (DD) follows antidromic action potentials. Discharging at short intervals leads to a substantial increase and prolongation of DD. This apparent DD-potentiation is interpreted as a phenomenon secondary to the reduction of hyperpolarizing currents. In response to directly injected currents, TBSNs discharge with frequencies up to 1,100 imp/s. The frequency-current curves of TBSNs are characterized by 3 ranges. The average f-i-slopes of the adapted discharge were 19.2 imp/s/nA and 56.4 imp/s/nA for the 1st and 2nd range, respectively. At intermediate current intensities (2nd range) TBSNs discharge in groups of 2 to 7 action potentials, following each other at intervals of 1.0-2.8 ms. The spike groups are separated by pauses of 3.5-6.3 ms duration. The transition from 1st (low frequency continuous) discharge range to 2nd (grouped) discharge range is related to the appearance of extra-spikes. Extra-spikes are generated from a decreased firing level, from the peak of an enhanced DD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6641873 TI - Effects on binocular activation of cells in visual cortex of the cat following the transection of the optic tract. AB - Cells in area 17 of the cortex are generally activated either directly through a retino-thalamic pathway or indirectly via a contralateral hemisphere-callosal pathway. The aim of the present experiment was to evaluate the effects of eliminating this second pathway on the binocular activation of cells in the primary visual cortex. The optic tract was sectioned on one side in 18 cats and unit activity was recorded in the contralateral hemisphere. This hemisphere should receive normal thalamo-cortical inputs but no visual callosal input. These animals were compared to 21 normal cats. Extracellular electrophysiological recordings were carried out in the conventional way using tungsten microelectrodes and N2O anaesthesia. Results indicated that the proportion of binocular cells found in the cortex of tract sectioned animals was lower than that found in normal animals. However, this decrease in binocularity could be essentially attributed to cells having receptive fields situated to within 4 degrees of the vertical meridian of the visual field. These results are interpreted as being congruent with the demonstrated anatomo-physiological projections of the callosal system. PMID- 6641874 TI - Intracortical processing of visual contour information in cats. AB - Fine slices made through the gray matter perpendicular to the surface of cortical area 17-18 in the cat produced no change in behavioral measures of grating acuity, a modest reduction in vernier acuity and a proportionately larger effect on contour orientation acuity. The introduction of vertical gaps in the vernier acuity targets produced increases in the vernier offset threshold proportional to the gap size both before and after cortical damage, except at the largest vertical gap values employed (1-1.5 degrees) where no change in thresholds was observed after surgery. Neither the preoperative vernier thresholds nor the postoperative changes in vernier thresholds were predicted by the measured contour orientation thresholds and thus an orientation discrimination model of vernier acuity was not supported. The results of this study support the view that intracortical processing in area 17-18 is important in both vernier and orientation acuity, but the neural mechanisms mediating the two capacities are different. PMID- 6641875 TI - Convergence of sensory inputs upon projection neurons of somatosensory cortex: vestibular, neck, head, and forelimb inputs. AB - Cortico-cortical neurons and pyramidal tract (PT) neurons of the cat cerebral cortex were tested for convergent inputs from electrically stimulated vestibular, neck, head and forelimb nerves. Neurons were recorded within forelimb and vestibular projection regions of cortical area 3a. Consideration was given to both suprathreshold and subthreshold inputs. Neither vestibular, neck nor head inputs were detected in the forelimb region of area 3a. In contrast, within the vestibular projection region of area 3a, 43% (6/14) of the cortico-cortical neurons and 63% (24/38) of the PT neurons received excitatory vestibular input. Inputs from the skin of the pinna (greater auricular nerve) were detected only for PT neurons (66%, 25/38). No inputs were detected from afferent nerves supplying the dorsal neck muscles biventer cervicis and complexus. Cortico cortical and PT neurons receiving vestibular input also received convergent inputs originating from forelimb group I deep and low threshold cutaneous afferent fibers. Further, one half of the PT neurons with vestibular input (12/24) received input from three somatic sources: forelimb group I deep, forelimb low threshold cutaneous and greater auricular (head) nerves. The input connectivities suggest a role for these projection neurons of somatosensory cortex in the coordination of head and forelimb movements. The convergence of vestibular information with somatic input from the forelimb implies that vestibular-influenced neurons of area 3a projecting to the motor cortex or through the pyramidal tract would signal head position or movement with respect to proprioceptive feedback from the limbs. PMID- 6641876 TI - Convergence in the somatosensory pathway between cutaneous afferents from the index and middle fingers in man. AB - Average short-latency cerebral potentials were recorded from the parietal scalp to mechanical stimulation of the index and middle fingers and to electrical stimulation of the digital nerves in normal subjects. The early components of the cerebral potential, representing the arrival of the afferent volley at the sensorimotor cortex, were studied during stimulation of the fingers separately and together. When strong or moderate stimuli were used there was a suppressive interaction between the afferent input from the two fingers with either electrical or mechanical stimulation. During simultaneous stimulation of both fingers the size of the early component of the cerebral potential was less than predicted by simple addition of the potentials produced by stimulation of the fingers individually. When very weak stimuli, close to the level necessary for detection by the subject, the input from the two fingers produced additive or facilitatory interactions in the early components of the cerebral potential. These results suggest that there is convergence between the afferent inputs from the index and middle fingers along the somatosensory pathway. At levels of stimulation comparable to those which produced facilitation in the electrophysiological studies, simultaneous stimulation to both fingers was detected significantly more frequently than would be expected from the detection of stimulation to individual fingers. PMID- 6641877 TI - Effects of an artificial magnetic field on serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content of the rat pineal gland. AB - In the present study the effects of artificial magnetic fields on pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin content in male Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated to study the secretory activity of the pineal gland. Experimental inversion of the horizontal component of the natural magnetic field, performed at night-time, led to a significant decrease of both parameters investigated. During day-time, this effect was less conspicuous. During night-time, inversion of the horizontal component is followed by a reduced pineal secretory activity for about 2 h. After 24 h exposure to the inverted horizontal component, return to the natural condition was followed by a renewed clear depression of pineal NAT activity and melatonin content, indicating that the main stimulus is not the inverted magnetic field itself but rather its change. Changing the inclination of the local magnetic field from 63 degrees to 58 degrees, 68 degrees or 78 degrees, respectively also decreased the secretory activity of the rat pineal gland. PMID- 6641878 TI - Deficits in passive avoidance learning in young rats following mecamylamine injections in the hippocampo-entorhinal area. AB - Young rats 11, 13, 16, and 20 days old were injected bilaterally with the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine hydrochloride (5, 50, and 100 micrograms on each side) into the posteroventral hippocampo-entorhinal (VHE) area and trained on a "cool-draft-stimulus" passive avoidance task. The data showed impaired acquisition and reduced resistance to extinction. The deficits observed were age- and dose-dependent, rats being highly sensitive to the drug when 11 and 13 days old and decreasingly responsive up to day 20. The results may indicate that nicotinic cholinergic sites in the VHE area mediate passive avoidance learning in the young rat as soon as acquisition emerges. Muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms only develop later in this region, becoming progressively more important for passive avoidance behavior. PMID- 6641879 TI - Movement of facial muscles following intra-cortical microstimulation (ICMS) along the lateral branch of the posterior bank of the ansate sulcus, areas 5a and 5b, in the cat. AB - The lateral branch of the posterior bank of the ansate sulcus within the parietal cortex, areas 5a and 5b, was mapped using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). Motor effective sites for contraction of facial muscles were identified using ICMS currents of less than 30 microA. Of the 177 effective sites, 78% were activated with threshold currents of less than 20 microA, and of these, 33% responded to stimulus strengths of less than 10 microA. Since neurons in this portion of the ansate region send projections to the face region of motor cortex, area 4 gamma, the possibility existed that the motor effects might be mediated through area 4 gamma. To examine this possibility we ablated both the anterior sigmoid gyrus (ASG) and the second somatosensory cortex, SII, including area 2pri, a region shown to contain a low threshold motor component, and report that the motor effect recorded from the ansate region is independent of both the ASG and area 2pri. PMID- 6641880 TI - Visual responses in the postarcuate cortex (area 6) of the monkey that are independent of eye position. AB - The visual responses of postarcuate neurons have been studied in alert behaving monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). In particular, the effect of eye position on the location of visual responses in respect to the body has been examined. It was found that a large percentage of bimodal (visual and somatosensory) neurons have visual receptive fields that are independent of eye position. The location of the visual receptive field does not change when the eyes move, but remains in register with the tactile receptive field (soma-related visually responsive neurons). PMID- 6641881 TI - Electrophysiological and anatomical demonstration of an overlapping striate and tectal projection to the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex of the cat. AB - Extracellular unit activity was recorded in the lateral posterior (LP)-pulvinar complex. The responses of 254 neurons after electrical stimulation of the central paracentral part of cortical area 17 and of 84 neurons after stimulation of both area 17 and the superior colliculus (SC) were investigated. Neurons in the LP pulvinar complex responded to area 17-stimulation with excitatory-inhibitory effects; in some cases only with inhibition. Neurons affected by striate stimulation were found in the caudal region of the complex in a region that extended widely into the medial part of the lateralis posterior nucleus (LPm), the so-called tectorecipient part of the lateral posterior nucleus. Accordingly, 26 of the 84 neurons in which electrical stimulation of area 17 and of the SC was tested, were found to react to both types of stimulation. Cells responding only to SC-stimulation were found in the ventral region of the anterior LP-Pulvinar complex. Anatomical studies supported the finding that striate and tectal inputs overlap considerably in the LP-pulvinar complex. After depositing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into various regions of the LP-pulvinar complex, retrogradely labeled cells were found in area 17 (layer V) as well as in the superficial layers of the SC. These results were confirmed by orthograde transport autoradiography after injection of labeled amino-acids into area 17. Our findings indicate that cortical and collicular inputs into the caudal part of the LP pulvinar complex overlap considerably and that, in these overlapping regions, individual neurons may receive converging afferent excitation from both regions. PMID- 6641882 TI - Different geniculate inputs to B and C cells of cat striate cortex. AB - Cells with uniform receptive fields were selected for extra cellular recording in the striate cortex of anaesthetised cats. From their responses to electrical stimulation at three sites in the primary visual pathway the cells were grouped according to their ordinal position and whether their afferent drive came from the brisk sustained or brisk transient type of LGN neuron. From differences in laminar distribution and afferent stream the population was divided into 4 subgroups. Within these 4 subgroups there were two basic visual response patterns, which had been identified previously, and attributed to B and C cells. The B cells, which have a smaller receptive field, a lower spontaneous activity and cut-off velocity than C cells, were found to receive their input from slowly conducting afferents while the afferents to C cells arose from the fast stream. A high proportion of both B and C cells received a monosynaptic or direct drive from the optic radiations and responded with multiple spiking to a single electrical shock. Multiple spiking was viewed as evidence of secondary pathways travelling via intermediate cortical neurons to contribute to the cell's input. An examination of the visual properties of all subclasses showed that the more obvious differences in receptive field properties were associated with the type of afferent coming from the LGN rather than with the ordinal or the laminar position of the cell. In this respect the cells in the C/B family resemble S cells, whose receptive field properties also show a dependence on the type of LGN input. PMID- 6641883 TI - Cat red nucleus changes of activity during the motor initiation in a reaction time task. AB - Unit recordings were made in the posterior red nucleus of 4 freely moving cats, performing a conditioned forelimb flexion in response to a sound, in a simple reaction time (RT) paradigm. More than 50% of the recorded neurons (154) were found to be task-related, with marked changes of firing (mostly increases) time locked with the go-signal (mean latency: 40.8 ms +/- 12 ms SD) and frequency correlated with the duration of the RT. These RT-correlated changes of firing disappeared or were markedly decreased when the movement was not triggered. Most of the task-related neurons also displayed late changes of firing during the force change, time-locked with the movement. Furthermore, a clear relation was observed between the rubral firing before and after the go-signal and the sensorimotor field of the recorded neuron: the neurons preferentially related to limb or trunk movements discharged with the highest frequency throughout the conditioned sequence and exhibited the best RT-correlated increases of firing during the movement initiation. In contrast, rubral neurons apparently related to head-movements generally discharged with low frequency and commonly exhibited decreases of firing in the initiation period. The changes of rubral firing prior to the motor activity, correlated to the RTs, suggest a command function for the RN, in the triggering of the conditioned motor response. PMID- 6641884 TI - An observation about myelination. AB - An analysis of the direction of myelination of fibers in the optic tract of a kitten shows that the direction of wrapping of neighboring fibers is not random. Adjacent fibers in contact with the same glial process tend to be wrapped in the same direction. A model for myelination is proposed to account for this observation. PMID- 6641886 TI - Prolactin and LH release induced by kainic acid administration within the preoptic-suprachiasmatic region in behaving male rats. AB - Adult male rats were chronically implanted with a multiple metal cannula assembly to allow for the administration of kainic acid within the POA-SCH region. Kainic acid was applied in its solid form at two dose levels: 2 micrograms and 4 micrograms. A chronic heart cannula implanted through the external jugular vein allowed for sequential blood sampling. Animals were subjected to two different regimes, with 2-3 days difference, one in which blood sampling took place without kainic acid administration, and a second one in which the drug was administered after a first, control sample was obtained. Administration of kainic acid at both dose levels induced motor hyperactivity that lasted for more than 1 h in the group that received the higher dose. Prolactin concentration in plasma rose by 30 min and declined thereafter in the "low" dose group, or remained high for at least 90 min in the "high" dose group. LH levels increased significantly only after administration of the "high" dose. These results are indicative of the presence of facilitatory elements for the release of prolactin (and LH) which originate within the POA-SCH region, probably involving glutamatergic receptors. Stimulation of these elements, rather than passing fibers, are probably responsible for the observed hormonal results. PMID- 6641885 TI - Orientation selectivity and the spatial distribution of enhancement and suppression in receptive fields of cat striate cortex cells. AB - The relationship between orientation selectivity and spatial receptive field organization was analyzed. Receptive field maps were made with a dual stimulus technique where an optimally oriented activation slit was presented in the most responsive region to produce activity against which the effect of a test spot in various positions was determined. Both simple and complex cells had receptive fields which were subdivided into adjacent elongated and antagonistic subregions. When the two stimuli were presented in phase (both ON or OFF simultaneously) the fields had a central enhancement region with a strong suppression flank on one or both sides. Optimal slit orientation was related to the location of the suppression flank relative to the location of the central enhancement region, and the degree of orientation selectivity to the shape of the subregions and the distance between them. Estimated orientation tuning curves calculated from the receptive field maps gave satisfactory first approximations to experimental curves. The relative contribution of enhancement and suppression to orientation selectivity was studied by presenting a test slit in different orientations in phase with an optimally oriented activation slit. The orientation selectivity was produced almost exclusively by the flank suppression indicating that orientation selectivity is produced by inhibitory input. The flank suppression lacked any specific orientation selectivity, and it occurred only when both the central region and the flanks were activated in phase. Orientation selectivity in both simple and complex cells is explained by a receptive field organization where the cells have input from partially overlapping excitatory and inhibitory fields which have their centers slightly displaced from each other. PMID- 6641887 TI - A direct projection from the retina to the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus demonstrated by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in monkey, cat and rat. AB - The anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to re-examine the retinal projection to the superior colliculus in the monkey, cat and rat. By a somewhat novel application of the HRP in which the enzyme is deposited intravitreally in two or three sequential installments at 24 h intervals and by modifications that increase the sensitivity of the tetramethylbenzidine reaction procedure, we have successfully mapped the distribution of a significant number of retinal ganglion cell axons below the stratum opticum in the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus. Although the deep retinotectal axons project to the contralateral colliculus in all animals used, such axons can be followed as well, but in lesser numbers, to the ipsilateral intermediate gray layer in the cat and even more so in the monkey. The deep retinotectal axons here demonstrated may mediate the short latency responses of deep tectal neurons observed in earlier physiological studies and can no longer be considered as inconsequential to the visuo-oculomotor functions of the deep collicular layers. PMID- 6641888 TI - Lesions of the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra alter dopamine mediated circling behaviour. AB - Unilateral kainic acid lesions of the globus pallidus in the rat caused weak spontaneous circling at 3 and 10 days after surgery. Unilateral kainic acid lesions of the entopeduncular nucleus caused no spontaneous circling at any time after surgery. Systemic administration of apomorphine to such lesioned animals caused ipsiversive circling in both groups. Pallidal lesions in animals with a prior ipsilateral 6-OHDA lesion of the medial forebrain bundle attenuated apomorphine-induced, but not amphetamine-induced, circling. Entopeduncular nucleus lesions in the 6-OHDA lesioned animal attenuated both apomorphine- and (+)-amphetamine-induced circling. Kainic acid lesions of the globus pallidus or entopeduncular nucleus did not alter nigral glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity. Unilateral electrolytic lesions of the globus pallidus or entopeduncular nucleus caused ipsiversive circling in response to apomorphine. An electrolytic lesion of the globus pallidus in animals with a prior 6-OHDA lesion did not alter (+)-amphetamine-induced circling but reversed the direction of apomorphine-induced circling. Electrolytic lesions of the entopeduncular nucleus enhanced (+)-amphetamine-induced circling and attenuated apomorphine-induced circling. Nigral GAD activity was reduced by electrolytic lesions of the globus pallidus but not by those of the entopeduncular nucleus. Large kainic acid lesions in the area of the substantia nigra caused weak spontaneous contraversive circling 3 days after surgery, and ipsiversive circling in response to the systemic administration of apomorphine. Similar lesions in animals with a prior ipsilateral 6-OHDA lesion of the medial forebrain bundle initially attenuated the response to (+)-amphetamine, but the response returned with time. The direction of apomorphine-induced circling was reversed in these animals. The strio-nigral pathway and nigral efferents are confirmed to be involved in circling induced by dopamine agonists in rats with a unilateral lesion of the medial forebrain bundle. Both the globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus also appear to be involved in this dopamine-mediated circling behaviour. PMID- 6641890 TI - Natural strabismus in non-Siamese cats: lack of binocularity in the striate cortex. AB - Cats with a natural convergent squint were discovered within a colony of normal Mill Hill cats. In two of them single unit recording was undertaken in area 17. The ocular dominance distribution showed a clear disruption of binocularity in both hemispheres. This lack of binocular units was comparable to cats with artificial, surgically-induced strabismus and differed significantly from the ocular dominance distribution of a normal control group. The existence of these natural, non-albino squinters strengthens the use of cats as an animal model for strabismic amblyopia. PMID- 6641889 TI - Afferent projections to the cerebellar flocculus in the pigmented rat demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. AB - The horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde transport method was used to identify brainstem afferents to the cerebellar flocculus in the pigmented rat. Injections of the enzyme were made through recording microelectrodes, making it possible to localize the injection site by physiological criteria. Clearly, the largest number of afferents arise from the bilateral vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei and from the contralateral dorsal cap (of Kooy) of the inferior olive. Additionally, a substantial number arise bilaterally from: (1) the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP); (2) several of the cranial motor nuclei including the abducens, retrofacial and facial nuclei and the nucleus ambiguus; (3) the rostral part of the lateral reticular nucleus (subtrigeminal nucleus); (4) the raphe pontis and raphe magnus and (5) neurons intercalated among the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) just rostral to the hypoglossal nucleus and another group rostral to the abducens nucleus. The basilar pontine nuclei contained a large number of lightly labeled neurons in all flocculus injections which were discretely located within the dorsolateral, lateral and medial divisions. These areas were labeled bilaterally but with a slight contralateral preponderance. Injection into the flocculus, but involving the adjacent ventral paraflocculus, produced a heavier labeling of pontine neurons with a slightly different distribution. Therefore, we tentatively conclude that the flocculus receives input from these pontine visual centers (dorsolateral, lateral and medial nuclei), perhaps through collateral projections from neurons projecting to the paraflocculus. The present study demonstrates strong similarities between the rat and other species studied (e.g., rabbit, cat, monkey) in terms of the brainstem nuclei projecting to the flocculus. Most noticeable in quantitative terms are the pathways known to mediate vestibular (vestibular and perihypoglossal nuclei) and visual (optokinetic) information (e.g., NRTP). Additionally, we can provide morphological evidence that the midline and paramedian pontine tegmentum, identified in the cat and monkey as containing saccade-related neurons, send large numbers of projections to the rat flocculus. Given these similarities, the rat may be a suitable animal model in which to study the pathways underlying visual-vestibular interaction and saccadic mechanisms in the flocculus. PMID- 6641891 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: new method for recording motor activity in vitro. AB - A new method for recording the motility of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro is described. Spontaneous activity of the worm shows contraction similar to peristalsis. The worm responded to electrical stimulation with an immediate contraction that was voltage dependent. Oxamniquine produced an increase in the tonus and spontaneous activity of the worm. This method provides a new experimental model for the study of drugs that interfere with Schistosoma mansoni motility. PMID- 6641892 TI - Taenia solium: cell reactions to the larva (Cysticercus cellulosae) in naturally parasitized, immunized hogs. AB - In hogs naturally infected with Taenia solium larvae (i.e., Cysticercus cellulosae), we studied the host response induced by antigens obtained from the larvae. Histopathological studies of cysticerci removed after 4 and 8 weeks of immunization showed an intense inflammatory reaction surrounding the larvae. The response was greater in the 8-week specimens. A dense layer of eosinophils was in close contact with the external membrane of the bladder wall and, in several cases, the eosinophils had infiltrated this tegument. Many eosinophils were seen in the spiral canal of larvae. This infiltration by eosinophils increased with time. Preparations from the 8-week samples showed many degenerated and disrupted eosinophils whose granules were found in close contact with the outer membrane of the larval tegument and, in some cases, had entered through the broken surface of this structure. More than 90% of the larvae were found in various stages of degeneration; the rest were completely destroyed and surrounded by a mass of eosinophils. After immunization, peripheral blood eosinophilia increased to 17%, whereas the eosinophilia of the control hog was 4% throughout the study. The larval worms removed from control hogs showed intact structures, with a low degree of infiltration by eosinophils and a discrete inflammatory reaction surrounding the bladder wall of the larvae. PMID- 6641893 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: schistosomulicidal activity of macrophages isolated from liver granulomas of infected mice. AB - Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni develop T cell-mediated granulomatous reactions around disseminated parasite eggs. In this study, granuloma-derived leucocytes have been examined for schistosomulicidal capacity by the use of in vitro cytotoxicity assays. Adherent macrophages, that were shown by electron microscopy to exhibit no gross morphological abnormalities, were unable to mediate significant mortality in the absence of serum factors. When cocultured with immune serum and complement, however, these cells killed +/- 26% of the larvae at a cell:target ratio of 5000:1. In contrast, granuloma-derived cell populations that were enriched for eosinophils (50-70% eosinophil content) showed only minimal cytotoxic potential. This may be related to observed structural changes in the eosinophil lysosomal granules, or perhaps to blocking of the cell surface receptors by immune complexes. It is concluded that granuloma macrophages, activated by egg antigen-sensitised T lymphocytes, may serve as effector cells in immunity to schistosomules. PMID- 6641894 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: stimulus and transformation of cercariae into schistosomules. AB - Schistosoma mansoni schistosomules prepared from cercariae by seven in vitro techniques had not all reached the same state of development at the end of the incubation period as scored by seven parameters: water tolerance; Cercarienhullen Reaktion; presence of the glycocalyx; condition of the surface membrane; nuclear state; granule migration; and cryopreservability. At the end of the specific incubation period for each technique, the level of development was judged with respect to schistosomules which had developed in situ for 1 hr after penetration of the ear skin of mice. In descending order of their correspondence to in vivo schistosomules, those derived in vitro (by the procedures listed) ranked as follows: first, penetration of dried rat skin; second, centrifuging and vortexing, or incubation in serum-supplemented medium; and third, syringe passage, omnimixing, centrifuging, and incubating, or incubating alone. The only treatment common to all techniques was incubation in 37 C culture medium for 2 hr or more. This is suggested as the stimulus for the cercaria-to-schistosomule transformation. PMID- 6641895 TI - Fasciola hepatica: a technique for monitoring in vitro motility. AB - An apparatus utilizing a force and displacement transducer is described for the direct and long-term recording of the motility in vitro of Fasciola hepatica. Normal movement is typically rhythmical, with bursts of more powerful contractions alternating with periods of lesser activity. Such rhythms and the overall level of activity are maintained for more than 30 hr. The fluke remains active for much longer periods of time: recordings of fluke movements have been made for up to 4 days. Potential damage to the fluke caused by the attachment system within the recording apparatus has been determined by the Evans' Blue Technique and scanning electron microscopy. It is restricted to the attachment sites, and does not spread to other parts of the body over the 30-hr normal activity period. Transmission electron microscope studies have shown that the tegument retains its structural and functional integrity over this period of time. There are advantages of the recording apparatus over previous kymographic methods for studying fluke motility. PMID- 6641896 TI - Plasmodium yoelii: blood oxygen and brain function in the infected mouse. AB - The carriage of oxygen by the blood and the in vivo response of the brain were investigated in mice infected with a lethal strain of Plasmodium yoelii. All mice with parasitaemia exceeding 70% were severely anaemic (Hb 3.5 +/- 1.8 g/dl; mean +/- 1 SD), acidotic (blood pH 7.04 +/- 0.06) and hypoglycaemic (blood glucose 0.6 +/- 0.76 mumol/ml). The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve (ODC) of blood from heavily infected mice was shifted right as compared to controls, but the increase in p50 was less than expected from the accompanying acidosis. The reduced shift right was due to a decrease in the 2,3-DPG/Hb ratio in infected animals (0.72 +/- 0.12, n = 17 vs 1.10 +/- 0.09, n = 12 in controls). Despite the severity of terminal infection, the cerebral pH and the relative steady-state concentrations of PCr, ATP and Pi measured in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) were normal. Alterations in brain energy status and pH cannot account for cerebral signs or death in this proposed mouse model of cerebral malaria. PMID- 6641897 TI - Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium: glycogen content and glucose uptake in parasites from fasted and control hosts. AB - The glycogen content of male and female Schistosoma mansoni has been measured in flukes from normally fed hosts and those from fasted hosts. In infections from both the mouse and the hamster, a significant reduction in schistosomal glycogen of males is seen hours after food is withdrawn from the host. Reductions in protein content of the schistosomes were only observed in hamster infections fasted at least 72 hr. The livers of infected mice not only decrease in size during fasting, but there is a concomitant reduction in glycogen per unit wet weight. Comparisons of glycogen:protein ratios of mansonian males, females, and host livers indicate that the fasting-induced loss of liver glycogen is also observed in the male schistosome, but not the female. Studies of both S. mansoni and S. haematobium pairs from fed hosts suggest that the ratio of glycogen:protein contents in the male schistosome correlates with the glycogen:protein ratio of the female partner. Measurements of glucose uptake in vitro suggest that greater uptake rates may be observed in flukes perfused from fasted hosts. In S. japonicum from infected mice, a reduction in male glycogen was also detected as early as after a 6-hr fasting period, but changes in the females were not significant. Unmated male S. japonicum also exhibit a reduction in glycogen levels after fasting, but the quantity of worm glycogen present in these males remains higher than comparable mated males. In mice entrained to a regulated pattern of available food, fluctuations in glycogen content of the male schistosomes were observed, but in the female partners fluctuations were of a smaller magnitude.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6641898 TI - Taenia taeniaeformis: immunoprecipitation analysis of the protein antigens of oncospheres and larvae. AB - Biosynthetically or exogenously labeled proteins and immunoprecipitated protein antigens of established 28-day-old larvae of Taenia taeniaeformis were compared with proteins and antigens of infective oncospheres using single and two dimensional gel electrophoresis. Immunoprecipitation was carried out using sera from infected mice and mouse antisera raised to larvae or oncospheres, and emphasis was placed on identifying antigens common to both oncospheres and larvae. Two major larval antigens of Mr 40,000 and 200,000, designated Tt40 and Tt200, are common to somatic larval preparations and oncospheres. Additionally, two major oncosphere antigens of Mr 55,000 and 60,000, designated Tt55 and Tt60, are also present in larval excretory and secretory (i.e., ES or exoantigen) products. Information obtained from these immunoprecipitation analyses will facilitate isolation and production of common as well as stage-specific protein antigens in the development of defined-antigen vaccines in this model system of cysticercosis. PMID- 6641899 TI - Biodegradation and utilization of monomethyl sulfate by specialized methylotrophs. PMID- 6641900 TI - Biodegradation and utilization of quaternary alkylammonium compounds by specialized methylotrophs. PMID- 6641901 TI - Bacterial growth on 1,2-dichloroethane. AB - 1,2-Dichloroethane (5 mM) served as the only carbon and energy source for bacterium DE2, a gram-negative, oxidase-positive, motile rod. The specific growth rate mu of strain DE2 on 1,2-dichloroethane was 0.08 h-1. A NAD-dependent 2 chloroacetaldehyde dehydrogenase activity and a 2-chloroacetate halidohydrolase activity were detected in extracts of cells grown on 1,2-dichloroethane. PMID- 6641902 TI - The microbial oxygenation of the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid laudanosine. AB - The microbial transformation of the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid laudanosine by a strain of Pseudomonas putida gives a metabolite in which O-demethylation of 1 methoxyl group of ring C, and introduction of 1 ketonic oxygen at C9 and 1 phenolic oxygen at ring C have occurred. Also, O-methylcoripalline is formed in this transformation. PMID- 6641903 TI - Gossypol. Synthesis and in vitro spermicidal activity of isomeric hemigossypol derivatives. AB - Three isomeric hemigossypol derivatives (3,4,5) have been synthesized. Two of these derivatives (3,4) and one synthetic intermediate (7) have been shown to have activity comparable to gossypol (1) in a sperm motility assay. PMID- 6641905 TI - Intrarenal venous glucose levels in the dog: an evaluation of the sampling technique. AB - Analysis of samples of intrarenal venous (IRV) blood from anesthetized dogs demonstrated that IRV glucose concentrations were greater than renal venous and arterial glucose in most samples. However, IRV glucose fluctuated with time such that this technique is unreliable for assessing changes in renal cortical glucose handling during experimental interventions. PMID- 6641904 TI - Effects of sequential periods of intracranial hypertension on lung fluid balance. AB - Pulmonary hemodynamics and fluid and protein exchange were examined in dogs subjected to three successive periods of intracranial hypertension. Results indicate that the alteration in lung fluid balance is due to increased microvascular surface area following capillary recruitment. The relationship to the mechanism of neurogenic pulmonary edema is discussed. PMID- 6641906 TI - Membrane potential in smooth muscle cells from hypertrophic rat portal vein. AB - Portal hypertension was induced in rats by partial ligation of the hepatic branches of the portal vein. After 5 days the vein was removed and mounted in vitro. In contrast to control (C) veins, hypertensive (H) vessels were almost devoid of spontaneous contractions. Microelectrode recordings showed that the smooth muscle cells of H vessels were hyperpolarized. If [K+]o was increased, or if Ba2+ was added spontaneous activity could be initiated in H vessels. A relation in H cells between hyperpolarization and increased aerobic glycolysis (suggesting an increased electrogenic Na+-K+-pumping) is proposed. PMID- 6641907 TI - Effects of temperature on anion distribution in perfused rat, guinea-pig and hamster ventricle. AB - Ventricular tissue from rats, guinea-pigs and hamsters were found to be more anion permeable when perfused and superfused with Ringer's solution at 22 degrees C rather than 36 degrees C. When the perfusate temperature was 36 degrees C the anion permeability of the in vitro rat and guinea-pig ventricle approximated that found in situ. Further, the anion permeability of the rat and guinea-pig heart was found not to be influenced by the absence of plasma proteins in the perfusate. PMID- 6641908 TI - Characterization studies of glucose dehydrogenase. AB - Porcine liver beta-D-glucose dehydrogenase has been isolated using Triton X-114 to release it from the endoplasmic reticulum. The purified enzyme contains a limited amount (1.7%) of lipid material, including cholesterol, fatty acids, mono and diglycerides, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and cholesterol esters. This enzyme is a tetrameric protein containing an extensive number of hydrophobic residues. This form of glucose dehydrogenase is capable of turning over both beta-D-glucose and alpha-D-glucose-6-phosphate in vivo as indicated from a steady state kinetic analysis at 37 degrees C. PMID- 6641909 TI - Iodine-induced changes in thyroglobulin half-sized subunits. AB - The two half-sized subunits of 19 S thyroglobulin have been separated and analyzed. They share the same peptide composition and carbohydrate content. The only difference was the iodine level, which was about three times higher in the faster electrophoretic subunit. PMID- 6641910 TI - Effect of prolonged inhibition of histidine decarboxylase on tissue histamine concentrations. AB - In rats, chronic infusion of alpha-fluoromethyl histidine, a selective irreversible inhibitor of mammalian histidine decarboxylase, caused a marked depletion of histamine in all tissues examined. There were no gross pharmacological effects associated with this depletion. PMID- 6641912 TI - Changes induced by manganese in fish testis. AB - Exposure of Colisa fasciatus, a freshwater teleost, to 2500 mg/l manganese sulphate for 90 h caused decreased spermatogenic activity and hemorrhage in the testes. PMID- 6641911 TI - The effect of jaundiced sera and bile salts on cultured beating rat heart cells. AB - Jaundiced serum from common bile duct ligated rats, added to cultured heart cells, decreased the beating rate, caused an early cessation of beating and production of higher levels of lactate in the media. Deoxycholate and cholate are the main bile acids in jaundiced serum; deoxycholate caused similar effects, which suggests that it is the toxic substance responsible for heart function alterations seen in patients with severe jaundice. PMID- 6641913 TI - Mast-cell heterogeneity in the rat. AB - In the rat, O-hydroxy ethyl rutoside derivatives release histamine and serotonin from skin mast-cells, but not from peritoneal mast-cells. These cellular populations do not exhibit identical pharmacological properties. PMID- 6641914 TI - Liver lectins: mediators for metastases? AB - Development of liver metastases in 1542 cancer patients was investigated. It was found that in certain liver diseases the incidence of liver metastases was reduced compared to that in cancer patients with otherwise normal livers. We propose that this reduction may be due to a reduced function of the liver specific lectins. PMID- 6641915 TI - Long term effects of neonatal hypothyroidism on pituitary estradiol binding sites in the female rat. AB - Two months after recovery from a perinatal hypothyroidism (PTU), the total amount of pituitary estradiol binding sites (EBS) was still dramatically reduced, but the actual concentration of EBS had returned to control levels. PMID- 6641916 TI - Corticoadrenal and behavioral response to open field in pairs of male rats either familiar or non-familiar to each other. AB - The effect of the presence either of a familiar or non-familiar conspecific animal on serum corticosterone and some behavioral responses in the open field was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals tested in presence of a familiar animal showed a higher corticosterone response and a higher defecation rate. It suggests that rats experienced more emotional reactivity in presence of a familiar animal than in presence of a non-familiar one. Time spent in social interaction was higher in non-familiar pairs; however, ambulation and rearing were lower, suggesting competition between social investigation and novel environment exploration. PMID- 6641917 TI - Population dynamics of arterial cells during atherogenesis. XIII. Mitogenic and cytotoxic effects of a hyperlipidemic (HL) diet on cells in advanced lesions in the abdominal aortas of swine fed an HL diet for 270-345 days. AB - The abdominal aortas of five groups of young male Yorkshire swine were studied: (1) 0-day baseline group; (2) hyperlipidemic (HL) group with ballooning; (3) mash group with ballooning; (4) mash group without ballooning; and (5) HL group without ballooning. The last four groups were injected with [3H]thymidine at 270 days and sacrificed subsequently in subsets at intervals up to 75 days in order to study births and deaths (or loss by migration) among cells over the period 270 345 days. However, only in the HL-ballooned group were there enough swine for the isotopic data to be useful for most purposes. In the 0-day baseline group there were 6 +/- 2 X 10(6) cells in intimal cell masses (ICM); in the 270- to 345-day mash group without ballooning the number was 10 +/- 2 X 10(6), which is not a statistically significant increase over 0-day. This supports the hypothesis that in the normal state births and deaths (or loss by migration) among cells in ICM are nearly balanced at least up to 1 year of age. In the 270- to 345-day mash group with ballooning there were 61 +/- 12 X 10(6) cells in the ICM. Thus a single episode of deendothelialization results in tremendous hyperplasia of ICM. However, even the largest ICM (atherosclerotic lesion) in this group showed essentially no necrosis. In the 270- to 345-day HL group with ballooning there were 108 +/- 17 X 10(6) cells in the ICM turned atherosclerotic lesions. In addition an average of one-third of the lesion volume was occupied by lipid-rich, calcific necrotic debris. Thus the HL diet appears to have associated with it both mitogenic and cytotoxic influences on ICM cells. In the 270- to 345-day HL group not ballooned there were 130 +/- 30 X 10(6) lesion cells and lesions were somewhat more extensive and necrotic than in the HL-ballooned group, probably because the former group included by chance more hyperresponders (as regards serum cholesterol values) to the HL diet than the latter. Regardless of this, the data suggest that in this particular model of advanced atherosclerosis the balloon-injury stimulus to proliferation and the HL-diet stimulus are neither additive nor synergistic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6641918 TI - Pathology of acute inhalation exposure to 3-methylfuran in the rat and hamster. AB - The acute inhalation toxicity of 3-methylfuran (3MF) was investigated in SPF Fischer-derived and CD/CR rats, and golden Syrian hamsters by determination of the 2-week LC50, and by histologic examination of animals killed 1, 3, and 14 days following a 1-hr exposure to 148 and 322 mumole 3MF/liter for CD/CR rats and hamsters, respectively. The Fischer-derived rat was more sensitive to 3MF-induced lethality than the CD/CR rat with an LC50 in the male rat of 81 mumole/liter-1 hr as compared to 222 mumole/liter-1 hr. No sex difference was found. The hamster was relatively resistant with no lethality at 322 mumole 3MF/liter-2 hr. Pulmonary damage was present in both species. In the hamster, selective necrosis of nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells was seen at 1 day with virtually complete regeneration by 14 days whereas in the rat the bronchiolar epithelial damage was more extensive and was followed by scattered peribronchiolar fibrosis and epithelial mucous metaplasia suggestive of "small airway disease" of man. Relatively selective 3MF-induced necrosis of olfactory epithelium occurred in the nasal mucosa of both species. Resolution of this lesion was seen by 14 days in the hamster. In the rat, however, the necrosis was much more extensive and was followed by partially occlusive fibrosis of the nasal cavity as seen at 14 days. 3MF also induced centrilobular hepatic necrosis in both species. In the rat, lymphocyte necrosis in the thymus and spleen, and esophageal necrosis was also seen. PMID- 6641920 TI - A study of drug-vehicle interactions in anhydrous polyethylene glycol ointments. PMID- 6641919 TI - The effect of estradiol on the proliferation of rabbit aortic medial tissue culture cells induced by hyperlipemic serum. AB - The outgrowths of medial explants of thoracic aorta from New Zealand rabbits were used to study the influence of estrogen on cell proliferation. After 5-6 weeks of rapid growth in Basal Eagle Medium (BME) supplemented with 10% normal rabbit serum, such cultures reached a stationary phase during which they showed little mitotic activity and little further increase in surface area. Replacement of 5% of the normal serum with hyperlipemic rabbit serum resulted in a stimulation of these stationary cultures into a phase of renewed proliferation, which was measured directly as increase in cell culture size and by [3H]thymidine incorporation visualized by autoradiography. The addition of estrogen (estradiol, Progynon, Schering Corp.) in a concentration of 0.02 microgram/ml to the culture medium inhibited the proliferative effect induced by the hyperlipemic serum. On the other hand it had no effect on the growth rate of such explant cultures during their rapid growth phase if added at the time of explantation for 6 weeks. This would indicate that the inhibition of the hyperlipemic serum-induced proliferation by estrogen is not due to a toxic effect on mitosis in general. Cells exposed to estrogen tended to have larger amounts of intracellular lipid as visualized by oil red O staining. Moreover, prolonged exposure to estrogen resulted in a significant decrease in stainable collagen and elastin in these cultures. PMID- 6641921 TI - [Evaluation of the calcium antagonist activity of benfurodil hemisuccinate in vascular smooth muscle]. PMID- 6641922 TI - [Identification of metabolites of an antiamebic agent in rat serum]. PMID- 6641923 TI - Synthesis of N alpha-, and C alpha-derivatives of (D)Ala2, Leu5-enkephalin. AB - Some (D)Ala2, Leu5-Enkephalin derivatives containing hydrophilic or hydrophobic moieties have been synthesized by the solution method. Improvement in the analgesic effect was achieved by increasing the hydrophilicity of the parent compound through covalent linkage of the 2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl residue to the carboxyl terminal amide nitrogen of leucine 5. Reductive glucosamination of (D)Ala2, Leu5-Enkephalin practically abolishes activity and increase in hydrophobicity lowers the potency of the parent compound in both the in vitro and in vivo tests. PMID- 6641924 TI - 1,2,3-Triazole derivatives of salicylic acid. AB - This paper describes the preparation of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of salicylic acid from the methyl 4-azidosalicylate, by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions to beta-ketoesters, beta-ketoamides, beta-diketones and to symmetrical or asymmetrical alkynes. Other derivatives were obtained by hydrolysis and decarboxylation reactions. Some compounds were evaluated for antiinflammatory activity by an in vitro test based upon the inhibition of the cyclooxygenase enzyme, but they generally showed a weak activity. PMID- 6641925 TI - [Cardiovascular action of 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives. IX]. AB - A series of quaternary ammonium salts of 3-alkylaminoderivatives of 1,2,4 benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide were prepared and tested for cardiovascular activity. Almost all the substances tested proved to have some measure of depressant activity on arterial pressure and the most interesting compounds in this respect were (XII), (XIII), (XV) and (XIX) for which hypotensive values between 60 and 70% with respect to the base level were recorded. Compound (XV) also caused increase in the differential pressure and decrease of cardiac frequency. The later however was increased by some other compounds [(XII), (XVIII)]. The structure-activity relationships are discussed taking into account also the activity of the parent tertiary amines. PMID- 6641926 TI - [Synthesis of new derivatives of 3-benzyl-1,2-benzisothiazole and a study of analgesic activity in mice]. AB - This paper describes the synthesis of 3-benzyl-1,2-benzisothiazole derivatives, structurally related to benzylisoquinolines, and their analgesic activity studied using writhing technique in the mouse. The presence of lipophilic substituents in position 3, 4 of the benzyl group give substances with analgesic activity, although their "potency" is lower than that shown by papaverine. PMID- 6641927 TI - [Thioamide derivatives with gastro-protective activity]. AB - A series of 3-aryl-prop-2-enthioamide derivatives has been synthesized. These compounds were evaluated for gastro-protective activity in the rat. It has been shown that the N,N-dimethylamino derivative was the most active compound in this series [Table I comp. (II)]. PMID- 6641928 TI - Pyrrolnitrin analogues. VIII - Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new 1,4- and 1,5-diarylpyrroles. AB - From ethyl 1-aryl-2-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyrrole-3-carboxylates new 1-aryl-2 methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyrrolderivatives wer prepared. These compounds and some previously reported 1,4- and 1,5-diarylpyrroles were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial screenings. Namely some 1-aryl-2-methyl-4-(4-nitrophenyl)pyrrole-3 carboxylic acids and its 5-chloroderivatives are the most potent. The results obtained are discussed on the basis of structure-activity relationships. PMID- 6641929 TI - Opioid peptides. Structure-activity relationships in [beta-Ala4]dermorphin tetrapeptides. V. AB - We describe the synthesis and preliminary in vitro and in vivo pharmacological tests of six [beta-Ala4]tetrapeptides analogs of the opioid heptapeptide dermorphin H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2. The modification obtained by substituting beta-Ala4 for Gly4 provided further analogues with significant opioid activity. PMID- 6641930 TI - Opioid peptides. Analgesic activity of potent dermorphin tetrapeptides. VI. AB - By employing the mouse tail-flick assay the analgesic activity of selected dermorphin tetrapeptides was assessed. The remarkable differences in potency exhibited by peptides after i.c.v. (500-1000 times higher than morphine) and s.c. (nearly comparable to morphine) administration are probably due to peptidase degradation. PMID- 6641932 TI - [Aryloxy- and arylthioalkylamine hypolipidemic agents]. AB - Aryloxy and arylthioalkylamines related respectively to clofibrate and 2-(3,5-di t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylthio)hexanoic acid, a derivative of an active probucol metabolite, were prepared and pharmacologically screened as hypolipidemic substances. Some of them showed interesting antilipemic activity but also, unfortunately, high acute toxicity. PMID- 6641931 TI - Derivatives of 1,3,3-trimethyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane with hypotensive activity. I. AB - The synthesis of three series of glycinamides (IV), amides (V) and diamines (VI) starting from 1,3,3-trimethyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane is described. Some of compounds (IV), (V) and (VI) showed a moderate hypotensive activity in rats. Effects on heart rate in rats, infiltration anesthesia and antiarrhythmic activity in mice, as well as antiacetylcholine activity in vitro, are also reported. PMID- 6641933 TI - Hypoglycemic compounds. Amino acid derivatives of sulfonylurea. II. PMID- 6641934 TI - [Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. XIII. 4-Cyclohexylphenylhydroxyalkanoic acids]. AB - The preparation of some homologues of 2-(4-cyclohexylphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid, the separation of the diastereomeric race-mates, their attribution to erythro and threo series, and the optical resolution of the enantiomers are described. The optical antipodes were screened for acute toxicity, as well as for antiinflammatory and analgesic activity. PMID- 6641935 TI - Synthesis and pharmacological activities of some 2,3-substituted bicyclo[3.3.0]oct-7-en-1-one and 2,3-substituted 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro (or perhydro) indan-1-one derivatives. AB - The title compounds were synthesized and tested for primary pharmacological activities. For several hydroindanon derivatives, pharmacological screening showed diuretic, choleretic, antiinflammatory, analgesic and sedative activities. PMID- 6641936 TI - [Aryl esters of N-benzyldithiocarbamic acid with antimycotic activity]. AB - Some aryl esters of N-benzyldithiocarbamic acid [substances (I leads to XVI)], in which S aryl substituents were hydrophylic or potentially hydrophylic groups, were tested for in vitro antifungal activity against the following strains: Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The substances were prepared by condensation of benzylisothiocyanate with suitable benzenethiols. The results, given in Table I, show the marked activity as antifungal agents of the N-benzyldithiocarbamic acid aryl esters studied; the antifungal activity, connected with the N-benzyldithiocarbamic group, is only slightly influenced by the nature of the substituents. PMID- 6641937 TI - Transport of sugars or amino acids increases potassium efflux from isolated enterocytes. AB - A technique to isolate epithelial cells from rabbit jejunum using hyaluronidase is described. The cells obtained retained their abilities to accumulate sugars and potassium (86Rb) against concentration gradients. Potassium efflux was monitored using cells preloaded with 86Rb and the rate constant of efflux was seen to increase when actively transported sugars or amino acids are added to the bathing medium. The increase is related to the transport of the non-electrolyte, but not to volume regulatory events. PMID- 6641938 TI - Resonance Raman spectroscopy of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I. Vibrational features of the [3Fe-3S] cluster. AB - Low temperature resonance Raman spectra have been obtained for Clostridium pasteurianum and Bacillus stearothermophilus ferredoxins. Several heretofore undetected fundamental bands have been observed and these data have been used to discriminate the vibrational contribution of the [3Fe-3S] cluster to the spectrum of Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I. The vibrational features of the [3Fe-3S] core distinguish it from other 3-iron clusters and imply structural differences among this class of iron-sulfur clusters. PMID- 6641939 TI - Uncoupling protein in human brown adipose tissue mitochondria. Isolation and detection by specific antiserum. AB - A protein of Mr 32 000 has been isolated from human infant brown adipose tissue mitochondria following the procedure used to purify the uncoupling protein from rat brown adipose tissue mitochondria. A specific antiserum has been raised against the human 32 kDa protein, and used to detect it by probing mitochondrial proteins separated by SDS-PAGE. The protein is present in large amounts in brown adipose tissue but is undetectable in human liver, heart or white adipose tissue. It has strong immunological cross-reactivity with rat brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein. PMID- 6641940 TI - Classification of tropomyosin components into an alpha-like or a beta-like family by partial peptide mapping. AB - Tropomyosins can be classified as belonging to an alpha-like or a beta-like family depending on the absence or presence, respectively in their protease-V8 digestion pattern of two peptides with an apparent molecular mass of 21 kDa. Chicken cardiac tropomyosin and the 43 kDa component from gizzard tropomyosin are accordingly classified as alpha-like tropomyosins, while the 33 kDa gizzard tropomyosin component is a beta-like tropomyosin. The 21 kDa peptides have an overall charge which is more positive than that of the intact tropomyosin or any other tropomyosin peptide and probably contain the -NH2 half of the molecule. PMID- 6641941 TI - The glycopeptide domain of the rat vasopressin precursor. AB - The vasopressin precursor is composed of 3 domains, namely vasopressin, MSEL neurophysin and a glycopeptide. Processing occurs during axonal transport from hypothalamus to neurohypophysis from which the 3 fragments can be isolated. The glycopeptide fragment of the rat vasopressin precursor has been purified and sequenced. Despite the fact that rat MSEL-neurophysin is shortened (93 residues instead of 95 for other mammals), rat glycopeptide has 39 residues, as do the other mammalian glycopeptides, suggesting a similar processing. Fifteen substitutions are however observed when compared to ox glycopeptide. The C terminal part of MSEL-neurophysin (residues 77-93) and the glycopeptide are encoded by the same exon and the homologies when compared with their bovine counterparts are 58% and 62% respectively. In contrast, the central part of rat MSEL-neurophysin (residues 10-76), which is encoded by a separate exon, displays 96% of homology; vasopressin and the N-terminal part of MSEL-neurophysin (residues 1-9), encoded by a third exon, are nearly invariant. PMID- 6641942 TI - Modulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus by acetate. AB - The addition of acetate to a culture of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus grown in medium containing limiting succinate as the sole carbon and energy source leads to an increase in the specific activity of isocitrate dehydrogenase. This is in contrast to similar studies with several other microorganisms in which acetate induces an ATP-dependent phosphorylation and concomitant decrease in the specific activity of this enzyme. PMID- 6641943 TI - Acetoacetate: a major substrate for the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids by isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Evidence is presented that isolated, intact rat hepatocytes can synthesize fatty acids and cholesterol from acetoacetate. The quantitative importance of these processes is evaluated by measuring total rates of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis by incorporation of 3H from 3H2O. The contribution of acetoacetate varies from 14-54% and from 21-75% for de novo synthesized fatty acids and cholesterol, respectively, depending on the physiological condition of the donor rat. The relative contribution of acetoacetate to cholesterol synthesis is 1.4 2.3-times greater than to fatty acid synthesis. PMID- 6641944 TI - The effect of S-100a and S-100b proteins and Zn2+ on the assembly of brain microtubule proteins in vitro. AB - The homologous proteins S-100a and S-100b affect the microtubule system in a distinctly different way in the presence of low molar ratios of Zn2+. Assembly of brain microtubule proteins can be almost completely inhibited and rapid disassembly can be induced by low molar amounts of S-100b in the presence of low molar ratios [2-4] of Zn2+. Higher molar ratios per S-100b (greater than 4) potentiate the general Zn2+ effect, promoting the formation of sheets of microtubules. However, the effect of S-100a is quite different, no inhibition of assembly can be observed and the presence of S-100a seems to protect the microtubule proteins against the effect of Zn2+ by chelating the Zn2+ and decreasing the free metal-ion concentration. S-100a or S-100b cannot bind to the microtubule polymer-form, either in the absence or in the presence of Zn2+. PMID- 6641945 TI - Oxidation of myoglobin in isolated adult rat cardiac myocytes by 15-hydroperoxy 5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid. AB - The oxidation of intracellular myoglobin by 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13 eicosatetraenoic acid was studied in suspensions of isolated adult rat heart cells. Myoglobin was converted to a species identified as ferrylMb by its reaction with Na2S to form ferrous sulfmyoglobin. This process was time-dependent and concentration-dependent in a manner consistent with direct accessibility of the exogenous peroxide to the cytosolic protein. The results indicate that myoglobin oxidation may be an early sign of oxidative injury and may limit myocardial function by elimination of this short-term O2 reserve. PMID- 6641946 TI - Diazepam inhibits cell respiration and induces fragmentation of mitochondrial reticulum. AB - Diazepam (70-150 micrograms/ml) significantly inhibits oxygen consumption by pig kidney embryo cells and causes the cellular ATP level to fall. The maximum inhibitory effect develops after 1.5-2.5 h of diazepam treatment. In isolated mitochondria diazepam inhibits respiration in state 2 and 3u with glutamate and in state 3u with succinate. Ethylrhodamine staining and electron microscopic study reveal fragmentation of mitochondria in living cells. PMID- 6641947 TI - Characterisation of an intermediate in neurophysin biosynthesis in the guinea pig. AB - In addition to oxytocin (OT), vasopressin (AVP) and their respective neurophysins (NPs), another [35S]cysteine incorporating component is present in the guinea pig neurohypophysis. Gel filtration and Con A affinity chromatography revealed that this component was larger than NP and was glycosylated. NP-immunoreactivity was assessed using antisera which distinguish the OT- and AVP-related NPs. Whilst the anti-NP antiserum detected only one component (guinea pig NP), the anti-NP antiserum detected both NP and the glycosylated 35S-labelled component. These results suggest that a significant amount of NP in guinea pig neural lobes bears a glycopeptide extension and represents a partially processed form of the AVP precursor in this species. PMID- 6641948 TI - Kidney and cardiovascular regulation. Introduction. PMID- 6641949 TI - Adenosine in the local regulation of blood flow: a brief overview. AB - Based on data from a variety of experiments from several laboratories, adenosine appears to play an important role in the adjustment of blood flow to the metabolic requirements of the tissue. This has been shown to be true for heart, brain, and skeletal muscle in several different species. A reduction in oxygen supply or an increase in oxygen demand results in vasodilation and adenosine release. However, adenosine is also coupled to blood flow increments with enhanced metabolic activity and in the presence of an adequate oxygen supply. To what extent other vasoactive agents participate with adenosine in producing vasodilation under a variety of conditions is not known. PMID- 6641950 TI - Dynamic regulation of mean arterial pressure: special role of renal resistances. AB - In this paper the general properties of homeostatic variables are discussed, and it is shown that mean state regulation must be defined over some stated epoch and that the variance associated with such regulation can permit maximum/minimum variations of 2:1. Dynamic regulation is then contrasted with (automatic) control, and mean systemic arterial pressure (MSAP) in mammals is shown to be under dynamic regulation in the long run, although it may be under control in the short run. The discussion is next developed around the branching rules for mammalian arterial trees. The heart and lymphatic system are introduced as separate, zero-back-pressure, sump pumps that "ground" central venous pressure and interstitial pressure, respectively. Hydraulic flow arguments, combined with arterial tree branching rules, are used to demonstrate the short-circuit character of the renal circulation, and the peculiar distribution of pressure drops within it. From that peculiar distribution it is proposed that there is a nonanatomic, functional resistance located approximately at the region of efferent arterioles, which adds 15 mm Hg of hydrostatic pressure, upstream, to the central arteries. The chief aim of the paper is to raise certain questions about inconsistencies in data about renal circulation, to suggest a resolution, and to show how MSAP is set at (approximately) 100 mm Hg. PMID- 6641951 TI - Role of vasopressin in cardiovascular regulation. AB - Although we are just beginning to appreciate the potential role that arginine vasopressin (AVP) could play in the normal regulation of arterial pressure, a number of points appear already relatively well established. There is now little doubt that AVP can exert significant vasoconstrictor actions at physiological plasma concentrations, although in normal states, AVP-induced elevations of total peripheral resistance do not raise arterial pressure because of strong reflex suppression of cardiac output. It is also clear that AVP can be released in sufficient amounts in hypovolemic states to contribute significantly to the normalization of arterial pressure by direct vasoconstriction. The interaction of AVP with autonomic reflex pathways and the enhancement of baroreceptor reflex gain appear to be an important way in which AVP can also contribute to the short term stabilization of pressure. Finally, the rapid reflex suppression of AVP and the withdrawal of antidiuretic actions in response to volume loading may serve as another mechanism whereby AVP participates in arterial pressure stabilization. PMID- 6641952 TI - Neurotoxicants and adaptive responses of the nervous system. Introductory remarks. PMID- 6641953 TI - Use of neurophysiological challenges for the detection of toxicity. AB - The concept that a challenge to a system may overcome compensatory mechanisms and thereby reveal otherwise hidden neurotoxicant-induced damage is reviewed from a neurophysiological perspective. Two broad classes of neuronal challenges, poststimulation neuronal recovery processes and epileptogenesis, are discussed in terms of their potential value for detection and characterization of neurotoxicity. Neuronal recovery studies have typically involved presentation of pairs or trains of stimuli with various interstimulus intervals. Studies involving simple (e.g., monosynaptic) systems may allow mechanistic interpretation of alterations. Paired-pulse studies involving more complex (e.g., polysynaptic sensory) systems have detected alterations more readily than other electrophysiological methods, but interpretation may not be as straightforward as the monosynaptic case. The properties of elicited seizures, as well as the threshold for production of seizures, have been used with some success for detection of neurotoxicity. Several seizure models are discussed. It is concluded that both classes of neuronal challenge hold promise for future studies of neurotoxicity. PMID- 6641954 TI - Cerebellar Purkinje neuron hypoexcitability induced by chronic perinatal lead exposure. AB - The effects of perinatal lead administration on developing rat brain were studied by using cerebellar grafts in oculo. With 1% lead acetate in the drinking water, little change was seen in the histological organization of the graft. In marked contrast, virtually all Purkinje cell spontaneous discharge was absent in these grafts. This was seen even though 4-5 months had elapsed between the recording and the cessation of lead treatment. There was no alteration in electrophysiological properties of transplant Purkinje cells from sodium acetate treated animals. Moreover, host in situ cerebellar Purkinje cells in both groups of animals discharged normally. These data indicate that lead administration, to elicit blood levels of 450-550 micrograms/liter, produces a long-lasting selective electrophysiological deficit in developing brain in oculo. PMID- 6641955 TI - Regulation of lymphoblast traffic and localization in mucosal tissues, with emphasis on IgA. AB - A fundamentally important factor in the expression of immunity at mucosal sites is the migration of primed lymphocytes to, from, and among mucosal tissues. Despite considerable information in recent years on the selective localization of B lymphoblasts, especially those destined to make IgA antibodies in mucosal tissues, the basis for this remains obscure. Several cell-associated factors such as surface characteristics, histo-compatibility type, and organ derivation of the cells play a significant role for T and B lymphoblast localization. Factors that regulate lymphoblast delivery to tissues, such as blood flow, or control emigration from tissues, such as arachidonic acid metabolites, are discussed. Finally, factors such as the presence or absence of high endothelial venules, isotype-specific T helper cells, sex hormones, antigen, macrophages, and iron all may play a significant role in mucosal lymphoblast localization. PMID- 6641956 TI - IgA-mediated elimination of antigens by the hepatobiliary route. AB - Polymeric IgA antibody mediates the transport of corresponding antigens, in the form of IgA immune complexes (IC), from the circulation into the bile, whereas monomeric IgA, IgG, and IgM are ineffective. Transport has been shown with dinitrophenyl albumin and bacterial polysaccharides such as pneumococcal SIII and C-substance. The process does not result in breakdown of the antigen, which can be detected in the bile in intact free and IgA-bound forms. Although IgG promotes clearance of antigen from the circulation mainly to the liver, only low levels of breakdown fragments are detectable in bile. In mice, the mechanism of IgA IC transport does not appear to involve Kupffer cells, the complement system, or the glycoprotein receptors on liver cells because attempts to block these systems failed to affect transport. The mechanism appears to be analogous to that for free IgA. Transport could be inhibited by antigen-nonspecific IgA, but not IgG or IgM. IgA IC were found in the bile but not in the saliva, milk, urine, or bronchial or intestinal washings. A similar pattern of appearance was seen when IgA alone was injected. Thus hepatobiliary transport appears to be the major pathway for the clearance of both IgA IC and free IgA from the circulation. PMID- 6641957 TI - [Unstirred premembrane layers]. PMID- 6641959 TI - [Effect of stimulation of the neostriatum on gastric secretion]. PMID- 6641958 TI - [Neurophysiologic aspects of the periodic activity of the digestive tract]. PMID- 6641960 TI - [Effect of serotonin on reflex motor reactions of the stomach and small intestine]. PMID- 6641961 TI - [Role of Ca ions in the electrical response of glandular stomach cells to histamine in the rat]. PMID- 6641963 TI - [Amygdalo-hypothalamic effects on regulation of the motor and evacuatory function of the digestive tract]. PMID- 6641962 TI - [Comparison of the effects of gluco- and mineralocorticoids on secretion of mucoid substances in the stomach]. PMID- 6641964 TI - [Correlation between mediator-enzyme and ionic processes in the secretory organs of the digestive tract]. PMID- 6641965 TI - [Analysis of the effect of pentagastrin and secretin on the mucosa of the small intestine]. PMID- 6641966 TI - [Mechanism of the choleretic effect of bile acids]. PMID- 6641967 TI - [X-ray findings on gallbladder filling after vagotomy]. PMID- 6641968 TI - [Activity of NADP H-generating dehydrogenases in the liver and adipose tissue of swine with different fat content in their diets]. PMID- 6641970 TI - [Features of the dynamics of chloditan in the gastrointestinal tract in the guinea pig and dog]. PMID- 6641969 TI - [Effect of sodium succinate on the acid-forming and secretory function of the stomach]. PMID- 6641971 TI - [Effect of "Naftusia" mineral water stored for different periods of time on the absorptive function of the gallbladder of the frog]. PMID- 6641972 TI - [Enterohepatic recirculation of various functionally related B-group vitamins in the rat]. PMID- 6641973 TI - [Effect of bile acids on the permeability of erythrocyte membranes]. PMID- 6641974 TI - [Radioautographic study of tooth growth and the functional activity of cells during of eruption]. PMID- 6641975 TI - [Hypothalamic regulation of the deposition function of the liver]. PMID- 6641976 TI - [Effect of flash on optokinetic nystagmus and postoptokinetic reactions]. AB - Chronic experiments in rabbits revealed disturbances of visual function and the rate of restoration of detecting sensitivity to perception of movements after flash,--by means of the duration of the optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) absence and the period of the optokinetic (OK) responses restoration after the action of flash on the retina. Besides, the duration od the reverse postoptokinetic nystagmus (RPN) after the flash was determined in presence of illuminated OK- cylinder and the stripes in visual field, the latters being an object of fixation under normal conditions leading to cessation of the RPN. The RPN under these conditions lasted for 64.1 +/- 4.3 sec after the flash, switching off the light leading to reappearance of the RPN. The OKN, in spite of the OK stimulation, is absent after the flash during 118.0 +/- 8.4 sec and reaches its initial level within 175.2 +/- 21.7 sec starting from the first stimulus. PMID- 6641977 TI - [Blood flow in the microvessels of the cerebral cortex]. AB - To measure dynamic characteristics of linear velocity of the blood flow in microvessels on the surface of rat's brain, the method of accelerated cinemicrography was used. The blood flow velocity varied from 500 to 5000 mu/sec in microvessels with diameter of 7-15 mu. The blood flow fluctuated with the rate of 1-3 oscillations per second and the amplitude 20-50% of the average value. Auto- and crosscorrelation analysis of the processes revealed in 35% of the cases a positive correlation between shifts of velocities and the frequency of their occurrence. No correlation existed between rapid changes of the blood flow in adjacent or distant microvessels. The sharp changes of blood flow seem to be due to periodical passage of leucocytes and accumulated erythrocytes which increase resistance against the blood flow in microvessels. PMID- 6641978 TI - [Effect of hypothalamic stimulation on lactate- and malate dehydrogenase activities in rat cardiac muscle]. AB - The activity of lactic and malic dehydrogenases was examined in the rat heart after stimulation of the hypothalamus. The activity of LDG and MDG was increased after stimulation of the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus and decreased after stimulation of the ventromedial nuclei. Both effects were abolished by preliminary injection of actinomycin D. This finding suggests an important role of heart cells' genetic apparatus in the neurohormonal regulation of the heart metabolism. PMID- 6641979 TI - [Blood flow and oxygen tension and consumption in skeletal muscles after hypothalamic stimulation]. AB - In acute experiments on dogs under nembutal anesthesia, stimulation of different parts of the hypothalamus increased the muscle blood flow and O2 consumption and decreased vascular resistance. PO2 in m. gastrocnemius altered in both directions as a function of blood flow and O2 consumption changes. There was a good correlation between the initial level of PO2 and its shifts caused by hypothalamic stimulation. In most cases flow reactions were blocked with atropine. The stimulation of the hypothalamus seems to evoke cholinergic vasodilatation in skeletal muscles. The data suggest that initial level of muscle PO2 determines the redistribution of the increased blood flow between nutritional and non-nutritional vessels within the skeletal muscles and thus affects transcapillary exchange and O2 consumption during cholinergic vasodilatation. PMID- 6641980 TI - [Nature of the "length-force" relationship in mammalian heart muscle]. AB - Alteration of myocardial contractile state (a transitional process) is shown to be associated with changes of muscle length or with 3-min pause. The drugs which block the propagation of AP along the T-tubular system, induce a less obvious response of the lengthening alone. An increase of the muscle length seems to lead to improvement of propagation along the T-tubular system and to involve "additional" functional units. PMID- 6641981 TI - [Effect of hypertensive shifts of arterial pressure on bronchial airway resistance]. AB - Plethysmography of the cat body revealed that occlusion (for 1.5-2.0 min) of carotid arteries caused the hypertension in the major circulation to entail a 10% decrease in the airway resistance against air flow. Obturation of the aorta (for 1.5-2.0 min) caused the pressor of the arterial pressure to develop in conjugation with a 21% increase in the bronchial resistance. The data suggest that in both cases the above shifts of the respiration system are based on opposite changes in the lung congestion with blood (a decrease in the occlusion and an increase in the obturation) which affect the state of bronchi in the peripheral parts of the respiratory tract. PMID- 6641982 TI - [Effect of monoiodoacetate and ouabain on cholinergic vasodilation in cat skeletal muscles]. AB - The effects of a glycolysis blocking agent monoiodoacetate and of the sodium pump blocker ouabain, on cholinergic vasodilatation in skeletal muscle were studied. In acute experiments on cats, i. v. administration of monoionoacetate eliminated both the cholinergic vasodilation and the increase in the osmotic pressure of the venous blood. I. v. injections of ouabain also abolished the vasodilatative effect of the sympathetic chain stimulation and of intraarterial injection of acetylcholine. Ouabain had no effect on the development of a sympathetic vasoconstrictive response and the vasodilative effect caused by intraarterial injection of papaverine. The data obtained indicate that cholinergic vasodilative response is due to activation of anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle and that hyperosmolarity resulting from the enhanced Na+ transport is a key link between tissue metabolism and vascular tone. PMID- 6641983 TI - [Effect of methionine-5-enkephalin retroanalog on gastric secretion]. AB - Alteration of the enkephalin molecule by means of synthesis of peptide with opposite direction of peptide connections between residues of aminoacids (retro- methionin--5--enkephalin) entailed some changes of its action in respect to activity of the stomach secretory cells in dogs. Thus, for instance, the retroanalogue methionin--5--enkephalin proved to be a more efficient activator of gastric secretion induced with pentagastrin. PMID- 6641984 TI - [Acetylcholine potentiation of the serotonin-induced contractile reaction of the cat pyloric sphincter]. AB - Isolated feline gastroduodenal junction was incubated in oxygenated Krebs solution maintained at 37 degrees C. Three types of spontaneous contractile activity were observed in the experiments. Acetylcholine and serotonin, 1.10(-11) 1.10(-5) mol/l, elicited contractile response of the pyloric sphincter consisting of tonic and rhythmic components. Acetylcholine, 1.10(-10)-1.10(-11) nmol/l, while being unable to induce contractile activity of the preparation, potentiated the contractile response of the pyloric sphincter elicited by serotonin. PMID- 6641985 TI - [Possibilities of deposition of electrolytes in the skin in different states of water-salt metabolism]. AB - Isotonic solutions of NaCl, KCl or MgCl2 (5 ml/100 g body weight) were introduced into the stomach of rodents. Participation of the skin in the water--salt homeostasis involved a temporal unspecific detaining of ions which were subsequently excreted from the organism. The NaCl and KCl loads increased the amount of exchangeable sodium in the skin structures. A similar response to all the salt loads was observed in abdominal and spinal parts of the skin. PMID- 6641986 TI - [Porphyrin metabolism and erythrocyte indices after long-term exposure to heat]. PMID- 6641987 TI - [Neutralization of thrombin by antithrombin III in the presence of heparin in cobra venom poisoning]. PMID- 6641988 TI - [Effect of histamine, serotonin and bradykinin on electrophysiological and contractile properties of smooth muscle of the canine duodenum]. PMID- 6641989 TI - [Devices for compact recording of the results of the analysis of an electroencephalogram]. PMID- 6641990 TI - [Devices for measuring and recording on computer input tape the intervals between the moment of excitation and the subsequent impulses of the neuron reaction]. PMID- 6641992 TI - [Neuronal reactions of the fastigial nucleus in the cat to sound signals]. AB - 28 out of 67 neurones of the fastigial nucleus responded to sound signals in anesthetized cats. Thresholds of the responses were over 72 dB in most of the neurones. Changes in intensity or duration of the sound signals were followed by insignificant changes in neuronal activity. An insignificant frequency selectivity (Q less than 0.2) was found in 8 (29%) neurones out of the 28. A considerable sensitivity was revealed in respect to the signals simulating spatial location or moving of the sound source. 13 out of 16 neurones (81%) responded to changes in interaural differences of the stimulation in time. Half of these neurones revealed the maximal changes of activity in interaural differences lesser than 50 microseconds (i.e. with the delays simulating the situation of the sound source near the midline of the head). 7 out of 18 neurones (39%) proved to be sensitive to "movement" of the sound source, each neuron having a preferential sensitivity to the movement with a certain speed. PMID- 6641991 TI - [Neuronal activity of the limbic cortex in stimulation of the somatosensory areas]. AB - The somatosensory areas C1 and C2 exert modulating influence on the activity of the limbic cortex neurones, thus participating in the regulation and processing of information coming to the limbic cortex. PMID- 6641993 TI - [Monosynaptic excitation of the motor neurons of the nucleus of the facial nerve induced by stimulation of brainstem structures]. AB - Synaptic inputs from the midbrain and medulla oblongata to the facial motoneurones were studied in anesthetized cats in acute experiments: the effects of stimulation of the n. reticularis parvocellularis, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch. Stimulation of these nuclei evoked monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials in facial motoneurones which in turn generated single APs. The somatic localization of these synapses is suggested. Convergence of the inputs has been revealed. PMID- 6641994 TI - [Synaptic effects evoked in the spinal cord motor neurons of the frog by adequate stimulation of muscle spindles]. AB - Monosynaptic EPSPs in motoneurones of isolated spinal cord of the frog Rana ridibunda elicited by stretch of the m. sartorius occurred when the involvement of tendon and leaf-like receptors had been excluded. These EPSPs consisted of two components, the first of which persisted in Ca2+-free, Mn2+ or Mg2+-containing media whereas the second one was completely blocked. These observations are in agreement with electrical nature of the first component and chemical nature of the second one. PMID- 6641995 TI - [Reverse transsynaptic regulation of noradrenaline-H3 uptake in chronic sympathetic denervation]. AB - A change in the functional state of adrenoreceptors in conditions of chronic sympathectomy with guanethidine produces constant spontaneous release of chemical factors regulating the intensity of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline-H3 by an adrenergic neuron. In the first two months when adrenoreceptors experience constant deficit of excitation, the factors are released increasing by half the neuronal uptake of noradrenaline-H3 in atrium and v. deferens. Some increase of NA concentration in peripheral organs during the 3rd month seemingly creates conditions providing for constant activation of sensitized adrenoreceptors which results in the release of factors inhibiting the rate of NA--H3 uptake in atrium by 65%, in v. deferens by 38%. The release from effector cell of chemical agents regulating the intensity of neuronal NA uptake, is one of the local peripheral mechanisms regulating the adrenergic transmitter process. PMID- 6641997 TI - [Effect of temperature on the myocardial chrono- and inotropism of warm-blooded animals]. AB - The influence of temperature on interval-force characteristics of rabbit ventricular myocardium was studied in conditions of random Gaussian sequences stimulation intervals. The interval-force relationships were described with Volterra series and cross-correlation function. Decrease of temperature causes inverse influence of Tn and Tn-1 intervals of the contraction force: at 35 degrees C coefficient of cross-correlation rho (0) of Tn-Pn equals 0.1 and coefficient of cross-correlation Tn-1-Pn rho (+1) equals -0.75; at 20 degrees C rho (0) = 0.8; rho (+1) = -0.15. Index Q10 for the process responsible for extrasystolic potentiation is about 3.0 and Q10 for restitutions process equals 1.5. At high temperature calcium seems to enter the myoplasm from extracellular pool, to be absorbed by sarcoplasmic reticulum and released in next cycle contraction. At low temperature, a part of calcium entering from that pool directly activates contractions at the same cycle. PMID- 6641996 TI - [Effect of the pH on the membrane resting potentials of the muscle fibers in the frog]. AB - The pH change from 7.2 to 8.2 causes a decrease of resting membrane potential (RMP) of muscle fibers in the frog at 2.5 mM/l of potassium ions and does not affect the RMP at 5.0 mM/l in the Ringer solution. Tetrodotoxin or tetraethylammonium do not prevent the membrane depolarization after the pH change, but a lowering of temperature, ouabain or a decrease of chloride ions concentration do prevent it. Muscle denervation or blockade of axoplasmic flow by colchicine with no impairment of neuro-muscular transmission, cause a decrease of RMP of muscle fibers, and a pH change from 7.2 to 8.2 induces a hyperpolarization of the muscle membrane under these conditions. Ouabain or a lowering of temperature prevent the membrane hyperpolarization after a pH change. The data obtained suggest the possibility of chloride or proton-chloride pump existence in the frog muscle membrane and that the neurotrophic regulation of this probable mechanism is connected with axoplasmic flow. PMID- 6641998 TI - [Comparative study of the action of acetylcholine on the transmembrane potentials of the contractile myocardial cells of the ventricles in adult and newborn guinea pigs]. AB - The transmembrane potentials of the contractile myocardium cells of intact heart and their response to acetylcholine were studied in adult and newborn guinea pigs by means of "swimming microelectrodes". High concentration of acetylcholine only slightly reduces the overshoot without causing changes in other parameters of the transmembrane potentials in adult animals whereas in newborn animals acetylcholine induces hyperpolarization of membrane of the contractile myocardium cells, increases the overshoot and the amplitude of the AP. In adult guinea pigs, acetylcholine prevents irreversible fibrillation whereas in newborn animals acetylcholine prevents spontaneous defibrillation. PMID- 6641999 TI - [Effect of trigeminal nerve block on respiration in vagotomized cats]. AB - Afferent influence of the trigeminal nerves moderately inhibits activity of the respiratory center in quiet breathing both before and after bilateral vagotomy. Blockade of the trigeminal nerves entails an increase by 20-30% of lung ventilation (VI) due to cessation of the tonic influence and of the impulses induced by stimulation of the nose cavity receptors with air stream. Impulses from the trigeminal nerves increase the duration of respiratory phases by means of their direct effect upon the respiratory center as well as interacting with impulsation from the lung receptors. Stimulation of the nose cavity with air stream decreases the intensity of the inspiratory excitation which leads to deceleration of breathing frequency when the lung afferents are preserved. After vagotomy, the inhibitory effect of tonic trigeminal afferents is augmented and its influence upon the expiratory duration is weakened. At prolonged nose breathing, VI increases in comparison with the breathing through the trachea because of an enlarged dead space and adaptation. PMID- 6642000 TI - [Properties of fast-adapting receptors of the lungs in the cat]. AB - Out of 44 rapidly adapting lung receptors in vagotomized cats, 34 (77%) revealed spike activity in quiet breathing whereas 10 terminals (23%) had no spontaneous activity but revealed it in deep breathing. Firing rate was by 2.7 times more in inspiration as compared to expiration, the greatest amount of APs being registered, at that, in the second half of inspiration or expiration. Occlusion of the trachea in the end of expiration decreases by 2.2 times the firing rate both in inspiration and expiration as compared to spontaneous breathing. A number of receptors revealed a weak impulse activity at a relatively constant lung volume; the average firing rate with occlusion of the trachea is 2.4/sec whereas in inflation of the lungs with the 40 ml and 100 ml volumes the average firing rate was 4.5/sec and 9.8/sec, resp. The discharges of the rapidly adapting receptors seem rather insignificantly if at all affect the course of quiet inspiration, but to take part in regulation of the expiration duration. PMID- 6642001 TI - [Hypothalamic self-stimulation reaction in cats in a nitrogen--oxygen environment under elevated pressure]. PMID- 6642002 TI - [Seasonal changes in the acetylcholine and noradrenaline content and the sensitivity to these substances in the smooth musculature of the small intestine in the rat]. AB - Sensitivity of the rat intestine's smooth muscle to acetylcholine (A) and noradrenaline (NA) changes in opposite directions during the year. Starting from the end of November the sensitivity to A grows gradually whereas the sensitivity to NA decreases, the maximum of the former coinciding with the minimum of the latter by the end of winter and in spring, whereas the minimum of A sensitivity coincides with the maximum of NA sensitivity in September-November. Study of the season-related changes of A and NA contents in the small intestine tissue revealed the greatest amount of A (8.0-11.5 X 10(-5) M/g) during the spring months and the least amount (3.7-5.9 X 10(-5) M/g) during the autumn and winter months. The maximal contents of NA (603-700 mg/g) occurs in autumn and the minimal that (271-390 mg/g) in spring and summer time. Like the A and NE sensitivity, the A and NA contents in the small intestine tissue changes during the year in opposite directions. PMID- 6642003 TI - [Reflection of acoustic signal importance in evoked potentials during human movement programming]. PMID- 6642004 TI - [Reaction of the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei to cooling in rats in an altered gaseous environment]. PMID- 6642005 TI - [Age-related changes in the adrenaline and noradrenaline ratio in the tissues of rats]. PMID- 6642007 TI - [2-channel carbon-fiber microelectrode]. PMID- 6642006 TI - [Continuous measurement of the glucose concentration in brain tissue by using enzyme microelectrodes]. PMID- 6642008 TI - [Method of studying intercellular interaction in the myocardium]. PMID- 6642009 TI - [Automation of the process of replacing solutions in a physiological experiment]. PMID- 6642010 TI - Tumour cell toxicity for the targets of natural killer cells. AB - Cells of intraperitoneally transplanted murine leukaemias and sarcomas (L-1210, EL-4, MC-11 and SA-1), were found to be toxic for target cells usually employed for assaying NK cells (K-562, EL-4, YAC-1). The 3H-uridine-ribonuclease method used in our study, in contrast to the 51Cr assay, revealed not only cytotoxicity but also reversible damage to target cell membrane (membrane toxicity). This damage became irreversible if target cells had been pretreated with actinomycin D. To exclude the possible role of an admixture of NK, macrophages and T killer cells, contaminants were removed from suspensions of peritoneal tumour cells from syngeneic mice by adherence to plastic surfaces and separation on Hypaque-Ficoll, and from tumour cells grown in vivo or in vitro and then maintained in allogeneic animals by additional treatment with anti-H-2 sera and complement. The toxic effect depended directly on the dosage of tumour cells. Unlabelled target cells inhibited tumour cell toxicity. The medium used for incubating tumour cells was not toxic for target cells. PMID- 6642011 TI - [Therapeutic experience of primary aldosteronism associated with chronic renal failure]. AB - A 58-year-old man with primary aldosteronism associated with chronic chronic renal failure was treated with CAPD, oral administrations of Trilostane and furosemide. No adverse clinical or laboratory response could be attributed to these combination therapies. After subsequent removal of aldosterone-producing adenoma from left adrenal gland, his clinical symptoms were slightly improved. This case, still received CAPD treatment, is a unique presentation for primary aldosteronism without showing suppressed plasma renin activity. PMID- 6642012 TI - [Effect of aging on blood catecholamine under 3 conditions of sodium intake- comparison between normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension]. AB - Increased sympathetic nervous activity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. It is well-known that both dietary sodium intake and age influence plasma norepinephrine (P-NE). There are many reports on comparative studies of P-NE in patients with essential hypertension and normotensive controls. However, there are few studies on changes in plasma catecholamines in both the aging and salt intake states. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of age on sympathetic nervous activity in patients with essential hypertension and normal controls under low (UNa V 29 +/- 3 mEq/day), regular (UNa V 133 +/- 8 mEq/day) and high (UNa V 324 +/- 12 mEq/day) sodium regimens. The catecholamine levels were analyzed by THI methods after HPLC separation. Twenty-four hour urinary norepinephrine, epinephrine and electrolyte (Na+, K+) excretion on day 5 of each regimen was also determined. On day 6 morning, supine and upright P-NE, plasma epinephrine and plasma renin activity were determined after blood pressure and pulse rate measurement. Subjects were separated according to age as follows: young (less than 40 y.o.), middle-aged (40 approximately 60 y.o.) and old (greater than 60 y.o.). P-NE in hypertensives was significantly higher than in normals under any three sodium intakes. There was a significantly positive correlation between age and P-NE, but only in normal controls under three sodium intakes and not in hypertensive patients under any three sodium regimens. In the young group of hypertensive patients, P-NE was significantly higher than that of normal controls. These results suggest that the increased sympathetic nervous activity plays an important role in the pathogenesis and maintenance of essential hypertension, and this is particularly obvious in young patients. PMID- 6642013 TI - [The 56th fall meeting of the Japan Endocrine Society. Tokyo, 4-5 November 1983]. PMID- 6642014 TI - Heterogeneity in food composition table data. PMID- 6642015 TI - A training pack. Field programme management: food and nutrition. AB - One of the main barriers to development is the lack of adequately trained field staff. It is now widely recognized that the field worker plays a crucial role in implementing community development programmes. National development plans may look promising on paper but without the staff in the field, capable of managing the programmes, there is little chance for substantial gain from development efforts. To help address the problem of training for field workers, the Food Policy and Nutrition Division has produced the Training Pack. Its aim is to help field workers develop simple management skills which can be used in their daily work. The material in the Pack stresses those management techniques required by all field workers, whether their primary responsibility is agriculture, health, nutrition or community development. The Pack uses aspects of food and nutrition to illustrate the basic management skills, without attempting to turn the field workers into nutritionists. The emphasis of the Course is on the planning, implementation and evaluation of community activities. The practical approach advocated by these training materials is described in detail here. PMID- 6642016 TI - Irradiated foods. Regulatory control and international trade. PMID- 6642017 TI - Peru. Selecting beneficiaries for assistance programmes. AB - The most common criticism of food aid or food assistance programmes is that they fail to reach those most in need. Applying objective criteria in selecting programme beneficiaries has proved to be a difficult problem. The statistical approach developed here and used in Peru may provide the basis for both selection of beneficiaries and evaluation of food aid projects. PMID- 6642018 TI - Food laws. Why do we need them? PMID- 6642019 TI - The effect of freezing and canning on the vitamin content of green peas. PMID- 6642020 TI - Codex Alimentarius Commission. PMID- 6642021 TI - Food laws and regulations. PMID- 6642022 TI - Malignant hyperthermia: a case report and general overview of an anesthesia emergency. PMID- 6642023 TI - Puff adder bite: a case presentation. PMID- 6642024 TI - Detection of deep vein thrombosis. PMID- 6642025 TI - The diminishing family and its impact on health. PMID- 6642026 TI - Here comes the computer. PMID- 6642027 TI - More on gallbladder disease. PMID- 6642028 TI - First year follow-up report of screenees of the 1974-1980 Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration project. PMID- 6642029 TI - [Irritation tests in dermatology -- their significance and interpretation]. PMID- 6642030 TI - [Monilethrix]. PMID- 6642031 TI - [Dermatoglyphics and basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)]. PMID- 6642032 TI - [Psoriasis and skin cancer. A prick-test examination of patients with psoriasis, patients with skin cancer and healthy persons]. PMID- 6642033 TI - [Clear cell acanthoma]. PMID- 6642035 TI - [Involvement of the temporomandibular joints in psoriatic arthritis. Case report]. PMID- 6642034 TI - [The effect of carnitine on the motility of sperm]. PMID- 6642036 TI - Genetic counseling for skin diseases. A statistical analysis of 182 cases. AB - A statistical study was carried out on 182 cases who seeked out genetic counseling about skin diseases. The size of the latent demand for the counseling was assessed to be as much as 3.0% of the outpatients. Most clients were in their twenties. A representative consultand was the patient's child or sibling. The main diseases in question were cleft lip and palate (16%), nevus pigmentosus (12%), Recklinghausen's diseases (8%) and psoriasis (8%). Estimation of the recurrence risk was impossible in 3%, approximate in 54% and accurate in 43%. This defective estimation is due to the insufficiency of the available genetic data, e.g. carrier frequency, penetrance rate, contraction rate by age, etc. The high-risk cases were found to be 36%. In 9 cases (5% of all the counselings) the client decided to avoid reproduction. In 30 cases (16%), the clients asked for counseling after having conceived or given birth to a consultand. They were thought to be too late from the standpoint of prophylaxis of inherited diseases. Our conclusion is that genetic counseling offers some measure of disease prevention and therefore will become an essential branch or dermatology in the future. PMID- 6642037 TI - Effect of photochemotherapy on the cardiovascular system. AB - The effect of PUVA therapy on the cardiovascular system was studied in 2 groups of patients. The first group consisted of 9 otherwise healthy patients, who were treated without airconditioning. The second group was formed by 15 otherwise healthy psoriasis patients, who were treated with photochemotherapy, using airconditioning. In both groups the cabinet-skin and rectal temperature rose significantly. The most marked finding however was the rise in heart rate. By applying airconditioning, significantly smaller increases in the measured parameters occurred. In none of the patients changes in the electrocardiograms were observed. The effects on the cardiovascular system can evidently be limited by applying airconditioning and by keeping the time of light exposure as short as possible. PMID- 6642038 TI - [Acyclovir treatment of eczema herpeticum in Darier's disease]. AB - This paper describes two episodes of eczema herpeticum occurring in a woman with Darier's disease. During the first episode, the vesicular eruption represented a primary herpetic infection because there were no IgM herpes antibodies. The second attack suggested a recurrent infection. Herpes simplex, virus type I was isolated from the lesions in both cases. PMID- 6642039 TI - Bowen's disease of the nail bed. AB - A 61-year-old Japanese man with Bowen's disease of the nail bed of the left great toe was reported. Amyloid deposits were present in the papillary dermis. Excision and skin grafting were beneficial. PMID- 6642040 TI - Erythropoietic protoporphyria showing solar purpura. AB - An 11-year-old girl with erythropoietic protoporphyria is described. She was admitted to our hospital complaining of swelling and purpura on her arms resulting from overexposure to solar radiation. An elevated level of protoporphyrin in the red blood cells and feces was detected by thin-layer chromatography and fluorescent scanning analysis. PMID- 6642041 TI - Non-respiratory haemolymph proteins in the vineyard snail Helix pomatia. Changes after phagocytosis in vivo. AB - Haemolymph proteins from the vineyard snail Helix pomatia were studied by chromatographic and immune-electrophoretic techniques with the dual purpose of characterizing the normal composition of haemolymph and to look for possible opsonins. The oxygen-carrying proteins, alpha- and beta-haemocyanin, were by far the most abundant proteins, but at least three non-respiratory proteins could be demonstrated. We found consistent changes in the appearance of the immunoprecipitation pattern of these non-respiratory proteins after the injection of particulate foreign matter into the snail's circulation, and we suggest that they may be opsonins. We also found a haemagglutinin in haemolymph. It was present in very low concentration and was similar to, but not identical with the haemagglutinin which is present in the albumin gland. PMID- 6642042 TI - The important significance of filopodial elongation of phagocytic granular cells of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, in recognition of foreignness. AB - The significance of filopodial elongation of granular phagocytes of Bombyx mori in recognition of foreignness was examined using a larval epidermis obtained from the same individual of B.mori as a self material and intra- or interspecific epidermis and glass as non-self ones. Incubation of cells on self or intraspecific epidermis markedly decreased the filopodial elongation of attached cells, as compared with the incubation on glass. Interspecific epidermis from other Lepidopterans (Papilio xuthus and Pieris melete) have not received filopodial elongation of B.mori granular cells to a lesser degree than B.mori epidermis. Moreover, granular cells directly fixed with glutaraldehyde soon after bleeding were also observed to fold their filopodia. These results seemed to provide experimental evidence that filopodial elongation was probably stimulated by non-self recognition by granular phagocytes. PMID- 6642043 TI - Susceptibility and immunity to Vibrio anguillarum in post-hatching rainbow trout fry, Salmo gairdneri Richardson 1836. AB - Rainbow trout fry were tested for their susceptibility to experimental infection with Vibrio anguillarum, and their ability to mount an immune response against it, from the age of 2 weeks post-hatch onwards. Bath challenges were ineffective in inducing vibriosis until 6-8 weeks post-hatch, and then only low levels of specific mortality ensued, even at very high doses. However, at the earliest age tested, 7 weeks post-hatch, the fry were susceptible to infection by an intraperitoneal injection with live organisms. Protective immunity was evident in fry vaccinated by direct immersion as early as 2 weeks post-hatch (at an average weight of 0.14g), when tested by intraperitoneal challenge. By the time the fry reached 0.5g (10 weeks after hatching), protection levels had reached 50% for direct immersion vaccination and 100% for intraperitoneal vaccination. An oral vaccination, from first feeding onwards, proved ineffective in inducing immunity. The results are discussed in relation to the onset and maturation of immunological competence in rainbow trout. PMID- 6642044 TI - Characterization of immunoglobulins from the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) produced against a naturally occurring bacterial pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. AB - The primary immune response in the brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) to intramuscularly injected, chloroform-killed Aeromonas hydrophila reached an agglutination titer of 128 in 3 wk, and the response to the bacteria plus adjuvant reached a titer of 512 in 5 wk. Anti-Aeromonas hydrophila antibodies from brown bullheads were excluded from Sephadex G-200 and had an immunoelectrophoretic migration pattern toward the cathode. Cleavage of the macromolecule by 2-ME reduction and iodoacetamide alkylation yielded subunits that were resumptively heavy chains of about 50,500 daltons and light chains of about 22,500 daltons. Bullhead antibodies were assumed to be tetrameric in configuration and therefore to have an approximate molecular weight of 600,000 daltons assuming a J chain is present in both early (6 wk) and late (20 wk) immune sera. The agglutinating activity of the antibody was completely eliminated by exposure to 65 degrees C for 30 min. Immunoelectrophoresis showed a single antibody component that moved toward the cathode. The structure and molecular weight of bullhead antibodies appears similar to that observed in channel catfish and other closely related teleost fish. PMID- 6642045 TI - Ontogeny of delayed hypersensitivity in young turkeys. AB - Hypersensitivity to phytohemagglutinin (PHA-P) and Freund's adjuvant containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis was investigated in turkey poults. The kinetics, as indicated by dosage and response time after sensitization, were similar to responses in other birds and laboratory mammals. Newly hatched poults demonstrated delayed hypersensitivity responses, and 2 week old poults exhibited responses of greater magnitude than 8 week old poults. The turkey is proposed as another acceptable species for study of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). PMID- 6642046 TI - Kinetics of tumor cell cytostasis by sea star factor-activated macrophages. AB - Macrophages obtained from Wistar/Furth (W/Fu) and Fischer (F344) rats receiving intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 mg of sea star factor (SSF) exert a profound suppressive effect on proliferation of tumor cells in vitro. The cytostatic effect of these activated macrophages is not immunologically specific, and is demonstrably effective against syngeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic targets (the latter of murine origin, P815-X2 of DBA/2 strain). Evidence suggests that cytostasis can be resolved into three discrete temporally progressive steps: cytoadhesion, macrophage-dependent, and macrophage-independent states. Interference with the first stage by the use of high molecular weight dextran blocks development of macrophage-dependent cytostasis. Suppression of this second stage by selective macrophage toxicity using silica blocks the final event of irreversible macrophage-independent cytostasis. Taken together, these data suggest that suppression of tumor cell division by SSF-activated macrophages requires direct contact for a relatively prolonged period between viable effector macrophages and tumor target cells to achieve maximal cytostasis. PMID- 6642047 TI - Successful pregnancy following surgery for a masculinizing adrenocortical carcinoma. AB - A 16-year-old girl with a masculinizing adrenal carcinoma treated surgically is presented. Following surgery a full clinical and steroid remission has been achieved, without any adjuvant chemotherapy. In the 7th year after the surgical treatment the patient became pregnant. Pregnancy and labour were uncomplicated. The patient continues in complete remission, and her son has been noted to have normal development at 21 mth of age. PMID- 6642048 TI - Indomethacin and the fetal renal nonfunction syndrome. AB - A pregnancy during which both beta-adrenergics and indomethacin were administered in order to stop preterm uterine contractions is reported. After 8 wk of therapy a Caesarean section was performed. The female neonate had all the characteristics of a Potter's facies, was anuric and died after 47 h of extra-uterine life. A possible relationship between this perinatal death and the prolonged intra uterine exposure to indomethacin is discussed. PMID- 6642049 TI - Thrombosis of the right umbilical artery, presumably related to the shortness of the umbilical cord: an unusual cause of fetal distress. AB - This case report concerns a late pregnancy complication, clinically apparent as severe variable decelerations in the first stage of labor. Emergency cesarean section delivered a mildly asphyxiated full-term newborn infant. Examination of the umbilical cord revealed a thrombus of the right umbilical artery, near the fetal side, confirmed by histological examination. The total length of the umbilical cord, only 30 cm, was below the limit necessary for uncomplicated delivery of the fetus near term. Transient stretching during fetal descent is thought to be responsible for constriction of the umbilical arteries, blood flow sludging and thrombosis. Although only a few cases have been reported, thrombosis of the umbilical vessels has to be considered whenever the fetal heart rate pattern shows unexplained variable decelerations. PMID- 6642050 TI - Observations on intra-uterine resting-phase pressure in at term pregnancy in different body positions. AB - Investigations were conducted into the influence of body position on intra uterine resting phase pressure in women in labour. A micro pressure sensor was placed in the uterus and rectum of 14 women immediately after artificial rupture of the fetal membranes. A significant increase in the intra-uterine resting-phase pressure was experienced when the body position was changed from supine to sitting and also from supine to standing. The intrarectal pressure, a parameter of the intra-abdominal pressure, also showed this significant increase by the same magnitude. The increased resing-phase pressure in the uterus, when the women are in a standing or sitting position, is therefore the result of extra-uterine factors. PMID- 6642051 TI - Characteristics of tubulin aggregation by tubulin-binding proteins from brain and by synthetic polycations. AB - A basic fraction from brain cytosol was found to contain two or more tubulin binding proteins, able to induce aggregation of tubulin accompanied by hydrolysis of GTP. In some respects tubulin aggregation by the brain proteins was similar to its aggregation by polylysine. The burst of GTP hydrolysis accompanying tubulin aggregation by polylysine had the following characteristics: enhanced by salt and abolished by low temperature; not stoichiometric with the amount of tubulin precipitated and actually maximal at relatively low polylysine concentration; uncoupled temporally from aggregation, which occurred over a much shorter interval. PMID- 6642053 TI - The identity of bovine liver "nothing dehydrogenase". AB - An assay system was developed which allowed the partial purification of the substrate for beef liver nothing dehydrogenase. This was also found to be a substrate for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Using electrophoretic separations of purified LDH and beef liver extracts, nothing dehydrogenase was determined to be primarily the H4 isoenzyme of LDH. The nothing dehydrogenase phenomena was also observed with highly-purified, commercially-obtained LDH. PMID- 6642052 TI - Effect of phospholipids on membrane-bound and solubilized mannosyltransferase activity from aortic wall. AB - Phospholipids interact on the membrane-bound and solubilized mannosyltransferase activity. The biosynthesis of Dol-P-Man is strongly inhibited by phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidylcholine. The effect of phospholipids is not related to stereospecificity. Chemical properties of phospholipids (ester or ether bond, length of fatty acids and polarity of head groups) are not an essential factor for inhibition. The different parameters involved in enzymatic reaction of glycosylation are not modified by phospholipids, in particular the integrity of GDP-[14C]mannose. The inhibitory effect of lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid on mannosyltransferase activities is related to their possible formation of micellar structures which definitely induce a conformation change of this enzyme. PMID- 6642054 TI - The characterization of the linoleic acid desaturation and elongation system in ovine placental tissue. AB - The desaturation and elongation of linoleic acid has been studied in homogenates and in subfractions of ovine placental tissue. The reaction was characterized in terms of pH and temperature optima, time course and protein concentration. Activity was found to be confined to the 11,000 g supernatant fraction of the tissue and the results suggest that the enzymes are membrane bound. The cytosolic fraction and ATP were required for full activity and the reaction was inhibited by cyanide. The properties of the reaction are compared with those of other desaturation systems and their implications with regard to possible reaction mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 6642055 TI - Comparison of glycolysis in intact and digitonin-permeabilized bloodstream trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma brucei. AB - Digitonin has been used to permeabilize bloodstream trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma brucei. Such permeabilized parasites revealed a fully-functional glycolytic pathway which catabolized glucose and some phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates. Glucose-starved bloodstream trypomastigotes revealed saturation kinetics with a glucose Km = 0.6 mM and Vmax = 150 natom O/min per 10(8) for intact parasites; Km = 4 mM and Vmax = 100 natom O2/min per 10(8) for permeabilized parasites. Glucose oxidation in intact parasites was stimulated 40% by addition of 3 micrograms digitonin/10(8) parasites. Higher concentrations of digitonin than this inhibited the glucose oxidation. Ten millimolar phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) inhibited the rate of O2 consumption by permeabilized trypanosomes respiring on glucose under aerobic conditions by 50%. It is proposed that glucose oxidation is apparently limited by transport across trypanosomal plasma membrane, and phosphofructokinase is regulated by PEP levels. It is concluded that permeabilization of trypanosomes with digitonin might offer a closer physiological condition for the study of the regulation of glycolysis by using glycolytic intermediates and other chemical compounds which would otherwise not be transported across the membrane(s). PMID- 6642056 TI - On the specificity of the two forms of human serum alpha-L-fucosidase. AB - All normal sera exhibiting either normal or low activities contain two forms of alpha-L-fucosidase (F1 and F2). These two forms, isolated from either type of serum, have respectively similar properties, but the low-activity sera contain a major proportion of the thermolabile, less-acidic form, F1. The specificities for natural substrates (glycoproteins and oligosaccharides) and for synthetic fucosides have been studied. All types of alpha-L-fucosidase linkages (1,2; 1,3; 1,4 and 1,6) are split by the form F2. The specificity of the form F1 is more restricted. Only alpha(1,3) and some types of alpha(1,2) and alpha(1,4) fucosyl linkages are split. PMID- 6642057 TI - Developments in carotenoid biochemistry over 40 years. The third Morton lecture. PMID- 6642059 TI - The biosynthesis of chloroplastidic terpenoid quinones and chromanols. PMID- 6642058 TI - The biosynthesis of polyisoprenoid chains. PMID- 6642060 TI - Cell-free studies of monoterpene and sesquiterpene biosynthesis. PMID- 6642061 TI - The metabolism of phytoalexins. PMID- 6642062 TI - Aspects of diterpenoid and gibberellin biosynthesis in Gibberella fujikuroi. PMID- 6642063 TI - Gibberellins in higher plants. PMID- 6642065 TI - How is sterol synthesis regulated in higher plants? PMID- 6642064 TI - Inhibition of 2,3-oxidosqualene: beta-amyrin-cyclase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine: cycloartenol C-24-methyltransferase and cycloeucalenol: obtusifoliol isomerase by rationally designed molecules containing a tertiary amine function. AB - 25-Azacycloartanol (I), 2-aza-2-dihydrosqualene (II) and Tridemorph (2,6-dimethyl N-tridecylmorpholine) (III) are potent inhibitors of higher plant sterol biosynthesis. The first two molecules have been designed using rational enzymological concepts. I, II and III were shown to inhibit the S-adenosyl-L methionine: cycloartenol C-24-methyltransferase, the 2,3-oxidosqualene: beta amyrin-cyclase and the cycloeucalenol: obtusifoliol isomerase, respectively. Inhibition was demonstrated either in vivo on bramble cell suspensions or in vitro on microsomes from maize seedlings. Each inhibitor has been shown to have a high affinity for its presumed enzymic target and only negligible inhibitory action on the other two enzymes. The applications of these results to further physiological studies are discussed. PMID- 6642066 TI - The geochemistry of terpenoids and steroids. PMID- 6642067 TI - Moxalactam therapy of difficult infections in patients with serious underlying conditions. AB - Moxalactam was the single therapeutic agent used to treat a variety of infections in sixty-three patients, most of whom had serious concomitant illnesses. Fifty three patient case reports qualified for evaluation, including those with pneumonia (8), urinary tract infections (18), superficial infections (6), orthopaedic infections (7), osteomyelitis (8), septicaemia (4), pansinusitis (1), and meningitis (1). Preliminary in vitro studies had indicated that most organisms, including those resistant to other antibacterial agents, would respond to moxalactam. Infecting bacteria from the fifty-three evaluable patients included a wide variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Doses of moxalactam ranged from 1 to 16 g/day administered intravenously or intramuscularly for 5 to 41 days. With few explainable exceptions, clinical and bacteriologic responses were adequate and satisfactory. Adverse effects were inconsequential. Allergic reactions were not observed, even in patients with a past history of reactions to penicillin. PMID- 6642068 TI - Acetylcysteine (Fabrol) in chronic bronchitis--a study in general practice. AB - The results of this general practice study suggest that acetylcysteine (Fabrol) administered orally for 2 months to patients with chronic bronchitis effectively changes the viscosity and character of sputum with resultant ease of expectoration and cough severity. There was a notable improvement in associated abnormal physical signs such as the presence of rhonchi, crepitations and symptoms including dyspnoea at rest. Tolerability was good, with 81% of patients experiencing no side-effects. PMID- 6642069 TI - Efficacy and tolerance of enteric-coated erythromycin base (Ery-Max) administered twice or four times daily in patients with acute bronchitis. AB - We performed a double-blind trial of a new formulation of erythromycin base as enteric-coated pellets (Ery-Max) in the treatment of acute bronchitis in 220 patients. Subjects were randomized to receive either 500 mg twice or 250 mg four times a day for 10 days. The response to treatment as assessed clinically and by changes in sputum purulence was the same in the two groups. Thus 97% and 98% of the patients had a good or improved clinical effect. Treatment was well tolerated, but side-effects were encountered more often in the q.i.d. group (p greater than 0.05). In conclusion, the study showed that the enteric-coated erythromycin as pellets, given twice or four times daily for 10 days, was well tolerated and equally effective in acute bronchitis. Hence, the more convenient b.i.d. regimen can be recommended. PMID- 6642070 TI - Bioavailability of a combination preparation of trimethoprim and folic acid. AB - The bioavailability of folic acid and trimethoprim was investigated from a combination preparation of folic acid (0.25 mg) and trimethoprim (100 mg) in ten healthy adult volunteers. Peroral administration of the preparation resulted in a mean peak plasma concentration of trimethoprim 1.09 mg/l (SEM 0.06). The AUC values for trimethoprim were 12.42 mg.h/l and 12.77 mg.h/l corresponding to combination preparation and plain trimethoprim, p greater than 0.1. After administration 0.25 mg folic acid in the combination preparation, there was a significant rise in serum folic acid concentrations. The AUC from 0-8 hours was 199.8 nmol.h/l (SEM 8.1) and 166.3 nmol.h/l (SEM 14.2) corresponding to combination preparation and plain trimethoprim, p less than 0.001. A loading dose of folic acid 10 mg was given intramuscularly 24 hours before drug intake. This new type of formulation of trimethoprim and folic acid has been developed in order to prevent in long-term use the adverse haematological effects induced by trimethoprim alone. PMID- 6642071 TI - Experience with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% plus econazole nitrate 1% in paediatric dermatology. PMID- 6642072 TI - Aminopeptidases of the rat prostatic complex and seminal vesicles: secretion and effect of castration. AB - Aminopeptidases hydrolysing L-leucine-beta-naphthylamine (LeuNA), L-alanine-beta naphthylamide (AlaNA) and L-arginine-beta-naphthylamide (ArgNA) were studied in tissue homogenates of various parts of the rat prostatic complex and seminal vesicles after castration as well as in their 'cellular' and 'secretory' compartments. The 'secretory' fluids were also fractionated by chromatofocusing to reveal the enzymes possibly secreted by the glands. After castration the ventral prostate showed a temporary increase of LeuNA and a continuous rise of AlaNA hydrolysis, while ArgNA hydrolysis remained unaltered. Its 'secretory' fluid contained high hydrolysis rates of the substrates and chromatofocusing revealed two activity peaks with pI values of 6.2 and 5.4. In the lateral prostate no activity changes were recorded after castration. The 'secretory' fluid contained low enzyme activities and the fractionation showed one enzyme activity with pI 5.4. The posterior prostate, coagulating glands and seminal vesicles showed high hydrolysis rates of ArgNA with a rapid decline after castration. The 'secretory' fluid of posterior prostate contained rather low activity levels and in chromatofocusing two activity peaks with pI values of 6.2 and 5.4 were found. The 'secretory' fluid of coagulating gland contained a strong hydrolysis of ArgNA and chromatofocusing gave two activities with pI values of 5.4 and 5.1. The latter seemed to hydrolyse only ArgNA. The viscous secretion of the seminal vesicles contained very low aminopeptidase activities and chromatofocusing also showed a poor result. It is concluded that the various parts of the rat prostatic complex differ in their aminopeptidase composition. Only part of these enzymes appears to be secretory and controlled by testosterone. The major contribution to the seminal plasma aminopeptidase activity seems to derive from the ventral prostate and the coagulating gland. PMID- 6642073 TI - Human androgen insensitivity mutation does not alter oligonucleotide recognition by the androgen receptor-DHT complex. AB - We studied the binding of dihydrotestosterone-receptor complexes (DHT-R) from human genital skin fibroblasts to oligodeoxyribonucleotides and DNA. Following incubation of fibroblasts with 2 nM [3H]DHT (45 min, 37 degrees C), DHT-R were prepared as total fibroblast sonicates (sonication of cells in 0.5 M KCl), intact fibroblast cytosol (100000 X g supernatant) or intact fibroblast nuclear extract (sonication of nuclei in 0.5 M KCl). DHT-R were also prepared by incubation of fractionated fibroblast cytosol with 4 nM [3H]DHT (4 h, 0 degrees C). Optimal conditions were established for binding of DHT-R from total fibroblast sonicates to oligo-dT cellulose: 60 min, 0 degrees C, low salt (0.05-0.10 M KCl), linearity with DHT-R concentration, and nucleotide saturation. With total fibroblast sonicates the rank order of DHT-R binding was oligo-dT approximately equal to -dG greater than DNA greater than -dC greater than or equal to -dA approximately equal to -dI. Intact fibroblast cytosol displayed a similar preference of DHT-R binding to oligo-dT and -dG but the binding was quantitatively higher than for total fibroblast sonicates, the binding for fractionated fibroblast cytosolic DHT R formed at 0 degrees C being quantitatively lower. However, binding of DHT-R from cytosol (0 degrees C) to DNA-cellulose was equal to that for DHT-R from cytosol (37 degrees C). Binding of DHT-R from intact fibroblast nuclear extracts was lower than for total fibroblast sonicates. Preparations from cells of patients with receptor-negative, complete androgen insensitivity lacked both DHT R formation and specific oligonucleotide binding. Binding of oligonucleotides to DHT-R from cells of patients with receptor-positive, complete androgen insensitivity could not be distinguished from that of normal cells. These results suggest: (a) androgen receptor-steroid complexes recognize and bind to certain preferred deoxyribonucleotides; (b) various factors affect the quantitative binding of DHT-R from different cellular preparations to deoxyribonucleotides; and (c) neither qualitative nor quantitative abnormalities for DHT-R of complete androgen-insensitive patients were detectable from oligonucleotide or DNA binding. PMID- 6642074 TI - Tamoxifen-induced changes in the polyribosomes and associated mRNA of rat uterus. AB - We have analysed the effect of tamoxifen on the accumulation of polysomes and their associated mRNA populations in the uterus of the immature rat. Tamoxifen caused the aggregation of ribosomes into polysomes but, when compared with the effects of oestrogen, the accumulation was delayed, of smaller magnitude and resulted in smaller polysomes. Tamoxifen did not inhibit oestrogen-induced polysome aggregation. Tamoxifen and monohydroxytamoxifen caused oestrogen-like changes in the polyadenylated mRNA population of uterine polysomes, but some quantitative and qualitative as well as kinetic differences were found in the response to the inhibitors when compared with the hormone. The reasons for these differences are discussed. PMID- 6642075 TI - Glucocorticoid-induced proteins in bovine endothelial cells. AB - High circulating levels of corticosteroids are associated with elevated blood pressure and an increased incidence of vascular damage. We have used high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autoradiography to analyse direct steroid effects on the newly synthesized proteins in bovine aortic endothelial cells. At medium concentrations of 10(-7) M, corticosteroids but not sex steroids increased the synthesis of two endothelial proteins: el (M.W. approximately 43K, pI approximately 6.3) and e2 (M.W. approximately 28K, pI approximately 5.9). The responses were consistent for different endothelial cell cultures, different gel runs, and for natural and synthetic glucocorticoids, including the 'pure' synthetic glucocorticoid, RU 26988. Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone) at 10(-7) M were less potent in their effect on the synthesis of e2, and had no discernible effect on the synthesis of e1. These specific effects on cellular protein synthesis demonstrate that glucocorticoids can act directly on endothelial cells. These direct actions may thus mediate altered endothelial cell function in clinical and experimental cardiovascular conditions characterized by corticosteroid excess. PMID- 6642076 TI - A new in vitro melanophore bioassay for MSH using tail-fins of Xenopus tadpoles. AB - A new in vitro melanophore system is described, which employs pieces from the ventral tail-fin of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Tail-fin melanophores in vitro retain the ability to disperse their pigment in darkness and to reaggregate it upon illumination. In the light, alpha-MSH, cAMP, dibutyryl-cAMP and theophylline induce a concentration-dependent pigment dispersion. The log dose-response curve obtained with alpha-MSH is sigmoidal with a linear portion between 0.5 and 2.0 ng alpha-MSH/ml. In this range, the log dose-response curve can be used as the standard curve in a bioassay for melanotropic activity, applying either the melanophore index (assay I) or a photometric transmittance measurement (assay II) for the quantification of the melanophore response. To prevent interference from the light/darkness response, light of 400-500 nm (to which the melanophores are most sensitive) was used during the assay. Both assays show high precision (lambda I = 0.13, lambda II = 0.11). Several peptides derived from alpha-MSH were tested for their melanotropic activity. The in vitro Xenopus melanophore system offers unique properties for the study of alpha-MSH action: (1) the melanophore system is uncontaminated with other chromatophores; (2) to date it is the only system suitable for photoaffinity labelling of alpha-MSH receptors; and (3) the melanophore receptor requirements differ from those of Rana. PMID- 6642077 TI - Localization of estrogen receptor regulatory factor in the uterine nucleus. AB - The objective of this study was to determine whether progesterone-induced estrogen receptor regulatory factor (ReRF) is a component of hamster uterine nuclei or a cytoplasmic contaminant of the nuclear fraction. Crude uterine nuclei were prepared in low salt buffer and were purified by either the hexylene glycol method or an isotonic sucrose-Triton X-100 procedure. ReRF activity was measured as a net percentage increase in estrogen receptor inactivation after incubation of a 0.5 M KCl nuclear extract at 36 degrees C for 30 min. Progesterone treatment (5 mg/kg, s.c. in oil, 2 h) increased net receptor inactivation to the same extent (9-12% net increase) in extract made from each nuclear preparation. Extensive washing of nuclei caused a progressive decline in recovery of ReRF activity, in parallel with the behavior of KCl-extractable nuclear protein and estrogen receptor. These results demonstrate that ReRF is a loosely bound component of the uterine nucleus. PMID- 6642078 TI - Developmental changes in head-circumference and mental-performance growth rates: a test of Epstein's phrenoblysis hypothesis. AB - Epstein's phrenoblysis hypothesis states that brain growth and mental growth occur in correlated spurts at 3-10 months and 2-4, 6-8, 10-12 or 13, and 14-16 or 17 years of age. The present study was the first to test statistically such spurts in head-circumference and mental-age growth rates and to assess any correspondence in individual differences between spurts in the two variables in a single sample of children measured serially between 2.5 and 17 years of age. While the statistically significant spurts observed in each variable did fall within the hypothesized age periods, the chance rate for such theoretical concordance was high and several hypothesized spurts were not supported. Moreover, no relationship existed within individuals between head-circumference and mental-age growth-rate patterns. PMID- 6642079 TI - Individual recognition of human infants on the basis of cries alone. AB - Human parents were asked to identify their infants on the basis of tape-recorded cries that they had not previously heard. The cries of twenty 30-day-old infants were recorded just prior to a feeding, then rerecorded onto a test tape containing cries from three other infants. Eighty percent of mothers were able to recognize their infants' cries, as were 45% of fathers. An additional 140 adults (non-parents) were tested in order to determine if the process of dubbing cries onto test tapes had left extraneous auditory cues to infants' identities and if the foil infants were equally discriminable. The results indicated that parents' recognition was not based on extraneous cues and that, overall, the foils were appropriate distractors in the parents' task. Thus, the majority of parents can recognize their 30-day-old infants on the sole basis of acoustic cues contained in the infants' cries. The acoustic features that underlie this recognition are now being investigated. PMID- 6642080 TI - Maturation of autonomic control in preterm infants. AB - In order to investigate the development of autonomic control and its relation to postnatal illness, healthy term, healthy preterm, and preterm infants who had recovered from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were seen around the expected date of their birth, 40 weeks conceptional age (C.A.), and again at 3 months conceptional age. Three minutes of resting EKG were collected at each age point while the infant was in a quiet, alert state. Measures of resting heart period and heart period variability were derived. Results revealed the influence of maturity and illness on autonomic activity. RDS and healthy preterm infants, at 40 weeks C.A. exhibited a pattern of small heart period compared to healthy term. RDS preterm infants at 40 weeks C.A. exhibited less overall variability than either healthy group and across age displayed less short-term variability than the healthy infants. The data suggest that autonomic activity during the early months of life may be affected by both prematurity and postnatal illness. The significance of these data in understanding term/preterm differences in the neonatal period is discussed. PMID- 6642081 TI - Dietary effects on rhesus social behavior: altered amino acid diets. AB - Twenty-one monkeys continuously fed one of five diets high in tyrosine, histidine, alanine, glycine, or tryptophan between the ages of 1 and 12 months were compared with 20 controls. Social behavior either (a) while on the diet and tested in familiar groups of four or (b) while on a normal diet and paired with unfamiliar monkeys showed no effects of the high amino acid diets, confirming a previous analysis of learning ability. PMID- 6642082 TI - Alleviation of infantile amnesia in rats by means of a pharmacological contextual state. AB - Although a number of studies have demonstrated that the relatively rapid rate of forgetting in young rats (i.e., infantile amnesia) can be alleviated by various reminder treatments, the possibility of enhancing retention by other procedures seems largely unexplored. Given the putative importance of contextual cues as sources of memory retrieval, this experiment examined whether the presence of a distinctive pharmacological state at training and testing could override infantile amnesia. Weanling rats were given pentobarbital or saline prior to Pavlovian fear-conditioning. When tested 1 week later, subjects in the same-state drug condition showed better retention than the same-state saline group. This finding extends previous work on memory recovery in young animals by demonstrating alleviation of infantile amnesia without a re-exposure to the CS or UCS during the retention interval. PMID- 6642083 TI - Parabrachial nuclei damage in infant rats produces residual deficits in gustatory preferences/aversions and sodium appetite. AB - Ten-day-old rats sustained bilateral electrolytic lesions of the parabrachial nuclei in the pons (PBN). Growth measures and tests of sensorimotor, feeding and drinking behaviors, sodium appetite, and gustatory capacities were made between ages 1 and 150 days. PBN rats displayed a transient period of attenuated suckling, as evidenced by body weight loss. When tested soon after weaning, PBN rats were hyperdipsic in response to cellular dehydration and during food deprivation. This effect, however, was temporary. When tested as adults, PBN rats were hypodipsic in response to extracellular fluid volume depletion, they displayed alterations in sodium appetite, showed "exaggerated" preferences and aversions to saccharin and NaCl solutions, and they displayed attenuated quinine aversions. These results are generally similar to the behaviors of rats sustaining more central gustatory pathway lesions as adults. The functional significance of the PBN in the developing rat for preference/aversion and sodium appetite behaviors are discussed. PMID- 6642084 TI - Early brain insult and cognition: a comparison of malnutrition and hypothyroidism. AB - The effects of two biological insults, hypothyroidism and malnutrition, incurred during pre- and postnatal development were compared using a newly developed test of observational learning in rats. Whereas early hypothyroidism produced a significant impairment in observational learning in recovered rats, no indication of any impairment was observed in rats recovered from early malnutrition. These results are important in that they demonstrate that tests of advantageous learning such as observational learning are sensitive to the kinds of early biological insult that lead to permanent cognitive impairment in humans. Moreover, these data further support the concept that the cognitive impairment observed during periods of malnutrition in humans and animals is not permanent. PMID- 6642085 TI - Red blood cell age, pyruvate kinase activity, and insulin receptors. Evidence that monocytes and RBCs may behave differently. AB - Data emerging from insulin receptor studies performed on red blood cells (RBCs) and monocytes from the same subject are not always in agreement; dichotomy might occur since variations in mean RBC age are not taken into account or because insulin receptors on the two cell types behave differently. In the present investigation RBCs from normal male subjects were separated into five populations of different mean age by means of centrifugation of RBCs on a discontinuous gradient of buffered Percoll for 10 min at 1000 X g. Insulin binding varied significantly depending upon the RBC population tested and was closely correlated to the activity of pyruvate kinase (r2 = 0.86), a well-known marker of RBC age. These data suggested that pyruvate kinase assay might be helpful in studies of RBCs. To confirm this hypothesis, RBCs from 10 normal male subjects and 13 male patients with hemolytic anemia were studied; insulin binding was correlated to pyruvate kinase activity. By adjusting insulin binding to 2 X 10(9) RBCs/ml the range of data was abnormally high, but it became acceptable after adjusting insulin binding to pyruvate kinase activity (0.75 U/2 X 10(9) RBCs). The overall data indicated that insulin binding was highly correlated to pyruvate kinase activity (r2 = 0.82) but only slightly to reticulocyte number (r2 = 0.56) since not only reticulocytes but also erythrocytes lose receptors during maturation. Pyruvate kinase activity was measured in RBCs from normal men and from normally menstruating women at the seventh and twenty-fourth days of the cycle; results demonstrated that adjustment of data, according to mean RBC age, broadens dichotomy of monocyte and RBC data.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642086 TI - Skeletal muscle in alloxan diabetes. A comparison of isometric contractions in fast and slow muscle. AB - Diabetes was produced by withholding insulin treatment from previously alloxanized female rats. Isometric contraction was assessed in soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles removed 2 h to 32 days after insulin withdrawal. Directly induced contractions were measured in vitro at 20 degrees C. In soleus muscles from severely diabetic rats, average twitch and tetanic forces were normal or slightly greater than that of controls of similar age, whereas in EDL, marked decreases appeared in both twitch and tetanic forces. Soleus muscle from severely diabetic rats was not depolarized as already reported in EDL. After 16 and 32 days in the diabetic state, soleus muscles from moderately diabetic rats generated average tetanic forces that were equal to that found in age matched controls, whereas EDL tetanic forces were significantly (P = less than 0.01) weaker. Average specific twitch force in diabetic soleus muscles was greater than age-matched controls after 16 and 32 days in the diabetic state. In diabetic soleus muscle, significant increases in the average half relaxation time and twitch duration were seen after prolonged (16 and 32 days) periods of diabetes. No changes were seen in the same temporal parameters of the twitch in diabetic EDL muscle. A greater atrophy appeared in EDL than in soleus after 16 and 32 days of uncontrolled diabetes. PMID- 6642087 TI - The effects of ingested and intravenous glucose on forearm uptake of glucose and glucogenic substrate in normal man. AB - The forearm uptake of glucose, lactate, and alanine was determined in overnight fasted man following both oral glucose loading and the intravenous (i.v.) infusion of glucose in an absorption pattern. Arterial glucose concentrations were lower following oral than following i.v. loading and forearm glucose uptake was 50% higher after oral glucose. Arterial insulin levels were higher in the first 2 h during oral loading. Forearm lactate and pyruvate production did not change significantly during glucose administration by either route so that the increased plasma levels are due to splanchnic production. PMID- 6642088 TI - Long-standing diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia: a survey of 105 patients. AB - In 7 years, 809 Ethiopian patients have been seen in a diabetic clinic in Addis Ababa, of whom 105 have had diabetes for more than 15 years (none more than 30 years). Of those with "long term" diabetes 13 were Type 1 (insulin-dependent), 68 Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) non-obese and 24 Type 2 obese; 28% had always taken insulin, and a further 19% required insulin after some years of oral therapy. Diabetic retinopathy was found in 38%, 27% had normal fundi, and 14% had cataracts so dense the fundi were obscured; for 21% fundal examination was not recorded. Cataracts were or had been present in 40% of patients, and caused more visual handicap than retinopathy. Thirty percent of patients had nephropathy. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy was found in 47%. Cardiac, foot and miscellaneous vascular complications were seen, but were much less common. Thirty-one patients (30%) died during the 7 years, the commonest cause of death being renal failure, but an encouraging proportion (61%) had no severely handicapping complications and were independent after more than 15 years of diabetes. PMID- 6642089 TI - Epidemiological studies of diabetes mellitus in Denmark: 3. Clinical characteristics and incidence of diabetes among males aged 0 to 19 years. AB - This study presents the clinical-epidemiological analysis of data from 769 individuals, representing greater than 95% of all cases of diabetes mellitus diagnosed during the first 20 years of life among the Danish male birth cohorts 1949-1956 inclusive. It is concluded that except for a very few, all cases of diabetes developing during the first 20 years of life are insulin-dependent with a duration of symptoms less than 2 months before diagnosis in greater than 75% of the cases. The cases were evenly distributed within Denmark at the time of birth as well as of diagnosis, and greater than 98% were admitted to hospital at diagnosis. A relatively higher proportion of cases diagnosed during autumn and winter periods was found, but was not statistically significant. Incidence was analysed in a regression model with age and calendar time as variables; the variation of age at onset was similar to previous studies with a peak at pre school age and at puberty. Contrary to previous Danish analyses, we found a significant calendar time variation with steadily increasing age-specific incidences from the beginning of 1950s until an apparent maximum in mid-1970s. PMID- 6642090 TI - Abnormal regulation of sympathetic nervous activity and heart rate after oral glucose in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. AB - Oral glucose administration increased plasma noradrenaline concentration significantly in seven normal subjects (p less than 0.02), whereas in six young short-term Type 1 diabetic patients without complications plasma noradrenaline did not change. Basal plasma noradrenaline did not differ between the two groups. In the first 3 h after oral glucose administration, the mean heart rate in eight normal subjects was increased 3.5% above basal levels (p less than 0.05). In contrast, no such increase was found in eight Type 1 diabetic patients after glucose administration. In two normal subjects thoroughly examined before and after oral glucose administration, we observed a significant correlation between heart rate and systolic blood pressure (p less than 0.001) but this was not seen in two diabetic patients in whom neither heart rate nor systolic blood pressure increased. Our findings indicate that sympathetic nervous activity and cardiovascular function is abnormal in early diabetes during an oral glucose load. PMID- 6642091 TI - Poor metabolic control, hypertension and microangiopathy independently increase the transcapillary escape rate of albumin in diabetes. AB - Available evidence indicates that poor metabolic control and raised blood pressure each accelerate the development of diabetic microangiopathy. Microangiopathy is associated with excess albumin deposition in capillary basement membranes and it has been suggested that increased extravasation of plasma constituents may lead to basement membrane thickening. We measured the transcapillary escape rate of albumin, an indicator of the rate of extravasation of intravascular albumin from the circulation per unit time, following intravenous injection of 125I-human serum albumin. We examined the independent effects on the transcapillary escape rate of albumin of non-ketotic poor metabolic control, hypertension and microangiopathy. We studied non-diabetic control subjects and diabetic patients, initially when in non-ketotic poor metabolic control and again when control had been improved. We also studied normotensive well-controlled diabetic patients without microangiopathy, normotensive well-controlled diabetic patients with microangiopathy, hypertensive well-controlled diabetic patients without microangiopathy and hypertensive well controlled diabetic patients with microangiopathy. The transcapillary escape rate of albumin was similar in non-diabetic control subjects (5.5 +/- 0.7%/h) and in both Type 1 (5.3 +/- 1.2%/h) and Type 2 (5.1 +/- 0.6%/h) normotensive diabetic patients without long-term complications. During poor metabolic control the transcapillary escape rate of albumin was significantly higher than in non diabetic subjects (8.8 +/- 0.8%/h and 5.5 +/- 0.7%/h respectively, p less than 0.01). With improved control values fell significantly to 6.3 +/- 0.9%/h (p less than 0.02), not significantly different from control subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642092 TI - Renal enlargement: comparative autoradiographic studies of 3H-thymidine uptake in diabetic and uninephrectomized rats. AB - Incorporation of 3H-thymidine into renal cortical tissue has been studied by light microscopic autoradiography in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, uninephrectomized rats, uninephrectomized diabetic rats, insulin-treated diabetic rats and control rats. The percentage of labelled cortical nuclei (the labelling index) was determined separately in glomeruli, proximal tubules and distal tubules after 2, 4 and 6 days on autoradiographs from 1 micron thick plastic embedded sections. The incorporation of thymidine in glomerular nuclei was consistently low (less than 1%) and no differences were found between the control and experimental groups. In both proximal and distal tubules an increase in thymidine incorporation was seen on day 2 followed by a decline on days 4 and 6. The maximal labelling on day 2 in proximal tubules was 9.1% in the uninephrectomized diabetic group, 3.7% in the diabetic group and 1.4% in the uninephrectomized group. In distal tubules the corresponding values were 5.2, 3.5 and 1.1%. The increase in kidney weight after 6 days was 83, 62 and 37%, respectively. Estimates of the net increase in the number of cortical tubular cells in the different experimental groups showed that the kidney enlargement followed different patterns with respect to the extent of cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy. The kidney growth in uninephrectomized diabetic rats was dominated by tubular cellular hyperplasia, in the diabetic group hyperplasia and hypertrophy participated to approximately the same extent, whereas cellular hypertrophy was most pronounced in the uninephrectomized animals. Nuclear labelling in the insulin-treated diabetic rats was not different from that of control rats and consequently a hyperplastic effect of streptozotocin can be ruled out.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642093 TI - Effects of glucose on rat embryos in culture. AB - To elucidate the role of hyperglycaemia in causing fetal malformation, rat embryos have been grown in vitro from the head-fold stage for 48 h in the presence of excess glucose during different parts of the culture period. Culture of rat embryos for 10 or 21 h in 55 mmol/l exogenous glucose produced abnormalities observable after 48 h in culture. When embryos cultured for 10 or 21 h in excess glucose were observed by scanning electron microscopy at the end of the glucose treatment, abnormalities could be observed which may indicate how later malformations are formed. Thus it is possible that a relatively brief hyperglycaemic episode at a critical stage of embryogenesis may endanger the fetus of a diabetic mother. PMID- 6642094 TI - Diabetes mellitus in Kuwait. Incidence in the first 29 years of life. AB - The annual incidence of diabetes mellitus among Kuwaiti subjects 0-29 years of age during 1980-1981 was found to be 22.09 per 100,000. There was a very low incidence in the 0-14 and 0-19 year age groups (3.96 per 100,000 and 5.61 per 100,000, respectively). The age distribution at onset shows an increase in incidence with age without exhibiting any remarkable peaks. The total number of female diabetic patients exceeded the number of males by 32%, the male/female sex ratio being found to be 0.68, which is significantly less than that of the same age group in the general population. PMID- 6642096 TI - Clinical importance of the reversible fraction of haemoglobin A1c in Type 2 (non insulin-dependent) diabetes. AB - Two studies demonstrating the clinical relevance of the labile fraction of haemoglobin A1c are presented. Haemolysates, dialysed at 37 degrees C against 0.9% NaCl, showed an average decrease of haemoglobin A1c value of 7.0% of total glycosylated haemoglobin, post-dialysis. There was a close correlation between the pre- and post-dialysis haemoglobin A1c values (r = 0.9644). In four Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects, blood glucose and pre- and post dialysis haemoglobin A1c values were determined at weekly intervals over an 18 week period, including 6 weeks when oral hypoglycaemic therapy was withheld. During this time, pre- and post-dialysis haemoglobin A1c values responded synchronously to changes in blood glucose concentration. The mean coefficient of variation of the pre- and post-dialysis haemoglobin A1c values did not differ significantly over the 18-week period. It is concluded that the routine elimination of the labile fraction of haemoglobin A1c is not necessary to assess control in Type 2 diabetes. PMID- 6642097 TI - Reduced transcutaneous oxygen tension and impaired vascular response in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. AB - Measurements of transcutaneous oxygen tension were made on the foot and arm in 16 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with no evidence of vascular or neurological disease on simple clinical examination and in 30 non-diabetic subjects. The mean transcutaneous oxygen tension measured at 45 degrees C on the foot was significantly lower in the diabetic patients than in the non-diabetic subjects. The hyperaemia response in the arm after cuff occlusion (measured by transcutaneous oxygen tension at 37 degrees C) was also significantly lower in the diabetic patients. These results may reflect abnormal capillary blood flow in diabetic patients. As the methods are simple and non-invasive, they may prove useful in the early assessment and subsequent monitoring of peripheral vascular problems in diabetes. PMID- 6642095 TI - A long-term follow-up study of Japanese diabetic patients: mortality and causes of death. AB - A systematic 20-year follow-up study of 1,221 diabetic patients was carried out in Osaka, Japan. The mean annual mortality rates were 2.55% for men and 1.64% for women. The ratios of observed to expected numbers of deaths were 1.50 for men and 1.39 for women, indicating an excess mortality for diabetic patients of both sexes, and higher mortality in men than in women. Factors that predisposed diabetic patients to premature death were early age of onset, albuminuria, diabetic retinopathy and fasting glucose level greater than 11.1 mmol/l at the initial examination. Insulin dependence was also associated with poor prognosis. Cerebro-cardiovascular and renal diseases were the major causes of death in the diabetic patients; heart disease was the cause of death in 16.9%, cerebrovascular disease in 16.4% and renal disease in 11.9%. The relatively high incidence of renal disease as cause of death in diabetic patients was striking. Malignant neoplasms of liver and of pancreas and cirrhosis were also associated with increased ratio of observed to expected number of deaths in the patients. PMID- 6642098 TI - Computer-assisted studies of molecular structure and carcinogenic activity. AB - Both quantitative and qualitative studies of the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of carcinogenic compounds are discussed. Using the ADAPT software system, examples are given of (1) predicting the gas and liquid chromatographic retention behavior of polycyclic aromatic compounds, (2) predicting the carcinogenicity of N-nitrosamines, and (3) predicting the mutagenic behavior of pesticides and other compounds in short-term test systems. It is concluded that the complexity and lack of understanding of the carcinogenic response should not prevent scientists from searching for useful empirical relationships between molecular structure and carcinogenicity. Computer generated molecular descriptors and statistical and pattern recognition techniques can be useful tools in this research. PMID- 6642099 TI - Statistical analysis of structure-activity relationships. AB - The relationship between organic structure and biological activity (toxicity) is examined by statistically comparing concentration-response regression lines among structurally related compounds. Response data from acute toxicity tests are initially transformed to the logistic function while concentration data are transformed to the logarithm base 10 before being fit to a linear model using a weighted least squares analysis. A sequential approach is presented that uses statistical models for testing differences among related compounds. The approach first tests for the overall equality of regression lines (slopes and intercepts). If the regression lines are found to be different, another set of tests are conducted to determine if the slopes of the lines are equal (i.e. parallel). If the slopes are equal, multiple comparisons are made using Scheffe's procedure for determining which compounds differ in their intercepts. Relative toxicities are then estimated for various concentrations of particular compounds. PMID- 6642100 TI - Teratologic evaluation of inhaled epichlorohydrin and allyl chloride in rats and rabbits. AB - Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand white rabbits were exposed to vapors of epichlorohydrin (ECH) at concentrations of 0, 2.5 or 25 ppm or to allyl chloride (AC) at concentrations of 0, 30, or 300 ppm. Exposures were for 7 hr/day on days 6 through 15 (rats) or 6 through 18 (rabbits) of gestation. Maternal effects including decreased body weight and food consumption were observed among rats inhaling 25 ppm of ECH. No evidence of an adverse effect to the embryo or fetus was observed among rats or rabbits following exposure to ECH. In the AC study maternal toxicity occurred in both rats and rabbits treated at 300 ppm. These consisted of depressed weight gain during gestation and increases in liver weight (both species) and kidney weights (rats only). Fetuses from rats exposed to 300 ppm of AC had a slight delay in skeletal development but there were no other signs of embryotoxicity. Thus, ECH and AC were not teratogenic or embryolethal in rats or rabbits following inhalation exposure to concentrations which induced effects in the maternal animals. PMID- 6642101 TI - n-Butyl acrylate: prenatal inhalation toxicity in the rat. AB - n-Butyl acrylate was examined for its prenatal toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Inseminated rats were exposed to concentrations of 0, 25, 135 and 250 ppm for a duration of 6 hours per day from the 6th to 15th day post coitum. Subsequently the animals were held to the 20th day post coitum. During the inhalation period concentrations of 135 and 250 ppm n-butyl acrylate led to maternal toxicity (delayed body weight gain depending on the concentration, clinical signs of irritation). At the end of the exposure period the signs subsided. The same concentrations induced embryolethality (increased number of dead implantations depending on the concentration). 25 ppm of n-butyl acrylate did not lead to maternal toxicity or embryolethality. Under the conditions chosen, a teratogenic effect of the test substance was not detected at any concentration. PMID- 6642102 TI - Species dependent gentamicin pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxicity in the young horse. AB - Gentamicin pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxic potential were evaluated in twelve 2 to 3 month-old horses. Whereas recent evidence in our clinic indicated that young horses may be especially susceptible to gentamicin nephrotoxicity, young rabbits and rats are usually resistant. Gentamicin (4.5 mg/kg) was given by rapid intravenous injection. Serum gentamicin concentrations over a 13-hour period were fitted to an open, two-compartment, pharmacokinetic model. Subsequently, the same horses were divided into groups of 3 horses each. Each group received 0, 2.2, 4.4 or 8.8 mg gentamicin/kg, intramuscularly, every 12 hours for 15 days. Renal function was monitored. Peak and trough gentamicin concentrations were monitored daily. Renal sections were collected for histopathologic and electron microscopic examination. The (mean +/- SD) serum halflife was 194 +/- 37 minutes, total body clearance (ClB) was 1.65 +/- 0.79 mL/min/kg and volume of distribution at steady state (Vd(ss)) was 30.6 +/- 9.4 L/100 kg. Decreased renal function, as detected by elevated serum urea nitrogen or creatinine concentrations, was detected only in the two youngest foals (including animals in both the 4.4 and 8.8 mg/kg dose groups). The trough serum gentamicin concentrations of these 2 horses increased over time. These horses had the lowest ClB and Vd(ss) in the intravenous study. Morphologic changes were seen in kidneys of all treated horses and were similar to those occurring with gentamicin toxicity in other species. Our results support the clinical impression that very young horses may be more susceptible than adult horses, and adults of other species, to gentamicin nephrotoxicity. PMID- 6642103 TI - Modeling time-to-tumor data: analysis of the ED01 study. AB - The ED01 study is an experiment conducted by the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) of the FDA in which over 24,000 mice were exposed to the known carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene. The details of the experiment and analysis of the results by NCTR are documented in Staffa and Mehlman (1979). The analysis by the ED01 task force of the Society of Toxicology is in disagreement with NCTR on several issues, and is reported in Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1:26-128. The results given in this paper are from a separate analysis aimed at adequately and parsimoniously representing the functional relationship of dose and time to the carcinogenic response. A very general non-parametric approach is applied to the data on sacrificed animals, which eliminates any complications due to a change in protocol and avoids the difficulties in combining sacrifice and non sacrifice data. It is shown that for either liver neoplasms or bladder neoplasms as the toxicological endpoint, any model which has a factorable hazard function (one that can be factored into the product of a function of dose exclusively and a function of time exclusively) is too simplistic to accurately describe the response over the entire experimental range of dose and time. The lack of fit of the liver neoplasm data to a time-dose product model is due to data at the highest time (month 33). If these data are excluded then a factorable hazard function fits the data well, with the function of dose following a J-shaped curve and the function of time being either a simple power of time or a polynomial in time. For a power of time, the resultant probability distribution is Weibull over time with dose affecting the scale parameter, and this result is consistent with the empirical equation of Druckrey (1967). Both of the functional forms described fit the data significantly better than the previously suggested Hartley-Sielken model which utilized polynomials in both dose and time. The lack of fit of bladder neoplasms to a model with a factorable hazard function is not due to just the data at month 33 or the data at months 24 and 33 combined. Unfortunately, from the viewpoint of model fitting, the response of bladder neoplasms is fairly insensitive to changes in time and dose, except at the high extremes. This leaves only a small number of observations which are actually very useful in model validation and comparison, which means that one could only hope to discriminate between gross differences of fit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6642104 TI - Multistage prediction of cancer in serially dosed animals with application to the ED01 study. AB - The ED01 study is a large-scale experiment in which mice were exposed to the known carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF). The dosing was continuous until time of death for most of the mice. However, for some mice, dosing was terminated at specified intervals prior to sacrifice time. Exploratory model fitting of the continuous dosing data of sacrificed mice using liver neoplasms as the endpoint was conducted by Brown and Hoel (1982). They report that the multistage model of Armitage and Doll (1954) fits the data moderately well, however a much improved fit with fewer parameters is attainable by a modified multistage model. These two models, with parameter estimates obtained from the data on continuous dosing, are referred to in this paper as Model 1 and Model 2, respectively. Models 1 and 2 are extended to provide for termination of dosing prior to time of sacrifice. The resultant equations are used to predict cancer responses in the serial dosing part of the ED01 study, and then are compared to the actual observed tumor frequencies. The objective is to evaluate the change in cancer risk over time after dosing is terminated, and to establish which stages in the multistage process are affected by dose. The predictive capabilities of the two models are compared and contrasted. Model 1, which presumes four stages of which two are affected by dose, predicts only moderately well and is inconclusive as to which two of the stages are the ones affected. Model 2, which differs from the multistage model by using a "J-shaped" curve instead of a polynomial for the dose metameter, provides an improvement over Model 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642105 TI - Preclinical toxicity and teratogenicity studies with the narcotic antagonist analgesic drug TR5379M. AB - The narcotic antagonist TR5379M had po LD50 values of 365 and 750 mg/kg and iv LD50 values of 35.0 and 22.3 mg/kg in the mouse and rat, respectively. Subchronic (one month) po administration to rats at 40, 120, or 400 mg/kg/day and to cynomolgus monkeys at 20, 45, or 100 mg/kg/day showed the compound to be well tolerated at doses of 40 and 45 mg/kg, respectively. Deaths during the subchronic studies included one monkey following a single dose of 100 mg/kg and six rats following repeated doses of 400 mg/kg. Signs of toxicosis in rats included clonic convulsions (high-dose animals only) and mild dose-related salivation and hyperactivity. Signs of toxicosis in monkeys were limited to sporadic emesis and transiently decreased food consumption at all three dose levels. Emesis was not observed at doses of 20 or 45 mg/kg after the first week. Slightly increased weights (not significant at 40 mg/kg) for thyroid and adrenal glands occurred in male rats. Gross, microscopic, and clinical pathologic examinations revealed no treatment-related adverse effects at any dose level for either species. Administration of TR5379M to pregnant rats (20, 70, or 250 mg/kg/day on Days 6-15 of gestation) caused no teratogenicity or embryotoxicity and did not adversely affect any of the reproductive parameters examined. Dams given TR5379M at doses of 70 and 250 mg/kg salivated and had reduced weight gain. It was concluded from these studies that TR5379M has an adequate margin of safety to begin clinical investigations. PMID- 6642106 TI - Unidirectional cross-tolerance between the carbamate insecticide propoxur and the organophosphate disulfoton in mice. AB - Previous studies have shown that subchronic treatment of mice with the organophosphate insecticide, disulfoton, or the carbamate insecticide, propoxur, leads to the development of tolerance to their toxicity. Tolerance to disulfoton was due to a decrease in the number of muscarinic cholinergic receptors, while tolerance to propoxur appeared to be due to an induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. In the present study we investigated if cross-tolerance between disulfoton and propoxur would occur. Cross-tolerance was evaluated by measuring acute toxicities, cholinesterase and carboxylesterase inhibition and hypothermic and antinociceptive effects. Mice tolerant to propoxur were cross-tolerant to the hypothermic and anticholinesterase effects of disulfoton. Similarly, when mice were pretreated with the microsomal enzyme inducer, phenobarbital, the toxicity of disulfoton was decreased. Mice made tolerant to disulfoton were cross-tolerant to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos, but were more sensitive than controls to the toxicity of propoxur. The acute toxicity of the organophosphate malathion was also increased in disulfoton-tolerant mice. Propoxur is metabolized by mixed function oxidases and possibly by a carboxylesterase. While hepatic microsomal enzymes appeared to be unchanged in disulfoton-tolerant mice, brain and liver carboxylesterase activities were significantly inhibited. Pretreatment of mice with the specific carboxylesterase inhibitor triorthotolylphosphate is known to greatly potentiate the toxicity of malathion and also potentiated, to a lesser extent, the toxicity of propoxur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642107 TI - [Serum bile acids in chronic liver disease. II: liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6642108 TI - [Wolfram's syndrome characterized by diabetes mellitus type I, primary optic atrophy, neurogenic deafness, malformation of the urinary tract and multiple pigmented nevi]. PMID- 6642109 TI - [Shy-Drager syndrome: report of a personal clinical experience]. PMID- 6642110 TI - [Ceruletide versus aminophylline in the radiologic diagnosis of Oddi's sphincter pathology]. PMID- 6642111 TI - [Effects of ribostamycin in bronchopulmonary affections]. PMID- 6642112 TI - [Usefulness of the 12-lead standard electrocardiogram in assessing myocardial infarct size]. AB - The value of the electrocardiogram in assessing infarct size was studied using serial estimates of serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in serum and serial 12 lead electrocardiograms in patients admitted to a coronary care unit with acute myocardial infarction. Sum of the ST segment deviations from the isoelectric line (sigma ST12) and sum of the conventional scores of Q waves amplitude (sigma Q12) were obtained from each electrocardiogram, and then the time-course of these parameters was considered. The correlation between maximum sigma Q12 and CPK-peak in anterior infarcts, was highly significant (r = 0.733; P less than 0.001). Maximum sigma ST12, measured upon admission or immediately thereafter in patients hospitalized within 4 hours from the onset of chest pain, was found to correlate significantly with CPK-peak (r = 0.675, P less than 0.001 for the whole group; r = 0.758, P less than 0.01 for patients with inferior infarcts). Time-course of sigma ST12 and CPK showed 4 different patterns. Among them, type 1 ("rapid necrosis") showed the most significant correlations (maximum sigma ST12 within 4 hours from symptoms versus CPK-peak: r = 0.909, P less than 0.001; maximum sigma Q12 versus CPK-peak in anterior infarcts: r = 0.782, P less than 0,05; and maximum sigma ST12 within 4 hours from the onset of pain versus sigma Q12 in patients with anterior infarcts: r = 0.863, P less than 0,05). There was no correlation between sigma ST12 at any other time and CPK-peak: this observation is in accordance with the presence of a rapid decrease in the mean sigma ST12 after the first 3-4 hours from the beginning of symptoms. This study shows that the analysis of ST segment deviations and of Q waves development in the standard electrocardiogram provides useful information on the size of acute myocardial infarction as reflected by the peak value of serum CPK. PMID- 6642114 TI - [Hemodynamic modifications in atrioventricular blocks: advantages and limits of cardiac pacing]. PMID- 6642113 TI - [Atrial septal defect of the ostium secundum associated with incomplete left bundle branch block]. AB - The ECG in Ostium Secundum Atrial Septal Defect (O.S. ASD) shows typically a pattern of incomplete right bundle branch block with right axis deviation and a 12 year old boy suspected of having O.S. ASD on the basis of x-ray and echocardiographic findings showed an ECG pattern of incomplete left bundle branch block. Physical examination and a phonocardiogram revealed a single second heart sound. An ECG recorded at age five showed a typical pattern consistent with O.S. ASD. The angiographic examination confirmed the suggested diagnosis. This is, to our knowledge, the first case of O.S. ASD with incomplete left bundle branch block. The conduction disorder may have abolished the fixed splitting of the second heart sound. PMID- 6642115 TI - [Electrophysiologic and hemodynamic problems and physiologic pacing in congenital atrioventricular conduction defects]. PMID- 6642116 TI - [Electrophysiologic evaluation of the supraventricular hyperkinetic arrhythmias]. PMID- 6642117 TI - [Study of patients with high-risk Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and indications for a definitive electric treatment]. PMID- 6642118 TI - [Hemodynamic modifications induced by cardiac arrhythmias]. PMID- 6642119 TI - [Antiarrhythmic pacemaker in supraventricular and ventricular hyperkinetic arrhythmias]. PMID- 6642120 TI - Physiological benefits of atrial synchrony in paced patients. PMID- 6642121 TI - [Short-term prognostic evaluation of acute myocardial infarct: comparison of 2 dimensional echocardiography, electrocardiography, and the MB-CK index]. AB - To compare the non-invasive methods of quantification of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) [two dimensional echocardiography (2DE), standard 12-leads ECG, and enzymatic indices as MB-CK peak activity and MB-CK time activity curve expressed by an extension index (EI-MBCK)] in relation to their prognostic value, 79 patients with a first AMI were evaluated. We have observed in a three months follow-up a total mortality of 12.6%. The infarct size, calculated echocardiographically by a segment score, was correlated with the number of pathological Q waves in the standard ECG (rho= 0.83). Peak MB-CK enzyme and EI MBCK correlated both with the segment score, but with a lower correlation coefficient (rho= 0.67). To identify patients at different risk, discriminant analysis was used which gave the following limit values for the patients at a very high risk: 2DE score = 17; number of Q waves = 7; peak MB-CK = 176 U/L; EI MBCK = 54 grEq/m2; for the patients at a very low risk: score = 6; number of Q waves = 2; peak MB-CK = 35; EI-MBCK = 15. To verify if the association of these different techniques could improve the predictivity, a discriminant bivariate function analysis with three variables was calculated. The resulting equation was: Z = 2.31 X 2DE score + 8.59 X number of Q waves - 0.23 X peak MB-CK. Changing peak MB-CK value with EI-MBCK did not improve the statistical significativity. The results have confirmed that the integration of all the three variables improved the prognostic predictivity. According to the risk Z obtained, the patients were allocated into classes of different risk: values of Z greater than 57 or less than 18 could identify patients respectively at a very high or at a very low risk. For values between 37 and 42 the prognosis remains uncertain. Among the three variables, 2DE and ECG showed an equivalent prognostic accuracy, whereas enzyme indices had a lower prognostic influence, especially in the presence of large infarcts. Thus, 2DE, ECG and enzyme indices can identify patients at increased risk; the individual method seems to be inadequate; to obtain valid predictive informations it is necessary to integrate all the three non invasive techniques. PMID- 6642122 TI - [Surgical treatment of isthmic coarctation of the aorta by left subclavian artery post-isthmic aortic by-pass]. AB - Between May 1978 and July 1981 at the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Padua University Medical School in Verona, 10 patients with coarctation of the aorta underwent surgical treatment with a by-pass between the left subclavian artery and the descending aorta. A synthetic fibre graft was employed. The patient's age varied between 20 and 46 years and all were hypertensive: 160-220 mmHg systolic, 90-110 diastolic pressure. No hospital deaths occurred. Blood pressure decreased significantly in all patients as well as their electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy. PMID- 6642123 TI - [Pulsed Doppler echocardiography in the study of tricuspid valve insufficiency]. AB - The value of pulsed Doppler echocardiography in assessing the presence and severity of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) has been studied in three groups of subjects, 12 without cardiovascular disease (Group I), 38 with TR (Group II) and 16 patients with aortic and mitral valve disease but no TR (Group III). The presence and severity of TR was also independently evaluated by clinical examination, jugular vein pulse recording and/or hemodynamic investigation. Left parasternal, sub-xyphoid and apical views were adapted for the pulsed Doppler echocardiographic examination. The sample volume was placed in the right atrium at varying distances from the tricuspid valve. We tried to quantitate the degree of TR according to: 1) the diameter and maximal distance from the tricuspid valve of the regurgitant stream, 2) the duration of reguritation through systole, and 3) the degree of turbolence as demonstrated by the time interval histograms. On the basis of above mentioned criteria, three subgroups of subjects with TR, i.e. mild, moderate and severe were recognised. These results were compared to hemodynamic and/or clinical-poligraphic evaluation. In 34 Group II subjects (89%), the Doppler study revealed the presence of TR and allowed an acceptable quantitative assessment. Falsely positive diagnoses were not made in any of the subjects of Group I. Identification of organic TR in patients with atrial fibrillation was possible only when regurgitation was moderate or severe. PMID- 6642124 TI - [Early ergometric test and rehabilitation after myocardial infarct in young adults: results and prognostic significance]. AB - A maximal, symptom-limited exercise test was performed 4 weeks after an acute myocardial infarction in 108 subjects aged less than 40. All the patients were afterwards engaged in a 6 weeks supervised rehabilitation program. Following the rehabilitation, 99 patients underwent programmed controls for a mean period of 23.4 +/- 16 months. Anamnestic data, site of the infarction, early exercise test response, rehabilitation results were statistically evaluated. They were compared with the follow-up data to estimate their predictive value of late cardiac events. Only the exercise testing data were found to be of prognostic significance. In fact, 77.8% of patients with ischemic response to the test had new cardiac events in the follow-up period. The percentage of late cardiac events was 26.7% in patients with hypotensive response and 8.4% in patients with normal response. The ischemic response was found to be more frequent in patients with inferior myocardial infarction. The highest rate of new cardiac events (86%) occurred in patients with inferior infarction and ischemic response to the early exercise test. An early exercise test seems to be of value to assess the prognosis after a myocardial infarction in young men. An ischemic response is a reliable sign of a poor prognosis; on the other hand, a normal response to the test does not exclude the possibility of late cardiac events, which may occur in about 10% of these patients. PMID- 6642125 TI - [Personality and ischemic cardiopathy. II. Type A behavior]. PMID- 6642126 TI - [Complete sub-His AV block caused by carotid sinus massage. Possible direct vagal effect on the His-Purkinje system]. AB - A 64 year old male patient, with frequent syncopes, underwent an electro physiologic study. A complete left bundle branch block and a first degree His Purkinje system atrioventricular block (AH = 100 msec, HV = 60 msec) were present in basal condition. Left carotid sinus massage caused extreme sinus bradycardia (with PP intervals as long as 3000 msec), without AH and HV interval changes. Right carotid sinus massage caused a His-Purkinje atrioventricular block. Ventricular asystole of 4800 msec occurred while the sinus cycle varied between 1440 and 590 msec. Since His-Purkinje atrioventricular block is induced by the right carotid sinus massage with PP intervals even shorter than the basal cycles and since the block was not reproduced at PP intervals longer than 1440 msecs, a direct vagal effect on the His-Purkinje system may be suggested, rather than a bradycardia dependent phase 4 block. PMID- 6642127 TI - [Anomalous origin of the left coronary circumflex branch from the pulmonary artery]. AB - We report the case of a 45-year-old man with acquired aortic regurgitation and anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. PMID- 6642128 TI - [Health education in the prevention of ischemic heart disease in school children: feasibility study]. AB - A feasibility study of health education was undertaken among the pupils of a primary school in order to: 1) investigate the level of participation of children and teachers to the program; 2) test the efficacy of the program itself; 3) determine whether the children can modify family's behavioral patterns of the family components. Seventy-two children, belonging to different socio-economic classes, were studied. Children were given a questionnaire at the beginning and the end of the programme course, which was held by previously trained teachers. The participation of children and teachers to the program was very satisfactory. On the contrary very low involvement of the parents was achieved. This experience emphasizes the difficulties that arise when interventions to modify adult people's life style are attempted. On the contrary, a standardized education program, to last a whole school year, could be a feasible useful and costless type of intervention not only for the primary prevention of coronary artery disease, but for any program of extensive health care. PMID- 6642129 TI - [Role of body position during the carotid sinus stimulation test in the diagnosis of cardio-inhibitory carotid sinus syndrome]. AB - The effect of body position during carotid sinus massage (CSM) for diagnosis of carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) of the cardioinhibitory type (CI) is not yet defined in the literature. The diagnosis of CSS-CI was made in 17 patients, the age range was 54 to 87 years (mean 74,7) on the basis of the following criteria: --history of recurrent syncope; --reproduction of symptoms during CSM repeated in different days in the presence of ventricular asystole that lasted more than 3 seconds; - absence of a vasodepressor reflex capable of producing symptoms, after a CI reflex was abolished by intravenous atropine; the blood pressure drop never exceeded 40 mmHg; --exclusion of other causes of syncope. In every patient the CSM was made in the supine position. If the test results were normal or left diagnostic doubts, the CSM was performed again in the standing position. Three different groups of patients were identified: a) normal result in the supine position, abnormal result in the standing position (cases 1 through 6); b) abnormal response both in the supine and in the standing position (7 and 8); c) abnormal response in the supine position, normal result in the standing position (9 and 10). In the cases 11 through 17 the CSM was not performed in the standing position because it was sufficiently diagnostic in the supine position. It is concluded that in the 35% of cases (6 of 17) the diagnosis of CSS-CI was obtained only after CSM was performed on the standing patient. In 53% of cases (9 of 17) the diagnosis was defined by CSM in supine position.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642130 TI - [Suicide]. PMID- 6642131 TI - [The treatment of thyroid carcinoma. Results of 19 years' use of I-131]. PMID- 6642132 TI - [Ischemic enterocolitis]. PMID- 6642134 TI - Vincristine-resistant P388 leukemia cells contain a large amount of calcium. AB - P388 leukemia cells resistant to vincristine contained more calcium in the cells than the parent sensitive line, especially in the form of EGTA-removable (surface bound) calcium. Although the relationship, if any, between the high cellular calcium of resistant cells and drug-resistant phenotype is not clear, the possible implications of this result for the elucidation of the mechanisms of drug resistance are interesting. PMID- 6642133 TI - Enhancement by potassium bromate of renal tumorigenesis initiated by N-ethyl-N hydroxyethylnitrosamine in F-344 rats. AB - The effect of potassium bromate, a food additive, was examined in male F-344 rats based on two-stage renal carcinogenesis with N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN) as an initiator. Average numbers of dysplastic foci and renal cell tumors were significantly increased in rats given potassium bromate after initiation with EHEN. It was concluded that potassium bromate has an enhancing effect on renal tumorigenesis. PMID- 6642135 TI - Endotract antenna for application of hyperthermia to malignant lesions. AB - As hyperthermia treatment for deeply located malignant lesions is most difficult, two types of endotract antenna were devised, one constructed for radio frequency and the other for administration of microwave to tumors of the esophagus and colorectum. Well-controlled temperatures can be applied to the narrowed pyloric canal of dogs with these two instruments, which appear to have great promise for clinical application. PMID- 6642136 TI - Promoting effect of sodium o-phenylphenate and o-phenylphenol on two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats. AB - The effects of sodium o-phenylphenate (OPP-Na) and o-phenylphenol (OPP) on 2 stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis in F344 rats initiated with N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) at levels of 0.01 or 0.05% in drinking water were investigated. Administration of 2.0% OPP-Na in the diet significantly increased both the incidence and the number per 10 cm of basement membrane of preneoplastic lesions (papillary or nodular hyperplasia; PN hyperplasia) of the urinary bladder in rats pretreated with 0.01% BBN, and also those of papilloma and cancer of the urinary bladder in the group pretreated with 0.05% BBN. Moreover, treatment with 2.0% OPP-Na, without prior BBN initiation, induced PN hyperplasia, papilloma and cancer. In contrast, OPP appeared to produce only a slight increase in the incidence of urinary bladder lesions following BBN, and its effect was not statistically significant. It also did not induce tumors of the urinary bladder. These results provide evidence that OPP-Na has promoting activity toward the urinary bladder while OPP does not. Moreover, the possibility that OPP-Na may be a complete carcinogen in the rat urinary bladder deserves consideration. PMID- 6642137 TI - Long-term in vivo carcinogenicity test of fish meal pyrolysate in Syrian golden hamsters. AB - The carcinogenicity of fish meal pyrolysate was examined in noninbred Syrian golden hamsters of both sexes. Hamsters were given a diet containing 5%, 10%, 20% or 40% fish meal pyrolysate for 102 weeks in Experiment 1, and 10% or 20% fish meal pyrolysate for 112 weeks in Experiment 2. Hamsters in control groups in both experiments were fed a normal basal diet. Various tumors were found in both experimental and corresponding control groups, but there was no significant difference in the incidence of any tumors between the experimental and control groups. Thus, the fish meal pyrolysate tested was not carcinogenic to Syrian golden hamsters under these conditions. In male hamsters the severity and incidence of fatty degeneration of the liver and chronic nephropathy tended to correlate with the concentration of fish meal pyrolysate in the diet. With females, however, the correlation was not so clear. In neither sex did the presence of atrial thrombosis or systemic amyloidosis appear to be dependent on the dietary concentration of fish meal pyrolysate. PMID- 6642138 TI - A cohort study on the possible association between broiled fish intake and cancer. AB - To examine the possible carcinogenic effects of frequent intake of mutagenic pyrolysates of proteins and amino acids, 7,553 adult subjects whose personal characteristics had been examined were followed-up for about 11 years. The stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that frequent consumption of broiled fish was significantly positively associated with mortality from cancer at all sites, as well as from cancer of the stomach. Among the 11 independent variables tested, consumption of broiled fish ranked high as a variable associated with cancer mortality (all sites, and stomach). Similar analyses done by sex and city (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) showed a consistently positive association of this variable with mortality from cancer at all sites, in both sexes and cities, but, with a few exceptions, the association was not statistically significant. Broiled fish consumption also showed a consistently positive but not statistically significant association with mortality from gastric cancer classified by sex and city. The relative risks of cancer mortality associated with frequent (twice or more weekly) consumption of broiled fish, as compared to less frequent consumption, were 1.3 (P less than 0.05) for cancer at all sites and 1.7 (P less than 0.05) for gastric cancer. The frequency of consumption of dried fish was hardly associated with deaths from cancer at all sites and from gastric cancer, but was significantly positively associated with deaths from cancer of the liver. PMID- 6642139 TI - Changes in activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. AB - Changes in the activities of rat hepatic glutathione (GSH) peroxidase (GSH-Px) and GSH reductase (GR) were investigated during the induction of preneoplastic gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT)-positive foci and hyperplastic nodules by the administration of diethylnitrosamine followed by N-2-fluorenylacetamide. Activities of GSH-Px towards both cumene hydroperoxide (cumene-OOH) and hydrogen peroxide markedly decreased at an early stage of the above hepatocarcinogenesis, but the activity towards cumene-OOH again increased with the appearance of the foci and nodules, which were detectable as an increased gamma-GT activity. It was demonstrated by CM-Sephadex column chromatography and immunochemically that the increased activity towards cumene-OOH alone is due to the increased GSH-Px activity of GSH S-transferase B. GR activity and the total glutathione content in the liver also increased with increased preneoplastic foci and nodules. These results are discussed in connection with the protection mechanism(s) of these cell populations against damage by active oxygen and lipid peroxides produced in chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID- 6642140 TI - Effect of copper and cadmium pretreatments on DNA synthesis and thymidine kinase activity in the liver of dimethylnitrosamine-treated and partially hepatectomized rats. AB - Dose-related suppression of the 3H-thymidine incorporation into liver DNA of rats after a single injection of dimethylnitrosamine by copper pretreatment was observed. The 3H-thymidine incorporation was not decreased by cadmium pretreatment. On the other hand, the 3H-thymidine incorporation into liver DNA of partially hepatectomized rats was decreased by both copper and cadmium pretreatments. Thymidine kinase activity in the liver of rats treated with dimethylnitrosamine was also decreased by copper pretreatment, but the enzyme activity was not decreased by cadmium pretreatment. Copper accumulation in the liver of copper-administered rats was predominantly in the nuclear fraction, followed by the soluble fraction. Cadmium accumulation in the liver of cadmium administered rats was predominantly in the soluble fraction, followed by the nuclear fraction. Copper accumulation in the nuclear fraction may suppress the induction of thymidine kinase in the liver of rats by dimethylnitrosamine. PMID- 6642141 TI - Carcinoembryonic antigen production in human gastric cancer cell lines in vitro and in nude mice. AB - A quantitative study of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was made in nine human gastric cancer cell lines. Six of them were found to produce CEA in vitro. The production of CEA in the three cell lines derived from well differentiated tubular adenocarcinomas began at the mid-exponential phase of cell growth and reached its peak at the late stationary phase, the amount of CEA per 10(5) cells and the frequency of CEA-positive cells on immunostaining increased with culture time. In contrast, CEA in the three cell lines derived from poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas including a signet-ring cell carcinoma was produced immediately after plating and the amount of the antigen per 10(5) cells and the frequency of CEA-positive cells were almost constant throughout the cell growth phases. Serum CEA content in nude mice was low or not detectable in the case of subcutaneous heterotransplantation of gastric cancer cells, irrespective of CEA productivity of the cell lines in vitro. Intraperitoneal inoculation, however, led to high CEA levels in sera of nude mice bearing human gastric cancers. No significant difference was found between the two kinds of inoculation in terms of the total tumor weight and the frequency of CEA-positive cells in tumor tissues. One reason for the above findings may be that the transport of CEA in the subcutaneous tumors to the systemic blood flow is hindered. PMID- 6642142 TI - Cytotoxic properties of hydroxylamino- and amino-misonidazole, possible metabolic products of misonidazole, in hypoxic HeLa S3 cells. AB - Misonidazole, a derivative of 2-nitroimidazole, has selective cytotoxic activity on hypoxic cells in addition to its radiosensitizing activity. This cytotoxicity is considered to be due to metabolic reduction of the drug. A possible metabolite seems to be hydroxylaminomisonidazole, an intermediate product derived via reduction of the nitro group. Authentic samples of hydroxylamino- and aminomisonidazole (a final reduction product) were synthesized and their cytotoxicity towards HeLa S3 cells was compared with that of misonidazole. After a 3-hr exposure to 1mM hydroxylaminomisonidazole under aerobic and hypoxic conditions, the surviving cell fractions were 0.18 and 0.0056, respectively. This represents a cytotoxicity five and 125 times greater, respectively, than that of misonidazole. Under the same conditions, aminomisonidazole showed no apparent cytotoxicity. PMID- 6642143 TI - Cell-mediated immunity in F 344 rats bearing intraocular tumors derived from human adenovirus 12-induced retinal tumor. AB - The eyes of 10 F344 rats were inoculated with retinal tumor cells (EXP-5 cell line) induced by human adenovirus 12. The animals were killed at 4 weeks thereafter, and the cytotoxicity of their lymphocytes was investigated by using 51Cr-releasing assay. The percentage of EXP-5 cells killed in vitro by lymphocytes was higher in 10 rats with ocular tumors (24.6% +/- 6.1%, mean +/- SD) than in 10 control rats (6.2% +/- 1.8%). Morphologic investigation using syngeneic spleen cells confirmed the presence of lymphoid cells, resembling T lymphocytes, adhering to EXP-5 cells. The influence of subcutaneous injection of EXP-5 cells on the growth of intravitreously injected tumor cells was investigated. Cells injected subcutaneously prior to intravitreous injection elicited an immune response that was capable of controlling vitreous tumor growth. These findings suggest that the rats with transplanted retinal tumors develop a cell-mediated immune response in the early stage of tumor bearing, and that a state of pre-existing specific immunity can overcome so-called "immunologic privilege" of the vitreous body. PMID- 6642144 TI - Growth-inhibitory activity of recombinant human interferon-beta against cultured human cells. AB - The growth-inhibitory activity of recombinant human interferon-beta (ReIFN-beta) against cultured human cells was compared with that of natural human fibroblast interferon-beta (IFN-beta), and the influence of deficiency of carbohydrate on the anticellular activity was examined. The IC50 (concentration of drug required for 50% inhibition) of ReIFN-beta against 14 human cell lines was almost equivalent to that of IFN-beta, when the cells were cultured for 7 days and ReIFN beta or IFN-beta was added on day 0 and exchanged every day from day 1 to day 6. The most sensitive cells (ICE less than 10 units/ml) were Daudi lymphoma cells and 3 melanoma cell lines, and the most insensitive cells (IC50 greater than 10(3) units/ml) were HeLa S3/IS cells (insensitive line) and CCRF-CEM leukemia cells. The other 8 cell lines were moderately sensitive to both interferons. As the intervals of exchange of ReIFN-beta or IFN-beta were extended, the growth inhibitory activity of both interferons decreased. This phenomenon, which was more significant with ReIFN-beta than IFN-beta, was explicable in terms of the stability of both interferons incubated in the culture medium at 37 degrees. The species specificity of IFN-beta was not mediated by carbohydrate since the growth inhibitory activity of ReIFN-beta against 2 mouse cell lines was almost equivalent to that of IFN-beta. These results indicate that the anticellular activity of ReIFN-beta was not essentially affected by deficiency of carbohydrate. PMID- 6642145 TI - Cineradiography in 45 patients with acute dysphagia. AB - The function of the pharyngoesophageal stage of deglutition was studied by cineradiography in 45 patients with an acute onset of dysphagia. None of the patients had any radiographically detectable foreign body in the pharynx or esophagus. In 34 of the patients (76%) a functional or morphodynamic abnormality was disclosed; a defective closure of the laryngeal vestibule (26 patients), defective movements of the epiglottis (18 patients), uncoordinated relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle (14 patients), paresis of pharyngeal constrictor muscles (9 patients), and cervical webs (9 patients). In 21 of the patients more than 1 type of dysfunction was present. The results of this study suggest that cineradiography of the pharyngoesophageal stage of deglutition is useful in patients with acute dysphagia, without a foreign body, as functional abnormalities often can explain the patients' complaints. PMID- 6642146 TI - CT's capability in detecting advanced gastric cancer. AB - Upper GI series and CT scans of 23 patients with advanced gastric cancer were reviewed and correlated to determine CT's capability in detecting gastric tumors. The CT images of the gastric carcinomas revealed either a mass or thickening of the wall. These abnormalities were present in 78% of the cases whereas CT demonstrated a "mass" in 52%. The most difficult site for CT diagnosis of gastric cancer was the antrum. Diagnostic accuracy of CT in evaluating tumor invasion of adjacent structures is reportedly high. However, in the present study this was not necessarily true. In 4 of 5 patients whose gastric tumors proved unresectable, CT failed to reveal adjacent invasion. This suggests that CT is not always reliable in predicting surgical resectability. PMID- 6642147 TI - Crohn's disease of the duodenum with spontaneous reflux into the pancreatic duct. AB - A patient with Crohn's disease which involved the duodenum presented with recurrent pancreatitis. His upper gastrointestinal series demonstrated spontaneous reflux of barium into the pancreatic duct. The literature is reviewed and a probable mechanism for this very unusual occurrence is suggested. PMID- 6642148 TI - CT diagnosis of common bile duct stone. AB - Common bile duct stones were demonstrated as high-density objects on CT in 22 of 45 cases. About 96% of the remaining cases (22 of 23) exhibited other abnormal CT findings which included common bile duct dilatation, concomitant gallbladder stones, and/or presence of intraductal air. CT is a useful diagnostic modality in the elevation of patients with suspected choledocholithiasis. PMID- 6642149 TI - Large solitary gallbladder calculus resembling multipolypoid cholesterolosis: case report. AB - A condition diagnosed as multiple cholesterolosis was discovered at surgery to be caused by a very unusual large solitary gallstone. This case demonstrates the potential hazard of omitting the plain KUB film and provides another possible etiology for the appearance of multiple fixed intraluminal defects on oral cholecystography. PMID- 6642150 TI - Ruptured hydatid cyst with biliary obstruction: diagnosis by sonography and computed tomography. AB - Communication between a hydatid cyst of the liver and the right hepatic duct resulted in biliary obstruction by the released cyst contents. Ultrasonography and computed tomography were utilized for preoperative diagnosis. PMID- 6642151 TI - Afferent loop obstruction documented with hepatobiliary imaging. AB - This report concerns a case of afferent loop obstruction secondary to carcinoma of the gastric stump. Radionuclide hepatobiliary imaging was used to document the afferent loop obstruction. PMID- 6642152 TI - Complications of diverticular disease: a review of the barium enema findings. AB - Complications of diverticular disease are among the most common causes of all acute hospital admissions. The barium enema is the most important investigation in these patients, both for establishing the diagnosis and planning their management. However, few comprehensive reviews have described the radiological appearances of the complications of diverticular disease. We describe the radiological features and emphasize the diagnostic difficulties that may occur. PMID- 6642153 TI - Enterolithiasis: a report of four cases. AB - Enterolithiasis is a rarely encountered clinical and radiologic entity. Stasis of intestinal contents is the underlying cause of the stone formation. Four cases are presented, 3 in the colon and 1 in the small bowel. The chemical composition of these stones varies according to their site of origin. The clinical setting varies widely as does the radiologic differential diagnosis. PMID- 6642154 TI - Diagnostic sensitivity of X-ray examination of the large bowel in colorectal cancer. AB - All individuals subjected to x-ray examination of the large bowel at Borgarspitalinn, Reykjavik, over the 5-year period 1975-1979 were matched against the files of the Icelandic Cancer Registry, 1955-1980 inclusively. The diagnostic accuracy was 84.9% and with additional proctoscopy the diagnostic accuracy was 92.5%. PMID- 6642155 TI - Endoluminal ultrasonic scanning in the evaluation of rectal cancer: a preliminary report of 13 cases. AB - In 13 patients with a verified tumor of the rectum, endoluminal ultrasonic scanning was performed to evaluate the degree of tumor infiltration in the muscular wall and the perirectal tissue. In 11 cases the degree of tumor infiltration found by ultrasonic scanning was in complete accordance with the histopathologic finding. In 2 cases the examination was incomplete because the ultrasonic probe could not pass the tumor. We believe that endoluminal ultrasonic scanning will further development of the equipment will be a valuable additional diagnostic tool in the evaluation of gastrointestinal tract tumors. It will make it possible to decide whether local excision of the tumor is possible, based on the diagnostic procedure. PMID- 6642156 TI - Symptomatic inguinal hernia: association with intraabdominal mass lesions. AB - In a 10-year period, barium enema showed that 25 patients with symptomatic hernias harbored an intraabdominal mass. Of these masses, 92% were malignant and 88% were situated in the pelvis. PMID- 6642157 TI - Computed tomographic diagnosis of obturator foramen hernia. AB - Computed tomography was performed on a patient presenting with cryptic small bowel obstruction. A correct preoperative diagnosis of obturator foramen hernia was arrived at based on the recognition of a loop of ileum protruding between the pectineus and external obturator muscles. PMID- 6642158 TI - Reflux esophagitis: radiologic-endoscopic correlation. PMID- 6642159 TI - Use of fiberoptic choledochoscope in common bile duct and intrahepatic duct exploration. AB - This report summarizes our experience with 339 consecutive flexible fiberoptic choledochoscopic examinations performed in the course of 598 common bile duct explorations for biliary tract stones. Routine choledochoscopy added 5 to 10 minutes to the operation and caused no complications. In 81 of the patients, additional stones were discovered with choledochofiberscopy after completion of routine bile duct exploration. Postoperative cholangiography demonstrated a retained stone in 57 patients (two in the common bile duct and 55 in the intrahepatic ducts). Forty-two patients with stones retained in the intrahepatic ducts were diagnosed during operation with the fiberoptic choledochoscope, but those stones were very difficult for us to remove. The accuracy of postexploratory choledochoscopy in diagnosis of stones in the common bile duct and intrahepatic ducts was 99.0% and 90.5%, respectively. Choledochofiberscopy is useful in exploration of the common bile duct and a safe procedure in the diagnosis of biliary tract stones during operation. PMID- 6642160 TI - Endoscopic evaluation of the esophagogastric polyp and fold. PMID- 6642161 TI - Barrett's epithelium in scleroderma. PMID- 6642162 TI - Recurrent pancreatitis: a complication secondary to a retained pancreaticojejunostomy splint. PMID- 6642163 TI - Typhlitis complicating methimazole-induced agranulocytosis. PMID- 6642165 TI - Endoscopic sphincterotomy of the papilla of Vater. PMID- 6642164 TI - Sclerosants for injection sclerosis of esophageal varices. PMID- 6642166 TI - Operative biliary endoscopy does not have to go flexible. PMID- 6642167 TI - A pain provocation test for peptic duodenitis: is it a clinical necessity? PMID- 6642168 TI - A bipolar snare for polypectomy. PMID- 6642169 TI - Compression of the gallbladder during ERCP. PMID- 6642170 TI - Transient coagulation abnormalities following endoscopic sclerosis of esophageal varices. PMID- 6642171 TI - Hemosiderosis of the duodenum. PMID- 6642172 TI - Melanosis coli within an adenomatous polyp. PMID- 6642173 TI - Ascaris lumbricoides in bile duct: endoscopic and radiologic demonstration by ERCP. PMID- 6642174 TI - The endoscopic demonstration of Kaposi's sarcoma of the colon. PMID- 6642175 TI - Giant hydronephrosis mimicking liver abscess. PMID- 6642176 TI - Celestin tube mycosis without esophageal involvement. PMID- 6642177 TI - [Odontometric studies of maxillary teeth as a means for population differentiation]. AB - 4,497 maxillary teeth from 711 skulls were examined and measured. The diameters of the single teeth as well as the sums, quotients, and indices were subjected to statistical treatment using univariate procedures. Clear-cut differences among anthropologically different populations (Europoids, Negroids, Mongoloids, Melanesoids) were evidenced by the tooth dimensions. The indices are suited for revealing specific relationships among tooth groups. PMID- 6642178 TI - [Causes and effects of synthesis differences of the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus]. AB - Attention has been paid to the connection between morphogenesis and the synthesis of tissue structures with regard to their effects upon the functions and, on the other hand, their dependence on diseases and changes in blood circulation. A synthetic interpretation of the brain leads to the picture of a total ("ganzheitlich") order which, by itself, helps to explain the existence of a harmony. We have pointed to limitations in drawing parallels (in a biological sense) between human beings and animals. Above all, this becomes clear in the case of the Ncl. medio-dorsalis of the thalamus: Here is a functional system, the importance of which (for psycho-pathological conditions and disturbances) can be observed. Thereby, lacks of functions that are due to the dynamics of vital processes, can be explained. "Functional morphae" (Gestalten) are only those that are of a certain use. The variability of the building elements of the Ncl. medio dorsalis is greater than its functions would require. However, there may be border-line cases, being explicable as a result of micro-evolution. The "change of forms" ("Formwandel") can finally help to illustrate certain pathological formations whose detailed interpretation is not entirely possible. PMID- 6642179 TI - [Methodologic aspects of biomathematical description of growth processes]. AB - The biomathematical processing of growth data aims the separation of the deterministic variation of the growth variable from the superposed random fluctuations. For the quantitative representation of the deterministic component, 3 possibilities are noted (mean values polygon, empirical regression, and least squares fitting of functions). By 2 examples of measured growth data, the suitability of these approaches will be discussed to give reproducible results and to avoid artifacts. The model free recording of the deterministic component by empirical regression is recommended. PMID- 6642180 TI - [Locally adjusted linear regression and its possibilities for application]. AB - A new numerical method is presented for a model free representation of the mean course in a series of measured data of an unknown functional connection. The usefulness of the method is demonstrated by some examples of different time series (chemical reaction kinetics, growth, damped oscillations of a physiological system, pharmacokinetics). The advantages of the new method compared with nonlinear regression or segmented linear regression are noted. For any argument within the interval of measurements, the local adjusted linear regression value may be calculated. In this way one get a continuous curve with a continuous 1st derivative, too. This local adjustment will be obtained by using a weight function which is from Gaussianlike type in our procedure. The calculated continuous approximation curve represents the mean course in the measured values and may serve for a further quantitative evaluation of the measured functional connection, for interpolative and smoothing purposes, or even for model construction and model proving procedures. The nonparametric estimation of a continuous (1 dimensional) distribution density function from realizations of a continuous random variable is another field of application of this method. PMID- 6642181 TI - [Postnatal development of static vestibulo-ocular reactions in the rabbit- electromyographic studies]. AB - The changes in the electric activity of the extraocular muscles as a consequence of static tilt stimulation were investigated in rabbits of different postnatal ages by the registration of the electromyogram. The postnatal development of the tonic vestibulo-ocular reflex in the rabbit runs parallel with the transition from an irregular fluctuating eye muscle activity during the first postnatal days to a constantly tonic muscle activity depending on the tilt position. PMID- 6642182 TI - [Development of the maximal dipole moment of the heart with respect to postnatal heart growth]. AB - The maximal dipole moment of the heart of various species shows a proportionality to the heart weight. The present study investigates whether this relation is also valid for the postnatal period. The Nelson-lead-system separates the influence of the heart growth from that of the body growth. It allows to calculate the resultant dipole moment of the heart. Our experiments were applied to guinea pigs. The postnatal increase of the body weight and heart weight and the development of the dipole moment were obtained for the first 25 d of life. The results show a linear increase of the body weight with age. In contrast, the resultant dipole moment of the heart is almost constant during the first 14 d of life. Only after the 2nd week of life, the maximal dipole moment increases with further age. Evidently, during the first 14 d of the postnatal development other important factors than the growing heart mass influence the magnitude of the dipole moment. PMID- 6642183 TI - [Passive mechanical characteristics of the eyeball joint system during rabbit ontogenesis]. AB - The postnatal development of vestibulo-ocular reactions is among other factor probably caused by changes of the passivee mechanical properties of the bulb joint system. Therefore, curarized rabbits from the newborn up to the adult age were studied in respect of the passiv deviation of the ocular bulb. The required force of stepwise traction (5 degrees each) of the bulb between the primary position and a 20 degrees deviation was measured. A linear enhancement of the force with increasing deviation angles was found in all age groups. Force relief resulted in a hysteresis in each case, the bulb did not reach the primary position. There were no differences of the force between newborns and adult animals, but 16 to 20 d old rabbits exhibited a statistical significant decrease of the required force in all deviation steps, except in 5 degrees. PMID- 6642184 TI - [Conduction time in the oculomotor nerve during postnatal development of the rabbit]. AB - Investigations of eye movements after electrical ampullar nerve stimulation in postnatal growing rabbits have shown a shortening of the latency. To analyse the time portions, necessary for the passage of an excitation through the different structures of the vestibulo-ocular reflex are, the knowledge of the conduction time of the oculomotor nerve is also essential. Therefore, the length of the nerve and the mean diameter of the nerve fibres were measured, the corresponding nerve conduction velocity was taken from the literature as well as the conduction time was calculated. The conduction time decreases only from the birth to the 18th postnatal d and reaches the half value of the newborns. It portion of the latency is 5% in all age groups. PMID- 6642185 TI - The use of graph theory in analysis of cells and cell nuclei in particular. AB - Application of graph theory to morphological analysis of cells described by n parameters is presented. The analysis takes advantage of the possibility of describing structures in a multi-dimensional space. The method may be useful in determining similarity or differences between studied structures. PMID- 6642186 TI - Physiological dependency between the hypothalamus and the thymus of Wistar rats. IV. Organotypic culture of the thymus in the presence of hypophyseal hormones, vasopressin, and oxytocin. AB - The experiments were carried out with the cultured thymic glands of the 7 d old rats. 3H-thymidine incorporation rate, histological alterations and the lipid level within the entire gland were studied. In cultures supplemented with 200 ng of vasopressin per ml of medium, the amount of the incorporated 3H-thymidine was lower than in the control cultures, whereas in cultures to which higher quantities of the same hormone (10 micrograms/ml) were added a reverse effect was observed and the difference was statistically significant as compared with the control cultures (p less than 0.001). Addition of oxytocin (0.01 units/ml of the medium) to the culture brought about a slight increase in the incorporation of 3H thymidine. Histological and histochemical studies showed that the involution of the thymic tissue was least pronounced in the cultures supplemented with vasopressin in amount of 10 micrograms per ml of the medium. PMID- 6642187 TI - [Mucoviscidosis (cystic fibrosis), a disease of an unclear structure until recently]. AB - Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) is described in a review article. The cause of this common lethal hereditary disease of white people is hitherto unknown. The early dead of patients with cystic fibrosis, a genetic paradoxon, a lot of hypotheses and very high demands in treatment should challenge more scientists for research. There are added some short notes about the authors work in history of cystic fibrosis. PMID- 6642188 TI - [Topographico-anatomic data on the testicular artery, ductus deferens artery and cremaster artery in the stallion]. AB - To study the vascularization of the testis of stallions we used 96 testes. We examined its topography and anatomy by roentgenography, stereoroentgenography, by the corosive method, and by means of gel and China ink injections. To make the roentgeno-arteriograms we used minimum emulsified in glycerine as contrast medium. The branching off of the Aa. testiculares from the Aorta abdominalis is variable in stallions. We observed also a peculiar age-dependent arrangement of the loops of the convolution. In the adult stallion, the shape of the convolution is either cylindrical or conical, spindle-shaped, or irregular. Bifurcation of the A. testicularis before entering the testis did not occur. The epididymical arteries arise either from the convolution or from the Pars recta a. testicularis. They may ramify from a common branch near the origine of A. testicularis. We found regular, direct anastomoses between A. epididymidis cranialis and the branches from the Rr. testiculares. Pars marginalis a. testicularis bifurcates at the transition plane of Margo epididymidis and Margo liber, eventually in the middle 1/3 of Margo epididymidis. Rr. testiculares run parallelly along the Margo liber and give off a number of verically arising branches. The Aa. radiatae centripetales run to the Mediastinum testis without giving off branches. We have not found any anstomoses between the centripetal arteries or the centripetal and centrifugal ones. The A. ductus deferentis is just as thick as the branches from the A. epididymidis caudalis. The lumina of the A. cremasterica is 0.5 to 1 mm. We did not succeed in filling it up reversely through the A. epididymidis caudalis. The artery anastomoses with A. ductus deferentis and A. epididymidis caudalis. PMID- 6642189 TI - The gallbladder of the Capivara Hydrochoerus hydrochoeris (Mammalia: Rodentia). AB - The authors studied morphological and histochemically the mucopolysaccharides and proteins in the gallbladder tubular glands and epithelial cells of the capivara Hydrochoerus hydrochoeris. Based on the results the authors concluded: 1. the gallbladder single columnar epithelium consists of secretory, migrating, and goblet cells; 2. in the lamina propria are single coiled tubular glands; 3. goblet and tubular gland cells show neutral and sulphated mucopolysaccharides and sialic acid; 4. columnar cells show neutral mucopolysaccharides and protein radicals; 5. migrating cells show only protein radicals. PMID- 6642190 TI - Volume density of syncytial sprouts and its regional variation in the human mature placenta. AB - The authors studied by means of sterological methods the volume density of syncytial sprouts in different cotyledonary regions of the human term placenta. The syncytial sprouts account for 4.92% of the placenta volume. Meanwhile, there were significant differences according to the site from which the sample was obtained. The lowest value (2.72%) corresponds to the central-parabasal zone of the cotyledon, close to the entry of the maternal blood into the intervillous space, whereas the highest values correspond to the "venous" regions. The results of the present study, as well as those reported by others, suggest that the lateral-subchorial zone would be the growing region of the cotyledon. PMID- 6642191 TI - Dissociation between epileptic seizures induced by convulsant drugs and alteration in the concentrations of pyridoxal phosphate in rat brain regions. AB - Allylglycine increased the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in cerebral cortex from 1011.4 +/- 25.0 to 1318.0 +/- 66.3 and decreased it in cerebellum from 1289.0 +/- 49 to 1147.7 +/- 119.4 ng/g wet tissue during the preictal period. Mercaptopropionic acid increased the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in cerebellum from 1525 +/- 91 to 1985.7 +/- 275 ng/g wet tissue. Similar effects were noted in hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Picrotoxin increased the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in hippocampus from 938.7 +/- 44 to 1043 +/- 118 but decreased it in cerebral cortex from 1124.52 +/- 124 to 979.4 +/- 15 ng/g wet brain. The effects of strychnine were identical to those of allylglycine. Bicuculline reduced the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate in cerebral cortex from 1184 +/- 61 to 1075.14 +/- 78 ng/g wet brain. PMID- 6642192 TI - Effects of PGBx on glucose utilization and glycogen content of the isolated rat diaphragm. AB - Under an environment of 100% O2, PGBx caused a significant dose dependent decrease in glucose uptake by skeletal muscle from the incubation medium, using the isolated rat diaphragm as a model system. At concentrations of PGBx below 200 micrograms/flask, however, significant alterations in the amount of glucose taken up by the tissues were not observed. The glycogen content of the tissues examined was not changed by the presence of PGBx in the incubation mixture at any of the concentrations studied. When tissues were incubated under room air, however, no PGBx-induced effects on glucose utilization or glycogen concentration were detected. PMID- 6642193 TI - Clotting activity in the rat following acute barbiturate treatment. AB - Adult male rats were subjected to intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline (controls) or barbiturates (20 mg/rat) as a single injection. Seventeen hours later the rats were sacrificed and plasma collected. Hematocrit (HCT), Platelet count (PLT), prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and coagulant activity for factors II, V, VII, VIII, X and XII, plus fibrinogen were determined. The data indicates that a single injection of phenobarbital and secobarbital had a greater effect on clotting activity than did barbital or amobarbital. This was primarily reflected in the hepatic synthesized clotting factors, plus the platelets. PMID- 6642194 TI - Influence of dimethylsulphoxide on the functional state of isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The effect of dimethylsulphoxide upon respiration, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in isolated rat hepatocytes was studied. The results show that the glycolysis pathway is strongly inhibited by the action of dimethylsulphoxide in the hepatocytes, with increased glucose uptake and reduced net flux. However, the alterations in respiration and the gluconeogenesis pathway are less pronounced, the only significant change being an increase in respiratory activity during the first 10 min of incubation with dimethylsulphoxide. PMID- 6642195 TI - Effects of neuroleptics on the lipid peroxidation and peroxide metabolism enzyme activities in various discrete areas of the rat brain. AB - The effects of a 7-day treatment with Haloperidol or reserpine (in both cases 0.1 mg/kg per day) were studied on the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and the lipid peroxidation in various discrete regions of the rat brain. It was found that these neuroleptics change the lipid peroxidation and the activities of the enzymes in similar directions in the brain areas tested. PMID- 6642196 TI - Changes induced by Gramoxon in tissue phospholipids and phospholipid fatty acids in mouse and guinea-pig. AB - Following administration of the LD50 or the LD100 of Gramoxon (PQ), the phospholipids (PL) of the lung, liver and kidney were separated and both the PLs and the fatty acids isolable from them were examined quantitatively. The different doses of PQ caused different changes of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the various organs. The changes in the PL unsaturated fatty acids point to PQ-induced lipid peroxidation enhancement and membrane damage. PMID- 6642197 TI - Codon substitution in evolution and the "saturation" of synonymous changes. AB - A mathematical model for codon substitution is presented, taking into account unequal mutation rates among different nucleotides and purifying selection. This model is constructed by using a 61 X 61 transition probability matrix for the 61 nonterminating codons. Under this model, a computer simulation is conducted to study the numbers of silent (synonymous) and amino acid-altering (nonsynonymous) nucleotide substitutions when the underlying mutation rates among the four kinds of nucleotides are not equal. It is assumed that the substitution rates are constant over evolutionary time, the codon frequencies being in equilibrium, and, thus, the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions both increase linearly with evolutionary time. It is shown that, when the mutation rates are not equal, the estimate of synonymous substitutions obtained by F. Perler, A. Efstratiadis, P. Lomedico, W. Gilbert, R. Kolodner and J. Dodgson's "Percent Corrected Divergence" method increases nonlinearly, although the true number of synonymous substitutions increases linearly. It is, therefore, possible that the "saturation" of synonymous substitutions observed by Perler et al. is due to the inefficiency of their method to detect all synonymous substitutions. PMID- 6642198 TI - Epidemiological surveillance of the general population and control of nature in the prevention of diseases and environmental impairment caused by pesticides. PMID- 6642199 TI - [Thermal springs of Kavassila/N. Ioannina/, Greece--research study]. AB - The thermometallic springs of Kavassila, district Ioannina, are situated at a height of 410 m in a mild intermediate microclimate. They spring forth in two groups of springs near Sarantaporos river into which they pour without proper exploitation. Examinations of the water of the springs such as microbiological, microfloric blue algae and physico-chemicals have produced mainly: supply 400 m3/h, temperature 32 degrees C, electrical conductivity 1850 mS, colourless, taste of drinkable water, no emulsion, pH 7,60-8,20, sulfuric content 175,7 mg/l, strong odour of hydrogen sulphide, radon content 13-14 MACHE. Based on the above, the springs are to be characterised as hypothermic, hydrogen suplphide and sodium chloride containing mineral water, which is very suitable for drinking and bath therapy according to the principles of hydrotherapeutics: Water bath therapy and mud bath for the following diseases: skin diseases, rheumatoarthritic, chronic gynaecological, as well as vascular diseases. Inhalation therapy for troubles such as chronic troubles of the respiratory diseases, asthma, emphysema and laryngo-faryngeal pathological condition in both smokers and non-smokers. Drinking therapy for problems arising from the gastrointestinal tract, liver, bile ducts and kidneys. Similar springs in Greece, compared and mentioned are: Thermopylae, Kaiafa, Kyllini and abroad: Apenta-Springs Hungary and Piatigorsk Russia. For the correct exploitation of the thermomineral waters in Kavassila, the build-up of a modern curative hydrotherapeutic centre is proposed, due to the quality of the springs, as well as it's good and healthpromoting climate. PMID- 6642201 TI - [Mortality caused by cancer in a residential community near a factory for the polymerization of vinyl chloride]. PMID- 6642200 TI - [Malformations in a residential community near a vinyl chloride factory]. PMID- 6642202 TI - Disease knows no frontiers. PMID- 6642203 TI - Location, use, and locational efficiency of health facilities in a Madras neighbourhood. AB - The present paper has two related aims: an attempt to measure locational efficiency of health facilities in a Madras neighbourhood - Alandur - through an analysis of use patterns obtained from a questionnaire study, and an application of two significant methods on problems relating to organisation of health services - set covering reasoning and maximal covering location method. Some major conclusions of the two related analyses are: - Generally use declines with distance. However, beyond the eleventh distance zone, the use increases sharply, only to decrease after the fourteenth distance zone, the number of visits attributable to quality services at locations in these distance zones. - Among the variables determining the use patterns, distance is most important, followed by cost of treatment, the quality care, nature of facility and its availability. Set covering method yielded 5 potential health location sites which proved to be efficient in both population coverage and maximum time distances of five and ten minutes /maximal covering location method/. Two alternative sets identified by set covering method proved to be inefficient on both population and distance counts when maximal covering method was applied. PMID- 6642204 TI - Medical-geographical plan-proposals for the development of a coherent and complex network of spas and medical bath in Hungary, "the country of spas". PMID- 6642205 TI - Abstracts. International Geographical Union Working Group on Geography of Health. Meeting in the Latin American Regional Conference in Brazil, 11-14 August, 1982. PMID- 6642206 TI - Selection of rat genomic clones transcribed into brain polysomal RNA. AB - A library of rat DNA in the lambda phage vector Charon 4A was screened with a cDNA probe transcribed from a brain polysomal poly(A)+RNA template. Clones were selected that served as templates for transcripts which were more abundant in brain than in liver. It was essential to add a large excess of repetitive DNA to the hybridization mixtures to prevent the cDNA from annealing to ubiquitous repetitive rat DNA in the clones. The abundance of the brain and liver polysomal poly(A)+ transcripts of one clone was determined. PMID- 6642208 TI - Blindness: the physician's role in prevention. PMID- 6642207 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiography for stroke patients. PMID- 6642209 TI - Evaluation of tuberoinfundibular dopamine function by neuropharmacologic means in old male rats. AB - Baseline prolactin (PRL) levels and the PRL-lowering effect of nomifensine (Nom), an indirect dopamine (DA) agonist, were evaluated in young adult (3-5 months) and old (21 and 27 months) male rats. In addition, PRL responsiveness to acute or repeated administration of haloperidol (Hal), a DA receptor antagonist, was assessed in either young or old rats. Baseline PRL levels did not differ significantly between young and aged rats either when rats were killed by decapitation or underwent sampling from the retro-orbital venous plexus. Administration of Nom (10.0 mg/kg i.p.), a drug which inhibits PRL levels in normal rats and humans but lacks any action in conditions of impaired tuberoinfundibular DA (TIDA) function, affected PRL levels in aged rats not differently than in young rats. The PRL inhibition induced by the drug was greater in both groups when basal PRL levels were higher. Acute administration of Hal (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) increased significantly and to the same extent as PRL levels in aged and young rats. In aged rats treated chronically with Hal (0.5 mg/kg i.p., twice daily for 14 days) and sampled at the 8th day, 1 h after the first daily Hal injection, plasma PRL rose to levels about 3-fold as high as those after the first injection; in young rats, instead, the PRL-releasing effect of Hal was similar to that evoked by the first administration. 3 days after Hal withdrawal, baseline PRL levels were significantly higher in aged Hal-treated rats than in vehicle-injected or young Hal-treated rats and so were pituitary concentrations of PRL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642210 TI - Effect of donor age on inter- and intrachromosomal distribution of sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes. AB - The distribution of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) points has been analyzed in cultured lymphocytes from three age-groups of 30 females (n = 10; young: 13-20, middle-aged: 30-55, old: 75-84 years). The observed interchromosomal SCE distribution is in good agreement with the results of previous workers, significant age-dependent differences could not be established. It has only to be mentioned that chromosome E16 showed a relative SCE deficiency in young females, a result which has to be affirmed by further studies. Analysis of intrachromosomal SCE distribution revealed a surplus in the midarm section of most chromatid arms. Besides very similar distribution patterns in all three age groups, there were some, mostly insignificant differences which had to be verified by further investigation. PMID- 6642211 TI - Connective tissue in aging lung. AB - Collagen, elastin and structural glycoproteins were measured in 21 intact lungs taken at postmortem examination after sudden death from subjects aged from 15 to 83. The data were expressed as milligrams per cubic centimeter of lung peripheral parenchyma inflated and fixed at the standard pressure of 25 cm H2O to exclude the pitfall of referring to dried tissue weight. The volume/weight ratio of inflated dried lung parenchyma increased significantly with aging; likewise the collagen content decreased and so did the collagen/elastin ratio, while the elastin content did not show any significant correlation with age. The present findings indicate that biochemical, morphological and functional data on the senile lung agree well. PMID- 6642212 TI - Falls among elderly hypertensives--are they iatrogenic? AB - A cohort of 1,002 elderly ambulatory hypertensive patients were studied for nearly 4 years by this historical prospective design to determine the morbidity and mortality of the cohort and whether the level of blood pressure and antihypertensive medications increase the risk of falling in this group. During this time 148 reported falls; there were no resultant deaths in this cohort. Relative risk analysis derived from the logistic regression model demonstrated that neither blood pressure level nor type of antihypertensive medication was associated with falling after adjustment for confounding variables. Women, those who resided in nursing homes, although still considered to be ambulatory, and those with complaints of weakness, dizziness and/or orthostatic hypotensive symptoms were at higher risk of falling. These latter do not appear to be related to hypertension treatment. To discontinue this treatment, without further investigation of the symptoms, will not reduce the risk of falling but will increase the risk of a morbid or fatal event. PMID- 6642213 TI - Exocrine pancreatic function in the elderly. AB - We studied pancreatic bicarbonate and enzyme output in response to a continuous intravenous infusion of secretin, 1 CU/kg X h, and cerulein, 100 ng/kg X h, in 25 elderly subjects and in 30 young controls. Almost all elderly persons had pancreatic outputs within the range of controls. Only 3 aged individuals showed diminished enzyme output, but the reduction was very slight. We conclude that exocrine pancreatic function is not significantly influenced by aging. PMID- 6642214 TI - Fusion of macrophages on lens implants resulting in the formation of giant cells. AB - Giant cells on lens implants are understood to be a sign of chronic irritation. These multinucleated cells develop from macrophages by fusion and they disappear in successful cases along with the free-moving macrophages, when the fixed fibroblast-like cells and the proteinaceous capsule have succeeded in creating a continuous and effective separation on the surface of a lens implant. Details about the stages in the development of giant cells on lens implants as well as their significance as typical representatives of chronic granulomatous inflammation are discussed. PMID- 6642215 TI - Macular pucker. I. Prognostic criteria. AB - Thirty-three eyes with symptomatic epimacular membranes were treated by vitreous surgery and membrane removal. Vision improved in 79%. Eyes with clinically transparent membranes, but without preoperative cystoid macular edema, were most likely to achieve good vision, while opaque membranes had worse vision. Because cystoid macular edema was the most common obstacle to improved vision, membranes should be removed before this process begins, or as soon as possible thereafter. Angiography should precede consideration of surgery. Even though large parts of the internal limiting lamina of the retina were often peeled with the membranes, excellent vision was possible. PMID- 6642216 TI - Macular pucker. II. Ultrastructure. AB - Twenty symptom-producing epimacular membranes removed during vitreous surgery were examined by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. These membranes contain cells of glial and pigment epithelial origin, but one also finds myofibroblasts and fibroblasts which cannot be identified morphologically as to their origin. The membranes can be classified into two types. Membranes in one group are composed of numerous alternating layers of collagen and cells and some internal limiting lamina. The second type of membrane is generally composed of a single layer of cells with large sheets of internal limiting lamina from the retinal surface and little if any collagen. Both types of membranes have cells on the retinal side of the removed internal limiting lamina, presumably derived from neurosensory retina. PMID- 6642217 TI - Echography in retinoblastoma. AB - A total of 60 eyes with retinoblastoma were examined by echography using the A scan (Kretz 7200 MA) and B-scan (Ocuscan 400) at different sensitivity levels. The results documented by polaroid photographs were analysed quantitatively. Some additional diagnostic criteria were obtained. The differential diagnosis of a broad spectrum of vitreoretinal diseases is discussed. PMID- 6642218 TI - Intraocular diathermy coagulation. AB - Previously used transvitreal diathermy systems were found to be less than adequate. A new, safer 1.25 MHz medium frequency bipolar instrument is presented, which obviates most of the earlier drawbacks. Coagulation at the retinal surface can be obtained with as little as 0.15 J. PMID- 6642219 TI - Fluorescein angiography after retinal detachment microsurgery. AB - The eyes of 78 patients who underwent retinal detachment microsurgery (82 eyes) were prospectively evaluated postoperatively with fluorescein angiography. Of these 14.6% showed angiographic evidence of cystoid macular oedema (CMO.). A significantly greater risk of developing cmo was discovered in aphakic eyes (30% CMO.) as compared to phakic eyes (7% CMO.) and in eyes where the maculae were detached pre-operatively (23% CMO.), as compared to eyes where the maculae were attached pre-operatively (5% CMO.). Eyes which had undergone several surgical procedures for retinal reattachment (38% CMO.) were compared to eyes which had undergone only one surgical procedure (6.5% CMO.). It was found that 4.9% of the 82 eyes showed cellophane premacular membrane without dye leakage. A further 6% of the eyes showed premacular membranes associated with dye leakage. No statistically significant risk factor associated with the development of macular pucker was disclosed in this series. PMID- 6642221 TI - 36th annual scientific meeting of the Gerontological Society of America. November 18-22, 1983, San Francisco, California. Abstracts. PMID- 6642220 TI - Temporary use of silicone oil in the treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. An experimental study with a new animal model. AB - Homologous fibroblasts were injected into vitrectomized rabbit eyes. This injection produced a total retinal detachment in all ten eyes of a control series. In each case the detachment was due to the contraction of a membrane which had grown on the retinal surface as seen in human proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). In another group of ten eyes, silicone oil was injected before the fibroblastic membrane contracted, and removed again a few weeks later. This temporary tamponade of silicone oil reduced the rate of detachment to 50%. Silicone oil did not prevent the preretinal membrane from growing but mechanically decreased its contraction. PMID- 6642222 TI - [Deontology in occupational medicine]. PMID- 6642223 TI - [Main problems of hygiene and work physiology in the construction of railway bridges]. PMID- 6642224 TI - [Changes in the blood under the effect of low concentrations of trinitrotoluene (clinico-experimental study)]. PMID- 6642225 TI - [Functional activity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal system in workers engaged in the production of organic glass and polyvinyl chloride]. PMID- 6642227 TI - [Improvement of the system of preventive examinations of workers]. PMID- 6642226 TI - [Use of the nitroblue tetrazolium test for detection of the effects of organic solvents containing benzol, toluol and xylol]. PMID- 6642228 TI - [Informative value of the symptoms of poisoning for prediction of its outcome]. PMID- 6642229 TI - [Health status, working conditions and reactions to occupational load in women of retirement age working in vegetable-growing industry]. PMID- 6642230 TI - [Functional characteristics of the female body with regard to various indicators of nonspecific immunologic reactivity in workers of a ship repair yard]. PMID- 6642231 TI - [Effect of ventilation systems on the dust content of the air between the vent blades]. PMID- 6642232 TI - [Case of acute ethylene oxide poisoning]. PMID- 6642233 TI - [Possibility of late effects of O-toluidine after its absorption through the skin]. PMID- 6642234 TI - [Determination of maximum permissible exposure level for the herbicide vernam in the air of a working zone]. PMID- 6642235 TI - [Determination of maximum permissible exposure level of 2,4 dichlorophenoxypropionic acid in the air of a working zone]. PMID- 6642236 TI - [Toxicity and amount of n-pentane in the tissues of experimental animals after exposure to n-pentane in association with high temperature]. PMID- 6642237 TI - [Study of the protective effects of phenobarbital and aminopyrine in a toxicologic experiment]. PMID- 6642239 TI - [Position of parturients during delivery]. PMID- 6642238 TI - [Experimental data on the toxicity of various solid solutions]. PMID- 6642240 TI - [Fetal echocardiography. 1. Qualitative evaluation of anatomic structures in T-M presentation]. PMID- 6642241 TI - [Evaluation of the sensitivity of ultrasonographic examination with TM presentation for measuring fetal cardiac function in early pregnancy]. PMID- 6642242 TI - Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc levels in umbilical cord blood. PMID- 6642243 TI - [Results of treatment of patients with cervical cancer by X-ray irradiation from external fields and telecobalt 60]. PMID- 6642244 TI - [Case of idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis in pregnancy]. PMID- 6642245 TI - [Coexistence of visceral lupus and pregnancy]. PMID- 6642246 TI - Heterotic and maternal effects on body weight and the parameters of a logistic growth curve of LL and SS rats and their F1 offspring. AB - Differences in growth curve parameters were evaluated on two growth strains of rats and their reciprocal crosses. Least squares analysis indicated differences (p less than .05) in asymptotic weight, age and weight at the inflection point, the rate parameter, and absolute growth rate. Significant paternal, maternal, and sex influences were evident for each of the four derived traits. Positive significant heterosis was exhibited for each of the parameters of the growth function. Analysis of least square means of body weight also indicated significant differences at all ages from 4 to 15 weeks. Significant line of sire, line of dam and sex effects were expressed for each week body weight was recorded. Although negative, significant heterosis was expressed for body weight at weeks 5 and 6. There was a tendency for heterosis in all other weekly body weight measurements to be positive. PMID- 6642247 TI - Skeletal development in fetuses of rats consuming alcohol during gestation. AB - Sprague-Dawley female rats were fed either 20% ethanol in drinking water and rat chow ad libitum (alcohol group) or were pair-fed to the alcohol group, with starch substituted isocalorically for ethanol (pair-fed group) or were fed rat chow and tap water ad libitum. After 4 weeks they were bred and the alcohol group was changed to 30% ethanol in water. On day 20 of gestation the fetuses were removed and stained with Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red S. The skeletons were examined for the appearance of ossification centers and the ossification centers in the fore- and hindlimbs were measured. Fetuses from the alcohol group weighed significantly less than those of the two control groups. Ossification centers expected to appear in the skull on day 20 were absent in most of the alcohol group fetuses, but present in the control fetuses. There were fewer ossification centers in the sternum and in the limbs, and the ossification of vertebral centra has progressed less (both anteriorly and posteriorly) in the alcohol fetuses than in the controls. Dimensions of the ossification centers in the limbs were less in the alcohol fetuses than in the controls. No gross malformations were seen in any of the fetuses. It is concluded that by day 20 of gestation skeletal development is retarded by approximately one day in the fetuses of rats given alcohol prior to and throughout gestation. PMID- 6642248 TI - Heterotic and maternal effects on body composition of LL and SS rats and their reciprocals at two ages. AB - A diallel cross between two genetically similar growth strain lines of rats, varying greatly in body size was made in order to evaluate the differences in carcass composition at 15 and 25 weeks of age. Traits assessed were percentages of dry matter, ash, fat, and protein of empty body weight. Analysis of variance of the components in the model indicated no significant differences in carcass constituents at age 15 weeks except dry matter. Rat carcasses at 25 weeks of age showed an increase in fat per cent (p less than .05) from 15 to 25 weeks of age. A significant maternal influence was expressed for fat per cent in favor of the LL dam and for protein per cent favoring the SS female. Heterosis was more evident (p less than .05) at 25 weeks than 15 weeks for ash, fat, and protein percentages. PMID- 6642249 TI - Relative intestine length and feeding ecology of freshwater fishes. AB - There is a significant relationship between the intestine length (Y) and total body length (X) for 11 species of freshwater fish (Y = 0.08X1.42). Sufficient variation exists about this relationship to indicate important differences among the species' diets. The diets for each species, ranked on a Trophic Index scale determined from literature data, are negatively rank order correlated with the mean relative intestine lengths (rs = -0.67). There is no significant rank order correlation between the Trophic Indices determined from data on stomach contents and the mean relative intestine lengths for fish from a single creek. PMID- 6642250 TI - [Pulmonary circulation in children with bronchiectasis]. PMID- 6642251 TI - [Characteristics of anesthesia in pediatric thoracic surgery]. PMID- 6642252 TI - [Sonic method of evaluating disorders of regional ventilation of the lungs in children with surgical forms of chronic bronchopulmonary pathology]. PMID- 6642253 TI - [Reconstructive operations in combined diseases of the larynx and trachea]. PMID- 6642255 TI - [Changes in gas exchange and tissue circulation in patients with surgically treated lung cancer]. PMID- 6642254 TI - [Intrapleural hemorrhage after operations on the bronchi, lungs, pleura and chest wall (classification, diagnosis and therapeutic tactics)]. PMID- 6642256 TI - [Surgical treatment of stenosis of the right pulmonary artery during radical correction of tetralogy of Fallot after earlier Waterstone-Cooley anastomosis]. PMID- 6642257 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the late results of correcting the tricuspid valve (the de Vega prosthesis and annuloplasty)]. PMID- 6642258 TI - [Angiocardiographic diagnosis of defects of the aortopulmonary septum]. PMID- 6642259 TI - [Current achievements in pediatric thoracic surgery]. PMID- 6642260 TI - [Differentiated tactics in the treatment of post-burn cicatricial esophageal stenosis in children]. PMID- 6642262 TI - [Remote results of the treatment of patients with cicatricial esophageal stenosis by forced dilatation]. PMID- 6642261 TI - [Intrapleural esophagoplasty with the large intestine in cicatricial burn stenosis of the esophagus]. PMID- 6642263 TI - [Surgical and combined treatment of the middle and lower third of the esophagus]. PMID- 6642264 TI - [Puncture method of implanting endocardial electrodes for continuous electric stimulation of the heart]. PMID- 6642265 TI - [Simultaneous surgical correction of Ebstein's anomaly and associated disorders of cardiac rhythm]. PMID- 6642266 TI - [Rare anomaly of the aortic arch]. PMID- 6642267 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of late complications of heart injuries]. PMID- 6642268 TI - [Giant neurogenic mediastinal tumors]. PMID- 6642269 TI - [Profuse pulmonary hemorrhage in a patient with myasthenia gravis]. PMID- 6642270 TI - [Repeated operations on the lungs in children]. PMID- 6642271 TI - [Broncholithiasis complicated by atelectasis of the middle lobe associated with chronic pneumonia]. PMID- 6642272 TI - [Case of prolapse of the greater omentum through the wound canal of the second inter costal space on the right side]. PMID- 6642273 TI - Travellers' diarrhoea--an insoluble problem. PMID- 6642274 TI - Effects of nutrient liquids on human gastroduodenal motor activity. AB - The effects of intragastric infusion of 10% Intralipid and 10% dextrose on the intraluminal pressures in the antrum, pylorus and duodenal bulb have been examined. Ten studies with each infusate have been performed in 10 normal subjects and the results compared with those obtained previously in 22 studies during intragastric infusion of isotonic saline. During saline infusion, contractile activity varied. In six studies fasting motor activity persisted; in the remainder, variable activity, without recognisable pattern was recorded. With saline, the gastroduodenal region usually functioned as a unit and the pylorus was the least autonomous part. Neither a sustained rise of basal pressure nor rhythmic, independent contractions were recorded from the pylorus. The contractile activity of the gastroduodenal region with Intralipid and dextrose was more uniform than with saline. Fasting motor activity was always abolished. The gastroduodenal region ceased to contract as a unit and the pylorus acquired autonomous activity. Rhythmic, independent contractions of the pylorus were recorded in nine of 10 studies during Intralipid infusion and six of 10 studies with dextrose. In addition, a sustained rise in pyloric basal pressure was recorded in eight of 10 studies with Intralipid and three of 10 studies with dextrose. Pyloric motility indices were significantly greater with fat than with dextrose. The observed differences in gastroduodenal motility are consistent with a role for the pylorus in the control of emptying of liquid from the stomach. PMID- 6642275 TI - Gastric emptying in normal subjects--a reproducible technique using a single scintillation camera and computer system. AB - The gastric emptying of a mixed solid and liquid meal was assessed in 24 normal subjects using a single camera/computer system which allowed continuous monitoring of both solids and liquids. It was shown that variation in tissue attenuation caused by the changing depth of radionuclide within the stomach accounted for large errors in the measurement of gastric emptying (alteration in 50% emptying time of up to 65%). A technique for the correction of attenuation is described which used factors derived from a lateral image of the stomach. In all subjects, solid emptying was slower than liquid emptying and was characterised by a delay (lag period) which was followed by linear emptying. Liquid emptying usually followed a single exponential pattern. The effect of physiological changes induced by increasing the calorie content of the liquid component of the meal was assessed by giving either water, 10% dextrose or 25% dextrose. Liquid emptying was slowed and the lag period of solid was prolonged as the calorie content increased. Reproducibility was assessed in 19 subjects. For the three groups studied (water, 10% dextrose, 25% dextrose) the day-to-day variation in gastric emptying was not significant for any measured parameter, while statistically significant differences were present in solid and liquid emptying between subjects and groups. PMID- 6642276 TI - Simultaneous measurement of gastric acid and duodenal alkali secretion by in situ titration in health and disease. AB - We have devised a technique for simultaneously measuring the acid secretion into the stomach and alkali into the duodenum by in situ titration using a modification of the technique of Fordtran and Walsh. Using this technique, the results of acid and alkali secretion measured simultaneously were identical with those obtained using the conventional aspiration method on separate days. In response to stimulation with pentagastrin acid output was 17.2 +/- 1.4 vs 15.4 +/ 1.9 mmol/h and alkali response with secretin was 16.0 +/- 0.8 vs 14.4 +/- 1.5 mmol/h. The response to food was measured in 10 control subjects, 10 patients with duodenal ulcer, and 10 patients with pancreatitis. In controls, the acid and alkaline secretion were similar (15.8 +/- 1.7 vs 18.2 +/- 1.3 mmol/h), in patients with duodenal ulcer acid secretion was significantly greater than alkaline secretion (31.9 +/- 2.2 vs 21.9 +/- 1.7 mmol/h), and in patients with pancreatitis the alkali secretion was significantly less than acid (19.8 +/- 1.9 mmol/h acid vs 11.4 +/- 0.6 mmol/h alkali). It can, therefore, be concluded that in response to food the patients with duodenal ulcer are significant hypersecretors of acid (DU acid greater than DU alkali output) and patients with pancreatitis are significant hyposecretors of alkali (pancreatitis-alkaline output less than acid output) and normal subjects secrete equal amounts of acid and alkali. PMID- 6642277 TI - Motility study in right sided diverticular disease of the colon. AB - Intraluminal pressure in the ascending colon of 13 patients with right sided diverticular disease and 10 of normal subjects was studied with catheter-tip transducer inserted through colonoscopes. In the resting state the colonic motility index of patients with diverticular disease was greater than that of the controls. After intravenous injection of neostigmine methylsulphate higher pressure waves were more frequently observed in patients with diverticular disease than the controls, and the colonic motility index of patients was much greater than that of the controls with statistical significance. From these observations it is suggested that high intraluminal pressure and the abnormal motility in the ascending colon plays an important role in the pathogenesis of right sided diverticular disease. PMID- 6642278 TI - Gastroscopic screening in 80 patients with pernicious anaemia. AB - We have studied 80 patients with pernicious anaemia. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (with biopsy and cytology) showed no lesion other than atrophic gastritis in 34 patients. Thirty three patients, however, had varying degrees of gastric mucosal dysplasia, which was detected more frequently by histology than by cytology. The endoscopic appearance of the mucosa was abnormal in four of the six patients with moderate dysplasia, and in all three patients with severe dysplasia. One patient was found to have a small carcinoma in the gastric antrum, and underwent total gastrectomy; 18 patients had polyps (often multiple); four of these were treated by endoscopic polypectomy. One of the patients with polyps had multiple carcinoid tumours, and an asymptomatic parathyroid adenoma. Seventeen of the patients also underwent barium meal examination; abnormalities were revealed in only three of the seven patients with lesions visible at endoscopy. Our results justify further endoscopic studies in patients with pernicious anaemia, and sequential examinations to establish the natural history of gastric dysplasia. PMID- 6642281 TI - Sulindac hepatotoxicity. PMID- 6642280 TI - Empyema of the gall bladder - reappraisal of a neglected disease. AB - Thirty two patients with empyema of the gall bladder were identified among 1327 cases of gall-bladder disease presenting to one hospital over a six year period. Abdominal pain had been present for a median of eight days and, in eight cases, for between one and four months. In a few cases, the disease was painless and was discovered unexpectedly at postmortem or at operation for unrelated disease. The serious nature of the complaint was belied by the often scanty physical signs. Less than half the patients had a pyrexia of more than 37.5 degrees C and the presence of sepsis was rarely suspected clinically. Eight patients (25%) died, usually from unsuspected septicaemia. This considerable mortality might be reduced by the wider use of blood culture in cases of apparent 'cholecystitis' and by greater awareness that empyema of the gall bladder is sometimes chronic, painless, and afebrile. PMID- 6642279 TI - Splanchnic exchange of glucose, amino acids and free fatty acids in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. AB - In order to study arterial concentrations and splanchnic exchange of substrates and hormones in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease three patients with Crohn's disease and four with ulcerative colitis were studied using the hepatic venous catheter technique. Systemic turnover and regional exchange of free fatty acid were evaluated using intravenous infusion of 14C-labelled oleic acid. All measurements were made in the postabsorptive, overnight fasted state. Arterial glucose concentrations were 10% lower in the patients but net splanchnic glucose output was similar in patients and controls. Glucose precursor uptake (lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol), however, was increased two to five fold in the patients. Arterial amino acid concentrations were generally reduced but net splanchnic amino acid uptake was the same in patients and controls. Arterial concentrations of free fatty acid and oleic acid as well as systemic and fractional turnover were similar in patients and controls. The patients' splanchnic uptake of oleic acid was increased more than three fold in comparison with controls. Splanchnic release of oleic acid was also augmented in the patients. Both arterial concentrations and splanchnic production of ketone bodies were raised in the patients. The proportion of splanchnic free fatty acid uptake which could be accounted for by ketone body production was significantly greater in the patients (37 +/- 4%) than the controls (20 +/- 5%, p less than 0.025). Estimated hepatic blood flow was 55% greater (p less than 0.01) in the patients as compared with the controls (1930 +/- 150 vs 1240 +/- 70 ml/min), while splanchnic oxygen uptake was similar in the two groups. From these findings it is concluded that patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease show (1) markedly increased hepatic blood flow, reflecting an inflammatory hyperaemia in the splanchnic region, (2) a normal net splanchnic glucose output, (3) accelerated hepatic gluconeogenesis as well as ketogenesis, probably as a consequence of the altered hormonal milieau, and (4) low concentrations of most amino acids possibly because of protein malabsorption. These findings underscore the importance of adequate protein and carbohydrate administration to this patient group. PMID- 6642282 TI - [The effect of maternal hyperventilation on the fetal cardiotocogram]. PMID- 6642283 TI - [Ultrasonographic determination of ovulation]. PMID- 6642284 TI - [Ingelman-Sundberg classification of stress incontinence]. PMID- 6642285 TI - [Current status of radiologic breast diagnosis]. PMID- 6642286 TI - [Duration of the preventive effect against trichomoniasis following vaccination with SolcoTrichovac]. PMID- 6642287 TI - [Lymphedema: How should lymphedema not be treated? Operative treatment of lymphedema]. PMID- 6642288 TI - [Isotopes in obstetrics and gynecology from the viewpoint of radiation protection]. PMID- 6642289 TI - [Diagnostic and prognostic tests--requirements from biostatistical viewpoint]. PMID- 6642290 TI - Acute effect of dihydralazine on uteroplacental blood flow in hypertension during pregnancy. AB - The uteroplacental blood flow was measured in 12 women with hypertension during pregnancy before and after intravenous injection of dihydralazine. After intravenous administration of 18.5 MBq (0.5 mCi) 113mIn, the gamma radiation emanating from the placenta was recorded with a computer-linked gamma camera during 10-second intervals for 240 s. From time-activity analysis of the isotope curve a uteroplacental blood flow index could be calculated. 30 min after the intravenous injection of dihydralazine, 18.5 MBq 113mIn were again administered, and a second uteroplacental blood flow index was calculated. After dihydralazine administration there was a significant reduction of mean blood pressure (p less than 0.01) and an increase of mean maternal heart rate (p less than 0.01). There was no significant change in uteroplacental blood flow or in uteroplacental vascular resistance. PMID- 6642291 TI - Prolactin response to the dopamine antagonists sulpiride and domperidone. Further evidence for pituitary dopamine deficiency in hyperprolactinemic disorders of different etiology. AB - The PRL response to the dopamine antagonists sulpiride (100 mg i.m.) or domperidone (2 or 8 mg i.v.) was evaluated in healthy controls and in 148 patients with different hyperprolactinemic disorders (50 with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia, 58 with microprolactinoma, 19 with macroprolactinoma, 2 with empty sella, 8 with acromegaly, 7 with organic lesions of the hypothalamus, and 4 with idiopathic hypopituitarism of presumed hypothalamic origin). Mean PRL response to both drugs was significantly lower in all groups of patients than in controls, and significantly higher in subjects with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia than in those with pituitary adenomas or hypothalamic disease. Absent or impaired PRL responses were found in 38% of idiopathic patients, in 91.5% of microprolactinomas and in all of the patients with either macroprolactinoma, acromegaly, or hypothalamic disorders. Since the PRL response to dopamine antagonists depends on the presence of an endogenous dopaminergic tone, it is suggested that these figures reflect the incidence of major dopamine deficiency at pituitary lactotrophs in different hyperprolactinemic states. These data suggest that the pathophysiology of hyperprolactinemia in many patients with idiopathic disease is different from that of microprolactinoma. However, the finding of a normal PRL response to sulpiride in some subjects with radiologically or surgically proven microprolactinoma indicates that this test has no diagnostic value in the individual case. PMID- 6642293 TI - The wrist joint. PMID- 6642292 TI - Ticlopidine: a promise for the prevention and treatment of thrombosis and its complications. PMID- 6642294 TI - Severe osteomyelitis of the wrist following a cat bite. AB - Cat bite wounds of the hand are frequently associated with soft tissue infection of the injured part. Osteomyelitis is a less common complication but the sharp slender fangs of the cat may predispose to this complication by causing deposition of organisms into underlying bone. The following is a report of a severe and rapidly destructive osteomyelitis of the wrist following a cat bite. PMID- 6642295 TI - Sarcoid disease of the wrist joint. AB - A case of destructive lesion due to sarcoidosis in the wrist joint is presented. The rarity of this site of occurrence and the rapid progress of this lesion are discussed. PMID- 6642296 TI - Giant cell arteritis of the median nerve simulating carpal tunnel syndrome. AB - We present a distinctly rare case of giant cell arteritis involving the small artery of the median nerve with symptoms that may be confused with carpal tunnel syndrome. The excision of the involved arterial segment cures the patient of the local symptoms, but the administration of corticosteroids as soon as the diagnosis is established is very important for these patients with multiple arterial involvement. PMID- 6642297 TI - Non-union of the carpal navicular. AB - An analysis of methods of treatment with special regard to compression screw osteosynthesis. During the years 1965 to 1980 a total of 96 patients was treated with different types of procedure for non-union of the carpal navicular. The location and type of the fractures confirms previous reports that the chances of healing of proximal and oblique fractures of the navicular are poor. Most of the patients were operated on with compression screw osteosynthesis. In our experience which was confirmed by a follow-up examination at two to fifteen years following treatment, compression screw ostheosynthesis seems to be the better method of handling navicular non-unions. PMID- 6642298 TI - Simultaneous fracture of the carpal scaphoid and adjacent bones. AB - Eleven cases of simultaneous fracture of the carpal scaphoid and neighbouring bones are presented. The factors necessary for the occurrence of such injuries are discussed. PMID- 6642299 TI - Perilunar dislocation of the carpus and an associated Colles fracture. AB - A case report demonstrating that carpal dislocations can occur with fractures of the distal radius. The mechanism of injury is discussed and the results of treatment described. PMID- 6642300 TI - Scaphoid--trapezium--trapezoid dislocation. AB - A case of scaphoid-trapezium-trapezoid dislocation is reported. The radiological differences between this condition and scapholunate dissociation are discussed. PMID- 6642301 TI - Avascular necrosis of the carpal scaphoid associated with progressive systemic sclerosis. AB - We treated a patient with avascular necrosis of the carpal scaphoid associated with progressive systemic sclerosis. Aetiology and histology of this unusual condition are discussed in relation to the underlying disease and the anatomical characteristics of the carpal scaphoid. Resection of the carpal scaphoid and replacement were successful. PMID- 6642302 TI - Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the capitate bone--case report. AB - A carpenter and ice hockey player with wrist pain was found to have avascular necrosis of the proximal pole of the capitate bone. PMID- 6642303 TI - Volar transscaphoid perilunar dislocation. AB - A case of volar transscaphoid perilunar dislocation of the wrist with a follow-up of six months is described. Conservative treatment resulted in union of the scaphoid without avascular necrosis. The patient had a good functional result. In volar transscaphoid dislocations a conservative approach is proposed due to the preservation of vascular supply to the scaphoid in an injury caused by hyperflexion of the wrist. PMID- 6642304 TI - An unusual hamate fracture. PMID- 6642305 TI - Simultaneous dislocations of the bases of the four ulnar metacarpals upon the last row of carpals. AB - Carpometacarpal dislocation of the base of one or more of the four ulnar metacarpals is extremely rare. This case report describes a carpometacarpal dislocation of all four ulnar metacarpals treated with open reduction under anaesthesia and internal skeletal fixation for six weeks. The result twelve weeks after the accident was functionally and anatomically excellent. PMID- 6642307 TI - Pisotriquetral arthritis: a case report. AB - We describe a case of pisotriquetral arthritis associated with ulnar nerve paraesthesiae. We briefly review the literature and discuss the aetiology of this particular case. PMID- 6642306 TI - Osteoid osteoma of the capitate. AB - Two cases of osteoid osteoma of the capitate bone are described. This lesion is rare in the capitate: only ten cases have been reported. Noctural pain was the most significant clinical feature, with characteristic relief by aspirin. The findings on routine x-rays, although not very typical, were sufficient to establish the diagnosis and to make the use of tomograms, bone scans and angiograms unnecessary. Resection "en bloc" through a dorsal approach led to complete cure. PMID- 6642308 TI - Intraosseous ganglion of the lunate. AB - The case of a thirty-year-old woman with a cystic lesion in the right lunate is reported. The cyst was an intraosseous ganglion which is a relatively rare entity in that location. PMID- 6642309 TI - Metastatic calcification as a cause of ulnar nerve compression at the wrist. AB - Compression of the ulnar nerve in the canal of Guyon is a well recognised condition but we have not been able to find another reported case resulting from extrinsic pressure from calcium deposits at the wrist level. The causes of pathological calcification are briefly reviewed. PMID- 6642310 TI - Histo-mechanical aspects of carpal tunnel syndrome. AB - Carpal tunnel syndrome is a result of median nerve compression within the carpal canal. Factors associated with the appearance of carpal tunnel syndrome can be related to the bony architecture of the carpal canal, to its contents and to systemic disease. The purpose of this work is to see if changes in the elasticity of the transverse carpal ligament may cause carpal tunnel syndrome. PMID- 6642311 TI - Blood supply of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. AB - The importance of the arterial blood supply of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel depending on the type of hand vascularization was examined in view of surgical intervention in this region. Special attention was given to the anastomoses of the arterial branches which take part in the median nerve blood supply. PMID- 6642312 TI - The effect of freezing on peripheral nerve repair. AB - It has been suggested that where a double lesion to a peripheral nerve exists, the results of regeneration of the nerve is actually improved. This has been studied by comparing the results of nerve section and repair with and without an accompanying second lesion in the form of freezing of the nerve proximal to the anastomosis. While the effects of freezing does not adversely affect the results of nerve repair it has not been shown to produce any significant improvement. PMID- 6642314 TI - Triphalangeal thumb and five-fingered hand. AB - A plea is made for greater recognition of the differences between triphalangeal thumb and five-fingered hand. Both conditions can benefit from surgical management but the methods required are entirely different. PMID- 6642313 TI - Free composite tissue transfer in a compound hand injury. AB - In a severe compound and contaminated injury of the hand with loss of soft and bony tissues, restoration of function was obtained by a free composite vascularised tissue transfer. PMID- 6642315 TI - Metastatic carcinoma presenting as a pulp space infection. AB - A metastasis in a terminal phalanx which presented with the clinical features of a pulp space infection is described. The primary was a carcinoma of the esophagus. PMID- 6642316 TI - Metastatic carcinoma of the hand. AB - Secondary deposit from carcinoma is rare in the hand. We describe three cases, and discuss some of the diagnostic difficulties. PMID- 6642317 TI - Malignant lymphoma with intra-nodal silicone rubber particles following metacarpophalangeal joint replacement. PMID- 6642318 TI - A new antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces galbus. AB - A streptomycete producing an antibiotic having antifungal and antibacterial activity was isolated from a soil sample of West Bengal. It was characterized and identified as Streptomyces galbus. The antibiotic was isolated from the fermented broth by treatment with activated charcoal and purified by chromatography on alumina and paper. It is a colourless, odourless, hygroscopic, amorphous compound. Although homogeneous by paper and thin-layer chromatography, the possibility of the presence of two components was indicated by gel filtration. Its physico-chemical characteristics and UV-absorption spectrum suggest a non polyenic nature. It is active against a wide variety of fungi and bacteria. It has some phytotoxic effect, but is relatively non-toxic to rats. PMID- 6642319 TI - Determination of optimum conditions for antibiotic production by Streptomyces galbus. AB - The nutritional requirements and cultural conditions for optimal production of a new extracellular antifungal antibiotic by Streptomyces galbus under laboratory conditions were determined. Glycerol and glucose were found to be the best carbon sources, while as N-source nitrate was preferred. Maximum titre was reached after 7 d of incubation at 30 degrees C at pH 6.8 The metal ions Cu2+, Zn2+, and Fe2+ had some promoting effect. Casein hydrolysate improved production, but yeast extract markedly inhibited. Growth in shake flasks favoured higher yield of the antibiotic in a shorter time. PMID- 6642320 TI - Utilization of a lipid substrate for submerged fermentation of Streptomyces albus. AB - When investigating the effect of aeration on the utilization of a lipid substrate from the cultivation broth and production of salinomycin in Streptomyces albus it was demonstrated that a higher aeration results in a better utilization of soya oil and a higher production of the antibiotic. PMID- 6642321 TI - Purification of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Streptomyces granaticolor. AB - RNA nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.6) of Streptomyces granaticolor was purified by precipitation with polymin P and ammonium sulphate, affinity chromatography on DNA- cellulose and gell filtration on Biogel A 1.5 m. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed 8 protein bands of molar mass ranging from 37 to 130 kg/mol. Proteins of molar mass of 130 and 120 kg/mol were identified to be beta and beta subunits, respectively. The role of other subunits of the enzyme is discussed. PMID- 6642322 TI - Postoperative wound infection in foot and ankle surgery. AB - In 20 years through 1981, the author performed 1841 clean foot and ankle operations without any prophylactic antibiotics. Excluded from this study group are patients with compound fractures or open wounds, prior infection, toenail procedures, and other superficial operations. All postoperative wound infections were recorded in a timely manner and healing was documented. Infections occurred in 41 cases (gross infection rate, 2.2%). Thirty-seven cases healed without further surgery and without sequellae from the infection. Three cases required further surgery. One patient developed narrowing of the ankle joint (permanent damage rate, 0.05%). These four patients represent 0.22% of the study group. PMID- 6642323 TI - The high incidence of mismated feet in the population. AB - All Americans, and most likely all individuals in all societies, have mismated feet; that is, the two feet of probably no individual are exactly alike in size, shape, or proportions. This conclusion was based on the findings of a demographic foot-measurement survey embracing 6800 adults (4000 females, 2800 males), conducted in 1981-1982 by the Prescription Footwear Association. The findings may explain why the ideal or expectation of "perfect" shoe fit is virtually impossible, although they do not suggest that adequate or satisfactory shoe fit is not attainable in most instances involving so-called "normal" feet. They also indicate that a mild degree of "breaking in" is required with most new footwear, although never necessitating any distress. This article presents the methodology of the survey and foot measurements, along with the found data and their significance regarding the traditional processes of search of "proper" shoe fit and the obvious need for higher levels of professional shoe-fitting skills and service. The article also analyzes and discusses some little known or seldom considered complexities of shoe fit and the foot-shoe relationship that surfaces from this study, for example, the role of shoe design, shoe-sizing systems, consumer shoe-buying attitudes, and shoe materials, the four variable phases of shoe fit (static, weightbearing, functional, and thermal), and the availability of shoe sizes in stores. PMID- 6642325 TI - The arterial anatomy of the talus. AB - The extraosseous and intraosseous vascularity of the talus was studied in 26 fresh cadaver limbs. The specimens were injected with latex or Batson's compound, debrided by a nondissection technique, and cleared by a modified Spalteholz method. The extraosseous vascularity was through the branches of the three major regional arteries which entered the five nonarticulating surfaces of the bone. The major blood supply to the body was provided by the artery of the tarsal canal. The deltoid and sinus tarsi vessels provided significant minor sources of vascularity. The superior neck and posterior tubercle vessels supplied small areas of the body, but did have anastomoses with the other arteries in some specimens. These vascular patterns correlated well with the reported incidence of avascular necrosis of the body of the talus following injury. PMID- 6642324 TI - Lateral talocalcaneal angle in assessment of subtalar valgus: follow-up of seventy Grice-Green arthrodeses. AB - To determine whether definitive radiographic criteria could be elucidated for the Grice-Green extra-articular subtalar arthrodesis, all 70 cases performed at the Shriner's Hospital for Crippled Children, Erie, Pennsylvania, from 1972 to 1980 were reviewed. Patients were followed both clinically and radiographically an average of 4 years and 11 months. Major conclusions were as follows: 1) the standing lateral talocalcaneal angle is the most reliable measurement for operative selection and assessment of postoperative success; and 2) by using strict operative techniques and proper patient selection, a 90% success rate can be expected. PMID- 6642326 TI - Functional anatomy of the medial collateral ligament of the ankle joint. AB - The calcaneotibial and posterior talotibial ligaments slacken and the naviculotibial ligament tightens as the ankle plantarflexes; the reverse occurs in ankle extension. The naviculotibial ligament increases its length and the posterior talotibial ligament relaxes in abduction. The cutting of the posterior talotibial ligament repercutes on other parts of the medial collateral ligament. The cutting of other parts of the medial collateral ligament produces very little change on the posterior talotibial ligament. When the whole medial collateral ligament is severed, there is a lateral displacement of the talus. This may be important in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a torn medial collateral ligament. PMID- 6642328 TI - Ankle-foot peripheral nerve block for mid and forefoot surgery. AB - A simplified, predictable method of peripheral nerve block at the ankle and foot with a long acting anesthetic agent bupivacaine (Marcaine) 0.5% is presented. Combined with the use of a pneumatic tourniquet it allows the performance of mid and forefoot surgery on an inpatient or outpatient basis. It alleviates the risks of general or spinal anesthesia and avoids the use of analgesics for a period of 10 to 25 hours. The posterior tibial nerve is blocked at the level or the neurovascular tunnel on the posterior aspect of the distal tibia. The deep peroneal nerve is blocked at the level of the midtarsus in the fourth fascial compartment. The intermediate and medial dorsal cutaneous branches of the superficial peroneal nerve and the saphenous nerve are blocked subcutaneously on the dorsum of the foot. The sural nerve is blocked subcutaneously at one fingerbreadth distal to the tip of the lateral malleolus. The results have been excellent to good. No adverse reactions occurred affecting the central nervous system of the myocardium. PMID- 6642327 TI - The tensile strength of the anterior talofibular ligament. AB - Cadaveric anterior talofibular ligaments, with their associated bone attachments, were tensile tested to destruction. The ligament ruptured by either bone avulsion from the talus or midsubstance failure. The values of tensile strength varied from 58 to 556 newtons with a mean strength of 206 newtons. PMID- 6642329 TI - Displaced fractures of the os calcis involving the subtalar joint: the key role of the superomedial fragment. AB - Fourteen displaced intra-articular fractures of the os calcis are reviewed following open reduction and internal fixation using a lateral approach with an average follow-up of 22 months (range, 12 to 44 months). Postoperative management consisted of early subtalar motion with delayed weightbearing. Twelve of 14 fractures were considered good results on the basis of no pain, 50% normal subtalar motion, and near-normal anatomy. Pain correlated with incomplete reduction of the superomedial fragment and, thus, incongruent reduction of the posterior facet in two cases. The importance of effecting a reduction of the superomedial border of the os calcis is emphasized. PMID- 6642330 TI - Biomechanics in cerebral palsy. AB - Normal gait is dependent upon a coordinated series of events which moves the body through space with the minimal energy expenditure. Any neuromuscular abnormality which interferes with this pattern and results in loss of coordination will give rise to increased energy requirements. When energy requirements become too great, the patient becomes nonambulatory. This article presents the basic patterns present during normal bipedal gait and discusses the manner in which they are altered in the patient with cerebral palsy. PMID- 6642331 TI - Postural impositions on the foot and ankle from trunk, pelvis, hip, and knee in cerebral palsy. AB - Postural impositions on the foot and ankle in cerebral palsied patients may be due to neurological or biomechanical causes. Neurological etiology is related to retained neonatal automatisms, mass reflexes, lack of phasic muscle activity, and lack of voluntary control. Biomechanical impositions on the foot and ankle of superincumbent deformities in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes are analyzed and specific examples are cited. It is important to be able to differentiate those problems of the foot and ankle which are primary from those imposed by superincumbent structures. Some iatrogenic problems may be prevented by careful analysis. PMID- 6642332 TI - Pathodynamics of gait alterations in cerebral palsy and the significance of kinetic electromyography in evaluating foot and ankle problems. AB - Normal gait involves a well-defined sequence of joint motion and muscle activity. In cerebral palsy there are significant alterations. Surgical and orthotic plans should be made with the aid of the knowledge of these deviations. PMID- 6642333 TI - Examination of the cerebral palsy patient with foot and ankle problems. AB - In this review of the examination of the foot and ankle in the cerebral palsy patient, we attempt to identify the findings important in orthopaedic decision making. This discussion is based upon personal experience of the authors and review of the literature. We stress the need for careful examination and observation in these often confusing patients. PMID- 6642334 TI - Foot reflexes and the use of the "inhibitive cast". AB - The four diametrically opposed tonic reflex movements of the foot that can be elicited in normal children throughout the first year represent the peripheral segments of proximally cascaded reflex balance recovery systems. Clinical persistence of one or more of these obligatory movements in cerebral palsied children may habitually distort foot posture and recruit proximal reflex muscle activity and associated hypertonus. Inhibitive casting has proved to be a significant useful adjunct for management of both foot deformity and associated proximal hypertonicity. PMID- 6642335 TI - Equinus and cerebral palsy--its management. AB - Orthopaedic procedures for the correction of equinus deformity are effective in the treatment of spastic cerebral palsy. The best operative procedure for the correction of fixed equinus deformity in our series was the sliding lengthening of the heel cord. Adequate postoperative management of these patients is essential in order to obtain a good result. Long-term support at night during the growing period is necessary to prevent recurrent equinus. An exercise regimen to develop balanced muscle function is essential for a satisfactory result. PMID- 6642336 TI - Conservative management of cerebral palsy in the growing child. AB - Judicial use of long leg walking casts in the treatment of mild to moderate cerebral palsy involving the lower extremities has been adequate to control contractures throughout growth in a majority of our patients. Surgery has been performed on the patients who have not been controlled by casting alone. The use of corrective casts has given us a means of measuring the magnitude of spasticity in each individual and has helped in the selection of the proper surgical procedure for maximum benefit to the patient. Only if we cannot stretch the muscle with casting do we surgically lengthen it. PMID- 6642337 TI - Role of nerve blocks in the foot and ankle in cerebral palsy: therapeutic and diagnostic. AB - Dilute absolute alcohol (45%) injected into quadrants of the gastocnemius or gastrocsoleus in children with cerebral palsy of the spastic type who have an equinous gait but without contractures offers the clinician diagnostic information in determining therapeutic surgery or treatment. Similarly, Marcaine 0.25% (or similar anesthetic agents) injected into the nerve at the ankle or foot will assist in determining surgical procedures to correct foot deformities. The use of dilute alcohol or local anesthetic agents gives additional information to therapists treating these children. PMID- 6642338 TI - Calcaneus deformity in cerebral palsy. AB - Most but not all calcaneus feet in cerebral palsied patients are iatrogenic. The cause is related to imbalance between plantarflexors and dorsiflexors in most instances. Injudicious heel cord lengthening, inadequate preoperative assessment of anterior tibial power, heel cord lengthening accompanied by gastrocsoleus neurectomy or transposition of peroneal and posterior tibial tendons, anterior to the malleoli, are all potential causes of calcaneus deformity in cerebral palsy. PMID- 6642339 TI - Experimental study on postmortem formation of carbon monoxide. AB - Rats were drowned and kept immersed for 1 month in either boiled city water, or boiled or unboiled fresh water collected from a river. A small amount of carbon monoxide (CO) formed after death and a low carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) saturation was found in blood and thoracic cavity fluid of the animals immersed in boiled city water and in boiled fresh water. A considerable amount of CO and a high HbCO saturation was observed in blood and thoracic cavity fluid in two out of three rats immersed in unboiled fresh water at 4-6 degrees C, and in one out of three at 6-16 degrees C. It is suggested that microorganisms in the water, in which the rats were drowned and kept immersed, and low temperatures of around 5 degrees C during storage, played an important role in the postmortem formation of carbon monoxide. PMID- 6642341 TI - Blood, bone marrow and eye fluid ethanol concentrations in putrefied rabbits. AB - The effect of putrefaction on postmortem blood, bone marrow and eye fluid ethanol levels was evaluated in rabbits. Control and dosed animals were sacrificed and stored at either room temperature (approx. 19 degrees C) or cold temperature (approx. 3.5 degrees C) for as long as 28 days. Control animals stored at room temperature showed ethanol levels in the bone marrow that peaked at 7 days after sacrifice, followed by decreases to a nondetectable level at 21 days. Overall decreases were demonstrated in bone marrow of dosed rabbits stored at room temperature for all postmortem intervals. The control animals stored at low temperature showed no ethanol in the bone marrow and blood until 21 days after sacrifice. Dosed rabbits stored at low temperature showed no significant changes in blood and marrow ethanol until 21 days after sacrifice. PMID- 6642340 TI - Forensic significance of postmortem estimation of the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier permeability. AB - Albumin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma was determined in 44 cadavers divided into three groups on the basis of death agony duration. The same was determined in a control group of 42 patients with no demonstrable neurological disease. Following Schuller's method, the evaluation of the blood CSF barrier permeability was based upon the rate of albumin transfer from plasma to CSF. An average increase of 9% in blood CSF barrier permeability was found in cases of a long-duration death agony but not in cases of short-duration death agony (sudden deaths) or in the control group. We consider these results to be related to the hypoxia and hypercapnia which characterize the agonic suffering period. Therefore, we conclude that the postmortem determination of the rate of albumin transfer from plasma to CSF could be a reliable indicator of the duration of the agonic process. PMID- 6642342 TI - The influence of physical properties and lipid content of bile on the human blood/bile ethanol ratio. AB - The relationship between ethanol levels in blood and bile was determined in human postmortem specimens. The influences of several physical properties--surface tension, specific gravity and viscosity--and bile lipid content on the blood/bile ethanol ratio were evaluated. A gas chromatographic direct injection technique was employed to determine the ethanol concentrations in postmortem blood and bile specimens. A positive correlation was established between the levels in the two fluids. No correlation could be found between the blood/bile ethanol ratios and the aforementioned physical properties of bile. Correction of the observed bile ethanol for lipid content had an insignificant effect on the ratio. The average blood/bile ethanol ratio was 1.03 +/- 0.29 (range: 0.32-2.91). The wide range observed makes it undesirable to use bile ethanol concentrations to predict specific blood ethanol concentrations. However, under certain conditions, bile ethanol levels may be used to estimate blood concentrations within a range of values. PMID- 6642343 TI - Rapid death by mevinphos poisoning while under observation. AB - A case report of fatal ingestion of mevinphos with several points of interest: There was a known ingested dosage of 28 g. Several observers witnessed events from ingestion to death. Death was rapid--apparently within 1 min and certainly within 14 min. PMID- 6642344 TI - Is urine a suitable material for the preliminary screening of drugs in autopsy cases? AB - This paper reports a survey of drug screening in the urine specimens of 45 autopsy cases whose livers contained medicinal substances. The extractions were carried out by a solid phase/liquid technique and the analyses by thin-layer chromatography. Nine compounds out of 43 actually present in the liver were not detectable in the urine; eight cases with high drug concentrations in the liver and also in the blood would have evaded the intoxication suspicion had the urine been used as the only material for the chemical survey. On the basis of these data we advocate that the preliminary drug screening of medical-examiner cases not be carried out on urine alone. PMID- 6642345 TI - The sexing of bloodstains by testosterone: total protein ratio determination. AB - A simple method for the extraction of testosterone from bloodstains followed by its measurement by radioimmunoassay is described. Complete discrimination of males and females was achieved with measured bloodstains as small as 40 microliters. With stains of unknown volume the total protein content of the stain was determined as an internal reference level. Using the testosterone/protein ratio unequivocal identification was possible for 75% of the stains from males and 50% from females. PMID- 6642346 TI - Estimation of age at death by tibial osteon remodeling in an autopsy series. AB - Estimation of age at death by histological methods in tibiae has been found to be inaccurate in individuals less than 55 years of age. This study describes reasons for the inaccurate age estimates and provides a new regression equation for age estimation. Bone cores were removed from tibiae in 53 individuals at autopsy ranging in age from 17 years to 53 years of age; 48 males and 5 females. The sample contained 41 whites and 12 blacks. Variables ascertained from each core were: cortical thickness, cortical bone density, secondary osteon number, area, and perimeter, and Haversian canal area and perimeter. The results showed significant differences in secondary osteon number, area, and perimeter between groups aged less than and greater than 35 years of age. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated osteon number to be the best predictor of age in this sample aged less than 55 years of age. Age at death was accurately estimated for 11 additional forensic cases using osteon number in tibiae. No significant histological differences were observed between males and females and between blacks and caucasians. PMID- 6642347 TI - Zinc test as a new tool for identification of human seminal stains. AB - An extremely simple qualitative method for identification of seminal stains based on high levels of zinc in human semen is described. It uses reaction of 1-(2 pyridylazo)-2-naphthol with zinc to develop a deep red color. The data are presented on the sensitivity, stability and specificity of the present method. We can recommend it for identification of human semen especially in old or denatured samples. PMID- 6642348 TI - Haptoglobin typing in Zimbabwe. AB - The value of haptoglobins as a method of typing negroid blood in Zimbabwe has been evaluated. three hundred sixty-nine blood samples from negroid people were examined using gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The method provides good differentiation of all phenotypes including the 2-1M variant. In addition data on haptoglobin types of animals, both domestic and wild, are presented. PMID- 6642349 TI - 10th International Congress of the Society for Forensic Haemogenetics. Munich, 11 15 November 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6642350 TI - [Evolution of the visual system]. PMID- 6642351 TI - [Neurophysiologic remarks on the central nervous system principles of vision]. PMID- 6642352 TI - Combined diseases of eye and brain. PMID- 6642353 TI - [Topodiagnostic significance of eye movement disorders]. PMID- 6642354 TI - [The eye as a brain model]. PMID- 6642355 TI - [Summary of a round table discussion on the therapy of optic nerve neuritis]. PMID- 6642356 TI - [Neuro-ophthalmologic control in patients following optic neuritis with inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid changes]. PMID- 6642357 TI - [Clinical and therapeutic aspects of neuro-uveitis]. PMID- 6642358 TI - Binocular depth perception in normal adults and its early development. PMID- 6642359 TI - [Electrophysiologic studies of the visual system]. PMID- 6642360 TI - [Disorders of binocular vision and their treatment]. PMID- 6642361 TI - [Vernier acuity in amblyopia]. PMID- 6642362 TI - [The flicker test--a new simple procedure for the diagnosis of neuritis of the optic nerve]. PMID- 6642363 TI - [New procedure for the evaluation of ocular astigmatism]. PMID- 6642364 TI - [Improved indirect ophthalmoscopy using the Scheimpflug method]. PMID- 6642365 TI - [Accuracy of calculation of intraocular lenses of higher and lower dioptric values]. PMID- 6642366 TI - [Psychophysical studies of visual function]. PMID- 6642367 TI - [Fluorescence angiography findings following ruthenium treatment of malignant choroid melanomas]. PMID- 6642368 TI - [Radiation retinopathy following treatment of choroid melanomas with 106Ru/106Rh applicators]. PMID- 6642369 TI - [IgG aqueous humor concentration and oligoclonal IgG in intraocular inflammations]. PMID- 6642370 TI - [Xanthomatosis palpebro-cerebralis--clinical variants of the Hand-Schuller Christian syndrome]. PMID- 6642371 TI - [Ocular manifestations of systemic cryptococcal infection: 2 different forms; clinico-pathologic correlations]. PMID- 6642372 TI - [Round table discussion: ophthalmology in the 3d World]. PMID- 6642373 TI - [Behavior of intraocular pressure in eye contusion. An experimental study]. PMID- 6642374 TI - [Bitter pills for insurance patients]. PMID- 6642375 TI - [Classification of hip joint involvement in rheumatoid polyarthritis]. AB - The involvement of hip joint in rheumatoid arthritis is regarded. According to the onset, clinical picture, progress and macroscopic shape of the synovial membrane a classification of rheumatoid attack is tried. PMID- 6642376 TI - [Biomechanical and histological studies following intramedullary nailing of the tibia]. AB - With our experimental work we tried to answer some special mechanical and biological questions which occur in medullary nailing of the tibia. The deformation of the nail during insertion was measured by strain gauges. In addition resistance of isolated tibial segments against torsional moments was analyzed. Thus we were able to demonstrate the occurrence and the effectiveness of an elastic interlocking of the nail in the transverse and longitudinal tibial axis. By means of dying with disulphine-blue and labelling with fluorochromes the irritation of the cortical blood flow and the revascularisation procedure on the base of a centripetally directed intensive cortical remodelling could be figured out very well. The results are not only limited to the conditions of intramedullary nailing but allow further conclusions to the general physiology of cortical blood flow and bone healing. PMID- 6642377 TI - [Physical endurance training--effect and rules]. PMID- 6642378 TI - [Therapy with theophylline]. PMID- 6642379 TI - [Horse chestnut inhibits lysosomal enzyme activity--therapeutic success in varicose veins]. PMID- 6642380 TI - [Effectiveness of cimetidine in the prevention of aspiration pneumonia in obstetrics]. AB - In a prospective controlled study 30 parturients provided for elective cesarean section were premedicated either with no specific medication for prophylaxis of aspiration pneumonia or 400 mg cimetidine orally at the evening and 400 mg intramuscularly two hours prior to induction of anesthesia. In the cimetidine treated group only one patient had a gastric pH below 2.5, while in the control group 11 patients had a pH below this limit. The gastric volume in the cimetidine treated group also was significantly reduced. No side effects could be observed in mothers and children. Application of intramuscularly cimetidine seems to be an effective method for prophylaxis of aspiration pneumonia in obstetric anesthesia. PMID- 6642381 TI - [Complete and incomplete removal of precancerous conditions by conization]. AB - 673 patients with cervical lesions ranging from mild dysplasia to microcarcinoma have been treated by cone biopsy. There was a complete removal of the premalignant or malignant tissue in 70% of the cases, depending on the degree of severity of the lesion. In 42% of the cases (166 patients) in which hysterectomy was performed for incomplete conisation, no rests of the epithelial lesion could be found. Therefore it is recommended to follow these patients by means of cytology and colposcopy without immediate hysterectomy, especially in women who desire further pregnancies. Among 28 patients followed in this way there was recurrency only in 2 cases. In spite of "complete" conisation there were rests of cancerous tissue in 11 of 66 cases. The latter results show the necessity of a consequent follow-up also for these patients. PMID- 6642382 TI - [Hepatic coma. Principles of pathogenesis and treatment. 2: Treatment, prognosis]. AB - According to the multifactorial pathogenesis of hepatic coma, generally caused by the increased formation of toxic protein metabolites in the gut, the most important therapeutical measure is the cleaning and acidifying of the gut. This is possible very simply and cheaply by high enemas of sodium acetate buffers of pH 4,5 and lactulose. If necessary, neomycin or paromomycin must be administered in high doses of 6--8 gm/daily to reduce the pathogenic intestinal bacteria. The detoxification capacity of liver and brain can be improved by intravenous and later oral administration of ammonia reducing amino acids such as arginine, ornithine, and aspartic acid (10--20 gm/daily). They diminish also the elevated serum phenols. Very helpful are also branched chain amino acids which improve apparently the detoxification capacity of the muscle. Very important is the normalization of disturbances of the water and electrolyte balance, especially the normalization of hypokalemia. Very difficult is a successful treatment of cerebral edema and the disturbances of blood coagulation. In special cases of endogenous hepatic coma liver perfusions, hemodialysis, charcoal perfusions a.s.o. can eliminate successfully toxic protein metabolites, whilst this treatment is generally insufficient in the more frequent exogenous hepatic coma. In summary the prognosis of hepatic coma is also nowadays very serious and can only be improved by the early recognition and elimination of exacerbating factors. PMID- 6642383 TI - [Rapists--aspects of their personality. Psychologic, genetic and endocrinology studies]. PMID- 6642384 TI - [Hypertension in pregnancy]. PMID- 6642385 TI - [Inhibition of bone tissue formation by propane-2,2-diphosphonate]. AB - Among other diphosphonates here described propane-2,2-diphosphonate displays specific effects on bone-turnover. In contrast to other diphosphonates propane 2,2-diphosphonate inhibits especially different enzymes of growing bone and therefore inhibits formation of bone. The indication for the clinical use follows from that effect: pathologic states with increased bone formation may be treated by application of propane-2,2-diphosphonate. PMID- 6642386 TI - [Alizapride in a double-blind trial with metoclopramide in nausea and vomiting caused by radiotherapy]. AB - Alizapride, a new antiemetic of the benzotriazole-line, enterally given, has been used in a randomized double blind trial including 40 patients suffering from radiogenic gastro-intestinal syndrome. Compared to metoclopramide, alizapride caused a faster regression of inappetence and of the frequency of daily vomiting. Drug-induced side-effects could not be seen. PMID- 6642387 TI - [On the "Pudels Kern" (Faust) in magnetic tomography. Scientific and economic aspects in the battle of the giants for a revolutionary method in medical diagnosis]. PMID- 6642388 TI - [Nuclear spin tomography. Basic principles and initial and clinical results in the area of the skull]. PMID- 6642389 TI - [Ataractic treatment in psychiatry and general medicine. Review of preparations. 9]. PMID- 6642390 TI - [Methodology in angiologic-therapeutic-clinical research. Inter- and intra individual comparison in arterial occlusive disease]. AB - The objective metabolic evaluation of the insufficiency of the peripheral circulation in patients with arterial occlusive disease has proved to be very intricate. Previously blood specimen were taken more proximally from the femoral vein and not from the draining blood vessel of the exercised muscles. Consequently the analysed blood samples contained a higher degree of blood from non-ischemic muscle. This methodological problem could be overcome by introducing a catheter into the popliteal vein. This new technique permits to study the spontaneous and reactive metabolic changes in the legs during and after treadmill exercise in patients with intermittent claudication. Exercise- and post-exercise metabolism was studied in the legs of 18 individuals without arterial occlusive disease and in 76 patients with intermittent claudication. Change of lactate, pyruvate blood gases and acid-base balance was studied inter- and intraindividually in arterial and popliteal venous blood during and after an exhaustive constant load exercise on a treadmill. The metabolic effect during bicycle- and treadmill exercise was compared intraindividually. During exercise, the difference between the arterio-popliteal venous blood samples in lactate concentrations was significantly higher in patients than in controls. In general, patients had a significantly higher lactate-pyruvate ratio in the popliteal venous blood than in the arterial blood. During treadmill exercise the popliteal venous PO2 did not fall below 16.5 +/- 1.1 mmHg in the controls. Individual values during exercise varied from 6.4 mmHg to 18.1 mmHg in patients. The transition from supine at rest to upright position on the treadmill reduced the popliteal venous oxygen saturation from 49.4% to 26.3% in the patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642391 TI - [Diagnosis of interatrial communication with contrast echocardiography]. AB - M-mode contrast echocardiography with peripheral venous injections was performed in 73 patients with interatrial communications: 48 with atrial septal defect, 19 with a patent foramen ovale, and six with complex congenital heart disease in addition to their atrial septal defect. During resting conditions a cross-over of echo-contrast from the right to the left atrium indicating a right to left shunt was observed in 41/48 (= 85%) of the atrial septal defect cases, including all with and 82% of those without Eisenmenger's reaction, in 7/19 (= 37%) with patent foramen ovale and in 83% of all examined patients. The echocardiographically detectable right to left shunt could often be increased or provoked by repeating injections during the Valsalva maneuver. Positive contrast studies either at rest or with Valsalva provocation were observed in 94% of the atrial septal defect group and 63% of the patients with patent foramen ovale. Two-dimensional contrast echocardiography was somewhat less sensitive in detecting right to left shunts, but allowed the demonstration of the left to right shunt in 79% of the patients with uncomplicated atrial septal defect. The left to right shunt was seen as a stream of contrast free left atrial blood entering the contrast filled right heart through the defect and causing a "wash out" phenomenon. When all available techniques were applied, either a right to left shunt (rest and/or Valsalva maneuver) or a left to right shunt was demonstrable in all cases of atrial septal defects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642392 TI - [NMR tomographs are moving into German institutes]. PMID- 6642393 TI - [Antacids--how do they work?]. PMID- 6642394 TI - [Psychopathological studies on the so-called epileptic personality change]. AB - Psychopathological abnormalities have at all times contributed to a uniform concept of epilepsy. However, frequency, conditions, structure and specificity of epileptic personality change have been regarded in very different ways. 140 chronic epileptic patients were all assessed by indirect anamnesis, by psychiatrists and by psychological tests. The findings were correlated with neurological criteria, such as type, severity and conditions of attacks or fits. Whereas 74% of the patients showed psychological changes, 21% appeared severely disturbed, and in 53% changes in some personality traits could be found. There were positive correlations with the severity, with the psychomotoric and generalised diffuse type of fits. Neither the often-described epileptic, nor the likewise previously observed pseudopsychopathic type, but rather a mixture of both, determined the psychopathological picture, which was characterised by increased irritability, hidden aggressiveness, good orderliness, good general mood, good ability to make contacts, a positive self-image, and, furthermore, by a tendency towards a certain rigidity and inflexibility of thought as well as memory and concentration malfunctions. Persistent inhibition of impulse could not be demonstrated; one-third of the patients showed instability of emotion. The severity or chronic nature of the fits corresponded to an epileptic-low impulse pattern of behaviour, possibly depending on the amount of cortical damage. In patients with minor fits, the element of suggestibility was more predominant. Hence, specific psychosyndromes of nocturnal or rising fits could not be proved. In general, the findings did not differ from the common picture of an organic psychosyndrome. PMID- 6642395 TI - [Psychiatric and ethical aspects of the termination of pregnancy]. AB - The progress in the diagnostic and the therapeutic possibilities of medicine, the amendment of articles 218 foll. StGB (= Penal Code), and a fundamental change in the attitude towards sexuality and abortion, on the background of the demand for free self-determination of the woman, have fundamentally changed the fields of medical activities and tasks, especially those of psychiatry, in ascertaining the indication for the legal termination of pregnancy and in giving advice in cases of pregnancy conflicts. By far the most terminations of pregnancy today are carried out on the basis of a social or a social predicament indication, for whose assessment the psychiatrist, as a rule, ist not competent. This functions should be stronger orientated towards giving advice and providing therapy in cases of pregnancy conflicts. Particular attention has to be payed to special aspects of contraception and negative psychic after-effects of an abortion. Psychiatric indications should only be accepted, in cases in which they can be substantiated clearly. All advisory and therapeutic measures have to serve the aim of furthering the freedom and autonomy of decision of the pregnant woman, of facilitating the solution of intrapsychic and ethical conflicts, thus making genuine responsibility realizable. PMID- 6642396 TI - [Idiopathic paroxysmal rhabdomyolysis and clinically latent myopathy]. AB - Rhabdomyolysis can appear secondarily in the course of many different diseases, but also primarily as "idiopathic paroxysmal rhabdomyolysis" (i.p.r.), simulating clinically an acute myositis. Different factors can trigger this muscle reaction, the most important of them being physical stress, alcoholism, drug dependence, general anesthetics. In many of these cases biopsy investigations do disclose, out of rhabdomyolysis, a preexistent myopathy, usually dysmetabolic in origin, and often with familial incidence (lipid myopathies; carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency; mitochondrial myopathies; glycogenoses; hypokaliaemia- but also central core diseases, tubular aggregates myopathy a.s.o.). Exact morphological and biochemical investigations are therefore needed in every case of i.p.r., with the purpose to identify the underlying myopathy in the patients and their relatives. Repeated controls of CPK values should be performed. Bearers of such subclinical myopathies have in fact to be considered patient at-risk if exposed to stress or if submitted to general anesthesia. PMID- 6642397 TI - [So-called idiopathic trigeminal paralysis. Presentation of the clinical syndrome in 3 case reports]. AB - Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy can affect the sensory or motor division of the fifth cranial nerve but also occurs as a combined lesion of both systems. This rare syndrome is discussed in light of three cases seen in our clinic. As the diagnosis can be secured by exclusion only, special care is necessary in the differentiation of other trigeminal lesions utilizing CSF examination, CAT scans and other radiological methods. PMID- 6642398 TI - [Detection and evaluation of infectious endocarditis]. AB - Based on the findings of 50 patients with infective endocarditis, 37 affecting the aortic, six the mitral and seven both the aortic and mitral valves, in addition to analysis of predisposing factors, prominent signs and symptoms distinctive for the clinical entity were assessed (Tables 1 to 3). Preexistent conditions such as aortic valve lesions including bicuspid aortic valve as well as mitral valve lesions including mitral valve prolapse were proven in 66%. Factors which may have compromised host defense mechanisms such as cachexia and chronic alcohol or intravenous drug abuse were present in isolated cases. In 38% of the patients, a diagnostic or therapeutic manipulation, suspected to have given rise to the bacteremia, antedated the onset of endocarditis. Malaise, fatigue and chills were the most frequent symptoms (Table 4). Fever and cardiac murmurs were observed in all patients, anemia and bacteremia in 74% of the patients, respectively (Tables 4 to 6). In blood cultures, the most common microorganisms were found to be hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci accounting for 65% of positive findings, followed by enterococci and gram negative bacteria each with 14% respectively (Table 6). Congestive heart failure predominated among cardiac complications with its occurrence in 84% of the patients. Valvular ring or myocardial abscess, aortic or sinus of Valsalva aneurysm, occasionally with perforation, were found in 24% of our patients. Coronary embolism was documented in 6%; infection-associated pericarditis was observed only rarely (Table 7). Extracardiac complications involved the skin, central nervous system, spleen and kidneys, respectively, in 20 to 30% of the patients. Complications afflicting the eyes, lungs, gastrointestinal tract and the musculo-skeletal system were seen with a lesser frequency of 0 to 12% (Table 8). The diagnosis of infective endocarditis, rendered highly-probable by the constellation of fever, cardiac murmur, bacteremia and anemia, necessitates, however, confirmation through cardiac examinations. In this respect, electrocardiographic and radiologic findings are of limited value, although they may be useful in the detection of cardiac complications. In 6% of the patients, positive criteria for myocardial infarction were indicative of coronary embolism and, i 30%, atrioventricular or fascicular block suggested the presence of abscess formation (Table 9). As radiologic evidence of heart failure, 74% of the patients were found to have pulmonary vascular congestion (Table 10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6642399 TI - Echocardiography in infective endocarditis. AB - Echocardiography may detect the presence of vegetative lesions in between 55 and 80% of patients with the clinical syndrome of bacterial endocarditis. While the mere presence of vegetations does not alone warrant surgical intervention in patients with this disorder those patients with echocardiographically documented large left sided lesions are more prone to embolic events and patients with multiple valve involvement do have a tendency for progressive valvular deterioration. Serial echocardiography is of help in identifying patients with certain complications such as leaflet disruption, abscess or fistula formation and ventricular compromise. Vegetative lesions do not regress in size with antibiotic treatment and may remain for years. Major criteria for surgical intervention continued to be clinical presence of refractory congestive heart failure, repeated embolic events or persistent septicemia. When surgical intervention is decided on clinical grounds, cardiac catheterization is rarely required in patients with adequate echocardiographic studies. PMID- 6642400 TI - [Intraoperative electrophysiological localization of the origin of sinoatrial activity and examination of the location of the sinus node using microscope anatomic studies. Animal experiment study]. AB - Many electrophysiological and histological investigations have demonstrated that post-operative dysrhythmias which occur in children with heart disorders requiring extensive surgical treatment in the area of the right atrium, are often caused by intraoperative lesions of the sinoatrial node. Accordingly, accurate determination of that epicardial area which is closest to the primary pacemaking area of the sinoatrial node could prevent injuries and, thus, reduce the risk of postoperative arrhythmias. To localize the relevant area we developed a method which is based on the mapping technique in a series of experiments in dogs. The electrophysiological results were confirmed by histological or gross anatomical methods. After right lateral thoracotomy in the fifth intercostal space, the epicardial surface of the right atrium is subdivided into numbered fields by means of an imaginary grid. The local electrical activities are recorded as bipolar electrograms with the aid of two tripolar electrode probes, one fixed on the epicardium of the right atrial appendage and one placed onto the individual grid fields by the investigator. Intervals thus occur between those potentials derived from the mobile electrode probe and those derived from the fixed probe. Electrical activity originating from the sinoatrial node arrives earlier at the individual fields lying closer to the node than at the field of the fixed probe at the atrial appendage. Thus, the individual field associated with the longest interval between probe potentials must lie closest to the sinoatrial node. An electronic device with digital display of the interval length has been developed which enables, within three minutes, determination of the individual field with the longest interval. Comparison of the digital values with those measured from the electrograms shows good agreement. The experiments were carried out on eleven sheep dogs and large mongrels. In seven cases the location of the sinoatrial node was determined by subsequent histological examination. The assumption that the area associated with the longest interval between the probe potentials lies closest to the primary pacemaking region of the sinus node could be confirmed, since in all these cases the cranial portion of the sinoatrial node was located in the field with the greatest interval measured. In the other four cases the sinoatrial node was localized by dissection with the aid of a stereomicroscope. In three of the four cases, the cranial part of the sinoatrial node was also situated in the field associated with the longest interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6642401 TI - [Detection of aprindine and its metabolites in plasma and urine]. AB - In 36 patients with cardiac arrhythmias (predominantly ventricular premature beats), who were on oral aprindine long-term therapy with 50 to 400 mg daily, plasma levels were measured by gas chromatography after 3.5 hours of the last administration. There was a general dependency of plasma levels on the given dose, however, with considerable overlapping in individual values. In 24 patients the arrhythmias ceased, in six patients there was a clear, in two a moderate improvement. There was no clear therapeutic effect in four patients who were treated with a daily dose of 50 and 100 mg, respectively. Among the 36 patients, three who had plasma levels exceeding 2 micrograms/ml developed tremor and dizziness. After dose-reduction these side effects disappeared. The present results suggest that therapeutic plasma levels of aprindine are in the range of 1.0 to 1.75 micrograms/ml. A plasma level of 2 micrograms/ml should not be exceeded because of the possibility of side-effects. In six healthy males time concentration curves of aprindine and its metabolites in plasma and urine were measured by gas chromatography. From the results a two-compartment model may be applied, the half-life of elimination was calculated to be 37 hours (plasma) and 31 hours (urine). With respect to the metabolites, in plasma only des-ethyl aprindine (DEAP), in urine DEAP, hydroxy-, des-phenyl- and des-indanyl-aprindine could be found. Unlike aprindine, the DEAP-concentration curve in plasma showed a very slight decrease until the end of the 96-hour period of determination. PMID- 6642402 TI - Clinical diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis: a classification based on major and minor criteria. AB - The presence of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) is a sensitive marker for the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). Since these antibodies are not specific for PBC, and differentiation of PBC from autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (CAH) has important therapeutic and prognostic implications, additional diagnostic criteria were investigated in 92 patients with AMA. Patients were classified as PBC, CAH, undefined chronic liver disease, or no liver disease by means of three objective methods, and these diagnoses were compared with those of the patients' own physicians. Using internationally accepted strict diagnostic criteria, it was possible to classify 42% of 92 AMA-positive patients. An unbiased computer cluster analysis with 17 variables yielded groups which varied in the severity of the disease, but did not separate clinically different nosological entities. With a diagnostic scheme which uses major and minor criteria for both PBC and CAH, the large majority of patients (86%) were classified as follows: definite PBC (n = 47), probable PBC (n = 20) and no liver disease (n = 12). Seven patients with definite PBC also showed some features of CAH, but there were no patients with only classical CAH. Patients who could not be classified, frequently had very mild liver disease not requiring treatment (6/12), or had not had liver biopsy (6/12). This new diagnostic scheme is promising as it seems to combine sensitivity with specificity for the diagnosis of PBC. If validated in another group of patients with liver disease, it may be helpful for studies on the natural history of the disease and for evaluation of treatments. PMID- 6642403 TI - Colloid chemical aspects of pigment lithiasis in man: solubilization of calcium bilirubinate by bile salts (a preliminary report). AB - Calcium bilirubinate, an important constituent of pigment gallstones, can be solubilized in aqueous systems (including bile) to a considerable extent, depending on colloid mechanisms, strongly influenced by the actual ionic strength. Simple bile salt micelles protect colloid calcium bilirubinate against coagulation more effectively than do mixed bile salt-lecithin micelles, in particular when the latter are cholesterol saturated. The dissolved pigment does not enter the bile salt micelle. Pigment stone formation is believed to be due not merely to calcium bilirubinate overproduction, but also to pathological conditions leading to a coagulation of the colloid pigment in bile. PMID- 6642404 TI - Risk of hepatitis B virus infection following upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective study in an endemic area. AB - A prospective survey, comprising 623 consecutive upper gastrointestinal endoscopies (in 588 patients) was carried out simultaneously at two endoscopy centres of a Mediterranean country, without altering the routine procedures. Each patient was tested for HBsAg, and sera found to be HBsAg-positive were tested for HBeAg/antiHBe: 40/588 (7.1%) subjects were found to be HBsAg-positive and 6 of them were HBeAg-positive. Sera of the first 5 HBsAg-negative patients in whom the same endoscope and/or biopsy forceps were used after a HBsAg-positive subject, were tested for antiHBc to ascertain antecedent HBV immunity: 77/136 (56.6%) were found to be antiHBc-positive. Forty-eight out of the 59 individuals "at risk" lacking evidence of previous HBV infection were contacted 6 months after endoscopy: none reported symptoms of hepatitis; 40 of them had blood tests for HBsAg and antiHBc: none showed serum markers of HBV infection. It is therefore concluded that, in spite of the high number of HBsAg carriers among endoscopy candidates, the risk of HBV spread during upper G.I. endoscopy is very low, even in high prevalence areas. PMID- 6642405 TI - Serum primary bile acids in chronic alcoholic pancreatitis. AB - Since cholestasis is a common, although poorly recognized, complication of chronic pancreatitis, and bile acids seem to be a sensitive index of cholestasis, fasting and post-prandial s-cholic and s-chenodeoxycholic acids were determined by radioimmunoassay in 48 chronic alcoholic pancreatitis patients (CP) and 22 healthy controls (C). Patients were grouped as follows: chronic pancreatitis with and without cholestasis; chronic pancreatitis operated on or not. A statistically significant increase in both CA and CDCA was observed in CP with cholestasis vis a-vis C. In the CP without cholestasis and with normal biliary tract the average CA and CDCA values were also higher than in C, even though the difference was not statistically significant. No difference was observed between patients submitted or not submitted to pancreojejunostomy. The CA/CDCA ratio was increased in all CP subgroups, even in the patients without cholestasis, with significant difference only for some samples. Thus an increase in serum bile acids can be detected. PMID- 6642406 TI - Morphology and dynamics of the gastric mucosa in duodenal ulcer patients and their first-degree relatives. AB - The prevalence of antral and body gastritis was determined in 30 duodenal ulcer patients and in 143 of their first-degree relatives, and compared by conventional mathematical and stochastic analyses with data on gastritis in a representative Finnish population sample. For conventional analysis, the controls for the duodenal ulcer patients and for the duodenal ulcer relatives, were matched for age and sex. For stochastic analysis, the duodenal ulcer patients and their 99 siblings were compared with the total control population of 434 subjects. The prevalence of gastritis affecting mainly the antral mucosa, and both antral and body mucosa to a similar extent was significantly higher in duodenal ulcer patients than in both controls and in relatives. The prevalence of antral and body gastritis in DU relatives and their controls was similar. However, the prevalence of subjects with normal antral and body mucosa was significantly lower. Stochastic analysis revealed more rapid progression of antral gastritis with age in the duodenal ulcer patients than in their siblings or controls and less rapid progression of body gastritis. The overall progression of antral and body gastritis was similar in DU siblings and their controls, but a dichotomy in the mean antral gastritis score of DU sibships was found, indicating high and low antral gastritis liability subgroups. The mean score of DU sibships having a mean age of less than 50 years behaved dynamically like DU patients, while the mean scores of sibships with a higher mean age had a low liability to develop antral gastritis. Most duodenal ulcer siblings who themselves had a duodenal ulcer, ulcer scar or duodenitis were found in the "high antral gastritis liability" subgroup. PMID- 6642407 TI - Blood viscosity and erythrocyte filterability: their evaluation in diabetes mellitus. AB - Blood viscosity and erythrocyte filterability were assessed in forty-five diabetics subdivided for type and vascular complications. From the obtained data, it is evident that blood viscosity at high shear rates does not distinguish diabetics from normals nor diabetics from one another, whereas at low shear rates it is able to differentiate normals from diabetics and diabetics with and without vascular complications. As for the erythrocyte filterability, it is evident that the Vrbc, obtained by filtering whole-blood, distinguishes diabetics from normals, whereas this does not happen with the DI, obtained by filtering red blood suspended (5%) in prefiltered autologous plasma. PMID- 6642408 TI - Effects of dichloroacetate on fatty acid synthesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue of the rat in vivo and in vitro. AB - The effects of dichloroacetate (DCA) on fatty acid synthesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue of the rat were investigated. Administration of DCA to rats inhibited fatty acid synthesis in brown adipose tissue, measured in vivo using 3H2O, regardless of the nutritional state of the animals. Glucose administration increased lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue of fed and starved rats and DCA did not suppress this stimulation. DCA (1 mM or 10 mM) inhibited [1-14C]glucose incorporation into fatty acid by brown adipose tissue slices in vitro but was without effect on 14CO2 production from [1-14C]glucose. This demonstrates that DCA inhibits fatty acid synthesis directly, and the effects of DCA in vivo need not be attributed to decreased supply or utilization of lipogenic precursors. PMID- 6642409 TI - Endocrine differences between the Wistar and Sprague-Dawley laboratory rat: influence of cold adaptation. AB - Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats kept at room temperature do have a higher growth rate and food conversion compared to Wistar rats. Mean hormone level in blood samples collected every four hours during a 24 hour period do differ between both strain of rats. So, the mean circulating levels of T3, T4 and corticosterone are significantly lower, whereas prolactin concentrations are higher in SD-rats. Following acute cold exposure comparable increases in plasma T3 and T4 are seen in both strains after 3-5 hours. Prolactin plasma concentrations are decreased after 5 and 9 hours but only in SD-rats, whereas they remain unchanged in Wistars. Acclimation to 4 degrees C during 3 and 8 weeks resulted in a decreased growth rate of the SD-rats, which becomes comparable to Wistar animals, but food conversion is lower and food intake higher in SD-rats. A decrease in circulating levels of T4 is present in Wistars resulting in a significantly lower figure at 8 weeks of cold acclimation, whereas at the same time T3 is increased. Prolactin is decreased in SD-rats and increased in Wistars causing at 8 weeks of cold acclimation higher levels in Wistars. Corticosterone levels remain higher in Wistar rats and are comparable to rats kept at room temperature. It is concluded that the differences in growth rate, food conversion and food intake are related to the endocrine differences and responses observed. PMID- 6642410 TI - Increase in plasma concentrations of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and thyroxine after a meal, and its dependence on energy intake. AB - Plasma concentrations of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured before, during and for between 2 and 6 hr following a meal, in young growing piglets. T3 increased after a meal and reached a peak at approximately 60 min. The magnitude of the rise was dependent on both the energy content and nutrient composition of the meal. In animals given either a high or low energy intake baseline values of T3 were similar, whereas there was a difference in the response to a meal (P less than 0.01). Average increases in hormone concentration were 120% (P less than 0.001) and 50% (P less than 0.05) on the high and low intakes respectively. Plasma T4 also increased in those on high intake (P less than 0.025), but no change was detected when the intake was low. The response of T3 to a meal high in either glucose, sucrose, fat or protein was statistically significant except for the protein meal. The rise in T4 after each of these four meals was less consistent, although it did increase significantly after meals high in sucrose or fat. Amongst several possibilities, these results suggest that a meal may induce an increase in secretion of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland. PMID- 6642411 TI - Tolbutamide stimulates gastrin release from rat stomach. PMID- 6642412 TI - Effect of a thymus fraction on the haematic ApoB of rats fed on a diet rich in cholesterol. PMID- 6642413 TI - Effects of glucagon on basal metabolic rate and oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria. AB - Glucagon produced fast but transient stimulation of respiration rates in state 3 and state 4 rat liver mitochondria when either succinate or beta-hydroxybutyrate was used as substrate. Stimulation was already detectable 7.5 minutes after glucagon injection. Glucagon also clearly activated basal metabolic rate, and its effects on oxygen consumption rates reached their maximum 20 to 30 minutes after injection. Pretreatment with cycloheximide blocked most activation by glucagon of both oxidative phosphorylation and basal metabolic rate, but did not affect its enhancement of glycaemia. The rise in basal metabolic rate was the direct result of glucagon's effect on mitochondria, which was secondary to nucleocytoplasmic protein synthesis. PMID- 6642414 TI - Prolactin lowering effect of amphetamine in normoprolactinemic subjects and in physiological and pathological hyperprolactinemia. AB - The effect on plasma prolactin (PRL) of d-amphetamine (Amph) was studied in normo and hyperprolactinemic subjects. In normoprolactinemic women Amph failed to lower plasma PRL levels when infused intravenously over 1 h at the dose of 7.5 mg, but induced at the dose of 15.0 mg a modest inhibition of plasma PRL (maximum PRL inhibition 20 +/- 4.5% at 45 min). Likewise, in puerperal women Amph at the dose of 7.5 mg did not decrease significantly plasma PRL levels but it was active in this respect (maximum inhibition 37 +/- 10% at 120 min) at the dose of 15.0 mg. In subjects with presumptive evidence of a PRL-secreting adenoma, Amph at either the 7.5 mg or the 15.0 mg dose failed to alter baseline PRL levels. These results indicate that Amph is a poor PRL suppressor in either normo- or hyperprolactinemic subjects. It is proposed that this may be due to the drug's ability to effect release of dopamine mainly from a non-granular pool of the amine. PMID- 6642415 TI - Experimental hyperthyroidism in man: effects on plasma lipoproteins, lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase. AB - We have studied the effects of triiodothyronine administration (20-40 micrograms three times daily over one week) in six healthy young men, on the activities of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase and on plasma lipoprotein concentrations. Hepatic lipase activity in post-heparin plasma rose by 46 +/- 25% (p less than 0.025), whereas the activity of lipoprotein lipase did not change significantly. Plasma cholesterol concentrations decreased by about 20% (p less than 0.025), whereas there was no change in plasma triglyceride levels. The fall in plasma cholesterol could be accounted for by a reduction of HDL cholesterol (-11%, p less than 0.025) as well as LDL cholesterol (-27%, p less than 0.025). The data emphasize the role of hepatic lipase in the lipoprotein alterations associated with thyroid dysfunction. PMID- 6642416 TI - Non uniform effect of estradiol on the rat skeleton. AB - Pharmacological doses of estradiol administered to rats increased the Ca mass of their femurs through a significant reduction in the rate of Ca resorption. On a body basis, the same animals showed increased rates of skeletal Ca deposition and resorption and no effect on the skeletal mass. The non uniform effect of estradiol on the skeleton, if confirmed in the human being, may limit the applicability of estrogenic treatment. PMID- 6642418 TI - Decreased carnitine uptake in cultured cells from a woman with endogenous obesity. PMID- 6642417 TI - Pancreatic hormones tested as antigens for ICA in untreated IDDM. PMID- 6642419 TI - Failure of metoclopramide to release GH in pregnant women. PMID- 6642420 TI - Inhibition of aldosterone response to surgical injury by preoperative high saline intake. PMID- 6642421 TI - Lack of estrogen and progestin receptors in the urinary bladder of women. PMID- 6642422 TI - Plasma prolactin responses to acute changes in central blood volume in man. AB - The present study examined the relationship between plasma prolactin (PRL) and central blood volume (CBV) in man. 6 adult males lay in a lower body pressure box at a thermoneutral ambient temperature (27 degrees C) on three occasions. On each occasion a 70-min control period was followed by a 20-min exposure to a lower body pressure of either 0 mm Hg, -20 (lower body negative pressure; LBNP), or +10 mm Hg (lower body positive pressure; LBPP), followed by a 60-min recovery period. Blood was drawn and urine collected at 30-min intervals. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored at 30-min intervals during control and recovery periods and at 10-min intervals during lower body pressure exposure. Neither 0 mm Hg, LBNP, nor LBPP altered plasma osmolality, sodium, or potassium levels. Increasing CBV by LBPP increased systemic blood pressure (p less than 0.01) but had no effect on heart rate, plasma PRL, or urine osmolality. LBNP, in contrast, increased heart rate (p less than 0.05). Half of the subjects undergoing LBNP developed presyncopal symptoms, characteristic of a vasovagal reaction which includes precipitous hypotension. Subjects developing these symptoms tended to exhibit an increase in plasma PRL and an increase in urine osmolality. Asymptomatic subjects demonstrated no change in plasma PRL or urine osmolality. In addition, subjects exhibiting a PRL response to LBNP had a higher control period plasma PRL baseline (231%) than did asymptomatic subjects. These data suggest that while plasma PRL levels are not sensitive to nonhypotensive changes in CBV, they do respond to hypotensive decreases in CBV and/or its associated nausea.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642423 TI - Importance and accuracy of bone age ratings in a computerized growth evaluation system. AB - Bone age ratings according to Greulich and Pyle and to Tanner and co-workers (RUS) of 88 children from two pediatric endocrine centers were compared with ratings from 2 trained technicians and independent ratings from a consulting pediatric endocrinologist. Considering the mean of all ratings as 'true bone age', the mean errors of the individual estimations were small (0.15-0.38 years for the Greulich and Pyle method, 0.12-0.27 years for the method according to Tanner and co-workers). Only in 2 of 338 ratings were differences larger than 1 year observed. In these 2 cases, there was marked dissociation between the maturation of carpal and phalangeal bones. It is concluded that estimations of bone maturation can be carried out reliably by properly trained technicians. PMID- 6642424 TI - Failure of diazepam to affect growth hormone and prolactin in acromegalics. AB - To demonstrate the effect of diazepam on serum growth hormone and prolactin levels in acromegaly, 7 acromegalics were studied. Every patient received 10 mg diazepam orally at zero time, and blood samples were obtained at 30-min intervals. The same patients also underwent a standard L-dopa test. They were given 500 mg L-dopa orally at zero time, and blood samples were obtained at 30 min intervals. The administration of diazepam did not induce any significant changes in either growth hormone or prolactin levels. On the other hand, the administration of L-dopa resulted in a significant decrease in growth hormone level from 74.25 +/- 22 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM) at zero time to a level of 52.8 +/- 21 and 58.77 +/- 22.7 ng/ml at the 60- and 90-min intervals, respectively (p less than 0.05), and a significant decrease in prolactin level from a baseline of 56.18 +/- 17 to 25.5 +/- 8.4 ng/ml (p less than 0.001) at the 60-min interval. It is suggested that the response of growth hormone to diazepam in acromegalics is qualitatively different from nonacromegalic controls. PMID- 6642425 TI - Long-term effects of betamethasone on blood pressure and hypothalamo-pituitary adrenocortical function in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. AB - An enhanced hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) activity has been described during onset of elevated blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). An instability of the HPA axis could thus contribute to the development of hypertension in these animals. Glucocorticoid effects on blood pressure and HPA function were studied therefore in SHR and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar rats. Beginning at 4 weeks of age, the rats were treated with 0.1 and 0.5 microgram betamethasone per milliliter drinking water for 7 weeks. SHR and WKY responded with a significant elevation in average blood pressure. In SHR, mean blood pressure rose from 181.4 +/- 3.9 (mean +/- SEM) to 203.1 +/- 2.8 mm Hg in response to the lower dose of betamethasone and to 209.2 +/- 4.0 mm Hg in response to 0.5 microgram betamethasone per milliliter drinking water. In WKY, blood pressure increased from 134.4 +/- 3.3 to 148.2 +/- 3.0 and 157.9 +/- 4.5 mm Hg in response to the lower and higher dose of betamethasone, respectively. No significant effect was seen in Wistar rats, where the mean blood pressure values changed insignificantly from 133.8 +/- 2.1 to 136.3 +/- 3.2 and 135.6 +/- 2.4 mm Hg. Stress-induced secretion of corticosterone was significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner in all three strains. Stress-induced secretion of adrenocorticotropin was markedly reduced by 0.5 microgram betamethasone per milliliter in SHR and by both doses in WKY. No significant effect, however, was seen in Wistar rats. A predisposition to the hypertensiogenic actions of glucocorticoids was found therefore in SHR and WKY, but not in Wistar rats. PMID- 6642426 TI - Effect of castration on hypothalamic testosterone metabolism in the male rat. AB - In vitro studies were performed of hypothalamic testosterone (T) metabolism 30 days after castration of adult male rats. No changes were seen in T conversion into dihydrotesterone and estrogens in the castrated rats. Plasma T levels were decreased while plasma estradiol concentrations did not differ from those of intact controls. It was suggested that the hypothalamic T metabolism probably is not androgen dependent. PMID- 6642427 TI - Ethynyl estradiol content of cervical mucus after administration of oral contraceptive. AB - It was found by radioimmunoassay that the ethynyl estradiol concentration of the cervical mucus was 8.8 times higher than that of the serum in the first third of the cycle, 14 times higher in the second and 7.3 times higher in the third. The ethynyl estradiol content of the cervical mucus in the middle of the cycle showed a marked increase even when expressed as protein ratio. The accumulation of ethynyl estradiol in the cervical mucus is best demonstrated by the cervical mucus/serum ethynyl estradiol quotient of 9.7 found 12 h after oral administration of the contraceptive Bisecurin. PMID- 6642428 TI - Hemocyanins in spiders, XIX. Complete amino-acid sequence of subunit d from Eurypelma californicum hemocyanin, and comparison to chain e. AB - The complete primary structure of subunit d of the hemocyanin from the tarantula Eurypelma californicum was determined by manual micro sequencing. Subunit d of Mr = 73000 is split about in the middle of the chain during limited trypsinolysis, only one single bond being attacked. The whole chain contains 14 methionine residues and after cyanogen bromide cleavage 15 peptides could be isolated by gel and ion exchange chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography. The cyanogen bromide peptides and the large (Mr = 34000 and 37000, respectively) fragments resulting from limited trypsinolysis, were further cleaved with trypsin, chymotrypsin, Staphylococcus aureus proteinase, formic acid, and Astacus fluviatilis proteinase, the latter being very useful in obtaining certain overlapping peptides. The total chain length is 627 residues. Carbohydrate side chains were not found. The sequence is discussed with respect to the gross physical properties of the subunit, to homologies with subunit e and the cleavage specifities of the enzymes employed. PMID- 6642429 TI - Binding and phagocytosis of sialidase-treated rat erythrocytes by a mechanism independent of opsonins. AB - Rat peritoneal macrophages bind and phagocytoze homologous sialidase-treated erythrocytes at a rate which is dependent on the amount of sialic acid that has been removed from the cells. Increased binding of erythrocytes is observed after the removal of 10-20% of membrane sialic acid, while for phagocytosis at least 30 40% of this substance must be removed. With Vibrio cholerae sialidase only a partial (80%) hydrolysis of rat erythrocyte sialic acid is possible, whereas Arthrobacter ureafaciens sialidase leads to complete desialylation and therefore causes stronger binding and phagocytosis of the erythrocytes than the V. cholerae enzyme. Preincubation of peritoneal macrophages with sialidase impairs binding and phagocytosis. Experiments were performed to account for the stimulation of binding and phagocytosis observed in the presence of native, homologous serum. However, an involvement of immunoglobulins and complement factors of the classical and alternative pathway in the engulfment process has been excluded. Fibronectin, tuftsin and substance P have no influence, either. On the other hand, peanut agglutinin and Erythrina crystagalli agglutinin are potent stimulators of binding and phagocytosis of sialidase-treated erythrocytes, whereas soybean agglutinin has only little and limulin no influence at all. It is concluded that sialidase-treated erythrocytes, having been bound to the beta galactose-specific lectin on the macrophage surface, are phagocytozed as a function of their number and binding strength to the macrophages. The influence of native serum and especially of the plant lectins on this process is discussed. PMID- 6642430 TI - Distribution of pyruvate kinase type L and M2 in microdissected periportal and perivenous rat liver tissue with different dietary states. AB - Pyruvate kinase type L and M2 activities were measured in microdissected periportal and perivenous liver tissue from rats in different dietary states. A specific antibody against pyruvate kinase type L was used to distinguish the two isoenzymes. Using separated cells it was found that the L-isoenzyme was essentially restricted to the parenchymal and the M2-isoenzyme to the non parenchymal cells. Pyruvate kinase type L activity in the perivenous zone was about twice as high as in the periportal zone in both male and female fed rats. Starvation for 48 h led to a decrease of the overall activity and to a lower perivenous-periportal gradient. After refeeding for 48 h the overall activity and the gradient were increased to above the normal level. Pyruvate kinase type M2 was homogenously distributed within the liver acinus. After 48 h starvation no change in the overall activity nor in the zonal distribution was observed. Refed rats exhibited a slightly reduced overall activity. Since the hepatocytes contain the total regulatory L- but no M2-pyruvate kinase the heterogeneous distribution of the L-isoenzyme under different dietary states supports the model of metabolic zonation of liver parenchyma with glycolysis predominantly in the perivenous zone. PMID- 6642431 TI - The primary structure of bovine brain myelin lipophilin (proteolipid apoprotein). AB - The amino-acid sequence of bovine myelin lipophilin (proteolipid apoprotein, Folch-protein) has been completed. Lipophilin is a 276 amino acid residues containing, extremely hydrophobic membrane protein with molecular mass 30,000 Da. The sequence determination was based on automated Edman degradation of four tryptophan and four cyanogen bromide fragments and of proteolytic peptides of complete lipophilin as well as the fragments obtained by chemical cleavage. Four additional sequences were determined which led to the completion of the primary structure. Lipophilin is esterified at threonine-198 by long chain fatty acids (palmitic, stearic and oleic acid). The attachment site has been established at the same threonine residue in three different peptides isolated from thermolysinolytic, papainolytic and chymotrypsinolytic hydrolysates. This threonine residue is part of a hydrophilic segment of lipophilin. The covalent fatty acyl bond is being discussed together with important structural and functional properties of this membrane protein which can be derived from sequence information. New separation and purification methods of hydrophobic and hydrophilic polypeptides for this sequence determination (fractional solubilization, silica gel exclusion, high-performance liquid chromatography) had to be elaborated as indispensable tools. They are generally applicable to the structural analysis of hydrophobic membrane proteins. Four long (26, 29, 40 and 36 residues) and one medium long (12 residues) hydrophobic segments are separated by four predominantly positively and one negatively charged hydrophilic segments. On the basis of structural data a model for the membrane integration of lipophilin is proposed. PMID- 6642432 TI - [Biosynthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine in Flavobacteria]. AB - The enzymes of the terminal steps of phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis, chorismate mutase, prephenate dehydratase, arogenate dehydratase, prephenate dehydrogenase and arogenate dehydrogenase, were studied in 11 different species of the genus Flavobacteria. A comparison of the specific activities, cofactor specificity and regulation of the enzymes, allows a differentiation within the Flavobacteria. All strains studied utilize both arogenate and p hydroxyphenylpyruvate as an intermediate in L-tyrosine synthesis. Phenylpyruvate was found to be the precursor of phenylalanine in most bacteria. No feedback inhibition of arogenate dehydrogenase by phenylalanine and tyrosine was observed. The diverse strains of the flavobacteria were found to possess different regulatory patterns with respect to the action of phenylalanine and tyrosine on the other enzymes. On the basis of these results a tentative classification of the Flavobacteria within the two groups formed by the different DNA base ratios is proposed. PMID- 6642433 TI - Proceptive behavior of female rhesus monkeys during tests with tethered males. AB - Proceptive behavior of female rhesus monkeys during follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle was examined in laboratory tests with a tethered male partner. Cyclical changes in proceptive behavior were observed. In tests during the follicular phase of their cycles, females on the average approached and solicited the male at a higher rate, spent more time sitting within proximity of him, and less time at a maximum distance away from him than during tests in the luteal phase of their cycles. Additionally, in the follicular phase of their cycles, females exhibited an increase in proceptivity following the male's ejaculation. This latter finding was discussed in light of other observations demonstrating that male rhesus monkeys are capable of multiple ejaculations. When females were paired with a tethered, ovariectomized female as a partner, rather than an adult male, none of the cyclical changes in proceptive and sexual behavior were observed. PMID- 6642434 TI - Estrogen-behavior correlates in the reproductive physiology and behavior of the ruffed lemur (Lemur variegatus). AB - The animal subjects of this study consisted of seven male-female pairs, living an open-air, off-exhibit area of the San Diego Zoo. Daily urinary estrogen levels in each of five females were measured and daily behavioral observations of the seven pairs were made. Behavioral patterns aligned by objectively determined, discrete physiologic events were analyzed to determine their temporal correlation to changes in estrogen excretion. The data indicate that approximately one-sixth of the female behaviors and one-third of the male behaviors sampled were significantly correlated to urinary estrogen levels in the females (P less than 0.05-0.005). In addition, both attractivity and receptivity were distinguishable and their component behaviors in males and females were found to be related to the estrogen profile. Proceptivity, however, was only weakly identified and its description in this sample population was ambiguous. Mating was observed to occur exclusively on 1 day, presumably the day of ovulation. PMID- 6642435 TI - Long-term (39--51 hr) exposure to estradiol in silastic capsules and lordosis behavior of guinea pigs. AB - Three dosage levels of estradiol (E2) in Silastic capsules were administered to ovariectomized guinea pigs for periods of 39 or 51 hr. At 39 hr., a systemic injection of progesterone was given, and hourly testing began. Dose-dependency of various aspects of lordosis behavior was established at both time intervals, and the serum E2 levels produced by the medium and high dosage levels bracketed those found at the proestrus peak in intact guinea pigs. Although there were no significant behavioral differences between the 39- and 51-hr groups at the individual dosage levels, when the data from all three dosage groups were collapsed, exposure for 51 rather than 39 hr was seen to produce increases in maximum lordosis and heat-duration measures. The results suggest that subtle facilitative effects of estrogen occur very late in the estrogen-conditioning process (even after progesterone is administered). PMID- 6642436 TI - Differences in responsiveness to testosterone of penile reflexes and copulatory behavior of male rats. AB - The display of penile reflexes and copulatory behavior appears to reflect the activity of two different underlying neuronal system, both of which are modulated by systemic testosterone (T) concentration. To indirectly compare the two systems, the responsiveness to T of penile reflexes and copulatory behavior was examined. In the first experiment castrated spinal male rats were given penile reflex tests while receiving replacement T through Silastic capsule implants filled with T (50 mm T). After capsule removal the number of penile erections and flips declined within 24 hr and gradually decreased for 12 days. Subjects were then reimplanted with new 50-mm T capsules. The number of penile flips and erections increased within 6 and 12 hr. respectively. This is a much more rapid response rate to T than has been established for copulatory behavior. In the second experiment castrated spinal male rats were tested for penile reflexes with a 50-mm T capsule, which was then replaced with a 10-, 5-, or 2-mm T or an empty capsule. The number of penile reflexes declined in a dose-response fashion. In the third experiment, castrated sexually experienced male rats were tested for copulatory behavior with two 25-mm T capsules which were then replaced with a 10 or 2-mm T or an empty capsule. Only males with empty capsules had decrements in copulatory behavior, revealing that a low level of T can maintain virtually normal sexual behavior despite a marked decline in penile reflex activity. The neuronal system underlying penile reflexes (spinal neurons) is apparently much more responsive to changes in T concentrations than the neuronal system underlying motivational and appetitive aspects of copulatory behavior (brain neurons). PMID- 6642437 TI - Effects of neonatal estrogen treatment of female guinea pigs on mounting behavior in adulthood. AB - Female guinea pigs were treated with 200 micrograms estradiol dipropionate (ED) daily from Days 1 to 15 of life. As adults they all ovulated. After gonadectomy and estrogen-progesterone treatment in adulthood, lordosis behavior was evident and showed no decrements (compared with neonatally oil-treated controls) except for a marginal decrease in maximum duration scores. However, testosterone propionate treatment in adulthood significantly increased mounting behavior in neonatally ED-treated females compared to the controls. On the other hand, estrogen-progesterone treatment in adulthood stimulated mounting in the neonatally oil-treated group, but not in the neonatally estrogenized group. The results suggest that at least some aspects of steroid-dependent behaviors can be permanently influenced by estrogen treatment after the presumed prenatal critical period for sexual differentiation has been completed in guinea pigs. PMID- 6642438 TI - Estrogen accelerates the recovery of the lordosis response after its exhaustion induced by cervical probing. AB - Repetitive flank-perineum palpation combined with probing the vaginal cervix in ovariectomized hormonally untreated rats elicited a mean of 4.2 +/- 0.2 (SEM) successive lordosis responses before the response was exhausted. Two days after a single injection of estradiol benzoate (100 micrograms/kg body wt) in ovariectomized rats, a significantly greater number (7.8 +/- 0.2) of lordosis responses could be elicited before the response was exhausted (P less than 0.01). After this exhaustion, recovery of lordosis responsiveness to this stimulation occurred significantly earlier in the estrogen-treated rats (6 hr) than in the oil-treated rats (60 hr) (P less than 0.01). Several possible mechanisms mediating these effects are proposed. PMID- 6642439 TI - Influence of androgen on the development of sexual behavior in the rat. II. Time and dosage of androgen administration during the neonatal period and masculine and feminine copulatory behavior in females. AB - The objective of the present study was to delineate the period of sensitivity to a single androgen exposure during the initial neonatal hours on the development of masculine and feminine copulatory behavior in female rats. Female rats were injected once with either 500, 50, or 5 micrograms testosterone propionate (TP) at either 1 or 24 hr after birth. Following castration in adulthood and TP replacement, the females were tested four times at weekly intervals in prolonged sessions for masculine copulatory behavior. One month following the masculine copulatory tests the females were tested for 3 weeks for feminine copulatory behavior with weekly increasing levels of estradiol benzoate (2.5, 10, and 25 micrograms) and progesterone (200 micrograms). The results demonstrate that a single injection of TP administered at either 1 or 24 hr after birth can significantly increase the capacity of female rats to exhibit ejaculation patterns and that the amount of androgen that is administered is critical in determining the levels of ejaculatory responding. Similarly, the females given high doses (50 and 500 micrograms) of TP at either 1 or 24 hr neonatally were almost completely defeminized. In contrast, however, the females treated with 5 micrograms TP at 1 and 24 hr showed different levels of lordotic performance indicating a greater sensitivity to androgen immediately after birth than at 24 hr in female rats as has been shown in male rats. PMID- 6642440 TI - In vivo aromatization of [3H]testosterone in high and low mating lines of Japanese quail. AB - Japanese quail selected bidirectionally for adult mating frequency were utilized to study in vivo aromatization of testosterone (T) in relation to masculine copulatory behavior. Functionally castrated high (HM) and low mating (LM) line quail were injected with 75 microCi of [3H]T. One hour after the injection, all radioactivity recovered in telencephalic-diencephalic brain tissue was in the form of T, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or estradiol (E2). Neither the total 3H nor the [3H]T metabolite radioactivity differed between the two genetic lines. Of all [3H]T metabolic radioactivity, [3H]E2 represented 45 +/- 6 % in the HM line and 46 +/- 6% in the LM line, indicating that the line difference in mating frequency was not due to a corresponding difference in aromatase activity. Inasmuch as both the HM and LM line birds actively converted T to E2, these results implicate a neural mechanism involving E2-receptor interactions as the cause of the behavioral differences between the HM and LM lines. PMID- 6642441 TI - Neonatal neural organizing effects of exogenous corticosteroids on sexual differentiation of the brain in the female rat. AB - Testosterone, deoxycorticosterone, or vehicle was administered neonatally to female Long-Evans rats. Parameters expressing the reproductive physiology and behavior of the adult animals were studied. It was found that neonatal administration of testosterone produced the expected "defeminization" and "masculinization" of the brain, affecting both the reproductive behavior and cyclicity of these females. In contrast, neonatal administration of the adrenal steroid did not affect cyclicity although it "defeminized" and "masculinized" sexual behavior, albeit to a lesser degree than testosterone. The results suggest a dichotomy in the neuroregulation of reproductive physiology and sexual behavior. PMID- 6642442 TI - On the possible role played by vasopressin in paraventricular nucleus-feeding behavior relationship. PMID- 6642443 TI - Law & psychiatry. Death, the expert witness, and the dangers of going Barefoot. PMID- 6642444 TI - NIMH report. Study of 43 jails shows mental health services and inmate safety are compatible. PMID- 6642445 TI - Diagnosing alcoholism. AB - Although the average physician can generally expect to see at least one alcoholic everyday, alcoholism is one of the most poorly diagnosed of the common illnesses. Alcoholism has supplanted syphilis as the great imitator of other diseases and produces measurable damage in every bodily system. The clues that the body presents, while not diagnostic in themselves, should alert physicians to the possibility of the alcoholism diagnosis. The author discusses some of the stereotypes and definitions that have added to the problem of reaching an alcoholism diagnosis, the importance of distinguishing between primary and secondary alcoholism, and the clues that may present both during a physician's history-taking session and in an examination. He concludes by discussing how to present the diagnosis to the patient. PMID- 6642446 TI - Alcoholism and other psychiatric disorders. AB - Primary alcoholics may display symptoms of affective or psychotic disorders, while mentally ill patients may develop persistent alcohol-related problems. The author discusses the importance of distinguishing alcoholic psychosis from schizophrenia and alcohol-induced confusion from organic brain syndrome. He then outlines the diagnosis and treatment of other alcohol-induced conditions such as alcoholic dementia, antisocial behavior, and drug abuse. After stressing that primary alcoholism can mimic almost any psychiatric disorder, and secondary alcohol abuse can exacerbate any psychiatric symptoms, the author asserts that physicians should routinely include substance abuse as part of the differential diagnosis of psychiatric patients. PMID- 6642447 TI - Early intervention in alcoholism: confrontational techniques. AB - Abstaining from use of a chemical that has provided a desirable sensation will not occur as long as the pleasure or relief derived from its use exceeds the unpleasant consequences--hence, the popular observation that an alcoholic does not stop drinking until he hits rock bottom. Waiting for rock bottom to occur, however, is fraught with physical and emotional risk both for the alcoholic and for the significant others in his life. The author describes two interventions designed to make the patient realize the gravity of the alcoholism problem. The first is conducted through conventional medical or psychiatric settings. The second consists of a collective, guided effort by significant persons in the patient's environment to confront the patient with specific details of his inebriety and with the changes they are prepared to make in their own lives if he does not enter treatment. The author also describes a treatment plan to be initiated after successful intervention. PMID- 6642448 TI - Alcoholism rehabilitation: a supportive approach. AB - The author presents several possible components of an alcoholism treatment program in which recovery is defined as total abstinence with improved life functioning. The components include individual psychotherapy, group psychotherapy, Alcoholics Anonymous, family therapy, behavior modification, and medications. Several combinations of these components are possible, but they all stress a supportive, here-and-now approach wherein the patient explores the deleterious effects alcohol has had on his or her life, and learns to readjust to life without alcohol. PMID- 6642449 TI - Guidelines for psychiatric evaluation of Social Security disability claimants. PMID- 6642450 TI - A study of patients' attitudes toward placement in seclusion. PMID- 6642451 TI - A comparison of the outcomes of short- and standard-stay patients at one-year follow-up. PMID- 6642452 TI - Psychogeriatric seminars for nursing home nurses. PMID- 6642453 TI - Models for care and research: closed-staff private hospitals. PMID- 6642454 TI - Posttraumatic stress disorder. PMID- 6642455 TI - Deinstitutionalization. PMID- 6642456 TI - Alcoholism: in search of an answer. PMID- 6642457 TI - Which psychodynamic therapy for a painfully shy patient? PMID- 6642458 TI - Cognitive therapy of depression: theory and practice. AB - Cognitive therapy is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. After reviewing the basic theories of cognitive therapy, the authors discuss its application to the treatment of depression. They theorize that cognitive therapy can improve depressive mood and behavior by focusing on the depressed patient's cognitive disorder. This disorder includes impaired learning and memory function and a systematic negative bias in thinking. The authors note the encouraging results of preliminary outcome studies of this new treatment of depression; such results, they conclude, warrant further development and testing of cognitive therapy. PMID- 6642459 TI - Issues surrounding the ownership of private psychiatric hospitals by investor owned hospital chains. AB - Investor-owned multihospital chains now operate many of the nation's private psychiatric hospitals. This paper provides data showing the extent of the chains' involvement in these hospitals; it also provides specific information about those firms that own and operate the great majority of the chain-affiliated psychiatric facilities. The substantial growth of the chains during the past 20 years is discussed, particularly from an economic perspective. Several controversial issues concerning investor-owned multihospital chains have arisen, some of which relate to the general concept of hospitals as for-profit enterprises. Other issues relate more specifically to the chains' impact on hospital operations. Finally, the author discusses why the chains will continue to expand in size and in influence. PMID- 6642460 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test: promises and problems of diagnostic laboratory tests in psychiatry. AB - Diagnostic tests in medicine must satisfy certain validity and accuracy criteria to be clinically useful. In psychiatry, the validity of a diagnostic procedure might be tested independently against clinical diagnosis, treatment response, and family history criteria; a strong relationship to any of the three would suggest clinical usefulness. Predictive value theory provides a model for such a test. The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) has a lower predictive value for major depressive disorder than most conventional laboratory tests used for diagnosis in medicine. In spite of promising early reports, the DST is not predictive of treatment response nor does it appear to identify genetic subtypes of depression. Although no diagnostic laboratory test is currently powerful enough for routine clinical use in psychiatry, laboratory tests may prove useful in predicting relapse and in continuing research on the psychobiology of mental disorders. PMID- 6642461 TI - Legal coercion and retention in drug abuse treatment. AB - The criminal justice system is increasingly referring offenders who have mental health problems to the community mental health system for treatment. The effects of such referrals on treatment outcome and on the mental health and criminal justice systems are not well understood. Because the length of time an individual remains in a drug abuse treatment program is an important indicator of treatment effectiveness, this paper assesses the impact of court referrals by examining the relationship between a drug abuser's length of stay in treatment and his referral by legal and nonlegal sources. Regression analyses on data for more than 2,200 individuals indicate that clients who are legally induced to seek treatment stay in treatment longer than, and do at least as well as, those who seek treatment voluntarily. The implications of these findings for drug abuse treatment and policy are discussed. PMID- 6642462 TI - The impact of psychopharmacology education on prescribing practices. AB - The authors describe a pharmacology education program on the psychiatry service of a Veterans Administration medical center. The program, directed by a clinical pharmacist, includes weekly lectures to medical students and weekly psychopharmacology review rounds for psychiatric residents that are also attended by staff psychiatrists. To determine the impact of the psychopharmacology review rounds on prescribing practices, the authors conducted a retrospective chart review of psychopharmacologic treatment methods before and after the rounds were instituted. The review compared prescribing practices in the two periods and focused particularly on changes in practices related to multiple daily dosages, polypharmacy, prophylactic anticholinergics, and drug use in alcohol withdrawal. The review demonstrated that the teaching effort resulted in a use of psychotropic medications that was more in line with recommendations in the literature. PMID- 6642463 TI - Intellectual assessment of young adult chronic patients. AB - At Rockland Psychiatric Center 60 newly admitted (and readmitted) young adult chronic patients were given tests of intellectual functioning and academic achievement three weeks after admission. The majority of these patients (83 percent) had below-normal IQs and more than half were found to be functionally illiterate. The authors point out that such patients require intensive socialization training and remedial education if they are to survive in the community. PMID- 6642464 TI - Hyponatremia disguised as an acute manic episode. PMID- 6642465 TI - Psychoeducational courses for a nonpatient clientele at a mental health center. PMID- 6642466 TI - "Transfer trauma" as a legal argument against closing a state mental hospital. PMID- 6642467 TI - Deinstitutionalization and women: where the buck stops. PMID- 6642468 TI - VA services. PMID- 6642469 TI - Youth of the '60s. PMID- 6642470 TI - For big-ticket buyers, unity breeds sweeter deal. Hospitals are joining forces to purchase capital equipment. PMID- 6642471 TI - Selecting a computerized information system. A step-by-step guide. PMID- 6642472 TI - A survey of hospital medical staffs--Part 1. PMID- 6642473 TI - Refusing further health care invites litigation. PMID- 6642474 TI - Cluster-designed nursing unit improves job performance. PMID- 6642475 TI - Psych hospitals need own standards: study. PMID- 6642476 TI - 'Cluster' design gives staff ready access to patients. PMID- 6642477 TI - A survey of hospital salaries. PMID- 6642478 TI - A survey of hospital medical staffs--Part 2. PMID- 6642479 TI - Activity pattern changes with decreases in food energy intake. PMID- 6642480 TI - Growth in height and weight of mild-to-moderately undernourished Zapotec school children. PMID- 6642482 TI - Physical characteristics of young people in the Amami archipelago. PMID- 6642481 TI - Fatness, growth and motor fitness of Belgian boys 12 through 20 years of age. PMID- 6642483 TI - Role of longitudinal change and secular trend in age differences in male body dimensions. PMID- 6642484 TI - The effect of modernization on spouse concordance in American Samoa. PMID- 6642485 TI - Correlation analysis of distance measures based on geography, anthropometry, and isonymy. PMID- 6642486 TI - The relationship between human body weight, subcutaneous fat, heart weight, and epicardial fat. PMID- 6642488 TI - Changes in triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness during adolescence. PMID- 6642487 TI - Sibling correlations for weight/stature and calf circumference: age changes and possible sex linkage. PMID- 6642489 TI - Extrapolations and assumptions. PMID- 6642490 TI - The histologic classification of lung tumors: the need for a double standard. PMID- 6642491 TI - The diagnosis of lung cancer in the 80s: will routine light microscopy suffice? PMID- 6642492 TI - Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and pseudolymphoma of lung: a study of 161 patients. AB - The authors studied 161 cases of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and pseudolymphomas of lung. Small lymphocytic proliferations, which they believe to be lymphomas, constituted 31.6 per cent of cases; plasmacytoid lymphocytic and small cleaved follicular center cell lymphomas (Lukes-Collins system), 22.4 and 11.8 per cent of cases, respectively; and the remaining follicular center cell lymphomas and B-immunoblastic sarcomas, 5.6 per cent of cases. Pseudolymphomas constituted 14 per cent of cases. Most patients were elderly and asymptomatic; in most cases a solitary nodule or infiltrate was observed on a chest radiograph. Radiographic evidence of effusion was found in both lymphomas and pseudolymphomas, but hilar adenopathy was restricted to lymphomas. A few peribronchial reactive germinal centers and intralesional giant cells/granulomas were seen frequently in unequivocal lymphomas, so their presence cannot be used to exclude neoplasia. A generally monomorphic cell population and invasion of bronchial cartilage or visceral pleura are suggestive of malignancy, whereas primitive cytologic appearance and invasion of lymph nodes or parietal pleura are pathognomonic of malignancy. Diffusely admixed mature lymphocytes and plasma cells with numerous reactive follicles suggest pseudolymphomas. Immunologic determination of clonality may be diagnostically definitive. Most localized lesions in lung were treated by surgical resection, whereas in cases of extensive pulmonary disease, biopsies were performed and patients were treated by chemotherapy or irradiation. Both lymphomas and pseudolymphomas recurred, most often within three years. Pseudolymphoma recurred only in lung. When distant spread of lymphoma occurred, it commonly involved extranodal sites. Only 18 of 101 patients with lymphoma died with or of tumor, and no patient with pseudolymphoma died of disease. Neither histologic subtype among the "small cell" lymphoid lymphomas nor the presence of regional node involvement was prognostically significant, but pleural effusion on the initial chest radiograph was a significant predictor of both recurrence and mortality. PMID- 6642493 TI - Microatheromas of very small arteries: unusual lesions involving primarily the pancreas. AB - The chance finding of an unusual, eccentrically situated, ballooning, atheroma like acellular deposit of lipid and calcium in the wall of a very small pancreatic interlobular artery prompted a detailed review of 75 autopsies to determine the distribution, prevalence, and possible clinical significance of such lesions. The lesion was present in 12 of the 75 cases (16 per cent), and in ten it was limited to the pancreas. It correlated best with severe coronary atherosclerosis. In a significantly greater percentage of the cases in which it was present, either hypertension or diabetes, or both, were present. The incidence of pancreatic parenchymal disease was similar in both the positive and the negative groups. The lesion, which has apparently not been previously described, may be a peripheral extension of severe atherosclerosis of the large and medium-sized arteries. The morphologic features suggest that the altered vessel walls may be rupture-prone. Future studies of better-preserved portions of pancreas in cases of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis may reveal the lesion and lend support to this hypothesis. PMID- 6642494 TI - Endocrine activity in a large hibernoma. AB - Light, ultrastructural, biochemical and histochemical analyses of a large hibernoma revealed endocrine-like secretory activity. By biochemical and gas chromatographic analyses, cholesterol and steroid hormones were detected. These findings were confirmed by detection of cortisol and testosterone, radioimmune assay, and immunocytochemical testing. Morphologic evidence of endocrine-like secretory activity was provided by both transmission and scanning electron microscopic examination, which, in addition, revealed unusual features that have not previously been described for hibernomas: 1) "endoplasmacrine" lipid granule secretion, 2) rows of pedunculated or detached plasmalemmal granules in perisinusoidal cells, 3) periodic plasmalemmal densities, which were present also along membrane remnants surrounding lipid granules, and 4) highly innervated interstitial veins with eccentric lumens and peculiar thick muscular coats, which resembled structures seen in humans only in the central vein of the adrenal gland. PMID- 6642495 TI - Multicentric giant lymph node hyperplasia: an immunohistochemical study. AB - Biopsy specimens from five cases of multicentric giant lymph node hyperplasia were studied by standard histochemical techniques and by immunoperoxidase staining and double immunoenzyme labeling to determine the distribution of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins and kappa and lambda light chains. Microscopically, the affected lymph nodes showed a nodular pattern characterized by multiple lymphoid follicles permeated by numerous small vessels. A striking proliferation of post-capillary venules with many plasma cells and immunoblasts was observed in the interfollicular areas. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed that the cells were positive for IgG, IgA, and IgM with both kappa and lambda chains in the normal ratio. The IgM-positive cells had a perifollicular distribution, whereas the IgG- and IgA-positive cells were located mainly in interfollicular areas. The presence and distribution of different classes of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins seemed to reflect a normal, albeit tumultuous, immunologic response. Therefore, the disease can be considered a lymphoproliferative disorder due to an inappropriate immunologic reaction. PMID- 6642496 TI - Malignant histiocytosis in childhood: morphologic considerations. AB - Eight cases diagnosed over a ten-year period as malignant histiocytosis (MH; histiocytic medullary reticulosis) were reviewed to clarify diagnostic criteria for the childhood disease and to identify sources of diagnostic confusion. Five of the eight cases met the authors' criteria for diagnosis; i.e., they were characterized by loose mixed infiltrates composed of three cell types--well differentiated histiocytes, prohistiocytes, and malignant histiocytes--and they had no leukemic phase. Three cases did not share these features and were reclassified. The liver was found to be the organ most useful in premortem diagnosis, and immunoperoxidase staining for immunoglobulins and lysozyme was also helpful. The clinical and morphologic features of the five cases confirm the authors' view that diagnoses of MH should be limited to cases in which there is a loose pleomorphic population of all three types of histiocytes and that cases with monomorphous populations of aggregated malignant cells should be classified as lymphomas. PMID- 6642497 TI - Intestinal metaplasia of the regenerative epithelia in 549 gastric ulcers. AB - Histopathologic changes in the regenerative epithelia of 549 foci of gastric ulcer were studied. About 70 per cent of the regenerative epithelia revealed intestinal metaplasia of the so-called complete or incomplete type. Parietal cells and chief cells were occasionally observed in the regenerative epithelia of ulcers located in fundic gland areas or at fundopyloric gland borders. It is possible that the regenerative epithelium frequently reverts to intestinal epithelium during the regenerative process, later redifferentiating into normal gastric mucosa or remaining as intestinal metaplasia and that, thus, only a few foci of intestinal metaplasia are precancerous lesions. PMID- 6642498 TI - Extensive squamous metaplasia simulating squamous cell carcinoma in benign breast papillomatosis. PMID- 6642499 TI - Closure of membranous ventricular septal defect of heart by septal leaflet of tricuspid valve. AB - A case of spontaneous closure of a membranous ventricular septal defect by adhesion of the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve is reported. There was evidence to suggest that thrombi developed in a pouch formed by the adherent leaflet, giving rise to emboli producing remote and recent infarcts in the brain. PMID- 6642500 TI - Clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses: electron microscopic findings suggesting Schwann cell differentiation. AB - A case of clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses arising in the elbow of a young woman is reported. Local recurrence and lymph node metastases occurred despite radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and amputation of the right arm, and the patient died of the tumor approximately ten months after the initial diagnosis. Although melanin was not observed histologically, electron microscopic studies revealed immature melanosomes. In addition, well-developed and duplicated basement membranes, and abundant intracytoplasmic microfibrils suggested melanotic Schwann cell differentiation. On sections stained immunohistochemically, S-l00 protein was present focally. The six previously reported cases of clear cell sarcoma studied electron microscopically are reviewed. PMID- 6642501 TI - Alternative technique in fine needle aspiration biopsy. PMID- 6642502 TI - The intracellular location of cryptosporidia. PMID- 6642503 TI - Mucosal patterns in Barrett's metaplasia. PMID- 6642504 TI - A list of cloned human DNA sequences. PMID- 6642505 TI - Incidence at birth of different types of limb reduction abnormalities in Hungary 1975-1977. AB - Congenital limb reduction abnormalities have been reported in Hungary since 1970. A clinical and genetic study was made of 274 cases reported from 1975 to 1977, corresponding to a total number of 561915 births. A classification according to type of defect, involvement of one or more limbs and other associated defects is attempted. Data on incidence, sex ratio, laterality and mortality are presented. PMID- 6642506 TI - Family study of congenital limb reduction abnormalities in Hungary 1975-1977. AB - A family study of 274 index patients with limb reduction malformations born in Hungary from 1975 to 1977 is reported. The majority of 789 first-degree relatives were personally examined. Information was collected on 1094 uncles and aunts and on 1095 cousins, and those affected by limb malformations were examined. Among 789 first-degree relatives six were affected by a similar malformation (radial, ulnar and central ray defects) and 1 by a malformation of a different type; no secondary cases of the same type were found among the relatives of patients with terminal transverse and amniogenic malformations, and with limb malformations which were part of syndromes or unclassifiable associations with other malformations. While a few rare types of limb defects are due to dominant genes, the aetiology of most cases is obscure. There is no evidence of sex-linked inheritance, of multifactorial causation or of environmental factors shared by relatives. These results are similar to those of an earlier study by Birch Jensen. PMID- 6642507 TI - Chromosome anomalies in 136 couples with a history of recurrent abortions. AB - Cytogenetic studies were performed on 136 couples with a history of two or more abortions referred to us after gynaecological causes of the abortions had been excluded. Fifteen (11%) of the couples were found to have a chromosome anomaly, and when the couples were subdivided according to number of abortions, surprisingly 6 (10%) of the 59 couples with a history of only two abortions had a chromosome anomaly. An increased frequency of mosaicism for X-chromosome aneuploidy (2.2%) in the women from the 136 couples was also found. A review of the literature shows that translocations of some chromosomes (e.g. nos. 1, 7 or 22) preferentially lead to fetal wastage, while those involving, for example, chromosome nos. 5, 9, 14 or 21 are more likely to result in the birth of a handicapped child. Couples with a history of two abortions should be investigated cytogenetically. Other causes of miscarriages must, however, be excluded first. PMID- 6642508 TI - The genetic basis of non-disjunction: increased incidence of hyperploidy in oocytes from F1 hybrid mice. AB - Oocytes from parental mice strains NMRI/Han, C57/bl and Balb/c and from F1 hybrid lines were analysed for aneuploidy due to non-disjunction after gonadotropin stimulated ovulation. No hyperploid oocytes were present in five of the strains studied. F1 hybrids from crosses of NMRI/HanxC57/bl did ovulate, however, a significantly increased number of hyperploid oocytes, although females from their parental strains show a rather low incidence of non-disjunction. The evidence for a genetic basis for non-disjunction is assessed and possible causative factors are discussed. PMID- 6642509 TI - Genetic counseling in families with spinal muscular atrophy type Kugelberg Welander. PMID- 6642510 TI - Manifestation of the fragile site Xq27 in fibroblasts. III. A method to demonstrate R-type replication patterns and the fragile site. AB - A protocol is reported which allows the efficient induction of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-induced R-type replication patterns in fibroblast cultures prepared to demonstrate the fragile site fra(X)(q27). The technique includes partial synchronization of the culture by fluorodeoxyuridine (FdU) blocking at the G1/S transition. This block does not impair the induction of the fragile site in medium 199 containing methotrexate. The marked increase of the mitotic index in the synchronized culture may be an advantage in the study of folic acid sensitive fragile sites in fibroblasts. Adding BrdU after block removal leads to an efficient labeling of replicating chromosomes without severely impairing the manifestation of fra(X)(q27). PMID- 6642511 TI - Reduced NOR association frequency in a 13/18 translocation chromosome. A family study. AB - The association frequency of a functional, intercalary NOR in fibroblasts of five carriers of a translocation t(13;18) was significantly lower than the average association frequency of normal G- and D-group chromosomes in the same carriers. This decreased coefficient of association does not seem to be attributable to partial loss of the NOR during rearrangement or to a loss of NOR activity, as indicated by silver staining. It is hypothesized that either (1) interphase associations including this chromosome form less frequently or, more likely, (2) associations with this chromosome are differentially susceptible to physical disruption due to flattening of association complexes during cell preparation. The presence of this abnormal NOR chromosome did not affect the association behavior of normal G- and D-group chromosomes in carrier cells. In addition, the present study supports previous observations that G-group chromosomes associate with a greater average frequency than D-group chromosomes. PMID- 6642512 TI - A fragile X suppressor in the normal human blood? AB - Eberle et al. (1981, 1982a) reported diminished proportion of fragile X chromosomes in co-cultures of blood cells taken from fra(X) patients with normal blood cells. However, we did not observe any suppression of fra(X) in the blood of fra(X)-positive patients after co-cultivation with blood of fra(X)-negative subjects. Neither was any suppression caused by medium where fra(X)-negative cells had been previously cultivated for two days. PMID- 6642513 TI - Deliberate drug rechallenge. PMID- 6642514 TI - Animal studies on the treatment of poisoning by amitraz (a formamidine pesticide) and xylene. AB - In Charles River CD rats the pesticide MITAC 20 EC (containing amitraz and 75% xylene) given orally at an LD80 dose caused toxicity featuring hypothermia, reduced spontaneous activity, episodes of increased activity and minor signs of general debilitation. Recovery in survivors was complete within about 8 days. Therapies including absorption retardants, diuretics, reduction of urine pH, thermal support and treatment with phentolamine or nikethamide were given to groups showing these signs of poisoning. None of the therapies gave consistent evidence of benefit during acute poisoning in terms of reduced intensity or duration of symptoms or reduced mortality. Comparison with animals given amitraz alone suggested that the hypothermia and the later phase of reduced spontaneous activity were attributable to the pharmacological effects of amitraz. While the product was apparently more acutely toxic by the oral route than xylene alone, the evidence was that xylene caused the early signs of poisoning. This work indicates that any case of poisoning by ingestion of MITAC 20 EC should initially be treated for the xylene exposure. There is no specific therapy or antidote for the subsequent possible pharmacological effects of amitraz. Many other pesticides also contain high proportions of aromatic solvents and the importance of the solvent in cases of ingestion is seen to be applicable to a variety of pesticides as well as MITAC 20 EC. PMID- 6642515 TI - Extrapolation from safety data to management of poisoning with reference to amitraz (a formamidine pesticide) and xylene. AB - Many pesticides are formulated in organic solvents. An example is amitraz, one of the formamidine group of pesticidal chemicals. As a contingency against the possibility of poisoning cases occurring, the toxicity and pharmacology of amitraz were reviewed in order to recommend medical management procedures. Amitraz has pharmacological activity, including monoamine oxidase inhibition, alpha-adrenergic agonist activity and it inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. Extrapolating from acute studies in animals, the likely signs of poisoning in humans may include bradycardia, hypotension, hyperglycaemia, CNS depression, and hypothermia. Despite the presence of amitraz, it appears that the xylene is the more aggressive component in the formulation tested, and treatment for over exposure by the oral route is generally as for xylene ingestion, but the presence of amitraz is an indication for gastric lavage. Few cases of poisoning have occurred and these are presented. PMID- 6642516 TI - Study of serum levels, venous irritation and gastrointestinal side-effects with intravenous erythromycin lactobionate in patients with bronchopulmonary infection. AB - Sixteen patients with bronchopulmonary infection received 500 mg erythromycin lactobionate by intravenous infusion every 8 h for 2 days. The duration of infusion was either 30 (8 patients) or 60 min (8 patients). An inline filterset (0.22 micrometer) was included in the intravenous administration set in 4 patients of each infusion group. Serum erythromycin levels were obtained before and at various times for 8 h after the first and fourth doses and before and immediately after the other doses. The incidence and severity of venous irritation and gastrointestinal side-effects were assessed. Mean (S.D.) peak erythromycin levels for the 30 min infusion were 26.31 (6.89) micrograms/ml (first dose) and 26.85 (6.11) micrograms/ml (fourth dose) and for the 60 min infusions, 23.96 (7.91) micrograms/ml (first dose) and 23.65 (6.55) micrograms/ml (fourth dose). Venous irritation was experienced by 12 patients, ranging from localized discomfort to thrombophlebitis, but the severity was significantly reduced by inline filtration (P less than 0.005). Gastrointestinal side-effects were reported by 8 patients and 1 patient withdrew because of severe abdominal pain and nausea. These symptoms were usually relieved by spasmolytic agents and possibly could be explained by high concentrations reaching the gut wall either by biliary excretion or direct transport from blood and stimulating smooth muscle motility. PMID- 6642517 TI - Pharmacokinetic aspects of carbamazepine and its two major metabolites in plasma during overdosage. AB - In 10 out of 25 patients admitted with carbamazepine overdosage to local teaching hospitals sufficient plasma level data of carbamazepine and two of its main metabolites (epoxide and dihydroxy) were obtained to characterize their terminal elimination kinetics. Some other pharmacokinetic aspects which could be useful in extrapolating to the amount and time of ingestion of the overdose are discussed. PMID- 6642518 TI - Psychological and physical complaints of subjects with low exposure to lead. AB - The relationship between lead uptake level and subjective psychological and physical symptoms was investigated in two groups of occupationally exposed workers with PbB levels between 45 and 60 micrograms/100 ml and below 35 micrograms/100 ml respectively. Findings were compared with those of a non exposed control group. Psychological symptomatology as defined by the GHQ proved unsensitive to low levels of lead exposure, while physical symptomatology as defined by the SSQ, in particular neurological symptoms, showed a significant tendency towards an uptake response relationship. The minimum uptake level for neurological symptoms in this study was below 35 micrograms/100 ml. PMID- 6642519 TI - Acute severe poisoning in Spain: clinical outcome related to the implicated drugs. AB - The 91 patients over the age of 10 (57 women and 32 men) with severe self poisoning admitted to the ICU of a general hospital in Barcelona during the period 1974-1980 have been retrospectively studied. Previous suicidal attempts have been identified among 32 patients; 26 patients presented a history of personality disorders, and 19 had a neurological disease, a chronic physical illness, or a history of alcoholism. Sedative-hypnotic drugs were involved in about half the number of cases, and one fifth of total cases were due to tricyclic antidepressants and phenothiazines. Paracetamol was only involved in 2 cases, and heroin in another 2 cases. Many of the most severe morbidity manifestations were related to overdoses by intermediate-acting barbiturates. Two out of a total of 5 deaths were related to butalbitone overdose. Butalbitone had been ingested as a fixed-dose combination containing butalbitone, propyphenazone, and caffeine, which is freely dispensed as an analgesic in Spain. PMID- 6642520 TI - Paraphenylenediamine induced acute tubular necrosis following hair dye ingestion. AB - A case is reported of paraphenylenediamine toxicity following hair dye ingestion. Renal biopsy showed histology typical of acute tubular necrosis. PMID- 6642521 TI - Inhibition of atropine metabolism by organophosphate pesticides. AB - Urine specimens of 8 organophosphate-poisoned patients on treatment with large doses of atropine were screened for atropine metabolites using thin-layer chromatography. Only atropine was detected. High performance liquid chromatography of urine specimens of a poisoned patient receiving large doses of atropine likewise detected only 3H-atropine after administration of 30 microCi 3H atropine-sulphate. In the urine of a normal human volunteer treated with a single dose of 3H-atropine, 5 metabolic products were detected by this method. It is concluded that acute organophosphate-poisoning blocks atropine metabolism by inhibiting the hepatic microsomal enzymes. PMID- 6642522 TI - Apparent half-life of excretion of cannabinoids in man. AB - The apparent half-life of excretion of cannabinoids was calculated from their concentration in the urine of 27 psychotic patients. The best estimate was about 4 days but the range was too wide to be of use in predicting time to total clearance from the body of any randomly chosen patient. PMID- 6642523 TI - Hardness of domestic water and blood lead levels. AB - The effect on the blood lead levels of residents in an area in which a soft plumbo-solvent water was hardened is examined. Water lead levels fell after hardening was introduced whereas there was a small rise in water lead levels in a control area monitored over the same time. The blood lead levels of residents fell after hardening and the fall was slightly greater than would have been predicted on the basis of the change in water lead levels. This suggests that lead is less well absorbed from hard water than from soft water. Following hardening there was a significant fall in mean blood lead level of subjects living in houses which had initially had negligible amounts of lead in the water. This suggests that hard water may interfere with the absorption of lead from sources other than water. PMID- 6642524 TI - Monitoring variations of biological impedances at microwave frequencies. PMID- 6642525 TI - Spectral analysis of arterial blood pressure in the rat during atrial fibrillation. PMID- 6642526 TI - Quantitative comparison of alternative sensory displays for mobility aids for the blind. PMID- 6642527 TI - A tracking system for pulsed ultrasound images: application to quantification of fetal breathing movements. PMID- 6642528 TI - An experimental and theoretical study of temperature regulation in the immersed dog. PMID- 6642530 TI - A video technique that improves the cardiac Roentgen-kymography. PMID- 6642529 TI - Motor unit firing rate during static contraction indicated by the surface EMG power spectrum. PMID- 6642531 TI - A precision digital instantaneous heart rate meter with a wide range. PMID- 6642532 TI - Intermittent drug administration during labor and protection of the fetus. PMID- 6642533 TI - Ovulation detection by monitoring temperature during sleep. PMID- 6642534 TI - A method for the acoustical analysis of respiratory crackles in cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. PMID- 6642535 TI - Joint annual conference of the Cardiological Society of India and the Association of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons of India. Madras, October 20-23, 1983. PMID- 6642536 TI - Characterization of subunits of transcriptionally active & inactive chromatin of Yoshida ascites tumour cells: composition & transcription functions. PMID- 6642537 TI - Activation of succinate dehydrogenase in isolated mitochondria by noradrenaline. PMID- 6642538 TI - Demonstration of some glycolytic activities in Halobacterium halobium & their significance. PMID- 6642539 TI - Preparation & properties of Con A cellulose immobilized glucose oxidase. PMID- 6642540 TI - Effects of diethylmalonate & alpha-picolinic acid on levels of inorganic nitrogen & tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in L-alanine utilizing B. brevis. PMID- 6642541 TI - Solubility of buffalo fibrinogen in concentrated ammonium sulphate solution. PMID- 6642543 TI - Studies on lipogenic enzymes of rabbit mammary gland at different stages of lactation. PMID- 6642542 TI - A comparative study of actins of different vertebrates. PMID- 6642544 TI - Cloning of rice DNA & identification of the cloned H2A, H2B & H4 histone genes. PMID- 6642545 TI - Morphological pattern of regional lymph node reaction to carcinoma. PMID- 6642546 TI - Modified treatment plan to restore early swallowing in oesophageal cancer. PMID- 6642547 TI - Role of post-operative radiotherapy in breast cancer. PMID- 6642548 TI - Bilateral malignant testicular lymphoma. PMID- 6642549 TI - Cancer of the nasopharynx--a review of 1036 cases seen at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay, India. PMID- 6642550 TI - The cytological diagnosis of pre-malignant conditions of the uterus--a study in pre-menopausal women. PMID- 6642551 TI - Bacteria-immune system interactions. II. Adherence of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strains to human lymphocytes. AB - Out of twenty-nine strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (A. calcoaceticus) only eight adhered to lymphocytes. The percentage of lymphocytes labeled with bacteria varied from 5 to 70%. Most of the labeled lymphocytes had large numbers of bacteria attached to them. The variation in the percentages of lymphocytes labeled in various individuals was minimal. PMID- 6642552 TI - Preparation of microspheres of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) and its derivatives as carriers for immobilized proteins. AB - Microspheres of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) and its derivatives have been prepared. The diameter can be varied in the range from 0.5 to 5 micron. Proteins were immobilized on the microspheres by various processes. The maximum amount of covalently immobilized gamma-globulin on the microspheres was found to be about 6 mg/m2. It was shown that dyed microspheres with a diameter of 2-4 micron are applicable to immunological agglutination tests on a microplate as carrier particles substituting for red blood cells. PMID- 6642553 TI - Glutaurine enhances the depressed NK cell activity of tumor patients. AB - The effect of glutaurine, a newly discovered parathyroid substance, on human NK cell activity and on lymphocyte markers was studied. Both in vivo and in vitro treatment with glutaurine markedly enhanced the depressed natural lymphocytotoxicity of tumor patients without influencing their lymphocyte subpopulations. On the other hand it had no effect on the NK cell activity of healthy lymphocytes and of tumor patients' lymphocytes with originally "normal" NK activity. The NK-enhancing effect of glutaurine could not be explained by augmentation of the number of potential effector cells. It is suggested that glutaurine increases the originally low spontaneous killer activity of tumor patients' lymphocytes through an indirect regulatory mechanism. PMID- 6642554 TI - [Acid elution method in dermatosis with suspected autoimmune pathogenesis. II. Acid elution of mononucleate cells in suspension in psoriasis patients]. PMID- 6642555 TI - [Identification of immunoglobulin-carrying cells in the infiltrate of the local reactions to arthropod stings]. PMID- 6642556 TI - [Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Contribution to an early diagnosis]. PMID- 6642557 TI - [Kwashiorkor-like syndrome in an adult after surgery for abdominal trauma]. PMID- 6642558 TI - [Norwegian scabies]. PMID- 6642559 TI - [Schonlein-Henoch syndrome with atypical cutaneous lesions]. PMID- 6642560 TI - [Pemphigus and D-penicillamine. Apropos of a clinical case]. PMID- 6642561 TI - [Neoplastic evolution of the organoid nevus. A case of metastasizing apocrine adenocarcinoma]. PMID- 6642563 TI - [Blood zinc and urine zinc in psoriasis]. PMID- 6642562 TI - [Dermatitis herpetiformis in childhood and its relation to celiac disease]. PMID- 6642564 TI - The early detection of host immune response to spontaneous mouse mammary tumors by leukocyte adherence inhibition. AB - Longitudinal testing of C3H/HeJ female mice was carried out over a 52-week period with the leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay using solubilized tumor antigen prepared by 3 M KCl extraction. During this period, 75% of the mice developed histologically confirmed mammary adenocarcinomas. Of those mice 93% had a statistically significant (P less than 0.01) LAI response to soluble mammary tumor antigen prior to first detection of tumors by palpation. Five percent of the test group developed statistically significant LAI responses without development of detectable mammary tumors within a 34-week observation period. The first significant LAI reactivity of individual mice preceded the first detection of tumors by an average of more than 17 weeks. PMID- 6642565 TI - Spectrophotometric assay for the detection of antibodies to DNA. AB - A spectrophotometric assay for the detection of anti-DNA antibodies in the sera of patients with various connective tissue diseases is described. The sensitivity of the method was compared with hemagglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The method is convenient, specific and suitable for use in clinical laboratories where facilities for radioimmunoassay do not exist. PMID- 6642566 TI - Diagnosis of early leprosy. PMID- 6642567 TI - Psychological evaluation of patients with neurodermatitis circumscripta (lichen simplex chronicus). PMID- 6642568 TI - Comparative study of Puvasol and Puvasol plus topical application in treatment of psoriasis. PMID- 6642569 TI - Erythema elevatum diutinum. A case report. PMID- 6642570 TI - Palmar patterns in vitiligo. PMID- 6642571 TI - A histopathological profile of pityriasis rosea. PMID- 6642573 TI - Genetic regulation of the class conversion of dsDNA-specific antibodies in (NZB X NZW)F1 hybrid. AB - To investigate the possible effects of NZW genes on the class conversion of dsDNA specific antibodies in NZB X NZW (B/W)F1 hybrids, we measured IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 dsDNA-specific antibodies, using the Crithidia luciliae kinetoplast immunofluorescence test, in NZB, NZW, B/W F1 hybrid, B/W F1 X NZB backcross, and B/W F1 X NZW backcross mice at 4, 7, and 10 months of age. The highest serum levels of IgM dsDNA-specific antibodies were observed in NZB mice at the ages tested; however, the amounts of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies were scanty. In contrast, a large amount of both IgG1 and IgG2 dsDNA-specific antibodies was produced in B/W F1 hybrids, in which the serum IgM antibodies were lower than those observed in NZB mice. NZW mice were virtually negative for these antibodies. Progeny testing suggested that a combined effect of two unlinked dominant genes of the NZB strain determines the production of dsDNA-specific antibodies and that these genes only act to produce IgM antibodies. These traits are to a great degree modified by the NZW loci in B/W F1 hybrids, and a combined effect of two unlinked dominant genes leads to conversion of the class of the antibodies from IgM to IgG, which, in turn, increases the serum levels of dsDNA specific antibodies. The F1 hybrid of C57BL/6 and NZW strains produced no dsDNA specific antibodies, indicating that the relevant NZB predisposing genes are required for the NZW gene action. Linkage studies showed that one of such NZW genes is to some extent linked to the H-2 complex on chromosome 17, but not to Mup-1 (chromosome 4) or a coat color locus (chromosome 2). The appearance of IgG dsDNA-specific antibodies correlated well with the incidence of renal disease in B/W F1 X NZB backcross mice. PMID- 6642574 TI - Polymorphism of the fourth complement component in the dog and linkage to the DLA system. PMID- 6642572 TI - Polymorphism and diversity in the Tla gene system. AB - The TL products of mouse strains carrying the Tlaa, Tlad, and Tlae haplotypes were analyzed by comparative peptide mapping. As expected from their known serologic differences, TL antigens from strain A (Tlaa), A.CA strain (Tlad) and P/J strain (Tlae) mice showed structural variation. However, comparable variations were also observed in the TL product derived from strains expressing the serologically indistinguishable Tlaa allele (A, NFS/N, SJL/J, C57BR, and C58) demonstrating additional unexpected polymorphism in the TL system. When compared with the structural diversity of the H-2 K and D gene products, the structural variation of the TL antigens was small. Taken together, the results of our analysis of the TL products suggest that Tla polymorphism is more extensive than previously thought; however, the structural diversity of the products is still low compared with K and D gene products. PMID- 6642575 TI - Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for Salmonella typhi antigen & antibody detection in typhoid. PMID- 6642576 TI - Microbiological & clinical studies in diarrhoea due to Plesiomonas shigelloides. PMID- 6642577 TI - Immune complexes & immunoglobulins involved in human filariasis. PMID- 6642578 TI - Geographical distribution & density of phlebotominae sandflies in Surat district, Gujarat. PMID- 6642579 TI - Response of goat granulosa cell cultures to prolactin combined with LH or hCG. PMID- 6642580 TI - Physical growth characteristics in adolescent girls of upper socio-economic group in Varanasi. PMID- 6642581 TI - Haptoglobin phenotype & Hp 2 complex in normal adults. PMID- 6642582 TI - Lewis antibodies in pregnant Indian, British & Pakistani women. PMID- 6642583 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulins in acute transverse myelitis. PMID- 6642584 TI - Inflammatory lesions of aorta. PMID- 6642585 TI - Histological & ultrastructural alterations in the livers of albino rats after prolonged administration of paracetamol. PMID- 6642586 TI - Urine catecholamines in pheochromocytoma by rat blood pressure bioassay. PMID- 6642587 TI - Mechanism of action of dimethyl quaternary propranolol (UM-272) in isoproterenol induced cardiomyopathy in rats. PMID- 6642588 TI - Toxicity studies on a proprietary preparation of Semecarpus anacardium. PMID- 6642589 TI - Glucose tolerance in subjects with family history of diabetes. PMID- 6642590 TI - Computation of sample size for comparing two proportions. PMID- 6642591 TI - Impact of exposure to noise on the hearing acuity of employees in a heavy engineering industry. PMID- 6642592 TI - Pharmacokinetics of newer combination of sulpha & trimethoprim. PMID- 6642593 TI - Further studies on enteropathogenicity of Plesiomonas shigelloides. PMID- 6642594 TI - Influence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents on tolbutamide hypoglycaemia. PMID- 6642595 TI - Salmonella bareilly infection in a paediatric hospital of New Delhi. PMID- 6642596 TI - Coagulase negative staphylococci in the urinary tract. PMID- 6642597 TI - Serum copper & zinc in leprosy & effect of oral zinc therapy. PMID- 6642598 TI - Copper loss & cytopathological changes associated with copper IUD use. PMID- 6642600 TI - Cytogenetic studies in primary amenorrhoea. PMID- 6642599 TI - Quantitative measurement of blood loss in medical termination of pregnancy. PMID- 6642601 TI - Longitudinal study of linear physical growth in preterm infants from birth to six years. PMID- 6642602 TI - Longitudinal study of linear physical growth of infants with birth weight 1500 g or less, from birth to six years. PMID- 6642603 TI - Histological & ultrastructural study of spleen during dengue virus infection of mice. PMID- 6642604 TI - Serum magnesium in viral hepatitis. PMID- 6642605 TI - Drug sensitivity of Nocardia. PMID- 6642606 TI - Interpretation of Kveim test in sarcoidosis. PMID- 6642607 TI - A comparison of blood glucose determination by a quick strip and glucose oxidase methods. PMID- 6642609 TI - Factors affecting the biological assay of tetanus antitoxin. PMID- 6642608 TI - Endomyocardial fibrosis with valvular heart disease (report of four cases). PMID- 6642610 TI - Integrated approach to maternal and child health and family planning. PMID- 6642611 TI - Intrauterine growth of twins. PMID- 6642612 TI - Intrauterine malnutrition: effect on fetal hepatic size, protein status and related enzymes. PMID- 6642613 TI - A clinical profile of paralytic poliomyelitis with special emphasis on physical therapy and rehabilitation. PMID- 6642614 TI - Paralytic poliomyelitis in Bundelkhand region. PMID- 6642615 TI - Infective endocarditis in children. PMID- 6642616 TI - Study of age for general understanding and pleasure in new borns for brightly coloured objects. PMID- 6642618 TI - Noonan syndrome. PMID- 6642617 TI - Endemic cholera (El tor) in children. PMID- 6642619 TI - Occipital encephalocele in a child with cranium bifidum occultum in the mother. PMID- 6642620 TI - Landry Guillain Barre Strohl syndrome. PMID- 6642621 TI - Rupture of the diaphragm by blunt trauma as a marker of injury severity. PMID- 6642622 TI - The use of laparotomy in the treatment of recent diaphragmatic rupture due to blunt trauma. AB - The choice of approach is still one of the most controversial points in the surgical treatment of recent rupture of the diaphragm. Most authors agree, however, about the use of thoracotomy in the late cases with strangulation. From 1970 to 1982 inclusive, 40 patients were operated on within a week of closed rupture of the diaphragm. The following data appear from these operations: 1. In 29 patients (73 per cent) one or more subdiaphragmatic organs needed repair. Only 4 patients (10 per cent) required operation for a thoracic lesion. 2. The hernia was easily repaired in the 34 cases treated by laparotomy only. For this reason when confronted by a recent diaphragmatic rupture, we almost always use an abdominal incision knowing that it, can easily be extended into the chest if this becomes necessary for the treatment of an injury there. In our experience, this policy needed to be changed in only a very few special cases. PMID- 6642623 TI - Traumatic separation of the proximal femoral epiphysis and fracture of the mid shaft of the ipsilateral femur in a child. A case report and review of the literature. AB - A case is described of traumatic separation of the proximal femoral epiphysis associated with a fracture of the mid-shaft of the same femur in a two-year-old girl. The rarity of this injury is emphasized and its treatment outlined. No similar reports could be found, and the relevant literature is reviewed. PMID- 6642624 TI - The bi-articular hip prosthesis for fractures of the femoral neck--a preliminary report. AB - The bi-articular hip prosthesis (BHP), based on an original design by Bateman, is a bi-polar hemi-arthroplasty which seeks to reduce acetabular wear. We have used this prosthesis to treat 101 elderly patients with displaced intra-capsular fractures of the neck of the femur. The results of the first two years experience with this prosthesis are encouraging. Post-operative hip pain was not significant and did not interfere with mobility. The use of the antero-lateral approach to the hip joint prevented dislocation of the prosthesis, in contra-distinction to reports of series in which the Southern approach was used. PMID- 6642625 TI - A penetrating wound of bone resulting from a firework. PMID- 6642626 TI - Ruptures of the ligaments about the tibio-fibular syndesmosis. AB - The clinical picture of ruptures of the ligaments about the tibio-fibular syndesmosis are presented. The diagnosis should be based on the history and clinical examination. Arthrography of the ankle confirms the diagnosis. We describe a surgical method of stabilizing this affected joint, wherein local bone is used to arthrodese the tibio-fibular joint. PMID- 6642627 TI - Skull traction and its complications. AB - The complications of skull traction seen in a Spinal Injuries Unit over a 7-year period are reviewed. The application of skull calipers, generally thought to be a minor procedure in the initial treatment of cervical spine injuries, led to complications in 37.3 per cent of patients. The complication rate was lowest using the Cone caliper, which when inserted as described, had a complication rate of 6.25 per cent. Attention to detail in the application of skull calipers is essential, and the procedure must not be considered trivial. The Cone caliper is recommended for the initial treatment of traumatic tetraplegia. PMID- 6642628 TI - Haemarthrosis of the knee joint. AB - One hundred and twenty knee injuries diagnosed as traumatic haemarthrosis were reviewed. All were initially treated by aspiration and splintage. None had major ligamentous or major bony injury clinically or radiographically when first seen. The incidence of anterior cruciate damage was 17 per cent and that of crack fracture was 29 per cent. Many of those aged under thirty had anterior cruciate damage. Those over thirty commonly had crack fractures. Sixty-five per cent of the patients had no symptom when reviewed. A total of 9.9 per cent needed further operations. The younger patients, especially those with an injury from sport, should be referred to a specialist knee clinic for further management. PMID- 6642629 TI - Ruptured semimembranosus bursa--a complication of arthroscopy. A short case report. AB - Rupture of a semimembranosus bursa is a rare complication of arthroscopy. The presentation and natural history of this complication are described and the literature is reviewed. PMID- 6642630 TI - A free bone block operation for recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder joint. AB - An operation to prevent recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder by insertion of a free iliac bone graft into an anterior glenoid osteotomy is described and has been performed on 16 shoulders in 15 patients. No additional fixation of the graft was used and the divided subscapularis tendon was not sutured. The average follow-up was 7 years and 8 months, no serious complications occurred, there were no recurrences, there was no evidence of degenerative osteoarthrosis and only 4 patients had any detectable loss of power. Only 2 patients had noticed any restriction of movement. There was some loss of external rotation in 13 shoulders. All patients returned to their desired levels of work and sporting activity after operation. The operation is technically easy to perform and has comparably excellent results to other published series. PMID- 6642631 TI - The helicoid knee brace: a lightweight but effective support for the damaged knee. AB - A lightweight helicoid knee brace is described. It allows the knee to flex and extend freely in its natural pattern of movement, while absorbing valgus/varus stresses and preventing untoward rotational motion. This brace is suitable for supporting the damaged knee joint during sporting activity. Many knees disabled by post-traumatic arthritis are enabled to resume comfortable participation in golf, bowls and gardening. Over 150 patients have used the brace with satisfying results for the following indications: (i) instability due to sports and athletic injuries 93 (+/- 60 per cent) (ii) convalescence after injury or operation 12 (+/ 10 per cent). (iii) pain in the middle-aged arthritic knee where instability is usually part of the problem 45 (+/- 30 per cent). PMID- 6642632 TI - The Nottingham orthogeriatric unit after 1000 admissions. AB - Four years experience in the use of a new orthogeriatric unit run jointly by the orthopaedic Trauma service and the Department of Health Care of the Elderly is presented. There were over 1000 admissions during this period. The Unit was opened in 1978 and was established to meet the increasing problems stemming from fractures of the proximal femur in elderly women. During the ten-year period from 1971 to 1981 the number of patients with fractures of the proximal femur admitted to the orthopaedic trauma unit in Nottingham has doubled--from 290 cases in 1971 to 612 cases in 1981. The effect of the orthogeriatric unit has been to reduce the average length of hospital stay for these patients from 66 days in 1977 before the unit opened, to 48 days in 1979 with a rate of discharge to home or to relatives of 69 per cent of patients: inpatient case fatality within the unit has been 5 per cent. PMID- 6642633 TI - Patellar graft for late disability following tibial plateau fractures. AB - Patellar autografting as a primary procedure for depressed fractures of the lateral tibial plateau has been well discussed (Wilson and Jacobs, 1965). Three cases are documented in which this technique has been used as a salvage operation for late disability following severely comminuted fractures of one medial and two lateral tibial plateaux. All three patients had undergone previous attempts (one operative and two conservative) to reconstitute the depression in the proximal articular surface of the tibia. PMID- 6642634 TI - Avulsion of the tibial tubercle in Paget's disease of bone: report of two cases. PMID- 6642635 TI - Unstable fractures of the distal end of the radius (transfixion pins and a cast). AB - Forty-five unstable fractures of the distal end of the radius were treated with transfixion pins and plaster cast. Thirty-seven patients were personally reviewed and an analysis of the results are presented in this paper. Scheck's point system was used to grade functional results; 81.1 per cent were classified as satisfactory (excellent and good) and 18.9 per cent unsatisfactory (poor) group. PMID- 6642636 TI - Ununited supracondylar fracture of the femur following Attenborough stabilized gliding knee arthroplasty treated by distal femoral replacement. PMID- 6642637 TI - Antigenic analysis of H1N1 viruses isolated in the Houston metropolitan area during four successive seasons. AB - We evaluated the antigenic stability of viruses within the H1N1 subtype, using 307 isolates spanning four winter seasons. The isolates from each seasonal period appeared relatively homogenous in hemagglutination inhibition tests employing ferret antisera. However, a panel of seven monoclonal antibodies to A/USSR/90/77 detected extensive micro-heterogeneity. Antigenic variation occurred in the hemagglutinin antigen within a few weeks after the initial appearance of A/USSR/90/77-like strains in 1977-78 season as evidenced by low reactivity to one or several of the monoclonal antibodies. By the end of the season, few of the isolates reacted with the complete panel. Antigenic heterogeneity of the hemagglutinin was detected among H1N1 viruses throughout each epidemic interval. Some of the antigenic changes detected by monoclonal antibodies appeared on isolates in succeeding years, but others were restricted to a few strains isolated during a given year. The cumulative nature of some of these antigenic changes was indicated by the observation that 20 (19%) of 107 isolates examined in the fourth season failed to react with five of the monoclonal antibodies. Strains similar to most reference variants from around the world circulated in the Houston community. PMID- 6642639 TI - Antiactin and antitubulin antibodies in canine visceral leishmaniasis. AB - Visceral leishmaniasis, a chronic and often fatal disease, is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. Both specific and nonspecific antibodies are produced in the course of the disease, and autoantibodies may be involved in pathogenesis. Tubulin and actin have been found to be associated with L. donovani. To learn whether antiactin and antitubulin antibodies are present in visceral leishmaniasis, we tested sera from 263 infected dogs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to the antigens L. donovani, actin, and tubulin. All samples reacted positively with L. donovani, and a high percentage reacted positively with all three antigens. Sera from 202 uninfected dogs were also tested, none reacted with L. donovani antigen, although positive reactions were observed for 8 of the samples with actin or tubulin. It was found that the antibody-antigen reaction occurred at the Fab portion of the immunoglobulin molecule. Competitive enzyme immunoassays showed that the reaction was inhibited if the positive serum was first incubated with L. donovani antigen, actin, or tubulin and then tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results suggest that antiactin and antitubulin antibodies are present in the sera of dogs infected with visceral leishmaniasis. PMID- 6642638 TI - Intestinal colonization of infant hamsters with Clostridium difficile. AB - Infant hamsters of different ages were examined for their susceptibility to enteric Clostridium difficile colonization. Intragastric administration of C. difficile to infant hamsters resulted in multiplication of the organism in the intestinal tracts of animals 4 to 12 days old; hamsters younger or older were resistant to C. difficile intestinal colonization. Toxicity to the colonized animals could not be demonstrated despite cytotoxin titers in some infant hamsters comparable to titers found in the intestinal tracts of adult hamsters with C. difficile-associated intestinal disease. When introduced into 4-day-old hamsters, C. difficile colonized the intestinal tract and remained at high levels until the animals were 13 days old, at which time the presence of intestinal C. difficile could no longer be demonstrated. The number of C. difficile required to colonize the intestinal tracts of 50% of 7-day-old hamsters was 18 viable cells. On the other hand, 10(8) viable cells of C. difficile failed to colonize the intestinal tracts of healthy, non-antibiotic-treated adult hamsters. PMID- 6642640 TI - Production of cholera toxin-like toxin by Vibrio mimicus and non-O1 Vibrio cholerae: batch culture conditions for optimum yields and isolation of hypertoxigenic lincomycin-resistant mutants. AB - Vibrio mimicus 61892, isolated in 1977 from a case of watery diarrhea in Bangladesh, produces an enterotoxin which possesses activity in Y-1 mouse adrenal cells and in rabbit ileal loops which is identical to the prototype cholera toxin (CT) produced by Vibrio cholerae 569B. The neutralization of the adrenal cell activity of 61892 toxin and 569B CT by homologous and heterologous antisera generates parallel titration curves which show complete neutralization in all cases. Paired titrations in the ganglioside GM1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (using either CT or Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin antitoxin) of both toxins indicates that 61892 toxin is antigenically indistinguishable from 569B CT. The specific activity of the two toxins in the rabbit ileal loop is virtually identical. Batch culture production of CT-like toxin and CT by isolates of V. mimicus and different biotypes of V. cholerae was found to be highest in shake flask cultures of Casamino Acids-yeast extract broth grown at 27 degrees C with vigorous aeration. Incorporation of lincomycin into the growth medium at a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml increased yields from wild-type strains. Dramatically higher yields were obtained when a spontaneous resistance mutant of strain 61892 was grown in the presence of 200 to 300 micrograms of lincomycin per ml. Under these conditions, yields of CT-like toxin were increased by 300- to 500 fold, and the highest yields reached more than 100 micrograms/ml after 44 h of culture. This is substantially higher than that reported in the literature for CT production by any strain of V. cholerae, including hypertoxigenic strain 569B. PMID- 6642641 TI - Bacteriology of moderate (chronic) periodontitis in mature adult humans. AB - A total of 171 taxa was represented among 1,900 bacterial isolates from 60 samples of sites affected with moderate periodontitis in 22 mature adult humans. The composition of the subgingival sulcus flora was statistically significantly different from that of the adjacent supragingival flora and the subgingival flora of 14 people with healthy gingiva, but was not significantly different from that of sulci affected with severe periodontitis in 21 young human adults. The sulcus floras of moderate periodontitis and severe periodontitis shared many of their predominant bacterial species, but there were differences in the relative proportions of some of these species. Similar relationships were found for seven taxa of treponemes that were cultured from the samples. PMID- 6642642 TI - In vitro and in vivo properties of chemically induced temperature-sensitive mutants of Chlamydia psittaci var. ovis: screening in a murine model. AB - Two temperature-sensitive (ts) strains, 1B and 1H, were obtained after nitrosoguanidine treatment of the wild-type virulent abortive ovine strain Chlamydia psittaci AB7. Optimum growth temperature on McCoy cells was 38 degrees C for the three strains, but at the restrictive temperature, 39.5 degrees C, ts strains differed from the parental strain in their total infective yield of chlamydiae, their efficiency of plating, and the morphology of the plaques and cytoplasmic inclusions. Their survival at 51 degrees C was also reduced compared with that of the wild field strains. The virulence of the two ts strains was attenuated for pregnant mice, but these two ts strains were able to multiply in mice and to induce a strong immunity to virulent challenge with either the parental AB7 strain or the caprine or bovine abortive field strains. PMID- 6642643 TI - In vitro and in vivo complementation of Streptococcus mutans mutants defective in adherence. AB - Previous studies have shown that adherence-defective mutants of Streptococcus mutans PS14, serotype c, can be grouped into several different phenotypic groups. In this study a method was developed to test for complementation between pairs of nonadhering mutants which possess different genotypic defects. Mutant strains UAB95 and a spectinomycin-resistant derivative of UAB95 (UAB516) were found to exhibit increased levels of adherence when grown together with UAB230 in media containing sucrose as compared to the adherence of each strain grown separately. An increase in caries was also observed in gnotobiotic rats mixedly infected with the two mutants as compared to either strain alone. Tests revealed that UAB95 produced more water-insoluble glucan than its parent strain but had a defect in glucan binding. UAB230 was found to produce levels of a defective glucan that could not be bound by mutant or wild-type cells. Our results suggest that UAB95 produces a water-insoluble glucan which is bound by UAB230, thus allowing complementation for adherence and caries production. PMID- 6642644 TI - Classical complement pathway activation by antipneumococcal antibodies leads to covalent binding of C3b to antibody molecules. AB - We have examined whether or not a physical relationship exists between antipneumococcal antibodies (Ab) and C3b when Ab activate the classical complement pathway on the surface of pneumococci (Pn). After sensitization with 125I-labeled Ab, Pn were sequentially incubated with purified C1, C4, C2, and biotinylated C3. Ab molecules were then eluted from Pn, and C3b-associated molecules were purified on avidin-Sepharose. Both 125I-labeled immunoglobulin G (IgG) and [125I]IgM bound to C3b; the association was stable to incubation in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 37 degrees C. The association was only partially reversed by incubation in 1 M hydroxylamine-0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (pH 10.5), implying that Ab and C3b were linked by amide as well as ester bonds. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of dithiothreitol and NH2OH eluates from the avidin-Sepharose showed that C3b bound to both heavy and light chains of the Ab. Moreover, the ability to bind to erythrocyte C3b receptors could be transferred to unsensitized Pn by eluates from Pn on which Ab had activated the classical pathway. These covalent complexes of Ab and C3b may be especially important in the opsonization of Pn by Ab and complement. PMID- 6642645 TI - Stimulation of complement production in mice by N alpha-(N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl D-isoglutamine)-N epsilon-stearoyl-L-lysine. AB - N alpha-(N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine)-N epsilon-stearoyl-L-lysine, a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analog, stimulated the production of the third component of complement (C3) in mice. The serum concentration of C3 was elevated significantly by subcutaneous treatment with a single dose (10 to 100 micrograms per mouse) of the adjuvant 24 h before assay of the serum. Thereafter, the concentration decreased gradually with time and returned to the normal level on day 4 to 5. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the serum revealed that the decrease in serum C3 could not be accounted for by the cleavage to C3a and C3b. By intermittent treatment with the adjuvant on every fifth day, a significant increase in serum C3 was repeated. However, no continuous retention of the serum level of C3 was established even during continuous treatment with the adjuvant once a day for 10 consecutive days. Instead, in this case, the level of C3 increased repeatedly at almost 5-day intervals. PMID- 6642646 TI - Host resistance of mice to Naegleria fowleri infections. AB - Naegleria fowleri is an etiological agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in humans and laboratory animals. The determinative factors in host resistance of mice to N. fowleri infections have not been fully characterized. Male or female B6C3F1 mice stimulated by intraperitoneal administration of 10(6) amoebae of N. fowleri nN68 per mouse produced agglutinating activity and markedly elevated levels of serum and immunoglobulins M and G. Despite a marked humoral response, protective immunity was increased only marginally by active immunization. Host resistance was not impaired by prior treatment with 350 rads of 60Co radiation or 200 mg of cyclophosphamide per kg or by concurrent daily treatment with 30 mg of cyclophosphamide per kg for 14 days. Moreover, host resistance was not impaired by daily treatment with 4 mg of diethylstilbestrol per kg for 14 days, with challenge on day 2 of drug exposure or 24 h after the last drug treatment. Mice depleted of hemolytic complement by cobra venom factor were more susceptible to N. fowleri infection than were untreated mice. PMID- 6642647 TI - Relationship between oxygen tension and subgingival bacterial flora in untreated human periodontal pockets. AB - The predominance of anaerobic bacteria in subgingival plaque samples suggests that the pocket environment is anaerobic. In the present investigation, a small oxygen tension (pO2) electrode was inserted into the base of the pocket and the pO2 was recorded. In addition, the plaque in these pockets was examined culturally and microscopically. The oxygen tension at the bottom of 36 pockets (5 to 10 mm in depth) ranged from 5 to 27 mmHg (1 mmHg congruent to 133.3 Pa) with a mean value of 13.3 mmHg. Moderate pockets (5 and 6 mm) exhibited a mean pO2 of 15.7 mmHg, which was significantly higher than the 12.0 mmHg found in the deeper pockets. The deep pockets had higher percentages of spirochetes and Bacteroides intermedius, whereas the moderate pockets had elevated proportions of Actinomyces naeslundii and Streptococcus mutans. The sites with oxygen tensions equal to or less than 15 mmHg had significantly higher percentages of spirochetes, whereas the microaerophilic Capnocytophaga species were found in pockets with a pO2 greater than 15 mmHg. The presence of bleeding in the pocket was associated with higher proportions of B. intermedius, Capnocytophaga sp., and A. naeslundii. These pO2 readings of periodontal pockets indicated that there is a spectrum of pO2 values which seem to define, in a general way, the microbiological composition of the pocket. PMID- 6642648 TI - Molecular identification of surface protein antigens of Campylobacter jejuni. AB - The technique of immunoblotting was used to identify the surface protein antigens of Campylobacter jejuni. Polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits to formalinized cells of a typical human fecal isolate, C. jejuni VC74. Surface components were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fractions analyzed included whole cell lysates, sarcosinate extracted outer membranes, released outer membrane blebs (fragments), isolated flagella, 0.2 M glycine-hydrochloride (pH 2.2) extract, saline extract, and material released by osmotic shocking. The ability of the antisera to recognize corresponding antigens on other strains of thermophilic campylobacters and Campylobacter fetus was also determined. The results demonstrated that heat labile antigenic specificity was conferred on C. jejuni VC74 by an outer membrane protein with an approximate molecular weight of 92,500. Both the major outer membrane protein and the flagella were immunogenic but did not confer either strain or species serospecificity on the strains tested. Another major antigen on thermophilic campylobacter cells was a surface protein with an approximate molecular weight of 31,000. This common antigen was preferentially removed by glycine extraction but was not detectable in outer membrane prepared by sarcosinate extraction. PMID- 6642650 TI - Extracellular dextranase activity produced by human oral strains of the genus Bifidobacterium. AB - Three strains of anaerobic, dextranase-producing, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria were isolated from human dental plaque associated with root carious lesions. The isolates produced a molar ratio of acetate to lactate from glucose fermentation ranging from 1.1 to 1.9. Each strain also produced fructose-6 phosphate phosphoketolase. The isolates were identified as belonging to the genus Bifidobacterium, but from their carbohydrate fermentation patterns they did not appear to be strains of Bifidobacterium dentium. These microorganisms fermented high-molecular-weight dextrans. A partial characterization of the dextranase activity was included in this study and revealed an extracellular dextranase with a pH optimum of 7.1. Analysis of the dextran degradation products demonstrated the liberation of saccharides larger than 1 glucose unit. It was concluded that this enzyme used an endohydrolytic mode of dextran cleavage. PMID- 6642649 TI - Cell-mediated immune response in Indian kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. AB - Cell-mediated immune (CMI) response in 16 Indian kala-azar (KA) and 12 post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKADL) patients was studied in detail by in vitro lymphocyte transformation experiments and by in vivo skin testing. Peripheral blood lymphocytes of active KA patients failed to be stimulated by leishmania antigen. On the other hand, lymphocytes from a majority of the active KA patients could be stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. Active KA patients also failed to show delayed type hypersensitivity reaction to leishmanin, although 72% of them showed delayed type hypersensitivity to a purified protein derivative of tuberculin. Longitudinal studies indicated that antigen-specific CMI response usually appeared in treated KA patients after 12 to 20 weeks of antileishmanial drug therapy, although individual variations were noted. CMI response in PKADL patients was variable as about two-thirds of them showed positive sensitization to leishmania antigen in either in vivo or in vitro tests. Usually, patients with newly acquired PKADL exhibited better CMI response than those with chronic PKADL. However, lymphocytes from all of these patients could be stimulated normally by phytohemagglutinin. Results presented in this study show an impairment of CMI response in active KA which appears to be more specific to leishmania than generalized in nature. Moreover, restoration of specific T-cell responsiveness was aided by antileishmanial drug therapy which resulted in the reduction of antigenic load by parasite destruction and a concomitant decrease in circulating antibody levels, particularly that of the immunoglobulin G class. We suggest that the protection afforded by specific CMI response against Leishmania donovani infection may not be absolute and probably depends on other host-related factors leading to parasite destruction and patient recovery. PMID- 6642651 TI - Enhancement of experimental ulcerative colitis by immunization with Bacteroides vulgatus. AB - Previous studies with the guinea pig model for ulcerative colitis have shown that the inducing agent, carrageenan, does not provoke ulcerations in germfree guinea pigs, but animals monoassociated with Bacteroides vulgatus develop cecal ulcerations when fed carrageenan. In an effort to define the role of B. vulgatus in this model system, conventional guinea pigs were immunized with B. vulgatus before carrageenan treatment. Immunized animals developed both circulating antibody and positive skin tests for the homologous antigen. A comparison of B. vulgatus-immune and nonimmune carrageenan recipients after 30 days of carrageenan treatment revealed ulcerations of the ceca and large intestine in both groups, but the immune group developed more severe lesions than the nonimmune group. The most severe intestinal lesions were detected in B. vulgatus-immune animals fed both carrageenan and daily doses of viable B. vulgatus. Immune recipients of B. vulgatus alone did not develop ulcerations, but showed histological evidence of intestinal inflammation. Lesions observed in B. vulgatus-immune animals were most severe in the colon and rectum, in contrast to more severe cecal lesions detected in nonimmune carrageenan recipients. Similar experiments with Bacteroides fragilis as an antigen for immunization showed no difference between immune and nonimmune groups. These results suggest that immunization with B. vulgatus enhances the severity of carrageenan-induced colitis. PMID- 6642652 TI - Diphtheria toxin does not enter resistant cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. AB - Diphtheria toxin (DT) and pseudomonas toxin are two distinct microbial toxins which inhibit protein synthesis in an identical manner, i.e., by the inactivation of cytoplasmic elongation factor 2. Although murine cells bind both toxins, they are 10,000-fold less sensitive to DT than to pseudomonas toxin. This suggests that the level of resistance resides at some event after binding. We have previously shown that pseudomonas toxin enters mouse LM fibroblasts by receptor mediated endocytosis, a process in which ligand is internalized via specialized clathrin-coated pits and moves to the Golgi region and then to the lysosomes. Here, we visually follow the entry and trafficking of DT by resistant mouse fibroblasts. A biotinyl-toxin-avidin-gold system was used to visualize DT on the ultrastructural level. DT entered resistant cells through non-clathrin-coated regions of the plasma membrane and within 2.5 to 5 min was seen in lysosomes. Only rarely was DT seen in coated pits or in the Golgi region. Furthermore, the temperature dependence of internalization of 125I-labeled horseradish peroxidase and 125I-labeled DT by LM cells was similar. On the basis of these observations, we postulate that DT does not enter DT-resistant LM cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis and that receptor-mediated endocytosis is required for efficient expression of toxicity. PMID- 6642653 TI - Experimental allergic neuritis-like disease in rabbits after injection with influenza vaccines mixed with gangliosides and adjuvants. AB - An experimental allergic neuritis-like disease was induced in rabbits 3 to 8 weeks after injection with large doses of influenza vaccines mixed with gangliosides, cholesterol, and Freund complete adjuvant. The inclusion of gangliosides was essential to induce the experimental allergic neuritis-like disease. In trials with six different lots of vaccine, both swine influenza and non-swine influenza vaccines produced by four different manufacturers induced experimental allergic neuritis-like disease in 26 of 43 inoculated rabbits. PMID- 6642654 TI - Cell surface hydrophobicity of dental plaque microorganisms in situ. AB - The cell surface hydrophobicity of bacteria obtained directly from human tooth surfaces was assayed by measuring their adherence to liquid hydrocarbons. Fresh samples of supragingival dental plaque were washed and dispersed in buffer. Adherence of the plaque microorganisms to hexadecane, octane, and xylene was tested turbidimetrically and by direct microscopic observation. The results clearly show that the vast majority of bacteria comprising dental plaque exhibit pronounced cell surface hydrophobicity. These data support the hypothesis that hydrophobic interactions play a major role in mediating bacterial adherence on tooth surfaces. PMID- 6642655 TI - Preparation of a semisynthetic vaccine to Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3. AB - A semisynthetic vaccine to Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 has been developed. The hexasaccharide [leads to 3)GlcpA beta(1 leads to 4)Glcp beta(1 leads to]3 was isolated from a partial acid hydrolysate of the capsular polysaccharide S3. It was coupled to stearylamine by reductamination with NaCNBH3 and then incorporated into liposomes. These haptenated liposomes were tested for immunogenicity in mice. They induced protection to a lethal dose (25 50% lethal doses) of S. pneumoniae type 3 and gave rise to immunoglobulin M antibodies. No cross protection was observed against S. pneumoniae type 11. PMID- 6642656 TI - Association of neuraminidase-sensitive receptors and putative hydrophobic interactions with high-affinity binding sites for Streptococcus sanguis C5 in salivary pellicles. AB - The relationship of neuraminidase-sensitive receptors and putative hydrophobic interactions to high- and low-affinity binding sites in experimental salivary pellicles for Streptococcus sanguis C5 was investigated. NaSCN, an inhibitor of hydrophobic interactions, reduced the number of cells which adsorbed to pellicles to a greater extent than NaCl or KCl when both low and high streptococcal concentrations were used in assays. However, NaSCN was not more effective than NaCl or KCl in desorbing 3H-labeled salivary pellicle components from hydroxyapatite, and NaSCN pretreatment of either strain C5 cells or the salivary pellicles did not destroy or remove either the streptococcal adhesions or the pellicle receptors. Neuraminidase treatment of pellicles or the presence of sialic acid-containing gangliosides only inhibited S. sanguis adsorption when low streptococcal concentrations were used. At these concentrations, S. sanguis adsorbs primarily to high-affinity pellicle binding sites. Adsorption isotherms indicated that neuraminidase-sensitive interactions were mainly responsible for the high affinity of these binding sites, whereas putative hydrophobic interactions inhibitable by NaSCN were mainly associated with the numbers of binding sites available. Sugar inhibition studies suggested that the two classes of binding sites previously demonstrated in untreated salivary pellicles for S. sanguis C5 are not the result of a partial conversion of high-affinity sites to low-affinity sites due to removal of sialic acid residues. PMID- 6642657 TI - Role of macrophages in host defense against hepatic amoebiasis in hamsters. AB - The role of macrophages in hepatic amoebiasis in hamsters has been investigated by means of antimacrophage serum prepared in rabbits. Animals treated with normal rabbit serum or antimacrophage serum, as well as untreated controls, were inoculated intrahepatically with 10(5) axenic trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. In hamsters treated with antimacrophage serum before intrahepatic inoculation of amoebae, the mean weight of the metastatic foci was significantly greater than in normal rabbit serum-treated or untreated controls. Treatment of hamsters with antimacrophage serum both before and after administration of amoebae not only increased significantly the size of the abscess in the liver but also allowed dissemination of metastatic foci to other organs. PMID- 6642658 TI - Detection of anti-teichoic acid immunoglobulin G antibodies in experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to purified cell wall teichoic acids from the Staphylococcus aureus Lafferty strain and three strains of coagulase negative staphylococci. Significant immunological cross-reactivity occurred only between the teichoic acid of S. aureus and one coagulase-negative preparation. The ELISA was used to determine the serum IgG response to Staphylococcus epidermidis in a rabbit model of aortic valve endocarditis. Blood samples were drawn before inoculation and then every 5 days until death or sacrifice at 32 to 35 days postinoculation. Valve vegetations were culture positive at autopsy in 16 (59%) of the 27 catheterized rabbits. Antibody titers in this culture-positive group and the culture-negative group began to rise as early as day 6. Although both groups demonstrated an antibody response, the culture-positive group attained a significantly higher titer on days 26 and 31. Antibodies also rose in a control group of rabbits without a heart catheter but which were inoculated with bacteria. Again, the antibody titer was significantly less than that for the culture-positive group. This ELISA may be useful for the diagnosis of coagulase negative staphylococcal infections in humans. PMID- 6642659 TI - Immunoglobulin A-mediated hepatobiliary transport constitutes a natural pathway for disposing of bacterial antigens. AB - The possibility that hepatobiliary transport of immunoglobulin A (IgA) immune complexes might eliminate bacterial antigens was investigated in mice with pneumococcal type III capsular polysaccharide and C carbohydrate and corresponding monoclonal antibodies. Although all isotypes of antibody caused uptake by the liver, only IgA, but not IgG or IgM, antibodies transported these substances into bile where they were detected in the form of immune complexes and as free antigens. Small doses (10 micrograms or less) of passively administered IgA antibody were sufficient to induce measurable transport of capsular polysaccharide into bile. Transport of C carbohydrate was significantly correlated with the level of naturally occurring IgA antibodies specific for the phosphocholine determinant, but not with IgM or IgG antibodies. These results suggest that the continual process of hepatic uptake of circulating polymeric IgA may function to eliminate bacterial macromolecular products that are not readily susceptible to other mechanisms of disposal. PMID- 6642660 TI - Tracheal function during influenza infections. AB - Studies with animal models have demonstrated that viral respiratory tract infections suppress bacterial clearance processes in the lung and that this alteration in host defenses appears to explain the excessive mortality from bacterial pneumonia during influenza epidemics. However, since the pathogenesis of postinfluenza pneumonia and other pneumonias probably involves the aspiration of normal nasopharyngeal flora, injury to major airways associated with influenza infections could also contribute to the development of bacterial pneumonia by increasing bacterial deposition in the peripheral lung. We investigated this possibility by evaluating tracheal clearance processes and spontaneous changes in the tracheal flora in a murine model for acute influenza. During fine-particle aerosol exposures to Staphylococcus aureus, influenza-infected mice retained the same number of bacteria on their proximal tracheal surfaces as did control mice, and the relative adherence of the staphylococci to the trachea was similar in both groups of mice. However, the clearance of viable staphylococci from the trachea was significantly delayed in influenza-infected mice. Control and influenza-infected mice were also evaluated for changes in their normal tracheal flora. Mice with established influenza infections had more frequent spontaneous colonization with gram-negative bacteria, more bacterial isolates per animal, and higher bacterial concentrations in tracheal homogenates than control mice. These changes in tracheal flora were most pronounced on day 7 after virus inoculation and persisted after virus titers were undetectable, but eventually resolved by day 14 after virus infection. Tetracycline therapy started 2 days after virus inoculation prevented the increased colonization. This impaired clearance function and increased spontaneous colonization were associated with morphological evidence of mucosal regeneration. We conclude that spontaneous changes in tracheal flora occur during influenza infections, that these changes reflect, in part, impaired clearance functions, and that such changes could contribute to the development of pneumonia regardless of the clearance capacity of the lung parenchyma. PMID- 6642661 TI - Killing of Aspergillus spores depends on the anatomical source of the macrophage. AB - To resolve the controversy over the capacity of macrophages to kill or inhibit germination of Aspergillus spores, we compared this function in peritoneal and alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages from rabbits killed 82 to 90% and completely digested 72 to 82% of spores of Aspergillus fumigatus in 30 h. In contrast, peritoneal macrophages could not even inhibit the germination of ingested spores; more than 85% transformed into mycelia within 24 h. Killing by alveolar macrophages was delayed for 3 to 6 h after phagocytosis and was independent of oxidative killing mechanisms and immune activation. The ability of alveolar macrophages to kill Aspergillus spores without modulation by T lymphocytes or the generation of oxygen intermediates points out that concepts built on studies of peritoneal macrophages may be misleading and underscores the importance of studying the role of macrophages in immunity with cells from the appropriate anatomical site. PMID- 6642662 TI - Infection of mouse lymphoblastoid cell lines with Mycoplasma hyorhinis: complex nature of mycoplasma-host cell interactions. AB - Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection of lymphoid cells is a complex process. Mycoplasmas adsorb to cell surface receptors and undergo lateral redistribution on the cell membrane. This process culminates in the formation of co-caps of mycoplasmas and specific cell surface antigens. One or more of these antigens may be a M. hyorhinis receptor(s) or may bear a receptor moiety(s). We show that the cell surface antigens Thy-1.2 and Thy-1.1, and to a lesser extent H-2 and gp70, but not T200, are co-capped with M. hyorhinis on the membranes of acutely infected mouse thymic lymphoblastoid cell lines. These antigens may represent multiple receptor(s) for M. hyorhinis since there is no correlation between the expression of any individual antigen and the susceptibility of these cell lines to infection. PMID- 6642663 TI - Characterization of Spiroplasma mirum (suckling mouse cataract agent) in a rabbit lens cell culture. AB - Spiroplasma mirum (suckling mouse cataract agent) was studied in an epithelial cell line AG-4676, derived from rabbit eye lens. Rabbit eye lens is a natural target tissue of S. mirum infection. The organism grew rapidly in this cell line, reaching titers of 10(7) to 10(9) color change units per ml at 7 days after infection. This is the same level as that achieved in SP-4 medium designed specifically for S. mirum. No lag period was apparent in growth in AG-4676. S. mirum did not grow in Dulbecco minimal essential medium-10% fetal bovine serum, the medium for AG-4676, indicating the need for cells or a cellular product. S. mirum-infected AG-4676 cells exhibited vacuolization and granulation and an increase in polynucleation compared with uninfected controls (36/100 versus 14/100, P less than 0.001). Infection significantly decreased the growth rate of AG-4676, especially late in the growth cycle. In a representative experiment, growth of AG-4676 at 11 days was reduced from 9 X 10(5) to 2 X 10(4) cells by S. mirum infection. S. mirum grew to high titers in conditioned medium of AG-4676, obtained from cell-free supernatants of 1- to 5-day-old AG-4676 cultures. This growth promotion was not due to osmotic conditioning of the medium. Preliminary characterization of this growth promotion substance showed it to be active after 0.22-micron filtration, heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min, freezing and thawing, and dilution at 10(-1) but not 10(-2). AG-4676-propagated S. mirum produced death or cataracts in suckling Wistar rats at the same frequency (55/60, 91.7%) as SP-4 propagated organisms (60/65, 92.3%). PMID- 6642664 TI - Simple adult rabbit model for Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. AB - We tested the usefulness of the Removable Intestinal Tie Adult Rabbit Diarrhea model to establish Campylobacter jejuni infection in rabbits. The procedure involved ligation of the cecum, placement of a slip knot at the terminal ileum, and injection of the test inoculum into the mid-small bowel. The ends of the slip knot were externalized, and the tie was released 4 h later. Fifty-five rabbits received C. jejuni, and 16 received uninoculated medium as controls. Daily rectal swabs were positive for 2 weeks in infected rabbits. The diarrheal attack rate was 64% in infected rabbits and 0% in controls. Diarrhea was characterized by loose, mucus-containing stools after an incubation period ranging from 24 h to 6 days. When blood was obtained daily for culture from 30 rabbits for 4 days post challenge, bacteremia was present in 96.3% 24 h after challenge but diminished to 5 of 19 (26.3%) at 96 h. Death occurred in 53% of rabbits and was always preceded by diarrhea. No control animal died. Only 5 of 35 animals experiencing diarrhea recovered. An indirect whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine serum immunoglobulin G responses. Mean titers rose from 1:198 preoperatively to 1:9,087 on day 28. Necropsy on eight infected and two control animals showed inflammatory lesions with ulceration in 62.5% and goblet cell hyperplasia in 75% of infected rabbits. We conclude that the Removable Intestinal Tie Adult Rabbit Diarrhea procedure is a simple, effective method to establish C. jejuni infection which mimics human disease. PMID- 6642665 TI - Differential complement activation and susceptibility to human serum bactericidal action by Vibrio species. AB - The ability of Vibrio vulnificus to resist human serum bactericidal action and to activate human complement was compared with similar cultures of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Both V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus had similar survival rates in sera and were much more resistant to killing than was V. cholerae. In contrast, V. vulnificus activated significantly less serum complement than did V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. The relative ability of V. vulnificus to survive in serum and activate less complement than other Vibrio spp. tested may be related to its ability to cause chronic tissue infections and septicemias. PMID- 6642666 TI - Human polymorphonuclear neutrophil functions are unaffected by human interferon alpha 2. AB - Leukocyte-derived interferons have been reported to enhance the functions of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. This study reveals no effect of the highly purified recombinant DNA-produced human interferon-alpha 2 on the oxidative, chemotactic, adherent, phagocytic, and bactericidal activities of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils in vitro. PMID- 6642667 TI - Role of monocytes in polyclonal immunoglobulin production stimulated by sonicates of periodontally associated bacteria. AB - These studies were initiated to investigate monocyte regulation of polyclonal antibody responses of human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated by sonicates of periodontally associated bacteria. With pokeweed mitogen (PWM) as a positive reference, the role of monocytes in the peripheral blood lymphocyte response to Streptococcus sanguis and Wolinella HVS was examined by manipulating the number of monocytes and lymphocytes in culture. In comparison to PWM, optimal responses to the bacterial sonicates required very few monocytes (0.3% of the total cultured cells). Restoration of monocytes to physiological levels resulted in suppression of the response. PWM-stimulated responses were optimal at 5 to 15% monocyte content and were abolished after monocyte depletion. Individuals who were low responders or nonresponders to bacterial sonicates responded at normal levels after manipulation of monocyte concentration. Nonresponders produced normal levels of antibody when the monocyte concentration was reduced to 0.3% but were inhibited after monocyte reconstitution. The effects of monocyte concentration were tested over a wide dose range of bacterial sonicate and found to conform to the observed pattern throughout the dose range tested (10 to 1,000 micrograms/ml). The contrasting monocyte requirement of peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated with PWM versus bacterial sonicates may reflect a quantitative difference in optimal macrophage concentration or may be due to a qualitative difference in lymphocyte-monocyte interactions in response to these activators. PMID- 6642668 TI - Impaired response of neutrophils to a lymphokine by sera from patients with connective tissue disease. AB - The studies reported here were designed to determine whether sera from various patients could prevent neutrophils from responding to the lymphokine, neutrophil migration inhibition factor from T lymphocytes (NIF-T). Neutrophils from healthy donors were treated with sera from 84 subjects and assayed for responses to NIF T. Serum from 7 of 37 patients (19%) with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and various forms of vasculitis showed blocking activity. In contrast, none of 47 subjects, including healthy individuals and patients with spondylarthropathies, cancer, and active infections had a serum factor that prevented neutrophils from responding to NIF-T (P less than 0.01). Serum blocking activity occurred transiently in association with infection by Staphylococcus aureus in one patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, autologous neutrophils from this same patient showed impaired responses to NIF-T. Blocking activity could be eluted from protein A-Sepharose in three of three patients studied. In three of seven patients, blocking activity was detected in serum cryoprecipitates, with a recovery of 46 to 78% of the blocking activity and overall enrichment (purification) of 137- to 281-fold. Analysis of cryoprecipitates by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the predominance of immunoglobulins M and G. In one patient, the serum blocking activity was not cryoprecipitable, and cryoprecipitates from a patient with essential cryoglobulinemia failed to prevent neutrophils from responding to NIF-T. Blocking activity was relatively specific for NIF-T, as there was no effect on F-met-leu-phe-induced chemotaxis of neutrophils. Serum blocking activity in patients with connective tissue disease showed some correlation (r = 0.50; P less than 0.01) with immune complexes detected by polyethylene glycol precipitation but not Clq binding. These studies suggest that the response of neutrophils to NIF-T may be blocked by serum, possibly as a result of immune complexes or autoantibodies found primarily in patients with connective tissue disease. PMID- 6642669 TI - Dermal granulomatous hypersensitivity in Q fever: comparative studies of the granulomatous potential of whole cells of Coxiella burnetii phase I and subfractions. AB - Dermal granulomatous reactivity to Q fever antigens in guinea pigs has been described as a model for vaccine reactions seen in previously sensitized humans. This model has now been applied to study the ability of subfractions of Coxiella burnetii to produce granulomas. Q fever organisms in phase I, trichloroacetic acid-soluble and -insoluble fractions, and the extract and residue of chloroform methanol extraction were tested for their relative ability to elicit and immunize for dermal granulomatous reactions and specific lymphocyte proliferative responses in guinea pigs. The results suggest that a determinant(s) causing granulomas can be removed by chloroform-methanol extraction of phase I whole cells. The chloroform-methanol residue elicited strong delayed-type hypersensitivity without subsequent granuloma formation. The chloroform-methanol residue appears to possess a determinant(s) for lymphocyte stimulation equivalent to that of whole phase I organisms. PMID- 6642670 TI - Attachment and internalization of a Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum strain by McCoy cells: kinetics of infectivity and effect of lectins and carbohydrates. AB - The kinetics of attachment and ingestion of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1 by monolayers of McCoy cells were studied by using a method that discriminated between attachment and uptake. When about 1% of the McCoy cells was infected, the proteinase K-resistant chlamydial fraction, regarded as ingested chlamydiae, reached a constant value after about 3 h of incubation at 37 degrees C. Uptake of chlamydiae at 4 degrees C could not be demonstrated. The attached and ingested chlamydial fractions were constant over an eightfold increase in chlamydial inoculum. Chitobiose and chitotriose, the di- and trisaccharides of N-acetyl-D glucosamine, reduced the association of C. trachomatis serotype L1 with McCoy cells. Higher concentrations of chitobiose also selectively inhibited ingestion of chlamydiae. A corresponding effect of chitobiose was also observed on the number of chlamydial inclusions. Wheat germ agglutinin, specific for N-acetyl-D glucosamine residues, reduced the association of chlamydiae when incubated at 4 degrees C, but not at 37 degrees C. A small inhibiting effect of concanavalin A on association of chlamydiae, but no effect of the corresponding carbohydrates, indicates a nonspecific effect on chlamydial attachment of this lectin. These results suggest that beta 1 leads to 4-linked oligomers of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine are important in the specificity of attachment of C. trachomatis to McCoy cells. PMID- 6642671 TI - Monoclonal antibodies as probes of tetanus toxin structure and function. AB - Monoclonal antibodies specific for fragment B, fragment C, and light chain of tetanus toxin were prepared by fusion of P3X63Ag8 BALB/c myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with tetanus toxoid or fragment B. Hybridoma colonies were assayed for antibody production by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fourteen positive clones were identified, cloned by limiting dilution, and injected intraperitoneally into mice to obtain ascites fluids. Thirteen of the monoclonal antibodies were of the immunoglobulin G1 subclass and one was immunoglobulin G2. Two of the antibodies were directed against sites on fragment C, nine were directed against the light chain, and three were directed against the portion of fragment B which does not comprise the light chain of tetanus toxin. At least one antibody in each group exhibited significant toxin neutralization activity. However, only one of these neutralizing antibodies strongly inhibited the binding of 125I-tetanus toxin to ganglioside-coated plates. These data indicate that interference with receptor recognition is not the only means of neutralizing tetanus toxin. Monoclonal antitoxins as potential therapeutic and prophylactic reagents are discussed. PMID- 6642672 TI - Clearance and tissue distribution of intravenously injected Salmonella typhi polysaccharide in rabbits. AB - The interaction of Freeman polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi with blood and tissues of rabbits was studied by radioimmunoassay. After intravenous injection of 1.0 mg of S. typhi Freeman polysaccharide, a rapid clearance phase (t1/2, 6.0 min) was followed by a slower clearance period (t1/2, 55.2 min). These results suggest first, that the distribution of whole lipopolysaccharide is a function of how the polysaccharides are handled by the host; further, that the O side chain determines how and where lipopolysaccharide is cleared from the circulatory system; and finally, that Freeman polysaccharide regulates the toxicity of lipopolysaccharide by influencing its clearance from blood. PMID- 6642673 TI - Mutagenesis of extrachromosomal genetic determinants for exfoliative toxin B and bacteriocin R1 synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus after plasmid transfer by protoplast fusion. AB - In previous studies, we have shown that a 27-megadalton plasmid (pRW002) in Staphylococcus aureus contains genetic determinants for exfoliative toxin B (ET B) and bacteriocin (Bac R1) synthesis and Bac R1 resistance. Attempts to transform or transduce this plasmid to S. aureus or Bacillus subtilis recipients were not successful. However, genetic transfer of the plasmid was possible after polyethylene glycol-induced fusion of S. aureus protoplasts containing pRW002 and S. aureus protoplasts lacking this plasmid. Some of the resulting fusants lost the ability to make ET B, Bac R1, or both products. Fusants that were Bac R1-, Bac R1s, ET B- all lacked the 27-megadalton pRW002 plasmid. The largest class of fusants was Bac R1+, Bac R1r, ET B-. Immunodiffusion analyses of ET B extracts from 28 fusants showed that four ET B+ strains were cross-reacting mutants that produced ET B protein that was serologically related to, but not identical to, the wild-type toxin. Results indicated that genetic transfer of pRW002 after protoplast fusion induced molecular rearrangements that resulted in mutation of the genetic determinants for ET B and Bac R1 synthesis. Recombination of chromosomal genes was enhanced after CaCl2 was added to the protoplast-fusion mixture. PMID- 6642674 TI - Infectivity of organisms recovered from polymicrobial abscesses. AB - The ability to cause subcutaneous abscesses in mice was used to identify the pathogens among the bacteria recovered from 13 clinical abscesses. A total of 35 isolates (30 anaerobes and 5 aerobes), 16 of which were encapsulated, were recovered from these abscesses. Encapsulated organisms included eight Bacteroides spp. (three Bacteroides asaccharolyticus and one strain each of Bacteroides oralis, Bacteroides intermedius, Bacteroides biacutus, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. brevis), three anaerobic gram-positive cocci, two Clostridium spp., and two strains of Escherichia coli. Single organisms, or combinations thereof, obtained from these abscesses were inoculated subcutaneously into mice. All but one of the encapsulated organisms were able to cause abscesses by themselves and were recovered from the abscesses when inoculated with other organisms. Seven non-encapsulated organisms which were also recovered mixed with the encapsulated organisms were never able to cause abscesses nor could they be recovered after they were injected alone. Thirteen strains that did not induce abscesses when injected by themselves into mice survived when injected with other organisms which were encapsulated. In three instances, pairs of non-encapsulated organisms belonging to the last group were able to induce an abscess and survive in it when inoculated together. It was shown that the possession of a capsule by a clinical isolate increases the likelihood that it is a major contributor to the infectious process. PMID- 6642675 TI - Vibrio cholerae expresses iron-regulated outer membrane proteins in vivo. AB - A comparison was made, using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, of the outer membrane proteins of four strains of Vibrio cholerae grown in vivo in infant rabbits and in vitro in low-iron and iron supplemented defined media. In vivo-grown V. cholerae expressed novel outer membrane-associated proteins which, in part, were similar to those observed on V. cholerae grown in vitro under conditions of iron deprivation. PMID- 6642676 TI - The effect of piperacillin prophylaxis on the colonic microflora In patients undergoing colorectal surgery. AB - Piperacillin was given parenterally in doses of 4 g every 8 h for two days to 20 patients undergoing colorectal surgery. A series of serum and fecal specimens were taken to analyse piperacillin concentrations. Tissue samples from the gut wall were taken during surgery. The maximum serum concentrations during surgery were reached 15 min after piperacillin administration. On Day 0 the mean half life was 1.9 h and the mean area under the serum concentration curve was 536.8 mg/l. The piperacillin concentrations in the tissue samples ranged from 4.2 to 103.5 mg/kg. The tissue/serum ratio was 0.45. The piperacillin concentrations in the fecal samples ranged from not detectable to 101.2 mg/kg. Fecal samples were also collected during the investigation period for the cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Of the aerobic bacteria, enterococci, streptococci and enterobacteria decreased in on fourth of the patients during the prophylaxis period. Anaerobic bacteria, e. g. cocci, gram-positive rods, fusobacteria and bacteroides, decreased in two thirds of the patients during the same period. After the piperacillin administration period, the aerobic and anaerobic colon microflora returned to the pre-treatment pattern in most patients. Postoperative infections due to Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii, Bacteroides fragilis, peptococci and peptostreptococci occurred in two patients. PMID- 6642677 TI - Immunosuppressive treatment of chronic HBsAg-positive hepatitis in childhood. AB - The results of immunosuppressive treatment (a corticosteroid-azathioprine combination) in 104 children suffering from chronic HBsAg-positive hepatitis are reviewed. A recovery and/or improvement of the majority of the cases treated was observed after two to seven years of therapy, in contradiction to the opinion of other authors who treated adult patients. A biochemical and/or bioptic deterioration was observed in some cases in which treatment was interrupted too soon; this was followed by an improvement when treatment was re-initiated. No serious side-effects were observed with the combination treatment. PMID- 6642679 TI - Lung tissue concentrations of cefoperazone. AB - The following lung tissue concentrations of cefoperazone were found in 20 patients after a 2 g single dose: 45.3-113.3 mg/kg after one hour and 20.5-68.1 mg/kg after two hours. The respective serum levels were measured in parallel determinations for comparison purposes. All determinations were carried out by means of high pressure liquid chromatography. The results suggest that cefoperazone has a rapid and sustained concentration ability in the lung tissue. The drug is therefore suitable for perioperative prophylaxis in lung surgery. PMID- 6642678 TI - [Cefsulodin in the treatment of Pseudomonas meningitis]. AB - Three patients with meningitis due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in one patient following a neurosurgical procedure and in two patients following severe head trauma with multiple skull bone fractures and liquorrhea) were treated with cefsulodin in combination with other antibiotics (aminoglycosides/acylureido penicillins). All of the patients were cured. Two patients received intraventricular administrations of aminoglycosides in addition to systemically applied antibiotics. After recurrence of pseudomonas meningitis in one patient in spite of the intraventricular application of an aminoglycoside, definite cure could only be obtained by additional intraventricular application of cefsulodin. The third patient was cured by systemic administration of cefsulodin and amikacin. The value of cefsulodin is discussed with reference to obtainable ventricular and lumbar CSF concentrations. PMID- 6642681 TI - Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus bacteremia in a patient with liver cirrhosis. PMID- 6642680 TI - Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria commonly isolated from the upper respiratory tract. PMID- 6642682 TI - [Selective intubation of a main bronchus in the treatment of localized interstitial emphysema in newborn infants]. PMID- 6642683 TI - [Pulmonary embolism immediately following removal of a central vein catheter]. PMID- 6642684 TI - [A new high-frequency e et ventilator - Giessen model]. PMID- 6642685 TI - [Emergency therapy of acute abdominal diseases]. PMID- 6642686 TI - [Respiratory depression caused by postoperative fentanyl rebound]. PMID- 6642687 TI - [Surgery of the thyroid gland in the endemic region from the viewpoint of the anesthesiologist]. PMID- 6642688 TI - [Anesthesia in kidney explantation]. PMID- 6642689 TI - [Anesthesiologic and operative procedures for extensive urologic surgery]. PMID- 6642690 TI - [Postoperative pain - influencing factors]. PMID- 6642691 TI - [Treatment of ileus with sympathicolysis: therapy protocol]. PMID- 6642692 TI - Limitations to the use of employee exposure data on air contaminants in epidemiologic studies. AB - The bias in the estimation of uptake of substances in the human body from exposure data gathered from ordinary workplace check-ups is discussed. It is concluded that most exposure is probably overrated. This means that exposure limits based on these premises will tend to be too high. To counteract this bias in the future, filed exposure data should be accompanied with information on a number of circumstances which prevailed at the sampling. PMID- 6642694 TI - Differential effects of hot-humid and hot-dry environments on mental functions. AB - Twenty five subjects acclimatised to heat artificially were exposed to "basic effective temperatures" (BET) of 25.0 degrees, 29.6 degrees, 32.2 degrees, 33.3 degrees and 35.0 degrees C BET under conditions of both humid and dry heat. The object of the investigation was to ascertain the nature of effects of varying degrees of heat stress on mental alertness, associative learning, reasoning ability and dual-performance efficiency. A further aim was to determine the temperature levels at which impairment of psychological functions was severe enough to be of practical concern. The duration of each exposure was four hours, during which subjects performed physical exercise followed by rest every 30 min. It was found that all the psychological functions tested were adversely affected under extreme heat, and that a significant drop in various psychological functions was seen at effective temperatures of 32.2 degrees C and 33.3 degrees C in hot-humid and hot-dry conditions respectively. It is concluded that at the same effective temperatures the magnitude of the overall effect on psychological functions under humid conditions is relatively greater than that under dry conditions. PMID- 6642693 TI - [Plasma dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline response during cardiac and peripheral-muscular exhaustion]. AB - Nine healthy subjects performed 2 different graded bicycle ergometric tests. The 1st test started with 50 watt and was increased 50 watt after 3 min till exhaustion as a model of a metabolic and cardiac exhaustion. The 2nd test started with 100 watt and was increased 50 watt after 15 min till exhaustion as a model of a peripheral-muscular exhaustion. The behaviour of plasma catecholamines, lactate and glucose levels, heart rate and oxygen intake was examined. The results were as following: Performance ability 305 (test 1) and 233 watt (test 2; mean values), work time 17.5 min (1) and 51 min (2), heart rate 185 min-1 (1) and 175 min-1 (2), noradrenaline 30.7 nmol/l (1) and 11.0 nmol/l (2), adrenaline 6.9 nmol/l (1) and 2 nmol/l (2), lactate 9.2 (1) and 6.6 mmol/l (2), glucose 5.6 mmol/l (1) and 4.7 mmol/l (2). During highly intensive dynamic exercise (test 1), three times higher catecholamine and 50% higher lactate responses were observed, than during peripheral-muscular limited endurance exercise (test 2). Above an exercise level of more than 30% VO2 max., nor- and adrenaline increased significantly. Below 50-70% VO2 max. steady-state-behaviour occurred. Above this range unsteady-state-behaviour of plasma catecholamines was observed. Dopamine did not show any significant time and intensity dependent increase. Noradrenaline and adrenaline followed the same initial 1st order elimination kinetic. PMID- 6642695 TI - Coronary heart disease risk factors in bus and truck drivers. A controlled cohort study. AB - Fifty-two bus and truck drivers and a control group of 52 male industrial workers were studied with regard to risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) as well as some psycho-social and occupational indicators. The main results were: higher mean values for serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides and blood pressure in the driver group, indicating a markedly higher risk of CHD in the driver group. The two groups were matched for age, socio-economic status, dietary habits, smoking habits and alcohol consumption. In the study the groups were found to be equal as regards CHD-inheritance, physical activity in leisure time, and relative body weight, W/H2. No CO could be traced in the vehicles. The psycho-social and occupational indicators showed considerable differences. The average score for the exposure factor "tempo/time-limit/urgency in job" was 50% higher, and the number of persons with the characteristic "type-A coronary-prone behaviour" was 30% higher in the driver group than in the control group. The difference in blood lipids and blood pressure increased with age. It is suggested that the higher CHD risk in the driver group is associated with two factors: (1) greater psychic pressure in the working situation; (2) the selection of more type-A persons to driver occupations. A probable, but not commonly accepted theory, is that these psychosocial indicators may influence the traditional risk factors in a harmful way. PMID- 6642696 TI - PbB and ALAD in mentally retarded and normal children. AB - Blood lead (PbB) and erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) were measured in a group (A) of 50 mentally retarded children of unknown etiology (24 boys and 26 girls; average age 13.38 years, range 10-17 years) from an institution for handicapped children in Zagreb, and in a group (B) of 50 "normal" children (31 boys and 19 girls; average age 13.36 years, range 10-17 years) from a nearby orphanage in the same area (less polluted) of northern Zagreb. The children in group A had spent an average of 4.12 years (0.6-12 years) in the institution, and came from both urban (n = 23) and rural (n = 27) areas. The children in group B had spent an average of 4.88 years (1-14 years) in the orphanage, and also came from both urban (n = 38) and rural (n = 12) areas. The data obtained indicate a very close distribution of ALAD PbB levels in both groups, but a considerably different distribution of levels in favour of a lower activity in mentally retarded children. However, PbB and ALAD in both groups were within the range of currently acceptable "normal" values. The median and range values in groups A and B, respectively, were: 132 micrograms/l (85-256 micrograms/l) and 135 micrograms/l (78-215 micrograms/l) for PbB; 49.2 European units) (27.0-65.0 European units) and 54.6 European units (27.0-69.9 European units) for ALAD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642697 TI - Establishing a pain clinic. PMID- 6642698 TI - Pain management. PMID- 6642699 TI - Myofascial and musculoskeletal pain. PMID- 6642700 TI - A psychiatrist's view of chronic pain. PMID- 6642701 TI - The role of relaxation in behavioral therapies for chronic pain. PMID- 6642702 TI - Diagnostic maneuvers in painful syndromes. PMID- 6642703 TI - Management of head and neck pain. PMID- 6642704 TI - Anesthetic measures in the pain of malignancy. PMID- 6642705 TI - Studies on the antigenic composition of aqueous cotton dust extracts. AB - An immune response to cotton dust components has been proposed as a possible mechanism of byssinosis. To evaluate this possibility, specific precipitating antibodies against aqueous cotton dust extracts (ACDE) were raised in rabbits, and a reference pattern for crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was established using this extract. A significant portion of the immune response was directed against Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium solani, all documented contaminants of cotton dust. Preliminary crossed radio-immunoelectrophoretic studies demonstrated that some of these antigens are allergenic in man, suggesting that an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity against cotton dust, or a fungal component of the dust, may be important in byssinosis pathogenesis. PMID- 6642706 TI - A unique substance from the granary weevil: nonspecific immunoglobulin binding substance. AB - We have studied the precipitation test as a diagnostic procedure for hypersensitivity pneumonitis or associated allergic states using Sitophilus granarius (SG) antigen. The incidence of positive reaction in the precipitation test against SG is extremely high in children and adults, not only asthmatics, but also in normal, healthy subjects. In experiments with radioimmunoassay using SG paper discs and 125I-labelled IgG fragments, SG was more strongly bound to the Fab than to the Fc fragment. However, the binding was not mediated by a true antigen-antibody reaction because the reaction was inhibited by both kappa- and lambda-type Bence-Jones proteins. Nonspecific immunoglobulin binding substance (IBS) was separated from crude SG extract by affinity chromatography using IgG immunosorbent. IBS was monocomponent on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the molecular weight was about 12,000-14,000. We believe that IBS might be a valuable tool for immunological experiments, comparable with staphylococcal protein A. PMID- 6642707 TI - Adjuvant effects of iota, kappa, and lambda carrageenans on antibody production in BALB/c mice. AB - Carrageenan, in its three fractionated forms iota, kappa and lambda, is able to stimulate in BALB/c mice the production of IgE, IgGl and those antibodies producing passive hemagglutination to ovalbumin. The adjuvant effect of carrageenan is more evident in the secondary response, and the iota form is more effective than the kappa and the lambda forms. The data are compatible with the possibility that adjuvanticity of carrageenan can be, at least partly, correlated to its antimacrophage activity. PMID- 6642708 TI - Allergic reactivity and helminthic infection in Amerindians of the Amazon Basin. AB - Various aspects of the allergic reactivity of Amerindians in the Venezuelan sector of the Amazon basin were examined. The frequency of positivity in immediate hypersensitivity skin tests with extracts of common local environmental allergens was found to be extremely low (6.7%). As sera from significantly higher proportions of the study group contained specific IgE antibody against the test allergens, and their histamine-induced skin responses were normal, these results support previous suggestions of an inhibited expression of allergic reactivity in such populations. Indeed, the intense helminthic infections detected, and the extremely high total serum IgE levels measured (geometric mean 13,088 IU/ml) indicate the possible occurrence of mast cell saturation by parasite-induced IgE. However, despite a similar lack of agreement between the in vivo and in vitro tests for allergic reactivity against Ascaris lumbricoides in these subjects (43.5 and 97.9% positive, respectively), their extremely high responsiveness to the helminth allergens presents a marked contrast to that against the other environmental materials. Factors other than helminthiasis (e.g. racial, cultural, nutritional) might, therefore, also modulate the expression of allergic reactivity in such populations. PMID- 6642709 TI - Synthesis of [1-14C]1,2-cyclohexanedione bis(4-diethylenoxythiosemicarbazone) and preliminary biodistribution studies of this potential antitumor agent. AB - A new compound, [1-14C]1,2-cyclohexanedione-bis(4-diethylenoxythiosemicarbazone) was found to have significant antitumor activity (% T/C = 245) when tested against sarcoma-180 ascites tumor in mice and thus may be a potentially useful drug. The compound can be easily labeled with 14C by employing the straightforward synthetic procedures detailed in this article. Results of the synthesis and purification are presented. Preliminary biodistribution studies of the labeled compound in both normal and tumor bearing mice were performed. The compound, when administered i.p., is rapidly absorbed and localized into most tissues. Urinary and biliary excretion are its major routes of elimination. Based on these studies, continued evaluation is recommended. PMID- 6642710 TI - Synthesis of 73As-radiolabelled arsenobetaine and arsenocholine for metabolic studies and their fate and distribution in laboratory animals. AB - 73As-labelled arsenobetaine and arsenocholine have been synthesized in mg scales in this laboratory. Specific radioactivities in the range of 100 muCi (3.7 MBq) 73As/mg As have been employed. Further purification of the synthesized compounds has been performed by ion exchange chromatography. PMID- 6642711 TI - In vivo and in vitro studies with omega-[rho-123I-phenyl]-pentadecanoic acid in rats. AB - Biodistribution, plasma clearance and urinary excretion of omega-[p-123I-phenyl] pentadecanoic acid were investigated in rats. The affinity of this radiopharmaceutical to red blood cells and to the plasma proteins was determined in vitro. Various radioactive metabolites were analysed by paper electrophoresis both in blood and urine at various intervals after administration of the compound. Protein-binding in plasma was determined by both electrophoresis and TCA precipitation. In vitro studies showed 30% uptake by red blood cells at equilibrium (30 min post-injection). 48% of the activity in the red cells could be removed after repeated washing with saline. The maximum uptake by myocardium occurred at 1 min and the maximal heart-to-blood ratios at 3 min. Although in vitro protein-binding was high, in vivo studies showed a very rapid plasma clearance (94% in 3 min) which indicated a weak binding. The amount of free iodine in plasma was less than 1% at any time after injection, thus not presenting a background problem or unnecessary radiation dose to thyroid and whole body. The major radioactive metabolites were 123I-p-hippuric acid and 123I p-benzoic acid. In urine 123I-p-hippuric acid was excreted almost quantitatively. The metabolism was very fast, even 3 min post-injection the first metabolites could be found in the blood stream. Urinary excretion did not reach a plateau until 48 h. The total amount of radioactivity excreted was 56% within 48 h. PMID- 6642713 TI - Simple and rapid purification of radiolabeled [14C]cyclophosphamide by Sep Pak C18 cartridges. PMID- 6642714 TI - 11C-labelled phosgene: an improved procedure and synthesis device. PMID- 6642712 TI - Leucocyte labeling with colloidal 111In in whole blood. AB - A simple method of 111In leucocyte labeling in whole blood is described. 111In colloid is initially formulated using iron (50 micrograms Fe+3). 111In-colloid is then added to 10mL of whole blood and leucocyte labeling is achieved by phagocytosis. Non-phagocytosed 111In-colloid is solubilized using a sodium citrate solution. Labeling efficiencies of 60-80% have been achieved with this method. If needed, excess 111In-soluble-complexes can be removed in the plasma fraction by appropriate centrifugation. The labeling method described is easy to use and has the advantage of selectively labeling leucocytes in a whole blood mixture. PMID- 6642715 TI - 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-3-o-methyl-D-glucose synthesis and animal biodistribution studies. PMID- 6642716 TI - Aminophylline intoxication. PMID- 6642717 TI - Avoiding deaths from subclavian cannulation for hemodialysis. PMID- 6642718 TI - Update on resin hemoperfusion. PMID- 6642719 TI - Black-white differences in high density lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and triglycerides: relationships to coronary heart disease in non-uremic populations and in uremic subjects receiving hemodialysis. PMID- 6642720 TI - First-use syndrome with cuprammonium cellulose dialyzers. PMID- 6642721 TI - CAPD + hemoperfusion once a week in the management of children with end-stage renal disease. AB - With hemoperfusion there is a sharp decline in the solute concentration of the blood compartment, but immediately after HP the concentration of these substances rises to the original level (post-Hp rebound). It may be inferred that the result would be better and the rebound phenomenon less marked if hemoperfusion could be combined with a continuous dialysis system such as CAPD. The study was performed in 3 children of our CAPD program. All patients were dialysed with 5 daily exchange each of one liter. The patients underwent at 2-hours hemoperfusion with a charcoal column (Gambro Adsorba 150 c) once a week. The data obtained with this form of treatment are indicative for a: significant increase of weekly clearance for uric acid and creatinine. low urea generation rate far 1-3 days after HP. low post-Hp rebound and reduced platelet count but not platelet activation. PMID- 6642722 TI - Quantification of extracorporeal fibrin deposits in haemodialysis with minimal and conventional heparinization. AB - The effects of minimal intermittent heparinization and of conventional heparinization on endogen fibrinogen concentration as well as on fibrin deposits were studied on 17 on patients hemodialysis. It was shown that the minimal intermittent heparinization did non reduce dialysis efficiency and that a total heparin dosage of 6,000 units is the lowest safe limit. PMID- 6642723 TI - Haemodialyser reuse: impact on function and biocompatibility. AB - The functional performance (clearance of small molecules, ultrafiltration and blood loss) and biocompatibility (haemodialysis leucopenia) has been studied for disposable flat plate and hollow fibre haemodialysers utilizing Cuprophan membranes on their first use, and compared with that obtained when reusing by a manual and automated technique. The results obtained relating to functional performance remain unchanged with the exception of blood loss which shows an increase compared with first use. Biocompatibility is modified on reuse but only if the membrane has not been exposed to a rinsing process using sodium hypochlorite. PMID- 6642724 TI - In vitro adsorption spectrum of plasma amino acids by coated charcoal hemoperfusion. AB - In order to clarify whether coated charcoal hemoperfusion is capable of normalizing amino acid disturbances in hepatic coma, in vitro adsorption and in vitro hemoperfusion studies were carried out. We have found that collodion-coated activated charcoal beads preferentially removed much more aromatic acids (AAA) than branched chain amino acids (BCAA). In the in vitro adsorption experiment with 50 microM amino acid standards aqueous solution, 99% of AAAs were removed by charcoal while only 50 to 81% of BCAAs were removed. As the concentration of amino acids in solution was doubled from microM to 100 microM, BCAA removal was halved while about 90% of AAA was still being removed. In vitro hemoperfusion with heparinized blood from hepatic failure rats, the clearance and the removal of AAAs were significantly greater than those of BCAAs. Consequently, the molar ratio of BCAA over AAA was markedly improved from the initial 1.09 to 3.87 after 60 min of hemoperfusion. Thus, we have demonstrated the preferential adsorption of aromatic amino acids by collodion-coated charcoal beads. The correction of BCAA/AAA molar ratio is also demonstrated. PMID- 6642725 TI - Polyacrylonitrile hemofiltration for the adsorption myoglobin in tardy revascularization syndrome: in vitro assessment. AB - The Authors examine the behavior of P.A.N. membranes hemoperfusion combined with district hemodialysis in the prevention of tardy revascularization syndrome. Their experience "in vitro" seems to confirm the use of P.A.N. membrane is advisable whenever an increase of the myoglobin concentration occurs and they also envisage the use of the P.A.N. membrane in the prevention of T.R.S. PMID- 6642726 TI - Middle molecules in the serum, brain, liver and urine of galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure rats. AB - The middle-molecular weight compounds in the serum, liver, brain and urine were determined in normal and galactosamine-induced grade III coma fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) rats. Peak 7 and subpeak 7g middle molecules increased significantly in the serum of hepatic coma rats. In the brain of grade III coma FHF rats, subpeak 7g increased significantly but peak 7 and other subpeaks decreased significantly. In the liver and urine, both peak 7 and subpeak 7g decreased significantly in grade III coma FHF rats. This rather specific increase of subpeak 7g in the brain corresponding to the increase of subpeak 7g in the serum may contribute to further understanding of the role of middle molecules in hepatic coma. PMID- 6642727 TI - Evaluation of the efficiency of a new hollow fiber plasmapheresis filter. AB - Plasma separation for plasma exchange or plasma treatment has, until now, been obtained prevalently by centrifugal separators. Recently, filters capable of continuously separating the plasma have been proposed. We have evaluated, both in vivo and ex vivo, the efficiency of a plasma separating filter (BT 900, Dideco, Mirandola, Italy) incorporating polypropylene hollow fibers with a pore size of 0.55 micron (PS 510 W, Membrana, Wuppertal, Germany) and an effective surface of 0.23 m2, using two hemodialysis blood pumps. Ex vivo, (bovine blood) at a blood flow (QB) of 100 ml/min, 47 +/- 2.8 ml/min of plasma were obtained in the first hour and 34 +/- 3.1 ml/min in the second hour. The Sieving coefficient was 100 for albumin and IgG, 98.4 for IgA and 92.3 for IgM. Neither hemolysis nor platelet contamination were observed. In vivo, 35 treatment were performer on 19 patients affected with mixed essential cryoglobulinemia, autoimmune glomerulonephritis, Wegener disease, thrombotic thrombocytopenic microangiopathy and rheumatoid arthritis. There were no clinical complications and the treatment was always well tolerated. A mean of 2064 +/- 400 ml of plasma was obtained in 103.7 +/- 29 minutes. The plasma flow was correlated (p less than 0.001) with the blood flow (13.4 ml/min at QB = 30 ml/min; 29 ml/min at QB = 100 ml/min). In some cases, immune complexes were found in the plasma removed by the filter (conglutinin method), confirming the membrane permeability to these high weight molecules. The use of hollow fibers to separate formed elements of blood from plasma has a brief history (1, 5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642728 TI - Improved outcome in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis by plasma exchange treatment. AB - During the last 3.5 years we have had facilities to perform effective plasma exchange treatment (PE). During this period of time 12 patients of idiopathic and 19 patients of collagenous rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) appeared, Goodpasture's syndrome excluded. In an attempt to evaluate the separate effect of immunosuppression (IS) and PE, PE was if possible withheld for two weeks. In 3 patients IS alone had a satisfactory effect and therefore no PE was performed. In 2 severely ill patients IS and PE were instituted simultaneously. In 6 patients PE was started 5-12 days and in 17 patients at least 14 days after the start of IS. In 3 patients PE was started first because of suspected septicemia. 23 of the 31 patients improved; 6 from IS alone, 3 from IS and probably also from PE, 1 from PE and probably from IS, 5 both from IS and PE and 1 from PE alone. In 7 patients the individual effect of IS and PE could not be evaluated. At follow up 1-37 (median 13) months 13 patients had a S-creatinine below 200, 2 patients 200-300 and 1 patient 510 mumol/l. 3 patients went into RDT immediately and 7 after 4-22 months. 5 elderly patients died, only 1 from uremia, the others from cardiovascular diseases. The outcome was unpredictable from clinical and laboratory data. Addition of PE in the treatment of RPGN seems to have improved the outcome considerably. PMID- 6642729 TI - Plasma exchange and immunosuppressive drugs in the treatment of glomerulonephritis due to antibodies to the glomerular basement membrane. AB - Glomerulonephritis due to autoantibodies to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) usually results in the rapid development of renal failure in untreated patients. We report our experience of the use of plasma exchange and immunosuppressive drugs in the management of this condition. Treatment consisted of daily 4 litre plasma exchanges for plasma protein fraction, together with prednisolone 60 mg daily (reducing to 20 mg daily by 4 weeks), cyclophosphamide 3 mg/kg daily and azathioprine 1 mg/kg daily. It was found that plasma exchange was generally required for 2 weeks, and cytotoxic drugs for 8 weeks. Forty four patients, aged 4 to 72 years, were treated. Anti-GBM antibody production was rapidly controlled, and in 21 of 34 patients antibody was undetectable within 8 weeks. Of 22 oliguric patients, none recovered renal function, 16 remained dialysis-dependent and 6 died; of 5 patients whose initial plasma creatinine was greater than 600 mumol/l, one improved and 4 proceeded to dialysis; and of 17 patients whose creatinine was less than 600 mumol/l, 15 recovered renal function, one became dialysis-dependent and one died. Long term follow-up of those who improved revealed that 2/16 subsequently deteriorated. Our results represent a great improvement in the prognosis of anti-GBM disease, and demonstrate that the majority of patients will recover renal function if treated before irreversible glomerular damage has occurred. PMID- 6642730 TI - Plasmapheresis treatment of idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. PMID- 6642731 TI - Plasma exchange in glomerulonephritis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. AB - Intensive plasma exchange and immunosuppression have been used in 13 patients affected by severe forms of glomerulonephritis (GN) associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia (EMC). The patients were divided into two groups. PMID- 6642732 TI - Plasma exchange in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Plasma exchange (PE) was performed in 8 of 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) PE was instituted as an additional therapy during active disease in patients who did not respond to conventional therapy. The best results were obtained in plasmapherized patients; in fact, immune complex serum levels disappeared rapidly, whereas anti-DNA antibodies decreased slowly. The changes observed indicate that PE may be beneficial, especially when it is associated with drugs that can block antibody rebound. A variety of "technical factors" may influence PE therapy which therefore must be monitored appropriately. PMID- 6642733 TI - Effect of intensive plasma exchange (PE) in rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis (RPCGN). AB - Ten adult patients with RPCGN (crescents in greater than 70% of glomeruli), primary in 6 and associated with systemic diseases in 4, were treated with PE, associated with oral steroids (P) and cyclophosphamide (C) in all cases and with intravenous methylprednisolone pulses (MP) in 7 cases. Four out of ten patients were anuric and needed dialysis treatment at the start of treatment. Therapeutic benefit, i.e. reversal of the trend to further deterioration and substantial improvement of GFR, was achieved in 8 out of 10 patients (80%), including 2 of 4 anuric patients, and in 7 of those (8) who had still active cellular crescents (87.5%). Similar therapeutic benefit had been achieved only in 10% of a comparable population of 10 patients with RPCGN treated before 1980 with P and C, without PE or MP pulses. It is difficult to establish whether the better therapeutic results in the more recently treated group were due to PE or to MP pulses of to both the new approaches, even though the clinical improvement obtained in all the 3 patients treated with PE without concomitant MP suggest a specific beneficial role for PE. RPCGN is a catastrophic illness characterized by progressive deterioration of kidney function, resulting in oliguria and uremia, usually within weeks or months. The most consistent histopathologic finding is the presence of extensive glomerular crescents resulting from proliferation of the extracapillary epithelial cell lining of Bowman's capsule. It is apparent that RPCGN is not a homogeneous entity, clinically, histologically or immunohistologically, but rather a clinicopathologic syndrome, the features of which may be seen in a variety of systemic disorders, including SLE, polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, cryoglobulinemia, and subacute bacterial endocarditis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642734 TI - Plasma exchange in the treatment of lupus nephritis. AB - Seven women with severe Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Nephritis were treated with Plasma Exchange, without any additional therapy with cytotoxic agents. All patients had failed to respond to high doses of corticosteroids and, in 3 cases, to 6-methylprednisolone pulses. In 4 patients the indication for plasma exchange treatment was a rapid deterioration of renal function, and in the others a need to better control symptoms without using toxic corticosteroid dosages. The total number of plasma exchange sessions ranged from 14 to 57 depending on the patient. After PE treatment, serum creatinine values significantly decreased in all 4 patients with rapidly developing, nephritis while in the others it remained unchanged. No major side effects were recorded and no relapse of renal disease occurred whenever Plasma Exchange treatment was gradually tapered or discontinued. These data suggest that prolonged Plasma Exchange treatment without the concomitant administration of cytotoxic agents may be effective in the treatment of steroid resistant severe lupus nephritis. PMID- 6642735 TI - Plasma exchange in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Of 20 patients who presented to our hospital with the histologically confirmed diagnosis of SLE, nine met the criteria of presence of both a rapidly progressive disease state and contraindications for conventional therapy required for admission to our plasma exchange programme. Five patients improved; two patients progressed to end-stage renal failure; two patients died as a result of complications of advanced SLE. Severe lupus erythematosus (SLE) is usually treated with a combination of steroids and cytotoxic drugs. Even when treated with high dose therapy some patients develop life-threatening complications, such as renal failure, heart failure and respiratory insufficiency. Moreover, both treatment with high dose of corticosteroids and long lasting cytotoxic therapy may produce troublesome side-effects, including severe infections, gastroduodenal ulcers, bone marrow depressions and lymphomas (1, 2). One of the manifestation of SLE is the presence of antibodies against ds-DNA and ss-DNA. These antibodies can either react with DNA bound to te basement membrane and induce an inflammatory reaction (3), or can form circulating immune complexes which deposit in tissues and may impair the function of lymphocytes or macrophages in the RES (4, 5). The presence of anti-DNA-antibodies appears to be secondary to enhanced B-cell activity along with a depression of suppressor T-cells function proteins mediating the inflammatory process, such as fibrinogen, may deposit in membranes already compromised by the disease. Even though the pathogenic mechanisms operating in SLE are not completely understood, it can be expected, from a theoretical point of view, that the extracorporeal removal of any immunopathogens could improve the disease state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642736 TI - Short-term plasmapheresis in acute lupus nephritis. AB - This study reports 11 cases with acute lupus nephritis who underwent short-term plasmapheresis treatment combined with immunosuppressive therapy. 68 plasma exchanges (mean/patients: 6.2) were performed by either centrifuge or membrane filter, exchanging 80% of total plasma volume per session. A rapid improvement of clinical symptoms was observed in all cases treated. 5 patients with renal insufficiency at the beginning of treatment, showed a reduction in serum creatinine and proteinuria after plasmapheresis. Immunological investigations demonstrated a rapid decreasing of circulating immune complexes and anti-DNA antibodies and an improvement of lymphocyte function, studied by E rosettes and Con A induced suppressor activity. PMID- 6642737 TI - Prolonged plasma exchange in the treatment of renal involvement in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. AB - Four men and 2 women with Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia and a membrano proliferative glomerulonephritis were treated with prolonged Plasma Exchange without the addition of cytotoxic agents. All patients had Nephrotic Syndrome and Renal Insufficiency. Three of them presented a rapid deterioration of renal function just prior to Plasma Exchange treatment. Total number of procedures varied for each patients from 24 to 105. Serum creatinine decreased significantly in those patients with rapid deterioration of renal function, while it was not modified in the 3 with stable chronic renal failure. In no instance major side effects were recorded, and relapses of the disease did not occur, after gradually tapering of Plasma Exchange sessions. These data suggest that Plasma Exchange alone, if early instituted, may be an effective and safe treatment of Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Glomerulonephritis. PMID- 6642738 TI - Suppression of post-apheresis autoantibody rebound in cryoglobulinemia and cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia. AB - We studied the effect of immunosuppressive treatment on the autoantibody rebound that follows autoantibody withdrawal accomplished by extracorporeal plasma treatment. The study was carried out on 9 patients, 8 having essential mixed cryoglobulinemia and 1 cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia. As immunosuppressive drugs we used either cyclophosphamide and prednisolone or arabinoside C and cyclophosphamide. The effect of immunosuppressive treatment on autoantibody rebound (Igm anti-IgG; IgM cold agglutinins) varied widely, a suppressive effect of varying degree having been observed in about half the cases treated with either drug regimen. PMID- 6642739 TI - Plasma exchange in renal allograft rejection. AB - Circulating anti-HLA antibodies against mismatched donor antigen have been found in 7 patients during acute rejection episodes, where renal biopsy showed severe vascular lesions. 4 patients were submitted to combined therapy with plasmapheresis and cyclophosphamide, while the other 3 were treated by cyclophosphamide alone. In the 4 patients treated plasmapheresis induced a rapid disappearance of circulating cytotoxic antibodies, which remained negative in 3 cases where cyclophosphamide was continued after plasmapheresis. No change in antibody occurred in the three cases treated by cyclophosphamide alone. Renal function showed an improvement in 3 of the 4 patients treated by plasma exchange; all patients on drug therapy alone showed a rapid and progressive impairment of renal function and returned to RDT within 2 months. PMID- 6642740 TI - Immune complexes and complement profile in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia before and after plasma exchange. AB - Five patients affected by essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC) with renal involvement unresponsive to high doses of corticosteroids, have been treated with 16 plasma exchanges (PE). The plasma removed at each apheresis was 1652 +/- 416 ml. The following data were evaluated before and after PE: levels of immune complexes as detected by cryocrit and C1q binding assay; total complement activity (CH50) and alternative pathway complement activity (APCH 50); concentrations of 9 complement components (C1q, C1s, C4, C3, C5, C6, B, I and H) and of the C3 split product C3d. By definition all serum samples had detectable cryoprecipitates and 4 out 5 had C1q binding activity higher than the upper limit of 2 SD. The effect of the PE was the decrease of cryocrit and of C1q binding activity approximately to one half their initial values. The basal complement profile suggested and excessive activation of complement through the classical pathway. Indeed we found low levels of the early complement components (C1q, C1s and C4), reduced CH50, normal levels of C3 and an increase of C3 split product C3d concentrations. APCH50 as well as C5, C6, B, I and H concentrations were found within the normal range. After each PE a significant decrease of the previously normal components was observed. The decrease was independent of the replacement fluid used (5% albumin solution or fresh plasma or cryoglobulin depleted autologous plasma) and had a short duration. Indeed all these components after the drop following the PE increased rapidly reaching the basal level over a period of 24-48 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642741 TI - Plasma exchange in acute renal failure by cortinarius speciosissimus. AB - Mushroom poisoning by Cortinarius speciosissimus (C. spec.) leading to irreversible renal failure has been described; in a recent report, an expected bad prognosis has probably been overcome as a result of the very early use of hemoperfusion. In Sep. '81, a healthy couple of wife and husband, both aged 38, had gastrointestinal symptoms 2 days after ingestion of C. spec. On day 8 an acute renal failure developed and the same day, before dialysis, plasma exchange (PE) was undertaken. Renal biopsies disclosed a common pattern of tubular necrosis, scattered infiltrates and interstitial edema. Diuresis and partial recovery started in the man on day 10, while failure persisted over six months in the woman. Further to individual sensitivity to C. spec. toxins, renal damage, once established, may be irreversible, irrespectively of early treatment. Limited usefulness of PE in C. spec. poisoning is probably related to the long latency between ingestion and occurrence of the first renal symptoms. PMID- 6642742 TI - Plasma exchange in two cases of minimal change nephrotic syndrome with acute renal failure. AB - One idiopathic and one nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug associated case of minimal change nephrotic syndrome with acute renal failure are described. Both patients were severely ill and needed dialysis. Treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprine for 19-21 days was ineffective. After start of plasma exchange treatment both patients rapidly recovered. The suggested effect of plasma exchange in these conditions can hardly be ascribed only to correction of the colloid oncotic pressure. An elimination of a circulating factor(s) of pathogenetic importance must also be suspected. PMID- 6642743 TI - The plasma exchange for renal diseases in a hemapheresis unit. PMID- 6642744 TI - Hemodynamic evaluation during plasma-exchange with intermittent flow. AB - Plasma-exchange (PE) represents an effective therapeutic approach employed in several immunological nephropathies, poisonings and various other diseases. Hemodynamic changes during intermittent flow PE were studied--using the thermodilution technique--in 8 patients (3 male and 5 female) aged between 36 and 73 years (mean 46.4). The mean values for the following parameters were measured before, during every cycle--exchanging about 300 ml of fresh frozen plasma--and at the end of the session: mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac index (Cl), stroke index (SI), total peripheral resistence (TPR), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP). During the first exchange the systemic circulation showed hemodynamic changes similar that of an acute hemorrhagic condition: decrease in MAP (from 106 to 97 mmHg), Cl (from 4.27 to 3.7 L/m'/m2), SI (from 53 to 49 ml/beat/m2) and CVP (from 6.9 to 4.4 mmHg); increase in TPR (from 1230 to 1339) dynes/sec/cm-5), while HR showed only mild changes. In the following cycles all the parameters progressively returned toward the previous values. During the first cycle the pulmonary circulation showed a decrease in PAP (from 15.5 to 13 mmHg) and PCWP (from 8.9 to 6.6 mmHg). PAP also increased constantly in the following cycles reaching at the end of the session levels which were higher than the initial ones. Our data demonstrate that in PE treatment especially when is employed a low volume of fluid, has to be substituted at every cycle in order to prevent the major hemodynamic complications i.e. hypovolemic shock and heart failure. PMID- 6642745 TI - Activation of the coagulation system and leukocytes kinetics in plasma exchange. AB - The activation of the coagulation system--commonly occurring in other extracorporeal circulation--is still debated, in plasma exchange (PE), data being conflicting due to the different types of replacement fluid used in 25 patients treated by PE using a discontinuous plasma separator (14 with freshly-frozen plasma, 8 with half plasma half 5% albumin, 3 with only 5% albumin). The occurrence of leukocytes stress is proved by their marked increase at the end of the procedure while the platelet fall is superimposable to the HTC fall. A coagulation-fibrinolytic activation seems to be demonstrated by plasma increase in endoplatelet constituents, fibrinogen and antithrombin III consumption, and shortening in fibrinolytic tests, but caution must be made in interpreting these results because the donor's plasma units show high levels of platelet endogranular constituents and a wide variable range of coagulation-related proteins, which can interfere with an appropriate evaluation of the results. PMID- 6642746 TI - Efficacy of membrane filtration, influence on hemostasis, immunoglobulins and inflammation mediators during daily plasma exchanges. AB - Plasma exchange (PE) by membrane filtration was performed with the following hollow fibers: cellulose-diacetate (Plasmaflo 01, Plasmaflo 02, Asahi, Japan), polypropylene (Plasmaflux, Fresenius, FRG) and polymethylmethacrylate (Plasmax, Toray, Japan). The elimination-coefficient (EC) for certain plasma proteins was calculated. With all hollow fibers no correlation between the EC for about ten plasma proteins with a molecular weight of 54.000 dalton up to 2.400.000 dalton. The mean EC-values for the fibers studied were: 0.32 (Plasmaflo 01), 0.52 (Plasmaflo 02), 0.52 (Plasmaflux) and 0.58 (Plasmax). Membrane filtration performed with the single needle technique using either Plasmaflo 02 or Plasmaflux resulted in a significantly lower efficiency with mean EC-values of 0.33 and 0.32 respectively. After three or four days of PE treatment using three liters of 3% human albumin solution as replacement fluid several alterations in parameters of hemostasis were altered: Antithrombin III levels dropped to 35% of normal value after each plasma exchange but increased to normal range within 24 hours during the observed period of four consecutive PE, Fibrinogen concentration dropped permanently to a preexchange value of 40% of the initial concentration after three plasma exchanges. A 40-50% decrease was also observed for prothrombin, plasminogen and alpha-2-macroglobulin after plasma exchange. A decrease in the platelet count ranging from 5 to 25% after each plasma exchange was observed but returned to the initial level before the next treatment. The concentrations of IgG IgA and IgM decreased to less than 20% of preexchange values and C 3 and C 4 to 20-30: of preexchange values after three plasma exchanges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642747 TI - A microcomputer record system for diabetic patients. AB - A computerised medical records system for diabetic patients has been developed on a Vector Graphics MZ microcomputer using programs written in UCSD-Pascal. The system allows addition or deletion of patient records, alteration of records, alphabetical listing of recorded patients' names, and printing of individual records in a concise format. The amount of information capable of being stored in each record makes the easy to use system a useful device in the clinical management of diabetic patients. PMID- 6642748 TI - Computational methods for the screening of pharmacokinetic parameters in metabolism experiments. AB - A computational strategy is presented which is useful for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of reaction-kinetic parameters in a one-compartment open model for the metabolism of substances in a biological system, especially the metabolism of dialkylnitrosamines to the ultimate carcinogen. The mathematical model used is that of first order kinetics and results in Bateman-functions. The strategy allows to decide about stability or instability of a substance occurring in a chain of transformations. In the case of stability quantitative estimates of the half life are provided. The procedure compares parameter estimates from models of different qualitative nature. These estimates are derived by linear or non-linear regression methods. PMID- 6642749 TI - Digital system for P-wave detection and synchronization of the artificial heart. AB - This paper describes the implementation of a microcomputer based P-wave synchronization system for the artificial heart. This system provides for synchronization of the cardiac prosthesis pump with P-wave signals from electrodes implanted in the remnant of the natural atrium. The device carries out the functions of P-wave detection and determines the duration of systole based upon a moving average of the time intervals between successive pulses. The system has been tested both on a mock circulatory system and in vivo on calves. The purpose of the paper is to provide details of the circuitry and algorithms used. PMID- 6642750 TI - A new automated approach to high-density facial measurement. Part 1: The image capturing and processing hardware. AB - Hardware used in the capturing and processing of the stereo image for a previously published description of a facial geometric measurement technique is detailed, together with underlying theoretical concepts regulating the selection of the hardware system components. This is the first follow-up paper in an ongoing research project to develop and document in depth a fully automated technique for photogrammetric determination of a Facial Surface Model (FSM), and ultimately to apply the technique in multidisciplinary research. PMID- 6642751 TI - Model-free deconvolution techniques for estimating vascular transport functions. AB - In this paper we present two methods which can be used to numerically deconvolve indicator dilution curves to obtain vascular transport functions. In the first method, direct algebraic deconvolution is made stable and practical by the damped least squares method. The second method involves a time-shift of the output curve which is based on the first and second moments of the input and output curves. This method is stable, computationally simple and can provide reasonable estimates of the transport function. PMID- 6642752 TI - Quantitative analysis of left ventricular wall motion and thickness using two dimensional echocardiography. AB - The real time two-dimensional ultrasonic imaging of the left ventricle made possible segmental echocardiographic measurements of wall motion and thickening and thinning. The underlying hypothesis is that measurements of regional wall motion could quantify the extent of myocardial ischemia and infarction; the method could be used as a truly non-invasive tool to assess the severity of damage from infarction and the effects of interventions designed to limit infarcts. The method is operator interactive. Each patient's data could be compared with data for a normal group. The selection criteria for the normal patients have been described. The confidence region of the normal group and the effect of averaging over three tracings for three heartbeats have been computed. Technical difficulties inherent in the method and possible improvements are discussed. PMID- 6642753 TI - Stable heat-resistant clones selected from wild-type and surface variants of B-16 melanoma. AB - Stable heat-resistant clones were selected from wild-type B-16 melanoma cells and from three of their surface variants resistant to the lectins wheat-germ agglutinin, ricin and concanavalin A. The selection procedure included three or four cycles of heating the cells in culture at 43 degrees C for 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 h interspersed with growth at 37 degrees C. The survivability of the heat-resistant (HR) variant cells at elevated temperatures of 43 degrees C for 160 min and 45 degrees C for 40 min was 2-4 logs greater than that of their respective parents. This acquired property of heat resistance appeared to be a stable phenomenon, persisting in these cell lines for more than 80 generations. One HR variant cell line carried in tissue culture for 250 generations showed no change in the heat resistance characteristic. Acquisition of resistance appeared to be a gradual process with intermediate stages preceding the more pronounced degree of resistance. These newly selected HR variants join the existing surface variants of B-16 melanoma to result in a large family of variants from the same cell lineage to make this system a powerful tool for studying the relationship between heat sensitivity, metastasis and hyperthermia treatment of cancer. PMID- 6642754 TI - Reactivity of purified GP40 antigen with antibodies from sera of patients with colorectal cancer: a follow-up study. AB - A glycoprotein antigen (GP40) was previously identified as a major component of immune complexes isolated from sera of patients with Burkitt's lymphoma. Its reactivity with antibodies from sera of patients with various types of cancer was described. In this presentation we describe the methods for further purification of GP40 from Burkitt's lymphoma sera. Radioiodinated purified GP40 was used in a double antibody precipitation assay, to measure the level of free anti-GP40 antibodies in sera of patients with colorectal cancer. Follow-up studies of patients at various stages of the disease revealed a close correlation between the level of free anti-GP40 antibodies and the stage of the disease, namely, low levels in advanced stages (C-D) and high levels in early stages (A-B). Furthermore, patients in remission undergoing chemotherapy always had elevated levels of free antibodies. Similarly, patients in relapse had decreasing levels of free antibodies. PMID- 6642755 TI - Artificial sweeteners and absence of bladder cancer risk in Copenhagen. AB - During the years 1979 to 1981 a population-based case-control study of bladder cancer including papillomas was performed in Greater Copenhagen. After exclusions some 388 patients (290 males; 98 females) and an age- and sex-matched group of 787 controls (592 males; 195 females) remained for analysis. Controls were selected at random from the general population of the study area. All persons were interviewed concerning use of artificial sweeteners in addition to their exposure to a number of other known or suspected risk factors for bladder cancer. Fifty-five male bladder cancer patients (19.4%) and 150 controls (25.7%) had at some time used artificial sweeteners regularly. Among females 27.1% of cases and 25.9% of controls regularly used sweeteners. In neither sex was the relative risk significantly increased in users compared with non-users of artificial sweeteners. The relative risk of 0.78 in the two sexes combined was not significantly different from 1.0 (95% C.I.: 0.58-1.05). There was no indication of a regular increase in risk with increasing daily consumption of table-top sweeteners nor was there any indication of an increase in risk with a duration of regular use of artificial sweeteners. Taking into account a possible latency period between first regular use and bladder cancer development did not change the finding of an absence of association between use of artificial sweeteners and the risk of bladder cancer. Neither saccharine nor cyclamate users had an increased risk of bladder cancer. This population-based case-control investigation provides further evidence that it is highly unlikely that the consumption of artificial sweeteners has contributed to current bladder cancer rates in man. PMID- 6642756 TI - Changes in lipid profiles of estrogen-induced and transplanted renal carcinomas in Syrian hamsters. AB - The lipid profiles of estrogen-induced primary renal carcinomas and hormone dependent and -independent transplanted tumors were compared with those of both normal hamster kidneys and renal tissues of tumor-bearing animals. Autonomous tumors had only one-third the amount of triglycerides present in normal kidneys and hormone-dependent tumors contained intermediate levels. Host kidneys of animals bearing either primary or transplanted tumors contained no more than 50 60% of the triglyceride level found in normal kidneys. In contrast to triglycerides, cholesteryl esters in primary tumors were 200 times higher than in normal kidneys, exhibited a successive decline in hormone-dependent and independent tumors, but remained 15 times higher in autonomous carcinomas than in normal kidneys. Cholesterol levels were similar in primary tumors, normal kidneys, and host kidneys of animals bearing renal tumors; however, both hormone dependent and -independent neoplasms had only one-half to two-thirds as much cholesterol as normal kidneys. Total phospholipid levels in primary and transplanted carcinomas were about one-half those in normal kidneys. Host kidneys of animals bearing primary and transplanted, hormone-dependent neoplasms also contained lower phospholipid levels than normal kidneys, but renal tissues from animals with autonomous tumors contained similar levels to those found in kidneys from normal hamsters. The phospholipid composition of primary and transplanted renal tumors was similar, but different from that of normal kidneys, mainly in increased percentages of phosphatidylcholine and decreased percentages of sphingomyelin. PMID- 6642757 TI - Increased antibody responses to Herpes virus papio (HVP) antigens in pre lymphomatous baboons (Papio hamadryas) of the Sukhumi high lymphoma stock. AB - Antibody responses to Herpes virus papio (HVP) antigens were studied in 21 pre lymphoma baboons (which subsequently died of malignant lymphoma), 21 paired controls, i.e. age-, sex- and population-matched healthy baboons, and 185 randomly selected healthy baboons of the same population. The sera were all collected at the same time and were tested blind in the fixed-cell indirect immunofluorescence test against HVP viral capsid antigen (VCA)-positive, early antigen (EA)-positive cell targets before and after absorption with HVP. Eleven of the pre-lymphoma sera were anti-EA-positive whereas none of the paired controls contained anti-EA. Anti-VCA titers of pre-lymphoma sera were higher than those of paired controls in thirteen cases. Only in four cases were anti-VCA titers of pre-lymphoma sera lower than those of paired controls. Qualitatively, the same results were obtained when anti-VCA and anti-EA titers of pre-lymphoma sera were compared with respective mean population values. The differences between pre-lymphoma group and control groups, especially in the case of anti-EA, were statistically highly significant. Thus, elevated anti-HVP titers in healthy baboons of the Sukhumi lymphoma-prone stock can be considered as a marker of high risk for development of malignant lymphoma. PMID- 6642759 TI - Human circannual rhythms over a broad spectrum of physiological processes. PMID- 6642758 TI - T lymphoma variants with specifically altered growth in semi-solid media. AB - The relationship between the tumorigenic potential and the cloning efficiency of T lymphoma BW5147 in semi-solid media has been studied. Two stable variants exhibiting a 30-fold decrease of their cloning efficiencies in agarose an methylcellulose media were independently isolated by negative selection with FuDr. These variants show no alteration of their growth properties in liquid medium and are still able to proliferate in liquid suspension over a bottom layer of agarose. This new phenotype is not correlated with any decreased tumorigenicity in syngeneic AKR/J mice. PMID- 6642760 TI - Prostaglandins: regulatory role in cardiovascular system and implications in ischemic heart disease. PMID- 6642761 TI - Prognostic implications of early spontaneous angina after acute transmural myocardial infarction. AB - We investigated the clinical, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic features and the prognostic implications of early spontaneous angina in 31 consecutive patients after acute myocardial infarction. Re-elevation of ST segments in the area of infarction occurred during angina and during reinfarction in all but one patient. Depression of ST segments, when present during pain, involved the same leads as in the acute infarction. Blood pressure and double product tended to increase during pain in 23 patients. The magnitude of this change, however, often varied from crisis to crisis and there were no increases in these parameters in one or more attacks in 15 patients. Sublingual nitroglycerin, 1.0 mg, failed to relieve one or all anginal episodes in 17 of the 28 patients in whom it was given. In-hospital mortality rate was 10% (3/31) and always followed reinfarction. In-hospital reinfarction rate was 16% (5/31) and followed a larger number of anginal crises (7.2 +/- 1.3 vs 3.0 +/- 2.1, P less than 0.001) and a higher incidence of transient hypotensive episodes than in the rest of patients (3/5 vs 3/26). Three additional patients died after discharge. Of the remaining 25 patients and during a follow-up of 26 months (16-34) only one developed reinfarction. Early resting angina after a transmural infarction is almost invariably associated with ECG evidence of ischemia in the leads overlying the infarcted zone. The inconsistent changes in blood pressure and heart rate during pain render these hemodynamic changes an unlikely cause of this form of angina. While postinfarction angina did not carry a grave short- or long-term prognosis, patients with recurrent crises demonstrated as high a risk of reinfarction and death as those with spontaneous hypotension. PMID- 6642762 TI - The use of calcium with verapamil in the management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. AB - Verapamil, a calcium channel blocking drug, terminates supraventricular arrhythmias but may have a negative inotropic effect and produce peripheral vasodilatation and hypotension. We studied the efficacy of intravenous calcium gluconate in reversing or preventing the hypotensive effect of verapamil in 31 patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias. In 21 instances, verapamil was given first, and in 13 calcium was used as pretreatment before the administration of verapamil. Calcium gluconate, when given as pretreatment, prevented the fall in blood pressure induced by verapamil, and when given after verapamil restored blood pressure to control values. The administration of calcium did not alter the antiarrhythmic effect of verapamil. PMID- 6642763 TI - Thallium-201 scanning to decide CCU admission in patients with non-diagnostic electrocardiograms. AB - To determine the value of thallium-201 scintigraphy as a decisive factor in admission policy for patients with acute chest pain and nondiagnostic electrocardiograms, we undertook a prospective study in 149 such patients. The interval between pain and scan never exceeded 12 hr. Of 57 patients in whom a defect was seen, 34 had an acute infarction, 7 developed infarction within 2 months, and in 11 coronary heart disease was proven by angiography or strongly suggested by stress tests (ECG and thallium-201 scan). In 13 patients with an equivocal scan, coronary heart disease was proven or strongly suggested in 5. Of 79 patients with a normal scan, only 1 had acute infarction, and stress tests were positive in 6 and negative in 72. In these 72 no cardiac event occurred during a 1-year follow-up. Thallium-201 scintigraphy can help to select those patients with acute chest pain and nondiagnostic electrocardiograms who need observation in a CCU. PMID- 6642764 TI - Reduced myocardial blood flow resulting from dynamic changes in coronary artery stenosis. AB - To evaluate the interaction of coronary vasomotor tone and stenosis, we studied the effects of ergonovine and adenosine on partially obstructed coronary arteries in 6 closed chest dogs. Coronary stenosis was created by partially inflating a balloon catheter with a distal lumen in the left anterior descending or circumflex coronary artery. Stenotic resistance was calculated as the mean pressure gradient across the stenosis divided by the mean blood flow measured with 15 micron radioactive microspheres. Coronary artery vasoconstriction, induced by ergonovine (0.6 mg i.v.), caused a small, but nonsignificant, increase in stenotic resistance (1.42 +/- 0.25 to 2.68 +/- 0.64 mm Hg/ml per min) and had no effect on myocardial blood flow. Coronary arteriolar dilation induced by adenosine increased stenotic resistance (1.52 +/- 0.25 to 9.01 +/- 2.49 mm Hg/ml per min, P less than 0.05) and the pressure gradient across the stenosis (18.8 +/ 3.0 to 41.3 +/- 7.5 mm Hg, P less than 0.05). Adenosine increased myocardial blood flow from 0.52 +/- 0.05 ml/min per g to 1.43 +/- 0.20 ml/min per g (P less than 0.05) in the regions supplied by unstenosed arteries, while in the region perfused by the stenosed artery blood flow fell from 0.51 +/- 0.06 to 0.29 +/- 0.13 ml/min per g (P less than 0.05), with the endocardium most severely affected (0.55 +/- 0.04 ml/min per g to 0.26 +/- 0.09 ml/min per g, P less than 0.05). Thus changes in severity of stenosis produced by altered coronary pressure and flow can influence blood flow to the myocardium. Such dynamic changes in coronary artery stenosis may be important in the pathogenesis of angina and myocardial infarction. PMID- 6642766 TI - Cardiac amyloidosis presenting as severe mitral regurgitation. AB - We report a patient with extensive infiltration of the left ventricle with amyloid who presented with severe mitral regurgitation which led to mitral valve replacement. The right ventricular biopsy showed minimal focal deposits of amyloid. PMID- 6642765 TI - Myocarditis resolving after discontinuation of procainamide. AB - A patient with dilated cardiomyopathy was proven to have unsuspected severe myocarditis on endomyocardial biopsy. There was no history of an antecedent viral infection. Procainamide therapy had recently been initiated and was discontinued after the biopsy results were available. A repeat endomyocardial biopsy showed resolution of the inflammation. PMID- 6642767 TI - Abolishing advanced grades of ventricular premature beats protects patients with recurring malignant ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 6642768 TI - Antiarrhythmic drugs for the prevention of potentially lethal arrhythmias- assessment of current approaches. PMID- 6642769 TI - The case report. I. Guidelines for preparation. AB - A case report, if prepared properly, is a valuable educational device to describe an unusual clinical syndrome, association, reaction, or treatment. If a case advances basic understanding of a disorder, increases clinical skill, or suggests useful research, it is worthy of publication. Conciseness is paramount. The description of the case should contain only pertinent positive and negative findings. Irrelevant material or excessive detail can obscure the essence of a report and repel editors and readers. The discussion should emphasize the salient features of the case, show their relation to previous knowledge, interpret their significance, draw conclusions or generalizations about future cases when warranted by the evidence presented, or suggest further possible studies. Information withheld by the patient and unjustified speculation can nullify the value of a case report. Illustrations add visual appeal and enhance the educational value of a report. Tables and graphs should reduce any statistical data to readily interpretable form. All visual supplements should be simple, compact, and self-contained. Appropriate documentation is desirable, but only essential citations need be included, and the author should have carefully reviewed and verified all references used. Begin with a clear title and end with an informative Summary. A useful case report is factual, concise, logically organized, clearly presented, and readable. The three primary principles to remember: (1) Make sure the case warrants publication. (2) Include only pertinent information. (3) Be concise. PMID- 6642770 TI - The anti-platelet effects of calcium channel blockers add to their anti-anginal properties. PMID- 6642771 TI - Cardiac involvement in familial amyloidosis with polyneuropathy. PMID- 6642772 TI - The female left ventricle: a pathophysiological entity? PMID- 6642773 TI - Observations on an overseas sabbatical. PMID- 6642774 TI - Estimation of infarct size with MB rather than total CK. PMID- 6642775 TI - Specialized internodal pathways. PMID- 6642776 TI - The relation of age to the thickness of the interventricular septum, the posterior left ventricular wall and their ratio. AB - We obtained echocardiographic measurements of interventricular septal and posterior left ventricular wall thickness in 100 apparently normal subjects in whom there was no evidence or history of coronary artery disease, hypertension or prolapsing mitral valve. Subjects were divided into five age groups of 20-29, 30 39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-70 years and there were 20 subjects in each group. Measurements of interventricular septum and posterior left ventricular wall thickness were made in each subject at both mitral and sub-mitral levels at the time of Q wave inscription, and the measurements were related to body surface area. The interventricular septum increased from a median of 8.3 mm in the age group 20-29 to 11.2 mm in the group 60-70, whereas the posterior left ventricular wall increased from 7.5 mm to 9.8 mm. The difference in the medians between the groups 20-29 and 60-70 was statistically significant for both interventricular septum and posterior left ventricular wall (P less than 0.02). Our data showed that interventricular septal, posterior left ventricular wall thickness measurements and their ratio should be related to age in order to assess their significance. PMID- 6642777 TI - Anterior S-T changes during acute inferior myocardial infarction. AB - We investigated the clinical course of 57 patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction as regards anterior S-T segment depression. Thirty of them showed S-T segment depression greater than or equal to 0.15 mV in at least 2 precordial leads, and 27 did not exhibit such changes. Twenty-seven patients underwent post infarction exercise stress test. Furthermore, coronary arteriographic findings and left ventricular performance were evaluated in 8 of these patients with and in 8 without anterior S-T segment depression. Patients with anterior S-T segment depression showed greater inferior S-T segment elevation on admission ECG and deeper Q wave in lead aVF in ECG tracings recorded 1 month later. Higher incidences of in-hospital angina (10/30 vs 2/27, P = 0.01) and of late development of cardiac failure (5/21 vs 0/19, P = 0.03) were found among patients with anterior S-T segment depression. They showed a higher overall coronary score (82.4 +/- 31.0 vs 32.5 +/- 28.9, P = 0.002) and left anterior descending artery score (44.1 +/- 20.7 vs 8.5 +/- 16.1, P = 0.0009) and a reduced ventricular performance, evaluated by ventriculography score (49.5 +/- 2.7 vs 51.8 +/- 2.4, P = 0.05). A higher incidence of mitral regurgitation, secondary to papillary muscle dysfunction, was also found among patients with anterior S-T segment depression (4/8 vs 0/8, P = 0.04). Furthermore, the degree of anterior S-T segment depression in each of these subjects was closely correlated with the corresponding difference from normal ventricular score (r = 0.86, P less than 0.01). Finally, no difference between the two groups of patients was found as to incidence of positive exercise stress tests. PMID- 6642778 TI - Reproducibility of electrophysiological parameters of sinus node following autonomic blockade. AB - We investigated the reproducibility of sinus node cycle length (SCL), corrected sinus node recovery time (CSRT) and sino-atrial conduction time (SACT) during the control state and following autonomic blockade in 25 patients (mean age: 56.9 +/- 13.8 years). Autonomic blockade was induced by i.v. administration of propranolol (0.2 mg/kg) and atropine (0.04 mg/kg). The electrophysiological study was repeated after 24 hr and the results were compared. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (15) with normal and Group 2 (10) with abnormal intrinsic sinus node function. Following autonomic blockade in Group 1 the daily variations in SCL, CSRT and SACT were very slight whereas in Group 2 there was far greater variability in these parameters. However, in the latter group there were no patients who changed their status from prolonged to normal intrinsic CSRT on the second study, whereas SACT changed its status in 2 patients. In Group 1 the daily variations in sinus node parameters were much slighter following autonomic blockade than during the control state. In Group 2 the variations were very similar during control and following autonomic blockade. These data suggest that: (1) following autonomic blockade the reproducibility of sinus node parameters is very good in Group 1, whereas in Group 2 several patients show marked daily variations in sinus node parameters; (2) following autonomic blockade the sinus node electrophysiological parameters are meaningful in diagnosing an involvement of intrinsic sinus node function; and (3) in patients with abnormal sinus node parameters during control state, but with normal intrinsic sinus node function, the daily variations are mainly due to change in autonomic tone, whereas when the intrinsic sinus node function is abnormal, the day to day variations during control state appear due predominantly to intrinsic sinus node abnormalities. PMID- 6642779 TI - Clinical features and long-term natural history of the postpericardiotomy syndrome. AB - We followed 34 consecutive patients with the postpericardiotomy syndrome for a median of 7 years. In each patient, the syndrome was documented by the occurrence of: (1) a pericardial type of pain or pericardial rub (or both); and (2) fever or an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The postpericardiotomy syndrome occurred at a median postoperative time of 4 weeks (range, 2 to 52 weeks). The duration of the syndrome was highly variable (range, 2 to 100 days; median, 22 days) and depended primarily on treatment; the median duration of symptoms in 21 patients treated with salicylates alone was only 4 days. Of the 9 patients receiving anticoagulants alone and in whom this treatment was continued, none had clinical evidence of hemopericardium. On follow-up, 7 patients (21%) had an initial recurrence at an interval of 1 to 3 months; 5 of these patients had further recurrences at an interval of 3 to 30 months. This long-term study indicates that the postperiocardiotomy syndrome is a benign but often recurrent clinical entity, presumably related to viral and/or immunologic factors. PMID- 6642780 TI - Orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic dysfunction--different therapeutic effects of propranolol. AB - In two patients with orthostatic hypotension, due to autonomic dysfunction, hemodynamic changes induced by the assumption of erect position have been evaluated before and during chronic propranolol treatment. Under control conditions, the change in posture induced in Patient 1 a fall in systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 51.4 and 30.7%, respectively. Cardiac output was reduced by 26.8% and systemic vascular resistance by 23.3%. During propranolol treatment, systolic pressure decreased only by 28% and diastolic pressure by 7.7%. The decline in systemic vascular resistance on standing was abolished, while the reduction in cardiac output remained unmodified. In Patient 2, symptoms of orthostatic hypotension were related to marked decrease in systolic blood pressure, the diastolic pressure remaining unchanged. Moreover, systemic vascular resistance increased and, thus, orthostatic hypotension was exclusively dependent upon the severe fall in cardiac output on standing. As a consequence, propranolol failed to control orthostatic hypotension in this patient. These data suggest that when orthostatic hypotension is secondary to failure in peripheral vasoconstriction, propranolol may act beneficially. When it is secondary to a fall in cardiac output, beta-blockade is ineffective. PMID- 6642781 TI - Three-vessel coronary artery spasm in a patient with variant angina and normal coronary arteries. AB - Variant angina with two or more electrocardiographic or angiographic localizations has seldom been reported [1-4]. We present a case of variant angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries with three different and independent electrocardiographic localizations. PMID- 6642782 TI - The ergonovine test--to catch a leprechaun. PMID- 6642783 TI - The role of right heart catheterization in the care of the critically ill: benefits, limitations, and risks. PMID- 6642784 TI - In vitro drug metabolism in humans with different liver diseases. AB - In vitro drug metabolism studies were carried out in 97 patients with liver disease. Drug-metabolizing enzymes (aminopyrine N-demethylase and bilirubin UDP glucuronyl transferase) were estimated in livers obtained at the time of biopsy with a Menghini needle. The patients were divided into three groups depending on clinical, biochemical, radiologic, and histologic findings: (i) mild (non cirrhotic portal fibrosis and extrahepatic portal vein obstruction), (ii) moderate (Budd-Chiari syndrome and amebic liver abscess), (iii) severe (acute hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, and cirrhosis). Aminopyrine N-demethylase was decreased in all liver disorders as compared to ten control liver samples. Bilirubin UDP-glucuronyl transferase was significantly lower in all liver disorders except for amebic liver abscess and extrahepatic portal vein obstruction. Both the enzymes in (i) and (ii) groups were significantly higher than in group (iii). A significant correlation was obtained between the two enzymes. PMID- 6642785 TI - The bioavailability of three dipyridamole products. AB - Following oral administration of 75 mg of three dipyridamole commercial products in a three-way crossover design with six subjects, no statistically significant differences were found for serum concentrations at all sampling times nor for bioavailability parameters. The only exception was the higher serum concentration occurring 0.5 h after administration of Antistenocardin when compared with dipyridamole (p less than 0.05). PMID- 6642786 TI - The effect of acetylsalicylic acid and diclofenac on stimulated growth hormone and prolactin secretion in humans. AB - The effects of short-term oral treatments with prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibitors, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), or diclofenac (DCF), on basal and stimulated growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion were studied in 23 healthy volunteers. Before and after 4 days on ASA (3.2 g daily) or DCF (75 mg daily), subjects were given cimetidine or metoclopramide to evaluate PRL reserve. Arginine infusion test (for GH and PRL response) was performed only in ASA treated subjects. Arginine-induced GH and PRL release was abolished and enhanced, respectively, by ASA pre-treatment. PRL response to cimetidine was greater than that observed in basal conditions when ASA was given, but remained unchanged after DCF administration. Neither ASA nor DCF was capable of modifying the PRL response to metoclopramide. Basal GH and PRL levels were not influenced by ASA or DCF. In conclusion, some PG may play an important role in the regulation of GH and PRL secretion, and some PG inhibitors (like ASA) may significantly interfere with some dynamic tests for pituitary reserve. PMID- 6642787 TI - Comparative bioavailability of carbimazole and methimazole. AB - In this study we investigated the oral bioavailability of therapeutic doses of two antithyroid drugs, methimazole and carbimazole, in seven euthyroid subjects. To increase the statistical power deuterium-labeled methimazole was given orally as an internal standard together with the tested drugs. Using a recently described highly sensitive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay for methimazole we found that intake of 15 mg carbimazole resulted in plasma concentrations of methimazole and pharmacokinetic data comparable to intake of an equimolar amount of methimazole, i. e., 9.2 mg. Maximum concentrations of 163 and 149 ng/ml, respectively, were reached in both instances at 0.9 h after intake of 15 mg carbimazole and 10 mg methimazole. The plasma half-life was 5.7 and 5.4 h, respectively. In contrast to previous suggestions the interindividual differences in pharmacokinetics were small. In conclusion, carbimazole was rapidly and totally bioactivated to methimazole, and the drugs should be regarded as equipotent when compared on a molar basis. PMID- 6642788 TI - Empiric antibiotic therapy with an amikacin-carbenicillin-cefoxitin combination in granulocytopenic febrile patients--a clinical report. AB - The authors report 57 febrile episodes in 36 patients with leukemia and lymphoma. Patients with less than 1000 granulocytes and fever above 38.5 degrees C were included in this empirical antibacterial protocol (15 mg amikacin/kg/day/iv, 500 mg carbenicillin/kg/day/iv, 200 mg cefoxitin/kg/day/iv). The criteria for diagnosis of infection were those widely accepted [Schimpff et al. 1971]. Microbiologic documentation of infection was performed in 33.4% of febrile episodes. Antibacterial therapy induced an improvement in 75.1% of cases. Clinical response often occurred in the presence of profound granulocytopenia (in 72% of episodes). Therapy failure was higher in pneumonia (46%) and lower in fever of unknown origin (21%). PMID- 6642789 TI - Bioavailability of isosorbide dinitrate and its two mononitrate metabolites from sustained-release formulations. AB - Plasma concentrations and bioavailability of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) and its active metabolites isosorbide 2-mononitrate (2-ISMN) and isosorbide 5-mononitrate (5-ISMN) from two sustained-release formulations and one standard-release formulation of isosorbide dinitrate were compared. Means of peak drug concentrations of ISDN, 2-ISMN, and 5-ISMN after administration of the 20-mg sustained-release formulation were 5.5, 24.4, and 129.1 ng/ml, respectively, at 3.1, 4.2, and 4.5 h; after the 40-mg sustained-release formulation, they were 10.9, 44.0, and 214.5 ng/ml, respectively, at 4.2, 6.3, and 6.7 h; and after the 20-mg standard formulation, they were 19.1, 34.7, and 159.2 ng/ml, respectively, at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 h. As might be expected, peak concentrations and their times of occurrence were statistically significantly different when results from the sustained-release formulation were compared to those from the standard formulation. Plasma drug concentrations were detectable for longer after administration of the sustained-release formulations. The extent of bioavailability of ISDN, 2-ISMN, and 5-ISMN from the three formulations as estimated from the areas under the plasma drug concentration - time curves were not statistically significantly different (p greater than 0.05). The ratios for relative drug bioavailability from the respective formulations were similar whether ISDN, 2-ISMN, or 5-ISMN data were used for calculation. Reasons are discussed for the biphasic decline of plasma ISDN concentrations (half-lives 26 min and 5.1 h) obtained after administration of the standard-release formulation. PMID- 6642790 TI - Comparison of the antihypertensive activity of cadralazine (ISF 2469) and dihydralazine during chronic treatment. AB - The antihypertensive activity of a new vasodilating agent (ISF 2469) cadralazine (CD) was compared in a randomized, crossover, intrapatient study with that of hydralazine (HD) in 20 hypertensive patients whose diastolic blood pressure (BP) was greater than 95 mmHg during treatment with atenolol (AT), 100 mg 1 X daily. The initial dose of CD was 15 mg 1 X daily; after 15 days in case of poor response, the dose was increased to 20 mg 1 X daily. HD was given at a dose of 25 mg 3 X daily and was increased to 50 mg 2 X daily in case of poor response. BP values (standing) during AT were 174/108; they fell to 144/88 during CD and to 138/88 during HD. No significant difference was detected between the two drugs for both systolic and diastolic BP (supine and standing). Heart rate increased with both drugs, with a greater increase during CD. The difference was clinically nonsignificant. A total of 24 patients were enrolled, but 4 had to cease treatment because of side effects during HD. The overall prevalence of side effects was much higher during HD, especially during the first days of therapy. Also the severity of side effects was greater during HD. Our data show that CD has the same antihypertensive activity as HD with a lesser incidence of side effects and with a single dose/day administration in contrast with three administrations of HD. This can result in greater patient compliance. PMID- 6642791 TI - Clonidine and prazosin in the treatment of hypertensive outpatients--a preliminary study. AB - Clinical assessment of a novel antihypertensive drug combination was undertaken in a group of essential hypertensive patients (n = 20). The effects of several doses of clonidine and its association with prazosin on blood pressure (BP), systolic time intervals (STI), and electrocardiogram (ECG) were investigated. Clonidine monotherapy induced a good BP control at 60%. BP was controlled in those patients in which prazosin was combined with clonidine (87.7%). LVETc was reduced by 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg clonidine daily (p less than 0.05). PEPc was increased by only 0.9 mg, and it was diminished after its combination with 20 mg prazosin daily (p less than 0.05). PEP/LVET index was significantly increased by a higher dose of clonidine (p less than 0.05). ECG intervals did not change with the exception of PR, which was prolonged by 0.9 mg clonidine daily (p less than 0.05). Dry mouth, sedation, constipation, and drowsiness were the main side effects observed during the investigation. These results suggest an alternative treatment of essential hypertension, with a novel clinical application of drugs such as clonidine and prazosin, which have pharmacologic action via different alpha-adrenergic mechanisms. PMID- 6642792 TI - The ethical position of the attending physician in Phase III of clinical investigations. AB - The ethical position of the attending physician in Phase III of a clinical trial differs from his position in the other two phases. In Phase II he normally presupposes that the new drug has a priority as regards one or more therapeutic properties compared with the already known drug, which he uses as the control. Phase III is based on the results of the Phase II investigations; thus the drug has been proven to be effective therapeutically before Phase III begins. The patients have to be informed about the properties of the drug to be tested. The position of the physician informing them is explained and discussed with respect to the differences between the new and the old drug. PMID- 6642793 TI - Psychological test findings on pathological gamblers in treatment. AB - A sample of 23 veterans entering the Pathological Gambling Treatment Program at the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Miami, Florida, were administered a battery of tests including the following: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS), and the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Findings on the intelligence testing indicated that on the average the pathological gamblers were of bright normal intelligence with a mean WAIS Full Scale IQ of 116.78, mean Verbal IQ of 119.30, and a mean Performance IQ of 111.30. Group profile results on the MMPI showed significant mean clinical scale elevations on two of the nine clinical scales: Scale 2, Depression; and Scale 4, Psychopathic Deviate. Group profile results on the EPPS indicated relatively high scores on the variables of achievement, exhibition, autonomy, dominance, and heterosexuality; and relatively low scores on the variables of deference, order, and endurance. Group profile results on the POI were essentially within normal limits with a tendency toward time incompetency noted, suggesting difficulty living fully in the present here and now. PMID- 6642794 TI - Alcohol consumption while viewing alcoholic beverage advertising. AB - Three hypotheses related to viewing alcoholic beverage advertising were examined: (1) alcohol advertising cues drinkings, (2) alcohol advertising prompts faster drinking, and (3) drinkers are more influenced by alcohol advertising when they are drinking. Alcoholic beverage advertisements did not increase either the quantity of liquor poured in mixed drinks or the rate of drinking. However, subjects with an alcoholic predrink who viewed alcohol advertisements second, drank more and reached higher blood alcohol concentrations than alcohol predrinkers who viewed the alcohol advertisements first. In some situations, distilled spirits advertisements may encourage continued drinking. PMID- 6642795 TI - Test construction procedures for evaluating alcohol education: the "Decisions and Drinking" program. AB - The procedure developed by Jackson for the construction of the Personality Research Form was applied in the development of an instrument to evaluate the Power of Positive Parenting course in the Decisions and Drinking series. The procedure tests for content validity, reliability, and criterion validity. A preliminary test of 161 items (which was divided into scales of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior for both drinking and parenting) was developed and administered to 130 subjects in the summer of 1980. The analysis of the preliminary test yielded 94 items for the final test. Final scales were retested for reliability and yielded highly satisfactory coefficients. PMID- 6642796 TI - A proposal for a monitoring and aversive feedback device to maintain drug abstinence or controlled drug use. AB - A device implanted in a patient could monitor blood levels of addictive substances on an intermittent or continuous basis. Excessive levels of a given substance would trigger release of an aversive chemical agent into the bloodstream, in essence creating an artificial allergy. Implications of the concept are discussed. PMID- 6642797 TI - The control of smoking: smoking rate in designated smoking and no-smoking areas. AB - Unobtrusive measurements were taken over a 5-day period at three hospital areas designated as smoking permitted and three designated as no-smoking. A surprisingly high degree of compliance was observed in reported patient complaints or criticisms in regard to the controlled-smoking policy. The practical advantages of a comprehensive, hospital-wide sign program designating smoking and no-smoking areas are discussed. PMID- 6642798 TI - Behavioral predictors of abstinence: early indicators of a dependence on tobacco among adolescents. AB - High-school-aged smokers were surveyed about recent attempts to give up cigarette smoking and about the nature of their smoking behavior, including the duration of the habit, frequency of use, and regularity of use. For smokers who had attempted to quit (72%), a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed. Frequency of use and regularity of use were found to predict significantly the length of time subjects had been able to remain abstinent from cigarettes. The implications of these findings for the categorization and treatment of young smokers are discussed. PMID- 6642799 TI - A model for assessing and improving drug abuse treatment resource use in inner city areas. AB - While the field of drug use research has grown increasingly sophisticated theoretically and methodologically, there continues to be a need to improve our understanding of how drug abuse treatment programs relate to the communities they serve. In addressing this need, the present paper develops a research model, incorporating systems theory concepts, which provides a framework for evaluating how the relationships of drug abuse treatment programs to various consumer and community interest groups affect their performance. PMID- 6642800 TI - Drinking in bars: an observational study of companion status and drinking behavior. AB - The drinking behavior of 329 patrons was observed in three public drinking settings in Boston. Variations in drinking behavior and patron characteristics at each site were noted. Group setting was significantly related to duration of stay among males in two sites. Duration of stay was related to level of consumption in all sites for men and women. The relationship between companion status and drinking behavior varied by site and sex of patron. PMID- 6642801 TI - Treatment of drug abusers in Malaysia: a comparison. AB - The purpose of this paper is to compare two forms of treatment for heroin abusers in Malaysia--traditional medicine and institutional--and to evaluate which form of treatment the drug abusers consider more effective. The study involved interviewing 100 male drug abusers in Malaysia who had had treatment from an institution and from a traditional healer. The data revealed that traditional medicine was better for some abusers, but institutional treatment was better for others, depending upon an individual's own needs and personality. Advantages and disadvantages of both forms of treatment were given by those interviewed. The data can be used as guidelines for the development of a more flexible, individualized program within an institutional setting in Malaysia. PMID- 6642802 TI - Minority alcoholism programs: issues in service delivery models. AB - This article describes how one metropolitan community attempted to set up a program to treat Black alcoholics. The effort is analyzed from direct service and administrative perspectives. When this program failed, an alternative model was developed. The two programs are compared, and an integrated model for minority community alcoholism services is proposed. PMID- 6642803 TI - Focal group psychotherapy: a dynamic approach. PMID- 6642805 TI - Toward an understanding of cohesion in personal change groups. PMID- 6642804 TI - Effects of group confrontation with death and dying. PMID- 6642806 TI - The application of self-psychology concepts to group psychotherapy. PMID- 6642807 TI - Level of functioning and length of time in treatment variables influencing patients' therapeutic experience in group psychotherapy. PMID- 6642808 TI - Hispanics and psychotherapeutic groups. PMID- 6642809 TI - Multiple family group therapy with developmentally disabled adolescents and young adults. PMID- 6642810 TI - Group treatment for chronic patients: educational and supervisory aspects. PMID- 6642811 TI - The determinants of social policy. A case study: regulating health and safety at the workplace in Sweden. AB - This article presents an analysis and critique of the "technocratic" view of occupational health and safety policies, which sees the values of the personnel of the "postindustrial" regulatory agencies as the most important determinant of those policies. An alternate position is put forth which explains those occupational health and safety policies as primarily the result of different degrees of political power of the two major classes (capital and labor) and the set of influences exerted on the regulatory agencies by the instruments (e.g., political parties, unions, trade organizations) of those classes. It is shown how an analysis of the historical evolution of those classes in Sweden and their conflict in both civil and political societies better explains the Swedish occupational health and safety policies than the mere analysis of the regulators' views. It is concluded that the occupational health and safety policies in Sweden are not identical to the U.S. policies--as the "technocratic" theorists assume- but rather they offer more protection to the workers than the U.S. ones. This situation is a result of labor's greater power in Sweden than in the United States. The different class formations and class behavior in both societies are compared, and the implications of this comparison for occupational health and safety policies are discussed. PMID- 6642812 TI - Mortality and economic instability: detailed analyses for Britain and comparative analyses for selected industrialized countries. AB - This paper discusses a first-stage analysis of the link of unemployment rates, as well as other economic, social and environmental health risk factors, to mortality rates in postwar Britain. The results presented represent part of an international study of the impact of economic change on mortality patterns in industrialized countries. The mortality patterns examined include total and infant mortality and (by cause) cardiovascular (total), cerebrovascular and heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver, and suicide, homicide and motor vehicle accidents. Among the most prominent factors that beneficially influence postwar mortality patterns in England/Wales and Scotland are economic growth and stability and health service availability. A principal detrimental factor to health is a high rate of unemployment. Additional factors that have an adverse influence on mortality rates are cigarette consumption and heavy alcohol use and unusually cold winter temperatures (especially in Scotland). The model of mortality that includes both economic changes and behavioral and environmental risk factors was successfully applied to infant mortality rates in the interwar period. In addition, the "simple" economic change model of mortality (using only economic indicators) was applied to other industrialized countries. In Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden, the simple version of the economic change model could be successfully applied only if the analysis was begun before World War II; for analysis beginning in the postwar era, the more sophisticated economic change model, including behavioral and environmental risk factors, was required. In France, West Germany, Italy, and Spain, by contrast, some success was achieved using the simple economic change model. PMID- 6642813 TI - The effects of the social relations of production on productivity and workers' safety: an ignored set of relationships. AB - This paper considers the interrelationships between the social relations of production, workers' safety, and the productivity of labor. The argument is that the social relations of production directly influence the intensity of labor (one facet of labor productivity), which in turn influences the rate of industrial accidents (one aspect of workers' safety). These relationships are illustrated with data from a carefully controlled comparison between two Chrysler plants in Europe in 1976 (Poissy in France and Ryton in England). The data are from internal company sources and are considered very reliable. The data show that Poissy had a higher labor productivity than Ryton, although both made the same car. This is partly accounted for by differences in the intensity of labor at the two plants. The evidence strongly suggests that a key reason for this difference lies in the contrasting nature of the social relations of production at the two plants. Ryton workers were better organized and more militant on the shop floor than were Poissy workers. Finally, it was found that the accident rate was about sixty times higher at Poissy than at Ryton, which provides strong support for the interrelationships proposed. PMID- 6642814 TI - Are women in female jobs for their health? A study of working conditions and health effects in the fish-processing industry in Quebec. AB - A questionnaire concerning environmental conditions, work organization, and health-related symptoms was administered to 209 male and female workers in fish processing plants in Quebec. Jobs in these factories were "ghettoized," with 88.9 percent of job titles held primarily (more than 75 percent) by members of one sex. In general, significantly more women than men reported that their work sites exposed them to environmental aggressors such as noise and cold. Women also reported significantly more often that their jobs were uninteresting, that they could not move around, and that their work speed was fast. Women reported fatigue, stress, insomnia, digestive problems, and aches and pains significantly more often than did men (analysis controlled for age). When the effects of work speed were examined specifically, it was found that a fast work speed was associated with fatigue, stress, insomnia, and digestive problems in both sexes, and with aches and pains in women. It is suggested that women are required to work at a faster speed than men, and that this is a factor in the greater prevalence of health-related symptoms among women. Our interpretation of these data calls into question the commonly held belief that men and women are assigned to sex-specific jobs in order to protect the health of "the weaker sex." PMID- 6642815 TI - Plundering the poor: the role of the World Bank in the Third World. AB - The World Bank, the most important so-called development assistance agency, annually dispenses billions of dollars to Third World governments, ostensibly to "develop" their economics through a variety of loan projects. But even a superficial analysis reveals that the Bank is the perfect mechanism to help (i.e., subsidize) the large transnational corporations from the industrial countries to expand their industrial, commercial, and financial activities in the Third World, at the expense of the latter and particularly at the expense of the rural and urban proletariat. This article discusses Cheryl Payer's recent book, The World Bank: A Critical Analysis, in which she analyzes the Bank's role in the Third World and sets forth the major reasons why poverty, hunger, and malnutrition, as well as unemployment, and all the adverse social phenomena associated with them, are on the increase. PMID- 6642816 TI - Ethical reflections on the economic crisis. PMID- 6642818 TI - Adult status of mildly retarded past-pupils from special education. II: Social adaptation. AB - This paper, the second in a series of two reports, on the post school adjustment of mildly retarded persons in Ireland, focuses on social adaptation. Data on marriage, children, adaptive skills, living arrangements, problem behaviours and social contact among 382 past-pupils from special schools for mildly retarded children were examined. The personal characteristics of past-pupils which correlated with success in these areas were also noted and results were related to previous findings. The results lend further support to Cobb's (1972) claim that a majority of mildly retarded persons make satisfactory adjustment in adult life. However, a considerable number still seemed to experience a degree of social isolation warranting further attention. While IQ and age were again found to relate significantly to success on most variables, sex and socioeconomic class accounted for significant differences in some aspects of social independence. PMID- 6642817 TI - Voluntary regularization method of the respiratory act applied to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - Respiration is a vital, complex function, fundamentally automatic that can be modulated by will. The aim of the original method submitted is the progressive rehabilitation of the patient to strain, by a gradual reduction of respiratory frequency at the progressive increase in expiration phases and the execution of a growing effort in strict relation to the execution of the method itself. The patient learns to beat out the rhythm of his respiration based upon the strokes of the metronome, calibrated at 60 strokes a minute. The most evident documentation of the efficacy of our method of voluntary regularization of the respiratory act is in the evaluation of the effort capacity of each patient, before and after the method. The data are referred to the distance covered by cyclette, in standard conditions. The examined clinical parametres comprehend: cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency, maximal pause and arterial pressure. The laboratory parametres examined include the value of the arterial astrup: pH, pCO2, HCO3-, total CO2, pO2, excess basis. The scarcity of clinical survey examined during our research does not permit the formulation of any conclusive considerations, which would lead to a critical revision of the whole field of the physiology of respiration. For this reason, it is more prudent to establish the modifications of various parametres collected, until a more certain and wider confirmation is available. PMID- 6642819 TI - A comparison of the predictions made by orthopaedic surgeons, nurses and physiotherapists about the rehabilitation problems of fracture patients. AB - Health service staff sometimes are not aware of the psychological and social aspects of patients' rehabilitation problems. This paper compares the accuracy of predictions made by orthopaedic surgeons, nurses and physiotherapists about the rehabilitation problems of a series of fracture patients. Predictions were obtained in the acute orthopaedic trauma wards of one hospital, from members of all three professions, about 26 patients selected as likely to have rehabilitation problems. Follow-up data were obtained from interviews with the patients during the six months after their injury and from the orthopaedic case notes. The orthopaedic surgeons accurately predicted 48 per cent of the problems that occurred, the nurses 26 per cent and the physiotherapists 20 per cent. In their predictions the surgeons discriminated more accurately than the nurses or physiotherapists between the occasions on which problems did and did not occur in the follow-up period. The surgeons were better predictors than the other professions about medical and orthopaedic, work and personal and social problems. Fifty-five per cent of the problems that occurred were predicted by members of one or more professions. If it is desired to base early decisions about treatment or referral in rehabilitation on predictions about patients' likely problems, there is a need to increase the proportion of problems that are accurately predicted, and to increase the ability of predictors to discriminate between the occasions on which problems are and are not likely to occur. PMID- 6642820 TI - Biological factors and crime: implications for forensic psychiatry. AB - To summarize, we can say that (1) Criminal behavior, especially chronic criminal behavior, seems to be partly genetically predisposed; (2) An important task at this point is to attempt to determine the biological factors which predispose people to crime; and (3) We have related some tentative initial steps being taken in the study of the autonomic nervous system as one possible heritable, biological basis for the failure of normal social learning forces in inhibiting criminal behavior. Early in this paper we discussed the tenability of asserting criminal responsibility on individuals whose criminal behavior has a partly genetic etiology. But this special consideration seems to set biological factors apart as being in some unique causal category. In fact, genetic, physiological, and biochemical factors are causal agents in the same sense as family, social class, or neighborhood factors. Of course, criminal behavior (like all other behavior) must be caused; one class of causal variables is the biological category. The legal doctrine of responsibility is not challenged by identifying biological factors as partially determining crime any more than it is by findings of social causation. Only in cases in which abnormal biological factors are exceptionally powerful influences might responsibility be challenged. Such cases will be quite rare. PMID- 6642821 TI - Why Mill was for paternalism. PMID- 6642822 TI - A prisoner assessment survey: screenings of a municipal prison population. PMID- 6642823 TI - Dangerousness at Karsudden. PMID- 6642824 TI - Regulation of psychiatric research: a socioethical analysis. PMID- 6642825 TI - Legal issues in mental health administration. PMID- 6642826 TI - The right to refuse treatment: Commonwealth developments and issues. PMID- 6642827 TI - Need for treatment and New York's revised commitment laws: an empirical assessment. PMID- 6642828 TI - The contribution of dynamic psychotherapy to forensic psychiatry and vice versa. PMID- 6642829 TI - Botryomycosis. AB - Botryomycosis is a subacute or chronic bacterial infection, which is characterized by a granulomatous response and granules in which the microorganisms are embedded by a hyaline matrix. It may be caused by several pyogenic bacteria. The mechanism of granule formation is not understood. Treatment is with surgical drainage or resection, whenever possible, and prolonged use of the appropriate antibiotics. PMID- 6642831 TI - Coagulase-negative staphylococci--saphrophyte or parasite? PMID- 6642830 TI - What is Netherton's syndrome? PMID- 6642832 TI - A model for self-help: the development of regional dermatologic opportunities in Ibero-Latin America. PMID- 6642833 TI - Scabies and systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - There is little information in the literature concerning scabies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Scabies in our five patients appeared to be more severe than usual, and two of them developed crusted scabies, probably on an immunologic basis. PMID- 6642834 TI - Histopathology of vitiliginous skin. AB - A histological study of 74 vitiligo cases revealed inflammatory and degenerative changes in the epidermis, papillation, blood vessels, sweat glands and ducts, sebaceous glands and hair follicles, dermis (connective tissue), and dermal nerves and nerve endings. PMID- 6642835 TI - Clinical electrophysiologic assessment of ulnar nerve transposition in tuberculoid leprosy. AB - Ulnar nerve transposition was accomplished in 24 tuberculoid leprotic patients, making a total of 27 operations. Results were assessed clinically and electrophysiologically, pre- and postoperatively, and compared with a control group of 30 patients. Excellent results were obtained in early cases with minimal electromyographic changes. Late cases did not improve after surgery. PMID- 6642836 TI - Numerous syringomas of the forehead. PMID- 6642837 TI - Alopecia totalis as a presentation of cutaneous metastasis (alopecia neoplastica). PMID- 6642839 TI - The known subspecies of the Leishmania mexicana complex that infect man in Venezuela. PMID- 6642838 TI - Ibero-Latin American College of Dermatology (Colegio Ibero-Latino Americano de Dermatologia-Cilad). PMID- 6642840 TI - Dandruff: assessment and management. PMID- 6642841 TI - The management of minimal extent mycosis fungoides. PMID- 6642842 TI - Psoriasis and thermoregulation. PMID- 6642843 TI - The intradermal sporotrichin test and the diagnosis of sporotrichosis. PMID- 6642844 TI - Tinea capitis in Philadelphia. AB - From 1962 to 1979, there was a dramatic change in tinea capitis infections in children in the Philadelphia area. This has been primarily due to the virtual disappearance of tinea capitis due to Microsporum organisms. This dramatic change in a common, highly infectious childhood disease is most likely due to a sudden change in hair styles, particularly in black boys, which prevents infectious spores from reaching the scalp. PMID- 6642846 TI - Papular dermographism: a sign of urticaria pigmentosa. PMID- 6642845 TI - Localized cutaneous sporotrichosis. AB - Localized sporotrichosis can present a difficult diagnostic problem. It mimics many other skin diseases, some of which are far more common. Often the skin biopsy is not helpful. The disease tends to be chronic, requiring specific therapy with potassium iodide. PMID- 6642847 TI - Esthiomene: report of a case in a young Israeli woman. PMID- 6642848 TI - Reproducibility of clinical trials of topical glucocorticosteroids. AB - Clinical trials of topical glucocorticosteroids employ a variety of evaluating methods. This makes it difficult to assess the relative strengths of the products without resorting to direct comparative trials between them. We propose a standardized evaluation system for this class of pharmaceuticals that can easily be adopted by any competent dermatologist. Its use would facilitate evaluation of new topical glucocorticosteroids. PMID- 6642849 TI - Tuberculosis of the skin. PMID- 6642850 TI - Phrynoderma: suggested vitamin A and E therapy. PMID- 6642851 TI - Warty dyskeratoma of the vulva. AB - Suprabasal acantholysis of the epidermis is a histopathologic common denominator of diverse conditions such as pemphigus vulgaris, benign familial pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey), transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover's disease), some actinic keratoses and cutaneous squamous carcinomas, keratosis follicularis (Darier's disease [DD]), and warty dyskeratoma (WD). Of these, WD rarely occurs in the vulva and is indistinguishable histologically from DD. However, DD is an inherited dermatosis (autosomal dominant) consisting of multiple keratotic papules on the face, trunk, and extremities, while WD occurs as an isolated, noninherited, single keratotic nodule mainly confined to the head and neck. We had the opportunity to study three patients who presented with isolated WD in the vulva. These patients had no other skin lesions and had no family history of DD or multiple dermatologic papulonodules. Histologically, all three vulvar lesions were indistinguishable from classic head and neck WD. WD must be clinically and histologically differentiated from vulvar dysplasia, bowenoid papulosis, squamous carcinoma, condyloma, and other viral-induced squamous lesions. WD should be added to the list of recognizable vulvar squamous lesions. PMID- 6642852 TI - Virilization due to a metastasizing granulosa cell tumor. AB - This report describes a virilizing granulosa cell tumor in a postmenopausal woman. The tumor metastasized to the liver, urinary bladder, and spinal column. Although the bladder metastases were diagnosed initially as paraganglioma, review of the slides and the demonstration of abundant lipid within the tumor cells led to the correct diagnosis. The plasma testosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels were elevated, while the plasma 17-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone levels were normal, suggesting that the delta 4-pathway of testosterone biosynthesis was predominant in this tumor. Gonadotropin levels were suppressed and did not respond to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Presumably, this suppression was due to an increase in the plasma testosterone level. PMID- 6642853 TI - Abnormalities of gastric emptying in obese patients. AB - The pattern of gastric emptying in 15 obese patients and 11 control subjects has been assessed using a double isotope technique for measuring solid and liquid emptying with a scintillation camera. In all studies solid emptying was characterized by a lag period (before food enters the duodenum) followed by linear emptying. Liquid emptying was faster than solid and was non-linear. In obese patients solid emptying was delayed due to prolongation of the lag period, and the duration of the lag period correlated with excess body weight. There was no significant change in liquid emptying in obese patients. In control subjects no relationship between gastric emptying rates and body weight was apparent. PMID- 6642854 TI - The use of phototypes to measure obesity in elderly females. AB - The measurement of weight and height in old people may in some cases be impossible. A subjective assessment of obesity is a simple alternative. Results are presented of a study of overweight in elderly women, where fieldworkers made subjective assessments and anthropometric measures. In analysing an index of weight adjusted for height, it was found that differences between means of the five assessment categories explained 61 per cent of the total variation, although the percentage dropped to 59 when analysis was restricted to patients whose weight was taken from their notes. The method should be useful for cross sectional studies in which the prevalence of obesity is to be estimated. PMID- 6642855 TI - A novel technique for the determination of body fat by computed tomography. AB - We have developed a new method of measuring fat volume of the human body, using computed tomographic scanning (CT scan) - no ideal or direct method has been available for this calculation. In our study a human body is divided into 11 cylindrical shapes, ie a head, a chest, an abdomen, both sides of forearms, upper arms, thighs and calves to be subjected to the measurement. Eleven computed tomographic sections were examined at the middle point of each segment to obtain the areas of fat tissue. Volume of each cylindrical segment was calculated by multiplying a cross-sectional area of fat tissue by the height of each part. Then the volume of fat tissue of the whole body was determined by the sum of fat tissue volume of eleven parts (as above). By this method, nine massive obese subjects with 147-188 percent of ideal body weight were found to possess fat tissue occupying 30-63 percent of total body volume. We also found female obese patients had a significantly higher percentage of fat tissue than male obese patients when they had same degree of obesity. In addition to the study above, we examined 18 control and 19 obese subjects and measured subcutaneous fat, muscle plus bone and visceral fat separately by CT scan at the umbilicus level. In obese subjects, increased abdominal fatty mass was mainly due to the accumulation of subcutaneous fat, although substantial increase of visceral fatty mass was demonstrated in a few cases. PMID- 6642856 TI - Psychological status among female candidates for surgical treatment of obesity. AB - The identification of patients who suffer psychosocial complications after surgical treatment for obesity remains an unresolved problem. Some researchers have tried to identify the psychological status of patients prior to surgery, but have been hampered by lack of an adequate methodology to handle surgical candidates as a psychologically heterogeneous group. The present studies of this problem utilized the multivariate method of profile analysis. This method, when successfully applied, has the advantage of recognizing different subgroups. If reliable psychological subgroups of the population of candidates for surgical treatment can be determined, the prediction of psychological casualties may be significantly advanced. Minnesota Multidimensional Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 199 hyperobese women were analyzed using a principal components procedure for profile analysis. Three subgroups were derived, each with unique psychological characteristics. The first group was essentially without deviation from the norm; the second was characterized by neurotic features; and the third group was identifiable by anger and hostile acting-out. The comparability of these profiles with the clinical literature was encouraging. Therefore, the authors conducted a second study with the purpose of determining whether the obtained profiles were usable by clinicians without cumbersome statistical formulas. Two groups of clinical psychologists were asked to sort 17 randomly selected profiles into the three subgroups. They successfully classified 75 percent of the profiles. The results of both studies are considered sufficiently encouraging to warrant further work. PMID- 6642857 TI - Techniques for identification of the young obese Zucker rat and some observations on brown adipose tissue morphology and histochemistry in the young obese Zucker rat. AB - Several techniques for the identification of the young obese Zucker rat were developed and tested. A procedure utilizing biopsies of hypodermal adipocytes was successful in identifying the obese phenotype in large litters of 7-d and older rats. This technique involves sizing and counting fat cells in esterase stained cryostat sections of skin biopsies. Another procedure involved measuring times to cessation of spontaneous activity upon acute exposure to a cold environment. As early as 3 d, obese rats become inactive (in the cold) in a significantly shorter time when compared to the lean rat. This technique was not a discriminating test for the identification of the obese genotype at 3 d of age. A preliminary analysis of brown fat histology and histochemistry indicated larger and more lipid filled brown adipocytes in the obese animal when compared to lean animals at 10 and 14 d of age. Brown fat from young obese animals was histochemically similar to brown fat in lean rats. PMID- 6642858 TI - Gastric banding, a surgical method of treating morbid obesity: preliminary report. AB - Gross overweight in 15 patients was treated by a new method called gastric banding. The operative procedure is described. The technique is simpler than other procedures such as gastric bypass and gastroplasty. Gastric banding involves no opening of the gastrointestinal tract, which helps to minimize operative risk and complication rate. Operation resulted in an average weight loss of 36.5 kg (29.5 per cent) over six months, and is considered highly effective. Each patient was submitted, postoperatively, to a thorough check-up which included clinical examination, X-ray, gastroscopy and an extensive battery of laboratory tests. The fact that the artificial stoma and the gastric mucosa of upper and lower compartments can be inspected on gastroscopy is an added advantage. The series seems to indicate that gastric banding is a promising surgical method of treating extreme overweight. PMID- 6642859 TI - Cecal histopathology caused by Truttaedacnitis truttae (Nematoda: Cucullanidae) in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. PMID- 6642860 TI - Artificial feeding of the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus and collection of paralysing toxin. PMID- 6642861 TI - Further studies of the effect of selection with levamisole on a benzimidazole resistant population of Ostertagia spp. of sheep. PMID- 6642862 TI - Persistent and disseminated infections with Strongyloides stercoralis in immunosuppressed dogs. PMID- 6642863 TI - Nippostrongylus brasiliensis: environmental influences on pheromone production by females. PMID- 6642864 TI - Partitioning innate and acquired immunity in mice after infection with Nematospiroides dubius. PMID- 6642865 TI - A comparison of Echinococcus granulosus from different geographical areas of Australia using secondary cyst development in mice. PMID- 6642866 TI - The accumulation of Toxocara canis larvae in the brains of mice. PMID- 6642867 TI - Normal values for plasma creatinine concentration related to maturity in normal term and preterm infants. AB - Creatinine concentration was measured by a kinetic method in 475 plasma samples obtained from 260 term and preterm infants during the first 2 months post-natal age. In term infants plasma creatinine fell from 88 +/- 4.4 mumol/L (mean + SEM) at birth, to 60 +/- 1.9 mumol/L by the fourth day remaining stable thereafter; in preterm infants creatinine fell to 86 +/- 7 mumol/L by the fourth day. Analysis of pooled data from all infants of more than 4 days post natal age revealed a progressive fall in creatinine with increasing post conceptual age. The normal range of values varies with post conceptual age and was not influenced by gestational age at the time of birth. PMID- 6642868 TI - Hereditary nephritis and hypoplastic dysplastic nephropathy: hydroxylysine glycoside excretion and the glomerular basement membrane. AB - Eleven children aged 5 to 15 years with hereditary nephritis and twelve children with hypoplastic dysplastic nephropathy were studied. The children with hereditary nephritis were divided into 2 groups while correlating the level of renal excretion of hydroxylysine glycosides (HOLG) with ultrastructure of glomerular basement membrane. The first group was characterized by decreased urinary excretion of HOLG and extremely thin basement membranes, the second one - by increased HOLG excretion and thickened membranes, The children with hypoplastic dysplastic nephropathy which were divided into 2 groups according to HOLG excretion differed in presence or absence of anatomic anomalies and in the number of connective tissue dysembryogenetic stigmata. The data are suggestive of an important role and diversity of metabolic derangement of the collagenic component of basement membranes in the pathogenesis of the diseases studied. PMID- 6642869 TI - Clinical systemic lupus erythematosus with dense deposit disease. AB - A 12-year-old girl with signs and symptoms of lupus erythematosus and nephritis had, by renal biopsy, glomerular capillary loop deposits identical in location and composition to those described in children with the dense deposit lesion of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, Type II. Following of prednisone therapy, serologic and clinical abnormalities resolved. The patient has experienced excellent growth and no recurrence of disease while receiving alternate-day prednisone therapy. The dense deposit lesion has not previously reported in patients having signs and symptoms of lupus glomerulonephritis. PMID- 6642871 TI - Ultrasonography of cystic renal dysplasia. AB - Cystic renal dysplasia, classified by Osathanondh and Potter as renal cystic disease types II and IV, is probably the result of urinary tract obstruction in fetal life. Since these kidneys function poorly, sonography plays a more significant role in their diagnosis than excretory urography. Familiarity with the sonographic spectrum of cystic renal dysplasia will help the physician to make an accurate diagnosis, and may obviate the need for unnecessary invasive procedures. PMID- 6642870 TI - A urine collector for separating the initial, midstream and final portions of voided urine in infancy and early childhood. AB - The object of this study was to design a simple and non-invasive method for the collection of uncontaminated urine samples in children aged up to 4 years. We developed a disposable plastic midstream urine collector for use in combination with a specially designed chair which was simple to use and cost effective. In this study we compared the initial portion, midstream and final portion during a single voiding in 40 children and found significant differences between initial and other fractions of the urine sample. PMID- 6642872 TI - Impotence and peptic ulcer. AB - Two hundred and eighty male patients were examined for either peptic ulcer or impotence. Thirty-six of these suffered from impotence in association with duodenal or stomach ulcer. Surprisingly, all thirty-six patients, having been afflicted with both conditions, complained about only one of them, those with ulcers not having been disturbed by their impotence and vice versa. PMID- 6642873 TI - Effectiveness of stress management training for nurses working in a burn treatment unit. AB - All fourteen nurses working in a burn unit were given three hours of individual training in cognitive behavioral stress management skills. Anxiety measures were obtained before, during, and after training by weekly administration of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and by daily administration of a nurses' stress scale constructed for this study. Nurses were randomly assigned to two groups which were treated using a successive-groups time-series design. Results suggested that stress management training was effective in reducing work-related anxiety among inexperienced nurses but not among experienced nurses. The gains made by the inexperienced nurses may have been more associated with increases in their understanding of stress and their feelings of control over stress than with changes in their actual stress management behavior. PMID- 6642874 TI - Hypochondriacal beliefs and attitudes in family practice and psychiatric patients. AB - Beliefs and attitudes which can be responsible for hypochondriacal behavior were explored by administering the Illness Attitude Scales and two distress scales to patients attending a family practice clinic, nonpsychotic psychiatric outpatients and a random group of employees. Family practice patients were more distressed, had more hypochondriacal concerns and had more bodily preoccupations than employees and took more precautions about their health. Psychiatric patients were more distressed and had more fears about illness and death than family practice patients, yet took fewer precautions about their health. The findings appear to have implications for treatment. PMID- 6642875 TI - A systems approach to the treatment of chronic encopresis. AB - This article addresses two issues which have received little attention from researchers or practitioners; encopresis as a chronic disorder, and its treatment via a systems-based approach to therapy. Chronic encopresis is viewed as a complex process rather than a static, symptomatic entity, with emphasis placed on the significance of family transactional patterns in the maintenance of the symptom. The case of a fourteen year old encopretic male is presented to illustrate the utility of assessing family contexts relevant to symptom display. PMID- 6642876 TI - The impact of hospice care on families. AB - The impact of a hospital-based Hospice service for late-stage cancer patients, on the families of fifty-eight bereaved spouses was studied, retrospectively. Hospice care in general was rated significantly higher when compared to the prior care (p less than .001) received by patients and families. Hospice care contributed to improved family functioning and well-being, with the vast majority of spouses reporting feelings of increased support, improved coping by all family members and increased closeness, when compared to prior care. Consequently, over three-quarters of the families reported being emotionally prepared, and prepared in a practical sense, for the death of their loved one. Families appear to be coping reasonably well during bereavement especially those who reported feeling emotionally prepared for the death. Health problems were reported as a large problem in 15 percent of the respondents, which compares favorably to previously documented research on bereavement and illness. These findings indicate that a Hospice mode of care, with its support of families during terminal and bereavement stages, impacts significantly on families' abilities to cope with the terminal phase and adapt afterwards. PMID- 6642877 TI - A strategy for evaluating "psychogenic" symptoms. AB - Consultation and liaison psychiatrists are often asked to evaluate patients with physical symptoms in order to determine if those symptoms are emotionally caused. The author contends that the traditional way of approaching such patients involves an implied mind/body split and an implication of hidden psychological causes that antagonizes such patients needlessly. A case is discussed in which a different, strategic approach is taken such that the patient remains relatively open to the possibility of mental health assistance with her symptoms. PMID- 6642878 TI - Plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressants in panic disorder. AB - Five patients with panic disorder were placed on low doses of imipramine. All patients had shown dramatic improvement after three weeks of treatment, when plasma levels of imipramine and desipramine were measured. Plasma levels corresponded to the low doses being administered. This result implies that the mechanism of action of tricyclic antidepressants is different in patients with panic disorder than in patients with depressive disorder. PMID- 6642879 TI - Introduction: deafness, the silent handicap. PMID- 6642880 TI - Hearing rehabilitation for adults in Sweden. AB - Hearing rehabilitation in Sweden is based on the Swedish medical system, with its regional and university hospital services. The medical service is supervised by audiology physicians, usually working in ENT clinics. Other important professionals include the hearing educationalist and audiologists who are responsible for audiometric testing and hearing aid fitting. The organization of the service is described. PMID- 6642881 TI - The pharmacology of pressure sores. PMID- 6642882 TI - A very basic introduction to hearing aids. AB - A hearing aid is designed to bring sounds, especially speech, more effectively to the ear of a person with hearing loss. Typically a person with sensorineural deafness has a raising of thresholds of hearing and the basic principles of how the aid may overcome the loss is described. PMID- 6642883 TI - The prevention of hearing loss. AB - Hearing loss can affect up to 20% of the adult population and prevalence increases with age. However, hearing loss in childhood may have the most profound effects because of the block to the development of communication skills. Prevention of hearing loss is of major importance as treatment is often unsatisfactory. Causes are numerous, and may be multifactorial in an individual. Important causes include trauma, including noise and air pressure changes; genetic hearing loss; infection, including rubella; drug damage, metabolic and neoplasia. PMID- 6642884 TI - Coping with stroke at home. AB - Relatives of stroke patients were asked about their knowledge and anxieties about strokes at three points in time: 72 hours after hospital admission, immediately prior to discharge, and 6 months post-discharge. During the period of hospitalization relatives were provided with information and encouraged to participate in patient care with the aim of increasing their skills in coping with the stroke patient at home. The relatives reported to be coping with the practical problems of care, but all reported problems with the emotional aspects of caring for the stroke patient. PMID- 6642885 TI - Intercomparison of radionuclide calibrator measurements in U.K. hospitals. AB - The Life Sciences Working Group of the International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology had received various reports of users of radionuclide calibrators experiencing problems in obtaining accurate measurements of radionuclide activity. Working Group members were encouraged to initiate surveys in their own countries to assess the magnitude of these problems. The results of the survey in the United Kingdom are given. PMID- 6642886 TI - Q-series. The College of American Pathologists surveillance of activity (dose) calibrators. PMID- 6642887 TI - Iodine-123 assay using a radionuclide calibrator. AB - Iodine-123 (123I), an accelerator-produced radionuclide, gained wide acceptance recently in medical applications. Radionuclide dose calibrators are commonly used to assay radioactivities of radiopharmaceuticals, and should be maintained to read within +/- 5%, both for constancy and accuracy. Radionuclidic impurities present in commercial 123I preparations may produce an assay error larger than 10%. The type and quantity of impurities depend on the mode of production of 123I. The impurities can be reduced by either increasing the energy of the proton beam (over 60 MeV) and using the 127I (p,5n) 133Xe leads to 123I indirect reaction or using lower energies and highly enriched (better than 99%) 124Te (or 122Te) target for the direct production of 123I via 124Te (p, 2n) 123I or 122Te (d, n) 123I. A survey of radionuclide calibrators was undertaken to investigate the extent of the 123I assay error due to impurities present in commercially available preparations of 123I. Results from 24 calibrators indicate that the activity of a (p, 2n) 123I capsule is overestimated on average by 22% two half lives after calibration time, while the activity of a (p, 5n) 123I capsule remains within the accuracy of the radionuclide calibrator of +/- 5%. The 124I fraction increases significantly with time during the useful life of a (p, 2n) 123I capsule introducing large 123I assay errors. PMID- 6642888 TI - Some factors affecting the calibration of radionuclide calibrators--I. 99mTc. AB - In the Winnipeg area a centralized radiopharmacy serves several Nuclear Medicine departments supplying all their 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals on a daily basis. It was observed that there was very poor consistency between the assays as determined by the Radiopharmacy and those determined in the various Nuclear Medicine departments. An attempt to "correct" the various calibrators using a 57Co "mock" 99mTc source resulted in an aggravation of the problem, and an investigation of relative responses of various calibrators to the "mock" relative to a 99mTc source was undertaken, together with an investigation of the influences of various environmental conditions on the calibrator function. In many Nuclear Medicine departments technologists sensitive to concerns of radiation exposure have stacked lead shielding around the calibrator as added protection. However if the calibrator is not calibrated with sufficient lead shielding, such additional shielding will increase the ionization within the chamber, resulting in an elevated assay being obtained due to the lead X-rays and back-scattered radiation. In the absence of lead shielding, similar effects, although smaller in magnitude, are observed from other environmental factors such as the proximity of a wall or a person. Thus in selecting a calibrator, one which comes from the manufacturer, with a calibration certified by the manufacturer, incorporating an adequate amount of lead shielding to prevent additional back scatter re-entering the ionization chamber should be considered essential unless a complete on-site recalibration using accurately calibrated samples of the radionuclides in question is planned. PMID- 6642889 TI - Calculation of doses in intracavitary therapy. AB - The computer simulation of the gamma-energy spectrum of four radionuclides usually used in intracavitary therapy was performed. A Monte Carlo method was used for simulation of the decay schemes. The emerging gamma-energy spectra of the radioactive source assemblies were obtained as the result of the interaction of emitted source radiation with the protective stainless steel sheath and the radioactive material itself. PMID- 6642890 TI - Dosimetry of radiolabelled blood cells. PMID- 6642891 TI - Activity measurement of biomedical radionuclides with complex decay schemes by the 4pi-gamma method. AB - Many of the radionuclides expected to be used shortly in medicine and biology have complex and poorly-known decay schemes. The result is that traditional methods of activity measurement are hard to apply and give inaccurate results. The 4pi-gamma method, which takes advantage of the actual complexity of the decay scheme, is very easy to use and, in suitable cases, can give measurements sufficiently precise and independent of the constants used in the calculations to be considered absolute. Under these circumstances, it offers a tempting alternative to the beta-gamma coincidence method. PMID- 6642892 TI - College of American Pathologists "Series X" program. AB - Physical parameters that control detectability of low contrast lesions by current Nuclear Medicine imaging instruments are presented. The findings were derived from statistical analysis of data collected over a period of 6 yr by the Nuclear Medicine Resource Committee of the College of American Pathologists using the external Quality Control technique known as Interlaboratory Comparison. PMID- 6642894 TI - Radionuclide metrology in the life sciences seminar. The International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology, Paris, 6-8 September 1982. PMID- 6642893 TI - U.S. National Bureau of Standards/Atomic Industrial Forum radioactivity measurements assurance program. AB - With the above exceptions, the participants as a whole have done very well during the past 8 years and their measurements should continue to show improvement. Since mid-1981, the agreement between AIF and NBS has been modified to recover the cost of an SRM production program over the next two or three years in order for the program to eventually become self-supporting. This will benefit not only the current sponsors of the program, but also hospitals and other users of NBS radiopharmaceutical SRMs by having these standards available to the public on a regular continuing basis. The participants in this program have derived many benefits since its inception in 1975. Through the measurement of blind samples which demonstrate traceability to NBS, the companies have made it easier to comply with some of the regulatory requirements of the FDA and NRC when applying for new drug applications. They also receive monthly feedback on their measurement procedures so that they can promptly determine if their measurement procedures or instruments have gone awry. If the results are satisfactory, they receive reassurance and confidence that they are making good measurements and providing accurately dispensed products. PMID- 6642895 TI - Detection of radionuclide impurities. AB - The knowledge of radionuclide impurities is of great importance both for activity measurements as well as in the preparation of Radioactive Standard Reference Materials. It is relevant also in the field of Life Sciences. Equipment, measurement and evaluation methods, uncertainties and detection limits are discussed. OMH experiences on impurity tests of radionuclides frequently used in the Hungarian medical practice are outlined. PMID- 6642896 TI - Radioassay problems associated with the clinical use of a 82Rb radionuclide generator. AB - The short-lived positron emitting radionuclide 82Rb (t1/2 1.27 min) is conveniently available from a 82Sr/82Rb generator system. The parent nuclide (t1/2 25.5d) produced from the spallation of molybdenum, has associated with it varying quantities of other long-lived strontium radionuclides, namely 85Sr, 89Sr and 90Sr. It is important therefore in the clinical use of such material that the levels of strontium radionuclides being administered to patients is carefully assayed and controlled. The problems associated with these measurements are discussed with special reference to the radiation dose received by the patient and the problems in resolving overlapping peaks with different FWHMs. PMID- 6642897 TI - The production of no-carrier-added radiopharmaceuticals with special reference to radionuclide impurities. AB - Charged-particle accelerators are being utilized extensively for the production of several neutron-deficient radionuclides for use in the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic nuclear-medicine applications. The diversity of techniques being employed results in radionuclide preparations having significantly different radionuclidic composition. The choice of nuclear reaction, the knowledge of excitation functions, the proper timing and use of radiochemical methods, are all factors which will to some extent determine the quality of a radionuclide preparation. The different factors governing the production and quality of medical radionuclides will be discussed, with particular attention to the formation of radionuclidic impurities, and their effects in nuclear medicine practice. PMID- 6642898 TI - Experiences of the metrological supervision of radionuclide calibrators in Hungary. AB - Pursuant to the Decree of the Hungarian Cabinet Council on Legal Metrology 8/1976 (IV.27), MT measurements involving legal effect (e.g. measurements in nuclear medicine) can be made by verified measuring instruments only. This paper outlines the method and results of verification for 125I and 131I radionuclides by radionuclide calibrators used in Hungarian nuclear medical practice. The experiences have proved that the radionuclide calibrators--similar to radiation dosimeters--should also be submitted for metrological supervision. PMID- 6642899 TI - Experience on radionuclide calibrators at the National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina. PMID- 6642900 TI - Comparative study among complement fixation, serum agglutination and Rose Bengal Plate tests in the serodiagnosis of bovine brucellosis. AB - The complement fixation test (CFT) based on the 50 per cent hemolytic end point technique was applied to the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in a comparative study involving the plate agglutination test (PAT), the tube agglutination test (TAT) and the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT). Among 180 bovine sera that were examined the CFT was able to reveal significant titres in sera that gave low agglutinating titres. Some sera with agglutinating titres between 1 in 50 and 1 in 100 did not given a titre in the CFT. The results show that the CFT is useful for bovine brucellosis diagnosis and may be used after sera screening with PAT and RBPT. PMID- 6642901 TI - Pseudophyllidea in the South of Chile. IX. Types of plerocercoids in trouts from five lakes and new cases of Diphyllobothrium latum in man and D. pacificum in a dog. PMID- 6642902 TI - Isolation of dermatophytes from rural and urban soil samples in premises of infected and non-infected animals. AB - Animal houses wherein animals infected with ringworm were detected were considered as premises of infected and infection free houses were considered as premises of the non-infected. Fifty soil samples from each of the premises in each of rural and urban areas were examined for the presence of dermatophytes. The premises of the infected showed higher Isolation Rate of dermatophytes. Of the four species of dermatophytes isolated, T. mentagrophytes (granular) was present in the soil of the infected premises only, while T. terrestre, M. nanum and M. gypseum were present in both the premises in both the rural and urban areas. PMID- 6642903 TI - Canine diseases of public health significance in Nigeria. AB - A review of diseases of dogs of public health significance in Nigeria is given based essentially on recent findings. The objective is to collate and inform the public of some Zoonotic diseases which have been reported in owned and stray dog populations in Nigeria so as to encourage better methods of pet health care delivery and control in the country. Rabies, Q fever, Toxoplasmosis, Brucellosis, Salmonellosis, Coccidiodomycosis, Ring worm and Helmithzoonotic parasites associated with Ancylostomiasis, Echinococcosis, Toxocariasis and Cestodiasis are among diseases transmissible from dogs to man in Nigeria. PMID- 6642904 TI - World Epidemiology of Salmonellosis. PMID- 6642905 TI - Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and urinary schistosomiasis and biting insects in an area of endemic onchocerciasis in Benue State on Nigeria. AB - Investigation carried out in an area of Benue State which had been found to be endemic for onchocerciasis showed that the area was also endemic for intestinal parasites especially hookworm, ascariasis and amoebiasis. 67% of the 1538 stools examined carried helminth eggs and/or protozoan cysts and 15% of the 685 urine specimens examined possessed ova of S. haematobium. Incidence of hookworm infection ascariasis and schistosomiasis was higher in the younger age groups (1 30 years) while that of amoebiasis was higher in the older age groups. Insects caught while biting humans include Tabanus, Haematopota, Stomoxys, Glossina and Culicoides species, a substantial preportion of which was engorged with fresh blood. PMID- 6642906 TI - A study of human and porcine Ascariasis in a rural area of South-West Nigeria. AB - In a study conducted in the rural town of Eruwa on the role of pigs in the epidemiology of human Ascaris infection, adults of Ascaris lumbricoides were recovered from individuals and pigs living in close contact within the households and sharing common refuse dumps for defaecating and scavenging. An attempt to infect clean piglets experimentally with A. lumbricoides from infective egg stages which were cultured from the eggs recovered from the human faeces failed as no eggs were shed by the piglets 42 days after experimental feeding. Survey of faeces of humans and pigs in sampled households in the town had earlier showed that Ascaris is endemic in the human and pig populations. PMID- 6642907 TI - Onchocerciasis in the Benue State of Nigeria. IV. The prevalence of the disease among the population in Manor. AB - Between January and December 1981, parasitological and symptomatological methods of diagnosis were used to survey the prevalence of onchocerciasis among the human population in the Manor area of the Benue State of Nigeria. Hospital records of different health establishment all over the state were also examined to assess the status of the disease in the state. 911 or 69.8% of the 1306 persons examined were positive for microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus; 135 or 10.3% had visual impairment including total blindness; 377 or 28.7% carried nodules with greater number of nodules found on the lower part, especially on the pelvis, than the upper part of the body. Skin conditions such as intense itching, depigmentation, lichenification and atrophy were regularly found in infected persons. Generally, the incidence was higher in males than females and there was always increased severity with advancing age. Hospital records also show that the infection is widespread in the state. The status of the disease in Manor is discussed and it is concluded that the area is hyperendemic for human onchocerciasis. PMID- 6642908 TI - Planning of national zoonosis control programs in developing countries. PMID- 6642909 TI - Refractive corneal surgery: the correction of astigmatism. PMID- 6642910 TI - Topographical analysis of the cornea: ten caveats in keratorefractive surgery. PMID- 6642912 TI - Modification of postcataract astigmatism by wound revision. PMID- 6642911 TI - Corneal tuck for postcataract astigmatism. PMID- 6642913 TI - Collagen shrinkage procedures for keratoconus and corneal astigmatism. PMID- 6642914 TI - Management of astigmatism with toric contact lenses. PMID- 6642915 TI - Looking ahead: a letter to the prime minister. PMID- 6642916 TI - Medicine or "manslaughter". PMID- 6642917 TI - Schizophrenia in a Yemenite immigrant town in Israel. AB - A high prevalence of schizophrenia was noted in an Israeli Yemenite immigrant town. In order to throw light on the aetiology all the schizophrenic patients in the care of one family doctor were investigated with respect to various social factors--age at diagnosis, interval since immigration, family status, geographic area of origin. In a practice population of 1185 adults, thirty schizophrenic patients were identified (2.5%). The patients fall into two groups--those diagnosed at a relatively advanced age, born in the Yemen, and parents to an adolescent child; and those Israeli-born diagnosed at the younger age more typical of the disease. The social history of this immigrant community is described and a correlation is suggested between their socio-cultural disintegration and schizophreniform breakdown in the parental generation. PMID- 6642918 TI - Responses of Japanese families to mental disorder. PMID- 6642919 TI - Epidemic koro in West Bengal, India. AB - The present study draws attention to the recent sudden outbreak of Koro in epidemic form in the rural areas of West Bengal, India. The details of three such cases are reported. PMID- 6642920 TI - Analysis of Israeli children's fears: a comparison of religious and secular communities. AB - This study examined the community intervention practice of grouping children on the basis of religious attitudes for analysing community fear responses. The study examined the differences of responses between religious and secular school populations to the Israeli Fear Survey Schedule for Children (IFSSC), an adaptation of the Wolpe and Lang (1964) Fear Survey Schedule. 283 children from secular-trend schools in Israel. 18 of the 99 items of the IFSSC (Klingman & Wiesner, 1982) showed significant differences. The study supported the continuation of the community intervention practice of grouping children on the basis of religious attitude for analyzing IFSSC responses. Religious group affiliation was found to be an influential factor in certain fear responses. The findings point to the need for investigating normative differences among subpopulations with FSS-like instruments. Pre-knowledge and the understanding of the fear level in a community is of great value for emergency-oriented consultation during a crisis. When facing an anxiety-producing situation, the focus of primary as well as early secondary prevention is reaching individuals, as well as groups, of high psychological risk (Caplan, 1964; Klingman & Ben-Eli, 1981; Ollendick & Offman, 1982; Poser & Hartmen, 1979; Shippee, Bradford & Gregory, 1982). The utilization of appropriate classification variables enhances the ability to assess the quality and the degree of reaction to stress within a community.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642921 TI - The evaluation of ex-mental patients by other ex-mental patients. AB - The aim of the present study was to investigate the attitudes ex-mental patients hold toward other ex-mental patients in regard to their rehabilitation stage. 72 subjects from different rehabilitation centers in Israel were randomly assigned to one of the groups. Group I evaluated an ex-mental patient who was in the process of rehabilitation. Group II evaluated an ex-mental patient who had successfully completed the rehabilitation process. Group III evaluated a "normal" person. The results indicate that a more unfavourable evaluation was made toward the ex-mental patient who was in the process of rehabilitation, as compared with the ex-mental patient who had successfully completed the rehabilitation process and the "normal" person. PMID- 6642922 TI - Population change and public drinking in three rural communities. AB - Three rural communities are compared in terms of barroom occupancy rates and observed alcohol consumption in that setting. It is hypothesized that rapid population increase will be associated with higher barroom occupancy rates and heavier consumption rates. This hypothesis is not supported. Instead it is found that higher levels of public drinking are found in association with population loss. It is concluded that generalizations concerning the deleterious effects of population growth should be made with caution only until additional studies document more precisely the nature of possible relationships between rapid population change and community mental health. Although it appears that progress has been made in developing methodologies for in-vivo studies of public drinking behaviour (Kessler & Gomber, 1974), such studies remain sparse in the drinking literature. Particularly infrequent are studies of barroom drinking designed to test specific hypotheses about the influence of changes in community life on public drinking behaviour. Many studies have focused on the sociology of bar behaviour (Cavan, 1966; Lewis, 1955; Marcrory, 1952; Rowbuck & Frese, 1976), identifying types of bars, distribution and location of public drinking settings, and characteristics and attitudes of patrons. Other studies have compared barroom drinking in laboratory settings (Billings, Weiner, Kessler & Gomberg, 1976), used observations to validate self-reports of drinking behaviour (Harford, Dorman & Feinhandler, 1976) and measured the effects of setting characteristics on consumption rates (Bach & Schaefer, 1979).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642923 TI - Psychiatrization: a general view. PMID- 6642924 TI - Pressuring institutions and flat personalities. PMID- 6642925 TI - Photoreceptor disc shedding in eye cups. Inhibition by deletion of extracellular divalent cations. AB - To further define the medium requirements for in vitro rod disc shedding and phagocytosis in eye cups of Xenopus laevis, the effect of deletion of divalent cations was examined. Calcium-free medium completely eliminated both normal diurnal disc shedding (initiated by light onset) and dark-primed disc shedding (initiated by a period of darkness followed by additional darkness or light). The effect was reversible. Furthermore, the events that occurred during the initial dark-priming period did not require extracellular millimolar calcium, since the addition of calcium (1.8 mM) after an initial hour of darkness in calcium-free medium resulted in a marked increase in disc shedding, regardless of the subsequent lighting condition. Magnesium-free medium did not inhibit light-evoked shedding. However, magnesium-free medium partially inhibited disc shedding in one of the two lighting paradigms used to elicit dark-primed disc shedding. This suggests that the extracellular divalent cation requirement varies for different lighting paradigms that promote shedding. The inhibition of disc shedding by magnesium-free medium was morphologically distinct from calcium-free medium; the inhibition in magnesium-free medium was correlated uniquely with a reduction in the interdigitation between the photoreceptor and the retinal pigment epithelium. PMID- 6642926 TI - Unidirectional vesicular transport mechanism in retinal vessels. AB - When horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is introduced into the bloodstream, it is retained in the lumen of the retinal vessels (blood-retina barrier). In this paper, we report that when the same tracer is injected into the vitreous body, it penetrates the lumen of retinal vessels by transcellular vesicular transport. This unidirectional movement of macromolecules out of the eye is not inhibited by ouabain, fluoroacetate, or low temperatures. PMID- 6642927 TI - The resorption of subretinal fluid after diffuse damage to the retinal pigment epithelium. AB - We studied the role of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the resorption of different subretinal fluids from under small experimental retinal detachments (blebs) in the rabbit. Damaging the RPE with sodium iodate caused the resorption time, for blebs made with an ionic solution (Hanks'), to decrease from 2-6 hours to only about 30 minutes. Blebs made with sucrose also absorbed much more quickly after iodate. However, blebs made with autologous serum resorbed no faster after iodate. We conclude that iodate destroys the membrane barrier properties of the RPE, allowing subretinal fluid to cross freely according to oncotic pressure. We postulate that in the normal eye, where osmotic fluid movement is low because of the high resistance barrier, the RPE must transport fluid actively to keep the subretinal space dehydrated. PMID- 6642928 TI - Effects of alpha-aminoadipate isomers on the morphology of the isolated chick embryo retina. AB - The glutamate analogue, alpha-aminoadipate (alpha AA), was administered in the DL , D-, and L-forms to chick embryo retinas in vitro. Two-hour incubation of retinas, with each form of alpha AA, resulted in glial swelling of progressive severity as the concentration of the adipate increased. Damage was most severe with the L-isomer, which produced a mixed glial-neuronal lesion that affected inner neuronal structures. The effect of the D,L racemic mixture was limited to glia and was less severe than damage seen with the L-isomer. The D-isomer produced effects similar to, but less severe than, those seen with the D,L mixture. Neuronal damage was seen subsequent to extensive Muller cell swelling in longterm cultures (24 hours) with the L- and DL-isomers. In contrast, the D isomer did not produce discernible neurotoxicity even after a 24-hour treatment with 2.4 mM. Morphologic changes resulting from 2-hour adipate treatment were, to a large extent, reversible. PMID- 6642929 TI - Visual acuity and cone spatial density in retinitis pigmentosa. AB - Cone increment thresholds were measured psychophysically in 42 patients (ages 10 to 59) with retinitis pigmentosa and visual acuities of 20/20 to 20/70. A 6-min arc diameter stimulus was flashed to the foveola at a background retinal illuminance for which Weber's law was in effect; under these test conditions, cone increment thresholds depended on the number of remaining functioning cones (cone spatial density) but not on their outer segment length (cone optical density). Log threshold and log visual acuity were correlated inversely (P less than 0.001). The slope of the regression line relating these two measures was compatible with the idea that reduced cone spatial density is a major determinant of reduced visual acuity in retinitis pigmentosa. In a subset of these patients with visual acuities of 20/25 or better, results of cone increment threshold testing suggested that cone spatial density was reduced significantly less in the foveola than in the parafovea. PMID- 6642930 TI - Recording the contralateral PERG: effect of different electrodes. AB - A pattern electroretinogram (PERG) can be recorded when the eye wearing the electrode is occluded and the stimulus is viewed with the other eye. We find that this phenomenon occurs when an Arden gold foil electrode is used, but not when either an ERG-Jet lens or a scleral lens electrode is used. Therefore, a corneal type electrode should be used in PERG recording situations where the fellow eye is not occluded. PMID- 6642931 TI - Galactose-induced retinal capillary basement membrane thickening: prevention by Sorbinil. AB - Normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a 30% galactose diet until 15-21 months of age developed significant (P less than 0.05) retinal capillary basement membrane thickening, compared with animals fed a standard test diet. Animals on the high galactose diet containing 250 mg/kg of the aldose reductase inhibitor, Sorbinil, did not develop basement membrane thickening. No cytologic abnormalities of pericytes or endothelial cells were noted, and pericyte:endothelial cell nuclear ratios did not differ in the various experimental groups. This model reproduces a characteristic lesion of diabetes mellitus in non-diabetic animals, and should facilitate study of the biochemical mechanisms of basement membrane thickening. PMID- 6642932 TI - Flicker threshold and pattern VEP latency in ocular hypertension and glaucoma. AB - Latency of the pattern visual-evoked potential (PVEP) was measured in 24 ocular hypertensive (OHT) patients, eight open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients, and 37 control subjects. The PVEP stimulus was a 2.3 cycle/degree sinusoidal grating, counterphase-modulated at 1 Hz. Field size was 9 degrees and mean luminance 1.7 log ft-lamberts. For 22 of the 32 patients, a psycholphysical measure of dynamic contrast sensitivity at 8 Hz (DRC) was obtained with a 4 degrees diameter stimulus, by determining the mean value for the contrast sensitivities to a homogeneous flickering field and to a 1.2 cycle/degree counterphase-flickering grating. Patient DRC values were compared with previously published control data from 21 subjects. Mean PVEP latencies of both the OHT and the OAG patients were greater than normal (P less than 0.001), with the OAG value larger than the OHT value (P less than 0.001). Mean DRCs were lower than normal (P less than 0.002) for both patient groups, with the OAG value lower than the OHT value (P less than 0.025). DRC correlated with PVEP latency for these patients (r = -0.66, P less than 0.001). PMID- 6642933 TI - Time course and variability of dark focus. AB - When the eye is deprived suddenly of visual stimulation, the accommodative system drifts from the previous state of accommodation to a state known as the dark focus. This condition also is known as night myopia. We measured the time course of this drift using a continuously recording infra-red optometer. The time course resembles an exponential decay function with a time constant of 1-3 seconds. The recovery of accommodation to the prior level after visual stimulation is restored suddenly has a time constant of 0.2-0.4 seconds. The state of accommodation in the dark depends on the state of accommodation prior to the onset of darkness. Our subjects showed a zone of accommodative inactivity rather than a single resting point of accommodation. PMID- 6642934 TI - Lens membrane damage associated with cryoextraction. AB - The effects of cryoextraction on transport characteristics of rabbit lenses were evaluated by measuring Na+ and Ca++ levels, initial rates of 86Rb accumulation, and bioelectric potentials. The results demonstrate that membrane damage results from cryoextraction and is partially reversible during subsequent culture. While the decline in potential often exceeds 30 mV, maximum recovery of 80% occurs during a 1-hour incubation in TC199 at 37 C. Changes in the integrity of the membranes also are indicated by the finding that rates of 86Rb accumulation in cryoextracted lenses are approximately 44% less than the rates found in control lenses after a 20-hour culture in TC199. The degree of damage incurred by lens membranes also is reflected by a 10% increase in Na+ and 20% increase in Ca++ levels during 3 hours of culture. After extended culture periods, further increases in the concentration of Na+ (40%) and Ca++ (120%) were found to occur. Brief exposure of cryoextracted rabbit lenses to physiologic saline in a manner similar to that employed for photographic documentation of cataracts resulted in a marked decline in potential, 86Rb uptake, and an increase in Na and Ca content. In contrast, saline had little or no effect on these parameters in lenses excised by cutting the zonules. The results suggest that the observed decline in 86Rb accumulation in a limited number of cryoextracted cortico-nuclear cataracts compared with clear eye bank lenses may be attributed, in part, to damage to lens membranes by cryoextraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6642935 TI - Chest mass in a teen-age girl. PMID- 6642936 TI - Effect of patient imaging angle on apparent cardiac volumes and the potential impact on measurement of valvular regurgitant fractions. AB - The accurate measurement of cardiac chamber volume is of major importance in assessing cardiac performance. Accurate equilibrium radionuclide volume estimations are difficult to obtain, due to the geometry of the chambers, and the physical characteristics of the imaging system. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of imaging projections on relative cardiac chamber volumes, indexes, and stroke volume ratios. Twenty-two male patients, free of clinical evidence of disease, were studied. A series of four 2-minute acquisitions were made with the patient successively imaged in the anterior, 30 degrees left anterior oblique (LAO), 45 degrees LAO, and 60 degrees LAO projections with 15 degrees of caudal inclination. Filtered stroke volume and original images were used by the operator to assign right ventricular (RV), left ventricular (LV), and a combined right and left ventricular (TOT) regions-of-interest. From the data we determined end-diastolic counts (EDC), end-systolic counts (ESC), stroke counts (SC), ejection fractions (EF), and R/L stroke count ratios. The following changes were observed as the projection was moved from the anterior to 60 degrees LAO: 1) all RV parameters decreased in value, including, RVEDC (P less than .001), RVESC (P less than .01), RVESC (P less than .01) and RVEF (P less than .001); 2) LVEDC and LVESC (both P less than .01) increased while LVEF decreased (P less than .004); and 3) the R/L stroke count ratio decreased (P less than .001). Variability could be explained by 1) chamber overlap and geometry; 2) patient variability; and 3) intrachamber, interchamber and chest wall photon attenuation and scatter. We suggest that close attention to detail, with computer assistance, to optimally position the patient may reduce the effect of inherent limitations in radionuclide volumetric measurements, thus improving the reliability and usefulness of existing studies. PMID- 6642937 TI - A comparison of the effects of intravenous and direct left ventricular contrast injections on left ventricular function. AB - Digital intravenous ventriculography (DIV) has become increasingly recognized as a useful and reliable approach for evaluating left ventricular (LV) performance. While it might be assumed that the hemodynamic changes caused by intravenous injection of contrast media are less than those caused by direct LV injection, these responses have not actually been compared. Accordingly, the hemodynamic effects of IV and direct LV contrast injections were compared in eight anesthetized dogs instrumented with two pairs of ultrasonic dimension crystals, one to measure LV endocardial segment length and one to measure LV internal dimension, and a LV high-fidelity pressure catheter. The alterations in LV dimension and pressure were similar using both injection techniques, though they were less marked with IV injection. Both routes of injection caused a significant decline in LV pressure (P less than 0.05) which was greatest at 30 seconds after injection, and a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in end-diastolic dimension (which was greatest between 10-30 seconds) and extent of change in LV diameter (P less than 0.01). The afterload reducing effects of the contrast media increased the rate of LV segment length shortening slightly after LV injection but not with IV injection. These data demonstrate no important differences in the hemodynamic response to IV and LV injection of contrast media. The induced hemodynamic changes after IV administration were relatively small in magnitude and transient in duration and probably not sufficient to obviate quantitative analysis of LV dimensions and function by digital intravenous angiography. PMID- 6642938 TI - Prospectively gated cardiac CT. Preliminary results in normal and postinfarction animal models. AB - Cardiac motion introduces significant artifacts into standard CT images obtained through the heart. A newly developed prospectively gated CT system produced 87 gated scan sets in ten normal and infarcted dogs. Each cycle can provide up to 24 37-70 msec composite images of one transverse slice, equally spaced in time through the cardiac cycle. Eight to 12 2-second scans, obtained during a constant infusion of contrast, were required to collect the data for each gated set. The left and right ventricular myocardium was clearly seen, regions of myocardial infarction were identified, and atrial and ventricular filling and emptying were visualized. In areas of infarction, wall thickness was unchanged from diastole to systole. In addition to improved resolution, a gated CT series evaluation of wall motion abnormalities may provide a better means of locating myocardial infarction than the ungated CT image. PMID- 6642939 TI - Angiographic studies of the totally arterialized rat liver. AB - Twenty-three angiographies were performed in 20 rats with a totally arterialized liver. The arterialization was obtained by the construction of an end-to-side portacaval shunt (PCS) and an arteriovenous (AV) fistula between the left gastric artery and the portal stump. Microsurgical technique was necessary because of the small diameter of the AV fistula (0.5 mm). The angiographic examinations showed an AV fistula patency rate of 70% and a PCS rate of 100%. A successively increasing diameter of the fistula with dilation of the intrahepatic portal vessels was demonstrated in the rats with a patent arterioportal fistula. Tortuous and irregular vessels were also observed. All these signs suggest an overarterialization which developed despite the use of a very small AV fistula. None of the three rats examined histologically had cirrhosis of the liver. Further research is needed to attempt to avoid or minimize the deleterious effects of overarterialization of the portal tree, while utilizing the advantages of a dual liver blood supply in patients with decompressive PCS. PMID- 6642940 TI - The influence of contrast medium dose on filtration fraction in the rabbit kidney. AB - We have examined the effect of dose on contrast medium-induced reductions in glomerular filtration in anesthetized rabbits. The fraction of renal plasma flow that is filtered, the filtration fraction, was directly measured by the renal arteriovenous difference method using technetium-99m (99mTc) (Sn) DTPA as the tracer, arterial and renal venous extracorporeal shunts, a gamma camera and a computer. Filtration fraction (FF) was measured each 30 seconds before and after contrast medium (sodium/methylglucamine diatrizoate) was injected in 15 seconds at a dose of 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 ml/kg, IV. In six animals that had a control FF of 0.19 +/- 0.01 there was a dose-related decrease in FF. The largest dose reduced FF by 53.3%. In three other animals that had a low control FF (0.07 +/- 0.01), the largest dose induced an even greater 71.0% decrease in FF. These data suggest that attempts at increasing contrast excretion by injecting larger doses will be offset, at least in part, by larger reductions in glomerular filtration, and that this effect may be greater when glomerular function is impaired. PMID- 6642941 TI - Noninvasive estimation of kidney function by x-ray fluorescence analysis. Elimination rate and clearance of contrast media injected for urography in man. AB - A noninvasive method for the estimation of kidney function is described. The use of radioactive tracers and the sampling of plasma and urine are omitted. The method has been used in patients referred for urography and who had therefore been injected with routine amounts of iodine-containing urographic contrast medium. After urography, the elimination rates of urographic contrast medium from both serum and finger tissue were determined and compared during a 2-hour period that began two hours after injection of contrast medium. The elimination of iodine in finger tissue was measured noninvasively using x-ray fluorescence analysis. A strong degree of correlation was found between the elimination rates from serum and finger tissue and between the total clearances calculated from the serum and finger measurements. Thus, after urography estimation of kidney function may be obtained as a fringe benefit by x-ray fluorescence measurements of the elimination rate of an iodine-containing contrast medium from tissue or from serum. PMID- 6642942 TI - Assessment of patient exposure for barium enema examinations. AB - Methods are described for the assessment of patient exposure during clinical fluoroscopic procedures. Values of the roentgen-area-product (RAP) and their distribution throughout the examination are presented for both single-contrast and double-contrast barium enema studies. The double-contrast procedure was measured to give 50% more radiation to the patient than the single-contrast procedure when the same size optical aperture is used between the intensifier and TV pick-up tube. However, it was possible to decrease the fluoroscopic RAP value by over a factor of two for the double-contrast procedure without an adverse clinical effect by increasing the area of the aperture diaphragm. PMID- 6642943 TI - Characterization of benign and malignant tissues of the thyroid gland. An ultrasonic approach using RF waveform analysis and pattern recognition. AB - A physical basis was developed for an accurate noninvasive technique to differentiate malignant thyroid tumors from benign lesions based upon a frequency dependent attenuation model. The research effort utilized RF waveform analysis via a minicomputer based digital processing system. Data collection was performed using a standard clinical B-Mode diagnostic instrument with a transducer specially designed for imaging the thyroid gland. Differences between the frequency spectra of the RF waveforms for benign and malignant pathologies could be demonstrated in accordance with the proposed model. PMID- 6642944 TI - A nonoperative technique for establishment of a gastrostomy in the dog. AB - Gastrostomies have been performed nonoperatively under local anaesthesia using a simultaneous percutaneous and endoscopic approach. This technique has been modified to be done under fluoroscopy without the need for endoscopy. The technique and results in five dogs are described. PMID- 6642945 TI - Chest radiographic-pathologic correlation in adult leukemia patients. AB - A radiographic-pathologic correlation study of adult leukemia patients was conducted to determine the frequency and radiographic appearance of leukemic involvement and related complications within the chest. One hundred thirteen autopsy protocols were examined. Radiographic correlation was obtained in 60 of these cases. Autopsy pulmonary findings included hemorrhage in 74% of the cases, infectious infiltrates in 67%, edema or congestion in 57%, and leukemic infiltration in 26%. Only 5% of the chest radiographs were normal. Alveolar or interstitial abnormalities were identified in 90%, pleural effusion in 40%, and lymphadenopathy in 17%. Correlation demonstrated pulmonary infection to be by far the most common cause of radiographic opacity. Because of its frequent occurrence, high associated mortality, and potential reversibility, pneumonia must always be considered first in the differential diagnosis of radiographic opacity in these patients. PMID- 6642946 TI - Detachable balloon occlusion of bronchopleural fistulae in dogs. AB - The use of detachable balloon occlusion in closure of bronchopleural fistulae was investigated in eight dogs. Fistula occlusion could not be achieved in one dog, and the balloon was not large enough to occlude a fistula in a second dog. Satisfactory fistula occlusion was achieved in the remaining six dogs. All fistulae occluded were shown to be satisfactorily healed at ten days. There were no significant sequelae to bronchial occlusion during this period. Detachable balloon occlusion of bronchopleural fistulae has the potential for satisfactory fistula control prior to more definitive surgery. PMID- 6642947 TI - Corpus cavernosography. Pressure flow and radiography. AB - Corpus cavernosograms and pressure flow dynamics were used to evaluate 28 impotent men. The rises in pressure during saline infusion and development of artificial erection were the criteria used to divide the men into three groups. The cavernosograms were graded as to filling of venous channels, staining of glans and spongiosum, completeness of filling, filling defects, and tunica thickening. The seven men who had the lowest rises in intracavernous pressure failed to develop erection and had the greatest evidence of prominent venous drainage. The seven men who developed artificial erection at 120 ml/min had the least evidence of venous drainage, while the remaining 14 men, who developed partial erection, had intermediate findings. Eight patients had abnormal arteriograms; two had no erection, four had partial erection, and two had full erection. Artificial erection can be induced in some impotent men. Prominent venous drainage will prevent artificial erection in some impotent men. PMID- 6642948 TI - Can ultrasonic examination of the pancreas and gallbladder follow a barium UGI series on the same day? AB - Ultrasonic examinations of the pancreas and gallbladder are currently not performed after a barium UGI series until all of the barium has cleared the gastrointestinal tract (12-48 hours). By giving water one hour after a barium UGI series and scanning the patient in an upright position, using the stomach as an acoustic window, we have been successful in visualizing the pancreas in all 14 of the volunteers studied. Our visualization of the pancreas and gallbladder was as good after the UGI series as it was prior to the ingestion of barium in every case. The use of this technique can expedite the evaluation of patients in whom both upper abdominal ultrasonic and barium UGI series are indicated. PMID- 6642950 TI - Computed tomography of the normal radioulnar joints. AB - Computed tomography followed by sectional radiography and photography as performed on eight cadaveric specimens in order to define the anatomy and normal motion of both the proximal and the distal radioulnar articulations. Osseous landmarks were defined that allowed measurement of rotation at the glenohumeral, proximal radioulnar and distal radioulnar joints as well as rotation between humerus and radius and between humerus and ulna. Findings included the absence of independent ulnar rotation and the presence of normal translatory motion at the distal radioulnar articulation that may be misinterpreted as evidence of subluxation of the distal ulna. PMID- 6642949 TI - Trapped plasma vs. osmolality in canine microcapillary hematocrits. AB - The trapped plasma in the packed red cell portion of the microcapillary hematocrit of hypertonic canine blood was measured with I-125 labelled albumin. Blood osmolalities were raised by the addition of sodium chloride and meglumine/sodium diatrizoate. The trapped plasma was 1.12 +/- 0.15%, 1.75 +/- 0.27% and 1.77 +/- 0.22% at 300, 580, and 723 mOsm/kg, respectively, for sodium chloride solutions. At 924 mOsm/kg some of the blood plus sodium chloride samples hemolyzed. In the group without hemolysis the trapped plasma was 5.84 +/- 1.35% while in the group with hemolysis it measured 12.43 +/- 1.90%. The trapped plasma with diatrizoate solutions was 1.41 +/- 0.11, 2.15 +/- 0.18 and 5.32 +/- 0.56 at 458, 531 and 602 mOsm/kg, respectively. Above an osmolality of 458 mOsm/kg the trapped plasma was significantly greater for the diatrizoate solutions than for the sodium chloride solutions. At osmolalities below 458 mOsm/kg only a small correction is needed for trapped plasma with either sodium chloride or meglumine/sodium diatrizoate solutions. PMID- 6642951 TI - Computed tomography of the normal soft tissues of the wrist. AB - Computed tomography and sectional radiography and photography were performed on eight cadaveric wrist specimens in order to define the soft tissue structures of the normal wrist. Three specific levels were analyzed in detail: the levels of the distal radioulnar joint, of the pisotriquetral joint, and of the hook of the hamate. All soft tissues, with the exception of arteries and veins, were well demonstrated with computed tomography. In particular, the contents of both Guyon's canal and the carpal tunnel could be delineated. The position of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon and sheath could also be evaluated. Contrast opacification of the flexor tendon sheaths and palmar synovial sacs did not contribute to the analysis. Computed tomography appears to be an important imaging modality in the evaluation of significant clinical problems, including the carpal tunnel and ulnar tunnel syndromes and subluxation of the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. PMID- 6642952 TI - A method for producing chronic radiation injury in rodent skin. AB - A device and method for creating reproducible radiation injury to skin in rodents are described. Application of this method to the study of altered skin flap circulation in an irradiated field is also described. PMID- 6642954 TI - Endoscopic sphincterotomy. PMID- 6642953 TI - Blockade of slow calcium channels and regulation of circulatory pressor responses in uncomplicated hypertension. PMID- 6642955 TI - Colorectal polyps--an Irish experience. PMID- 6642956 TI - Clinical features and outcome of infection in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6642957 TI - Acute transient myositis of childhood. PMID- 6642958 TI - Electroconvulsion therapy and the haemodialysis dependent patient. PMID- 6642959 TI - The isolated, vascularly perfused, small intestine of the rat: a useful tool for the study of absorption in nutritional deficiency. PMID- 6642960 TI - Alleviation of chemotherapy induced emesis by oral lorazepam and domperidone. PMID- 6642961 TI - Some effects of noradrenaline on electrical activity of guinea-pig ureteric smooth muscle. PMID- 6642962 TI - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with Kaposi's sarcoma in Ireland. PMID- 6642963 TI - The hypodipsia-hypernatraemia syndrome presenting with obesity. PMID- 6642965 TI - Neural tube defects in Dublin 1953-1954 and 1961-1982. PMID- 6642964 TI - Hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma precipitated by leptospira hebdomadis infection. PMID- 6642966 TI - Surgical injury to the ureter: a report on 21 injuries in 19 patients. PMID- 6642967 TI - Acute tracheoesophageal communication: a diagnostic sign for an unusual injury. PMID- 6642969 TI - Medical Councils in Great Britain and Ireland. PMID- 6642968 TI - Spontaneous mitral valve rupture in a normal heart. PMID- 6642970 TI - Do all pre-term infants need iron supplements? PMID- 6642971 TI - Subclavian vein access for haemodialysis: update. PMID- 6642973 TI - Appendicectomy today. PMID- 6642972 TI - Prescribing in renal failure. PMID- 6642974 TI - Appendicitis: 357 consecutive cases. PMID- 6642975 TI - The evaluation of the patient with a suspected bleeding or thrombotic tendency: a study of 290 cases. PMID- 6642976 TI - Congenital teratoma: four cases. PMID- 6642977 TI - Acute upper airway obstruction following sub-lingual haematoma. PMID- 6642978 TI - Encephalitis associated with pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. PMID- 6642979 TI - The use of the cell saver in a Jehovah's Witness undergoing major cardiac surgery -case report and review. PMID- 6642980 TI - Critical care medicine, whitherfrom and whitherto. PMID- 6642981 TI - The use of unproven remedies for rheumatoid arthritis in Ireland. PMID- 6642982 TI - Supportive care for the patient with myelosuppression and immunosuppression. PMID- 6642983 TI - Tuberculosis. PMID- 6642984 TI - The utilization of polymorphic enzymes in forensic science. PMID- 6642985 TI - asp56/LDHk in human cancer. PMID- 6642986 TI - Esterase D studies in human retinoblastoma. PMID- 6642988 TI - The utilization of isozymes as gene markers in fisheries management and conservation. PMID- 6642987 TI - Biological control of insect pests. AB - Isozyme techniques have proven particularly useful in the past in the field of biological insect control. In this brief review I have tried to give a small selection of the varied approaches that have been used. In the future, isozyme analysis will undoubtedly play a major role. But genetic analyses, as exemplified by the use of isozymes, form but a small part of the knowledge we must have if biological control programs are to be successful. In a pest management program where one is using both chemical and biological methods it is necessary to know a great deal about the biology of the pests, their parasites, predators, and host plants or animals, together with a knowledge of the general ecology of the area where the problem exists. Too often, major control programs have been started with pitifully inadequate basic knowledge of the insect pest concerned, dooming such projects to a series of frantic and generally makeshift attempts to redeem these inadequacies. We are starting to see a much greater emphasis on interrelationships between scientific disciplines, more basic research being conducted, and a resurgence of interaction between those people who are in the applied field and those in the basic sciences. This dialog must be continued. In closing, I want to emphasize again that in pest control we are involved in the management of a coexistence with insects and I think it appropriate to end with the thoughts of W.J. Holland [1949]: when all cities shall have been long dead and crumbled into dust, and all life shall be on the very last verge of extinction on this globe; then on a bit of lichen, growing on the bald rocks beside the eternal snows of Panama, shall be seated a tiny insect, preening its antenna in the glow of the worn-out sun, representing the sole survival of animal life on this our earth--a melancholy 'bug'. PMID- 6642990 TI - Isozyme monitoring of genetic variation in Lycopersicon. AB - Linkages with isozymic loci facilitate the investigation of certain classes of genetic variation. Due to the mapping of 20 isozymic loci on nine of the 12 chromosomes of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), much progress has been made in these applications, particularly in the analysis of interspecific hybrids. Isozymes can expedite the selective elimination of inferior wild parent germ plasm in backcross transfer of desired genes to the cultivated parent. Allelic isozyme constitution also aids in identification of lines, particularly in evaluating the purity of F1 hybrid cultivars. Advantages that isozymes impart to such investigations are: (1) unequivocal classification of phenotypes, (2) detection of heterozygotes, (3) lack of epistasis between isozyme loci, (4) lack of effect of allelic isozymes per se on morphology or physiology, (5) prolific source of monogenic markers, and (6) phenotyping at early developmental stages. Each of these attributes can be exploited to great advantage, but collectively they constitute a formidable argument for monitoring genetic variation by means of isozymes. Linkages between isozyme loci and qualitative loci can be exploited as in the monitoring of Mi (gene for root-knot nematode resistance derived from L peruvianum) by the very tightly linked Aps-1(1); in similar fashion, Prx-2(1) serves as a useful marker for ms-10 (male sterility). Asp-1 monitoring in the former is more reliable than testing for nematode resistance per se; codominance of Prx-2 alleles of the latter solves problems incurred by the recessiveness of ms-10; in both instances phenotypes can be ascertained at earlier growth stages for isozymes than for economic traits. In the first backcross of the interspecific hybrid L esculentum x Solanum pennellii to the former, the segregation of four quantitative traits was monitored by allelic isozymes at 12 loci, situated on at least eight chromosomes, covering approximately 60% of the known tomato genome. At least five quantitative trait loci (QTL) were found to determine each of the four traits. Each parent contributes alleles with positive as well as negative effects, the greatest balance for stigma exsertion, the trait also exhibiting the greatest extent of transgressive segregation. Three pairs of linked isozymic loci permitted a crude form of three-point mapping of the associated QTL. interactions between QTL linked with pairs of isozymic genes were tested in all possible combinations; 18 of the 274 comparisons showed significant interactions, indicating epistasis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6642989 TI - Isozymes in swine breeding. PMID- 6642991 TI - Isozyme assessment of plant genetic resources. AB - The genetic resources of cultivated plants consist of the genetic diversity present among developed cultivars, in the land races or primitive stocks, and in wild populations of their evolutionary relatives. Genetic evaluation of these resources through isozyme studies provides an important aid in efficient collection, storage, and use. Recent isozyme studies with barley exemplify these points. The allelic isozyme diversity present in 12 land race samples from Iran has been compared with that found in cultivars on the one hand, and natural populations of wild barley (H spontaneum) on the other. The primitive materials were on average more variable than the cultivars but less variable than the wild populations, supporting the view that the land races are or crucial importance in genetic conservation. Some roles for isozyme data in the manipulation of genetic resources have been outlined. PMID- 6642992 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects using the cholinesterases. AB - The usefulness of a cholinesterase assay and electrophoresis in the prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects was investigated in amniotic fluids from 1,512 women. The assay used a alpha-naphthyl acetate as substrate and measured the combined activity of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE, E.C. 3.1.1.7) and cholinesterase (ChE, E.C. 3.1.1.8); the activity of both enzymes was raised in amniotic fluid from women carrying open NTDs. The alpha-naphthyl acetate assay distinguished fetuses with neural tube defects from normal fetuses more effectively than assays using acetylthiocholine as substate. A perfect score could be obtained on the sample tested when both enzyme assay and electrophoresis were done on those samples with activity greater than or equal to 4 mU. There was no correlation between gestational age between 13-21 weeks and activity of AChE + ChE (r = 0.03). The electrophoretic band of AChE activity proved to be a valuable diagnostic adjunct to both AFP or the AChE + ChE assay. A similar band or AChE activity was seen in adult brain and intestine but not in kidney, heart, liver, or lung, or in sera from women carrying normal or NTD fetuses. PMID- 6642993 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase A subunit deficiency. PMID- 6642994 TI - Diagnostic aspects of enolase isozymes. PMID- 6642995 TI - Molecular structure and regulation. PMID- 6642997 TI - Reflex and cortical responses to dental stimuli. AB - Tooth pulp stimulation may evoke reflex responses in the orbicularis oculi, temporal, masseter and retronuchal muscles, which may to a varying degree contaminate the cortical evoked responses. The use of repetitive stimulation reduces the amplitude of the cortical responses but avoids the onset of the majority of the muscle reflexes. The appearance of a silent period in the temporal muscle is hard to avoid and it alters the signal recorded from S1 for the first 60-70 msec. In the center-posterior leads, more protected from the EMG signal of the temporal muscle, a first negative deflection is recorded at 43 msec in 60% of subjects. PMID- 6642996 TI - Degenerative changes in hypophyseal adenomas: CT features. AB - 16 patients with hypophyseal adenoma undergoing degenerative changes, namely necrotic-cystic changes, bleeding and calcification, were subjected to CT and the resulting density values studied. The cases were verified at operation and at histological examination. Evaluation of these features, despite the limitations of the method, proved to be very useful in differential diagnosis and in the planning of treatment. PMID- 6642998 TI - Problems of treatment in the neurological complications of Vaquez disease. AB - A critical review of the therapeutic measures available to neurologists in a Vaquez disease emergency in the light of the physiopathology of the disease and its complications. PMID- 6642999 TI - Selective culture of rat CNS neurons in a synthetic medium. AB - A Chemically Defined Medium is described which facilitates the survival of neurons in primary cultures of rat cerebral hemispheres. More than 90% of all cells were identified as neurons using neurofilament as a marker in an immunocytochemical assay. In contrast, serum-supplemented medium, by stimulating nonneuronal cell proliferation, hinders the survival of neurons in culture. PMID- 6643000 TI - CT scan in a case of progressive generalized dystonia with amyotrophic paraplegia. AB - In a case characterized by progressive generalized dystonic paraplegia with amyotrophy and mental deficiency, CT scanning shows a bilateral lenticular nucleus hypodensity. A similar picture can be found in Wilson disease. However, this patient presented no biochemical, hepatic or ocular abnormalities. PMID- 6643001 TI - Congenital choroid plexus papilloma: light and electron microscopic study of a case. AB - The outcome of a light and electron microscopic study of a congenital choroid plexus papilloma removed from a lateral cerebral ventricle of a 10-day-old male presenting hypertensive hydrocephalus at birth is reported. The tumor was diagnosed by CT and cerebral angiography. The findings, compared with those obtained from choroid plexuses of controls subjected to hemispherectomy for epilepsy, highlight the intense metabolic activity of the papilloma and the relevance of this to the communicating hydrocephalus that is frequently associated with it. PMID- 6643002 TI - Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis. Case report. AB - A case of sporadic, idiopathic, paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis is described. The frequent attacks triggered by the initial phase of voluntary movement responded well to treatment with diphenylhydantoin. The nosological, etiopathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of paroxysmal choreoathetosis are discussed and the literature reviewed. PMID- 6643003 TI - Transient topographical amnesia. PMID- 6643004 TI - Neurophysiological assessment in progressive supranuclear palsy. PMID- 6643005 TI - Portal decompression through direct side-to-side mesocaval anastomosis in the management of certain forms of portal hypertension. AB - When performing a portosystemic shunt in patients with portal hypertension due to pre-hepatic block, a number of technical problems may arise. In these cases direct side-to-side mesocaval anastomosis through an interruption of the duodenum is favoured by the Authors. Two personal cases of young patients successfully treated by this procedure are reported. In both cases a central splenorenal shunt had been previously performed to treat a pre-hepatic block. The patients presented with recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding, which resulted from delayed thrombosis. PMID- 6643007 TI - The correlation between estrogen receptor status, axillary-node metastases and disease-free interval after surgery in primary breast cancer. AB - The prognostic value of estrogen receptor (ER) status in primary breast cancer was evaluated in 208 women subjected to Halsted radical mastectomy. The correlation between ER status, node involvement and disease-free interval after surgery was analyzed in detail. Forty-seven out of 127 ER-positive patients received hormonal adjuvant therapy, whereas the 81 ER-negative patients did not. Similar recurrence rates were found in ER-negative and untreated ER-positive patients, suggesting that the natural course of disease was not related to ER status. ER-positive patients who received hormonal adjuvant therapy showed a significantly longer disease-free interval than both ER-negative and untreated ER positive patients, even though a higher frequency of node involvement was found in ER-positive tumors. Since only hormone-treated ER-positive patients showed a significantly lower recurrence rate, it is felt that ER status cannot be used as an independent prognostic factor. PMID- 6643006 TI - Prophylactic portosystemic shunt: a special indication. AB - Generally, when a splenectomy is performed to treat either a severe hypersplenism or another splenic affection in a cirrhotic patient with uncomplicated esophageal varices, the question arises whether to associate or not a prophylactic shunt. In fact, splenectomy alone does not lower the portal pressure and does not affect positively the esophageal varices. Because of this, 36% of these patients will eventually undergo a bleeding episode from varices. Furthermore, in the patients surviving the first bleeding, the occurrence of splenoportal thrombosis following splenectomy does prevent a therapeutic shunt to be performed. For this reason splenectomy with a complementary prophylactic shunt was performed in 24 patients. This operation, which showed 16% mortality rate, significantly prevented bleeding (0%). Furthermore in the treated patients, splenectomy has lowered the portal pressure. Encephalopathy occurred in 30% of cases, however the accuracy in the selection of patients together with a proper diet and medical treatment have avoided severe complications. The 5 year survival rate was 60%. Nevertheless, the indication to a prophylactic shunt must be limited to these particular cases. PMID- 6643008 TI - A plea for combined cardiac and non-cardiac surgery. AB - The authors experience with combined cardiac and non-cardiac surgery is reported. Fourty-seven patients underwent contemporary surgical treatment for a cardiac disease and an associated non-cardiac lesion, usually represented by a cholelithiasis, or hernial defects. Two deaths were observed with 4.25% mortality rates. Specific advantages of contemporary cardiac and non cardiac surgery are recorded. PMID- 6643009 TI - Vitamin B12 absorption in total gastrectomy. Study with (57Co) B12 and radioimmunoassay. AB - Vitamin B12 absorption and real amount of circulating cyanocobalamin were determined by Thurangh Schilling's test and radioimmunoassay respectively, in 28 patients undergone total gastrectomy. The methods are described and the results discussed, in relation to the parameters under consideration, that is: age, sex, pathology of lesion, time elapsed from surgery, and type of reconstruction of intestinal continuity. PMID- 6643010 TI - Blood coagulation alterations and thromboembolism in Crohn's disease. AB - The present study was undertaken in view of the higher incidence of thromboembolism in patients with Crohn's disease. The blood coagulation system was studied in 12 patients previously operated for Crohn's disease (8 cases of ileitis, 4 cases of colitis) and followed as out-patients. In 75% of cases, the disease was in an inactive stage. Eight patients showed slight lipid malabsorption. Serum levels of fibrinogen, platelets and factor V were shown to be significantly increased (p less than 0.001) as compared to controls. Prothrombin time and factors II, VII and X were shown to be decreased, while factors VIII and IX and antithrombin III were not significantly altered. Thrombocytosis and hyperfibrinogenemia, as reported in literature, seem to determine a condition of blood hypercoagulability, playing therefore a primary pathogenetic role in the genesis of thromboembolism in patients with Crohn's disease. PMID- 6643011 TI - Intraoperative high-resolution hepatosonography in the detection of occult metastases in colorectal carcinoma. AB - During surgery of colorectal cancer, real time B-mode high resolution ultrasound scanning was employed intraoperatively in 25 consecutive patients free of metastases at preoperative evaluation, to localize hepatic deposits. Results showed that intraoperative ultrasonography is a safe and simple technique providing the surgeon with accurate informations which may affect surgical technique as for -) extended indications for hepatic resection -) reduction of resections oncologically useless -) a more correct staging of resected colorectal cancer -) reduction of false positives at second look guided by CEA elevation. PMID- 6643012 TI - Intraoperative high-resolution ultrasonography in the localization of occult endocrine pancreatic tumours. AB - Intraoperative pancraticosonography was employed in six patients to localize suspected endocrine tumours and to study the specific ultrasonic features. The cases included four insulinomas, one case of occult G-cell apudoma and one case of beta-cell microadenomatosis. Endocrine tumours are generally hypoechoeic and well defined with smooth borders. The study confirms that real-time operative high resolution sonography is a reliable technique to assist in the diagnosis of occult endocrine tumours and to guide the surgical approach. PMID- 6643013 TI - Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. AB - Seven cases of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas (5 cystadenomata and 2 cystadenocarcinomata) are reported. While cystadenomata were localized in the tail of pancreas, cystadenocarcinomata were localized in the head. Only one case was asymptomatic and evidenced in the course of other type of surgery. Preoperative diagnosis of cystadenoma was assessed only in one case. All benign forms were treated with radical resection. Only palliation was possible for malignant forms. The moderate malignancy of cystic tumors as compared to the more common pancreatic adenocarcinoma is underlined. A more careful intraoperative diagnosis and surgical resection are therefore advocated, whenever possible. PMID- 6643014 TI - Incompetent perforating veins subfascial ligation as an important adjunct to venous surgery of the lower extremities: evaluation of surgical results. AB - The role of incompetent perforating veins in chronic venous disease is well established. The determination of hemodynamic alterations and perforating veins location is evaluated by physical examination, phlebography and ultrasonography. All patients with perforating veins failure underwent surgical treatment. From 1971 to 1982, 6000 patients with lower limbs primary varicose veins underwent surgical treatment: 510 more patients were hospitalized for post-thrombotic disease. In 6% of patients suffering from primary varicose veins, in 18% with recurrent varicose veins and in 76% with secondary veins (8.1% of all patients), subfascial ligation of incompetent perforating veins was associated with complete vein stripping. Incompetent perforating vein ligation alone was performed in 0.6% of cases. The technique is based on subfacial ligation of perforating veins through a small skin incision (2.3 cm). This procedure allows a fast healing of surgical wounds and a good esthetical result. The subfacial ligation allows a complete cure of the disease in primary varicose veins and avoids the main causes of recurrence. Moreover in the post-thrombotic disease treated by this procedure, symptoms and trophic lesions are markedly decreased and a dramatic reduction in the ulceration rate, 62.5% to 15% at ten year follow-up, is achieved. PMID- 6643015 TI - Liver involvement in measles infection of young adults. AB - Abnormal liver function was found in 34 (52%) of 67 young adults with measles; 5 of them (7%) also had a rise in bilirubin levels accompanied by icterus. Awareness of liver involvement in measles has been steadily increasing; consideration should be given to hepatitis as a possible complication of measles in young adults. PMID- 6643016 TI - Prostatic transitional cell carcinoma: concept of its pathogenesis and classification. AB - An updated comprehensive classification of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the prostate is presented in accordance with the current nomenclature, which is based mainly on the theory of multifocal origin of urothelial neoplasms. TCC of the prostate is classified as being primary, secondary (synchronous and metachronous) or mixed (TCC associated with adenocarcinoma). The case histories of six patients with TCC of the prostate are presented. One patient had primary TCC of the prostate without evidence of urothelial carcinoma elsewhere; one patient had primary mixed TCC associated with separate foci of adenocarcinoma; and four patients had secondary TCC either synchronously or metachronously with foci of carcinoma elsewhere in the urothelium. The importance of considering TCC of the prostate as a well-defined clinicopathological entity is discussed. PMID- 6643017 TI - Carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with colorectal cancer: correlation between stage of disease and antigen level. AB - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were measured by radio-immunoassay in the sera of 339 patients with various stages of colorectal cancer. Of 298 patients considered to be free of disease, 61 (20.5%) were found to have elevated CEA values of greater than 10 ng/ml. Of these patients, 36 had subsequent disease progression, 23 had only a transient rise in CEA and 2 showed a persistent increase with no clinical deterioration during the study period. Of 41 patients with known active disease, only 27 (65.9%) had elevated CEA values, most greater than 30 ng/ml, whereas the remaining 14 patients had CEA levels less than 10 ng/ml. Of a total of 77 patients with known active colorectal cancer throughout the whole study period, these 14 (18%) represent the number of false-negative CEA determinations. This relatively high rate of false-negative measurements should not obscure the fact that full accordance between CEA levels and clinical status as determined throughout 38 months of follow-up, occurred in 323 of the 339 patients. PMID- 6643018 TI - Milk protein-free diet for nonseasonal asthma and migraine in lactase-deficient patients. AB - In a series of 48 patients suffering from either nonseasonal asthma or classic migraine, a marked clinical alleviation was obtained in 33 patients by removing all cows milk protein from their diet. All patients who responded to the diet had laboratory evidence of lactase deficiency. Lactase deficiency may be a useful indicator of milk allergy in asthmatic or migrainous patients. PMID- 6643019 TI - Chronic dietary anticholinesterase poisoning. AB - Five patients presented with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms and nonspecific neurologic complaints, accompanied by reductions in whole blood cholinesterase activity. After the elimination from their diet of fresh fruits and vegetables, the patients became asymptomatic and their blood cholinesterase activity returned to normal levels. The source of this previously unreported type of poisoning is discussed. PMID- 6643020 TI - Salvage operations for failure of previous surgery in congenital dislocation of the hip. AB - Salvage operations for failure of previous surgery were performed on 27 children with 35 congenitally dislocated hips. In two children with rigid joints, surgery was limited to the correction of flexion contracture and of fixed pelvic obliquity. In all cases where the affected hip was mobile, concentric reduction and good coverage were obtained. In difficult cases, a combined operation including femoral shortening, open reduction, varization derotation, and a Chiari osteotomy gave satisfactory results. PMID- 6643021 TI - Inflammatory fibroid polyp of the small intestine: report of two cases and review of the literature. AB - Two cases of inflammatory fibroid polyp of the ileum presenting clinically as intestinal obstruction due to intussusception are described. The presence of smooth muscle cells within the lesions raises the possibility that some cases of inflammatory fibroid polyp are leiomyomas that have undergone degenerative and secondary inflammatory changes. PMID- 6643022 TI - Human pleuropulmonary gnathostomiasis: a case report from Israel. AB - We report a case of human gnathostomiasis presenting with bilateral pleural effusion and probable pericardial involvement. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the patient's country of origin (Nepal), the course of the disease, marked eosinophilia and the identification of Gnathostoma in a thoracic skin biopsy. The patient responded, presumably, to treatment with diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan). This case is unique in its presentation and occurrence in Israel (although not necessarily acquired in Israel). PMID- 6643023 TI - Pseudogout with low values of magnesium and low alkaline phosphatase activity in synovial fluid. AB - A case of pseudogout associated with low values of magnesium and alkaline phosphatase activity in the synovial fluid is presented. The low magnesium concentration is believed to cause the low alkaline phosphatase activity, since adding magnesium in vitro raised the activity to normal. The reason for the low magnesium concentration in the synovial fluid remains unclear. PMID- 6643024 TI - A home-care unit: geriatrically oriented and hospital-based with the active involvement of the family physician. PMID- 6643025 TI - A simple, disposable, hyperbaric oxygen device for the treatment of wounds. PMID- 6643026 TI - Incidence of neonatal polycythemia. PMID- 6643027 TI - Chromosome 4q deletion syndrome: a case report. PMID- 6643028 TI - Rupture of stomach due to external cardiac resuscitation. PMID- 6643029 TI - Questioning the cause and effect relationship between parathyroid adenoma and duodenal ulcer. PMID- 6643030 TI - Juxta-articular adiposis dolorosa--a neglected disease. PMID- 6643031 TI - Rotavirus infection in a neonatal intensive care nursery. PMID- 6643032 TI - Federal commissions and local IRBs. PMID- 6643033 TI - Baby Doe redux: doctors as child abusers. PMID- 6643034 TI - Surrogate mothers: not so novel after all. PMID- 6643035 TI - The case against surrogate parenting. PMID- 6643036 TI - Brainstem influences on the cephalic circulation: experimental data from cat and monkey of relevance to the mechanism of migraine. PMID- 6643037 TI - The surgical treatment of chronic cluster headache. PMID- 6643039 TI - Cluster headache developing following ipsilateral orbital exenteration. PMID- 6643038 TI - Stress, temporal artery activity, and pain in migraine headache: a prospective analysis. PMID- 6643040 TI - Symptoms of vascular headache triggered by intracranial hypertension. PMID- 6643041 TI - A study of the smoking habits of pregnant women and their attitudes to smoking in hospital. PMID- 6643042 TI - The codification and interpretation of hospital fire reports. PMID- 6643043 TI - Revised training for mental nurses. PMID- 6643044 TI - Childhood immunoprophylaxis: achievements in a Glasgow practice. PMID- 6643045 TI - Comfort shoes--a cheaper alternative to surgical shoes in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6643046 TI - Alcohol related morbidity in acute male medical admissions. PMID- 6643047 TI - A retrospect on 25 years of lead research. PMID- 6643048 TI - Survey of attendant propelled mobile chairs used in hospitals. PMID- 6643050 TI - Adequacy of administrative support for nursing directors: an exploration. PMID- 6643049 TI - Referring physicians: the forgotten market. PMID- 6643051 TI - Chossing a career and specialty: when do students decide? PMID- 6643052 TI - Legal relationships and responsibilities in HMOs. PMID- 6643053 TI - Portfolio analysis for hospitals. PMID- 6643054 TI - HCMR interview: Stephen M. Morris. Interview by Montague Brown. PMID- 6643055 TI - [Effect of the treatment of psoriasis with dithranol in comparison with a combination of dithranol and a corticosteroid]. AB - Symmetric lesions of ten psoriasis patients were treated with anthralin and a combination of anthralin and steroid to compare the effect of these two therapies. After treatment, tissue was excised from the papules. An in vitro double-labeling autoradiography with 3H- and 14C-thymidine was then carried out. The thickness of the epidermis was also measured. The anthralin therapy leads to significantly greater inhibition of proliferation than the combined therapy with steroid. On the other hand, the combined therapy significantly shortens the duration of the S-phase, which is pathologically lengthened in psoriasis patients. The combined therapy also leads to significantly greater thinning of the epidermis. PMID- 6643056 TI - [5-Fluorouracil therapy following curettage of warts]. AB - Of our patients recorded so far 31% showed local recurrences after topical 5 fluorouracil treatment following curettage of warts. Based on our provisional results we do not consider this technique acceptable for further use. PMID- 6643058 TI - [Penicillin resistance of gonorrhea in Europe]. PMID- 6643057 TI - [Psoriasis patients in the sauna]. AB - An examination of 213 male psoriasis patients showed neither a positive nor a negative influence on the skin lesions for 87,9% of the patients, an improvement for 10,7% and a deterioration for 1,4% in a sauna bath. Evaporation measurements of untreated psoriasis in a sauna bath showed a 50% decrease in perspiration. This was proved also by the silicone print method. These values increased after removal of the psoriasis-scales. Skin temperature measured at the same time did not show any difference. PMID- 6643059 TI - [Morphologic studies in the treatment of nevus flammeus with argon laser]. AB - Immediately after the argon laser impact one finds necrosis of epidermis and superficial dermis. Dilated vessels down to a depth of 0.8 mm are filled with coagulated erythrocytes. After 2 days there is initial restoration of epidermis, and dilated vessels are filled with agglutination thrombi. With and after the 6th day fibroblasts and capillary blood vessels grow into the thrombi, and later on vessels are completely replaced by granulation tissue and after 2-4 weeks by newly formed fibrous tissue. PMID- 6643060 TI - [Iatrogenic pseudotumor of the skin induced by polyvinyl pyrrolidone]. AB - A 65-year-old woman developed a prominent tumor-like swelling of the skin in the face and shoulder area after having received parenteral applications of a drug containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (Depot-Impletol) for many years. Upon first examination the alterations appeared to represent a tumor of the adipose tissue. Subsequently, however, they were shown to result from excessive storage of high molecular fractions of PVP in the reticulohistiocytic system. Storage of these fractions of PVP, which cannot be eliminated with urine, was also found in the interstitial tissue of adjacent muscles and in local lymph nodes. The histological picture resembles a thesaurismosis. The present report also describes enzyme histochemical and electron-microscopic findings. The electron microscopic results are similar to those described by other authors in the few ultrastructural reports of PVP storage. The ultrastructural alterations in the capillary endothelium suggest a transendothelial transport mechanism for the incorporated substance. PMID- 6643062 TI - A new X-ray TLD phosphor. PMID- 6643061 TI - [Light and electron microscopy of primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis]. AB - The two polar types of primary cutaneous amyloidosis are characterized by different alterations of the epidermis, i.e., epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis in lichen amyloidosus, hyperpigmentation without any essential epidermal changes in macular pigmented amyloidosis. Biopsies from six patients suffering from lichen amyloidosus and macular pigmented amyloidosis were examined light- and electron-microscopically to provide any information that could account for the different epidermal behavior in these two polar forms of primary cutaneous amyloidosis. No ultrastructural alterations were found that could be regarded as pathognomonic for one or the other form. Although in lichen amyloidosus alterations on keratinocytes seemed to be more pronounced than in macular pigmented amyloidosis, which, in contrast, shows stronger alterations of the basal membrane and the pigmentary system, these findings do not satisfactorily elucidate the histological and clinical differences between these most frequently occurring representatives of primary cutaneous amyloidosis. PMID- 6643063 TI - Reference dosimetry for the health physics research reactor. PMID- 6643064 TI - Health effects of cadmium wastes. PMID- 6643065 TI - Evaluation of radiation exposures to personnel in fluoroscopic X-ray facilities. AB - Personnel monitoring data reported in the literature at selected monitoring sites for personnel working in fluoroscopic X-ray facilities are analyzed. The results are used to attempt to more realistically estimate the potential organ doses for X-ray personnel wearing protective devices such as lead aprons and protective eyeglasses when these personnel wear only one dosimeter positioned outside the apron at the collar. The applicability of these results to current U.S. dose standards and the ICRP weighted dose equivalent concept is discussed. PMID- 6643066 TI - Characterization of an aerosol sample from the auxiliary building of the Three Mile Island reactor. AB - Analyses for radioisotopic composition and dissolution characteristics were performed on an aerosol filter sample collected for a week by an air sampler located in the auxiliary building of the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor. The major radioisotopes found on the filter were 89Sr, 90Sr, 134Cs and 137Cs. Greater than 90% of both 89-90Sr and 134-137Cs dissolved within 48 hr in an in vitro test system. Scanning electron microscopic analyses showed the presence of respirable size particles as well as larger particles ranging up to 10 micron in diameter. The major matrix components were Fe, Ca, S, Mg, Al and Si. Although the radionuclides were present in a heterogeneous matrix, they were in a soluble form. This information enables a better evaluation of bioassay data and predictions of dose distribution resulting from an inhalation exposure to this aerosol. Further, the combination of techniques used in this study may be applicable to the characterization of other aerosols of unknown composition. PMID- 6643067 TI - Radon-222 in municipal water supplies in the central United States. PMID- 6643068 TI - Effects of pre-implantation low-dose radiation on rat embryos. PMID- 6643069 TI - Clearance of 202TI contaminate following intravenous injection of 201TI. PMID- 6643070 TI - In vitro dissolution of respirable aerosols of industrial uranium and plutonium mixed-oxide nuclear fuels. AB - Dissolution characteristics of mixed-oxide nuclear fuels are important considerations for prediction of biological behavior of inhaled particles. Four representative industrial mixed-oxide powders were obtained from fuel fabrication enclosures. Studies of the dissolution of Pu, Am and U from aerosol particles of these materials in a serum simulant solution and in 0.1M HCl showed: (1) dissolution occurred at a rapid rate initially and slowed at longer times, (2) greater percentages of U dissolved than Pu or Am: with the dissolution rates of U and Pu generally reflecting the physical nature of the UO2-PuO2 matrix, (3) the temperature history of industrial mixed-oxides could not be reliably related to Pu dissolution except for a 3-5% increase when incorporated into a solid solution by sintering at 1750 degrees C, and (4) dissolution in the serum simulant agreed with the in vivo UO2 dissolution rate and suggested the dominant role of mechanical processes in PuO2 clearance from the lung. The rapid initial dissolution rate was shown to be related, in part, to an altered surface layer. The advantages and uses of in vitro solubility data for estimation of biological behavior of inhaled industrial mixed oxides, such as assessing the use of chelation therapy and interpretation of urinary excretion data, are discussed. It was concluded that in vitro solubility tests were useful, simple and easily applied to individual materials potentially inhaled by humans. PMID- 6643071 TI - Shielding factors for vehicles to gamma radiation from activity deposited on structures and ground surfaces. AB - This paper describes a measuring procedure for the determination of shielding factors for vehicles passing through areas that have been contaminated by activity released to the atmosphere from a reactor accident. In open areas the radiation field arises from an infinite plane source. In urban areas the radiation field consists of the contribution from fallout deposited on a road and on the buildings lying at both sides of the road. It is assumed that these buildings will attenuate completely the radiation from fallout deposited behind the building. A simulated radiation field from fallout has been approximated by a point source that has been placed in a matrix around and above the vehicle. From measurements on different vehicles with and without passengers shielding factors are recommended for ordinary cars and buses in both urban and open areas, and areas with single family houses. PMID- 6643072 TI - A relationship between plutonium activity densities of airborne and surface soils. PMID- 6643073 TI - Establishment of a field plot to study the behavior of cesium-137 in the environment. PMID- 6643074 TI - The questionable value of total glossectomy. AB - In a personal series of 104 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, 14 patients were treated with total glossectomy and laryngectomy, and 2 were treated with total glossectomy alone. The high rate of local recurrence that occurred when partial glossectomy followed curative radiotherapy suggests that in selected patients total glossectomy is of value. Patients with more extensive tumors requiring total laryngectomy are rarely cured and the procedure entails serious rehabilitation problems. PMID- 6643075 TI - Surgery versus combined therapies for cancer of the anterior floor of the mouth. AB - We report the results of treatment in a consecutive series of 75 patients operated on at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan, from January 1965 to December 1979, for cancer of the anterior floor of the mouth. Most of the tumors were advanced: 39 were treated with simple resection, and 36 underwent combined treatment, consisting of surgery associated with either chemotherapy or surgery. Three- and five-year observed survival rates of the whole series were good (41% and 25%, respectively), considering the tumor stage of these patients, but the determined survival rates were particularly high (56% and 46%, respectively). No real advantage was found in the use of multiple planned sequential therapies over surgery alone, and deaths from intercurrent diseases seemed to be more frequent in the patients who underwent combined therapies. We conclude that for patients in poor general condition, such as those with carcinomas of the anterior floor of the mouth, aggressive and complex treatments should be considered with caution in controlled clinical trials. PMID- 6643076 TI - Incidence of cranial nerve dysfunction following carotid endarterectomy. AB - An analysis of postoperative injuries to the recurrent laryngeal, hypoglossal, marginal mandibular, and superior laryngeal nerves was undertaken in 517 patients who underwent 535 carotid endarterectomies between April 1978 and March 1981 at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. A review of the literature is presented followed by the results of this analysis and a discussion of the findings. Suggestions for decreasing or avoiding such injuries are made. Conclusions are drawn to help the otolaryngologist identify the endarterectomized patient with an impaired upper aerodigestive tract. PMID- 6643077 TI - The dynamic Morris biphase appliance for stabilization of flail facial bones. AB - This report presents our experience with a modification of the Morris biphase appliance. We have modified the device to let the patient open his or her mouth immediately after surgery to allow for intraoral suture line care. The device prevents deviation of the remaining mandible toward the operated side of the face. We believe this has lessened the esthetic, masticatory, and speech difficulties of the two patients in whom we used the device. We conclude the device deserves further testing. PMID- 6643078 TI - Laryngeal cystic hygroma. AB - An unusual case of cervical cystic hygroma with laryngeal extension is reported. A patient with acute upper airway obstruction due to a laryngeal lesion was seen 18 years after the original cervical surgery. Maintenance of an adequate airway has required a partial laryngectomy in addition to repeated endoscopic procedures for removal of recurrent disease. The rationale for this therapy is discussed in light of the current literature. PMID- 6643079 TI - Serum cholinesterase loci E1 and E2 polymorphisms among Egyptians. PMID- 6643080 TI - Calculations on the decrease of genetic variation due to the founder effect. PMID- 6643081 TI - Achiasmatic male meiosis in two species of Saldula (Saldidae, Hemiptera). PMID- 6643082 TI - Differences in human C-band pattern between two European populations. PMID- 6643083 TI - An electrophoretic study of allozyme frequencies in local populations of Lygaeus equestris (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae). PMID- 6643084 TI - Cytoplasmic male sterility in barley. XV. PI 296897 as a restorer of fertility in msm1 and msm2 cytoplasms. PMID- 6643085 TI - Cytotype distribution in the Campanula rotundifolia complex in Norway, and cyto morphological characteristics of diploid and tetraploid groups. PMID- 6643086 TI - Academic achievement of psychotic or alcoholic patients. PMID- 6643087 TI - The neutralist-selectionist debate and estimates of allozyme multilocus structure in conservation genetics of the primitive land races of Ethiopian barley. PMID- 6643088 TI - Dynamics of an enzyme polymorphism in the isopod, Sphaeroma rugicauda (Leach). I. Temporal variation in genotype frequencies. AB - A 27 month study (November, 1978 through January, 1981) of the diallelic enzyme locus, phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi), in the estuarine isopod Sphaeroma rugicauda (Leach) revealed seasonal changes in the frequencies of the three genotypes (fast/fast, fast/slow and slow/slow). A comparison of genotype frequencies in the newly-released offspring (August) to the frequencies in the same animals ten months later during the breeding season (June), revealed a decline in heterozygote frequency and a corresponding increase in the frequency of the s/s homozygote both of which appeared to be initiated at the onset of winter, a period characterised by low temperatures and salinity. Survivorship experiments in the laboratory suggested that the increase in frequency of the s/s homozygote, at least, could be explained by this genotype being favoured at low temperatures. PMID- 6643089 TI - Dynamics of an enzyme polymorphism in the isopod, Sphaeroma rugicauda (Leach). II. Sexual, gametic and fecundity selection. AB - The estuarine isopod Sphaeroma rugicauda (Leach) exhibits a diallelic polymorphism at the locus coding for the enzyme Pgi. An investigation carried out during the animal's breeding season (June-July) in 1979 and 1980 indicated that the animals were mating at random. It also showed the s/s-homozygote females to be the earliest to release offspring and to be the most fecund of the three genotypes (f/f, f/s and s/s). Further, data from the wild population in 1980 and laboratory experiments indicated that male s-gametes were selected against in s/s females, resulting in offspring ratio distortions in f/s (male) X s/s (female) crosses, in favour of heterozygotes. The net effect of these selective pressures did not, however, significantly alter the genotype frequencies (found in the offspring) from expected values. PMID- 6643090 TI - Neuropsychological research on the neurosurgical treatment of cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 6643091 TI - Microsurgical techniques in cerebral revascularization. PMID- 6643092 TI - Methodological issues in studying treatment effects in patients with cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 6643094 TI - Neuropsychological evaluation of the results of surgical treatment of cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 6643093 TI - The effects of cerebrovascular surgery on behavior: what has been demonstrated? PMID- 6643096 TI - Violence. PMID- 6643095 TI - A radiologic method of assessment of bone and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6643097 TI - Synchronous bilateral seminomas and teratoma. PMID- 6643098 TI - Manipulation of external tachodynamometer by the patient: case report. PMID- 6643099 TI - Posttraumatic hernia of the bladder. PMID- 6643100 TI - Kidney stones 1983: a preventable cause of morbidity. PMID- 6643101 TI - Thrombolytic therapy in the management of acute evolving myocardial infarction. PMID- 6643102 TI - Studies on the results of the nonshunting procedures for portal hypertension. PMID- 6643103 TI - Electron microscopy of cytodifferentiation and its subcellular steroidogenic sites in the granulosa cells of the human ovary. PMID- 6643104 TI - The size of megakaryocytes in human fetal, infantile and adult hematopoiesis. PMID- 6643105 TI - Characteristics of vertebral abnormalities of medaka as a water pollution indicator. PMID- 6643106 TI - The serum pregnancy associated alpha 2-glycoprotein level in patients with nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 6643107 TI - A case of cerebral infarction associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. PMID- 6643108 TI - High prevalence of caecal dysplasia in Wistar/Furth substrain rats. PMID- 6643109 TI - Experimental studies on developmental mechanism of histamine induced ulcers and ulcer inhibitory effects of histamine receptor antagonists. PMID- 6643110 TI - The influence of the autonomic nervous system on the onset of stress ulcers- mainly on the changes of biogenic amine contents in brain and stomach in cold restrained rats. PMID- 6643111 TI - Pressor response to norepinephrine infusion in patients with pheochromocytoma. PMID- 6643112 TI - Clinical evaluation of the speech following maxillectomy. PMID- 6643113 TI - Preclinical studies on the use of a pulsatile paracorporeal assist devices. PMID- 6643114 TI - [3H]thymidine autoradiographic and alkaline phosphatase histochemical studies of intestinal metaplasia of the human stomach. AB - The relationship between cell proliferation and enzyme activity in intestinal metaplasia of the human stomach was studied using a combined method of [3H]thymidine autoradiography and alkaline phosphatase histochemistry on the same section. Three types of intestinal metaplasia were observed depending on variations in both enzymatic activity and isotope labelling. One type shows alkaline phosphatase-positive cells along the entire length of the glands with [3H]thymidine-labelled cells localized only at the bottom of the glands, resembling the duodenum. In another type of intestinal metaplasia, alkaline phosphatase-positive cells are present on the surface and/or upper half of the glands with mitotically active cells occupying the lower part of the glands. The third variety of intestinal metaplasia is characterized by the absence of alkaline-phosphatase activity and [3H]thymidine-labelled cells present in an extended zone in the lower half of the glands. Differences in labelling patterns of [3H]thymidine and the activity of marker enzyme in various types of intestinal metaplasia seem to reflect variations in cell differentiation during intestinalization of gastric mucosa. PMID- 6643115 TI - Autoradiographic and cytochemical studies of phagocytic cells in selected fibre tracts of the mouse periodontium. AB - Proliferative and protein synthetic activities of phagocytic cells of specific fibre tracts of the periodontium of C57Bl mice were employing autoradiographic techniques; these were combined with a histochemical technique for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for phagocytic activity. Animals were injected either with [3H]thymidine as a marker for proliferative activity, or with [3H]proline as a marker for protein synthetic activity prior to HRP injection. Blocks from the maxillae of experimental and control animals were fixed, decalcified, and sectioned at 50 micrometers. These were incubated with HRP localization media, dehydrated and flat embedded in Epon 812 wafers. The entire length of the periodontium, including adjacent tooth and bone, were selectively cut from the wafers, mounted on epoxy blocks and serially sectioned at 2 micrometers. Slides containing these sections were then dipped in NTB-3 nuclear track emulsion, and after appropriate exposure times, were developed and post stained. Sections were examined microscopically, employing an ocular grid, and phagocytic cells within each area examined were delineated as either 'fibroblast like' (FL cells) or 'endothelial/macrophage-like' (EML cells) according to criteria such as morphology, location, orientation and proximity to a vascular channel. They were then subclassified as labelled or unlabelled with respect to the autoradiographic markers. The thymidine labelling index obtained for non phagocytic FL cells was 3.09%; this was more than twice that for phagocytic FL cells (1.35%). Similarly phagocytic FL cells in all regions studied incorporated less than half as much [3H]proline as did their non-phagocytic counterparts. This was determined by silver grain counts over HRP-stained and unstained cells using a matched pair system. In addition, the variation of the relative number of phagocytic FL cells in specific fibre tracts suggested a relationship to functional demand. The distribution of these cells was closely related to experimentally determined rates of protein turnover. Phagocytic FL cells have a markedly reduced proliferative rate and synthesize proline-containing proteins at a reduced rate. This may reflect protein production primarily for the purpose of cell maintenance. These findings are consistent with the presence of subpopulations of fibroblasts (or fibrocytes) developmentally or functionally modified for phagocytosis; alternatively, this could signify modulation of fibroblasts from primarily biosynthetic activities to degradative functions in response to varying microenvironmental conditions. PMID- 6643116 TI - Methodological problems in the histochemical demonstration of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity. AB - Methodological aspects of the histochemical technique for the demonstration of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity (EC 1.2.1.24) (indicative of the degradative step of gamma-aminobutyric acid catabolism) have been analysed in rat Purkinje neurons, where gamma-aminobutyric acid has been shown to be a neurotransmitter, and in hepatocytes, where it is metabolized. During a histochemical incubation for the enzyme, artefacts of succinate dehydrogenase activity and the 'nothing dehydrogenase' reaction are produced. Inhibition of these artefacts by the addition of two inhibitors, malonate and p hydroxybenzaldehyde, revealed specific reaction products. Formazan granules, which can be ascribed only to specific succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity, are obtained by adding malonate to the incubation medium in order to inhibit both succinate dehydrogenase activity and nothing dehydrogenase. The formation of these granules is completely inhibited by p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, an inhibitor of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity. Different levels of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity were noted in Purkinje neurons. This activity was also found in hepatocytes, mostly in the portal area, but with a lesser degree of intensity and specificity. Indeed, non-specific formazan granules were still produced, because of the 'nothing dehydrogenase' reaction, even in the presence of malonate. Thus, a malonate-insensitive 'nothing dehydrogenase' reaction seems to be present in neural and hepatic tissues. PMID- 6643117 TI - Microfluorimetric quantification of catecholamine fluorescence in rat sympathetic ganglia. AB - The formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF) technique was used to generate catecholamine fluorophores in the perikarya of the sympathetic neurons in the superior cervical ganglion of adult rats. During microfluorimetric quantification, the photodecomposition was eliminated by a rapid measuring procedure with a small excitation field and by using only visible light between the measurements. The catecholamine fluorescence, induced in protein microdroplets with increasing noradrenaline concentrations, was linear up to 2 X 10(-2) M which exceeds the noradrenaline content of even the most intensively fluorescent neurons. Thus, the differences in fluorescence intensities directly reflect the physiological state of each neuron with respect to their catecholamine content. The mean histograms reveal the changes which can only occur in certain neurons, and which can disappear if the mean only is assessed. The microfluorimetric method was sensitive enough to detect even minute changes induced by reserpine treatment in the catecholamine content of the sympathetic ganglion cells. PMID- 6643120 TI - The use of crypt suspensions for endocrine cell quantification. PMID- 6643118 TI - Light microscopic detection of sugar residues in glycoconjugates of salivary glands and the pancreas with lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates. I. Mouse. AB - Mouse salivary glands and pancreases were stained with a battery of ten horseradish peroxidase-conjugated lectins. Lectin staining revealed striking differences in the structure of oligosaccharides of stored intracellular secretory glycoproteins and glycoconjugates associated with the surface of epithelial cells lining excretory ducts. The percentage of acinar cells containing terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine residues varied greatly in submandibular glands of 30 male mice, but all submandibular acinar cells contained oligosaccharides with terminal sialic acid and penultimate beta galactose residues. The last named dimer was abundant in secretory glycoprotein of all mucous acinar cells in murine sublingual glands and an additional 20-50% of these cells in all glands contained terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues. In contrast, terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine was abundant in sublingual serous demilune secretions. Serous acinar cells in the exorbital lacrimal gland, posterior lingual gland, parotid gland and pancreas exhibited a staining pattern unique to each organ. In contrast, the apical cytoplasm and surface of striated duct epithelial cells in the submandibular, sublingual, parotid and exorbital lacrimal gland stained similarly. A comparison of staining with conjugated lectins reported biochemically to have very similar carbohydrate binding specificity has revealed some remarkable differences in their reactivity, suggesting different binding specificity for the same terminal sugars having different glycosidic linkages or with different penultimate sugar residues. PMID- 6643119 TI - Histochemical demonstration of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins of human placenta and umbilical cord tissues by means of almond glycopeptidase digestion. AB - Almond glycopeptidase is an enzyme which cleaves specifically beta aspartylglucosylamine linkages in glycoproteins with asialo-carbohydrate moieties. With this enzyme, it was possible to demonstrate the localization of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins of human placenta and umbilical cord tissues. In these tissues, the oligosaccharides were shown to react positively for a series of histochemical procedures for neutral complex carbohydrates such as periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), peroxidase-labelled Ricinus communis agglutinin-I-diaminobenzidine (PO-RCA-DAB) and concanavalin A-peroxidase diaminobenzidine (Con A-PO-DAB). The asparagine-linked carbohydrates were localized in the placental villi, blood vessels and perivascular tissues and the umbilical cord blood vessels and matrix. The results of previous biochemical analyses performed upon the same tissues (Takahashi et al., 1981) have corroborated the results of the histochemical studies. The present results appear to substantiate the usefulness of almond glycopeptidase for the histochemical demonstration of the particular oligosaccharides of glycoproteins in tissues in general. PMID- 6643121 TI - Epidemiology for nutritionists: 1. Some general principles. PMID- 6643122 TI - Epidemiology for nutritionists: 2. Sampling. AB - There are two major objectives in sampling for a research study. The first is the avoidance of bias due to selection: to achieve this a random sample must be drawn and a high response rate achieved. The second objective is to achieve an efficient use of resources by selecting a sample of a size sufficient to detect an effect of clinical importance yet not so large that effects too small to be of interest are detected. Both these aspects will be discussed here. PMID- 6643123 TI - Use of a dietary diary and interview to estimate the food intake of children. AB - A recently completed large-scale longitudinal dietary survey is described. The diary and interview method was used within the normal school organisation and proved to be a very acceptable and efficient means of collecting dietary data. Very few problems were encountered with the technique and a relatively low volunteer rate was compensated for by a very low dropout rate. Useful quantitative dietary data is thought to have been obtained and this will be reported at a later date. The data required were primarily concerned with frequency of eating and macronutrient intake; the diary and interview method may be less acceptable for other uses and with other age groups. PMID- 6643124 TI - Dietary patterns of third-year secondary schoolgirls in Glasgow. AB - The dietary pattern of 270 third-year secondary schoolgirls in Glasgow was investigated by means of a 24-hour recall. Subjects were asked to indicate any food which they had bought themselves and to answer questions relating to fat, sugar and fibre. Most ate at normal mealtimes including breakfast but additional snacking was prevalent especially in the evening. There was a distinct lack of fruit and vegetables in the diet. The subjects could exercise reasonable influence over their own intake by virtue of their purchasing power. The roles of fat, sugar and fibre in the diet were variably understood and sources of fibre not well recognised. PMID- 6643125 TI - Patterns of caffeine consumption. AB - A cross sectional survey of 4757 Australians to assess usual daily consumption of caffeine from all sources was conducted. Individual variations in type and strength of coffee drunk were noted. Average caffeine consumption was 240 mg/day, equivalent to approximately five 150 ml cups of medium strength instant coffee. One third of the population had intakes at this level or higher and may be considered to be physically dependent on caffeine. Only 3 per cent of the population were true abstainers from caffeine. Caffeine consumption patterns were similar for men and women of all ages, although younger persons consumed more coffee and less tea than older persons. Tea, coffee and caffeine consumption were all positively associated with tobacco consumption, but only tea consumption was significantly correlated with alcohol intake (negatively). PMID- 6643126 TI - The use of food group classification systems in developing countries. PMID- 6643127 TI - Comparison of the glycaemic effect of fructose, sucrose and starch-containing mid morning snacks in insulin-dependent diabetics. PMID- 6643128 TI - Determinants of total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in boys from Finland, The Netherlands, Italy, the Philippines and Ghana with special reference to diet. AB - We have studied the determinants of total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in young boys from five countries characterized by different lifestyles, dietary consumption profiles and mortality rates from coronary heart disease. All measurements including the estimation of dietary intake, physical activity, body mass index and the concentrations of total and HDL cholesterol were carefully standardized. The mean concentrations of total and HDL cholesterol were higher in the European boys (4.1-4.9 mmol/l and 1.45-1.57 mmol/l, respectively) than in the boys from Ghana and the Philippines (3.3-3.8 mmol/l and 0.93-1.10 mmol/l, respectively). A positive correlation was found between the concentration of total cholesterol and the intake of saturated fatty acids in four out of five countries. The concentration of HDL cholesterol was also related to various dietary variables in some of the groups. Using the regression coefficients from a multiple regression analysis on the pooled data, it could be calculated that on average 24 per cent of the inter-country differences in the levels of total cholesterol is explained by differences in the intakes of saturated fatty acids. Differences between the groups of the different countries in the intakes of carbohydrate explained on average 29 per cent of the differences in the concentrations of HDL cholesterol. The results obtained support the hypothesis that higher concentrations of total and HDL cholesterol are associated with western types of diets rich in saturated fatty acids and relatively poor in complex carbohydrates. PMID- 6643129 TI - Feeding, illness and nutritional status of young children in rural Gujarat. AB - Eighty children, aged 0-18 months, were studied over a period of 6 months. Information was obtained from monthly interviews with mothers, when the children were also weighed. Feeding practices, incidence of illness and weight gain were described. The children who were nutritionally most at risk were identified. The average weight of the children was 1 kg less than the NCHS international reference by 3 months, 1.7 kg by 9 months. The majority of mothers did not introduce foods other than breast milk before 9 months. The children from labourers' households gained less weight between 3 and 6 months, had a higher prevalence of malnutrition and more reports of illness than children from non labourers' households. The implications of these results for workers in child health and nutrition programmes are discussed. PMID- 6643130 TI - Loss of fat stores and reduction in sedentary energy expenditure from undereating. AB - Undereating for 6 weeks by 1000 kcal/d (4186 kJ/d) was studied in four women and five men following a 3-week control period when food intake was adjusted to expenditure. Sedentary energy expenditure was measured by direct and indirect calorimetry, food and waste by bomb calorimetry, and loss of body stores was calculated from body density and total body water. All nine subjects lost weight fairly steadily for the 6 weeks, reducing fat stores by 4.4 kg and body water by 1.0 kg on average. Sedentary energy expenditure declined by 12 per cent; energy losses in body waste decreased a little. Energy balance calculations from the quantities measured accounted for all but 362 kcal/d (1515 kJ/d) during undereating; the imbalance was thought to be the result of a smaller reduction in the expenditures of free activity, which was not measured, than in the measured reduction of sedentary expenditure. PMID- 6643131 TI - Metabolic consequences of fasting during Ramadan in pregnant and lactating women. AB - In studies in a rural West African village it was observed that all lactating women and 90 per cent of pregnant women fasted throughout the period of Ramadan. The metabolic consequences of this fasting were studied by measuring serum glucose, free fatty acid, triglyceride, beta-hydroxybutyrate, alanine, insulin, glucagon and T3 levels at 0700 h and 1900 h in 22 pregnant, 10 lactating and 10 non-pregnant, non-lactating women. Results were also compared with overnight fasted values obtained outside Ramadan. Values for the lactating women were not significantly different from the non-pregnant, non-lactating controls despite the additional metabolic stress of lactation. Ramadan-fasted (1900 h) glucose values from women in late pregnancy (3.01 +/- 0.11 mmol/l) were significantly lower than all other groups (P less than 0.01) and were 15 per cent (P less than 0.01) lower than overnight-fasted values from similar subjects. Ramadan-fasted free fatty acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) and alanine values were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in late than in early pregnancy. It is concluded that the phenomenon of 'accelerated starvation' occurs when women in late pregnancy fast during Ramadan. The possible consequences of this failure to maintain glucose homoeostasis are discussed with reference to the poor outcome of the actual pregnancies studied. PMID- 6643132 TI - Obesity and pain. AB - Using an electrical stimulation in 20 obese, 20 normal and 8 lean women, the pain threshold was observed to be higher in the obese than in the normal and lean subjects. The hypothesis is suggested that the diminution of the susceptibility to pain in obese subjects may be induced by the increase in endogenous opiate activity. PMID- 6643133 TI - Observations on the histochemistry of barium. AB - The histochemistry of barium was investigated with particular reference to the use of sodium rhodizonate. It was found that not all batches of sodium rhodizonate were able to effect satisfactory visualisation of barium deposits. None of the other histological parameters considered gave a consistent indication of the presence of barium. PMID- 6643134 TI - An improved technique for the demonstration of glycogen depleted skeletal muscle fibres. AB - Glycogen depleted skeletal muscle fibres can be distinguished from non-depleted fibres with the periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reaction. In this paper the method of Meijer (1968) for the histochemical demonstration of phosphorylase activity is described as an efficient technique to increase the contrast between both groups of fibres. PMID- 6643135 TI - Monoamine-containing subependymal cells of the lamprey: evidence from combined fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy. AB - Two types of monoamine-containing subependymal cells were studied microspectrofluorometric analyzes showed that yellow fluorescent cells contained 5HT and blue-green fluorescent cells dopamine (DA). These type types of fluorescent cells could be recognized also in a thin section (about 250 nm thick) mounted on a reference grid. Electron microscopy of the same section revealed that electron dense granules in the 5HT-containing cells are larger (80-140 nm) in size than those in the DA-containing cells (60-100 nm). PMID- 6643136 TI - Ca2+-dependent deposits at the plasmalemma of Chara internodal cells. AB - Electron dense deposits (EDD) were observed on the extracellular side of the plasmalemma of Chara internodal cells by a calcium-glutaraldehyde fixation technique. The number and size of EDD were greatly increased when cells had been preincubated in Ca2+-enriched medium before fixation. The addition of Na+, Mg2+, or La3+ instead of Ca2+ in incubation and fixation media produced no deposits at all, Sr2+ caused deposits with similar distribution to those formed by Ca2+, and Ba2+ addition resulted in deposits localized at different sites within the cell. Microprobe analysis of single EDD from Ca2+ incubated cells ascertained the presence of calcium in these deposits. Possible functions of the Ca2+-binding sites at the plasma membrane of Chara cells are discussed. PMID- 6643137 TI - Fluorescence histochemical detection of hydrolases in tissue sections and culture cells. AB - Fluorescence and dye histochemical methods are compared for the investigation of hydrolases in sections and culture cells. At present, only some of the synthetic substrates with fluorescent leaving groups may be used for the fluorescence localization of these enzymes in sections. This limitation is due to a reduced fluorescence intensity and/or diffusion of the fluorescent tags. Satisfactory results are obtained for alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterases and proteases with naphthol AS and 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine coupled to nitrosalicylaldehyde. If, however, cultured monolayer cells are investigated, all synthetic substrates with fluorescent tags are suitable, including those that have so far only been used for biochemical hydrolase measurements. The fluorescent leaving groups are naphthol AS and its derivates, 4-methoxy-2 naphthylamine, aminomethylcoumarin, aminomethyltrifluoromethylcoumarin, methylumbelliferon, fluorescein and, with some limitations, also 1- and 2 naphthol. These fluorescence methods are more sensitive than the corresponding dye procedures. In addition, the fluorescence techniques allow the use of more synthetic substrates and therefore more information become available than with dye histochemistry about the enzymic properties of culture cells. PMID- 6643138 TI - DAPI staining improved for quantitative cytofluorometry. AB - DNA-DAPI complexes emit strong bluish white fluorescence when excited by ultraviolet light so that even very small amounts of DNA such as those in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and virus particles can be visualized. Moreover, the staining procedure with DAPI is very simple and requires no hydrolysis. However, DAPI staining was considered unsuitable for quantitative purpose; nonspecific cytoplasmic fluorescence, scattering of strong emission light, and fading of the fluorescence under UV excitation were major problems of DAPI staining in quantitative cytofluorometry. We found that (1) nonspecific cytoplasmic fluorescence could be eliminated by reducing the DAPI concentration to 50 ng/ml, (2) fluorescence decay was markedly decreased by adding electron donors and molecules containing SH radicals in the mounting media, and (3) light scattering became negligible after reducing the intensity of the excitation light. Thus satisfactory precision could be obtained in DNA quantification by epifluorescent cytophotometry on DAPI stained specimens. PMID- 6643139 TI - [Laryngeal changes following functional dysphonia]. AB - Different clinical entities of functional voice disorders and their corresponding laryngoscopic findings are discussed. The visible changes must be regarded as functional consequences of muscular dystonia. The combination of laryngoscopic findings, auditive judgement and a complete history of the patient will allow the practitioner to establish a correct diagnosis without any need for special instruments. Conservative voice therapy however should be carried out by an experienced phoniatrician. PMID- 6643140 TI - [Clinical course and histopathology of chordomas in the ENT area]. AB - The Chordoma is a fully malignant tumor deriving from remnants of the chorda dorsalis. In ENT it mainly appears as nasopharyngeal or parapharyngeal mass, growing slowly and only very late giving rise to severe symptoms by invading the skull base and the vertebra, thus making an effective treatment sometimes almost impossible. Histologically there are two cell-lines in the tumor, which are demonstrated and explained. These different cell-types are responsible for the sometimes varying aggressiveness of the tumor and its changing response to irradiation therapy. The symptomatology and histopathology of the lesion is discussed and an attempt is made to explain the tumor's biological behaviour according to its histological composition of two different cell-lines. PMID- 6643141 TI - [Electromyography of the larynx]. AB - This paper reports on our experience with electromyography of the larynx in pareses of the recurrent nerve of different causes. Clinical case histories are used to demonstrate the differentiated evaluation of the condition of the damaged recurrent nerve which is possible with the use of electromyography, including reflex electromyography, of the larynx. Knowledge of the type and extent of the lesion of the recurrent nerve only allows limited conclusions to be made about the prognosis of the paresis. For the assessment of the prognosis it is necessary to consider not only the basic disease, but also the actual time at which the electromyography was performed. PMID- 6643142 TI - [Scanning electron microscopy studies of the mucous membrane in precancerous conditions of the larynx]. AB - In 21 cases of laryngeal cancer precursors (diffuse laryngitis chronica; so called "plain", "verrucous" or "papillary" keratosis circumscripta) a microlaryngoscopy was performed, followed by microsurgical removal of the dysplasia. One part of each tissue specimen was studied histologically, the corresponding other part was observed in the SEM. In comparison of the microlaryngoscopic findings and histologic diagnoses on the one hand to the submicroscopic findings got by SEM on the other hand we may describe interesting characteristic structures of the laryngeal mucous membrane. Chronic laryngitis is represented in two different types: 1. plain parakeratotic type, 2. irregularly elevated hyperkeratotic type. Obviously last of them seems to have a greater tendency of malignant degeneration. The so-called "keratoses" represent specific SEM patterns according to their microlaryngoscopic pictures: - Homogeneous structure including sporadic parakeratotic keratinisation in cases of "plain" keratosis (mostly "leukoplakia"). - Irregularity of cell and tissue surface including cell walls, but also roughness and keratinisation of microvilli in cases of "verrucous" or "papillary" keratoses (mostly "pachydermia" or adult papilloma). - Characteristic SEM picture of cancer (echelon phenomenon) in cases of precancerous lesions, in which signs of atypia were proved histologically. Our SEM results confirm the value of an exact review of the laryngeal mucosa surface for laryngologists. Precancer diagnostics can be completed furthermore by intravital staining for instance. Nevertheless there is no doubt, that also a most careful surface diagnostics cannot replace histologic tissue examination in cases of early cancer detection. Obviously there are the limits of scanning electron microscopy in laryngeal cancer research. PMID- 6643143 TI - Gm allotypes in blacks with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Serum samples were collected from 328 healthy American Blacks and from 61 American Blacks with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Sera were typed for the Gm1,2,3,5,6,13,17, and 21 allotypes as well as for the Km(1) allotype. The frequency of Gm phenotype 1,17;5,6,13 was significantly increased in the SLE patients (p = 0.0001, RR = 3.19, EF = 0.29). Our data suggest the existence of at least two immunoglobulin allotype associated genes that somehow interact to increase susceptibility to SLE in Blacks. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an association of Gm and SLE in Blacks. PMID- 6643144 TI - Acute epiglottiditis. PMID- 6643145 TI - Identification of myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block: correlation of electrocardiography, vectorcardiography, and angiography. PMID- 6643146 TI - S-T segment variants in young, adult, black women. PMID- 6643147 TI - Limb salvage and the dorsalis pedis artery: report of a case. PMID- 6643148 TI - Intracranial ganglioglioma: report of case. PMID- 6643149 TI - Isolated aneurysm of the common iliac artery with rupture: report of a case. PMID- 6643150 TI - Felty's syndrome: report of a case and review of the literature. PMID- 6643151 TI - Complete diagnostic evaluation and classification of the impotent male. PMID- 6643152 TI - Sclerosing stromal tumor of the ovary: report of case. PMID- 6643153 TI - One-day maternity care: a pediatric viewpoint. PMID- 6643154 TI - Viable term pregnancy with active syphilis, pelvic tuberculosis, and Pott's disease: report of case. PMID- 6643155 TI - Gray scale sonographic staging of tumors of the bladder. PMID- 6643156 TI - Renal cell carcinoma and meningioma in an adolescent: report of case. PMID- 6643157 TI - Utilization of a hand-carved silicone block to temporarily preserve the length of the distal radius. PMID- 6643158 TI - A prospective study of the nutritional status of patients with acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6643159 TI - Metastatic renal cell carcinoma presenting as a tumor of the external auditory canal. PMID- 6643160 TI - Continuous irradiation of the Lewis lung carcinoma in vivo at clinically-used "ultra" low-dose-rates. AB - The in vivo response of the transplantable Lewis lung tumor to continuous irradiation (CI) at the clinical "ultra" low-dose-rates of 10-30 cGy/h was investigated. Tumor-bearing mice were housed in a dedicated 137Cs unit for up to three weeks while receiving CI. The horizontal 137Cs beam allowed secondary shielding of the lower body, but full irradiation of the dorsally-placed tumor and part of the upper body. Radiation survival curves were measured using an excision assay and tumor-cell colony formation in soft agar. The relative cell survival per tumor decreased exponentially with time and the irradiation periods required to reach a surviving fraction of 10(3) at the three dose-rates (10, 15 and 30 cGy/h) were 15.4, 10.2 and 4.3 days. As a function of dose, the survival curves were exponential and indistinguishable between the three dose-rates, the average DO value being 5.04 Gy. Neither the hypoxic fraction of the tumor nor the intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity were altered in the tumor cells surviving CI. The effects of the three dose-rates on the growth of Lewis lung tumors differed considerably, with clear volume regression at the highest dose rate (30 cGy/h) and exponential decreases in clonogenic cells per tumor with time at 15 and 30 cGy/h. Since the overall effect of CI is determined by the competition between cell killing and cell repopulation, the response of slowly-growing human tumors should be proportionately greater. PMID- 6643161 TI - Temperature distributions from interstitial rf electrode hyperthermia systems: theoretical predictions. AB - In recent years, there has been increased interest in the use of hyperthermia as an adjuvant modality to radiation and chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. One of the more promising techniques is the application of an rf voltage to an array of electrodes inserted directly into the tumor. The electrodes are usually small, hollow stainless steel needles that are inserted as the first step in a brachytherapy procedure. By applying a voltage between the needles, an rf current is induced in the tissue, resulting in joule heating. In this paper, we calculate numerically the temperature distributions for an array of such needles. In our model we assume a two-dimensional problem, i.e. infinitely long needles, and a homogeneous medium. Blood flow effects are included in the calculation. The results show that for low blood perfusion rates, e.g., on the order of 3 ml/100 gm X min, very smooth temperature distributions result, and the electrodes can be spaced fairly far apart. However, for blood flow rates on the order of 20 ml/100 gm X min the temperature distributions are not smooth, and there are hot spots around the electrodes and cool regions between them. However, if the electrodes are spaced about 1 cm apart and the voltages are adjusted to optimize the temperature distribution then reasonably good results should be achievable. The equation is solved using a finite difference technique. By applying the superpostion principle, we are able to introduce a procedure which substantially reduces the amount of core storage required and results in reasonably efficient run times on a moderate size mini-computer. PMID- 6643162 TI - Heterogeneity in induced thermal resistance of rat tumor cell clones. AB - Four 13762NF rat mammary adenocarcinoma clones were examined for their survival response to heating under conditions that induced transient thermal resistance (thermotolerance). Clones MTC and MTF7 were isolated from the subcutaneous locally growing tumor, whereas clones MTLn2 and MTLn3 were derived from spontaneous lung metastases. There was heterogeneity among these clones in thermotolerance induced by either fractionated 45 degrees C or continuous 42 degrees C heating, but the order of sensitivity was not necessarily the same. The clones developed thermal resistance at different rates and to different degrees within the same time intervals. There was heterogeneity between clones isolated from within either the primary site or metastatic lesions. However, clones derived from metastatic foci did not intrinsically acquire more or less thermotolerance to fractionated 45 degrees C or continuous 42 degrees C heating than did clones from the primary tumor. Further, there was no apparent relationship between any phenotypic properties that conferred more or less thermotolerance in vitro and any phenotypic properties that conferred enhanced metastatic success of these same clones by spontaneous (subcutaneous) or experimental (intravenous) routes in vivo. These tumor clones also differ in their karyotype, metastatic potential, cell surface features, sensitivity to x irradiation and drugs, and ability to repair sublethal radiation damage. These results provide further credence to the concept that inherent heterogeneity within tumors may be as important in therapeutic success as other known modifiers of outcome such as site and treatment heterogeneity. PMID- 6643163 TI - Personnel radiation exposure analysis in a radiotherapy center: fourteen year retrospective study. AB - The radiation exposure to the staff in the Ontario Cancer Institute between 1964 1977 was analyzed based on data from personnel film monitors. The annual collective dose equivalent was found to vary from 320 to 720 person-mSv. Of this, about 75% was attributable to the use of radionuclides for intracavitary and interstitial therapy, about 17% the use of external radiation therapy equipment, and the remaining, about 8% was equally attributable to diagnostic X ray and a mixture of many radiation sources used in research. The most influential factor to the annual collective dose equivalent was the number of patients treated with intracavitary and interstitial therapy. The dose per such application to this population was about .70 mSv, and was further broken down into .48 mSv to nurses in the wards where these patients were admitted, .11 mSv to personnel who handle these sources, .08 mSv to the operating room staff, and .04 mSv to the others. The collective dose per external radiation daily treatment was about .0008 mSv. For a course of 20 treatments, the collective dose equivalent will be in the order of .02 mSv. For diagnostic radiology, the collective dose per patient visit was in the order of 0.0003 mSv. PMID- 6643165 TI - Technique to match mantle and para-aortic fields. AB - A technique is described to match the mantle and para-aortic fields used in treatment of Hodgkin's disease, when the patient is treated alternately in supine and prone position. The approach is based on referencing the field edges to a point close to the vertebral column, where uncontrolled motion is minimal and where accurate matching is particularly important. Fiducial surface points are established in the simulation process to accomplish this objective. Dose distributions have been measured to study the combined effect of divergence differences, changes in body angulation and setup errors. Even with the most careful technique, the use of small cord blocks of 50% transmission is an advisable precaution for the posterior fields. PMID- 6643164 TI - Physical dosimetry of 125I seeds of a new design for interstitial implant. AB - The physical characteristics of a new 125I seed, consisting of radioactive iodine absorbed on a silver wire and contained in a sealed titanium shell, have been measured. Advantages of the new seed design are: increased radiopacity, possible determination of seed orientation in an implant for dosimetric calculations, and source strength specification traceable to the National Bureau of Standards. Spectroscopic analysis of the new seed using an intrinsic Ge detector revealed the 27.4, 31.4 and 35.5kev photons from the decay of 125I, and in addition, 22.1 and 25.2kev fluorescent X ray from the silver wire. Measured and calculated relative dose distribution along the perpendicular bisector of the new seed is similar to that of the existing seed, with a slightly more rapid fall-off due to the existence of the lower energy photons. The measured angular distributions of the seeds of the two designs are similar, exhibiting significant anisotropy. A protocol of source strength specification, choice of effective gamma constant value and dose calculation relative to 125I implants is suggested. PMID- 6643166 TI - Adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients treated by primary radiation therapy. PMID- 6643167 TI - Supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma. PMID- 6643168 TI - Physiological responses and clinical phenomena during the psychotherapeutic process. PMID- 6643169 TI - Depression and women: theories and research. PMID- 6643170 TI - Return of the repressed: delayed stress reaction to war. PMID- 6643171 TI - A severe case of penis envy: the convergence of cultural and individual intra psychic factors. PMID- 6643172 TI - More's autonomy. PMID- 6643173 TI - Family therapy, psychoanalysis, and change. PMID- 6643174 TI - Loneliness and the poet: Robert W. Service. AB - The subject of loneliness has received inadequate attention at the hands of psychoanalysts. As a matter of great psychopathologic significance, the topic requires urgent attention. Its components and consequences are more complex than one realizes at first glance. As a great concern of mankind loneliness is naturally seized upon by poets, who dwell upon it in their work, whether or not they are consciously aware of it. These points have been studied in this essay by a scrutiny of the life and work of the poet, Robert W. Service. PMID- 6643175 TI - The cult phenomenon and the psychotherapeutic response. PMID- 6643176 TI - Muscle fiber type distribution and architecture of the cat diaphragm. AB - Three types of diaphragmatic muscle fibers were identified histochemically in the sternal, costal, and crural regions of the cat diaphragm. Differences in the proportion of each muscle fiber type were observed between the abdominal and thoracic surfaces of the diaphragm but not among the different regions. A higher percentage of slow-twitch oxidative fibers was noted on the abdominal surface, whereas more fast-twitch fibers (fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic and fast-twitch glycolytic) were found on the thoracic surface. Differences in muscle architecture were observed between diaphragmatic regions, but not between abdominal and thoracic sides. Overall, muscle fibers were longer in the crural regions, with the longest fibers being found in the crossing-band area of the crura. In the costal regions, fibers were longest in the center and became shorter toward the ventral and dorsal extent of these regions. Fiber lengths were similar throughout the sternal region. In each diaphragmatic region, the length of fibers extended from the origin of the muscle to its insertion. We conclude that functional differences between diaphragmatic regions could be attributed to fiber length and/or orientation, but not to differences in fiber-type composition. PMID- 6643177 TI - Exercise training and glucose uptake by skeletal muscle in rats. AB - Glucose uptake rates at various insulin concentrations were compared in perfused hindlimbs of sedentary and endurance exercise-trained (treadmill-running) rats. Rates of glucose uptake by hindlimb muscles were approximately 50% higher in the trained than in the untrained animals on the day after the trained rats' last training session. However, by the 2nd day after the trained rats' last training session (40-46 h without exercise), there were no significant differences in glucose uptake rates between the trained and the sedentary rats' hindlimb muscles either in the absence of insulin, at physiological insulin levels, or at a maximally effective insulin concentration. A bout of exercise, consisting of swimming to fatigue on the day before study, and muscle contraction induced by electrical stimulation, both resulted in significant increases in glucose uptake by the rats' perfused hindlimbs; the magnitude of these increases were similar in the trained and untrained rats. We conclude that differences in muscle glucose uptake between trained and untrained rats are due to residual effects of the last exercise session and that training does not result in a long-term adaptive increase in sensitivity of muscle to insulin. PMID- 6643178 TI - Effect of threshold loads on voluntary control of slow and rapid inspiratory movements. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that voluntarily produced inspiratory movements are preplanned. Subjects performed both rapid (0.5 s) and slow (2.0 s) voluntary inspirations to a target volume of 50% of their inspiratory capacity under two conditions: 1) normally unloaded with random loading; and 2) normally loaded with random unloading. The load was a 10 cmH2O threshold load. When the load was unexpectedly applied, the subjects undershot the target volume by 397 ml (fast) and 284 ml (slow). When the load was unexpectedly removed, the subjects overshot the target volume by 303 ml (fast) and 224 ml (slow). The duration of inspiration did not change significantly. These observations are consistent with an "impulse-timing" model of preplanned voluntary movement, which incorporates reflex modification of the movement to compensate for loads which may be added or removed. PMID- 6643179 TI - Training-dependent changes of red cell density and erythrocytic oxygen transport. AB - Prolonged endurance training causes a decreased O2 affinity of Hb, which is due to an increase in erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration. Possible mechanisms were studied in 20 males with varying degrees of fitness. Training status was tested by ergometry. Red cell density and O2 transport parameters were determined before this test. The O2 tension at 50% O2 saturation of Hb (P50) was higher in the more fit subjects (+1.3 mmHg) and the 2,3-DPG concentration was higher (+2.3 mumol/g Hb) in this group. The mean density was significantly lower in fit subjects (1.1002 g/ml) as compared with less fit subjects (1.1056 g/ml), indicating a lower mean age. Density distribution curves show that in the fit subjects more young erythrocytes were in blood and that the very old erythrocytes were missing. After correction for the differences in the density distribution, no differences in the P50 value and 2,3-DPG concentration between less fit and fit subjects were found. Therefore, the decreased Hb-O2 affinity after training can be explained by the presence of more young erythrocytes in the blood of trained subjects. The magnitude of this effect correlates with the training status. PMID- 6643180 TI - Age-related responses to mild restraint in the rat. AB - Immature, postpubertal, young adult, and middle-aged rats were lightly restrained for 4 h. Relative to untreated controls, restraint uniformly reduced body weight and plasma luteinizing hormone concentration and elevated plasma corticosterone concentration in all age groups. However, restraint increased activities of plasma alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, and fructose-diphosphate aldolase in only immature and middle-aged animals. This age related release of tissue enzymes is hypothesized to reflect enhanced responsiveness to catecholamines in immature rats, and possible ischemia related to diminished vasodilatory activity in middle-aged rats. On the basis of these changes, tolerance to restraint in postpubertal and young adults appears to be slightly greater than that of immature and middle-aged rats. PMID- 6643181 TI - Effects of aging on sensation of respiratory force and displacement. AB - The psychophysical technique of magnitude production was used to evaluate the sensation of inspiratory force and inspired volume in young and older subjects. Inspiratory force was generated during a static inspiratory maneuver against a closed airway. The exponent of the power function relationship between airway pressure and sensation intensity during force scaling was not significantly different between young and older subjects. In contrast, the exponents for the magnitude production of inspired volume were significantly greater in the older compared with the young group. We also assessed the effects of age on the relative importance of force and displacement signals on the sensation of inspired volume. Subjects attempted to reproduce a control tidal volume while breathing against a series of inspiratory resistive and elastic loads. In both groups error in tidal volume reproduction increased progressively as the severity of the load increased. During moderate and severe loading the error in the older subjects was significantly greater than in the young group. Correspondingly, the peak inspiratory airway pressures at tidal volume reproduction against these loads were significantly smaller in the older compared with the young subjects. The results suggest that in older subjects cues related to respiratory muscle force are more important than volume in the sensation of lung volume changes. In young subjects the sensation of lung volume changes is based to a greater degree on signals of volume or displacement. PMID- 6643182 TI - Changes in arteriole in acute and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and recovery in rat. AB - After 1 h of exposure to 0.5 atm of pressure, the electron microscopy of intra acinar arterioles of the young female adult rat showed edema and subendothelial blebs. Pulmonary hypertension developed rapidly with an increase in hemoglobin, hematocrit, and right ventricular weight. By 24 h, there was a threefold increase in the number of fibroblasts within the arteriolar wall, followed during the next 2 days by transformation of the fibroblast through a transitional cell form to a smooth muscle cell. By 1 wk, the neomuscularization was essentially complete. There was further minor thickening and increase in density of the wall over the next 9 mo. On return to 1 atm after prolonged hypoxia, within 4 wk, the smooth muscle of neomuscularized arterioles dedifferentiated but did not disappear. There was a concurrent rapid fall in the pulmonary arterial pressure, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and right ventricular weight. Veins, capillaries, and arteries remained normal. Parallel studies in the male rat during 14 days of hypoxia demonstrated the same phenomena except slightly accelerated over the female. The rapid sequential changes in the arteriole, beginning with subendothelial blebs and wall edema, followed by fibroblast recruitment and transformation into smooth muscle through a transitional cell form, suggest a cascade. The anatomic and physiological responses to hypoxia are not sex related. PMID- 6643183 TI - Control of breathing at the start of exercise as influenced by posture. AB - It has been suggested that the initial phase of the ventilatory response to exercise is governed by a mechanism which responds to the increase in pulmonary blood flow (Q)--cardiodynamic hyperpnea. Because the initial change in stroke volume and Q is less in the supine (S) than in the upright (U) position at the start of exercise, we hypothesized that the increase in ventilation would also be less in the first 20 s (phase I) of S exercise. Ten normal subjects performed cycle ergometry in the U and S positions. Inspired ventilation (VI), O2 uptake (VO2), CO2 output (VCO2), corrected for changes in lung gas stores, and end-tidal O2 and CO2 tensions were measured breath by breath. Heart rate (HR) was determined beat by beat. The phase I ventilatory response was markedly different in the two positions. In the U position, VI increased abruptly by 81 +/- 8% (mean +/- SE) above base line. In the S position, the phase I response was significantly attenuated (P less than 0.001), the increase in VI being 50 +/- 6%. Similarly, the phase I VO2 and VO2/HR responses reflecting the initial increase in Q and stroke volume, were attenuated (P less than 0.001) in the S posture, compared with that for U; VO2 increased 49 +/- 5.3 and 113 +/- 14.7% in S and U, respectively, and VO2/HR increased 16 +/- 3.0 and 76 +/- 7.1% in the S and U, respectively. The increase in VI correlated well with the increase in VO2, (r = 0.80, P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643184 TI - Inhibition of glycolysis potentiates hypoxic vasoconstriction in rat lungs. AB - The purpose of this study was to test whether inhibition of glycolysis would potentiate hypoxic vasoconstriction in isolated rat lungs, and, if so, to evaluate whether potentiation was due to decreased aerobic production of the mitochondrial substrate, pyruvate, or to inhibition of anaerobic synthesis of ATP. In blood-perfused lungs, both iodoacetate and 2-deoxyglucose inhibited lactate production and increased pressor responses to ventilation with gases containing from 15 to 3% O2. In lungs perfused with physiological salt solution, both 2-deoxyglucose and glucose-free perfusion inhibited lactate and pyruvate production and potentiated the dose-response curve to hypoxia. Dose responses to angiotensin II and KCl were not increased by glucose-free perfusion. Lungs perfused with glucose-free salt solution containing increased levels of lactate and pyruvate did not show an increased dose response to hypoxia. In contrast, lungs perfused with the inhibitor of citric acid cycle, malonate, in addition to the increased lactate and pyruvate, did show an increased dose response to hypoxia. These results indicate that potentiation of hypoxic vasoconstriction by inhibition of glucose metabolism is due to decreased production of pyruvate, rather than to decreased glycolytic generation of ATP. The potentiation might be directly related to either limitation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in an oxygen-sensing cell or to a decreased level of some intra- or intercellular modulating peptide, fatty acid, or lipid. PMID- 6643185 TI - Effect of complement depletion on lung fluid balance after thrombin. AB - We examined the effect of complement depletion on lung fluid and protein exchange after thrombin-induced pulmonary thromboembolization. Sheep were prepared with lung lymph fistulas to assess pulmonary transvascular fluid and protein dynamics. Studies were made in three groups: in group I (n = 5) pulmonary thromboembolization (PT) was induced by an iv infusion of thrombin (55.0 +/- 12.9 NIH U/kg); in group II (n = 6) cobra venom factor (CVF) was given ip (94.5 +/- 18.8 U/kg/day) for 2 days to deplete complement, and then thrombin (66.4 +/- 37.0 NIH U/kg) was infused to raise pulmonary vascular resistance to the same level as in group I; in group III (n = 10) left atrial pressure (Pla) was increased by 10 15 Torr in normal animals by inflation of a Foley balloon catheter. In group I, thrombin infusion caused an increase in pulmonary lymph flow (Qlym) with a gradual increase in the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio (L/P). In complement-depleted sheep, thrombin caused a transient increase in Qlym, which was associated with a decrease in L/P. In group I an increase in Pla further increased Qlym but without a change in L/P, indicating an increase in lung vascular permeability to proteins; whereas in the decomplemented-thrombin sheep raising Pla increased Qlym but decreased L/P. Results in the latter group were similar to those obtained in normal animals after left atrial hypertension (group III). Therefore the complement system participates in the increase in lung vascular permeability following thrombin-induced microembolization. PMID- 6643186 TI - Decreased oxidative metabolism in neonatal rat lung exposed to hyperoxia. AB - The effect of exposure to high O2 concentration on neonatal rat lung oxidative function was determined. The water content of lungs from neonatal rats exposed to 100% O2 for the first 6 days of life was 3% greater than room-air control, indicating minimal pulmonary edema. Since neonatal rat lungs exposed to O2 have minimal pulmonary edema, they provide a model to determine the direct effect of O2 on mitochondrial oxidative function. After 6 days of exposure to 100% O2, lactate production by lung slices of neonatal rats was twofold greater than room air controls. Lactate production by lung slices of neonatal rats exposed to six days of O2 and then 3 days of room air was equal to controls. Total pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was 45% lower in O2-exposed lung compared with control, and active pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was 20% lower. The oxidation of lauric acid, acetate, and beta-hydroxybutyrate was 40% lower in the O2-exposed lung compared with controls. These data suggest that there is a toxic effect of O2 on mitochondrial oxidative function in the absence of severe pulmonary edema and that these toxic effects are reversible within 72 h. PMID- 6643187 TI - Effects of hypoproteinemia and increased vascular pressure on lung fluid balance in sheep. AB - We compared the effects of a sustained decrease in plasma oncotic pressure on lung fluid balance with those of an increase in vascular pressure in six unanesthetized sheep. Initial plasma protein concentration of 58.0 +/- 2.2 (SE) mg/ml was quickly reduced to 34.0 +/- 1.4 mg/ml via plasmapheresis and held at this value for 24 h. Red cells were returned with lactated Ringer solution infused at a rate adjusted to maintain central venous pressure; cardiac output and pulmonary vascular pressures also remained at base line. Steady-state lymph flows increased from a base-line value of 8.8 +/- 3.2 to 20.1 +/- 5.6 ml/h, while the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio ( [L/P] ) decreased from 0.65 +/- 0.03 to 0.44 +/- 0.04. Decreased lymph protein resulted in reestablishment of base-line plasma-to-lymph oncotic gradient. The increased lymph flow was not the result of increased filtration forces, since all vascular pressures and the oncotic gradient were unchanged; nor was it due entirely to increased surface area since [L/P] was decreased. The decrease in plasma oncotic pressure, delta pi P, was twice as effective at increasing lymph flow (1.66 ml X h-1 X mmHg-1, delta pi P) as an equivalent increase in microvascular pressure, delta PC, at normal plasma protein concentration (0.82 ml X h-1 X mmHg-1, delta PC). Elevation of microvascular pressure during hypoproteinemia had a greater effect on lymph flow (1.44 ml X h-1 X mmHg-1, delta PC) than at normal plasma protein concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643188 TI - Regional pleural surface expansile forces in intact dogs by wick catheters. AB - Hoffman and co-workers (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 55: 935-948, 1983) using a technique based on distances between percutaneously inserted X-ray opaque apical and basal lung-parenchymal markers (LPM) calibrated to known transpulmonary pressures in dogs studied without thoracotomy found that apical values measured in the head-up position were more negative than values measured simultaneously by liquid-filled catheters. This finding prompted comparison of pleural pressures (Ppl) measured simultaneously by apical and basal pairs of identical percutaneously inserted liquid-filled catheters, one open ended (OE) and the other wick tipped (WT). Simultaneously OE and WT values were always closely similar in dependent regions of the thorax and usually also in nondependent regions independent of body position and the orientation of the external segment of the wick relative to the catheter tip. However, in some instances in head-up dogs when the wick was extended distal to the catheter tip, apical WT values were 10-15 cm more negative than simultaneous OE measurements. The latter observations agree with the more negative values obtained previously by the LPM technique and support the possibility that apical expansile forces in head-up dogs may be greater than indicated by Ppl measured by liquid-filled catheters and considerably greater than indicated by usually accepted balloon techniques. PMID- 6643189 TI - Platelets and leukocytes in the lungs after acute hypobaric hypoxia. AB - To determine if decompression from sea level causes aggregation and embolization of platelets or leukocytes to the lungs, we have measured the accumulation of 51Cr-labeled platelets or 111In-labeled leukocytes in the lungs of rabbits decompressed to 440 or 350 Torr for 18 or 40 h. To be certain that any increased accumulation of labeled platelets (or leukocytes) in the lungs was not just caused by an increased pulmonary blood volume we also labeled the rabbits red blood cells with 59Fe. There was no detectable accumulation of labeled platelets in the lungs on decompression. In control animals there were 22 times as many labeled leukocytes in the lungs as could be accounted for by the volume of blood in the lungs. In experimental animals at 326 Torr for 18 h this figure was reduced to 13.6. Hypobaric hypoxia caused an increase in circulating granulocytes from a mean of 3.3 +/- 1.6 X 10(9)/l to 5.3 +/- 2.1 X 10(9)/l. (P less than 0.005). Our results suggest that decompressions to 6,100 m for 18 h does not cause platelet sequestration in the lungs but does cause a significant reduction in leukocytes in the lungs and a peripheral granulocytosis. PMID- 6643190 TI - Bioelectric properties and ion transport of airways excised from adult and fetal sheep. AB - Segments of fetal and maternal trachea, maternal bronchi from near-term sheep, and trachea and bronchi from nonpregnant adult sheep were excised and mounted as sheets in Ussing chambers. The conductance (G) for each group of tissues was similar (approximately 4 mS/cm-2); the short circuit current (Isc) ranged from 45 90 microA/cm-2. Under short-circuit or open-circuit conditions trachea and bronchi from pregnant and nonpregnant adult animals absorbed Na+, whereas fetal trachea secreted Cl-. Short-circuited maternal bronchi secreted K+, whereas maternal and fetal trachea did not. Isoproterenol induced an increase in Isc, G, and Cl- secretion of fetal trachea. Maternal trachea and bronchi were not affected. Amiloride reduced Na+ absorption and Isc of maternal trachea and bronchi, but had little effect on fetal trachea. The permeability of fetal trachea to 14C-mannitol was 17 X 10(-7) cm/s and was not affected by isoproterenol. The permeation of dextran (10 K) and horseradish peroxidase across fetal trachea and of all three probes across maternal airways did not reach steady state, but the relative rates were compatible with an equivalent pore radius greater than 4 nm. We conclude that ion transport in fetal large airways contributes to the Cl- and liquid secretion by the entire fetal pulmonary epithelium, whereas resting ion transport of large airways from adult sheep, like that of mature airways of many species, is dominated by Na+ absorption. All of these airway epithelia are characterized by large paracellular aqueous paths. PMID- 6643191 TI - Optimizing the exercise protocol for cardiopulmonary assessment. AB - Twelve normal men performed 1-min incremental exercise tests to exhaustion in approximately 10 min on both treadmill and cycle ergometer. The maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max) and anaerobic threshold (AT) were higher (6 and 13%, respectively) on the treadmill than the cycle; the AT was reached at about 50% of VO2 max on both ergometers. Maximal CO2 output, heart rate, and O2 pulse were also slightly, but significantly higher on the treadmill. Maximal ventilation, gas exchange ratio, and ventilatory equivalents for O2 and CO2 for both forms of exercise were not significantly different. To determine the optimum exercise test for both treadmill and cycle, we exercised five of the subjects at various work rate increments on both ergometers in a randomized design. The treadmill increments were 0.8, 1.7, 2.5, and 4.2%/min at a constant speed of 3.4 mph, and 1.7 and 4.2%/min at 4.5 mph. Cycle increments were 15, 30, and 60 W/min. The VO2 max was significantly higher on tests where the increment magnitude was large enough to induce test durations of 8-17 min, but the AT was independent of test duration. Thus, for evaluating cardiopulmonary function with incremental exercise testing by either treadmill or cycle, we suggest selecting a work rate increment to bring the subject to the limit of his tolerance in about 10 min. PMID- 6643192 TI - Model analysis of respiratory responses to inspiratory resistive loads. AB - Based on experimental inspiratory driving pressure waveforms and active respiratory impedance data of anesthetized cats, we made model predictions of the factors that determine the immediate (first loaded breath) intrinsic (i.e., nonneural) tidal volume compensation to added inspiratory resistive loads. The time course of driving pressure (P) was given by P = atb, where a is the pressure at 1 s from onset of inspiration and represents the intensity of neuromuscular drive, t is time, and b is a dimensionless index of the shape of the driving pressure wave. For a given value of active respiratory impedance, tidal volume compensation to added resistive loads increases with increasing inspiratory duration and decreasing value of b but is independent of a. Model predictions of load compensation are compared to experimental results. PMID- 6643193 TI - Dose effect of pentobarbital sodium on control of breathing in cats. AB - The dose effect of pentobarbital sodium on integrated ("moving time average") phrenic activity (EPHR), transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi), gastric pressure (Pga), changes in lung volume (V), and mechanical properties of the respiratory system was studied in six cats breathing room air. Increased pentobarbital dose from an initial value of 35 mg/kg ip, had no substantial effect on the relationship between EPHR and Pdi during both unoccluded and occluded inspirations, indicating that the diaphragmatic excitation-contraction coupling was not affected. Similarly, increased anesthetic dose had no effect on the relationship between EPHR and delta Pga during both occluded and unoccluded breaths, suggesting that the contribution of the diaphragm to the breathing movements did not change with increasing depth of anesthesia. Although the time course of phrenic activity showed substantial interanimal differences, the shape of the phrenic neurogram did not change substantially with increased pentobarbital dose in any of the cats studied. Increased anesthetic dose depressed, in the same proportion, the rate of rise of EPHR, Pdi, and V, but the mechanical properties of the respiratory system remained unchanged. The depression of ventilation with increased anesthetic dose was not proportional to the drop in central inspiratory activity, as quantified in terms of rate of rise of EPHR. PMID- 6643194 TI - Antigen stimulates glycoprotein secretion and alters ion fluxes in sheep trachea. AB - We studied the effects of in vitro challenge with specific antigen (Ascaris suum antigen) on glycoprotein secretion and ion fluxes in tracheal tissues from allergic sheep. We mounted tissues in Perspex chambers and measured secretion of 35S- and 3H-labeled glycoproteins and fluxes of Cl- and Na+. In tissues from allergic sheep, A. suum antigen (25 micrograms protein X ml-1) increased glycoprotein secretion. A. suum antigen initially reversed net Cl- flux, causing net absorption of Cl- and of Na+. This was followed 15-30 min later by net secretion of Cl- and of Na+. Pretreatment of tissues with cromolyn (10(-4) M) greatly reduced the effects of A. suum antigen but did not abolish them. The cromolyn-resistant effects were nonspecific, because they were similar to those of in vitro challenges with nonspecific proteins, ovalbumin and ragweed in allergic sheep, and A. suum antigen in nonallergic sheep. We conclude that challenge with A. suum antigen results in mucus hypersecretion in airways of allergic sheep, by both specific and smaller nonspecific effects. Specific effects (cromolyn sensitive) are produced by mediators which are released from airway cells in response to A. suum challenge. PMID- 6643195 TI - Thermoregulation in Erythrocebus patas: a thermal balance study. AB - A thermal balance study over an ambient temperature (Ta) range of 15-40 degrees C was performed on six nonacclimated patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) weighing between 3.9 and 6.0 kg. O2 consumption, CO2 production, mean weighted skin temperature (Tsk), rectal temperature (Tre), respiratory evaporative water loss (Eresp), and total evaporative water loss (Etot) were measured continuously after equilibration at each Ta. Tsk increased as Ta increased, whereas Tre was maintained between 37.6 and 38.4 degrees C at Ta from 15 to 40 degrees C. Total evaporative heat losses increased with increasing Ta to a mean value of 76 W/m2 at 40 degrees C. Eresp was relatively constant and increased from 1.0 to 8.0 W/m2 at 15 and 40 degrees C, respectively. Whole-body conductance was similar to that previously reported for Macaca mulatta except at the highest Ta (40 degrees C), where the values for the patas monkey were significantly lower than those reported for the rhesus monkey (rhesus = 72 W/m2; patas = 33 W/m2). The data demonstrate that the patas monkey can maintain its core temperature within a narrow range over a wide range of Ta values. Additionally, Etot in the patas monkey is significantly higher than what has been reported in other nonhuman primates and approaches that reported in humans. PMID- 6643196 TI - Effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia on abdominal expiratory nerve activity. AB - We examined the effects of progressive hypercapnia and hypoxia on the efferent neural activity in a whole abdominal expiratory nerve (medial branch of the cranial iliohypogastric nerve (L1) in anesthetized, paralyzed dogs. To eliminate effects of phasic lung and chest-wall movements on expiratory activity, studies were performed in the absence of breathing movements. Progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia and isocapnic hypoxia were produced in the paralyzed animals by allowing 3-5 min of apnea to follow mechanical ventilation with 100% O2 or 35% O2 in N2, respectively; during hypoxia, isocapnia was maintained by intravenous infusion of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer at a predetermined rate. To quantify abdominal expiratory activity, mean abdominal nerve activity in a nerve burst was computed by integrating the abdominal neurogram and dividing by the duration of the nerve burst. Hypercapnia and hypoxia both increased mean abdominal nerve activity and decreased expiratory duration. In contrast to the ramplike phrenic neurogram, the abdominal neurogram consisted of three phases: an initial rising phase, a plateau phase in which abdominal nerve activity was approximately constant, and a terminal declining phase in which the activity returned to the base-line level. The height of this plateau phase and the rates of rise and decline of abdominal nerve activity all increased with increasing hypercapnia and hypoxia. We conclude that, with proprioceptive inputs constant, both hypercapnia and hypoxia are excitatory to abdominal expiratory neural activity. PMID- 6643197 TI - Method for cisterna magna perfusion of synthetic cerebrospinal fluid in the awake goat. AB - We developed a method to produce stable alterations in the ionic composition of the medullary chemoreceptor environment. A double-lumen catheter system (Hustead epidural needle and epidural catheter) was placed through a plastic cisternal guide tube into the cisterna magna of awake goats. A push-pull perfusion system using a modified infusion pump delivered matched cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) perfusate inflow and outflow of 3.1 ml/min. Ventilation changed within 15 min of the initiation of perfusion and reached steady state within 45-65 min. Steady state ventilatory responses could be maintained for up to 240 min and were readily reversed in response to a change in [HCO-3]. Perfusions with normal mock CSF ( [HCO-3] = 23 meq/l) caused no change from nonperfused values. Over the range of CSF perfusate [HCO-3] used (13.5-34.4 meq/l), the gain of the steady state ventilatory response averaged 0.6 Torr X meq-1 X l. [3H]inulin and [HCO-3] were equal in inflow and outflow by 20-30 min of perfusion indicating complete mixing of bulk CSF in the cistern. Anatomic study after methylene blue dye perfusion showed dye distribution to subarachnoid spaces of midbrain, cervical cord, cerebellum, medulla, and most of the cortex but not to any ventricles. This perfusion technique produces prolonged, stable, reproducible, and repeatable changes in the medullary chemoreceptor ionic environment of awake goats, is relatively atraumatic, and permits high flow through the cisternal subarachnoid space. PMID- 6643198 TI - Maximum shortening velocity of smooth muscle: zero load-clamp vs. afterloaded method. AB - Previous reports from this laboratory of force-velocity relationships of canine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) have presented maximum shortening velocities (Vmax) mathematically derived from the linearized transformation of the Hill equation (A. V. Hill, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B., 126:136-195, 1938). Recent technical advances enable us to measure Vmax directly using an electromagnetic lever system that can instantaneously clamp to a zero load, thus we compared values of Vmax derived mathematically and those directly measured on the same TSM strips. Derived Vmax values from afterloaded isotonic shortening curves for loads greater than preload were 0.328 +/- 0.021 optimal length (lO)/s and were not significantly different from zero load-clamp measurements of 0.301 +/- 0.022 lO/s from the same (n = 15) muscles. These data indicate that Vmax values mathematically derived for TSM from conventional isotonic afterloaded force velocity curves are valid estimates of zero load velocity, because they were not significantly different from values obtained by direct measurement using the zero load-clamp technique. PMID- 6643199 TI - Adolescents' questions about sex. AB - Male and female Anglo, Hispanic and Native American adolescents from urban and rural areas were given a chance to ask anonymous questions about sex. These questions were then used as the bases for subsequent presentations on sex education. The most popular categories of questions were reproduction, sexuality, and contraception, followed by anatomy, venereal disease, pregnancy, abortion, vocabulary, hygiene, and other diseases. Younger adolescents asked significantly more questions in most categories than older ones. Girls asked significantly more total questions and ones concerning pregnancy, contraception, and anatomy than boys. Students attending rural schools asked more questions about venereal disease than those in urban schools, but no other main effects of urban-rural location were found. There were no ethnic differences found. The adolescents' questions ranged from sophisticated to poignantly ignorant, suggesting that the strategy of adapting sex education sessions to fit the concerns of the specific adolescents involved might be valuable. PMID- 6643200 TI - Psychosocial functioning, life change, and clinical status in adolescents with cystic fibrosis. AB - Twenty-six adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) were administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale. The mean overall scores placed the CF patients at the 30th percentile of a normative adolescent population. Eighty-five percent were at appropriate school grade level, 69% participated in physical education classes, and 81% had future plans for college and/or a career. Total Life Event scores of CF adolescents were not significantly different from the normal adolescent population. However, in 22 CF adolescents evaluated with a modified National Institute of Health Scoring System, negative Life Event scores were higher in 10 adolescents with moderate to severely impaired health status than in 12 with lesser impairment. This relationship was not modified by other psychosocial variables. PMID- 6643201 TI - Relationship between habitual physical activity and serum lipoprotein levels in white male adolescents. AB - It is currently thought that increased physical activity can have a positive influence on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in adults. However, only a limited amount of research has been directed at studying the influence of physical activity on HDL-C in adolescents. This study correlated the reported levels of physical activity, exercise capacity, physical measurements, and 48-hr dietary intake of 50 white male adolescents with their levels of HDL-C, ratio of total serum cholesterol (T.Chol) to HDL-C, and ratio of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) to HDL-C. Using multiple regression, age (r = -0.42) was the strongest predictor of HDL-C, followed in order by TV watched/night (r = -0.42) and height (r = -0.31) (R2 = 0.28). Age (r = 0.38) was the strongest predictor of the T.Chol/HDL-C ratio, followed by days jogged/week (r = -0.32), TV watched/night (r = 0.29), and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.30) (R2 = 0.30). The days jogged per week (r = -0.32) was the best predictor of the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, followed in order by hours spent reading/day (r = 0.27) and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.23) (R2 = 0.23). Maximum exercise capacity was not related to these lipoprotein components. These findings suggest that the level of habitual physical activity in white male adolescents may be associated with the level of HDL-C in relation to T.Chol and LDL-C. PMID- 6643202 TI - Health professionals' predictions of teenagers' preferences regarding chaperones during physical examinations. AB - This study assessed the degree of concurrence between teenagers' stated preferences regarding chaperones and professionals' predictions about teenagers' responses. One hundred and fifty members of the Society for Adolescent Medicine received the Method section of a study investigating teenagers' attitudes about chaperones during examination of the genitalia. These professionals were asked to predict the teenagers' choices. Seventy professionals responded. Male and female professionals made highly similar predictions. Professionals' predictions were generally accurate, with four exceptions. Professionals underestimated some teenagers' desire to have a family member present (the case for females aged 14 16 yr and males 12-13 yr). They also underestimated young boys' and girls' reluctance to have an opposite-sexed nurse present. Regarding teenagers' reluctance to be alone with the physician, professionals did not appreciate the differential importance of age for males versus females. They also underestimated, for females and young males, the additive importance of the physician's sex and familiarity to the patient. PMID- 6643203 TI - Adolescent pregnancy. Involvement of the male partner. AB - The role played by the male partner in an adolescent pregnancy was investigated. Questionnaires were completed by the male partners of 41 adolescent females who continued their pregnancy to term and attended an optional education program. Most fathers (81%) maintained an ongoing relationship with the mother and informed their own family about the pregnancy. Only 48% helped with the decision regarding the outcome of the pregnancy. Only 19% saw a health care professional to discuss the pregnancy and only 9% received contraceptive information. Our data suggest that a significant number of these males suffered negative psychosocial consequences such as depression and increased social isolation. We believe that more effort should be made to identify those males interested in participating in their partner's pregnancy, encourage them to play a role in the decision-making process regarding the outcome of the pregnancy, and provide them with contraceptive counseling and psychologic support. PMID- 6643204 TI - Adolescents with chronic disease. Are they receiving comprehensive health care? AB - A survey of adolescents with a chronic disease attending six specialty clinics was conducted to determine the sources of their primary health care and to estimate the extent of unmet health needs. Sixty-one patients completed a self administered questionnaire. Forty percent had no source of primary care other than the subspecialty clinic treating their chronic condition. Seventy-eight percent regarded the subspecialist as their "personal" physician, although only 27% actually spoke to this physician about their general health needs. For 44% general health needs were not being met. These findings suggest that these adolescents expect the subspecialty clinic to provide primary care; yet they receive, at best, fragmented health care. This situation could be improved by a decision on the part of the subspecialty to restrict its role to providing only specific specialty care or to coordinate overall care. PMID- 6643205 TI - Prevalence of disease in Southeast Asian teenagers. Results of screening medical examination at a residential vocational training facility. AB - Findings on health screening of immigrant Southeast Asian adolescents enrolled at a Federally funded vocational training facility were reviewed for the years 1979 1982. History of or positive skin test for tuberculosis was found in 55%. A heavy parasite burden was found in 46% of the recent Laotian immigrants, but was infrequent in Vietnamese who had been in the United States for several months before testing. Anemia was found in only 5.5%, though an additional 6.5% had findings suggestive of Thalasemia trait. Hepatitis B surface antigen positivity occurred in 16.8% but none had abnormal liver enzymes. One case of leprosy and three cases of idiopathic microscopic hematuria were detected. PMID- 6643206 TI - Toxic shock syndrome--an adolescent disease. AB - Over the past 3 years, toxic shock syndrome (TSS) has emerged from virtual obscurity to become a household word. The syndrome, which most commonly occurs in previously healthy women during menses, is characterized by the sudden onset of headache, malaise, high fever, myalgia, diarrhea, syncope, skin rash, and evidence of multisystem involvement with progression to desquamation of skin, nails, and hair. Death has occurred in 5%-10% of cases. Use of highly absorbent tampons and the presence of toxin-producing staphylococcus aureus have been implicated in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Treatment with beta-lactamase resistant antibiotics and discontinuation of tampon use are associated with reduction in the risk of recurrence. To date, 42% of cases have occurred in females under the age of 19 years. Accordingly, physicians who care for adolescents should be knowledgeable about the syndrome's myriad manifestations and treatment, as well as the possibility of prevention through education about menstrual practices. PMID- 6643207 TI - Unintentional injuries among adolescents and young adults: a review and analysis. AB - Unintentional injury is the leading cause of mortality and an important cause of morbidity in adolescents and young adults. A review of the literature suggests that the male gender and substance abuse are important contributors to many accidents. One recent study has identified some significant teenage educational needs regarding accident prevention; others report paradoxical outcomes following untargeted educational programs for teenagers. It appears that the greatest potential for success in the prevention of unintentional injury in this age group is regulatory and legislative measures. PMID- 6643208 TI - "Red herrings," adolescents, and testicular tumors. AB - Testicular tumors, although rare in the general population, comprise the most common class of solid tumors in males aged 15-34 years. Although commonly appearing as a painless scrotal mass, one-third of testicular tumor cases are accompanied by pain or other atypical symptoms that may confound diagnosis, particularly if the clinician is misdirected by other issues. In this case report of an adolescent male with embryonal cell carcinoma of the right testis, a premorbid history of psychological problems, and immature, complaining behavior led to an improper assessment of the significant clues in the patient's oral history and a delay in diagnosis. PMID- 6643210 TI - Toxic shock syndrome and diaphragm use. AB - A case of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) associated with diaphragm use is presented. Adolescents who use a diaphragm should be informed of the symptoms of TSS, and those with the syndrome should be questioned about diaphragm use. PMID- 6643209 TI - Apparent oral contraceptive failure associated with antibiotic administration. AB - The concomitant use of antibiotics and oral contraceptives should be included in the assessment of contraceptive failure. A case of unwanted adolescent pregnancy during the use of a semisynthetic penicillin and an oral contraceptive is presented and discussed. Advising a different contraceptive method or an additional contraceptive modality may be indicated in adolescents taking long term antibiotic medication. PMID- 6643211 TI - Disseminated intravascular coagulation in six horses. AB - Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) was diagnosed as a secondary disease in 6 horses. Four horses had localized and/or systemic sepsis, one horse had disseminated neoplasia, and one had idiopathic ulcerative enteropathy. The diagnosis of DIC was based on the finding of at least 3 of 4 abnormalities: thrombocytopenia, prolonged prothrombin time, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and a high concentration of fibrinolytic degradation products. The most common clinical signs other than those attributable to the primary disease process were abnormal hemorrhage (4 hours) and venous thrombosis (4 horses). All horses eventually died or were euthanatized because of the severity of the primary disease. PMID- 6643212 TI - Rheumatoid factor determination in 50 dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. AB - Sera from 50 dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca were examined for rheumatoid factor. In 17 (34%) of dogs tested, rheumatoid factor was found at titers equal to or greater than 1:16. Fifteen dogs (30%) had probable concurrent immunologic disorders. Ten dogs (20%) had xerostomia, as indicated by dry oral mucosa, marked periodontitis, and loss of teeth. PMID- 6643213 TI - Facial and vestibulocochlear nerve disease in six horses. AB - In 6 horses, clinical signs of illness implicated a lesion involving the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves. One horse had signs of otitis externa. Five horses had radiographic changes primarily involving periosteal bony proliferation of the stylohyoid bone at its articulation with the temporal bone. Five horses improved with antibiotic therapy. Otitis media-interna was found at necropsy of one horse. PMID- 6643214 TI - Complications associated with the dorsolateral muscle-separating approach for thoracolumbar disk fenestration in the dog. AB - In a series of over 125 cases, complications associated with the dorsolateral muscle-separating approach for thoracolumbar intervertebral disk fenestration have been pneumothorax, hemorrhage, and neuromuscular deficits. Most of the complications were neuromuscular in origin and of short duration. It was concluded that the approach provides excellent visualization and is rapid, precise, and unlikely to lead to permanent complications. PMID- 6643215 TI - Cerebrospinal nematodiasis in a cockatiel. PMID- 6643216 TI - Porcine epidermitis and dermatitis associated with Staphylococcus hyicus and Dermatophilus congolensis infections. PMID- 6643217 TI - Granulocytopathy in a Holstein heifer. PMID- 6643218 TI - Black walnut toxicosis in horses. PMID- 6643219 TI - Leiomyosarcoma in the duodenum of a dog. PMID- 6643220 TI - Abortion due to histoplasmosis in a mare. PMID- 6643221 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the mouth of a goat. PMID- 6643222 TI - Fibromatosis in a horse. PMID- 6643223 TI - Chronic hematuria associated with renal pelvic blood clots in two dogs. PMID- 6643224 TI - Suspected cutaneous iodism in a horse. PMID- 6643225 TI - Deep dermatophytosis in a cat. PMID- 6643226 TI - Canine brucellosis testing. PMID- 6643227 TI - Res ipsa loquitur legislation--a recent development. PMID- 6643228 TI - Natural history of infection with Pasteurella multocida in rabbits. AB - Monitoring of rabbits at a commercial rabbitry for Pasteurella multocida infection revealed that the nares of 10 litters of New Zealand White rabbits were not colonized before weaning at 8 weeks of age, regardless of whether or not the does were infected. The earliest nasal infection was detected at 12 weeks of age, and by 22 weeks of age, 23% had P multocida infection. Rhinitis developed 2 or more weeks after infection was detected in most rabbits. A survey of 76 adult rabbits in the breeding colony revealed that 72% had P multocida infection. In 31 rabbits with rhinitis, 90% were infected, whereas in 55 rabbits with P multocida infection, only 50% had rhinitis. During the period of surveillance, there was an epizootic of rhinitis caused by P multocida. All age groups except preweanlings were affected. Serotyping of 29 isolates of P multocida revealed that 93% were somatic type 12. Surveillance of rabbits for pasteurellosis at a laboratory animal facility revealed that the following clinical syndromes developed in decreasing order of magnitude: rhinitis, conjunctivitis, abscesses, and otitis media. PMID- 6643229 TI - Medical and surgical management of gastric obstruction from a hairball in the rabbit. AB - Gastric hairballs in a colony of mature laboratory rabbits were associated with chronic, partial, or complete gastric obstruction and inanition. Clinical signs included anorexia, decreased fecal output, weight loss, and depression. The differentiation of anorexia induced by hairballs, stress, and other causes presented a diagnostic dilemma. Radiographs could not be relied upon to differentiate gastric hairballs from normal gastric contents. Combined medical and surgical management optimized successful recovery. Supportive therapy was given 12 to 24 hours before surgical removal of the hairball and was continued postoperatively for 72 hours. PMID- 6643230 TI - Causes of death of infant rhesus and squirrel monkeys. AB - The necropsy records of 144 infant rhesus monkeys and 38 infant squirrel monkeys that died during a 2-year period at the Delta Regional Primate Research Center were reviewed for causes of deaths and other clinically important findings. Bronchopneumonia, enteric diseases, and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections were the most frequent causes of death in infant rhesus monkeys. Trauma was the most frequent cause of death in squirrel monkeys less than 1 month old and bronchopneumonia was the most frequent cause of death in older squirrel monkey infants. PMID- 6643231 TI - Amebiasis in red-footed tortoises. AB - Of 500 red-footed tortoises imported to southern Florida, approximately 200 died during a 2-month period. Clinical signs were nonspecific and included anorexia, listlessness, and watery diarrhea, with lingering death. Necropsy consistently revealed thickened duodenum, with necrotic mucosa and multifocal to diffuse areas of hepatic necrosis. Histologic evaluation of tissues demonstrated numerous amebae in intestinal and hepatic lesions. PMID- 6643232 TI - Panophthalmitis and otitis interna in fire-bellied toads. AB - Microbiologic and histologic studies were made of fire-bellied toads with signs of ocular and central nervous system disease. Providencia alcalifaciens, Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonas hydrophila, and other gram-negative bacilli were isolated from the eyes and multiple tissues of ill toads. The histologic evaluations revealed severe panophthalmitis and otitis interna. PMID- 6643233 TI - Steatitis and fat necrosis in captive alligators. AB - Steatitis and fat necrosis were identified in a group of 123 American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) kept in an enclosed pond and fed a diet of only fish for more than 10 years. All affected animals were outwardly healthy and had had no signs of disease in the period immediately before slaughter. The diagnosis was made at the time of commercial slaughter for harvest of meat and hides. Lesions consisted of firm yellow-brown masses distributed in fat tissue throughout the body. The histopathologic diagnosis was granulomatous steatitis, with fat necrosis, based on the finding of multinucleated giant cells, ceroid, and multiple foci of inflammatory cells. PMID- 6643235 TI - Survey of conjunctival flora in the eye of clinically normal, captive exotic birds. PMID- 6643234 TI - Pathologic findings in the anterior segment of the pinniped eye. PMID- 6643236 TI - Enucleation in birds of prey. AB - Enucleation in birds requires special consideration. Two case reports are presented as examples of 2 techniques for enucleation in raptors. The first technique utilizes a transaural approach and is suitable only in owls that have extensive external ear openings. The major advantage of this technique is that it allows complete histologic examination of the globe. The second technique is a globe-collapsing procedure that is suitable for any avian species. This technique precludes complete histologic examination. PMID- 6643237 TI - Pathophysiology of excessive iron storage in mynah birds. AB - Hepatic iron overload was diagnosed in young and adult Rothschild's mynah birds. By light microscopic evaluation, it was determined that there was progressive accumulation of iron pigment with age in the hepatocytes. The Kupffer's cells of the liver, the reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen, and the phagocytic cells in the small intestine were negative for Prussian blue (iron) pigments. These observations suggested that diet had only a minor influence on the iron distribution in the mynah birds. This was confirmed by comparing iron distribution in the liver and spleen of mynah birds with that in other exotic birds receiving the same diet as the mynah birds. The syndrome of excessive iron overload in the mynah birds shared most of the important histopathologic characteristics with idiopathic (hereditary) hemochromatosis in human beings. PMID- 6643238 TI - Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in wild-type turkeys living in close contact with domestic fowl. AB - Mycoplasma gallisepticum was isolated from 2 wild-type turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and 1 domestic turkey living in close contact on a farm in Tehama County, California. Sinusitis was detected in 2 of 14 wild-type turkeys and in 1 of 12 feral broad-breasted bronze turkeys, but in none of several chickens on the premises. The entire mixed flock was captured, sinus aspirates were collected from affected birds, and blood samples were obtained from all birds for serologic testing. Blood samples also were obtained from 10 domestic turkeys on adjacent premises from which breeding stock had been borrowed. The M gallisepticum isolated from sinus aspirates was typed and inoculated into susceptible chickens, resulting in airsacculitis. California wild turkeys with and without histories of exposure to domestic fowl and wild turkeys shipped into California from Texas for release were tested for antibodies to M gallisepticum, using the plate agglutination test. Evidence of M gallisepticum infection was not found in wild turkeys at any location other than the original premises. PMID- 6643239 TI - Hematologic and serum chemical effects of a ketamine/xylazine combination when used for immobilizing springbok. AB - A ketamine hydrochloride/xylazine combination was found effective for immobilizing springbok. Following intramuscular injection by hand, the onset of immobilization ranged from 3 to 10 minutes and duration of immobilization ranged from 1 hour to 2 hours 20 minutes. Hematologic and serum chemical values before and after immobilization were compared. Serum alanine transaminase and serum glucose values were significantly higher after immobilization, whereas serum potassium was significantly lower. PMID- 6643240 TI - Myodegeneration in Kentucky white-tailed deer. AB - Skeletal or cardiac myodegeneration, or both, was observed in 4 free-ranging female white-tailed deer that were found dead or recumbent and unable to rise. Gross pathologic findings included white or chalky streaks in heart or skeletal musculature. Degeneration, necrosis, and mineralization were observed microscopically in affected striated muscles. Although the precise cause of myodegeneration was not determined, changes were considered compatible with nutritional or exertional myopathy. PMID- 6643241 TI - Myelopathy and vitamin E deficiency in six Mongolian wild horses. AB - Degenerative myelopathy was diagnosed in six Mongolian wild horses. Three of the horses had a history of ataxia dating from birth to 3 months of age. The clinical signs were uncoordinated movement of the hindlimbs and an abnormally wide-based gait and stance. The other 3 horses had mild ataxia. There were no gross lesions in the brain, vertebrae, or spinal cord. Histologic examination revealed degeneration of the neural processes in the ventral and lateral funiculi of all 6 horses. Myelin sheaths were dilated and vacuolated, and there were swollen, fragmented, or lysed axons. Neuronal degeneration, phagocytosis, and accumulation of periodic acid-Schiff-positive, xylol-insoluble lipopigment were observed in the affected neurons of the dorsal root ganglia. The plasma alpha-tocopherol values of 5 of the affected horses ranged from less than 0.03 to 0.08 (mean, 0.04 +/- 0.01) mg/dl. Seven clinically normal horses from the same herd had a range of less than 0.03 to 0.3 (mean, 0.11 +/- 0.02) mg/dl, which was low enough to be considered deficient. PMID- 6643242 TI - Death of an African elephant from probable toxemia attributed to chronic pulpitis. AB - A 31-year-old captive male African elephant (Loxodonta africana) of 5,000-kg body weight died suddenly in ventral recumbency. Lesions seen at necropsy were bilateral purulent pulpitis and periodontitis of both tusks, serous atrophy of coronary groove fat, Grammocephalus cholangitis, myocardial and skeletal lipofuscinosis, and scattered segmental necrosis in the pectoral muscles. Nonhemolytic streptococci, Corynebacterium sp, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Bacteroides sp, were recovered from the exudate around one or both tusks. We postulated that the elephant died of hypoxia from prolonged ventral recumbency because of weakness and inability to rise secondary to toxemia from bilateral pulpitis and periodontitis. PMID- 6643244 TI - Polycystic kidneys in a western coyote. PMID- 6643243 TI - Dirofilaria immitis infection in a gray fox. PMID- 6643245 TI - Corticosteroid-induced death in an opossum. PMID- 6643246 TI - Systemic Mycobacterium marinum infection in a European hedgehog. PMID- 6643247 TI - Notoedric mange in two fox squirrels. PMID- 6643248 TI - Dermatitis caused by Filaria taxideae in a lesser panda. PMID- 6643249 TI - Pneumoperitoneum associated with intestinal volvulus in a sea otter. PMID- 6643250 TI - Surgical implantation of radiotelemetry devices in the sea otter. PMID- 6643251 TI - Cutaneous gout in an Amazon dolphin. PMID- 6643252 TI - Toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis in a West Indian manatee. PMID- 6643253 TI - Ventricular septal defect and bacterial endocarditis in a whistling swan. PMID- 6643254 TI - Prosthetic beak for a salmon-crested cockatoo. PMID- 6643255 TI - Papilloma-like virus infection in an African gray parrot. PMID- 6643256 TI - Colono-uterine fistula in a rhinoceros viper. PMID- 6643257 TI - Etorphine analgesia supplemented by halothane anesthesia in an adult African elephant. PMID- 6643258 TI - Pneumonia caused by a eugonic fermenting bacterium in an African lion. PMID- 6643259 TI - Paramyxovirus-like nucleocapsids associated with encephalitis in a captive Siberian tiger. PMID- 6643260 TI - Pyometra in a Pallas's cat. PMID- 6643261 TI - Hepatozoon sp infection in bobcats. PMID- 6643262 TI - Multiple hepatic abscesses and peritonitis caused by eugonic fermenter-4 bacilli in a pup. PMID- 6643263 TI - Septic abortion caused by Salmonella heidelberg in a white-handed gibbon. PMID- 6643264 TI - Hypothyroidism in a chimpanzee. PMID- 6643265 TI - Successful management of a fractured metacarpus and exertional rhabdomyolysis in a greater kudu antelope. PMID- 6643266 TI - Dorsal cervical laminectomy and durotomy in a wild white-tailed deer. PMID- 6643267 TI - Immobilization of mule deer with ketamine and xylazine, and reversal of immobilization with yohimbine. PMID- 6643268 TI - Metoclopramide. PMID- 6643269 TI - What is your diagnosis? Osteomyelitis secondary to a subcutaneous abscess. PMID- 6643270 TI - Research studies in the problems of assessment. PMID- 6643271 TI - Depressed patients and the coniunctio. PMID- 6643272 TI - The emergence of schools of post-Jungian analytical psychology. PMID- 6643273 TI - SQ 28,332, a new monobactam produced by a Flexibacter sp. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation, structure determination and biological properties. AB - A new monobactam SQ 28,332 has been isolated from fermentations of a Flexibacter sp. and the structure 3 was deduced from its spectroscopic properties. SQ 28,332 exhibits weak antibacterial activity. PMID- 6643274 TI - Two new monobactam antibiotics produced by a Flexibacter sp. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological properties. AB - Two new beta-lactam antibiotics, namely SQ 28,502 and SQ 28,503, have been isolated from fermentations of a Flexibacter sp. They are demethoxy monobactams with oligopeptide side chains and have molecular weights of 1,462 and 1,446, respectively. These beta-lactams show a high degree of stability to a variety of beta-lactamases and act as potent irreversible inactivators of P99 beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae. They exhibit weak antibacterial activity. PMID- 6643275 TI - Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of monobactams. AB - A set of chemical and spectroscopic studies using IR and FAB-mass spectral data has been developed to identify monobactams thereby differentiating them from other families of beta-lactam antibiotics. PMID- 6643276 TI - OM-173, new nanaomycin-type antibiotics produced by a strain of Streptomyces. Taxonomy, production, isolation and biological properties. AB - Actinomycete strain OM-173, a new soil isolate, was found to produce five nanaomycin-type antibiotics. Antibiotic OM-173 components alpha A, alpha E, alpha B, beta A and beta E were isolated from the fermentation broth of strain OM-173 by solvent extraction, silica gel chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. The components are active against mycoplasmas and to a lesser extent against fungi. Strain OM-173 was identified as a strain of genus Streptomyces and differed apparently from Streptomyces rosa var. notoensis, the nanaomycin-producing strain, in cultural characteristics. PMID- 6643277 TI - Isolation and characterization of a novel polyether antibiotic of the pyrrolether class, antibiotic X-14885A. AB - Antibiotic X-14885A is a polyether antibiotic belonging to the class of these natural acid ionophores known as pyrrolethers. The structure of the antibiotic was elucidated by X-ray crystallographic analysis of the hydrated sodium salt, which crystallized as a tetramer containing four antibiotic and water molecules and four atoms of sodium. Antibiotic X-14885A differs from the most well-known member of the class, A-23187, in two respects: the aromatic N-methylamino group present in the latter is replaced by a phenolic hydroxyl, and one of the four aliphatic methyls is replaced by a proton. Antibiotic X-14885A is active against Gram-positive bacteria and the spirochete, Treponema hyodysenteriae. PMID- 6643279 TI - Studies on a new nucleoside antibiotic, dapiramicin. I. Producing organism, assay method and fermentation. AB - A new antibiotic, dapiramicin, has been isolated from the fermentation broth of Micromonospora sp. SF-1917. Since the dapiramicin exhibited essentially no in vitro activity by usual bioassays, two assay methods for dapiramicin were developed, HPLC and a new bioassay by growth inhibition of fungal mycelia on a slide glass. Fermentation of dapiramicin is also described. PMID- 6643278 TI - Safracins, new antitumor antibiotics. II. Physicochemical properties and chemical structures. AB - The chemical structures of safracins A and B are proposed to be 1 and 2 respectively on the basis of their physiocochemical properties and spectrometric studies. PMID- 6643280 TI - Structural studies on lipiarmycin. I. Characterization by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and isolation of methyl 2-O-methyl-4-O-homodichloroorsellinate-beta rhamnoside. AB - 1H and 13C NMR spectral studies of lipiarmycin in CDCl3 and in pyridine-d5 provided evidence for the six partial structures I approximately VI and the two sugar units 1 and 2. Acid methanolysis led to the isolation of methyl 2-O-methyl 4-O-homodichloroorsellinate-beta-rhamnoside, whose structure was determined by spectroscopic methods. PMID- 6643281 TI - 3-Amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid in antibiotic biosynthesis. VI. Directed biosynthesis studies with ansamycin antibiotics. AB - Biosynthesis of the ansamycin antibiotic actamycin (2) was markedly increased by the addition of the precursor 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (1) to the producing Streptomyces fermentation. Similar addition of the 4-chloro, 6-chloro, N-methyl and O-methyl analogues 4, 6, 5 and 7 of the amino acid 1 reduced actamycin production and did not yield structurally modified ansamycins. These results with the analogues 4, 5 and 7 indicate that the corresponding chlorine, N-methyl and O methyl substituents present in the nuclei of various ansamycins are introduced at biosynthetic stages beyond the level of the amino acid 1. PMID- 6643282 TI - Chemical modification of spiramycins. I. Synthesis of the acetal derivatives of neospiramycin I. AB - Tetrahydrofuranyl and tetrahydropyranyl derivatives of neospiramycin I at 3 and/or 4' position were synthesized. In vitro and in vivo activities of these derivatives were correlated with the position and configuration of acetal groups. The most effective derivative, 3-a, 4'-a-di-O-tetrahydrofuranylneospiramycin I was comparable to spiramycin I. PMID- 6643283 TI - Comparative biological properties of some synthetic olivanic acid analogues. AB - A series of olivanic acid/thienamycin analogues have been prepared by total synthesis. Particular attention was given to the effect of the side-chain substituents on the chemical, beta-lactamase and metabolic stability of the final products. All of the compounds possessed a broad and high level of in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms including beta-lactamase-producing strains. Two derivatives (8c) and (8j) were selected for further evaluation on the basis of in vitro activity, ease of synthesis and stability parameters. The improved metabolic stability of the selected analogues, relative to the naturally-occurring olivanic acid, MM 13902, could be demonstrated in terms of better activity, higher blood levels and improved urinary recovery in in vivo studies in mice. PMID- 6643284 TI - Bu-2743E, a leucine aminopeptidase inhibitor, produced by Bacillus circulans. PMID- 6643285 TI - Neo-enactins A, B1 and B2, new antifungal antibiotics potentiating polyene antifungal antibiotics. PMID- 6643286 TI - Biosynthesis of cetocycline. PMID- 6643287 TI - The structure of candidoin a component of the candidin antibiotic complex. PMID- 6643288 TI - The effect of bumetanide on the stria vascularis: a stereological analysis of cell volume density. AB - The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of bumetanide on the volume density (Vv) of the cells, capillaries and intercellular spaces of the stria vascularis (SV). 29 chinchillas were divided into seven groups. There were 3 experimental groups, three control groups and one normal, untreated, group of animals. After either a 20 mg/kg intravenous injection of bumetanide or an injection of a control solution, the animals were killed at 10 min, 1 h and 24 h. One complete radial section of the SV was analyzed in each animal. This section was located at 70% of the length of the basilar membrane as measured from the cochlear apex. Marginal cell volume decreased by 24% and 15% at 10 min and 1 h, respectively, after bumetanide administration. Intermediate cell volume increased by 31% and 27% at 10 min and 1 h, respectively, after bumetanide administration. Intercellular space volume increased by 14% and 21% at 10 min and 1 h, respectively, after bumetanide administration. No significant alteration in the Vv was observed in the strial capillaries or basal cells. A hypothetical model of the ion transporting properties of the SV is presented. PMID- 6643290 TI - Residual effects in monaural temporary threshold shifts to pure tones. AB - Temporary threshold shifts (TTS), of the cochlear action potential in the guinea pig, caused by a high frequency exposure tone could be reduced by a prior exposure at the same frequency but lower intensity. The TTS caused by the initial, low intensity exposure tone was allowed to recover to levels where the thresholds were not significantly different from normal thresholds. Re-exposure at the high intensity now resulted in less TTS being recorded, both at the half octave point and across the range of frequencies affected by the pure tone, when compared to exposure to the high intensity tone without such priming. This protective effect of prior exposure was not affected by intraperitoneal injections of strychnine, distinguishing it from recent reports of protective mechanisms operative during TTS. PMID- 6643289 TI - Responses of gerbil and guinea pig auditory nerve fibers to low-frequency sinusoids. AB - The characteristics of time-locked auditory nerve fiber responses to 50 Hz acoustic sinusoids were studied in gerbils and guinea pigs. Whereas the time locked responses of all guinea pig fibers produced single-peaked period histograms, those of the gerbil produced distorted, multiple-peaked response histograms, especially fibers with characteristic frequencies (CFs) between 2 and 10 kHz. Although the shapes of the period histograms vary with stimulus intensity, the phases of the fundamental components are essentially invariant over the range of stimulus intensities used. In contrast to the phase of the cochlear microphonic produced by the 50 Hz stimulus, which was constant along the length of the cochlea in both species, the phase of the neural responses depends on the fiber CF in each of the two species. In guinea pigs, the phase of the neural responses relative to the acoustic stimulus decreases with the fiber CF from a phase lead of 90 degrees for fibers with CFs below 300 Hz to a phase lag of nearly 60 degrees for fibers with CFs greater than 3 kHz. In gerbils, the response phase also decreases with increasing CF below 2 kHz and above 10 kHz but undergoes an abrupt 160 degrees phase increase between those frequencies. PMID- 6643291 TI - Auditory nerve responses to imposed displacements of the turtle basilar membrane. AB - Impulse activity of single auditory nerve fibres was recorded in the isolated half-head of the turtle in response to displacements of a piezoelectric probe placed on the basilar membrane. The temporal pattern of firing in response to sinusoidal displacements of amplitude 0.1-1.0 nm r.m.s. at a fibre's characteristic frequency could be matched to that generated by low-level tonal stimuli delivered to the tympanum. Frequency-threshold curves for acoustic and mechanical stimuli had similar shapes and differed only at frequencies above 500 Hz where the middle ear should filter acoustic but not direct mechanical stimuli. Step displacements of the basilar membrane gave a transient periodic discharge which resembled the responses to acoustic clicks. Most fibres initially increased their firing rate for rarefaction clicks and displacements towards the scala tympani. PMID- 6643292 TI - AP unmasking and AP tuning in guinea pig. AB - Using a method introduced by Harris [6] AP unmasking was investigated in normal guinea pigs. AP unmasking existed in every guinea pig investigated and proved to be stable over measuring periods as long as 7 h. The average standard deviation of unmasking magnitude was 12%. AP unmasking strength was defined as the average unmasking magnitude across across suppressor levels from 0 to 100 dB SPL at constant masker and test-tone level and constant masker, test-tone and suppressor frequency. The relation between AP unmasking strength and AP thresholds was investigated. AP unmasking strength decreases with increasing AP threshold at the suppressor frequency. No relation with AP thresholds at other frequencies was found. AP unmasking areas were determined along with the corresponding AP tuning curves. High-frequency unmasking was found to be more prominent and more stable than low-frequency unmasking in guinea pig. From a comparison with other studies on AP unmasking and single fibre two-tone suppression it was concluded that a species difference exists with regard to the presence of low-frequency AP unmasking and low-frequency single fibre two-tone suppression. PMID- 6643293 TI - Auditory-nerve correlates of loudness summation with stimulus bandwidth, in normal and pathological cochleae. AB - The firing of guinea pig auditory nerve fibres was measured in response to bands of noise of many different bandwidths, centre frequencies and intensities. The total amount of activity in the auditory nerve fibre array was calculated as a function of the bandwidth and intensity of the stimulus. As the bandwidth of the stimulus increased, while its net intensity was kept constant, the total firing rate increased steadily. There was no sign of a breakpoint corresponding to the critical bandwidth, seen in psychophysical judgements of loudness with similar stimuli. Moreover, the slope of the relation between total activity and stimulus bandwidth was particularly shallow in fibres with shallow tuning curves. The results suggest that (i) while loudness may in broad terms be related to the total amount of activity in the auditory nerve, this is not true in detail, (ii) the critical bandwidth in loudness summation does not relate to the resolution bandwidth of the cochlea, and (iii) the slope of the psychophysical loudness summation function may be able to give information about the sharpness of neural tuning. PMID- 6643294 TI - Ultrastructural studies of stereocilia in noise-exposed rabbits. AB - In rabbits with noise-induced, permanent hearing loss of more than 20 dB the stereocilia of the inner hair cells (IHCs) showed widespread signs of damage: fracturing, folding, fusion, and formation of giant hairs. Damage to the stereocilia on outer hair cells (OHCs) was much less pronounced in corresponding regions. On damaged OHCs the stereocilia were usually missing, except in the apical turn where fusion of stereocilia and formation of giant stereocilia occurred. On both IHCs and OHCs the 'neck' of the stereocilium appeared to be a site of fracture of the actin skeleton. On IHCs the actin cores of the former stereocilia were enclosed in a bulge of the apical cytoplasm to form a giant hair, with portions of the stereocilia projecting from the bulge. Inside the giant hairs profiles of the original stereocilia could be recognized, and these often retained their original circular form at least at the base of a giant hair. In the distal portion of the giant hair the actin filaments frequently formed a single thick bundle where the individual stereocilia could not be distinguished. Material had condensed between the surface membrane enclosing the former stereocilia and the actin cores. A thin kinocilium was often identified on IHCs. together with giant hairs possibly indicating a regenerative activation of the cell. It is suggested that fracture and fusion of stereocilia are due to different pathophysiological mechanisms, and that the actin of damaged cilia may undergo a slow reorganization and regeneration. PMID- 6643295 TI - Donnan equilibrium in the tectorial membrane. AB - Basic properties of the isolated tectorial membrane were investigated. Pieces of the membrane were equilibrated in various bathing fluids and the potential difference between the matrix of the membrane and the bathing fluid was measured, using micropipette electrodes. A negative potential was recorded within the membrane, and the magnitude of the potential was dependent upon the pH and ionic strength of the bathing fluid. These observations suggest that a Donnan equilibrium is established under these experimental conditions, and demonstrate that the tectorial membrane acts as a separate phase in vitro. It may not be valid, therefore, to assume that the membrane is electrically and ionically transparent in vivo. PMID- 6643296 TI - Plasma clearance of L- and D-lactate in steers fed alfalfa hay or high concentrate diets. AB - Experiments were conducted with 40 steers to evaluate the effects of diet (alfalfa hay vs high concentrate) on the rates of elimination of D- and L-lactate from plasma. Plasma L- and D-lactate clearance rates were determined before (Period I) and 114 d after (Period II) an abrupt switch from the alfalfa hay to the high concentrate diet. One group of steers received the hay diet throughout the experiment. Diet or period did not alter the rate of disappearance of L lactate from plasma; the half-life was 13.5 to 15.5 min. D-lactate disappearance from plasma followed an exponential decay curve with at least two components; however, diet or period did not alter the calculated rates of disappearance. The half-life of the first component was 9 to 28 min and the second component was 207 min. Characteristics describing D- or L-lactate metabolism were not highly correlated with lactate utilization for fatty acid synthesis. These data demonstrate that, in steers adapted to a high concentrate diet consuming 18.2 Mcal ME X head-1 X d-1, clearance of D(-)- or L(+)-lactate is not different from that in steers fed alfalfa hay consuming 23.1 Mcal ME X head-1 X d-1. PMID- 6643297 TI - Effect of teat number, teat abnormalities and underline length on litter sizes and weights at 21 and 42 days in swine. AB - Data from 80 first-litter purebred and crossbred gilts of Duroc and Landrace breeding were analyzed to determine the effects of traits associated with their udder on the sizes and weights of their litters at 21 and 42 d. Traits measured on each first-litter gilt included: number of teats in front of the navel; number of functional teats; number of inverted and pin nipples; length of the underline; body length and weight at parturition. When the litter size nursed at 1 d was held constant, litter size at 21 and 42 d was not influenced by number of teats in front of the navel, number of functional teats, number of inverted nipples, number of pin nipples, body length or weight at parturition. First litter gilts with shorter underlines tended to raise larger litters at 21 and 42 d (P less than .05). Litter weights at 21 and 42 d were not affected by the number of teats in front of the navel, number of functional teats, number of inverted nipples, or by the number of pin nipples when the size and weight of the litters born alive were held constant. First-litter gilts with shorter body lengths tended to have heavier litters at 21 d, (P less than .05) while those with shorter underlines (P less than .05) and those that weighed more at parturition (P less than .10) tended to have heavier litters at 42 d. Results from this study are interpreted to indicate a replacement-gilt selection program that applies selection pressure for only increased teat number and against teat abnormalities seems unwarranted. PMID- 6643298 TI - Reproductive performance of Gyr cows: the effect of weaning age of calves and postpartum energy intake. AB - Two nutritional levels following parturition and five weaning ages for the calf were evaluated to study their effect of reproduction in Gyr cows in the savannas of West Central Brazil (Campos Cerrados). Early weaning of calves reduced postpartum weight losses and shortened the postpartum interval to conception. Energy level did not affect cow weight at weaning or conception, the number of days from parturition to first estrus or the number of matings/conception; however, the postpartum period to conception was reduced (116 vs 160 d; P less than .05) for cows on the higher energy diet. Weaning age significantly affected postpartum weight loss in cows. Six months after calving, cows that nursed calves for 1 mo were 89 kg heavier than those that nursed calves for 6 mo (384 vs 295 kg; P less than .05). Cows that were nursed for 1 mo returned to estrus at an average of 40 d postpartum, which was 23 d earlier (P less than .05) than the average of the other groups nursed for longer periods of time. There was no significant difference in the postpartum period to conception among cows that had their calves weaned at 1 mo, 3 mo and cows which were nursed twice daily beginning 30 d after parturition (57, 94 and 97 d, respectively), but was less (P less than .05) for cows nursed for 5 or 6 mo (212 and 231 d, respectively). The results show that Gyr cattle are genetically capable of responding reproductively to improve nutrition and reduced lactation stress achieved through early weaning or controlled nursing. PMID- 6643299 TI - Volatile fatty acids and the role of the large intestine in the control of feed intake in ponies. AB - The roles of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and of the large intestine in the control of feeding in ponies were investigated. Ponies with cecal fistulas were adapted to ad libitum access to pelleted feed. Treatment solutions were given as a bolus 15 min before the animals were allowed free access to feed after a 4-h fast. Each dose of VFA solution was tested in a crossover design with a water control. When the ponies were permitted to eat after the treatments, the latency to eat, first meal size, and duration and first intermeal interval were recorded. Feed intakes were measured at 3 and 18 h after the treatments were given. Intracecal infusions of .4 mmol propionate (Prop)/kg body weight (BW) increased (P less than .05) total feed intake 7.5% relative to control values. Higher doses of Prop (.75 mmol/kg BW) and acetate (1.00 and 1.25 mmol/kg BW) reduced (P less than .05) feed intake by prolonging the first intermeal interval 143% (Prop) and 71 to 74% (acetate), although 24-h intakes did not differ from controls. The highest dose of Prop tested (1.00 mmol/kg BW) reduced first meal size 22% (P less than .01) without affecting subsequent feeding behaviors. The results indicate that changes in cecal VFA concentration can generate cues that may contribute to the control of meal size and frequency in ponies. PMID- 6643300 TI - Further evidence on the inheritance of halothane reaction in pigs. AB - One thousand six hundred forty-one Pietrain, 163 Minnesota No. 1 and 158 Pietrain X Minnesota No. 1 crosses and their reciprocals were tested for porcine stress syndrome susceptibility using halothane gas between September 1975 and July 1981. The frequency of reactors in the Pietrain breed was 93.9%. Matings of reactor males to reactor females within the Pietrain breed resulted in 632 reactor and 14 nonreactor offspring. A boar, judged to be nonpenetrant on the basis of the halothane reaction of his parents and littermates, was shown by progeny test to be homozygous for the halothane allele. These data indicate that halothane sensitivity is due to a single autosomal recessive gene with a penetrance of about 98% and a frequency of .98 in this Pietrain herd. No halothane reactors were found in the 163 Minnesota No. 1 pigs tested. Only one Pietrain X Minnesota No. 1 gilt reacted positively to halothane and later, the same gilt produced both positive and negative offspring, indicating that she was most likely heterozygous. Blood group typing of 107 crossbred pigs provided insufficient information to predict accurately the halothane reaction, although some associations were observed between the A and H loci and halothane sensitivity. The time taken by Pietrain pigs to react to halothane was measured and recorded. Analysis of these data showed that progeny of some sires had significantly faster reaction times than others and that reaction time had decreased over the years. These results as well as other data presented here indicate the existence of certain modifier genes that influence halothane reaction. PMID- 6643301 TI - Life cycle efficiency of beef production: I. Cow efficiency ratios for progeny weaned. AB - Weights and individual feed consumption collected on 160 beef, dairy and beef X dairy dams and their progeny were used to estimate several measures of lifetime cow efficiency. Dams were fed either a high or a low energy diet. Efficiency was expressed as the ratio of outputs to inputs. Outputs included progeny weaning weights plus cow salvage weight, and inputs were progeny creep feed consumption plus the dam's lifetime feed consumption. In the first approach, life cycle cow efficiency was estimated by expressing weight output as a ratio to feed inputs when weights and feed consumptions were weighted by their probabilities; probabilities were a function of age distribution and percentage calf crop in a theoretical herd consisting of 100 cows and 20 yearling replacement heifers. In the second approach, actual lifetime cow efficiency was estimated by expressing weight outputs as a ratio to feed inputs when all components were weighted equally. Both approaches included efficiency estimates calculated with and without cow salvage value. Dams receiving low energy diets generally had lifetime efficiencies equal or superior to those fed high energy diets in spite of older ages at calving. Dams on the high energy diet had greater salvage value, but did not wean calves of sufficient additional size to offset their own increased metabolizable energy (ME) intake. Dam breeds and breed crosses of smaller size tended to be more efficient than those of large size, demonstrating the effectiveness of mating small dams to large sire breeds for improving cow efficiency. Breeds calving at later ages were less efficient. Efficiency ratios improved as number of progeny weaned increased. PMID- 6643302 TI - Life cycle efficiency of beef production: II. Relationship of cow efficiency ratios to traits of the dam and progeny weaned. AB - Several measures of life cycle cow efficiency were calculated using weights and individual feed consumptions recorded on 160 dams of beef, dairy and beef X dairy breeding and their progeny. Ratios of output to input were used to estimate efficiency, where outputs included weaning weights of progeny plus salvage value of the dam and inputs included creep feed consumed by progeny plus feed consumed by the dam over her entire lifetime. In one approach to estimating efficiency, inputs and outputs were weighted by probabilities that were a function of the cow herd age distribution and percentage calf crop in a theoretical herd. The second approach to estimating cow efficiency involved dividing the sum of the weights by the sum of the feed consumption values, with all pieces of information being given equal weighting. Relationships among efficiency estimates and various traits of dams and progeny were examined. Weights, heights, and weight:height ratios of dams at 240 d of age were not correlated significantly with subsequent efficiency of calf production, indicating that indirect selection for lifetime cow efficiency at an early age based on these traits would be ineffective. However, females exhibiting more efficient weight gains from 240 d to first calving tended to become more efficient dams. Correlations of efficiency with weight of dam at calving and at weaning were negative and generally highly significant. Height at withers was negatively related to efficiency. Ratio of weight to height indicated that fatter dams generally were less efficient. The effect of milk production on efficiency depended upon the breed combinations involved. Dams calving for the first time at an early age and continuing to calve at short intervals were superior in efficiency. Weaning rate was closely related to life cycle efficiency. Large negative correlations between efficiency and feed consumption of dams were observed, while correlations of efficiency with progeny weights and feed consumptions in individual parities tended to be positive though nonsignificant. However, correlations of efficiency with accumulative progeny weights and feed consumptions generally were significant. PMID- 6643303 TI - Performance of selected and control lines of Duroc and Yorkshire pigs and their reciprocal crossbred progeny. AB - Performance records for 223 boars and gilts in Duroc and Yorkshire selected and control lines and for 231 boar and gilt progeny from reciprocal breed crosses were analyzed to evaluate (1) maternal effects, (2) effects of mass selection in purebreds on performance of crossbred progeny and (3) heterosis effects. Selection of purebred herd replacements was based mainly on an index (Index) of average daily gain (ADG), average scan backfat thickness (BF) and scan longissimus muscle (loin eye) area (LEA) among tested pigs. Mixed models were fitted separately to the purebred and crossbred populations, including effects of breeding group, sires within breeding group, sex, pertinent interactions and residual on Index and its component traits, ADG, BF and LEA. Crossbred pigs from Yorkshire dams had slightly larger (P less than .10) LEA's and higher (P less than .05) Indexes, suggesting a small maternal effect favoring Yorkshire dams over Duroc dams in crosses of these breeds. Crossbred pigs from Yorkshire dams also had a higher ADG and slightly less BF than crossbred pigs from Duroc dams, but the differences were not significant. Selection differentials were over three times as large for sires as for dams in purebreds and were substantially larger in selected lines than in controls where selection pressure was essentially zero for ADG and Index. In parental purebreds, selected lines exceeded controls for ADG, LEA and Index and had less BF. Selected lines crossbred progeny exceeded control lines crossbred progeny for all traits including BF. Responses in crossbreds to purebred selection varied with the trait, suggesting effects of genetic correlations, gene frequency differences, nonadditive genetic variance and sampling variation. Heterosis appeared not to be influenced by performance level or intensity or direction of selection in parental purebreds. PMID- 6643304 TI - Body growth, growth hormone, prolactin and puberty response to photoperiod and plane of nutrition in Holstein heifers. AB - Effects of photoperiod and plane of nutrition on growth, serum concentrations of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) and puberty were assessed in Holstein heifers. Sixty pre-pubertal heifers were assigned to one of four treatment groups arranged in a 2 X 2 factorial. The two main effects were photoperiods of 8 h light: 16 h dark (8L:16D) vs 16L:8D, and a low vs high plane of nutrition. Heifers on the low plane of nutrition were fed a diet formulated to achieve a body growth rate of approximately .7 kg/d. Daily feed intake was restricted and similar in both groups of low plane heifers subjected to either 8 or 16 h of light daily. Heifers on the high plane of nutrition were fed ad libitum to achieve a growth rate greater than 1 kg/d. Body weight was recorded every month for 5 mo. The PRL and GH concentrations were measured at d 9, 53 and 132 in serum collected every 30 min for 6 h from five heifers in each treatment group. Progesterone was monitored biweekly in all heifers as an index of puberty (greater than 1 ng/ml). Heifers subjected to 8L:16D-low plane, 16L: 8D-low plane, 8L:16D-high plane or 16L:8D-high plane gained .61, .72, .98 and 1.08 kg/d, respectively. In the same treatment order, averaging across all bleedings, concentrations of PRL were 32, 37, 38 and 46 ng/ml serum, and GH averaged 10.9, 9.3, 9.8 and 9.0 ng/ml serum. Similarly, body weight at puberty averaged 268, 257, 278 and 268 kg, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643305 TI - Effect of dietary fat source and level on the performance of neonatal and early weaned pigs. AB - The effect of dietary fat source in liquid, semipurified diets was studied with 22 Yorkshire pigs. The four treatment groups were fed diets containing 32% butterfat, corn oil, coconut oil or lard on a dry matter basis. Pigs were delivered by Cesarean section and maintained under pathogen-free conditions. Gain and efficiency of feed use were greater (P less than .05) for pigs fed coconut oil than for pigs fed corn oil or lard. In a second trial, choice white grease was added to a starter diet at levels of 0, 4, 8 and 12%. Individual performance of 68 early-weaned (about 27 d of age) Yorkshire pigs was monitored for 35 d. Levels of corn and soybean meal were altered to maintain a constant ratio of other nutrients to digestible energy. Feed intake decreased as fat level increased (linear effect, P less than .004). Gains the first 2 wk also decreased linearly with fat level (P less than .06). Efficiency of feed use was not significantly affected by dietary fat level, but efficiency of use of calculated digestible energy tended to decrease (P less than .07) with added fat. PMID- 6643306 TI - Nitrogen partitioning along the equine digestive tract. AB - Twelve adult horses were fed a corn-oats-timothy hay diet containing 2.87% nitrogen (N) for 4 wk and were then killed. Fresh digesta samples were immediately harvested from the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum and feces. Total N content of the digesta (on a dry matter basis) increased from the stomach (2.74%) to the duodenum (5.58%; P less than .01), decreased in the cecum (3.10%, P less than .01), remained constant through the large intestine and decreased in the feces (2.10%; P less than .01). High-speed centrifugation of wet digesta and low-speed centrifugation following tungstic acid treatment of wet digesta were comparable in their effectiveness in separating water soluble N-containing compounds (S-N) from insoluble N-containing compounds (P-N). The P-N was further partitioned into neutral detergent soluble (NDS-N) and neutral detergent insoluble (NDF-N) fractions. The NDF-N constituted from 6 to 17% of the total digesta N at any location along the digestive tract. The S-N constituted about 20% of the total digesta N in the stomach, increased to about 80% at mid-jejunum (P less than .01), decreased to 30% in the cecum (P less than .01) and increased throughout the large intestine. The calculation of cumulative apparent digestibilities indicated that total digesta N underwent net disappearance along the entire tract, except in the duodenum. Dietary NDF-N underwent net disappearance throughout the digestive tract. The NDS-N portion of the P-N disappeared in the duodenum, jejunum and small colon, but underwent net appearance in the ileum, cecum and large colon. There was a net appearance of S-N in the duodenum and net disappearances in the ileum and cecum. The shifts in N partitioning along the lower digestive tract and the decreases in N concentrations suggest that the jejunum, ileum, cecum and small colon are major sites of the net absorption of N and that much of the N absorbed in the small colon was supplied by the conversion of NDS-N to S-N. PMID- 6643307 TI - Effect of a high fat supplement in late gestation and lactation on piglet survival and performance. AB - The effect of 15% lipid addition to perinatal sow's diet on piglet survival and performance was investigated with 85 litters over four farrowing seasons. Sows received either control or fat supplemented diets from d 109 of gestation through d 21 of lactation. Substitution of a casein-encapsulated white grease product for corn (i.e., an increase in diet fat by 15%) increased (P less than .05) piglet weight gain (230 vs 214 g/d) and piglet survival 84.9 vs 79.1% of live born pigs to 21 d of age. Piglet survival data, analyzed by logistic regression, indicated that a 15% increase in dietary fat increased the odds of piglet survival at all birth weights. However, the probability of piglet survival was most enhanced at birth weights between 700 and 1,100 g. Over this weight range, the survival rate of piglets from sows receiving the supplement was increased by 10 percentage units. Feeding a high fat supplement increased piglet survival during the first 3 d of life and again at d 9. The results of this experiment suggest a unique effect of including a high fat supplement late in gestation on piglet survival during the first several days of life. Logistic regression was shown to be an appropriate and useful technique for analysis of factors affecting piglet survival. PMID- 6643308 TI - Developmental changes in serum ferritin of piglets. AB - Serum ferritin concentration of 40 nursing piglets was measured by a two-site immuno-radiometric assay to assess relationships of serum ferritin to Fe-related blood characteristics and nonheme Fe concentration of the liver. Hemoglobin concentration rapidly decreased after nursing to 55% of the birth level at 2 to 4 wk of age when the piglets exhibited severe symptoms of Fe deficiency. However, an im injection of 1 ml of iron-dextran (100 mg Fe) at 3 d of age restored the hemoglobin level to near the concentration of 10 g/100 ml by 2 wk of age. Serum ferritin concentration was low at birth and 1 d of age, but increased by 3 d of age. From 1 wk of age onward, serum ferritin level of the unsupplemented animals decreased linearly and declined to the lowest level at 3 wk of age. With iron dextran injection, however, systemic concentration of ferritin peaked at 1 wk of age and decreased linearly to 3 wk of age. Serum ferritin of both groups was almost depleted at 3 to 4 wk of age. Although a single injection of 100 mg Fe from iron-dextran is adequate to maximize weight gain and to maintain normal hemoglobin level, serum ferritin concentration was almost exhausted after 2 wk of age. Serum ferritin concentration of both groups increased gradually from 4 wk of age, followed by a quadratic rise to 8 wk of age. The elevation of serum ferritin of the unsupplemented group after 4 wk of age almost paralleled that of hemoglobin concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643309 TI - Effects of ovarian secretions and dopamine on secretion of luteinizing hormone and prolactin in ewes. AB - In the present study, effects of dopamine (DA) and ovarian secretions on release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) were examined using two methods of withdrawal of progesterone. Eight to 10 d after estrus, 36 ewes were assigned to one of six treatments: 1) lutectomy; 2) lutectomy and DA; 3) ovariectomy; 4) ovariectomy and DA; 5) ovariectomy and estradiol-17 beta or 6) ovariectomy, estradiol-17 beta and DA. Estradiol-17 beta was administered by Silastic implants inserted during surgery. Immediately after surgery, ewes were infused iv with DA (6.6 micrograms X kg-1 X min-1) or saline for 48 h. Infusion of DA did not affect secretion of LH after surgical removal of the corpus luteum. In lutectomized ewes, concentrations of LH in serum increased between 0 and 12 h from .5 to 3.3 ng/ml, declined between 12 and 16 h and then plateaued at 1.1 to 1.5 ng/ml. In contrast, concentrations of LH in ovariectomized ewes increased between 0 and 12 h and then remained at 3 to 5 ng/ml. Surges of LH occurred between 40 and 50 h postsurgery in eight of 12 lutectomized ewes, 11 of 12 ovariectomized ewes with implants of estradiol-17 beta and zero of 12 ovariectomized ewes. The magnitude of the surge of LH was higher in lutectomized ewes than in ovariectomized ewes with implants of estradiol-17 beta. Infusion of DA inhibited release of PRL, but there was no effect of method of progesterone withdrawal. Lutectomized ewes, but not ovariectomized ewes with implants of estradiol-17 beta, had a surge of PRL associated with the surge of LH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643310 TI - Photoperiod influences age at puberty of heifers. AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine if exposure of prepubertal heifers to supplemental lighting hastens the onset of puberty. In Exp. 1, 16 heifers were paired according to birth date (April 21 to July 4) and assigned randomly to exposure to either 18 h light/d (L) or natural photoperiods (N) from 22 wk of age until puberty. Twenty-two heifers in Exp. 2, born between February 27 and March 31 and between May 3 and May 17, 1981, were exposed to L or N from 24 wk of age until March 23, 1982. In Exp. 2, animals were bred at all estrous periods until conception. Age at first ovulation and first estrus were less (P less than .01 for Exp. 1 and P less than .10 for Exp. 2) for L than N heifers. Average ages at first estrus were 318 (L) and 367 d (N) for Exp. 1 and 367 (L) and 394 d (N) for Exp. 2. Age at conception in Exp. 2 was similar for L (380 d) and N (396 d) groups. There were no significant differences between L and N heifers in changes in body weight for either experiment. There was a photoperiod X age interaction (P less than .06) for ovarian volume in Exp. 1 because the rate of ovarian growth was greater for L than N heifers. Concentrations of LH were not affected by photoperiod in Exp. 1 and not measured in Exp. 2. There were no significant changes in LH concentrations between 22 and 34 wk of age. When expressed relative to first ovulation, LH levels were highest at 7 and 2 wk before first ovulation. Concentrations of prolactin in Exp. 1 were not significantly affected by photoperiod. It was concluded that supplemental lighting after 22 or 24 wk of age reduced ages at first ovulation and first estrus in heifers born from February to July. These effects of photoperiod were accompanied by changes in ovarian development. PMID- 6643311 TI - Protein levels and monensin for growing and finishing steers. AB - One hundred sixty-eight Angus X Hereford crossbred beef steers were utilized to evaluate the influence of two levels of monensin (0 or 33 ppm) on three levels of dietary protein (9, 11 or 13% on a dry matter basis). The study was divided into a growing phase when steers received ad libitum corn silage and the needed protein supplement to supply the appropriate protein level. The finishing diet consisted of 85% dry corn and 15% corn silage plus a protein supplement to yield an 11% protein diet fed to all steers. Estimates of carcass composition were made at the beginning, at the end of the growing phase and at completion of the study. During the growing phase, growth rate (GR), dry matter intake (DMI) and efficiency of gain (F/G) were all improved (P less than .01) with increasing protein level, while monensin reduced (P less than .01) DMI and improved (P less than .01) F/G, with the greatest improvement coming on the 9% protein diet. The rate of protein deposition was increased (P less than .05) with increasing protein level and was increased (P less than .01) on the 9% protein diet while being reduced on the 13% protein diet when monensin was included in the diet. Previous protein level influenced steer performance during the finishing phase, with the steers previously receiving the 13% protein diet having the poorest GR and F/G while those having received the 11% protein diet having the highest GR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643312 TI - Factors affecting and prediction of dystocia in Charolais heifers. AB - Calving difficulty at first and second parturition, using data recorded on 476 purebred Charolais heifers from a ranch in Southeastern Arizona, were analyzed by analysis of variance, step-wise multiple regression and discriminant analysis. Dystocia score (1 = no assistance through 4 = extreme difficulty) was the dependent variable with dam and calf effects independent variables. In this herd, 31.1 and 15.0% of the heifers experienced calving difficulty at first and second parturition, respectively. Birth weight of calf was the most important factor influencing dystocia, accounting for 71 and 61% of the total variation explained by the analysis of variance model when calf effects as well as dam effects were included at first and second parturition. Mean birth weight was 39.0 kg for primiparous heifers and 44.3 kg for second-half cows. A significant increase in dystocia (at both first and second parturition) occurred among male calves with birth weights of 45.5 kg or greater. At first parturition, no significant increase in dystocia occurred among female calves until birth weight exceeded 50 kg. Birth weight was not a significant factor influencing dystocia for female calves at second parturition. Yearling weight of cow and dystocia score of cow's dam were the only significant dam variables, and only at first parturition. Pelvic height measurements did not significantly affect dystocia scores at either parturition. A reasonably accurate prediction of dystocia based on the variables included in this study would be impossible, even if some means were devised to reliably predict birth weight of the calf. PMID- 6643313 TI - The effect of rearing environment on sexual behavior of young beef bulls. AB - Fifty-eight Polled Hereford bull calves were weaned at an average age of 196 d. They were penned individually after weaning and contact was limited to fenceline exposure to bulls in adjacent pens, except when grouped for weighing every 28 d. Six months after weaning they were allotted to one of the following 10-wk rearing treatments: 1) individually penned; 2) individually penned, but exposed to a heifer in estrus for 30 min every 2 wk; 3) group penned; 4) group penned, but each bull exposed to a heifer in estrus for 30 min every 2 wk. The week after allotment was designated wk 0. All 58 bulls, penned together after wk 12, had single-bull mating tests during wk 10, 22 and 32 and multi-bull mating tests during wk 12, 24 and 34. Mean serving capacity and mean serving efficiency were both greater (P less than .05) for individually-penned bulls than for group penned bulls during the first single-bull and the first multi-bull mating test. No significant serving-capacity differences were present in subsequent single bull or multi-bull mating tests, but serving efficiency was greater (P less than .05) for group-penned bulls in all subsequent tests, except the last multi-bull mating test. Mean serving capacity was greater (P less than .05), as was mean serving efficiency (P less than .01), for bulls in single-bull mating tests than for those in multi-bull tests. Exposure to heifers during rearing did not affect libido or mating ability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643314 TI - Characterization of straightbred and crossbred rabbits for milk production and associative traits. AB - Two hundred twenty-five lactation and litter performance records from 82 does representing four genetic groups and two diets were analyzed to quantify breed, heterosis, reciprocal F1 cross and diet effects for milk production and associative traits. Doe genetic groups were New Zealand White (NN) and Californian (CC) straightbred and Californian X New Zealand White (CN) and New Zealand White X Californian (NC) reciprocal crossbreds. Pelleted diets fed to does and litters were either a commercial control or a 74% alfalfa diet. Three sire breeds of litters included NN, CC and Flemish Giant (FG) straightbreds. Doe genetic group and diet were important sources of variation (P less than .05) for all traits examined except for litter milk efficiency (litter gain/milk intake) and doe feed efficiency (milk yield/feed intake). The sire breed of litter effect did not influence (P greater than .05) lactational performance of does nor associative preweaning traits. Straightbred NN does were heavier at kindling, yielded more milk, reared a heavier litter by 21 d and were more efficient in converting feed into milk than were straightbred CC does (P less than .01). Significant heterosis was detected for milk production and for litter size and weight at 21 d. Reciprocal differences between crossbred doe groups were observed (P less than .05) for litter milk efficiency and doe feed intake. The 74% alfalfa diet was superior to the commercial control diet for effects on milk production and litter size and weight at 21 d, although doe feed intake was increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643315 TI - Restricted energy intake and elevated calcium and phosphorus intake for boars during growth. II. Foot and leg measurements and toe and soundness scores. AB - Boars were assigned at 5 wk of age in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement to two energy (ad libitum and 75% of ad libitum) and two Ca and P levels (100 and 150% of the National Research Council daily recommended amounts) to determine the effect of reduced growth rate and elevated Ca and P intake on foot and leg measurements, pad and horn incidence and severity of lesions, and structural soundness. There were 20 boars/treatment; 15 boars from each treatment were necropsied at 10 +/- 2 d intervals from 80 to 220 d of age (45 to 185 d on test), with the remaining five boars in each treatment being necropsied at 220 d of age. Feet and leg measurements were taken and toe pads and horns were scored initially and after 78 and 131 d on when necropsied. Boars remaining after 130 d on test were scored for overall structural soundness. Toe size and circumference and length of limbs increased as boars grew, with larger values for ad libitum-fed compared with limit-fed boars when observed at a constant age. However, when these values were corrected for body weight, the effect of energy was generally removed and, in some cases, reversed. Limit-fed boars appeared to have fewer pad and horn lesions, but the effects were inconsistent. In general, Ca and P levels had little or no effect on toe and limb sizes and pad and horn lesion scores, whether or not the values were expressed on a constant age or corrected body weight basis. A comparison of inside and outside toes on the front and hind feet revealed that outside toes were larger than inside toes, with the magnitude of the difference much larger for the hind foot than for the front foot. The hind inside toes had fewer pad and horn lesions. Structural soundness scores were more desirable in ad libitum-fed compared with limit-fed boars; but, elevated Ca and P levels had no effect. Thus, these data do not support a hypothesis that structural soundness can be improved by reducing the growth rate of developing boars or by feeding an elevated level of Ca and P. PMID- 6643316 TI - Restricted energy intake and elevated calcium and phosphorus intake for gilts during growth. IV. Characterization of metacarpal, metatarsal, femur, humerus and turbinate bones of sows during three parities. AB - The effect of early nutrition on subsequent bone development was studied using gilts that had previously been fed ad libitum or 75% ad libitum intake and 100 or 150% National Research Council-recommended daily Ca and P from weaning to 100 kg. During the three-parity reproductive study, sows were fed a 14% protein diet. Metacarpals and metatarsals were taken from sows culled due to lameness or failure to breed and from sows after completing three parities. Femur and humerus articular cartilage and turbinates were described at necropsy. Metacarpals and metatarsals were heavier and tended to have thicker walls when sows were previously fed ad libitum or fed 150% Ca and P. Energy intake produced the greater response. Metacarpal breaking strength was greatest for sows previously fed ad libitum. Metatarsals were not affected by energy intake. Stiffness, Young's modulus of elasticity (YME) and flexural modulus for metacarpals and metatarsals were not affected by energy intake. Previously fed Ca and P intakes did not affect any of the mechanical bone characteristics. Metacarpals were heavier, had a greater breaking strength, were more elastic and exhibited slightly less resistance to bending than the metatarsals. The ether extract, ash, Ca and P content and the Ca:P ratio of metacarpals and metatarsals were not affected by previously fed energy or Ca and P intakes. The ether extract content tended to decrease and the ash, Ca and P content tended to increase with age. Articular cartilage and turbinate scores were not influenced by previously fed energy or Ca and P intakes. The YME and flexural modulus were the only bone characteristics that were even poorly correlated (average r = .25) with soundness scores, suggesting that high values result in poorer soundness scores. Energy and Ca and P intakes during growth and development had only minimal effects on bone characteristics and no apparent effect on structural soundness and longevity of sows kept for three parities. PMID- 6643317 TI - Multiple antibiotic resistance in fecal, cecal and colonic coliforms from pigs fed therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of chlortetracycline. AB - Multiple resistance and antibiotic resistance were examined in coliforms isolated at slaughter from the large intestines of two groups of growing pigs that had received antibiotic-free diets since weaning. One group of pigs was from an antibiotic-fed (AB) herd that routinely received chlortetracycline (CTC) in feed, while the other group was from a nonantibiotic-fed (NAB) herd that had not received antibiotics for 8 yr. After a 20-d adjustment period in a common production facility, the mean number of antibiotics in the resistant pattern of isolates from NAB pigs was found to be lower (P less than .05) than that in isolates from AB pigs. The proportions of isolates resistant to ampicillin, kanamycin, neomycin, penicillin, streptomycin and sulfamethizole were lower (P less than .05) in NAB pigs than in AB pigs. Similar herd differences were not observed after pigs from both herds were maintained in a common production facility on an antibiotic-free diet for 105 d. Oral administration of CTC at therapeutic (220 micrograms/g of diet) and at subtherapeutic (27.5 micrograms/g) levels for 14 d increased (P less than .05) the mean numbers of antibiotics in the resistance patterns of isolates from NAB pigs, but did not alter multiple resistance in isolates from AB pigs. After 14 d, subtherapeutic CTC increased the percentage of isolates resistant to ampicillin, kanamycin, penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and sulfamethizole, while therapeutic CTC only increased the percentage of isolates from NAB pigs resistant to penicillin, tetracycline and sulfamethizole. Similar antibiotic effects were not seen in isolates from AB pigs after 14 d and were not seen in isolates from either group of pigs at the end of an 85-d feeding trial. PMID- 6643318 TI - Serum concentrations of pituitary and adrenal hormones in female pigs exposed to two photoperiods. AB - Serum concentrations of pituitary and adrenal hormones were determined in lactating sows and ovariectomized (OVX) gilts exposed to 8 h (8L:16D) or 16 h of light (16L:8D). In addition serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations were determined after a thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) challenge. At 103 +/- 2 d of gestation or 3 wk after ovariectomy of nulliparous gilts on d 7 to 9 of the estrous cycle (d - 10), blood samples were collected from jugular vein cannulae at 30-min intervals for 8 h beginning at 0800 h. Immediately after the last sample, 13 sows and five OVX gilts were assigned to 8L:16D and 14 sows and five OVX gilts were assigned to 16L:8D/d and placed in two identical chambers in the farrowing house. Blood sampling was repeated on d 7, 14 and 21 of lactation in the sows and on d 7, 14, 21 and 28 in the OVX gilts. In Exp. 1, serum cortisol (C) concentrations were similar for sows exposed to 8L:16D (n = 7) and 16L:8D (n = 6) treatments, whereas in Exp. 2, serum C concentrations for sows exposed to 8L:16D (n = 6) were lower than those exposed to 16L:8D (n = 6) on d 7, 14 and 21. Photoperiod failed to influence serum concentrations of PRL, luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone in the lactating sows or PRL in the OVX gilts. Photoperiod also failed to affect mean basal serum concentrations, peak height and peak frequency for PRL and LH in the lactating sows or for PRL in the OVX gilts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643319 TI - Relationship between number of induced ovulations in the prepubertal gilt to the level of progesterone and to the number of spontaneous postpubertal ovulations. AB - A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between the number of corpora lutea (CL) and concentration of progesterone (P4) on different days after induced and spontaneous ovulation of gilts of different ages. Possible relationship between the number of ovulations after injection of gonadotropin into the prepubertal gilt and the number at a second induced ovulation and finally the number of postpubertal, spontaneous ovulations, was also studied. Number of CL was related (r = .75 to .95, P less than .01) to levels of P4 on d 3 to 10 after induced ovulation of prepubertal gilts of 105 to 180 d of age. Relationship between the number of CL and level of P4 in cyclic gilts ranged from r = .28 to .67 with the highest relationship at d 4 to 9. Number of CL induced at 135 d of age was correlated (r = .67 to .91, P less than .01) with number of CL induced at 195 d. There were correlations (r = .75 to .99, P less than .01) between levels of P4 and number of CL on d 7 to 9 after induction of ovulation of gilts of 135 and 195 d of age with either pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) followed in 96 h by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or estradiol benzoate (EB) followed in 72 h by hCG. There was a correlation (r = .84, P less than .001) between number of CL at the first spontaneous postpubertal estrus and number of CL at third estrus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643320 TI - Effects of dichlorvos on lymphocyte reactivity during pregnancy in the pig. AB - This experiment was performed utilizing a total of 21 primiparous crossbred sows to determine whether a state of immunological suppression occurs during the latter stages of pregnancy in the pig and whether dichlorvos treatment affects immunological function of sows. Immunological reactivity was monitored by the use of in vitro lymphocyte transformation experiments employing the mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The degree of blastogenesis of lymphocytes recovered from animals on this experiment was not affected by dichlorvos treatment. Blastogenesis was not affected by stage of pregnancy except in the case of that induced by LPS, which decreased (P less than .05) with advancing pregnancy. Sera from animals in this experiment were tested in a PHA-induced lymphocyte transformation experiment and it was found that sera from control animals were not inhibitory at any time. On the other hand, sera from dichlorvos-treated sows inhibited (P less than .01) PHA-induced blastogenesis. The possibility exists that dichlorvos may increase fetal survival by inhibiting the ability of the sow to immunologically damage the fetus. PMID- 6643321 TI - Balance and urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in response to high concentrate feeding and lactate infusion in lambs. AB - Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of dietary concentrate level and iv lactate infusion on the urinary excretion and balance of Ca, Mg and P in lambs. In Exp. 1, six ruminal fistulated, crossbred wethers (25 kg) were fed diets of 0, 50 and 70% concentrate for 5-d periods (periods 1, 2 and 3, respectively) followed by 25 d on a 90% concentrate diet (periods 4, 5 and 6, respectively). Collections were made for all days except 6 to 10 and 16 to 20 on the 90% concentrate diet. Dry matter intakes increased with each increase in dietary concentrate until the initial period of 90% concentrate (period 4) when intakes were lowest. Intakes increased (P less than .05) during the latter two periods of 90% concentrate feeding compared with period 4. Rumen fluid pH decreased and rumen L (+) lactate increased with increasing concentrate intake. Blood pH and bicarbonate both decreased with increasing concentrate intake indicating a mild disturbance in acid-base balance. Plasma concentrations of Ca, Mg and P decreased with increased concentrate intake and were elevated (P less than .05) for periods 5 and 6 compared with period 4. Plasma alkaline phosphatase activity and urinary hydroxyproline excretion both increased (P less than .05) for periods 5 and 6. Four of the six animals were in negative Ca balance for the initial period of 90% concentrate feeding, but showed highest Ca retentions for periods 5 and 6. Magnesium and P balance appeared unaffected by increased concentrate intake. Disturbances in Ca metabolism appeared to be short-term and nondetrimental; the animals responded with increased growth and Ca retentions once adjusted to the high concentrate diet. In Exp. 2, four Hampshire ewes (32 kg) were used in a 4 X 4 Latin square design with treatments being saline (.9% NaCl, w/v), L (+) lactate, D (-) lactate and D, L-lactate infused iv in a saline solution to supply .6 mM/kg body weight of each isomer in 15 min. Plasma and urine samples were taken 0, .5, 1, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 h from the start of infusion. Total urinary excretion of Ca (P less than .04) and Mg (P less than .02) were elevated for all lactate infusions as compared with saline. Total P excretion was greater (P = .06) for all lactate infusions compared with saline and was increased (P less than .05) for the D, L-lactate treatment as compared with the D and L-lactate treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6643322 TI - Acquisition of sign language by autistic children. II: Spontaneity and generalization effects. AB - Autistic children typically do not use their language repertoire in order to communicate. Six autistic children who exhibited poor communication skills were trained to use their sign repertoire to make spontaneous requests of adults. Training consisted of imitative prompting, fading, and differential reinforcement, and included aspects of incidental teaching. The children displayed an increase in the rate and variety of spontaneous sign requests (Experiment 1). Generalization of spontaneity across adults (Experiments 1 and 2) and settings (Experiment 2) was also observed. We suggest that spontaneity may be facilitated when language is brought under the control of broadly defined stimuli such as adult attention rather than narrowly defined stimuli such as the presence of specific objects or verbal prompting in the form of questions. Finally, response generalization was observed as well (Experiment 1). Specifically, as spontaneity increased, self-stimulatory behavior decreased. This result may be accounted for in terms of reinforcer competition, reinforcer consistency, or discriminative stimulus effects. PMID- 6643323 TI - Acquisition of expressive signing by autistic children: an evaluation of the relative effects of simultaneous communication and sign-alone training. AB - Two methods of training autistic children to use manual signs were compared. Two children, one mute and one capable of some verbal imitation, were taught to use signs as expressive labels for pictures of objects. Using an alternating treatments design, speed of sign acquisition was compared across two training conditions in which signs were presented either accompanied by, or without, the corresponding verbal label. In both conditions, the training procedure incorporated reinforcement, modeling, prompting, fading, and stimulus rotation. The efficacy of training in both treatment conditions was demonstrated by the use of a multiple baseline control across signs, but no clear differences in acquisition speed across conditions were apparent. Posttests conducted to assess stimulus control of signing, and learning of verbal labels when these were present in training, showed that the behavior of the imitative, but not the mute, child was controlled by the verbal stimuli. The implications of the results both for understanding deficits characteristic of autistic children and for developing appropriate language training procedures are discussed. PMID- 6643324 TI - A modified incidental-teaching procedure for autistic youth: acquisition and generalization of receptive object labels. AB - A modified incidental-teaching procedure was used to increase the receptive language skills of autistic youth who had previously experienced lengthy institutionalization. At the time of the study, the two severely language-delayed children had recently been transitioned to a community-based group home. Receptive-labeling skills were taught for four sets of objects typically used in school lunch preparation. The percentage of correct, unprompted object identifications displayed by Youth 1 increased when the incidental-teaching package (gestural prompts, behavior-specific praise, and contingent access to lunch-making supplies) was sequentially introduced in a multiple-baseline design across sets of objects. These results were replicated with Youth 2. The youths' newly acquired language skills also generalized to a different setting (the dining room of the group home) and to a different activity occurring later in the day (a traditional sit-down, discrete-trial session). This research indicates that the linguistic skills of severely developmentally delayed autistic children can be accelerated by incidental instruction that is provided in the course of shaping other home-living skills. PMID- 6643325 TI - The effects of a good behavior game on the disruptive behavior of Sundanese elementary school students. AB - An endemic version of the Good Behavior Game was applied in a rural Sudanese second-grade classroom. Official letters of commendation, extra time for recess, victory tags, and a winner's chart were used as backup reinforcers. The class was divided into two teams, and the teacher indicated she would place a check on the board after every rule violation. The students were also told that the team with the fewest marks would win the game and receive the aforementioned prizes. After an initial adaptation period, the rate of disruption was charted across four treatment phases: viz., baseline I, introduction of the game, baseline II, and reintroduction of the game. It was observed that the game phases were associated with marked decreases in the rate of seat leaving, talking without permission, and aggression. The teacher, principal, parents, and students were consequently individually interviewed, and their comments spoke strongly for the social validity of the game. PMID- 6643326 TI - The unit play manager as facilitator of purposeful activities among institutionalized profoundly and severely retarded boys. AB - Child care workers were trained in specified techniques (play manager routines) in an effort to increase purposeful activity among a group of profoundly and severely retarded institutionalized boys. A system of prompts, increasing the availability of toys and regular staff monitoring, were alternated with normal institutional routines in an ABA reversal design. On the average, activity level increased from 10% to a mean of 70% during treatment conditions. Correspondingly, stereotyped or harmful behaviors decreased from an average of 20% to 70% during treatment. PMID- 6643327 TI - Application of non-animal models to studies of the chemotherapy of bacterial urinary tract infections. PMID- 6643328 TI - Partial treatment and partial diagnosis in pyogenic meningitis. PMID- 6643329 TI - The sensitivity of mycelium, arthrospores and microconidia of Trichophyton mentagrophytes to imidazoles determined by in-vitro tests. AB - With mycelium, arthrospores and microconidia of trichophyton mentagrophytes as inocula, a variety of in-vitro tests were used to assess the antifungal activity of the imidazoles; miconazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, econazole and tioconazole. For mycelial sensitivity, an agar plus method, a microtitre method using fragmented mycelial suspension and a turbidometric method were employed to determine fungistatic effects while a mycelial plug method indicated fungicidal activity. Spore susceptibility was determined by broth dilution and agar dilution methods for fungistatic action, while fungicidal activity was determined by measurement of rate of kill. The results obtained were affected to varying degrees by the test procedure, temperature and time of incubation, medium, pH and solvent. The spore forms were not more resistant than mycelium to the fungistatic effects of the imidazoles. There was little to choose between the various imidazoles in respect to their performance in these tests, with the exception of ketoconazole, which consistently gave higher MICs. PMID- 6643330 TI - Susceptibility of clostridia from farm animals to 21 antimicrobial agents including some used for growth promotion. AB - The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 21 antimicrobial agents were determined by an agar dilution method against 68 strains of 18 Clostridium species isolated from caeca of pigs, cattle and poultry. Of the therapeutically used antibiotics, chloramphenicol was most active in vitro followed by penicillin G, the lincosamides and tetracycline. Penicillin-resistant Cl. butyricum strains produced a beta-lactamase. Avoparcin, carbadox, monensin, nitrovin and virginiamycin were the most effective of the growth promoting antimicrobial agents. Many clostridial species were naturally resistant to flavomycin and Cl. sporogenes was naturally resistant additionally to bacitracin, tiamulin, the lincosamides and virginiamycin component M. The macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin resistant strains showed four different patterns of resistance to the antibiotics. One of these resistance patterns was the natural resistance of Cl. sporogenes to the lincosamides and virginiamycin component M which is a streptogramin group A antibiotic. PMID- 6643331 TI - International collaborative study on standardization of bacterial sensitivity to fosfomycin. AB - An international collaborative study was undertaken involving 6 working groups to correlate the zone sizes obtained with 50 micrograms fosfomycin + 25 micrograms glucose-6-micrograms glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and 50 micrograms fosfomycin + 50 micrograms G6P/disc with the MICs in the presence of 25 mg G6P/litre. The recommendations of the ICS for the MIC and disc diffusion methods were followed and Oxoid Mueller-Hinton agar was used. The regression lines obtained with the method of least squares show that the best correlation coefficient (r = 0.8227) corresponds to the disc with 50 micrograms fosfomycin + 50 micrograms G6P. Considering both the pharmacokinetics of fosfomycin after intravenous administration of 2 or 4 g and the distribution of sensitive bacterial populations, two breakpoints were established at MIC values of 16 and 64 mg/l corresponding to zone sizes and 18 and 22 mm, respectively. PMID- 6643332 TI - Reproducibility study of the pharmacokinetics of amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin; a three-way crossover study. AB - The hypothesis that the pharmacokinetics of amikacin are more predictable than those of gentamicin or tobramycin was studied. In a three-way crossover design 58 volunteers received 7.5 mg/kg amikacin by iv infusion and either 1.5 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg gentamicin and tobramycin. The mean half-life and mean serum concentration at 1 h for each drug was determined. No consistent significant difference was found between the pharmacokinetics of amikacin and the other two drugs. PMID- 6643333 TI - Latamoxef (moxalactam) kinetics in volunteers studied by a specific HPLC assay technique. AB - Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from plasma and urine latamoxef ('Moxalactam') levels determined by HPLC assay after single and multiple intramuscular (im) and single intravenous (iv) doses of 500 mg given to eight healthy volunteers. After im administration, systemic bio-availability was 92% after both the first and sixth doses. Peak plasma concentration was 18 mg/l (first dose) and 22 mg/l (sixth dose), reached at 1.2 h and 1.3 h respectively. The terminal phase half-lives were 2.5 h and 2.7 h respectively. After iv administration, the initial phase plasma half-life was 0.23 h and the terminal phase half-life, 2.4 h. Plasma clearance was 87.0 ml/min. The steady state distribution volume was 210 ml/kg. After iv administration, 72% of the dose was found in the urine in the first 24 h. Urinary clearance was 66 ml/min (iv dose) and 63 ml/min (sixth im dose). Most systemic infections will permit eight hourly dosing with 500 mg im or iv. Many urinary infections will be best treated with im administration, rather than iv administration. PMID- 6643334 TI - A prospective, randomized study of amikacin and gentamicin in serious infections with focus on efficacy, toxicity and duration of serum levels above the MIC. AB - A multicentre prospective randomized study of amikacin and gentamicin in 135 patients with serious infections is presented. Most patients were additionally given a penicillin derivative according to Swedish therapeutic traditions. Synergism was noted in the majority of the tested strains. Clinical cure was recorded in 80% and 76% respectively of the amikacin and gentamicin patient groups. Nephrotoxic reactions were statistically (P less than 0.05) more common in gentamicin-treated patients (20%) than in the amikacin-treated ones (6%) while the corresponding figures for ototoxicity were 16% and 8% respectively (not statistically significant). Pharmacokinetic studies of the drugs showed that with the dose regimens used serum levels of amikacin above 10 times the MIC for the isolated micro-organism were registered during 75% of the 12-hour therapy interval and during 40% of the 8-hour therapy interval for gentamicin. This difference is statistically significant (P less than 0.01). We suggest that the pharmacokinetic advantages of amikacin in comparison to gentamicin might be of practical importance in the prediction of serum levels thereby lowering the risk of toxic reactions. PMID- 6643335 TI - Pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone in normal subjects and patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. AB - The pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone were studied and compared in four normal subjects and six patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) with mild liver disease but marked portal hypertension. All subjects received a 2 g intravenous infusion of cefoperazone over 15 min. Although most pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly between normal subjects and patients with HSS, the serum beta half-life of cefoperazone was longer in patients with HSS compared to normal subjects (3.0 h vs. 1.7 h). This demonstrates only mild impairment of excretion of cefoperazone in patients with HSS. PMID- 6643336 TI - In vitro activity of netilmicin against Nocardia. PMID- 6643337 TI - Erythromycin resistance only found in Campylobacter coli. PMID- 6643338 TI - Interactions of antibiotics and phagocytes. AB - Optimal therapy of infections due to organisms capable of surviving within phagocytes would include use of antimicrobials that penetrate phagocytic cells and inactivate intracellular organisms. To establish those characteristics of drug and cell that mediate the antibiotic-phagocyte interaction, we have studied the uptake of radiolabelled antibiotics by rabbit alveolar macrophages (AM), human AM from smokers and non-smokers, and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Relative entries of drug groups into the three types of phagocytic cells were similar. Penicillin G and cephalosporin antibiotics were taken up poorly by phagocytes. Lipid-soluble antibiotics, such as rifampicin and chloramphenicol, were concentrated several-fold (2-5) by phagocytes. Ethambutol, erythromycin and clindamycin were concentrated many-fold (5-50) by phagocytic cells. Human AM of smokers accumulated certain antibiotics more avidly than AM of non-smokers. Clindamycin entry into phagocytes was shown to be an active, energy-requiring process, mediated by the nucleoside transport system. Ingestion of microbial particles by PMN stimulated transport of both clindamycin and nucleoside (adenosine) into the cell. PMID- 6643339 TI - Effects of subinhibitory antibiotics on bactericidal activity of chronic granulomatous disease granulocytes in vitro. AB - Experiments were performed on leukocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), incubated with subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics (clindamycin, methicillin and N-demethyl-lincomycin). Results indicate a minor enhancement of bactericidal activity. This improvement occurred in both CGD homozygotes and one heterozygote and may indicate a future role for the use of low dose antibiotics to augment immune defences such as granulocyte function. PMID- 6643340 TI - In-vivo effects of clindamycin on neutrophil function--a preliminary report. AB - Neutrophil functions were evaluated in six normal subjects who had received 300 mg of clindamycin orally four times each day for two days. The mean serum concentration was 1.0 mg/l at the time of neutrophil collection. Clindamycin increased phagocytosis of a clindamycin-resistant staphylococcus from 0.8 to 1.0 organism per polymorphonuclear leukocyte (P less than 0.05). The proportion of killed intracellular bacteria increased from 23.8% to 29.8%. Zymosan-induced chemiluminescence was reduced from 130 X 10(3) to 86 X 10(3) counts per 0.2 min (P less than 0.05). Chemotaxis was unaffected. These preliminary results demonstrate measurable effects of clindamycin on neutrophil functions in the host; however, further studies are needed in order to confirm the observed changes. PMID- 6643341 TI - Interactions of Bacteroides fragilis and phagocytes: studies with whole organisms, purified capsular polysaccharide and clindamycin-treated bacteria. AB - Bacteroides fragilis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of anaerobic infections and is often found mixed with aerobic organisms. We explored the interactions of this organism with phagocytes in an attempt to discern additional information about its virulence factors. We confirm an earlier report that killing of aerobic organisms by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is decreased in the presence of high numbers of Bact. fragilis but this effect could also be demonstrated with Bact. distasonis or Staphylococcus aureus. Our data support the concept that this phenomenon may be due to competition for opsonins. Virulence of Bact. fragilis has been associated with a polysaccharide capsule. We were unable to demonstrate any deleterious effect of the purified capsular polysaccharide of Bact. fragilis on phagocytosis, killing, or chemotaxis by PMN. We were not able to demonstrate any effect of subinhibitory levels of clindamycin on the interactions of neutrophils and Bact. fragilis. PMID- 6643342 TI - Potentiation of phagocytosis of Bacteroides fragilis following incubation with clindamycin. AB - We studied the effect of clindamycin on phagocytosis of Bacteroides fragilis (MIC = 0.05 mg/l). In the in-vitro test system phagocytosis of Bact. fragilis was less than 11% for the first 30 min of incubation. At 60 min, 25-50% of Bact. fragilis were phagocytosed. At 90 min, phagocytosis increased to 60% of the bacterial inoculum and did not increase thereafter. When clindamycin (0.02 mg/l) was incubated with neutrophils for 2 h prior to exposure to bacteria, there was no increase in phagocytosis. When clindamycin (0.02 mg/l) was incubated with bacteria for 2 h before exposure to neutrophils, phagocytosis increased to 23.1 +/- 5.9 (S.D.) per cent at 30 min compared to 1.1 +/- 15.1% (P less than 0.05) for bacteria not exposed to clindamycin. There was no difference in phagocytosis between the two groups at 60 and 90 min. One-fifth the MIC (0.01 mg/l) but not 0.004 mg/l also led to increased phagocytosis at 30 min but not at 60 min if previously incubated with clindamycin. Thus, clindamycin potentiates phagocytosis of Bact. fragilis. It can act directly on bacteria and promote phagocytosis, although the clinical importance of this last mode of action is not currently known. PMID- 6643343 TI - Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus interactions with fibronectin. AB - Bacterial adherence to host tissues relies on interactions between tissue macromolecules and bacterial surface molecules. One of the major predisposing factors to infection with Staphylococcus aureus is trauma to tissues. A common element in traumatized tissues is fibronectin. In previous studies, we have shown that fibronectin binds to Staph. aureus. In this paper, we have investigated the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on fibronectin interactions with Staph. aureus. Exposure of Staph. aureus to 1/4 MIC of penicillin increases the number of binding sites and enhances adherence of Staph. aureus to a collagen-fibronectin matrix. Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, and U57,930E all decreased the number of binding sites. Also, U57,930E reduced Staph. aureus adherence to a collagen-fibronectin matrix. Taken together, these data suggest that penicillin may enhance Staph. aureus adherence to tissue fibronectin whereas U57,930E might reduce such binding. PMID- 6643344 TI - Restriction of pursuit eye movement range during a concurrent auditory task. PMID- 6643345 TI - Smoking as a moderator of the relationship between affective state and absence from work. PMID- 6643346 TI - Ion-pair reverse phase liquid chromatographic determination of sodium acifluorfen in feed. AB - Ion-pair reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC) and UV detection at 280 nm have been used to determine sodium acifluorfen (sodium-5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoate), an experimental diphenyl ether herbicide, in dog feed. Sodium-5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate is used as the internal standard. The feed is homogenized in 0.01N HCl, followed by ethyl acetate extraction, and centrifugation. The organic layer is removed and evaporated and the residue is reconstituted in methanol and filtered before LC analysis (mobile phase methanol water (58 + 42), 0.005M in tetrabutylammonium phosphate and 0.045M in (NH4)2HPO4, at pH 7.4). The ion-pair technique offers a high degree of control over the retention characteristics of the herbicide and internal standard. The use of the internal standard permits precise and accurate quantitation and substantially reduces analysis time compared with the external standard method. PMID- 6643347 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of maleic hydrazide residues in potato tubers. AB - A gas chromatographic (GC) method is described for the determination of maleic hydrazide residues in potato tubers by oxidation of maleic hydrazide with aqueous lead dioxide to 3,6-pyridazinedione in the presence of cyclopentadiene. The reaction product, a volatile Diels-Alder adduct, could be detected in potatoes at levels in excess of 0.05 ppm with an electron capture detector. Recoveries of maleic hydrazide (as the Diels-Alder adduct) from potatoes at fortification levels of 0.1 to 10 ppm averaged 91.7%. PMID- 6643348 TI - Semiautomated fluorometric method for determination of vitamin C in foods: collaborative study. AB - Continuous flow automation of the microfluorometric procedure compares favorably with the manual method in sensitivity, specificity, and generality, and reduces the cost of routine vitamin C assay. Fifteen samples of 12 different products of ready-to-eat cereals, fruit juices, and infant formula were sent to 6 collaborators; one sample in each category was sent as blind duplicates. The within-laboratory standard deviations for 5 collaborators on the 3 sets of blind duplicates were 1.23, 0.87, and 3.64 mg/100 g, respectively. Overall, the average relative standard deviation between laboratories was 11.1% (range 4.5-16.6%) for the manual method and 4.99% (range 1.5-12.6%) for the semiautomated method. The method has been adopted official first action. PMID- 6643349 TI - Liquid chromatography, microfluorometry, and dye-titration determination of vitamin C in fresh fruit and vegetables. AB - The vitamin C content of several fresh fruit and vegetables was determined by a liquid chromatographic (LC) method which gave simultaneous separate values for ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and by the official AOAC methods of microfluorometry and dye-titration. The levels of ascorbic acid obtained by LC and dye-titration were in good agreement, except for a few colored products where it was difficult to determine the end point of the titration. The combined values for ascorbic acid and DHA obtained by LC and microfluorometry were in agreement for most produce, but for about one-third of the samples, the values obtained by microfluorometry were significantly higher. PMID- 6643350 TI - Differential pulse polarographic determination of iodine in foods and nutritional products. AB - A differential pulse polarographic procedure is described for the analysis of iodine in foods and nutritional products. Samples with iodine concentrations ranging from 5000 to 0.2 ppm have been successfully analyzed using this procedure. Precision averaged between 2 and 10% relative to the iodine level measured. Recoveries of added iodine ranged from 89 to 108% with external standards, and 97-100% by an analyte additions technique. Samples analyzed include dried almonds, whey protein concentrate, nonfat dried milk, sea kelp, vitamin-mineral nutritional supplements, diet meal replacement products, dried green beans, dried mushrooms, and wheat germ. PMID- 6643351 TI - Acid methanolysis and gas chromatographic determination of brominated vegetable oils in soft drinks. AB - A gas chromatographic method has been developed for determination of brominated vegetable oils in citrus-flavored soft drinks. Oils were extracted from the drinks with ethyl ether and subjected to acid-catalyzed methanolysis. The resulting brominated methyl esters (dibromostearate, tetrabromostearate, and hexabromostearate) were separated and quantitated as single peaks on a 3% OV-3 column. Chromatography columns were stable for about 3 months of daily use; then the first 15 cm of column packing material was replaced or a new column was prepared. A number of citrus soft drinks were analyzed and contained 3.5-3.9 mg brominated oil/10 fl. oz. Recoveries from spiked samples after organic extraction and methanolysis were 94.5-105%. PMID- 6643352 TI - Mixed acid solubilization procedure for determination of total mercury in food samples. AB - A mixed acid solubilization procedure has been developed for the determination of total mercury in food samples. This procedure has eliminated the problem of mercury loss from samples that are high in lipid or carbohydrate content. The solubilization is rapid and quantitative and can be used for a wide range of food items. PMID- 6643353 TI - Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of amodiaquine-primaquine mixtures in dosage forms. AB - Using 0.1N hydrochloric acid as solvent, mixtures of amodiaquine and primaquine have been measured at 282 and 342 nm. The concentration of each can then be calculated by solving 2 simultaneous equations. Excellent recoveries from authentic samples were obtained and the method proved suitable for routine analysis. PMID- 6643354 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of methyldopa and methyldopa-thiazide combinations in dosage forms. AB - A liquid chromatographic (LC) method, using a reverse phase C18 column, an acetic acid-methanol-water mobile phase, and detection at 280 nm, was developed for the determination of methyldopa in tablets and oral suspensions and combinations of methyldopa with hydrochlorothiazide or chlorothiazide in tablets. A mixture of these 3 drugs was resolved in less than 8 min. Detector responses were linear for the following amounts (mg/mL) of drug injected: methyldopa 0.031-0.393, chlorothiazide 0.019-0.114, and hydrochlorothiazide 0.004-0.083. Recoveries from commercial dosage forms ranged from 99.1 to 100.9% for methyldopa, 99.2-100.4% for chlorothiazide, and 100.0-101.2% for hydrochlorothiazide. Replicate injections of methyldopa, chlorothiazide, and hydrochlorothiazide standard preparations alone or in combination gave overall relative standard deviations of less than 1.6% (n = 10). The results for methyldopa tablets by the proposed method were in agreement with those obtained by the USP XX method. The LC method detected as little as 0.6 micrograms 3-O-methylmethyldopa/mL and 0.5 micrograms 4 amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide/mL, which are sometimes found as contaminants of methyldopa and thiazides, respectively, and resolved methyldopa from its methyldopa glucose adduct, a substance found in methyldopa oral suspensions. PMID- 6643355 TI - Rapid colorimetric assay of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in pharmaceuticals. AB - A method is described for the direct colorimetric determination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in pharmaceutical preparations, without prior separation. Estimation of trimethoprim is based on its ion-pair formation with bromophenol blue and subsequent measurement of absorbance of the ion-pair at 418 nm. Estimation of sulfamethoxazole is possible without removal of trimethoprim by solvent extraction. PMID- 6643356 TI - First-derivative spectroscopic determination of acetaminophen and sodium salicylate in tablets. AB - A first-derivative spectroscopic method for the simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and sodium salicylate in tablets was developed. Solutions of this drug combination in acidic ethanol were analyzed using their respective spectral responses at 258.5 and 317.0 nm. The method, which can be used for tablet composite assay and content uniformity analysis, is linear for acetaminophen concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 21.6 micrograms/mL, and for sodium salicylate concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 36.0 micrograms/mL. Relative standard deviations for the assay of both drugs in commercial tablets were less than 2%, and recoveries of acetaminophen and sodium salicylate from spiked samples were 99.7 and 100.1%, respectively. The results obtained by first-derivative spectroscopy were in agreement with the results of a liquid chromatographic procedure for acetaminophen and a fluorometric method for sodium salicylate. The technique used for the selection of wavelengths for analysis is also described. PMID- 6643357 TI - Spectrophotometric determination of hydralazine hydrochloride tablets using ninhydrin. AB - A method is described for the assay of hydralazine HCl in tablets, based on the colored product formed by the reaction between hydralazine and ninhydrin. The reaction is conducted at room temperature in a pH 3 buffer solution and the colored product is measured spectrophotometrically at the absorption maximum at 442 nm. Under the stipulated conditions, this reaction is highly specific for hydralazine and is not affected by other drugs which may be used in combination with hydralazine. Results of infrared and mass spectrometric studies suggested that the colored product is a hydrazone. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry also showed that dilute solutions of hydralazine degrade rapidly in the presence of alcohols. PMID- 6643358 TI - Rapid liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxins in heavily contaminated corn. AB - A procedure is described for rapid, quantitative determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in heavily contaminated corn (greater than 500 micrograms B1/kg) from field, greenhouse, and growth chamber experiments employing artificial inoculation of corn with Aspergillus flavus. Whole kernel corn is ground to pass a 1 mm screen and mixed before extraction of a water-wetted (25 mL) 50 g subsample with 250 mL chloroform. The filtered extract is diluted 1:1 with hexane and applied to a hexane-wetted (10 mL) disposable silica cartridge. Interferences are removed with chloroform-hexane (1 + 3), and aflatoxins are quantitatively eluted with hexane-acetone (1 + 1). Aflatoxins B1 and G1 are converted to the more intensely fluorescent hemiacetals, B2a and G2a, by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid-water. Derivatized aflatoxins are separated by reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC) and quantitated fluorometrically. Compared with AOAC method I (CB) for corn, using samples containing approximately 50 and 10 000 micrograms B1/kg, agreement between methods was good at the lower level while the rapid method yielded a considerably larger mean at the higher level. A precision study of 30 replicate samples produced a coefficient of variation of 8.46% at a mean value of 1066 micrograms B1/kg. The cartridge method was developed for LC analysis of samples that contain greater than 500 micrograms aflatoxin B1/kg corn, but it may be used to quantitate as little as 10 micrograms B1/kg with no modification. PMID- 6643359 TI - Five-year study of mycotoxins in Virginia wheat and dent corn. AB - Every year during the 5-year period 1976-1980, approximately 100 samples each of corn and wheat from trucks delivering the grains at elevators in Virginia were collected by personnel of the Federal Grain Inspection Service and shipped to NRRC. Samples were analyzed as soon as possible for aflatoxin, zearalenone, and ochratoxin A. The 3 mycotoxins were not detected in any wheat sample. Zearalenone and ochratoxin A were not found in any corn sample; however, aflatoxin was detected in at least 25% of the corn samples from every crop year. In 1976-1980, the incidence of aflatoxin at levels of 20 ng/g or more (the Food and Drug Administration guideline) ranged from 18 to 61%; aflatoxin incidence above 100 ng/g was 5-29%. The average aflatoxin levels in corn samples collected in the 5 years varied from 21 to 137 ng/g. Moisture content of the samples was not determined, so aflatoxin levels given may be higher than they were at harvest. However, there are obviously differences from year to year. In freshly harvested corn samples collected by fieldmen of the Statistical Reporting Service in yield surveys in 1978 and 1979, aflatoxin incidence above the FDA guideline was 10 and 13%, and above 100 ng/g was 4 and 7%. The average aflatoxin level in all samples collected in 1978 was 13 ng/g and in 1979, 36 ng/g. Some aflatoxin can be expected yearly in Virginia corn, but the incidence and levels vary from year to year. PMID- 6643360 TI - Rapid detection of Fusarium mycotoxins in grains by quadrupole mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. AB - The Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone can be detected rapidly in a crude extract of a grain matrix by quadrupole mass spectrometry/mass spectrometric analysis of the collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) daughter fragments of the protonated molecule. Detection limits were as low as 0.1 ppm. The 2 toxins were detected in a single analysis. Monitoring the CAD daughters of the negative ion m/z 248 of DON eliminated most interferences from the grain matrix and produced daughter spectra identical to those produced from an authentic standard. PMID- 6643361 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat. AB - Modifications to a published method are described for the determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat by gas chromatography with electron capture quantitation of the heptafluorobutyrate derivative. In the modified method, DON is extracted by shaking the sample with methanol-water on a wrist-action shaker, followed by filtration through rapid flow paper. One concentration step is eliminated, and a hexane wash is incorporated to remove toluene from the silica gel column. Recoveries of DON from wheat samples spiked at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm ranged from 77.3 to 86.3% and averaged 81.5%. PMID- 6643362 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of ochratoxin A in barley. AB - A noncompetitive, double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for ochratoxin A using microtitration plates has been developed and applied to samples of barley. The anti-ochratoxin A antiserum, which is used at high dilution, does not cross-react significantly with ochratoxin B or ochratoxin a. Assay sensitivity for determination of the toxin in barley samples is 60 ng/kg. Minimal sample preparation is required before assay. PMID- 6643363 TI - Analysis for Fusarium toxins in various samples implicated in biological warfare in Southeast Asia. AB - Samples of leaves, water, cereal grains, soil, and yellow powder as well as blood, urine, and body tissues from chemical warfare victims were analyzed for Fusarium toxins by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The leaves, water, and yellow powder samples contained various combinations of T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and zearalenone in concentrations ranging from trace (1.0 ppb) amounts to 143 ppm. These trichothecenes do not occur naturally on the substrates described and were correlated with the so called "yellow rain" chemical attacks against Hmong people in Southeast Asia. Analysis of leaves, soil, water, and cereals collected in areas adjacent to but apart from the area where chemical attacks had been staged did not contain any Fusarium toxins. Moreover, T-2 and HT-2 toxins were found in human blood, urine, and body tissues (heart, esophagus, kidney, lung, and large intestine) of alleged victims. In addition, diacetoxyscirpenol was found in the kidney of one person who had died. PMID- 6643364 TI - Brine saturation technique for extracting light filth from canned crabmeat and shrimp: intralaboratory study. AB - An intralaboratory study was made of a new technique for isolating light filth from canned shrimp and crabmeat. Recoveries of 93.8% for insect fragments and 89.4% for rodent hair plus the brevity and simplicity of the new technique make it superior to the 2 existing official methods for these products. PMID- 6643365 TI - Identification and semiquantitation of monensin sodium in animal feeds by thin layer bioautography. AB - A bioautographic technique for the determination of monensin sodium contamination in animal feeds is described. The feeds are extracted in aqueous methanol and the initial monensin extracts are isolated by filtration through an alumina column. These eluates are partitioned between 5% NaCl and methylene chloride, and are further purified through a Sephadex LH-20 column. A 10 mL eluate containing the monensin is collected from the Sephadex column and evaporated, and the residue is dissolved in methylene chloride. Aliquots are spotted on a thin layer plate and monensin is detected by a thin layer bioautographic technique, using Bacillus subtilis as the test organism. The reliable limit of sensitivity is 100 ppb, but 10 ppb can be detected. This technique can be used to semiquantitate monensin by comparing the zones of inhibition of unknown test samples against monensin standards. PMID- 6643366 TI - Freeze-dried mixed cultures as samples for proficiency tests and collaborative studies in food microbiology. AB - A method is presented for preparing samples of freeze-dried mixtures of microorganisms for proficiency tests and collaborative studies. The samples may include most microorganisms that are found in routine analysis in food laboratories. Transport of samples during 48 h did not decrease the number of microorganisms, nor was the variability among samples significantly affected by transport. The standard deviation of counts after 5 weeks of storage varied from 0.04 (Staphylococcus aureus) to 0.17 (Clostridium perfringens) log unit. Storage of samples for 10 weeks decreased the number of viable organisms by 0.02-0.43 log unit. Variability among samples increased for Providencia alcalifaciens and Bacillus cereus after 10 weeks of storage. No significant increase was found for the other organisms. PMID- 6643367 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination and mass spectrometric confirmation of chloramphenicol residues in animal tissues. AB - A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determination of trace amounts of chloramphenicol (CP) in animal tissues has been developed. Chloramphenicol identity is confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC MS). CP can be routinely quantitated by LC at 10 ppb with 75% recovery, and GC-MS selected ion monitoring permits complete identification at concentrations as low as 5 ppb. Residues were determined in chicken tissues after intramuscular injection of CP. Depletion was rapid with no residues detected in muscle after 8 h, while 15-30 ppb CP was still determined and identified in the liver. PMID- 6643368 TI - Improved cleanup and derivatization for gas chromatographic determination of monosodium glutamate in foods. AB - A gas chromatographic procedure is described for determining monosodium glutamate (MSG) in several types of food. A sample is extracted with acetone-water (1 + 1). Acetone is evaporated and an aliquot of the extract is buffered with 1M NH4OH-1M NH4Cl pH 9 solution, and chromatographed directly on a column of QAE Sephadex A 25 that has been pretreated with the same buffer. MSG is eluted with 0.1N HCl, and a portion of the eluate is evaporated to dryness and reacted with dimethylformamide(DMF)-dimethylacetal to form the glutamic acid derivative, which is injected into a gas chromatograph and measured by flame ionization detection. Recoveries of MSG from sample fortified at 5-500 mg ranged from 92.8 to 100%. PMID- 6643369 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of glucono-delta-lactone in foods. AB - A method is described for the gas chromatographic (GC) determination of glucono delta-lactone in foods. A sample was homogenized with 60-70 degrees C water and filtered. The filtrate was buffered with NH4OH-NH4Cl pH 10 solution, and was passed through a QAE-Sephadex A25 column. The column was washed with water and glucono-delta-lactone was eluted with 0.1N HCl. An aliquot of the eluate was evaporated to dryness and derivatized with pyridine, N,O bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, and trimethylchlorosilane at room temperature. GC separation of glucono-delta-lactone as the TMS derivative was performed on a 2% OV-17 column at 180 degrees C. Recoveries from bread, jelly, soybean curd, and other foods fortified with 0.1% glucono-delta-lactone ranged from 92 to 106%, with standard deviations from 2.2 to 9.8%. The detection limit was approximately 0.025%. PMID- 6643370 TI - Pesticide residue levels in foods in the United States from July 1, 1969, to June 30, 1976: Summary. PMID- 6643371 TI - Parental judgments of behavior therapy efficacy with autistic children: a social validation. AB - As a complement to objective measures of treatment effectiveness, behavioral researchers have utilized social validation procedures to gather information from significant others regarding the social importance of behavior changes. The present study represents an attempt to socially validate the efficacy of behavior therapy with autistic children. Thirty-four parents of autistic children and 18 parents of normal children judged (via questionnaire) the behavior of four autistic children before and after behavior therapy. The results indicated that (1) parents socially validated the effects of behavior therapy in that they judged the children as significantly improved after treatment, and (2) the effects of treatment were also socially validated by the parents' indication that they were more willing to interact with the children after treatment than before treatment. PMID- 6643372 TI - The assessment of autistic children: a selective review of available instruments. AB - This review examines five measures specifically designed to assess autistic symptomatology: Rimland's Diagnostic Checklist for Behavior-Disturbed Children, the Behavior Rating Instrument for Autistic and Atypical Children, the Behavior Observation Scale for Autism, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, and the Autism Behavior Checklist. Available studies of reliability and validity issues are discussed. Reliability indices for all scales, except Rimland's Diagnostic Checklist, are at acceptable levels. Each scale has been found to suffer from a lack of demonstrated discriminant and/or content validity. Recommendations for future research are provided. PMID- 6643373 TI - Lateralized brain dysfunction in autism: evidence from the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery. AB - Selected tests from the Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery were administered to 10 male individuals who had been diagnosed as autistic in early childhood. Results from the battery obtained from the autistic group were compared with a group of retarded persons matched for IQ and with a group of patients with demonstrable diffuse brain damage. As a group, the autistic subjects showed a pattern of deficits indicative of a significantly greater degree of left hemisphere dysfunction than either comparison group. Furthermore, within-subject comparisons revealed that the autistic group had a significantly greater left than right hemisphere dysfunction, while neither comparison group showed this lateralized pattern. PMID- 6643374 TI - A pragmatic approach to increase expressive language skills in young autistic children. AB - This paper is a description of a pilot communication program for autistic children designed to increase communication skills in the context of establishing reciprocal communication exchanges. The methods involved intensive modeling of verbal responses within joint activity routines and using a reinforcement system based on fulfilling the intent of the child's communication. Five male subjects ranging in age from 36 to 68 months participated in the communication program for 6 weeks during an inpatient stay at the Iowa Autism Program, Child Psychiatry Service. Communication exchanges involving requests for actions and objects, descriptions of actions and objects, comments on existence and nonexistence, and requests for recurrence were targeted. Individual gains for each subject are outlined. Posttreatment results indicated a significant increase in the mean length of response, in the mean receptive language level, and in the mean number of semantic-grammatical rules expressed. Suggestions regarding future research are discussed. PMID- 6643375 TI - Teacher verbalizations and task performance with autistic children. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of teacher verbalizations on the correct task performance of autistic children when positive reinforcement was presented in a noncontingent fixed-time schedule. Individual sessions were conducted using easy and difficult tasks with two autistic children. A within-subjects A-B-A-B withdrawal design was used. The results indicate that teacher verbalizations produced increases in the percentage of correct responding on difficult and easy tasks. This finding is discussed in terms of negative reinforcement and demand characteristics. The educational implications are also presented. PMID- 6643376 TI - Parental reproductive problems and gestational hormonal exposure in autistic and schizophrenic children. AB - The incidence of infertility and two or more spontaneous abortions was significantly increased in the parents, compared to that reported for the general population, in this pilot survey of 61 patients evaluated for major childhood psychoses. In addition, 18% of our patients had a history of early gestational exposure to progesterone/estrogen compounds (9 patients) and to cortisone (2 patients). This frequency of gestational hormone exposure was significantly increased over that in normal infants from three published surveys. However, in 5 of the 11 patients with gestational hormonal exposure, the medication was prescribed because of prior parental reproductive problems or bleeding during the current pregnancy. Therefore, it cannot be concluded that the gestational hormonal exposure was causally related to the psychoses present in these patients. In order to obtain more conclusive data, there will need to be continued monitoring of parental reproductive histories and gestational environmental exposures in autistic and schizophrenic children. PMID- 6643377 TI - Why do autistic children talk so literally? PMID- 6643378 TI - Effects of stimulant drugs. PMID- 6643379 TI - Bromocriptine. PMID- 6643380 TI - Prognosis in acute myocardial infarction assessment by apexcardiogram. PMID- 6643381 TI - A comparative study of various antibacterial drugs in lower respiratory tract infections and pneumonias in adults. PMID- 6643382 TI - Loss of nutrients in peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 6643383 TI - Metronidazole in malaria. PMID- 6643384 TI - Ascites. PMID- 6643385 TI - Male pseudohermaphroditism presumably due to 5 alpha reductase deficiency. PMID- 6643386 TI - Ataxic hemiparesis (a report of four cases). PMID- 6643387 TI - Circumscribed eosinophilic infiltration of ileum presenting with subacute intestinal obstruction. PMID- 6643388 TI - Autonomic neuropathy and hypertension in acute intermittent porphyria. PMID- 6643390 TI - Incorporation of chlorinated alkanes into fatty acids of hydrocarbon-utilizing mycobacteria. AB - The cellular fatty acid composition of Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5 and Mycobacterium convolutum R22 was examined after growth on n-alkanes and compared with the fatty acids of the organisms after growth on 1-chlorohexadecane and 1 chlorooctadecane. Growth on n-alkanes resulted in normal fatty acid profiles. Mass spectral analyses indicated that, after growth on the terminally chlorinated n-alkanes, 75 to 86% of the fatty acids in M. convolutum and ca. 55% of the fatty acids in M. vaccae contained chlorine. Neither organism could utilize chloroacetate or 3-chloropropionate as sole source of carbon and energy. When these compounds were added to a growth medium with n-hexadecane as substrate, there was no evidence that chlorinated fatty acids were produced. Terminally chlorinated n-alkanes can be added to the list of n-alkanes, alkenes, and cyclohexylalkane derivatives that can be directly incorporated into cellular fatty acids of hydrocarbon-utilizing organisms. PMID- 6643389 TI - Effect of heme on Bacteroides distasonis catalase and aerotolerance. AB - Parallel increases in intracellular catalase activity and resistance to extracellular H2O2 and to hyperbaric O2 toxicity were observed when Bacteroides distasonis VPI 4243 (ATCC 8503, type strain) was grown in either complex or defined medium containing graded amounts of hemin. Virtually all of the cells with high catalase activity (greater than 200 U/mg) remained viable upon exposure at 37 degrees C to 100-lb/in2 O2 on agar surfaces for 1 h, whereas low-catalase cells (less than 10 U/mg) lost 1.2 log units of viable cells during that treatment. Upon exposure to 500 microM H2O2, high-catalase cells lost 0.4 log units of the initial viable colonies during the same period in which low-catalase cells lost 3 log units of viable cells. The superoxide dismutase activity was the same in each test culture. These data support the role of intracellular catalase in protecting B. distasonis from oxidative damage resulting from hyperbaric oxygenation or H2O2 exposure. Catalase activity elicited by adding hemin to cells grown previously in medium lacking hemin was inhibited only 40% by prior incubation of the cells with chloramphenicol (30 micrograms/ml) and only 22% with rifampin (5 micrograms/ml). A model which is consistent with these data involves the production of an apocatalase in cells grown in low-hemin medium. Addition of hemin to the cells would result in a rapid chloramphenicolor rifampin-insensitive stimulation of catalase activity followed by further de novo biosynthesis of catalase. PMID- 6643391 TI - Protein turnover in Azotobacter vinelandii during encystment and germination. AB - Protein turnover occurs during differentiation of Azotobacter vinelandii 12837 to the extent of 50% during encystment and 7% during germination. The addition of rifampin at the initiation of encystment prevents encystment and inhibits turnover. In germinating cysts, protein turnover is essential owing to an apparent lack of certain amino acid biosynthetic enzymes. The capacity to synthesize sulfur-containing amino acids from inorganic precursors is regained about halfway through the germination process. PMID- 6643392 TI - Ultrastructure and extreme heat resistance of spores from thermophilic Clostridium species. AB - The heat resistance and ultrastructural features of spore suspensions prepared from Clostridium thermocellum LQRI, Clostridium thermosulfurogenes 4B, and Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E were compared as a function of decimal reduction time. The decimal reduction times at 121 degrees C for strains LQRI, 4B, and 39E were 0.5, 2.5, and 11 min. The higher degree of spore heat resistance was associated with a spore architecture displaying a thicker cortex layer. Heat resistance of these spores was proportional to the ratio of spore cortex volume to cytoplasmic volume. These ratios for spores of strains LQRI, 4B, and 39E were 1.4, 1.6, and 6.6, respectively. The extreme heat resistance and autoclavable nature of C. thermohydrosulfuricum spores under routine sterilization procedures is suggested as a common cause of laboratory contamination with pure cultures of thermophilic, saccharide-fermenting anaerobes. PMID- 6643393 TI - Cytoplasmic pH homeostasis in an acidophilic bacterium, Thiobacillus acidophilus. AB - The cytoplasmic buffering capacity of Thiobacillus acidophilus (along with membrane properties) is responsible for the cytoplasmic pH homeostasis in metabolically compromised cells. When a large influx of H+ occurs, the cytoplasmic buffering capacity prevents drastic changes in pH; in addition, this influx, by increasing the positive membrane potential, eventually leads to a cessation of further H+ influx. PMID- 6643395 TI - Lithium and pregnancy. PMID- 6643394 TI - Tryptophan auxotrophs of Rhizobium japonicum. AB - Eleven tryptophan-requiring mutants of Rhizobium japonicum I-110 ARS were isolated after nitrous acid mutagenesis and fell into five groups based on characterization by supplementation with intermediates and enzyme assays. PMID- 6643396 TI - Anterograde amnesia with oral lorazepam. AB - The use of intravenous benzodiazepines often results in amnesia for events subsequent to drug administration (anterograde amnesia). To asses the effects of oral administration, a single 2 mg dose of lorazepam was given to 6 normal subjects. No substantial effect on immediate recall of word lists was seen in comparison with 6 placebo control subjects. However, the active drug significantly hindered the delayed recall of words. These findings indicate that lorazepam, taken orally as a daytime tranquilizer, can have amnestic action. PMID- 6643398 TI - Depressive symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients after withdrawal of long acting neuroleptics. AB - A double-blind randomized investigation compared withdrawal (placebo) with continued use of long-acting neuroleptics (fluphenazine decanoate or flupenthixol decanoate) in 41 chronic schizophrenic outpatients. After 6 weeks there was a tendency toward higher depressive scores in the placebo group, a difference which became statistically significant (p less than .05) at week 24. These results do not support earlier observations that neuroleptic drugs cause depression. Further analyses of the data indicated that depressive symptomatology could be an early sign of relapse. PMID- 6643397 TI - Identification and treatment of masked depression in a general medical practice. AB - The usefulness of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale as a screening instrument to uncover masked depression, and the benefits of early identification and treatment with alprazolam, were evaluated in a general medical practice population. There was a 95% scale acceptance by patients and a 12% overall prevalence of depression based on SDS results. Patients who scored in the depressed range on the SDS were, on a randomized basis, either identified immediately to their physicians and treated with alprazolam (N = 21) or identified after 4 weeks (natural history controls, N = 20). Treatment resulted in improvement in 66% of the identified group versus a 35% spontaneous improvement in the control group (p less than .05). PMID- 6643399 TI - Alcohol abuse and attention deficit disorder. AB - The prevalence of alcohol abuse among the fathers, and ADD in family members, of 22 adult psychiatric patients with persistent attention deficit disorder was found to be significantly higher than in 20 matched controls. Further research is necessary to determine the reasons for, and clinical implications of, these associations. PMID- 6643400 TI - ECT in the treatment of a depressed adolescent with meningomyelocele, hydrocephalus, and seizures. AB - A 17-year-old boy with meningomyelocele, hydrocephalus with functioning shunt, seizures, and severe depression was treated with electroconvulsive therapy. His depression and social-scholastic behavior improved; no side effects or sequelae were seen. PMID- 6643401 TI - Aerophagia and depression: case report. AB - A depressed patient on tricyclic antidepressants developed acute flatulent abdominal distention. Aerophagia, commonly associated with complaints of abdominal distention, indigestion, and colic, is common in depressive states. This case report explores the relationships between depression, tricyclic antidepressants, and gastrointestinal function. PMID- 6643402 TI - Psychotropics and nonconvulsive paroxysmal cerebral dysrhythmia. PMID- 6643403 TI - Risk of suicide in the relatives of schizophrenics, manics, depressives, and controls. AB - The risk of suicide among the first-degree relatives of 195 schizophrenic and 315 manic-depressive patients in a long-term study was estimated. The findings demonstrate a higher risk of suicide among relatives of psychiatric patients in comparison with relatives of surgical controls. Male relatives had a higher risk of suicide than female relatives. When suicide risk in the relatives was analyzed according to the presence or absence of suicides in the patients, relatives of patients who had committed suicide showed significantly higher risk of suicide than the remaining relatives. These results should be considered by clinicians when assessing suicide risk in patients and their relatives. PMID- 6643404 TI - Terminators and remainers in child psychiatry: the patient-treatment fit. AB - In a study of child psychiatry patients, 432 case records were analyzed to determine the relationship between premature treatment termination and such variables as social class, diagnosis, and nature of treatment. Termination against medical advice occurred more frequently in children who were hospitalized and in those who were seen in psychotherapy more than once a week. Significant interactions were found between diagnosis and treatment variables, and between social class and treatment variables. PMID- 6643405 TI - Chlorpromazine plasma levels, adverse effects, and tobacco smoking: case report. AB - Marked worsening of adverse effects and increased chlorpromazine plasma levels were observed in a 25-year-old schizophrenic outpatient who abruptly stopped smoking cigarettes. Presence and severity of adverse effects and chlorpromazine plasma levels correlated directly with tobacco smoking over a 16-month period. PMID- 6643406 TI - Ventricular arrhythmias induced by doxepin and amitriptyline: case report. AB - A case is described of ventricular arrhythmias associated with doxepin and amitriptyline treatment in a patient with preexisting heart disease. A significant correlation was found between the occurrence of premature ventricular depolarizations and serum levels of both antidepressants. PMID- 6643407 TI - "Digits forward"? PMID- 6643408 TI - PCP intoxication and renal failure. PMID- 6643409 TI - Use of plasma levels to avoid amitriptyline toxicity. PMID- 6643410 TI - Mania with onset in the ninth decade. PMID- 6643411 TI - New dimensions in anxiety: physiologic and psychiatric perspectives. PMID- 6643412 TI - Anxiety related to medical disease. AB - The presentations and treatment of anxiety as 1) a reaction to catastrophic illness, 2) an intrinsic symptom of a physical disorder, and 3) part of a chronic disease are reviewed. Educative and supportive psychotherapy in group settings is recommended, accompanied when indicated by the judicious short-term use of antidepressants or antianxiety agents such as the benzodiazepines or the new nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytics. PMID- 6643413 TI - Behavior and anxiety: physiologic mechanisms. AB - The distinction between "normal" and clinical anxiety and the theories put forth to explain the etiology and nature of both experiences are described. Research directed toward elucidation of the psycho- and neurophysiology of anxiety is reviewed; two major neurophysiologic models based on animal studies are presented. None of the various models proposed to date adequately explains human anxiety. Further clinical studies on the symptoms and natural history of anxiety are suggested. PMID- 6643414 TI - Esterastin: a potent inhibitor of lysosomal acid lipase. AB - The effect of a fungal metabolite, esterastin, on lysosomal acid lipase purified from rabbit liver was studied. Esterastin inhibited the enzyme activity very strongly (IC50, about 80 nM). The inhibition of acid lipase by esterastin was competitive with respect to the substrate and the inhibition constant for esterastin was 90 nM. Esterastin was less inhibitory to other lipolytic enzymes, such as pancreatic lipase and carboxylesterase. Thus esterastin is a potent new inhibitor of lysosomal acid lipase. PMID- 6643415 TI - Coexistence of cardiac-type and fast skeletal-type myosin light chains in embryonic chicken cardiac muscle. AB - Myosin from embryonic chicken ventricle contained a light chain component which comigrated with fast skeletal myosin light chain 1 (Lf1) on two dimensional electrophoresis in addition to cardiac type light chains (Lc1 and Lc2). Immunoblot analysis showed that this minor light chain band reacted with anti-Lf1 antibody. Antigens binding with anti-Lc1 and anti-Lf1 antibodies were located on myofibrils in embryonic cardiac muscle cells in vivo and in vitro. From these observations, we conclude that a small amount of Lf1 exists in embryonic chicken cardiac muscle. PMID- 6643416 TI - End group analysis of the cytosolic and mitochondrial fumarases from rat liver. AB - Some molecular properties of the cytosolic and mitochondrial fumarases were compared. The carboxyl(C)-terminal amino acid of both the cytosolic and mitochondrial fumarases of rat liver cell was identified as leucine by using carboxypeptidase (CPase) A. As the amino(N)-terminal amino acid of both the cytosolic and mitochondrial fumarases could not be identified by the dansyl chloride method or by the cyanate method, the N-termini of these two fumarases seems to be masked. Both fumarases, after S-carboxymethylation, were completely digested with pronase E and CPase A and B, and the amino acids with blocked amino group were analyzed by high voltage paper electrophoresis and amino acid analysis after acid hydrolysis of these amino acid derivatives. The N-termini of the mitochondrial and cytosolic fumarases were identified as pyroglutamic acid and N acetylalanine, respectively. To compare the primary structures of the two fumarases in detail, each fumarase was digested with an arginine-specific protease or cleaved with cyanogen bromide. The electrophoretic profiles of the digests of these fumarases were indistinguishable from each other. PMID- 6643417 TI - Affinity separation of an acid phosphatase from rat tissues and Gaucher spleen with immobilized Cibacron Blue. AB - An acid phosphatase species which was activated by Fe2+ was determined to be partially soluble but mainly particulate in rat spleen. The particulate enzyme could be extracted into 1 M KCl. This enzyme bound to Cibacron Blue-immobilized Sepharose (Blue-Sepharose) and was desorbed by 2 M KCl with a good yield, while the other acid phosphatases in rat spleen did not adsorb on Blue-Sepharose. The enzymes eluted on Blue-Sepharose chromatography of both the soluble and particulate fractions were electrophoretically identical. The enzyme hydrolyzed aryl monophosphates, phosphoproteins, and nucleoside di- and triphosphates. The activity for the three kinds of substrate was similarly activated by Fe2+, ascorbic acid and cysteine, and inhibited by molybdate, Cu2+ and F-. Cibacron Blue inhibited the enzyme competitively with respect to a substrate, p nitrophenyl phosphate, but kinetic analysis suggested that more than one dye molecule binds to the enzyme. The Blue-Sepharose technique could be applied not only to quantitative separation of acid phosphatases similar to the spleen enzyme from bone and epidermis of rat, but also to that of a tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase from human spleen with Gaucher's disease. PMID- 6643418 TI - Intracellular pH determination by a 31P-NMR technique. The second dissociation constant of phosphoric acid in a biological system. AB - To evaluate the accuracy of pH determination by 31P-NMR, factors which influence the pK value of phosphate were appraised on the basis of the titration of 1 mM phosphate buffer solution. When the method is used for the determination of cytoplasmic pH, ionic strength is the major factor causing shifts of apparent pK (pK') value, and the magnitude of the shift can be predicted from the ionic strength calculated by means of the Debye-Huckel equation. Ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) and salivary protein affected the pK' value by 0.1 to 0.3 units in solution with a given ionic strength depending on the species of ion. The form of the titration curve varied with temperature. Based on these results, the value of 6.75 was obtained with the uncertainty of 0.12 for the intracellular pK' of frog muscle at 24 degrees C. PMID- 6643419 TI - A protein which facilitates assembly of nucleosome-like structures in vitro in mammalian cells. AB - An activity which facilitates assembly of nucleosome-like structures in vitro at physiological ionic strength was detected both in human HeLa S3 cells and mouse FM3A cells. The assembly protein was purified from FM3A cells by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, Sephadex G-150 column chromatography, and sucrose gradient centrifugation. In the sucrose gradient, the activity was detected at 5S and the active fraction contained three peptides of 59,000, 65,000, and 102,000 daltons. When core histones were mixed with these peptides, the 59,000 peptide sedimented at the 6S and 10S positions, where the histones co-sedimented. The 6S fraction contained H2A, H2B, and A24 proteins, and the 10S fraction contained four kinds of core histones in equal amounts. Nucleosomes were formed by mixing DNA with the 10S fraction, but were not formed with the 6S fraction. The nucleosome structure assembled was assessed using the sensitivity to micrococcal nuclease. PMID- 6643420 TI - Static and kinetic studies on rabbit skeletal muscle troponin. AB - Fluorescence titration curves of 2-[4'-iodoacetamido)anilino)naphthalene-6 sulfonic acid-labeled troponin (IAANS-labeled Tn) and troponin-1 anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (Tn-ANS) complex indicated that the fluorescent moiety, IAANS or ANS, detects conformational change of troponin I (TnI) or Tn due to the Ca2+ binding or removal reaction with the low affinity Ca2+-binding sites of troponin C (TnC) component. A fluorescence stopped-flow study showed that the kinetic behavior of IAANS-labeled Tn reflects a change in state of the TnI component induced by the Ca2+ binding or removal reaction with the low affinity Ca2+-binding sites of TnC component. The state change of TnI induced by the Ca2+ binding was complete within the instrumental dead time. On the other hand, that induced by the Ca2+ removal had a rate constant of around 13 s-1. ANS, which is noncovalently bound to Tn, reflects the kinetic properties of both the TnI component and the low affinity Ca2+-binding region of TnC component. The fluorescence intensity change of ANS induced by Ca2+ binding to the low affinity Ca2+-binding sites of TnC was complete within the instrumental dead time, while that induced by the Ca2+ removal from the same sites was biphasic. The rate constants of the biphasic process were found to be 62 +/- 7 s-1 and 16 +/- 4 s-1. The former value corresponds to the rate constant of the Ca2+ removal reaction from the low affinity Ca2+-binding sites of TnC component, and the latter value to the rate constant observed in the case of IAANS-labeled Tn. Based on these experimental results and on the discussion in our previous paper (Iio, T. & Kondo, H. (1981) J. Biochem. 90, 163-175), we have refined the two-way information-transfer mechanism which we previously proposed in order to explain the biological function of Tn. PMID- 6643421 TI - Uptake and metabolism of choline in the organotypic culture of newborn mouse cerebellum. AB - The uptake and metabolism of [methyl-14C]choline in the organotypic culture of newborn mouse cerebellum was examined. Explants of 8 day in vitro (8 DIV) were incubated for 48 h under standard conditions with 21.0 microM [14C]choline at 35 degrees C. During the first hour of incubation, most of the [14C]choline incorporated was transferred to phosphocholine. The amount of [14C]phosphocholine increased gradually at the initial rate of 0.95 +/- 0.17 nmol/mg protein/h and saturated after 7 h (4.31 +/- 1.30 nmol/mg protein). The synthesis of [14C]phospholipids was observed after a distinct time lag. About 96% of the radioactivity in the lipids was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine. The amount of phosphatidylcholine increased linearly up to 48 h of incubation: 11.9 +/- 2.10 nmol/mg protein at 24 h and 21.9 +/- 2.43 nmol/mg protein at 48 h. From double label studies it was found that phosphocholine was a precursor of phosphatidylcholine. The content of [14C]choline within explants remained nearly constant through the incubation period. Acetylcholine synthesis in mouse cerebellum culture was relatively low, and the content remained constant through the incubation period (0.006 +/- 0.003 nmol/mg protein). Activities of acetylcholine synthesis of cerebral and cerebellar homogenates were compared. Phosphatidylcholine synthesized in mouse cerebellum culture separated into two spots on thin layer chromatograph using silica gel G plates. Gas chromatographs suggested that the separation depends on the difference in fatty acid composition. PMID- 6643422 TI - Glycoprotein-bound large carbohydrates of early embryonic cells: structural characteristic of the glycan isolated from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. AB - The high-molecular-weight glycopeptides characteristic of early embryonic cells were isolated from F9 embryonal carcinoma cells grown in vitro and also from the cells grown in vivo as subcutaneous tumors. The two preparations had similar carbohydrate compositions. The major components were galactose and N acetylglucosamine (molar ratio 1:0.86) in the glycan isolated from the cultured cells. In addition, small amounts of fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine and mannose were present. The glycan from the in vitro grown cells was found to have a molecular weight of more than 10,000 by gel filtration after mild alkaline treatment or hydrazinolysis. The structural characteristics of the core portion of the glycan were studied by using the radioactively labeled glycopeptide from the in vitro grown cells. Methylation analysis provided the following informations. 1) The glycan was highly branched at galactosyl residues. 2) Large numbers of galactosyl residues were also present at non-reducing termini. 3) Monosubstitution of galactose occurred at C-3. 4) Glucosamine residues were mainly monosubstituted. That the disaccharide GlcNAc-Gal was the major structural unit of the glycan was suggested by the isolation of the deacetylated disaccharide after alkaline thiophenol cleavage followed by acid hydrolysis. Furthermore, methylation analysis of the glycan from the in vivo grown tumors indicated that monosubstitution of glucosamine occurred at C-4 and that disubstitution of galactose occurred at least mainly at C-3 and C-6. We propose that the basic structural unit of the core portion is 4GlcNAc 1 leads to 3Gal, and that the galactosyl residue serves as a branching point at C-6. Thus, the structural unit of the core portion of the large glycan appears to be the same as that of lactosaminoglycans found in adult cells. PMID- 6643423 TI - Isolation and characterization of two thiol proteinase inhibitors of low molecular weight from newborn rat epidermis. AB - Two low-molecular-weight thiol proteinase inhibitors, TPI(1) and TPI(2), were purified from newborn rat epidermis by homogenization and extraction at 37 degrees C, followed by lyophilization, Sephadex G-75 gel filtration and DEAE cellulose column chromatography. Both purified inhibitors were shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of SDS. TPI(1) was more anionic than TPI(2), and the molecular weights of TPI(1) and TPI(2) were determined to be ca. 12,000 and 13,000, respectively. They were highly specific for thiol proteinase; TPI(1) was especially more effective than TPI(2) on the proteolytic activity of casein and hydrolytic activity of papain on authentic substrates, and a similar but lesser effect was detected for ficin. They inhibited the enzyme in a noncompetitive manner with inhibition constants of 6.01 X 10(-8) M and 4.57 X 10(-7) M for TPI(1) and TPI(2), respectively, calculated from the BAPA hydrolytic activity of papain. Both inhibitors were quite stable proteins as to heat and extreme pHs. The amino acid composition of TPI(1) and TPI(2) were slightly different from each other, and both inhibitors contained no cysteinyl or cytinyl residue and trptophanyl residue. From these results, TPI(1) and TPI(2) seem to be iso-inhibitors. The absorption and CD spectra of TPI(1) and TPI(2) in the near ultraviolet region indicated that the conformation in the vicinity of aromatic amino acid residues in TPI(1) was slightly different from that of TPI(2). The CD spectra of both inhibitors in the far ultraviolet region showed the presence of the beta turn structure in the protein moiety, suggesting some important roles of the beta turn of both inhibitors in the interaction with the thiol enzymes. PMID- 6643424 TI - Hemolytic activities of various phospholipids and their relation to the rate of transfer between membranes. AB - The correlation between hemolytic activities of various phospholipids and their incorporation into membranes was studied. Short chain phosphatidylcholines can be spontaneously transferred between liposome-liposome and between liposome erythrocyte membrane. The order of the rate of transfer is as follows: C10:0PC greater than C12:0PC much greater than C14:0PC. These findings indicate that the transfer process may be favored by the short fatty acyl chain of phosphatidylcholines. The transfer of C12:0PC was observed in the direction from egg yolk PC liposome to egg yolk PC liposome, from C12:0PC liposome to erythrocyte membrane, from erythrocyte membrane to egg yolk PC liposome, and from erythrocyte membrane to erythrocyte membrane, but not in the direction from egg yolk PC liposome to erythrocyte membrane or from erythrocyte membrane to C16:0PC liposome. The accumulation of a certain amount of C8:0PC, C10:0PC, or C12:0PC on the erythrocyte membrane caused hemolysis. The order of rate of hemolysis is C8:0PC greater than C10:0PC greater than C12:0PC. C8:0PC induced rapid hemolysis only when the concentration was relatively high; 100-200 microM C8:0PC and 5-10 microM C10:0PC, C11:0PC, or C12:0PC were required for 50% hemolysis. The distribution coefficient of C8:0PC between membranes and buffer may be small as compared to those of C10:0PC and C12:0PC. The hemolytic activity of PC may depend both on the rate of transfer and on the distribution coefficient of the molecule between membrane and buffer. Hemolytic activity of dilauroylphospholipids was also affected by head group modification. The order of hemolytic activity is as follows; dilauroylglycerophospho-choline, -serine greater than dimethylethanolamine much greater than -ethanolamine. The weak hemolytic activity of dilauroylglycerophospho-dimethylethanolamine and -ethanolamine may be due to poor transfer of these lipids to erythrocytes. PMID- 6643425 TI - Mechanism of human erythrocyte hemolysis induced by short-chain phosphatidylcholines and lysophosphatidylcholine. AB - The incorporation and accumulation of a certain amount of short-chain phosphatidylcholine or lysophosphatidylcholine into lipid bilayers of erythrocyte membranes is the first step causing membrane perturbation in the process of hemolysis. Accumulation of dilauroylglycerophosphocholine into membranes makes human erythrocytes "permeable cells"; Ions such as Na+ or K+ can permeate through the membrane, though large molecules such as hemoglobin can not. The "pore" formation was partially reproduced in liposomes prepared from lipids extracted from human erythrocyte membranes; C12:0PC induced the release of glucose from liposomes but did not significantly induce the release of dextran. It was suggested that the phase boundary between dilauroylglycerophosphocholine and the host membrane bilayer or dilauroylglycerophosphocholine rich domain itself behaves as "pores." Erythrocytes could expand to 1.5 times the original cell volume without any appreciable hemolysis when incubated with C12:0PC at 37 degrees C. The capacity of the erythrocytes to expand was temperature dependent. The capacity may play an important role in the resistance of the cells against lysis. The "permeable cell" stage could be hardly observed when erythrocytes were treated with didecanoylglycerophosphocholine and lysophosphatidylcholine. Perturbation induced by accumulation of didecanoylglycerophosphocholine or lysophosphatidylcholine may cause non specific destruction of membranes rather than formation of a kind of "pore." PMID- 6643426 TI - Amino acid sequences of two trypsin inhibitors from winged bean seeds (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L)DC.). AB - The trypsin inhibitor (WTI-1) purified from winged bean seeds is a Kunitz type protease inhibitor having a molecular weight of 19,200. WTI-1 inhibits bovine trypsin stoichiometrically, but not bovine alpha-chymotrypsin. The approximate Ki value for the trypsin-inhibitor complex is 2.5 X 10(-9) M. The complete amino acid sequence of WTI-1 was determined by conventional methods. Comparison of the sequence with that of soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) indicated that the sequence of WTI-1 had 50% homology with that of STI. WTI-1 was separated into 2 homologous inhibitors, WTI-1A and WTI-1B, by isoelectric focusing. The isoelectric points of WTI-1A and WTI-1B were 8.5 and 9.4, respectively, and their sequences were presumed from their amino acid compositions. PMID- 6643427 TI - Molecular weights of acetylcholine receptor subunits from Narke japonica. AB - The molecular weights of acetylcholine receptor subunits from Narke japonica were determined by use of a combination of high-performance gel chromatography and low angle laser light scattering measurement. The molecular weights of the protein moieties of the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta-subunits were obtained as 39,000, 46,000, 47,000, and 48,000, respectively. Taking into account the carbohydrate contents of the subunits, the molecular weights were estimated to be 41,000, 49,000, 49,000, and 51,000. These values are considerably smaller than those estimated from SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. However, these values agree approximately with those estimated from the elution volumes on high performance gel chromatography in SDS solutions. PMID- 6643428 TI - Developmental changes of ganglioside compositions and biosyntheses in rat bone marrow cells, spleen and thymus. AB - Studies on developmental changes of ganglioside synthesis and compositions were carried out using rat bone marrow cells, spleen and thymus. Ganglioside synthesis was studied by assaying sialyltransferase for GM3 synthesis and GM1b synthesis. In bone marrow cells, peaks of both enzyme activities occurred coincidentally in 2- to 5-week-old rats. In spleen, the highest activities of these enzymes were observed in one-week-old rats. GM1b synthesis in the thymus was almost constant after birth, but GM3 synthesis could not be detected at any age examined. Developmental changes of gangliosides in these tissues were analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Gangliosides corresponding to GM1b and GM3 were recognized in each tissue. The ganglioside content of the bone marrow cells increased in 2- to 5-week-old rats. Ganglioside corresponding to GM1b was isolated from the bone marrow cells, and its structure was confirmed to be the same as that of GM1b by sequential hydrolysis of the ganglioside with glycosidases. GM3 was a predominant ganglioside in newborn rat spleen. Ganglioside content in the spleen increased during 2-5 weeks after birth and became constant after 9 weeks. In the thymus, more than 10 different gangliosides were discriminated, but significant changes of ganglioside pattern with the progress of development could not be observed. The developmental change of the ganglioside composition coincided well with the change of sialyltransferase activities. PMID- 6643429 TI - Isolation and characterization of a mannan-binding protein from human serum. AB - A serum lectin specific for mannose and N-acetylglucosamine residues was isolated from human serum to near homogeneity mainly by affinity chromatography on a column of Sepharose 4B-mannan. The lectin, called mannan-binding protein, was a glycine-rich protein with an apparent molecular size of approximately 600,000 daltons, and had a subunit structure consisting of a single component with an apparent molecular weight of 31,000. Binding of the isolated lectin to 125I labeled mannan was dependent upon the presence of Ca2+, proportional to the protein added, and a reversible and saturable process. Scatchard plot analysis of binding data indicated the presence of a binding site with a dissociation constant of 2.3 X 10(-9) M and a maximum capacity of 4.3 pmol of 125I-labeled mannan per microgram of protein (2.6 mol of mannan per mol of the protein). The mannan-binding protein, is different from C-reactive protein (CRP) and amyloid P component (SAP), both of which are serum components known to bind polysaccharides in the presence of Ca2+. A distinct binding activity toward mannan which did not require Ca2+ was attributed to immunoglobulins (IgG). PMID- 6643430 TI - Mechanism of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase induction by the ornithine decarboxylase-inducing factor isolated from tumor ascites fluid: determination of target cells for the factor in the liver. AB - The effect of the ODC-factor, which was partially purified from ascites fluid of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites hepatoma, on DNA synthesis in the normal mouse liver and spleen was studied, and target cells for the factor in the liver were examined. DNA synthesis in the liver increased about 4-fold over the basal level 39-42 h after the increase of ODC activity induced by injection of the factor into normal mice. This increase of DNA synthesis was inhibited by repeated injection of DAPol. The inhibition was completely reversed by the administration of an appropriate amount of putrescine at about the same time. TK activity also increased in parallel with DNA synthesis. Normal mice with and without treatment with the factor were used to examine which cell population in the liver is the real target for the factor. The livers were dispersed and three cell populations (heavy, medium, and light) were separated by centrifugation. The heavy and light cell populations were characterized as mature hepatocytes and a cell population consisting mainly of immature hepatocytes and non-hepatocytes by analysis of marker enzymes, pyruvate kinase isozymes, L and M2, respectively. The factor stimulated ODC induction, with concomitant increases in TK and DNA poly activities and DNA synthesis, most effectively in the light cell fraction followed in order by the medium and heavy fractions. A nutritional factor (a high protein diet), which is a potent inducer of liver ODC, appeared to act on liver in a different way from the ODC-factor, judging from the results of studies of both whole liver and the fractionated cell system described above. Autoradiography of [3H]thymidine incorporation into liver cells showed that DNA synthesis in mature hepatocytes as well as nonhepatocytes was enhanced by injection of the factor. Stimulation of non-hepatocytes seems to be suggestive evidence that an immunologic response of mice might be developed by the factor. In fact, ODC activity, DNA synthesis, and DNA poly activity (but not TK) in the spleen significantly increased in response to the factor and their increments were suppressed by DAPol, though less sensitively than those in the light cell fraction of the liver. PMID- 6643431 TI - Multiple forms of isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase of avian liver. AB - Four kinds of isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase were separated from avian liver homogenates by DE-52 cellulose column chromatography. These enzymes were similar in terms of optimum pH (pH 6.6) and metal ion requirement (Mn2+). They all catalyzed the specific elimination of the pro-R hydrogen at C-2 of isopentenyl pyrophosphate. However, they showed different susceptibilities to iodoacetamide and beta-mercaptoethanol. PMID- 6643432 TI - Classification of proteins into groups based on amino acid composition and other characters. I. Angular distribution. AB - Data on amino acid composition were collected in order to classify proteins into groups. The composition of a protein is expressed as a point in an orthogonal coordinate system, taking fractions of amino acids along 18 axes, which represent 18 amino acids (we use Asx and Glx for the sum of Asp and Asn and that of Glu and Gln, respectively). Thus, proteins of known amino acid compositions (356 single polypeptides chains) are distributed as points in this composition space. Since the radial distribution of the points from the origin (the average composition) did not show any distinct separation into groups, we checked the angular distribution of points in the space. Thirteen groups were found by a computer method based on the density. Analysis of the groups in terms of various characters of proteins, such as source (eukaryote or prokaryote), location in an organism, biological function, etc. revealed that the groups have strong correlations to the location (inside or outside the cell) and functional character (enzyme or nonenzyme). Also, the presence of disulfide bond(s) seems to be characteristic of extracellular proteins. Protein source, molecular size and ability to form an oligomer had little correlation to the grouping. Therefore, proteins may be classified into four types as follows: BI, intracellular enzymes; BII, intracellular nonenzymes; BIII, extracellular enzymes; and BIV, extracellular nonenzymes. PMID- 6643433 TI - Classification of proteins into groups based on amino acid composition and other characters. II. Grouping into four types. AB - Correlations of the amino acid composition of a protein to its location in an organism, biological function, folding type, and disulfide bond(s) were examined for 356 proteins. In the present data set, 325 proteins of known location and biological characters were divided into 122 intracellular enzymes (BI), 73 intracellular non-enzymes (BII), 45 extracellular enzymes (BIII), and 85 extracellular nonenzymes (BIV). The composition of these proteins were expressed as points in the composition space of 18 orthogonal axes, each representing the content of an amino acid. The distributions of points of BI and BIII were narrow and approximately spherical but those of BII and BIV were distributed rather widely. The groups are separated from each other in the space. We divided the space into four regions (A1 to A4) corresponding to the groups BI to BIV. A protein could be assigned to one of the four groups (A1 to A4) from its amino acid composition: The proteins correctly assigned amounted to 177 out of 195 intracellular proteins, and 94 out of 130 extracellular proteins. The correspondence was about 80% for classification into intracellular and extracellular proteins and 66% for that into the four groups. The folding type also had a significant correlation to the above groups, i.e., intracellular enzymes are rich in alpha/beta, nonenzymes alpha, extracellular enzymes beta and alpha + beta, and nonenzymes beta. The differences in average composition between intra- and extracellular proteins, and between enzymes and nonenzymes were related to the structural characters, i.e., intracellular proteins contain more amino acids favoring alpha-helix than extracellular ones, and enzymes contain more hydrophobic amino acids than nonenzymes. The statistics on 213 Cys containing proteins showed that disulfide bond(s) are found mostly (90%) in the extracellular proteins. The results indicate that amino acid composition is well correlated to location in an organism, biological function, folding type, and disulfide bonding. The implications of the new findings are discussed from the protein-taxonomical point of view, and the validity of the present method is assessed. PMID- 6643434 TI - Cellular cholesteryl ester clearance. Relationship to the physical state of cholesteryl ester inclusions. AB - The hypothesis that clearance of cellular cholesteryl ester deposits may be a function of the physical state of the stored lipid has been investigated. Cultured rat hepatoma cells were induced to store cholesteryl ester in either anisotropic inclusions by exposure to free cholesterol-rich phospholipid dispersions or isotropic inclusions by exposure to identical dispersions supplemented with oleic acid. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated an order/disorder transition at 43 degrees C for cholesteryl esters stored in anisotropic inclusions; the enthalpy of this transition was consistent with a smectic liquid crystalline to liquid transition. Lipids in cells with isotropic inclusions displayed no order/disorder transitions over the range 20-80 degrees C, indicating that the lipids are in a liquid state. The presence of oleic acid did not influence the mass of cholesteryl ester stored but increased the amount of stored triglyceride. Fatty acyl compositions of the cholesteryl esters were different under the two loading conditions; in particular, there was 38% cholesteryl oleate in anisotropic inclusions and 65% cholesteryl oleate in isotropic inclusions. Kinetics of cholesteryl ester clearance from cells with either anisotropic or isotropic inclusions were studied during a 12-h exposure to acceptors of free cholesterol. In both cases, cholesteryl ester clearance is essentially linear over 12 h and is directly proportional to the initial content of cholesteryl ester. However, the fraction of initial content of cholesteryl ester cleared in 12 h is 0.17 +/- 0.05 for cells with anisotropic inclusions and 0.34 +/- 0.09 for cells with isotropic inclusions. Our data demonstrate that the more rapid clearance of cholesteryl ester by cells with isotropic inclusions can be correlated with the physical state of the cholesteryl ester. PMID- 6643435 TI - Increase of serotonin receptors in rat uterus induced by estradiol. AB - [3H]Spiroperidol was used to label uterine membrane-binding sites that have the characteristics expected of serotonergic receptors. The characteristics of specific [3H]spiroperidol binding to the uterine membrane of 17 beta-estradiol-3 benzoate-treated ovariectomized rats were studied. The specific [3H]spiroperidol binding was rapid and reversible, and the half-maximal saturation, taken as the apparent dissociation constant (KD) for [3H]spiroperidol, was 5.16 +/- 0.24 (n = 12) nM [3H]spiroperidol. Scatchard plots of saturation curves of the specific [3H]spiroperidol binding were convex and the Hill coefficient was 2.06 +/- 0.11 (n = 12). Cinanserin, mianserin, metergoline (which are serotonergic antagonists), and serotonin (5-HT) inhibited the [3H]spiroperidol binding with apparent Ki values of 21.2, 14.1, 14.1, and 176.5 microM, respectively. Concentrations of 1 mM sulpiride (a dopaminergic antagonist) and dopamine reduced [3H]spiroperidol binding only 26 and 23%, respectively. 1 mM GTP reduced the potency of 5-HT (10(-6) - 10(-3) M) to displace bound [3H]spiroperidol. The uterine membranes were treated with various enzymes and protein-modifying reagents, and binding studies on the treated uterine membranes showed that protein(s), phospholipids, and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid in uterine membranes were important as specific binding sites of [3H]spiroperidol. Measurement of the specific binding of [3H]spiroperidol to uterine membranes from untreated and estradiol-treated ovariectomized rats showed that estradiol significantly increased the number of specific binding sites of [3H]spiroperidol, but did not change the apparent affinity of specific [3H]spiroperidol binding. Estradiol also did not change the dissociation constant or the number of binding sites for [3H]3 quinuclidinyl benzilate, which binds to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. These findings suggest that [3H]spiroperidol mainly binds to 5-HT receptors in the uterine membrane of estradiol-treated ovariectomized rats. The finding that administration of estradiol significantly increased the number of [3H]spiroperidol-binding sites is consistent with the specific increase in the contractile response to 5-HT observed in isolated uterus from ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol. PMID- 6643436 TI - Thermodynamic studies of the protein-protein interactions between cytochrome P 450 and cytochrome b5. Evidence for a central role of the cytochrome P-450 spin state in the coupling of substrate and cytochrome b5 binding to the terminal hemoprotein. AB - The interactions between purified rat hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and the type I ligands benzphetamine and cytochrome b5 have been studied in the presence of phospholipid using difference spectrophotometry. Cytochrome b5 was shown to interact with cytochrome P-450 to form a tight 1:1 complex (Kd = 275 nM), in which the proportion of high spin cytochrome P-450 was increased from 7 to 30%. The presence of saturating cytochrome b5 was shown to cause a decrease in the apparent Kd for benzphetamine binding from 111 microM to 40 microM. Likewise, the presence of benzphetamine was shown to cause a decrease in the apparent dissociation constant for cytochrome b5 binding to cytochrome P-450 (Kd = 90 nM). The above interactions were resolved into the basic equilibria inter-relating the various ligation states of the hemoprotein in an energetically closed eight-state free energy coupling model and the relative magnitudes of the microequilibria were analyzed to determine the degree of coupling of the interactions between cytochrome P-450 and both benzphetamine and cytochrome b5. Consequently, the spin state changes in cytochrome P-450 induced by benzphetamine and cytochrome b5 binding were shown to arise because these ligands interact 7 and 4 times more tightly with high spin cytochrome P-450, respectively. Furthermore, the data revealed that these ligands interact at independent sites on cytochrome P-450. Thus the effects of cytochrome b5 upon benzphetamine binding and vice versa were rationalized simply in terms of an increase in the proportion of a high spin (high affinity) conformation of cytochrome P-450 brought about by pre equilibration with the effector ligand, with the intrinsic binding affinities of the two ligands for the low or high spin states remaining relatively unaltered. The thermodynamic parameters associated with the interactions between cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5, determined from the temperature dependence of these interactions, revealed that these protein interactions are entropy driven and probably occur by a hydrophobic mechanism. PMID- 6643437 TI - Autophosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase. Divalent metal cation and nucleotide dependency. AB - This study reports on the divalent metal ion specificity for phosphorylase kinase autophosphorylation and, in particular, provides a comparison between the efficacy of Mg2+ and Mn2+ in this role. As well as requiring Ca2+ plus divalent metal ion-ATP2- as substrate, both phosphorylase kinase autoactivation and phosphorylase conversion are additionally modulated by divalent cations. However, these reactions are affected differently by different ions. Phosphorylase kinase catalyzed phosphorylase conversion is maximally enhanced by a 4- to 10-fold lower concentration of Mg2+ than is autocatalysis and, whereas both reactions are stimulated by Mg2+, autophosphorylation is activated by Mn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ while phosphorylase a formation is inhibited. This difference may be due to an effect of free Mn2+ on phosphorylase rather than the inability of phosphorylase kinase to use MnATP as a substrate when catalyzing phosphorylase conversion since Mn2+, when added at a level which minimally decreases [MgATP], greatly inhibits phosphorylase phosphorylation. The interactions of Mn2+ with phosphorylase kinase are different from those of Mg2+. Not only are the effects of these ions on phosphorylase activation opposite, but they also provoke different patterns of subunit phosphorylation during phosphorylase kinase autocatalysis. With Mn2+, the time lag of phosphorylation of both the alpha and beta subunits of phosphorylase kinase in autocatalysis is diminished in comparison to what is observed with Mg2+, and the beta subunit is only phosphorylated to a maximum of 1 mol/mol of subunit. With both Mg2+ and Mn2+ the alpha subunit is phosphorylated to a level in excess of 3 mol/mol, a level similar to that obtained for beta subunit phosphorylation in the presence of Mg2+. The support of autophosphorylation by both Co2+ and Ni2+ has characteristics similar to those observed with Mn2+. Although Mn2+ stimulation of autophosphorylation occurs at levels much higher than normal physiological levels, the possible potential of phosphorylase kinase autophosphorylation as a control mechanism is illustrated by the 80- to 100-fold activation that occurs in the presence of Mn2+, a level far in excess of the enzyme activity change normally seen with covalent modification. Autophosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase demonstrates a Km for Mg X ATP2- of 27.7 microM and a Ka for Mg2+ of 3.1 mM. The reaction mechanism of autophosphorylation is intramolecular. This latter observation may indicate that phosphorylase kinase autocatalysis could be of potential physiological relevance and could occur with equal facility in cells containing either constitutively high or low levels of this enzyme. PMID- 6643438 TI - Isolation and comparison of two molecular species of the BAL 31 nuclease from Alteromonas espejiana with distinct kinetic properties. AB - The extracellular nuclease from Alteromonas espejiana sp. BAL 31 can be isolated as two distinct proteins, the "fast" (F) and "slow" (S) species, both of which have been purified to homogeneity. The F and S species of the nuclease have molecular weights, respectively, of 109 X 10(3) and 85 X 10(3), and both are single polypeptide chains with an isoelectric pH near 4.2. Both species catalyze the degradation of single-stranded and linear duplex DNAs to 5'-mononucleotides. The degradation of linear duplex DNA occurs through a terminally directed hydrolysis mechanism that results in the removal of nucleotides from both the 3' and 5' ends. Apparent Michaelis constants (Km) have been obtained for the exonuclease activities of both species and for the activity against single stranded DNA of the S species. The Km for the hydrolysis of single-stranded DNA catalyzed by the F species has not been obtained because the reaction velocity was maximal even at the lowest substrate concentrations accessible in the photometric assay. The ratio of the turnover numbers for the exonuclease activities of the two species indicates that the F species will shorten linear duplex DNA at a rate 27 +/- 5 (S.D.) times faster than an equimolar concentration of the S species in the limit of high substrate concentration, while the corresponding ratio for the activities against single-stranded DNA (1.2 +/- 0.1) shows that the two species are similar with respect to hydrolysis of this substrate. In the limit of high substrate concentrations, the F and S species break phosphodiester bonds in single-stranded DNA at rates 1.3 +/- 0.3 and 33 +/- 2 times those for the exonucleolytic degradation of linear duplex DNA, respectively. It has not been established whether the two species are physically related. PMID- 6643439 TI - Stereospecificity of amino acid hydroxamate inhibition of aminopeptidases. AB - Hydroxamates of amino acids and aliphatic acids are effective inhibitors of Aeromonas proteolytica amino-peptidase (EC 3.4.11.10) and of both the cytosolic (EC 3.4.11.1) and microsomal (EC 3.4.11.2) aminopeptidases of swine kidney. Cytosolic leucine aminopeptidase and the Aeromonas enzyme were inhibited to a greater extent by D isomers than by the L enantiomorphs, manganese-activated kidney cytosolic leucine aminopeptidase being inhibited 10 times more effectively by D-leucine and D-valine hydroxamic acids than by the L isomers. The D isomers of these two compounds inhibited Aeromonas aminopeptidase to an even greater extent with Ki values of 2 X 10(-9) and 5 X 10(-9), respectively, whereas the corresponding L isomers were bound 150 times less tightly. With the Aeromonas enzyme, a comparison of inhibition by racemic mixtures with that of the corresponding L isomers indicated that in all cases the contribution of the D isomer was predominant. Isocaproic hydroxamic acid inhibited this enzyme equally well as L-leucine hydroxamic acid, indicating that the amino group orientation in the D isomer contributes to the binding efficacy. Swine kidney microsomal aminopeptidase was also inhibited by D isomers of leucine and valine hydroxamic acids but in contrast to the other two enzymes, the inhibition was 10-fold less than that observed for the corresponding L isomers. Cytosolic leucine aminopeptidase with either 6 g atoms of zinc per mol or 12 g atoms of zinc per mol was inhibited only slightly by any of the hydroxamic acid compounds; evidently enzyme-bound manganese (or magnesium) is specific for hydroxamate binding to this aminopeptidase. PMID- 6643440 TI - Agonist binding promotes a guanine nucleotide reversible increase in the apparent size of the bovine anterior pituitary dopamine receptors. AB - Dopamine receptors, solubilized from bovine anterior pituitary membranes with the detergent digitonin, retained a typical dopaminergic specificity for the binding of both agonists and antagonists. The affinities of antagonists for binding to the soluble receptors are virtually identical with those observed with the membrane-bound receptors. The affinities of agonists however, correspond to those for the form of the receptors in the membranes having low affinity for those agonists (De Lean, A., Kilpatrick, B. F., and Caron, M. G. (1982) Mol. Pharmacol. 22, 290-297). Thus, after solubilization, agonist high affinity interactions with the receptor and their sensitivity to modulation by guanine nucleotides are lost. However, high affinity agonist binding and its sensitivity to guanine nucleotides can be preserved if the membrane-bound receptors are prelabeled with the agonist [3H]n-propylapomorphine prior to solubilization. In order to investigate the molecular basis for these changes in the properties of agonist binding, the solubilized receptors were characterized by chromatographic procedures. Using molecular exclusion high pressure liquid chromatography, [3H]n-propylapomorphine prelabeled receptors elute as an apparent larger molecular species than either unlabeled or antagonist [( 3H]spiroperidol)-pre-labeled receptors. Moreover, incubation of the pooled agonist-prelabeled receptor peak with guanine nucleotides effects a decrease in the apparent size of the receptors such that upon rechromatography they elute in a position coincidental with the 3H antagonist-pre-labeled receptor peak. Thus, occupancy of the receptors by agonists promotes the formation of a guanine nucleotide-sensitive agonist high affinity form of the receptor which is of larger apparent size presumably due to the association of the receptor with a guanine nucleotide regulatory protein. PMID- 6643441 TI - Affinity chromatography of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. AB - A novel compound, 3-(2'-aminobenzhydryloxy)-tropane (ABT), and an ABT-agarose gel were synthesized and used for the purification of solubilized muscarinic receptors. ABT had a high affinity with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 7 nM for the muscarinic receptors solubilized from the porcine brain by digitonin. An ABT-agarose gel was prepared by coupling ABT with epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B, and the degree of substitution to the gel was determined to be 4-5 mumol/ml of the gel by UV absorption spectrum. During affinity chromatography using 10 ml of the ABT-agarose gel and 100 ml of the digitonin-solubilized preparation, 70% of muscarinic receptors were adsorbed to the gel, in marked contrast with the adsorption of only 2% of proteins. Approximately 25% of muscarinic receptors applied to the gel were eluted biospecifically with 1 mM muscarinic ligands. The purified fraction showed a high affinity for [3H]quinuclidinyl benzylate with a Kd of 0.4 nM and similar specificity for muscarinic ligands to that of unpurified soluble receptors. The protein concentration of the purified fraction was too low to be determined accurately, but very approximately a purification of 10(3)-fold was indicated. PMID- 6643442 TI - Evidence for independent genetic regulation of heart and adipose lipoprotein lipase activity. AB - The relationship between the genes controlling heart and adipose lipoprotein lipase in fasted animals has been studied. 32 inbred mouse strains were tested for variations in heart or adipose specific activity and thermolability. The survey revealed that specific activity of heart and adipose lipoprotein lipase varied as much as 3-fold and 20-fold, respectively. In thermolability, up to a 2 fold variation was observed in the lipase in each tissue. The correlation coefficient between variations in heart and adipose lipase was apparently not significant for both parameters studied. Additional studies were performed in two strains, BALB/c and C57BL/6, along with the recombinant inbred set derived from them. The two strains did not show genetic variation for lipoprotein lipase thermolability, although the inactivation rate of heart lipase was higher than that of adipose lipase. However, BALB/c and C57BL/6 displayed significant differences in their levels of lipoprotein lipase specific activity. Thus, strain C57BL/6 showed higher heart activity when compared to BALB/c, whereas the latter showed higher adipose lipase activity when compared to C57BL/6, i.e. an inverse relationship. The specific activity levels of heart and adipose lipoprotein lipase in the recombinant inbred strains derived from BALB/c and C57BL/6 exhibited independent inheritance. Thus, in adipose tissue, a single major gene seems to control the variation observed, while the inheritance pattern of heart activity could imply involvement of more than one gene. Moreover, two out of the seven recombinant strains showed distinct recombinant phenotypes, indicating that separate unlinked genes control the variations found in heart and adipose activity. We conclude that the expression of heart and adipose lipoprotein lipase activity is under independent genetic control. PMID- 6643443 TI - The diverse spectroscopic properties of ferrous cytochrome P-450-CAM ligand complexes. AB - The UV-visible absorption, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and CD spectral characteristics of a variety of low spin ferrous P-450-ligand complexes have been carefully determined in order to establish whether all such complexes are hyperporphyrins as previously suggested in the literature. Two general spectral classes are found to occur. Complexes in the first class are, indeed, hyperporphyrin in nature, with pi-acceptor ligands such as CO, NO, phosphine, nitrosoalkanes and isocyanides trans to cysteinate. Individual, but minor, variations in the spectral properties of the hyperporphyrins suggest that subclasses exist, wherein the nature of the trans ligand to thiolate affects the orbital overlap pattern and thus the observed spectra. Adducts in the second spectral class, which have sigma-donor nitrogen and sulfur ligands, also have the red-shifted Soret absorption maximum but are spectrally distinct in all other respects from the hyperporphyrins. Comparison of the MCD spectra of the second category to those of ferrous cytochromes b5, c, and P-420 suggests that the axial cysteinate ligand is still present in the nonhyper ferrous P-450 species. Thus, the combination of a strongly electron-donating cysteinate ligand and a trans sigma-donor, not the orbital mixing mechanism, is most likely the origin of the red-shifted Soret absorption maximum of nonhyper ferrous P-450 ligand complexes. Further, the nature of the total electronic interactions between both axial ligands and the heme iron of ferrous P-450 and not solely the cysteinate ligand determines whether the ligand complexes will be of the hyper or nonhyperporphyrin category. These findings are strengthened by the simultaneous use of three different spectroscopic techniques; together they provide a more detailed explanation for the unusual spectroscopic properties of cytochrome P-450. PMID- 6643444 TI - Inhibition and reactivation of Mn-catalase. Implications for valence changes at the active site manganese. AB - The Mn-catalase of Lactobacillus plantarum was inactivated when exposed to NH2OH plus H2O2, an effect which was not reversed by dialysis. N-Methylhydroxylamine was approximately 1% as effective as was NH2OH, while O-methylhydroxylamine was not detectably active in this regard. Approximately 40% of the lost activity could be restored by dithionite or by O-2, whereas other reductants such as ethanol, ascorbate, or nitrite were without effect. Oxidants such as persulfate and ferricyanide also failed to reactivate the enzyme. The active enzyme was inactivated, to an apparent limit of 50%, by an enzymic or photochemical flux of O-2 and this was entirely prevented by superoxide dismutase. The catalytic cycle of the enzyme is thought to involve the trivalent and pentavalent forms of the active site Mn; while inactivation by H2O2 + NH2OH appears to be due to conversion to the quadrivalent state. Partial bleaching of the enzyme by H2O2 and the nearly complete bleaching caused by NH2OH + H2O2 are in accord with this interpretation. The enzyme was unaffected by 2.0 mM EDTA, thiourea, o phenanthroline, alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl, 8-hydroxyquinoline, diethyldithiocarbamate, thiourea, hydrazine, phenylhydrazine, isoniazid, semicarbazide, sulfite, nitrite, or sulfide, all at pH 7.0. PMID- 6643446 TI - Response to light of a specific aminotransferase for delta-aminolevulinate formation in higher plants. AB - It is thought that the C-5 pathway is the major, possibly the sole, route for the formation of delta-aminolevulinic acid for the biosynthesis of tetrapyrroles, including chlorophylls, in higher plants; a route involving 4,5-dioxovalerate as an intermediate followed by transamination to delta-aminolevulinic acid has been supported as one of the C-5 pathways (Granick, S., and Beale, S. I. (1978) Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol. 46, 33-203). A specific aminotransferase for L alanine and 4,5-dioxovalerate was found in the cucumber seeds. In dark-grown cucumber seedlings, alanine:4,5-dioxovalerate aminotransferase activity in the transitional region between shoot and root was remarkably high compared with that in the cotyledons. The exposure of the dark-grown seedlings to illumination resulted in a rapid and dramatic increase in the activity only in this transitional region. In contrast, the enzyme in the cotyledons, stem, and roots did not respond to illumination. After a 27-h illumination, the enzyme activity in the transitional region was 100-fold higher than that in the cotyledons. Other aminotransferases assayed in the transitional region did not respond to illumination. Alanine:4,5-dioxovalerate aminotransferase in the transitional region was also specific for L-alanine and 4,5-dioxovalerate. PMID- 6643445 TI - Evidence that the endogenous heat-stable glucocorticoid receptor-activating factor is thioredoxin. AB - Extraction of rat liver cytosol with 10% charcoal at 4 degrees C inactivates specific glucocorticoid-binding capacity. The steroid-binding capacity of extracted cytosol can be restored by adding dithiothreitol or by incubating with boiled liver cytosol at 20 degrees C in the presence of 10 mM sodium molybdate. Two components of boiled cytosol are required for receptor activation: NADPH and an endogenous heat-stable protein with an apparent Mr of 12,300 by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. This endogenous receptor-activating protein coelutes on Sephadex G-50 chromatography with endogenous thioredoxin activity, and it can be replaced in the activating system by purified Escherichia coli thioredoxin. These observations suggest that glucocorticoid receptors in cytosol preparations are maintained in a reduced, steroid-binding state by a NADPH-dependent, thioredoxin mediated reducing system. PMID- 6643447 TI - Facilitation of phospholipase A2 activity by mastoparans, a new class of mast cell degranulating peptides from wasp venom. AB - The effect of mastoparan, Ile-Asn-Leu-Lys-Ala-Leu-Ala-Ala-Leu-Ala-Lys-Lys-Ile LeuNH2, and related peptides on the release of arachidonic acid from egg yolk lecithin liposomes, rat peritoneal mast cells, and cultured human fibroblasts was studied. In unsonicated liposomes, labeled with 1-stearoyl-2[1-14C]arachidonyl-sn glycero-3-phosphocholine, 5 X 10(-5) M mastoparan caused a 12-, 15-, and 50-fold increase in the production of arachidonic acid catalyzed by phospholipase A2 from bee venom, eastern diamondback rattlesnake and porcine pancreas, respectively. The stimulant effect of mastoparan and related peptides was dose-dependent and further enhanced by sonication of liposomes. In contrast, melittin, while stimulating the production of arachidonic acid by phospholipase from bee venom, was inactive with the rattlesnake and pancreatic enzymes. Melittin was also only weakly active with liposomes containing stearic acid in place of arachidonic acid. Like melittin, mastoparans stimulated phospholipase activity in tissue homogenates and caused a dose-dependent release of arachidonic acid from rat peritoneal mast cells and cultured human fibroblasts prelabeled with [14C]arachidonic acid. The heptapeptide fragments mastoparan 1-7 and mastoparan 8 14, and succinylated mastoparan were ineffective. The results suggest that mastoparan and related peptides in insect venoms act, at least in part, by stimulating phospholipase activity. PMID- 6643448 TI - Metabolism of corticosterone in the mouse. Identification of 11 beta, 20 alpha dihydroxy-3-oxo-4-pregnen-21-oic acid as a major metabolite. AB - We have shown that mouse liver contains enzymes that catalyze the conversion of the ketol side chain to the 20-hydroxy-21-oic acid side chain. In this paper, we have studied the oxidative metabolism of corticosterone to acidic end products in intact mice. A significant fraction of radioactivity from intraperitoneal injections of [4-14C]corticosterone appeared in liver and intestine within 5 min. The major steroid in liver at 5 min postinjection was found to be corticosterone, although acidic metabolites were detected. Within 30 min after injection, 11 beta, 20 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxo-preg-4-en-21-oic acid became the dominant steroid. At 60 min, it was the major steroid isolated from liver or intestine. Several other acid metabolites were present in lesser amounts in both organs. About half of the remaining radioactive metabolites in liver and intestine were steroid acids, as determined by their reaction with diazomethane. The identification of the major steroid acid as 11 beta, 20 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxo-pregn-4-en-21-oic acid was made by comparing the chromatographic behavior of the free acid and its methyl ester with that of authentic synthetic acid using thin layer and high performance liquid chromatography. Identity was confirmed by showing that the specific activities of the homogeneous 14C-labeled free acid remained unchanged when reanalyzed as the 21-methyl ester. PMID- 6643449 TI - Temporal relationship of free radical-induced lipid peroxidation and loss of latent enzyme activity in highly enriched hepatic lysosomes. AB - Loss of latency due to membrane lipid peroxidation induced in vitro was studied in highly purified rat liver lysosomes. Enriched fractions of lysosomes were isolated by free flow electrophoresis. Lipid peroxidation of lysosomes, assayed as malondialdehyde formation, was catalyzed by a radical generating system consisting of dihydroxyfumaric acid and Fe3+-ADP. The peroxidation reaction occurred readily at 37 degrees C and reached a plateau at 10 min; however, the loss of lysosomal latency, determined as increased percentage free beta-N acetylglucosaminidase activity, occurred more gradually and reached a maximum after 30 min. Scavengers of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals did not inhibit the peroxidation reaction nor prevent the loss of lysosomal latency. However, preincubation of the lysosomes with alpha tocopherol effectively blocked the induction of peroxidation and substantially reduced the loss of lysosomal latency. These results indicate that the lysosomal membrane is susceptible to free radical-induced lipid peroxidation; further, this process may be the immediate cause of the subsequent disintegration of the lysosome. The nature of the protective effect of alpha-tocopherol is unclear but may be due to its interaction with the unsaturated membrane lipids and the subsequent interruption of the chain-reaction initiated by free radicals. PMID- 6643450 TI - Identification of the erythrocyte nucleoside transporter as a band 4.5 polypeptide. Photoaffinity labeling studies using nitrobenzylthioinosine. AB - Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) was employed as a covalent probe of the erythrocyte nucleoside transporter. This nucleoside analogue, a potent inhibitor of nucleoside transport, binds tightly (KD = 10(-10) - 10(-9) M) but reversibly to specific sites on the carrier mechanism. High intensity UV irradiation of intact human erythrocytes, isolated "ghosts," and "protein-depleted" membranes in the presence of [3H]NBMPR and dithiothreitol (as a free radical scavenger) under nonequilibrium and equilibrium binding conditions resulted in selective covalent incorporation of 3H into the band 4.5 region of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels (Mr = 45,000-65,000). Covalent labeling of band 4.5 protein(s) under equilibrium binding conditions was inhibited by nitrobenzylthioguanosine, dipyridamole, uridine, and adenosine. A similar photolabeling pattern was observed using membranes from pig erythrocytes. In contrast, no incorporation of radioactivity into band 4.5 was observed under equilibrium binding conditions with membranes from nucleoside-impermeable sheep erythrocytes. These experiments suggest that the human and pig erythrocyte nucleoside transporters are band 4.5 polypeptides, a conclusion supported by previous isolation studies based on the assay of reversible [3H]NBMPR binding activity. PMID- 6643451 TI - Reductive hydroxyethylation of hemoglobin A. Functional properties of hemoglobin A selectively hydroxyethylated or dihydroxypropylated at the alpha-amino groups. AB - The reactivity of the amino groups of hemoglobin A toward reductive hydroxyethylation with glycolaldehyde in the presence of NaCNBH3 has been investigated. The alpha-amino groups of the alpha- and beta-chains of hemoglobin A are the most reactive amino groups of the protein for reductive hydroxyethylation; both sites are about equally reactive. Similarly, on reaction of hemoglobin A with glyceraldehyde in the presence of NaCNBH3, the alpha-amino groups of both the alpha- and beta-chains of the protein undergo selective reductive dihydroxypropylation. Modification of the alpha-amino groups of hemoglobin A either by reductive hydroxyethylation or reductive dihydroxypropylation apparently lowers the pKa of the alpha-amino groups and results in an early elution of the modified protein from CM52 chromatography compared with that of the unmodified protein as well as protein modified at the epsilon-amino groups. By hybridization of the modified chains with unmodified chains, new derivatives of hemoglobin with dihydroxypropyl or hydroxyethyl moieties on Val-1 (alpha) or Val-1(beta) of the protein have been prepared for the functional studies. Modification of the alpha-amino group of Val-1(alpha) by reductive hydroxyethylation or by reductive dihydroxypropylation resulted in an increased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin A, whereas the same modification of the alpha-amino group of the beta-chain resulted in a slight decrease in the oxygen affinity. The Hill coefficient of all four derivatives was 2.7, nearly the same as that of the native protein, showing normal heme-heme interactions in these derivatives. Both 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and chloride modulate the oxygen affinity of these hybrids; the influence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on decreasing the oxygen affinity of the hybrids with alkyl groups at Val-1(beta) is relatively less than that of the native molecule. On the other hand, when the modification was on Val-1(alpha), the relative decrease in oxygen affinity of the hybrids upon binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate was of the same order as with the native protein. The chloride ion-mediated relative decrease in the oxygen affinity of the hybrids with alkyl groups at Val-1(beta) was nearly the same as that seen with the Val-1(alpha) hybrids, and lower than that with the native molecule. The relative influence of hydroxyethylation or of dihydroxypropylation at a given site was nearly the same, suggesting that the size of the alkyl chain has little to do with the observed changes in the oxygen affinity. The influence of reductive alkylation of the alpha-amino groups with these two hydroxyaldehydes probably reflects the change (decrease) in the pKa of the reductively hydroxyethylated or dihydroxypropylated alpha-amino group as compared with that of the unmodified alpha-amino groups. PMID- 6643452 TI - Spectral evidence for the existence of a second cytochrome o in whole cells of Vitreoscilla. AB - Cytochrome o, a protoheme IX pigment, has been proposed as the terminal oxidase of the filamentous bacterium, Vitreoscilla. Aerobic and anaerobic photolysis of CO-liganded whole cells demonstrated the presence of a second CO-reactive pigment, cytochrome o'. At temperatures lower than -100 degrees C, anaerobic photolysis dissociated only about 25% of the total CO-liganded components to reveal the unliganded cytochrome o'. At these temperatures, the photolysis of cytochrome o could not be demonstrated. At warmer temperatures, recombination of CO with the reduced cytochrome o' occurred with an apparent energy of activation of 5.8 kcal/mol. Aerobic photolysis of whole cells demonstrated two oxygen-bound intermediates. At temperatures lower than -95 degrees C, a spectrally distinct compound with absorption maxima at 428, 534, and 564 nm appeared (form I'); the apparent second order rate constant (k+1) for the formation of this intermediate was found to be 9.1 M-1 s-1, the reverse rate (k-1) was 9.9 X 10(-5) s-1, and the equilibrium constant (Kd) was 1.1 X 10(-5) M. This oxygen intermediate of cytochrome o' is spectrally and kinetically similar to the oxygen intermediate of cytochrome o seen in Escherichia coli. At temperatures warmer than -90 degrees C, photolysis of aerobic samples resulted in the immediate formation of a second oxygen-bound intermediate (form I) with absorption maxima at 422, 534, and 564 nm. This second intermediate results from the binding of oxygen to the cytochrome o (oxygenated cytochrome o). These data support the proposal that whole cells of Vitreoscilla contain two alternative pathways of electron transport, one terminating with cytochrome o and the other with cytochrome o'. PMID- 6643453 TI - Surface-to-core and interparticle equilibrium distributions of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein lipids. AB - The phase equilibria of human very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and monkey chylomicron lipids was examined. Triglyceride (TG), cholesterol ester (CE), and cholesterol (C) partitioned into both surface monolayer and oil "core" phases of emulsions of lipoprotein lipids, whereas phospholipid was found exclusively in the surface. In addition to phospholipid, the surface lipids consisted of 2-4% (by weight) TG, less than 1% CE, and 22% C (VLDL), 5-8% C (chylomicrons). The oil lipids consisted mainly of TG, but also 13-16% CE (VLDL), 3% CE (chylomicrons), and 1-2% C (VLDL), 0.3-0.4% C (chylomicrons). The equilibrium state of lipids within size subfractions of native lipoproteins was defined using phase diagram analysis. Subfractions were in equilibrium with respect to surface-to-core and interparticle distributions of C molecules. In contrast, subfracitions were not in a state of interparticle TG and CE equilibrium. By using the phase diagrams, the percentages of the total particle lipids carried in the phases of lipoproteins of varying size were calculated. For Sf greater than 400 particles, greater than or equal to 30% of the total particle C molecules are carried in the core, and less than 3% of the TG and CE molecules are located in the surface. Nascent, plasma, remnant, and beta-migrating TG-rich lipoprotein compositions taken from the literature were compared using phase diagrams. Although the total compositions of nascent liver VLDL and lymph chylomicrons vary substantially, they have identical concentrations of C in their respective phases. Upon equilibration with plasma, the surface and core of nascent TG-rich lipoproteins become enriched (2-4-fold) with C. Remnants and beta-VLDL have the most C-rich phases of the TG-rich lipoproteins examined. The analysis indicates that the C concentrations of the phases of a lipoprotein are related to its metabolic status. PMID- 6643454 TI - Mathematical analysis of isotope labeling in the citric acid cycle with applications to 13C NMR studies in perfused rat hearts. AB - Rat hearts have been perfused in vitro with 5 mM glucose and either 5 mM acetate or 1 mM pyruvate to achieve steady state conditions, followed by replacement of the acetate with 90% enriched [2-13C]acetate or pyruvate with 90% enriched [3 13C]pyruvate. The hearts were frozen different times after addition of 13C substrate and neutralized perchloric acid extracts from three pooled hearts per time point were used to obtain high resolution proton-decoupled 13C NMR spectra at 90.55 MHz. The 13C fractional enrichment of individual carbons of different metabolites was calculated from the area of the resolved resonances after correction for nuclear Overhauser enhancement and saturation effects. A mathematical flux model of the citric acid cycle and ancillary transamination reactions was constructed with the FACSIMILE program, and used to solve unknown flux parameters with constant pool sizes by nonlinear least squares analysis of the approximately 200 simultaneous differential equations required to describe the reactions. With [2-13C] acetate as substrate, resonances and line splittings due to 13C-13C spin coupling of the C-2, C-3, and C-4 carbons of glutamate were well resolved. The half-times to reach maximum 13C enrichment were 2.6 min for glutamate C-4 and 8 min for glutamate C-2 and C-3. From these data, a well determined citric acid cycle flux of 8.3 mumol/g dry weight X min was calculated for an observed oxygen consumption of 31 mumol/g dry weight X min. With [3 13C]pyruvate as substrate, resonances of aspartate C-2 and C-3 and of alanine C-3 were well resolved in addition to those of glutamate C-2, C-3, and C-4. Nonlinear least squares fitting of these data to the model gave nonrandomly distributed residuals for the 13C fractional enrichments of glutamate C-4, suggesting an incomplete model, but a well determined cycle flux of 11.9 mumol/g dry weight X min for an oxygen uptake of 35 mumol/g dry weight X min. Our studies demonstrate the practicality of 13C NMR, used in conjunction with mathematical modeling, for the measurement of metabolic flux parameters in living systems. PMID- 6643455 TI - Adenine binding sites of the lectin from lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus). AB - A single high-affinity binding site for adenine and related compounds was identified in the lima bean lectin (LBL) component III tetramer. This site is identical with the high affinity site for 2,6-toludinyl-naphthalenesulfonate described previously (Roberts, D. D., and Goldstein, I. J. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 11274-11277). [14C]Adenine was bound with high affinity (Kd = 1.2 +/- 0.1 X 10(-5) M, T = 25 degrees C) and a high degree of specificity in that hypoxanthine and guanine were very poor ligands for this site. Specificity was also observed for free purine bases relative to nucleosides or nucleotides. A number of N6 derivatives of adenine with cytokinin activity were found to bind to LBL, with relative affinities decreasing in the order: N6 - benzyladenine greater than kinetin greater than zeatin greater than N6 - [delta 2-isopentenyl]adenine greater than dihydrozeatin greater than zeatin riboside. Evidence was also obtained for heterotropic interaction between the adenine binding site and a second class of hydrophobic sites present on each subunit of LBL. Binding of adenine and N6-benzyladenine to LBL was found to produce a 2.3- and 3.8-fold increase, respectively, in the affinity of the lectin subunit hydrophobic sites for 1,8-anilinonaphthalenesulfonate. 1,8-Anilinonaphthalenesulfonate, in turn, enhanced the affinity of LBL for adenine, demonstrating that binding of ligands to the two classes of hydrophobic sites is thermodynamically linked. Equilibrium dialysis also revealed high affinity binding sites for [14C]adenine on the lectins from Dolichos biflorus, Phaseolus vulgaris, and soybean (Glycine max). PMID- 6643456 TI - New gangliosides from human erythrocytes. AB - We have identified a number of gangliosides from human erythrocytes that have not previously been detected in these cells, including two new compounds. The gangliosides were separated into monosialo- and disialoganglioside fractions by DEAE-column chromatography. Two monosialogangliosides that have not been previously detected in these cells are GM2 and GM1. Two other monosialogangliosides have the same carbohydrate structure, NeuAc(alpha 2 3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4)GlcNAc(beta 1-3)Gal(beta 1-4) Glc Cer, but they contain different fatty acids. The compound with higher chromatographic mobility (MG-5) contains a predominance of C22 and C24 fatty acids, whereas the principal fatty acid of the slower compound (MG-6) is C16. Both gangliosides are receptors for human anti-p and anti-Gd cold agglutinins. Six disialogangliosides not identifed previously in human red cells include GD3, GD1a, GD1b, DG-3, (formula: see text). The latter two are newly identified compounds and DG-4 contains a sugar sequence that has not been described previously, sialic acid residues linked to different hydroxyl groups of the same galactose. PMID- 6643457 TI - Mutant clone of Chinese hamster ovary cells lacking 3-hydroxy-3 -methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase. AB - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) converts HMG CoA to mevalonate, a key intermediate in the formation of cholesterol and several nonsterol isoprenoid compounds. Using the bromodeoxyuridine/bisbenzimide photosensitization technique, we isolated a mutant clone of Chinese hamster ovary cells that requires mevalonate for growth. This mutant, designated UT-2 cells, expresses 2-5% of the HMG-CoA reductase activity of parental Chinese hamster ovary cells, even after growth for 9 months in the absence of selective pressure. By immunoblotting, no cross-reactive HMG-CoA reductase protein was detected in UT 2 cells. Incorporation of [14C]acetate and [14C]pyruvate into cholesterol was less than 5% of that in parental Chinese hamster ovary cells. In contrast, [3H]mevalonate incorporation into cholesterol was normal. The activities of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and HMG-CoA synthase, the two enzymes that precede HMG CoA reductase in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, were normal or slightly elevated in UT-2 cells. No gross deletions or rearrangements in the gene for HMG CoA reductase were apparent when DNA from UT-2 cells was digested with restriction endonucleases, subjected to Southern blotting, and probed with a 32P labeled cDNA for HMG-CoA reductase. We conclude that UT-2 cells have a mutation that specifically prevents the production of normal amounts of HMG-CoA reductase. PMID- 6643458 TI - Disaggregation of dictyostelium discoideum cells incubated on immobilized sugars involves negative chemotaxis. AB - The motion of Dictyostelium discoideum cells during the aggregation disaggregation process which takes place on polyacrylamide gels containing covalently bound glucosides was analyzed by directional statistics. The analyzed data suggest that negative chemotaxis is involved in the disaggregation. PMID- 6643459 TI - Regulation of surface expression of acetylcholine receptors in response to serum and cell growth in the BC3H1 muscle cell line. AB - The regulation of acetylcholine receptor synthesis, assembly, and cell surface expression in response to serum and cell growth in the BC3H1 muscle-like cell line have been examined. In the presence of media containing low concentrations of serum, BC3H1 cells withdraw from the cell cycle and express high levels of cell surface acetylcholine receptors. Exposure of quiescent, differentiated BC3H1 cells to high concentrations of serum results in re-entry of cells into the cell cycle and a loss of surface acetylcholine receptors by a first order process (t1/2 = 8.6 h) which appears to be initiated within 1 h following serum addition. Under these conditions, the rate of synthesis of acetylcholine receptor alpha subunits is not significantly reduced; however, the efficiency of assembly of alpha-subunits into functional acetylcholine receptors is significantly less than that observed in quiescent cells. The receptors which are assembled following serum stimulation of quiescent cells are not transported to the cell surface, nor do they accumulate within the cells in a functional form (defined by the ability to bind alpha-bungarotoxin) in the cells. We conclude that reinitiation of cell division in quiescent cultures of BC3H1 cells results in alterations in several post-translational processing steps required for the surface expression of acetylcholine receptors. PMID- 6643460 TI - The factor Xa-catalyzed activation of factor V. AB - Factor V appears to be a procofactor with, at best, 1/400 the activity of fully activated Factor V (Factor Va). The proteolytic conversion of Factor V to Factor Va is catalyzed by thrombin. However, since Factor Va activity is required for thrombin generation, the initial participation of Factor V in the expression of prothrombinase activity is not well understood. In the present study, the activation of Factor V by Factor Xa has been investigated. Cofactor activation was assessed by monitoring the conversion of prethrombin-1 to thrombin in the presence of 5-dimethylamino-naphthalene-1-sulfonylarginine-N-(3-ethyl-1,5 pentanediyl)amide (DAPA). The DAPA not only provided a fluorescent signal for the formation of thrombin, but also attenuated the feedback activation of Factor V by thrombin. Trace quantities of Factor Va were removed from the Factor V preparations by immunoadsorption with immobilized murine monoclonal antibodies selective for Factor Va. The incubation of Factor V with Factor Xa in the presence of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine vesicles, CaCl2, and DAPA resulted in a time-dependent increase in cofactor activity. Phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine vesicles were not absolutely required, but the rate of Factor V activation was significantly enhanced by inclusion of the vesicles. The activation was absolutely dependent upon Factor Xa and was eliminated by immunoadsorption of the Factor Xa preparation with a murine anti Factor X (Xa) monoclonal antibody coupled to agarose. The activation was not affected by immunoadsorption of the Factor Xa and Factor V preparations with burro polyclonal anti-prothrombin IgG. Most of the products of the Factor Xa activation of Factor V differ from the products derived by the thrombin-catalyzed activation of the procofactor. The results demonstrate that Factor Xa catalyzes the activation of Factor V. Furthermore, these studies suggest that the Factor Xa activation of Factor V may be responsible for the advent of early prothrombinase activity. PMID- 6643461 TI - Purification and some properties of a new Ca2+-binding protein (TCBP-10) present in tetrahymena cilium. AB - A new Ca2+-binding protein, different from calmodulin, has been detected in the cilium and cell body of Tetrahymena. This protein, designated as TCBP-10, has been purified from the cells to homogeneity. TCBP-10 is an acidic protein (pI = 4.5) which shows a Ca2+-dependent mobility shift in alkali-glycerol polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein is resistant to heat and trichloroacetic acid. The molecular weight of the protein is 10,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 22,000 by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, suggesting that the native form of the protein is a dimer. The protein has a molar extinction coefficient of 6,500 at 282 nm. Equilibrium dialysis experiments revealed that the protein binds 1 mol of Ca2+/mol of protein with a dissociation constant of 27 microM. The protein contains a relatively large quantity of acidic amino acids, single residues of cysteine, histidine, and tryptophan, and no methionine. These properties are similar to those of some low molecular weight Ca2+-binding proteins belonging to the calmodulin family. Thus, the cilium of Tetrahymena contains a second Ca2+-binding protein in addition to calmodulin. We consider that TCBP-10 and calmodulin may play important cooperative roles in the Ca2+-regulation of ciliary movement in Tetrahymena. PMID- 6643462 TI - Cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinases from rabbit reticulocytes. Purification and characterization of protease-activated kinase II. AB - A cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase, protease-activated kinase II, which incorporates up to four phosphates into 40 S ribosomal protein S6, has been purified from the postribosomal supernatant of rabbit reticulocytes. Protease activated kinase II was purified as an inactive proenzyme by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, Sephadex G-150, and hydroxylapatite. The enzyme was activated in vitro by limited digestion with trypsin or chymotrypsin. No other mode of activation for protease-activated kinase II in vitro was identified. The proenzyme had a molecular weight of 80,000 as measured by gel filtration; following tryptic digestion, the molecular weight of the activated protein kinase was 45,000-55,000. Protease-activated kinase II required Mg2+ for activity but was inhibited by other divalent cations, monovalent cations, and fluoride ion. ATP was the phosphoryl donor in the phosphorylation reaction; GTP had no effect. In vitro, multiple phosphorylation of S6 was observed with some phosphate incorporated into S10. Phosphorylation of S6 by protease-activated kinase II has been shown to be stimulated in serum-starved 3T3-L1 cells by insulin (Perisic, O., and Traugh, J. A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9589-9592) and in reticulocytes by altering the pH of the incubation medium (Perisic, O., and Traugh, J. A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 13998-14002. PMID- 6643463 TI - Protease-activated kinase II mediates multiple phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in reticulocytes. AB - Ribosomal protein S6 was phosphorylated in vitro by the cAMP-independent protein kinase, protease-activated kinase II. The enzyme incorporated up to four phosphates into S6 as shown by analysis of the phosphorylated derivatives by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. When tryptic digests of S6 phosphorylated by the enzyme were examined by two-dimensional peptide mapping, five phosphopeptides were observed. In contrast, only two phosphopeptides were identified with the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. One phosphopeptide was common to both peptide maps; the others were unique for each enzyme. The physiological significance of the phosphorylation by protease-activated kinase II was verified with phosphopeptide maps of S6 phosphorylated in intact cells. Highly phosphorylated forms of S6 were obtained in rabbit reticulocytes incubated in slightly acidified medium (pH 7.2 to 6.8). The phosphopeptide pattern contained the same five phosphopeptides observed with protease-activated kinase II in vitro indicating the pH-dependent phosphorylation of S6 was mediated by protease-activated kinase II. PMID- 6643464 TI - Changes in ribosome function by cAMP-dependent and cAMP-independent phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6. AB - Alterations in ribosomal function were examined following phosphorylation of 40 S ribosomal subunits by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and two cAMP-independent protein kinases, protease-activated kinases I and II. The cAMP-dependent protein kinase incorporated 2.0 mol of phosphate/mol of 40 S ribosomal subunits; ribosomal protein S6 was the sole phosphate acceptor. Phosphorylation of 40 S ribosomal subunits by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibited the binding of AUG by 41% and poly(A,U,G) by 25% when compared with nonphosphorylated 40 S ribosomal subunits. In addition, phosphorylation of 40 S ribosomal subunits by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibited translation of poly(A,U,G) by 30% in a reconstituted protein-synthesizing system. Protease-activated kinase II incorporated an average of 2.5 mol of phosphate/mol of 40 S ribosomal subunits which was distributed in equimolar amounts in derivatives of S6 containing one to four phosphates. Phosphorylation of 40 S ribosomal subunits by protease-activated kinase II increased the binding of AUG and poly(A,U,G) by 26 and 42%, respectively. Poly(A,U,G)-directed translation was stimulated 15% over that observed with nonphosphorylated ribosomes and 45% over that observed with ribosomes phosphorylated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Protease-activated kinase I incorporated 1.0 mol of phosphate/mol of 40 S ribosomal subunits into ribosomal protein S10. Phosphorylation of 40 S ribosomal subunits by protease activated kinase I did not alter the binding of AUG or poly(A,U,G). The effects of phosphorylation of 40 S ribosomal subunits by protease-activated kinase I on protein synthesis could not be examined due to the rapid release of phosphate from S10 in the reconstituted translation system. PMID- 6643465 TI - Stimulation by chemotactic factor of actin association with the cytoskeleton in rabbit neutrophils. Effects of calcium and cytochalasin B. AB - The amounts of actin and myosin in rabbit neutrophils expressed as micrograms/10(6) cells are 5.6 +/- 0.75 and 0.56 +/- 0.08, respectively. The average value of the total actin in rabbit neutrophils under unstimulated conditions is distributed between Triton X-100 soluble fraction (74 +/- 7%) and Triton X-100 insoluble fraction (26 +/- 3%). The Triton X-100 soluble and insoluble fractions will be referred to as the cytoplasmic and the cytoskeletal components. When the cells are stimulated by the chemotactic factor formyl-Met Leu-Phe the amount of actin associated with the cytoskeleton increases to 73.7 +/ 6% of the total cell actin. This increase is rapid, dose-dependent and mediated through fMet-Leu-Phe receptors. Neither the time course of the response nor the dose-response curve is affected by the removal of calcium from the suspending medium. Calcium ions at concentrations greater than 10(-7) M added after Triton X 100 extraction dissociate actin from the cytoskeleton. Calcium at 1.9 microM added after Triton X-100 extraction reduces the amount of cytoskeletal actin under control and stimulated conditions to 10.3 +/- 0.9 and 33 +/- 1.5% of the total cell actin, respectively. The average value of the total myosin in rabbit neutrophils under unstimulated conditions is distributed between the cytosol (32 +/- 10%) and the cytoskeleton (68 +/- 18%). When neutrophils are stimulated with the chemotactic factor fMet-Leu-Phe the amount of myosin associated with the cytoskeleton does not increase significantly. Cytochalasin B decreases cytoskeletal actin and myosin and causes a shift in the amount of actin and myosin from the cytoskeleton to the cytoplasm both under fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated and control conditions. In the presence of 1.6 mM extracellular Ca2+ and cytochalasin B (5 micrograms/ml) the amount of actin associated with the cytoskeleton under control and stimulated conditions is reduced to 13 +/- 2.2 and 10.2 +/- 3.5% of total cell actin, and that of myosin is reduced to 50.2 +/- 14 and 2.3 +/- 0.8% of the total cell myosin. The effect of cytochalasin B on actin does not depend on the time of its addition relative to that of fMet-Leu-Phe and is more pronounced in the presence of Ca2+. These results are discussed in terms of the roles of cytochalasin B and calcium in the overall mechanism of neutrophil degranulation induced by chemotactic factors. PMID- 6643466 TI - Refolding properties of antithrombin III. Mechanism of binding to heparin. AB - The presence of two unfolding domains in antithrombin III during its denaturation in guanidinium chloride has previously been reported (Villanueva, G. B., and Allen, N. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11010-11013). In the present work, we report the results of refolding studies on antithrombin III. Circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence studies have demonstrated that the first unfolding domain of low stability (midpoint at 0.7 M guanidinium chloride) is irreversible upon renaturation, whereas the second unfolding domain (midpoint at 2.3 M guanidinium chloride) is reversible. The intermediate form of antithrombin III, termed AT IIIR, which has lost the structural features of the first domain was investigated. Clotting assays and electrophoretic analyses showed that AT-IIIR had lost 60% of heparin cofactor activity but was still capable of forming sodium dodecyl sulfate-stable complexes with thrombin. Although certain regions of this molecule do not refold to the conformation of native antithrombin III, the tryptophan residues refold to a conformation identical with the native state. This was demonstrated by fluorescence quenching, solvent perturbation, and chemical modification studies. However, the tryptophan-ascribed fluorescence enhancement and absorption difference spectrum which occur when heparin binds to antithrombin III are reduced by 70%. On the basis of these data, the binding of heparin to antithrombin III is interpreted in terms of a two-step mechanism. The primary binding occurs in the region without tryptophan and is followed by a secondary conformational rearrangement which affects the tryptophan environment. The mechanism of the binding of heparin and antithrombin III has been previously studied by kinetic methods, and the data also support a two-step mechanism. The agreement of these two studies employing entirely different approaches to the same problem lends support to the validity of this postulated mechanism. PMID- 6643467 TI - A distinct environment for iron (III) in the complex with horse spleen apoferritin observed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. AB - Cell-specific variations in apoferritin structure correlate with variations in iron metabolism that suggest functional specificity of the protein shell. Using EPR spectroscopy, we previously showed that vanadyl binds to specific sites on apoferritin, and that VO2+ binding is reduced by Fe(II) and Fe(III) (the natural substrates) and by metals known to influence iron storage (Chasteen, N. D., and Theil, E. C. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7672-7677). Such observations suggest that the metal-binding site is important to apoferritin function and may define a location where the influence of cell-specific structural features are exerted. To investigate the iron-protein complex further, we have used x-ray absorption spectroscopy and have characterized, for the first time to our knowledge, Fe(III) apparently attached to the protein, after analyzing the x-ray absorption spectrum of an Fe(III)-apoferritin complex (10 Fe/molecule) compared to that of ferritin (polynuclear Fe(III)OOH, about 2000/molecule). The environment of iron in the Fe(III)-protein complex was similar to that in an Fe(III)-oxalate (2:3) hexahydrate complex, both in near edge structure and extended x-ray absorption structure, confirming earlier predictions of carboxylates as protein ligands. The extended x-ray absorption fine structure data for both compounds was fit best by a model in which a second shell of low Z atoms (carbon) was close (0.53-0.55 A) to the first shell of coordinated oxygen. However, small differences between Fe(III)-apoferritin and Fe(III)-oxalate in the Fe-O environment suggest a distorted geometry in the Fe(III)-protein complex and/or the presence of a mixture of atoms, such as nitrogen and oxygen, coordinated to iron. Extension of this approach to other apoferritins and metals will be likely to clarify the role of cell-specific features of the apoprotein in the formation of the iron core. PMID- 6643468 TI - Fate of the activated gamma-carbon-hydrogen bond in the uncoupled vitamin K dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylation reaction. AB - The gamma-glutamyl carboxylation reaction proceeds by an initial vitamin K dependent gamma-C-H glutamyl bond cleavage and a subsequent carboxylation of the activated glutamyl residue. This system is easily uncoupled such that at low CO2 concentrations which limit the extent of carboxylation there is no effect on the rate of C-H bond cleavage. In an uncoupled system, the fate of activated glutamyl residues is to incorporate a hydrogen as demonstrated by the recovery of only unaltered glutamyl residues from digests of uncoupled reactions. In addition, in reactions carried out in tritiated, deuterated water mixtures, tritium is incorporated into the gamma positions of the glutamyl residues of peptide substrates in a vitamin K-dependent process, indicating that the hydrogen incorporated must ultimately come from solvent. These results, while not proof, put severe restraints on a radical mechanism while favoring a carbanion mechanism. PMID- 6643470 TI - Appendix. On the applicability of Hill type analysis to fluorescence data. PMID- 6643469 TI - Cooperative binding to the Ca2+-specific sites of troponin C in regulated actin and actomyosin. AB - The Ca2+-binding component of troponin (TnC) and its proteolytic fragments containing Ca2+-binding sites I-III (TH1) or sites III and IV (TR2C) have been labeled with the fluorescent probes dansylaziridine (DANZ) at methionine 25 or 5 (iodoacetamidoethyl)amino-naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (AEDANS) at cysteine-98. These probes report binding of Ca2+ to the low and high affinity sites, respectively. Fluorescence changes as a function of [Ca2+] were measured for the free peptides, their complexes with troponin I + troponin T, and these complexes bound to actin-tropomyosin in the presence of Mg2+ and ATP with and without myosin. An apparent Hill coefficient of 1.0-1.1 has been obtained for the Ca2+ induced fluorescence changes in TnC, its fragments, and their ternary complexes regardless of the label used. When a ternary complex containing appropriately labeled TnC or its fragment is bound to the actin-tropomyosin complex, the Hill coefficient for the titration of the low affinity sites increases to 1.5-1.6 and further increases to greater than 2 in the presence of myosin. To interpret the apparent Hill coefficients, we used a model containing two binding sites and a single reporter of the conformational change. Hill coefficients between 1.0 and 1.2 can be obtained for the fluorescence change without true cooperativity in metal binding, depending on the mechanism of the fluorescence change; i.e. the contribution of the singly or doubly occupied species to the fluorescence change. A Hill coefficient between 1.2 and 2, however, always indicates cooperativity in binding independently of the mechanism. Thus, our finding that fluorescence titrations of Ca2+ binding to TnCDANZ bound to actin-tropomyosin exhibit a Hill coefficient of 1.5 in the absence of myosin and 2.4 in its presence indicates the existence of true positive cooperativity in metal binding to sites I and II. No cooperativity was observed for AEDANS-labeled complexes that reflect Ca2+-binding to the high affinity sites. Plots of the Ca2+ dependence of myosin ATPase activity activated by actin-tropomyosin in the presence of any of the troponin complexes used had apparent Hill coefficients of approximately 4. The higher value suggests cooperative interactions in the activation of ATPase beyond those involved in Ca2+-binding to the Ca2+-specific sites. PMID- 6643471 TI - Structures of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin produced in choriocarcinoma. Appearance of triantennary sugar chains and unique biantennary sugar chains. AB - Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) highly purified from urine of the patient with choriocarcinoma contains four asparagine-linked sugar chains in one molecule. The sugar chains were quantitatively liberated as radioactive oligosaccharides from polypeptide portion by hydrazinolysis followed by N-acetylation and NaB3H4 reduction. The structures of these sugar chains were determined by the combination of sequential glycosidase digestion, periodate oxidation, and methylation analysis. As compared with the sugar chains of normal urinary and placental hCG reported previously, they include several prominent structural differences. More than 97% of the sugar chains of choriocarcinoma hCG was free from sialic acid, while the sugar chains of normal hCG were mostly sialylated. Choriocarcinoma hCG contains unusual biantennary complex-type sugar chains in addition to regular tri-, bi-, and monoantennary sugar chains. These sugar chains have two outer chains linked at the C-2 and C-4 positions of the same alpha mannosyl residue of the trimannosyl core. Since normal hCG does not contain any triantennary sugar chains, occurrence of Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4Man alpha 1 leads to group is another characteristic feature of the sugar chains of choriocarcinoma hCG. The evidence that the monoantennary sugar chain of Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAc leads to Asn is not found in normal hCG and the sum total of fucosylated sugar chains is 50%, which is twice as much as normal hCG, indicated that fucosylation is also modified in choriocarcinoma tissue. PMID- 6643472 TI - Sulfated asparagine-linked sugar chains of hen egg albumin. AB - The fraction of hen egg albumin glycopeptides mixture, which passes through a Dowex 50-H+ column, contains two sulfate-containing glycopeptides. Based on the structural studies of oligosaccharides released from the glycopeptides by hydrazinolysis, their structures were elucidated as follows. (formula; see text) PMID- 6643473 TI - On the nonlinear relationship between the initial rates of dilution-induced microtubule disassembly and the initial free subunit concentration. AB - We have examined the dilution-induced in vitro disassembly kinetics of bovine brain microtubules, initially at steady state, using a wider range of dilutions (2-100-fold) than previously employed. In contrast to earlier results, as well as to the simple nucleation-condensation model for microtubule formation, the initial rate of dimer loss from microtubule ends was not a linear function of the initial concentration of unpolymerized tubulin. Over a 2-20-fold dilution range, plots of the initial rate of dimer loss versus the initial unpolymerized tubulin concentration were approximately linear. However, at greater dilutions, rates of microtubule depolymerization increased nonlinearly. For example, between a 10 fold dilution and a 100-fold dilution, the initial rate of dimer loss for microtubule-associated protein-containing microtubules increased by 300%, rather than a maximum of 11% expected on the basis of a linear rate plot. The nonlinear response was observed for dimer loss from opposite microtubule ends separately and with microtubules containing and lacking associated proteins. Qualitatively similar results were obtained using a wide range of experimental protocols, from which we can reasonably exclude methodological artifact as a basis for the data. We can also reasonably exclude the dissociation of the high molecular weight microtubule-associated proteins 1 and 2 from the microtubules as an explanation for the nonlinearity of the rate plots. The nonlinearity of the rate plots indicates that kinetic constants obtained under nonsteady state conditions of extreme microtubule dilution may not describe the steady state condition accurately. PMID- 6643474 TI - Chain length dependence of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis catalyzed by lipoprotein lipase. Effect of apolipoprotein C-II. AB - The effect of apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) on the bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (LpL)-catalyzed hydrolysis of a homologous series of saturated phosphatidylcholines was examined with respect to the fatty acyl chain length of the substrates. Dilauryl-, dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl-, and distearoylphosphatidylcholine solubilized by Triton X-100 and sonicated vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine were used as substrates. The maximal rate of the LpL-catalyzed hydrolysis of each of these lipids was determined in the absence and presence of apoC-II. The activation factor (the ratio of enzyme activity with apoC-II to that without the activator protein) increased with increasing mol ratios of apoC-II to LpL and was maximal at a ratio of approximately 50. At all apoC-II/LpL mole ratios tested, the activation factor increased as a function of fatty acyl chain length. A quantitative relationship between fatty acyl chain length and the extent of maximal activation of LpL by apoC-II was observed: the logarithm of the activation factor is a linear function of the number of carbon atoms of a single fatty acyl chain of the substrates. PMID- 6643475 TI - Role of pH gradient and membrane potential in dipeptide transport in intestinal and renal brush-border membrane vesicles from the rabbit. Studies with L carnosine and glycyl-L-proline. AB - We examined the role of pH gradient and membrane potential in dipeptide transport in purified intestinal and renal brush-border membrane vesicles which were predominantly oriented right-side out. With an intravesicular pH of 7.5, changes in extravesicular pH significantly affected the transport of glycyl-L-proline and L-carnosine, and optimal dipeptide transport occurred at an extravesicular pH of 5.5-6.0 in both intestine and kidney. When the extravesicular pH was 5.5, glycyl L-proline transport was accelerated 2-fold by the presence of an inward proton gradient. A valinomycin-induced K+ diffusion potential (interior-negative) stimulated glycyl-L-proline transport, and the stimulation was observed in the presence and absence of Na+. A carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone induced H+ diffusion potential (interior-positive) reduced dipeptide transport. It is suggested that glycyl-L-proline and proton(s) are cotransported in intestinal and renal brush-border membrane vesicles, and that the process results in a net transfer of positive charge. PMID- 6643476 TI - The binding and processing of mannose-bovine serum albumin derivatives by rabbit alveolar macrophages. Effect of the sugar density. AB - Mammalian alveolar macrophages are known to bind, internalize, and degrade glycoconjugates containing terminal D-mannosyl residues such as bovine serum albumin modified with 2-imino-2-methoxyethyl 1-thio-alpha-D-mannopyranoside (Mann AI-BSA) (Lee, Y. C., Stowell, C.P., and Krantz, M. J. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 3956-3963). In this report, the binding (2 degrees C) and initial uptake (37 degrees C) of Mann-AI-BSA (n = 5, 13, 24, and 43) by rabbit alveolar macrophages were examined. Man43-AI-BSA had about 400 times higher affinity (Kd = 2.0 nM) for the macrophage than the Man5-AI-BSA ligand (Kd = 820 nM) at 2 degrees C. Kinetic analysis of 125I-Man43-AI-BSA binding to macrophages at 2 degrees C yielded an association rate constant of 1.2 X 10(6) M-1 min-1 and a dissociation rate constant of 5.9 X 10(-3) min-1 (t1/2 = 117 min). The association rate constant at 37 degrees C was 2 orders of magnitude greater than at 2 degrees C. When the endocytotic process at 37 degrees C was analyzed by Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics, Man5-AI-BSA had a K uptake 20 times higher than that of Man43-AI-BSA (328 and 18 nM, respectively). The maximal uptake velocities at 37 degrees C were, however, very similar for all four Man-AI-BSA derivatives (62,600-83,000 molecules/cell/min). The rate constants for internalization and hydrolysis for 125I-Man43-AI-BSA and 125I-Man13-AI-BSA were determined using a steady state approach. The internalization rate constant for 125I-Man43-AI-BSA, 1.23 (+/- 0.20) min-1, was similar to that constant obtained for 125I-Man13-AI-BSA, 1.80 (+/- 0.67) min-1. The hydrolysis rate constants for the two ligands were also close, 7.4 (+/- 0.2) X 10(-2) and 9.2 (+/- 0.5) X 10(-2) min-1, for 125I-Man43-AI BSA and 125I-Man13-AI-BSA, respectively. PMID- 6643477 TI - Ligand binding to heme proteins. An evaluation of distal effects. AB - The O2, CO, and alkyl isocyanide-binding properties of a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate heme proteins have been compared in detail to those of protoheme mono-3-(1-imidazoyl)-propylamide monomethyl ester in aqueous suspensions of soap micelles. The proteins examined include: cytochrome P-450cam from Pseudomonas putida, beef heart cytochrome c oxidase, yeast cytochrome c peroxidase, alpha and beta subunits of human hemoglobin, sheep hemoglobin, carp hemoglobin, sperm whale myoglobin, horse heart myoglobin, a monomeric hemoglobin from Glycera dibranchiata, erythrocruorin from Chironomusthummii, soybean leghemoglobin, and several hemoglobins that lack distal histidines. The smallest bimolecular rates were observed for cytochrome P-450 containing bound camphor, cytochrome c oxidase, and cytochrome c peroxidase. In the case of P-450, the extremely low isonitrile binding rates (approximately 1 M-1 S-1 at 20 degrees C) are due to steric exclusion by bound camphor molecules. For the oxidase and peroxidase, inhibition of CO and isonitrile binding appears to be due to the polar nature of the active sites. In the cases of animal hemoglobins and myoglobins, the sixth coordination positions appear to be designed to accommodate diatomic molecules with no steric hindrance by distal protein residues. Protein resistance to the diffusion of CO and O2 does not limit the observed association rate constants. In contrast, ligands containing three or more atoms are sterically hindered both in their final bound positions and during diffusion to the active site. The magnitude of this hindrance (greater than or equal to 2 kcal/mol) exhibits a complex dependence on ligand size and shape. The most important protein residue appears to be His E7. In addition to restricting the size of the sixth coordination position, the distal histidine is also capable of forming a hydrogen bond with bound oxygen molecules. The strength of this hydrogen bond was estimated to be -2 and -1 kcal/mol for mammalian myoglobins and hemoglobins, respectively, and accounts for the smaller CO/O2 partition constants (M values) observed for these proteins in comparison to the constants observed for pentacoordinate model heme compounds. PMID- 6643478 TI - Positional specificity of hormone-sensitive lipase from rat adipose tissue. AB - Hormone-sensitive lipase, purified from rat adipose tissue (Fredrikson, G., Stralfors, P., Nilsson, N. O., and Belfrage, P. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 6311 6320), has been incubated with tri-, di-, and monooleoyl[3H]glycerol, and the acylglycerol reaction products were isolated by thin layer chromatography on silicic acid, impregnated with boric acid. Trioleoylglycerol was hydrolyzed with the intermediate accumulation of monooleoylglycerol, mainly the 2-isomer, and a small amount of 1,2(2,3)-, but no measurable, 1,3-dioleoylglycerol. 2 Monooleoylglycerol was also the major acylglycerol reaction product from 1,2(2,3) dioleoylglycerol hydrolysis, which occurred at a Vmax of 60% of that with the 1,3 isomer. Part of the 1(3)-monooleoylglycerols found were formed by acyl migration, but 2-ester bond cleavage was directly demonstrated by the use of 1,3-dioleoyl-2 [14C]oleoyl[3H]glycerol as substrate, and by determination of the 14C/3H ratios of the acylglycerol reaction products. Based on the hydrolysis of specific monooleoylglycerol isomers, it was estimated that the 1(3)-ester bonds of the acylglycerols were hydrolyzed 3- to 4-fold faster than the 2-ester bonds. The main lipolytic reaction sequence catalyzed by hormone-sensitive lipase is thus triacylglycerol leads to 1,2(2,3)-diacylglycerol leads to 2-monoacylglycerol. However, the preference for the 1(3)-ester bonds is less marked than that of, e.g. pancreatic and lipoprotein lipase. PMID- 6643479 TI - The concentration of P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase protein in murine tissues in diabetes of chemical and genetic origin. AB - P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase protein was measured by radioimmunoassay in liver, kidney, and adipose tissue extracts from alloxan- and streptozotocin-diabetic rats, in liver extracts from C57BL/KsJ-db+/db+ "diabetic" mice and in liver extracts from normal mice subjected to different dietary or hormonal states. The radioimmunoassay method measured tissue enzyme concentration (nanomoles/g) and total organ enzyme content (nanomoles/liver) independently of assayable activity (units/g). The "apparent" specific activity (units/nmol) was calculated from the maximum velocity and enzyme concentration data. Extracts of rat liver mitochondria and of skeletal muscle cytosol were also analyzed for P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase by the radioimmunoassay. In "chemical" diabetes, P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase by the radioimmunoassay. In "chemical" diabetes, P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase concentration increased approximately 3-fold over the fed, normal liver value of 0.89 microM, approximately 1.6-fold over the normal kidney value of 1.9 microM and approximately 2.9-fold over the normal adipose tissue value of 0.030 microM. Chemical diabetes caused the specific activity to decrease from 0.38 to approximately 0.27 units/nmol in liver and from 0.48 to approximately 0.32 units/nmol in kidney. Insulin replacement by in vivo injection not only promptly lowered the abnormally high enzyme concentration in both tissues but, paradoxically, decreased the apparent specific activities further to approximately 0.16 in liver and to 0.23 in kidney. In the db+/db+ diabetic mouse the liver enzyme increased from 0.22 microM at 5 weeks of age to 0.44 microM at 18 weeks when serum glucagon concentration is known to be highest and the pancreatic beta cells to be depleted of insulin. While the enzyme protein concentration increased 2-fold in the 18-week-old db+/db+ mouse, total liver enzyme content had actually increased 5-fold due to liver enlargement. In fasted normal mice, glucagon-treated normal mice, and alloxan/streptozotocin-treated mice, the concentration of liver enzyme increased significantly compared to the values in fed control mice. Pharmacological doses of dexamethasone did not induce the mouse enzyme. Rat liver mitochondria contained only trace quantities of immunoassayable enzyme which can be explained by contamination with cytosolic proteins. Rat skeletal muscle also contained only insignificant quantities of the enzyme or perhaps another cross-reacting, immunoassayable protein. The data obtained in diabetes before and after treatment show that complex mechanisms of control by insulin and glucagon do operate to regulate P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase in liver, kidney, and adipose tissue. PMID- 6643480 TI - 13C NMR investigation of nonenzymatic glucosylation of protein. Model studies using RNase A. AB - Nonenzymatic glucosylation of protein is initiated by the reversible condensation of glucose in its open chain form with the amino groups on the protein. The initial product is an aldimine (Schiff base) which cyclizes to the glycosylamine derivative. The aldimine can undergo a slow Amadori rearrangement to yield the relatively stable ketoamine adduct which is structurally analogous to fructose. 13C NMR has been used to characterize these early products of nonenzymatic glucosylation, using RNase A as a model protein. C-1 of the beta-pyranose anomer of the glycosylamine was identified at 88.8 ppm in the spectrum of RNase glucosylated approximately 1:1 with D-[1-13C]glucose. C-1 of the Amadori product was also apparent in this spectrum, resonating as a pair of intense peaks at 52.7 and 53.1 ppm. The anomeric (C-2) resonances of the Amadori adduct were seen in the spectrum of RNase glucosylated approximately 1:1 with [U-13C]glucose. This spectrum was interpreted by comparison to the spectra of reference compounds: D fructose, fructose-glycine, N alpha-formyl-N epsilon-fructose-lysine, and glucosylated poly-L-lysine. In the protein spectrum, the most intense of the C-2 resonances was that of the beta-fructopyranose anomer at 95.8 ppm. The alpha- and beta-fructofuranose anomers were also observed at 101.7 and 99.2 ppm, respectively. One unidentified signal in the anomeric region was observed in the spectra of poly-L-lysine and RNase, both glucosylated with [U-13C]glucose; no comparable resonances were observed in the spectra of the model compounds. PMID- 6643481 TI - A simple method for the preparation of extracts from animal cells which catalyze efficient in vitro protein synthesis. AB - A rapid, simple procedure is described for the preparation of cell-free extracts of both uninfected and virus-infected pig kidney and baby hamster kidney cells which are very active in the in vitro translation of not only endogenous mRNA, but also of exogenous mRNA added to extracts that had been depleted of endogenous mRNA by treatment with micrococcal nuclease. This procedure appears to be adaptable with only minor variations to many eukaryotic cell lines and should greatly facilitate in vitro molecular studies of protein synthesis and gene regulation at the level of translation. PMID- 6643482 TI - Phycocyanin 645. The chromophore assay of phycocyanin 645 from the cryptomonad protozoa Chroomonas species. AB - Phycocyanin 645 was isolated and purified from the cryptomonad Chroomonas species. Its chromophore content was obtained from absorption spectra in acidic 8.0 M urea for both whole protein and the separated subunits. The principal method used to separate the alpha and beta subunits was gel filtration through a Sephacryl S-200 column in acidic urea. The subunits were shown to be completely separated during this procedure by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. Spectra were analyzed by three component Beer's law equations. The whole protein was found to consist of four phycocyanobilins (Amax at 662 nm), two cryptoviolins (Amax at 590 nm), and two unnamed bilins with an Amax at 697 nm. The separated subunits were analyzed, and the beta subunit was shown to have two phycocyanobilins for each cryptoviolin and alpha was composed of the 697-nm bilin exclusively. A comparison of the total amounts of alpha and beta from the Sephacryl columns showed that the molar ratios of phycocyanobilin on beta to the 697-nm bilin on alpha was 2:1, and the ratio of cryptoviolin on beta to 697-nm bilin on alpha was 1:1. We therefore propose that, assuming a symmetrical distribution, each beta subunit on the alpha 2 beta 2 protein has two phycocyanobilins and one cryptoviolin and each alpha subunit has one 697-nm bilin. This chromophore distribution differs from one previously reported in which the subunits were separated on a BioRex 70 cation exchange resin in 12% formic acid via a 4-10 M urea gradient. PMID- 6643483 TI - Induction of nonpolymerizable tropomyosin binding to F-actin by troponin and its components. AB - Nonpolymerizable tropomyosin, in which 11 residues have been quantitatively cleaved from the COOH terminus of muscle tropomyosin (TM) by enzymic digestion, does not bind to F-actin. Binding is restored in the presence of troponin (Tn) and absence of Ca2+. The binding is stronger than for intact TM alone and shows residual cooperativity. In the presence of Ca2+, the binding is at least 10-fold weaker and cooperativity is not observed. Tn-T alone is more effective than Tn-I alone in inducing nonpolymerizable TM binding. Tn-T plus Tn-I induce binding as effectively as whole Tn (without Ca2+). In the absence of Ca2+, Tn-T + Tn-C and Tn-I + Tn-C are more effective in promoting binding than in the presence of Ca2+. These observations emphasize the importance of the head to tail overlap region of TM in the cooperative interactions of the thin filament assembly. The effects of Ca2+ are largely understandable in terms of its known effects on the strength of interactions between Tn-I and TM + actin and between Tn-T and TM. The residual cooperativity observed in nonpolymerizable TM binding in the presence of Tn (without Ca2+) may indicate that the T1 fragment region (residues 1-158) of Tn-T spans the head to tail overlap gap between the neighboring nonpolymerizable TM molecules. Alternatively, or in addition, the cooperativity may arise from conformational changes transmitted through actin from one nonpolymerizable TM-Tn binding site to others. PMID- 6643484 TI - Studies on the properties of the inextractable proteoglycans from bovine nasal cartilage. AB - Bovine nasal cartilage was repeatedly extracted with the dissociative solvent, 4 M guanidinium chloride. About 25% of the total tissue proteoglycans could not be solubilized as judged by galactosamine analysis. The inextractable proteoglycan could be at least partially solubilized by treating the guanidine-extracted tissue with reagents which completely or partially degraded the proteoglycan protein core. Digestion with papain or cyanogen bromide completely solubilized the tissue and released all of the galactosamine-containing material while trypsin or hydroxylamine treatment left the cartilage macroscopically unchanged and extracted about 50% of the residual galactosamine. The degradatively solubilized material was compared to that extracted with guanidinium chloride. The papain-released glycosaminoglycan chains from the two proteoglycan preparations were similar with respect to size, degree of sulfation, position of sulfation, and hexosamine content. Furthermore, the fragments released from the cartilage residue by either cyanogen bromide, trypsin, or hydroxylamine treatment were of the same size, as judged by gel chromatography, as those derived from similarly digested guanidine-extracted proteoglycan. Trypsin digestion also released the keratan sulfate-enriched peptide as well as peptides from the hyaluronic acid-binding region. By the methods used, the inextractable proteoglycan appears to be similar to the fraction which is readily soluble under dissociative conditions and thus may be held tightly within the tissue by a nonspecific mechanism(s) such as entanglement in the collagen fibril network. PMID- 6643485 TI - Control of gluconeogenesis in rat liver cells. I. Kinetics of the individual enzymes and the effect of glucagon. AB - Control of gluconeogenesis from lactate was studied by titrating rat liver cells with lactate and pyruvate in a ratio of 10:1 in a perifusion system. At different steady states of glucose formation, the concentration of key gluconeogenic intermediates was measured and plotted against gluconeogenic flux (J glucose). Complete saturation was observed only in the plot relating J glucose to the extracellular pyruvate concentration. Measurement of pyruvate distribution in the cell showed that the mitochondrial pyruvate translocator operates close to equilibrium at high lactate and pyruvate concentrations. It can therefore be concluded that pyruvate carboxylase limits maximal gluconeogenic flux. Addition of glucagon did not cause a shift in the plots relating J glucose to glucose 6 phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, and phosphoenolpyruvate. It can thus be concluded that glucagon does not affect the kinetic parameters of the enzymes involved in the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to glucose. Addition of glucagon led to a shift in the curves relating J glucose to the concentration of cytosolic oxalacetate and extracellular pyruvate. The shift in the curve relating J glucose to oxalacetate is due to glucagon-induced inhibition of pyruvate kinase. The stimulation of gluconeogenesis by glucagon can be accounted for almost completely by inhibition of pyruvate kinase. There was almost no stimulation by glucagon of pyruvate carboxylation. In the absence of glucagon, control on gluconeogenesis from lactate is distributed among different steps including pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate kinase. Assuming that in the presence of glucagon all pyruvate kinase flux is inhibited, the control of gluconeogenesis in the presence of the hormone is confined exclusively to pyruvate carboxylase. PMID- 6643486 TI - Binding of fibronectin and its proteolytic fragments to glycosaminoglycans. Exposure of cryptic glycosaminoglycan-binding domains upon limited proteolysis. AB - Binding of intact plasma fibronectin and its proteolytic fragments to glycosaminoglycans immobilized on agarose beads was systematically compared at different ionic strengths. In low ionic strength buffer, intact fibronectin bound to heparin and high sulfated heparan sulfate, but not to low sulfated heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfates A and C, or hyaluronic acid. Fractionation of the thermolysin digest of fibronectin on the glycosaminoglycan Sepharoses at low ionic strength revealed that three groups of fragments, i.e. Mr = 150,000-140,000, 24,000, and 16,000 (150K-140K, 24K, and 16K) fragments, were capable of binding to glycosaminoglycans with different specificities and affinities. The 150K-140K fragments exhibited the same specificities as intact fibronectin, binding only to heparin and high sulfated heparan sulfate. However, the 24K fragment bound not only to these two glycosaminoglycans but also to low sulfated heparan sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans as well. The 16K fragments were also capable of binding to most glycosaminoglycans with lower affinity than the 24K fragment. These results suggest that the binding sites in the 24K and 16K fragments are cryptic in the intact protein, but are exposed after limited proteolysis. The binding of fibronectin and its fragments to glycosaminoglycans is dependent on the ionic strength. At physiologic ionic strength, only heparin Sepharose could bind intact fibronectin. Similarly, only heparin-Sepharose could bind the 150K-140K and 24K fragments, but not the 16K fragments, at the same ionic condition. Other glycosaminoglycan-Sepharoses did not retain significant amounts of any of the fibronectin fragments, suggesting that the affinity of plasma fibronectin and its fragments to heparan sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans, except heparin, is not strong enough to achieve stable mono- (or di-) valent binding under physiologic conditions. PMID- 6643487 TI - Steroid receptor-nuclear matrix interactions. The role of DNA. AB - The interaction of sex steroid hormone receptors with the nuclear matrix (NM) of target and non-target tissue was investigated using a simple in vitro binding assay. Steroid receptors can recognize acceptor sites on the NM of target cells; androgen receptor binds with the highest apparent affinity to rat prostate NM; similarly estrogen receptor binds with the highest apparent affinity to uterine NM. Furthermore, the steroid receptor-NM interaction depends upon the hormonal status of the animal. The binding of androgen receptor to rat prostate NM was drastically reduced upon hormone withdrawal (castration) and fully recovered upon hormonal stimulation. When NM were prepared by an alternate method (DNase I digestion prior to high salt extraction) known to digest "active" chromatin, no preferential receptor binding to target tissue NM was observed. Although the NM fraction contains less than 1% of the total nuclear DNA, the matrix-associated DNA sequences seem to be, at least in part, responsible for specific receptor recognition. DNA extracted from the prostate NM was shown to be a potent competitor for androgen receptor binding as measured by DNA-cellulose competition experiments. Moreover, this DNA recognition also depends upon the hormonal status of the animal. These studies are consistent with the notion that hormonal manipulation induces changes in the NM-associated DNA sequences of steroid hormone target tissue. PMID- 6643488 TI - Physical-chemical requirements for the catalysis of substrates by lysosomal phospholipase A1. AB - The catalytic properties of a 1440-fold purified preparation of lysosomal phospholipase A1 were examined. The preparation was at least 95% specific for the sn-1 position of neat phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The apparent specificity of the enzyme toward substrates was affected by three factors: the physical arrangement of molecules in the substrate aggregate, the charge on the lipid water interface and the chemical structure of the substrate as it relates to the active site of the enzyme. Of various phospholipids tested in the absence of detergent PE was the preferred substrate, phosphatidylcholine (PC) was hydrolyzed at one-fifth the rate of PE, while phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) were degraded very slowly. Triton WR1339 stimulated the hydrolysis of PC, PI, PS, and PG but inhibited the hydrolysis of PE, with PG the preferred substrate at a 6:1 Triton/phospholipid ratio. The preference for PC over PE in detergent mixtures was attributed to the active site fit of the chemical structures of the substrate molecules. The enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed neat PE containing palmitic and oleic acids at position 1. A negative surface charge was required for the hydrolysis of PC and PE. Ca2+ stimulated the hydrolysis of PI, PS, and PG but inhibited the hydrolysis of PE. The inhibition of PE hydrolysis by Ca2+ was the result of an alteration in the surface charge of the PE vesicle. Chromatography of phospholipase A1 on concanavalin A-Sepharose resulted in a loss of activity toward acidic phospholipids which could be restored with Ca2+. Plasmalogen PE was found to inhibit the hydrolysis of diacyl-PE at the level of interfacial binding but not by competition for the active site of the enzyme. These results suggest that the hexagonal structure of PE represents a preferred physical form for catalysis by phospholipase A1, while the bilayer form is less readily attacked. Dispersion of the substrate in the inert detergent enhanced the activity of those substrates normally forming bilayer structures. We demonstrate the importance of the "quality of interface" in regulating the activity of the enzyme. PMID- 6643489 TI - Reduction of methemoglobins M Hyde Park, M Saskatoon, and M Milwaukee by ferredoxin and ferredoxin-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reductase system. AB - The reduction of hemoglobins (Hb) M such as Hb M Iwate, Hb M Boston, Hb M Hyde Park, Hb M Saskatoon, and Hb M Milwaukee by the ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP reductase system was studied systematically under anaerobic conditions. The enzyme system could not reduce the abnormal chains in methemoglobin M with an alpha chain anomaly but effectively converted the methemoglobin M with a beta chain anomaly to the fully reduced form. During the reduction of the methemoglobin M with a beta chain anomaly, the spectra showed a shift of the initial isosbestic points, indicating the possible formation of intermediate hemoglobins in the partially reduced state. On the reduction mode of the methemoglobin M, however, it was classified into three types. 1) Only normal chains were reduced (Hb M Iwate and Hb M Boston). 2) Sequential reduction from normal to abnormal chains occurred (Hb M Milwaukee and Hb M Hyde Park). 3) Normal chains were preferentially reduced, but the reduction of abnormal chains also started at the same rate when the reduction of normal ones had proceeded halfway (Hb M Saskatoon). These differences are discussed in relation to the redox potential of each abnormal chain in methemoglobin M. PMID- 6643490 TI - Stimulation of calcium uptake by parathyroid hormone in renal brush-border membrane vesicles. Relationship to membrane phosphorylation. AB - The effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on Ca2+ uptake was studied in brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) prepared from the kidneys of dogs administered 4 5 micrograms/kg of bovine PTH 1-84 in vivo. PTH stimulated Ca2+ uptake at 20 s of incubation from control values of 231 +/- 21 to 306 +/- 30 pmol/mg of protein, p less than 0.001. The stimulation of Ca2+ uptake by PTH was not reversed by incubation of the BBMV with the Ca2+ ionophore, despite the fact that Ca2+ uptake was several times greater than the expected uptake at equilibrium, indicating that most of the uptake represented Ca2+ binding to the BBMV. In BBMV from kidneys exposed to PTH, hypotonic lysis or increasing the osmolality of the solution external to the BBMV did not affect Ca2+ uptake. These data also indicated that the largest fraction of Ca2+ uptake in the presence of a chemical potential represented binding of Ca2+ to BBMV. Ca2+ binding was initially to the exterior of the BBMV, then translocated within the membrane and to the interior vesicular face as assessed by chelation of Ca2+ bound to the BBMV by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. Incubation of BBMV from kidneys exposed to PTH with gentamicin, which competes with Ca2+ for anionic phospholipid-binding sites, reversed the stimulatory effects of PTH on Ca2+ uptake. Phosphorylation of BBMV and PTH treatment in vivo had similar effects on BBMV phospholipid composition increasing the levels of anionic phospholipids. Phosphorylation of the BBMV also produced gentamicin-inhibitable increases in membrane Ca2+ binding. Phosphorylation of BBMV from kidneys exposed to PTH was inhibited suggesting a higher state of phosphorylation in vivo. The data demonstrate that PTH administered in vivo stimulated Ca2+ binding in BBMV that was gentamicin inhibitable and associated with an increase in the membrane content of anionic phospholipids. PMID- 6643491 TI - Halogenated protocatechuates as substrates for protocatechuate dioxygenase from Pseudomonas cepacia. AB - Substrates containing electron-withdrawing groups were reacted with protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase and oxygen. Haloprotocatechuates (5-fluoro-, 5 chloro-, 5-bromo-, 2-chloro-, and 6-chloroprotocatechuates) are oxygenated by the enzyme at rates 28- to 3000-fold lower than that with the native substrate. These lower rates are due to both deactivation of substrate to O2 attack, and to the formation of abortive enzyme-substrate (ES) complexes. Such ES complexes with haloprotocatechuates are spectrally distinct from the normal ES complex. 6 Chloroprotocatechuate produces changes more like those due to protocatechuate. The abortive ES complexes, when rapidly mixed with oxygen, decay to free enzyme and product monophasically, and the dependence of the rates on O2 concentration shows that a rate-limiting step precedes reaction with O2. Thus these complexes are rather unreactive toward O2, and the rate-limiting step in oxygenation is their conversion to active complexes. In contrast, the reaction of O2 with the enzyme and 6-chloroprotocatechuate is biphasic, the first phase being dependent on O2 concentration (2 X 10(4) M-1 S-1) and the second not (7 S-1). The intermediate formed after the first phase strongly resembles the second intermediate seen in the reaction of enzyme with protocatechuate and O2 (Bull, C., Ballou, D. P., and Otsuka, S., (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 12681-12686), implying that the electron-withdrawing effect of the chlorine slows the O2 addition step considerably while the conversion to the second intermediate is hardly affected. When the enzyme cycles through several turnovers with 6 chloroprotocatechuate, an enzyme species is formed that resembles the unreactive ES complexes seen with the other haloprotocatechuates, indicating that a small amount of the unreactive complex is in equilibrium with the reactive complex and that during successive turnovers the enzyme is slowly converted into the unreactive form. The formation of this form correlates with the observation that in assays the rate of product formation gradually decreases with time. PMID- 6643492 TI - Rapid reaction studies on the oxygenation reactions of catechol dioxygenase. AB - The reaction of oxygen with catechol 1,2-dioxygenase from Pseudomonas arvilla ATCC 23974 in complex with catechol, 4-methylcatechol, and 4-fluorocatechol has been studied using single turnover stopped flow spectrophotometry. Two sequential enzyme intermediates have been resolved and their visible spectra characterized by computer-assisted methods. These intermediates are spectrally similar to those observed in a similar study with protocatechuate dioxygenase (Bull, C., Ballou, D. P., and Otsuka, S. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 12681-12686 (1981), although the first intermediate seen with the latter enzyme was not observed in this study. The rate of formation of intermediate I is oxygen-dependent and also accelerated by electron-donating substituents on the C-4 of the substrate. This is consistent with the proposed substrate reduction of dioxygen to form a hydroperoxide. Intermediate I is thus suggested to be a 6-hydroperoxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-one. The decay of intermediate I is also accelerated by electron donors and is consistent with the rearrangement of intermediate hydroperoxide via an acyl migration mechanism. It is inconsistent with mechanisms involving nucleophilic attack at the carbonyl carbon. Intermediate II is proposed to be an enzyme product complex based on the resemblance of its visible spectra to those of the benzoate complex of catechol 1,2-dioxygenase and enzyme-product complexes of protocatechuate dioxygenase. Careful 18O2-labeling experiments have shown that no label is lost to the solvent, implying that no free hydroxide forms during catalysis. PMID- 6643493 TI - High pressure NMR studies of hemoproteins. The effect of pressure on the tertiary and quaternary structures of human adult ferrous hemoglobin. AB - The effect of pressure on the tertiary and quaternary structures of human oxy, carbonmonoxy, and deoxyhemoglobin was examined by high pressure NMR spectroscopy at 300 MHz. The increased pressure displaced the ring current-shifted gamma 1 methyl resonance of beta E11 valine for oxy- and carbonmonoxyhemoglobin to the upfield side, whereas that of the alpha subunit was insensitive to pressure. Such a preferential pressure-induced upfield shift for the beta E11 valine gamma 1 methyl signal was also encountered for the isolated carbonmonoxy beta chain. For deoxyhemoglobin, hyperfine shifted resonances of the heme peripheral proton groups and the proximal histidyl NH proton for the beta subunit were pressure dependent, in contrast to the pressure-insensitive responses for these resonances of the alpha subunit. These results indicate the structural nonequivalence of the pressure-induced structural changes in the alpha and beta subunits of hemoglobin. The exchangeable proton resonances due to the intra- and intersubunit hydrogen bonds which have been used as the oxy and deoxy quaternary structural probes were not changed upon pressurization. From all of above results, it was concluded that pressure induces the tertiary structural change preferentially at the beta heme pocket of the ferrous hemoglobin derivatives with the quaternary structure retained. PMID- 6643494 TI - Molecular anatomy of the antibody binding site. AB - The binding region of immunoglobulins, which includes the portion of the molecule having the most variability in its amino acid sequence, is shown to have a surprisingly constant structure that can be characterized in terms of a simple, well-defined model. The binding region is composed of the antigen combining site plus its immediate vicinity and arises by noncovalent association of the light and heavy chain variable domains (VL and VH, respectively). The antigen combining site itself consists of six polypeptide chain segments ("hypervariable loops") which comprise some 80 amino acid residues and are attached to a framework of VL and VH beta-sheet bilayers. Having analyzed refined x-ray crystallographic coordinates for three antigen-binding fragments (Fab KOL (Marquart, M., Deisenhofer, J., and Huber, R. (1980) J. Mol. Biol. 141, 369-391), MCPC 603 (Segal, D., Padlan, E. A., Cohen, G. H., Rudikoff, S., Potter, M., and Davies, D. R. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 71, 4298-4302), and NEW (Saul, F. A., Amzel, L. M., and Poljak, R. J. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 585-597] we use the results to introduce a general model for the VL-VH interface forming the binding region. The region consists of two closely packed beta-sheets, and its geometry corresponds to a 9-stranded, cylindrical barrel of average radius 0.84 nm with an average angle of -53 degrees between its two constituent beta-sheets. The barrel forms the bottom and sides of the antigen combining site. The model demonstrates that the structural variability of the binding region is considerably less than was thought previously. Amino acid residues which are part of the domain-domain interface and appear not to be accessible to solvent or antigen contribute to antibody specificity. PMID- 6643495 TI - The use of intramolecular isotope effects to distinguish between deprotonation and hydrogen atom abstraction mechanisms in cytochrome P-450- and peroxidase catalyzed N-demethylation reactions. AB - Intramolecular isotope effects were determined for the N-demethylation of N methyl-N-trideuteriomethylaniline catalyzed by two isozymes of cytochrome P-450 and several peroxidases in order to differentiate between deprotonation and hydrogen atom abstraction steps. Lactoperoxidase, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and two isozymes of horseradish peroxidase catalyzed the hydroperoxide-dependent N demethylation at initial rates ranging from 20 to 1700 min-1. These hemeproteins exhibited large and comparable intramolecular isotope effects (kH/kD = 8.6 to 10.1). In contrast, two isozymes of cytochrome P-450 as well as chloroperoxidase (v = 1.5 to 1700 min-1) gave low isotope effects (kH/kD = 1.7 to 3.1) under identical conditions. Catalase exhibited an intermediate intramolecular isotope effect (kH/kD = 5.4). These results have been interpreted to indicate that most of the hemeproteins investigated catalyze N-demethylation reactions via alpha carbon hydrogen atom abstraction, while the reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P 450 and chloroperoxidase proceed via alpha-carbon deprotonation. PMID- 6643496 TI - Cockroach larval-specific protein, a tyrosine-rich serum protein. AB - Larval-specific protein (LSP) is the most abundant protein in the hemolymph of cockroaches shortly before molting, but is rapidly cleared from the hemolymph during the molt (Kunkel, J. G., and Lawler, D. M. (1974) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 47B, 697-710). Blatta orientalis LSP was purified by sedimentation in preparative sucrose gradients followed by 2-hydroxypropylamino-cellulose anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration on a column of Bio-Gel A-1.5m. The amino acid composition of LSP includes 16.3 mol % tyrosine and 4.9 mol % phenylalanine, but virtually no cysteine and little methionine. The following physical properties were determined for LSP: R8 = 68.3 A, 8(20),w = 17.8, and V = 0.723. From these values an Mr = 507,900 was calculated. In electron micrographs, LSP appears as rectangular particles of 121 by 134 A. In disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, native LSP exhibits a single band, but in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, LSP is resolved into a doublet of closely spaced bands of Mr = 88,100 and 84,400 present in a ratio of 1.38:1. These data indicate that native B. orientalis LSP is a hexamer of subunits averaging approximately Mr = 86,000. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of Blattella germanica larval serum indicates that LSP in that species is a hexamer composed of a random assortment of two subunits of different charge in the ratio 1.25:1. The amino acid composition and physical properties of LSP suggest that LSP may be the hemimetabolous analogue of the tyrosine- and phenylalanine-rich storage proteins of holometabolous insects. PMID- 6643497 TI - Primary structures of MCP-1 and MCP-2, natural peptide antibiotics of rabbit lung macrophages. AB - The microbicidal peptides, MCP-1 and MCP-2, of rabbit alveolar macrophages were purified by an improved procedure that employed preparative gel electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. The peptides were arginine- and cystine-rich and lacked free sulfhydryl groups and detectable levels of carbohydrate. Complete sequence determinations revealed that MCP-1 differed from MCP-2 only by the substitution of arginine for leucine at residue 13 from the NH2 terminus and that the molecules were each single chain polypeptides of 33 amino acid residues containing three intramolecular disulfide bonds. The complete amino acid sequences of MCP-1 and MCP-2 are: (sequence in text) PMID- 6643498 TI - Post-translational modification of the fourth component of complement. Effect of tunicamycin and amino acid analogs on the formation of the internal thiol ester and disulfide bonds. AB - The appearance of a functional thiol ester within murine pro-C4 (the intracellular precursor of C4) has been studied. This was assessed by testing the ability of pro-C4 molecules to undergo denaturation-dependent autolytic cleavage. In pulse-chase experiments, [35S]methionine-labeled pro-C4 does not autolyze until approximately 20 min after synthesis by peritoneal macrophages. When intact (not autolyzed) pro-C4 was examined by nonreducing gel electrophoresis, an increase in its apparent Mr was seen, with a time course similar to that for autolysis. Both the capacity to undergo autolytic cleavage and the Mr increase were inhibited by cell culture in the presence of the antibiotic tunicamycin or the threonine analog beta-hydroxynorvaline, both of which inhibit glycosylation. Upon isolation from tunicamycin- or hydroxynorvaline-treated cells, pro-C4 associates with other cell constituents, probably via disulfide bonds. This phenomenon is not seen with the mature (high Mr) form of pro-C4 in control cultures, and can be prevented if the cells are lysed in the presence of a sulfhydryl reagent such as iodoacetamide. These data suggest that the post translational modification of pro-C4 includes the acquisition of a disulfide stabilized conformation with a greater apparent Mr. This conformation, along with an intact thiol ester, is necessary for autolytic cleavage to occur. PMID- 6643499 TI - Sequential assembly of very low density lipoprotein apolipoproteins, triacylglycerol, and phosphoglycerides by the intact liver cell. AB - Primary cultures of estrogen-induced chick parenchymal liver cells have been used to study the assembly of the apolipoprotein and glycerolipid constituents of hepatic very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Liver cell monolayers in serum-free medium were pulse-labeled for 2.5 min with either [3H]leucine or [3H]glycerol and were then chased for 4 h. The kinetics of secretion of VLDL 3H-apolipoproteins (labeled from [3H]leucine) and [3H]triacylglycerol and 3H-phosphoglycerides (labeled from [3H]glycerol) was determined through the chase. Maximal rates of VLDL [3H]triacylglycerol secretion were reached by 20-25 min into the chase, preceding the initial appearance of 3H-apolipoproteins in the medium at 30-35 min of chase time. The secretion of VLDL 3H-phosphoglycerides was maximal much earlier, between 5 and 15 min into the chase, plateaued for 15 min, and then began again at 30 min, thereby displaying a distinctive biphasic pattern. In the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin, such that apopeptide synthesis was halted from the start of the chase, the secretion of VLDL 3H-glycerolipid was depressed after 30 min of chase, without having influenced the temporal pattern of the newly synthesized VLDL 3H-apolipoprotein and 3H-glycerolipid secretion. As compared to the cycloheximide-treated cells in which apolipoprotein B nascent chains were arrested intracellularly, the puromycin-treated cells secreted discharged apolipoprotein B nascent chains as VLDL constituents assembled with triacylglycerol. The differential kinetics of 3H-apolipoprotein, [3H]triacylglycerol, and 3H-phosphoglyceride secretion as VLDL and the timing of the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on their secretion indicate that VLDL constituents are assembled sequentially in the intact liver cell. Some VLDL phosphoglyceride and the VLDL triacylglycerol are assembled with apolipoprotein early in the secretory pathway, forming a triacylglycerol-rich lipid-protein particle into which further phosphoglyceride is introduced just prior to its secretion as mature VLDL. PMID- 6643500 TI - Fibronectin in extended and compact conformations. Electron microscopy and sedimentation analysis. AB - We have studied the ionic strength-dependent change in conformation of fibronectin, half-molecules of fibronectin produced by reduction and carboxyamidomethylation, and proteolytic fragments. In zone sedimentation through glycerol gradients, intact fibronectin sedimented at 13.5 and 10 S in 0.02 and 0.2 M NaCl, respectively, in agreement with previous studies. Half-molecules sedimented at 11.5 and 7.5 S in the two salt concentrations, demonstrating that the change in conformation occurs independently within each half-molecule. Gelatin-binding plasmic fragments of 165-215 kDa showed a similar large shift in sedimentation coefficient, and one of 60 kDa showed a small shift. We conclude that the change in conformation is effected by short range electrostatic interactions along the strand, rather than by attraction of distant segments of the molecule. Electron microscopy showed that both intact fibronectin and half molecules exist as extended strands at high ionic strength. At low ionic strength the strands are more strongly curved or bent to produce an irregularly coiled compact structure. No regular points of folding or crossover were seen, suggesting that the compact conformation is produced by increased bending over most or all of the strand. PMID- 6643501 TI - Dependence of the shape of the plasma fibronectin molecule on solvent composition. Ionic strength and glycerol content. AB - Fibronectin has been purified to apparent homogeneity according to measurements of molecular weight and diffusion constant from light scattering and sedimentation in the analytical ultracentrifuge. This gives two estimates of molecular weight close to 500,000. (The difference with the gel electrophoretic value of 440,000 may indicate the presence of some material of molecular weight higher than that of the monomer.) The (corrected) diffusion constant is found to decrease with ionic strength, much more rapidly in 30% glycerol than in water. A corresponding change occurs when the glycerol content is varied from 0 to 30% at moderate ionic strength, but at very low ionic strength the diffusion constant does not depend on glycerol content. It is concluded that fibronectin can occur in two extreme conformations: the open form, in 30% glycerol at moderate ionic strength, should correspond to the extended shapes visualized by others by electron microscopy of samples prepared from solutions containing glycerol, while the closed form occurs under more physiological conditions. The Stokes radii of these forms, 14.5 and 9.6 nm, respectively, have been compared with calculated Stokes radii of chains of beads of overall length 140 nm having varying stiffness, simulated by a Monte Carlo procedure. These have a Stokes radius of 14.5 nm when made relatively extended to where the distance between chain ends averages 90 nm, as observed in the electron micrographs. When these chains are made very flexible, the Stokes radius reaches a limit of about 10 nm, apparently a lower limit to which a randomly coiled molecule of this size and volume may collapse in a disordered fashion. These results and electron micrographs obtained at low ionic strength suggest a tangled model of the compact form, rather than the ordered model recently proposed by others. Finally, some speculation is offered in regard to a possible physiological role of a conformation change of fibronectin. PMID- 6643502 TI - Purification and characterization of rat lingual lipase. AB - Lingual lipase was highly purified from serous glands of rat tongue. Protein containing lipolytic activity was precipitated with 30-60% saturated ammonium sulfate from the 100,000 X g supernatant of a homogenate of the glands, resuspended in buffered solution, treated and precipitated with acetone at -20 degrees C, and redissolved in buffered solution at pH 5.4. This protein was further purified by hydrophobic chromatography on ethyl agarose; it was eluted with a micellar solution of sodium taurodeoxycholate, oleic acid, and monooleoylglycerol at pH 6.3. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed this fraction consisted of one major protein band, with Mr = 51,000, and several minor bands. A similar value for Mr of protein with lipolytic activity was obtained when acetone-precipitated protein was subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 indicating that 51,000 is the Mr of an active form of lingual lipase. Lingual lipase purified from rat tongue had a specific activity of 230 units/mg of protein (unit = micromoles of fatty acid formed/min at 37 degrees C). Purified lingual lipase hydrolyzed immediately long chain triacylglycerol to diacylglycerol and fatty acid in medium containing 17 mM sodium taurodeoxycholate and 3.3 mM CaCl2 at pH 5.4. It then hydrolyzed diacylglycerol, and later monoacylglycerol, but at rates 1:6 and 1:20, respectively, of that for triacylglycerol. The activity of lingual lipase in the presence of sodium taurodeoxycholate and CaCl2 was decreased only 33% when pH of the incubation medium was increased to 6.5. This indicates that lingual lipase, which is known to be active in stomach, could act in the small intestines. PMID- 6643503 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of the NH2-terminal membrane-binding domain of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. AB - The amphipathic flavoprotein NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase from steer liver was converted into the membrane-binding and soluble catalytic domains by controlled subtilisin proteolysis of vesicle-bound, externally oriented reductase. Amino acid analysis of the single nonpolar peptide which remained associated with the vesicles showed that it has a molecular weight of about 6400-6500 and that 65-66% of the amino acid residues are hydrophobic. Both the intact reductase and the nonpolar peptide were blocked to sequencing. Carboxypeptidase Y digestion of the holoenzyme and of a chymotryptically generated flavopeptide, which had lost membrane-binding capacity, released 1 residue of alanine and 2 residues of phenylalanine, indicating a common carboxyl terminus. Partial sequence analysis of the reductase placed the nonpolar peptide to the NH2-terminal side of the subtilisin-generated flavopeptide domain. Thus, the membrane-binding domain of cytochrome b5 reductase is localized at the NH2-terminus of the whole protein. The nonpolar peptide bound to vesicles contains a single fluorescent tryptophan with an emission maximum characteristic of a hydrophobic environment. PMID- 6643504 TI - The sequential replacement of myosin subunit isoforms during muscle type transformation induced by long term electrical stimulation. AB - Fiber type transformation was induced in fast skeletal muscles of the rabbit by chronic electrical stimulation of the motor nerve. The accompanying changes in myosin subunit composition were examined in order to establish the precise sequence of events during this transition. Replacement of the fast by the slow isoforms of the individual light and heavy chains of the native myosin did not occur synchronously. The resultant changes in the stoichiometry of the different classes of light chains are described in relation to possible mechanisms regulating the expression of the corresponding genes. The neonatal form of myosin could not be detected at any stage of transformation, suggesting that the changes in myosin synthesis do not recapitulate the developmental sequence. PMID- 6643505 TI - A simple rate law that describes the kinetics of the heparin-catalyzed reaction between antithrombin III and thrombin. AB - The kinetics of the reaction between human thrombin and antithrombin III were studied in the presence of heparin fractionated according to its molecular size and affinity for antithrombin III. Reactions were monitored continuously through the loss of fluorescence intensity accompanying the displacement of the reversible inhibitor dansylarginine-N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amide from thrombin upon its interaction with antithrombin III. As the concentration of heparin was increased in the presence of fixed concentrations of the two proteins, initial rates of the reaction increased up to a maximum and then decreased. Both the maximum rate and the concentration of heparin required to obtain a maximum increased with increased concentration of the proteins. The reaction appeared second order overall and first order with respect to each protein when heparin was in excess and zero order overall when the proteins were in excess. The existence of zero order kinetics at excess concentration of proteins indicates that the reaction is saturable in both proteins. The kinetics of the heparin-catalyzed reaction measured over an appreciable range of protein and heparin concentrations could be rationalized well by the simple rate equation, v = k X fa X fb X [H]t, where k is an intrinsic rate constant for the reaction between bound antithrombin III and thrombin, fa and fb are, respectively, the fractional saturation of available sites on heparin by antithrombin III and thrombin, and [H]t is the total concentration of heparin. This rate equation implies that interactions of both proteins with heparin are involved in the expression of catalytic activity through a template mechanism as proposed by M. W. Pomeranz and W. G. Owen ((1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 535, 66 77) and M. J. Griffith ((1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7360-7365). PMID- 6643506 TI - Structure of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-D-leucyl-L-phenylalanylethanolamide. An N alpha-protected analogue of the COOH-terminal dipeptide of linear gramicidins. AB - Solid state conformational analysis of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-D-leucyl-L phenylalanylethanolamide (t-Boc-D-Leu-L-Phe-EA), an N alpha-protected analogue of the COOH-terminal dipeptide of linear gramicidins, carried out by x-ray diffraction, has indicated that the molecules are characterized by an N-H...O = C intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded chain reversal of the beta-turn II' type. One of the two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit shows an additional intramolecular hydrogen bond of the O-H...O = C type, linking the hydroxyl function of the COOH-terminal ethanolamide moiety to the carbonyl oxygen of the urethane N-protecting group. This is the first experimental evidence for a beta turn conformation fused with the oxy analogue of an alpha-turn. The results of an investigation in a solvent of low polarity (deuteriochloroform), using infrared absorption and 1' nuclear magnetic resonance, strongly support the view that an intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded beta-turn conformation is the most populated conformation of t-Boc-D-Leu-L-Phe-EA molecules at high dilution. In the self association process, taking place at high concentration, the urethane and peptide NH groups are involved as hydrogen-bonding donors. PMID- 6643507 TI - Free energy coupling in the interactions between Ca2+, calmodulin, and phosphorylase kinase. AB - Interactions between Ca2+, exogenous calmodulin, and white skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase have been quantitatively studied by equilibrium gel filtrations and analyzed by means of the so-called "linked functions" theory (Weber, G. (1975) Adv. Protein Chem. 29, 1-83). Four moles of calmodulin, each saturated with at least 3 Ca2+ ions, bind to 1 mol of phosphorylase kinase with a Kdiss of 2.3 nM. The activation of the enzyme as a function of free [Ca2+] shows that the intrinsic Ca-binding properties of phosphorylase kinase do not change upon binding of exogenous calmodulin, and confirms that alpha beta gamma delta X Ca3 is the functional catalytic unit through which activation occurs. Direct binding studies reveal that the intrinsic Ca-binding properties of the enzyme remain the same in the presence of either 0.5 or 8 mM Mg2+, indicating that phosphorylase kinase is endowed with Ca-specific sites. Upon interaction with the enzyme, calmodulin acquires strong positive cooperativity in Ca2+-binding: whereas its first two stoichiometric Ca-binding constants are not significantly different from those of free calmodulin, the third Ca2+ ion binds with an affinity at least 10(5)-fold higher than the corresponding one in free calmodulin. Calmodulin liganded with 1 or 2 Ca2+ displays the same low affinity for the enzyme as calmodulin depleted of Ca2+ (approximate Kdiss = 10(-4)-10(-3) M). The alpha beta gamma delta X calmodulin X Ca3 complex is strengthened by a free energy coupling of -8 kcal/mol upon complexation. The quantitative analysis of our results predicts that in spite of this high free energy barrier the dissociation of the complex (i.e. the inactivation of phosphorylase kinase) occurs rapidly upon lowering free [Ca2+]. PMID- 6643508 TI - Lyophilized typhoid vaccine for intradermal use. AB - The prophylaxis of typhoid fever in Romania is usually achieved with fluid heat killed phenolized vaccine. However the shelf life of this vaccine is only two years. The long term storage of an intradermal typhoid vaccine is made possible by lyophilization. A heat-inactivated bacterial suspension with a high concentration of organisms, at least 25 X 10(9) cells per ml, was freeze-dried at a temperature not higher than 30 degrees C. The final vaccine obtained had a residual moisture content of not more than 5%. Active and passive protection tests in mice, specific agglutinin production in humans and rabbits, the innocuity and the toxicity for mice, and the investigation of post-vaccinal adverse reactions in man, showed that the lyophilized typhoid vaccine could be stored at 4 degrees C for at least five years without loss of potency. Consequently, the vaccine may be stored without risk of deterioration for rapid emergency mass immunization with Jet-injector apparatus. PMID- 6643509 TI - A study of candidate rabies vaccines for a national reference preparation for the evaluation of antigenic potency. AB - An unconcentrated and a concentrated lot of rabies vaccine prepared in Syrian hamster kidney cell culture from the Vnukovo-32 strain have been examined for their suitability as national reference preparations for rabies vaccine. The antigenic potencies of the preparations were assessed by the NIH test using both fixed and street strains of rabies virus and by the method of antibody induction. The candidate vaccines were calibrated in comparative assays with the WHO 3rd International Reference Preparation of Rabies Vaccine (IRP3). The correlation between the level of virus-neutralizing antibody and the resistance of mice to intracerebral challenge with a fixed rabies virus strain was studied. The candidate vaccines were also examined by the thermal degradation test. It was found that both vaccines had appropriate antigenic potency and thermostability to be used as a national reference preparation of rabies vaccine. PMID- 6643510 TI - The estimation of host antigen in experimental and commercial influenza subunit preparations by delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. AB - A delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) test has been used to detect the presence of host-specific antigen(s) in highly-purified egg-grown influenza virus and virus components. Cyclophosphamide-treated mice, primed with an extract from allantoic fluid, showed DTH reactions when challenged with whole virus, spikeless virus particles or polymer-type subunits. All commercial egg-grown influenza vaccines showed the presence of host antigen, whereas lipid-free derivatives such as internal virus protein complexes and monomer HA preparations lacked the activity. These findings are discussed in relation to vaccine application. PMID- 6643511 TI - The immunizing effect and reactogenicity of two live attenuated mumps virus vaccines in Swedish schoolchildren. AB - An evaluation of the seroconversion and booster effects after vaccination with two different mumps vaccines, the Urabe Am 9 strain and the Jeryl Lynn strain, was carried out in schoolchildren. Four hundred and fifty-four schoolchildren aged 11 to 12 years with no previous history of mumps or mumps vaccination were enrolled for the study. The antibody responses were measured by serum neutralization (SN) and haemolysis-in-gel (HIG) tests. Of the 454 subjects, 130 were found to be initially seronegative. Two lots of different strengths of each vaccine were used to evaluate the relationships. The Urabe Am 9 vaccine lots had infectivity titres of 100 000 and 19 000 TCID50 per dose and the Jeryl Lynn vaccine titres of 59 000 and 28 000 TCID50 per dose. Only slight differences in seroconversion rates were seen between the lots. The overall seroconversion rate, measured by SN, was 94% for the Urabe Am 9 vaccine and 91% for the Jeryl Lynn vaccine, whereas the geometric mean titre for virus-neutralizing antibody in seroconverting children was 7.4 with the Urabe Am 9 vaccine and 10.7 with the Jeryl Lynn vaccine. In children who were seropositive prior to vaccination, a marked rise in antibody titre was found 8 weeks after vaccine injection indicating a booster effect. The miscellaneous post-vaccination side-effects were mild and inconsequential. PMID- 6643512 TI - A comparative investigation of reactivity to tuberculin using a multiple-puncture technique (the Monotest) and the Mantoux test. AB - A percutaneous, multiple-puncture method for the testing of tuberculin reactivity called Monotest (Merieux) was compared with the conventional, intracutaneous, Mantoux test in 182 schoolchildren (14 years of age) and 338 adults. Correspondence of reactivity was observed in 84 and 85% respectively. These results indicate that the Monotest could be used to select schoolchildren for BCG vaccination in Sweden. PMID- 6643514 TI - The stability of tetanus antitoxin at various temperatures. PMID- 6643513 TI - Doxorubicin degradation: changes in activity compared by bacterial growth inhibition and free radical-dependent damage to deoxyribose. AB - Doxorubicin (DX) under partially anaerobic conditions can degrade deoxyribose with the release of thiobarbituric acid-reactive products. This activity is lost, together with the ability to inhibit bacterial growth, when DX is damaged by exposure to intense white light. Deoxyribose degradation may provide useful information about the anticancer properties of the drug. PMID- 6643515 TI - Effects of the ablation of the nucleus pulposus on the vibrational behavior of the lumbosacral hinge. AB - This study was designed to investigate the respective damping properties of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc during propagation of vibration waves through the osteoligamento-muscular axis of the spine. The study was conducted on a 8-10 kg deeply anesthetized baboon. In the first surgical phase five accelerometers were implanted in the first sacral vertebra and on the anterior side of the four lower lumbar vertebrae. The bioinstrumented animal was placed in a restraining chair and exposed to narrow bandwidth (0-100 Hz) 0.16 G RMS random vibration. Once data was recorded, the nuclei pulposi of the studied discs were removed by suction, the surrounding annuli remaining intact. The still deeply anesthetized animal was again exposed to the same 0-100 Hz, 0.16 G RMS vibration. Results were analyzed and their reproducibility was tested on three animals. PMID- 6643516 TI - A finite element analysis of the influence of surgical herniation on the viscoelastic properties of the intervertebral disc. AB - The purpose of this paper was to study the influence of surgical herniation on the viscoelastic properties of the intervertebral disc. The work was broken down into two phases: experimentation and analysis. In the first step of experimentation, five specimens were excised from the L1-L2 level of young adult rhesus monkeys. The prepared specimen consisted of the intervertebral joint and the two adjacent vertebral centrums without either the posterior elements or associated soft tissue. The specimens were subjected to a constant compressive load for eight hours followed by a sixteen hour relaxation time. During all the load cycles, displacement of the specimens was measured with an LVDT. After the first compressive test, the specimens were herniated and then the compressive test repeated. In the second phase of the work, a viscoelastic axisymmetric finite element model was used to quantify the experimental data. A three parameter Kelvin solid was employed in the finite element model. The results of this paper will be used to construct a dynamic model for the vertebral column. PMID- 6643517 TI - A method of bite force measurement in primates. AB - A bite force transducer consisting of two differential strain beams with four strain gages in a full bridge configuration was modified for measuring occlusal forces in rhesus monkeys. A procedure of muscle stimulation (20-50 V, 60 Hz, and 0.8 ms duration) produced maximal unilateral masticatory muscle contraction when stimulating electrodes were placed in the masseter muscle. Tests of this procedure revealed reproducible results and a potential for use in studies of the force of isometric contraction of the masticatory muscles in normal and experimentally altered macaques and other primates. PMID- 6643518 TI - A new approach to the human muscle model. AB - Hill's (1938) two component muscle model is used as basis for digital computer simulation of human muscular contraction by means of an iterative process. The contractile (CC) and series elastic (SEC) components are lumped components of structures which produce and transmit torque to the external environment. The CC is described in angular terms along four dimensions as a series of non-planar torque-angle-angular velocity surfaces stacked on top of each other, each surface being appropriate to a given level of muscular activation. The SEC is described similarly along dimensions of torque, angular stretch, overall muscle angular displacement and activation. The iterative process introduces negligible error and allows the mechanical outcome of a variety of normal muscular contractions to be evaluated parsimoniously. The model allows analysis of many aspects of muscle behaviour as well as optimization studies. Definition of relevant relations should also allow reproduction and prediction of the outcome of contractions in individuals. PMID- 6643519 TI - Mechanical properties of a single equivalent muscle producing forearm supination. AB - Muscles involved in forearm supination in man were analyzed in terms of a two component muscle model. The properties of the contractile component and series elastic component were determined by a series of dynamic contractions at four levels of perceived exerted effort. Generally characteristics were found to be highly non-linear, however at submaximal effort levels mechanical relationships contained long linear segments. This was interpreted as an attempt to make muscle behaviour more linear and thus more predictable. The outlined method is not limited to forearm supination, and allows description not only of muscle properties, but also of strategies employed in the use of muscles. When determined muscle characteristics were used in a validated muscle model, accurate prediction of contractions for individual subjects was possible. PMID- 6643520 TI - Evaluation of cross-sectional geometry and mass density distributions of humans and laboratory animals using computerized tomography. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the cross-sectional geometry and mass density distribution of a young porcine subject using the X-ray computerized tomographic (CT) method and to perform a comparative study of anatomical features of this subject and a 3 yr old female child specimen. The cross-sectional CT scans of the porcine subject were obtained at 1 cm intervals. The outlines of each cross section and of selected anatomical components within each section were obtained by standard picture processing techniques. The mass and inertia tensor for each cross section and for each anatomical structure in a section were computed based on the CT numbers. The porcine subject was then sacrificed, frozen, sectioned and photographed. These sectional photographs were then compared with those obtained from the CT method. Tabulated cross-sectional mass and inertia tensor obtained from CT scans of the porcine subject were also used to compare with similar results derived from previously completed CT scans of the 3 yr old female child specimen. In particular, the comparisons were made on the location of the center of gravity and the inertia tensor in the head, neck, head and neck and cervical spine regions. Some immediate applications of this data are inputs to finite element models, lumped parameter biodynamic models, computer simulation of vehicle crash victims, and dummy design. PMID- 6643521 TI - Water transport in the arterial wall--a theoretical study. AB - Water transport in the arterial wall is studied using a mathematical model based on the theory for the consolidation of water saturated soils (Biot, 1941; Kenyon, 1976a). The intimal pressure is considered to be harmonic in time. Analytical results are obtained for both large and small consolidation times since both the situations are of physiological relevance. For large consolidation times, the filtration is confined to a thin boundary layer. Large pressure gradients exist within the boundary layer while the pressure gradient is negligible in the intermediate layer. Thus, the pulsatile flow is found to be confined to the boundary layer while a smaller mean flow exists throughout the wall. PMID- 6643522 TI - Punch shear testing of extracted vital and endodontically treated teeth. AB - Plano-parallel specimens of human dentin cut from vital and endodontically treated teeth were tested by the punch shear test. Shear strength values were found to positively correlate with approximate toughness values. Statistically significant differences were found between shear strength and toughness values for vital and endodontically treated teeth, the latter showing lower values. The clinical impression that endodontically treated teeth are weaker and more brittle than vital teeth has therefore been quantitated. Anatomically different teeth or the methods used to store and cut teeth could not be consistently correlated with punch shear and toughness values. When dentin slices were constrained during punching so that bending was prevented, the precision of the results was improved and higher values were recorded. PMID- 6643523 TI - The assessment of in vivo bone condition in humans by impact response measurement. AB - Transverse impact tests were conducted on the lower legs of 30 human volunteers and on 18 embalmed human tibiae. The impact was produced by an instrumented hammer and the response was monitored by an accelerometer. The apparent flexural wave velocity, measured from the force and acceleration records, showed significant negative correlations with the ages of both the male and female volunteer groups. The decrease in the velocity with increasing age was more pronounced in the female group. Two patients with bone diseases also manifested a much lower wave velocity compared to that from a normal person of similar age. Results of in vitro impact tests on human tibiae also showed that the wave velocity had: (1) a significant positive correlation with the mass/unit length of bone and (2) a significant negative correlation with the degree of osteoporosis in the bones. PMID- 6643524 TI - Internal geometry of arterial bifurcations. AB - The internal geometries of 137 arterial bifurcations were measured, using enlarged angiographic pictures, to determine the position of the apex of each bifurcation in relation to the ostium of the parent artery. The measurements, relating to different parts of the cardiovascular system of man and some to that of rabbit and pig, were compared with each other and with a theoretical model of an 'optimum' arterial bifurcation. The results were found to be consistent with a position of the apex which is optimum from the point of view of local hemodynamics. In that position, the apex lies on a straight dividing streamline which divides the flow in the parent artery in the proportion required by the two branches. PMID- 6643525 TI - Laser anemometry measurements of pulsatile flow past aortic valve prostheses. AB - Experimental results are presented on physiological pulsatile flow past caged ball and tilting disc aortic valve prostheses mounted in an axisymmetric chamber incorporated in a mock circulatory system. The measurements of velocity profiles and turbulent normal stresses during several times in a cardiac cycle were obtained using laser-Doppler anemometry. Our results show that with increased angle of opening for the tilting disc valves, a large but locally confined vortex is observed along the wall in the minor flow region throughout most of the cardiac cycle. The turbulent normal stresses measured downstream to the tilting disc in the minor flow region parallel to the tilt axis were found to be larger than those measured downstream to the caged ball valves. Comparison of measurements with steady flow at flow rates comparable to peak pulsatile flow rate show that the turbulent normal stresses are larger by a factor of two in pulsatile flow with a frequency of 1.2 Hz. PMID- 6643526 TI - The use of ligament efficiency to model fenestrations in the internal elastic lamina of cerebral arteries. I--modelling scheme. AB - The spatial geometry of fenestrations (windows) in the internal elastic lamina from human cerebral arteries is being characterized by a single parameter termed 'ligament efficiency', which is a ratio of the solid band of material to the centre-to-centre spacing between two or more holes. As a result, the apparent random distribution of fenestrations with variable diameters may be represented as a uniform array of holes with a single diameter. The actual arrangement of fenestrations from three separate tissue specimens were replicated in thin latex sheets by transposing the image of the fenestrations from photomicrographs obtained with the scanning electron microscope. In a similar manner, the uniform array of holes with an equivalent ligament efficiency are modelled in latex sheets. The tensile (stress-strain) properties of the latex sheets representing the replication and model configurations were comparable for all three specimens, even though their individual ligament efficiencies were different. The close similarity between the elastic characteristics for the two configurations, verifies the application of ligament efficiency to represent the spatial geometry of a perforated material such as the fenestrated internal elastic lamina. PMID- 6643527 TI - The use of ligament efficiency to model fenestrations in the internal elastic lamina of cerebral arteries. II--analysis of the spatial geometry. AB - During uniaxial extension of the latex model, the holes (both marked on the sheet and perforated) demonstrated a distinctive change in their shape, from circular to elliptical. Measurements of the axial and transverse diameters of a consistent row of holes, along with the width of the sample at distinct elongations were converted into an area, ligament efficiency (transverse and axial) and shape factor (eccentricity). Values for the expansion ratio of the holes and necking of the latex sheet were also computed. The perforations expanded more rapidly than with the holes only marked on the solid material, which translated into a more rapid increase for the axial diameter, area and eccentricity, while the axial ligament efficiency decreased more rapidly. The transverse diameter and transverse ligament efficiency remained essentially constant. Necking of the latex sheet was consistent for all of the specimens (both solid and perforated). The relative expansion ratios paralleled the relative changes for the standardized stresses presented in Part I. PMID- 6643528 TI - Simultaneous quantitation of knee ligament forces. AB - An apparatus and experimental technique have been developed which allow the simultaneous quantitation of human cadaver knee ligament forces with the knee in various positions and subjected to various loads. The methodology permits all the major ligaments of the knee to be kept intact, thus preserving much of their normal relative load-bearing function. A novel measurement technique was employed for ligament force measurement. Strain gauges were placed at the ligamentous insertions and origins either on cortical bone or the cancellous/cortical transition. Gauge output was subsequently calibrated quantitatively by cutting the ligaments and subjecting them to known loads. The gauging technique was thermally stable, and the method as a whole yielded reproducible relative ligament force data when knee positions and loads were repeated for a given knee specimen. Three fresh human cadaver knee specimens have been subjected to testing thus far with gauges at six ligamentous sites. Initial evaluation of the data indicate that ligamentous loading patterns were quite different from those reported in the literature as determined by other methods. PMID- 6643529 TI - Bone stress in the horse forelimb during locomotion at different gaits: a comparison of two experimental methods. AB - Longitudinal stresses acting in the cranial and caudal cortices of the radius and the dorsal and palmar cortices of the metacarpus in the horse were determined using two independent methods simultaneously. One approach involved the use of rosette strain gauges to record in vivo bone strain; the other involved filming the position of the horse's forelimb as it passed over a force plate. Agreement between the two analyses was better for the radius than for the metacarpus. Both methods showed the radius to be loaded primarily in sagittal bending, acting to place the caudal cortex in compression and the cranial cortex in tension. At each gait the magnitude of peak stress in each cortex based on the film/force analysis was 1.5-2 times higher than that determined from the bone strain recordings. In the metacarpus, the magnitude of stress in each cortex calculated from the film/force method was 2-3 times greater at each gait than that shown by the bone strain recordings. However, whereas the film/force analysis indicated that the metacarpus was loaded in sagittal bending (acting to place the palmar cortex in compression and the dorsal cortex in tension), the bone strain recordings showed the metacarpus to be loaded primarily in axial compression at each gait. Because the film/force method depends on an accurate measure of limb segment orientation relative to the direction of ground reaction force, comparatively small errors in calculations of bending moments may lead to a significant difference in the level and distribution of stress determined to act in the bone's cortices. The discrepancy in metacarpal loading obtained by the two methods may be explained in part by the simplicity of the biomechanical model which, for instance, neglected the force exerted by the sesamoids on the distal end of the metacarpus. The records of stress determined from the in vivo bone strain recordings showed that each bone was subjected to a consistent loading regime despite changes of gait. Such a consistent strain distribution should allow these bones to maximize economy in the use of tissue required to support the dynamic loads applied. Peak stresses measured from the bone strain recordings in the radius during locomotion at constant speed (-40.8 +/- 4.1 MN m-2) were significantly larger than those in the metacarpus (-25.1 +/- 2.8 MN m-2), regardless of speed and gait. During acceleration and deceleration, however, peak stress rose dramatically in the metacarpus (-40.6 +/- 3.4 MN m-2) but remained constant in the radius (-37.8 +/- 5.8 MN m-2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6643530 TI - Some mechanical properties of goose femoral cortical bone. AB - The ultimate compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of femoral cortical bone from adult geese (Anser anser), were determined by sex and by quadrant by compressing small right circular cylinders which were 2.4 mm in height and 0.8 mm in diameter. The average ultimate compressive strength was 183 +/- 29 MPa. The average modulus of elasticity was 13.2 +/- 3.4 GPa. The bending strength and bending modulus of elasticity were determined by a three point bend test on rectangular prisms which had the approximate dimensions 0.75 mm X 0.75 mm X 25 mm. The average bending strength was 263 +/- 44 MPa while the average bending modulus was 19.6 +/- 3.1 GPa. The calcium content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and no correlation was found with the mechanical properties. The histology of the cortical bone was examined both quantitatively and qualitatively. A unique type of Haversian bone is described. Goose bone was found to be morphologically similar to adolescent human bone and to have mechanical properties similar to those of adult human bone. PMID- 6643531 TI - Fourier analysis of ground reaction forces in normals and patients with knee joint disease. AB - Fourier analysis was performed on the ground reaction force patterns during gait in 26 normals and 10 patients with knee joint disease prior to total knee replacement. A method was developed to determine the essential number of harmonics for each force component, based on data sampling rate and the level of accuracy required in reconstructing the original patterns. The criteria used to select the level of accuracy depend upon the type of analysis to be performed. Only the first two to four harmonics, plus the constant term, were found to be the dominating coefficients in describing each of the reaction force patterns, and they are subsequently used as the key parameters in differentiating normals and patients with knee joint disease. The advantages of this method and its implication to objective gait analysis in biomechanics are discussed. PMID- 6643532 TI - The effects of composition, structure and age on the torsional properties of the human radius. AB - A standard site in the distal shaft of the radius is commonly used to monitor the skeletal status of aging individuals by photon absorptiometry. Since the adjacent metaphysis of this bone is a common site for fractures, it is important to know whether bone mineral content (BMC) is a good indicator of mechanical integrity. In concert with previous studies, the BMC of the scan site declined significantly (p less than 0.005) with age in women but in men showed no change to age 90. In spite of the loss of BMC, there was no decrease in torsional rigidity in women. In men torsional rigidity increased significantly (p less than 0.05) with age even though BMC did not change. Thus, measurements of BMC alone do not adequately reflect the mechanical integrity of a clinically significant skeletal site, and assessment of skeletal health based on such criteria may be misleading. PMID- 6643533 TI - Field measurements in snow skiing injury research. AB - Field measurements during skiing experiments simultaneously recorded the complete excitation of the toe and heel of one foot, the absolute spatial orientation of the pelvis and the foot, muscle activity at the hip, knee and ankle and the complete rotation of the femur relative to the tibia across the knee in three test subjects. Data were transmitted from test subjects during the skiing experiments by a 100K bits-1. PCM-FM system and recorded in digital form. Analyses of field data show the magnitude of the loading applied to the lower extremity during normal skiing often exceeds the expected, quasi-static ultimate strength of the tibia. Anterior-posterior bending of approximately 600 Nm has been recorded during skiing without binding release or injury to the test subjects. The standard heel binding design can not effectively control the bending moment in the lower extremity during skiing. Longitudinal rotation across the knee was in-phase with, though not proportional to, the applied torsion at the foot by the ski. PMID- 6643535 TI - On large periodic motions of arteries. AB - The large, radial periodic motion of an artery subjected to a dynamic inner pressure is studied through the use of finite deformation theory of elastic materials. The artery is assumed to behave as an isotropic, homogeneous and incompressible elastic material. Expressions for intramural pressure and wall stresses are obtained as a function of the large periodic motion. Dynamic effects are shown to both increase the diastolic pressure and decrease the systolic pressure. It is also shown that, under certain conditions, the artery may experience a negative intramural pressure, in which case the artery may collapse. The present study predicts very large circumferential stress and stress gradients which might lead the artery to arteriosclerosis. PMID- 6643534 TI - Estimation of respiratory impedance and source pressure using a Thevenin equivalent circuit model. AB - The objective of this paper is to present a new technique which can provide both active respiration source pressure and lung impedance in a single noninvasive test. The method is based upon a Thevenin equivalent circuit model of respiratory mechanics. Using this model, the equivalent source pressure and source impedance can be computed from the measured changes of respiratory pressures and flows in two consecutive cycles before and after addition of purely resistive loads to the mouth. In maximal breathing the source parameters were reproducible in six normal human subjects. The total respiratory resistance during maximal breathing had an average value of 3.46 cmH2O l-1 s-1, and the total dynamic compliance had an average value of 0.078 l cmH2O-1. The airway resistances measured using a plethysmographic method were within the range of 45-65% of the estimated total respiratory resistances. These two resistances were related with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. An average value of the magnitudes of the fundamental components of the source pressure was 6.73 cmH2O during maximal breathing and 2.09 cmH2O during spontaneous breathing. PMID- 6643536 TI - Mechanics of gliding in birds with special reference to the influence of the ground effect. AB - A model of the mechanics of gliding without loss of altitude (horizontal gliding) is developed. The model can be employed to assess the influence of the principal drag components (induced, profile and parasite drag), choice of initial and final glide velocities and height above the ground on glide distance. For birds gliding near to the ground the ground effect acts to decrease the induced drag and increase the lift to drag ratio of the wings. Minimum drag speed is reduced for birds gliding near to the ground. The model is applied to the gliding flight of the black skimmer (Rhyncops nigra). Glide distances for given initial and final velocities are significantly increased in the influence of the ground effect over out of ground effect values. PMID- 6643537 TI - The influence of aerodynamic and biomechanical factors on long jump performance. AB - A new analysis, based on the equations of motion, is made of the influence of aerodynamic drag on the trajectory and aerial range achieved by a long jumper. The general result is applied to a particular case, namely the world long jump record obtained by Bob Beamon at the Mexico Olympics in 1968. Calculations are also made of the influence of body height and jumping technique on overall long jump performance. A comparison is made between the relative importance of aerodynamic and anthropometric aspects of long jump performance. PMID- 6643538 TI - The effect of impact on the marrow pressure of long bones in vitro. AB - Intact fresh sheep tibiae were subjected to non-destructive impact loads while maintained in an environment like that encountered in life. Under a maximum load of 2.5 k N, and loading rate of 500N ms-1, marrow pressures no higher than 50 k Pa were recorded. Such low pressures would provide only a trivial amount of hydraulic strengthening, and are consistent with results from other workers carried out at lower rates of loading. PMID- 6643539 TI - A close-range photogrammetric system for 3-D measurements and perspective diagramming in biomechanics. AB - Criteria considered in developing a close-range photogrammetric three-dimensional mapping system and its overall performance are discussed. The system consists of a stereophotographic capability of two cameras with synchronized shutters, a stereoplotting instrument with three-dimensional digitizing capability and a Calcomp plotter. Mapping of human knee-bones (femur and tibia) and perspective diagramming for various attitudes of one bone head with regard to the other are illustrated. The system works off-line with respect to the three principal components. The system is fully operational and is considered very efficient with regard to the current needs. Various possibilities are discussed. PMID- 6643540 TI - Finite element modeling of lungs including interlobar fissures and the heart cavity. PMID- 6643541 TI - Correlation of myoelectric activity and muscle force during selected cat treadmill locomotion. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to associate the force produced by the cat medial gastrocnemius (MG) during unrestrained treadmill locomotion with the corresponding myoelectric signals (MES's). An intervention analysis based on the autoregressive-integrated moving average (ARIMA) process was performed on records obtained at treadmill speeds of 0.67 ms-1 and 2.24 ms-1. Results indicate that the pattern of MG myoelectric activity during a single step cycle may be divided into two parts. The primary burst (E1 burst) of activity occurs before foot contact and represents an energy build up which is related to a major part of the MG force monitored at the tendon. During stance, a second burst of activity is depicted by an almost critically damped second order system, and is responsible for the residual tension observed. Thus in vivo forces can be linked to MES's provided that phase differences between electrical and mechanical responses are taken into account. PMID- 6643542 TI - Analysis of the passive mechanical properties of rat carotid arteries. AB - The passive mechanical properties of rat carotid arteries were studied in vitro. Using a tensile testing machine and a piston pump, intact segments of carotid arteries were subjected to large deformations both in the longitudinal and circumferential directions. Internal pressure, external diameter, length and longitudinal force were measured during the experiment and compared with the in vivo dimensions of the segments prior to excision. The anisotropic mechanical properties of the vessel wall material were analyzed using incremental elastic moduli and incremental Poisson's ratios. The results suggest that there is a characteristic deformation pattern common to all vessels investigated which is highly correlated with the conditions of loading that occur in vivo. That is, under average physiological deformation of the vessel, the longitudinal force is nearly independent of internal pressure. In this range of loading the circumferential incremental elastic modulus is nearly independent of longitudinal strain. However, the longitudinal and radial incremental elastic moduli vary significantly with deformation in this direction. The values of the moduli in all three directions increase with raising internal pressure. The weak coupling between circumferential and longitudinal direction in the wall material of carotid arteries is shown by the small value of the corresponding incremental Poisson's ratios. PMID- 6643543 TI - Quantitative gait evaluation of hip diseases using principal component analysis. AB - The measurement of five gait parameters, namely, joint angular displacement of lower extremities, floor reaction forces, trajectory for a point of force application, temporal factor and distance factor has been performed with ease and high speed using mini-computer on-line real-time processing. Gait data of 211 patients with hip diseases was normalized, quantified and summarized by the principal component analysis. A 'gait evaluation plane' was formed according to the results obtained by the principal component analysis. The gait evaluation using the plane was compared with clinical conditions of patients, and it was evident that this system can evaluate the recovery of the gait by treatment. PMID- 6643544 TI - Finite-element-analysis and experimental investigation in a femur with hip endoprosthesis. AB - The stress distribution in a human femur with an endoprosthesis was determined. The finite element method (FEM) was used for a three-dimensional model with more than 15000 degrees of freedom. Geometrical and material data had been taken for this model from a left femur with endoprosthesis. On the contralateral bone a strain gauge investigation was performed to validate the calculations. Reasonable agreement was achieved. Various modes of loading were investigated. A perfect bond at the interface between materials of different elastic moduli was assumed. The results are valid for endoprosthesis with such structured stem surfaces as allow transfer of tensile and shear stresses. PMID- 6643545 TI - Multiaxial strength characteristics of trabecular bone. AB - Bovine trabecular bone specimens were tested in multiaxial stress, including pure shear, in a special test device. Shear strength was proportional to apparent density to the exponent 1.65, in approximate agreement with theoretical and experimental studies on the shear strengths of porous foams. The mean shear strength was 6.60 +/- 1.66 MPa, after normalizing for apparent density. This compares well with normalized shear strengths from Saha and Gorman's (1981) study on human femora. A scanning electron microscope study indicated random trabecular architecture and a complex fracture mechanism at the level of the individual trabecular struts. Hoffmann's (1967) 3-D isotropic failure criterion was applied to the multiaxial test data, along with data from uniaxial compression tests, indicating a compressive strength approximately three times the tensile strength. PMID- 6643546 TI - Comparison of steady and pulsatile flow in a double branching arterial model. AB - Data are presented to compare fluid flow parameters for steady flow with those for time-varying flow in a simplified two branch model which simulates the region of the abdominal aorta near the celiac and superior mesenteric branches of the dog. Measurements in the model included laser doppler anemometry velocity profiles during steady flow, sinusoidal flow with a superimposed mean flow (referred to as simple oscillatory flow) and arterial pulsatile flow. Shear rate measurements were made by an electrochemical technique during steady flow. Flow visualization studies were done during steady and pulsatile flow. Fluid flow effects in the simplified model during steady flow showed many similarities to the results from previous steady flow studies in a canine aortic cast. Shear rates in the region of the proximal (first, or celiac) branch were independent of flow rates in the distal (second, or mesenteric) branch, but the shear pattern within the proximal branch changed significantly as flow in the proximal branch increased. Shear rates on the proximal flow divider (leading edge into the distal branch) depended primarily on the flow rate to the proximal branch, but not on flow to the distal branch. At certain daughter branch flow ratios (approximately 2:1, proximal to distal), flow separation was promoted at the outer wall of the second branch, but flow separation did not occur in the first branch. In contrast to the canine aortic case results, flow separation was never detected on the distal (mesenteric) flow divider of the simplified model. This observation reflects the subtle effects of geometry on flow since the mesenteric flow divider in the canine cast protrudes into the main flow whereas the distal flow divider in the simplified model does not. There were distinct differences in the flow phenomena between steady, simple oscillatory and arterial pulsatile flow. Peak shear rates during pulsatile flow were as much as 10--100 times greater than steady flow shear rates at comparable mean flow rates. Particularly noteworthy for the pulsatile flow with a Womersley parameter of sixteen were very blunt velocity profiles throughout systole, and the absence of flow separation or reversal in those regions of the model that exhibited flow separation during steady flow. The shape of the waveform influences the nature of the flow during time-varying flows. Future studies of fluid dynamics in model systems must consider the pulsatile nature of the flow if a true interpretation of arterial flow phenomena is to be made. PMID- 6643547 TI - Comparative evaluation of techniques for the harmonic analysis of human motion data. AB - Four mathematical techniques for the estimation of the Fourier coefficients of pseudoperiodic non-exact discrete functions were submitted to comparative evaluation. These techniques were devised within the following basic procedures: (1) numerical harmonic analysis applied either directly or after redistribution of the data points through some interpolation procedure, so that they be evenly spaced in time and exactly fit on cycle period; (2) fitting of the empirical data with an analytical model followed by the calculation of the Fourier integrals of this model. The evaluation was carried out with special reference to the use of these techniques for processing human motion photogrammetric data. The following criteria were used: (1) accuracy of the Fourier coefficient estimates, (2) capability of yielding information about this accuracy, (3) a priori information needed regarding the statistical properties of the experimental error, (4) factors concerning implementation in digital computers. Practical information was obtained for the non-specialist user with regard to the choice of one technique among the several possible in particular circumstances. PMID- 6643548 TI - Validation of indirect systolic blood pressure measurement in ether anaesthetised rats. AB - Systolic blood pressures and plasma catecholamine concentrations were determined in conscious and ether-anaesthetised male spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (WKY/N), Wistar (W) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. When compared to conscious animals, plasma noradrenaline concentrations were significantly higher in all four strains of ether-anaesthetised rats. Only the SHR rats did not show an elevation in plasma adrenaline concentration when anaesthetised with ether. A good correlation was obtained between systolic blood pressures measured indirectly, using a tail-cuff method with two different sensors, in ether-anaesthetised rats and pressures measured directly, via an indwelling carotid catheter, in conscious unrestrained animals. It is concluded that, while ether anaesthesia elevates plasma catecholamine concentrations in rats, the increase in plasma catecholamines has little, if any, effect on indirect systolic blood pressure measurements. PMID- 6643549 TI - The effects of clonidine on electrically-induced contractions of rat detrusor strips in vitro. AB - Clonidine (10(-9)-3 X 10(-6) M) produced a concentration dependent inhibition of field stimulation-induced contractions of rat detrusor muscle strip at 0.1 and 1 Hz which were completely abolished by tetrodotoxin (5 X 10(-7) M) but were unaffected by hexamethonium (10(-5) M). Pretreatment with yohimbine (10(-8)-10( 7) M) did not modify the amplitude of contractions but produced a rightward parallel shift of clonidine's cumulative response curve without a depression of the maximal response. The corresponding pA2 value for yohimbine was 8.44 +/- 0.1. Atropine (3 X 10(-6) M) produced a partial inhibition of contractions at both frequencies. In the presence of atropine the cumulative response curve of clonidine was significantly reduced at 1 but not at 0.1 Hz. Indomethacin (5 X 10( 5) M) and theophylline (2 X 10(-4) M) produced a partial inhibition of amplitude of contractions at both frequencies without any interference with the effect of a supramaximal concentration of clonidine. Prazosin (10(-6) M), propranolol (10(-6) M), chlorpheniramine (10(-6) M), ranitidine (10(-6) M), haloperidol (10(-7) M), pizotifen (10(-6) M), naloxone (10(-6) M), quinidine (10(-6) M), strychnine (10( 5) M) or picrotoxin (10(-5) M) neither affected the amplitude of contractions at either frequency nor antagonized clonidine effects. The contractile response of non stimulated strips to acetylcholine (10(-5) M), carbachol (3 X 10(-6) M) and ATP (10(-3) M) were not significantly influenced by pretreatment with clonidine (3 X 10(-6) M). These results suggest that stimulation of prejunctional alpha 2 adrenoreceptors located on postganglionic nerve endings might reduce the output of excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in rat urinary bladder. PMID- 6643550 TI - The inhibitory effect of clonidine on the oestrogen-primed rat isolated uterus. AB - The investigation was undertaken to study the mechanism of the inhibitory effects of clonidine on the oestrogen-primed rat isolated uterus. Clonidine produced dose dependent relaxations of the rat isolated uterus which were competitively blocked by yohimbine but not by prazosin. Metiamide, a specific H2-histamine receptor antagonist, inhibited clonidine-induced responses only at a high concentration (1.0 X 10(-6)M). Propranolol, a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist produced competitive antagonism of the clonidine responses. Like clonidine, noradrenaline also produced dose dependent relaxations of the rat isolated uterus. The responses to noradrenaline were not antagonized by either prazosin or yohimbine but were competitively antagonized by propranolol. The responses to clonidine were significantly inhibited by reserpine pretreatment (5 mg/kg; i.p., 24 h before) whilst responses to noradrenaline were significantly increased by this treatment. It is concluded that clonidine inhibits the uterus via an action on alpha 2-adrenoreceptors and possibly also to a lesser extent on H2-histamine receptors, leading ultimately to release of noradrenaline from endogenous stores which causes relaxation by acting on beta-adrenoreceptors. PMID- 6643551 TI - Rotation-plasty. PMID- 6643552 TI - Prosthetic replacement of the femoral head for femoral neck fractures: which design? PMID- 6643553 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance: its clinical application. PMID- 6643554 TI - The management of chronic arthritis of children. PMID- 6643555 TI - A femoral head prosthesis with a built-in joint. A radiological study of the movements of the two components. AB - Twenty patients each with a fractured femoral neck had a prosthesis with a built in ball-and-socket joint inserted. Movements at the built-in joint were compared with total hip movement immediately after operation, one month later and three months later. It was found that the built-in joint soon lost mobility and at three months was almost completely stiff. Consequently such joints cannot be expected to prevent the acetabular erosion which is liable to follow femoral head replacement for fracture. PMID- 6643556 TI - Prevention of acetabular erosion after hemiarthroplasty for fractured neck of femur. AB - The best treatment for a fractured neck of femur in an old person is considered by many to be replacement hemiarthroplasty which allows the patient to walk immediately on a stable, painless hip. The late results can be marred by acetabular erosion in which the metal head of the prosthesis erodes upwards into the acetabulum to give pain and disability. Here the trial of a new bipolar prosthesis with a dynamic self-aligning outer head is described in 161 fractured necks of femur. No acetabular erosion has been seen with its use over four years. PMID- 6643557 TI - Isolated paralysis of the serratus anterior. A report of 20 cases. AB - A description is given of 20 patients with winging of the scapula. The majority had suffered spontaneous severe pain in the region of the shoulder followed about two weeks later by the deformity and associated loss of function. Only in three patients was there a clear history of trauma. Some patients may have strained the arm, but in the majority no single factor heralded the problem. Most of the patients were followed up for more than two years and it became clear that functional recovery could take up to this time to be complete. However, careful examination revealed that often a slight degree of winging remained. No specific treatment apart from gentle physiotherapy was prescribed and certainly no operative procedures. It is considered that a number of these cases were examples of neuralgic amyotrophy. PMID- 6643558 TI - Classification and management of congenital abnormalities of the femur. AB - Sixty-nine patients with congenital abnormality of the femur were reviewed. Their manifestation of femoral dysplasia ranged from an intact femur approximately 60 per cent of the length of the normal leg to a subtotal absence of the femur in which only the femoral condyles remained, often with a congenital fusion of the knee joint. Two groups were defined: Group I consisted of those with congenital hypoplastic femur in which the hip and knee could be made functional and where, in some patients at least, leg equalisation was possible; Group II consisted of those with true proximal focal femoral deficiency where the hip joint was never normal and the knee joint was always useless. The patients in each group were examined and evaluated with respect to clinical signs, surgical procedures performed, and prosthetic requirements and function. A protocol of treatment for both groups is suggested. PMID- 6643559 TI - Rotationplasty of the lower limb for congenital defects of the femur. AB - The operative technique for combined fusion of the knee and rotationplasty of the limb in the management of congenital deficiency of the femur is presented. The technique described allows earlier definitive prosthetic fitting of a child with proximal femoral deficiency; it has reduced the number of operative procedures needed to obtain the optimal function from that deficient limb; and it has enabled these procedures to be performed at an earlier age. The technique differs from those previously described and represents a significant improvement in management of the patient with femoral deficiency. PMID- 6643560 TI - Charnley low-friction arthroplasty in diabetic patients. AB - A retrospective study of 44 diabetic patients who, between them, had 62 Charnley low-friction arthroplasties, showed a superficial-infection rate of 9.7 per cent and a deep-infection rate of 5.6 per cent. All the operations were carried out in the Charnley clear-air enclosure and prophylactic antibiotics were not used. A statistically significant increase in the overall rate of infection was found in diabetic patients when compared with non-diabetic osteoarthritic patients (P less than 0.001) and rheumatoid patients (P less than 0.01). Hence it is suggested that in diabetic patients there may well be a place for prophylactic antibiotics in hip replacement surgery in addition to the use of the clean-air enclosure. PMID- 6643561 TI - Stable intertrochanteric femoral fractures. A misnomer? AB - Intertrochanteric fractures of the femur are usually classified into stable and unstable groups, partly to predict the likelihood of displacement with early weight-bearing after internal fixation. Of 82 internally fixed intertrochanteric fractures which would normally be classified as stable, 25 subsequently underwent impaction along the axis of the nail or screw; varus displacement occurred in another six. Of these 31 fractures, 10 were two-part fractures which had been anatomically reduced, and 12 were originally undisplaced. It did not seem possible to predict the subsequent instability from the pre-operative radiographs. Of the 82 fractures, 47 had been treated with a Jewett nail-plate and 35 by a Richards compression screw-plate. Two groups of stable fractures were recognised: Group 1 was undisplaced and Group 2 displaced. Axial impaction occurred in a quarter of all Group 1 fractures however treated. In Group 2 fractures it occurred in a quarter of those treated with a nail-plate, and in over a third of those treated with a sliding screw-plate. The six fractures that underwent varus displacement had all been treated with Jewett nail-plates. Penetration into the joint occurred in 10 patients, all of them in the group treated with Jewett nail-plates; four required re-operation. PMID- 6643562 TI - The influence on the spine of leg-length discrepancy after femoral fracture. AB - We investigated the spines of 15 patients who had significant leg-length inequality as a result of femoral shaft fractures sustained after skeletal maturity but below the age of 21 years. The patients were examined at least 10 years after fracture. The spines were studied clinically and radiographically before and after correction of leg-length inequality with a shoe-raise. Lateral spinal flexion was measured from radiographs. The lumbar scoliosis associated with the leg-length inequality was compensatory: after equalisation of leg-length the overall curve and the axial rotation were corrected completely. There was also an equal range of lateral flexion to either side after correction. Minor malalignments of the whole spine remained despite correction of the compensatory scoliosis, and within the lumbar spine correction of the scoliosis had not occurred equally at all levels. No patients complained of significant discomfort and neither structural abnormalities nor degenerative changes were seen on the radiographs. PMID- 6643563 TI - Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the knee. Aetiology, prognosis and treatment. AB - This is a prospective study of 105 knees in 91 patients with idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral condyles, with an average follow-up of five years in 101 knees. Forty-eight of the 75 patients in whom the body weight was studied were obese and four of the 33 patients in whom a densitometry study was done showed decreased bone density. Prognosis is unfavourable if the lesion is larger than five square centimetres and if its width is more than 40 per cent of that of the condyle. Of the 22 patients followed up after conservative treatment 80 per cent were satisfactory. Of the 11 knees treated by arthrotomy alone 55 per cent were satisfactory. Of the 31 knees treated by osteotomy (21 with associated arthrotomy) 87 per cent were satisfactory. Arthrotomy did not significantly improve the results of osteotomies. The ideal correction was to 10 degrees of valgus. Of the 37 knees treated with replacement 95 per cent were satisfactory, and the best results were obtained with the total-condylar prosthesis. PMID- 6643564 TI - The congenital undescended scapula. Surgical correction by the woodward procedure. AB - At The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, 21 undescended scapulae were corrected by the Woodward procedure in 20 patients over the past 18 years. The average age at operation was six years six months. The average follow-up period after operation was 8 years 9 months. Fifteen patients were girls and five were boys. All the patients had other associated abnormalities. Only one patient had a concomitant clavicular osteotomy. The average increase in glenohumeral abduction was 37 degrees. The average scapular lowering was two centimetres. Excellent or good cosmetic results were obtained in 80 per cent of patients. Ninety-three per cent of patients expressed satisfaction with the operative results. Complications were few. The Woodward procedure is a safe and relatively straightforward surgical means to effect a good cosmetic and functional improvement in a patient with a congenital undescended scapula. We do not recommend clavicular osteotomy as a routine, but it may be added to gain more correction with less risk of neurovascular compression. PMID- 6643565 TI - Mallet thumb. AB - The uncommon injury of mallet thumb is described, with four case reports. In diagnosis the condition must be distinguished from dropped thumb. Operative treatment is advised which, in this small series, gave excellent results. PMID- 6643566 TI - The prognosis of neck injuries resulting from rear-end vehicle collisions. AB - Injury of the neck may result when a motor vehicle is run into from behind; such injury is frequently the cause of prolonged disability and litigation. We report a series of 61 patients with these injuries. A classification, based upon the presenting symptoms and physical signs has been evolved. This classification is shown to be a reliable basis for formulating a prognosis. Factors which adversely affect prognosis include the presence of objective neurological signs, stiffness of the neck, muscle spasm, and pre-existing degenerative spondylosis. PMID- 6643567 TI - Infantile idiopathic scoliosis: can it be prevented? AB - The changing incidence of idiopathic scoliosis in 672 patients who attended the Edinburgh Scoliosis Clinic between 1968 and 1982 inclusive is reported. Of these patients, 144 had infantile, 51 juvenile and 477 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Thirty-seven of the infantile curves progressed and 107 resolved. The relative frequency of both progressive and resolving infantile idiopathic scoliosis (given as a percentage of the total number of patients with idiopathic scoliosis) declined from 41.75 per cent in the four years from 1968 to 1971, to four per cent in the three years from 1980 to 1982. It is suggested that infantile idiopathic scoliosis is a preventable deformity and that the position in which the infant is laid may be a causative factor. PMID- 6643568 TI - Recurrent giant-cell tumour after en bloc excision of the distal radius and fibular autograft replacement. AB - We report two patients, each with a giant-cell tumour of the distal radius treated by curettage and bone grafting. Local recurrence of the tumour occurred in the autograft and in the adjacent soft tissues in both patients, and was successfully treated by local excision; one patient also had radiation therapy. Both remain well 20 years and five years later. PMID- 6643569 TI - Multiple non-ossifying fibromata with extraskeletal anomalies: a new syndrome? AB - Ten patients with multiple non-ossifying fibromata are reported. All had associated extraskeletal congenital anomalies such as cafe-au-lait spots, mental retardation, hypogonadism or cryptorchidism, ocular anomalies or cardiovascular malformations. The radiographic picture and the distribution of the skeletal lesions are characteristic and constant. There are lucent areas in the shaft with a sclerotic margin; these areas narrow the medullary canal or may completely fill it. It is suggested that these features characterise a new malformation syndrome, possibly allied to neurofibromatosis. After skeletal maturation is complete, the skeletal lesions may (like non-ossifying fibromata) regress and undergo spontaneous healing. PMID- 6643570 TI - The aetiology and treatment of simple bone cysts. AB - The internal pressure of simple bone cysts was found to be slightly higher than the normal pressure of the bone marrow in the contralateral limb. The pressure within the cyst was measured during drilling with a Kirschner wire; it gradually decreased as the number of drill-holes increased. The PO2 of the cyst fluid was markedly lower than that of either venous or arterial blood measured synchronously. It is suggested that venous obstruction in the bone is the likely cause of these cysts. Seven patients with simple bone cysts were treated by the multiple drill-hole method, and the clinical outcome was excellent. Multiple drilling may prove to be the treatment of choice for simple bone cysts in the younger patient, as it presents fewer hazards than other procedures. PMID- 6643571 TI - Ultrastructural aspects of the interface between bone and cement in man. Report of three cases. AB - An extremely strong mechanical bond between cement and bone was observed in three patients with cemented hip protheses who underwent revision operations. The nature of the bone--cement attachment was studied by electron microscopy. The tissue at the interface was found to be made up of viable bone alternating with areas of soft tissue containing macrophages. The important qualitative differences between this reaction and the reaction seen around inert materials such as titanium are discussed. PMID- 6643572 TI - Dynamic musculotendinous transfer to replace the anterior cruciate ligament in the dog. AB - Dynamic muscle-tendon substitution for acute anterior cruciate deficiency in the dog was studied using the semimembranosus muscle-tendon. Nineteen mongrel dogs each had a semimembranosus transfer in one knee; as a control, the anterior cruciate ligament and the semimembranosus were released in the opposite knee. No postoperative immobilisation was used. The anterior drawer sign was assessed before and after operation and when the dogs were killed five months later. Dogs were excluded from the study if they developed infections or contractures of the hind legs. At five months, 11 dogs were available for study. The operated knees were examined histologically and evaluated using a reproducible index of arthritis based on: the macroscopic discoloration of the articular cartilage, the cellularity of the cartilage, the microscopic appearance of the articular surface, the loss of proteoglycans, the formation of osteophytes and the degree of subchondral osteosclerosis. There was no significant difference in the anterior drawer sign or the degree of arthritic changes between knees with a semimembranous transfer and the controls. Examination showed that a muscle-tendon transfer into the tibia was equivalent to transferring the muscle into the posterior capsule--the intra-articular tendon being weak but histologically viable. The transfer did not prevent the anterior drawer sign becoming positive nor the development of osteoarthritis. A second control group, in which three dogs had an arthrotomy and semimembranosus release in both their hind legs, showed that a semimembranosus release alone did not cause osteoarthritis. PMID- 6643573 TI - Oncogenes and the molecular biology of cancer. PMID- 6643574 TI - Bovine brain and pituitary fibroblast growth factors: comparison of their abilities to support the proliferation of human and bovine vascular endothelial cells. AB - The mitogenic effects of brain and pituitary fibroblast growth factors (FGF) on vascular endothelial cells derived from either human umbilical vein or bovine aortic arch have been compared. Both brain and pituitary FGF are mitogenic for low density human umbilical endothelial (HUE) cell cultures maintained on either fibronectin- or laminin-coated dishes or on biomatrices produced by cultured cells such as bovine corneal endothelial cells or the teratocarcinoma cell line PF-HR-9. Pituitary FGF triggered the proliferation of HUE cells at concentrations as low as 0.25 ng/ml, with a half-maximal response at 0.55 ng/ml and optimal effect at 2.5 to 5 ng/ml. It was 50,000-fold more potent than commercial preparations of endothelial cell growth factor and 40 times more potent than commercial preparations of pituitary FGF. Similar results were observed when the effect of pituitary FGF was tested on low density cultures of adult bovine aortic endothelial cells. When the activity of brain and pituitary FGF on low density HUE cell cultures was compared, both mitogens were active. To confirm the presence in brain extract of both acidic and neutral, as well as of basic mitogen, for HUE cells, brain tissues were extracted at acidic (4.5), neutral (7.2), and basic (8.5) pH. The three types of extracts were equally potent in supporting the proliferation of either HUE or adult bovine aortic endothelial cells. When the various extracts were absorbed at pH 6.0 on a carboxymethyl Sephadex C-50 column, the neutral and basic extracts had an activity after adsorption similar to that of unadsorbed extracts. In contrast, extracts prepared at pH 4.5 lost 90-95% of their activity which was recovered in the adsorbed fraction containing FGF. PMID- 6643575 TI - Evidence for the presence of inhibitors of mitotic factors during G1 period in mammalian cells. AB - Our earlier studies indicated that the mitotic factors, which induce germinal vesicle breakdown and chromosome condensation when injected into fully grown Xenopus oocytes, are preferentially associated with metaphase chromosomes and that they bind to chromatin as soon as they are synthesized during the G2 phase. In this study, we attempted to determine the fate of these factors as the cell completes mitosis and enters G1. Extracts from HeLa cells at different points during G1, S, and G2 periods were mixed with mitotic extracts in various proportions, incubated, and then injected into Xenopus oocytes to determine their maturation-promoting activity. The maturation-promoting activity of the mitotic extracts was neutralized by extracts of G1 cells during all stages of G1 but not by those of late S and G2 phase cells. Extracts of quiescent (G0) human diploid fibroblasts exhibited very little inhibitory activity. However, UV irradiation of G0 cells, which is known to cause decondensation of chromatin, significantly enhanced the inhibitory activity of extracts of these cells. These factors are termed inhibitors of mitotic factors (IMF). They seem to be activated, rather than newly synthesized, as the cell enters telophase when chromosomes begin to decondense. The IMF are nondialyzable, nonhistone proteins with a molecular weight of greater than 12,000. Since mitotic factors are known to induce chromosome condensation, it is possible that IMF, which are antagonistic to mitotic factors, may serve the reverse function of the mitotic factors, i.e., regulation of chromosome decondensation. PMID- 6643576 TI - Binding of a Glycera convoluta neurotoxin to cholinergic nerve terminal plasma membranes. AB - The crude extract of venom glands of the polychaete annelid Glycera convoluta triggers a large Ca2+-dependent acetylcholine release from both frog motor nerve terminals and Torpedo electric organ synaptosomes. This extract was partially purified by Concanavalin A affinity chromatography. The biological activity was correlated in both preparations to a 300,000-dalton band, as shown by gel electrophoresis. This confirmed previous determinations obtained with chromatographic methods. This glycoprotein binds to presynaptic but not postsynaptic plasma membranes isolated from Torpedo electric organ. Pretreatment of intact synaptosomes by pronase abolished both the binding and the venom induced acetylcholine release without impairing the high K+-induced acetylcholine release. Pretreatment of nerve terminal membranes by Concanavalin A similarly prevented the binding and the biological response. Binding to Torpedo membranes was still observed in the presence of EGTA. An antiserum directed to venom glycoproteins inhibited the neurotoxin so we could directly follow its binding to the presynaptic membrane. Glycera convoluta neurotoxin has to bind to a ectocellularly oriented protein of the presynaptic terminal to induce transmitter release. PMID- 6643577 TI - Ion currents and membrane domains in the cleaving Xenopus egg. AB - We used an extracellular vibrating probe to measure ion currents through the cleaving Xenopus laevis egg. Measurements indicate sharp membrane heterogeneities. Current leaves the first cleavage furrow after new, unpigmented membrane is inserted. This outward current may be carried by K+ efflux. No direct involvement of the Na+,K+-ATPase in the generation of this outward current is detected at first cleavage. Inward current enters the old, pigmented membrane; however, it does not enter uniformly. The inward current is largest at the old membrane bordering the new membrane. This suggests a heterogeneous ion channel distribution within the old membrane. Experiments suggest that the inward current may be carried by Na+ influx, Ca2+ influx, and Cl- efflux. No steady currents were detected during grey crescent formation, the surface contraction waves preceding cleavage, or with groove formation at the beginning of cleavage. PMID- 6643578 TI - The changes in structural organization of actin in the sea urchin egg cortex in response to hydrostatic pressure. AB - We have used hydrostatic pressure to study the structural organization of actin in the sea urchin egg cortex and the role of cortical actin in early development. Pressurization of Arbacia punctulata eggs to 6,000 psi at the first cleavage division caused the regression of the cleavage furrow and the disappearance of actin filament bundles from the microvilli. Within 30 s to 1 min of decompression these bundles reformed and furrowing resumed. Pressurization of dividing eggs to 7,500 psi caused both the regression of the cleavage furrow and the complete loss of microvilli from the egg surface. Following release from this higher pressure, the eggs underwent extensive, uncoordinated surface contractions, but failed to cleave. The eggs gradually regained their spherical shape and cleaved directly into four cells at the second cleavage division. Microvilli reformed on the egg surface over a period of time corresponding to that required for the recovery of normal egg shape and stability. During the initial stages of their regrowth the microvilli contained a network of actin filaments that began to transform into bundles when the microvilli had reached approximately 2/3 of their final length. These results demonstrate that moderate levels of hydrostatic pressure cause the reversible disruption of cortical actin organization, and suggest that this network of actin stabilizes the egg surface and participates in the formation of the contractile ring during cytokinesis. The results also demonstrate that actin filament bundles are not required for the regrowth of microvilli after their removal by pressurization. Preliminary experiments demonstrate that F-actin is not depolymerized in vitro by pressures up to 10,000 psi and suggest that pressure may act indirectly in vivo, either by changing the intracellular ionic environment or by altering the interaction of actin binding proteins with actin. PMID- 6643579 TI - Establishment of plasma membrane domains in hepatocytes. I. Characterization and localization to the bile canaliculus of three antigens externally oriented in the plasma membrane. AB - A membrane fraction denoted N2 upper was isolated from homogenates of rat liver by sucrose gradient centrifugation. This fraction, which was enriched 65-fold over the homogenate in 5'-nucleotidase activity, was used as an immunogen in goats. The antisera obtained contained antibodies to three predominant polypeptides in the N2 upper membrane fraction, as shown by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. These polypeptides had molecular weights of 105,000, 110,000, and 160,000 after recovery from the crossed immunoelectrophoretic gels and are denoted PM105, PM110, and PM160. Each was a distinct polypeptide, as shown by the distinct peptide patterns resulting from limited proteolysis in the presence of detergents. The three polypeptides were synthesized by primary cultures of hepatocytes and were externally oriented at the surface of these cells, as shown by their accessibility in situ to iodination catalyzed by lactoperoxidase. They were not detectable in the serum by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The three antigens were present at very low (PM110) or nondetectable (PM105, PM160) concentrations in intracellular membrane fractions derived from the Golgi and smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum of liver. The antigens also were reduced in concentration in a plasma membrane fraction most likely derived from the sinusoidal surface of the hepatocyte. The three membrane antigens bind to concanavalin A; hence, they are probably glycoprotein constituents of a discrete domain of the hepatocyte plasma membrane. Immune complexes were isolated after crossed immunoelectrophoresis and injected into rabbits. Each of the antisera obtained was reactive to one of the membrane polypeptides. Sections of fixed rat livers were reacted with each of the antibodies and then the primary antibody was localized by indirect immunocytochemical methods using horseradish peroxidase or colloidal gold as labels. Each of the three antigens was localized by this method to the bile canalicular domain of the hepatocyte plasma membrane. PMID- 6643580 TI - Laminin promotes neuritic regeneration from cultured peripheral and central neurons. AB - The ability of axons to grow through tissue in vivo during development or regeneration may be regulated by the availability of specific neurite-promoting macromolecules located within the extracellular matrix. We have used tissue culture methods to examine the relative ability of various extracellular matrix components to elicit neurite outgrowth from dissociated chick embryo parasympathetic (ciliary ganglion) neurons in serum-free monolayer culture. Purified laminin from both mouse and rat sources, as well as a partially purified polyornithine-binding neurite promoting factor (PNPF-1) from rat Schwannoma cells all stimulate neurite production from these neurons. Laminin and PNPF-1 are also potent stimulators of neurite growth from cultured neurons obtained from other peripheral as well as central neural tissues, specifically avian sympathetic and sensory ganglia and spinal cord, optic tectum, neural retina, and telencephalon, as well as from sensory ganglia of the neonatal mouse and hippocampal, septal, and striatal tissues of the fetal rat. A quantitative in vitro bioassay method using ciliary neurons was used to (a) measure and compare the specific neurite promoting activities of these agents, (b) confirm that during the purification of laminin, the neurite-promoting activity co-purifies with the laminin protein, and (c) compare the influences of antilaminin antibodies on the neurite-promoting activity of laminin and PNPF-1. We conclude that laminin and PNPF-1 are distinct macromolecules capable of expressing their neurite-promoting activities even when presented in nanogram amounts. This neurite-promoting bioassay currently represents the most sensitive test for the biological activity of laminin. PMID- 6643581 TI - Visualization of the exocytosis/endocytosis secretory cycle in cultured adrenal chromaffin cells. AB - Cultured bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells were stimulated to secrete catecholamines by addition of veratridine or nicotine. The formation of an exocytotic pit exposes a major secretory granule membrane antigen, the enzyme dopamine beta-hydroxylase, to the external medium. By including antiserum to this enzyme in the medium, we were able to visualize sites of exocytosis by decoration of bound antibody using a fluorescent second antibody. Internalization of this antibody-antigen complex was then followed in chase experiments: approximately half the surface complex was internalized in 15-30 min. In other experiments, secretion was triggered in the absence of antiserum, and surface enzyme was revealed by binding antibodies at various times after secretion had been halted by an antagonist. Surface patches of antigen remained discrete from the bulk of the plasma membrane for at least 30 min, although a substantial proportion of the antigen was internalized within this time. Cell surface concanavalin A receptors were internalized at a roughly similar rate, suggesting that mechanisms may be similar. After internalization, chromaffin granule membranes fused to larger structures, possibly lysosomes, and were transported over a few hours to the perinuclear region of the cell. PMID- 6643583 TI - The effects of intonation on infant attention: the role of the rising intonation contour. PMID- 6643584 TI - Linguistic experience modifies lexical stress perception. PMID- 6643582 TI - In vitro induction of cartilage-specific macromolecules by a bone extract. AB - An in vitro system has been developed to study the onset of chondrogenesis. Embryonic rat muscle mesenchymal cells, when treated in suspension culture with an extract of bovine bone matrix, synthesized cartilage-specific proteoglycan and type II collagen. The synthesis of these two macromolecules was assayed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition technique. Further evidence of chondrogenesis was demonstrated by morphological changes of treated cells when cultured in firm agarose and stained for metachromatic matrix. Even with crude bone matrix extracts, the assay was sensitive at the microgram level and significant differences in cartilage macromolecules compared with controls were observed in 2-3 d. In vivo the same extract induced first cartilage and then bone. PMID- 6643585 TI - Affinity chromatography study of the interaction of ribonucleotides with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease covalently bound to Sepharose 4B. AB - The preparation of immobilized bovine pancreatic ribonuclease by covalent attachment to Sepharose 4B, with and without a spacer arm, is described. The coupling reaction was carried out at two different pH values, 8.5 and 10.5, and the different kinetic properties shown by the resulting preparations probably reflect the influence of the particular amino acid side-chains involved in the covalent coupling of the enzyme to the insoluble matrix. The strength of binding of mononucleotides, at 4 degrees C, as deduced from the salt concentration at which they are eluted from an immobilized RNAase column, follows the order 5'-GMP greater than 5'-AMP greater than 3'-UMP greater than 3'-CMP. When binary mixtures of a 3'-pyrimidine nucleotide and a 5'-purine nucleotide are chromatographed jointly, a co-operative effect is found and the elution of either or both ligands is retarded. This behaviour can be explained in terms of the preferential binding of each kind of nucleotide to different sub-sites in the enzyme. The stoichiometry and association constant for 3'-CMP and 5'-AMP at pH 7.0 were also determined. PMID- 6643587 TI - Multiple affinity classes of saturable triiodothyronine binding in mouse liver nuclear extract demonstrated using high-performance size exclusion chromatography. PMID- 6643586 TI - Relative capacity factors of some keto bile acids on a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography system. PMID- 6643588 TI - Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of chlorhexidine in pharmaceutical formulations. PMID- 6643589 TI - Determination of lidocaine in postmortem fluids and tissues. PMID- 6643590 TI - Surface affinity chromatographic separation of blood cells. III. Effect of molecular weight of polyethylene glycol bonded stationary phases on elution behaviour of human blood cells. AB - The chromatographic behaviour of human peripheral blood cells on four kinds of oxirane-coupled polyethylene glycol (PEG)--Sepharose 6B columns was investigated by using an eluent containing 2% of dextran T40. The retention volumes of lymphocytes, granulocytes and platelets at pH 7.5 have a strong dependence on the average molecular weight of the bonded PEG in the range 400-20,000, increasing with increasing molecular weight. Further, the same tendency for the retention behaviour was also observed at the isoelectric points determined for the four kinds of blood cells by using the cross-partition method. For lymphocytes and granulocytes hydrophobic interactions with the bonded PEG phase were found to be predominant, whereas for erythrocytes and platelets electrostatic interactions were also taken into account. PMID- 6643591 TI - Simultaneous quantitation of Krebs cycle and related acids by mass fragmentography. AB - Methods are described for simultaneous quantitation of Krebs cycle and related acids by gas chromatography--mass spectrometry using deuterium-labelled acids and n-butyl-d9-esters of the organic acids as internal standards. Using sulphuric acid as esterification catalyst, only lactic, succinic, fumaric, malic, maleic and citric acids were found to be stable to hydrogen exchange and could be used as reference standards in the deuterated form. In contrast, pyruvic, oxalacetic, alpha-ketoglutaric and malonic acids were found to exchange their deuterium readily and could not be employed for this purpose. All the acids could be quantitated using n-butyl-d9-esters of reference organic acids as internal standards, following a separate preparation of the n-butyl derivatives of the unknown acids. The method is suitable for routine analysis of organic acids at the picogram level in perchloric acid extracts of tissues. PMID- 6643592 TI - Isolation of goat spleen phosphonolipids by thin-layer chromatography: their identification and silicic acid column chromatographic separation. AB - Goat spleen phosphonolipids were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using the solvent system methanol--water (2:1) and were identified by TLC, nitrogen--phosphorus determinations and IR spectroscopy. Silicic acid column chromatography of the isolated phosphonolipids confirmed the initial assignments. PMID- 6643593 TI - Stability of cocaine in biological fluids. PMID- 6643594 TI - Colour reactions of iodic acid as reagent for identifying drugs by thin-layer chromatography. PMID- 6643595 TI - Immobilized Bowman-Birk inhibitor for selective isolation of chymotrypsin B from bovine pancreas. PMID- 6643596 TI - Determination of priority pollutant nitrophenols in water by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6643597 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection of plasma L 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in Parkinsonian patients. AB - An assay for the quantitative estimation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in human plasma has been developed, using alpha-methylnoradrenaline as internal standard and ion-pair reversed-phase (C8), isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. A citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 3.1, containing 2 mM EDTA disodium salt, 6.5 mM 1-octanesulphonic acid and 14% v/v methanol, provided good separation of the analytes from each other and from the carbidopa present in the plasma of Sinemet-treated Parkinsonian patients. The sensitivity, selectivity and precision of the method were found to be sufficient to enable its routine use for pharmacodynamic studies. PMID- 6643598 TI - Electrochemical activity of o-phthalaldehyde-mercaptoethanol derivatives of amino acids. Application to high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of amino acids in plasma and other biological materials. AB - o-Phthalaldehyde-mercaptoethanol (OPA) reagent is used to increase the sensitivity of post-column detection of amino acids after chromatographic separation. OPA-amino acids themselves chromatograph well on reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) columns and can be determined by fluorimetric detection, enabling OPA to be used as a pre-column derivatisation reagent. In this paper electrochemical detection (in the 0.4-0.7 V range) of OPA amino acids following reversed-phase HPLC is described. Using fluorimetric and electrochemical detection in series, confirmation of the identities of the amino acids can be obtained in a single chromatographic run. Particular amino acids (e.g. basic amino acids) are active at the lower potentials, so that they can be selectively detected if required. Other amino acids and peptides whose OPA derivatives have little or no fluorescent activity are electroactive, permitting their detection by HPLC of their OPA derivatives. Application of this methodology to divers biological samples is illustrated. OPA derivatisation of amines is an example of a reaction in which the product is electroactive at a lower potential than the reactants. This type of reaction is likely to be particularly useful in extending the applications of electrochemical detection in HPLC. PMID- 6643599 TI - Rapid, isocratic separation of purine nucleotides using strong anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A method is presented for the rapid, isocratic separation of purine nucleotides using strong anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography at ambient temperature. The last peak of interest guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) is eluted within 30 min and immediate reinjection is possible. All adenine and guanine nucleotides can be assayed with a single injection without the use of a gradient for elution. The procedure is particularly useful for the assay of NTP:AMP phosphotransferase reactions and/or the determination of changes in size of cellular purine nucleotide pools and computation of energy charges. An Altex Ultrasil AX prepacked column was used, and virtually identical results were obtained under similar conditions with the Whatman Partisil-10 SAX column. The eluting solution was 200 mM potassium phosphate, pH 6.85. PMID- 6643600 TI - Quantitative analysis of total thiamine in human blood, milk and cerebrospinal fluid by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Whole blood hemolysed by freezing, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and milk of human origin were deproteinized by perchloric acid. Thiamine pyrophosphate and thiamine monophosphate were hydrolysed to thiamine by acid phosphatase. Chromatography was performed on C18-coated silica using an n-octanesulfonate containing mobile phase methanol-aqueous citrate buffer pH 4.0 (45:55, v/v). In a post-column reaction K3Fe(CN)6 is used to oxidise thiamine to thiochrome, which is detected by fluorometry. Two ml blood is needed. The minimum detectable amount is 60 femtomol of thiamine. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (C.V.) is 2.3% and the inter-assay C.V. is 3.9%. The recovery of added thiamine pyrophosphate to blood samples was 98.7%. The reference range was found to be 88-157 nmol/1 whole blood. Examples of the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, serum and milk are given. PMID- 6643601 TI - Determination of isosorbide as a metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate in human urine by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. AB - A method for the determination of isosorbide as a metabolite of isosorbide dinitrate at concentrations down to 200 ng/ml in human urine is described. After addition of a known amount of isomannide as internal standard to 50 microliter of urine, both compounds are extracted at basic pH into chloroform-isopropanol (4:1, v/v), which is then evaporated to dryness. They are then derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and isosorbide is quantitated by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. A conjugate of isosorbide is determined in urine after enzymatic hydrolysis. PMID- 6643602 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of plasma allantoin. AB - A new method has been devised for the determination of nanomole levels of allantoin in human plasma. Allantoin was converted into xanthylallantoin, which was chromatographed on a reversed-phase silica gel using a mixture of acetonitrile-water (27:73) as mobile phase. The eluted compound was measured using an ultraviolet detector. The detection limit of the assay for plasma was about 100 ng/ml. This method was applied successfully to the determination of allantoin in human plasma after oral administration of 100 mg of aldioxa. PMID- 6643603 TI - Rapid and sensitive method for the microassay of nitrosobenzene plus phenylhydroxylamine in blood. AB - An assay method has been developed for the determination of the combined concentration of nitrosobenzene plus phenylhydroxylamine (as nitrosobenzene) in small volumes of blood. The initial step in the procedure consisted of the simultaneous oxidation of phenylhydroxylamine to nitrosobenzene and of ferrous hemoglobin to methemoglobin by ferricyanide. Nitrosobenzene in the ferricyanide treated blood samples was then extracted into ethyl acetate, and separated and quantitated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The sensitivity limit for nitrosobenzene in blood was in the pmol/ml concentration range, less than 100 microliter of blood was required for assay, and the procedure was convenient for routine multisample use. In comparison with previous assays, this method was more sensitive, had a lower coefficient of variation, and required 25-40 fold smaller blood sample volumes. The method was combined with the orbital sinus bleeding technique in order to follow the nitrosobenzene time course in vivo using small serial blood samples from rats treated with intraperitoneal injections of phenylhydroxylamine or aniline. PMID- 6643604 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of dipyrone and its active metabolite in biological fluids. AB - New high-performance liquid chromatography methods were developed to measure dipyrone and its active metabolite 4-monomethylaminoantipyrine (MAA) in biological fluids. While no detectable level of the unchanged dipyrone was found in plasma of four subjects taking 1000-mg oral doses of the drug, values ranging from 1.25 to 14.99 micrograms/ml of MAA were observed. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion of MAA varied from 9.56 to 21.21 mg. Concentrations as low as 0.25 micrograms/ml of MAA can be measured with acceptable coefficients of variation. The method, therefore, is suitable for microquantification of MAA in biological fluid which enables convenient and rapid assessment of the drug disposition in body. PMID- 6643605 TI - Determination of canrenone, the major metabolite of spironolactone, in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - An assay procedure for measuring plasma and urine levels of canrenone is described. The drug is extracted with n-hexane-toluene (1:1, v/v) after adding spirorenone as internal standard, and is then separated from plasma constituents and metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography followed by UV detection at 285 nm. The limit of detection is less than 5 ng/ml. Interference with a series of spironolactone and canrenone metabolites was not observed. Plasma levels and renal excretion of canrenone after oral administration of 200 mg of spironolactone and intravenous injection of 200 mg of potassium canrenoate to a healthy male volunteer were measured. PMID- 6643606 TI - Methods for the determination of lorazepam and chlordiazepoxide and metabolites in brain tissue. A comparison with plasma concentrations in the rat. AB - Rapid and sensitive methods are described for determining lorazepam and for determining chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites in brain tissue of the rat. Lorazepam was determined by means of solvent extraction and electron-capture gas liquid chromatography and concentrations as low as 5 ng/g tissue could be measured. High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was used to determine chlordiazepoxide and its metabolites and was sensitive to 0.1 micrograms/g tissue. The methods were used to investigate the brain and plasma pharmacokinetics of these compounds in animals that had been chronically treated with lorazepam or chlordiazepoxide. In both experiments brain and plasma levels of all compounds assayed were found to correlate highly. PMID- 6643607 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of amezinium in human plasma. AB - A method with internal analogue standardization is described for the determination of 4-amino-6-methoxy-1-phenyl-pyridazinium methyl sulphate (ameziniummetilsulfate, Regulton, LU 1631) in plasma. The method involves a cation-exchange filtration, a dequaternization reaction and subsequent determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. There is no interference by plasma components or amezinium metabolites found in plasma extracts. When using a 2-ml sample the lower limit of detection is 0.75 ng/ml; the lower limit of determination is about 2 ng/ml. Interassay coefficients of variation decrease from about 14% at the lowest concentration to about 5% at 20 ng/ml and above. PMID- 6643608 TI - Determination of amiodarone and its N-deethylated metabolite in serum by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method utilizing hexane extraction and a normal bonded phase column (NH2-alkylamine) was developed to measure serum concentrations of amiodarone and its N-deethylated metabolite. A single analysis requires 8 min. The one-step extraction efficiencies of amiodarone and the internal standard are greater than 90%. The method is linear between 0.05 and 20.0 micrograms/ml. The average relative standard deviation of the slope of the standard curve is 4% and the single day coefficient of variation is 3.2%. The use of hexane extraction for sample cleanup and a bonded phase column for chromatography result in a sensitive and reproducible system well suited to laboratories monitoring serum concentrations of multiple drugs by HPLC. A preliminary study has shown the assay to be useful for the investigation of the pharmacokinetics of this agent. PMID- 6643610 TI - Gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric analysis of polyols in urine and serum of uremic patients. Identification of new deoxyalditols and inositol isomers. AB - A gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric method was applied to a study of polyols in urine and serum of normal subjects and uremic patients. 4 Deoxythreitol, 4-deoxyerythritol, 5-deoxyxylitol, 5-deoxyarabitol, 2 deoxyribitol, 6-deoxymannitol, 6-deoxygalactitol, neoinositol and chiroinositol were identified in normal urine as well as in uremic urine for the first time. In uremia the urinary excretion of myoinositol and chiroinositol was significantly increased. The serum levels of myoinositol, chiroinositol and scylloinositol were increased in the uremic patients, whereas the serum level of 1-deoxyglucose (1,5 anhydroglucitol) was significantly decreased in the uremic patients as compared with the normal subjects. These findings suggest the altered metabolism of chiroinositol and 1-deoxyglucose in the uremic state. PMID- 6643609 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of bamifylline and its three metabolites in human plasma. AB - The performance of a gradient elution normal-phase system and of two isocratic elution reversed-phase ion-pair systems was investigated for the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of bamifylline and its three metabolites. Three packings and mobile phases were tested and the best separation was achieved using a reversed-phase ion-pair system with Hypersil ODS 3 micron as stationary phase. The effects of alkyl chain length and concentration of alkyl sulfonates, salt concentration, column temperature and competing amine on separation and peak tailing are discussed. The determination of bamifylline and metabolites in human plasma using the defined optimal chromatographic conditions is reported. PMID- 6643611 TI - Quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatographic analysis of ampicillin in human urine. AB - A quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method was developed for the analysis of ampicillin in urine. A dioxane-water-n-butanol formic acid mobile phase system and HPTLC Silica gel 60 F254 as stationary phase were used. Quantitation was realized on a Zeiss PMQ 2 densitometer connected to a Varian A-25 recorder and an Apple II microcomputer or alternatively with an HP 9830A computer and HP 9862A plotter. A good linear range of detection (0.05-1.00 micrograms) at 480 nm was obtained. Standard statistical methods demonstrated good reproducibility (coefficient of variation is not greater than 3%). The method is appropriate for ampicillin quality control and pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 6643612 TI - Thin-layer chromatographic determination of imipramine and desipramine in human plasma and urine at single-dose levels. AB - Thin-layer chromatographic methods were up-dated for pharmacokinetic studies of imipramine in plasma and urine. The free parent compound and its free desmethyl metabolite desipramine are determined in plasma. Conjugates of both compounds in urine are cleaved on treatment with glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. Following chromatography, intense yellow derivatives are obtained overnight on standing or by exposure to nitrous gases. Detection is performed in the visible range at 405 nm (plasma) or 460 nm (urine). The methods are selective, accurate and sensitive, with detection limits for plasma of 2 ng/ml imipramine--HCl and 2 ng/ml desipramine--HCl, and 0.06 micrograms/ml total imipramine--HCl and 0.126 micrograms/ml total desipramine--HCl for urine. Pharmacokinetic data from plasma and urine results following single oral doses of 50 mg imipramine--HCl to eight volunteers were computed using one-compartment open models. PMID- 6643613 TI - Quantitative analysis of pharmacological levels of vitamin K1 and vitamin K1 2,3 epoxide in rabbit plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6643614 TI - Separation of bilirubin isomers and their conjugates by high-performance reversed phase liquid chromatography. PMID- 6643615 TI - Thin-layer chromatographic determination of urinary testosterone, epitestosterone and androstenedione. PMID- 6643616 TI - Rapid quantification on Chromarods of cholesterol, total bile salts and phospholipids from the same microliter sample of human gallbladder bile. PMID- 6643617 TI - Isotachophoresis as a preseparation technique for liquid chromatography. PMID- 6643618 TI - Resolution of the seven isomeric ring-hydroxylated propranolols as tert. butyldimethylsilyl derivatives by capillary gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. PMID- 6643619 TI - Quantitation of (d,l)-3-ethyl-2,6-dimethyl-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-4a, 8a trans-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-g]isoquinolin-4-one in human plasma by gas chromatography- chemical ionization mass spectrometry. PMID- 6643620 TI - Gas chromatographic routine analysis of five tricyclic antidepressants in plasma. PMID- 6643621 TI - Determination of ethoheptazine in human post mortem material. PMID- 6643622 TI - Simultaneous derivatisation of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of a new antiphlogistic drug for its determination by electron-capture gas chromatography. PMID- 6643623 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of indomethacin and its O-desmethylated metabolite in human plasma and urine. PMID- 6643624 TI - Gas chromatographic determination of busulfan in plasma with electron-capture detection. PMID- 6643625 TI - Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of metronidazole and metabolites. PMID- 6643626 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of isoniazid and acetylisoniazid in biological fluids. PMID- 6643627 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cimoxatone and its O demethyl metabolite in plasma. PMID- 6643628 TI - Determination of ketanserin and its major metabolite (reduced ketanserin) in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6643629 TI - New, accurate semi-automatic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for routine monitoring of amiodarone plasma levels. PMID- 6643630 TI - Analysis of sulfinpyrazone and its metabolites in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6643632 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for the determination of probucol in human plasma. PMID- 6643631 TI - Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid contaminated dietary proline as a cause of urinary excretion of 4-amino-2-(S-cysteinyl)butyric acid in patients on oral treatment with a synthetic diet. AB - Three children with branched-chain ketoaciduria (maple syrup urine disease) were found to excrete an abnormal amino acid when they were on an artificial diet. This substance was identified as 4-amino-2-(S-cysteinyl)butyric acid with the use of column liquid chromatography, gas chromatography--mass spectrometry of various derivatives, and 360 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The same compound was detected in urine samples from subjects undergoing an oral loading test with L-proline. The chromatographic analysis of commercial proline from two sources indicated that one of the batches was contaminated (less than 1%) with L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (the homologue of proline with a four-membered ring). The latter compound is probably metabolized by the human via ring-opening and addition of a cysteine moiety. It is highly probable that the artificial diet given to the patients contained the impure proline and that the L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid in the proline gave rise to the excretion of the 4-amino-2-(S-cysteinyl)butyric acid. PMID- 6643633 TI - Determination of salbutamol in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. PMID- 6643634 TI - High-performance liquid chromatography of lonidamine in human plasma and urine. PMID- 6643635 TI - Creatinine. XIII. Micro high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of creatinine in biological fluids using fixed- or variable-wavelength UV detector. PMID- 6643636 TI - Determination of polyamines in human blood by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. AB - The present work was undertaken to develop a sensitive and selective method for the estimation of putrescine, spermidine and spermine in human blood employing electron-capture gas--liquid chromatography. Polyamines were derivatized with heptafluorobutyric anhydride. The heptafluorobutyric derivatives of polyamines could be well resolved within 15 min under a temperature programme. The detection limit was 0.1 pmol for putrescine and cadaverine, and 0.02 pmol for spermidine and spermine. The method was applied to polyamine determinations in erythrocytes from human blood. For pre-separation of the polyamines from other compounds, a simple clean-up method utilizing an activated Permutit has been devised. Major interfering substances could be removed by the batchwise Permutit treatment. The mean values of spermidine and spermine concentrations, and the spermidine/spermine ratio in erythrocytes obtained from normal subjects (n = 11) were similar to reported values. The analytical procedure is thought to be applicable to various biological materials. PMID- 6643637 TI - [Assay of 2-phenylbutyric acid in plasma with gas and liquid chromatography]. AB - Two chromatographic methods which allow the measurement of 2-phenylbutyric acid in serum are described: a gas chromatographic, after silylation, and a reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic. The liquid chromatography with a fluorescent detection, after derivatization by 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin, is ten times more sensitive than gas chromatography and 50 ng/ml can be measured in biological liquids. PMID- 6643638 TI - Clinical analysis of steroids. XXV. Assay of estradiol 17-sulfate 2-hydroxylase activity by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A simple method for the assay of the 2-hydroxylation enzyme of estradiol 17 sulfate in rat liver microsomes has been established by using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The technique devised involves elution with 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.0--methanol (3:2, v/v) using an ODS SIL column and monitoring the potentials at 1.1 V vs. the silver/silver chloride reference electrode. The calibration curve of the relationship between the amounts of 2-hydroxyestradiol 17-sulfate (5-50 ng) injected and peak heights (cm) of the chromatogram was linear. By this method, some kinetic parameters of estradiol 17-sulfate 2-hydroxylase were measured. PMID- 6643639 TI - Quantitation of testolactone and 4,5-dihydrotestolactone in plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid, sensitive, and selective assay is described for the quantitation of both testolactone and its recently identified metabolite, 4,5-dihydrotestolactone, in plasma and urine using high-performance liquid chromatography. The procedure includes a methylene chloride extraction prior to chromatography and quantitation using peak height ratios (ultraviolet absorbance detection, 242 nm) of testolactone and 4,5-dihydrotestolactone to the internal standard, testosterone. A sensitivity of 20 ng/ml for both testolactone and 4,5-dihydrotestolactone is easily achieved using only 0.5 ml of sample. Mean recoveries for testolactone and its metabolite are 95.0% and 81.8%, respectively, and the mean coefficient of variation of the procedure is 3.5% for the drug and 7.1% for the metabolite. This method is currently being used to study the pharmacokinetics of testolactone and 4,5-dihydrotestolactone in male patients. A steady-state plasma concentration versus time profile from a representative patient is included. PMID- 6643640 TI - Determination of azarole plus its reduction product by HPLC. AB - An analytical methodology for the assay of azarole plus its reduced product in plasma was developed. The method consists of oxidation of the sample with potassium ferrocyanide, extraction, and subsequent analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. Assays of prepared plasma samples demonstrated an overall precision of +/- 6.2%; accuracy ranged from -9.1% low to 5.1% high, based on mean values at several concentrations. Analysis of variance for the effects of concentration, time, and the interactive term concentration X time were all insignificant. PMID- 6643641 TI - GLC of morphine and co-extractants in the rapid analysis of post mortem blood. AB - A qualitative study of over 70 drugs and related compounds was carried out. The study incorporated a recognised procedure for the analysis of morphine in post mortem blood. Stock solutions of the compounds were reacted with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride and the derivatives were examined by gas-liquid chromatography on an OV-17 column using electron capture detection. The results were tabulated with respect to retention time, minimum detectable amount, and reactivity. PMID- 6643643 TI - Whither hospice evaluation. PMID- 6643642 TI - Modified immunoprecipitation procedure for the identification of human respiratory syncytial virus polypeptides. AB - When analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, human respiratory syncytial virus harvested after a one step growth cycle and purified through a continuous sucrose density gradient was shown to be composed of nine structural proteins of 90, 68, 49, 42, 34, 28, 25, 19 an 13 kd. The 90, 49 and 19 kd polypeptides were identified as glycopolypeptides by glucosamine incorporation. A modified immunoprecipitation procedure confirmed the viral specificity of the 49, 42, 28, 25 and 19 kd polypeptides. PMID- 6643644 TI - National hospice study analysis plan. AB - Since the founding of the first hospice in the United States in 1974, the number of health care organizations providing hospice services has grown rapidly. In 1978, the U.S. General Accounting Office identified 59 operational hospices [1]. A survey undertaken by the National Hospice Organization (NHO) in 1980 found 235 operational programs and many more actively planning to deliver services. By the summer of 1981, the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH), in studying the feasibility of a voluntary hospice accreditation program, had 650 responses to a national survey [2]. Finally, the 1981 NHO directory identifies 464 operational "provider programs" as well as 33 functioning state-level hospice organizations with an additional 353 programs in various stages of establishing hospice programs of care [3]. The growth of the movement and the public recognition it has received have catalyzed advocacy of Federal support for hospice services. In 1979, the Congress responded by mandating a study to delineate the implications of inclusion of hospice services in the Medicare program. The Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) then selected 26 hospices (from an applicant pool of 233) to participate in a two-year experimental program. These demonstration sites receive reimbursement for services provided Medicare beneficiaries not otherwise available under current regulations. The special reimbursement provisions went into effect on October 1, 1980. (See Appendix A: Description of the Hospice Reimbursement Program.) In the spring of 1980, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the John A. Hartford Foundation joined with the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) to solicit proposals for a national evaluation of hospice care as a basis for future Federal fiscal policy and legislation. Brown University was selected as the evaluation center by competitive process and the grant was awarded on September 30, 1980. The evaluation employs a quasi-experimental design in which the impact of hospice care (with and without reimbursement) on quality of life and costs are compared to non-hospice (conventional) terminal care. Eight hundred patients and families in 24 comparison sites located in three regional areas (Southern New England, Northern Midwest and Southern California) are expected to participate. Primary data collection began on August 1, 1981. Analyses of differential outcome are performed using standard linear multiple regression and logistic multiple regression with separate models for each comparison group. Effects are tested by separately estimating the specific response variable for the prototype (average) hospice patient for each model. PMID- 6643645 TI - Postmenopausal bone loss at multiple skeletal sites: relationship to estrogen use. AB - Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured in the distal radius, proximal radius, and os calcis in 608 postmenopausal women, and the values were compared to vertebral osteoporosis and compression fractures determined radiographically, as well as to history of estrogen use. Current estrogen users had significantly higher BMC at all appendicular sites as compared to non-users. Prior estrogen users had lower appendicular BMC's than current users, but they were still significantly higher than non-users. However, radiographic assessment of the lumbar spine showed no difference in osteoporosis or compression fracture prevalence between prior users and non-users of estrogen, whereas current estrogen users had a significantly lower prevalence of osteoporosis in the spine. These findings suggest that estrogen effect on trabecular bone in the os calcis may be more transient than on cortical, appendicular bone. They also suggest that long term or permanent estrogen replacement is required to prevent spinal compression fractures. PMID- 6643647 TI - Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb AI) as an indicator of therapy effects in different clinical types of diabetes. AB - The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb AI), intermittent glycemia and glycosuria over 24 hr, Mw index, fasting serum cholesterol and triglycerides, and 24-hr proteinuria were determined in 20 healthy subjects and 88 diabetics representing different clinical types of diabetes mellitus. In each of the subjects all the tests were carried out on a single day. The other investigations included endogenous creatinine clearance, ECG and ophthalmoscopic examination of the eye-fundus. The mean Hb AI levels in the "A" control group (up to 40 yr of age) and in the "B" control group (41-60 yr) were mean +/- SD = 6.8 +/- 0.65% and mean +/- SD = 6.49 +/- 0.99% of the total hemoglobin concentration, respectively. A significant increase in Hb AI concentration was found in all the diabetic patients. The increase, independent of the subject's age, clinical type of diabetes and the therapy employed, was related to the degree of hyperglycemia. In Type I diabetes there was no positive correlation between Hb AI concentration on the one hand and fasting glycemia, the 24-hr profile of glycemia, glycosuria and Mw index on the other. The latter indices of diabetes mellitus control seem thus to differ in value and significance. In Type II diabetes, both newly-diagnosed and of long duration, treated with the sulfonylurea derivatives, a marked correlation was found between Hb AI level and fasting glycemia, the mean value of 8 glycemia determinations over 24-hr, Mw index and 24-hr glycosuria. In Type II diabetes treated with insulin a correlation was established between Hb AI and other findings, except fasting glycemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643646 TI - Occupational exposure to non-ionizing radiation and an association with heart disease: an exploratory study. AB - Exploratory analyses for dose-related exposure to non-ionizing radiation and adverse health effects among male physical therapists were done from a mail questionnaire survey. The cohort consisted of 3004 respondents who were stratified into subgroups according to exposure across and within the various types of non-ionizing radiation energy emitted from diathermy equipment. The radiation modalities considered were ultrasound, microwave, shortwave, and infrared. An association between heart disease and exposure to shortwave radiation was the only consistently significant finding when high and low exposure groups were compared. PMID- 6643649 TI - Peer oppression in the Soviet Union. PMID- 6643648 TI - Emotional stress and the development of multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6643650 TI - Clinical, laboratory, and genetic investigations of hypophosphatasia: support for autosomal dominant inheritance with homozygous lethality. AB - This article presents detailed clinical and laboratory investigations of six hypophosphatasia kindreds. Serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary phosphoethanolamine comparisons between the affected population and a normal control population demonstrate these parameters routinely identify the heterozygous individual when age and sex variations are accounted for. Using clinical data from the kindred population and a detailed review of the literature, the type and frequency of clinical findings for both the homozygous and heterozygous genotype are enumerated. The clinical and biochemical phenotypes were subjected to segregation analysis. When the results of these analyses are viewed in light of their mathematical limitations and the genetic precepts of autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance, hypophosphatasia is best described as an autosomal dominant disorder with 85% penetrance and homozygous lethality. PMID- 6643651 TI - Tissue interactions in basal regions of the cranial neuroepithelium in the C57BL mouse. AB - Developmental interactions of neuroepithelial cells with mesenchymal cells and with notochordal cells were analyzed in the presumptive hindbrain of C57BL mouse embryos at stages 13 and 14 (8 and 9 days). Basal regions of the neuroepithelium and its basal lamina were also analyzed ultrastructurally by means of lanthanum tracer studies and with tannic acid treatment, and correlations were made with comparable features at the middle spinal cord level. At stage 13 the presumptive hindbrain showed less intercellular space in the basal one-third of the neuroepithelium than in its intermediate one-third, whereas at stage 14 the basal intercellular space increased to an amount roughly equal to that in the intermediate region. Lanthanum tracer penetrated readily from the basal aspect of the cells into the intercellular spaces. Microfilaments were observed in the basal cytoplasm immediately subjacent to the cell membrane. However, in contrast to apical regions, the microfilaments do not span or constrict the basal portion of the cytoplasm, suggesting a different functional role basally than apically. Projections from mesenchymal cells and from notochordal cells were in contact with the neural basal lamina. The notochordal cells, however, showed a closer relationship, including more processes and broader areas of contact, with strands of basal laminar material spanning the gap between notochord and neural tube. PMID- 6643652 TI - Microanalysis of epithelial and mesenchymal acid hydrolase activities in the developing palate. AB - Microdissection of lyophilized sections of fetal heads permits the analysis of relatively pure samples of epithelium and mesenchyme. These techniques were applied to a study of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activities in the developing palate in A/Jax mice. Acid phosphatase was found to be more concentrated in the palatal epithelium than the underlying mesenchyme. Conversely, beta-glucuronidase was more concentrated in the mesenchyme than the epithelium. A disparate developmental pattern of acid phosphatase and beta glucuronidase activity was observed in the oral epithelium: acid phosphatase activity increased from intra-uterine Day 17 into neonatehood and beta glucuronidase activity decreased towards term. Analysis of cortisone-induced palatal shelves showed increased activity of both acid phosphatase and beta glucuronidase in the presumptive fusing epithelium. PMID- 6643653 TI - Studies on "repeated epilation" mouse mutant embryos: I. Development of facial malformations. AB - Repeated Epilation Er/Er mouse embryos show severe facial malformations. The most obvious is an important decrease in prominence of facial features. The protuberance of the snout is reduced. The eyes, the mouth, the nares and the ears are modified. From 13.5 days onwards the lips begin to close, the joining proceeding from the lateral to the central part. The nares, eyelids, oral opening, and auditory ducts are in the course of closure from 14 days of pregnancy. This process is terminated at 15 days. At the microscopic level, disturbances begin to appear at 13 days. They are limited to the anterior part of the face. During the next few hours, they become more important. At 14 days, the maxillae are joined from the anterior extremity of the snout. The oral opening is thus closed. Then, an oral cavity of very reduced form and dimensions is formed. The tongue connects the nasal septum to the mandible. A general process of closure occurs between: nasal septum, maxillae, tongue, and palatal shelves. Extensive modifications result from the compression of all these areas, especially of the tongue and shelves which remain in vertical position. An atypical cleft palate is seen, due to the absence of shelf movement, impeded by the tongue and the joinings mentioned earlier. The compression increases at 15 and 16 days. However, complete epithelial fusions do not occur. In 18-day-old embryos, cystic malformations appear in the glosso muscular system. PMID- 6643654 TI - Detection and partial characterization of circulating immune complexes in hydatid disease. AB - Thirty sera from eight patients with disseminated or localized hydatid disease have been examined for the presence of circulating immune complexes (CICs) by the conglutinin-binding assay and for immunoglobulin levels. The highest levels of CICs were of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) class, with lower values of IgG-CIC and IgM-CIC; these results did not correlate, except for IgG, with the free immunoglobulin levels. Efforts to identify parasitic antigen(s) involved in the CIC formation with different methods have been unsuccessful. In the follow-up of each patient, CIC appeared to be better correlated to clinical conditions than to hemagglutination titers. We have concluded that the presence of CIC in hydatid disease is probably an expression of B-cell polyclonal activation and that these complexes are valuable in the clinical monitoring of the disease. PMID- 6643655 TI - Quality control parameters for susceptibility tests with 30-micrograms netilmicin disks. AB - A nine-laboratory cooperative study was performed to evaluate quality control parameters for susceptibility tests with 30-micrograms netilmicin disks. The applicability of currently recommended zone-size limits was confirmed. However, alternative statistical methods suggested that tighter control limits might be more appropriate but would require better standardization of reagents, especially Mueller-Hinton agars. PMID- 6643656 TI - Serum antibodies to enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus with special reference to enterotoxin F and toxic shock syndrome. AB - The presence of antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins (enterotoxins A through F) in sera of healthy subjects (n = 567) and in sera of patients with toxic shock syndrome (n = 20) was determined. Furthermore, production of enterotoxins by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans was investigated. In 46, 86, 78, 41, 20, and 91% of the sera of healthy subjects, antibodies were found against enterotoxins A, B, C, D, E, and F, respectively. The high percentage of sera with antibodies against enterotoxin F correlated with the relatively high frequency of enterotoxin F-producing S. aureus isolated from humans (one-third of the isolates produced enterotoxin F). In patients with toxic shock syndrome, antibodies against enterotoxin F were not present or were present only at very low levels. An increase of antibodies after onset of the disease was observed in two of eight patients investigated. From the results, it can be concluded that only those humans who show low levels of antibodies are susceptible to toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 6643657 TI - Colonization of bacteria on polyvinyl chloride and Teflon intravascular catheters in hospitalized patients. AB - During an 8-month period all intravascular catheters were removed by sterile technique upon completion of use and submitted to the hospital microbiology laboratory. All catheters were routinely cultured by the semiquantitative culture technique, with greater than or equal to 15 colonies being defined as a positive result. Of the 687 Teflon catheters cultured, 6.9% were positive by culture, compared with 24.6% of 77 polyvinyl chloride catheters (P less than 0.001). Also, colonization of coagulase-negative staphylococci on polyvinyl chloride was more than on Teflon. These data suggest that polyvinyl chloride catheters are colonized more frequently with organisms than are Teflon catheters; additionally, there is an increased affinity of coagulase-negative staphylococci for polyvinyl chloride as compared with Teflon, substantiating our previous observations with an in vitro system. We conclude that the type of catheter material may be important in determining the incidence of catheter-related infections and in selective colonization by coagulase-negative staphylococci. PMID- 6643658 TI - Comparison of polyvinyl alcohol- and formalin-preserved fecal specimens in the formalin-ether sedimentation technique for parasitological examination. AB - A total of 965 paired fecal specimens preserved in polyvinyl alcohol fixative and Formalin were processed by the Formalin-ether sedimentation technique. The effectiveness of the concentration procedures with material from each preservative was determined by comparing both diagnostic efficiency (percent identified) and quantitative egg and semiquantitative cyst counts. Of the 319 infections, 69.5% were detected in concentrates from both preservatives, 6.9% from polyvinyl alcohol only, and 23.5% from Formalin only. The egg and cyst counts were consistently higher from the specimens preserved in Formalin for most of the species of organisms recovered. These findings strongly support the use of Formalin-fixed specimens for the Formalin-ether concentration technique. PMID- 6643659 TI - Cellular fatty acid composition of Pseudomonas marginata and closely associated bacteria. AB - The cellular fatty acid compositions of the lectotype strain and four clinical isolates of Pseudomonas marginata were determined by gas-liquid chromatography and compared with 11 strains of the Centers for Disease Control Pseudomonas-like group 2, which are similar to P. marginata in a number of conventional biochemical tests. Isolates of P. marginata were readily distinguished from Pseudomonas-like group 2 by the presence of a C17:0 cyclopropane acid and hydroxy acids 3-OH-C14:0, 2-OH-C16:0, 3-OH-C16:0, and 2-OH-C18:1, whereas strains of Pseudomonas-like group 2 contained C16:1 delta 9 as a major acid with small amounts of 3-OH-C12:0 and 2-OH-C14:0 acids. Our data show that cellular fatty acid composition provides useful additional information that can be combined with selected conventional tests to provide a more reliable and rapid identification of P. marginata and related bacteria. PMID- 6643660 TI - O serotyping scheme for Enterobacter cloacae. AB - A serotyping scheme for Enterobacter cloacae based on heat-stable somatic antigens is described. A total of 28 antisera were prepared in rabbits, and titers of agglutinins were high (greater than 640). Some cross-reactions were observed, and 11 sera required absorption before routine use. Of 300 clinical isolates from 66 hospitals, 77.6% were typable, 11.4% were not agglutinated by any of the sera, and 11.0% were autoagglutinable in saline. The eight most frequent serotypes were O3 (21.3%), O8 (13.3%), O1 (7.6%), O13 (5.0%), O9 (4.7%), O10 (3.0%), O16 (3.0%), and O25 (3.0%). PMID- 6643661 TI - Successful use of broth microdilution in susceptibility tests for methicillin resistant (heteroresistant) staphylococci. AB - We studied the broth microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility testing procedure to see whether it could be made reliable for determining resistance of staphylococci to methicillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, and cephalothin. With 45 selected strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 12 selected strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis we found that the addition of 2% NaCl to cation supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth permitted us to discriminate reliably between resistant and susceptible organisms. A screening test in which resistant staphylococci grew on agar containing 4% NaCl and methicillin (10 micrograms/ml), oxacillin (6 micrograms/ml), or nafcillin (6 micrograms/ml) incubated at 35 degrees C for 24 h (additional 24 h if no growth) was also reliable. In vitro cephalothin resistance occurred in heteroresistant S. aureus but usually did not occur in heteroresistant S. epidermidis. PMID- 6643662 TI - Lack of efficacy of alkali treatment for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from feces. AB - The efficacy of KOH treatment to enhance isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from stools containing fecal flora which is not adequately suppressed by selective media was tested by direct plating and enrichment techniques. Although a distinct difference in the level of alkali tolerance was observed between Y. enterocolitica and the fecal organisms included in the study, the selective suppression of the fecal flora from stools could not be consistently achieved on this basis. By direct plating, the isolation rates ranged from 4 to 32% for untreated control samples and 11 to 40% for KOH-treated samples, varying with the medium used for culture. The maximum overall recovery rate was 34% by overnight enrichment of fecal samples in Selenite F, tetrathionate, Trypticase soy, and gram-negative broths or by 2-day enrichment in modified Rappaport broth. Alkali treatment of fecal samples did not significantly enhance the isolation rates by these methods. One hundred percent recovery was achieved by prolonged cold enrichment, and alkali treatment made no difference in the recovery rate by this method. Cefsulodinirgasan-novobiocin agar generally yielded higher isolation rates of Y. enterocolitica than did cellobiose-arginine-lysine agar and MacConkey agar, both by direct plating of fecal samples and through subcultures of enrichments, regardless of KOH treatment. PMID- 6643663 TI - Differentiation of staphylococci on the basis of nuclease properties. AB - The quantity, thermostability, and serological pattern of nucleases produced by different staphylococci were studied. Staphylococcal strains were isolated from nine different species of animals or from humans. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius, and Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus were vigorous producers of nuclease, whereas the coagulase-negative staphylococci, except S. hyicus subsp. hyicus, produced significantly less nuclease. The nucleases of all strains were found to be thermostable. S. aureus, S. intermedius, and S. hyicus subsp. hyicus could be distinguished from each other and from coagulase-negative staphylococci on the basis of inhibition of nuclease activity by specific antibodies. PMID- 6643664 TI - Epidemiological studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: development of antibody to phosphocholine. AB - The pneumococci possess, in addition to type-specific capsular polysaccharides, a number of antigens common to the species. Antibodies to phosphocholine (PC), a major determinant of the C-carbohydrate, have been shown to protect mice from experimental pneumococcal infection, but little is known of the role of anti-PC antibodies in humans or the extent to which anti-PC levels are affected by carriage or infection. We examined 115 sera from 30 infants, who were followed prospectively from birth through 4 years of age, for the presence of immunoglobulin M antibody to PC, using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay method. Infants were found to develop antibody to PC in response to pneumococcal carriage and infection, and nearly all infants developed some antibody. Antibody levels increased with age. By using a regression model including both age and nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci, anti-PC levels were found to be highest after exposure to two or three different types of pneumococci; levels were highest soon after acquisition of pneumococci and declined thereafter. PMID- 6643665 TI - Comparison of three commercial cryptococcal latex kits for detection of cryptococcal antigen. AB - Three commercial latex kits, IBL, MYCO-Immune, and IMMY, for the detection of cryptococcal antigen were compared in regard to sensitivity, specificity, and height of antigen titers. A total of 218 cerebrospinal fluid and 79 serum specimens from 239 patients were included. Twenty-two patients had culture-proven disseminated cryptococcosis. Both the IBL and MYCO-Immune kits had sensitivities of 100%, and the IMMY kit had sensitivities of 82.6 and 45.4% in CSF and serum specimens, respectively. There was one false-positive reaction in serum with the MYCO-Immune kit and one false-negative reaction on screen only with all three kits. Rheumatoid factor-containing sera were used to check the agglutination titers between matching anti-cryptococcal globulin reagents and normal globulin reagents. The finding that agglutination titer with anti-cryptococcal globulin reagents was fourfold higher than with normal globulin reagents in the MYCO Immune kit is considered to be a cause for a false-positive reaction in serum. PMID- 6643666 TI - Rubella antibodies detected by several commercial immunoassays in hemagglutination inhibition-negative sera. AB - Although a very good correlation was found between the level of rubella antibodies measured by a standard hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure (Cordia R), an appreciable proportion (31%) of ELISA-positive specimens were encountered among HI-negative sera. The reverse was rarely seen. Many of the HI-negative, ELISA-positive sera were also found to be positive for rubella antibodies by one or more other assay methods, including an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) procedure (FIAX), passive hemagglutination (PHA) (Rubacell and PHAST), latex agglutination (Rubascan), and a second ELISA procedure (Rubelisa). The specificity of all of the ELISA-positive HI-negative specimens was substantiated by absorption experiments. In these tests, the ELISA reactivities were blocked by rubella antigens, but not by a variety of tissue culture control antigens or by influenza virus grown on the same cell line. The findings indicate that many of the newer methods available for rubella antibody detection are more sensitive than HI for detecting low levels of rubella antibodies. Until more clinical information is available concerning the protective nature of these low levels of antibody, caution should be exercised in assessing the significance of these results. PMID- 6643667 TI - Use of the Rapid STREP system for identification of viridans streptococcal species. AB - A commercially available streptococcal identification system, Rapid STREP (API System S.A., Montalieu-Vercieu, France), was used to identify 119 viridans strains at the species level. A total of 92% of the strains tested were identified correctly with the Rapid STREP system, and 81% of the correct identifications were made at percentages of identification of 90 or greater. From these data it appears that the Rapid STREP system is a fairly accurate and rapid (24-h incubation) method for identifying species of viridans streptococci. PMID- 6643668 TI - Emended description of Kingella denitrificans (Snell and Lapage 1976): correction of the maltose reaction. AB - Snell and Lapage proposed that the bacterium designated CDC group TM-1 be named Kingella denitrificans. Their description of the organism indicated that it produced acid from maltose which was in contrast with an earlier report from our laboratory that maltose was not utilized. In an attempt to explain the different findings in the two laboratories, the type strain and two additional strains of K. denitrificans were tested for acid production from maltose in phenol red broth, the rapid fermentation test, fermentation broth with Andrade's indicator, and oxidation-fermentation base. These media were tested without additional supplements and with supplements of horse serum (5% [vol/vol]) or rabbit serum (5% [vol/vol]). The results indicated that K. denitrificans does not produce acid from maltose. It was demonstrated that maltose in media containing serum is converted to glucose from which acid can be produced by K. denitrificans. The supplementation of maltose medium with horse serum by Snell and Lapage apparently had produced a false-positive maltose reaction. The description of K. denitrificans is emended to indicate that maltose is not utilized. PMID- 6643669 TI - Correlation of enterotoxicity with biotype in Aeromonas spp. AB - Enterotoxin production correlated with biotype in a study of 686 strains of Aeromonas spp. from Indonesia, Thailand, the United States, and Western Australia. Most strains were isolated from feces but nonfecal human isolates and environmental strains were also included. More than 80% of Voges-Proskauer (VP) positive strains, classified as A. hydrophila, were enterotoxigenic in the suckling mouse assay as were 90% of VP-positive, arabinose-negative strains. An association between positive VP, arabinose fermentation, and failure to produce enterotoxins was found only with environmental strains. VP-negative strains which did not oxidize gluconate or produce gas from glucose were classified as A. punctata subsp. caviae. Only 2 of the 286 strains produced enterotoxins, and both were from Indonesian fecal samples. There were few remaining VP-negative strains, classified as A. punctata subsp. punctata and, of these, about half were enterotoxigenic. Regardless of source and species, 97% of Aeromonas spp. were correctly classified in relation to enterotoxin production with a hemolysin assay. A combination of biochemical testing and hemolysin assay should be suitable for diagnostic laboratories to identify enterotoxigenic Aeromonas spp. which, in children, are associated with diarrhea, unlike non-enterotoxigenic strains. PMID- 6643670 TI - Identification of Staphylococcus species of bovine origin with the API Staph Ident system. AB - The API Staph-Ident system was evaluated as a means for identifying the species of bovine strains of staphylococci routinely isolated from quarter-milk samples. The species identity of 314 of 581 (54%) isolates of staphylococci was correctly determined by this method. The API Staph-Ident system was more accurate in correctly identifying Staphylococcus aureus (93.9%) than in correctly identifying non-S. aureus species (41.8%). False identifications of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus hominis were the main reasons for the incorrect identifications of the non-S. aureus species. PMID- 6643671 TI - EF-4 bacteremia in a patient with hepatic carcinoid. AB - An organism similar to EF-4, a member of the unclassified group of unusual gram negative bacilli of Elizabeth O. King, was isolated from the blood of a 65-year old female with previously diagnosed carcinoid of the liver. We believe this to be the first report of systemic infection with this organism. PMID- 6643672 TI - Isolation of Branhamella catarrhalis from sputum and tracheal aspirate. AB - Branhamella catarrhalis was suggested by the presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci and confirmed by quantitative culture of the expectorated sputa of 11 patients with clinical evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. In quantitative culture, more than 20 colonies of B. catarrhalis were seen in each of the liquefied expectorated sputa at a dilution of 10(-7). Transtracheal aspirations were then performed on these 11 patients, and B. catarrhalis was isolated from the lower respiratory tract secretions of 10 of the patients. Of the 10 isolates, 5 produced beta-lactamase. None of the isolates grew on modified Thayer-Martin medium. The presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci and the growth of B. catarrhalis on quantitative culture of expectorated sputum reliably indicates the presence of B. catarrhalis in the lower respiratory tract. PMID- 6643673 TI - Serum neutralizing antibody and lymphocyte transformation responses after influenza B virus infections. AB - Serum neutralizing antibody and influenza B-specific lymphocyte blast transformation responses were measured in 110 adults and children after an influenza B outbreak. Serum neutralizing antibody and lymphocyte blast transformation responses were seen in 67 to 75% of adults and children recently infected (less than 1 year), but significant lymphocyte blast transformation responses were seen in only 25% of those whose infection was remote (greater than or equal to 3 years). The frequencies of influenza B-induced lymphocyte blast transformation and serum neutralizing antibody responses were similar in the adults and children with similar infection histories. PMID- 6643674 TI - Evaluation of Mueller-Hinton agar for disk diffusion susceptibility tests. AB - Twelve lots of commercially prepared Mueller-Hinton agar from four medium manufacturers were evaluated for performance with recommended quality control organisms, medium pH, agar depth and uniformity, and characteristics of the zones of inhibition. Only 2 of 12 lots were acceptable for disk diffusion susceptibility tests. Significant problems were observed with the preparation and pouring of the agar media. PMID- 6643675 TI - Rapid identification of enterococci. AB - A 4-h method was devised to differentiate the non-beta-hemolytic streptococci into three categories: enterococci, group D nonenterococci, and viridans streptococci. All of the Streptococcus faecalis, 90% of the Streptococcus faecium (enterococci), and 96% of the Streptococcus bovis biotype I (group D nonenterococci) cultures were correctly identified by the 4-h method. The less commonly isolated group D cultures had lower rates of correct identification by this method. None of the viridans streptococci was identified incorrectly. PMID- 6643676 TI - Probable Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus gastroenteritis. AB - Three strains of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus isolated from cases of gastroenteritis are reported. DNA-DNA hybridizations in addition to biochemical tests were used to confirm the identification of the isolates as C. fetus since all strains grew at 42 degrees C. These isolates, like other C. fetus strains, are susceptible to cephalothin and thus would not have been detected in laboratories with Campylobacter isolation media containing this component. PMID- 6643677 TI - Vancomycin as a selective agent for isolation of Bacteroides species. AB - Thirty saccharolytic and asaccharolytic black-pigmented Bacteroides strains were tested for their susceptibility to vancomycin. All asaccharolytic strains appeared to be partly or completely inhibited at a concentration of 7.5 micrograms/ml, whereas most saccharolytic strains were resistant to this concentration. The use of vancomycin in Bacteroides selective media is discussed. PMID- 6643678 TI - Light diffraction by striated muscle fibres in the transverse direction. AB - The intensity of the diffraction line, the transverse intensity, of a single skeletal muscle fibre illuminated at normal incidence with a laser beam decayed monotonically to zero at both ends of the diffraction line. This characteristic decay was observed for most illuminated spots of the fibre. However, for a few spots the transverse intensity showed distinctive oscillations. The intensity distribution of the diffraction line is explained by a diffraction model in which the muscle fibre acts as a bundle of randomly packed myofibrils of different diameters. The equatorial intensity was calculated as a function of myofibrillar diameter dispersion. The comparison between the theoretical curves and measurements yields an estimation for the myofibrillar diameter dispersion. The calculations predict that the transverse intensity would exhibit oscillations when the diameter dispersion is less than 22%. Finally, the diameter dispersions estimated by light diffractometry and electron microscopy are compared. PMID- 6643679 TI - The profilin--actin complex: further characterization of profilin and studies on the stability of the complex. AB - Two forms of profilin can be isolated from calf spleen profilactin by chromatography on phosphocellulose. They can be distinguished by C-terminal analysis, which suggests that one of them lacks the C-terminal tyrosine and the penultimate glutamine residue. This is confirmed by treatment of profilin (+Tyr) with carboxypeptidase A, which removes the C-terminal tyrosine (rapidly) and the penultimate glutamine residue (slowly), and thereby converts it to the other form as judged by chromatography on phosphocellulose. The two forms of profilin differ also in solubility and in mobility during so-called 'charge shift' electrophoresis, indicating differences in their ability to bind detergents. Recombination studies using profilin with or without a modified C-terminus demonstrated that this part of profilin is relatively unimportant for the interaction with actin. On the other hand, experiments with native and modified actin revealed that the C-terminus of actin is of the utmost importance for the stability of the profilactin complex. Analysis of the u.v. absorbance and far u.v. circular dichroism spectra of profilin and actin did not reveal any major changes in the conformation of the proteins accompanying the modifications at the C-terminal ends. Finally, it is reported that purified profilactin contains variable amounts of a protein factor which causes an apparent stabilization of profilactin in solution. PMID- 6643680 TI - DNA synthesis is not necessary for osteoclastic responses to parathyroid hormone in cultured fetal rat long bones. AB - Osteoclasts, the principal cells mediating bone resorption, are believed to increase their size, number, and resorbing activity in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) through mechanisms dependent upon the fusion of specific mononuclear precursor cells into either new or existing multinucleated osteoclasts. To address the question of whether these actions of PTH are dependent on the replication of osteoclast precursor cells, we examined the ability of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, hydroxyurea (HU), to alter bone resorption, osteoclast formation, and DNA synthesis in cultured fetal rat bones treated with PTH. We found that HU significantly reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation into the bones and labeling of osteoclast nuclei by greater than 90%, but did not prevent PTH from stimulating bone resorption, measured as the release of 45Ca, or from increasing the number of osteoclasts in the bones. In bones cultured without PTH, HU decreased the rate of bone resorption, but not the number of osteoclasts per bone. We conclude that in fetal rat bone cultures, PTH can increase osteoclast number and stimulate bone resorption by affecting existing osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors, and that replication of osteoclast precursor cells is not necessary for PTH to stimulate a resorptive response. In unstimulated cultures it appears that HU inhibits bone resorption by affecting mechanisms that are independent of changes in osteoclast number and that may be influenced by cell replication or other unknown factors. PMID- 6643681 TI - Metabolism of methylmalonic acid in rats. Is methylmalonyl-coenzyme a racemase deficiency symptomatic in man? AB - Vitamin B12-deficient and normal rats were loaded with methylmalonic (MMA) and ethylmalonic acids labeled with 13C in the carboxyl groups and with 2H in the alkyl groups. Significant fractions of the administered acids were excreted in both the B12-deficient and the normal animal, having undergone exchange of both their 13C-labeled carboxyl groups with endogenous 12C. The exchange of the alpha 1H of MMA in 2H2O at 25 degrees C and pH 7.5 was found by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance to have a half-life of 28.3 min. These results show that a fraction of in vivo metabolism through the propionate-to-succinate pathway occurs via a shunt involving free MMA. The enzymes of this pathway are thought to utilize only coenzyme A (CoA) esters. To allow for the exchange of the second CoA-bound carboxyl group, we propose the deacylation of the once exchanged acid with spontaneous racemization (relative to the 13C-carboxyl group), followed by reacylation, thus exposing the labeled carboxyl to decarboxylation. The significance of this mechanism involving free MMA is that racemization of methylmalonyl (MM)-CoA may also occur without the intervention of MM-CoA racemase. A deficiency of this enzyme need not result in symptomatic methylmalonic aciduria. PMID- 6643682 TI - Unique efficiency of methionine metabolism in premenopausal women may protect against vascular disease in the reproductive years. AB - Premenopausal women develop occlusive artery disease less frequently than postmenopausal women. In coronary heart disease, higher blood levels of homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulphide have been reported. Therefore, in healthy subjects, we studied the role of menopausal status in the transsulphuration of methionine in 10 premenopausal and 10 postmenopausal women. To exclude the role of aging, we compared these results with those in 10 younger and 10 older men of comparable age groups. An oral methionine load (0.1 g/kg of body weight) was administered after overnight fasting. Before and during 8 h, thereafter, serum levels of methionine, homocystine, and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulphide were measured. In the fasting state, serum methionine levels were similar in the premenopausal women and both groups of men. Postmenopausal women had significantly lower fasting levels. Peak levels and clearances of methionine after loading did not differ between the groups. In the fasting state, homocystine was never detectable; yet, after methionine loading, slight homocystinemia was present in 12 out of 20 men, and was more pronounced in all postmenopausal women. However, homocystinemia did not occur in any of the premenopausal women after loading. Fasting serum homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulphide levels did not differ between both groups of men and postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, both fasting and postloading disulphide levels were significantly lower than in any other group. We conclude that premenopausal women have a unique efficiency of methionine handling, and thereby are preserved against the accumulation of homocysteine after methionine loading. We speculate that this phenomenon might account for the lower incidence of vascular disease in women in the reproductive life cycle. PMID- 6643683 TI - Specific uptake of radioiodinated fragment E1 by venous thrombi in pigs. AB - Fragment E1, a product of plasmic digestion of cross-linked fibrin, binds specifically in vitro to polymerized fibrin but not to fibrinogen. Purified human Fragment E1 was radiolabeled with 125I or 131I by the Iodogen technique. The uptake of radioiodinated Fragment E1 in vitro into forming or preformed clots was demonstrated. Animal biodistribution studies of radioiodinated Fragment E1 showed its rapid removal from the circulation; radioactive catabolites did not reside long in any organ and were excreted in the urine. The uptake in vivo was evaluated in pigs with preexisting venous thrombi of various ages from 1 h up to 5 d at the time of intravenous systemic injection of the tracer. Radioiodinated fibrinogen was also injected into the same animals to compare the uptake of the two tracers. Thrombus-to-blood ratios for Fragment E1 averaged 43:1 (range 10 108) and 29:1 (range 8-107) in thrombi 1-6 h and 1-5 d old, respectively. In contrast, mean thrombus-to-blood ratios for fibrinogen were, in the same time intervals, 26:1 (range 17-41) and 2:1 (range 0.5-3.9), respectively. It is concluded that radioiodinated Fragment E1 is a specific marker of thrombi in vivo: its uptake by fresh thrombi is better than that of labeled fibrinogen and, in contrast to radioiodinated fibrinogen, this fragment is incorporated into old thrombi as well. PMID- 6643684 TI - Chronic renal failure, dialysis, and neuropsychological function. AB - Hemodialysis patients, nondialyzed azotemic patients and control subjects with chronic physical disabilities were tested in psychometric measures of attention, memory, and visuomotor speed and coordination. There was relatively little difference between the performance of dialysis patients and controls and no significant correlations were found between years of dialysis treatment and performance on any task. In contrast, nondialyzed azotemic patients were impaired on 9 of 14 tasks relative to controls and/or dialysis patients. Measured levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine were significantly correlated with the performance of nondialyzed azotemic patients on several tasks. These results demonstrate a relationship between degree of renal failure and cognitive and perceptual-motor functioning. The mild impairments evident in dialysis patients do not seem to be directly attributable to dialysis treatments. Rather, the onset of hemodialysis appears to have beneficial effects on neuropsychological function. PMID- 6643685 TI - Cognitive rehabilitation two and one-half years post right temporal lobectomy. AB - A 45-year old radiologist, who underwent a right temporal lobectomy to remove a tumor, sought treatment for difficulties with attention/scanning, sustained concentration, leisure reading, driving, and self-monitoring in social situations. A neuropsychological evaluation conducted 2.5 years postsurgery revealed impaired visual-spatial memory, inefficiency in general visual scanning, a mild left-sided neglect, and diminished social perception. The patient subsequently underwent a 4-month cognitive retraining program, which was tailored to his specific neuropsychological deficits. At the termination of treatment, improvements were observed on follow-up neuropsychological data, behavioral observations made by the patient's wife, and efficiency on work-related tasks. This case illustrates the ecological validity of cognitive rehabilitation procedures and emphasizes the need to tailor the procedures to specific cognitive deficits revealed on neuropsychological testing. PMID- 6643686 TI - Spinal motoneuronal excitability during wakefulness and non-REM sleep in hyperkinesis. AB - Variations in spinal motoneuronal excitability were assessed during wakefulness and non-REM sleep in hyperkinetic and normal children by determining the recovery cycle of the H-reflex following a conditioning stimulus. Reflex facilitation which generally occurs 100-300 msec after a conditioning stimulus was markedly reduced during sleep in both groups and during wakefulness as well in hyperkinetic subjects. Among possible mechanisms which might underlie the observed reductions in facilitation, emphasis is placed on decreased central excitability resulting from depressed fusimotor activity. PMID- 6643687 TI - Primary memory and secondary memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - Free recall of word lists was investigated in a sample of 47 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and 31 normal controls of equivalent age and education. Recall was divided into primary memory (PM) and secondary memory (SM) components based on the number of items intervening between presentation and recall. The findings were as follows: (1) the patients showed a greater deficit on the SM than on the PM measure; (2) there was little evidence of proactive interference in the patient group; (3) the PM and SM measures were independent in the controls but not in the patient group; and, (4) the size of patients' PM deficit increased linearly with increasing items between presentation and attempted recall. These results suggest that the memory disorder of DAT is partially the result of defective PM. PMID- 6643688 TI - Mental status outcomes following carotid endarterectomy: a six-month analysis. AB - Fifty-one male and two female patients were divided into the following three groups: (a) patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease who received carotid endarterectomies, (b) patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease who either declined or were not candidates for carotid endarterectomies, and (c) patients who received a surgical procedure unrelated to cerebral functioning. The three groups were not significantly different in terms of age or educational level. The subjects were examined using the WAIS, Wechsler Memory Scale, Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery, Sickness Impact Profile, and Profile of Mood States. The assessments were conducted presurgery and repeated at a 6 month follow-up. The results of two-way analyses of variance revealed a significant trials effect for a majority of the variables, including the average impairment rating and the full scale WAIS IQ. However, significant group x trials interactions were not found for either the neuropsychological measures or the quality of life indices. The results did not support the conclusion of improved mental status or increased psychosocial well-being in patients who received carotid endarterectomies. PMID- 6643689 TI - Influence of different paths on spatial memory performance in the Block-Tapping Test. AB - In a group of 83 normal adults, spatial memory performance in the Block-Tapping Test depended not only on path length but also on digit sequence, which, for a given path length, generates different spatial configurations. Sequences of homogeneous difficulty are proposed for defining the spatial span. PMID- 6643690 TI - The behavioral sequelae of head injury. AB - Twenty patients with mild and, in a few cases, moderately severe head injuries were examined 3 days and 1 month postinjury. The results indicate that these patients, as compared to appropriate controls, show significant neuropsychological difficulties at 3 days, but not at 1 month postinjury. Postconcussional symptoms are endorsed, on the other hand, at both 3 days and 1 month. Absence of significant neuropsychological findings at 1 month is contrary to some of the previous reports. A number of reasons for this discrepancy were discussed. Some of these included: (a) inappropriate controls used in previous research; (2) failure to screen for pre-existing conditions in prior studies, therefore confounding the effects of the injury with pre-injury factors; (3) possible practice effects in our research; and (4) differences in the neuropsychological measures used across different studies. PMID- 6643691 TI - Subtypes of reading disability. AB - Subtypes of reading disability were studied through the application of cluster analysis. A battery of 23 measures of reading, language, auditory and visual processing, memory, perceptual organization, and visual-motor coordination was administered to 65 reading-disabled children. The primary clustering technique was the K-means iterative partitioning method which yielded three clusters that were subsequently found to be stable and reproducible. The clusters were characterized by the following: (1) a visual processing deficit; (2) a generalized language disorder; and (3) a minimal deficit subtype. These subgroups were consistent with findings from previous investigations of subtypes of reading disability. The quality of the clusters was assessed through a series of evaluation techniques developed specifically for this purpose and through a cluster analysis of randomly generated data drawn from a normal distribution with the same covariance matrix as the actual data. These analyses indicated that the clusters were relatively heterogeneous, and thus this typology may have limited clinical utility. It is possible that future investigations with more severely disabled readers may produce more homogeneous clusters. PMID- 6643692 TI - Error evaluation ability of right-hemisphere brain-lesioned patients who have had perceptual-cognitive retraining. PMID- 6643693 TI - Effects of furosemide on biliary secretion, pancreatic blood flow, and pancreatic exocrine secretion. AB - The effects of furosemide on biliary secretion and on pancreatic hemodynamics and exocrine function were studied by quantitative flowmetry and timed collections of biliary and pancreatic exocrine secretion in the anesthetized dog. Biliary flow and the output of its components (Na+, K+, Ca, Mg, 3-OH bile salts, and bilirubin) increased significantly following a furosemide injection of 0.6 mg/kg and rose progressively to 75-150 per cent above basal levels as the furosemide dose was increased to 9.6 mg/kg. Pretreatment with secretin had no influence on furosemide-induced biliary secretion. Furosemide doses of 4.8 and 9.6 mg/kg increased blood flow in the superior pancreaticoduodenal arterial bed by 30-60 per cent but did not alter flow in the inferior pancreaticoduodenal arterial bed or the pancreatic branch of the splenic artery. However, small increases were seen in flow in the latter two arterial beds after furosemide when secretin administration preceded furosemide. Basal pancreatic secretion was not affected by furosemide, but pretreatment with a submaximal sustaining infusion of secretin uncovered a furosemide action to increase pancreatic exocrine flow and the outputs of Na+, K+, Ca, Mg, and enzymes by 25-35 per cent. These data extend previous studies of the gastrointestinal vasodilator effects of furosemide to the pancreatic circulation and previous data demonstrating furosemide-induced ionic transport in nonrenal systems to biliary, pancreatic acinar, and ductular transport in both organs. Whether the augmentation of pancreatic blood flow is secondary to enhanced ion transport in the exocrine pancreas or to an effect on ionic cotransport in vascular smooth muscle is unknown. PMID- 6643694 TI - Dyphylline versus theophylline: a double-blind comparative evaluation. AB - This study was a randomized double-blind evaluation of three doses of dyphylline, theophylline, and placebo for blocking exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). Twenty patients aged 12 to 17 years took one of the following on five separate days prior to an exercise challenge: 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg dyphylline; 6 mg/kg anhydrous theophylline; or placebo. Linear relationships were found between the log of dyphylline doses and per cent changes from baseline for PEFR, FEV1 and FEF25-75%. The 15 and 20 mg/kg doses differed significantly from placebo in preventing declines in PEFR, FEV1, and FEF25-75%. While significant, these changes were one half to one third those found with 6 mg/kg theophylline. Tremor was twice as common with theophylline. While dyphylline has therapeutic effectiveness compared to placebo for blocking EIB, its benefit is small. Further evaluations are needed to elucidate optimal dosaging for maximal effectiveness. PMID- 6643695 TI - Effects of hemodialysis on theophylline kinetics. AB - Difficulties encountered in controlling theophylline blood concentrations in an asthmatic patient on hemodialysis prompted us to study the effect of hemodialysis on theophylline kinetics. Plasma theophylline extraction ratios, clearances, and half-lives were determined during dialysis for 11 adults given an intravenous infusion of 4 mg/kg aminophylline. For comparison, eight of these patients were evaluated for theophylline half-lives when not dialyzed. Extraction ratios of theophylline during dialysis ranged from 0.22 to 0.51 (0.35 +/- 0.08) for these patients, indicating that a mean of 36 per cent plasma theophylline was removed during each pass through the dialyzer. This compares with a mean extraction ratio of urea of 0.63 +/- 0.07. Plasma clearance of theophylline during dialysis ranged from 52 to 124 ml/min (83 +/ 20 ml/min). Plasma theophylline half-lives during dialysis ranged from 1.6 to 3.4 hours (2.3 +/- 0.5 hours). Theophylline half lives when not on dialysis ranged from 3.5 to 8.2 hours (5.0 +/- 1.7). Theophylline clearance was significantly faster in every patient during dialysis. Asthmatics requiring hemodialysis should receive additional theophylline during dialysis if therapeutic blood levels are to be maintained. Routine hemodialysis will significantly increase clearance in a toxic patient in whom life-threatening toxicity is occurring and charcoal hemoperfusion is unavailable. PMID- 6643696 TI - Effect of food on bioavailability of rifampicin. AB - The area under the plasma concentration-time curve of rifampicin was determined with and without food administration in six healthy male volunteers. Rifampicin (10 mg/kg) was administered orally in the fasting state on one occasion and following a wheat-based breakfast on another. Administration of rifampicin with food reduced mean peak plasma concentration and prolonged the time to reach peak concentration (2 versus 4 hours). Total area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 8 hours and the rate of absorption were also significantly reduced when rifampicin was administered with food. PMID- 6643697 TI - Transmammary passage of cefoxitin: additional results. AB - It has been shown previously that cefoxitin was not detectable in the milk following an intramuscular injection of 1 Gm to mothers. In the present study, using a more sensitive HPLC method, we have shown in five women that low concentrations of cefoxitin (0.25 to 0.65 micrograms/ml) are measured in the milk after the intramuscular injection of 2 Gm. PMID- 6643698 TI - Unraveling aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity using animal models. PMID- 6643699 TI - Environmental toxins and renal disease. PMID- 6643700 TI - Specificity of renal tubular damage criteria for aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients. AB - Two populations of critical care patients were studied using indices of renal tubular damage (beta 2-microglobulin, enzymes, casts) and indices of glomerular filtration (creatinine, creatinine clearance). The purpose of these studies had been initially to elucidate the type of renal failure typical of the critically ill patient treated with aminoglycoside gentamicin or tobramycin, then to determine its frequency. The second study population included a control group of patients given the nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin moxalactam, in order to assess the specificity of the renal tubular damage criteria for aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity versus other types of renal injury in critical care patients. Creatinine rise occurred in approximately 30 per cent of each tobramycin-treated group and in only 12 per cent in the moxalactam control patients (P less than 0.05). Thus, the data indicate that aminoglycosides are associated with an approximate doubling of the renal damage in those older, critically ill patients. Renal tubular damage criteria appear specific for the aminoglycoside effect, but a substantial percentage of the renal damage in this population is not associated with detectable alterations in renal tubular status. PMID- 6643701 TI - The pathology of drug nephrotoxicity. PMID- 6643702 TI - Pharmacokinetic protocol for predicting plasma nortriptyline levels. PMID- 6643703 TI - Automated gas chromatographic determination of plasma alprazolam concentrations. PMID- 6643704 TI - Thioridazine effect on desipramine plasma levels. PMID- 6643705 TI - Tricyclic antidepressants risks and benefits. PMID- 6643706 TI - Chills with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. PMID- 6643707 TI - Physical health status as a consequence of health practices. AB - The relationship between health practices and physical health status was examined in a sample of 542 adults. A sub-sample of these individuals were also studied prospectively. Strong relationships were found in the cross-sectional data. "Good" health practices were correlated with higher health status. The analysis of the prospective data collected 18 months after the first interview also revealed a strong relationship between previous health practices and subsequent physical health status. The relationship still obtains when previous health status is controlled. PMID- 6643708 TI - Public awareness of aspirin and sources of aspirin information in a rural Iowa community. AB - One hundren fifty households in a rural Iowa community were surveyed to determine the frequency and reasons for aspirin use, their awareness of aspirin effects, and their sources of aspirin information. Of those surveyed 82 percent used aspirin to some extent and 59 percent used it at least monthly. The frequency of aspirin use was indirectly associated with age. The number of correct aspirin effects mentioned was 1.8 +/- 1.1 with 89 percent mentioning analgesia as an effect of aspirin. Nineteen percent mentioned mental relaxation as an effect of aspirin. The number of correct effects mentioned was associated directly with education and indirectly with age but was not associated with the frequency of aspirin use. The number of information sources mentioned was 1.3 +/- 0.7 with 34 percent mentioning television and radio advertising as a source of aspirin information. Awareness of gastrointestinal irritation and antipyretic effects and the number of correct effects mentioned were each associated with mention of television and radio advertising as an information source. Use of aspirin for fever was associated with mention of physicians as an information source. Seventy two percent of the respondents indicated a desire for more information with physicians mentioned as the desired source of additional information by 69 percent of respondents. PMID- 6643709 TI - National Health Service Corp: a survey of Alabama's scholarship recipients. AB - In April 1979, 41 Alabama medical students who had received scholarships from the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) were surveyed. The students were predominantly single urban individuals who received their initial NHSC scholarship in the first or second year of medical school. The majority who planned primary care careers were undecided about remaining in the NHSC after their commitment. The students were concerned about the logistics of the NHSC and practice in rural areas. Based on their response, it is suggested that medical schools, The American Medical Student Association, and the NHSC develop a series of activities designed to facilitate the NHSC scholarship recipients subsequent activities in the NHSC. These suggestions include elective credit for NHSC/AMSA (American Medical Student Association) preceptorships, curriculum offering that facilitate the physician's practice in underserved communities, and activities that facilitate the medical school faculties' understanding of the NHSC. PMID- 6643710 TI - Rural health care consumers' perceptions of the nurse practitioner role. AB - In a large-scale survey of rural consumers (n = 3,056), respondents were asked whether they would allow a nurse practitioner to perform each of 12 functions. The results indicate general acceptance of a broadly defined role for the nurse practitioner. Only two functions were not acceptable to a majority of the respondents. A factor analysis revealed two relatively weak factors, which were labeled nontraditional and traditional. Scores on a nurse practitioner acceptance scale, constructed from the 12 functions, were analyzed using analysis of variance and multiple regression. Acceptance of a nurse practitioner was greatest among respondents who are relatively young, male, whose income is relatively low, who are dissatisfied with the explanation of diagnosis and treatment they receive at their usual source of health care, and who are generally dissatisfied with their usual source of health care. None of these relationships, however, is strong. PMID- 6643711 TI - Pulmonary function testing in a general medical practice. AB - This study examined the feasibility and yield of spirometric screening in a general medicine clinic. Each of 354 randomly selected patients answered a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms and performed pulmonary function tests. Pulmonary testing required approximately two minutes and cost 95 cents per patient. Former smokers who stopped smoking because of symptoms displayed a higher prevalence of abnormalities than expected, and life-long smokers a lower prevalence (P less than 0.001). Fifty-three percent of current smokers had an abnormal pulmonary function test, and forty-two percent of these had no severe pulmonary symptoms. Pulmonary function tests performed in an outpatient clinic are rapid and expensive. Such tests demonstrate a large number of abnormalities which can be used to encourage smoking cessation. PMID- 6643712 TI - Departments, sections and programs of preventive/community medicine and public health in U.S. medical schools. PMID- 6643714 TI - Investigations on the development and topographic order of retinotectal axons: anterograde and retrograde staining of axons and perikarya with rhodamine in vivo. AB - Rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate (RITC) is shown to be a convenient and advantageous fluorescence tracer both for anterograde staining of retinal ganglion cell axons on the tectum and for retrograde staining of ganglion cell bodies in the retina of chick embryos. After intravitreal injection the dye is taken up by ganglion cells of the retina from the extracellular space and is transported anterogradely at about 10 mm/day up to the axonal growth cones on the tectum. RITC can be taken up by growing axons on the tectum and it is transported retrogradely at about 5 mm/day to the cell bodies in the retina. Local staining can be achieved if RITC is applied in its crystalline form. RITC is nontoxic for the cells and their axons, is resistant to histological fixation procedures, and allows quick observation in vivo and on dissection stained tissue. Local application of RITC to distinct retinal areas allows examination of the position of the corresponding stained fibers along the retinotectal pathway. Fibers which arise from the central temporal retina occupy deeper layers, whereas fibers from the peripheral temporal retina occupy more superficial layers in the optic tract and in the stratum opticum on the anterior tectum. The growth cones of early retinal fibers growing directly on the tectal surface show a different morphology to later growth cones growing on top of the stratum opticum on the tectum. PMID- 6643713 TI - The relation of corpus callosum connections to architectonic fields and body surface maps in sensorimotor cortex of new and old world monkeys. AB - Corpus callosum connections of parietal and motor cortex were studied in New World owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) and Old World macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after multiple injections of 3H-proline and horseradish peroxidase, HRP, into one cerebral hemisphere, and extensive microelectrode mapping of architectonic Areas 3b, 1, and 2 of the other hemisphere. Results were obtained both from parasagittal brain sections cut orthogonal to the brain surface and from sections from flattened brains cut parallel to the brain surface. Cortical fields varied in density of callosal connections, and the density of connections varied according to body part within sensory representations. Thus, Area 3b had few, Area 1 had more, and Area 2 had relatively dense callosal connections. Within each of these fields, connections were much less dense for the representations of the glabrous hand and foot and much more dense for the representations of the face and trunk. For the representation of the hand, retrogradely labeled cells were extremely sparse in Area 3b, moderately sparse in Area 1, and moderate in Area 2. There were less dense callosal connections in the hand representations of Areas 3b, 1, and 2 in macaque as compared to owl monkeys. Label in posterior parietal cortex was uneven with zones of extremely dense connections. A large region of very dense callosal connections was noted in motor cortex just medial to the probable location of the hand representation. In all regions, callosally projecting cells appeared to be more broadly distributed than callosal terminations. In no region was the discontinuous arrangement of callosal connections obviously organized into an extensive pattern of mediolateral or rostrocaudal bands or strips. PMID- 6643715 TI - Structure of the piriform cortex of the opossum. III. Ultrastructural characterization of synaptic terminals of association and olfactory bulb afferent fibers. AB - Terminals of olfactory bulb afferent (OB) and association (ASSN) fibers within the piriform cortex were characterized ultrastructurally. Identification was by electron microscopic (EM) autoradiography following injections of tritiated amino acids into the olfactory bulb and anterior piriform cortex. The results show that terminals of both fiber systems contain round vesicles and make asymmetrical synaptic contacts predominantly onto dendritic spines. Profiles with pleomorphic vesicles do not appear to be labeled from either site. Since there is strong evidence that both fiber systems generate excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in pyramidal cells, these results provide additional examples in the mammalian CNS of terminals with round vesicles and asymmetrical contacts that mediate an excitatory effect. Percentage density analysis and quantitative study of a large number of heavily labeled terminals revealed that while OB and ASSN terminals are similar in terms of vesicle shape and contact type, they differ in many morphological details including pre- and postsynaptic profile size, the packing density and distribution of synaptic vesicles, synaptic contact shape, and the presence of overlying neuroglial lamellae. However, large variations in appearance of different terminals of the same type are also present so that a small percentage of OB and ASSN terminals are indistinguishable morphologically in the absence of label. An important finding of the quantitative analysis is that spines contacted by lateral olfactory tract (LOT) terminals appear to be of two types based on a bimodal distribution in size and differences in morphology, while spines contacted by ASSN terminals appear to be of a single type. Comparison of these data with results from Golgi analysis indicates that ASSN terminals predominantly contact pyramidal cell spines while OB terminals contact both pyramidal and semilunar cell spines. Quantitative analysis of synaptic vesicles revealed that histograms of vesicle size for OB and ASSN terminals are virtually identical in shape, but peaks are slightly displaced (ASSN vesicles are 5% larger; significant with P less than .002). An analysis of the laminar distribution of OB and ASSN synaptic terminals revealed that while most OB terminals are segregated in layer Ia and most ASSN terminals in layer Ib, occasional OB terminals are observed up to approximately 50 micro deep to the Ia Ib boundary and occasional ASSN terminals up to approximately 50 micro superficial to this boundary. PMID- 6643716 TI - Developmental alterations in sensory neuroanatomy of the Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva. AB - The anterior sensory ultrastructure of the C. elegans dauer larva was examined in several specimens and compared with that of the second-stage (L2) larva, which immediately precedes the dauer stage. In some instances comparisons were made with L3, postdauer L4, and adult stages. Whereas sensory structures in different nondauer stages closely resemble each other, including the inner labial sensilla, amphids, and deirids. The relative positions of the afferent tips of the two types of inner labial neurons are reversed in the dauer stage compared to the L2 and postdauer L4 stages. Inner labial neuron 1 rather than neuron 2 is more anterior in each of the six sensilla, and neuron 1 has an enlarged tip. The neuron 2 cilia are only one-third as long as those in the L2. Amphidial neurons c, d, g, and i and the amphidial sheath cell are altered in shape or position in the dauer stage. Neurons g and i are displaced posteriorly within the dauer amphidial channel. Neuron d has significantly more microvillar projections than do the d cells in L2, L3, or postdauer L4 larvae. Winglike processes of dauer neuron c form a 200 degrees-240 degrees arc in transverse section, including extensive overlap of the two cells. The arc in an L2 seldom spans more than 100 degrees, and overlap does not occur. While L2 larvae possess two separate bilateral amphidial sheath cells, the left and right sheath cells are often continuous in the dauer larva. Deirid sensory dendrites exhibit a dauer-specific structure and orientation. The tip of each neuron is attached to the body wall cuticle by a substructure not observed in L2 or postdauer L4 stages, and the neurons are oriented parallel to the longitudinal axis of the dauer larva. The deirid sensory terminals are oriented perpendicular to the cuticle in other stages. Reversible alterations in neural structure are discussed in the context of dauer-specific behavior. PMID- 6643717 TI - Computer-assisted analyses of barrel neuron axons and their putative synaptic contacts. AB - The "barrels" in layer IV of rodent SmI neocortex receive inputs from individual whiskers on the contralateral face. Previous analyses of neuronal morphology in mouse and rat barrel cortex, as revealed by Golgi impregnations, have focused on the dendritic patterns of the stellate cells. The cells can be classified into two groups: Class I cells with spiny dendrites and Class II cells with smooth, beaded dendrites. These classes can be subdivided further according to somal position and spatial distribution of dendrites with respect to barrel cytoarchitectonic boundaries. In the present study the axons of these cells were examined and the locations of close appositions to dendrites of other impregnated neurons were mapped. All data are taken from Golgi-Cox preparations, cut parallel to layer IV at 140 microns, counterstained with Nissl to reveal the barrels, and measured with a computer-microscope. Axons which had extensive branching within the section (present on 10% of all impregnated cells) were chosen for measurement. The analysis of the axons revealed: (1) Class I axons are thin and directed to the white matter with recurrent collaterals in the barrels, while Class II axons are thick, frequency beaded, and directed toward the pia before cascading down into the barrels; (2) in layer IV, the axons of both cell classes tend to be as restricted to a barrel as the dendrites of the same cell are (i.e., most axons are confined to one barrel); (3) within layer IV, the Class II cell axons have a total length about three times that of Class I cell axons, and about four times as many branch points. The analysis of the appositions of these axons to impregnated dendrites of other cells revealed: (1) A majority of "contacts" tended to be made by terminal branches of the axonal trees. (2) For the Class I neurons, a greater number of appositions occur near the distal ends of complete dendritic segments. As measured from the "contacted" cell soma, appositions are more or less uniformly distributed along dendritic trees. (3) No striking patterns are found, such as an obvious propensity for axons of one cell type to prefer or avoid another cell type. These results show that the axons of barrel cells of each class are as consistent and distinctive as their dendritic trees. Specifically, the cells in each class can be distinguished by their axonal patterns on purely numerical bases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6643718 TI - The length of cerebellar parallel fibers in chicken and rhesus monkey. AB - The cerebellar parallel fibers, which course through the molecular layer parallel to the long axes of the cortical folds known as folia, originate from ascending granule cell axons and relay the mossy fiber input to dendrites of Purkinje cells. Purkinje cell axons in the cerebellar white matter collect into sheets or zones oriented at right angles to the folia. Each of these zones, which are approximately 0.5-1 mm wide, innervates a different portion of the deep cerebellar and the vestibular nuclei. An experimental light microscopic study was carried out to determine the maximal length of parallel fibers in long folia of avian and primate cerebellar cortex. With a fine surgical knife, vermal folia were cut perpendicular to their long axes in four adult White Leghorn hens and in three adult rhesus monkeys deeply anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. The animals were Killed 3-5 days after the operation. Sections of the transected folia were stained with the Fink-Heimer or the DeOlmos-Ingram methods, which revealed the anterogradely degenerated parallel fibers as darkly stained dots. In both species, the pattern of parallel fiber degeneration in the molecular layer had a trapezoidal configuration with the shorter base bordering the Purkinje cell layer and the longer base bordering the pia mater. In both species, the length of parallel fibers averaged approximately 6 mm, although the range was 4-8 mm in chickens and 4.8-6.6 mm in monkeys.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643719 TI - Invariance and sex-specific variations of the glomerular organization in the antennal lobes of a moth, Mamestra brassicae, and a butterfly, Pieris brassicae. AB - The glomerular organization of the antennal lobes was analyzed in the moth Mamestra brassicae and comparatively in the butterfly Pieris brassicae. The invariance of the lobes in number, position, and size of the glomeruli was verified quantitatively in the moth for all the glomeruli in individuals of the same sex (67 in males, 68 in females) and for 56 sex-invariant glomeruli which can be identified in all individuals whatever their sex. In the butterfly, the positional variability is greater than in the moth and hinders identification. The most conspicuous sex-variant glomeruli are two adjoining macroglomeruli in the male moth which have homologs of very small size in the female. No such dimorphism was observed in Pieris, a species in which males are attracted to female by visual stimuli and not by a sex pheromone as in Mamestra. There are other sex-variant glomeruli in Mamestra: four varying in location, three subdivided in the female, two found only in the male, and three found only in the female. Consequently, differing olfactory sensitivity related to species and sex could correlate with detectable modifications in the glomerular organization. A hypothesis on the function of glomeruli is discussed in which most of the glomeruli are viewed as "olfactory generalists" giving rise collectively to proposed "across-glomeruli patterns." PMID- 6643720 TI - Spastic mutant axolotl: identification of a phenocopy pathway with implications for the control of axolotl swimming by the vestibulocerebellum. AB - The spastic mutant axolotl shows abnormal swimming behavior, which includes a preponderance of "embryonic" swimming elements (coils) versus mature swimming elements (sinusoids) and a failure to entrain sinusoids into a prolonged swimming sequence. The mutant also shows anatomical disorganization in the area acousticolateralis and cerebellar auricle, but it is unclear (1) to what extent the behavioral abnormalities are traceable to the vestibulocerebellar defect or (2) how the vestibulocerebellar pathway modulates swimming behavior in the normal axolotl. We have performed quantitative cine analysis of electric shock-induced swimming bouts in normal axolotls, spastic mutants, and a variety of neurosurgically altered wild-type axolotls. We scored the incidence of coil elements (25% in controls, 70-90% in spastics) versus sinusoid elements, as well as length distributions of coilfree intervals (short to long trains of sinusoidal swimming) and of sinusoidfree intervals (of brief of prolonged coiling). We found that bilateral VIIIth nerve lesions or surgical undercutting of the cerebellar auricle in wild-type axolotls almost exactly reproduced the behavioral deficit seen in spastic (75-81% coils, loss of long sinusoid trains, and appearance of prolonged coiling intervals at least some of which coupled several coils into trains of thrashing behavior). By contrast, neither complete transection of the CNS at low midbrain levels nor section of cranial nerves V, VII, or X (lateral line) resulted in an increased incidence of coil elements beyond 26% nor significantly altered the length distributions of S-intervals and C-intervals. Nor did any of the latter lesions disrupt the spasticlike swimming patterns of axolotls already subjected to auricle or VIIIth nerve lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643721 TI - Long descending projections of the hypothalamus in the pigeon, Columba livia. AB - An autoradiographic analysis was performed on the descending projections of nucleus periventricularis magnocellularis (PVM) of the hypothalamus in the pigeon. A PVM-medullospinal pathway was observed coursing posteriorly through the lateral hypothalamus, ventrolateral midbrain tegmentum, and into the spinal lemniscus (ls) in the ventrolateral pons and medulla. In the pons, some fibers course dorsomedially from ls and terminate at the lateral border of the locus coeruleus. At medullary levels, fibers from ls sweep dorsomedially in the plexus of Horsley and project to certain regions of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (NX). Specifically, PVM fibers project heavily into NTS subnuclei medialis superficialis, medialis ventralis, and lateralis (sulcalis) dorsalis as well as into the ventral parvocellular subnucleus of NX. Fibers in ls were traced caudally into the lateral funiculus as far as upper cervical levels of the spinal cord. Although autoradiographs of lower cervical or thoracic spinal cord sections were not available, PVM fibers do descend to thoracic spinal cord levels, as evidenced by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. In addition to the medullospinal pathway, the autoradiographs demonstrated PVM projections to septum, diencephalon, and midbrain. Labeled PVM fibers are found in the lateral septal nucleus, nucleus of the anterior pallial commisure, dorsomedial thalamic nucleus, dorsolateral anterior thalamic nucleus (pars ventralis), median eminence, medial and lateral hypothalamus, medial mammillary area, and nucleus intercollicularis and central gray of the midbrain. The projection of fibers to medullospinal regions and median eminence suggests that PVM is homologous to the mammalian paraventricular nucleus. These projections to specific subnuclei of NTS and NX denote hypothalamic control over certain autonomic functions. PMID- 6643722 TI - Morphology of C-laminae neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat: a Golgi impregnation study. AB - On the basis of their dendritic morphology, neurons in the C-laminae of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) have been divided into five groups. These groupings are based on previous descriptions of the neuronal types present in the dLGN of the cat (Guillery, '66; Famiglietti, '70; Updyke, '79). Class 1, 2, 3, and 5 neurons in the C-laminae are essentially identical to their counterparts in the A-laminae, with one exception. The dendritic orientation of class 2, 3, and 5 neurons found in the C-laminae is, for the most part, parallel to the laminar borders. In the A-laminae, class 2 and 5 neurons show no preference in their dendritic orientation and class 3 neuron dendritic orientation is predominantly perpendicular to the laminar borders. Class 4 neurons are found in all C-laminae and make up the bulk of the impregnated neurons. They are morphologically distinct from A-laminae neurons but exhibit a broad range of structural characteristics. PMID- 6643723 TI - Studies of the principal sensory and spinal trigeminal nuclei of the rat: projections to the superior colliculus, inferior olive, and cerebellum. AB - We have analyzed the connections between the sensory trigeminal nuclei and two major sensorimotor areas (i.e., the superior colliculus and crura I and II of the cerebellar cortex) in which tactile input from peri-oral and other facial regions is a prominent feature. Following injections of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus, retrogradely labeled cells occupy the ventral one-third of the contralateral principal sensory and spinal trigeminal nucleus; trigeminocollicular neurons are especially numerous within the subnucleus interpolaris (Svi). Injections of either 3H-proline or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the Svi reveal that trigeminocollicular axons reach the rostral two thirds to three-quarters of the contralateral superior colliculus, where they distribute in a nonuniform, patchy manner within layers IV-VI. In addition to demonstrating the trigeminocollicular projection, anterograde and retrograde transport studies of the Svi also reveal a trigeminoolivary projection which terminates primarily within the contralateral rostral dorsal accessory (DAO) and adjacent principal (PO) olives; some of the Svi neurons innervate both the superior colliculus and the DAO-PO via axon collaterals. Data from a final set of retrograde tracing experiments show that the trigeminorecipient zone of the DAO PO contains neurons which project to crura I and/or II of the cerebellar cortex. Of the various submodalities conveyed by the trigeminal system, it is likely that the trigeminal connections we have demonstrated are carrying tactile information. This is indicated by the fact that responses to tactile stimulation of the face have been reported for cells in (1) the deeper collicular layers, (2) the trigeminorecipient zone of the DAO-PO, and (3) cerebellar targets of this zone, crura I and II. All data are discussed in the context of the anatomical and physiological literature. PMID- 6643725 TI - Axons connecting somata and axon terminals of luminosity-type horizontal cells in the turtle retina: receptive field studies and intracellular injections of HRP. AB - Luminosity (L)-type horizontal cell responses to small and large spots of light in the turtle (Geoclemys) retina were recorded intracellularly, and each cell so studied was filled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by ionophoretic injection. Following histochemical reaction of the HRP with diaminobenzidine (DAB), light microscopic inspection demonstrated that this type of horizontal cell has a cell body connected to a tuberous axon terminal by a fine axon. By examining the location of the cell in relation to the linear array of electrode penetrations in each preparation, it was possible to determine whether a given recording was made in the cell body or in the axon terminal. The size of the receptive field of the cell body was significantly smaller than that of the axon terminals. Although the center-to-center distances between the cell body and the axon terminal of some L type horizontal cells were as short as 50 micron, the length of the intervening axon was invariably longer and was at least 250 micron. Unless signals are amplified by some active mechanisms during their propagation along the axon, it is unlikely that current generated in the cell body spreads to the axon terminal through the thin axon, or in the opposite direction. The difference in receptive field sizes of cell body and of axon terminal may therefore indicate that these two structural subunits are electrically isolated. PMID- 6643724 TI - Afferent connections of the perirhinal cortex in the rat. AB - Connections of the perirhinal cortex in the rat brain were studied using anterograde (3H-proline/leucine) and retrograde (horseradish peroxidase) tracers. The perirhinal cortex receives major projections from medial precentral, anterior cingulate, prelimbic, ventral lateral orbital, ventral and posterior agranular insular, temporal, superior and granular parietal, lateral occipital, agranular retrosplenial, and ectorhinal cortices, and from the presubiculum, subiculum, and diagonal band of Broca. Rostral neocortical areas project predominantly to rostral perirhinal regions while more caudal neocortical and subicular areas project predominantly to caudal perirhinal regions. Terminal fields are further segregated within perirhinal cortex to either the dorsal or ventral banks of the rhinal sulcus. All afferents from frontal areas terminate predominantly in the deep layers of its ventral bank; afferents from temporal, parietal, and lateral occipital areas terminate predominantly in the deep and superficial layers along its dorsal bank; and afferents from ectorhinal cortex terminate in a column within its dorsal bank. Cortical cells which project to perirhinal areas are found predominantly in layer II and the superficial part of layer III. However, ventrolateral orbital, parietal, and lateral occipital cortex projections originate predominantly from layer V. Perirhinal areas also receive afferents from the nucleus reuniens of the thalamus, lateral nucleus of the amygdala, claustrum, supramammillary nuclei, and the dorsal raphe nuclei. PMID- 6643726 TI - Contralateral termination of primary afferent axons in the sacral and caudal segments of the cat, as studied by anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. AB - Contralateral termination of primary afferent axons in the sacral and caudal segments was studied with the anterograde horseradish peroxidase technique in the cat. The distribution of terminals and branching pattern of terminal fibers were examined on sections incubated in a diaminobenzidine-cobalt chloride medium. The crossed primary afferent axons passing in the dorsal commissure projected to (1) the dorsal gray commissure, (2) small, dorsomedial and ventrolateral parts of laminae III and IV, (3) lamina I, and (4) the Xth area (region dorsal to and around the central canal). In the dorsal gray commissure primary afferent axons formed a dense plexus after taking a tortuous course in mediolateral and rostrocaudal directions. Single axons terminated on both sides, but rarely did they extend outside of this region. The axons terminating in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral parts of laminae III and IV passed through the dorsal gray commissure without giving off collaterals. After reaching laminae III and IV they ascended and/or descended within these laminae and terminated at more rostral or caudal levels. The crossed primary afferent axons passing in the ventral commissure terminated in lamina VIII of the contralateral ventral horn. Some axons terminated in a region ventral to the central canal, and on both sides of lamina VIII. PMID- 6643728 TI - Spatial relationships between the terminations of somatic sensory motor pathways in the rostral brainstem of cats and monkeys. II. Cerebellar projections compared with those of the ascending somatic sensory pathways in lateral diencephalon. AB - Previous studies have shown that ascending somatic sensory pathways arising from the dorsal column nuclei, lateral cervical nucleus and spinothalamic tract terminate in parts of the thalamus adjacent to those which receive cerebellar terminations. This termination pattern creates a border between the ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) and the ventrolateral nucleus (VL) in the cat and between the caudal and oral parts of VPL (VPLc and VPLo, respectively) in the monkey. Since it is not clear how sharp these borders are, a double orthograde labeling strategy was used in the present study to make direct comparisons of the projections to the thalamus from these sources of input. It was found that there was a change in the sources of afferent input to the different target areas that paralleled changes in cytoarchitecture. Moving caudally to rostrally, VPL in the cat and VPLc in the monkey received projections predominantly from the middle, dorsal (clusters) portion of the dorsal column nuclei. These projections were gradually replaced near the VPL-VL border in the cat and VPLc-VPLo border in the monkey first by input from the lateral cervical nucleus (cat only) and the rostral and ventral portions of the dorsal column nuclei and then by spinothalamic projections. Towards VL in the cat and the rostral parts of VPLo in the monkey (referred to as Vim by Hassler, '59 and Mehler, '71), these projections were in turn replaced by those from the cerebellum. This sequence resulted in a complex pattern (summarized in Fig. 10) where some thalamic territories received input predominantly from one source and others received converging input from several sources. The major region receiving converging ascending somatic sensory and cerebellar terminations was located at the border between VPL and VL in the cat and in the caudal parts of Olszewski's ('52) VPLo in the monkey (that is, between VPLc and Vim). In general, the results in the cat were similar to those in the monkey. One notable difference was that the domain containing terminals from the cerebellum and the rostral-ventral parts of the dorsal column nuclei was located medially between VPLc and Vim in the monkey, whereas it extended across the entire mediolateral border between VPL and VL in the cat. In both species, thalamic neurons received input predominantly from one afferent source and only minor input, if any, from other sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6643727 TI - The posteromedial ventral nucleus of the thalamus (VPM) of the cat: direct ascending projections to the cytoarchitectonic subdivisions. AB - The posteromedial ventral nucleus (VPM) of the cat is divided cytoarchitectonically into the magnocellular (VPMmc), lateral parvocellular (VPMpcl), and medial parvocellular (VPMpcm) divisions. Cell bodies of neurons in the VPMpcm are small, while those in the VPMpcl are small to medium-sized. The VPMmc contains large neurons. Direct projections from the lower brain stem structures to each of the three divisions of the VPM were examined by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. When HRP injection was done into the VPMmc, labeled neurons were mainly located contralaterally in the ventral division of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (Vp), in the rostral part of the oral subnucleus in the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vsp), and in the interpolar subnucleus of the Vsp; a few labeled neurons were also found contralaterally in lamina I of the caudal subnucleus of the Vsp. When HRP injection was restricted to the VPMpcl or VPMpcm, HRP-labeled neurons were mainly observed ipsilaterally, respectively, in the dorsal division of the Vp, or in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) regions dorsomedial and ventromedial to the brachium conjunctivum. After HRP injection into the parvocellular part of the VPM (VPMpc), labeled neurons were also seen contralaterally in the Vsp, but these were far less numerous than those seen after HRP injections into the VPMmc. Thus, each of the three divisions of the VPM receives main ascending afferent fibers from different brain stem structures; the VPMpcm, VPMpcl, or VPMmc receives afferent fibers, respectively, from the PBN ipsilaterally, from the dorsal division of Vp ipsilaterally, or from the ventral division of the Vp and the Vsp contralaterally. PMID- 6643729 TI - Fine structure and organization of the infrared receptor relays: lateral descending nucleus of V in Boidae and nucleus reticularis caloris in the rattlesnake. AB - The morphology of the lateral descending nucleus of V (LTTD) in three species of Boidae and nucleus reticularis caloris (RC) of the rattlesnake have been studied with the light and electron microscope. First- and second-order relays in the infrared receptor pathway to the tectum are contained within LTTD in the Boidae, whereas in the rattlesnakes the secondary relay to tectipetal neurons is in nucleus RC. The lateral descending nucleus in the boids contains small and large neurons. The larger cells project to the optic tectum and morphologically are quite similar to those of nucleus RC. It has been determined at the ultrastructural level that LTTD of the three species of boids studied have very similar morphology and organization. A marginal neuropil, located near the lateral descending tract, consists of terminals of thin unmyelinated axons in synaptic contact with thin dendrites. Deeper within the nucleus primary afferent terminals containing clear spherical vesicles form synaptic clusters with dendrites and are post-synaptic to other axon terminals containing pleomorphic vesicles. The large, tectipetal neurons are postsynaptic to two morphological types of synapses, one with clear spherical vesicles, asymmetric membranes, and subsynaptic web and the other with flattened vesicles and symmetrical membranes. Similar synapses are also present on the cells of nucleus RC in the rattlesnake. There is a close similarity in function, structure, and synaptic organization between the LTTD and boids and the LTTD plus nucleus RC of pit vipers, suggesting similar or identical evolutionary origin. PMID- 6643730 TI - Anatomical and physiological studies of the gray matter surrounding the spinal cord central canal. AB - Recent histochemical evidence suggests that neurons in the gray matter surrounding the central canal may play a role in nociception. We attempted to evaluate this possibility by studying the response properties and ascending projections of these cells in the rat. In the first series of experiments, the ascending projections of neurons around the central canal were studied by the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Predominantly contralateral labeling of neurons around the central canal appeared after HRP injections into the paramedian medullary or pontine reticular formation in intact or cerebellectomized animals. Far fewer cells were labeled by injections into the lateral medulla and/or pons. A small number of cells was retrogradely labeled by HRP injections into the vermal and intermediate regions of the cerebellum or the periaqueductal gray matter. Injections into other brainstem areas outside of the reticular formation also failed to label large numbers of neurons around the centra canal. In a second set of experiments, we recorded extracellular unitary activity from the lumbar enlargement in spinalized, decerebrate, unanesthetized rats. Thirteen units were functionally characterized and histologically localized within 300 micrometers of the central canal. All of the units identified responded exclusively to noxious stimuli applied within highly circumscribed receptive fields. Thus, neurons around the central canal contribute strongly to long ascending spinal cord projections. Physiologically, neurons found within this region are reminiscent of the noxious-specific cells in the outer most layers of the dorsal horn. PMID- 6643731 TI - The percentage of interneurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat and observations on several variables that affect the sensitivity of horseradish peroxidase as a retrograde marker. AB - Ten cats ranging in age from 4 weeks postnatal to adult received large bilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into cortical areas 17 and 18. In one cat additional unilateral injections of HRP were made into the lateral suprasylvian visual areas (PMLS). The purpose of these injections was to label relay cells in lamina A of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), in order to distinguish them from neurons that could not be labeled retrogradely. Several factors thought to influence the effectiveness of HRP as a retrograde marker were varied in an effort to label as many relay cells as possible. These factors included the (1) rate and duration of HRP injections; (2) volume and concentration of HRP injected; (3) addition of L-alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine or dimethyl sulfoxide to the injected HRP; and (4) aldehyde and buffers used for fixation. In all experiments DAB (3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride) was used as the chromogen, either alone or with the addition of cobalt chloride, nickel, and cobalt salts, or cobalt-glucose oxidase. In 1-micrometer plastic sections, the influence of each of the above factors and DAB methods was determined by measuring the percentage of unlabeled neurons and the cytoplasmic HRP grain density of cells that were labeled. Our results show that approximately 22% of the neurons in lamina A of the LGN remain unlabeled following injections of HRP into areas 17 and 18 alone or combined with injections into PMLS. The percentage of unlabeled cells is similar at each of the ages that we studied and is not affected significantly by any of the factors that were varied or DAB methods that were used. Cross-sectional area measurements show that unlabeled cells tend to be among the smallest neurons in lamina A. Regardless of age, the mean size of labeled neurons was about twice that of unlabeled cells. However, we found only a weak correlation between the size of a labeled cell and the cytoplasmic density of HRP grains. Thus it is unlikely that small cell body size alone can account for the unlabeled cells in lamina A, since small neurons can be as effective in transporting HRP retrogradely as large neurons. We therefore conclude that there is a distinct population of small neurons in lamina A of the LGN that do not project to cortex. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that these cells project subcortically, we believe that it is reasonable to regard them as interneurons. PMID- 6643732 TI - Tectal connections in Python reticulatus. AB - The origins of the axons terminating in the mesencephalic tectum in Python reticulatus were examined by unilateral tectal injections of horseradish peroxidase. Retrogradely labeled cells were observed bilaterally throughout the spinal cord in all subdivisions of the trigeminal system, with the exception of nucleus principalis, which showed labeled cells only on the ipsilateral side. Labeling of the reticular formation occurred bilaterally in nucleus reticularis inferior magnocellularis, nucleus reticularis lateralis, nucleus reticularis, and the mesencephalic reticular formation. The tectum also receives bilateral projections from the dorsal tegmental field, the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, and nucleus isthmi, and ipsilateral projections from nucleus profundus mesencephali. A few labeled cells were found ipsilaterally in the locus coeruleus and in nuclei vestibulares ventrolateralis and ventromedialis. In the diencephalon labeled cells were observed ipsilaterally in nucleus ventrolateralis thalami, nucleus ventromedialis thalami, nucleus suprapeduncularis, and in the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei. Bilateral labeling was observed in nucleus periventricularis hypothalami. Furthermore, labeling was ipsilaterally present in the ventral telencephalic areas. The tectum in Python reticulatus receives a wide variety of afferent connections which confirm the role of the tectum as an integration center of visual and exteroceptive information. PMID- 6643733 TI - Differentiation of cerebellar mossy fiber synapses in the rat: a quantitative electron microscope study. AB - The differentiation of cerebellar glomeruli was investigated by quantitative electron microscopy, starting with the period at which mossy fibers made their first appearance. Two developmental stages could be delineated in the maturation of the mossy fiber-granule cell synapse. 1. A primary growth stage (postnatal days 6--15) characterized by the rapid enlargement of mossy rosettes and the intense proliferation of post-synaptic dendrites. The synaptic perimeter of mossy terminals, i.e. percentage of membrane surface occupied by synaptic junctions, exhibited a simultaneous, rapid increase in that stage, reaching a peak at postnatal day 15. 2. Establishment and stabilization of differentiated glomeruli (15th--45th day). Because the size of mossy rosettes did not change in this period, the increase of glomerular size was due exclusively to the continuing multiplication of postsynaptic dendrites. The characteristic feature of this stage was the massive elimination o synaptic junctions. The synaptic perimeter of 14.4% at day 15 decreased to 5.7% by day 30. Since the size of individual synaptic junctions and the size of mossy terminals did not decrease while the number of postsynaptic dendrites even increased during the same period, the elimination of synaptic junctions represents a net loss of the synaptic perimeter of mossy terminals. The quantitative analysis suggests that the stabilization of the synaptic perimeter of mossy rosettes at about 6% is due to the elimination during the second developmental stage of immature synaptic junctions, produced in excess during the first growth phase. Also, the observation that synapse elimination and the subsequent stabilization of synaptic perimeter occurs in spite of a steady increase of available postsynaptic dendrites is indicative that the standard 6% value of synaptic perimeter is defined by the presynaptic mossy terminal itself. On the basis of these observations, it is also proposed that elimination of synaptic junctions may well occur without the concomitant disappearance of presynaptic and/or postsynaptic neuronal processes. PMID- 6643734 TI - Anatomy of the gustatory system in the hamster: central projections of the chorda tympani and the lingual nerve. AB - The sensory modalities of taste and touch, for the anterior tongue, are relegated to separate cranial nerves. The lingual branch of the trigeminal nerve mediates touch: the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve mediates taste. The chorda tympani also contains efferent axons which originate in the superior salivatory nucleus. The central projections of these two nerves have been visualized in the hamster by anterograde labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Afferent fibers of the chorda tympani distribute to all rostral-caudal levels of the solitary nucleus. They synapse heavily in the dorsal half of the nucleus at its rostral extreme; synaptic endings are sparser and located laterally in caudal regions. These taste afferents travel caudally in the solitary tract and reach different levels by a series of collateral branches which extend medially in the the solitary nucleus, where they exhibit preterminal and terminal swellings. Taste afferent axons range in diameter from 0.2 micrometer to 1.5 micrometers. The thickest axons project exclusively to the rostral and intermediate subdivisions of the solitary nucleus; the find ones may distribute predominantly to the caudal subdivision. Afferent fibers of the lingual nerve terminate heavily in the dorsal one-third of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and also as a dense patch in the lateral solitary nucleus at the midpoint between its rostral and caudal poles. This latter projection overlaps that of the chorda tympani. Thus the two sensory nerves which subserve taste and touch from coincident peripheral fields on the tongue converge centrally on the intermediate subdivision of the solitary nucleus. Efferent neurons of the superior salivatory nucleus were labelled retrogradely following application of HRP to the chorda tympani. These cells are located ipsilaterally in the medullary reticular formation ventral to the rostral pole of the solitary nucleus; their dendrites are oriented dorsoventrally. The efferent axons course dorsally, form a genu lateral to the facial somatomotor genu, and course ventrolaterally through the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve to exit the brain ventral to the entering facial afferents. PMID- 6643735 TI - Altered metabolic activity in the cerebral cortex of rats exposed to ketamine. AB - Uptake of the metabolic marker, [3H]2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) was compared in rats given subanesthetic (50--100 mg/kg, i.p.) or anesthetic (200 mg/kg, i.v.) doses of ketamine with that in normal, unanesthetized rats. All doses of ketamine caused a relative increase of 2DG labeling in limbic regions, including the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and cingulate, piriform, and entorhinal cortices. Striking 2DG-dense zones were confined to the molecular layer in the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and entorhinal cortex. Subanesthetic doses of ketamine produced a relative reduction of 2DG uptake in layers I--IV of granular somatosensory cortex while sparing uptake in layer Va; therefore, the peak of dense uptake shifted from layer IV to layer Va. In regions of the somatosensory cortex which display a dysgranular layer IV, vertical columns of relatively dense 2DG uptake extended through all cortical layers. Columns of 2DG label also occurred outside of S1, in visual and auditory areas. In the primary visual cortex, this dose of ketamine decreased 2DG uptake relative to secondary visual cortex. Alteration of 2DG uptake in various cortical regions might be the consequence of a ketamine-induced activation of specific neuronal pathways with special neurochemical features. During subanesthetic ketamine administration, peak 2DG uptake shifts from cortical layer IV, which receives specific thalamocortical input, to layer Va, which receives projections via intrinsic cortical circuits. The ketamine-induced shift in the laminar focus of sensory cortical metabolism may reflect a functional disconnection from peripheral sensory input and/or enhanced internal (corticocortical) processing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643736 TI - Axonal patterns and topography of short-axon neurons in visual areas 17, 18, and 19 of the cat. AB - In a Golgi study of short-axon cells in areas 17, 18, and 19 of the adult cat, 21 main axonal arborization patterns are distinguished and related to laminar position and dendritic morphology. Multipolar neurons exclusive to layer 2/3 exhibit the greatest diversity of axons: These may be arranged in a local tuft, a single descending stem with recurrent collaterals, a columnar descending plexus, horsetaillike bundles, a dense intralaminar plexus, or a varicose local arbor. Multipolar cells of layers 2--5 may have local basket or chandelier axons or a neurogliform axonal plexus, and axons in layer 4 may branch into a columnar basket plexus. Two types of multipolar cells are described in layers 5 and 6. Also, neurons with a bitufted dendritic tree have different axonal patterns: cone shaped axons, arcade axons, profuse ascending plexuses, and columnar or diffuse ascending and descending arbors. The axons of bitufted cells in layer 6 ascend or form a local tuft. Finally, giant bitufted cells with local axons, bitufted or multipolar cells with horizontal axons, and bipolar cells are described. The neuronal types established on the basis of their axonal arbor are compared to previous classifications of cortical neurons. The location of neurons thus classified has been recorded and evaluated. Most cells show no topographical specificity and occur indistinctly in the three visual areas, while two types are exclusive to area 17. Horsetail neurons accumulate at the 17/18 and 18/19 borders. Multipolar cells of layer 2/3 with a dense intralaminar plexus and chandelier cells are concentrated in the region where the central visual field is represented. PMID- 6643737 TI - Spinal neurons reaching the lateral reticular nucleus as studied in the rat by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. AB - An anatomical technique based on the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to investigate the projections of spinal cord neurons to the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN). Labeled cells were found at all spinal levels and in particular large numbers in cervical and lumbar segments. Various spinal areas gave rise to cells of origin of this tract, which appears to be more prominent than any other tract previously studied with a similar approach. Labeling common to all spinal segments was observed in (1) ventromedial parts of both intermediate zone and ventral horn (laminae VII, VIII and X), mainly contralaterally; (2) the reticular extension of the neck of the dorsal horn, partly bilateral; and (3) superficial layers of the dorsal horn and nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus (NDLF), mainly contralateral and projecting essentially to the lateral zone of the LRN. Additional labeling was observed at cervical and lumbar levels, each with specific qualities: (1) the cervical enlargement, which displayed labeling in the central part of the ipsilateral intermediate zone (lamina VII); (2) the rostral lumbar levels, which had projections from the contralateral median portion of the neck of the dorsal horn. These latter projections appear to be specific to pathways reaching the lateral reticular nucleus and the inferior olive. Control injections in neighboring structures demonstrated the similarity between the afferents to the lateral reticular nucleus and the inferior olive. Control injections in neighboring structures demonstrated the similarity between the afferents to the lateral reticular nucleus and the inferior olive (except lamina I and NDLF projections) and the differences between these afferents and those projecting to the dorsal reticular formation, i.e., the nucleus reticularis ventralis. PMID- 6643738 TI - Some afferent and efferent connections of the vestibular nuclear complex in the red-eared turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. AB - In the present study some afferent, commissural, and efferent connections of the vestibular nuclear complex in the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans were demonstrated with the HRP tracing technique. Afferent projections to the vestibular nuclei were found to arise in the nucleus of the basal optic root, the interstitial nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, the medial and lateral cerebellar nuclei, the perihypoglossal nuclear complex, and the reticular formation. Distinct commissural projections appeared to arise in the dorsolateral, ventromedial, and descending vestibular nuclei. The commissural projection arising in the ventrolateral vestibular nucleus appeared to be only sparsely developed. Both ascending and descending efferent projections were demonstrated to arise from the vestibular nuclear complex. The ascending vestibulo-oculomotor projection was found to be organized in an ipsilateral pathway arising in the dorsolateral vestibular nucleus and in a contralateral pathway, arising mainly in the medial vestibular nucleus. These projections appeared to be directed to the interstitial nucleus of the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis, the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nuclei. Also the perihypoglossal nuclear complex appeared to be an important target of vestibular efferents. The origin and course in the brainstem of the descending vestibular projections, i.e., the lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts, as demonstrated in previous anatomical and experimental studies in reptiles, were confirmed. However, in addition a direct projection of the vestibulospinal tracts to presumably neck motoneurons was found. THe organization of the vestibular connections observed in the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans appeared to be basically comparable to the organization of the vestibular connections in birds and mammals. PMID- 6643739 TI - Structural basis of orientation sensitivity of cat retinal ganglion cells. AB - We investigated the structural basis of the physiological orientation sensitivity of retinal ganglion cells (Levick and Thibos, '82). The dendritic fields of 840 retinal ganglion cells labeled by injections of horseradish peroxidase into the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) or optic tracts of normal cats. Siamese cats, and cat deprived of patterned visual experience from birth by monocular lid suture (MD) were studied. Mathematical techniques designed to analyze direction were used to find the dendritic field orientation of each cell. Statistical techniques designed for angular data were used to determine the relationship between dendritic field orientation and angular position on the retina (polar angle). Our results indicate that 88% of retinal ganglion cells have oriented dendritic fields and that dendritic field orientation is related systematically to retinal position. In all regions of retina more that 0.5 mm from the area centralis the dendritic fields of retinal ganglion cells are oriented radially, i.e., like the spokes of a wheel having the area centralis at its hub. This relationship was present in all animals and cell types studied and was strongest for cells located close to the horizontal meridian (visual streak) of the retina. Retinal ganglion cells appear to be sensitive to stimulus orientation because they have oriented dendritic fields. PMID- 6643740 TI - Relationship between preferred orientation and receptive field position of neurons in cat striate cortex. AB - It has been known for two decades that neurons in mammalian visual cortex respond selectively to stimuli falling on the retina at a particular angular orientation (Hubel and Wiesel, '62). Recent evidence suggests that most cat retinal ganglion cells (Levick and Thibos, '82) and relay cells (Vidyasagar and Urbas, '82) in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus are also orientation selective. In the retina there is a systematic relationship between receptive field position (polar angle) and preferred orientation. Outside of the area centralis, most retinal ganglion cells have oriented dendritic fields (Leventhal and Schall, '83) and respond best to stimuli oriented radially, i.e., oriented parallel to the line connecting their receptive fields to the area centralis (Levick an Thibos, '82). This relationship is strongest close to the horizontal meridian (the visual streak) of the retina (Leventhal and Schall, '83). To determine if a relationship between preferred orientation and polar angle exists in visual cortex, the preferred orientations and receptive field positions of 768 striate cortical neurons were studied. As in the retina, a systematic relationship exists between preferred orientation and visual field position in area 17. In parts of striate cortex 15--80 degrees from the area centralis projection there is a strong tendency for cells to respond best to lines oriented radially. In regions 4--15 degrees from the area centralis projection this relationship appears weaker. In regions subserving the central 4 degrees of visual angle no such relationship exists. Throughout area 17 the relationship between preferred orientation and polar angle is strongest in regions subserving the horizontal meridian.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643741 TI - The neuronal architecture of the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body of the cat. A study with the rapid Golgi method. AB - The neurons in the nuclei of the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body were studied with the rapid Golgi method in kittens and young adult cats. The dorsal nuclei contain two principal cell types: a large stellate neuron with radiate dendrites and a bushy neuron with tufted dendrites, each with extensive dendritic fields. Two sizes of cells with locally arborizing axons (local circuit neurons) were found. The small and commonly observed one is stellate in shape, has a limited dendritic domain, and an axon with multiple, often profuse collaterals ending in the vicinity of the cell. A second, and much less common variety (large local circuit neuron) is somewhat larger and has fewer axon collaterals. Subtle, but distinct variations in these cell types distinguish the deep and superficial dorsal nuclei and also the anterior tier of nuclei (deep dorsal and superficial). These functional differences may correlate with the relative morphological homogeneity of the ventral nucleus compared to the extremely heterogeneous medial division. The dorsal division should be regarded as part of the pulvinar-lateralis posterior complex both structurally and functionally. In the suprageniculate nucleus, the principal neurons are stellate cells with large perikarya and numerous and extensive dendrites covered with appendages. The large axon is devoid of collaterals. A small local circuit cell with several axon collaterals, and sparse, restricted dendrites has also been observed. In the adjacent posterior limitans nucleus, the principal neuron has a medium-sized, piriform or somewhat elongated perikaryon, a few very long radiating dendrites, which may span the depth of the nucleus, and a long, poorly branched axon. Small neurons are also seen here. A comparison of the structure, connections, and function of the medial geniculate body suggests that the dorsal division is predominantly, but probably not exclusively auditory, while the ventral nucleus is entirely auditory and relatively homogeneous, and the medial division, polymodal and heterogeneous with respect to input. PMID- 6643742 TI - Kindled seizure-induced reduction of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat hippocampal formation: evidence for localization to dentate granule cells. AB - The binding of [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate ( [3H] QNB) to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in dentate gyrus of rat hippocampal formation was analyzed by membrane binding assay and in vitro autoradiography. The destruction of dentate granule cells, either by neonatal irradiation or colchicine injection, resulted in nearly complete elimination of [3H] QNB binding sites in the molecular and granule cell layers. By contrast, neither perforant path transection nor destruction of the septal-hippocampal cholinergic afferents caused a decline of [3H] QNB binding sites. Amygdala kindled seizures resulted in a 30% reduction of [3H] QNB binding sites which was distributed uniformly across the entire molecular and granule cell layers. Thus, most, if not all, of the muscarinic cholinergic receptors present in dentate gyrus appear to reside on the somata and dendritic trees of the dentate granule cells. We propose that this kindled seizure-induced decline of muscarinic receptors represents an endogenous compensatory mechanism designed to stabilize granule cell excitability. PMID- 6643743 TI - The fine structure of the rat subthalamic nucleus: an electron microscopic study. AB - The normal ultrastructure of the rat subthalamic nucleus (STH) was studied. The STH consisted of tightly packed neurons distributed within a neuropil filled with large numbers of blood vessels and thinly myelinated fibers. The somata of STH neurons (diameters, D, between 10 and 25 micron) contained abundant organelles but had only a small amount of both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The nuclei had deeply invaginated nuclear envelopes and pale nucleoplasm with little heterochromatin. STH neurons often were tightly apposed without any intervening glial membranes. Similar appositions were also found between somata and dendrites, dendrites and dendrites, and dendrites and initial axon segments. Although puncta adhaerentia were often observed, no gap junctions were found on any of these membrane appositions. In the neuropil, the dendrites were mostly smooth and thin (D between 0.5 and 1 micron) with an occasional stubby spine or thin dendritic appendage. At least two types of axon terminals were identified. Type 1 terminals (D up to 1 micron) contained medium-sized round vesicles (D about 45 nm) and formed asymmetrical synapses. Type 2 terminals were often large (D up to 5 micron) and contained both round and slightly flattened vesicles (D up to 50 nm). The type 2 terminals frequently formed adherens junctions with their postsynaptic targets in addition to forming relatively symmetrical synaptic junctions. The remaining axon terminals included a small number of terminals with various morphological characteristics and possibly some tangentially sectioned type 1 and type 2 terminals. Therefore they have not been classified as individual types in this study. A quantitative analysis indicated that the type 1 terminals formed synapses mainly with thin dendrites whereas the type 2 terminals formed synapses mainly with somata and larger dendrites. PMID- 6643745 TI - Time course of morphological differentiation of cat retinal ganglion cells: influences on soma size. AB - We have examined the growth of ganglion cell somas during development of the cat's retina. Until approximately E (embryonic day) 50, ganglion cell somas show no sign of the several variations in their size apparent in the adult. At about E50, the somas begin to accumulate granular cytoplasm. The accumulation proceeds first among area centralis cells which, for a few days, are the largest ganglion cells in the retina (whereas in the adult they are the smallest). By E57 three of the adult soma size trends have become apparent: the differentiation of soma size related to functional class, the nasal-temporal difference in soma size, and the small mean size of somas in the visual streak. The early appearance of these trends in soma size suggests that individual cells may be intrinsically programmed to develop as cells of a particular class, such as alpha-, beta-, or gamma-cells, even before their morphological differentiation begins. A fourth trend in soma size, the centro-peripheral difference, appears only after an initial period of ganglion cell growth; the small size of ganglion cells at the area centralis seems to be determined, at least partly, by a local "environmental" factor, the crowding of ganglion cells. PMID- 6643744 TI - Selective lectin binding of the developing mouse retina. AB - A battery of eight lectins with different carbohydrate specificities was used to study changes in glycoconjugate expression during cell differentiation in the mouse retina. The lectins tested included concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA), Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and Limulus polyphemus agglutinin (LPA). Unfixed frozen sections of adult and early postnatal mouse retina were treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins and examined by fluorescence microscopy. The results showed selective lectin binding in both cellular and synaptic retinal layers of the adult mouse and throughout postnatal development. In general, an increase in intensity of fluorescent lectin staining during retinal development was observed for Con A, WGA, DBA, LPA, RCA, and PNA. This suggests an increase in the expression or accessibility of carbohydrate moieties during development. SBA and UEA showed little to no binding to adult or neonatal retina. Retinal vasculature was intensely stained by RCA, both during development and in the adult. All lectins binding to adult or neonatal retinal layers showed some degree of reactivity with the inner segment region of photoreceptor cells. However, only Con A, PNA and WGA bound to photoreceptor outer segments, suggesting significant differences in the glycosylated components of inner and outer segment membranes. PNA bound specifically to a subpopulation of photoreceptor cells and to discrete regions within the outer synaptic layer. The pattern of PNA binding suggests that this lectin binds preferentially to cone photoreceptor inner and outer segments and cone synaptic pedicles rather than to rod photoreceptor cells. This marked specificity of PNA binding suggests that it may provide a basis for the physical separation of cone and rod photoreceptor cells. PMID- 6643746 TI - The olivocerebellar projection to the uvula in the mouse. AB - The organization of the olivocerebellar projection in the mouse was studied with the use of microinjections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP). Injections were made in medial, intermediate, and lateral sites along the width of the uvula. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the subnuclear origin of olivary afferents to different mediolateral regions of the uvula. Injections made in or adjacent to the midline of the uvula resulted in the retrograde labeling of cells, bilaterally in the caudal portion of the medial accessory olive (MAO). These labeled cells were located primarily in subnucleus C and nucleus beta of the MAO. Injections into the intermediate part of the uvula resulted in the labeling of cells in the caudal MAO (primarily nucleus beta), the dorsomedial cell column (dmcc), and a few cells in the ventral lamella of the principal olive (vPO). Laterally placed injections produced labeling of cells in dmcc and the vPO. These results are discussed in reference to the parasagittal organization of olivary afferents to the cerebellar cortex in the mouse (Beyerl et al., '82) and the organization of afferents to the involved regions of the inferior olivary (IO) complex. It is suggested that these parasagittal zones in the uvula may play different roles in the control of eye movements. PMID- 6643747 TI - Neuronal composition and development in lamina 4C of monkey striate cortex. AB - Lamina 4C (Lund, '73) of the monkey, Macaca nemestrina, visual striate cortex occupies a key position as a principal recipient zone of axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Synaptic maturation in lamina 4C is of particular interest since it involves a competitive interaction between thalamic axons for postsynaptic territory: an interaction which is strongly influenced by afferent activity (Hubel et al., '77). As an initial step toward understanding the normal process of synapse maturation in 4C, this study examines Golgi material to define the adult neuron populations of subdivisions 4C alpha (receiving afferents from magnocellular LGN) and 4C beta (receiving afferents from parvocellular LGN). Three groups of spine-bearing neurons are described--one relatively confined to either alpha or beta subdivision, the other two bridging the depth of 4C; four groups of smooth dendritic neurons interact with the spine-bearing population. Electron microscopy of normal and Golgi-impregnated tissue is used to define key features of synapse populations on these neurons. From embryonic day 159 through adulthood the smooth and spiny neurons occur in the same constant proportions in the neuropil (5% smooth, 95% spiny). Changes in the distribution of synapses on the spiny neurons are analyzed qualitatively; type 1 axon terminals (asymmetric apposition--round vesicles) shift from dendritic shafts to spine tips during maturation. Each spine is found to bear a type 1 contact at all ages; these results allow us to conclude that the figures of Boothe et al. ('79) on changes in spine populations during maturation can now be interpreted as changes in type 1 synapse populations. It is shown that type 2 synapses (symmetric appositions- pleomorphic vesicles) arise from axons of the smooth dendritic neurons. These synapses are found to increase in number on the spiny cell somata in early postnatal development, and this is followed by a decrease in number to the adult level. PMID- 6643748 TI - Spine formation and maturation of type 1 synapses on spiny stellate neurons in primate visual cortex. AB - This study continues an investigation (Mates and Lund, '83a) of neuronal development in lamina 4C of macaque monkey striate visual cortex. The maturational history of the type 1 synaptic contacts on spine-bearing stellate neurons, which comprise 95% of the neurons of the lamina, is described. It is shown that type 1 contacts are initially found on the dendritic shafts; these contacts appear to be carried out on spine outgrowths. This leads to the adult condition where type 1 contacts are found only on the spine tips. A similar phenomenon has been reported for pyramidal neurons of the rat (reported during the course of this study by Miller and Peters, '81). In later maturation the spine and its type 1 contact may be lost; profiles found in the neuropil illustrate a process of shrinkage and detachment of both the type 1 axon terminals and postsynaptic dendritic spines in normal maturation. These findings provide an explanation for the marked increase and decrease in spine populations observed to occur on these neurons during normal maturation in an earlier study by Boothe et al. ('79). PMID- 6643749 TI - Developmental changes in the relationship between type 2 synapses and spiny neurons in the monkey visual cortex. AB - This study continues an exploration of synaptic development in the primary visual cortex of the monkey (Macaca nemestrina). In a prior study (Mates and Lund, '83a), we observed that type 2 synapses on the cell bodies of spiny stellate neurons of lamina 4C appeared not only to increase in number during early postnatal development but also subsequently decreased during maturation. Using quantitative, stereological electron microscopic methods, we examined the maturation of this synapse population from embryonic day 159 to adult, on spiny stellate neurons of 4C alpha and beta and, for comparison, on pyramidal neurons in upper and lower lamina 6. Tissue was also taken for comparison from two animals reared to 8 weeks of age with binocular eyelid closure from birth. We confirmed that a marked increase and subsequent decrease occurred in this somal type 2 synapse population on both neuron populations. However, due to the infrequency of the smooth dendritic neurons (approximately 5% of the neuron population) giving rise to the type 2 contacts, and due to expansion of the neuropil during maturation increasing intercell distances against constant volume of the type 2 axon arbors, it is concluded that the decrease in type 2 somal synapses may represent a redistribution to dendrites rather than loss from the neuropil. Cells of lamina 4C beta (receiving input from the parvocellular lateral geniculate nucleus-LGN) show a slower initial accumulation of type 2 contacts compared to neurons of lamina 4C alpha (receiving input from magnocellular LGN), or to pyramidal neurons of lamina 6.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643750 TI - The effect of temperature on the chemiluminescence response of neutrophils from rainbow trout and man. AB - An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the ability of rainbow trout neutrophils to function at the normal temperatures for this species. These studies were carried out with the chemiluminescence (CL) assay and the results were compared to those obtained with cells from man. The magnitude of the CL response was approximately equivalent for the 2 species, but trout neutrophils developed peak responses at lower temperatures than did human neutrophils. However, at the normal body temperatures for the 2 species, the peak of the CL response to a phagocytic but not to a soluble stimulus was more delayed for trout neutrophils than for those of man. The response of trout neutrophils to a phagocytic stimulus was more rapid at 23 degrees C than at 15 degrees C, the normal temperature for trout. Neutrophil oxidative metabolism thus appears to be adapted fairly well to the relatively low temperatures at which rainbow trout live, although the response to a phagocytic stimulus appears to develop more rapidly at a somewhat higher temperature. PMID- 6643751 TI - Naturally occurring Tyzzer's disease in a clean mouse colony: high mortality with coincidental cardiac lesions. AB - Light and electron microscopic examinations were performed on tissues from 12 young mice which were affected by naturally-occurring Tyzzer's disease. Eight of the 12 mice had cardiac lesions which have not previously been reported in mice and which caused a high mortality. The cardiac lesions were detected in mice which had severe and advanced intestinal lesions which penetrated the deeper mucosa and muscular layer with active regeneration of the mucosal epithelium. Periodical serological tests to monitor the bacterial and viral status of this colony showed that it was free of other agents of murine disease such as mouse hepatitis virus, Corynebacterium kutscheri and Salmonella spp. until the onset of Tyzzer's disease and that no mixed infection occurred at the onset. It is considered that an advanced intestinal lesion is essential for the formation of cardiac lesions in Tyzzer's disease in mice. PMID- 6643752 TI - Central pontine myelinolysis following saline treatment of a diabetic rat for dehydration. AB - Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) was observed at necropsy in an emaciated 333 day-old BB Wistar insulin-dependent diabetic rat that had been treated for dehydration by subcutaneous injection of normal saline. There was a large area of nearly complete demyelination involving most of the basal portion of the pons, part of the tegmentum, and the base of the middle cerebellar peduncles. There was a relative sparing of neurons and axons, but some unidentifiable large cells with degenerative changes in the cytoplasm were present. No oligodendrocytes or reactive astrocytes were seen and there was no evidence of inflammation or infarction. Although diffuse demyelination can be induced in rats by rapid fluctuation of serum electrolytes, no studies have experimentally induced central pontine myelinolysis nor has it been observed incidentally in animals previously. PMID- 6643753 TI - Viraemia and antibody response of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) to infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus. AB - The course and intensity of viraemia after experimental infection with a TBE virus was studied in mallards of varying age and weight. Although virus titres in the blood can range from log102.65 to log104.85, in general these titres are believed to be of sufficient magnitude to infect ticks with the virus. Neutralizing antibodies in the serum of ducks are long-lasting and of sufficient titre to prevent a second viraemia. That mallards can play a role in the epidemiology of TBE virus is likely. Although some ducklings died in unexplained circumstances, none of the infected mallards showed overt disease. PMID- 6643754 TI - A neurilemmal sarcoma in a tortoise (Testudo hermanni). AB - A proliferative lesion in a Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni) was identified as a neurilemmal sarcoma: it was successfully treated by excision and cryosurgery. PMID- 6643755 TI - Toxicity of five Sudanese plants to young ruminants. AB - The toxicity of 5 Sudanese plants credited with medicinal value for man, i.e. Citrullus colocynthis, Jatropha aceroides, J. glauca, Solanum dubium and Lagenaria siceraria, was studied by giving the dried or minced plants to Nubian goats, Desert sheep or Zebu calves by mouth or stomach tube. The clinical, haematological and pathological changes indicated that all five plants reduced the ability of the liver to synthesize protein, although there was no evidence of interference with the excretion of bilirubin. Kidney dysfunction and haemoconcentration also occurred. Citrullus colocynthis and Jatropha species in doses of 0.5 to 10 g per kg per day killed goats after dosing for periods ranging from 1 day to 2 weeks. Calves were less susceptible. The fruits and leaves of L. siceraria, in doses of 1 to 5 g per kg per day, caused death after a similar period but with less regularity. The seeds were less toxic. The fruits of S. dubium in doses of 2.5 to 10 g per kg per day killed goats in 2 to 5 days. Similar doses of the leaves caused deaths in 8 to 36 days. In sheep, both fruits and leaves required a longer period of dosing to cause death. PMID- 6643756 TI - Effects of maternal nutrition on the initiation of secondary wool follicles in foetal sheep. AB - The initiation of secondary (S) wool follicles usually takes place between about 95 and 135 days of gestation. Severe underfeeding during the first half of this period did not significantly inhibit the initiation of S follicles, but severe underfeeding during the latter half of this period resulted in a significantly lower number of S follicles and this number was not increased by refeeding ewes to a high level between 132 days and term. A similar reduction in S follicle initiation was effected when ewes were moderately underfed throughout most of pregnancy, but when the ewes were refed between 120 days of gestation and term the numbers of S follicles initiated were not significantly different from those of a group of well-fed animals. It is concluded that S follicle initiation is most affected by maternal undernutrition between about 115 and 135 days of gestation. PMID- 6643757 TI - Chondrosarcoma in a cow. AB - Chondrosarcomas are rare in cattle and none has been described in detail. A 30 cm diameter chondrosarcoma centred upon the costochondral junctions of the left 9th to 12th ribs of a 5-year-old Aberdeen Angus cow is described. In areas with a cartilaginous matrix the chondrocytes were plump, sometimes binucleate, sometimes bizarre, with occasionally 2 or more cells per lacuna. The other major matrix was loose and fibrillar, and the cells were spindle-shaped or stellate, with a moderate mitotic rate. Small areas appeared fibrosarcomatous. Both major types of matrix were present in the metastases, which extensively involved the pleura, intrathoracic lymph nodes and lungs. Less numerous and smaller metastases were present on the peritoneal surfaces and within several abdominal and pelvic organs. It is postulated that local extension of the tumour from the primary mass was followed by lymphatic spread to the lungs. PMID- 6643758 TI - Zinc deficiency in Sudanese desert sheep. AB - Reduced appetite, skin lesions and deaths occurred in sheep feeding on Rhodes grass (Chloris gayama) at a farm near Khartoum North. The concentration of zinc in the grass and in the serum and liver of affected animals was low. These findings, the skin lesions and the favourable response to the injection of zinc (to be reported) suggest that the clinical condition was due to a deficiency of zinc in the diet of the sheep. PMID- 6643759 TI - Clostridium fallax as a cause of gas-oedema disease in a horse. AB - We record a fatal case of gas-oedema disease (malignant oedema) in a 5-year-old horse. The nature of the lesion is consistent with a gas-oedema type infection due to a Clostridium spp. The causative organism was isolated and identified by conventional biochemical tests and by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of its metabolic products as Clostridium fallax, but significant variations in the reported biochemical characteristics of Cl. fallax were detected. We believe that this is the first reported case of Cl. fallax infection in a horse. PMID- 6643760 TI - Histopathological classification of spontaneous hyperplastic liver nodules in slaughtered swine. AB - Thirty-two cases of spontaneous hyperplastic nodules of the liver found in slaughtered swine were classified on the basis of their histological characteristics into two main types, non-fibrous and fibrous nodules, according to their content of fibrous tissue. These two main types were further divided into two subgroups: type 1, a nodule mainly consisting of liver cells arranged in a single liver cell plate, and type 2 nodule with a multiple liver cell plate architecture. All 12 fibrous nodules were of type 2; of the 20 non-fibrous nodules 9 were of type 1 and 11 were type 2 or intermediate. The histopathology of these lesions is discussed in relation to pre-neoplastic and neoplastic characters. PMID- 6643761 TI - Giant-cell arteritis in a chelonian (Clemmys leprosa). AB - Severe giant-cell arteritis in a Spanish terrapin (Clemmys leprosa) led to the death of the animal when haemopericardium supervened. Since only 2 previous cases, both in chelonians with an abnormal presentation of giant cells have been reported, it is suggested that the macrophage system of the chelonians may repay particular attention. PMID- 6643762 TI - The pathogenesis of experimental Haemonchus longistipes infection in goats. AB - Goats are highly susceptible to Haemonchus longistipes and could therefore serve as an inexpensive model to study camel haemonchosis. The course of the disease in goats is similar to that in camels and to H. contortus infection in sheep and goats. Unlike the age-dependency of camel haemonchosis, however, the severity of H. longistipes infection in goats is dose-dependent and varies from mild to hyperacute. PMID- 6643763 TI - Primary salivary gland neoplasia in three cows. AB - Salivary gland neoplasms in cattle are rarely reported. Three parotid gland carcinomas from slaughter cows are described. Based on light microscopic and ultrastructural appearances the neoplasms were classified as pleomorphic carcinomas in Cows 1 and 2 and as a squamous cell carcinoma in Cow 3. PMID- 6643764 TI - Cutaneous complications of chemotherapeutic agents. AB - Increasing numbers of chemotherapeutic agents are being used to treat patients with cancer and various immunologically mediated and inflammatory disorders. Many of the drugs used have distinctive cutaneous side effects that range from relatively common ones, such as alopecia, stomatitis, and hyperpigmentation, to more unusual ones, such as radiation enhancement and recall phenomena, photosensitivity and hypersensitivity reactions, and phlebitis or chemical cellulitis. In addition, there are some rare complications such as diffuse sclerosis of the hands and feet, Raynaud's phenomenon, sterile folliculitis, and flushing reactions. By being aware of which drug may have caused a particular cutaneous reaction, dermatologists will be able to contribute to the care of patients with complex problems in a meaningful way. PMID- 6643765 TI - Growth and regression of molluscum contagiosum. AB - The spontaneous evolution of molluscum contagiosum was studied on autoradiograms after incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Three patterns of distribution and intensity of labeling were distinguished and interpreted as three successive stages in the evolution of the lesions, corresponding to growth, steady-state, and regression. The association of an inflammatory cell infiltrate with the traumatic disruption of the infected epithelium may occur during any of the three stages. It is concluded that spontaneous regression of molluscum contagiosum may depend upon two distinct mechanisms that belong to spontaneous noninflammatory and traumatic-inflammatory processes. PMID- 6643766 TI - Multiple keratoacanthomas possibly induced by psoralens and ultraviolet A photochemotherapy. AB - We report two patients who developed multiple keratoacanthomas while receiving photochemotherapy (PUVA). Both patients had received excessive doses of PUVA, which resulted in severe phototoxicity. The role of PUVA in the production of these lesions is discussed. PMID- 6643767 TI - Vitiligo in patients with metastatic melanoma: a good prognostic sign. AB - We have identified and studied twenty-seven patients with melanoma who also had vitiligo. Four patients had vitiligo before the diagnosis of melanoma, and twenty three developed depigmentation after the diagnosis of malignancy. We also have reviewed published reports about twenty-four other patients with melanoma who developed vitiligo. The clinical course of the melanoma in the fifty-one patients was remarkably similar. Thirty-seven had a melanoma arising at a site which tends to carry a poor prognosis, for example, on the trunk, under the nail, or on the mucous membranes. Forty-nine patients had metastases in regional lymph nodes or at distal sites. Thirty-three patients survived 5 years, and twenty-five survived 10 years. These data suggest that the appearance of vitiligo in patients with metastatic melanoma portends a longer survival than expected. The patients with vitiligo are not necessarily cured and eventually may succumb to metastatic disease. We were unable to determine whether the vitiligo caused retardation of tumor growth or whether the melanoma caused vitiligo. PMID- 6643768 TI - Malignant melanoma and vitiligo-like leukoderma: an electron microscopic study. AB - We report clinical and ultrastructural results in eight patients with melanoma and widespread leukoderma. Leukoderma appears to be a good prognostic sign. Although some features of this entity are suggestive of vitiligo, the patients' age, the distribution and appearance of body lesions, and ultrastructural results show a more varied clinical and ultrastructural spectrum. The high frequency of ocular pigmentary disturbances and uveitis in this patient population is noteworthy and deserves further study. We would recommend routine use of Wood's light examination in following patients with thick stage I, stage II, or stage III melanoma to facilitate detection of this phenomenon. PMID- 6643770 TI - Infantile acropustulosis. AB - Infantile acropustulosis (IA) is a syndrome characterized by recurrent crops of 1 to 2-mm intensely pruritic vesicopustules that are found primarily on the distal extremities of infants. It is reportedly responsive to sulfones and unresponsive to other therapy, but if left untreated spontaneously resolves at about 2 years of age. It is more common in black male patients. The histopathologic findings and clinical course are distinct. PMID- 6643771 TI - Lymphomatoid papulosis terminating as cutaneous T cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides). AB - The 26-year-course of a T cell dysplasia is described in a patient who during his illness showed an evolution from the clinical features of lymphomatoid papulosis to tumor-stage mycosis fungoides with dissemination to nodes and viscera. PMID- 6643769 TI - Reusable ultraviolet monitors: design, characteristics, and efficacy. AB - Reusable ultraviolet dosimetry badges have been developed that provide a visual indication of daily cumulative ultraviolet (UV) exposure. These two-sided, tapelike devices measure UV radiation emitted by sunlight or an artificial UV light source exposure by means of a photochromic aziridine color change reaction that is UV-integrating but optically reversible. UV radiation falling on the exposure side of the badge generates a color change that can be seen from the opposite or readout side. End points are indicated by a visual match of the photochromic with a surrounding reference. This paper describes the construction, component characteristics, and clinical testing of two versions of a new photochromic dosimeter that selectively responds to either UVB (280-320 nm) radiation or UVA (320-400 nm) radiation of the solar spectrum. One version of this monitor, sensitive only to the mid-range UVB, has a peak sensitivity to 300 nm and has four end point markers revealing color changes corresponding to 0.4, 0.8, 2.2, and 6.5 times the minimal erythema dose of an average Caucasian. A second version, sensitive only to UVA, has a peak sensitivity at 355 nm and can monitor exposures ranging from 0.8 to 10 joules/cm2. Outdoor efficacy testing has shown that the UVB monitor is an effective predictor of UV dose-related 24-hour erythema response induced by sunlight. Following a measurement, these monitors can be rezeroed by exposing the readout side to sunlight for a few minutes. They can be reused for eight to ten times. The limitation of the sunlight-calibrated UVB monitor tag is its failure to predict erythema response produced by artificial UVB sources such as FS40 sunlamps. PMID- 6643772 TI - Congenital subungual nevus. AB - A 4-month-old infant with a congenital, darkly pigmented, macular lesion involving the subungual and periungual areas of the right ring finger is described. The lesion was excised when the infant was 6 months old in order to rule out a congenital pigmented nevus as well as a congenital acrolentiginous melanoma. Histopathologic examination revealed a compound nevus. Nevi in this location are very rare in Caucasians at any age and should probably be excised to rule out malignant melanoma. PMID- 6643774 TI - Retinoid therapy of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. PMID- 6643773 TI - Surgical antiseptics. AB - The skin cannot be sterilized because approximately 20% of the resident flora are beyond the reach of surgical scrubs and antiseptics. The goal of surgical preparation of the skin with antiseptics is to remove transient and pathogenic microorganisms on the skin surface and to reduce the resident flora to a low level. Four antiseptics which have been popular over the past two decades are discussed. Benzalkonium chloride is somewhat unstable on the skin and is too prone to contamination to be in general use. Hexachlorophene is not recommended due to narrow spectrum and risks secondary to percutaneous absorption. The iodophors are excellent antiseptics, but recent studies raise questions about effectiveness and contamination. Chlorhexidine is a very safe and effective antiseptic. Comparison studies with chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene, and iodophors show chlorhexidine to be the most effective agent. Chlorhexidine can be toxic to the middle ear and irritating to the eyes with direct contact. Caution should be used in these areas with chlorhexidine and other antiseptics. PMID- 6643775 TI - A Koebner phenomenon in dermatitis herpetiformis. PMID- 6643776 TI - Functional familial sebaceous hyperplasia of the face and premature sebaceous gland hyperplasia: a new and unique entity. PMID- 6643777 TI - PUVA and cutaneous malignancy. PMID- 6643778 TI - Treatment of delusions of parasitosis. PMID- 6643779 TI - Thymopoietin pentapeptide treatment of sarcoidosis. PMID- 6643780 TI - Pustular vasculitis. PMID- 6643781 TI - Multiple hamartoma syndrome (Cowden's disease) PMID- 6643782 TI - Organization of departments and divisions of dermatology in a time of change. PMID- 6643783 TI - The cost of initiating appropriate therapy for skin diseases: a comparison of dermatologists and family physicians. AB - A prospective survey examining how forty-one dermatologists and forty-one family practitioners manage patients with skin diseases was carried out in Atlanta, GA. The results show that dermatologists diagnose more conditions accurately, refer patients less often, charge more in professional fees, prescribe more medicines at higher cost to the patient but order laboratory tests costing less than do family physicians. More appropriate treatment was prescribed for nine of ten diseases by specialists compared to generalists. This limited study provides data which suggests that dermatologists provide more appropriate care than family practitioners in the treatment of skin diseases at no greater cost. PMID- 6643784 TI - Lymphatic albumin clearance from psoriatic skin. AB - In nine patients with untreated psoriasis vulgaris, human serum albumin labelled with 125I or 131I was injected intradermally in symmetrically located involved and uninvolved skin. The activity of the depots was followed by external detection, and the arrival of labelled albumin in plasma was monitored. In involved psoriatic skin the local mean half-time (T1/2) for tracer disappearance was 20.8 +/- 8.2 (S.D.) hr and in clinically normal skin, 29.1 +/- 9.6 (S.D.) hr. The difference was significant (p less than 0.002). Accordingly, the tracer from involved skin reached higher plasma levels than the tracer from uninvolved skin. However, under slight lymphatic stasis the appearance rate of radiolabelled albumin in plasma from both tissues was minimal during 1 to 2 hours after the injection, indicating that a local direct transvascular drainage of plasma albumin from the interstitium of diseased and normal skin was negligible. We conclude that the previously demonstrated increased extravasation of plasma proteins in involved psoriatic skin is compensated by an increased lymphatic drainage of plasma proteins, and not by an increased local transvascular return. PMID- 6643785 TI - Hybrid cyst: a combined epidermoid and trichilemmal cyst. AB - Seven cases of hybrid cyst, a combined epidermoid and trichilemmal cyst, are reported. Hybrid cysts occurred in five men and two women, and involved the scalp, cheek, back, arm, elbow, and forearm. The clinical diagnosis was usually cyst or sebaceous cyst. Microscopically, the upper portion of the cyst showed epidermoid keratinization in continuity with the surface epidermis, and was indistinguishable from an epidermoid cyst. Showing sharp transition from it, the inferior portion of the lesion displayed trichilemmal keratinization and was indistinguishable from a trichilemmal cyst. Hybrid cyst is not merely a newly described pathologic curiosity; rather, it forms a meaningful link between the two most common types of follicular cysts and adds weight to the body of evidence that most epidermoid cysts are related to the follicular infundibulum, while trichilemmal cysts are related to the follicular isthmus. PMID- 6643786 TI - Ultrastructural studies of xeroderma pigmentosum. AB - Electron microscopic observations of both sun-exposed and sun-protected skin from a black patient with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) revealed abnormal ultrastructural changes in the melanin pigmentary system, tonofibrillar-desmosome complexes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nucleoli of all keratinocytes. The difference between the cellular changes in the sun-exposed skin and that protected from sunlight was quantitative rather than qualitative in character. The most salient changes were seen in sun-exposed specimens: melanosomes limited by a membrane showed a high degree of polymorphism with a tendency to form large complexes, and many fibroblast-like cells displayed an intense phagocytic activity for melanosomes, the latter finding not previously reported. The present study supports the conclusions of other investigators that XP is a heterogeneous disease. Clarification of the XP entities by continued research may identify the defective gene and lead to methods of correction by the molecular biologist. PMID- 6643787 TI - Partial genetic deficiency of the C4 component of complement in discoid lupus erythematosus and urticaria/angioedema. AB - A high incidence of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and urticaria/angioedema was found among patients with selective low levels of the C4 component of complement. Although evidence for activation of C4 was present in patients' sera, studies to determine the presence of known activation mechanisms were negative. Genetic C4 typing in four pedigrees showed that all propositi carried the null allele B*QO. It is postulated that the low C4 levels in these patients are related to the skin lesions and this partial genetic deficiency. PMID- 6643788 TI - Leprosy in five armadillo handlers. AB - Five patients with leprosy are presented. Each had had extensive and chronic contact with armadillos. No other potential risk factor for the development of leprosy could be identified. Since the nine-banded armadillo is a known carrier of leprosy in the southern area of the United States, we believe that these patients may have contracted leprosy from infected armadillos. PMID- 6643789 TI - Malignant melanoma in situ in two patients treated with psoralens and ultraviolet A. AB - Two patients are reported who were treated with 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) for psoriasis and developed cutaneous lesions of malignant melanoma in situ (atypical melanocytic hyperplasia). One patient received 324.5 joules/cm2 of UVA. Seven months after discontinuing therapy, he developed a superficial spreading melanoma in situ in association with an intradermal nevus on the left posterior thoracic area. The second patient received 2,802 joules/cm of UVA. While on PUVA therapy she developed an in situ lentigo melanoma on her lower lip. To our knowledge only one other psoriatic patient and one patient with vitiligo have developed malignant melanomas after PUVA therapy, so that an increased incidence of malignant melanomas after PUVA therapy, so that an increased incidence of malignant melanoma following PUVA is not documented. PMID- 6643790 TI - Benzoyl peroxide: percutaneous penetration and metabolic disposition. II. Effect of concentration. AB - The effect of drug concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% upon the transepidermal penetration of 14C-benzoyl peroxide in a lotion vehicle was assessed in excised human skin and in vivo in the rhesus monkey. In vitro, penetration of benzoyl peroxide was concentration-dependent, both as to rate and to amount, as measured by the hourly recovery of the metabolite, benzoic acid, from the dermal side of the model. In vivo, the higher the concentration of benzoyl peroxide applied, the greater the amount absorbed, as indicated by the urinary excretion of 14C-benzoic acid. Metabolic disposition of benzoyl peroxide, in turn, was unaffected by drug concentration. In all instances, the benzoyl peroxide absorbed was excreted rapidly in urine as benzoic acid; no hippuric acid was detected at any time. We conclude that (1) use of the excised human skin model for this compound can provide useful data in studies of the effects of vehicle and concentration on topical drug delivery, (2) the transepidermal delivery of benzoyl peroxide, but not its metabolic disposition, is concentration-dependent, and (3) the renal clearance of the systemically absorbed drug is so rapid that it precludes passage through the liver--therefore, no systemic toxicity due to drug accumulation can be expected. PMID- 6643792 TI - Dermatoses of pregnancy. PMID- 6643791 TI - Cryosurgery of cutaneous carcinomas. An 18-year study of 3,022 patients with 4,228 carcinomas. AB - In the past 18 years, 3,022 patients with a combined total of 4,228 cutaneous carcinomas were subjected to cryosurgery. Proper selection of patients, histologic type of the tumor, and its anatomic site are important considerations to determine the use of cryosurgery as a therapeutic modality. Indications and contraindications are precisely outlined and the importance of monitoring neoplasms during freezing is emphasized. A long period of follow-up in this series is supportive evidence that cryosurgery is a distinct therapeutic tool for the management of skin cancers and attests to its effectiveness, when properly administered by the skilled cryosurgeon. PMID- 6643793 TI - Philodendron vine as a cause of plant dermatitis. PMID- 6643794 TI - Pruritus ani and Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 6643795 TI - Properties of cytosolic proteins that confer vasoactive intestinal polypeptide sensitivity to rat brain adenylate cyclase. AB - Rat brain cortex, caudate nucleus and cerebellum contain one or more factors that confer Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)-, dopamine (DA)- and norepinephrine (NE)-sensitivity to adenylate cyclase in the absence of added GTP. These factors also stimulate the basal activity of the enzyme. The activity is found in a 100 000 X g supernatant; has an apparent molecular weight greater than 450 000 daltons; is inactivated by pronase, alkaline phosphatase and ammonium sulphate, and partially degraded by trypsin; and is stable to heat and acidic treatment. The effect of the factors is additive with that of guanosine-5' triphosphate (GTP), and is not abolished by guanosine 5'-0-(2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP-beta-S). These results suggest that stimulation of adenylate cyclase by VIP, and most likely by DA and NE, can be modulated by soluble proteins. PMID- 6643796 TI - Effect of feed intake on digesta flow and myoelectric activity in the gastrointestinal tract of the preruminant calf. AB - The effect of feed intake on abomasal digesta outflow and gastrointestinal motility of preruminant calves given whole milk was studied. Digesta collections were made from calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulas. In other calves myoelectric activity was recorded from electrodes implanted on the abomasum and proximal small intestine, sometimes concurrently with recordings from an electromagnetic flow sensor on the duodenum. After a feed of 2-8 kg milk recurring patterns of intestinal myoelectric activity associated with fasting were temporarily interrupted by a period of continuous irregular spike activity; the duration of the post feeding activity increased with intake of milk. Patterns of abomasal digesta flow were characterized by alternating periods of rapid and slower flow with a frequency that corresponded to cyclic change in myoelectric activity of the small intestine. Hourly rates of abomasal emptying of digesta during a 6-h collection period were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) after giving feeds of 6-8 kg milk compared with measurements of flow rate when 2 kg feeds were given. It is concluded that myoelectric activity of the proximal small intestine exercises control over abomasal emptying of digesta by a mechanism which adjusts the mixing and propulsive functions of gut motility in accordance with the amount of milk consumed. PMID- 6643797 TI - A quantitative analysis of mammary glands of dairy heifers reared at different rates of live weight gain. AB - The mammary glands of conventionally reared cows, never exceeding a live weight gain (LWG) of 0.74 kg/d, weighed 39% more and contained 68% more secretory tissue than glands of rapidly reared animals grown at 1.1 kg/d. In 11-month-old heifers reared at 3 rates of LWG (L, 0.57; M, 0.76 and H, 1.18 kg/d) gland weight was related to LWG, but dissected mammary parenchyma was heavier in animals on treatment L than on treatment H and followed a quadratic relationship. Parenchymal composition on treatment H was correlated to both age and body weight at puberty. No similar trend was observed in treatments L and M although group L animals had more ductal tissue and less fat than those of group M. Heifers from treatment L were reared during pregnancy at either 0.68 or 0.84 kg/d LWG (treatments LL and LH respectively) and heifers from treatment H at 0.58 kg/d (treatment HL). Total gland weight was unaffected by treatment, but the percentage by weight of secretory tissue in the gland in treatment HL was less than for treatments LL and LH. These experiments confirm that mammary development is permanently impaired by high rates of LWG in the first year of life. There was no impairment of mammary development in heifers reared moderately in the first year and more rapidly during pregnancy. PMID- 6643798 TI - Metabolism of leucine by the isolated perfused goat udder. AB - Seven lactating goat mammary glands from 6 goats were perfused for several hours in the presence of [U-14C]L-leucine (4 experiments) or [2-3H; 1-14C]DL-leucine (3 experiments) and received adequate quantities of glucose, acetate and amino acids. Radioactivity in casein was mainly recovered in leucine and 90% of casein leucine was derived from free plasma leucine. About 64% of the leucine molecules were used for casein synthesis. Up to 12% of the molecules were channelled into lipid synthesis, while the remaining (up to 24%) were metabolized to CO2. From the 3H/14C ratio of casein and casein leucine, it was calculated that 70-80% of the leucine molecules were reversibly transaminated before their incorporation into milk protein. However, only 4-8% of the plasma leucine molecules were transaminated during passage through the udder. Different pools for oxidation and for protein synthesis may be present in the goat mammary gland. PMID- 6643799 TI - Relationship between fatty acid composition and triglyceride structure of bovine milk fat. AB - Fourteen samples of milk fat, representing a wide range of individual fatty acid contents, were subjected to stereospecific analysis to determine fatty acid contents at the sn-1-, sn-2- and sn-3-positions of the triglycerides. Highly significant linear relationships were found between the content of a fatty acid at the 3 positions and the content of the same acid in the intact triglycerides. As the content of an acid increased in the triglycerides there were increases in the content of that acid at the 3 positions. When the content of an acid changed in the triglycerides, the content at the 3 stereospecific positions did not change at the same rate. The positions with the highest slope values corresponded to the positions where the individual fatty acids were preferentially esterified. PMID- 6643800 TI - The end of the road: residential disposals in the Scottish children's hearings system. AB - In a study of a representative sample of 301 "children's hearings", particular attention was given to 27 cases in which the child was committed to a List D school. Because the Scottish juvenile justice system has an explicit commitment to promoting the welfare of the children with whom it deals, the decisions were examined with special reference to the objectives that the hearing members hoped to achieve. These decisions could be divided into: (1) those which reflected only a sense that all alternatives had been exhausted; (2) those which aimed to ensure that the child received formal education or was placed in an environment which would help resolve his personal difficulties; (3) those designed to protect the child from family stresses or to achieve some other specific purpose. Since decisions under (1) are incompatible with the formal philosophy of the system, most of those under (2) entail no knowledge of the effectiveness of List D schools for the purposes in question, and some of those under (3) were wholly misconceived, it is concluded that there are some significant inconsistencies between the system's ideology and the actual practice of its members. PMID- 6643801 TI - Approaching the incestuous and sexually abusive family. AB - This paper reviews family transactional theories of incest and sexual abuse. Two main types of family are described: the chaotic family and the "endogamous" incestuous family. Some general features of incestuous and sexually abusive families are then discussed, after which some basic principles of clinical work with such families are considered. PMID- 6643802 TI - Understanding juvenile unemployability: an exploratory study. AB - This study examined the concept of unemployability. A brief theoretical analysis using an expectancy model revealed that a major assumption of the model invalidates its potential to explain the behaviour of the unemployables, since they often have little choice in the labour market. Insights into the possible theoretical meaning of the construct were derived from an examination of current vocational behaviour theory. Vocational self concept, vocational maturity and work personality were found to be particularly helpful. A survey of 216 employable and unemployable young people revealed that the concept was not related to realistic judgement, a job-seeking pattern, and motivation since both employable and unemployable appeared realistic, looked for jobs in the same way and were motivated. However, the construct appears related to knowledge of an individual's preferred job and to confidence that such a job could be easily secured by the individual. PMID- 6643803 TI - A cross-cultural study of adolescent self-concept. AB - A culture-fair scale that was specifically developed to compare six self-concept areas of English and Nigerian (Yoruba) adolescents was utilized in a sample of 686 adolescents. This consisted of 314 white English and 372 Yoruba adolescents whose ages ranged between 14.9 and 10.70 years. The English adolescents were found to have significantly more positive self-concept on most of the 24 scales. The observed results were explained in the light of the sociocultural environments of the two groups of adolescents. PMID- 6643804 TI - Self-image disparity, ethnic identity and sex-role stereotypes in British and Cypriot adolescents. AB - This study was concerned with the actual and ideal self-perceptions and intergroup stereotypes of male and female British, British Cypriot and Greek Cypriot adolescents. It was predicted that the three cultures would have a different self-image disparity because of the different socialization experiences of the three groups. The British adolescents had the largest disparity scores and the Greek Cypriots the smallest, with the British Cypriots intermediate between the two. A number of sex differences were also found which supported the prediction that various sex-role stereotypes influenced the self-concept. Finally, all three groups showed strong evidence of preferences for members of their own group by rating the in-group stimuli as more positive than out-group stimuli. The results were discussed with reference to minority groups and their attempts at maintaining an ethnic identity. PMID- 6643806 TI - Effect of method of feeding protein and protein insolubility on milk production by Jersey cows. AB - Each of two feeding trials used 32 first and second lactation Jersey cows to evaluate four methods of protein supplementation of corn silage: A) 20% crude protein grain mixture, B) 1.36 kg of soybean meal replaced an equal amount of grain mixture, C) 2.27 kg of alfalfa-orchardgrass hay daily and 16% crude protein grain mixture, and D) 2.72 kg of soybean meal mixed with the silage daily. Concentrates were fed at 1 to 4 kg fat-corrected milk for treatments A, B, and C. All cows received 1.18 kg of 16% crude protein concentrate mixture daily in the milking parlor. Protein contents, as percents of dry matter intake, for respective treatments were 12.9, 15.0, 12.7, and 17.2. Treatments did not differ significantly for milk production, fat-corrected milk, and change of body weight; however, percents milk fat for 1.36 and 2.72 kg soybean meal were higher. In trial 2, protein insolubility of ration components was determined by four extracting methods: A) autoclaved rumen fluid, B) sodium chloride solution, C) Burroughs' solution, and D) boiling water. Insoluble protein intake determined by autoclaved rumen fluid and hot water methods accounted for more of the variance of milk and fat-corrected milk production than total protein intake. PMID- 6643805 TI - Milk of northern fur seal: composition, especially carbohydrate and protein. AB - The milk of northern fur seal was analyzed with special interest in carbohydrate and protein. High solids (61%) and fat (45.6%) were characteristics of its gross composition. Fatty acid distribution showed that more than 22% of the fatty acids had carbon chains longer than 20 and that approximately 70% contained one or more double bonds. Analysis of free sugars showed no lactose but 123 mg/100 ml of myo inositol. In carbohydrates bound to casein, .99% of sialic acid and .2% of glucosamine were determined. The amino acid composition of casein showed higher tryptophan, lysine, serine, and glycine than bovine casein, and lower arginine, proline, and leucine. In whey, arginine, threonine, and valine were higher, whereas lysine, aspartic acid, isoleucine, and leucine were lower than in bovine whey. Amino acid patterns in casein and whey were similar to those of cat milk. The appearance of casein micelles was similar to bovine casein micelles. The mean diameter, however, was larger (approximately 330 nm). Electrophoretic pattern of casein showed five major bands in addition to minor components. One of the minor components was a glycoprotein, probably kappa-casein-like protein. The major whey protein had a mobility similar to that of bovine beta-lactoglobulin. No alpha lactalbumin-like protein was observed. PMID- 6643807 TI - Early lactational response to supplemental protein by dairy cows fed grass-legume forage. AB - A total of 24 primiparous and 46 multiparous Holstein cows were in two trials to determine the influence of concentration of dietary protein on performance during early lactation. Treatments were 13.5 or 16.5% dietary crude protein for the first 12 wk of lactation. Complete mixed diets of grass-legume forage and concentrates were fed for ad libitum consumption. Treatment patterns repeated across trials. Yields of milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk, intake of dry matter, and returns over feed costs were improved by feeding the diet with 16.5% crude protein. Percent milk fat, body weight change, and reproductive performance were unaffected by treatment. The results demonstrate benefit, during early lactation, from supplementing protein to grass-legume based diets containing 13.5% crude protein. Performance responses to increased concentrations of dietary crude protein during early lactation appear greater for multiparous than primiparous cows. PMID- 6643808 TI - Group-fed concentrate-silage blend versus individually-fed concentrates and group fed silage for lactating cows. AB - System A provided 7.26 kg concentrate per cow daily blended and group fed with silage in 125 total and 97 selected 305-day lactations. System B provided concentrate hand-fed according to each cow's daily production (1 kg concentrate/3.25 kg milk) separate from group-fed silage in 112 total and 75 selected 305-day lactations. The 305-day records excluded those containing more than 150 days open. Both groups had, when available, 2.27 kg hay/cow daily or limited and equal grazing. Combined refusals, 5 to 10% of concentrate-silage blend in A and 5 to 10% of silage in B, plus fresh silage and 2.27 kg concentrate/cow daily constituted the common dry cow ration. Milk, milk fat percentage, and 4% fat-corrected milk, respectively, were 6,475 kg, 3.80%, and 6,270 kg in A and 6,899 kg, 3.69%, and 6,566 kg in B in the total lactations and 5,900 kg, 3.78%, and 5,686 kg in A and 6,098 kg, 3.70%, and 5,818 kg in B in the selected 305-day lactations. Percentages of solids-not-fat and protein in the milk were similar between A and B. Excluding grazing inputs, fat-corrected milk per total digestible nutrients per total lactation was 1.73 kg in both systems. Days open, days in milk, mean Wisconsin Mastitis Test score, body weight, net weight change, days to peak daily milk yield, days to minimum body weight, and minimum body weight were not different between systems in either the total or the selected 305-day lactations. Involuntary culling and culling for low production terminated 18 and 17% of the lactations started on Systems A and B. PMID- 6643809 TI - Mastication and rumination in relation to body size of cattle. AB - Effect of body size on number of minutes per kilogram cell wall constituents spent chewing during eating and ruminating was studied in a total of 59 mature animals including 18 Holstein cows, 12 Jersey cows, 6 Ayrshire cows, 11 Guernsey cows, and 12 steers. Larger animals were more efficient chewers, spending less time chewing per kilogram of ingested cell wall constituents. Body size accounted for 52% and differences of intake of cell wall constituents accounted for an additional 22% of variability of chewing time. Neither breed nor ambient temperature contributed significantly to explaining the variability. Size of fecal particles and amount of each size did not differ significantly for different body sizes. These results suggest that acceptability of particles to the reticulo-omasal orifice was not different for different body sizes. Correlation was nil between body size and speed of chewing. PMID- 6643810 TI - Weight and age at calving and weight change related to first lactation milk yield. AB - Daily milk yields from 400 first lactations collected from one herd over 16 yr were utilized to ascertain relations of weight and age at calving and change of body weight during first lactation on milk yield and calving interval. These relationships were evaluated for the complete lactation and for each of five 60 day segments of the lactation. The influence of sire on the interrelationship between body weight, age at calving, and milk yield also were measured in data from sires with 10 or more daughters. Average milk yield (300 day) and gain of body weight during first lactation for all records were 5544 and 56.2 kg. Both year and season of calving influenced weight at calving, milk yield, and the relationship between the two. Milk yield was the greatest and body weight gain the least for heifers calving in the fall. Analysis of all records revealed that calving weight but not calving age accounted for a significant portion of variation of milk yield during the first four 60-day periods. Both calving weight and age accounted for a significant amount of the variation of total milk yield. There was a significant effect of sire on calving weight and milk yield but not on total weight gain, age at calving, number of services, or calving interval. There was an increase of number of services and a trend toward a longer calving interval with increasing milk yield. Although age and weight at calving were nearly equal for explaining variation of total yield of milk of first lactation, age at calving was of little value in explaining variation of milk yield of the 60-day intervals. The relationship of these observations to the use of age correction factors for extended first lactation records is discussed. PMID- 6643811 TI - Effect of herd and sire on uniform functional type trait appraisal scores for Ayrshires, Guernseys, Jerseys, and milking shorthorns. AB - Type appraisal data supplied by United States breed organizations for Ayrshires, Guernseys, Jerseys, and Milking Shorthorns were examined for genetic and environmental sources of variation. Repeatabilities were highest for pelvic angle, udder depth, stature, suspensory ligament, and final score (.51 to .74) and lowest for foot shape (.15 to .29). Variances and covariances were estimated from appraisals from 230 Ayrshire, 352 Guernsey, 699 Jersey, and 51 Milking Shorthorn herds and represented 117, 157, 333, and 32 sires. Herd variances by trait and breed ranged from 2 to 23%. Herd effects were large for stature and rear udder width of Ayrshires, for most traits of Jerseys, and for udder depth of Milking Shorthorns. Herd X sire variance was small but averaged 3% across all breeds and traits. Heritabilities ranged from .06 to .75. Stature had the highest heritability (.34 to .75) for all four breeds. Heritabilities also were high for chest and body (.42), rump width (.36), and pelvic angle (.34) for Guernseys; pelvic angle (.29) and udder depth (.27) for Jerseys; and chest and body (.70), rump width (.50), and final score (.44) for Milking Shorthorns. Foot shape had the lowest heritability for Ayrshires, Guernseys, and Jerseys (.06 to .07). Most of the phenotypic correlations between appraisal traits were low to moderately high. Genetic correlations were calculated. PMID- 6643812 TI - Pedigree information to predict genetic merit for type of Holstein bulls. AB - Three methods of computing predicted differences for type were compared for accuracy of pedigree evaluation of young Holstein bulls. Computing methods were herdmate comparison, herdmate comparison adjusted for genetic merit of herdmates, and best linear unbiased prediction. Evaluations by progeny test were available for 1298, 1293, and 1088 sons and sires for herdmate comparison, herdmate comparison adjusted for cow index of herdmates, and best linear unbiased prediction with fewer sons having more complete pedigrees. Ten regression models were used to predict eventual progeny test evaluations of sons from combinations of evaluations for sires, dams, and maternal grandsires. Negative intercepts and smaller than expected regression coefficients suggested bias in evaluations by all methods but much less bias with best linear unbiased prediction than with other methods. Multiple correlations generally were largest for equations using evaluations by best linear unbiased prediction. PMID- 6643813 TI - High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cholesterol in milk. AB - A method was developed for analysis of cholesterol in whole milk powder and commercial liquid milk products. High performance liquid chromatography employed a nonaqueous reversed phase chromatographic system. Sample preparation was by saponification with methanolic potassium hydroxide followed by extraction with ether. Potential interfering substances were removed prior to injection by a simple clean-up procedure using a silica gel Sep-pakTM. The chromatographic system included a carbon-18 column with a hexane/isopropanol mobile phase and detection at 205 nm. Method validation and recovery studies using carbon-14 labeled cholesterol indicated excellent performance. PMID- 6643814 TI - Animal welfare and the dairy industry. AB - Although the dairy cow plays an integral role in the ecology of sound food production, its welfare, as well as economic efficiencies and soundness of food production under modern industrial-scale systems of management, are questioned. Major areas of welfare concern are identified and reforms and ethical guidelines suggested. PMID- 6643815 TI - Is it time for a computer in your practice? IV. Which practices benefit? PMID- 6643816 TI - Photographic gem: specific anatomical locations. PMID- 6643817 TI - Sun exposure habits in patients with cutaneous melanoma: a case control study. AB - Telephone interviews were conducted with 111 patients with cutaneous melanoma and 107 controls to determine sun-exposure habits during various life periods. Painful or blistering sunburns during either childhood or adolescence were associated with subsequent increased risk of developing cutaneous melanoma. While solar exposure does not appear to be a factor in some patients, when patients were divided into subgroups by age, sex, or sun type, each subset showed some increased risk associated with a factor related to short-term excessive sun exposure. Ill effects due to such exposures appeared to increase the risk of melanoma. PMID- 6643819 TI - Behavioral theories of choice as a framework for studying drinking behavior. PMID- 6643818 TI - Parental expressed emotion and affective style in an adolescent sample at risk for schizophrenia spectrum disorders. PMID- 6643821 TI - Hyperventilation: its relation to symptom experience and to anxiety. PMID- 6643820 TI - Is increased arousal in social anxiety noticed by others? PMID- 6643822 TI - Stress, coping, and depression among married couples. PMID- 6643823 TI - Maternal attributions and child abuse. PMID- 6643824 TI - Continued word association in hypothetically psychosis-prone college students. PMID- 6643825 TI - Instructional demands and ratings of overt and hidden pain during hypnotic analgesia. PMID- 6643826 TI - Utilities and fixed diagnostic rules: comments on Finn. PMID- 6643827 TI - Utility-balanced and utility-imbalanced rules: reply to Widiger. PMID- 6643828 TI - Backward masking as a measure of slow processing in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. PMID- 6643830 TI - Self-awareness, self-regulation, and alcohol consumption: a reply to Wilson. PMID- 6643829 TI - Self-awareness, self-regulation, and alcohol consumption: an analysis of J. Hull's model. PMID- 6643831 TI - Effects of hypnosis on P300 olfactory-evoked potential amplitudes. PMID- 6643832 TI - Racial factors in birth seasonality among schizophrenics: a preliminary analysis. PMID- 6643833 TI - A kinematic study of lingual coarticulation in VCV sequences. AB - Intra-articulator anticipatory and carryover coarticulation were assessed in both temporal and spatial terms. Three subjects produced VCV sequences with velar stop consonants and back vowels. Pulsed ultrasound was used to examine the vertical displacement, duration, and maximum velocity of the tongue dorsum raising (VC transition) and lowering (CV transition) gestures. Anticipatory coarticulation was primarily temporal for two subjects, with decreases in the duration of the VC transition accompanying increases in displacement for the CV transition. Carryover coarticulation was primarily spatial for all three subjects, with decreases in CV displacement and maximum velocity accompanying increases in VC displacement. It is suggested that these intra-articulator patterns can be accounted for in terms of an interaction between the raising gesture and a vowel specific onset time of the lowering gesture towards the vowel. The implications of this kinematic characterization are discussed. PMID- 6643834 TI - Perceptual cues to the onset of voiced excitation in aspirated initial stops. AB - Previous experiments on the perception of initial stops differing in voice-onset time have used sounds where the boundary between aspiration and voicing is clearly marked by a variety of acoustic events. In natural speech these events do not always occur at the same moment and there is disagreement among phoneticians as to which mark the onset of voicing. The three experiments described here examine how the phoneme boundary between syllable-initial, prestress /b/ and /p/ is influenced by the way in which voicing starts. In the first experiment the first 30 ms of buzz excitation is played at four different levels relative to the steady state of the vowel and with two different frequency distributions: In the F1-only conditions buzz is confined to the first formant, whereas in the F123 conditions all three formants are excited by buzz. The results reject the hypothesis that voicing is perceived to start when periodic excitation is present in the first formant. The results of the third experiment show also that buzz excitation confined to the fundamental frequency for 30 ms before the onset of full voicing (formant excitation) has little effect on the voicing boundary. The second experiment varies aspiration noise intensity and buzz onset intensity independently. Together with the first experiment it shows that: (1) at all buzz onset levels a change in aspiration intensity moves the boundary by about the 0.43 ms/dB found by Repp [Lang. Speech 27, 173-189 (1979)]; (2) when buzz onsets at levels greater than - 15 dB relative to the final vowel level, changes in buzz onset level again move the /b/-/p/ boundary by the same amount; (3) when buzz onsets at levels less than - 15 dB relative to the vowel, decreasing the buzz onset level gives more /p/- percepts than Repp's ratio predicts. This last result, taken with the results of the first experiment, may reflect a decision based on overall intensity about when voicing has started. PMID- 6643835 TI - The intelligibility of sentences in quiet and in noise in aged listeners. AB - The monaural speech-reception threshold (SRT) for sentences was investigated in quiet and under four noise conditions for 80 male subjects (age 60-90) and 30 female subjects (age 71-89). The noise levels used were 28, 43, 58, and 73 dBA. The noise had the long-term average spectrum of speech. It is shown that a model developed by Plomp [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 533-549 (1978)], which interprets any hearing loss for speech (SHL) as a combination of a loss of class A (attenuation of both speech and noise) and a loss of class D (distortion of the sound signals), enables one to make an accurate description of the SRT values measured. Fitting this model, for each individual, to the SRT data yielded values for SHL in quiet (= A + D) and in noise (= D). These individual SHL values were studied in relation to one another and in relation to such parameters as the pure-tone average (PTA), the Fletcher Index (FI), and the increment in intelligibility score per dB near SRT. It was found that (1) subjects with the same SHL in quiet may differ considerably in their SHL in noise; (2) for an individual, PTA and FI are inaccurate measures for predicting SHL in quiet and in noise, and (3) the higher an individual's SHL in noise, the lower is the increase per dB of the intelligibility score for sentences in noise. PMID- 6643836 TI - Adaptive computation of articulatory parameters from the speech signal. AB - An unconstrained optimization technique is used to find the values of parameters, of a combination of an articulatory and a vocal tract model, that minimize the difference between model spectra and natural speech spectra. The articulatory model is anatomically realistic and the vocal tract model is a "lossy" Webster equation for which a method of solution is given. For English vowels in the steady state, anatomically reasonable articulatory configurations whose corresponding spectra match those of human speech to within 2 dB have been computed in fewer than ten iterations. Results are also given which demonstrate a limited ability of the system to track the articulatory dynamics of voiced speech. PMID- 6643837 TI - Linguistic modality effects on fundamental frequency in speech. AB - This paper examines the effects on fundamental frequency (F0) patterns of modality operators, such as sentential adverbs, modals, negatives, and quantifiers. These words form inherently contrastive classes which have varying tendencies to produce emphasis deviations in F0 contours. Three speakers read a set of 186 sentences and three paragraphs to provide data for F0 analysis. The important words in each sentence were marked intonationally with rises or sharp falls in F0, compared to gradually falling F0 in unemphasized words. These emphasis deviations were measured in terms of F0 variations from the norm; they were larger toward the beginning of sentences, in longer sentences, on syllables surrounded by unemphasized syllables, and in contrastive contexts. Other results showed that embedded clauses tended to have lower F0, and negative contractions were emphasized on their first syllables. Individual speakers differed in overall F0 levels, while using roughly similar emphasis strategies. F0 levels changed in paragraphs, with emphasis going to contextually new information. PMID- 6643838 TI - Temporal integration, frequency resolution, and off-frequency listening in normal hearing and cochlear-impaired listeners. AB - Temporal integration for a 1000-Hz signal was determined for normal-hearing and cochlear hearing-impaired listeners in quiet and in masking noise of variable bandwidth. Critical ratio and 3-dB critical band measures of frequency resolution were derived from the masking data. Temporal integration for the normal-hearing listeners was markedly reduced in narrow-band noise, when contrasted with temporal integration in quiet or in wideband noise. The effect of noise bandwidth on temporal integration was smaller for the hearing-impaired group. Hearing impaired subjects showed both reduced temporal integration and reduced frequency resolution for the 200-ms signal. However, a direct relation between temporal integration and frequency resolution was not indicated. Frequency resolution for the normal-hearing listeners did not differ from that of the hearing-impaired listeners for the 20-ms signal. It was suggested that some of the frequency resolution and temporal integration differences between normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners could be accounted for by off-frequency listening. PMID- 6643839 TI - Frequency patterns of TTS for different exposure intensities. AB - Temporary threshold shift (TTS) was measured for several different test frequencies following exposure to a 2500-Hz tone. The intensity of the exposure tone was varied from 82 to 97 dB SPL; its duration was 5 or 10 min. In each post exposure session, TTS was followed for four test frequencies using a method of adjustment. In all cases, the "center of balance" of the TTS pattern moved upward in frequency as exposure intensity increased. This outcome is consistent with the idea of a basalward migration of the traveling-wave envelope with increasing exposure intensity, but the evidence is not unequivocal. PMID- 6643840 TI - Upward shifts in the masking pattern with increasing masker intensity. AB - Masking patterns obtained with forward-masking paradigms and relatively intense maskers sometimes have their peaks at the masker frequency and sometimes at a frequency well above it. Here it is shown that which outcome is obtained depends upon certain temporal parameters of the procedure. Specifically, the masking pattern for a 2000-Hz tone showed a gradual shift toward higher frequencies as masker intensity was increased from 65 to 95 dB SPL when long signals (about 50 ms) and long masker-to-signal intervals (about 50 ms) were used, but the effect was absent or smaller when the signals and intervals were short. This shift did not occur with a 750-Hz masker. Upward shifts in the masking pattern with increasing masker intensity are in accord with the view that the peak of displacement of the traveling-wave envelope migrates basally with increasing intensity--an idea that has frequently been suggested as an explanation of the so called half-octave shift so routinely seen in auditory fatigue experiments. PMID- 6643841 TI - Frequency resolution and discrimination of constant and dynamic tones in normal and hearing-impaired listeners. AB - Frequency resolution and three tasks of frequency discrimination were measured at 500 and 4000 Hz in 12 normal and 12 hearing-impaired listeners. A three-interval, two-alternative forced-choice procedure was used. Frequency resolution was measured with an abbreviated psychoacoustical tuning curve. Frequency discrimination was measured for (1) a fixed-frequency standard and target, (2) a fixed-frequency standard and a frequency-transition target, and (3) frequency transition standard and a frequency-transition target. The 50-ms frequency transitions had the same final frequency as the standards, but the initial frequency was lowered to obtain about 79% discrimination performance. There was a strong relationship between poor frequency resolution and elevated pure-tone thresholds, but only a very weak relationship between poor frequency discrimination and elevated pure-tone thresholds. Several hearing-impaired listeners had normal discrimination performance together with pure-tone thresholds of 80-90 dB HL. A slight correlation was found between word recognition and frequency discrimination, but a detailed comparison of the phonetic errors and either the frequency-discrimination or frequency-resolution tasks failed to suggest any consistent interdependencies. These results are consistent with previous work that has suggested that frequency resolution and frequency discrimination are independent processes. PMID- 6643842 TI - The effect of random intensity fluctuation on monaural and binaural detection. AB - Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of random intensity fluctuation on NoSo and NoS pi performance. Noise was used as both signal and masker, and stimuli were bands of noise from either 0-2.0 or 2.0-4.0kHz. Signal and masker were either coherent (from the same source) or noncoherent (from independent sources). In the first experiment, noise fluctuation was achieved by modulating a wide band of noise. In the second experiment, fluctuation was achieved by narrowing the noise bandwidth. Results from both experiments indicated that NoSo performance was adversely affected by fluctuation and by noncoherent relation between signal and masker. NoS pi detection was not adversely affected by fluctuation at low frequency, and was affected less adversely than was NoSo detection at high frequency. This difference between NoSo and NoS pi performance is an important consideration when making inferences about monaural and binaural processing when the stimuli are fluctuating rather than temporally steady. PMID- 6643843 TI - The effect of broadband noise on the human brainstem auditory evoked response. I. Rate and intensity effects. AB - A series of experiments investigated the effects of continuous broadband noise (ipsilateral) on wave V of the click-evoked brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER). In general, a broadband noise masker increases the latency and decreases the amplitude of wave V. Varying both click and noise intensity, it was found that noise levels above about 40 dB SPL increase the latency and decrease the amplitude of wave V, regardless of click intensity. The effects of noise on wave V amplitude appear constant across click intensity, whereas the effects of a constant noise level on wave V latency decrease at higher click intensities. Both masking and adaptation increase wave V latency, but their combined effects are occlusive: rate-induced wave V latency shift decreases in the presence of continuous broadband noise. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 6643844 TI - The effect of broadband noise on the human brainstem auditory evoked response. II. Frequency specificity. AB - A series of experiments evaluated the effects of broadband noise (ipsilateral) on wave V of the brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) elicited by tone bursts or clicks in the presence of high-pass masking noise. Experiment 1 used 1000- and 4000-Hz, 60-dB nHL tone bursts in the presence of broadband noise. With increasing noise level, wave V latency shift was greater for the 1000-Hz tone bursts, while amplitude decrements were similar for both tone-burst frequencies. Experiment 2 varied high-pass masker cutoff frequency and the level of subtotal masking in the presence of 50-dB nHL clicks. The effects of subtotal masking on wave V (increase in latency and decrease in amplitude) increased with increasing derived-band frequency. Experiment 3 covaried high-pass masker cutoff frequency and subtotal masking level for 1000- and 4000-Hz tone-burst stimuli. The effect of subtotal masking on wave V latency was reduced for both tone-burst frequencies when the response-generating region of the cochlear partition was limited by high pass maskers. The results of these three experiments suggest that most of the wave V latency shift associated with increasing levels of broadband noise is mediated by a place mechanism when the stimulus is a moderate intensity (60 dB nHL), low-frequency (1000 Hz) tone burst. However, the interpretation of the latency shifts produced by broadband noise for 4000-Hz tone-burst stimuli is made more complex by multiple technical factors discussed herein. PMID- 6643845 TI - Bone-conduction measurement and calibration using the cancellation method. PMID- 6643846 TI - Ultrasonic shear wave properties of soft tissues and tissuelike materials. AB - Determinations of shear wave speeds of sound and attenuation coefficients are reported for soft tissues, a silicone rubber reference material, and a gel used in manufacturing ultrasonically tissue-mimicking materials. Fresh bovine tissues were investigated, including calfskin, liver, cardiac muscle, and striated muscle. Because of the very large shear wave attenuation coefficients, reasonably accurate determinations of shear wave properties are difficult to make. The quantity measured directly was the complex reflection coefficient for shear waves at a planar interface between the sample and fused silica. Measurements were made at frequencies spanning the range 2-14 MHz. The shear wave attenuation coefficients increase with frequency and are of the order of 10(4) times the longitudinal wave attenuation coefficients. The shear wave speeds of sound also increase with frequency but are only a few percent of the longitudinal wave speeds of sound. The results are accurate enough to allow frequency dependencies to be proposed. PMID- 6643847 TI - A miniature electrode for surface electromyography during speech. AB - A miniature recessed (i.e., cup) surface EMG electrode intended for use in the perioral region during speech has been constructed and tested. In addition to its small size and low mass, a custom acrylic electrode housing features an extruded design to yield secure attachment to the skin with skin cement rather than with conventional double adhesive collars. A durable, commercially manufactured disk of homogeneous silver and silver chloride was utilized to optimize bioelectric characteristics and durability. In relation to the commonly used fine-wire intramuscular electrode composed of platinum-iridium, this surface electrode demonstrates comparable bioelectric performance in perioral applications including low, stable, and well-matched skin-electrode impedance, a low noise floor, a surprisingly wide bandwidth, and good signal-to-noise ratios. PMID- 6643848 TI - PEST reduces bias in forced choice psychophysics. AB - Observers performed several different detection tasks using both the PEST adaptive psychophysical procedure and a fixed-level (method of constant stimuli) psychophysical procedure. In two experiments, PEST runs targeted at P (C) = 0.80 were immediately followed by fixed-level detection runs presented at the difficulty level resulting from the PEST run. The fixed-level runs yielded P (C) about 0.75. During the fixed-level runs, the probability of a correct response was greater when the preceding response was correct than when it was wrong. Observers, even highly trained ones, perform in a nonstationary manner. The sequential dependency data can be used to determine a lower bound for the observer's "true" capability when performing optimally; this lower bound is close to the PEST target, and well above the forced choice P (C). The observer's "true" capability is the measure used by most theories of detection performance. A further experiment compared psychometric functions obtained from a set of PEST runs using different targets with those obtained from blocks of fixed-level trials at different levels. PEST results were more stable across observers, performance at all but the highest signal levels was better with PEST, and the PEST psychometric functions had shallower slopes. We hypothesize that PEST permits the observer to keep track of what he is trying to detect, whereas in the fixed-level method performance is disrupted by memory failure. Some recently suggested "more virulent" versions of PEST may be subject to biases similar to those of the fixed-level procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643849 TI - Intensity discrimination as a function of level and frequency and its relation to high-frequency hearing. AB - This paper examines how intensity discrimination depends on the test frequency, the level, and the subjects's high-frequency hearing. Three experiments were performed. In the first experiment, intensity discrimination of pulsed tones was measured as a function of level at 1 and 14 kHz in five listeners. Results show less deviation from Weber's law at 14 kHz than at 1 kHz. In the second experiment, intensity discrimination was measured for a 1-kHz tone at 90-dB SPL as a function of the cutoff frequency of a high-pass masking noise in two listeners. Results show that the audibility of very high frequencies is important for frequency discrimination at 1 kHz. The DL increased by a factor between 1.5 and 2.0 as the cutoff frequency of the noise was lowered from 19 to 6 kHz. In the third experiment, thresholds from 6 to 20 kHz and intensity discrimination for a 1-kHz tone was measured in 12 listeners. Results show that the DLs at 80-dB SPL are correlated with the ability to hear very high frequencies. Results of all three experiments are consistent with the multiband version of the excitation pattern model for intensity discrimination [Florentine and Buus, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70, 1646-1654 (1981)]. PMID- 6643850 TI - Localization of sound in rooms. AB - This paper is concerned with the localization of sources of sounds by human listeners in rooms. It presents the results of source-identification experiments designed to determine whether the ability to localize sound in a room depends upon the room acoustics, and how it depends upon the nature of the source signal. The experiments indicate that the localization of impulsive sounds, with strong attack transients, is independent of the room reverberation time, though it may depend upon the room geometry. For sounds without attack transients, localization improves monotonically with the spectral density of the source. Localization of continuous broadband noise does depend upon room reverberation time, and we propose the concept of direct signal to reverberant noise ratio to study that effect. Source identification experiments reveal certain localization biases, invisible to minimum-audible-angle experiments, and of uncertain origin. Appendices to this paper develop the statistics of the source-identification paradigm and show how they relate to the minimum audible angle. PMID- 6643852 TI - Measurement and monitoring of non-criteria (toxic) contaminants in air. A specialty conference summary. PMID- 6643851 TI - Response of cochlear nerve fibers to brief acoustic stimuli: role of discharge history effects. AB - The probability that a cochlear nerve fiber spike discharge occurs during a time interval delta t depends on both the acoustic stimulus and on aftereffects from earlier spike discharges. We have examined the influence of discharge-history on post-stimulus time (PST) histogram responses to acoustic click and tone-burst stimuli. Discharge-history effects were found to include the modification of observed interpeak times of PST responses to clicks, a loss of distinct peaks in the click response of high characteristic frequency (CF greater than 5 kHz) fibers, and changes in the ratio of initial to steady-state response portions of tone-burst responses. The method used to separate discharge-history from stimulus related factors is based on a model developed in Gaumond et al. [J. Neurophysiol. 48, 856-873 (1982)]. The results are in general agreement with those obtained by the method of Peter Gray [Biophys. J. 7, 759-777 (1967)], which discards from consideration those portions of the response record not preceded by a silent interval of 20 or 25 ms or more. Our method requires more assumptions about the spike train, but produces less variable results by utilizing more of the spike train data. PMID- 6643853 TI - Epidemiological monitoring near a coal-fired power plant in Israel. PMID- 6643854 TI - Acute respiratory effects of Los Angeles smog in continuously exercising adults. PMID- 6643855 TI - The interrater reliability of DSM III in children. AB - A total of 195 admissions to a child psychiatric inpatient unit were diagnosed independently by two to four clinicians on the basis of case presentations at the first ward-round after admission. The DSM III as a whole and the major categories were of high or acceptable reliability, though a few were clearly unreliable. The results are generally consistent with other studies. Unlike other studies, the subcategories were examined and found to vary widely in reliability both as a whole across the system and within parent major categories, throwing considerable doubt upon their utility. The results indicate the need both for improved diagnostic data-gathering techniques in child psychiatry and for more better designed studies of reliability and, most necessarily, of validity. PMID- 6643856 TI - Learning through observation: the effects of peer modeling on acquisition and generalization in autistic children. AB - The purpose of this study was to systematically determine whether low-functioning autistic children [MA of approximately half of their CA or less] could learn through observation by the use of a peer modeling procedure. Since modeling is less structured than traditional one-on-one procedures, it was also thought that modeling might facilitate subsequent generalization of tasks learned through observation. Four autistic children were taught two receptive labeling tasks. One task was taught by a traditional trial-and-error procedure, while the other task was taught by a modeling procedure wherein the models were other autistic children. Results indicated that all four children learned through observation of their peer model. Additionally, generalization and maintenance of correct responding were superior when the children learned through observation rather than by trial and error. These results are discussed in terms of the modeling literature, generalization issues, and implications for designing teaching settings for autistic children. PMID- 6643857 TI - An application of the pictorial scale of perceived competence and acceptance within an epidemiological survey. AB - The Perceived Competence and Acceptance Scale for Younger Children (PCS) was examined in the course of an epidemiological survey of psychological disorders in children. Eighty-three children, aged 6 and 7 years, were administered several measures including the WISC-R, the WRAT, the Lie Scale for Children, and the PCS. Teachers provided ratings from a parallel version of the PCS and reported on the behavioral and social development of each child through the Child Behavior Checklist. Investigation of the psychometric characteristics of the PCS substantially replicates findings reported by its developers. The size and direction of correlations among the cognitive competence subscale of the PCS, achievement measures, and the Lie Scale indicate that children tend to more accurately report about this domain than others included in the PCS. Children who reported atypically high or low PCS levels were not found to differ from the remainder of the sample on two clinical indices. Children who tended to exaggerate PCS levels, as compared to teacher ratings, had significantly more behavior problems in school and were seen by two observers as more apt to be currently maladjusted. PMID- 6643858 TI - Marital disturbance and child problems: a cautionary note regarding hyperactive children. AB - In previous work, investigators have found a relationship between marital discord and childhood conduct problems (aggression) in clinic samples. Given the wide variability of aggression found among hyperactive children, it would follow from previous work that child aggression may be associated with marital discord in a hyperactive population. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of 23 boys (ages 5 to 8) diagnosed as attention deficit with hyperactivity. Aggressive behaviors were tracked by the children's teachers for 12 school days. Parental and teacher ratings of conduct problems were also obtained. Additionally, the auditory version of the laboratory Continuous Performance Test was administered. Marital adjustment, overt hostility, and conflict tactics, as reported by the mothers, were not significantly correlated with any of the measures of aggression or conduct problems. In other words, marital discord in families with a hyperactive boy did not explain differential rates of aggressive behavior despite definite variability in both the marital and child behavioral measures. Marital discord was marginally related to severity of attentional deficit on the Continuous Performance Test. The results underscore the need for caution in attempting to extend findings from a general population (i.e., undifferentiated clinic-referred children) to a specific diagnostic subgroup (i.e., attention-deficit hyperactive children). PMID- 6643859 TI - Child and parent evaluations of depression and aggression in psychiatric inpatient children. AB - This investigation examined the agreement between children and their parents on measures of depression and aggression. A total of 120 inpatient children (ages 7 13) and their mothers and fathers independently completed self-report and interview measures that focused on the children's dysfunction. Children and their parents differed in their ratings of each symptom area, with children providing significantly less severe ratings than their parents. Children who met DSM III criteria for major depression or conduct disorder were significantly higher in their ratings of depression and aggression than children without these diagnoses, as reflected in both child and parent ratings. Child and parent ratings correlated in the low to moderate range on measures of children's symptoms, whereas mother and father ratings correlated in the moderate to high range. The correspondence between children and parents did not vary as a function of symptom area (depression and aggression) or assessment format (self-report and interviews). The results suggest that children are able to rate the severity of their dysfunction, although they tend to provide lower-bound estimates than do their parents. PMID- 6643860 TI - A developmental study of vigilance in learning-disabled and nondisabled children. AB - To test the proposition that learning-disabled children manifest a sustained attentional deficit, the Continuous Performance Test was administered to learning disabled and nondisabled children at three age levels. Children were tested on three task lengths (5, 10, and 15 minutes) and two modalities (auditory and visual) in which dependent measures were correct detections and false responses, d' and B values. As expected, learning-disabled children male fewer correct detections and more false responses and were less sensitive (d') to critical stimuli than were nondisabled children at all ages. There was also evidence to indicate that learning-disabled children apply different response criteria across age when compared to nondisabled children. B values varied significantly across age, group, modality, and time on task; d' remained relatively unchanged across time periods. The popular notion that learning-disabled and younger subjects start a vigilance task with the same capacity as nondisabled older children but show a decline in attention as time on task increases was not supported. PMID- 6643861 TI - Waking ultradian rhythms of performance and motility in hyperkinetic and normal children. AB - Waking ultradian rhythms in a visual performance task (detections and false positives) and in motility (global body movements and segmental limb movements during the task, and segmental limb movements during off-task periods) were examined in groups of nonmedicated hyperkinetic (HK) children (N = 11) and matched normal controls (N = 11). Testing was conducted for 5 minutes every 15 minutes (with 10-minute "rest periods") over a 6-hour period on 2 consecutive days. Increased limb movement (p less than .01) during off-task periods on both days. Increased limb movement in HK subjects during the task was marginally significant (p less than .06) on one day. False positives and global body movements failed to differentiate the groups. With regard to ultradian rhythmicity, some subjects in both groups showed evident ultradian peaks, which were present across a wide range of frequencies in one or more variables. There were no significant differences in the incidence of the period of evident ultradian peaks between the two groups. PMID- 6643862 TI - The changing nature of diagnosis in an inpatient service over 20 years. AB - This study examined factors related to mental illness in children and adolescents. A survey of all 362 files of child and adolescent patients discharged from a single residential treatment facility in 1961-1962, 1971-1972, and 1978 revealed several major diagnostic trends. The proportion of cases diagnosed as schizophrenic decreased by one-third, those diagnosed as neurotic increased over ten-fold, and significant increases occurred in the proportion of children diagnosed as autistic, personality disorder, and behavior disorder of childhood and adolescence. There was a decrease in cases between 6 and 12 years of age and a significant increase in 13- to 18-year-olds. The relative importance of symptoms appeared to be interpreted differently at various times. Significant changes were also found In treatment length, in medications used, and in a number of factors related to the characteristics of the family. PMID- 6643863 TI - Self-management of childhood asthma. PMID- 6643864 TI - Response: the application of theory in childhood asthma self-help programs. PMID- 6643865 TI - Methodologic problems in the evaluation of self-management programs. AB - Two conceptions of program evaluation, namely, evaluation-as-proof and evaluation as-improvement, are considered. Evaluation for purposes of program improvement of health-related programs is recommended. Recent advances in assessment of program outcomes, particularly criterion-referenced measurement, are described. Recommendations are also offered regarding treatment definition, data-gathering designs, cost analysis, and the collaborative conduct of health-related evaluations. PMID- 6643866 TI - Response: methodologic problems in the evaluation of self-management programs. PMID- 6643867 TI - Self-management psychology and the treatment of childhood asthma. AB - Self-management programs for childhood asthma are reviewed from the perspective of the psychology of self-managed change. Three characteristics of self-control behavior are discussed: (1) conscious effort, (2) conflict of choice, and (3) focused attention. The predominant model of self-control, the three-stage model developed by Kanfer and Karoly, is critiqued, and an alternate model for conceptualizing self-control, the expanded cognitive social learning model, is proposed. This is an interactive model whereby the individual is represented by cognitive and physiologic factors along with the physical and social environment and the individual's overt behaviors. Influence is seen as being multidirectional and interactive. This model, when applied to self-control programs, requires attention to the multiple ways in which an individual can influence his or her behavior and environment; behaviors, cognitive and physiologic processes, and specific environments must be evaluated as interactive factors in self-control. Based on the reciprocal model of self-control, nine criteria were derived and used for the review of 11 asthma self-management programs. Two programs are noted for their comprehensive application of the psychology of self-managed change to childhood asthma. PMID- 6643868 TI - Response: self-management psychology and the treatment of childhood asthma. PMID- 6643869 TI - Response: implementing asthma self-management education in medical care settings- issues and strategies. PMID- 6643870 TI - Self-management of childhood asthma. PMID- 6643871 TI - Trimellitic anhydride respiratory reactions, from suspicion to control--a story of cooperation. PMID- 6643872 TI - The changes in the nasal secretions of eosinophils during the immediate nasal response to allergen challenge. AB - In 162 patients with allergic rhinitis due to immediate hypersensitivity, nasal provocation tests (NPT) were supplemented by recording of the eosinophils in the nasal secretions (NS). Nasal secretion specimens were obtained before and repeatedly after allergen challenge and stained by a modified Hansel's method. The 188 positive immediate nasal responses (INR) that correlated with positive skin tests and history and 92 negative INR that correlated with negative skin tests and history were studied. Several different types of eosinophil response to allergen challenge were observed. Eosinophilia was found in the NS in 84% of patients with positive INR but in only 49% of patients with negative INR. The eosinophil count before allergen challenge was low in 79.5% of positive INR and in 76.5% of negative INR, whereas it was high in 20.5% of positive INR and in 23.5% of negative INR. The positive INR were accompanied by significant changes (p less than 0.01) in the eosinophil count between before and after allergen challenge in 74% and the negative INR in only 19% of the cases. These changes appeared within 30 min after allergen challenge. This study shows that only a single count of eosinophils in the NS is not a suitable indicator of nasal allergy. The recording of eosinophils in the NS can be considered as a useful supplementary diagnostic parameter for the possible involvement of immediate hypersensitivity in the nasal mucosa if (1) the eosinophil count is related to a certain allergen and (2) the eosinophils are recorded before and repeatedly up to 60 min after allergen challenge. PMID- 6643873 TI - The relative value of skin tests and radioallergosorbent test in the diagnosis of bee sting hypersensitivity. AB - The relative diagnostic value of ST and RAST was evaluated in 97 patients with BSH. Eighteen patients had LRs, 79 showed SRs including 18 with urticaria, 26 had bronchospasm, and 35 had anaphylactic shock. ST but not the RAST reactivity was strongly related to the severity of the clinical reaction (p less than or equal to 0.001) and found superior to the RAST in identifying patients with SRs in whom venom therapy was indicated. PMID- 6643874 TI - Immunologic release of neutrophil chemotactic activity from human lung tissue. AB - The release of heat-stable neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) has been detected after challenge of isolated human lung tissue with anti-IgE. The major NCA released (NCAL) had similar physicochemical properties to the NCA detected in the circulation of asthmatic subjects after bronchial challenge with specific antigen (NCAAG). NCAL and NCAAG (1) had molecular weights of approximately 600,000 daltons as estimated by Sephacryl S-300 gel-filtration chromatography; (2) both eluted from DEAE-Sephacel (pH 7.8) between 0.1 and 0.2 molar NaCl; (3) had isoelectric points of between 6.5 and 6.8 as determined by chromatofocusing on Polybuffer Exchanger 94. In contrast to NCAAG, lung-derived neutrophil chemotactic activity appeared to be more heterogeneous after gel-filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. The release of NCA was complete by 15 min and there was no evidence of further release up to 12 hr. These observations indicate that high-molecular-weight NCA released from human lung tissue has similar properties to NCAAG and would support the view that NCAAG originates from lung tissue after antigen bronchial challenge in asthmatic subjects. PMID- 6643875 TI - The relationship of airborne trimellitic anhydride concentrations to trimellitic anhydride--induced symptoms and immune responses. AB - Eighteen workers exposed to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) powder were evaluated in 1979. Twelve of these workers were available for longitudinal study until 1982. Annual clinical evaluations and serum radioimmunoassays for total antibody binding and specific IgE binding to 125I-TM-HSA were performed. In 1979, five workers had antibody against TM-HSA. Of these, three workers were diagnosed with the late respiratory systemic syndrome (LRSS) and one worker with TMA-induced allergic rhinitis. The LRSS workers had significantly elevated total antibody binding of 125I-TM-HSA and the worker with rhinitis had significantly elevated specific IgE binding of 125I-TM-HSA per milliliter of serum. Although TMA handling was intermittent throughout the year, average airborne dust concentrations from 1974 to 1978 at job stations of the two heaviest TMA-exposed occupations, operator and assistant operator, were 2.1 and 0.82 mg/m3, respectively. After local exhaust ventilation had been improved, average airborne dust concentrations of TMA at the two latter job stations fell to levels of 0.03 and 0.01 mg/m3, respectively, in 1982. The decrease in TMA exposure coincided with a gradual fall in total antibody binding of 125I-TM-HSA per milliliter in 1982 and symptomatic improvement in the three individuals with the LRSS. The continuous low-level exposure of the worker with TMA rhinitis was sufficient to elicit a rise in specific IgE against TM-HSA from 1.1 ng of 125I-TM-HSA bound per milliliter in 1979 to 2.12 in 1982.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643876 TI - The relationship of total serum IgE and blocking antibody in trimellitic anhydride--induced occupational asthma. AB - Clinical and immunologic evaluations were performed on workers who manufacture trimellitic anhydride (TMA), a chemical used widely in the plastics industry. Serum samples of 29 workers exposed to TMA dust and fumes were assayed for total IgE, as well as specific IgE and total antibody binding to radiolabeled trimellityl human serum albumin (TM-HSA). Fifteen workers were determined to have significant specific IgE to TM-HSA (greater than or equal to 1 ng of 125I-TM-HSA bound per milliliter). Of these 15 individuals, seven workers had immediate asthma and rhinitis and positive cutaneous prick tests and eight were nonasthmatic and skin test negative. Mean peak total serum IgE was significantly higher in the prick test positive group (p less than 0.02) and higher than in 12 exposed asymptomatic IgE antibody-negative workers (p less than 0.001). Total serum IgE followed rises and falls in TM-HSA--Specific IgE binding, correlating to the onset of allergic symptoms in all seven workers. Total antibody binding of 125I-TM-HSA, as determined by the ammonium sulfate precipitation technique, was higher in the skin test-negative group of eight (mean 12,062 ng per milliliter 125I-TM-HSA bound) than in the seven symptomatic skin test-positive workers (mean 2930, p less than 0.004). Determinations of total antibody divided by specific IgE (both in nanograms of 125I-TM-HSA bound per milliliter) or blocking ratios clearly discriminated the seven skin test-positive workers with TMA-induced asthma (range 10 to 666) from the eight skin test-negative workers (range 1580 to 16,000).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643877 TI - Continuing education needs assessment and program development: an alternative approach. AB - Continuing education has become increasingly important to the professions, including dietetics. There is some concern, however, that continuing education programs too seldom focus on practice-related problems and do not have a large enough impact on daily practice. A research and development endeavor is in progress to create an alternative approach to continuing education programming. Utilizing a process called the Practice Audit Model, this approach brings practitioners (or their representatives) and educators together to develop continuing education programs that focus on learning needs identified through an empirical assessment of practitioner performance. PMID- 6643878 TI - A profile of clinical dietetics practice in Pennsylvania. AB - Clinical dietitians in Pennsylvania (N = 185) responded to a survey (based on the practice description developed by the Clinical Dietetics Profession Team of the Continuing Professional Education Development Project) in which they rated time spent on and perceived importance of 11 responsibilities and 120 tasks in their practice. Practitioners spent the most time on responsibilities and tasks that they perceived to be most important. Responsibilities rated high in terms of time spent and importance were nutrition care implementation, nutrition care planning, nutrition assessment, and nutrition care evaluation. Dietitians reported spending a considerable amount of time on activities related to documentation. PMID- 6643879 TI - Graduate education in food service systems management: clarifying the focus. AB - Administrators of dietetic services and educators in food service systems management identified levels of education and degree of experience needed to develop competencies in food service systems management. Master's level competencies that emerged from the analysis provide a framework for design and evaluation of graduate programs. Also, the differentiation of bachelor's and master's level competencies should assist in clarifying appropriate program focuses. The data on experience levels indicate performance areas for which the educational institution is primarily responsible and those for which responsibility should be shared by educators and employers. PMID- 6643880 TI - Nutrient Analysis System--a computerized seven-day food record system. AB - A self-recording, directly computer-readable, seven-day food record system (the Nutrient Analysis System [NAS]) was developed using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Food Table as a data bank for the nutrient analysis. This article describes the system and reports the results of a study which evaluates the system in an experimental setting. It is concluded that the Nutrient Analysis System is no less accurate or biased than the traditional written food record method under the conditions of this test. Additionally, NAS is a system which allows for efficient use of professional time and immediate availability of nutrient analysis for use in counseling. PMID- 6643881 TI - Nutrition knowledge of high school athletic coaches in Texas. AB - A study was conducted by mail questionnaire to assess concepts of nutrition as related to athletes that coaches in Texas accept and are likely to disseminate. Background information included training in nutrition, sources of nutrition information, and frequency of distribution of dietary advice. Eighty-five percent of the coaches scored below 70% on knowledge of nutrition. Seventy-three percent, however, believed they were adequately informed about nutrition, and 86% dispense nutrition information regularly. Results of the study indicate a need for better nutrition education for high school athletic coaches. PMID- 6643882 TI - Vitamin E status of adolescent girls. AB - The vitamin E status of 88 adolescent girls living in the western Virginia area was measured. About 12% of the subjects had marginal to low vitamin E status, as indicated by plasma total tocopherol levels. Approximately 12% reported consuming less than two-thirds of the RDA for vitamin E. Plasma total tocopherol levels were not significantly correlated with reported vitamin E intakes. PMID- 6643883 TI - Establishing the need for nutrition education: IV. Evaluation of dietary intakes of elementary school children. AB - Levels of energy intake and selected nutrients in the diets of elementary school children, as observed in a Kansas Nutrition Education and Training Program needs assessment project, are reported. For almost half of the girls and boys in the study, energy intakes exceeded 100% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA); for most of the students, protein intakes exceeded 125% of the RDA. Magnesium, iron, and vitamin B6 were the nutrients most limiting in the diets. Implications for nutrition education are discussed. PMID- 6643884 TI - Dietary treatment of anorexia nervosa. PMID- 6643885 TI - Confronting death and dying: training for clinical dietitians. PMID- 6643886 TI - Nutritional management of alcoholism. PMID- 6643887 TI - Hospice care. PMID- 6643888 TI - Moving on. PMID- 6643889 TI - Sex role stereotypes and choice of physician. PMID- 6643890 TI - Your next forty years. PMID- 6643891 TI - Medical education and health care in the People's Republic of China. PMID- 6643892 TI - More than networking. PMID- 6643893 TI - Equality in insurance. PMID- 6643894 TI - Auditory biofeedback used to enhance convergence insufficiency therapy. PMID- 6643895 TI - Transient ptosis secondary to giant papillary conjunctivitis in a hydrogel lens patient. AB - A case of transient ptosis due to GPC in a 14-year-old white female was presented. The hydrogel contact lenses were removed and after 3 days of cold compress management, the ptosis disappeared. After two months of spectacle wear the patient was refitted with hydrogel lenses made from a different material in a different design. In addition the solution regimen was changed to non-preserved saline and thermal disinfection. A review of the GPC literature and pathophysiological mechanism were presented. PMID- 6643896 TI - High myopia. PMID- 6643897 TI - Remodeling for maximization of space. PMID- 6643898 TI - Interprofessional optometry. AB - A recent trend has arisen that calls for the joint practice of optometry and ophthalmology. The optometrist provides expertise in the optical management of ocular disorders. This trend is advantageous to the patient that would normally be limited to ophthalmological eye care. There is a growing need for optometrists to practice in this manner; i.e., interprofessional optometry. PMID- 6643899 TI - Optometry Down Under. Interview by Dr. Alfred A. Rosenbloom. PMID- 6643900 TI - The NYSOA vision screening battery--a total approach. AB - A vision screening battery has been developed by a project team of the New York Optometric Association. This battery screens those visual skills that are important to the academic task demands. This battery is so organized that it can be utilized without the need of a vision care professional. A pre-pilot study was conducted by the New York State Optometric Association and the New York State Educational Department. This battery was a far more sensitive detector of visual problems related to learning than the Snellen alone. This battery was efficiently and effectively utilized by educators and parents without the need of a vision care professional. The battery and statistical study are discussed. PMID- 6643901 TI - An evaluation of the Arden grating test. AB - The Arden grating test is found to be a statistically reliable tool which provides an index of contrast sensitivity. Although no statistically valid mean score can be assigned to each plate, a range of normals can be established for this particular age group. In this study, after each individual's initial scores were established for each plate they remained constant each time the test was repeated. The scores found for each plate are somewhat less than those established by Arden which may in part be related to the effect of age and to some variation in the mode of presentation by the test administrator. In summary, the Arden grating test when used properly should be a rapid and effective screener. It can reveal visual loss in instances where other clinical techniques fail to show significant findings. It is a reasonable clinical substitution of the contrast sensitivity function test in monitoring or detecting subtle changes in low and medium spatial frequency thresholds. The Arden grating test has recently been updated and is being marketed by the American Optical Company. Use of this test can add another dimension to the clinical ophthalmic examination although clinical trials should first be made against the original AGT. PMID- 6643902 TI - Part II. VICTORS: a model for the provision of low vision services to the partially sighted veteran. AB - VICTORS, an acronym for Vision Impairment Center to Optomize Remaining Sight, is an innovative low vision rehabilitation program expanding the Veterans Administration's treatment capabilities for the partially sighted veteran. Part II provides the procedures and data on the first 125 patients to complete the program. Part I provided an over-view and description of VICTORS. PMID- 6643904 TI - Diagnostic tests for drusen of the optic nerve: a case report. PMID- 6643903 TI - An unusual case of papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum of the plica semilunaris. PMID- 6643905 TI - The morphogenesis of common osseous pedal lesions. Part II: Transmission electron microscopy considerations. PMID- 6643906 TI - Criteria for selected major tendon transfers in podiatric surgery. PMID- 6643907 TI - The foot health status in diabetics regulated with oral hypoglycemic agents. PMID- 6643908 TI - A preliminary analysis of fibular sesamoidectomy in the McBride bunionectomy. PMID- 6643909 TI - Sydenham's chorea. A case report of neurologic sequelae in the foot. PMID- 6643910 TI - Sickle cell disease: preoperative and postoperative management. A case report. PMID- 6643912 TI - A simplified technique for internal wire fixation. PMID- 6643911 TI - Non-cardiac circulatory overload secondary to pneumatic thigh tourniquets. PMID- 6643913 TI - Student views vital in education planning. PMID- 6643914 TI - Effects of partial hepatectomy on organ-specific toxic response to 1,2-dibromo-3 chloropropane (DBCP). AB - The organ-specific toxic potency of subcutaneously administered 1,2-dibromo-3 chloropropane (DBCP) was compared in partially hepatectomized and sham-operated rats over a dose range of 20--80 mg kg-1 to assess the roles of hepatic and extrahepatic metabolism in protection against acute renal and gonadal injury. Relative kidney weight and the severity of DBCP-induced renal proximal tubular cell necrosis were increased in rats subjected to a partial (70%) surgical hepatectomy 48 h prior to treatment with DBCP at 80 mg kg-1. Relative liver weight was reduced by DBCP in the hepatectomized, but not in the sham-operated rats. The severity of DBCP-induced (80 mg kg-1) hepatocellular centrilobular necrosis was greater in hepatectomized than in sham rats. DBCP reduced the relative weights of the testis and epididymis in a progressive manner and produced dose-dependent seminiferous tubular atrophy within 12 days of treatment. The morphologically apparent lesions of the testis and epididymis were enhanced by hepatectomy. The concentration of non-protein sulfhydryl groups (NPS) in rat liver was increased by partial hepatectomy. Because of the resulting decrease in liver size, however, the total amount of hepatic NPS per kg body weight 48 h post surgery was lower than in sham rats. The surgery had no effect on renal, testicular or epididymal NPS concentrations of organ weights. Partial hepatectomy greatly increased pentobarbital and ethanol sleeping times, while sleep induction time for pentobarbital was decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6643915 TI - Tissue origin of MDH isozymes in blood serum of rats exposed to alkylmercurials. AB - Wistar rats were dosed with Hg at 2.5 mg kg-1 intragastrically as methylmercuric chloride (MeHg) or ethylmercuric chloride (EtHg) on alternate days for 6 weeks. Activities of the mitochondrial (m-MDH) and cytosol (c-MDH) isozymes of malate dehydrogenase (MDH: E.C. 1.1.1.37) were studied in the serum, liver and kidneys of rats at 2-week intervals using agar gel electrophoresis. In order to determine the tissue of origin of the MDH isozymes in rat serum, studies were also made on changes in their activities after poisoning the animals with a hepatotoxic (CCl4) or nephrotoxic (HgCl2) agent. The results indicate that the kidneys are responsible for the increase of the c-MDH activity in the serum of rats poisoned with EtHg, while in the case of MeHg this increase results from damage initially to the liver and then also to the kidneys. PMID- 6643916 TI - Oxidation of mercury by catalase and peroxidase in homogeneous solution. AB - Experiments in homogeneous solution confirm previous findings that catalase is an effective oxidant for Hg0 leads to Hg2+. Peroxidase also effects the oxidation, and in both oxidations the co-substrate hydrogen peroxide is not essential for mercury oxidation, although the oxidation is enhanced by the presence of hydrogen peroxide. PMID- 6643917 TI - Dose-dependent induction and suppression of liver mixed-function oxidase system in chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent metabolism. AB - The effect of continuous exposure to trichloroethylene (TRI), tetrachloroethylene (TETRA) or methylchloroform (MC) on the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system (MFOS) was studied in rats by using 10 000 x g supernatant fraction. Exposure to TETRA for 240 h at 200, 100 and 50 ppm enhanced oxidative conversion from TETRA to trichloroacetic acid. When the animals were exposed for 240 h to 200, 400 and 800 ppm, oxidative conversion from MC to trichloroethanol was elevated. However, elevation was less remarkable with the increase of exposure intensities from 400 to 800 ppm. With TRI, MFOS activities were more critically assessed as a function of duration and dose because the variable response in MFOS activity was observed in preliminary studies when rats were exposed to 400 ppm for 240 h. The MFOS activities in rats exposed to TRI at 50, 400 or 800 ppm for 48 h, 72 h, 168 h and 240 h were measured. The MFOS activities were all suppressed after 48-h exposure irrespective of the exposure concentration. After 72--240 h, suppression was superseded by activation at 50 ppm, while continuity of suppressive state was observed at 800 ppm and transitional state was the case of the exposure at 400 ppm. The possibility that epoxide hydratase would be involved in the metabolism of TRI, but not in those of other two chemicals, was also presented. Based on these findings, mathematical models for TRI and TETRA metabolism were established, which can explain hepatotoxicity appearing only after exposure to TRI at 800 ppm for 168 h or more. PMID- 6643918 TI - Effects of daily interrupted nursing on body weight and survival of Fischer 344 rat pups. AB - The effects on Fischer 344 rat pup body weight and survival were investigated when the dam was separated from her litter and deprived of food and water, approximately 7 h per day, from day 5 to day 21 of the postnatal period. This separation procedure simulates an inhalation reproduction study in which only the dams are exposed to the test material during lactation. The dams and pups were observed daily for clinical signs, and the number of pups in each litter and their body weights were determined on days 4, 9, 14 and 21 after parturition. When pups and dams were so separated, there was no effect on pup survival, but the pup body weights were moderately lower for this group by the end of the postnatal observation period. PMID- 6643919 TI - Isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients: generation and optimization of wide pH intervals with two-chamber mixers. AB - A new technique for generating extended pH gradients (5 pH units) in Immobiline gels is reported. The previously described (J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 7, 1983, 123-142) five-chamber gradient mixer has been replaced by a two-vessel device. A single mixture of the available Immobilines (pK 3.6, 4.6, 6.2, 7.0, 8.5 and 9.3) is made, with relative concentrations adjusted so as to produce the most uniform buffering power throughout the desired pH interval. This mixture is then divided into two portions, which are titrated to the extremes of the required pH span with an acidic titrant (Immobiline pK approximately 1) and a basic species (Immobiline pK 9.95). Highly reproducible pH gradients (pH 4-9) are thus generated, which appear extremely useful for the first dimensioned of 2 dimensional techniques. Our previously reported computer program has been implemented with an optimization algorithm which, given any cocktail of Immobilines, automatically adjusts the relative initial concentrations until the smoothest possible beta power is found. For the first time it is possible to perform IEF under controlled physico-chemical parameters: pH span and linearity, beta power, ionic strength and molarity of the buffering species. PMID- 6643920 TI - Preparative isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients. I. General principles and methodology. AB - A new method for preparative protein purification is described, based on the use of Immobiline matrices. After electrofocusing, the protein zone of interest is recovered by electrophoretic transfer to a hydroxyapatite gel, from which it is eluted with 0.2 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.8, with yields for the proteins studied in the range 76-98%. For six different proteins, the focusing step gives a common upper limit of approximately 45 mg protein/ml gel as mean concentration in a focused protein zone. It is demonstrated that in practical preparative work, components with a pI difference of 0.007 pH units can be completely resolved, and that on a 5-mm-thick gel of dimensions 240 X 110 mm, samples containing as much as 400 mg of the major protein component can be applied. Focusing of large amounts of a salt-containing sample is demonstrated with the aid of human serum. A theoretical expression is given relating the concentration distribution and maximum protein concentration within a focused zone to the applied voltage, the pH slope used and the zone width. Based on this expression and the finding of an upper concentration limit for a protein we shown how to optimize the parameters in preparative work with immobilized pH gradients in relation to the separation power needed. Finally, it is shown that, in comparison with conventional preparative electrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels, immobilized pH gradients allow a ten-fold increase in load, whilst still giving a resolution comparable to that of analytical isoelectric focusing. PMID- 6643921 TI - Preparative isoelectric focusing in immobilized pH gradients. II. A case report. AB - The preparative aspects of isoelectric focusing (IEF) in immobilized pH gradients (IPG) have been investigated as a function of the following parameters: environmental ionic strength (I), gel geometry and shape of pH gradient. As model proteins, hemoglobin (Hb) A and a minor, glycosylated component (HbA1c), with a delta pI = 0.04 pH units, have been selected. The load capacity increases almost linearly, as a function of progressively higher I values, from 0.5 X up to 2 X molarity of buffering Immobiline (pK 7.0) to abruptly reach a plateau at 3 X concentration of buffering ion. The load capacity also increases almost linearly as a function of gel thickness from 1 to 5 mm, without apparently levelling off. When decreasing the pH interval from 1 pH unit (pH 6.8-7.8) to 1/2 pH unit (pH 7.05-7.55) the amount of protein loaded in the HbA zone could be increased by 40%. In 5 mm thick gels, at 2 X pK 7.0 Immobiline concentration, over a 1/2 pH unit span, up to 350 mg HbA (in a 12.5 X 11 cm gel) could be loaded in a single zone, the load limit of the system being around 45 mg protein/ml gel volume. PMID- 6643922 TI - Peroneal tendon dislocations: a review of the literature. AB - Acute anterior dislocation of the peroneal tendons from behind the peroneal groove is uncommon but not rare. The injury must be evaluated carefully to determine whether conservative treatment will suffice or surgical intervention is required. Choice of a surgical procedure depends on the fibular groove, the nature of the retinaculum, and the amount of damage to the area. PMID- 6643923 TI - Angioleiomyoma. AB - Angioleiomyoma is a benign tumor that occurs rarely, but it must be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients who have a painful subcutaneous nodule on the lower extremity. The treatment of choice in all cases is surgical excision. PMID- 6643924 TI - Lower extremity manifestations of phenylketonuria. AB - Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism with its most notable characteristic being that of mental retardation. The literature describing this disorder has been reviewed to identify the abnormal lower extremity findings in affected individuals. The dermatologic, osteologic, and neuromuscular systems were all found to be involved. Lower extremity physical examinations were then performed on nine phenylketonuric adults. It was determined that several of the reported manifestations of phenylketonuria were similarly evident in these individuals as well as the presence of additional lower extremity pathology not previously documented. However, the conclusion was made that all findings, past and present, were variable and that no consistent manifestation was apparent. PMID- 6643925 TI - Achilles tendon rupture: a case report and discussion of conservative versus surgical repair. AB - The authors review the literature on Achilles tendon ruptures and discuss the conservative and surgical approaches to treatment of acute ruptures. A case history of acute Achilles tendon rupture is presented, including clinical signs not previously described. The primary complication of Achilles tendon rupture is the high incidence of rerupture after conservative therapy. The authors note that complications after surgical repair of an Achilles tendon rupture may be avoided by a surgeon skilled in the performance of this procedure and by the use of an appropriate surgical drain. The authors conclude that primary surgical repair is the treatment of choice for acute Achilles tendon ruptures. PMID- 6643926 TI - A modified arthroplasty procedure for rigid hammertoe. AB - In light of the need to conform to accepted techniques of surgical hemostasis and minimal trauma, a modified arthroplasty is proposed for the correction of rigid hammer toe. Bone wax is suggested as one possible means of attaining cancellous bone hemostasis, which is theorized to be a contributing factor in immediate and prolonged postoperative edema. PMID- 6643927 TI - Delayed open reduction of Lisfranc's joint dislocation. AB - Dislocation fracture of the tarsometatarsal joint is a rare but devastating injury that presents a great challenge to the podiatric surgeon. A case of Lisfranc's dislocation is presented that was further complicated by the 7-month interval between injury and diagnosis. Because of this interval and the resultant degenerative change that ensued in the tarsometatarsal articulation, surgical arthrodesis of these joints was attempted with combined use of bone screws and Kirschner wire internal fixation. Results of surgery were excellent with anatomical realignment of Lisfranc's articulation and the return of all preinjury physical activities 8 months postoperatively. PMID- 6643928 TI - The medial oblique foot x-ray: identification of soft tissue shadows seen plantarly. AB - A soft tissue shadow is present on oblique foot x-rays in the arc between the lateral process of the calcaneus and the styloid process of the fifth metatarsal. Surgical placement of metal wires, followed by x-ray examination, has conclusively shown the shadow to have two components, namely, the tendon of peroneus longus and the muscle belly and tendon of abductor digiti minimi. Double screen intensifying cassettes are highly recommended to obtain soft tissue resolution. PMID- 6643929 TI - Revisional left ankle arthrodesis for pseudoarthrosis. AB - In this case study, a female patient who had poliomyelitis at 5 years of age complained of ankle pain on weightbearing and when walking. The authors describe the surgical procedure used following two previous unsuccessful attempts to arthrodese the left talocrural joint. PMID- 6643930 TI - Swanson design finger joint implant utilized in the proximal interphalangeal joints of the foot: a preliminary study. AB - The purpose of this paper is to present preliminary findings regarding the use of the Silastic finger joint implant H.P. (Swanson design) in resection arthroplastic procedures of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second and/or third toes. This paper reports on 42 cases which have beer, performed and in which significantly satisfactory results have been achieved. PMID- 6643931 TI - Osteomyelitis of the foot. AB - A favorable outcome was obtained in the case of an infected diabetic ulcer that resulted from neglect. The importance of appropriate antibiotic therapy and the advantage of a newer generation cephalosporin, cefamandole nafate (Mandol), is discussed. Optimal diagnostic information relative to the presence of osteomyelitis may be obtained by concomitant use of conventional radiographic technique and bone scanning. The most complete information concerning the status of diabetic control is gained by evaluation of standard blood glucose levels in conjunction with glycosylated hemoglobin A1C. PMID- 6643932 TI - Posterior tibial tendon rupture in a world class runner. AB - Complete rupture of the posterior tibial tendon occurs infrequently. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including repeated steroid injections, chronic tenosynovitis, and decreased blood supply to the tendon. The authors report a world class runner who sustained a rupture requiring surgical intervention. PMID- 6643933 TI - Postoperative management of pain by the use of ponstel (mefenamic acid), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. AB - Early, painfree ambulation is one of the primary goals for postoperative foot patients. Often patients remain in bed, not because of pain but because of side effects of narcotic analgesic agents. Ambulation can be dangerous, but if it is delayed, the prolonged bed rest can lead to circulatory complications. For this reason, and to minimize the use of addictive narcotics, the author has used a non narcotic, anti-inflammatory agent called Ponstel (mefenamic acid) as the mainstay in postoperative management of pain. Ponstel has been in constant use for 12 years for hospital and office surgical procedures. A review of 192 cases performed over a 4-year period in Westbury General Hospital, Houston, Texas, suggests that this agent is safe, well tolerated, and minimizes the need for narcotic analgesic agents during the early postoperative period. PMID- 6643934 TI - Peroneus tertius myocele: a rare herniation of the lower extremity. AB - Peroneus tertius myocele has not been reported in the literature. A case report and long term follow-up is presented. PMID- 6643935 TI - Intermetatarsal neuromas: distribution and etiologic factors. AB - This paper quantifies the sex, location, and forefoot imbalances most frequently affected with an intermetatarsal neuroma. The authors also examine the relationship between patients' weights and neuroma development. This study reviews the hospital records of 97 patients undergoing surgical excision of an intermetatarsal neuroma. The article reveals that four-fifths of the patients are females and that two-thirds of the neuromas occur in the third intermetatarsal space, with the second affected about one-half as often. The study discovers that 85% of the patients are overweight; further, three-quarters of unilateral neuromas present with a forefoot varus imbalance whereas the majority of bilateral neuromas present with a flexible forefoot valgus. PMID- 6643936 TI - Juvenile hallux valgus. AB - The development of painful degenerative hallux valgus in adult patients is commonly related to unrecognized or incompletely corrected foot conditions in the growing child or adolescent. A review of the anatomy, incidence, and etiology of the deformity is presented. Early treatment of juvenile hallux valgus and predisposing factors is advocated. Basic surgical criteria is outlined. PMID- 6643937 TI - Benign cavernous hemangioma of the ankle. AB - Cavernous hemangiomas are generally benign and may consist of new formations of blood vessels or may result from proliferation of the wall of a blood vessel. They are believed to be congenital anomalies of endothelial origin, and the most common symptoms are the presence of a palpable mass and local edema. PMID- 6643938 TI - Tarsal tunnel syndrome: a manifestation of systemic disease. AB - In many respects, tarsal tunnel syndrome is analogous to carpal tunnel syndrome. Despite this fact, tarsal tunnel syndrome has lagged far behind its counterpart in recognition and understanding. Thought of as a local compression phenomenon, reports of systemic associations are now being seen with increased frequency. This article reviews both local and systemic considerations for tarsal tunnel syndrome. Analysis of our own group of patients revealed 49 with electrodiagnostically confirmed tarsal tunnel syndrome, 24 of whom had bilateral involvement. The incidence of systemic disease was found to be 34.7%. PMID- 6643939 TI - Hypertrophic hemangioma vs. hemangiopericytoma. AB - A case of benign vascular tumor of the ankle is presented, along with a history and classification of hemangiomas and hemangiopericytomas. The primary diagnosis was hypertrophic hemangioma or hemangiopericytoma. Differentiating these tumors was difficult because staining techniques did not readily separate endothelial from pericytic cells. This is a discussion of two vascular tumors, both of which are uncommon in the foot, and their similarities and differences are contrasted. Clinical and pathologic presentations, operative treatments, and further differential diagnosis are also discussed. PMID- 6643940 TI - Retrospective study of closing wedge osteotomy complications at the base of the first metatarsal with bone screw fixation. AB - The authors describe the surgical technique for bone screw fixation of closing wedge osteotomies of the first metatarsal. They found that the angle of the bone screw should be perpendicular or almost perpendicular to the osteotomy or fracture. They also found age and time of weightbearing to be important factors. PMID- 6643941 TI - The unified forefoot. II. The relationship between hallux valgus and metatarsus primus adductus. AB - The relationship between hallux valgus and metatarsus primus adductus is examined mathematically. A high correlation relationship is established involving the use of total lateral deviation as a parameter. A model mechanism is briefly explored. PMID- 6643942 TI - Osteoid osteoma of the great toe. AB - Osteoid osteoma is a benign tumor which most commonly affects adolescents and young adults. Although this lesion occurs predominantly in the lower extremities, it has been described in the great toe only once before in medical literature. This bone lesion causes acute localized pain, worse at night, and it is relieved by aspirin or other anti-inflammatory medications. Treatment of choice is en bloc excision of the lesion. The prognosis with appropriate diagnosis and treatment is excellent. PMID- 6643943 TI - A radiopaque-labeling technique to visualize the distribution of local anesthesia. AB - The authors describe a technique to inject radiopaque dye for labeling the distribution of local anesthetic and illustrate the method with a case report. They have found the technique useful in establishing the diagnosis and planning treatment for rearfoot pain. PMID- 6643944 TI - Uses of image intensification in podiatric surgery. AB - Image intensification of x-rays is useful in monitoring surgical procedures and for precise location of osseous pathology and foreign bodies. It is a safe technique and requires little irradiation. With the use of a fluoroscopic image intensification system, an improved image is possible with no increase in irradiation. PMID- 6643945 TI - Benign giant cell tumor of the ankle joint. AB - Benign giant cell tumors are usually found on the hand, however, the authors discuss a case in which the tumor occurred on the ankle joint. Treatment is complete surgical excision because a relatively high recurrence rate has been reported in the literature. PMID- 6643946 TI - Spiral fracture of the distal tibia: an unusual stress fracture. AB - Stress fractures in athletes are frequently a misdiagnosed and poorly understood clinical entity. As a rule, their occurrence in the tibia is limited to the junction of the middle and distal third. We describe a distal spiral tibial stress fracture in a jogger and review the pathomechanics, diagnosis, and management of such lesions. PMID- 6643947 TI - Cerebral palsy: a podiatric overview. AB - Cerebral palsy is a nonprogressive neurologic lesion occurring during gestation or at birth with resultant motor deficit. It can be classified anatomically, according to the cerebral lesion, or functionally. In order to reach a diagnosis, and subsequently determine the correct treatment, a thorough evaluation of the patient must be performed including muscle testing, persistence of pathologic reflexes, and presence of infantile automatisms. The most frequently seen deformities of the lower extremity are equinus, equinovalgus, and equinovarus. The underlying goal of treatment is to stabilize the lower extremity and allow the patient to ambulate as independently as possible. The basic approach to therapy is conservative, but surgery, utilizing both osseous and soft tissue procedures, may be indicated to increase the efficiency of ambulation. PMID- 6643948 TI - The adaptation of the human thyroid gland to a physiological regimen of iodide intake: evidence for a transitory inhibition of thyroid hormone secretion modulated by the intrathyroidal iodine stores. AB - The effects of iodide on thyroid function were so far only studied after administration of pharmacological or small continuous doses. We were interested to know how the human thyroid gland would react to a more physiological situation: small doses taken in intermittently. Ten normal male volunteers were given weekly doses of iodide: 1 mg for the first 6 weeks and 2 mg afterwards for another 6 weeks period. Intrathyroidal iodine stores were evaluated by the X-Ray Fluorescence method. The following thyroid parameters were estimated during the 3 months period: total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine, plasma inorganic iodide, thyroid stimulating hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone tests. The following observations were made: i) a steady increase of intrathyroidal iodine (p less than 0.01); ii) no changes in free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, thyroid stimulating hormone, thyrotropin-releasing hormone test or plasma inorganic iodide. iii) a decrease of total thyroxine (and total triiodothyronine) with a nadir at about 3 weeks and a spontaneous rise afterwards; repetition of this phenomenon by doubling the dose of iodide. It is concluded that 1 mg or 2 mg iodide a week does not inhibit incorporation into the normal human thyroid gland and suggested that these physiological doses of iodide cause a transitory inhibition of thyroxine secretion, representing a form of autoregulation of the thyroid cell, since it was modulated by the intrathyroidal iodine stores and no evidence of pituitary mediation could be evidenced in the experimental protocol. PMID- 6643949 TI - Effects of sulpiride induced hyperprolactinemia on testosterone secretion and metabolism before and after HCG in normal men. AB - The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia on testicular functions, as assessed by evaluation of plasma testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) levels. An HCG test (5000 IU on three consecutive days) was performed in basal conditions and after 12 and 26 days of sulpiride treatment (150 mg daily) in 7 male volunteers, 19 to 32 years of age, as well as in 6 sulpiride-free controls. The results show that after 12 days of induced hyperprolactinemia (mean increase 400%) the T response to HCG was similar to basal test; after 26 days however, the increase of T mean plasma levels was significantly greater. The increase in E2 significantly correlated to that of T during the first and second HCG tests, but no longer after 26 days of hyperprolactinemia, resulting in an imbalance of the E2/T ratio of plasma increments. The response of DHT to HCG was significant in basal conditions and after 26 days of sulpiride and always correlated with T behavior. Data obtained in our experimental conditions suggest that PRL might enhance T secretion. 5 alpha-reductase activity seemed to be partially affected after 12 days of treatment, while a significant inhibition seemed to be exerted on aromatase activity. PMID- 6643950 TI - Erythrocyte insulin receptors remain intact through three days of storage. AB - The status of the erythrocyte insulin receptor was investigated prior to and during storage at 4C in acid-citrate dextrose (ACD) solution. The receptors on cells that were obtained from both resting and exercised fasting subjects and stored for up to three days in ACD were unchanged as evaluated by both maximal specific hormone binding and the concentration of insulin required to one half maximally inhibit specific binding. These findings indicate, therefore, that the binding of insulin to its receptor on erythrocytes can be assayed in samples of stored blood and that this assay reflects the status of the receptor at the time of sampling. PMID- 6643951 TI - Effects of thyroid replacement therapy on catecholamine plasma levels. AB - Plasma catecholamines (CA), total and free thyroid hormones (T4, FT4, T3, FT3) and thyrotropin (TSH) were measured before and during therapy in seven normotensive women with primary hypothyroidism lasting for more than 6 months. Twelve normal women matched for age were used as controls. In hypothyroid patients plasma norepinephrine (NE) was found increased in supine and upright position and plasma epinephrine (E) unchanged. After 30-60 days of therapy with dry thyroid extract, NE, T3, and FT3 levels were found in the normal range while T4 and FT4 levels, although raised, were still significantly lower than those of controls. These results seem to demonstrate that low doses of replacement therapy can restore NE levels to normal and therefore suggest that severe hypothyroidism alone is able to affect the sympathetic function. PMID- 6643953 TI - Hepatic lipogenesis and ketogenesis in the mother and fetus during postmaturity in the rat. AB - Prolongation of pregnancy for 1.5 days by the injection of progesterone leads to a decrease in maternal liver glycogen content and an increase in blood ketones without alteration in the activity of hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, an enzyme of ketogenesis. Fetal hepatic mitochondrial hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase activity increases with increasing postmaturity in a similar manner to that observed in normal neonates, suggesting that the factors necessary for enzyme induction are present in utero during postmaturity and that birth and the intake of the milk diet of suckling are not essential for increased enzyme activity. Hepatic in vivo lipogenesis is elevated in both mother and fetus during prolonged pregnancy and the results indicate that progesterone may have a specific effect on hepatic lipogenesis. PMID- 6643952 TI - Ultrastructural aspects on iodination and hormone secretion in the thyroid gland. PMID- 6643954 TI - Fetal and maternal endocrine changes during the induction of parturition with the PGF analogue, cloprostenol, in chronically catheterized sows and fetuses. AB - Parturition was induced in 8 catheterized sows 24-27 h after a single injection of the prostaglandin F (PGF) analogue, cloprostenol (200 micrograms, intramuscular), given at 105-106 days (4 sows) and 109-111 days (4 sows); term = 115 days. All catheterized fetuses were in good condition during the course of the induction and a normal percentage of live births occurred, although the subsequent viability of the piglets appeared to depend on the presence of an adequate suckling reflex. Maternal endocrine changes following cloprostenol included: (1) a rapid drop in plasma progesterone, which fell to below 5 ng/ml within 4 h, (2) a subsequent rise in 13, 14 dihydro-15-oxo prostaglandin F (PGFM) at about 6 h, with an increase in the venous-arterial difference across the uterus, (3) a large prepartum rise in PGFM from about 12 h, (4) a transient rise and fall in plasma cortisol immediately after the cloprostenol and a subsequent rise during labour, and (5) no detectable change in total unconjugated plasma oestrogen. During failed induction (2 sows) maternal progesterone levels remained above 5 ng/ml. In the fetuses, no changes in plasma progesterone were detectable following cloprostenol or during labour although there was a significant increase at birth. Fetal plasma cortisol concentrations had increased significantly 2 h after the cloprostenol, but a much greater cortisol surge began at 16-20 h reaching a maximum at birth. Fetal plasma oestrogen levels also increased just before delivery. These findings show that when farrowing is induced prematurely, the majority of the maternal endocrine changes are similar to those preceding spontaneous labour. However, the gradual rise in fetal plasma cortisol, which normally begins 4-6 days before term, is circumvented; instead a very rapid fetal cortisol surge begins after rather than before the drop in maternal progesterone and rise in PGFM. This results in high neonatal plasma cortisol levels in both catheterized and non-operated piglets and may well account for their viability. PMID- 6643955 TI - Placental transfer of free fatty acids: factors affecting transfer across the guinea-pig placenta. AB - Using an in situ perfusion of the fetal side of the guinea-pig placenta the quantitative effects of changes in the perfusate flow rate and albumin concentration, and of changes in the transplacental free fatty acid (FFA) concentration gradient on FFA transfer across the placenta were investigated. Unidirectional transfer from mother to perfusate was assessed by the transfer of [14C]palmitic acid given as a constant infusion to the mother. The results of bidirectional FFA flux were assessed by measuring total unlabelled FFA accumulated by the perfusate during a single passage through the placenta. In 4 animals a factorial experiment was performed using perfusate in which the albumin concentration was changed from 1 to 3g/dl, whilst the flow was maintained at either 1 or 3 ml/min. A change from 1 to 3g/dl albumin averaged over both flow rates caused a significant increase in labelled palmitate, and unlabelled net FFA transfer, both for each ml of perfusuate (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.001) and for each minute of perfusion (P less than 0.005, P less than 0.001, respectively). A change from 1 to 3 ml/min flow rate averaged over both albumin concentrations caused a significant (P less than 0.001) decrease in labelled palmitate but no change in unlabelled FFA transfer per ml, but caused significant increases in labelled and unlabelled (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.001) FFA transfer per minute. From the results of these experiments and 32 more non factorial experiments it was found that, whilst maternal and perfusate FFA concentrations were in the normal range, maternal plasma FFA levels significantly correlated (P less than 0.01) with net FFA transfer to the perfusate. When maternal plasma FFA levels became elevated then this relationship broke down. Inflowing perfusate FFA levels significantly (P less than 0.001) negatively correlated with net transfer, which changed direction and resulted in FFA transfer from perfusate to maternal blood when inflowing perfusate levels exceeded 1.7 microM/ml. It was concluded that the increases reported in fetal plasma albumin and flow rate as gestation advances enable the fetus to obtain increasing amounts of circulating maternal lipid. If this lipid is not extracted by the fetus then the reduction in the transplacental gradient will reduce net fat transfer to the fetus. PMID- 6643956 TI - Developmental kinetics of colonic calcium transport. AB - Young animals absorb and retain more calcium (Ca) than their older counterparts. Our previous studies on small intestinal calcium transport indicated an evolving pattern with a change in the kinetics of calcium uptake. Whether the lower intestine also mirrors and participates in calcium transport is not known. Therefore, the unidirectional uptake of 45Ca was determined in everted colonic sacs of suckling, weanling and adolescent rats using 3H dextran as a marker of adherent mucosal volume. These measurements were carried out over a 0.5-30 mM Ca2+ concentrations. Results indicate an evolving pattern of intestinal calcium transport with different kinetic characteristics emerging as the animals matured. The mediated component of transport became more pronounced with increasing age. Actual Km and Jmax values for mediated colonic 45Ca uptake showed an evolving pattern. A steady rise in both Km and Jmax was noted with increasing age. Transport at higher concentrations (10-30 mM) was non-saturable. The transition to a more saturable process occurred around the time of weaning. These findings suggest that colonic calcium transport is characterized by a maturation pattern that starts with a predominately passive system during infancy and changes to a saturable mechanism during maturation. PMID- 6643957 TI - Congenital radioulnar synostosis. AB - Congenital radioulnar synostosis can be severely disabling, especially if it is bilateral or if severe hyperpronation exists. Functionally, patients with severe deformity have trouble getting a cup to the mouth, using eating utensils, or accepting objects in an open palm. Of 33 patients (17 bilateral and 7 unilateral) underwent derotational osteotomy, with the majority being performed through the synostosis held with, an intramedullary wire and secondary transfixing device. There were eight complications, four involving neurovascular compromise. In bilateral cases, the best end position appears to be 10% to 15% of pronation in the dominant extremity and neutral in the other. Eighty-two percent of the patients had good or excellent results. PMID- 6643958 TI - Pollicization of the index finger for reconstruction of the congenitally hypoplastic or absent thumb. AB - Between 1962 and 1980, 30 pollicizations of the index finger for congenital absence of the thumb were performed. None of the 30 index fingers were lost during the intraoperative or postoperative period. Of the 14 cases followed up on a long-term basis, six required secondary procedures, three for scar revisions; one, bone shortening; one, tenolysis of flexor tendons; and one, tenolysis of extensor tendons. All new thumbs showed normal sensibility. In four cases opposition was possible with all three residual fingers; in five cases, with the long and the ring finger; and in five cases, with the long finger only. Active motion averaged 42 degrees at the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint of the new thumb and 35 degrees at the interphalangeal (IP) joint. The technique of pollicization has been modified over the years. Important steps are: correct skin incisions, complete destruction of the growth cartilage of the metacarpal head, fixation of the MP joint in maximum hyperextension, a rotation of 150 degrees, and the reconstruction of a musculotendinous shroud of the new thumb with the extrinsic and intrinsic tendons. PMID- 6643959 TI - Dorsal wrist synovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis--a long-term study. AB - Dorsal wrist synovectomy, tenosynovectomy of the extensor tendons, excision of the distal ulna, ulnar-side stabilization of the wrist, and placement of the extensor retinaculum underneath the extensor tendons is an effective procedure in wrists with rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty-seven patients who had surgery on 38 wrists were followed for 5 to 14 years, with an average of 7.4 years. There were 25 female and two male patients with an average age of 54 years. Over 95% had excellent pain relief. There was significant reduction of wrist motion, but the arc of motion was within a functional range. Subsequent tendon rupture was minimal and even tendons found to be thinned out at the time of surgery remained intact. There was no recurrence of synovitis. Carpal measurements were done by using the pisiform bone as a reference point. The carpal height was maintained in 70% of the wrists. Carpal translocation occurred in 44% of the wrists. Three patients required wrist arthrodesis, and five, arthroplasty. Carpal collapse and translocation could not be predicted by preoperative x-rays. Progressive carpal collapse was associated with increasing ulnar deviation of fingers. Progression of carpal collapse and ulnar translocation occurred in a linear fashion with the years of follow-up. PMID- 6643960 TI - Gouty involvement of a flexor tendon in the hand. AB - Gouty tenosynovitis is a well-recognized entity. However, its presentation as a localized mass in the palm is unusual and often not considered in the differential diagnosis. We report a case in which a localized deposit of urate crystals in a flexor tendon presented as a discrete palmar mass. PMID- 6643961 TI - Evaluation of functional sensation in the hand. AB - The ability to predict hand function based upon the degree of sensory impairment is required in determining disability rating, evaluating patients for reconstructive surgery, measuring end results of nerve repairs, and following peripheral neuropathies. The present study evaluated the ability of four tests of sensibility to predict hand function. It was found that the moving two-point discrimination test best correlated with the patient's ability to identify objects with the fingertips, p less than 0.001. The time required for object recognition correlated best with the static two-point discrimination test, p less than 0.001. This study also suggests that the most precise prediction of functional sensation in the hand requires the combined use of both these tests. PMID- 6643962 TI - Correlation of histology and sensibility after nerve repair. AB - The partially denervated human fingertip was used as a model to correlate results of a detailed evaluation of sensibility with the presence of reinnervated sensory corpuscles identified by light and electron microscopy. In each of the three patients studied, the histologically identified reinnervated mechanoreceptors were appropriate to provide the neurophysiologic basis for the observed results of clinically tested sensibility. PMID- 6643963 TI - Flexor superficialis tendon transfers to the thumb--an alternative to the free tendon graft for treatment of chronic injuries within the digital sheath. AB - Transfer of a flexor digitorum superficialis tendon is an effective procedure in restoring active flexion of the thumb following old lacerations or ruptures of the flexor pollicis longus tendon within the digital sheath when tendon repair or advancement is not possible. The ample length of the transferred tendon and, more importantly, its normal excursion make it the preferred procedure to the alternative tendon graft. The operation is usually carried out as a one-stage procedure, but, if there is severe scarring, it can follow the preliminary insertion of a silicone rod. For 23 patients, the operation was performed in a single stage in 18 and in 5 after insertion of a silicone rod. Postoperative mobility of the interphalangeal joint averaged 53.5 degrees. Mobility of the donor ring finger was complete in all patients. PMID- 6643964 TI - Clinical use of refrigerated flexor tendon allografts to replace a silicone rubber rod. AB - Thirty-five patients with grades II through V flexor tendon damage in 42 fingers were treated first with a silicone rubber rod prosthesis and later with a flexor tendon allograft. The final results were evaluated by recording the distance each finger lacked in flexing to the distal palmar crease and by recording the total active motion of each finger. By the first measurement, 63% had good flexion, 21% fair, and 16% poor; and 8% had good total active motion, 71% fair, and 21% poor. An allograft can be used successfully in a two-stage reconstruction of flexor tendons, but based on other reports, an autograft may provide somewhat better results. PMID- 6643965 TI - The in vivo effects of various immunoreactive treatments on allogeneic tendon grafts. AB - The immunologic antigenicity of tendons after various treatments was investigated by means of the complement-dependent cytotoxicity test in two strains of inbred rats. Allogeneic tendons treated by various methods were grafted into rats, and the survival of the grafted tendons was observed macro- and microscopically. Paraformaldehyde-treated allogeneic tendons showed the least immunologic response. The remaining treated allogeneic tendons showed moderate to marked immunologic responses. These in vivo results correlated with those obtained in previous in vitro experiments. PMID- 6643966 TI - Dorsal transposition flap for reconstruction of lateral or medial oblique amputations of the thumb with exposure of bone. AB - A dorsal transposition flap for the treatment of medial or lateral oblique amputations of the thumb is indicated when the amputation extends proximal or up to the eponychial fold with loss of the paronychial fold and exposure of bone. The procedure, exemplified in three typical cases, obviates the need for cross digit flaps and avoids the risk of digital stiffness. PMID- 6643967 TI - Toe-to-thumb transfer in congenital grade III thumb hypoplasia. AB - A 13-year-old boy had his right second toe transplanted to his right hand to replace a hypoplastic thumb. The free transfer included the second metatarsal bone and the vascular connection was by a dorsalis pedis flap. PMID- 6643968 TI - Keys to successful second toe-to-hand transfer: a review of 30 cases. AB - Thirty cases of second toe-to-hand transfers are reported in which there were no failures. Factors judged to be important in these successful results include the careful choice of the donor site, distal to proximal exposure of first metatarsal artery, ensuring adequate perfusion of the toe before severing its vessels, and meticulous postoperative care. PMID- 6643969 TI - Anomalous hands with cleft formation between the fourth and fifth digits. AB - Three similar cases of cleft hand deformities between the fourth and fifth digits accompanied by hypoplasia of the small finger are reported. After analyses of clinical photographs, radiographs, angiograms, and dermatoglyphic prints of these abnormal hands, it is difficult to fit them into either the ulnar ray deficiency or cleft hand categories of the system of classification adopted by the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand. PMID- 6643970 TI - Painless osteoid osteoma of the fingers--report of three cases. AB - Two cases of proven osteoid osteoma and one case of probable osteoid osteoma of the fingers are reported. All three cases lacked the cardinal feature of pain typical of the lesion. Swelling and enlargement of the digit were the presenting symptoms. The explanation for the lack of pain in these cases is thought to be an absence, or diminished amount, of nerve tissue within the nidus, which occurs in a growing phalanx, preventing rigid bony encapsulation. PMID- 6643971 TI - Rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid after excision of dorsal carpal ganglion and wrist manipulation--a case report. AB - Surgical excision of a ganglion on the dorsum of the wrist is usually a benign procedure. The most frequent complications are transient postoperative stiffness and recurrence of the ganglion. This paper reports the development of a rotatory subluxation of the scaphoid after the manipulation of the wrist of a patient who had developed postoperative stiffness after the surgical excision of a dorsal wrist ganglion. This unusual complication was successfully treated by closed pinning under radiographic control followed by immobilization in palmar flexion. Manipulation of the wrist for the management of postoperative stiffness is rarely, if ever, indicated. Limitation of motion of a wrist without underlying structural changes is best managed by gentle, gradual splinting, both static and dynamic. It is suggested that preoperative x-rays should be obtained as part of the routine workup for a dorsal wrist ganglion. PMID- 6643972 TI - An unusual fracture of the scaphoid. AB - A case of unusual displacement of the proximal pole of an acute scaphoid fracture is presented. The usual mechanism of scaphoid fracture, dorsiflexion of the wrist, probably did not pertain in this case. We believe that a palmar hyperflexion injury to the wrist drove the proximal pole through the dorsal capsule. On extension of the wrist, the dorsal lip of the radius sheared off the proximal pole. PMID- 6643973 TI - Bilateral Kienbock's disease. AB - Kienbock's disease has been a well-recognized disorder of the wrist since it was first described in 1910. It has not been reported to occur bilaterally. We have recently treated two men who presented with bilateral Kienbock's disease. PMID- 6643974 TI - AO arthrodesis in the hand. AB - The Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (AO) method of arthrodesis has been used in 83 patients (110 joints). The overall success rate of fusion was 96%. At the level of the wrist 93% of patients obtained a fusion, with 96% at the metacarpophalangeal level and 100% in the proximal interphalangeal joints. A low incidence of complications was encountered. The method offers a highly reliable fusion rate with excellent relief of pain. PMID- 6643975 TI - Carotid injury and cerebral infarction in a revascularization hand injury case. AB - A case of internal carotid artery thrombosis with cerebral infarction occurring in a patient with a massive hand injury is presented. In this case it can be postulated that the mechanism of injury was that of traction of the carotid during the patient's attempts at release of an immobilized extremity. Although the diagnosis of such an injury is difficult, the knowledge that such injuries occur and a suspicion of the examining physician at the time of the initial examination may help avoid such problems in the future. PMID- 6643976 TI - Double tourniquet with linked mercury manometers for hand surgery. AB - Double tourniquets linked to separate Freon cannisters and two mercury manometers have been effective in maintaining ischemia in over 1,000 consecutive hand surgery operations. The mercury manometers permit constant accurate monitoring of the tourniquet pressure. The cuffs are used alternately. Each is inflated for up to 1 hour in order to limit the duration of nerve compression deep to the cuff. If there is malfunction of either cuff, the other cuff may be inflated at once. This system has permitted sustained ischemia in the upper extremity for up to 3 1/2 hours at a constant tourniquet pressure with no permanent clinically apparent sequellae. There has been no permanent nerve injury, although patients with more than 2 hours of tourniquet time often note hypoesthesia or paresthesia for 1 or 2 days. The alternating double tourniquet linked to a mercury manometer permits up to 3 1/2 hours of continuous ischemia of the upper limb with little risk of nerve damage. PMID- 6643978 TI - Extension contracture of the wrist: a case report. AB - Progressive extension contracture of the wrist of a 19-year-old female patient was noted at operation to be due to shortening of the extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis. Satisfactory wrist motion was restored with Z-plasty tendon lengthening of these two muscles. There was no apparent abnormality of the muscle bellies and no identifiable cause of the muscular contracture. A review of the literature revealed no previously reported cases of this kind. PMID- 6643977 TI - The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve as a highly suitable autograft donor for the digital nerve. AB - The lateral antebrachial cutaneous and digital nerves were compared by a histomorphometric method in each patient from a series of patients in whom a digital nerve was grafted with the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve as donor. Statistical analysis by the paired Student's test of paired data sets from all patients showed that there was no significant difference between the two nerves in regard to the following parameters: fascicular area, area of the entire nerve bundle, and percent of the nerve bundle occupied by the actual nerve fascicles. These data, together with other observations reported here, strongly support the hypothesis that the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve closely resembles the original fascicular pattern of the digital nerve and is, therefore, a highly suitable donor for the digital nerve. PMID- 6643979 TI - The tendon perforating forceps. PMID- 6643980 TI - Sarcoidosis of the hand. PMID- 6643981 TI - Local complexity and central bureaucracy in Finnish health care planning. AB - The 1972 Primary Health Care Act in Finland has generally been considered very successful. In many respects this may be true. From an administrative point of view, however, this act has not worked satisfactorily. Data are given on the bureaucratic inertia introduced by the new planning system mandated by the act, and some general criticism is offered of the claims of success made by public health officials. PMID- 6643982 TI - Comprehensive primary care at the neighborhood level: an Israeli experiment that failed. AB - This paper is an analysis of the first stage of a demonstration program designed to integrate within neighborhood clinics various health and welfare services that were previously provided separately. The program included the active participation of quasi-public, governmental, private, philanthropic, and university institutions. The purpose here is to understand the failure to achieve the original goals and purposes. The analysis takes an organizational perspective, and should contribute to a better understanding of why programs designed to change existing service-delivery systems are inclined to fail. Although this is a case-study of a demonstration program in Israel, the findings should have relevance and interest for academicians and professionals in other countries. PMID- 6643983 TI - Common sense meets implementation: certificate-of-need regulation in the states. PMID- 6643984 TI - The push for reprivatization of health care services in Canada, Britain, and the United States. AB - Progress towards the equity objective in health has been seriously threatened in recent years by attempts to halt or reverse the direction of postwar policy and reprivatize the health care systems of Canada, Britain, and the United States. This article examines the individuals and groups who advocate reprivatization, analyzes the major concepts involved, and discusses the possible causes of the push for reprivatization. A detailed examination of policy outputs and their likely consequences leads to the conclusion that the push for reprivatization will exacerbate the problems, and that governments would be better advised to pursue policies that would restructure and redesign the supply side of their health systems. PMID- 6643985 TI - Population structure and Mdh-1 locus variation in Apis mellifera ligustica. AB - In a wide area of the Piedmont of Italy the apiaries of Apis mellifera ligustica Spin., (the Italian bee) show homogeneous allelic frequency distributions at the Mdh-1 locus, the only one known to be polymorphic in worker bees. This can be explained by considering that an apiary is not a closed genetic system and that among apiaries gene flow is sufficient to overcome the different forces of inbreeding and random genetic drift. Nevertheless there is some evidence for partial subdivision because the pooled samples show a weak Wahlund effect. Moreover, the M allele at the same locus can be used as a diagnostic marker to distinguish A. m. ligustica populations (M absent or at very low frequencies) from A. m. mellifera French populations (monomorphic for M). The two honey-bee varieties, almost entirely separated by the Alps, hybridize with each other in very limited alpine areas. Hybrid populations show intermediate M frequencies. PMID- 6643986 TI - Double balanced chromosomal translocation carrier (6;8), (13;14)--a case report. AB - This paper reports the identification of a carrier of two different balanced chromosomal translocations (45,XX,-13,-14, + t(13q;14q), t(6;8) (p11;p12]. Ascertainment occurred during family studies following prenatal diagnosis performed because of advanced maternal age. Family pedigree and past reproductive difficulties also are reviewed, and the theoretical probability of producing a phenotypically normal offspring is explored. We are unaware of previously published observations in which two different balanced autosomal translocations are found in the same individual. PMID- 6643987 TI - Components of major urinary proteins (MUP's) in the mouse. Sex, strain, and subspecies differences. AB - The differences in electrophoretic patterns of major urinary proteins (MUP's) due to sex, strain, and subspecies of the mouse (Mus musculus) were examined by the combined methods of agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation. The MUP's from the male of common laboratory inbred mice (M. m. domesticus) showed a component that was absent in females of the same strain, in addition to a strain specific component that was determined by the Mup-1 allele carried by the strain. In MOA mice, an inbred strain from M. m. molossinus (Japanese wild mice), there was no apparent sex difference in the constitution of the components. The MUP's from this strain contained a major component that was virtually absent in those from laboratory mice, but lacked the strain-specific components of laboratory mice. In addition, the present methods revealed that both liver and serum contained MUP's consisting of components similar to those found in the urine from the same sex and strain. PMID- 6643988 TI - Influence of combination of sexes of children on family size in an Indian population. AB - During 1972-74 and 1977-78 data on sex composition of children were collected in the Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh, India. Significantly more parents ceased having children when the first few children were of different sexes. Among those families with children of the same sex, there were significantly more all male children than all-female children. Positive correlations were observed between the sexes of successive births. PMID- 6643989 TI - [Morphometric studies on the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine creatinine sulfate and noradrenaline bitartrate on the growth of cerebral cortex explants in vitro]. AB - Explants of cerebral cortex of neonatal rats were cultivated up to 15 DIV being treated with 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline, resp. Effects of exogenous transmitters on the growth of explants were investigated by means of morphometrical methods. Different effects on the growth depending on the duration of cultivation and the type of transmitter administered were found. Stimulatory influences have been seen to occur up to 4 DIV (noradrenaline) and up to 2 DIV (serotonin). PMID- 6643990 TI - Development of the subcommissural organ in the albino mouse (a Golgi study). AB - The Subcommissural organ (SCO) of the albino mouse has been examined using the Golgi method and stained paraffin sections from embryonic age E 11 up to adulthood. The SCO cells can first be distinguished from adjacent structures at E 14, but are not fully differentiated until the age of 6 postnatal weeks. The first signs of cytological maturation occur during early postnatal life with a progressive invagination of the nuclear membrane and a transformation of the peripheral processes, which involute or are lost in adulthood. The hypendyma appears at the age of three weeks. A third type of cell is described which is interpreted as a transitional element between ependymal and hypendymal SCO cells. In general, the mouse SCO is characterized by an early appearance in prenatal life and a late acquisition of the final differentiated state. PMID- 6643991 TI - Regeneration of spinal neurons in inframammalian vertebrates: morphological and developmental aspects. AB - This review discusses regeneration of spinal neurons in inframammalian vertebrates. In contrast to the limited regeneration of nerve fibers in mammalian spinal cord, relatively complete regeneration of spinal cord, including the formation of new neurons, occurs in cyclostomes, selachians, teleosts, and urodele amphibians. The various experimental techniques which have been used to accelerate or enhance regeneration of spinal cord, such as implantation of peripheral nerve bridges, application of growth factors or chemical agents, and the application of exogenous electrical fields, are discussed. Processes involved in regeneration of other systems, e.g., the trophic effect of nerve fibers, the effect of certain hormones, and the effects of the blastema, are discussed as they may relate to regeneration in the spinal cord. Recent work on the factors which influence nerve outgrowth is discussed. Factors such as diffusible chemical gradients, contact with other cells, pre-formed channels for nerve growth, and differences in adhesivity of neurites for the substratum may act to control the direction of axon outgrowth in regeneration as well as normal embryonic development. This article next reviews work from our laboratory on regeneration of spinal neurons in the teleost, Sternarchus albifrons. We have used Sternarchus as a model system for the study of regeneration and remyelination since: 1. spinal cord readily regenerates after amputation of the tail, 2. new nerve cell bodies are formed during this regeneration, and 3. Sternarchus contains large neurogenic electric organs which also regenerate after tail amputation. The axons of the electric organ arise from spinal neurons and have a highly specific and complex morphology which is recapitulated after regeneration. Studies on Sternarchus indicate that new nerve cell bodies are produced during regeneration from the enlarged ependymal cells. Initially, many more of the electromotor neurons are produced in regenerated spinal cord than are present normally. Cell death subsequently occurs in some of these asynaptic cells, reducing the number of electrocytes in older regenerated cord to a more normal condition. The spinal electromotor neurons in Sternarchus have also been used to demonstrate that section of the axon in an asynaptic neuron will produce a typical "axon reaction" in the cell body. It is interesting that cell death during regeneration and the retrograde axon reaction both appear to occur without loss of synaptic elements in these normally asynaptic cells. Neurites grow through regenerating Sternarchus spinal cord in small bundles, in close contact with adjacent ependymal cell processes. Longitudinal channels, filled with neurites, are seen extending through many stages of regenerating Sternarchus cord, usually near the periphery of the cord. There are numerous invaginations of the peripheral edge of regenerating cord and its associated external lamina. These infoldings may be involved in the generation of the neurite filled channels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6643992 TI - Altered axons and axon terminals in the nucleus gracilis of the dog. AB - Altered axons and axon terminals in the nucleus gracilis o the dogs were followed by means of electron microscopy. The axon terminals with characteristic ultrastructure were accompanied by synapses with altered presynaptic part. The changes of the presynaptic part were expressed by the evident decrease in synaptic vesicle number, hyperplasia of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and by abnormal mitochondrial figures. The altered axons measuring 14,6 micrometers in average contained hyperplastic and quite often dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum as well as multiplied microtubular profiles. The mitochondria of the altered axons were characterized by the different degree of degeneration. The above mentioned structures in synapses as well as in axoplasma of the nucleus gracilis were found in the dogs of both sexes. PMID- 6643993 TI - Ultrastructural development of raphe nuclei in the bat (Myotis myotis). AB - The development and ultrastructural features of the raphe nuclei of Microchiroptera Myotis myotis have been studied. Fetuses of different ages, newborn, young and adult bats were examined. Important fetal features were abundant mitoses and an incomplete cytokinesis between daughter cells. A medialward migration of reticular formation neurons was observed. The migration began in the third week of intrauterine life and continued through the sixth week of intrauterine life. In six-week-old fetuses it was possible to distinguish neuronal groups, although the delineation of borders for specific raphe nuclei was still arbitrary. Two types of neurons were distinguished at this stage and at all later stages, and both were present at all levels of the raphe complex. In the nine-week-old fetus the eight raphe nuclei were well-delineated. Newborn bats showed a great increase in cytoplasmic organelles and, also, in the myelination of neuronal fibers. No essential differences between young and adult bats were found. PMID- 6643994 TI - [Relation between lipofuscin content and organelle density in pyramidal cells of laminae III and V of area 10 (Brodmann) of the cerebral frontal lobe of humans of different ages]. AB - The areal portion of the lipofuscin granules and mitochondria contained in ultrathin sections, the length of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the numerical density of ribosomes were determined in the pyramidal cells of layers III and V of area 10 (Brodmann) of the frontal brains of six newly died persons of different ages. This revealed considerable differences in lipofuscin contents and numerical density of organelles between the pyramidal cells and greater values, on an average, for the pyramidal cells of layer III. The comparison of averages for the single brains did not show the continuity nor the age dependence of changes but rather the individual variability of these processes. The expected decrease of the density of organelles with increasing lipofuscin contents was found more frequently only at extremely high values of lipofuscin contents. It becomes evident that even under the conditions of lipofuscin accumulation the permanently necessary physiological renewal of cell structures involved in metabolism is guaranteed over a longer period of time and that their full performance is almost completely unimpaired during this phase. PMID- 6643995 TI - Light and electron microscopic observations of the oculomotor nucleus in the frog, Rana ridibunda. AB - The oculomotor nucleus of the frog Rana ridibunda was studied with both light and electron microscopy. This nucleus shows two different motoneuronal groups, ventromedial and dorsolateral. As demonstrate in Golgi impregnations and Nissl stained material there are two cell types of oculomotor neurons, large and small, which range from 16 to 20 micrometers and 11 to 15 micrometers in diameter of cell body respectively. Examination of the large cells with the electron microscope reveals within their cytoplasm, as an impressive feature, a high concentration of granular endoplasmic reticulum which displays layered arrays and a well-developed Golgi apparatus scattered throughout. On the contrary, small cell cytoplasm is just a thin perinuclear rim and the scarce cell organelles are scattered and the rough endoplasmic reticulum do not form a layered arrangement. Two different sort of synapses were found either on the perikaryon or the dendritic trunks of both cell types. Both of them show a big amount of clear presynaptic isodiametric vesicles, and there are only few dense core or flattened vesicles. But a part of these contacts have prominent subsynaptic cisterns. Electrical coupling in the oculomotor nucleus lacks evidences. PMID- 6643996 TI - [Structures of telencephalic projection in the pigeon. Identification by marking with horseradish peroxidase]. AB - The sites of origin of afferents to the telencephalon in the pigeon were investigated using the HRP technique (TMB). Following large multiple injections of the enzyme into the cerebral hemisphere, peroxidase-positive neurons were identified at diencephalic levels: ipsilaterally in DLM, DMA, DLP, DIP, DMP, Rt, Ov, SRt and SCE/SCI; bilaterally in DLA and SPC. At mesencephalic and posterior brainstem levels, HRP-labeled neurons were found: ipsilaterally in AVT, ZpNIII, ICo, FRM, FRL, TP and SCv; bilaterally in GCt, ZpFLM, neurons were found: ipsilaterally in AVT, ZpNIII, ICo, FRM, FRL, TP and SCv; bilaterally in GCt, ZpFLM, Annul, LoC, LC and PrV. Smaller injections of HRP into different regions of the telencephalon demonstrated, for some of the latter structures, either single or multiple projections upon topographically distinct subdivisions. PMID- 6643997 TI - A light and electron microscope study of the basal optic system in the reptile Vipera aspis. AB - The basal optic system of the reptile Vipera aspis was investigated under both light and electron microscopy. The basal optic root (BOR), mainly composed of large diameter myelinated fibers (congruent to 2 micrometers) terminates in he nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR). The different histological techniques employed disclose a neuronal population distributed in the following three categories: 1) small neurons, of low proportion (21%), have cytological features which allow their classification as Golgi type II neurons, 2) medium-sized neurons (35%) and 3) large multipolar neurons (44%). Both of the latter types of neurons are contacted by optic terminals. Neuroglial elements, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microgliacytes were observed either in an intermediate fascicular or perineuronal satellite position. The neuropil of nBOR is made up of both axonal and dendritic profiles. The dendrites which contain synaptic vesicles (DCSVs) are not numerous (15% of the total population of profiles containing synaptic vesicles, PCSVs) and have the peculiarity of participating in serial and triadic arrangements within glomerulus-like structures where they are postsynaptic to optic terminals. Six types of axon terminals have been identified. Those containing a more or less spheroidal synaptic vesicle population are subdivided in two classes: S 1, the optic terminals being the most numerous (48,5% of the total PCSVs) and S 2 (19% of the total PCSVs). On the basis of density of flattened synaptic vesicles, F type terminals are classified either as F 1 (9%) or F 2 (8%), the first being more densely packed with synaptic vesicles. A very low proportion of terminals (0,5%) comprises a mixed population of large granular vesicles (G) associated with rounded or ellipsoidal synaptic vesicles. Occasionally, gap junctions are observed between an axon terminal and a dendritic profile. The present results show a similarity of synaptic circuitry when compared to bird and mammal nBOR. PMID- 6643998 TI - Homosexuality and social sex roles: a re-evaluation. PMID- 6643999 TI - Femininity, masculinity, and sexual orientation: some cross-cultural comparisons. AB - Predominantly homosexual males from Australia (n = 163), Sweden (n = 176) and Finland (n = 149) were compared on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and on various measures of partner preference in order to establish the relationship between degree of homosexuality in terms of Kinsey Scale position and gender identity. Results suggest that while there is no relationship between femininity and degree of homosexuality, masculinity is inversely related depending on the degree of sex role stereotyping and anti-homosexual attitudes of the society the subjects live in. Such findings suggest that deviant gender identity is a function not of homosexuality as such but of societal attitudes which may reinforce a homosexual role. PMID- 6644000 TI - Conceptions of masculinity and femininity as a basis for stereotypes of male and female homosexuals. AB - To date the majority of research published in relation to homosexuality has been concerned with the homosexual's problems, and with the etiology of homosexuality. As little as 8% of published research has dealt with attitudes toward homosexuals, and less still has been concerned with perceptions of and beliefs about homosexuals. Existing research on the latter is reviewed, and research is outlined that investigates perceptions of homosexuals. Stereotypes of male and female homosexuals are examined in the context of masculine-feminine traits using the Personality Attributes Questionnaire. Results strongly support the view that sex role definitions are a highly salient reference point for the public definition of homosexuals. PMID- 6644001 TI - Sex role stereotypes, gender identity and parental relationships in male homosexuals and heterosexuals. AB - The sex-role stereotypes held by heterosexual and homosexual men were examined by comparing their Repertory Grid scores. It was found that homosexual men held less rigid sex-role stereotypes than heterosexuals. Degree of opposite-sex identification was marginally greater in homosexuals, but neither group showed strong masculine or feminine stereotypic identification. Homosexual men perceived themselves as psychologically more distant from their fathers than did their heterosexual counterparts; this was probably an effect of homosexuality rather than a cause. PMID- 6644002 TI - Is the distant relationship of fathers and homosexual sons related to the sons' erotic preference for male partners, or to the sons' atypical gender identity, or to both? AB - Study 1 compared the retrospectively reported father-son relationships of four groups of adult males: (a) Gynephiles (males who erotically prefer physically mature females), (b) androphiles (who prefer physically mature males), (c) a combined group of heterosexual pedophiles and pedohebephiles (the latter being attracted to pubescent as well as prepubescent females), and (d) a combined group of homosexual pedophiles and pedohebephiles (the latter attracted to pubescent as well as prepubescent males). The gynephiles were paid volunteers; the latter three groups were patients. The androphiles, the only group among those compared known to exhibit a measurably greater degree of cross gender identity in childhood, were also the only group to report significantly poorer father-son relations. The homosexual pedo/pedohebephiles, who also prefer male partners but who exhibit typical male gender identity in childhood, did not differ in father son relations from the gynephiles or the heterosexual pedo/pedohebephiles. Study 2 showed that, within a sample of nonpatient volunteer androphiles, those individuals who reported the greatest degree of cross gender behavior in childhood also tended to report the worst relationships with their fathers. This correlation was replicated within a sample of androphilic patients in Study 3. The consistent pattern of results obtained from these three studies suggests that the emotionally distant relationships of fathers and androphilic sons relate to the sons' atypical childhood gender identity (or observable gender role behavior) rather than to the sons' erotic preference for male partners per se. PMID- 6644003 TI - Parental and interpersonal relationships of transsexual and masculine and feminine homosexual men. AB - A group of transsexual and homosexual men was examined using the Leary Test as a psycho-sociogram, and findings were compared to those from a group of heterosexual men. It was found that the fathers of homosexuals and transsexuals were more hostile and less dominant than the fathers of the control group and hence less desirable identification models. The average mothers of transsexuals were close to the ideal person in our culture, e.g., dominant, strong and kindly, and thus an imposing identification model. Heterosexual men and transsexuals, in their behavior towards their wives, on the average identified with the models set by their fathers. Effeminate homosexuals in relations towards their male partners on the average identified with their mothers. Non-effeminate homosexuals modeled their behavior somewhere between both parents. Heterosexual men tended to choose wives modelled on their mothers and modelled their behavior towards their wives on their fathers' behavior. Non-effeminate homosexuals tended to choose their male partners according to the model set by their mothers and behaved toward them in a more dominant manner than any of the other groups studied (effeminate homosexuals, non-effeminate homosexuals and transsexuals). Effeminate homosexuals on average chose the most dominant male partners and modelled their behavior toward them on that of their mothers. The wives of transsexuals were rated as the most hostile. The self-esteem of all the groups studied suffered from lack of dominance. On the average, non-effeminate homosexuals were found to be closest to the heterosexual norms, transsexuals the furthest. PMID- 6644004 TI - Psychological characteristics of bisexual, heterosexual and homosexual women. AB - One hundred and twenty-five female volunteers completed a questionnaire designed to measure masculinity, femininity, body cathexis, and self-esteem. Women were categorized as bisexual, heterosexual or homosexual according to self-labeling and according to erotic preference. The proportion of androgynous and undifferentiated individuals was much greater among self-labeled homosexual women. Feminine individuals were conspicuously under-represented among self labeled homosexual and bisexual women. Women who reported both opposite-sex and same-sex sexual experiences, regardless of their self-label or erotic preference, were more agentic (i.e., possessed more socially desirable masculine traits), more satisfied with their bodies and its functions, more satisfied with both their sexual activities and their biological sex, and more satisfied with themselves and their abilities than were women who only reported opposite-sex sexual experiences. PMID- 6644005 TI - A comparison among three measures of social sex-role. AB - This study compared the De Cecco-Shively Social Sex-Role Inventory (DSI) with the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ). The analysis, comparing methods of femininity and masculinity trait description, assessment, and scoring procedures among the instruments, was obtained by administering the three inventories to a sample of seventy-nine respondents. Femininity and masculinity scores in each inventory were then classified by assigning these scores to appropriate quadrants according to median splits. Additionally, Pearson product-moment correlations were calculated in order to compare the overall femininity and masculinity scores among each of the three measures. The BSRI and PAQ were found to be in somewhat closer agreement with each other than with the DSI. The DSI provides for measurement of a greater spectrum of types of variables, and also allows more flexibility regarding personal and situational factors associated with assessment of social sex-role. PMID- 6644006 TI - Bacterial meningitis in Nottingham. AB - Records of 171 cases of bacterial meningitis admitted to Nottingham hospitals from January 1974 to June 1980 were reviewed. The distribution of organisms producing meningitis and the factors influencing mortality in different age groups were assessed. Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for 69% of all proven cases. The overall mortality was 26% being lowest in patients with meningococcal meningitis (0%) and highest in those with pneumococcal meningitis (53%). The following factors were associated with a poor prognosis: age more than 40 years, or less than 2 months; state of consciousness on admission; high CSF protein concentration; and a positive blood culture. There was no evidence that antibiotic therapy prior to admission affected prognosis. Although many laboratory findings were altered by prior treatment with antibiotics, this did not prevent the establishment of a diagnosis in the individual patient. PMID- 6644008 TI - The isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from flies. AB - Living flies collected from three locations were cultured on selective medium for Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from five (2.4%) of 210 flies examined. These results suggest that the potential hazard to health from the transmission of campylobacters from animals to human food by flies is small. PMID- 6644007 TI - Evaluation and use of the drug inhibition method of measuring intracellular killing in differentiating between staphylococci grown in vivo and in vitro. AB - A Staphylococcus aureus strain grown once in vivo in rabbit pleural cavities was appreciably more resistant to killing by soluble polymorph bactericidins than its broth-grown counterpart. Parallel results were obtained using an adaptation of Solberg's drug-inhibition method of measuring intracellular killing after critical aspects of it had been evaluated and modified. Individual in vivo grown organisms were surrounded by a layer of less dense material which was not capsular in nature but which made the organisms clump together. This surface coating was lost on subculture in vitro, resulting in a reversion to broth-like susceptibility, thus indicating that the surface coating was largely responsible for the enhanced resistance and that it resulted from interactions between staphylococci and components of the rabbits' natural body fluids. Consequently, growth in plasma produced organisms which mimicked in vivo grown organisms in clumping, surface coating and in resistance to killing. The use of plasma-grown staphylococci in further studies of likely resistance mechanisms in vivo is discussed. PMID- 6644009 TI - Milk-borne campylobacter enteritis in a rural area. AB - During November and December 1981 more than 50 residents in a village in Derbyshire had an acute gastrointestinal illness. One month later a second outbreak occurred affecting another 22 people. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 12 patients; no other gastrointestinal pathogens were identified. A case control study showed an association with the consumption of unpasteurized milk from one particular farm. No new cases were identified for 6 months following the application of a Pasteurization Order from 26 January to 23 February 1982. PMID- 6644010 TI - Salmonella saint-paul infection in two dairy herds. AB - An outbreak of salmonellosis due to Salmonella saint-paul in two dairy herds was first detected during routine examination of calves soon after calving; infection reached 100% amongst calves and up to 60% amongst milking cows. Excretion by cows continued for over 12 months and by calves for up to 18 months. The most important factor in controlling the spread of infection was reduction of environmental contamination by removal of carriers, prompt antibiotic treatment of sick calves and reduction in stocking densities. PMID- 6644011 TI - Salmonella saint-paul infection in calves. AB - A natural outbreak of Salmonella saint-paul infection in two Institute herds was monitored clinically, bacteriologically and immunologically. This paper describes the findings in calves. Morbidity and mortality became apparent 30 days after S. saint-paul was first isolated on routine sampling of neonatal calf faeces. All heifer calves were treated with a tetracycline or ampicillin preparation when they showed clinical signs of disease, while the effects of intradermal vaccination with heat-killed S. saint-paul were assessed in a proportion of the bull calves. Antibiotic treatment reduced mortality and the number of persistent excretors; vaccination did not affect mortality but, if given during the first week of life, reduced the duration of faecal excretion. Calves which were untreated and unvaccinated, or vaccinated when older than 16 days, excreted S. saint-paul for periods of up to 18 months. Of six 'recovered' calves, which had been negative on faecal culture for 5-8 weeks, four yielded S. saint-paul at necropsy. Agglutinating antibody titres were highest in those unvaccinated calves which were persistent excretors. PMID- 6644012 TI - Effect of stool storage at room temperature on salmonella isolation from faeces. AB - Stools, known to have contained salmonellas were cultured in three enrichment media on arrival at the laboratory. The three media were laboratory prepared selenite F, laboratory prepared Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate and commercially obtained Oxoid Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate (CM343). Where faecal samples were sufficiently large, they were stored at room temperature and re-examined using the same three enrichment broths. Whether fresh or stored stools were investigated, the laboratory prepared media were significantly more efficient than the commercial medium. In a straight comparison of the two laboratory prepared media, no significant difference in efficiency was evident with fresh stool samples. With stored specimens, however, Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate was significantly better than selenite F. This finding might be relevant in examining samples delayed in the post. PMID- 6644013 TI - Efficacy of alpha-chlorhydrin in sewer rat control. AB - A single application of the male chemosterilant, alpha-chlorhydrin, to a problem sewer rat infestation resulted in reductions of rat numbers and distribution which was comparable to effects of warfarin baiting methods. Rat numbers were reduced by more than 85% by both methods. More rapid mortality and recruitment were evident for warfarin effects; the alpha-chlorhydrin treated population had a longer lag phase of growth so that reinfestation of sewer habitat to pre treatment numbers, and distribution over a 40 square block area, required approximately 1.5-2 times longer after alpha-chlorhydrin treatment when compared with warfarin treatment. Comparisons of changes in rat densities in infested sewers following the two treatments indicate that recovery of warfarin treated populations is achieved by reproductive recruitment followed by dispersal while alpha-chlorhydrin treated populations recover by slower immigration and later reproductive recruitment. Alpha-chlorohydrin should be a useful addition to a limited arsenal of rat control agents because of its specificity for the Norway rat, its single dose effectiveness as a toxicant-chemosterilant, and its short environmental half-life. PMID- 6644015 TI - Experimental infection of Nematospiroides dubius in Swiss albino mice. IX. Effect of dose break up on the serum protein patterns. AB - The present study concerns with the effects of larval inoculation with either a single dose or two or more spaced doses of 200 larvae on the serum protein profiles. No significant difference occurred in the various fractions among the three groups indicating that the total quantity of antigenic stimulation in the most important factor in eliciting such changes, no matter whether the dose is given once or spaced in two or three small doses. Serum protein fractions of Swiss albino mice undergoing experimental infection of Nematospiroides dubius do not tend to rise further due to repeated exposures in comparison to those that received a challenge dose only (1). Hence, experiments were designed to ascertain whether there is any difference in serum protein patterns due to breaking up of the infective dose into two or three spaced doses of N. dubius larvae. PMID- 6644014 TI - Allomonads - a new group of microorganisms of the Vibrionaceae family. AB - A total of 24 strains of microorganisms with basic marks relating them to the family of Vibrionaceae were isolated from human faeces, liquid sewage and waters of surface reservoirs contaminated with sewage. The study of biological, cultural and biochemical characteristics, determination of phenotypic similarity according to Adanson-Sneath, investigation of DNA composition and extent of DNA hybridization by the methods of gene taxonomy induced us to establish taxonomic independence of the discovered strains at the level of the genus Allomonas gen. nov. with so far the only species A. enterica sp. nov. PMID- 6644016 TI - Effectiveness of methoprene-impregnated baits in the control of Monomorium pharaonis ant populations infesting health establishment and households. AB - The use of baits consisting of dried egg yolks and impregnated with 0.5% of methoprene, loosely applied twice within 8-12 days at the rate of 1 g of bait per 3-6 m2 of floor surface area at each application was found to result consequently in a complete eradication of M. pharaonis ant populations in two medium-size health establishments and in one apartment house. Under more favorable conditions in another health establishment the use of methoprene-impregnated baits applied twice at the average dose of 1 g per as many as 46 m2 floor area proved equally effective in ensuring permanent eradication of ants. Providing that all colonies on the premises can be affected by bait a complete eradication of ants can be expected within 100 days after the first application of bait. PMID- 6644017 TI - Urinary excretion of mercapturates as a biological indicator of exposure to electrophilic agents. AB - The urinary excretion of mercapturates was followed photometrically in individuals exposed to styrene, a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons, butadiene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-bromo-2-chloroethane (Halothane), ethylene oxide, epichlorhydrin, bis(chloromethyl)-ether, N-methylacrylamide, dimethylformamide, nitrosamines or cis-platinum and in groups of controls, smokers and nonsmokers, males and females, the residents of city P, industrial town V.M. and mountain village S. The increase in the urinary excretion of mercapturates was found in individuals exposed to styrene, aromatic hydrocarbons, dimethylformamide, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, and in smokers. In groups of controls, the lowest mercapturate concentrations were detected in the urine samples of nonsmokers from the mountain village S. where the degree of air pollution due to motor vehicle emissions was lowest at the time of investigation. PMID- 6644018 TI - Prenatal toxicity of xylene. AB - Prenatal inhalation toxicity of xylene (industrial mixture of isomers) was studied in experiments of white Wistar rats exposed daily (6 hours a day, 5 days in a week) to concentrations of 10, 50 (MAC for xylene in the air of work environment in Bulgaria) and 500 mg.m-3 throughout the period of gestation from the first to the 21st day. Both routine teratological indices and biochemical and physiological methods of observation were used to evaluate the integrity of the individual organs - liver, brain, lungs and myocardium of the generation in the postnatal period of development. In concentrations of 50 and 500 mg.m-3, xylene exhibits pronounced embryotoxic and teratogenic effects. Postimplantation embryonal mortality increases, the process of physical development of the fetus is delayed, the incidence of induced anomalies of internal organs (hydrocephalus, microphthalmia, intracerebral haematomas, haemorrhages in the liver) is enhanced, the processes of ossification of the sternum and the skull are impaired. In concentrations of 50 and 500 mg.m-3, xylene causes disturbances in postnatal development of F1 generation. The concentration of 50 mg.m-3 is the threshold of the embryotropic effect of the solvent. Measures for the protection of women at work are proposed to reduce industrial hazard of developing antenatal pathology in the newborn of workwomen in xylene works. PMID- 6644019 TI - Hygienic evaluation of repurification schemes for waste waters containing complexes for organic substances. AB - Sanitary-chemical and sanitary-toxicological methods were used to study two repurification schemes for biologically purified waste waters from a petrochemical industrial complex. These repurification schemes were, (1) filtration through quartz sand, adsorption to activated charcoal, chlorination; (2) coagulation, filtration through quartz sand, adsorption to activated charcoal, chlorination. Both repurification schemes considerably improved the composition and properties of the waste waters in terms of organoleptic and sanitary-chemical indices. Scheme 1 also considerably lowered the toxic properties of the waste waters and Scheme 2 abolished them completely. Provided that the corresponding sanitary norms are observed, the use of repurification Scheme 1 would be economically reasonable where repurified waste water is recirculated in the industrial plant. Repurification Scheme 2 is recommended where purified waste water is disposed into low-capacity reservoirs. PMID- 6644020 TI - IgE antibody-mediated cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs. AB - Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) reactions are a heterogeneous group of delayed time course basophil-rich immune responses that can be mediated in the guinea pig by T cells, B cells, or IgG1 antibody. This study examined whether guinea pig IgE antibody could also mediate CBH reactions. IgE antibody to picryl or oxazolone determinants was induced by immunizing Hartley strain guinea pigs pretreated with cyclophosphamide. Hyperimmune serum from these animals was passed through a heavy chain-specific anti-IgG1 affinity column. The presence of IgE anti-hapten antibody in the filtrate fraction was verified by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) testing with a 7-day period of local passive sensitization and by the heat lability (56 degrees C, 4 hr) of PCA activity. This IgE-rich fraction and the IgG1 fraction eluted from the column with base (0.2 M Na2CO3, pH 11.3) were transferred i.v. to separate groups of normal guinea pigs. Both fractions mediated delayed time course reactions that contained basophils. Macroscopic and microscopic reactions mediated by the IgE-rich fraction were abolished with heat (56 degrees C, 4 hr). Thus, two antigen-specific factors in guinea pig serum can mediate delayed time course basophil-containing reactions: IgG1 and IgE antibodies. IgE-mediated CBH reactions are similar to the late-phase reaction that follows IgE-dependent wheal-and-flare reactions in humans. The finding that guinea pig IgE can mediate a late reaction that contains basophils makes this a possible model for the human late-phase response, and suggests that some forms of CBH may play a role in human allergic disease. PMID- 6644021 TI - Natural killer cells in mouse lung: surface phenotype, target preference, and response to local influenza virus infection. AB - Natural killer (NK) and natural cytotoxic (NC) cells can be recovered from the spleens of mice. NK/NC cells are thought to serve as a first line of defense (before the development of immune responses) against tumor and virus infected cells; therefore organs such as the lung that are exposed to the environment may harbor NK/NC cells. Studies reported in this manuscript characterize a population of pulmonary cells (recovered from collagenase-treated lungs) that exhibited cytotoxic activity against 51Cr-labeled tumor targets in vitro. As with the spleen cell populations, the mononuclear cells from the lung lysed the NK sensitive target YAC-1 as well as the NC-sensitive WEHI 164.1 tumor cells in vitro. By using flow cytometry, it was observed that 15 to 20% of nylon wool passed (NWP) lung cells and 5 to 15% of NWP spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice could bind antibody for NK cell alloantigens (NK 1.2, defined by (CE X NZB)F1 anti-CBA sera). Treatment of lung and spleen cell populations with complement and antisera to NK 1.2, asialo GM1, and Ly-5 but not Thy-1 antigens significantly decreased lung and splenic NK (YAC-1) activity. Forty-eight hours after infection of mice by intratracheal inoculation of an infectious dose of influenza virus (PR/8/34) NK activity was stimulated in the lung and not the spleen. Therefore although NK cells in the lung and spleen are similar in antigenic phenotype and target preference there appears to be a pulmonary compartment of natural resistance cells the function of which can be modulated locally. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the lung contains a separate compartment for NK/NC cells that may participate in the defense mechanisms of the lung. PMID- 6644022 TI - The antibody response to a single antigenic determinant of the tobacco mosaic virus protein (TMVP): effects of allotype-linked genes and restricted heterogeneity of the response. AB - The antibody response to a decapeptide antigenic determinant representing residues 103 to 112 of the tobacco mosaic virus protein (TMVP) was studied with the synthetic decapeptide and a panel of its synthetic analogues. The anti decapeptide response was found to be of restricted heterogeneity and was regulated by heavy chain allotype-linked (V region) genes on at least two levels. One level was whether or not a significant antibody response was made to the decapeptide determinant. Thus, strains with the Igh haplotypes j, o, e, and n were high responders, whereas strains with haplotype Ighb were low responders. The second level of V region gene control was with regard to the fine specificity of the anti-decapeptide antibodies produced. Using the peptide panel to analyze fine specificity, we define two new V region genetic markers, VH-TMVPj and VH TMVPe. PMID- 6644023 TI - Antisperm antibodies in mouse vasectomy sera react with embryonal teratocarcinoma. AB - Sera from vasectomized BDF1 mice were tested by immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay for antibodies reacting with sperm and the mouse teratocarcinoma cell lines F9 and PYS. Antibody titers to both sperm and F9 cells increased with time after vasectomy and were highest in long-term (15 to 30 mo) vasectomized animals. By immunofluorescence assay, 35% of long-term vs 10% of age-matched control mice had antisperm antibodies (p less than or equal to 0.01), 54% of vasectomized vs 21% of controls had antibodies reacting with F9 teratocarcinoma (p less than or equal to 0.01), and 5% of vasectomized vs no controls reacted to the PYS teratocarcinoma cell line. No sera from either group reacted with thymocytes or cultured fibroblasts from male 129/Sv mice (negative somatic cell controls). Kendall's rank order statistical correlation test showed a significant association (p less than or equal to 0.01) between individual responses to sperm and F9 cells. Absorption of positive sera with sperm removed both sperm and F9 reactivity, indicating that the F9 cell-reactive antibodies in vasectomy sera are directed against identical or immunologically cross-reactive antigens present on the surface of sperm and F9 embryonal teratocarcinoma. A combination of electrophoresis and nitrocellulose blotting techniques (Western blot analysis) revealed that sera from some vasectomized mice contain IgG antibodies that react with 50,000 and 150,000 dalton (approximately) antigen bands present in sperm and F9 extracts, but not in PYS or thymocyte extracts. It remains to be determined whether the teratocarcinoma antigens detected in this study are true embryonic antigens or germinal antigens (the F9 cell line may have originated from primordial germ cells in transplanted embryonic tissue). In either case, teratocarcinoma cell lines provide an abundant source of material for the further characterization of these autoantigenic molecules. PMID- 6644024 TI - Definition of a common leukocyte cell-surface antigen (Lp95-150) associated with diverse cell-mediated immune functions. AB - We have described a monoclonal antibody, designated 60.3, which reacts with a cell surface antigen expressed by most peripheral blood and bone marrow leukocytes. Immunoprecipitation showed at least three major components with relative m.w. of 95,000, 130,000, and 150,000 under reducing conditions. Antibody 60.3 inhibited several cell-mediated immune functions. The lytic activity of both cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells was blocked in the presence of the antibody. The proliferative responses of T cells stimulated by soluble antigens, mitogens, or allogeneic cells were inhibited when antibody 60.3 was added at the initiation of culture, but not when added after 48 hr. Antibody 60.3 also blocked the migration of neutrophilic granulocytes. The antigen identified by antibody 60.3 thus appears to be involved in a membrane-dependent cell activation pathway that is common to diverse functional systems and is shared by both lymphoid and myeloid cells. PMID- 6644025 TI - Distinctive cationic proteins of the human eosinophil granule: major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin. AB - The human eosinophil granule contains a number of cationic proteins that have been identified and purified to homogeneity, including the major basic protein (MBP), the eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and the eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN). Because of confusion in the literature regarding the distinctiveness of MBP and ECP, we investigated the immunochemical and physicochemical properties of these purified proteins by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE), by specific double antibody radioimmunoassays (RIA) for MBP and ECP, and by fractionation of acid solubilized eosinophil granules on Sephadex G-50 columns. Analysis of a mixture of the three purified proteins by SDS-PAGE showed that they migrated as three distinct bands with differing m.w. Comparison by specific RIA for MBP and ECP did not demonstrate any appreciable immunochemical cross-reactivities among the three proteins. Sephadex G-50 column fractions of acid-solubilized eosinophil granules were analyzed by RIA and by SDS-PAGE analysis of individual column fractions. MBP, ECP, and EDN eluted at different volumes from Sephadex G-50 columns as determined by RIA and SDS-PAGE. Soluble extracts of eosinophil granules from patients with the hypereosinophilic syndrome contained between six and 64 times more MBP than ECP on a weight basis. These observations demonstrate that MBP, ECP, and EDN are distinctive cationic proteins of the human eosinophil granule and that eosinophil granules from patients with eosinophilia contain considerably greater quantities of MBP than ECP. PMID- 6644026 TI - Desorption of immunoglobulins from Protein A-Sepharose CL-4B under mild conditions. AB - Conditions which permit the dissociation of IgG-staphylococcal protein A interactions without resort to low pH buffers or the use of chaotropic ions are discussed in relation to: (a) the mechanism of the binding reaction; (b) the use of immobilised protein A for purification of cells or removal of immune complexes from serum. Glycyl-tyrosine, glycyl-histidine, glycyl-phenylalanine and tryptophan, representing the class of competing ligand desorbents, and ethylene glycol, an agent which disrupts hydrophobic interactions, were found to be the best desorbents. PMID- 6644027 TI - The measurement of antibody affinity: a comparison of five techniques utilizing a panel of monoclonal anti-DNP antibodies and the effect of high affinity antibody on the measurement of low affinity antibody. AB - The affinities of 9 IgG1 monoclonal anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) antibodies for 3H epsilon-DNP-L-lysine, 125I-HOP-DNP-L-lysine and 125I-DNP-human serum albumin (HSA) were determined. 3H-DNP-lysine was used in equilibrium dialysis and ammonium sulphate globulin precipitation assays; 125I-HOP-DNP-lysine was used in equilibrium dialysis and polyethylene glycol precipitation; and 125I-DNP5-HSA in the polyethylene glycol precipitation assay for affinity. The ranking order of the monoclonal antibodies in terms of affinity by the assays was significantly correlated. Of particular importance was the observation that the simple and widely applicable globulin precipitation assay utilizing a protein antigen produced affinity values which showed concordance with the least equivocal but cumbersome assay, equilibrium dialysis. Mixing of antibodies of high and low affinity demonstrated that even a low proportion of high affinity antibody had marked effect on measurements of the amount and affinity of a predominantly low affinity antibody preparation. PMID- 6644028 TI - A method for in vitro clearance of mycoplasma from human cell lines. AB - Rapid and reproducible clearance of mycoplasma contaminating human cell lines was achieved using macrophages and antibiotics. Human peripheral blood monocytes were purified by Percoll density gradient centrifugation and allowed to mature into macrophages by 7 days culture in vitro. To the adherent monolayers of macrophages were added the cells to be cleared. Optimal results were obtained with a macrophage to cell concentration of 100:1, together with 200 micrograms/ml of the antibiotics tylosin and lincomycin. The cleared cells were recovered after 7 days of treatment. Monitoring with the Hoechst 33258 stain demonstrated that cells cleared by this method have remained mycoplasma-free for over 6 months. The method is unlikely to cause cell mutation or to introduce mouse viruses and is effective on both adherent and non-adherent cell lines. PMID- 6644029 TI - Optimal conditions for the preparation of Fab and F(ab')2 fragments from monoclonal IgG of different rat IgG subclasses. AB - The optimal conditions for the preparation of Fab and F(ab')2 fragments from monoclonal rat IgG of different subclasses are described. Digestion of IgG for 2 4 h at 37 degrees C with 1% (w/w) papain at pH 7.0 in the presence of 0.01 M cysteine leads to almost complete cleavage into Fab and Fc fragments. Fab fragments are isolated by sequential chromatography on Ultrogel AcA 44 and on DEAE-cellulose columns. In the case of IgG2c subclass, Fab fragment may be directly isolated by chromatography on Protein A-Sepharose. Production of F(ab')2 fragments from rat IgG1 and IgG2a is obtained with best yield by treatment at acid pH (pH 2.8) before incubation with 1% (w/w) pepsin at pH 4.5 for 4 h at 37 degrees C. For monoclonal IgG2b the best procedure is incubation with S. aureus V8 protease at pH 7.8 (4 h at 37 degrees C with an E/S ratio of 1/30 (w/w]. The best yield of F(ab')2 from monoclonal IgG2c is obtained by incubation for 4 h at 37 degrees C with 1% (w/w) pepsin. F(ab')2 fragments (or the F(ab)2-like fragment released by digestion of IgG2b with S. aureus V8 protease) are isolated by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 44. PMID- 6644030 TI - The application of isoelectric focusing to routine screening for paraproteinaemia. AB - We present a scheme for routine screening of patients' sera for monoclonal immunoglobulin by isoelectric focusing in agarose gels. Using this method combined with immunofixation, we have been able to detect monoclonal immunoglobulin in the sera of patients, and to identify the isotype of the immunoglobulin when conventional techniques such as zonal and immunoelectrophoresis have yielded equivocal results. PMID- 6644031 TI - Evaluation of lipid peroxidation of human erythrocyte hemolysates. AB - Lipid peroxidation of human erythrocyte hemolysates was evaluated by determining thiobarbituric acid reactive substance by fluorospectrophotometer. Because of the non-linear relationship between malondialdehyde formation and hemoglobin concentration, a constant hemoglobin concentration is required to obtain reproducible results. Disruption of the hemolysate by sonication and the presence of formed elements are necessary to induce the reaction, the optimal pH of which was found to be limited to the region of 7.4. Either ferric or ferrous ions are essential for the reaction to proceed, but if both are present, their catalytic activity is abolished. The present method will be useful in the investigation of the mechanism of oxidative damage to erythrocytes under various pathological conditions. PMID- 6644032 TI - Titration of allergenicity using a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis inhibition test. AB - A method for titrating allergenicity is described and validated by demonstrating that both baby hamster kidney cell lysate and hamster serum are capable of inhibiting the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions produced by anti-BHK bovine serum in the skin of goats. PMID- 6644033 TI - Dot-blotting--a novel screening assay for antibodies in hybridoma cultures. AB - A novel solid phase radioimmunoassay using nitrocellulose filters, is described. The method is of particular value in screening hybridoma cultures for monoclonal antibodies against chromosomal protein. Also it permits detection of antibodies directed against epitopes stable to SDS denaturation. PMID- 6644034 TI - Protrusion of small intestine through spontaneous perforation of colon at pelvirectal junction. PMID- 6644035 TI - Unexplained absence of a fallopian tube and an ovary. PMID- 6644036 TI - Haemangio-endothelioma of lower end of tibia and fibula. PMID- 6644037 TI - Dystocia due to foetal ascites. PMID- 6644038 TI - Health for all by the year 2000: the countdown has begun. PMID- 6644039 TI - Clinical study of the role of collagen sheet cover in the management of burn wounds. PMID- 6644040 TI - Medical care delivery system (our role: how well are we playing it?) PMID- 6644041 TI - Jaundice in pregnancy. PMID- 6644042 TI - A simple postanaesthetic scoring system. PMID- 6644043 TI - Strictureplasty for benign strictures of small bowel. PMID- 6644044 TI - Profile of intestinal parasitic infestation in Duliajan, Assam. PMID- 6644045 TI - Ocular problems in mountaineering. PMID- 6644046 TI - Retention of urine in women. PMID- 6644047 TI - Menarcheal age among Oraon and Munda girls of Ranchi. PMID- 6644048 TI - Morbidity survey of patients attending a community health centre. PMID- 6644049 TI - ABO blood group frequency of North East India. PMID- 6644050 TI - Levamisole in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. PMID- 6644051 TI - Twisted solitary hepatic cyst. PMID- 6644052 TI - Citrobacter meningitis. PMID- 6644053 TI - Kala-azar in Orissa. PMID- 6644054 TI - Thyroid metastasis of renal cell adenocarcinoma. PMID- 6644056 TI - Doctors can save income-tax by tax planning. PMID- 6644055 TI - Three years experience with copper T-200. PMID- 6644057 TI - Evaluation of truncal vagotomy and a drainage procedure in chronic duodenal ulcer cases. PMID- 6644058 TI - Painful heel. PMID- 6644059 TI - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. PMID- 6644060 TI - Malakoplakia of urinary bladder. PMID- 6644061 TI - Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6644063 TI - Priapism. PMID- 6644062 TI - Bronchial injuries in closed chest trauma. PMID- 6644064 TI - Postcricoid carcinoma. PMID- 6644065 TI - Hydatid disease in Chamoli Garhwal. PMID- 6644066 TI - Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary pathology. PMID- 6644067 TI - Disease pattern in a rural area. PMID- 6644068 TI - Immunoglobulin (Gm) allotype frequencies in patients with giant bell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. AB - Fifty-five Caucasoid patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) or giant cell arteritis (GCA) were immunoglobulin (Gm) allotyped for this study. Forty-four of these patients had been previously HLA-A,B,C and DR locus allotyped. The incidence of the immunoglobulin allotypic marker Glm(2) was significantly increased in the GCA group (50.00% v. controls 18.75%, P equal less than 0.01). There was a similar but insignificant rise of this Gm marker in the PMR group (27.24% v. 18.75%, NS). The increase in Glm(2) in the GCA group was not accompanied by a corresponding rise in the number of people homozygous for Glm(2), i.e., all the increase could be attributed to patients with the Glm(1,2,3,):G3m(5,10,21)phenotype. PMID- 6644069 TI - Immunochemical properties of human plasma alpha 1 leads to 2 fucosyltransferase specified by blood group H-gene. AB - A beta-galactoside alpha 1 leads to 2 fucosyltransferase (H-enzyme) from human group O plasma which provides H blood group specificity to erythrocyte membranes has been purified approximately 22,000-fold by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, GDP-hexanolamine-Sepharose 4B and SP-Sephadex C-50. The molecular weight of the H-enzyme was estimated to be 150,000 by gel filtration. Human group O erythrocyte membranes which had lost their H blood group activity by the action of alpha 1 leads to 2 fucosidase were fucosylated by the transferase, and restored the H activity. Radioactive L-fucose appeared to be incorporated into glycolipid blood group substances of erythrocyte membranes. The activity of the alpha 1 leads to 2 fucosyltransferase from human plasma, stomach mucosa, erythrocyte membranes and porcine stomach mucosa were specifically inhibited by the rabbit antiserum immunized with the preparation of human plasma H-enzyme. The anti-plasma H-enzyme antiserum did not inhibit the activities of alpha 1 leads to 3 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (A-enzyme), alpha 1 leads to 3 galactosyltransferase (B-enzyme), and beta-N-acetylglucosaminide alpha 1 leads to 3 and alpha 1 leads to 4 fucosyltransferases from human plasma and stomach mucosa. PMID- 6644070 TI - Impaired H-2 expression in B16 melanoma variants. AB - We studied the expression of H-2b alloantigens in three different B16 melanoma lines cultures in vitro. Cell lines were B16-F1 and two cell cultures (named B16 A and B16-B) newly derived from two different in vivo sublines of B16 melanoma. The assays used were in vivo tumour growth in allogeneic (BALB/c and B10.BR) as compared to syngeneic mice, in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity by anti-H-2b immune lymphocytes and absorption of anti-H-2b antisera activity. The B16-F1 line was able to efficiently kill allogeneic hosts, could not be lysed by anti-H-2b cytotoxic effectors and did not express any serologically detectable amount of H 2b alloantigens. The B16-A line was H-2 positive during the early in vitro passages, then, at the 8th-10th passages, it acquired the capacity to kill allogeneic hosts, lost the sensitivity to anti-H-2b cytotoxic effectors and the H 2Kb antigens became undetectable The expression of H-2Db was reduced, although at a lower degree. Similar data were obtained with B16-B cells, which after 10 in vitro passages grew and killed allogeneic hosts, showed a decreased sensitivity to cytotoxic anti-H-2b effectors and a very low expression of the K region antigens. The results indicate that H-2 expression is altered in B16 melanoma lines and this may influence the different metastatic capacity of such cells. PMID- 6644071 TI - Map of major histocompatibility complex subregions influencing vaginal septa frequency. AB - The frequency of dorso-ventral vaginal septa (DVS) in mice in influenced by genes associated with the major histocompatibility complex, H-2. Data shows that two subregions within the H-2 complex, K-E beta and D, have a very strong influence on the frequency, while the E beta-S subregion appears to have a weak effect. PMID- 6644073 TI - Disorders of the facial nerve. PMID- 6644072 TI - Amniocentesis in the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders and congenital defects. PMID- 6644074 TI - Nonatherosclerotic fibrous ridges: a previously unrecognized cause of ostial left main stenosis. PMID- 6644075 TI - Disorders of potassium balance. PMID- 6644076 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis: diagnosis and management. PMID- 6644077 TI - Critical care medicine. A National Institutes of Health Consensus Report. PMID- 6644078 TI - A practical approach to acid-base disorders. PMID- 6644079 TI - Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder. PMID- 6644080 TI - Primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum arising from villous adenoma. PMID- 6644081 TI - Septicaemia and its unacceptably high mortality in the elderly. AB - During a period of two years the overall mortality rate among 218 patients with septicaemia was 22.4 per cent. Mortality among patients of over 60 years of age, however, was 36.6 per cent compared with only 5.1 per cent for those below that age. This difference was highly significant (P less than 0.001). For pneumococcal septicaemia the figures were particularly disturbing, the death rate being 65 per cent for the former age group, but remaining nil for the latter. Of the 49 deaths, 44 (89.8 per cent) and five (10.2 per cent), respectively, were in those above and below that age. As death from septicaemia in the elderly seems to be unacceptably high, early institution of antibiotic therapy, even for the patient at home, is advocated so as to forestall the onset of shock. Although controversial and debatable this measure seems to be justified because it might significantly improve prognosis. PMID- 6644082 TI - Immunological studies of ascitic fluid in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and hepatitis B surface antigen. AB - Sixteen cirrhotic patients with ascites and HBs antigen (HBsAg), were chosen for this study. Serum and ascitic fluid samples were tested for Ag, total proteins, electrophoretic pattern and immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE. Transmission of HBsAg through the peritoneal membrane was confirmed. All protein fractions and immunoglobulins were presented in the ascitic fluid. Seven patients with ascites due to intra-abdominal neoplasms were also studied as controls. Significant differences were observed and are discussed. PMID- 6644083 TI - Mycoplasma pneumonia complicated by bronchiectasis. PMID- 6644084 TI - Fatal candida pneumonia in a non-immunosuppressed host. AB - An 83-year-old previously well non-immunosuppressed woman developed invasive fatal candida pneumonia, apparently caused by aspiration. Diagnosis was suggested by the presence of sheets of budding yeasts and pseudohyphae on Gram-stained expectorated sputum and confirmed by an open lung biopsy which demonstrated candida invading lung tissue. Culture of material obtained by open lung biopsy yielded Candida albicans. At autopsy the patient had extensively invasive bilateral candida pneumonia. No other pathogens were isolated from sputum, open lung biopsy or at the time of autopsy. Evidence of disseminated candidiasis was not seen at autopsy. To our knowledge, this is only the fourth documented case of aspiration candida pneumonia in a non-immunosuppressed adult. While candida pneumonia in an immunocompetent adult is very rare, it should be considered in an elderly patient who is not responding to antibiotic therapy. Diagnosis requires aspiration or biopsy of lung, with preferably both histological and cultural evidence of candida infection. PMID- 6644085 TI - Disseminated zygomycosis (mucormycosis) caused by Saksenaea vasiformis. AB - A 14-year-old child from Iraq presented with an acute febrile illness accompanied by large necrotic skin lesions and bronchopneumonia from which he subsequently died. The infection was caused by an unusual zygomycete fungus Saksenaea vasiformis. Previous reports of infection with this organism are rare and tissue invasion has usually followed traumatic injury. In the child reported here no predisposing abnormalities were apparent. PMID- 6644086 TI - Visceral leishmaniasis: a rare imported disease. PMID- 6644087 TI - Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis. PMID- 6644089 TI - The interaction of Babesia caballi kinetes with tick cells. PMID- 6644088 TI - [Primary obstructive megaureter in children and adults]. PMID- 6644090 TI - Bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata), a sensitive bioassay organism for mycotoxin research. PMID- 6644091 TI - Cutaneous blood flow in psoriasis. AB - The disappearance rate of 133Xe was studied in 20 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, using an epicutaneous labeling technique in involved skin lesions or normal-appearing skin of the proximal extensor site of the forearm. Control experiments were performed in 10 normal subjects. Calculations of the cutaneous blood flow (CBF) in psoriatic skin lesions were performed using a tissue-to-blood partition coefficient for 133Xe, lambda c,pso, of 1.2 ml/100 g/min. lambda c,pso was estimated after the relative content of water, lipids, and proteins had been analyzed in psoriatic skin biopsies of 6 patients with untreated psoriasis. The mean relative content of water was markedly reduced to 23.5 +/- 1.5% (SEM), and lipids and proteins were markedly increased to 2.5 +/- 0.7% and 74.0 +/- 2.2, respectively, compared to previously published data for normal skin (water 72.5%, lipids 1%, proteins 26.5%). Mean CBF in untreated psoriatic skin was 63.5 +/- 9.0 ml/100 g/min. This was significantly higher than the mean CBF in 10 normal subjects, 6.3 +/- 0.5 ml/100 g/min (p much less than 0.0001). Mean CBF in normal appearing skin in patients with psoriasis was 11.0 +/- 1.3 ml/100 g/min. This was significantly higher than CBF in normal subjects (p less than 0.0002). PMID- 6644092 TI - Combined chemical and electron microscopic studies of pheomelanosomes in human red hair. AB - This study clarified the fine structure of pheomelanosomes in human red hair by quantifying the contents of pheomelanin and eumelanin and by identifying the fine structure of melanocytes and melanosomes based on their melanogenesis type in follicles. Out of 5 red-haired subjects, 3 were found to exhibit pheomelanogenesis in follicles, while the remaining 2 were found to have a mixed type melanogenesis of pheomelanin and eumelanin. Melanocytes in the pheomelanic follicles contained spherical melanosomes which revealed sequences of development identical to those seen in the pheomelanosomes of mice and guinea pigs. In contrast, the follicles of mixed type melanogenesis contained 2 different populations of melanocytes, i.e., one with synthesis of spherical melanosomes such as seen in the pheomelanic follicles and the other with synthesis of ellipsoidal-lamellar (filamentous) granules of eumelanosome form. It was concluded that (a) visual differentiation of hair color does not always reflect the melanogenesis type in human red hair, (b) chemical analysis of melanogenesis type corresponds well to the fine structural differentiation of eumelanosomes and pheomelanosomes, and (c) human pheomelanosomes are spherical granules with microvesicular (vesiculoglobular) and proteinaceous matrices on which melanin deposition is spotty and granular. PMID- 6644093 TI - The carcinogenic effect of UVA irradiation. AB - The carcinogenic effect of UVA radiation (from Philips black light tubes filtered through a 2 mm-thick glass plate to eliminate the radiation below 320 nm) was studied in 7 groups of 25 lightly pigmented hairless mice. Irradiation with a moderate daily dose of combined UVB and UVA for 3 months induced a tumor incidence of 0.22 after 58 weeks. When the combined UVB and UVA irradiation was followed by filtered UVA for 2, 4, or 6 months, the tumor incidence was marginally significantly increased to 0.42, 0.48, and 0.50 (p less than 0.05), respectively. However, irradiation with the moderate dose of combined UVB and UVA induced a slight but not significantly lower tumor incidence as compared to UVB alone (0.22 vs 0.30, p greater than 0.1). UVA alone induced no tumors. It thus appears that in hairless mice initially exposed to a combination of UVB and UVA, subsequent continued irradiation with UVA increases tumor incidence. While only marginally statistically significant, tumor incidence in these animals seems to increase with duration and hence total UVA exposure. Furthermore, it is suggested that the photoaugmentative carcinogenic effect of UVA irradiation from unfiltered UVA bulbs can be reduced by attenuating the shorter wavelengths of the radiation. PMID- 6644094 TI - The influence of UVA and visible radiation on acute damage by short-wave UVR (lambda less than 320 nm). AB - The influence of UVA and visible radiation on the acute damage by short-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVR) (lambda less than 320 nm) was investigated in human volunteers, using delayed erythema and sunburn cell production as markers of injury. It was found that subsequent exposure to UVA + visible radiation produced a significant reduction of the threshold erythema dose by short-wave UVR, in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequent exposures to varying doses of UVA + visible radiation, as well as to visible light alone failed to influence sunburn cell production. It is concluded that there is a positive interaction between short wave UVR and UVA in the induction of delayed erythema, but this may not apply to epidermal cell injury. Photorecovery was not observed. PMID- 6644095 TI - A study of the relationship between photosensitizing and therapeutic activity of 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen, and its major metabolite 4,8-dimethyl, 5' carboxypsoralen. AB - The molecular basis for the clinically observed differences in the skin photosensitizing activity and therapeutic effectiveness of the topically applied and orally administered drug trimethylpsoralen (TMP) was investigated. TMP, when tested topically, is a very potent photosensitizing and therapeutically effective furocoumarin in the treatment of psoriasis. When administered orally, however, it is significantly less photosensitizing and therapeutically a less effective drug than the commonly used furocoumarin 8-methoxypsoralen. This decreased reactivity of oral TMP is attributable to its poor solubility and rapid in vivo metabolic transformation to several inactive (nonphotosensitizing) metabolites, one of which is referred to as 4,8-dimethyl,5'-carboxypsoralen (DMeCP). The supporting evidence has been obtained by: (a) isolation of the urinary metabolite DMeCP and subsequent comparison of its properties with the synthetically prepared DMeCP and its methyl ester; (b) examining the dark and photochemical interactions of TMP, DMeCP, and DMeCP methyl ester with DNA and determining their ability to form interstrand cross-links with DNA; and (c) studying the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and the killing of bacteria and T2 bacteriophages. The structure-activity relationship of TMP and DMeCP also has been examined in normal human subjects and in patients with psoriasis. The order of topical therapeutic effectiveness in terms of ability to clear psoriasis plaques appeared to be: TMP greater than 8-MOP greater than DMeCP methyl ester greater than DMeCP. The data also suggest the methyl ester of DMeCP to be an interesting nonphotosensitizing furocoumarin that photoconjugates to DNA better than 8-MOP and is therapeutically effective in psoriasis. PMID- 6644096 TI - Endocrinologic profile of patients with idiopathic melasma. AB - Complete endocrinologic evaluation of 9 women (ages 24-41) with idiopathic melasma (melasma not associated with pregnancy nor ingestion of oral contraceptives) was performed and compared to age- and sex-matched normal controls. Serum cortisol, adrenocorticotropin, plasma immunoreactive alpha and beta melanocyte-stimulating hormones, luteinizing hormone, follicular-stimulating hormone, estradiol and progesterone levels were performed in the basal state. Additionally, total T4, T3RU, FTI, prolactin, 2-h postprandial blood sugar, and 24-h urine for 17-hydroxysteroids and 17-ketosteroids were done and found to be normal. The melasma patients presented statistically significant increased levels of LH (p less than 0.001) and lower levels of serum estradiol (p less than 0.025) than normal controls. It is proposed that these hormonal alterations may represent subclinical evidence of a mild ovarian dysfunction which may underlie the pathogenesis of some cases of idiopathic melasma. PMID- 6644097 TI - DNA synthesis in mouse epidermis: S phase cells that remain unlabeled after pulse labeling with DNA precursors progress slowly through S. AB - Epidermal basal cells from hairless mice were isolated after pulse labeling with tritiated DNA precursors and subjected to DNA flow cytometry combined with cell sorting. Cells were sorted from a window in the middle of the S phase, collected on glass slides, and subjected to autoradiography. Unlabeled cells in the middle of the S phase were found in normal mouse epidermis after optimal pulse labeling with tritiated thymidine [( 3H]dThd), in accordance with previous results. The proportion of unlabeled S phase cells was considerably increased among basal cells from mice treated with growth-inhibitory epidermal extracts. Reanalysis and re-sorting of cells previously sorted from mid S showed that unlabeled cells could not be accounted for by G1 contamination. Furthermore, labeling with precursors incorporated into DNA by "de novo" metabolic pathway [( 3H]Urd) did not reduce the proportion of unlabeled S phase cells, either when given alone or when given in combination with the precursor for DNA incorporated by the "salvage" pathway [( 3H]dThd). This strongly indicates that the unlabeled S phase cells do not synthesize DNA continuously, or are synthesizing DNA at a rate below the level of detection. A reduced proportion of unlabeled S phase cells was found in regenerating epidermis. This may be explained by a dilution effect caused by the 3-fold increase in the total number of cells within S phase at this condition. The observation that essentially all cells in mid S phase were labeled during 4 days of continuous labeling with [3H]dThd, indicates that cells in S phase that remain unlabeled after optimal pulse labeling are cycling, albeit slowly. Two-parameter sorting based on DNA and light scatter indicated that slowly cycling cells are larger than the average. These cells may represent a subpopulation of basal cells going through their last division cycle before differentiation. PMID- 6644098 TI - Effects of amino acid treatments on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse epidermis in vivo and in vitro. AB - We have compared the effects of several amino acid treatments on the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity and the accumulation of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in mouse epidermis in vivo and in vitro. Incubation of isolated epidermal cells with mM concentrations of glycine, asparagine, glutamic acid, canavanine, arginine, and/or lysine inhibited dramatically the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by the tumor promoter. These remarkable inhibitory effects were concentration-dependent and additive. Arginine and its analog, canavanine, inhibited to the same degree TPA-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity, and potentiated to the same extent the inhibitory effects of glutamic acid, asparagine, and glycine on this enzyme. However, the inhibitory effects of arginine and canavanine were not additive. Similar alterations of tumor promoter-induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity were observed in vivo when 62.5 mumol of the amino acids were injected i.p. 2 h before the topical application of 8.5 nmol of TPA to mouse skin. The results suggest the possibility that treatments with glycine, asparagine, glutamic acid, and arginine, the amino acids that were the most effective in inhibiting the tumor promoter-induced accumulation of polyamines in vivo, may reduce the tumor-promoting ability of TPA. PMID- 6644099 TI - Value and limitations of contrast echocardiography in cardiac diagnosis. PMID- 6644100 TI - [Usefulness of dynamic computed tomography in the diagnosis of thoracic aortic aneurysms]. AB - Five patients with thoracic aortic aneurysms, two saccular and three dissecting aneurysms, were examined by dynamic computed tomographic (CT) scanning. A Siemens Somatom 2 was employed. Dynamic scanning is the method by which plural serial images can be obtained in single operation. We used three serial images in a 5 second scan following a 3-second interval. After rapid manual injection of 30 ml of 76% megluminc amidotrizoate sodium into the right antecubital vein, scans of 4 mm section were performed three times and subsequently conventional scans four times. Serial changes in the same section and changes in the CT number against time in regions of interest in the image were investigated. Saccular aneurysms was difficult to distinguish from mediastinal tumors on the plain chest X-ray films. However, it was confirmed by the dynamic CT scanning demonstrating free communication between the aorta and the abnormal lumen, because the latter was filled with contrast medium, and the time of appearance, and the peak and washout of a contrast medium were almost the same between two lumens. In dissecting aneurysms, it was able to recognize both the false and true lumens as double channels in the aorta. We observed the different mode of dissection between the ascending and descending aorta in one case, and observed the twisting of an intimal flap in variable parts of the aorta in another case. Furthermore, it was possible to confirm the difference of blood flow pattern between the false and true lumens by dynamic CT. Because CT has a high quality image resolution, and especially, dynamic CT provides the serial changes in the same section after injection of contrast medium, both CT and dynamic CT are useful non-invasive imaging techniques for evaluating thoracic aortic aneurysms. PMID- 6644101 TI - [Diagnosis of dissecting aortic aneurysm by digital subtraction angiography]. AB - The aim of the study was to determine whether digital subtraction angiography (DSA) can be used in the diagnosis of aortic dissection. The study group consisted of six patients with aortic dissection including one of type 2 and five of type 3 by the DeBakey classification. DSA findings were compared to cineangiographic findings. The results were as follows; In all the patients, the diagnosis of aortic dissection was possible using DSA. Especially as to the entry, which was not detected by other non-invasive methods, there was an excellent correlation between cineangiograms and DSA (sensitivity 100%). Of the 20 vessels in the abdomen, which included the celiac, superior mesenteric, and right and left renal arteries, three vessels (15%) were not identified by DSA. Causes of the failure were the low spatial resolution and the artifact due to the motion of the patients and intestinal gas movement. The accuracy rate of the abdominal branch involvement was 70%. While using a prototype equipment, the preliminary study showed that DSA is a safe and very useful method not only for diagnosing aortic dissection, but for evaluation of the entry, extension of the dissection, and involvement of major branches of the abdominal aorta and for a follow-up study. PMID- 6644102 TI - [Evaluation of Hancock mitral valve by M-mode echocardiography. Clinical significance of the timing of closing and opening of the valve]. AB - The valve function of a Hancock xenograft in the mitral position was evaluated by M-mode echocardiograms guided by the two-dimensional echocardiogram. From M-mode echocardiograms, the intervals from the second heart sound to mitral valve opening (II-MVo) and from the Q wave to mitral valve closure (Q-MVc) were measured in 24 patients with a Hancock xenograft, 16 with mitral stenosis (MS) and 20 normal controls. Twenty-four patients with a Hancock xenograft were divided into four groups according to the echocardiographic pattern of the xenograft. Fourteen with normal echocardiograms (I: N.P.), five with delayed opening of cusps from 20 to 90 msec (II: D.O.), three with a coarse fluttering of cusps in diastole (III: D.F.), and two with an obstructed prosthesis (IV: O.P.). The valve function of groups II and III was clinically normal. This suggests that a coarse fluttering of cusps and delayed opening of cusps do not always indicate malfunction of the Hancock xenograft. M-mode echocardiograms of group IV showed an increased thickening of cusps, multiple dense echoes between valve stents and a lack of a clear E point. The beat-to-beat variations of Q-MVc and II-MVo intervals showed no significant differences among patients with the Hancock xenograft, MS and normal controls. A small time-dependent variation of Q-MVc and II-MVo intervals observed in patients with the Hancock xenograft did not seem to interfere the reliable reproducibility of these intervals. In group I, II-MVo interval was 104 +/- 8 msec (mean +/- S.E.), which was significantly longer than that of normal controls (54.5 +/- 2.5 msec) (p less than 0.005). In groups II and III, II-MVo interval was almost equal to that of group I, but in two of group IV, this interval was 20 and 30 msec, respectively which was markedly shortened. Q MVc intervals did not show significant differences among groups I, II, III and IV. There were significant differences in Q-MVc interval among patients with MS and the Hancock xenograft and normal controls. II-MVo interval of group I was inversely correlated with mean diastolic posterior wall velocity (MDPWV), stroke index (SI) and delta ejection time (ET), but significantly correlated with delta preejection period (PEP) and PEP/ET. However, there was no significant relationship between II-MVo interval and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. This suggested that prolonged II-MVo interval reflects postoperative left ventricular dysfunction. In conclusion, to evaluate the function of a Hancock xenograft, echocardiograms of valve cusps and measurement of II-MVo interval have useful clinical significance. PMID- 6644103 TI - [Experimental studies on the genesis of low-frequency vibrations (M-sound) of the first heart sound using a miniature accelerometer]. AB - We studied eight mongrel dogs, weighing 15 to 35 kg, in which an initial low frequency vibration of the first heart sound (M-sound) was recognized on the chest wall. A miniature accelerometer weighing 0.5 gm was used to record surface velocity signals and surface acceleration signals as well as phonocardiograms over the cardiac apex of the closed chest wall and over the pericardium or epicardium. The frequency response of accelerometer was essentially flat (+/- 1.5 dB) from 1 to 200 Hz. The accelerometer mounted was such that its sensitive axis was perpendicular to the recording surface. Equisensitive phonocardiograms were obtained to compare the signal size of M-sound on the epicardium at several positions including the cardiac apex, the left ventricular anterior wall near the interventricular septum, the left ventricular antero-lateral wall and the right ventricular anterior wall. Intraventricular phonocardiograms and pressure curves were obtained by a Millar catheter directly inserted through the left ventricular wall near the apex to keep the tip near the apex. Furthermore, the relationship between M-sound and the shortening of the myocardium at the apex was investigated by means of ultrasonic dimension system and phonocardiography. Studies of M-sound were performed not only in sinus rhythm, but also in atrio-ventricular dissociation and ventricular pacing after crushing sinus node or electrical vagus stimulation. The results were as follows: The M-sounds over the chest wall, pericardium and epicardium were recorded coincidentally with the onsets of the left ventricular pressure curve, its dP/dt, low-frequency vibration of the first heart sound of intraventricular phonocardiogram, positive velocity, and acceleration of myocardial surface. The M-sound on the epicardium was maximal in intensity at or near the cardiac apex, in comparison with those recorded on the left ventricular anterior wall near the interventricular septum, left ventricular antero-lateral wall, and right ventricular anterior wall. The M-sound was observed between A and C points of the mitral valve echogram. There was no effect of atrial contraction on the M-sound in cases of atrio-ventricular dissociation. The onset of the M-sound on the epicardium at the apex was not always coincident with the onset of shortening of the myocardium at the same position.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6644104 TI - [Left ventricular performance during exercise in patients with constant heart rate]. AB - In order to evaluate the response of left ventricular (LV) performance in pacemaker implanted patients (PMI pts) with constant heart rate during exercise, supine bicycle ergometer exercise was performed simultaneously in 21 PMI pts and 4 age-matched normal subjects. PMI pts were classified into two groups; Group I consisted of 16 pts with relatively good physical work capacity (maximal load: male; 80 watt or more, female; 60 watt or more), and Group II consisted of 14 pts with depressed physical work capacity (maximal load: male; 60 watt or less, female; 40 watt or less). During dynamic exercise LV end-diastolic dimension (EDD), stroke excursion (SE), percent fractional shortening (%FS) and posterior wall velocity (PWV) showed a significant increase and LV end-systolic dimension (ESD) showed a significant decrease in Group I in contrast with Group II and normal subjects. Systolic blood pressure (sBP) and sBP/ESD ratio significantly increased in Group I and normal subjects than in Group II. Furthermore, resting cardiac parameters were more impaired in Group II than Group I. Thus, it was suggested that Group I adapted to exercise according to Frank-Starling mechanism (increased EDD) and contractility due to probably increasing circulatory catecholamine (increased PWV and decreased ESD). On the other hand, Group II did not adapt sufficiently to exercise because of the limitation of preload-reserve and contractility-reserve on exercise and also at rest. PMID- 6644106 TI - Mitral valve prolapse in five members of a family including the identical twins. AB - A family in which the five members including the identical twins had a mitral valve prolapse was described. None of these members had any known stigmata of Marfan syndrome and their auscultatory findings were different each other. M-mode echocardiograms disclosed a midsystolic buckling of the mitral valve in the identical twins, their parents and the mother's brother, but all were asymptomatic. Electrocardiograms revealed a wandering pacemaker in two members. The index case was a 13-year-old girl whose apical late systolic murmur was detected incidentally by the mass screening examination for cardiac diseases. Both the inhalation of amyl nitrite and injection of methoxamine induced the augmentation of this murmur and made it holosystolic. The identical twin of the index case had multiple apical non-ejection clicks. However, a mitral regurgitant murmur was not induced by pharmacological provocations. Two-dimensional echocardiograms revealed prolapse of both the anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets in both of them. Their mother had a late systolic click and the mother's brother had a cardiopulmonary murmur. The abnormal auscultatory findings were not observed in their father. This familial study suggested the genetic background and the various clinical manifestations of mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 6644105 TI - [Echocardiography evaluation of operative procedures for rheumatic aortic valvular diseases]. AB - It is well known that in patients with markedly retracted aortic cusps of rheumatic origin, valve replacement is mandatory because valve repair including commissurotomy and slicing often increase the degree of aortic regurgitation. The degree of the induced regurgitation is considered to be dependent on the retraction of aortic cusps. Therefore, the preoperative evaluation of the severity of retraction is necessary when determining the type of operative procedures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the parameters indicating the degree of cusp retraction by two-dimensional echocardiography. The diameter of the aortic root (R) and the depths from the aortic root to the bottom of the Valsalva sinus (S) and the aortic cusp (C) were measured in nine cases with aortic valvular disease, in which four underwent valve repair and five valve replacement. The control consisted of 20 healthy subjects. The results were as follows: The C/R ratio exhibited a significant correlation with the degree of retraction of aortic cusps, and was considered to be a useful parameter for the determination of the type of operative procedures for aortic valvular disease. It was suggested that in cases with the C/R ratio of 0.5 or more, both commissurotomy and slicing of cusps were effective for improvement of valvular function, while in cases with the ratio less than 0.5, only valve replacement was effective. The diameter of the aortic valve ring between the inner echoes of both the anterior and posterior walls measured by echocardiography was correlated well with the result obtained at operation. PMID- 6644107 TI - [Hypereosinophilic syndrome associated with giant negative T waves and left precordial high voltage. Echocardiographic and tomographic findings of a case]. AB - We reported a case of hypereosinophilic syndrome with an apical thrombus obstructing left ventricular cavity near the apex and apical hypertrophy of the left ventricle demonstrated by echocardiography and computed tomography. Abnormal laboratory findings included a white blood cell count of 22,800/mm3 with 64 per cent of eosinophils, high serum IgE level, and eosinophilic abscess formation in the lymph node specimen. The electrocardiogram showed left precordial high voltage and giant negative T waves in leads V4-5. Two-dimensional echocardiograms revealed an abnormal mass obstructing the left ventricular cavity. Computed tomography demonstrated marked apical hypertrophy of the left ventricle and a filing defect of 24 X 31 mm, which attached to the interventricular septum. Because of the lack of its movement on echocardiograms and significant differences in CT numbers from various portions of the myocardium, the abnormal mass in the left ventricle was considered to be a thrombus. In this case, both echocardiography and computed tomography were very useful to understand structural relationship among the thrombus, interventricular septum and surrounding left ventricular walls, and to assess myocardial thickness of the apex. In addition, it is of particular interest that hypereosinophilic syndrome was associated with marked apical hypertrophy of the left ventricle. PMID- 6644108 TI - [Rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart involving the left ventricle and left atrium]. AB - A case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the left atrium and left ventricle demonstrated by echocardiography was reported. A 31-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of recently developed exertional dyspnea. A holosystolic murmur and a protodiastolic sound were audible at the apex. A chest X-ray showed pulmonary congestion without cardiomegaly. The two-dimensional echocardiogram showed a dense stratified mass of echoes occupying the medial half of the left ventricular cavity, and a part of the abnormal mass of echoes was observed to move toward the left ventricular outflow tract during systole. Another small mass attached to the anterior mitral leaflet was also observed to prolapse partly into the left atrium during systole. The interatrial septum showed a thick and hard band of echo in the short-axis view. Right cardiac catheterization revealed pulmonary hypertension and the levogram of the pulmonary angiography showed left atrial and left ventricular filing defects. The repeated echocardiographic study showed the growth of the abnormal mass. The patient underwent operation, but he died of congestive heart failure thereafter. The necropsy diagnosis was rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart, involving the left atrium and left ventricle. PMID- 6644109 TI - [Isolated congenital mitral valve insufficiency--3 cases]. PMID- 6644110 TI - [Phase analysis of left atrial myxoma]. PMID- 6644111 TI - [Evaluation of left atrial overloading with vectorcardiography]. PMID- 6644112 TI - [Coronary circulation in mitral valve diseases: studies of local myocardial blood flow]. PMID- 6644113 TI - [Left ventricular function in mitral stenosis]. PMID- 6644114 TI - [Sudden death caused by mitral valve obstruction of Bjork-Shiley prosthesis]. PMID- 6644115 TI - [Surgical management of mitral valve disease associated with tricuspid valve regurgitation]. PMID- 6644116 TI - [Echocardiography in the diagnosis of mitral valve diseases]. PMID- 6644117 TI - [Antiplatelet therapy in mitral stenosis]. PMID- 6644118 TI - [Backward flow signal in the left atrium studied by Doppler echocardiography. Differentiation from mitral regurgitation]. AB - A backward flow signal in the left atrium masquerading as mitral regurgitation was studied by a pulsed Doppler method. The subjects consisted of 20 normal volunteers, 12 cases with mitral valve prolapse syndrome, five cases with rheumatic mitral regurgitation, five cases with lone atrial fibrillation, four cases with asymmetric septal hypertrophy and three cases with the Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valve in the mitral position. In two-dimensional echocardiography combined with pulsed Doppler method, a Doppler signal was recorded by locating a sample volume in the left atrium. In all of the cases with mitral valve prolapse syndrome and the cases with the prosthetic valve as well as in all of the normal subjects, the backward flow signal was observed in the left atrium. In three cases with mitral valve prolapse syndrome, it was differentiated from a transvalvular regurgitant flow signal. In all cases with rheumatic mitral regurgitation, the backward flow signal was masked by a turbulent flow signal representing regurgitation. In cases with mitral stenosis, the backward flow signal was scarcely recognized. The duration of the backward flow signal had no relationship with heart rate. The histogram of incidence on the scale of R-R interval revealed normal distribution with a mean value of 0.24 sec (+/- 0.09 sec). Therefore, in cases with tachycardia, the backward flow signal was seen throughout systole. The peak backward flow velocity of Doppler signals was correlated (r = 0.71, p less than 0.01) with the peak forward flow velocity in diastole. The faint backward flow signal seen in cases with mitral stenosis and post-extrasystolic potentiation of the backward flow signal were suggestive of the foregoing relationship. The mechanism producing the backward flow was postulated as a water hammer phenomenon caused by closure of the mitral valve. PMID- 6644119 TI - [Hepatic vein blood flow pattern measured by Doppler echocardiography as an evaluation of tricuspid valve insufficiency]. AB - Evaluation of tricuspid regurgitation was attempted by analyzing the blood flow pattern in the hepatic vein using a combined system of a pulsed Doppler technique and two-dimensional echocardiography. The Doppler incident angle to the hepatic vein from the subcostal approach was approximately 0 degrees to 30 degrees, and the Doppler output was easily recognized as a narrow frequency-band pattern on the sound spectrogram. The study population consisted of 60 patients with valvular heart disease and 17 healthy subjects. Inferior vena cava dimension (IVCD), hepatic vein dimension (HVD) and the blood flow pattern in the hepatic vein were compared with the severity (negative, mild, moderate and severe) of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) assessed by right ventriculography and with right atrial and ventricular pressures. The following conclusions were derived from the study: IVCD and HVD in a group of TR severe were significantly larger than those of the other groups. The normal flow pattern of the hepatic vein was biphasic with a systolic flow greater than a diastolic flow. In cases of valvular heart disease with atrial fibrillation, three types of abnormal blood flow patterns were demonstrated; Type 1 had a slower systolic flow than a diastolic flow. Type 2 had no flow signal during systole, and had only a diastolic flow. Type 3 had a reversed systolic flow with several variations. By this hepatic flow patterns, it was possible to differentiate the TR of severe and moderate groups from the TR of mild group, because 81% of the former groups showed a Type 3 of a flow pattern. The Doppler shifts from the base line on the sound spectrogram were well correlated with right atrial pressure and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (r = -0.72 and -0.64, respectively). The early changes of the hepatic blood flow pattern after operation were due to the improvement of TR by tricuspid annuloplasty, and also seemed to be affected by the postoperative changes of right atrial compliance and contraction. PMID- 6644120 TI - [Echocardiography of ischemic heart disease simulating dilated cardiomyopathy, with special reference to abnormal wall movement on the short-axis]. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) can differentiate ischemic myocardial disease (IMD) from dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The subjects consisted of six cases of IMD which showed left ventricular dilatation (LVDd greater than or equal to 60 mm) and diffuse abnormality of wall motion, but did not show obvious localized myocardial infarction or left ventricular aneurysm on 2DE, and 16 cases of DCM. Two cases of IMD had previous myocardial infarction, and five cases of DCM had cardiomegaly following myocarditis. A short-axis image of the left ventricle was recorded at the chordal and the papillary muscle levels. Each image was divided into 4 segments, which were comprised of the septum, anterior wall, lateral (posterolateral) wall, and posterior (posteromedial) wall. Regional wall motion abnormality with reference to systolic thickening was analyzed qualitatively in each segment. The results were as follows: In ECG findings in IMD group, only one case showed abnormal Q waves and five cases showed left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) similar to intraventricular conduction defect. On the other hand, in DCM group seven cases showed abnormal Q waves and five cases showed LVH. Two cases of IMD had two-vessel disease and four three-vessel disease, respectively. Left ventricular ejection fraction by cine-angiography ranged from 0.10 to 0.39 (mean 0.24) in IMD group and from 0.22 to 0.42 (mean 0.36) in DCM group. Mean LVDd showed no significant difference between these two groups. Five cases of DCM showed marked left ventricular dilatation (LVDd greater than or equal to 75 mm), but there were no such cases in IMD group. B-B' step was recognized in only one case of IMD, though it was present in eight cases in DCM. In regional wall motion, incidence of asynergy such as akinesis or dyskinesis was higher in IMD group than in DCM group. Left ventricular asynergy was more serious in the posteromedial wall than the posterolateral wall at the same image in five cases of IMD. However, in 12 cases of DCM, the degree of asynergy was equal at the both walls. In conclusion, it is recommended to examine echocardiographically the extent of severe asynergy in the posteromedial and posterolateral walls in order to differentiate IMD from DCM. PMID- 6644121 TI - Rupture of the diaphragm in a wrestling match. PMID- 6644122 TI - [Prognosis of postoperative respiratory functions and complications in lung cancer in the aged]. PMID- 6644123 TI - [Profound hypothermia, low volume perfusion technic and hypothermia combined with cardiopulmonary bypass. Comparative studies based on the early postoperative changes in CPK and LDH isoenzymes]. PMID- 6644124 TI - [Cardiac function of the isolated canine heart. 3) Normal values of hemodynamic and metabolic parameters studied by improved perfusion route]. PMID- 6644125 TI - [Renal functions in infants with open heart surgery]. PMID- 6644126 TI - [Patch enlargement of the heart and the aorta without extracorporeal circulation and blood flow occlusion]. PMID- 6644127 TI - [Total correction of tetralogy of Fallot in adults. Comparison between one-step surgery and two-steps corrective surgery]. PMID- 6644129 TI - [Experimental studies on the hypothermic preservation of the canine heart]. PMID- 6644128 TI - [Deep body temperature difference following open heart surgery, with special reference to hemodynamic parameters]. PMID- 6644130 TI - [Experimental study on the reaction of myocardium, coronary arteries and conduction system to cryocoagulation]. PMID- 6644131 TI - [Cavernous hemangioma of the lung: a case report and a review of Japanese literature]. PMID- 6644132 TI - [Surgical management and hemodialysis of septal perforation following myocardial infarct with oliguria]. PMID- 6644133 TI - [Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and pseudolymphoma]. PMID- 6644134 TI - [Rheumatic valvular disease associated with hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 6644135 TI - [Surgical management of abdominal aortic rupture in chronic dissecting thoracic aneurysm (DeBakey IIIb)]. PMID- 6644136 TI - [Pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma developing around old bullet wound]. PMID- 6644137 TI - [Aortic valve insufficiency associated with mitral valve aneurysm]. PMID- 6644138 TI - [Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and catecholamines in thyroid dysfunctions]. PMID- 6644139 TI - [Hyponatremia induced by chlorpropamide]. PMID- 6644140 TI - [Case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome associated with acoustic neuroma]. PMID- 6644141 TI - [Case of paragonimiasis miyazaki. Evaluation of cellular and humoral immunity]. PMID- 6644142 TI - [Primary biliary cirrhosis among siblings with familial clustering of incidences of antimitochondrial antibody]. PMID- 6644143 TI - [Case of acute myocarditis with hepatitis]. PMID- 6644144 TI - [Presence of big plasma glucagon in a woman with porphyria]. PMID- 6644145 TI - [Case of intrathymic parathyroid tumor falsely diagnosed as diabetes insipidus]. PMID- 6644146 TI - [Case of insulin autoimmune syndrome associated with hyperglucagonemia]. PMID- 6644147 TI - Esophageal cancer. Audit of cases at St. Francis Regional Medical Center, Wichita. PMID- 6644148 TI - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Association with thioridazine hydrochloride in a manic depressive patient. PMID- 6644149 TI - The hammock position. A possible aid in prophylactic treatment of DVT. PMID- 6644150 TI - Dioxin. PMID- 6644151 TI - Acute extremity ischemia. Diagnosis and therapeutic approach. PMID- 6644152 TI - Harrington rod. Instrumentation and fusion of unstable spinal fractures. PMID- 6644153 TI - Double-jeopardy--cancer in old age. PMID- 6644154 TI - The effect of denervation diuresis on the severity of glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats. AB - The results of several previous studies suggest that high urine flow rate has a protective effect in several models of experimentally induced acute renal failure. However, the methods employed to alter urine flow precluded a paired experimental design, left kidney vs. right kidney in the same experimental animal. The purpose of the present studies was to determine whether the unilateral diuresis that results from renal denervation has a protective effect on that kidney in glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Eight groups of rats were studied. The left kidneys of all were either denervated or sham-denervated; 3 to 5 days later, rats were injected with either 150 mM NaCl (controls) or glycerol; then either 3 or 24 hr after injection, renal function was measured in acute experiments. In saline-injected rats, the inulin clearances of right and left kidneys were virtually identical, whether the left kidney was denervated or not; however, in rats with denervated left kidneys, left kidney urine flow exceeded that of the right kidney whereas the opposite was true in rats with sham denervated left kidneys. In contrast with saline-injected rats, there were highly significant differences in inulin clearances of right and left kidneys in glycerol-injected rats at both 3 and 24 hr after injection; left kidney inulin clearance exceeded that of the right in rats with denervated left kidneys, whereas right kidney inulin clearance exceeded that of the left in rats with sham denervated left kidneys. Since the kidney with the higher urine flow had the higher inulin clearance at 3 and 24 hr after glycerol, whether or not the kidney was denervated, these results suggest that urine flow per se has a protective effect in glycerol-induced acute renal failure in rats. PMID- 6644155 TI - Impaired and exhausted platelets in modified generalized Shwartzman reaction: an analogue of hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with endotoxemia. AB - Thrombocytopenia is characteristically associated with septicemia and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a subset of which has been shown to be associated with endotoxemia and shigellosis. An experimental model that closely resembles these clinical conditions is the generalized Shwartzman reaction modified with a continuous intravenous infusion of endotoxin for 5 hr in rabbits. In addition to exhibiting the triad of HUS (thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and azotemia), these animals also had circulating platelet aggregates, leukocytosis, lipidemia, hemoglobinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and prolonged partial thromboplastin time. Platelets that remained in circulation were chemically exhausted in serotonin content and functionally impaired in aggregation activities. Plasma from animals during thrombocytopenia and platelet functional deficiency had no effect of the aggregation responses of normal platelets. Although the single triggering event of endotoxin infusion was stopped at hour 5, recovery from abnormalities was only partial on day 2 and within normal limits by day 3. In vitro studies supported platelet exhaustion as a mechanism for decreased platelet function after endotoxin infusion. The presence of circulating platelet aggregates and exhausted platelets suggested that the process of platelet activation took place at as long as 24 hr after the cessation of LPS infusion. Endotoxin and other mechanism(s) are likely to be operative in the pathogenesis leading to platelet activation. Further studies to reveal the mechanism of platelet exhaustion in the experimental model may help our understanding of corresponding events in clinical endotoxic injury and HUS associated with endotoxemia. PMID- 6644156 TI - Chloramphenicol-mediated DNA damage and its possible role in the inhibitory effects of chloramphenicol on DNA synthesis. AB - Studies were undertaken to examine the interaction of chloramphenicol and some of its analogs with DNA in an effort to elucidate the mechanism by which high levels of the drug cause inhibition of DNA synthesis. Chloramphenicol at concentrations of 1 mM and above was found to mediate the degradation of double-stranded DNA in the presence of copper and a reducing agent. Similarly, the L-threo steroisomer of chloramphenicol was equally potent at causing strand scissions in DNA. Nitroso chloramphenicol, which inhibits DNA synthesis at much lower concentrations, also causes DNA damage at levels 100-fold lower than chloramphenicol. In contrast, thiamphenicol, which has a methyl-sulfonyl group in place of the nitro group at the para position, neither affects DNA synthesis nor causes DNA degradation under the conditions tested. The good correlation between the inhibition of DNA synthesis and the generation of strand-scissions by this series of analogs suggests that damage to DNA may be responsible for the inhibition of DNA synthesis seen with chloramphenicol, rather than an interaction of chloramphenicol with DNA polymerase. This proposal is further substantiated by studies with a DNA polymerase in a cell-free system. There was no inhibition of DNA synthesis when any of the analogs were added directly to the polymerase reaction mixture. However, a significant, time-dependent reduction in DNA synthesis was seen when the DNA template used for the polymerase assay was preincubated with chloramphenicol or nitroso-chloramphenicol prior to its use in the assay, again suggesting damage to DNA as the mechanism involved. PMID- 6644157 TI - The activity of aerosolized and intracutaneous synthetic platelet activating factor (AGEPC) in rhesus monkeys with IgE-mediated airway responses and normal monkeys. AB - AGEPC, a synthetic platelet activating factor was studied by aerosol or cutaneous challenge in rhesus monkeys with or without IgE-mediated airway responses. The AGEPC qualitatively reproduced an antigen type of airway response. The monkeys with airway reactivity to antigen were reactive to lower concentrations of AGEPC than normal monkeys. Although very low concentrations of AGEPC produced cutaneous reactions, no cutaneous hyperreactivity was present in antigen-reactive animals. The threshold concentrations of AGEPC producing an airway reaction were 1/600 and 1/20,000 those of leukotriene D4 and histamine, respectively. These results could be consistent with AGEPC as a highly active mediator of airway responses in antigen-reactive airways of primates. PMID- 6644158 TI - Stimulation of human tumor colony formation by platelet lysate. AB - The effect of platelet lysate on the growth of colonies of human tumor cells was examined in vitro by using the human tumor stem cell assay. Lysates were prepared from freeze-thawed outdated platelets. Eighteen to 446 colonies (mean 85) grew from 211 of 299 tumors plated at a density of 5 X 10(5) cells/plate. The plating efficiency ranged from 0.001% to 0.35%. The viability of the cells plated ranged from 10% to 90%. Platelet lysate significantly enhanced (p less than 0.05) colony formation from cells from 99 (47%) of 211 patients. The number of colonies grown with lysate from these 99 tumors ranged from 36 to 580 (mean 152). The enhancement factor varied from 1.25 to 6.69. Platelet lysate significantly decreased colony formation (p less than 0.05) from cells from 27 (13%) of the 211 tumors and had no effect on 85 (40%). Maximum increases over control occurred after 6 days in 79 (94%) of 84 tumors and after 10 days in 5 (6%). The extent of enhancement by platelet lysate of tumor colony formation correlated with cell viability (r = 0.545, p less than 0.005). The growth-promoting activity for human tumors was nondialyzable, stable with heating at 56 degrees or 70 degrees C for 30 min and at 100 degrees C for 2.5 min, substantially inactivated by heating at 100 degrees C for 5 min, and totally inactivated by heating at 90 degrees C for 30 min. It was partially inactivated by trypsin and abolished by periodate oxidation. The results suggest that a proportion of tumors of epithelial and mesodermal origin are responsive in vitro to growth-promoting factor(s) derived from human platelets. PMID- 6644159 TI - Pneumococcal sonicate-induced biphasic granulocytopenia and its dissociation from pulmonary leukostasis. The contribution of pneumococcal products and complement to early and late granulocytopenic phases. AB - The pathogenesis of pneumococcus (PNC)-induced granulocytopenia is unclear. We studied its relationship to pulmonary leukostasis and the possible roles of PNC constituents and complement. Nonviable PNC was infused into normal and 99% C3 depleted rabbits. PNC challenge induced both granulocytopenia and pulmonary leukostasis in normal animals; complement-depleted animals displayed granulocytopenia without pulmonary leukostasis. Therefore an intact complement system was not essential to the granulocytopenia, whereas pulmonary leukostasis was complement-dependent. Rabbits infused with serum, plasma, or nonpyrogenic normal saline, each after in vitro incubation with PNC, developed significant granulocytopenia (p less than 0.001, p less than 0.01, and p less than 0.001, respectively) with maximal mean percent decreases of -98%, -97%, and -91%, respectively. When the animals were sacrificed at 3 hr, no pulmonary leukostasis was found. The granulocytopenia persisted for 3 hr after infusion of either PNC exposed serum or plasma, whereas the granulocytopenia induced by PNC-exposed saline was of less than or equal to 1 hr duration. If serum or plasma complement was inactivated prior to PNC incubation, subsequent infusion also induced significant granulocytopenia of less than 1 hr duration (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01). PNC-exposed saline that was subsequently heat-treated induced this same early (less than or equal to 1 hr) granulocytopenia (p less than 0.05). Control animals infused with serum, plasma, or saline unexposed to PNC displayed neither granulocytopenia nor pulmonary leukostasis. Therefore neither prior in vitro complement inactivation nor heat treatment after PNC incubation prevented the early granulocytopenic phase; in vitro complement inactivation totally aborted the late phase. The complement-independent, heat-stable early granulocytopenic phase was further investigated. Its granulocytopenia-inducing activity did not require the presence of PNC capsular polysaccharide and was resistant to trypsin treatment. With ultrafiltration, its molecular weight was 100,000 to 300,000. Thus PNC-induced granulocytopenia is a multifactorial phenomenon involving both complement-dependent and complement-independent mechanisms as well as contribution by PNC constituents or by-products. PMID- 6644160 TI - Evaluation of CT in the diagnosis of congenital choanal atresia. AB - A six-year-old female with congenital bilateral choanal atresia was examined by CT (computed tomography) and contrast radiography. CT clearly demonstrated the existence of choanal atresia, and differentiated osseous stenosis from membranous stenosis in the choanae. CT may be the first choice of radiological examination for the pre-operative diagnosis of congenital choanal atresia. PMID- 6644161 TI - Cricoarytenoid joint structure and function. PMID- 6644162 TI - Intrathoracic goitre. Surgical treatment in an ENT department. AB - Eighteen consecutive cases of intrathoracic goitres operated in an ENT department during a four-year period from 1977-1981 are presented. Massive intrathoracic extension, with at least half of the gland located below the top of the sternum, was seen in all cases. Seventy-eight per cent of the patients had respiratory symptoms, which, in most cases, was so extreme that periodic or manifest stridor was present. The gland could be extirpated through a wide Kocher's incision in all cases. There was no mortality, only a single case of hypoparathyroidism and no recurrent nerve paresis or other complications. Traditionally operation of intrathoracic goitre is performed in thoracic surgical departments. Sternal splitting or lateral thoracotomy, however, is only necessary in a very few cases. It is concluded that surgical treatment of patients with large intrathoracic extension can be performed with advantage in ENT departments by surgeons experienced in head and neck cancer surgery using the operating microscope to lessen risk of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerves. PMID- 6644163 TI - Trends in minimizing deformity in head and neck resections. PMID- 6644164 TI - Spindle cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx. AB - A case of spindle cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx is reported and its current management is reviewed. Surgical excision of the nasopharyngeal tumour may be the treatment of choice in some cases. PMID- 6644166 TI - Carcinoid tumour of the larynx. A report of two cases. AB - Two cases of carcinoid tumours of the larynx are described. One was histologically a typical carcinoid whilst the other showed cellular atypia, numerous mitoses and invasion of the surrounding tissues. Both were argyrophilic but not argentaffin positive whilst electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of neurosecretory granules and amyloid. The previous literature on these rare tumours of the larynx is reviewed. PMID- 6644165 TI - Oropharyngeal Kaposi's sarcoma. Report of two cases and review of the literature. AB - Two cases of Kaposi's sarcoma involving the oropharynx are described. The pathology of the condition is reviewed and the problems of treatment outlined. PMID- 6644167 TI - TORPs--how have they fared after five years? PMID- 6644168 TI - The ear deformities in craniofacial microsomia and oculo-auriculo-vertebral dysplasia. PMID- 6644169 TI - New clinical applications of the stapedial reflex. AB - Stapedial reflex data were obtained from 11 myasthenic, 18 hyperthyroid and six hypothyroid patients. Data were studied with respect to reflex threshold, amplitude and decay. Elevated threshold, decreased amplitude, and high and low frequency reflex decay were observed in myasthenic and hyperthyroid patients. Hypothyroidism merely increases stapedial reflex amplitude but causes no significant threshold or decay changes. PMID- 6644170 TI - The relationship between the 'superior constrictor swallow', clicking of the ears and ear disease. AB - A normal modified type of swallow is described, the function of which is to open the pharyngotympanic tube. It is associated with clicking of the ears. The tensor veli palatini, the levator palatini and the superior constrictor muscles appear to be the muscles involved, as it can occur without swallowing or movement of the tongue, or speaking. This modified swallow has been called the 'superior constrictor swallow', and it is demonstrated by productions of typical frames from a cine film. Sniffing, yawning and normal swallowing can occur with or without opening of the pharyngotympanic tubes, but this normal modified swallow (SCS) must be initiated to produce opening of the tubes. The change in middle-ear pressures with clicking is well shown with tympanometry. Modified swallow, largely involving the inferior constrictor muscle, may also occur. PMID- 6644171 TI - Phonocephalography: a non-invasive diagnostic technique. Normal vascular sounds. AB - Phonocephalography is the amplification and recording of sounds from the surface and cavities of the head. It is on trial for a simple, passive non-invasive diagnostic technique in tinnitus and intracranial angiology. This article presents the recordings of normal phonocephalography, i.e. the recording of normal sounds in the head. PMID- 6644172 TI - Phonatory function following unilateral laser cordectomy. PMID- 6644173 TI - Functional voice disorders. A review of 109 patients. AB - The records of 109 patients, presenting with functional voice disorder during the years 1977-1981, have been reviewed. The mean age was 45 years and the F : M ratio is 2 : 1. Excess voice use was not obviously an aetiological factor. Sixty one of the 109 patients (56 per cent) were cured by speech therapy, in that their voices returned to their pre-morbid state, and a further 28 (26 per cent) were improved by therapy; seven patients (6 per cent) did not improve and 13 (12 per cent) were lost to follow-up. Of the patients that were 'cured', 54 per cent were discharged after three months' treatment and 72 per cent after six months' treatment. Eight per cent required treatment for more than a year. PMID- 6644174 TI - Secondary malignant tumour of the temporal bone presenting as jaw joint dysfunction. PMID- 6644175 TI - Chondrosarcoma arising in the nasal septum. AB - A case is presented of a chondrosarcoma arising in the nasal septum and extending into the maxillary sinuses. This tumour is unusual in the head and neck and rarely arises in the nasal septum. Diagnostic difficulties are discussed. The treatment was radical surgery with removal of a major portion of the upper jaw, necessitating reconstruction with a maxillo-facial prothesis. PMID- 6644176 TI - Schistosomiasis in otorhinolaryngology: review of the literature and case report. AB - Manifestations of schistosomiasis in otorhinolaryngology are rare. A review of the literature revealed only four cases. The purpose of this paper is to document the second case of schistosomiasis of the larynx. PMID- 6644177 TI - Malignant paraganglioma of the larynx. PMID- 6644178 TI - Cholesterol solubility in mixed micellar solutions of ionic and non-ionic surfactants. AB - The solubility of cholesterol in mixed aqueous ionic and non-ionic micellar systems in the presence and absence of salts and ionic dyes has been studied. The mixed micellar system of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and Triton X-100 solubilized more cholesterol than a system consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100. The influence of salts and dyes on these systems was moderate but different for each system. Sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and sodium citrate had mild effects on both the systems, whereas the effects of potassium hydrogen phthalate, sodium salicylate, and sodium acetyl salicylate were dramatic. The free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of solution were determined. On the basis of the energetics, the nature of the mixed systems is discussed. Solubility of cholesterol was found to bear a direct correlation with the total lipid content. PMID- 6644179 TI - Overproduction of a kinetic subclass of VLDL-apoB, and direct catabolism of VLDL apoB in human endogenous hypertriglyceridemia: an analytical model solution of tracer data. AB - To investigate the participation of the major apoprotein involved in triglyceride transport in the pathogenesis of endogenous hypertriglyceridemia, five kinetic studies of apoprotein B were conducted in volunteer normolipidemic subjects and six studies in four patients with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia. The transport of apoprotein B within four kinetic subclasses of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) was studied by injection of [75Se]selenomethionine. A 24-fold increase in the entry of newly synthesized apoprotein B at the initial kinetic subclass of the four-compartment VLDL delipidation sequence characterized the hypertriglyceridemic studies relative to normal subjects. Moreover, approximately 75 mg/kg per day of VLDL-B turnover reflected direct catabolism independent of conversion to IDL and/or to LDL, in contrast to the 8 mg/kg per day observed in controls. IDL-B was derived from VLDL-B in both normal and hypertriglyceridemic subjects, and was responsible for greater than 70% of all LDL-B synthesis. LDL-B pool size and turnover were indistinguishable in hypertriglyceridemic subjects from that observed in normal subjects. These studies suggest that two kinetic phenomena may characterize the pathophysiology of endogenous hypertriglyceridemia: a) over-production of apoB within a kinetic subclass of VLDL and b) preferential catabolism of hypertriglyceridemic VLDL without prior conversion to IDL/LDL. PMID- 6644180 TI - 26-hydroxycholesterol: regulation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. AB - The effect of 26-hydroxycholesterol and other intermediates in bile acid synthesis on HMG-CoA reductase activity was studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture. Incubation of CHO cells for 5 hr in 0.25 microM 26 hydroxycholesterol caused a 40% inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity. All other intermediates tested including 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid and cholest 5-ene-3 beta,7 alpha,26-triol, oxidation products of 26-hydroxycholesterol, had little or no inhibitory effect. It is proposed that 26-hydroxycholesterol has a selective biological role in the regulation of cholesterol synthesis. PMID- 6644181 TI - Effect of ethanol on intestinal lipid absorption in the rat. AB - The effect of ethanol infusion on intestinal lipid absorption was studied in rats with a duodenal cannula. Rats were infused with ethanol overnight and ethanol was included in a trioleoylglycerol emulsion infusion given for 3 hr the next day. These rats were compared to control animals infused with glucose (isocalorically). The ethanol-infused rats had a greatly impaired lipid absorptive capacity. The monoacylglycerol and free fatty acid contents in the intestinal lumen in the ethanol-infused rats were 4- and 7-fold greater, respectively, than controls. The inhibition of absorption was not due to an effect of ethanol on lipolytic activity. The lipase content of the ethanol infused rats was greater than controls and the separate infusion of monoacylglycerol and fatty acids demonstrated impaired absorption of these end products of lipolysis as compared to controls. To observe if these changes were due to an effect of ethanol on the enterocyte brush border membrane, the membrane lipids were analyzed. The phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolanine content was reduced but not the neutral lipids, sphingomyelin, or phosphatidylserine. The uptake of fatty acid into intestinal rings was also shown to be impaired by ethanol infusion. Lastly, the specific activity of the neutral lipids remaining in the intestinal lumen after [3H]glycerol-labeled trioleoylglycerol-infusion was similar to controls even though the mass was much greater. It is concluded that ethanol impairs neutral lipid absorption due to an effect on the enterocyte brush border membrane and by increasing the efflux of low specific activity lipid from the enterocyte back out into the intestinal lumen. A potential pathway for this efflux is the recently described increased porosity of the apical junctional complex in response to ethanol infusion. PMID- 6644182 TI - The relationship between the rate of hepatic sterol synthesis and the incorporation of [3H]water. AB - The true rate of sterol synthesis in liver cells was determined by measurement of the weight of desmosterol produced over a given time period during incubations in the presence of triparanol. The simultaneous presence of tritiated water (3H2O) during the incubations permitted a direct observation of the weight of tritium incorporated into a given mass of newly synthesized sterol. The incorporation of tritium per atom of sterol carbon (H/C ratio) was lower than some previously reported values and suggests that a sizeable proportion of the reducing equivalents (NADPH) required for sterol synthesis arises via the pentose phosphate pathway. The H/C ratio changed significantly with length of the incubation period. The value of the ratio was also dependent upon whether the acetyl-CoA units utilized for sterol synthesis were derived predominantly from a carbohydrate or a fatty acid source. PMID- 6644183 TI - Lipids of human atherosclerotic plaques and xanthomas: clues to the mechanism of plaque progression. AB - While the content of fatty streaks and fibrous plaques has been extensively studied in autopsied specimens, little is known about the lipid composition of advanced human atherosclerotic plaques requiring surgical removal. We have analyzed free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, and the cholesteryl ester fatty acid content in 19 carotid and 7 femoral obliterative plaques obtained at endarterectomy. These were compared with values from each subject's plasma and from xanthomas removed from eight patients. The total cholesterol content was 75.1 mg/g dry weight for carotid plaques, 56.0 mg/g for femoral plaques, and 106.8 mg/g for xanthomas. The free cholesterol content was 56.6% and 50.4% of the total cholesterol for carotid and femoral plaques, respectively, while the free cholesterol of xanthomas was only 25.5%. The fatty acids of cholesteryl esters were analyzed in an attempt to identify the site of their esterification, i.e., within plasma or within plaque. This can be determined using the ratio of linoleic acid (18:2) to oleic acid (18:1) in the cholesteryl ester. The ratios were 0.36 for xanthoma, 1.62 for carotid plaque, 1.73 for femoral plaque, and 2.51 in plasma. These data emphasize two chemical changes occurring with evolution of the atherosclerotic process: 1) The cholesteryl ester fatty acid composition of the plaque becomes increasingly similar to that of plasma, and 2) there is a continuing increase in the percentage of free cholesterol. These alterations reflect a decreased metabolic efficiency within atherosclerotic lesions and may initiate events that enhance plaque progression. PMID- 6644185 TI - Apolipoprotein and lipid distribution between vesicles and HDL-like particles formed during lipolysis of human very low density lipoproteins by perfused rat heart. AB - A study was undertaken to determine the relative association of lipid and apolipoproteins among lipoproteins produced during lipolysis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in perfused rat heart. Human VLDL was perfused through beating rat hearts along with various combinations of albumin (0.5%), HDL2, the infranatant of d greater than 1.08 g/ml of serum, and labeled sucrose. The products were resolved by gel filtration, ultracentrifugation, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The composition of the lipoprotein products was assessed by analysis of total lipid profiles by gas-liquid chromatography and immunoassay of apolipoproteins. A vesicle particle, which trapped and retained 1 2% of medium sucrose, co-isolated with VLDL and VLDL remnants by gel filtration chromatography but primarily with the low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction when isolated by ultracentrifugation. The vesicle was resolved from apoB-containing LDL lipolysis products by hydroxylapatite chromatography of the lipoproteins. The vesicle lipoprotein contained unesterified cholesterol (34%), phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin (50%), cholesteryl ester (6%), triacylglycerol (5%), and apolipoprotein (5%). The apolipoprotein consisted of apoC-II (7%), apoC-III (93%), and trace amounts of apoE (1%). When viewed by electron microscopy the vesicles appeared as rouleaux structures with a diameter of 453 A, and a periodicity of 51.7 A. The mass represented by the vesicle particle in terms of the initial amount in VLDL was: cholesterol (5%), phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin (3%), apoC-II (0.5%), apoC-III (2.2%). The majority of the apoC and E released from apoB-containing lipoproteins was associated with neutral-lipid core lipoproteins proteins which possessed size characteristics of HDL. The vesicles were also formed in the presence of HDL and serum and were not disrupted by serum HDL. It is concluded that lipolysis of VLDL in vitro results in the production of VLDL remnants and LDL apoB-containing lipoproteins, as well as HDL like lipoproteins. A vesicular lipoprotein which has many characteristics of lipoprotein X found in cholestasis, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency, and during Intralipid infusion is also formed. The majority of apolipoprotein C and E released from apoB-containing lipoproteins is associated with the HDL-like lipoprotein. It is suggested that the formation and stability of the vesicle lipoprotein may be related to the high ratio of cholesterol/phospholipid in this particle. PMID- 6644184 TI - Studies on the detergent inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity. AB - Pancreatic lipase requires colipase, a protein cofactor, to counteract the in vitro inhibition by bile salt. Lipase activity is inhibited by nonsteroidic detergents regardless of their charge and structure. Detergent-inhibited lipase is reactivated by colipase but in all cases activation is limited to a narrow range of detergent concentration. Complementary studies on the bile salt and detergent effect on lipase activity and on interfacial tension at the substrate water interface show that inhibition is not related to the interfacial surface tension. It is hypothesized that absorption of amphiphilic compounds to the substrate surface modifies the distribution of the enzyme between the lipid surface and the aqueous phase. The activity of detergent-inhibited lipase is fully restored by adding bile salt to the reaction system. Bile salt might play a critical role during in vivo lipolysis by desorbing surface-active substances from the lipid-water interface thus allowing lipase and colipase to interact with substrate. PMID- 6644186 TI - Characterization of sheep lung lymph lipoproteins: chemical and physical properties. AB - We have determined the composition and distribution of plasma and lung lymph lipoproteins from unanesthetized ewes. Cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid levels in lung lymph were 45%, 50%, and 50%, respectively, of those in plasma. Lipoproteins from both lymph and plasma were separated into two major fractions: d less than 1.063 g/ml or "LDL", and d 1.063-1.21 g/ml or HDL. HDL was the major lipoprotein species in the plasma and lymph. Gradient gel electrophoresis of HDL on 4-30% gels showed that, in lymph, HDL particles were shifted to larger sizes; in addition to a peak at 8.5 nm, which was similar to plasma HDL, there were two additional components of larger size, one at 9.2 nm and the other at 12 nm. Electron microscopy revealed that lymph HDL contained two new particles not seen in plasma: large, round particles, 13.6 nm diameter, and discoidal particles, 18.7 by 4.9 nm, long and short axis, respectively. Compositional analysis of lymph HDL revealed a relative enrichment in free cholesterol as well as an enrichment in apolipoprotein E. Lymph "LDL" on gradient gel electrophoresis was extremely heterogeneous. Several peaks were evident in the 23-30 nm size range (similar to plasma "LDL"), but a supplementary component at approximately 15-16 nm was also present. Whereas plasma "LDL" on electron microscopy contained only round particles 26 nm in diameter, lymph contained an additional, unusual particle which was close-packed, with square geometry, and was 15 nm in diameter. Lymph apolipoprotein composition differed from that of plasma by the appearance of apoE and A-I as well as apoB. Particles containing apoE and A-I were separated from apoB-containing particles in a fraction of d 1.047-1.063 g/ml by density gradient centrifugation. On electron microscopy, this fraction revealed square-packing particles; the density and apolipoprotein composition suggest that these unusual particles are a continuum of HDL. Changes in the physical and chemical properties of lung lymph lipoproteins suggest that these particles are metabolically modified. PMID- 6644187 TI - Tauro-7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid as internal standard in the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of bile acid methyl ester acetates. AB - Tauro-7 alpha, 12 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid has been used as internal standard in the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of bile acid methyl ester acetates. The advantage of this compound over other internal standards is that its use takes into account the hydrolysis rate of the bile acids. The entire procedure is monitored by thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, and by radioactivity measurement and zonal scanning. PMID- 6644188 TI - Analysis of sphingoid bases by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique was developed for the analysis of sphingoid bases as their biphenylcarbonyl derivatives. The sphingoid bases (0.3-500 nmol) obtained from sphingolipids after hydrolysis were quantitatively derivatized with biphenylcarbonyl chloride at room temperature for 90 min. After removal of excess reagent by partitioning, the derivatized products were quantitatively analyzed on a reversed-phase HPLC column, with detection at 280 nm. A mixture of biphenylcarbonyl C18-5 hydroxysphinganine, C18-erythro and threo sphingenine, and sphinganine, C18-5-O methyl and 3-O-methyl sphingenine, C20-sphingenine, sphingosyl phosphorylcholine, and psychosine and were well resolved from one another. The method was employed for the analysis of less than nanomole quantities of sphingoid bases from sphingomyelin and cerebrosides. PMID- 6644189 TI - Acetonitrile-hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of gangliosides for high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of their long chain bases. AB - An improved method for the hydrolysis of long chain bases from gangliosides with aqueous acetonitrile-HCl is described. The long chain bases released from brain gangliosides were derivatized with biphenylcarbonylchloride and resolved by high performance liquid chromatography on a C18 reversed-phase column. Components of individual peaks were identified by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. The acetonitrile-HCL hydrolysis procedure resulted in no formation of O-methyl ethers of long chain bases and a significant decrease in the level of secondary products. PMID- 6644190 TI - HMG-CoA reductase III. Abstracts. June 4, 1983, San Francisco. PMID- 6644191 TI - In praise of PACs. PMID- 6644192 TI - Politics of the possible. PMID- 6644193 TI - Use of 15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha postpartum to contract the uterus in normal pregnant women. PMID- 6644194 TI - Changing practices in the use of benzyl alcohol-preserved solutions in neonatal intensive care units in Georgia. PMID- 6644196 TI - Preferred provider organizations: a preview of likely legal issues. PMID- 6644195 TI - Atherosclerotic subintimal hematoma of the carotid artery. PMID- 6644197 TI - Nonpharmacologic treatment of hypertension. PMID- 6644198 TI - Genitourinary tumors II: Carcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 6644199 TI - Fuzzy and crisp set-theoretic-based classification of health and disease. A qualitative and quantitative comparison. AB - Conventional cluster analyses of patient populations are intended to assist in the identification and characterization of groups that may represent etiological or pathological subtypes within a particular disease class. These methods have been criticized as being insensitive to subtle patient differences, which may be masked as a result of the all-or-nothing concept of cluster membership intrinsic to crisp set-theoretic-based grouping algorithms. As an alternative to conventional clustering procedures, several investigators have studied the use of fuzzy classification methods. In general, these measure a patient's clinical status in terms of a real number defined on the closed unit interval, reflecting the extent or degree to which a particular grouping entity characterizes the patient. This paper compares and contrasts the applications of crisp and fuzzy set-theoretic-based clustering procedures to a set of data describing the cognitive and intellectual functioning of a group of subjects participating in a longitudinal study of aging. Emphasis is placed on both qualitative and quantitative aspects corresponding, respectively, to the clinical interpretation of cluster definitions, and the robustness or sensitivity of the classification procedures to changes in patient profiles over time. The fuzzy set-theoretic based model was found to be more sensitive to changes in subject level of functioning over time, to provide superior quantitative protrayals of patterns of aging, and to reflect properties of the aging process derived from other research. PMID- 6644200 TI - Protocols for unifying distributed systems in hospitals. AB - Data pertinent to any one hospital patient are often distributed across several independent heterogeneous computer systems serving different functional areas of the hospital. A global, integrated hospital information system can evolve from this situation if existing computer systems are linked by a local area network and the systems are modified to employ a set of protocols that enable information exchange. This paper provides a high-level description of the required protocol functions. PMID- 6644201 TI - A distribution system for digital images from diverse image sources. Incorporating a local area network in an imaging environment. AB - This paper proposes a unified image-processing and viewing system as a viewing station and initially as the central file server in a unified digital image distribution and processing network, linking various digital image sources through a high speed data link and a common image format. The network allows for viewing and processing of all images produced within the complex and for locating viewing stations in any number of convenient areas. The system proposed can be slowly expanded to include all the digital images produced within the department of institution. PMID- 6644202 TI - Hospital information systems planning. AB - Phase I of the information systems plan at a large metropolitan teaching hospital is described. Planning strategy, staffing, and cost are discussed, as well as the success and failure of various stages of the plan. Tips and suggestions for successful planning are offered. PMID- 6644203 TI - The impact of a private group practice of converting to an automated medical information system. AB - As hardware and software developments make medical information systems increasingly available to physicians office practices and outpatients facilities, there is a need to focus on systems installation and conversion issues. In addition to the detailed step-by-step implementation plan, the overall impact of the new system should be anticipated. The purchasers should consider such issues as new information flow and user communication patterns between patient care and ancillary and support departments; restructuring of fundamental approaches to work allocation for either batch or real-time systems; and new emphasis on any departments vital to problem-spotting and solving. At California Primary Physicians (CPP), an awareness of these changes did not develop until well after the official "live" data had passed and the staff had been successfully using the system for several months. This paper explains how the above issues have emerged and the impact they have had on CPP, and provides a framework for anticipating such matters in any system installation. PMID- 6644204 TI - Computer support for clinical and ancillary support areas. AB - Military medicine is aggressively meeting the need for enhanced information flow and improved efficiency in the delivery of health care by implementing automated systems. A Department of Defense (DOD) Agency, the Tri-Service Medical Information Systems (TRIMIS) Program office, is centrally procuring automated data processing to support clinical and patient appointment activities within the DOD health care system of 165 hospitals and 287 clinics. The procured systems are then implemented with the assistance of the military departments. Systems are now supporting cardiology, pharmacy, radiology, clinical laboratory, and patient appointment and scheduling. Capabilities of all these systems are detailed in the paper. To date, the TRIMIS efforts have contributed significantly to more efficient information processing, thus ensuring continued quality health care through the DOD. PMID- 6644205 TI - Three-dimensional surface descriptions from sensed data. AB - Computer graphics are being employed in several fields to display images of objects that have never been seen by human eyes. The information collected by CAT scanners, ultrasound sensing systems, and other automatic measuring devices is typically not in a displayable form. This paper surveys several techniques for constructing three-dimensional descriptions of these sensed objects in forms suitable for manipulation by computer graphics display programs. PMID- 6644206 TI - G-6-PD Bangkok: clinical follow up and family study. PMID- 6644207 TI - Anthropometric relationship with blood pressure in normal Thai adults. PMID- 6644208 TI - Post-operative radiation therapy for stage II breast cancer. PMID- 6644209 TI - Study on serum bile acids in opisthorchiasis in Thailand. PMID- 6644210 TI - In vitro susceptibility of clinical bacterial isolates to aminoglycosides and third-generation cephalosporins. PMID- 6644211 TI - Present status of breast feeding Thailand. PMID- 6644212 TI - Atrial coronary angiography, tachyarrhythmias and the Ta segment. AB - Electrocardiograms and angiograms were reviewed to determine if atrial Ta segment displacements and atrial flutter or fibrillation indicate atrial coronary disease. Atrial circulation was assessed by angiography in 28 patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries, 29 patients with significant stenosis of at least one major coronary vessel, and 16 with coronary artery disease and atrial flutter or fibrillation. The prevalence of Ta segment displacement was 71% without coronary disease and 79% with coronary disease. There was no relationship between Ta displacement and segmental atrial coronary insufficiency. Among an additional 28 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction, 79% had equivalent Ta segment displacement. Half of the patients with atrial flutter/fibrillation had significant mitral regurgitation, in contrast to 3% of coronary patients in sinus rhythm (p less than 0.001), but their atrial coronary circulation was not more severely compromised. Thus, Ta segment displacement did not identify atrial coronary disease and was not more frequent during acute myocardial infarction. Abnormal atrial perfusion did not explain Ta segment displacement or atrial flutter/fibrillation. PMID- 6644213 TI - Multiple atrioventricular nodal pathways--a new electrophysiological phenomenon in children. AB - Multiple atrioventricular (A-V) nodal pathways are described in five dysrhythmia free children with congenital heart defects. The five were some (2.9%) of 175 children who underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization and electrophysiological evaluation over a three year period. Supraventricular tachycardia was not induced during the electrophysiological evaluation. Medical follow-up is recommended since multiple A-V nodal pathways have been demonstrated in adults with A-V nodal reentrant tachycardia. PMID- 6644214 TI - Real-time measurement of the spatial magnitude of the ST segment with the automated vectorcardiographic ST segment analyzer. AB - ST segment deviation has been used as an indicator of the degree of myocardial ischemic injury. An automated vectorcardiograph, i.e., an ST segment analyzing system developed in our laboratory, was applied to experimental coronary artery occlusion in dogs, and continuous real-time measurements of ST segment deviation were undertaken. ST segment deviations of the X, Y and Z leads of the Frank lead system were measured and averaged during eight-second periods (STX, STY and STZ). From the ST segment deviation in three dimensions, the spatial ST magnitude and the direction of ST segment deviation (azimuth and elevation) were computed with the use of a microcomputer. The spatial changes of the ST segment after the occlusion of the coronary arteries in the experimental animals were quite compatible with the site of the occlusion. In addition, various interventions influenced the spatial magnitude of the ST segment resulting from coronary artery occlusion. PMID- 6644215 TI - Post-exercise changes of the Q-Tc interval in coronary heart disease. AB - A study was made of variations of the Q-Tc interval as a result of exercise on 40 subjects, all submitted to coronary-angiography. The exercise tests were carried out on an ergometric bicycle and the Q-T interval, corrected for heart rate according to Bazett's formula, was measured on the resting ECG before the start of the test, and on the ECG recorded immediately following the end of the exercise. Of the 40 subjects, 29 had coronary heart disease and 11 were considered normal or showed non-significant lesions. In these 11, except for one with left bundle branch block, the Q-Tc showed a shortening on the ECG following exercise. Of the patients with coronary heart disease with or without the presence of contractility disturbances, 20 showed a prolongation of the Q-Tc following exercise, and eight showed no change. The Q-Tc variations were 0.05 sec. +/- 0.03. Analyzing the data as a 2 X 2 contingency table, the value of the alpha 2 corrected for continuity is 30.4, which is highly significant. Our study thus revealed that Q-Tc variations with exercise have a value for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease in exercise tests. PMID- 6644216 TI - Circadian rhythms in dynamic electrocardiography. AB - A group of ten healthy subjects aged 32-58 years was studied by dynamic electrocardiography. An electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded on CM 5 lead for 14 seconds every 15 minutes during the 24 hours. All the subjects were under a similar nyctohemeral schedule, sleeping between 23.30 and 06.45, and all followed their spontaneous diet without any restriction. "Mean Cosinor" analysis of the data revealed statistically significant circadian rhythms of heart rate (HR), R and T-wave voltages, duration of the QT interval and ST segment displacement, but not of the duration of the corrected QT (QTc). PMID- 6644217 TI - Beat to beat surface recording and averaging of His-Purkinje activity in man. AB - A non-invasive technique has been used to record the electrical activity of the His-Purkinje System (HPS) on the body surface involving shielding, high gain band pass filtering and averaging of bipolar chest ECGs (V6-V6R). The measurements were made in the Berlin Magnetically Shielded Room (BMSR) which reduces the background noise level (almost white) to less than 0.4 microVrms (measured for a bandwidth between 0.1 Hz and 300 Hz), so that individual HPS body surface signals were limited only by patient inherent noise. Signal amplitudes greater than 1 microV were detectable in single beats. In addition, for best resolution, signal averaging was accomplished with software triggers referred to either the QRS complex or the P wave. A P-wave trigger is of most interest in clinical use because averaging techniques, even in the case of A-V blocks of different degree, can be applied. PMID- 6644218 TI - On the relationship between Q waves in leads II and VF and inferior-posterior wall motion abnormalities. AB - Twelve electrocardiographic criteria, based on various combinations of Q wave morphology in leads II and aVF, were tested in 235 cases for their diagnostic value in detecting inferoposterior wall motion abnormality (presumably reflecting infarction in the area) as demonstrated on left ventriculogram. The most reliable indicator of inferoposterior wall motion abnormality was found to to a QR complex with a Q wave width greater than or equal to .03 or greater than or equal to .04 sec associated with a Q/R ratio greater than .25. Using as criterion a QR complex with a Q wave width greater than or equal to .04 sec and a Q/R ratio greater than .25, the sensitivity was 41.9% in the cases with akinetic-dyskinetic wall motion and 3.7% in the cases with hypokinesis with an associated specificity of 100%. By lowering the Q wave duration to greater than or equal to .03 sec, the sensitivity increased to 51.6% and 9.3%, respectively, while retaining a very high specificity (96%). The exclusion of cases with a Q and R of less than 5 mm markedly lowered the sensitivity with a negligible increase in specificity. QS complexes in leads II or aVF were not found to be reliable indicators of inferoposterior wall motion abnormality. PMID- 6644219 TI - Correlation between divalent cation concentration and electrocardiogram in canine myocardial infarction. AB - Myocardial infarction is accompanied by changes in serum divalent cation concentrations. The effects of these changes on the electrical activity of the heart have not been fully determined. In six mongrel dogs, major coronary arteries were catheterized and occluded with metal beads; in five dogs the arteries were catheterized, but left patent. Serum magnesium concentrations ([Mg++]), zinc concentrations ([ZN++1]), copper concentrations ([Cu++]), calcium concentrations ([Ca++]), and ECGs were monitored in each dog at one, 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. Only dogs with coronary artery occlusion had ST segment changes (1.9 +/- 0.4 mm) in chest lead V4. Serum [Mg++] and [Zn++] decreased (approximately 20%) only after coronary artery occlusion and only at 24 hours after the procedure. Runs of ventricular tachycardia and premature beats were prevalent at this time. Serum [Cu++] was different in that it increased (approximately 30%) at 48 and 72 hours in the dogs with and without coronary artery occlusion. No changes were observed in serum [Ca++]. Decreases in serum [Mg++] and Zn++] coincided with the periods of dysrhythmia in the ischemic hearts. Elevation of serum [Cu++] was not specifically associated with myocardial ischemia and, within these physiologic limits, it appeared to be without effect on cardiac electrical activity. PMID- 6644220 TI - Possible role of a ventricular conduction disturbance in the electrogenesis of the ECG-VCG signs of myocardial infarction. AB - The typical QRS patterns of myocardial infarction (MI-QRS) are commonly attributed to myocardial cellular death. However, observation of a transient appearance of MI-QRS during coronary insufficiency, the disappearance of MI-QRS after coronary by-pass surgery and the appearance of MI-QRS after intracranial hemorrhage suggest that a different electrophysiological mechanism may be at work. There is a single convincing explanation for all these observations. It seems possible, at least theoretically, that a localized conduction disturbance can generate or contribute to the generation of the MI-QRS. The results obtained in nine out of 194 cases studied by means of premature right atrial stimulation (PRAS) in our laboratory seem to confirm this hypothesis. In five of them we observed typical MI-QRS in the aberrant beats which were absent in the basal tracings. In the other four cases, MI-QRS which were present in basal tracings disappeared in the aberrant beats. In three of these a reduction in the duration of QRS was also observed, while in the fourth the duration of QRS did not change. In no case could the alterations of QRS (induction or disappearance of MI-QRS) be explained by a classical conduction disturbance, preexcitation or by a premature ventricular beat. While the induction of MI-QRS was clearly due to an aberrant conduction in the supraventricular beats, the disappearance of basal MI-QRS changes in premature supraventricular beats is more difficult to explain. One possible electrophysiological mechanism could be a supernormal phase conduction. If this is the case, the basal MI-QRS could be due to a ventricular conduction disturbance. In conclusion, our results suggest that MI-QRS can be generated, at least in our cases, by a localized conduction disturbance. PMID- 6644222 TI - An optimal method for calculation of the frontal-plane vector from the data of the standard and unipolar limb leads. AB - An optimal estimation of the frontal-plane cardiac vector (R, theta) was derived from the scalar ECG data of the standard and unipolar limb leads by the least square method which minimized the sum of squares of measurement errors of each lead data. The optimal vector was given by R = (Formula: see text) with V1, V2, V3, Vr, Vl and Vf being the measured values of the lead data. This estimation is optimal in that it coincides with the center of gravity of the vector obtained by using the two-lead data. A statistical evaluation of the reduction in measurement errors was performed. PMID- 6644221 TI - An advanced non-invasive technique for the recording of His bundle potential in man. AB - A new method for external recording of the His bundle electrical activity is described. Four hundred standard ECG waveforms were recorded and digitized at 1.28 kHz (8 bit resolution) and averaged with the aid of a CDC 6600 computer to reduce the random noise. A cross correlation function, which operates in the frequency domain using the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm, was employed to extract fiducial synchronizing marks for the waveforms alignment (triggering). Waveforms were filtered with a digital bandpass filter (30 Hz and 250 Hz low and high cut off frequencies respectively). The activity of the His bundle which was thus obtained was present on an isoelectric line, with signal amplitude of 4 to 7 microV. A strong correlation (r = 0.95, n = 10) was found between the HV intervals and the HQ intervals obtained from intracardiac electrograms and the new technique. It was concluded that the new method is convenient, reliable and can be successfully applied for the management of patients with various problems in their cardiac conducting system. PMID- 6644223 TI - Effect of site and intensity of pacing on left ventricular performance. AB - The effect of pacing site and intensity on left ventricular performance is examined. The maximal value of left ventricular developed pressure (PD) and the peak (dp/dt) /P (Vpm) were followed in 11 anesthetized dogs. The following sites were paced: atrial (A), simultaneous atrial and right ventricular (RV), simultaneous atrial, right and left ventricular (RLV) and simultaneous atrial and left ventricular (LV)(, while varying the rate from sinus rate up to 350/min and the intensity from threshold up to 20-120 mA. When all 4 sites were paced in the same experiment, the A pacing resulted in the highest values of Vpm and PD while RV pacing resulted in the lowest values. The higher the pacing intensity the higher the Vpm and PD values tended to be. The strongest correlation coefficient was observed between Vpm and intensity on RV pacing while the same correlation on LV or Rv pacing and between PD and intensity on LV pacing were not significant at the 5% level. On RV pacing a low (les than 0.85) Vpm ratio (Vpm on RV pacing expressed over Vpm on A pacing at the same frequency and intensity) was associated with 65% of 129 pacing runs at a relatively low (less than 35 mA) intensity but with only 35% of 91 runs at a higher intensity (X2 = 19,20, p less than 0.001). The effect of pacing site and intensity on Vpm tended to be more pronounced at faster than at slower pacing frequencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6644224 TI - Contourographic QT interval measurement. AB - A new presentation of ECG tracings is presented (contourography) which is suitable for ECG intervals measurements, particularly QT for prolonged periods of time. Possible applications of this method are looked for in the future. PMID- 6644225 TI - Transient right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock during Prinzmetal's angina. AB - A case of transient right bundle branch block with left anterior hemiblock during Prinzmetal's angina is reported. Selective coronary arteriography revealed 90% narrowing on the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery; the left ventriculogram was normal. Transient ischemia of the proximal His-Purkinje system is the probable mechanism of this pattern. PMID- 6644226 TI - Release of vaccinia virus from FL cells infected with the IHD-W strain. PMID- 6644228 TI - A freeze-fracture study on the tissue cells of the rat uterus in the early postpartum stage. PMID- 6644227 TI - Stereomorphic structure of the intercellular bridges between rat seminiferous epithelial cells. PMID- 6644229 TI - Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of developing enamel surfaces in the kitten tooth germs. PMID- 6644230 TI - Role of the ovary in sexual differentiation of lactotrophs and somatotrophs in the mouse adenohypophysis: a stereological morphometric study by electron microscopy. AB - To study the effect of the ovary on sexual differentiation of somatotrophs and lactotrophs, the anterior pituitary glands of castrated adult male mice which had received an ovarian transplant during postnatal development were studied using a stereological morphometric technique with an electron microscope. In adult male mice which were castrated neonatally and given ovarian transplants at the age of puberty (NCT-males), the ovaries contained follicles and corpora lutea. The percentages (approximately 40) and numbers (approximately 2 x 10(5)) of lactotrophs were similar in normal dioestrous females and NCT-males, but were higher than the percentage (9.3) and number (4.6 x 10(4)) in normal males. Ovarian grafts in adult male mice which were simultaneously castrated and given an ovarian transplant just before puberty (PCT-males) contained numerous follicles of various sizes but no corpora lutea. The percentage (46.8) and number (3.9 x 10(5)) of lactotrophs were greater in these mice than in dioestrous females. The percentage of somatotrophs in NCT-males (34.7) was less than in normal males (52.6), but was similar to that in dioestrous female mice (37.4). The percentage of somatotrophs in PCT-males (27.4) was less than in normal male and dioestrous female mice. These data indicate that lactotrophs and somatotrophs differentiate to the female phenotype when a cyclically functional ovary is present after puberty. PMID- 6644231 TI - Degradation of 125I-labelled prolactin in the rabbit: effect of nephrectomy and prolactin infusion. AB - Hyperprolactinaemia in patients with chronic renal disease undergoing dialysis has prompted the investigation of the relative roles of liver and kidney in the degradation of prolactin. Male rabbits were acutely nephrectomized, and compared with intact animals with or without prolactin infusion. Prolactin degradation was followed after intravenous injection of 125I-labelled ovine prolactin. Measurements were made of peptide-bound 125I and 125I-labelled degradation products in plasma, liver, kidney, bile, urine and muscle and total thyroid radioactivity. A significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in the metabolic clearance rate of 125I-labelled prolactin was observed due to nephrectomy, with double the accumulation of 125I-labelled peptides in the livers in this group. Prolactin infusion of nephrectomized animals had a further and larger effect than nephrectomy alone on prolactin degradation. Metabolic clearance rate significantly (P less than 0.01) decreased from 5.5 ml/min per kg in nephrectomized rabbits to 0.8 ml/min per kg with prolactin infusion. The accumulation of 125I-labelled prolactin degradation products in the blood was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower in this group of animals and the amount of peptide-bound 125I in plasma at 60 min after 125I-labelled prolactin administration was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher. Liver degradation of prolactin in the absence of exogenous hormone appears to be sufficient to maintain an approximately normal half-life for prolactin in plasma (intact t 1/2 = 6.8 min; nephrectomized t 1/2 = 8.5 min).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6644232 TI - Antagonism of serum tri-iodothyronine changes after injections of prolactin in the domestic fowl before and after hatching. AB - The influence of an intravenous injection of ovine prolactin on circulating levels of thyroid hormones was studied in Rhode Island Red embryos and chicks after hatching. In the chick embryo, 2 h after injection of 0.1 microgram prolactin (on incubation day 19), serum triiodothyronine (T3) increased threefold; after 10 or 100 micrograms prolactin (on incubation day 18) serum T3 increased 15- to 25-fold. These profound increases were not observed in chicks after hatching. Serum concentrations and thyroid content of thyroxine (T4) in embryos and chicks of all ages studied were not influenced by the prolactin injections. Maximal serum concentrations of reverse T3 (rT3) were found on incubation day 18 (110.25 +/- 23.36 pmol/l; 71.66 +/- 15.18 pg/ml; n = 8), whereas after hatching no rT3 could be detected. An injection of 10 micrograms prolactin on day 18 depressed serum rT3 after 2 h to 5.68 +/- 3.20 pmol/l (3.69 +/- 2.08 pg/ml; n = 8; P less than 0.001); the effect of 100 micrograms prolactin was less pronounced. After hatching, chronic administration of prolactin resulted in decreased serum levels of T3, but not of T4, and hypertrophy of the follicles in the thyroid gland. It is concluded that prolactin plays a major role in the maturation of embryonic thyroid metabolism by changing the T4-5-monodeiodination into a T4-5'-monodeiodination. The hypertrophy of the thyroid gland observed after hatching following prolonged prolactin administration may be due to decreased negative feedback of T3 on the hypophysis. PMID- 6644233 TI - Effects of prolactin on testicular functions using an intratesticular pituitary graft. AB - Pituitary glands were grafted under the capsule of the left testis of rats to induce high levels of prolactin in this organ. One hundred days after implantation, significantly increased levels of prolactin were found in the tissue and the venous plasma of the left testis. Although the levels of testosterone in testicular venous plasma were not raised, the testicular content of testosterone was increased when compared to the right testis. The ratio of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone was not affected in the pituitary-grafted testis. Since the seminiferous tubules adjacent to the pituitary graft appeared to be completely normal, it is concluded that in the rat high levels of prolactin have no direct inhibitory effect on testicular functions. PMID- 6644234 TI - Neurohypophysial peptides in the human fetus: presence in pituitary extracts of immunoreactive arginine-vasotocin. AB - A specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay was used to demonstrate the presence of arginine-vasotocin (AVT) in human fetal pituitary extracts. The mean pituitary contents of AVT in extracts of 70-101, 102-136 and 137-172 days gestation were 0.32, 0.8 and 8.1 ng/gland respectively. Combined high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay of pooled extracts at these gestational ages confirmed the presence of AVT. Radioimmunoassay of neonatal pituitary extracts (240-280 days) did not conclusively show AVT to be present, as the material assayed did not show parallelism with dilution. However, combined HPLC and radioimmunoassay of pooled extracts at this gestational age did demonstrate the presence of an immunoreactive AVT peak. Radioimmunoassay analysis of this peak indicated that a relatively small amount of AVT (at least 0.5 ng/gland) was present in the human pituitary gland at term. PMID- 6644235 TI - Comparison of the biological effects of tamoxifen and a new antioestrogen (LY 117018) on the immature rat uterus. AB - The uterotrophic and antiuterotrophic activities of tamoxifen and 6-hydroxy-2-(p hydroxyphenyl)-benzo(b)thien-3-yl p- less than 2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) ethoxyphenyl ketone (LY 117018) in the immature rat uterus have been evaluated. The antioestrogens were administered alone, concurrently or sequentially with or without oestradiol. LY 117018 administered alone was less uterotrophic (oestrogenic) than tamoxifen. At high doses, when administered concurrently with oestradiol, LY 117018 was more antiuterotrophic (antioestrogenic) than tamoxifen. When uterine growth was maximally stimulated by prior treatment with oestradiol, tamoxifen and LY 117018 were equally effective in reducing uterine weight. However, when uterine growth was induced with a dose of oestradiol producing an oestrogenic effect equivalent to that of tamoxifen (but less that produced by LY 117018) LY 117018 was more effective than tamoxifen in reversing the uterotrophic effect of oestradiol. In animals pretreated with LY 117018 a further increase in uterine weight occurred on treatment with tamoxifen. The increase in uterine weight after tamoxifen was progressively reversed by increasing doses of LY 117018. The hypothesis that tamoxifen and LY 117018 may act by different mechanisms, based on the apparent failure of LY 117018 to antagonize the uterotrophic action of tamoxifen, is not supported by these studies. PMID- 6644236 TI - Antioestrogenic and antitumour activities of a series of non-steroidal antioestrogens. AB - The relative oestrogenic and antioestrogenic activities in the immature rat uterus of the antioestrogens tamoxifen, trioxifene, 6-hydroxy-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl) benzo(b)thien-3-yl p- less than 2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) ethoxyphenyl ketone (LY 117018) and 6-hydroxy-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-benzo(b)thien-3-yl p- less than 2-(1 piperidinyl) ethoxyphenyl ketone (LY 139481) were compared. The efficacy of these compounds in inhibiting the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced rat mammary carcinomas was also measured. Tamoxifen and trioxifene were equipotent antioestrogens (ED50 = dose required to produce 50% reduction in oestradiol-stimulated uterine growth = 0.1 mg/kg); both compounds also demonstrated a maximal partial agonist (uterotrophic) effect of 40% that of oestradiol. LY 117018 and LY 139481 were less potent antioestrogens (ED50 = 0.7 and 0.25 mg/kg respectively) than tamoxifen but both compounds were also less oestrogenic (partial agonist activities 20 and 10% respectively compared with oestradiol). The differences in partial agonist activity were reflected by differences in maximum antioestrogenic effects. High doses of tamoxifen or trioxifene produced 60% inhibition of oestradiol-induced uterine growth whereas LY 117018 (80% inhibition) and LY 139481 (90% inhibition) were both more antioestrogenic because of their reduced partial agonist activity. In rats bearing DMBA-induced mammary tumours tamoxifen was the most effective inhibitor of tumour growth. In tamoxifen-treated animals only 7% (8/111) of hormone dependent tumours showed progressive growth, compared to 60% in controls. The other antioestrogens were less effective; in trioxifene-treated animals 42% (18/43) of tumours continued to grow during treatment. Similarly, for LY 117018, 39% (14/36) and for LY 139481, 26% (10/38) of tumours showed progression. High doses of trioxifene and LY 117018 were markedly less efficacious than low doses. The increased separation between oestrogenic and antioestrogenic activity in the rat uterus, exemplified by LY 117018 and LY 139481 compared to tamoxifen and trioxifene, did not lead to increased antitumour efficacy. PMID- 6644237 TI - Steroid production in vitro by rat ovaries during sexual maturation. AB - To determine changes in steroidogenesis by rat ovaries during sexual maturation, ovaries obtained at various ages (days 10-35) and at the first pro-oestrus were incubated in the absence or presence of LH and the accumulation of steroids in the medium was measured. Basal and LH-stimulated oestradiol-17 beta and testosterone release into the medium, expressed in pmol/4 h per mg ovary, was high at day 10 of age and at first pro-oestrus. Between days 20 and 35 basal oestradiol and testosterone release was low and could not be stimulated by LH. Addition of testosterone to the culture medium increased oestradiol production at all ages studied. Release of progesterone occurred at all ages even in LH-free medium. Incubation in the presence of LH resulted in a dose-dependent increase in progesterone with a maximal response at pro-oestrus. Androsterone and 5 alpha androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol production in the absence or presence of LH was high during the entire prepuberal period. Production of 5 alpha-reduced androgens in response to LH increased from days 10 to 20 but decreased thereafter. Similarly, 5 alpha-reductase activity, measured in ovarian homogenates, increased from days 10 to 20 but was decreased again by first pro-oestrus. A further decrease in basal and LH-stimulated 5 alpha-reduced androgen production occurred after first ovulation. These results demonstrated age-related changes in steroid release after in-vitro incubation. At day 10 progesterone can be converted to aromatizable androgens allowing production of oestrogens, while after day 10 progesterone is converted to 5 alpha-reduced C19 steroids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6644238 TI - Paradoxical effects of cyclosporin A on collagen arthritis in rats. AB - The effect of the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin A (CS-A) on collagen arthritis in Sprague-Dawley rats is investigated. A 14-d course of CS-A treatment at doses of 15 mg/kg per day or more, begun on the same day as type II collagen immunization, suppressed the development of arthritis as well as humoral and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin test responses to type II collagen, possibly by interfering with helper T cells. Additional studies demonstrated that CS-A treatment only during the induction phase of immunity proved to be successful. When CS-A treatment was started only during the immediately preclinical phase of arthritis or after the disease onset, a significant enhancement of the disease was obtained in a dose-dependent manner. This enhancement was accompanied by an augmentation of DTH skin reactions, while antibody responses were either suppressed or unaffected. These results appear to be attributable at least in part to a suppressive effect of CS-A on a population of suppressor T cells, thus resulting in a T cell-mediated helper effect. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the paradoxical effects of CS-A on collagen arthritis in rats might be caused by an altering of the sensitive balance of the two regulatory subpopulations of T cells. It is also possible that cell-mediated immune responses may play an important role in influencing the course of the disease. PMID- 6644239 TI - Injection of mice with antibody to interferon enhances the growth of transplantable murine tumors. AB - Injection of DBA/2, C57Bl/6, or BALB/c mice with antibody to mouse interferon alpha/beta enhanced the i.p. transplantability of six different murine tumors, as manifested by an increase in the percentage of tumor-bearing mice and a decrease in survival time. The effect was observed in mice injected with antibody to interferon raised in three sheep, a goat, and a rabbit, but not with sheep antibody to "impurities" present in the mouse interferon preparations or with normal sheep or goat globulins. The enhancement in transplantability was most marked when tumor cells had been previously passaged in vitro and were of low tumorigenicity. Analysis of some of the experimental conditions using interferon sensitive and interferon-resistant lines of Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC) showed that the enhancing effect was observed over a wide range of tumor cell inocula, was directly related to the amount of antibody to interferon injected and was most pronounced when antibody was administered at the time of tumor cell injection. Enhancement was also observed when FLC were injected subcutaneously (s.c.). Antibody did not act directly on the tumor cells in vitro. Although we were unable to demonstrate any biologically active interferon in mice before or after tumor cell inoculation, the results suggest that endogenous interferon is present and plays a role in inhibiting the transplantability of some murine tumors in immunocompetent mice. PMID- 6644240 TI - The Legionnaires' disease bacterium (Legionella pneumophila) inhibits phagosome lysosome fusion in human monocytes. AB - The interactions between the L. pneumophila phagosome and monocyte lysosomes were investigated by prelabeling the lysosomes with thorium dioxide, an electron opaque colloidal marker, and by acid phosphatase cytochemistry. Phagosomes containing live L. pneumophila did not fuse with secondary lysosomes at 1 h after entry into monocytes or at 4 or 8 h after entry by which time the ribosome-lined L. pneumophila replicative vacuole had formed. In contrast, the majority of phagosomes containing formalin-killed L. pneumophila, live Streptococcus pneumoniae, and live Escherichia coli had fused with secondary lysosomes by 1 h after entry into monocytes. Erythromycin, a potent inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis, at a concentration that completely inhibits L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication, had no influence on fusion of L. pneumophila phagosomes with secondary lysosomes. However, coating live L. pneumophila with antibody or with antibody and complement partially overcame the inhibition of fusion. Also activating the monocytes promoted fusion of a small proportion of phagosomes containing live L. pneumophila with secondary lysosomes. Acid phosphatase cytochemistry revealed that phagosomes containing live L. pneumophila did not fuse with either primary or secondary lysosomes. In contrast to phagosomes containing live bacteria, the majority of phagosomes containing formalin-killed L. pneumophila were fused with lysosomes by acid phosphatase cytochemistry. The capacity of L. pneumophila to inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion may be a critical mechanism by which the bacterium resists monocyte microbicidal effects. PMID- 6644241 TI - Structural analysis of the variable major proteins of Borrelia hermsii. AB - Borrelia hermsii undergoes spontaneous antigenic variation in vivo and in vitro. Serotype specificity is associated with expression of one of a family of molecular weight-variable proteins, the pI proteins. We studied the structure of the pI proteins as well as the molecular weight-invariable pII proteins of three serotypes of B. hermsii HS1: C, 7, and 21. The techniques used were one dimensional (1-D) mapping of Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease-generated peptides and two-dimensional (2-D) mapping of alpha-chymotrypsin-generated peptides. The pI and pII proteins were isolated by excision of polypeptides from stained polyacrylamide gel electropherograms. The 1-D peptide patterns were visualized by fluorography of intrinsically [14C]leucine-labeled proteins or by silver stain. Before 2-D mapping, polypeptides in excised gel fragments were labeled with 125I in the presence of chloramine-T. We also compared the 2-D peptide maps of pI proteins, pI7 and pI21, after their surface-exposed portions were radioiodinated using 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril (Iodogen). The I-D and 2-D peptide maps demonstrated the following: (a) pI proteins of the three serotypes have few V8 protease- or chymotrypsin-generated peptides in common, and (b) pI proteins of each serotype appear to be identical. The findings suggest that pI protein variability derives from extensive differences in the amino acid sequences of these proteins. PMID- 6644242 TI - Detection of the complement fragment C5a in inflammatory exudates from the rabbit peritoneal cavity using radioimmunoassay. AB - We describe a radioimmunoassay for rabbit C5a and its use to obtain evidence of extravascular C5a generation in two inflammatory reactions in the peritoneal cavity. These observations, together with the potent activity of C5a in inducing increased microvascular permeability involving circulating PMN leukocytes, strengthen the case for considering C5a an important inflammatory mediator. These findings offer an explanation for the many different experimental inflammatory reactions where oedema formation can be suppressed either by systemic depletion of complement or by depletion of circulating PMN leukocytes. PMID- 6644243 TI - Relationships between the determinants of performance in serial feature-positive discriminations. AB - Three experiments using an appetitive behavioral observation procedure with rats investigated the effects of various pre- and postdiscrimination treatments on learning and performance in serial feature-positive discriminations. Previous work suggests that performance in this discrimination is based on feature unconditioned stimulus (US) associations, feature-common element associations, and a conditional occasion-setting relation. Experiment 1 examined the effects of prediscrimination reinforcement of the various components of the discrimination. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the effects of various postdiscrimination nonreinforcement and reinforcement procedures, respectively, on performance of previously established discriminative responding. The results of the present studies and those of previous work are interpreted to show that the conditional occasion-setting relation may be independent of feature-US associations and may not be dependent on feature-common element associations. The implications of assumming that rats used conditional information independently of simple associations are discussed. PMID- 6644244 TI - Effect of signaling intertrial unconditioned stimuli in autoshaping. AB - Context-unconditioned-stimulus (US) associations have been suggested as the mediator of the response decrement that occurs when extra USs are added to the intertrial intervals (ITIs) of an otherwise standard Pavlovian conditioning situation. The present autoshaping experiments were concerned with the effect of signaling those extra USs, since such signaling might be expected to lessen their ability to condition the context. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that signaling the ITI USs did reduce their detrimental effects on responding to the conditioned stimulus (CS). To determine whether that reduction was due to an impact of signaling on the target-CS-US association or on performance to the target-CS, Experiment 3 examined responding to differentially trained CSs in a common context, as well as responding to identically trained CSs in differentially trained contexts. Whether the CS was tested in a context of relatively high or low associative strength, more responding occurred to the CS trained with signaled, as compared with unsignaled, ITI USs; further, there was more responding to that CS in the more highly valued context. The pattern of results suggests that contextual value does interact with CS-US learning and may also affect performance to the CS. PMID- 6644245 TI - The role of marking when reward is delayed. AB - Two-choice spatial discrimination by rats is enhanced if a salient stimulus marker occurs immediately after every choice response and again after a delay interval (Lieberman, McIntosh & Thomas, 1979). Three experiments further explore this effect. Experiment 1 found that the second marker is unnecessary. Experiment 2 found that a marker presented before a response is as effective as one presented after. Both effects could be explained in terms of markers focusing attention on subsequent cues. Experiment 3, however, found that markers after choice enhance learning even when no discriminative cues are present following the marker. Markers thus appear to initiate both a backward search through memory and attention to subsequent events; both processes help to identify events that might be related to the unexpected marking stimulus. PMID- 6644247 TI - Application of reference methodology: determination of total protein in serum. AB - A study is described on the calibration of the Technicon SMAC for the determination of total protein. Various results of external quality control programmes showed a bias between our value and the mean mentioned in the survey report. A difference of 4 g/l was found to exist between our calibration value and the value mentioned by the manufacturer. The question arises as to which methodology should be chosen in solving the problems described in this article. PMID- 6644246 TI - Quantitative determination of diphenhydramine and orphenadrine in human serum by capillary gas chromatography. AB - Diphenhydramine has been in medical use for 35 years as an antihistamine and hypnotic. We evaluated the pharmacokinetic parameters, which are not only important for disposition studies, in the serum of 10 volunteers who received a single dose of 31 mg diphenhydramine. For this purpose a suitable capillary GC method was developed, which has a detection limit of 2 micrograms/l (serum); the calibration curve is linear between 2.5 and 120 micrograms/l, the reproducibility is always better than 3.6% and the average recovery is about 100.1%. The combination of a relatively non-polar extraction solvent, a selective detector (N FID) and a fused silica, bonded-phase capillary column led to a more rapid sample clean-up procedure (no back-extraction needed) and is sensitive and specific enough for the quantitative determination of diphenhydramine, orphenadrine or other ethanolamines in human serum. PMID- 6644248 TI - A simple spectrophotometric assay of carboxypeptidase N (kininase I) in human serum. AB - Kininase I (carboxypeptidase N; EC 3.4.17.3) consists of carboxypeptidase N1 (CN1) and carboxypeptidase N2 (CN2); these two enzymes can be differentiated by their activities towards hippuryl-L-arginine and hippuryl-L-lysine, respectively. A spectrophotometric assay for both carboxypeptidases in human serum is described and the biochemical behaviour of these enzymes investigated. The pH optima are found to be 8.4 for CN1 and CN2. The Michaelis-Menten constants are: CN1 4.59 +/- 0.03 mmol/l; CN2 37.26 +/- 3.49 mmol/l. CN2 can be inhibited by EDTA (76%), dimercaprolum (97%) and phenanthroline (98%). Diisopropylfluorophosphate has no influence on both enzymes. Elevated haemoglobin only interferes with CN1 measurements, and high bilirubin concentrations slightly alter the activity of both enzymes. High CN1 activities were found in sera of patients with sarcoidosis, and elevated CN2 activities were found in lung cancer. PMID- 6644249 TI - Exposure to Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in inner-city and suburban children: a serologic comparison. AB - This study explores the exposure of urban children to the spirochete Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae. This organism is carried by 90 percent of the rats in Detroit. It is felt that these rats are a potential vehicle for childhood exposure to this organism. Strain-specific tests were performed comparing antibody levels in sera of inner-city (exposed) and suburban (unexposed) children. Study and control groups, numbering 124 and 113, respectively, showed significant serologic differences, with urban children having higher antibody titers. The findings are indicative of differential exposure rates and suggest that actual cases of leptospirosis may be present, yet undiagnosed. PMID- 6644250 TI - High-altitude pulmonary edema among visitors to Summit County, Colorado. AB - Twenty-nine cases of high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) affecting visitors to Summit County, Colorado, were analyzed. The mean age of the group was 37.8 years, and all the patients were male. These results differ from previous studies and suggest that there are two varieties of HAPE. The first type (type 1, or nonresident-ascent HAPE) affects visitors to altitudes above 8,000 ft (2,439 m). At altitudes up to 11,000 ft (3,354 m), it is a disease that affects primarily adult men. The second variety (type 2, or resident-reascent HAPE) affects residents of high altitudes when they descend to an elevation below 8,000 ft (2,430 m) and then return to high altitude. This type of HAPE affects male and female residents almost equally and is a disease of childhood and adolescence. PMID- 6644251 TI - Use of the self-administered Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test in a family practice center. AB - This study was conducted to examine the feasibility of utilizing the self administered Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) in a family practice center. The main objectives of the study were to extend the scope of investigations using the self-administered MAST in outpatient settings and to consider the amount, nature, and implications of missing data. Of 207 participants, the questionnaire was fully completed by 160 (77 percent). Thirty respondents (18 percent) received positive scores (ie, 6 or higher). Results are compared with similar studies, and suggestions are offered for improving the use of the self-administered MAST in family practice settings. PMID- 6644252 TI - Family physicians' beliefs about breast cancer screening by mammography. AB - A survey of 509 family physicians in New York State was conducted to assess opinions about mammography and use of mammography in screening asymptomatic women of different ages. Findings indicate that most family physicians believe that mammography is an effective procedure for detecting breast cancer in its early stages, but many do not utilize mammography as a screening procedure in their own practices. The major deterrents to the use of mammography in screening asymptomatic women relate to concerns about the safety and reliability of the procedure, the low probability of detecting breast cancer through screening, the patient's willingness to accept a recommendation to have a mammogram, and cost. The results from this study point out the need to better educate primary care physicians about the use of mammography in screening for breast cancer, especially in regard to its safety and reliability. PMID- 6644253 TI - Who is the patient? A family case study of a recurrent dilemma in family practice. AB - This article presents a family case study of a recurrent dilemma in family medicine. The ethical dilemma involves what role the physician should play in mediating a conflict in a family when the health needs and wishes of the individual patient do not parallel those of the other family members. Who is the patient, the individual or the family? It is the authors' conviction that in meeting the needs of the presenting patient, the family context is of great importance. To this end, the authors delineate a framework for analyzing ethical conflicts of this nature, utilizing key ethical principles in combination with a systems perspective to aid in the clarification of such choices. The principles examined include autonomy, nonmaleficence, and justice. Also taken into account are the relevant facts, values, and the biases of the physician. Exploration of these factors allows the physician a comprehensive and logical approach for resolving such conflicts. Such a framework, however, can only provide guidance; it does not guarantee easy or uniformly acceptable alternatives to difficult issues. PMID- 6644255 TI - Graduate follow-up in the US Air Force family practice residency programs. AB - Between June 30, 1973, and June 30, 1982, 216 family physicians completed residency training in family practice residencies sponsored by the US Air Force. The primary purpose of this study was to measure the adequacy of the graduates' residency training program. One hundred seventy-nine (83 percent) of the graduates responded to an extensive eight-page survey. The study assessed all Air Force program graduates as a whole as well as each program separately. Seventy four percent of the respondents are still in the Air Force. All but one are board certified, and 19 have been recertified. Of the 179 respondents, 37.0 percent are involved in teaching medical students of family practice residents, only 5.0 percent are dissatisfied with their present hospital privileges, 43.5 percent felt that their residency training was superior to that provided by civilian family practice residency, 53.7 percent felt the training was equal, and 2.8 percent felt the training was inferior. Practice satisfaction and continuing medical education needs were also addressed in the study. PMID- 6644254 TI - Responses to questions frequently asked by medical students about family practice. AB - During their medical school years medical students are frequently exposed to misinformation about family practice from faculty members in other specialties. Responses to 26 questions frequently asked by medical students about family practice are presented with a review of recent literature. These responses may assist medical students and their advisors when considering careers in family practice. PMID- 6644256 TI - Suction curettage. AB - In the decade after the legalization of elective abortion by a Supreme Court decision in January 1973, suction curettage has been widely used and accepted as a safe outpatient procedure for first-trimester abortion. Evaluation of the patient for feasibility of the procedure requires careful assessment of gestational age and the determination of the absence of an ectopic pregnancy and conditions that might contraindicate local anesthesia. Counseling clarifies the patient's options and ensures her understanding of the implications of abortion so that she can give an informed consent. Suction curettage is performed under local anesthesia using a sterile plastic cannula or curette inserted through a progressively dilated cervix with aspiration of the uterine contents by an electric pump. The procedure is completed by the physician's examination of the aspirate for the presence of placental villi. Postoperative instructions include contraception and monitoring for hemorrhage and infection prior to a return visit in 10 to 14 days. Complications can be reduced by careful selection of patients with appropriate duration of pregnancy, the use of gentle operative technique, antibiotics for prophylaxis of infection, and a continued maintenance of experience and procedural skill by the physician. PMID- 6644257 TI - Bluefish: a newly discovered cause of scombroid poisoning. PMID- 6644259 TI - Christmas and depression. PMID- 6644258 TI - Physicians' impressions of old medical records. AB - The physician respondents generally agreed that progress notes and chart notes are of little value to them and that hospital discharge summaries, old ECGs, and dictated summaries of the patient's medical records were of greater value. Although a majority of respondents felt old x-ray reports, results of old laboratory tests, and reports of special tests, such as cardiac catheterizations, pulmonary functions, and stress tests, to be of value, opinion was more nearly equally divided. In general, physicians valued old records that were typewritten over handwritten records. PMID- 6644260 TI - Ethics in family medicine: patient autonomy and the family unit. PMID- 6644261 TI - Colonic polyps and colon cancer. PMID- 6644262 TI - Dysfunctional uterine bleeding and prior life stress. AB - Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) that occurs between menarche and menopause is often described but poorly understood. Relatively few studies have tried to associate DUB with life change and stress. In this present case-control study, questionnaires measuring life change events and self-scored life stress were administered to 26 patients with DUB and 31 controls. The participants were matched for age, gravidity, and contraceptive use. The participants were all aged between 18 and 35 years, and none were perimenopausal. A statistically significant relationship was found between DUB and recent prior life changes and experienced stress from those changes. In particular, personal-social and health stresses showed the widest differences between the patients with DUB and controls. These findings persisted when statistical corrections were made for use of various contraception devices. This study may help to focus on a more specific cause of DUB. In addition, it may assist the family physician in diagnosing and treating this condition. PMID- 6644263 TI - Proliferation of epidermal melanocytes during the healing of skin wounds in newborn mice. AB - A full-thickness cut 7 mm long was made on the middorsal skin of C57BL/10J mice using fine iridectomy scissors. Specimens from the wounded skins were fixed at various days after wounding and were subjected to the dopa reaction and to the combined dopa-premelanin reaction. In the epidermis within 1 mm from the wound edge, the melanocyte population positive to the dopa reaction as well as the melanoblast-melanocyte population positive to the combined dopa-premelanin reaction increased dramatically until the third day, then gradually decreased. In contrast, both populations in the regenerating wound epidermis appeared on the third day and increased until the seventh day, then gradually decreased. However, the maximal population density in the regenerating epidermis did not exceed the initial density. The size of the melanocyte population in both the epidermis within 1 mm from the wound edge and the regenerating epidermis did not differ from that of the melanoblast-melanocyte population in all stages of wound healing. Moreover, pigment-producing melanocytes in mitosis were found immediately after wounding in the epidermis within 1 mm from the wound edge, but not in the regenerating epidermis and control epidermis. These results indicate that the epidermal melanocytes in neonatal mouse skin can be stimulated to undergo mitosis immediately adjacent to a skin wound and, thereafter, to migrate into the regenerating epidermis. PMID- 6644264 TI - Electronic thermography. PMID- 6644265 TI - Suboccipital--retrolabyrinthine removal of acoustic neuromas. PMID- 6644266 TI - A prototype community-wide screening program for colorectal cancer. PMID- 6644267 TI - The FMA-FMF Impaired Physicians Program: the first 25 months. PMID- 6644268 TI - Microspectrophotometry of single rhabdoms in the retina of the honeybee drone (Apis mellifera male). AB - The relative absorption spectra of the bistable photopigment of single rhabdoms from the dorsal region of the retina of the honeybee drone were obtained using slices of retina fixed in glutaraldehyde; less accurate measurements on unfixed tissue gave difference spectra that were similar to those for fixed retinae. The method used was based on measurements of absorbance changes during saturating adaptations of the visual pigment to different monochromatic lights. It is similar to previous methods based on measurements of difference spectra amplitudes, but is simpler to use and more accurate. The predominant pigment has states that absorb maximally at 446 (rhodopsin) and 505 nm (metarhodopsin). In addition, there is a small amount of another pigment whose two states absorb maximally at approximately 340 (UV) and 460 nm. PMID- 6644270 TI - Spatial and temporal properties of luminosity horizontal cells in the turtle retina. AB - Luminosity horizontal cells in the turtle retina respond approximately linearly to visual stimuli with contrast levels spanning a large part of the physiological range. We characterized the response properties of these cells under conditions of low photopic background illumination by measuring their spatial and temporal frequency transfer functions. Our experimental results indicate in two ways that, under these conditions, feedback from luminosity horizontal cells to cones does not play a major role in the mechanisms underlying the spatial and temporal tuning of horizontal cell responses. First, the shape of the spatial transfer function depended only weakly on the temporal frequency with which it was measured. Second, the shape of the temporal transfer function depended only weakly on the spatial frequency with which it was measured. PMID- 6644269 TI - Mechanism of epithelial lithium transport. Evidence for basolateral Na:Na and Na:Li exchange. AB - Measurement of transmural sodium fluxes across isolated, ouabain-inhibited turtle colon in the presence of a serosal-to-mucosal sodium gradient shows that in the absence of active transport the amiloride-sensitive cellular path contains at least two routes for the transmural movement of sodium and lithium, one a conductive path and the other a nonconductive, cation-exchange mechanism. The latter transport element can exchange lithium for sodium, and the countertransport of these two cations provides a mechanistic basis for the ability of tight epithelia to actively absorb lithium despite the low affinity of the basolateral Na/K-ATPase for this cation. PMID- 6644271 TI - Activation of Na+/H+ exchange in lymphocytes by osmotically induced volume changes and by cytoplasmic acidification. AB - After swelling in hypotonic solutions, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) shrink toward their original volumes. Upon restoration of isotonicity, the cells initially shrink but then regain near-normal size again. This regulatory volume increase (RVI) is abolished by removal of Na+o or Cl-o or by addition of amiloride. RVI is unaffected by removal of K+o or by ouabain and is only partially inhibited by 1 mM furosemide. As a result of increased influx, the cells gain both Na+ and K+ during reswelling. In contrast, only Na+ content increases in the presence of ouabain. Amiloride largely eliminates the changes in the content of both cations. Using diS-C3-(5), no significant membrane potential changes were detected during RVI, which suggests that the fluxes are electroneutral. The cytoplasmic pH of volume-static cells was measured with 5,6 dicarboxyfluorescein. After acid loading, the addition of extracellular Na+ induced an amiloride-inhibitable alkalinization, which is consistent with Na+/H+ exchange. Cytoplasmic pH was not affected by cell shrinkage itself, but an internal alkalinization, which was also amiloride sensitive and Na+ dependent, developed during reswelling. In isotonic lightly buffered solutions without HCO 3, an amiloride-sensitive acidification of the medium was measurable when Na+ was added to shrunken PBM. K+ was unable to mimic this effect. The observations are compatible with the model proposed by Cala (J. Gen. Physiol. 1980. 76:683-708), whereby an electroneutral Na+o/H+i exchange is activated by osmotic shrinking. Cellular volume gain occurs as Cl-o simultaneously exchanges for either HCO-3i or OH-i. Na+i is secondarily replaced by K+ through the pump, but this step is not essential for RVI. PMID- 6644272 TI - Correlated reduction of velocity of shortening and the rate of energy utilization in mouse fast-twitch muscle during a continuous tetanus. AB - Isometric tetani of slow-twitch soleus and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of the mouse were studied at 20 degrees C. The total energy cost for 3- and 9-s isometric tetani was measured as a function of length above L0 and partitioned into a filament overlap-dependent fraction and a smaller filament overlap-independent fraction. In both muscles, the rate of filament overlap independent energy cost did not change with tetanic duration. In the EDL, but not in the soleus, the rate of filament overlap-dependent energy utilization was greater in a 3-s tetanus than in a 9-s tetanus. The force-velocity relationships were studied after 3 and 9 s of isometric tetanus. In the soleus, Vmax was 2 fiber lengths/s and was not dependent on the duration of isometric tetanus. In contrast, in the EDL, Vmas decreased from 5.9 fiber lengths/s at 3 s to 3.9 fiber lengths/s at 9 s. The velocity of unloaded shortening (Vus) was examined by the slack test method as a function of the duration of isometric tetanus duration over the range of 1-15 s. In the soleus, Vus did not change, whereas in the EDL, Vus declined progressively from 6.4 to 3.2 fiber lengths/s after an isometric tetanus of increasing duration from 1 to 15 s. These results cannot exclude the hypothesis that in a maintained tetanus there is a decrease in the intrinsic cross-bridge turnover rate in the fast-twitch EDL, but not in the slow-twitch soleus muscle. PMID- 6644273 TI - Antigenic and biochemical analysis of field isolates of influenza B virus: evidence for intra- and inter-epidemic variation. AB - Detailed antigenic analysis using a panel of monoclonal antibodies was carried out on the haemagglutinin antigen of 53 influenza B viruses isolated from an epidemic in a single school. Thirteen distinguishable antigenic groupings of influenza B viruses could be detected but 26 of the viruses were in two groups (III and IV) which co-existed during the entire epidemic. Antigenically distinguishable influenza B viruses were isolated from an epidemic in a second nearby school. Influenza B viruses isolated from the two schools could be further distinguished by different electrophoretic mobilities of NS1 polypeptides and of genes 1, 2, 3 and 6, whereas viruses from a single school epidemic were very closely related as regards these biochemical characteristics. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the outbreak was initiated by a single individual who excreted antigenic mutants of which predominantly two spread and co-existed during the epidemic, although the additional occurrence of random mutations during the evolution of the epidemic cannot be excluded. PMID- 6644274 TI - Effect of dengue virus infection on Fc-receptor functions of mouse macrophages. AB - Fc-receptor-mediated attachment and ingestion of opsonized sheep erythrocytes (EA) by the macrophages of spleen and peritoneal cavity were studied during dengue virus type 2 (DV) infection of Swiss albino mice. Following intracerebral inoculation, virus antigen could be demonstrated by immunofluorescence in the splenic macrophages from day 4 and in peritoneal macrophages from day 5 post infection, with a higher number of positive cells discernible on the 7th and 8th days. The virus could be isolated from spleen tissue from day 5. The total number of cells was markedly reduced from day 4 onwards both in the spleen and peritoneal cavity. A loss in the capacity to attach and ingest EA was noticed, the lowest values of attachment index (AI) and phagocytic index (PI) being reached on day 4. At later periods the AI values increased markedly but continued to be significantly less than those in uninfected control mice. The PI values continued to be lower throughout. The dichotomy between the Fc-mediated attachment and ingestion may be a mechanism for prevention of virus infection of macrophages. PMID- 6644275 TI - Interferon induction by viruses. X. A model for interferon induction by Newcastle disease virus. AB - Unirradiated Newcastle disease virus (NDV, strain AV) induced high levels of interferon (IFN) in primary chick embryo cells if the cells were 'aged' in vitro for 6 to 7 days. Dose (multiplicity)-response (IFN yield) curves, carried out in the presence of anti-NDV serum to prevent cycling infection, revealed that stocks of NDV-AV contain about sevenfold more IFN-inducing particles (IFP) than infectious particles (PFP). These non-infectious IFP were responsible for nearly all IFN induction in 'aged' cells, since PFP were determined to be incapable of inducing IFN. In contrast, with mouse L(Y) cells as hosts, about one-third the number of particles as there are PFP appeared to score as IFP. Heat and u.v. radiation (254 nm) inactivated NDV IFP and PFP activity at the same rate whether tested in chick or mouse cells, implying that virion-associated transcription is required to induce IFN. A model is proposed to account for the generation of IFN inducing particles from infectious NDV following u.v. irradiation, and their subsequent inactivation at high doses of radiation. The model defines a series of u.v. targets in the NDV genome that regulate the expression of IFN-inducing particle activity in 'unaged' chick embryo cells. PMID- 6644276 TI - Projective assessment of the relationships between the salience of death, religion, and age among adults in America. AB - The relationships between age, religious orientation, and perception of death are investigated utilizing a sample of 1428 respondents randomly selected from two larger representative national samples. Although a statistically significant relationship is found between religion and perception of death, when age is introduced as a control the relationship remains only among young adults. The finding that religion mitigates concerns about death concurs with results found in previous studies. The data relative to young adults, however, suggest the need for a broader conceptualization of the relationship between death anxiety and religion, which incorporates developmental influences over the adult life cycle. PMID- 6644277 TI - Vocabulary test performance of old and young adults: another look at qualitative scoring. AB - The hypothesis that qualitative scoring of the WAIS vocabulary subtest has the sensitivity to reveal an age decline generally masked by standard scoring in cross-sectional studies was tested by means of a comparison of responses of 26 college students and 26 alumni of the same university on the basis of both types of scoring, with the use of Botwinick and Storandt's (1974) criteria. The older Ss (means = 72.8 years) equalled or surpassed the young (means = 19.8) on every measure, tending to disconfirm the hypothesis. An explanation is offered for the finding that the performance of older Ss was superior to that of the young in this study but inferior in the research of Botwinick and Storandt which used the same methodology with Ss of lesser verbal ability: Older adults may generally respond less well to the early, most frequent test words but only high-ability older Ss outscore the young on the least frequent test words. PMID- 6644278 TI - Effect of varying sucrose concentration on macrobehavioral aspects of licking in the rat. AB - Rats (eight male, eight female) were trained to lick 32% and 4% sucrose solutions for three minutes per day on four consecutive days. Measures of the number of licks revealed robust positive and negative contrast effects. Analysis of the burst-pause pattern of licking revealed that the decrease in licking characteristic of the negative contrast effect resulted from a decrease in the number of bursts, while the increase in licking characteristic of the positive contrast effect was the result of a shortening of the interburst interval. PMID- 6644279 TI - Effects of encoding and retrieval strategies on the recall of learning disabled and normal children. AB - Fifth- and sixth-grade learning disabled (LD) and normal boys and girls (N = 120) were presented 36 categorizable pictures in either a random or blocked (by categories) format. Recall was either free, cued, or constrained cued. LD children recalled fewer pictures than normal children except under the cued recall condition, a finding which suggests a failure on the part of LD children to employ retrieval strategies spontaneously. Clustering scores for LD and normal children did not differ. Therefore, the deficient recall of LD children did not appear to be associated with failure to use clustering as an encoding strategy. Both the encoding and retrieval conditions contributed significantly to the overall variance in amount recalled. PMID- 6644280 TI - The core symptoms of depression in medical and psychiatric patients. AB - The internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is assessed in 335 randomly selected medical inpatients, and in another sample of 101 depressed psychiatric inpatients with 104 interviewed normals. The data for the two samples were analyzed separately using a latent trait model. The analysis confirms that the BDI measures a single underlying dimension of depressive severity for both patient samples. Fourteen symptoms discriminate well for severity of depression in the psychiatric-normal sample, seven symptoms in the medical sample, and six symptoms in both samples. The latter six symptoms (suicidal ideation, sense of failure, sense of punishment, loss of social interest, indecision, and dissatisfaction) may represent criteria for depressive severity that are not confounded by the presence of physical illness or the attendant distress. PMID- 6644281 TI - Therapists' and chronic pain patients' perceptions of treatment outcome. AB - Pain is a complex phenomenon which is influenced by multiple factors; likewise, assessment of chronic pain patients' response to treatment is influenced by many variables. A physician, psychologist, physical therapist, and occupational therapist rated the extent of recovery of 40 chronic pain patients who had spent 4 to 6 weeks in an inpatient chronic pain treatment program. Each patient also rated his/her own degree of improvement. In addition, therapists and patients reported which factors were the primary determinants of their outcome ratings. Although therapists rated the patients as significantly more improved than the patients rated themselves, there was still a high degree of similarity between therapists' and patients' view of recovery. Therapists and patients were in high agreement concerning which patients were classified as treatment successes or failures. Furthermore, activity level and ability to cope with pain were frequently endorsed by therapists and patients as important determinants of recovery rating. Contrary to a previous report, the results of this study suggest that pain patients are not necessarily poor judges of (their own) treatment results. Perhaps more importantly, this study supports the use of a broad-based multidimensional approach to assessing treatment outcome for chronic pain patients. PMID- 6644282 TI - Psychological differentiation, self-concept, and object relations of adolescents as a function of family consensual types. AB - Thirty-three intact families consisting of an adolescent referred for psychotherapy, and a sibling adolescent, were classified according to the Reiss Card Sorting Test. All the families fit two of the types described by the theory of Reiss, the consensus sensitive and the distance sensitive; none were from the environment sensitive. Significant differences were found to exist between the adolescents in these two family types on personality measures. The adolescents from consensus-sensitive families showed a higher level of psychological differentiation, a higher self-concept, and more mature object relations than adolescents from the distance-sensitive families. The results verify and broaden aspects of Reiss' theory and are discussed in consideration with the development that has taken place in family therapy and research. They suggest that the relationship between the family and the adjustment of its children can be better understood and predicted on the basis of the family type. PMID- 6644283 TI - American children who claim to remember previous lives. AB - An unknown number of American children claim to remember previous lives. In this paper data of 79 such children are analyzed and compared with data from a larger number of cases in India. Few American children of these cases make verifiable statements, and those who do nearly always speak about the lives of deceased members of their own families. In this feature, American cases differ from Indian ones, in which the children usually speak of the lives of deceased persons in another family and often in another community. Indian children also frequently make verifiable statements about the lives of such persons. In some other respects, however, such as the age of first speaking about the previous lives, the content of the statements they make, and related unusual behavior, American subjects closely resemble ones in India. Although many of the American cases may derive from fantasies, a wish-fulfilling motive or obvious gain for the child is not discernible in most of them. Nor do the cases resemble in their form fantasies of imaginary playmates. Some American cases of this type occur in families already believing in reincarnation, but many others do not. In these families the child's statements about a previous life are often puzzling and even alarming to his or her parents. The child is sometimes involved in conflict over the apparent memories with members of his or her family.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6644284 TI - Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on GABA transport in rat brain synaptosomes. AB - Initial velocities of uptake of GABA have been measured in rat brain synaptosomes from animals which had been exposed to oxygen at high pressure (OHP) and compared to similar measurements in normobaric controls. For hypothalamus, no changes in GABA uptake occurred subsequent to exposure to OHP. For cortical synaptosomes, however, exposure to OHP resulted in a decreased velocity of GABA uptake at all combinations of [Na] and [GABA] used. The OHP data were found to fit the same transport model as found previously for control data. Thus, OHP exposure did not alter the basic mechanism by which sodium and GABA interact with the carrier in the process of transport. However, the constants which quantitate the model were changed by OHP exposure. As a consequence, the several kinetic parameters which are calculated from the model change in the OHP animals. These kinetic parameters are compared to similar calculations for both normobaric control animals and normobaric aged animals. Although the effects of OHP do not precisely parallel the effects of aging, the alterations in kinetic parameters are in several ways similar in the aged and OHP animals. PMID- 6644285 TI - The treatment of obesity by carbohydrate deprivation suppresses plasma tryptophan and its ratio to other large neutral amino acids. AB - We measured plasma concentrations of tryptophan (Trp) and the other large neutral amino acids (LNAA) in 6 control and 7 obese subjects before and after they consumed a low-carbohydrate "protein-sparing modified fast" (PSMF) diet; LNAA levels in control subjects were also assessed after supplemental oral Trp. Consumption of the PSMF diet by non-obese subjects, or obesity per se, caused major reductions in the ratio of the plasma Trp concentration to the summed plasma concentrations of the other LNAA (i.e., the "plasma Trp ratio"), and may thus have diminished brain serotonin synthesis. Administration of even 2 g of supplemental Trp did not elevate the plasma Trp ratio beyond the normal range observed previously in subjects consuming carbohydrate-containing meals. PMID- 6644286 TI - Influence of walking on swimmeret beating in the lobster Homarus gammarus. AB - Influence of walking on swimmeret beating in intact lobsters, Homarus gammarus, has been analyzed using a treadmill experimental device. Belt movement activates both leg stepping and swimmeret beating. The simultaneity of the onset of the two motor systems in this situation is demonstrated to be the result of a startle response initiated when the belt begins to move. This reaction consists of a non specific motor activity involving several antagonist postural and dynamic muscles. Abdominal extension and vigorous swimmeret beating are the main features of this reaction. The main characteristics of the swimmeret beating as defined by Davis (1969) has been observed here in sequences without walking. However during long walking sequences a very different swimmeret beating pattern occurs. It is suggested that this slow swimmeret beating is completely subordinate to the walking rhythm during sequences of absolute coordination. In more rapid swimmeret beating a relative coordination with leg stepping is very common. The functional meaning of this linkage between legs and swimmerets is discussed. PMID- 6644287 TI - Increased regeneration rate in peripheral nerve axons following double lesions: enhancement of the conditioning lesion phenomenon. AB - The rate of regeneration of rat sciatic nerve sensory axons was measured using the pinch-reflex test method, and confirmed by studying the transport of labelled protein into the regenerating axons. For nerves receiving a single test crush lesion the rate was 4.02 +/- 0.03 (SE) mm/day. For nerves with a conditioning lesion made at the knee seven days prior to the test lesion at the hip the rate was 5.73 +/- 0.06 mm/day, and for nerves where both conditioning and test lesions were made at the same site (hip or knee) but separated by seven days, the rate was 6.76 +/- 0.04 mm/day, a 68% increase over the normal rate, showing that pre degeneration of the nerve distal to the site of the test lesion increases the rate of regeneration. It is concluded that the rate of axon regeneration can be influenced by the environment through which the regenerating axons grow. PMID- 6644289 TI - The spinal cord injured female in the veterans hospital: the role of the environment in rehabilitation. AB - The outcome of rehabilitation is influenced by the interface of the patient and his/her environment. A primary element is the physical setting in which rehabilitation occurs. This paper discusses the course of rehabilitation of this center's seven, singly admitted, female spinal cord injured (SCI) patients. Four of the patients were admitted to a private room and three were admitted to an open ward with other male SCI patients. Data were collected from clinical records, letters of complaints on discharge, and personal communication. Those patients accommodated in the private room generally reported less satisfaction with rehabilitation received, remained in rehabilitation longer, and appeared to have experienced more difficulty in achieving independence commensurate with their level of injury. Psychosocial issues prevalent with the private room patients were alienation, isolation, anger, and interpersonal conflicts with the nursing staff. Surprisingly, issues of sex differences, privacy, or modesty were not expressed as primary concerns for the open ward patients. These results suggest that in the interest of maximizing the rehabilitative efforts for the females at this center, attention to the setting in which they spend most of their unscheduled time is of major importance. PMID- 6644288 TI - Retinal illumination produces synaptic inhibition of a neurosecretory organ in the crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana). AB - We have identified a cluster of neurosecretory cells in the crayfish eyestalk that possess dendrites in the second optic neuropil (Medulla) and project axons to the first optic neuropil (Lamina). Illumination of the ipsilateral retina produces a synaptic inhibition of these cells that is mimicked by iontophoresis of gamma-aminobutyric acid within the medullary neuropil. The neurosecretory nature of the cells, the efferent projection of their axons, and the strong inhibition of their spiking activity upon retinal illumination suggest that they may be involved in the feedback control of dark adaptation and/or circadian changes in visual sensitivity. PMID- 6644290 TI - The Girdlestone procedure in spinal cord injured patients: a ten year experience. AB - The Girdlestone procedure which originally was developed for the treatment of tuberculosis of the hip has found a place in the management of septic hip arthritis and osteomyelitis secondary to pressure sores in spinal cord injury and other myelopathies. Eradication of the septic focus is necessary if amyloid disease is to be prevented. Early diagnosis and aggressive surgery are essential. Surgical treatment entails not only bone removal, but also a thorough joint debridement. This procedure goes hand-in-hand with the appropriate antibiotic treatment given intravenously for an adequate time (4-6 weeks). When available, hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a good treatment. It is important to obliterate a large pseudoarthrosis cavity by muscle transfer from the thigh using a hamstring or a vastus lateralis. Irrigation, suction and drainage are important until the would heals. In summary, 39 patients had 42 Girdlestone procedures without any operative mortality. Seventy percent of the wounds had healed and 30% failed to heal requiring another operation. Recurrences were observed in 10% of the patients, and these cases needed another operation together with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Eight patients died due to other causes unrelated to the operation. The procedure is rather simple but needs prolonged postoperative care, especially with wound failure or recurrences. PMID- 6644291 TI - The role of musculocutaneous flaps in the closure of pressure sores: present status. PMID- 6644292 TI - Studies of calcium ion binding to poly A. AB - Ultraviolet differential spectra of poly A we studied in the presence of Ca2+ ions with 10(-3)M Na+ in the solution. At concentrations lower than 10(-3)M Ca2+, the ions bind to phosphate groups of the single helical polymer, thus increasing its degree of helicity. At higher concentrations, the ions start binding to the bases of poly A, producing aggregates whose effective radius, as found with an electric microscope, is not more than 10(2) A. These particles stack to form aggregates of an order-of-magnitude higher size. The mutual orientation of bases in the poly A aggregates is of a high degree of order. The calculation of concentration dependences of Ca2+-poly A binding constants shows that this process is cooperative. PMID- 6644293 TI - Spectral studies of magnesium porphyrin--apomyoglobin and apohemoglobin complexes. AB - Complexes of magnesium protoporphyrin and magnesium mesoporphyrin with apomyoglobin and apohemoglobin have been prepared and studied by electronic, circular dichroism, and optical rotatory dispersion spectroscopy. The myoglobin complexes show prominent splittings and red shifts of the visible absorption bands, with respect to those for the hemoglobin analogs. Comparisons are made with other heme protein systems that display similar spectral features. Different reasons for the observations are considered, including multiple conformer formation, polarity effects of the protein environment, and the formation of six coordinate magnesium species through H2O coordination for the Mb complexes (the latter explanation being favored). PMID- 6644294 TI - Interactions of biotin with metal ions. X-ray crystal structure of the polymeric biotin--silver(I) nitrate complex: metal bonding to thioether and ureido carbonyl groups. AB - X-ray structure analysis of the silver(I) complex of d-(+)-biotin, [Ag(biotin)(NO3)] X 0.5H2O, shows the complex to be polymeric with the silver ion coordinated tetrahedrally to nitrate and to three different biotin molecules. Binding to the latter involves two thioether sulfur atoms in the cis and trans direction with respect to the ureido ring, and one ureido carbonyl oxygen atom. The biotin carboxylate group is probably protonated and not coordinated with the silver ion. PMID- 6644295 TI - Studies on [3H]diazepam and [3H]ethyl-beta-carboline carboxylate binding to rat brain in vivo. II. Effects of electroconvulsive shock. AB - In vivo specific binding of [3H]diazepam was not altered by a single electroconvulsive shock given 5, 30, or 60 min, or 24 h previously, nor 24 h after the last of 10 daily shocks. Similarly, in vivo [3H]ethyl-beta-carboline carboxylate binding was not changed in the brains of animals that had been given a single electroconvulsive shock 30 min previously or a series of 10 daily shocks. Brain areas examined included cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and striatum. However, cortical binding of [3H]diazepam was increased by 32% in animals which were present in the same room while another was being injected and killed. This may represent a response to stress and/or anxiety. PMID- 6644296 TI - Use of cholate/sodium chloride for solubilisation of brain D2 dopamine receptors. AB - The use of cholate (in the presence of sodium chloride) is described for solubilising brain D2 dopamine receptors. The method described gives in high yield a preparation of solubilised D2 receptors which when assayed by [3H]spiperone binding show little interference from nonspecific and nonstereospecific binding sites. Characterisation by ultrafiltration, electron microscopy, gel filtration, and sucrose density gradient centrifugation has been achieved, showing the receptors to be truly solubilised. Pharmacological characterisation using [3H]spiperone binding suggested the presence of serotonergic S2 receptors in addition to D2 receptors. The pharmacological properties of the solubilised D2 receptors show a good correlation with those of membrane-bound receptors, although ligand binding affinities are lower in the solubilised preparation. PMID- 6644297 TI - Characterization of tubulin in mouse brain myelin. AB - Analysis of mouse brain myelin by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that in the high-molecular-weight range it contained, besides the Wolfgram protein doublet, proteins comigrating with actin and with both subunits of tubulin. The occurrence of these alpha and beta subunits was confirmed by peptide mapping in myelin analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. This tubulin did not arise from an artifactual binding of soluble brain tubulin to the myelin fraction: addition of exogenously labeled tubulin to brain homogenates proved that during myelin isolation by the procedure of Norton and Poduslo (1973) the contaminating tubulin was washed out. On the other hand, the distribution of tubulin isoforms in myelin was investigated by isoelectric focusing and compared with the distribution of the 21 isoforms listed for the whole brain soluble tubulin. It was shown that many isoforms were found in myelin (three isoforms for the alpha subunit and nine for the beta subunit), and that some isoforms were represented both in myelin and in soluble tubulin, but in different relative proportions. PMID- 6644298 TI - Binding of agonists and antagonists to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on intact cultured heart cells. AB - The binding of agonists and antagonists to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on intact cultured cardiac cells has been compared with the binding observed in homogenized membrane preparations. The antagonists [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate and [3H]N-methylscopolamine bind to a single class of receptor sites on intact cells with affinities similar to those seen in membrane preparations. In contrast with the heterogeneity of agonist binding sites observed in membrane preparations, the agonist carbachol binds to a homogeneous class of low-affinity sites on intact cells with an affinity identical to that found for the low affinity agonist site in membrane preparations in the presence of guanyl nucleotides. Kinetic studies of antagonist binding to receptors in the absence and presence of agonist did not provide evidence for the existence of a transient (greater than 30 s) high-affinity agonist site that was subsequently converted to a site of lower affinity. Nathanson N. M. Binding of agonists and antagonists to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on intact cultured heart cells. PMID- 6644299 TI - Changes in the expression of the alpha alpha form of enolase during neuroblastoma differentiation. AB - The relative amounts of the different enolase isozymes present in neuroblastoma cells change during differentiation. When differentiation is induced by low serum in the presence of DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), there is a 50% decrease in the concentration of enolase activity associated with the form alpha alpha, and an increase in the activity associated with the gamma-containing isozymes (alpha gamma plus gamma gamma); in the absence of DMSO, there is no decrease in alpha alpha or in total enolase activity. In order to study the mechanism of the changes in alpha alpha, cells differentiated with low serum with and without DMSO were compared. Measurements of the concentration of the alpha antigen by microcomplement fixation and by immunotitration demonstrate that the decreased enolase activity in DMSO cells is due to a decreased concentration of the alpha antigen. Measurements of the relative rate of synthesis of the antigen show that the decreased concentration of the alpha antigen is due to a decreased rate of synthesis. Enolase in differentiated cells is sufficiently stable (t1/2 greater than 100 h) that a comparison of the relative rates of degradation has not been possible. The decreased synthesis of the alpha subunit of enolase that occurs under these conditions appears to be a useful model system for studying the de expression of the alpha gene that occurs in vivo during neuronal differentiation. PMID- 6644300 TI - Catecholamine-derived tetrahydroisoquinolines: O-methylation patterns and regional brain distribution following intraventricular administration in rats. AB - The metabolism of 6,7-dihydroxy (catecholic)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (TIQs) is of interest because the heterocyclic substances may form in mammals normally or during certain disease via condensations of catecholamines (CAs) with aldehydes or alpha-keto acids. With a specific capillary gas chromatography procedure and confirmatory liquid chromatographic assays, we have determined the structural isomers and relative amounts of mono-O-methylated (phenolic) TIQ metabolites in several rat brain regions 40 min following the acute intracerebroventricular injection of four structurally related catecholic TIQs. In sharp contrast with the established selective m-O-methylation of dopamine (DA) by catechol-O-methyltransferase in brain, the two simple TIQs derived from DA produced predominantly or even exclusively the metabolic isomer arising from methylation of the original p-hydroxyl group (7-O-methylation). In three catecholaminergic brain regions examined, the 7-O-methyl isomer was the only detectable phenolic metabolite of (+/-) salsolinol-1-carboxylic acid (a condensation product of DA and pyruvic acid) and, as first noted by Bail et al. (1980), constituted 95% of the two possible isomeric mono-O-methyl metabolites of (+/-) salsolinol (TIQ derivative of DA and acetaldehyde). Though less, the 7-O methyl isomers still were a significant proportion (40-55%) of the two mono-O methylated metabolites of (+/-) 4-hydroxy-desmethylsalsolinol (a TIQ derived from norepinephrine and formaldehyde), or of the DOPA/acetaldehyde-derived TIQ, (cis) salsolinol-3-carboxylic acid. In the time frame of the study, all four administered TIQs showed higher levels in hypothalamus than in striatum or hippocampus, with the two carboxylated alkaloids displaying the greatest differences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6644301 TI - Uptake of acetate and propionate by isolated nerve endings from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata and their incorporation into choline esters. AB - The uptake and incorporation into choline esters of acetate and propionate by electric organ synaptosomes were compared, with the aim of better understanding the basis for the selectivity of choline ester synthesis shown by this tissue for acetate. It was found that propionate uptake, like acetate uptake, was a temperature-dependent, saturable process. Both uptake mechanisms had similar affinities for their substrates, but the maximal velocity of propionate uptake was considerably lower than that of acetate uptake; and less of the accumulated propionate was used for choline ester synthesis than of the accumulated acetate. While acetate was a good inhibitor of propionate uptake, propionate was a very poor inhibitor of acetate uptake. This finding, in addition to the observation that the two uptakes were not affected in the same way by changes in pH, led to the suggestion that acetate uptake and propionate uptake reflect different processes. In both cases, however, the pH dependence of uptake indicated that these substrates cross the membrane as the charged species. Acetate uptake and acetylcholine synthesis remained closely associated under various experimental conditions, while propionate uptake could be dissociated from the synthesis of propionylcholine. Hence, it appears that acetate is taken up by a specific, high velocity mechanism linked to acetylcholine synthesis, whereas propionate uptake may represent a less specific mechanism. PMID- 6644302 TI - Comparison of voltage-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake rates by synaptosomes isolated from rat brain regions. AB - 45Ca2+ uptake by synaptosomes isolated from cerebral cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, and brain stem of male Sprague-Dawley rats was measured at 1-, 3-, 5-, 15-, 30-, and 60-s time periods. The fastest rate of depolarization-dependent calcium uptake occurred in each brain region between 0 and 1 s. Uptake rates dropped off quickly with 3-5-s rates at approximately 15-20% of those observed at 0-1 s in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and midbrain. Uptake rates at the 1-3-s interval were maintained at a relatively high rate in these three brain regions suggesting mixed fast- and slow-phase processes. The magnitude and rate of 45Ca2+ uptake were similar in synaptosomes from cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and midbrain but were significantly less in brain stem synaptosomes. These results suggest a fast and a slow component to voltage-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake by presynaptic nerve terminals from various brain regions. PMID- 6644303 TI - Structural features of the nerve growth factor inducible large external glycoprotein of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and brain. AB - We have examined the oligosaccharide structure of a major Mr = 230,000 cell surface glycoprotein from rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, and of the immunochemically cross-reactive species present in brain. In response to nerve growth factor (NGF) the PC12 cells extend long processes and acquire other properties similar to those of differentiated sympathetic neurons. These morphological changes are accompanied by a 3- to 5-fold increase in the concentration and labeling of this cell surface glycoprotein, which has previously been named the NGF-inducible large external, or NILE, glycoprotein. Tri-and tetraantennary complex oligosaccharides are the predominant carbohydrate units present in the NILE glycoprotein predominant carbohydrate units present in the NILE glycoprotein from both brain and PC12 cells, where they represent 77-90% of the biosynthetically labeled oligosaccharides. Most of these are not substituted by fucose on the core N-acetylglucosamine which is linked to asparagine, and are accompanied by smaller proportions of biantennary and high mannose oligosaccharides. Sequential lectin-agarose affinity chromatography employing concanavalin A, lentil lectin, and the leukoagglutinating lectin of Phaseolus vulgaris, together with neuraminidase treatment of the fractionated glycopeptides, demonstrated a moderate degree of microheterogeneity among the predominant tri- and tetraantennary oligosaccharide units with respect to the presence of core fucose, outer galactose and sialic acid residues, and the substitution positions on the alpha-linked mannose residues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6644304 TI - Multiple molecular forms of enkephalins in the guinea pig hippocampus. AB - The combined techniques of HPLC and radioimmunoassay were used to identify and quantitate enkephalin-related peptides in the guinea pig hippocampus. Both met- and leu-enkephalin were identified, in approximately a 2:1 ratio, as well as a third enkephalin-like molecule that is neither met- nor leu-enkephalin. The third enkephalin elutes earlier than met- or leu-enkephalin from a reversed-phase column, has a molecular weight similar to the other enkephalins, and is as active as these enkephalins are in inhibiting binding of labeled opiates to rat brain membranes. All regions of the hippocampus (dentate gyrus, CA1-2, CA3-4, and subiculum) contain all three immunoreactive peptides. Immunocytochemical techniques, using antisera raised against met-enkephalin, show with one antiserum immunoreactivity in the granule cell-mossy fiber system, and with the other scattered immunoreactive cells mostly in the CA2 region. Enkephalins are not confined to the mossy fiber system, as previously suggested, but may be a component of another hippocampal innervation. PMID- 6644305 TI - Congenital copper deficiency: copper therapy and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in the mottled (brindled) mouse. AB - The mottled (Mo) mouse is an animal model of the human congenital copper (Cu) deficiency disorder, Menkes' kinky hair syndrome. Intraperitoneal Cu chloride injections have been shown to produce clinical and morphological improvements in this mutant mouse. Cu injections (10 micrograms/g) on postnatal days 7 and 10 are shown to increase endogenous activity of the Cu-dependent enzyme dopamine-beta hydroxylase in the brains of Mo mice. The present study provides insight into the long-term neurochemical changes resulting from a possible treatment regimen for Menkes' kinky hair syndrome. PMID- 6644306 TI - Effect of electroconvulsive shock on muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus. AB - Single electroconvulsive shock (ECS) induced no change in [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) binding to muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rat cortex and hippocampus. ECS administered once daily for 7 days induced a significant reduction in [3H]QNB binding in both brain areas. Concurrent ECS reversed the significant increase in cortical [3H]QNB binding induced by chronic atropine administration. These findings may have relevance to the antidepressant or amnestic effects of electroconvulsive therapy. PMID- 6644307 TI - Endogenous substrates for protein carboxyl methyltransferase in cytosolic fractions of bovine brain. AB - A method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis utilizing the discontinuous pH stacking gel format, the cationic detergent cetylpyridinium chloride, and an acidic buffer system has been applied to detection of specific substrates for protein carboxyl methyltransferase (PCM, EC 2.1.1.24) in cytosol fractions of bovine cerebral cortex. This electrophoresis system produces a high-resolution separation of proteins while preventing spontaneous hydrolysis of protein carboxyl methyl esters. Separation occurs largely on the basis of molecular weight. By running polyacrylamide gels at 4 degrees C or 25 degrees C, it was possible to demonstrate that any specific methyl-accepting protein is modified to form a labile methyl ester rather than the more stable N-derivative. Using this system, we have found that partially purified fractions of PCM contain a variety of endogenous methyl-accepting proteins. The apparent specificity of these substrates varies widely; some apparently abundant proteins show little or no methylation, while other apparently less abundant proteins exhibit a relatively high degree of methylation. One protein, with an apparent Mr of 46,000, exhibited an exceptional degree of methylation. Two distinct classes of protein carboxyl methyl esters could be distinguished by their differing susceptibility to nonenzymatic hydrolysis. The possible relevance of our findings to the recent suggestion that PCM specifically methylates abnormal D-aspartyl residues in age racemized proteins is considered. PMID- 6644308 TI - Reaction of muscimol with 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase. AB - The reaction of muscimol as amino donor substrate for GABA transaminase (GABA-T) has been studied using enzyme purified from rabbit brain. Enzyme activity was assayed by measuring the glutamate produced using glutamate dehydrogenase. Kinetic parameters determined at 37 degrees C were for GABA, Km (app) = 1.92 +/- 0.24 mM, specific activity = 7.33 +/- 0.27 mumol/min/mg (kcat = 13.7s-1), and for muscimol, Km (app) = 1.27 +/- 0.15 mM, specific activity = 0.101 +/- 0.009 mumol/min/mg (kcat = 0.19s-1). Addition of muscimol to the enzyme caused the spectral changes associated with conversion of the pyridoxaldimine form to the pyridoxamine form, and the first-order rate constant for the reaction showed a dependence on muscimol concentration that followed saturation kinetics, with a K = 1.1 +/- 0.18 mM and kmax = 0.065 +/- 0.004 s-1 (19 degrees C). The rate of spectral change observed on addition of muscimol to ornithine transaminase was extremely slow--at least an order of magnitude slower than that seen with GABA-T. PMID- 6644309 TI - Effect of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid on regional brain amino acid levels in fed and fasted rodents. AB - 2-Amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid, an antagonist of excitation caused by dicarboxylic amino acids with a selective action on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, has been administered in an anticonvulsant dose (1 mmol/kg i.p.) to fed or fasted rats and mice. The drug impaired motor activity in fasted mice. Glucose and amino acids were determined in dissected regions of brain fixed by microwave irradiation. Glucose content was low in the brains of fasted rats and mice but was restored to normal (fed) concentration 45 min after the administration of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid in fasted mice. In fed animals, 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid did not change brain aspartate concentration. In fasted animals, aspartate concentration was raised in most brain regions. In fasted rats and mice, 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid significantly increased glutamine in rat cortex and mouse striatum, decreased glutamate content in rat striatum, and decreased aspartate concentration in all regions except mouse cortex and striatum. GABA levels were significantly decreased in rat striatum and hippocampus. These changes are consistent with an increased synaptic release of glutamate and aspartate following blockage of their post-synaptic action at selected sites. PMID- 6644310 TI - Sulfatides in prenatal metachromatic leukodystrophy. AB - In one 21-week-old fetus with prenatally diagnosed metachromatic leukodystrophy, galactolipid contents were determined in the forebrain cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, and kidney and compared to an appropriate control. Spinal cord and kidney showed the highest sulfatide accumulation as a consequence of deficient cerebroside sulfatase activity. No increase, but a measurable amount of sulfatide, was detected in the forebrain. The prenatal neural sulfatides contained a high proportion of the hydroxy fatty acid component. The galactosyl ceramides were not reduced in the early stage of the demyelinating disease. PMID- 6644311 TI - Glycolysis and epilepsy-induced changes in cerebrocortical NAD/NADH redox state. AB - The effects of topical inhibition of glycolysis on epilepsy-induced changes of cortical vascular volume (CVV) and fluorescence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were investigated in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. CVV and NADH fluorescence were measured by a microscope fluororeflectometer. It was found that 30 min of superfusion of the brain cortex with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) containing 0.5 mM sodium iodoacetate (IAA) resulted in a 16.4 +/- 0.8% increase in CVV, and 6.6 +/- 0.5% in NADH oxidation. IAA did not alter the electrical activity of the brain cortex. Epileptic seizures in the nonsuperfused brain cortex and following 30 min superfusion of the brain cortex with mock CSF resulted in changes (not significantly different) in CVV and NAD/NADH redox state. They increased CVV and NAD reduction by 28-32% and 7-10%, respectively. Following 0.5 mM IAA treatment of the brain cortex, epileptic seizures led to greatly reduced vascular responses and induced NADH oxidation instead of NAD reduction. Since the topical inhibition of glycolysis reversed the direction of NAD/NADH redox responses accompanying epilepsy, it may be suggested that the relative rate of substrate mobilization as compared with the rate of mitochondrial electron transport is the factor that determines the actual change in NAD-NADH ratio during excessive brain activations. However, contrary to the situation in vitro (isolated mitochondria), the NAD/NADH redox state of the intact brain cortex is not shifted toward oxidation but to reduction during increased electrical activity. PMID- 6644312 TI - Primary orthostatic cerebral ischaemia. AB - four patients with "primary orthostatic cerebral ischaemia" are described. They complained of dizziness, light-headedness or syncope on standing. None had a significant fall in his systemic blood pressure on assuming the erect posture. Each had bruits over the major neck vessels or absent pulses. Angiography showed widespread narrowing or occlusion of the cervical blood vessels which supply the brain. Carotid endarterectomy relieved the patients' symptoms and also reduced the fall in retinal artery pressures on standing noted preoperatively. The clinician who is not aware of the poorly documented syndrome of "primary orthostatic cerebral ischaemia" may fail to recognise that a patient's complaints are due to cerebrovascular disease for they are strikingly different from those of classical transient ischaemic attacks. PMID- 6644313 TI - Schizophrenic psychosis associated with aqueduct stenosis in adults. AB - The case histories of five adult patients with hydrocephalus and aqueduct stenosis are presented. All the cases were associated with prominent psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations or thought disorder). In the three cases where operative intervention was carried out the diagnosis was made in adult life. Using the Present State Examination all five cases were classified as having schizophrenic psychosis. The possible reasons for this association are discussed. PMID- 6644314 TI - Central catecholamine metabolism in vivo and the cognitive and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) in unmedicated patients with Parkinson's disease were 45% of levels in control subjects. Levels of 3 methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and platelet monoamine oxidase activity (MAO) did not differ. Within the Parkinson's disease group platelet MAO B activity correlated with HVA (an MAO B substrate) but not MHPG (an MAO A substrate). A mild global dementia was found that did not correlate with the more severe motor deficit. There was a negative correlation between the motor deficit and HVA levels but not with MHPG. Cognitive functioning correlated positively with platelet MAO, and the ratio of HVA to MHPG levels and negatively with MHPG alone. It is postulated that dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity or the functional balance between these systems may contribute to the observed cognitive dysfunction. PMID- 6644315 TI - CSF and plasma vasopressin concentrations in dementia. AB - In 16 patients with primary degenerative dementia mean CSF vasopressin concentration was lower (0.9 +/- 0.1 pg/ml (mean +/- SEM)) than in 28 control patients (1.3 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM)) (p less than 0.01). In 18 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus and potentially reversible dementia mean CSF vasopressin concentration (1.2 pg/ml +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM)) was not different from that found in controls. Several of the demented patients had inappropriate plasma vasopressin concentrations suggesting a defect in osmoregulation. These findings encourage further clinical trials of vasopressin in patients with primary degenerative dementia, but it is emphasised that the low CSF vasopressin concentration in these patients might be only a nonspecific phenomenon due to the diffuse loss of cells within the central nervous system. PMID- 6644316 TI - Dorsal root entry zone lesions (Nashold's procedure) for pain relief following brachial plexus avulsion. AB - Brachial plexus avulsion is an important cause of severe intractable pain, particularly in young motor cyclists. The pain usually develops soon after the injury. In a minority of cases severe pain persists and is refractory to management. Nineteen patients are reviewed in whom dorsal root entry zone lesions have been produced for pain relief. The operative technique is described. Early post-operative motor or sensory disturbance in the ipsilateral leg have been temporary side effects, with mild persisting deficits in a minority. Sixteen cases have had significant persisting pain relief. The maximum follow-up period is 2 1/2 years. PMID- 6644317 TI - Clinical pharmacology of pyridostigmine and neostigmine in patients with myasthenia gravis. AB - Determination of plasma concentration of pyridostigmine in 20 myasthenic patients on maintenance therapy revealed rather small intraindividual variations within a dose interval. The predose concentration varied considerably between different patients and up to seven fold in patients on the same daily dose. No pharmacokinetic interaction between pyridostigmine and neostigmine was found in five patients studied. In six patients the decrement in the deltoid muscle was studied in parallel with determination of the plasma concentrations following administration of pyridostigmine or neostigmine. In these patients the existence of a "bell-shaped" dose response curve is suggested with the maximal effect at a concentration of 30-60 ng/ml for pyridostigmine and 5-15 ng/ml for neostigmine. PMID- 6644318 TI - Computed tomography in neurocysticercosis. AB - Neurocysticercosis is a major public health problem in developing countries. Before computed tomography became available its diagnosis was very restricted and the conventional diagnostic methods were unreliable. It also was frequently necessary to submit patients to costly and dangerous surgical procedures to confirm the precise nature of the disease. One hundred and seventy-one patients with neurocysticercosis were evaluated by computed tomography. The diagnostic findings of the different types of lesions produced by the larva of the parasite (Taenia solium) in the central nervous system, and the advantages of CT in the diagnosis of this clinical entity are described, as well as the main signs and symptoms of the patients referred for examination. The effect of corticosteroids in the acute stages of the disease and the changes they provoke in the CT images are described. PMID- 6644319 TI - CT scan correlates of gesture recognition. AB - The ability to recognise gestures was studied in 65 left-hemispheric stroke patients whose lesions were located by CT scan. In the acute stage (first month) frontal lobe and basal ganglia were frequently involved in patients showing inability to recognise gestures. In the later (third to fourth month) and chronic stages (greater than 6 months) parietal lobe involvement was important; lesions causing gesture recognition impairment were larger, had more extensive and frequent parietal involvement and produced less temporal lobe damage than those causing aural comprehension defects. These findings are discussed in the light of recent models of cerebral localisation of complex functions. PMID- 6644320 TI - Old photographs: postencephalitic Parkinsonism in two small boys. AB - My interest in posture and its central nervous control dates from my early days in neurology. That was also the time of the epidemic of encephalitis lethargica. A few years ago I came upon some old photographs dating from this period and among them were several of two small boys suffering from the after-effects of encephalitis with severe disorders of postural control. Each of these boys, if placed on an ordinary chair would let his body fall forward and would "roll" off the chair and lie motionless on the floor. In more recent years it has been shown experimentally that similar symptoms in monkeys are associated with bilateral lesions of the globus pallidus; in post-encephalitic patients of long standing degenerative changes are present in the pallida, but it now seems likely that deficiency of the neuro-transmitter, dopamine, may bear as much responsibility for their symptoms as anatomical lesions. Neurology was slow to appreciate the contribution of the basal ganglia to postural activity. PMID- 6644321 TI - Direct puncture versus run up cervical myelography with iopamidol: a comparison of side effects, EEG changes and radiographic quality. AB - A series of cervical myelograms performed by direct puncture resulted in almost identical incidence of side effects, more contrast within the skull, more frequent EEG abnormalities and only slightly better radiographic quality than in a comparable series of patients in whom the contrast was run up from the lumbar region. PMID- 6644322 TI - Recurrent cerebral abscess in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. PMID- 6644323 TI - Progressive optic atrophy and sensorineural hearing loss due to chronic glue sniffing. PMID- 6644324 TI - The treatment of experimental allergic neuritis by plasma exchange. AB - Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) is a demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system that can be induced in laboratory animals. This disorder has been considered to show many similarities to acute inflammatory polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome, GBS). Reports that plasma exchange may benefit patients with GBS prompted the investigation of the effect of plasma exchange in EAN. A controlled study was performed on New Zealand White rabbits. Sixteen animals were allocated to control or treatment groups at the onset of the disease. Clinical assessment on days 7 and 14 showed that treated animals were less severely affected neurologically (P = 0.05, day 7; P less than 0.001 day 14), with a commensurate reduction in the severity of the histological lesions in peripheral nerves. PMID- 6644325 TI - The diagnostic significance of large action potentials in myopathy. AB - Electromyographic and histopathological studies were performed on 112 skeletal muscles in 101 subjects with myopathy. The diagnostic significance of large action potentials (LAPs) in myopathy was studied. LAPs were defined as those action potentials with a duration of over 13 ms and an amplitude of over 3 mV (peak to peak). The following results were obtained: Most muscles with LAPs showed the grouped atrophy of small fibers of neuropathic change in addition to myopathic findings. Even in myopathy most LAPs reflected neuropathic change, except in thyrotoxic myopathy. LAPs were not related to an increase of connective tissue increasing the impedance in volume conduction of the action potentials. LAPs were frequently seen in: progressive muscular dystrophy of limb-girdle type; scapuloperoneal dystrophy; distal myopathy; oculopharyngeal dystrophy; myotonic dystrophy; polymyositis; and thyrotoxic myopathy. Other types of myopathy had few LAPs. There were two types of progressive muscular dystrophy. One had LAPs frequently and the other, rarely. In myotonic dystrophy the muscles with LAPs showed scattered small angular fibers, possibly indicating neurogenic changes. Interstitial myositis had LAPs more frequently than parenchymatous polymyositis. The chronic phase of polymyositis had LAPs more frequently than the acute or subacute phases. In thyrotoxic myopathy the muscles with LAPs rarely showed definite neuropathic change histopathologically. Therefore, LAPs in thyrotoxic myopathy may not indicate denervation. PMID- 6644326 TI - A therapeutic trial of gangliosides and thymosin in the Wobbler mouse model of motor neuron disease. AB - Mixed bovine gangliosides have been reported to enhance neuronal regeneration and sprouting. The Wobbler mouse model of motor neuron disease was used to test the clinical effects of long-term ganglioside administration on the course of the disease. Mixed gangliosides were injected subcutaneously into a group of 5 Wobbler mice and compared to a control group of 5 Wobbler mice which received saline. Because of several reports implicating involvement of the immune system in ALS, a 3rd group of 5 Wobbler mice received thymosin. All mice were 4 weeks old at commencement of injections. The 3 groups were examined weekly and graded with respect to front leg power, ability to climb a vertical grating, and walking posture. After 4 months of treatment, no significant difference between either experimental group and the controls was found. PMID- 6644327 TI - Adult spinal muscular atrophy. A report of four cases. AB - Four cases of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are reported, 3 with detailed autopsy findings. These are compared with 2 cases of typical amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with neuropathological data. The 3 autopsy cases of SMA only showed decreased numbers of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord, with no change in the cortical pyramidal cells, including the Betz cells, and no degeneration of the pyramidal tracts, while the ALS cases showed loss both of lower and upper motor neurons and degeneration of the pyramidal tracts. In our opinion, the infantile, juvenile, adult, and late-life forms of SMA are really a single disease entity that occurs at varying ages and is separate from ALS. The term lower motor neuron disease would be preferable because the lesions are not limited to the spinal cord, but also occur in the brain stem. PMID- 6644328 TI - Response to ionising radiation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - Using lymphoblastoid cell cultures the response to gamma (gamma)-radiation, was examined in 6 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients; 2 clinically normal males as negative controls, and 2 patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) showing sensitivity to ionising radiation as positive controls. In a series of experiments, cell recovery and growth at day 2 post radiation, was determined after 5 separate gamma-irradiation dose levels: 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 rads. The DMD cell strains showed a radiation dose response that was significantly greater than in cells from 2 normal males, while both DMD and normal cells were significantly less responsive than were AT-sensitive cell strains. PMID- 6644329 TI - Increased manganese level in spinal cords of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis determined by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. AB - The manganese distribution in the cross-section of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar portion of the spinal cords from 7 autopsied cases with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 6 control subjects were determined by radiochemical neutron activation analysis. It was possible to determine 1 ng levels of manganese content accurately in the small tissues about 1 mg of dried weight using wet ashing and chemical separation after neutron activation. The dried weight of spinal cord was about 1/3 of the wet weight. Manganese concentration in the wet tissue was calculated from the ratio of dried to wet weight. In the anterior horn of the cervical cords of ALS, manganese concentration was the highest; 1.75 +/- 0.39 ng/mg of dried weight and 0.59 +/- 0.09 ng/mg of wet weight, respectively. These were significantly higher (P less than 0.01) compared to those in controls; 1.02 +/- 0.12 ng/mg of dried weight and 0.35 +/- 0.04 ng/mg of wet weight, respectively. The elevation of manganese level in the spinal cords of ALS was more prominent in the anterior horn and lateral column than in the posterior column both in dried and wet tissues. Since manganese inhibits neuronal transmission, it is likely that neurological degenerative changes occur as a result of local disturbances of manganese metabolism in the spinal cord of ALS. PMID- 6644330 TI - Counterpoint: animal tumor models and their relevance to human tumor immunology. PMID- 6644331 TI - Leukocyte interferon (IFN alpha) in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma. AB - Human leukocyte interferon (IFN alpha) was administered to 15 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma after previous chemotherapy or therapeutic irradiation. One objective response was observed. Three patients had possible stable disease for up to 6 months, including two patients who were re-explored 6 months after commencing IFN alpha and one patient who was observed to have a less than 50% reduction in her tumor diameters. Three of seven patients demonstrated clinical responses to subsequent chemotherapy, indicating an absence of resistance to subsequent chemotherapy. Toxicity included the relatively mild symptoms of anorexia, lassitude, and diarrhea. Malabsorption was observed in one patient. Platelet depression and abnormal enzyme liver functions were also observed more frequently following IFN alpha. No life-threatening toxicity was observed. PMID- 6644332 TI - Modulation of natural killing activity by lymphoblastoid interferon in cancer patients. AB - The in vivo and in vitro effects of partially purified human lymphoblastoid alpha interferon (alpha-IFN) on natural killing (NK) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of peripheral blood were tested in 17 cancer patients. The study tested single doses of alpha-IFN (part A), and repeated, incremental doses (15 over 5 weeks; part B). The initial response to alpha-IFN was a decline of NK and ADCC activity, reaching a nadir at 12 h. The decline was found to be partly related to nonadherent suppressor cells. The NK activity generally returned to or exceeded baseline within 24-48 h and stayed elevated for a week or more after a single injection. Interestingly, the decline in NK activity was not unique to the first injection, but was found even in chronic treatment 12 h after alpha-IFN injection. Dose-response studies showed that maximum stimulation was achieved by the end of the first week, when it was greater for patients receiving higher doses of alpha-IFN. However, patients who received repeated injections at lower doses were able to sustain this stimulation, whereas those who received higher doses were not. Very low doses (0.5 mU/m2) appeared to be maximally efficient. IFN administration to the same group of cancer patients seemed to have similar effects on ADCC against tumor cells. Furthermore, our study has shown that cells responsive in vitro to alpha-IFN (drawn prior to treatment) showed an increase in NK activity similar to that after in vivo administration of alpha-IFN, indicating a simple predictor of patients' responsiveness to IFN treatment. Taken together, these findings indicate that in vivo administration of alpha-IFN results in a dose-dependent augmentation of NK and ADCC activity in cancer patients. PMID- 6644333 TI - In vitro and in vivo effects of levamisole on monocyte chemotaxis in normal donors and patients with colorectal carcinoma. AB - Levamisole, a synthetic phenylimidazothiozole, was found to enhance chemotaxis of monocytes from both normal individuals and those with colorectal carcinoma. The optimum concentration in vitro varied among individuals but occurred most consistently at 200 micrograms/ml (approximately 10(-3) M). Overall relative increase in monocyte chemotaxis in 123 individuals was 29.3 +/- 4.2% (SE; p less than 0.0001 by paired t test comparison of individual baseline to stimulated values). The frequency of significant augmentation was the same in both patient and normal groups (30-45% of individuals tested). However, the degree of enhancement in vitro was greatest in patients with colorectal carcinoma. Twenty nine volunteers ingested levamisole to evaluate in vivo effects on monocyte chemotaxis; significant increase occurred in 22. Both normal individuals and patients were stimulated to a similar degree and frequency. The immunomodulatory effects of levamisole may result from effects on monocyte function. PMID- 6644334 TI - Noncytotoxic inhibition of malignant cell growth by Ulex seed extracts. AB - A water-soluble, boiled extract produced from the seeds of Ulex europeus (European gorse) was found to inhibit the growth of various reticuloendothelial tumor cell lines. Seven tumor cells, six murine and one human, were investigated and found to be sensitive to the inhibitory activity of such extracts. Ulex seed extracts (USE) reduced the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by tumor cells in an exponential dose - response relationship. In addition, 5- to 8-day cultures of these cell lines grown in the presence of USE had a marked reduction of tumor cell numbers. The reduction in growth exhibited a dose - response relationship. Growth inhibition was not the result of cytotoxicity. Cell viability and washout studies demonstrated the impermanence and easy reversibility of the inhibiting state. PMID- 6644335 TI - Phase I study of Wellferon (human lymphoblastoid alpha-interferon) as cancer therapy: clinical results. AB - Thirty-three patients with advanced malignancy were treated with Wellferon. Doses ranging from 0.75 X 10(6) to 50 X 10(6) U were administered intramuscularly every 12 h for a 7-day course of therapy. Courses were repeated every 4 weeks as a function of tumor response. Toxicity resulted in fever, chills, malaise, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea and/or vomiting, diarrhea, hepatocellular damage, and, in a single case, gastrointestinal bleeding (which was a possible cause of patient death). Toxicity tended to increase with increasing dose, and 30 X 10(6) units every 12 h for 7 days was considered to be the maximally tolerated dose. Partial responses were seen in three patients with diagnoses of renal cell carcinoma, diffuse histocytic lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Minimal responses were seen in four patients with diagnoses of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma (two patients), and breast cancer. Positive response to therapy did not correlate with dose level. PMID- 6644336 TI - Selective delivery of drugs encapsulated in liposomes: natural targeting to macrophages involved in various disease states. AB - In recent years, a considerable effort has been made to promote the use of liposomes as potential carriers for systemically administered chemotherapeutic agents. It is our belief that much of this proselytizing has ignored the normal and unavoidable fate of systemically administered liposomes, which is clearance by the reticuloendothelial system. Rather than attempting to avoid this phenomenon, we suggest that this occurrence could be advantageous for the selective delivery of agents to cells of the monocyte-macrophage series involved in various disease states. PMID- 6644337 TI - Second point: animal tumor models and their relevance to human tumor immunology. AB - Under the title given to these exchanges, we have been required to explore immunological analogies between clinical cancer and the animal models available for investigation. My article focused attention on a class of model (naturally arising tumors) that has been relatively neglected for reasons that have nothing to do with scientific strategy. Yet it is this class of tumor for which the analogy most relevant to our underlying concern is most solidly sustained: their unresponsiveness to preventive or therapeutic immunological measures. I am dismayed that Herberman is not inclined to embrace this cogent analogy but seems more concerned with vindicating the use of those classes of model by which, as is now widely acknowledged, we have been so long misled. The question arises as to why any discussion of the clinical prospects of applied tumor immunology should polarize the discussants in the way exploited by editorial encouragement of these "ping-pong" contributions. There can be few paramedical topics that are so subject to bipartite discussion--between believers, defenders, and optimists on one side, and critics or skeptics on the other. My conviction is that this proclivity for confrontation betrays a conflict between emotional disposition and scientific judgment. The concept of natural or induced host control of malignant disease has persisted for over 180 years (11) and has survived the many transformations that have occurred over that time of the experimental facilities available for its examination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6644338 TI - Second counterpoint: animal tumor models and their relevance to human tumor immunology. PMID- 6644339 TI - Preliminary observations on the effects of the Chinese medicinal herbs Astragalus membranaceus and Ligustrum lucidum on lymphocyte blastogenic responses. AB - The biological effects of extracts of two Chinese medicinal herbs, Astragalus membranaceus and Ligustrum lucidum, on in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis were assessed. Aqueous extracts augmented the spontaneous [3H]thymidine incorporation in the mononuclear cells (MNC) of 14 normal subjects from 273.0 to 609.3 counts per minute (cpm) and 252.9 to 656.9 cpm for the two herbs, respectively. The stimulation indices were 2.4 and 3.1, respectively (p less than 0.001). They also augmented the proliferation of normal subjects' lymphocytes induced by suboptimal concentrations of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) from 5084.6 to 23,398.3 and 221.7 to 24,132.8 cpm, of concanavalin A (con A) from 4046.5 to 15,661.5 and 677.6 to 14,644.6 cpm, and of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) from 4377.9 to 24,405.6 and 322.7 to 11,730.0 cpm, respectively (p less than 0.00). Herb extracts augmented the PHA responses of the MNC from 14 cancer patients significantly (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05, respectively). Extracts of L. lucidum also augmented the con A response of patients (p less than 0.05). The augmenting effect of the herbs on the PHA, con A, and PWM responses was dose dependent, and proliferation was inhibited at higher concentrations. The optimal concentration for stimulating the MNC of cancer patients was 100 micrograms/ml, compared to 10 micrograms/ml for the MNC of normal donors. MNC of seven patients depressed the mitogen responses of normal cells in a co-culture system. This was partially abrogated in five by preincubating the patients' cells in herb extracts for 45 min or by irradiation of the patients' cells. These results suggest that the herb extracts contain immunomodulatory components which may be useful in the immunotherapy of disease. PMID- 6644340 TI - Accurate predictions of tumor growth in vivo: the subrenal capsule implant site. AB - An assay system with exquisite predictive qualities is described for four animal tumors: two rat mammary adenocarcinomas, R3230 Ac and 13762; a mouse papillary mammary carcinoma, MXT; and the mouse reticulum cell sarcoma M5076. The tumors were implanted beneath the renal capsule of syngeneic hosts (BDF1 mice or Fischer 344 rats). This site is readily accessible, well-protected, and provides a rich vascular bed, thus controlling many of the variables involved in neoplastic growth. The growth of each implant was recorded as a function of time and/or the initial tumor size. The absolute growth of each of the tumors could be predicted accurately from a simple linear regression analysis of time (i.e., number of days post-implant). Even more accurate predictions of tumor growth were obtained when both variables (days post-implant and initial implant size) were evaluated by multiple regression analysis. The subrenal capsule tumor implant site provides a superior model system to investigate the effects of biological response modifiers and other immunological manipulations on tumor growth in intact normal immunocompetent animals. PMID- 6644341 TI - Association of morphological differentiation with enhanced surface antigen expression and susceptibility to natural killer cell lysis in theophylline treated human melanoma cells. AB - Human and animal melanomas undergo maturation spontaneously in vivo and in vitro, and as a result of experimental manipulation in vitro. To gain a better understanding of this phenomenon, we studied the effects of theophylline on a cultured human malignant melanoma cell line (CaCL 73-36). We observed a dose dependent inhibition of cell growth with a reduction in plating efficiency of 16, 64, and 99% at concentrations of theophylline of 0.1, 1.0, and 2.0 mM, respectively. Theophylline-treated cells showed morphological changes consistent with a more differentiated state such as increased dendrite formation and contact inhibition. Expression of surface HLA-A,B,C antigens and beta-2-microglobulin was enhanced 15- and fivefold, respectively. Finally, cells treated with theophylline for 96 h showed a five- to eightfold increase in sensitivity to lysis by natural killer cells. These findings have obvious bearing on the potential use of theophylline in the treatment of malignant melanoma. PMID- 6644342 TI - Biology of cancer therapy: some new insights into adjuvant treatment of metastatic solid tumors. PMID- 6644343 TI - A comparative study on two radioimmunoassays with cloned human interferon-alpha. AB - We report here on the development of (a) a double-antibody radioimmunoassay and (b) a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for cloned human interferon-alpha (leukocyte) [HuIFN-alpha(Le)]. We present the results of titrations of human interferon-alpha 2 (HuIFN-alpha 2) using either method under experimental and optimized conditions. A comparative study of the two methods indicates that (a) the double antibody procedure is 200-fold more economical of antibody when quantitations are carried out within an optimal range of 0.05--1.0 ng; (b) the double-antibody method is fivefold more sensitive than the solid-phase method, its sensitivity being within the range of the antiviral assays for interferons; and (c) the solid phase assay is significantly faster. The data also support the presence in human serum of a factor(s) that decreases the maximal amount of HuIFN-alpha 2 bound to antibody. We conclude that these radioimmunoassays are superior to biological assays for the quantitation of interferon-alpha polypeptides from the standpoints of objectivity and reproducibility as well as time and effort required. PMID- 6644344 TI - Symposium on in vitro analyses of interferon effects. PMID- 6644345 TI - Correlation between in vitro and systemic effects of native and recombinant interferons-alpha on human natural killer cell cytotoxicity. AB - The relationship between interferon (IFN) stimulation of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in vitro and changes in NK cell cytotoxicity resulting from systemic IFN administration was examined in 15 cancer patients in two clinical trials. Ficoll-Hypaque-separated peripheral mononuclear cells (PMC) were incubated 18-20 h with or without IFN on 2 different days prior to therapy initiation to determine in vitro responsiveness to IFN and unstimulated basal levels of NK cell activity, respectively. Three different preparations of IFN-alpha were tested, including native Cantell IFN-alpha and two recombinant DNA-generated species, IFN r alpha A and IFN-r alpha D. Twenty-four hours after i.m. injection of IFNs, significant NK cell activity enhancement occurred (p = 0.003). The relative extent of cytotoxicity elevation in individual patients resulting from injection significantly correlated (p less than 0.01) with the degree of NK cell activity enhancement induced in vitro by treatment of PMC with the same IFN preparation. These results suggest that patients exhibited individual differences in acute responsiveness to systemic IFN administration, which could be predicted to a certain extent by in vitro testing prior to therapy. PMID- 6644346 TI - Changes in immune function in patients receiving natural leukocyte interferon. AB - Highly purified human lymphoblastoid interferon derived from virus-stimulated Namalwa cells was administered daily by 6-h i.v. infusion or i.m. injection to 40 patients with a variety of disseminated malignancies refractory to standard therapy. Each patient received escalating doses of 0.1-50 X 10(6) U for up to 5 weeks. Extensive monitoring for changes in various immune functions revealed no sustained elevation in natural killer cell activity, elevated monocyte-mediated antitumor cytostatic activity in approximately 30% of the patients, and depressed lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens and mixed leukocyte culture. PMID- 6644347 TI - Effect of lymphoblastoid interferon on lymphocyte subsets in cancer patients. AB - The effect of interferon dose on lymphocyte subsets is unclear for humans, especially with prolonged intermittent administration. Enumeration of T4 and T8 cells and natural killer (NK) cell activity against K562 cells were examined as part of our ongoing randomized clinical study comparing low- and high-dose treatment strategies. Fifty-four patients have been entered into study, of which 46 are now evaluable. High-dose patients showed no significant changes during actual interferon infusion. However, over the entire period on study, there was a significant increase in NK cell activity (p = 0.001), a concurrent decrease in T8 (p = 0.004), and an increase in T4/T8 (p = 0.02). By contrast, for low-dose patients there was a trend of increasing NK activity during interferon administration, but no change during the total time on study, with a concurrent trend of decreasing T4/T8 and a significant increase in T8 (p = 0.01). Although there is as yet no significant response difference between high- and low-dose treatments, a favourable response was associated with an overall increase in NK activity (p = 0.005), a decrease in T8 (p = 0.02), and an increase in T4/T8 (p = 0.03). In a preliminary study of immune complexes in selected patients, an inverse relationship between NK cell activity and immune complex concentration was suggested. This was supported by in vitro addition of autologous immune complex-containing sera during NK cell assay. PMID- 6644349 TI - Effect of in vivo administration of interferon on human monocyte function. AB - We studied the function of peripheral blood monocytes in patients receiving interferon. Patients received i.m. injections of Wellferon at doses ranging from 0.75 to 50 X 10(6) U every 12 h for 7 days. Monocyte function was evaluated prior to and 7-28 days following the institution of interferon therapy. As a group, these patients showed some rise in chemokinesis, but evaluation of phagocytosis, adhesion, spreading, chemotaxis, microbial killing, and tumor cytotoxicity failed to demonstrate clear evidence of monocyte activation. About half of the patients did show a significant rise in their monocyte count, Candida killing, and chemotaxis following interferon therapy. More patients demonstrated a rise in monocyte count and chemokinesis with higher doses of interferon, but other functional assays were either unaffected or had fewer patients demonstrating activation with the higher doses. Patients whose tumors showed stabilization or partial response after interferon were more likely to exhibit a rise in monocyte count, Candida killing, spreading, and tumor killing than were patients whose disease progressed. PMID- 6644348 TI - Preliminary observations of immunomodulatory activity of lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha administered every other day or weekly. AB - Patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with a purified, natural mixture of lymphoblastoid interferon-alpha. Patients were randomized to receive 15 X 10(6) U/m2 every other day for 2 weeks, in cycles separated by a variable rest period of at least 1 week, or to receive 5 X 10(6) U/m2 weekly. The first schedule was an intensive treatment regimen, at or near the maximum tolerated dose; the second was intended to provide maximum opportunity for augmented natural, antitumor immunity to be expressed. A preliminary evaluation of the modulation of natural killing, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and monocyte-mediated tumor growth inhibition in the first nine patients entered into the trial is presented. Increased activity in the three assays was frequently seen in the 2-3 days after interferon administration; the peak was usually short lived, and no sustained increases were observed. There was a tendency for more frequent augmentation in patients on the weekly schedule, and augmentation of monocyte-mediated tumor growth inhibition was more readily apparent than increases in the other activities. No tumor responses were observed and no correlation of tumor response with immunomodulation was possible. PMID- 6644350 TI - Suppression of natural killer cell cytotoxicity in the peripheral blood of patients receiving interferon therapy. AB - Lymphoblast interferon (IFN-alpha) was administered to patients with advanced stages of cancer in a phase I drug toxicity trial. IFN-alpha was given i.m. twice daily at 12-h intervals over a 7-day course of therapy in dosages ranging from 1.5 to 100 X 10(6) U/day. A total of 28 patients was studied, including 9 with breast carcinoma, 11 with other solid tumors, and 8 with lymphoid malignancies. Immune cell parameters were determined for each patient before, during, and up to 20 days after therapy. Leukopenia was evident after 1-2 days of IFN-alpha administration, became maximal after 6-7 days of therapy, and then returned to baseline values by day 13 post-therapy. Circulating natural killer (NK) cell activity was found to increase significantly by 2 h after the initial IFN injection, especially in patients receiving the higher dosages. However, most subjects demonstrated a return to baseline NK levels at 24 h despite the continued presence of elevated serum concentrations of IFN. By day 7 of therapy, NK-cell function was markedly depressed. Following cessation of IFN, NK levels rapidly returned to pretherapy baseline values. Changes in K-cell cytotoxic function (ADCC) tended to parallel those of NK-cell function. Although NK/K-cell function was affected by IFN therapy, no change in the percentage of circulating Fc receptor-bearing cells was found. This indicates that the cytotoxic cells were probably present in the circulation, but were not able to express their lytic function. PMID- 6644351 TI - Regulation of human natural killer cell cytotoxicity by recombinant leukocyte interferon clone A. AB - We have studied the peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity of 32 cancer patients prior to and after single and multiple injections of various doses of human recombinant leukocyte interferon clone A (IFN-alpha rA). Consistent decline in NK-cell cytotoxicity of all cancer patients was observed 4 and 8 h after a single injection of IFN-alpha rA. Twenty-four hours after the injection, NK-cell cytotoxicity of patients with low NK cell phenotype (NK-LR) was significantly augmented, whereas that of most patients with medium (NK-MR) or high (NK-HR) NK phenotype was depressed. After multiple IFN-alpha rA injections, depression of NK-cell cytotoxicity was observed in a number of NK-MR and NK-HR patients, whereas in some patients with NK-LR phenotype, elevated NK-cell levels were observed. No direct correlation between NK-cell augmentation and serum IFN levels was detected. In vitro studies demonstrated that NK-cell cytotoxicity of normal donors was augmented by IFN-alpha rA (10(3) U/ml). Augmentation of NK cells was also observed in cancer patients after in vitro addition of IFN-alpha rA, but only prior to and not after in vivo IFN-alpha rA therapy. PMID- 6644352 TI - The termination of callosal fibres in the auditory cortex of the rat. A combined Golgi--electron microscope and degeneration study. AB - When the corpus callosum of the rat is sectioned, the callosal fibres in the cerebral cortex undergo degeneration. In the auditory cortex (area 41) the degenerating axon terminals form asymmetric synapses, and the vast majority of them synapse with dendritic spines. Some other synapse with the shafts of both spiny and smooth dendrites, and a few with the perikarya of non-pyramidal cells. The degenerating axon terminals are contained principally within layer II/III, in which they aggregate in patches. Using a technique in which neurons within the cortex are Golgi-impregnated, then gold-toned and examined in the electron microscope, it has been shown that the dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons with cell bodies in different layers receive the degenerating callosal afferents. The spines arise from the main apical dendritic shafts and their branches, from the dendrites of the apical tufts, and in some cases from the basal dendrites of the pyramidal neurons. The shafts of some pyramidal cell apical dendrites also form asymmetric synapses with callosal afferents. Since we have encountered no spiny non-pyramidal neurons in Golgi preparations of rat auditory cortex, and because other types of non-pyramidal cells have few dendritic spines, it is concluded that practically all of the dendritic spines synapsing with callosal afferents originate from pyramidal neurons. PMID- 6644354 TI - Neuron numbers in the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion of the rat: a critical comparison of methods for cell counting. AB - Published values for the number of neurons in the superior cervical ganglion of the adult rat range from 13 000 to 45 000. These studies have employed different methods for determining what unit to count (cell body, nucleus, nucleolus), how many sections to count, and how to correct the raw counts for split particles and for profiles that are too small to resolve. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which these parameters may influence the calculated value for the total number of neurons, using computer simulations of neuron populations. These simulations permitted us to determine the effects on neuron number of varying the diameter of the neuronal nucleus, the size of the smallest resolvable profile, and the thickness of the section. The data from the simulations were used to test the validity of several methods that are in common use for correction of neuron counts. Our results indicate that most of the methods that are in routine use are unsatisfactory. We propose the use of either one of two methods that consistently result in highly accurate estimates of neuron numbers. These are: (1) a modification of the method proposed by Hendry (1976), using computer analysis; or (2) a modification of the method proposed by Abercrombie (1946), which does not require the use of a computer. PMID- 6644353 TI - Developmental neuron death in the rat superior cervical sympathetic ganglion: cell counts and ultrastructure. AB - Counts of neurons of the rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) were made at two days before birth and at several postnatal ages. There is a significant decline in the number of apparently normal neurons over the first postnatal week, with the number falling from 39 500 at 3 days to 26 500 at 7 days. Cell numbers then remained constant up to day 60 when the number of neurons was 27 500. The incidence of degenerating neurons, identified by light and electron microscopy, was correlated temporally with the loss of normal neurons. The early manifestations of the neuron degeneration were chromatin clumping and the presence of free monoribosomes. Later stages were characterized by increased chromatin clumping, dense aggregations of monoribosomes, numerous intracytoplasmic vacuoles, and only short segments of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The ultrastructure of the majority of these dying neurons is similar to the 'nuclear' types of degeneration described by Pilar & Landmesser (1976) and Chu-Wang & Oppenheim (1978). Based on the presence of degenerating neurons coincident with the reduction in neuron numbers, we conclude that neuron death is an important aspect of early postnatal development in the rat SCG. PMID- 6644355 TI - Abnormal cell relationships in Jimpy mice: electron microscopic and immunocytochemical findings. AB - The mutant mouse strain Jimpy is characterized by a deficiency of myelin formation throughout the C.N.S. The cause of this hypomyelination is unknown. Based on previous reports, astrocytes, axons and oligodendrocytes are all altered, but no single cell type can be unequivocally defined as the primary target. Jimpy and age-matched normal mice were investigated using thin sectioning, freeze-fracturing and immunocytochemistry. We examined optic nerves and cervical spinal cords of Jimpy to determine which cells were morphologically altered during the period which precedes the onset of myelination and which cellular alterations persisted during myelinogenesis. Abnormalities of astrocytes and axons were frequently observed in Jimpy not only during myelination but also in early postnatal development before mature oligodendrocytes were present. The early astrocytic changes included hyperplasia and alterations of both cytoplasm and plasma membrane. An unusually complex network of astrocytic processes divided the axons into very small groups. During myelination, astrocytic processes were found insinuated between the axons and myelin sheath and/or within the myelin lamellae. Immunocytochemical investigations also revealed a complex network of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive processes in contact with the majority of the axons. At stages prior to myelination axonal alterations were detected. Most of the axons were not in close contact with one another and individual axons had an undulating and irregular course. In areas where axon separation by astrocytic processes occurred, axonal diameters were more variable than the homogeneously sized axons of the normal mice. Our immunocytochemical results at stages during myelination showed not only many myelin basic protein-positive processes around axons in Jimpy but also clearly immunostained myelin sheaths. This indicates that the myelinating glia present not only produce myelin basic protein but can also incorporate it into the myelin spiral. The presented results suggest that the mouse mutant Jimpy could be a model for disturbed cell interactions in the C.N.S. Therefore, the hypomyelination may not be attributed to a defect of a single cell but rather to a deficiency in both macroglial types and, perhaps, the axon as well. PMID- 6644356 TI - Distinctions between gap junctions and sites of intermediate filament attachment in the leech C.N.S. AB - Freeze-fracture studies on the nerve cord of the leech Hirudo medicinalis reveal that the plasma membranes of various cells, including glial and muscle cells, contain at least two distinct types of aggregated intramembrane particles, identified as hemidesmosomes and gap junctions. Hemidesmosomes consist of angular particles irregularly arranged in circular or elongate patches in external leaflets (E-faces), and are associated with a bundle of intermediate filaments extending into the cytoplasm. Hemidesmosomes of specific axons abut on extracellular space at openings in the surrounding glial sheath. Gap junctions are patches of rounder particles in cytoplasmic leaflets (P-faces) and are more uniformly spaced; they have a corresponding array of pits in the complementary E face. Gap junctions connect processes of adjacent smooth muscle cells, and apparently interconnect glial processes. Thus, different types of cells in the leech C.N.S. have similar intramembrane specializations. Moreover, the hemidesmosomes and gap junctions might, on superficial examination, be confused. PMID- 6644358 TI - Further evidence that Retzius-Cajal cells transform to nonpyramidal neurons in the developing rat visual cortex. AB - Electron microscopy and tritiated thymidine autoradiographic techniques were used to study the life history of Retzius-Cajal cells in the developing visual cortex of the rat, a subject which has long been debated by investigators. The findings show unequivocally that at least some of these characteristic cells of the immature animals remain in the adult cortex in the form of typical nonpyramidal neurons. PMID- 6644357 TI - Gap junctions and septate-like junctions between neurons of the opisthobranch mollusc Navanax inermis. AB - The buccal ganglia of Navanax inermis were studied by thin section, lanthanum infiltration and freeze fracture. Freeze fracture clearly demonstrates small gap junctions between neuronal processes in the neuropil, many of which are known to be electrotonically coupled. Junctional particles cleave with the P-face. In thin section, gap junctions appeared as small blurred contacts, presumably because of the small size of the junctions. Lanthanum infiltration was poor and failed to aid in identifying gap junctions. However, it did reveal septate-like junctions whose septa were not osmiophilic. Corresponding E-face grooves and ridges were seen in freeze fracture, sometimes adjacent to gap junctions. The septate-like junctions have parallel membranes and may have been mistaken for gap junctions in several other thin section studies of invertebrate neurons. PMID- 6644359 TI - Intrasomatic changes in the maturing hypoglossal nucleus after axon injury. AB - The intrasomatic reactions to different types of peripheral nerve injury during postnatal maturation were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The hypoglossal nerve was crushed in 7 day postnatal (dpn) rats and crushed, ligated or transected in 10 and 21 day rats. Survival intervals ranged from 3 to 40 days postoperative (dpo). Normal and sham operated rats of corresponding ages served as controls. The initial intrasomatic reactions in young (7-10 dpn) rats were identical after each type of nerve injury. These reactions involved the nucleus and the perinuclear cytoplasm: severe nuclear eccentricity and elaborate infoldings of the nuclear membrane were seen. The processes of cytoplasm indenting the nuclear membrane were intensely basophilic and contained numerous polyribosomes and cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The formation of organized RER was not disrupted after axonal injury. Disorganization, fragmentation and degranulation of the cisterns were not apparent until 13-20 dpo. Comparable nerve injuries to older (21 dpn) rats produced structural alterations of the same organelles. However, the initial intrasomatic response involved the organized RER and the extent of the changes was directly related to the severity of nerve injury. Nuclear changes occurred later and only after nerve ligation and transection. Therefore, two major differences characterized the intrasomatic reactions to axonal injury in young and older motoneurons. The timetable of involvement of two organelles, the nucleus and the organized RER, was reversed in the sequence of intrasomatic reactions after axonal damage during successive periods of postnatal development. The magnitude of intrasomatic reactions to different types of nerve injury was age-dependent. PMID- 6644360 TI - Responses of medullary reticulospinal neurons to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth receptors in decerebrate cat. AB - The electrical activity of 168 individual neurons located in the medullary reticular formation, namely, in the medial aspects of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, magnocellularis, and ventralis, has been recorded in precollicular decerebrate cats during sinusoidal tilt about the longitudinal axis of the whole animal, leading to stimulation of labyrinth receptors. In particular, 93 neurons were activated antidromically by stimulation of the spinal cord at T12 and L1 (1RS neurons); the remaining 75 neurons were not activated antidromically (RF neurons). Among these medial reticular neurons tested, 64 of 93 (i.e., 69%) 1RS neurons and 49 of 75 (i.e., 65%) RF neurons responded to slow rotation of the animal at the standard frequency of 0.026 Hz and at the peak amplitude of displacement of 10 degrees. A periodic modulation of firing rate of the units was observed during the sinusoidal stimulus. In particular, 71 of 113 units (i.e., 63%) were excited during side-up and depressed during side-down tilt, whereas 24 of 113 units (i.e., 21%) showed the opposite behavior. In both instances, the peak of the responses occurred with an average phase lead of about +25 degrees with respect to the extreme side-up or side-down position of the animal. The remaining 18 units (i.e., 16%) showed a prominent phase shift of the peak of their response with respect to animal position. Within the explored region of the medulla, the proportion of units excited during side-up tilt was higher at caudal levels, whereas that of the units excited during side-down tilt was higher at rostral levels. Units displaying intermediate phase angle of the responses predominated at intermediate levels of the medulla. Responses to animal tilt were detectable at 1 degree of peak displacement. The gain (impulses x s-1 x deg-1) of the responses of reticulospinal neurons did not change by increasing the peak amplitude of tilt from 5 to 20 degrees at the fixed frequency of 0.026 Hz. This finding indicates that the system was relatively linear with respect to the amplitude of displacement. By varying the frequency of stimulation from 0.008 to 0.32 Hz at the fixed amplitude of 10 degrees, two populations of reticulospinal neurons were observed. In the first, the gain and the phase angle of response remained relatively unmodified against changes in frequencies: these positional responses were attributed to stimulation of macular receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6644361 TI - Consistency and signal strength of respiratory neuronal activity. AB - The concerns of this study are taxonomic. We demonstrate a defining characteristic of respiratory neuronal activity. This characteristic is the degree or size of the respiratory component in the activity of a respiratory cell. The essential feature of respiratory activity is that it occurs in phase with some portion of the respiratory cycle. Therefore, neuronal activity can be arranged within a matrix in which the columns are fractions of the respiratory cycle and the rows are breaths and, as Netick and Orem (10) have shown, this matrix can be analyzed with an analysis of variance to determine whether the activity contains a respiratory component. However, the analysis of variance indicates nothing about the size of a statistically significant respiratory component. We hypothesized that the size of the respiratory component in the activity of different respiratory cells differed among cells but was a stable characteristic of any given cell. The index used to quantify the degree of respiratory activity was eta 2, the proportion of the total variance of the activity of a respiratory neuron consisting of the variance occurring across fractions of the respiratory cycle. This index theoretically depends on a) the range of activity levels across a respiratory cycle and the dispersion of activity levels over this range (parameters signifying the strength of the respiratory signal) and b) the variability in the activity of the cell across breaths (a parameter signifying the consistency of the respiratory activity). Theoretically, eta 2 values can vary from 0.0 to 1.0 indicating, respectively, that none or all of the variability in the activity of a cell across breaths is accounted for by a respiratory effect. eta 2 was used to analyze the size of the respiratory component in the activity of 32 medullary respiratory neurons recorded during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in chronic cats. These different respiratory cells had activity patterns with eta 2 values ranging from 0.1 to 0.9. However, the activity of a given cell produced eta 2 values that were consistent from sample to sample. Therefore, the eta 2 value of the activity of a cell was a defining, stable characteristic of that cell. The eta 2 values of the activity of the cells were strongly correlated with the consistency of their discharge pattern from breath to breath (r x,y = 0.975).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6644362 TI - Activity evoked by A- and C-afferent fibers in rat dorsal horn neurons and its relation to a flexion reflex. AB - The responses of 56 neurons recorded in the lumbosacral spinal cord of halothane anesthetized rats were studied following the application of mechanical stimuli to the skin on the lateral aspect of the paw or electrical stimulation of the sural nerve. Only neurons driven by A- and C-fiber stimulation were considered. The evoked activity in a nerve supplying flexor muscles, the common peroneal nerve, was also recorded to evaluate possible relations between neuronal events and reflex discharges. To quantify the reflex output we also recorded the activity of 12 motoneurons. Four different populations of dorsal horn neurons activated by C fibers could be distinguished. The neurons were classified on the basis of their responses to mechanical stimuli and of their location in the dorsal horn. Class 1 neurons were driven by nonnoxious stimulation only. Neurons driven by nonnoxious stimuli and noxious stimuli were denoted class 2S (superficial to the location of the maximal A-beta-fiber-evoked field potentials) or class 2D (deep to the same potential). Class 3 neurons were driven by noxious stimuli only. The functional characteristics of these four classes of neurons differed in many respects. The latency for the A-beta-fiber-evoked discharge was, on average, 2 ms longer in class 2S than in class 2D neurons, indicating a polysynaptic A-beta input to the former class of neurons. The C-fiber-evoked neuronal discharge often showed time locked peaks of activity during the interval 120-170 ms. Such peaks of activity occurred, in general, later in class 2D neurons (mean, 157 ms) than in class 2S (mean, 137 ms) or in class 3 (mean, 140 ms), suggesting that the different classes received C-fiber input via partially different routes. The responses to repeated C-fiber stimulation also differed markedly among the four classes. After 16 single electrical stimulations (100 T (T = threshold strength for activating A beta-afferents), 1 Hz), the C-fiber-evoked discharge in class 2D neurons was increased by 196%, whereas the corresponding value for those in classes 2S, 3, and 1 was 41, 24, and 38%, respectively. Ten of 14 class 2D neurons showed a simultaneous increase of the A-fiber-evoked discharge, indicating an increased excitability of these neurons after repeated impulses in C-fiber afferents. An early reflex discharge (latency, 6-10 ms) was evoked in the common peroneal nerve by electrical stimulation of the sural nerve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6644363 TI - Integrative properties of crayfish medial giant neuron: steady-state model. AB - A quantitative morphological description of the crayfish medial giant (MG) neuron was obtained on the basis of 14 individual cells filled with lucifer yellow. The cable parameters of seven MGs were measured in the axon with two or three microelectrodes. The length constant is 4.3 +/- 0.8 mm, the membrane time constant is 3.1 +/- 0.8 ms, the input resistance is 3.6 +/- 0.2 (X10(4) alpha, the mean axon diameter is 208 +/- 34 microns. The specific membrane resistance (Rm) is 2,000 +/- 204 alpha x cm2. The specific axoplasmic resistance (Ri) is 60 +/- 29 alpha x cm and the membrane capacitance is 1.6 +/- microF/cm2. The MG is electrotonically coupled to its symmetrical homolog. The coupling coefficient is 0.46 for both steady-state signals and spike transmission. A steady-state cable model of the MG was calculated on the basis of the axonal Rm and Ri values, the electrotonic coupling coefficient to the MG symmetrical homolog, and the mean dimensions of the 14 MG neurites. The model successfully predicts geometrically determined variations in input resistance and steady-state signal attenuation. A salient feature of the MG steady-state model is the extent to which dendritic input conductance and the attenuation of steady-state voltages is determined by the large input conductance of the axon. Because of the large diameter of the MG neurites, electrotonic distances between dendrite terminals and the integrating segment are short (0.3-0.74 lambda) and the principal basis of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) attenuation is variation is local input resistance. The time integral of the electrotonic coupling potential between the MGs is diminished by 9.5-21.4% during a monosynaptic sensory EPSP. The magnitude of the inferred synaptic conductance seen at the decussation is inversely related to the electrotonic distance between the decussation and the active dendritic branch. The modest change in input resistance near the electrotonic junction is consistent with the morphological and electrotonic separation of the electrotonic junction and the sites of synaptic action on the dendrites. When the reversal potentials of monosynaptic EPSPs are measured at the integrating segment, the measurements vary systematically with the input pathway selected and overestimate the dendritic reversal potentials by up to 60%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6644364 TI - Visual cortical inputs to deep layers of cat's superior colliculus. AB - In the superior colliculi of cats anesthetized with ketamine, 84% of identified output cells of the deep layers could be driven by shocks to the contralateral optic disk, optic chiasm, or ipsilateral optic tract; 75% of these deep-layer cells had response latencies reflecting a polysynaptic influence of retinal Y cells. Following large, acute lesions of the ipsilateral occipital cortex (including visual areas 17, 18, 19, and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (PMLS), only 18% of deep-layer output cells were driven by electrical stimulation of the optic pathway and only 4% exhibited an indirect Y-cell influence. Thus, one or more of these visual areas may be important for the relay of retinal information, and particularly of Y-cell information, to the deep layers of the superior colliculus. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that intracortical stimulation in areas 17, 18, 19, and PMLS activated many cells of the ipsilateral, deep tectal layers at latencies consistent with those exhibited by the indirect Y-cell pathway. The distributions of activation latencies were similar to those observed in the superficial layers, raising the possibility that at least some of the cortical influence on the deep layers may be mediated by direct connections. Cells of the deep layers were more likely to be excited by a cortical stimulus that activated cells immediately above them in the superficial layers than by a stimulus that did not. This indicates that the functional connections between visual cortex and the deep collicular layers exhibit a topographic orderliness similar to that previously described for corticotectal projections to the superficial layers. These results provide further evidence that the visual cortex exerts a significant influence on cells of the deep collicular strata and that the pathways involved are capable of mediating the indirect, retinal Y-cell input to these neurons. PMID- 6644365 TI - Synaptic organization of eighth nerve afferents to cat dorsal cochlear nucleus. AB - The synaptic organization of eighth nerve afferents to the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) of cats was studied using extracellular field potential analyses. The eighth nerve was electrically stimulated and potentials produced in the DCN characterized using single shocks, paired shocks, repetitive stimulation, and one dimensional current source-density (CSD) analysis. Field potentials and CSD profiles were correlated with the laminated cytoarchitecture of the DCN. At least four major temporally discrete components can be identified in field potentials evoked by a single shock to the eighth nerve. The amplitude and polarity of these events depends on the layers in which they are recorded. A brief positive negative deflection (the P1-N1) is present in all layers but is maximal in the deeper layers 3 and 4. The N1 has a peak latency of approximately 0.8 ms in these layers. The N1 in the deep layers is followed by a large negative potential, termed the N2, with a peak latency of about 1.6 ms. In the superficial layers (1 and 2), the N1 is followed by a small positive potential (the P2) occurring nearly simultaneously with the N2, Immediately following the N2 is another negative potential that is most clearly observed in layer 2. The layer 2 negative wave is termed N3 and is also identifiable on the repolarizing phase of the N2 in layers 3 and 4. The N3 in layer 2 can be followed by a positive potential, the P4. Simultaneous with the P4 is a small negative wave ion layer 1, termed the N4. The P4-N4 complex is observed in about half the recordings. Frequency-following tests indicate that both the N1 and N2 waves can follow shock trains up to 333 Hz. The N1 remains nearly constant in amplitude up to about 300 Hz and decreases as the stimulus frequency is raised to 500 Hz. The N2 decrements more rapidly than the N1 at frequencies above about 250 Hz and is considerably reduced at 500 Hz. The N2 sometimes shows an increased amplitude (by about 20-40%) between 100 and 250 Hz. A paired-shock paradigm was used to characterize further potentials. The N1 was little affected by prior stimulation for intervals greater than 5 ms. The N2 and N3 generally showed a small facilitation for shock intervals from about 7 to 30 ms, with a return to base line at longer intervals. The N4 and P4 (when present) were profoundly depressed for intervals from 7 to about 30 ms, with recovery to control values by 50 ms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6644366 TI - Frequency and amplitude representations in anterior primary auditory cortex of the mustached bat. AB - The orientation sound emitted by the Panamanian mustached bat, Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus, consists of four harmonics. The third harmonic is 6-12 dB weaker than the predominant second harmonic and consists of a long constant frequency component (CF3) at about 92 kHz and a short frequency-modulated component (FM3) sweeping from about 92 to 74 kHz. Our primary aim is to examine how CF3 and FM3 are represented in a region of the primary auditory cortex anterior to the Doppler-shifted constant-frequency (DSCF) area. Extracellular recordings of neuronal responses from the unanesthetized animal were obtained during free-field stimulation of the ears with pure tones. FM sounds, and signals simulating their orientation sounds and echoes. Response properties of neurons and tonotopic and amplitopic representations were examined in the primary and the anteroventral nonprimary auditory cortex. In the anterior primary auditory cortex, neurons responded strongly to single pure tones but showed no facilitative responses to paired stimuli. Neurons with best frequencies from 110 to 90 kHz were tonotopically organized rostrocaudally, with higher frequencies located more rostrally. Neurons tuned to 92-94 kHz were overpresented, whereas neurons tuned to sound between 64 and 91 kHz were rarely found. Consequently a striking discontinuity in frequency representation from 91 to 64 kHz was found across the anterior DSCF border. Most neurons exhibited monotonic impulse-count functions and responded maximally to sound pressure level (SPL). There were also neurons that responded best to weak sounds but unlike the DSCF area, amplitopic representation was not found. Thus, the DSCF area is quite unique not only in its extensive representation of frequencies in the second harmonic CF component but also in its amplitopic representation. The anteroventral nonprimary auditory cortex consisted of neurons broadly tuned to pure tones between 88 and 99 kHz. Neither tonotopic nor amplitopic representation was observed. Caudal to this area and near the anteroventral border of the DSCF area, a small cluster of FM-FM neurons sensitive to particular echo delays was identified. The responses of these neurons fluctuated significantly during repetitive stimulation. PMID- 6644367 TI - Single-unit analysis of different hippocampal cell types during classical conditioning of rabbit nictitating membrane response. AB - Extracellular single-unit recordings from neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the dorsal hippocampus were monitored during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. Neurons were classified as different cell types using response to fornix stimulation (i.e., antidromic or orthodromic activation) and spontaneous firing characteristics as criteria. Results showed that hippocampal pyramidal neurons exhibit learning-related neural plasticity that develops gradually over the course of classical conditioning. The learning dependent pyramidal cell response is characterized by an increase in frequency of firing within conditioning trials and a within-trial pattern of discharge that correlates strongly with amplitude-time course of the behavioral response. In contrast, pyramidal cell activity recorded from control animals given unpaired presentations of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus (CS and UCS) does not show enhanced discharge rates with repeated stimulation. Previous studies of hippocampal cellular electrophysiology have described what has been termed a theta-cell (19-21, 45), the activity of which correlates with slow-wave theta rhythm generated in the hippocampus. Neurons classified as theta-cells in the present study exhibit responses during conditioning that are distinctly different than pyramidal cells. theta-Cells respond during paired conditioning trials with a rhythmic bursting; the between-burst interval occurs at or near 8 Hz. In addition, two different types of theta-cells were distinguishable. One type of theta-cell increases firing frequency above pretrial levels while displaying the theta bursting pattern. The other type decreases firing frequency below pretrial rates while showing a theta-locked discharge. In addition to pyramidal and theta neurons, several other cell types recorded in or near the pyramidal cell layer could be distinguished. One cell type was distinctive in that it could be activated with a short, invariant latency following fornix stimulation, but spontaneous action potentials of such neurons could not be collided with fornix shock-induced action potentials. These neurons exhibit a different profile of spontaneous firing characteristics than those of antidromically identified pyramidal cells. Nevertheless, neurons in this noncollidable category display the same learning-dependent response as pyramidal cells. It is suggested that the noncollidable neurons represent a subpopulation of pyramidal cells that do not project an axon via the fornix but project, instead, to other limbic cortical regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6644368 TI - Dorsolateral pontine inhibition of dorsal horn cell responses to cutaneous stimulation: lack of dependence on catecholaminergic systems in cat. AB - The effect of stimulating the dorsolateral pons (DLP) in the region of locus ceruleus (LC) on lumbar dorsal horn cell responses to innocuous and noxious cutaneous stimuli was assessed and the dependence of these effects on intact pontospinal catecholaminergic systems was tested in chloralose-anesthetized cats. DLP stimulation inhibited the responses of dorsal horn cells to both noxious and innocuous skin stimuli. The inhibitory effect was most prominent when the responses to noxious stimuli were tested. The thresholds for eliciting DLP-spinal inhibition were lowest (less than 30 microA) in the region of LC. The inhibitory effect was found in both ipsilateral and contralateral dorsal horns. The DLP spinal inhibition was unaltered by depletion of spinal catecholamines brought about by repeated lumbar intrathecal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine or systemic administration of reserpine. We conclude that the DLP-dorsal horn inhibition is not related to a catecholaminergic ceruleospinal system in the cat and that the dependence of pain modulation by catecholamine systems is a reflection of other descending pathways. PMID- 6644369 TI - Response properties of cells in rabbit's lateral geniculate nucleus during reversible blockade of retinal on-center channel. AB - In the vertebrate retina, visual information is segregated into an on channel excited by light increment and a complementary off channel excited by light decrement. We used 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), which selectively blocks the on channel in the retina (29), to determine the contributions of the on and off pathways to response properties of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of anesthetized, paralyzed rabbits. Visually evoked responses were recorded from 46 single cells in the LGN before, during, and after vitreal perfusion with 200-1,000 microM APB. APB reversibly blocked responses of on uniform-field cells and on center concentric-field cells to stationary, flashing spots of light. Responses to off uniform-field cells and off-center concentric field cells were largely unaffected. APB did not differentially affect responses elicited from the receptive-field centers, as opposed to the surrounds, of on center concentric-field cells. This finding suggests that these cells are driven exclusively by the on retinal channel and that the center-surround organization of their receptive fields does not result from a convergence of the on and off pathways. We studied a small number of cells that were selective for stimulus direction or motion. In each case, APB eliminated the cell's response to a moving light edge. The surviving response to a moving dark edge retained its original direction or motion preference, suggesting that these response properties do not depend critically on interactions between the on and the off pathways. The findings obtained in the rabbit are reminiscent of the results of similar investigations in the cat (10, 11) and the monkey (25). Taken together, they indicate that in the LGN of several vertebrate species there is a precise segregation vertebrate species there is a precise segregation of on and off information, at least for some functional classes of cells. The combination of on and off information does not seem to play a major role in establishing the response properties observed at this level in the visual system. PMID- 6644370 TI - Clinical validation of fully automated computation of ejection fraction from gated equilibrium blood-pool scintigrams. AB - A fully automated procedure for the computation of left-ventricular ejection fraction (EF) from cardiac-gated Tc-99m blood-pool (GBP) scintigrams with fixed, dual, and variable ROI methods is described. By comparison with EF data from contrast ventriculography in 68 patients, the dual-ROI method (separate end diastolic and end-systolic contours) was found to be the method of choice; processing time was 2 min. Success score of dual-ROI procedure was 92% as assessed from 100 GBP studies. Overall reproducibility of data acquisition and analysis was determined in 12 patients. Mean value and standard deviation of differences between repeat studies (average time interval 27 min) were 0.8% and 4.3% EF units, respectively, (r = 0.98). We conclude that left-ventricular EF can be computed automatically from GBP scintigrams with minimal operator-interaction and good reproducibility; EFs are similar to those from contrast ventriculography. PMID- 6644371 TI - Scintigraphic estimation of arterial and portal blood supplies to the liver. AB - A technique is described for the measurement of the relative magnitudes of the hepatic-artery and portal-vein components of liver perfusion, using a gamma camera and on-line computer system. This ratio is obtained from analysis of the time variation in liver activity on the first pass following bolus intravenous injection of a Tc-99m-labeled radiocolloid. The arterial and portal components are separated by their times of arrival at the liver. These arrival times are evaluated from activity time variations for spleen, left ventricle, and left kidney. Physiological validation of the technique was provided in a digestion study in which normal volunteers showed a significant increase in the portal-vein component 1 hr after a meal relative to the fasting situation. These results are compared with those from studies by other workers. The uncertainties and limitations of the technique are discussed and potential clinical uses suggested. PMID- 6644372 TI - Indium-111 chloride imaging in patients with suspected abscesses: concise communication. AB - Two hundred and fifty-eight patients with clinically suspected inflammatory processes were studied. Seventy-two images were categorized as true positive; 211 as true negative. There were nine false-positive studies, four of which were due to activity in beds of excised organs. There were six false-negative studies, four of which were due to walled-off abscesses found either at surgery or biopsy. The sensitivity was 92%, the specificity 95%, and the accuracy 94%. This study shows that indium-111 chloride imaging provides a reliable way to locate inflammatory processes and overcomes the disadvantages of other imaging agents, for example gastrointestinal activity or the demonstration of healing surgical wounds with gallium-67, and the false-positive images due to cystic fibrosis and other respiratory diseases, or accessory spleens as seen with In-111-labeled white cells. PMID- 6644373 TI - Inverse relationship between cardiac accumulation of meta [131I]iodobenzylguanidine (I-131 MIBG) and circulating catecholamines in suspected pheochromocytoma. AB - Heart intensity (HI) in the 24- and 48-hr images of meta [131I]iodobenzylguanidine (I-131 MIBG), a pheochromocytoma-seeking guanethidine analog, were compared with concentrations of plasma and urinary catecholamines and their metabolites in nonpheochromocytoma and pheochromocytoma patients. HI was inversely related to plasma concentrations and urinary excretion rates of the hormones. Plasma norepinephrine had the highest inverse correlation with HI (r = 0.73 at 24 hr, -0.63 at 48 hr), and urinary metanephrine the lowest (r = -0.23 at 24 hr, -0.28 at 48 hr). A similar relationship was observed in the intensity of salivary-gland visualization, but with less marked variations. HI was much higher in nonpheochromocytoma patients than in pheochromocytoma patients. HI in an I-131 MIBG image provides useful information in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, and may provide a tool for the study of the influence of catecholamines on the heart. PMID- 6644374 TI - Pulmonary perfusion "without ventilation". AB - An 88-yr-old man, with prior left upper lobectomy and phrenic nerve injury, had a ventilation/perfusion lung image. Both wash-in and equilibrium ventilation images showed no radioactive gas in the left lung. Nevertheless, the left lung was perfused. A similar result was obtained on a repeat study 8 days later. Delayed images, during washout, showed some radioactive gas in the left lung. Nearly absent ventilation (but continued perfusion) of that lung might have been related to altered gas dynamics brought about by the prior lobectomy, a submucosal bronchial lesion, phrenic nerve damage, and limited motion of the left part of the diaphragm. This case raises the issue of the degree of ventilation (and the phase relationship between the lungs) required for the entry of radioactive gas into a diseased lung, and the production of a "reversed ventilation/perfusion mismatch." PMID- 6644375 TI - Scintigraphic demonstration of tracheo-esophageal fistula. AB - A tracheo-esophageal fistula, developed following radiotherapy for an esophageal carcinoma, was vividly demonstrated by radionuclide imaging. The abnormality was later confirmed by a barium esophagram and endoscopic examinations. The scintigraphic procedure, making use of a Tc-99m sulfur colloid swallow, appears to be a simple alternative method that may be clinically useful for the diagnosis of such a condition. PMID- 6644376 TI - Factors influencing DTPA conjugation with antibodies by cyclic DTPA anhydride. AB - Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was conjugated with a practical concentration (300 micrograms/ml) of antibody to human albumin (Ab) and 1083 17 1A monoclonal colorectal antibody (MAb-17-1A) via an acylation reaction using cyclic DTPA anhydride (cDTPAA). The conjugation reaction was favored as pH increased. Bicarbonate buffer at pH 8.2 was chosen for studies of the effect of the cDTPAA-to-antibody ratio on DTPA conjugation with antibody because of its good buffer capacity at that pH. The reaction of cDTPAA with Ab at molar ratios of 2000, 1000, 500, and 100 in the bicarbonate buffer gave rise to 11, 9, 8, and 2 indium atoms incorporated per Ab with 47%, 55%, 59%, and 77% retention of the binding activity. For the conjugation reaction of MAb-17-1A, 29, 28, 31, 11, 4, and 1 indium atoms were incorporated, with the retention of less than 5%, less than 5%, less than 5%, 12%, 60%, and 93% of binding activity when the molar ratio was 5000, 2000, 1000, 500, 100, and 50. PMID- 6644377 TI - Thallium-201: an experimental and a theoretical radiobiological approach to dosimetry. AB - The kinetics of uptake and retention of Tl-201, Rb-86, and K-42 and -43 have been studied in cultured mammalian cells and related to their radiotoxicities. Among the four radionuclides, the intracellular localization of Tl-201, the only emitter of Auger electrons, was important for the manifestation of its cytocidal effects. The results have been found consistent with the short-range nature of Auger electrons and are substantiated by our theoretical dosimetric calculations. The possible implications of this in vitro system for applications of Tl-201 in nuclear medicine are indicated. PMID- 6644378 TI - Optimum fourier filtering of cardiac data: a minimum-error method: concise communication. AB - Random fluctuations limit the accuracy of quantities derived from cardiac time activity curves (TACs). To overcome this problem, TACs are often fitted with a truncated Fourier series giving rise to two sources of error: (a) the truncated series may not adequately describe the TAC shape, causing errors in parameters calculated from the fit: and (b) successive TACs acquired from the same subject under identical circumstances will fluctuate due to limited counts, causing the Fourier fits (and parameters derived from them) to fluctuate. These two errors, respectively, decrease and increase as the number of harmonics increases, suggesting the existence of a minimum in total error. This number of harmonics for minimum error (NHME) was calculated for each of six common parameters used to describe LV TACs. The "true" value of each parameter was determined from TACs of very high statistical precision. Poisson noise was added to simulate lower count rates. For low-count TACs, use of either a smaller or a larger number of harmonics resulted in significantly greater error. NHME was found to occur at two harmonics for the systolic parameters studied, regardless of the noise level present in the TAC. For diastolic parameters, however, NHME was a strong function of the noise present in the TAC, varying from three harmonics for noise levels typical of regional TACs, to five or six harmonics for high-count global TACs. PMID- 6644379 TI - The production in high yield of N'-(4-[11C]methyl)-imipramine. AB - A method for the routine production in high yield of N'-(4-[11C]methyl) imipramine is presented. The label is incorporated by reaction of C-11 methyl iodide (11CH3I) upon desipramine in dimethylsulfoxide. Quaternization of the tertiary amine by 11CH3I is minimized by using an excess of desipramine. The reaction proceeds at room temperature for 10 min and the product is isolated by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The entire production takes only 40 min and results in a radiochemical yield of 60%. About 60 mCi of labeled product are available for medical application; the specific activity, at the time of use, is 50 mCi/mumole. The product was characterized by chromatographic and spectrometric methods. PMID- 6644381 TI - Particulate radiations emitted during electron capture and isomeric transitions. PMID- 6644380 TI - Detection of compartmental slippage in noninvasive rCBF measurements. AB - Noninvasive measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), using the Xe-133 clearance technique and a two-compartment open model for data analysis, may produce false numerical results when distinction between compartments is poor. For rapid detection of error conditions of that kind, we propose a three dimensional graphic display of the quality of fit to the original clearance curve, based on bivariate simulations of clearance constants. This procedure may follow rCBF computation, irrespective of the main algorithm used. The discriminating power of this method is demonstrated in two characteristic routine rCBF measurements by gradual addition of random noise to the original data. PMID- 6644382 TI - Heart imaging in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and assessment of catecholamine uptake. PMID- 6644383 TI - Radionuclide techniques for valvular regurgitant index. PMID- 6644384 TI - Polarity in a hexagonal collimator. PMID- 6644385 TI - Carnitine metabolism in thyroid hormone treated rats and mice. AB - This study was undertaken to investigate the changes in carnitine metabolism in rats and mice injected with T4 for 3 days and 10 days, respectively, and in rats fed a T3 and T4-supplemented diet for 6 weeks. Thyroid hormone administration brought about a significant increase in urinary excretion of total carnitine. In T3 + T4-treated rats urinary esterified-carnitine to free-carnitine ratio increased significantly in the later phase of administration. Carnitine pool size in the body was significantly decreased in both T4-injected mice and T3 + T4-fed rats. In the latter animals, this decrease was due to the reduced carnitine contents in organs other than the liver, especially in skeletal muscle. The amount of carnitine synthesized by control and T3 + T4-treated rats was calculated from the data on carnitine intake, urinary carnitine excretion and carnitine pool size in the body over the 6-week period. Values obtained were 66.2 +/- 3.2 (mean +/- SEM) mumol/rat and 28.5 +/- 4.9 mumol/rat, respectively, and the difference was significant (p less than 0.05). These results indicate that carnitine synthesis is depressed by thyroid hormone, however, some possibilities that thyroid hormone may increase carnitine synthesis were also discussed. PMID- 6644386 TI - Obligatory N loss and utilization of egg and rice mixed protein in young japanese women. AB - Obligatory urinary and fecal N losses in young Japanese women were evaluated and the effect of energy intake on the utilization of rice and egg mixed protein was investigated in subjects receiving a low protein diet. Seven female students were given a protein-free diet for ten days. Feces and 24-h urine samples were collected throughout the period and their nitrogen contents were analyzed. Basal metabolism was measured and the lean body mass was calculated from urinary creatinine excretion by the equation of Forbes. The mean weight loss of the 7 subjects during the ten days was 1.5 kg, the mean obligatory urinary N loss was 32.3 +/- 5.9 mg/kg body weight, 1.67 +/- 0.45 mg/kcal basal metabolism, or 1.68 +/- 0.32 g/g creatinine, and the mean obligatory fecal N loss was 10.1 +/- 2.0 mg/kg body weight, or 0.51 +/- 0.08 mg/kcal basal metabolism. In a second experiment, 17 female subjects were divided into three groups with an energy intake of about 35, 42, 46 kcal/kg BW, respectively. During the 7-day experimental period, they were given a low protein diet containing 250 g of rice and 125 g of whole egg. The nitrogen contents of the 24-h urine samples and feces collected were analyzed and the nitrogen balance was calculated as the difference between N intake and urinary and fecal N excretion. Subjects with an energy intake of 35 kcal/kg BW had a negative N balance, while subjects with an intake of 46 kcal/kg BW achieved an apparent positive N balance. The NPU values of rice and egg mixed protein with energy intake of 35, 42, 46 kcal/kg BW were calculated from the N balance data and the values for obligatory urinary and fecal N losses in the first experiment as 25, 37 and 54, respectively. PMID- 6644387 TI - Electrophoretic study on the DNA-breaking actions of ascorbic acid and triose reductone in the presence of Cu2+. AB - The mode of DNA-breaking actions of ascorbic acid (AsA) and triose reductone (TR) in the presence of Cu2+ was studied by use of 0.8% agarose slab gel electrophoretic analysis. The DNA-breaking actions of the mixture of AsA or TR and Cu2+ were inhibited by N2 gas, hydroxyl radical scavengers and catalase, indicating that the oxidation of AsA or TR by Cu2+ and the hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals resulting from the oxidation are essential for the fragmentation of DNA by the mixture of AsA or TR and Cu2+. However, the DNA breaking activity of these reductones varied with pH, while their oxidation rates were proportional to the increase in pH. The marked fragmentation of DNA occurred at pH 4, 7 or 8. The breakages of DNA by AsA or TR in the presence of Cu2+ were concluded not to be associated with the oxidation rates of reductones. PMID- 6644388 TI - Function of Cu2+ on the DNA-breaking actions of ascorbic acid and triose reductone. AB - The role of Cu2+ on the DNA-breaking action of ascorbic acid (AsA) and triose reductone (TR) was studied with an agarose slab gel electrophoretic analysis. AsA and TR decomposed calf thymus DNA which had been pretreated with Cu2+, and their decomposing activity was proportional to the concentration of Cu2+ bound to the DNA. The DNA-Cu2+ complex had the ability to oxidize reductones. AsA and TR also decomposed the pretreated DNA with Cu2+ more markedly than that pretreated with Cu2+ and successively with EDTA. The DNA-breaking activity of AsA and TR showed no Cu2+-concentration dependency. The maximal fragmentation of DNA occurred at the concentration ratio of DNA and Cu2+ of 4:1. Excess concentration of Cu2+ decreased the activity of reductones. The present results indicate that the binding of Cu2+ to DNA molecules is also essential for the DNA-breaking action of AsA and TR in the presence of Cu2+ and that Cu2+ bound to DNA molecules has more effective promoting activity than free Cu2+. PMID- 6644389 TI - Protein digestibility of weaning foods prepared from rice-minced meat and rice mungbean combination in infants using a short term nitrogen balance method. AB - Three diets based on rice-dehulled mungbean, rice-minced meat and rice-mungbean with hull were tested with infants 11 to 20 months of age using a short term nitrogen balance technique. The results indicate that with isocaloric and isonitrogenous intake, all the subjects given either of the three diets were in positive nitrogen balance. The protein quality, in terms of nitrogen absorption and true digestibility, of rice-meat diet was superior to that of rice-bean diets. Among the rice-bean diets, it was noted that rice-mungbean with hull had a lower digestibility as compared to rice-dehulled mungbean diet. The poor digestibility of rice-mungbean with hull diet is the first limiting factor in its utilization by infants. Dehulling of mungbean before cooking is recommended for preparing weaning food for infant feeding. PMID- 6644390 TI - Ethical issues in testing for differential sensitivity to occupational hazards. AB - This study examines the ethical aspects of designing preventive health strategies in the workplace that rely on biochemical indexes of worker susceptibility. It analyzes the benefits and risks of this type of occupational testing, and stresses the desirability of guidelines for the use of hypersusceptibility testing in preemployment screening. The primary value of using such programs to identify previously unsuspected hazards in working environments is underscored. The report proposes elements for effective guidelines that can permit the orderly development of hypersusceptibility tests. Further study is needed to validate these technologies; to review the legal elements of consent and disclosure requirements; to assure continuation of equal employment opportunity; to provide legally enforceable protections of workers as research subjects; and to identify the extent, if any, of possible social and psychological harms imposed by such testing. PMID- 6644391 TI - A model to assess one's ability to apprehend and restrain a resisting suspect in police work. AB - The purpose of this study was to develop a test model that could be used to predict the ability to apprehend and restrain resisting suspects in police work. Five experts in the martial arts and in personal defense tactics agreed on a competitive task that would measure those physical qualities involved in making an arrest but would require minimal skill. Subjects were college-aged males (n = 32) and females (n = 12). The criterion task was competition between individuals who attempted to push or pull each other out of a 5-ft circle. A step-wise multiple regression analysis revealed that five variables were sufficient to predict performance. It was concluded that the model is appropriate for developing a criterion-related validity test for screening job applicants in police work where apprehending and restraining resisting suspects are important. PMID- 6644392 TI - Musculoskeletal disorders among letter carriers. A comparison of weight carrying, walking & sedentary occupations. AB - Data on musculoskeletal problems were collected among samples of letter carriers who were subject to a recent weight increase and those who were not. In addition, comparable data were collected for two groups of controls: gas meter readers who walk on the job, but do not bear a load as do letter carriers, and postal clerks who neither walk nor carry a load. Letter carriers experience excess shoulder, and perhaps neck and back, disability due to their weight bearing on the job. Increase in weight carried is also related to excess shoulder disability among letter carriers. These differences persist after controlling for age, number of years on the job, quetelete ratio and previous work that involved lifting or carrying. PMID- 6644393 TI - Extension of research into stress factors and their effect on illness absenteeism. AB - Health evaluation interviews and referrals are proving to be useful tools in managing occupational stressors. As illness absenteeism is reduced, the cost effectiveness of this new prevention program becomes evident. Health evaluations incorporated as part of the medical examination result in the following benefits: Employees are provided with opportunities to assess their own needs in developing adequate coping skills. Employees are encouraged to take responsibility for managing work and/or personal stressors. Employees are directed to appropriate referral resources. Data are provided regarding occupational stressors, employee behavior and attitudes for the development of a comprehensive career stress management program. PMID- 6644394 TI - Occupational medicine: a proposed systematic approach and model algorithm for the physician. AB - Lack of adequate training in occupational medicine for medical students has resulted in physicians who are ill prepared to evaluate workers potentially or actually exposed to an ever-expanding list of hazardous occupational agents. A systematic approach is presented for the physician in his contact with workers exposed or potentially exposed to hazardous industrial agents. The algorithm includes consideration of the worker, his environment, and the hazardous agent(s). Useful references are cited, basic considerations of the occupational medicine approach to patient contacts are discussed, and pitfalls and limitations the physician may encounter are presented. PMID- 6644395 TI - Occupational allergic disease initiatives. PMID- 6644396 TI - Spatial-frequency adaptation affects spatial-probability summation. AB - The effects of spatial-frequency adaptation on spatial-probability summation were investigated by two techniques: the measurement of the dependence of cosine grating sensitivity on the number of cycles presented and the determination of the frequency-of-seeing curve for a cosine grating. Both measurements indicate that the contribution of spatial-probability summation to adapted grating thresholds is reduced in comparison with unadapted conditions. This reduction in the effects of spatial-probability summation, together with the decrease in local sensitivity, which depends on the spatial inhomogeneity of the visual system, is sufficient to account for the threshold elevation aftereffect measured when adapting and testing with cosine gratings. PMID- 6644397 TI - Increment thresholds with various low background intensities at different locations in the peripheral retina. AB - A set of increment threshold data as a function of test-flash diameter, background luminance, and retinal eccentricity is presented. It is shown that for low background intensities the results can readily be described by simple transformations of flash diameter and background luminance: The threshold is independent of eccentricity if the quotient of diameter and eccentricity is constant and if the flash is presented on a background for which the product of background luminance and the square of eccentricity is constant. At an eccentricity of 50 deg, Ricco's law is violated: A small stimulus has a threshold 10 times as high as a large stimulus. On the basis of results found by other investigators for smaller eccentricities, it is concluded that the receptive field size at 50 deg of eccentricity is more than 10 deg (for low background luminances). For eccentricities smaller than 50 deg, a data analysis is given in order to derive an appropriate measure of the size of the sample units. This analysis shows that with increasing background luminance the decrease in the size of the sample unit is steplike rather than gradual. PMID- 6644398 TI - Evidence for an independent luminance channel. AB - There is a discrepancy between several studies that have shown the human luminous efficiency function to vary with surround color and a recent study that failed to find this dependence. Data are presented that show that this discrepancy can be explained by differences in the matching techniques. Luminous efficiency measured by direct heterochromatic brightness matching does depend on surround color, whereas luminous efficiency measured by the flicker method does not. The independence of luminous efficiency as measured by flicker is evidence for an independent luminance channel. PMID- 6644399 TI - Spatial and temporal discrimination ellipsoids in color space. AB - Three-dimensional discrimination ellipsoids are presented for a number of representative points in color space. These ellipsoids have been obtained not with the conventional split field but with flickering grating patterns. Thus our study extends the well-known results of Brown and MacAdam [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 39, 808-813 (1949)] to cases in which the image is structured in space and time. As expected, we find that the discrimination ellipsoids depend on the spatiotemporal structure of the stimulus. This has potential consequences for color-difference formulas as used in industry and commerce: no single formula will do when it is important to treat patterns with different structure. We present analytical descriptions, based on the Vos-Walraven [Vision Res. 12, 1327-1365 (1972)] line element augmented with spatiotemporal frequency-dependent coefficients that fit our results reasonably well. For coarse gratings (approximately 1 cycle per degree) or slowly modulated fields (approximately 1 Hz) our results prove to be compatible with the results of Brown and MacAdam obtained with a bipartite 2 degree field. PMID- 6644400 TI - Light distribution on the retina of a wide-angle theoretical eye. AB - In a theoretical eye with spherical and aspheric surfaces, the retinal illumination is calculated if a Ganzfeld luminance field is used. The resulting retinal light distribution is nearly homogeneous over the whole retina. The homogeneity is not much influenced by the size of the optical surfaces. The corresponding retinal area and the luminous flux entering the eye are calculated as functions of the size of the visual field. The values of the length of the light path through the crystalline lens and of the angle of incidence on the retina are described as functions of the angle in the visual field. PMID- 6644401 TI - Improvements in visual performance following a pulsed field of light: a test of the equivalent-background principle. AB - The offset of a pulsed conditioning field of light has recently been shown to produce enhancements of temporal resolution and brightness discrimination. These enhancements are similar to those that are due to imposing a high level of light adaptation on the visual system. Here we analyze whether there is a true equivalence of adaptive state between some level of steady light adaptation and the offset of a conditioning field. The enhancements of visual function at field offset were replicated by using a suprathreshold two-pulse discrimination task and a task requiring detection of an incremental probe stimulus superimposed upon a suprathreshold pulse. These effects are shown to be qualitatively but not quantitatively similar to those produced by an equivalent background selected on the basis of its ability to raise threshold to the same degree as field offset. We conclude that the equivalent-background principle cannot be supported for our measures of foveal visual function. PMID- 6644404 TI - III: Management of preterm labor. PMID- 6644402 TI - Phase shift in red and green counterphase flicker at high frequencies. AB - When balanced red and green lights are alternated more than 20 times per second, the perceived flicker can be reduced by advancing the green flicker about 10 degrees of the red-green cycle. The required advance for least flicker is greatest at retinal illuminances around 1000 td and frequencies between 30 and 35 Hz. A model that predicts tuning at this frequency exists, but the tuning curve that is predicted is broader than that observed. A modified model is left for future publication. Meanwhile, other empirical properties of the advance required by green over red are described. In addition to the intensity dependence of this phase shift, we describe its dependence on intensity balance between red and green. Also, the intensity balance turns out to depend on the frequency being used, in contrast to the independence expected by Ives, the inventor of heterochromatic flicker photometry. PMID- 6644403 TI - An appraisal of neonatal intensive care unit weight-specific mortality rates. PMID- 6644405 TI - Adjuvant therapy in rectal carcinoma. PMID- 6644406 TI - Preoperative bowel preparation. PMID- 6644407 TI - IV: Management of the airway in the newborn infant. PMID- 6644408 TI - Brain orientated treatment and intensive care. PMID- 6644409 TI - Recent developments in the blood transfusion service of the Oslo City Hospitals. PMID- 6644410 TI - Treatment of theophylline overdose. PMID- 6644411 TI - Mediastinal masses. PMID- 6644412 TI - Cystic fibrosis and meconium ileus. PMID- 6644413 TI - Hepatotoxicity of cysteamine? PMID- 6644414 TI - C-reactive protein and bacterial tracheitis. PMID- 6644415 TI - Steroid therapy of nephrosis. PMID- 6644416 TI - Tenosynovitis in Lowe syndrome. PMID- 6644417 TI - More on food sensitivity or intolerance. PMID- 6644418 TI - Questions concerning safety and use of cranial ultrasonography in the neonate. PMID- 6644419 TI - Urinary tract infection in infants with unexplained fever: a collaborative study. AB - Nine centers collaborated to determine the rate of urinary tract infection in infants with unexplained fever, to determine whether the rate is higher in febrile infants than in asymptomatic infants, and whether the yield justifies urine cultures in febrile infants. Urine cultures were done in 501 infants 0 to 2 years of age. The rate of confirmed urinary tract infections in the 193 febrile infants was 4.1%. All infections were in girls, with a rate of 7.4%. The rate of confirmed urinary tract infections in the 312 asymptomatic infants was 0.3%; again, all infections were in girls, with a rate of 0.7%. The rate in febrile girls was significantly higher than the rate in asymptomatic girls (P less than 0.01). The data support the advisability of culturing the urine of infant girls with unexplained fever. PMID- 6644420 TI - Anemia of acute inflammation in children. AB - We measured sequential changes in hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in 27 previously healthy children hospitalized for a variety of moderately severe acute inflammatory processes. Among 18 retrospectively studied children, 61% had mild anemia for age on admission, and Hgb values dropped greater than 2 SD in 83% during active inflammation. During recovery, Hgb concentrations spontaneously rose greater than 1.3 gm/dl in 79% of the children. Mean Hgb drop was 1.8 gm/dl in 5.6 days, representing an average noniatrogenic blood loss of 107 ml, among nine prospectively studied children. Only one of these had laboratory evidence of hemolysis, and none had clinical evidence of bleeding or overhydration. Results of both studies combined showed that a mean 13% Hgb drop during active inflammation was followed by a mean 24% Hgb rise during resolution of acute inflammation. We conclude that most children with moderately severe acute inflammation experience a significant drop in Hgb within 1 week of illness onset, regardless of the specific cause of inflammation. In general, this mild to moderate anemia resolves without hematinic therapy. PMID- 6644421 TI - Consumption coagulopathy associated with systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. AB - A coagulopathy resembling disseminated intravascular coagulation may occur in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. We have seen this in seven patients with three different circumstances of disease activity or drug treatment. In one patient, a coagulopathy was not associated with drug therapy, and required corticosteroid therapy for control. A second group of patients was receiving orally nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during an acute flare-up of disease associated with low serum albumin concentrations. Coagulopathy in these patients may be a result of reduced vascular endothelial cell cyclooxygenase activity secondary to increased levels of unbound nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. In these children, corticosteroid therapy was required for control. A third form of coagulopathy was seen in patients receiving a second injection of aurothiomalate. This form appears to be idiosyncratic, self-limiting, and relatively benign. PMID- 6644422 TI - Autoimmune pancytopenia of childhood associated with multisystem disease manifestations. AB - Five patients with immune thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, including three with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, are described; none had identifiable underlying disease. All patients had demonstrable autoantibodies against multiple hematopoietic cell types, and in two patients, the antiplatelet and antierythrocyte antibodies were shown to be distinct. All patients had continuing disease, and with follow-up of 2 to 6 1/2 years, all developed nonhematologic disease manifestations. These patients demonstrate that even in the absence of identifiable underlying disease, autoimmune hematologic disease resulting from production of antibodies against red cells, white cells, and platelets often involves a generalized disorder of immune regulation, with multisystem disease manifestations and a prolonged course. PMID- 6644423 TI - Childhood dermatomyositis: factors predicting functional outcome and development of dystrophic calcification. AB - The medical records of 47 children with dermatomyositis who were seen in the pediatric rheumatology clinic at the University of Michigan between 1964 and 1982 were reviewed. Although most children with dermatomyositis have a good prognosis, the best predictor of both good functional recovery and minimal calcinosis is early treatment after the onset of symptoms, using high doses of prednisone for an adequate length of time. Of the children given such treatment, 78% had good functional outcomes, and disabling calcinosis was seen in 20% or less. Children given treatment late in the course of disease and with low doses of steroids are more likely to be functionally limited and have a greater amount of dystrophic calcium salt deposition. In our study, only 33% of patients given such treatment had a mild disease course with good functional outcome. We have identified a subgroup of children with dermatomyositis who appear to do poorly despite optimal therapeutic regimens. These patients are distinguished by a severe disease course responding minimally to corticosteroid therapy and manifested by persistent muscle weakness, elevations of muscle enzyme activity, and severe generalized cutaneous vasculitis. These children are at high risk for the development of exoskeleton-like calcification; consideration should be given to combined immunosuppressive therapy early in the course of disease. PMID- 6644424 TI - Autoantibodies to SS-A/Ro in infants with congenital heart block. AB - Antibodies to SS-A/Ro have been proposed to be a serologic marker for the neonatal lupus syndrome, which is characterized by congenital heart block or cutaneous lupus or both. The antibodies occur in the mother and are transiently found in the child's serum. We examined an unselected series of 12 children with idiopathic CHB, isolated in 10 children and with cutaneous lupus lesions in two. Six of these children and their mothers were studied during the child's neonatal period, and six were studied retrospectively. All six neonates had SS-A/Ro autoantibodies. Nine of 12 mothers had SS-A/Ro autoantibodies. Of the seropositive mothers, one had systemic lupus erythematosus, two had sicca syndrome, one had photosensitivity, one had arthralgias, and four were asymptomatic. We propose that congenital heart block may be related to transplacental passage of maternal SS-A/Ro antibodies and that neonatal lupus may be the most common cause. PMID- 6644425 TI - Kaposi sarcoma in two infants with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. PMID- 6644427 TI - Recurrent cerebral ischemia during hypertransfusion therapy in sickle cell anemia. PMID- 6644426 TI - Antibody response to oral polio vaccine in premature infants. PMID- 6644428 TI - Low serum thyroxine concentrations in babies with galactosemia. PMID- 6644429 TI - Secondary hyperparathyroidism in children with symptomatic idiopathic hypercalciuria. PMID- 6644430 TI - Plasma progesterone concentrations in infants: relation to infantile colic. PMID- 6644431 TI - Stocking constriction injuries. PMID- 6644432 TI - Growth and development in preterm infants small for gestational age. AB - The growth pattern and neurologic and developmental performance of 21 preterm infants small for gestational age and 20 preterm infants appropriate for gestational age (birth weight less than 1500 gm) were prospectively studied. The two groups had comparable birth weight, sex, perinatal morbidities, and socioeconomic status. All infants with congenital anomalies or genetic defects were excluded. Nineteen of 21 SGA (90%) and 16 of 20 AGA (80%) infants born in 1975 or 1976 were evaluated in our follow-up program until 5 years of age. At 1 year of age, the weights and lengths of the SGA infants were comparable to those of their AGA counterparts; AGA infants were significantly heavier, however, at 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of age. In addition, AGA infants were significantly taller at 2, 3, and 5 years. Neurologic evaluation of 5 years showed a comparable rate of major abnormalities between the SGA (15%) and AGA (12%) children. Minor neurologic abnormalities were present in 26% of SGA and 12% of AGA children. Linear-regression analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between socioeconomic status and developmental outcome for both SGA and AGA children at 5 years of age. Although SGA infants scored significantly lower in developmental performance at 9 months through 3 years of age, at 4 to 5 years of age this difference was no longer observed. These observations indicate the importance of long-term follow-up. PMID- 6644433 TI - Normative early head growth in very-low-birth-weight infants. AB - Normative head growth curves were developed from serial weekly measurements of head circumference in 50 infants with birth weights less than 1500 gm who had good neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age (assessed by neurologic examination and by the Bayley Mental Developmental Scale). Forty-one of the infants with good outcome were normocephalic at birth; after head shrinkage during the first week of life, increments in head circumference averaged 0.49 cm during the second week, 0.79 cm during the third week, and 0.95 cm per week thereafter. Nine infants with good outcome were microcephalic at birth; these infants had no head shrinkage during the first week of life and had a significantly greater mean weekly increment in head circumference of 0.98 cm (P less than 0.008). In contrast, 10 normocephalic and seven microcephalic infants with poor outcome had significantly less postnatal head growth (P less than 0.02 and p less than 0.001, respectively). Head growth curves developed from measurements in infants with documented good short-term developmental outcome are the most appropriate standards for head growth for very-low-birth-weight infants. PMID- 6644434 TI - Head position affects intracranial pressure in newborn infants. AB - We studied the effects of six different head positions on intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity in six infants with a recent history of asphyxia and eight without. ICP was measured noninvasively using a transfontanel pressure transducer, and CBF was assessed using the continuous-wave Doppler method. We found that ICP was lowest with the head elevated and in the midline (P less than 0.01), and that ICP was higher in all infants in the dependent position (P less than 0.001). This increase was significantly greater in those who had had an episode of asphyxia during the 48 to 72 hours prior to the study (P less than 0.02). Therefore, we recommend a head elevation of 30 degrees in the midline in any infant with increased ICP or at high risk for cerebral injury, and caution against the use of the dependent position in these infants. PMID- 6644435 TI - Air versus skin temperature servocontrol of infant incubators. AB - Air temperature servocontrol was compared with skin temperature servocontrol and manual control as methods for regulating the heat output of a single-walled incubator (Air-Shields C-86) (1) when optimally used in the laboratory and (2) when operated by staff nurses in the nursery. The subjects were eight premature infants with birth weights between 1.07 and 1.54 kg. When the three methods were used to produce neutral air and skin temperatures during 2-hour measurement periods in the laboratory, there were no differences in mean air, skin, or rectal temperature, metabolic heat production, or body heat loss. There were also no differences among the three methods in mean air, skin, or rectal temperature when used by the nurses in the nursery for periods of 24 hours. When incubator wall temperature is stable, air temperature servocontrol can be used as effectively as skin temperature servocontrol to operate infant incubators. PMID- 6644436 TI - Sensitivity of published neutrophil indexes in identifying newborn infants with sepsis. PMID- 6644437 TI - Meconium disease in premature infants with very low birth weight. PMID- 6644438 TI - Theophylline improves pneumogram abnormalities in infants at risk for sudden infant death syndrome. AB - To determine the efficacy of theophylline treatment in infants at increased risk for SIDS, we obtained 24-hour cardiorespiratory recordings (pneumograms) in 80 infants given theophylline in whom the initial pneumogram was abnormal. Fifty three infants had a clinical diagnosis of near-SIDS, and 27 were asymptomatic siblings with a positive family history for SIDS. The initial pneumogram was obtained at a mean age of 6.9 weeks, and the repeat pneumogram 2.3 weeks later, when the mean theophylline blood concentration was 11.2 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml. Theophylline treatment resulted in comparable and highly significant improvements in both groups. Among all 80 infants, apnea density decreased from 1.6 +/- 0.2% (SEM) to 0.3 +/- 0.1% (P less than 0.001), periodic breathing episodes/100 minutes decreased from 2.7 +/- 0.4 to 0.3 +/- 0.1 (P less than 0.001), and the longest apneic period decreased from 13.5 +/- 0.7 to 10.1 +/- 0.5 seconds (P less than 0.001). Findings on the pneumogram became completely normal with theophylline therapy in 87% of infants with near-SIDS and 81.5% of asymptomatic siblings. Pneumogram normalization was associated with absence of further symptomatic sleep apnea in the near-SIDS group and with continued absence of any clinical symptoms in the asymptomatic family history group. There were no deaths from SIDS. PMID- 6644439 TI - Effect of caffeine on control of breathing in infantile apnea. AB - Abnormalities in control of breathing have been associated with near-miss sudden infant death syndrome. Because caffeine is a respiratory stimulant, its effect on breathing pattern was evaluated in 12 infants with infantile apnea. Caffeine induced a significant increase in ventilation, tidal volume, and mean inspiratory flow. In contrast, no changes were noted in inspiratory time, expiratory time, or total cycle duration. These effects were observed with plasma concentrations of caffeine ranging from 8 to 20 mg/L. Caffeine increases ventilation mainly by increasing central inspiratory drive, and not be effective timing (T1/TTOT). This drug may be of value in near-miss SIDS. PMID- 6644440 TI - Renal clearance of gentamicin in cystic fibrosis. AB - This study was designed to corroborate previous observations of low serum concentrations of aminoglycosides after usual doses in patients with cystic fibrosis and to investigate possible mechanisms for this change. We studied gentamicin clearance after single and multiple intravenously administered doses in 10 non-acutely ill patients with mild to moderate CF. The data could best be described by a two-compartment model for drug elimination. The mean 1-hour serum concentration, mean volume of distribution, and mean total plasma clearance of gentamicin were not different from those reported for patients without CF. The similarity of the plasma and the renal gentamicin clearances, supported by the observations that greater than 80% of administered drug was excreted in the urine by 4 hours and that negligible amounts were detected in sweat, saliva, or sputum, implies that the kidney is the major route of elimination in patients with mild CF. The correlation of increased plasma gentamicin clearance as NIH score decreases supports the hypothesis that aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics are changed as the severity of disease increases. For patients with mild CF, standard doses of gentamicin (60 mg/m2) will give safe and therapeutic concentrations. PMID- 6644441 TI - Cefoperazone pharmacokinetics in acute childhood meningitis. AB - We studied the serum pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cefoperazone in 15 children with acute meningitis. Mean cefoperazone concentrations of 117 micrograms/ml in the serum and 3.8 micrograms/ml in the cerebrospinal fluid were noted 2 hours after a single 100 mg/kg dose. Following multiple 50 or 100 mg/kg doses, the mean peak serum cefoperazone concentrations were 232 and 498 micrograms/ml, respectively, with an overall mean elimination phase half-life of 2.12 hours. The data best fit a linear, two-compartment model. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations 1.5 to 2.5 hours after the end of cefoperazone infusions ranged from 1.4 to 19.2 micrograms/ml for all doses and states of illness. This represented 1.2% to 6.4% of simultaneous serum values. The cerebrospinal fluid inhibitory titer was greater than or equal to 1:16 in 17 of 18 specimens tested against a strain of Haemophilus influenzae type b resistant to both chloramphenicol and ampicillin. In the doses given, cefoperazone produces adequate cerebrospinal fluid concentrations and bioactivity to treat the common bacterial forms of acute meningitis in infants and children. PMID- 6644442 TI - Giardia lamblia infections in a cohort of Bangladeshi mothers and infants followed for one year. AB - Giardia lamblia infection in an endemic area was investigated by following a cohort of 33 lactating mothers and their infants in a semiurban community of Bangladesh for one year. Eighty-two percent of mothers and 42% of infants excreted Giardia at least once during the study period. Infants became infected as early as 3 months of age, and 86% of the infected infants had diarrhea, suggesting that the first exposure to the parasite results in disease. Only one of the infected mothers had diarrhea, indicating that with repeated exposure to Giardia, mothers in an endemic area may develop partial immunity that protects against disease but not infection. An interrelationship between maternal and infant colonization was not found. Local and systemic immune responses to Giardia correlated poorly with infection, but milk antibodies were a better reflection of infection than serum antibodies were. Infection with G. lamblia was significantly lower in infants younger than 6 months (9%), an age when many are totally breast fed. However, we were unable to establish clear-cut protection related to human milk antibodies, and suggest that the lower infection rate in younger infants results mainly from decreased exposure to Giardia cysts. PMID- 6644443 TI - Gastric emptying times of water in infants and children: comparison of those with and without gastroesophageal reflux. AB - Thirty children without and 15 with gastroesophageal reflux had 1-h gastric emptying rates of water determined by a double dilutional method. The rates were similar in each group at all time intervals. No correlation between age, weight, or surface area and emptying rates was found. PMID- 6644444 TI - Evaluation of different 15N-tracer substances for calculation of whole body protein parameters in infants. AB - The validity of using different 15N-tracer substances to measure whole body protein parameters, i.e., protein synthesis, protein breakdown, net protein gain, protein turnover, metabolic pool, and reutilization, was assessed by comparing the results obtained with: [15N]glycine, a mixture of 10 15N-labeled amino acids, and a 15N-labeled chicken egg protein in two infants, 9 and 12 weeks old, who were fed human milk. The tracer substances were fed orally as a single dose corresponding to a 15N-excess quantity of 0.2 mmol X kg-1 body weight. 15N Excretion in the urine was measured cumulatively by emission spectrometry, and the data on the protein metabolism were calculated by means of a three-pool model. All three tests yielded consistent net protein gains. The protein synthesis, protein breakdown, protein turnover, and nitrogen reutilization values produced by the [15N]glycine tracer study were higher than those produced by application of the 15N-amino acid mixture and the 15N-labeled egg protein. However, in our opinion, this discrepancy does not justify the replacement of [15N]glycine by expensive 15N-amino acid mixtures as tracer substances. PMID- 6644445 TI - 15N-tracer investigations into the nitrogen metabolism of preterm infants fed mother's milk and a formula diet. AB - Protein synthesis, protein breakdown, protein-N turnover, and other parameters describing the nitrogen metabolism were measured in five male preterm infants. The weight of the subjects at birth was 2,064 +/- 107 g and the measurements were performed at age 16.0 +/- 4.5 days in the case of the mother's milk diet and 27.4 +/- 6.8 days in the case of the formula diet containing 1.8% protein. The parameters were measured by means of the 15N-tracer technique using [15N]glycine (95 atom %) applied in a single oral dose of 20 mg/kg as a tracer. The three-pool model proposed by Winkler and Faust was used to calculate the whole body protein parameters. No difference in net protein gain, protein synthesis, protein breakdown, or the other protein metabolism parameters were recorded despite the different protein inputs. Renal nitrogen excretion and the rate of endogenous urea N excretion were significantly higher for the formula diet than for the mother's milk diet. The protein synthesis rate of 7.9 g X kg-1 X day-1 was, as has previously been observed, higher than in other age groups. The protein metabolism of the preterm infant older than 33 weeks of gestational age does not benefit from a formula diet based on cow's milk that is richer in protein than mother's milk. PMID- 6644446 TI - Distribution of trans-octadecenoic acid in the major glycerolipids of human milk. AB - The intramolecular distributions of fatty acids in triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine of human milk were determined. Milk donated from 10 mothers during their 2nd week of lactation was analyzed. Based on pancreatic lipase digestion of milk triacylglycerols, the 14:0 and 16:0 fatty acids were observed predominantly in the sn-2 position, while 18:0, 18:1, and 18:2 were observed predominantly in the sn-1,3 positions. The average trans 18:1 content of the triacylglycerols was 3.4% and was greater in the sn-1,3 positions. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were digested by phospholipase A2. As in other tissues, saturated fatty acids were esterified at the sn-1 position and polyunsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position of the phospholipids. The proportion of trans-18:1 averaged 2.5% in phosphatidylcholine and 3.7% in phosphatidylethanolamine. The proportion of trans-18:1 was slightly greater in the sn-2 position of the phospholipids. In conclusion, there appeared to be a reverse positional distribution of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in triacylglycerol compared to phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. When compared to other mammalian tissues, there were only small differences observed in trans-18:1 content between positions within a glycerolipid class and between glycerolipids of human milk. PMID- 6644447 TI - Use of end-tidal carbon monoxide to correct end-tidal hydrogen in neonates. AB - We evaluated the usefulness of end-tidal CO (ETCO) as an internal standard for reducing the error in end-tidal H2 (ETH2) measurements due to contamination of repeated breath samples with nonalveolar gas. Triplicate end-tidal samples were drawn from 12 healthy premature infants in small (less than 1 cc) increments through a posterior nasopharyngeal catheter at end-expiration, determined from the infant's chest wall movement. CO and H2 determinations were made on each sample by a reduction gas detector capable of determining CO and H2 concentrations to +/- 0.001 and 0.010 ppm, respectively. Respiratory breath samples were corrected for ambient CO and H2 concentrations. Since the alveolar gas fraction has the highest CO concentration of all tidal gases, the end-tidal sample with the highest CO peak was assumed to be most representative of uncontaminated alveolar gas. The other samples were "corrected" using a factor that was the ratio of the patient's highest CO peak to the given sample's CO value. The use of ETCO to correct ETH2 from samples deliberately contaminated with ambient air can significantly reduce the variability of ETH2 values. However, such correction is probably not necessary when comparing groups of infants using a standard collection technique. For individual infants, correction may reveal more marked short-term fluctuations in true alveolar H2 concentration. PMID- 6644448 TI - Cholelithiasis in children with immunoglobulin A deficiency: a new gastroenterologic syndrome. AB - In view of the role of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the local host defenses of the gut and biliary tract, and the association of IgA deficiency with various intestinal disorders, an ultrasonographic study was performed to determine the prevalence of gallstones in selective IgA deficiency. Eight of 13 children (three girls and five boys) with selective IgA deficiency had abnormal biliary sonograms. Four had cholelithiasis, and four had biliary sludge only. IgA deficiency may predispose to gallbladder infection, and thus to the development of gallstones. Decreased bile acid pool due to intestinal losses, and biliary stasis due to reduced hormonal gallbladder stimulation may also play a role in some cases, but further studies are needed. This association adds a new gastrointestinal abnormality to those known to be associated with selective IgA deficiency. PMID- 6644449 TI - Fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens as an animal model for Reye's syndrome. AB - Fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS), a naturally occurring but experimentally reproducible disease in chickens, has several clinical, pathological, and biochemical features in common with Reye's syndrome. Because of this, it has been suggested that FLKS may serve as an animal model of Reye's syndrome. We have examined, therefore, various parameters characteristic of Reye's syndrome in chickens affected with FLKS to further delineate the similarities and differences between the two disorders. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower in chickens affected with FLKS which may be caused by the significantly reduced activity of pyruvate carboxylase in all FLKS-affected animals. The activity of propionyl CoA carboxylase was low in only the most severely affected chickens, and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase showed no difference when compared with controls. This may be due to variable sensitivities of the three carboxylases to marginal biotin deficiency which occurs with FLKS. Plasma ammonia concentrations and activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase, however, were not elevated in the affected birds. Histological changes in the liver and kidney were noted in affected chickens, but these changes were not identical with those observed in Reye's syndrome. Although the mechanisms of nitrogen elimination in fowl differ from those in humans, failure to demonstrate hyperammonemia, elevated serum transaminase activities, or similar histological changes in tissues of affected birds indicates that FLKS is not an appropriate model for the study of Reye's syndrome. PMID- 6644451 TI - Portal vein thrombosis following hepatic portoenterostomy. AB - Life-threatening ascites developed in a 4-month-old infant with biliary atresia 1 month after hepatic portoenterostomy. Although initially ascribed to progressive liver failure, the ascites was subsequently found to be partially caused by portal vein thrombosis. Documented recanalization of the portal venous system was accompanied by resolution of the ascites. Refractory ascites in patients with biliary atresia generally signals end-stage cirrhosis and consideration of liver transplantation. Portal vein patency should be evaluated before referral of such patients for this procedure. PMID- 6644450 TI - Supplementation of milk with iron bound to lactoferrin using weanling mice: L. Effects on hematology and tissue iron. AB - Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein present in high concentrations in human milk. The efficacy of supplementing iron bound to lactoferrin to iron-deficient and iron-sufficient young mice was evaluated in comparison with supplementation of iron as iron chloride. Mice fed a nonsupplemented milk diet (approximately 1 mg Fe/L) for 4 weeks had a microcytic, hypochromic anemia and low tissue iron concentrations. Iron supplementation of the diet with lactoferrin-iron, or iron chloride at a level of 5 mg Fe/L prevented the anemia and resulted in tissue iron levels similar to levels found for mice fed a stock commercial diet. There was no significant difference in any of the parameters analyzed between the groups of mice receiving the two iron supplements following a diet deficient in iron. Apolactoferrin when supplemented to the diet had no negative effect on the iron status of the mice. These results show that lactoferrin may be a useful vehicle for supplementation of iron. PMID- 6644452 TI - Unusual presentation of vitamin A intoxication. AB - A 10.5-year-old boy was admitted to hospital because of a focal motor seizure. He had suffered from impaired attention span and emotional instability from the age of 6 years. From the age of 5 years he received daily a multivitamin preparation containing 5,000 IU vitamin A. The cause of his symptoms was found to be vitamin A intoxication, with an unusual acute presentation of microscopic hematuria, electroencephalographic abnormalities, and convulsions. PMID- 6644454 TI - Infant nutrition: metabolism and the digestive system. Proceedings, International Symposium in Infant Nutrition and the Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Niagara Falls, Ontario, June 21-25, 1982. PMID- 6644455 TI - Genetic endowment, biological clocks, regulatory mechanism, and environmental influences as determinants affecting ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 6644453 TI - Caroli's disease in childhood: report of two new cases. AB - Caroli's disease is a rare congenital disorder characterized by segmentary saccular dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts, which manifests itself clinically by cholangitis and bile stones. We report two cases of Caroli's disease in schoolgirls with clinical signs of recurrent abdominal pain associated with intermittent crises of cholestatic jaundice. Diagnosis was made by retrograde cholangiography in one patient and by intravenous cholangiography in the other. PMID- 6644456 TI - Metabolic adaptations of the fetus and newborn. AB - During the perinatal period metabolic adaptations take place which insure that substrates for energy production and growth are available in the immediate postnatal period. The fetus receives a constant infusion of glucose, fatty acids and protein by the placenta. Late in gestation the accumulation of storage fuels such as glycogen and adipose tissue anticipate the abrupt cessation of substrate supply from the placenta at the time of birth. Postnatally an increase in endogenous production of glucose in the form of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis become important for maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Increase utilization of fatty acids in ketone bodies as energy substrates also become important in the postnatal period. These metabolic adaptations are mediated by the development of new enzyme activities as well as by changes in hormonal millieu and substrate availability. PMID- 6644457 TI - Drug excretion in human breast milk: potential effect on infant development. PMID- 6644458 TI - Breast-feeding and infant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. PMID- 6644459 TI - Development of suck and swallow. AB - This short selective review has been assembled for the purpose of demonstrating that there are regular patterns of development of sucking and swallowing in infancy and that there are a number of factors which can effect these functions. An awareness that the non-nutritive sucking of a premature infant of approximately 34 weeks does not suggest that patient will have an effective nutritive suck should prompt one to quickly initiate gavage feeding because one can expect adequate motility along the distal to the swallowing mechanism. Knowledge of the normal feeding rate should refrain one from prolonged feeding efforts in infants, especially if they have respiratory problems. Any sucking beyond 20 minutes is likely to be non-nutritive. In a similar manner, excessive and prolonged withholding of solid foods in children may lead to difficulties in handling these foods when they are finally introduced. PMID- 6644460 TI - Gastric emptying time in premature and compromised infants. AB - Studies of gastric emptying in infancy indicate that a receptor system in the duodenum regulating emptying exists operating in a manner qualitatively similar to the adult. Further investigation is needed to describe this system in more detail and evaluate how other factors including feeding volume, nutrient digestion, and disease states affect gastric emptying. PMID- 6644461 TI - Small intestinal motility patterns in the perinatal period. PMID- 6644462 TI - Role of intrinsic, hormonal, and dietary factors in expression of perinatal development of mammalian small intestinal sucrase. PMID- 6644463 TI - Intestinal membrane glycoproteins: their synthesis and redistribution during differentiation and possible shedding. PMID- 6644464 TI - Microbial colonization of the newborn and the effect of nutrients. PMID- 6644465 TI - Role of the intestinal microflora in disposition of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 6644466 TI - Nature of bile acids in the fetus and newborn infant. PMID- 6644467 TI - Immaturity of hepatic excretory function and the ontogeny of bile acid metabolism. PMID- 6644468 TI - Development of D-glucose absorption in the perinatal period. PMID- 6644469 TI - Lingual lipase and fat digestion in the neonatal period. PMID- 6644471 TI - Bile-salt-stimulated lipase of human milk and fat digestion in the preterm infant. PMID- 6644470 TI - Bile-salt-stimulated lipase of human milk and lipid digestion in the neonatal period. PMID- 6644472 TI - Quantity and quality of milk protein intake: metabolic responses in the neonate. PMID- 6644473 TI - Aspects of fluid and electrolyte absorption in the newborn. PMID- 6644474 TI - Vitamin D in human milk: is there enough? PMID- 6644475 TI - Lipids and the development of atherosclerosis in children. PMID- 6644476 TI - Gluten-sensitive enteropathy and infant nutrition. PMID- 6644477 TI - Gastroesophageal reflux and gastric emptying. AB - There are major differences in gastroesophageal reflux between children and adults. Vomiting, failure to thrive, and respiratory symptoms are more common in children as is a spontaneous, complete resolution of symptoms over time. Abnormalities of gastric emptying are noted in both adults and children and may aggravate the reflux. Children have a better response than adults to surgery, both in the early and late postoperative period. PMID- 6644478 TI - Fetal growth and body composition: implications for the premature infant. PMID- 6644480 TI - Growth, gestational age, and maturational development. PMID- 6644479 TI - Metabolic consequences of intrauterine growth retardation. PMID- 6644481 TI - Protein and energy requirements of term and preterm infants. AB - Little new evidence has been presented to warrant altering protein and energy requirements of term infants. Breast milk remains the benchmark. Feeding preterm infants, however, presents multiple challenges only now beginning to be faced. In the past, respiratory distress and infections were such emergencies that little attention was given to nutritional needs. While optimal rates of growth are not even now known, nor even measurements to tell what is "optimum", at least the requirements for certain growth rates which are not accompanied by undue stress can be met by pre-term fresh breast milk and specially designed formulas. PMID- 6644482 TI - Acid-base homeostasis of low-birth-weight and full-term infants in early life. AB - Renal tubular function tests on hydrogen ion excretion capacity and concentration capacity performed during the first month of life show that these functions are not fully developed although they may be adequate for the needs of the breastfed infant. A positive net acid balance due to a less well-developed renal acidifying capacity is a fairly common situation during the first weeks of life. Late metabolic acidosis could thus be demonstrated in a frequency of up to 20% in preterm babies depending on the quantity as well as the quality of the dietary protein; the corresponding figure in term babies was about 5%. Furthermore, it must be taken into account that the elimination of one metabolite may affect the efficiency of other excretory mechanisms. It could thus be shown that during an acid loading period, the maximum renal concentration capacity falls from preloading values of 500-600 to 300-400 mOsm/1. When a pitressin load was superimposed on an acidification test, the net acid excretion was reduced, especially in infants on a high protein intake. Therefore, if in the immature infant the composition of dietary intake is inappropriate as to the protein intake and/or solute load, the limit of capacity of certain renal tubular functions may be exceeded, especially under conditions of stress, and this could result in homeostatic disturbances, i.a. of the acid-base balance. PMID- 6644484 TI - Retinoblastoma: the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in children treated by enucleation. AB - We correlated the pathologic diagnosis with the preoperative clinical diagnosis of retinoblastoma in children treated by enucleation within the United States and Canada between the years 1974 and 1980. In order to avoid inappropriate selectivity and institutional bias, we studied only those cases submitted directly to the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology in which the enucleated eyes had not been examined initially at the local hospital. Of the 56 eyes removed because of suspected retinoblastoma, 15 (26.8%) did not contain a malignant tumor. In two cases enucleation was delayed because retinoblastoma was not considered initially in the differential diagnosis of spontaneous hyphema. During the same period, two of 268 eyes that were enucleated for reasons other than suspected retinoblastoma were found to contain a retinoblastoma. The diagnostic error rate in our study reflects the persistent difficulty in diagnosing retinoblastoma in eyes with opaque media and retinal detachment. PMID- 6644483 TI - Dinitrochlorobenzene and debulking therapy of conjunctival papilloma. AB - A conjunctival papilloma in a four-year-old boy had recurred despite one surgical removal, and three cryosurgical treatments. After sensitization of the child's lymphocytes to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), the lesion responded rapidly and completely to debulking followed by painting the base of the tumor with DNCB. We feel that the effectiveness and simplicity of debulking and DNCB treatment of conjunctival papillomas, which have resisted previous standard forms of therapy, gives an easy, relatively inexpensive, and rapid method of treating these lesions. PMID- 6644485 TI - Marcus Gunn jaw winking and Duane's retraction syndrome. AB - A three-month-old female presented with the unusual findings of Marcus Gunn Jaw Winking Phenomenon and Duane's Retraction Syndrome in the same eye. In considering suggested etiologies for these two disorders, a misdirection of peripheral innervation would account for both these entities co-existing. In reviewing the ophthalmic literature, the association of these disorders was first described around the turn of the century but much less in recent years. PMID- 6644486 TI - Congenital cataract: management and results. AB - The visual outcome in cases of congenital cataract, managed both surgically and conservatively, is outlined. Final vision was better in cases with partial cataract, about 40% of whom attained 6/24 or better vision. With total cataracts, none could achieve this level of vision, with the majority (84%) attaining only 6/60 or less acuity. Visual results were also better in patients without nystagmus, 34% of whom attained 6/24 or better vision, while in cases with nystagmus, only 15% could come up to this level. Cataracts necessitating early surgery had a worse prognosis than cataracts necessitating late surgery. Visual results were best in cases with bilateral cataracts, partial cataracts, absence of associated ocular anomalies, the absence of nystagmus and in patients requiring later surgery. The important causes of nonimprovement of vision were amblyopia and after-cataract. Retinal detachment, retinopathy, and degenerative myopia were some of the less frequent causes of poor vision, while mental retardation was another important factor. Full cooperation from the parents is absolutely essential in the proper visual rehabilitation of the handicapped child. PMID- 6644487 TI - Epibulbar osseous choristoma. AB - A 14-year-old girl presented with a firm, movable, epibulbar mass of the right eye. The clinical appearance was characteristic of an epibulbar osseous choristoma, and the diagnosis was substantiated radiographically and confirmed histopathologically. The clinical features, management, and histopathology of epibulbar osseous choristomas are reviewed. PMID- 6644488 TI - Recurrent intraoperative choroidal effusion in Sturge-Weber syndrome. AB - The formation of a massive choroidal effusion without hemorrhage during a trabeculectomy procedure was documented in a 17-year-old male with Sturge-Weber syndrome, most probably representing the youngest patient in the literature with this intraoperative complication. The occurrence of similar signs during a previous trabeculectomy procedure in the same eye, suggested the possible recurrent nature of this entity. Preparation of a posterior sclerotomy site before entering the eye during intraocular surgery in patients with Sturge-Weber Syndrome might help in the immediate management and in preventing complications due to the formation of massive choroidal effusion. PMID- 6644489 TI - Major dog attack injuries in children. AB - Children are frequently admitted to a hospital with injuries sustained as a result of being attacked by a dog. Over a 5-year period (1977 to 1981), 57 such patients have been treated at the Winnipeg Children's Hospital. Half of the dog attack victims were 5 years or younger with injuries occurring more often in boys (55%). The majority of patients (95%) sustained puncture wounds and lacerations to the face (77%) and extremities (23%). In three of the cases, the dog attack victims presented with peritonitis secondary to bowel perforation and were treated successfully. A fourth child died as a result of his injuries prior to reaching the hospital. In the past, much attention has been focused on soft tissue injuries and their cosmetic repair. It is also important to recognize that the small child is particularly vulnerable to dog maulings from which the injuries sustained may be life threatening or lethal. Prevention seems to be the only rational approach to solving this problem. PMID- 6644490 TI - Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis in children. AB - Myasthenia gravis is rare in childhood. In the last 12 years, we have treated eight children under 16 years of age for this disease. There were six girls and two boys, a ratio of 3:1. Age of presentation of symptoms ranged from 10 to 16 years (mean 11 3/4). There was no significant family history and there were no significant associated diseases. Antibodies were measured in six patients and were all negative. All patients were given cholinergic drugs and five had corticosteroids as well. Three underwent tracheostomies because of severe respiratory insufficiency. There was clinical deterioration or no improvement in spite of increasing doses of medication; hence, thymectomy was performed in all after an average duration of symptoms of 12 months (range 4 to 17). All thymectomies were done through median sternotomy. There was no postoperative morbidity or mortality. No thymoma was found. Four had lymphoid hyperplasia, in three, the thymus looked normal and in one it looked very atrophic. Dramatic amelioration with eventual complete recovery was seen in six, with an average follow-up of 7.3 years (3 to 11) after thymectomy. Two patients are only one year after thymectomy and are improving progressively. We recommend early thymectomy in myasthenia gravis of childhood on the basis of very encouraging results. PMID- 6644491 TI - Cardiac effects of esophageal stimulation: possible relationship between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). AB - Twenty-six artificially ventilated newborn pigs were subjected to simulated gastroesophageal reflux; saline (10 cc) of varying pH was flushed through the esophagus from below. At a given pH threshold, reflex bradycardia, which could be blocked by atropine, was elicited. Transecting of the superior laryngeal nerves, the recurrent laryngeal nerves, and the pharyngeal plexus nerves did not block the reflex bradycardia. However, bypassing the regions superior to the esophagus with a shunt prevented the bradycardia. These results indicate that bradycardia caused by gastroesophageal reflux is independent of changes in ventilation and may be an important cause of sudden infant death. PMID- 6644492 TI - Idiopathic perforation of the biliary tract in infancy. AB - Idiopathic perforation of the bile duct is rare in children. Sixty-seven cases were reported in the English literature to 1980. It is, nevertheless, the second commonest surgical cause of jaundice in the neonate. The etiology is unknown though distal obstruction and weakness in the bile duct wall have been postulated. Limited surgical treatment with external drainage is the preferred therapy. In isolated cases internal drainage procedures or repeated aspiration have been successful. The diagnosis should be suspected in the presence of jaundice and ascites with or without abdominal pain and signs of peritoneal irritation. We describe a 3-month-old girl presenting with anemia, vomiting, jaundice, and ascites. This was initially diagnosed as hepatitis but bilious fluid was found on paracentesis. Computerized tomography with cholangiography and 99 MTC Diisopropyl IDA cholescintigraphy confirmed the diagnosis. The latter seems to be more accurate than I-131 Rose Bengal. The perforation was at the junction of the hepatic and cystic ducts. It was treated successfully by external drainage and a cholecystostomy. Direct attempts to close the perforation, or more complicated surgical procedures, are unnecessary while nonoperative treatment carries a high mortality. At follow-up after 1 year the IV cholangiogram and liver-function tests are normal. Cholecystostomy provided good drainage of the biliary ducts as well as easy access for follow-up cholangiography. PMID- 6644493 TI - Reversion to fetal circulation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a preventable postoperative complication. AB - A review of 26 patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, diagnosed in the first 24 hours of life, supports the hypothesis that the postoperative fetal circulation syndrome is an iatrogenic complication, due to the rapid expansion of both lungs, when they are severely hypoplastic. This complication is preventable, when no aspiration of air from the chest cavity is done, and when no tube attached to an underwater seal is inserted. When assisted ventilation is necessary, small volumes at a rapid rate allows satisfactory gaseous exchanges, without pulmonary overinflation. PMID- 6644494 TI - Iatrogenic pneumothorax and mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. AB - In a review of 22 infants who underwent surgical repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernias, it was noted that one of the most common factors correlating with death was perioperative tension pneumothorax. Each of the seven infants who died developed an iatrogenic pneumothorax with air leak due to face mask or endotracheal ventilation with pressures in excess of 34 cm H2O, or to thoracentesis. Only two infants with tension pneumothorax survived. Infants who developed tension pneumothorax experienced severe respiratory distress at an earlier age and required more vigorous resuscitative measures than those infants without an air leak. PMID- 6644495 TI - The reverse latissimus dorsi flap for congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair. AB - The reverse latissimus dorsi muscle flap was successfully used for the repair of recurrent congenital diaphragmatic hernia in three neonates. This muscle flap can be rapidly raised on a reliable blood supply, and provides sufficient vascularized tissue to replace the whole hemidiaphragm without tension. It should be considered at the first reparative operation when insufficient tissue is available for safe repair by direct suture. PMID- 6644496 TI - Meconium ileus: ten patients over 28 years of age. AB - Meconium ileus is the initial clinical manifestation of cystic fibrosis. Once the intestinal obstruction is corrected either medically or surgically the course of disease is that of cystic fibrosis. It is suggested that babies with this disease should be treated in specialized pediatric cystic fibrosis centers to prevent early death or some avoidable complications. Genetic counseling for affected families is recommended when a baby is born with this condition. Usually such infants are born at full term and there is no sex predilection. Prognosis is uncertain and the outlook depends, as it does in cystic fibrosis, on the degree and rate of progression of the pulmonary involvement. This paper presents a series of unusual patients with meconium ileus who have reached adulthood, thus, offering hope that a satisfactory life beyond adolescence is possible in this formerly fatal disease of infancy. PMID- 6644497 TI - Massive gastric hemorrhage: an unusual complication of Henoch-Schonlein purpura. AB - Two severely ill children with multisystem involvement of Henoch-Schonlein purpura developed massive upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, requiring operative ligation of gastric stress ulcers, and vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Arteriographic embolization was also used in one of the children when she developed recurrent hemorrhage. Survival in both children emphasizes the need for aggressive management of the many complications these children may develop. PMID- 6644498 TI - Benign hemangioendothelioma--a rare type of posterior mediastinal mass in children. AB - Two infants with benign hemangioendotheliomas of the posterior mediastinum are reported here. The neoplasms did not produce symptoms and were fortuitously discovered by chest roentgenograms. Computed tomography (CT) was useful in delineating the extent of the lesions preoperatively. PMID- 6644499 TI - Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver. AB - Mesenchymal hamartoma is a benign, cystic lesion that arises from connective tissues of the portal tracts. It is most common in children under 5 years of age. The diagnosis can be suspected when a relatively asymptomatic child has a large, smooth mass in the liver. Radionuclide scans demonstrate a solitary lesion, and on ultrasound there are cystic spaces and septa. These are perfectly benign lesions and may be simply enucleated. PMID- 6644500 TI - Jejunal interposition hepaticoduodenostomy for congenital dilatation of the bile duct (choledochal cyst). AB - In eight cases of congenital dilatation of the bile duct encountered in our institution during the past 3 years, jejunal interposition hepaticoduodenostomy was performed following resection of the involved bile duct. This procedure has no serious technical difficulties but appears to have some advantages over conventional techniques. The postoperative course of the patients has been favorable for a mean period of 1 year and 5 months up to the present. A further follow-up study is necessary before definite conclusions can be drawn. PMID- 6644501 TI - The surgical management of terminal ileal and right colon Crohn's disease in children. AB - During a recent 7-year period, 11 children between the ages of 6 and 15 years underwent intestinal resection for terminal ileal and right colon Crohn's disease. The indications for surgery included: failure of medical therapy in 8 patients, growth retardation in 4, stricture formation in 5, abscess formation in 2, the presence of an enterocutaneous fistula in 2, and intestinal obstruction in 1. All children underwent resection of the grossly involved bowel. The sites of involvement were the terminal ileum and the ileocecal valve in 7 patients and the terminal ileum, cecum, and proximal right colon in 4. There were no postoperative complications or mortality. The follow-up in these patients ranged from 1 to 7 years with a mean of 2.6 years. Thus far, all patients are clinically well and off all medications. Only one questionable recurrence was seen in a teenage girl who was readmitted 3 years after a resection of her terminal ileum and cecum for Crohn's disease. A recent small-bowel series 4 years after the recurrence shows no evidence of Crohn's disease. The initial excellent results with resectional therapy in this small subgroup of children with Crohn's disease has prompted us to consider earlier surgical intervention in these patients. PMID- 6644502 TI - Anorectal manometry: experience with strain gauge pressure transducers for the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. AB - An esophageal pressure transducer with three strain gauges was used in the anal canal to study the rectosphincteric reflex (RSR) in five infants and children with intestinal obstruction, 142 children age one day to 18 years with moderate to severe constipation and in 18 healthy control children 4 to 12 years of age. The RSR was present in the four newborns with intestinal obstruction in 133 of the constipated children, and in all healthy controls. The mean (+/- SD) minimal volume of air in the rectal balloon required to produce RSR greater than or equal to 5 mm Hg (RSRT) was 9 mL (+/- 2) for infants 0 to 2 years, 14 mL (+/- 4) for children 2 to 4 years, 15 mL (+/- 6) for children 4 to 12 years, and 14 mL (+/- 6) for children 12 to 18 years of age. The RSRT for control children was 13 mL (+/- 4). The volume of air used in rectal balloon distension correlated with the amplitude of the RSR for control (r = 0.7131) and constipated children (r = 0.6289). The amplitudes of the RSR for the controls were significantly higher than the amplitudes for constipated children for rectal distension volumes between 60 and 15 cc (p less than 0.01). The 10 children with absent RSR had Hirschsprung's disease confirmed at surgery. Measurements of RSR could be used to separate patients with chronic constipation from patients with Hirschsprung's disease. PMID- 6644503 TI - Testicular detorsion using Doppler ultrasound monitoring. AB - In one year's time, eight of 11 cases of torsion of the testicle were successfully untwisted in the emergency room. The doppler ultrasound was used to document return of blood flow after detorsion. Subsequent fixation of both testes may be done on a less urgent basis. PMID- 6644504 TI - Treatment of ruptured kidney by gluing with highly concentrated human fibrinogen. AB - A complete transverse rupture of the kidney diagnosed preoperatively by IV pyelogram and selective renal angiography is reported. It could be conserved by tissue gluing with highly concentrated human fibrinogen. An IV pyelogram should always be performed, especially since immediate aortography and renal arteriography is indicated by visible extravasation of contrast medium in every case. The lesion is exactly determined in the early stage and an organ-conserving operation becomes possible. Without the availability of angiography, nephrectomy was most frequently performed. PMID- 6644505 TI - Ureteral triplication and duplicated opposite kidney with refluxing ureterocele. AB - A case is reported of ureteral triplication with ectopia of two of the ureters and contralateral duplication with a ureterocele. This patient is the youngest that we have found reported with this type of anomaly and the only one presenting with abdominal distention and an intact but refluxing ureterocele. PMID- 6644506 TI - A solitary neurofibroma of the clitoris masquerading as intersex. PMID- 6644507 TI - Esophageal atresia with pulmonary agenesis. AB - Two neonates with esophageal atresia and agenesis of the right lung are described. Review of the literature on the subject revealed an additional 11 cases of esophageal atresia associated with severe pulmonary hypoplasia. All of the affected infants died. Half of the deaths were caused by congenital heart disease, and the others were due to prematurity combined with various other severe anomalies and respiratory complications. PMID- 6644508 TI - Esophageal atresia in father and son. AB - This is a report of the first known case of congenital tracheoesophageal fistula in father and son. PMID- 6644509 TI - Meconium thorax. AB - A case of meconium thorax resulting from spontaneous perforation of the colon associated with a right Bochdalek's foramen, without herniation, is presented. The baby had immediate respiratory distress postpartum resulting from the meconium in the pleural cavity. No fetal distress was detected, in spite of electrode monitoring in labor, to account for the colonic perforation. PMID- 6644510 TI - Pneumonostomy in the management of pediatric lung abscess. AB - Emergency pneumonostomy was curative in a critically ill child with acute lung abscess. This procedure may be indicated for the rare acute lung abscess which fails to respond to medical therapy. PMID- 6644511 TI - Infarction of the gallbladder--an unusual cause of acute abdomen in the neonate. AB - Infarction of the gallbladder, while rare, must now be included in the growing list of possible and proven complications of umbilical artery catheterization. PMID- 6644512 TI - Sandifer's syndrome following reverse gastric tube operation (Gavriliu's operation). AB - This is a report of a case of Sandifer's syndrome following surgery. It occurred after a partial thoracic stomach (Gavriliu's operation) and was created following a repair of esophageal atresia. PMID- 6644513 TI - Sigmoid volvulus in a neonate with imperforate anus. PMID- 6644514 TI - Ischemic extremities due to compartment syndromes in a septic neonate. AB - The clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation of a septic neonate with sclerema neonatorum and impending tissue loss secondary to compartment syndromes is presented. Vascular disease leading to tissue loss is uncommon in children. To our knowledge, this is the only reported case of a compartment syndrome leading to tissue loss in a neonate. PMID- 6644515 TI - Whole bowel irrigation. PMID- 6644516 TI - A new classification of biliary obstructive disorders. PMID- 6644517 TI - Fetal response to external mechanical stimuli. AB - Several authors have recommended [1, 3, 8, 12] that the fetus be mechanically stimulated if the abdominal pregnancy CTG shows no accelerations. One expects the fetus to show a motor response to mechanical stimulation. Fetal movements expressed as accelerations in the abdominal CTG are considered to reflect "arousal" of the previously asleep fetus and are thought to be normal. An absence of such a response in considered by some as a sign of pathological fetal changes [3, 8, 12]. Others, however, have found that the normal non-stressed fetus need not change its sleep-arousal state after mechanical stimulation [5, 14]. An attempt was made to clarify this in the present work. We studied the CTG recordings and the ultrasound pictures in 63 pregnancies in a total of 83 cases for an average of 56 minutes. Fetal movements were marked by pressing a lever on the labor pressure chart. The fetus was mechanically stimulated by shaking its head manually for 5 seconds. Control recordings were also made, when the fetus was not so stimulated. The following results were obtained: With a normal CTG (reactive nonstress test, FISCHER score 8-10 points) Mechanical stimulation led to no changes in 87% of NREM sleep and in 93.9% of REM sleep. A change to a more active state (REM sleep + arousal) due to stimulation was found in 13% of NREM sleep, which is significantly more frequent than the 2.9% found when no stimulation occurred. A change from REM sleep to arousal was found in 6.1%, not significantly different from 1.8% found without stimulation. Short-lasting reactions to mechanical stimulation included movements, acceleration of fetal heart rate and dip 0. These reactions were equally frequent in REM and NREM sleep, i.e. 75% and 68.5% respectively. These reactions occurred by chance less frequently, in 14.5% of cases in REM and in 3% of cases in NREM sleep (Tab. II). The occurrence is significantly higher in REM than in NREM sleep. In a pathological CTG (Fischer score 7 points or less) our technique does not permit us to distinguish the different sleep-arousal states. Only the short-lasting response to mechanical stimulation of the fetus was hence evaluated. Mechanical stimulation resulted in a fetal response in 19% with decelerations of variable expression (Figs. 1a, 1b, 2, 3) similar to the variable decelerations observed during labor. These decelerations occurred only together with other signs of fetal distress in the CTG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6644518 TI - Clinical significance of short-term variability computed from heart-rate waveforms. AB - The significance of short-term variability (STV) of the baseline fetal heart rate (FHR) as a prime indicator of fetal well-being is well recognized. It is obvious that for consistently reliable assessment of short-term variability, objective quantification is a necessity. This paper presents a retrospective clinical evaluation of a new technique of STV quantification in terms of beats per minute derived from the slowly varying instantaneous FHR waveform rather than from the relatively rapidly varying fetal ECG. FHR signals from 45 patients, internally monitored during labor, were digitized onto IBM-compatible 9-track digital magnetic tape using a PERKIN-ELMER model 7/32 minicomputer at a sampling rate of 240 milliseconds. The digitized signals were then analyzed off-line for STV and FHR. For each patient about 600 clinical variables were entered into the computer and these data were utilized to comprehensively evaluate the neonatal outcome according to HOBEL's neonatal risk assessment system. The values of mean STV ranged from 1.21 b.p.m. to 6.47 b.p.m. with a median value of 2.75 b.p.m., which was used to divide the patient population into a low-variability (less than or equal to 2.75 b.p.m.) and a high-variability (greater than 2.75 b.p.m.) group. This was found to be justified as the STUDENTS's t-test on mean baseline STV values for these two populations showed them to differ significantly (P less than 0.001). Analysis of the results (Fig. 1) showed that 28.7% of the low-variability population were associated with a poor outcome compared with 4.3% in the high variability group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6644519 TI - Congenital meningeal sarcoma--a case report. AB - A 30-year-old multigravida woman was admitted to the obstetrical unit in the third trimester of gestation, because of a large-for-date uterus. Repeated ultrasonic examinations over a 2-week period revealed an increase in biparietal diameter far too large to be normal. This progressive asymmetrical hydrocephalus was diagnosed as caused by an intracranial space-occupying lesion in the middle cranial fossa. Because of the only minimal thickness of the cerebral cortex prognosis was judged so poor, that labor was induced. A stillborn female infant was delivered vaginally after an ultrasonically guided transabdominal and later transcervical encephalocentesis. Autopsy revealed hydrocephalus and section through the fixed brain showed that the mentioned mass was an undifferentiated meningeal sarcoma that filled the left middle cranial fossa. Microscopically the sarcoma was invading the brain tissue. Definitions of the term "congenital brain tumors" vary among authors. "Congenital" can be interpreted as "derived from embryonal tissue" or as "originating in utero". Congenital intracranial neoplasms are very rare. Antenatally intracranial tumors have been reviewed by Wells, Solitare and Farwell. Only a few cases of congenital brain tumors arising in the meninges have been reported in these reviews. The genesis of the tumor is explained as derived from multipotential cells. The undifferentiated type of a meningeal sarcoma has a poor prognosis. Most meningeal sarcoma present with progressive hydrocephalus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6644520 TI - Personality and prediction: nomothetic and idiographic approaches. PMID- 6644521 TI - Implicit psychophysiology: effects of common beliefs and idiosyncratic physiological responses on symptom reporting. AB - Every individual exhibits unique perceptual, behavioral, and physiological responses within and across a variety of settings. Despite the idiosyncratic nature of responses, we seek to establish theories that generalize across a large number of individuals. A strict idiographic method intensively examines the response patterns of a small number of individuals, whereas a nomothetic approach focuses on common responses across a large number of individuals. In the present investigation, we seek to learn how individuals perceive and report physical symptoms and sensations. We offer a methodology that capitalizes on the unique physiological responses of individuals but, at the same time, assumes that the underlying perceptual processes relevant to symptom reporting are comparable across individuals. Our approach, then, is both idiographic and nomothetic. As will be discussed, this integrative approach has the potential to be applied to a multitude of behaviors and processes that are of interest to social and personality psychologists. PMID- 6644522 TI - Prognostic validity of the Rorschach. AB - Fifty adult stutterers entering therapy at the UCLA Psychology Clinic were administered the Rorschach, with a Klopfer method inquiry, scoring, form level rating, and calculation of scores on the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale (RPRS). On the basis of independent clinician ratings of attitudinal or psychotherapeutic improvement, subjects were divided into groups of Improved Most (n = 21) and Improved Least (n = 29). Subjects were also divided into Continued (n = 43) and Dropped (n = 7). Logistic regression was employed to compare groups on the following Rorschach dimensions: Prognostic Score (RPRS); Human Movement; Animal Movement; Inanimate Movement; Shading; Color; Form Level. The Improved Most group was significantly higher in M, FM, Shading, and Productivity. The finding that M and FM discriminates between improvement groups corroborates results obtained in a previous study (Sheehan et al., 1954). The Rorschach movement variables, particularly M and FM, seem to be stable indicators of capacity for improvement in psychotherapy. PMID- 6644523 TI - Change in unconscious concern with body image following treatment for obesity. AB - The Secord Homonym Test was used to elicit unconscious concerns about the body in one normal and two obese samples. The first sample of nonobese subjects was used to gather baseline data and also to examine the discriminant validity of the test as a measure of unconscious rather than conscious body concern. In a second sample of obese subjects a significantly greater concern with the body was observed. A third sample of obese subjects was tested before and after weight reduction counseling. Initial measures showed them to have similar levels of concern to the second sample; however, following treatment the levels matched those of the nonobese subjects. PMID- 6644524 TI - The relationship between rotations on the Bender-Gestalt test and ratings of patient disorientation. PMID- 6644525 TI - Diagnostic validity of the MMPI and two short forms. AB - The ability of the Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM) and the MMPI-168 to substitute for the full Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in broad psychiatric diagnosis was examined in a sample of 514 psychiatric inpatients. Each sex was randomly divided and multiple discriminant functions derived using long form scales as predictors. The discriminant functions were cross-validated on the other same-sex group using long and short form scales as predictors. All three forms achieved a 46% "hit" rate overall. No significant differences among the three forms were found. PMID- 6644526 TI - The inter-domain among personality and cognition variables in people who commit murder. AB - The inter-domain among personality (MMPI) and cognition (intelligence) variables in a sample of 137 males charged with first degree or capital murder was examined through canonical analysis. Race was included as a control variable. Two significant canonical correlations were found which contribute to an understanding of the relationship between personality and cognition in violent people. These variates were identified as Problem-solving Focus and Introspective Self-focus. Results also suggest that these inter-domain variates explain the relationship between personality and cognition variables to a greater degree for black murderers than for white murderers. PMID- 6644527 TI - A psychometric study of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. AB - This study tested the hypothesis that the correlation between the STAI A-State and A-Trait scales is spuriously high because some of the items in these scales have low content saturation. As measured by Jackson's (1970) Differential Reliability Index, content saturation was found to be high for only 7 A-State and A-Trait items. It was demonstrated that new A-State and A-Trait scales based on these items with high content saturation had high internal consistency reliability and low intercorrelation, and were also very highly correlated with the original STAI scales. These results provided strong support for the tested hypothesis. Implications of these results were discussed for revising the STAI. PMID- 6644528 TI - Defensive style: state or trait? AB - The susceptibility of the Defense Mechanism Inventory (Gleser & Ihilevich, 1969) to situational stress variables was evaluated by an experiment where 54 men and 52 women were given half the inventory, then were given word puzzles to solve which were either easy or difficult, and finally given the second half of the inventory. Results showed that the composite measure of defensive style, which contrasts the acting-out defenses from the inward focusing ones, was not affected differentially by the experimental manipulation. The specific defense indices were affected by the experimental manipulation for men but not for women. The composite measure is thus shown to be a basic trait impervious to situational stress, while the specific defenses are seen more as resembling situational states. PMID- 6644529 TI - Anhedonia: a construct validation approach. AB - Investigated the convergent and discriminant validity of the anhedonia construct using a multivariable-multimethod design. The 100 subjects displayed a wide range of scores on the Physical Anhedonia Scale, many comparable to the original validation sample of diagnosed schizophrenics. Twenty-one variables were assessed by tests, 16 by subject self-ratings and 16 by peer ratings of the subject. The resultant intercorrelation matrix was analyzed by Golding and Seidman's (1974) two-step principal components procedure. Five of the six second-order components showed good and conceptually meaningful cross method convergence and were named: Pleasureless Introversion, Neurotic Maladjustment, Dependency, Hedonic Deficit #1, Hedonic Deficit #2, and Coarctation. Hedonic Deficits #1 and #2 were shown to be independent from neuroticism, depression, and guilt. The high degree of relationship between anhedonia and introversion, long suggested by clinicians, is confirmed and discussed. Notes on the construct validity of Chapman et al.'s (1976) Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales and Watson et al.'s (1970) MMPI Anhedonia Scale are included. PMID- 6644530 TI - [The heterogeneity of Staphylococci. 1]. PMID- 6644531 TI - Studies on isolated smooth muscle cells. VIII. 45Ca-efflux from single smooth muscle cells isolated from taenia coli of guinea pig. AB - 45Ca-loaded single smooth muscle cells were prepared from taenia coli of guinea pig. The cells were perfused continuously with physiological salt solution on membrane filter with pore size of 12 microns and radioactivity in the effluent was determined. The 45Ca-efflux curves consisted of two straight lines in semilogarithmic figure representing loosely and tightly bound calcium compartments with half time of 1.87 +/- 0.27 and 6.78 +/- 0.43 min, respectively. The loosely bound calcium was supposed to be localized on plasma membrane. Size of the tightly bound 45Ca was dependent on period for calcium-depletion of the preparation prior to 45Ca-loading. The efflux was stimulated by acetylcholine and the stimulated efflux returned to the spontaneous efflux level instantly after removal of acetylcholine. This stimulation was abolished by atropine. Repetitive stimulation failed to increase 45Ca-efflux while the rate of the spontaneous 45Ca efflux did not change significantly. These results suggested that, in taenia coli of guinea pig, at least three calcium compartments existed, loosely bound calcium, tightly bound calcium and more tightly bound calcium which can be released by acetylcholine, in addition to calcium in extracellular fluid. Advantages and disadvantages of using single smooth muscle cells for investigation of calcium movement and some technical improvement for determination of 45Ca-efflux from single cells were described. PMID- 6644532 TI - Decomposition of hydroperoxides derived from microsomes or lipoprotein by glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase. AB - Protective effects of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase purified from human liver and superoxide dismutase against lipid peroxidation were investigated. In the presence of glutathione, lipid hydroperoxides found in microsomal membrane were decomposed by glutathione peroxidase and cationic glutathione S-transferase, but anionic glutathione S-transferase had no effect on them. Superoxide dismutase exhibited antioxidation effect by preventing accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides. Serum lipid hydroperoxides existing in low density lipoprotein fraction were also decomposed by glutathione peroxidase and cationic glutathione S-transferase. These findings suggest that the hydroperoxide level, which has high toxicity, could be controlled by these glutathione dependent glutathione peroxidase and cationic glutathione S-transferase. PMID- 6644533 TI - Relationship between trimethadione metabolism and hepatic drug-oxidizing enzyme activities in different animal species. AB - The purpose of this investigation is to correlate between trimethadione (TMO) metabolism and hepatic microsomal drug-oxidizing activities in different animal species (mouse, hamster, rat and rabbit). A good correlation was obtained between the plasma concentration ratio of 5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) to TMO and relative activities of aminopyrine (r = 0.999 at 1 h, p less than 0.01; r = 0.994 at 2 h, p less then 0.01) and TMO (r = 0.988 at 1 h, p less than 0.02; r = 0.975 at 2 h, p less than 0.05) N-demethylase, and aniline (r = 0.993 at 1 h, p less than 0.01; r = 0.979 at 2 h, p less than 0.01) hydroxylase. These results indicate that the values of plasma DMO/TMO ratio determined at an appropriate time period following its administration would be reflecting the degree of hepatic drug-oxidizing capacity in various experimental animal species. These findings thus suggest that in vivo TMO metabolism would be a useful drug for predicting hepatic drug-oxidizing capacity in humans. PMID- 6644534 TI - Effects of diazepam, meprobamate, chlorpromazine and apomorphine on a quickly learned conditioned suppression in mice. AB - Mice exhibited a marked suppression of motor activity when placed into the same environment in which they had previously received electric foot shocks. Apomorphine-HCl (0.1 - 10 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent reduction of the conditioned suppression of activity, but did not increase activity in non-shocked mice. Diazepam (0.2, 1, and 5 mg/kg), meprobamate (25 and 50 mg/kg), and chlorpromazine-HCl (2 and 5 mg/kg) did not reduce conditioned suppression. Thus, the conditioned suppression caused by a quick conditioning technique does not produce similar results to those using the conditioned emotional response involving suppression of operant lever-pressing behavior. PMID- 6644535 TI - Inhibitory effects of unsaturated fatty acids of trans-2-C10:1 to trans-2-C16:1 several C18:n and C20:n on gastric secretion and experimental ulceration in rats. AB - Among various unsaturated fatty acids which were examined in this experiment, trans-2-tridecenoic acid was found to be a potent inhibitor on gastric secretion in rats (i.p. or i.d.). Therefore, the effects of trans-2-tridecenoic acid on several experimental ulcerations in rats were examined. At the dose of 10 mg/kg, trans-2-tridecenoic acid significantly decreased the ulcer index in pylorus ligated rats; aspirin-, phenylbutazone-, histamine- and stress-induced ulcerations were also significantly inhibited at the dose of 25 mg/kg. Finally, effects of trans-2-tridecenoic acid on hexosamine and sialic acid contents in the gastric mucous were examined. In intact or phenylbutazone-induced ulcerated rats, trans-2-tridecenoic acid increased the sialic acid levels in the gastric mucous at the dose of 25 mg/kg. The decreased hexosamine content in the gastric mucous by phenylbutazone treatment was recovered by the administration of trans-2 tridecenoic acid. PMID- 6644536 TI - Metabolism of dibucaine: isolation and identification of urinary basic metabolites in the rat, rabbit and man. AB - The metabolism of dibucaine was studied in the rat, rabbit and man. A total of ten basic metabolites other than dibucaine were detected in the urine samples of three species by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC), and structures of these metabolites were identified by comparison of the properties given by TLC, GC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with those of authentic compounds. Four of these metabolites were new metabolites which were found in the rabbit or human urine; two were identified as the 2', 3' dihydroxybutoxy product (M-6, diol) and its N-deethyl product (M-2), and others were identified as the 2'-hydroxyethoxy product (M-8, alcohol) and its N-deethyl product (M-3). One of the two hydroxyl groups on M-5 was at 6-position on the quinoline ring, while another was assumed to be at 3'-position on the O-alkyl side chain. There were apparent species differences with regard to the major metabolites found in each species; i.e. M-10 and M-5 in rat, M-6 and M-4 in rabbit, and M-8 and M-4 in man. Small amounts of the conjugated basic metabolites were observed in the urine of all three species. The new metabolic pathways to the diols (M-2 and M-6) or the alcohols (M-3 and M-8) were also discussed. PMID- 6644537 TI - Causal attributions, sanctions, and normal mood variations. AB - The causal-locus hypothesis (CLH) asserts that persons making internal attributions for failure and external attributions for success experience more negative postoutcome moods than persons making the opposite attributions. Three experiments assessed the CLH. Although outcomes consistently affected moods and attributions, attributions did not affect moods. Significant correlations consistent with the CLH were also infrequently obtained. Another theory, the sanctioned-object hypothesis (SOH), was proposed for understanding how causal attributions lead to mood changes. This hypothesis asserts that the application of positive or negative sanctions to objects in the perceptual field is a central determinant of mood and that attributions affect mood when their content and salience activate sanctioning processes. A fourth experiment evaluated the competing theories. The results supported the SOH but not the CLH. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding mood variations and the effects that moods have on the construction of attributions and for adopting methodological alternatives that may be valuable for future laboratory research studying mood variations. PMID- 6644538 TI - Component analysis of the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern in male and female college students. AB - Two studies investigated the psychological dimensions encompassed by the Rosenman Structured Interview (SI) method of assessing the Type A behavior pattern. In Study 1, female students completed the SI and Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS). Factor analysis of the verbal stylistic and answer content components of the SI yielded a 5-factor solution, with one factor--Clinical Rating--accounting for most nonerror variance in Type A ratings. The remaining factors were derived from answer content and correlated more substantially with JAS Type A ratings than with SI Type A ratings. In Study 2, male and female college students completed the SI and JAS and a battery of questionnaires that tap trait dimensions implied by the conceptual definition of Type A. For both males and females, SI ratings of Type A could almost be completely predicted by scores on the Clinical Rating factor. For both sexes, content dimensions of the SI related to other measures of Type A and to Type A-consistent traits, whereas the Clinical Rating factor was only modestly associated with such traits. Moreover, sex differences were observed in the trait constellations composing SI and JAS definitions of Type A. These results suggest that a discrepancy exists between conceptual and operational definitions of the Type A pattern. PMID- 6644539 TI - "Company motivates the miserable": the impact of consensus information on help seeking for psychological problems. AB - Based on an attribution theory analysis, it was predicted that normal individuals (people who do not evidence a particular target problem) would be least motivated to seek help for a psychological problem when they believe that the problem is actuarially common (i.e., high consensus). Based on an analysis of how target problem people evaluate their psychological problem, however, it was predicted that such individuals (unlike normal individuals) should be maximally motivated to seek help when they believe that the problem is common. To test these predictions, target problem and normal individuals (high vs. average test anxious females) were given feedback that they possessed a problem (test anxiety). Individuals were then told that their problem was either common, uncommon, or given no consensus information. As predicted, the higher consensus information led to the least help-seeking behavior for the normal individuals and to the most help-seeking behavior for the target problem individuals. PMID- 6644540 TI - A comment on Notarius, Wemple, Ingraham, Burns, and Kollar's study of emotional responses to an interpersonal stressor. PMID- 6644541 TI - Is hostility linked with affiliation among males and with achievement among females? A critique of Pollak and Gilligan. AB - This investigation attempted to replicate and to clarify methodologically an investigation by Pollak and Gilligan (1982). Those investigators reported sex differences in violence imagery to Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) pictures depicting affiliation and achievement situations. Pollak and Gilligan concluded that men perceive danger in situations of affiliation whereas women perceive danger in situations of achievement. It was demonstrated in the present study that Pollak and Gilligan incorrectly classified TAT cards into motivational categories, which may have resulted in incorrect inferences. In addition, their findings could not be replicated when using four different systems for classifying TAT cards into motivational categories. Other potential sources of error in their research, including a restrictive scoring scheme for hostility, unusual instructions, and failure to control for sex role in the TAT pictures, did not influence the pattern of results. PMID- 6644543 TI - [Pyridinol derivatives (4). Synthesis and pharmacological actions of 3,4-dihydro 2H-pyrido[3,2-b]-1,4-oxazine derivatives. (1)]. PMID- 6644542 TI - Predicting contraceptive behavior from attitudes: a comparison of within- versus across-subjects procedures. AB - Within- versus across-subjects procedures for predicting behavior from attitudes were contrasted. Each procedure requires a comparison among attitudes in order to generate a prediction; the comparison is either among the same attitudes held by different people (across subjects) or among different attitudes held by the same person (within subject). It was hypothesized that the within-subject model provides a more adequate explanation of behavior from attitudinal constructs and, hence, more accurate prediction of behavior from attitudes than does the across subjects model. To test this view, a sample of 349 married couples was administered a questionnaire containing measures of three attitudinal components- affect, cognition, and conation--toward each of four contraceptive methods--oral contraceptives, IUD, diaphragm, and condoms. Contraceptive behavior was assessed 1 year later. In support of the hypothesis, the within-subject predictions bore a significantly stronger relation to the behavioral criteria than did the across subjects predictions. This effect was consistent for each of the three components of attitude, for the prediction of behavior and behavioral intention, for male and female respondents, and for a variety of contraceptive behaviors. In addition, both the within- and the across-subjects analyses demonstrated a clear rank ordering in the predictive validity of the three attitudinal components: Conation was a better predictor of behavior than was affect, which, in turn, was better than cognition. PMID- 6644544 TI - [Constituents of Cistanchis herba (1)]. PMID- 6644545 TI - [Improvement in pharmacological properties of thiopental by gamma-cyclodextrin complexation]. PMID- 6644546 TI - [Biopharmaceutical studies of drugs (6). Effect of 2-bromo-isovalerylurea on serum concentrations of O-ethoxybenzamide and N-(beta-hydroxybutyryl)-p phenetidine in rabbits]. PMID- 6644547 TI - [Biopharmaceutical studies of drugs (7). Inhibitory effect of urea derivatives on de-ethylation of O-ethoxybenzamide and N-(beta-hydroxybutyryl)-p-phenetidine]. PMID- 6644549 TI - [Interactions by diltiazem (4). Relationship between first pass metabolism of various drugs and absorption enhancement by diltiazem]. PMID- 6644548 TI - [Interactions by diltiazem (3). Mechanism of enhancement of propranolol absorption by diltiazem]. PMID- 6644550 TI - [Plasma protein-furosemide binding in acute renal failure in rabbits]. PMID- 6644551 TI - Protein binding and hepatic clearance: studies with tolbutamide, a drug of low intrinsic clearance, in the isolated perfused rat liver preparation. AB - The influence of altered drug binding on the hepatic elimination of tolbutamide, a drug of low intrinsic clearance, and on the formation of its metabolite, hydroxytolbutamide, was examined under linear conditions at steady state in the isolated in situ single-pass perfused rat liver preparation, with perfusate flow fixed at 15 ml/min. The fraction of tulbutamide unbound in the perfusate was varied (from 0.06 to 1.0) by either varying the perfusate concentration of albumin or using albumin of different animal species. The intrinsic clearance of tolbutamide varied fourfold between preparations (0.08-0.36 ml/min/g liver). Within each preparation the data were normalized to observations with a perfusate containing no protein. Both the extraction ratio (and clearance) of tolbutamide and the fraction of tulbutamide appearing as hydroxytolbutamide in effluent perfusate, a measure of hepatic metabolism, were directly proportional to the fraction of tolbutamide unbound in the perfusate. PMID- 6644552 TI - Pharmacokinetic study of the fate of acetaminophen and its conjugates in rats. AB - Pharmacokinetic studies of the fate of acetaminophen and its major metabolites, acetaminophen sulfate (AS) and acetaminophen glucuronide (AG), were made in rats. The rates of conjugate formation were calculated by deconvolution. The Michaelis Menten equation gave maximum velocity and Michaelis constant (Km) values of 4.92 mumol/min/kg and 109 microM for AS formation, and 2.76 mumol/min/kg and 915 microM for AG formation. However, AG formation showed approximately first-order behavior in the present dose range because of its large Km value. The disposition of acetaminophen could be described by a two-compartment model with simultaneous first-order and Michaelis-Menten type elimination kinetics for AS formation. Curve fitting of the data based on this model was successfully done for doses of up to 1058 mumol/kg, suggesting that sulfation proceeds without depletion of sulfate in the blood at least up to this dose. The disposition of AS could be described by a two-compartment model and was apparently dose-independent over an 8-fold dose range. Although a slight dose dependence in the elimination of AG was suggested over a 16-fold dose range, for the purpose of the present study, it was assumed that the disposition of AG is approximately linear. The excretion of AS in the bile was negligibly small, whereas a considerable amount of AG was excreted into the bile. The results following intraduodenal injection of AS or AG indicated that AS or AG was hydrolyzed by the microflora and the liberated acetaminophen was reabsorbed, confirming enterohepatic circulation of the conjugates. This was consistent with the urinary metabolite excretion patterns observed after acetaminophen injection in normal and bile fistula rats. Based on the kinetic parameters obtained, the plasma concentrations of AS and AG after acetaminophen injection were simulated, and a fairly good agreement was obtained between calculated and observed values at the dose of 264.6 mumol/kg. Although the urinary metabolite excretion pattern differs from that of humans, the kinetic parameters obtained for rats were similar to those for humans in some respects, suggesting that the rat might be useful as a model animal to predict human data. PMID- 6644553 TI - Diffusion and flow transfer of theophylline across the blood-brain barrier: pharmacokinetic analysis. AB - Two possible schemes describing the transfer of theophylline across the blood brain barrier are investigated. The first, the "diffusion only model," assumes that the rate of transfer is proportional to the difference in free drug concentration in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The second, the "diffusion and flow model," has the added feature that drug may be transferred from the CSF to the blood by the continuous secretion of CSF into the blood. Comparison of the results of nonlinear regression for the two proposed schemes indicated that the "diffusion and flow" model best describes the transfer process. The analysis indicates that the parameters obtained for the "diffusion and flow" model are physiologically meaningful. PMID- 6644554 TI - The upper and lower bounds of rate constants for general mammillary compartment systems. AB - The upper and lower bounds of rate constants for general mammillary three and four compartment systems have been derived. It is further proposed that the midpoints of the bounds can be used as initial estimates for parameter estimation. Numerical examples are given demonstrating the closeness of the calculated midpoints to the "known" rate constants of both the three and four compartment systems. PMID- 6644555 TI - Evaluation of methods for estimating population pharmacokinetic parameters. III. Monoexponential model: routine clinical pharmacokinetic data. AB - Individual pharmacokinetic parameters quantify the pharmacokinetics of an individual, while population pharmacokinetic parameters quantify population mean kinetics, interindividual kinetic variability, and residual variability, including intraindividual variability and measurement error. Individual pharmacokinetics are estimated by fitting a pharmacokinetic model to individual data. Population pharmacokinetic parameters have traditionally been estimated by doing this separately for each individual, and then combining the individual parameter estimates, the Standard Two Stage (STS) approach. Another approach, NONMEM, appropriately pools data across individuals and is therefore less dependent on individual parameter estimates. This study provides further evidence of NONMEM's validity and usefulness by comparing both approaches on simulated routine-type pharmacokinetic data arising from a monoexponential model. The estimates of population parameters (notably those describing interindividual variability) provided by the STS method are poorer than those provided by NONMEM, especially when there is considerable residual error. Further, NONMEM's estimates of population parameters do not require that the data be restricted to special types of routine data such as those obtained only at steady state, or only at peak or trough, nor do the estimates improve with such data. NONMEM's estimates do improve, however, when a data set is enhanced by the addition of single observation-per-individual type data. Thus, population parameters can be estimated efficiently from data that simulate real clinical pharmacokinetic conditions. PMID- 6644556 TI - Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and biliary excretion of bromophenol blue in the rat. AB - Concentrations of bromophenol blue (I) in plasma, urine, and bile were determined spectrophotometrically after intravenous bolus injections and infusions in rats. The plasma concentrations were found to decrease monoexponentially after all doses except the highest, where the decrease was biexponential. Although the disposition kinetics of I were apparently first-order at all doses, the half-life increased with increasing dose. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-infinity) increased disproportionately with increasing dose. The binding of I to rat plasma proteins, as determined by equilibrium dialysis, showed that the fraction bound (96%) remained constant in the concentration range of 10-300 micrograms/ml. Plasma concentrations were determined at time zero after intravenous administration and after a second dose administered 20 min later when plasma concentrations from the first dose were minimal. The apparent first-order elimination rate constant for the plasma concentration decline following the second dose was significantly less than after the first dose, indicating that the residual dye in the liver altered the elimination of I after the second dose. The fraction of the dose in the liver decreased with increasing dose, indicating a saturable uptake process. The biliary excretion profile reflected the uptake saturation that occurred in the liver and demonstrated that the biliary excretion of I depended on the amount present in the liver. When liver damage was induced by exposure to carbon tetrachloride, dye concentrations in the plasma, liver, and kidney increased markedly. PMID- 6644557 TI - Influence of ionic strength on rectal absorption of gentamicin sulfate in the presence and absence of sodium salicylate. AB - The rectal absorption of gentamicin sulfate in rats, both in the presence and absence of sodium salicylate, was facilitated by the use of high ionic strength aqueous formulations. The relative order of effectiveness in promoting gentamicin absorption was sodium dihydrogen phosphate congruent to sodium chloride much greater than potassium chloride, indicating a preferential effect of sodium ions. The increased gentamicin bioavailability in response to sodium salicylate adjuvant activity appeared to be independent of and additive to the increased gentamicin absorption due to high ionic strength conditions. The inability of sorbitol to increase gentamicin bioavailability above control levels indicated that elevated osmotic pressure was not a major determinant of rectal gentamicin absorption. PMID- 6644558 TI - Effect of quinidine on digoxin distribution and elimination in guinea pigs. AB - The effect of quinidine on the distribution and elimination of digoxin was examined by comparing the change in the steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss), determined both from in vivo plasma elimination and tissue distribution and in vitro serum binding studies, with that in the total body clearance (CLtot) determined from biliary, renal, and metabolic clearances in guinea pigs. The plasma disappearance of digoxin after a 250-micrograms/kg iv dose followed a triexponential decline in both the control and quinidine-treated guinea pigs. In the quinidine-treated guinea pigs, the pharmacokinetic parameters Vdss and CLtot significantly decreased to approximately half of that for the control guinea pigs. The tissue-to-plasma partition coefficients (Kp) of all tissues studied, i.e. liver, heart, muscle, and brain, at 6 hr after bolus injection of digoxin decreased in the presence of quinidine. The serum free fraction and the plasma-to blood concentration ratio of digoxin in the therapeutic range did not show a significant alteration in the presence of quinidine. This suggested that the decrease of Kp is due mainly to the inhibition of tissue distribution of digoxin by quinidine. The biliary clearance (CLB) and renal clearance (CLR) also significantly decreased in the presence of quinidine. It was concluded that quinidine caused a inhibition of digoxin in the tissue binding or uptake, which significantly decreased the Kp values of digoxin; this result may explain the significant decrease of Vdss. Moreover quinidine may be the cause of a reduction of biliary, renal, and metabolic clearances, which significantly decrease the CLtot of digoxin. PMID- 6644559 TI - Pharmacokinetics of heparin V: in vivo and in vitro factors affecting the relationship between concentration and anticoagulant effect of heparin in rat plasma. AB - There are appreciable interindividual variations in rats of baseline activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and of the anticoagulant effect of heparin added to plasma (as reflected by the slope of the regression line describing the essentially linear relationship between ln APTT and heparin concentration). Determination of baseline APTT and slope value on two occasions, 7 days apart, in the same rats revealed that (unlike in humans) these characteristics were subject also to considerable intraindividual variation. To explore the possible reasons for the observed variability, the effect of citrate concentration (acid citrate solution is used as a blood anticoagulant in the collection of plasma), calcium concentration (in the recalcifying solution used to initiate coagulation), and plasma incubation time (for activating the coagulation system) was determined. All three variables had pronounced effects on the anticoagulant response to heparin. Since rat erythrocytes are almost totally impermeable to citrate, hematocrit is a determinant of plasma citrate concentration when acid citrate solution is added in constant proportion to rat blood. Accordingly, inter- and intraindividual differences in baseline APTT and slope values were measured in another experiment in which the citrate solution to plasma (rather than blood) volume ratio was held constant and blood samples were obtained 30 days apart to permit the return of hematocrit values to normal. Intraindividual variation of the coagulation characteristics was appreciably decreased under these conditions. There are important differences between rats and humans with respect to the effect of citrate concentration and plasma incubation time on baseline APTT and on the anticoagulant action of heparin, as well as with respect to the relationship between these two characteristics. PMID- 6644560 TI - Distribution and elimination of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles after subcutaneous administration to rats. AB - Poly(methyl [1-14C]methacrylate) nanoparticles were injected subcutaneously into rats. Almost all of the radioactivity stayed at the injection site. After an initial urinary and fecal excretion of approximately 1% of the administered dose per day, the rate of elimination dropped to a low level (approximately 0.005%/day via the feces and approximately 0.0005%/day via the urine) within 70 days. After 200 days, the fecal elimination increased exponentially until a greater than 100 fold increase was observed after 287 days in one rat. After this time, a tendency for an increase in fecal elimination was also observed in the other animals, and the radioactivity in all organs and tissue increased by approximately 100 times in all animals in comparison with the organ radioactivity determinations at earlier times. PMID- 6644561 TI - Solid-state decomposition of alkoxyfuroic acids in the presence of microcrystalline cellulose. AB - A solid-solid interaction between alkoxyfuroic acids and microcrystalline cellulose has been studied. The decomposition of the mixture differs from that of the drug(s) alone, in that carbon monoxide (not carbon dioxide) is the high temperature decomposition product. A model is proposed in which interaction occurs at contact points. A liquid decomposition product, dissolving part of the alkoxyfuroic acid (to the extent of its solubility) serves as a carrier, so that the number of contact points increases, thus accelerating the reaction. Both the main and ancillary parameters have calculated values that are consistent with the model. PMID- 6644562 TI - Studies on drug metabolism by use of isotopes XXVII: urinary metabolites of rutin in rats and the role of intestinal microflora in the metabolism of rutin. AB - Analysis of urinary metabolites of orally administered rutin (I) labeled with deuterium [( 2',5',6'-2H]rutin, rutin-d) was carried out by GLC-MS. In rat urine, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (III), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (IV), 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (V), 3,4-dihydroxytoluene (VI), and 3-(m hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (VIII) were identified as rutin metabolites and were differentiated from the corresponding endogeneous compounds. Unchanged I and quercetin (II) were not present in the urine. Rutin-d was injected intraperitoneally in rats, administered orally to neomycin-treated rats, and incubated in vitro with the intestinal contents of rats. The experiments suggested the involvement of intestinal microflora in the metabolism of orally administered I. PMID- 6644563 TI - Antitumor agents LXII: synthesis and biological evaluation of podophyllotoxin esters and related derivatives. AB - Synthetic esters of the C-4 hydroxyl group of podophyllotoxin (I) were prepared. In addition, esters were synthesized using the diol system of tetrahydropyranyl podophyllol (XV), produced by reducing the lactone ring of tetrahydropyranyl podophyllotoxin with lithium aluminum hydride. Six compounds, the acrylate (IV), 3,3-dimethyl acrylate (V), phenoxyacetate (IX), and ethyl adipate (XI) of I as well as podophyllol (XIV) and tetrahydropyranyl podophyllol dimesylate (XVIII), showed significant activity when tested using the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia screen at 3 mg/kg/day. None of the esters showed higher activity than that shown by the parent molecule I when tested at the same dosage level. PMID- 6644564 TI - Comparative assays for doxepin and desmethyldoxepin using high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance thin-layer chromatography. AB - Two chromatographic methods, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) were compared for sensitivity and reproducibility in the analysis of the tricyclic antidepressant doxepin and its metabolite, desmethyldoxepin, in plasma. The HPLC procedure yielded a better reproducibility, as reflected by the coefficient of variation, and a higher sensitivity, as reflected by the minimum detectable quantity. The application of these methods for therapeutic and subtherapeutic monitoring of plasma levels of the drug is described. PMID- 6644565 TI - Determinations of tiodazosin and levulinic acid from tablets by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Specific assays of tiodazosin and levulinic acid from tablet preparations were developed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Tiodazosin was determined with acetonitrile 50% (v/v) in pH 5.7 acetate buffer on a 300 X 3.9-mm i.d. microparticulate C-18 column using 254 nm detection with butylparaben as the internal standard. Levulinic acid was determined at 280 nm with 1 N acetic acid on a 300 X 3.9-mm i.d. microparticulate phenyl column using an external standard. The assays were run sequentially. The relative standard deviations of sample variability (2 sigma, n = 6) and recoveries from synthetic preparation were +/- 1.6 and approximately 95%, respectively, for both assays. PMID- 6644566 TI - General definition of valence delta-values for molecular connectivity. AB - The molecular connectivity valence delta-values have been defined in terms of the count of nonhydrogen valence electrons on a valence-state atom as screened from the nucleus by the core electrons. The core is defined as the nonvalence electrons minus 1. This general definition expresses the valence delta-values for second and third quantum level atoms and halogens. Valence delta-values have been derived for higher oxidation states of sulfur and phosphorus. The internal consistency of these delta-values is tested by their ability to closely correlate molar refraction values with 1 chi v. It is found that a second variable, the count of the number of alpha hydrogen atoms, greatly increases the quality of the correlation. Some biological SAR applications reveal the general utility of these findings. PMID- 6644567 TI - Maintenance-dose prediction based on a single determination of concentration: dose of parent drug required to give a desired steady-state concentration of metabolite. AB - A method for predicting the maintenance dose of parent drug required to give a desired steady-state concentration of metabolite, using a single determination of metabolite concentration in serum following the first dose of parent drug, is described. Clinical evidence that such a method is feasible for the drug metabolite pair imipramine-desipramine has been reported. The error inherent in an estimation of maintenance dose based on a single determination of metabolite concentration is a function of sampling time and the first-order elimination rate constants for parent drug and metabolite (K and km, respectively). The method is applicable to drug-metabolite pairs in general by selecting the sampling time (t*) to give minimum error: t* equal 1/km + 1.3/K, when km less than or equal to K, and t* equal 1/K + 1.3/km, when km greater than K (bars denote population mean value). The error expected to be encountered in the application of the method to specific drug-metabolite pairs can be analyzed by the graphical methods described. PMID- 6644568 TI - Bayesian approach to bioequivalence assessment: an example. AB - The statistical methods required for a Bayesian analysis of bioequivalence are outlined and numerically illustrated. The analysis consists of the calculation of the posterior probability, given the experimental results, that the ratio of true means of a new and a standard formulation of a drug with respect to some biological response lies in a given interval. Nomograms helpful for the calculation of these probabilities are provided. PMID- 6644569 TI - In vivo and in vitro release of macromolecules from polymeric drug delivery systems. AB - In vivo release rates of a macromolecule from an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer have been shown to be indistinguishable from those of identical implants tested in vitro. The studies were conducted for approximately 2 months, and two different techniques were used to assess release rates. One of these techniques, using [3H]inulin as a marker, may be particularly useful in future studies assessing in vivo release rates from drug delivery systems. The appearance of [3H]inulin in the urine of rats bearing implants allowed continuous monitoring of release. A histological evaluation of tissue sections surrounding polymer implanted for 7 months showed no inflammatory cell reaction. PMID- 6644570 TI - Mechanisms of potassium chloride release from compressed, hydrophilic, polymeric matrices: effect of entrapped air. AB - The release of potassium chloride from hydroxypropyl methylcellulose matrices was investigated for tablets prepared with several different compression forces. It was determined that the release kinetics for these systems deviates significantly from the classical t1/2 dependence. This behavior was attributed to air entrapped in the matrix during preparation. Removal of the air prior to release restored the traditional t1/2 behavior. PMID- 6644572 TI - Photostability of solid-state ubidecarenone at ordinary and elevated temperatures under exaggerated UV irradiation. AB - The photostability of ubidecarenone was investigated. Two irradiation apparatus, a grating monochromator and a high-pressure mercury vapor lamp, were employed at ordinary and elevated temperatures. Both physicochemical and chemical stabilities were significantly affected by irradiation wavelength, with UV light causing the greatest changes. The degree of degradation was a function of the light absorption properties of the substrate and markedly increased when the absorption became greater than 30%. The photolytic degradation followed apparent first-order kinetics at all wavelengths and was promoted with temperature elevation. The Arrhenius plot gave an activation energy in the solid state different from that in the liquid state. These activation energies linearly decreased with increasing intensity of UV light. PMID- 6644571 TI - Antihyperlipidemic activity of saccharin analogues in rodents. AB - Saccharin analogues were observed to be potent antihyperlipidemic agents at 20 mg/kg/day in rodents, significantly reducing both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both normal and atherogenic mice. The saccharin analogues suppressed in vitro and in vivo liver enzymatic activity of acetyl-CoA synthetase, citrate lyase, and mitochondrial citrate exchange leading to a reduction of available cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA, which is required for the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. Liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase, phosphatidate phosphohydralase, and glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase activities were markedly reduced by the saccharin analogues. Suppression of these enzymes would lead to a reduction of triglyceride synthesis. The saccharin analogues accelerated bile excretion of cholesterol metabolites and increased the fecal excretion of the cholesterol, triglycerides, neutral lipids, and phospholipids. The liver and plasma lipoprotein lipid content (including cholesterol, triglycerides, and neutral lipids) was markedly reduced by the saccharin analogues, whereas phospholipid content was elevated. The reduction of lipid content of serum chylomicron, very low-density, low-density, and high density lipoprotein fractions by the saccharin analogues indicates that these agents may be useful in controlling hyperlipidemic diseases where specific lipoprotein fractions are elevated. PMID- 6644573 TI - Determination of busulfan in plasma by GC-MS with selected-ion monitoring. AB - A GC-MS technique with selected-ion monitoring is described for the determination of busulfan in plasma. Busulfan is extracted from plasma with methylene chloride and converted to 1,4-diiodobutane. Analysis by GC-MS with selected-ion monitoring (m/z 183) gave a relative standard deviation of +/- 4.3% (n = 5) at the 10-ng/ml level. PMID- 6644574 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of cyproheptadine hydrochloride in tablet formulations. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described which determines cyproheptadine hydrochloride in tablet formulations. Tablets were dissolved in water-acetonitrile (50:50) and analyzed using an octadecylsilane column with a mobile phase of 85% acetonitrile and 15% of an aqueous solution of 0.01 M 1 octanesulfonic acid, 0.5% triethylamine, and 1% acetic acid using UV absorbance detection at 280 nm. PMID- 6644575 TI - Synthesis and anticonvulsant testing of 4-phenylsemicarbazides. AB - A series of compounds based on the semicarbazide structure have been synthesized. Anticonvulsant activity was found in a majority of the compounds using both the maximal electroshock seizure and the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold tests. Activity of the compounds was weaker than the 1,1,2 trisubstituted semicarbazides previously reported. PMID- 6644576 TI - Investigation of the beta-cyclodextrin-hydrocortisone inclusion compound. AB - The formation of an inclusion compound by beta-cyclodextrin with hydrocortisone has been studied by proton magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and phase solubility analysis. The magnitude of the chemical shifts of the interior and exterior beta cyclodextrin protons in the presence of hydrocortisone indicated that hydrocortisone is included within the beta-cyclodextrin cavity and probably interacts with protons on the edge of the torus. The overall stoichiometry of the inclusion compound was not a single, simple relationship, but was unusual in that it was variable and apparently dependent on the relative amounts of hydrocortisone and beta-cyclodextrin in the system. PMID- 6644578 TI - Nonparametric pharmacokinetic calculations: one-compartment open model. AB - A nonparametric method suitable for estimation of parameters in nonlinear problems was developed for one-compartment pharmacokinetic data. The method was tested by running 500 simulations with various types of error and comparing the results with a standard nonlinear regression computation. The nonparametric method was superior to nonlinear regression techniques if the assumptions for the error structure of the regression were not true. PMID- 6644577 TI - Metabolism of cathinone to d-norpseudoephedrine in humans. AB - Cathinone, a potent psychostimulant isolated from young shoots of Catha edulis was given to four human volunteers. Examination of urine collected from the volunteers at predetermined intervals showed the presence of unchanged cathinone, d-norpseudoephedrine, and two unidentified basic substances. The observed biotransformation of cathinone to the less potent psychostimulant, d norpseudoephedrine involves reduction of a ketone group to alcohol, a common metabolic pathway in humans. PMID- 6644579 TI - Comparison of UV and fluorescence spectrophotometry for the quantification of a potent myotonia inducer: anthracene-9-carboxylic acid, in plasma, urine, and saline perfusion fluids. AB - UV and fluorescence spectrophotometry were used to establish the analytical profile of a potent myotonia inducer, anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (I). UV spectrophotometry is useful for the determination of I when it is dissolved in physiological solutions (Ringer's, Tyrode's, etc). In these fluids there is a linear relationship between UV absorption and I concentration between 500 and 2000 ng/ml (2.25-9.0 X 10(-6)M). However, in biological fluids there are interferences in the UV absorption due to organic substances. On the other hand, fluorescence spectrophotometry is more sensitive than UV for determinations in plasma and urine. Within the range of 200-1000 ng/ml (0.9-4.5 X 10(-6) M) fluorescence intensity increases linearly with concentration. Furthermore, when both emission and excitation spectra are combined there are no interferences due to organic substances normally present in those fluids. An extraction procedure of I from plasma and urine is also described, and the importance of I determinations in relation to the problem of this myotonia-inducing aromatic monocarboxylic acid is discussed. PMID- 6644580 TI - Determination of azobenzene and hydrazobenzene in phenylbutazone and sulfinpyrazone products by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of azobenzene and hydrazobenzene in phenylbutazone and sulfinpyrazone raw materials and formulations. The drug raw material or formulation is shaken with 1N NaOH and n-hexane and centrifuged. The n-hexane layer is injected into a chromatograph equipped with a 10-micron cyano-amino bonded phase column. Azobenzene and hydrazobenzene are detected at 313 and 254 nm, respectively; the sensitivities are approximately 1 and 2 ppm, respectively, in the raw materials and formulations. PMID- 6644581 TI - Arylidenepyruvic acid thiosemicarbazone and thiazoline derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents. AB - Two novel series of arylidenepyruvic acid thiosemicarbazone and thiazoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as potential antimicrobial agents. These substances did not exhibit any significant antibacterial effects when tested against a variety of microorganisms. PMID- 6644582 TI - Models of hepatic drug elimination. PMID- 6644583 TI - Hepatic extraction of free fatty acids in pregnant and nonpregnant female rats. PMID- 6644584 TI - Albumin binding and hepatic uptake: the importance of model selection. PMID- 6644585 TI - Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for beta-lactam antibiotics I: Tissue distribution and elimination in rats. AB - The disposition characteristics of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats were investigated, and a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model capable of predicting the tissue distribution and elimination kinetics of these drugs was developed. Protein-binding parameters in rat serum were determined by equilibrium dialysis. Linear binding was found for penicillin G, methicillin, dicloxacillin, and ampicillin; however, nonlinear binding was observed for penicillin V and cefazolin. After intravenous bolus dosing, cefazolin was recovered almost completely in urine and bile, while for the penicillins, penicilloic acid was found to be the major metabolite. Biliary excretion of cefazolin followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and no significant inhibition of urinary secretion was observed after probenecid administration. The renal clearance of unbound drug was 0.82 ml/min with a reabsorption ratio (R) of 0.22. Tubular secretion was inhibited for the penicillins by probenecid plasma concentrations of 50 micrograms/ml, resulting in an R-value of 0.32. Erythrocyte uptake, serum protein binding, and tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp) were measured. Theoretical Kp values were calculated and found to be in good agreement with the Kp values for three of the antibiotics. Plasma and tissue concentrations (lung, heart, muscle, skin, gut, bone, liver, and kidney) were measured as a function of time at various doses for inulin and cefazolin in rats after an intravenous bolus dose, and were found to be in reasonable agreement with concentrations predicted by the model. These correlations demonstrate that the proposed model can accurately describe the plasma and tissue contributions of inulin and cefazolin in the rat and suggest that this model could have utility in predicting drug distribution in humans. PMID- 6644586 TI - Subnanogram quantitation of chlorpromazine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - A specific and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the quantitative determination of subnanogram levels of chlorpromazine in plasma is described. Following extraction of chlorpromazine and the internal standard, prochlorperazine, HPLC analysis is carried out on a cyano column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.1 M ammonium acetate in acetonitrile (10:90 v/v). The use of oxidative thin-layer amperometric detection allowed the quantitation of 0.25 ng of chlorpromazine/ml of plasma with a coefficient of variation of 5.1%. The HPLC method has adequate sensitivity to follow plasma concentration time profiles up to 24 hr following low single oral doses of chlorpromazine in healthy volunteers. PMID- 6644587 TI - Maintenance-dose prediction based on a single determination of concentration: general applicability to two-compartment drugs with reference to lithium. AB - A general approach to the selection of the maintenance dose (Dm) required to give a desired steady-state concentration of drug based on a single determination of concentration after a test dose (C*) is extended to drugs with two-compartment pharmacokinetic characteristics. Using the equation developed, the value of the proportionality factor relating 1/Dm to C was found to be within 3.2% of the value calculated from a published nomogram for lithium. The inherent error is shown to be a function of the value of the hybrid rate constants alpha and beta, as well as the value of an intercompartmental transfer rate constant, k21, in an individual. PMID- 6644589 TI - Demethylation of imipramine by enteric bacteria. AB - The ability of a number of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria to N-demethylate imipramine (I) to desipramine (II) has been investigated. Of the bacteria investigated, almost half were known inhabitants of the human GI tract. More than half of the enteric bacteria studied were capable of N-demethylating imipramine (I) to desipramine (II) to some extent in at least one medium. It was found that the medium in which the organism was grown had a significant effect on the N demethylase activity observed. PMID- 6644588 TI - Plant anticancer agents XXVII: Antileukemic and cytotoxic constituents of Dirca occidentalis (Thymelaeaceae). AB - Two antileukemic daphnane esters, Pimelea factor P2 (I) and the new compound dircin (II), were isolated from the twigs and flowers of Dirca occidentalis A. Gray (Thymelaeaceae). Three lignans, (-)-medioresinol (III), (+)-syringaresinol (IV), and (-)-lariciresinol (V), as well as the coumarin daphnoretin (VI), were found to be additional cytotoxic constitents of this taxon. PMID- 6644590 TI - Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents XXII: Conversion of bouvardin to O-desmethylbouvardin and bouvardin catechol. AB - Bouvardin is a cyclic hexapeptide antitumor agent which undergoes two major microbial transformation reactions. Screening with 220 cultures revealed 17 different strains capable of producing O-desmethylbouvardin in good yield. O Desmethylbouvardin was isolated and characterized from preparative scale incubations with Streptomyces rutgersensis NRRL B-1256. Four aspergilli and one streptomycete formed bouvardin catechol when O-desmethylbouvardin was used as substrate. Bouvardin catechol was isolated and characterized from a preparative scale incubation with Aspergillus ochraceous UI 398. PMID- 6644591 TI - Prodrugs as drug delivery systems XXV: Hydrolysis of oxazolidines--a potential new prodrug type. AB - The hydrolysis kinetics of several oxazolidines derived from (-)-ephedrine and various aldehydes and ketones were studied to assess their suitability as prodrug forms for beta-amino alcohols and/or carbonyl-containing compounds. The oxazolidines were found to undergo a facile and complete hydrolysis in the pH range of 1-11 at 37 degrees. The hydrolysis rates were subject to general acid base catalysis by buffer substances and depended strongly on pH. Most oxazolidines showed sigmoidal pH-rate profiles with maximum rates at pH greater than 7-7.5. At pH 7.40 and 37 degrees the following half-lives of hydrolysis for the various ephedrine oxazolidines were found: 5 sec (formaldehyde), 18 sec (propionaldehyde), 5 min (benzaldehyde), 5 sec (salicylaldehyde), 30 min (pivalaldehyde), 4 min (acetone), and 6 min (cyclohexanone). The reaction rates in neutral and basic solutions were shown to decrease with increasing steric effects of the substituents derived from the carbonyl component and to decrease with increasing basicity of the oxazolidines. The oxazolidines are weaker bases (pKa 5.2-6.9) than the parent beta-amino alcohol and more lipophilic at physiological pH. It is suggested that oxazolidines can be considered as potentially useful prodrug candidates for drugs containing a beta-amino alcohol moiety or carbonyl groups. PMID- 6644592 TI - Determinants of bumetanide response in the dog: effect of indomethacin. AB - Four male unanesthetized dogs each weighing 22.0-29.0 kg received 0.250 mg/kg iv of bumetanide before (treatment I) and after (treatment II) indomethacin pretreatment. Lactated Ringer's solution was administered intravenously throughout both treatments at a flow rate of 2 ml/min to avoid fluid and electrolyte depletion. Unchanged bumetanide and indomethacin concentrations were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Sodium was measured by flame photometry and creatinine by colorimetry. Indomethacin pretreatment did not significantly change the pharmacokinetics of bumetanide, affecting neither the total amount of drug nor time course of drug delivered into the urine. In contrast, indomethacin pretreatment resulted in a dramatic reduction in the 4-hr sodium excretion and urine volume. Therefore, a pharmacokinetic interaction may be eliminated as a possible mechanism for the attenuation, by indomethacin, of the natriuretic and diuretic response of bumetanide. Instead, it appears that indomethacin diminishes the response to bumetanide via prostaglandin inhibition. PMID- 6644593 TI - Contamination of injectable solutions with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole leached from rubber closures. AB - An impurity, discovered in a sample of digoxin injectable solution commercially packaged in a syringe for single-dose delivery, was found to originate from the rubber closure of the syringe and was identified as 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, a common accelerator for rubber vulcanization. Several similarly packaged injectable solutions of a variety of drugs from various manufacturers were examined and over half contained 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. The compound was identified by UV spectrophotometry (including a pH-dependent shift in its absorbance maximum), by mass spectrometry, and by comparison with standard 2 mercaptobenzothiazole using silica gel and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The presence of this impurity in injectable solutions may have implications with regard to toxicity and may interfere with the assay of digoxin injectable solution by HPLC. PMID- 6644594 TI - Plasmolysis, red blood cell partitioning, and plasma protein binding of etofibrate, clofibrate, and their degradation products. AB - Etofibrate (I), the ethylene glycol diester of clofibric and nicotinic acids, degrades almost equally through both half-esters with half-lives of approximately 10 and 1 min in fresh dog and human plasma, respectively. The nicotinate V degrades with half-lives of approximately 12 hr and 50 min in fresh dog and human plasma, respectively. Ester III and clofibrate VI degrade by saturable Michaelis Menten kinetics in fresh human plasma, with similar maximum initial rates and respective terminal first-order half-lives of 12 and 26 min. Tetraethyl pyrophosphate at 100 micrograms/ml inhibited human plasma and red blood cell esterases permitting plasma protein binding and red blood cell partitioning studies. The red blood cell-plasma water partition coefficient was 5.4 for 0.2-80 micrograms/ml of I. Clofibrate (VI) showed a saturable erythrocyte partitioning that decreased from 7.8 (10 micrograms/ml) to 1 (50 micrograms/ml). The strong binding of I and VI to ultrafiltration membranes necessitated the determination of their plasma protein binding by the method of variable plasma concentrations of erythrocyte suspensions to give 96.6% (0.2-80 micrograms/ml) and 98.2% (13.6 108.4 micrograms/ml) binding, respectively. Methods for the determination of the parameters of saturable and nonsaturable plasma protein binding for unstable and membrane-binding drugs by the method of variable plasma concentrations in partitioning erythrocyte suspensions are presented. PMID- 6644595 TI - In vivo release of norethindrone coupled to a biodegradable poly(alpha-amino acid) drug delivery system. AB - The in vivo release of norethindrone from a biodegradable steroid-polymer conjugate was studied in rats. The drug-polymer conjugate, consisting of [3H]norethindrone coupled via a 17-carbonate bond to poly-N5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-L glutamine was administered to female rats by subcutaneous injection. The in vivo release of steroid, determined by measuring the daily radioactivity output in urine and feces, was fairly constant though it showed a gradual decrease during the 9-month study period. The data indicate that this biodegradable norethindrone polymer conjugate is a potential candidate for the controlled delivery of norethindrone to effect long-term contraception. PMID- 6644596 TI - Comparative study of topological and linear free energy-related parameters for the prediction of GC retention indices. AB - The different molecular connectivity indices were considered as to their capacity for describing GC retention indices of a data set consisting of molecules of different chemical families. 1 kappa describes best the chromatographic behavior on nonpolar stationary phases, whereas 3 kappa p in combination with an electronic parameter (sigma) yields the best results when using the polar stationary phases. PMID- 6644597 TI - Stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for oxazepam tablets and capsules. AB - A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for oxazepam in capsules and tablets was developed. The material was extracted with 2% aqueous methanol and chromatographed on a C18 reverse-phase column, which was eluted with methanol-water-acetic acid (60:40:1). A wavelength of 254 was used for detection. This assay separated oxazepam from all degradation products mentioned in the literature or observed in stress-degraded samples. Degradation products could be detected at the 0.1% level. Degradation of oxazepam to 6-chloro 4-phenyl-2-quinazolinecarboxaldehyde and 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone was observed after either acid or base treatment. Acidic conditions also afforded 2' benzoyl-4'-chloroglyoxanilide and 6-chloro-4-phenyl-2(1H)-quinazolinone. PMID- 6644598 TI - Complex formation between alpha-cyclodextrin and 4-substituted phenols studied by potentiometric and competitive spectrophotometric methods. AB - Stability constants for complex formation between alpha-cyclodextrin and the conjugate acid and base forms of nine phenols were measured in aqueous solution at 25 degrees. The potentiometric method, in which the apparent acid dissociation constant of the phenol is measured as a function of cyclodextrin concentration, was supplemented by a modified version of a competitive spectrophotometric methyl orange method. For all phenols, the 1:1 stability constant for the conjugate base form (K11b) was larger than K11a for the conjugate acid form. Finite K12b values were found for phenols whose 4-substituents could tolerate a positive charge by electron delocalization. Complex stability, as measured by K11a and K11b, increases with electron density and polarizability at the 4-substituent. It is concluded that the 4-substituent is the sole or predominant site of binding for both the conjugate acid and base forms of the phenols. The general result that K11b is greater than K11a for any phenol is accounted for by relative delocalization of charge in the anion and neutral species. PMID- 6644600 TI - Capillary GLC assay for carbinoxamine and hydrocodone in human serum using nitrogen-sensitive detection. AB - Capillary gas chromatography using an open tubular fused silica column and NP-FID was applied to the simultaneous analysis of the antihistamine, carbinoxamine, and the antitussive, hydrocodone, in human serum. Carbinoxamine and hydrocodone were extracted into methylene chloride-2-propanol (9:1) under alkaline conditions along with their respective internal standards, brompheniramine and N ethylhydrocodone. The basic drugs were back-extracted into 0.1 N sulfuric acid and reextracted into benzene after making the aqueous phase alkaline with potassium hydroxide. The benzene extracts were evaporated to dryness and the residues were reconstituted with 40 microliter of n-nonyl alcohol-methanol (19:1). Samples (1-2 microliter) were injected onto the capillary column in the splitless mode (solvent effect) at 185 degrees and the temperature programmed to 250 degrees. Calibration curves using spiked serum standards were linear to at least 20 ng/ml for both drugs. Coefficients of variation averaged +/- 6.1% for carbinoxamine and +/- 5.0% for hydrocodone in the 2-15 ng/ml range. Sensitivity was estimated to be approximately 0.2 ng/ml for a 2-ml serum sample. Serum levels of carbinoxamine and hydrocodone were determined in a human volunteer administered these drugs. PMID- 6644599 TI - Improvement of the oral bioavailability of digitalis glycosides by cyclodextrin complexation. AB - Inclusion complexes of the digitalis glycosides digitoxin, digoxin, and methyl digoxin with three cyclodextrins (alpha-, beta-, gamma-homologues) in water and in the solid state were studied by a solubility method, IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. Solid complexes (in a molar ratio of 1:4) of the digitalis glycosides with gamma-cyclodextrin were prepared and their in vivo absorption examined. The rapidly dissolving form of the gamma-cyclodextrin complex significantly increased plasma levels of digoxin (approximately 5.4-fold) after oral administration to dogs. PMID- 6644602 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic stability-indicating assay for naphazoline and tetrahydrozoline in ophthalmic preparations. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis for tetrahydrozoline and naphazoline in ophthalmic solutions is presented. The analysis allows a more reproducible, direct stability-indicating assay than the colorimetric methods generally employed. The HPLC system is so designed that a variety of ophthalmic solutions containing either naphazoline or tetrahydrozoline can be analyzed concomitantly. PMID- 6644601 TI - Hypolipidemic activity of phthalimide derivatives IV: Further chemical modification and investigation of the hypolipidemic activity of N-substituted imides. AB - A further investigation of N-substituted derivatives of phthalimide for hypolipidemic activity has revealed that the chain length, as well as the type of substitution on the N-alkyl chain of phthalimide is critical for biological activity. In these studies the hypolipidemic activity was not improved by extending the chain length beyond five carbon atoms in the alkyl and alkanoic acid series. Imido nitrogen substituents, other than alkanoic acids, methyl ketones, and alkyl groups, caused a reduction in hypolipidemic activity, e.g., hydroxy, amino, hydroxymethyl, or carbethoxy. Reduction of the keto group in the side chain to an alcohol, as well as forming derivatives of the keto group, did not improve the hypolipidemic activity with the exception of 1-N-phthalimidobutan 3-one semicarbazone. This compound demonstrated improved hypocholesterolemic activity over phthalimide and 1-N-phthalimidobutan-3-one. Substitution of the 3 position of the aromatic moiety of phthalimide with an amino or nitro group, as well as substituting a pyridine or cyclohexyl ring for the phenyl ring, led to the loss of hypolipidemic activity. PMID- 6644603 TI - Stability-indicating assay, dissolution, and content uniformity of sodium levothyroxine in tablets. AB - A reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determining sodium levothyroxine in tablet formulations is described. The sodium levothyroxine was extracted from tablets using a mobile phase consisting of 60% acetonitrile and 40% aqueous buffer. After centrifugation 200 microliter of the solution was chromatographed on a 10-micron C18 column. The method gave accurate results when tested against the USP method, by the standard additions method, and by the spiked-placebo method. The method can also be used to determine content uniformity and dissolution of sodium levothyroxine tablets. PMID- 6644604 TI - In vivo evaluation of the Michaelis-Menten constant for a medium extraction ratio drug: application to cinromide in the rhesus monkey. AB - The dose-dependent nonlinearity of the clearance of cinromide, a medium extraction ratio drug, has been established in two monkeys. Special problems encountered in evaluation of nonlinearity of such drugs were resolved by the experimental design: cinromide was infused to steady state via the portal vein. A linearized form of the Michaelis-Menten equation was used to determine Vmax and Km. In addition, cinromide was administered to one of the monkeys via a femoral vein to verify the overestimation of Km by administration at a peripheral venous site. PMID- 6644605 TI - Tick repellents II: N-substituted azacyclopentanones and azacyclopentenones. AB - Several N-substituted azacyclopentanones and azacyclopentenones were synthesized and evaluated as repellents for the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Several of these compounds were more effective in our test system than were the standard repellents, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide and butopyranoxyl. PMID- 6644606 TI - Synthesis and antileukemic activity of 2-(2-methylthio-2-aminovinyl)-1 methylquinolinium iodides. AB - Reaction of 2-bis(2-methylthio)vinyl-1-methylquinolinium iodide with several heterocyclic aliphatic amines at 30-70 degrees resulted in replacement of one methylthio group to give the title compounds. Reaction with pyrrolidine gave an unidentified product lacking sulfur. Antileukemic screening against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia showed positive activity only with the 6-methyl-morpholino derivative, whereas the 6-unsubstituted morpholino derivative was inactive. This result is in contrast to previous testing results with the 2-bis(2 methylthio)vinyl compounds where both 6-substituted and 6-unsubstituted derivatives showed activity. PMID- 6644607 TI - Quantitative analysis of ethchlorvynol in a capsule dosage form by NMR spectroscopy. AB - A quantitative 1H-NMR procedure is described for measuring ethchlorvynol in capsules. Deuterochloroform is used as the solvent, and hexamethylenetetramine as the internal standard; the analysis is based on the comparison of the area of the AB peak system of ethchlorvynol with the area of the hexamethylenetetramine singlet. The 1H-NMR method yields results that are precise to within 1% and agree well with results of the more cumbersome and less specific USP titrimetric procedure. PMID- 6644608 TI - 2,3-dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one O-carbamoyloximes, a series of gastric antisecretory agents. AB - A series of 2,3-dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one O-carbamoyloximes were synthesized and evaluated for gastric antisecretory activity in a pylorus-ligated rat model. Various substituents in the 6-position did not afford any compounds more active than I. PMID- 6644609 TI - Effect of nutrient depletion on the sensitivity of Pseudomonas cepacia to antimicrobial agents. AB - Pseudomonas cepacia depleted of various nutrients showed marked variation in sensitivity to cetrimide, chlorhexidine, and benzalkonium chloride. In all cases cells depleted of magnesium were the most resistant. It is proposed that these observations may be due to alterations of the envelope of P. cepacia in response to changes in the growth environment. This may have profound implications for investigations of the resistance of this organism both in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 6644610 TI - Mean hepatic transit time in the determination of mean absorption time. PMID- 6644611 TI - Errors in estimating the unbound fraction of drugs due to the volume shift in equilibrium dialysis. PMID- 6644612 TI - Immediate changes in ventilation and respiratory pattern associated with onset and cessation of locomotion in the cat. AB - In high decerebrate unanaesthetized cats (pre-collicular/pre-mamillary) which developed spontaneous co-ordinated locomotor activity, ventilation, breathing pattern, phrenic nerve, external and internal intercostal electromyogram (e.m.g.) activities were examined. Locomotion was also induced by electrical stimulation of the subthalamic locomotor region and in a few cases the mesencephalic locomotor region. Quadriceps muscle e.m.g. was used to monitor locomotor activity. Spontaneous locomotor activity was associated with an immediate increase in ventilation and shift of the ventilatory CO2 response curve to the left. Tidal volume was smaller and respiratory rate larger at any given level of ventilation during spontaneous locomotion. Increases in respiratory rate were due to reductions in both inspiratory and expiratory duration. Upon cessation of locomotion, these changes abruptly returned to control values. Within the first one or two walking steps of spontaneous locomotor activity, the rate of rise of phrenic activity increased slightly while peak phrenic activity remained relatively constant; peak internal intercostal activity increased markedly while peak external intercostal activity decreased. Similar changes in ventilation, phrenic, external and internal intercostal activities were observed in association with locomotion induced by stimulation within the subthalamic or mesencephalic locomotor regions. In contrast to spontaneous locomotor activity, however, increases in both external and internal intercostal activities were often observed. Peak amplitudes of both external and internal intercostal activities increased linearly with increasing levels of end-tidal PCO2 during rest and during locomotion. However, at any given level of PCO2 peak external intercostal activity was smaller and peak internal intercostal activity larger during locomotion than at rest. With increasing peak quadriceps e.m.g. activity at a constant walking rate, external intercostal activity was progressively inhibited while internal intercostal activity was progressively enhanced. No consistent change in peak phrenic activity was observed with changes in peak quadriceps activity. With increasing walking rate at a constant peak quadriceps e.m.g., peak phrenic and peak internal intercostal activities progressively increased and peak amplitude of external intercostal activity (which was inhibited below the activity observed at rest) also progressively increased. The virtually simultaneous changes in quadriceps activity and respiratory motor activities suggest that the increase in ventilation at exercise onset is neurally mediated. Furthermore, these results suggest that the motor pathways to both the spinal locomotor pattern generators and the pattern-controlling mechanisms for respiration are driven in parallel to provide a quantitative relationship between respiratory motor output and locomotor activity. The functional significance of the alterations in respiratory pattern and participation of the different respiratory muscles is discussed. PMID- 6644613 TI - Sodium metabolism in rat resistance vessels. AB - Using 22Na we have investigated the Na metabolism in rat mesenteric resistance vessels (internal diameter about 200 micron). The intracellular Na content was determined by washing the vessels at 0 degrees C in saline with Li substituted for Na, and was related to smooth muscle volume determined from measurements of media thickness and internal diameter using light microscopy. On this basis an internal Na concentration of 13.7 mmol l-1 cells was found. The efflux of Na into saline at 37 degrees C consists of two phases, a fast one and a slow one, where the slow phase was considered to be intracellular. It had a rate constant of 0.137 min-1, which was decreased by 50% if 1 mM-ouabain was added to or K withdrawn from the efflux medium. The gain of cell Na after addition of 1 mM ouabain was much faster than would be expected from the decrease in efflux, indicating that 1 mM-ouabain increases the permeability to Na. PMID- 6644615 TI - Amplitude fluctuations in synaptic potentials evoked in cat spinal motoneurones at identified group Ia synapses. AB - Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) were evoked in spinal motoneurones (of anaesthetized cats) by impulses in single group Ia axons. The morphological details of the Ia axon-motoneurone connexion involved in generating each e.p.s.p. were subsequently reconstructed, as described by Redman & Walmsley (1983). The fluctuation pattern of the peak amplitude of each e.p.s.p. was determined using a deconvolution method, taking into account the recording noise. Four e.p.s.p.s were analysed. One did not fluctuate in amplitude; the others fluctuated between discrete amplitudes which were separated by quantal increments. The number of increments which must be added to produce the largest peak amplitude of each e.p.s.p. was always less than, or equal to, the number of synaptic boutons in the connexion at which the e.p.s.p. was generated. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that transmission occurs in an all-or none manner at each synaptic bouton. Different boutons in the termination of a Ia axon with a motoneurone have different probabilities of releasing transmitter, and this probability is sometimes zero at low stimulation rates. The results support the idea that the discrete amplitudes of an evoked e.p.s.p. result from intermittent transmission, in an all-or-none manner, at some or all of the boutons in the termination. PMID- 6644614 TI - The time course of synaptic potentials evoked in cat spinal motoneurones at identified group Ia synapses. AB - Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (e.p.s.p.s) were evoked in motoneurones by impulses in single group Ia axons. After recording the e.p.s.p., the motoneurone and the group Ia axon were injected with horseradish peroxidase. The morphological details of the connexion formed by each group Ia axon with a motoneurone were subsequently reconstructed. Four Ia axon-motoneurone pairs were obtained. The electrotonic distance from the soma to each synaptic bouton in the connexion was calculated. The electrotonic lengths of those dendrites on which synaptic connexions were found were also calculated. The shape indices of each recorded e.p.s.p. and the standard cable model of the motoneurone were used to calculate the electrotonic distance from the soma to the point on the equivalent dendritic cable at which the e.p.s.p. originated. This distance was compared with the distance obtained from the reconstruction of the synaptic connexion at which the e.p.s.p. was generated. For two of the four connexions, the locations calculated by both methods agreed to within 0.1 lambda. Similar agreement could only be obtained for the other two connexions if synaptic transmission did not occur at some of the boutons in the termination. Evidence that some boutons were not involved in transmission is presented in the following paper (Redman & Walmsley, 1983). PMID- 6644616 TI - Post-natal development of the cerebello-cerebral projection in kittens. AB - Post-natal development of the cerebello-cerebral response was investigated in 126 kittens from birth to 142 days of age by analysis of laminar field potentials in the cerebral cortex; the thalamocortical projection mediating the cerebello cerebral response was examined on four new-born and three one-month-old kittens by means of anterograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. A marked response was evoked in the frontal motor cortex from birth and an appreciable response could be evoked in the parietal association cortex at 2 days after birth. The latency of response in the frontal cortex decreased sharply from birth till 3 weeks of age whereas that in the parietal cortex remained almost unchanged until 2 weeks of age. Maturation of the cerebello-cerebral projection, in every respect, proceeds earlier in the frontal cortex than in the parietal cortex. The cerebello-cerebral response in kittens at any age, like in adult cats, consisted of two types of elementary responses: one which is characterized by a surface positive-depth negative (s.p.-d.n.) wave and the other which is characterized by a surface negative-depth positive (s.n.-d.p.) wave. The response in the frontal cortex was a sequential occurrence of the two waves while the responses in the parietal cortex was a pure form of the s.n.-d.p. wave. Two types of thalamocortical projections corresponding to the two types of elementary responses were revealed: one is the projection mainly onto layer I which appears to mediate the s.n.-d.p. wave and the other is the projection mainly onto layer III which appears to mediate the s.p.-d.n. wave. Development of the cerebello cerebral response and changes in the terminal distribution of the thalamocortical projection during maturation are consistent with the principle of ontogenesis of the mammalian neocortical organization, i.e. ascending sequential maturation. PMID- 6644617 TI - Sodium/calcium exchange in mammalian ventricular muscle: a study with sodium sensitive micro-electrodes. AB - A method for mounting and rapidly perfusing small ventricular trabeculae (diameter around 250 micron) from either ferret or guinea-pig is described. Tension, membrane potential (Em) and intracellular Na activity (aiNa) were measured. aiNa was measured using Na-sensitive micro-electrodes. At room temperature (22-26 degrees C), [Na]o 155 mmol/l and [Ca]o 5.4 mmol/l, aiNa was 10.9 mmol/l +/- S.D. 4.2 mmol/l (n = 148). When [Na]o was reduced from 155 to 1.5 mmol/l contractures developed. These were about twitch height in guinea-pig but less than the twitch height in ferret. Associated with the development of the contracture there was a decrease in aiNa. The aiNa halved within 30 s. The decrease in aiNa was not influenced by changing pHo from 7.4 to 9.5, K-free solution or strophanthidin 50 mumol/l and was not passive since, even when the [Na]o was 1.5 mmol/l, the driving force for Na ions remained inward. The aiNa decreased if [Ca]o was increased and [Na]o decreased or vice versa. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that the decrease in aiNa is mainly due to Na/Ca exchange. Despite the large decrease in aiNa the [Ca]i, as monitored by tension changes, hardly increased. Since Ca uptake does occur in Na-free conditions in heart muscle it is proposed that the mitochondria take up Ca ions and so prevent an excessive rise in cytoplasmic Ca. Strophanthidin increased both aiNa and the withdrawal contracture, but collected results from a number of experiments showed no clear correlation between the initial aiNa and contracture amplitude. Strophanthidin may, therefore, have actions additional to increasing aiNa. PMID- 6644618 TI - The effect of catecholamines on intestinal glucose and oxygen uptake in the dog. AB - Using the anaesthetized dog, continuous recording was made of the oxygen and glucose contents of the artery and the vein draining the upper jejunum. Flow was also measured and results expressed as differences in oxygen and glucose between the aorta and the jejunal vein (a-v), also as oxygen consumption and glucose uptake. Resting glucose uptake was greater than could be accounted for on the basis of oxidation. When adrenaline (1 microgram/kg. min) or noradrenaline (2 micrograms/kg. min) was infused intravenously, oxygen uptake rose by about 50% whereas glucose uptake rose by 300-500%; moreover, the rise in glucose uptake was apparent before the rise in oxygen uptake. The beta-blocking agent, propranolol (0 X 5 mg/kg. min) had no effect on oxygen uptake but caused a three-fold rise in glucose uptake. Subsequently infusion of adrenaline had no effect on oxygen uptake and no effect on glucose uptake. However, on stopping the infusion there was a marked drop in glucose uptake, which was not maintained. It is suggested that the effects of catecholamines may be due to altered arterial blood glucose levels and that the jejunum may play a role in glucose homeostasis which requires the action of beta receptors. PMID- 6644619 TI - The mechanics of walking in children. AB - The work done at each step, during level walking at a constant average speed, to lift the centre of mass of the body, to accelerate it forward, and to increase the sum of both gravitational potential and kinetic energies, has been measured at various speeds on children of 2-12 years of age, with the same technique used previously for adults (Cavagna, 1975; Cavagna, Thys & Zamboni, 1976). The pendulum-like transfer between potential and kinetic energies (Cavagna et al. 1976) reaches a maximum at the speed at which the weight-specific work to move the centre of mass a given distance is at a minimum ('optimal' speed). This speed is about 2 X 8 km/hr at 2 years of age and increases progressively with age up to 5 km/hr at 12 years of age and in adults. The speed freely chosen during steady walking at the different ages is similar to this 'optimal' speed. At the 'optimal' speed, the time of single contact (time of swing) is in good agreement with that predicted, for the same stature, by a ballistic walking model assuming a minimum of muscular work (Mochon & McMahon, 1980). Above the 'optimal' speed, the recovery of mechanical energy through the potential-kinetic energy transfer decreases. This decrease is greater the younger the subject. A reduction of this recovery implies a greater amount of work to be supplied by muscles: at 4 X 5 km/hr the weight-specific muscular power necessary to move the centre of mass is 2 X 3 times greater in a 2-year-old child than in an adult. PMID- 6644620 TI - Post-synaptic potentials in a population of motoneurones following activity of single interneurones in the cat. AB - The technique of recording post-synaptic potentials from a population of motoneurones, by recording from ventral roots perfused with isotonic sucrose, has been applied to investigate the action of single last-order interneurones; the target motoneurones were in either caudal L7 or S1 segments. Using spike triggered averaging, the inhibitory action of 70% of previously identified last order interneurones (Renshaw cells and lamina VII Ia inhibitory interneurones) has been detected. Previous observations had suggested that interneurones mediating disynaptic non-reciprocal inhibition from group I muscle afferents should be characterized by (i) location in laminae V-VI, (ii) monosynaptic group I input and (iii) ascending collateral axonal projection to upper lumbar segments. 65% of interneurones with these characteristics were found to inhibit motoneurones. In addition, spike-triggered averaging from this group of laminae V VI interneurones sometimes revealed a depolarizing potential which preceded the inhibitory potential evoked by the interneurone. The depolarizing potential is interpreted as being due to the action of some presynaptic fibres which branch to innervate both the investigated interneurones and motoneurones. PMID- 6644621 TI - Inhibitory interactions between interneurones in reflex pathways from group Ia and group Ib afferents in the cat. AB - A hypothesis has been verified that laminae V-VI interneurones which mediate non reciprocal inhibition of motoneurones from group I muscle afferents have collateral actions on other laminae V-VI interneurones. Stimulation within the areas of projection of these inhibitory interneurones in motor nuclei and in Clarke's column would be expected to give rise to monosynaptic i.p.s.p.s in interneurones with disynaptic i.p.s.p.s from group I afferents if the hypothesis were correct. Intracellular records were made from eighty-five laminae V-VI interneurones with input from group Ia muscle spindle and/or group Ib tendon organ afferents. Weak intraspinal stimuli applied in motor nuclei in L7 and S1 segments, or in the lateral funiculus just caudal to Clarke's column in L4, were found to evoke monosynaptic i.p.s.p.s in seventy-two interneurones. These i.p.s.p.s were systematically correlated with disynaptic inhibition from group Ia or Ib afferents but not from other fibres. Such monosynaptic i.p.s.p.s evoked by intraspinal stimuli were seen in forty-two interneurones which themselves projected to the level of Clarke's column and therefore (on the basis of previous evidence) should mediate inhibition of motoneurones. For seven of these interneurones it was also shown directly that they projected to motor nuclei. The inhibition of such interneurones demonstrates mutual interactions between those interneurones which are interposed in inhibitory pathways from group I afferents. Only indirect indications have been obtained for inhibition of interneurones in the excitatory pathways. PMID- 6644622 TI - Evidence for acetylcholine receptor blockade by intracellular hydrogen ions in cultured chick myoballs. AB - Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced membrane currents were recorded in voltage-clamped myoballs in culture. The ACh sensitivity and the charge transfer per channel (Qc) were doubled in NH4+ at normal extracellular pH (pHo). Immediately after wash-out of NH4+, the ACh sensitivity and Qc undershot below the control. The recovery period of the ACh sensitivity and Qc was about 20 min. The ACh sensitivity and Qc greatly increased at alkaline pHo and decreased at acid pHo. We suggest that the intracellular H+ ions can block the ACh-induced channel. The pHo effects may be mediated by a similar (but smaller) change in the intracellular pH (pHi). Intracellular alkalinization can improve the channel function. PMID- 6644623 TI - The effect of cooling on breathing and shivering in unanaesthetized fetal lambs in utero. AB - The effects of cooling have been studied in chronically instrumented unanaesthetized fetal lambs of 106-132 days gestation. Cold stimulation of cutaneous thermoreceptors by means of a coil placed around the fetus in the amniotic cavity induced continuous breathing which was associated with high voltage electrocortical activity throughout the cooling period. Direct internal cooling by means of an intragastric cooling coil did not alter fetal breathing or sleep-state patterns. Shivering occurred in response to both external and internal cooling, and this response was present as early as 106 days gestation, well before the appearance of high-voltage sleep. In older fetuses there was evidence of a reduction in thermoregulatory responses during low-voltage electrocortical activity, but not of the complete suspension of thermoregulation characteristic of low-voltage (r.e.m.) sleep seen in mature animals. It is concluded that deep regular breathing associated with high-voltage electrocortical activity can be induced by cold stimulation of cutaneous thermoreceptors, but not by a reduction in core temperature alone. Furthermore, fetal responses to cooling are present as early as 106 days gestation. PMID- 6644624 TI - The directional sensitivity of retinal rods. AB - Rod field sensitivity, 10-S(r) (i.e. the reciprocal of the radiance of a background required for 10-fold elevation of rod threshold) was measured for monochromatic backgrounds traversing the pupil at various points (r) on three subjects. The wave-length dependency of the directional sensitivities of the three foveal cone mechanisms of the principal subject have been reported previously (Alpern & Kitahara, 1983). Rods, as cones, are less sensitive to obliquely incident, than to normally incident backgrounds. At the pupil margin (4 mm) the effect is between 0.368 and 0.976 log10 units smaller for rods. After correction for losses by corneal reflexion and by absorption in the lens, S(r) for rods is reasonably described by the parabolic equation used by Stiles (1937) to quantify the directional sensitivity of cones. The small effect for rods precludes a description as consistently precise as this equation provides for cones. The steepness of the parabolic curve best fitting the directional sensitivity data of the rods of the principal subject was independent of background wave number. For a second subject, whose rods are supposed to be smaller, it was directly proportional to the square of that wave number. The latter is the expectation if the directional sensitivity of this subject's rods were determined by principles outlined in the diffraction theory of Simon (1970). PMID- 6644625 TI - The structure of evaluative anxiety among children differing in socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and sex. AB - Following Anastasi and Thurstone, the factor structure of evaluative anxiety was examined among six groups of primary age boys and girls (N = 8064). A factor matching technique was used to study hypotheses about the effects of group differences in socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity, and sex on the pattern of the children's responses to the Test Anxiety Scale for Children (TASC). Hypotheses about the congruence of factor patterns were based on both demographic differences and results of developmental research. The hypothesis of an SES X ethnicity X sex interaction was strongly supported. Implications for comparing factor structures, measuring evaluative anxiety, and future research of evaluative anxiety are discussed. PMID- 6644626 TI - Hostility reduction in married and unacquainted couples. AB - Fifty-two persons (26 married couples) competed in a complex reaction time task and set durations of 100 db noise for either their respective spouses or an opposite sex stranger. Each S's punitive settings were countered by four presequenced counteraggression strategies. Wives were responsive to a broader range of aggression reduction strategies than were husbands. Results suggest that minimum retaliation is most consistently effective across sex and may be a behavior skill necessary to avoid escalation of aggression and to keep communication channels open. PMID- 6644627 TI - Resemblance in motor skill performance of sixth graders and their parents. AB - Twenty sixth-grade students and both of their natural parents were tested on five simple and novel motor skills: pursuit rotor-preferred hand, pursuit rotor nonpreferred hand, tapping board, mirror peg turn, and the synchronized tapping board. The results revealed a lack of familial resemblance in performance on all tasks as indicated by the low interfamily correlations. Parent performance exceeded that of their children and each group's performance improved over practice on all of the tasks. PMID- 6644629 TI - Abstracts of papers presented or read by title at the thirty-sixth annual meeting of the Society of Protozoologists, Pace University, New York, New York 20-24 June 1983. PMID- 6644628 TI - Mother-infant interactions of teen-age mothers as measured at six months in a natural setting. AB - Mother-infant interaction of 14 teen-age mothers and their six-month-old infants was observed in the home and compared with that of 12 women 20 years or older and their infants. A further group was designated a "noncontact" group and was seen only at the beginning and end of the first year and was a control for research intervention or experimenter effects. Teen-agers showed few significant differences from older mothers in their mothering skills as measured by simple frequency distributions of individual behaviors and social interaction. Transitional probabilities and flow of interaction matrixes also revealed few significant differences. Like previous studies, the present study found that teen age mothers showed high warmth and physical interaction but low verbal interaction with their infants. Support of the mothers through experience in the observational sessions may have influenced the results. The possibility is noted of differences in patterns of mothering as the infant develops. PMID- 6644630 TI - Nucleosome phasing in Tetrahymena macronuclei. AB - Core-protected DNA can drive only 60% of the Tetrahymena thermophila macronuclear genome into duplexes in hybridization experiments. This core-protected DNA therefore contains only a subset of the genome complexity. We interpret this to mean that a large fraction, if not all, of the genome is phased with respect to nucleosome placement. Among the sequences present in total DNA and absent from core-protected DNA are most of the sequences containing N6-methyladenine (MeAde) residues, consistent with our previous demonstration that most of these residues lie in linker DNA. We show that these results are not due to artifacts resulting from the small size of the DNA driver, nor are they due to any sequence preferences exhibited by staphylococcal (staph) nuclease. This is the first evidence that nucleosome phasing may be a bulk genome characteristic. PMID- 6644631 TI - Defined minimal growth medium for Acanthamoeba polyphaga. AB - Nutritional requirements of Acanthamoeba polyphaga (strain PD) were compared to those reported for A. castellanii. Although A. polyphaga and A. castellanii have essentially the same minimal amino acid requirements--arginine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine--A. polyphaga cannot utilize acetate as sole carbon source, but A. castellanii can if the medium is supplemented with glycine. PMID- 6644632 TI - Effects of mutual invisibility and topical intimacy on verbal fluency in dyadic communication. AB - The mutual reduction of visual feedback, which in this study did not interfere with the synchronization of turns, reduced the productivity levels and increased the silent pauses of female speakers, even though it had no effect on their subjective discomfort, anxiety, and ease of communication self-ratings. The same reduction of visual feedback, which was achieved by seating the participants back to-back rather than face-to-face, caused male speakers to feel anxious and uncomfortable and reduced the duration of their silent pauses, but only in same gender dyads. These findings are explained in terms of previously noted gender differences in the need for visual feedback and in the anxiety-arousing effects of back-to-back interactions. Intimate communications, on the part of both male and female speakers, were associated with a slow pacing of speech but not with a decrease in productivity level, independently of the seating arrangement. These findings are interpreted in terms of the self-monitoring and self-censoring that is usually associated with the communication of intimate messages. PMID- 6644634 TI - The utilisation of radiodiagnostic facilities. PMID- 6644633 TI - Speaking without seeing, or the effect of interviewer absence on interviewee disclosure time. AB - The results of the present study confirmed earlier findings that the elimination of the usual face-to-face confrontation between interviewer and interviewee enhances disclosure time in relation to intimate questions. By unconfounding speaking time and pausing time, the present research demonstrated that the facilitating effect of an interviewer's absence is not simply an artifact of increased latencies and silent pauses within responses. The earlier findings were extended by manipulating the intimacy level of questions asked of subjects in the context of a gender-balanced design. PMID- 6644635 TI - The clinical consultation. PMID- 6644636 TI - The granulomatous disorders. The Tudor Edwards lecture 1983. PMID- 6644637 TI - Group sessions during rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. PMID- 6644638 TI - Diabetes mellitus in Africans. PMID- 6644640 TI - Audit of clinical practice: opportunities to rationalize the use of resources. PMID- 6644639 TI - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastrointestinal adverse effects. PMID- 6644641 TI - Bupivacaine infiltration for thyroid surgery. PMID- 6644642 TI - External trabeculotomy in the treatment of primary congenital glaucoma in Ghana. PMID- 6644643 TI - Duodenal ulcer in Nigerians. A clinical study of 200 patients. PMID- 6644645 TI - Villous and tubulovillous adenomas of the large bowel. PMID- 6644644 TI - Gastrointestinal hormones in inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 6644646 TI - Care of perineal wound in abdominoperineal resection. PMID- 6644647 TI - Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the anal canal. PMID- 6644648 TI - Surgical wedge excision versus phenol wedge cauterisation for ingrowing toenail. A controlled study. PMID- 6644649 TI - Small bowel obstruction and perforation through a defect in the broad ligament. PMID- 6644650 TI - A strangulated hernia through the broad ligament causing ureteric obstruction. PMID- 6644651 TI - Polypoid eosinophilic granulomas of the terminal ileum presenting with intussusception. PMID- 6644652 TI - Dermoid cyst of the scrotum in a child. PMID- 6644653 TI - Removal of giant chondrosarcoma in the clavicular region. PMID- 6644654 TI - Tuberculosis of the parotid gland. PMID- 6644655 TI - [Irradiation of the patient and its costs in the usual diagnostic procedures for disk hernia. Radiculography, spinal phlebography and tomodensitometry]. AB - Three methods are currently employed for the diagnosis of sciatica due to disc lesions: radiculography, spinal phlebography, and computed tomography. Though their indications vary according to the author, it seemed worthwhile to compare radiation delivered by each of them, because of the often young age of the patients. Dosimetric studies using a Rando Phantom enabled calculation of doses to the skin, spinal cord, and gonads. Results indicated that low doses were delivered by the scanner, relatively high doses by spinal phlebography, and intermediate doses by radiculography. These findings suggest that the initial examination preoperatively in cases of simple sciatica due to herniated disc should be a CT scan whenever possible. Phlebography, on the contrary, and particularly in young women, should be used only exceptionally, as a result of the high doses delivered to the ovaries even during technically simple explorations. PMID- 6644656 TI - [Real-time ultrasonographic study of the parathyroid glands. Apropos of 100 explorations]. AB - The authors using high resolution (8 MHz) real-time echotomography have explored 100 patients. They certify that the presence of little hypoechogenic spicules at the periphery of a mass is strongly in relation with a parathyroid. They found in 17 patients signs of hypertrophic parathyroid; 8 of these had surgery with very good results for echotomography in 7 cases. Localizing parathyroid masses before surgery did not shorter time of exploration in these 8 cases. Ultrasonography, if positive, may relate biological troubles to a parathyroid etiology. It appears, that echotomography is a method of choice to survey chronic hemodialysis. PMID- 6644657 TI - [Congenital cysts of the liver in echography]. AB - The authors present 150 cases of congenital biliary cystic pathologies of the liver: solitary congenital cyst (98 cases), multiple congenital cysts (40 cases), hepatic polycystosis (8 cases), and Caroli's disease (4 cases). The general characteristics of these congenital liver affections are reviewed, including discussion of their frequency, classification and potential for evolution. The problems raised by this type of pathology and the benefits of ultrasonography are emphasized. PMID- 6644658 TI - [Comparative contribution of ultrasonography and tomodensitometry in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal adenopathies]. AB - CT and sonography were compared in 78 cases of retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The results obtained with both methods are similar. Thus, ultrasound can be chosen as the first procedure in the evaluation of retroperitoneal lymph nodes. CT will be used as a complement in case of technically insufficient sonograms. PMID- 6644659 TI - [Tomodensitometry of severe acute pancreatitis]. AB - 90 computed tomographic examinations were performed to 57 patients referred at Hospital Saint-Louis for an acute pancreatitis. 32 patients were operated or autopsied. Among these 32 patients, 19 patients had 21 examinations before surgery or autopsy; the other 13 patients had their computed tomographic examinations after one or more surgical procedures. During a severe acute pancreatitis the pancreas is always large either locally or diffusely. A pancreatic reaction is visible around and possibly at distance of the pancreas. When extraluminal gas is visible (3/5) it signifies gangrenous pancreatitis but it is necessary to eliminate a digestive fistulous tract and/or a communication between a pseudocyst and the digestive tract. Except gangrenous it is not possible to precise the nature of pancreatic reaction. The diagnosis of pseudocyst was easy 9/10, difficult 1/10; we did a false positive diagnosis of pseudocyst. Computed tomography and ultrasounds were compared in ten patients for the search of gallbladder lithiasis. Computed tomography can show large and small (2/4) biliary calculus in the gallbladder that cannot be shown by ultrasounds. A normal pancreas in a normal retroperitoneal space exclude the diagnosis of a severe acute pancreatitis. CT aspects of acute pancreatitis must be considered as a good diagnostic test of an acute pancreatitis. PMID- 6644660 TI - [Neurinoma of the abdominal pneumogastric nerve. Apropos of a case]. AB - Neurinomas of the vagus nerve are rare occurrences, and their localization to the abdominal portion of the nerve are even more exceptional events (two cases published). A case is reported where presenting symptoms were post-prandial abdominal pains of the pancreatic type. The lesion was of the necrotic hemorrhagic type. Radiological examinations confirmed the site and mixed nature of the mass but not its departure point. These patients must be kept under medical observation because of possible development of a non-systematized neurocristopathy. PMID- 6644662 TI - [Placement of catheters for intra-arterial chemotherapy. A new technic using balloon microcatheters]. AB - A system employing a micro-balloon catheter is proposed for the introduction of catheters for intra-arterial chemotherapy. PMID- 6644661 TI - [Is the barium enema preparation a good preparation for echography?]. AB - A comparative study of 50 patients without previous preparation and 50 who were prepared by a barium enema and low residue diet demonstrated that this method of preparing for ultrasonography improved visibility of the pancreas and the overall quality of the examination. However, the difference in patients with or without previous preparation was not sufficient to justify its routine use. PMID- 6644663 TI - [1982 report of UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation)]. PMID- 6644664 TI - Trends in the utilization of the National Health Service. PMID- 6644665 TI - Is training in psychiatry relevant for general practice? PMID- 6644666 TI - Use of antibiotics and psychoactive preparations. AB - This is a report of selected aspects of a larger study of 70 general practitioners. The method involved a detailed study of performance over a period of three days using rating scales and check-lists to assess competence. A possible relationship between competence and rate of antibiotic prescribing was found. There was variation in the extent of psychiatric history-taking when psychoactive preparations were used. Advice about potential side effects was given in only a third of instances when a psychoactive preparation was prescribed for a new episode of illness. PMID- 6644667 TI - Rural versus urban parasuicide--referral and management. AB - The referral and management of parasuicide patients from urban and rural areas were compared in a retrospective study of hospital and general practice records. Whereas most urban patients were physically and psychiatrically managed in general hospitals, the majority of rural patients were managed at home or in cottage hospitals by general practitioners. The overall parasuicide rate of the rural population was found to be similar to that of the city. Although there were no clinical differences between the two groups of patients, relatively more middleaged rural patients were admitted to hospital. The results suggest that parasuicide is now as commonly seen in rural situations, but that the problem is managed outside district general hospitals by general practitioners. PMID- 6644668 TI - Travel and health: illness associated with winter package holidays. AB - A survey of 263 people who had winter package holidays abroad revealed that 21 per cent of the travellers had been ill. Forty-eight per cent of those who had been unwell reported an alimentary upset and 26 per cent reported respiratory symptoms. Illness was recorded most frequently by travellers to countries in the Mediterranean region.More readily available advice or information would be useful in reducing the amount of illness associated with package holidays. PMID- 6644669 TI - Side effects of desensitization for allergy--a general practice survey. AB - Following the unexpected death from acute anaphylaxis of a patient receiving house dust mite desensitization, general practitioners throughout Hampshire were asked about their experience of desensitization and its side effects, by means of a questionnaire. From a total of 695 doctors, 452 (65 per cent) returned valid questionnaires. Sixty-three doctors (14 per cent) did not use desensitization at all, while 20 (4 per cent) used more than 20 courses per year, mainly for patients with hay fever. The majority of doctors were modest prescribers of five or less courses per year of any one preparation. Apart from the fatal case which stimulated this enquiry, one other death was reported. PMID- 6644670 TI - Use of amantadine in influenza: a second report. AB - Clinical influenza attacked 304 out of 576 boys at a west country boarding school. Influenza A/ENG/333/80 (H(1)N(1)), a drift from A/USSR/92/77, was isolated from 14 out of 40 throat swabs. Pre-epidemic sera from 64 new boys showed that 54 already had antibodies to H(1)N(1) and 40 of them had antibodies to this novel variant. Nevertheless, when their serum was re-examined post epidemically, 36 showed a rise in antibody, indicating that infection had occurred.One hundred and twenty-six junior boys were given amantadine and, of these, 22 (17.4 per cent) developed influenza, whereas 218 (57 per cent) of 382 boys who did not take amantadine had influenza. The immune status was known for 64 boys, 43 of whom were given amantadine. Only five (11.6 per cent) became clinically ill while taking the drug, whereas 10 (47.6 per cent) of the remaining 21 boys became ill. When their serum was re-examined, it was found that 20/43 of those taking amantadine and 5/21 of those not taking the drug had subclinical infection. The two groups were comparable in their pre-epidemic antibody status and all lived within the same environment during the outbreak.It is concluded that amantadine secured a reduction in clinical influenza without protecting significantly against subclinical infection, thus allowing subtype specific immunity to develop. PMID- 6644671 TI - Effect of a principal's gender on consultation patterns. AB - This report describes a study of consultation patterns of male and female partners in a group practice. It was found that fulltime principals of both sexes had similar levels of workload; that patients chose to consult a doctor of the same sex not only for sex-specific disorders but also for conditions which were not sex-linked; that female partners were seeing a different age distribution of patient; and that doctor-initiated appointments varied not only between individual partners but were also related to both the sex of the doctor and the sex of the patient. PMID- 6644672 TI - Records and prevention for the beginner. PMID- 6644673 TI - The MRCGP examination and its methods. I: Introduction. PMID- 6644674 TI - Primary care teams and the elderly in Northern Ireland. AB - The results of a questionnaire were used to examine how primary care workers set about the management and surveillance of their elderly patients. The majority of practices had attached visitors (76 per cent) and attached district nurses (59 per cent), while 61 per cent of general practitioners worked in health centres. Over half of the responding practices had agesex registers. Few of the practices (14 per cent) had screened their elderly patients in the last five years and maintained an ;at-risk' register. Twenty per cent of practices held a regular meeting concerning their elderly patients but only half of these reviews involved the available health visitors and district nurses.At least half of the general practitioners and district nurses plus three quarters of the health visitors felt dissatisfied with the care of the elderly.A single and systematic review of elderly patients conducted jointly by general practitioners, health visitors and district nurses would do much to improve the care of this group of patients and the morale of these workers. PMID- 6644675 TI - The elderly at risk: a critical examination of commonly identified risk groups. AB - This study assessed the nature and extent of the risk or disadvantage for 11 subcategories of the elderly population usually referred to as risk groups. Interviews with 619 over-60-year-olds living in Aberdeen were used to score the ;personal resources' for coping with difficulties-health, psychological, activity, confidence, support, material resources. Risk profiles have been drawn up and these show substantial variation in both the nature and extent of risk or disadvantage between the groups.Of the 11 groups, we concluded that the isolated, the childless and the never married are probably the least disadvantaged. The recently widowed, those living alone, the poor and those from social class V form an intermediate group with both strengths and weaknesses in terms of risk. The groups at greatest risk are the recently moved, recently discharged, divorced/separated and the very old, who all score worse than the whole sample in terms of health and psychological functioning. PMID- 6644676 TI - A well woman clinic in an inner-city general practice. AB - The operation of a well woman clinic in an inner-city practice was reviewed after three years. During this period, 489 women attended, 35 of them on two or more occasions; 369 cervical smears were taken, 13 of which indicated abnormality. This paper discusses the advantages of such a clinic and the possibilities for further development. PMID- 6644677 TI - The outcome of menorrhagia: a retrospective case control study. AB - One hundred and three women who were known to have complained of menorrhagia at some time in their lives were compared with a control group drawn from the practice's age-sex index.The results indicated that the women in the menorrhagia group were more likely to have had antidepressant medication prescribed for them at some time in their lives than the women in the control group. Furthermore, their case folders were thicker than those of the controls. The age at which menorrhagia was first reported was the only factor studied which was associated with increased likelihood of hysterectomy. PMID- 6644679 TI - Use of a nebulizer for acute asthma. PMID- 6644678 TI - Chlamydial cervicitis: a research study from general practice. AB - Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the cervix in five out of 294 women at routine cervical cytology screening. Significant sera antibody titres were obtained from six out of 115 isolate-negative women similarly screened. The antibody response increased in proportion to the past frequency and severity of cervical pathology and sexually transmitted disease.It is suggested that the true incidence of chlamydial genital infection in general practice will be five times as high as the current cervical isolation rate. PMID- 6644680 TI - Undergraduate learning in general practice: the views of 1,000 final-year students. AB - One thousand final-year medical students were asked to record what they had learned during a three-and-a-half week attachment to a general practice, under the headings of diagnosis, treatment, prevention, workload, use of medical care; they were also invited to criticize the teaching programme. It is suggested that this clinical education and vocational experience should now be made available earlier in the undergraduate course. PMID- 6644681 TI - The MRCGP examination and its methods. II: MCQ paper. PMID- 6644682 TI - Quality of care in general practice. PMID- 6644684 TI - Pre-eclampsia in pregnancies from donor inseminations. AB - The outcome of 584 AID pregnancies was analysed in order to examine the possible role of immune mechanisms in the development of pre-eclampsia (PE). The overall incidence of PE was high (9.3%) compared with the expected incidence of 0.5-5.0%. The incidence was similar in both multigravid and primigravid women. The expected protective effect of a previous pregnancy was not seen, with a 47-fold increase in PE (observed versus expected) in AID pregnancies after a previous full-term pregnancy and a 15-fold increase after a previous pregnancy of short duration. In the context of AID pregnancies these findings tend to support the proposed 'fresh mating' concept of PE although the incidence is lower in multigravidas after a full-term (4.7%) than after a partial pregnancy (15.7%). This suggests that it may only be full-term pregnancy which protects against the development of PE. THe category and duration of infertility and the duration of marriage did not affect the incidence of PE except where the male partner was oligozoospermic. In this case the incidence of PE was higher where infertility was 3 years or longer. Further analysis of the findings failed to provide clear evidence to discriminate the role of HLA and tissue-specific non-HLA antigens in the feto-maternal relationship as determinants of the development of PE. Neither did the results support the operation of immunological enhancement induced by prior coital antigen exposure in the genesis of PE, but raised instead the possibility of the operation of a mechanism of sensitisation of the female partner to seminal components over a long period of time when the husband was oligozoospermic compared with one whose husband was azoospermic. PMID- 6644683 TI - Pregnancy-associated alpha 2-macroglobulin - a new serum protein elevated in normal human pregnancy. AB - A new pregnancy-associated serum protein has been isolated and characterised - pregnancy-associated alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2-PAM). The native macromolecule has a molecular weight of 2.1 x 10(6) and a sedimentation coefficient of 19.6 S. This is comprised of 28 000 dalton subunits and contains 11% carbohydrate. alpha 2-PAM was found in normal male and female blood at a concentration of 25 micrograms/ml but no significant variation in this value was apparent in individuals followed over a 12 week period. The serum level can rise up to 16-fold during the first trimester of pregnancy and returns to normal levels within 8 weeks after delivery. Concentrations in contraceptive-steroid treated women, cord blood and breast milk were in the same range as normal adult sera while alpha 2-PAM could readily be detected in amniotic fluid at 8 micrograms/ml. PMID- 6644685 TI - Anti-sperm antibodies and fertility of turkey hens. AB - Anti-sperm antibody titers increase with time in serum of turkey hens following a standard production schedule of artificial insemination (AI). In hens receiving intravenous (IV) or intraperitoneal (IP) additional AI, serum anti-sperm antibody levels increase more rapidly after a lag phase. A single injury to the oviduct also resulted in increased anti-sperm antibodies similar to IV and IP groups. This is a new observation that a single injury increased antibody titers to spermatozoa equal in IV and/or IP injections. A negative correlation between serum anti-sperm antibody titers for IV, IP and injury to oviduct and fertility of these groups was observed. Hens of IV and injury to oviduct groups with high levels of anti-sperm antibodies in the last 2 weeks of production had significantly lower fertility than hens with low levels of antibodies and control hens. PMID- 6644686 TI - Syngeneic antiserum to Nulli SCC1 embryonal carcinoma cells recognizing surface antigens of embryonic cells. AB - A syngeneic antiserum was prepared in mice against the nullipotent embryonal carcinoma cell line Nulli SCC1 to determine whether cell surface determinants are expressed commonly by this cell line and early embryos. After antibodies to calf serum components were removed from the antiserum by affinity purification, the antiserum was tested on preimplantation and 6 1/2-day postimplantation mouse embryos, embryonal carcinoma cells, tumor cells, and somatic cells. It recognizes antigens which are stage and tissue specific on early embryos and have a restricted distribution in adults. These antigens are first detected on 8-cell embryos and display a polarized distribution on blastomeres corresponding to the distribution on microvilli. PMID- 6644687 TI - Alternative causes of pelvic inflammatory disease. AB - Seminal fluid from asymptomatic men reveals a wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. The number of bacteria tends to correlate with the sexual experience of the individual. Experimental evidence has shown that these bacteria can attach themselves to moving spermatozoa and travel through ovulatory-phase cervical mucus. Exogenously added bacteria also exhibit the same potential. These experimental results suggest a rational explanation for the development of pelvic inflammatory disease in promiscuous women with multiple sexual partners. In addition, the findings help to explain the marked difference observed in the rate of pelvic inflammatory disease among patients using barrier-type birth control and oral contraceptives as compared with the rate among women who use intrauterine devices, with which the ovulatory-phase cervical mucus is unprotected. PMID- 6644688 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of salpingitis. AB - The diagnosis of acute salpingitis no longer requires the patient to have fever, bilateral adnexal tenderness and/or swelling, leukocytosis and an elevated sedimentation rate. New criteria have been formulated. There is increasing awareness of the potential role of Chlamydia and increasing use of antibiotics effective against that organism. PMID- 6644689 TI - The staging of acute salpingitis and its therapeutic ramifications. AB - The Gainesville staging of acute salpingitis subdivides the complexity of clinical disease into four major stages. Each stage is predicated upon distinct therapeutic goals and different therapeutic regimens for achieving the principal goal of each stage. PMID- 6644690 TI - Surgical treatment for salpingo-oophoritis patients. AB - In the past, the established methods of surgical treatment for salpingo oophoritis were extraperitoneal drainage of a pelvic abscess or total abdominal and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Increasing awareness of the role of anaerobic bacteria and changes in antibiotic-prescription patterns have modified the clinical response of some patients. In patients with a unilateral tuboovarian abscess, unilateral removal of the adnexa suffices. PMID- 6644691 TI - Leprosy in wild armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) on the Texas Gulf Coast: anatomic pathology. AB - Recent studies of the "naturally occurring leprosy-like disease of wild armadillos" establish that the causative bacillus is genetically identical to M. leprae from human sources, and thus the disease is a zoonosis, sylvatic leprosy. A recent survey of 451 wild armadillos from the Texas Gulf Coast demonstrated sylvatic leprosy in 4.66%. This companion study reports the anatomic pathologic changes seen in the 17 leprous and 17 nonleprous armadillos necropsied in that survey. Findings support previous studies on the histopathology and pathogenesis of sylvatic leprosy, but a broader spectrum of histologic changes are noted. PMID- 6644692 TI - Dissociation between phagocytosis and phagosome-lysosome fusion. AB - The acridine orange technique was used to explore phagosome-lysosome fusion (P-L fusion) in thioglycollate-elicited rat peritoneal macrophages. Sheep red blood cells were coated with IgG or IgM plus complement, or treated with neuraminidase, tannic acid or glutaraldehyde; then both their capacity to be ingested by macrophages and their ability to induce P-L fusion after ingestion were assayed. Their capacity to be engulfed by macrophages was similar, but glutaraldehyde treated erythrocytes were far more efficient than the other particles in triggering P-L fusion. Hence, both processes must be driven by different mechanisms. No correlation was found between the surface charge of test particles (as assayed by cell electrophoresis) and their ability to trigger phagocytosis or P-L fusion. However, glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes were found to be more hydrophobic than the other particles, as previously reported. Hence, particle hydrophobicity might favor P-L fusion. The implication of these findings are discussed. PMID- 6644693 TI - Cyclic AMP receptor protein and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity in rabbit peritoneal neutrophils. AB - The cAMP receptor protein and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in rabbit peritoneal neutrophils have been identified. The cAMP receptor protein in either the plasma membrane or cytosol fractions, identified by photoaffinity labeling with 8-N3-[32P]cAMP, has an apparent molecular weight of 54,000. The cytosol and membrane receptor proteins have apparent dissociation constants for 8-N3 [32P]cAMP of 0.20 microM and 0.06 microM, respectively. The molecular weight and dissociation constant for 8-N3-[32P]cAMP of this cAMP receptor protein are similar to what has been known for RII, the regulatory subunit of the type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Unlike the human neutrophils, no evidence of RI activity was detected. cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity was identified by using histone as a substrate. Subcellular fractionation studies showed that the cAMP receptor protein and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity are most enriched in the cytosol fraction. PMID- 6644694 TI - The tight-skin mouse: is it a model for scleroderma? PMID- 6644695 TI - Stress fractures in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Four cases of rheumatoid arthritis with a total of 12 undisplaced stress fractures of the lower extremities are described. Pain, swelling and disability arising from these fractures were initially mistaken for rheumatoid synovitis. Three patients had osteoporosis, and one had osteomalacia. A high index of suspicion is necessary in the diagnosis of these fractures. Radiographs and, if necessary, bone scans are indicated in rheumatoid patients presenting with spontaneous pain in the lower extremities in association with tenderness localized over the bone rather than the joint, particularly in the absence of other signs of rheumatoid activity. PMID- 6644696 TI - Ultrastructure of muscle microvasculature in progressive systemic sclerosis: relation to clinical weakness. AB - Capillary basement membrane (BM) abnormalities are known to be a feature of the muscle pathology of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), but the relation of such an abnormality to clinical disease is uncertain. We have analyzed the muscle microvasculature of 28 patients with PSS, and compared them to both normal controls and to patients with other rheumatic diseases. Our data show that the PSS group as a whole have significantly greater numbers of abnormal capillaries as compared to controls (p less than 0.005), and that the PSS patients with clinical muscle weakness have even more severe and frequent abnormalities (p less than 0.001). PMID- 6644697 TI - Nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver associated with progressive systemic sclerosis: a case report with ultrastructural observation. AB - We present a case of nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver in association with progressive systemic sclerosis, the third such association in the literature. Clinically, there was elevation of liver function tests, and no varices were found at autopsy. Ultrastructural examination of the liver showed deposition of abnormal material in arterioles, capillaries, and sinusoids. We postulate that these ultrastructural alterations could account for the clinical and pathological findings commonly seen in nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver. PMID- 6644698 TI - Still's arthritis in adults: disease or syndrome? AB - Seven adults with a syndrome similar to systemic-onset (Still's) juvenile rheumatoid arthritis are reported. In addition to characteristic fever, rash, and arthritis prominent features included pharyngitis (7), lymphadenopathy (6), pleuropericarditis (4) and progression to joint damage (5). Three were over 50 years-old. Previous reports are reviewed. Symptoms, laboratory and physical findings are broadly comparable to the childhood disease. However findings may be quite variable in individual patients and the diagnosis remains a clinical one. Recognition of the variable presentations of this syndrome will assist in the differential diagnosis of fever of unknown origin. PMID- 6644699 TI - Health status in chronic disease: a comparative study of rheumatoid arthritis. AB - A self-administered questionnaire has been used to measure and compare health status in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 5 other chronic diseases. Subjects with RA, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, cardiac disease, or pulmonary disease were assessed along 11 aspects of health status. Results showed significant differences in health status across the 6 diseases, particularly for physical function and pain. The psychological status measures were similar. A summary estimate indicated that RA and pulmonary diseases produced poorer health status than the others. This study confirms the severe negative health status associated with chronic RA. PMID- 6644700 TI - Longterm effects of cyclophosphamide on granulocyte colony formation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Longterm cytotoxic therapy, particularly with alkylating agents, is frequently associated with the development of second neoplasms, particularly acute myeloid leukemia. Twelve patients with classic, progressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), treated with a cytotoxic agent, cyclophosphamide, from 1969 to 1974 at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center were reassessed for current status of the granulocytic system. Bone marrow biopsies were investigated histologically and the number of granulocyte precursor cells judged using colony forming cells in culture (CFU-C). Control bone marrow biopsies were done on 8 patients with classic, progressive RA who had not taken cyclophosphamide as well as 16 healthy controls. Colony forming cell numbers in patients with RA who had been treated with cyclophosphamide were significantly lower compared to patients with RA who had not received cyclophosphamide and normal controls. These data suggest that cyclophosphamide may cause suppression of the hematopoietic system that does not totally recover even after long periods of time. PMID- 6644701 TI - Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) causing spinal stenosis and sudden paraplegia. AB - Neurologic complications due to spinal cord compression developed in a patient with diffuse, idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (Forestier's disease) originally mistaken for ankylosing spondylitis. Emergency laminectomy stopped progression of the symptoms and resulted in slow improvement. PMID- 6644702 TI - The tight-skin mouse: physical and biochemical properties of the skin. AB - The tight-skin (TSK) mouse has unusual structural skin properties. These include increased thickness of the dermis, increased tensile strength, and increased adherence to subcutaneous tissues. We have investigated several physical and biochemical characteristics of skin from the TSK mouse and compared them to the normal mouse. An increase in thickness, wet weight, and hydroxyproline content was found in the skin of the TSK mouse. In addition, there was an increase in the ratio of soluble to insoluble collagen in the TSK mouse when compared to the normal mouse. These findings in the skin of the TSK mouse are similar to the changes found in the skin of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. PMID- 6644703 TI - Joint contractures and scleroderma-like skin changes in the hands of insulin dependent juvenile diabetics. AB - We studied 34 unselected insulin-dependent juvenile diabetics by seeking contractures at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints and scleroderma-like changes of the hands or elsewhere. We found 14 contractures of only the 5th PIP in 7 and of the PIP of other fingers as well in the others. Nine of these patients also had scleroderma-like skin changes. Only one of 34 age and sex matched healthy controls had a minimal contracture of the 5th PIP joint but had no skin changes. All patients found to have these abnormalities had had diabetes for 6 or more years and the difference in the disease duration between those with hand changes and those without was significant (p less than 0.01). There was no correlation of these changes with renal or ocular vascular changes in this small group of patients. PMID- 6644704 TI - Endothelial specialization of salivary gland vessels for accelerated lymphocyte transfer in Sjogren's syndrome. AB - We describe vessels within the lymphocytic infiltrate of the salivary glands in Sjogren's syndrome that are identical to those specialized for lymphocyte transport in lymph nodes. These vessels may represent a mechanism for increased lymphocyte traffic into the gland and thereby contribute significantly to the inflammatory process. PMID- 6644705 TI - Acetylator phenotype and the effect of dapsone in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Acetylator phenotype was determined in 54 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) taking dapsone in the course of 2 comparative clinical studies. No significant differences were demonstrated in the assessments, either of efficacy or adverse effects. There appears to be no clinical advantage in assessing acetylator phenotype in patients with RA being treated with dapsone. PMID- 6644706 TI - Diffuse fasciculations induced by D-penicillamine. AB - Diffuse fasciculations developed in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis who had received D-penicillamine for 6 months. Fasciculations disappeared after discontinuation of the drug but recurred on rechallenge. This reversible neuromuscular irritability has been reported with gold therapy but not with D penicillamine. PMID- 6644707 TI - Photosensitivity to fluorescent light in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A 50-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) developed a severe rash on her back and shoulders after exposure to fluorescent light while she was a hospital inpatient. Even small amounts of ultraviolet irradiation, such as that emitted by a domestic fluorescent tube, may be harmful to some patients with SLE. PMID- 6644708 TI - Diaphyseal bone infarctions in a patient with sickle cell trait. AB - Bone and joint abnormalities occur frequently in sickle cell anemia but are rare in sickle cell trait. Long bone diaphyseal infarctions are distinctly unusual in sickle cell trait. We describe a patient with AS hemoglobin and symptomatic bone infarctions in the diaphyses and metadiaphyses of the long bones of the lower extremities and in the calcaneus. In addition, this patient manifested noninflammatory synovial effusions of the knee. The bone and joint manifestations of sickle cell trait are reviewed in the context of this case. PMID- 6644709 TI - Bursitis and tenosynovitis caused by group G streptococci. AB - Two cases of extraarticular Group G streptococcal infection are reported: one patient suffered from tenosynovitis of the extensor digitorum communis tendons of a wrist and the other from a prepatellar bursitis. In both cases penicillin therapy rapidly cleared all signs of infection. PMID- 6644710 TI - Familial brachydactyly and chondrocalcinosis. Report of a patient, pedigree and review of the literature. AB - Familial brachydactyly has been recognized for many years but no published accounts report associated chondrocalcinosis. We recently evaluated such a patient and report the occurrence of brachydactyly in 4 generations of his kindred. The pattern of brachydactyly in this pedigree suggest autosomal dominant inheritance that is the mode of inheritance in most kindreds. The prepositus with chondrocalcinosis has longstanding arthralgias of both knees as does at least one other close relative who also has brachydactyly. The possibility that chondrocalcinosis may be part of the syndrome is suggested but awaits further clarification. PMID- 6644711 TI - Congenital heart block and familial connective tissue disease. AB - Two children of mothers with systemic lupus erythematosus had congenital heart block and subsequently developed connective tissue diseases. This association has only been described in 2 individuals previously. PMID- 6644712 TI - Carcinoma polyarthritis: role of immune complexes in pathogenesis. AB - Rapid onset of an additive inflammatory arthritis was observed in a patient with newly-diagnosed carcinoma of the lung. Serological studies revealed antinuclear antibodies and evidence of circulating immune complexes (CIC) by Raji cell assay. Synovial fluid was inflammatory and synovial biopsy showed chronic synovitis, but immunofluorescence and electron microscopy of tumor and synovium failed to reveal evidence of immune complex deposition. These findings suggest that CIC may not be the cause of carcinoma polyarthritis. PMID- 6644714 TI - Coexistence of temporal arteritis and rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6644713 TI - IgA deficiency and drug induced IgA deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6644715 TI - Antimalarials in psoriatic arthritis. PMID- 6644716 TI - Parkinson's disease and the general practitioner. PMID- 6644717 TI - Parkinson's disease in the elderly. PMID- 6644718 TI - One patient's view of Parkinson's disease. PMID- 6644719 TI - Hooked on radio. PMID- 6644720 TI - Custom made mouthguards for contact sports players. PMID- 6644721 TI - Care of the elderly in hospitals and homes: foci of discontent. PMID- 6644722 TI - The means to dietary change--the example of fat. PMID- 6644723 TI - Some social and anthropometric predictors of energy intake by residents in homes for the elderly. PMID- 6644724 TI - Effects of antenatal care and parity on birthweights of Nigerian children. PMID- 6644725 TI - Ergonomics and the office. PMID- 6644726 TI - Occupational health. Evidence submitted by the Society to the House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology Sub Committee II--Occupational Health. PMID- 6644727 TI - A national policy on population. PMID- 6644728 TI - Implications for the voluntary services. PMID- 6644729 TI - Social and demographic changes in the last 20 years of the twentieth century. PMID- 6644730 TI - Demographic changes and the need for health technology. PMID- 6644731 TI - The consequences for Britain of population changes. PMID- 6644733 TI - Clinical medical officers in the future. PMID- 6644732 TI - The frail elderly--a challenge of collaboration. PMID- 6644734 TI - Assessment of health needs of black agricultural workers in the Mid-Delta of Mississippi, U.S.A. PMID- 6644735 TI - Training and education of occupational health and safety personnel in a developing country. PMID- 6644736 TI - Khellin analogues. 1. General topological requirements for lipid-altering activity in furochromones. PMID- 6644737 TI - Synthesis and chromatographic separation of the glucuronides of (R)- and (S) propranolol. AB - One of the major metabolites of propranolol (Inderal) is the O-glucuronide. In order to further study its disposition, possible metabolism, and contribution to the antihypertensive effect of propranolol, we have synthesized and separated the two diastereomeric propranolol O-beta-D-glucuronides (9a,b). These compounds were prepared by reaction of naphthol with epichlorohydrin and treatment of the resulting (2RS)-1'-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)naphthalene (2) with sodium azide to give (2RS)-1-(1'-naphthoxy)-3-azido-2-propanol (3). Alkylation of 3 with methyl (2,3,4 tri-O-acetyl-1-bromo-1-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranosid)uronate (4) gave methyl (2RS) [1-(1'-naphthoxy)-3-azido-2-propyl-2",3",4"-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D- glucopyranosid]uronate (5a,b). Reductive alkylation, followed by HPLC separation of the diastereomers, gave methyl (2R)- and (2S)-[1-(1'-naphthoxy)-3 (isopropylamino)-2-propyl-2",3",4"-tri-O-acetyl- beta-D-glucopyranosid]uronate (6a,b). Hydrolytic removal of the acetyl and methyl protecting groups gave the free glucuronides, which were then converted to the sodium salts, 9a,b. The stereochemistry of the glycoside linkage was deduced from the 400-MHz 1H NMR spectra. The absolute configuration of the aglycon portion was determined after Glusulase hydrolysis by derivatization with (R)-(+)- or -(-)-alpha-methylbenzyl isocyanate and comparison of the HPLC retention volumes with those of derivatized reference (R)- and (S)-propranolols. PMID- 6644738 TI - Synthesis and biological activity of various 3'-azido and 3'-amino analogues of 5 substituted pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides. AB - Various new 5-substituted 3'-azido- and 3'-amino derivatives of 2'-deoxyuridine and 2'-deoxycytidine have been synthesized and biologically evaluated. Among these compounds, 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluorouridine (3), 3'-amino-2',3' dideoxycytidine (7a), and 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (7c) were found to be the most active against murine L1210 and sarcoma 180 neoplastic cells in vitro, with an ED50 of 15 and 1 microM, 0.7 and 4 microM, and 10 and 1 microM, respectively. The 3'-azido derivatives, 2 and 6c, were less active in comparison with their 3'-amino counterparts. In addition, the 5-fluoro-3'-amino nucleosides, 3 and 7c, were tested against L1210 leukemia bearing CDF1 mice. Our preliminary findings indicate that compound 7c (6 X 200 mg/kg) was as active as the positive control, 5-fluorouracil (6 X 20 mg/kg), yielding a T/C X 100 of 146 and 129, respectively. However, 3 was found to be inactive in this experiment. PMID- 6644739 TI - Synthesis of 3,6-bis(aminoalkoxy)acridines and their effect on the immune System. AB - A series of 3,6-bis(aminoalkoxy)acridines (2) was prepared and shown to have a protective antiviral effect against an interferon-sensitive virus (Columbia SK) and to partially restore an antibody response to a T-cell-dependent antigen in leukemic immunosuppressed mice. The presence of circulating interferon and the stimulation of natural killer cell activity in mice was observed for 21. PMID- 6644740 TI - Heterocyclic Quinones. 4. A new highly cytotoxic drug: 6,7-bis(1-aziridinyl)-5,8 quinazolinedione. AB - With the aim of obtaining new antitumoral agents, a series of 5,8 quinazolinediones was prepared. 5-Amino-6-methoxyquinazoline was oxidized by Fremy's salt to give 6-methoxy-5,8-quinazolinedione. Nucleophilic substitution reaction at C6, electrophilic substitution at C7, and synthesis of 7-amino-6 methoxy-5,8-quinazolinedione, the parent compound of streptonigrin, were studied. These compounds were tested for cytotoxic properties on L1210 leukemia cells in vitro. One of them, 6,7-bis(1-aziridinyl)-5,8-quinazolinedione, which exhibits a high cytotoxic activity (ID50 = 0.08 microM), was further screened in standard antitumor systems, including L1210 leukemia, P388 lymphocytic leukemia, sarcoma 180, and B16 melanocarcinoma. This drug gives a significant antitumoral effect on P388 leukemia but is inactive on other experimental models. Moreover, this compound was found to be highly mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains (Ames test), suggesting that DNA damage could be responsible for its cytotoxicity. PMID- 6644741 TI - Transport of antimicrobial agents using peptide carrier systems: anticandidal activity of m-fluorophenylalanine--peptide conjugates. AB - A series of di- and tripeptides containing D- and L-m-fluorophenylalanine was prepared and tested in vitro for the ability to inhibit the growth of the yeast Candida albicans. The results demonstrate that peptides containing L-m fluorophenylalanine inhibited the growth of C. albicans with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) ranging from 0.5 to 63 micrograms/mL. The parent L-m fluorophenylalanine and peptides containing D-m-fluorophenylalanine were inactive (MIC greater than 250 micrograms/mL) in these tests. The results of competitive antagonism studies support peptide transport mediated entry of the inhibitory peptides, followed by release of L-m-fluorophenylalanine inside the cell. PMID- 6644742 TI - Synthesis of a biologically active fluorescent muramyl dipeptide congener. AB - A fluorescent-labeled muramyl dipeptide (MDP) has been prepared to probe immunoadjuvant cellular interactions. N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (1) was synthesized in improved yield and reacted with 2-(fluoresceinylamino)-4,6 dichloro-s-triazine (DTAF, 2) to give the fluorescent adduct DTAF-MDP (3), attached through the 6-position of the sugar moiety. Adjuvant activity was assessed by using two different in vitro assays, macrophage spreading, and inhibition of macrophage migration. Both assays indicated that the apparent adjuvant activity of 3 is comparable to that of 1. PMID- 6644743 TI - Antibacterially active substituted anilides of carboxylic and sulfonic acids. AB - Anilides of carboxylic and sulfonic acids were prepared and tested for antimicrobial activity. While these anilides were ineffective against Gram negative organisms, there was a good correlation between chemical structure and biological activity against Gram-positive species. Both the nature and position of the benzene ring substituents and the length of the carbon side chain affected the activity and specificity of the compounds. The highest activity was observed when the acyl or sulfuryl moiety had a C7-C9 side chain attached. The CONH and SO2NH bridging groups were equally effective. The attachment of COOH or COOCH3 groups in the omega-position did not effect activity, but the substitution of the acidic proton of the sulfonamide group by an alkyl group rendered the compound inactive. Six compounds, which were substituted anilides of sulfonic acids, fatty acids, or the analagous alpha-methylene-substituted acids, were bacteriostatic at 10 ppm against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, and Lactobacillus plantarum. One of these compounds, 2-hydroxy-5-nitroanilide of alpha-methylenedecanoic acid, was bactericidal at 1 ppm. PMID- 6644744 TI - Anilides related to substituted benzamides. Potential antipsychotic activity of N (4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinecarboxamide. AB - The substituted benzamides are used clinically both as antipsychotics and as stimulants of gastric motility. The antipsychotic effects are considered to be a consequence of their central dopamine antagonist properties, but there is evidence that the gastric stimulatory effects may be mediated by other mechanisms. Clebopride (3) is a substituted benzamide that although marketed for its stimulatory effects on gastric motility, is also a potent central dopamine antagonist. The corresponding anilide, BRL 20596 (4a), where the amide bond has been reversed, has been synthesized and found to lack gastric stimulatory activity. However, the potent central dopamine antagonist activity is retained, suggesting that benzamides and anilides have similar affinities for central dopamine receptors. The implications of the conformations adopted by benzamides and anilides at such receptors are discussed. Evidence is also presented that there is a further lipophilic binding site on such receptors for which the N benzyl group is an optimal fit. PMID- 6644745 TI - An extension of the f-fragment method for the calculation of hydrophobic constants (log P) of conformationally defined systems. AB - An extension of the popular fragment methods for the calculation of octanol- water partition coefficient (log P) values of conformationally defined compounds is presented. Correction factors for both trans-antiperiplanar and gauche conformational isomers have been developed for both the Rekker and Leo fragment methods and successfully applied to a large, diverse group of conformationally defined phenethylamines. This approach is easy to use and only requires one additional correction factor per isomer. This method thus allows, for the first time, conformation to be taken into account for the fragment calculation of log P values. PMID- 6644746 TI - Synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-cyclohexylbutyric acid derivatives. 2. Cyclic analogues of mevalonic acid. AB - The sodium salt of (Z)-3-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)butyric acid (I) and its lactone (II) were prepared through the corresponding tert-butyl ester by hydrogenation, over Rh/Al2O3 catalyst, of the phenyl ring of tert-butyl 3-hydroxy 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)butyrate (III). (Z)-3-Hydroxy-3-(2-methoxycyclohexyl)butyric acid was prepared similarly. (Z)-4-Methyloctahydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one was prepared by hydrogenation, over Rh/Al2O3 catalyst, of 4-methylcoumarine, prepared in turn from III by a one-pot procedure comprising hydrolysis, lactonization, and dehydration. The above compounds inhibit acetate incorporation in cholesterol and fatty acids in rat liver slices at 5 X 10(-3) M, but they lack specific inhibitory activity on HMG-CoA reductase. PMID- 6644747 TI - Parasympatholytic (anticholinergic) esters of the isomeric 2-tropanols. 2. Non glycolates. AB - The 19 esters in Table I were prepared from (+)-2 alpha-tropanol, (-)-2 beta tropanol, (+/-)-3-quinuclidinol, and a variety of non-glycolic acids in order to compare their central and peripheral activities with those of the glycolates reported in the previous paper. The results (Table II) showed that esters 6 and 17 were approximately equivalent to one another and to atropine, that 8 was equal in both central and peripheral activity to reference glycolates, that 9 and 19 were less active than 8 but 9 had a substantially reduced central activity, and that 10 and 11 were more active than the methoxy analogue reported earlier. PMID- 6644748 TI - N-arylhydroxamic acid N,O-acyltransferase. Positional requirements for the substrate hydroxyl group. AB - N-Arylhydroxamic acid N,O-acyltransferase (AHAT) is a cytosolic enzyme system that is capable of converting toxic and carcinogenic N-arylhydroxamic acids into electrophilic reactants and of catalyzing the transacetylation of arylamines. The role of the N-hydroxyl group in promoting AHAT-catalyzed transacetylation of arylamines was investigated by the synthesis and biochemical evaluation of a series of o-hydroxyaryl amides and N-arylglycolamides. Several of these compounds are metabolites of carcinogenic aryl amides in vivo. 3-Hydroxy-4 acetamidobiphenyl (8) was weakly effective as an acetyl donor when partially purified preparations of hamster or rat hepatic AHAT were used to catalyze the transacetylation of 4-aminoazobenzene. 1-Hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene (1), 3 hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene (2), 2-glycolamidofluorene (3), 4-glycolamidobiphenyl (9), and trans-4-glycolamidostilbene (5) were less effective acyl donors than 4 acetamidobiphenyl (7) itself. The compounds were also assayed for their abilities to participate in the AHAT-catalyzed conveydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene (1), 3 hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene (2), 2-glycolamidofluorene (3), 4-glycolamidobiphenyl (9), and trans-4-glycolamidostilbene (5) were less effective acyl donors than 4 acetamidobiphenyl (7) itself. The compounds were also assayed for their abilities to participate in the AHAT-catalyzed conveydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene (1), 3 hydroxy-2-acetamidofluorene (2), 2-glycolamidofluorene (3), 4-glycolamidobiphenyl (9), and trans-4-glycolamidostilbene (5) were less effective acyl donors than 4 acetamidobiphenyl (7) itself. The compounds were also assayed for their abilities to participate in the AHAT-catalyzed conversion of N-arylhydroxylamines to electrophilic intermediates that form methylthio adducts upon reaction with N acetylmethionine. None of the compounds exhibited more than 4% of the activity of the prototype compound, N-hydroxy-4-acetamidobiphenyl (10). These results indicate that the presence of an hydroxyl group on the ring position ortho to the amide group or on the alpha-position of the acyl group is not sufficient to confer significant acyltransferase activity with AHAT. PMID- 6644749 TI - S-carbobenzoxyglutathione: a competitive inhibitor of mammalian glyoxalase II. AB - An effective competitive inhibitor of mammalian glyoxalase II has been synthesized and studied. The compound, S-carbobenzoxyglutathione, is almost totally inactive as an inhibitor of mammalian glyoxalase I. This is in marked contrast to other glyoxalase II competitive inhibitors, which in general are even more effective against glyoxalase I. S-Carbobenzoxyglutathione has found utility as an affinity ligand for the purification of rat liver glyoxalase II, and it may well have use in the study of the glyoxalase enzymes in vivo. PMID- 6644750 TI - O-imino esters of N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidic acid. Synthesis, X-ray structure determination, and anticancer evaluation. AB - Nine representatives of the title series of compounds [(ClCH2CH2)2NP(O)(NH2)ON = CRR'] were synthesized as potential anticancer prodrugs, based on the possibility of enzymatic reduction of the N-O bond to release the known cytotoxic agent phosphoramide mustard [1, (ClCH2CH2)2NP(O)(NH2)OH]. The dimethyl derivative (2, R = R' = CH3) exhibited a statistically significant, albeit low, level of anti L1210 activity in mice. Derivative 2, which was shown by 31P NMR measurements to be very stable toward hydrolysis at 37 degrees C over a pH range of 5.7-7.4 (T1/2 congruent to 7-8 weeks), gave colorimetrically detectable amounts of alkylating material upon incubation with mouse liver slices: approximately 3-5% conversion after 20 min at 37 degrees C. A single-crystal X-ray study of 2 revealed an unusual hydrogen-bonded "ladder" and a very similar steric relationship for the NCH2CH2Cl and ON = CCH3 moieties. PMID- 6644751 TI - Pyrimidine and triazine 3-oxide sulfates: a new family of vasodilators. AB - Di- and triaminopyrimidine 3-oxides (e.g., 2,4-diamino-6-piperidinylpyrimidine 3 oxide and 2,4-diamino-6-(diallylamino)triazine 3-oxide) react with sources of sulfur trioxide, such as sulfur trioxide trimethylamine or chlorosulfuryl chloride, to yield the corresponding heterocyclic O-sulfates. These sulfates are inner salts with unusual physical properties. The structure of the O-sulfate of 2,4-diamino-6-piperidinylpyrimidine 3-oxide was confirmed by X-ray. These O sulfates are hypotensives. They apparently act by direct vasodilation. PMID- 6644752 TI - Observations on body temperature of the host and resistance to the tick Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). PMID- 6644753 TI - Host-feeding patterns of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected from livestock in Virginia, USA. PMID- 6644754 TI - A simple technique for mass rearing Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the laboratory. PMID- 6644755 TI - New phlebotomine sand fly colonies: rearing Phlebotomus martini, Sergentomyia schwetzi, and Sergentomyia africana (Diptera: Psychodidae). PMID- 6644756 TI - Egg diapause in Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae): geographic variation in photoperiodic response and factors influencing diapause termination. PMID- 6644757 TI - Longevity and mating behavior in males and parthenogenesis in females in hybridized Boophilus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). PMID- 6644758 TI - A simulation model for the vector-host transmission system of a mosquito-borne avian virus, Turlock (Bunyaviridae). PMID- 6644759 TI - Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: mechanical transmission by tsetse, Glossina morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae), in the laboratory. PMID- 6644760 TI - The first confirmed field case of myiasis produced by Chrysomya sp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the continental United States. PMID- 6644761 TI - The genetic control of sparteine and debrisoquine metabolism in man with new methods of analysing bimodal distributions. AB - Debrisoquine and sparteine tests were carried out in 215 random white British subjects. There is a high degree of correlation between the urinary 'metabolic ratios' of the two drugs. New mathematical techniques have been developed (1) to define phenotypes and (2) to identify the genotypes within the dominant phenotype. The members of 15 families were tested with both debrisoquine and sparteine. The results indicate that persons who are 'poor metabolisers' of sparteine are also 'poor metabolisers' of debrisoquine and are autosomal Mendelian recessives. PMID- 6644762 TI - The association of the slow acetylator phenotype with bladder cancer. AB - There is an association between exposure to aromatic amines and the development of bladder cancer. Aromatic amines such as are known to occur in tobacco smoke are polymorphically acetylated. One hundred bladder cancer patients have been acetylator phenotyped. Only three of them were non-smokers at the time of diagnosis. This new series, together with four previous series (each with its own control), have been statistically analysed together. The results show a significant association between the slow acetylator phenotype and bladder cancer. The slow acetylator phenotype is associated about 39% more with bladder cancer than is the rapid acetylator phenotype. This association can be interpreted in one of two ways: (1) rapid acetylators may be protected against developing bladder cancer because they are better able to render amines non-carcinogenic by acetylation, or (2) slow acetylators have greater survival with bladder cancer than rapid acetylators. Further evidence will be required to differentiate between these alternatives. PMID- 6644763 TI - Congenital malformations associated with anencephaly in the Fylde peninsula of Lancashire. AB - The necropsy reports of 174 cases of anencephaly, born in the Fylde peninsula of Lancashire between 1957 and 1980, have been analysed for the presence of other malformations. The results were compared with a similar previous series from Bristol, though the Bristol study differed both in time (1948 to 1975) and in the fact that it was hospital based and, unlike the present study, did not achieve near complete ascertainment. Of the Lancashire anencephalics, 24% had other malformations, a significantly lower rate than in the Bristol series. There was a much higher rate of renal and urinary tract defects in the Bristol series, and a higher rate of cardiovascular defects in the Lancashire series. The distribution of associated malformations differed in the two areas, possibly representing different patterns of aetiological heterogeneity. The iniencephaly rate was so much lower in Lancashire as to suggest an artefact, perhaps owing to the lack of a precise definition of the condition. PMID- 6644764 TI - Familial atypical multiple mole-melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome: segregation analysis. AB - Genetic analysis was performed on four kindreds with clinical and pathological verification of the FAMMM syndrome. There were 80 affected or at risk members in these families. A segregation ratio of 0.47 was observed, which is consistent with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Three obligate gene carriers who lacked any FAMMM phenotypic manifestations were observed and the rate of penetrance for the FAMMM gene was calculated to be 0.93. Cancer at all anatomical sites (exclusive of cutaneous malignant melanoma and intraocular malignant melanoma) showed a five-fold increase (p less than 0.004) in risk for gene carriers when age corrected and compared to the population expectation. Although there was an apparent excess of carcinoma of the lung, pancreas, and breast, the number of family members studied with specific organ cancer was too small; therefore, a larger sample size will be needed to verify this apparent excess. Our findings warrant further investigation in additional FAMMM kindreds. PMID- 6644765 TI - C heterochromatin variation in couples with recurrent early abortions. AB - The possible influence of the high polymorphic C heterochromatic regions of human chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and Y on meiotic chromosome segregation was investigated. Faulty chromosome segregation may be the result of either an abnormal quantity of C heterochromatin on the homologues, or disequilibrium between the homologues. The aim of our study was to determine whether either a variation in the amounts of total C heterochromatin or differences in the amounts of C heterochromatin between homologues could lead to faulty chromosome segregation. The study was performed on C banded metaphases obtained from peripheral lymphocyte cultures of 15 couples with recurrent early abortions and 15 control couples, all Caucasians. Analysis of variance was first performed on separate metaphases to measure intra individual, inter-individual, and between population variation in a hierarchical model. Since the significant intra-individual differences covered the other parameters we performed, secondly, a one way analysis of variance on the mean values of metaphases per person in order to measure the inter-individual and between population variation. The results did not show a relationship between C heterochromatin lengths and occurrence of recurrent abortions. PMID- 6644766 TI - Familial aggregation of streptomycin ototoxicity: autosomal dominant inheritance? AB - Eight members of a large kindred of mixed ancestry from a remote rural area of South Africa were investigated for deafness. In each, severe permanent perceptive hearing loss had developed during antituberculous therapy with streptomycin sulphate in conventional doses. Although unproven by the data available in this study, the familial aggregation and pattern of distribution of sensitivity to streptomycin suggested autosomal dominant inheritance. PMID- 6644767 TI - Empirical recurrence risk after unidentified multiple congenital abnormalities. AB - Thirty-five fetal deaths (30.4%) and 12 cases of congenital abnormality (15.0%) occurred in 117 subsequent pregnancies and 80 sibs of 112 consultands who had babies with unidentified multiple congenital abnormalities after genetic counselling. The specific recurrence risk of unidentified multiple congenital abnormalities was 5%. PMID- 6644768 TI - Monosomy 18p and pure trisomy 18p in a family with translocation (7;18). AB - A three generation pedigree is described in which there are two carriers of translocation t(7;18). Two members of the family have trisomy 18p and a stillborn child had monosomy 18p and holoprosencephaly. Another stillborn child probably had holoprosencephaly; the karyotype was not analysed. Based on this observation, the occasional occurrence of holoprosencephaly in monosomy 18p (10% of previously reported cases) may not be the result of the expression of a recessive mutant gene in the hemizygous state, as assumed up to now. PMID- 6644769 TI - De novo translocation heterozygote with three reciprocal translocations. AB - An extremely rare case of a child with three balanced reciprocal translocations involving six different autosomes is described. These abnormalities have apparently arisen de novo and seem to have only relatively minor phenotypic effects. The meiotic possibilities are discussed and cytogenetic markers suggest that the damage may have occurred in a paternal gamete. PMID- 6644770 TI - A complex double translocation involving four chromosomes and five breakpoints in a child with mild mental retardation. AB - A 6-year-old boy with speech delay and mild mental retardation (IQ 82) was found to have a complex double translocation involving four chromosomes and a total of five breakpoints, two being on the same arm. This resulted in the karyotype 46,XY,t(2;4;7)(7;8)(q14;q31;q11q22;q13). As far as the authors are aware this is the first time that such a complex double translocation has been reported. Both parents had normal karyotypes. PMID- 6644771 TI - Yq deletion with short stature, abnormal male development, and schizoid character disorder. AB - A 33-year-old male with short stature, abnormal male sexual differentiation, aspermia, and schizoid character disorder is described, who had a Y chromosome with a deleted long arm. The correlation of the symptoms, including the psychotic abnormality, with the cytogenetic finding is discussed. PMID- 6644772 TI - Complete trisomy 5p owing to de novo translocation t(5;22)(q11;p11) with isochromosome 5p associated with a familial pericentric inversion of chromosome 2, inv 2(p21q11). AB - A boy with a de novo translocation (5;22) and isochromosome 5p associated with a pericentric inversion of chromosome 2 (p21q11) is described. The pericentric inversion was also present in the mother. The main clinical features of the 'complete trisomy 5p' syndrome were present in the proband. PMID- 6644774 TI - Developing a clinical faculty practice plan in a university clinic. AB - In this article, the authors explore the evolving concepts and procedures for developing clinical faculty practice plans in a university setting. The objectives of a clinical faculty practice plan are reviewed in the context of the initial planning process, which must be undertaken in order to develop a successful plan. Several types of organizational structures that may be tailored to the clearly identified missions of the university-related medical center are described. The authors then discuss various aspects of each of these types of organizational schemes, including the methods for structuring revenue participation between the clinic physicians and the medical school, the perceived need to control the amounts of earnings of the clinic physicians, and the factors to be considered in conducting the internal operations of a practice plan. PMID- 6644773 TI - Tetrasomy 9p confirmed by GALT. AB - We report a boy aged 12 years 7 months with mental retardation, hydrocephalus, dysmorphic facial features, congenital heart disease, and skeletal and renal anomalies. The karyotype showed a mosaic tetrasomy 9p involving the secondary constriction. This result was confirmed by tetraplex gene dosage effect for galactose-1-P-uridyltransferase (GALT). Comparing the clinical features of our case with those of previously reported patients, tetrasomy 9p appears to be a distinctive and clinically recognisable malformation syndrome. PMID- 6644775 TI - Program for increasing enrollment of early acceptees in medical school. AB - Early acceptees by medical schools generally have higher Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores and grade-point averages than those accepted later. Between 1977 and 1979, the number of these individuals actually enrolling at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Rutgers Medical School (UMDNJ RMS) declined from 20.4 to 6.5 percent of all incoming medical students. This prompted the development in 1980 of a one-day, preenrollment program informing early acceptees about the UMDNJ-RMS educational program. Subsequently, more than 40 percent of the early acceptees have enrolled at the UMDNJ-RMS, and this noticeable increase appears to be related directly to the program. PMID- 6644776 TI - Family medicine home visit programs in U.S. and Canadian medical schools. AB - In this report, the authors describe the current status of home visit training programs in family medicine education in U.S. and Canadian medical schools. Thirty-two percent of the 137 medical schools with programs in family medicine provide opportunities for students to visit patients in their homes. In most of these schools, visits are mandatory, are made by one student, occur at more than one level of study, and require a written report by the student. Information gathered during the visit becomes part of the patient's medical record and is shared with health care providers. Physician participation in the visit is more frequently optional and an alternative to the participation of nonphysician faculty members or allied health professionals. Ninety-four percent of the respondents whose schools have programs report that students, faculty members, and patients have positive attitudes toward the visit. Suggestions for improving and/or designing home visit programs are provided based on the data accumulated during the study. PMID- 6644777 TI - Six years of experience using patient instructors to teach interviewing skills. AB - In 1974 a competency-based program was developed at the University of Arizona College of Medicine that used patient instructors (PIs) to evaluate interviewing skills objectively. PIs are nonphysicians who are taught to function in the multiple roles of patient, teacher, and evaluator. For each specialty area, objective evaluation instruments have been developed to measure the student's interviewing technique (interview process) and the amount of relevant historical information obtained from the patient (interview content). Data from the six most recent classes of second-year medical students demonstrate that: (a) there is a positive correlation between process and content scores; (b) students learn from their interviews with PIs; and (c) there is a positive relationship between the scores students obtain on their first interview with each of two different PIs in two different specialty areas. It is concluded that the PI program provides an effective way to teach interviewing skills to medical students. PMID- 6644778 TI - Patients' perspectives of behavioral science care by family practice physicians. AB - Patients' concerns have too infrequently been considered by curriculum developers in the design of the behavioral science curriculum for family practice physicians. With these concerns in mind, the authors in this study examined by questionnaires patient attitudes regarding the level of involvement desired of family physicians for each of 45 psychosocial problems. The choices of responses offered were: Level 1, no help; Level 2, referral; Level 3, compassion, concern, and minor advice; and Level 4, expert, therapeutic help. The results demonstrated that for a majority of the problems, the patients expected their family physician to be caring and to show concern but not to be an expert (Level 3). Certain problems appeared in predictable categories, such as religion/church concerns in Level 1 and pregnancy, where expert advice was desired, in Level 4; pediatric problems dominated Level 2. Discrepancies between patient expectations and current curricular emphases were noted (for example, in counseling). Statistically significant differences were found between rural and urban populations as well as across low, middle, and upper socioeconomic classes. Educational implications derived from the data are discussed. PMID- 6644779 TI - The first-year resident selection process. PMID- 6644780 TI - A further assessment of medical school stress. PMID- 6644781 TI - Perceptions of instructors and students of instructors' roles. PMID- 6644782 TI - Self renewal in the academic medical center through creativity and innovation. PMID- 6644783 TI - Financial assistance for medical students, 1982-83. PMID- 6644784 TI - Orthopedic surgical procedures. PMID- 6644785 TI - Stress in medical education. PMID- 6644786 TI - Inhibitor production by group-G streptococci of human and of animal origin. AB - Strains of group-G streptococci were tested by a "fingerprinting" method for the production of (P typing) and sensitivity to (S typing) inhibitory agents, and were biotyped. In the standard P-typing test, 28 of 50 strains of human origin, but none of 30 strains of animal origin, showed inhibitory activity. Of the human strains, 12 formed a bacteriocin that was active on group-A streptococci, including three (strains I2, I5 and I8) of the four streptococci of this group among the indicator strains. Sixteen other human strains inhibited the fourth group-A indicator (strain I7), and to a lesser extent strain I2, by lowering the pH of the typing medium. This acid-mediated inhibition was eliminated by testing on a medium containing calcium carbonate 0.5%; the 16 strains were then completely non-inhibitory, and the bacteriocin-forming strains, the typing pattern of which had originally been I2, I5, I7, I8, showed only inhibition attributable to the action of the bacteriocin. Nearly all group-A streptococci were sensitive to the group-G bacteriocin. The indicator strain I7 and several other members of M-type 28 were exceptions, but their resistance was not associated with the presence of R-antigen 28. Fifteen inhibitor-sensitivity patterns and 12 biotypes were identified among the strains; some of these tended to be associated with either a human or an animal origin. Neither S type nor biotype appeared to correlate with inhibitor production. PMID- 6644787 TI - Aspects of the pathogenicity of some oral and other haemophili. AB - The pathogenicity of the predominantly non-capsulated, V-factor requiring haemophili that are commonly recovered from oral infections has been explored by studies of their endotoxins and infectivity as compared with those of Haemophilus influenzae. Similar yields of endotoxin (2.40-2.59% w/w) were obtained from all the haemophili examined except H. haemolyticus (1.61% w/w). The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracts all contained heptoses but not 2-keto-3 deoxyoctonate (KDO). The fatty acid compositions of the lipid-A fractions were essentially similar but comprised 76% of the LPS in the H. influenzae type d strain tested and only 20% in the H. influenzae type b strain and some strains of H. parainfluenzae. All extracts contained arachidic acid, which may be unique to haemophili. The endotoxins from all strains produced characteristic pyrogenic and polymorph effects in rabbits. The endotoxins from the pharyngeal X- and V-factor requiring strains had LD50 values for actinomycin-D-sensitised mice of 2.4-2.7 micrograms/kg, and were about eight times more potent than those from the oral V factor-requiring strains (LD50 values 17.2-22.4 micrograms/ml). Approximately ten thousand times more free endotoxin was detected in broth cultures of H. influenzae type b than in those of oral haemophili, and this greater endotoxin release was not associated with a greater degree of autolysis. Endotoxin release from viable cells may be important in the pathogenicity of this organism. H. influenzae type b was much more potent in producing infection in chambers implanted subcutaneously in guinea pigs than were oral strains of haemophili; only 10 type b organisms were required, compared with 9 X 10(5) of H. parainfluenzae. However, in infections maintained for 90 days, the numbers of haemophili--c. 10(7)/ml of chamber fluid--were similar for all the test strains. Thus, although the oral haemophili lack special attributes of invasiveness and resistance to host defences, they are not devoid of pathogenic potential and, if allowed to proliferate, may become an important element in an infection. PMID- 6644788 TI - Identification of staphylococci by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography. AB - The identification of bacteria by pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography (PGLC) was evaluated with the genus Staphylococcus. A matrix containing the characteristics of seven species of Staphylococcus was constructed from the results obtained with 42 named strains identified by biochemical methods. An identification program based upon this database was evaluated in tests with 100 isolates of catalase positive oxidase-negative gram-positive cocci identified by biochemical and PGLC systems. Agreement between the two systems was 90%. Pure cultures of unknown isolates were identified within 30 min by PGLC using a microcomputer data acquisition and analysis program. A taxonomic analysis of the data is presented, and methods for quality control of PGLC, prolongation of column life, and data analysis are described and discussed. PMID- 6644789 TI - Clinical comparison of glucose broth with nutrient broth blood cultures for the detection of "Streptococcus viridans" bacteraemia. AB - Viridans streptococci were isolated from the blood stream of half of 50 patients undergoing dental extractions approx. 2 min before blood culture. Glucose and nutrient broths were tested in parallel. There was no significant difference between the isolation rates of streptococci by the two methods after incubation for 7 days, nor did the addition of glucose 0.1% to nutrient broth significantly increase the speed of detection of streptococci; the isolation rates of streptococci during the first 48 h of incubation were similar with both types of broth. Although there were a few more isolations of streptococci from the glucose broth than from the nutrient broth during the first 20 h, the difference was not statistically significant. No rapid lethal effect against streptococci was observed in glucose broth during incubation for 7 days. These results suggest that adding glucose 0.1% to nutrient broth for blood culture does not influence the recovery of organisms from patients with "Streptococcus viridans" bacteraemia after incubation of the broth for 2-7 days. PMID- 6644790 TI - The incidence of tinea versicolor in central Sweden. AB - In a survey of 3302 people in an area of central Sweden, tinea versicolor was diagnosed in 0.5% of males and 0.3% of females; all those infected were adults. Tinea versicolor is much less common in Sweden than in the tropics. PMID- 6644791 TI - Possible role of arachidonic acid and of phospholipase A2 in the control of lysosomal enzyme release from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - We have studied the role of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in the release of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme) from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETYA), which inhibits both the cyclo-oxygenase and the lipoxygenase pathways of AA metabolism, was found to cause a dose-dependent inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release from human PMNs induced by immunological (i.e., serum-treated zymosan: Zx) and nonimmunological stimuli (i.e., formyl methionine-containing peptide and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187). In contrast, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (indomethacin, meclofenamic acid and aspirin), which only block the cyclo-oxygenase pathway of AA metabolism, had little effect on enzyme release from PMNs induced by the same stimuli. 5,8,11-Eicosatriynoic acid (ETI), a selective inhibitor of the lipoxygenase pathway of AA metabolism, caused a dose-dependent inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release elicited by Zx, f-met peptide, and A23187. p Bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), which inhibits the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in several tissues, was found to cause a dose-dependent inhibition of lysosomal enzyme release induced by the same immunological and non-immunological stimuli. The inhibitory effect of BPB on enzyme release was irreversible and extremely rapid. It appears that activation of PLA2 and the products of the AA metabolism, generated via a lipoxygenase pathway, play an essential role in the biochemical control of human PMNs activation and secretion. PMID- 6644792 TI - Serum-induced enhancement of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-mediated cytotoxicity towards human target cells in systemic sclerosis. AB - Sera from 7 of 37 patients with systemic sclerosis (SS) were found to markedly enhance cytotoxicity in several established human target cell lines when co cultured with normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM). Fractionation studies indicated that the cytotoxicity-inducing activity resided in the IgG-containing fractions of serum and that the effector cells were Fc receptor positive. By contrast, sera from 27 normal controls produced little or no cytotoxicity when co-cultured with the same target cell lines and normal PBM. Any slight enhancement of cytotoxicity that occurred with a single target cell line was, on fractionation, either labile or associated with albumin containing fractions. These findings raise the possibility that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) could provide a pathogenetic mechanism in some patients with SS. PMID- 6644793 TI - Circulating immune complexes and serum lysozyme levels in untreated Hodgkin's disease. Their relationship to immune function. AB - Complement-fixing and non-complement-fixing circulating immune complexes were determined in 42 previously untreated Hodgkin's disease patients by Pl.A.T., C1qB ELISA and KgB tests. The functional status of the monocyte-macrophage system was evaluated by measuring the serum lysozyme levels. These parameters were then correlated with the patient's immunocompetence, as assessed by the percentage of E-rosette forming cells and the PHA response. The Pl.A.T. was positive in 35.7% patients, the KgB-test in 34.3% and the C1qB-ELISA in 19%. There was overlapping of positive results in 37.5% patients. No correlation was found between CIC levels and stage, unfavourable histology or B symptoms. The PHA response was significantly depressed in CIC + patients, as detected by the C1qB-ELISA technique (p less than 0.0025). The data on serum lysozyme offer an insight into the possible mechanism regulating serum levels of CICs in Hodgkin's disease. Two distinct situations seem to exist: in the first, high CIC levels are associated with normal or low serum lysozyme values (p versus normal controls: n.s.); in the second, serum lysozyme levels are high and CIC absent (p less than 0.005 versus control values). The lowest lysozyme levels are also associated with a depressed lymphocyte PHA response. It could, therefore, be concluded that, in Hodgkin's disease, the presence, or absence, of CICs is directly correlated to the degree of monocyte-macrophage clearance activity and that the host's immunocompetence plays an important role in the induction and/or maintenance of this functional defect. PMID- 6644794 TI - Circulating levels of pregnancy proteins and depression of lymphoblastogenesis during pregnancy. AB - Plasma was obtained from 287 normal pregnant women at different times of gestation. Alpha-foetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), human placental lactogen (hPL) and pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) were measured by radioimmunoassay. The capacity of those plasmas to inhibit phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) induced lymphocyte transformation was also tested. Between the 7th and the 12th week, pregnancy plasma has a relatively small inhibitory effect on lymphoblastogenesis. Plasmas taken between the 13th week and term pregnancy inhibit much more lymphocyte transformation. The factor which increases this inhibition is unknown. None of the proteins measured were significantly correlated with the inhibitory effect. Two explanations are proposed: either AFP, hCG, hPL and PAPP-A are not responsible for the in vitro inhibition of lymphoblastogenesis or else these factors exert a combined effect so that the concentration of each protein taken separately cannot account for the overall inhibitory effect observed with pregnancy plasma. PMID- 6644795 TI - Water exchange through erythrocyte membranes: nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the effects of inhibitors and of chemical modifications of human membranes. AB - The changes in water diffusion across human erythrocyte membranes following exposure to various inhibitors and proteolytic enzymes have been studied on isolated erythrocytes suspended in isotonic buffered solutions. An important issue was to investigate whether the sulfhydryl reacting reagents that have been applied in osmotic experiments showed similar effects on diffusional permeability. It was found that mercurials, including mersalyl, were the only sulfhydryl reacting reagents that were efficient inhibitors. Under optimal conditions a similar degree of inhibition (around 45%) was found with all mercury containing sulfhydryl reagents. Other reagents, including the sulfhydryl reagent DTNB, phloretin, or H2DIDS, the specific inhibitor of the anion transport system in erythrocyte membrane, did not appear to inhibit significantly the diffusional permeability. No changes in water diffusion were noticed after exposure to erythrocytes to trypsin and chymotrypsin. A new kind of experiments was that in which the effects of exposure of erythrocytes to two or more agents were studied. It was found that none of the chemical manipulations of membranes that did not affect water diffusion hampered the inhibitory action of mercurials. These findings show that the SH groups involved in water diffusion across erythrocyte membrane do not react with any of the other SH reagents aside from mercurials and that the molecular mechanism of water transport is not affected by chymotryptic cleavage of band 3 protein into the 60 and 35 kD fragments. The NMR method appears as a useful tool for studying changes in water diffusion in erythrocyte membranes following various chemical manipulations of the membranes with the aim of locating the water channel. PMID- 6644796 TI - Acid pH and weak acids induce Na--Cl cotransport in the rabbit urinary bladder. AB - We have described a coupled Na--Cl entry step at the apical membrane of a tight epithelium, the rabbit urinary bladder. Mucosal pH values, more acid than 4.6, stimulate a 20 to 40-fold increase in mucosal-to-serosal Na+ and Cl- flux. The flux increase is almost completely blocked by low concentrations of of bumetanide. The transepithelial movement of Na+ and Cl- is normally electroneutral; however, when weak acids (such as acetate) are present in the mucosal solution, the acid-induced increase in flux is accompanied by a large increase in short-circuit current. Besides blockage by bumetanide, both the increase in flux and short-circuit current are blocked by: (1) Na+-free solutions on the mucosa; (2) Cl--free solutions on the mucosa; (3) phosphodiesterase inhibitors; (4) ouabain in the serosal solution; (5) K+-free solutions on the serosa; and (6) HCO3--free solutions on the serosa. The increase in the fluxes and the short-circuit current is unaffected by: (1) amiloride application in the mucosal solution; (2) mucosally applied stilbene derivatives which block Cl-/HCO3 exchange (SITS); and (3) Cl--free solutions applied to the serosa. We interpret these results to imply a coupled Na--Cl uptake step at the apical membrane which is stimulated by intracellular acetate (or (pH). The uptake step leads to a movement of Na+ and Cl- across the basolateral membrane, which is mediated by the Na+, K+-ATPase and a Na/Cl/HCO3- exchange mechanism. Our results demonstrate that "tight" epithelia may, under appropriate circumstances, demonstrate mechanisms of ion movement which are similar to "leaky" epithelia. PMID- 6644797 TI - KCl cotransport: a mechanism for basolateral chloride exit in Necturus gallbladder. AB - K+ and Cl--selective double-barreled microelectrodes were used to study the effect of changes in external K+ concentration on intracellular Cl- activity (aiCl) in epithelial cells of Necturus gallbladder. Decreasing the K+ concentration simultaneously in both bathing solutions produced a decrease in aiCl. Steady-state values of aiCl were related to the values of the chemical potential gradient for K+ (delta microK) across either the apical or the basolateral cell membrane. A similar dependence between aiCl and delta microK appeared when the K+ concentration was changed in the serosal solution only. This indicates that aiCl depends on delta microK across the basolateral membrane. aiCl was virtually independent of the membrane potential. This supports the idea that both the mucosal and the basolateral membranes of Necturus gallbladder cells have very low passive permeabilities to Cl-. These results indicate that the exit of Cl- from Necturus gallbladder cells is driven by delta microK across the basolateral membrane, and suggest that KCl electroneutral coupled mechanism in this membrane plays an important role in transcellular Cl- transport. PMID- 6644798 TI - Marking the origin of coordinates in high-resolution light-microscopy scanning. AB - In high-resolution image analysis, it is often desirable to return to a chosen cell after it has been restained or subjected to histochemical procedures. The reading of the vernier on the microscope stage is too coarse for relocating of non-distinct single cells, because the accuracy, determined by visual interpolation, is limited, at best, to 1/20th of a millimetre, or 50 microns. When one works with haematologic samples, e.g. lymphocytes, the precision of relocating a cell has to be better than 50 microns; i.e. the cell should reappear near the centre of the visual field of a X 100 oil-immersion objective. We describe a simple device by means of which distinct marks can be made on a slide with specimen (but before coverslipping) and will provide suitable origins for a coordinate system that will cover the entire preparation. PMID- 6644799 TI - Effects of hydration on the surface morphology of urediospores. AB - Changes in the surface morphology of mature urediospores of Uromyces viciae-fabae have been studied with respect to different preparative procedures for the scanning electron microscope. Specimens were examined in the critical point dried, freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated states. Dried urediospores were significantly different in appearance from those which were hydrated. Shrinkage probably accounted for some of the surface features of dried spores, particularly amongst those which had been critical point-dried. No significant effects on spore surface texture resulted from chemical immersion fixation, chemical vapour fixation, dehydration or the mode of sputter-coating. It is suggested that the presence or absence of unfreezable water, involved in maintaining the structural stability of polymers which provide the specimen surface with its characteristic morphology, may have an important influence on the gross texture of cell surfaces as viewed with the scanning electron microscope. PMID- 6644800 TI - Low temperature scanning electron microscope studies of mouse small intestine. AB - Etched frozen hydrated specimens of mouse small intestine have been examined with low temperature scanning electron microscopy as a preliminary to X-ray microanalysis. Recognizable images have been obtained of most of the known histological features of the gut. Nuclear and cytoplasmic details were often seen. Ice crystal damage was evident, although the degree of artefact depended on the cell type being examined and also varied from cell to cell or within cells. The same specimens were later examined with resin light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. These two techniques confirmed that preservation was adequate for identification of cells and tissues, although cavities were seen, representing ice crystal damage. These preliminary results indicate that SEM of etched, frozen, hydrated specimens provides adequate identification of cellular detail to allow further work using X-ray microanalysis to be carried out. PMID- 6644801 TI - Tannic acid- and thiocarbohydrazide-mediated osmium tetroxide binding in the preparation of human leucocytes for SEM observation. AB - Normal human leucocytes, successively treated with glutaraldehyde-tannic acid osmium tetroxide-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium tetroxide-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium tetroxide, were prepared for scanning electron microscopy observation. These cells produced well-contrasted, non-charging scanning images compatible with metal-evaporated material. Further, the mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells resisted shrinkage during dehydration and critical point drying, thus allowing much improved images at high magnification than those covered with evaporated metal. In all cases at least a second thiocarbohydrazide-osmium tetroxide treatment could not be avoided. PMID- 6644802 TI - Image spread in dry-mounted tritium autoradiographs. AB - A comparison has been made of autoradiographs prepared by conventional dipping methods and those prepared from the same material using a dry-mounting method developed for the study of receptor labelling. Resolution was found to be inferior, and image spread greater, in the dry-mounted preparations. The extent to which resolution and image spread were affected depended upon the distance between specimen and emulsion. PMID- 6644803 TI - Simple collectors for cathodoluminescence in the SEM made from aluminium foil. AB - Inexpensive cathodoluminescence collectors for scanning electron microscopes can easily be made from aluminium foil fashioned as tubes which abut against the window of the photomultiplier at one end and shroud the specimen at the other. Their use in the study of fluorescent labelled mineralized tissues is illustrated. PMID- 6644804 TI - Treatment of malignant hyperthermia with dantrolene. PMID- 6644805 TI - Radiologic seminar CCXXXII: Balloon embolization of carotid-cavernous fistulas. PMID- 6644806 TI - New physician payment system. AMA Council on Medical Service. PMID- 6644807 TI - Abusing rast: an increasing problem. PMID- 6644808 TI - Technologic advances in ambulatory obstetrics and gynecology: boon or bane? PMID- 6644809 TI - Sick--a way of life. PMID- 6644810 TI - Home health services--prescription for continuing care. PMID- 6644811 TI - Thermodynamic properties of oxygen equilibria of dimeric and tetrameric hemoglobins from Scapharca inaequivalvis. AB - Oxygen equilibrium curves of the dimeric and tetrameric hemoglobin components of Scapharca inaequivalvis were determined at several temperatures. The oxygen equilibrium curves were analyzed by the two-step and four-step oxygen equilibrium schemes of Adair for the dimeric and tetrameric hemoglobins, respectively. The enthalpy and entropy changes for each oxygenation step were determined by the temperature dependences of the Adair constants using van't Hoff equations. Neither dimeric nor tetrameric hemoglobins release protons or anions upon oxygenation under the experimental conditions of the present study. The enthalpy and entropy changes are non-uniform with respect to the oxygenation step and do not need to be corrected for the oxygenation-linked release of protons and anions. For the tetrameric hemoglobin, enthalpy-entropy compensation was observed between the first, second and third steps of oxygenation. The present results suggest that the origin of the co-operative oxygenation is primarily entropic for both hemoglobin components of S. inaequivalvis. Comparison of these data with those obtained on other hemoglobins shows that no simple generalization can be made as to the thermodynamic nature of co-operativity in oxygen binding. PMID- 6644812 TI - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance of the RNA in tobacco mosaic virus. AB - Solid state 31P n.m.r. data concerning the structure of the RNA in TMV are presented in light of the prior diffraction and model building results on this system (Stubbs et al., 1977; Stubbs & Stauffacher, 1981). The 31P chemical shift anisotropy powder pattern of a stationary, unoriented solution of TMV shows the RNA to be immobilized by the coat protein-RNA interactions, since the principal values (sigma 11 = 83, sigma 22 = 25, sigma 33 = -108 p.p.m. relative to external 85% H3PO4) are essentially the same as those of a static phosphodiester group. There are three peaks in the isotropic 31P n.m.r. spectrum obtained with magic angle sample spinning, indicating three distinct phosphate environments. There are three peaks in the 31P n.m.r. spectrum from an oriented TMV solution, indicating three distinct phosphate orientations. PMID- 6644813 TI - Occurrence of a single helix of the collagen type in globular proteins. AB - The occurrence of an eight-residue long segment of polypeptide chain in collagen helical conformation has been detected in bacteriochlorophyll a-protein by the application of an algorithm for identifying secondary structures in globular proteins from their alpha-carbon positions. This segment spans residues 277 to 284 of the protein and is the longest known stretch of collagen helix to be observed in globular proteins. PMID- 6644814 TI - Preliminary crystallographic study of the complex between the Fab fragment of a monoclonal anti-lysozyme antibody and its antigen. AB - Preliminary crystallographic data are given for the complex between the Fab fragment of a monoclonal anti-lysozyme antibody and its antigen. This crystalline complex was found by screening a number of Fab-lysozyme complexes prepared from monoclonal anti-lysozyme antibodies produced by hybrids of BALB/c immune spleen cells with a non-secreting mouse hybrid myeloma line. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21 with a = 55.5 (+/- 0.1) A, b = 143.5 (+/- 0.3) A, c = 49.1 (+/- 0.1) A, beta = 120 degrees 20' (+/- 10'). X-ray photographs show reflections extending to a resolution of 2.7 A. The crystals are suitable for high-resolution X-ray diffraction studies. PMID- 6644815 TI - Calcium ion binding by isolated tobacco mosaic virus coat protein. AB - Calcium ion titrations were performed on solutions of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein using a calcium-specific ion-exchange electrode. Isolated coat protein was found incapable of binding calcium ions under equilibrium conditions at pH values above its iso-ionic point (pH 4.3 to 4.6). However, calcium ions were found to bind to coat protein under non-equilibrium conditions, which suggests that the isolated coat protein has the proper conformation to bind calcium ions at the iso-ionic point. PMID- 6644816 TI - Calcium and potassium ion binding by tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid. AB - Calcium and potassium ion titration experiments were performed on solutions of tobacco mosaic virus RNA using ion-specific electrodes. The data obtained were analyzed using Scatchard and Klotz plots for the number of binding sites per nucleotide (n), and the apparent stability constant for complex formation, beta Me. The experimental design also allowed for the determination of the number of protons released per metal ion bound, chi. The calcium ion titration in water yielded values of 0.45 for n, 6.03 for log beta Ca and 0.24 for chi. When this titration was repeated in 0.01 M-KCl, the values were found to be 0.11 for n, 5.08 for log beta Ca and zero for chi. An aqueous potassium titration was also performed, with values for n, log beta K and chi of 0.25, 2.96 and less than 0.10, respectively. PMID- 6644817 TI - Energetics of DNA twisting. II. Topoisomer analysis. AB - A gel electrophoresis method has been developed for resolving small (approximately equal to 250 bp DNA topoisomers. In this size range only one major topoisomer band is observed, except for ligase closure conditions in which the probabilities are nearly equal for circularization by untwisting and overtwisting the corresponding linear DNA. The two probabilities are nearly equal when delta Tw is close to 0.5, if the mean helical twist of the linear DNA is n + delta Tw, where n is an integer and delta Tw is the fractional twist. We determine delta Tw of the linear DNA in standard conditions (20 degrees C, no ethidium) by titration experiments in which delta Tw is varied at the time of ligase closure, either by changing temperature or ethidium concentration. The endpoint (delta Tw = 0.5) is found when the two topoisomers formed by untwisting and overtwisting are present at equal concentrations. This analysis assumes that the net writhe is zero and the DNA helix is isotropically bendable. The results confirm the analysis of cyclization probabilities given in the preceding paper: delta Tw = 0 at the two maxima in the curve of j-factor versus DNA length and delta Tw = 0.5 at the minimum. Consequently, we can determine the DNA lengths at which Tw takes on integral values and use them to measure precisely the average helix repeat. From the difference between the delta Tw values of DNAs with 237 and 247 bp, we obtain an approximate value for the helix repeat of h = 10.4 +/- 0.1 bp/turn, in good agreement with earlier values found by the band-shift and nuclease-cutting methods. The twist is integral at 250.8 +/- 0.4 bp and from h = 10.4 +/- 0.1 we find n = 24; then 250.8/24 gives h = 10.45 +/- 0.02 bp/turn. The mean linking number (Lk) changes in a stepwise manner as delta Tw is varied for 250 bp DNAs. This result is expected when the free energy of twisting half a turn becomes large compared to thermal fluctuations. In these experiments, it is possible to obtain the mean Tw value from the mean Lk value only when delta Tw = 0.5, and consequently the mean Lk value is not simply related to DNA length for 250 bp DNAs except when delta Tw = 0.5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6644818 TI - Crystallographic study of rubredoxin from the bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strain 27774. AB - Rubredoxin from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (strain 27774) has been isolated and crystallized. Preliminary amino acid and crystallographic analyses indicate that this rubredoxin is the smallest rubredoxin isolated so far. The amino acid analysis indicates that the molecule is composed of 45 to 48 residues and contains histidine, which is unusual for rubredoxins from anaerobic bacteria. The X-ray diffraction pattern from these crystals reveals they belong to space group P1 with cell parameters: a = 24.92 A, b = 17.79 A, c = 19.72 A, alpha = 101.0 degrees, beta = 83.4 degrees, gamma = 104.5 degrees. The unit cell volume of 8283 A3 indicates a molecule with molecular weight no greater than 5500 and is consistent with the smaller number of amino acids found in this rubredoxin. The solvent content of this rubredoxin crystal appears to be the lowest observed in crystalline proteins. PMID- 6644819 TI - Structure of human oxyhaemoglobin at 2.1 A resolution. AB - The structure of human oxyhaemoglobin was determined by single crystal X-ray analysis at 2.1 A resolution. Data were collected on an Arndt-Wonacott camera at 2 degrees C. The structure was refined to an R factor of 0.223 by the Jack-Levitt method, starting from Baldwin's model of human carbon monoxide haemoglobin. The active sites in the alpha and beta subunit are distinct. The iron atoms are 0.16(8) A and 0.00(8) A from the mean plane of the porphyrin carbons and nitrogens (0.12(8) A and -0.11(8) A from the mean plane of the porphyrin nitrogens) in the alpha and beta subunit, respectively, in correlation with the orientation of HisF8 relative to the porphyrin nitrogens. The haem group appears to be nearly planar in the alpha subunit but ruffled in the beta subunit. The Fe O(1)-O(2) angles are 153(7) degrees and 159(12) degrees in the alpha and beta subunit, respectively. The oxygen molecule forms a hydrogen bond to N epsilon of HisE7 in the alpha, but either none or a weak one in the beta subunit. The following bond lengths were found: Fe-N epsilon (HisF8) = 1.94(9) A (alpha) and 2.07(9) A (beta); Fe-O(1) = 1.66(8) A (alpha) and 1.87(13) A (beta); Fe-Nporph (mean = 1.99(5) A (alpha) and 1.96(6) A (beta). These dimensions agree with the values obtained in oxymyoglobin and model compounds. The C-terminal residues, ArgHC3(141 alpha) and HisHC3(146 beta), are relatively delocalized, and their positions do not enable them to form the intersubunit salt bridges in which they are involved in deoxyhaemoglobin. The penultimate tyrosine residues, TyrHC2 140 alpha and 145 beta, are relatively localized and maintain the hydrogen bonds to the carbonyl oxygens of ValFG5 (93 alpha and 98 beta), with only minor variations compared to their geometry in deoxyhaemoglobin. TyrHC2(145 beta), however, alternates between a major and a minor site, in conjunction with CysF9(93 beta), both sharing the internal pocket between the F and H helices while in the major conformation. This suggests that the role of the penultimate tyrosines in the allosteric mechanism may differ from that previously proposed by Perutz. The overall quaternary structure of oxyhaemoglobin is identical, within experimental error, to that of carbon monoxide haemoglobin, and thus confirms the applicability of the allosteric mechanisms proposed by Perutz and Baldwin & Chothia to the process of oxygen binding. PMID- 6644820 TI - Structure of tomato busy stunt virus IV. The virus particle at 2.9 A resolution. AB - The structure of tomato bushy stunt virus has been determined crystallographically to 2.9 A resolution. Details are presented of both the molecular structure and the methods by which it has been solved. The icosahedrally symmetric viral shell is composed of 180 protein subunits (Mr 43,000), with three similar but distinct modes of subunit bonding. This capacity for alternative packing is due to localized flexibility in the folded polypeptide (hinges between domains) and to multiple conformations for surface side-chains. The polypeptide backbone has an essentially invariant fold within a compact domain. A mechanism for correct positioning of the different modes of subunit interaction is evident from the structure of the TBSV particle. Thirty-five residues of the polypeptide chain fold in an ordered way on 60 of the 180 subunits, forming an internal framework. Interaction of folded domains with this framework permits accuracy of long-range geometry (correct curvature and closure) to be determined by unambiguous switching between alternative local contact angles. RNA packs tightly into the particle interior. Protein-RNA interactions occur through parts of the subunit that are flexibly linked to the well-ordered domains of the shell. This variable interaction imposes minimum restrictions on the folding of the RNA chain. PMID- 6644821 TI - Changes in ovarian ultrastructure and ecdysteroid titer during the aging process of female Xyleborus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). AB - Striking ultrastructural and hormonal parameters of premature menopause and aging are reported in female Xyleborus ferrugineus fed cholesterol, rather than 7 dehydrocholesterol, as a sole dietary sterol. The titer of free ecdysteroids in such 63-day-old females remained abnormally elevated through the period of the ovarian cycle. A similar plateauing of such elevated titer also occurred in 147 day-old, irregularly cycling females fed only cholesterol as the dietary sterol. These hormonal changes in menopausing X. ferrugineus females seem especially analogous to the maintenance of an elevated concentration of 17-beta-estradiol through the estrous, as well as the proestrous, ovary of aged irregularly cycling rats. The highly abnormal ultrastructure of ovaries of X. ferrugineus females aged 216 days on a diet containing cholesterol as the sole sterol seems quite analogous to that of the nonovulatory follicles in older, irregularly cycling rats. Our new findings involving aging X. ferrugineus females indicate further the usefulness of an insect model to study aging processes. PMID- 6644822 TI - Miniaturization and its effects on cranial morphology in plethodontid salamanders, genus Thorius (Amphibia, Plethodontidae): II. The fate of the brain and sense organs and their role in skull morphogenesis and evolution. AB - Relative size and arrangement of the brain and paired sense organs are examined in three species of Thorius, a genus of minute, terrestrial salamanders that are among the smallest extant tailed tetrapods. Analogous measurements of representative species of three related genera of larger tropical (Pseudoeurycea, Chiropterotriton) and temperate (Plethodon) salamanders are used to identify changes in gross morphology of the brain and sense organs that have accompanied the evolution of decreased head size in Thorius and their relation to associated changes in skull morphology. In adult Thorius, relative size (area measured in frontal plane, and length) of the eyes, otic capsules, and brain each is greater than in adults of all of the larger genera; relative size of the nasal capsules is unchanged or slightly smaller. Interspecific scaling phenomena--negative allometry of otic capsule, eye and brain size, isometry or slight positive allometry of nasal capsule size, all with respect to skull length--also are characteristic of intraspecific (ontogenetic) comparisons in both T. narisovalis and Pseudoeurycea goebeli. Predominance of the brain and eyes in Thorius results in greater contact and overlap among these structures and the nasal capsules in the anterior portion of the head. This is associated with anterior displacement of both the eyes and nasal capsules, which now protrude anterior to the skull proper; a change in eye shape; and medial deformation of anterior braincase walls. Posteriorly, predominance of the otic capsules has effected a reorientation of the jaw suspensorium to a fully vertical position that is correlated with the novel presence of a posteriorly directed squamosal process and shift in origin of the quadropectoralis muscle. Many of these changes in cranial morphology may be explained simply as results of mechanical (physical) interactions among the skeletal, nervous, and sensory components during head development at reduced size. This provides further evidence of the role of nervous, sensory, and other "soft" tissues in cranial skeletal morphogenesis, and reinforces the need to consider these tissues in analyses of skull evolution. PMID- 6644823 TI - Comparative and functional morphology of the stomach in the adult and newborn pigmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis). AB - Examination of the topographical anatomy of the stomach complex and intestinal tract of an adult male and a newborn female pigmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis) shows that the stomach consists of four chambers, the first three constituting the proventriculus and the fourth the glandular stomach. The proventriculus is made up of a visceral and parietal blind sac opening into a connecting chamber, which in turn opens into the glandular compartment. The walls of the proventricular chambers are covered with villi and non-glandular mucous membrane. The significant difference between the animals is that whereas the connecting chamber of the adult stomach lies transversely deep in the cranial part of the abdomen and connects with the glandular chamber on the right side, that of the newborn lies almost vertically and connects ventrally with the glandular compartment situated on the floor of the abdomen. A groove which in the adult runs more or less horizontally from the cardia through the visceral sac and connecting chambers is aligned almost vertically in the newborn. In the adult the connecting chamber is the largest compartment, but in the neonate the visceral blind sac and the glandular compartment are proportionally larger. Functional aspects of these anatomical differences are discussed in relation to suckling behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6644824 TI - A Golgi study of the opossum ventral basal complex. AB - The morphology of neurons in the ventral basal complex (VBC) of the adult opossum (Didelphis virginiana) is described from thick coronal brain sections, using Golgi-, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-, and Nissl-staining methods. Soma cross sectional area, dendritic field shape, and the number of appendages (spines) in a defined major branch zone (MBZ) are quantified and statistically analyzed. Results indicate that neurons in opossum VBC have relatively large cell bodies, dendrites which branch in a tufted pattern, and numerous dendritic appendages. These neurons are designated as relay cells because of (1) their tufted dendritic branch patterns, considered characteristic of thalamic relay cells (Ramon Moliner, '62), and (2) the similarity of their soma sizes with HRP-labeled somata after somatosensory cortical injections. Neurons with traditionally described interneuron morphology do not appear to be present in the VBC of this animal, and, in this respect, the neuronal morphology of opossum VBC is similar to that in rat (McAllister and Wells, '81). Based on statistical analysis of the structural features observed, the presumed relay cells in opossum VBC do not show significant differences in morphology, and consequently are not subdivided into classes. Opossum VBC neurons are recognized as forming a single category in which broad and continuous variations in morphology are indicated. Recognition of a singular class of relay cell is consistent with descriptions for rat and cat VBC (Scheibel and Scheibel, '66), but at variance with a previous report for the primate Galago VBC (Pearson and Haines, '80) subdividing thalamic relay cells into Types I, II, and intermediate categories. PMID- 6644825 TI - Spatial organization in the saccule and lagena of a teleost: hair cell pattern and innervation. AB - The relationship between the hair cell orientation pattern and innervation in the saccule and lagena of the teleost Helostoma temmincki (the kissing gourami) was investigated with scanning electron microscopy and the Winkelmann-Schmitt silver impregnation technique. The hair cell pattern in the saccule consists of four orthogonally oriented groups. The anterior two groups are oriented along the animal's rostrocaudal axis, and the posterior two are oriented along its dorsoventral axis. The pattern of hair cell orientations in the lagena is a typical bidirectional one. Two divisions of the eighth nerve innervate the saccule. The anterior division innervates the horizontally oriented hair cell groups, and the posterior division innervates the dorsoventrally oriented groups. A single nerve innervates the lagena, with the majority of fibers innervating one or the other of the two lagenar hair cell groups. The segregated pattern of innervation according to hair cell orientation groups in the saccule was confirmed in other species. Individual types of axonal terminations appear to innervate hair cells of specific ciliary bundle types. PMID- 6644826 TI - Measurements of coronary plasma and pericardial infusate adenosine concentrations during exercise in conscious dog: relationship to myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow. AB - A conscious dog model was employed to evaluate the relationship among myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), myocardial adenosine release and coronary blood flow (CNF) during graded treadmill exercise. Two methods were utilized simultaneously as indexes of changes in interstitial adenosine concentrations, (1) a pericardial infusate technique and (2) to measurement of arterial-coronary sinus plasma adenosine concentration differences. Graded exercise was associated with graded increases in MVO2, CBF, pericardial infusate adenosine concentration (PI Ado) and adenosine washout in coronary plasma. Regression analysis demonstrated significant linear relationships for MVO2 v. CBF (r = 0.78, P less than 0.01), MVO2 v. PI Ado (r = 0.52, P less than 0.01), and PI Ado v. CBF (r = 0.76, P less than 0.01). Coronary plasma adenosine arterio-sinus differences, sinus plasma concentrations, and net washout of adenosine also increased with graded exercise, however, a significant inter-animal variance was noted. These data suggest that the plasma adenosine assay is capable of detecting directional (qualitative) changes associated with changes in cardiac metabolism, however, it may not be reliable as a quantitative indicator of interstitial adenosine concentrations due to multiple factors which may influence the plasma adenosine pool. The pericardial infusate technique, which presumably represents a model of diffusion, is relatively invariant by comparison. The results demonstrate a significant correlation among MVO2, PI Ado and CBF, and thereby provide support to the hypothesis that adenosine is a major factor in the coupling of myocardial oxygen demand to oxygen supply under physiological conditions. PMID- 6644827 TI - Atropine-induced alterations of normal development of muscarinic receptors in the embryonic chick heart. AB - The development of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in chick heart was studied from incubation days 5 through 20. There is a parallel increase in receptor density in atrium and ventricle until the last half of incubation, when the atrial, but not the ventricular, receptor density increases. This increase is blocked by exposure to atropine on incubation days 11 through 14, but not on days 16 through 19. This specific regional increase is coincident with the appearance of functional cholinergic innervation of the heart. During this same period there is an alteration in muscarinic receptor binding properties in both atrium and ventricle that is characterized by an increase in the proportion of receptors displaying high affinity agonist binding. This increase is blocked in the atrium, but not the ventricle, by atropine exposure on incubation days 11 through 14. Thus, there is a critical period in the development of atrial muscarinic receptors during which the receptors are susceptible to modulation by exposure to an antagonist. PMID- 6644828 TI - Barium-induced spontaneous activity in sheep cardiac Purkinje cells. AB - We used intracellular microelectrodes to study the electrophysiological effects of low barium concentrations (1--4 x 10(-5) M) on sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers. The main effect of barium was an increase in action potential duration (APD) both at -60 mV (APD-60) and at 100% repolarization (APD100). The prolongation of APD was greater at a lower (30/min) than at a higher driving rate (120/min). Barium significantly modified the normal linear relationship between driving rate and APD. The effects of barium on APD were enhanced by lowering [K+]0 and antagonized by increasing [Ca2+]0. Barium caused a slowing of phase 3 repolarization, a steepening of diastolic depolarization and induced spontaneous activity in the resting potential range during the interruption of the drive. The first spontaneous action potential was usually preceded by an oscillatory potential. By means of several procedures (lowering [K+]0, increasing [Ca2+]0, increasing the driving rate) it was possible to identify two separate mechanism underlying the initiation of spontaneous activity: (1) enhancement of normal diastolic depolarization and (2) induction of oscillatory afterpotentials. Finally, barium induced repetitive activity through early afterdepolarizations. We conclude that in Purkinje fibers low barium concentrations cause a lengthening of APD and can induce spontaneous activity by means of at least three different mechanisms. The main factor underlying the barium effects seems to be a reduction in potassium conductance. PMID- 6644829 TI - The frequency and distribution of methylatable DNA sequences in leguminous plant protein coding genes. AB - Methylation of higher plant DNA occurs at up to 25% of all cytosines, primarily in the sequences CpG2 and CpNpG, both of which are over 80% methylated in wheat and tobacco (Gruenbaum et al 1981). CpG and CpNpG frequencies and distributions in the known sequences of cloned genes of leguminous plants were analyzed. In this sample CpG occurred at only 49% of the frequency expected if the bases were distributed at random. This lower frequency may be attributed to the fixation of mutations generated by a high rate of deamination of 5methylcytosine to thymine (Salser 1977). Consistent with this hypothesis, the product of CpG transitions, TpG and CpA, were significantly above their expected frequency. However CpNpG occurred at approximately expected levels and there was no significant increase in its transition products CpNpA and TpNpG. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed. An analysis of the distribution of di- and trinucleotides across functionally classified regions of genes showed CpG to be asymmetrically distributed. CpG was on average significantly enriched in the 3' flanking regions compared to other regions. This may reflect a methylation mediated regulatory role for this region in some legume genes. PMID- 6644830 TI - Linear repetitions of amino acids and convergent evolution inside protein subregions of ordered secondary structures. AB - 51 polypeptides of known 3-dimensional structures have been submitted to a search for internal similarities. It is shown that the frequency of proteins displaying significant amounts of internal similarities is higher than predicted by chance. A non-negligible part of those similarities probably occurs in connection with the existence of ordered secondary structures. Indeed, similarity occurs at a much more important rate when analyses are restricted to protein subsequences corresponding to alpha helices or beta pleated sheets. Furthermore, the correlation existing between the rates at which linear and inverted repeats occur inside protein subregions of ordered secondary structures suggests that a significant part of short similarities are analogies rather than homologies. An hypothesis is put forward suggesting that the regular alternations of hydrophobicity which characterize most of alpha helices and beta strands could provoke the occurrence of significant amounts of similarities inside protein sequences. PMID- 6644831 TI - Glutathione reductase in evolution. AB - The disulfide reducing activities of GSSG-and CoASSG-reductases were measured on partially purified extracts from a variety of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Glutathione-reductase was found in varying amounts in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes, used in this study, with the exception of the two strict anaerobes Clostridium tartarivorum and Desulfovibrio vulgaris, and the two primitive Archaebacteria Methanosarcina barkeri and Halobacterium halobium. CoASSG reductase was found in some eukaryotes and prokaryotes, but showed no clear pattern of distribution other than its absence whenever GSSG-reductase was not present. The absence of GSSG-reductase activity in organisms lacking GSH, confirms that glutathione metabolism is not universal and suggests that this enzyme might be useful as a marker in classifying organisms. The data suggest that glutathione-reductase occurs as a result of the change from a reducing to a oxidizing atmosphere in the primitive Earth. PMID- 6644832 TI - Giant esophageal carcinoma. AB - Carcinoma of the esophagus is a devastating disease that produces various degrees of esophageal obstruction by virtue of its circumferential, constricting type of growth pattern. Because of the relatively small diameter of the esophageal lumen, a limited-sized tumor can produce severe obstructive symptoms. Carcinoma of the esophagus is, as a rule, fairly well localized to its wall or the immediate mediastinal parietes in cases where there is extension beyond the esophageal musculature.(1) Large, bulky, exophytic types of esophageal carcinomas that produce symptoms mainly as a result of extrinsic pressure are unusual. PMID- 6644833 TI - Health career preview: a summer internship for minority students in a teaching hospital. AB - A summer internship program designed to encourage qualified minority students to pursue careers in health professions is described. Initial goals for the program were met, and the first year of the program was considered a success. PMID- 6644834 TI - Sexual exploitation of children: a call to action. PMID- 6644835 TI - Traumatic distal femoral periostitis of the newborn: a breech delivery birth injury. AB - Traumatic femoral epiphyseal periostitis is a rare complication of breech delivery by cesarean section. The clinical course and management of a case of distal femoral periostitis recently encountered by the authors is discussed. PMID- 6644836 TI - Hispanic cultural influences on medical practice. AB - Because the proportion of Hispanic patients is increasing rapidly, most physicians are now coming into daily contact with Hispanics. In addition to obvious difficulty with oral communication, Hispanics share characteristics, in varying degrees, that may interfere with their search for medical help, the diagnoses of their illnesses, therapy, and health education.Neither physicians nor other health professionals need to be experts on Hispanic culture or language to be able to assist Hispanic patients properly. This article summarizes the ethnic background, beliefs, and approaches to health commonly noted among Hispanic patients. Their commonly held assumption that they are in this country only temporarily prevents successful acculturation efforts. Non-Hispanic physicians can nonetheless find great satisfaction in providing quality care for their Hispanic patients. PMID- 6644837 TI - Thyrotoxicosis in the elderly. AB - Charts of 28 hyperthyroid patients over 60 years old were retrospectively analyzed and compared with charts of 14 patients under 30 years old. The mean duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis was 16 months in the elderly and five months in the younger group. Heart rate was substantially lower in the older (107 beats/min) vs younger (117 beats/min) study group. The symptom of weakness or fatigue was more prevalent in the elderly group (94 percent) than in the younger group (57 percent). Cardiac palpitation was more prevalent in the elderly patients whereas insomnia, irritability, dysphagia, hyperphagia, and heat intolerance were more prevalent in the younger patients. Fifty percent of the elderly patients complained of chest pain. Cachexia (62 percent), thin, fine hair (50 percent), and weakness (58 percent) were prominent physical findings in the elderly group. Twenty-six percent of the elderly patients had atrial fibrillation. These findings confirm previous studies that show some differences in presentation of hyperthyroidism in elderly patients when compared with younger patients. The authors recommend that thyroid function tests be obtained for broad indications in the elderly. PMID- 6644838 TI - Preventive issues and the black elderly: a biopsychosocial perspective. AB - Of 26 million black Americans, 8 to 10 percent are elderly. Life expectancy for blacks is on the average 5.5 years less than for whites. Black men on the average live only 64.1 years. Preventive services in an elderly population must focus on maintaining physical health, supporting psychological well-being, and sustaining an adequate economic base and a dependable social-service network. High-risk factors in the elderly include being black, being poor, living alone, experiencing major life changes, being recently bereaved, or being recently discharged from a hospital. Important issues involved in maintaining good psychological and mental health include previous psychological health, previous intellectual capability, and the response to diminished physical health and to other major life changes. An adequate social network must include maintaining or developing friendships, capitalizing on the strengths of subcultural identifications, and having ready access to social, legal, health, and political action groups. PMID- 6644839 TI - The radiographic evaluation of infections of the spine. AB - The radiological evaluation of spinal osteomyelitis is presented with an emphasis on the relative value and radiographic findings in the five most commonly utilized radiological tests. PMID- 6644840 TI - Survey of the demographic characteristics of patients requiring restraints in a psychiatric emergency service. AB - This paper examines the previously studied topic of the prevalence of uncontrollable behavior in psychiatric emergencies, using the need for restraints as an indicator, and seeks to discover demographic characteristics that were associated with patients needing restraints. The variables considered are sex, referral source, marital and financial status, race, education, diagnosis, age, and disposition. The findings of this survey were compared with those of another survey, which was conducted with a different population in a different community context, using tendency toward assault as an indicator of uncontrollable behavior. Although the two surveys were not strictly comparable, some interesting points were raised regarding differences and similarities. PMID- 6644841 TI - Splenic function in children with hemoglobin SC disease and sickle beta thalassemia. AB - Splenic function in children with hemoglobin SC disease and sickle beta thalassemia was evaluated using direct interference contrast microscopy. Children with both disorders demonstrated significant degrees of hyposplenism as evidenced by increased numbers of erythrocytes containing surface "pits." Patients with these variants of sickle cell disease frequently exhibit splenic dysfunction and may be at increased risk to develop the life-threatening septicemias associated with hyposplenism. PMID- 6644842 TI - Distribution of radioactivity among total myelin protein amino acids following administration of labeled glycine, leucine, or methionine. AB - This paper analyzes the distribution of radioactivity in the different amino acids of brain myelin protein for up to 6-7 weeks after an intracranial pulse administration of radioactive leucine, glycine, or methionine. Results show that there is no significant accumulation or reutilization of protein radioactivity in any form other than the one administered. PMID- 6644843 TI - Evidence from phospholipid metabolism changes for muscarinic cholinergic receptors on rat anterior pituitary cells. AB - In incubations of dissociated adult rat anterior pituitary cells with [32P]orthophosphate, carbamylcholine causes an increase in phosphatidic acid labeling accompanied by a small reduction in phosphatidylinositol labeling. Carbamylcholine and oxotremorine produce about the same maximum change while that caused by pilocarpine is smaller. Low concentrations of atropine, quinuclidinyl benzilate, and scopolamine completely inhibit the effect caused by carbamylcholine, whereas d-tubocurarine does not decrease the stimulation, even at higher concentrations. The muscarinic antagonists alone produce a rise in phosphatidylinositol labeling and a drop in phosphatidic acid labeling, an effect opposite from that produced by the agonists, but d-tubocurarine alone has no effect. Thus changes in phospholipid metabolism are mediated through muscarinic cholinergic receptors in dissociated rat anterior pituitary cells, confirming the presence of functional binding sites. The present studies also demonstrate the utility of experiments on precursor incorporation into phospholipids in identifying the existence on cells or tissues of certain receptor classes. PMID- 6644844 TI - The role of the support group in promoting breastfeeding in developing countries. PMID- 6644845 TI - Measles immunization--a review. PMID- 6644846 TI - Food habits in Bahrain: infants' feeding habits. PMID- 6644847 TI - Heat-labile serum alkaline phosphatase as an index of growth in healthy Nigerian infants and children. PMID- 6644848 TI - Feeding patterns of infants and young children in Kinshasa, Zaire. PMID- 6644849 TI - The Middle Level Auxiliary Health Worker School: the Behdar Project. PMID- 6644850 TI - The urban poor and obstetric outcome. PMID- 6644851 TI - Reduction in perinatal mortality in developing countries: experiences from Zululand. PMID- 6644852 TI - Family planning and maternal-child health in Mexico 1970-1980. PMID- 6644853 TI - The toxic principles in cow's urine concoction (CUC). PMID- 6644854 TI - Physical examination of the professional singer. AB - Examination of the professional singer must include an assessment of his general health and a thorough ear, nose, and throat evaluation. However, the physical examination can reveal much more than simply the appearance of the singer's vocal cords. The physician must be attuned to the singer's use of his speaking voice. Examination of actual singing allows specific observations that may substantiate a diagnosis of voice abuse or may guide the physician in his selection of therapy. PMID- 6644855 TI - Voice recording and vocal fold photography in the ENT office setting. AB - When a laryngologist treats a patient with a voice disorder it is often important to evaluate the sound of the voice over a long period of time and to demonstrate to the patient changes due to therapy. This may be vital to patient management especially when the results fail to correspond with the patient's expectations or when the voice is used professionally. Visualization of the vocal folds by the use of a mirror may be adequate for the diagnostic needs of the laryngologist, but a permanent record of laryngological features permits the sharing of objective information with referring physician, consultant, therapist, and, most importantly, with the patient. The illustrations can also be extremely useful in teaching. PMID- 6644856 TI - Laboratory investigation of the abnormal voice. AB - The patient with an abnormal voice has variously been investigated by laryngologists and speech pathologists, the diagnosis being based on visualization of the larynx and the sound of the voice. With the advent of phoniatric surgery, for example augmentation of the vocal cord and recurrent nerve section for spastic dysphonia, more objective means of quantifying abnormalities and results became pressing. Investigation of dysphonia where obvious lesions of the vocal cords were absent required further laboratory methods. The advent of microprocessors and fiberoptic endoscopy allows research methods to be applied clinically with better ability to diagnose and document patients with voice disorders. This paper outlines the experience of a voice laboratory and tries to assess the relevance of laboratory tests to clinical practice. PMID- 6644857 TI - Evaluating vocal fold function. AB - In the effort to develop a non-invasive method for the evaluation of the vibratory characteristics of the vocal folds in patients with vocal pathology, some of the newer methods for evaluating vocal function in normal speech are being considered. Inverse filtering of the glottal airflow waveform and ways of measuring vocal fold contact area are described and evaluated for their potential use in the clinic. Knowledge of the vibratory behavior of a patient's vocal folds is important to our understanding of problems such as spastic dysphonia, dysphonia plica and functional aphonia as well as the problems of the professional voice user. PMID- 6644858 TI - Muscular tension dysphonia. AB - Muscular tension dysphonia (MTD) is a condition commonly seen in young and middle aged females. It is manifest by excess tension in the paralaryngeal and suprahyoid muscles, an open posterior glottic chink, larynx rise, and frequently mucosal changes on the vocal cords. These mucosal changes are usually fleshy vocal nodules. About 8% of vocal nodules are found in patients not exhibiting features of MTD. The two types of vocal nodules require different therapeutic approaches. One hundred patients out of 500 seen consecutively at the Voice Clinic at the University of British Columbia exhibited the features of MTD. These patients are discussed and an etiology hypothesis is presented. PMID- 6644859 TI - Clinical evaluation of functional dysphonia. AB - Functional dysphonia is a voice impairment without any organic lesion of the phonating system. It may be classified into two categories: functional dysphonia itself where no lesions are found and functional laryngopathies where vocal cord lesions may be attributed to vocal abuse or misuse. The clinical evaluation of a dysphonic patient is performed in three steps: history taking, vocal evaluation, and examination. History taking helps the diagnosis and may be considered also as a therapeutic procedure. Vocal evaluation is oriented toward the voice itself and how it is produced. Then an ENT examination is performed with special attention to the larynx. In functional dysphonia, usually, everything looks normal but there may be signs of inflammation, hyperkinetism, hypokinetism, excessive laryngeal movements, etc. Functional laryngopathies include vocal nodules, laryngitis, polyps, and contact ulcer. PMID- 6644860 TI - The present status of adductor spastic dysphonia. AB - This paper presents the need for clinicians/researchers to come to some agreement on the use of the term "spastic dysphonia". The available literature reveals persisting difficulty both in the diagnosis of this disorder and in its management. Although recurrent laryngeal nerve section may be beneficial in relieving spastic symptomatology in some patients, it is certainly not the solution for all patients. PMID- 6644861 TI - Anatomic correlation for muscle tension dysphonia. AB - Dysphonia resulting from increased muscular tension in the larynx and neck is associated with 1) palpably increased phonatory muscle tension in the paralaryngeal and suprahyoid muscles, 2) elevation of the larynx in the neck on increasing vocal pitch, 3) an open posterior glottic chink between the arytenoid cartilages on phonation, and 4) variable degrees of mucosal changes such as vocal nodules or chronic laryngitis. Using six cadaver larynges, the glottic features observed during examination of patients with muscular tension dysphonia (MTD) are reproduced. In each larynx the posterior, lateral, and interarytenoid muscles were dissected free and tension applied in the direction of action in various combinations. Glottic changes were observed, recorded on videotape, and compared to similar clinical video recordings. PMID- 6644862 TI - Laryngectomees in Norway. Study No. 3: Pre- and postoperative factors of significance to esophageal speech acquisition. AB - The acquisition and acceptability of esophageal speech were evaluated relative to a number of variables in 188 laryngectomees. Of the population studied, 63% were rated as having socially acceptable esophageal speech (SAES) according to a rating scale developed by the author. Advanced age, persistent swallowing difficulties, and small stomas or dependency on a cannula resulted in reduced capability for acquiring SAES. As well, the ratings of premorbid adjustment patterns and personality traits were found to predict success in esophageal speech acquisition better than any social or situational factor. PMID- 6644863 TI - Voice rehabilitation after total laryngectomy. AB - More than 100 years after the first laryngectomy, voice preservation remains a remarkable challenge. A number of surgical techniques have been proposed, yet complications related to aspiration, recurrent disease, or voice failure have been frequent. Representative historical examples are described and their results reviewed. The advent of tracheo-esophageal phonation with a silicone voice prosthesis simplified the approach to this perplexing problem. The principles learned from the secondary application of this method are applied to a primary technique for vocal rehabilitation immediately after laryngectomy. The results are promising without risking alteration of the basic laryngectomy technique and expected cure rates. PMID- 6644865 TI - Perception of the fundamental frequencies of children's voices by trained and untrained listeners. AB - This study was designed to determine if trained voice clinicians were better than untrained listeners in judging differences in the fundamental frequencies of children's voices. We also attempted to determine the degree of difference in fundamental frequency necessary for accurate judgments. Finally, ability to perceive pitch differences in speaking voices was correlated with ability to judge puretone stimuli. Results indicated that trained clinicians were no better at judging average fundamental frequency than were untrained listeners. Both groups performed at chance level until differences in vocal fundamental frequency exceeded 20 Hz. Finally, there was no correlation between subjects' success on standardized puretone pitch tests and ability to judge average pitch in the speaking voice. PMID- 6644864 TI - Surgical alteration of the vocal pitch. AB - Vocal pitch can be changed surgically without distorting the vocal quality. It can effectively be lowered by thyroplasty III, that is anteroposterior shortening of the thyroid ala by vertical strip excision of the cartilage. The pitch lowering was dramatic in six, but fair in three where the vocal cords were atrophic or scarred. Vocal pitch can be elevated by various surgical techniques: 1) cricothyroid approximation, 2) A-P expansion of the thyroid ala, 3) longitudinal incisions in the cords, 4) intrachondral injection of the steroid, and 5) evaporation of the cords by CO2 laser. Cricothyroid approximation, performed on 11 patients, generally produced substantial rise in pitch, which was limited, however, when the cords were very thick. The intrachordal surgeries, 3 5, should be performed conservatively, because it may interfere with the vocal cord vibration. PMID- 6644866 TI - Proceedings of the 28th annual meeting of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine and the 12th annual meeting of the Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. October 18-21, 1983 New York, New York. Abstracts. PMID- 6644867 TI - Case of the month. Portal vein thrombosis. PMID- 6644868 TI - Cholelithiasis in children: recent observations. AB - All patients at Children's Hospital Medical Center who had ultrasonic evidence of cholelithiasis during the period from June 1979 to June 1982 were identified. Their charts and radiographs were reviewed, as were the surgical and pathologic reports of those who had cholecystectomy. Cholelithiasis was found to be less rare than expected. Sixty-five patients were identified during the three-year period. Exclusion of 13 patients more than 21 years old left 52 patients, 29 of whom were female and 23 male, ranging in age from 3 months to 21 years. Predisposing diseases or circumstances were present in 83 per cent of the cases. These included hemolytic anemia (15), cystic fibrosis (4), metabolic disease (3), liver disease (4), postpartum state (4), prior bowel resection or malabsorption (4), cardiac disease (4), prior orthopedic surgery (2), other (3). There were only nine cases in which no identifiable predisposition to cholelithiasis could be found. Although the gallstones were not subjected to chemical analysis, at least 53 per cent of them were visible on the 34 available abdominal radiographs, indicating the presence of calcium and thus stones of a mixed type. PMID- 6644869 TI - Intracranial vascular pulsations in pediatric neurosonology. AB - Movement produced by the circle of Willis arteries, the anterior cerebral artery and the opercular or Sylvian branches of the middle cerebral artery can be identified with high-resolution real-time ultrasound systems. Focal or universal depression of these vascular pulsations indicates an abnormality in intracranial blood flow. Haziness of the parenchymal edges with increased echogenicity of the brain substance is occasionally associated with these vascular pulsation disturbances and generally indicates more severe parenchymal damage. An evaluation of the intracranial arterial pulsations is an important part of the real-time ultrasound examination of the brain of the infant. PMID- 6644870 TI - Ultrasonic tissue characterization of fetal lung, liver, and placenta for the purpose of assessing fetal maturity. AB - The purpose of this research effort was to establish a physical basis for the development of an accurate noninvasive technique to differentiate between mature and immature fetal tissues, particularly the lung and placenta. The research utilized RF waveform analysis via a microcomputer-based digital processing system interfaced directly to a standard real-time clinical diagnostic ultrasound instrument. Differences between the frequency spectra of the RF waveforms for mature and immature fetal tissues could be demonstrated in accordance with proposed tissue models. PMID- 6644872 TI - The changing sonographic appearance of fetal kidneys during pregnancy. AB - One hundred consecutive women between 11 and 40 weeks of gestation were studied to evaluate the changing appearances of the fetal kidneys. In the first trimester, the kidney was never positively identified. Between 15 and 26 weeks it was seen but was difficult to distinguish from surrounding tissue. In the early third trimester, either an echogenic border or increased echogenicity of the renal sinus was observed; in the late third trimester this increased echogenicity was observed in both areas. It is thought that the echogenicity is the result of fat deposition in the pararenal space and in the renal sinus. PMID- 6644871 TI - Sonographic depiction of changes in ventricular size associated with repeated ventricular aspirations. AB - Serial real-time cranial sonography was performed on 11 preterm neonates who had demonstrated progressive posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation and were subjected to repeated ventricular aspirations. Changes in ventricular size were correlated with gestational age, birth weight, and extent and location of the intracranial hemorrhage, as well as the timing, frequency, and location of the ventricular aspirations and the average amount of cerebrospinal fluid removed. The sizes of both lateral ventricles of each neonate were measured and the occurrence of sequelae related to repeated ventricular aspiration was examined. Eleven ventricles diminished in size, eight increased, and there was no change in three. Two neonates had bleeding near the aspiration sites. It is concluded that repeated aspiration can be associated with a diminution in ventricular size in some neonates. It is recommended that alternative methods of treatment, such as serial lumbar puncture or external ventriculostomy, be attempted prior to initiating repeated ventricular aspirations. PMID- 6644873 TI - Sonomammographic manifestations of mammographically detectable breast microcalcifications. AB - The sonographic appearances of ten breast carcinomas associated with microcalcifications were reviewed. None of the clusters of microcalcifications were visualized sonographically. All of the tumors were seen on sonomammography as either solid mass lesions or areas of acoustical shadowing. PMID- 6644874 TI - Sonographic and computed tomographic appearances of acquired renal cystic disease. PMID- 6644875 TI - Antenatal diagnosis of a fetal liver mass. PMID- 6644876 TI - Sonographic diagnosis of vaginal ectopic ureter. PMID- 6644877 TI - Ultrasonic demonstration of a Mullerian duct cyst. PMID- 6644878 TI - The butterfly sign. PMID- 6644879 TI - Aqueous solutions as contrast agents. PMID- 6644880 TI - Hemiacidrin irrigation in the management of struvite calculi: long-term results. AB - Renacidin (10 per cent hemiacidrin) irrigation has been used in the management of renal struvite calculi in 25 patients. Of these patients 22 were free of stone after irrigation: 16 after dissolution of residual stone fragments postoperatively, 4 after prophylactic postoperative irrigation and 2 after primary, nonsurgical percutaneous dissolution. Recurrent urinary tract infections owing to the original urease-producing bacteria occurred in 14 per cent of these patients and recurrent nephrolithiasis occurred in 9 per cent during an average followup period of 66 months. PMID- 6644881 TI - Percutaneous lithotripsy. AB - We have performed percutaneous extractions of renal pelvic stones in 194 patients via the Wolf percutaneous universal nephroscope. At 1 session, with the patient under general anesthesia, a percutaneous tract is dilated to 24F and the stone is removed immediately. We have removed 185 stones successfully by ultrasonic lithotripsy, basket retrieval and/or use of forceps. Average operating time was 54 minutes and mean hospitalization was 5 days. The advantages of this technique are that a skin incision of only 1 cm. is required to remove the stone, hospital days are fewer than with open procedures and postoperative morbidity is minimal. In selected situations this method represents a significant advance over standard open surgical procedures for removal of renal pelvic stones. PMID- 6644882 TI - Renal cell carcinoma and the clonogenic assay. AB - The clonogenic assay is an in vitro chemosensitivity test performed on tumor specimens and has had limited success in predicting or confirming patient response to chemotherapy. We investigated this assay system, using a 1-hour method, in 37 renal cell carcinoma specimens to determine its clinical usefulness. These specimens also were graded independently by a pathologist with respect to cell type, mitotic figures and degree of differentiation. Only 22 specimens formed at least 50 colonies per 500,000 cells plated and few specimens displayed any chemosensitivities. Marked variations of colony counts among duplicate controls or drug-treated samples demonstrated further the unreliability of the assay. Of several factors responsible for the poor performance of the assay the 2 outstanding problems were losses of clear cells in variable amounts (unique to renal cell carcinoma), and the inability to generate and maintain single cell suspensions. Pathologic correlations confirmed that predominantly clear cell carcinomas did not form colonies as well as granular cell carcinomas. Owing to these problems in its present form the clonogenic assay is not useful clinically and is unsuited particularly for renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 6644883 TI - The treatment of renal cell carcinoma with human leukocyte alpha-interferon. AB - An extended phase II trial of human leukocyte (alpha) interferon was done in 48 patients with measurable metastatic renal cell carcinoma, 43 of whom were evaluable. Of these patients 1 (2.5 per cent) had a complete response that was maintained after 19 months, 6 (14 per cent) had a partial response and an additional 23 per cent had either a minimal response or stabilization of previously growing metastases for greater than 3 months. Toxicity caused termination of treatment in only 1 patient and generally was tolerable. Major toxicity consisted of fever (80 per cent), fatigue (80 per cent) and hematologic toxicity (42 per cent), which was severe in only 2 patients. Characteristics of patients responding to therapy were good performance status, previous nephrectomy and metastases limited to the lungs. The results achieved with human leukocyte interferon were superior to those achieved by immunotherapy or chemotherapy at this and other institutions, and further trials are warranted. PMID- 6644884 TI - Ureterovesical reflux in an adolescent and adult population. AB - The records and radiographic data on 177 adolescents and adults with vesicoureteral reflux were reviewed. The anatomic characteristics of 255 renal units and ureterovesical junctions were characterized using criteria reported previously. A total of 125 renal units demonstrated grades III to V reflux (International). Abnormal ureteral orifices were observed in 145 renal units and 155 submucosal tunnels were short or absent. Excretory urograms outlined renal scars in 192 renal units. Pre-treatment and post-treatment creatinine clearances were analyzed in 188 renal units. Ureteral reconstruction resulted in stabilization or improvement in the mean creatinine levels in 53 renal units. Other forms of surgical and medical treatment also resulted in improved renal function during observation. PMID- 6644885 TI - Ploidy disturbance of normal-appearing bladder mucosa in patients with urothelial cancer: relationship to morphology. AB - A total of 4 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent complete mapping of the mucosa and tumors with combined cytologic, histologic and flow cytometric evaluation of the extent of involvement of the neoplastic process. Flow cytometric measurement of the cellular deoxyribonucleic acid content in multiple cell samples taken at cystoscopy showed similar changes in the normal mucosa as in the tumors. These changes consisted of an increased fraction of cells with S-phase deoxyribonucleic acid content in 2 patients with grades 1 and 2 tumors, and the presence of extensive aneuploidy in 2 patients with World Health Organization grades 2 and 3 tumors. While grade 1 and some grade 2 tumors (World Health Organization) are composed only of diploid cells, some of the grade 2 and all grade 3 tumors consist of a mixture of diploid and aneuploid populations. Such aneuploid clones could be identified in normal appearing mucosa and, thus, be a source of new occurrences. The impression of heterogeneity in histograms from different tumors within the same bladder is assumed to be caused by a variation in the ratio between aneuploid and diploid populations (high ratio in tumor and low in normal-appearing mucosa). This phenomenon may be the reason for variation in grading based on histological studies. PMID- 6644886 TI - Superficial bladder cancer: progression and recurrence. AB - The tumors in 249 patients presenting initially with stages Ta and T1 bladder cancer were analyzed for tumor progression and recurrence. Only transurethral resection and/or fulguration was used before the first recurrence. Patients who received intravesical chemotherapy after the first tumor recurrence were excluded from an analysis of progression. Progression according to stages Ta and T1, and grades I, II and III was 4, 30, 2, 11 and 45 per cent, respectively. All differences were statistically significant. Progression also correlated with nontumor dysplasia and size. High tumor grade, lamina propria invasion, atypia elsewhere in the bladder, positive urinary cytology, tumor multiplicity and large tumors were associated with shorter intervals free of disease. PMID- 6644888 TI - Urethral stricture after cardiovascular surgery, a retrospective and a prospective study. AB - In a review of our cases presenting with urethral stricture we noted a high incidence following cardiovascular surgery. A retrospective study was done, including 87 patients treated for urethral stricture and 304 undergoing open heart surgery during the same period, to search for a possible etiologic factor. A prospective study also was done on 98 patients subjected to cardiovascular surgery. Strictures developed in 17.5 per cent of 63 patients who had a urethral catheter placed for urinary diversion at operation compared to none of 35 who had a suprapubic cystocatheter. We believe that the urethral catheter is at least partly responsible for stricture formation. Associated factors, for example urethral ischemia, may be contributory. PMID- 6644887 TI - Intravesical therapy of noninvasive bladder tumors (stage Ta) with doxorubicin and urokinase. AB - A double-blind investigation was done on 44 patients with noninvasive bladder tumors (stage Ta) given randomized intravesical treatment with doxorubicin with or without urokinase. The bladder tumors were not removed before treatment in any patient. No significant difference in response was detected between the 2 types of treatment. Of the patients 86 per cent responded to treatment, including 52 per cent who achieved complete remission. At 12 and 42 months after termination of treatment 42 and 35 per cent of the patients, respectively, remained free of recurrent tumor. PMID- 6644889 TI - Peyronie's disease and erectile failure. AB - A total of 20 patients with Peyronie's disease, including 15 with erectile failure and 5 with normal potency, underwent evaluation with dynamic xenon washout and infusion cavernosography. Abnormal drainage from the cavernous body was found in 13 of the 15 patients with erectile failure and in none of the 5 potent patients (p less than 0.01), indicating that this condition seems to be the underlying pathological mechanism leading to erectile impotence in patients with Peyronie's disease. PMID- 6644890 TI - The stone clinic effect in patients with idiopathic calcium urolithiasis. AB - The "stone clinic effect" refers to the effect of encouraging a high intake of fluid and avoiding dietary excesses on stone formation and growth in patients with urolithiasis. To determine the extent of this effect we reviewed the clinical courses of 108 patients with idiopathic calcium urolithiasis and indeterminant metabolic activity. There was no evidence of stone growth or new stone formation (metabolic inactivity) after a mean followup of 62.6 months in 63 of the 108 patients (58.3 per cent), including 12 of 17 (70.6 per cent) with hypercalciuria and 7 of 15 (46.7 per cent) with hyperuricosuria. Comparison of initial and followup 24-hour urine volumes demonstrated a significant increase in patients who were metabolically inactive at followup (p less than 0.0005), while no increase was detected in patients who were metabolically active at followup. We recommend that specific drug therapy should not be given to patients with idiopathic calcium urolithiasis until the stone clinic effect has been evaluated. PMID- 6644891 TI - Study of passed stones by means of X-rays, infrared and thermal analyses. AB - X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis were used to study 108 stones that had been passed spontaneously from the upper urinary tract. The presence of apatite in pure calcium oxalate stones classified by x-ray diffraction was confirmed by infrared analysis of the ignited product. Consequently, 102 of 108 stones were found to be composed of weddellite and/or whewellite, and apatite. Besides the contents of weddellite, whewellite and apatite, the content of organic matrix also was estimated by thermal analysis in 102 stones, ranging from 1.1 to 17.2 per cent. The stones then were divided into 3 groups according to the principal constituent: 1) weddellite, 2) whewellite and 3) apatite. Weddellite stones were significantly heavier and significantly higher in apatite content than whewellite stones. It is suggested that weddellite calculi tend to become larger than whewellite stones. The apatite content was correlated with the ratio of weddellite to weddellite plus whewellite ( r equals 0.528), and the content of organic matrix was correlated with the whewellite content (r equals 0.708). Thus, it is considered that the weddellite-apatite and whewellite-organic matrix associations have important roles in the development and growth of weddellite and whewellite calculi, respectively. PMID- 6644892 TI - The changing neurourologic pattern of multiple sclerosis. AB - The changing clinical course of multiple sclerosis is a hallmark of the disease. The neurourologic findings in this disorder have been well documented in the literature but the occurrence of urodynamic changes with time has been mentioned only briefly. Ten men and 8 women had 2 or more urodynamic evaluations, consisting of cystometrography and perineal floor needle electromyography during 2 months to 6 years (mean 25 months). The initial urodynamic patterns included a normal study in 1 patient, detrusor areflexia in 7 and detrusor hyperreflexia in 10 (5 with vesicosphincter dyssynergia). Re-examinations were done for persistent or new symptoms. The urodynamic pattern changed in 10 patients (55 per cent), including cystometrographic changes in 7, newly developed neuropathic changes on electromyography in 5 and changes in detrusor-sphincter interaction in 9 (with 5 new cases of vesicosphincter dyssynergia). Of the 8 patients who did not demonstrate a urodynamic change 5 had vesicosphincter dyssynergia that persisted on followup. Vesicosphincter dyssynergia was the predominant pattern noted on re evaluation, acting as a urodynamic indicator of progressive multiple sclerosis. Careful neurourologic assessment should be performed routinely in the followup of multiple sclerosis patients who are unresponsive to treatment or who manifest new symptoms. PMID- 6644893 TI - Use of the artificial urinary sphincter in spinal cord injury patients. AB - A total of 49 patients with neuropathic bladder dysfunction and urinary incontinence underwent implantation of the AS791/792 artificial urinary sphincter. Preoperative urodynamic evaluation allowed the bladder response to be categorized as hyperreflexia, areflexia and low compliance. The over-all success rate in obtaining total urinary continence in these patients was 70 per cent, although the type of bladder present did influence the degree of success. Although urodynamic evaluation is an essential prerequisite for sphincter implantation there were no clear-cut data that allowed an accurate prediction of the postoperative result. The only absolute contraindication to implantation of the artificial urinary sphincter is significant bladder fibrosis. Owing to the success in obtaining total urinary continence in this complicated group of patients, we believe that the artificial urinary sphincter should be considered in carefully selected patients with neuropathic bladder dysfunction secondary to spinal cord injury. PMID- 6644894 TI - Adrenocortical carcinoma in children. AB - Adrenocortical carcinoma in childhood is a rare yet potentially fatal disease. We present 5 cases of adrenocortical carcinoma detected and managed in childhood. Of the 5 patients 4 presented with clinical signs of excess corticosteroid production and 1 presented suddenly with abdominal pain. All patients had palpable abdominal masses. All tumors were removed surgically and adjuvant therapy with mitotane was used in 4 children. Two patients are alive and 3 are dead. Our experience demonstrates that mitotane may be used safely in children, and that early diagnosis, aggressive surgical extirpation, and the use of mitotane and chemotherapy may lead to an increased survival of children with adrenocortical carcinoma. PMID- 6644895 TI - An innovative external protective device for abnormal kidneys in children. AB - The increased risk of pediatric renal injury stresses the need for an external protective device in children with abnormal kidneys. The principles of construction of a protective device for kidneys and its application in 4 children are described. PMID- 6644896 TI - Primary bladder closure and bladder neck reconstruction in classical bladder exstrophy. AB - The surgical results of 28 consecutive initial bladder closures and 25 consecutive initial bladder neck reconstructions performed for classical bladder exstrophy at our hospital between 1975 and 1982 are presented. Partial bladder prolapse occurred in 2 cases and complete wound dehiscence never occurred following the initial primary bladder closure. Urinary continence following bladder neck reconstruction was assessed from parental interviews. An excellent surgical result was defined either as achievement of a daytime dry interval for more than 3 hours or less than 1 incontinent episode per day. According to these parameters, an excellent surgical result was achieved in 86 and 80 per cent of children, respectively. In 21 children evaluated with excretory urograms between 1/2 and 6 years after bladder neck reconstruction 10 per cent of the renal units showed significant hydronephrosis and deterioration of function. The 2 patients who had upper tract deterioration were not followed postoperatively at our institution and the diagnosis of bladder outlet obstruction was delayed when excretory urograms were not obtained during the first postoperative year. This review of the surgical results following primary bladder closure and bladder neck reconstruction for classical bladder exstrophy demonstrates that secure abdominal wall closure and urinary continence can be achieved with minimal morbidity and with infrequent deterioration of renal function following staged functional bladder closure. PMID- 6644897 TI - Complete repair of severe penoscrotal hypospadias in 1 stage: experience with urethral mobilization, wing flap-flipping urethroplasty and "glanulomeatoplasty". AB - We describe our experience with complete repair of severe penoscrotal hypospadias in 1 stage. The operative technique includes several innovative points, such as release of chordee by urethral mobilization (without detaching it from the glans) after penile degloving of dartos chordee, wing flap-flipping urethroplasty to the tip of the glans and incrimination of "glanulomeatoplasty" for better cosmetic and functional results. Our technique is compared to other 1-stage methods. PMID- 6644898 TI - Unusual renal mass in a middle-aged woman. PMID- 6644899 TI - Perianeurysmal fibrosis and its response to corticosteroid treatment: a computerized tomography followup in 1 case. AB - We report a case of bilateral hydronephrosis due to perianeurysmal fibrosis in which surgical ureterolysis could not be established due to inflammatory mass involvement of the ureteral wall. The right ureter was transected and continuity could not be restored. Therefore, the patient was treated with a high dose regimen of corticosteroids. Followup computerized tomography studies demonstrated resolution of obstruction of the left ureter and a decrease in the size of the perianeurysmal mass. The size of the mass stabilized and did not decrease any further. PMID- 6644900 TI - Seed calculi an ectopic ureterocele: a case report. AB - We report a case in which the gravitational properties of seed calculi were demonstrated on plain films and excretory urography in an ectopic ureterocele. Upright and supine films are of importance to preclude other etiologies for abdominal calcification. PMID- 6644901 TI - Cystitis emphysematosa caused by Candida albicans. AB - Cystitis emphysematosa was diagnosed ante mortem in a white male severe diabetic amputee with a history of recurrent urinary tract infection and long-term Foley catheter drainage. Laboratory cultures before and during surgery, including histology, demonstrated invasive Candida albicans as the etiologic agent. This is the first case reported of cystitis emphysematosa caused by Candida albicans. PMID- 6644902 TI - Adenocarcinoma in exstrophy of the bladder--the last case in Scandinavia? A case report and review of literature. AB - There have been 80 cases of carcinoma in exstrophied bladders described previously. We describe another such case in which the specimen was investigated by mucin histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. The epithelial lining of the bladder was colonic with colon-specific mucin histochemistry and contents of carcinoembryonic antigen. In many foci there were dysplasia of the colonic epithelium and multiple colonic exophytic adenocarcinomas. PMID- 6644903 TI - Villous adenocarcinoma of the male urethra. AB - We report on 2 men with multifocal papillary adenocarcinoma arising in the bulbous urethra proximal to a urethral stricture. Histologically, the tumors appeared similar to villous adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum. Both patients were treated with segmental urethrectomy. Villous adenocarcinoma of the male urethra is a distinctive clinicopathologic entity. Although uncommon it should be added to squamous cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma on the list of tumor types causing cancer of the male urethra. PMID- 6644904 TI - Testicular transposition with right-to-left epididymo deferential anastomosis: a case report. AB - We report a case of azoospermia due to malformation that was treated successfully by epididymo-deferential anastomosis using only 1 deferens for both testicles. PMID- 6644905 TI - When to use the Chevassu maneuver during exploration of intrascrotal masses. AB - As many as 50 per cent of explorations for intrascrotal masses result in orchiectomy for benign disease. The most common diagnoses are hydrocele, epididymitis and benign testicular tumors. Many of these diagnoses could be made before orchiectomy if the tunica vaginalis and, occasionally, the tunica albuginea were opened, and the lesion biopsied. However, violation of the testicular tunics traditionally has been considered taboo because of the dangers of tumor seeding. In 1906 Chevassu suggested inguinal exploration and occlusion of the testicular vessels before biopsy of suspicious lesions. We have added scrotal hypothermia, double ligation of the gubernaculum before its division and irrigation with distilled water to provide a procedure that adheres to the principles of good cancer surgery. Its use during inguinal explorations for suspicious intrascrotal masses in 5 patients led to a benign diagnosis and preservation of the testis in 3 instances without subsequent testicular atrophy. Its judicious use can decrease the incidence of orchiectomy for benign disease. PMID- 6644906 TI - Epididymal sarcoidosis: case report and review. AB - Sarcoidosis is considered rarely in the differential diagnosis of scrotal masses. We report a case of epididymal sarcoid in an otherwise asymptomatic young man. The findings on the chest x-ray initially suggested a metastatic testicular neoplasm. Familiarity with this lesion may avert unnecessary orchiectomy. A rational treatment approach is presented and the literature is reviewed briefly. PMID- 6644907 TI - Re: Evaluation of renal injuries with computerized tomography. PMID- 6644908 TI - Re: Varicocele: still an enigma. PMID- 6644909 TI - Re: A study of the effectiveness of Rifaprim in chronic prostatitis caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 6644910 TI - Effect of a collagen substrate on the growth and development of normal and tumorigenic rat urothelial cells. AB - The growth and morphology of 4 tumorigenic rat urothelial cell lines grown on collagen-coated nylon discs was characterized and compared to normal cells. In contrast to cells cultured on a plastic substrate with or without a thin "nonporous" collagen coating, tumor cells grown on porous collagen-coated nylon discs: 1) grew to greater protein densities; 2) formed tissue structures characteristic for the type of tumor they developed upon back-transplantation; and 3) could be grown and cultured indefinitely without subculturing. Thus, similarly to normal urothelial stratification and differentiation in vitro, tumorigenic cells apparently require a "porous" collagen substrate to allow differentiation analogous to that observed in vivo. PMID- 6644911 TI - Experimental partial ureteric obstruction in newborn rats. IV. Do the morphological effects progress continuously? AB - Partial obstruction of the ureter was created in newborn rats, and its effects were studied after 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 weeks--that is, until adult age. Within 1 week, a considerable hydronephrosis had appeared. Within 2 weeks, parenchymal weight was found slightly reduced (8 per cent) on the obstructed side, and, within 3 weeks, equivalently increased on the contralateral, intact side. After these points in time, there was no further deterioration. Histological examination revealed marked deformation of the papilla and minor foci of degeneration and inflammation within 1 to 2 weeks which tended to become chronic in type after 3 to 9 weeks. Arterial hypertension was not noted. Thus, the effects of partial ureteric obstruction on the renal parenchyma are 1) discrete, 2) not in proportion to the degree of hydronephrosis, 3) fully compensated by contralateral hypertrophy and 4), after reaching an early maximum, not increasing with time. PMID- 6644912 TI - Neourethra: a new two-stage procedure for reconstruction of the functional urethra. AB - In 14 male dogs, the functional urethra was replaced by a bladder flap tube in a 2-stage procedure. In the 1st stage of the operation a bipedicle strip from the anterior bladder wall was tubularized around a 10F or 12F catheter. After 10 to 12 weeks the 2nd stage of the procedure was performed: the bladder neck was transected and sutured, and the cranial pedicle of the bipedicle tube was transected and pulled through the bluntly dissected pelvic floor muscles. From the distal end of the tube a perineal urostoma was created to facilitate radiological and urodynamic followup. Eight dogs completed a followup 5 months after the 2nd procedure. Urodynamic and x-ray studies were done preoperatively, after the 1st, and twice after the 2nd operation. All dogs were continent as a result of a mean functional urethral length of 8 cm. with a maximum closure pressure of 82.9 cm. H2O. Closure pressure was related to the tone of the smooth muscular tube and additional compression of the tube by the pelvic floor muscles. The method is considered to be applicable in cases of congenital defects or total loss of the functional urethra. PMID- 6644913 TI - Effects of renal capsulectomy on kidney growth in the rat. AB - There are theoretical and experimental indications that the renal capsule may limit compensatory renal growth, the limitation increasing with age. The experiments reported here were designed to investigate the effects of renal capsulectomy in young and old rats both on the normal kidney and on that undergoing compensatory growth following unilateral nephrectomy. Capsulectomy had no effects on kidney wet or dry weight in control animals, nor during compensatory growth. In old rats but not in young, capsulectomy increased tubular mitotic index in sham-operated and unilaterally nephrectomized rats. Capsulectomy stimulated hyperplasia in fibroblasts remaining on the kidney surface in all groups. In the young adult rats, renal capsulectomy initiates repair mechanisms in the remaining connective tissue overlying the cortex, but does not itself induce the tubular cells to divide and does not influence compensatory renal growth in the 1st week after unilateral nephrectomy. The capsulectomy-induced increase in tubular mitotic index seen in the old rats may be due to subtle injury to the renal parenchyma resulting from the relative difficulty of removing the older, thicker and more adherent capsules, or to a concomitant increase in platelet-derived growth factor generated during rupture of perforating blood vessels. PMID- 6644914 TI - Serologic and experimental investigations of contagious ecthyma in Alaska. AB - Serologic evidence of contagious ecthyma (CE) was found in domestic sheep (Ovis aries), domestic goats (Capra hircus), Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), and musk-ox (Ovibos moschatus) in Alaska. A moose (Alces alces) calf and a caribou (Rangifer tarandus) fawn were susceptible to experimental infection and both developed antibody titers as a result. CE virus was isolated from lesions of Dall sheep which were involved in a natural outbreak of the disease. PMID- 6644915 TI - Serologic evidence of arbovirus infections in humans and wild animals in Alaska. AB - Blood samples were collected from humans and several species of free-ranging wild animals in Alaska. Sera were tested for antibody to Jamestown Canyon (JC), snowshoe hare (SSH), Northway (NOR), Klamath (KLA), Sakhalin (SAK), Great Island (GI), and Silverwater (SIL) virus. JC antibody was found in 54% of 121 human, 89% of 97 bison (Bison bison), 51% of 84 Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), 43% of 68 snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), and 3% of 33 arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) sera. SSH antibody was found in 42% of 121 human, 89% of 97 bison, 41% of 84 Dall sheep, and 65% of 68 snowshoe hare sera. NOR antibody was found in 14% of 121 human, 94% of 97 bison, 84% of 84 Dall sheep, 43% of 69 caribou (Rangifer tarandus), 3% of 68 snowshoe hare, 48% of 64 grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), 3% of 33 arctic fox, and 78% of 27 moose (Alces alces) sera. KLA antibody was found in 5% of 121 human and 40% of 97 bison sera. SAK antibody was found in 2% of 97 bison and 3% of 33 arctic fox sera. GI antibody was found in 1% of 97 bison sera. No SIL antibody was found in any sera tested. Thus the natural host ranges of JC, SSH, NOR, and KLA viruses have been extended by inference from the occurrence of antibody. PMID- 6644916 TI - Experimental infection of some North American wild ruminants and domestic sheep with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis: clinical and bacteriological findings. AB - Mycobacterium paratuberculosis originally isolated from bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) with spontaneous paratuberculosis was used to orally inoculate Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns, bighorn X mouflon (Ovis musimon) hybrid lambs, and domestic lambs. All experimentally exposed animals became infected. During the first year of infection, hybrid and domestic sheep were able to control the infection but infection was progressive in elk and deer. Clinical paratuberculosis occurred only in mule deer. PMID- 6644917 TI - Leptospires in wildlife from Trinidad and Grenada. AB - Serum samples from 894 wild animals (representing 31 species) from Trinidad and Grenada were examined by the microscopic agglutination test for leptospiral antibodies; 198 were positive. These included 39 bats, 88 mongooses, six opossums, 10 peridomestic rodents, 15 forest rodents, 10 lizards, and 30 toads. Thirteen pathogenic serogroups were involved. Thirty-nine Leptospira isolates were reported from mongooses, opossums, rodents and toads. PMID- 6644918 TI - Vertebrate host specificity and experimental vectors of Plasmodium (Novyella) kempi sp. n. from the eastern wild turkey in Iowa. AB - Vertebrate host specificity, experimental laboratory vectors, and a description of Plasmodium (Novyella) kempi sp. n. from eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Vieillot) in Iowa are presented. Plasmodium kempi is infective for domestic turkeys, bobwhites (Colinus virginianus), chukars (Alectoris graeca), guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), peacocks (Pavo cristatus), and canaries (Serinus canaria), produces a transient infection in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and domestic geese (Anser anser), but will not infect ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), pigeons (Columba livia), Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix), leghorn white chickens (Gallus gallus), or starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Oocysts and (or) sporozoites were recovered from 68% (84/124) and 98% (60/61) of the Culex pipiens pipiens and C. tarsalis examined, respectively. Oocysts developed faster and sporozoites invaded the salivary glands sooner in C. tarsalis (6 days) than in C. p. pipiens (7 days). Culex tarsalis transmitted P. kempi more effectively than C. p. pipiens, although both species were capable of transmitting the parasite by natural feeding. Oocysts developed and sporozoites also were produced in C. restuans, but its ability to transmit the parasite was not determined. Aedes aegypti (Rockefeller strain) and A. triseriatus were refractive to P. kempi. Plasmodium kempi produces trophozoites with large refractile globules and fine cytoplasmic extensions, mature schizonts in the form of a condensed fan containing four to eight nuclei (usually 5), and elongate gametocytes with irregular borders. All stages are confined almost exclusively to mature erythrocytes, with no effect on host cell size or position of host cell nucleus. Plasmodium kempi is most similar morphologically to P. (Novyella) hexamerium and P. (Novyella) vaughani. It differs from P. hexamerium in having large refractile globules in trophozoites and immature schizonts, an inability to infect starlings, an absence of phanerozoites in capillary endothelium of the brain, and the ability to develop in C. pipiens mosquitoes. Plasmodium kempi is more like P. vaughani morphologically, but differs by infecting turkeys and ducks (transient), by its inability to infect starlings, its lack of morphological variation even when in different hosts, and its ability to develop in C. pipiens and C. tarsalis. PMID- 6644919 TI - Biology of Cuterebra lepusculi Townsend (Diptera: Cuterebridae) in cottontail rabbits in Idaho. AB - Cuterebra lepusculi Townsend parasitize cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus nuttallii) in southern Idaho. Peak parasitism was 69% in mid-September. Mean development time in the host was 27 days. The species is univoltine in Idaho. Partially developed larvae were transferred from freshly killed to living hosts and the resulting larvae matured normally. Developing pupae were cooled or warmed to retard or speed development and synchronize adult emergence. PMID- 6644920 TI - Characteristics of natural infections of the stomach worm, Obeliscoides cuniculi (Graybill), in lagomorphs and woodchucks in Canada. AB - Wild lagomorphs and woodchucks collected predominantly in southern Ontario, Canada were examined for subspecies of Obeliscoides cuniculi (Graybill). Obeliscoides cuniculi multistriatus was found in snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus). Obeliscoides cuniculi cuniculi was found in cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus), European hares (Lepus capensis) and woodchucks (Marmota monax). Prevalence of Obeliscoides cuniculi multistriatus in snowshoe hares was 100% and mean intensity (and range of intensity) was 760 (9-4, 198) in Lindsay, Ontario in 1980. Mean intensity in hares varied trimonthly. The highest mean intensity of worms occurred in spring when most worms were adult. Transmission occurred mainly in spring. Most worms present in fall (70%) and winter (54%) were fourth stage. Immature fifth-stage and gravid females were present in hares during fall and winter. Prevalence and mean intensity of O. c. cuniculi in cottontails was 15% and 29 (1-118). Prevalence and mean intensity of O. c. cuniculi in woodchucks was 6% and 56 (16-118). European hares were infected with O. c. cuniculi, prevalence was 10% and mean intensity was 60 (36-83). In Ontario woodchucks and European hares were common in areas frequented by cottontail rabbits and probably acquired sporadic infections of O. c. cuniculi from infected cottontails. PMID- 6644921 TI - Development of the stomach worm, Obeliscoides cuniculi (Graybill), in lagomorphs, woodchucks and small rodents. AB - The parasitic development of Obeliscoides cuniculi multistriatus Measures and Anderson, 1983 was studied in New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Third-stage larvae exsheathed within 24 hr. The third molt occurred 3 days and the fourth 8-11 days post-infection. All worms were fifth stage 14 days post infection. Males were mature at 16 days and copulation occurred in 15-16 days. Females were gravid at 18 days. The prepatent period was 16-22 days. The patent period was 61-118 days and males lived longer than females. All stages were found in the mucosa except the fifth which was found lying on the mucosal surface within a layer of mucus. Petechiae were the only lesions seen in experimentally infected rabbits. Patent infections of O. c. multistriatus were established experimentally in infected woodchucks (Marmota monax), snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) and cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). Patent infections of O. c. cuniculi were established experimentally in snowshoe hares. Patent infections of O. c. multistriatus did not appear in experimentally infected HPB white (Swiss Webster) mice (Mus musculus). Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), H.O.R.F1 Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), H.O.R.F1 smooth-haired guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and H.O.R.F1 gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). PMID- 6644922 TI - Polioencephalomalacia-like disease in pronghorns (Antilocapra americana). AB - A disease resembling thiamine-responsive polioencephalomalacia of domestic ruminants is described in four wild pronghorn from Saskatchewan. One animal was found dead, two were recumbent and unable to rise and the fourth was staggering and ataxic. Lesions were confined to the brain and consisted of brain swelling with herniation, symmetrical hemorrhagic foci in the thalamus and brainstem, and laminar necrosis of cortical neurons. All animals had been eating grain prior to their death. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms including changes in rumen microflora resulting in thiamine deficiency, plant and salt intoxication are discussed. PMID- 6644923 TI - Effects of crude oils on the gastrointestinal parasites of two species of marine fish. AB - To assess the effect of crude oil on selected gastrointestinal parasites of fish, winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) naturally infected with a digenetic trematode (Steringophorus furciger), were exposed to contaminated sediment or water soluble fractions of Venezuelan crude oil for 34 and 160 days respectively. Similarly, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) harboring an acanthocephalan (Echinorhynchus gadi), were treated with extracts of Hibernia and Venezuelan oils for periods of 81 to 140 days. In all cases prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections were lower in oil-treated fish. The effect appeared to be more pronounced within fish exposed to water soluble extracts than to oil-contaminated sediment. Fewer parasites present in fish exposed to oil might be attributed to direct toxicity induced by drinking water soluble fractions of crude oil and/or modification of the gut environment brought about by changes in host physiology. PMID- 6644924 TI - Hematology and clinical chemistry values in the killer whale, Orcinus orca L. AB - Clinical hematology and blood chemistry values are reported for the killer whale. These represent a panel of 13 hematological and 21 serum chemistry measurements determined on killer whales maintained for display at Sea World facilities. The values have been collected over a 10-yr period from 14 active, clinically normal individuals, six males and eight females. The cumulative normal values for each of these animals fall into well-defined clusters from which central tendencies and the range of values can be established. No significant male-female differences were observed for any measurement. There were consistent differences among the killer whales in hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell count. A decrease in total white blood cell counts was associated with age and/or changes in parasite loads. Younger animals exhibited higher glucose levels and lower total protein levels. Serum urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were elevated in older and larger males. Lactic dehydrogenase activity was lower in all animals of Pacific origin, as compared to animals from the Atlantic, regardless of age or sex. These "normal" differences emphasize the importance of establishing an animal's individual hematologic and blood chemistry profile by routine sampling. PMID- 6644925 TI - Chemical restraint of wild horses: effects on reproduction and social structure. AB - Twenty-three (9 male, 14 female) wild horses (Equus caballus) in the Great Basin Desert were immobilized by ground techniques with succinylcholine chloride during 1,950 person-hr. Induction (means = 2.09 +/- 0.59 min) and recovery (means = 12.4 +/- 5.0 min) were rapid and most animals were returned in less than 10 min to original bands. Dosages ranged from 0.66-0.77 mg/kg body weight and neither abortions nor band changes in group membership resulted. However, a few concerted efforts up to 24 hr were needed to return some animals to original bands and three non-drug related mortalities occurred. The responses of bands to darted members and the overall influence of the operation on reproduction, movements, and social structure are presented. PMID- 6644926 TI - Larval nematodes (Philometridae) in granulomas in ovaries of black-tip sharks, Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes). PMID- 6644927 TI - Archinephric duct lesions caused by Phyllodistomum superbum and P. lysteri (Digenea: Gorgoderidae) in catostomid fishes. PMID- 6644928 TI - Lymphoproliferative disease in the American goldfinch, Carduelis tristis. PMID- 6644929 TI - Capture myopathy in a free-flying greater sandhill crane (Grus canadensis tabida) from Wisconsin. PMID- 6644930 TI - Oxalate toxicity in a scaly-tailed possum, a Patagonian cavy and a swamp wallaby. PMID- 6644931 TI - Infectivity of isolates of Trichinella and the ability of an arctic isolate to survive freezing temperatures in the raccoon, Procyon lotor, under experimental conditions. AB - The objectives of this study were to determine if the raccoon was a useful experimental animal for infections of Trichinella and to determine if the ability of Trichinella to survive freezing conditions, known to occur in wild animals, could be duplicated under laboratory conditions. The isolates of Trichinella used in this study were from pigs, polar bear, wolverine, arctic fox and T. spiralis var. pseudospiralis originally isolated from a raccoon in the USSR. The raccoon was found to be a useful experimental host for Trichinella as it was easily maintained under experimental conditions and was readily infected. Infectivity indices were lower in raccoons than in laboratory mice. Those isolates of Trichinella with the longest association with laboratory mice had the lowest infectivity indices. The isolate of Trichinella from an arctic fox retained its ability to survive freezing temperatures when introduced into raccoons held under experimental conditions. The type of host, method of passing the parasite and perhaps a special genetic characteristic of arctic isolates seem to be important factors influencing their ability to survive freezing temperatures. PMID- 6644932 TI - Endoparasites of hares (Lepus timidus L. and L. europaeus Pallas) in Finland. AB - Intestinal and lung parasites of 85 mountain hares (Lepus timidus) and 24 European hares (L. europaeus) were examined. The species of parasites found in both hare species were Trichostrongylus retortaeformis Zeder, 1800; Mosgovoyia pectinata Goeze, 1782 and Protostrongylus pulmonalis Froelich, 1802. Eimeria semisculpta Madsen, 1938 and E. townsendi Carvalho, 1943 were found only in the European hares and Eimeria leporis Nieschulz, 1923 and Dicrocoelium dendriticum Rudolphi, 1819 only in the mountain hares. Ninety-five percent of the mountain hares and 88% of the European hares were infected with parasites. Mountain hares were more commonly infected with P. pulmonalis and D. dendriticum while European hares were more commonly infected with Eimeria spp. and T. retortaeformis. Young mountain hares were more often infected with M. pectinata and adult mountain hares with P. pulmonalis. The management technique of winter-feeding did not increase significantly the percentage of infected animals. Dicrocoelium dendriticum was found only in hares from islands where sheep had grazed during the summers. The absence of cysticerci of Taenia pisiformis Bloch, 1780 in this survey may be a reflection of improved hygiene practices instituted by hunters. PMID- 6644933 TI - Psoroptic scabies in desert bighorn sheep (ovis Canadensis nelsoni) from northwestern Arizona. AB - Scabies due to infestation by Psoroptes ovis was monitored from 1979 through 1981 in Nelson's desert bighorn sheep in northwestern Arizona. Visual examinations for ear lesions and evaluations of ear scrapings were used to assess the prevalence of mites in sheep that were live-captured or killed during the hunting season. The prevalence of psoroptic scabies in live-captured sheep for the years 1979, 1980, and 1981, was 25%, 25%, and 0%, respectively, and was higher in rams (1979, 65%; 1980, 100%) than in ewes (1979, 11%; 1980, 0%). The severity of ear lesions was also greater in the males. The prevalence in harvested rams was 23%, 44%, and 7%, respectively, for the years 1979-1981. The severity of the ear lesions was highest in 1980. Lesions were confined to the ears. An aerial census of bighorns in the Black Mountains during May of 1981 showed a 38% decrease in total observations from the previous year and a drop in the ewe/lamb ratio from 0.52 in 1980 to 0.29 (P less than or equal to 0.01) in 1981. In the Lake Mead area, there was a population census decline of 33% in 1981 and a non-significant decline in the ewe/lamb ratio from 0.46 to 0.40. The population decline in 1981 and the increased prevalence and severity of psoroptic scabies in the 1980 survey in both areas were believed to be related to the high bighorn population densities in 1980 and the prevailing drought. PMID- 6644934 TI - Parasites, diseases, and health status of sympatric populations of sika deer and white-tailed deer in Maryland and Virginia. AB - In July 1981, investigations on parasites, diseases, and herd health status were conducted on sympatric populations of sika deer (Cervus nippon) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge (Maryland) and Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge (Virginia) on the Delmarva Peninsula. Five adult deer of each species were collected from each location and subjected to thorough necropsy examinations and laboratory tests. White-tailed deer at both locations harbored protozoan, helminth, and arthropod parasites typically associated with this species throughout the southeastern United States. In contrast, sika deer at both locations harbored only light burdens of ticks, chiggers, and sarcocysts. Serologic tests for antibodies to seven infectious disease agents revealed evidence of exposure to bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, and parainfluenza3 virus in white tailed deer, but only BVD virus in sika deer. At both locations the general health status of sika deer was superior to that of white-tailed deer. PMID- 6644935 TI - Chronic bacterial pneumonia in free-ranging Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina). AB - Chronic bacterial pneumonia was diagnosed in two free-ranging Eastern box turtles. Mucoid exudation into the upper respiratory tract and bilateral, caseating pneumonia were seen grossly. Microscopically, chronic, active inflammation with pseudomembrane formation occurred in the nasal sinuses and lungs while caseating granuloma-like structures were also observed in alveoli and associated infundibulae. Since viral, protozoal or fungal agents could neither be demonstrated in tissue sections by light or electronmicroscopy, nor could they be isolated in vitro, the gram-negative bacteria, seen in large numbers within the lesions and easily cultured in vitro, were considered the etiologic agents of this disease. PMID- 6644936 TI - Metorchis conjunctus (Cobbold, 1860) infection in wolves (Canis lupus), with pancreatic involvement in two animals. AB - The trematode Metorchis conjunctus (Cobbold, 1860) was found in seven of 211 wolves from Saskatchewan which were examined between 1976 and 1983. The parasite caused cholangiohepatitis with periductular fibrosis in the liver of all the wolves, and chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas in two animals. The wolves with pancreatic involvement were emaciated. Five of the seven infected wolves were from one local area, and three of these were from a pack known to consume fish. PMID- 6644937 TI - Non 0-group 1 Vibrio cholerae infection in a desert tortoise (Gopherus berlanderi). PMID- 6644938 TI - Tularemia in a rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus) and a ural owl (Strix uralensis). PMID- 6644939 TI - Cutaneous granules associated with dermatophilosis in a white-tailed deer. PMID- 6644940 TI - Severe ulcerative dermatitis in platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus). PMID- 6644941 TI - Comparative morphology of the eggs of the paramphistomid trematodes of the agile wallaby, Macropus agilis (Gould, 1842). PMID- 6644942 TI - Fatal enteritis caused by Sphaeridiotrema globulus (Trematoda: Psilostomidae) in a whistling swan. PMID- 6644943 TI - Trichodectes canis on the gray wolf and coyote on Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. PMID- 6644944 TI - Azodrin poisoning of waterfowl in rice fields in Louisiana. PMID- 6644945 TI - Streptokinase still lysing coronary clots. PMID- 6644946 TI - Has AFIP debugged the cat scratch mystery? PMID- 6644947 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Arboviral encephalitides--United States, 1983. PMID- 6644948 TI - Leads from MMWR. Infant mortality in a rural health district--Georgia. PMID- 6644949 TI - Antitrust and medical ethics. PMID- 6644950 TI - The living will. PMID- 6644951 TI - Nocturnal oxygen desaturation in sickle cell anemia. PMID- 6644952 TI - Part-of-the-day hypertriiodothyroninemia caused by desiccated thyroid. PMID- 6644953 TI - Nosocomial fungemia in a normal host. PMID- 6644954 TI - Food allergy. PMID- 6644955 TI - Disseminated intravascular coagulation and plasma cell leukemia. PMID- 6644956 TI - Why not scientific administration? PMID- 6644957 TI - Cigarette smoking decreases cerebral blood flow suggesting increased risk for stroke. AB - Effects of chronic cigarette smoking on cerebral blood flow were investigated by measuring gray matter blood flow (Fg) using xenon 133 inhalation among 192 volunteers without cerebrovascular symptoms. There were 108 normal, healthy volunteers; 84 had risk factors for stroke (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and/or heart disease). Of both risk and nonrisk groups, 75 were habitual smokers (0.5 to 3.5 packs per day for 25 years). Comparisons of mean Fg values for both hemispheres showed significant reductions related to tobacco consumption and risk factors for stroke. Multiple-regression equations using smoking, age, risk, and alcohol consumption indicated a combined R2 value of 0.22. Smoking seems to be a potent risk factor decreasing cerebral blood flow probably by enhancing cerebral arteriosclerosis. Chronic cigarette smoking in persons with other risk factors further reduced Fg values in an additive manner when compared with subjects who had corresponding risk factors who did not smoke. PMID- 6644958 TI - Myocardial infarction in women under 50 years of age. AB - Risk factors for first nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) in women younger than age 50 years were evaluated in a case-control study of 255 women with MI and 802 controls. The relative risk of MI increased with the amount smoked. The estimated risk of MI for current smokers of 35 or more cigarettes per day was ten times that of women who never smoked; an estimated 65% of MIs were attributable to cigarette smoking. The relative risk of MI increased markedly with increasing levels of total plasma cholesterol and decreasing levels of high-density lipoproteins, and the effects of the two factors appeared to be independent. Other factors significantly associated with MI were hypertension, angina pectoris, diabetes mellitus, blood group A, and a history of MI or stroke before age 60 years in a mother or sibling. Factors not significantly associated with MI were obesity, history of preeclamptic toxemia, and type A personality. Women who were postmenopausal appeared to have a lower risk of MI than premenopausal women of similar ages. Of the identified risk factors, the most prominent was cigarette smoking, a habit that is amenable to change. PMID- 6644959 TI - Systolic hypertension in the elderly. Hemodynamic response to long-term thiazide diuretic therapy and its side effects. AB - Twenty-three patients older than 50 years, with systolic hypertension, underwent hemodynamic study. Cardiac output and stroke volume varied widely, with several high values. An elevated systemic vascular resistance, when considered as a function of the cardiac output, was the most prevalent hemodynamic abnormality. After administration of hydrochlorothiazide, 50 mg/day, for one month in 20 patients, 18 had a significant fall in BP, systemic vascular resistance, and stroke volume. After one year of continuous therapy, the hemodynamics, studied in 14 patients, did not change further. There were no clinical difficulties with carbohydrate intolerance, azotemia, hyperuricemia, or hypokalemia. No patient had symptoms of orthostatic hypotension or cardiac arrhythmias. Thus, thiazide therapy effectively and safely lowers the BP in most patients with systolic hypertension by reducing systemic vascular resistance. PMID- 6644960 TI - Reflections on change in medical practice. The current trend to large-scale medical organizations. AB - The trend in the provision of medical care to large-scale organizations is clear. While this has been most conspicuous in hospitals, nursing homes, and renal dialysis treatment centers, it is gathering momentum in the practice of medicine itself. The competitive pressures for cost containment, the ability of large medical organizations to contract efficiently with third parties, the ample supply of newly trained physicians seeking immediate practice, and new capital financing opportunities are some of the many reasons for this rapid aggregation. This will in time structurally change medical practice and the way in which it is perceived by patients and the public. PMID- 6644961 TI - Evidence for self-selection among health maintenance organization enrollees. AB - Inpatient utilization and health care costs of employees and their families were studied for 11 employee groups covered by Blue Cross and Blue Shield in the Minneapolis-St Paul area during the year before optional health maintenance organization (HMO) enrollment. Before enrolling in HMOs, those joining averaged 53% fewer inpatient days (470 days/1,000 v 994 days/1,000) than those retaining fee-for-service (FFS) coverage. Both hospital and professional expenditures were lower among HMO enrollees. Age-specific analysis showed higher inpatient use of continuing FFS subscribers in every category. Self-selection may be an important determinant of differences in use and costs when comparing HMOs with FFS coverage. PMID- 6644962 TI - The Cambridge diet. More mayhem? PMID- 6644963 TI - Elevated skeletal muscle creatine kinase MB isoenzyme levels in marathon runners. AB - Mean serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) activity in 108 trained marathon runners after competition was 98 +/- 66 (SD) units/L measured by a quantitative electrophoretic technique (normal, less than 5 units/L), or 7.9% of total CK activity. These levels in asymptomatic runners were comparable with peak serum values reported in patients during acute myocardial infarction. Elevated serum levels of CK-MB in runners can arise from skeletal muscle through exertional rhabdomyolysis, from silent injury to myocardium, or from a combined tissue source. To investigate this directly, we analyzed skeletal muscle obtained by needle biopsy for CK isoenzymes from 25 trained male marathon runners and ten sedentary male subjects. The MB isoenzyme accounted for 8.9% +/- 1.3% (SD) of total CK activity per gram of total protein in the skeletal muscle of runners and 3.3% +/- 0.7% (SD) in control tissue, which was significant. Total CK activity was not statistically different between the two groups. Similar relative concentrations of CK-MB in skeletal muscle (8.9%) and serum after competition (7.9%) strongly suggest that elevated serum CK-MB activity in asymptomatic runners arises from a noncardiac or skeletal muscle source. PMID- 6644964 TI - Amount of nicotine and carbon monoxide inhaled by smokers of low-tar, low nicotine cigarettes. AB - In 76 smokers, correlations between plasma nicotine and alveolar carbon monoxide levels of the individual smoker and the nicotine and CO yields of his cigarette were very poor. In 24 smokers of low-nicotine, low-tar cigarettes, mean alveolar CO levels did not differ from those of smokers of regular cigarettes. Mean plasma nicotine levels were lower in smokers of low-nicotine cigarettes, but a wide overlap of individual values occurred. The implication that an individual shifting to ultra-low-tar cigarettes reduces risks of cardiopulmonary disease is unwarranted. PMID- 6644965 TI - Paroxysmal limb hemiataxia with crossed facial paresthesias in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6644966 TI - Modifications in prostate cancer operation preserve potency. PMID- 6644967 TI - New questions about the old antishock suits. PMID- 6644968 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Alcohol and fatal injuries--Fulton County, Georgia, 1982. PMID- 6644969 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Gastrointestinal illness among scuba divers--New York City. PMID- 6644970 TI - Atopic dermatitis--a new therapeutic regimen. PMID- 6644971 TI - Economic incentives of faculty practice. Are they distorting the medical school's mission? PMID- 6644972 TI - Heroin-associated nephropathy. A nationwide problem. AB - Heroin-associated nephropathy (HAN) is a common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among 18- to 45-year-old patients in the Buffalo area. To assess the importance of HAN nationwide, a questionnaire was sent to 130 dialysis units or sections of nephrology throughout the United States. Fourteen metropolitan areas represented by 23 respondents reported 98 cases of HAN. Ninety-two patients (93.9%) were black. Black men made up the single largest group, with 77 patients (78.6%). The ESRD had already developed in 66 (67.3%) of the patients with HAN. The occurrence of HAN was high in those units that responded to the questionnaire. These figures, however, do not represent the prevalence of HAN in the United States. The economic impact of treating HAN may be striking. The estimated cost of maintaining just the 66 addicted patients with renal failure on dialysis would be greater than $ 1 million yearly. PMID- 6644973 TI - Sudden death among Southeast Asian refugees. An unexplained nocturnal phenomenon. AB - In the period July 15, 1977, through March 30, 1982, there were at least 51 sudden, unexplained deaths in the United States among refugees from Southeast Asia. These deaths involved relatively young (median age, 33 years), previously healthy persons. All except one were male, and all died at night. Available data from studies among young adults in this country suggest that this specific phenomenon has an unusually high incidence among Laotian and Kampuchean refugees and, furthermore, has not previously been observed in the United States. Interviews with families of the decedents and a case-control study have failed to establish causal factors, but emotional stress cannot be ruled out as a contributing element. While reviews of the forensic investigations have confirmed the absence of important common pathological or toxicological findings, preliminary findings of special postmortem cardiac studies, now in progress, suggest that at least some of these deaths may be associated with developmentally abnormal conduction system pathways. Further studies are required to confirm this association, to define the apparently sleep-induced mechanism that triggers these deaths, and to explain the male preponderance in this disorder. PMID- 6644974 TI - Why does uremia in heroin abusers occur predominantly among blacks? PMID- 6644975 TI - Neonatal bladder injury occurring after umbilical artery catheterization by cutdown. AB - Umbilical artery catheterization is a widely used technique for monitoring sick neonates. When it is performed by cutdown, the proximity of peritoneum, urachus, and bladder makes these structures vulnerable to injury. Three neonates experienced bladder perforation that resulted from umbilical artery catheterization by cutdown. The diagnosis was aided by measuring electrolyte levels in the umbilical fluid and was confirmed by cystography. Conservative treatment was successful in one neonate, but two required operative repair of the bladder laceration. PMID- 6644976 TI - Food-dependent, exercise-induced anaphylaxis. PMID- 6644977 TI - From mental hospitals to jails: the pendulum swings. PMID- 6644978 TI - Whither goes in/outpatient psychiatric care? PMID- 6644979 TI - Study of 'victimization' gains impetus worldwide. PMID- 6644980 TI - Hepatitis B vaccine to be available in Southeast Asia. PMID- 6644982 TI - Leads from MMWR. Human Salmonella isolates--United States, 1982. PMID- 6644981 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Occupational finger injuries--United States. PMID- 6644983 TI - Immune deficiency syndrome in children. PMID- 6644984 TI - Management of traumatic hyphema. PMID- 6644985 TI - Possible immunoglobulin deficiency. PMID- 6644986 TI - Payment for medical care. PMID- 6644987 TI - The mystique of medical training. PMID- 6644989 TI - Problem-based, self-directed learning. AB - There is an increasing concern that the curricula of many medical schools put too heavy an emphasis on memorization of facts and little stress on problem solving or self-directed study skills necessary for the practice of medicine. Problem based, self-directed learning is a teaching-learning method specifically designed to emphasize these skills and to increase the retention of facts and their recall in the clinical situation. This approach, built on research into the problem solving skills of physicians and principles of educational psychology, is employed by several medical schools and serves as an antidote to the many educational abuses seen in more traditional approaches. PMID- 6644988 TI - Urinary tract infections in young adult women caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. AB - We evaluated and compared 81 urinary tract infections (UTIs) with Staphylococcus saprophyticus occurring in 72 college women with Escherichia coli UTIs. During the 14-month study period, S saprophyticus was the second most common cause of UTIs, accounting for 11% of the total. Staphylococcus saprophyticus infections occurred more frequently during the late summer and early fall. Age, history of previous UTI, signs and symptoms of infection, and findings on urinalysis were similar in patients with S saprophyticus and E coli infections. Nine (41%) of 22 S saprophyticus infections were localized to the upper urinary tract by the antibody-coated bacteria technique compared with 18 (16%) of 115 infections with E coli (P = .01). Rectal, vaginal, and urethral colonization with S saprophyticus was associated with UTI caused by these organisms, suggesting that their pathogenesis resembles that of E coli UTIs. In vitro susceptibility testing showed almost uniform sensitivity of S saprophyticus to most antimicrobials used to treat UTIs, but recurrent infections occurred in six of the 72 women despite adequate therapy. Physicians and microbiologists must be aware that S saprophyticus is an important cause of UTIs in young women. PMID- 6644990 TI - Legionella pneumophila wound infection. PMID- 6644992 TI - 'Poof' goes the plaque with experimental laser angioplasty. PMID- 6644991 TI - Neonatal herpes: how can it be prevented? PMID- 6644993 TI - Serious flaws mar many cancer therapy trials. PMID- 6644994 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Violent deaths among persons 15 to 24 years of age--United States. PMID- 6644995 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Lead poisoning from Mexican folk remedies--California. PMID- 6644997 TI - Leads from the MMWR. DDT exposure in a natural history museum--Colorado. PMID- 6644996 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Folk remedy-associated lead poisoning in Hmong children. PMID- 6644998 TI - Global disease guide. PMID- 6644999 TI - Antismoking efforts by physicians. PMID- 6645000 TI - Bed rest, deep-vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. PMID- 6645002 TI - Hand difficulties among musicians. PMID- 6645001 TI - Competition between physicians. PMID- 6645003 TI - Assessment of health status. PMID- 6645004 TI - Carbamazepine, seizure disorders, and pregnancy. PMID- 6645005 TI - Ultrasound in evaluation of pelvic mass. PMID- 6645006 TI - The dilemma of 'mild' hypertension. Another viewpoint of treatment. PMID- 6645007 TI - A body measurement to evaluate the pattern of fat distribution in central obesity. A screening and monitoring technique for Cushing's syndrome. AB - To quantify the fat distribution pattern in central obesity, truncal (neck, chest, and abdomen) and peripheral (bilateral upper part of the arms, thighs, and lower part of the legs) circumferences of the body were measured in Japanese women. Central obesity index (COI) was calculated as follows: sum of the truncal circumferences divided by sum of the bilateral peripheral circumferences. The mean COI of six women with Cushing's syndrome (1.028 +/- 0.056 [SD] ) far exceeded that of 56 female controls (0.875 +/- 0.054), including 14 obese women (0.877 +/- 0.060) and 13 diabetic women (0.922 +/- 0.028). During the postoperative follow-up of the patients with Cushing's syndrome, the COIs decreased considerably. Because there is no requirement for special instruments or techniques, the measurement of COI is expected to be useful in the screening of Japanese women for Cushing's syndrome and as an indicator of response after treatment. PMID- 6645009 TI - Reproduction in hemophilia. AB - Reproduction rates in 294 men with severe hemophilia, 327 of their mothers, and 215 of their sisters were compared with Vital Statistics data for the general US population matched for exact age, calendar year between 1940 and 1977, and, for women, parity. Before 1950, reproduction rates in hemophiliacs and in mothers did not differ from those of the general population, but thereafter the rates fell notably. Births to sisters who were para 0 were lower than expected beginning in 1965, but births to sisters who had had one or more nonhemophiliac children were similar to those expected of the general population. The decline in fecundity may be caused by greater availability of genetic counseling and birth control measures and by social changes. Many prospective parents would welcome the opportunity to have unafflicted children but refuse selective abortion. Preconception gender selection would be appropriate for this sex-linked disorder. PMID- 6645008 TI - Weight change since age 18 years in 30- to 55-year-old whites and blacks. Associations with lipid values, lipoprotein levels, and blood pressure. AB - To assess associations between current weight, weight at age 18 years, and weight change from age 18 years to ages 30 to 55 years with current levels of plasma cholesterol (C), high- and low-density lipoprotein C (HDLC and LDLC), triglycerides (TG), and systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP), we calculated weight change from self-reported weight at age 18 years and measured weight at ages 30 to 55 years in 308 white and 69 black subjects in a random recall group and 244 whites and 66 blacks in a hyperlipidemic recall group in the Princeton School Study. In random-recall-group whites, mean weight gain over time was greater in men than in women; black women had greater weight gain than black men, and nearly twice the weight gain of white women. Current weight and/or weight gain from age 18 years to ages 30 to 55 years in whites were inversely associated with HDLC level and positively associated with TG level, SBP, and DBP. Similar, but less consistent and significant, trends were observed for blacks. Although weight at age 18 years had no consistent independent explanatory relationship to C, TG, HDLC, and LDLC values, random-recall-group white men who were in the lowest quartile for weight at age 18 years had current levels of C, TG, SBP, and DBP that were all lower than those observed in white men who had been in the upper quartile of weight at age 18 years. Atherogenic increments in TG levels, SBP, and DBP from age 18 years to ages 30 to 55 years are a function, in part, of weight gain during these years. PMID- 6645010 TI - The dominance of scientific English. One language or two? PMID- 6645011 TI - On the Anglicization of English. PMID- 6645012 TI - Usefulness of screening chest roentgenograms in preoperative patients. AB - We proposed that clinical criteria could define a group of patients very unlikely to have abnormal preoperative chest roentgenograms. Nine hundred five surgical admissions were screened for the presence of clinical factors we thought would make those patients more likely to have abnormal preoperative chest roentgenograms. Of these, 368 had no risk factors. One patient (0.3%) of the 368 had an abnormal x-ray film, which did not affect the surgery. No material abnormalities were found in the remainder of the group without risk factors. Five hundred four patients had identifiable risk factors. Of these, 114 (22%) were found to have serious abnormalities on preoperative chest roentgenogram. PMID- 6645014 TI - Holdup of toxic shock data ends during trial in Texas. PMID- 6645013 TI - Real-time ultrasonography of the neonatal head. PMID- 6645017 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among patients with hemophilia. PMID- 6645016 TI - Quick-changing trypanosomes elude antibody. PMID- 6645015 TI - Ultrasonic device wins neurosurgeon praise. PMID- 6645018 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - Europe. PMID- 6645019 TI - The sneeze. PMID- 6645021 TI - The hot bath test. PMID- 6645020 TI - Coughing after inguinal herniorrhaphy. PMID- 6645022 TI - Peritoneal lavage white cell counts. PMID- 6645023 TI - Adult Still's disease complicated by cardiac tamponade. PMID- 6645024 TI - 'Serum only' Schilling's test in patients with subtotal gastrectomy. PMID- 6645025 TI - Exercise-induced abdominal pain. PMID- 6645026 TI - Predictors of relapse in major depressive disorder. AB - Risk of relapse into an affective episode was high in the months immediately after recovery from a major depressive disorder (MDD) in 141 subjects with nonbipolar depression, without a preexisting dysthymic disorder. The probability of relapse then declined steadily during the duration of the follow-up (median follow-up, 62 weeks from recovery). In patients entering the study during their first affective episode, the Research Diagnostic Criteria secondary subtype of MDD and an older age of onset predicted a significantly greater likelihood of relapse. Three or more prior episodes of depression predicted a significantly shorter time to the first and second prospectively observed relapses and, thus, a significantly greater likelihood of subsequent multiple affective episodes. PMID- 6645027 TI - Assessment of ocular protection for racquetball. AB - We evaluated the ability of 11 commercially available eye guards (lensless and closed) and eight piano spectacles (varying in lens thickness and material) to prevent ocular trauma from racquetballs. A guard was judged to be effective if the lens or frame did not shatter or dislodge after a minimum of ten direct blows with a racquetball and if eye contact was prevented. All spectacles failed; either the lens or the frame shattered. Open eye guards permitted the ball to contact the eye or were themselves propelled into the eye. Three commercially available closed guards failed because their frames broke. Only four guards passed our criteria for effectiveness. PMID- 6645028 TI - Evaluation of the clinical management of cancer patients. A pilot study. AB - The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, has carried out a pilot study of a method of data collection and analysis to be used for planning and evaluation of continuing education programs conducted in the Maryland region. This study includes definition of techniques used to prepare a test instrument that will accurately reflect actual medical practice within a hospital. The system has been field tested in three diseases, cancer of the lung, breast, and uterine cervix, in two Maryland hospitals. The system appears to be an efficient and inexpensive method for definition of decision making in specific clinical settings and for measurement of change if serial reassessment is instituted. PMID- 6645029 TI - Serum ferritin and bone marrow iron in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - In 20 patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), serum ferritin concentration (radioimmunoassay) was compared with bone marrow iron stores (graded semiquantitatively). A close correlation between the two parameters was found. Patients with decreased iron stores (8/20) had serum ferritin concentrations below 70 ng/mL; those with normal or increased iron stores had concentrations above 96 ng/mL. It is concluded that serum ferritin concentrations adequately reflect bone marrow iron stores and are useful as a guide to iron-replacement therapy in patients undergoing CAPD. PMID- 6645030 TI - Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by a viridans Streptococcus or Neisseria perflava. AB - Eight patients had nine episodes of presumed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) caused by commensal bacteria that usually inhabit the oropharynx, including Neisseria perflava and the viridans streptococci Streptococcus milleri, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus sanguis. Nonpurulent ascites (ascitic fluid WBC count, less than 1,000/cu mm) was present in four episodes, possibly caused by either bacterial colonization or early peritonitis; purulent ascites was present in five episodes. None died of their infection, and three episodes remitted without treatment. Poor condition of gums and teeth may play a pathogenic role in SBP caused by these bacteria. PMID- 6645031 TI - Sports eye injuries. A model for prevention. PMID- 6645032 TI - The appetite of pregnant women. PMID- 6645033 TI - Diagnostic and therapeutic technology assessment. 24-hour ambulatory EEG monitoring. PMID- 6645034 TI - Vectorcardiogram in multiple myocardial infarctions--Correlations between vectorcardiographic and angiographic findings. AB - To determine the value and limitations of vectorcardiograms (VCGS) for diagnosing multiple myocardial infarctions, correlations between VCG and angiographic findings were analyzed in 307 cases with severe asynergies due to coronary narrowings on left ventriculograms. While the presence of anterioseptal hypokinesis, corresponding to a nontransmural infarction of the anteroseptal wall, lowered the sensitivity of vectorcardiographic diagnosis for inferior and posterior myocardial infarctions, that of inferoposterior hypokinesis did not lower its sensitivity for anterior myocardial infarction. Severe asynergy, corresponding to a transmural infarction, reduced the VCG sensitivity for diagnosing myocardial infarction occurring in the opposite side of the left ventricle. PMID- 6645035 TI - The location and course of the atrioventricular conduction system in common atrioventricular orifice and in its related anomalies with transposition of the great arteries--A histopathological study of six cases. AB - The location and course of the atrioventricular (AV) conduction system were studied histopathologically in 6 hearts by sectioning serially, 4 having common AV orifice (CAVO) with complete or partial transposition of the great arteries (TGA) and 2 having ventricular septal defect of the persistent common AV canal type (VSD-C) with complete TGA. Two cases of CAVO with TGA and asplenia syndrome (Cases 1 and 2) had 2 discrete AV conduction systems, being posterior and anterior to the site of the defect, respectively. In these 2 cases posterior AV conduction system well developed, whereas the anterior one was hypoplastic. In another case of CAVO with TGA and asplenia syndrome (Case 3), only the anterior AV conduction system existed near the base of the great arteries. In the other case of CAVO with TGA and polysplenia syndrome (Case 4), the posterior AV conduction system was found to have a congenital interruption of the AV bundle of His. Two cases of VSD-C with TGA but with no splenic anomaly (Cases 5 and 6) showed the posterior AV conduction system with communication-free accessory bundles. The posterior AV node, bundle of His and left bundle branch inevitably shifted postero-inferiorly, except in Case 3. The bundle branches were always distributed appropriately to their morphologically matched ventricles. The superiorly oriented vector in the mean frontal QRS axis in Cases 1, 5 and 6 seemed to be related to the postero-inferior displacement of the posterior AV conduction system, whereas those of the left-inferior oriented vector in Cases 2 and 3 were thought to be responsible for the excessively unbalanced size of ventricles. The complete AV block in Case 4 was correlated with the interruption of the bundle of His. The morphogenesis of the anterior AV conduction system was discussed in relation to the asplenia syndrome. PMID- 6645036 TI - Myopericarditis associated with ECHO virus type 3 infection--A case report. AB - A case with myopericarditis caused by type 3 ECHO virus was reported. The diagnosis was based on a significantly increased hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer (from 4:6 to 4:516) against type 3 ECHO virus in the acute and the convalescent phase. A 29-year-old male was hospitalized for chest pain and fever. The patient had congestive heart failure, pericardial effusion and temporarily appearing abnormal Q waves on his electrocardiogram in the acute phase all of which gradually improved within about 3 weeks. Cardiac catheterization performed on the 21st day of hospitalization disclosed normal coronary arteries, but a partially hypokinetic region was found in the left ventricular free wall. A right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy study revealed histological features of a small number of mononuclear cell infiltrations, myocardial cell necrosis and early fibrosis associated with an increased number of fibroblasts and ultrastructural changes including myocytolysis, vacuolation in sarcoplasm and dissociation of some intercalated discs. The endomyocardial biopsy study, and the electrocardiographic and cineangiographic findings in this case suggest that viral infection may induce clinical signs of myocardial infarction in the heart with normal coronary arteries. PMID- 6645037 TI - Myocarditis in children--Clinical findings and myocardial biopsy findings. AB - Eight children with myocarditis underwent a cardiac catheterization study and right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. The degree of histological changes of the biopsy specimens correlated well with the severity of the clinical manifestations. Patients who had evidence of residual functional impairment had biopsy findings compatible with their clinical course. PMID- 6645038 TI - An autopsied case of a two-month-old infant with granulomatous pancarditis having severe vasculitis and valvulitis. AB - A 2-month-old female infant with pancarditis was reported. The patient died after a 26-day clinical course. The autopsy showed pancarditis, including inflammation in all 4 valves and chordae, fibrinoid vasculitis, pharyngolaryngitis and atrophy of the lymph nodes. Microscopic examination revealed proliferative inflammation in the endocardium, valve, myocardium, epicardium and coronary vessels. The histological findings suggested the etiology to be a rheumatic-type reaction at an extremely young age. PMID- 6645040 TI - Stress echocardiography for children--Comparison between handgrip, ergometer and angiotensin tests. PMID- 6645041 TI - Stress echocardiography for pediatric patients with symptomatic mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 6645039 TI - Surgery for chronic pericarditis--thirty-years' experience. AB - During the past 3 decades, surgical treatment was performed on 75 cases with chronic exsudative or constrictive pericarditis, except for cases suffered from malignant tumor or trauma. Among 7 cases with chronic exsudative pericarditis, 5 underwent pericardiectomy and 2 had a fenestration of the pericardium. As for constrictive pericarditis, pericardiectomy was performed on 68 cases. Excellent surgical results were obtained. The ages of the cases with constrictive pericarditis, who underwent surgery, were significantly higher in the last decade, and the occurrence of pericardial tuberculosis significantly decreased in the last 2 decades. Although pericardiectomy has been performed for constrictive pericarditis without exception, it also plays an important role in the treatment of chronic exsudative pericarditis, especially for cholesterin or tuberculous pericarditis. PMID- 6645042 TI - Relationship between cardiac parameters and cube root of BSA corrected by subcutaneous fat weight. AB - Left ventricular internal dimension (LVIDd), aortic root dimension (AOD) and left atrial dimension (LAD) were measured echocardiographically in 688 normal children, ranging in age from 5 to 15. Lean body surface area (BSA) was calculated from height and lean body weight which was estimated from triceps skin fold thickness, upper arm circumference and body weight. Cardiac parameters (LVIDd, AOD, LAD) were well correlated with 3 square root BSA or 3 square root lean BSA (r = 0.72 approximately 0.89). Regression lines of LVIDd and AOD against 3 square root BSA or 3 square root lean BSA were compared between boys and girls. Statistically significant sex difference was observed in regression lines of LVIDd and AOD plotted against BSA (p less than 0.005), but this difference disappeared when plotted against lean BSA. It is concluded that the sex difference of LVIDd and AOD corresponding to a similar BSA depended on the difference of lean body weight between boys and girls. PMID- 6645043 TI - The problems in controlling heart disease among elementary, junior and senior high school students--an analysis of fatal cases. AB - An analysis of cardiac fatal cases from elementary, junior and senior high school students of Osaka revealed the following features: 1) The mortality rate of the cardiacs under the heart disease program is two times as high in senior high school students as in elementary school and junior high school students. The same rate for males is significantly higher than the rate for females. 2) The mortality rate according to types of heart disease is the highest among cardiomyopathy. This rate is followed by the rates for acquired valvular heart disease, for unoperated congenital heart disease and for operated congenital heart disease in that order. However, the actual number of fatal case is largest among those with congenital heart disease exceeding more than half of the total number of deaths. 3) Recently the mortality rate showes a decreasing tendency. The number of deaths due to chronic congestive heart failure has decreased, but sudden deaths have increased. 4) Sudden deaths are mostly encountered in moderate or severe cardiac cases. Therefore, it is mandatory to accurately locate the cases with high potentiality for sudden death and to place them under proper supervision. 5) In one third of the cases of sudden death, no significant physical or behavioral causes were found to trigger the death. It seems to be difficult to prevent all the sudden deaths, therefore, it is important to establish successful emergency programs. PMID- 6645044 TI - Exercise induced ventricular arrhythmias. Angiographic correlation with the severity of coronary artery disease. AB - We correlated the incidence and degree of exercise induced ventricular arrhythmias (EIVA) with the angiographic severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in 162 patients with a history of stable effort angina, all showing a positive exercise stress test for myocardial ischemia and a greater than or equal to 70% stenosis of a major coronary artery. Patients were grouped according to the following criteria: presence of electrocardiographic evidence of old transmural myocardial infarction (MI), number of significant coronary stenoses and number of left ventricular (LV) areas showing abnormal segmental wall motion (ASWM). The incidence of EIVA in patients with multivessel CAD was higher than in patients with single vessel CAD, but this difference was not statistically significant. The number of LV areas with ASWM was better correlated with the frequency of EIVA, which was 20.0% in patients with normal LV wall motion, 31.2% in patients with 1 area of ASWM, 54.0% in patients with 2 areas of ASWM (p less than 0.005 vs normal LV wall motion), 74.1% in patients with 3 or more areas of ASWM (p less than 0.001 vs normal LV wall motion and 1 area of ASWM), and 81.8% in patients with LV aneurysm (p less than 0.001 vs normal LV wall motion and 1 area of ASWM, p less than 0.005 vs 2 areas of ASWM). Patients with old MI showed a significantly higher incidence of EIVA than those without MI (p less than 0.001), but this difference was due to the more severe LV asynergy in the MI group. In conclusion, our results show that, in a selected population of patients with CAD, the incidence of EIVA correlates better with the extent of LV segmental wall motion abnormalities than with the number of diseased coronary arteries or the presence of an old transmural MI. PMID- 6645045 TI - Left ventricular size and performance during graded supine exercise in normal subjects. AB - To investigate left ventricular size and performance during graded submaximal exercise, 14 normal subjects with a mean age of 21 years exercised in a supine position to achieve the target heart rate. Using two-dimensional echocardiography, we recorded and analysed the left ventricular (LV) cross sectional area and internal dimension at the level of the tips of the mitral valve at rest and during mild, moderate and severe exercise. The heart rate and systolic blood pressure increased substantially from rest to peak exercise (71 +/ 11 to 162 +/- 10 beats/min, 122 +/- 10 to 204 +/- 22 mmHg). The end-diastolic cross-sectional area and internal dimension (EDA & EDD) increased by 1.1-2.2 cm2 (7-13%) and 0.2-0.3 cm (4-7%), respectively, from mild to moderate exercise, (p less than 0.05-0.001). At peak exercise, however, these decreased and showed no statistically significant difference from the values at rest. The end-systolic cross-sectional area and internal dimension (ESA & ESD) decreased by 1.1 to 1.6 cm2 (14-20%) and 0.2-0.3 cm (7-10%), respectively, from moderate to severe exercise (p less than 0.01-0.001). However, the end-systolic values during mild exercise were not significantly different from those at rest. The stroke area (EDA-ESA) and dimension (EDD-ESD) increased by 1.6-2.6 cm2 (19-31%) and 0.2-0.6 cm (25-38%), respectively, during all levels of graded exercise (p less than 0.05 0.001). The percent change of LV cross-sectional area and internal dimension during systole increased gradually from rest to moderate exercise (51.0 +/- 7.1 to 61.9 +/- 4.4%, 35.4 +/- 3.9 to 45.0 +/- 3.7%), respectively, and showed no further increase during peak exercise. The mean circumferential fiber shortening velocity increased sharply from rest to peak exercise (1.27 +/- 0.14 to 2.25 +/- 0.21 circ/sec). These results suggest that the Frank-Starling mechanism operates during mild to moderate exercise, and contractility increases markedly at moderate to severe exercise levels as cardiac performance is augmented during graded submaximal exercise. PMID- 6645046 TI - Cardiac function and peripheral circulatory adjustments in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Observations during the early stage of AMI. AB - Since little is known concerning the effect of different types of cardiac dysfunction on the peripheral circulation in acute myocardial infarction, cardiac and peripheral circulatory hemodynamics were measured simultaneously and sequentially in the Coronary Care Unit in 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using a Swan-Ganz catheter and venous occlusion plethysmography. Patients were classified by clinical assessment (Killip) and into four hemodynamic subsets (HS) according to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and cardiac index (CI) measures obtained by invasive central hemodynamic monitoring (Forrester): uncomplicated AMI, HS-I (PCWP less than or equal to 18 mmHg, CI greater than 2.2 L/min/m2) 15; pulmonary congestion, HS-II (PCWP greater than 18 mmHg, CI greater than 2.2 L/min/m2) 15; peripheral hypoperfusion, HS-III (PCWP less than or equal to 18 mmHg, CI less than or equal to 2.2 L/min/m2) 4; cardiogenic shock, HS-IV (PCWP greater than 18 mmHg, CI less than or equal to 2.2 L/min/m2) 6. Measurements taken within 48 hours after the onset of AMI showed significantly lower calf blood flow (p less than 0.05) and calf venous capacitance (p less than 0.01) and higher calf vascular resistance (p less than 0.05) in all AMI classifications compared to 10 normal subjects. In uncomplicated AMI group (Killip I and HS-I) calf blood flow and venous capacitance were significantly reduced while calf vascular resistance remained unchanged from normal. In AMI complicated by pulmonary congestion (Killip II and HS-II), in addition to reduced calf venous capacitance, calf blood flow was further significantly reduced (p less than 0.05) due, in part, to a rise in calf vascular resistance (p less than 0.05). In AMI complicated by severe heart failure and shock (Killip III, VI and HS-IV), mean changes in the periphery were not statistically different from those seen in patients with pulmonary congestion alone. In patients with AMI complicated by poor peripheral perfusion (HS-III), the peripheral changes did not show significant differences from those seen in uncomplicated AMI (HS-I). Significant correlations were found between calf blood flow and PCWP (r = -0.37, p less than 0.05) and CVP (r = -0.31, p less than 0.05); calf vascular resistance and PCWP (r = +0.36, p less than 0.05) and systemic vascular resistance (r = +0.43, p less than 0.01). Sequential daily peripheral hemodynamic changes in 14 H-I patients not requiring specific therapy showed that calf blood flow took 5 days, calf vascular resistance 3 days and calf venous capacitance 7 days to return to within normal levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6645047 TI - Biochemical analysis and electron microscopy of human mitral valve collagen in patients with various etiologies of mitral valve diseases. AB - Biochemical analyses and electron microscopy of mitral valve collagen were carried out in 29 patients with various mitral valve diseases. They were divided into 3 groups: (1) rheumatic heart disease (15 patients), (2) isolated rupture of chordae tendineae (8 patients), and (3) floppy mitral valve (6 patients). Normal mitral valves obtained at necropsy from 6 patients who died from extracardiac causes were used for control observations. Results of the electrophoretic analysis of the collagen of normal and diseased valves showed that all valves contained collagen types I, III, and AB collagen with similar electrophoretic patterns. Electron microscopic observations and comparisons of the segment-long spacing crystallites of each type of collagen revealed similar band patterns, irrespective of the normal or diseased valves sources. It is concluded that the composition and primary molecular structure of mitral valve collagen are usually not altered in a wide variety of disease processes affecting the mitral valve. PMID- 6645049 TI - Phonometric study of the second heart sound in normal man. AB - The fast Fourier transform (FFT) was employed to analyze the frequency spectra of the second heart sound in 19 healthy subjects. The data obtained show that the second heart sound is mainly composed of low-frequency vibrations, and that the frequency vs. amplitude spectra for the various filters do not exceed 150 Hz. The different spectra obtained can represent a useful reference to compare with pathological acoustical findings. PMID- 6645048 TI - Ultrastructure and mechanical properties of chordae tendineae from a myxomatous tricuspid valve. AB - The ultrastructure and mechanical properties of chordae from a surgically removed myxomatous tricuspid valve were examined. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy showed the internal structure of the abnormal chordae to consist of a loose and relatively sparse network of disorganized collagen fibrils, with no well defined collagen bundles present. The abnormal tissue was found to be more extensible than normal and it ruptured at a stress that was only about 6% of the breaking stress for normal chordae. Chordal rupture, a common complication in this disorder, can be attributed to this decrease in chordal strength. At high strains, a decreased elastic modulus was also observed, which may be attributed to tissue changes and an alteration in collagen fibril structure and/or composition. PMID- 6645050 TI - Severe tricuspid valve stenosis. A cause of silent mitral stenosis. AB - The diastolic rumbling murmur of mitral stenosis (MS) may be attenuated in the presence of low cardiac output, right ventricular enlargement, Lutembacher's syndrome, pulmonary emphysema, and obesity. In this report we would like to stress that the presence of tricuspid stenosis (TS) is an additional significant cause of silent MS. The clinical material consisted of 73 patients with rheumatic TS who had undergone cardiac surgery. Five of these cases had clinical findings of TS without auscultatory findings of MS. They were found to have severe MS at the time of operation and to require mitral valve surgery. At cardiac catheterization the mean diastolic gradient (MDG) across the mitral valve (MV) was less than 3 mmHg and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure was 29-42 mmHg. The MDG across the tricuspid valve was 6-17 mmHg. In conclusion, TS can mask clinical and hemodynamic findings of MS. The reason for this is the mechanical barrier imposed by TS proximal to the MV. PMID- 6645051 TI - Phonocardiographic profile of the porcine bioprosthesis in the aortic position. AB - The phonocardiographic characteristics of the porcine bioprosthesis in the aortic position were evaluated in 24 asymptomatic patients. A medium to high frequency early systolic sound (AO) was present in 16 of 24 patients; abrupt "halting" of the stiff cusps of the porcine bioprosthesis during early left ventricular ejection seems to be the likely mechanism for the genesis of this sound. An unusually high amplitude aortic closing sound (AC) was present in all patients. A high frequency crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur in early to mid systole was present in 22 patients. Possible mechanisms for the systolic murmur include: 1) altered resonating properties of the cusps, 2) functional bioprosthetic stenosis, and 3) the presence of a flexible stent. An early systolic opening sound preceding a short systolic murmur and a loud closing sound are common phonocardiographic findings of an uncomplicated porcine bioprosthesis in the aortic position. Therefore, absence of the aortic opening sound, alterations in the amplitude of the aortic closing sound, or an increase in the length of the systolic murmur may suggest bioprosthetic malfunction. PMID- 6645052 TI - Electron microscopic cytochemical studies on acid phosphatase activity in acute myocardial ischemia. AB - Alterations in the localization and the intensity of acid phosphatase activity were studied electron microscopically in acute ischemic myocardial cells in the dog, in relation to processes of cellular degradation. In normal myocardial cells, the acid phosphatase activity was concentrated in the terminal cisternae, the longitudinal elements and the subsarcolemmal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the primary lysosomes. Activity was moderate in the secondary lysosomes, residual bodies and Golgi apparatus. As early as 15 min after coronary ligation the intensity of acid phosphatase activity increased in the enlarged lysosomes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the ischemic myocardial cells. Fine deposits of the reaction product were distributed in the sarcoplasm around lysosomes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum after 30 min, and the activity began to decrease in lysosomes and in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. One to 3 hours after ligation, intramitochondrial dense deposits appeared, and the reaction product decreased both in lysosomes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The fine reaction product, which leaked from lysosomes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum, was scattered in the sarcoplasm and was accompanied by fine structural changes indicating cellular necrosis. From these findings it is strongly suggested that acid hydrolases in lysosomes and the sarcoplasmic reticulum are closely related to the necrotic process in ischemic myocardial cells. PMID- 6645053 TI - The effects of two strains of influenza virus on cardiac development in the chick embryo. AB - To investigate the teratogenic effects of influenza virus on cardiac development two strains of influenza virus (Ty/Calif/5142/66 and Ty/Calif/64/M. Meleagrium) were injected into the yolk sac of fertile white Leghorn eggs during stage 23. Eggs injected with normal saline served as controls. The number of live embryos was significantly reduced in eggs injected with the 5142 strain, whereas the Meleagrium strain did not affect the number of live embryos in a significant manner. Serial sections of the live embryo hearts, extracted during stage 35, showed no cardiac anomalies in control groups. However, cardiac malformations were increased significantly in the embryos infected with the influenza viruses. A comparison of the two viral strains showed that the 5142 strain produced significantly more abnormal hearts than the Meleagrium strain. We conclude that (1) influenza infection during critical stages of embryonic development can lead to the cardiac anomalies, and (2) the virulence of a viral strain has a significant bearing on its teratogenic potential, at least in chick embryo hearts. PMID- 6645054 TI - Experimental aortitis. Aortic lesions induced by a serine protease. AB - The etiology of aortitis syndrome (Takayasu's arteritis) is unknown. This study was designed to show whether aortic and pulmonary artery lesions might be induced by a small dose of protease in the circulating blood of rabbits. Serum trypsin activity was increased transiently but significantly by an intravenous infusion of the enzyme at the rate of 1000 IU/min for 100 min. The aortic wall was significantly thickened. Marked edema and focal tears were seen in the intima and media and a mild inflammatory reaction in the adventitia of rabbits sacrificed 2 weeks following trypsin infusion. The lesions were also present in rabbits sacrificed at 6 weeks. They were observed in 7 of 8 rabbits given the same dose of chymotrypsin-A4, but not in control rabbits infused with saline alone. The lesions were observed frequently in the ascending aorta and arch, but were rare in the descending aorta. The main pulmonary artery showed similar lesions in about half of the studied rabbits. These results show evidence that a diffuse lesion of the aorta and pulmonary artery may be induced by a small dose of serine protease in the circulating blood. PMID- 6645056 TI - Double outlet left ventricle. A new type of presentation. AB - A post-mortem heart with double outlet left ventricle was studied and a new type was described. An enlarged right atrium was divided by a large Eustachian valve and an atrial septal defect type ostium II, was present. The tricuspid valve was hypoplastic and the intercordal spaces were completely fused, similar to a tricuspid atresia. The right ventricle was hypoplastic. The aorta and pulmonary artery were totally related to the left ventricle with no conus beneath either. A sub-aortic ventricular septal defect secondary to malalignment of the septum was present. Subpulmonary and valvular pulmonary stenosis were observed with a hypoplastic main pulmonary artery. The left pulmonary artery was atretic and was filled by a patent ductus arteriosus. This type of double outlet left ventricle is amenable to total surgical correction if a correct prior diagnosis is made. PMID- 6645055 TI - Direct effects of digoxin and deslanoside on sinoatrial conduction in isolated, blood-perfused dog atria. AB - We studied the direct effects of digitalis on sinoatrial conduction time (SACT), atrial rate (AR) and developed tension (DT) in isolated atrial muscle, using an isolated dog atrial preparation perfused with heparinized blood from the carotid artery of an anesthetized donor dog. After digoxin or deslanoside (100 micrograms or 200 micrograms/Kg) was given intravenously to the donor dog, SACT, AR and DT of the isolated atrium were continuously measured. Following administration of 100 micrograms/Kg of digoxin, an immediate sinus bradycardia followed by various kinds of ventricular arrhythmias was observed in the donor dog, and the DT of the isolated atrium was augmented without any effects on the SACT and AR in all 3 experiments. With 200 micrograms/Kg of digoxin or deslanoside, ventricular fibrillation was induced in all 5 donor dogs within 75 min after digitalis administration. In these cases, the DT of the isolated atrium was immediately increased to over 200% of control DT, but SACT and AR were not affected until 20 min later, at which time increases in SACT and AR were finally induced. From these results, it is concluded that a large amount of digitalis has no distinct direct effect on SA nodal pacemaker activity and SA conductivity. Moreover, extremely large doses of digitalis which cause ventricular fibrillation might also induce a prolongation of SACT in addition to sinus tachycardia. PMID- 6645057 TI - Misdiagnosis of aortic atresia due to catheter malposition. AB - A single film portable aortogram through a highly placed umbilical artery catheter suggested aortic atresia, but subsequent study revealed a normal aorta and a patent ductus arteriosus. This demonstrates the importance of proper catheter placement in single film portable aortography, which is a reliable diagnostic tool in the evaluation of distressed neonates. PMID- 6645058 TI - [Multiple primary malignancies associated with thyroid cancer]. AB - The characteristics of multiple primary carcinomas associated with thyroid carcinoma were studied in 35 patients (35/362; 9.7%) who met the clinicopathological criteria of Warren and Gate. The frequency of the association was similar in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas. The average patient age at the time of initial carcinoma detection was 60.3 years for males and 51.5 years for females. The most frequent sites of the associated cancers were breast, uterine cervix and uterine body in females, and stomach and larynx in males. Patients should be followed closely for recurrence and second cancer detection in the early stage. PMID- 6645060 TI - [Serum cortisol fractions in breast cancer]. AB - Serum cortisol fractions were determined by isocolloidosmolar equilibrium dialysis in 93 women with breast cancer and 29 normal women. In breast cancer patients, the percentage of protein-unbound cortisol was increased at any concentration of total serum cortisol; this was accompanied by a relative decrease in the percentage of transcortin-bound cortisol. A significant increase in the unbound fraction is indicative of accelerated physiological activity of cortisol in breast cancer patients. In the breast cancer cases, there was a high incidence of obesity (61%) and impaired glucose tolerance (85%). In obese and/or diabetic patients, more remarkable increases of unbound cortisol were observed. We suggest that obesity and impaired glucose tolerance may increase the risk for breast cancer, and that the characteristic increase in the unbound cortisol fraction in women with breast cancer may reflect such risk factors. PMID- 6645059 TI - [Clinical evaluation of diagnostic methods of nodular goiter]. AB - In 47 patients who had undergone roentgenography, ultrasonography, 201 Tl scintigraphy, and aspiration cytology and on whom a pathological diagnosis had been made, the diagnostic value of the above-mentioned 4 examinations was evaluated. The correct diagnosis rate for aspiration cytology and 201 Tl scintigraphy was 76.6%; for ultrasonography and roentgenography it was 70.2%. The false-negative rate of cancer for aspiration cytology was 14.9%; for the other examinations it was 10.6%. The false-negative rate upon combining 3 examinations, except roentgenography (soft tissue technique), proved to be 0% and 24 patients with thyroid cancer were preoperatively correctly diagnosed as "malignant" by means of the combination method. PMID- 6645061 TI - [Clinico-pathological studies on multiple colorectal cancer]. AB - Of 743 patients with colorectal cancer operated during the past 21 years, 52 with double cancer, excepting patients in whom the disease was associated with familial polyposis, were examined. A higher association of adenomas was noted in multiple carcinomas of the large intestine than in a single carcinoma. As most of the multiple carcinomas were located close to each portion, it is possible to resect the multiple tumors concomitantly during a single operative procedure. No recurrence or mortality was seen in patients with synchronous multiple carcinomas that coexisted with advanced and early cancers. However, all patients with two or more advanced cancers died a short time after the operation. In 66.7% of the cases the other organ involved in the double cancer was the stomach. When the cancers were in the early stage, long-term survival could be achieved even in the presence of synchronous double cancers. Despite the early detection of the primary cancer in metachronous double cancer, patients whose second cancer was in the advanced stage died shortly after the second operation. PMID- 6645062 TI - [Sequential histological studies of prostatic adenocarcinoma after treatment]. AB - Serially obtained needle biopsy specimens of 30 prostatic adenocarcinoma patients were examined to clarify the therapeutic effect on histology. Histology of the tumours after radiotherapy (Linac, 6,440 rad on average) revealed gradual degeneration without the formation of massive necrosis. The rates of cancer-free cases were 22.2% and 41.2% less and more than 1 year after radiation therapy, respectively. The 5-year survival rate was 53.3%. Of 10 patients who survived 5 years, all died of recurrence within 10 years. This indicates the necessity for longterm follow up in prostatic cancer patients. PMID- 6645063 TI - [Late local recurrence of cervical cancer after initial treatment]. AB - Late local recurrence of cervical cancer more than 10 years after successful initial treatment is very rare. We now present 17 patients with late local recurrence. Only one patient had undergone primary surgery alone; the other 16 patients had received various types of radiotherapy. All 17 patients received radiotherapy as the second treatment. Local control was achieved in 9 patients, 4 of these survived for more than 5 years after the second treatment. Longterm follow-up for more than 10 years is important for the early detection of late local recurrence. PMID- 6645064 TI - [Thoracic esophageal cancer in a young adult]. AB - A 34-year-old Japanese male was admitted to the Second Department of Surgery, Chiba University Hospital complaining of swallowing difficulties of three months duration. Radiological examination with barium swallowing revealed thoracic esophageal cancer, classified as EiEa, was 6cm long and of the serrated type. Preoperative combined therapy included Fast Neutron, Pepleomycin, Bestatin and hyperthermia. The operative procedure was total thoracic esophagectomy and ante thoracic esophago-gastrostomy using the right thoracotomy approach plus laparotomy. Postoperative combined therapy included Linac irradiation and Cisplatin. His postoperative course was uneventful and he was discharged without complications. The tumor was of ill-defined ulcerative type macroscopically; the pathological diagnosis was moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. PMID- 6645065 TI - [Esophageal cancer in chronic lymphocytic leukemia--a case report]. AB - A 58-year-old male was admitted because of severe dysphagia. Radiographic and endoscopic examination revealed squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Physical examination revealed severe splenomegaly and swelling of the cervical and axillary lymph nodes. Laboratory data showed lymphocytosis (more than 90%), severe anemia and monoclonal hyperglobulinemia (IgA type). The patient received irradiation (60 Gy) to the esophageal lesion using Linac X-ray and 40 Gy to the left cervical and axillary region with a tele Co60. Radiotherapy showed a remarkable effect not only on the esophageal cancer but also the chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PMID- 6645066 TI - [Case of immunoblastic sarcoma (IBS)]. AB - A patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopaty which evolved into immunoblastic sarcoma is reported. A 48-year-old female was admitted to our department because of cough and fever. A diagnosis of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy had been made two years before the present admission. Physical examination revealed generalized lymphadenopathy. Chest radiograms showed a left hilar mass. The pulmonary tumor and enlarged lymphnodes were treated by irradiation. Although there was marked improvement at first, she experienced several relapses. One year after the admission, chest radiograms showed multiple pulmonary lesions. She developed pancytopenia and bone metastases. At autopsy, the lymphnodes showed histological evidence of immunoblastic sarcoma; a pulmonary lesion showed immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. PMID- 6645067 TI - [Case of gastrin-producing carcinoid, adenocarcinoma and xanthoma of the stomach]. AB - A rare case with gastrin-producing carcinoid, adenocarcinoma and xanthoma of the stomach is presented. A 69-year-old male underwent total gastrectomy with splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy. The histological type of the carcinoid was poorly differentiated (type D), and argyrophil cell carcinoma. Immunoperoxidase staining of the carcinoid was positive for gastrin and negative for glucagon, somatostatin or insulin. The histological findings of the carcinoma were tub 2, medullary, INF alpha, se, ly 2, v 1, ow(-), aw(-), n 1. Histologically, the xanthoma consisted of foamy macrophages accumulated in the lamina propria. PMID- 6645068 TI - [Case of lipohyperplasia of the ileocecal valve with adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon]. AB - A rare case of lipohyperplasia of the ileocecal valve contiguous with adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon is reported. The patient was a 67-year-old female with a chief complaint of muco-bloody stool. Barium enema X-ray study revealed a filling defect in the proximal portion of the ascending colon, suggestive of Borrmann II-type carcinoma and enlargement of the ileocecal valve. Ileocecotomy and right colectomy were performed. Histological examination disclosed that the tumor of the ascending colon consisted of well differentiated adenocarcinoma; the proliferation of fat tissue in the submucosa of the ileocecal valve was diagnosed as lipohyperplasia of the ileocecal valve. The histogenesis of this lipohyperplasia seems to be secondary development induced by the adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon. PMID- 6645070 TI - [Glycerol-induced hemolysis--clinical and experimental studies]. PMID- 6645069 TI - [Cytogenetic and immunological studies of 5 cases of Burkitt's lymphoma leukemia]. PMID- 6645072 TI - [Effects of antileprotic agents (clofazimine) on the phagocytosis of leprotic patients and possible etiological explanation of Hansen's disease]. PMID- 6645071 TI - [Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of congenital antithrombin III (AT) III deficiency, with special reference to the effects of AT III concentrate]. PMID- 6645073 TI - [In vitro effects of fluoxymesterone on the bone marrow erythroid colony formation in aplastic anemia]. PMID- 6645074 TI - [Chorea-acanthocytosis and deformability of erythrocytes]. PMID- 6645076 TI - [3 cases of lazy-leukocyte syndrome]. PMID- 6645075 TI - [Primary thrombocythemia associated with right hemiparesis, refractory ulcer of left toe and renovascular hypertension]. PMID- 6645077 TI - [Myelofibrosis in polycythemia vera following 15 years of phlebotomy]. PMID- 6645078 TI - [Septicemia with foam cell syndrome in the bone marrow]. PMID- 6645080 TI - [Body fluids: water-electrolyte metabolism and acid-base equilibrium]. PMID- 6645081 TI - Hairy cell leukemia: a report of 10 cases in Japan and characterization of anti hairy cell sera. AB - A series of 10 cases of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) in native Japanese patients was studied. The clinicopathological features and the phenotype of the leukemic cells were compared with those of HCL in Western countries. The clinical pictures were similar to those in Western countries but some hematological findings were different. The Japanese patients had more marked leukocytosis, less granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, and no dry tap on bone marrow aspiration. The phenotype of hairy cells was much the same in both areas. Two kinds of anti hairy cell sera were raised in rabbits. One (AHS 406) was obtained from rabbits immunized by injecting whole hairy cells. The other (alpha HC-G and alpha HC-M) was obtained by injection of membrane glycoproteins partially purified from hairy cells. The reactivity of the former antiserum (AHS 406) against leukemic cells from a variety of leukemias including HCL and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia was studied by an immunoprecipitation technique. AHS 406 defined three cell surface antigens on HCL, P-30, P-35 and GP-135 (30,000, 35,000 and 135,000 daltons respectively). These three components are expressed only on neoplastic B lymphocytes. Quantitative differences in expression were observed in different types of leukemia, although all three antigens were most strongly expressed in HCL. alpha HC-G showed reactivity similar to that of OKIa-1. alpha HC-M reacted with hairy cells but not with other leukemic cells except mature granulocytes of chronic myelocytic leukemia. It also reacted with most granulocytes and a few mononuclear cells in normal peripheral blood. Preliminary immunochemical studies suggest that alpha HC-M reacts with a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 26,000. PMID- 6645082 TI - Association of thyroid carcinoma with malignant lymphoma. AB - Radiation-associated thyroid carcinoma is of clinical importance in modern radiation therapy of both Hodgkin's disease (HD) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), because anatomically the thyroid is often in the radiation field. We have reviewed the records of HD and NHL patients seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) between 1910 and 1960 to determine associated occurrence of thyroid cancer. Radiation therapy was the major therapeutic modality with the occasional use of single agent chemotherapy with nitrogen mustard, triethylene melamine (TEM), chlorambucil and prednisone. There were 519 patients with HD and 863 with NHL. The thyroid glands of 439 (84%) HD and 544 (63%) NHL patients were included in the field of radiation. The mean age of patients with HD was 39 yr while for those with NHL, it was 53 yr. The mean survival in HD was 4.2 yr and in NHL 3.8 yr. There were three cases of thyroid cancer among the HD patients occurring 31, 44 and 48 yr, respectively, after radiation therapy. When compared with the number of thyroid cancers expected to develop, the incidence was significantly greater (p less than 0.005). In contrast, three NHL patients were found to have thyroid cancer at the time of surgery or postmortem examination. This number is again greater than expected in such a population (p less than 0.005); however, in only two cases could the cancer be considered as a sequela to NHL treatment. In all three cases the cancer turned out to be subclinical thyroid carcinoma, incidentally found at surgery or autopsy. One of the patients is still alive without evidence of either disease. The reason for this difference between patients with HD and NHL treated with a similar principle is unclear. Some of the factors contributing to this difference may include: the younger age of HD patients at diagnosis; the longer survival of patients with HD as compared with those with NHL; differences in the sites of radiation and type of treatment given; and possible differences in immunological status between the two groups. PMID- 6645079 TI - [Distribution patterns of the bone marrow histio-monocytes as an useful prognostic factor in childhood histiocytic medullary reticulosis]. PMID- 6645083 TI - Inhibitory effect of laser irradiation on dermal syngeneic tumor growth in mice. AB - Mice (C57BL/6) with established intradermal tumors (melanoma B-16 or glioma 203G1) and inbred Swiss mice (SWM/Ms) with established intradermal tumors (3 methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma) were treated by either surgical excision or laser irradiation. Laser irradiation is effective in preventing the growth of dermal melanoma, and laser therapy may be more efficacious than surgical therapy for induction of a reaction against melanoma in mice. The results also suggest that determination of a suitable laser wavelength may be required to obtain a good therapeutic effect on each tumor. PMID- 6645084 TI - Life of advanced cancer patients after knowing the nature of their own disease: a personal experience of seven cases. AB - To seven patients suffering from advanced cancer who wished to know what their disease was and whose families supported them in their wish, I informed them of the name of the disease and how advanced their case was. After being told they had cancer, not only did the patients become more cheerful to and more trustful of their families, but also they came to place greater confidence in us' doctors and nurses. Their wish to live was strong and they all wanted to have their anticancer therapy continued. At the terminal stage, four of them merely wanted to have their pain relieved, and two of them became depressive when the symptoms of approaching death became evident. But judging from the total clinical course of the seven carefully screened patients, I believe that informing them of the true nature of the disease brought about favorable results. PMID- 6645085 TI - Second primary breast cancer following thyroid cancer: report of two cases. AB - Two cases of second primary breast cancer following thyroid cancer are presented. The association between breast and thyroid cancer is reviewed from the literature, but no common etiologic factor is found between the two neoplasms in our experience. PMID- 6645086 TI - Basal cell epithelioma of the penis: a case report. AB - A 65-year-old man had a tumor with a small ulcer on the foreskin of his penis. A local excision was performed. Histological examination of the specimen revealed superficial basal cell epithelioma. Basal cell epithelioma is a common tumor of the skin, but is rarely found on the penis. Only 11 cases have been reported in the European and American literature. Basal cell epitheliomas were formerly called basal cell carcinomas and were treated as true carcinomas. However, recently they have been treated as benign tumors because of their good prognosis and rare metastasis. PMID- 6645087 TI - Intraspinal metastasis of neuroblastoma--report of a case detected at autopsy. AB - Metastasis to the brain or spinal cord parenchyma is extremely rare in cases of neuroblastoma. We present a 3-year-7-month-old boy with neuroblastoma, stage IV, with intraspinal metastasis. He had no neurologic manifestation except incontinentia urinae and ataxia at the terminal stage. His cranial computed tomography scan showed high density areas in both cerebellar hemispheres which seemed to be distant metastatic masses. At autopsy, the metastases in the cerebellum were found to be due to dural infiltration but in the spinal cord parenchyma of the lumbar spine metastases were detected macroscopically. There were multiple distant metastatic areas near the roots, anterior and posterior. The neuroblastoma seemed to have spread along the roots by direct invasion from the meninges. In the future, the number of patients with metastasis into the brain or spinal cord parenchyma will increase because patients with progressive disease could live for a long time as a result of intensive chemotherapy. Observation of these cases will be helpful to clarify the routes of metastasis to these areas. PMID- 6645089 TI - [The 30th memorial meeting of the Japanese Society of Pathology. Tokyo, 8-10 October 1983]. PMID- 6645088 TI - Renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney treated by partial nephrectomy--case report and review of Japanese literature. AB - Renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney is rather rare. We present a case of this condition occurring in a 50-year-old man. He was treated by partial nephrectomy and temporary hemodialysis for postoperative acute renal failure. Perusal of the literature reveals that in situ partial nephrectomy, if possible, seems to be a reasonable treatment of choice for renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney. This is the fifth case ever reported in Japan. PMID- 6645090 TI - [Effects of sex hormones on carcinogenesis of experimental gastric cancer- sequential study]. PMID- 6645091 TI - [Experimental studies on the management of stress ulcers, with special reference to the effects of vagotomy and cimetidine]. PMID- 6645092 TI - [Experimental study on the role of vagus nerve in the release of motilin]. PMID- 6645094 TI - [Serum cholinesterase isozymes in liver diseases, with evaluation of slab gel electrophoresis in the analysis of isozymes]. PMID- 6645093 TI - [Effects of porcine gastrin releasing peptide and its related peptides on the release of gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones in dogs]. PMID- 6645095 TI - [Studies on biliary IgA]. PMID- 6645096 TI - [Radioimmunoassay of secretin with special reference to the sensitivity of the method]. PMID- 6645097 TI - [Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, with special reference to the heterogeneity of gastrin in serum and gastrinoma]. PMID- 6645098 TI - [Choledochocele--2 cases with endoscopic papillotomy]. PMID- 6645099 TI - [Arteriovenous malformation of the pancreas associated with para-papilla duodenal ulcer and choledocho-duodenal fistula]. PMID- 6645100 TI - [Cysteamine induced ulcer on adrenalectomized rat]. PMID- 6645101 TI - [Vesicosphincter dysfunction in chronic liver diseases]. PMID- 6645102 TI - [Determination of the pancreatic ductal pressure in chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6645104 TI - [The 25th meeting of the Japanese Society of Gastroenterology. Yamaguchi, 13-15 October 1983]. PMID- 6645103 TI - [Microwave coagulation under ultrasound guidance in liver hemangioma]. PMID- 6645105 TI - [23d general meeting of the Japanese Society of Nuclear Medicine. Takatsuki, Japan, September 23-25, 1983. Abstracts]. PMID- 6645106 TI - Proceedings of the 80th annual scientific session of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine. Abstracts. PMID- 6645107 TI - Pressure-velocity relation in the isolated rabbit left ventricle. AB - The relation between pressure (P) and ejection velocity (V) was determined in the coronary-perfused rabbit left ventricle. The heart was isolated and a thin latex balloon was inserted into the left ventricle. The volume of the ventricle was changed at a constant velocity with a magnetic shaker connected to the balloon at various phases of contraction and the corresponding pressure change was measured. The pressure-velocity relation determined by this isovelocity method was well fitted by a hyperbolic equation, (P + A) (V + B) = B(PO + A), where A and B are constants and Po is the maximum systolic pressure. Using the thick-walled spherical ventricle model, the Hill equation of the ventricular wall muscle with constants a and b was obtained, and Hill constants (a and b) were calculated from ventricular constants (A and B). The constants A and B/V (V is the volume of ventricle) increased with decreases in ventricular volume, but the ratio Vmax/TO (= b/aL, L is the length of the muscle) was not affected. The value of Vmax/TO was 1.14 +/- 0.22 X 10(-5) cm2/(dyn X sec) (mean +/- S. D. in 9 rabbits). The constants A and B/V, especially A, increased and the ratio Vmax/TO decreased under the negative inotropic effect, such as decreased heart rate or decreased coronary perfusion pressure. This ratio would therefore be a good indicator for assessment of the ventricular performance as well as the contractility of the wall muscle. PMID- 6645108 TI - Development of excitability during the in vitro differentiation of a newly established myogenic cell line. AB - Developmental changes in the membrane electrical properties during the differentiation of a newly established clonal myogenic cell line MC3T3-A1/M13 (M13) derived from newborn mouse calvaria were studied using the conventional intracellular recording method. M13 cells proliferated in vitro with a population doubling time of about 20 hr when they were cultured in alpha-MEM containing 10% newborn bovine serum at 37 degrees C. After they had achieved confluence and stopped growing, myotube formation by fusion of individual postmitotic mononucleated cells took place within 48 hr, and it advanced until 70-80% of the total number of nuclei were incorporated into such myotubes. Mononucleated M13 cells had a resting membrane potential (Em) of -22.5 +/- 1.7 mV (mean +/- S. D.) and responded passively to current stimuli, indicating that they are non excitable. On the contrary, multinucleated myotubes had EmS ranging from -25 to 70 mV, depending on the stage of their development. Newly fused myotubes had relatively less negative EmS and showed no response, whereas myotubes later in development showed delayed rectification against depolarizing current pulses, proving the development of a voltage-sensitive outward current system. Further, mature myotubes had an Em of -58.5 +/- 3.2 mV and generated fast action potentials having a maximum rate of rise of 315 +/- 11 V/sec and a duration of 3.0 +/- 0.5 msec (measured at half-height). These action potentials were identified as tetrodotoxin-insensitive Na+ spikes. These results indicate that the membrane excitability of the M13 myogenic cell line develops well after the formation of myotubes, with an increase in Em as maturation proceeds. PMID- 6645110 TI - Correlation of field potentials with redox-states of cytochromes recorded from the olfactory cortical slice of guinea pig. AB - Field potentials and the reflection spectra of cytochromes were continuously recorded from the olfactory cortical slice of a guinea pig which was incubated under the normoxic and anoxic conditions. The reduction of the oxidated spectra of the cytochromes occurred before the decrease of field potential heights and the oxidation of the reduced spectra occurred before their recovery. In a 3 min anoxic experiment, a 90% recovery of the cytochromes aa3, b, and c, and the field potential amplitudes took place in this order after the restoration of oxygen. PMID- 6645109 TI - Effects of restraint on baroreflex sensitivity in altering heart rate and heat production in rats. AB - When systemic arterial pressure was elevated with phenylephrine (PHE) at 13 degrees C, heart rate (HR), and heat production (M) associated with shivering were greatly suppressed in rats. The magnitude of suppression increased proportionally with increasing doses of PHE. During restraint, however, such a suppression of HR and M with PHE was attenuated, indicating that restraint reduced baroreflex sensitivity in altering HR and shivering in rats. PMID- 6645111 TI - Inhibition of carp liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by some commonly-used detergents. AB - The inhibitory effects of some detergents commonly used in biochemical research on carp liver mitochondrial monoamine oxidase were examined. Sodium dodecylsulfate, octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, sodium cholate and Triton X-100 at relatively low concentrations caused strong dose-dependent inhibition of the activity towards tyramine, but digitonin caused only weak inhibition. Sodium dodecylsulfate, octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside and sodium cholate caused almost complete inhibition of activity in the concentration ranges tested. The extent of inhibition by Triton X-100 was greater after preincubation at 37 degrees C for 30 min than that without preincubation, but with or without preincubation, the inhibition was not substrate-selective and was not complete at a relatively high concentration (2%) of Triton X-100. Without preincubation, the mode of inhibition by Triton X-100 was competitive and reversible with respect to the oxidations of 5-HT, tyramine and PEA, but after preincubation (37 degrees C for 30 min), it became noncompetitive and irreversible, depending on the concentration of detergent used. These findings suggest that it had different actions on the enzyme depending on preincubation. Triton X-100 also slightly changed enzyme sensitivity towards clorgyline and deprenyl, regardless of the preincubation time or the substrate used. Some possible mechanisms of the inhibitory effect of Triton X-100 are discussed. PMID- 6645112 TI - Development of tolerance to ambulation-increasing effect of scopolamine dependent on environmental factors in mice. AB - Effects of repeated administration of scopolamine at 0.5, 2.0 and 8.0 mg/kg s.c. on ambulatory activity in mice were investigated. The drug was administered 5 times at intervals of daily, 3-4 days and weekly. The ambulation-increasing effect of scopolamine progressively decreased when the mice were put into a tilting-type round activity cage of 25 cm in diameter and 13 cm in height during the presence of the acute drug effect. The tolerance, once produced, was maintained even 1 month after the withdrawal. In contrast, development of tolerance to the ambulation-increasing effect of scopolamine could not be found when the mice were put into a glass jar with a 5.5 cm diameter, in which the ambulation was perfectly restricted, after each drug administration. The present results suggest that the tolerance to the ambulation-increasing effect of scopolamine induced by repeated administration may be elicited by an interaction between the experimental situation and the drug effect. PMID- 6645113 TI - Hemodynamics and monoamine oxidase activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). AB - The relationship between the onset of hypertension and changes in monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in the brains and hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were studied. After 7-weeks-old, blood pressure of SHR increased rapidly and reached a level of 170 to 180 mmHg; but following 4 weeks of propranolol treatment (10 mg/kg/day), blood pressure decreased significantly compared to that of untreated SHR. Heart/body weights ratio of SHR was higher than that of normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). MAO activities in the brain stem, the medulla oblongata and pons of the SHR were significantly higher than those in WKY at 7 weeks of age, and MAO activity in the brain stem of the propranolol-treated SHR was significantly lower than that in the untreated SHR. Propranolol inhibited MAO activity in brain tissue in vitro, and the I50 values of propranolol were identical (1 X 10(-4) M) in SHR and WKY. In both the WKY strain and the SHR, the Vmax values of heart MAO increased with age, and the Vmax values of SHR were twice those of WKY. Km values for tyramine of heart MAO in WKY and SHR were approx. 100 microM and 140 microM, respectively; however, these values were not age-dependent. It was concluded that an increase in MAO activity in SHR brain stem may trigger a reduction in noradrenaline content and that propranolol may be responsible for its restoration, thus reducing peripheral sympathetic activity; moreover, the increase in MAO activity in the hearts of SHR may be of genetic origin. PMID- 6645114 TI - Liver microsomal cytochrome P-450-dependent O-dealkylation reaction in various animals. AB - Liver microsomal O-dealkylation activity was determined using O-methyl, O-ethyl and O-propyl derivatives of p-nitrophenol, 7-hydroxycoumarin (umbelliferon) and 7 hydroxyphenoxazone (resorufin) as substrates. Microsomal O-dealkylation activities of p-nitrophenol and 7-hydroxycoumarin O-alkyl derivatives were of similar levels, but the activities of 7-hydroxyphenoxazone O-alkyl derivatives were very low compared with those of other substrates. Pretreatment of rats with beta-naphthoflavone resulted in the preferential increase of O-deethylation and O depropylation activities regardless of the ring structure of the substrates, and the ratio of O-deethylation and O-depropylation activities to that of O demethylation increased markedly. On the other hand, the O-dealkylase activity of all substrates increased generally upon pretreatment of the rats with phenobarbital, but the ratio of O-deethylase or O-depropylase activity to that of O-demethylase in the pretreated rats was not very different from that of the untreated animals. Hexobarbital inhibited competitively the O-dealkylation activity in control and phenobarbital-pretreated rat microsomes. On the other hand, the O-dealkylase activity in microsomes obtained from beta-naphthoflavone pretreated rats was inhibited remarkably by alpha-naphthoflavone, but not in microsomes prepared from untreated and phenobarbital-pretreated rats. Based on these results, this report discusses the relationship between the alteration of O dealkylation activity and the composition change of cytochrome P-450 in microsomal membrane. Species differences in the substrate specificity of the O dealkylation reaction and in the responsiveness of the animals to typical inducers were also observed using liver microsomes obtained from several animals under various conditions. PMID- 6645115 TI - Involvement of different mechanisms, opioid and non-opioid forms, in the analgesia induced by footshock (FS) and immobilized-water immersion (IW) stress. PMID- 6645116 TI - Circadian variation in susceptibility to the ambulation-increasing effect of scopolamine in mice. AB - Circadian variation in susceptibility to the ambulation-increasing effect of scopolamine in mice was investigated. The mice housed under a 12-hr light-dark situation (light period: 6:00-18:00 and dark period: 18:00-6:00) for 5 weeks were administered scopolamine HBr at 0.5 or 2 mg/kg s.c. at one of six times of the day (3:00, 7:00, 11:00, 15:00, 19:00 and 23:00), and the ambulatory activity was measured for 2 hr. Scopolamine induced a dose-dependent increase in the ambulatory activity. In addition, there was a clear circadian variation in the susceptibility to the ambulation-increasing effect of scopolamine. The highest and the lowest overall activity counts during the 2 hr observation period were found when the drug was administered at 3:00 and 15:00, respectively. The present results suggest that the susceptibility to scopolamine in mice is dependent on the time-of-day at which the drug is administered. The reasons which may induce this circadian variation in susceptibility to scopolamine are discussed. PMID- 6645117 TI - Effects of uricosuric drugs and diuretics on uric acid excretion in oxonate treated rats. AB - A practical procedure for evaluating uricosuric agents was demonstrated using clearance experiments with potassium oxonate-treated rats. The fractional excretion value of uric acid showed a reabsorptive net flux of uric acid in the renal tubules of the animal, though the value was obviously higher than those of primates such as men, chimpanzees and cebus monkeys. However, the rats responded well to uricosuric drugs and diuretics. Probenecid and uricosuric diuretics such as tienilic acid induced hyperuricosuria due to the increase of fractional excretion of uric acid and/or the increase of the filtered amount of uric acid with the rise of plasma uric acid. On the other hand, furosemide had no effect on uric acid excretion at a low dose with moderate diuresis, while a higher dose decreased the fractional excretion of uric acid with elevation of plasma uric acid. Benzothiazides were also uricosuric at the lower doses, but the high dose, as in the case of the so-called uricosuric drugs, had no effect on the uric acid excretion and plasma uric acid level. Thus, oxonate-treated rats were useful for evaluating drug effects on uric acid excretion. PMID- 6645118 TI - Characteristics of glucocorticoid-binding sites of rat liver: different effects of adrenalectomy on the binding. AB - Hydrocortisone (HC) in rat liver cytoplasmic fraction was bound to three different binding sites with high, medium and low affinity. Dissociation constants (Kd) were approx. 2.1, 22 and 208 nM; and the densities of these binding sites were about 40, 50 and 10% of total number of binding sites, respectively. The binding site for dexamethasone (DM) of the cytoplasmic fraction was the medium affinity one among these three components. The maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) of HC and DM was significantly increased by adrenalectomy. The Bmax of HC was about twice as great as that of DM in normal and adrenalectomized rat liver. DM inhibited 3H-HC binding in a dose-dependent manner but inhibition did not exceed 50% in either normal or adrenalectomized rats. Following adrenalectomy, the Bmax of the medium affinity-site for HC was significantly increased, while the high affinity component disappeared. By adding DM to the cytoplasmic fraction of adrenalectomized rat liver in vitro and in vivo, the Bmax of the medium affinity-site was significantly decreased, and a high affinity component of HC was revealed with a significant increase in the number of binding sites. These results indicate that the binding site for DM is one component of the HC binding site; and following adrenalectomy, the number of each type of binding site for glucocorticoids increases differently from the others. PMID- 6645119 TI - Effects of starvation on microsomal cytochrome P-450 and laurate-omega hydroxylation of rat kidney and liver. AB - Cytochrome P-450 (P-450) content and laurate-omega-oxidation activity in rat kidney and liver microsomes were investigated following starvation. Multiple forms of P-450 were analyzed by one dimensional separation using peroxidase stained SDS-continuous gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gels of the hepatic microsomes treated with phenobarbital showed three P-450 bands, and the renal microsomes showed one sharp band, which was induced remarkably by starvation and coincided with the middle molecular form of P-450 from the hepatic microsomes. Since laurate-omega-oxidation activity was induced specifically by starvation but not by drug treatment, in both the kidney and the liver microsomes, the middle molecular form of P-450 might catalyze laurate-omega oxidation. It seemed, therefore, that a special P-450 subunit catalyzing laurate omega-oxidation has a greater function in the renal rather than hepatic microsomes because the specific laurate-omega-oxidation activity per starvation induced P-450 content was relatively similar in both the kidney and the liver. PMID- 6645120 TI - Proceedings: 56th general meeting, Japanese Pharmacological Society. March 28-31, 1983, Osaka, Japan. Abstracts. PMID- 6645121 TI - Maltotriose and maltotetraose excreted in urine following intravenous administration of maltose to human volunteers. AB - To determine the extent of maltose excreted into the urine, sugar substances present in the urine following intravenous infusion of maltose were analyzed. Maltose, glucose, maltotriose and maltotetraose in the urine were detected by gas chromatography and identified by mass spectrometric analysis. The total amounts of sugar substances excreted after 10 per cent maltose solution given at three different infusion rates were calculated. The excreted amounts of maltotriose and maltotetraose increased in a dose and time dependent manner. As these compounds were not detected in the plasma either during or after the administration of maltose, the kidney probably plays a role in the biosynthesis of maltotriose and maltotetraose. Studies on the organ homogenates of the rabbit showed that the enzyme activity for the biosynthesis of maltotriose from maltose was mainly in the kidney. The glucose excreted into the urine probably originates from maltose catalyzed to glucose, mainly by the action of kidney maltase. As the rate of excretion of sugar substances increased in a dose dependent manner, adequate infusion rates of maltose should be less than 0.5 g/kg/hour. PMID- 6645122 TI - Immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) in gastric cancer patients. AB - Immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) in the serum from peripheral, splenic and regional venous blood of gastric cancer patients was assayed. Peripheral venous blood was collected before, and for several months after the surgery. The IAP values of peripheral venous blood, increased with advancing cancer stage; in patients at the same cancer stage, the IAP values of venous blood draining from the cancer lesion were the highest. In curatively operated patients, the IAP values increased during the first postoperative month and decreased thereafter. In patients with non-resectable cancer and in patients subjected to palliative surgery, these values remained high; they increased sharply just before death. Determination of the serum IAP values in gastric cancer patients may be useful in estimating the immunological state of gastric cancer patients and for monitoring the postoperative immunological status. PMID- 6645123 TI - Malignant lymphoma of the large intestine--operative results in Japan. AB - One hundred thirty cases of primary malignant lymphoma of the large intestine in Japan were studied with regard to operative results. The averaged age was 52.6 years and most of the patients were men. Sites of the tumor were the cecum (71.5 per cent), rectum (16.9 per cent) and the ascending colon (6.2 per cent). Surgery was performed for 129 (99.2 per cent) of the 130, of which 71 (55 per cent) were curatively resected. Surgical procedures were mostly Miles operation and the others were anterior resections and hemicolectomies. Postoperative 5 and 10 year survival rates were 34.8 per cent and 33.2 per cent respectively, and the rates after curative resection were 44.2 per cent and 40 per cent respectively. Prognoses were better when the tumor was of 5 cm or less in diameter, intraluminal and without lymph node metastasis. Classified histologically, most of the tumors were of histiocytic type, followed by lymphocytic, mixed type and Hodgkin's disease. Five and ten year survival rates of the curative resection group, by histological type, were both 38.9 per cent for histiocytic type, both 43 per cent for lymphocytic type, 43.8 per cent and 21.9 per cent respectively for mixed type, and both 100 per cent for Hodgkin's disease. Therefore, the operative result of malignant lymphoma in the large intestine was poor compared with results in case of cancer of the large intestine. PMID- 6645124 TI - A successful repair of tricuspid atresia by modified Bjork's procedure--a case report. AB - A ten-year-old Japanese boy with tricuspid atresia type IB was treated by direct anastomosis from the right atrium (RA) to the right ventricle (RV), entirely with autogenous material. An incision of the RA anterior wall was designed for a flap of RA appendage. A valveless conduit was created, with this flap and a large piece of pericardium. Atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD) were closed with a patch. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography two months postoperatively, showed good results of the surgery. PMID- 6645125 TI - Spontaneous submucosal dissection of the esophagus. A case report. AB - A forty year-old Japanese woman complained of slight hematemesis and severe pain on swallowing. Fluoroscopic examination showed typical esophagograms of "double barreled esophagus" or "mucosal stripe". An esophageal ulceration, probably where the dissection re-entered the usual lumen, was endoscopically evident at the lower end of the mucosal bulging. A large, shallow ulcer of unknown cause was also identified in the just anal area from the esophago-gastric junction. She recovered with conservative treatment of fasting, cimetidine and sodium alginate. PMID- 6645126 TI - Stress ulcer accompanying subarachnoid hemorrhage--a new rat model. AB - New rat model of stress ulcer, related to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was devised. A 0.2 ml of the arterial blood, obtained from another rat of the same litter, was injected into the cisterna magna and 4 days later, mild stress, consisting of restraint plus water-immersion for 3 hours to the injected rat, produced gastric ulcers. These lesions were far more marked than in usual rats undergoing the same stress (P less than 0.001). Using this "SAH-stress model", effects of various counteracting measures were examined. Based on the results, we concluded that SAH produced a hypersensitivity or an abnormal excitability of the autonomic nervous centers, and the relatively mild stress effectively weakened the gastric defensive factors and strengthened the gastric aggressive factors, thus resulting in ulcer formation. PMID- 6645127 TI - [Changes of blood lactic acid contents during exercises in patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases--with special reference to the anaerobic threshold]. PMID- 6645128 TI - [Bronchospasm caused by intrabronchial injection of antibiotics and its prevention by hydrocortisone and salbutamol hemisulfate]. PMID- 6645130 TI - [Determination of ventilatory capacity in rats]. PMID- 6645129 TI - [Comparative analysis of components of broncho-alveolar and bronchial lavage fluids]. PMID- 6645131 TI - [Thoracic radiography of carcinomatous lymphangitis--correlation with pathological findings]. PMID- 6645132 TI - [Case of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with radiographic presentation a giant tumor]. PMID- 6645133 TI - [Surgical treatment of prune belly syndrome with funnel chest]. PMID- 6645134 TI - [Case of disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection]. PMID- 6645135 TI - [Case of paragonimiasis westermani with bilateral pleural effusion]. PMID- 6645136 TI - Studies on serum creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme. Seven cases of tetraplegia in the dog. PMID- 6645137 TI - Preliminary observation on the absence of globule leucocytes in mast cell deficient W/Wv anemic mice after Trichinella spiralis infection. PMID- 6645138 TI - Development and migration route of Angiostrongylus siamensis in mice. PMID- 6645139 TI - [Diagnostic and decision-making process when confronted with a patient suspected of organic hypoglycemia]. PMID- 6645140 TI - [Future prospects for human contraception]. PMID- 6645143 TI - [Neurohumoral complementarity and antagonism during and after meals]. PMID- 6645142 TI - [Implantable fixed continuous flow pumps in type I diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes)]. PMID- 6645141 TI - [Self-regulation and self-monitoring of blood glucose in diabetics]. PMID- 6645144 TI - [Preliminary study of diabetic microangiopathy. Possible correlations between degree of control of the diabetes, parodontopathy and retinopathy]. PMID- 6645146 TI - [Evaluation of endogenous rhythm in patients with implanted cardiac stimulators]. PMID- 6645145 TI - Surgical treatment of Polish children with congenital heart defects in Deborah Heart and Lung Center. PMID- 6645147 TI - [Congenital membranous supravalvular mitral valve stenosis associated with ventricular septal defect]. PMID- 6645148 TI - [Intravascular hemolysis after operation for a partial atrioventricular canal]. PMID- 6645150 TI - [Cardiology specialization program as an example for other disciplines]. PMID- 6645149 TI - [The cardiologist's problems during the early period after implantation of an artificial valve]. PMID- 6645151 TI - [Diagnostic value of the exercise test with ECG mapping. Preliminary results]. PMID- 6645152 TI - [Mitral valve prolapse as a cause of pseudoneurotic symptoms in young men]. PMID- 6645153 TI - [Effect of vasodilator treatment of chronic circulatory insufficiency on various polycardiographic parameters]. PMID- 6645154 TI - [Ultrastructure of the myocardium in cases of heart diseases other than primary cardiomyopathies]. PMID- 6645155 TI - [Prognosis of patients with ventricular fibrillation in recent myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6645156 TI - [Anti-arrhythmia stimulators in the treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia- principles of action and first clinical experiences]. PMID- 6645157 TI - [Effect of acidosis on Ca2+ binding by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and on relaxation of the cardiac muscle]. AB - A value of Ca2+ binding in 1 second by sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments from guinea pig hearts increased proportionally to elevation of Ca2+ concentration from 0.1 to 3.0(-6) M at pH 7.2. Decline of pH to 6.8 and 6.2 decreased the Ca2+ bound in 1 second, but increased the Ca2+ bound in 30 seconds when membrane permeability has become a crucial factor in determining Ca2+ bound. In experiments on guinea pig papillary muscles, a decline of pH from 7.35 to 6.83 resulted in a nearly equal fall in velocities of isometric contraction and relaxation (27 and 21%, respectively), but during isotonic shortening when the relaxation proceeds much faster, a fall in relaxation velocity (44 +/- 3%) was significantly more profound as compared to the fall in contraction velocity (29 +/- 4%). This effect as well as a decrease in initial rate of Ca2+ binding by sarcoplasmic reticulum suggest a direct inhibitory effect of acidosis on Ca2+ removal from myofibrils in myocardial cells. PMID- 6645158 TI - [Contractile function of the myocardium in adolescents with functional disorders of cardiac repolarization (based on echocardiographic data)]. PMID- 6645159 TI - [Rare cases of heart conduction and rhythm disorders during short-term hyperthermia]. PMID- 6645160 TI - [2 cases of alcoholic cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 6645161 TI - [Myocardial infarction and polycystic kidneys in elderly and aged patients]. PMID- 6645163 TI - [Clinical picture and diagnosis of heart disease in chronic alcoholism and alcoholic intoxication]. AB - Clinical patterns and diagnosis of alcoholic cardiopathies were evaluated in 120 patients. Cardialgia, ECG changes, heart rate disorders and signs of heart failure are manifestations of alcoholic myocardiodystrophy. Narcologic history and alcoholism markers are essential for the diagnosis of alcoholic cardiopathy. The diagnosis should be based on conventional investigation procedures. PMID- 6645162 TI - [Diagnosis of right ventricular myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6645164 TI - [ECG changes in alcoholic patients at rest and during physical exertion]. AB - Electrocardiograms were recorded at rest and during the step-test in 231 alcoholic patients and 115 clinically normal males. In alcoholic patients, the most common ECG changes recorded at rest were shortened PQ interval, lengthened QT, rhythm and conductivity disorders, flattened P waves, whereas typical exercise-associated changes were elevated systolic parameters. As alcoholism progressed, there was an obvious tendency to increased incidence of conductivity disorders, flattened P waves and elevated systolic values during exercise. Within 1.5-2 months of anti-alcoholic treatment, resting electrocardiograms of alcoholic patients begin to show slower heart rate, longer PQ, more normal QT intervals, while rhythm and conductivity disorders do not respond rapidly, nor does QT duration during exercise. PMID- 6645165 TI - [Comparative diagnostic value of laboratory tests in infectious allergic myocarditis]. AB - A comparative assessment of a series of laboratory tests has been made in 206 patients with infectious-allergic myocarditis. Routine laboratory parameters were shown to be of little informative value. Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity, the index of neutrophil damage with respect to soluble cardiac antigen, basophil and eosinophil degranulation, and absolute blood basophil and eosinophil quantity were found to be the most meaningful criteria for the assessment of the activity of inflammatory and allergic processes in patients with infectious allergic myocarditis. PMID- 6645166 TI - [Patho- and morphogenesis of infectious myocarditis]. AB - An experimental study in white mice infected with influenza virus A1, staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli or Proteus, showed toxic vascular, stromal and cardiomyocyte damage in the myocardium within the first 2-3 days (circulation disorders, edema, dystrophic and necrotic changes in cardiomyocytes), which by day 3-5 were replaced by inflammation resulting in the formation of myocarditic cardiosclerosis foci by the 3d-4th week. Certain immune disorders were detected in patients with infectious myocarditis; cardiac antigen was found in the serum of 24%, anticardiac antibodies in 22%, positive blast transformation tests in 7.5%, as well as reduced quantities of T cells. Coons's method at late dates after staphylococcal angina revealed antibodies to myocardial structures in 45.7% of patients, and those to connective tissue in 36.1-31.4%. Myocarditis signs were identified in part of those. A scheme is proposed for the pathogenesis of infectious myocarditis. PMID- 6645167 TI - [Functional activity of thrombocytes in myocardial diseases]. PMID- 6645168 TI - [Diagnosis and pathogenesis of diabetic myocardiodystrophy]. AB - On the basis of findings of a comprehensive investigation of 882 patients with diabetes mellitus making use of biochemical, electrophysiologic, radioisotopic and morphohistochemical methods, diagnostic criteria of diabetic myocardiodystrophy were identified, and a scheme of differential diagnosis between chronic coronary disease and myocardiodystrophy is proposed for diabetic patients. The correlation of morphological and histochemical changes in microcirculatory vessels of the myocardium and the skin has shown myocardial microangiopathy to be the morphologic substrate of diabetic myocardiodystrophy. PMID- 6645169 TI - [Spontaneous disappearance of myocardial ischemia during continuous physical stress]. AB - Five coronary patients showing transitory ST rise during a spontaneous anginal attack were investigated. Myocardial ischemia had an uncommon pattern of response to physical stress in all cases; several episodes of myocardial ischemia developed during one continuous effort, which were not accompanied with pain and disappeared spontaneously as stress continued. The pattern and depth of ECG changes were similar to those of ischemic episodes associated with pain. It is suggested that transitory stress-related functional constriction of coronary arteries may underline this variety of myocardial ischemia. PMID- 6645170 TI - [Pseudo-ischemic changes in the ECG caused by hyperventilation]. AB - Exercise was found to produce pseudoischemic changes of ST segment in 6% of patients with neurocirculatory dystonia, and T-wave inversion in 15-16%, which may be due to hyperventilation. It was demonstrated that T-wave inversion could not be a reliable indicator of coronary insufficiency, nor could respiratory alkalosis, hypocapnia, tachycardia, increased work of respiratory muscles, hypoxemia be immediate causes of hyperventilation changes. It is suggested that the changes in question are related to disrupted vegetative control of the cardiovascular system. PMID- 6645171 TI - [Use of the Complamin test for diagnosing stenosing atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries]. AB - A pharmacologic loading test with xanthinol nicotinate was used unprecedentedly to detect occlusion of coronary arteries. Complamine was administered intramuscularly in a dose of 7.5 mg per 1 kg of the patient's weight. Twenty-nine patients with coronarographically-confirmed coronary arterial stenosis and twenty patients with cardialgias of non-coronary origin were investigated. Clinical and electrocardiographic criteria were worked out for the assessment of the complamine test results. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were estimated at 93.1 and 98%, respectively. The complamine test is recommended as part of combined screening for stenosed coronary arteries in patients with coronary heart disease. PMID- 6645172 TI - [Measurement of peripheral venous pressure using Doppler ultrasound]. AB - A method for determining peripheral venous pressure in the cubital vein by means of dopplerography is described. Fifty-four subjects (12 normal subjects, 19 hypertensive patients and 23 coronary patients) have been investigated. Patients with cardiovascular diseases showed somewhat increased peripheral venous pressure. The method is simple, non-invasive, it permits continuous monitoring of pressure in a major, easily-accessible vein and is not time-consuming. PMID- 6645173 TI - [Method of integral rheography]. AB - Tishchenko's integral rheography has no adequate metrologic basis, this shortcoming affecting the method's accuracy. Left-ventricular stroke volume is roughly proportionate to body height and weight, and the difference between the two. The modification of Tishchenko's formula taking into account this relationship clearly increases the accuracy of the method. The Kedrov and Nyboer equation, which provides the basis for the formula of stroke volume calculation, has no adequate physical rationale. Standard physical formulae seem preferable for this purpose. Different rheographs with wide frequency ranges may be used for integral rheography. PMID- 6645174 TI - [Registration of the heart's magnetic field]. AB - A new magnetometer for the recording of the heart's magnetic field is described in brief. Two constituents of the magnetocardiographic vector were examined in 13 normal male subjects and one coronary patient. In spite of identical sources of potentials and the same type of waves, magneto- and electrocardiograms were shown to differ significantly in terms of wave correlations. PMID- 6645175 TI - [Scintigraphic study of pulmonary blood flow in congenital heart defects with left-to-right shunts]. AB - A scintigraphic study of the lungs in 107 patients suffering from congenital heart defects with left-to-right blood discharge has demonstrated that disorders of pulmonary flow distribution are a common finding in cases of open ductus arteriosus and interventricular septum defects. They develop due to the hemodynamic effect of shunted blood current to the pulmonary artery and intensify as pulmonary hypertension progresses. Irregular pattern of pulmonary flow affects the efficiency of gaseous exchange and determines functional severity of the disease together with pulmonary hypertension and the extent of blood discharge. PMID- 6645177 TI - [Diagnostic significance of phase transition temperatures of blood serum cholesterol in atherosclerosis]. AB - Lipid parameters and temperatures of serum cholesterol; ethers phasic transition were investigated in 35 patients with atherosclerosis of lower-limb vessels, 93 patients with atherosclerosis of coronary arteries and 40 normal subjects. The correlation between transition temperatures and the fatty-acid spectrum of cholesterol ether fraction was examined. Temperatures of cholesterol ethers phasic transition are suggested as diagnostic criteria to supplement conventional biochemical tests. PMID- 6645176 TI - [Changes in blood plasma lipid and apolipoprotein content in the course of acute myocardial infarction]. AB - Patterns of changes in blood plasma lipids and apolipoproteins were examined in 16 patients with acute large-focal myocardial infarction. Six of those were investigated during unstable angina pectoris. Lipoproteins responsible for cholesterol transport to tissues (apo-beta-containing lipoproteins) and its outflow (apo-A-I-containing lipoproteins) were shown to undergo a variety of metabolic changes in the course of myocardial infarction. Possible prognostic implications of patterns of post-infarction changes in lipoprotein and apolipoprotein spectrum are discussed with respect to predicting further development of atherosclerosis. PMID- 6645178 TI - [Changes in the contractile activity of the left heart ventricle and blood content of free fatty acids during acute focal myocardial ischemia in rabbits at different times of the day]. AB - Left-ventricular contractility and arterial blood levels of free fatty acids were studied experimentally in rabbits with acute focal myocardial ischemia at different hours of the day (12 a. m., 6 p. m., 12 p. m.). All parameters were measured before a myocardial acute-ischemia focus was created, and 15, 20 and 40 minutes after coronary artery ligation. Heart contractility and blood free fatty acid levels were shown to vary throughout the day. In acute focal myocardial ischemia, these parameters also show different patterns of variation. A relationship was demonstrated between the pattern of changes in some contractility indices under acute focal ischemia and blood baseline levels of free fatty acids, which was particularly manifest at 12 p. m., and grew very weak at 12 a. m. PMID- 6645179 TI - [Mathematical model of healing of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6645180 TI - [Comparative study of the manifestation of hemodynamic shifts in response to repeated exercise tests]. PMID- 6645181 TI - [Comparative characteristics of the effect of long-term beta-adrenostimulation and beta-adrenoblockade on myocardial metabolism in experimental myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6645182 TI - [Possibilities of mechanical restoration of patency of the occluded coronary artery in acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6645183 TI - [Recurrent ventricular fibrillation in a patient with transmural myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6645184 TI - [Recurrent ventricular fibrillation caused by food poisoning in a patient with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6645186 TI - [Treatment of patients with myocardial infarct and hyperdynamic syndrome with propranolol]. AB - A total of 139 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and the hyperdynamic syndrome were investigated. To 67 of those, the beta-adrenoblocker propranolol was administered intravenously on the first day of the disease, with a series of further injections over the next 9 days, on average, under central hemodynamic control. Hemodynamic parameters were assessed by means of integral rheography and polycardiography, the MI size was measured by precardial charting (from 35 ECG leads) and serial evaluations of CPK and MB (the latter's isoenzyme) activity. Propranolol administered in the early hours after the infarction reduced heart performance and hence functional load on the myocardium, which improved the latter's contractility. The efficiency of propranolol treatment was dependent on the time of first administration. When administered early (within 5 hours of the attack), the drug reduced the MI size by 56% as compared to the controls, whereas late administration (12-24 hours after the attack) produced a 12% reduction. Regular propranolol treatment in patients with the hyperdynamic syndrome reduced the frequency of certain MI complications, such as prolonged course with relapses, acute congestive failure, rhythm and conductivity disorders, and total mortality. PMID- 6645185 TI - [Should patients with post-infarction defect of the interventricular septum be operated on?]. AB - Conservative treatment of patients with postinfarction defect of interventricular septum has proved inefficient. However, the acute stage of infarction and the formation of a perforation is not yet an indication for surgical treatment as plastic surgery is technically impossible in the necrotized area. After the acute stage is over, surgical treatment is necessary to prevent the development, in the chronic stage, of invalidism-bound cardiac failure, which cannot be controlled by conservative means because of continuous left-to-right blood discharge. PMID- 6645187 TI - [Use of peripheral vasodilators and beta-adrenergic blockaders in the acute period of myocardial infarction (hemodynamic and metabolic aspects)]. AB - The paper reports hemodynamic and biochemical findings in 76 patients with acute myocardial infarction on the basis of which the patients were treated with either peripheral vasodilators (sodium nitroprusside) or beta-blockers (obsidan). Changes in hemodynamic patterns and myocardial metabolism in response to treatment are described. It is concluded that careful hemodynamic and metabolic monitoring is essential in the management of acute myocardial infarction, particularly, where agents affecting the spread of necrotic areas are administered. PMID- 6645188 TI - [Clinical value of the study of cardiac rhythm entropy in patients with myocardial infarction]. AB - Heart rhythm entropy was shown to decrease with age both in normal subjects and myocardial infarction patients. Yet in the latter it is smaller at all ages as compared to the former. It is also smaller in patients with severe course and unfavourable prognosis of myocardial infarction as compared to patients with favourable prognosis and uncomplicated course of the disease. In the course of infarction, heart rhythm entropy increases in cases with favourable prognosis, and remains small in those with unfavourable prognosis and severe clinical course. Rationed-exercise tests revealed a relationship between the prognosis of outcome, the severity of myocardial infarction and the magnitude of exercise induced changes in heart rhythm entropy. PMID- 6645189 TI - [Sensitivity of creatine phosphokinase in early diagnosis of myocardial infarction and improvement of the test's specificity by determination of the rate of increase of enzyme activity]. AB - The activity of serum enzymes: creatine phosphokinase (CPK), CPK isoenzyme MB and asparagine aminotransferase--was examined every 1-3 hours after the onset of a painful attack in 68 patients with "determined" (according to the 1979 WHO classification) myocardial infarction (DMI) and 32 patients with unstable angina pectoris. The activity of all three enzymes was increased in 100% of DMI cases. The rate of enzyme activity increment (delta E/delta T) calculated for the first 3-12 hours of the disease demonstrated that absolute delta E/delta T values for CPK were significantly higher than those for other enzymes. The CPK delta E/delta T was several times as high in DMI patients as it was in patients with unstable angina. Measurement of the rate of CPK activity increment over any 6-hour interval within the first day after the painful attack is suggested as a way of further improvement of the test specificity. PMID- 6645190 TI - [Comparison of the results of serial determination of CPK activity with electrocardiographic and clinical data in patients with acute myocardial infarction]. AB - Correlations between clinical pattern of the disease, electrocardiographic evidence of necrosis from standard leads and the size of infarction expressed in CPK gram-equivalents were examined in 92 patients with acute primary transmural myocardial infarction. In addition, maximum total CPK activity and the pattern of the curve obtained through serial measurements were assessed. The patients were divided in five groups depending on electrocardiographic evidence of necrotic spread, which differed significantly in terms of both enzyme activity and clinical pattern of the disease. PMID- 6645191 TI - [Current clinical problems of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6645192 TI - [Evaluation of the ST segment and QRS complex in acute myocardial infarction based on the 36 and 6 precardiac ECG leads]. AB - The results are presented of comparison of electrocardiographic data obtained in 36 precordial and 6 standard precordial leads of ECG, and their correlation degree in 20 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction (MI). Total R wave and QS complex amplitude, the number of leads recording the mentioned changes (nR and nQS), total ST-segment elevation (epsilon ST) and the number of leads with ST elevation greater than or equal to 1 mm were assessed. The study demonstrated that R-wave and QS complex amplitude, and also the number of informative leads recording these changes were the most reliable markers of ischemia and necrosis. High authenticity of data in 6 leads-standard ECG and accurate correlation of examined indices with similar ones in 36 precordial leads throughout the observation at various points of the testing suggest that the treatment of QRS complex in 6 lead-standard ECG gives a reliable assessment of the prevalence and time course of ischemic myocardial damage in patients with anterior transmural myocardial infarction. PMID- 6645193 TI - [Aldosterone, sodium and potassium concentrations in the blood of patients with myocardial infarction after acute hydrocortisone load]. AB - Patients with acute myocardial infarction were repeatedly investigated in the course of their disease. Blood aldosterone was assayed radioimmunologically to determine its baseline level and response to the acute hydrocortisone load test. Cases where acute myocardial infarction was combined with essential hypertension were characterized by high blood aldosterone baseline, as were cases with circulatory insufficiency developing at the acute stage of infarction. Pattern of aldosterone variation in response to hydrocortisone administration was dependent on the phase of infarction and provided indirect evidence of glucocorticoid activity at various dates of the disease. The acute stage was associated with hyperaldosteronemia. PMID- 6645194 TI - [Clinical evaluation of 2 new methods of non-invasive diagnosis of coronary insufficiency]. AB - One-dimensional hyperplane was determined as capable of distinguishing between patients with coronary insufficiency and normal subjects by some parameters of bicycle ergometry. Twenty-four normal subjects and 159 anginal patients (males with normal blood pressure and normal body weight) were tested by bicycle ergometry. Test results were assessed individually with respect to changes in electrocardiographic repolarization complex, changes in R-wave amplitude, Robinson's index and the index of myocardial adaptation to exercise. All examined tests showed similar specificity. The myocardial adaptation index had significantly higher sensitivity as compared to other three indices. PMID- 6645195 TI - [Central hemodynamics during long-term physical training of patients after myocardial infarction]. AB - Left-ventricular function under the effect of regular exercise was examined in post-infarction patients. Ultrasonic B-scanning technique was used to investigate 49 patients doing regular exercise and 34 control patients. The duration of an exercise course was 9-9.5 months. It was demonstrated that long-term physical training resulted in favourable changes in terms of left-ventricular propulsive capacity, whereas control patients showed deterioration of their pumping and contractile functions. The results are vet another evidence that the effect of exercise is necessarily mediated by the heart as the central link of circulation. PMID- 6645196 TI - [Various aspects of rehabilitation of patients with myocardial infarct at the hospital stage]. AB - The paper presents the results of accelerated physical rehabilitation in 1449 patients with large-focal myocardial infarction. Gradual expansion of movement regimen was based on a programme comprising 7 hospital stages for three clinical groups of patients; those with mild (I), medium (II) and severe (III) course of the disease. Rehabilitation procedures were to take up 35-40 days in Group I, 40 45 days in Group II, and 50 and more days in Group III. The control group was composed of 220 patients on conventional treatment with prolonged bed rest. Accelerated rehabilitation was successful in 78.2% of the patients from Group I and II. The study-group patients showed reduced incidence of recurrent acute coronary insufficiency, relapses of myocardial infarction, thromboembolism, late cardiorrhexis, as compared to the controls. The duration of hospital stay was reduced by 23.1 days. Mortality (after 3-5 days of acute condition) dropped from 8.9% to 5.2%. Exercise tolerance was three times as great, as compared to that of the controls. PMID- 6645197 TI - [Results of prospective studies of a group of persons with high risk of myocardial infarction]. AB - The results of three years' observation of a coronary high risk population identified through a mathematical prognosis of myocardial infarction based on 19 risk factors are reported. Out of 154 subjects (about 4% of the screened population), 40 (26%) developed myocardial infarction within the next three years. None of the risk factors alone could be regarded as having a prevailing effect on the development of myocardial infarction. The mathematical procedure employed can also be used for predicting new anginal episodes, although the method specificity would be lower than the one obtained with the prognosis of myocardial infarction. PMID- 6645198 TI - [Heredity and coronary artery lesions in patients with ischemic heart disease (clinico-coronarographic comparisons)]. AB - The effect of aggravated heredity for coronary heart disease on the extent of coronary arterial damage and the course of the disease was studied in 575 coronary patients. An information system based on the findings was treated on a third-generation computer M-4030. Coronary patients with aggravated heredity showed high rates of coronary arteries narrowing, more severe course of the disease and frequent large-focal myocardial infarctions with aneurysms of the heart. PMID- 6645199 TI - [Activity of oxidative enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in rat myocardium in hypokinesia]. AB - An experimental study in rats demonstrated that limited motor activity resulted in a drop of mitochondrial tricarboxylic dehydrogenase activity. Early dates of hypokinesia are characterized by a decrease in specific activity of dehydrogenases, and on days 45 and 60 the changes are due to smaller levels of mitochondrial fraction protein. The activity of cytoplasmic NADP-MDH and NAD-MDH undergoes changes by day 60 of immobilization, and that of NADP-ICDH by day 7 only. Hypokinesia disrupts the ratio between mitochondrial and cytoplasmic dehydrogenases. A twenty-five-day-long recovery period is not sufficient for the normalization of oxidative processes in the tricarboxylic acids cycle. PMID- 6645200 TI - [Cardionecrotic effect of ethanol, acetaldehyde and teturam in acute experiments on rats]. AB - Acute rat experiments have demonstrated that ethanol and acetaldehyde can produce cardionecrotic affect, provided they are maintained at high levels in the blood via inhalation intragastric (for ethanol) or repeated intraperitoneal (for acetaldehyde) administration. Teturam in doses producing blood acetaldehyde rise has similar effect. No alterative effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde could be demonstrated in isolated perfused hearts. The fact that this necrogenic effect is present in in-vivo experiments and absent in the isolated heart suggests that the action of ethanol and acetaldehyde may be mediated. PMID- 6645201 TI - [Diagnostic significance of dyspeptic syndrome in acute coronary insufficiency]. PMID- 6645202 TI - [Occurrence of haptoglobin phenotypes in patients with myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6645203 TI - [Lipid composition of peripheral blood lymphocytes and neutrophils in patients with normolipidemic ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6645204 TI - [Objective evaluation of anti-arrhythmia therapy with the treatment effectiveness coefficient]. PMID- 6645205 TI - Effect of renal tubular obstruction on stop-flow pressure and glomerular deposition of fibrin during intravascular coagulation in the rat. AB - Intravascular coagulation in the rat kidney was induced by intravenous infusion of thrombin for 1 hr. The proximal tubular free-flow (Pt) and stop-flow (Psf) pressures were measured by micropuncture. Some proximal tubules were obstructed with solid paraffin before infusion of thrombin. In certain rats saralasin or indomethacin was administered for 1 hr starting 30 min after the thrombin infusion, and the effect on the tubular pressures was studied. The deposition of fibrin in the glomeruli was examined by light and electron microscopy. Pt fell from 15 +/- 1 (SE) to 7 +/- 2 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) during the infusion of thrombin. After a brief period of increased pressure the Psf fell rapidly from 37 +/- 1 to 17 +/- 1 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). In the previously obstructed nephrons the pressure (Po) increased parallel to the increase in Psf but remained elevated after the infusion of thrombin, 54 +/- 2 mm Hg. The arterial blood pressure (Pa) increased from 119 +/- 2 to 138 +/- 3 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). Saralasin raised the Psf from 15 +/- 1 to 19 +/- 1 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) but had no effect on Pt, Po, or Pa. Indomethacin did not influence the pressures. Morphological examination revealed fibrin in all glomeruli of normal nephrons. In the previously obstructed nephrons the deposition of fibrin was almost totally prevented. The results suggest that glomerular filtration is important for deposition of fibrin in the kidney. PMID- 6645206 TI - Role of tubular obstruction in acute renal failure due to gentamicin. AB - Gentamicin sulfate was administered by intraperitoneal injection to male Sprague Dawley rats in a dose of 100 to 120 mg/kg/day for 4 to 5 days to induce severe nephrotoxicity. In comparison to controls, inulin clearance was markedly decreased (2.87 +/- 0.31 vs. 8.65 +/- 0.31 ml/min/kg, P less than 0.001) as was urinary osmolality (462 +/- 36 vs. 1196 +/- 46, P less than 0.001). Surface tubules appeared heterogeneous. Some were plugged by whitish debris, whereas others were markedly dilated (I.D. = 41.5 +/- 2 mu). All other tubules were moderately dilated (I.D. = 28.8 vs. 20 mu). The microinfusion of tubules with cellular debris with an isotonic "equilibrium" solution resulted in a rise in intratubular pressure to as high as 60 to 80 mm Hg, compared with 13 to 15 mm Hg in normal rats. In better functioning nephrons, free-flow pressure (FFP) was increased significantly (16.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 10.2 +/- 0.1 mm Hg, P less than 0.001). Paired measurements of single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) in these nephrons, made while monitoring intratubular pressure (ITP), revealed a rise in SNGFR when ITP was lowered from the initially high level to 10 mm Hg. Comparable changes in SNGFR were induced in normal rats by varying ITP from 10 to 15 mm Hg. The data suggest that in severe gentamicin nephrotoxicity, many cortical nephrons may be contributing very little to excretory function, presumably because of intratubular obstruction. The less impaired nephrons have reduced SNGFR, due in part to increased free-flow pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6645207 TI - Role of vasopressin in support of blood pressure in potassium deficient rats. AB - Arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been found to contribute to the maintenance of blood pressure (BP) in the rat. Since potassium deficiency results in alterations in systemic hemodynamics, the role of AVP in the control of BP was studied after 14 to 21 days of dietary potassium deficiency. When potassium deficient and control rats were allowed free access to water, plasma osmolality (301.4 +/- 1 vs. 293.4 +/- 3 mOsm/kg; P less than 0.02) and plasma AVP (3.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.4 +/ 0.2 pg/ml; P less than 0.02) were increased in potassium deficient animals. To determine the role of this increase in AVP in the maintenance of BP, BP was determined in rats made polydipsic by adding glucose to the drinking water. In both control and potassium deficient rats, increased fluid intake resulted in increased urine output, decreased urinary and plasma osmolality, and a decrease in plasma AVP. While there was no change in BP in control rats when fluid intake was increased, BP fell from 103.9 +/- 1.8 to 96 +/- 2.6 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) in potassium deficient rats with increased fluid intake. To confirm that the decrease in plasma AVP caused the decrease in BP in potassium deficient rats, an AVP pressor antagonist was employed. Following the administration of the AVP pressor antagonist, there was no change in BP in control animals. In contrast, BP fell from 104.3 +/- 1.9 to 98.3 +/- 2.5 mm Hg; P less than 0.05 in potassium deficient rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6645210 TI - Parathyroid hormone response to hypocalcemia in hemodialysis patients with osteomalacia. AB - The parathyroid hormone response to hypocalcemia was investigated in hemodialysis patients with osteomalacia and compared to those with osteitis fibrosa. Hypocalcemia was induced during hemodialysis by employing a dialysate devoid of calcium. Patients with osteomalacia had a blunted maximum amino terminal parathyroid hormone response (+/- SD) (0.39 +/- 0.33 vs. 0.87 +/- 0.53 ng/ml, P less than 0.05) and maximum carboxy terminal parathyroid hormone response (+/- SD) (0.36 +/- 0.20 vs. 0.84 +/- 0.47, P less than 0.02) to hypocalcemia. The decline in plasma calcium was greater in patients with osteomalacia at 90 (P less than 0.05), 120 (P less than 0.01), and 150 min (P less than 0.01). In osteomalacia patients the surface density of histologically detectable trabecular bone aluminum correlated directly with the percent relative osteoid volume (P less than 0.005) and inversely with the maximum amino terminal parathyroid hormone response to hypocalcemia (P less than 0.025). These results suggest that hemodialysis patients with osteomalacia have diminished secretion of parathyroid hormone and a decreased ability to restore plasma calcium homeostasis during hypocalcemia. PMID- 6645208 TI - Contrasting effects of potassium citrate and sodium citrate therapies on urinary chemistries and crystallization of stone-forming salts. AB - Effects of potassium citrate therapy (60 mEq/day) on urinary chemistries and crystallization were compared to those of sodium citrate treatment in five patients with uric acid lithiasis. Both alkali treatments significantly increased urinary pH (P less than 0.001), from 5.35 +/- 0.18 SD to 6.68 +/- 0.14 for potassium citrate and 6.73 +/- 0.20 for sodium citrate. During potassium citrate therapy, urinary calcium significantly declined from 154 +/- 47 mg/day to 99 +/- 23 mg/day (P less than 0.01) and urinary citrate rose from 398 +/- 119 mg/day to 856 +/- 103 mg/day (P less than 0.001). The urinary saturation (activity product ratio) of calcium oxalate decreased from 3.21-fold to 1.69-fold saturation (P less than 0.01), and the inhibitor activity against calcium oxalate precipitation (formation product ratio) significantly increased. However, sodium citrate therapy did not significantly decrease urinary calcium (to 139 +/- 24 mg/day), although it increased urinary citrate substantially (to 799 +/- 89 mg/day, P less than 0.01). Urinary environment became supersaturated with respect to brushite (calcium phosphate) and monosodium urate. The inhibitor activity against calcium oxalate precipitation was not significantly altered for the whole group; in two patients, it decreased by more than 30%. The results indicate that (1) both alkali therapies are equally effective in preventing uric acid stone formation because of their ability to increase urinary pH, and (2) potassium citrate may prevent the complication of calcium nephrolithiasis in patients with uric acid stones, whereas sodium citrate may not. PMID- 6645211 TI - Cardiovascular changes in chronic hemodialysis patients. AB - Coronary angiography and left ventricular (LV) hemodynamic studies were performed after dialysis in 32 home dialysis patients (20 men) aged 49.8 +/- 8.0 years. They had been on hemodialysis for 1 to 47 months and were being considered for renal transplantation. The controls were 11 normotensive patients (6 men) aged 46.1 +/- 11 years without coronary artery disease (CAD). Ten (31%) patients had significant CAD (5 single vessel, 3 double vessel, 2 triple vessel). Cardiac index (4.57 +/- 1.3 l/min/m2), LV mass (140 +/- 43 g/m2), mean aortic pressure (103 +/- 20 mm Hg), and LV stroke work index (72 +/- 30 g X m/m2) were significantly elevated while stroke index, heart rate, LV ejection fraction, maximum dP/dT, LV end-diastolic volume and LV end-diastolic pressure were normal. The hemodynamic changes did not correlate with the time on maintenance dialysis nor with the duration of treatment for hypertension. Patients with CAD had higher LV mass and mean aortic pressure than those without CAD. The cardiac changes are thought to result from a combination of pressure and volume loads and anemia. PMID- 6645212 TI - Animal model to study the effect of adrenal hormones on epithelial function. PMID- 6645213 TI - Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. PMID- 6645209 TI - Renal calcium handling in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. AB - We have determined calcium and sodium excretion rates in three members of a kinship with familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) and in four patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) under control conditions and following the intravenous administration of chlorothiazide or furosemide. The characteristic hypocalciuria of FHH, evidenced by a significantly reduced urinary calcium/creatinine ratio compared with that of PHP, is present under control conditions (0.08 vs. 0.26 mg calcium/mg creatinine, respectively, P less than 0.05), and after chlorothiazide (0.14 vs. 0.53, respectively, P less than 0.01). However, after furosemide infusion the calcium/creatinine ratio is no longer lower in FHH than in PHP (1.12 vs. 1.14, respectively, P greater than 0.05). These data suggest that, in FHH, tubular calcium reabsorption is enhanced in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, the site of action of furosemide. However, the data do not exclude the presence of an abnormality at a more distal site in the nephron. PMID- 6645214 TI - Computing, mathematics, and the nephrologist. AB - The potential of computing and mathematics to make major contributions to nephrology by making information retrieval and presentation more accurate, more complete, and more rapid and by providing immediate access to computational and graphic facilities is emphasized in this symposium issue. The realization that disordered physiology due to disease may not prevent the course of an illness being described in mathematical terms should encourage physicians, and others interested in pathophysiology, to integrate mathematics and statistics into their thinking and their practice. PMID- 6645215 TI - Practicing nephrology with a computerized medical record. PMID- 6645216 TI - Kinetic modeling: applications in renal and related diseases. AB - Kinetic modeling, as the name implies, involves a study of the dynamics or rate of change of process or system to either gain enhanced understanding or predict an outcome. In applying kinetics to extracorporeal treatment both goals are encompassed. For example, in dialysis treatment the question of mortality has been replaced by questions of morbidity and rehabilitation. To improve the latter, it is essential to study the kinetics of interaction between the patient and the treatment process; mathematical models can provide both useful insights and better patient management. The application of kinetics to hemodialysis treatment is best exemplified by urea and heparin modeling in these cases, the amount of dialysis is geared to the patient's dietary protein intake, if the level is within acceptable limits and heparin requirements are assessed by a particular patient's sensitivity to the drug and his/her rate of elimination of the drug. Other useful examples of the applications of kinetic modeling in extracorporeal treatment include hemoperfusion and therapeutic plasmapheresis. Kinetics is not, however, a treatment panacea, or a substitute for thinking; the real benefit of the procedure is that it forces one to focus on a problem from a different perspective. This, in turn, begets new disease and treatment insights as well as improved health care delivery. The future will see a more widespread use of kinetic analysis in a variety of other medical/surgical procedures. PMID- 6645217 TI - Cortical and papillary absorptive defects in gentamicin nephrotoxicity. AB - Renal function was examined in rats given daily injections of gentamicin (100 to 150 mg/kg) for 10 to 14 days. Whole kidney inulin clearance fell and urine volume increased. Single nephron GFR of surface nephrons varied. Some nephrons had no filtration, some had low rates, and some had high rates. Abnormal renal tubular epithelial inulin permeability was demonstrated by microinjection. Micropuncture of individual nephrons early and later in their course demonstrated reduced fluid reabsorption along the proximal convoluted tubule of superficial nephrons. Rates of fluid delivery to the late proximal and distal tubule were elevated. The rate of fluid reabsorption in the superficial loop of Henle was increased. Maximal urine osmolality and papillary tissue content of urea was reduced. The polyuria, therefore, results from decreased fluid reabsorption by proximal tubules and, probably, by papillary collecting ducts. The decrease in proximal fluid reabsorption is probably secondary to impaired solute reabsorption. A decrease in collecting duct fluid absorption can be attributed to the observed decrease in papillary solute concentration. PMID- 6645218 TI - A simulation study on transcellular fluid shifts induced by hemodialysis. AB - A computer-based model has been developed to predict the changes in serum sodium, urea concentration, and osmolality as well as transcellular fluid distribution which occur during hemodialysis. Sodium and urea transfers across the dialyzer membrane and transcellular fluid shifts in response to the sodium transfer were modeled assuming that only sodium and its accompanying anions are important as effective osmotic substances in extracellular fluid. Model predictions were consistent with values measured in five patients who were studied on hemodialysis at three different dialysate sodium concentrations equal to 7% below and 7% above the predialysis serum concentration. The measurements and model predictions indicate that serum sodium concentration decreases and intracellular fluid volume increases in dialyses with dialysate Na+ concentration used in conventional hemodialysis, whereas serum sodium concentration increases and intracellular volume decreases in high sodium dialyses. An analysis of model predictions indicates that a reasonable estimation of total body water and the intracellular to extracellular volume ratio enables us to accurately predict the magnitude of transcellular fluid shifts induced by hemodialysis as well as the postdialysis serum sodium concentration and osmolality. PMID- 6645219 TI - Idiopathic hypercalciuria: a familial generalized renal hyperexcretory state. AB - Twenty-two children with idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) as well as their parents and siblings were compared to 29 control children and their parents and siblings. Urinary calcium excretion following calcium deprivation or calcium loading was significantly higher in parents and siblings of the IH children than in the corresponding controls. Significantly higher rates of glomerular filtration and increased urinary excretion of sodium potassium and phosphate were found in all family members in the IH group as compared to controls. Significant positive correlations of the five variables studied (glomerular filtration and urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, sodium, and potassium) were noted within individuals and also within families, both in the IH and the control groups, notwithstanding the lower mean levels in the latter. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphate, potassium, and sodium were similar in the IH and controls. The distributions of all urinary variables in both the IH and control groups were unimodal with considerable overlap of the two groups, suggesting that IH may be a single entity, possibly representing the upper end of normality. Our data seem to indicate that IH is more likely to be due to nutritional than to genetic factors, since maintenance of sodium potassium homeostatis in the face of increased excretion necessitates increased ingestion of these electrolytes, while increased sodium ingestion is known to be associated with increased urinary excretion of calcium, potassium, and phosphate. PMID- 6645220 TI - Is renal biopsy necessary for optimal management of the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome? PMID- 6645221 TI - Organ distribution of tritium labeled Corynebacterium parvum in mice. PMID- 6645222 TI - A morphological study of the effect of reserpine on the avian adrenal medulla. PMID- 6645223 TI - Changes of biological and serological characters accompanied with morphological changes in Bifidobacterium. PMID- 6645224 TI - [Comparative evaluation of lumbar and thoracic surgical approaches to the kidney]. PMID- 6645225 TI - [Novocaine-alcohol blockade in proctologic disease]. PMID- 6645226 TI - [Surgical tactics in dissecting aneurysms of the thoracic aorta]. PMID- 6645227 TI - [Surgical tactics in gangrene of the limbs as a complication of acute arterial obstruction]. PMID- 6645228 TI - [Errors and complications in using the BAKS mitral valve bioprosthesis]. PMID- 6645229 TI - [Risk factors of purulent inflammatory complications in surgery of the organs of the abdominal cavity]. PMID- 6645230 TI - [Diagnostic significance of the increase of the urobilinogen level in the urine in incompetence of the duodenal stump]. PMID- 6645231 TI - [Postoperative complications in acute cholecystitis in middle-aged and elderly patients]. PMID- 6645232 TI - [Fixation of the intima of the blood vessel in endarterectomy]. PMID- 6645233 TI - [Diagnosis of aortic aneurysms using computerized tomography]. PMID- 6645234 TI - [Automatic precision injector for lymphography]. PMID- 6645235 TI - [Prevention and treatment of the incompetence of the esophageal anastomosis]. PMID- 6645236 TI - [Acute gangrenous perforating cholecystitis of abdominal typhus etiology]. PMID- 6645237 TI - [Thoraco-abdominal injuries with lesions of the liver, lungs and mediastinum in a child]. PMID- 6645238 TI - [Experience with permanent electrocardiostimulation]. PMID- 6645239 TI - [Place of selective proximal vagotomy in the surgery of duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6645240 TI - [Surgery of the pancreas in chronic autonomous pancreatitis]. PMID- 6645241 TI - [Late results of vagotomy operations in ulcerative pyloroduodenal stenosis]. PMID- 6645242 TI - [Results of endoscopic papillosphincterotomy performed as a 2d operation on the biliary tract]. PMID- 6645243 TI - [Functional state of gastrin-producing cells in patients with postgastrectomy peptic ulcer of the anastomosis]. PMID- 6645244 TI - [Unsolved problems of the treatment of pancreatic necrosis]. PMID- 6645245 TI - [Emergency and routine colonoscopy in a surgical clinic]. PMID- 6645246 TI - [Serosa myotomy in diverticulosis of the large intestine]. PMID- 6645247 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of perforated gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6645248 TI - [Selective proximal vagotomy with draining operations in the treatment of pyloric stenosis of ulcer etiology]. PMID- 6645249 TI - [Prognosis of the course of duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6645250 TI - [Endoscopic determination of pH and differences of potentials of the esophageal mucosa in the diagnosis of reflux esophagitis]. PMID- 6645252 TI - [So-called inoperable echinococcosis of the abdominal cavity]. PMID- 6645251 TI - [Relaxation duodenography in the diagnosis of chronic duodenal obstruction]. PMID- 6645253 TI - [Morphological and functional state of the gallbladder after stomach resection and vagotomy]. PMID- 6645254 TI - [Renoportal venous anastomosis in the treatment of arterial hypertension]. PMID- 6645256 TI - [Shape of filtration blebs and pressure regulation after trabeculectomy]. AB - The authors describe the results of trabeculectomy in 90 eyes: in 85% the IOP was between 10 and 22 mm Hg with or without additional therapy. About 60% of these eyes had a flat cystic bleb, about 20% were incisible and 20% bullous. The eyes with an IOP of 23 mm Hg or more also had well-formed filtration blebs. No correlation was found between the shape of the filtration blebs and the IOP. PMID- 6645255 TI - [Results of iridectomy in narrow-angle and open-angle glaucoma. A retrospective study]. AB - Between 1970 and 1975 166 iridectomies were performed in cases of primary glaucoma. In the retrospective study reported here the authors analyzed the results with regard to the regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) and loss of function. Follow-up examinations were performed (1) between 6 weeks and 6 months, (2) 12 months, (3) 1.5 to 2.5 years and (4) 3 to 4 years after surgery in patients whose IOP was not adequately regulated. Hypotonia was rare. Of the eyes with acute narrow-angle glaucoma with an open iridocorneal angle by definition, which underwent surgery for the first time, 30% had an IOP of more than 21 mm Hg with or without additional tension-lowering medication (20% between 22 and 24 mm Hg, 10% over 24 mm Hg). The results for eyes operated on for the second time were better because of the prophylactic iridectomies in this group. In one-third of the cases the iridocorneal angle was occluded; in two-thirds an open angle was found. An analysis revealed that regulation was better when the previous tension level had been high, while lower tension levels, of between 20 and 35 mm Hg, often remained elevated after surgery. Out of the total number of eyes operated on for the first time (narrow-angle and open-angle glaucoma) IOP was regulated by iridectomy alone in 54% after 1 year and in 33% after 2 years. With regard to the iridocorneal angle of these 33%, it was found that 50% of the cases of narrow angle glaucoma were regulated without further medication, but only 20% of the open-angle cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6645257 TI - [Dimmer's keratitis nummularis, a doubtful disease]. AB - From Dimmer's original description of 4 cases of keratitis, it would seem that what is now known as a keratitis nummularis (Dimmer), is not one specific corneal disease but a heterogeneous group of diseases. Salzmann demonstrated in certain cases a clear relationship between it and herpetic keratitis and its corneal complications. Later authors have not convincingly differentiated KND from herpetic keratitis, as no tests have been performed to determine corneal sensitivity. Pillat, who did use the criterion of normality of corneal sensitivity for the diagnosis of KND, was unable to differentiate KND adequately from the sequelae of adenovirus keratitis. Nummular keratitis (Dimmer) does not play a diagnostic part in ophthalmology, as we are not dealing with a nosological entity. PMID- 6645258 TI - [High-dosage combination antibiotic treatment in severe therapy-resistant uveitis and necrotizing (chorio)retinitis]. AB - Twelve patients with extremely severe uveitis and two patients with necrotizing (chorio-)retinitis were treated with a combination of antibiotics consisting of penicillin G, gentamicin and metronidazole. The antibiotics were administered in 5 cases (all uveitis patients) after unsuccessful long-term treatment with other drugs, in nine cases after short-term treatment with other drugs or immediately. The treatment was effective in 10 of the uveitis patients, including all 5 cases in which the previous treatment had been unsuccessful. In 2 cases it was ineffective. It was effective, however, in both of the cases of necrotizing (chorio-)retinitis. The duration of the required treatment with antibiotics was not significantly prolonged in cases which had previously undergone long-term treatment with other drugs. However, the clinically detectable onset of improvement of vision and of the findings was significantly delayed. Despite some cogent connections between the antibiotics therapy and the improvement in the clinical picture, no well-founded conclusions as to etiology can be derived for the uveitis or necrotizing (chorio-)retinitis patients in question. The successful treatment of problematic cases identifies therapy with antibiotics as a therapeutic alternative. PMID- 6645259 TI - [Incidence and significance of fundus changes in EPH gestosis]. AB - The authors examined 100 unselected pregnant women with EPH gestosis of different severity using the Keith-Wagener classification. In 52 women no fundus changes were observed; first-degree changes were seen in 32 women and second-degree changes in 10. Six gravidae presented with third or fourth-degree fundus changes. The average gestosis index was almost identical in the group without fundus changes and in the groups with first and second-degree hypertensive retinal changes, but significantly higher in the group with severe fundus changes (third or fourth degree). There was a clear correlation between the hypertensive fundus changes and blood pressure at the time of examination, in particular with regard to systolic blood pressure. An apparently normal fundus did not exclude the presence of a severe EPH gestosis; on the other hand severe retinal changes were sometimes seen in women with only mild EPH gestosis. Examination of the fundus in patients with EPH gestosis permits an objective assessment of vascular changes and provides a basis for further obstetric management. PMID- 6645260 TI - [Healon as an internal tamponade in retinal detachment surgery]. AB - In 14 selected cases of retinal detachment the vitreous cavity was filled with Healon (0.8-4.0 ml) during subretinal drainage. Follow-up periods ranged between 2 and 7 months. In 12 cases the retinal detachment was cured; in 2 eyes redetachment with massive periretinal proliferation occurred. In addition to transient Tyndall phenomena, which were frequently seen in the anterior chamber and vitreous cavity, the intraocular pressure increased to as much as 45 mm Hg postoperatively in 5 cases. Owing to failure of the antiglaucoma therapy in 3 cases the Healon filling had to be removed. PMID- 6645261 TI - [Filariasis of the eye: problems with animal models]. AB - Twelve rodents (Mastomys natalensis and Meriones persicus) were infected, with L3 larvae of Litomosoides carinii and Dipetalonema viteae. Eighty days after infection the number of microfilariae (L1 larvae) was determined by smears from the peripheral venous blood. It was found that there were 48 and 69 X 10(3) microfilariae per ml blood. The hosts were killed and the eyes (conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, posterior part of the globe, optic nerve) as well as other organs (skin, brain, liver, heart and skeletal muscles, kidney, diaphragm and lung) were embedded for electron microscopic studies. Eight of the infected rodents, which are the specific hosts for these filariae, had been treated before the dissection with metrifonate (3 X 100 mg/kg) or diethylcarbamazine (3 X 250 mg/kg). These dosages led to the disappearance of microfilariae from the peripheral venous blood. In untreated controls microfilariae were found in the vessels of the chorioidea and retina, whereas after therapy there was no trace of these larvae in the eye. However, in the capillaries and in the interstitial space of other organs numerous degenerating microfilariae were observed. Furthermore, some larvae were seen intracellularly in liver and muscles. These intracellular stages had fewer or even no lesions compared to the extracellular ones, suggesting that they might escape the activity of the drugs. It is unknown whether similar phenomena occur in worms pathogenic to man. These laboratory models using the filariae of rodents (D. viteae with unsheathed and L. carinii with sheathed microfilariae) are very helpful for studying the pathogenic effects in eyes caused by microfilariae which circulate in the blood stream (Loa, Wuchereria).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6645262 TI - [Mooren's clear ulcer as a possible autoimmune disease]. AB - Using the PAP method IgG-antibodies were found in a Mooren's ulcer on the surface of corneal epithelia, plasma cells and stromal lamellae in the ulceral pit. The histological picture is indicative of an autoimmune disease. PMID- 6645263 TI - [Diffuse endothelialization of a cyclodialysis cleft: a light and electron microscopic study]. AB - Twenty years after surgical cyclodialysis it became necessary to remove the right eye of a 58-year-old patient with chronic unspecific anterior uveitis who had developed a painful secondary glaucoma. Light and electron microscopic investigation revealed that a complete, diffuse endothelialization with a Descemet-like basement membrane had lined the anterior chamber and the cyclodialysis cleft. The endothelial cell structure was fenestrated and the basement membrane was a "multi-layered Descemet-like membrane". Clinical and histological differential diagnoses of such membrane formations are discussed. Endothelialization of the cyclodialysis cleft can be the cause of an unsuccessful operation. PMID- 6645264 TI - [Calcareous cataract]. AB - In this report on a case of lens calcification the typical X-ray findings, the clinical sings and the unusual concentrations of calcium, phosphates, sodium, potassium and chloride are discussed. PMID- 6645265 TI - [Heterotopic smooth muscle in the choroid]. AB - A histological and ultrastructural description of a case with an area of smooth muscle in the choroid of both eyes in presented. This was a chance finding in the globes of a deceased female patient whose lids (OU) as well as the conjunctiva and sclera of one side were affected by mycosis fungoides. The heterotopic smooth muscle in the choroid is interpreted as being an isolated malformation in otherwise nondysplastic eyes. It is possible that the rare leiomyomas of the choroid occur in such heterotopias, which have not been observed before. PMID- 6645266 TI - [Eye changes in Gaucher's disease]. AB - In a patient with Gaucher's disease multiple, chalky-white, randomly distributed, circular spots were observed in the superficial layers of the retina or directly on the vessel walls. There are indications that these changes of the retina, which have also been described by other authors, are characteristic of the juvenile form of Gaucher's disease. By carrying out a long-term study over an 11 year period it was possible to prove that these spots were caused by defective healing of minute hemorrhages which were initially still visible as red and white concentric target lesions in the center of the spot. The macula was not cherry red in this case. PMID- 6645267 TI - [A new system of testing visual performance based on the cylindrical lens screen]. AB - Using a special microoptical screen as a test-picture coating, a method for testing binocular function was developed. It offers the advantage of providing a separate visual impression to each eye from a diagnostic picture without using any device in front of the eyes. The person tested is unaware of this procedure, of which the diagnostic plate gives no hint. In addition to a description of its numerous uses and diagnostic possibilities, fusion pictures suitable for screening tests are described: Each eye is offered a separate impression with a completely different content. If fusion occurs correctly, a third motif with an entirely new meaning emerges. Several years of experience with this effective system (naked-eye tests) resulted in aids which are listed in the final section of the paper: exercise aids used for preparing the persons tested (especially infants) in the waiting room, recognition aids for the examination, and a partially kinetic picture for rapid, simple and very convincing representation of adjusting movements and of the squint position in cases of concomitant squint. PMID- 6645268 TI - [Clinical course in Bietti crystalline tapetoretinal degeneration]. AB - The course of Bietti's crystalline retinopathy, which has an autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance, is described with reference to three families. Initially, crystals appear in the inner and middle layers of the retina; in the third decade of life atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and of the choroid sets in. Secondary degeneration of the center of the retina results in the disappearance of the crystals in the degenerated areas. PMID- 6645269 TI - [Lateralization phenomenon in retinoblastoma patients]. AB - Clinical and histopathological findings in a group of 28 infants suffering from retinoblastoma were analyzed. The authors were able to demonstrate that the retinoblastomas occurred considerably more often in the left eye than in the right. In children whose average age was under 2 years tumors found in the left eye were more differentiated. The authors point out that nephroblastomas (Wilm's tumor), like retinoblastomas, occur more frequently in the left eye and have a better prognosis in patients under 2 years of age. PMID- 6645270 TI - [Myelinization of the optic nerve in the albino mouse (the Agnes Bluhm Jena-Halle strain)]. AB - Knowledge of normal differentiations is indispensable for interpreting developmental disturbances in animal experiments. Accordingly, the investigations described in the present paper were aimed at explaining the process of myelinization of the optic nerve in the domestic mouse breed Agnes Bluhm Jena Halle. First signs of myelin sheath formation can be seen on the sixth and seventh day post partum. The myelin sheath grew considerably up to the 20th day of life; under light microscopic examination this process was seen to end on approximately the 30th day post partum. Electron-microscopic examination provided proof that myelinization is effected by the oligodendrocytes. This process of differentiation continues even in the adult animal, though on a very small scale. PMID- 6645271 TI - [Surgical optic nerve decompression in marble bone disease (Albers-Schonberg disease)]. AB - This contribution describes the performance of a transethmoidal decompression of the optic nerve in a 5 1/2-year-old boy with marble bones (osteopetrosis, Albers Schonberg disease). As a result of the operation the function of the eye still with vision was maintained in an unvarying good state over a follow-up period of some 5 years. In the literature only one other case of this diagnosis has been reported in which such an operation was successfully performed, though in that case with craniotomy. The procedure reported here was the first in which the transethmoidal approach was used, which puts less strain on the patient. In addition to the description of the case the problems involved are discussed. PMID- 6645272 TI - [Chorioiditis geographica]. AB - Two cases of geographic choroiditis are reported. This disease is characterized by multiple confluent lesions of the pigment epithelium and the choriocapillaris leading to scars. During the initial episodes geographic choroiditis may look like APMPP but the prognosis is worse. A remarkable depression of the EOG was observed in an apparently unaffected corresponding eye. The etiology of this disease is so far unknown. PMID- 6645273 TI - [Ophthalmopathology of Wegener granulomatosis]. AB - The authors present a detailed report on the histological findings in the anterior and posterior segments in Wegener's granulomatosis. Histopathologically the granuloma is nonspecific, usually consisting of histiocytes and lymphocytes. There were no giant cells in the cellular infiltrations. The granulomas were mainly located perivascularly; in some locations they had central necrosis. PMID- 6645274 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of Stilling-Turk-Duane syndrome (clinical electromyographic and electrooculographic studies)]. AB - The results of clinical, EMG and EOG examinations in 42 patients with Duane's syndrome are analyzed and some characteristic clinical examples are presented. The clinical analysis of motoric and sensoric disturbances in Duane's syndrome reveals elements of concomitant squint in ocular statics. Dynamically, there are marked differences with regard to concomitant and paralytic squint. A number of interesting observations are reported relating to the permanent tonic innervation of the lateral rectus muscle, polymorphic EOG dyssynergia in saccadic and smooth pursuit movements and the progression of the clinical picture in some patients with Duane's syndrome. Twenty patients were surgically treated with relatively good results or at least some improvement. PMID- 6645275 TI - [Autotransplantation of conjunctiva in the rehabilitation of alkali burns of the eye]. AB - Conjunctival autotransplantation (Thoft's method) was performed in patients who had sustained eye injuries caused by chemicals. Twelve of them were followed up long enough for definite conclusions to be drawn. Lacrimation, photophobia and other signs of irritation disappeared in all the eyes which underwent surgery. The visual acuity after the operation was moderately or markedly better in ten of them. Conjunctival autotransplantation seems to be a more physiologic and more promising operation than standard corneal transplantation as far as corneal scars resulting from chemical injuries are concerned. PMID- 6645276 TI - [Current status of the standardization of air impulse tonometers and their evaluation--as an example: the Non-Contact Tonometer II]. AB - The standard values and tolerances used in the assessment of the clinical efficiency of different types of tonometers are once again demonstrated. Investigations carried out in accordance with the existing test plan for comparative clinical measurements using two non-contact tonometers II (NCT II) and a calibrated applanation tonometer as a reference instrument in 155 patient eyes showed that both the regression equation and the scattering of the individual values around the regression curve satisfy the conditions of clinical assessment criteria. Of the individual values, 2.6% are outside the 95% limits. Following a brief illustration of the measuring principle of the NCT II, a test procedure is described for this type of tonometer. It consists of a torsion balance mounted on a cross-sliding carriage with a small mirror 2.5 mm in diameter and a control balance. A lens equipped with a centering cross is used for adjustment to the nominal distances of 11 mm between the nozzle and the cornea. This test procedure makes it possible to determine whether the digital display of any particular NTC II deviates from the nominal value by not more than +/- 1 digit in the range between "12" and "30" and by not more than +/- 2 digits between "31" and "50". PMID- 6645277 TI - [Contact glass for the study of the corneal endothelium and epithelium in the slit-lamp radius]. AB - Specular endothelioscopy can be improved by an appropriate contact glass in three ways: The blurring front reflex of the cornea disappears, a two-fold magnification permits the use of routine slit-lamps for observation at higher magnification, and the field of specular illumination is increased considerably. The posterior surface of the contact glass is made plane, which offers the following advantages: a fluid chamber in front of the cornea is created which avoids any deformation of the cornea through the contact glass; the reflex of the posterior surface can be deflected by tilting the contact glass slightly so that the weak specular reflex of the epithelium becomes visible. PMID- 6645278 TI - [Value of combined A, B and Doppler ultrasonic methods in the diagnosis of secondary retinal detachment]. PMID- 6645279 TI - [Value of thermography in the diagnosis of intraocular tumors]. PMID- 6645280 TI - [Late evaluation of scleral buckling for retinal detachment using homologous preserved cartilage]. PMID- 6645281 TI - [Effect of the number of surgical procedures and surgical methods on the results of treatment of retinal detachment]. PMID- 6645282 TI - [Effect of complications on the results of surgical treatment of retinal detachment]. PMID- 6645283 TI - [Histochemical changes in the cornea after exposure to radioactive cobalt]. PMID- 6645284 TI - [Goniotrephination by the Elliot-Fronimopoulos method. Personal experiences]. PMID- 6645285 TI - [Mental development of children with amblyopia and disorders of bioelectric activity of the brain]. PMID- 6645286 TI - [Usefulness of electronystagmography in the diagnosis of oculomotor paralysis. I. ENG in healthy persons]. PMID- 6645287 TI - [Usefulness of electronystagmography in the diagnosis of oculomotor paralysis. II. ENG in patients with oculomotor paralysis]. PMID- 6645288 TI - [Usefulness of electronystagmography in the diagnosis of oculomotor paralysis. III. Clinical value of ENG]. PMID- 6645289 TI - [Artifacts in electronystagmography]. PMID- 6645290 TI - [Results of the surgical treatment of strabismus in adults]. PMID- 6645291 TI - [Indications for enucleation of the eyeball]. PMID- 6645292 TI - [Bilateral malignant exophthalmos]. PMID- 6645293 TI - [Pesticides and the visual system]. PMID- 6645294 TI - [Results of the treatment of severe eye burns by means of contact lenses]. PMID- 6645295 TI - [Diplopia as a complication of the surgical treatment of squint in adults]. PMID- 6645296 TI - [Intraocular pressure after surgery of retinal detachment using the Schepens method]. PMID- 6645297 TI - [Observations on external dacryocystorhinostomy]. PMID- 6645298 TI - [A case of posterior scleritis]. PMID- 6645299 TI - [A case of sympathetic uveitis in a patient with an immunologic disorder]. PMID- 6645300 TI - [A case of metastasis of prostatic cancer to the orbit shown on the computerized tomography image]. PMID- 6645301 TI - [Ocular changes in facial linear scleroderma of the coup-de-sabre type]. PMID- 6645302 TI - [Thrombopoiesis, thrombocyte count and thrombocyte function before and following cell separation]. AB - About 50% of the circulating platelets can be taken from healthy donors by means of the cell separation technique. In order to investigate the effect of cell separation on thrombopoesis bone marrow samples were taken from 12 voluntary donors up to 5 times. The megacaryocytes were analyzed before and after cell separation by morphometric measures and determinations of platelet count and platelet function (adhesion, aggregation, spreading, retraction) were carried out. Removing of large amounts of platelets form the circulation by stimulation of thrombopoesis resulted in an increase of the peripherical platelet count already 48 h after cell separation. Of the platelet functions tested only aggregation induced by collagen was found to be increased after cell separation as compared to that before the procedure. PMID- 6645303 TI - [Modification of an Ehrlich ascites tumor growth by various standardized feedings]. AB - Oral feeding of mice with hypercaloric diets inhibited growth of a hyperdiploid Ehrlich ascites tumor significantly and modified proliferation kinetics of tumor cells if feeding started 7 days before tumor transplantation. Furthermore, the tumor take rate was significantly reduced. The 4 hypercaloric diets contained as main energy sources carbohydrates, or unsaturated fatty acids, or saturated fatty acids, or a mixture of these substrates. Inhibition of tumor growth was not observed if hypercaloric feeding started on the same day the tumor transplantation occurred. Tumor bearing animals lived significantly longer compared to controls if they are on a hypercaloric diet with unsaturated fatty acids as main energy source. Survival was not influenced by the time feeding started. That means that partial prevention of cachexia was the main reason for longer survival. Feeding with a diet poor in proteins led in both experimental sets to a statistically not significant shortening of the median survival time compared to controls. PMID- 6645304 TI - [Kidney involvement in liver diseases. Pathophysiology and clinical course]. AB - Renal disorders complicating liver disease are a frequent finding. Extrahepatic causes like intoxications and circulatory dysfunction or diseases that simultaneously affect both the liver and the kidney, like multisystem or viral diseases (hepatitis B) have to be differentiated from clinical entities in which, like in liver cirrhosis or in fulminant hepatitis, the manifestation of renal disease has to be understood as a consequence of the hepatic disorders. Functional disturbances like the increases in tubular sodium reabsorption or the hepatorenal syndrome have been thoroughly investigate because of their clinical importance. Substantial research dealing with the consequences of the increased intrahepatic vascular resistance on systemic and renal hemodynamics and with vasoactive substances, either arising from the liver or accumulating due to poor inactivation by the liver, have led - in the last years - to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of renal involvement in liver disease. However, the exact pathophysiologic role of factors like the effective blood volume, the sympathoadrenergic tonus, the activation of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, changes of kinin activity or in prostaglandin release and the accumulation of "false" neurotransmitters and endotoxins still remains to be established. PMID- 6645305 TI - [Kidney involvement in liver diseases: morphology]. AB - Primary liver diseases are often associated with disturbance of the renal function, but only two hepatic lesions are due to glomerular changes: hepatitis B and alcoholic liver disease. Hepatitis B associated with immune complex glomerulonephritis seems to be a rare condition in adults, however children are more often involved. Glomerular changes consist of membranous deposition of immune complexes, mainly corresponding to membranous glomerulonephritis, seldom to the membranoproliferative type. Because membranous glomerulonephritis develops due to deposition of small size soluble complexes, and the hepatitis B antigens alone are estimated to be greater than soluble nephritogenic complexes, most probably low molecular weight antigenic components of the hepatitis antigens are involved in the formation of glomerulonephritis. Alcoholic liver disease is often combined with glomerulosclerosis and mesangial IgA deposition resembling the morphological pattern of IgA mesangial glomerulonephritis. These common features implicate a similar pathogenesis of both diseases. Furthermore, experimental and clinical data indicate raised serum levels of IgA and IgA deposition within glomerula and other organs in the same manner, but the cause of high serum levels of IgA remains still obscure, and may be different in both diseases. PMID- 6645307 TI - [Mitral valve insufficiency in coronary heart disease]. AB - On 121 consecutive patients with coronary heart disease coronary angiography and quantitative left ventricular angiography was done with the view to aortocoronary bypass surgery. 24 (20%) had mitral regurgitation (MR) by angiographic criteria, 20 of them had MR grade I/IV, four had MR II/IV. In 23 out of 24 patients with MR quantitative left ventriculography revealed localized contraction disorders. MR was clinically diagnosed in 15 out of 24 patients. In eleven patients (48%) contraction abnormalities were localized in the inferior wall, in five cases (22%) in the anterior wall and in seven cases (30%) both in the anterior and posterior wall. Of the latter group patients with MR showed a significantly lower ejection fraction than patients without MR (p less than 0.05). Furthermore the MR group showed larger akinetic areas, preferentially located in the inferior segments 0 degrees-240 degrees and in the anterolateral segments 60 degrees-90 degrees. Three vessel disease was more frequent in this group (43%) than in the group without MR (23%). Patients with inferior wall asynergy frequently showed combined stenosis or occlusion of the right and circumflex coronary artery. In conclusion, MR in coronary heart disease is most often associated with localized contraction disorders of the left ventricle; posterior wall infarctions, multiple vessel disease and large akinetic areas are more frequent. However, the hemodynamic significance of MR in patients with chronic myocardial infarction is usually insignificant. PMID- 6645306 TI - Overwhelming infection after splenectomy in spite of some spleen remaining and splenosis. A case report. AB - A fatal case of overwhelming postsplenectomy pneumococcal sepsis is presented occurring in a 37-year-old female 11 years after removal of the spleen because of traumatic rupture. The patient died 11 h after admission to hospital and about 32 h after sudden onset of illness. At necropsy splenic tissue, splenosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and thrombi within the arterioles consisting of gram-positive cocci and adrenal hemorrhage were found. The clinical, laboratory, and postmortem findings are described. Reports had been published of 41 other cases of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection (OPSI) in patients aged 20 years or more, but only three of these cases of OPSI syndrome occurred in spite of remaining splenic tissue. The longest interval between extirpation of spleen and subsequent sepsis was 42 years, indicating a small but lifelong risk of severe infection in asplenic patients. In view of the literature, the role of spleen in infection defence, the splenic function in blood clearance, and the prevention of postsplenectomy infections by antibiotic prophylaxis, pneumococcal vaccine, and reimplantation of autochthonous splenic tissue or infrared contact coagulation are discussed. PMID- 6645308 TI - Results with a modified human myeloma stem cell assay. AB - The human tumor stem cell assay (HTSCA) introduced by Hamburger and Salmon [2] was modified in several details. It was found that a short period of treatment with deoxyribonuclease (DNase) of the material aspirated from the patients bone marrow greatly enhances the production of single cell suspensions and thereby may improve the assay. Instead of the dextran sedimentation method, we used the density gradient centrifugation method according to Boyum [1] for the isolation of mononuclear cells from the bone marrow. Another methodical modification introduced by us is the use of the same medium for culturing the cells before plating them and in the agar after plating. Under the conditions reported here the formation of colonies was observed in 8 of 11 samples from individual myeloma patients. The average plating efficiency was 0.024% with a range of 0.009% to 0.039% showing that possibly an improvement was achieved when compared to the results obtained with the original method showing an average plating efficiency of 0.014% [2]. PMID- 6645309 TI - Theophylline elimination in congestive heart failure. AB - The elimination of theophylline (clearance, half-life) was investigated in 50 patients with chronic congestive heart failure (grade III/IV) and in 20 controls. The cardiac diagnosis was based on clinical and hemodynamic parameters. Patients with congestion of the liver showed a significant reduction of the theophylline body clearance to 25.7 ml/kg/h +/- 12.1 vs 68.3 ml/kg/h +/- 14.8 in the control group, and a corresponding prolongation of the half-life to 5.7 h +/- 2.5 vs 3.1 h +/- 1.4 in the control group. The main pathogenetic factor is obviously the functioning hepatic tissue, reflected by the galactose elimination capacity (r = 0.666; P less than 0.01; theophylline clearance vs galactose elimination capacity). PMID- 6645310 TI - Results of surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis report of 23 cases. PMID- 6645311 TI - 3H-GABA uptake by nerve fibers in the brain stem and cerebellum of the rat embryo. PMID- 6645312 TI - [Treatment of acute and non-healing gastroduodenal ulcers with Gastrozol glue in ambulatory care]. PMID- 6645314 TI - [Alport's syndrome]. PMID- 6645313 TI - [A case of hemochromatosis]. PMID- 6645315 TI - [Thromboembolism in the remaining lung in the immediate period after pulmonectomy]. PMID- 6645316 TI - [Allergic reactions to taking benemycin]. PMID- 6645318 TI - [Clinical aspects of renal amyloidosis]. PMID- 6645317 TI - [Ambulatory care of patients with kidney diseases]. PMID- 6645319 TI - [Study of risk factors in gastroenterology]. PMID- 6645320 TI - [Ways of improving the diagnostic thinking of the physician]. PMID- 6645321 TI - [Risk theory in clinical medicine]. PMID- 6645322 TI - [Mechanism of the nephrotoxic action of aminoglycoside antibiotics]. PMID- 6645323 TI - [Etiology of gallstones]. PMID- 6645324 TI - [Hyperparathyroidism as a cause of ulcer recurrence after selective proximal vagotomy]. PMID- 6645325 TI - [Function of the parathyroid glands in atherosclerosis]. PMID- 6645326 TI - [Dysproteinemia in patients with nephrotic syndrome]. PMID- 6645327 TI - [Thromboelastography and non-enzymatic fibrinolysis in various renal diseases]. PMID- 6645328 TI - [Sarcoma of the breast]. PMID- 6645329 TI - [Tietze's syndrome in women]. PMID- 6645330 TI - [Difficulties of ECG interpretation in chronic ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6645331 TI - [Clinico-immunological aspects of Abramov-Fiedler myocarditis]. PMID- 6645332 TI - [Primary endocardial fibroelastosis in adults]. PMID- 6645333 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of myxoma of the heart]. PMID- 6645334 TI - [Clinical variants of arterial hypertension associated with atherosclerosis]. PMID- 6645335 TI - [Functional state of granulo- and monocytopoiesis in liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6645336 TI - [Clinical interpretation of a cold zone in the area of the porta hepatis in scintigraphy of the liver]. PMID- 6645337 TI - [Mechanisms of the development of duodenal ulcer in patients with hypertensive disease]. PMID- 6645338 TI - [Endocrine cells of the duodenal mucosa in patients with ulcer disease of the stomach and duodenum]. PMID- 6645339 TI - [Multizonal rheoplethysmography of the stomach]. PMID- 6645340 TI - [The spectrum of fatty acids in burns]. PMID- 6645341 TI - [Various characteristics of the clinical course of erysipeloid: present-day features]. PMID- 6645342 TI - [Intrapancreatic circulation in patients with constitutional-exogenic obesity]. PMID- 6645343 TI - [Rare association of myelofibrosis and portal hypertension with multiple developmental defects]. PMID- 6645344 TI - [Actinomycosis of the pancreas]. PMID- 6645345 TI - [Hypotensive agents]. PMID- 6645346 TI - [Role of the therapist in the prevention of diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6645347 TI - [Acute home poisoning]. PMID- 6645348 TI - [Current classification, principles of diagnosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6645349 TI - [Use of ganglionic blockaders in the differential diagnosis of reflex cardialgia caused by diseases of the abdominal organs]. PMID- 6645350 TI - [Clinical variants of primary pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 6645351 TI - [Intravascular microthrombus formation in nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 6645352 TI - [Characteristics of food intake in patients with peptic ulcer after surgical treatment]. PMID- 6645353 TI - [Changes in intragastric proteolysis in patients with stomach ulcer]. PMID- 6645354 TI - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of stress-induced gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 6645355 TI - [Significance of the Courvoisier symptom in the differential diagnosis of Botkin's disease and mechanical jaundice]. PMID- 6645356 TI - [Comparative characteristics of the outcome of hepatitis A and B and the problems of dispensary treatment]. PMID- 6645357 TI - [Long-term follow-up of patients with liver cirrhosis and cirrhosis-cancer]. PMID- 6645358 TI - [Possibilities and prospects of the clinical use of peroral pancreatocholangioscopy]. PMID- 6645359 TI - [Clinico-morphological and morphometric characteristics of chronic colitis]. PMID- 6645360 TI - [Rectoromanoscopic examination of patients in a polyclinic]. PMID- 6645361 TI - [Anti-aggregating action and clinical effect of small doses of aspirin in the treatment of patients with arterial hypertension and cerebrovascular disorders]. PMID- 6645362 TI - [Nutrition of aircraft crew members in emergency situations]. AB - An analysis of the arrangement of contingency nutrition of aircrew members, composition and nutrient value of emergency diets used in the USSR and other countries allows the conclusion that low-caloric (subcaloric) diets are replacing isocaloric diets. When developing contingency kits, emphasis is given to portable kits because onboard kits are often inaccessible. This is to be taken into consideration for further improvement of contigency nutrition. Specific attention is to be given to the methods of providing nutrition, maintaining metabolism and work capacity under the conditions of food and water shortage and, consequently, starvation and dehydration of the body. PMID- 6645363 TI - [Changes in cardiac output and orthostatic tolerance of astronauts]. AB - Examinations of 14 cosmonauts who performed orbital flights of 14 to 175 days were used to correlate cardiac output (CO) inflight with orthostatic tolerance and LBNP reactions postflight. In 3 crewmembers CO was lower than or close to the preflight level. In 4 cosmonauts CO was higher thant preflight. The remaining 7 crewmembers showed lower orthostatic tolerance and stronger LBNP reactions. The difference between mean CO values before and during flight was in negative correlation with orthostatic tolerance (r = -0.6) and in positive correlation with LBNP reactions (r = 0.7). The correlation coefficients were derived from small samples but an identical relationship between the two different tests with inflight CO variations gives evidence that such a relationship actually exists. PMID- 6645364 TI - [Coronary circulation in healthy men during postural changes and decompression of the lower half of the body]. AB - The effect of postural changes (ortho- and antiorthostatic tests) and LBNP on coronary circulation was investigated in 11 healthy male test subjects. Volume blood flow velocity and pressure were measured and blood flowing from the heart was withdrawn using a Ganz catheter implanted into the coronary sinus. A thin Teflon catheter was implanted into the brachial artery. When the test subjects were transferred from the recumbent to the head-up position, their left ventricular oxygen consumption decreased by 3.2 ml/min (21%) and coronary blood flow by 23.8 ml/min (19%), while coronary vascular resistance increased by 32%. When the test subjects were transferred from the head-up to the head-down position (at -15 degrees), coronary oxygen consumption and blood flow increased by 5.5 (46%) and 45.3 (44%) ml/min, respectively, and coronary resistance decreased by 36%. In this situation the LBNP test (-30 mm Hg for 20 min) caused a reduction in oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow by 4.4 (25%) and 37.3 (25% 7 ml/min, respectively, and an increase in coronary resistance by 58%. PMID- 6645365 TI - [Rheographic indicators of blood circulation in the brain and limbs during active orthostatic test]. AB - Rheography was used to study brain, leg and forearm circulation in 30 male test subjects during tilt tests. In the head-up position blood circulation in the above body parts decreased due to a reduction of stroke volume. The orthostatic reaction was considered normal, provided that leg blood content decreased and tone increased, cerebral and forearm blood content and tone varied slightly, and rheographic parameters in the stationary states (lying and standing) remained unchanged. PMID- 6645366 TI - [Effect of blood redistribution on illusional sensations of spatial position in weightlessness]. AB - The study was performed onboard a specially equipped aircraft which allowed zero g and high-g studies. Blood redistribution was produced using a tilt table (-30 degrees) and a LBNP device. Illusionary sensations were measured by a Birtok unit and subjective reports of the test subjects. In the head-down position the feeling of blood rush to the head disappeared as soon as the weightless state was reached. In most cases illusionary sensations were similar to those in the horizontal position. When exposed to LBNP tests, the subjects developed no illusionary sensations during horizontal flight and felt their upper body going upwards and legs going downwards in the weightless state. Thus, illusionary sensations of the spatial position depend at large on blood redistribution in the human body. PMID- 6645368 TI - [Changes in the urea content of blood in hypokinesia]. AB - The blood and urine content of urea and creatinine, as well as urea production and creatinine clearance were measured in 9 test subjects exposed to head-down tilting (at -6 degrees) for 8 days. The trend for an increased urea content was more marked in the test subjects with its initially low concentration (3.3-4.2 mmole/l). Variations in the urea concentration were similar and included its decrease during the first day and increase thereafter. Creatinine excretion and clearance declined uniformly and significantly during the first 5 experimental days. No correlation was found between urea concentration and urea production, or between creatinine clearance and urea concentration. PMID- 6645367 TI - [Free amino acids in the blood before and after short-term space flight]. AB - The amino acid composition of plasma and serum of the crewmembers who performed short-term space flights (of 3 to 14 days) onboard the Salyut-6 orbital station was investigated. Immediately postflight total amino acids remained unchanged while variations in isolated amino acids (tendency toward increased aspartic acid and decreased cysteine in plasma, and increased leucin in serum) were adaptive. PMID- 6645369 TI - [Enzymes of energy metabolism in modeling of various factors of space flight]. AB - The content of lactate dehydrogenase, amino transferases and creatine kinase was measured in the test subjects of three age groups (41-50, 50-57, and 26-33 years) exposed to head-down tilt, linear acceleration, exercise, and emotional stress. The enzyme activity increased in response to head-down tilt, acceleration and exercise. The enzyme content normalized under the influence of selected nutrients. PMID- 6645370 TI - [Effect of hypokinesia on amino acid metabolism in rats on diets containing different amounts of calcium and phosphorus]. AB - The effect of hypokinesia on amino acid metabolism was studied in rats kept on diets with different ratios of calcium and phosphorus. It was shown that excessive phosphorus in the diet led to a significant decrease of the amino acid pool, thus aggravating the hypokinetic effect. PMID- 6645371 TI - [Detection of gas bubbles in the pulmonary artery and aorta of dogs by ultrasonic echography after intravenous infusion of air]. AB - The transducer and receiving amplifier of a standard ultrasonic echocardiograph were modified to develop a device for detecting unmasked echocardiographic images of gas bubbles in blood vessels. This device was employed to detect gas bubbles passing from the venous to the arterial bed via lungs in anesthesized and thoracotomized dogs during air intravenous infusion. Gas bubbles entered the aorta when the dose of infused airw as 12-15 ml. It is postulated that gas bubbles formed in the animal and human body during decompression may pass from the venous into the arterial bed not only through shunts but also through lung capillaries. PMID- 6645372 TI - [Modeling cranio-cerebral injury for evaluation and elaboration of the methods of protection of pilots from an impact]. AB - This paper reviews the results of developing a model of craniocerebral trauma. The study led to the manufacture of a man's head model and to the development of a criterion of impact safety. The model and the criterion can be used for experimental assessment of pilot's protective helmets. PMID- 6645373 TI - [Prediction of vomiting in dogs after irradiation with shielding of the middle part of the abdomen]. AB - This paper presents data on vomiting as a primary dose-dependent reaction of dogs to irradiation. It is shown that vomiting can be predicted with reference to the average absorbed dose in the abdominal area, provided the animal is irradiated in a lethal dose and the area is shielded. It is emphasized that calculated and experimental data are in good agreement. PMID- 6645374 TI - [State of erythrocytes after long-term exposure to magnetic field]. AB - During and after exposure to a constant magnetic field of 1.6 T mice, showed variations in the size distribution of red blood cells, with their shape remaining unchanged and enlarged cells being predominant. This shift persisted till exposure day 10 and began to return to normal on days 15, 22 and 30. After irradiation the Price-Jones curve varied in a different manner and recovered by day 6. The changes in the curve were not correlated with variations in the reticulocyte and erythrocyte counts or hemoglobin content. It is concluded that an exposure to a constant magnetic field produces insignificant lesions in the red blood cell membrane. Mention should be made of a reduction of the reticulocyte count in the peripheral blood after exposure. PMID- 6645375 TI - [Use of the experimental-psychological methods for evaluation of psychomotor performance of the flying personnel with functional disorders and diseases of the central nervous system]. AB - The study of mental performance of the flying personnel during medical expertise with respect to complex sensory-motor and logical operations has shown that changes of psychic activity in subjects with early symptoms of cerebral atherosclerosis are more marked than those in subjects with CNS functional disorders. They involve difficulties in attention control, delay in motor responses, deterioration in associative processes. These subjects prove less suitable for flying work: 71% of the pilots examined were grounded by the medical expertise. PMID- 6645376 TI - [Objective evaluation of speech intelligibility during flight]. PMID- 6645377 TI - [Diagnosis of human psychophysiological status based on the pitch of the vowel "A"]. PMID- 6645378 TI - [Method of evaluation of the degree of psychological stress in operators]. PMID- 6645379 TI - [Method of evaluation of cardiac function during bicycle ergometry test in aerospace medicine expert testimony]. PMID- 6645380 TI - [Evaluation of skeletal muscle tonus by the method of recording transverse rigidity]. PMID- 6645381 TI - [Method of determination of microcontaminants in the atmosphere of a high pressure chamber]. PMID- 6645382 TI - [Device for graded application of muscular load to rats in an air-tight chamber]. PMID- 6645383 TI - Effects of altered brain noradrenaline level on acute stress pathology in rats. PMID- 6645384 TI - Glucocorticoid attenuates increases in rat brain noradrenaline turnover induced by intense stress. PMID- 6645385 TI - Survival of Mycoplasma, Acholeplasma and Spiroplasma at different temperatures. PMID- 6645386 TI - Changes in the prevalence of hypertension and obesity in a rural area of Japan. PMID- 6645387 TI - Diagnostic exercise: retinal degeneration. PMID- 6645388 TI - Viral cross contamination of rats maintained in a fabric-walled mass air flow system. AB - Rates for microbial cross transmission were measured in sentinel rats housed for 60 days in a fabric-walled mass air flow system. Naturally infected rats housed in the enclosure were the source of the infectious material. The cross transmission rates for rat coronaviruses, Kilham's rat virus, pneumonia virus of mice, Sendai virus, and Toolan's H-1 virus, were measured by positive seroconversion. The mass air flow system did not prevent, over a 60-day period, the transmission of the rat coronaviruses or Sendai virus between rats housed on separate racks maintained 81 cm apart. At 15 days, all sentinel rats had acquired two or more additional bacterial organisms, indicating rapid cage to cage cross transmission. It was concluded that rats from different sources with different microbial profiles should not be housed in this room at the same time. PMID- 6645389 TI - Radiologic diagnosis of diethylstilbestrol induced teratogenesis in rats. AB - Radiographs were used for the assessment of diethylstilbestrol-induced teratogenesis of the urogenital system of rats. Lesions such as female hypospadias were demonstrable with a 4:1 magnification of radiographs that were not observed using subgross dissection and histologic step sections. PMID- 6645390 TI - Evaluation of a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam as an anesthetic for laboratory rodents. AB - A combination of equal parts of tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride was evaluated as an injectable anesthetic for rats, mice, and hamsters. The drug produced satisfactory anesthesia and analgesia in rats when given either intraperitoneally or intramuscularly at concentrations of 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight. The length of anesthesia was dose dependent and was somewhat longer in females as compared to males, and inbreds compared to outbreds. Incisions through the peritoneum of anesthetized rats evoked little or no response, whereas cervical skin incisions evoked a slight response in many rats. Anesthesia without analgesia occurred in mice at dosages of 80 mg/kg body weight and higher, however, many animals developed respiratory distress and died at dosages of 100 to 160 mg/kg body weight. In hamsters, anesthesia but not analgesia occurred at drug concentrations of 50 to 80 mg/kg body weight. It was concluded that a tiletamine and zolazepam combination was an effective anesthetic for rats, but not for mice or hamsters. PMID- 6645391 TI - Ectopic spleen tissue in the pancreas of Himalayan rabbits. AB - Ectopic foci of splenic tissue were observed in the pancreas of nine of 48 Himalayan rabbits. One of 24 males and eight of 24 females were affected. PMID- 6645392 TI - A technique for saliva collection in dogs. AB - A plastic two-chambered vacuum-collection device was developed to collect saliva produced by the parotid gland in dogs. Repeated application of the device on the parotid gland papilla was atraumatic. Dogs were restrained during the collection period with a continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam in lactated Ringer's solution. The anesthetic regime did not interfere with salivation. PMID- 6645393 TI - Neonatal deaths in bonnet monkeys born to dams with rudimentary papillae mammae. AB - Deaths due to dehydration and starvation occurred in the early neonatal period in bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata) infants housed with their dams in an outdoor half acre corral. Dams were found to have small, rudimentary papillae mammae of insufficient size to permit suckling. Both papillary and breast tissue of affected dams were histologically normal; the nipples differed macroscopically from those of normal females only in size. This abnormality accounted for half of the neonatal mortality experienced in this breeding colony over a 5-year period. PMID- 6645394 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma with metastasis in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). AB - A squamous cell carcinoma of the prepuce and penis with metastases to the inguinal lymph nodes and lung occurred in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). The primary tumor consisted of eroded nodular masses at the mucocutaneous junction of the prepuce and in the epithelium of the prepuce and penis. PMID- 6645395 TI - Contagious ecthyma in lambs and laboratory personnel. AB - Contagious ecthyma, diagnosed in three lambs, was transmitted to two researchers having direct contact with oral secretions from these lambs. Intracytoplasmic viral particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy in gingival biopsies from one lamb. Lamb to lamb transmission was most likely caused by use of a contaminated gavage feeding tube. Concern for the effects of this disease and Q fever on patients having contact with contaminated medical researchers prompted the formulation of safety guidelines to prevent potentially disastrous zoonotic disease. PMID- 6645396 TI - Animal chamber for in vivo testing of toxic gases. AB - A closed-circuit chamber system for exposing animals to toxic concentrations of oxygen or nitrogen was designed and built. The facility was equipped with systems for the removal of carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, water vapor, and particulates from the gas stream. Integral systems were built to monitor and control temperature (+/- 1 degree C), relative humidity (+/- 2%), oxygen concentration (10 to 100% +/- 0.5%), and methane concentration (below 2%). Operation was set at standard pressure (1.0 X 10(5) Newtons/m2). Hyperoxic studies have been performed on six species of rodents, as well as sheep, and have lasted from 1 to 28 days. PMID- 6645397 TI - The nutritional composition of British bread--a nationwide study. PMID- 6645398 TI - Detection of opiates in blood by thin-layer immunoassay. AB - The use of thin-layer immunoassay (TIA) for the detection of opiates in postmortem blood samples has been developed. Samples required no preparation other than protein removal, which was accomplished easily by the use of a commercially available ultrafiltration device. The procedure was evaluated in a blind study of 82 postmortem blood samples and found to be reliable. Opiate was detected in these samples at a RIA-determined concentration as low as 10 ng/mL. PMID- 6645399 TI - Rapid quantitation of cyanide in blood by gas chromatography. AB - A gas chromatographic method for the quantitative analysis of cyanide in blood has been developed. The analysis employs a headspace sampler and a nitrogen phosphorus detector. The method is suitable for rapid, semi-automated quantitation when an auto-sampler and a data system are employed. PMID- 6645400 TI - Death by arsenic: a comparative evaluation of exhumed body tissues in the presence of external contamination. AB - External contamination of hair or nails by inorganic arsenic compounds cannot effectively be removed with H2O or dilute HCl. The use of a modified Gutzeit apparatus allowed to establish or rule out external contamination. It was found that contaminated samples will generate large amounts of arsine gas when treated with Zn, Kl, SnCl2, and dilute HCl in a Gutzeit arsine generator. Arsenic present in the sample due to metabolic deposition resulted in significant arsine formation only after digestion. In one chronic arsenic death, digestion increased the liberated amount of arsine from nail by a factor of twenty. Direct examination of hair and nail from a female resulted in values near 100 micrograms As/g tissue even after washing with HCl and H2O. Deep thigh muscle and spinal cord released arsine only after digestion. Control hair soaked in a NaAsO2 solution, washed and dried, bound 775 micrograms of As/g. PMID- 6645401 TI - Analysis of arsenic in forensic cases utilizing a rapid, non-ashing technique and furnace atomic absorption. AB - A procedure is described for analysis of arsenic in urine, hair, liver, and other biological specimens after dissolution of milligram quantities in nitric acid followed by treatment with nickel nitrate and graphite furnace atomic absorption (AA). Some data is given comparing silver diethyldithiocarbamate (AgDDC) colorimetry results to AA results. The method is fast, sensitive, and accurate. Case reports are cited. PMID- 6645402 TI - Case report--zomepirac suicide. AB - A suicidal death is described involving zomepirac sodium. The postmortem blood concentration of zomepirac was 152 mg/L. An antemortem specimen obtained nine hours prior to death had a zomepirac concentration of 286 mg/L. An ultraviolet spectrophotometer was utilized for quantitation of the drug. Confirmation of the zomepirac was made by gas chromatography. PMID- 6645403 TI - Therapeutic and toxic drug concentrations in post mortem blood: a six year study in the State of Maryland. AB - A six-year study of therapeutic and toxic drug concentrations in the blood from medical examiner's cases in the State of Maryland is reported. Statistical means, ranges, and number of cases are presented for three categories of cases; single drug deaths (53 drugs and 5 metabolites), multiple drug deaths (40 drugs and 5 drug metabolites), and non-drug related deaths (49 drugs and 5 metabolites). Results are compared to previous studies from the literature to facilitate, augment, and improve the understanding of the concentrations of drugs consistent with therapy or death. PMID- 6645405 TI - Detection of benzoylecgonine in urine by means of UV spectrophotometry. AB - A simple and reliable method has been developed for the detection of benzoylecgonine in urine by UV spectrophotometry. Benzoylecgonine was isolated by liquid-liquid extraction and subsequently identified based on its hydrolysis by NaOH. The decrease in absorbance at 235 nm caused by this NaOH hydrolysis was used to identify benzoylecgonine even in the absence of its characteristic spectrum. None of the other drugs evaluated interfered with the method, which has a detection limit of 1.25 micrograms/mL. PMID- 6645404 TI - Response of breath-alcohol analyzers to acetone. AB - Quantitative evidential breath-alcohol analyzers and screening testers in each of the five current categories of analytical principle were examined for response to dynamically-generated acetone vapor concentrations of 3, 100, 150, 350, and 600 micrograms/210 Liters. Nine of the 13 instruments tested were unaffected by acetone at any of these concentrations; three solid-state (Taguchi) sensing devices and one device employing single-wavelength infrared spectrometry displayed responses to acetone at the two highest tested concentrations. In view of a breath-acetone literature survey for ambulatory subjects and other considerations, response of the tested devices to acetone is not considered to be a significant problem in breath-alcohol analysis for traffic law enforcement purposes. PMID- 6645406 TI - Determination of succinylcholine in tissues by TLC, GC/NPD, and GC/MS. AB - Succinylcholine, a bis-quaternary ammonium compound, is considered an elusive analyte due to rapid hydrolysis by pseudocholinesterase in plasma. However, tissue acetylcholinesterase is relatively inactive toward this substrate. Hence, analysis of tissues of succinylcholine-treated animals may reveal the presence of unchanged drug. This report describes three chromatographic techniques (TLC, GC/NPD, and GC/MS) which may be applied to the analysis of this substance in human tissues. Validation of the techniques was accomplished using tissues from rats treated with succinylcholine. PMID- 6645407 TI - Simultaneous determination of codeine and morphine in urine and blood by HPLC. AB - A procedure is presented for the determination of nanogram quantities of codeine and morphine in biological specimens by HPLC. The quantitative method is based on hydrolysis of the urine samples followed by basic extraction of urine and blood with organic solvents. Separation by liquid chromatography is a reverse phase system on a Spherisorb-CN (5 micron) column with a mobile phase of 40% methanol and phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. The method separated the opiates for screening purposes and was used for confirmation of morphine detected by radioimmunoassay. PMID- 6645408 TI - Evaluation of the methadone-alcohol interaction. I. Alterations of plasma concentration kinetics. AB - Clinical anecdotal reports have indicated a probably additive and/or synergistic response to the co-ingestion of ethyl alcohol and methadone. This study investigated the possible explanations for this observations, which may be associated with alterations of the plasma concentration dynamics of methadone and alcohol in the rat. Plasma concentrations of ethanol, methadone or both were followed over an eight hour period following substance administration. GC/FID and GC/MS were employed to quantify ethanol and methadone, respectively. The results of this study indicated that ethyl alcohol significantly increased peak methadone concentrations. Further, methadone significantly depressed late alcohol elimination. PMID- 6645410 TI - Chromatographic and spectral properties of some aryl-substituted phencyclidine analogs. AB - As part of a search for phencyclidine (PCP) antagonists, a series of eleven aryl substituted PCP analogs were prepared and characterized. TLC and GC elution profiles of these derivatives are described in a number of systems allowing for the tentative identification of the PCP analogs. Further, MS, NMR, UV/vis and IR spectral tabulations are provided. Correlation of chromatographic character with physical organic structure parameters, such as those of Hammet, showed good predictability. PMID- 6645409 TI - Evaluation of a modified colorimetric assay for the determination of acetaminophen in serum. AB - An evaluation of a new colorimetric assay (SIGMA-430) for the rapid determination of acetaminophen in serum or plasma was performed. Acetaminophen was reacted with nitrous acid to form a 2-nitro-5-acetamidophenol derivative, which was measured colorimetrically in an alkaline medium. The assay was linear over a concentration range of 50-500 mg/L. Within-run and between-run CV's with a 300 mg/L sample were 1.51% (n = 12) and 3.00% (n = 20), respectively. Mean analytical recovery of acetaminophen added to plasma at 50-600 mg/L was 102.0%. Seventeen commonly prescribed weakly acidic or neutral drugs were also analyzed by the method with no significant interferences. A comparison of 21 consecutive serum samples with the colorimetric assay and an HPLC method yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.989. Colorimetric values were statistically higher. PMID- 6645412 TI - Computers, information and occupational health: converging microcomputer technology. PMID- 6645411 TI - Computers, information and occupational health: applying and understanding microcomputers. PMID- 6645413 TI - Computers, information and occupational health: some practical aspects of introducing a computerised medical records system. PMID- 6645414 TI - A study into the health and mortality of men exposed to cobalt and oxides. PMID- 6645416 TI - The epidemiology of mesothelioma. PMID- 6645415 TI - Subnormal serum zinc concentration in a patient with zinc fever. PMID- 6645417 TI - A method for making permanent records of particles collected through a Casella dust impactor. PMID- 6645418 TI - Prosocial behavior as affected by eye contact, touch, and voice expression. PMID- 6645419 TI - The relationship between attitudes toward social interdependence and psychological health within three criminal populations. PMID- 6645420 TI - Neuroticism and religiosity among English schoolchildren. PMID- 6645421 TI - Social facilitation of running: an unobtrusive study. PMID- 6645422 TI - The Muller-Lyer illusion among Navajos. PMID- 6645423 TI - Changes in attributions made by individuals charged with driving while intoxicated. PMID- 6645424 TI - Effects of therapist's gender, ethnicity, and verbal style on client's willingness to seek therapy. PMID- 6645425 TI - Boundary spanning and public accountant role stress. PMID- 6645426 TI - Perceptions of female physique characteristics by American and Israeli students. PMID- 6645427 TI - Clinical phonology: the explanation and treatment of speech sound disorders. PMID- 6645428 TI - Subject description and generality of results in experiments with aphasic adults. PMID- 6645429 TI - Contemporary accounts of the cognition/language relationship: implications for speech-language clinicians. AB - The role of cognition in children's language acquisition is a topic of current debate. This article provides a review of the normative literature and a discussion of questions regarding children who have difficulty acquiring language. Key terminology is described, along with basic issues. Major research questions are identified, along with the competing hypotheses that have been proposed and the evidence associated with each hypothesis. Implications for models of language disorders and remediation activities are discussed. PMID- 6645430 TI - Mothers' discourse adjustments to language-impaired and non-language-impaired children. AB - Mother's discourse adjustments addressed to language-impaired children and non language-impaired children were studied. Mother-child dyads with 14 language impaired children and 14 MLU-matched non-language-impaired children served as subjects. The mothers' discourse was compared on the following measures: meaning illocutions, cohesion ilocutions, and dialogue participation. The children's participation in dialogue was also analyzed. Results indicated that the mothers' speech addressed to the two groups of children was highly similar, but the discourse performance of the language-impaired children was not like that of the non-language-impaired children. The clinical implications of these findings for the language-impaired population are discussed. PMID- 6645431 TI - Elicited imitation and the Oral Language Sentence Imitation Screening Test (OLSIST): content or context? AB - Ten language-normal children, aged 2:1-3:3 (yrs:mos), and eight language-impaired children, 3:7-4:1, in Brown's (1973) Stages II or III received two subtests of the Oral Language Sentence Imitation Screening Test (OLSIST: Zachman, Huisingh, Jorgenson, & Barrett, 1978) in a contextually supported condition and in a standardized test condition. Also, children's generation of eight grammatical morphemes in a spontaneous language sample condition was compared to their imitative control of the same structures on the OLSIST. Results indicated significantly enhanced imitative performance for the language-impaired children but not for the language-normal children in the contextually cued condition. Stage III language-normal children earned significantly better imitative scores than language-impaired subjects and Stage II language-normal children, regardless of test condition, although OLSIST subtests did not differentiate performance of any group. With only one exception, morpheme difficulty orders on the OLSIST did not predict morpheme orders in spontaneous language samples. Presence of cues, moreover, did not significantly increase the OLSIST's predictive ability. With the exception of Stage III language-normal subjects, all children displayed greater productive control of most morphemes in their spontaneous speech. Conclusions were drawn relative to the clinical significance of contextual reliance as well as alternatives to imitation testing for estimating the grammatical skills of the language-impaired child. PMID- 6645432 TI - Audiometric correlates of the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the elderly. AB - The self-assessment of hearing handicap has received considerable attention in recent years. The Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly (HHIE) is a self assessment technique designed to quantify the emotional and social effects of self-perceived hearing impairment in the noninstitutionalized elderly. The purpose of the present study was to examine the audiometric correlates of hearing handicap as measured by the HHIE. One hundred elderly subjects received complete audiometric evaluations as well as the HHIE. The results indicated that pure-tone sensitivity in the better ear was most highly correlated with the HHIE (r = .61) and that word recognition accounted for no more than 20% of the variance in HHIE scores. These results are similar to those reported for younger subjects and for other handicap assessment techniques. The results also indicated that there is considerable individual variability in the emotional and social response to hearing impairment, especially in individuals with mild (26-40 dB PTA in better ear) hearing impairment. The variability in response to impairment coupled with the fact that audiometric measures explain less than 50% of the variance in hearing handicap suggest that hearing handicap in the elderly will be measured more appropriately via a self-report format rather than as an inference from audiometric data. PMID- 6645434 TI - From pronoun reversals to correct pronoun usage: a case study of a normally developing child. AB - Personal pronoun confusion ("I/me" for "you" and "you" for "me/I") was studied longitudinally in the language of a highly imitative preschool child with normally developing language. The proportion of pronoun confusion was compared with proportion of imitative utterances and with level of linguistic complexity. Over a 5-month period, pronoun confusion decreased as imitation decreased and linguistic complexity increased. The developmental changes that occurred were qualitative as well as quantitative. Several categories of pronoun confusion were observed. These were similar to pronoun confusions reported in older language disordered children. Pronoun confusion was related to (a) a tendency to imitate utterances of others, (b) early production of "you" as a productive linguistic form, and (c) a tendency to use a pronoun rather than a noun for self-reference. Clinical implications are presented. PMID- 6645433 TI - The diagnosis of language disorders in bilingual children: surface-oriented and pragmatic criteria. AB - Certain pragmatic criteria were compared with traditionally employed surface oriented criteria for the diagnosis of language disorders in bilingual children. Subjects were 10 Spanish/English bilingual children between 6 and 8 years of age who had been referred by bilingual classroom teachers for a special education evaluation. Spontaneous language samples were obtained from each child in both languages. The samples were transcribed and then examined for normalcy according to surface-oriented criteria and pragmatic criteria. The surface elements examined in both languages included morphological and syntactic structures. The pragmatic criteria included nonfluencies, revisions, delays, specificity of referential terms, abrupt topic shifts, inappropriate responses, and the need for multiple repetition of prompts. As expected, it was possible to demonstrate that the two sets of criteria identified different subgroups as language disordered. To test the accuracy of the disparate diagnoses, academic achievement was tested both before and after an average of 7 months of mainstreaming in essentially monolingual English classroom settings. Teacher ratings of English language development and socialization were also examined before and after the 7-month period. Results revealed that the pragmatic criteria were superior predictors of both achievement and teacher ratings. Traditional diagnostic criteria appear to need supplementation by pragmatic criteria. PMID- 6645435 TI - Recovery and persistence of stuttering among relatives of stutterers. AB - Recovery and persistence of stuttering were examined in the first-degree relatives of a large group of adult persistent stutters. The percentage of recovered individuals reported in these families supports the hypothesis that recovered and persistent stuttering are not independent disorders. Sex and type of relative were significant variables in the distributions of recovery and persistence of stuttering. Handedness in male subjects and birth order did not distinguish between recovered and persistent stutterers. Female recovered stutterers had significantly earlier ages of stuttering onset than the other groups (male recovered stutterers and male and female persistent stutterers). Female recovered stutterers also tended to recover earlier than male recovered stutterers, and the durations of stuttering symptoms were similar in both sexes. PMID- 6645436 TI - Response time and percentage correct as measures of hearing aid performance. AB - A paradigm yielding response time and percentage correct data was implemented to assess the relative efficacy in differentiating subjects' performance between two disparate hearing aids. These aids represented high-frequency response (HFR) and conventional-frequency response (CFR) categories. Ten men with flat, moderate, sensorineural hearing losses were employed as subjects. The results revealed that (a) percentage correct measures did not differentiate between the two experimental aids, (b) response time measures did discriminate between the aids, and (c) response time data revealed superior performance with the CFR compared to the HFR instrument. Implementation of this method is advocated to increase the discriminating power of word recognition testing. PMID- 6645437 TI - Integrated spoken and written English instruction for the hearing-impaired student. AB - This study was designed to investigate the effect of integrated instruction in both spoken and written English on oral expression of hearing-impaired persons. Twenty-five hearing-impaired young adults were enrolled in English courses that focused on reading and writing skills only (control group) or on reading, writing, and complementary oral language instruction (experimental group). The experimental group demonstrated significant improvement in grammatical correctness of spoken English and in speech intelligibility, while the control group failed to demonstrate a significant improvement in these areas. PMID- 6645438 TI - Effects of a prosthetic tongue on vowel formants and isovowel lines in a patient with total glossectomy (an addendum to Leonard and Gillis, 1982). PMID- 6645439 TI - In-vitro head and neck response to impact. AB - Two unembalmed and one embalmed human cadaveric head-neck systems were instrumented and subjected to central forehead impact of ballistically suspended 3.07-kg aluminum shell at velocities ranging from 50 to 345 cm/s. Occipital skull accelerations and disk pressures were measured by transducers, while the deformation of the system was determined by framing camera data. The results were found to be in accord with those from corresponding tests in artificial head-neck replica. Initial and terminal X-ray examination of the structure revealed no evidence of either skull or vertebral fractures. PMID- 6645440 TI - A three-dimensional model of the human cervical spine for impact simulation. AB - A three-dimensional analytical model of the cervical spine is described. The cervical vertebrae and the head are modeled as rigid bodies which are interconnected by deformable elements representing the intervertebral disks, facet joints, ligaments and muscles. A special pentahedral continuum element for representing the articular facets is described which effectively maintains stability of the cervical spine in both lateral and frontal plane accelerations, which is very difficult with multi-spring models of the facets. A simplified representation is used for the spine and body below the level of T1. The neck musculature is modeled by over 100 muscle elements representing 22 major muscle groups in the neck. The model has been validated for frontal and sideways impact accelerations by simulating published experimental data. Results are also presented to show the effects of the stretch reflex response on the dynamics of the head and neck under moderate acceleration. PMID- 6645441 TI - Evaluation of bone cement failure criteria with applications to the acetabular region. AB - A Strain energy density (SED) criterion based on a fracture mechanics approach was used to assess the possible failure of acetabular bone cement after total hip replacement. Stress distributions in the cement at the bone-cement interface were calculated using two-dimensional finite element analyses. The results indicate that increasing the thickness of bone cement reduces the risk of cement fracture. The addition of a metal backing to the polyethylene cup and retention of the subchondral bone further reduces the risk of failure. The SED criterion was found to predict the same critical regions as zones of possible cement failure as the von Mises' criterion. Although either criterion can be used for predicting failure in this acetabular analysis both criteria are excessively conservative in predicting failure in regions where high principal compressive stresses are present. Further development of cement failure criteria are indicated. PMID- 6645442 TI - In-vitro fluid dynamic characteristics of the abiomed trileaflet heart valve prosthesis. AB - The need for better and longer lasting trileaflet valves has led to the design and development of the Abiomed polymeric trileaflet valve prosthesis. In-vitro fluid dynamic studies on sizes 25 and 21 mm valves in the aortic position indicate an overall improvement in performance compared to the Carpentier-Edwards and Ionescu-Shiley tissue valves in current clinical use. The pressure drop studies yielded effective orifice areas of 1.99 and 1.54 cm2, and performance indices of 0.41 and 0.45 for the Nos. 25 and 21 valves, respectively. Leaflet photography studies indicated that the two valve sizes had maximum opening areas of 225 and 145 mm2, respectively, at a normal resting cardiac output. Steady and pulsatile flow velocity measurements with a laser-Doppler anemometer (LDA) system indicate that the flow field downstream of the Abiomed valve is jetlike and turbulent. Maximum mean square axial velocity fluctuations of 55 and 83 cm/s, and turbulent shear stresses of 220 and 450 N/m2 were measured in the immediate vicinity of the nos. 25 and 21 valves, respectively. The Abiomed valves studied had been originally configured for use in valved conduits, and it is therefore our opinion that further improvements can be made to the valve and stent design, which would enhance its fluid dynamic performance. PMID- 6645443 TI - Oxygen diffusion in blood: a translational model of shear-induced augmentation. AB - Possible models of shear-induced augmentation of oxygen transfer in laminar blood flow are discussed and evaluated in the light of recently published experimental results [1]. A new transfer augmentation model is presented which evaluates the effect of microscopic translational motions of the red blood cells back and forth across the flow streamlines. The results of this model appear to be consistent with the experimentally measured diffusion augmentation. PMID- 6645444 TI - Nonlinear pulse wave reflection at an arterial stenosis. AB - A simple model is presented to analyze the effect of stenoses of different severities in a long elastic tube or artery on the pressure and flow-rate wave forms incident upon them. Wave propagation in the undisturbed tube is taken to be linear; nonlinearity arises from the quadratic dependence of stenosis pressure drop on flow rate. Before the model can be applied in practice, important physiological questions must be answered; e.g.: (a) Can the incident wave form and mean proximal pressure be regarded as given input? (b) is the mean flow rate given, or does the peripheral resistance remain constant? Results are given on the assumption that the answer to (a) is yes. The principal conclusion is that the input impedance spectrum of a stenosed artery depends strongly on the incident wave form, as well as on the severity of the stenosis and on the distance from it at which measurements are made. There is good qualitative agreement with the results of experiments and of other models. PMID- 6645445 TI - Analysis of the water permeability of human granulocytes at subzero temperatures in the presence of extracellular ice. AB - The plasma membrane water permeability of human granulocytes in the presence of extracellular ice was determined experimentally on a cryomicroscope. Transient volumes of individual cells were measured at constant subzero temperatures subsequent to ice nucleation. Permeability values were deduced by adjustment of multiple parameters in a model to obtain an optimal fit to the data. The permeability was determined to be a function of both temperature and intracellular solute osmolality, with a reference value at 0 degrees C of 0.407 micrometers/atm.min and temperature and solute coefficients of 218kJ/mol and 1.09 Osm/kg. PMID- 6645446 TI - Muscle pathway geometry in the heart wall. AB - Muscle fiber pathways in the heart wall are described. Procedures are introduced which permit data to be standardized from cadaver and animal hearts fixed at different points of the cardiac cycle or obtained in vivo from patients with different ejection fractions and heart masses. Design criteria are also developed here to construct a hypothetical standard left ventricle to compare the data from different hearts. The equations allow the nested set of toroidal fiber-shells to be depicted with typical muscle fiberpaths. With this formulation the heart wall and typical elements in it can be shown computergraphically as they move from the contracted state to the distended. Man-made fiber structures that simulate the fail-safe shockload absorbing features of the heart can now be designed and tested computergraphically by use of the mathematical procedures described here. PMID- 6645447 TI - Constitutive equations for the lung tissue. AB - The mechanical behavior of the lung tissue (expressed by its constitutive equations) has considerable influence on the normal and pathological function of the lung. It determines the stress field in the tissue, thus affecting the impedence and energy consumption during breathing as well as the localization of certain lung diseases. The lung tissue has a complex mechanical response. It arises from the tissue's structure--a cluster of a very large number of closely packed airsacks (alveoli) and air ducts. Each of the alveoli has a shape of irregular polyhedron. It is bounded by the alveolar wall membrane. In the present study, a stochastic approach to the tissue's structure will be employed. The density distribution function of the membrane's orientation in space is considered as the predominant structural parameter. Based on this model the present theory relates the behavior of both the alveolar membrane and that of its liquid interface to the tissue's general constitutive properties. The resulting equations allow for anisotropic and visco-elastic effects. A protocol for material characterization along the present model is proposed as well. The methodology of the present theory is quite general and can be similarly used with other structural models of the lung tissue (e.g., models in which the effect of the alveolar ducts is included). PMID- 6645448 TI - An experimental study of velocity distribution in a human lung cast. AB - A mechanical lung model with branching up to five generations, developed from an actual human lung, is used to study experimentally the velocity profiles in the trachea and the main branches. Three different flow rates representing light, medium, and heavy breathings have been simulated for both inhalation and exhalation. The velocity profiles, except for the one in the trachea in the frontal direction due to exhalation, are in good agreement with the velocity profiles in simplified models of published literature. PMID- 6645449 TI - Parameter sensitivity analysis and improvement of a two-layer arterial wall model. AB - The nonlinear two-layer arterial wall model introduced by von Maltzahn, et al. [11] is subjected to a rigorous parameter sensitivity and range of validity analysis. The model is based on the assumption that in large muscular conduit arteries the two mechanically significant layers are media and adventitia. Using curve-fitting techniques, the media is determined to be isotropic and the adventitia to be anisotropic. As a result of the range of validity analysis, the polynomial relationship for the energy density function of the media is changed to an exponential relationship. This leads to new coefficients for the polynomial of the adventitia. All coefficients have specific mechanical meanings. The parameter sensitivity analysis demonstrates convincingly that all model parameters are significantly important. PMID- 6645450 TI - Tensile fatigue failure of acrylic bone cement. AB - Tensile fatigue tests of acrylic bone cement were conducted under strain control in a wet environment at 37 degrees C. A constant strain rate of 0.02s-1 was used, resulting in physiologic loading frequencies. Comparison of the tensile fatigue data with the results of previous tension-compression fatigue tests indicates that fatigue failure is governed primarily by the maximum cyclic tensile strain. The compressive portion of the loading cycle has little effect on the number of cycles to failure. A new empirically derived equation is introduced to describe the influence of mean strain and strain amplitude on fatigue endurance. The results emphasize the critical role tensile strains may play in cement failure and loosening of total joint replacements. PMID- 6645451 TI - Analysis of blood velocity waveforms by phase shift averaging and autoregressive spectral estimation. PMID- 6645453 TI - Head orientation measured with a video system. PMID- 6645452 TI - Autoregressive spectral estimation of poststenotic blood flow disturbances. PMID- 6645454 TI - Influence of red blood cell concentrations on the measurement of turbulence using hot-film anemometer. AB - Measurement of local velocity fluctuations was made with an L-shaped conical hot film probe in a submerged circular jet. The experiment was carried out in solutions of washed human red blood cells (RBC) in a phosphate buffer solution (PBS), at hematocrit concentrations (Ht percent) of 10, 19, 29, and 38 percent. The viscosity of the testing solutions was kept at 3.2 c.p. by adding proper amount of dextran. The experiment was conducted at Reynolds numbers (NR) 674, 963, 1255 and 1410, based on the jet exit velocity and exit diameter. Statistical analyses were performed on the recorded instantaneous velocity signals to obtain the root-mean-square (rms) values, the probability density functions (PDF) and the power spectral density functions (PSDF) of the signals. Within the range tested, we noticed an incidental rise in rms values at 19 to 29 Ht percent for NR = 963 similar to those reported earlier in the literature. Further analyses using PDF and PSDF, however, showed neither a trend nor any physical significance of this rise. Based on the analyses of both the PDF and the PSDF, we believe that the incidental rise in rms value can be partially attributed to the high spikes registered by the probe in a high RBC concentrations fluid flow. The bombardment of RBC on the probe thermal boundary layer may cause a characteristic change in the probe response to certain flow phenomenon, at least within the Reynolds number range used in this study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6645456 TI - Chest wall vibrations in singers. AB - The chest wall vibrations generated by phonation were examined with respect to origin, amplitude, and spectrum in seven singers. The vibrations were picked up in male and female singer subjects by means of small accelerometers, which were fastened to the skin on the center of the sternum, and, for the purpose of comparison, on the thyroid cartilage and on the trachea a few cm below the larynx. Among the factors which influence the chest wall vibrations, the subglottal pressure oscillations seem to represent the most important excitation, while the mechanical shocks from the vocal fold vibrations seem secondary. Supra- and subglottal resonances seem moderately influential. The results of the investigation suggest that it is the voice source, particularly the amplitude of its fundamental, which is reflected in the chest wall vibrations. The amplitude of these vibrations seem to lie above the threshold of the Pacinian receptors for vibratory sensation as long as the fundamental frequency is below approximately 300 Hz. The amplitude of the voice source fundamental and hence the sensation of chest vibrations vary considerably as phonation is changed along the phonatory dimension which ranges from "pressed/tense/strained" through "flow" to "breathy" phonation. For this reason it seems likely that the sensation of chest vibrations can serve as a useful nonauditory and hence room-independent signal for the voluntary control of phonation. PMID- 6645455 TI - Assessment of oral-motor reflexes in stutterers and normal speakers: preliminary observations. AB - Reflex responses of nine stutterers and nine normal speakers to low-level tactile and auditory stimuli were measured as changes in isometric molar biting force and masseter muscle activity. Tactile stimuli (mechanical displacement of the tissue) were applied to five intraoral and perioral sites. The acoustic stimulus was noise gated on for 12 msec. These low-level stimuli significantly modulated jaw closing force and muscle activity in most of the subjects tested. In general, the initial effect of both auditory and tactile stimuli was suppression, although the initial response was excitation in some subjects with some forms of tactile stimulation. Within both groups of subjects, the amplitude and direction of reflex responses, particularly to mechanical stimuli, were highly variable between subjects, but these measures were stable within an individual over repeated tests. PMID- 6645457 TI - Dichotic listening in good and poor readers. AB - Dichotic listening performance using CV pairs was investigated in a group of 30 children, 15 good readers and 15 poor readers, aged 10-13 years. The results indicate that the poor readers did not demonstrate atypical laterality or phonetic processing effects, although there was a significant difference in their ability to identify both items on dichotic trials correctly. However, when the same stimuli were presented monotically, there was no difference in the performance of the groups. Additional testing indicated that the poor performance for the double-correct response class was also demonstrated in conditions where the dichotic stimuli were separated by as much as 500 and 1000 msec. These results support previous findings that reading-disabled children exhibit a deficit in their capacity to process two items on dichotic tasks. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of both neurological and auditory processing interpretations, and it is suggested that dichotic tasks are useful for investigating auditory processing problems in reading-disabled children. PMID- 6645458 TI - Relation between finger reaction time and voice reaction time in stuttering and nonstuttering children and adults. AB - Nine stutterers and nine nonstutterers at each of three age levels (5 years, 9 years, and 18 years and above) responded to the onset of 21 1-kHz tones by depressing the index finger of their preferred hand on a response key. Finger reaction times (FRTs) were measured to the nearest millisecond and compared to the voice reaction times (VRTs) obtained from the same subjects. Increased speed and stability of the finger reaction times were observed as an inverse function of age for both groups. The stutterers, as a group, exhibited mean FRTs which were significantly longer and more variable than those of the nonstutterers at each of the three age levels. High correlations also were found between the finger and voice reaction scores for both the stutterers and the nonstutterers. Results support the inference that some stutterers may exhibit difficulty in the consistent execution of motor control strategies common to both speech and nonspeech movements. PMID- 6645459 TI - Language and speech behaviors of children with undue lead absorption: a review of the literature. AB - This article reviews the effects of chronic undue or low lead absorption on the speech and language behavior of children. While the effects of high-level lead poisoning have been documented, the effects of chronic low-lead absorption remain controversial. It is concluded that the evidence supports the presence of speech and language problems in some low-lead level children. The severity, duration, and specific nature of the problems, however, are not clear. Pertinent research issues are addressed. PMID- 6645460 TI - The contribution of perceptual learning to performance on the repetition task. AB - The hypothesis that the Repetition Task partially reflects the listener's level of perceptual learning was tested in this study. Specifically, it was predicted from data on auditory temporal processing that performance on the Repetition Task would improve with experience. Ten kindergarten children with no known communication problems were given 10 sets of the Repetition Task over a span of 5 days. Analysis of the data revealed a significant difference in performance across interstimulus intervals (ISI) and also over the training period. Performance improved as a function of increments in ISI and number of days of training. The data reflected a significant training effect, thereby supporting the experimental hypothesis. These results suggest the possibility that differences between dysphasic and normal children on the Repetition Task may result from differences in perceptual learning. PMID- 6645461 TI - The effects of time compression and time expansion on passage comprehension by elderly listeners. AB - The purpose of the investigation was to examine the comprehension performance of elderly listeners in response to rate-altered passages. A group of 56 persons was divided equally into two groups: young-old (65-74) and old-old (75-84). Experimental stimuli included four sets of test passages and questions that had been equalized for difficulty using three trial groups of subjects. Passages were presented at 60% time compression, 0% alteration (normal rate), and at 140% and 180% time expansion. Results indicated that young-old and old-old listeners did not differ significantly in mean passage comprehension scores at the normal rate and that both groups had significantly poorer comprehension at 60% time compression than at each of the other three presentation rates. Young-old subjects had better comprehension at 140% expansion and significantly better comprehension at 180% expansion compared with their performance at 0%. However, old-old subjects experienced nonsignificantly improved comprehension at 140% time expansion and were affected detrimentally by further expansion to 180%. Results are compared with those of prior investigations of sentence comprehension and are discussed with an emphasis on the heterogeneity of elderly listeners. PMID- 6645463 TI - Expectancy and heart rate as predictors of the speech performance of stutterers. AB - Three adult stutterers who displayed a preexperimental pattern of consistent expectation and occurrence of stuttering were studied in a single-subject design. Multiple linear regression analyses led to the conclusion that cognitive (signalled) expectancy was predictive of stuttering for two of the subjects. The third subject evidenced essentially no relationship between signalled expectancy and disfluent performance. For two subjects, neither mean heart rate nor heart rate variability was predictive of speech performance. For the third subject, mean heart rate was predictive but heart rate variability was not. For two subjects, there was essentially no relationship between the measured physiologic variables and cognitive expectancy. However, for the third subject both mean heart rate and heart rate variability were significantly predictive of cognitive expectancy. These results suggest that adult stutterers should not be viewed as a homogeneous group with respect to preutterance activity that is either cognitive or physiologic. The relationship between preutterance heart rate, heart rate variability, and expectancy responses and between these preutterance variables and subsequent stuttering appears to be individualistic. PMID- 6645462 TI - Effects of talker and of listener bias on stimulus dominance in dichotic listening. AB - Stimulus dominance, wherein a higher score occurs for one member of a pair of syllables presented dichotically, was investigated in two experiments. The first examined effects due to talker. Six stop consonant-vowel syllables were spoken by two talkers. The pattern of stimulus dominance was not significantly different for the two talkers, and stimulus dominance was not related to articulatory feature-sharing categories. The second experiment investigated whether stimulus dominance reflects a true perceptual superiority of one syllable over another or whether attentional strategies or biases by listeners contribute to the outcome. Syllables were spoken by a single talker. For one group of listeners, tendencies to attend selectively to one ear or the other were uncontrolled. For the second group, maximum performance could be achieved only by attending exclusively to the monitored ear. The magnitude and frequency of stimulus dominance was significantly smaller with the single-ear monitoring task, but ear dominance was unaffected. PMID- 6645464 TI - Initiation versus execution time during manual and oral counting by stutterers. AB - Severe stutterers were found to be significantly slower than control subjects in performing a speech counting task that was judged to be fluent and in silently counting on their fingers. For both counting tasks the time taken to execute the numerical series accounted for more of the difference between severe stutterers and controls than the time taken to prepare and initiate the task. Mild stutterers were not significantly slower than controls on either counting task. PMID- 6645465 TI - Mental rotation abilities in language-disordered children. AB - This study investigated the possibility that language-disordered children suffer a pervasive representational deficit. A mental rotation task was used to measure proficiency in visual imagery, one of the major nonlinguistic symbolic modes. Normal and language-disordered first and third graders (matched for sex and cognitive level) were asked to decide whether two geometric arrays were similarly ordered. Arrays were presented parallel or with the right hand array rotated about its center either 45 degrees, 90 degrees, or 135 degrees in the picture plane. A significant (p less than .001) linear relationship between degree of rotation and reaction time indicated that children in all groups were using imagistic processes. Language-disordered children did not differ from normal children in accuracy of judgment or require more training trials, but they did respond more slowly (p less than .02). These findings suggest an impairment of visual imagery and hence representational deficits which extend beyond language. Current evidence does not, however, indicate whether difficulties with nonverbal and verbal symbolic modes stem from a single source. PMID- 6645466 TI - The perception of nonverbal vocal cues of emotional meaning by language disordered and normal children. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare language-disordered and normal children in terms of their ability to interpret emotional meaning from the vocal cues of an adult speaker. The findings indicated that language-disordered children were less accurate in identifying vocal cues of emotion than were normal children, although their pattern of errors was not significantly different. These findings are discussed in terms of Lubert's (1981) "acoustic feature theory" of language impairment, and suggestions for future research are advanced. PMID- 6645467 TI - Perception of lexical stress in alaryngeal speech. AB - This project was a perceptual investigation of lexical stress in alaryngeal speech. The ability of alaryngeal speakers to signal lexical stress in American English was assessed by obtaining high-quality tape recordings of noun-verb oppositions (e.g., 'insult vs. in'sult) from four normal and 16 laryngectomized speakers using four different types of alaryngeal speech. The recordings of these words were presented to 30 listeners for perceptual evaluation using a two interval-forced-choice procedure. As expected, the four normal speakers achieved high (93% or above) levels of stress contrast. Lexical stress contrasts were also achieved at a high level of proficiency (88% or above) by all four esophageal speakers, all four tracheoesophageal speakers, one of four users of the Western Electric electrolarynx, and two of four users of the Servox electrolarynx. Lexical stress contrasts were realized in a less (82-86%) but reasonably effective manner by one Western Electric user and two Servox users. The findings were interpreted to highlight the contributions that study of clinical samples may make to investigations of speech production and speech perception. PMID- 6645468 TI - Midfrequency dysfunction in listeners having high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. AB - Two-tone unmasking, psychophysical tuning curves and pure-tone masking patterns were measured at 500 and 1000 Hz in 17 listeners having high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss due to noise exposure. Results were compared to similar data obtained from 20 normal-hearing young adults. In addition, measures of word-recognition ability were obtained in quiet and in noise for both groups. The primary findings were as follows: (a) 29% (n = 5) of the hearing-impaired subjects exhibited abnormal results on at least one of the psychoacoustic tasks investigated; (b) the observed abnormalities were reliable; and (c) there appeared to be a relation between the presence of midfrequency dysfunction and degree of difficulty on word-recognition tasks. These results and their implications are discussed. PMID- 6645469 TI - The effects of presentation modality upon learning in a comprehension task using oral, manual, and dual mode stimulus cues. AB - Interest in how and why the use of nonspeech symbols such as manual signs facilitates the communication development of language-handicapped individuals has been growing. One question of interest is whether comprehension is facilitated because manual sign cues are in the same stimulus modality (visual) as the objects or events to which they refer, in contrast to oral cues, which are in a different modality (auditory). Another question is, when total communication (words and manual signs) is used, which modality, visual or auditory, actually controls responding? Previous analogue research with normal adults has not controlled for representational iconicity and/or has utilized tasks different than those used with handicapped populations. In this study, 15 undergraduate students were trained to a criterion to identify abstract forms in response to manual sign, CVC nonsense syllables, or combined manual sign plus CVC nonsense syllables. Signed English signs normally representing common objects were matched to the abstract forms. Results from learning probes indicated that performance improved significantly following training for all types of labels. Performance on learning probes of responses to manual labels was significantly poorer than performance on probes of responses to oral labels, to manual labels previously used in combined labels, and to oral labels previously used in combined labels. However, there was no difference in performance among these latter three conditions. These results suggest that the facilitative effects of manual sign labels upon comprehension found in other research may be due to the iconic relationship between signs and their referents. PMID- 6645470 TI - The intelligibility of deaf speech to experienced and inexperienced listeners. AB - The study examines differences between experienced and inexperienced listeners in understanding the speech of the deaf. Listeners heard test words in three conditions: in sentences, as isolated words, and as segmented words (the later being words originally produced in sentences, excised, and then presented in isolation). Factors believed to account for listener differences were examined. These were relative word intelligibility, context, including the amount of linguistic information in a sentence, the overall length, and the position of the test word in the sentence. Scores for experienced listeners were consistently higher than those for inexperienced listeners across each factor considered. Differences between listeners were greatest for test words in sentences, followed by isolated and segmented test words. However, there was no statistically significant interaction between listener experience and any of the factors considered. Thus, the data do not support the hypotheses that have been proposed to account for listener differences. For both experienced and inexperienced listeners, scores varied systematically depending on the relative predicted intelligibility of the test words and the amount of context in the sentence. PMID- 6645471 TI - Evaluations of Blom-Singer tracheoesophageal puncture prostheses performance. AB - Empirical and theoretical approaches to the assessment of Blom-Singer tracheoesophageal puncture prosthesis performance are described in this paper. The results of empirical studies provide new insights about the behavior of Blom Singer devices. Namely, the overall average resistance (about 126 cm H2O/LPS) of these devices stems from two major factors: air entrance and air exit effects. The magnitudes of airway resistance for each of these factors and the relative contribution each factor makes to the total airway resistance of these prostheses are delineated. The performance of these devices and modifications thereof are shown to be characterized and predicted quite well using a one-dimensional, spring-constant mathematical model. PMID- 6645472 TI - Children's spontaneous and imitative speech: an acoustic-phonetic analysis. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the voice onset time of voiced and voiceless stop consonants in children's spontaneous and imitative speech. Ten children (2:3 to 3:8) were recorded producing the same test words spontaneously and imitatively, following a model. There were no statistically significant differences between imitative and spontaneous productions. PMID- 6645473 TI - Automatic analysis of voice fundamental frequency and intensity using a visi pitch. AB - This research note describes a method for automatic analysis of voice fundamental frequency and intensity using a Visi-Pitch Model 6087 and an Apple II computer equipped with an analog-to-digital converter (TecMar AD-211). The method provides a simple means of quantizing fundamental frequency and intensity and extracting their distributional characteristics from the Visi-Pitch, an instrument which is gaining wide-spread use by speech pathologists, audiologists, and linguists for clinical and research purposes. PMID- 6645474 TI - Auditory and visual feedback of nasalization using a modified accelerometric method. AB - A method of providing auditory and visual feedback of nasalization to hypernasal speakers using the Horii Oral-Nasal Coupling (HONC) technique is described. This noninvasive method appears promising as an evaluative as well as a rehabilitative tool in dealing with speakers with nasal resonance problems. PMID- 6645475 TI - An accelerometric measure as a physical correlate of perceived hypernasality in speech. AB - This study investigated the correlation between a physical measure of oral-nasal coupling and perceived hypernasality in speech. A modified accelerometric method was utilized to extract distributional characteristics of a ratio of the nasal accelerometric amplitude to the voice amplitude during simulated hypernasal reading by 11 female talkers. Perceived hypernasality scores for the readings were derived from a panel of 30 listeners in a paired-comparison paradigm. A correlation coefficient of .92 was obtained between the mean nasal-to-voice ratio and the perceived hypernasality scores. The results indicated that the nasal-to voice amplitude ratio is a promising index of perceived hypernasality in speech. PMID- 6645476 TI - Musculocutaneous flaps for head and neck reconstruction. PMID- 6645477 TI - Knowledge and use of medications in a group of elderly individuals. PMID- 6645478 TI - Medical office automation ... Now? PMID- 6645479 TI - Multifocal atrial tachycardia commonly accompany chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PMID- 6645480 TI - Hypertension-related mortality in Tennessee. PMID- 6645481 TI - Novel transformations of i-cholesterol and 6 beta-methoxy-i-cholesterol by Moraxella sp. AB - A soil microorganism was isolated by the enrichment culture technique using cholesterol as the sole source of carbon. The organism has been identified as belonging to the genus Moraxella. With this organism two novel biotransformations of sterols were observed viz. (1) isomerization of 3 alpha,5 alpha-cyclocholestan 6 beta-ol (i-cholesterol) to cholesterol, (2) demethylation of 6 beta-methoxy-3 alpha,5 alpha-cyclocholestane (6 beta-methoxy-i-cholesterol) to i-cholesterol with subsequent isomerization to cholesterol. The enzymes responsible for these transformations were shown to be inducible. The pH optimum of the partially purified i-cholesterol isomerase was found to be 8.4. The apparent Km value for i cholesterol was 1.43 microM. A plausible mechanism for the i-cholesterol isomerization has been discussed. PMID- 6645483 TI - Properties and interpretation of the Woolf and Scatchard plots in analysing data from steroid receptor assays. AB - The Woolf plot has been shown to have superior statistical properties compared with the Scatchard plot in analysing data from steroid receptor assays. This paper examines the properties of the Woolf plot, with a view to aiding its interpretation and improving familiarity with it so that its use may become more widespread. The Woolf plot contains the same information as the Scatchard plot, and deviations from linearity of the plot due to positive cooperativity, second binding sites, or non-specific binding are readily identifiable, and are described. It is emphasised, however, that the range of incubating concentrations should be chosen to give an even spread of data points on the plot. There is shown to be a relatively stable error distribution along the Woolf plot, and the implications of this for analysis of the data points are discussed. This error distribution is associated with consistently better fitting of a straight line to the data points when they are presented on the Woolf, as opposed to the Scatchard scale. This has further implications in the definition of receptor positivity, and in determining the reliability of a receptor assay result. Interpretation of the Woolf plot is easy, with the receptor site concentration being obtained from the slope of the plot, and the dissociation constant from the intersection of the extrapolated line with the abscissa. Familiarity with the plot should lead to its wider use. PMID- 6645482 TI - Cortisol-free transcortin: preparation and effect on mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. AB - Human cortisol-free transcortin was prepared from charcoal-treated serum. The major purification was achieved by affinity chromatography on an immunoadsorbent column of transcortin antibodies coupled to Sepharose 4B. A further purification on hydroxylapatite yielded pure transcortin with preserved steroid-binding activity. This preparation had no significant influence on the proliferation of human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, nor did it increase the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by cortisol or dexamethasone. PMID- 6645484 TI - Formation of androgen conjugates by porcine granulosa cells. AB - The relative abilities of isolated and recombined theca and granulosa cells, derived from medium-sized porcine ovarian follicles, to synthesize androgens and estrogens were compared. Isolated thecal preparations produced large amounts of immunoreactive androstenedione and testosterone. When theca was co-cultured with granulosa cells, accumulation of both these androgens was markedly less. Though the co-cultures produced significantly higher amounts of estradiol, this increase did not account for the reduced androgen production. To determine if the lesser androgen accumulation in the combined cultures was due to metabolism by granulosa cells of androgens to other metabolites, the fate of [3H]androstenedione or [3H]testosterone was followed. Whenever granulosa cells were present in the incubation dishes, most of the radioactivity remained in the aqueous fraction after ether extraction. Examination of the aqueous fraction by DEAE-Sephadex A25 demonstrated the presence of androgen sulphates. The results suggest that granulosa cells are the site at which follicular formation of androgen sulphates takes place. PMID- 6645485 TI - Tetra- and hexahydro derivatives of aldosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone by chemical and microbial reductions. AB - Preparative methods were developed for reduction with NaBH4 at 0 of 3 beta, 5 alpha- and 3 alpha, 5 beta-tetrahydroaldosterone (1) and (12) to their respective 20 alpha-ol derivatives 2a and 13a. Corroboration of structures was obtained by periodate oxidations to the lactols 3b and 14b and thence, by further oxidation, to the lactones 4 and 15 respectively; these lactones were also independently obtained from 1 and 12. Reduction with NaBH4 at 80 degrees C converted 1 and 12 into 18-hydroxy-3 beta, 5 alpha, 20- and 18-hydroxy-3 alpha, 5 beta, 20 hexahydrocorticosterone 6a and 17a respectively, which were mixtures of epimers at C-20. Compound 17a could also be prepared by reduction of the lactone 21 with sodium aluminum bis-(methoxyethoxy) hydride. Again, periodate oxidations of 6a and 17a gave the lactols 7b and 22b and thence, by Jones oxidation, the diketolactones 8 and 23, which were also prepared from 18-hydroxy-11 dehydrocorticosterone (10) and 18-hydroxycorticosterone (24) respectively. Improved conditions for reduction with Clostridium paraputrificum permitted convenient conversion of aldosterone (11), the corresponding 18 leads to 11 lactone 18a and 18-hydroxycorticosterone (24) into their 3 alpha, 5 beta tetrahydro derivatives. PMID- 6645486 TI - Side chain degradation and microbial reduction of different steroids by Aspergillus auroefulgens. AB - The Aspergillus aureofulgens ability to cleave the side chain of progesterone (I) and the related C-21 steroids was studied. The enzymic system responsible for the progesterone side chain degradation was demonstrated to be adaptative and to operate by a Baeyer-Villiger mechanism. The cleavage of the side chain of the progesterone and of the related compounds was followed by the stereospecific reduction of the formed androst-4-ene-3,17-dione(II) to the 5 beta-androstan derivatives. Both the oxygenase and reductase activities seemed to be influenced by the growth conditions. Several steroids bearing different skeleton functions and different side chains were also tested in order to correlate the chemical structure with the microbial activity. PMID- 6645487 TI - Polarisation fluoroimmunoassay of serum and salivary cortisol. AB - Polarisation fluoroimmunoassays for serum and salivary cortisol were developed using the steroid labelled at the 3-position with fluorescein and antiserum raised in sheep. To avoid interfering factors present in the biological fluids, cortisol was extracted with dichloromethane prior to assay, which was then accomplished without the need for any further separation or blank-correction procedures. The methods were sufficiently sensitive to cover the normal morning ranges for serum and salivary cortisol and correlated acceptably with established fluorimetric and radioimmunoassay techniques. The salivary cortisol assay was more precise than the serum assay, reflecting the greater case with which cortisol may be extracted from saliva. The potential usefulness of salivary cortisol assays was illustrated by a preliminary study showing that the circadian variation in three children was similar to that in an adult. PMID- 6645488 TI - Androgen and precursor levels in serum and testes of adult rats under basal conditions and after hCG stimulation. AB - In adult male Wistar rats, serum and testicular concentration of testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5 alpha-androstane 3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (Adiol), and their precursors were measured under basal conditions as well as 4 and 8 h respectively after i.m. injection of 100 I.U. of hCG. Under basal conditions T (203 +/- 30 (SE) ng/dl) was quantitatively by far the most important serum steroid, followed by progesterone (P) (76.5 +/- 12 ng/dl), 17 hydroxyprogesterone (170HP) (37.3 +/- 4.1 ng/dl), androstenedione (A) (24.6 +/- 2.5 ng/dl) and pregnenolone (P5) (22.9 +/- 4 ng/dl). Estradiol (E2) was present in a low concentration (1.06 +/- 0.26 ng/dl). In the testes, T was quantitatively the most important steroid (89 +/- 7.2 ng/g), followed by 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha-17 beta-diol (Adiol) (26.5 +/- 2.8 ng/g) whereas 170HP (11.8 +/- 1.0 ng/g), P (11.5 +/- 1.0 ng/g) and P5 (16.6 +/- 1.8 ng/g) were present in roughly the same concentration, concentrations of A, DHT, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 17 hydroxy-pregnenolone (170HP5) and androst-5-ene-3 beta-17 beta-diol (D5diol) being much lower; E2 (0.06 +/- 0.01 ng/g) was hardly detectable. Within 4-8 h after hCG stimulation, serum androgen concentrations increased by a factor of 4 12, except for DHEA and D5diol (X2), and E2 (X 1.5). Intratesticular androgens and delta 4 steroid precursors increased by a factor of 5-10, delta 5 precursors by a factor of 2-4 and E2 by a factor of 2, the data tending to confirm that the delta 4 pathway is preferred over the delta 5 pathway. After hCG the relative increase of T precursors was the most important for P, suggesting that 17 hydroxylation might be the rate limiting step in T biosynthesis. PMID- 6645489 TI - Prostatic cancer--II. Inhibitors of rat prostatic 4-ene-3-ketosteroid 5 alpha reductase derived from 6-methylene-4-androsten-3-ones. AB - The studied 6-methylene-4-androsten-3-ones proved to be significantly inferior to 6-methylene-4-pregnene-3,20-dione and its 17-acetoxy derivative described in Part 1 as inhibitors of 4-ene-3-ketosteroid 5 alpha-reductase [1] in vitro. Surprisingly, the 6-methylene derivative of testosterone was only weakly active until acetylated, when an effective inhibitor was obtained. Etherification of the hydroxyl-group, its replacement by a hydrocarbon chain, or introduction of a substituent at C17 or on the methylene group led to virtual loss of activity. 17 alpha-Chloro-6-methylene-4-androstene-3-one had ca 60-70% of the potency of progesterone, but was inactive as enzyme inhibitor in explants of rat prostate in tissue culture and in in vivo studies. 6-Methylenetestosterone acetate was weakly active as enzyme inhibitor in explants of human prostate in tissue culture and produced a histological picture closely resembling testosterone and differing from that of cyproterone acetate. In vivo in the rat it had 80% of the androgenic activity of testosterone propionate. The foregoing data have been used to define some structural characteristics necessary for enzyme inhibition and to draw some conclusions regarding the architecture of the androgen and progesterone receptors and of the enzyme active site. PMID- 6645490 TI - Protein synthesis in the uterus of the immature rat: the effects of short exposures to oestradiol-17 beta. AB - Three methods were used to study the effect of oestrogen on the incorporation of radioactive precursor into uterine protein. Intact tissue was incubated in vitro. Isolated uterine epithelial, stromal and myometrial cells were labelled in vitro. Isolated polysomes were translated in cell free protein synthesising systems. In all of these systems, minor qualitative changes in protein synthesis were detected where the uteri were derived from oestrogen-treated rats. These changes were most dramatic in isolated stromal cells and were accompanied by a marked overall increase in protein synthesis. The translation of mRNA on isolated uterine polysomes revealed a sequence of minor, but reproducible, oestradiol induced changes. It was difficult, however, to relate these changes to those detected in incubated tissue or cells, possibly because the cell free translation products were not subject to normal post-translational modification and processing. PMID- 6645491 TI - A new microbial degradation pathway of steroid alkaloids. AB - In the degradation pathway of the steroid alkaloid tomatidine by Gymnoascus reesii the A-ring of tomatidine is opened with the formation of the 4-hydroxy-3,4 secotomatidine-3-oic acid, which was identified in the form of N-acetyl-3,4 tomatidine-carbolactone by mass, IR and 1H NMR spectra. Cleavage of the A-ring in the starting reaction indicates that an alternative pathway must be operating, instead of the general oxidative one. PMID- 6645492 TI - Evaluation of androgen antagonism of estrogen effect by dihydrotestosterone. AB - The antagonism of estrogen effect on the immature rat uterus by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was evaluated in vivo. One-hundred micrograms of DHT which has been shown by previous workers [4] to saturate the androgen receptor but not bind or translocate estrogen receptor was injected daily into immature rats with or without 5 micrograms of 17 beta estradiol (E2) for three consecutive days. The animals were sacrificed on the fourth day, the uteri were excised and the uterine wet weight, cytosol protein content, [3H]-leucine and [3H]-UTP incorporation into TCA-precipitable material, and cytosol and nuclear levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors were measured. When DHT was given in conjunction with estradiol, estrogen induced uterine growth as measured by increases in uterine weight, cytosol protein content, and [3H]-leucine incorporation was significantly reduced. However, cytosol and nuclear concentrations of estrogen receptors and cytosol progesterone receptor concentration were not significantly affected, whereas progesterone treatment significantly reduced estrogen and progesterone receptor concentrations in both the cytosol and the nucleus. DHT administration did not change the binding affinity of the estrogen receptor populations and the ratio between the higher (Kd = 10(-10) M) and lower (Kd = 10(-9) M) affinity components of estrogen receptor remained unchanged. DHT treatment was also shown to significantly reduce estrogen-induced [3H]-UTP incorporation. These findings suggest that the mechanism of DHT antagonism of estrogen effect in this organ system does not involve inhibition of synthesis of estrogen receptor as has been shown for progesterone, but appears to occur by decreasing estrogen-induced RNA transcription at a point subsequent to estrogen receptor binding. PMID- 6645493 TI - Conversion of testosterone and androstenedione to 5 beta-androstanes by adult male hamster liver cytosol. AB - The incubation of [4-14C]testosterone with adult male hamster liver cytosol at pH 6.7 yielded 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol and small quantities of 5 beta-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta-diol, 17 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-androstan-3-one, 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-androstan-17-one and androstenedione. The use of [4 14C]androstenedione as substrate yielded the same 5 beta-metabolites and also testosterone and a trace of epitestosterone. 5 beta-Androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta diol was the major metabolite at "low" concentrations of substrate but testosterone and 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-androstan-17-one became the major metabolites as the concentration of the substrate was increased. Small quantities of 5 beta-androstane-3,17-dione and 3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-androstan-17-one were detected at "high" while 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha, 17 alpha-diol was detected at "low" concentrations of androstenedione. NADPH was more effective than NADH except in the formation of the 3 beta-steroids. Furthermore, the 3 beta-steroids were formed in maximum quantities at a lower pH than the other metabolites. The relative production of the metabolites was consistent with their respective spectrophotometrically determined degree of hydroxyl dehydrogenation. PMID- 6645494 TI - Melanocyte-stimulating hormone and prolactin secretion in cell culture of estrogen-induced pituitary tumors in the hamster. AB - Pituitary cells from hamsters bearing diethylstilbestrol induced renal adenocarcinomas were cultured in vitro. Dispersed cells in plastic dishes were viable for up to two weeks in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 17.5% of 6:1 horse serum to fetal calf serum. The secretion of alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone and prolactin into the medium were measured by radioimmunoassay. The concentrations of both were elevated by day 3 in the medium from the hyperplastic pituitaries obtained from the estrogen treated, tumor bearing hamsters. Neither DES (10(-8)M) nor tamoxifen (10(-7)M) influenced the secretion of either hormone and neither altered either cell number or DNA synthetic activity as measured by thymidine incorporation. The secretion of hormones and the growth of the pituitary cells were, however, decreased by charcoal treatment of the serum. The results suggest that the elevation of serum alpha-MSH and prolactin observed in DES implanted hamsters is due to pituitary secretion of the hormones but that DES probably does not act directly on the pituitary to control the secretion. PMID- 6645495 TI - Binding of progestagens to receptor proteins in MCF-7 cells. AB - With the aim of finding an explanation for the biological properties of progestagens currently used for contraceptive purposes, we have assessed their specificity for progesterone, androgen and oestrogen receptors in MCF-7 cells. The specificity of progestagens for the progesterone receptors in the cytosol fraction of MCF-7 cells was similar to that for progesterone receptors in human and rabbit myometrial cytosol but different from that for the progesterone receptor in rat myometrial cytosol. At 37 degrees C the relative affinity of 3 keto-desogestrel, the major metabolite of desogestrel, for the progesterone receptor in intact MCF-7 cells was twice that of levonorgestrel and Org 2058, three times that of medroxy-progesterone acetate (MPA), 4.5 times that of norethisterone and 5 times that of progesterone and cyproterone acetate whereas at 4 degrees C in the cytosol fraction of MCF-7 cells exposed to molybdate (nontransformed receptor complexes) 3-keto-desogestrel and Org 2058 displayed similar affinity. The stronger binding of 3-keto-desogestrel in intact cells was due to the higher stability of its complex with the progesterone receptor. At 37 degrees C the relative affinity of 3-keto-desogestrel for the androgen receptor in intact MCF-7 cells was half that of levonorgestrel, similar to that of norethisterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and at least three times higher than that of progestagens with anti-androgenic activity whereas at 4 degrees C in the cytosol fraction exposed to molybdate there was no clear difference between the relative affinities of progestagens with androgenic and anti-androgenic properties. Of the progestagens tested in this study, only norethinodrel displayed measurable but very low relative affinity for the oestrogen receptor in MCF-7 cells. We conclude that the present results of binding studies with intact MCF-7 cells correlate better with the known hormonal properties of progestagens than those obtained with the cytosol fraction exposed to molybdate at 4 degrees C. PMID- 6645496 TI - Characterisation of monoclonal antibodies raised against testosterone. AB - Using the antigens testosterone-17 beta-hemisuccinate and testosterone-3-(o carboxymethyl) oxime, each coupled to bovine serum albumin, we have produced 44 monoclonal antibodies to testosterone. Of the 17 monoclonal antibodies raised against the 17 beta-linked antigen 8 showed extremely low affinity for testosterone (Ka less than or equal to 8 X 10(7) M-1) and none had an affinity greater than 5 X 10(9) M-1. Of the 27 monoclonal antibodies raised against the 3 linked antigen 2 had affinities less than 8 X 10(7) M, 7 had affinities greater than 5 X 10(9) M-1 and one had an affinity (Ka = 9 X 10(10) M-1) greater than that of a high affinity rabbit antiserum (Ka = 6 X 10(10) M-1). The affinity constant (Ka = 5 X 10(9) M-1) measured in the serum of the mouse whose spleen gave rise to the greatest number of high affinity antibodies, was significantly higher than those measured in the sera of the remaining mice (Ka = 0.7 - 3 X 10(8) M-1). The cross-reactions of the monoclonal antibodies varied widely but none showed an overall improvement in specificity when compared with the corresponding rabbit antisera. Results suggest that as well as the structure of the steroid antigen careful selection of the spleen donor facilitates the development of monoclonal antibodies with good binding characteristics. PMID- 6645498 TI - Endometrial tissue and plasma concentrations of 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol during the menstrual cycle in normal premenopausal and perimenopausal women. AB - A radioimmunoassay for 5-androstene-3 beta, 17 beta-diol (ADIOL) in human endometrium and plasma is described. The recognised criteria of reliability have been fulfilled. Plasma and endometrial tissue concentrations of ADIOL were determined in samples obtained from normal premenopausal and perimenopausal women (average ages 37 and 48 years respectively) at different phases of the menstrual cycle. In perimenopausal women plasma concentrations of ADIOL did not vary throughout the cycle (proliferative phase: 411 +/- 95 (SEM) pg/ml; secretory phase: 462 +/- 28.5 (SEM) pg/ml). For the premenopausal group the pattern was similar (proliferative phase: 568.4 +/- 56.9 (SEM) pg/ml; secretory phase: 663.1 +/- 64.7 (SEM) pg/ml) although a significant difference (P less than 0.05) was noted between late proliferative and late secretory phase levels in these women. A different pattern was observed for endometrial tissue concentrations of ADIOL. In both groups of women a significant (3-4-fold) increase occurred during the secretory phase. There was no apparent relationship between plasma and tissue concentrations of ADIOL either during the proliferative or the secretory phase. There was, however, an age associated decrease for both tissue and plasma ADIOL. Theories are proposed to account for the increase in ADIOL concentration during the luteal phase. PMID- 6645497 TI - Conversion of androstenedione to testosterone and other androgens in guinea-pig alveolar macrophages. AB - Alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of lungs of male and female guinea pigs were incubated with tritium-labelled androstenedione to evaluate the steroid metabolizing enzymes in these cells. The radiolabeled metabolites were isolated and thereafter characterized as testosterone, 5 alpha androstanedione, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, androsterone, isoandrosterone, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol and 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta, 17 beta diol. Thus, the following androstenedione metabolizing enzymes are present in guinea-pig alveolar macrophages: 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 5 alpha reductase, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The predominant androstenedione metabolizing enzyme activity present in alveolar macrophages was 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The rate of testosterone formation increased with incubation time up to 4 h, and with macrophage number up to 1.6 X 10(7) cells per ml. Androstenedione metabolism was similar in alveolar macrophages obtained both from male and female guinea pigs. These results suggest that alveolar macrophages may be a site of peripheral transformation of blood-borne androstenedione to biologically potent androgens in vivo and, therefore, these cells may contribute to the plasma levels of testosterone in the guinea pig. PMID- 6645499 TI - Role of hydrophobic effects and polar groups in steroid-mineralocorticoid receptor interactions. AB - To test whether hydrophobic interactions are the main driving forces in the association of steroids with mineralocorticoid receptors, the binding free energy calculated (delta Gc) using the surface area of the steroids accessible to water was compared with the observed free energy (delta GM) obtained from the Kd at the equilibrium estimated in the rat cytosol. The results are consistent with a binding process involving principally hydrophobic effects implying association of both faces of the steroid with the receptor. The discrepancies between calculated and observed values probably depend upon the mechanism of hydrogen bonding of the polar groups of the steroids to those on the receptor. Hydrogen bonds in an aqueous environment are likely between polar groups of the receptor and the 21 OH, 18-OH and 11-18 hemiacetal oxygen of the steroids. Strong hydrogen bonding in a hydrophobic environment from the 3-CO and 20-CO groups is a possibility (the latter with a dihedral angle C16-C17-C20-O20 of approximately equal to 7 degrees). Such a strong hydrogen bond from the 9 alpha-fluorine atom could account for the observed high affinity receptor binding of 9 alpha-fluorocortisol and 9 alpha-fluoroprednisolone. The loss of affinity in 11-deoxycortisol and cortisol may be explained by modification of the C17 side chain and repulsion forces from the 11 beta-OH. PMID- 6645500 TI - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and estrogen receptors in human breast cancer. AB - Both estradiol receptors and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (G6PDH) were measured on the same tissue sample from 143 patients who had undergone mastectomy for primary breast cancer. G6PDH activity in the estrogen receptor positive group (ER+) was higher than in the negative one (ER-). Moreover, the distribution of the enzymatic values in the ER+ group appeared to derive from two partially overlapped distributions. The authors suggest that only those ER+ tumors which show elevated G6PDH activity contain functional receptors. The determination of G6PDH activity at the time of mastectomy is proposed as an additional test in selecting those patients who would be likely to benefit from endocrine therapy. PMID- 6645501 TI - Effects of in vivo administration of steroids on release of 3H2O from [1 beta,2 beta-3H] and [1-3H]androstenedione by isolated rabbit ovarian follicles. AB - In vivo administration of progesterone and testosterone propionate to immature rabbits for 3 days resulted in a decreased ability of isolated ovarian follicles to generate 3H2O from [1 beta,2 beta-3H]androstenedione. By contrast, follicles isolated from rabbits treated with estradiol benzoate generated 3 times more 3H2O from the same substrate. Similar results were obtained when follicles were incubated with [1-3H]androstenedione. A similar pattern of differences was found when follicles from each group were analysed for estrogen content and when incubated with [4-14C]androstenedione and 14C-labelled estrogens isolated. These data suggest that estrogen may be a stimulant for its own production by rabbit ovarian follicles. PMID- 6645502 TI - Fluoroimmunoassay of progesterone in plasma by phenanthroimidazole-2-amine labelling. AB - A fluoroimmunoassay for progesterone is described. It involves a labelled antigen synthesized by linking phenanthroimidazole-2-amine to progesterone-11 alpha hemisuccinate and specific antiserum (rabbit anti-progesterone-11 alpha hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin) with a heterogeneous procedure. PMID- 6645503 TI - Mineralocorticoid and prolactin response to the dopamine antagonist metoclopramide in patients with primary aldosteronism. AB - Plasma mineralocorticoid and prolactin levels were evaluated before and 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after the administration of 10 mg metoclopramide in seven normotensive volunteers (42 +/- 5 (SD) years), as well as in ten patients with primary aldosteronism five with aldosterone-producing adenoma (49 +/- 4), and five with bilateral hyperplasia (47 +/- 3). Significant increases of plasma aldosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone (18-OH-B), and prolactin levels were observed in all normal subjects and in patients with primary aldosteronism after metoclopramide, whereas plasma 18-corticosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol levels as well as plasma renin activity did not change. The absolute increases of plasma aldosterone and 18-OH-B levels after metoclopramide were considerably higher in eight of the ten patients with primary aldosteronism. Furthermore, in patients with hyperplasia the maximum increase of aldosterone and 18-OH-B was delayed, as was the subsequent decrease of plasma aldosterone. Basal prolactin levels were within the normal range in all patients with primary aldosteronism, but the increase of prolactin observed 15 and 30 min after metoclopramide, was elevated in three patients with hyperplasia and in four patients with adenoma. For patients with primary aldosteronism, a positive correlation was found when the absolute maximum increase of plasma aldosterone levels after metoclopramide was plotted against the increase of prolactin (y = 1.11x - 101, r = 0.74, P less than 0.05). Our results suggest that prolactin, aldosterone, and 18-OH-B secretion is under increased inhibitory dopaminergic control in most of the patients with primary aldosteronism. The positive correlation between the metoclopramide-induced increase of plasma aldosterone and prolactin may indicate a common inhibitory dopaminergic mechanism, working on the pituitary and adrenal level. PMID- 6645504 TI - Adsorption of pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide by plastics and glass. AB - Radioactive pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide at low concentration was found to bind to a number of common laboratory materials. Adsorption was greatest with polypropylene and unsilanised glass tubes. The presence of 0.1% gelatine reduced adsorption, except in polyethylene insert vials. Adsorption of pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide may present a problem in radioimmunoassay studies. PMID- 6645505 TI - Inhibition of estrogen 2-hydroxylase. AB - Inhibitors of estrogen 2-hydroxylase can be useful agents for studying the kinetics of this enzyme system, in the elucidation of the structural requirements of the active site, and in examining the importance of the enzyme and the 2 hydroxyestrogens in various biochemical processes. The initial series of inhibitors evaluated included synthetic halogenated estrogens, numerous available steroids, and several nonsteroidal agents. These compounds were examined for their ability to block the conversion of estradiol to 2-hydroxyestradiol by male rat liver microsomal preparations using two radiotracer methods--the conversion of [4-14C]estradiol to [4-14C]2-hydroxyestradiol and the release of 3H2O from [2 3H]estradiol. The A-ring halogenated estrogens were effective inhibitors of estrogen 2-hydroxylase. The product of the enzymic reaction, 2-hydroxyestradiol, did not show feedback inhibition of the enzyme; however, 4-hydroxyestradiol and 2 methoxyestradiol did inhibit the enzyme to a moderate degree. In addition to inhibition by estrogen analogs, 2-hydroxylase was inhibited by androgens like testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Finally, various P450 inhibitors demonstrated varying degrees of inhibition of the enzymatic activity. Thus, qualitative structure-activity relationships concerning the interaction of steroidal and nonsteroidal compounds with the estrogen 2-hydroxylase were developed. PMID- 6645507 TI - Decrease in plasma amino acids in man after an acute dose of ethanol. PMID- 6645506 TI - Plasma calcium and phosphate during alcohol intoxication. Alcoholics versus nonalcoholics. AB - Total and ionized calcium decreased with increasing blood alcohol concentration in both alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Alcohol consumption caused no significant differences between alcoholics and nonalcoholics in plasma protein and ionized calcium but caused higher plasma phosphate levels in alcoholics. PMID- 6645508 TI - Variability in blood alcohol concentrations. Implications for estimating individual results. AB - In a carefully controlled drinking situation there was great individual variation in peak blood alcohol concentrations (BACS) for given doses of alcohol. Alcohol nomograms and tables based on average results from such studies could be misleading since they could frequently result in serious underestimates or overestimates of peak BACS. PMID- 6645509 TI - The role of alcohol in accidental falls. AB - Fifty-three percent of patients injured in accidental falls in the evening in Helsinki and 15% of time-, site- and sex-matched control pedestrians were alcohol involved. Relative risk of injury, if 1.0 at zero BAC, was 3 at BACS 60-100 mg/100 ml, 10 at 101-150 mg/100 ml and about 60 at BACS above that. PMID- 6645510 TI - Alcoholism, biofeedback and internal scanning. AB - Alcoholics had higher levels of baseline muscle tension than nonalcoholics but they learned to reduce it via biofeedback as well as nonalcoholics. The level of awareness of internal cues affected the learning of biofeedback and the use of alcohol to reduce tension. PMID- 6645511 TI - Relationships between moderate maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and infant neurological development. AB - When the effects of nicotine consumption were statistically controlled, a significant association between maternal alcohol drinking during pregnancy and decreased muscle tone in the offspring was observed at 9 days but the effect had attenuated by 30 days. PMID- 6645512 TI - Psychophysiological measures from intoxicated and detoxified alcoholics. AB - Alcoholics exhibited increased peripheral activation but reduced central processing capabilities when intoxicated than when detoxified for 3 weeks. PMID- 6645513 TI - Alcohol consumption and cognitive functioning in college students. AB - Decreased cognitive performance was significantly correlated with increased quantity of alcohol per occasion and with total lifetime consumption in both women and men college students tested while sober. In men, however, increased performance on some tasks was also significantly correlated with increased frequency of drinking. PMID- 6645514 TI - The effectiveness of deferred prosecution for driving while intoxicated. AB - Offenders of driving while intoxicated (DWI) who received deferred prosecution and concomitant alcoholism treatment had significantly more postdeferral alcohol related traffic violations than did a control group of DWI offenders who received normal judicial sanctions. PMID- 6645515 TI - A nationwide examination of the need for specific alcoholism treatment programs for the elderly. PMID- 6645516 TI - Relationship of patient characteristics to program attendance by women alcoholics. AB - High attendance levels in an outpatient program by women alcoholics of lower socioeconomic status were not associated with increased abstinence or employment. Social relationships, previous employment and drinking history were, however, related to greater attendance, abstinence and employment. PMID- 6645517 TI - Attitudes, beliefs and alcohol use. An analysis of relationships. AB - The relationships between attitudes toward alcohol and actual drinking behavior were examined. Attitudes toward specific drinking behaviors correlated better with those behaviors than did more global attitudes. Heavy drinkers believed that drinking heavily resulted in positive experiences. PMID- 6645518 TI - Attitudes of New Zealand general practitioners to alcohol-related problems. AB - The attitudes of a self-selected group of general practitioners indicated majority support for a traditional disease conception of alcoholism embodying abstinence as the goal of treatment. Separate attitudinal factors which emerged represented a modified disease conception, a moralistic attitude and a belief in a drinking-problem continuum. The general practitioners' attitude structure was significantly related with their practice and belief in the efficacy of giving advice to patients with alcohol-related problems. PMID- 6645519 TI - Resistance by college students to peer pressure to drink. AB - In two college samples, resistance to peer pressure to drink and desire to refrain from drinking correlated with variables in the college environment but not with personal background variables. PMID- 6645520 TI - Three approaches to alcohol education. AB - An experimental examination of three approaches to alcohol education compared a cognitive program, a decision-making program and a values-clarification program. The cognitive program was most positively received and was superior in raising levels of knowledge; the values-clarification program was least effective, especially as measured by the program's impact on current and expected alcohol use. PMID- 6645521 TI - Inpatient versus outpatient treatment of substance misuse in hospitals, 1975 1980. AB - A statistical analysis of American hospitals that responded to annual surveys in 1975-1980 shows decreasing inpatient and increasing outpatient services for alcoholism and other chemical dependence. PMID- 6645522 TI - Drinking behavior, personality factors and high-risk driving. A review and theoretical formulation. AB - Literature concerned with five broad categories of psychosocial variables contributing to the risk of traffic accidents is reviewed: (1) demographic characteristics, (2) excessive alcohol use, (3) personality traits, (4) acute states of emotional distress and (5) driving-related attitudes. A theoretical cognitive-behavioral model is presented in an attempt to integrate the results concerning the influence of these different factors. PMID- 6645523 TI - Stress experiences and drinking histories of elderly drunken-driving offenders. AB - There were relationships between first-time drunken-driving offenses in an elderly sample and stressful life events, and between the continuation of problem drinking and lower levels of social support. PMID- 6645525 TI - Drinking as activity. An interactionist analysis. AB - Alcohol consumption in bars is studied not as a personal or cultural variable but as a social activity. The effect on alcohol consumption of bar staff and entertainers, bar policies, other patrons and the drinking setting is discussed. PMID- 6645524 TI - Drinking patterns in multiethnic South African society. AB - The drinking status, type of alcoholic beverage consumed most, and drinking frequency of Whites, Blacks, "Coloreds" and Indians in South Africa are compared. PMID- 6645526 TI - Maturational and generational changes in drinking behavior and attitudes in Iowa, 1961-1979. AB - Both maturational and generational changes in drinking-related behavior and attitudes occurred between 1961 and 1979 in Iowa. Their effects in general tended to be counterbalancing. PMID- 6645527 TI - Rethinking the measurement of drinking patterns. AB - The importance of precision and depth of measurement in studies on drinking patterns is discussed. A technique in which questions about drinking during different time periods are asked in one retrospective interview is offered as a reliable method. PMID- 6645528 TI - Discriminability of regular, light, and alcoholic and nonalcoholic near beer. AB - The usability of near beer as a carrier beverage for research that varies alcoholic content is supported because, in a beer-sampling experiment, light beer was not significantly discriminated from regular beer, and near beer without ethanol was not significantly discriminated from near beer with 3.2% ethanol. PMID- 6645529 TI - Alcoholism among narcotic addicts and patients on methadone maintenance. AB - There was no difference in prevalence of current alcoholism between new admissions to a methadone-maintenance treatment program (MMTP) and patients already in MMTP at least one year, by previous treatment for drug misuse, or between MMTP patients and the population of the surrounding community. PMID- 6645530 TI - Deficient slowing of the heart among very heavy social drinkers. AB - Very heavy social drinkers demonstrated less slowing of their heart rate than controls while exhaling after a maximal inhalation. While this suggests defective autonomic control of the heart, clarification of the mechanism and significance of this reflex and its impairment must await sophisticated study. PMID- 6645531 TI - Dose-response effects of ethanol on the sleep of young women. AB - In healthy young women, rapid eye movement sleep decreased, slow-wave sleep increased, sleep-onset latency decreased and late-night disturbance of sleep increased with increasing doses of alcohol. PMID- 6645532 TI - A longitudinal analysis of patient characteristics at a private alcoholism hospital. AB - Trends in the sex, religious preference, marital status, number of children and age of patients seeking admission at a private alcoholism hospital from 1955 to 1980 are discussed. PMID- 6645533 TI - Constitutional factors predictive of alcoholism in a follow-up of delinquent boys. AB - The constitutional, behavioral and rearing experiences of a group of juvenile delinquents were studied to determine which variables differentiated alcoholics from nonalcoholics on follow-up. A measure of relative femininity of the physique was the strongest discriminant of adult alcoholism. PMID- 6645534 TI - Rajput alcohol use in India. AB - Ethnographic field study in the village of Khaalapur, India provides a description of Rajput alcohol consumption--the types of drinkers, the types of alcohol consumed, the various contexts in which alcohol is imbibed and the cultural motivations underlying different patterns of alcohol consumption. PMID- 6645535 TI - Children's attitudes toward alcohol. AB - Children's perceptions of social drinking norms for men, women and children are established at least as early as age 6, but their feelings about drinking develop more slowly, becoming increasingly negative with age. PMID- 6645536 TI - Left-handed versus right-handed alcoholics; an examination of relapse patterns. PMID- 6645537 TI - Relationship between the NIAAA Impairment Index and the Mortimer-Filkins Interview for repeat drunken-driving offenders. AB - The NIAAA Alcohol Impairment Index affords a reliable measure of alcohol-related behavior in drunken-driving offenders and is less time-consuming than the more widely employed Mortimer-Filkins Interview. PMID- 6645538 TI - "Markers" for the MacAndrew and the Cavior heroin addiction MMPI scales. AB - The MacAndrew and Cavior scales were not shown to measure "a general addictive propensity." PMID- 6645539 TI - The Life Activities Inventory as a countermeasure for driving while intoxicated. AB - The simple administration of the Current Status section of the Life Activities Inventory appears to reduce drunken-driving recidivism substantially and cost efficiently among "lower-risk" drinkers. PMID- 6645540 TI - Tolerance and cross-tolerance to morphine and ethanol in mice selectively bred for differential sensitivity to ethanol. AB - Ethanol-sensitive long-sleep mice showed greater sensitivity to ethanol-induced hypothermia whereas the less sensitive short-sleep mice showed greater sensitivity to morphine-induced hypothermia. The short-sleep mice, but not the long-sleep mice, displayed a degree of cross-tolerance to the hypothermic effects of ethanol following repeated exposure to morphine. PMID- 6645541 TI - Correlates of loss of control over drinking in women alcoholics. AB - Employment status, number of children living at home with the subject and parental alcohol use had the strongest relationship with the length of time from first intoxication to loss of control over drinking in 50 women alcoholics. PMID- 6645542 TI - Styles of drinking and types of drinkers. AB - From a survey of "normal" drinkers, four drinking styles and six types of drinkers were differentiated. In illustrating the multifaceted nature of drinking in U.S. society, the results were inconsistent with traditional assertions that each culture has one predominant drinking style. PMID- 6645543 TI - Response measures of social drinking. Research implications and applications. AB - Frequency of drinking occasions appears to be more sensitive than quantity per occasion to social and economic variables, whereas quantity is related only to age and sex. PMID- 6645544 TI - Personality types of alcoholics on objective inventories. A review. AB - The personality profiles of alcoholics as derived from four objective inventories -the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, the Personality Research Form and the Differential Personality Inventory--are reviewed. An overall consistency of results is seen which interfaces with known clinical entities from other areas of mental health research. PMID- 6645545 TI - Differential assessment of alcoholism. Evaluation of the Alcohol Use Inventory. AB - The biases of response styles, the internal-consistency reliability, concurrent validity and construct validity of the Alcohol Use Inventory were evaluated. PMID- 6645546 TI - Modification of the brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test. AB - An abbreviated version of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, modified with probes requesting dates for most recent occurrence of the stated problem, had encouraging retest and internal consistency reliability but was weak on concurrent validity, test scores being only moderately predictive of psychiatric diagnosis. PMID- 6645547 TI - Correspondence of clinicians' judgments with the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test in determining alcoholism in Veterans Administration outpatients. AB - Two independent assessments of alcoholism--clinicians' judgments and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST)--were in agreement only 77.0% of the time, with a Kappa value of .44. Because of its administrative efficiency and greater uniformity and objectivity, the MAST was judged as being preferable to clinicians' judgments in situations in which only one method is needed. PMID- 6645548 TI - Evaluation of training programs for health professionals in substance misuse. A review. AB - Evaluation of programs to train health professionals to deal more effectively with substance misuse and the criteria and instruments which have been used in assessing the programs' effectiveness are reviewed. The shortcomings of many such evaluation efforts are discussed and directions for future efforts are suggested. PMID- 6645549 TI - Alcohol and cognition; some preliminary observations. AB - Self-reports of cognition differentiated subjects given alcohol or a placebo, and were associated with the speed of acquisition of tolerance to the effects of alcohol on pursuit-rotor performance. PMID- 6645550 TI - A survey analysis of first intoxication experiences. AB - In men and women, there has been a significant decrease in the age at first intoxication over the last 20 years. Significant differences were also found between men and women in their drinking partners during their first intoxication. PMID- 6645551 TI - Accuracy of retrospective measurement of individual alcohol consumption in men; a reinterview after 18 years. AB - At a reinterview after 18 years, 67 men overestimated their past alcohol consumption by an average of 76%. The original consumption was the best regressor of the recalled consumption, but the magnitude and direction of error in remembering the original consumption varied considerably. PMID- 6645552 TI - The relationship of MMPI subtype membership to demographic variables and treatment outcome among substance misusers. AB - In an inpatient population of alcoholics and drug misusers, MMPI subtype membership was modestly associated with baseline sociodemographic variables but not with initial substance misuse or treatment outcome. PMID- 6645553 TI - An automatic electronic apparatus for generating and recording a ramp stimulus for analgesia testing. AB - Analgesia testing is conveniently done by applying an electrical stimulus to the tooth pulp of an animal that, in sufficient strength, causes an observable response. The difference in stimulus strength required in treated and control animals is an effective measure of analgesia, if the conditions can be sufficiently standardized. We describe an apparatus which generates a ramp stimulus at a controlled rate, allows accurate determinations of the response voltage with a digital readout, allows holding a reading to determine whether the response is a valid one, and automatically terminates the stimulus when the maximum voltage is reached. This apparatus was constructed from readily available components and can easily be modified to produce various ramp speeds, modulation frequencies, and maximum voltage outputs. PMID- 6645554 TI - Reserpine-induced detrusor hyperreflexia: an in vivo model for studying smooth muscle relaxants at urinary bladder level. AB - A new in vivo model for studying the effects of smooth muscle relaxant drugs at urinary bladder level has been developed. This involves the determination of a cystometrogram at a physiological filling rate in urethane anesthetized rats. The amount of infused saline required to elicit TTX-sensitive rhythmic contractions (micturition reflex) of urinary bladder was choosen as end point to evaluate the effect of test substances. Reserpine pretreatment significantly reduced the volume of saline required to elicit the micturition reflex. The effect of reserpine can be reproduced by intravenous prazosin, but not by propranolol or yohimbine, in control rats. Intravenous, but not topical, hexamethonium reversed the effects of reserpine pretreatment on the amount of infused saline required to elicit rhythmic contractions. The nature of rhythmic contractions produced by saline filling of the urinary bladder in these experimental conditions, as well as the potential mechanism(s) involved in the effects of reserpine, are discussed in view of the existing literature on the physiology and pharmacology of the micturition reflex. The effects of various drugs commonly used to produce a relaxation of bladder muscle suggest that this model might be useful for detecting substances of potential therapeutic usefulness in the treatment of bladder hypermotility disorders. PMID- 6645555 TI - Theory of long-range coherence in biological systems. I. The anomalous behaviour of human erythrocytes. AB - In this paper, an explicit expression of the interaction potential has been obtained, based on the Frohlich model of long-range coherence in biological cells. These theoretical expressions are used to correlate with the experimental data obtained from the light scattering and the Brownian motion for the red blood cells (human erythrocytes). The necessary conditions are derived for the formation of rouleaux in human erythrocytes in the presence of long range interactions. The kinetics of rouleaux formation in terms of the properties of the diffusion coefficient has been investigated. It is concluded that both types of experimental data can be interpreted satisfactorily by this model. PMID- 6645556 TI - A biophysical model for interaction of cells with a surface coat (glycocalyx). I. Electrostatic interaction profile. AB - A model of the primary stage of cell-cell interaction is assumed, including not only the classical electrostatic and electrodynamic energies in the sense of DLVO theory but also steric interaction energy, the energy of specific and non specific bonds and the energy due to changes of surface potential. Furthermore, in this paper, we exploit recent advances in the understanding of the structure of the cell surface (glycocalyx), assuming the fixed electrostatic charges (dissociated groups of the glycocalyx), to be space charge densities and the glycocalyx itself to be an adsorption layer. In this first part the profile of the electrostatic potential between two cells is calculated on the basis of the linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation (analytical integration) and discussed in dependence on charge densities of the glycocalyx, the separation distance between cells and the ionic strength of the suspension medium. PMID- 6645557 TI - Theoretical treatment of events between the drug-receptor association and the effect. AB - Pharmacological stimulus is defined as a drug-induced stress in the receptor which, by various means, is then transmitted along a series of other structures in the affected biological object. When one of these consequent events is observable, it is considered to be the drug effect. These assumptions lead to the conclusions that, depending on how the initial receptor stress is propagated to other structures, the effect may be either a linear or a nonlinear function of the stimulus; that the conventional pharmacological parameters drug-receptor dissociation constant, efficacy or intrinsic activity, and total receptor concentration, are very complex, embodying a number of concentrations of components of the responding organ and a number of equilibrium constants of reactions in which these components become involved; and that all drug antagonism is competitive, but when the competition takes place, not at the receptor, but at some site between the receptor and the site of the effect, the antagonism follows noncompetitive kinetics. PMID- 6645558 TI - Finding the optimal lengths for three branches at a junction. AB - This paper presents an exact analytical solution to the problem of locating the junction point between three branches so that the sum of the total costs of the branches is minimized. When the cost per unit length of each branch is known the angles between each pair of branches can be deduced following reasoning first introduced to biology by Murray. Assuming the outer ends of each branch are fixed, the location of the junction and the length of each branch are then deduced using plane geometry and trigonometry. The model has applications in determining the optimal cost of a branch or branches at a junction. Comparing the optimal to the actual cost of a junction is a new way to compare cost models for goodness of fit to actual junction geometry. It is an unambiguous measure and is superior to comparing observed and optimal angles between each daughter and the parent branch. We present data for 199 junctions in the pulmonary arteries of two human lungs. For the branches at each junction we calculated the best fitting value of x from the relationship that flow alpha (radius)x. We found that the value of x determined whether a junction was best fitted by a surface, volume, drag or power minimization model. While economy of explanation casts doubt that four models operate simultaneously, we found that optimality may still operate, since the angle to the major daughter is less than the angle to the minor daughter. Perhaps optimality combined with a space filling branching pattern governs the branching geometry of the pulmonary artery. PMID- 6645559 TI - Simple enzyme kinetic mechanisms that can give all possible velocity profiles with chemically reasonable rate constant values. AB - It is shown that all rate profiles and double reciprocal plots possible for arbitrary rational functions of degree n:n can be given by enzyme mechanisms in which rate constant values are limited by physical constraints. The significance of this finding in the theory of complex kinetics is explained, and the application in the area of non-linear regression analysis of complex kinetic data and model discrimination, is discussed. PMID- 6645560 TI - On one-dimensional nucleation and growth of "living" polymers I. Homogeneous nucleation. AB - The kinetics of one-dimensional polymerization are described in terms of successive monomer additions. During homogeneous nucleation, the concentration cn of critical nuclei is proportional to the nth power of monomer concentration c1 and, initially, to the (n - 1)th power of time. PMID- 6645561 TI - On one-dimensional nucleation and growth of "living" polymers. II. Growth at constant monomer concentration. AB - An analytical solution is given for the kinetics of reversible homogeneous one dimensional growth, assuming that all association rate constants have the same value k, that all dissociation rate constants are likewise equal to k, and that the monomer concentration has a constant value, C. Such growth tends to generate a maximally polydisperse ("white") distribution of cluster concentrations ci, all approaching a limiting value equal to that of the critical nucleus, cn. Continued growth merely increases the range of cluster sizes over which this white distribution applies. A simple expression is obtained for the flux sigma infinity i = n dci/dt, which becomes constant and equal to (kC - k)cn. The monomer uptake increases with time, and is given approximately by (kC - k)2cnt. PMID- 6645562 TI - The interaction of gamma-aminobutiric acid with hydrated Ca2+ and Mg2+. A pseudopotential ab initio study. AB - As a continuation of a previous work we consider the interaction of Mg2+ and Ca2+ with a neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutiric acid (GABA). The purpose is twofold, to determine if there is a direct interaction of Ca2+ with the amino acid, which could have some biological relevance, and to find out if such a hypothesis can account for the different role of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the amino acid's release. We performed ab initio pseudopotential studies of the GABA-ion complex in the presence of the first hydration shell around the interaction's region. We calculated the interaction energy of the hydrated complex by means of a many-body expansion up to three-body terms. We found out that the three-body terms in systems involving the divalent ion have a considerable value and seems to be of a different character for Mg2+ and Ca2+. We found out that the three-body terms are responsible for the observed difference between the coordination properties of Mg2+ and Ca2+ and can lead to a difference in the aminoacid interaction with each ion. The hypothesis of a gamma-aminobutiric acid-Ca2+ complex, that facilitates the aminoacid release has been substantiated. The reasons for the different effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ has been envisaged but not clearly established. PMID- 6645563 TI - Dynamic behavior of cyclic enzyme systems. AB - The dynamic behavior of cyclic enzyme systems where two enzymes share a substrate or cofactor in a cyclic manner is investigated by computer simulation. The dynamic characteristics of cyclic enzyme systems display catastrophic behavior in response to specific changes in external input without assuming allosteric regulation. PMID- 6645564 TI - A two-dimensional representation of relative orientations of alpha-helix residues. AB - Simple rules for constructing a two-dimensional representation of relative orientations of alpha-helix residues are presented. The repeat units in tropomyosin and haemagglutinin, together with their interrelationships, are also illustrated. PMID- 6645565 TI - An information-theory model of cellular survival, mutation and transformation and the relevance of this model to chemical carcinogenesis. AB - A model of cellular survival, mutation and transformation is presented in accordance with information theory. A cellular system is considered to be stable with respect to its environment when the vital information the cell expresses at least equals the information requirements of the environment. Environmental agents, such as mutagens, perturb the cell's expression of information such that an imbalance occurs between the cell's information requirement and the cell's ability to express vital information. This imbalance, which is interpreted as the intrinsic entropy of the cell, serves as a measure of biological cell death. If the cell compensates for the altered ability to express information by adapting to a less restricted set of information requirements, then one may view the cell as having undergone a "transformation" to a less restricted phenotype. This paper will elucidate the mathematical inter-relationships of cellular survival, mutation and transformation and will relate these mathematical concepts to chemical carcinogenesis. PMID- 6645566 TI - Unstable activator models for size control of the cell cycle. AB - The unstable activator model of Wheals & Silverman (1982) is extended to account for the delay of nuclear division in the acellular slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, that is caused by pulse treatments with inhibitors of protein synthesis. The model is solved exactly to predict the delay as a function of the half-life of the activator. The Wheals-Silverman model is found to give results comparable, but not superior, to other unstable activator models of the cell cycle. PMID- 6645567 TI - A mathematical representation for vessel networks II. AB - The topographical features of vessel networks can influence the red cell hematocrit, red cell spacing and flow pattern, either directly or indirectly at any level from arteriole to venules. In this article, we continue to treat the mathematical representation for vessel networks. We have treated a vessel segment as a vector quantity and applied this representation to central artery of the gyrus in human brain. The flow mechanism of arteriolar arcades in the bat wing is discussed in this article. PMID- 6645568 TI - Theoretical analysis on relationship between the neural activity and the EEG. AB - Firstly, a collective oscillation mode of the neural activity is derived from the neural network system by using the multicompartment equation and the projection operator technique. This technique takes into account higher order interactions among neurons. The solution of the equation gives a chain structure with an infinite number of circuit loops in which each of them is only composed of four neurons. The obtained eigenvalues are quite similar to the spectrum of frequencies of the EEG. Secondly, the time-dependent behavior of the observed EEG is simulated by starting from the elementary process of action potential trains of neurons, which includes the effect of the collective oscillation mode mentioned above. This gives a comprehensive derivation of the EEG from the neural activity of action potentials. The simulation assumes that information of the action potential trains can be transmitted to the EEG through the intermediate states of the postsynaptic potential trains and the slow waves. The paper reports that a slightly modulated activity of a relatively small amount of neurons can cause a strong influence on the shape of the global EEG and that the calculated results reproduce the characteristic features of the EEG in a rat such as the theta rhythm, the spindle wave and the arousal wave. PMID- 6645569 TI - Is genetic code error-correcting? PMID- 6645570 TI - The antibacterial properties of an Aztec wound remedy. AB - Wound treatment practices of the Aztecs are discussed. The use of concentrated maguey sap (Agave ssp.) was widely dispersed and has persisted in folk medicine. A possible reason may be that it is effective. Laboratory analysis of maguey syrup indicates that its utilization as a remedy by ancient and modern Mesoamericans could contribute to the healing process of aerobic wound infections. Both pyogenic and enteric bacteria appear to be susceptible to maguey syrup. The traditional addition of salt to the remedy seems to enhance the effectiveness of the material in inhibiting the growth of one of the major causes of pus-forming or pyogenic infective processes, Staphylococcus aureus. This finding is additional proof of the effectiveness of pre-Hispanic medicine, and of the skills of pre-Hispanic physicians. PMID- 6645571 TI - Medicinal plants in Pujehun District of Sierra Leone. AB - A study was carried out in the Pujehun District of Sierra Leone, West Africa, on the traditional use of plants for curing human diseases. The use of medicinal plants is still widespread especially in the villages and is usually the first treatment utilised. Fifty nine local plant species used for treating various illnesses were collected, identified and deposited in the Fourah Bay College Herbarium. Their medicinal uses and methods of preparing the drug are described. PMID- 6645572 TI - Psychopharmacological effects of the essential oil fraction and of the hydrolate obtained from the seeds of Licaria puchury-major. AB - An essential oil fraction obtained from powdered seeds of Licaria puchury-major contained 51.3% of safrol, 3.3% of eugenol and 2.9% of methyleugenol, among other substances. Fifty to 800 mg/kg of this fraction reduced motor activity and anesthetized mice; it also protected the animals against transcorneal electroshock. A hydrolate obtained from the powder, contained 0.2 mg of essential oil fraction per ml: 0.1 and 0.2 ml/10 g of this hydrolate reduced motor activity and potentiated barbiturate sleeping time of mice; 2.5-10 ml/kg given to rats produced a drop in body temperature. The hydrolate, however, did not anesthetize and did not protect mice against convulsions induced by electrical shock. These amounts of the hydrolate corresponded to dosing the animals with 2-4 mg/kg of the essential oil (or 1-2 mg/kg of safrol), doses which were inactive per se. This suggested that the pharmacological activity of the hydrolate was not due to its essential oil content. Corroborating this possibility the hydrosoluble portion of the hydrolate mimicked all of its effects: reduced motor activity, potentiated barbiturate sleeping time of mice and decreased body temperature of rats. The hydrosoluble material, as the hydrolate, was also incapable of anesthetizing and protecting mice against electroshock induced convulsions. PMID- 6645573 TI - Additional information for a repertory of drugs and medicinal plants of Yemen. PMID- 6645574 TI - Ethnopharmacology--a challenge. PMID- 6645575 TI - Medicinal plants used for child's respiratory diseases in Zaire. Part I. AB - Traditional Medicine, as practised by the populations of developing Countries such as Zaire, traditionally use mostly plants for various illnesses. Within 300 km radius around Kinshasa, 94 plants used by various tradipractitioners to treat respiratory diseases in children were collected. These plants are identified, and the writers underline the role the tradipractitioner plays in gathering ethno botanical and ethno-pharmacognostic data. PMID- 6645576 TI - Medicinal plants used for child's respiratory diseases in Zaire. Part II. AB - Ethno-botanic and ethno-pharmacognostic investigations have allowed the authors to obtain data on 94 plants used in respiratory diseases in Zairean child from four tradipractitioners. PMID- 6645577 TI - Rwandese herbal remedies used against gonorrhoea. AB - In the course of systematic studies on biologically active substances from medicinal plants of Rwanda (Central Africa) we have screened the indigenous drugs used against gonorrhoea for their antimicrobial activity. From the 25 plants tested, 16 were found to have an activity against Neisseria gonorrhoea and N. meningitidis, 6 against Streptococcus pyogenes and 5 against Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, out of 23 indigenous drugs, 17 remedies (74%) were found to be associated with one or more plants with an activity against gonorrhoea. PMID- 6645578 TI - Screening of antimicrobial activity of some plants belonging to the Apocynaceae and Loganiaceae. AB - A review is given of the literature on the antimicrobial activity of various indole alkaloids. The data are briefly discussed. A screening was performed of a series of plants belonging to the indole alkaloid rich plant families Apocynaceae and Loganiaceae, 25 materials representing 14 Apocynaceae species and 54 materials representing 41 Strychnos species were investigated. No activity against the yeast or the fungus, used as test organisms was found. A number of extracts showed activity against the gram-positive test organisms, 4 species showed activity against gram-negative bacteria. PMID- 6645579 TI - The ethnopharmacology of pituri. AB - During the 19th and early part of the 20th century, Australian Aborigines exploited a plant, Duboisia hopwoodii F. Meull. The leaves were cured and packaged in specially woven containers and the finished product, pituri, traded throughout half a million square kilometres of territory. Pituri was used as a stimulant and in larger doses as an analgesic. This anthropological study reports the collection and collation of interpreted historical references to this exploitation of D. hopwoodii. Chemical analysis of samples of D. hopwoodii and in particular of a museum sample of pituri collected from the Mulligan-Georgina Rivers area, an esteemed area for pituri, validate the anthropological hypothesis that the Aborigine had considerable empirical knowledge of nicotine and related alkaloids. PMID- 6645580 TI - Sterol constituents of Tamus communis L. PMID- 6645581 TI - Khat and blood glucose levels in man. PMID- 6645582 TI - Additional information on the cultural background of drugs and medicinal plants of Yemen. PMID- 6645583 TI - Mitragyna: a note on the alkaloids of African species. PMID- 6645584 TI - Studies on Holarrhena antidysenterica wall. 1. Botany, medico-ethnobotany and distribution. PMID- 6645585 TI - Warao ethnopathology and exotic epidemic disease. PMID- 6645586 TI - Intrathoracic transposition of extrathoracic skeletal muscle. AB - During the past 6 years, 31 patients (20 males and 11 females) underwent 45 intrathoracic muscle transpositions of extrathoracic skeletal muscle. Eleven patients had postpneumonectomy empyema, 11 had bronchopleural fistula, four had infection of the heart and great vessels, three had reinforcement of tracheal anastomoses, and two had perforation of the gastrointestinal tract. Life threatening infection was present in 28 patients. Ages ranged from 16 to 80 years, with a mean of 58.1. The latissimus dorsi muscle was transposed in 18 patients, pectoralis major muscle in 15, serratus anterior muscle in eight, pectoralis minor muscle in three, and rectus abdominis muscle in one. Twelve patients had multiple muscle transpositions (six concurrently and six staged). Operative mortality was 12.9% (four patients). Follow-up of the 27 operative survivors ranged from 3 to 72 months with a mean of 17.3. Twenty-four patients had no further signs or symptoms of the original infection. All had a closed chest. Long-term survivors included 73% of patients with postpneumonectomy empyema, 64% of patients with bronchopleural fistulas, and 50% of patients with infections of the heart and great vessels. We conclude that intrathoracic transposition of an extrathoracic skeletal muscle is an excellent method of treatment for persistent, life-threatening intrathoracic infection. PMID- 6645587 TI - Open window thoracostomy in the management of postpneumonectomy empyema with or without bronchopleural fistula. AB - Postpneumonectomy empyema, with or without bronchopleural fistula, remains an infrequent but serious complication of pulmonary resection. We reviewed our experience with the Clagett procedure in 31 patients with postpneumonectomy empyema. Seven had empyema alone and 24 had empyema with bronchopleural fistula. Ten patients died of metastatic disease without attempted closure of the thoracostomy window. In eight patients the total Clagett procedure was completed; window closure was permanent in two patients, but the remaining six had recurrence of empyema (four of whom had persistent occult fistulas). In eight further patients, persistent infection prevented attempted closure of the window. Five patients refused further surgical procedures. In only two of 31 patients were we able to achieve permanent closure of the thoracostomy window. Based on this experience, we conclude that open window thoracostomy provides adequate drainage and an excellent interim or permanent treatment of the infected pneumonectomy space. However, the presence of persistent bronchopleural fistula prevents successful completion of the total Clagett procedure. In our series, there were no deaths related to empyema or the surgical procedures performed for it. PMID- 6645588 TI - Duration of circulatory arrest does influence the psychological development of children after cardiac operation in early life. AB - Published works on intelligence quotient (IQ) and development following the use of profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest (TCA) to repair congenital heart defects in infants and young children suggest that little or no psychomotor impairment results. IQ scores derived from cognitive, memory, perceptual, quantitative, and verbal tests (McCarthy scale of the children's abilities, mean score 100, SD 16) were measured in 31 patients 5 years following operations performed with TCA between 1972 and 1976. These patients were compared with three control groups: (1) 19 patients with similar defects but operated upon using moderate hypothermia and continuous cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); (2) 16 children who were the siblings of the TCA patients; and (3) 14 children who were the siblings of the CPB patients. The hypothermic temperatures reached were closely clustered around 15 degrees C in the TCA group and 28 degrees C in the CPB group. TCA time ranged from 22 to 71 minutes. Statistical analysis, which included, t test, chi square test of association, and Wilcoxon test, showed that the only baseline characteristic which differed between the two patient groups in respect to age at operation, age at testing, and preoperative physiological variables (level of cyanosis, weight, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin concentration) was weight (p = 0.03). The mean score of the TCA group (91 +/- 4.0, SE) was significantly lower (p = 0.002) than that of their siblings (106 +/- 4.1, SE). The score for the CPB patients (102 +/- 5.2, SE) was not demonstrably different from that of their siblings (96 +/- 5.9, SE). The sibling and patient (TCA) IQ differences were associated with duration of arrest in verbal (p = 0.06), quantitative (p = 0.07), and general cognitive (p = 0.003) scores. A decrease of 0.53 point per minute of arrest time was estimated for the entire group of 31 patients; that is, in the 19 patients with siblings, for each minute increase in circulatory arrest time, the patients dropped 0.69 IQ point below their siblings. These results and analysis of other published data do not support the generally accepted view that TCA can be used entirely without penalty. We question the accepted "safe" limit of circulatory arrest of 60 minutes. PMID- 6645589 TI - Treatment of malignant disease in trachea and main-stem bronchi by carbon dioxide laser. AB - The use of the carbon dioxide laser to remove intraluminal malignant lesions of the trachea and main-stem bronchi is described. Forty-three patients, 30 men and 13 women from 23 to 79 years of age, have received from one to three laser treatments to provide an improved airway with relief of major respiratory tract obstruction. There has been one intraoperative death and there have been three immediate postoperative deaths. Improvement in respiratory status has been accomplished in all surviving patients and has persisted for from 1 to 36 months. The carbon dioxide laser treatment does not cure cancer but does provide an improved airway with low risk so that other treatment can be used. A major advantage of this form of treatment is decreased bleeding and the ability to provide an improved airway. The disadvantages are the necessity for general anesthesia and expense of the equipment. PMID- 6645590 TI - Surgical treatment of aneurysm of the ascending aorta with aortic insufficiency. A selective approach. AB - The selection of an appropriate surgical technique for repair of aneurysm of the ascending thoracic aorta with associated aortic insufficiency is unsettled. Placement of a supracoronary graft (separate G/V) is a compromise if the coronary ostia are displaced cephalad by the aneurysm, whereas insertion of a valved conduit is difficult and unnecessary if the coronary ostia are normally placed. From June, 1979, to December, 1982, 140 patients underwent repair of ascending aortic aneurysm with aortic valve replacement (AVR). Mean age was 46 years. Annuloaortic ectasia was the most common indication for repair (71/140, 50.7%), followed by acute and chronic dissection (47/140, 33.6%). Twelve patients had undergone previous operations on the ascending aorta or aortic valve, including five separate G/V repairs. Eighty-nine patients (63.6%) underwent composite replacement with coronary reimplantation and 51 (36.4%) had separate G/V repair or primary repair of the aneurysm. Cardiopulmonary bypass methods, times, and postoperative complications were comparable between the two groups. Hospital mortality for the whole series was 7.9% (11/140), with 5.6% (5/89) in patients having conduit replacements and 13.7% (7/51) in patients having separate G/V repair. Mortality correlated with separate G/V repair in patients with annuloaortic ectasia (p = 0.005) and with conduit repair of atherosclerotic aneurysms (p = 0.05). Among 90 patients followed up a total of 1,778 patient months, there were seven late deaths: three new dissections, two sudden deaths without autopsy, and two patients with chronic congestive heart failure unimproved or made worse with the operation. Notably, no patient has required reoperation for conduit malfunction or has required repair of aneurysm or paravalvular leak below a supracoronary graft. Clinical anatomic assessment at operation should determine the technique of repair employed, based on the degree of displacement of the coronary ostia relative to the aortic anulus. PMID- 6645591 TI - Left atrium-to-femoral artery bypass: effectiveness in reduction of acute experimental myocardial infarction. AB - The effects of prompt institution of left atrium-to-femoral artery (LA-FA) bypass on myocardial infarct area (AI) as a percentage of myocardial area at risk for infarction (AR) during a 4 hour period following ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were studied in 26 dogs. Following LAD ligation, baseline measurements of myocardial tension-time index (TTI) and regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) were obtained. Group I (controls, n = 16) received no further support. Group II (LA-FA bypass, n = 10) underwent left ventricular unloading via LA-FA bypass beginning 15 minutes after coronary occlusion. Four hours after LAD occlusion, measurements of TTI and RMBF were repeated in both groups. Just before sacrifice, gentian violet was injected into the aortic root to delineate the AR. The hearts were then removed and sectioned transversely through the left ventricle (LV) and septum. The AR (that ventricular area not perfused by gentian violet) was measured by planimetry and compared to the AI as identified by incubation of heart slices in triphenyltetrazolium chloride dye. In comparisons of control versus LA-FA bypass groups, both AI/LV (21.6% versus 10.4%) and AI/AR ratios (73.7% versus 21.8%) were significantly reduced in the bypass group (p less than 0.005). Mortality in the control group (5/16, 31.2%) was significantly greater (p less than 0.005) than in the bypass group (0/10, 0%). Mean TTI over the 4 hour ischemic period was essentially unchanged in the control group as compared to a reduction of 62.8% in the bypass group (p less than 0.005). Furthermore, RMBF at 4 hours was significantly improved in all regions of the LV in hearts undergoing LA-FA bypass when compared with control hearts (p = 0.025). These results demonstrate by a consistent method that prompt institution of LA-FA bypass significantly reduces the mortality associated with acute coronary artery occlusion, as well as the total AI and AI/AR. The protective mechanisms provided by LA-FA bypass probably include the highly significant reduction of LV work and the opening of new bridge collateral blood vessels with redistribution of blood flow to the ischemic region. PMID- 6645592 TI - Five- to eight-year follow-up of patients with the Hancock cardiac bioprosthesis. AB - All patients undergoing a heart valve replacement with a glutaraldehyde-preserved Hancock xenograft from June, 1974, through June, 1977, were reviewed. This analysis included 403 patients: 202 having mitral valve replacement (MVR), 131 having aortic valve replacement (AVR), and 70 having mitral and aortic valve replacement (M/AVR). The hospital mortality was 9.9% (40/403): 10.8% (22/202) for MVR, 4.5% (6/131) for AVR, and 17.1% (12/70) for M/AVR. Of 363 patients discharged from the hospital, six were lost to follow-up at 24 and 37 months and they are excluded from the figures. There were 41 late deaths, which represents an incidence of 1.47% per patient-year for MVR (16/177), 1.95% per patient-year for AVR (14/122), and 3.35% per patient-year for the M/AVR (11/58). There were 37 thromboembolic events in 32 patients. This represents a linearized incidence of 1.93%, 0.97%, and 2.74% per patient-year for MVR, AVR, and M/AVR, respectively. None of the accidents was fatal, and four of the 32 patients were on a regimen of controlled anticoagulation at the time of embolism. Primary tissue failure was observed in 34 patients (231 MVR, eight AVR, and five MAVR). The probability of being free from primary tissue failure at 8 years is 85.3% +/- 3.7% for MVR, 85% +/- 11.6% for AVR, and 81% +/- 8.9% for M/AVR. These current results indicate that the Hancock xenograft valve can be considered as a valid alternative in heart valve replacement. PMID- 6645593 TI - Surgical versus percutaneous removal of the intra-aortic balloon. AB - In order to determine the best method for removal of the percutaneous intra aortic balloon (IAB), we divided 38 patients into two groups. The IAB was removed percutaneously in Group I and surgically in Group II. There were two hemorrhagic and four thrombotic complications sufficiently severe to necessitate vascular surgical intervention in Group I. There were no vascular complications in Group II (p less than 0.1). Among the 19 patients in Group II, eight were found to have acute thrombosis of the superficial or deep femoral artery at the time of operation. It is concluded that thrombus development at the site of IAB insertion is a common event and often leads to acute ischemia. Surgical removal of a percutaneously placed IAB is recommended because it provides an opportunity for the detection and removal of thrombotic material, as well as careful closure of the puncture site. PMID- 6645594 TI - Repair of type B interruption of the aortic arch. Results and follow-up. AB - Surgical repair of type B interruption of the aortic arch and ventricular septal defect (VSD) in the newborn period is difficult and the optimal approach is controversial. We report here our early and late results using a two-staged approach in the repair of these lesions in seven consecutive neonates whose weights ranged from 2.9 to 3.8 kg and who were all less than 21 days of age. Each underwent aortic arch reconstruction off cardiopulmonary bypass with placement of a large (6 to 10 mm) polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft and pulmonary artery banding for interruption of the aortic arch (six) or extreme hypoplasia (one) of the arch. All seven (100%) survived the first-stage operation. No significant (greater than 10 mm Hg) conduit gradient was found in the seven patients studied 3 to 18 months postoperatively. One death occurred in a patient at 1 year of age with severe subaortic stenosis. Six patients subsequently underwent closure of VSD and removal of a pulmonary artery band, with five survivors (83%). The operative death occurred in an infant in whom pulmonary hypertension developed from an inadequate pulmonary artery band. One late death occurred at home when a tracheostomy tube, required because of severe tracheomalacia, became plugged. The long-term survival rate for completion of both stages is 57%. We conclude: (1) Aortic arch reconstruction and pulmonary artery banding can be reliably performed even in critically ill infants, and the 8 or 10 mm grafts should be adequate for several years. (2) Significant subaortic stenosis occurred in only one patient. (3) Pulmonary artery banding was the greatest source of difficulty, and distortion of the pulmonary arteries, inadequate banding, and compression of the trachea were all seen. Therefore, the staged repair will provide good results with this complex anomaly, and most of the problems associated with this approach may be eliminated by early second-stage repair. PMID- 6645595 TI - Isolated atrioventricular discordance. Report of two surgical cases with isolated ventricular inversion. AB - Isolated ventricular inversion is a term used for a congenital heart malformation with the segmental arrangement atrioventricular (AV) discordance and ventriculoarterial concordance. It describes a condition which from a physiological point of view resembles complete transposition of the great arteries. We have recently seen two patients with this anomaly. Both underwent intracardiac repair by means of a Mustard operation at 10 years and 10 months of age, respectively. Associated lesions in the first patient were an AV septal defect with two AV orifices (partial AV canal, ostium primum defect), partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, and anomalies in the systemic venous drainage. A perimembranous ventricular septal defect complicated the condition in the second patient. PMID- 6645596 TI - Autologous monocusp pulmonary valve: preliminary results of a new surgical technique. AB - A new technique for constructing a pulmonary valve from the wall of the pulmonary artery is described. Hemodynamic studies conducted following this procedure demonstrated no systolic gradient and good diastolic competence. A long-term study of this procedure is needed to determine whether or not the technique has clinical applicability. PMID- 6645597 TI - Complete extra-anatomic bypass of the aortic root: treatment of recurrent mediastinal infection. AB - A 45-year-old woman underwent complete extra-anatomic bypass of the aortic root for recurrent mediastinal infection. Operative repair consisted of removal of an aortic valve prosthesis and an ascending aortic graft. The aortic root and transverse aortic arch were closed primarily and a valved conduit was placed from the left ventricular apex to the descending aorta. Coronary flow was reestablished with saphenous vein grafts taken from the innominate and subclavian arteries to the coronary artery orifices. Infection did not recur, but the patient died 9 months following operation apparently of right coronary artery graft occlusion. PMID- 6645598 TI - Thymic nurse cells account for the thymus dependency of preleukemic cells in mice after inoculation of radiation leukemia virus. AB - Inoculation of Radiation Leukemia Virus (RadLV) into C57BL/Ka mice induces thymic lymphomas after a 3-6 month latent period. The leukemogenic process requires a sequence of events from the productive infection of susceptible target cells and induction of preleukemic cells to irreversible neoplastic transformation. Preleukemic cells were detected in the thymus during the first week following virus injection. The thymus dependency of these cells was shown to depend transiently upon peculiar lymphoepithelial complexes called "Thymic Nurse Cells" (TNCs). Indeed, the first preleukemic cells appearing in the RadLV-inoculated thymuses were observed selectively within TNCs. They remained closely associated with these complexes during the first 2 or 4 weeks. Later on, TNCs disappeared almost completely whereas non-TNCs associated preleukemic cells were found. Lymphoepithelial interactions within TNCs were thus required for the initial events of RadLV-induced lymphomagenesis. The subsequent TNCs depletion expressed a disturbance of thymic lymphopoiesis in relation with the neoplastic process. PMID- 6645599 TI - Acidic isoferritin inhibitory activity: a normal granulopoietic regulator within long term mouse bone marrow cultures. AB - Long term murine bone marrow cultures maintain orderly granulopoiesis for several months. Assay of cell free supernatant obtained at weekly feedings from control cultures demonstrated endogeneously produced acidic isoferritin inhibitory activity. Addition of 10(9) M acidic isoferritin inhibitory activity to long term cultures gave a trend toward fewer nonadherent cells and fewer colony forming units-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) per flask, but this was not statistically significant. Media conditioned by each fraction of velocity sedimentation separated non-adherent cells gave two discrete peaks of inhibition at 5.6 and 6.8 9 mm/h, respectively. Acidic isoferritin inhibitory activity was restricted to the sharp peak at 5.6 mm/h. Media conditioned by each fraction of velocity sedimentation separated adherent layer cells did not contain assayable acidic isoferritin inhibitory activity. Tests for an endogeneously produced soluble inactivator of acidic isoferritin inhibitory activity were negative. The constitutive production and release of acidic isoferritin inhibitory activity by a restricted population of cells within long term marrow cultures supports the concept of this molecule as a normal hematopoietic regulator. PMID- 6645600 TI - Role of stromal and hematopoietic stem cells in Friend spleen focus forming virus effects in continuous bone marrow culture. AB - Replication of the Friend spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) in C3H/HeJ or C57BL/6J mouse continuous bone marrow cultures is associated with an increased cumulative production of pluripotential/hematopoietic stem cells (CFUs), granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFUc), and total granulocytes, compared to uninfected or helper virus infected control cultures. The site(s) of action of the virus are not known. To determine whether viral effect(s) occurred in adherent stromal and/or non-adherent hematopoietic stem cells, purified cell populations, comprised exclusively of cells from each compartment, were separated from C57BL/6J (Fv-1bb) or C3H/HeJ (Fv-1nn) marrow cultures and were left uninfected or were infected with host range replication restricted B-tropic or N tropic helper pseudotype viruses of SFFV respectively. Cell populations were then mixed to establish continuous hematopoiesis in allogeneic or syngeneic combinations. Virus host range restriction between compartments was maintained in allogeneic reconstituted cultures which showed active hematopoiesis for 16-17 weeks and no significant differences between: (1) virus infected and uninfected groups or (2) groups comprised of stromal cells from one or the other strain. Thus, these data indicate that the prolongation of hematopoiesis in undisturbed long-term marrow cultures by SFFV occurs through an interaction of adherent hematopoietic stem cells with the marrow stroma. PMID- 6645601 TI - Growth of a cultured leukemia subline was promoted by conditioned medium of thymic reticuloepithelial-like cells (B6TE). AB - A murine leukemia subline (L17R) was selectively developed in the presence of conditioned medium of a thymic reticuloepithelial-like cell line (B6TE). Cytotoxicity tests and immunofluorescence microscopy showed that L17R cells were negative in the expression of Thy 1.1, Lyt 1.2 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), however, 35% positive in Lyt 2.1 phenotype, and 95% positive in the expression of peanut agglutinin (PNA) receptor. B6TE conditioned medium had no activity of interleukin 1 (IL 1), interleukin 2 (IL 2), interleukin 3 (IL 3) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). When L17R leukemic cells were plated at a low cell density, their growth was accelerated 40 times by the addition of concentrated B6TE culture supernatant. This growth activity, tentatively designated leukemia-growth-promoting factor (LGPF), was heat sensitive, and its mol. wt was estimated to be approx. 25,000 from the elution pattern of Sephadex G-100 chromatography. PMID- 6645602 TI - Fluorescence polarization as a parameter of plasma lipids in patients with hematologic malignancies. AB - Abnormal diphenylhexatriene fluorescence polarization measurements (FP values) of plasma have previously been reported in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, the biological significance of this measurement is unclear. We have prospectively studied plasma from 39 patients with leukemia and lymphoma as well as normal donors for total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions, and correlated these values with measured FP values. Total triglyceride, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, and FP values were all strongly correlated with clinical and biochemical measures of tumor burden and varied directly with the presence of malignancy. Although the presence of abnormal FP values was confirmed in patients with leukemia and lymphoma, it was not a particularly sensitive measure for minimal tumor and it appeared to correlate directly with other measures of lipids and cholesterol, particularly triglyceride. It is suggested that further studies of conventional plasma lipids and lipoproteins be pursued in order to elucidate the apparently pervasive alterations in lipid metabolism present in these patients. PMID- 6645603 TI - Factors altering the ability of multipotential hemopoietic colony-forming cells to self-generate or form progenitor cells. AB - Individual in vitro colonies grown from multipotential cells have been analysed for their content of colony-forming cells including BFU-E, Mix-CFC and non erythroid CFC. The CFC content of mixed colonies was higher in colonies grown from spleen cells than in colonies grown from bone marrow cells and was unaffected by the addition of thymocytes or postendotoxin serum. When the incubation period was extended from 7 to 14 days, CFC content of mixed colonies increased. However, plate mapping and reculturing of individual mixed colonies demonstrated that different subsets of mixed colonies were present in day 7 and day 14 cultures. Although the number of mixed colonies developing decreased when stimulated by decreasing concentrations of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cell conditioned medium (SCM) the mean number of cells per colony remained unaltered and the content of CFC in such colonies increased. With the SCM concentration range tested, as the SCM concentration was decreased, the absolute number of mixed colonies containing CFC rose from 0.6 per culture to 2.4 per culture. Over this same SCM concentration range the mean number of CFC per mixed colony increased from 1.3 to 185.2. These data suggest that amplification within mixed colonies of the number of cells capable of colony formation may occur at the expense of the production of differentiating cells. PMID- 6645604 TI - Principal component analysis: a suitable method for the 3-dimensional study of the shape, dimensions and orientation of dendritic arborizations. AB - Our study proposes an objective method of describing 3-dimensional dendritic arborizations of neurons in the best possible conditions. The method is based upon a particular exploitation of statistical "principal component analysis". For each arborization, 3 principal axes are calculated which are its axes of inertia. The first two axes define the "principal plane" of the arborization. The shape of the arborization is determined from the statistical distribution of its dendritic points along each of these axes. Shapes are quantified by using an "index of axialization" (a) and an "index of flatness" (p) both of which may vary from zero to 1. The dimensions of the arborization, "length" (1), "width" (w) and "thickness" (t) are also measured along the principal axes. Orientation of arborizations is quantified by considering the orientation of the first principal axis for axialized arborization (a close to 1) and/or the orientation of the principal plane for flattened arborizations (p close to 1). In both cases 2 angles (azimuth and polar angle) are calculated. For spherical arborizations (a and p close to 1), no orientation is significant. The significance level of the defined orientations is evaluated from the values of the shape indices. Several examples are illustrated and other existing methods are discussed. PMID- 6645605 TI - Rapid determination of dopamine uptake in synaptosomal preparations. AB - A rapid method for assay of dopamine uptake in synaptosomal preparations involving reisolation of radiolabeled synaptosomes by rapid centrifugation is described. Utilizing this technique it was found that dopaminergic synaptosomes are relatively short lived, thus emphasizing the importance of rapid assay following tissue preparation. The effects of d-amphetamine, nomifensine and amfonelic acid were tested using the new procedure. The results of these experiments show a relative potency of uptake inhibition by these compounds which is comparable to previously published data. PMID- 6645606 TI - Labeling of neurons following intravenous injections of fluorescent tracers in mice. AB - Several fluorescent tracers were injected intravenously in the tail veins of adult mice, and the distribution of these substances in the central nervous system and sensory and autonomic ganglia was investigated. Injections of the blue tracers Granular Blue, True Blue and Fast Blue resulted in labeling of the somatomotor and visceromotor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal cord, the paraventricular, supraoptic and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, the area postrema and the sensory and sympathetic ganglia. Following i.v. injections of Nuclear Yellow, labeling occurred only in the median eminence, the area postrema and the sensory and sympathetic ganglia. PMID- 6645607 TI - [Age at menarche of students in Vojvodina]. AB - By the status quo method the age of menarche was investigated in 15,235 girls, aged 10.5 to 17.5 years, from 35 places in the Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Menarche was recorded in 8,188 (53.74%) girls. It proved to appear (the median obtained by the probit analysis) at the age of 12.68 +/- 0.01 years, i. e. at that age 50% of girls had menarche. The confidence limits were 12.63 and 12.70 years. The age of menarche in relation to parents' profession showed no significant differences between different occupations. The highest difference was observed between daughters of fathers-intellectuals (12.56 years) and mothers intellectuals (12,60 years) on the one hand and daughters of fathers-peasants (13.05 years) and mothers-housewives (12.87 years) on the other. According to monthly income per household member, the earliest menarche (12.59 years) was found in girls with the highest income (over 2500 Dinars) and the latest (12.90 years) in those with the lowest income (below 1500 Dinars), the difference not being statistically significant. PMID- 6645608 TI - [Pathohistologic difficulties in the diagnosis of proliferative ovarian cystadenoma]. AB - The authors present 31 proliferative cystadenomatous tumours of the ovary discovered in the period from 1978 to 1981 and selected on the basis of the WHO classification: 10.4% of them were found among serous, 12.6% among mucinous, and 11.1% among seromucinous tumours. PMID- 6645609 TI - [Bacteriological examination of seminal fluid in infertile men]. AB - Presented are the results of bacteriologically examined ejaculates from 113 patients who had never had any symptoms of inflammation in the genital tract region. In 40.7% of them Staphylococcus epidermidis was found in the ejaculate next to other bacteria meant to be the cause of the inflammation of the genital tract in men. A comparison was made of the bacteria in the urine voided before ejaculation and in the cervix and vagina of the patients' views with the species in the semen. PMID- 6645610 TI - [Abortion at 10 to 12 weeks using a plastic syringe or electric aspirator]. AB - The study included 170 women subjected to menstrual regulation. The double-valve band syringe was used in 96 and the electric pump (the vacuum source usually used at the Department) in 74 cases. Nearly all the procedures were performed under general anesthesia, using 8 mm, 10 mm or 12 mm plastic rigid cannulae. Three abortions with the hand syringe also required dilatation and curettage, and all three women suffered blood loss exceeding 100 ml. There was one cervical laceration surgically repaired and a case of adnexitis reported among the hand syringe group. Immediate complications occurred in 7.3% of the cases using the hand syringe and in 4.1% of using the electric pump. The mean procedural time was 4.2 minutes and 4.0 minutes, respectively, with the hand syringe and the electric pump. Only three women reported complications or complaints at the follow-up visit, all of them from the electric pump group. PMID- 6645611 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the uterus - diagnostic problems]. AB - A patient with uterine tumour morphologically identified as leiomyoma and having relapsed after the operation is reported. In spite of recidivation in the morphological finding, there was no evidence of leiomyosarcoma. The possibilities and reliability of the morphological diagnosis are discussed. PMID- 6645612 TI - [Case report of clear cell carcinoma of the ovary (paramesonephric carcinoma of the ovary)]. AB - A rare case of a clear cell carcinoma of the ovary (paramesonephric carcinoma of the ovary) is presented. Besides clinical implications, the authors discuss controversies concerning the histogenesis of these tumors. PMID- 6645613 TI - [Teratogenic effect of anticonvulsants with special emphasis on the fetal hydantoin syndrome]. AB - A six-year-old child, whose mother had been taking Hydanphen tablets for 14 years, is presented. The child had a harelip and some other symptoms of the fetal hydantion syndrome. The mother became pregnant again, no abortion was advised, and she gave birth to a healthy child. A possible teratogenic effect of anticonvulsants is discussed. PMID- 6645614 TI - [Hematoma of the parametrium due to birth trauma]. AB - From 1973 to 1980, assisting 59,068 vaginally completed deliveries, the authors encountered 19 hematomas of the parametrium (0.032%). Labour was prolonged in 13 out of these 19 cases and the instruments applied were the outlet forceps in 6 and the vacuum extractor in 2 cases, while the expulsion of the child in 5 cases was helped by an intravenous injection of Syntocin. Half the parturients were in the third and half in the fourth decade of their life; a third of them were primiparae. Clinically the picture of atony or uterine rupture prevailed. In the development of the hematoma of the parametrium a large number of etiological factors are to be pointed out: birth injury, parity, age, predisposition, and others. In 6 women subtotal hysterectomy, in 4 the ligature of the uterine artery, and in 5 the evacuation of the hematoma were applied, while in the remaining ones the treatment as conservative. PMID- 6645615 TI - [Preventive measures in primary healing of episiotomies]. AB - Out of 1425 deliveries, episiotomy was applied in 669 cases: 667 mediolateral (46.8%) and only 2 medial (0.01%). In the author's opinion, prevention consists in the first place in the control of anemia, both before and after delivery. Antibiotics were administered to febrile women and those with the surgical termination of labour. PMID- 6645616 TI - [Congenital central paralysis of the facial nerve in a newborn infant]. AB - A case of congenital paresis of the supranuclear facial nerve on the left side in a newborn is presented. His mother has also congenital central facial nerve paresis and for this reason the same anomaly in the newborn was considered to be due to a genetic defect in the intrauterine development. No other lesions in the pyramidal tract were observed. At the infant's birth, a mild form was found of the partial pneumothorax which spontaneously disappeared. The authors suggest a multidisciplinary approach in the study of congenital facial nerve lesions. PMID- 6645617 TI - [Cyclopia (case report)]. AB - The authors describes an at-term stillborn, weighing 3900 g, with a total cyclopia, having one single orbita and one eye in the middle of the face. Obduction revealed several congenital defects in the cerebrum and the cerebellum. PMID- 6645618 TI - [Study of an immunochemical test for early pregnancy detection]. AB - The accuracy and reliability of the immunochemical tube test Gravinep for the early pregnancy detection were determined in comparison with another immunochemical test (Pregnosticon All-in) and with clinical data. The urine samples of 88 women were analysed. In 98.9% cases the result obtained with the Gravinep test was clinically confirmed and in 96.6% cases both immunochemical tests gave the same result. In a number of cases (6.8% with Gravinep and 5.7% with Pregnosticon) the result of the immunochemical reaction was doubtful, although it indicated the condition suggested by clinical examination. PMID- 6645619 TI - [Analysis of receiver operating characteristic in the echographic diagnosis of breast tumors]. AB - The echographic characteristics of 215 breast tumours were analysed. The validity of echomammography (EM) in the diagnosis of breast tumours was assessed by the analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves. The dependence of the success of the diagnosis on the rigour of the chosen diagnostic criteria is presented. In the same manner the successfulness of the evaluation of the nature of tumour was tested with various combinations of echographic diagnostic signs. By using the ROC curves of the prior and posterior probability of the disease and the detectability index, the degree of applicability of EM was compared in the diagnosis of carcinomas, cysts, and benign breast tumours. PMID- 6645620 TI - Effect of acupuncture on exercise-induced asthma. PMID- 6645621 TI - Reproducibility of rebreathing parameters in normal humans. PMID- 6645622 TI - Experimental granulomatous lung disease in guinea pigs. Morphology and collagen analysis. PMID- 6645624 TI - Catheter ablation of the atrioventricular conduction system in patients with supraventricular tachycardia. AB - In rare circumstances, patients with disabling supraventricular tachycardia that proves refractory to treatment with medication or antitachycardia pacing devices may require interruption of normal atrioventricular conduction and implantation of a permanent pacemaker for effective control of their arrhythmia. In the past, a cardiac surgical procedure was required to interrupt normal atrioventricular conduction; however, a closed-chest catheter technique to interrupt normal atrioventricular conduction has recently been described. We describe three patients in whom normal atrioventricular conduction was interrupted with this closed-chest technique. The procedure was accomplished without complication in all patients after invasive electrophysiologic studies were used to evaluate the mechanisms of tachycardia, the characteristics of the atrioventricular conduction system, and the potential use of antitachycardia pacing systems. All patients remain alive 5 to 9 months after the procedure, with no signs of recovery of normal atrioventricular conduction and no evidence of pacemaker dysfunction. Catheter ablation of the atrioventricular conduction system offers a promising alternative to a cardiac surgical procedure in carefully selected patients with disabling supraventricular tachycardia. PMID- 6645623 TI - Mechanism responsible for endotoxin-induced lung microsomal dysfunction in rats. PMID- 6645625 TI - Treatment of defects of the anterior abdominal wall in newborns. AB - Primary closure of an omphalocele or gastroschisis may cause respiratory compromise in the neonate. Some authors recommend primary closure of the defect with prolonged respiratory support because of dissatisfaction with staged visceral reduction and use of a Silastic pouch. Our experience with use of a Silastic pouch from 1975 to 1982 was reviewed. Twenty-three newborns with major defects of the abdominal wall (14 omphaloceles and 9 gastroschisis anomalies) were surgically treated, and only one death occurred. The mean birth weight of the infants was 2,927 g; nine of them were premature. Seven infants had major associated anomalies. The goal of the surgical procedure was closure of the abdominal wall without compromise of the cardiorespiratory status. During the operation, muscle relaxants were avoided and the infants breathed spontaneously. If progressive visceral reduction caused tachypnea (rate of more than 70/min) or hemodynamic instability, a Silastic pouch was constructed. Ten patients were treated with primary fascial closure, and 13 were treated with a Silastic prosthesis. The neonates with the prostheses required three to eight reductions, and the prostheses were in place for 4 to 22 days. No patient had wound dehiscence, wound infection, or an intestinal fistula. The one death occurred in an infant with trisomy 18 syndrome and multiple anomalies. Thus, the Silastic pouch was effective when the defect could not be closed primarily without respiratory compromise. PMID- 6645626 TI - Occurrence of pheochromocytoma in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950 through 1979. AB - For the 30 years from 1950 through 1979, the population of Rochester, Minnesota, averaged 45,800, resulting in almost 1.4 million person-years of observation. During that time, 11 cases of pheochromocytoma were diagnosed in this population; thus, the average annual incidence rate was 0.8 per 100,000 person-years. With the inclusion of two additional diagnosed familial cases, the incidence rate would be 0.95 per 100,000 person-years. Five of the 11 cases were diagnosed initially at autopsy. PMID- 6645627 TI - Transferrin assay and total iron-binding capacity. PMID- 6645628 TI - Thrombin binding to human brain and spinal cord. AB - Thrombin, a serine protease that regulates hemostasis, has been shown to stimulate the formation of cGMP in murine neuroblastoma cells. The nervous system in vivo thus may be postulated to respond to this blood-borne factor after it breaches the blood-brain barrier, as in trauma. Human alpha-thrombin was radiolabeled with 125I and shown to bind rapidly, reversibly, and with high affinity to human brain and spinal cord. These findings indicate the presence of specific thrombin-binding sites in nervous tissue and may have important clinical implications. PMID- 6645629 TI - Interventional electrophysiology. PMID- 6645630 TI - Disorders of respiration during sleep. PMID- 6645631 TI - Results of the Schilling test. PMID- 6645632 TI - Effect of hypertension on survival of patients with coronary artery disease. PMID- 6645633 TI - Treatment of myasthenia gravis. PMID- 6645634 TI - Colchicine toxicity. PMID- 6645635 TI - From a twenty-five year perspective: John Sargeant on Med-Chi. PMID- 6645636 TI - Chest pain of esophageal origin. PMID- 6645637 TI - Urachal carcinoma: case report and review of literature. PMID- 6645639 TI - In the matter of Chester A. DiLallo MD before the Commission on Medical Discipline of Maryland. PMID- 6645638 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus IV: nonrenal manifestations II. PMID- 6645640 TI - [Individualized dosage of theophylline for ambulatory asthmatic patients]. PMID- 6645641 TI - [Cholesterol and creatine phosphokinase in hypothyroidism]. PMID- 6645642 TI - [Treatment of the crisis of arterial hypertension with nifedipine]. PMID- 6645643 TI - [Glycosylated hemoglobin and the oral glucose tolerance test]. PMID- 6645644 TI - [Study of cellular immunity using a multitest in a coronary care unit]. PMID- 6645645 TI - [The reversibility of human atherosclerosis: fiction or fact?]. PMID- 6645646 TI - [The diabetic hand]. PMID- 6645647 TI - [Monitoring of plasma levels of theophylline]. PMID- 6645648 TI - [Nephrotic syndrome in secondary syphilis]. PMID- 6645649 TI - [Granulocytopenia caused by sodium penicillin G]. PMID- 6645650 TI - [Chondrocalcinosis and hypothyroidism]. PMID- 6645651 TI - [Articular and pleuropulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6645652 TI - [Osteolytic lesions in the cranium as a manifestation of secondary syphilis]. PMID- 6645653 TI - [Clonidine poisoning]. PMID- 6645654 TI - [Vasculitis caused by benoxaprofen]. PMID- 6645655 TI - [Pneumological aspects of the Spanish toxic oil syndrome]. PMID- 6645656 TI - [Function of Ethics and Research Committees in hospitals]. PMID- 6645657 TI - [Pleural involvement in chronic lymphatic leukemia: apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 6645658 TI - [Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage]. PMID- 6645659 TI - [Familial articular chondrocalcinosis]. PMID- 6645660 TI - [Cimetidine or antacids?]. PMID- 6645661 TI - [B-group chromosomal translocation without changes in the descendants in a case of progressive systemic sclerosis]. PMID- 6645662 TI - [Temporal arteritis and the aortic arch syndrome]. PMID- 6645663 TI - [Spontaneous pneumomediastinum and electrocardiographic changes]. PMID- 6645664 TI - [Primary seminoma of the mediastinum: a cyclophosphamide-sensitive tumor]. PMID- 6645665 TI - [Erythrocytosis and renal hydatid cyst]. PMID- 6645666 TI - [Ulrich-Noonan syndrome associated with coarctation of the aorta. Presentation of a new case]. PMID- 6645667 TI - [The problem of axillary adenopathies in the treatment of breast cancer]. PMID- 6645668 TI - [Non-tropical pyomyositis. Description of a case]. PMID- 6645669 TI - [Depression in patients hospitalized in a general hospital]. PMID- 6645670 TI - [Results obtained after the performance of 240 consecutive transtracheal aspirations]. PMID- 6645671 TI - [Value of the determination of urinary hydroxyproline in the detection of bone metastases]. PMID- 6645672 TI - [Sulfonylureas and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6645673 TI - [Granulomatous peritonitis caused by starch: present effect of an old problem]. PMID- 6645674 TI - [Ganglioneuroblastoma in the adult]. PMID- 6645675 TI - [Treatment of chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6645676 TI - [Hepatotoxicity caused by diphenylhydantoin]. PMID- 6645677 TI - [Distribution of the haptoglobin phenotype in various neoplasms]. PMID- 6645678 TI - [Osteoarticular infections in heroin addicts]. PMID- 6645679 TI - [Creatine kinase-MB in musculoskeletal diseases]. PMID- 6645680 TI - [Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis in a patient with tricholeukemia]. PMID- 6645681 TI - [Malignant histiocytosis: what role do infections play in its appearance?]. PMID- 6645682 TI - [Mixed hypermineralocorticoidism: hepatopathy and glycyrrhizinic acid]. PMID- 6645683 TI - [Diagnosis of bacterial pneumopathies in patients treated with mechanical ventilation. Comparison between tracheal aspiration and fibrobronchoscopy using a protected brush]. PMID- 6645684 TI - [Acute myocardial infarction in hospitalized patients]. PMID- 6645685 TI - [Effect of the administration of intravenous magnesium in hyperparathyroidism secondary to liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6645686 TI - [Intensive medicine and clinical toxicology]. PMID- 6645687 TI - [Myth and reality of electroconvulsive therapy]. PMID- 6645688 TI - [C 7 deficiency associated with recurring purulent meningitis]. PMID- 6645689 TI - [Fatal paraquat poisoning. Presentation of 2 new cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 6645690 TI - [Anticonvulsive drugs in the treatment of epilepsy]. PMID- 6645691 TI - [Still's disease in an adult]. PMID- 6645692 TI - [Cimetidine and gastric cancer]. PMID- 6645693 TI - [Fatiguability of the ocular musculature in temporal arteritis]. PMID- 6645694 TI - [Simultaneous presence of inhibitors of factors V and VII or antiprothrombinase anticoagulants]. PMID- 6645695 TI - [Calcified ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 6645696 TI - [Ischemia of the hand after radial puncture treated with continuous axillary block]. PMID- 6645697 TI - [Intrahospital urinary infection: efficacy of the use of a prospective prophylactic protocol]. PMID- 6645698 TI - [Hyperthyroidism induced by iodine]. PMID- 6645699 TI - [Myocardial infarct of the right ventricle. Review and report of our experience]. PMID- 6645701 TI - [Diagnostic electron microscopy]. PMID- 6645700 TI - [Recurrent bacterial meningitis: apropos of 21 patients with 64 episodes]. PMID- 6645702 TI - [Pure red cell aplasia secondary to a thymoma: apropos of a case]. PMID- 6645703 TI - [Contra-indications of oral contraceptives]. PMID- 6645704 TI - [Cavitary pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection]. PMID- 6645705 TI - [Neuroblastoma and spinal cord compression]. PMID- 6645706 TI - [Empty sella turcica associated with Cushing's syndrome with paradoxical response to cortisol]. PMID- 6645707 TI - [Ulcerative colitis and Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni]. PMID- 6645708 TI - [Autoimmune neutropenia in systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6645709 TI - EEG power variability and its relation to auditory-evoked cortical potentials. PMID- 6645710 TI - A methodology for information analysis of emergency and triage units in Hospital Information Systems. PMID- 6645711 TI - Statistical analysis of the association between medical record management and the level of information processing performance. PMID- 6645712 TI - [Decreased perinatal mortality in Sweden during 1973-80. What progress was achieved?]. PMID- 6645713 TI - [Policlinic deliveries are increasing in Holland]. PMID- 6645714 TI - [Familial amyloidosis with polyneuropathy in Sweden - a review]. PMID- 6645715 TI - [Epidemic of listeria infections in Vasteras during the summer of 1981]. PMID- 6645716 TI - [Candida sepsis in the neonatal period - risk factors and long-term prognosis]. PMID- 6645717 TI - [Clinical course and therapy of pyogenic liver abscess]. PMID- 6645718 TI - [Diagnosis and prevention of rabies]. PMID- 6645719 TI - [Biochemical changes in acute delirium]. PMID- 6645720 TI - [Late vascular complication after hip arthroplasty]. PMID- 6645721 TI - [Improved metabolic control, kidney function and health care economics are the results of treatment with insulin pump]. PMID- 6645723 TI - [Legionella pneumophila - a newcomer in medical bacteriology]. PMID- 6645722 TI - [Surgical methods in the management of hip fractures--a survey]. PMID- 6645724 TI - [Herxheimers disease: the infectious factor still unknown - but are Spirochaetales the possible infectious agents?]. PMID- 6645725 TI - [Nitrofurantoin therapy a cause of temporary hair loss]. PMID- 6645726 TI - [Strangulated femoral hernia - important differential diagnosis in acute abdomen]. PMID- 6645727 TI - Total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis in surgical management of toxic megacolon. AB - Twenty-five patients with toxic megacolon are reported. The most frequent etiology of this syndrome was ulcerative colitis and the main complication colonic perforation. Toxic dilatation generally involved the transverse colon. Twenty patients were treated by a surgical procedure, namely two enterostomies and eighteen colectomies. A total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis was performed in ten patients. Mortality for the whole series was 32%, but was reduced to 14% in the last 4 years. There were no deaths and no complications needing surgical management in the group of patients treated by total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis. However, the method resulted in one failure. The satisfactory results obtained with this procedure must be emphasized. Despite the small number of so-treated patients reported in world literature, it is suggested that total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis must be regarded as the procedure of choice for toxic megacolon without peritonitis. PMID- 6645728 TI - [Relaparotomy, retrospective analysis and intensive care aspects]. AB - A high mortality rate of the patients in the Surgical University Clinic Mainz in 2441 laparotomies from 1977 to 1979 with 92 relaparotomies in 66 patients (40% proving fatal) could be associated with the following factors: female sex, old age in males, malignant disease, esp. carcinoma of pancreas, colon and rectum, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, presence of concomitant affections, esp. three or more and particularly angiocardiopathy, liver diseases and after radiotherapy, long lasting primary operation, several operations in short intervals (about a week). Astonishingly we found a lower rate of mortality in cases of: Primary laparotomy in an emergency situation, postoperative complications within the first two days or after several weeks, multiple relaparotomies within intervals of at least two weeks. In cases of several severe postoperative complications, esp. renal insufficiency with dependence on dialysis and simultaneous respiratory insufficiency with dependence on artificial respiration a relaparotomy is indicated, if the intra-abdominal complication can be cured. In these cases the intensive care cannot cure the patient's conditions, but mechanical respiration and dialysis improve it. The existence of lethal trias of renal and respiratory insufficiency with a surely unremovable surgical problem forbids a relaparotomy. PMID- 6645729 TI - [Ulcer risk caused by reflux prevention? Results of jejunal interposition]. AB - The results of isoperistaltic jejunal interposition in reconstructive ulcer surgery are demonstrated on the basis of 62 patients, operated one and a half to nine years ago. The operations had been done because of dumping, reflux gastritis and afferent loop syndrome. Now 38 (65.5%) of the followed-up patients had a Visick I or II grading, 16 (27.5%) were Visick III. The endoscopical gastric mucosal biopsy showed normal mucosa as well as superficial gastritis or atrophic gastritis in different patients. By comparison with the preoperative biopsies no protective effect of the bile diversion on the gastric mucosa could be demonstrated. On the contrary 12 of 58 patients (20.5%) developed stomal ulcerations, which were often asymptomatic, mostly superficial and in 8 cases had to be operated in the meantime. The gastric acidity analysis showed a low gastric output with low pH values (pH 2.7--3.4). The incidence of stomal ulceration in jejunal interposition seemed to correlate with the reflux preventive effect. The longer the segment and the better the reflux preventive effect were, the higher was the ulcer risk. The parallelity of reflux preventive ulcer surgery and the ulcer provocation by the Mann-Williamson experiment is demonstrated. Therefore reflux preventive surgery should be used very carefully and in reconstructive procedures only. Using the jejunal interposition the segment should not be longer than 12--15 cm and a vagotomy has always to be added. PMID- 6645730 TI - [Release delay of various antibiotics from resorbable tricalcium phosphate ceramic granules with soluble coating for local treatment of osteomyelitis. An animal experiment study]. AB - The releasing kinetic of antibiotics from tricalcium phosphate beads was studied in animal experiments. The porous TCP-beads were filled with antibiotics and coated with biodegradable substances for delaying the release of the antibiotics. There were high tissue levels of antibiotics in the surrounding bone for many days. This method gains an increase in therapeutic safety in treatment of osteomyelitis. The coated TCP-antibiotic beads are used simultaneously as bone graft and for treatment of the bone infection. There is no need for further operation. PMID- 6645731 TI - [Restorative proctocolectomy with an ileal pouch. Functional and biochemical results]. AB - A metabolic and functional assessment was carried out in 7 patients, who had undergone a restorative proctocolectomy with pelvic ileal pouch (Parks S-Pouch) between 8 and 38 months previously. The average follow-up was 22,5 months. The symptoms which led to the operation were in all patients ulcerative colitis. The mean faecal output per 24 h was 425.7 +/- 104 g, and the mean reservoir volume 233.5 +/- 102.3 ml. Within 24 h the average number of bowel movements has been 4.5 +/- 1.05 (range 3 to 6). One of the patients only uses a catheter for the evacuation. Two patients reported a degree of mucous leakage. The motility of the reservoir and of the anal canal showed the following pressures: In the pouch a medium pressure of 20.4 +/- 6.35 cm H2O was ascertained. The mean resting pressure in the anal canal was 88.88 +/- 20.9 cm H2O, mean voluntary contraction pressures were 211.8 +/- 42.2 cm H2O. The anal canal showed a length of 2.94 +/- 0.29 cm. In patients with mucous leakage the resting anal canal and maximal voluntary contraction pressures were no different to those who had mucous leakage and those who had not. A positive rectosphincteric reflex was observed in five patients. The absorption of vitamin B12 was reduced in two patients, one of them had a pathological D-Xylose Test. The other parameters like potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc phosphorus, TIBC, Transferin, Haemopexin, Folate and immunoglobulins were in all patients completely normal. The mean concentration of aerobic microorganisms was 7.18 +/- 1.33 log 10/g and for anaerobic 9.07 +/- 1.07; there was no evidence of a stagnant loop syndrome. Histological examination of the reservoir mucosa showed no evidence of superficial ulceration and crypt abscesses; an uncharacteristic inflammation of the ileum mucosa was proved in 6 patients. No cellular dysplasia, fibrosis, or progressive atrophy was seen in the present biopsies. In relation to the bladder and sexual function (one of the seven patients is a child) there were no problems. PMID- 6645732 TI - [Application possibilities of intraoperative sonography]. AB - Preoperative ultrasound, CT-scanning, arteriography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography have improved the diagnostic approach to abdominal and vascular diseases. The correlation between preoperative imaging and intraoperative findings sometimes is difficult. In these cases intraoperative ultrasound can be helpful. The application of B-Scan-Realtime-Ultrasonography during surgery will give additional information on vascular diseases, control of vascular anastomoses, on intraoperative flow-measurement, localization of tumors in the liver and pancreas and on defining margins of resection. Intraoperative sonography is a new device for the surgeon, which should be used to control the site of abdominal tumors as well as vascular anastomoses. PMID- 6645733 TI - [Clinical and therapeutic aspects of diabetes mellitus in chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6645734 TI - [Splenectomy in hairy cell leukemia: apropos of a series of 25 patients of which 10 were splenectomized]. PMID- 6645735 TI - [Alcoholism and glomerular lesions]. PMID- 6645736 TI - [Spontaneous perforations of the small intestine. Apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 6645737 TI - [Suffocant hydrothorax after placing of a Leveen valve]. PMID- 6645738 TI - [Hypophosphoremia in intensive care]. PMID- 6645739 TI - [In our area, does the month of birth influence the appearance of an allergic manifestation? (apropos of 1359 cases)]. PMID- 6645740 TI - [Acquired adrenal hyperandrogenism in women]. PMID- 6645741 TI - [Study of liver function by antipyrine clearance]. PMID- 6645742 TI - [Value of low-dose dopa therapy in Parkinson disease]. PMID- 6645743 TI - [Treatment of cervicovaginitis with miconazole 400]. PMID- 6645744 TI - [Endoscopically controlled ultrasound diagnosis of the paranasal sinuses]. AB - 261 patients with diseases of the paranasal sinuses were examined by ultrasound (A-Scan). Sinuscopy or surgery was performed on these patients. Samples for histologic examination were taken. The correlation between ultrasound, endoscopy and x-ray was 80-90%. In endoscopic histologic normal maxillary sinuses, however, x-ray examination led to wrong positive results five times as often as ultrasound examination did. X-ray examination was more accurate only in cases where the process was separated from the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus by a layer of air. PMID- 6645745 TI - [Treatment results in idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy)]. PMID- 6645746 TI - [Bilateral congenital lower lip fistulas]. AB - Congenital lower labial fistulas are extremely rare. This deformity of the vermilion border of the lower lip constantly appears symmetrically to the midline in a frontal direction with blind ending ducts and oval openings. The different pathogenetic causes are reviewed in accordance with the different gradual malformations described in the literature. In contrast to the upper cleft lip and/or cleft palate, congenital bilateral fistulas of the lower lip form a new, distinct syndrome explained by an arrested development leading to cross sulci resulting from a pathological cleaving process. In most cases a striking inheritance pattern with an autosomal dominant trait is associated with this disease. A family suffering from bilateral congenital lower lip fistulas and their leukocyte antigens are presented. All members of this family affected with this anomaly expressed an A3 Bw60 antigen suggesting a close correlation with the HLA-system of the major histocompatibility complex on the leukocytes. PMID- 6645747 TI - [Neuro-otologic early symptoms of Camurati-Engelmann disease]. AB - Camurati-Engelmann disease is a rare generalized progressive bone affection which causes combined hearing loss, facial palsy and vestibular dysfunction. Differential diagnosis against bone affections is possible because of typical x ray findings, pseudo mixed hearing loss, myopathy and growth disorders. PMID- 6645748 TI - [Cholesteatoma formation in an ear fistula--model of the development of genuine cholesteatoma?]. AB - A 20-year-old patient had developed a cholesteatoma in the depth of an ear fistula. Fistula and cholesteatoma had formed a canal in the mastoid bone running parallel to the outer ear canal and behind it, being of almost the same size. This canal ended in a "blind alley" merely fractions of a millimeter lateral of the attic without establishing contact to the middle ear. Histologically, ceruminal glands could be demonstrated in the tissue layer of the fistula. A possible interpretation is that this fistula represents remnants of a duplication of the outer ear canal. The development of "genuine" cholesteatomas out of cases similar to this one is discussed--when the cholesteatoma reaches the middle ear behind an intact drum. PMID- 6645749 TI - [Treatment of vestibular function disorders by a training program]. AB - This article reports on a training programme for vestibular diseases, involving exercises of the vestibulo-vestibular, the visuo-vestibular, the cervico vestibular and the spino-vestibular reflexes. Twenty-five patients were examined; all patients but two showed good improvement of the vestibular complaints as demonstrated by vestibular diseases, electronystagmography and posturography. PMID- 6645750 TI - [Is there noise-induced hearing loss in the low and middle tone frequencies?]. AB - Statistical material was collected on over 1000 patients with noise-induced hearing loss (expert opinions on these patients). All those patients were excluded who showed any other cause for their hearing loss i.e. head trauma, mumps, ototoxic medication, family history of hearing disease, or other causes. 200 patients showed loss of hearing at 250 Hz and 500 Hz of 20 dB or more and at 1000 Hz a hearing loss of at least 30 dB. Several matched-pair investigations with great variability of hearing loss are given. There is substantial evidence to prove that noise may damage the lower and medium frequencies as well as the higher frequencies. PMID- 6645751 TI - [Multichannel infant reflex audiometry (MIRA)]. AB - A new method for evaluation of hearing threshold in babies is presented. The method does not require much time, cost or personnel and is practicable for infants up to about 12 months. It is based on synchronous electrical registration of sucking and breathing activities as well as of eye movements evoked by acoustic stimuli. Sucking and breathing are reduced by supra-threshold stimuli, preparing the baby for attentive listening. Eye movements are directed towards localizing the site of the stimulus. PMID- 6645752 TI - [Brief acoustic stimuli for the recording of brain stem potentials by computer controlled system analysis]. AB - Brief acoustic stimuli are used in the objective assessment of the auditory threshold and in topodiagnosis of pathological processes in the auditory path via registration of brain stem potentials. The type of stimulus, duration, frequency and phase are decisive for the evocation of the brain stem potentials. However, it is still a somewhat unsolved problem as to how to obtain an optimally reproducible kind of stimulation. The pattern of progression of acoustic stimuli is of crucial importance for the recording of early acoustic evoked potentials (EAEP). Using an artificial auditory canal, a measurement device was constructed for recording acoustic stimulus sequences in the auditory meatus. With the help of electronic monitoring it became possible to produce digitally controlled stimulation resulting in utilizing forms of electrical stimuli which cannot be produced in the audiometer, for obtaining suitable electric stimuli. Whereas the curves of the acoustic pressures largely deviate from those of the electrical stimuli, as shown by measurements in the artificial auditory canal (the deviations depending on the headphones used in each case), the transmission properties of the electro-acoustic transducers are processed mathematically on the basis of Fourier's transformation, and such processing makes it possible to electrically produce any desired sequences of acoustic stimuli, taking the transmission properties of the headphones into account. In this manner, synchronous discharging of the sensory cells by brief acoustic stimuli, which is required for EAEP recording, can be optimized. PMID- 6645753 TI - Pulsatile tinnitus arising from jugular megabulb deformity: a treatment rationale. AB - Pulsatile tinnitus is a rare presenting symptom in patients with enlarged jugular bulbs. We will describe three young women presenting with right pulsatile tinnitus associated with a megabulb deformity of the temporal bone. After extensive radiologic and audiologic evaluation, no vascular or bony abnormalities could be identified. All three patients demonstrated pulsatile bruits over the right temple. Pulsatile tinnitus disappeared with ipsilateral jugular compression suggesting flow rather than pressure to be responsible for abnormal auditory symptoms. This observation formed the basis of our treatment recommendations. Because of progressively debilitating pulsatile tinnitus, two patients elected right internal jugular vein ligations under local anesthesia. Both patients were relieved of tinnitus. We conclude that jugular vein ligation can be a safe and effective surgical treatment for pulsatile tinnitus resulting from a jugular megabulb deformity, provided two criteria are met: 1. The presence of an expanding tumor is ruled out. 2. The presence of contralateral venous drainage is established by angiography or brain scan. Anatomic and functional hemodynamic considerations of brain circulation will be emphasized in the discussion of our treatment rationale. PMID- 6645754 TI - Otosyphilis and hearing loss: response to penicillin and steroid therapy. AB - Acquired and congenital syphilis are both known causes of potentially reversible sensorineural hearing loss. Various therapeutic regimens, including penicillin and/or corticosteroids have been used in the past as treatment for otosyphilis. Response rates have varied from 15% to 80%. In this retrospective study, 13 patients with otosyphilis were treated with a combined course of long-term penicillin and prednisone. A significant response was defined as a 15% improvement in the discrimination score and/or the pure tone average. Initial response rates were 35% with a lasting response rate of 15%. Discrimination scores improved more commonly than pure tone averages. No patient with congenital syphilis or profound deafness had a lasting response. An analysis of possible reasons for failure of therapy is discussed. PMID- 6645755 TI - Bullous myringitis and sensorineural hearing loss. AB - A prospective study was undertaken to investigate the incidence of sensorineural hearing loss in bullous myringitis. Fifteen patients with 21 ears diagnosed as bullous myringitis were seen over a 24-month period. Pure tone and speech audiometry were performed as early in the clinical course as possible; 7 ears demonstrated a sensorineural hearing loss and 7 ears a mixed loss. There were no purely conductive hearing losses. Recovery of hearing was complete in 8 of 14 ears. The findings of this study suggest that sensorineural hearing loss is common in bullous myringitis. The literature regarding bullous myringitis is briefly reviewed and the implications of this study are discussed. PMID- 6645756 TI - Post-traumatic facial nerve paralysis: three cases of delayed temporal bone exploration with recovery. AB - No consensus exists today on the management of immediate-onset post-traumatic facial nerve paralysis. Controversy surrounds the timing of surgical intervention and the role of electrophysiologic testing. Three patients are presented who sustained immediate, complete facial paralysis following closed head trauma. They did not have prompt facial nerve decompression. In each case, electroneurography and electromyography showed complete nerve degeneration and denervated muscle. Despite the results of the electrophysiologic tests, all patients underwent late surgical decompression of the nerve: one at 2 1/2 months, one at 3 months, and one as late as 14 months after injury. They all had good recovery of facial function within 6 months of surgery. Early surgical intervention has been advocated in post-traumatic facial nerve paralysis if any benefit is to be gained. It is thought that late surgical intervention is unlikely to yield further improvement in the facial nerve function. Experience with these cases suggests that surgical exploration of the facial nerve is indicated at anytime, as it may be beneficial even in very old injuries. The prognostic value of electroneurography and electromyography in determining facial nerve recovery and in deciding upon facial nerve surgery is questioned. PMID- 6645757 TI - Myofibroblasts in chronic otitis media. AB - Cells which may be tentatively described as myofibroblasts have been identified by transmission electron microscopy from samples of inflammatory tissue present in the tympanic cavity of ears demonstrating clinical chronic otitis media. These cells possess the ultrastructural characteristics of a markedly indented nucleus, well organized bundles of cytoplasmic microfilaments, and plasmalemma specializations resembling desmosomes. Myofibroblasts are contractile cells which are present in a number of pathological conditions characterized by tissue contraction or distortion such as hepatic cirrhosis, Dupuytren's contracture, and hypertrophic scars. It is possible to hypothesize that myofibroblasts in chronic otitis media may exert synchronized contractile forces which distort the tympanic membrane or ossicular chain and thus lead to conductive hearing loss. PMID- 6645758 TI - Effect of sound deprivation on central hearing. AB - The authors have investigated the thesis that intermittent hearing impairment due to middle ear disease in the early years of life results in a central auditory disturbance which may persist in adulthood. The concept that, during the speech development years, auditory disturbances interfere with the normal maturation of central auditory processing appear to be clearly established. Thirty-five children, free of active ear disease and normally hearing by standard peripheral audiometry, are the basis for the study. The monotic tests employing temporal and frequency distortion and the dichotic challenges of competing stimuli and central integration provide the test data. Approximately 75% of the study group fail at least 1 segment of the battery, beyond 2 standard deviations from the normal data. A decreasing percentage of the study group exceed the normative values in 2 or more of the test components. In view of these data on aggressive program of auditory conservation is suggested during the early years of life. PMID- 6645759 TI - Ultrastructure of human nasal mucosa. AB - This thesis describes the ultrastructure of human nasal mucosa, based upon surgical biopsy specimens. The intent of the study is to characterize the normal ultrastructure of human nasal mucosa with emphasis upon the difference between olfactory and respiratory epithelia. Other nasal epithelia (anterior, sinus, and posterior) are reviewed briefly for comparison only. Several pathological examples of the olfactory and respiratory epithelia are also briefly presented for contrast. PMID- 6645760 TI - Superficial extending carcinoma of the hypopharynx: report of 26 cases of an underestimated carcinoma. AB - Advanced ulcerating and infiltration tumors are commonly found in the hypopharynx, whereas early well-defined lesions are rarely diagnosed. The pathologic reports of 242 uniformly studied surgical specimens after total pharyngolaryngectomy for cancer of the hypopharynx were reviewed. The histologic analysis of 26 cancers (10.7%), which were recorded as having an entire or predominant superficial type of spreading, demonstrated that also in the hypopharynx a "superficial extending carcinoma" (SEC) may occur. SEC of hypopharynx was pathologically defined as a poorly or moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, generally located in the pyriform sinus, which spreads superficially. It was limited to the mucosa (2.9%), but more frequently early infiltrated the underlying muscle or gland structures (6.2%), regardless of the presence of lymph node metastases or lymph vessels invasion. Although the concept that SEC of the hypopharynx may be an expression of a generalized disease of the mucosa must be carefully considered in surgical management, it appeared that this carcinoma in its "pure" intramucosal form may be associated with a good prognosis and a long survival. PMID- 6645761 TI - Autoradiographic evidence of sex steroid receptors in laryngeal tissues of the baboon (Papio cynocephalus). AB - A number of studies have implicated the gonadal steroids as significant factors in laryngeal development and disease. In addition, antiandrogens are receiving limited trials in the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma. However, there is little experimental data to document the presence, and more specifically the location of receptors for the sex steroid hormones in the larynx. The purpose of this study is to provide such data. Utilizing an autoradiographic technique, tissues from baboons injected with tritiated estradiol (3H-E2) or dihydrotestosterone testosterone (3H-DHT) were examined and analyzed. The data gathered confirmed that the larynx is rich in receptors for these steroids and that there are specific patterns of distribution of receptor positive cells. The vocalis muscle and other mesenchymal tissues contained the largest number of receptors, while ciliated columnar and stratified squamous epithelium were negative. The significance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 6645762 TI - Delineating the facial nerve from the stapedius muscle. PMID- 6645763 TI - Use of a fulcrum in temporomandibular joint dislocations. PMID- 6645764 TI - External splinting of the nose. PMID- 6645765 TI - Treatment of ears with labyrinth fistula. PMID- 6645766 TI - Immunological characteristics of human lymphomas. PMID- 6645767 TI - [Neuropsychological development of small-for-gestational-age infants]. PMID- 6645768 TI - [Ileocecal valve tumors - diagnostic and therapeutic problems]. PMID- 6645769 TI - [Partial monosomy 13q- de novo]. PMID- 6645770 TI - [The right ovarian vein syndrome]. PMID- 6645771 TI - [Sterno-cleido-clavicular pedical flap in the reconstruction of the mandible]. PMID- 6645772 TI - [Reconstruction of the mandible: when, how and why?]. PMID- 6645774 TI - [Current knowledge about pathological periarticular changes in the shoulder joint and the suitability of the term "periarthritis humeroscapularis"]. PMID- 6645773 TI - [Harmful effects of antiepileptic agents on the offspring of epileptic parents]. PMID- 6645775 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux]. PMID- 6645776 TI - Prostaglandins of the F series are extremely powerful growth factors for primary neonatal rat hepatocytes. AB - At low concentrations (i.e., 10(-12)-10(-9) mol/1), PGF1 alpha and PGF2 alpha very intensely stimulated both the DNA-synthetic and mitotic activities of hepatocytes in 4-day-old primary cultures of neonatal rat liver. DNA replication was more intensely enhanced by PGF2 alpha than by PGF1 alpha, whereas mitotic activity was nearly equally affected by the two prostaglandins. On the whole, the growth-promoting activity of PGF1 alpha used by itself or in equimolar mixtures with other prostaglandins (e.g., A1, E1, etc.) mimicked that of arachidonic acid we previously reported (1). On a molar basis, PGF2 alpha by itself stimulated hepatocytes' DNA synthesis more powerfully than arachidonate did, and when used in equimolar mixtures with other prostaglandins was at least as potent as arachidonic acid. These observations establish prostaglandins of the F series as quite powerful commitment factors and, though by a lesser degree, also intracycle regulators for neonatal rat hepatocytes in primary culture. However, the understanding of the role(s) of prostaglandins of F and other series in the physiological control of hepatocytes' proliferative activation must await the clarification of their interaction(s) with other arachidonate derivative(s) and polypeptide growth factor(s) which also may be involved in the process. PMID- 6645777 TI - The search for a digitalis substitute II milrinone (Win 47203). Its action on the heart-lung preparation of the dog. AB - Milrinone (Win 47203) is a dipyridine related to amrinone, which is about 20-50 times as effective as amrinone when assayed on cardiac contractility. In dog heart-lung preparations, milrinone in a concentration of 0.25-0.5 microM produced a near maximal positive inotropic effect on a variety of acute heart failures. This dosage produced a minimal increase in heart rate and reduced the PR interval. Large doses of milrinone did not produce cardiac irregularities and in Nifedipine heart failure with ventricular irregularities, it eliminated these irregularities. Papaverine-induced heart failure was resistant to ouabain, epinephrine and milrinone therapy. In the presence of positive inotropic amounts of papaverine or theophylline, a pentobarbital heart failure was superimposed. This heart failure responded poorly to milrinone, although it responded to both the addition of epinephrine and ouabain. It is thus possible that milrinone, papaverine and theophylline have closely related sites of action. PMID- 6645778 TI - Electric convulsive therapy (ECT) increases plasma and red blood cell haloperidol neuroleptic activities. AB - In nine schizophrenic patients (five males and four females) on haloperidol treatment, plasma and red blood cell (RBC) haloperidol neuroleptic activities were measured before and after ECT by radioreceptor assay. Five patients randomly selected from these patients also served as controls on another occasion and neuroleptic activities in plasma and RBC were examined before and after the premedication only. All patients given ECT showed a considerable increase in plasma and RBC haloperidol neuroleptic activities after ECT (% increase in plasma neuroleptic activity, 28-409%; mean + SD, 136 +/- 155%, P less than 0.005, Wilcoxon test; % increase in RBC neuroleptic activity, 11-121%; mean + SD, 59 +/- 40%, P less than 0.005). However, no significant increase was observed for either plasma or RBC haloperidol neuroleptic activity, when patients were examined after premedication only. It was suggested that ECT induced a transient redistribution of haloperidol. It remains to be studied whether this phenomenon is causally related to the previous observation that the combination therapy of ECT and neuroleptics is more effective in the treatment of schizophrenia than ECT alone. PMID- 6645779 TI - Evaluation of isolated human hepatocytes. AB - This preliminary study reports the functional capacities of freshly isolated human hepatocytes in regard to their energetic metabolism and monooxygenase activities. Incubated for 30 or 60 min, isolated cells maintain their membrane integrity, ATP and reduced glutathione content and redox potential estimated by means of lactate to pyruvate and beta-hydroxypyruvate to acetoacetate ratios. Three monooxygenase activities, supported by different isoenzymes of cytochrome P 450 are determined by the accumulation of unconjugated metabolites: their relative magnitudes are similar to those observed in microsomes, indicating a good preservation of hydroxylase activities during cell isolation and incubation. Although incubations did not exceed 60 min, one can conclude that human hepatocytes maintain their viability and metabolic capacities after isolation and might be considered in transplantation process for the treatment of acute hepatic failure. Isolated human hepatocytes might be also used as a tool for studying biochemical and toxicological effects of a drug. PMID- 6645780 TI - The measurement of free nitrendipine in human serum by an equilibrium dialysis - radioreceptor assay. AB - A radioreceptor assay using [3H]nitrendipine and rat cerebral cortical membranes, in conjunction with equilibrium dialysis, measures the unbound (free) level of nitrendipine in human sera. The sensitivity of the assay is 0.1-0.2 picomoles/ml and is linear from 4 X 10(-11) to 4 X 10(-9) M nitrendipine. Other dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists may be measured using this assay if these compounds are used to generate the standard curve. Blank serum interferes with specific [3H]nitrendipine binding (24 percent inhibition per 20 microliter serum) whereas serum dialysates do not. Total serum nitrendipine levels may be measured, but the sensitivity of the assay is decreased due to interference by serum. Nitrendipine is highly protein bound in serum (93 - 99 percent). This protein binding is essentially unchanged over a serum concentration from 1 to 100 ng/ml. This assay is suitable for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. PMID- 6645781 TI - Thermoregulation in hyperthyroid rats: mechanism underlying the lack of hypothermic response to morphine in hyperthyroid animals. AB - Previous experiments in our laboratory demonstrated that morphine, at doses which produced pronounced hypothermia in normal rats, not only failed to decrease but instead increased body temperature in thyroxine-treated animals. The present studies were undertaken to further investigate these initial findings. In animals treated chronically with subcutaneous thyroxine, basal body temperatures were elevated and morphine induced only hyperthermia whether given subcutaneously (10 mg/kg) or centrally (30 micrograms) into the anterior hypothalamus. Basal oxygen consumption, which reflects metabolic heat production, was significantly elevated when compared to controls. In response to morphine, control animals showed decreased oxygen consumption while thyroxine-treated animals showed a slight increase. In both groups of animals, changes in core temperatures reflected changes in oxygen consumption. These results indicate that hyperthyroid animals fail to decrease body temperature in response to morphine because they are unable to decrease metabolic heat production. Morphine, acting at central hypothalamic sites, reduces heat production in normal animals, but in thyroxine-treated animals morphine cannot overcome the increased thermogenesis. PMID- 6645782 TI - Taurine uptake by cultured human lymphoblastoid cells. AB - Cultured human lymphoblastoid cells take up taurine from the medium by two processes: 1) a temperature-dependent, Na+-dependent, saturable "active" transport system and 2) diffusion. The active transport has properties similar to those reported for taurine transport by other tissues. Apparent Km is about 25 microM and Vmax about 7.2 pmol/min/10(6) cells; saturation occurs at 100 microM taurine. Uptake is competitively inhibited by the beta-amino acids hypotaurine (50% inhibition at 44 microM) and beta-alanine (50% at 152 microM), as measured at 50 microM taurine. Taurocyamine inhibits 50% at 260 microM. Chlorpromazine and imipramine are strong uncompetitive inhibitors, giving 50% inhibition at 26 microM and 115 microM, respectively; at these concentrations cellular viability per se is not affected. Ouabain inhibits 40-50% over a concentration range of 4 500 microM. Diffusion of taurine into the cells is proportional to concentration up to 20 mM. However, at the concentration of taurine in human plasma, 40-100 microM, active transport would provide 90% of the taurine taken up. PMID- 6645783 TI - Acetylcholine potentiation of field stimulated rat vas deferens: a pre-synaptic muscarinic mechanism? AB - Acetylcholine (ACh) was found to markedly enhance the nerve stimulation induced twitch response of isolated, field-stimulated rat vas deferens (RVD). The ED200 (concentration which enhances the twitch response to 200% of control) for this potentiation was 6 X 10(-6)M with the maximum twitch response being increased by more than 3 fold (325 +/- 30%). Carbachol (ED200 = 8.5 X 10(-7)M) showed identical results. With each drug the potentiation was competitively antagonized by atropine (10(-7) - 10(-5)M). Physostigmine 10(-8) - 10(-6)M) both enhanced the basal twitch response (215 +/- 8% of control at 10(-5)M) and the sensitivity of the RVD to ACh (ED200 = 3.3 X 10(-7)M) but not to carbachol. Atropine, on the other hand reduced the basal twitch response by 18 +/- 3% at 10(-5)M. Hemicholinium (10(-4)M) also reduced the basal twitch responses by 23 +/- 5%. ACh (10(-7)M - 10(-5)M) did not modify the responses of unstimulated RVD to norepinephrine or KCl suggesting a pre-synaptic site of action. Taken together these results are compatible with the presence of a pre-junctional, excitatory muscarinic mechanism in the field stimulated RVD. That this cholinergic system may be of physiological significance is supported by the observations that atropine and hemicholinium depress while physostigmine enhances the twitch response in the absence of exogenous ACh. PMID- 6645784 TI - Differential effects of d-amphetamine, beta-phenylethylamine, cocaine and methylphenidate on the rate of dopamine synthesis in terminals of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic neurons and on the efflux of dopamine metabolites into cerebroventricular perfusates of rats. AB - The in vivo effects of four psychomotor stimulants (d-amphetamine, beta phenylethylamine, cocaine and methylphenidate) were determined on: 1) the rate of dopamine (DA) synthesis, as measured by the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibition, in the striatum (terminals of nigrostriatal neurons) and in the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle (terminals of mesolimbic neurons) and 2) the efflux of the DA metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) into cerebroventricular perfusates of conscious, freely-moving rats. d-Amphetamine and beta-phenylethylamine produced biphasic responses with lower doses of each drug increasing both the efflux of DOPAC and the rate of DA synthesis in the striatum. Higher doses of each drug either had no effect or actually decreased the efflux of DOPAC and also decreased the rate of DA synthesis in the striatum. On the other hand, cocaine and methylphenidate only decreased the efflux of DOPAC and the rate of DA synthesis in the striatum. The effects of the drugs on the rate of DA synthesis in the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle were similar to, but less pronounced than those seen in the striatum. These results are consistent with the following suggestions: 1) low doses of d-amphetamine and beta phenylethylamine facilitate the neuronal release of DA while higher doses of both drugs facilitate release and inhibit neuronal reuptake of the amine, and 2) cocaine and methylphenidate preferentially block the neuronal reuptake of DA. PMID- 6645785 TI - Naloxone suppresses intake of highly preferred saccharin solutions in food deprived and sated rats. AB - In repeated tests naloxone (1 mg/kg, sc) suppressed intake of a narrow range of highly preferred saccharin concentrations (0.1 and 1.0%) in nondeprived male rats but a wider range of concentrations (.001-1.0%) following 10 hr. food deprivation. In sated rats a low dose of morphine (0.1 mg/kg, sc) had no effect on intake of low concentrations of saccharin but significantly facilitated intake of the highest (10%) and least preferred concentration. These data support the hypothesis that endogenous opioids can modulate the affective quality of gustatory stimuli. PMID- 6645786 TI - Partial purification of egg development neurosecretory hormone with reverse-phase liquid chromatographic techniques. AB - We report the use of reverse-phase liquid chromatographic techniques for the isolation of a steroidogenic neuropeptide (EDNH) from mosquito heads. Activity of fractions was assayed by measuring the ability of ovaries to produce ecdysteroid in vitro. Dose response profiles using crude head extracts or partially purified EDNH were nearly identical, indicating that the methods of preparation did not alter biological activity. EDNH activity eluted from a reverse-phase HPLC (RP HPLC) column primarily near 35 percent acetonitrile using a linear gradient. Methods developed with an analytical RP-HPLC column were successfully adapted for preparative work. Active fractions from the preparative RP-HPLC were further purified on a second analytical column under isocratic conditions at 30% acetonitrile. Two adjacent UV absorbing peaks were found, each with EDNH activity. Activity was sensitive to proteolysis. PMID- 6645787 TI - pH-dependent modulation of agonist interactions with [3H]-ketanserin-labelled S2 serotonin receptors. AB - The effects of varying the pH on the properties of S2 serotonin receptors labelled by [3H]-ketanserin were examined. Between pH 7.0 and 8.2 the agonist affinities, as determined by competition experiments, increased dramatically. Serotonin, 5-methoxytryptamine, tryptamine, bufotenine and quipazine, demonstrated 15,16,8,6 and 5-fold increases in apparent affinity between pH 7.0 and 8.2. On the other hand the antagonists, ketanserin, cinanserin, and spiperone demonstrated little or no affinity changes between pH 7.0 and 8.2. The largest shift in affinity for an antagonist occurred with spiperone, which displayed a two-fold shift. Although changing pH is a rather non-specific manipulation, the selective affect on agonist interaction with S2 receptors indicates further investigation of this pH effect may aid in discovering the difference in receptor interactions between serotonin agonists and antagonists. PMID- 6645788 TI - Distribution of chlorpromazine and imipramine in adipose and other tissues of rats. AB - Adipose tissue kinetics of chlorpromazine and imipramine, two drugs which are more lipophilic than thiopental, were studied in the rat. After single i.v. doses, the time-course of drug distribution was followed in adipose and various other tissues, until their concentrations in adipose tissues declined. Under these conditions the two drugs behaved almost identically. Among the tissues analyzed, the lowest concentrations were found in adipose tissue, with the exception of plasma. At its maximum concentration after about 30 minutes, total adipose tissue contained only 3% of the dose of administered drugs. Adipose/plasma and adipose/lung concentration ratios were 2-5 and 0.05, respectively. After maximum tolerated oral doses of imipramine for 3 weeks, similar steady state concentration ratios (plasma:adipose:brain:lung 1:3:12:96) were observed. In adipose tissue the imipramine/desmethylimipramine ratio was about 1, and the desmethylimipramine steady state levels did not increase with time. Literature data indicate that many basic lipophilic drugs are not stored in adipose tissue. This is now clearly shown for chlorpromazine and imipramine, even under extreme, subchronic conditions in the case of imipramine. PMID- 6645789 TI - Characterization of serotonin binding sites on human platelets. AB - A high affinity, saturable 3H-spiroperidol binding site was identified for the first time on the intact human platelet, with drug affinities comparable to the serotonin-2 (S-2) receptor in human frontal cortex. The site was characterized by a KD of 2.7 +/- 0.3nM and a Bmax of 1.4 +/- 0.2 pmoles/10(8) platelets. A 3H serotonin binding site was also found, with a KD of 42 +/- 8 nM, which appeared to represent the serotonin uptake site. No 3H-serotonin binding site with features of the serotonin-1 (S-1) receptor in brain was found on the platelet. Assay of 3H-spiroperidol binding to platelets may serve as an easily applied model for studying S-2 receptor function in man, and its relationship to age, hormonal, drug, and disease effects. PMID- 6645790 TI - Determination of endogeneous indoleacetic acid and tryptophol in mouse brain by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. AB - A simple and sensitive method using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection has been developed for the identification and quantitation of the endogeneous tryptamine metabolites, indoleacetic acid (IAA) and tryptophol (TOL) in the normal mouse brain. The limits of sensitivity are 5pg for both IAA and TOL. The extract procedure from the brain is only to deproteinize samples. The mean concentrations of IAA and TOL in the mouse brain are 8.99 +/- 0.31 ng/g and 3.56 +/- 0.21 ng/g respectively. The effects of pargyline and tryptamine on the levels of IAA and TOL were also studied. PMID- 6645791 TI - Development of enhanced sensitivity to naloxone. AB - The effects of naloxone were examined over a period of three and a half years in squirrel monkeys responding under a mult FR, FI schedule of food presentation. During the initial observation of naloxone's effects, monkeys were drug naive. At that time, doses of naloxone up to 3.0 mg/kg had very little effect on rates of responding under the multiple schedule. The effects of naloxone were then examined in combination with meperidine. Doses of naloxone between 0.3 and 3.0 mg/kg produced a dose-dependent antagonism of meperidine's effects. Monkeys were then exposed to ketocyclazocine and phencyclidine, alone and in combination with naloxone. When the naloxone dose-effect curve was redetermined subsequently, it had shifted to the left. Monkeys were then exposed to buprenorphine and diprenorphine, alone and in combination with naloxone. Redetermination of the naloxone dose-effect curve following this exposure revealed a further shift to the left. The effects of naloxone were then reexamined in combination with meperidine, and it was found that the leftward shift in the naloxone dose-effect curve was not accompanied by a decrease in the doses of naloxone which would reverse the effects of meperidine. Naloxone's effects were then examined in combination with either acute or chronic diazepam. The naloxone dose-effect curve determined during the chronic diazepam regimen was shifted to the right of that obtained prior to chronic diazepam. PMID- 6645792 TI - The effect of leukotriene D4 on the isolated stomach and colon of the rat. AB - The effect of synthetic leukotriene D4 (LTD4) was evaluated on isolated gastric longitudinal or circular smooth muscle and distal colon of the rat. The concentrations of LTD4, 2.5 X 10(-10)M to 5 X 10(-7)M, evoked minimal to maximal contractile responses. In addition, selected prostaglandins were used to identify the mediator of LTD4-induced contraction of gastric smooth muscle. FPL 55712 inhibited LTD4-induced contractions of gastric longitudinal or circular muscle. Indomethacin inhibited only LTD4-induced contractions of the longitudinal muscle. A combination of FPL 55712 and indomethacin produced greater inhibition of LTD4 induced contractions of longitudinal muscle than either agent alone. However, the same combination of inhibitors showed no greater effect than FPL 55712 alone on LTD4-induced contractions of circular smooth muscle. Unlike PGI2, PGF2, PGA2, or PGD2, PGE2 evoked contraction of the longitudinal muscle and relaxation of the circular muscle of the stomach. The dissimilar effect of PGE2 in the two smooth muscle layers of the rat stomach may signify that PGE2 is the prostaglandin released by LTD4 from the longitudinal and circular gastric muscle. However, the opposing pharmacologic effects following LTD4-induced release of prostaglandins in the circular muscle of the stomach would preclude the appearance of an inhibitory effect of indomethacin in this tissue. In contrast, PGE2 and other prostaglandins contract gastric longitudinal muscle in response to LTD4. Thus, these studies clearly suggest that LTD4 has both a direct and indirect effect on gastric smooth muscle of the rat. Unlike the stomach, LTD4-induced contraction of the distal colon was not inhibited by indomethacin while FPL 55712 antagonized contractions. Thus, these findings indicate a differential mechanism of stimulation of rat gastrointestinal tissue by LTD4. PMID- 6645793 TI - Sialic acid metabolism in rat liver: effect of carbon tetrachloride. AB - Sialic acid metabolism was investigated in the livers of control rats and of rats treated with a single oral dose (1.5 ml/kg body weight) of carbon tetrachloride. The main change observed during the necrotic stage of CCl4 poisoning (18 h after treatment) was a highly significant reduction in sialyltransferase activity. Slight reciprocal changes in neuraminidase activities, i.e., a small decrease in cytosolic neuraminidase and a small increase in the membrane bound enzyme were also observed. At 72 h after CCl4 treatment, during the stage of liver regeneration, the main change was a marked elevation in membrane-bound neuraminidase (two fold above control values). Moderate increases in the specific activities of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase and sialyltransferase were also observed. A considerable decrease in the sialic acid content of the isolated smooth endoplasmic reticulum (one half of control values) was detected at 72 h after CCl4 administration. The sialic acid content of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, on the other hand, remained at control levels. PMID- 6645794 TI - Developmental effects of alpha-fluoromethylhistidine, an irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase, on growth and on levels and turnover of catecholamines. AB - To examine the potential participation of histamine in cellular development, neonatal rats were given daily 50 mg/kg doses of alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH), an irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase; previous studies have shown this regimen to deplete both neurotransmitter and nonneurotransmitter pools of histamine. No inhibition of growth was observed for either body weight, brain weight, heart weight or kidney weight; indeed, kidney weights tended to become supranormal toward weaning in the FMH-treated pups. Similarly, FMH failed to affect protein synthesis, confirming the lack of systemic toxicity of this amino acid as well as indicating that maintenance of histamine levels is not required for growth to proceed. In contrast, FMH did have a deleterious effect on development of the cardiac-sympathetic axis, with deficits in norepinephrine levels appearing during the third postnatal week. The deficits were not present in other catecholaminergic systems (brain noradrenergic or dopaminergic neurons and renal sympathetic neurons). The subnormal cardiac norepinephrine levels were preceded by a sharp increase in the turnover of norepinephrine at precisely the age at which central control of sympathetic tone first appears. The developmental effects of FMH indicate that, although it is unlikely that histamine participates in a major way in general control of cellular maturation, a more selective role for histamine as a trophic agent or neurotransmitter may exist during defined periods in nervous system development. PMID- 6645795 TI - Imipramine associations with plasma components and its uptake by cultured human cells. AB - It has been proposed that in vivo variability in response to certain hydrophobic chemicals or drugs, such as imipramine, may be due in part to the varying plasma lipid levels in patients. The distribution of [3H]imipramine into the lipoproteins of human plasma was therefore studied. Differential density centrifugation of plasma containing [3H]imipramine resulted in flotation of very low density, low density and high density lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL) and approximately one-third of the total 3H radioactivity. Twelve percent of the radioactivity was present in the sedimented fraction which included most of the plasma proteins. There appeared to be little specific binding of [3H]imipramine to VLDL or LDL, as shown by ultracentrifugation, dialysis and column chromatography. [3H]Imipramine was readily incorporated into cultured human fibroblasts;o no differences were observed in cellular uptake whether it was added to the medium in plasma, LDL or HDL. Also, no differences in uptake of [3H]imipramine by LDL-receptor positive and receptor negative cells were noted. These experiments indicate that LDL is not a major vehicle for the transport of this drug and that both the bound and free fractions are available for cellular uptake. PMID- 6645796 TI - Characteristics of 3H-cis-flupenthixol binding in rat striatum. AB - Characteristics of membrane receptor binding by 3H-cis-flupenthixol were examined in rat striatum. Using modifications of standard dopamine receptor binding techniques, it was possible to obtain 70% specific binding with 3H-cis flupenthixol. Association and dissociation rates were very rapid, with equilibrium reached in 2 min and half-time of dissociation being 1 min. Analysis of saturation and competition studies using cis-flupenthixol and spiroperidol indicated that cis-flupenthixol binds to two striatal receptors with apparent KD's of 0.7 and 4.8 nM. It is suggested these represent D1 and D2 dopamine receptors respectively. The further characterization of the properties of cis flupenthixol binding presented here should enable more detailed studies of multiple dopamine receptors to be designed. PMID- 6645797 TI - Molecular forms of cholecystokinin in human plasma during infusion of bombesin. AB - Bombesin is a tetradecapeptide with stimulatory actions on several gastrointestinal functions. Infusion of bombesin (60 pmol/kg. 20 min) into 7 normal subjects induced significant increases in plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) as measured with 2 sequence-specific radioimmunoassays. Employing antibody 1703, specific for carboxyl-terminal CCK-peptides containing at least 14 amino acid residues, plasma CCK concentrations rose from 0.8 +/- 0.2 pmol/l to 9.9 +/- 1.7 pmol/l (p less than 0.005), while using antibody T204, specific for the sulfated tyrosine region of CCK, plasma CCK levels increased from 2.9 +/- 0.5 pmol/l to 12.4 +/- 1.3 pmol/l (p less than 0.005). Plasma samples obtained from 3 subjects during bombesin infusion were fractionated by Sephadex column chromatography. Fractionation revealed 4 molecular forms of CCK: peak I eluted in the void volume and comprised 0-7% of CCK-like immunoreactivity, peak II eluted at 35% and comprised 8-41% of CCK-like immunoreactivity, peak III eluted at 50% and comprised 44-61% of CCK-like immunoreactivity, and peak IV eluted at 75% and comprised 15-27% of CCK-like immunoreactivity. Radioimmunoassay with a carboxyl terminal CCK-antibody fully cross-reacting with gastrin did not reveal additional molecular forms of CCK. Since both the carboxyl-terminus and the sulfated tyrosine region are required for biological activity of CCK, it is likely that all these molecular forms of CCK possess biological activity. PMID- 6645798 TI - Dopaminergic agonists increase [3H]estradiol binding in hypothalamus of female rats, but not of males. AB - Specific nuclear binding of [3H]estradiol in the hypothalamus was increased by acute dopaminergic treatment in female, but not in male, gonadectomized adrenalectomized rats. In the female this increase could be blocked by the dopaminergic receptor blocker perphenazine and was noted from 1 to 3 hours after injection of [3H]estradiol. Binding was not different in male and female rats in the absence of dopaminergic treatment. These results suggest that acute dopaminergic stimulation may modulate estradiol binding in neural areas known to be important in endocrine function. PMID- 6645799 TI - Effect of leucogenenol, a thymothyroid hormone, on the enzymes and several other constituents of the serum. AB - It has been found that rats treated with the thymothyroid hormone, leucogenenol, have significantly elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase in their serum 8 hrs. later. These levels remain elevated for 24 hrs. and 12 hrs., respectively. The concentrations of creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase as well as total protein, albumin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid and creatinine in the serum are not affected by treatment with leucogenenol. These results are in agreement with the previously reported findings that treatment with leucogenenol increases the rate of development of blood cells of the bone marrow, increases the rate of recovery from immunosuppression and enhances the immune response. PMID- 6645800 TI - Effect of fluphenazine on the stimulation of calcium-sensitive phospholipid dependent protein kinase by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. AB - The addition of the tumor-promoting phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13 acetate resulted in activation of calcium-sensitive phospholipid-dependent protein kinase which was dependent on the presence of phospholipid but was essentially independent of calcium. Fluphenazine, which is an effective inhibitor of the ability of this phorbol ester to stimulate proliferation in calcium deprived non-neoplastic cells, inhibited the enzyme in the absence or presence of the phorbol ester (Ki = 16 microM). Fluphenazine inhibition was competitive with phospholipid but non-competitive with 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. PMID- 6645801 TI - Alteration of electroconvulsive threshold by cerebrospinal fluid from cats tolerant to electroconvulsive shock. AB - Daily electroconvulsive shocks for 22 days resulted in a progressive elevation of electroconvulsive threshold. When these shocks were discontinued, the thresholds returned to untreated levels in approximately 20 days. Cerebrospinal fluid collected from cats with elevated thresholds and repeatedly transferred to the ventricular space of untreated animals elevated the electroconvulsive threshold of the recipient. This finding demonstrates that a substance present in the cerebrospinal fluid of cats with elevated electroconvulsive threshold can alter the threshold of untreated animals. PMID- 6645802 TI - Development and characterization of a homologous radioimmunoassay for deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) prolactin. AB - A highly specific and sensitive homologous radioimmunoassay has been developed for the secreted form of prolactin from the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii. Peromyscus serum and pituitary homogenates displayed parallel dilution response curves, and no cross reaction was seen with either mouse prolactin, mouse growth hormone or rat prolactin. The assay was sensitive to 25 picograms per tube and the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 5 and 3.6%, respectively. In addition, we have demonstrated that Peromyscus prolactin does not show parallel displacement in a homologous radioimmunoassay utilized for measuring prolactin in the common laboratory mouse. PMID- 6645803 TI - Effects of dexamethasone and indomethacin on estrogen-induced uterine growth. AB - Certain aspects of estrogen-induced uterine growth are reminiscent of an inflammatory response. Dexamethasone (DEX) and indomethacin (IND), two anti inflammatory agents that interfere with arachidonic acid metabolism, were examined with respect to their effects on several growth-associated responses of the uterus to estrogen. Ovariectomized rats were given a s.c. injection of either DEX (2 mg) or IND (8 mg) immediately prior to receiving a s.c. injection of estradiol (10 micrograms). At 4 hr, DEX inhibited estrogen-stimulated uterine wet weight and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity by 100% and 48%, respectively. At 24 hr, 3H-leucine incorporation into protein was inhibited 44% and 3H thymidine incorporation into DNA was depressed 83%. Estrogen-stimulated increases in uterine protein/DNA ratio and epithelial microvilli density at 24 hr were not inhibited by DEX. IND inhibited estrogen-stimulated wet weight by 64% and 3H thymidine incorporation into DNA by 42%, yet did not inhibit the increases in ODC activity, 3H-leucine incorporation into protein or protein/DNA ratio. These results suggest that the inflammation-like component of estrogen-induced uterine growth is mediated, at least in part, by arachidonic acid metabolites and is directed primarily toward stimulating cell division, and not cell growth. PMID- 6645804 TI - Molindone: higher doses needed to block pergolide-induced elevation of serum corticosterone than to elevate dopamine metabolites in brain. AB - Molindone at a dose of 3 mg/kg i.p. in rats prevented pergolide-induced decreases in brain DOPAC (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and HVA (homovanillic acid), causing instead significant increases in these dopamine metabolites when given in combination with pergolide. Molindone alone at 3 mg/kg caused two-fold or greater increases in DOPAC and HVA and at doses as low as 0.3 mg/kg caused significant increases in these metabolites. However, molindone at 3 mg/kg and lower doses was without effect on pergolide-induced elevation of serum corticosterone, though a higher dose of molindone, 10 mg/kg, significantly antagonized this increase in corticosterone. These data support earlier findings with molindone, suggesting it has greater affinity for presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors than for postsynaptic dopamine receptors. PMID- 6645805 TI - The bile flow and biliary excretion of ursocholate in the rat. AB - Several studies reported that ursodeoxycholate (but not its conjugates), when administered intravenously, increased the biliary bicarbonate concentration in the rat (1-3). At the same time, a complete dissociation between bile flow and the bile salt excretion rate was produced in the second hr of infusion (2). In order to examine whether this property was due to the 7 beta-hydroxy group in its molecular structure, the choleretic property of ursocholate (3 alpha, 7 beta, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid) was investigated in male Wistar rats. Immediately after the start of iv infusion of ursocholate at a rate of 1.2 mumole/min/100 g b. wt., both the bile flow and bile salt excretion rate began to increase. However, unlike with ursodeoxycholate, the bile salt excretion rate continued to be high in the second and third hr of infusion, while the bile flow rate gradually increased. Furthermore, the bicarbonate concentration in the bile fell slightly 10 min after the start of ursocholate infusion. Although the concentration tended to return to the baseline value before the bile salt infusion in the later period of observation, no significant increase in bicarbonate concentration was observed during the whole observation period. These properties were quite similar to those of cholate rather than those of ursodeoxycholate. However, a cholate infusion at the same rate of 1.2 mumole/min/100 g b.wt. caused a cholestasis as early as 20 to 30 min after the start of an infusion. These results suggest that the previously reported properties of ursodeoxycholate (that it causes a complete dissociation between the bile flow and bile salt excretion rate in the second hr and that it increases the biliary bicarbonate concentration) were not due to the 7 beta-hydroxy group in its steroidal structure, and that the choleretic property of ursocholate is similar to its 7 alpha-hydroxy epimer, cholate. However, the much lower cytotoxicity of ursocholate compared to cholate appears to be due to the 7 beta hydroxy group that ursocholate has. PMID- 6645806 TI - Increased tryptophan uptake into the brain in hyperammonemia. AB - Hyperammonemia was provoked in rats by urease injection over three days. Tryptophan transport into the forebrain measured by the bolus injection technique was increased in hyperammonemic rats in comparison with pairfed controls. The concentration of the large neutral aminoacids, of tryptophan and of 5 hydroxyindole acetic acid were increased in the forebrain and brainstem. Probenecid administration led to a significantly higher accumulation of 5 hydroxyindole acetic acid in the forebrain of hyperammonemic rats. Since liver function was not impaired the data indicate that hyperammonemia in absence of hepatic insufficiency alters the carrier function for large neutral aminoacids at the blood brain barrier. PMID- 6645807 TI - Brain-derived fibroblast growth factor: a study of its inactivation. AB - Brain fibroblast growth factor has been identified as a component of myelin basic protein. Its activity is destroyed when treated with a variety of solvents including dilute acid, organic solvents and solutions of guanidine hydrochloride. These conditions do not alter the encephalitogenic properties of myelin basic protein. PMID- 6645808 TI - Thermoregulatory effects of purines and caffeine. AB - Purines are putative neurotransmitters which appear to be involved in regulating several vegetative functions. We examined the effect of purines and their antagonist, caffeine, on colonic temperature of rats. Adenosine injected ip lowered colonic temperature in a dose responsive manner at ambient room temperatures. Adenine and AMP also lowered body temperature whereas 7 methylinosine and inosine only slightly influenced colonic temperature. Caffeine (50 mg/kg) injected sc, increased colonic temperature and when injected within 60 seconds of adenosine, counteracted the hypothermic effect of adenosine (50 mg/kg). Low ambient temperature (4 degrees C) accentuated the thermoregulatory effects of adenosine. Thus adenosine appears to have a hypothermic effect on body temperature regulation when administered peripherally which can be reversed by caffeine. PMID- 6645809 TI - The effect of cholestyramine on liver HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase in various laboratory animals. AB - The activity of HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase was assayed in the liver of rats, rabbits, hamsters and guinea pigs at the minimum of the day cycle and after one night fasting. The amount of HMG-CoA reductase, as determined after its complete dephosphorylation in vitro was of the same order of magnitude in the tested species. The dephosphorylated active form of the enzyme was detectable only in the rat. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was also much higher in the rat. Cholestyramine treatment stimulated the activity of both enzymes. In particular, the ratio between active and inactive HMG-CoA reductase in rabbits, hamsters and guinea pigs became of the same order of magnitude of that found in rats. PMID- 6645810 TI - Glucocorticoid suppression enhances the 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone response to metoclopramide in man. AB - 18-Hydroxycorticosterone (18-OHB) is a precursor of aldosterone and is the only corticosteroid, other than aldosterone, that is synthesized predominantly in the zona glomerulosa. Administration of the dopamine antagonist, metoclopramide results in parallel rises in plasma 18-OHB and aldosterone levels without affecting the plasma levels of other aldosterone precursors. However, 18-OHB is a product of the zona fasciculata as well as the glomerulosa. Thus, it is possible that metoclopramide may stimulate zona fasciculata secretion of 18-OHB. In order to more selectively examine dopaminergic regulation of zona glomerulosa secretion of 18-OHB we have examined the effect of glucocorticoid suppression of the fasciculata on the 18-OHB and aldosterone responses to metoclopramide, 10 mg iv in 6 normal volunteers. Dexamethasone, 2 mg every 6 hours for 5 days, suppressed basal levels of cortisol, corticosterone, 18-OHB and aldosterone. Dexamethasone treatment had no effect on basal levels of PRA or PRA responses to metoclopramide. The 18-OHB and aldosterone responses to metoclopramide were enhanced (p less than .05) by dexamethasone suppression. The results suggest that dopaminergic mechanisms selectively suppress glomerulosa production of 18-OHB. Endogenous ACTH may inhibit zona glomerulosa production of 18-OHB and aldosterone in response to the dopamine antagonist, metoclopramide. PMID- 6645811 TI - Limitation of access to highly palatable foods increases the norepinephrine content of many discrete hypothalamic and amygdaloidal nuclei of rat brain. AB - The norepinephrine (NE) concentration of 14 discrete brain nuclei of rats fed with either purina rat chow or highly palatable foods, given ad libitum or in a restricted quantity isocaloric with the Purina rat chow diet, was measured by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The NE level was significantly increased in the n. suprachiasmaticus, n. paraventricularis, n. arcuatus and n. amygdaloideus (medialis, corticalis, centralis, basalis pars lateralis, lateralis pars posterior) of rats fed with palatable foods given in restricted amount. The increased NE level seems to be associated with the limitation of access to highly palatable food whilst the regimen composition and the palatability of foods are not implicated in this phenomenon. Some hypothalamic and amygdaloid NE-containing neurones can be affected by food-restriction stress, suggesting a role of this neuronal system in feeding activity. PMID- 6645812 TI - Opposite effects of two metal-chelators on alloxan-induced diabetes in mice. AB - Alloxan diabetes may be mediated by an iron-catalyzed formation of hydroxyl radicals. The iron chelators desferrioxamine and diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DETAPAC) which inhibit hydroxyl radical formation in vitro were tested against alloxan diabetes in mice. DETAPAC inhibited while desferrioxamine stimulated the hyperglycemic response to alloxan. The diverging treatment results are discussed. PMID- 6645813 TI - Enhanced serum cortisol response to 5-hydroxytryptophan in depression and mania. AB - The serum cortisol responses to D,L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 200 mg per oral, in unmedicated depressed and manic patients, were both significantly greater than that of normal controls. The cortisol response to 5-HTP in depressed patients was significantly correlated with ratings of specific symptoms of depression. It was also greater in non-psychotic than in psychotic depressed patients as well as in those manic or depressed patients who attempted suicide compared to those who had not. In view of evidence for decreased brain serotonergic activity in depression and perhaps mania, the results suggest at least some serotonin receptors may be supersensitive in some patients with affective disorders. PMID- 6645814 TI - Conditioned place preference from intra-accumbens but not intra-caudate amphetamine injections. AB - Rats received injections of d-amphetamine sulphate (10 micrograms in 0.5 ul) in nucleus accumbens and were placed into one of two (randomly assigned) distinctive environments. The next day the rats were placed into the other environment and received either a saline injection or no treatment. This procedure was repeated six times. When the rats were allowed a free choice between the two environments they showed a significant preference for the one that had been paired with amphetamine. This finding suggests that amphetamine-stimulated release of dopamine in nucleus accumbens can increase the incentive value of neutral stimuli with which it is paired. When the same procedure was carried out with a group of rats that received amphetamine injections in the dorsolateral caudate nucleus, no preference for the side paired with the drug was evident. This suggests that there is functional differentiation between different parts of the dopaminergic terminal system. PMID- 6645815 TI - The human liver in extrahepatic cholestasis: ultrastructural morphometric data. AB - The present study reports the data obtained through a quantitative analysis performed on needle liver biopsies of five jaundiced patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Whatever the duration of jaundice, the surface density of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum remained in the normal range in all subjects. The surface density of the rough endoplasmic reticulum was variable, showing elevated values in three of the five patients. The surface density of peroxisomes was unchanged with respect to controls. All the subjects exhibited an increase of the surface density of mitochondrial cristae without changes of the outer membrane. These data fail to show evidence of hypertrophy of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes of human liver during extrahepatic cholestasis. Instead, the increased surface density of the mitochondrial cristae, which has also been previously reported in patients with uncomplicated cholelithiasis, appears as an early and constant phenomenon associated with conformational changes of this mitochondrial component. Such a structural modification might represent an elementary response of the liver cells to alterations in the pathways of synthesis and/or excretion of biliary components. PMID- 6645816 TI - The value of clinical, biochemical, ultrasound and liver biopsy data in assessing patients with liver disease. AB - To determine the value of clinical, biochemical, ultrasound and liver biopsy data in the management of patients with liver disease, eight doctors each assessed 75 case histories. With clinical and biochemical data alone, the predictive accuracy was significantly higher when identifying patients as 'medical' rather than 'surgical' (97 compared with 79%, p less than 0.001). However, when making a specific diagnosis as opposed to classifying into medical and surgical categories, clinical and biochemical information resulted in a much lower predictive accuracy for both medical (67%) and surgical (56%) patients. With ultrasound data the predictive accuracy increased to 91% when identifying patients as 'surgical'; with liver biopsy it increased to 99% when identifying patients as 'medical'. The value of the different data assessed involves more than an evaluation of diagnostic accuracy, and in this study the relative worth of each test was therefore assessed on a five point scale based on the effect of the information on the doctors. This included a willingness to give specific treatment and make a specific diagnosis, as well as classifying patients into medical and surgical categories and the confidence they felt in their diagnoses. After clinical, biochemical and ultrasound information the doctors were only prepared to give specific treatment to 11.9% of the medical and 9.3% of the surgical patients. After liver biopsy data, however, they were willing to give specific treatment to an additional 66.6% of the medical patients and 25% of the surgical patients. Further evidence of the value of liver biopsy information came from an analysis of the changes in the doctors' confidence in a diagnosis. Thus, 96 patients were assigned a correct specific diagnosis with clinical and biochemical data alone but none were considered as 'definitive' by the doctors; when liver biopsy information was provided 59 (61%) were placed in this category. PMID- 6645817 TI - Chronic active hepatitis in alcoholic patients. AB - The histologic appearances characteristic of chronic active hepatitis (CAH) were observed in liver biopsies of seven patients among whom alcohol abuse was the only identifiable determinant of liver disease. Clinical, hematologic, biochemical and histologic features in these patients were contrasted with those of 20 patients with typical alcoholic hepatitis. For the CAH group, the liver was less enlarged below the costal margin, a palpable spleen was more frequent, the mean neutrophil count was lower, and there was a lower mean level of transaminase enzymes. In both groups there was minimal evidence of the serologic markers of autoimmune CAH or antecedent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Histologically, all liver biopsies in the CAH group showed perilobular "piecemeal" necrosis, "rosette" formation and dense portal and septal lymphoid infiltrates, in contrast to the fatty change, Mallory bodies and intralobular neutrophil clusters of the alcoholic hepatitis group. In the CAH group, a second liver biopsy was assessed after a period during which alcohol consumption was known; histologic improvement or deterioration correlated with abstinence or continuation of drinking. Thus "alcoholic" CAH has some clinical and histologic features distinct from those of typical alcoholic hepatitis, but the two types were similar in other respects including dependence of the course of disease on continuing use of alcohol. PMID- 6645818 TI - Failure to induce selective cholestasis in the rat after long-term extrahepatic selective biliary obstruction. AB - Forty-eight hours after extra-hepatic selective biliary obstruction (SBO), there is evidence of cholestasis in the obstructed lobes (OL). However, some major ultrastructural features of cholestasis are missing. The aim of this work was to investigate the long-term effect of SBO. One month after surgery, and in comparison with sham-operated rats, bile flow, liver weight, and liver weight ratio of obstructed/nonobstructed lobes were normal. Furthermore, there was no evidence of cholestasis in OL by light and electron microscopy. Bile duct communications between obstructed and non-obstructed lobes were evidenced by Indian ink injection. In sham-operated rats, bile duct communications between ducts of the different lobes were involved in bile drainage. It appears, therefore, that the main reason for the lack of cholestasis 1 month after SBO is the drainage of bile from OL through accessory bile ducts. PMID- 6645819 TI - Analytic methods and medical education. Problems and prospects. PMID- 6645820 TI - Evaluation of operational failures in clinical decision making. AB - Medical decision analysts are interested in the changes in health benefits from inappropriate ordering of tests, imperfect information from tests, and imperfect results of treatments. Operational failures in the decision-making sequence, caused by human and system factors, may also alter health benefits. An evaluation of operational failures in follow-up of positive urine cultures in pediatric patients is reported. Branching criteria were developed by physician representatives from each of eight pediatric group practices to evaluate the care of patients aged 6 months to 16 years, inclusive. Of 858 cases evaluated, 52 percent failed at one or more nodes in the criteria sequence. Rates of failure at individual nodes among cases reaching these nodes varied from 2 percent to 48 percent. Like those of other researchers, our findings suggest that decision analyses that do not take operational failures into consideration may inaccurately predict the yield of health benefits achieved in actual practice. PMID- 6645821 TI - What to do when the patient outlives the literature, or DEALE-ing with a full deck. PMID- 6645822 TI - Evaluating diagnostic strategies for pulmonary embolism. PMID- 6645823 TI - [State of the skin and underlying tissues in late periods following the radiation therapy of lymphogranulomatosis]. AB - A study was made of 200 patients with Hodgkin's disease in a prolonged remission (5-12 yrs.) resulting from radiation therapy. In a long-term period after treatment the patients' height and body mass usually correspond to those obtained at examination of the entire population. Late radiation fibrosis of the soft tissues was noted in 26 patients. It was caused by repeated irradiation for recurrences of Hodgkin's disease, excess single focal doses prior to surgical intervention in the zone of irradiation. In some cases (0.9%) while using wide irradiation fields late radiation fibrosis is also observed when radiation exposure did not exceed values that are considered normal for the treatment of patients with Hodgkin's disease. In some of the patients (at the moment of treatment their age ranged between 14-16) at later time pronounced hypotrophy of the neck soft tissues (the "thin neck" syndrome) was observed, accompanied by weakness, boring pain, convulsive muscular twitching in this area, causing cosmetic discomfort. PMID- 6645824 TI - [Results of gamma teletherapy of prostate cancer patients]. AB - The paper is concerned with the results of clinical examination of 44 patients with prostatic cancer and their distribution according to disease stages. The authors provide morphological evaluation of the data (cytological and histological confirmation of the diagnosis). In the data analysed most of the patients had T3 and T4-34 (77.3%), i. e. patients with poorly differentiated tumor forms. All the patients were given a radical course of gamma-beam therapy of the prostate, 19 of them took estrogens prior to irradiation. Moving gamma beam therapy of prostatic cancer is well tolerated by patients. It can be used in any stage of disease and in the progression of disease as well. Radiation reactions in the form of epitheliitis of various degree in the inguinal region were noted in 15% of the cases at a dosage of 32-44 Gy. Short-term results of the treatment were good: subjective signs of improvement were observed in 99.7% of the patients, objective signs of a positive therapeutic effect in 21 (48.1%). The 3-year survival rates were 44.3% for patients after a radical course of radiotherapy and 32.6% in radiotherapy for patients with tumor progression. PMID- 6645825 TI - [Computerized tomography in planning radiation therapy of patients with nasopharyngeal squamous-cell cancer]. AB - In 27 patients with squamous cell nasopharyngeal cancer, the results of a routine x-ray study were correlated with those of computerized tomography. It has been shown that the resolution of computerized tomography is about twice as high in specified diagnosis of a disseminated tumor process, particularly in cases when the tumor involves the orbit, retrobulbar space, pterygopalatine fossa, uncinate processes, nasal cavity, etc. Besides, computerized tomography can de effectively used to correct irradiation conditions during radiation therapy and to evaluate therapeutic results. PMID- 6645826 TI - [Social and occupational rehabilitation of lymphogranulomatosis patients in late periods after radiation therapy]. AB - Some data on 239 patients with Hodgkin's disease in a long-term (5-12 yrs.) remission achieved with radiotherapy, have been analysed. The number of married persons and the number of children in a family were less, and the number of divorces equal to indices determined during mass screening of population. The rates of morbidity with a loss of capacity to work were consistent with control values. Most of the patients (90.3%) after therapy resumed their work the nature of which was mainly the same (88.6%). In expert medical evaluation of the working capacity there are no reliable criteria. It should proceed from the completeness of remission and the nature of the pathological process. PMID- 6645827 TI - [Methodological aspects of fundamental and applied research in medical radiography and radiology]. PMID- 6645828 TI - [The sympathetic-adrenal and hypophyseal-adrenal systems in the preoperative irradiation of patients with cancer of the esophagus and cardia]. AB - A study was made of 74 patients with esophageal and cardiac cancer, Stages II and IV. The excretion of catecholamines, corticosteroids and their precursors was studied, tests with adrenalin before and after preoperative irradiation at a summary dose of 30 Gy were done. It has been shown that before the start of radiation therapy the excretion of catecholamines and corticosteroids is lowered, the reaction to adrenalin administration is negative in most patients, the phase syndrome of cardiac hypodynamics associated with disturbed function of the sympathoadrenal system was revealed. After irradiation DOPA and dopamine excretion gets still lower whereas adrenalin excretion remains at the initial reduced level, the level of noradrenalin increases but does not achieve the normal level, i. e. a predominant decrease of catecholamine synthesis is observed. Adrenalin tests after irradiation revealed the depletion of the reaction of the cardiovascular system interrelated, to a great extent, with the activity of the sympathoadrenal system. Preoperative irradiation in patients with esophageal and cardiac cancer results in an increased excretion of 17 ketosteroids (17-KS) and 17-ketogenic steroids, however 17-KS excretion does not reach the normal level. For better tolerance of irradiation and for a radiosensitization effect testenate is administered to patients before and during radiation therapy. The administration of testenate 7-10 days before the start and during radiotherapy proved to be effective which was confirmed by noticeable necrobiotic and necrotic changes of cancer cells. PMID- 6645829 TI - [Immunohistochemical characteristics of breast cancer after radiation treatment]. AB - Histological and immunohistochemical examination of the tumorous tissue from 45 breast cancer patients after surgery (14) and combined treatment (31) was performed. Using direct Coons method the localization of immune complexes and immunoglobulins of the main classes (G, A, M) was revealed. Deposits of immune complexes including immunoglobulins of different classes were found in 8 patients of the 1st group and 22 patients of the 2nd group. Immune complexes were mostly localized extracellularly in the stroma. After irradiation extensive deposit and more intense fluorescence of immune complexes in the stroma of a tumor, lumpy in the walls of the major vessels were observed. In the tumor parenchyma of breast cancer patients before irradiation, immune complexes were found on the cytolemmas of cancer cells and on the surface of cancer complexes, after irradiation on the preserved cancer complexes in the form of small foci. It is assumed that immune complexes and immunoglobulins of different classes related to breast cancer epithelial cells, block the immunological interaction of T lymphocytes with cancer cells. The suppression effect of radiotherapy on tumor cell receptor activity has been shown that is not only of theoretical but also of practical interest. PMID- 6645830 TI - [Increased information value of the radiophosphorus diagnosis of pigmented skin neoplasms]. AB - A complex of new methods are proposed. They make it possible to improve the precision and informative value of the results of 32P diagnosis of pigmental skin tumors. The following methods are used: 1) fractional administration of the indicator to increase the level of 32P accumulation in melanomas; it made it possible to improve the differential-diagnostic capacity of the radiophosphorus test; 2) beta-radiometry of pathological and control skin zones with and without fine tissue equivalent filters to "contrast" tumors and to determine the average depth of their invasion to unchanged tissues; the use of this method made it possible to lessen the number of false-negative diagnoses and to get additional clinicodiagnostic information that can be useful in the planning of surgical and radiation treatment; 3) radiometry of skin zones in the spectrometric regimen with three different levels of the integral discrimination of beta-radiation impulses to determine the thickness and lower line of the layer of the abnormal accumulation of the indicator in the pathological skin zone; the use of this method makes it possible to detect incrusted melanomas. PMID- 6645831 TI - [Dispersion analysis of densitometric data from computerized tomography for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant tumors]. PMID- 6645832 TI - [Dosimetric characteristics of a californium neutron source]. AB - The spectrum of energy linear transmission (ELT) and a coefficient of neutron quality were measured in the air in the clinical use of sources by means of a set of low efficacy Geiger counters to find a solution to a problem of the standardization of working conditions for persons dealing with 252Cf sources. The ELT mean values LN = 27 +/- 3 keV/micron and LD = 51 +/- 5 KeV/micron and a coefficient of quality Q = 8.9 +/- 1.0 were obtained in measurements with sources in the air. Values obtained in measurements on a patient receiving interstitial therapy with the use of 252Cf were as follows: 33 +/- 5; 57 +/- 8 keV/micron and 9.3 +/- 1.3 respectively. The value Q-7 is recommended for the evaluation of an equivalent dose of mixed 252Cf gamma-neutron radiation. Using 237Np track detectors for various distances and azimuthal angles which are of the main interest to the therapeutic use of 252Cf neutron sources, spatial distribution of the specific standard rate of neutrons was measured in the air (in geometry without scattering) and in the water phantom (in geometry with maximum scattering and accumulation). The results obtained made it possible to deduce regularities of neutron field formation in the vicinity of a single source and to evaluate the reliability of data obtained with calculation methods. They can be used for the planning of application, interstitial and intracavitary tumor therapy, for a neutron activation analysis and radiography. PMID- 6645833 TI - [Carcinoembryonic antigen in the blood in the process of correcting carbohydrate metabolic disorders in patients with gastrointestinal cancer]. PMID- 6645834 TI - [Potentials of thermography in the diagnosis and characterization of chronic tonsillitis]. AB - Thermography was done to 131 patients with chronic tonsillitis (simple form in 46, toxico-allergic in 85). The main thermographic sign of this disease is temperature lowered by more than 1 degree C (2.2 degrees C on an average) in the proximal third of the phalanx as compared to that in the dorsal surface of the hand at the level of metacarpophalangeal articulations. Hyperthermia in the shoulder girdle area an in the neck up to the submaxillary line with clear contours is characteristic of patients with the toxico-allergic form of chronic tonsillitis. A thermographic picture in the zone of hyperthermia has the shape of a "collar". Thus thermography makes it possible to distinguish between the main clinical forms of chronic tonsillitis and to specify indications to a therapeutic method. PMID- 6645835 TI - [Peripheral muscle blood flow in spinal cord trauma patients based on 133Xe study data]. AB - Studies with 133Xe on the voluminous muscular blood flow in the lower limbs of patients with trauma of the spine and spinal cord showed significant disturbance of the regional peripheral hemodynamics. In a spinal cord trauma the blood flow rate is reduced irrespective of patients' age and the site of trauma. The most noticeable disturbances of the peripheral blood flow are observed in patients with the affected cervical and upper thoracic regions of the spinal cord as compared to the thoracolumbar region. PMID- 6645836 TI - [Programs for the radiation and drug treatment of metastases of Ewing's sarcoma to the lungs in children]. AB - As a result of total-local irradiation of the lung combined with polychemotherapy in patients with solitary metastases to the lungs, a 3-year survival in children was 52.7 +/- 12.1%, after local irradiation of the lungs and chemotherapy 30 +/- 11.8% of the patients. Combined treatment was well tolerated by pediatric patients. The results of the study have shown that radiation therapy of metastases of Ewing's sarcoma to the lungs with simultaneous polychemotherapy does not disturb external respiratory function even in a later period, the clinical manifestations of lung radiation reactions were seldom observed. PMID- 6645837 TI - [Postoperative radiotherapy of endometrial cancer]. AB - A retrospective study was made of the influence of such factors as the stage, morphological structure, degree of tumor differentiation, time and volume of irradiation in the postoperative period on therapeutic efficacy. Combined therapy was provided to 118 patients with endometrial cancer. The morphological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was made in 117 of them. By the operative findings in 77.9% the tumor infiltrated the endometrium, in 5.1% it affected the cervical canal and in 6.8% the ovaries. A decrease in tumor differentiation was worse for prognosis. The combination of contact and gamma-beam therapy after panhysterectomy for endometrial cancer proves effective, radiation reactions are infrequent (cystitis in 5.1%, rectitis in 6.8% of the patients). Of the 31 patients, 24 have been alive for 6-11 yrs., of the 18 patients, 13 for 5 yrs. PMID- 6645838 TI - [Radiotherapy of ulcerated hemangioma]. AB - A method of close-focus x-ray therapy for extensive ulcerated hemangiomas was worked out and used in combination with ointment treatment with a good clinical effect in 230 patients. The summary focal dose was 0.5-1.0 Gy. A study of the results of radiotherapy over the period of 3-10 yrs. has shown that such changes as skin atrophy, scars and cosmetic defects result from the ulceration of a tumor at its early stage of development because during irradiation at doses that do not cause local radiation reactions, changes of the skin and soft tissues are not observed. PMID- 6645839 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of tumor radiation reactions by their radiobiological parameters]. AB - An effect of the radiosensitivity of tumors on the degree of their regression in fractionated irradiation was studied theoretically. It has been shown that the efficacy of tumor regression depends significantly on the radiobiological parameters of tumors. PMID- 6645840 TI - [Effect of metronidazole on the radiation reaction of transplanted tumors]. PMID- 6645841 TI - [Scintigraphy with 67Ga-citrate and 169Yb-citrate in the diagnosis of lung cancer]. AB - A scintigraphic study was made of 44 lung cancer patients. At first the diagnosis was made on the basis of an x-ray finding, then it was specified with the help of radioisotope scintigraphy and fibrobronchoscopy with histological examination. 67Ga-citrate and 169Yb-citrate with the activity of 74 MBk were used i. v. for scintigraphy. The scanning was done 72 hrs. after the application of a radionuclide using the magnascanner Picker-500 (USA). In 88.3% of the cases positive scintigraphic results were confirmed histologically as a malignant lung process. A conclusion has been made that both radionuclides are suitable for tumorotropic lung scintigraphy. Owing to its potentialities they can substitute in certain cases for more traumatic roentgenobronchography that also gives radiation exposure. PMID- 6645842 TI - [Statistical analysis of the results of radionuclide studies using small computers]. AB - The paper is concerned with a method of the choice of an optimum criterion of difference with regard to the law of the distribution of samples, degree of their correlation and the limits of application of the criterion. Student's t-criterion is usually used for comparison. Examples are cited to the effect that the formal use of Student's t-criterion disregarding the limits of its applicability can sometimes result in errors in statistical conclusions. The authors give an algorithm to process the results with the help of a small-size computer. PMID- 6645843 TI - [Determination of 131I-triiodothyronine absorption by erythrocytes]. AB - The paper is concerned with an analysis of errors and shortcomings that are typical of a method for the determination of 131I-triiodothyronine absorbed by erythrocytes using washing (the so-called Hamolsky test). To lessen or to prevent some of these errors as well as to reduce the time of investigation a new method is proposed where repeated centrifugation and washing of the blood samples will be of no use. This method was used simultaneously with the previous one in 71 patients of whom 31 formed a group of healthy persons. A study of each patient was doubled by taking a double blood sample: 4 ml instead of 2 ml. The dispersion (sigma 2) of the results obtained by the new method turned out to be less than in the dispersion of the standard method. Using the X2 criterion the results obtained by both methods were analysed. It has been established that at the level of the value p less than 0.001 between the first and second measurements there are no statistically significant differences that are so typical of the previous method. The dispersion and nonparametric statistical analyses after the use of the F and X2 criteria have shown a greater reproducibility of the results obtained by the new method. PMID- 6645844 TI - [The ventilation-perfusion process in the lungs following inhalation administration of 133Xe]. AB - A study of the ventilation-perfusion process in 33 patients with various pulmonary diseases has shown the advantages of 133Xe administration by inhalation over i.v. administration. This method for the study of the ventilation-perfusion process in the lungs adequately reflects pathological changes in them; it is not traumatic, easy to perform and permits one to considerably lessen the radiation exposure of the patient and the staff. PMID- 6645845 TI - Radiographic anatomy of the tarsal bones. PMID- 6645846 TI - Lateral extension of sphenoid sinuses. PMID- 6645847 TI - [A system of diagnostic tests, the providing of medical equipment and the level of automation in ambulatory care clinics]. AB - Some problems of establishing the complex of diagnostic investigations based on the use of medical instrumentation in outpatient clinics with 50 000 and more population being served are discussed. The methodology to evaluate informative signs according to every diagnostic examination is presented. Computational relationships for quantitative evaluation of informative signs are given as well as an algorithm of generalized examination results reporting. PMID- 6645848 TI - [Automated ultrasonic diagnostic systems for outpatient clinics]. AB - Some ways to improve informative capacity of ultrasonic diagnostic examinations are discussed, and their application in an extended network of outpatient clinics by using the state-of-the-art automated devices, microcomputers and microprocessors in particular, are considered. Possible approaches to automating ultrasonic diagnostic examinations are analysed, and requirements for hardware and software of ultrasonic complexes are specified. A configuration structure of complexes for processing monodimensional and bidimensional echo signals is presented. PMID- 6645849 TI - [Work productivity--toward new higher levels]. PMID- 6645850 TI - [Control of the radiation quality in diagnostic x-ray equipment]. AB - A dependence of effective X-ray energy upon a high voltage amplitude for filters with various thickness is plotted using experimental attenuation curves. An analytical expression for the dependence is also derived. It relates radiation quality with an anode voltage amplitude for the units PYM-20. PMID- 6645851 TI - [The Abris semi-automatic device for plotting the contours of the surface plane of the human body]. AB - Semiautomatic contact contour plotter is designed to cope human body sections in supine position. Its operating principle and a design are presented. Experimental tests have shown that the error in contour plotting does not exceed 1--2 mm. It is useful in planning radiation therapy. PMID- 6645852 TI - [The improved UT-7508 ergometer]. PMID- 6645853 TI - [Upgrading the corrosion resistance of medical instruments made of chromium steel of the martensite class with electrochemical polishing]. AB - An electrolyte with surfactant admixtures has been specially designed for finish electrochemical polishing of medical instruments. It enables reducing in requirements for surface roughness and the size of labor-consuming operations when grinding and polishing. PMID- 6645854 TI - [A scientific organization of labor (from the experience of the staff of the Klinsk glass factory)]. PMID- 6645855 TI - [Long-range planning--one of the ways of improving the quality of medical technology]. PMID- 6645856 TI - [A perfusion device for the survival of isolated organs of the reproductive system]. AB - A perfusion device for life supporting in isolated reproductive organs is described. With the device, the following functions are possible: gas exchange in recirculating blood flow, perfusate replacement in the course of perfusion, blood flow generation in a circular circuit with simultaneous provision of hemodynamic parameters closely approximating native ones. PMID- 6645857 TI - [Device for controlling the parameters of the artificial ventilation of the lung- the CM-3 Argus-3 spiromonitor]. PMID- 6645858 TI - [A gastroduodenal probe]. AB - The methods to examine several gastrointestinal organs have been developed using a new probe. The probe is useful in analyzing the basal and stimulated gastric juice, duodenal contents of A and B groups according to the first method, secretion of the pancreas in order to detect pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, amylase, lipase), and gastric juice (basal and stimulated secretion) following the second method. PMID- 6645859 TI - [The Ikar-4 apparatus for artificial coughing]. PMID- 6645860 TI - Adaptations of forearm circulation to varied intensities and sets of heavy exercise. AB - Nine male and five female college students were tested on four occasions to determine the effects of various exhaustive weightlifting stimuli on forearm blood flow as measured by strain-gauge plethysmography. Maximum voluntary dynamic wrist curl strength was determined in the first session, which was followed by random treatments of exercise with 70, 80, and 90% of the weight subjects could curl only one time (1 RM) on three separate days. During each treatment, after a 15-min rest, subjects performed three sets of exercise movements at a pace of 0.5 Hz until voluntary exhaustion. Each set of continuous repetitions was followed by a 166-s recovery period. Blood flows (ml flow X 100 ml tissue-1 X min-1) were determined at 10, 36, 62, 88, 114, 140, and 166 s of recovery. Data were analyzed using ANOVA tests for a three (intensities) by three (sets) complete factorial design with repeated measures on all factors. Generally, 90% flows were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than both 70 and 80% flows. Also, 70% flows were statistically equal to 80% flows. There were significant (P less than 0.05) set effects at 10, 36, 114, and 166 s of recovery. Blood flows for set 3 exceeded those for set 1 at 10, 36, 114, and 166 s of recovery, and blood flows for set 2 exceeded those for set 1 at 166 s of recovery. PMID- 6645861 TI - Effects of endurance training on coronary resistance in dogs. AB - The effects of endurance training on coronary vascular resistance, myocardial blood flow, and oxygen consumption during tachycardia, and with adenosine-induced coronary dilation, were studied in a group of exercise-trained dogs. Seven mongrel dogs were conditioned by 8 wk of running on a motor-driven treadmill. Following conditioning, aortic pressure was unchanged in trained compared to a nontrained group, while cardiac output was somewhat lower in the trained group. Left ventricular myocardial blood flow determined by the microsphere technique was not different at rest or with tachycardia in trained vs control animals, and no significant differences in oxygen consumption were observed between trained and nontrained animals under any experimental conditions. Coronary resistance during pacing (NT: 1.00 +/- 0.09, T: 0.79 +/- 0.06 mmHg/ml X min-1 X 100 g-1) in the trained group was similar to the nontrained group, and both groups had the same resistance during adenosine infusion (NT: 0.49 +/- 0.20, T: 0.44 +/- 0.08). In addition, there were no differences in coronary A-V oxygen difference or coronary sinus saturation after training. The data indicate that little change occurs in the maximum flow capacity of the coronary bed following exercise training, and the trained heart responds to tachycardia with a reduced vascular resistance and increase coronary flow in a fashion similar to untrained animals. PMID- 6645862 TI - Maximal exercise during hypobaric hypoxia (447 Torr) in moderate-altitude natives. AB - Six low-altitude natives (LAN) (373 m or less, aged 19-25 yr) and eight moderate altitude natives (MAN) (1830-2200 m, aged 19-23 yr) were studied at both their residence (home) altitude (740 Torr and 587 Torr, respectively) and in a hypobaric chamber at a simulated altitude of 4270 m (447 Torr). Following a 2-d adaptation period, subjects performed an incremented test on the cycle ergometer until voluntary exhaustion. Significantly (P less than 0.05) greater differences in percent change of maximum exercise variables (total exercise time, exercise intensity, VO2, VCO2, VE/VO2 and HR) were noted in the LAN group than in the MAN group, going from their residence altitude to 447 Torr. The decrement in VO2max was 15% in the MAN group compared to 34% in the LAN group. The anaerobic threshold (% VO2max), estimated from VE BTPS measurements, was similar in both groups at residence altitude and at 447 Torr. In the morning prior to exercise testing at 447 Torr, LAN subjects reported greater (P less than 0.001) symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) than MAN subjects. Our results indicate that, with respect to maximum exercise performance, moderate-altitude natives are at an advantage during early adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia. PMID- 6645863 TI - Gastric-emptying characteristics of two glucose polymer-electrolyte solutions. AB - Inadequate carbohydrate and fluids can limit physical performance; optimal delivery of both should be the goal of any beverage designed especially for the athlete. In this study, the gastric-emptying characteristics of two carbohydrate electrolyte solutions were compared with water. The 5% carbohydrate solution contained 3% Polycose glucose polymers and 2% fructose, whereas the 7% solution contained 5% Polycose glucose polymers and 2% fructose. Both solutions contained similar amounts of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride in the range suggested by the American College of Sports Medicine for rehydration solutions. Four hundred milliliters of each solution were administered to six male subjects and the amount of fluid emptied at 30 and 60 min by each subject was calculated. A non-absorbable dye, phenol red, was used to correct for gastric secretion. The gastric emptying of the 7% solution in healthy adult male subjects was not significantly different from the 5% solution or cold water. Inclusion of a polymerized form of glucose in a 7% glucose polymer-fructose solution can supply 70 g of carbohydrate per liter and also maximizes rehydration. This solution may be particularly useful in those activities where fluid and energy loss are particularly important. PMID- 6645864 TI - The freely-chosen swimming stroke rate in a maximal swim and on a biokinetic swim bench. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the significance of the freely chosen stroke rate (S) in swimming to attain maximum velocity. Seven club swimmers swam five 366-m freestyle trials, the first three at low to maximum velocities and the next two at higher stroke rates in an attempt to increase velocity further. A clear "inverted U" pattern was observed, the optimal stroke rate (Sopt) being the median rate of 45.8 (range 42-49) S X min-1. Each subject then performed a maximal experimental test on five separate occasions, simulating the freestyle arm action on a biokinetic swim bench. Stroke rate was manipulated according to the five rates used by each subject in the swim trials. The mean VO2peak on the biokinetic bench also varied as an "inverted U" curvilinear function of S, with the correlation between Sopt and the S at the highest VO2peak being 0.98 (P less than 0.001). Peak values for VO2, VE, and heart rate in simulated swimming were, respectively, 73%, 52%, and 85% of the maximal rates determined on a cycle ergometer. Maximum swimming velocity was not significantly correlated with VO2max or with VO2peak on the swim bench (P greater than 0.05). Results confirm that freely-chosen S produces the top performance in swimming to attain maximum velocity and the highest peak VO2 values in simulated swimming on a biokinetic bench. PMID- 6645865 TI - The effects of shoe design parameters on rearfoot control in running. AB - Control of the amount and/or rate of pronation of the foot which occurs during distance running has been cited as an important consideration for runners when selecting a running shoe. In this study, high-speed movie film was taken from the rear while 10 subjects ran on a treadmill at a pace of 3.8 m X s-1. These subjects wore 36 different shoes in combinations of three midsole hardnesses, three heel flares, and four heel heights. The film data were digitized and used to determine the eversion or inversion of the heel relative to the lower leg throughout foot contact. Because eversion of the foot is a component of pronation it was used as a predictor of how much pronation was occurring. It was found that shoes with soft midsoles (25 durometer, Shore A scale) allowed significantly more maximum pronation (MP) and total rearfoot movement (TRM) than shoes with either medium (35 durometer) or hard (45 durometer) midsoles. Shoes with 0 degrees heel flare allowed significantly more MP and TRM than shoes with either 15 degrees or 30 degrees heel flares. Heel height was found to have no significant effect on either MP or TRM. These data provide guidelines for the construction of running shoes designed to limit rearfoot movement. PMID- 6645866 TI - Spline solution to terminal zero acceleration problems in biomechanical data. AB - An augmented cubic spline function was evaluated as an alternative solution to the end-point problem which frequently arises in the smoothing and differentiation of biomechanical position-time data. The usual procedures of natural cubic spline functions and digital filtering have the undesirable effect of forcing the accelerations to zero at the ends of the data set. The proposed augmented cubic spline procedure does not have this characteristic but rather requires the curve to pass through a single extra point at each end of the data set. Using two different criteria with large acceleration magnitudes near the end of the data set, we have compared the effectiveness of all three methods in terms of the total curve (root mean square error) and in terms of the last few points (percent and algebraic error). In both experiments the augumented cubic spline procedure was found to be superior to both digital filtering and natural cubic spline functions. It was concluded that this technique could be used for smoothing and differentiating biomechanical data in instances where the underlying function is unknown and the accelerations at the end points of the data set are suspected of being non-zero. PMID- 6645867 TI - Mechanical analysis of racket and ball during impact. AB - Several investigators have demonstrated experimentally that ball-rebound velocity after an eccentric impact against a tennis racket remains unchanged for two extreme conditions of grip firmness, i.e., when the grip is firmly clamped and when it is allowed to stand freely on its butt. The present study utilized a simple mathematical model from classical impact theory to provide analytical support for their experimental findings. It was shown that the functional relationship between the approach and rebound velocity of the ball is dependent on five dimensionless numbers: 1) the ratio of the ball to racket mass; 2) the ratio of the radius of gyration about the racket pivot to the distance of the geometric center of the racket head to the pivot; 3) the coefficient of restitution between the ball and the racket string ensemble; 4) the ratio of the distances of the center of mass and the center of the strings to the pivot; and 5) the ratio of the grip length to the distance from the pivot to the center of the strings. Because the mass and length ratios are very small numbers for tennis, the rebound-to-approach velocity of the ball is principally a function of the coefficient of restitution, which is practically independent of the conditions of grip firmness. Using published data generated from other experiments, analytical estimates were obtained for the values of the coefficient of restitution between a tennis ball and a racket strung to typical tensions for various rebound-to-approach velocity ratios. These estimates were validated directly by an independent experiment. PMID- 6645868 TI - The effects of exercise on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of studies. AB - The results of 66 training studies involving the measurement of human blood lipid and lipoprotein changes over time, conducted over the last 26 yr, and representing 2925 subjects (2086 experimental and 839 control) were collected and statistically aggregated using the meta-analysis technique. Across all types of subjects, treatments, sources, and research designs, the average exercising subject was found to have a reduction in total cholesterol of 10 mg X dl-1 (P les than 0.01), total triglyceride decreased by 15.8 mg X dl-1 (P less than 0.01), DHL-C increased by 1.2 mg X dl-1 (NS), LDL-C decreased by 5.1 mg X dl-1 (P less than 0.05), and total/HDL-C ratio showed a large decrease of 0.48 (P less than 0.01). None of the changes for the control groups were significant. Initial levels of total cholesterol, total triglyceride, HDL-C, and total/HDL-C ratio were strongly correlated with their respective changes as a result of training, regardless of the data partitioning. Higher initial levels of total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and total/HDL-C ratio resulted in greater decreases post exercise (r = 0.48, 0.76, and 0.75, respectively; P less than 0.01), and lower initial levels of HDL-C resulted in greater post-exercise increases (r = 0.50; P less than 0.01). Overall, physical training seemed to produce beneficial changes in blood lipids and lipoproteins. However, researchers must be careful when examining the relationship between physical training and serum lipids and lipoproteins because initial levels, age, length of training, intensity, VO2max, body weight, and percent body fat have been shown in this meta-analysis to interact with exercise and serum lipid and lipoprotein changes. PMID- 6645869 TI - Estimation of energy expenditure by a portable accelerometer. AB - A small portable accelerometer was developed to estimate the energy expenditure of daily activities. The accelerometer is reported to be an improvement over movement counters currently on the market. The oxygen requirement of 14 different activities was measured in 21 subjects while each wore the accelerometer on the waist. A movement counter (mercury switch), which is available commercially, was also worn on the waist and another was worn on the left wrist. The reproducibility of the accelerometer readings was high (4 subjects, 14 activities; r = 0.94) and was superior to either the waist movement counter (r = 0.63) or the wrist movement counter (r = 0.74). In estimating oxygen requirement (VO2) the standard error of estimate, based on 21 subjects and 14 activities, was 6.6 ml X min-1 X kg-1 for the accelerometer. This was also better (smaller) than for the waist movement counter (9.2 ml X min-1 X kg-1) or for the wrist movement counter (7.9 ml X min-1 X kg-1). PMID- 6645870 TI - Preface to weightlessness and the 1980s. PMID- 6645871 TI - Alterations in calcium homeostasis and bone during actual and simulated space flight. AB - The weightlessness experienced in space produces alterations in calcium homeostasis. Gemini, Apollo, and Skylab astronauts exhibited a negative calcium balance due primarily to hypercalciuria. In addition, the bone mineral density of the calcaneus declined by approximately 4% in Skylab crew members after 84 d of orbital flight. The negative calcium balance and loss of calcaneal bone mineral in normal adults subjected to prolonged bed rest was comparable to that observed in space. The pathogenesis of bone loss during space flight and bed rest is not well understood due to the lack of histomorphometric data. It is also uncertain whether osteoporotic changes in astronauts are corrected postflight. The observed bone loss would be reversible and of no long-term consequence if the only abnormality was an increased remodeling rate. However, altered bone cell activity would probably result in irreversible bone loss with the premature development of senile osteoporosis many years after space flight. The main skeletal defect in growing rats placed in orbit aboard Soviet Cosmos biosatellites appears to be diminished bone formation. Bone resorption was not elevated during weightlessness. Although cortical bone returned to normal postflight, the decline in trabecular bone mass was somewhat persistent. These studies established that the modeling of a growing skeleton was altered in a weightless environment, but do not necessarily imply that a remodeling imbalance occurs in adults during space flight. However, various forms of simulated space flight inhibited bone formation during both skeletal modeling and the remodeling of adult bone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6645872 TI - Effects of disuse on the structure and function of skeletal muscle. AB - The purpose of this paper is to briefly review some of the effects of reduced muscle use on the structure and function of human and animal skeletal muscle. A loss in muscle strength has been observed in astronauts after space flight. On Earth joint fixation of human limbs results in losses in muscle mass, in the cross-sectional area of both fiber types, and in the activities of mitochondrial enzymes. Methods that reduce muscular activity of animals also produce muscle atrophy. Fixation of the limb joints in position where the muscles are maintained less than resting length results in an atrophy in slow-twitch muscle. Associated with this atrophy are decreases in sarcomere number, fiber cross-sectional area, protein synthesis, and insulin responsiveness for the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose by muscle. Suspension of animals in a horizontal or head-down position is also a method being used currently for unloading muscles and producing alterations in development. In the future, the animal and human model should identify the mechanisms responsible for a decrease in muscle function when the muscle undergoes a decrease in usage. PMID- 6645873 TI - Fluid shifts in vascular and extravascular spaces during and after simulated weightlessness. AB - To simulate weightlessness in a normal-gravity environment, eight male subjects were tilted 5 degrees head-down for 8 h to determine vascular and extravascular shifts of fluid. Most of the initial loss of leg volume during head-down tilt represented a passive shift of venous blood toward the head. Facial edema, headache, nasal congestion, and a pronounced diuresis were associated with this redistribution of blood volume. As measured by the wick-catheter technique during head-down tilt, interstitial fluid pressure in lower-leg muscle and overlying subcutaneous tissues decreased by 7.4 and 4.4 mmHg, respectively. Interstitial fluid was shifted from the lower legs at a rate of 12 ml X h-1. Dehydration of lower-leg tissues probably resulted from decreased capillary blood pressure within these tissues during tilt. Other transcapillary pressures were unchanged. The abrupt alterations in local blood pressure upon changes in body posture were probably sufficient to explain all shifts of vascular and extravascular fluid. In this regard, countermeasures may be necessary to maintain precapillary-muscle tone during long space flights in order to prevent swelling of lower-leg tissues upon readjustment to Earth's gravity. PMID- 6645874 TI - Cardiovascular adaptation to weightlessness. AB - Exposure to actual and simulated O g causes a significant central or cephalad shift of intravascular and interstitial fluid that triggers a complex set of cardiovascular and systemic adaptations. These adaptations are, in turn, directly responsible for the cardiovascular dysfunction that is apparent after return to normal gravity. However, critical information on several important adaptive mechanisms is incomplete or lacking. An attempt will be made to resolve these problems during a future dedicated Life Sciences Space Shuttle flight. A series of cardiovascular experiments will utilize direct measurements of central venous pressures, cross-sectional echocardiography, and noninvasive measurements of systemic and peripheral blood flow at rest and during stress. Autonomic control mechanisms will be studies in detail. PMID- 6645875 TI - The endocrine and metabolic responses to space flight. AB - The absence of hydrostatic forces, which results in body fluid shifts, and the absence of deformation forces on normally load-bearing tissues, appear to cause the principal disturbances found during and after space flight in the cardiovascular, fluid and electrolyte, erythropoietic, musculoskeletal, and metabolic systems. These alterations produce reduced body fluid volume, reduced musculoskeletal mass, and alterations in basal metabolism, resulting in the following consistent findings of space flight: weight loss, altered body composition, decreased orthostatic tolerance, and a compromised ability to deal with physical activity after returning from a space-flight environment. Specific changes include alterations in hydration status, resulting in a relative dehydration, loss of body calcium stores with a concomitant increase in urinary hydroxyproline, skeletal muscular atrophy, and a negative energy balance after prolonged space flight. Numerous endocrine changes have been determined during space flight, but more sensitive assay developed recently will allow careful determination of other hormone levels, and measurement of some of the primary changes that occur during the first hours of space flight. These results will be integrated into a working systems model of the physiologic response to weightlessness. PMID- 6645876 TI - Considerations for exercise prescriptions in future space flights. AB - The launching of the shuttle in 1981 initiated a new era in the space age. In spite of the more than 20 yr of experience and research on the anatomical and physiological effects of weightlessness, problems remain. The resolution of these problems requires countermeasures, of which exercise deserves to be considered. The uncertainty concerning the importance of exercise has evolved, in part, because of the limited number of subjects studied, the paucity of controlled experimental designs, the inability to follow standardized routines in a space environment, and the lack of specificity in the exercises prescribed. Exercise has the potential to be an effective countermeasure for the decreases in bone density, fluid volumes, muscle mass, muscular strength, orthostatic tolerance, cardiovascular deconditioning, and submaximal exercise performances that occur in a O-gravity environment if aerobic training is minimized, maximum isometric and power-type exercises are emphasized, and circuit-training principles utilized. Because the majority of future space flights will last 21 d or less, the majority of future studies on the role of exercise should concentrate on that time period. PMID- 6645877 TI - [Medical aspects of hepatic amebiasis in Yaounde (apropos of 23 cases)]. AB - The authors report a short but homogenous group of 23 cases (15 men and 8 women) of hepatic amebiasis in Yaounde (Cameroun), all of them confirmed by immunology. They state 2 isolated fevers, 4 jaundices. Nearly all cases were treated by tinidazole with very fast and evident success. One patient was operated and died. The great interest of immunology is underlined for the diagnosis and we wish its generalization, particularly in tropical countries. PMID- 6645878 TI - [Malabsorption syndrome and intestinal parasitosis]. AB - In Dakar, through histopathological biopsies, the author looked for duodenal alterations in four parasitosis: giardiasis, strongyloidiasis, hookworms and ascaridiosis. He gives an overall survey on malabsorption in relation with intestinal parasitosis, including intestinal capillariosis and coccidiosis. He recalls basic concepts concerning each of these parasitic diseases, with a special mention to mucosal invasion and endogenous self reinfection during some parasitosis; he also emphasizes the importance of some diagnosis techniques (such as examination of duodenal fluid in relation to giardiasis). Anatomical lesions (villi atrophia and chorion cellular infiltration) were the starting point to study such as intestinal malabsorption. But these lesions are neither specific nor regular. Other causes must be determined such as direct action of the parasite, bacterial overgrowth, exudative enteropathy. The role played by host factors seems to be of the utmost importance in giardiasis and strongyloidiasis (antibody deficiency proteinic malnutrition). The part played by the parasite biomass is unquestionable in hookworm disease (hypoalbuminuria, anemia) and a great number of worms in ascaridiasis worsens a preexisting condition of malnutrition. Finally, intestinal parasitosis, with a special mention to giardiasis and strongyliasis, may be responsible for a malabsorption syndrome. They must be identified through reliable diagnosis tests, prior to referring to "idiopathic malabsorption syndrome in Tropical areas". PMID- 6645879 TI - [Hepatic distomatosis caused by Clonorchis/Opisthorchis spp. in refugees from South-East Asia. Effects of treatment with praziquantel]. AB - The prevalence of liver infection (percentage of patients voiding Clonorchis or Opistorchis spp. eggs in faeces) is 18.5% in the South East Asian refugees. Both sexes are equally affected and the older the refugees are, the more often they are found infected. Laotians, who like to eat the fishes raw, are harboring leverflukes more often than other Far-east inhabitants. Praziquantel, prescribed at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight given 3 times on a single day, is very efficient in the treatment of the Far-east hepatic distomatosis. Tolerability to praziquantel is excellent. Side effects are few and of moderate intensity. PMID- 6645880 TI - [Bacterio-parasitic interactions. Enterobacteria and schistosomes (Salmonella - schistosome association)]. AB - The description of a case imported from Chad of an association of Salmonella typhi - Schistosoma haematobium and, in this connection, a new revised general account. The association Salmonella-Schistomas is wide-spread. It corresponds to a salmonello - schistosomo - micro - association by the fixation of precise bacteria in the case of a bacteriemia on the cutaneous surface of male schistosomes in clearly defined places. These Salmonella constitute a permanent antigenic solicitation and they are capable of mobilization and rejection (bacteriuria after passage through the blood-stream) whereas bacteriosis remains asymptomatic. In fact, on the practical level, a clear and absolute distinction must be made between:--the bacteriemia with the concomitant bacteriuria, which are largely physiological in nature, very frequent and originating from various germs, connected with the emunctory function of the kidneys and which can be observed in any subject.--the schistosomal bacteriuria which are specific entities and evidence of a veritable micro-association of a symbiotic nature between the Salmonella and the schistosome, a micro-association which the bacteriuria reveals unexpectedly whereas the clinical symptoms are absent, not clearly discernible or totally misleading. PMID- 6645881 TI - [Systematic chemotherapy of febrile attacks: an alternate strategy for the control of malaria in rural areas]. AB - While the socio-economic development has generally improved malaria eradication in towns, this endemic disease remains of deep concern in the field of Public Health in the major part of the Intertropical African country side, despite the use of direct means of control (such as control of both anopheles and parasites, health education ...), of which the efficacy is, however, recognised. This fact is due to the present unfeasibility of the proposed strategies, which is the consequence of some economical, technical, logistic, and human difficulties. The authors suggest the use of a substitute strategy: the routine chemotherapy of feverish attacks by means of chloroquine, as long as either socio-economic development reaches a sufficient level to enforce an effective control of malaria in rural areas, or other reliable means of control are made available (vaccination e.g.). This strategy is able to provide an effective control of malaria death rate curve; it avoids some of the problems related to mass chemoprophylaxis, with a special mention to immunity. Its salient feature consists in its present large-scale operational feasibility within the framework of the Primary Health System. PMID- 6645882 TI - [Epidemiologic study of inguinal hernia in Kauta, Kasonogo zone, Zaire]. AB - In the male population of Kauta, suburb of Kasongo city, Zaire, a survey has been carried out to detect the magnitude of the inguinal hernia problem, the risk factors of the herniae and of their main complication: the strangulation of the hernia. Among the 364 people examined, 86 (= 24%) resulted positive to inguinal hernia and/or postoperative scars. The age of onset was determined from prevalence data. Age is a risk factor of the incidence of the herniae. The right inguinal canal has a higher risk for developing a hernia and for strangulation of that hernia than the left one. Tribe and labour characteristics were not associated with hernial occurrence. 80% of the patients declared that in the previous 12 months they had suffered from one or more episodes of hernial strangulation and that those episodes were successfully treated by indigenous techniques. This absolutely surprising figure needs to be verified and merits further study. PMID- 6645884 TI - [Hepatitis today]. PMID- 6645883 TI - [Urbanization in tropical countries]. AB - Rural populations are still the most numerous in tropical countries. But we can witness an unprecedent process of urbanization. However the dynamics of the phenomenon differs greatly in different countries and in different towns. As a matter of fact, the greatest overcrowded metropolis attract the greatest part of the migrants from rural areas; the attractive factors are multifarious and universal. This not easily controllable trend seems to be irreversible. The migrant farmers will generally find a job within the informed economic sector. The zones of spontaneous and precarious settlement are often their first environmental living conditions. Some of these unhealthy dwelling areas are subject to development plans; some of them being extremely well designed. PMID- 6645885 TI - [Current views on enteritis]. PMID- 6645886 TI - [Is tuberculosis still a problem?]. PMID- 6645887 TI - [New vaccinations--indications and effect]. PMID- 6645888 TI - [Kawasaki syndrome. Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome]. PMID- 6645889 TI - [Integrative education and prevention of behavior disorders]. PMID- 6645890 TI - [Sudden death in sports]. PMID- 6645891 TI - [Thoughts on so-called unconventional cancer treatment]. PMID- 6645892 TI - [Iodine deficiency--clinical consequences and possibilities for prevention]. PMID- 6645893 TI - [Patient sample of a intensive neurologic care unit]. PMID- 6645894 TI - [Sleep apnea--a seldom recognized cause of sleep disorders. A case report]. PMID- 6645895 TI - [Acute spontaneous subdural hematoma. On the differential diagnosis of acute headache]. PMID- 6645896 TI - [Primary appendiceal cancer]. PMID- 6645897 TI - [Effectiveness of a mezlocillin-oxacillin combination in the treatment of gonorrhea]. PMID- 6645898 TI - [Whiplash injuries of the cervical spine. Pathogenesis of cerebral involvement and persistent post-traumatic disorders]. PMID- 6645899 TI - [Accidental pneumothorax following injections and acupuncture in the thoracic region]. PMID- 6645900 TI - [Depression of fibrinolytic activity in the abdomen following gynecologic surgery. Prevention of adhesions using a fibrinolytic agent]. PMID- 6645901 TI - [Resection of the left colon. Single or repeated procedures under the aspect of new mechanical anastomosis technics]. PMID- 6645902 TI - [The lung shadow in acute pulmonary embolism--an expression of regional perfusion increase?]. PMID- 6645903 TI - [Detection of Lamblia intestinalis during routine gastroscopy]. PMID- 6645904 TI - [Chordoma. Clinical aspects, pathology and differential diagnosis]. PMID- 6645905 TI - [2-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis in morphological heart changes]. PMID- 6645906 TI - [Amyloidosis, Gaucher's disease, Hand-Schueller-Christian syndrome. Clinicodiagnostic viewpoint of metabolic diseases of the reticulohistiocytary system]. PMID- 6645907 TI - [A lymph cyst as a rare cause of high ileus]. PMID- 6645908 TI - [Fibrosis of the breast. A study of 50 women with a control group]. PMID- 6645909 TI - [Medical and socio-judicial problems of legasthenia]. PMID- 6645910 TI - [Endocarditis due to seldom demonstrated bacteria--Cardiobacterium hominis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans]. PMID- 6645911 TI - [Malformations of the male genitalia. 1. Asymmetric mixed gonadal dysgenesis (45,X/46,XY-mosaic)]. PMID- 6645912 TI - [Clinical course and prognosis of the Caroli's syndrome as exemplified by a 53 year-old female patient]. PMID- 6645914 TI - [Diagnosis of chronic abdominal pain: what does sonography contribute?]. PMID- 6645913 TI - [Fibrinolytic therapy of deep vein thrombosis of the leg and pelvis with streptokinase and urokinase]. PMID- 6645915 TI - [Chronic abdominal pain--differential diagnosis]. PMID- 6645916 TI - [Resolution in sonography apparatus--what is it?]. PMID- 6645917 TI - [Sonographic diagnosis in chronic and chronic recurring abdominal pain]. PMID- 6645918 TI - [What does sonography contribute in chronic abdominal pain?]. PMID- 6645919 TI - [Omission of aid in the hospital]. PMID- 6645920 TI - [Health resort sues health insurance]. PMID- 6645921 TI - [Physician's responsibility in advising about costs]. PMID- 6645922 TI - [Distribution pattern of rheumatoid arthritis. A xeroradiographic analysis]. PMID- 6645923 TI - [Multimorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6645924 TI - [Primary splenic cyst. Unusual differential diagnosis of a benign splenic tumor]. PMID- 6645925 TI - [Skeletal changes and extraosseous calcifications in chronic renal insufficiency]. PMID- 6645927 TI - [Possibilities for false interpretations in long-term electrocardiographic tape monitoring]. PMID- 6645926 TI - [Efficacy and tolerance of isoxicam in outpatients with gonarthrosis and coxarthrosis. Comparison with another non-steroid antirheumatic agent]. PMID- 6645928 TI - [Continuous monitoring of metabolic parameters in intensive care patients]. PMID- 6645929 TI - [Acute hemorrhagic-necrotic pancreatitis as a principal symptom of pancreatic cancer]. PMID- 6645930 TI - [25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Therapeutic use in the adult]. PMID- 6645931 TI - [Rhinomanometric control of nasal obstruction after a single application of Vibrocil metering spray]. PMID- 6645932 TI - [Results of a clinical multicenter study with Mono Mack 20 mg/40 mg]. PMID- 6645933 TI - [Toxicodynamic properties of liquids used for cooling high-power turbines. I. Acute, subacute and chronic toxicity]. AB - Oils IWiOL-3 and OMTI are used to cool the high-power turbines. Their toxicodynamic properties are little known, therefore the studies described herein have been undertaken. The studies did not reveal high acute toxicity, as A-DL50 was found to exceed 15 g/kg of body weight. The simultaneous measurements of cholinesterase activity demonstrated its clear decrease, The studies of subacute toxicity after Lim showed that OMTI after a year's exploitation is the most toxic fluid, as C-LD50 for this compound is 6,21 g/kg of body weight, whereas C-LD50 for the other oils is: 22.449 g/kg of body weight for IW i 02-3-n and 20.93 g/kg of body weight for IWiOL-3-e. Studies of chronic toxicity showed decreased cholinesterase activity and no significant changes in the measurements of certain biochemical and haematological. indices. PMID- 6645934 TI - [Changes in MAO activity in the rat liver after chronic exposure to cadmium and lead]. AB - The effect of lead and cadmium on male progeny of the intoxicated Wistar rats was studied. Cadmium (5 ppm), lead (50 ppm), and combined doses of the two were administered in buffered drinking water. The activity of MAO was determined in liver homogenates of young rats at 30, 60 and 90 days of age, using a spectrophotometric method by Mc Even and Cohen with benzylamine as a substrate. In 30-day-old rats the enzyme activity decreased, the values being: Cd - 37,9%, Cd + Pb - 43.1%, Pb - 97.7%, as compared to controls. At 60 days of age the increase observed was: Pb - 100.3%, Cd - Pb - 196%, and Cd - 94.6%, while at 90 days of age the values were: Cd - 80.4%, Cd + Pb - 96.5%, and Pb - 122.7%. PMID- 6645935 TI - [Evaluation of the liver function in workers of the vinyl resin plant]. AB - 187 workers exposed to vinyl chloride (VC) were examined. The control group consisted of workers of the same plant but not exposed to vinyl chloride. In all workers biochemical liver function tests were performed. The results showed no damaging influence of VC on the liver cells membrane. A slight increase of the aminotransferases (ALAT, AspAT) activity was noticed only in alcohol drinking persons. The most important changes of the glutamyltranspeptidase activity were found. Increased activity of this enzyme was noticed in 84 persons. The results suggest the induction of the glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP) activity by VC after exclusion of the effects of other agents like cholestase, barbiturates, ethyl alcohol, as well as the effects of carcinogenesis. PMID- 6645936 TI - [Effective and exposure doses in persons occupationally exposed to x-ray radiation]. AB - Individual dosimetry of doses received by persons working with radiation is made by film badges which are worn by workers at the chest. These dosimeters measured the exposure at the body surface, but it is well known that the real risk of ionizing radiation is due to the doses absorbed by radiosensitive organs and so called "effective dose equivalent". In the paper the results showing the relationship between the exposure and effective dose equivalent are presented vs x-radiation energy. In the case when the phantom was irradiated from the front the effective dose equivalent was only 40% of exposure. When the phantom was irradiated from the back the effective dose equivalent was 70% higher than the exposure from the film badge. PMID- 6645937 TI - [Identification of crystalline phases and various metal content of fibrous minerals (Polish asbestos) found in nickel ore deposits]. AB - Nickel ore deposits near Szklary in Lower Silesia are accompanied by minerals of clearly fibrous structure ("Polish asbestos"). The pulverization process of those minerals yields particles resembling fibres. Basing on the diffractometric characteristics and absorptive spectra analysis in infrared, crystalline phases were identified in five dust samples of those minerals. The major crystalline phases were found to be: anthophyllite (samples 1, 2, 3), quartz (samples 2, 3, 5) and antigorite (samples 4 and 5). Tests on X-ray spectrometer SPARK-1 indicated that all the samples contained ferrum (1-2%), nickel (0,08-0,15%), copper (below 0,005%), in one sample the content of zinc amounted to 0.006%, in the other the content of zinc and chromium was lower than their detectability limit. Air dustiness in the nickel ore mine and nickel ore processing plant may result in serious diseases in those inhaling the dust. The pollution of air, water and soil in the mine environs cannot be neglected, either. PMID- 6645938 TI - [Effect of air containing benzine, wolfram, titanium, cobalt and vanadium on peripheral blood]. AB - In those chronically exposed to air pollutants--i.e. a mixture of naphtha, tungsten, vanadium, titanium and cobalt--the following indices were calculated: number of erythrocytes and leukocytes, haemoglobin (Hb) level, colour index, hematocrit number, mean volume of erythrocyte (S.O.K.C.), mean weight (S.M.H.), and average haemoglobin concentration (S.S.H.) in erythrocyte, percentage composition of leukocytes. The results were compared with those of the control group. The test population exhibited: slightly decreased Hb level, decreased S.M.H. and S.S.H. in average erythrocyte. It is supposed that the decreased Hb concentration may result from the effect of naphtha on the haematopoietic system, disturbances in hemopoiesis under the effect of vanadium, as well as decreased siderofilin level. PMID- 6645939 TI - [Peripheral blood picture in workers chronically exposed to carbon disulfide]. AB - In a group of 1887 men exposed to CS2 and in a 522--persons--control group haemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, average haemoglobin concentration, leukocytes number and leukogram were determined. The statistical evaluation of the distribution of the values in both populations showed no statistically significant differences. PMID- 6645940 TI - [Subjective evaluation of the effect of meteorological factors on the psychophysical status of workers of a large industrial plant]. AB - The authors have conducted an epidemiological inquiry in a randomly selected group of 171 workers of a large refining and petrochemical plant. The investigation demonstrated a high meteorotropic sensitivity varying with the employment length, higher in women and those treated for various psychic and somatic disturbances. High meteorotropic sensitivity of refinery plant workers made the authors raise the hypothesis of the effect of chemical working environment pollution upon the physiological functions of the organism. PMID- 6645941 TI - [Dental caries, periodontal diseases and the condition of mouth mucosa in workers of the petrochemical industry]. AB - 259 workers of the divisions of the highest toxic substances risk in the working environment were examined. The masticatory system was examined clinically. The examinations indicated considerable caries in all workers. The intensity of the disease differed insignificantly between workers of particular divisions. Peridontal disorders were found in almost all workers (over 80% of subjects). The highest rate of those disorders was that in the workers of the Divisions of Furfural and Asphalt Oxidation. The periodontal disorders were fairly advanced. In most (over 60%) cases the destructive periodontal disease was diagnosed. Among the diseases of oral mucosa, leukoplakia was most frequent, affecting 42.8% of workers of Divisions of Furfural and 26.0% of workers of the Division Phenol. PMID- 6645942 TI - [Morbidity of schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil. II. - Study in 4 field areas in the States of Minas Gerais, Sergipe and Paraiba]. PMID- 6645943 TI - [Melophagus ovinus and Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) melophagium in ovines in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil]. PMID- 6645944 TI - [Histopathological diagnosis of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Bolivia]. PMID- 6645945 TI - Interaction of avirulent Leishmania species with rat peritoneal macrophages. PMID- 6645946 TI - Features of reproduction in laboratory-reared Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz, 1904) (Diptera: Culicidae). PMID- 6645947 TI - Host factors influencing outcome of Leishmania mexicana mexicana infection in mice. PMID- 6645948 TI - Factors influencing the development of Plasmodium gallinaceum in Aedes fluviatilis. PMID- 6645949 TI - Observations on the dipteran fauna in a focus of dermal leishmaniasis in the State of Minas Gerais. II. The distribution of families in relation to their medical, veterinary and economic importance. PMID- 6645950 TI - Interactions between Leishmania mexicana mexicana promastigotes and amastigotes and murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro. PMID- 6645951 TI - [Pathogenicity, for newborn mice, of echovirus type 9 samples isolated from cases of meningitis during an outbreak in Rio de Janeiro]. PMID- 6645952 TI - Evolution of sarcoma 180 in mice treated with hyperchlorinated water. PMID- 6645953 TI - [Hyperbilirubinemia in patients with decompensated chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 6645955 TI - Overhydration: precautions when treating urinary incontinence. PMID- 6645954 TI - Presence of Psychodopygus wellcomei (Diptera: Psychodidae), a proven vector of Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis, in Ceara State. PMID- 6645956 TI - Revision of the Reading-Free Vocational Interest Inventory. PMID- 6645957 TI - Sex as a bona fide occupational qualification for direct care staff in residences for mentally retarded people. PMID- 6645958 TI - Organizational barriers to productivity, meaningful wages, and normalized work opportunity for mentally retarded persons. PMID- 6645959 TI - Improving direct care via minimal changes in conventional resources: an empirical analysis. PMID- 6645960 TI - Effect of adrenalectomy on the metabolism of glucose in obese (C57 Bl/6J ob/ob) mice. AB - The genetically obese mouse, C57 B1/6J ob/ob, has been suggested as an appropriate model for the study of obesity associated with diabetes mellitus. Employing glucose 14C(microliter) as a tracer, the data presented here indicate that obese mice are able to clear glucose from the blood compartment at the same rate as their lean littermates. This was demonstrated with or without an associated cold glucose load. The abnormal glucose tolerance curves observed in the obese animals may be a result of secretion of glucose into the blood. Removal of the adrenal glands from the obese mice and their lean littermate does not impair their ability to clear a glucose load from the vascular compartment. The capacity for endogenous glucose secretion of ob/ob mice is severely curtailed by adrenalectomy, in that the glucose tolerance curves of these adrenalectomized animals become similar to those of sham-operated lean littermates. Thus, it appears that a considerable component of the hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice reflects major adrenal involvement that is activated by stress, ie, ether anesthesia and blood sampling. The hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice may reflect glucocorticoid dependent gluconeogenesis. PMID- 6645961 TI - Phenotypic heterogeneity in the extended pedigree of a proband with lipoprotein lipase deficiency. AB - We have studied the large nonconsanguineous pedigree of a proband with Type I hyperlipoproteinemia (HL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency. Within the nuclear family, the mother and two of the proband's five siblings had fasting hypertriglyceridemia or low-normal tissue adipose LPL activities or both. Retention of lipoprotein retinyl esters after vitamin A feeding was present only in the propositus. The maternal side of the extended pedigree contained individuals with Types IIA, IV, and V hyperlipoproteinemia, findings most consistent with autosomal dominant multiple lipoprotein-type hyperlipidemia (familial combined hyperlipidemia). This family and previously reported pedigrees of Type I HL probands have demonstrated phenotypic heterogeneity. Without specific genetic markers, homozygous LPL deficiency and complex multiple-gene mechanisms cannot be distinguished unambiguously. Parental hyperlipidemia in nuclear pedigrees of Type I HL probands should not be equated with heterozygous LPL deficiency in the absence of extended pedigree data or more informative markers. The possibility that the complex inheritance of two different genetic defects in lipoprotein transport can produce the Type I HL phenotype must be considered. PMID- 6645962 TI - Effects of jejunoileal bypass on the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, bacterial flora in the upper small intestine, and absorption of vitamin B12. AB - Eleven morbidly obese patients were studied before and at various time intervals after jejunoileal bypass (JIB). Bile acid deconjugation was assessed with the bile acid breath test and bile acid absorption by analyzing the fecal excretion of both radioactively labeled and unlabeled bile acids. In addition, aerobic and anaerobic cultures of upper small intestinal aspirates, the Schilling vitamin B12 absorption test, and fecal fat analysis were performed. All patients developed marked diarrhea and steatorrhea after JIB. The bile acid breath test was positive in all 11 patients after JIB. In 7 of the 11 patients, this test was already slightly positive before JIB. In every instance, however, the bile acid breath test became significantly more abnormal after the bypass operation. The fecal excretion of labeled bile acids increased significantly. However, the increase in the quantitative excretion of the bile acids did not reach statistical significance. The concentrations of bile acids in fecal water were considerably below the levels required to induce diarrhea. This was mainly the result of a low fecal pH and consequent low aqueous solubility. Jejunoileal bypass effected a major shift in fecal bile acids from the secondary bile acids, lithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid, to the respective primary compounds, chenodeoxycholic acid and cholic acid. There were no significant changes in the small bowel bacteriologic findings after JIB. In 5 out of the 9 patients in whom bacteriologic studies were performed, the cultures were positive before the operation. The Schilling vitamin B12 absorption test showed in all patients a significant drop in the 24-hour urinary 57Co excretion rate after JIB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6645963 TI - Compositional and metabolic changes in brown adipose tissue following a single test meal. AB - In rats maintained on a scheduled feeding plan, the hypertrophy of brown adipose tissue (BAT) observed after a low-protein/high-carbohydrate single test meal was accompanied by significant changes in the percentage of all major constituents of the tissue. There was a fall in the percentage of water (P less than 0.01), a rise in the percentage of fat (P less than 0.05), and a rise in the percentage of glycogen (P less than 0.001). The largest absolute changes following a meal were in the fat content, which almost doubled, and in the glycogen content, which exhibited about a four-fold increase. Deposition of fat in the BAT following the test meal was accompanied by a three-fold increase in the rate of fatty acid synthesis (P less than 0.05). The in vitro respiration rate of BAT was usually significantly increased in the meal-fed rats, but the effect of replacing the protein content of the test meal with starch was not clear. A lower protein, higher starch diet (9% of calories from protein, 72% from starch) resulted in a trend for a larger thermic effect than a higher protein, lower starch diet (27% of calories from protein, 54% from starch). PMID- 6645964 TI - Hypothermia in a patient with anorexia nervosa. AB - A young woman with anorexia nervosa had severe recurrent hypothermia. Initial evaluation revealed a thiamine deficiency. Administration of pharmacologic doses of thiamine improved voluntary food intake, and her temperature normalized. Following the restoration of body weight, withdrawal of supplemental thiamine produced a clinical relapse. After reinstitution of supplemental thiamine, the patient again became asymptomatic until she chose to consume a calorically restricted diet. With progressive weight loss, hypothermia recurred and was unresponsive to thiamine therapy. Fortuitously, the patient's intake of sucrose was abruptly increased, and her body temperature normalized within seven days. The potential roles of thiamine and carbohydrate in thermoregulation are discussed. PMID- 6645965 TI - Hormone Action. Part G: Calmodulin and calcium-binding proteins. PMID- 6645966 TI - Calmodulin purification and fluorescent labeling. PMID- 6645967 TI - Ca2+ binding to calmodulin. PMID- 6645968 TI - Preparation of calmodulin crystals. PMID- 6645969 TI - Purification of calmodulin by Ca2+-dependent affinity chromatography. PMID- 6645970 TI - Synthesis and characterization of calmodulin antagonistic drugs. PMID- 6645971 TI - Calmodulin as an integral subunit of phosphorylase kinase from rabbit skeletal muscle. PMID- 6645973 TI - Hormone action. Part F: Protein kinases. PMID- 6645972 TI - Assessment of Ca2+-calmodulin formation in intact vertebrate skeletal muscle. PMID- 6645974 TI - Synthesis of oligopeptides for the study of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases. PMID- 6645975 TI - Use of microinjection techniques to study protein kinases and protein phosphorylation in amphibian oocytes. PMID- 6645976 TI - Separation of the subunits of muscle phosphorylase kinase. PMID- 6645977 TI - Polyamine-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylation of ornithine decarboxylase in Physarum polycephalum. PMID- 6645978 TI - A sodium-independent mechanism for L-arginine uptake by rat renal brush border membrane vesicles. AB - L-arginine accumulation in renal cortex slices or in brush border membrane vesicles differs from that of neutral amino acids and sugars, since it can occur despite a lack of sodium in the incubation medium. L-arginine uptake was measured under different conditions in order to determine the relative importance of the Na+-independent component of this transport. In contrast to D-glucose, which was accumulated into the vesicles only in the presence of a NaCl gradient, the accumulation of L-arginine was induced by NaCl, LiCl, KCl, or choline Cl gradients. The uptakes of L-arginine and D-glucose wer proportional to the membrane potential (inside less than 0), but the presence of Na+ was not required for the L-arginine uptake. No difference was observed in Kj values of the L arginine uptake measured with low or high concentration of salt (Li+ or Na+). Jmax were also in the same range of magnitude. An influx of D-glucose or L alanine (Na+-cotransported molecules) induced an increase of the sodium content in vesicles equilibrated with 22Na; the L-arginine uptake did not induce it. These different results suggest that the electrical potential and not the chemical gradient was the major driving force for the L-arginine uptake. PMID- 6645979 TI - Interaction of monomeric and oligomeric soybean agglutinins with pig lymphocytes and plasma membranes. AB - The pig lymphocyte surface contains two distinct receptor classes for monomeric (nonmitogen) and oligomeric (mitogen) soybean agglutinins. The major class (70 80%) for which both forms compete effectively binds them with a similar weak avidity in a non-cooperative monovalent reaction. This class appears to be one or more plasma membrane glycolipids and not involved in the mitogenic process. The minor class (20-30%) binds the monomer weakly and non-cooperatively. It binds the oligomers strongly via positively cooperative interactions involving mobile surface molecules in a metabolically energy-independent clustering process. The minor class appears to be one or more of seven plasma-membrane glycopolypeptides. The monomer does not compete effectively for this class nor does it specifically inhibit the mitogenicity of the oligomers, suggesting that receptors involved in the mitogenic process fall into the minor class and are likely to be glycopolypeptides. PMID- 6645981 TI - Possible heterogeneity of Streptococcus milleri determined by DNA mol % (guanine plus cytosine) measurement and physiological characterization. AB - DNA base pair ratios (mol % guanine + cytosine) were calculated, for eighteen strains of Streptococcus milleri, from measurements of DNA melting temperature (Tm). Strains of vaginal origin which were also 'atypical' physiologically had a value of 40.3. The two culture collection of 'minute' beta-haemolytic strains of Lancefield groups G and F had values of 36.8 and 38.8 mol%, respectively. Three other reference strains had a DNA guanine plus cytosine content ranging from 40.4 to 43.0 mol%, including Streptococcus sp MG which had a value of 42.0 mol%. Strain 7H of oral origin had a value of 40.9 mol%. The remaining physiologically typical strains, of medical origin, had guanine plus cytosine contents ranging from 36.6 to 42.1 mol%. It therefore seems possible that genetic heterogeneity may exist among representatives of Streptococcus milleri. PMID- 6645980 TI - Carbohydrate inhibition of chlamydial infectivity. AB - The effects of exogenous carbohydrates on chlamydial infectivity were tested. It was shown that the addition of certain carbohydrates reduced the infectivity of Chlamydia psittaci in cell culture. The greatest inhibitory effects were observed by monosaccharides, disaccharides and trisaccharides, respectively. The addition of ATP, but not AMP, enhanced the inhibitory effect. PMID- 6645982 TI - An enzymatic lysis procedure for the assay of enzymes in Thiobacillus A2. AB - A micromethod is described for the production of lysed preparations of Thiobacillus A2 following treatment with lysozyme and EDTA. These may be used for the assay of intra-cellular enzymes including rhodanese, hexokinase, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucoseisomerase. The procedure is useful for assaying enzymes in samples too small to be treated by conventional mechanical methods, but gives comparable recoveries of enzyme activities. PMID- 6645983 TI - Morphological differences in flagella in Campylobacter fetus subsp. intestinalis and C. fetus subsp. jejuni. AB - Intact flagella were isolated from human pathogenic strains of Campylobacter, C. fetus subsp. intestinalis and C. fetus subsp. jejuni, by the method of DePamphilis and Adler and examined by electron microscopy. The isolated flagella were composed of a filament, a hook, a basal body, and a large disk associated with the end of the hook region covering the basal body. The width of the hook was approximately 28 nm, somewhat greater than that of the filament (20 nm in diameter). The hook region of C. fetus subsp. intestinalis was curved, but it was straight in C. fetus subsp. jejuni. The structure of the basal body of the two subspecies was similar to that reported for other gram-negative bacteria. The large disk detached from the flagella showed concentrically arranged circular structures. This structure was more clearly observed in the disk of C. fetus subsp. jejuni than in C. fetus subsp. intestinalis. Observations of thin sectioned profiles at the attachment site of the flagellum revealed that the large disk is located on the inner side of the outer membrane. The role of the large disk in bacterial movement is not clear, but it is assumed that it acts as an organ to protect the flagellar insertion site from vigorous rotation of the polar end inflicted during bacterial movement. PMID- 6645984 TI - Physicochemical characterization of Tween 80-hydrolyzing esterases produced by rapidly growing mycobacteria. AB - Tween 80-hydrolyzing esterases produced by various species of rapidly growing mycobacteria were partially purified from sonicated cell lysates by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose and subsequent Sephadex G-150 column chromatographies. The amount of the esterase produced per gram of bacterial cells varied markedly with each species. Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. chelonei, and M. phlei were high producers and M. chitae and M. diernhoferi were low producers of Tween-hydrolyzing esterase. The resistance of each mycobacterial strain to oleic acid correlated well with their esterase-producing ability. All the esterases studied were adsorbed on DEAE cellulose in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5), indicating that they are acidic proteins. Esterases of M. smegmatis, M. chitae, M. fortuitum, and M. phlei were eluted from DEAE at high concentrations (0.11 0.18 M) of ammonium sulfate, while those of M. parafortuitum and M. diernhoferi were eluted at lower concentrations (0.05-0.08 M). With Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, all esterases were shown to have similar molecular weights (36,000 to 58,000). On the basis of heat-stability and trypsin- or chymotrypsin-sensitivity, these esterases were divided into three groups: one was heat-stable and protease sensitive (M. smegmatis and M. fortuitum), another was heat-labile and protease resistant (M. chelonei), and the other was the intermediate of the above two groups (M. diernhoferi). PMID- 6645985 TI - Identification of 4-O-methylmannose in cell wall polysaccharide of Leptospira. PMID- 6645986 TI - Removal of HA1 subunit of HA monomer from influenza virions. PMID- 6645987 TI - Induction of L-phase variant from protoplast of Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Protoplasts of Staphylococcus aureus 209P and Cowan 1 were induced by treatment with lysostaphin. These protoplasts were sensitive to detergent, a low concentration of sodium chloride and low temperature. Almost all protoplast cells spread on CLYS agar medium (casein hydrolysate, yeast extract, Na-lactate, and NaCl) formed typical L-form colonies. Horse serum (0.25%) and Mg2+ (100 mM) are essential factors for formation of the L-form colonies of 209P. In the case of Cowan 1, Mg2+ was not required. The active factor(s) in horse serum was heat resistant and protein in nature. PMID- 6645988 TI - Effective immunity to dental caries: protection of gnotobiotic rats by local immunization with a ribosomal preparation from Streptococcus mutans. AB - A ribosomal preparation from Streptococcus mutans 6715 was characterized for its ability to induce an immune response in gnotobiotic rats which was protective against S. mutans-induced dental caries. Animals injected in the salivary gland region with the S. mutans ribosomal vaccine developed significantly higher (P less than 0.01) salivary IgA and serum IgG antibody activities against whole S. mutans cells and ribosomal preparations than nonimmunized rats. Vaccinated animals had significantly lower (67%; P less than 0.01) levels of S. mutans adherent to their molar surfaces than the control rats after infection with the homologous, cariogenic S. mutans. The immunized animals had significantly fewer (P less than 0.01) carious lesions on their buccal, sulcal, and proximal molar surfaces than the nonimmunized rats following challenge with the virulent organism. Animals injected with the ribosomal preparation developed salivary IgA and IgG antibodies with specificities to various cell surface-associated antigens such as lipoteichoic acid and glucosyltransferase, suggesting that the observed protection may be due to antibodies against cell surface contaminants of the ribosomal vaccine. These results are the first demonstration that a ribosomal preparation from S. mutans protected rats from caries formation after challenge with the homologous, virulent S. mutans. PMID- 6645989 TI - An efficient method for the isolation of a mutant with an extremely low producibility of coagulase from a Staphylococcus aureus strain. PMID- 6645990 TI - Rabbit ileal loop responses to Clostridium sordellii strains. PMID- 6645991 TI - [Nature of the sulfur-containing component and its function in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans]. AB - As was shown using various reagents (Ag+, Cd2+) and solvents (ethanol, methanol), Thiobacillus ferrooxidans cells accumulate colloidal sulfur when they grow in the medium 9K containing elemental sulfur. Colloidal sulfur is accumulated in the periplasmic space, in large, bipolarly arranged spherical structures and in simple invaginates of the cytoplasmic membrane. T. ferrooxidans cells accumulate the sulfur at a highest rate during the stationary phase of growth and can use it as a source of energy under the conditions of starvation. The factors causing sulfur accumulation in T. ferrooxidans cells are discussed. PMID- 6645992 TI - [Localization of ribonucleases in the mycelium of the fungus Aspergillus clavatus]. AB - The localization of ribonucleases in Aspergillus clavatus mycelium was studied using differential centrifugation of mycelial homogenates, preparation of protoplasts, by cytochemical and immunochemical studies. The RNase activity was represented mainly by guanylic and nonspecific RNases and was not associated with the intracellular structures. The cytochemical and immunochemical observations revealed the presence of a nonspecific RNase activity in the periplasm, mitochondria, perinuclear space and vesicular structures. The presence of this RNase in the periplasmic space and vesicular structures of A. clavatus suggests that it may be secreted through a fusion of the vesicular membranes with the cytoplasmic membrane, and then from the periplasm through the cell wall into the surrounding medium. PMID- 6645993 TI - [DNA synthesis in relation to a varying vitamin B12 content in Propionibacterium shermanii cells]. AB - The content of DNA in Propionibacterium cells is nearly twice as low at vitamin B12 deficiency comparing with normal cells. The rate of labeled adenine incorporation into the DNA depends on vitamin B12 content in the cells. The addition of adenosylcobalamin and thymine to the medium makes DNA content rise in the cells of the B12-deficient culture. The addition of thymine to a suspension of B12-deficient cells accelerates the incorporation of labelled adenine into DNA. The authors discuss the phenomenon of bacterial "unbalanced division" and the control of replication by changing the level of DNA precursors. PMID- 6645994 TI - [Cell wall composition of Streptomyces roseoflavus var. roseofungini and its Nocardia-like variant]. AB - The composition of cell walls was comparatively studied in Streptomyces roseoflavus var. roseofungini 1128 and in its variant 1-68. In the logarithmic phase of growth, the content of teichoic acid in the cell wall of the parent culture was four times as high as in the cell wall of the variant. The cell walls of the parent culture contained 5 to 7 times more O-lysyl residues not only due to a higher content of teichoic acid in the walls but also owing to a lower content of lysyl groups in the teichoic acid of the variant. An additional polysaccharide comprising galactose and glucosamine was found in the cell wall of the variant but not in the parent strain. The peptidoglycan of the both cultures had a structure typical of Streptomyces spp.; its content in the cell walls of the two cultures was identical (ca. 50% of the dry cell wall biomass weight). The results are discussed in connection with the peculiarities of the variant hyphal septation. PMID- 6645995 TI - [Electron microscopic study of Bacillus stearothermophilus lysis in stab cultivation]. AB - Both vegetative Bacillus stearothermophilus cells 3 and cells with mature spores undergo lysis during submerged cultivation in media with starch and maltose as was shown by light and electron microscopy. This can be caused by enzymes lysing cell wall and synthesized at the beginning of the culture growth. The fine structure of the strain 3 spore has certain peculiarities: it contains no exosporium and the inner envelope has a heterogeneous structure. PMID- 6645996 TI - [Sensitivity of Escherichia coli phages to the action of the physicochemical factors accompanying the process of cryopreservation]. AB - A temperature shock, a change in the pH of the medium for conservation within the range of 4.0 to 10.0, and an increase of NaCl concentration up to 5 M do not inactivate Escherichia coli phages T3, T4 and phi X174. The hydrostatic pressure of 2 X 10(3) atm inactivates phages T4 and phi X174. The sensitivity of the phages to the pressure correlates with their survival rate after freezing. PMID- 6645997 TI - [Synthetic medium for cultivating Bacillus thuringiensis]. AB - Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. galleriae 69/6 was cultivated in a synthetic medium containing 5 amino acids and nicotinic acid. The dynamics of the culture growth and amino acid assimilation were studied in this medium and in a medium containing yeast extract. The phase of spore germination increased, the yield decreased and the maximal growth rate became higher when the culture grew in the synthetic medium. The percentage of thermoresistant spores was slightly lower in the synthetic medium comparing to the medium with yeast extract. PMID- 6645998 TI - A pilot study on the metal levels in the hair of hyperactive children. AB - The concentration of a number of metals has been determined in the hair of sixty eight children who have been described as 'hyperactive'. These are compared with a control group. The most important findings would appear to be a raised level of manganese and a reduced level of zinc in the hyperactive children. The possible significance of this is discussed. A high manganese level in learning disabled children has also recently been reported and may be of direct relevance to the present study. PMID- 6645999 TI - Diet and breast cancer: the possible connection with sugar consumption. AB - The paper presents an epidemiological study of breast cancer mortality in relation to food consumption. It was found that younger and older women (possibly pre- and post-menopausal women) differ with respect to such correlations. In older women a strong correlation was found between breast cancer mortality and sugar consumption (correlation coefficient = 0.9), and a weaker correlation, possibly of marginal interest, with fat consumption (correlation coefficient = 0.7). In younger women the correlation with diet seems weak. A possible connecting link between sugar consumption and breast cancer is insulin. This is an absolute requirement for the proliferation of normal mammary tissue and experimental mammary tumours may regress in its absence. Insulin secretion occurs in response to blood glucose level and could be excessive if the regulatory mechanism is overtaxed by large sugar intake. The same mechanism might account for the increased risk of mammary cancer in diabetics. PMID- 6646000 TI - The possible role of tropical medicinal preparations in human carcinoma in Africa. AB - It is suggested that apart from aflatoxins, plant medicinal preparations containing active compounds imperatorin, dictamine, marmesin and heraclenin may be responsible for some human cancers in Nigeria and perhaps other parts of Africa. Therefore, in this paper, a hypothesis is put forward that these compounds or their reactive (metabolized) types may form epoxides from the 2,3 furan double bonds which may bind tissue macromolecules, DNA, RNA and protein leading to one of the vital steps of environmental carcinogenesis in mammals. This hypothesis has far reaching implications for, besides the examples given, unanalysed plant preparations are widely used in various parts of Africa within traditional methods of healing. Our observation is based on information we now have about AFB1 and is not intended to confirm the roles of double bonds in a vinyl ether system of the active compounds. PMID- 6646001 TI - Arterial pathology in cancer patients suggests atherosclerosis regression. AB - Previously reported findings on a large series of patients are compatible with the hypothesis that terminal cancer is associated with the arrest of progression and the regression of atherosclerosis. PMID- 6646002 TI - The role of the lung in stomach carcinogenesis: a revision of the Meyer hypothesis. AB - Meyer et al. present an hypothesis postulating an essential opposition between lung cancer and stomach cancer based upon the interaction between cigarette smoking, respiratory impairment, and exposure to airborne carcinogens. Their theory is that respiratory impairment serves as a gate to determine whether carcinogenic airborne particulate is retained in the lungs to produce lung cancer or is cleared and swallowed to produce stomach cancer. This paper examines the foundations of the Meyer hypothesis, identifies particle deposition patterns as a crucial Meyer omission, and presents a reformulated theory based upon both particle deposition and particle retention. PMID- 6646003 TI - Relative fetal hypoxia as a contributing factor to fetal macrosomia in diabetic pregnancy. AB - Results from Ogata et al (5) have shown that the initial increase in fetal size in the macrosomic neonates of diabetic mothers occurs after approximately 26 weeks gestation, and that a further more dramatic increase occurs at approximately 34 weeks until term. It is proposed that the initial increase is caused by fetal hyperinsulinism (Pedersen Hypothesis), and that the latter increase results from an induced relative fetal hypoxia. It is suggested that the mechanism responsible for the latter increase in fetal size is an increase in the amount of fetal glucose which is metabolised through the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway. PMID- 6646004 TI - Multiple sclerosis. A hypothesis on the aetiology. AB - Based on personal experience with multiple sclerosis a hypothesis is set out concerning a possible viral origin for M.S, a protective immunological defense mechanism for sequestration of the virus, the processes involved in the occasional failure of this defense mechanism, thus permitting the onset of exacerbations, the avoidance of such exacerbations by blood-brain barrier protection with a phenothiazine during the prodromal pressor phase, and the probable site of action of the drug. The processes described may be general rather than specific to M.S. and may also occur in other encephalitides of viral or other slow agent origin. PMID- 6646005 TI - Organism as the purpose of medicine. AB - The purpose of medical activities receives variegated interpretations that affect ethical and metamedical issues. Preservation of health and removal of disease are not acceptable goals of medicine, for they have such strong social components, that medicine would be more at the service of society than of the individual. Preservation of life is conceptually too diffuse a task to be useful, apart from the fact that talk about preserving life can lead to contradictions with the actual realities and necessities of living beings. Medicine cannot be restricted to healing the body, for the human body is a purposeless machine that only gains goals and values through subjectivity. Equally inadequate is the characterisation of medicine as caring for the person, because person is a controversially defined description that would render many humans outcasts. Only the organism, defined as body with subjectivity, is a purposeful living unit that can enroll medical efforts to serve its needs and help pursue its teleology. PMID- 6646006 TI - A possible origin for the Turin shroud image. AB - The image, of an apparently crucified corpse, on the Turin shroud is very possibly a scorch mark. One way a human body can produce intense but localised heat is by preternatural combustion. Many of the reported phenomena of the shroud and of preternatural combustion do correspond. PMID- 6646007 TI - Parents' cigarette smoking and childhood cancer. AB - In our recent study of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) we found an increase in the risk of RMS among children whose fathers smoked cigarettes. However, there was no association between RMS and mothers' smoking. We hypothesize that differential germ cell damage from cigarette smoking underlies our observations and that this risk of germ cell damage from cigarette smoking and from other environmental exposures is greater for men than for women. The increased susceptibility for male germ cells may be due to the number and timing of meiotic and mitotic cell divisions. In males, germ cells undergo large numbers of meiotic and mitotic divisions throughout the reproductive years. In contrast, in females, generally only one oocyte matures and completes meiosis each month of the reproductive years. Thus, there are very large male-female differences in the number of rapidly dividing germ cells during the reproductive years, and it is rapidly proliferating cells which are most susceptible to genetic damage. We conclude that fathers' environmental exposures before conception of their children may play a role in the etiology of childhood cancer. PMID- 6646008 TI - Information transfer in biological systems. Part I: Calculation of the information content of some amino acids, lipids, and nucleic acid bases. AB - The Information Contents (IC) of some small molecules (amino acids, nucleic acid bases, lipids . . .) have been calculated by a newly developed method. A coordinate system, in which parallel, linear, saturated . . . -CnH2n- . . . chains in space serve the dimensions, has been postulated and its properties have been mathematically characterized. The system is suitable for the crude calculation and comparison of the IC-s of small molecules using conventional methods of information theory. A series of calculations has been presented to illustrate the use of the method. The importance of the IC calculations for understanding some biochemical processes (receptor-ligand bindings, enzymatic reactions) is discussed. PMID- 6646009 TI - Information transfer in biological systems. Part II: Transfer of molecular information through biological membranes. The "reverse-translation". AB - A theory based on the fluid-mosaic-membrane model is presented to account for the transduction of extracellular molecular information into cells. Binding of a ligand to the external surface of the lipoprotein membrane leads to a specific rearrangement of the intracellular receptor-analogs or to a characteristic deformation of the inner membrane surface and these changes trigger further intracellular events. The saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains in the membrane have important roles in transferring the extracellular molecular informations. Some similarities between the effects of monoamines, oligo- and polypeptides may be explained on the basis of this model. As a consequence of the model the possible existence of "reverse-translation" is suggested. PMID- 6646010 TI - Cancer clusters: a myth or a method. AB - Historically, cluster reports have been considered to be only marginally productive and generally discouraged as statistical artifacts. This report presents the results of a three year study involving in excess of 100 cancer cluster reports. The majority of these investigations represented statistical events; there were, however, some exceptions. Several of these reports were the basis for larger and more productive studies. A survey of the types of reports received, their sources and outcomes is presented. Examples of productive and nonproductive studies are highlighted to indicate decision points for selecting the most promising reports. Investigators are encouraged to consider cancer cluster reports from lay individuals as well as from more authoritative sources (i.e., tumor registries, physicians, medical-social workers). Investigators are also urged to perform actual field investigations of those reports choosing statistically promising and/or provocative circumstances for the greatest likelihood of identifying new environmental risk factors for cancer. PMID- 6646011 TI - Carcinoma and malaria. AB - Certain antimalarial drugs may control cancer growth because of suspected similarities in nuclear division. PMID- 6646012 TI - Oxygen: our major carcinogen? AB - Evidence has accumulated implicating that atmospheric oxygen can be considered as an important environmental mutagen, whose action can be potentiated by a variety of environmental factors. Under normal conditions oxygen genotoxicity is largely prevented by a cellular antioxygenic defense system, which must be extremely efficient, but might not be entirely safe. A better understanding of this defense system may help to suggest how the incidence of carcinogenesis can be minimized. PMID- 6646013 TI - A hypothesis on the role of antidiuretic hormone in preeclampsia. AB - The maternal serum concentration of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in a pregnancy uncomplicated by preeclampsia is identical to the ADH concentration in the nonpregnant female and normal male. However, elevated maternal ADH secondary to fetal hypothalamic ADH production and a genetic defect in maternal vasopressinase may be a cause of preeclampsia. PMID- 6646014 TI - The sparing interaction of bone mass determinants: a hypothesis with implications for osteoporosis. AB - Estrogen and calcium are two well described determinants of postmenopausal skeletal mass. In protecting the organism against bone erosion, the two factors interact in a reciprocally sparing fashion. This manifests in the fact, that correction of the deficiency of one of the factors, as in the case of estrogen replacement therapy, prevents further bone loss despite the persistence of unaltered calcium intakes. The obverse is also true. Large dietary calcium intakes lead to calcium balance, despite the unrelieved estrogen deficiency of the menopause. It is hypothesized that physical activity which functions as another bone mass determinant, may also exert a sparing effect, and thus lower the requirements for calcium intake and perhaps bypass the need for estrogen replacement in the menopause. Confirmation of this hypothesis could provide a method for a nonpharmacologic approach to the prevention of osteoporosis and perhaps even an effective therapy for the repletion of bone tissue in the depleted osteoporotic skeleton. PMID- 6646015 TI - Cold stress and congenital adrenal hyperplasia heterozygotes. AB - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is common in certain regions of the world characterised by cold winters. The persistence of this potentially lethal recessively inherited disease suggests that an evolutionary advantage is conferred upon the partially affected heterozygotes. Profound hypothermia following acute cold exposure in normal subjects carries a considerable mortality especially from cardiac arrhythmias and dehydration. A hypothesis is proposed to suggest that the incomplete block at the 21-hydroxylase step of steroid biosynthesis decreases stress-induced steroid responses, especially in the younger heterozygote and clinically non-salt-losing homozygote; glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid insufficiency reduces the severity of cold induced water diuresis; prevention of severe dehydration contributes towards the ability to survive profound hypothermia. Studies into the salt and water metabolism of the congenital adrenal hyperplasia heterozygote at various ages as well as examination of antidiuretic hormone and steroid hormone interactions upon the renal tubule in cold-exposed normal individuals are merited. PMID- 6646016 TI - Clinical evaluation of imaging tests: Part I--The basics. AB - Decision matrices and their derived ratios, Bayes theorem, and receiver operating characteristic curves provide simple formulas to evaluate the information content of tests. Despite their shortcomings, these tools are widely used, and they must be understood by all those who develop or use our increasingly complex and expensive technologies. PMID- 6646017 TI - Microcomputer and microprocessor applications in cardiac pacing. AB - Modern adaptive dual-chamber cardiac pacemakers offer millions of combinations of noninvasively programmable operating parameters. Some pacemakers and most pacemaker programmers are microprocessor based; these "software-organized" pacemakers can undergo substantial functional redesign by noninvasive programming even after implantation. Ancillary instrumentation used in making measurements during implant and follow-up is often microcomputer based, as is experimental instrumentation used in pacing research. As electrical control of cardiac dysrhythmias becomes more sophisticated, microcomputer applications in many aspects of pacing are proliferating in research, manufacturing, and clinical practice. PMID- 6646018 TI - Automatic power transfer switches. PMID- 6646019 TI - Device development and FDA scientific review. AB - Health care professionals need to reflect on their role in the identification, investigation, and development of new devices. PMID- 6646020 TI - Lessons learned from the Hospital Experience Reporting System. AB - The Hospital Experience Reporting System was a pilot study initiated at Robert Packer Hospital in 1980 and continued for 22 months to examine abnormal or unusual failures of medical devices and to evaluate an inhospital reporting system. Hospital employees were encouraged to report device failures or problems, and the hospital purchasing department pursued recompensation or replacement from the manufacturer. Device deficiencies were found to be fairly common, but until HERS was implemented, only a negligible number were reported to either the hospital or to the U.S. Pharmacopoeial Convention. Cost savings brought about by this voluntary, inhospital reporting system were substantial. The study established that such a system results in safer device use. PMID- 6646021 TI - A pulsed electromagnetic stimulator for bone-growth studies. AB - A variable-pulse electromagnetic pulse generator has been developed to study the effect of the magnetic field on bone growth. The unit's repetition frequency can be varied from 2 to 200 Hz, and the peak current that it can drive is 10 A. The duty cycle of the pulse can be varied in steps of 10, 12.5, 17, 25, 50, 75, 83, 87.5, and 90% and is independent of the repetition frequency. The trailing edge of the output pulse can be controlled to produce any desired voltage-time pulse characteristic. This decay adjustment makes it possible to generate a variable pulse frequency spectrum. PMID- 6646022 TI - Ambulatory blood pressure recorder. AB - A 24-hour, 3.5-lb., fully automatic, indirect blood pressure monitoring device has been developed that permits up to 40 programmed and manual readings each hour during normal daily activities. A study comparing the automatic ambulatory device with standard conventional sphygmomanometry revealed mean absolute differences of blood pressure measurement of less than 5 mmHg and mean pairwise differences of 2 mmHg for both systolic and diastolic pressures. PMID- 6646023 TI - Spectral analysis of breath sounds in normal newborn infants. AB - To determine whether breath sounds in newborns are different from those described in older subjects, fast Fourier transform and power spectra analysis were performed on recorded breath sounds from 14 normal newborns. A respiration triggered sampling technique was applied to compare early, middle, and late phases of inspiration and expiration, using a thoracic impedance signal. Peak frequencies were found in the range described for normal breath sounds in older subjects, and the frequency range of breath sounds was similar to that reported for older children and adults. The difference in breath sound quality of normal newborns appears to depend on the sound intensity during expiration. In contrast to older subjects, newborns showed only slightly less sound intensity during expiration; in the late phases of inspiration and expiration this intensity was almost equal. PMID- 6646024 TI - Field focusing and focal heating patterns using a hybrid radiofrequency hyperthermia system. AB - A novel three-element radiofrequency hyperthermia system, consisting of paired multiple-feed inductors positioned between two large capacitor plates and a moveable grounding point, was designed and constructed. The spatial orientation of these elements and the phase of the current flowing through them can be varied to produce asymmetric magnetic field patterns resulting in development of asymmetric eddy current patterns orthogonal to the magnetic lines of force. These patterns could be further focused by manipulation of the capacitor plates and grounding point. Field and eddy current patterns were subsequently correlated with two-dimensional heating patterns at midplane depth in solid phantoms. PMID- 6646025 TI - Potential lessons of epidemic polyarthritis. PMID- 6646026 TI - The hazards of social drinking. PMID- 6646027 TI - A case of sparganosis. PMID- 6646028 TI - Disability insurance for women. PMID- 6646029 TI - Post-partum alopecia and zinc. PMID- 6646030 TI - The house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae, in Australia. PMID- 6646031 TI - Chloral hydrate (Noctec) overdose. PMID- 6646033 TI - Unusual management of a swallowed foreign body. PMID- 6646032 TI - The use of lignocaine and hydrocortisone in the diagnosis and management of chest wall pain masquerading as ischaemic cardiac pain. PMID- 6646034 TI - Lightweight wheelchairs and amputees. PMID- 6646035 TI - "No-reflow" and nimodipine. PMID- 6646036 TI - Abbreviations in medical writing. PMID- 6646037 TI - Results of computerized tomography, psychometric testing and dietary studies in social drinkers, with emphasis on reversibility after abstinence. AB - The frequency of abnormal results of cranial computerized tomography (CT), psychometric testing and dietary studies was established in a prospective study of 39 light-to-moderate drinkers (below 120 g/day) of both sexes. Thirty-one subjects showed some degree of cerebral atrophy on CT scan and, of these, 25 also showed abnormalities on psychometric testing. Psychometric deficits were found in three subjects with a normal CT scan. Cerebral atrophy was reversed in 10 of 11 subjects who abstained from alcohol for between three and 12 months. On re examination after six months, five of the 11 subjects showed improved performance in most psychometric tests. Sixteen subjects were deficient in some dietary factor and all but one of these had abnormal results of CT scan or psychometric testing. The deficiencies found were in kilojoules (six subjects), iron (five subjects), protein (four subjects), calcium (seven subjects), thiamin (six subjects), and ascorbic acid (one subject). Eight subjects had multiple dietary deficiencies; all but one were women. Four had a low red blood cell level of thiamin, but normal serum levels. This was thought to reflect an impairment in the metabolism of this vitamin due to the effect of alcohol. All four subjects with a low red blood cell thiamin level were found to have cerebral atrophy on CT scan and two had psychometric deficits. PMID- 6646038 TI - The treatment of newborn infants with major handicaps. A survey of obstetricians and paediatricians in Victoria. AB - We report the results of a survey of the attitudes and practices of obstetricians and paediatricians in Victoria with respect to the treatment of infants born with severe handicaps. Eighty-seven obstetricians and 111 paediatricians either completed questionnaires or agreed to be interviewed during the period 1981-1982. The treatment of severely handicapped infants is a matter of increasing concern to members both of the public and of the medical profession. The principal question is whether every infant should have its life prolonged by all available means, or whether some infants born with severe handicaps should be allowed to die. We attempt to identify areas of consensus and disagreement. We do not propound any particular point of view--our intention is rather to stimulate debate. PMID- 6646039 TI - Human amnion in the treatment of chronic ulceration of the legs. AB - A prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of human amniotic membrane dressings in the treatment of chronic leg ulcers was conducted on 15 patients. Patients with two ulcers were selected. One ulcer was treated with human amnion and the other, treated with standard dressings, served as a control. The rate of healing of the two ulcers was observed and compared. Chronic ulcers of post-phlebitic, post-irradiation and post-burn origin responded to treatment with human amnion and healed more rapidly than the control ulcer. Ulcers associated with rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis showed no improvement. It was observed that all ulcers treated with human amnion quickly became pain-free. PMID- 6646040 TI - David and Goliath. PMID- 6646041 TI - [Narcotic drug dependence: comments on diagnosis]. PMID- 6646042 TI - [Tuberculosis: transmission, current therapeutic concepts]. PMID- 6646044 TI - [Biofeedback: basis and therapy]. PMID- 6646043 TI - [Angina pectoris]. PMID- 6646045 TI - [Food allergy: pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 6646046 TI - [Important intoxicating drugs]. PMID- 6646047 TI - Antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery. PMID- 6646048 TI - Comparison of four different methods for detection of rubella IgM antibodies. AB - Four different tests for detection of rubella-specific IgM antibodies were compared: two Ig separation methods (centrifugation and chromatography) with subsequent haemagglutination inhibition test and two commercially available ELISA tests. The 114 sera tested had been sent to the diagnostic laboratory, mostly with insufficient clinical histories. Agreement between the centrifugation method and one of the ELISA tests was good (2 divergent results with 107 sera tested), while the other ELISA test yielded more positive (partly perhaps non-specific) results. The chromatographic method did not separate the Ig classes as reliably as the centrifugation method, but because of its simplicity it may be useful, if adequate test controls are performed. The divergent results are discussed. It is postulated that in cases with pending induced abortion, two independent tests should be performed. PMID- 6646049 TI - Variations in the binding of mammalian fibrinogens to streptococci of different animal origin. AB - Binding of 125I-labelled fibrinogen from humans, bovines, equines, canines and ovines by streptococci of serological groups A, B, C and G was determined quantitatively. All 59 randomly selected streptococcal cultures generally bound more human fibrinogen than the other fibrinogens. Only Sc. dysgalactiae had a higher affinity for bovine fibrinogen. In addition, Sc. dysgalactiae bound distinctly more equine, canine and ovine fibrinogen than the other streptococci. Some cultures of Sc. equi and Sc. zooepidemicus had high binding activities for equine fibrinogen. Low binding capacities were exhibited by B-streptococci, particularly with fibrinogens from horses and dogs. PMID- 6646050 TI - [Method of analyzing the quantitative parameters of human Opisthorchis felineus infection. 1. An analysis of the law of the distribution of O. felineus eggs excreted with the feces]. PMID- 6646051 TI - [Effectiveness of a combination of single doses of combination and vermox in treating intestinal nematodiasis]. PMID- 6646052 TI - [Effect of concomitant helminthiases on the effectiveness of the specific treatment of patients with microsporosis of the scalp]. PMID- 6646053 TI - [Experience in the seroepidemiological examination of an opisthorchiasis focus]. PMID- 6646054 TI - [Epidemiological surveillance of toxoplasmosis in the Czechoslovakian Socialist Republic]. PMID- 6646055 TI - [Cryptosporidiasis--a new zoonosis]. PMID- 6646056 TI - [Trombiculiasis--a serious problem of urbanized areas]. PMID- 6646057 TI - [Experimental study of the chemotherapy of echinococcosis using intramuscular injections of a mebendazole suspension]. PMID- 6646058 TI - [Blood-sucking activity of DDT-resistant populations of Anopheles messeae in the absence and presence of contact with DDT]. PMID- 6646059 TI - [Retroperitoneal echinococcosis complicated by hydronephrotic transformation]. PMID- 6646060 TI - Recent progress in x-ray stereoscopes. AB - An improved reconstructed stereoscopic x-ray image display system, based on the principle of binocular parallax, is described. Pulse-synchronized operation of two triode x-ray tubes and one plumbicon TV camera is employed to separate the left and right images for presentation to the two eyes, respectively. The principle of binocular perception, quantitative characteristics of the stereoscopic depth, the overcoming of the inertia problem of the single-camera scheme, and a way to achieve low x-ray dosage and enhanced contrast of image are presented. Experimental results and applications are discussed. PMID- 6646061 TI - Evaluation of the spatial resolution of a CT scanner by direct analysis of the edge response function. AB - A new approach to the measurement of the spatial resolution of a computed tomography (CT) scanner system is presented. The method is based on a direct least-squares fit of an analytical expression to a set of data obtained from a CT image of the interface between two materials. The implementation of the method in connection with the G.E.RTPLAN computer configuration is described. The method has been applied in determining the resolution of an EMI-7070 scanner and it is shown that the assumption of uniformity of the system resolution across the CT image is fulfilled within the accuracy of the present method. The reproducibility of the method has been estimated from a series of spatial resolution determinations performed on ten images taken with identical scan parameters. The standard deviation of this series was 3.2%. PMID- 6646062 TI - Model for calculating depth dose distributions for broad electron beams. AB - Central axis electron beam depth dose distributions can be transformed by replacing dose by fluence and depth by a measure of angular dispersion. This transformation was applied to a set of broad beam central axis depth dose distributions calculated by Monte Carlo code for beams with initial energies ranging from 1 to 60 MeV in homogeneous media of water, aluminum, and copper. The resulting fluence distributions belong to a family of curves that can be parametrized by a single-valued function of initial beam energy and medium and can be used to calculate fluence distributions for accelerators. Fluence curves can be easily transformed to depth dose curves. PMID- 6646063 TI - An extreme value paradigm for the effect of size of target volume on end results in radiation oncology. AB - In clinical radiation oncology, it is commonly reported that complications of normal tissue occur more readily at larger field sizes for a given dose and recurrence of disease is observed more frequently from the larger tumors for a given dose. Cognate phenomena have long been observed in the study of the strength of materials. That is, the larger specimens will fracture under less applied stress, breakdown under less applied voltage, corrode in a shorter time, etc. The statistical theory of extreme values has provided both a rational explanation and a technique for exploitation of these "size effects" on the likelihood of specimen failure. This theory describes the relation which exists between the parameters (in particular, the location parameter) of the frequency distributions of the extreme values [smallest x(1) and largest x(n)] in a sample from a population of observations xi and the sample size n. It is shown in the present paper that the clinical failure phenomena are not inconsistent with the statistical theory of extreme values. The paper presents heuristic comparisons of the predictions of this theory with the received clinical observations of the effect of the size of the volume of irradiated tissues on the likelihood of occurrence of the misadventures of clinical radiation oncology: recurrence of disease and complication of normal tissue. The concordance of observations and predictions is acceptable. The quality and quantity of the currently available data have precluded the construction of any apodictic representations. PMID- 6646064 TI - Characterization of tissue via coherent-to-Compton scattering ratio: sensitivity considerations. AB - It is known that the ratio (R) of the detected coherent and Compton scattered photons from bone can be used in order to determine its mineral density. This technique utilizes the dependence of the coherent scattering on the effective atomic number (Z) of the scattering medium. It is generally accepted that a small scatter angle is preferred in order to ensure adequate counting statistics by favoring the detection of more coherent photons. Moreover, it has been assumed that a change in the scatter angle does not affect the sensitivity of the measurement. Our theoretical calculations for 60-keV photons and for the range of Z that corresponds to trabecular bone, indicate that increasing the scatter angle results in a stronger power dependence of the measured ratio on Z. This implies that by increasing the scatter angle, smaller changes in the mineral density can be detected, thus improving the sensitivity of the measurement. This effect was investigated experimentally by using a collimated beam of 59.54-keV photons from Am-241 (44.4 GBq) and a collimated intrinsic germanium detector. Solutions of K2HPO4 with different concentrations were used in order to simulate trabecular bone. The scatter spectra were recorded for all solutions at six scatter angles between 37 degrees and 98 degrees and the value of R was computed for each spectrum. The sensitivity of the measurement, evaluated from these experiments increased, with the increase of the scatter angle. PMID- 6646065 TI - The k-trajectory formulation of the NMR imaging process with applications in analysis and synthesis of imaging methods. AB - The fundamental operations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging can be formulated, for a large number of methods, as sampling the object distribution in the Fourier spatial-frequency domain, followed by processing the digitized data (often simply by Fourier transformation) to produce a digital image. In these methods, which include reconstruction from projections, Fourier imaging, spin warp imaging, and echo-planar imaging, controllable gradient fields determine the points in the spatial-frequency domain which are sampled at any given time during the acquisition of data (the free induction decay, or FID). The detailed time dependence of the resulting trajectory of sample points (the k trajectory) determines the relative weight and accuracy with which image information at each spatial frequency is measured, establishing theoretical limitations on image quality achievable with a given imaging method. We demonstrate here that these considerations may be used to compare the theoretical capabilities of NMR imaging methods, and to derive new imaging methods with optimal theoretical imaging properties. PMID- 6646066 TI - Calculational methods for estimating skin dose from electrons in Co-60 gamma-ray beams. AB - Several methods have been employed to calculate the relative contribution to skin dose due to scattered electrons in Co-60 gamma-ray beams. Either the Klein Nishina differential scattering probability is employed to determine the number and initial energy of electrons scattered into the direction of a detector, or a Gaussian approximation is used to specify the surface distribution of initial pencil electron beams created by parallel or diverging photon fields. Results of these calculations are compared with experimental data. In addition, that fraction of relative surface dose resulting from photon interactions in air alone is estimated and compared with data extrapolated from measurements at large source-surface distance (SSD). The contribution to surface dose from electrons generated in air is 50% or more of the total skin dose for SSDs greater than 80 cm. PMID- 6646067 TI - Calibration procedure in dual-energy scanning using the basis function technique. AB - We present a technique to simplify the calibration procedure of the dual-energy scanning, using aluminum (AL) and plastic (PL) as basis materials. In essence, this method determines the "basis functions" of the basis materials at the chosen energies. This technique replaces the two-dimensional calibration procedure, which is tedious, by two simple one-dimensional calibration steps. In addition, this technique also provides an alternative approach for solving the dual-energy problem. PMID- 6646068 TI - Activation of the major constituents of tissue and air by a fast neutron radiation therapy beam. AB - The production of 11C, 13N, 15O from C, N, O, and of 39Cl and 41Ar from Ar by a p(66)Be(49) clinical neutron therapy beam has been measured. The results of these measurements were used to estimate the production of other radionuclides, then to estimate airborne radioactivity in a typical neutron therapy room and radioactivity induced in body tissues during treatment. Only under special circumstances would airborne radioactivity necessitate a waiting period before entering a typical treatment room. The additional dose to a treatment volume due to decay products from radioactivity induced within that volume would amount to a few thousandths of the given dose and the additional body dose outside the treated volume would be a few millionths of the given dose. PMID- 6646069 TI - Accurate T2 NMR images. AB - We present a method for producing accurate calculated T2 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images. A modified Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill pulse sequence is used to obtain a series of images with progressive T2 dependence. This image series is then analyzed pixel by pixel to generate a T2 and initial signal strength image. Tests performed using four samples of known T2 indicate accuracies of better than 9%. PMID- 6646070 TI - A scanning system for chest radiography with regional exposure control: theoretical considerations. AB - Conventional chest radiography is limited by the presence of scattered radiation and the small useful exposure range of radiographic film. A computer-assisted scanning system to minimize these two effects is outlined. The system uses a small beam of radiation swept over the patient's chest in a raster pattern to expose a conventional film cassette, while a slit collimator scanning between the patient and the film serves to reject scattered photons. A microcomputer measures beam attenuation by the patient with a detector placed behind the film which in turn automatically adjusts the x-ray tube output to minimize excursions in film exposure as the beam scans. A formalism which relates the patient transmission and film exposure distribution is developed and a system transfer function is given. It is shown that such a system operates as a spatial filter which attenuates film contrast for structures of spatial frequency less than the inverse scanning beam width. By manipulating the software parameters of the feedback network, it is possible to alter this filter and produce radiographs with low spatial frequency enhancement, attenuation, or contrast inversion. PMID- 6646071 TI - A scanning system for chest radiography with regional exposure control: practical implementation. AB - An experimental scanning apparatus for chest radiography is described which offers good scatter rejection and regional manipulation of film exposure. The apparatus is capable of studying two scanning geometries that uses either a fan of radiation swept laterally over the film in 5s or a spot of radiation scanned over two dimensions in a raster pattern in 8.8s. The manipulation of tube output during the scan is achieved by pulse width modulation with film exposure monitored by a fluorescence detector placed behind the film cassette. Measurement of the scatter rejection properties of the system show that it is superior to that of a 10:1 grid when used with 120-kVp radiation. Phantom images with both geometries demonstrate the capability of the system to improve uniformity of film exposure and soft tissue contrast throughout the mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and retrocardiac areas. The relative characteristics of the one- versus two-dimension scan geometries are given. Clinical raster images formed with the 8.8-s scan time show signs of motion unsharpness which becomes insignificant when the scan time is reduced to 4.5 s. PMID- 6646072 TI - Experimental and theoretical energy and angular dependencies of scattered radiation in the mammography energy range. AB - Predicted scatter characteristics from a Monte Carlo code have been compared to an experiment for a 4.0-cm-thick acrylic resin (Plexiglas) phantom and 27.3-keV radiation. The results show generally good agreement, except that in the scattered spectra the predictions appear to underestimate the proportion of photons in the low-energy tail of the scattered radiation. The angular dependency of the energy-integrated scattered radiation fluence is in excellent agreement with the predictions. PMID- 6646073 TI - Ionization produced by electron beams beneath curved surfaces. AB - Ionization produced by high-energy (6-18 MeV) electrons beneath cylindrical surfaces has been measured and compared to ionization at corresponding locations under a flat surface. Results are reported as ionization ratios over a range of depths, off-axis distances, radii of curvature, and electron energies. Phantoms with cylindrical entrance surfaces (radii 6-15 cm) were utilized to simulate patient contours. Measurements reveal that ionization ratios may depart from unity by as much as 50% and that a simple shifting of isodose curves may be insufficient to compensate for perturbation in electron dose distribution introduced by curved surfaces. PMID- 6646074 TI - The dosimetry of a single "hockey stick" portal for treatment of tumors of the cranio-spinal axis. AB - Conventional treatment of tumors of the cranio-spinal axis portal usually involves multiple-field, moving junction treatments to avoid overlapping fields over the spinal cord. To avoid these problems, we irradiate the cranio-spinal axis using a single "hockey stick" portal and the 25-MV x-ray beam from a Varian Clinac-35 linear accelerator. Patients are positioned prone on the floor 229 cm from the radiation source and the collimators are rotated 45 degrees so the maximum diagonal dimension of the field 116 cm at 229 cm is coincident with the cranio-spinal axis. The head is alternately rotated to treat the right-hand side one day and the left-hand side the next day. Thermoluminescent dosimetry in an anatomical phantom reveals that, relative to the 100% dose delivered at 4-cm depth on the central axis of the blocked field, the midline posterior fossa dose is about 100%, with a maximum dose of about 105% to the extreme posterior portion of the skull. The midline neck dose is about 95% and the dose to the inferior portion of the spinal cord is about 105%. The doses to other critical organs are also presented. PMID- 6646075 TI - Ionization chamber response to a sudden change of ambient temperature in air, water, and polystyrene phantom. AB - We have studied the time course of current collected with an ionization chamber and electrometer when the chamber was suddenly inserted in an air, water, or polystyrene medium whose temperature was typically 20 degrees C above or below room temperature. The results were analyzed in terms of a temperature time constant tau--the time required for a 63% change of the ionization current. It was found that for a Farmer-type chamber, tau for the in-air measurements ranges from 5-10 min, several times longer than that for the in-water measurements (2-3 min). These tau values were confirmed with in-cavity temperature measurements carried out with a small thermocouple. PMID- 6646076 TI - Effect of the accelerator design on the position of the effective electron source. AB - An analysis of the effective source-surface distance was made taking into account the influence of energy, field size, equivalent square field size, and the accelerator design. Measurements made in three accelerators showed the influence of parameters like beam flattening and collimation systems on the effective source-surface distance. A brief review of the theory is made leading to a mathematical expression for the effective source-surface distance, showing a good agreement with the experimental results. An alternative method for correcting the dose rate, maintaining the nominal source-surface distance, and not using the inverse square law, but a greater power function, is suggested. PMID- 6646077 TI - Computed tomography from ordinary radiographs for teleradiology. AB - Computed tomography (CT) can be achieved inexpensively using ordinary x-ray equipment available at most primary health care centers. We present here the techniques and initial results of experiments with an overhead x-ray unit and film as means for collecting projection data for CT. Our algorithms include standard ART (algebraic reconstruction technique) and modifications we have derived to prevent streaking artifacts due to the use of a small number of views, and to correct geometric distortion due to limited angular coverage. Our methods enable remote computed tomography via teleradiology. PMID- 6646078 TI - The application of CaSO4:Dy (TLD-900) to diagnostic x-ray exposures. AB - The properties of a new commercial thermoluminescent dosimeter, CaSO4:Dy without a LiF binder (TLD-900) was studied for low-exposure measurements in diagnostic radiology. The former TLD-900 had a LiF binder (herein referred to as "TLD 900/LiF"). The principle features of this dosimeter are its high sensitivity to low-energy radiation and its relatively low fading which permits measurements down to less than 2.6 X 10(-8) C kg (0.1 mR) with an accuracy better than 20%. The characteristics, annealing procedures, light sensitivity, energy response, reproducibility, and fading, of TLD-900 are discussed and compared with TLD 900/LiF. When the precautions presented in this paper are used, the dosimeters can be used for the measurement of x-ray exposures. PMID- 6646079 TI - Performance evaluation of a new quality control dose monitor for radiation therapy. AB - The performance of a new quality control dose monitor for radiation therapy with respect to precision, stability, temperature coefficient, and radiation damage has been extensively evaluated. The results of routine use at several centers are reported. PMID- 6646080 TI - Acceptance testing and quality assurance of automated scanning film densitometers used in the dosimetry of electron and photon therapy beams. AB - Scanning film densitometry routinely used for obtaining dosimetric information about therapy treatment beams is subject to several sources of inaccuracies. The most significant of these are described and appropriate methods of testing are presented. This establishes the need for adequate acceptance testing followed by a quality assurance program if these devices are to be used to provide accurate relative dose information over extended periods of time. PMID- 6646081 TI - Buildup factors and dose around a 137Cs source in the presence of inhomogeneities. AB - The effect of inhomogeneities on dose near a gamma-ray source has been investigated. Experimental measurements were made with a 137Cs source in a polystyrene phantom at a distance of 5 cm from the source. Inhomogeneities consisted of 2-cm-thick slabs interposed between the source and the plane of measurement. Dose correction factors (DCF) for 2-cm-thick aluminum, bone, lung, and air have been determined. Our results show that for 137Cs source the dose correction factors are of the order of 3% to 8%. A theoretical model for calculation of dose correction factor in brachytherapy in the presence of inhomogeneities has been developed. The model calculates DCF using buildup factors for the water-equivalent path between the source and the point of calculation. Good agreement was found between calculations and experimental measurements. PMID- 6646082 TI - Erratum: An examination of errors in characteristic curve measurements of radiographic screen/film systems [Med. Phys. 10, 365 (1983)]. PMID- 6646083 TI - Nonstandard deviations. AB - An estimate of uncertainty without a statement as to whether the estimate is a standard deviation or related quantity or an indication of the associated confidence level is meaningless. Nevertheless, the necessary qualification is often omitted. While such omissions are probably most often inadvertent, they may occur because the conventional single standard deviation of a normal distribution is inappropriate. Some unusual uncertainty intervals are therefore suggested. These include noninteger multiples of the standard deviation such as 1.5 standard deviations, asymmetric error bounds, and identification of the possibility of long tails or truncated bounds to the probability density function. PMID- 6646084 TI - Variation of output with atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature for Therac 20 linear accelerator. AB - The Therac-20 (a linear accelerator manufactured by the Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd.) employs an unsealed monitor chamber to control the dose output. Daily fluctuations in machine output for both x rays and electron beams were observed to vary with ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. These variations were not related to any other machine parameters. Variations as large as 3.5% were seen by monitoring 18-MV x-ray output over several months. We recommend that the manufacturers take steps to eliminate the atmospheric dependence of dose rate. PMID- 6646085 TI - On the saturation curves of plane-parallel ionization chambers. PMID- 6646086 TI - Exchange circulation of AAPM and HPA publication information. PMID- 6646087 TI - Ion chamber volume versus humidity. PMID- 6646088 TI - Corrected f factors for photons from 10 keV to 2 MeV. PMID- 6646089 TI - Uncertainty of the equivalent tissue-air ratio method. PMID- 6646090 TI - [Feeding of the cardiopathic, hypoxic, decompensated infant. Practical indications]. PMID- 6646091 TI - [Incidence of rotavirus infection in children hospitalized for acute diarrhea]. PMID- 6646092 TI - [Dynamic electrocardiography in children. Normal criteria]. PMID- 6646093 TI - [Harmless heart murmur in children. Echocardiographic study]. PMID- 6646094 TI - [Pertussis: study of 200 cases in childhood]. PMID- 6646095 TI - [Quantitative analysis of C-reactive protein in cord blood as an early marker for possible neonatal infection]. PMID- 6646096 TI - [Pneumonia in childhood between 1978 and 1981. Consideration of the cases from the Respiratory Physiotherapy Service of the Regina Margherita Children's Hospital in Torino]. PMID- 6646097 TI - [Angelman's syndrome]. PMID- 6646098 TI - Cervical cerclage. 20 years' experience at the Mayo Clinic. PMID- 6646099 TI - Abdominal localization of Indium-111 labeled leukocytes. PMID- 6646100 TI - Follow-up of the very low birth weight infant (less than 1251 grams). PMID- 6646101 TI - Laryngotracheobronchitis. Tissue marker of a SIDS subgroup. PMID- 6646102 TI - Nitrofurantoin. Pharmacokinetics and use in the elderly. PMID- 6646103 TI - Rheumatologic manifestations of amyloid disease. PMID- 6646104 TI - Principles: prevention, rehabilitation, protection. PMID- 6646105 TI - Curriculum packing. PMID- 6646106 TI - Complications of pelvic fractures in victims of major trauma. PMID- 6646107 TI - Tularemia. Two manifestations in an urban man. PMID- 6646108 TI - Nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Case reports and a brief review. PMID- 6646109 TI - Tuberculosis today. PMID- 6646110 TI - A reinvestigation on the quaternary structure of ascorbate oxidase from Cucurbita pepo medullosa. AB - The optical properties, copper content, catalytic activity and quaternary structure of many preparations of ascorbate oxidase purified with two different methods were examined. Fresh samples appeared identical and were characterized by optical ratios A280/A610 = 25 +/- 1 and A330/A610 = 0.8 +/- 0.05, by specific activity toward ascorbate of 3.48 +/- 0.05 mol g-1 min-1 and by a copper content of 8 +/- 0.3 mol/145 000 Mr. The enzyme is composed of two non-covalently linked subunits of slightly different molecular mass (75 000 and 72 000 respectively). These subunits cannot be further resolved by reduction of disulfide bonds. Proteolytic cleavage of the protein chains was observed during purification and storage in the absence of the protease inhibitor 6-amino caproic acid. Ascorbate oxidase exists as a monomer at neutral pH and undergoes reversible association into higher molecular weight species at slightly acid pH values. Association is not accompanied by spectroscopic or catalytic changes. PMID- 6646111 TI - Degradation of pre-messenger RNA in bovine thyroid slices; effect of thyrotropin. AB - Bovine thyroid RNA labeled by incubation of slices in the presence of 32P orthophosphate were fractionated by a two-step procedure. Total RNA were extracted by gel filtration on AcA 22 in the presence of pronase and separated by Sepharose 2B chromatography. A small fraction of heavily-labeled RNA (giant RNA) was obtained in the void volume (peak I); the major fraction of RNA (smaller than 45 S) was retarded on the column (peak II) and had a low specific radioactivity. Labeled and total RNA of peak I and labeled RNA species of peak II had a DNA-like nucleotide composition and were polyadenylated. In contrast, the nucleotide composition of total RNA of peak II was similar to that of ribosomal RNA and had a very low poly (adenylic acid) content. Pulse-chase experiments showed a precursor-product relationship between the two RNA fractions. These data indicate that labeled RNA of peak I and peak II likely correspond to newly-synthetized pre mRNA and mRNA, respectively. Thyrotropin induced a decrease in the amount of 32P labeled pre-mRNA and a proportional increase of 32P-labeled mRNA suggesting a stimulatory effect of the hormone on the degradation of pre-mRNA. PMID- 6646112 TI - Time-dependent alteration in endoplasmic reticulum membrane profiles during in vitro incubation of Krebs II ascites cells. AB - Krebs II ascites cells were harvested from the mouse peritoneum 6-8 days after inoculation and incubated in vitro in roller suspension culture for up to 22 hr. Within 2 hr of incubation a large portion of the cells entered S phase as judged by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA. The incorporation of radioactive precursors into phospholipid, protein and RNA increased rapidly during in vitro incubation indicating a high degree of macromolecular synthesis. The rates of incorporation were maximal within 4 hr of incubation. When cells labeled with 3H choline were disrupted by nitrogen cavitation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes analyzed for subfractions on discontinuous sucrose gradients, it was observed that only small amounts of radioactivity could be detected in the HR region after 1/2 hr incubation while 63.2% of total radioactivity in ER membranes appeared in the LR fraction. Between 8-18 hr there was a considerable increase in the amount of HR membranes. Of the total radioactivity in ER membranes that in the HR fraction increased from 16.9% to 53.9% during this period. There were only small changes in the amounts of radioactivity in LR and S membranes between 8 and 18 hr. The results suggest a time-dependent appearance of ER membrane subfractions during a 22 hr period of in vitro incubation of Krebs II ascites cells. PMID- 6646113 TI - The phorbol ester 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and stimulation of 3H choline incorporation into endoplasmic reticulum membranes and other subcellular fractions of Krebs II ascites cells during in vitro incubation. AB - After transfer of Krebs II ascites cells from the mouse peritoneum to suspension culture addition of the phorbol ester 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) causes an early stimulation of 3H-choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine (PC). Choline transport into the treated cells, however, was unaffected. Within 30 min of TPA treatment 3H-choline incorporation was almost 300% above the control level. During a 5 hr period of suspension culture the overall patterns of 3H-choline incorporation were similar in TPA-treated and control cultures though the rate was greatly accentuated by the presence of the phorbol ester. Incubation of cells with cycloheximide prior to incubation with TPA did not result in an inhibition of the TPA-directed 3H-choline incorporation. After 3 hr incubation with TPA there were large increases in radioactivity in all subcellular fractions. At 20 hr, however, the values were not far from those of the control. During the first 3 hr of incubation with TPA the incorporation of 3H-choline into light rough (LR) and smooth (S) membranes was stimulated to levels of 400% and 320% respectively above control values. At later times the profiles of radioactivity in membrane subfractions in TPA-treated and control cultures were similar. The results illustrate an early effect of TPA on PC biosynthesis in Krebs II ascites cells while at later times of incubation the stimulatory effect was virtually abolished. PMID- 6646114 TI - Androgen regulation of prostatic binding protein messenger RNA studied by using cloned complementary DNA. AB - The construction of a double-stranded cDNA library using rat prostatic poly(A)RNA and pBR322/kappa 1776 system and the isolation of three prostatic binding protein (PBP) cDNA clones are described. These cDNA clones were characterized and identified by in situ hybridization, mRNA selection-translation and immuno precipitation as coding for the three subunit components, C1, C2, and C3, of PBP. These clones were used in hybridization experiments with prostatic poly(A)RNA to determine the effect of testosterone on the levels of PBP-mRNA. The results showed that synthesis of these mRNAs varied in response to either androgen withdrawal or replacement. Accumulation of PBP-mRNAs coding for C2 and C3 components occurred 1 hr after androgen administration to castrated rat, whereas the mRNA coding for the C1 component did not appear until 4 hr after androgen replacement. Quantitation of PBP-mRNA sequences in nuclear and polysomal poly(A)RNAs showed that they did not vary coordinately in response to androgen withdrawal. These results indicate differential regulation of PBP genes and suggest possible multiple levels of androgen control of PBP synthesis. PMID- 6646115 TI - 'Insulin-like' effects of lithium ion on isolated rat adipocytes. I. Stimulation of glycogenesis beyond glucose transport. AB - Both insulin and lithium ion stimulated cytochalasin B-sensitive glucose transport in isolated rat adipocytes. As a result of enhanced glucose transport, the incorporation of [14C]glucose into CO2, glycogen and lipid were increased by both agents. However, the action of these two agents was distinguished. Cytochalasin B decreased insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation, glycogenesis and lipogenesis. In contrast, lithium-stimulated glycogenesis was decreased but lithium-stimulated glucose oxidation and lipogenesis were completely blocked. These results indicate that lithium ion in rat adipocytes has a specific insulin like effect on glycogenesis without affecting glucose oxidation and lipogenesis. PMID- 6646116 TI - Phospholipids and the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase from rat adipocyte mitochondria. AB - Aqueous dispersions of 4 out of 9 phospholipids added individually to the mitochondrial fraction from rat adipocytes altered the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in a dose-dependent manner from 1 to 300 microM. Phosphatidylserine increased and phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate decreased enzyme activity. The stimulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase induced by phosphatidylserine may be reversed to below basal activity by phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and to basal activity by NaF, a pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase inhibitor. The inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase induced by phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate may be restored to basal levels by the addition of calcium. These results suggest that phosphatidylserine activates pyruvate dehydrogenase activity through activation of the phosphatase, perhaps forming a phosphatidylserine-calcium complex. The inhibition by phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate may be mediated by disruption of the enzyme complex. The phospholipids may play a physiological role in the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. PMID- 6646117 TI - Co-purification of coenzyme-dependent enzymes by affinity chromatography. AB - Recent developments in general ligand affinity chromatography have greatly facilitated the purification of numerous coenzyme-dependent enzymes in practical scale. By immobilizing various derivatives of coenzymes (NAD+, NADP+, ATP and coenzyme A) on Sepharose, these general ligand affinity columns have the potential of enriching as many as 30% of the two thousand known enzymes as well as their isozymic forms, if they are applied in combination with the conventional procedures. PMID- 6646118 TI - Mechanism of mutation at the aprt locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells: analysis of heterozygotes and hemizygotes. AB - A two-step model to explain the high frequency of mutation at the diploid adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt) locus in CHO cells has been proposed previously (Simon et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1126-1133, 1982). This model indicates that two distinct classes of aprt heterozygotes can be isolated. Class 1 heterozygotes, the most abundant class, were defined as those which arose spontaneously and were capable of undergoing mutation to the APRT- phenotype only at a low frequency (putative point mutation). Class 2 heterozygotes arose from a mutation and gave rise at a high frequency to APRT- cells. This high-frequency event has been identified as a deletion of the wild-type allele (A. E. Simon and M. W. Taylor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80:810-814, 1983). In this paper we report further analysis of class 1 heterozygotes with respect to genetic structure, gene products, and karyotype. Our study indicated that class 1 heterozygotes contain two different types of mutants. About half have only one copy of the aprt gene and an unaltered karyotype, indicating that a deletion (similar to the high frequency second-step event observed for class 2 heterozygotes) rather than a loss of the chromosome was responsible for the generation of the aprt+/- genotype. The remainder of the previously designated class 1 heterozygotes still contained two copies of the aprt gene (within the limits of the quantitation technique used) and arose presumably by a point mutation. One of this group, D423, was characterized with respect to aprt gene products and found to produce an electrophoretic variant in addition to the wild-type protein. APRT- mutants derived from D423 retained the same number of aprt gene copies as D423 and still synthesized a protein that comigrated with wild type, unlike APRT- mutants derived from class 2 heterozygotes. D423 and the other heterozygotes with two aprt genes therefore did not fit into either class 1 or 2 and are now designated class 3. The model we present suggests that only one of the two aprt alleles present in wild-type cells can undergo the deletion. PMID- 6646119 TI - Identification of multiple RNases in Xenopus laevis oocytes and their possible role in tRNA processing. AB - A survey of RNases in Xenopus laevis oocytes has been carried out to identify potential tRNA-processing enzymes in this system. Using a variety of specific and nonspecific substrates, we have shown that oocytes contain multiple RNases with various specificities. Three activities that could cleave the extraneous residues from the artificial tRNA precursor, tRNA-C-[14C]U-C, to generate a substrate for C-C-A addition by tRNA nucleotidyltransferase were identified. One of these was a cytoplasmic exonuclease which generated predominantly tRNA-C, whereas the other two were nuclear endonucleases which cleaved the precursor to generate tRNA-N. The possible involvement of these activities in 3' tRNA processing in oocytes is discussed. PMID- 6646120 TI - Expression of human alpha-tubulin genes: interspecies conservation of 3' untranslated regions. AB - To examine the sequence complexity and differential expression of human alpha tubulin genes, we constructed cDNA libraries from two unrelated tissue types (epidermis and fetal brain). The complete sequence of a positively hybridizing alpha-tubulin clone from each library is described. Each is shown to represent an abundantly expressed gene from fetal brain and keratinocytes, respectively. Although the coding regions are extensively homologous (97%), the 3' untranslated regions are totally dissimilar. This property has been used to dissect the human alpha-tubulin multigene family into members bearing sequence relatedness in this region. Surprisingly, each of these noncoding regions shares very high (65 to 80%) interspecies homology with the 3' untranslated region of one of the two rat alpha-tubulin genes of known sequence. These unexpected homologies imply the existence of selective pressure on the 3' untranslated regions of some cytoskeletal genes which maintains sequence fidelity during the course of evolution, perhaps as a consequence of an as yet unidentified functional requirement. PMID- 6646121 TI - Isolation and characterization of an interferon-resistant cell line deficient in the induction of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase activity. AB - To screen for cells with different sensitivities to interferon (IFN), NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblasts were subcloned and examined for their response to IFN treatment. Of 30 clones tested, 2 appeared to be relatively resistant to IFN, since the replication of both vesicular stomatitis virus and mengovirus was not inhibited, even in the presence of 1,000 U of IFN per ml. One resistant (A10) and one sensitive (A5) clone were further analyzed. In both clones, murine leukemia virus replication was equally inhibited by IFN, indicating the presence of functional receptors for IFN in the resistant clone. Using the (2' 5')oligoadenylate (2-5A) radiobinding assay, we could demonstrate that both clones contained the RNase L protein. Furthermore, this enzyme appears to be active, since a similar reduction in the rate of protein synthesis was evident after the introduction of exogenous 2-5A to the cells. We also analyzed the activity of another enzyme in the 2-5A pathway, namely, 2-5A synthetase. In the sensitive cells (A5), the induction of enzyme activity was proportional to the IFN concentration used, reaching a maximum of more than a 10-fold increase over the background of untreated cells. However, little if any induction over the basal activity was observed in the resistant cells (A10) when similar doses of IFN were used. It is thus probable that the lack of induction of 2-5A synthetase activity by IFN in A10 cells is at least partly responsible for their relative resistance to IFN treatment. PMID- 6646122 TI - Transcription of hepatitis B virus by RNA polymerase II. AB - We employed an in vitro cell-free transcription system to locate RNA polymerase II promoters on the hepatitis B virus genome. The strongest promoter precedes the surface antigen (HBsAg) gene, which is comprised of a long (500 base pairs) presurface region as well as the mature HBsAg coding sequence. The origin of this transcript was localized by using truncated templates and S1 endonuclease mapping. The activity of the promoter was confirmed in transfection experiments in which the complete HBsAg gene was introduced into monkey kidney cells via a simian virus 40 expression vector. A second RNA polymerase II promoter preceding the HBcAg gene was also active in the cell-free system. The presence of multiple promoters in the hepatitis B virus genome suggests that the relative levels of viral-specific proteins detected in liver and serum may reflect differential or regulated promoter efficiency. PMID- 6646123 TI - Hepatitis B virus encodes an RNA polymerase III transcript. AB - We demonstrated that cloned hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA directs the synthesis of a 700-base RNA (HBV 700) by RNA polymerase III in a cell-free transcription system. HBV 700 is the only transcript known to originate from the viral short strand and has been mapped to the region between roughly 1,635 and 954 base pairs on the viral map, between the surface and core antigen coding sequences but overlapping and opposing the putative DNA polymerase and B protein genes. The in vitro initiation sites for the HBV 700 and core antigen RNAs are only 50 bases apart, suggesting that these two genes may be coordinately regulated. Moreover, both of these initiation sites appear to lie within the approximately 300-base double-stranded region (the nick region) between the 5' end of the HBV short strand and the nick in the viral long strand. We found two unusual sequence elements in the nick region that are conserved between the human and woodchuck viruses. PMID- 6646124 TI - Human actin genes are single copy for alpha-skeletal and alpha-cardiac actin but multicopy for beta- and gamma-cytoskeletal genes: 3' untranslated regions are isotype specific but are conserved in evolution. AB - We have constructed isotype-specific subclones from the 3' untranslated regions of alpha-skeletal, alpha-cardiac, beta-cytoskeletal, and gamma-cytoskeletal actin cDNAs. These clones have been used as hybridization probes to assay the number and organization of these actin isotypes in the human genome. Hybridization of these probes to human genomic actin clones (Engel et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78:4674-4678, 1981; Engel et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:674-684, 1982) has allowed the unambiguous assignment of the genomic clones to isotypically defined actin subfamilies. In addition, only one isotype-specific probe hybridizes to each actin-containing gene, with a single exception. This result suggests that the multiple actin genes in the human genome are not closely linked. Genomic DNA blots probed with these subclones under stringent conditions demonstrate that the alpha-skeletal and alpha-cardiac muscle actin genes are single copy, whereas the cytoskeletal actins, beta and gamma, are present in multiple copies in the human genome. Most of the actin genes of other mammals are cytoplasmic as well. These observations have important implications for the evolution of multigene families. PMID- 6646125 TI - Delayed processing of dihydrofolate reductase heterogeneous nuclear RNA in amino acid-starved mouse fibroblasts. AB - We have studied the metabolism of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) RNA in cells synchronized in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by starvation for isoleucine and glutamine. The relative content and stability of DHFR mRNA and the relative rate of transcription of the DHFR gene are similar in starved and exponentially growing cells. However, the relative rate of labeling of DHFR mRNA is about three times lower in starved cells than in exponentially growing cells. When the starved cells are stimulated to reenter the cell cycle by feeding them with complete medium, the relative rate of labeling of DHFR mRNA increases about fourfold within 6 h. However, the relative rate of transcription of the DHFR gene changes very little during this period. Continuous labeling experiments show that starved cells convert DHFR heterogeneous nuclear RNA into cytoplasmic DHFR mRNA much more slowly than serum-limited or exponentially growing cells. Pulse-chase experiments show that DHFR mRNA sequences contained in DHFR heterogeneous nuclear RNA appear to be conserved in starved cells. In addition, the content of DHFR RNA sequences in the nuclei of starved cells is about three times greater than that in exponentially growing cells. Delayed processing of DHFR heterogeneous nuclear RNA is also observed when exponentially growing cells are treated with inhibitors of protein synthesis. Our results suggest that, although delayed processing leads to a decrease in the initial labeling rate of DHFR mRNA, it does not result in a decrease in the actual rate of production of the message. PMID- 6646126 TI - Organization and evolution of the actin gene family in sea urchins. AB - Genomic libraries of the sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Lytechinus pictus were screened with an actin cDNA clone from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Four nonoverlapping clones were isolated and characterized from the S. franciscanus library; three were isolated and characterized from the L. pictus library. Linked genes having the same transcriptional orientation were found on all S. franciscanus clones. Three clones contained two actin genes each; the other clone contained three. In contrast, the L. pictus clones contained only one actin gene. Comparison of actin genomic clones from these three species indicated a difference in the genomic organization of sea urchin actin genes in that the genes appear to be more highly clustered in S. franciscanus than in S. purpuratus and L. pictus. Genomic dot blots and reassociation kinetics demonstrated that the copy number of actin genes in all three species is 15 to 20. Nucleotide sequence homology of actin genes within and among the species was measured by thermal elution. These experiments indicated that there is a high degree of interspecies actin gene sequence homology but that, within each species, actin gene sequences may differ by as much as 30%. Sequencing of two S. franciscanus actin genes revealed introns at the same amino acid positions, 121 and 204, reported for S. purpuratus actin genes. These data demonstrated that the genomic copy number, the transcriptional orientation of linked genes, and, to the extent studied, the intron position of actin genes have evolved similarly in these three species. In contrast, significant change has occurred in the chromosomal arrangement of sea urchin actin genes. PMID- 6646127 TI - Cloning of abundant mRNA species present during conjugation of Tetrahymena thermophila: identification of mRNA species present exclusively during meiosis. AB - A cDNA library was constructed by using as a template the RNA present during the meiotic prophase of Tetrahymena thermophila. Clones containing cDNA sequences homologous to moderately abundant to abundant transcripts were detected by colony hybridization and confirmed by hybridizing purified cDNA plasmids on filters with labeled RNA probes. Eighteen clones were isolated, and the sizes of their cDNA inserts were determined. Cross-hybridization of individual cDNA plasmid pairs showed that each of these clones contained cDNA that was homologous to one of eight different RNA transcripts. The sizes of the eight RNA transcripts and the stages of the T. thermophila life cycle during which they were present were determined by hybridizing nick-translated cDNA probes against denatured, electrophoresed RNA from various stages. Clones were identified that contained sequences homologous to RNAs present only in early conjugation (meiosis); other clones contained sequences homologous to RNAs which were abundant during conjugation but present at other stages as well. One clone contained a sequence homologous to an RNA that was abundantly present only in nongrowing cells. PMID- 6646128 TI - Programmed macromolecular synthesis in regenerating karyoplasts. AB - Conditions for the preparation, purification, and maintenance of karyoplasts which could regenerate to reform whole viable cells were defined. Results of biochemical analyses of such karyoplasts at various times during regeneration indicated that a reproducible biosynthetic program was followed. Thus, an examination of the polypeptides made during regeneration by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that the pattern of radiolabeled polypeptides synthesized at each time studied was specific and was significantly different from that observed at other times during regeneration. Polypeptides associated with three major cellular fractions--nuclear, cytoskeletal-microtrabecular, and soluble- were among the most dramatically regulated molecules. Other polypeptides, such as the major components of microfilaments and intermediate filaments, were synthesized at relatively constant rates and were assembled into structures throughout regeneration. Likewise, microtubules appeared to be reformed throughout regeneration, even in the absence of identifiable centriole-associated organizing centers. Finally, analysis of DNA synthesis by autoradiography showed that, even when prepared from whole cells synchronized at the G1/S interface, karyoplasts could not begin making DNA until they had regenerated an almost complete complement of cytoplasm. PMID- 6646129 TI - Cytofluorographic analysis of receptors for IgA on human polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes and the correlation of receptor expression with phagocytosis. AB - Receptors for the Fc portion of IgA (RFc alpha) were identified on human monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) by cytofluorograph analysis using FITC-labeled IgA and by rosette formation with IgA-sensitized indicator cells. Larger percentages of PMNs obtained from the oral cavity expressed RFc alpha than did blood PMNs. These oral PMNs also expressed more RFc alpha per cell than blood PMNs. Moreover, the expression of these receptors on blood PMNs was enhanced by overnight incubation with IgA. In functional studies, RFc alpha appeared to cooperate with receptors for IgG in enhancing blood and oral PMN mediated phagocytosis of target cells coated with IgG and IgA. Furthermore, and in contrast with blood PMNs, oral PMNs were capable of phagocytosing target cells coated with IgA alone. Thus, receptors for IgA may be important to the ability of RFc alpha bearing effector cell populations to mediate protection at mucosal surfaces. PMID- 6646130 TI - Serum levels of IgA1 and IgA2 in children and in patients with IgA deficiency. AB - Serum levels of IgA1 and IgA2 were measured by solid phase radioimmunoassay in samples from 110 children between 3 months and 10 years of age. Both IgA1 and IgA2 were detectable in all samples, and both IgA1 and IgA2 increased with increasing age. The percent of total serum IgA that was IgA2 did not change with age and was the same in samples from children (15.05 +/- 10.2%) as in samples from adults (15.86 +/- 7.98%). The proportion of serum IgA that was IgA2 was much less variable within sibships than within the group at large (P less than 0.005). In the 16 patients with IgA deficiency, the proportion of serum IgA that was IgA1 or IgA2 was highly variable. IgA2 constituted more than 50% of the IgA in 5 patients and less than 7% of the IgA in an additional 5 patients. These findings suggest that regulation of serum concentrations of IgA1 and IgA2 is complex and influenced by genetic factors and probably other unidentified factors. PMID- 6646131 TI - Exercise-induced anaphylaxis: a distinct form of physical allergy. PMID- 6646132 TI - Allergenic activity of rat saliva. PMID- 6646133 TI - Atopy and generalized allergic reactions to hymenoptera stings. PMID- 6646134 TI - Changes in the levels of anti-phospholipase A2 and hyaluronidase antibodies during bee venom immunotherapy. PMID- 6646135 TI - Efficacy of immunoglobulin prophylaxis in humoral immunodeficiency. PMID- 6646136 TI - The fate of inhaled antigen within the respiratory tract of sensitized and unsensitized rats. PMID- 6646137 TI - Delayed hypersensitivity increased inflammation, mast cell and goblet cell numbers in response to aerosolized antigen. PMID- 6646138 TI - Anti-rheumatic agents and leucocyte migration. PMID- 6646139 TI - Characteristics of human IgE antibody responses in vivo. PMID- 6646140 TI - [Development and fate of premature infants--then and now]. AB - New scientific results and progress in technology allow even premature infants with very low birth weight to survive today. A vehement discussion arouse about effectiveness and efficiency of intensive care programs for these infants. However, an appreciation of the results at present should not be made without taking note of those achieved in former decades. A. Ylppo was the first pediatrician in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century, who was working systematically for the survival of low birth weight infants. He achieved remarkable results even at that time. After World War II the chances for survival of low birth weight infants became worse because of dangerous therapeutic innovations. In the 60's the frequency of serious sequelae could be reduced by improved therapeutic approaches. Since then the mortality rate is decreasing, whereas the frequency of serious sequelae remains nearly stable during the last 15 years. We hope that clinical research and new technologies may also reduce the morbidity of surviving premature babies in the future. PMID- 6646141 TI - [Tolazoline and dopamine in the treatment of the persistent fetal circulation syndrome]. AB - The combined application of Tolazoline and Dopamine for the treatment of the persistent fetal circulation syndrome showed that Dopamine prevented the most common side effects of Tolazoline i.e. systemic hypotension and oliguria. The authors emphasize the importance of continuous monitoring of the systemic blood pressure in infants during this treatment. PMID- 6646142 TI - [Pulmonary hemorrhages in newborn infants with inborn errors of the 1st 2 phases of the urea cycle]. AB - Two critically ill, male newborns developed pulmonary bleeding and died after four respectively three days. In both infants an inborn error in the urea cycle (carbamylphosphatsynthetase-deficiency and ornithintranscarbamylase-deficiency respectively) was demonstrable. It is suggested that hyperammonemia could be the reason for pulmonary bleeding. Plasma ammonia levels should be determined in newborns with pulmonary bleeding, especially in those with normal weight and good health at birth. PMID- 6646143 TI - [Patterns of blood pressure and pulse frequency in infants during Vojta therapy]. AB - In twenty infants aged seven weeks on average blood pressure and pulse frequency were measured during physiotherapy according to Vojta. At one of the exercises ("reflex reversion") blood pressure increased at an average of 60 mm Hg compared with the basic value under rest conditions. At another exercise ("reflex supporting") blood pressure reached about 52 mm Hg higher values as under rest conditions. The pulse frequency, however, showed a less impressive increase: it corresponded approximately to the value measured during crying. As probable causes for the increase of blood pressure are discussed: sustained muscle contractions, varied intrathoracal pressure conditions, and the emotional irritations of the infants. In infants with cardiovascular disease the increased strain during physiotherapy according to Vojta should be taken into account as an additional risk. PMID- 6646144 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis in children with mesenteric cysts]. AB - Two cases of Mesenteric Cysts in infancy are described. Since there is no continuity with the lumen of the bowel radiological evaluation may be very difficult. In contrast abdominal sonography can give information about size, contents and position in relation to other abdominal organs. The use of ultrasound shortens the preoperative workup and certainly reduces the number of X ray examinations. PMID- 6646145 TI - [Dietary treatment of acute gastroenteritis in infants]. AB - Two prospective studies compare the dietary treatment of acute diarrhoea (gastroenteritis in infancy with either partially adapted formula or with special formula (HN 25) with a low lactose content (1.8%), or virtually free of lactose (0.05%), including only infants with acute diarrhoea, a loss in weight not exceeding 8%, and without parenteral fluid intake. There is no difference in the duration of hospitalization. However, the time until normalization of the stools was significantly shorter when lactose-reduced formula or formula virtually free of lactose was fed (4.4 resp. 3.1 vs. 5.1 days). There were 9 relapses in the control group fed partially adapted formula, and none in the trial group fed special formula. The present results show that in mild and moderate diarrhoea a dietary treatment with lactose-reduced formula should be preferred to a treatment with infant formula. PMID- 6646146 TI - Cross-resistance studies with V79 Chinese hamster cells adapted to the mutagenic or clastogenic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. AB - When V79 cells are exposed to a single low dose of MNNG or MNU they acquire resistance to the mutagenic or to the clastogenic effect of the agents. Here the effect of MNNG pretreatment on mutagenesis (6-thioguanine resistance) and aberration formation in cells challenged with various mutagens/clastogens is reported. MNNG-adapted cells were resistant to the mutagenic effects of MNU and, to a lower extent, of EMS. No mutagenic adaptation was observed when MNNG pretreated cells were challenged with MMS, ENU, MMC or UV. Cells pretreated with a dose of MNNG which makes them resistant to the clastogenic effect of this compound were also resistant to the clastogenic activity of other methylating agents (MNU, MMS), but not so with respect to ethylating agents (EMS, ENU). Cycloheximide abolished the aberration-reducing effect of pretreatment. However, when given before the challenge dose of MNNG, MNU or MMS, it drastically enhanced the aberration frequency in both pretreated and non-pretreated cells. No significant enhancement of aberration frequency by cycloheximide was found for ethylating agents. The results indicate that clastogenic adaptation is due to inducible cellular functions. It is concluded that mutagenic and clastogenic adaptation are probably caused by different adaptive repair pathways. PMID- 6646147 TI - A modified agar assay for the quantitation of mutation at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - The mutant selection procedures of the well-characterized Chinese hamster ovary cell/hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (CHO/HGPRT) mutation assay was modified. Soft agar (0.33%) in medium containing 6-thioguanine was used. The use of soft agar allowed the selection of 10(6) cells per 100-mm-diameter plate without any loss of mutants due to cross-feeding between HGPRT+ (wild-type) and HGPRT- (mutant) cells, as demonstrated by a reconstruction experiment with premixed populations of mutant and wild-type cells. Mutants selected u sing this soft-agar procedure were shown to have a greater than 99% reduction in [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation (as compared to wild type). This modified protocol decreased the incubator space requirement to 1/5 of that required in the original protocol, which allows one to increase the sampling size 5-fold with the same space requirement. The increase in sample size allows for a better quantitation of low mutagenic responses. The modified soft-agar protocol was applied using low doses (0-50 microgram/ml) of ethyl methanesulfonate and resulted in a well defined dose-response relationship for the induction of mutants. PMID- 6646148 TI - A comparison of the agar cloning and microtitration techniques for assaying cell survival and mutation frequency in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. AB - Microtitration methods for assaying cell survival and mutation frequency to ouabain resistance, 6-thioguanine resistance and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine resistance in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells were compared to the standard agar cloning technique. The two methods gave essentially similar results for untreated cells, and after treatment with ethyl methanesulphonate and 4 nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Potential advantages of the microtitration method as a routine assay system are discussed. PMID- 6646149 TI - Toxicity and mutagenicity of X-rays and [125I]dUrd or [3H]TdR incorporated in the DNA of human lymphoblast cells. AB - We measured the toxicity and mutagenicity induced in human diploid lymphoblasts by various radiation doses of X-rays and two internal emitters, [125I]iododeoxyuridine ([125I]dUrd) and [3H]thymidine ([3H]TdR), incorporated into cellular DNA. [125I]dUrd was more effective than [3H]TdR at killing cells and producing mutations to 6-thioguanine resistance (6TGR). No ouabain-resistant mutants were induced by any of these agents. Expressing dose as total disintegrations per cell (dpc), the D0 for cell killing for [125I]dUrd was 28 dpc and for [3H]TdR was 385 dpc. The D0 for X-rays was 48 rad at 37 degrees C. The slopes of the mutation curves were approximately 75 x 10(-8) 6TGR mutants per cell per disintegration for [125I]dUrd and 2 x 10(-8) for [3H]TdR. X-Rays induced 8 x 10(-8) 6TGR mutants per cell per rad. Normalizing for survival, [125I]dUrd remained much more mutagenic at low doses (high survival levels) than the other two agents. Treatment of the cells at either 37 degrees C or while frozen at -70 degrees C yielded no difference in cytotoxicity or mutation for [125]dUrd or [3H]TdR, whereas X-rays were 6 times less effective in killing cells at -70 degrees C. Assuming that incorporation was random throughout the genome, the mutagenic efficiencies of the radionuclides could be calculated by dividing the mutation rate by the level of incorporation. If the effective target size of the 6TGR locus is 1000-3000 base pairs, then the mutagenic efficiency of [125I]dUrd is 1.0-3.0 and of [3H]TdR is 0.02-0.06 total genomic mutations per cell per disintegration. 125I disintegrations are known to produce localized DNA double strand breaks. If these breaks are potentially lethal lesions, they must be repaired, since the mean lethal dose (D0) was 28 dpc. The observations that a single dpc has a high probability of producing a mutation (mutagenic efficiency 1.0-3.0) would suggest, however, that this repair is extremely error-prone. If the breaks need not be repaired to permit survival, then lethal lesions are a subset of or are completely different from mutagenic lesions. PMID- 6646150 TI - Cytotoxicity of monofunctional alkylating agents. Methyl methanesulfonate and methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine have different mechanisms of toxicity for 10T1/2 cells. AB - N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) are directly active alkylating agents that methylate cellular macromolecules by SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, respectively. These two chemicals produce similar types of alkylation products in DNA and a similar level of total alkylations on a molar basis, but strikingly different proportions of alkylations of ring oxygen atoms of purines and pyrimidines. Because of this attribute, they have been used in combination to attempt to determine which types of alkylation products are responsible for mutation, transformation, and toxicity. Studies have suggested that the mutation rates produced by these and similar chemicals in cells surviving toxicity correlate well with the number of methyl adducts at the O6 position of guanine, but that cytotoxicity (reduced colony-forming efficiency) does not correlate with any single adduct or with the total level of alkylation of DNA. In this study we have investigated the cytotoxic mechanisms of MNNG and MMS in synchronized 10T1/2 cells, using colony-forming ability as a measure of toxicity. Both MNNG and MMS cause dose-dependent reduction in the ability of 10T1/2 cells to produce colonies of more than 50 cells after 2 weeks in culture. MNNG is about 100-fold more toxic than MMS on a molar basis. As indicated by the inability of cells to exclude trypan blue, MMS kills a fraction of the population of treated 10T1/2 cells after a 30-min exposure; the fraction of cells that excludes trypan blue is correlated with dose of MMS and with colony-forming efficiency. Neither the fraction of cells that is permeable to trypan blue nor the relative colony-forming efficiency is affected by the phase of the cycle when 10T1/2 cells are treated with MMS. Furthermore, MMS toxicity for 10T1/2 cells is not potentiated by caffeine, MMS treatment does not delay progress of S phase, and cells that survive acute membrane toxicity complete the cell cycle without significant delay. In contrast, MNNG treatment produces toxicity that is maximal when 10T1/2 cells are exposed during the S phase and the effect is potentiated by caffeine. MNNG treatment delays DNA replication and this delay is reversed by caffeine. In sharp contrast to 10T1/2 cells treated with MMS, MNNG-treated cells are not made permeable to trypan blue, but are blocked in their ability to proliferate. These observations indicate that MNNG and MMs kill 10T1/2 cells by drastically different mechanisms, MNNG producing toxicity mainly by preventing chromosome replication and MMS producing toxicity mainly by damaging cell membranes. PMID- 6646151 TI - International Commission for Protection against Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens. ICPEMC publication no. 10. Review of the evidence for the presence or absence of thresholds in the induction of genetic effects by genotoxic chemicals. PMID- 6646152 TI - Mutagenicity studies of ambient airborne particles. II. Comparison of extraction methods. AB - Organic materials were extracted with acetone from airborne particles by shaking, soxhletion and sonication for varying durations. 4-h, 1-h and 1/8-min extractions by shaking, soxhletion and sonication, respectively gave maximum his+ revertants with the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. In a comparative study of extraction methods, sonication gave the highest and soxhletion the lowest mutagenic response. It appears that sonication with acetone is the best procedure for the extraction of mutagens from airborne particles as shown by Ames assay and Arar assay systems in Salmonella typhimurium. PMID- 6646153 TI - Genotoxicity studies with a blend of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate lubricant additives. AB - The mutagenic activity of a blend of primary zinc dialkyldithiophosphate lubricant additives suspended in process oils and a blend of the process oils alone was investigated in agar layer cultures of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100, both with and without the incorporation of a rat liver microsomal activation system (S9). Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate was tested as a structurally-related model bacterial mutagen, and, in additional control experiments, the mutagenic activity of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and benzo[a]pyrene was investigated in combination with the blend of process oils in selected bacterial tester strains. Transformation frequencies of BHK cells were determined by colony growth in soft agar culture following treatment with a blend of the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate lubricant additives suspended in process oils, a blend of the process oils, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, both in the presence and in the absence of a blend of the process oils, or zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate. All experiments incorporated a rat liver microsomal activation system (S9). Application of a blend of the zinc dialkyldithiophosphate additives or a blend of the process oils used in their manufacture did not increase the reverse mutation frequencies of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 or TA100, or significantly increase the transformation frequency of BHK cells under the experimental conditions described. Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate increased the reverse mutation frequency in some bacterial tester strains, but did not significantly increase the transformation frequency of BHK cells under the described experimental conditions. The addition of the blend of the process oils in combination with the control materials, zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate or benzo[a]pyrene had an inhibitory effect on the mutagenic activity at high doses of each in the bacterial assays, and in the BHK assay the transforming ability of 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene was suppressed in the presence of the blend of the process oils. Thus, the additive materials showed no evidence of genotoxic activity in the bacterial mutation assays, or in the BHK transformation assay under the experimental conditions described. PMID- 6646154 TI - A comparison of Vicia-faba-root S10 and rat-liver S9 activation of ethanol, maleic hydrazide and cyclophosphamide as measured by sister-chromatid exchange induction in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - A comparison of Vicia-faba-root S10 with rat-liver S9 was made in their capacity to bring about, in vitro, the metabolic activation of ethanol, maleic hydrazide (MH) and cyclophosphamide (CP) that can lead to the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in CHO cells. When NADP was a cofactor in the S9 mix, ethanol, MH and CP all induced an increase of SCEs with rat-liver S9. With Vicia-root S10, however, ethanol induction of SCEs was very weak and no effect at all was observed with MH and CP. When NAD was a cofactor in the S9 mix, Vicia-root S10 activated ethanol and produced an increase in SCEs. PMID- 6646155 TI - DNA repair synthesis in cultured mammalian and fish cells following exposure to chemical mutagens. AB - Unscheduled DNA repair synthesis (UDS) was measured autoradiographically in HF, CHO, RTG, RTO, CH and FHM cells given a 3-h exposure to MNNG, 4NQO, NA2AAF and AFB1. All the chemicals produced a dose-response, the magnitude of which varied with the particular chemical and cell line. HF produced the greatest response, CHO less and the fish cell lines the least. The response of all fish cell lines was approximately equal for a particular chemical. A number of factors were investigated to account for the comparative differences in UDS response. The time course of repair in HF, CHO and RTG following a 3-h exposure to MNNG or 4NQO was the same. As S-phase nuclei were observed in control slides and the amount of repair following UV exposure varies HF greater than CHO greater than RTG, neither 3HTdR nor mutagen uptake is limiting. The observed results are discussed. PMID- 6646156 TI - Mutagenic effect of thallium and mercury salts on rodent cells with different repair activities. AB - The mutagenic activity of thallium carbonate and mercury chloride was estimated by the HAP chromatography and virus reactivation methods in cultures of embryo cells of mice (CBA and C57Bl/6 strains) and rats and by the dominant mutation frequency in rats. Thallium carbonate induced single-stranded DNA breaks. The induction of DNA breaks correlated with the rate of virus reactivation and the mutability of vaccinia virus in the cell cultures studied. DNA breaks in experiments with mercury chloride occurred at much lower concentrations as compared with these of thallium carbonate. The rate of vaccinia virus reactivation in cells treated with mercury chloride was reduced, whereas the level of virus mutagenesis did not differ from the control. In the dominant lethal test the mutagenic activity of thallium carbonate was higher than the mutagenic activity of mercury chloride. PMID- 6646157 TI - Induction of sister-chromatid exchange in human lymphocytes by vitamin B6. AB - Vitamin B6, or pyridoxine hydrochloride, enhanced sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) rates in cultured normal human lymphocytes. No increase was found in SCE frequency when lymphocytes were treated with pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P-5-P) or 4 pyridoxic acid (4-PA) to which vitamin B6 is finally converted. PMID- 6646158 TI - Cytogenetic analysis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (in vitro) treated with resorcinol. AB - Heparinized whole-blood samples from 4 normal donors were treated with resorcinol 24 h after initiation of cultures. Then, after being cultured for 24 and 48 h, the lymphocytes were fixed and the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were determined. The results from two different experiments indicate that, even at a low concentration of 0.002%, resorcinol was capable of increasing the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Lymphocytes fixed at 48 h after the start of culture had a lower frequency of aberrations induced by resorcinol than those fixed at 72 h. In the SCE test in human lymphocytes, resorcinol was negative. Parallel experiments with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells indicate that resorcinol is not effective in inducing either chromosomal aberrations or SCEs in these cells. The induced chromosomal aberrations were analysed as induced micronuclei in bone marrow of mice; and in a test in vitro with human diploid fibroblasts, resorcinol was also negative. PMID- 6646159 TI - Thickening of the human dorsal root ganglion perineurial cell basement membrane in diabetes mellitus. AB - Lumbar dorsal root ganglia were sampled at autopsy from 27 diabetics and 22 nondiabetics. Using quantitative ultrastructural morphometry, the perineurial cell basement membrane thickness was estimated for each case, and a highly significant difference was found between the patient means for each group (nondiabetics 114 +/- 18 nm vs. diabetics 203 +/- 64 nm, P less than 0.001). These results indicate that perineurial cell basement membrane thickening probably is present diffusely throughout the diabetic peripheral nervous system because it has been reported in the sural nerves and dermal nerves. The increased permeability of the blood-nerve barrier of the dorsal root ganglia is apparently not a factor in the development of this basement membrane hypertrophy. PMID- 6646160 TI - Age-related differences in absolute numbers of skeletal muscle satellite cells. AB - The absolute number of satellite cells (SC) in young and adult rat skeletal muscle was estimated by correlating data from light and electron microscopic quantitation of myofiber nuclei (myonuclei and satellite cell nuclei) with biochemical assays for determining total muscle DNA content. Expressed both as a proportion of total myofiber nuclei and as absolute numbers, satellite cells are more numerous in the predominantly oxidative soleus muscle than in the mixed glycolytic/oxidative extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle at 1, 12, and 24 months of age. Satellite cell proportions decline gradually in both muscles with advancing age, but absolute numbers increase significantly in the soleus between 1 and 12 months, while EDL exhibits a continuous significant decline in satellite cells between each of the ages examined. PMID- 6646161 TI - Distribution of different fiber types in human skeletal muscles: effects of aging studied in whole muscle cross sections. AB - The effects of aging on the total number and size of fibers, and the proportion and distribution of type 1 (slow twitch) and type 2 (fast twitch) fibers were studied in cross sections (15 mu thick) of autopsied whole m. vastus lateralis from two age groups. Each group consisted of six, previously physically healthy males (mean age 72 +/- 1 years and 30 +/- 6 years, respectively). The size of the muscles of the older individuals was 18% smaller (P less than 0.01) and the total number of fibers was 25% lower (P less than 0.01) than those of the young individuals (mean number 364,000 +/- 50,000 vs 478,000 +/- 56,000). There was, however, no significant difference in the mean fiber size (indirectly determined) or the proportion of the two fiber types, though a preferential reduction in type 2 fiber number in the aged individuals was seen. The relative occurrence of the fiber types at various depths in the aged muscles was found to be more even than in muscles from the young individuals. The results suggest that the aging atrophy in m. vastus lateralis, at least up to the age of 70, is primarily the result of a loss of fibers. PMID- 6646162 TI - Susceptibility of mouse skeletal muscles to exercise injuries. AB - The susceptibility to exercise-induced myopathy was studied by histological and biochemical methods in various skeletal muscles of mice 3-4 days after a single bout of prolonged running. The degree of exercise injuries varied greatly in different muscles. Soleus and the red deep parts of quadriceps femoris were the most severely affected muscles. Extensive or scattered necrosis of muscle fibers was associated with focal inflammation and a five- to nine-fold increase in the activity of beta-glucuronidase in these muscles. Slight necrotic changes and a two- to three-fold increase in the activity of beta-glucuronidase were observed in tibialis anterior, plantaris, and the red deep parts of gastrocnemius. A statistically significant increase in beta-glucuronidase activity was also observed in the white distal part of quadriceps femoris, biceps femoris, gracilis, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneal muscles but necrotic lesions were infrequent in these muscles. The degree of exercise injuries is probably affected by the different recruitment of muscles during running and by the anatomical location of muscles in separate compartments, which could expose them to different levels of ischemic compression by postexercise edema. PMID- 6646163 TI - Analysis of serum bile acids in patients with various types of muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6646164 TI - Coping with muscular dystrophy: psychosocial correlates of adaptation. PMID- 6646165 TI - [Epidermomyces gen. nov. replacing Epidermophyton Sab. nom.illegit]. PMID- 6646166 TI - The occurrence of tinea of the feet in 15-year-old school children. PMID- 6646167 TI - Protothecosis: a report of two cases. PMID- 6646168 TI - An extracellular substance of Sporothrix schenckii in human infection. PMID- 6646169 TI - Fusarium laceratum. PMID- 6646170 TI - Study on the survival of Histoplasma farciminosum in the environment. PMID- 6646171 TI - Culture filtrate activity of dermatophytes against Nematospiroides dubius larvae. PMID- 6646172 TI - Follow-up of solitary autonomous thyroid nodules treated with 131I. AB - We studied the long-term effects of 131I therapy for solitary autonomous thyroid nodules on the size of the nodule and on thyroid function. Twenty-three patients with autonomous thyroid adenomas that had been treated with 131I from 4 to 16.5 years earlier (mean, 8.5) were examined, and their thyroid function was tested. In 12 patients (54 per cent), the nodules were still palpable, and in 2 they had increased in size. Eight patients (36 per cent) had become hypothyroid. The incidence of hypothyroidism was not related to nodule size or the level of thyroid function before therapy with 131I or to the total dose of 131I that had been given. We conclude that 131I therapy for autonomous thyroid adenoma often causes hypothyroidism and in many cases does not eradicate the offending nodule. PMID- 6646173 TI - Elevated erythrocyte adenosine deaminase activity in congenital hypoplastic anemia. AB - Abnormalities of adenosine deaminase, a critical enzyme of the purine salvage pathway, have been reported in association with immune dysfunction, acute leukemia, and hereditary hemolytic anemia. We report data showing that erythrocyte adenosine deaminase activity is also abnormal in congenital hypoplastic anemia (the Diamond-Blackfan syndrome). Adenosine deaminase activity in erythrocytes from 12 patients (mean +/- S.D., 2.20 +/- 0.77 IU per gram of hemoglobin) was substantially greater than that observed in 50 controls (0.62 +/- 0.13 IU per gram). Enzyme activity in affected patients was also greater than that seen in cord blood or in erythrocytes from patients with hemolytic anemia, acquired aplastic anemia, Fanconi's hypoplastic anemia, acquired pure red-cell aplasia, or transient erythroblastopenia of childhood. These observations indicate that erythrocyte adenosine deaminase activity may be a unique marker for identifying congenital hypoplastic anemia. PMID- 6646174 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 50-1983. A 72-year-old woman with pulmonary infiltrates. PMID- 6646175 TI - The autonomously functioning thyroid adenoma: clinical consideration. PMID- 6646176 TI - The Baby Doe rules. PMID- 6646177 TI - Interaction between cimetidine and metronidazole. PMID- 6646178 TI - Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen may not always indicate immunity to hepatitis B virus infection. PMID- 6646180 TI - Prolonged recovery from type A botulism. PMID- 6646179 TI - Birth defects with Ewing's sarcoma. PMID- 6646181 TI - Effect of progesterone on desmoid tumors (aggressive fibromatosis) PMID- 6646182 TI - Hospital cost containment in Ontario. PMID- 6646183 TI - Health policy in the future. PMID- 6646184 TI - Current controversy on alternative medicine. PMID- 6646185 TI - Response of preleukemic syndromes to continuous infusion of low-dose cytarabine. AB - Preleukemic syndromes are a group of acquired bone-marrow disorders characterized by dysplastic maturation of hematopoietic cells and peripheral-blood cytopenias. Although the clinical course is variable, most patients succumb to hemorrhage, infection, or acute leukemia. These syndromes are generally considered untreatable. We administered low doses of cytarabine by continuous intravenous infusion for 7 to 21 days in eight patients with preleukemia or with preleukemia in evolution to acute leukemia. Eight of 13 courses were associated with marked increases in peripheral-blood granulocyte, platelet, and red-cell counts, with the result that six of the eight patients needed no transfusions for 2 to over 14 months. These preliminary results demonstrate that continuous infusion of low dose cytarabine can offer patients with preleukemic syndromes hematologic improvement with limited toxicity. PMID- 6646186 TI - Improved diagnosis of mastocytosis by measurement of urinary histamine metabolites. AB - In an attempt to facilitate the diagnosis of mastocytosis, we measured the urinary excretion of histamine and two of its main metabolites (N tau methylhistamine and N tau-methylimidazoleacetic acid) in eight adults with this disorder. All patients had above-normal values for the metabolites of histamine, whereas only three had above-normal values for histamine. In both 24-hour and randomly voided urine specimens, the determination of histamine metabolites is more specific and sensitive for the diagnosis of mastocytosis than the determination of histamine itself. PMID- 6646187 TI - Cytarabine: low-dose, high-dose, no dose? PMID- 6646188 TI - Christian Science and the care of children. PMID- 6646189 TI - The position of the Christian Science church. PMID- 6646190 TI - Mortality of eclampsia: a case report and the experience of the Massachusetts Maternal Mortality Study, 1954-1982. PMID- 6646191 TI - Coronary spasm producing coronary thrombosis. PMID- 6646192 TI - Evaluation of patients with syncope. PMID- 6646193 TI - Therapy of chancroid with trimethoprim-sulfametrole. PMID- 6646194 TI - Caution on scientific advisory boards. PMID- 6646195 TI - UK inquiry into leukaemia cluster. PMID- 6646196 TI - Muscle au naturel. PMID- 6646197 TI - Malaria and babesiosis. PMID- 6646198 TI - Widening vistas for eye movement research. PMID- 6646199 TI - Radiofrequency destruction of the tuberoinfundibular region of hypothalamus permanently abrogates NK cell activity in mice. AB - Natural killer (NK) cells have an important role in non-adaptative resistance to tumours and their metastatic spread in vivo. Maturation of NK cells and the intensity of their activity are affected by many endogenous and external factors, as well as by regulatory cells. The possibility that some effects of the central nervous system on tumour resistance are mediated via NK activity has also been suggested. Destruction of the tuberoinfundibular region of the hypothalamus in rodents led to a significant increase in tumour growth. We show here that destruction of its ventromedial, dorsomedial and arcuate nuclei persistently abrogates NK activity in mice. By contrast, cortical lesion and operative stress depress it partially, and for a brief period only. Abrogation is the result of a block of NK lineage maturation, causing a severe decrease in the number of large granular lymphocytes (LGL), a lymphocyte population associated with NK activity. Macrophage, B- and T- lymphocyte functions, however, are not significantly affected. Agents inducing NK-cell maturation or activation such as polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C], interferon (IFN) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) restore NK activity, and normalize the number of LGL. PMID- 6646200 TI - Antibody-dependent cell-mediated antibacterial activity of intestinal lymphocytes with secretory IgA. AB - Secretory antibodies of the IgA class (sIgA) are thought to have an important role in the defence against bacteria at mucosal surfaces--the level at which the infectious agents first come into contact with the host. However, the mechanism by which sIgA exert their antibacterial activity is still a matter of debate. After the recent discovery of receptors for the Fc portion of IgA (RFc alpha) on lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes of human, rabbit, guinea pig and mouse origin, it has been hypothesized that IgA also mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Indeed, ADCC mediated by human leukocytes against bacteria has been demonstrated in the presence of human circulating IgA. As RFc alpha have also been shown to bind sIgA, we decided to investigate whether sIgA could mediate antibacterial ADCC when bound to lymphocytes from the murine gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) which first interact with the invading bacteria. By using Shigella X16 (a hybrid strain between the enteric pathogen Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli) as target in an in vitro assay that measures cell-mediated antibacterial responses, we found that murine lymphocytes from GALT but not from other tissues are able to exert natural antibacterial activity against Shigella X16, and that sIgA significantly and specifically increase the natural antibacterial activity of GALT lymphocytes from mice and induce antibacterial activity in cells from the spleen, but not from the thymus or popliteal lymph nodes. Thus, we now propose a new role for sIgA in protecting the host against infectious agents at the mucosal level. PMID- 6646201 TI - Amplification and expression of the c-myc oncogene in human lung cancer cell lines. AB - Genetic changes involving the c-myc oncogene have been observed in human tumours. In particular, the c-myc gene is translocated in Burkitt's lymphoma and is amplified in the human promyelocytic leukaemia cell line, HL-60, which contains double minute chromosomes (DMs). More recently, an amplified c-myc gene has been positioned on a chromosomal homogeneous staining region (HSR) in a human colon cancer cell line, COLO 320, with neuroendocrine properties. Furthermore, c-myc is expressed in increased amounts in some human tumour lines, and in some cases, human small cell lung cancers (SCLC) contain DMs and HSRs. These findings prompted us to study the c-myc gene and its RNA expression in a series of human lung cancer cell lines. We now report amplification and expression of the c-myc oncogene in a system other than B-cell lymphomas, namely human lung cancer. Of 18 human lung cancer cell lines tested, 8 showed an amplified 12.5-kilobase (kb) EcoRI c-myc DNA band. Of particular interest are five SCLC lines with a high degree of c-myc DNA amplification (20-76-fold) and greatly increased levels of c myc RNA. All five lines reside in the variant class of SCLC (SCLC-V) characterized by altered morphology, lack of expression of some SCLC differentiated functions and more malignant behaviour than pure SCLC. Three of the five lines which have been karyotyped also contain DMs or HSRs. The finding of a greatly amplified c-myc gene in all cell lines of the SCLC-V class examined strongly suggests a role for the c-myc gene in the phenotypic conversion and malignant behaviour of human lung cancer. PMID- 6646202 TI - Are there two classes of VSG gene in Trypanosoma brucei? AB - Antigenic variation in the African trypanosomes involves the sequential expression of genes coding for different variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) (reviewed in refs 1-3). When expression of some VSG genes is switched on, a newly duplicated copy of the expressed gene has been observed within the trypanosome genome, which is not found after the gene's expression is switched off again. The duplicated copy has therefore been called an expression-linked copy (ELC). The expression of the gene appears to be strictly coupled to the presence of the ELC. This has led to the hypothesis that the duplicative transposition generating the ELC may itself be responsible for the control of VSG expression. With other VSG genes, expression-linked duplication has not been observed, and expression is clearly not controlled in this way. Data are presented here which demonstrate that either of these observations may be obtained with a single VSG gene, depending on the chance selection of particular clones from antigenically switched populations. Thus, the different observations do not imply the existence of two distinct classes of VSG gene controlled by different mechanisms, but different aspects of processes common to all VSG genes. PMID- 6646203 TI - Transcription in oocytes of highly methylated rDNA from Xenopus laevis sperm. AB - The genes for ribosomal RNA exist as multiple copies in the genome. Each repeated unit comprises a region that codes for the 40S rRNA precursor, and a spacer region of uncertain function (Fig. 1a). In Xenopus laevis there are about 1,000 copies of the dinucleotide sequence C-G in each repeat unit, and of these about 250 can be tested for the presence of 5-methylcytosine using restriction endonucleases. Most of the detectable C-Gs are heavily methylated, but in somatic cells unmethylated C-Gs occur in a 60 base pair (bp) sequence (NTS-60) that is repeated in the spacer. In contrast, the spacer of sperm rDNA is heavily methylated at these and all other testable C-Gs. Loss of methylation at NTS-60 takes place during the first day of embryonic development, near the time when rDNA transcription begins. In an attempt to assess the significance of this developmental change in methylation, we have isolated sperm rDNA and investigated whether it can be transcribed in oocytes. We have found that sperm rDNA is transcribed as efficiently as cloned rDNA, although no loss of methylation was detectable. Direct sequencing of sperm rDNA showed that all 19 C-GS in the promoter are highly methylated. Thus, in the case of rDNA injected into oocytes, loss of methylation is unnecessary for effective transcription. PMID- 6646204 TI - Evolutionary adaptation of plasmid-encoded enzymes for degrading nylon oligomers. AB - Flavobacterium sp. KI72 metabolizes 6-aminohexanoic acid cyclic dimer, a by product of nylon manufacture, through two newly evolved enzymes, 6-aminohexanoic acid cyclic dimer hydrolase (EI) and 6-aminohexanoic acid linear oligomer hydrolase (EII). These enzymes are active towards man-made compounds, the cyclic dimer and linear oligomers of 6-aminohexanoic acid respectively, but not towards any of the natural amide bonds tested. The structural genes of EI (nylA) and EII (nylB) are encoded on pOAD2, one of three plasmids harboured in Flavobacterium sp. KI72. This plasmid contains two kinds of repeated sequence (RS-I and RS-II); one of the two RS-II sequences, RS-IIA, contains the nylB gene, while the other, RS-IIB, contains a homologous nylB' gene. From comparisons of the nucleotide sequences and gene products of the nylB and nylB' genes, we now conclude that EII enzyme is newly evolved by gene duplication followed by base substitutions on the same plasmid. PMID- 6646205 TI - The F meson found at Cornell. PMID- 6646206 TI - Natural radiation risks. PMID- 6646207 TI - Dressing the SOD. PMID- 6646208 TI - Placebo and naloxone can alter post-surgical pain by separate mechanisms. AB - The discovery of an endogenous opioid-mediated analgesic system has led to the search for its physiological roles and how it might be activated in natural conditions. Environmental and surgical stress and certain forms of transcutaneous electrical stimulation or acupuncture appear to activate this system. Several studies also suggest that this opioid system mediates placebo analgesia. Placebo reduces post-surgical pain in comparison with no treatment, and this analgesia is apparently reversed by the opioid antagonist, naloxone. However, these studies did not indicate whether naloxone and placebo exert their effects by common or by separate mechanisms. By administering hidden infusions of naloxone (in subjects unaware that the medication was being given) separate from the administration of a placebo, we were able to assess the effects of these two treatments independently. We report here evidence that placebo analgesia can occur after blockade of opioid mechanisms by naloxone and that naloxone can produce hyperalgesia independent of the placebo effect. The combined action of these effects is sufficient to explain the reversal of placebo analgesia by naloxone. PMID- 6646209 TI - Association of platelet-derived growth factor-induced protein with nuclear material. AB - Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been proposed to initiate the cell cycle traverse of density-arrested BALB/c-3T3 cells by rendering quiescent cells 'competent' to respond to 'progression' factors contained in platelet-poor plasma (PPP). PDGF-treated cells remain competent for many hours following PDGF removal; subsequent addition of PPP triggers G0-G1 traversal and entry into S phase. Numerous observations suggest that the competent state reflects the existence of a stable PDGF-induced 'second signal' as opposed to a persistent association of PDGF with cells. Several unique proteins have been shown to be synthesized in response to PDGF; of these, the dose-dependent production of 'pI' (molecular weight 29,000) was found to correlate closely with the induction of competence. We report here the further characterization of pI in terms of its time-dependent synthesis, intracellular location and stability. Electrophoretic analysis of nuclear and non-nuclear extracts of PDGF-treated BALB/c-3T3 cells demonstrated that pI is synthesized during the first 6 h of G0-G1, is associated with nuclear material and is stable for 9-12 h. These findings are consistent with the proposed role of pI as the cellular mediator of PDGF. PMID- 6646210 TI - Solvent-induced distortions and the curvature of alpha-helices. AB - The alpha-helix defined in 1951 by Pauling et al. on the basis of model building and X-ray fibre diffraction data has 3.65 residues per turn (n) achieved with planar peptides, torsion angles of phi = -48 degrees and psi = -57 degrees and hydrogen bonds which are close to linear. Although X-ray analyses of proteins have confirmed the general correctness of the model for the helix, recent high resolution (1.7-1.0 A) diffraction studies have shown that the parameters described by Pauling et al. and later by Perutz and Arnott and Wonacott are not a good description of the alpha-helices in globular proteins, where the mean values of phi, psi are usually close to -63 degrees, -42 degrees. Here we show that these values arise as a mean of two significantly different classes in amphipathic helices depending on whether the peptide carbonyl oxygen is hydrogen bonded to a solvent or polar side-chain atom. The hydrogen bonds made by the hydrophilic carbonyls to the NH groups within helices are longer and less linear than those involving hydrophobic carbonyls. We also show that these effects are associated with a significant curvature of helices in globular proteins. For example, the alpha-helix in avian pancreatic peptide (aPP) has a radius of curvature of approximately 70 A. These results are of significance in the packing of helices in fibrous and globular proteins, in the calculation of their dipole moments, solvent accessibilities and internal energies, and in the theoretical estimation of spectroscopic properties such as circular dichroism and Raman scattering. PMID- 6646211 TI - Electrostatic recognition between superoxide and copper, zinc superoxide dismutase. AB - Electrostatic forces have been implicated in a variety of biologically important molecular interactions including drug orientation by DNA, protein folding and assembly, substrate binding and catalysis and macromolecular complementarity with inhibitors, drugs and hormones. To examine enzyme-substrate interactions in copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD), we developed a method for the visualization and analysis of an enzyme's three-dimensional electrostatic vector field that allows the contributions of specific residues to be identified. We report here that the arrangement of electrostatic charges in SOD promotes productive enzyme-substrate interaction through substrate guidance and charge complementarity: sequence-conserved residues create an extensive electrostatic field that directs the negatively charged superoxide (O-2) substrate to the highly positive catalytic binding site at the bottom of the active-site channel. Dissection of the electrostatic potential gradient indicated the relative contributions of individual charged residues: Lys 134 and Glu 131 seem to have important roles in directing the long-range approach of O-2, while Arg 141 has local orienting effects. The reported methods of analysis may have general application for the elucidation of intermolecular recognition processes. PMID- 6646212 TI - Is biology now part of physics? PMID- 6646213 TI - Molecular biology. Enhancers, chromosome position effects, and transgenic mice. PMID- 6646214 TI - Evolutionary biology. Brain size, energetics, ecology and life history patterns. PMID- 6646215 TI - Evolutionary biology. Mitochondrial DNA: new clues about evolution. PMID- 6646216 TI - A new H-2-linked class I gene whose expression depends on a maternally inherited factor. AB - The maternally transmitted antigen (Mta) is expressed on the cells of most strains of mice. It is a medial histocompatibility antigen, that is, it is recognized by unrestricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes as are major H antigens, but unlike these it is a weak transplantation antigen and does not itself restrict the T-cell recognition of minor H antigens. All other medial H antigens are encoded by genes closely linked to the major histocompatibility complex, H-2 in the mouse. By contrast, Mta appeared to follow extrachromosomal, maternal inheritance. Several substrains of NZB, NZO and non-inbred European NMRI mice are Mta-negative. Females of these strains bear only Mta- offspring, while females of the inbred Mta+ strains bear only Mta+ offspring. Repeated backcrossing from Mta+ females to NZB or NMRI males has shown that, given the right cytoplasmic genes, the chromosomal genes of these Mta- strains permit expression of Mta2. As the Mta type of a mouse cannot be influenced by embryo transfer or foster nursing, we concluded that it was determined by a cytoplasmic factor (Mtf), transmitted through the egg. We now show that a gene, Hmt, closely linked to the H-2 complex, is also required for expression of Mta. PMID- 6646217 TI - Alpha-thalassaemia caused by a polyadenylation signal mutation. AB - Most eukaryotic messenger RNAs have the sequence AAUAAA 11-30 nucleotides from the 3'-terminal poly(A) tract. Since this is the only significant sequence homology in the 3' non-coding region it has been suggested that it may be a recognition site for enzymes involved in polyadenylation and/or termination of polymerase II transcription. This idea is strengthened by observations on the effect of deletion mutations in or around the AATAAA sequence on polyadenylation of late simian virus 40 (SV40) mRNA; removal of this sequence prevents poly(A) addition. Naturally occurring variants of this hexanucleotide are rare and hitherto their functional significance has not been assessed. We have now identified a human alpha 2-globin gene which contains a single point mutation in this hexanucleotide (AATAAA leads to AATAAG). The paired alpha 1 gene on the same chromosome is completely inactivated by a frame-shift mutation. This unique combination has enabled the expression of the mutant alpha 2 gene to be studied in vivo where it has been found that the accumulated level of alpha 2-specific mRNA in erythroid cells is reduced. Furthermore, readthrough transcripts extending beyond the normal poly(A) addition site are detected in mRNA obtained from HeLa cells transfected with cloned DNA from the mutant alpha 2 gene, suggesting that the single nucleotide change in the AATAAA sequence is the cause of its abnormal expression. PMID- 6646218 TI - Nucleotide sequence evidence for rapid genotypic shifts in the bovine mitochondrial DNA D-loop. AB - Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is unusual in its rapid rate of evolution and high level of intraspecies sequence variation. The latter is thought to be related to the strict maternal inheritance of mtDNA, which effectively isolates within a species mitochondrial gene pools that accumulate mutations and vary independently. A fundamental and as yet unexplained aspect of this process is how, in the face of somatic and germ-line mtDNA ploidy of 10(3) to 10(5) (refs 4, 5), individual variant mtDNA molecules resulting from mutational events can come to dominate the large intracellular mtDNA population so rapidly. To help answer this question, we have determined here the nucleotide sequence of all or part of the D-loop region in 14 maternally related Holstein cows. Four different D-loop sequences can be distinguished in the mtDNA of these animals. One explanation is that multiple mitochondrial genotypes existed in the maternal germ line and that expansion or segregation of one of these genotypes during oogenesis or early development led to the rapid genotypic shifts observed. PMID- 6646219 TI - INSERM sets up forum. PMID- 6646220 TI - British physicians lose patience. PMID- 6646221 TI - Bacterial life in space. PMID- 6646222 TI - Vertebrate embryos: diversity in developmental strategies. PMID- 6646223 TI - Viral oncogene permutations. PMID- 6646224 TI - Building new vaccines. PMID- 6646225 TI - Crystal structure of leucine-enkephalin. AB - The crystal structure of leucine-enkephalin has been determined in a crystal form that has four independent enkephalin molecules and much water and dimethylformamide solvent in the asymmetric unit. All four enkephalins have extended peptide backbones with the Tyr, Phe and Leu side chains above and below the plane of the backbone. There is evidence that this extended conformation may provide an acceptable model for enkephalin binding to opiate mu-receptors. PMID- 6646226 TI - Changes in geniculate cell size following brief monocular blockade of retinal activity in kittens. AB - When a kitten is subjected to monocular lid suture early in life, cells in laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) connected to the sutured eye grow less than normal and cells in those laminae connected to the non-sutured eye grow more than normal. These changes are seen primarily in the binocular segment of the LGN, which corresponds to the central visual field, and are due to competition either between intracortical afferents originating from the different LGN laminae, or directly among cells within the LGN. The afferent deprivation induced by lid suture, however, is not complete, as retinal ganglion cells fire tonically both in darkness and in light. It is generally thought that this tonic retinal activity is necessary to maintain neuronal excitability at normal threshold in the central visual pathway. In the visual cortex of developing kittens, we previously showed a long-lasting change in ocular dominance of binocular cells by a brief blockade of retinal activity in one optic nerve. We report here that a complete blockade of retinal activity in one eye causes major changes in LGN cell size within 1 week. These changes occur throughout the LGN, including the monocular segment where binocular competition does not occur. The results indicate that tonic retinal activity may have an important role in the control of geniculate cell size. PMID- 6646227 TI - Electrophysiological correlates of hyperacuity in the human visual cortex. AB - The human visual system is capable of detecting a vernier misalignment with extraordinary accuracy. Since this remarkable precision in spatial localization is better than can be naively predicted by simple optical or anatomical considerations it has been termed a hyperacuity. So far no single neurone model seems capable of accounting for hyperacuity, and the retinal image might require reconstitution in a finer grained from in the visual cortex. We report here an electrophysiological correlate of hyperacuity recorded from the human visual cortex. The amplitude of the visually evoked potentials (v.e.ps) elicited by the appearance of a vernier offset varied systematically with the magnitude of the offset. Extrapolation of the function relating v.e.p. amplitude and log offset to zero voltage resulted in an electrophysiological estimate of vernier acuity that was similar to the observer's psychophysical threshold. PMID- 6646228 TI - Cell lineage and the induction of second nervous systems in amphibian development. AB - The amphibian nervous system has long been thought to arise from within a large (greater than 10(3) population of dorsal ectodermal cells, that would otherwise differentiate only as epidermis, as a result of inductive signals from underlying dorsal mesoderm at gastrulation. It has recently been claimed, however, that small cell groups are set aside much earlier in amphibian development, as the sole founders of particular portions or 'compartments' of the body plan. This would imply a dramatic re-interpretation of classical experiments where a second dorsal blastoporal lip, grafted to the ventral side of a gastrula containing 10,000 or more cells, causes there the development of a second central nervous system (CNS) in host tissue. We show that such surgically induced second nervous systems are made by host cells which have lineages separate from those that contribute to the original CNS from the 32-cell stage. Thus neural induction can occur as traditionally supposed, by assignment of ectodermal cell fate in relation to dorsal mesoderm during gastrulation. We discuss the implications of this for the recent proposals about early compartmentation in vertebrate development. PMID- 6646229 TI - Rat c-myc oncogene is located on chromosome 7 and rearranges in immunocytomas with t(6:7) chromosomal translocation. AB - Two B-cell-derived tumours, human Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) and murine plasmacytoma (MPC), are regularly associated with a distinctive form of chromosomal translocation (for reviews see refs 1, 2). In BL, the distal portion of chromosome 8 breaks off and is transposed, in most cases, to chromosome 14, known to carry the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus. In about 5% of the cases the same distal part of the chromosome 8 has moved to either chromosome 2 or 22, to the neighbourhood of the kappa or the lambda locus, respectively. In MPC the distal region of chromosome 15 is transposed to the chromosome 12, known to carry the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus, or enters into reciprocal exchange with the kappa locus-carrying chromosome 6 (ref. 7). Several laboratories have located c myc, the cellular homologue of the MC29 retroviral oncogene v-myc, to human chromosome 8 (refs 8-10) and mouse chromosome 15 (refs 11-13). It has also been shown that the BL- and MPC-associated translocations remove the c-myc gene from its original site and transpose it into or close to one of the immunoglobulin gene clusters. In view of the above findings we also looked for possible involvement of the c-myc gene in a B-cell-derived tumour of a third species, the rat. Rat immunocytomas of spontaneous origin carry a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 6 and 7 (ref. 17). Here we have localized the c-myc locus to chromosome 7 of the rat. Moreover, we have found that the c-myc gene was rearranged in four of five immunocytomas carrying the characteristic chromosomal translocation. PMID- 6646230 TI - Electrostatic interactions in the assembly of haemoglobin. AB - Haemoglobin is the prototype of an allosteric protein in which cooperative behaviour depends on interaction between unlike subunits. Here we present haematological and biochemical evidence that electrostatic interactions are an important determinant of haemoglobin assembly. Individuals heterozygous for positively charged beta-globin variants have a significantly lower proportion of abnormal haemoglobin than those with negatively charged variants. Moreover, these differences become more pronounced when alpha-thalassaemia is also present. Kinetic experiments using isolated chains indicate that the rate of assembly of the heterotetramer is influenced by alterations in surface charge. A simple electrostatic model is proposed in an attempt to explain these haematological and experimental findings. PMID- 6646231 TI - Absence of cooperative haemoglobin-oxygen binding in Sphenodon, a reptilian relict from the Triassic. AB - It is generally accepted that the sigmoidal nature of the haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve (ODC) is necessary for efficient oxygen transport in terrestrial vertebrates because it allows large volumes of oxygen to be bound or released for relatively small changes in the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in the blood. Furthermore, the amount of oxygen to tissues is increased by hydrogen ions produced from the dissociation of carbon dioxide in solution. The generality of these key features of cooperative oxygen binding and the Bohr effect holds for reptiles, birds and mammals, including representatives with special respiratory requirements for diving, burrowing and living at high altitude. Sphenodon punctatus is the sole surviving representative of the ancient order of 'beakhead' reptiles (order Rhynchocephalia) which were once widely distributed during the Triassic period before the spectacular radiation of dinosaur faunas. We have now investigated the oxygen transporting properties of blood from Sphenodon and find that the ODC is hyperbolic, with a high affinity for oxygen and very small Bohr effect. This combination of characteristics is unique among terrestrial vertebrates and accords with a low demand for oxygen and limited scope for aerobic activity. PMID- 6646232 TI - Exons--present from the beginning? PMID- 6646233 TI - Mitochondria and the major histocompatibility complex. PMID- 6646234 TI - Cholera toxin genes: nucleotide sequence, deletion analysis and vaccine development. AB - Nucleotide sequence and deletion analysis have been used to identify the regulatory and coding sequences comprising the cholera toxin operon (ctx). Incorporation of defined in vitro-generated ctx deletion mutations into Vibrio cholerae by in vivo genetic recombination produced strains which have practical value in cholera vaccine development. PMID- 6646235 TI - A single gene and a pseudogene for the cellular tumour antigen p53. AB - The cellular tumour antigen p53 is a protein found in elevated levels in a great variety of transformed cells (reviewed in ref. 1). Overproduction of p53 was observed in cells transformed by a wide spectrum of agents as well as in embryonal carcinoma cells, and in spontaneous transformants. Although initially described in mice, similar p53-like proteins were also observed in cells of other species, including those derived from several human tumours. In non-transformed cells the protein turns over very rapidly and its levels appear to correlate with cell proliferation. Thus far, very little has been known about the precise nature of the protein and of the corresponding genes. We now provide evidence for the existence of a single functional gene for murine p53 and a processed pseudogene. The predicted amino acid sequence of murine p53 is also presented. PMID- 6646236 TI - mRNA transcripts related to full-length endogenous retroviral DNA in human cells. AB - Mammalian cells contain multiple copies of endogenous type C retroviral DNA sequences. Among these sequences are complete, potentially infectious proviruses, proviral DNA that is expressed only in the form of viral antigens, retroviral segments that may contribute portions of envelope (env) genes during the generation of recombinant polytropic viruses, and many subgenomic viral DNA segments that may not be expressed at all. We have previously reported the identification and molecular cloning of type C retroviral sequences from human DNA and have shown that the partial nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of one of the clones obtained (lambda 51) are homologous to Moloney MuLV (MoMuLV) in the gag and pol regions. The lambda 51 clone as well as several others isolated from a human DNA library contained approximately 4.3 kilobases (kb) of retroviral sequences, were deleted in the env region, and were flanked by tandem repeats unlike the long terminal repeats (LTRs) typically found in proviral DNAs (P.E.S., in preparation). We describe here the characterization of a full-length human retroviral clone (lambda 4-1) containing LTR elements as well as a putative env region. DNA-RNA hybridization experiments reveal that human cells contain species of poly(A)+ RNA that anneal to segments of the full-length retroviral DNA clone. PMID- 6646237 TI - Actively transcribed genes are associated with the nuclear matrix. AB - In the chicken oviduct, it has been well documented that steroid hormones stimulate the transcription of specific genes such as the ovalbumin gene. In addition to the presence of specific hormone receptors in the tissue, gene expression seems to require that target genes exist in large DNase I sensitive chromosomal domains. This structure appears necessary but not sufficient for transcriptional activation. In search of still other levels of control, we have investigated the interactions of genes with the nuclear matrix, a structure which has been implicated in DNA synthesis, transcription and RNA processing. Here we have isolated nuclear matrix and used a nondegradative method to fractionate nuclear DNA based on its preferential association with the matrix. The preparation was digested with a restriction enzyme and both matrix-bound and released DNAs were recovered. We found that only actively expressed genes were associated with the matrix. Furthermore, within a 100-kilobase (kb) DNase I sensitive chromosomal domain, only the transcribed regions were associated with the matrix. This association was shown to be reversible when hormone was withdrawn. Our results suggest that the nuclear matrix is the site of nuclear transcription and may represent another potential level of control for regulation of gene expression in the eukaryotic cell. PMID- 6646238 TI - A comparison of the potencies of various dopamine receptor agonists in models for pre- and postsynaptic receptor activity. AB - Several dopamine (DA) receptor agonists, notably N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin analogues differing in the number and position of phenolic hydroxyl groups, were evaluated in model systems for pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic activity. Apomorphine, piribedil and pergolide were included for comparison. All compounds inhibited the gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)-induced increase in DA concentrations in the rat striatum and olfactory tubercle, although a dose-dependency could not be demonstrated for one of the compounds, i.e. N,N-dipropyl-2-amino-5,6-dihydroxy tetralin. In addition to the reversal of the DA-increase all compounds decreased the HVA and DOPAC levels in a dose-dependent manner, in much the same way as in normal, non GBL-pretreated rats. The potencies of the drugs to decrease HVA in normal rats and to inhibit the DA-increase and to decrease HVA in GBL-pretreated rats, both in the striatum and the olfactory tubercle were compared with each other and with the potencies to induce stereotyped behaviour. It may be concluded that (1) N,N-dipropyl-2-amino-7-hydroxytetralin shows the largest difference in activity in the biochemical and the behavioural models, suggesting a selective presynaptic activity. This was corroborated by the appearance of a marked hypomotility after low doses of this compound; (2) The potencies to decrease striatal HVA concentrations are generally somewhat different from the potencies to inhibit GBL-induced DA-increases, but appear to be comparable to the potencies to inhibit GBL-induced dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-increases; (3) There is no indication that the DA agonists in general are more potent at presynaptic receptors in the tubercle than in the striatum. PMID- 6646240 TI - Acute and chronic effects of serotonin (5HT) antagonists on serotonin binding sites. AB - The administration of 14 daily doses of cyproheptadine, BC-105, metergoline and methysergide induced a marked decrease in the number (Bmax) of 3H-spiroperidol binding sites (5HT2 sites) in frontal cortex, when assayed 48 h after the last dose; the apparent affinity (KD) of 3H-spiroperidol was not changed. The same treatment schedules failed to modify the KD and Bmax values for 3H-5HT binding to the 5HT1 site in the hippocampus. Cyproheptadine, BC-105 and methysergide, but not metergoline, decreased the density of 5HT2 sites in frontal cortex 48 h after a single dose. Additional studies of the decrease in 3H-spiroperidol binding after in vivo treatment with cyproheptadine showed that the extent of binding loss was unaltered by repeated washing. Furthermore, cyproheptadine added in vitro to membranes isolated from frontal cortex inhibited the binding of 3H spiroperidol in a competitive manner; Scatchard plots were linear with the same maximum binding (Bmax) and different slopes. Therefore, these preliminary studies suggest that the loss of 5HT2 binding sites after in vivo treatment with cyproheptadine and with other 5HT antagonists may reflect an adaptive response. This apparent paradoxical effect suggests that the action of these drugs at the 5HT2 binding sites should be reevaluated. PMID- 6646239 TI - Evidence for common pharmacological properties of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine binding sites, presynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine autoreceptors in CNS and inhibitory presynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors on sympathetic nerves. AB - The affinities of 16 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor agonists (indole derivatives) and 7 5-HT receptor antagonists for [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine [( 3H]5 HT) binding sites in rat cerebral cortex membranes were determined. In addition, the potencies of the agonists for inhibiting the electrically induced tritium overflow from rat brain cortex slices preincubated with [3H]5-HT and from canine saphenous veins preincubated with [3H]noradrenaline were measured. Furthermore, the potencies of the indole derivatives for inducing contractile responses of canine saphenous veins were recorded. In addition, the interaction of the antagonists with unlabelled 5-HT at the 5-HT autoreceptor was studied in rat brain cortex slices. There was a good correlation between the binding affinities of the indole derivatives for the [3H]5-HT sites of rat brain cortex membranes and their potencies for inhibiting the evoked tritium overflow from both rat brain cortex slices and strips of canine saphenous vein. Comparison of the inhibition constants derived from the overflow experiments in both tissues again revealed a high correlation coefficient while there was only weak correlation between the binding affinities in rat brain cortex and the contractile potencies of the drugs in canine saphenous vein strips. When 5-HT receptor antagonists were investigated, metitepin and metergoline showed moderate affinities for the 5-HT autoreceptors in rat brain cortex slices, whereas quipazine had only weak affinity, and ketanserin, metoclopramide, cinanserin and cyproheptadine exhibited no antagonistic property. In binding experiments, the competition curves of most 5-HT receptor antagonists were biphasic, suggesting that the [3H]5-HT binding sites are heterogeneous.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6646241 TI - The variation of acetylcholine release from myenteric neurones with stimulation frequency and train length. Role of presynaptic muscarine receptors. AB - The effects of scopolamine on the release of 3H-acetylcholine (ACh) from the guinea-pig myenteric plexus were studied at different stimulation frequencies (0.03-10 Hz) and train lengths (1-180 pulses). Release of 3H-ACh was measured in the absence of cholinesterase inhibitors as the outflow of tritium from myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparations preloaded with 3H-choline. In control experiments the volley output of 3H-ACh declined with increasing train length and increasing stimulation frequency. Stimulation by one pulse produced the highest volley output. Scopolamine facilitated the evoked output of 3H-ACh via blockade of presynaptic muscarine receptors. A significant increase was already observed when the preparation was stimulated with 3 pulses at 10 Hz which indicates that the inhibitory muscarinic mechanism becomes operational within 200 ms. The facilitatory effects of scopolamine depended on both train length and frequency of stimulation. Maximal increases in 3H-ACh output were seen with brief trains (3 and 6 pulses) at a high frequency (10 Hz), or with longer trains (20 and 180 pulses) at lower frequencies (0.3 and 1 Hz). Scopolamine compensated for the frequency-dependent decline of 3H-ACh volley output only during brief periods of stimulation (3 and 6 pulses). It is therefore concluded that the decline in volley output during the first few pulses of a train is due to the negative feedback mechanism which is activated by the transmitter released by the preceding impulses. With longer trains of stimulation the negative feedback mechanism plays only a minor role in regulating the output per pulse. PMID- 6646242 TI - Effect of aminophylline on renal vasoconstriction produced by amphotericin B in the rat. AB - Administration of the antifungal agent amphotericin B causes a pronounced reduction in renal blood flow (RBF). Since amphotericin B induced renal vasoconstriction may contribute to the clinical nephrotoxicity of this drug, the purpose of these studies was to investigate the mechanism of amphotericin B induced renal vasoconstriction. To determine if the vascular response to amphotericin B is linked to the intrarenal release of either adenosine or angiotensin II, the effects of aminophylline (5 mumol/kg/min for 10 min followed by 0.5 mumol/kg/min) and saralasin (6 micrograms/min) on the renal vascular response produced by two 10 min intravenous amphotericin B (0.35 mg/kg) infusions were examined. In the control group, amphotericin B decreased RBF 1.7 ml/min (22%, P less than 0.01) and 3.5 ml/min (44%, P less than 0.001) during the 1st and 2nd amphotericin B infusions, respectively. In animals pretreated with aminophylline the decrease in RBF produced by amphotericin B was only 0.4 ml/min (5.5%; N.S.) and 1.3 ml/min (15%, P less than 0.05) during the 1st and 2nd amphotericin B infusions, respectively. In contrast, neither saralasin nor the direct vasodilator sodium nitroprusside (0.4-2 micrograms/min) influenced the renal vascular response to amphotericin B. These data suggest that the renal vascular response to amphotericin B is not linked to the formation of angiotensin II, but rather might be mediated by increases in renal adenosine levels. PMID- 6646243 TI - Selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase in monoaminergic neurons in the rat brain. AB - The prevention by six reversible and selective monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) inhibitors (alpha-ethyl-tryptamine, harmaline, 4-methoxyamphetamine, amiflamine [FLA 336(+)], N-desmethylamiflamine [FLA 788(+)] and N,N-desmethylamiflamine [FLA 668(+)] of the phenelzine-induced irreversible MAO inhibition in the rat brain was examined. By using crude synaptosome preparations of hypothalamus and striatum incubated with low substrate concentrations of 14C-serotonin (1 X 10(-7) M), 14C-noradrenaline (2.5 X 10(-7) M) and 14C-dopamine (2.5 X 10(-7) M) in the absence and presence of selective amine uptake inhibitors (alaproclate, maprotiline and amfonelic acid, respectively), it was possible to determine the deaminating activities inside and outside the specific aminergic synaptosomes. Thus, with this technique the protection of MAO by the reversible inhibitors administered orally 1 h prior to the subcutaneous injection of phenelzine against the phenelzine effect could be determined inside and outside the specific aminergic neurons. It was found that alpha-ethyltryptamine, 4-methoxyamphetamine and particularly amiflamine and FLA 788(+) were more potent inside than outside the serotonergic neurons. FLA 668(+) was a selective inhibitor of noradrenergic MAO, to which also 4-methoxyamphetamine, amiflamine and FLA 788(+), but not alpha ethyltryptamine had some preference. Harmaline had no certain preference for MAO in any of the aminergic neurons. At high doses of FLA 668(+) a preference for dopaminergic MAO was observed. Since pretreatment of the rats with norzimeldine or desipramine antagonized the preferences for serotonergic or noradrenergic MAO, it is plausible to conclude that the compounds showing these preferences are accumulated in the neurons by the membranal uptake systems. PMID- 6646244 TI - The influence of uptake2 on the inhibition by unlabelled noradrenaline of the stimulation-evoked overflow of 3H-noradrenaline in rabbit aorta with regard to surface of amine entry. AB - The release by electrical field stimulation of 3H-noradrenaline from the adrenergic nerve endings in the rabbit aorta was studied in a special double chambered organ bath. Independently of the frequency (1-10 Hz) and the number of pulses used (300-3,000 pulses), only 10-20% of the stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium (total evoked overflow) left the aortic wall via the intimal surface (intimal evoked overflow). The corresponding percentage value for the basal efflux was twice that for the evoked overflow, thus indicating that part of the radioactivity in the basal efflux originated from an extraneuronal compartment. The radioactivity in the total evoked overflow (in response to stimulation at 10 Hz) originated from at least two compartments (compartment I and II) with half times for efflux of about 2 and 6 min, respectively. In the intimal evoked overflow, compartment II (but not compartment I) was involved. When uptake1 was inhibited, 70% of the radioactivity in the intimal evoked overflow (stimulation at 1 Hz) consisted of metabolites, while unchanged amine prevailed by far in the total and adventitial evoked overflow, respectively. Additional inhibition of uptake2 thus had a striking effect only on the composition of the radioactivity in the intimal evoked overflow. The intimal surface was exposed to unlabelled noradrenaline in order to inhibit the evoked overflow of tritium (stimulation at 1 Hz; uptake1 inhibited). When uptake2 was inhibited additionally, the dose response curve for the inhibitory effect of noradrenaline was shifted to the left by a factor of 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6646245 TI - Joint meeting of the French and German Pharmacological and Toxicological Societies. Freiburg i. Br., September 19-22, 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6646246 TI - [Inguinal hernia in children]. PMID- 6646247 TI - [Acyclovir treatment in stromal herpetic keratitis]. PMID- 6646248 TI - [Cholesterol emboli]. PMID- 6646249 TI - [Periodontal disorders: gingivitis and periodontitis]. PMID- 6646250 TI - [Minister Deetman and primary care; a family crisis in medicine]. PMID- 6646251 TI - [Interstitial and alveolar lung changes following treatment with amiodarone]. PMID- 6646252 TI - [Reprimand to a surgeon who failed to notice a hip fracture in an accident patient with multiple trauma]. PMID- 6646253 TI - [Ear canal atresia, to operate or not?]. PMID- 6646254 TI - [Colonic polyposis in chronic intestinal schistosomiasis]. PMID- 6646255 TI - [Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy; treatment and results in the period 1969-1982]. PMID- 6646256 TI - [The treatment of status epilepticus]. PMID- 6646257 TI - [The approach to pregnancy in the woman with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6646258 TI - [Relations to the use of antiepileptics by the pregnant woman to the development of congenital abnormalities in her child]. PMID- 6646259 TI - [Pregnancy and diabetes mellitus: prenatal care starts before conception]. PMID- 6646260 TI - [The ills of the world]. PMID- 6646261 TI - [Crib death, an unceasing diagnostic challenge]. PMID- 6646262 TI - [Early results in the use of a total condylar knee prosthesis]. PMID- 6646263 TI - [Hypothyroidism following mantle irradiation for Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 6646264 TI - [Diagnosis and assistance in crib death]. PMID- 6646265 TI - [Adaptation of the intestine following extensive small intestine resection]. PMID- 6646266 TI - [A lump in the throat]. PMID- 6646267 TI - [Pilonidal sinus]. PMID- 6646268 TI - [Pain in patients during the prodromal and acute phase of heart infarct]. PMID- 6646269 TI - [A family with hereditary angioedema (C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency)]. PMID- 6646270 TI - [Birth and injury of the nervous system; report of a longitudinal study: the Groningen Perinatal Project]. PMID- 6646271 TI - [Dermatobia hominis, the "hitchhiking" larva]. PMID- 6646272 TI - [Successful thromboendarterectomy in a patient with chronic lung embolism]. PMID- 6646273 TI - [Aging and the prostate gland]. PMID- 6646274 TI - [A sigmoid stenosis of long duration in a patient with ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 6646275 TI - [Injuries in children due to accidents in the home]. PMID- 6646276 TI - [Is the resected stomach a premalignant condition?]. PMID- 6646277 TI - [Carcinoma of the gastric stump]. PMID- 6646278 TI - [Screening for cystic fibrosis; interviews with parents of children with a false positive test result]. PMID- 6646279 TI - [Experiences with a rapid method for the determination of sodium chloride excretion in urine]. PMID- 6646280 TI - [Brucellosis, a rare cause of spondylodiskitis]. PMID- 6646281 TI - [Recommendations concerning hypertension by the Public Health Council]. PMID- 6646282 TI - [Indirect blood pressure determination]. PMID- 6646283 TI - [Spatial distribution and response interaction in the receptive fields of lateral geniculate body neurons in the cat]. AB - A detailed comparison of responses of lateral geniculate neurons to local photic stimulation of central, antagonistic and disinhibiting zones of their receptive fields (RF) during local light adaptation of each zone was carried out in experiments on unanesthetized cats immobilized with d-tubocurarine. It was shown that most conditions of local adaptation of different RF zones activated neuronal on- and off-responses to stimulation of peripheral zones and depressed responses to flashes delivered to the central zone. Therefore under condition of local adaptation the geniculate neurons can produce intensive signals when photic stimulation switches on as well as switches off. The comparison of this fact with the known properties of on-off-channels allows suggesting that under condition of light adaptation the processing of large information volumes and more perfect performance of visual functions are connected with emergence of signals in different RF zones. PMID- 6646284 TI - [Double orientation tuning of visual cortex neurons in the cat]. AB - Orientation tuning of 148 visual cortex neurons was investigated in immobilized unanaesthetized cats. The light slit of the optimal size flashing in the receptive field was used as a stimulus. It was found that 88 neurons (59%) had double orientation tuning: preferred and additional. Additional orientation was either orthogonal or at a sharp angle to the preferred orientation. In 64% neurons double orientation was found only after a change of the contrast between stimulus and background. This kind of tuning in many neurons appeared only at definite moments after the beginning of the stimulus. Model analysis showed that double orientation tuning might be a consequence of the specific structure of neuronal receptive fields. The functional meaning of double orientation tuning and its role in the detection of visual images signs are discussed. PMID- 6646285 TI - [Differences in the dynamics of the visual receptive field and its summation zones in the cat]. AB - In acute computer-controlled experiments on immobilized unanasthetized cats, dynamic reorganization of the recorded receptive field and its summation zone were compared for lateral geniculate body and cortical neurons. Counterphasic development of these processes was observed and investigated in detail, i.e. enlargement and then narrowing of the recorded receptive field as compared with narrowing and then enlargement of the summation zone. Differences of physiological mechanisms of these two processes and their possible functional role are discussed. PMID- 6646286 TI - [Spatial organization of tissue elements of the caudate nucleus in the dog]. AB - Simple methods for quantitative analysis of nerve cells and their processes in n. caudatus of dog are suggested. Some principal features of the internal arrangement of n. caudatus are established and correlated with other brain system. Graphic reconstruction of small cells ensembles and their distribution within the nucleus is given. Physiological role of small cell ensembles and large caudate cells (long axoned and short axoned) for caudatocortical transmission of excitation is considered. PMID- 6646287 TI - [Divergence of axon collaterals of substantia nigra neurons in the forebrain of the rat: double labeling with fluorochromes and horseradish peroxidase]. AB - The origin of divergent and non-divergent pathways from substantia nigra to the thalamus were studied in experiments on rats using retrograde axonal transport of luminescent tracers and horse-radish peroxidase. Two efferent projection systems are shown: the first--with divergence of axon collaterals to the caudato-putamen of both hemispheres, caudato-putamen and globus pallidus, caudato-putamen and nucleus accumbens, ipsilaterally; the second system is directed to the thalamus, and does not form axon collaterals to striatal structures. PMID- 6646288 TI - [Responses of neurons of the auditory cortex in the cat to exposure to tones of different frequencies and electrical stimulation of the corresponding portions of the cochlea]. AB - The characteristic frequencies for responses of the primary auditory cortical neurons (zone AI) whose receptive fields were located in different parts of cochlear basilar membrane were determined in nembutal-anesthetized cats. It is shown that the higher the characteristic frequency of the neuron, the nearer its receptive field to the base of the cochlea. The receptive fields of neurons with characteristic frequency above 4 kHz were located over the first 10 mm of the basilar membrane. Receptive fields of neurons with characteristic frequencies lower than 4 kHz occupied the rest of the basilar membrane. Electrical stimulation of the centre of the receptive field evoked neuronal responses which corresponded to reactions of the same unit produced by the tone of the characteristics frequency. The more the frequency of the tone differed from the characteristic one or the greater the distance between the centre of the receptive field and the point of stimulation, the lower is the probability of the response. The size of the receptive field of neurons with low characteristic frequencies was wider than that of high-frequency neurons. Using paired stimuli it is shown that excitation of cortical neurons was followed by inhibition. This inhibition was more prolonged and effective in responses to tones of characteristic frequency. PMID- 6646289 TI - [Hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system of ecologically different forms of sturgeon during adaptation to hypertonic environments]. PMID- 6646290 TI - [Lateral lumbar intervertebral disk prolapse]. PMID- 6646291 TI - [Clinical and electromyographic studies in spasmodic torticollis]. PMID- 6646292 TI - [Hydantoin poisoning: clinical aspects, laboratory parameters and EEG]. PMID- 6646293 TI - The role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology in the management of thyroid neoplasms. PMID- 6646294 TI - Pretibial myxoedema. Report of 17 cases and review of the literature. PMID- 6646295 TI - Substernal goitre, deep venous thrombosis of the arm, and Pemberton's sign. PMID- 6646296 TI - Plasma and muscle carnitine levels in haemodialysis patients with morphological ultrastructural examination of muscle samples. AB - The present study investigates 14 patients on intermittent haemodialysis. Pre dialysis blood and muscle samples taken for determining plasma free- and acetylcarnitine levels. The tissue fragments were used for light and electron microscopy studies. Our results support the findings of other investigators that patients on haemodialysis generally display decreased free- and acetylcarnitine levels both in plasma and skeletal muscle when compared with control values. Muscle carnitine deficiency was apparently more severe in the longer-term haemodialysis patients. Moreover, a significant correlation (p less than 0.05) between plasma and muscle free-carnitine values was found. Morphologically no pathological alterations were observed in the muscle fibres in 13 of the patients. Light and electron microscopic studies of the muscle fibre of the 14th patient showed a typical nemaline myopathy with rod bodies in the cytoplasm. The muscle free-carnitine concentration in this patient was among the lowest of the group. PMID- 6646297 TI - Autosterilizing CAPD connection systems. AB - The reasons why the peritonitis rate in patients on CAPD with the traditional connection system remains unacceptably high are investigated and identified. In order to overcome such a highly limiting complication, a complete revision of the connection philosophy is suggested, substituting the exasperate prevention of the contamination with a simpler and more effective sterilization of the connection site after the connection has been made. Practical examples of chemical and thermal sterilization are illustrated. PMID- 6646298 TI - Automatic peritoneal dialysis. AB - In the treatment of end stage renal disease, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis has undoubtedly contributed more towards the solution of its inherent problems than any other peritoneal dialysis technique. Despite the validity of the basic idea, there are still many drawbacks, one of which is the high cost of commercial dialysis. While the manual procedure was indeed simple, we have preferred to concentrate our interest on a modern technology, such as that used for hemodialysis not only making possible the inexpensive preparation of peritoneal dialysates, but also avoiding the hazards usually involved in the preparation, sterilization and storing of the filled bags. We have built a machine composed of 4 modular automatic units, which will prepare the dialysate at pH 7 with no trace of methylfurfurol and which will also monitor the peritoneal dialysis procedure permitting a vast variety of schedules. It will also provide for a special schedule for overnight dialysis or simply fill bags as they are needed. PMID- 6646299 TI - Carbohydrate metabolism of salivary glands of acutely uremic rats. AB - Carbohydrate metabolism in salivary glands of acutely uremic rats was investigated. In the submandibular glands there was an increase of total carbohydrate and glycogen content 24 and 48 h following binephrectomy or ureter ligation. In contrast, lactate concentration was significantly lower. Similar alterations of carbohydrate metabolism could not be observed in sublingual or parotid glands of acutely uremic rats. PMID- 6646300 TI - A model of long-term peritoneal dialysis in the dog. AB - We describe two preparations for chronic peritoneal dialysis in the dog. In one group uremia was induced by nephrectomy and in the other by ureteral ligation. Peritoneal access was obtained using the Ash disc column catheter. Survival of the animals ranged from 27 to 83 days. Using a dialysis schedule similar in concept to continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in man we found that dialysate-induced ultrafiltration, equilibration of solute between serum and dialysate, as well as protein losses into dialysate approximated values found in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Careful attention to detail is required in order to maintain these animals. The advantages of these models are their technical simplicity and prolonged survival making intermediate range studies feasible. Disadvantages include anemia, seen in the anephric animals, technical problems with the disc column catheter, the need for maintenance of strict aseptic technique when performing dialysis exchanges, and difficulties maintaining adequate nutrition. PMID- 6646301 TI - Spontaneous remission of severe hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. PMID- 6646302 TI - Eosinophilia in hemodialysis: implication of the IgE-basophil system. PMID- 6646303 TI - Progression of renal failure on hemodialysis treatment. PMID- 6646304 TI - Cardiac perforation from a subclavian catheter. PMID- 6646305 TI - Loss of ultrafiltration capacity in infants. PMID- 6646306 TI - Oliguric renal failure associated with benoxaprofen. PMID- 6646307 TI - [Long-term studies in patients with skull and brain injuries]. AB - 105 patients with frontobasal injury were examined and treated from 1974 to 1980 at the Essen University Clinic. 98 patients were included in the catamnestic examination. The follow-up time was between 20 and 60 months, the average being 50 months. Of the survivors, about one-third of the patients showed a performance deficiency of the brain, but it was not possible to clearly differentiate between the frontobasal and frontoconvex syndromes in accordance with CT findings. 55 of the 75 survivors progressed favourably. PMID- 6646308 TI - [Value of blink reflex studies in neurosurgical problems]. AB - Blinking reflex studies were done in neurosurgical patients with processes in the posterior fossa and idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Alterations were found in space occupying, ischemic, and traumatic lesions of the trigemino-facial system. The analysis of the components of the blinking reflex can give hints to the site of the lesion and also to the prognosis of the underlying process. PMID- 6646309 TI - Results and value of immediate postoperative angiography after operations for arteriovenous malformations. AB - Postoperative angiograms show immediate haemodynamic changes in large vessels, with a decrease in the diameter of the internal carotid artery and filling of vascular territories not previously injected. In 90% of the feeding vessels there is a disproportion between vessel lumen and flow after removal of the angioma. Mechanisms for adaptation exist, but they are inadequate in the immediate postoperative period. There is an increased risk of postoperative bleeding and brain swelling in patients with long feeding vessels, which are visible for longer than ten seconds in the angiogram. PMID- 6646310 TI - Recovery of nerve function following operation for solitary neurofibroma in the elderly. AB - A huge solitary neurofibroma of the radial nerve was resected in a 74-year-old woman. The nerve was cut across and repaired with epineural suture. The patient made an excellent recovery of nerve function. The ability for regeneration of a neurofibromatous nerve even in the elderly is outlined, and the relevant literature briefly reviewed. PMID- 6646311 TI - Lipoma of the cerebral convexity. AB - A computerised tomographic scan revealed a space-occupying lesion in the right parieto-occipital region of a 34-year-old male patient. He had suffered frequent generalized convulsions and a left-sided hemiparesis since early childhood, but with normal physical and intellectual development. Total resection of the tumour was performed and the pathological finding confirmed the diagnosis of lipoma. PMID- 6646312 TI - Meningioma associated with a large cyst. AB - The case of an adult patient with a small frontoparietal convexity meningioma surrounded by a huge cyst is reported. The cyst fluid had a very high protein content, but there was no distinct cyst wall. Knowledge of the radiological features of this rare condition may prevent confusion with a malignant tumour. PMID- 6646313 TI - A behavioral assessment of arcuate nucleus damage after a single injection of monosodium glutamate. AB - The behavioral and histological consequences of the administration of a single injection of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to neonatal mice, were examined. Profound neuronal loss was evident in the arcuate nucleus of mice administered 4 mg/g MSG on postnatal day 4. Adult MSG-treated mice were obese and hypophagic despite significantly elevated activity levels. In addition, these obese MSG-treated mice maintained their hypophagia even in the presence of a food restriction schedule which resulted in significant weight loss. MSG-treated mice were hypodipsic, but did not differ from controls in their response to adulteration of their drinking water with sodium chloride, saccharin or quinine. These studies demonstrate that a single neonatal injection of MSG is sufficient to produce dramatic behavioral alterations. PMID- 6646314 TI - Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) disrupts circadian activity patterns. AB - A single dose (1.75 mg/kg SC) of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) was given to rats living continuously in modified activity cages in which wheel running, lever pressing and feeding were monitored twenty four hours per day. The first twenty four hours following DFP injection was characterized by a marked reduction in all monitored activities. Within a few days, food intake and lever pressing had recovered to pre-injection levels, but running remained suppressed throughout the remainder of the experiment. A comparison of the circadian distribution of activities for individual subjects showed phase shifts and a reduction in amplitude of all three monitored activities, persisting well beyond the initial reductions in the daily totals. PMID- 6646315 TI - Correlation of telemetered heart rate and locomotor behavior in cyclazocine treated rats. AB - Two experiments were performed to verify the validity of a biotelemetry system for 24 hour recording of heart rate (HR) of rats in behavioral toxicology. As test substance the hallucinogenic drug cyclazocine was used at various dose levels (0.1, 0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg SC). In a first experiment, female rats were tested in their home cage. It was found that HR was altered by cyclazocine during the four hours following drug injection. This alteration was biphasic: immediately after injection, when control HR was high, cyclazocine lowered HR. In contrast, one hour after the injection, when control HR was low, cyclazocine increased HR. The duration of this increase of HR was dose-dependent, while the magnitude was not. In a second experiment male rats were tested in a residential maze: simultaneously to the rat's HR, locomotor activity was recorded. The results of the first experiment were confirmed and extended to males as well as to a different environmental situation. The additional behavioral data showed a different aspect of cyclazocine action: 0.75 mg/kg initially decreased and later increased activity while 3.0 mg/kg first did not alter activity and later increased it, leading to a dissociation between HR and activity. The findings demonstrate that recording of HR adds a new dimension to the data obtained in conventional behavioral tests. The results are discussed with regard to behavioral and neurochemical effects of the drug. PMID- 6646316 TI - Developmental and behavioral toxicity following acute postnatal exposure of rat pups to trimethyltin. AB - The purpose of this study was to extend our investigations on the developmental neurotoxicity of trialkyltin compounds. On postnatal day 5 (PND 5), rat pups received a single intraperitoneal injection of either 0 (saline), 4, 5 or 6 mg/kg trimethyltin hydroxide (TMT) calculated as the base. The size of the milk bands was decreased in 6 mg/kg TMT pups 48-96 hr after dosing, while in 5 mg/kg TMT pups, milk bands were reduced 96 hr after dosing only. Dosages of 5 and 6 mg/kg TMT reduced growth and impaired performance in rope descent during the preweaning period. As adults, motor activity in figure-eight mazes was increased for 6 mg/kg TMT animals. The startle response to an acoustic stimulus (a 13 kHz, 120 dB tone) was also affected by TMT when measured both during ontogeny and in adulthood. During development, on days 10-21, both 5 and 6 mg/kg TMT reduced the number of responses during 30-trial sessions for both males and females. Amplitudes were decreased for the 5 and 6 mg/kg dose on days 12-13, and for all dosages on days 18-19 and 20-21. Startle amplitude of adults was decreased at all dosages for males but not for females. These behavioral changes were accompanied by decreases in adult brain weight for both sexes. Whole brain weight and weight of the olfactory bulbs were decreased following all dosages of TMT, while hippocampal weight was decreased following both 5 and 6 mg/kg TMT. These results indicate that acute postnatal exposure to TMT produces long-term effects on the nervous system and behavior. PMID- 6646317 TI - Neurologic manifestations of tri-O-cresyl phosphate delayed neurotoxicity in cats. AB - The neurotoxic effects of tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) were studied in the cat to define the elements of neurologic testing and to correlate dysfunction with the results of histopathologic studies. Neurologic examination of treated cats categorized clinical signs of TOCP-induced delayed neurotoxicity in the cat into four stages: leg weakness, mild ataxia, severe ataxia, and paresis. These deficits correlated well with histopathological lesions found in the central and peripheral systems. The improvement seen, is attributed to regeneration and/or collateral sprouting of remaining axons of peripheral nerves that would not be expected in tracts of the central nervous system. PMID- 6646318 TI - A time-course study of trimethyltin induced neuropathology in rats. AB - The extent and time course of trimethyltin (TMT) induced lesions in the rat nervous system was studied. Adult Long-Evans rats were treated with a single dose of 6.0 mg TMT/kg b.w. and were sacrificed at 8 hours, 3, 15, 30 or 60 days following exposure. Histopathological examination of the brains revealed that neurons in the pyriform/entorhinal cortices and in the olfactory tubercle were extremely sensitive to TMT toxicity showing significant necrotic changes 3 days after exposure. Extensive neuronal loss and astrogliosis were observed 15 days after intoxication. In the hippocampal formation, the granule cells of fascia dentata showed early changes; however, evidence of toxic destruction in this area was not extensive and subsided considerably by the 3rd week of intoxication. On the other hand, destruction of the pyramidal neurons in Ammon's horn became more pronounced throughout the experimental period, resulting in extensive cell loss in this structure. It is interesting to note that the CA3 neurons in the anteromedial (septal) portion of the Ammon's horn appeared to be more vulnerable than those located more laterally (temporally), while the reverse pattern was observed for the CA1,2 neurons. Large mesencephalic trigeminal neurons in the brain stem also showed early chromatolytic changes. Since total normal morphology of these neurons was observed at later posttreatment time without apparent neuronal loss in these areas, total recovery of these nerve cells could be postulated. PMID- 6646319 TI - Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on heart rate, activity, and response suppression. AB - Pregnant rats were intubated during days 10-14 of gestation with equal volumes of isocaloric ethanol-sucrose solutions. Groups 8g, 4g, and 0g received one-half these amounts of ethanol per kg body weight twice each treatment day. Although these maternal treatments did not significantly affect offspring birth weights, activity levels during classical conditioning were elevated in animals prenatally exposed to the 8g dose of ethanol. Further, the initial rate of extinction was slowed during CS presentations in a lick-suppression situation in this ethanol exposed group. These findings are relevant to considerations of prenatal ethanol's effects on activity, reactivity, and the course of response extinction. PMID- 6646320 TI - Behavioral teratogenicity testing as a method of screening for hazards to human health: a methodological proposal. AB - Behavioral teratology (psychoteratology) is the study of abnormal behavioral development, with particular attention to damage to the embryo or fetus. Behavioral teratology testing is being applied as a method to screen new agents for this form of toxicity in laboratory animals in several countries, yet there is virtually no discussion available in the literature that delineates the major factors that must be considered in conducting such tests, nor are there published recommendations for handling them. This paper states these issues and then presents a position on how each might be handled based on data from the behavioral teratology literature. PMID- 6646321 TI - [Early diagnosis of multiple sclerosis]. AB - Tuberous sclerosis belongs to the diseases diagnosed usually at pre-school or school age. Pringle's naevus ist the basic sing indicating the diagnosis. Genetic determination of the disease makes possibly early diagnosis necessary for correct genetic counselling. In the light of long-term observations of children with tuberous sclerosis the authors discuss the problems connected with early diagnosis of this condition evaluating the diagnostic usefulness of various signs and symptoms of the disease, and the usefulness of radiological examination methods. The importance of computer tomography for early diagnosis, and of family examination in cases of tuberous sclerosis is emphasized. PMID- 6646322 TI - [Clinico-etiological correlations in children with sciatica]. AB - During a period of 30 years 21 children with sciatic pains were treated at the Developmental Age Neurology, Medical Academy in Gdansk. The aetiological factors and clinical manifestations were analysed. Nucleus pulposus prolapse was diagnosed in 5 children, in 9 cases neoplasms were found (in 3 cases malignant tumours of the sacral bone, intraspinal tumours in 6 cases); in 4 cases obliterative intraspinal arachnitis, and in 3 cases other causes were diagnosed. With the exception of one child the other ones were in the school-age group. In nearly all cases the onset was insidious. In one-third of children with neoplastic processes the neurological symptoms appeared after injuries and caused initially considerable diagnostic difficulties. In 18 cases disturbances of spinal configuration and mobility were observed. Pain produced by stretching was present in 20 cases. Sphincter disturbances were observed in 6 cases (including 5 with tumours). Motor defects were noticed in all patients, more pronounced in cases of tumours. Patency of the subarachnoid spinal space was without any greater importance for the diagnosis of sciatic pains. Raised protein level in the cerebrospinal fluid was highest in cases of intraspinal tumours, and it was moderately pronounced in obliterative arachnitis, while in nucleus pulposus prolapse the protein level varied. Plain films were of lower diagnostic importance, with the exception of sacral bone tumours and nucleus pulposus prolapse. Of greater importance were contrast medium radiological examinations of fluid spaces. PMID- 6646323 TI - [Usefulness of radiculography in the differential diagnosis of disease syndromes in the lower segment of the vertebral canal in children]. PMID- 6646324 TI - [Ceruloplasmin and copper in the serum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)]. AB - The serum level of ceruloplasmin and copper were determined in 14 patients with ALS, 9 with Wilson's disease and 10 with other brain diseases. The enzyme level in 8 patients with ALS (57%) was decreased, similarly as in 8 with Wilson's disease (89%), and 2 (20%) in the control group. The mean ceruloplasmin level in the group of patients with Wilson's disease was 50% that in ALS patients. The copper level was decreased in only 1 ALS patient and 1 in the control group, while in patients with Wilson's disease it was low in 8 cases. These changes may be an effect as well as a cause of motor neuron disease. PMID- 6646325 TI - [Complex treatment of patients with multiple sclerosis]. AB - Comprehensive treatment, including pharmacotherapy, rehabilitation, psychotherapy and ultrasound stimulation of the lymphatic system by the method of Seltzer is given to multiple sclerosis patients at the hospital department for these patients. In the first year of treatment three courses of ultrasound sessions are given with 24 sessions in each course, in the second year two such courses are given, and in the following years one course is given yearly. The present material comprised 45 patients after 7 or 8 courses of treatment in the hospital. The neurological status of each patient was evaluated before the first course and after the last one using a score scale containing the most important clinical parameters. Is was found that these therapeutic methods had only a negligible effect on paresis of the extremities, but it seems that they influenced favourably eye signs, particularly nystagmus, and cerebellar tremor. The greatest improvement was obtained in sphincter disturbances, especially in pollakiuria and urinary incontinence. The effect of ultrasound alone on the obtained results could not have been assessed. Investigations would be necessary for this purpose which are not done in this hospital. PMID- 6646326 TI - [Care of patients with cerebrovascular disorders in the health service area of one of Warsaw's neurological hospital departments. I. Hospital admissions]. AB - A group of patients hospitalized in the period from Oct 1 1978 to March 31 1980 for cerebrovascular disease was analysed in a Warsaw neurological hospital department. It was estimated that in this time period the annual number of patients admitted with acute and subacute episodes of cerebral circulatory failure was 90 per 100 thousand of the population in the catchment area of the hospital. About one-fifth of all admissions were due to haemorrhagic strokes, in 40% of cases ischaemic stroke was diagnosed, in 16% the character of stroke was unrecognized, 9% had transient brain ischaemia, and 15% had other vascular syndromes. The mean duration of hospital stay of the admitted patients was about 29 days, and that of the discharged patients was 38 days. The mortality was 40%. Differences were found in the index of admissions, pattern of diagnoses and mortality between patients from the catchment area and those from a more distant area, which may suggest a bias in the admissions of cerebrovascular disease cases indicating that the availability of the services of the hospital department depends on organizational factors such as distance of the place of residence from the hospital and connections between inpatient and outpatient health services. It may be estimated that in that time period the department admitted not more than 50-60% of stroke cases from its catchment area, including 60-80% from the city district near the hospital and 30% from a more distant districts. PMID- 6646327 TI - [Survival time after stroke]. AB - The probability of survival after a first stroke is as a rule small because less than half patients survive one year. The greater probability of survival observed in the group of males depends probably on a younger age of the patients at the time of disease onset. The probability of surviving the first day, first month and first year is lowest in cerebral haemorrhage. The prognosis is best in subarachnoid haemorrhage and cerebral infarction. The youngest patients were in the group of subarachnoid haemorrhage (45 years mean age) and in the group of cerebral haemorrhage (55 years), in the other groups of stroke the mean age was about 70 years. Coexistence of hypertension and atheromatosis decreased most the probability of one-year survival. PMID- 6646328 TI - [Blood testosterone levels in patients with Horton's headache]. AB - Serum testosterone level was determined by radioimmunoassay in 57 men, including 23 cases of Horton's neuralgia during the period of recurrent headaches but not during an attack of headache, in 10 cases of trigeminal neuralgia, 10 cases of radicular pain and in 14 blood donors. Only in the blood donors this level was normal, in the remaining cases it was statistically significantly decreased, especially in cases of radicular pains. The author believes that in the period of Horton's headaches the testosterone level is decreased due to recurrent attacks of pain and not due to a process involving the hypothalamus. PMID- 6646329 TI - [Effect of organic solvents on the central nervous system]. AB - Psychological tests and EEG investigations were applied for detecting early signs of neurotoxicity of organic solvents present in glues used in the production of shoes (extraction benzin, toluene and n-hexane). In 5% of the obtained samples the permissible benzin concentration was exceeded, and in 10% of samples this permissible concentration of toluene was exceeded. Psychological testing was done in 100 subjects. The intelligence level was at the lower normal range. Organic cortical changes were demonstrated in 35 cases, and borderline pathological changes in 28 cases. The test of L. Bender suggested damage to the occipital cortex in 31, and the Graham-Kendal test demonstrated abnormalities in 13 cases. EEG was done in 56 subjects in this group and in another 9 subjects with a high concentration of toluene metabolite. In 75.4% of subjects the EEG findings were classified as normal, within normal limits or borderline normal. Abnormal EEG tracings were found in 24.0%. Diffuse, slight or moderately intense abnormalities were present in 7 cases, focal abnormalities in 4 and seizure activity in 7. Most subjects with abnormal EEG findings worked under conditions of excessive exposure, with the summarized exposure index exceeding the acceptable one. No correlation was demonstrated between cortical pathological changes and the degree of occupational exposure and the type of EEG tracings. The authors suggest that organic occipital cortical changes may be regarded as an early phase of organic brain damage syndrome and disturbances of cerebral bioelectric activity as a sign of individual biological response to chronic action of organic solvents on the organism. PMID- 6646330 TI - [Spontaneous hemorrhage in brain tumors]. AB - In a period of 15 months in a material of 235 surgically verified brain tumours in 8 cases (3.4%) hemorrhages into the tumour mass were found. In 3 of these cases the tumours were anaplastic astrocytomas, the remaining tumours were: oligodendroglioma, meningioma, pituitary adenoma and metastases of renal carcinoma and skin melanoma. The clinical manifestations associated with haemorrhage are discussed stressing that haemorrhage into the tumour worsened the prognosis. PMID- 6646331 TI - [Treatment of degenerative disease of the cervical spine]. PMID- 6646332 TI - [A case of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome]. AB - The author reports a case of the Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome which has been described as yet in slightly more than 100 reports. In view of the ever increasing environmental pollution, particularly of industrial origin, genetic ecological counselling poses ever new problems. PMID- 6646333 TI - [Compression of the optic nerves by arteriosclerotic internal carotid arteries. Case report]. AB - The authors describe a case of a 53-year-old woman with recurrent episodes of high-grade amblyopia leading to blindness of the left eye and considerable impairment of the visual acuity of the right eye. Laboratory investigations ruled out presence of a tumour in this area. In view of possible adhesive arachnitis in the region of the chiasma exploratory craniotomy was done finding an evident compression of the visual nerves closely at the optic foramina by the dilated and atherosclerotic internal carotid arteries. The authors review the literature on the problem stressing the rarity of the syndrome. PMID- 6646334 TI - [Occipital to posterior inferior cerebellar artery anastomosis]. PMID- 6646335 TI - [Topical application of papaverine for cerebral vasospasm using prolonged release pellet--experimental studies]. AB - Possibility of prolonged-release pellets of papaverine in the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage was investigated. Papaverine hydrochloride was enclosed in silicone tubes or mixed with silicone elastomers and polymerized. The release rate of papaverine from the silicone tubes and elastomers into a saline solution was measured for 5 weeks at 37 degrees C and at room temperature. Although the volume of released papaverine was extremely large in the first two days, a constant release rate was maintained until the 35th day in vitro for both types of pellets. The daily amount of released papaverine was 1.5 to 3.0 x 10(-2)/day, and 1 to 4 x 10(-6)/day of original volume from silicone elastomers and tubes, respectively, at 37 degrees C. The release rate at 37 degrees C was 10 times as high as at room temperature. When the silicone elastomers were applied, the rate was well correlated with the surface area of the pellets, and was measured as 2.5 to 5.0 x 10(-5)/day/mm2 of the original volume. It means that when a pellet of 4 mm in diameter x 45 mm in length (a surface area of 600 mm2) is applied, 61.7% of the papaverine is released from the pellet during the first 2 weeks. Neither adverse reaction or intracranial histological abnormality was noted in vivo during the 40-day observation period using a dog, in which two pellets containing 275 mg and 297 mg of papaverine were subcutaneously implanted, and a pellet containing 275 mg of papaverine intracranially.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6646336 TI - [Extra-intracranial bypass and internal carotid artery ligation in one-stage operation for intracavernous and giant carotid aneurysm]. AB - The combined one-stage operations, STA-MCA anastomosis and internal carotid artery (ICA) ligation (or trapping) were carried out in 11 cases (Age): 18-79 yrs, Av.: 45.8 yrs) of ICA aneurysms which were inaccessible for a direct operation because of their locations and sizes. First the STA-MCA anastomosis was performed under general anesthesia. Then the patient was awaken and thereafter under local anesthesia the ICA was temporarily clamped for 30 min. under induced hypotension to check whether any ischemic signs appeared. This was followed by proximal ICA ligation when no ischemic signs were observed. In all 11 cases, the anastomosis was patent. The aneurysms disappeared. Neither cerebral ischemia nor rebleeding from the aneurysms was seen during the long follow-up. The mean value of the bypass flow was 119 m/min which was twice as much as that in the cases of other occlusive cerebrovascular diseases and which was about one third of the blood flow of the ICA. Cerebral blood flow measurements through 133Xe inhalation method revealed that there was no difference in rCBF values between the operated and non-operated sides and that their values were within normal limits. The postoperative blood pressure was unchanged in 42% of our 11 cases, temporarily elevated and thereafter normalized in 33% and persistently elevated in 25%. Ophthalmodynamometry showed that the pressure of the central retinal artery decreased postoperatively in a degree of 5-10% in comparison to the non-operated side. No visual impairment was observed postoperatively (except case 3, see the text). These combined operations, STA-MCA anastomosis and ICA ligation were beneficial in preventing the potential postoperative cerebral ischemia. Intra arterial pressure measurements of the STA and MCA suggested that the one-stage operations of these two procedures are better than the two-stage operations for the patency of the anastomosis because the pressure gradient between the donor and recipient vessels is increased (from 10.3 mmHg to 49.3 mmHg) by this technique. Temporary ICA clamp for 30 min. under induced hypotension in local anesthesia is useful to check whether the one-stage operations can be tolerated or not. EC/IC bypass with an interposed saphenous vein graft is a more beneficial surgical technique than a routine STA-MCA anastomosis, because an immediate and larger amount of bypass flow can be obtained. PMID- 6646337 TI - [Brain tumors in infants and children--factors affecting prognosis. (2) Location and prognosis of astrocytoma]. AB - Brain tumors in infants and children are different from those in adults in type and location of tumor as well as accompanying complications. Given this fact, and the fact that these patients are under development, careful consideration is required for determination of treatment planning. Thus, we have investigated the curative results of brain tumors in infants and children and factors affecting prognosis. In this study, astrocytoma which is most frequently seen in infants and children was analyzed in 181 patients. One hundred forty three of them were diagnosed as benign astrocytoma; and the other 38, as malignant astrocytoma or glioblastoma. In respect of location, supratentorial tumors were seen in 73 patients, while subtentorial tumors occurred in 61; nine tumors infiltrated into both regions. The 5-year survival rate of benign astrocytoma was 50%, compared with 6.3% in malignant astrocytoma. As for relations to location of tumor, 66% of tumors which infiltrated into the supratentorial and subtentorial regions were malignant, and the prognosis was poor: the 5-year survival rate was 14.2%. The 5 year survival rate of subtentorial tumors was 38.9%, whereas that of supratentorial tumors was 57.6%. Analysis by age revealed that malignancy increased in proportion to age over 12 months after birth; between the ages of one and six years, the incidence of malignant tumors was 9% and the 5-year survival rate was 48%, while between the ages of 12 and 16, the rates were 29% and 14%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6646338 TI - [Value of contrast-enhanced CT scan in prediction of development of contusional hemorrhage]. AB - It is often experienced that even if there are no significant findings on the initial plain CT scan in the patient with cerebral contusion, the patient has thereafter a serious clinical course and requires emergency operation for so called contusional hemorrhage. In order to predict of the development of contusional hemorrhage we performed contrast-enhanced CT scan at the time of patient's arrival within 12 hours after injury, if there was cerebral contusion on 24 hours after the contrast-enhanced CT scan. If enhancement was demonstrated on the contrast-enhanced CT scan, we predicted the development of contusional hemorrhage and if not demonstrated, we predicted no more development of contusional hemorrhage and then we studied the correlation between the prediction and the plain CT 24 hours after the contrast-enhanced CT scan. The results were as follows: 1) The prediction was correct in 13 cases out of 16 cases in which the development of contusional hemorrhage was observed. In 18 cases where no development of contusional hemorrhage was observed, the prediction was correct without exception. 2) Most of the cases in which enhancement was demonstrated were ones examined not before 3 hours after injury. 3) The extent of enhancement shown on contrast-enhanced CT scan was well consistent with that of contusional hemorrhage on the plain CT scan 24 hours after the contrast-enhanced CT scan. From these results, the contrast-enhanced CT scan in acute stage of head injury was considered to by very useful in prediction of the development of contusional hemorrhage. PMID- 6646339 TI - [CT scan in ruptured intracranial aneurysm--comparative studies of initial bleeding and rebleeding]. AB - The differences between initial bleeding and rebleeding due to ruptured intracranial aneurysm was investigated by CT. The study included 120 cases of ruptured cerebral aneurysm; 71 cases had only one bleeding and 49 cases had rebleeding. All the cases underwent CT examinations within 2 weeks following bleeding. Subarachnoid hemorrhages were classified into three groups according to the CT findings: Diffuse high type--high density areas in the entire basal cistern; Localized high type--high density area in a restricted part of the basal cistern; and Iso or Low type--no high density areas in the basal cistern. CT scans done within 24 hours following initial bleeding showed Diffuse high type in 96% of the cases and Localized high type in 4%. On the other hand, in rebleeding cases, Diffuse high type was 50%, Localized high type 25% and Iso or Low type 25%. In rebleeding cases within three days following initial bleeding, Diffuse high type was 90% and Iso or Low type 10%. However, between day 4 and day 14, Diffuse high type was 14%, Localized high type 42% and Iso or Low type 42%. After day 15, Diffuse high type was 36%, Localized type 36% and Iso or Low type 28%. Intracerebral hematoma and/or ventricular hemorrhage secondary to ruptured aneurysms were also investigated. Following initial bleeding, 18% of cases showed intracerebral and/or ventricular hemorrhage, however, the incidence increased up to 59% in rebleeding cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6646340 TI - [Simultaneous, bilateral hypertensive intracranial hematomas]. AB - The reported incidences of bilateral intracerebral hemorrhages due to systemic arterial hypertension are exceptionally rare in Japan. Unilateral hemorrhages, on the other hand, are less uncommon. Recently, we have examined two patients with bilateral intracerebral hemorrhages due to hypertension. The first case involved bilateral thalamic hemorrhages; and in the other, a contralateral hemorrhage developed postoperatively, subsequent to the evacuation of a primary hematoma. The characteristic neurological manifestation of bilateral intracerebral hemorrhages include quadriparesis, bilateral Babinski's signs, stupor, and coma. Published information regarding the anatomy of intracerebral hemorrhages due to hypertension is inconclusive, but the bilateral basal ganglias are believed to be most frequently involved. One school of thought explains the pathomechanism of bilateral hemorrhages as a symmetrical rupture of cerebral microaneurysm. However, it is possible that an unilateral hematoma was formed by a ruptured microaneurysm, and subsequently, a contralateral hemorrhage developed in relatively short time due to circulatory disturbance. As in the case of general cerebral hemorrhage, a craniotomy is also indicated for hypertensive bilateral intracerebral hemorrhage. PMID- 6646341 TI - [Head injuries in patients with pre-existing skull defects]. AB - The mechanism of impact head injuries has generally been discussed on the basis of the cranium is a rigid box completely filled with incompressible contents. In this paper, two cases of head injuries in patients with severe craniectomized skull defects are reported and their conditions are discussed. The 1st case was a 46 year-old female with a large frontoparietal skull defect following surgery on a brain tumor. While hospitalized, she fell down from her bed (50 cm in height) and suffered strong impact on the craniectomized area. From immediately after the injury, there was flaccid hemiparesis, but CT scans showed no morphological changes. The 2nd case was a 12 year-old female with a major frontal craniectomized skull defect following surgery. She fell down in a corridor at school and suffered an impact injury in the defect area. For several days after the fall, she had a headache and nausea, but there were no other neurological deficits. In CT scans, there were findings of a cortical contusional hemorrhage. Wounds of the skull with a partial defect, i.e. "a semiclosed box" in the narrow sense, cause conditions which are difficult to explain by conventional dynamic traumatology. In this paper, these rare head injuries are discussed on the basis of these two cases experienced by the authors and the literature. PMID- 6646342 TI - [Multiple meningioma]. AB - Meningiomas are the most popular benign intracranial tumors, but they are rarely seen as a multiple growth. The incidence of multiple meningiomas, defined by Cushing and Eisenhardt, is about 1 to 2 per cent of all meningioma cases. Though many cases of the multiple meningiomas were reported previously in the world, some of them were concomitant with von Recklinghausen's disease or acoustic neurinoma. Most of the cases of the multiple meningiomas reported showed multiple lesion at the time of operation or after a few years of the initial operation. We have encountered two patients with multiple meningioma without the stigmata of von Recklinghausen's disease in our clinic. Case 1. A 58-year-old female visited the hospital complaining of headache and occasional nausea on February 6, 1980. Plain and enhanced cT confirmed a large tumor in the right parietal region and three small tumor nodules in the right occipital region. Carotid angiogram detected only two tumors of frontal falx. Apparent two tumor stains were seen on the region, and they were fed by meningeal frontal and parietal region, and they were fed by meningeal arteries through the right ophthalmic artery. A large tumor of parietal and a small tumor of frontal region on the right side of falx were removed. Three nodular tumors of right occipital convexity were extirpated at the same time. Histological examination of the tumors disclosed all extirpated tumors were fibroblastic meningioma. Case 2. A 61-year-old male developed convulsive seizure of the right upper limb and right side of the face was diagnosed as having convexity meningioma in the left parietal region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6646343 TI - 'Shaking pups': a disorder of central myelination in the spaniel dog. III. Quantitative aspects of glia and myelin in the spinal cord and optic nerve. AB - Quantification of glial cells, axonal size and myelin thickness and volume were carried out in selected areas of the three funiculi of the cervical spinal cord and the optic nerve of 'shaking pups' and normal littermates at 4 and 8 weeks of age. There was a marked reduction of oligodendrocytes in the affected pups with many of these cells having distended rough endoplasmic reticulum. Oligodendrocyte death was not noticeable. Astrocyte numbers were similar in both normal and affected pups. Axonal diameters were not reduced in the affected pups and there was no apparent correlation between myelination and axonal size in these animals. Total myelin volume and thickness were greatly reduced in the 'shaking pups.' Impaired stem cell division together with metabolic disturbance of oligodendrocytes are considered to be the main causes of the hypomyelination in this mutant. PMID- 6646344 TI - 'Shaking pups': a disorder of central myelination in the spaniel dog. IV. Freeze fracture electron microscopic studies of axons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the spinal cord white matter. AB - Large axons identified in freeze-fracture replicas of the spinal cord white matter of 'shaking pups' were encircled by spiral processes at the paranodes that appeared to arise from oligodendrocytes. In the axolemma adjacent to some of these processes there were paranode-like intramembranous specializations and node like accumulations of E-face particles; in other instances, no special contacts formed between axons and the spiral processes. The outer surfaces of the spiral processes, which often apposed astrocytes, frequently contained gap junctions. Although many of the abnormalities identified in this dysmyelinating mutant by freeze-fracture electron microscopy are probably secondary to a more fundamental defect of myelin formation, the prominence of the spiral processes suggests that the encircling of axons by oligodendrocytes may be an independent state of ensheathment and not a passive effect of myelin formation. PMID- 6646345 TI - Form and distribution of senile plaques seen in silver impregnated sections in the brains of intellectually normal elderly people and people with Alzheimer-type dementia. AB - Brains came to autopsy from elderly cases that had been psychometrically tested and were shown to be either intellectually normal (n = 48) or suffering from dementia of the Alzheimer-type (n = 56), as well as elderly cases that had not been tested (n = 32). Cortical senile plaques, impregnated by von Braunmuhl's silver method, were found to range in structure from amorphous (neuritic) through to discrete (amyloid). Large numbers of the amorphous plaques were most frequently found in the outer half of the cortex of the demented cases, aged 60 75, whereas small numbers of the discrete plaques were most frequently found in the inner half of the intellectually normal cases, aged 75 onwards. The distribution of the senile plaques per se was found for four different regions of the cortex as well as the correlation of their numbers with the ages of the cases. The pathogenesis of the plaques is discussed. PMID- 6646346 TI - Glial bundles in spinal nerve roots: a form of isomorphic gliosis at the junction of the central and peripheral nervous system. AB - A morphologic study of the spinal nerve roots was undertaken in three cases of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease to investigate the phenomenon of glial bundle formation. The glial elements extended along the ventral roots as discrete cylindrical bundles comprising a large number of parallel astrocytic processes and sparsely scattered cell bodies all enclosed by a basal lamina. The bundles tapered off at a variable distance from the root exit zones. The early stage of glial bundle formation was characterized by the protrusion of astrocytes into the neurilemmal tubes containing degenerated myelinated axons. It was concluded that axonal degeneration, evoking a glial reaction, was the initial event in this process. Subsequently, the reactive astrocytes from the vicinity of the root exit zones enter the neurilemmal tubes previously occupied by myelinated axons and migrated into the domain of the peripheral nervous system in an orderly fashion. Thus glial bundle formation might be considered a special form of isomorphic gliosis occurring in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and also in several other conditions all sharing a common feature, namely, degeneration of axons within the spinal nerve roots. PMID- 6646347 TI - Cerebral ischaemia in the rat: increased permeability of post-synaptic membranes to horseradish peroxidase in the early post-ischaemic period. AB - An earlier study of the rat hippocampal stratum radiatum after transient cerebral ischaemia has shown cell membrane breaks, mainly post-synaptically, occurring as early as 20 min after an ischaemic episode. In the present study HRP was injected into the lateral ventricle 10-15 min after ischaemia and allowed to diffuse until 60 min post-ischaemia. Ultrastructural examination in the control animals, showed that HRP was localized exclusively in the extracellular space. After 10 min of transient ischaemia, HRP was not confined to the extracellular space, but was also seen in about 10% of apical dendrites. Only a very few pre-synaptic terminals showed the presence of HRP. Thus, there is evidence of early post ischaemic membrane damage occurring in vivo in the apical dendrites of the CA-1 pyramidal cells. PMID- 6646348 TI - Zinc may have a physiological role in regulating pituitary prolactin secretion. AB - We studied the in vitro influence of physiologically relevant zinc concentrations on the pituitary synthesis and secretion of prolactin (Prl). Zinc in concentrations between 1 and 10 microM reduced Prl secretion and, to a milder extent, synthesis, but not basal or stimulated growth hormone (GH) or LH release. At a supraphysiological concentration of 100 microM, zinc markedly decreased Prl synthesis and secretion, but increased LH secretion. The ability of a physiological zinc concentration to influence Prl secretion suggests that this trace element may have a role in the in vivo regulation of Prl release. PMID- 6646349 TI - Behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of long-term progesterone treatment in the rat. AB - Progesterone and estradiol, alone or in combination, were administered to ovariectomized rats for 2 weeks. Progesterone alone had no effect on body weight, luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, receptivity or brain cytoplasmic progestin receptors (CPR). Progesterone in combination with estradiol significantly attenuated estrogen suppression of weight gain and estrogen stimulation of receptivity, the LH afternoon surge and induction of CPR, but did not affect the negative feedback of estrogen on morning LH levels. The decrease in CPR after 2 weeks of progesterone is very similar in magnitude to the decrease observed following acute treatment, suggesting that, unlike neurotransmitter agonists and glucocorticoids, progesterone does not cause down regulation of its receptors in the brain following chronic treatment. PMID- 6646350 TI - Catecholamine metabolizing enzymes and synthesis of dopamine in normal and grafted pituitary partes distales. AB - The presence of enzymatic activity (tyrosine hydroxylase, dopa-decarboxylase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, monoamine oxydase and catechol-O-methyl transferase), as well as dopamine (DA) content and DA synthesis from tyrosine and dopa, were investigated in intact rats partes distales and in grafts (both estrogenized and nonestrogenized). Counts of prolactin cells showed the following regression in the number of these cells: estrogenized grafts greater than nonestrogenized grafts greater than intrasellar intact glands. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity was not found in intact glands, but this enzyme was detected in the two types of grafts. An approximate correlation could be established between the number of prolactin cells and the diverse enzyme activities. Dopamine was not synthesized from tyrosine in intact glands, but it occurred in the transplants. However, when dopa was used, both intact and grafted glands produced dopamine. Estrogen administration decreased dopamine content in all the glands investigated. The significance of these results in relation to the physiology of the pars distalis is discussed. PMID- 6646351 TI - Ethanolamine-O-sulfate enhances gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion into hypophysial portal blood and lowers serum prolactin concentrations. AB - In ovariectomized rats the intraventricular administration of ethanolamine-O sulfate (EOS, 300 micrograms), a specific, competitive and catalytic inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase, induced 3-4 h later a marked reduction in serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations and a 3- to 4-fold rise in the concentration of GABA in pituitary stalk, but not systemic, plasma. The administration of EOS also resulted in an elevation of GABA concentrations in the hypothalamus. These results demonstrate that GABA in pituitary stalk plasma is derived from the central nervous system and that an abrupt increase in the concentration of GABA in hypophysial portal blood is associated with a suppression of PRL secretion. PMID- 6646352 TI - Reduction in motor responding of the mouse by actions of dopamine agonists in the midbrain. AB - Mice were implanted stereotaxically with chronically indwelling bilateral guide cannulae to allow the intracerebral injection of dopamine or the dopamine agonist 2-di-n-propylamino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin into the centre of the substantia nigra, above the substantia nigra or anterior and posterior to the nigra. The intranigral injection of dopamine and the tetralin compound could be shown to dose-dependently reduce the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice. The effectiveness of dopamine decreased with a delayed onset when injections were made anterior or posterior to the substantia nigra; this spectrum of reduced and delayed responding was also apparent when dopamine and the tetralin compound were injected 1 or 2 mm above the nigra. The inhibitory action of dopamine on motor activity, when injected into the substantia nigra, was antagonised by a small dose of spiroperidol which did not influence spontaneous locomotor responding in its own right; prazosin and yohimbine were ineffective. It is suggested that the inhibitory actions of dopamine and 2-di-n-propylamino-5,6-dihydroxytetralin on motor activity may reflect an ability to stimulate dopamine "autoreceptors" in the midbrain area containing the dopamine cell bodies which innervate striatal and mesolimbic forebrain regions. PMID- 6646353 TI - Morphine antagonizes pentobarbital-induced anesthesia. AB - Morphine was administered by the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route to pentobarbital-anesthetized rabbits. Small doses of morphine (less than 150 micrograms) potentiated, but larger doses (greater than 250 micrograms) shortened, the duration of anesthesia. In naltrexone-pretreated animals, all doses of morphine employed acted only as an analeptic. Atropine, but not atropine methylbromide, blocked the analeptic effect of morphine, indicating that a central cholinergic mechanism was involved in this response. Tolerance to the analeptic effect was not evident. These results suggest that morphine exerts an arousal action which is usually masked by the dominant narcotic properties, but which becomes evident when administered intracerebroventricularly or in the presence of naltrexone. PMID- 6646354 TI - Effect of morphine pretreatment on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in the rat. AB - In several species, larger doses of systemically-administered morphine induce seizures while smaller doses potentiate chemically-induced convulsions. However, it is generally considered that morphine acts as an anticonvulsant in the rat. In the present study, the effects of pretreatment with morphine on both electrical and motor manifestations of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures in the rat were examined. Morphine (60 and 120 mg/kg) significantly delayed the onset of motor seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol but also induced a significantly greater number of motor seizures, a greater percentage of deaths and a lowering of the chemoconvulsive threshold for pentylenetetrazol. Recordings from animals with chronically-implanted supracortical electrodes showed that pretreatment with morphine (60 mg/kg) both altered the onset pattern of CNS excitation induced by pentylenetetrazol and delayed the onset of electrical seizure activity. These recorded electrocortical effects were similar to the behavioral effects observed in the non-implanted animals. Larger doses of morphine (175 and 250 mg/kg) by themselves produced both motor and electrocortical seizures in rats with chronically-implanted electrodes. PMID- 6646355 TI - Effects of acute and chronic administration of antidepressant drugs on the central cholinergic nervous system. Comparison with anticholinergic drugs. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of antidepressant drugs on the central cholinergic system of the rat after acute and chronic administration. Drugs (antidepressants and non-antidepressants) were first divided into highly potent, moderately potent or weak anticholinergic categories based upon the ability of each compound to displace [3H]-QNB [( 3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate from synaptosomal membranes. One antidepressant drug and one non antidepressant drug, with similar anticholinergic properties, were chosen as representative agents of each category of anticholinergic potency. Acute administration of amitriptyline or atropine (highly potent anticholinergics) increased the level of high affinity uptake of choline in the hippocampus and striatum. Imipramine and thioridazine (moderately potent anticholinergics) increased the uptake of choline only in the striatum. After acute administration, the effects of nomifensine and d-amphetamine (weak anticholinergics) differed on striatal uptake of choline. Following 30 days pretreatment with any drug, an acute challenge dose of that drug no longer altered the uptake of choline in either region. After chronic administration, amitriptyline increased the density of muscarinic receptors in the cortex whereas atropine increased the density of receptors in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum. The other agents did not alter receptor parameters in the regions examined. Since the central cholinergic actions of the antidepressants were similar to the central actions of the non antidepressants, it is concluded that the effects of the antidepressants on the central cholinergic nervous system are more closely related to the side effects of these agents than to their therapeutic mechanism of action. PMID- 6646356 TI - Allylglycine affects acetylation of putrescine and spermidine in mouse brain. AB - Administration of allylglycine to mice (.8 mmole/kg, i.p.) results in a depletion of GABA levels, and it is accompanied by a decrease in SAM-DC activity and spermidine and spermine levels (Pajunen et al., 1979). Here we describe a biphasic effect on the acetylation of putrescine and spermidine in mouse brain homogenate. There appears to be an inverse correlation between the initial decrease in spermidine levels at 2 hours and the increase in the acetylation of spermidine. This is suggestive of a conversion of spermidine, probably through N1 acetylspermidine to putrescine. The peak of putrescine acetylation observed by us at 4 hours may also reflect a conversion of putrescine, via acetylputrescine to GABA. The interconversion hypothesis is supported by the fact that putrescine levels remain essentially stable in spite of a significant depletion of spermidine and spermine. In addition, there is a decrease in putrescine and spermidine acetylation at 8 hours, which coincides with the increase in ODC activity and the increase towards control levels of GAD activity (Pajunen et al., 1979). Such inverse correlations suggest a mechanism for replenishment of polyamines once GAD activity returns to control levels. PMID- 6646357 TI - [Rites in adolescence (the act and the prohibition in adolescence)]. PMID- 6646358 TI - [From the familiar to the unknown. Adolescent territory and passages. Comments on the function of initiation rites in adolescence and the illumination they bring us on the psychic arrangement of adolescents]. PMID- 6646359 TI - [Initiation rites in adolescence. Psychological and psychopathological point of view]. PMID- 6646360 TI - [Initiated into manhood all together]. PMID- 6646361 TI - [Adolescence, or the impossible encounter]. PMID- 6646362 TI - [Pseudo-initiation in adolescence: the janissary syndrome]. PMID- 6646363 TI - [Adolescent group and initiation, or the initiated initiator]. PMID- 6646364 TI - [The psychoanalyst and the myth of adolescence]. PMID- 6646365 TI - [Somatic disease conceived as a rite]. PMID- 6646367 TI - [Rites of passage of the blind adolescent in becoming an adult]. PMID- 6646366 TI - [The body, initiation, and therapeutic communication in adolescence]. PMID- 6646369 TI - [The act or the prohibition?]. PMID- 6646368 TI - [The forbidden, the act; heroin and adolescents]. PMID- 6646370 TI - [Tattooing and initiation]. PMID- 6646371 TI - [A case of tattoo removal]. PMID- 6646372 TI - [The motorcycle and adolescents. Comments on the experiences, groups and rituals of motorcyclist adolescents]. PMID- 6646373 TI - [A contemporary initiation]. PMID- 6646374 TI - [Familial phobic rituals, methods of defense against an imagined adolescence]. PMID- 6646375 TI - Aneurysmal rebleeding: a preliminary report from the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. AB - It is generally considered that the peak incidence of rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is at the end of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd week after the initial rupture. However, in a series of 2265 patients admitted within 3 days of their first subarachnoid hemorrhage, the peak of rebleeding occurred on the same day as the initial hemorrhage and there was no later peak. These data suggest that new management strategies for minimizing rebleeding must be considered for patients admitted soon after aneurysm rupture. PMID- 6646376 TI - Role of radiation therapy in the treatment of cerebral oligodendroglioma: an analysis of 57 cases and a literature review. AB - Fifty-seven cases of histologically confirmed cerebral oligodendroglioma treated at the Cleveland Clinic between 1950 and 1980 were reviewed. No difference in the 5-year survival rate was seen in patients treated with postoperative radiation therapy vs. operation alone. These data are compared to previously published series with special emphasis on the role of radiation therapy. PMID- 6646377 TI - Hormone binding in brain tumors. AB - Brain tumors from 64 patients were studied for the presence of hormone binding. Estradiol binding was detected in 34 patients: 13 of 21 meningiomas, 4 of 8 schwannomas, 1 oligodendroglioma, 1 of 5 benign gliomas, 4 of 5 malignant gliomas, 5 of 11 metastatic tumors, and 6 of 11 pediatric tumors: 1 medulloblastoma, 2 malignant ependymomas, 1 benign astrocytoma, 1 malignant sarcoma, and 1 malignant teratoma. Eleven patients were studied for progesterone binding, which was measurable in 7: 1 schwannoma, 3 meningiomas, 1 malignant sarcoma (pediatric group), 1 astrocytoma--gemistocytic (pediatric group), and 1 metastatic adenocarcinoma. There were 41 females and 23 males in the study. Fifteen females were premenopausal, 18 were postmenopausal, and 8 were in the pediatric group. Of the 34 tumors with measurable estradiol binding, 23 occurred in females. In the progesterone group, 4 of the 7 tumors with measurable binding activity were from female patients. In the pediatric group, estradiol binding was detected in 1 medulloblastoma, 2 malignant ependymomas, 1 malignant teratoma, 1 malignant sarcoma, and 1 astrocytoma. Five of the 6 pediatric tumors with estradiol binding were malignant, and both pediatric tumors with progesterone binding were also malignant. Of the 10 gliomas studied, 4 of the 5 malignant tumors had estradiol binding, whereas only 1 of the 5 benign tumors showed binding. Our studies with the pediatric tumors and the gliomas suggest that a relationship exists between the malignancy of the tumor and the presence of hormone binding. The ubiquitous nature of the presence of hormone binding is discussed, as is the possible correlation between age, sex, histological grade, and significance of hormone binding in brain tumors. PMID- 6646378 TI - Angiographic demonstration of postoperative cortical artery stenosis induced by Biemer temporary clips. AB - Five patients underwent cerebral revascularization operations during which Biemer clips were used to occlude temporarily a branch of the middle cerebral artery. Postoperative angiograms revealed stenoses at the sites where the clips were applied. Excessive clip closing forces may have caused significant endothelial injury, which then produced the stenoses. Clips that exert a minimal occlusive force would avoid this response and are recommended for temporary occlusion of cortical arteries. PMID- 6646379 TI - Sequential morphological changes in the dog brain after interstitial iodine- 125 irradiation. AB - Iodine- 125 seeds (3.55 mCi) were stereotactically implanted into the subcortical white matter of the left coronal gyrus in six beagle dogs. Morphological changes were studied at intervals ranging from 25 to 368 days after implantation. In all of the animals, there was a calcifying necrosis 3 to 6 mm in diameter with an adjacent small zone of demyelination. There were no signs of delayed radiation damage outside the demyelinated perifocal zone. The central tissue necrosis was sharply delineated and did not increase in size after 70 days, i.e., an accumulated dose of 18,000 cGy. In addition, widespread vasogenic edema was present in the homolateral hemisphere. The morphological changes observed differed in many aspects from those found with other radioactive sources, such as gold-198, yttrium-90, or iridium-192. The low energy gamma radiation, the absence of beta radiation, and the half-life of 60.2 days makes iodine-125 a favorable radioactive source to produce a well-defined necrosis without delayed radiation damage in the surrounding brain. PMID- 6646380 TI - Neuropsychological sequelae of minor head injury. AB - Seventy-one patients with minor head injury were given extensive neuropsychological evaluations 3 months after injury. A significant percentage of the patients demonstrated cognitive impairment, which seemed essentially unrelated to the length of unconsciousness or of posttraumatic amnesia. Impaired patients evidenced memory and visuospatial deficits. Cognitively impaired patients also had difficulty returning to work after injury. The psychological and cognitive impairment that follows minor head injury is discussed in relation to diagnostic and intervention issues. PMID- 6646381 TI - Three-dimensional reconstruction of craniofacial deformity using computed tomography. AB - The computed tomographic studies obtained routinely in the examination of patients with congenital or acquired defects of the skull and facial bones can be utilized as a substrate to provide an accurate three-dimensional representation of osseous abnormalities. The total dose of x-irradiation is reduced as other means of radiological examination are eliminated. Osseous structures are faithfully reproduced. Complete inspection of the reproduced structure can be made from any viewpoint, including internal inspection. PMID- 6646382 TI - Degenerative spondylolisthesis with an intact neural arch: a review of 60 cases with an analysis of clinical findings and the development of surgical management. AB - The treatment over the past 12 years of 60 patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis with an intact neural arch is reviewed. The patients averaged 65 years of age, with women outnumbering men by a ratio of 2:1. Symptoms in the lower extremities had been present for 3 months to 10 years, although varying back pain had existed for longer periods. Two-thirds showed signs of motor dysfunction. Sensory alterations and a positive Las egue's sign could be demonstrated in only one-half of the patients studied. Four of 5 patients developed intermittent neurogenic claudication, with varying evidence of painful radiculopathy. The marked disability caused by claudication contrasted sharply with the lesser neurological changes, and these patients required early surgical decompression. Diagnostic studies included electromyography, plain x-ray films, tomography, computed tomographic scanning, and myelography. The latter outlined a relative stenosis caused by olisthesis as well as arthrotic and spondylotic changes that determined the extent of decompressive operation required. The L-4, L-5 interspace was involved in 56 patients, L-3, L-4 was involved in 2, and L-5, S-1 was involved in 2. The ideal operation with L-4, L-5 olisthesis included complete laminectomy of L-4 and L-5 with unroofing of the lateral recesses and foraminotomy. This more extensive procedure was justified because of the failures encountered in previous patients in whom inadequate decompression had been performed. Among failures, obesity, diabetes, hyperlordosis, and extensive long standing dysfunction were prominent. The relief of symptoms of intermittent neurogenic claudication was the most gratifying response observed. There was no unusual morbidity. PMID- 6646383 TI - Do we need to cross match blood for elective laminectomy? AB - Elective laminectomy cases do not need a routine order for typing and cross matching of blood. Data from the literature and from personal experience in the blood bank of a 580-bed general hospital are presented to support this conclusion. An ABO-Rh type and an antibody screen can safely substitute for routine cross matches for such cases. The use of type and screen rather than cross match allows the blood bank to distribute limited blood resources more efficiently without jeopardizing the patients. PMID- 6646384 TI - Spinal cord arteriovenous malformations associated with spinal aneurysms. AB - Two patients with spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) had coexisting spinal aneurysms on their main feeding arteries. The angiographic disappearance of these coexisting aneurysms after artificial embolization of the spinal cord AVMs suggests that hemodynamic stress is the important factor in the development of spinal aneurysms. The incidence of hemorrhage increases when spinal cord AVM is associated with spinal aneurysm. PMID- 6646385 TI - Triple fossa metastasis of prostate cancer. AB - The radiological appearance of prostate cancer metastasis to the central nervous system often mimics meningioma. The bony change of prostate cancer metastasis resembles the hyperostosis of meningioma because of its blastic rather than lytic nature. On computed tomographic (CT) scan, like meningioma, prostate cancer metastasis enhances homogeneously after the infusion of contrast material. Triple fossa (middle, temporal, and orbital fossae) involvement by a solitary mass without bony destruction is thought to be highly specific for meningiomas. We report a case demonstrating the CT findings typical for a triple fossa meningioma caused by prostate cancer metastasis. PMID- 6646386 TI - Bilateral parietal arteriovenous malformations: report of a case. AB - A patient with bilateral parietal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is reported. The clinical presentation included seizures, coma, and signs of tentorial herniation. After the evacuation of a large left intraparietal hematoma, cerebral angiography identified a small left parietal AVM, which was excised. Mass effect and increased intracranial pressure were present at the time of the initial angiography, and the presence of a right parietal AVM was not appreciated. Postoperative cerebral angiography to document excision of the left parietal AVM then disclosed the small right parietal AVM, which was later excised. The patient has recovered very well. The natural history of AVMs and the occurrence of multiple AVMs are discussed. PMID- 6646387 TI - Acute cysticercosis encephalitis: description of a histologically confirmed case. AB - Computed tomography (CT) has permitted the recognition of a previously unknown phase of cerebral cysticercosis, which has been misdiagnosed clinically and radiologically as pseudotumor cerebri or nonspecific intracranial hypertension. It consists of an acute encephalitis with or without neurological localization symptoms. CT shows multiple zones of a ruptured hematoencephalic barrier surrounding a hypodense lesion, which is the parasite. This form of neurocysticercosis is more frequent in younger people. Patients who survive may (a) develop cerebral calcification, (b) have lesions that disappear spontaneously, or (c) develop parenchymatous cerebral cysticercosis. The latter is the most infrequent. PMID- 6646388 TI - The profile system: friend or foe? PMID- 6646389 TI - Can extracranial-intracranial bypass provoke arterial stenosis to occlusion. PMID- 6646390 TI - Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in diagnostic subgroups of depressed patients and in relation to their personality characteristics. AB - Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) levels were assessed in 150 depressed patients of both sexes, with a mean age of 44.0 +/- 12.3 (SD) years. Patients were divided into unipolars (n = 46), bipolars (n = 25), neurotic-reactive (n = 46) and unspecified (n = 38) i.e., those who did not fit into any of the previous categories. According to their status 38 patients were psychotic and 104 clearly nonpsychotic at the time of the DBH assessment. Personality characteristics were assessed for the same patients when they had markedly improved from their depression. In line with previous findings bipolar patients were found to have slightly lower serum DBH values than unipolars, and psychotic patients slightly lower values than nonpsychotic. However, none of the differences among diagnostic groups or between psychotic and nonpsychotic patients was statistically significant. Weak negative correlations were found between serum DBH and the personality variables social desirability and indirect aggression, but an earlier finding of a positive correlation with the personality trait monotony avoidance, could not be confirmed. Owing to the large interindividual variations in serum DBH it is concluded that correlations between serum DBH and personality characteristics might be spurious and due to chance. This study does not support the assumption that significant differences in serum DBH might occur among subgroups of depressed patients. PMID- 6646391 TI - Adrenal glucocorticoids as a required factor in the development of ethanol tolerance in mice. AB - Male C57BL/6J mice were given chronic ethanol treatment by two procedures. One was by a liquid diet containing 6.4% (v/v) ethanol; the other was by repeated injections of ethanol (3.5 g/kg, i.p. twice daily). After 5 days of the liquid diet treatment, sleep time following a challenge dose of ethanol (3.0 g/kg i.p.) was reduced to 10 min as compared with 30 min in the controls not previously exposed to ethanol. After 10 days, none of the ethanol-treated animals slept. Bilateral adrenalectomy (Adx) had no effect on sleep time (34 min). However, the reduction of sleep time in ethanol-treated Adx animals was much less: 19 min after 5 days, and 20 min after 10 days. Replacement with corticosterone in Adx animals restored the reduction of sleep time to the same levels as intact animals, indicating that glucocorticoids are the hormonal factor involved in the Adx effect. By the injection procedure for short-term administration of moderate doses of ethanol, sleep time following the injection of 3.5 g/kg ethanol was reduced from 95 min on day 1 to 57 min on day 3. There was no difference between intact and Adx animals. The results from both treatment procedures suggest that Adx abolished the later, severe stage of tolerance development but not the initial stage. Functional tolerance to ethanol occurring in this advanced stage may be a glucocorticoid-dependent process. PMID- 6646392 TI - SL76002 - effect on gamma-aminobutyric acid and dopamine in animals treated chronically with haloperidol. AB - Daily haloperidol injection at the dose of 5 mg/kg for 34 days did not change the levels of dopamine in the corpus striatum, frontal cortex, and midbrain of rats. However, the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level was increased by 27% in the corpus striatum. Haloperidol withdrawal for 4 days after 30-day treatment increased GABA levels of the corpus striatum and the frontal cortex to 140 and 125%, respectively, of control values. GABA, by its inhibitory actions, depleted dopamine level in the corpus striatum and frontal cortex by 17 and 29%, respectively. Administration of SL76002, a new GABA agonist, for 4 days at the dose of 400 mg/kg i.p. to haloperidol-withdrawn rats increased GABA levels in striatum by 23% of control values. The dopamine levels were also decreased significantly in the frontal cortex and corpus striatum. Our data demonstrate that SL76002, by altering the GABA levels, probably influences DA functioning in the corpus striatum, a region responsible for involuntary movements. PMID- 6646393 TI - Phenylethylamine-like properties of baclofen. AB - Baclofen therapy resulted in improvement of dyskinesias only in patients with trunkal tardive dyskinesia. However, the appearance of undesirable side effects did not warrant continuation of treatment with this drug. Baclofen did not have any therapeutic effect in schizophrenia and moreover a trend towards a worsening of the psychiatric conditions with irritability, assaultiveness and prominent auditory hallucinations was observed. The effects of baclofen on tardive dyskinesia and schizophrenia can be explained in terms of its phenylethylamine like properties. PMID- 6646394 TI - Effects of smoking on rapid information processing performance. AB - In this paper two experiments are reported which were designed to investigate the effects of smoking on the performance of a rapid information processing task. The task involves the detection of sequences of three consecutive digits of the same parity from a series of digits presented visually at the rate of 100/min. In the first experiment smoking improved both the speed and accuracy of performance above rested baseline levels, the greatest improvement occurring with the highest nicotine and tar delivery cigarette. In the second experiment smoking again improved the speed and accuracy of performance above baseline levels, while performance deteriorated over time after not smoking as well as after smoking a nicotine-free cigarette. These findings demonstrate that smoking produces absolute improvements in performance and are explained in terms of the action of nicotine on central cholinergic pathways. PMID- 6646395 TI - The effects of midazolam in conjunction with alcohol on iconic memory and free recall. AB - The effects of midazolam 15 mg and alcohol 0.5 g/kg on short-term storage in the visual system (iconic memory) and free recall of a word list were investigated in 8 normal volunteers. Acute doses of midazolam, alcohol and midazolam in combination with alcohol were all found to decrease iconic memory whereas only midazolam and midazolam + alcohol impaired immediate recall. Anterograde amnesia was observed following treatment with midazolam and midazolam in conjunction with alcohol. The results suggest a potentiation of the effects of midazolam, on aspects of human memory by the co-administration of small doses of alcohol. PMID- 6646396 TI - Quantitative analysis of EEG power spectra in experimental hepatic encephalopathy. AB - During galactosamine-induced acute liver failure in white male Wistar rats, EEG was recorded at regular intervals. Spectral analysis was done as described by Kropveld and co-workers in 1983. The specificity of the anomalies in the power density spectra is tested by comparing the changing patterns with those caused by several pharmaceutical agents--ether, diazepam, pentobarbital. Quantification of the observed anomalies is discussed. PMID- 6646397 TI - EEG vigilance profile as a supplement of psychiatric data. AB - A vigilance measurement based on EEG spectra was employed to supplement the clinical data. In an experimental situation when the patient was left undisturbed after a standard stimulation, four typical patterns were observed. Besides the normal profile, a 'somnolent pattern' with pronounced vigilance decrease and an 'unquiet pattern' with high variance could be seen in treated and in untreated schizophrenic patients, respectively. A combination of both characteristics occurred in depressive patients with symptoms such as agitation, tension, and hypochondria. The outcome of treatment was predictable in the patients with a 'mixed pattern', while the drug effect was unpredictable in other patients with the same diagnosis. PMID- 6646399 TI - Head and body space to left and right, front and rear--I. Unidirectional competitive auditory stimulation. AB - Very substantial right ear advantages (REAs) and right side advantages (RSAs) are reported for vocal shadowing latencies to laterally presented competitive verbal stimuli from a single earphone or loudspeaker. When head and body hemispace were dissociated by inducing a 90 degree head turn, with presentations either lateral or front-back with respect to the body, RSAs and REAs vanished, indicating that stimuli neither in the head nor in the body hemispace alone appear capable of generating any lateral asymmetries. However, a front-of-body (but not front-of head) superiority compared with the rear was obtained. Most importantly, a powerful ventriloquism effect was obtained whereby a laterally placed dummy loudspeaker produced "pseudo"-RSAs with anterior-posterior-located sound sources. This suggests that it is the perceived position of a sound source rather than its actual position or ear of entry which determines asymmetries. PMID- 6646398 TI - Enhanced preference for perceptual novelty in the monkey after section of the fornix but not after ablation of the hippocampus. AB - Previously uncovered discrepancies between the behavioral effects of fornix sections and hippocampal ablations in the monkey suggested that damage to the fornix but not that to the hippocampus may result in a motivational post operative change. To test this notion, control monkeys and those with damage to either hippocampus or fornix were given an opportunity to choose freely between presentations of novel or repetitive stimuli in two modalities. In the visual mode, the choice was between viewing color slides which changed on every trial or repeated presentations of a geometric pattern (experiments 1 and 1a). In the auditory mode, the choice was between trains of identical clicks and different sound patterns (experiments 2 and 2a). Monkeys with sections of the fornix, but not those with ablations of hippocampus, showed an abnormally marked preference for novel stimuli in both modalities, even when perceptual novelty was designed to compete unfavorably with food reward (experiments 1b and 2b). These findings (a) provide another instance of functional dissociation between the effects of fornix and hippocampal damage and caution against assuming safely that data obtained with sections of the fornix will always mirror the behavioral consequences of hippocampal ablations; and (b) suggest that the hippocampus of primates may participate in the mediation of cognitive-motivational aspects of behavior which should be taken into account when the role of the hippocampus in memory processes is considered. PMID- 6646400 TI - Head and body space to left and right, front and rear--II. Visuotactual and kinesthetic studies and left-side underestimation. AB - We report seven experiments involving unimanual or bimanual tactual or visuotactual judgments with horizontally or vertically disposed rods, performed in left or right hemispace, in the context of Bowers and Heilman's (Neuropsychologia 18, 491-498, 1980) hemispace hypothesis. We were only able to weakly confirm their finding of a left hemispace superiority, though either hand was more accurate when in its own hemispace. However, their observation of a left pseudoneglect phenomenon was supported and extended: we found that the left hand underestimates relative to the right, and that there may be left hemispace underestimation which is lost with 90 degree head turns, when horizontal extents are underestimated in the direction of the head turn. PMID- 6646401 TI - Recall of remote episodic memory in amnesia. AB - Recall of remote episodic memory was assessed in three types of amnesic patient whose remote semantic memory had been evaluated previously. Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, case N.A. and patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy all succeeded in recalling specific autobiographical episodes in response to single-word cues, and in many conditions performed as well as control subjects. Their pattern of performance generally paralleled that obtained in previous tests of remote semantic memory. These results argue against a view that amnesia reflects a selective deficit of episodic memory and suggest that the semantic episodic distinction cannot illuminate the fundamental deficit in amnesia. Nor can the facts of amnesia confirm or deny the validity of this distinction in normal memory. PMID- 6646402 TI - Effects of lorazepam on rate of forgetting, on retrieval from semantic memory and on manual dexterity. AB - Using a double-blind procedure, 16 out of 32 volunteer subjects (students) each took 2.5 mg of lorazepam (Ativan) orally and the remainder took a placebo. To overcome the problem of wide variation in individual tolerance to the drug, impairment on a task unrelated to memory (a manual dexterity task) was used to divide drug subjects into a group appreciably affected by the drug, subgroup 1, and a group minimally affected, subgroup 2. Only subgroup 1 showed consistent impairment of episodic memory. Both subgroups showed some impairment in a semantic memory task (generation of words from a specified category), but this was confined to the rate at which the task was carried out. The main aim of the experiment was to examine the effect of lorazepam on the rate of forgetting of word lists when drug and control subjects' initial recall levels were equalized. There was no evidence that the drug affected rate of forgetting: this suggests that it does not affect retention. There was also no evidence that it affected retrieval, since there was no impairment in the recall of material presented before administration of the drug. Hence its locus of action is attributed to input, specifically to impaired encoding of contextual information. PMID- 6646403 TI - Effects of frontal lobe lesions on hypothesis sampling during concept formation. AB - Thirty-two subjects with unilateral cerebral tumors were assessed for the use of hypotheses and cognitive strategies during a visual discrimination task. Subjects with frontal lobe lesions attained fewer concepts and used fewer appropriate hypotheses than subjects with tumors confined to the posterior hemisphere, although there was no difference in total hypotheses used. Lose-stay errors were committed with greater frequency among patients with frontal lobe lesions, although not all subjects with frontal lobe tumors exhibited this error tendency. The results of hypothesis sampling and a second visual discrimination transfer task suggested that the frontal lobe deficit was related to difficulty in attending to multiple cues and in monitoring feedback to segregate relevant from irrelevant sources of information. PMID- 6646404 TI - Age effects on focal cerebral blood flow changes produced by a test of right-left discrimination. AB - The effects of age on focal cerebral blood flow changes resulting from the cognitive processing during right-left discrimination were examined. The pattern and amount of cortical flow were comparable for young and middle-aged subjects and consisted of flow increases in bilateral frontal, parietal and occipital regions. Task performance was negatively related to activation from left parietal and occipital channels. The frontal activation and the parietal correlation were attributed to the middle-aged subjects experiencing increased emotional arousal and attention to the right-left discrimination task due to hypothesized differences in cognitive effort and style, and/or novelty of formal examination situations. PMID- 6646405 TI - Deficits in auditory-spatial integration of sequentially presented patterns due to cortical lesions. AB - Groups of patients with cortical lesions were subjected to a uniquely developed procedure to test auditory-spatial perception. The stimuli were comprised of a sound source, which sequentially outlined a pattern within a 10 X 10 matrix of loudspeakers. Simple sound patterns, which "moved" across the loudspeaker array only once or twice, were equally well identified by the control group and the various patient groups. However, the more complex patterns, which outlined the contour of alphabetical letters, resulted in significantly lowered identification rates for the patient groups with lesions in the right posterior, left posterior and left temporal lobes. As a control measure, visual-spatial tasks were administered, and lower performance rates were found for the left and right posterior groups. The differences and similarities between auditory spatial and visual-spatial processing are discussed. PMID- 6646406 TI - Oculomotor disorders in cortical lesions in man: the role of unilateral neglect. AB - The saccades of 22 patients with lesions of the left (6) and right (16) hemisphere were analysed. Seven patients with a right hemispheric lesion presented a left unilateral neglect (UN) syndrome. In the first test session the saccades were performed in response to a predicted sequence of targets; in the second session the luminous stimuli were unpredicted and randomized. In patients with UN we observed the absence of saccadic response to 25% of the targets a lengthening of the reaction time and a staircase pattern in the left hemifield. In the predicted stimulus sequence the oculomotor performance was not significantly better. Hemianopia, a defect of arousal and an altered visuospatial orientation are the most important elements that account for the alterations of oculomotor strategy in the UN syndrome. PMID- 6646407 TI - Hemispheric asymmetries in processing emotional expressions. AB - Three experiments are reported on visual field asymmetries in the perception of emotional expressions on the face. In experiment I full faces expressing six different emotions were presented unilaterally for exposure durations, allowing the subject to judge whether the facial expression was positive or negative. Right-handed subjects judged all expressions except happiness as more negative when presented in the left visual field (LVF). This effect was smaller for left handers and was absent in left-handers who use the non-inverted writing posture. In experiment II subjects were presented with happy, sad and "mixed" chimeric faces, projected to each visual field, for durations allowing only the detection of the existence of a face. LVF presentations produced greater differential rating of emotional valence for the three types of stimuli. In experiment III chimeric faces containing happy and sad expressions were presented unilaterally for durations allowing the subject to perceive the existence of two expressions on the face. The subjects were required to decide whether the mood expressed in the face was predominantly negative or positive. RVF presentations resulted in a bias toward positive judgments. These results indicate right hemispheric superiority for the perception and processing of emotional valence and a left hemispheric perceptual bias toward positive aspects of emotional stimuli. PMID- 6646408 TI - Sex differences in lateral facial facility: the effects of habitual emotional concealment. AB - Right-handed subjects attempted five different lateral facial actions: winking, eyebrow raising, mouth corner raising, nose wrinkling and mouth corner lowering. Males exhibited significantly greater left side facial facility than did females. The findings lend support to the suggestion that there is a neuroanatomical sex difference in the control of facial expression. For females only, the findings also support the suggestion that the habitual hiding of one's emotions produces greater lateral facial facility. PMID- 6646409 TI - A quantitative determination of anticonvulsant-induced bone demineralization by an improved X-ray densitometry technique. AB - Quantitative studies of the influence of anticonvulsant drugs on bone mineral content of 88 epileptics were performed by a microcomputer-aided densitometer system. The results showed that the mineral content decreases significantly with the duration of the therapy. This decrease was found to be approximately 1.2% per year for a Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) monotherapy and 1.8% per year and 2.0% per year for a DPH plus Phenobarbital and DPH plus Carbamazepin combination therapy. PMID- 6646410 TI - Syndesmo-odontoid joint and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease (CPPD). AB - Twenty-seven patients with definite or probable CPPS have been investigated with systematic frontal and lateral tomograms of the cervicooccipital region. In 12 cases there were calcifications of the syndesmo-odontoid region. These calcifications are of two different types: linear calcifications (5 cases) and mottled calcifications (7 cases). The anatomic location of these calcifications is the transverse ligament or other structures of the syndesmo-odontoid joint. Although this type of calcification has already been described in other rheumatic diseases, it must lead to search for CPPD in the usual locations. PMID- 6646411 TI - Computed tomography in Krabbe's disease: comparison with neuropathology. AB - We report computed tomography (CT) appearance of two patients with Krabbe's disease. The most common findings included severe brain atrophy: an enlarged frontal extracerebral space, dilatation of ventricles, enlarged cisterns and enlarged cortical sulci. There was low attenuation in the corpus medullaris of the cerebellum, and symmetrical focal hypodensity in the central periventricular white matter. CT at the terminal stage (16 months) showed marked cerebral atrophy including flattening of the heads of caudate nuclei and widening of the third ventricles confirmed by a neuropathological study. There was relatively less low density on the white matter of Krabbe's disease compared with that of other leukodystrophies. These CT findings may be useful in the diagnosis. The relative lack of low density in the white matter of Krabbe's disease might be related to severe gliosis and reduced total lipid contents. PMID- 6646412 TI - Familial intracranial aneurysm and infundibular widening. AB - We present details of a family who show a high incidence of both intracranial saccular aneurysm and infundibular widening. Familial aneurysms are compared with aneurysms occurring in the general populations with regard both to site distribution and age of onset of symptoms. The possibility of infundibular widening being preaneurysmal is further discussed. It is highly likely that the mode of inheritance in familial cases is one of dominance. PMID- 6646413 TI - Intracranial fluid-blood levels in the anticoagulated patient. AB - This report documents that anticoagulation may cause multiple intracranial fluid blood levels. PMID- 6646414 TI - Blood-fluid levels in multiloculated cystic brain metastasis of a hypernephroma. A case report. AB - A case of brain metastatic hypernephroma presenting as multiloculated blood-fluid levels is described and the mechanism of their formation discussed. PMID- 6646415 TI - Neuroradiologic picture of cerebral vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - The central nervous system is rarely involved in rheumatoid arthritis. In this paper the authors report a case of a 50-year-old woman who had rheumatoid arthritis for about 6 years. A month before admission she presented a symptomatology resembling an expansive intracranial process. Angiography revealed cerebral arteritis and CT showed areas of hypodensity with marked contrast enhancement. PMID- 6646416 TI - Morphological properties of physiologically characterized lamina III neurones in the cat spinal cord. AB - Six lamina III interneurones of the cat spinal cord were impaled and stained with intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase. The responses of these neurones varied considerably: 1 neurone responded to light brushing of its receptive field, whilst 4 cells were excited by strong pressure. Morphologically, they were also a heterogeneous population. Two neurones had rostro-caudally orientated dendritic arbors that were confined to the lamina, while four of the cells were vertically orientated and possessed dendrites that crossed lamina boundaries. There was no correlation between the physiological characteristics of a neurone and its morphology. Three of the vertically orientated neurones were examined ultrastructurally. The first of these cells received several types of synaptic terminal which were distributed in an organised pattern over the entire dendritic tree. This neurone possessed recurrent dendrites which participated in a variety of complex synaptic arrangements. The second neurone also participated in a variety of synaptic arrangements, including glomeruli in lamina II, and received contacts from vesicle-containing dendrites. It gave rise to collateral axons which arborized in lamina II and formed boutons which formed synapses with dendrites. The third cell possessed varicose dendrites which were probably artifactual. It is concluded that lamina III interneurones are a heterogeneous population by electrophysiological, morphological and ultrastructural criteria. They differ in many respects from lamina II neurones and from the cells of origin of ascending systems. The diversity of their inputs and their variation in morphology suggests that they receive input from a variety of primary afferent fibres and dorsal horn neurones and hence may integrate information from these sources. PMID- 6646417 TI - Effects of neuropeptides on rat cortical neurons: laminar distribution and interaction with the effect of acetylcholine. AB - The effects of the microiontophoretic application of five different peptides (cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfated form, cholecystokinin octapeptide non sulfated form, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, angiotensin-II and substance P) on cortical neurons were studied in rats anaesthetized with urethane. Vertical electrode penetrations were made in the first somatic sensory cortex and the laminar position of the neurons determined by the reconstruction of the tracks based on extracellular dye deposits. The first type of effect observed was an excitation of some cortical neurons. These neurons were mostly found in infragranular layers, specially in layer Vb. Pyramidal tract neurons were more often excited by peptides than the cortical population taken as a whole. Substance P excited the largest percentage of neurons, followed by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholecystokinin octapeptide sulfated form, whereas angiotensin II and cholecystokinin octapeptide non-sulfated form were the least potent in terms of frequency of neurons excited as well as of amplitude of the responses. The vast majority of the neurons excited by a peptide could also be excited by acetylcholine. A second and independent effect of peptides was observed: the neuronal excitation induced by acetylcholine could be depressed by the simultaneous application of peptide. This depressing effect was also the most frequently observed with substance P, followed by cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. PMID- 6646418 TI - An electrophysiological study of the accessory olfactory bulb in the rabbit--I. Analysis of electrically evoked potential fields. AB - Following electrical stimulation of the vomeronasal nerves, the primary olfactory nerves, the lateral olfactory tract and the corticomedial amygdala, we have made a study of evoked potentials in the rabbit accessory olfactory bulb. Vomeronasal nerve stimulation evoked a complex field potential consisting of a compound action potential followed by 4 negative waves (N1, N2, N3, N4). In contrast to the field potential elicited in the main olfactory bulb following primary olfactory nerve stimulation, there was either no evoked wave or only a weak positive component of the field in the accessory bulb. Amygdala stimulation caused a long latency, long duration negative-positive dipolar field potential in the accessory olfactory bulb. Both antidromic and orthodromic field potentials showed sign reversal when the electrode penetrated the bulb at a point corresponding to the lower border of the mitral cell band. Stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract elicited a weak, short-latency wave which did not show any sign reversal when the electrode was lowered into the accessory bulb. This wave was presumably due to fibres arising in the main bulb and projecting through the accessory bulb into the lateral olfactory tract. Electrical stimulation of the primary olfactory nerves did not induce any response in the accessory bulb neither did vomeronasal nerve stimulation evoke a response in the main olfactory bulb. The origin of these potential fields is discussed and it is concluded that the synaptic organization of the accessory olfactory bulb resembles that of the main olfactory bulb in lower vertebrates. There is no detectable communication between the two olfactory systems. PMID- 6646419 TI - An electrophysiological study of the accessory olfactory bulb in the rabbit--II. Input-output relations as assessed from analysis of intra- and extracellular unit recordings. AB - The input-output relations of the rabbit accessory olfactory bulb were studied by intra- and extracellular single unit recordings following electrical stimulation of the vomeronasal nerves, the lateral olfactory tract and the corticomedial amygdala. Cellular activity of accessory bulb mitral cells evoked by stimulation of the vomeronasal nerves consisted of a brief excitation with a latency of 16 ms. This initial response was followed by a period of reduced firing probability which was due to an inhibitory postsynaptic potential. In many cases this secondary response was followed by a second excitatory postsynaptic potential on which action potentials were generated at higher stimulus intensities. Deeper cells in the granule cell layer responded with a long latency, long duration, excitation, often consisting of bursts of 2-3 spikes. The majority of mitral cells were antidromically invaded by amygdala stimulation. The latencies of the antidromic spikes showed a wide range of variation (12-80 ms). Due to this great variation in antidromic latency the inhibitory postsynaptic potential following the antidromic action potential was rather modest but prolonged in duration. In many cases the onset of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential preceded the antidromic response. The majority of cells did not respond to lateral olfactory tract stimulation. Only 10% of the tested cells were invaded antidromically by stimulation at this site. These neurons were also driven antidromically by amygdala stimulation. We conclude that, although the physiological characteristics of mitral cells of the main and accessory olfactory bulb are very similar, there are important differences. The efferent fibres of the accessory bulb conduct at very slow and variable rates and project directly to the corticomedial amygdala. PMID- 6646420 TI - Redundancy in ascending and descending pathways mediating head turning elicited by entopenducular stimulation in the cat. AB - Contraversive turning movements of the head were elicited in alert cats by unilateral electrical stimulation of the entopeduncular nucleus. To determine the relative functional importance of ascending and descending pathways activated by the stimulation, the animals were submitted to thalamocortical or midbrain lesions and to combinations of the two lesions interrupting the pathways. Head turning was hindered considerably only after combinations of the two lesions and not after either lesion alone. Taking into account the results of previous studies, showing that most efferent fibers of the entopeduncular nucleus branch to the thalamus and to the midbrain, it is concluded that not only one but two main efferent pathways, corresponding to each branch, are used by the entopeduncular nucleus to control motoneurons, each pathway carrying enough redundant information to mediate head turning. PMID- 6646421 TI - The relation between linear extent and velocity in drawing movements. AB - The speed of execution of complex movements depends on both the local, differential properties of the trajectory and on some of its more global metric parameters. The effects of these global factors were studied in free, writing like movements with either piece-wise constant, or regularly changing curvature. It is demonstrated that the tangential velocity of the pen's tip is tightly correlated, through a power function, with the total linear extent of the trajectory (perimeter). Thus, a strong tendency exists to keep the execution time of these complex trajectories independent of the movement size (isochrony). Furthermore, it is shown that the average tangential velocity over identifiable segments of the trajectory also depends on the corresponding average curvature. The implications of these results vis-a-vis the central representation and planning of movements are discussed. PMID- 6646422 TI - Synaptic efficacy of inhibitory synapses in hypoglossal motoneurons after transection of the hypoglossal nerves. AB - In cat hypoglossal motoneurons after axotomy the synaptic efficacy of inhibitory synapses made by the lingual nerve afferent fibers was studied. The amplitude of the short- and the long-lasting inhibitory postsynaptic potential produced in tongue protruder motoneurons 24 days after axotomy by stimulation of the lingual nerve was significantly reduced in size as compared with the control on the unoperated side. In most protruder motoneurons 40 days after axotomy a large excitatory postsynaptic potential and a spike was produced by stimulation of either the ipsilateral or the contralateral lingual nerve. We have demonstrated that the decline of synaptic efficacy of inhibitory synapses for the short lasting inhibitory postsynaptic potential was more prominent than that for the long-lasting inhibitory potential in the motoneuron 24 days after axotomy. After the cut axons of protruder motoneurons were re-united to tongue muscles, we have demonstrated that the decline of synaptic efficacy of inhibitory synapses for the short-lasting inhibitory postsynaptic potential was less prominent than that in axotomized protruder motoneurons. PMID- 6646423 TI - Enkephalins are associated with adrenergic granules in bovine adrenal medulla. AB - The subcellular localization of enkephalins was studied in the bovine adrenal medulla. In the adrenal medulla enkephalins (Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, Met enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 and Met-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8) are found free and in the form of cryptic peptides included in larger precursors. Total Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity, which includes free and cryptic peptides, was determined after a sequential enzymatic treatment with trypsin and carboxypeptidase B. Total Met enkephalin immunoreactivity, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and catecholamines were found to have a parallel distribution in the various subcellular fractions. The bulk of the total Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity (42%) was recovered in the large granule fraction. The large granule fraction also contained 38% of the total dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity, and 42% of the total catecholamines. Enkephalins are thus concentrated in the chromaffin granules. Chromaffin granules were also separated according to the method of Terland & coworkers into two fractions: one containing the dense noradrenergic vesicles and the other containing lighter adrenergic vesicles. Total Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity was restricted to the fractions containing the lighter adrenergic vesicles. In these fractions the molar ratio of adrenaline to total Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity was 97. This study is in accord with immunocytochemical observations which have indicated that enkephalins are located in adrenergic and not in the noradrenergic cells in the bovine adrenal medulla. PMID- 6646424 TI - The effect of alpha-latrotoxin on the neurosecretory PC12 cell line: electron microscopy and cytotoxicity studies. AB - Neurosecretory PC12 cells were exposed in a variety of experimental conditions to nanomolar concentrations of alpha-latrotoxin purified from the venom of the black widow spider. When applied in a modified Ringer medium containing millimolar Ca2+ the toxin rapidly elicited a marked stimulation of exocytosis, as indicated by the appearance of typical images of granule-plasmalemma interaction and by the decreased density (number/unit area) of secretion granules in the cytoplasm. Without Ca2+ in the medium this early toxin effect was delayed and evolved less rapidly, but was still clearly appreciable. These morphological results appear in good quantitative agreement with the biochemical data on dopamine release reported in the preceding article. The stimulation of exocytosis was followed after a short delay by a stimulation of endocytosis, as revealed by an increased accumulation of the extracellular tracer, [14C]sucrose, within the toxin-treated cells. At later times after the application of alpha-latrotoxin other effects appeared, but only in the presence of Ca2+: these included changes in cell shape; focal alterations of the mitochondrial matrix (clear discrete areas and dense precipitates) and frank signs of cytotoxicity (rupture of the plasmalemma, clearing of the cytoplasmatic matrix). The toxin-induced cell death was studied quantitatively by using trypan blue exclusion as well as the 51Cr test, and was found to be dependent on alpha-latrotoxin concentration, temperature of incubation and Ca2+ concentration in the medium. Ionic substitutions concerning anions as well as cations other than Ca2+ had minor or no consequences. Thus, the early effect of alpha-latrotoxin in PC12 cells (stimulation of exocytosis, at least partially Ca2+-independent) can be dissociated from the late 'toxic' effect (strictly Ca2+-dependent). PMID- 6646425 TI - Net transport of glucose from blood to cerebrospinal fluid in the cat. AB - The net transport of glucose from blood to the cerebrospinal fluid compartment of cats was measured by ventriculocisternal perfusion to determine over a large range of serum glucose concentrations the influence of serum glucose levels and their changes on the net transport rate. Changes in serum glucose levels were followed within minutes by corresponding changes in cerebroventricular effluent fluid glucose concentration. At mean values of serum glucose concentration of 6.2 mM and cerebrospinal fluid formation rate of 24.3 microliter/min, the net glucose influx rate was 1.6 mmol/min. The effluent fluid-to-serum glucose concentration ratio was 0.25 and decreased when serum glucose was greater than 11.1 mM. The rate of glucose transport from blood to effluent fluid during ventricular perfusion was saturable, and approached a maximum of 3.5 mumol/min at serum glucose levels above 22 mM. From the cerebrospinal fluid formation and net glucose influx rates the calculated glucose concentration of nascent cerebrospinal fluid was 6.5 mM and higher than the corresponding serum glucose of 5.6 mM. It is concluded that during perfusion over a wide range of serum glucose concentrations, a saturable mediated glucose transport mechanism can be demonstrated. Changes in serum glucose are rapidly reflected in corresponding effluent fluid glucose levels. From effluent fluid-to-serum glucose concentration ratios and calculations of the glucose in newly formed cerebrospinal fluid, the technique, however, overestimates the glucose influx rates at normal serum glucose levels. PMID- 6646426 TI - Progression of change following median nerve section in the cortical representation of the hand in areas 3b and 1 in adult owl and squirrel monkeys. AB - In an earlier study (Neuroscience 8, 33-55, 1983), we found that the cortex representing the skin of the median nerve within parietal somatosensory fields 3b and 1 was completely occupied by 'new' inputs from the ulnar and radial nerves, 2 9 months after the median nerve was cut and tied in adult squirrel and owl monkeys. In this report, we describe the results of studies directed toward determining the time course and likely mechanisms underlying this remarkable plasticity. Highly detailed maps of the hand surface representation were derived in monkeys before, immediately after, and at subsequent short and intermediate time stages after median nerve section. In one monkey, maps were derived before nerve section, immediately after nerve section, and 11, 22 and 144 days later. Thus, direct comparisons in cortical map structure could be made over time in this individual monkey. In other experiments, single maps were derived at given post-section intervals. These studies revealed that: (1) large cortical sectors were 'silenced' by median nerve transection. (2) Significant inputs restricted to the dorsum of the radial hand and the dorsum of digits 1, 2 and 3 were immediately 'unmasked' by median nerve transection. (3) These immediately 'unmasked' regions were topographically crude, and represented only fragments of this dorsal skin. They were transformed, over time, into very large, highly topographic and complete representations of dorsal skin surfaces. (4) Representations of bordering glabrous skin surfaces progressively expanded to occupy larger and larger portions of the former median nerve cortical representational zone. (5) These 'expanded' representations of ulnar nerve innervated skin surfaces sometimes moved, in entirety, into the former median nerve representational zone. (6) Almost all of the former median nerve zone was driven by new inputs in a map derived 22 days after nerve section. At shorter times (3, 6 and 11 days), 'reoccupation' was still incomplete. (7) Very significant changes in map dimensions within and outside of the former median skin cortical field were seen after the 'reoccupation' of the deprived cortex by 'new' inputs was initially completed. (8) Progressive changes were recorded within the original ulnar and radial nerve cortical representational zones, as skin surfaces originally overtly represented wholly within these regions expanded into the former median nerve zone. (9) Throughout the studied period, the cortical representational loci of many skin sites appeared to change continually and often markedly. (10) The locations of map discontinuities also shifted significantly over time. (11) Concomitant with changes in representational magnification over time, inverse changes in receptive field sizes were recorded.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6646427 TI - Nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus: efferent connections with special reference to the basal ganglia, studied in the rat by anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. AB - The efferent connections of the brain stem nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus were studied in the rat using the techniques of anterograde and retrograde transport of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase, laying particular emphasis on that part of pedunculopontinus which receives direct descending projections from the basal ganglia and related nuclei. In a preliminary series of experiments horseradish peroxidase was injected into either the entopeduncular nucleus or the subthalamic nucleus and, following anterograde transport of enzyme, terminal labelling was identified in nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, surrounding the brachium conjunctivum in the caudal mesencephalon. In a subsequent series of experiments, horseradish peroxidase was injected into that region of nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus which receives entopeduncular and subthalamic efferents and its efferent projections were studied by anterograde transport of the enzyme. The results indicate that nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus gives rise to widely distributed efferent projections which terminate rostrally in mesencephalic, diencephalic and telencephalic structures and caudally in the pontine tegmentum. In the mesencephalon, terminal labelling was found in the pars compacta of the ipsilateral substantia nigra and sometimes in the adjoining ventral tegmental area. Labelling was also found in the ipsilateral half of the periaqueductal grey. In the diencephalon terminal labelling occurred bilaterally in the subthalamic nucleus and ipsilaterally in the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus. Further rostrally, terminal labelling was particularly evident in the ipsilateral pallidal complex, especially in the caudal two-thirds of the entopeduncular nucleus and the ventral half of the caudal third of the globus pallidus. Caudal to pedunculopontine injection sites dense labelling was observed in the reticular formation of the pontine tegmentum. In a final series of experiments, confirmation of apparent pedunculopontine efferent projections was sought using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Enzyme was injected into sites possibly receiving pedunculopontine efferents and the peribrachial area of the brain stem was examined for retrograde cell labelling. In this way, pedunculopontine projections were confirmed to the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, parafascicular nucleus and pontine reticular formation. Injections into the globus pallidus or subthalamic nucleus gave rise to retrograde cell labelling bilaterally in pedunculopontinus. In addition, retrograde transport studies alone demonstrated projections from pedunculopontinus to the cerebral cortex and to the spinal cord. It is concluded that the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus has reciprocal relationships with parts of the basal ganglia and some functionally related nuclei (in particular, the pallidal complex, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6646428 TI - Effects of nigral application of muscimol on release of [3H] gamma-aminobutyrate and on multiunit activity in various cat thalamic nuclei. AB - The release of [3H] gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) neosynthesized from [3H]glutamine was estimated in one substantia nigra and in the ipsilateral thalamus of halothane-anesthetized cats by perfusing a [3H]glutamine-enriched physiological medium through a push-pull cannula implanted in the two structures under investigation. After two hours of superfusion, muscimol (10(-6)M) was delivered through the nigral push-pull cannula for 50-60 min and local- and distal-evoked changes of [3H]GABA release were analyzed. In some experiments, changes of global neuronal activity induced by muscimol application were recorded in different thalamic nuclei, using a bipolar electrode. In a few of the above experiments, biochemical and electrophysiological determinations were simultaneously performed in the substantia nigra and the thalamus. The nigral application of muscimol (10( 6)M) induced locally an activation of the substantia nigra reticulata cells, as well as an increase in release of [3H]GABA. Distally, in the thalamus, two types of biochemical and electrophysiological responses were observed according to the localization of the tip of the push-pull cannula or the electrode. (1) An increased release of [3H]GABA and a depression of the global multi-unit cellular activity were obtained in the ventralis medialis-ventralis lateralis, the centralis lateralis and the paracentralis nuclei. These effects could reflect an activation of the GABAergic nigrothalamic neurons projecting to these different thalamic nuclei. (2) In contrast, in the medialis dorsalis paralamellar zone adjacent to the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, a decrease of [3H]GABA release and an activation of the multi-unit activity were obtained. These latter results may suggest either a polysynaptic response or the non-GABAergic nature of the nigrothalamic neurons afferent to the medialis dorsalis paralamellar zone. PMID- 6646429 TI - Nigral and cerebellar synaptic terminals in the intermediate and deep layers of the cat superior colliculus revealed by lesioning studies. AB - The presence of degenerating nigral and cerebellar synaptic terminals in the intermediate and deep layers of the cat superior colliculus was demonstrated by electron microscopy following lesions of the substantia nigra or brachium conjunctivum. The superior colliculus was taken for analysis 4-5 days after operation. Nigral terminals underwent a dark type of degeneration following kainic acid lesion of the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. The majority of nigral degenerating terminals and axons were found in the stratum griseum intermediale with a few in the stratum griseum profundum. Two kinds of cerebellar terminals were distinguished by general appearances such as size, type of synaptic contact and type of synaptic vesicle and by the pattern of degenerative changes following electrical lesion of the brachium conjunctivum. Large elongated synaptic terminals 4-7 microns in diameter, were found mainly in the stratum griseum profundum. They often had double termination with conventional dendrites and with vesicles containing dendrites. This kind of terminal had a filamentous type of degeneration. A second type of degenerating cerebellar terminal, characterized by an electron-lucent type of degeneration, was predominantly located in the stratum griseum intermediale. These terminals were circular, about 4 microns in diameter, and did not have synaptic contact with vesicle-containing profiles. The finding of the two types of degenerating terminal after lesion of the brachium conjunctivum can be considered as evidence of the coexistence of at least two kinds of cerebellar terminals in the superior colliculus. The presence of nigral and cerebellar terminals in the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus implicates the involvement of the substantia nigra and cerebellum in control of collicular visuomotor function. PMID- 6646430 TI - Triiodothyronine enhances the morphological maturation of dopaminergic neurons from fetal mouse hypothalamus cultured in serum-free medium. AB - In dissociated hypothalamic cell cultures of 16-day mouse embryos, growing in chemically defined medium, the catecholaminergic neurons were identified by autoradiography after labelling with [3H]dopamine and by immunocytochemistry with an anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibody. Using selective inhibitors of amine transport and radioenzymatic determination of amine levels in these cultures, we show that these neurons were mostly dopaminergic. The number of dopaminergic neurons identified by the two techniques increased between days 5 and 8 and decreased after 15 days in vitro. The same number of neurons were identified by autoradiography and by immunocytochemistry and consisted of fusiform and multipolar neurons. The proportion of both types remained steady until 15 days in vitro. Under these conditions, the addition of triiodothyronine (10(-9) M) at the initiation of the culture increased the size but not the number of dopaminergic neurons after 8 days in vitro. Furthermore, triiodothyronine significantly increased the dopaminergic neurite length and arborization. This morphological effect of triiodothyronine was associated with an increase of 35% in [3H]dopamine uptake. Our study shows that hypothalamic dopaminergic neurons are responsive to triiodothyronine which acts as a maintenance or trophic factor having an effect on neurite extension and arborization. PMID- 6646431 TI - Uptake and release of [3H]dopamine by the median eminence: evidence for presynaptic dopaminergic receptors and for dopaminergic feedback inhibition. AB - The accumulation and release of [3H]dopamine by the median eminence in vitro was studied after treatments with different pharmacological agents, to determine whether such a procedure would be useful for measuring neuronal activity in the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic system. The accumulation of [3H]dopamine was temperature, time, and sodium dependent, and reduced by unlabelled dopamine and by a potent dopamine uptake blocker, nomifensine. The outflow of tritium was studied after blocking the oxidative deamination of dopamine by nialamide. The outflow of tritium was elicited consistently by biphasic square wave electrical pulses and by high molarity potassium ions. The response to electrical stimulation was dependent largely on calcium and partially on sodium. The response to high molarity potassium ions was reduced in the absence of calcium ions. The response to electrical stimulation was increased by nomifensine and by a dopaminergic antagonist, haloperidol, and was reduced by dopamine and by a dopaminergic agonist, piribedil. The inhibitory action of dopamine was antagonized by haloperidol. These results indicate the existence of uptake and release mechanisms in the tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons, and suggest that dopamine may inhibit its own release via dopaminergic receptors. This in vitro method may be useful for measuring dopamine uptake and release by tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. PMID- 6646432 TI - Effects of gamma-aminobutyrate and bicuculline on primary afferent depolarization of cutaneous fibres in the cat spinal cord. AB - The excitability of single cutaneous primary afferent fibres (sural nerve) was tested by focal stimulation in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord, and recording the antidromically conducted action potential in the peripheral nerve. To induce primary afferent depolarization, which is an expression of presynaptic inhibition, the superficial peroneal nerve was stimulated. The primary afferent depolarization was measured as the concomitant excitability change in the antidromically excited sural fibre. This primary afferent depolarization was reduced by 32% during microelectrophoretic release of bicuculline methochloride near the microstimulation electrode in the dorsal horn. Microelectrophoresis of gamma-aminobutyrate increased excitability in sural nerve fibres which correlated with the primary afferent depolarization induced by stimulation of the superficial peroneal nerve. The results suggest a possible role for gamma aminobutyrate in presynaptic inhibition of cutaneous afferent fibres in the cat. PMID- 6646433 TI - Generation of respiratory activity by the lamprey brain exposed to picrotoxin and strychnine, and weak synaptic inhibition in motoneurons. AB - The roles of Cl-dependent synaptic inhibition in the generation of fictive breathing were tested in isolated brains of adult lampreys, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis. Only a few inhibitory synaptic potentials were recorded in respiratory motoneurons between excitatory bursts. This was also true after Cl- injections inverted them to depolarizing potentials. A weak and variable phase of Cl sensitive synaptic inhibition occurred at the ends of excitatory bursts. Respiratory motoneurons had a pronounced post-spike hyperpolarization, which was distinct from synaptic inhibition and appeared to be a more important mechanism for termination of firing. The production of the basic rhythm for respiration was tested in strychnine, picrotoxin, bicuculline and Cl-free fluid. Low concentrations of the blocking drugs prevented the inhibitory effects of bath applied glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid, but essentially normal respiratory bursts still occurred. Equilibration of isolated brains in high concentrations of strychnine and picrotoxin did not prevent periodic activities, but burst durations were increased and inter-burst intervals were longer and less regular than normal. Similar bursts could also occur transiently in Cl-free fluid. Recordings from the IX and X motor nuclei indicated that respiratory neurons produced the periodic bursts in the presence of strychnine and picrotoxin. Hemisections of the brain behind the V motor nuclei eliminated the bursts ipsilaterally. This indicated that descending excitation was necessary during pattern generation both in normal fluid and in the presence of antagonists of synaptic inhibition. Conventional synaptic inhibition does not appear to be essential for respiratory pattern generation in the adult lamprey but may contribute to its modulation. The hypothetical neural oscillator may consist of excitatory bursting interneurons. PMID- 6646434 TI - In vitro recording of chemoreceptor activity in catecholamine-depleted rabbit carotid bodies. AB - Carotid bodies, together with Hering's nerves, were excised from anesthetized rabbits 24, 48 or 72 h after single reserpine injections (5 mg kg-1, i.v. or i.p.) and were superfused in vitro. Some carotid bodies were processed for formaldehyde-induced fluorescence microscopy to assess catecholamine depletion. Twenty-four hours after reserpine treatment, most of the type I cell islets had lost their fluorescence and the number of spontaneously active chemoafferent units was dramatically reduced. Forty-eight hours after reserpine injection, both the fluorescence of type I cells had partially recovered and the number of chemoreceptor units was almost normal. A significant reduction of both the normoxic and hypoxic frequencies of discharge was demonstrated in carotid bodies examined 24 or 48 h after reserpine pretreatment. Superfusions with dopamine (1, 10, 100 microM) transiently restored the response to hypoxia. It is proposed that catecholamines contained in type I cells play a prominent role in the genesis of chemoafferent activity and in the chemoreceptor response to hypoxia. PMID- 6646435 TI - Theoretical model of slow-wave membrane potential oscillations in molluscan neurons. AB - A model describing slow-wave membrane potential oscillations observed in molluscan neurons has been developed. It takes into account non-inactivating calcium and Ca-dependent potassium currents found experimentally in these neurons. This model successfully describes the form of the experimental potential wave as well as the dependence of the oscillatory behaviour of molluscan neurons on the extracellular concentration of Ca2+ and K+ ions. By changing different parameters of the model I was able to obtain three patterns of the electrical activity of molluscan neurons. These are as follows: silent neurons with the resting potential ranging from -49 to -53 mV; neurons which demonstrate a slow wave oscillatory activity with an interval between 12 and 17 s; and neurons with repetitive firing activity. The possible interaction between these three patterns of the electrical activity is considered and its neurophysiological significance is discussed. It was shown, in the framework of the model developed, that a neuron can switch from one pattern to another by changing any parameter of the model. It is most likely that such alteration in the electrical neuronal activity is connected with a change in intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate content affecting both the magnitude of the calcium conductance and the intracellular level of Ca2+ ions. PMID- 6646436 TI - Acetylcholinesterase in the ventrobasal thalamus: transience and patterning during ontogenesis. AB - In this study, maturational alterations in acetylcholinesterase-dependent staining of the thalamic ventrobasal complex of rat and mouse were examined. The study was undertaken to address the question of whether this nucleus exhibits transient acetylcholinesterase positivity during its development and whether the enzyme is likely to be synthesized by its immature intrinsic neurons. Also, the patterning due to acetylcholinesterase staining of cells and fibers, and the developmental changes in these patterns, have not been described in earlier work. In contrast to surrounding thalamic nuclei, the ventrobasal complex is acetylcholinesterase-positive at birth. In rat, acetylcholinesterase staining of the ventrobasal thalamus is still more intense than in adjacent nuclei at the end of the first week postnatally. Virtually all somata in the nucleus are filled with dense reaction product at this time. Ultrastructurally, reaction product is associated with the granular endoplasmic reticulum. At this stage, there is a marked difference in intensity of staining between the medial and lateral subdivisions of the nucleus, and patterned clustering of somata within each subdivision is readily appreciated in acetylcholinesterase-stained material. In the second postnatal week, intrinsic acetylcholinesterase activity is progressively lost. By the end of the third postnatal week, the nucleus is quite pale except for one area. In the posterior portion of the lateral subdivision, adjacent to the nucleus reticularis, interconnecting bundles of acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers enter the nucleus. They course medially in the lateral subdivision and break up into a plexus of fine fibers. The development of acetylcholinesterase-dependent staining patterns in the mouse is quite similar, except that histochemically detectable levels of enzyme are substantially lower in the neonatal period. It is concluded that the ventrobasal complex can be distinguished from other thalamic nuclei in regard to earlier onset and/or transience of acetylcholinesterase staining. Ultrastructural observations suggest that virtually all immature ventrobasal neurons are synthesizing acetylcholinesterase. It is suggested that the transient staining for enzyme is due primarily to alteration in synthesis and/or turnover in neurons of the ventrobasal complex. In addition, the acetylcholinesterase staining reveals a patterning of fibers and cells that also undergoes developmental alteration. Evidence is discussed suggesting that axons in the barrels of somatosensory cortex (SmI) are derived from these transiently acetylcholinesterase-positive somata. Consequently, the loss of acetylcholinesterase fiber staining in the barrels, during the third postnatal week (noted previously), may be related to a decrease in synthesis of enzyme in the neuronal somata of the ventrobasal complex. PMID- 6646437 TI - A GABAergic habenulo-raphe pathway mediation of the hypnogenic effects of vasotocin in cat. AB - Electrolytic lesions, performed in the lateral habenula of cats, specifically altered the sleep-wakefulness cycle and completely prevented the usual actions of intraventricularly administered vasotocin, which are to induce non-rapid eye movement sleep and to suppress rapid eye movement sleep. These alterations are (i) selectively related to lateral habenula, since similar lesions performed in thalamus 2 mm lateral to lateral habenula, were unable to prevent the actions of vasotocin or to reproduce the sleep alterations observed after habenular lesions, and (ii) reversible, since at eight days after habenular lesions there is a total return to normal of the sleep-wakefulness parameters, and vasotocin is able again to induce its hypnogenic effects. Opposite effects, characterized by an increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep and a decrease in rapid eye movement sleep, could be induced by a short (10 min) electrical stimulation of the lateral habenula, but not if the stimulating electrodes are placed 2 mm more laterally. Picrotoxin, a gamma-aminobutyrate antagonist, injected intraventricularly in normal cats was without any apparent effect on the sleep-wakefulness cycle if administered in a dose of 1 ng, but had sleep-increasing effects when administered in a dose of 100 ng. However, the smaller dose of picrotoxin (1 ng), when administered 15 min before vasotocin, completely blocked the hypnogenic effect of vasotocin. It is suggested that vasotocin acts within the brain by activating a descending gamma aminobutyrate-containing habenulo-raphe pathway, and that this pathway plays an important role in the induction and/or organization of the sleep-wakefulness cycle. PMID- 6646438 TI - Axonal swellings in jimpy mice: does lack of myelin cause neuronal abnormalities? AB - We have observed focal axonal enlargements in jimpy, a myelin deficient mutant mouse. Similar axonal swellings have also been found in other studies, in two other myelin deficient mutant mice and in a myelin deficient mutant rat. We suggest that this axonal abnormality represents a common secondary reaction to lack of myelin. Such a secondary reaction might also occur in other species including human, in response to deficient myelin or to loss of myelin due to disease. PMID- 6646439 TI - Evidence that transmitter can be released from regions of the nerve cell other than presynaptic axon terminal: axonal release of acetylcholine without modulation. AB - Release of acetylcholine from isolated preganglionic axons of sympathetic nerve trunk (cervical preganglionic sympathetic branch) of the cat was studied. In response to depolarization (KCl, 48.4 mM) acetylcholine was released into the eserinized Krebs solution. This release was shown to be dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Electrical stimulation (1 Hz) enhanced the release of acetylcholine from the isolated axonal preparation. The release by stimulation proved to be tetrodotoxin-sensitive and Ca2+-dependent. Evidence has been obtained that the acetylcholine released from sympathetic nerve trunks originates from the axon and not from Schwann cells: 5 days after section of the nerve, there was no release in response to stimulation. The release of acetylcholine from the axon is unlike that from axon terminals in that the rate of release cannot be enhanced by the inhibition of Na, K-adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (ouabain 2 X 10(-5) M) and cannot be modulated by noradrenaline (10(-6) M) or by morphine. Furthermore, although isolated nerve trunks took up [3H]choline by a hemicholinium-sensitive process, no radioactivity could be released upon electrical stimulation. It is suggested that the release of acetylcholine is not confined to axon terminals, but that it can be non-synaptically released by depolarization from axons provided Ca2+ is present. PMID- 6646440 TI - Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors mediate catecholamine secretion by isolated guinea-pig chromaffin cells. AB - We have studied the roles of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in the acetylcholine-evoked secretion of catecholamine from guinea-pig chromaffin cells. Isolated guinea-pig chromaffin cells secrete catecholamine in response to acetylcholine, nicotine, and a variety of muscarinic agonists. Optimal concentrations of acetylcholine (50-200 microM) induce the release of 10-25% of the catecholamine content of the cells in 10 min. Maximal secretion evoked by nicotine or by muscarinic agonists is 5-12% of the catecholamine content of the cells. Secretion evoked by optimal concentrations of nicotine (50 microM) and muscarine (200 microM) are additive, and together these agonists cause catecholamine release equivalent to that produced by optimal concentrations of acetylcholine. Atropine causes a biphasic inhibition of acetylcholine-induced catecholamine secretion; low concentrations of atropine (0.02-0.01 microM) inhibit by 35-45% the catecholamine secretion evoked by 100 microM acetylcholine. Increasing the atropine concentration from 0.1 to 5 microM causes no further decrease in acetylcholine-evoked release, but at concentrations above 5 microM, a second distinct phase of inhibition appears. At 100 microM, atropine reduces acetylcholine-evoked secretion by 85%. At 0.1 microM, atropine significantly inhibits secretion induced by muscarinic, but not nicotinic, agonists. Tubocurarine (50 microM) does not block muscarinic stimulation of release, but inhibits acetylcholine- and nicotine-evoked release by 70 and 80%, respectively. Our experiments indicate that nicotinic and muscarinic stimulation represent distinct mechanisms for the activation of catecholamine release from guinea-pig chromaffin cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6646441 TI - Catecholamine uptake into isolated adrenal chromaffin cells: inhibition of uptake by acetylcholine. AB - We have investigated the process of catecholamine uptake in guinea-pig chromaffin cells. Isolated guinea-pig chromaffin cells accumulate [3H]norepinephrine and [3H]epinephrine by a saturable transport system. Catecholamine uptake is dependent upon temperature, energy, and extracellular Na+. The apparent KmS for norepinephrine and epinephrine transport are approximately 1 and 3.5 microM, respectively; the transport maximum (Vmax) for both compounds is about 100 pmol/min/mg protein. The uptake of norepinephrine into chromaffin cells is inhibited by imipramine (Ki = 50 nM) and by desmethylimipramine (IC50 = 20 nM). In both its substrate specificity and its sensitivity to pharmacological inhibition, the catecholamine uptake system in chromaffin cells is similar to the catecholamine transport system previously described in sympathetic neurons. Decreasing external Na+ from 130 to 19 mM increases the apparent Km for norepinephrine to 2.8 microM. Decreasing external norepinephrine increases the Na+ concentration required for half-maximal transport. Agents that depolarize chromaffin cells, such as acetylcholine and veratridine, significantly inhibit [3H]norepinephrine uptake. This decrease in uptake is due to an increase in the apparent Km for norepinephrine. The inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake by depolarizing agents cannot be accounted for by the preferential release of newly accumulated [3H]norepinephrine, or by the competitive inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake by secreted catecholamines. The inhibition of catecholamine uptake by depolarizing agents suggests that the transport system may be regulated by the membrane potential. Norepinephrine and epinephrine that are spontaneously released from the adrenal medulla may be recaptured in vivo. The inhibition of transport by acetylcholine may prevent the re-uptake of catecholamine released during the physiological stimulation of secretion. PMID- 6646442 TI - The effect of alpha-latrotoxin on the neurosecretory PC12 cell line: studies on toxin binding and stimulation of transmitter release. AB - alpha-Latrotoxin of black widow spider venom was found to bind with high affinity (KA = 1.8 X 10(9)M-1) to specific sites present in discrete number (approximately 6300/cell, approximately 12/micron2) at the surface membrane of PC12 cells. This binding correlated with (and therefore, probably caused) the secretory response produced by the toxin. Binding was enhanced (approximately 2-fold) in the presence of mM concentrations of various divalent cations (Ca2+, Mn2+ and Co2+) while Ba2+ and Sr2+ had a smaller effect and Mg2+ was inactive. Hypertonicity, concanavalin A and trypsin pretreatment of the cells blocked the binding interaction. The alpha-latrotoxin-induced stimulation of 3H-dopamine release was massive and occurred very rapidly when cells were exposed to the toxin in a Ca2+ containing Krebs-Ringer medium, whereas it occurred at a much slower rate in a Ca2+-free, Mg2+-containing Ringer. Introduction of Ca2+ into the latter medium resulted in a shift of the release rate from slow to fast. In contrast, in divalent cation-free medium the response was abolished. The toxin-induced secretory response was unaffected by Na+ and Ca2+ channel blockers (tetrodotoxin and D600) as well as by calmodulin inhibitors (calmidazolium and trifluoperazine). The effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were found to be concentration dependent, with half maximal responses occurring at approximately 0.3 and 1.5 mM for the two divalent cations, respectively. Other divalent cations could substitute for Ca2+ and Mg2+, the relative efficacy being Sr2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Ba2+ much greater than Mn2+ greater than Mg2+ greater than Co2+. Moreover, the response occurring at suboptimal concentration of Ca2+ (0.4 mM) was potentiated by the concomitant addition of either Mg2+, Mn2+ or Co2+. The effect(s) of divalent cations in supporting the alpha-latrotoxin-induced release response seem(s) to occur primarily at step(s) beyond toxin binding because (a) the stimulatory effects of the various cations on release were not matched by parallel effects on binding, and (b) Ca2+ maintained its ability to stimulate fast release even when toxin binding had occurred in a Ca2+-free medium. Delays in the release responses were observed when cells were exposed to alpha LTx in Na+-free, glucosamine or methylamine-based media, or depolarized with high K+ (in the presence of D600) before toxin treatment. Moreover, in these two conditions the ability of Mg2+ to support the alpha LTx response was considerably decreased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6646443 TI - [Mitral stenosis with the left atrium slightly enlarged. Physiopathological, clinical and therapeutic aspects]. PMID- 6646444 TI - [Familial aspects of arterial pressure. Study of a closed population]. PMID- 6646445 TI - [Platelet aggregation, erythrocyte filterability and changes of some blood coagulation parameters in subjects with chronic obstructive arteriopathy of the lower limbs]. PMID- 6646446 TI - [Aortic valve substitution for brucellar endocarditis]. PMID- 6646447 TI - [Persistent superior vena cava: unusual complication for implantation of an endocavitary permanent pacemaker]. PMID- 6646448 TI - [Clinico-angiographic findings in 2 cases of rupture of the interventricular septum in myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6646449 TI - [Angiographic and hemodynamic/studies in a case of congenital arteriovenous fistula of the lung for purposes of corrective treatment]. PMID- 6646450 TI - [Propanidid intolerance: forestalling the risk. Experimental clinical study]. PMID- 6646451 TI - [Use of clonidine in anesthesia for the hypertensive patient. Preventive note]. PMID- 6646452 TI - [Cardiac arrhythmias due to tracheal intubation. Effect of 2 methods of preanesthesia]. PMID- 6646453 TI - [Neuroanesthesia in the dialyzed patient. Report of a clinical case]. PMID- 6646454 TI - [A case of late postoperative atelectasis. Etiopathogenetic considerations and therapy]. PMID- 6646455 TI - [Hemodialytic treatment during cardiopulmonary by-pass]. PMID- 6646456 TI - [Trazodone-pentazocine combination in general anesthesia]. PMID- 6646457 TI - [Respiratory and renal insufficiency in non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6646458 TI - [A case of hydro-hemothorax following percutaneous catheterization of the external jugular vein]. PMID- 6646459 TI - [First experiences with pain therapy with a morphine, methylprednisolone and bupivacaine combination]. PMID- 6646460 TI - [The use of anterolateral thoracotomy in pulmonary exeresis]. PMID- 6646461 TI - [Role of hepatectomy in surgical treatment of hepatic hydatidosis]. PMID- 6646462 TI - ["Diastasic" rupture of the cecum. A complication of ischemic colitis]. PMID- 6646463 TI - [Bilio-digestive anastomosis in calculosis of the common bile duct]. PMID- 6646464 TI - [Perineal colostomy in abdomino-perineal surgery for cancer of the lower rectum. Reproposed technic and modification]. PMID- 6646465 TI - [Evaluation of decisions to operate in bronchopulmonary cancer]. PMID- 6646466 TI - [Termino-terminal vaso-vasostomy in the rat. Histological and ultrastructural study of the vas deferens and epididymis]. PMID- 6646467 TI - [Dysphagia caused by compression of the esophagus by the aorta]. PMID- 6646468 TI - [A case of sacrococcygeal chordoma]. PMID- 6646469 TI - [Villous adenoma of the duodenum]. PMID- 6646470 TI - [Critical considerations on the present approach to Hodgkin's disease]. AB - The report attempts to show why therapeutic success in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease levelled off at the start of the Eighties. The prospects of future treatment based on more accurate interpretation of clinical and histopathological data, further cytological and immunological research as well as improved therapeutic techniques more carefully adapted to the variety of prognoses are also discussed. PMID- 6646471 TI - [The survival curves of 153 cases of thyroid cancer]. AB - A study is presented on the stage by stage survival curves in 153 cases of thyroid carcinoma observed over 15 years in Ancona Regional Hospital's General Surgery Division. The study reveals that prognosis is good in the first stage, but that neither surgery nor medical or radiological treatments is effective in preventing the deaths of incurable patients at later stages. It is therefore concluded that early surgery is more useful than any operations conducted at later stages. PMID- 6646472 TI - [Morphological findings and functional considerations on the structural adaptation of colonic grafts on the rat stomach]. AB - Structural changes of colonic patches implanted in rat stomachs for periods of 2 to 12 months were evaluated by standard light and scanning electron microscopy. Colonic patches were sutured on the posterior wall of 116 white rats stomach body according to the following models: 1) mucosal surface to gastric lumen (60 rats); one third of the animals were given chronic doses of histamine subcutaneously; 2) peritoneal surface to gastric lumen (28 rats); 3) leiomuscular layers to gastric lumen by removing of the colonic mucosa (20 rats). Eight rats were used as controls. The colonic mucosa was shown to be highly resistant to acid secretions; only minimal surface erosions were found in animals with gastric hypersecretion following histamine stimulation. In contrast both the peritoneal surface and the colonic leiomuscular components were completely destroyed by contact with the acid juice. Both these structures were subsequently and completely colonised by the gastric mucosa. PMID- 6646473 TI - [Treatment of essential arterial hypertension with a single daily dose of acebutolol]. AB - 25 patients with essential arterial hypertension were treated with single daily doses of 400 g acebutolol administered for EIGHT weeks in outpatients' departments. The drug proved to be extremely effective in reducing PAS and PAD values in both lying and standing positions. No undesirable side effects were observed except in one case where cardiac insufficiency was controlled by digitalis. It can therefore be concluded that acebutolol is a beta-adrenolytic drug which is reliably effective in the treatment of essential arterial hypertension, well tolerated and easily administered. PMID- 6646474 TI - [Aerospace medicine today, in Italy]. PMID- 6646475 TI - [Lights and shadows in the surgical day hospital today]. PMID- 6646476 TI - [Notes on artificial insemination]. PMID- 6646477 TI - [Marfan's syndrome]. AB - Marfan's disease is a hereditary condition (usually dominant) characterised by variously significant skeletal muscle, ocular, cardiac and above all respiratory alterations attributable to congenital disorder of the fibrous support proteins (particularly of collagen and elastin). Sporadic forms whose interpretation is uncertain, however may, also be observed. The exact nature of the biochemical error responsible for the syndrome, however, is not known. In the absence of fully indicative laboratory tests, diagnosis is based on recognition of he typical lesions and their systemic nature. Careful symptomatological examination of suspected subjects may lead to the detection of less common sites such as the respiratory system. Personal experience shows that it can also reveal clinically obsolete lesions, such as heart impairment discovered in some cases solely through elevation of the polycardiographic telediastolic index (in inverse relation to the pattern of the echocardiographic telediastolic volume), which is an expression of reduced ventricular compliance, and the presence of areas with a low thallium uptake, offering scintigraphic evidence of fibrosis replacing destroyed muscle fibres. Prognosis depends on the clinical expressiveness of the disease, i.e. the apparatuses involved and the extent of their damage. Heart alterations and their extent are undoubtedly an aggravating factor quoad vitam. The current position with regard to both drug management and possible surgical treatment is also discussed. PMID- 6646478 TI - [Benign monoclonal gammopathies: probable antibody specificity of monoclonal immunoglobulins]. AB - 40 patients with benign paraproteinemia have been studied in relation to their age and associated diseases. Significantly high frequency of liver diseases (CALD, cirrhosis, hepatoma, metastases) has been found (12 over 40 people) and increased incidence of idiopathic paraproteinaemia in the old age has been confirmed. 9 patients have been followed for 5 years, so that one could be sure that they had really benign paraproteinaemia: these patients have been then studied from an immunological point of view, in vivo by means of skin tests (PPD, Candida, Trichophyton, DNCB) and in vitro by searching for circulating immune complexes (using a new highly specific immuno-enzymatic method), and compared to controls without paraproteinaemia. Highly positive skin tests have been found only in 7 over 9 patients (even in old subjects) and 6 of them had circulating immune complexes (C.I.C.) in their sera; all the controls were negative both for skin tests and for C.I.C. Immune complexes have been found also in some cases of idiopathic paraproteinaemia, so that they do not seem to be in relation to the associated diseases. The Authors suggest that a genetically determined defect in regulator/suppressor T lymphocyte activity may cause the growth of a benign B cell neoplasm; and that monoclonal immunoglobulins most probably have antibody specificity and are directed against target antigens. PMID- 6646479 TI - [Analysis of a case of multiple myeloma with late dissemination of skin nodules]. AB - A case of a 55 years old woman suffering from multiple myeloma with strong bone marrow proplasmocytic infiltration, several osteolytic and osteoporotic lesions and high seric M-component level and hypertensive heart failure is described. After 32 months of partial remission obtained with cyclic chemotherapy, large cutaneous tumors arose. Despite of a new therapeutic trial, in the last 8 months, an increase of bone marrow and seric signs was observed without involvement of the lungs or kidneys or expression of plasma-cell leukemia. Death occurred at 50th month because of sepsis and heart failure. A real cutaneous tropism, late occurred and without cytohistological changes, is stressed. The meaning of the rich vascularization of the skin over the tumors in absence of inflammation and necrosis remains unclear. PMID- 6646480 TI - [The osteocondensing variety of multiple myeloma. Review of the literature and description of a case]. AB - A case of IgG myeloma with eburnation of the femoral and ileoischiopubic bones is described. A review of the literature confirmed the rarity of osteosclerotic myeloma, especially if other possible causes of bone eburnation or the typical contemporary existence of osteolysis are excluded. The hypothesis that osteosclerotic myeloma may constitute an autonomous form of the disease, probably related to the type and/or extent of the proliferating bone is discussed. PMID- 6646481 TI - [Maternal-fetal health in adolescent pregnancy]. PMID- 6646482 TI - [Clinico-statistical and social considerations on 1,040 cases of voluntary abortion interventions at the Gorgonzola-Melzo Provincial General Hospital]. PMID- 6646483 TI - [The role of stress in ante-partum cardiotocographic monitoring. Study of matched samples]. PMID- 6646484 TI - [Use of glucagon in hysterosalpingography]. PMID- 6646485 TI - [Role of microsurgery in the therapy of mechanical-type female sterility]. PMID- 6646486 TI - [Anovular female sterility treated with bromocriptine CB 154 (Parlodel)]. PMID- 6646487 TI - [Cimetidine in the therapy of secondary hyperparathyroidism in uremia with hemodialytic treatment]. PMID- 6646488 TI - [Sensitivity of the baroreceptors to the onset and early phases of renovascular hypertension in the rat]. PMID- 6646489 TI - [Periosteal neostosis in uremic osteodystrophy]. PMID- 6646490 TI - [Influence of variations of posture and of the period of urine collection on total proteinuria and albuminuria]. PMID- 6646491 TI - [Cholesterol-HDL and apoprotein A in a group of chronic uremic patients undergoing continuing hemodialytic treatment]. PMID- 6646492 TI - [Pathogenic variations of cutaneous bacterial flora in hemodialyzed patients. Repercussions on infections at vascular access points and their prevention]. PMID- 6646493 TI - [Ultrasonographic diagnosis of renal pathology]. PMID- 6646494 TI - Course of the accessory optic fascicular fibers in the rat. AB - The courses of fibers in the dorsal and lateral fasciculi of the accessory optic tract were studied in the rat by means of a selective silver impregnation method for degenerating nerve fibers and Mesulam's HRP method. The results indicate that except for a moderate number of fibers entering the dorsal terminal nucleus and the lateral terminal nucleus respectively, all optic fibers constituting the dorsal and lateral fasciculi descend the lateral surface of the brain to terminate in the medial terminal nucleus. No ascending optic nerve fiber to the dorsal or lateral terminal nucleus is included in these fasciculi. PMID- 6646495 TI - Increased [3H]kainic acid binding in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia. AB - [3H]Kainic acid binding sites were measured post mortem in the putamen and prefrontal cortex areas from 10 control subjects and 12 schizophrenic patients. A 25-50% increase in [3H]kainic acid binding was observed in the medial frontal (Brodmann areas 9, 10 and 46) and eye-movement areas (8), but not in the other regions of schizophrenic brains. No significant correlation between the binding and either age at death, storage of the brains, duration of illness or neuroleptics-free period was observed. These findings suggest that a dysfunction of cortical excitatory amino acidergic transmission may be involved in schizophrenia. PMID- 6646496 TI - Effect of 5-hydroxydopamine on the large dense-cored vesicles in the axon terminals of the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig stomach. AB - Quantitative ultrastructural analysis revealed that the large dense-cored vesicles in the axon terminals in the myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig stomach tend to be concentrated towards the ends of the terminals. In guinea-pigs treated with 50 mg/kg 5-hydroxydopamine, diameters of the vesicles were increased and their distribution in the terminals was altered. Treatment with reserpine prior to 5-hydroxydopamine increased the proportion of large dense-cored vesicles and decreased the overall number of vesicles in the terminals. The diameter of the vesicles was increased both in the terminal profiles and in the non-terminal segments of the axons. These observations are consistent with the view that uptake of 5-hydroxydopamine into small vesicles is followed by their transformation into large dense-cored vesicles. PMID- 6646497 TI - Membrane potential fluctuations associated with glutamate- and homocysteate induced depolarizations in hippocampal neurons. AB - Depolarizations induced by L-glutamate (Glu) or D-homocysteate (DH) in CA3 neurons were accompanied by increases in membrane potential fluctuation in thin hippocampal sections of the guinea pig. The properties of the Glu- and DH-induced noises suggest that they were induced by gating actions of amino acids on the ionic channels, and that an average open-gate time for DH is shorter than that for Glu. PMID- 6646498 TI - Passive membrane properties of neurones in the dorsal raphe and periaqueductal grey recorded in vitro. AB - A slice preparation of the rat mesencephalon containing the dorsal and medial raphe nucleus, the periaqueductal grey, the superior colliculi and the reticular formation is described. Intracellular recordings showed marked differences in the passive membrane properties of neurones of the dorsal raphe. Serotonin-containing neurons were characterized by a high membrane input resistance, a very long time constant and by the presence of membrane rectification only in a very hyperpolarized (less than -120 mV) region of their voltage-current relationship. In most of the neurones in and around the dorsal raphe area a brief pulse of depolarizing current was followed by a pronounced after-hyperpolarization, which appeared to be mediated by the activation of a Ca2+ dependent-K+ conductance. PMID- 6646499 TI - Sound emission from the ear triggered by single molecules? AB - If a human ear is stimulated with short sound pulses an acoustic response can be recorded many milliseconds later in the ear canal. This 'cochlear echo' was discovered by Kemp some years ago. Soon after this discovery it was found that many normal ears also emit weak sounds without being stimulated. Here we present the results of the measurements of minimum stimulus energy needed to influence this acoustic emission process. This energy is so low (1 eV) that processes at the molecular level are likely to play an important role. This may have consequences for theories of normal cochlear functioning. PMID- 6646500 TI - Tonotopic bands produced by tones commenced long after 2-deoxyglucose injection. AB - Presentation of two different tones at two different time periods each under two different types (14C or 3H) of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) produced two bands of labelling in the inferior colliculus (IC) of a guinea pig. Filtering tests revealed that both bands were produced by only one of the labels (14C). Four guinea pigs were given one injection of 2-DG and then stimulated with two tones, each presented at different time periods. Two bands of labelling were produced in IC, with one band being produced by tones given 55-90 min after injection. The implications of this long lasting effect of 2-DG are discussed for the general 2 DG model and for sequential double labelling experiments. PMID- 6646501 TI - The effect of concussion on cerebral uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rat. AB - The effect of concussion on 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake by various regions of rat brain was investigated. The relative uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose was measured at 10 and 20 min post-concussion. The uptake did not change significantly from control rats at 20 min post-concussion. This may be reflective of transient nature of concussion. The uptake was higher in cortex and lower in subcortical structures at 10 min post-concussion. These changes are similar to those reported in spreading cortical depression. Spreading cortical depression may thus be a component of concussion mechanism. PMID- 6646502 TI - Chronic ganglioside treatment counteracts the biochemical signs of dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by chronic haloperidol treatment. AB - Chronic ganglioside treatment (10 mg/kg, i.p.) using the molecular species with only one neuroaminic acid residue (GM1) given together with haloperidol (0.3 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily in male rats, counteracted the haloperidol-induced increase in the number of [3H]spiperone binding sites in striatal membranes when the low dose of haloperidol, but not the high dose, was administered. The present results therefore indicate that chronic GM1 treatment can partially counteract the increase in the number of dopamine receptors having a high affinity for neuroleptics (D2 type) induced by chronic haloperidol treatment in striatal membranes, and therefore may also partially counteract the development of neuroleptic-induced dopamine receptor supersensitivity. PMID- 6646503 TI - Interaction of cholecystokinin with vasoactive intestinal peptide in body shaking response to ice-water immersion in rats. AB - Interaction of cholecystokinin (CCK) with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in body shaking response to ice-water immersion was observed in pentobarbital anesthetized rats. Although CCK itself had no influence on the response, VIP suppressed it and this effect of VIP was antagonized by simultaneous administration of sulfated octapeptide of CCK, but not by non-sulfated CCK. PMID- 6646504 TI - A temperature threshold for frog hippocampal kindling. AB - The present report documents the influence of temperature (T) on kindling, i.e. the acquisition of an epileptic focus through localized low voltage electrical stimulation, In the frog hippocampal cortex. Kindling cannot be induced if T is lowered from 18.0 degrees C to just 17.0 degrees C. The possible mechanisms underlying this T threshold are briefly discussed. PMID- 6646505 TI - Increase of paradoxical sleep by electrical stimulation within lateral ventricles of rat. AB - The effect on the sleep-waking cycle of low intensity electrical stimulation (0.2 mA intensity, 80 Hz frequency, 0.7 ms signal duration) within the lateral ventricles was studied in rats maintained under a photoperiod of 12 h light and 12 h darkness (lights on at 06.00 h). When stimulation was performed at 1700 h for 3 min, there was a significant immediate increase in paradoxical sleep (PS) and slow wave sleep (SWS) during the hours of darkness, followed by a delayed increase in diurnal PS amounts during subsequent days. These results are discussed with reference to mechanisms involving the pineal gland and serotonergic system on both the immediate and long-lasting PS effects. PMID- 6646506 TI - Behavioural changes after acute and chronic administration of typical and atypical antidepressants in rats: interactions with reserpine. AB - Acute administration of desipramine, mianserin and viloxazine produces a significant decrease of locomotor activity in rats. Conversely, the locomotion of rats receiving the antidepressants for a prolonged period of time is not modified with respect to control animals. Moreover, the reserpine-induced decrement of locomotion is not influenced by chronic treatment with any of the antidepressants used in the present study. Since tolerance develops rapidly to these behavioural effects they may be indicative of compensatory changes in neuronal systems which may occur during prolonged antidepressant treatment. PMID- 6646507 TI - Reduced nocturnal morphine analgesia in mice following a geomagnetic disturbance. AB - Latency to respond to an aversive thermal stimulus and the degree of analgesia induced by morphine were examined in mice injected with either isotonic saline or morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg) during midscotophase of a 12:12 h LD cycle. When mean response latencies were compared to the degree of geomagnetic disturbance (Ap index) present on test days, it was found that during the geomagnetic storm on December 17th, 1982, a significant reduction (P less than 0.01) in response latency was evident in both saline- and morphine-treated mice. The reduction in response latencies was greater, and lasted longer in the morphine-treated animals. It is suggested that the pineal gland may mediate this biomagnetic effect. PMID- 6646508 TI - Denervation reduces extractable Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in guinea pig lips. AB - Skin extracts of the upper lip of 18 guinea pigs were made and subjected to a Met enkephalin radioimmunoassay 3-4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks after transection of one infraorbital nerve. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of extractable Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the denervated half of the lip as compared to the innervated side. The reduction increased with time. These results show that the enkephalin content of the guinea pig upper lip depends on an intact innervation by the infraorbital nerve. PMID- 6646509 TI - Inhibitory and excitatory effects of histamine on suprachiasmatic neurons in rat hypothalamic slice preparation. AB - The effects of histamine (HA) and serotonin (5-HT) on single neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in hypothalamic slices were investigated by iontophoretic application. Sixty-two of 181 cells were inhibited by HA, whereas 30 were excited. Forty-nine of 163 cells were inhibited by 5-HT, whereas 9 were excited. Pyrilamine, an H1-antagonist, slightly (2/7), and cimetidine, an H2 antagonist, strongly (10/13) antagonized the inhibitory effect of HA. The excitatory effect of HA was not antagonized by cimetidine (0/4), but was perfectly antagonized by pyrilamine (5/5). The present results suggest that HA and 5-HT play mainly an inhibitory role in the SCN neuronal activity, and that inhibition and excitation induced by HA may be mediated by H2- and H1-receptors, respectively. PMID- 6646510 TI - Fasting increases glucose and leucine uptake during regeneration of the hypoglossal nerve in the rat. AB - Glucose uptake is increased during motoneuron regeneration. Since this glucose is probably used as an energy source for axonal regeneration we postulated that hypoglycemia might interfere with motoneuron regeneration. In order to partially test this hypothesis we attempted to induce moderate hypoglycemia by fasting rats for 3 days between the time of hypoglossal nerve transection and the time of [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and [14C]leucine measurement. We transected one hypoglossal nerve, leaving the other intact, and measured the glucose uptake quantitatively or leucine uptake semiquantitatively in the hypoglossal nucleus. We found that both glucose and leucine uptake were increased in the hypoglossal nuclei during regeneration of the nerve in the fasted animals above that in the normally fed animals. This suggests that fasting creates a deficit of glucose and perhaps leucine which induces increased uptake. PMID- 6646511 TI - Effects of accumulation of phosphocreatine on the survival time of thin hippocampal slices from the guinea pig during deprivation of both oxygen and glucose. AB - High concentration of phosphocreatine (P-creatine) was accumulated in the hippocampal slices incubated in the medium containing creatine. Electrophysiological study revealed that the accumulation of P-creatine in the slice not only prolonged the latency of the loss of the postsynaptic potential (PSP) during anoxia (deprivation of oxygen and glucose), but also enhanced the tolerance to the deprivation resulting in the complete recovery of the PSP. Biochemical study revealed that the P-creatine accumulation not only slowed down the rate of decrease of ATP during anoxia but facilitated the recovery of the high-energy phosphates during recovery. Thus the accumulation of P-creatine in the slices prolonged the survival time of the brain tissue during deprivation of O2 and glucose. PMID- 6646512 TI - Functional asymmetry of the songbird brain: effects of testosterone on song control in adult female canaries (Serinus canarius). AB - Previous research showed that chronic testosterone treatment of adult female canaries results in song development, demonstrating that vocal behavior is more dependent upon the presence of an appropriate hormonal stimulus than upon the genetic sex of the individual. We now report that in adult female canaries the importance of the left hemisphere for controlling testosterone induced song increases with singing experience. The occurrence of left-lateralized control of vocal behavior may prove to be a characteristic typical of animals capable of vocal learning. PMID- 6646513 TI - Narrow-spectrum chemoreceptor cells in the antennules of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. AB - The present study shows that smell (antennular) receptor cells are as narrowly tuned to single compounds as taste (leg) receptor cells in the lobster. Antennular receptors responded best to hydroxy-L-proline (57% of the 30 cells sampled) and taurine (24%). In the presence of 14 other compounds in equimolar concentrations, the hydroxy-L-proline and taurine receptors showed a suppressed response to their best stimulus. Other cells had best responses to ammonium chloride, betaine, L-glutamate or L-proline. The results have implications for molecular receptor processes and for the neural basis of feeding behavior. PMID- 6646514 TI - Multiple release of peptides by electrically active neurosecretory caudo-dorsal cells of Lymnaea stagnalis. AB - The neurosecretory caudo-dorsal cells (CDC) of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis produce an ovulation hormone (CDCH), which is stored and released by CDC axon endings in the periphery of the intercerebral commissure. CDCH, released in vitro by electrically active CDC, has the same molecular weight as CDCH stored in the commissure. Electrically active CDC, pre-incubated with radioactive amino acids, release at least 4 labelled compounds, presumably peptides. One of these is probably identical to CDCH. The role of the other peptides in egg-laying is as yet unknown. PMID- 6646515 TI - Conditioned turning in rats: dopaminergic involvement in the initiation of movement rather than the movement itself. AB - Adult rats received unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the mesotelencephalic dopamine pathway following training to turn selectively in one direction for sugar-water reinforcement. The lesion abolished the rats' ability to turn selectively away from the lesioned side, whereas reinforced turning towards the lesioned side remained intact. The pattern of results suggested that the deficit was not attributable to primary motor, sensory or motivational impairments, but to an inability following lesion to initiate movement towards the opposite side. PMID- 6646516 TI - Release of adenosine in vivo from cat caudate nucleus. AB - A push-pull perfusion technique was used to study the release of endogenously synthesized [3H]-adenosine from caudate nucleus in the anaesthetized cat. The spontaneous release of [3H]adenosine newly synthesized from [3H]adenine reached a steady state level 40 min after the beginning of superfusion and continued for 4 h. Potassium and veratridine increased the release of newly synthetized [3H] adenosine. The action of veratridine was completely blocked by tetrodotoxin. We conclude that spontaneous and evoked release of adenosine occurs in the cat striatum and might potentially affect central nervous function. PMID- 6646517 TI - Preferential synthesis of differentiation related cytoplasmic proteins in low serum adapted differentiated glioma cells. AB - Rat glioma (C6) cells can be induced to morphological and biochemical differentiation by culturing in serum-deprived conditions. The induced differentiated cells were found to preferentially synthesize some distinct cytoplasmic proteins, and the rate of synthesis quantitatively correlated well with the degree of morphological differentiation, whereas the total mRNA synthesis was decreased in the differentiated cells. These findings suggest that reduced total mRNA syntheses and preferential translation of differentiation related mRNAs are parts of the biochemical events during the differentiation process of neuroglia. PMID- 6646518 TI - Light microscopic autoradiographic localization of [3H]arginine-vasopressin binding sites in the rat brain and kidney. AB - Specific binding sites for arginine-vasopressin (VP) were demonstrated in various major target areas of VP in the rat brain and kidney by light microscopic autoradiography. In the kidney moderate and intense labelling was found in the cortical and medullar areas, respectively. Within the brain intense labelling was shown in the lateral septum, which lends further support to the hypothesis that VP acts as a neurotransmitter. In the hypophysis moderate and heavy labelling was found in the anterior and neural lobes, respectively, which is in agreement with the idea that VP influences hypophyseal functioning. PMID- 6646519 TI - Neural transplants: volumetric analysis of their growth and histopathological changes. AB - Neocortical transplants from 15-, 18- and 22-day rat embryos were transplanted into the cerebellum of the host animals. The necrotic changes and growth in the transplants, the blood in relation to them, and the space containing CSF were analyzed quantitatively in a developmental sequence. The histopathological changes were seen to last for 6-8 days. The neural tissues after initial regression showed recovery, and started to grow in size after 3-4 days. The transplants from 15-day donors showed the highest growth, and this was followed in sequence by those from 18- and 22-day embryos. Techniques involved in manipulation and dissection of the donor embryos, and in transplantation of the tissue, were found to play an important role in the necrotic and other changes in the transplants. PMID- 6646520 TI - Effects of gangliosides on the development of selective afferent connections within fetal mouse spinal cord explants. AB - Monosynaptic evoked responses were used to localize dorsal root ganglion (DRG) afferent terminals within organotypic fetal mouse spinal cord explants which had been chronically exposed to purified bovine gangliosides during early development. Ganglioside grown cultures showed a highly significant increase in dorsal cord innervation preferences in comparison with control cultures. The amount of evoked activity was significantly lower than was observed in controls, suggesting that the formation of 'incorrect' functional connections was blocked by specific chemical factors. Exposure to N-acetylgalactosamine, a major ganglioside amino sugar, also resulted in an increased dorsal cord innervation preference by the DRG afferents. PMID- 6646521 TI - Antibody L1 ejected from a micropipette identifies neurons without altering electrical activity. AB - Antibody L1 which reacts specifically with the cell surface of central nervous system neurons was pressure ejected from a micropipette into the vicinity of a cultured neuron, or applied to the bathing fluid during intracellular recording of activity. No alterations in membrane potential, shape of action potential, firing rates and postsynaptic activities were observed. Binding of antibody was observed by indirect immunofluorescence after injection of Lucifer Yellow. Bath application of antibody resulted in a uniform neuronal staining over the entire culture, whereas pressure ejected antibodies were limited to neuronal structures within about 200 micron of the cell recorded from. Live, L1 antigen-positive neurons could be identified by indirect immunofluorescence prior to recording. PMID- 6646522 TI - Identification of presumptive long axon neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord: a Golgi study. AB - The present Golgi study identifies and describes 3 types of presumptive long axon neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat lumbosacral spinal cord. These neurons were traced from prenatal stages to adulthood and were found to correspond to the 'limitrophe' and two variations of the 'centrale' cell originally described by Ramon y Cajal in fetal and newborn animals. These neurons can be distinguished from intrinsic, non-projection neurons of the substantia gelatinosa. PMID- 6646523 TI - Asymmetric distribution of catecholamine-containing neuronal perikarya in the upper cervical spinal cord of rat. AB - Hitherto undescribed catecholamine-containing neuronal perikarya (CCNP) were demonstrated in the white and grey matter of the rat cervical spinal cord. In the white matter they were mainly located in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus; the number of CCNP in the left lateral funiculus was significantly higher than that in the right and they also extended further caudally. After colchicine treatment, a greater number of CCNP were visible on both sides, the left side again containing more CCNP than the right. In addition, CCNP in colchicine-treated animals were observed further caudally than in untreated animals. In contrast, no lateralization was apparent in the grey matter CCNP. PMID- 6646524 TI - Decreased catecholamine content caused by slicing of frozen human post mortem brain with an electric blade. AB - A deleterious effect on dopamine and norepinephrine levels was observed in cortical Brodmann area 25 tissue dissected from mechanically cut coronal slices of frozen human brain. Catecholamine concentrations were found to be 10 (NE) and 7 (DA) fold higher in similar tissue dissected directly from the frozen hemisphere without cutting. A heat-related breakdown in endogenous catecholamine content is suspected. An alternative method is presented for cutting coronal slices of frozen human brain which involves much less heat and friction and provides slices with excellent morphological appearance. PMID- 6646525 TI - The future of fermented foods. PMID- 6646526 TI - Use of iron-fortified salt to combat anemia: the Indian experience. PMID- 6646527 TI - Preterm human milk improves the growth of preterm infants. PMID- 6646528 TI - Highly adapted milk formulas improve the growth of preterm infants. PMID- 6646529 TI - Iron deficiency anemia due to impaired iron transport. PMID- 6646530 TI - Copper deficiency and developmental emphysema. PMID- 6646531 TI - Methionine can open the methyl folate trap. PMID- 6646532 TI - Triacylglycerol structure and the atherogenicity of peanut oil. PMID- 6646533 TI - Cobalamin R binder deficiency in a woman with thalassemia. PMID- 6646534 TI - NPs in Tennessee: an historical overview. PMID- 6646535 TI - Chronic airflow limitation. AB - Chronic airflow limitation (CAL) is a problem which causes much disability and the necessity for long-term care. This article discusses the clinical and psychosocial assessment of the patient with CAL as it relates to the goals of management: to optimize airflow; to minimize respiratory failure; to facilitate adaptation to chronic illness; and to develop appropriate coping skills. PMID- 6646536 TI - Ethno-medical beliefs and practices of Mexican-Americans. AB - Family nurse practitioners working with Mexican-Americans are acutely aware that some of their clients are skeptical of typical Western medical techniques. Examination of their health-care seeking behavior shows that they will seek professional medical care when their self-treatment and folk-healing practices have not been successful. FNPs working in a primary care setting need to have a working knowledge and understanding of these beliefs which are deeply rooted in tradition. Only then can the FNP and other health care practitioners render care that is culturally sensitive and acceptable to the client. This article examines some of the more common afflictions in the Mexican-American culture (and their causative factors) in an effort to broaden health care providers' perspective of cultural differences in health and illness. PMID- 6646537 TI - Prevention and treatment of sports injuries. AB - It has been estimated that one-third of all children between 6 and 14 years old are involved in some type of organized sports activity. These facts and figures serve to demonstrate that many children seen by the nurse practitioner will be participating in sports. This article describes important issues in counseling and educating parents, children, schools and coaches; screening examinations for participation; common injuries to the young athlete and treatment of injuries. By intervening in these aspects of sports participation, nurse practitioners may be able to protect young patients both psychologically and physically from the hazards of inappropriate athletic programs. PMID- 6646538 TI - Prevention and differential of scrotal cancer. AB - Testicular self-examination is the most efficient method for early detection of scrotal cancer. These tumors are the most common neoplasm in young adult males, yet health teaching in this area is often overlooked. Several types of testicular cancer and associated risk factors have been identified. The examination is explained and teaching strategies are discussed using a developmental approach with adolescents and young adults. PMID- 6646539 TI - Nurse activism in Oregon politics. PMID- 6646540 TI - Emergency intervention in traumatic amputation. AB - This article focuses on emergency management of traumatic amputation. Emphasis is given to the initial intervention and treatment of the victim and care of the amputated part. PMID- 6646541 TI - Nursing interventions for health promotion. AB - Selected nursing interventions for health promotion in well individuals are described. Over a two-year period, two clinical nurse specialists developed and used client record keeping, role playing, audio and video feedback, imagery, visual mapping and experimentation as health promotion interventions. Clinical examples and client outcomes are discussed. Health promoting interventions are clearly distinguished from disease prevention approaches as described in the literature. PMID- 6646542 TI - The Special Olympics. PMID- 6646543 TI - Framework provides path through right-to-know law. PMID- 6646544 TI - Personal physicians should remain primary. PMID- 6646545 TI - Pregnant workers have discrimination protection. PMID- 6646546 TI - Keep your business sense when buying health care. PMID- 6646547 TI - The alcoholic's supervisor: another victim in need. PMID- 6646548 TI - The corporation needs a psychologist. PMID- 6646549 TI - Effective protection means correct equipment. PMID- 6646550 TI - Looking ahead in occupational health, safety. Interview by Phillip L. Polakoff. PMID- 6646551 TI - Experimental and clinical experiences with peritoneo-venous shunt (locally made Z CI device) in the treatment of intractable ascites. PMID- 6646552 TI - Detection of HBsAg from circulating immune complex: clinical significance in diagnosis of hepatitis B glomerulonephritis in children. PMID- 6646553 TI - [Long-term study of results of radiotherapy in 1480 cases of cancer of the cervix]. PMID- 6646554 TI - [Prognosis in cervix cancer on the basis of histological data]. PMID- 6646555 TI - Effects of rhomotoxin on cat papillary muscle. PMID- 6646556 TI - An approach to investigation of the changing pattern of plasma cyclic nucleotides and their correlation with thyroid hormone in hyperthyroid patients before and after 131I treatment. PMID- 6646557 TI - Effects of 60Co gamma-ray local irradiation on the level of testis tissue cyclic nucleotides and plasma testosterone in the rat. PMID- 6646558 TI - Application of forearm island flap to repair of hand injury. PMID- 6646559 TI - Ohio's medical schools compared to other states: size and cost. PMID- 6646560 TI - Reducing the pressure. Health care for the unemployed. PMID- 6646561 TI - The physician and Ohio law. Minor's statute of limitations fails constitutional challenge. PMID- 6646562 TI - Reproductive performance among DES exposed daughters compared with that of their mothers. PMID- 6646563 TI - [Methods and results of a study of muscular balance of the eyes in preschool children]. PMID- 6646564 TI - [Isoclinals of the interference picture of the cornea as indices of the position of the extraocular muscles in healthy subjects and in strabismus]. PMID- 6646565 TI - [Diagnosis of congenital strabismus]. PMID- 6646566 TI - [Figured "blinding" fields in the treatment of concomitant strabismus]. PMID- 6646567 TI - [Objective method of studying haploscopic fusion capacity]. PMID- 6646568 TI - [Method of testing and threshold of depth vision in preschool children with amblyopia and strabismus]. PMID- 6646569 TI - [New photographic method of studying the nature of natural bifixation in free space]. PMID- 6646570 TI - [Is iodopsin present in the human retina?]. PMID- 6646571 TI - [Relation between ophthalmodynamometric indices of diabetic patients, ophthalmoscopic findings and age]. PMID- 6646572 TI - [Diagnostic value of Vodovoz' reflex in papilledema and pseudopapilledema and its differentiation with Weiss' light band]. PMID- 6646573 TI - [State of the accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio in healthy subjects]. PMID- 6646574 TI - [Specific and nonspecific immunologic reactivity among children with uveitis]. PMID- 6646575 TI - [Glaucoma morbidity among patients with acute cardiovascular pathology]. PMID- 6646576 TI - [Experience with the use of scleranguloreconstruction in the surgical treatment of open-angle glaucoma (late results)]. PMID- 6646577 TI - [New technic and device for removing metal fragments from the posterior segment of the eye]. PMID- 6646578 TI - [Relation between cytologic changes in donor corneas and age]. PMID- 6646579 TI - [Hydrodynamic disorders in alkaline burns of the eyeball]. PMID- 6646580 TI - [Role of accommodative spasm in the development of acquired myopia and prevention of its development]. PMID- 6646581 TI - [Use of contact lenses to determine the completeness of eyeglass correction of astigmatism, elimination of amblyopia and selection of persons suitable for contact correction]. PMID- 6646582 TI - [International classification of bacteria]. PMID- 6646583 TI - [Portable instrument for diploptics]. PMID- 6646584 TI - [Ways of grasping foreign bodies capable of being removed from the eye]. PMID- 6646585 TI - [Efficacy of using a cobalt-samarium eye magnet and approaches to removing magnetic fragments from the posterior portion of the eye]. PMID- 6646586 TI - [Removal of foreign bodies from the eye in the presence of concomitant complications]. PMID- 6646587 TI - [Indications for different methods of treatment for chemically active foreign bodies in the area of the posterior portion of the eye]. PMID- 6646588 TI - [Diascleral extraction of metallic foreign bodies]. PMID- 6646589 TI - [Method of removing intraocular ferromagnetic foreign bodies]. PMID- 6646590 TI - [Use of a magnet-concentrator for removal of intraocular foreign bodies]. PMID- 6646591 TI - [Ophthalmoscopic and functional changes in vascular lesions of the optic nerve]. PMID- 6646592 TI - [Differential diagnosis of bilateral diseases of the optic nerve]. PMID- 6646593 TI - [Hydro- and hemodynamics in ciliochoroidal detachment following surgery for glaucoma]. PMID- 6646594 TI - [Significance of asymmetry of various diagnostic signs in the differential diagnosis of incipient open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension]. PMID- 6646596 TI - [Features of ophthalmopathology in the People's Republic of Angola]. PMID- 6646595 TI - [Concentration of DNA in the nuclei of immunocompetent cells in different forms of diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 6646597 TI - [Comparative cytochemical analysis of the principal chemical components and metabolic features of the epithelium of the lens in man and the rabbit]. PMID- 6646598 TI - [Studies of histomorphologic changes using morphometry in the dynamics of experimental thermal burns of the cornea]. PMID- 6646599 TI - [Several mechanisms of myopia]. PMID- 6646600 TI - [Functions of active-member health workers in a specialized pioneer camp]. PMID- 6646601 TI - [Surgical treatment of ptosis in the Republic of Cuba]. PMID- 6646602 TI - [Effectiveness of efforts to reduce industrial eye injuries]. PMID- 6646603 TI - [Practical value of echography in the complex examination of ophthalmologic patients]. PMID- 6646604 TI - [Differential diagnosis of drusen of the optic nerve]. PMID- 6646605 TI - Hemorrhagic infarction of the basal ganglia. An unusual complication of acute leukemia. AB - Hemorrhagic infarction of the basal ganglia was observed in 2 young adult patients with acute leukemia who presented with progressive hemiparesis combined with severe mental alterations. In case 1 (AML) lethal infarction due to thrombosis of both internal cerebral veins occurred during induction therapy for relapsed leukemia; in case 2 (cALL) a devastating stroke probably due to deep cerebral venous thrombosis happened during the third remission. Neither of them had hyperleukocytosis, signs of infection, disseminated intravascular coagulation or CNS leukemia. We discuss long-term glucocorticoid therapy (case 1) and combined prophylactic CNS treatment (case 2) as possible risk factors for cerebrovascular thrombosis in acute leukemia. PMID- 6646606 TI - Improved tolerance of cytotoxic chemotherapy with lorazepam. A pilot study. AB - Nausea and vomiting may be the most distressing part of cytotoxic chemotherapy for malignant disease and frequently leads to default from treatment. Furthermore, in some patients, anxiety associated with chemotherapy precipitates anticipatory vomiting. 24 patients with refractory vomiting associated with chemotherapy were selected from a homogeneous group of malignancies. 25% of these also had anticipatory vomiting. Lorazepam, a benzodiazepine, in a dose of 3 mg/m2, was given by mouth in conjunction with a standard centrally acting antiemetic 30 min before chemotherapy. Vomiting was totally abolished in 70% of patients; in only 4% two vomiting episodes occurred. In addition, 17% of patients had complete amnesia of the events of chemotherapy. This pilot study suggests that lorazepam in conjunction with standard antiemetic therapy may be an effective means of controlling refractory nausea and vomiting. PMID- 6646607 TI - Effect of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and 3-methylcholanthrene on the toxicity of nicotine applied to mouse skin. AB - The effect of the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) on the toxicity of nicotine and the content of this alkaloid in mouse skin has been determined following the application of these reagents to the skin. TPA or MCA was applied to mouse skin at time 0, and then at various time intervals thereafter, nicotine was applied to the skin. The content of this alkaloid (nicotine DNA ratio) remaining in the skin was then determined 1/2 h after its application. After the application of TPA, the nicotine DNA ratio of the skin decreased from 120 at 1.8 h to 80 at 18 h, increased sharply from 24 h, reaching a maximum of 165 at 72 h, and then decreased gradually. As the nicotine DNA ratio of the skin increased, the mortality rate of the mice also increased, reaching a maximum of over 40% at 48 and 72 h following the application of TPA. When MCA was applied to mouse skin in the same fashion and then nicotine, there was a decrease in the nicotine DNA ratio similar to that induced by TPA and nicotine followed by an average increase in the nicotine DNA ratio of 130 at 72, 96 and 120 h. The mortality rate of these mice was low. Finally, ethyl phenyl propiolate (EPP) was applied to mouse skin at time 0, and nicotine was applied 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h later. The mortality rate was also quite low at these times 1/2 h after application of nicotine (nicotine was not determined in the skin). TPA has induced some change in the skin 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after its application which resulted in an increase in the toxicity of nicotine to mice. Nicotine was not detected by the gas chromatographic method employed in the serum or plasma of nicotine-treated and TPA and nicotine-treated mice even though the mice showed acute reactions of nicotine toxicity and the skin surface contained ample amounts of this alkaloid. PMID- 6646608 TI - Induction of differences in the circadian profiles of DNA synthesis between normal and neoplastic cell populations by hydroxyurea without perturbation of the normal circadian rhythms. AB - This paper presents data which support a previously stated hypothesis that differences in phasing can be induced in the rhythms of DNA synthetic activity (DNA-SA) between normal and neoplastic cell populations in the same animal. The drug used was hydroxyurea (HU). Mice were standardized to a light-dark cycle with light from 06.00 to 18.00 h. Minimal disruption of the normal circadian pattern in DNA-SA in tongue, esophagus, and rectum occurred when 500 mg/kg HU was given at 17.00 h. The same dose of HU given at 05.00 h resulted in significant perturbation of the normal circadian pattern of DNA-SA in these organs. 500 mg/kg HU at 17.00 h did, however, significantly perturb DNA-SA in the Ehrlich's ascites cardinoma (EAC). To study this phenomenon further the following experiments were done in EAC bearing mice: (A) 500 mg/kg HU given at 09.00, 13.00 and 17.00 h; (B) 500 mg/kg HU given at 21.00, 01.00 and 05.00 h, and (C) 3,000 mg/kg given at 17.00 h. In general, the response of the normal organs to HU varied depending on the circadian time of treatment with HU, whereas the response of the EAC was more uniform regardless of when the HU was given. By plotting the data obtained from the 3 normal organs and the EAC on the same graph specific points could be identified when: (a) maximal DNA-SA occurred in the EAC and at the same time minimal DNA-SA occurred in tongue, esophagus, and rectum, or (b) various levels of DNA-SA occurred in the EAC, but, at the same time maximal or peak levels of DNA-SA occurred in the normal organs. PMID- 6646609 TI - Three-dimensional reconstruction of a single cone in the turtle retina. PMID- 6646610 TI - On the connection between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the junctional folds in mouse neuromuscular junction. PMID- 6646611 TI - A rare anomaly of the pectoralis major--the chondroepitrochlearis. PMID- 6646612 TI - A rare anomalous muscle of the neck: a case with the Supernumerarer Bauch des Musculus sternocleidomastoideus (Gruber, 1885). PMID- 6646613 TI - [Ultrastructural analysis of the effects of the aphakia gene in mice embryos]. AB - A light and electron microscope studies of the lenses in ak/ak and +/+ mice at different stages of embryogenesis have shown that the earliest effect of the mutant gene ak at the subcellular level was the destructive change of the cell organelles in the early invaginating placode. As a result, the formation of the basal membrane of the lens placode cells and, later on, the lens capsule development were affected. The destructive changes of the cells were accompanied by a weakening of intercellular contacts and the transport of the degenerating cells into the lens vesicle cavity. PMID- 6646614 TI - [Maturation of the human hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system in prenatal ontogeny. A light-optical and electron microscopic study]. AB - The hypothalamic-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) was studied in the human foetuses from the age of 8 weeks till birth. The hypothalamus of 8 weeks old foetuses is weakly differentiated, no individual cell groups, so-called nuclei, are identified. The supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei are identified from the age of 12 weeks on. The size of cell nuclei increases with the age. The Homori-positive granules were first found in some SON and PVN cell and in neurohypophysis in the 18 weeks old foetuses. It was shown under the electron microscope that the neurohypophysis of 8 weeks old foetuses consisted mainly of pituicytes with axons among the cytoplasmic processes of the latter. After the age of 10 weeks, the area of parenchyma of the neurohypophysis occupied by axons increased and typical elementary neurosecretory granules appeared in them. The data obtained are discussed with respect to the participation of HHNS in the regulation of water metabolism in the human foetuses. PMID- 6646615 TI - [Serotonin and the functional development of the hippocampus in tissue culture]. AB - The influence of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the functional development and chemical sensitivity of the hippocampus neurons has been studied in newborn rats under the conditions of long-term (up to 35 days) in vitro cultivation. The regular introduction of 5-HT in the nutrient medium resulted in an earlier formation of spontaneous pulse activity of neurons and an increase in the number of active cells in the explants. The neurons with periodic (burst or grouped) activity characteristic of the hippocampus neurons in situ predominated in these cultures. 5-HT was shown to inhibit the activity of the most (88%) neurons grown in the medium with 5-HT and this effect was blocked by LSD. The data obtained allow to consider 5-HT as an endogenous factor regulating the postnatal development of the rat hippocampus. PMID- 6646616 TI - [Endogenous CFU-S in the djungarian hamster and the morphological typing of the colonies]. AB - The growth of macroscopic hemopoietic colonies was observed during postradiation regeneration in the spleen of dwarf hamsters (as well as of mice). The erythroid, granulocyte and megakaryocyte colonies were morphologically identified. The ratio between the erythroid and granulocyte colonies amounts to approximately 11. The formation of macroscopic spleen colonies and their morphology can be used for the functional characterization of hemopoietic microenvironment in the dwarf hamster. PMID- 6646617 TI - [Sources of myoblast development in skeletal muscle regeneration]. AB - The regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue was studied upon pharmacological denervation, trauma and combined damage of skeletal muscles in mice. It is suggested that the formation of myoblasts proceeds not only via development of the cells-satellites but also by separation of nucleo-sarcoplasmic territories of the muscle fibres. The ratio of two forms of development of the cells is determined by the experimental conditions which are discussed. PMID- 6646618 TI - Penetrating ocular injury caused by nylon cord fragment from electric lawn trimmer. AB - A 58-year-old man sustained a penetrating injury in the left eye from a nylon cord fragment from an electric rotary weed trimmer. Repair of the corneal laceration, foreign body extraction, and anterior vitrectomy were performed. One year post injury the visual acuity was stable at 6/60. The need for protective eyewear when using power tools is emphasized. PMID- 6646619 TI - The effect of radial keratotomy in the rupture strength of pig eyes. AB - Freshly enucleated pig eyes are significantly weakened following radial keratotomy surgery and are more susceptible to rupture under lateral or axial compression than their unoperated fellow eyes. Patients should be cautioned to restrict hazardous activity in the post-operative period to prevent disastrous globe rupture. PMID- 6646620 TI - Evaluation and comparison of sources of variability in the measurement of corneal thickness with ultrasonic and optical pachymeters. AB - Two studies were carried out to determine and compare the effects of several sources of variation on the measurement of corneal thickness using the standard optical pachymeter and three ultrasonic pachymeters. Sources of variation included: intra- and inter-session variation, inter-observer variation, left/right eye variation, and variations due to alternate settings of ultrasonic sound frequencies. It was found that the optical pachymeter had a) two to three times as much intra-session variation as that of the ultrasound pachymeters, b) significant inter-observer variation (P = 0.015), and c) significant differences between left and right eye thickness determinations (P less than 0.005). On the other hand, ultrasonic pachymeters demonstrated a) high reproducibility, b) no inter-observer variation, and c) no left/right eye variation. These results have implications for the use of pachymetry in measuring corneal thickness for radial keratotomy and other refractive surgery. PMID- 6646621 TI - "Silicone-octopus repair" of lacrimal obstructions in children. AB - Nineteen pediatric cases of lacrimal obstruction due to acquired disorders were repaired by a modification of the conventional silicone intubation procedure. This new operation employs an increased number of silicone strands within the lower excretory system. Sixteen patients had very good results and two were improved; there was one failure. This procedure is indicated in children with combined common canalicular and nasolacrimal duct obstruction. PMID- 6646622 TI - Accessory lacrimal gland fistula secondary to ptosis surgery. AB - This is a case report of the development of a lacrimal fistula following repeated anterior levator resections for severe ptosis. The fistula was excised and pathologically traced to an accessory lacrimal gland. This patient represented the first documented case following an accessory lacrimal gland as the source for a fistula following levator resections for ptosis. PMID- 6646623 TI - A new tip for irrigation/aspiration and ultrasound emulsification. PMID- 6646624 TI - Subjective observations during pars plana lensectomy. PMID- 6646625 TI - The arterially perfused enucleated rabbit eye as a model for studying aqueous humor formation. AB - The rate of turnover of aqueous humor (Kout), as measured by the decay of radioactive inulin from the anterior chamber of the enucleated eye, was similar to the rate of loss of 125I-RISA (radioiodinated serum albumin) from the eye of a living rabbit. Arterial perfusion with 125I-RISA or rabbit serum showed that the permeability characteristics of the blood-aqueous barrier to protein molecules are unaffected in the enucleated eye. The viability of the enucleated eye for secretion of ascorbic acid was also examined, but the results were inconclusive. PMID- 6646626 TI - Biochemistry of the ageing rat lens. II. Isoelectric focusing of water-soluble crystallins. AB - Thin-layer isoelectric focusing of the water-soluble crystallins shows with increasing age of the animals an increase of alpha-crystallins of high and low molecular weight and of the total beta-crystallins content. The beta-crystallin components of high molecular weight also increased during ageing, but the beta crystallins of lower molecular weight decreased considerably. The total gamma crystallin content, as well as certain gamma-crystallin components also decreased considerably with increasing age, or vanished completely. From 429 to 1,211 days of age the male gamma-crystallins as percent of the water-soluble moiety, were higher than the female gamma-crystallins. As a consequence of ascending age, the content of water-insoluble proteins of the rat lens increased gradually and continuously, e.g. by a process of insolubilization of soluble beta- and gamma crystallins. PMID- 6646627 TI - Binocular interaction in visual-evoked responses: summation, facilitation and inhibition in a clinical study of binocular vision. AB - Binocular visual-evoked responses (VER) were recorded in normal and strabismic subjects. The percent increase of binocular with respect to monocular response was correlated to the degree of binocular performance expressed by the values of stereopsis in the Titmus stereo test and TNO test. Summation, facilitation and inhibition of binocular responses were found. In no case was a clear relationship found between the degree of binocularity and the amplitude of binocular VER. This limits clinical application of binocular VER recordings in the diagnosis of binocular vision disturbances. PMID- 6646628 TI - Etamsylate (Dicynone) reduces aqueous humor formation and intraocular pressure in rabbits. AB - The rate of aqueous humor production (measured by the clearance of 125I-labeled albumin administered into the anterior chamber) and the intraocular pressure (measured via an electronic transducer) fell after subconjunctival infection of 37 mg (0.3 ml) of etamsylate (Dicynone) in rabbits. The differences between treated and untreated animals with respect to both variables were statistically significant. It is conjectured that the action of etamsylate in lowering intraocular pressure may be mediated at least in part by its reduction of aqueous humor formation. PMID- 6646629 TI - Comparative material on automated and semiautomated perimeters-1983. AB - In reviewing all the responses from the private practitioners and clinicians in Departments of Ophthalmology throughout the United States and Canada, it would appear that the majority of individuals are quite happy with the automated perimeters they have purchased. Clinicians should be aware that this is a rapidly changing field and several devices which were previously available are no longer being manufactured. In addition, because of the competition which has recently developed in the automated perimetry industry, prices are continuing to come down. Some practitioners have been unhappy with the fact they paid a higher price for a device which is currently selling at a lower price. However, a similar phenomenon has happened in the computer world and is to be expected as competition increases. The major problems which seem to be of concern to all ophthalmologists, are the difficulty in interpreting data and the management of the data. We believe one of the major frustrations of all practitioners using automated perimeters relates to the fact that this is a totally new technique, which requires time and practice to gain familiarity. In general, it would appear that most of the practitioners have been happy with the service provided by various companies, although there are a few exceptions. Read the enclosed responses and develop your own conclusions. We hope you find the information useful. PMID- 6646630 TI - Fundus contact lenses for closed pars plana vitrectomy. PMID- 6646631 TI - Computerized diagnostic instruments for ophthalmic practice. AB - The microprocessor, the so-called "computer-on-a-chip," is providing automation of many of our diagnostic instruments, including refractors, keratometers, lensmeters, and perimeters. Microprocessors can monitor switches, control lights, drive motors, and perform complex mathematical calculations in a fraction of a second. These capabilities promise a standardization of measurement never before possible. Clinical tests will soon not only use instruments controlled by computers, but the tests themselves will be administered by computers. Cost:benefit ratios are decreasing as this new technology becomes an expected part of ophthalmic practice. PMID- 6646632 TI - Intraocular lens data. PMID- 6646633 TI - Multipurpose modified Ziegler knife. PMID- 6646634 TI - Inexpensive device to reduce surgical light exposure. AB - An inexpensive device that reduces light exposure to the retina during intraocular surgery is described. This disposable cap, which shields out 75% of the light, is cut from brown, rubber, surgical gloves by a 9.0 mm corneal trephine. The rubber cap is readily available, easy to use, and an inexpensive solution for surgeons concerned about possible retinal phototoxicity from the operating microscope. PMID- 6646635 TI - Video-photo slit lamp. AB - A combination video and photographic slit lamp manufactured by Rodenstock with a special light source by Storz has been described. Primarily a research instrument because of the expense of the light source, the video system, when properly adjusted, provides useful records of certain procedures and pathology and is an excellent teaching tool. The photographic attachment provides excellent quality, high resolution 35 mm documentation of anterior segment disease and pathology. PMID- 6646636 TI - Automated refractors-1983. PMID- 6646637 TI - Comparison of ophthalmic ultrasonic apparatus. PMID- 6646638 TI - Survey of clinical slit lamps. PMID- 6646640 TI - Gonio-lenses and prisms. PMID- 6646639 TI - A comparison of retinal fundus cameras. Users survey results. PMID- 6646641 TI - Avoidance of complications in lower lid blepharoplasty. AB - The most common complication of lower lid blepharoplasty is lower lid malposition either lower lid retraction or frank ectropion. This is caused by the vertical pull of skin shortage or shrinkage on a lax tarso-ligamentous sling. A method of tightening the tarso-ligamentous sling combined with a lower lid blepharoplasty is presented. An alternate method of lower lid fat removal through the fornix without skin incision is presented to be used in patients with taut lower lid skin. PMID- 6646642 TI - Prevention of blindness after blepharoplasty. AB - As reported in the medical literature, approximately 68 patients have been blinded by complications of the blepharoplasty procedure. All cases have been associated with intraoperative or postoperative orbital hemorrhage. Those factors which will help blepharoplasty surgeons reduce the occurrence of orbital hemorrhage and subsequent blindness are reviewed. PMID- 6646643 TI - Entropion following the Cutler-Beard procedure. AB - Cicatricial entropion is one of several complications that may occur following the Cutler-Beard procedure in upper eyelid reconstruction. Three of ten eyelids developed this complication and were treated successfully. The incidence of entropion following this procedure should be decreased if a tarsal substitute is provided at the time of the initial operation. A composite graft from the nasal septum, a tarsoconjunctival flap from the opposing lower lid, preserved sclera, or autogenous ear cartilage are acceptable tarsal substitutes that can provide the necessary stability to the reconstructed eyelid. PMID- 6646644 TI - Levator aponeurosis surgery for the correction of acquired ptosis. Analysis of 113 procedures. AB - Levator aponeurosis surgery was used to treat 113 upper eyelids with acquired ptosis. Ninety-five percent of the eyelids were corrected to within 1 mm of the desired result. The range of eyelift lift was 1 to 5.5 mm. Follow-up period for these patients was 6 months to 7 years. Local anesthesia is required for this technique since the lid height is determined by asking the patient to look in various fields of gaze. Levator function of at least 8 mm should be present if more than 1 mm of ptosis needs to be corrected. PMID- 6646645 TI - Reconstruction of the eyelid using a myocutaneous island flap. AB - Traditionally, skin flaps have been based upon a contiguous skin pedicle. Recently the concept has re-emerged that the important blood supply frequently lies subjacent to the flap. A temporally based island flap composed of skin and orbicularis muscle, nourished only by its subjacent pedicle, has been successfully used in the reconstruction of 91 eyelid defects. PMID- 6646646 TI - Surgery on orbital floor fractures. Influence of time of repair and fracture size. AB - 51 patients with orbital floor fractures were studied retrospectively to evaluate results in relation to time of surgical repair and fracture size. Early repair (less than 2 months) gave better results than late repair (greater than 2 months) in regard to both enophthalmos and extraocular muscle dysfunction. Large fractures (greater than one-half floor or greater than or equal to 15 fracture volume units) were most likely to be associated with significant enophthalmos after surgery. We recommend tomography when necessary to estimate fracture size, and advise early repair of large fractures, preferably within two weeks after injury. Patients with significant extraocular muscle dysfunction due to tissue entrapment, regardless of fracture size, should be repaired early, preferably within 2 weeks after injury, if improvement does not occur spontaneously by that time. PMID- 6646647 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid leakage after dacryocystorhinostomy. AB - The authors have encountered two presumptive cases of cerebrospinal fluid leakage associated with dacryocystorhinostomy. To understand better the pathophysiology, bilateral dacryocystorhinostomies and anatomic dissections were performed on three fresh cadaver specimens. The average distance from the superior bony nasal window to the floor of the anterior cranial fossa was 5.0 mm. The frontal sinus floor overlies the anterior portion of the nasal window, while the thinnest portion of cribriform plate overlies the posterior portion of the nasal window. A bony fracture of the anterior cranial fossa floor and/or cribriform plate resulted from (1) applying a rotational force to the Kerrison ronguer while enlarging the posterior nasal window or (2) fracturing an attenuated superior wall of an ethmoid air cell which has eroded into the orbital roof. PMID- 6646648 TI - Diagnosis and management of rhino-orbitocerebral mucormycosis (phycomycosis). A report of 16 personally observed cases. AB - Mucormycosis is the most acutely fatal fungus infection of man. The disease causes a characteristic pattern of clinical symptoms and signs, prompt recognition of which will permit immediate institution of antifungal therapy. Personal experience with 16 cases of the rhino-orbitocerebral form of mucormycosis is the basis of this report. The first of these patients was seen in 1959, and the last in 1981. All of the patients had one or more preexisting diseases, as follows: (1) diabetes mellitus, 13; (2) acute leukemia, 3; (3) terminal carcinomatosis, 1; and (4) chronic sinusitis, 1. The most common initial symptoms and signs were sinusitis, pharyngitis, nasal discharge, and orbital/periorbital pain. Proptosis and formation of a black eschar were only seldom among the initially apparent features. Hyphas were demonstrated in tissue sections in 14 of the 16 patients in whom biopsy was done. Rhizopus species were cultured in 11 of the 13 patients from whom material for culture had been obtained clinically. Five of the 16 patients survived. All of them had been treated with surgical debridement and with intravenous amphotericin B. PMID- 6646649 TI - Associated facial contractions after seventh nerve palsy mimicking jaw-winking. AB - A 51-year-old woman who had recovered from Bell's palsy complained of closure of her right eyelids synchronous with chewing. Examination revealed the closure to be synchronous with contraction of the orbicularis oris muscles, not jaw muscles. Other associated facial movements were detected. Electromyography demonstrated that the decrease in size of the palpebral fissure is from contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscles, not inhibition of the levator muscle, proving that this is the effect of aberrant seventh nerve regeneration. This is one of many mass action effects which can occur with seventh nerve regeneration and should not be termed a syndrome. PMID- 6646650 TI - Improved prosthetic motility following enucleation. AB - Enucleation is the beginning of a long-term relationship between the ophthalmologist and the patient to provide a comfortable, cosmetically acceptable, anophthalmic socket. The ideal socket should have a low risk of implant extrusion, normal volume, and normal motility of the prosthesis. Aspheric motility implants provide good motility, but pressure points between implant and prosthesis may lead to discomfort or extrusion. Spherical volume implants minimize pressure between implant and prosthesis, but have been criticized for inability to transmit motility to the prosthesis. The authors describe a modification of the traditional sphere implant technique that provides improved motility, ease in prosthetic fitting, and a comfortable socket. PMID- 6646651 TI - The argument against imbricating the rectus muscles over spherical orbital implants after enucleation. AB - Upper eyelid ptoses with migrated spherical implants resulting from imbrication of the rectus muscles over the implants after enucleation appears to constitute a syndrome. Traditionally shaped artificial eyes cannot reduce this type of ptosis. Spherical implants 18 mm in diameter do not fill Tenon's space. Imbricated muscles slip off the sphere, usually to the inferior nasal side. The sphere is displaced into the superior temporal quadrant of Tenon's space. A rolling motion is imparted to all tissues. The superior fornix and upper lid are pulled forward and downward. The inferior fornix is stretched into a rounded trough. The lower eyelid is pulled downward and backward. There is little motility to move the artificial eye. There are several better alternative types of surgery, some involving buried quasi-integrated muscle cone implants. More eye fitters will now fit these implants properly because of the educational efforts of the American Society of Ocularists. Two of those are most favored by the author because the surgical methods of their implantations do not contribute to ptosis and the resulting motility and general cosmesis are typically very good to excellent. In the order of preference they are: 18 or 16 mm diameter acrylic spheres in evisceration. The quasi-integrated implant which has become known is the Iowa Implant, specifically designed for imbrication of the rectus muscles after enucleation. PMID- 6646652 TI - The pattern electroretinogram in optic nerve disease. AB - Pattern evoked electroretinograms (PERG), diffuse flash electroretinograms (ERG) and visual evoked potentials were studied in patients with unilateral optic nerve disease. Patients with Snellen acuities of less than 6/30 did not have recordable PERGs in their affected eye, whereas their diffuse flash ERGs were normal. The VEPs were correspondingly reduced or absent when recorded from the poorer seeing eyes. A second group of patients with Snellen acuity between 6/6 and 6/30 in the involved eye showed reductions in the mean PERG amplitude of the affected as compared with the normal eyes. All affected eyes showed an abnormal contrast threshold measured with the PERG amplitude. Such results underscore the diagnostic value of the PERG in detecting even mildly affected cases of optic nerve disease. PMID- 6646653 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the lacrimal sac. AB - Diagnosis to differentiate successfully an uncommon epidermoid carcinoma of the lacrimal sac from the commoner acute inflammation of the lacrimal sac requires a good history and thorough physical examination. If epidermoid carcinoma of the lacrimal sac is suspected, additional procedures including a dacryocystogram, orbital tomograms, plain films and CAT scans, and otolaryngologic consultation are necessary. Such a successful diagnosis of an epidermoid carcinoma of the lacrimal sac is reported here. An aggressive surgical approach is described and strongly recommended because review of the literature shows that the prognosis for these tumors is very grave. PMID- 6646654 TI - Orbital arteriovenous malformation with secondary capillary angiomatosis treated by embolization with silastic liquid. AB - A 19-year-old Caucasian man developed signs of an orbital arteriovenous malformation, which was biopsied and then treated by embolization with a rapidly polymerizing silastic liquid. The biopsy from the initial specimen showed arteries and veins that were malformed with irregular elasticas and muscularis thicknesses, but the most curious feature was a secondary endothelial cell proliferation of such proportions as to simulate in various fields a capillary hemangioma of childhood. Approximately 50% of the bulk of the tumor was the result of the secondary endothelial cell proliferation, which we presume occurred in response to the irritative circumstances of increased intracapillary pressure from the high blood flow between the abnormal arteries and veins. Four years after the tumor was treated with the silastic liquid, it recurred and was again removed surgically. On this occasion, the histopathologic study of the tissues demonstrated a persistent secondary capillary angiomatosis, as well as chronic inflammatory reaction and granulomatous response surrounding the entrapped fragments of the polymerized silastic liquid. PMID- 6646655 TI - Biochemical studies on a lysosomal storage disease in Abyssinian cats. AB - Blood lipid analysis was performed on the serum of 2 normal kittens and 1 adult cat and on serum from 3 affected kittens. Thin layer chromatography was done on tissue extracts of various organs from clinically affected kittens and unaffected unrelated kittens of a similar age, and on serum from carrier cats, affected kittens, related unaffected kittens and unrelated kittens. Spleen and lymph node cell cultures were prepared from 1 affected kitten and the growth medium and cell cultures were analysed for lipids. A lecithin-like phospholipid was identified in the serum of an affected kitten, a carrier cat and a related unaffected kitten. This substance was produced by the liver of affected kittens and also by macrophage-like cells in spleen cell cultures prepared from the spleen of a kitten with signs of the disease. PMID- 6646656 TI - Intoxication of cattle on kikuyu grass following army worm (Spodoptera exempta) invasion. AB - Clinical features and pathological and mycological findings in a field outbreak of intoxication in dairy cattle grazing kikuyu grass are reported. The outbreak followed invasion of the grass by the army worm (Spodoptera exempta). Clinical signs included drooling of saliva, depression, apparent inco-ordination, sunken eyes, ruminal distension and atony, recumbency, moderate diarrhoea and "sham drinking". Seventy-seven cows (64%) were clinically affected over a period of 12 days. Of these, 37 died. Necropsies performed on 4 affected cattle revealed necrosis of the epithelium of the forestomach, which was consistently more severe in the omasum. Light microscopy showed extensive necrosis of the epithelium of the forestomach with associated fibrinopurulent inflammation. The stratum spinosum and s. granulosum were selectively involved, but the s. basale was generally preserved. Electron microscopical examination of ruminal and omasal epithelium from 2 of these cattle revealed cytopathological features in the s. spinosum and s. granulosum which were consistent with stages in an acute, anoxic type of injury. Mycological examination of the pastures revealed sparse growth of a mixed fungal population, which included Myrothecium verrucaria. There was no evidence of heavy fungal infestation. Previous evidence that M. verrucaria, or other fungi, may be involved in the aetiology of kikuyu grass poisoning of cattle in New Zealand is addressed. It appears improbable that any of the fungi isolated in this investigation could have played an important role in the aetiology of this outbreak. PMID- 6646657 TI - Studies on the parasites of zebra. II. Cylicostephanus longiconus n. sp. (Nematoda: Stronglyidae) from the mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae (Matschie, 1898). AB - A new species of nematode, Cylicostephanus longiconus, was collected from mountain zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae (Matschie, 1898), on the Kelpie farm in the Khomas Hochland, South West Africa/Namibia. These nematodes have 1 large dorsal and 2 small subventral teeth in the oesophageal funnel and submedian papillae with very long tips. The males have a very well-developed dermal collar and genital cone. PMID- 6646658 TI - The influence of water-level fluctuation on the drift of Simulium chutteri Lewis, 1965 (Diptera, Nematocera) in the Orange River, South Africa. AB - In July 1982, the invertebrate drift at Marksdrift comprised 98, 7% Simulium chutteri; 0, 75% Chironomidae; 0, 3% Ephemeroptera; 0, 15% Copepoda, and 0, 1% Trichoptera. Simuliid eggs were found in only 6 out of 75 samples. A single water level reduction of 57 cm (54%) resulted in a more than sixfold increase of S. chutteri larvae in the drift and a more than 50% decrease of 1st and 2nd instar larvae in the drift after the water had returned to its original level. Larvae found lying in pools after the water-level had dropped belonged mainly to instars 5-7, 70% of them showing symptoms of starvation after 3 days when the river had risen again. The drift of simuliid head capsules decreased when the larval drift increased, as fewer simuliid larvae moulted when they had been disturbed. The low drift of eggs and the presence of very few pupae and adults indicated that most of the S. chutteri population was in the larval stage and that July was therefore an ideal month for water-level manipulation. Its main effect was achieved by irritating larger larvae and thus preventing them from resettling. PMID- 6646659 TI - Haemonchus contortus from the vaal ribbok, Pelea capreolus, and the bontebok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, in the Bontebok National Park. AB - During a survey of the parasites of antelope in the Bontebok National Park, Swellendam, Cape Province, specimens of Haemonchus contortus with exceptionally long spicules were recovered from 5 out of 8 bontebok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, and 3 out of 5 vaal ribbok, Pelea capreolus, but not from 4 springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis. Typically, H. contortus has spicules 0,466 +/- 0,085 mm long, but those recovered from vaal ribbok had spicules 0,581 +/- 0,02 mm long and were recovered in large numbers from this antelope only. This indicates that the nematode is probably a definitive parasite of vaal ribbok, and its occurrence in bontebok must be regarded as accidental. PMID- 6646660 TI - Notes on African Haemaphysalis ticks. XV. H. (Rhipistoma) norvali sp.n., a hedgehog parasite of the H. (R.) spinulosa group in Zimbabwe (Acarina: Ixodidae). AB - The male, female, nymph, and larva of Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) norvali sp. n., are described and compared with other members of the H. (R.) spinulosa group. Adult H. (R.) norvali parasitize the southern African hedgehog, Erinaceus frontalis Smith, in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe. Immatures were reared on a laboratory rabbit. PMID- 6646661 TI - Some physiopathological features of experimental Homeria glauca (Wood & Evans) N. E. Br. poisoning in Merino sheep. AB - Five Merino sheep were dosed 3 g/kg of dry, finely-milled Homeria glauca (Natal yellow tulp) plant material. An electrocardiogram was recorded and the arterial and central venous blood pressure, blood gases, haematological variables, plasma electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and PO4(2-) ) and a variety of serum enzymes and chemical constituents were measured hourly until death (3 sheep) or until sheep were in extremis (2 sheep). Heart rate rose progressively as a result of sinus and, later, ventricular tachycardia. Systolic blood pressure rose, but there was little change in the mean and diastolic arterial pressures and central venous pressure. There was progressive hypoxaemia, hypercarbia and acidaemia with depletion of plasma bicarbonate. Haemoconcentration, hyperkalaemia and hypochloraemia were found along with rising serum creatinine and plasma glucose. Rises in serum enzymes indicated widespread tissue damage. Electrocardiographic recordings were being made at the moment of death in 3 of the 5 sheep. In these 3 sheep the cause of death was ventricular fibrillation. PMID- 6646662 TI - The efficacy of the Drummond adult test on Boophilus microplus females (Acarina: Ixodidae) subjected to various periods of cold storage prior to organophosphate testing. AB - Engorged females of Boophilus microplus, stored at 4 degrees C for up to 5 days, and females, kept at room temperature for 1 day and then at 4 degrees C for 1 day, showed no significant differences in their response to an organophosphate as determined by the Drummond adult test. PMID- 6646663 TI - A survey on neoplasia in domestic species over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974 in the Republic of South Africa. VI. Tumours occurring in dogs. AB - A survey was carried out on all canine neoplasms recorded in the registration files of the Section of Pathology of the Veterinary Research Institute at Onderstepoort over a 40-year period from 1935 to 1974. The neoplasms were divided and tabulated into 14 groups according to body systems or tissue types. A total of 3 388 neoplasms were recorded. The 5 most frequently affected body systems were the mesenchymal tissues (33,7%) the skin and adnexa (20,8%) the female genital tract (10,2%), the lymphohaemopoietic tissues (8,9%) and the male genital tract (5,8%). Mastocytomas, the most frequently encountered type of tumour, accounted for 12,7% of all the neoplasms, followed by lymphosarcomas, melanomas, squamous cell carcinomas, basal cell tumours, haemangiosarcomas and histiocytomas. A variety of mesenchymal tumours were encountered, the most common types being mastocytomas and histiocytomas as well as tumours of vascular, fibrous and adipose tissue origin. The principal cutaneous tumours included basal cell tumours, squamous cell carcinomas, perianal gland tumours and melanomas. Eighty per cent of the neoplasms of the female genital tract were mammary tumours, 50% of which were mixed mammary tumours, whilst the principal neoplasms of the male genital tract involved the testes, of which Sertoli cell tumours were the commonest type. The majority of the digestive tract neoplasms occurred in the oral cavity, the most frequently recorded types being inflammatory epulides and melanomas. Osteosarcomas, neurofibromas and thyroid carcinomas were, respectively, the most frequently encountered neoplasms of the skeletal, nervous and endocrine systems. Pulmonary adenocarcinomas, melanomas and cholangiocarcinomas were the commonest tumours of the lung, eye and liver. PMID- 6646664 TI - The ixodid tick burdens of various large ruminant species in South African nature reserves. AB - The ixodid tick burdens of eland (Taurotragus oryx), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), nyala (Tragelaphus angasi), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in the Kruger National Park, Transvaal; of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and nyala in the Hluhluwe Game Reserve, Natal; and of gemsbok (Oryx gazella) in the Mountain Zebra National Park, an eland in the Thomas Baines Nature Reserve and an eland and greater kudu in the Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve, eastern Cape Province, were determined. The tick burdens of animals shot at the same time and locality are compared, and the attachment sites of some tick species on some of the hosts are given. PMID- 6646665 TI - Comparison of oil adjuvant and aluminium phosphate-adsorbed toxoid for the passive immunization of lambs against tetanus. AB - Immunization of ewes with oil emulsion toxoid followed by an aluminium phosphate adsorbed toxoid both containing 10 Lf per dose, resulted in a very high antitoxin level in their lambs. Two injections of aluminium phosphate-adsorbed toxoid also imparted a passive immunity to lambs which is considered to be adequate to protect them against tetanus for 4 weeks after birth. PMID- 6646666 TI - Effect of amphetamine on optokinetically evoked head and eye movements in the squirrel monkey. AB - The effect of amphetamine sulfate injection on head and eye movements evoked by optokinetic stimulus was studied in squirrel monkeys. No change was found in the gain of optokinetic-oculomotor and optokinetic-caputomotor functions, even after the maximum dose (0.5 mg/kg) of amphetamine. Also, no change in eye-head coordination was found. However, amphetamine facilitated the frequency of head nystagmus, whereas that of eye nystagmus did not change. When the poststimulus responses were studied in the dark, both nystagmoid head movement and optokinetic after eye nystagmus showed first phase and second phase. A different effect was found in the duration of these two phases suggesting the existence of distinct generators. Moreover, the synchronized onsets of head and eye nystagmus in both phases, and synchronized occurrence of quick phases indicated the existence of shared neural circuitry between head and eye movements. PMID- 6646667 TI - Electrocochleography: using extratympanic or transtympanic methods? AB - The advantages and disadvantages of the transtympanic and extratympanic methods for recording electrocochleographic potentials (ECochG) are discussed. Our extra tympanic method (adapted from Coats) and some results are presented. We conclude that for broad clinical application an ear canal surface electrode is the method of choice for recording ECochG, unless the primary question is one of threshold measurement. If the registration of brainstem potentials from the vertex does not show a potential I, we recommend simultaneous recording of ECochG by an extratympanic method with earphones. PMID- 6646668 TI - Stapedectomy in osteogenesis imperfecta. AB - Operative findings and results of stapedectomy in 32 patients (43 ears) with osteogenesis imperfecta are presented. The stapes footplates were in many ears thick and of a very soft consistency. In all the operated ears we found the stapes footplates fixated in the oval window. Brittle and atrophic stapes crura were a common finding, but in only 5 ears fractures of the crura were observed. A thick and vascular middle ear mucosa was seen in several ears. Although the middle ear proved quite different from that of otosclerosis, no major difficulties and no serious complications occurred during stapedectomy. Both the immediate postoperative hearing gain and the long-term hearing results were, in general, satisfactory. Our study supports the statement of others, that stapedectomy in osteogenesis imperfecta is a safe and reasonable alternative to hearing aids. PMID- 6646669 TI - Microlaryngoscopy in local anesthesia using Brunings' counterpressor. AB - Disadvantages of instruments and methods of the usual microlaryngoscopic examination procedure carried out under general anesthesia are offset in an almost optimal way when Brunings' counterpressure device is employed and the operation is carried out under local anesthesia. Some notes concerning the method, which are based on 10 years' experience, are given. PMID- 6646670 TI - [Course of nonclostridial anaerobic infections in suppurative open fractures and osteomyelitis]. PMID- 6646671 TI - [Intraoperative blood loss, ways of preventing it and compensating for it]. PMID- 6646672 TI - [Improvements to methods of treating closed fractures of the lower extremities and pelvis at an emergency treatment hospital]. PMID- 6646673 TI - [Surgical treatment of chronic dislocations of the hip complicated by a fracture of the body of the ischium]. PMID- 6646674 TI - [Repeated fractures]. PMID- 6646675 TI - [Effect of brief shunting in injuries of the major vessels of the extremities (experimental-clinical study)]. PMID- 6646676 TI - [Restorative surgery in injuries of the major vessels of the extremities]. PMID- 6646677 TI - [Treatment of injuries of the median and ulnar nerves in children]. PMID- 6646678 TI - [Status of microcirculation and peripheral circulation in patients with sports injuries]. PMID- 6646679 TI - [Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia in children]. PMID- 6646680 TI - [Disorders of sternal ossification, pectus carinatum and cardiac pathology]. PMID- 6646681 TI - [Magnetotherapeutic correction of hemodynamic disorders in closed injuries of the extremities]. PMID- 6646682 TI - [2d wave of fat embolism--grave complication of multiple injuries]. PMID- 6646683 TI - [Traumatic disarticulation of half of the pelvis from the lower extremity]. PMID- 6646684 TI - [Use of hydrocortisone injections in ambulatory practice in various diseases of the musculoskeletal system]. PMID- 6646685 TI - [Anesthesiologic and infusion-transfusion tactics in pediatric orthopedic surgery]. PMID- 6646686 TI - [Ultrasonic cavitation with antibacterial preparations in the primary surgical treatment of wounds]. PMID- 6646687 TI - [Intramedullary distraction of the femur (preliminary report)]. PMID- 6646688 TI - [Method for preventing and treating suppurative complications of wounds]. PMID- 6646689 TI - [Transport immobilization of the multiply injured]. PMID- 6646690 TI - [Clamp for skeletal traction in preschool children]. PMID- 6646691 TI - [Device for removing intraosseous rods]. PMID- 6646692 TI - [Discussion of various aspects of injuries in children]. PMID- 6646693 TI - [Appropriateness of using infusions of large volumes of lactasol in traumatic shock]. PMID- 6646694 TI - [Surgical treatment of patients with trochanteric fractures using a fixation device of our own design]. PMID- 6646695 TI - [Treatment of fracture-dislocations of the hip joint]. PMID- 6646696 TI - [Prevention of complications in the region of the greater trochanter during endoprosthesis of the hip joint]. PMID- 6646697 TI - [Securing the pelvic portion of hip joint endoprostheses by the Sivash system]. PMID- 6646698 TI - [Suppurative complications of hip joint endoprosthesis by the Sivash method]. PMID- 6646699 TI - [Thermographic studies in rheumatoid polyarthritis before and after surgical treatment]. PMID- 6646700 TI - [Primary endoprosthesis of the finger joints]. PMID- 6646701 TI - [Autoplasty of the tendons of the flexors of the fingers at remote periods after injury]. PMID- 6646702 TI - [Functional treatment of injuries of the navicular bone]. PMID- 6646703 TI - [Transosseous osteosynthesis in fractures of the neck of the femur]. PMID- 6646704 TI - [Transarticular fixation in fractures of the neck of the femur]. PMID- 6646705 TI - [Intersubstitution of the superior pole of the head of the femur following epiphyseal osteomyelitis]. PMID- 6646706 TI - [Evaluation of the load on the resected greater trochanter after endoprosthesis of the hip joint by the K. M. Sivash method]. PMID- 6646707 TI - [Grafting of a toe onto the hand after amputation of the thumb]. PMID- 6646708 TI - [Cutaneo-osseous reconstruction of the thumb using a microsurgical technic]. PMID- 6646709 TI - [Methods of reconstructing fingerless hands]. PMID- 6646710 TI - [Microinjuries and suppurative diseases of the fingers among rural inhabitants]. PMID- 6646711 TI - [Device for fixation of fragments of the femur]. PMID- 6646712 TI - [Device for reaming out marrow cavities]. PMID- 6646713 TI - [Rehabilitation therapy of the sequelae of injuries and diseases of the hands]. PMID- 6646714 TI - [Use of tables to determine the optimal extent of treatment by ambulance squads]. PMID- 6646715 TI - [Treatment of varus deformity of the neck of the femur]. PMID- 6646716 TI - [Unified approach to the problems of child injuries]. PMID- 6646717 TI - [Questions about cholegraphy]. PMID- 6646718 TI - [Examination of kidney function in patients with gout using scintigraphy]. PMID- 6646719 TI - [Pattern of premature and low birth weight births in Hungary 1978-1981]. PMID- 6646720 TI - [Percutaneous nephrostomy in the management of septic pyelonephritis in pregnancy]. PMID- 6646721 TI - [Management of pathological fractures caused by metastases from malignant tumors]. PMID- 6646722 TI - [Epidural anesthesia in urologic practice]. PMID- 6646723 TI - [Incidence of secondary intestinal tuberculosis]. PMID- 6646724 TI - [Etiology of isolated esophageal atresia]. PMID- 6646725 TI - [Intermittent mandatory ventilation: a new respiratory possibility in the management of acute respiratory insufficiency]. PMID- 6646726 TI - [Condyloma acuminatum as a childhood problem]. PMID- 6646727 TI - [Time-related changes in heart size in congestive cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 6646728 TI - [Prolactin levels in children with celiac disease]. PMID- 6646729 TI - [Fenestration of the pericardium in uremic pericardial effusion]. PMID- 6646730 TI - [Blood pressure readings in adolescents and young persons]. PMID- 6646731 TI - [Attitude of the hospital community toward the psychiatric department and mental patients]. PMID- 6646732 TI - [Liver cancer with increased gonadotropin secretion simulating primary necrotizing cholangitis in ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 6646733 TI - [Experience with hospital trains with regard to transmissible diseases during World War II]. PMID- 6646734 TI - [Computerized tomography in pediatric neurology clinical practice]. PMID- 6646735 TI - [Permanent bladder neck resection using the Reuter trocar]. PMID- 6646736 TI - [Hyponatremia in malignant renovascular hypertension]. PMID- 6646737 TI - [Cancer of the jejunum]. PMID- 6646739 TI - [Diagnostic possibilities in Prinzmetal (variant) angina pectoris]. PMID- 6646738 TI - [Characteristics of intracranial pressure in the hydrocephalic fetus under intrauterine monitoring]. PMID- 6646740 TI - [Spontaneous fistula of the duodenum and the renal pelvis]. PMID- 6646741 TI - [Radiologic aspects of the evaluation of diminished work capacity]. PMID- 6646742 TI - [Management of hearing loss during the initial period of speech development]. PMID- 6646743 TI - [Evaluation of a rapid test for the study of mineralocorticoid activity in the body]. PMID- 6646744 TI - [Immunologic and physiologic tets in hexachlorophene-induced occupational bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6646745 TI - [ECG changes in subarachnoid hemorrhages]. PMID- 6646746 TI - [Therapy of dyskinesia of Oddis sphincter with calcium antagonists]. PMID- 6646747 TI - [Cancer of the appendix arising from a villous adenoma]. PMID- 6646748 TI - [Differential-diagnostic problems in Budd-Chiari syndrome]. PMID- 6646749 TI - [Genetic-epidemiologic study of hemophiliacs in a transdanubian county]. PMID- 6646750 TI - [Localization of atrial electrical activity by a phonomechanographic method]. PMID- 6646751 TI - [Epidemiologic data on patients with bronchial asthma registered at tuberculosis clinics]. PMID- 6646752 TI - [Embolism of the small and middle branches of the pulmonary artery]. PMID- 6646753 TI - [Automation of peritoneal dialysis treatment. Results of a multicenter study]. PMID- 6646755 TI - Analysis of reaction times to coloured stimuli. AB - Reaction times were measured for 10- and 500-ms coloured stimuli at three different threshold intensity levels. The stimulus intensity of a 1 degree foveal flash detected with a probability of 0.5 was taken as the threshold intensity level. All flashes were superimposed on a 1000-td white background. The reaction time distributions were classified in terms of sustained- and transient-like responses. The distributions for the 0.5-s blue, red and white flashes all appear sustained-like at the subthreshold and threshold intensity levels. As the blue, red and white flashes were probably detected by different systems (colour opponent and luminance) it appears that the sustained-like response is not a prerogative of any particular detection system. The responses to the blue flashes are on average about 80 ms longer than those to the white and red flashes. This difference can be attributed to a somewhat slower operation of either the blue sensitive cones or of the blue/yellow opponent system. The responses to the white 10-ms flashes are about 120 ms faster than those to the 500-ms flashes. This considerable difference may reflect the faster response of the transient system. PMID- 6646754 TI - [Echinococcosis of the kidney]. PMID- 6646756 TI - Information concerning colour derived from a single boundary. AB - Two experiments are described in which visual information is derived from a single moving boundary in the retinal image, all other boundaries being stabilized so that they contribute no visual information. In this situation the subject perceives the same colours on the two sides of the boundary as would be perceived in normal vision when, owing to eye-movements, all boundaries in the retinal image are moving relative to the retina. Thus complete information leading to perception of hue and saturation as well as brightness, and not merely differences of hue etc. on the two sides, can be derived from a single boundary. PMID- 6646757 TI - Human tear volume, quality and evaporation: a comparison of Schirmer, tear break up time and resistance hygrometry techniques. AB - A group of 10 subjects had their tears evaluated by the Schirmer and tear break up time (TBUT) tests and their rate of tear evaporation measured by resistance hygrometry. No significant relation was found between the evaporation of the tears and the results obtained by either the Schirmer or the TBUT test. No correlation was found between the Schirmer and the TBUT test results. A significant increase in tear evaporation rate was however produced by the instillation of fluorescein during the TBUT test and by the application of Schirmer strips during the Schirmer test. It is concluded that the Schirmer and TBUT tests measure different features of the tears and these features are not related to the rate of tear evaporation. PMID- 6646758 TI - An instrument for mapping corneal light-scattering characteristics. AB - A simple inexpensive apparatus for measuring the forward light-scattering properties of excised corneas is described. The apparatus generates a light scatter profile to indicate the angular dependence of the intensity of scattered light over a 140 degree angle within a time of 9 s. The potential clinical use of light scatter measurements in the detection of corneal disease and other uses for this apparatus are discussed. PMID- 6646759 TI - Development of a contact lens for refracting aquatic animals. AB - Development of a new technique for refracting the eye of unwieldy and large aquatic organisms in air is presented. The technique employs a contact lens to simulate underwater conditions. Refraction is performed through a flat front surface with an ophthalmoscope or a streak retinoscope. Data from 11 carcharhinid sharks (four species) indicate that the smaller eyes of inshore species are defocused relative to the eyes of offshore species. PMID- 6646760 TI - Spherical aberration of the lens of the ground squirrel (Spermophilis tridecemlineatus). AB - Spherical aberration of the excised ground squirrel lens was measured by photographing the variation in back vertex distance for parallel helium - neon laser beams of various separations. The results indicate high levels of negative spherical aberration in amounts similar to that measured earlier for the rat lens. The effect of the aberration on resolution ability is likely minimized by the small size of the ground squirrel pupil in diurnal conditions and possibly by the existence of positive corneal aberration. PMID- 6646761 TI - Physiological exophoria. AB - The evidence for the existence, nature and degree of physiological exophoria was examined with respect to a sample of 663 optometric patients. It was found that the mean value for heterophoria is the same for distance and near vision up to the age of the early twenties. After this age, the mean value for distance heterophoria remains unchanged throughout life whilst there is a change in the value for near vision towards exophoria, giving 5 delta physiological exophoria. No differences between males and females were found. Physiological exophoria is shown to increase regularly with age and no sudden increase was found at the age when presbyopic additions were first worn. It is concluded that presbyopic additions are not the cause of the physiological exophoria. PMID- 6646762 TI - Investigation of visual pathway abnormalities in human albinos. AB - Flash visual-evoked cortical and subcortical potentials are studied in human albinos for evidence of optic nerve fibre misrouting. The relationships between the results obtained and the visual problems associated with albinism are discussed. PMID- 6646763 TI - Mechanisms of accommodation and refractive error. AB - The classical or Helmholtz theory of accommodation has formed the basis of optometric practice for many years. This theory maintains that the ciliary muscle receives only parasympathetic innervation and that the position of rest in the emmetropic eye lies at optical infinity. The suggestion of a dual sympathetic/parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle also dates from the last century. Recent studies indicate that the "dark focus" or resting point of accommodation lies at some intermediate distance and that the refractive state in the absence of an adequate stimulus represents the tonus position of the ciliary muscle for minimal autonomic innervation. This paper considers the possible role of a sympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle in the development and correction of refractive errors. PMID- 6646764 TI - Clinical inferences and decisions--I. Diagnosis and Bayes' theorem. AB - Clinical decisions are based upon inferences derived from test evidence where data is collected as a means of hypothesis testing. In medicine, the initial expectation of a clinical state is rarely expressed in the classical scientific language of a null hypothesis where alternative outcomes are assumed to be equally probable, because clinical experience reinforces the maxim that common events occur commonly. The collection of test evidence in clinical practice, therefore, is directed towards overturning prior likelihoods for a clinically pathological state which are far from mere chance expectations. The extent to which any test evidence can modify such prior expectations not only depends on its relevance to the clinical state in question (i.e. the hypothesis) but also is largely influenced by the inherent error rates in the test itself. Clinical decision models should reflect these facts. Using examples from the field of ophthalmology, this paper presents a normative model using Bayes' theorem of conditional probabilities which provides a rational framework upon which to base or appraise clinical decisions. Parts II and III of the series will expand this clinical application of decision theory to show how it may be used in the absence of hard test evidence and also where a different emphasis or utility may be placed on false positive or false negative errors. PMID- 6646765 TI - A scanning focimeter to measure peripheral lens powers. AB - A special device adapted to a Nikon projection vertexometer permits the power to be measured in the periphery of ophthalmic lenses. The marginal power can be measured with respect to the vertex sphere. Various values of the vertex sphere radius can be obtained with this instrument. The characteristics of this modified focimeter are described in this paper. PMID- 6646766 TI - Practical applications of the contrast sensitivity function. AB - The contrast sensitivity function, as a statement of visual capabilities over a wide range of object sizes, has proved to be a valuable tool in the study of visual mechanisms. This paper examines the more clinical applications of the function which may be of interest to practising optometrists. These applications include the assessment of binocularity and aids to the recognition of conditions not picked up by more conventional tests. PMID- 6646767 TI - Ultrasound--a research tool in the study of accommodation. AB - Measurements of the globe were made at different stages of accommodation with Kretz A-mode ultrasonic equipment. A comparison between the movement of the crystalline lens in two refractive groups appeared to show that the highly myopic lens had to expand more per dioptre of accommodation; in other words, it was less efficient than the near-emmetropic lens. Also the posterior surface of the lens appeared to move more in highly myopic eyes than in near-emmetropic eyes. PMID- 6646768 TI - Some aspects of amblyopia. AB - Some of the recently suggested methods for treating amblyopes are reviewed. A survey of the success rate in 50 young amblyopes, using conventional methods, is described. Whilst 26% did not improve at all in visual acuity, 50% improved by at least two Snellen lines. The suggestion is made that the success rate in the clinic described is similar to that found elsewhere. PMID- 6646769 TI - Stereopsis with spatially-degraded images. AB - Experiments are described in which stereo-thresholds were determined under conditions of monocular and binocular dioptric blur, or when spatially-filtered, computer-generated images were used. The results show that, in general, monocular image degradation in combination with an undegraded image in the other eye produces a worse stereo-performance than does the corresponding binocular combination of degraded images. High-pass spatial-frequency filtering, where image frequencies greater than or equal to 4 c/deg are retained, provides better stereo-acuity than low-pass filtering, where only frequencies less than or equal to 4 c/deg are present. PMID- 6646770 TI - The treatment of congenital idiopathic nystagmus by intermittent photic stimulation. AB - An analysis is presented of the results obtained by treating 54 patients with congenital nystagmus using intermittent photic stimulation. The major beneficial effect has been to improve the visual acuity, though the nystagmus itself is sometimes reduced in amplitude or even eliminated; an unexpected bonus, in certain cases, is the improvement in stereoscopic acuity. PMID- 6646771 TI - The effect of reduced viewing time on colour vision in normal subjects and those with abnormal ocular conditions. AB - The effect of restricting viewing time to 3.75 ms in normal subjects is to produce a tritan-like colour response on the City University colour vision test. This response pattern is consistent and is repeatable for standard illuminant C at 600 lx. Supplementary tests suggest that the effect is due to a defect of the blue/yellow opponent system rather than a true tritan defect. The same test when repeated on subjects with amblyopia or retinal pathology provides different results which may aid in the differential diagnosis of some visual disorders. PMID- 6646772 TI - Social aspects of visual disability. AB - Over 40 million people are estimated to be limited in the work they can do by a visual disability, most of them in the Third World. Much preventable blindness goes unchecked and even reversible blindness is untreated in countries where aphakic spectacles may cost the equivalent of a year's earnings. In the United Kingdom and other advanced countries the problems are very different. Visual disability is 100 times more likely to occur in a person over 75 than in a child. The disabled carry heavy penalties, social, financial and psychological. Society, when it is aware, tends to "look after" the disabled person, rather than provide him with the means to look after himself, but services are inadequate to meet demands. PMID- 6646773 TI - Screening by optometrists. AB - The optometrist is well placed to screen a large proportion of the population for a variety of conditions. Two examples of such screening, for vascular hypertension and learning underachievement, are discussed. PMID- 6646774 TI - [Proceedings of the 31st meeting of the Polish Association of Otolaryngologists. Poznan, 20-22 September 1980]. PMID- 6646775 TI - The knowledge of parents of children with diarrhea on oralit at the department of child health, Dr. Pirngadi General Hospital Medan. PMID- 6646776 TI - The problems and demands of children in Indonesia for the next twenty years. PMID- 6646777 TI - Asthma and emotional factor. PMID- 6646778 TI - Thalassemia and its problems in the adolescent age. PMID- 6646779 TI - The relationship between birth weight and a number of body measurements of neonates at Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan. PMID- 6646780 TI - Radiological changes on 82 cases with thalassemia syndromes. PMID- 6646781 TI - Prevention of tuberculosis in children and tuberculin testing. PMID- 6646782 TI - Chorea associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of a case and brief review of the literature. PMID- 6646783 TI - [The pediatrician in the world of today]. PMID- 6646784 TI - [Sonographic diagnosis of nephrourologic diseases in infants and childhood]. AB - Ultrasound is a harmless and renal function-independent screening procedure to detect malformations of the urinary tract, that need surgical intervention. Because of the paucity of symptoms concomitant with congenital malformations it is important to use this non-invasive exploration method frequently in the early course of the diagnostic investigations. Pathologic sonographic findings should be followed by radiologic exploration. In case of normal renal sonography in patients suffering from first urinary tract infection, further radiologic exploration of the upper urinary tract can be withheld, however ultrasound does not replace radiologic studies of the lower urinary tract. Complications after surgical procedures are readily depicted by sonography, thus avoiding the need for numerous post-operative radiologic study. PMID- 6646785 TI - ["Limited joint mobility". Diabetes-specific joint changes in diabetic children]. AB - This paper describes a case of limited joint mobility (diabetic cheiroarthropathy) observed in our pediatric diabetological outpatients department. Symptoms are limited mobility of big and small joints, thickened, waxy skin, delay in growth and maturation. Of major importance is the reference to the microvascular risk of 83% as stated by Rosenbloom in diabetes patients of Type I suffering from limited joint mobility and this signifying unfavourable prognoses. PMID- 6646786 TI - [Staging of Hodgkin's disease in childhood]. AB - Any therapy of the Morbus Hodgkin depends on an exact staging. Until 1969 staging was done after evaluation of different parameters such as histological examination of lymph nodes, scintigraphy of liver and spleen, laboratory tests, and finally the clinical picture. Classification of lymphogranulomatosis was quite ameliorated after introduction of the staging laparotomy with or without splenectomy as a diagnostic routine procedure by Glatstein and Coworkers in 1969. And today any adequate therapy is based on this surgical staging. Before planning the laparotomy some questions are important for the pediatric surgeon and the oncologist: Which complication are to be expected? Should there always be a splenectomy, and does it have dangerous sequelae? Are simultaneous surgical intervention indicated? Which is the right timing for the staging laparotomy? PMID- 6646787 TI - [Importance of fear in diabetic children]. AB - A group of 36 boys and girls aged 9 to 16 suffering from diabetes mellitus was tested with a Children's Anxiety Scale. There are significant lower scores in the group of the children aged 9 to 12. No marked difference was found between the diabetic children aged 13 to 16 and the control group. Results are demonstrated in one diagram and discussed. The disease, the higher defense and the management training are reducing the level of anxiety. PMID- 6646788 TI - [Regional analysis of infant nutrition during the 1st 3 months of life]. AB - A feeding survey was conducted amongst 100 infants during the first three months of life, from December 1980 to August 1981. If breast milk was not available, infants were fed with adapted nutrition. Recommended nutrition was changed in 62 infants, 30% within the first four weeks and 70% between six and ten weeks. Partially adapted nutrition was used by mothers most frequently, while breast milk and mixed milk feeding decreased to 42%. The different findings and causes of changes in the nutrition are discussed. PMID- 6646789 TI - [Early diagnosis and early treatment of a patient with intralobular pulmonary sequestration]. AB - A report is given on a case of intralobar pulmonary sequestration (I. L. S), which was hospitalized with the suspect diagnosis of a cavernous tuberculous infection. The 3 6/12-year-old boy was suffering of recurrent respiratory infections. These led finally to a thoracic X-ray control. X-rays showed a cystic malformation of the left lower lobe. This localisation drew our attention especially to I. L. S. after exclusion of various other diagnostic possibilities. For this reason a retrograde aortography was carried out and showed an abnormal blood supply of the cyst from the thoracic aorta. So this procedure established the diagnosis. Because of the high pulmonary and cardiac complication rate, a surgical treatment, as early as possible, is the therapy of choice. In our case the segmental resection was sufficient. PMID- 6646790 TI - [Make a diagnosis. Waardenburg's syndrome type 1]. PMID- 6646791 TI - [Josamycin in bronchopulmonary and otorhinological diseases in pediatrics]. AB - Josamycin, one of the more recent macrolide antibiotics, was evaluated in 29 children aged from 2 months to 13 years with bronchopulmonary or otorhinological disease. With a daily dose in the range 30 to 60 mg/kg bodyweight, and an average treatment period of 7.7 days, 24 children were cured and 5 markedly improved. In only 4 children were minor side effects, such as gastrointestinal disturbances, observed, which in no case necessitated interruption of therapy. By virtue of its spectrum of activity josamycin seems to be an ideal antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial respiratory tract infections. In addition, josamycin displays a high degree of activity against mycoplasmas and chlamydiae. Only a very low percentage, reported as 6%, of staphylococcal are primarily resistant to the antibiotic, and the rapid development of resistance to other macrolides, has not been reported for josamycin. No cross resistance exists between josamycin and penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracycline or aminoglycosides. These characteristics represents josamycin for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. The pleasant taste of the preparation used in this study ensured its ready acceptance by the children treated. PMID- 6646792 TI - [X-ray skeletal changes in children with chronic renal insufficiency]. AB - The typical changes of renal osteopathy are shown in the X-rays of 7 children with end-stage renal disease treated with chronic intermittent hemodialysis. The exact evaluation of the granular structural changes of the cranium, the evidence of osteomalacia because of the hazy appearance of the vertebrae and the broadening of the sacroiliac joints depend highly on subjective judgement and the technical X-ray procedures used. Unmistakable radiological diagnoses can be made when a broadening of the metaphyseal zones, epiphysiolysis as well as characteristic changes in the finger phalanges (acro-osteolyses, spicula, tunnelation) are present. PMID- 6646793 TI - Temporo-mandibular joint dysfunction: pain and illness behaviour. AB - This study investigated prospectively the illness behaviour of 100 patients with temporo-mandibular (TMJ) dysfunction and 100 asymptomatic patients. It has previously been shown that a simple illness behaviour questionnaire (IBQ) can discriminate between patients with intractable facial pain and minor odontogenic pain [28]. The purpose of this study was to determine whether it was possible to prospectively identify those patients who may be resistant to conservative therapy. The results showed that the TMJ dysfunction patients had significantly increased levels of disease conviction (P less than 0.001), anxiety or depression (P less than 0.005), and were less likely to deny the existence of problems in their life (P less than 0.05) compared to control patients. However, the TMJ population was much closer to the control population than to a pain clinic population. In the small percentage (13%) of patients who failed to respond to conservative therapy, over half showed abnormal illness behaviour. Seventy-five percent of all the TMJ patients could be excluded from further assessment of abnormal illness behaviour at little risk of incorrect classification. Thus the illness behaviour questionnaire can be used as a screening device to identify those patients who require psychologic treatment rather than more aggressive surgical treatment. PMID- 6646794 TI - Is the temporo-mandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome a disorder of the mind? AB - It was assumed that patients with temporo-mandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS) would represent a population whose pain resulted from their emotional state. It was anticipated in the light of existing reports in the literature that they would score like patients with anxiety neurosis or other psychiatric illness on the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI: a measure of anxiety and other emotional characteristics). It was also anticipated that patients with facial pain associated with lesions would show evidence of similar emotional disturbance secondary to their pain. It was postulated, however, that the TMPDS patients would be separated from the others by a scale which measured their attitudes to parents and childhood experience, namely, the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). The actual comparison of TMPDS patients and patients with facial pain and lesions or pathophysiological disorders showed little evidence of neuroticism in either group; nor were the parental bonding attitudes found to be abnormal. It is questioned whether TMPDS is primarily psychological in origin. PMID- 6646795 TI - Development of the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire to assess pain in cancer and other diseases. AB - This paper reports the development of a self-report instrument designed to assess pain in cancer and other diseases. It is argued that issues of reliability and validity should be considered for every pain questionnaire. Most research on measures of pain examine reliability to the relative neglect of validity concerns. The Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire (BPQ) is evaluated with regard to both reliability and validity. Data from patients with cancer at 4 primary sites and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis suggest that the BPQ is sufficiently reliable and valid for research purposes. Additional methodological and theoretical issues related to validity are discussed, and the need for continuing evaluation of the BPQ and other measures of clinical pain is stressed. PMID- 6646796 TI - Main venous risks factors in orthopaedic surgery. PMID- 6646797 TI - Report on a case of inflammatory pseudotumour of the lung. PMID- 6646798 TI - Zoophilia: factors related to its sustained practice. PMID- 6646799 TI - Haptoglobin in splenomegalic cirrhosis; report of 40 patients after shunts and or splenectomy. PMID- 6646800 TI - First experimentation of the Spartacus telethesis in a clinical environment. AB - A prototype 'telethesis', a telemanipulator for high level tetraplegic and similarly disabled persons, has been developed in the French Spartacus project. The system has a modular control structure, both in the choice of transducers and in the microprocessor programmes assuring the ergonomic link with the individual user. A special training procedure has been developed and tested both in the laboratory and in the hospital. Six tetraplegic patients have used the system in the laboratory and seven in hospital. The experience of 6 months of experimentation in the occupational therapy department with the seven patients is reported. The telethesis has been well accepted by four of them, two of whom have used it for prolonged periods of time. One case has not been adapted with great success prior to his departure, and in two others the use of the system has been rejected, largely for psychological reasons. PMID- 6646801 TI - The use of the bladder wash-out test in patients with spinal cord lesions who have urinary tract infection. AB - In 42 patients with a spinal cord lesion and chronic urinary tract infection the bladder wash-out test was performed to locate the site of infection. The test was easy to perform and no complications occurred. The test could not be performed in only one patient. Differentiation between upper and lower urinary tract infection was possible in 36 patients (43 tests). By using the test, precise treatment was possible for 23 patients, of whom 17 were cured. PMID- 6646802 TI - The effect of anteromedian sphincterotomy on penile erections in patients with neuropathic bladder. AB - In a series of 94 patients with neuropathic bladder undergoing anteromedian urethral sphincterotomy, 20 had no penile erections prior to surgery. In the remaining 74 cases, seven (9 X 5 per cent) had diminished erections postoperatively and three (4 per cent) no erections. It is considered that the risk of this complication is less with anteromedian sphincterotomy than with bilateral 3 and 9 o'clock sphincterotomy. PMID- 6646803 TI - Amputation for peripheral vascular disease in the paraplegic and tetraplegic. AB - The occurrence of lower limb gangrene due to atherosclerosis is reported in 14 spinal cord paralysed patients. A further three patients became paraplegic and developed lower limb gangrene following aortic surgery for atherosclerotic complications. The clinical features are described and the difficulty in diagnosing ischaemia in the paralysed limb is emphasised. The incidence and prognosis following amputation are similar to those in the general population and there is no evidence from this series that paraplegia and tetraplegia predispose to atherosclerosis. PMID- 6646804 TI - Pathophysiological mechanism of traumatic cavitation of the spinal cord. AB - The gross anatomy and the histological appearances of the spinal cord were studied in 120 patients who died in the Metropolitan Rehabilitation Centre at Konstancin as a result of a spinal injury. Three varieties of lesion were found: Total disorganisation of the spinal cord at the site of trauma. Total disorganisation of the cord at the site of trauma associated with pipelike necrosis extending up and down from the main injury. This longitudinal cylindrical-pipelike necrosis is described in this paper as 'traumatic haemorrhagic cavitation'. Partial spinal cord necrosis localised to the area of supply of intraspinal arteries. The possible vascular mechanisms of traumatic spinal cord injury, resembling the changes observed in experimental animals, are discussed. PMID- 6646805 TI - Studies to determine the taxonomic status of Eimeria mitis, Tyzzer 1929 and E. mivati, Edgar and Seibold 1964. AB - We have examined several taxonomic features of a number of strains of Eimeria from many sources world wide. The strains were isolated on the basis of their small spherical (or sub-spherical) oocysts. From a study of mean oocyst dimensions, electrophoretic variation of enzymes, ability to develop in embryonated eggs, absence of gross lesions in heavily infected chickens, and cross-immunity, all the strains were found to belong to one species. For convenience, the parasites when isolated, were referred to as strains of E. mitis/mivati-type, but after characterization they were clearly found to be E. mitis. In contrast, a laboratory strain of E. mivati supplied to one of us (M.W.S.) was found to be a mixture of E. acervulina and E. mitis. Evidence from these and other studies supports the notion that E. mivati is a nomina dubia. PMID- 6646806 TI - Host cell invasion by Apicomplexa: an expression of the parasite's contractile system? AB - Recent studies on the motility of coccidian sporozoites have demonstrated a membrane-associated contractile system capable of moving certain intramembraneous components down the parasite surface propelling it forwards. The properties of this system resemble recorded observations on host cell invasion. In this study the invasive behaviour of Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina has been examined, with reference to the above findings, by light microscope and scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Known inhibitors of motility prevent invasion, though attachment appears unaffected. Invasion itself consists of 3 phases; attachment and orientation, induction of a parasitophorous vacuole and translocation of the parasite into the vacuole. Ultrastructural examination reveals a close membrane/membrane association maintained throughout invasion. From these results it is suggested that the parasite enters the parasitophorous vacuole by 'capping' the host/parasite junction down its body, so locomoting into the host cell. Such a model has two main advantages; it requires no additional modifications to either cell, and the specificity of membrane receptors would enable the one membrane-associated contractile system to be responsible for locomotion, antibody capping and host cell invasion. PMID- 6646807 TI - Infections with a Malaysian dog strain of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in outbred, inbred and immunocompromised mice. AB - The course of infection with a Malaysian dog strain of Ancylostoma ceylanicum was investigated in 15 inbred strains of mice, in outbred and inbred mice immunosuppressed with prednisolone, and in immunodeficient hypothymic mice. Oral, percutaneous and subcutaneous routes of infection, in both sexes of mice, were assessed. In only one instance was a single small adult male worm found. Following oral infection, larvae migrated from the stomach to the large bowel and then a proportion of worms penetrated the perianal skin. This was followed by the appearance of larvae in the lungs. Living 3rd-stage larvae were seen in the anterior small intestine, perianal skin and lungs for the 6 weeks of the study, with peak recoveries being at 12 h, 8 days and 3 weeks, respectively. It is clear that systemic migration of larvae occurs after oral infection, and it is possible that recirculation may occur. Only a small percentage of larvae penetrated the abdominal skin after being administered percutaneously. In subcutaneous infections, a small proportion of larvae moved rapidly from the site of injection and were recovered from the lungs 2 h after infection. Most larvae, however, migrated from the injection site over the ensuing few days. Living 3rd-stage larvae were seen in the lungs and in the small intestine for the 4 weeks of observation. The strain of A. ceylanicum employed does not complete its development in mice. Nevertheless, this model offers significant potential for studying the immune responses, as well as investigating the means by which these parasites evade host defences. PMID- 6646809 TI - The pathology induced in laboratory rats by metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps and Mesocestoides corti (Cestoda). AB - Sprague-Dawley rats were infected by intraperitoneal injection with either the cysticerci of Taenia crassiceps or the tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti. Both species of metacestodes reproduce asexually in the peritoneal cavity. The effect of T. crassiceps upon the rats was to cause chronic inflammation of the peritoneum, fibrous adhesions between the visceral organs and hyperplasia of the gut mesenteries which became extended into a large sac-like structure. Dead parasites surrounded by white calcareous material were found free in the peritoneum and attached to the inner body wall and viscera. The histopathology of the hyperplastic mesenteries and fibrous membrane is described. The tetrathyridia of M. corti were found free in the peritoneal cavity as well as in the liver (mainly the left liver-lobe), gut mesenteries and in an outgrowth of the connective tissue associated with the pancreas. The connective tissue outgrowth comprised 2 layers; an inner reticular layer and a thickened marginal layer. Metacestodes were found in collagen-fibrin capsules within the connective tissue. A layer of mucopolysaccharide material was interposed between the parasite and the capsule wall. A possible method by which the parasites gain entry into the connective tissue is described. The connective tissues of rats harbouring either M. corti or T. crassiceps had increased numbers of mast cells compared to connective tissues from control rats. Younger mast cells containing biogenic amines predominated in infected tissues whereas older heparin-containing cells dominated control tissues. PMID- 6646808 TI - Parasite population biology and host nutrition: dietary fructose and Moniliformis (Acanthocephala). AB - Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible influence of host dietary fructose concentration on the relationship between worm burden and the fecundity of Moniliformis dubius. Worm length was found to be dependent both on the fructose concentration of the host's diet and on worm burden. The number of free ovaries/female worm was found to increase linearly with increasing dietary fructose concentration but was independent of worm burden. The length of the ovaries increased with increasing dietary fructose concentration and decreased in response to increases in worm density. The magnitude of the density-dependent reduction in the volume of ovarian tissue/female was decreased in worms from rats fed on diets containing low concentrations of fructose. The numbers of eggs present in the body cavities of the female worms was found to be positively correlated with dietary fructose concentration. At 5 weeks post-infection, mature eggs (containing fully developed acanthor larvae) were found in the body cavities of female worms from rats whose diets contained 3 and 12% fructose, but not in those from rats whose diets contained 1 and 2% fructose (w/w). The experimental results are discussed in the wider context of the influence of host nutrition on parasite population biology. PMID- 6646810 TI - Allosteric control of pyrimidine transport in Hymenolepis diminuta: an unusual kinetic isotope effect. AB - A thymine-uracil transport system is present in the plasma membrane brush-border of the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. The relation between initial uptake and substrate concentration of either thymine or uracil was sigmoidal when 2-14C labelled substrates were used. In contrast, absorption kinetics of methyl-14C- and 3H-labelled substrates were hyperbolic. Since there was no metabolism of the labelled substrates during the incubation period, these differences indicate that the sigmoidal kinetics of pyrimidine transport in this organism is an isotopic effect associated with the presence of the 14C label at the 2 position in the pyrimidine ring. PMID- 6646811 TI - Junctional complexes in the inner cyst tissue of the cysticercoid of Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). AB - The inner cyst tissue development is anteriad and centripetal. The cells produce lamellar extensions which assume parallel alignment. The first contact points (approximately 4 days post-infection) establish heptalaminar (gap) junctions. Lamellar attenuation results in a decreased intercellular space, and at 5-6 days pentalaminar junctions (with fused outer plasmalemma leaflets to give an electron dense, approximately 3 nm wide O-O line) occur. This is the first maturation (M1) stage. The O-O lines are permeable to lanthanum, and evidence of their possible transformation from heptalaminar junctions is presented. Continued lamellar attenuation, associated with scolex retraction and subsequent growth, results in cytoplasmic occlusion and contact between the inner leaflets of the same lamella. The resultant electron-dense I-I line is approximately 3 nm wide; the O-O line is now less electron-dense and thinner (approximately 2 nm). This final maturation (M2) stage, resembling vertebrate myelin, occurs over limited areas; closely adjacent regions either remaining at the M1 stage, or not displaying junctional complexes. Since in vivo and in vitro excystment can occur before the M2 stage, the inner cyst tissue is not considered to be protective against the definitive host. That the tissue may function in limiting nutrient flow, thus regulating the size of the presumptive adult, is discussed. PMID- 6646812 TI - The host-parasite relationship of Schistosoma japonicum in CBA mice. AB - The host-parasite relationship of the Chinese mainland strain of Schistosoma japonicum in CBA mice is described and compared to previous reports on this parasite in mice. S. japonicum took under 2 weeks to complete its migration to the portal system of mice, and peak passage of schistosomula through the lungs occurred 5-6 days after infection. The mean percentage establishment of worms, which was independent of the infecting inoculum, was 46%. The adult worm burdens remained constant over a 28-week period of infection. Male and female worms reached maximum mean lengths of 13 and 19 mm, respectively. Egg laying commenced 30 days after infection. The number of ova deposited in the liver stabilized at some 55 000 by 12 weeks of infection with 30 cercariae, but the intestinal egg burden rose from 132 000 at 12 weeks to 430 000 at 28 weeks. Faecal eggs were first observed 6 weeks after mice were exposed to 100 cercariae and 7 weeks after lighter exposures. Faecal egg output also stabilized 12 weeks after infection. The formation of granulomas in the liver occurred within 2 weeks of egg deposition and encompassed a maximum area 14 weeks after infection. Fifty per cent mortality occurred 15 weeks after exposure, but only in hosts infected with 100 cercariae. PMID- 6646813 TI - Antimicrobial susceptibility tests: for better or worse. PMID- 6646814 TI - Test and teach. Number forty-one. Diagnosis: hypertriglyceridemia with pseudohyponatremia in acute or chronic alcoholism; multiple myeloma with pseudohyponatremia, decreased anion gap and hypercalcemia. AB - In discussing these 2 patterns, a detailed review has been made of the composition of plasma (in terms of water, proteins, crystalloids and lipids) and of the physico-chemical composition of proteins and lipids. This should enable the reader to give a clearer explanation to his clinical colleagues in instances of pseudohyponatremia from water 'displacement'. Prompt notification to the clinical of the laboratory observation that a specimen of plasma or serum is lipemic may on occasion prevent incorrect and potentially dangerous therapy of a 'low' sodium concentration or even, rarely, an unnecessary laparotomy for acute abdominal pain. It is for these very practical reasons that the examples have been chosen. PMID- 6646815 TI - Disseminated atypical mycobacterial infection in hairy cell leukemia. AB - The clinical features are described of disseminated atypical mycobacterial infection of the subcutaneous tissues occurring in a patient 3 yr after the diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia. Skin biopsy identified the causative organism as an atypical mycobacterium of the M. avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex. In vitro studies showed that the patient had impaired mononuclear cell phagocytosis. These findings, lend support to the hypothesis of a specific defect of immunity in hairy cell leukemia. PMID- 6646816 TI - Origin of myofibroblasts in the avascular capsule around free-floating intraperitoneal blood clots. AB - The origin of cells comprising the capsule which forms around free-floating intraperitoneal blood clots has been examined in rats. One day after implantation the surface of the clot was covered by 1-2 layers of rounded nucleated cells. The majority of these cells were monocyte/macrophage in type with many cytoplasmic folds. Over the next 2 wk a thick capsule composed of dense connective tissue and myofibroblasts developed, completely covering the clot. The surface became covered by a contiguous layer of mesothelial cells, apparently derived from displaced cells of the damaged peritoneum. Detailed examination of the formation of the capsule suggested that a proportion of cells with the characteristic features of peritoneal macrophages gradually develop over a 3-4 d period the characteristic features of fibroblasts. These cells with time then develop filament bundles and a basal lamina to become myofibroblasts. PMID- 6646817 TI - Rapid induction of gastric ulceration in guinea pigs by sequential exposure to a barrier breaker and indomethacin. AB - In short term experiments under halothane anesthesia, guinea pig total gastric pouches were initially and terminally exposed to 0.1 M HCl for 30 min. During an intervening 50-min test period, the gastric mucosa was exposed at pH 7.3, either to a barrier breaker (lysolecithin or diluted bile or sodium taurocholate) or to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for half of the period, followed by exposure to indomethacin or further PBS for the second half of the test period. Scoring of mucosal damage was assessed from coded photographs and histological slides and by measurement of the transmucosal potential difference. In comparison with controls exposed only to PBS in the test period, indomethacin did produce minor but significant mucosal damage, whereas over this short time interval, the barrier breaking agents did not. Sequential exposure of pouches to lysolecithin and indomethacin caused a highly significant increase in ulceration, compared to controls or to indomethacin or lysolecithin exposure separately. PMID- 6646818 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tubes: a clinicopathological study of eight cases. AB - Eight cases of clinically evident adenocarcinoma of fallopian tubes were encountered in King George V Memorial Hospital between Jan. 1950 and Dec. 1981. The tumours occurred predominantly in postmenopausal women and usually presented with vaginal bleeding and/or abdominal pain. A pelvic mass was invariably present. The tubal carcinomas were associated with peritoneal endosalpingiosis, ovarian serous neoplasms and epithelial lesions of the breast. Tumour spread was mainly by invasion of the tubal wall with direct involvement of adjacent organs and subsequent transcelomic dissemination. Prognostic factors are discussed. One patient presented with cerebellar disturbance which was considered to be a paraneoplastic syndrome. We believe this to be the first case of such a syndrome in association with tubal carcinoma and the case history is presented in detail. PMID- 6646819 TI - The potassium/sodium ratio in the demonstration of sudden ischemic cardiac death: a critical appraisal. AB - The practical value of measuring the ratio of potassium ion (K+) to sodium ion (Na+) in myocardium as an indicator of early inapparent infarction in sudden cardiac death was assessed using a series of 29 human hearts from selected coroner's autopsies together with experimental material from dogs, including infarcts of 5 min to 4 h duration. Samples for electrolyte analysis were derived from a transverse slice of each heart, taken through both ventricles midway between base and apex, all slices being completely subdivided into a numbered sequence of blocks. Ratios were mapped and compared with macroscopic enzyme staining and histological stains for injured muscle. Detailed examination of coronary arteries was performed on all human cases. Measurement of the K+/Na+ ratio did not detect all human cases of proven acute coronary occlusion and did not unequivocally demonstrate experimental infarcts less than 2 h old. Moreover, all ratios fell with increasing duration of autolysis, emphasizing the need for multiple sampling so that each heart may serve as its own control. As a routine test, therefore, the method is both impracticable and unreliable and as previously used has been subject to misinterpretation. PMID- 6646820 TI - Heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Variable platelet-rich plasma reactivity to heparin dependent platelet aggregating factor. AB - The heparin dependent platelet aggregating factor in the serum from an individual with heparin induced thrombocytopenia exhibited reactivity with only 50% of an extensive panel of normal platelet rich plasmas, and this variability was independent of the platelet rich plasma platelet Factor 4 content. Individual sera of 3 other patients with heparin induced thrombocytopenia showed considerable variation in the lag phase and rate of platelet aggregation when tested with different normal platelet rich plasma preparations. These findings suggest that in the appropriate clinical setting the documentation of heparin dependent platelet aggregating factor should employ a panel of platelet rich plasmas if the initial screen is negative. PMID- 6646821 TI - The influence of colcemid concentration on mitotic index and length of bone marrow chromosomes. AB - Bone marrow cells from 25 patients with different hematological disorders were cultured overnight and then exposed to colcemid, varying both concentration and time of exposure, in order to obtain optimal results. PHA stimulated lymphocytes were treated in a similar manner for comparison. Results showed that with concentrations at or below 0.4 microgram/ml, the mitotic index of PHA stimulated lymphocytes was reduced and the metaphase spreads were of poor quality, but spreads of bone marrow chromosomes were not adversely affected at even much lower concentrations. Furthermore, both chromosome length and mitotic index were found to increase with lower concentrations. These observations, together with results obtained by comparing mitotic indices after varying exposure times, suggest that bone marrow cells may be inhibited from passing through G2 by high concentrations of colcemid. Thus by lowering the concentration of the colcemid for bone marrow cultures, we have been able to increase greatly the yield of bandable metaphases. PMID- 6646822 TI - Screening for alcohol intoxication by the osmolar gap. AB - Significant ethanol intoxication can be detected by measuring a large osmolar gap, i.e. a large difference between the measured and calculated plasma osmolality. In our laboratory, measurement of the osmolar gap with the application of a correction factor has been used as a screening test for alcohol intoxication and has been shown to be rapid and effective and to compare favourably with an accepted method for assaying ethanol (alcohol dehydrogenase). In only a few clinical situations is a more specific and accurate assay for ethanol required. In interpreting the result, it must be stressed that substances other than ethanol may occasionally cause a raised osmolar gap. PMID- 6646823 TI - [Effect of epithalamin on the course of traumatic shock in rats]. PMID- 6646825 TI - [Mechanisms of oxygen supply to the brain in hyperbaric oxygen therapy of acute blood loss]. PMID- 6646824 TI - [Effect of cranio-cerebral trauma on the development of post-resuscitation brain edema]. PMID- 6646827 TI - [Central hemodynamics and contractile function of the myocardium in experimental mitral valve insufficiency]. PMID- 6646828 TI - [The nature of pre-cancer]. PMID- 6646826 TI - [Effect of chronic hemolytic anemia on myocardial contraction and increase of the resistance of the heart to hypoxia]. PMID- 6646829 TI - [Evaluation of liver circulation by tetrapolar electroplethysmography in experimental myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6646830 TI - [Changes in serum complement activity in the early periods of experimental myocardial infarction in dogs]. PMID- 6646831 TI - [External respiration after extensive pneumonectomy and stimulation of restoration of the respiratory function]. PMID- 6646833 TI - [Structural changes in tissue components of the nephrons after thermal stress in different periods of postnatal development]. PMID- 6646832 TI - [Metabolic changes in the blood in traumatic shock]. PMID- 6646834 TI - ["Plus-minus interaction" principle in the regulation of immune response in toxic hepatitis]. PMID- 6646835 TI - [Activity of enzymes of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in the muscles of denervated tongue]. PMID- 6646836 TI - [Effect of nonspecific stimulators on body resistance to tumor growth]. PMID- 6646837 TI - [Interaction of parameters of the body's internal medium in the development of the adaptation "activation reaction"]. PMID- 6646838 TI - [Comparative characteristics of cultivating granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells in the bone marrow and abdominal cavity in situ]. PMID- 6646839 TI - [Novocaine and humoral regulation of gastric secretion]. PMID- 6646840 TI - [4-channel transistor attachment for recording tissue blood flow by hydrogen clearance]. PMID- 6646841 TI - [Elaboration of a method of experimental long-term drainage of the gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 6646842 TI - [Fatty acid composition of blood plasma lipids in traumatic shock]. PMID- 6646843 TI - [Functional and morphological changes in the mucosa associated with colo-rectal neoplasms]. PMID- 6646844 TI - [Cutaneous melanoma. I. Value and limit of current prognostic factors]. PMID- 6646845 TI - [Cutaneous melanoma. III. Peculiar morphologic aspects of metastasis]. PMID- 6646846 TI - Ciliated bodies in cervical cytology. PMID- 6646847 TI - [Histological and ultrastructural study of the external lacrimal gland of the rat after local injection of a single dose of polyvinyl chloride]. PMID- 6646848 TI - Inflammatory pseudotumors of the gastrointestinal tract: plasma cell gastritis and eosinophilic enteritis. PMID- 6646849 TI - [Candida albicans meningo-encephalitis: pathogenetic considerations]. PMID- 6646850 TI - [Lipoma of the uterus. Case report. Anatomo-clinical considerations and review of the literature]. PMID- 6646851 TI - 47,X,i(Xq), Y karyotype. A new case. PMID- 6646852 TI - Histiocytoid carcinoma of the breast. A problem of differential diagnosis for the pathologist. Report of a case. PMID- 6646853 TI - [2 cases of adenocarcinoma metastatic to hernial sacs]. PMID- 6646854 TI - Balantidium coli in cervico-vaginal cytology. A case report. PMID- 6646855 TI - Prevention of childhood injuries: morbidity and mortality--an overview. PMID- 6646856 TI - Why accidents happen. PMID- 6646857 TI - How to prevent accidents. PMID- 6646858 TI - Child restraint devices. PMID- 6646859 TI - Some ABCs of poisoning in children. PMID- 6646860 TI - Aspiration accidents: choking and drowning. PMID- 6646861 TI - Burns and scalds. PMID- 6646862 TI - Occasional but serious accidents. PMID- 6646863 TI - Diagnosis and management of strabismus and amblyopia. AB - Strabismus and amblyopia are among the most common eye problems encountered in children. Proper assessment and management require a knowledge of the various types, methods of detection, and principles of treatment. The role of the pediatrician is emphasized because of the importance of early detection. PMID- 6646864 TI - Glaucoma in children. AB - Successful management of glaucoma to prevent blindness depends upon early recognition of the condition. This article details the early signs and symptoms of glaucoma so that prompt referral for care and treatment may be facilitated. PMID- 6646865 TI - Cataracts in children. AB - As in so many ocular disorders, early detection and treatment is of great importance in the visual prognosis of children with cataracts. To this end, the author discusses the signs and symptoms of cataracts, the evaluation of the child with cataracts, the treatment, management, prognosis of cataracts, and the complications of cataract surgery. PMID- 6646866 TI - Ocular tumors in children. AB - This article presents clinically relevant information on a variety of ocular tumors of particular importance to pediatricians. Awareness of the more common, more serious ocular tumors and early recognition of the symptoms and signs they produce are the keys to appropriate further evaluation, referral, and management. PMID- 6646867 TI - Pediatric neuro-ophthalmology. AB - The author discusses an extended list of the ophthalmic signs and symptoms of neurologic disease (some of which were once considered to be benign or isolated eye problems) under the general categories of vision problems, pupil signs, eye movement disorders, fundus abnormalities, and eyelid abnormalities. PMID- 6646868 TI - Disorders of the lids. AB - Included in the discussion is the management of anomalies of abnormal formation of the lid folds, disorders of differentiation of the lid margins, and disorders of tissue differentiation. Also discussed are lid involvement with bacterial lesions and viral diseases. PMID- 6646869 TI - Diseases of the lacrimal apparatus. AB - Discussed is the treatment of a variety of conditions that affect the structures responsible for the production and drainage of tears. PMID- 6646870 TI - Pediatric eye trauma. AB - Ocular trauma is a much more common cause of visual loss than is generally recognized. The authors present guidelines for the examination of eye injuries and follow with a discussion of the more common and more serious traumatic injuries. PMID- 6646871 TI - Dyslexia and learning disabilities. AB - The approach to the child with dyslexia and learning disorders is multidisciplinary. The pediatrician can act as a guide for educators and should recognize the importance of early diagnosis and provide appropriate referral for the child and counselling for the parents. PMID- 6646872 TI - Symposium on pediatric ophthalmology. PMID- 6646874 TI - Ophthalmic examination of infants and children by the pediatrician. AB - The author offers a logical procedure and philosophy for the pediatrician to use for the examination of infants and children, giving guidelines for proper time periods for examinations and for the extent of the examination. PMID- 6646873 TI - Visual development in infancy and childhood. AB - This article considers the development of vision in normal children, emphasizing new evaluative techniques that may eventually play an important role in clinical practice, and follows with a discussion of abnormal development, where recent discoveries in the laboratory and in clinical observation have already led to significant advances in the treatment of children with ophthalmologic problems. PMID- 6646875 TI - Chlorpromazine excretion by the neonate following chronic in utero exposure. AB - The pharmacokinetics of chlorpromazine in the newborn have not been reported. We studied the kinetics of removal of chlorpromazine from plasma in an infant whose mother was treated with high doses of chlorpromazine and lithium throughout the last trimester of pregnancy. The infant exhibited symptoms of severe neurologic depression that slowly abated over the first 9 days of life. The kinetics of plasma chlorpromazine removal were described with a two-compartment model, exhibiting a rapid half-life of 1.46 days and a slow half-life of 3.19 days. Both half-lives are considerably longer than the rapid and slow half-lives described in adults. Caution in exposing the fetus or newborn to chlorpromazine is warranted. Further information on the distribution and excretion of chlorpromazine by the newborn is needed. PMID- 6646876 TI - Midtrimester thyroidectomy in the ovine fetus. AB - Six lamb fetuses at 63-101 days gestation had thyroidectomy (Thx) and were investigated at term for weights, radiologic study, serum thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations (TSH), electron-microscopic lung examination, acid base, blood flow, EEG, and brain metabolism. Compared to age matched controls, body weight was significantly reduced (P less than .025). Brain and lung weights were reduced but not significantly. Brain weight as a percent of body weight was significantly increased in Thx fetuses (Thx = 1.85% +/- 0.18; control = 1.41% +/- 0.08; P less than .025). Hemoglobin was reduced (P less than .025), as was O2 content (P less than .005) and cerebral blood flow (P less than .05). Fetal T4 was low (Thx = 4.1 +/- 1.7 microgram %, control = 9.4 +/- 1.3 microgram %); (P less than .05). Fetal Thx cortisol, calcium, phosphate, glucose, lactate, pH, pO2, pCO2, O2 saturation, heart rate, and blood pressure remained unchanged. Thx-fetal brain O2 consumption and glucose consumption, as well as lactate production, were unchanged. EEG showed no consistent pattern of change regarding maturity, but did show immaturity with the two lowest T4 levels. Bone microradiographs showed growth and maturity retardation, specifically delayed epiphyseal closure, endochrondral ossification, and lack of secondary ossification centers in Thx fetuses. Electron-microscopic examination of lung showed Thx fetuses had fewer lamellar bodies in type II cells, fewer type II cells, and more glycogen granules. Thx causes fetal reduction of T4 and anemia, delays lung maturation and bone growth and maturation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6646877 TI - Pharmacokinetics of moxalactam in anuric children and during hemodialysis. AB - Pharmacokinetics of moxalactam were determined in children with chronic renal failure during a 4-hour hemodialysis or an interdialytic period following a 50 mg/kg dose. Mean elimination half-life during dialysis was 3.9 hours compared to 12.9 hours during the interdialytic period. Mean clearance of moxalactam was 86 ml/minute during hemodialysis and 25 ml/minute between dialysis. Mean dialyzer clearance of moxalactam was 45 ml/minute. The mean fraction of moxalactam removed during a 4-hour hemodialysis was 18% in nine children. In anuric children, a 50 mg/kg dose of moxalactam should be given every 48 hours in an interdialytic period and a 25 mg/kg dose given after each dialysis. PMID- 6646879 TI - Serum digoxin levels in neonates under 1500 grams. PMID- 6646878 TI - Ontogeny of ovarian glutathione and sensitivity to primordial oocyte destruction by cyclophosphamide. AB - Ovarian reduced glutathione concentration (microgram/mg wet ovarian weight) develops from levels of less than 0.2 microgram/mg in newborn Osborn Mendel rats to plateau at 0.7 microgram/mg between the ages of 3-7 weeks of age, finally reaching mature levels of approximately 1.0 microgram/mg between 7-8 weeks of age. Ovarian reduced glutathione concentration matures somewhat faster in Sprague Dawley rats, reaching mature levels of 1.0 microgram/mg between 4-6 weeks of age. The development of ovarian glutathione from immature (less than 0.2 microgram/mg) to mature levels (1.0 microgram/mg) was also observed over similar developmental time spans in DBA/2N and C57BL/6N mice. The sensitivity of primordial oocytes to destruction by cyclophosphamide in C57BL/6N mice was considerably different at 4 and 6 weeks of age. The ED50 for primordial oocyte destruction at 4 weeks of age in C57BL/6N mice was 140 mg/kg while at 6 weeks of age the ED50 was 260 mg/kg. The increase in ovarian reduced glutathione with age and the increasing resistance to primordial oocyte destruction over the same time period are consistent with the hypothesis that glutathione plays a major role in the modulation of primordial oocyte destruction. PMID- 6646880 TI - Pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular injection of vitamin E to premature neonates. AB - The pharmacokinetics of parenterally administered vitamin E (d, l-alpha tocopherol) in serum were developed using data from five premature neonates (1,500 +/- 100 gm) receiving a single 20 mg/kg intramuscular injection. Blood samples were obtained immediately prior to drug administration to establish baseline vitamin E concentrations: then further sampling was performed at various intervals for up to 7 days. It was assumed that dietary intake of vitamin E did not markedly alter serum concentration of vitamin E during the 7-day study and that the total intramuscular dose was absorbed. Although extensive sampling could not be performed in any one neonate, composite sampling from the study population made it possible to construct a pharmacokinetic profile of vitamin E in premature neonates. The half-life of elimination was 44 hours, the volume of distribution (V beta) was 0.41 liter/kg. and serum clearance was 6.5 ml/hr/kg. Vitamin E is an important biological antioxidant that may provide protection to the retinas and lungs of premature infants exposed to supplemental inspiratory oxygen. Therefore, if the pharmacokinetics of vitamin E observed in the present study can be generalized to the population of premature infants, a single 10 mg/kg intramuscular (IM) loading dose followed by 5 mg/kg every 48-72 hours should maintain serum concentration of 1.5 to 2.5 mg%--a level that has been associated with antioxidant protection. PMID- 6646882 TI - Hypoxic/ischaemic cerebral injury in the neonatal brain. A report of sonographic features with computed tomographic correlation. AB - Ultrasound has been used in 11 neonates whose history or clinical features suggested the possibility of hypoxic/ischaemic lesions. The ultrasound findings were correlated with computed tomographic findings in nine infants and with pathological findings in two. On ultrasound scan, areas of increased echoes represented both hypoxic/ischaemic and haemorrhagic lesions. However, the distinction between them could not be made with certainty. Cystic changes were shown clearly by ultrasound as were cerebral vascular pulsations in and adjacent to the areas of increased echoes. With computed tomography, hypoxic/ischaemic lesions were represented by areas of decreased density and haemorrhagic lesions by areas of increased density. Computed tomography failed to clearly demonstrate the cystic changes. Three types of lesions, viz. diffuse, focal and periventricular were based on the location of brain injury, the former two occurring in term infants and the latter in premature infants. Ultrasound has been shown to be of value for definition of the site and extent of hypoxic/ischaemic cerebral lesions in the newborn and for observation of their evolution. PMID- 6646881 TI - Condensing osteitis of the clavicle in childhood: a rare sclerotic bone lesion. Review of literature and report of seven patients. AB - Seven children and adolescents with sclerotic and periosteal alterations of the clavicle are reported, two of them in detail. Malignancies and bacterial inflammatory processes, which were first suspected, could be excluded. Clinical and radiographic features as well as differential diagnosis are discussed, as is the pertinent literature. The etiology of this uncommon bone lesion, which is described under different names, could not be clarified. PMID- 6646883 TI - Biliary disease in metachromatic leukodystrophy. AB - This paper illustrates the previously unreported sonographic changes in the biliary tract in metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). Gallbladder wall thickening due to sulfatide deposition, intraluminal globules of sulfatide or papillomatosis may cause symptoms referrable to the biliary tract in these patients. A series of patients whom we have studied is briefly alluded to in order to bring to the attention of the radiologist MLD as a rare cause of biliary disease in children. PMID- 6646884 TI - Diuretic renography in the assessment of urinary tract dilatation in children. AB - We present our experience with diuretic renography in the evaluation of dilatation of the urinary tract in 27 children. The usefulness of this method along with its pitfalls are discussed. PMID- 6646885 TI - Renal cell carcinoma in the first two decades of life. AB - Renal cell carcinoma occurs rarely in the first two decades of life. This paper reviews the clinical and radiographic features of 17 such patients (10F: 7M, mean age = 12 years) seen in a 24 year period. The almost equal sex incidence contrasts with the male preponderance in adults. All patients presented with symptoms and signs referable to the primary lesion. In comparison to Wilms' tumor, renal cell carcinoma in childhood and adolescence usually presents with a smaller abdominal mass which is frequently not palpable or visible on plain abdominal radiographs. Ultrasound and CT showed non-specific solid intrarenal masses. This rare tumor of childhood should be included in the differential diagnosis of intrarenal mass lesions, particularly in older children with hematuria and renal calcification on plain radiographs. One child in this series had tuberous sclerosis. The prognosis depends on the stage of disease at presentation. PMID- 6646886 TI - Roentgenologic features of the Meckel syndrome. AB - The Meckel syndrome is an autosomal recessive lethal malformation syndrome. The main features are multicystic dysplastic kidneys, microcephaly with occipital encephalocele and polydactyly. This paper describes 6 new cases, with special reference to skeletal findings in postmortem total body radiographs. Microcephaly with an occipital bone defect and encephalocele or hydrocephaly [1/6], short upper extremities, bell-shaped thorax with abdominal distension and postaxial polydactyly in the hands and feet were constant findings in these cases. PMID- 6646887 TI - Congenital intraspinal neuroblastoma with intraspinal calcification in the neonatal period: report of a case with a 32-year follow-up. AB - Punctate and amorphous intraspinal calcification associated with interpediculate widening in a neonate with lower extremity paresis is probably pathognomonic for congenital calcified intraspinal neuroblastoma. PMID- 6646888 TI - Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: an uncommon cause for cyanosis in the newborn. AB - Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation is an uncommon cause of cyanosis and heart failure in newborns. A case is presented with review of the literature in order to emphasize its clinical and radiographic features. PMID- 6646889 TI - Epicardial oesophageal duplication with hiatal hernia in a case of Turner's syndrome. AB - The authors of this paper report the first case of epicardial oesophageal duplication causing hiatal hernia in a patient afflicted with Turner's syndrome, and they discuss its possible etiology. PMID- 6646890 TI - Fistulous communication of pseudocyst to the common bile duct: a complication of pancreatitis. AB - A pseudocyst developed in a child following acute pancreatitis and spontaneously drained into the common bile duct, a rare occurrence previously described only in adults. The imaging findings are similar to those of a choledochal cyst; serial sonograms enabled diagnosis by documenting evolution of the lesion and should be of value in demonstrating resolution. PMID- 6646891 TI - Ureteral triplication with a ureterocele. AB - Ureteral triplication is a rare anomaly of the upper urinary tract. The occurrence of complete ureteral triplication with an associated ureterocele has only been reported once before. A case of this extremely rare association is described, and the embryology of this condition is discussed. PMID- 6646894 TI - Presentation of the Howland Award, May, 1983. PMID- 6646892 TI - Unilateral supernumerary kidney associated with hypertensive encephalopathy in a child. AB - An afebrile 8-year-old boy presented with convulsions, coma and hypertension. Laboratory investigations were normal. Excretory urography and angiography showed a left supernumerary kidney. The literature on this rare anomaly is briefly reviewed. PMID- 6646893 TI - Sonographic diagnosis of urethral polyp in a child. AB - Congenital urethral polyps are an uncommon cause of urethral obstruction in male children. The diagnosis is obtained at voiding cystography by demonstrating a filling defect which (typically) moves during micturition. A small polypoid mass with a stalk arising from the region of the verumontanum was observed by sonography in one such patient. We believe sonographic findings may be considered specific of this condition. PMID- 6646895 TI - Identification of the major 4-methylumbelliferyl p-guanidinobenzoate-hydrolyzing plasma protein in cystic fibrosis: implication for intrauterine and heterozygote detection. AB - Measurement of 4-methylumbelliferyl p-guanidinobenzoate (MUGB)-hydrolyzing activity in the plasma of normal controls, cystic fibrosis (CF) heterozygotes, and CF homozygotes did not support previously reported (35) differences in MUGB hydrolyzing activity. We identified human plasma albumin as the major source of MUGB-hydrolyzing activity by comparison of our plasma results to those obtained with physiologic concentrations of commercial albumin samples. Substantiating evidence was obtained from gel filtration experiments and correlation of albumin levels in CF plasma with MUGB titers. We found essentially no proteolytic activity towards dinitrophenylprotamine sulfate associated with commercial albumin samples. It appears that the reaction between human albumin and MUGB represents a weak esterase activity, perhaps involving the acylation of a specific site(s) on the protein. Hypoalbuminemia has been documented (8) in some CF patients. Low albumin concentrations, indicated by MUGB titers less than 190 nmole methylumbelliferone/ml plasma, were found in 42% of CF homozygotes, 6% of heterozygotes, and 4% of controls. Gel filtration studies of a normal amniotic fluid supernatant indicated that albumin was the major MUGB-hydrolyzing substance in this fluid. We conclude that MUGB abnormalities are not associated with the basic gene defect in CF and cannot be used as the basis of a test for intrauterine or heterozygote detection. PMID- 6646896 TI - Behavioral and cardiac rhythmicity during mother-father-stranger infant social interaction. AB - In an effort to understand the temporal organization of infant physiologic and behavioral systems during social interaction with adults, spectral and cross spectral analyses of infant heart rate and mother-father-stranger-infant behavioral data are described herein for a 3-month-old infant during face-to-face social interaction with her parents and a stranger. This infant's heart rate rhythms were stronger during social interaction with both mother and father than with a stranger. Infant behavioral rhythms were associated with (high coherence) the parents' behavioral rhythms, but not with those of the stranger. Furthermore, infant heart rate and infant behavioral rhythms showed high coherence with all three adults. Although these findings are preliminary, based on a case study and need replication, they generate intriguing hypotheses. This technique of studying the rhythmicity of infant social interaction with spectral analysis suggests that the 3-month-old infant's behavior and heart rate are synchronized during interaction with all three adults; however, the infant and adult behavioral rhythms are synchronous only with mother and father and not with an unfamiliar stranger. PMID- 6646897 TI - Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in children with non-ketotic hypoglycemia and low carnitine levels. AB - Three children in two families presented in early childhood with episodes of illness associated with fasting which resembled Reye's syndrome: coma, hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, and fatty liver. One child died with cerebral edema during an episode. Clinical studies revealed an absence of ketosis on fasting (plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate less than 0.4 mmole/liter) despite elevated levels of free fatty acids (2.6-4.2 mmole/liter) which suggested that hepatic fatty acid oxidation was impaired. Urinary dicarboxylic acids were elevated during illness or fasting. Total carnitine levels were low in plasma (18-25 mumole/liter), liver (200-500 nmole/g), and muscle (500-800 nmole/g); however, treatment with L carnitine failed to correct the defect in ketogenesis. Studies on ketone production from fatty acid substrates by liver tissue in vitro showed normal rates from short-chain fatty acids, but very low rates from all medium and long chain fatty acid substrates. These results suggested that the defect was in the mid-portion of the intramitochondrial beta-oxidation pathway at the medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase step. A new assay for the electron transfer flavoprotein linked acyl-CoA dehydrogenases was used to test this hypothesis. This assay follows the decrease in electron transfer flavoprotein fluorescence as it is reduced by acyl-CoA-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase complex. Results with octanoyl-CoA as substrate indicated that patients had less than 2.5% normal activity of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The activities of short-chain and isovaleryl acyl CoA dehydrogenases were normal; the activity of long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase was one-third normal. These results define a previously unrecognized inherited metabolic disorder of fatty acid oxidation due to deficiency of medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase. PMID- 6646898 TI - The proportion of mitochondrial isoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase is not elevated in Reye's syndrome. AB - We reexamined a previously reported, highly specific increase in the relative proportion of the mitochondrial isoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the serum of patients with Reye's Syndrome. Using ion exchange chromatography, we measured mitochondrial, cytosolic, and total AST in serum samples from (1) 10 patients early in the course of Reye's Syndrome; (2) nine controls with normal serum AST; and (3) seven controls with other diseases causing an increase in serum AST. The mitochondrial percentage (2.8 +/- 2.0%) in Reye's Syndrome was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) than that of both the normal control group (6.1 +/- 7.1%) and the group with increased AST (5.6 +/- 4.0%). We thus failed to confirm the previous report of a specific increase in the % of mitochondrial isoenzyme in Reye's Syndrome, and conclude that the % of mitochondrial isoenzyme is not likely to be a useful marker of (or predictor for progression to) Reye's Syndrome. PMID- 6646899 TI - Transcutaneous bilirubinometry II. Dermal bilirubin kinetics during phototherapy. AB - We examined the effect of phototherapy on cutaneous bilirubin using the transcutaneous bilirubinometer (TcB) in 14 white infants at a mean postnatal age of 30 h. Six infants were treated with blue light, eight with white light. An opaque patch, 2.5 cm in diameter, covered the skin and served as a source for TcB control values. Simultaneous TcB measurements were obtained from exposed and patched areas every 15 min during 4 h of phototherapy. After the start of phototherapy, TcB index obtained from patched skin did not change during the course of treatment. Data from exposed skin showed that the initial rate of TcB index fall during the first hour was significantly faster than the successive values during the next 3 h in both groups studied. During the first 2 h of therapy the TcB index decreased faster among infants treated with blue light. Correlation studies indicate that TcB measurements from exposed skin areas may not be clinically useful in predicting serum bilirubin response to phototherapy but data obtained from unexposed sites may fill this role. PMID- 6646900 TI - Energy balance and nitrogen balance in growing low birthweight infants fed human milk or formula. AB - Energy and nitrogen balances were measured in growing low birthweight infants fed either mother's expressed breast milk or a 20 kcal per ounce formula to determine whether or not there were differences between the two dietary groups in (1) the partition of energy among excretion, expenditure, and storage and (2) the relation of energy storage and nitrogen retention to weight gain. There were no significant differences between the human milk fed infants and formula fed infants in gross energy intake, metabolizable energy intake, nitrogen intake, or nitrogen retention. Energy expenditure was significantly lower in the human milk fed infants than in formula fed infants (221 kJ/(kg. day) and 244 kJ/(kg. day), respectively). There was no difference in mean energy storage between the two groups. Although weight gains were similar in both dietary groups, the ratio of energy storage to weight gain was significantly greater in infants fed with human milk (15.3 kJ/g, S.D. 2.0) than in infants fed formula (13.2 kJ/g S.D. 1.8). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the ratio of nitrogen stored to weight gain. PMID- 6646901 TI - Effect of serum from normal and cystic fibrosis subjects on mucin secretion from dispersed rat submandibular cells. AB - The action of serum from cystic fibrosis patients, obligatory heterozygotes, siblings, and normal patients on mucin secretion from dispersed rat submandibular cells was investigated in an attempt to demonstrate the existence of cystic fibrosis specific factors affecting mucin secretion. No effects specific to cystic fibrosis serum were demonstrated using the following parameters for evaluation: (1) maximal stimulation of mucin release by a beta-adrenergic agonist, (-)-isoproterenol; (2) basal release (unstimulated secretion) of mucin material; and (3) the dose-response relationship for mucin release after beta adrenergic receptor stimulation. No differences were observed in mucin secretion using media concentrations of serum of up to 10%. From these data, we conclude that serum from individuals with cystic fibrosis does not contain bioactive factors at concentrations that specifically alter mucin secretion in rat submandibular acinar cells. PMID- 6646902 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood velocity, and pulsatility index in newborn dogs. AB - A technique employing a Doppler ultrasound probe to measure cerebral blood velocity was used to study the cerebral circulation continuously in 30 newborn mongrel dogs. Utilizing a transfontanelle approach, the probe was maintained in fixed position throughout a given experiment. In 20 animals, changes in systolic, diastolic, and mean cerebral blood velocity during hypo- and hypercarbia were directly correlated (P less than 0.01) with changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) determined in 12 regions of the brain by the [14C]iodoantipyrine autoradiography technique. In an additional 10 dogs, multiple determinations of systolic, diastolic, and mean blood velocity were made over a wide range of PaCO2 values and found to be directly related to the PaCO2 (P less than 0.001). These data suggest that changes in cerebral blood velocity are closely related to changes in cerebral blood flow. We also calculated the pulsatility index (PI) from the peak systolic and end diastolic velocities and found a poor, but direct (r = 0.28, P less than 0.05) relationship between the PI and PaCO2 rather than the indirect relationship, which has been suggested in published clinical studies. We conclude that the Doppler technique may be valuable in monitoring dynamic events of the neonatal cerebral circulation if a constant probe position is maintained. Our results suggest, however, that the PI is not a reliable index of cerebral vascular resistance. PMID- 6646903 TI - Distribution of trace elements and minerals in human and cow's milk. AB - The concentration of iron in cow's milk, 0.40-0.59 microgram/ml, was found to be very similar to that of human milk, 0.20-0.69 microgram/ml. The copper concentration of cow's milk (0.06-0.09 microgram/ml) is lower than in human milk (0.24-0.50 microgram/ml) whereas the concentration of zinc is higher in cow's milk (3.23-5.15 micrograms/ml) than in human milk (1.16-3.83 micrograms/ml). Cow's milk contains about 4-5 times more calcium and magnesium, 854-1430 micrograms/ml and 87-131 micrograms/ml, respectively, than human milk (220-252 micrograms/ml and 26-35 micrograms/ml). Cow's milk was fractionated and the trace element and mineral contents of the different fractions were compared to results from human milk. The casein fraction in cow's milk contains a large proportion of the total amounts of the elements cited above (Fe 24%, Cu 44%, Zn 84%, Ca 41%, Mg 25%) whereas human casein only binds minor amounts (Fe 9%, Cu 7%, Zn 8%, Ca 6%, Mg 6%). Whey proteins bind a major part of these elements in human milk, but not in cow's milk. Significant amounts of iron are bound to the lipid fraction in both cow's and human milk (14 and 33%, respectively), predominantly bound to the outer fat globule membrane. Low molecular weight compounds (ligands) bind significant proportions of all the elements investigated in both cow's and human milk, with the exception of zinc in cow's milk, of which only 2% is associated with this fraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6646904 TI - Activity of antibiotics in chronic granulomatous disease leukocytes. AB - Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have recurrent infections with catalase-producing organisms, particularly staphylococci, that survive within their leukocytes. To be most effective, antibiotics used to treat infections in CGD patients may need to kill both intracellular and extracellular organisms. We studied the ability of certain antibiotics to penetrate normal and CGD neutrophils and to kill intracellular staphylococci. Trimethoprim and clindamycin were concentrated in normal and in CGD neutrophils; maximum cellular-to extracellular concentration ratios of clindamycin and of trimethoprim were approximately 30 and approximately 4, respectively. In contrast, penicillin was excluded from normal neutrophils. Clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, and trimethoprim/rifampin significantly reduced the number of viable intracellular staphylococci in normal and CGD neutrophils. After 24 h of incubation in the presence of these antibiotics, the number of viable intracellular staphylococci in normal and CGD neutrophils was similar. In contrast, dicloxacillin, gentamicin, and cephalothin had no significant effect on the number of intracellular staphylococci in normal or CGD neutrophils. PMID- 6646905 TI - Hemodynamics in experimental hypernatremic dehydration with special reference to individual organ blood flow in shock and after rehydration. AB - Shock after hypernatremic dehydration in the mini-pig is characterized by low cardiac output but little reduction of arterial blood pressure. Maintenance of pressure is due to extensive arteriolar vasoconstriction in the splanchnic and renal vascular bed, as calculated from their markedly diminished blood flow. The expected preservation of flow to vital organs did occur in the brain and the adrenals, but not in the heart. Sufficient oxygen was probably provided by the elevated hematocrit. After 24 h, intravenous fluid therapy produced adequate rehydration as seen from the correction of azotemia, metabolic acidosis, and hypernatremia; only serum creatinine remained elevated. Although cardiac output increased, it did not reach the initial value. Blood flow to most organs was back to normal, but gastrointestinal and particularly renal blood flow remained diminished. PMID- 6646907 TI - [Changes in cardiovascular function in healthy children after physical exertion]. PMID- 6646906 TI - Abnormal proteodermatan sulfate in three patients with Coffin-Lowry syndrome. AB - The properties of [35S]sulfate-labeled proteoglycans secreted by normal human skin fibroblasts were compared with those synthesized by fibroblasts from three patients with Coffin-Lowry syndrome. 60-80% of secreted radioactive macromolecules from normal fibroblasts were eluted from a Sepharose CL-4B column with a mean Kav-value of 0.56 (pool 2); 3-10% of the radioactivity appeared in the exclusion volume of the column (pool 1). In contrast, 17-60% of the proteoglycans from the patients were found in the void volume. The bulk of remaining material was eluted with a mean Kav-value of 0.47. Pool 2 glycan chains from two patients exhibited an increased hydrodynamic size. Pool 1 from normal cells contained predominantly a glucuronic acid-rich proteodermatan sulfate, iduronic acid amounting for approximately 20% of glucuronic acid. In the respective proteodermatan sulfate from the patients, the relative iduronic acid content was at least 33% of that of glucuronic acid. Pool 2 material of all cell lines was characterized predominantly as iduronic acid-rich proteodermatan sulfate. In the proteoglycans from two patients the content of chondroitin 4 sulfate-derived disaccharides was increased at the expense of 6-sulfated chondroitin disaccharides. Native proteoglycans from the patients were less efficiently endocytosed by fibroblasts than their normal counterparts. Coffin Lowry fibroblasts had a normal capability to synthesize glycosaminoglycan chains on an artificial acceptor, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside. They were also normal in 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate: chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfotransferase activities. PMID- 6646908 TI - [Mitral valve prolapse in children]. PMID- 6646909 TI - [Immunoglobulins A, M and G in the serum of children with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6646910 TI - [Combined test of intestinal absorption of xylose and glucose]. PMID- 6646911 TI - [Basic indicators of physical development of children and adolescents aged 3 to 20 years 1980-1990]. PMID- 6646912 TI - [Diagnostic problems in atresia and hypoplasia of the aortic arch with systemic right ventricle]. PMID- 6646913 TI - [Polycystic ovary syndrome in girls, based on our data]. PMID- 6646914 TI - [Combined immunologic deficiencies in 2 girls with incomplete hair-nose-finger syndrome]. PMID- 6646916 TI - [Partial trisomy of chromosome 22 in an infant]. PMID- 6646915 TI - [Monosomy of chromosome 21]. PMID- 6646917 TI - [Clinical aspects of moyamoya disease]. PMID- 6646918 TI - [Cerebral form of acquired toxoplasmosis in a 14-year-old boy]. PMID- 6646919 TI - [Fraser's syndrome in a newborn infant]. PMID- 6646920 TI - Annual summary of vital statistics--1982. AB - Data for this article, as in previous reports, are drawn principally from the Monthly Vital Statistics Report, published by the National Center for Health Statistics. The international data come from the Demographic Yearbook and the quarterly Population and Vital Statistics Report, both published by the Statistical Office of the United Nations, which has also been kind enough to provide directly more recent data. Except for mortality data by cause and age, which are based on a 10% sample, all the US data for 1982 are estimates by place of occurrence based upon a count of certificates received in state offices between two dates, one month apart, regardless of when the event occurred. Experience has shown that for the country as a whole the estimates are very close to the subsequent final figures. There are, however, considerable variations in a few of the states, particularly in comparing data by place of occurrence with data by place of residence. State information should be interpreted cautiously. PMID- 6646921 TI - Nasal obstruction in the pediatric patient. AB - Early signals of pathologic causes of nasal obstruction in childhood may pass unnoticed by the unsuspecting physician because these signals mimic innocuous problems such as the common cold, sinusitis, and allergic rhinitis. The hope for early recognition of the more serious causes of nasal obstruction in children depends upon a high degree of suspicion. Some of the common and uncommon causes of nasal obstruction are enumerated by categorizing the possible etiologies into congenital, traumatic, iatrogenic, inflammatory, and neoplastic classifications. With a systematic approach that utilizes history, physical examination, and special diagnostic studies, misdiagnosis can be avoided and treatment initiated more rapidly and effectively. PMID- 6646922 TI - Amiodarone in control of sustained tachyarrhythmias in children with Wolff Parkinson-White syndrome. AB - Oral amiodarone was administered to ten children aged 3 months to 15 years who had recurrent SVT associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. In nine patients, amiodarone was used following failure of oral digoxin, quinidine, propranolol, and verapamil. Each patient received an oral loading dose of 10 to 15 mg/kg followed by 5 mg/kg daily. All children became asymptomatic of tachyarrhythmias within five days of therapy and remained asymptomatic for 5 to 36 months. In one patient, amiodarone therapy was discontinued because of generalized urticaria after a positive initial response. After high-dose oral verapamil failed to eliminate recurrent bouts of SVT, the patient was again given amiodarone and he had a complete recovery. All ten children had normal results on thyroid function tests, and no other adverse effects were detected. Amiodarone has been shown to be highly effective and well tolerated in this series of children. Therefore, we recommend its use for the control and prevention of sustained arrhythmias in pediatric patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome when the traditional antiarrhythmic drugs fail. PMID- 6646923 TI - Amiodarone therapy in children: a cautionary comment. PMID- 6646924 TI - Foot dermatitis in children. AB - Redness and scaling of the feet in prepubertal children is likely to represent a skin disease other than tinea pedis. If the dermatitis involves the dorsum of the feet, allergic contact dermatitis is a likely cause. In this study, 8/19 (42%) children with involvement of the dorsum of the feet had clinically relevant positive patch tests related to shoe allergens. All who avoided the allergens remained free of disease on a 2-year follow-up examination. Those children with dermatitis on the weight-bearing surface of the foot (juvenile plantar dermatosis) did not have positive patch tests (P = .15). PMID- 6646925 TI - Interaction of theophylline with erythromycin base in a patient with seizure activity. AB - A pediatric patient who was taking carefully monitored doses of theophylline for chronic asthma, was placed on erythromycin base for bronchitis. She subsequently developed theophylline toxicity which caused her to experience seizure activity. Any patient taking a theophylline preparation who is then placed on ANY of the available erythromycin compounds must have close monitoring of serum theophylline levels. PMID- 6646926 TI - Phenytoin-induced choreoathetosis in infancy: case reports and a review. AB - Three cases of choreoathetosis which developed during phenytoin therapy in children less than 2 years of age are described. The most striking clinical manifestations included the sudden onset of restlessness and agitation with superimposed choreoathetosis. None of these children had toxic levels of phenytoin in the blood. Discontinuation of phenytoin resulted in prompt cessation of the symptoms. Phenytoin-induced choreoathetosis should be a diagnostic consideration in children with a preexisting CNS insult who manifest violent choreoathetosis during therapy for seizure control. This consideration is especially pertinent in the pediatric intensive care unit, where other more common causes of agitation could be misdiagnosed. PMID- 6646927 TI - Desquamative interstitial pneumonia and antigen-antibody complexes in two infants with congenital rubella. AB - Desquamative interstitial pneumonia was observed in two infants with the late onset congenital rubella syndrome. In both infants this unusual lung disease was associated with circulating immunoglobulin M complexes and interstitial pulmonary deposits of IgM by immunofluorescence. Both infants had IgG deficiency. The first child recovered with a reduction in IgM complex levels and synthesis of rubella specific IgG. The second infant died during the acute phase of his illness at which time there were high serum concentrations of IgM complexes and slightly increased levels of IgG complexes. Delayed maturation of the immune response in congenital rubella may predispose to persistent antigenemia and pulmonary deposition of rubella antigen-containing IgM complexes resulting in an acute form of interstitial pneumonia. PMID- 6646928 TI - Causes of increased renal echogenicity in pediatric patients. AB - Review of 2,700 abdominal ultrasonic examinations revealed 56 patients whose kidneys showed increased echogenicity. Echogenic kidneys were associated with medical renal disease in 94% of cases (30% glomerular, 48% tubulointerstitial, 16% end-stage) and with no detectable renal disease in 6% (three patients). Patterns of increased echogenicity and renal size were evaluated. Specific patterns occurred in end-stage renal disease and polycystic kidney disease. Other medical renal diseases had overlapping ultrasonographic features. Some generalizations could be made although increased echogenicity was often nonspecific. PMID- 6646929 TI - Acute cerebellar ataxia in pediatric legionellosis. AB - Acute-phase and convalescent-phase sera of 66 children, aged 3 months to 12 years, with neurologic disorders of unknown etiology were tested against Legionella pneumophila polyvalent and monovalent antigens (groups 1 to 4). Three significant antibody titer increases were obtained, all in children with acute cerebellar ataxia. This neurologic syndrome was characterized by sudden onset of muscle hypotonia and inability to sit or walk, with no other specific neurologic or systemic symptoms. Persisting pharyngitis always preceded ataxia. Fever of short duration was still present. Gastrointestinal disturbance occurred in two of the three children. Abnormal laboratory findings were, not always simultaneously, high ESR and leukocytosis with lymphocytosis. CSF levels and electromyographic findings were normal in two of the children. Two children received oral betamethasone. Recovery was complete within seven to ten days without antibiotic treatment. These studies indicate the possible etiologic role of L pneumophila in acute cerebellar ataxia. PMID- 6646930 TI - Echocardiographic characteristics of premature infants with patient ductus arteriosus. AB - As part of a multicenter collaborative study, M-mode echocardiograms were obtained shortly after birth on 3,559 premature infants with birth weight less than or equal to 1,750 g. Of these infants, 1,496 did not develop a cardiac murmur or other signs of a "hemodynamically significant" patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Echocardiographic parameters from this "normal" group were compared with results obtained from 415 infants in whom PDA was diagnosed on the basis of clinical findings alone, irrespective of the echocardiogram (PDA group). The best discrimination between the two groups, when considering a single parameter, was provided by a left atrial to aortic root ratio (LA/AO) of 1.40, a left ventricular to aortic root ratio (LV/AO) of 2.10, or a left ventricular systolic time interval ratio (LPEP/LVET) of 0.27. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that better separation between the two groups occurred when the left atrial to aortic root ratio and the left ventricular systolic time interval ratio were considered jointly. Because of a large degree of overlap of all echocardiographic variables between the normal group and the group with PDA, the echocardiogram alone was not a good indicator of PDA. However, when used in conjunction with a priori estimates of the probability of PDA (based, for example, on birth weight and degree of respiratory disease), use of echocardiographic data was found to improve the detection of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants. PMID- 6646931 TI - Decreased plasma fibronectin in neonatal sepsis. AB - Fibronectin is a large opsonic glycoprotein which promotes reticuloendothelial system clearance of bacteria, immune complexes, collagenous debris, and damaged platelets. The concentration of plasma fibronectin is decreased in the newborn infant; however, the role of fibronectin in the onset and course of neonatal sepsis is unknown. Serial plasma fibronectin levels were determined in 19 neonates with documented bacterial sepsis. Plasma fibronectin concentrations decreased significantly (P less than .001) in all study infants concurrent with the development of septicemia. Recovery of plasma fibronectin to normal levels occurred by day 5 in premature neonates and by days 7 to 10 in term neonates. Fibronectin deficiency and resultant reticuloendothelial system impairment may decrease the ability of newborn infants to resist or clear bacterial infections. An acute reduction in the concentration of plasma fibronectin may be a valuable marker for neonatal sepsis. PMID- 6646932 TI - Sports and the child with epilepsy. PMID- 6646933 TI - Special susceptibility of children to radiation effects. PMID- 6646934 TI - Growth hormone in the treatment of children with short stature. AB - Replacement of GH in GH-deficient children is the only established indication for GH therapy. Treatment of all non-GH-deficient patients must be considered experimental. There is a pressing need for carefully controlled clinical trials of the effect of GH in patients with constitutional growth delay, intrauterine growth retardation, and Turner's syndrome. Research is needed to develop reliable methods for predicting which short, non-GH-deficient children will respond to GH therapy. GH is a potent metabolic agent, and its safety when used in pharmacologic doses for treatment of short, non-GH-deficient children has not been established. Until adequate experience is gained under controlled conditions, GH should not be used indiscriminately. As the investigational use of GH is expanded, researchers and clinicians should bear in mind that handicaps resulting from short stature often have psychological origins. Therefore, even for experimental studies, GH therapy should be restricted to children in whom it is judged that emotional status can be significantly improved. The potential for benefit should outweigh the problems of long-term parenteral therapy. In selecting patients for GH trials the wise physician might adhere to the old adage, "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." PMID- 6646935 TI - Study on cystic fibrosis criticized. PMID- 6646936 TI - What is the best test for iron deficiency? PMID- 6646937 TI - Outcome of complicated pregnancies of less than 27 weeks of gestation. PMID- 6646938 TI - Subgaleal hemorrhage. PMID- 6646939 TI - Gastroesophageal reflux and apnea. PMID- 6646940 TI - Adolescent chest pain. PMID- 6646942 TI - Car seat burns. PMID- 6646941 TI - Congenital leukemia: two transient regressions without treatment in one patient. PMID- 6646944 TI - [Course of the blood glucose level after cessation of a glucose infusion in the low-birth-weight infant]. AB - The evolution of plasma glucose concentration was investigated in 8 dysmature and 5 appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) preterm infants. Mean (+/- 1 SD) plasma glucose decreased from 3,3 +/- 0,8 to 2,3 +/- 1,2 mmol/l in 30 minutes (p less than 0,01) with two values below 1,8 mmol/l. It then increased to 2,7 +/- 0,7 mmol/l at 60 minutes with no values below 1,8 mmol. In 4 (AGA) preterm infants plasma glucose decreased from 2,73 +/- 0,76 to 2,04 +/- 1,6 mmol/l at 60 minutes. One preterm infant treated with theophylline showed an increase from 4,91 to 6,05 mmol/l at 60 minutes. A negative correlation was observed only in dysmature infants between the rate of glucose infusion and the maxima drop of plasma glucose (r = 0,77 ; p less than 0,01). In dysmature infants, a drop in plasma glucose appears in correlation to the previous infusion rate of glucose. However a counterregulation appears in all dysmature infants. PMID- 6646943 TI - [Value and role of esophageal scintigraphy in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children]. AB - There were 50 children with a strong clinical suspicion of gastrooesophageal reflux and 10 controls patients evaluated with gastrooesophageal scintiscans. 500 microCi to 1 mCi of Tc sulfur colloid mixed the patients routine milk or formula feeding was administered and serial images of the abdomen and thorax were obtained. A positive scintiscan was found in 35 patients (sensitivity 70 %) and none of the controls (specificity 100 %). A comparison of findings in 34 patients referred for both radiographic and radionuclide studies showed that barium studies were positive in 38 % and radionuclide in 64,7 %. We found this examination to be more sensitive that the standard barium radiography particularly in patients with respiratory symptoms. We conclude that the GE scintiscan is complementary to barium studies in the diagnosis of GE reflux. Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents was detected in only a case of the 35 patients with documented GE reflux. A T 1/2 emptying gastric more long that 90 minutes (linear calculationation) or 115 minutes (exponential calcul) is an indirect GE reflux test. The diagnostic accuracy of all various procedures is reviewed and the scintigraphy value in the evaluation of GER in infants and children is discussed. This method is simple, safe more physiologic than other available examinations. PMID- 6646945 TI - [Congenital cyst of the choledochus manifested by hemobilia]. AB - A 18-months-old boy, without antecedent nor abdominal trauma, revealed a congenital choledochal cyst by massive hemobilia. This way of revelation is extremely rare and to our knowledge has not been previously reported. The difficulties of diagnostic and surgical management are discussed. PMID- 6646946 TI - [Segmental dilatation of the small intestine in a 10-year-old child]. AB - Segmental dilatation of the small bowel is a rare disease. Formed during the first year of life, it could be due to a malformation or a subacute intestinal ischemia sometimes accompanying a deterioration of the myenteric plexus. The discovery of a dilated ileum in a 10 year old healthy child suggests that the anterior pathogenic hypothesis are invalid, especially because the anatomical study does not find any muscular or neurological deterioration. We may regret not to have measured the tissular V.I.P. which could perhaps have helped in the comprehension of the etiology of this disease. PMID- 6646948 TI - Is extrasensory perception senseless? PMID- 6646949 TI - A model of the development of the early infant object concept. AB - A computational model is proposed for the early stages of development of the object concept in infancy. Stages in development are represented as a sequence of grammars or rewrite rules that parse a set of perceptual phenomena. The infant's changes between developmental stages can be described by differences between the grammar rules that model each stage. The program replicates five studies by Bower et al on the development of the object concept and reaffirms the primacy of rest and motion parameters as explanatory invariants in early object-concept development. PMID- 6646947 TI - [Corynebacterium acnes osteitis. A case in a child]. AB - The authors report a case of Corynebacterium acnes osteitis in an 11 year old girl, involving the upper of the right tibia. The lesion resembled a malignant tumour radiologically and tuberculosis histologically. Scintigraphy revealed involvement of the seventh right rib. 3 months treatment with Pristinamycin resulted in cure. PMID- 6646950 TI - Is target movement as well as target displacement a stimulus for saccadic eye movements? AB - The effects of visual movement on saccadic eye movement have been examined. In a classic apparent-movement demonstration with two successively exposed line segment targets the quality of the movement is dependent on the relative orientation of the line segments. If saccadic eye movements are elicited between the targets in this situation, the configuration leading to optimal apparent movement also leads to the shortest-latency saccades. When a single line segment is succeeded by two line segments flanking it on opposite sides, and if one of these has the same orientation as the initial one and the other a different orientation, then apparent motion is seen between the two lines with the same orientation. However, the direction of saccades elicited in this configuration is not influenced by the relative orientations of the line segments. The two results together suggest that the effect of visual movement on saccadic eye movement is nonspecific. PMID- 6646951 TI - Illusory contour lightness: a neglected possibility. AB - When the area occupied by a typical sharp-edged illusory figure is outlined physically, some illusory lightness survives within the contours as an example of figure-ground contrast. This general phenomenon may therefore account for the direction of the apparent alteration in lightness found within many illusory figures, but it cannot account for the magnitude of that alteration. PMID- 6646952 TI - The creation and reversal of the Muller-Lyer illusion through attentional manipulation. AB - A configuration is presented in which both the overestimated and the underestimated portions of the Muller-Lyer illusion are embedded. In free viewing no distortion of length occurs; however, overestimation or underestimation illusions can be produced by simple manipulation of the attentional set, thus demonstrating one cognitive component in the formation of the Muller-Lyer distortion. PMID- 6646953 TI - Depth perception of surfaces in pictures: looking for conventions of depiction in Pandora's box. AB - The perception of depth in monocularly viewed pictures has been investigated with the use of a binocular rangefinder developed by Gregory. Two experiments are reported which focus upon stimulus conditions that were identified by Haber as conventions for rendering depth in pictures. Several conclusions, which concern assumptions that must be made in interpreting pictures according to such conventions, are supported by the results. There is a default or assumed layout of background space. The interpretation of a point in a depiction depends upon the interpretation of neighboring points, so that interpretations of local features influence the interpretations of nearby 'empty' areas. In photographs, the magnitude of apparent depth depends upon the degree of discrepancy between the position of the illuminating source and the observer's supposed light-source position. Also in photographs, apparent depth increases as the contrast between highlights and attached shadows increases. PMID- 6646954 TI - A refutation of the hypothesis of the superfidelity of caricatures relative to photographs. AB - The experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that caricatures, relative to photographs, are 'superfaithful' carriers of information for facial recognition. Subjects were shown fifteen picutres of people's faces and were then asked to pick those same people out of a set of fifty-four pictures. There were three sets of pictures: caricatures, profile-view photographs, and three-quarter-view photographs. There were nine groups of subjecs: for three groups the exposure and test stimuli were in the same medium, for six groups the test stimuli were in one of the media not previously seen. Points were scored for the number of people correctly identified and the number of false positives. Facial recognition within medium was very good, but was seriously disrupted by any medium shift, especially those involving caricatures. It is argued that the superfidelity of caricature may be manifest only when the task involves recognition of actual persons rather than their pictures. PMID- 6646955 TI - The effect of head movements on visual and auditory dominance. AB - Two experiments were performed to determine the effect of active auditory exploration (head movement) on visual and auditory dominance. In each experiment subjects located a small audio speaker unimodally or bimodally. On the bimodal trials a modality discordance was created by requiring prismatic viewing. Half the subjects in each experiment remained unaware of the discordance while the other half were informed that a prism was used, and its refracting properties were demonstrated. The second experiment differed from the first by allowing observers free head movement during target localization which was transduced and recorded electromechanically. The results indicated that knowledge of modality discordance greatly reduced visual bias of audition for observers with heads immobilized, but did not affect auditory bias of vision significantly. Observers permitted head movement but not provided with knowledge of discordance demonstrated visual bias which was substantially reduced from that found in the first experiment for no-knowledge subjects. Observers who were permitted head movement and provided with knowledge of discordance demonstrated no visual bias or auditory bias. Head movements were executed systematically, when permitted, and resulted in an increase in the precision of auditory localizations and a reduction in the biasing effect of vision. In contrast, head movement did not affect the precision of visual localizations. Results are discussed in terms of current hypotheses regarding perceptual dominance. PMID- 6646956 TI - Individual variation in directional bias in visual perception. AB - Directional biases in visual perception were examined for individual differences in sixty-five subjects on two tasks. One task required judgments of the onset asynchrony of pairs of dots presented at random, either one dot in each visual field, or both in the left visual field (LVF), or the right visual field (RVF). The second task required the recall of four letter strings presented randomly in either visual field. Dot-asynchrony judgments were influenced by two main biases: first, an outward from the centre bias in both visual fields, and second, a lateral bias which was significantly from left to right (L-R) in the total sample. A substantial minority of subjects were biased to judge the dots as occurring in right to left (R-L) order. Accuracy of letter report decreased fairly consistently from L-R in the RVF but varied in the LVF. Some subjects showed a L-R report gradient, some a R-L gradient, and some a U-shaped recall pattern. Significant correlations between measures of L-R and R-L biases on the two tasks show that the biases have some stable foundation. The findings suggest that there are directional biases affecting visual perception which are due neither to learned reading habits, nor to cerebral specialization of function. PMID- 6646957 TI - Occluding edges in apparent reversal of convexity and concavity. AB - Certain undulating surfaces have an ambiguous relief which may appear as convex or concave. The direction of relief is generally held to depend primarily on assumptions about the direction of illumination. It is suggested that this does not apply to pictures with relief features with occluding edges. PMID- 6646958 TI - The Poggendorff in real life. PMID- 6646959 TI - Optical illusions in invertions. PMID- 6646960 TI - Choice reaction time with a random foreperiod. PMID- 6646961 TI - The micropattern effect and visible persistence. PMID- 6646962 TI - Motor and cognitive factors in the modification of a reflex. PMID- 6646963 TI - Category effects in visual search: a failure to replicate the "oh-zero" phenomenon. PMID- 6646964 TI - Sinusoidal plucks and bows are not categorically perceived, either. PMID- 6646965 TI - An effect of speed on induced motion. PMID- 6646966 TI - A comparison of visual and two modes of tactual letter resolution. PMID- 6646968 TI - Dimensional models for the perception of rectangles. PMID- 6646967 TI - Reflex eyeblinks and visual suppression. PMID- 6646969 TI - Recognition thresholds for a speech continuum following selective adaptation. PMID- 6646970 TI - Relationships between the kinetic, alternating-line, and Poggendorff illusions: the effects of interstimulus interval, inducing parallels, and fixation. PMID- 6646971 TI - Individual differences in perceived exertion assessed by two new methods. PMID- 6646972 TI - Cultural differences in the misperception of exponential growth. PMID- 6646973 TI - An experimental check on Stevens's explanation of the partition paradox by successive doubling and bisecting. PMID- 6646974 TI - On interpreting the effects of location preknowledge: a critique of Duncan. PMID- 6646975 TI - Meridional anisotropia in cyclofusion. PMID- 6646976 TI - The function of spatial frequency analysis: test of a proposal. PMID- 6646977 TI - Animal research--for and against: a philosophical, social, and historical perspective. PMID- 6646978 TI - Relationship between fluid flow and O2 demand in tissues in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 6646979 TI - Commentary on "Animal research--for and against: a philosophical, social, and historical perspective". PMID- 6646980 TI - The clinical transaction: themes and descants. PMID- 6646982 TI - The subjective in medicine. PMID- 6646981 TI - Encephalization and gestation in placental mammals. PMID- 6646983 TI - Medicine and technology. PMID- 6646984 TI - Did thalidomide promote poliomyelitis following oral poliovirus vaccination in West Berlin in 1960? PMID- 6646985 TI - Valepotriate content in different in vitro cultures of Valerianaceae and characterization of Valeriana officinalis L. callus during a growth period. AB - Different in vitro cultures of Valerianaceae were analysed for valepotriate content [(iso)valtrate, acevaltrate, didrovaltrate] in a study on properties of production in vitro (plant species, growth conditions, differentiation level, valepotriate content of the medium after growth). The in vitro cultures were: callus cultures of Valeriana officinalis L., Valerianella locusta L. and Centranthus ruber L.DC.; a suspension culture of Valeriana officinalis L. and a root organ culture of Centranthus ruber L.DC. All of the cultures produced valepotriates in vitro in different amounts. None of the media that had served for growth contained any valepotriates. In order to characterize the in vitro growth more precisely different parameters were analysed at different time intervals during a growth period in one of the cultures (callus culture of Valeriana officinalis L.). These different parameters were: fresh and dry weight, lipid and nitrogen content and (iso)valtrate content. This study during a growth period was performed on two media differing in plant hormone content. PMID- 6646986 TI - The bioavailability of two new preparations of spironolactone tablets. AB - Two new preparations of spironolactone tablets containing 25 and 100 mg of spironolactone have been characterized by their disintegration time, tablet spironolactone content, dissolution profile and bioavailability in comparison with two known spironolactone preparations as reference material. The preparations were found to possess almost identical characteristics, assuring a proper clinical use of the new tablet preparations. For spironolactone, a positive outcome of the in vitro dissolution test coincides with an excellent bioavailability. PMID- 6646987 TI - Isotherms in ion exchange as obtained from break-through curves. II. Simple isotherms. AB - Isotherms for ion exchange equilibria can be obtained from break-through curves. The present work is concerned with experimental results from resin analyte combinations without selectivity reversal. PMID- 6646988 TI - Transport in QSAR VIII. The influence of viscosity on transport rate constants in two-phase systems organic solvent-water. AB - In the system cyclohexane-water transport rate constants and partition coefficients of nine sulfonamides are determined at six temperatures. Kinematic viscosities of the organic and aqueous layer are determined at the same temperatures. Experimentally bilinear relationships between transport rate constants and partition coefficients are obtained in good agreement with theory. According to this theory convection and diffusion are important features in the overall transport process. Using the experimental data, the influence of viscosity on transport rate constants is established and expressed in terms of the relationships between maximum transport rate constants and viscosities. These relationships correspond with laminar flow at both sides of the interface. PMID- 6646989 TI - Allosteric properties of the oxyphenbutazone--human serum albumin complex. AB - The conformational change of albumin which occurs around physiological pH, the so called N-B transition, has been studied by measuring the induced circular dichroic signal of the oxyphenbutazone-albumin complex. This N-B transition has been characterized by a set of parameters according to the two-state model of Monod, Wyman and Changeux. The influence of calcium ions on the N-B transition has been interpreted in terms of a change in some of the parameters describing the two-state model, viz. a decrease of the apparent pK value of the histidines and of the apparent allosteric constant of the oxyphenbutazone-albumin complex. This apparent pK change increases with increasing Ca2+ concentration, whereas the apparent allosteric constant approaches a final value at 5 mM Ca2+. From acid base titration curves of albumin in the presence and in the absence of Ca2+ it could be concluded that in the presence of Ca2+ less histidines are titratable than in the absence of Ca2+. Assuming that these histidines are not involved in the N-B transition it follows that at least four to five histidines are involved in the N-B transition. PMID- 6646990 TI - Alkaloids in ergot found on different Gramineae in The Netherlands. AB - The alkaloid content and the composition of the alkaloid complex of thirteen samples of ergot sclerotia from different gramineous host species collected in The Netherlands were investigated. Two samples collected in France were also examined. Ergot of Glyceria fluitans (L.) R.Br. did not contain alkaloids. The total alkaloid content of ergot found on the other wild grasses was more than 0.2%. The ratio between the contents of water soluble and water insoluble alkaloids of the investigated ergot sclerotia varies between 1:10 and 1:20. The composition of the alkaloid complex in the sclerotia was studied by quantitative thin-layer chromatography. The sclerotia could be grouped into three main categories: --sclerotia of Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P.B. ex J. et C. Presl, containing predominantly ergocornine, alpha- and beta-ergokryptine and ergosine; --sclerotia of Dactylis glomerata L., Phalaris arundinacea L., Alopecurus geniculatus L. and Holcus mollis L., containing predominantly ergosine, ergocristine and ergotamine; - sclerotia of Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench, containing predominantly ergocristine, ergosine and ergometrine. A great similarity was found between the composition of the alkaloid complex in ergot of Lolium perenne L. from different locations and also in ergot of Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench from different locations. This similarity was less in ergot of Dactylis glomerata L. collected from different locations. PMID- 6646991 TI - Optimization of a novel two-phase potentiometric titration method of barbiturates with mercury (II). Part I: Theory. AB - A two-phase potentiometric titration procedure for barbiturates with mercury(II) was developed. In the new titration procedure the barbituric acid derivative is dissolved in an aqueous borate buffer. An organic phase consisting of chloroform and benzyl alcohol is added, and the vigourously stirred contents of the titration vessel are titrated by a mercury(II) nitrate solution. The theory of the conditional formation constant in a two-phase system is derived to provide a basis for the selection of optimal titration conditions. It is shown that the new conditional formation constant of the two-phase system, K, increases if the mercury-barbiturate complex is extracted into the organic layer. By extraction of the barbituric acid derivative into the organic layer K is diminished, but this effect can be minimized by a correct choice of the pH of the aqueous layer. The influence of these factors on the pM jump in the equivalence point is demonstrated by calculation of the corresponding theoretical titration curves. PMID- 6646992 TI - Optimization of a novel two-phase potentiometric titration method of barbiturates with mercury (II). Part II: Experimental evaluation. AB - A two-phase potentiometric titration procedure of barbiturates with mercury(II) was developed. The composition of the formed mercury-barbiturate complexes was elucidated by infrared spectrometry. In the new titration procedure the barbituric acid derivative is dissolved in an aqueous borate buffer. An organic phase consisting of chloroform and benzyl alcohol is added, and the vigorously stirred contents of the titration vessel are titrated by a mercury(II) nitrate solution. In the potentiometric determination of the end-point a rotating mercury electrode is used as an indicator electrode that also serves as an efficient stirrer. The two-phase procedure was compared with a one-phase mercurimetric potentiometric titration in borate buffer and with the potentiometric titration by sodium hydroxide in an ethanol-water solution. The proposed two-phase procedure is superior to both methods because lower concentrations of barbiturates (10(-3) - 10(-4) M) can be determined successfully. The one-phase procedure suffers from systematic errors, while the titration with sodium hydroxide is less precise at concentration levels of the barbiturates prevailing in content uniformity studies. By the two-phase procedure the direct titration of phenobarbital and mephobarbital in a dry mix of tablet excipients was possible with a relative standard deviation smaller than 1.5 percent. PMID- 6646993 TI - Zinc in plasma and serum: influence of contamination due to the collection tubes. AB - The contamination caused by rubber stoppers of collection tubes preceding the determination of zinc in plasma and serum was investigated. The use of evacuated blood collection tubes (EBC-tubes), normally used for the collection of serum samples, could give rise to an average artificial increase of normal serum zinc concentrations of about 250%. Heparin containing EBC-tubes, used for the collection of plasma, and plain EBC-tubes of an experimental production appeared to be suitable for correct zinc determinations. There was no difference between the serum and plasma zinc levels of fifty volunteers. PMID- 6646994 TI - Zinc absorption after oral administration of zinc sulfate. AB - The administration of 200 mg of ZnSO4.7H2O to six normal healthy males gave rise to increased serum zinc levels when this drug was taken in a fasting state, whereas administration during a light meal caused no increased levels. PMID- 6646995 TI - Analytical studies on illicit heroin. III. Auto-interference in the colorimetric determination of strychnine in illicit heroin samples. AB - The colorimetric determination of strychnine in illicit heroin samples, based on the reduction of strychnine followed by colour development with nitrite was checked. Interference by heroin was observed, as well as a strong interference by caffeine. It was concluded that results, based on this method, are not reliable. PMID- 6646996 TI - Reabsorption of dicarboxylic acids from the proximal convolution of rat kidney. AB - The transport of dicarboxylic acid in the late proximal convolution was investigated by measuring the 3.5 s efflux of 2-oxoglutarate from the tubular lumen of rats starved for 3 days. The 3.5 s efflux of 2-oxoglutarate comprises two components, one due to movement across the brush border, obeying Michaelis Menten kinetics with an apparent Km of 0.13 mmol/l and a Jmax of 0.41 pmol cm-1 s 1 and the other due to diffusional movement presumably via the paracellular pathway with a permeability of 23.0 microns2 s-1. Omission of sodium from the perfusion fluid reduced the transcellular efflux of 2-oxoglutarate by 76%, indicating a sodium-dependent transport system. Addition of 5 mmol/l lithium to the liminal and capillary perfusate reduced it by 56% indicating a specific inhibitory effect of lithium on dicarboxylic acid transport. Addition of 5 mmol/l H2DIDS to the luminal perfusate reduced 3.5 s transcellular 2-oxoglutarate efflux by 35%. The molecular specificity of the system was assessed by studying the inhibitory effects of a series of dicarboxylates, both aliphatic and aromatic, on the 3.5 s efflux of 2-oxoglutarate. Inhibitory constants (apparent Ki) were calculated for comparative purposes assuming competitive inhibition. From this, the system was found to have optimal affinity for dicarboxylates in the trans configuration with a four or five carbon chain (i.e. succinate and glutarate). Substitution on the 2-carbon atom with CH3-, OH-, SH-, and O = resulted in little reduction in inhibitory potency as compared to succinate itself. However, 2 substitution with NH3+ (not with N-acetyl) as well as 2,3-disubstitution with CH3 , OH- or SH-, strongly reduced or abolished the inhibitory potency. Only with the exception of pyruvate all monocarboxylates tested, did not inhibit 2-oxoglutarate transport, but all tricarboxylates tested, i.e. citrate, isocitrate and tricarballate had an inhibitory effect. Citrate inhibition was higher at acidic than alkaline pH. A number of aromatic compounds was also tested. In most cases the inhibitory potency of the aromatic compounds was considerably weaker than that of the effective 4-5 carbon chain aliphatic compounds. Only benzene-1,4 dicarboxylate, benzene-2-nitro-1,4-dicarboxylate, and benzene-1,2-diacetate had a high inhibitory potency. In the case of the aromatic dicarboxylates the most important feature relating molecular structure to transport was the distance between the two carboxyl-groups in the molecule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6646997 TI - Chloride activity in cells of isolated perfused cortical thick ascending limbs of rabbit kidney. AB - Rabbit cortical thick ascending limb segments were perfused in vitro, and intracellular Cl- activity was estimated in three types of experiments using conventional and chloride selective microelectrodes. In series 1 Ringer like solutions were present on the two epithelial sides. In series 2 limen Cl- was replaced by gluconate, and in series 3 furosemide, 10-20 . 10(-6) mol . 1-1, was added to the lumen perfusate. It was found that under control conditions intracellular Cl- activity, as estimated from the difference of the reading of the conventional (n = 53) and ion selective electrodes (n = 118) was 26 +/- 1 mmol . 1-1. Thi value is approximately three times higher than expected for passive distribution of Cl-. After removal of lumen Cl- (series 2) intracellular Cl- activity fell to 9 mmol . 1(-1) which is only some 4 mmol . 1(-1) above passive distribution. We argue that these 4 mmol . 1(-1) reflect mainly the interference with the Cl- electrode by other anions, such as phosphate. The above estimates for intracellular Cl- activity, have to be diminished by these 4 mmol . 1(-1), and, thus, are close to 22 mmol . 1(-1). In series 3 a rapid and reversible fall in intracellular Cl- from 23 to 7 mmol . 1(-1) was observed. We conclude that the Cl- activity in cTAL cells is clearly above equilibrium under control conditions and that it falls rapidly to values close to equilibrium when Cl- reabsorption is blocked by either removing lumen Cl- or by blocking the Cl- entry via the Na+-2 Cl--K+-carrier with furosemide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6646998 TI - Effects of fast and slowly acting antagonists on the time course of the muscarinic response in guinea-pig atrial muscle. AB - In sino-atrial and atrial preparations of the guinea-pig heart the effects of slowly and rapidly reversible antagonists on the time course of the acetylcholine or carbachol-evoked hyperpolarization (muscarinic response) were studied using double-barreled micropipettes for ionophoretic drug application. The muscarinic response can be inhibited not only if an antagonist is applied before or simultaneously with the agonist but also during its late decay phase. Local ionophoretic application of a slowly reversible (atropine-like) antagonist results in a prolongation of time-to-peak of a subsequently evoked muscarinic response, whereas bath application of this type of antagonists only results in an inhibition without affecting the time course. It is concluded that the remaining response after ionophoretic ejection of a small amount of this type of antagonists is due to activation of more distant receptor populations, which give a slower contribution to the integral response than receptors close to the source of release. Both, local and bath application of rapidly reversible antagonists (TEA, Pentyl-TEA) causes a faster time course of the muscarinic response. This can be explained by the apparent equilibrium constant of the agonist receptor complex to be increased in the presence of a true competitive antagonist. Under this condition proximal receptors, which should respond faster are less inhibited than distant ones. The results strongly suggest that the duration of the muscarinic response in the heart is governed by diffusion of agonist molecules on the surface or inside the cardiac muscle. PMID- 6646999 TI - Adenosine and ATP effects on isolated guinea pig gallbladder. AB - Effects of adenosine, ATP and several derivatives of adenosine were measured in isolated strips of guinea pig gallbladder. Adenosine caused relaxations which were antagonized by theophylline and potentiated by an inhibitor of adenosine uptake, 6-(1-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylthio)-guanosine (HNBTG). Among several adenosine derivatives, 2-chloroadenosine and 5'-N-ethylcarboxy-midoadenosine were similarly effective while 1-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine was only a weak relaxant. None of the derivatives caused maximal relaxations at 100 microM, and thus absolute potencies could not be determined. ATP caused predominantly contractile effects, with relaxations sometimes being evident at high concentrations. Indomethacin abolished contractile effects of ATP, suggesting prostaglandin involvement, and only relaxations were evident in its presence. Adenosine deaminase abolished the effects of adenosine and partly reduced the relaxant effects of ATP in the presence of indomethacin. In view of the low potency of adenosine and ATP, physiological roles for these compounds in gallbladder motility are not readily evident. PMID- 6647000 TI - Direct and indirect effects of histamine on the smooth muscle cells of the guinea pig main pulmonary artery. AB - Electrophysiological studies of the effects of histamine on the smooth muscles in the guinea-pig main pulmonary artery revealed that this amine produced muscle contraction with an associated depolarization of the membrane. Application of cimetidine potentiated and that of mepyramine suppressed these histamine-induced responses. In the presence of mepyramine, histamine produced membrane hyperpolarization. Contractions produced by perivascular nerve stimulation were potentiated by histamine, and additional application of cimetidine further potentiated while addition of mepyramine suppressed the histamine-induced enhancement. The amplitude of excitatory junction potentials was increased by application of histamine plus cimetidine and was decreased by histamine plus mepyramine. Excitatory effects of histamine on the electrical and mechanical responses were reduced by application of tetrodotoxin, prazosin, phentolamine or guanethidine. In the presence of these drugs, histamine produced depolarization with an associated increase in membrane resistance and, in high concentrations, produced spike potentials. Electrical and mechanical responses of the smooth muscles to exogenously applied noradrenaline were potentiated by pretreatment with histamine and cimetidine, and were suppressed by histamine and mepyramine. These observations indicate that the guinea-pig main pulmonary artery possesses two types of histamine receptor, H1- and H2-receptors, in the smooth muscles and in the perivascular adrenergic nerves. Stimulation of H1 or H2-receptor produces excitatory or inhibitory effects, respectively, on the smooth muscles and on the adrenergic nerves. Contraction of the muscle tissues produced by histamine is brought about by a direct effect on the smooth muscles and by increased release of transmitters, as a result of excitation of perivascular nerves. PMID- 6647001 TI - Regional differences in electrolyte, short-chain fatty acid and water absorption in the hindgut of two species of arboreal marsupials. AB - Short-chain fatty acid, electrolyte and water absorption from the hindgut of two arboreal marsupial species, the greater glider (Petauroides volans) and the brush tail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) were studied in vivo using a single perfusion technique. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the net movement of sodium, potassium and chloride were found between the different hindgut segments and between the two species. ALl transport processes exhibited active characteristics. Net Na+ transport in all segments was concentration-dependent in the range of 45-135 mmol . 1(-1) Na+. The proximal colon of the greater glider showed a net Na+, Cl- and water secretion and K+ absorption, all electrolyte movements being against the electrochemical gradient. Water followed passively the osmotic gradient generated mainly by the net movement of Na+. Short-chain fatty acids were absorbed according to their chain length in a constant ratio of 1.0:1.2:1.3 for acetate, propionate and butyrate, respectively. Our data indicate that absorptive and secretory processes in the hindgut of these marsupials are basically similar to those of eutherians, even in epithelia differing significantly in the direction of net solute transport. PMID- 6647002 TI - Intrinsic difference in erythrocyte membrane in spontaneously hypertensive rats characterized by Na+ and K+ fluxes. AB - The goal of this study was to determine whether the elevated flux of sodium and potassium through the erythrocyte membrane of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is due to an intrinsic difference in the cell membrane or to a humoral factor present in the plasma. Isolated and washed erythrocytes from SHR and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKy) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, were incubated in 1) a physiological salt solution, 2) WKy or SD plasma and 3) SHR plasma. Incubations were performed at 4 degrees C for 23 h. Erythrocytes from SHR incubated in physiological salt solution had significantly greater Na+ and K+ fluxes than those from normotensive WKy and SD rats (P less than 0.005). Plasma from any of the three strains of rats, as compared to physiological salt solution, increased Na+ influx in the following order: SD greater than WKy greater than SHR. Erythrocyte K+ efflux was not altered by plasma. We conclude that the elevated flux of Na+ and K+ in SHR erythrocytes is due to an intrinsic difference in the cell membrane. The greater Na+ influx in plasma from any strain of rats is not correlated with the blood pressure of the rat. The lesser increase in Na+ influx in erythrocytes incubated in plasma from SHR masks the greater intrinsic membrane permeability in the SHR erythrocyte when Na+ fluxes are studied in whole blood. The elevated flux of Na+ and K+ through the erythrocyte membrane of SHR may reflect a general membrane defect that underlies the pathogenesis of elevated arterial pressure. PMID- 6647003 TI - Stimulation by human calcitonin of electrolyte transport in distal tubules of rat kidney. AB - The effects of human calcitonin (HCT) on the distal tubule were investigated by micropuncture in hormone-deprived rats, i.e. in the absence of parathyroid hormone, antidiuretic hormone and glucagon, which might have masked these effects. Two groups of rats were studied: hormone-deprived and hormone-deprive + HCT, infused at 1.0 mU/min X 100 g.b.w. In the urine, HCT markedly reduced Ca and Mg excretion whereas excretion of water, Na and K was not significantly affected. Along the distal tubule, HCT strongly enhanced Na, Cl, Mg, Ca and total solute reabsorption, decreased K secretion but did not alter water or phosphate transport. It is concluded that HCT stimulated Na, Cl, Ca and Mg reabsorption. If, as suggested, HCT also stimulated the reabsorptive component of K transport, the hormone should therefore elicit the same physiological effects in the distal tubule and the thick ascending limb. PMID- 6647004 TI - Effects of brainstem lesions on the nasopharyngeal reflex in the conscious rabbit. AB - The cardiovascular responses evoked through the nasopharyngeal reflex by the inhalation of formaldehyde vapour were studied in conscious rabbits after bilateral electrolytic lesions of the ventrolateral medulla coinciding with the A1 group of catecholamine cells. Arterial blood pressure was measured in the central ear artery, heart rate was determined from the arterial pressure trace, and iliac blood flow was determined using a Doppler ultrasonic flow meter placed around the lower abdominal aorta. There were no significant changes in the heart rate, blood pressure and iliac conductance responses elicited through the nasopharyngeal reflexes of sham operated animals in which electrodes were inserted without the passage of current. The blood pressure changes produced by inhalation of formaldehyde in control rabbits were not significantly altered in animals with ventrolateral medullary lesions. However, the magnitude of the bradycardia and of the fall in iliac conductance evoked by the inhalation of formaldehyde were approximately halved 4 h and 1 day after the lesions but were fully restored at 2 weeks. These experiments suggest that the A1 group of catecholamine neurones help mediate the bradycardia and vasoconstriction elicited through nasopharyngeal reflexes in terrestial animals exposed to noxious vapours. PMID- 6647005 TI - Hemodynamics of the juvenile dog knee in relation to increased venous outlet resistance. AB - Tissue blood flow was measured by the tracer microsphere technique in the juxta articular bones of the immature knee, knee joint capsule and skeletal muscles of the hind limbs after unilateral bone cannulation of the distal femoral epiphysis, surgical exploration of the popliteal vessels and unilateral isolated increase of venous outlet resistance in the distal femoral epiphysis during Halothane anaesthesia. Pressure registration was performed in a liquid-filled electromanometric pressure recording system. Significant regional differences in bone blood flow was found within the different bone compartments of both control and test limb. Bone cannulation resulted in insignificant hyperaemia in the distal femoral epiphysis. No changes of distribution pattern of bone blood flow followed the surgical procedure. Ligation of the medial genicular vein caused a three fold increase of venous outlet resistance measured after 5 min, while an insignificant decrease of arterial inlet resistance was calculated. After one hour a significant decrease of both arterial inlet resistance and venous outlet resistance was found. In addition evidence of a veno-arterial reflex mechanism causing a significant unilateral decrease of distal skeletal muscle blood flow was found. The results demonstrate the presence of both venous and arterial regulation, predominantly metabolic, of bone blood flow in the knee. PMID- 6647006 TI - Overall open-loop gain of rapidly acting arterial pressure control system in rabbits. AB - We estimated the overall open-loop gain of the rapidly acting arterial pressure control system without surgically or pharmacologically opening the reflex loop in rabbits. Animals anesthetized by intravenous injection of Nembutal (27.5 mg X kg 1 body weight) and heparinized were bled by 2 ml X kg-1 body weight within 1-2 s through a catheter inserted into the aortic arch. Arterial pressure change after the quick mild hemorrhage was monitored via a catheter placed in the right subclavian artery for more than 2 min. The overall open-loop gain of the lumped arterial pressure control system determined from the mean arterial pressure response to the hemorrhage was 7.3. It was almost constant over the range between 12.9 and 22.2 kPa systemic pressure. PMID- 6647007 TI - Transient outward current and rate dependence of action potential duration in rabbit cardiac ventricular muscle. AB - A conventional (single sucrose gap) voltage clamp technique was employed to investigate the rate dependence of ionic currents activated in the plateau range of potential in the rabbit ventricular muscle. A transient outward current of increasing amplitude was observed when the period of rest preceding the test voltage clamp pulse was increased from 0.7-60 s. The action potential duration was short when the transient outward current peak (100-150 ms after the voltage clamp pulse beginning) was high under the studied conditions of stimulation (interbeat intervals 0.7-60 s). The rate dependent transient outward current was small at low levels of depolarization above the resting potential (40 mV), had a maximum at some 90-100 mV and decreased at more positive potentials. This current was sensitive to the simultaneous application of 4-aminopyridine and calcium substitution with strontium in the Tyrode solution. It is suggested that the transient outward current is probably responsible for the changes of the action potential duration in rabbit papillary muscles when the interbeat interval varies from some 0.7-60 s. PMID- 6647009 TI - A microcomputer-based system for measuring temporal asymmetry in amputee gait. AB - This paper reports the development of a microcomputer-based system for measuring the temporal factors of amputee gait. The system has been designed for possible use in a standard clinical environment. It consists of a simple walkway, two photoelectric beam relays, a control unit and an APPLE II Plus microcomputer. Preliminary clinical assessment of the system has been conducted. The gait characteristics of eight amputees during their ambulation training were investigated with the use of the new system. A comparison of the results from different groups of subjects, selected primarily on level of amputation, is presented. PMID- 6647008 TI - Mineralo- and glucocorticoid effects on renal excretion of electrolytes. AB - The acute effects of mineralo- and glucocorticoids on urinary electrolyte excretion were studied in the conscious, acutely potassium deprived, adrenalectomized rat. Sodium, potassium, and creatinine were measured in the urine excreted from 2.5 to 5.5 h after injection of one or more of the following steroids: aldosterone (Aldo), 9-alpha fluorocortisol (FC), deoxycorticosterone (DOC), dexamethasone (Dex), and spironolactone (Spiro). The hierarchy (a) for increasing creatinine excretion was Dex greater than FC greater than Aldo greater than DOC greater than Spiro greater than none, a hierarchy consistent with glucocorticoid potency; and (b) for producing anti-natriuresis was Aldo greater than DOC greater than or equal to FC greater than or equal to none = Spiro greater than Dex, a hierarchy consistent with mineralocorticoid potency. In contrast, the kaliuresis produced by mineralo- and glucocorticoids appears different. A "mineralocorticoid" kaliuresis is 1) elicited by anti-natriuretic doses of Aldo and FC, 2) approximately twice control UKV, 3) unrelated to changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and 4) inhibited by Spiro. A "glucocorticoid" kaliuresis is 1) elicited by Dex and high doses of Aldo and FC, 2) about seven to twenty-fold greater than control UKV, 3) possibly dependent, in part, on changes in GFR, and, 4) not inhibited by Spiro. DOC was not kaliuretic at anti-natriuretic doses. The urinary Na/K ratio was an unreliable index of mineralocorticoid action. PMID- 6647010 TI - A field evaluation of arm prostheses for unilateral amputees. AB - A post-clinical investigation has been carried out among 42 unilateral amputees who lost their hand due to an accident. The investigation was directed at two main topics of interest. Firstly the amputee, the problems he has to cope with, and the role the prosthesis plays in his life; and secondly the prosthesis, its use and its potential benefits and burdens. The group of amputees consisted of above-elbow and below-elbow amputees. Body powered as well as myoelectric prostheses were represented in the group. Most of the information was obtained during a two-day home visit where a semi-structured interview was conducted, and where a number of daily life activities were observed. The information thus obtained has led to a number of conclusions and recommendations with respect to the rehabilitation of this category of amputees, and with respect to the design criteria of prostheses for unilateral amputees. PMID- 6647011 TI - Coping with the loss of a leg. AB - This study sets out to examine the physical and psychological effects of amputation on marriage and family life; assess the extent to which the needs of the younger amputee are being met from current rehabilitation resources, and to ascertain how the non-disabled regard amputation and its consequences. Interviews were conducted with a group of 19 amputees and a group of 40 non-disabled individuals within the same age range and the results are reported. PMID- 6647012 TI - Tubular orthoses. AB - A method of constructing orthoses and other patient devices using nylon tubing and clip-together standard components is described. This permits the rapid assembly of custom orthoses that can be evaluated before prescription in a clinical setting. These orthoses have been successfully used for the control of thoracic spinal flexion, hip abduction, elbow extension, shoulder abduction, cervical spine stabilization and pressure sore relief. Advantages over existing orthoses include reduced weight, improved comfort and cosmesis, low cost and increased speed of provision. Examples of these orthoses are shown, together with details of their structure, function and clinical results. PMID- 6647013 TI - Studies of dynamic ligamentous instability of the knee by electrogoniometric means. AB - Ligamentous injuries to a knee joint increase the risk of post-traumatic degenerative changes. Successful early diagnosis and treatment of such injuries remains a challenging and controversial task. There are a variety of clinical tests available and some of these are difficult to perform and interpret. These clinical tests are really static in nature and may not reveal the presence of what is essentially a dynamic event. A complete assessment would need to be "dynamic" and by its application during ambulation, incorporate the effects of ground-foot forces, joint motions and muscle activities. At the Ontario Crippled Children's Centre (OCCC) a triaxial electrogoniometer system (extensively modified CARS-UBC) has been used, together with complementary gait laboratory instrumentation, in order to study the knees of 16 male subjects. Ten subjects had knees without evidence of injury and six had a variety of cruciate and menisceal tears. The purpose of the study was to investigate if a subject's knee could be classified as "normal" or "unstable" by using just the data provided by the electrogoniometer during walking trials. These data are difficult to interpret in their time series form because they are multidimensional and in all subjects likely to exhibit subtle stride to stride variations. The method described allows the mapping of this data into an abstract two dimensional co ordinate system, resulting in a set of trajectories which cluster together for data belonging to the "normal" group. Only two subjects, with grossly unstable knees, were judged different from normal using a level walking test protocol. Some potential reasons for this are discussed. PMID- 6647014 TI - Technical note--a patient propelled variable-inclination prone stander. AB - A self-propelled mobile standing device is described with the facility of patient operated inclination of the support platform, enabling objects on the floor to be reached. The device is provided with a removable tray at the level of the occupant's chest. PMID- 6647015 TI - [42d meeting of the Japanese Society of Radiology. Osaka, Japan, April 5-7, 1983. Abstracts]. PMID- 6647016 TI - [New aspects of AIDS]. PMID- 6647017 TI - [Early prevention of atopic disease]. PMID- 6647018 TI - [Vitiligo]. PMID- 6647019 TI - [Choice of diagnostic procedures: the "Bias" method]. PMID- 6647021 TI - The significance of the ash content of the third metacarpal bone for the diagnosis of Ca deficiency in the pig. AB - A method based on determination of the ash content and the length of the third metacarpal bone as an aid to diagnosis of calcium deficiency in pigs is presented. The material consisted of 58 Finnish pigs of normal slaughter weight, divided according to the mineral content of the diet into 6 groups. The Ca level in the feed varied from 0.8% to 2.2%. The ash contents and lengths of the thirds metacarpal bones of the pigs were compared, and their relationships to a straight line representing the relationship between ash content and length of the third metacarpal bone of pigs receiving a feed with a Ca content of 1.2% and a P content of 1.0% were examined. In the pigs studied the mineralization of the skeleton (Mc III) was influenced by the Ca content of the feed. The straight line defined in the previous paragraph separated the pigs which had received a feed with a sufficient Ca content from those which had received a feed low in Ca. Individual differences in ability to utilize the feed and the osteoporosis induced by inactivity were noticeable sources of deviation from this relationship. PMID- 6647020 TI - Effects of Ca and P levels in the feed on serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, hydroxyproline and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol levels, and on the ash content of the third metacarpal bone in pigs. AB - The material in the present study considered of 42 pigs. The pigs received different amounts of Ca and P in the feed. Observations were made on the blood serum Ca, P, AP, HP, and 25-OH-D3 levels, the ash content of the Mc III, and on the clinical behaviour of the pigs. The pigs were divided into 6 groups (3 X 6 Finnish Landrace and 3 X 8 Large White). The piglets used in each case were from the same sow, sired by the same boar, ensuring similar genetic backgrounds. The duration of the experiment was 85 to 100 days. The Ca and P contents of the feed were 1.24/ 1%, 0.41/0.49%, 0.48/0.76%, 1.3/0.7%, 0.41/0.74%, 0.44/1.83%. The declared content of D3 in the feed mixture was 2 000 IU/kg. At the end of the experiment, SCa levels were normal, but SP levels had risen in the groups fed 0.41/0.74% and 0.44/1.83%. SAP and SHP levels were normal. The 25-OH-D3 levels were within the same range for all groups investigated. The groups receiving low levels of Ca developed an osteodystrophia fibrosa, which, together with osteochondrosis, resulted in a leg weakness syndrome. The ash contents of the Mc III were lowest in the groups receiving a feed poor in Ca. PMID- 6647022 TI - The availability of tetracyclines in calves. AB - The bioavailability of oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) was studied in non-fasting calves. The availability of OTC was found to be 5% and of CTC 37% after oral administration of 10 mg/kg. The availability was reduced when the drugs were given in a milk replacer or in cow's milk. The area under curve (AUC) was reduced 68% when OTC was given in milk replacer, the reduction of CTC availability was 40%. In milk the reduction was 72% for OTC and 47% for CTC. Calcium and iron caused a dramatic reduction of the serum levels. OTC was stored mixed in milk powder at room temperature for 6 months without loss in availability. OTC did not chelate calcium ions in serum. The conclusion drawn from the results was that CTC is more suitable than OTC for oral therapy in calves. PMID- 6647023 TI - Some aspects concerning the causal relation in connection with the development of hydrogensulfide (H2S) in codfish. AB - The purpose of this study has been to investigate if there is any relation between the development of H2S and the growth of H2S producing bacteria and the reduction of TMAO respectively. Further, the relative importance of entrail enzymes and the growth of bacteria for the H2S development has been investigated. It has been concluded that in case where entrails were mixed with minced fish meat, the H2S development was entirely caused by entrail enzymes, whereas the presence of kidney blood did not seem to be of any importance. On the other hand, however, both kidney blood and entrails in particular had a clear effect on the reduction of TMAO to TMA when mixed up with minced cod meat. No significant relation was found between the reduction of TMAO to TMA and the development of H2S. PMID- 6647024 TI - [Histopathological studies of the acute and chronic toxic effects of 2 N-nitroso compounds on the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)]. AB - The acute and chronic effects of two N-Nitroso compounds (N-Nitrosodimethylamine) (DMN) and N-Methyl-N-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were studied by light microscopy after injection of the chemicals into the foot of the mussel, Mytilus edulis. Acute toxic effects: DMN produced dose-dependent (0.1 to 0.8 mg DMN/mussel) tissue alterations characterized by extensive inflammatory reactions in the Leydig cell tissue of the digestive gland, and necrosis in the germinal epithelium lining the genital ducts. MNNG produced dose-dependent (0.063 to 0.5 mg MNNG/mussel) tissue alterations characterized by extensive necrosis in the epithelial lining of the tubules of the digestive gland. Chronic toxic effects: 0.2 mg DMN/mussel given once a week for 8 weeks, and examined over a period of 30 weeks, revealed tissue alterations characterized by extensive collagenous scar tissue formation in between the tubules of the digestive gland, presence of numerous granulocytomas, and necrosis of the germinal epithelium of the genital ducts. 0.125 mg MNNG/mussel given once a week for 4 weeks, and examined over a period of 7 months, produced tissue alterations mainly characterized by encapsulation or replacement of damaged digestive tubules by collagenous scar tissue. PMID- 6647025 TI - Killing times of minke whales in the Norwegian coastal whaling in the 1981 and 1982 seasons. AB - During the whaling seasons of 1981 and 1982 16 inspectors were on the whaling grounds to collect data about weapons and equipment, shooting facilities, hitting areas, reaction to hits, tissue and organ damage and killing times. The inspectors were instructed to confirm the criteria of death by personal observation before reading the time. Consequently the recorded times are appreciably longer than real killing time for a number of whales. The average killing time according to this method was 11 min 50 sec in the 1981 season and 12 min 40 sec in the 1982 season (Table I). 22.4% and 21.8% died instantaneously in the two seasons. Hitting the CNS or the heart was most effective. Hits in the abdominal cavity or the musculature prolonged the killing times considerably. PMID- 6647026 TI - The primary structure and expression of four cloned human histone genes. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence of four human histone genes has been determined. Each gene codes for a core histone protein which is very homologous with the corresponding calf thymus of rat histones. The 5' and 3' flanking regions of the human histone genes contain previously identified concensus sequences: the TATA box, the GACTTC element; the CCAAT sequence; the 3' terminal dyad symmetry element thought to be involved in transcription termination; and a recently identified H2b specific upstream sequence. A putative H2a specific upstream sequence 5'-TTCTTGGACTCCTCTTTTC-3' is present approximately 40 base pairs upstream from the TATA box in the human H2a gene promoter. Nuclease S1 analysis of the human histone mRNAs encoded within each of these clones demonstrates that the mRNA terminii map to the expected positions relative to the known concensus sequences, and that the abundance of each mRNA is regulated during the HeLa cell cycle. Finally, in contrast to the H2b, H3 and H4 mRNAs encoded within clones pHh 4A/pHh4C, pHh5B and pHu4A, respectively, the H2a mRNA encoded by Hh5G is not present in human placental RNA. PMID- 6647027 TI - Conformational analysis of m4(2)C-m4(2)C-m6(2)A: a chemically modified 3' acceptor end of tRNA, studied by NMR and CD methods. AB - A study on the conformation of the title compound, C-C-A, and on its constituent dinucleotides is presented. 1H-NMR spectra at 360 and 500 MHz were completely assigned by decoupling experiments. Computer simulation of the spectra yielded precise proton-proton and proton-phosphorus coupling constant values. The coupling constants are analyzed in terms of torsion angles and of N- and S-type sugar pucker. 31P-NMR spectra gave some information about P-O backbone torsion angles alpha and zeta. CD spectroscopy was used to obtain insight in the base base interaction. The C(1) and C(2) unit in C-C-A show normal preference for N type conformation of the sugar ring, whereas the A(3) residue appears rather biased towards the S-conformation. The zeta and alpha backbone torsion angles in the C-C phosphodiester linkage in C-C-A appear to assume normal g-, g- conformation, the zeta, alpha combination in the C-A linkage is proposed to have a g+, t conformation. In the C-C fragment in C-C-A a regular stack is indicated; it is suggested that the C-A part adopts an unusual antiparallel base stack. PMID- 6647028 TI - Synthesis of ppTppp via phosphotriester intermediates. AB - The bifunctional and crystalline phosphorylating agent morpholino-0,0-bis[1 benzotriazolyl]phosphate has been used for the preparation of a 3',5'-bis phosphotriester intermediate of thymidine. The latter has been converted into ppTppp by the following consecutive steps; removal of the benzotriazolyl group followed by the addition of phosphoric acid and removal of the 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ethyl group followed by the addition of pyrophosphoric acid. PMID- 6647029 TI - Increased accessibility of bases in DNA upon binding of acridine orange. AB - Acridine orange (AO) forms 1:1 complexes with dsDNA which are insoluble in aqueous media, exhibit red luminescence, have minimal green luminescence and resemble complexes of AO with ss nucleic acids. During formation and/or dissociation of these complexes, accessibility of DNA bases to two conformational probes, formaldehyde and diethyl pyrocarbonate is increased, suggesting that the base pairing is destroyed and DNA at least partially denatured. Adriamycin and Ellipticine, but not Ethidium Bromide exert similar destabilizing effects. The results confirm our earlier predictions based on thermodynamic calculations that the double helix undergoes destabilization upon binding an intercalator characterized by high cooperativity in interaction with ss nucleic acids. Thus, the highly cooperative ligand binding to ss sections during the "breathing" of the polymer may progressively destabilize the adjacent ds structure. PMID- 6647030 TI - Unusual structural features of the 5S ribosomal RNA from Streptococcus cremoris. AB - The nucleotide sequence of the 5S ribosomal RNA of Streptococcus cremoris has been determined. The sequence is 5' (sequence in text) 3'. Comparison of the S. cremoris 5S RNA sequence to an updated prokaryotic generalized 5S RNA structural model shows that this 5S RNA contains some unusual structural features. These features result largely from uncommon base substitutions in helices I, II and IV. Some of these unusual structural features are shared by several of the known 5S RNA sequences from mycoplasmas. However, the characteristic bloc of deletions found in helix V of these mycoplasma 5S RNAs is not present in the 5S RNA of S. cremoris. PMID- 6647031 TI - Species-specific homogeneity of the primate Alu family of repeated DNA sequences. AB - We have determined the base sequence of several cloned Alu family members from the DNAs of a new world monkey (owl monkey) and a prosimian (galago). The three owl monkey Alu family members reported here belong to a single 300 base pair consensus sequence which closely resembles the human Alu family consensus. The galago Alu family members can best be represented as belonging to either of two related but distinct consensus sequences. One of the two galago Alu family subgroups (Type I) more accurately resembles the human consensus sequence than does the other subgroup (Type II). In this work we compare base sequences of human and galago Type I Alu family members. There are several examples of species specific differences between the human and Type I galago sequences indicating that the Alu family members are effectively homogenized within a species. PMID- 6647032 TI - A second major class of Alu family repeated DNA sequences in a primate genome. AB - We have analyzed repetitive DNA sequences in a prosimian, Galago crassicaudatus, and found that there are two distinct, highly repetitive families of sequences related to the human Alu family. The Type I family is closely analogous to the human Alu Family. The Type II family of repeats, which appears to be present in higher copy number, has a right half that is almost identical to the Type I family. However, the left half of the Type II sequence shows only limited homology to the galago Type I or human Alu families. A comparison of homologous sequences in the left half indicated that they are centered in regions of the Alu family which function as RNA polymerase III promoters. We have also observed at least one example of a Type II left half that was integrated into the genome independent of the Alu family right half sequence. The Type II family appears to be of much more recent evolutionary origin than the Type I and may have arisen by the independent integration of a RNA polymerase III promoter adjacent to the right half of a Type I Alu family sequence. PMID- 6647033 TI - 5S rRNA sequences from eight basidiomycetes and fungi imperfecti. AB - The 5S rRNA sequences from the basidiomycetes or fungi imperfecti Rhizoctonia crocorum, Rhizoctonia hiemalis, Exobasidium vaccinii, Trichosporon oryzae, Tilletia controversa, Tilletiaria anomala, Dacrymyces deliquescens and Coprinus radiatus were determined. With the exception of Exobasidium, these sequences conform to the association previously found between septal pore type and sequence. The sequence from the supposed ascomycete anamorph Rhizotonia hiemalis clearly is allied with basidiomycete sequences. PMID- 6647034 TI - Directed semisynthetic point mutational analysis of an RNA polymerase III promoter. AB - The transcription of tRNA and Alu repeat genes in vitro by RNA polymerase III has been shown to be dependent on the presence of two intragenic regions, which contain the consensus sequences RGYNNRRYGG (box A) and GA/TTCRANNC (box B), located 30-60 nucleotides apart. The role of box B and some of its variants was analyzed by a novel method involving the chemical synthesis of double stranded analogues of box B which were subsequently cloned into recombinant vectors carrying box A alone. This method creates a series of semi-synthetic RNA polymerase III promoters and has no limitation on the structure and number of variants which can be generated. The results showed the "wild type" sequence GTTCGAGAC and the sequence GTTCGTGAC (an A to T transversion of the 6th position) were active in promoting RNA polIII transcription. However, the box B sequences CTTCGAGAC and GTACGAGA, where the only departures from the consensus are a G to C and an A to T transversion in the 1st and 3rd positions respectively, were unable to restore promoter function. PMID- 6647035 TI - Scattering of repetitive DNA sequences in the albumin and vitellogenin gene loci of Xenopus laevis. AB - We have analyzed middle repetitive DNA in the albumin and vitellogenin gene families of Xenopus laevis. Mapping specific repetitive DNA sequences derived from introns of the A1 vitellogenin gene reveals that these sequences are scattered within and around the four vitellogenin genes (A1, A2, B1 and B2) and the two albumin genes (74 kd and 68 kd). Three repetitive DNA elements present in the A1 vitellogenin transcriptional unit are also located in introns of the 74 kd albumin gene. This apparently random distribution of middle repetitive DNA in the two gene families suggests that the analyzed sequences are not involved in gene regulation, but rather that they might represent unstable genetic elements. This hypothesis is further supported by the finding that size polymorphism in the A1 vitellogenin gene and in the 74 kd albumin gene is correlated with the presence or absence of repetitive DNA. PMID- 6647036 TI - Influence of DNA synthesis inhibition on the coordinate expression of core human histone genes during S phase. AB - Core histone mRNA metabolism has been examined in S phase HeLa cells recovering from DNA synthesis inhibition by 1 mM hydroxyurea. Using cloned human histone genes as probes for histone mRNA quantitation, the response to and recovery from DNA synthesis inhibition is shown to depend on the position of the cell with respect to the initiation of DNA replication. The incorporation of 3H-uridine into multiple histone mRNAs in recovering cells does not exceed preinhibition levels, and as this incorporation is maximal in early S phase, the synthesis of core histone mRNA is apparently related to the ordered replication of the genome. The total histone mRNA present in interrupted S phase cells after recovery is not significantly different from that present in control cells, and a temporal and functional coupling between histone mRNA levels and the relative rate of DNA synthesis is maintained in perturbed cells. PMID- 6647037 TI - Crystal and molecular structure of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl-2'-deoxyuridine). AB - (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl-2'-deoxyuridine) crystallizes in the space group P2(1) with a = 12.976(1), b = 4.800(1), c = 20.385(2) A, beta = 96.88(1) degrees, Z = (two molecules a and b in the asymmetric unit). The structure has been determined by the use of 2400 diffractometer reflexions and refined by least-squares to R of 0.053. Conformational features of both molecules a and b resemble those of thymidine. The ribofuranose rings assume the rare C(3')-exo form observed also in thymidine. Similarly, the torsion angles around the glycosidic bonds (mean = 40(1) and 56(1) degrees fall in the anti range. In each molecule the best plane of the 2-bromovinyl moiety is bent out of the least-squares plane of the pyrimidine base by 6 degrees, so that the positively charged C(8)-H(8) group can donate an intramolecular hydrogen bond to 0(4) atom. Eight strong and weak intermolecular hydrogen bridges are built up between the symmetry independent and related molecules forming a complicated three dimensional hydrogen bond network. PMID- 6647039 TI - Influence of dietary lipid upon ultraviolet-light carcinogenesis. AB - The effects of dietary lipid level, degree of saturation, and antioxidant supplements on ultraviolet-light (UV) carcinogenesis were studied in female albino hairless mice. Twelve groups of 42 animals each received a restricted, semipurified, isocaloric diet containing 4%, 12%, or 12% (60% hydrogenated) corn oil with or without antioxidants (2%, w/w). A regimen of escalating UV irradiation was employed until a cumulative dose of 142 J/cm2 had been delivered. Tumor development time in 50% of the population (TDT50) was derived from a cumulative distribution of time to tumor formation, which was estimated for all groups. Although there were no significant differences in TDT50s between animals receiving low and high unsaturated lipid dietary regimens, animals receiving hydrogenated corn oil demonstrated a significantly (p less than 0.01) greater TDT50 and fewer tumors per animal than those receiving either level of unsaturated corn oil. Antioxidants had no effect on TDT50s within any of the dietary groups. However, greater tumor multiplicity was observed in groups receiving unsaturated lipid and antioxidants. These data demonstrate that the degree of dietary lipid saturation modifies the carcinogenic response to UV and suggest that dietary lipid may modify the previously reported inhibitory effect of antioxidants on UV carcinogenesis. It may be concluded that adherence to dietary standards is as important as other experimental parameters when comparisons of UV effects are involved. PMID- 6647038 TI - Nucleotide sequences of the 5.8S rRNAs of a mollusc and a porifer, and considerations regarding the secondary structure of 5.8S rRNA and its interaction with 28S rRNA. AB - We report the primary structures of the 5.8 S ribosomal RNAs isolated from the sponge Hymeniacidon sanguinea and the snail Arion rufus. We had previously proposed (Ursi et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 10, 3517-3530 (1982)) a secondary structure model on the basis of a comparison of twelve 5.8 S RNA sequences then known, and a matching model for the interaction of 5.8 S RNA with 26 S RNA in yeast. Here we show that the secondary structure model can be extended to the 25 sequences presently available, and that the interaction model can be extended to the binding of 5.8 S RNA to the 5'-terminal domain of 28 S (26 S) RNA in three species. PMID- 6647040 TI - Dietary history from the distant past: a methodological study. AB - One of the major concerns regarding case-control studies of diet and cancer is that dietary measures based on current habits may not accurately reflect dietary intake from the time period of cancer initiation and early promotion in the more distant past. Thus, the extent to which current diet correlates with past diet and the reliability of retrospective estimates of past diet are important questions for researchers investigating dietary factors in cancer causation. For these reasons, we conducted this study of the reliability of dietary history as recalled from the distant past. Individuals (N = 175) who completed dietary interviews between the years 1957 and 1965 were reinterviewed in 1982. Subjects were asked to report the usual frequency of intake of selected food items, both at the time of their original interview in the 1957-1965 era as well as at the current time. Dietary histories as recalled from the distant past more closely agreed with those originally recorded than did current diets. The diets as recalled from the distant past appeared to be biased, however, by current dietary habits. The implications of these findings for diet and cancer research are discussed. PMID- 6647041 TI - Metabolism of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine by cultured rat colon epithelial cells. AB - The colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was cultured with rat colon epithelial cells to determine if these cells have the ability to metabolize DMH. Colon epithelial cells isolated from conventional and germfree Sprague-Dawley rats were incubated in CMRL 1066 supplemented medium containing 14C-DMH. Cells from both groups of rats metabolized DMH to gaseous metabolites, to metabolites in the medium that were putatively identified as azoxymethane and methylazoxymethanol, and to products that bound to DNA. Cells from germfree rats metabolized DMH at an equal or greater rate than cells from conventional rats for the criteria examined. This report demonstrates that rat colon epithelial cells can metabolize DMH without previous metabolism by other tissues or colon bacteria. PMID- 6647042 TI - Correlation of mutagenicity and tumorigenicity of betel quid and its ingredients. AB - The mutagenic activity of betel quid and its ingredients was determined using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA 100, TA 1535, TA 98, and TA 1538, both in the presence and absence of S9 mixture. Aqueous extracts of betel quid (BQ), betel quid with tobacco (BQT), and betel nut (BN) were mutagenic in strain TA 100. Aqueous extract of betel leaf (BL) was not mutagenic in any of the four strains. Arecoline and arecaidine, which are major alkaloids present in BN, were mutagenic in all four tester strains. Tumorigenicity studies in Swiss mice given the above constituents showed that BN and BQ induced lung tumors (47% and 26%, respectively). However, when BN was fed with BL, tumorigenicity was lowered to 38%. BL alone was not tumorigenic. Thus, the mutagenicity of betel quid and its ingredients is correlated with tumorigenicity. PMID- 6647043 TI - Sodium chloride, alcohol, and cancer of the digestive tract. PMID- 6647044 TI - [Ability of peripheral blood granulocytes to phagocytize latex particles in patients with atopic asthma]. PMID- 6647045 TI - [Morphological and functional changes in the bronchi caused by chemical substances used in the production of paints and lacquers as a pathogenic factor of occupational bronchial asthma. I. Morphological changes in the lungs of rats after long-term exposure to chemical compounds used in the production of paints and lacquers]. PMID- 6647047 TI - [Automatic assistance in the diagnosis of chronic and nonspecific lung diseases and bronchial asthma. I. Use of Wilks' lambda statistics for the selection of an optimal set of variables for a diagnostic model]. PMID- 6647046 TI - [Morphological and functional changes in the bronchi caused by chemical substances used in the production of paints and lacquers as a pathogenic factor of occupational bronchial asthma. II. Nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity in workers in a paint and lacquer plant]. PMID- 6647048 TI - [Automatic assistance in the diagnosis of chronic nonspecific lung diseases and bronchial asthma. II. Process of automatic differentiation of diseases with classical methods of discriminative analysis using variables of a quantitative character]. PMID- 6647049 TI - [Effect of body position on pulmonary diffusing capacity in patients with pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung diseases]. PMID- 6647050 TI - [Congenital cystic malformation of the lungs in a newborn infant]. PMID- 6647051 TI - [Comparative study of Polish, Russian and Hungarian BCG vaccines. I. Evaluation of the allergenic properties of the vaccines after 16 weeks]. PMID- 6647052 TI - [Comparative study of Polish, Russian and Hungarian BCG vaccines. II. Evaluation of the allergenic properties of the vaccines after 26 weeks and 30 months]. PMID- 6647053 TI - [Plasma copper, zinc and magnesium levels in patients with primary lung cancer]. PMID- 6647054 TI - [Repeated removal of a foreign body from the bronchus within 8 months]. PMID- 6647056 TI - Relationship of neoantigens induced by 3-methyl-cholanthrene treatment of Syrian hamster embryo cells to antigens expressed on fetal and 3-methyl-cholanthrene transformed neoplastic cells. AB - Neoantigen(s) induced on Syrian hamster cells during chemical carcinogenesis are also found on fetal and neoplastic hamster cells. 46 neoplastic cell lines independently isolated from colonies of 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA) in vitro transformed hamster cells growing in semi-solid agar medium were assayed for expression of neoantigens recognized by hamster antisera to primary cultured late term (15 days) hamster embryo cells treated for 18 h with 10 micrograms 3-MCA/ml. Ratios of the binding of this sera compared to solvent control sera ranged from 0.7 to 2.1 in terms of cpm bound. Only four of the 46 neoplastic cell lines exhibited significant (P less than 0.05) neoantigen expression. No correlation existed between the concentration of 3-MCA used to establish the neoplastic cell line and expression of the neoantigen(s). Absorption of the sera with these four highly reactive neoplastic cell lines and mid-term (10 days) embryo cells indicated that the neoantigen(s) recognized were common to the four reactive neoplastic cell lines and the mid-gestation fetal cells. The occurrence of early persistent immunogenic cell-surface alterations during in vitro carcinogenesis provides an approach to isolation of preneoplastic populations and provides potential target structures for the inhibition of carcinogenesis. PMID- 6647055 TI - Accumulation of radioactively labeled antithyroglobulin antibody by thyroid carcinoma. AB - The present experiments were undertaken to investigate (1) accumulation of radioactively labeled anti-thyroglobulin antibody by thyroid carcinomas and (2) the mechanism by which radioactively labeled antibody reaches to and stays in carcinoma cells. Anti-thyroglobulin antibody was purified by affinity chromatography using serum obtained from a patient with Hashimoto's disease. 125I labeled anti-thyroglobulin antibody was injected into nude mice bearing transplanted human thyroid carcinomas. Scintigrams were taken 3 and 7 days after injection. Mice were killed thereafter and the radioactivity in each tissue and in serum was analyzed by gel filtration and affinity column chromatography of thyroglobulin, anti-thyroglobulin antibody and anti-human IgG antibody. In a total thyroidectomized patient with a metastatic thyroid carcinoma of the lymph node, 131I-labeled antibody was injected and scintigraphy and blood sampling performed for 7 days after injection. Scintigrams of the mice clearly showed the highest density over the transplanted carcinoma. Most radioactivity in the carcinoma was found to be in the thyroglobulin-antibody immune complex, while in other tissues, including serum samples, the radioactively was in free anti thyroglobulin antibody. Scintigrams of the patient also showed a hot area over a metastatic carcinoma of the lymph node. It is concluded that (1) radioactively labeled anti-thyroglobulin antibody is accumulated by thyroid carcinoma in spite of the presence of thyroglobulin in blood and stays in cells as thyroglobulin antibody immune complex, and (2) radioimmunodetection of thyroid carcinomas using labeled anti-thyroglobulin antibody is useful especially for patients with metastases which produces thyroglobulin and do not take up radioiodide. PMID- 6647057 TI - [Comparative study of 3 different prophylactic programs in hemophiliac children]. AB - Prophylaxis continues to be an area for discussion in the therapy of the hemophilic child. In fact, standard parameters are still not used in the evaluation of the efficacy of this treatment. At the Milan University Pediatric Clinic we have begun three different prophylactic programs with 52 children with ages ranging from 12 months to 14 years 7 months. We have evaluated the efficacy of these regimes comparing the data obtained in the 12 months following the start of the program with those obtained in the 12 months prior to it. Our data, even though they pertain to a limited number of children, show that continuous prophylaxis is truly efficacious if it is begun early before the onset of an arthopathy. Therapeutic prophylaxis however for the stabilizing of a target joint is usually better accepted by the children and their parents. The high cost of the prophylactic programs can nevertheless be justified by the better quality of life of the patients. PMID- 6647058 TI - [Average number of bleeding episodes in hemophilic children of different ages in "on demand" therapy]. AB - We have studied the number of important bleeds in our patients with respect to the age group in order to find criteria for putting the hemophilic child on an effective continuous prophylactic regime as early as possible. The bleeding sites are shown in the Tables. 48 children with severe hemophilia were studied. We observed an increase in bleeds with an increase in age. This increase in bleeds and their recurrence in preferential sites in a high percentage (48%) of these children indicate a higher exposure to trauma in part, and a gradual incipience of an arthro-miopathy as well. To avoid this occurring we propose beginning prophylactic treatment as early as possible. PMID- 6647059 TI - [Arthropathy and deformity of the hemophiliac knee in children, with particular reference to femoral-rotular articulation. Evaluation and results]. AB - The Authors analise the main pathogenetic factors in the knee arthropaty and deformity of the young hemophilic patients. They attach particular importance to the patello-femoral joint in the stability of the knee, and describe its typical modifications in the hemophilic knee. Concepts of valuation and prevention for the young patients are indicated and underlined. PMID- 6647060 TI - [Thermographic monitoring of the evolution and therapy of chronic synovitis and cysts in hemophiliacs]. AB - The authors have studied the evolution of chronic synovitis and of cysts in hemophilic patients, through measurement of the articular circumference or of the cyst. To obtain this, they have used a folding rule and liquid cristal strips, that have the characteristic, that they change colours from braunish to orange, from greenish to bluish according to the thermic gradient revealed. The authors have studied 21 hemophilic patients, affected from chronic synovitis for a total of 23 articulations and 5 patients with cyst. All patients have undergone several controls reporting dates revealed at 2,6 and 12 months from beginning of disease. The authors conclude, underlining the usefulness of this simple methodic that permits: - a reliable valutation of the therapeutic (profilatic) scheme applied to every single patient and gives a prognostic precision; - distinguishing, in fact, the recovery from the clinical recovery of the synovitis in order to avoid the appearance of unpleasant relapses. PMID- 6647061 TI - [Home care for the hemophilic child: experience of 4 training courses for the parents]. AB - Much has already been written about training courses for home care of the hemophiliac held both in Italy and abroad. The advantages of home care are unquestionable. On one hand, the disorder becomes less hospital-dependent, and on the ofter, trough greater partecipation both the infusor and family become more responsible and competent on dealing with it. Hemophilia is a disease which puts the heaving burden on the pediatrics years. A specialized pediatric center is undoubtedly ideal for providing "global" assistance to the hemophilic child and his family so as to prevent any physical consequence of the disorder. There is a natural setting for training courses for home care for parents where they receive proper instruction with respect to problems that are often solely pediatric. The purpose of the course is not just to teach how to reconstitute and infuse freeze dried concentrate, a practice which is, in itself, fairly easy, but also to give the parents through explanation, and a chance to meet with other parents to exchange ideas and experience. PMID- 6647062 TI - [Preliminary data on the study of various immunologic parameters in hemophilic children]. AB - Treatment of coagulation deficiencies with high dosages of the missing factor is a source of continuous diffusion of homologous proteins that could modify the normal immunological profile. We have performed immunologic studies on 24 children with ages ranging from 1 - 16 years with severe classical hemophilia and 1 child with von Willebrand's and on a control of 19 age-matched healthy children. Our preliminary data show no statistically significant alterations in the basic immunological profile between normal children and those with hemophilia. Nor were there any differences among the hemophilic patients on the various transfusional regimes. Considerations are made on the reasons for the discrepancies between our results and those on adults presented in the literature. PMID- 6647063 TI - [Hemophilia: evaluation of the nutritional status and growth in childhood]. AB - Haemophilia is a bleeding disorder characterized by decreased activity of the circulating antihemophilic factor, with different degrees of severity. The prognosis of the disease for an useful normal life is good, providing an adeguate follow-up. We think that the auxological determinants of growth and nutritional status must enter as points of a multicentre follow-up sheet of haemophilia in the pediatric age. We have tried such an approach in 13 patients; preliminary results have shown that all patients are growing well with some degrees of discrete malnutrition (arm circumference less than -1.6 SD). From costitutional point of view, haemophilic boys show a discrete "lean" body pattern (W/H2 less than or equal to O SD(with their trunk longer than legs. Data from other studies are wellcome for confirming our first impressions. PMID- 6647064 TI - [Intra-familial transmission of HBV infection]. AB - We investigated 63 household contacts of 29 children positive for serologic markers of hepatitis B virus, in order to assess the intrafamiliar spread of HBV infection. 40 relatives of 15 children affected by chronic hepatitis B (Group I) and 23 relatives of 14 patients affected by hemophilia (Group II) were studied. HBV markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg, anti-HBe) were tested in all the subjects by RIA. Positive markers were found in 39 (62%) of the subjects; the combined prevalence for all HBV markers was 75% in the Group I, and 39% in the Group II. The higher prevalence rate in Group I can be explained by the possible previous infection of another member of the family, whereas in Group II the child is almost surely the first infected subject. Besides, subjects of Group I have probably been in contact with HBV infected children a longer time, compared to subjects in Group II. Our data suggest that household contacts of children with HBV infection are at high risk and should therefore be immunized against HBV. PMID- 6647065 TI - [Evaluation of the nutritional status and growth of children with chronic HBsAg positive hepatitis]. AB - Chronic hepatitis in children seems to have a better prognosis than in adults, with a discrete trend to spontaneous remission. Actually biopsy and liver enzymes are mandatory for a correct follow up of the disease, while few authors are interested in the assessment of growth and nutritional status. We think that an auxological approach is one of the main points in every chronic disease of the pediatric age, chiefly when some anabolic step might be affected. Our first result in a cross sectional study of growth and nutritional status in a selected group of untreated HBsAg+ chronic hepatitis children are as follows. According to enzyme values in the range of 16-171 UI/1 SGOT all patients are growing very well with a good-discrete nutritional status. Though anthropometric proteic nutritional status (muscle circumference) was in the range of normal distribution, we were able to show a moderate correlation between SGOT and muscle circumference (r = -0,50). Our impression is that some patients with a worse hepatic damage can be exposed at risk of proteic malnutrition which is a negative element in the prognosis of every chronic disease. Anthropometric auxology can detect degrees of proteic malnutrition, and can follow its development. So we recommend routine auxological assessment in all pediatric patients with chronic hepatitis. PMID- 6647066 TI - [Biliary atresia: pathogenetic considerations emerging from the histopathologic analysis of the liver parenchyma]. AB - Nine patients had been surgically treated for extrahepatic biliary atresia from 1974 to 1982. The analysis of the hepatic specimens obtained during the surgical exploration revealed a wide spectrum of histopathologic lesions. In 3 patients we found severe Giant-cell transformation, while in the other 6 it was not possible to ascribe the histopathologic picture to a univocal pathogenesis. Comparing our results to the reports of other Authors we believe biliary atresia can not be explained by a single pathologic mechanism. The obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts might be the common morphologic denominator of different pathologic entities, from each of them it depends a different evolution of the hepatic lesions and a different survival after Kasai's operation. PMID- 6647067 TI - [Validity of the H2 breath test and limits of blood xylose in the evaluation of malabsorption in children]. AB - Many authors have recently discussed the real value of the xylose test in the evaluation of intestinal malabsorption, especially its correlation with the morphological damage of the duodenal-jejunal mucosa. In our study we have performed in 48 pediatric patients one-hour blood xylose test and breath H2 test, method used for the diagnosis of sugar malabsorption, in order to value small bowel function and to know indirectly small intestinal mucosal structure. We have compared the values of the xylose test with those of the breath H2 test and both with hystological findings. The D-xylose absorption test was performed using the technique described by Roe and Rice. A serum concentration of more than 25 mg/dl was considered normal. For the breath H2 test the technique described by Douwes was used. A hydrogen concentration lower than 20 p.p.m. in expired air was considered normal. All of the patients in whose breath hydrogen was not detected after lactose oral load (2g/Kg body-weight, maximum 50 g), underwent a second test with lactulose (0,8 - 1 g/Kg body-weight), is not absorbed. We performed this test to rule out a false negative result (2% of the normal population). On histologic criteria, the patients were assigned to one of three study groups. Group I: normal duodenal-jejunal mucosal structure (11 patients). Group II: structural abnormalities not diagnostic of celiac diseases (7 patients). Group III: mucosal structural abnormalities typical of celiac disease (30 patients). In the first group the one-hour blood xylose test was normal in 9 patients (81.81%), whilst the breath H2 test was normal in 11 patients (100%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6647068 TI - [Gastrointestinal fiber endoscopy in children: diagnostic and therapeutic contribution]. AB - The diagnostic and therapeutic value of gastrointestinal endoscopy in adults is well established. Our study, performed in pediatric patients confirms its usefulness and emphasises its easy execution and little risk in children. The availability of small caliber fiberendoscopes and the simple medication permit its wide and sure use. The direct visualization of mucosal surface allows to see even small alteration always not found by roentgenological examination and to pick up aimed bioptic specimens. The therapeutic contribution revealed itself affective in our experience, permitting polipectomy and consequently rectal bleeding removal. It was possible at last by this technique to make the follow-up of patients with ulcerative colitis avoiding them repeated irradiations. We can thus conclude that gastrointestinal endoscopy has an important diagnostic and therapeutic value also in pediatric patients for the study of gastrointestinal diseases. PMID- 6647069 TI - ["Follow-up milk": general principles and evaluation of the nutritional status of 100 subjects fed a liquid transitional formula]. AB - Many authors have pointed that precocious weaning expose infants to serious risks as hypernutrition, obesity, adverse reactions to foods, hypernatremia, dental caries, emotional problems as anorexia or bulimia, so that actually weaning is delayed after 6th month of age. Going on with the "adapted" formula is a relative nonsense because "adapted" milks have low protein and calcium contents so that they are not adequate to cover estimated and advisable intakes of 4-6 month baby unless feeding unusual higher volumes. On the other side "fresh milk" can not be considered a nutritional "chance", owing its low values of EFA, iron, vitamins, getting worse when fresh milk is diluted. So, recently was born a new milk formula "the follow up milk", on covering nutritional requirement for infants after 4 months of age. Someone is still critical about a follow up milk, also if ESPGAN in 1981 has confirmed its value in the infant feeding. Our work dealed on physical and biochemical nutritional assessment of 100 infants fed a new "liquid follow up formula" (Transilat). Nutritional assessment was performed with the following parameters: daily changes in weight according Fomon standards, plasmatic iron, cholesterol, transferrin, calcium, total proteins, hemoglobin concentration; all data are related to literature values for age. Results show that infants fed (Transilat) are growing well; nutritional data from biochemical point of view discovered any form of minimal or sporadic malnutrition. The follow up milk is a good nutritional "chance" after 4th month of age, instead of fresh cow milk; some infant with clinical problem needing a delayed introduction of cow milk can benefit of follow up milk also in older ages. PMID- 6647070 TI - [Reference values of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid in children]. AB - Delta-aminolaevulinic acid is well known to be an intermediate in the synthesis of haeme and small amounts are normally excreted in urine (ALA-U). An increased excretion of this substance occurs in porphyria and in lead poisoning. The urine specimens of 670 children (362 boys and 308 girls), aging from less than one to fifteen years and who had no evidence of abnormal exposure to lead, have been collected in order to find out the range of normal values of ALA-U expressed in mg/l for the different age and sex group. Our data can be usefull, together with zincprotoporphyrin (ZPP), for screening of anemias and for monitoring lead exposure. PMID- 6647071 TI - [Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis: report of a case with a favorable response to cyclophophamide therapy]. AB - A 13-years old boy who presented a severe degree of iron-deficiency anemia and diffuse parenchimal infiltrates on the chest roentgenogram is reported. The clinical picture and the presence of hemosiderin laden macrophages in bronchial washing suggest Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis (I.P.H.): open lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Immunofluorescence studies showed no deposition of IgG, IgA, IgM and B1C in the lung. The most striking abnormality observed at electron microscopy was hemosiderin deposition in the alveolar-capillary basement membrane. One year after cyclophosphamide therapy was both in complete hematologic and pulmonary remission. PMID- 6647072 TI - [Non-rachitic hypophosphatemic osteopathy]. AB - We have identified a patient with a condition called Hypophosphatemic Bone Disease (HBD). This disorder of phosphate metabolism is unrecorded by Dent in his final classification of metabolic bone diseases and has been described by Scriver C.R. and coll. Although the condition is in same ways analogous to X-Linked Hyophosphatemia (XLH), there are important differences between the two diseases. For example, there is selective impairment in the tubular reabsorption of phosphate in HBD but the defect is less severe and it is clearly different from that described in XLH. Clinical manifestations of HBD appear in infancy, but the dwarfism and the bone changes are less severe than in XLH at comparable concentrations of plasmatic phosphorus in the two diseases. While in both conditions there is osteomalacia of endostal trabecular bone, only in XLH is florid rickets present, affecting the epiphyses and compromising linear growth. The phosphaturic response to PTH infusion is abnormal in qualitative aspects, but it is present in HBD, and this differs considerably from that described in XLH. The treatment with oral load of phosphates and 1,25(OH)2D3 in every patient with HBD, and so in our patient, is accompanied by increase in serum phosphorus, with improved tubular reabsorption of phosphate anion and a fall of hydrossiprolinuria with bone healing; this combination of responses is not present in XLH. PMID- 6647073 TI - [Etio-pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis]. AB - Recent researches confirm the recessive mendelian modality of hereditary transmission in Cystic Fibrosis. Two groups of factors contribute to the pathogenesis of respiratory disease: the secretive-obstructive and the infectious. It has also been ascertained that a large part of the respiratory complications are due to pseudomonas aeruginosa, above all to particular sub groups which produce hexosepolisaccaridic masses. Even though immunological moments are present, it has been confirmed that the disease does not have a primary immunologic pathogenesis. Various recent acquisitions shed light on the fundamental alterations in pathophysiology of the disease. The most interesting developments regard: the glycoproteins of secretions and tissues; the activity of the enzymes involved in glycoproteins metabolism; the electrolytes regulation systems, in particular the intracellular calcium; the presence of abnormal proteins in plasma, urine, secretions and cells in culture; the characteristics of chemical mediator receptors. The modifications of the processes of glycosilation and hydrolysis of the glycoproteins are particularly significant. The most important and univocal observations regard the enzymes, sialyl transferase and alpha-L-fucosidase, the former involved in the incorporation of sialic acid into the glycoproteins and the latter in the detachment of fucose from the glycoproteins. Polyamines, which participate in many phases of metabolism, as that of glycoproteins, have been found to present modifications of certain importance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6647074 TI - [Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis]. AB - The 4 diagnostic stages of Cystic Fibrosis (C.F.) will be dealt with: prenatal diagnosis, singling out of the heterozygotes, clinical diagnosis and finally, the instrumental confirmation with the sweat test. The techniques for the intra uterine diagnosis and for singling out of the heterozygotes are still in the experimental stage and cannot yet be put to practical use. The BM test on meconium is, among the numerous neonatal screening, no doubt the most widely used because of its simplicity and low cost. However, our personal experience has confirmed the high incidence of false negative (60%) and of false positive responses (0.8 - 0.9%). This has brought about a reconsideration upon the usefulness of neonatal screenings and this goes for the most recent method based on the dosage of blood trypsin levels. Because of the many difficulties imposed by the neonatal screening, there is a trend towards alternative diagnostic route: the clinical diagnosis. One of the most important objective symptoms even if it may seem trivial, is the reduced ponderal growth: in our personal experience, 51% of patients when diagnosed presented with weight below 10th percentile. One of the most frequent clinical pictures in that of a severe obstructive pulmonary disease of the infant. The high incidence of CF (1 in 1,250 live births) and the high mortality rate in the first year of life (50% of patients die during their first year) indicate that CF weighs heavily on the infantile mortality due to lung disease considered globally. This holds true above all for the Emilia Romagna region, where the infantile mortality due to lung disease has been drastically reduced. One of the most recently discovered clinical manifestations, more frequent in hot climates, is the metabolic alkalosis. There is then a long series of minor clinical signs which should make one suspect a CF: a few of these are prolapse of the rectum, nasal polyposis, the equivalent of meconium ileus, haemorrhagic symptoms due to hypoprothrombinemia etc. An instrumental confirmation, a sweat test carried out with the quantitative method according to Gibson and Cooke, must always follow each clinical suspect. Unfortunately, alternative methods (such as the Orion C1 electrode or the Medtherm conductivity method) which have very high margins of error are still too widely used, in Italy as well, and should be completely abandoned. PMID- 6647075 TI - [Antibiotic treatment of lung disease in cystic fibrosis]. AB - Patients suffering from chronic lung infections are a major problems in therapy of cystic fibrosis (CF). Resistance frequently occurs with great rapidity among isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonal aeruginosa. The rational for the use of frequent antibiotics (reduction of bacterial count), and the principle to follow while using antibiotics in CF patients are discussed. Research on amikacin peak levels and its average levels in serum, saliva and sputum is presented. PMID- 6647076 TI - [Aerosol administration in antibiotic therapy of cystic fibrosis]. AB - The aim of this research was to evaluate the response to aerosol antibiotic therapy in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients, who because of severe lung disease, were obligated to frequent hospitalizations to undergo intravenous antibiotic therapy. Ten patients, aged 2 to 20 years were submitted to 4 months cycles of aerosol antibiotic therapy for a total of 18 cycles. The daily treatment consisted of carbenicillin 1 g b.d. and gentamicin 80 mgs b.d. At the end of treatment there was a statistically significant improvement of the modified Huang score and of single clinical parameters such as body growth, apetite, physical activity, clinical thoracic evaluation, appearance of sputum. Almost all of the radiographic items remained unchanged: in only 4 cases there was an improvement of the atelectasis-broncopneumonia type lesions. Regarding lung function, there was a statistically significant increase of maximum midexpiratory flow rate (MMEF) from 40% predicted before treatment to 50% predicted after. The reduction of residual volume (RV) from 270% predicted before 170% predicted after treatment was quantitatively more important. Furthermore, the treatment brought about a drastic reduction in number of hospitalizations: from an average of 1,7 hospitalizations/year before to an average of 0,3 hospitalizations/year during treatment. The increased number of isolations of isolations of candida albicans is the only report which favors possible adverse effects, in particular the possibility that this type of treatment favors lung mycosis. PMID- 6647077 TI - [Our experience with antibiotic therapy in children hospitalized between 1979 and 1981]. AB - The use of antibiotics in the Children Hospital of Florence has been studied considering the whole hospital for 1979 and only one department for 1980-81. 7832 clinical records of children admitted to the Hospital have been analyzed in order to get more informations about the quality of antibiotic treatment and to understand the causes of use and misuse of this kind of drugs in pediatric practice. PMID- 6647078 TI - [Neonatal septic osteoarthritis]. AB - The Authors report their experience related to 15 cases of neonatal osteo arthritis which have occurred in the last seven years in the neonatal intensive care unit. Besides the traditional clinical picture, it is stressed that neonatal osteo-arthritis has recently acquired new interest for an etiologic shift of the pathogens and for the availability of new antimicrobial agents. The rational antibiotic treatment and the role of the coordinated medical and orthopedic therapy have been essential for the benign clinical course and for the long-term prognosis. It is concluded that in order to reduce this serious disease it is necessary to avoid every potential risk factor, to operate in rigorous aseptic conditions and to improve the environmental conditions of the neonatal intensive care units. PMID- 6647079 TI - [Congenital malformations in the newborn infant of mothers with gestational diabetes and mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes]. AB - Infants of diabetic mothers have an increased morbidity and mortality in the perinatal period. Nevertheless, there are differences in opinions about the exact incidence of malformations, metabolic disturbances, fetal macrosomia and respiratory distress syndrome. This study was designed to investigate the incidence of embriofetopathy in those of mothers with gestational diabetes. The incidence was highest in the group of mothers on insulin at the time of conception. Major fetal malformations of the cardiovascular and central nervous system were over-represented. PMID- 6647080 TI - [Giardiasis in children. Ultrastructural study of the parasite]. AB - Giardia lamblia is the first protozoan to be identified and recognized as an important pathogen in human disease. We studied 8 pediatric patients with giardiasis in order to examine the clinical spectrum, the structural changes of the small intestinal mucosa and mainly the protozoan's ultrastructural features. The most common clinical manifestations were diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting, failure to thrive. Infection was confirmed by excreted cysts in the stools in one patient, by the presence of trophozoites in duodenal aspirate and on jejunal mucosa. Giardiasis was not associated with hypogammaglobulinemia in our patients and no or only slight mucosal abnormalities were present in jejunal biopsies, except one which showed a flat mucosa. Specimens for transmissions and scanning electron microscopy were taken. We could establish the protozoan's features, its normal distribution, its relationship to intestinal mucosa and structural indications of the normal reaction of intestine with the use of ultrastructural techniques. The trophozoites colonized the proximal intestine, adhered to microvilli of columnar cells near the bases of villi, wedged or lodged in mucus. The sticky mucus producing an effective diffusion barrier to nutrients could explain malabsorption phenomena. Numerous intraluminal lymphocytes were seen, suggesting an immune response. These observations indicate that in giardiasis the clinical spectrum and structural changes of the small intestinal mucosa vary widely, suggesting a different reaction of immune system and/or a different degree of infection. PMID- 6647081 TI - [Clinico-statistical study of 104 cases of deforming uropathies. Criteria for an early diagnosis]. AB - The material of the present study consists of 104 children affected with urinary tract malformation, admitted to the Paediatric Division of the United Hospital of Bergamo between 1976 and 1981. In particular, for every child, the authors have recorded the symptoms at the time of hospitalization and former symptoms, the presence of concomitant bacteriuria and the type of germ, the coincidental occurrence of other malformative syndromes, the types of urinary tract malformation. The mean age at the time of the diagnosis was of 32,7 months (1 - 124). For 45 children the diagnosis has been placed within the first year of life, for 70 children within the first 3 years. The occurrence of absolutely asymptomatic urinary tract malformations and the absence of significant bacteriuria in several cases have been noticed. The authors underline some useful criteria for an early diagnosis: the accurate anamnesis, the careful consideration of the symptoms, the identification of the suspicious cases in which it is advisable to employ the uroradiological investigations without any delay. They also recommend a close cooperation between pediatrician, radiologist, nephrologist and paediatric surgeon. Finally the AA confirm the necessity of a better information to the territorial physicians about the problem of the urinary tract malformations. PMID- 6647082 TI - [2 cases of osteomyelitis in acute leukemia in the induction phase of treatment]. AB - Whereas children with Acute Leukemia are highly susceptible to infectious complications, the occurrence of acute osteomyelitis is extremely rare in these patients. The authors describe two such cases in children at onset of an acute lymphoblastic and of a myelomonocytic leukemia, respectively. In the former case, the clinical course has been characterized by the progressive involvement of several joints and bones. A citrobacter Freundii was isolated in the synovial fluid of an involved knee. This complication was successfully treated with proper antimicrobic agents and surgical toilet, while the patient was vigorously treated for her leukemia, achieving a complete remission. The latter case developed a right humerus osteomyelitis from an Enterobacter. The patient failed to respond to antibiotics, and his leukemia also turned refractory to antiblastic therapy. The difficulty in the differential diagnosis among the X-graphic aspects of leukemic, inflammatory and degenerative disease of bones are discussed by the authors. Some pathogenetic hypothesis of leukemic osteomyelitis are also presented. PMID- 6647083 TI - [A case of Behcet's disease in a child: clinical, genetic, and immunologic characteristics]. AB - Behcet's disease, which is rarely observed in infancy, is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, whose clinical feature consist in the triad of mouth ulcers, genital ulcers and iritis. A 14 years old girl has been studied in whom classical findings of Behocet's disease were associated with neurological symptoms miming a neuro-Behocet's syndrome, but which were caused by previous abuse in corticosteroid therapy. Interestingly some features (arthritis, gastrointestinal manifestations), which can be connected with Behocet's disease, resulted to be present since the very first years of life. Partial features of the disease (arthritis or mouth ulcers) were present in three members of the patient's family on the father's side. Extensive immunological studies have been carried out. T and B lymphocyte number and function were normal. T-cell subsets (defined by monoclonal antibodies) and natural killer activity (both never examined in patients with Behocet's disease) resulted to be within normal range. Secretory Component, which has been claimed to be absent in these patients, was normally present in saliva. A defect in neutrophil chemotaxis has been found which promptly improved by levamisole therapy. Authors discuss clinical, genetic and immunological findings of the patient, on the basis of a review of literature. PMID- 6647084 TI - [Pediatric preventive medicine in the school of milieu: statistical results in the 1980-81 scholastic year in the commune of Giarratana]. AB - 414 children of the nursery, primary and secondary schools, of Giarratana's borough were visited by the pediatrician. From these data one can see an high rate of children with dental caries (37,19%), weight and height deficiency (13%). The final thoughts emphasize the need of sanitary measures because of the checked pathologies and polyspecialistic preventive controls to continue in the next years. PMID- 6647085 TI - [Case report of a stage IV S neuroblastoma regressing without any aggressive treatment]. AB - The authors describe a case of stage IV-S neuroblastoma in a boy forty days old with impressive enlargement of the liver whose left lobe was initially mistaken for splenomegaly. Regression was obtained without active treatment. Factors affecting the prognosis and treatment are briefly discussed. Is reported the association with persistent elevation of serum acid phosphatase. PMID- 6647086 TI - [Intestinal occlusion caused by remnants of the vitelline artery]. AB - The authors present the unusual occurrence of intestinal occlusion due to vitelline artery remnants. They emphasize this situation is very rare in medical literature. PMID- 6647087 TI - [A case of 3q21-qter trisomy and 3p25-pter monosomy syndrome]. AB - A new case of chromosome 3 duplication q21 leads to qter deletion p25 leads to pter syndrome is reported in a girl born to a mother carrier of a pericentric inversion inv (3) (p25 q21). The patient shows several clinical features that can be well superimposed to those previously described. PMID- 6647088 TI - [Bilateral extrinsic ophthalmoplegia in infectious mononucleosis]. AB - The AA. describe an eight years old child with extrinsic bilateral ophthalmoplegia associated with infectious mononucleosis. On the right (eye) a compromise of the VI (partial) and the III (total) pairs of cranial nerves was evident. On the left all extrinsic oculomotor nerves were interested. PMID- 6647089 TI - [Viscera larva migrans syndrome in children: description of a case]. AB - The AA describe a case of Larva Migrans Visceral syndrome in a two year-old boy in systemic form with negative outcome. The autoptic examination showed a "granulomatous hepatitis with marked component of eosinophil cells'. The presence of "eosinophil granuloma' in liver has led to the diagnosis of Visceral Larva Migrans Syndrome; other possible causes of Ipereosinophilous Syndrome have been excluded on the basis of anamnestic, clinic and laboratory data. The discovery in the medical history of frequent contacts with a dog which was affected by a serious toxocara canis infections, has led to the diagnosis of Larva Migrans Syndrome from Toxocara canis. PMID- 6647090 TI - [Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Report of a case of a female carrier]. AB - Authors describe a case of Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia in a female carrier. This report give rise to a review of the clinical spectrum of the syndrome. An appraisal of diagnostic methods, associate abnormalities and mode of inheritance is detailed. PMID- 6647091 TI - [Cutaneous mastocytosis. Description of 4 cases]. AB - The Authors describe four cases of cutaneous mastocytosis observed during paediatric age. They notice that the disease presents itself with a clinical polymorphous situation which sometimes exceeds the limits of the cutaneous gambit, until the illness reveals itself a systemic serious disease. Besides they point out uncertain etiopathogenesis, the utility of a correct diagnostic approach and the utility of a therapy which is continually in evolution. PMID- 6647093 TI - [Pathogenesis of disorders of hemostasis in patients with chronic uremia]. PMID- 6647092 TI - [Incomplete forms of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome or Kawasaki disease]. PMID- 6647094 TI - [Does colonoscopy facilitate the diagnosis of colonic cancer?]. PMID- 6647095 TI - [Non-invasive evaluation of the left-ventricular function in primary pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 6647096 TI - [Mechanism of changes in leukocyte adherence in thrombosis]. PMID- 6647097 TI - [Angina pectoris and myocardial infarction with unchanged coronary arteries. Clinical and diagnostic problems]. PMID- 6647098 TI - [Prognosis in the first year after myocardial infarct. Multifactorial evaluation of the probability of survival and death]. PMID- 6647099 TI - [Nonspecific inflammatory intestinal diseases in Poland and throughout in world]. PMID- 6647100 TI - [Social and clinical aspects of long-term juvenile-type diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6647101 TI - The morphologic variations of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum: guidelines for surgical intervention. PMID- 6647102 TI - Dimensions of the great arteries, semilunar valve roots, and right ventricular outflow tract during growth: normative angiocardiographic data. AB - Systolic and diastolic diameters of the right and left pulmonary arteries (RPAD, LPAD), descending thoracic aorta (DTAD), right ventricular infundibulum (RVID), and pulmonary and aortic valve roots at the proximal, commissural and distal levels were estimated from angiocardiograms in 24 infants, children, and adolescents without heart disease, and correlated with body surface area (BSA), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and ventricular volumes. The relationships between cardiovascular diameters and BSA were better expressed by a power function than by the other functions tried. We obtained different exponents for pulmonary and aortic valve annuli and the more distally measured great arteries (RPAD, LPAD, and DTAD), suggesting different growth patterns. The right ventricular infundibular shortening fraction (RVISF) was weakly correlated with BSA (r = -0.328), and the values obtained indicated constancy during normal growth. There was a direct proportional relationship between the pulmonary valve annulus diameter and the cube root of the right ventricular volume (r = 0.952), as well as between SV and cross-sections of the right pulmonary artery (RPAC; r = 0.916), left pulmonary artery (LPAC; r = 0.878) and descending thoracic aorta (r = 0.962). RPAC and LPAC were strongly correlated (r = 0.940), the RPAC being significantly larger than the LPAC. PMID- 6647103 TI - Evaluation of right ventricular volume and ejection fraction in children by two dimensional echocardiography. AB - We estimated right ventricular volume and ejection by two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) and compared the measurements with those obtained by right ventricular cineangiography (ANGIO) in 20 children whose ages ranged from 1 month to 10 years and who had a variety of congenital defects. The two echocardiographic planes used for calculating volume were the apical four-chamber (A4C) and parasternal short-axis (SA) planes. End diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) were calculated from these planes by single-plane area length methods. The EDV and ESV were uniformly underestimated, but the estimate of ejection fraction (EF) was satisfactory. For EF, r = 0.83 from the apical four chamber view and r = 0.78 from the short-axis view. The axes of the two echocardiographic planes passed through different segments of the right ventricle (RV) and we found that the value given by adding the volumes obtained from the two single-plane segments correlated quite well with the value obtained by angiography: for EDV, 2DE = 0.62 ANGIO + 7.0, r = 0.81, standard error of the estimate (s.e.e.) = 15.4 ml; for ESV, 2DE = 0.82 ANGIO + 1.4, r = 0.85, s.e.e. = 6.5 ml; and for EF, 2DE = 0.66 ANGIO + 17.8, r = 0.82, s.e.e. = 7.4 ml. Two dimensional echocardiography can be used to evaluate right ventricular EF derived from volume measurements or from each of the echocardiographic planes of which, in our series, the apical four-chamber EF provided the better correlation. PMID- 6647104 TI - The pulmonic valve echogram in the assessment of pulmonary hypertension in children. AB - Echocardiographic patterns of pulmonary valve motion and right-sided systolic time intervals were correlated with pulmonary arterial hemodynamics in 56 children with congenital heart defects. The sensitivity of an abnormal a-dip, reduced e-f slope or mid-systolic valve closure in detecting elevated pulmonary artery diastolic or mean pressures or pulmonary to systemic resistance ratio varied from 36 to 62%. Specificities ranged from 50% (e-f slope for increased Rp:Rs) to 93% (mid-systolic closure for PA diastolic pressure greater than 10 mm Hg). Systolic-time-intervals (RPEP/RVET) did not significantly correlate with pulmonary hemodynamics. We therefore conclude that these echocardiographic features are insufficiently sensitive to be clinically applied to detect pulmonary hypertension in pediatric patients, and that only 2 (a-dip and mid systolic closure) were of sufficient specificity to be useful. PMID- 6647105 TI - Acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome with multiple aneurysms: report of a case. AB - A 4-month-old male infant with acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph-node syndrome developed mitral regurgitation, pericardial effusion and multiple pulsating masses in the upper and lower extremities. Two-dimensional echocardiography demonstrated aneurysms in both coronary arteries. Arteriography of the right arm demonstrated multiple aneurysms. Seventeen months later, arteriography and two dimensional echocardiography demonstrated regression of the aneurysms. This case provides evidence that regression of aneurysms can occur in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. PMID- 6647106 TI - Mesothelioma of the AV node. AB - A 21-month-old boy died suddenly six months after presenting with heart murmur and second-degree atrioventricular (AV) block. Autopsy revealed a mesothelioma completely replacing the AV node and extending into the central fibrous body. The bundle of His and bundle branches were not involved. Mesothelioma of the AV node is a rare cause of supra-His (AV) block, arrhythmias, and sudden death. PMID- 6647107 TI - False-negative findings in pericardial effusion using M-mode echocardiography. AB - M-mode echocardiography in a 3-year-old patient with suspected pericardial effusion was negative for the presence of an effusion. A subsequent 2-dimensional echocardiogram demonstrated a large effusion lateral to the right atrium and right ventricle. The reasons for the false-negative M-mode echocardiogram and a discussion of the literature are presented. PMID- 6647108 TI - A case of right coronary artery to left ventricle fistula: two-dimensional echocardiographic study. AB - A 12-year-old boy with a decrescendo diastolic murmur maximal at the lower right sternal border was suspected of having a coronary arteriovenous fistula. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed a right coronary artery to left ventricle fistula with marked dilatation of the right coronary artery. This is the thirteenth case of this anomaly reported in the literature. Characteristic two-dimensional echocardiographic features of this case are presented. A markedly dilated right coronary artery was revealed by two-dimensional echocardiography to take a normal right coronary artery course and empty into the posteromedial portion of the left ventricle. This case indicates the possibility of visualizing a dilated peripheral portion of the right coronary artery using two-dimensional echocardiography. PMID- 6647109 TI - Kawasaki's disease. PMID- 6647110 TI - Avoiding compression of extracardiac valved conduits. AB - Extracardiac valved conduits are routinely employed in the correction of complex congenital heart lesions. Compression of a conduit and/or of the heart may present serious operative and postoperative complications. We believe its occurrence can be minimized and hemodynamic results improved by adhering to simple surgical techniques. It is important to select a conduit which will produce minimal resistance to flow. Partial or subtotal thymectomy may increase the mediastinal space to accommodate the conduit. The conduit should be cut into the appropriate shape and should be placed in such a way that it does not cross the midline. Finally, the posterior pericardium may be opened to allow the heart to move posteriorly and to rotate to the left, thus moving the conduit away from the sternum. PMID- 6647112 TI - Right heart pigtail catheter for selective angiocardiography. AB - The use of a modified pigtail catheter for right heart angiocardiography provides a safe method of obtaining good quality contrast studies of right heart lesions in infants and children. The catheter is also useful in left ventriculography in complete atrioventricular canals or other complex cardiac lesions. PMID- 6647111 TI - Transseptal left heart catheterization: experience with a new technique in 520 pediatric and adult patients. AB - A new technique for transseptal left heart catheterization utilizing the Transseptal Introducer Set in 520 patients is described in detail. The age range of these patients was 3 months to 40 years with 30% of the patients less than 2 years old and 28% less than 10 kilograms in weight. The safety and advantages of the technique are emphasized. The introducer set and new technique make transseptal left heart catheterization a safe, versatile, and dependable approach to all areas of the left heart, particularly in infants and children with complex congenital heart lesions. PMID- 6647113 TI - Fatal esophageal and bronchial artery ulceration caused by solid potassium chloride. PMID- 6647114 TI - L-prolyl-L-arginyl-glycineamide induces memory enhancement in chicks. AB - Two-day-old chicks were injected either intraventricularly or intraperitoneally with saline or a L-prolyl-L-arginyl-glycineamide solution. This C-terminal tripeptide of arginine vasopressin produced dose dependent enhancement effects when injected centrally but not peripherally. Physical debilitation and/or aversive effects of the peptide were eliminated as the cause of the decreased responding noted in memory enhancement studies using this avoidance paradigm. Possible memory mechanisms are discussed in light of this peptide's relationship to vasopressin, vasotocin, and L-propyl-L-leucyl-glycineamide. PMID- 6647115 TI - Hyperreflexive behavior in Brattleboro rats. AB - In two experiments we compared the size of the startle response elicited by shock and acoustic stimuli in animals having a congenital absence of vasopressin (Brattleboro rats) with closely related controls, which do synthesize vasopressin. The rats lacking vasopressin were hyperresponsive to both shock and acoustic stimuli. Inhibition of the acoustic startle by shock prestimuli also was greater in these animals. These results are consistent with reports which indicate that vasopressin attenuates responses to noxious stimuli. PMID- 6647116 TI - Thymosin alpha 1-like peptides: localization and biochemical characterization in the rat brain and pituitary gland. AB - Using a radioimmunoassay for thymosin alpha 1, endogenous thymosin-like peptides were characterized in the rat brain and pituitary gland. Thymosin alpha 1-like peptides were present in high concentrations in hypothalamus and pituitary extracts. These peptides were characterized using gel filtration techniques and the main peak of immunoreactive thymosin had a molecular weight similar to that of thymosin alpha 1 (3108 daltons). Using HPLC techniques, one main peak of immunoreactivity was present in brain extracts, whereas two peaks were present in pituitary extracts, one of which coeluted with thymosin alpha 1. The discrete regional distribution of thymosin alpha 1-like peptides was investigated and the highest densities of immunoreactive thymosin were present in the median eminence and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, as well as the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. Due to the anatomical proximity of immunoreactive thymosin to loci containing known releasing factors and hormones, thymosin alpha 1-like peptides may function as neuroendocrine regulatory agents. PMID- 6647117 TI - "Joining peptide" of pro-opiomelanocortin. I. Radioimmunoassay and extraction of related peptides from pituitary glands. AB - In order to immunoassay the specific region of bovine pituitary pro opiomelanocortin (POMC) between ACTH and gamma-MSH, referred to as "joining peptide," antisera were prepared against the synthetic amidated decapeptide Val Ala-Val-Gly-Glu-Gly-Pro-Gly-Pro-Arg-NH2. The non-amidated peptide represents residues -23 to -14 of bovine POMC. An NH2-terminal tyrosine analog of the decapeptide was used as the radioligand. Under optimal conditions, immunoassay with selected antisera exhibited a sensitivity (50% displacement of the radioligand) toward the decapeptide in the range of 31-55 pg. Immunoreactivity found in extracts of fresh or lyophilized bovine pituitary glands displaced the iodinated Tyr-decapeptide in the RIA in a parallel manner. The amount of immunoreactive (ir)-material was dependent upon the state of preservation of the tissue, the method of extraction, and the particular antiserum used. Extractable immunoreactivity was separated into low (Mr 1,500) and high (Mr 17,000) molecular weight peptides using gel chromatography (G-75). Additional ir-material appeared in the void volume (Mr greater than 22,500). Thus, these antisera have the capacity to interact not only with a region of the joining peptide but also with its larger, and apparent precursor forms. The immunoassay developed should be valuable in understanding the disposition and processing in this specific region of POMC. PMID- 6647119 TI - Presence of vasopressin, oxytocin and neurophysin in the retina of mammals, effect of light and darkness, comparison with the neuropeptide content of the neurohypophysis and the pineal gland. AB - Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) as well as their CNS carrier neurophysins (Np) have been found in the pineal gland. In view of the analogy between the pineal gland and the retina, the contents of these neuropeptides in rat, human and bovine retinae were determined. AVP, OT and Np were detected by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) and their presence confirmed by RIA measurements (1) in rat and human retinae on HPLC fractions and (2) by the detection of the C terminal portion of the precursor to AVP and its associated Np = propressophysin (CPP). The AVP and OT content in the retina of the rat was modified by light: AVP and OT content was smaller at 2 a.m. than at 2 p.m., but was increased by a 7 day constant exposure to darkness. In contrast, pituitary content was decreased after 7 days of constant darkness. If one optic nerve was cut we observed a decrease in retinal AVP content compared to the contralateral side and a decrease in pituitary AVP content. Our data clearly demonstrated the presence of AVP, OT and Np in the retina and their variation induced by light. It is probable that these peptides are of central origin. PMID- 6647118 TI - "Joining peptide" of pro-opiomelanocortin. II. Interspecies heterogeneity of the joining peptide fragment. AB - The use of an antiserum raised against the joining peptide sequence -23 to -14 of bovine pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive sequences of peptides in bovine, porcine, mouse and guinea-pig pituitaries, as well as in mouse brain and cerebral cortex, guinea-pig cerebral cortex, and bovine hypothalamus. Gel chromatography of pituitary extracts (Sephadex G-75 and Bio-Gel P-4) indicated the presence of several immunoreactive joining peptide fragments ranging in the molecular weight range (Mr) of 1,500 to 2,300. Furthermore, high molecular weight (Mr greater than 22,500) immunoreactive precursor from bovine anterior pituitary was readily digested with trypsin into an immunoreactive fragment of approximately Mr 1,500. Analyses of these immunoreactive peptides by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) led to their resolution into six distinct peptides. The only apparent correspondence in the elution profiles of immunoreactive peptide profiles between different mammalian species was the identification of a similar fragment (Mr 2,000) from bovine and guinea-pig pituitaries. Thus, we conclude that immunoreactivity to the joining peptide region of POMC from various mammalian species exhibits a degree of heterogeneity in its composition. The relatively low levels of immunoreactivity in comparison to that of ACTH also suggest that the joining peptide domain may be further processed. The hormonal status of the joining peptide region remains to be determined. PMID- 6647120 TI - Evidence that (Glu4)-neurotensin is the naturally occurring neurotensin in plasma. AB - Neurotensin (NT) is a tridecapeptide (less than Glu-Leu-Tyr-Glu-Asn-Lys-Pro-Arg Arg-Pro-Tyr-Ile-Leu-OH). It has been suggested that the naturally occurring neurotensin in (Gln4)-NT and that it can be hydrolysed to (Glu4)-NT during extraction. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the neurotensin found in human and rat plasma after fat ingestion is (Gln4)-NT or (Glu4)-NT. Two neurotensin antisera are described that have high avidity for (Glu4)-NT but low avidity for (Gln4)-NT. (Gln4)-NT could be separated from (Glu4)-NT by ion exchange chromatography. The plasma samples were analyzed without prior extraction to avoid hydrolysis of the naturally occurring peptide. The results indicate that neurotensin in unextracted human and rat plasma is present as (Glu4)-NT, as originally proposed by Carraway and Leeman [4]. PMID- 6647121 TI - Antinociceptive, prolactin releasing and intestinal motility inhibiting activities of dermorphin and analogues after subcutaneous administration in the rat. AB - A series of analogues and shorter homologues of dermorphin (DM), a frog skin heptapeptide with potent morphine-like activity, have been assayed in the rat after subcutaneous (SC) administration at the screening dose of 4 mg/kg. The effects taken into account are: analgesia (tail-pinch test), stimulation of prolactin (PRL) secretion, and inhibition of gastro-intestinal (GI) motility (charcoal meal transit). Effective doses were calculated for the most active compounds. The potency of DM (H-Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-Tyr-Pro-Ser-NH2) in the different tests was: tail-pinch: ED50 = 0.83 mg/kg; PRL release: ED100 = 0.3 mg/kg; inhibition of GI motility: ED30 = 1.8 mg/kg. PMID- 6647122 TI - Symposium on endorphins. PMID- 6647123 TI - [Detection of early cancer of the large intestine]. PMID- 6647124 TI - [Evaluation of the enema in the diagnosis of colonic neoplasms in comparison with colonoscopy]. PMID- 6647125 TI - [Selected factors of nonspecific humoral immunity in patients with viral hepatitis]. PMID- 6647126 TI - [Acute cholecystitis]. PMID- 6647127 TI - [Fetal stress during amniocentesis]. PMID- 6647128 TI - [Treatment of biliary gastritis with a sorbent]. PMID- 6647129 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of phenazone as an indicator of the metabolic capacity of the liver in patients with hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 6647130 TI - [Chylothorax in stomach cancer]. PMID- 6647131 TI - [A case of ileal tumor with a complicated course - value of exploratory laparotomy]. PMID- 6647132 TI - [Activities of the Department of Diagnostic Services at the DOLMED Center of Medical Diagnostics]. PMID- 6647133 TI - [Epidemiological studies of malignant neoplasms in Poland as a basis of the organization of cancer control 1952-1980]. PMID- 6647134 TI - [Melanoma: stages of tumor curability]. PMID- 6647135 TI - [Steroid hormone receptors; their appearance in breast cancer; usefulness of the findings in the selection of patients for endocrine therapy and prognosis of tumor development]. PMID- 6647136 TI - [Remote metastases in patients treated for stage I cancer of the uterus]. PMID- 6647137 TI - [Prognostic factors in testicular seminoma and embryonal tumors with seminoma structure]. PMID- 6647138 TI - [Role of control laparotomy in the chemotherapy of ovarian cancer]. PMID- 6647139 TI - [Reconstruction of the breast after mastectomy for cancer]. PMID- 6647140 TI - [Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in infants with cholestatic jaundice]. PMID- 6647141 TI - [Paget-Schroetter syndrome]. PMID- 6647142 TI - [Allergic properties of hidden sources of penicillin]. PMID- 6647143 TI - [Ureterocalicostomy. Results of operations performed at the Urologic Clinic of the Medical Academy in Warsaw]. PMID- 6647144 TI - [Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of preparing large intestine for operation by irrigation]. PMID- 6647145 TI - [Acute lead poisoning]. PMID- 6647146 TI - [Diagnosis at the patient's bedside - can it be improved?]. PMID- 6647147 TI - [Automated medical history taking]. PMID- 6647148 TI - [Role of membrane receptors in the pathogenesis of diseases in and/drug action]. PMID- 6647149 TI - [Various aspects of the psychology of dying]. PMID- 6647150 TI - [Computer system of analysis of electrocardiological data]. PMID- 6647151 TI - Experimental induction of uterine cancer in rats by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine. AB - Two experiments were undertaken to induce uterine cancer in rats by intrauterine administration of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in a total of 120 inbred female ACI rats, 5 weeks old. In Experiment I, 55 rats were divided into 3 groups and given a single injection of MNNG 50 mg (Group 1) or 100 mg (Group 2)/kg body weight emulsified in olive oil or olive oil alone (Group 3) into the uterine canals after the laparotomy. Uterine corpus tumors including endometrial adenocarcinomas were developed in 35.3% (Group 1) and 16.7% (Group 2) of the effective animals. Endometrial adenomatous hyperplasia which was considered to be a precancerous lesion, was observed in a few rats of Group 2. No tumors nor hyperplastic lesions were seen in the control group. (The incidence of tumors in the uterine corpus was significantly higher in the animals of Group 1 or 2 than in those of Group 3 (P less than 0.05]. In Experiment II, 65 rats were divided into 4 groups and treated as follows; Group 1: Rats were given intravaginal detention of absorbent cottons dipped with 0.5 mg of MNNG dissolved in 0.2 ml of olive oil for a week. The treatment was repeated 20 times once every two weeks. Group 2: Animals were treated by intravaginal detention of cottons containing 10% acetic acid or MNNG in alternate weeks 5 times each, and then the detention of MNNG-cottons 15 times every other week. Group 3: Rats were given the absorbent cottons containing olive oil alone 20 times biweekly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6647152 TI - Histogenesis of epithelial neoplasms of human gallbladder I. Dysplasia. AB - In order to find a relationship between normal gallbladder epithelium and dysplastic epithelium, histological and histochemical examinations were made on gallbladder specimens obtained from cholecystetomies and special attention was paid to the relationship of the different metaplasias. Epithelial pseudostratification increases in mitotic figures and hyperchromatism accord well with the degrees of dysplasia of surface epithelium. The relationship of the ratio of cell and nuclear size and complexity of glandular branching is more meaningful in degrees of dysplasia of glandular epithelium. Epithelial dysplasia in the surface and glandular epithelium was divided into three types: mild, moderate and severe. This classification was made on the basis of specimens containing dysplasia selected from an extensive gallbladder material. The frequency of dysplasias of different degrees was clarified in 71 cholecystectomia gallbladders. No dysplastic changes were demonstrated in 47 gallbladders (66.2%), and in 10 of these metaplasia was present, 24 gallbladders (33.8%) exhibited dysplastic changes; metaplasia was present in 20 cases (83.3%) and in 14 (58.3%) in the dysplastic region. Severe dysplasia was present only in one case, moderate in 6 and mild dysplasia alone in 17 cases. Dysplasia was found in glands only in 3 cases. In dysplastic epithelium, the mucin reaction was similar to that in the metaplastic epithelium. It contained mainly nonsulphated acid mucin and neutral mucin. With gradually increasing degree of dysplasia the amount of mucin. With gradually increasing degree of dysplasia the amount of mucin clearly decreased. The present results indicate that dysplasia often develops in metaplastic epithelium. PMID- 6647153 TI - Carcinoma of extrahepatic bile ducts. A histopathologic study. AB - The material consisted of 44 primary carcinomas of the extrahepatic bile ducts. It was possible to investigate the border region in 15 specimens, 12 (80%) of which showed metaplastic changes. All of these specimens had dysplastic changes in superficial epithelium, often multifocal: mild dysplasia in 91% of cases, moderate in 82% and severe in 45%; and dysplastic changes in the lower glandular epithelium: mild dysplasia in 57% of cases, moderate in 57% and severe in 14%. Of the 44 carcinomas, 16 were papillary adenocarcinomas and 28 gland-forming adenocarcinomas. The material included no mucinous carcinoma nor adenosquamous carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. According to their degree of differentiation, the tumours were graded in three groups. The criteria were the same as in the study of carcinoma of the gallbladder (Laitio, manuscript). The luminal surface of the tumour was present in 31 cases. In 17 (54.8%) cases, the structure was intestinal containing goblet cells (group I). In 18 of the 31 cases dedifferentation was apparent in the deeper parts. In the superficial parts there was no anaplastic carcinoma (group III). The histochemical results was similar to that in the gallbladder. The morphologically normal epithelium contained sulphated mucin. The metaplastic and the tumorous areas contained mainly non sulphated acid mucin and neutral mucin. These results show that the cancerogenesis was similar to that in the gallbladder. Dysplastic changes develop in metaplastic cells and become malignant. Often, the forming of the intestinal tumour structure, as it undergoes changes, finally attains an anaplastic structure. PMID- 6647154 TI - Amyloidosis of specialized mesodermal tissues in non-myelomatous monoclonal gammopathy. A pathogenetic hypothesis. AB - The follow-up and the pathological findings of a previously described case of non myelomatous monoclonal gammopathy with relapsing localized amyloid masses of the shoulder joints are reported. The peculiar "mesodermal" distribution of amyloid deposits, strictly limited to tissues lined by mesothelial or endothelial cells emphasizes the role of local factors in the pathogenesis of amyloidosis thus supporting the hypothesis that amyloid deposition can be related also to some differentiated tissues with peculiar local susceptibility. The morphological findings of the present case enable the Authors to suggest a pathogenic mechanism for amyloid deposition. PMID- 6647155 TI - A tumor of the anterior mediastinum. PMID- 6647156 TI - What's new in diabetes? Etiological and pathogenetic aspects of juvenile-onset (type I) diabetes. AB - In recent years research on the pathogenesis of juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (now called type I) has considerably expanded, a development that is documented by an impressive number of conferences and symposia held on this topic every year. In the present review the authors will discuss new insights into the etiology of type I diabetes. Additional information is available in several recently published reviews. PMID- 6647157 TI - European Society of Pathology (ESP)--past and present. PMID- 6647158 TI - Diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. Fifteen practical pointers to aid in recognition. PMID- 6647159 TI - Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease. Differential diagnosis and treatment. AB - Gastroduodenal Crohn's disease usually, but not always, occurs in patients with previously established ileal and/or colonic Crohn's disease. Symptoms include postprandial epigastric pain accompanied by nausea and sometimes vomiting, weight loss, anorexia, bloating, and diarrhea. Obstruction is the most common complication. Diagnosis can usually be made radiographically or endoscopically. Certain radiographic patterns are almost diagnostic, eg, obliteration of a distinct pyloric channel and a rigidly narrowed antrum tapering into a diseased duodenal bulb. Endoscopic mucosal biopsy of abnormal areas almost always shows chronic inflammation, although granulomas are not common. In patients with symptoms other than intractable obstruction, medical management, such as intermittent corticosteroid therapy, should be attempted. Surgery is usually indicated for refractory obstruction; gastrojejunostomy is the preferred approach. PMID- 6647160 TI - 'Betrayers of the truth'. A disquieting look at science and scientists. PMID- 6647161 TI - Surgical options in ulcerative colitis. AB - Five operative options are now available for treatment of ulcerative colitis: (1) proctocolectomy with ileostomy, (2) abdominal colectomy with ileostomy and retention of the rectum, (3) abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis, (4) proctocolectomy with creation of a continent stoma or conversion of a standard ileostomy after proctocolectomy to a continent stoma, and (5) restorative proctocolectomy. Each procedure has advantages and disadvantages. With careful assessment, the specific needs of each patient can best be met. In many cases a permanent stoma can be avoided. The newer procedures have not been used long enough for long-term effects to be known, and they must be offered with reservation and then only to well-informed, stable, and relatively fit and cooperative patients. PMID- 6647162 TI - Cancer surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 6647163 TI - The plethora of practice options. What physicians themselves think. PMID- 6647164 TI - The paperless medical office. What office automation holds in store. PMID- 6647165 TI - Thallium poisoning in group assassination attempt. AB - The use of thallium in an attempted assassination of four members of a political organization is described. The intended victims first complained of abdominal pain within two days of eating a snack prepared by their host; painful peripheral neuropathy occurred within one week and loss of hair within three weeks. Swelling of the optic disk was observed in one patient. The diagnosis was made on clinical grounds and confirmed by the detection of high levels of thallium in serum, urine, and hair and/or nail samples. All patients recovered completely. The possibility of thallium poisoning should be considered in patients who present with acute onset of gastrointestinal symptoms, pain and paresthesias in the legs, and hair loss, so that appropriate treatment can be initiated at an early stage. PMID- 6647166 TI - Cardiovascular changes in video-game players. Cause for concern? AB - Video games are one of the most popular recreational activities among Americans of all ages, especially teenaged boys and young men. Studies of the health hazards of video-game playing have linked seizures, psychologic disturbances, and other health problems with the games. The study reported here measured changes in blood pressure and heart rate that occurred in 23 young men when they played a video game. The mean systolic blood pressure for the entire group was considerably higher during play than before or after and was significantly higher in novice players than in more skilled players. Heart rate was also significantly higher during play. In view of these results, other cardiovascular changes might be expected to occur during video-game playing. Although the changes reported here were minor, even minor cardiovascular alterations could potentially prove serious in persons with cardiovascular disease. PMID- 6647167 TI - Cardiac arrhythmias. Emergency management. AB - Cardiac arrhythmias often call for emergency treatment, and often it is the primary care physician who must respond quickly and effectively. In this article, Dr Brent reviews the various types of arrhythmias and the methods available for dealing with them on an emergency basis. According to one peer reviewer, this article contains "the information that the clinician should have at the tips of his or her fingers at all times." PMID- 6647168 TI - Ischemic optic neuropathy. Common cause of visual loss in the elderly. PMID- 6647169 TI - The angry elderly patient. An approach to understanding. AB - Management of an angry or violent elderly patient can be difficult. It is most helpful to understand that the cause of the combatant behavior can be physical, psychologic, or drug-related. If the patient is approachable, immediate management involves sitting down with him or her to calmly discuss what happened. If the patient is unapproachable, a gentle but firm show of force and administration of a sedative is required. All patients with dramatic change in behavior should receive a complete physical examination to rule out a reversible cause. Long-term management may be arduous but is worthwhile. PMID- 6647170 TI - Hypertension in the West Indies. AB - Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in the West Indies, and is a major health problem today being among the 10 most common causes of death in the English-speaking territories of the region. Most patients have essential hypertension. Renal failure, stroke, and cardiac failure are the most common complications, myocardial infarction being relatively uncommon in black patients. While an earlier report from the Caribbean suggested that beta-blockers were not effective for treating black hypertensives, recent experience with these drugs show that they are useful particularly when administered along with a diuretic. Beta-blockers may be required in higher doses than those commonly recommended for patients in Europe and North America, but even small doses of thiazide diuretics are effective in lowering the blood pressure of West Indian hypertensives. West Indians show a combination of personalistic, naturalistic, and modern medical beliefs, which need to be understood in order to mount effective programmes for the management of hypertension in the community. PMID- 6647171 TI - Blood pressure in black, white and Asian factory workers in Birmingham. AB - A screening survey was conducted among factory workers, aged 15-64 years, in Birmingham, England to investigate ethnic differences in blood pressure. One thousand and forty-nine subjects (784 men, 265 women) were screened, representing 79% of the eligible population. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures generally did not differ between men of black West Indian (n = 173), local white (n = 439) or Asian (n = 172) origin, when matched by 10-year age groups. Analysis of covariance using age as the covariate revealed that, overall, Asian men had significantly lower systolic but higher diastolic pressures than the other ethnic groups. The proportion of men arbitrarily defined as hypertensive (greater than or equal to 160 mmHg systolic or greater than or equal to 95 diastolic or blood pressures below this figure whilst receiving antihypertensive therapy) was 26% of West Indians, 22% of whites and 17% of Asians, but these were not significantly different when age was accounted for. Black West Indian women (n = 101) did have higher diastolic pressure than white women (n = 164), but this difference was dependent on body mass index. Overall, systolic pressures in women were not significantly different. These findings differ from those consistently reported from the United States. PMID- 6647173 TI - Blood pressure in 15- to 16-year-old adolescents of different ethnic groups in two London schools. AB - A blood pressure screening survey was conducted in 357 students, aged 15-16 years, in 2 London schools. Males had higher systolic blood pressures than females, and white males had significantly higher mean systolic pressures than black males, but diastolic pressures were similar. There is no evidence in this survey that blacks have higher mean blood pressures than whites--rather the reverse. This and the difference in blood pressure between schools suggest environmental factors may be important determinants of blood pressure. PMID- 6647172 TI - The Birmingham blood pressure school study. AB - Four-hundred and twenty-eight school leavers of 3 ethnic groups (white, black and Asian) were screened for blood pressure, resting pulse rate and general anthropometric characteristics. Asian pupils were both shorter and lighter than the other two groups whilst black males were heavier and taller. There was no significant difference in the mean systolic or diastolic blood pressure between the 3 groups, although the black pupils had a stronger family history of hypertension, particularly on the mother's side. These observations differ in some respects from other ethnic blood pressure studies and establish values for the local population. PMID- 6647174 TI - The pattern and severity of coronary artery disease in Asians and whites living in Birmingham. AB - Thirty-four Asian patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were each matched for age, sex, blood pressure and duration of symptoms with 2 white patients with CAD. Blind assessment of coronary arteriograms demonstrated significantly more severe disease in Asians but distribution of disease was similar in both groups. Assessment of risk factors showed that the Asian group had significantly more non smokers, lower cholesterol levels and weighed less than whites. PMID- 6647175 TI - The ethnic prevalence of hypertension in a diabetic clinic. AB - Using the WHO criteria of hypertension, we have demonstrated that 40% of randomly selected diabetic clinic attenders under the age of 65 were hypertensive. Black diabetics had a significantly greater prevalence (P less than 0.001) of hypertension than either white or Asian diabetics. Hypertension was commoner in black and white females compared with males (P less than 0.001); in Asians this difference was not statistically significant. Systolic hypertension was the most common form in all ethnic groups. Only 38.7% of diabetics receiving antihypertensive therapy had normal blood pressure readings. Blood pressure measurement should therefore be routinely performed in all diabetic patients under the age of 65, particularly in females of all ethnic groups and in black males. PMID- 6647176 TI - Anaemia in Asians in London. AB - Many Asian subjects were seen in London in the early 1970s with megaloblastic anaemia; in a majority of cases, this was dietary in origin. Pernicious anaemia occurs in Asians, but the incidence is probably lower than in Caucasians. Megaloblastic anaemia is now less common in this group, but a population survey in Punjabi females in the late 1970's showed anaemia in 32%, and one or more features of iron deficiency in 76%. PMID- 6647177 TI - Thoughts on the aetiology of vitamin D deficiency in Asians. PMID- 6647178 TI - Leprosy in Birmingham--a review. AB - Twenty-three men and seven women from the West Midlands conurbation (population 2.7 million) have been investigated and treated for leprosy since 1970. The clinical features of the patients at presentation are described with an account of treatment given and the outcome. The pattern of this disease in Britain is different from that seen in the U.S.A. and poses little threat to public health. The disease can be cured by chemotherapy but neuropathy is unlikely to recover if it is a presenting symptom. The diagnosis of leprosy should be considered in all patients who have lived in an endemic area who present with disorders of peripheral nerves or skin. Early diagnosis is essential to minimize nerve damage and resulting deformity. PMID- 6647179 TI - Ethnic differences in birthweight-related parameters with particular reference to possible maternal nutritional risk factors. AB - Three birthweight-related parameters were examined in the deliveries occurring from January to July 1982 at Dudley Road Hospital, Birmingham, in 3 major ethnic groups and in relation to possible maternal nutritional risk factors in the European and Indian groups. Ponderal index did not correlate with either mean or 'corrected' birthweight especially in the West Indians. The 3 maternal nutritional risk factors appeared to be of greater fetal prognostic value in the Indian group than in the European group. PMID- 6647181 TI - Ethnic differences in the distribution of normally formed singleton stillbirths. AB - The normally formed singleton stillbirth deliveries occurring in Dudley Road Hospital in 1979, 1980 and 1981 were classified according to the primary aetiology. There was a higher than normal stillbirth rate in the Indian group which was almost entirely accounted for by the increased number of stillbirths falling into the 'intrauterine death before labour' group. PMID- 6647180 TI - Ethnic differences in the distribution of congenital malformations. AB - Major lethal and non-lethal congenital malformations occurring in babies born in Dudley Road Hospital in 1979, 1980 and 1981 were related to the ethnic group of the mother. There was an increased incidence of gastrointestinal malformations in the Indian group and an increased incidence of abnormalities that could be associated with consanguinity and increased maternal age in the Pakistani group. A sample population (2000 mothers) was obtained in the first 7 months of 1982 to determine the maternal age distribution and consanguinity rates in the various ethnic groups. PMID- 6647182 TI - Breast cancer in blacks, Asians and whites in Birmingham. AB - A retrospective study was mounted into the frequency of breast cancer in blacks, whites and Asians attending Dudley Road Hospital in the years 1970-1981 inclusive. This figure was compared with the ethnic distribution of the surrounding population and of admissions for all causes. Breast cancer was uncommon in both ethnic minorities compared with whites, but was commoner in blacks than in Asians. These trends are similar to the World Health Organization figures for Britain, Jamaica and India. Differences in parity and breast feeding do not explain the variability of breast cancer in this study. PMID- 6647183 TI - Inner-city residents, ethnic minorities and primary health care. AB - Ethnic minorities form a substantial proportion of the urban population. A household survey in the West Midlands assessed usage of primary and preventative health care services. Asian households made some-what higher use of general practitioner (GP) facilities which can be related to demographic and socio economic status. Fewer differences were found than expected, and uptake of preventative services was good. Afro-Caribbean patterns were similar to those of whites. PMID- 6647184 TI - Ethnicity, self-reported illness and use of medical services by the elderly. AB - Analysis of ethnic differences in disease is complicated by the fact that culture has an effect on whether people identify themselves as ill and how often they use medical services. This paper cities evidence to show that use of selected medical services by older members of ethnic groups appears to be high. Although a relatively high amount of disease among minority ethnic groups partly accounts for this, additional explanations--notably, cultural perceptions of doctors and aspects of the ageing migrant's position in society--are suggested. PMID- 6647185 TI - Ethnic differences in peak expiratory flow rate in Birmingham factory workers. AB - Among 698 Birmingham factory workers, Asian men (n = 75) tended to have lower peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) than black (n = 156) or white (n = 138) men when age, height and smoking habits were accounted for. This trend reached statistical significance in Asian females (n = 20), despite a small sample size. There were no significant differences in PEFR between blacks and whites of either sex. PMID- 6647186 TI - Basal cell carcinoma--a review of treatment results with special reference to cryotherapy. AB - A retrospective study has been undertaken of all head and neck basal cell cancers treated at the Royal Free Hospital between 1976 and 1980 inclusive. Four methods of treatment were used during the period: simple excision with primary closure (n = 43), skin grafting or trans-position flap (n = 19), radiotherapy (n = 99), and cryosurgical ablation (n = 34). The methods were compared by observing the immediate results, the subsequent tumour recurrence rate and the length of follow up. Statistical comparison of tumour recurrence rate showed no significant difference between treatment groups. Radiotherapy had the lowest recurrence rate (2%), but required an average of 9 out-patient treatment attendances. Excision with primary closure carried the highest recurrence rate (9.3%), whilst excision with defect closure by flap or graft, which needed a mean in-patient stay of 8.2 days, and cryosurgical treatment had similar recurrence rates of 5 to 6%. Comparing the modes of treatment, cryosurgery was quickest to perform, required no hospitalization and less than 2 out-patient treatment sessions per patient and gave the best cosmetic result. It appears to be a safe technique for treating basal cell cancers and may prove to be the most cost effective method. PMID- 6647187 TI - Corticosteroids in terminal cancer--a prospective analysis of current practice. AB - Over half of a group of 373 inpatients with advanced malignant disease were treated with corticosteroids for a variety of reasons. They received either prednisolone or dexamethasone, or replacement therapy with cortisone acetate. Forty percent of those receiving corticosteroids benefited from them. A higher response rate was seen when corticosteroids were prescribed for nerve compression pain, for raised intracranial pressure, and when used in conjunction with chemotherapy. No significant difference in efficacy was noted between the 2 drugs. The results, however, suggest that with a larger sample, dexamethasone would have been shown to be significantly better than prednisolone in the management of nerve compression pain. The incidence of side effects was broadly similar with dexamethasone and prednisolone. The most common side effect was oral candidosis and there was a highly significant relationship between the use of corticosteroids and the prescription of nystatin suspension. Dexamethasone was more likely than prednisolone to cause oro-pharyngeal candidosis. Dexamethasone was also associated with significantly more cases of psychological disturbance and hyperactivity. On the other hand, dexamethasone seems less likely to cause oedema, weight gain and dyspepsia. Corticosteroids were withdrawn because of side effects in only 11 patients (5%)--6 were receiving dexamethasone and 5 prednisolone. Dexamethasone has been adopted as the standard corticosteroid for terminal cancer patients at Sir Michael Sobell House. PMID- 6647188 TI - Renal lesions in leprosy amongst north Indian patients. AB - Sixty consecutive patients with leprosy were investigated for renal involvement. Clinically overt renal disease was present in 4 patients; 3 presented with a nephrotic state and one patient with progressive renal failure. Urinalysis showed daily protein loss ranging from 0.4 to 8.9 g in 8 patients and microscopic haematuria in 4 cases. Elevated levels of blood urea and creatinine were seen only in one patient with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Of the 36 patients in whom distal tubular functions were evaluated, concentration and/or acidification defects were detected in 9 patients (25%). Renal histology revealed no abnormality in any of these patients. Serum C3 levels were decreased in 5 patients with lepromatous leprosy and 3 patients with borderline leprosy. Histological evidence of renal involvement was detected in 9 patients (15%). Amyloid deposits were seen in 3 (5%) patients of whom 2 had lepromatous leprosy and one had tuberculoid leprosy with chronic trophic ulcers. Mesangial proliferative lesions were seen in 5 (8.3%) and diffuse proliferative lesions (with crescents in more than 70% of glomeruli) in one patient. All of them had lepromatous leprosy. Three of the 5 patients with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis had erythema nodosum leprosum at the time of biopsy. Immunofluorescence studies revealed granular deposits of IgA, IgM and C3 in one patient with mesangial proliferation and IgA/IgM with or without C3 in 3 more patients in whom renal histology was normal. Glomerulonephritis associated with leprosy appears to be immune mediated but confirmation requires identification of lepra antigen in the glomerular immune complex deposits. PMID- 6647189 TI - Malignant pleural mesothelioma at St Mary's Hospital, Portsmouth--a review of 29 fatal cases. AB - The clinical details are presented of 29 fatal cases of pleural mesothelioma in the majority of which there was a history of exposure to asbestos during dockyard work in Portsmouth. Chest pain, breathlessness and weight loss dominated the clinical picture. Analgesia and repeated pleural aspirations provided temporary relief but symptoms invariably progressed. The mean survival time was 39 weeks. Only one patient survived longer than 2 years from hospital presentation. At autopsy, extensive local spread was usual but a high proportion of patients also had metastases at distant sites. PMID- 6647190 TI - Metronidazole v. cefoxitin in severe appendicitis--a trial to compare a single intraoperative dose of two antibiotics given intravenously. AB - In severe appendicitis, the effect of a single intravenous dose of metronidazole (500 mg) was compared with cefoxitin (1 g). The antibiotics were given by random allocation once the diagnosis had been established at operation. In the metronidazole group, 5 out of 48 patients developed a wound infection whilst in hospital compared with 13 out of 48 in the cefoxitin group (P = 0.036). However, 57% of wound infections became apparent after the patient went home and the overall infection rates were similar. The mean length of postoperative hospital stay was 5.0 days in the metronidazole group and 6.8 days in the cefoxitin group (P = 0.052), but of those who did develop a wound infection, the length of stay was almost double in the cefoxitin group. Anaerobic organisms were cultured from the wound in 7 out of 15 patients who received cefoxitin but in none of 5 patients in the metronidazole group. Whilst metronidazole only delayed the discharge of pus from the wound, it did seem to reduce the severity of infection. Cefoxitin appeared to be less effective, given as a single intravenous injection at a dose of 1 g. PMID- 6647191 TI - Persistent vocal cord paralysis in subacute thyroiditis. AB - We report a patient with subacute thyroiditis complicated by vocal cord paralysis; the paralysis has persisted after recovery from thyroiditis. PMID- 6647192 TI - Pulmonary involvement in angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. AB - Two patients are described who complained of dyspnoea and systemic symptoms. They were found to have angio-immunoblastic lymphadenopathy with extensive pulmonary involvement. In both cases, high dose corticosteroid therapy led to relief of symptoms and clearing of the diffuse radiographic shadowing seen in both lung fields. PMID- 6647193 TI - Streptococcus bovis endocarditis and colonic polyp. PMID- 6647194 TI - Eurotherapeutics I. Cardio-respiratory therapeutics. Marbella, Spain, 1-5 November 1982. PMID- 6647195 TI - The haemodynamic effects of labetalol under conditions of increased levels of circulating catecholamines. AB - Adrenaline was infused into normal volunteers to produce plasma adrenaline levels similar to those found in acute myocardial infarction. These infusions were performed after pretreatment with labetalol or placebo. Adrenaline produced an increase in systolic blood pressure, a decrease in diastolic blood pressure and an increase in heart rate. All of these haemodynamic effects were blocked by labetalol. In particular, no increase in diastolic blood pressure was seen as occurs during increased sympatho-adrenal activity in the presence of non sensitive beta-blockade. Thus labetalol maintains a different haemodynamic profile from non-selective beta-blockade during increased sympatho-adrenal activity. PMID- 6647196 TI - Reduction of left ventricular damage with intracoronary streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. AB - The effect of successful intracoronary thrombolysis on left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (10 patients with anterior and 13 with inferior infarction) was compared with an untreated matched control group (14 patients with anterior and 28 with inferior infarction). Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities (LVWMA) and ejection fraction (EF) were assessed angiographically 6-8 weeks after the acute event in both groups. The severity and extent of LVWMA was less (P less than 0.01) and the EF was higher (P less than 0.01) in the treated patients with anterior infarction than in the control group. In treated patients with inferior infarction the severity of LVWMA was less (P less than 0.01) than in the control group. No significant difference was found in extent of LVWMA or in EF. These results suggest that thrombolysis reduces left ventricular damage especially in anterior myocardial infarction. PMID- 6647197 TI - The nuclear stethoscope in the cardiac care unit. AB - The portable single-crystal scintillation probe (nuclear stethoscope) provides beat-to-beat comparisons of stroke volume and gated measurements of ejection fraction. Comparisons of ejection fractions obtained with the stethoscope and a gamma camera show acceptable correlation except for readings in the very high and very low ranges. The use of the device has been demonstrated by showing changes in ejection fraction obtained with glyceryl trinitrate. PMID- 6647198 TI - Treatment of hypertension: the community approach. AB - A long term project to improve the treatment of hypertension in a community is described. The results to date indicate that intervention can improve the proportion of hypertensives treated and the adequacy of such treatment. The final analysis of the project will include a comparison with a reference community and assessment of the impact of intervention on cardiovascular mortality. PMID- 6647199 TI - Emergency treatment of hypertensive crisis with sublingual nifedipine. AB - Sublingual nifedipine 20 mg as an emergency treatment for severe hypertension or hypertensive crisis in 30 patients gave an effective and gradual reduction in blood pressure. Side effects were rare and not severe. The heart rate remained fairly stable or sometimes even decreased. Thus, sublingual nifedipine may now be considered a reasonable first choice in the treatment of severe hypertension or hypertensive crisis. PMID- 6647200 TI - Hypokalaemia induced by thiazide diuretics in the treatment of hypertension: a cause for concern, not nihilism. AB - Thiazide diuretics used alone to treat hypertension can cause hypokalaemia in a substantial proportion of patients. The possibility exists that any benefit of reducing high blood pressure by such treatment may be offset by an increased mortality due to arrhythmias initiated by hypokalaemia. PMID- 6647201 TI - A comparison between atenolol and metoprolol in respect of central nervous system side effects. AB - A double-blind crossover study was performed to compare the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) side effects with atenolol and metoprolol. Eleven women and 6 men who had previously developed such side effects on lipophilic beta-blockers were identified by means of a preliminary questionnaire. A 30-item psychiatric questionnaire was then used to detect changes in psychological status and possible CNS side effects. Discontinuation of the original lipophilic beta blocker produced a significant improvement in quality of sleep, dreams, concentration, memory, energy and anxiety. Introduction of atenolol did not result in any significant CNS effects. With metoprolol, however, some effects occurred but not to the extent experienced prior to study on other more lipophilic beta-blockers. Blood pressure control was identical with both drugs. PMID- 6647202 TI - Adrenal function and essential hypertension. AB - A study of the adrenal function in patients with essential hypertension was performed using gas-liquid chromatography to separate and measure the daily urinary excretion of individual 17-ketosteroids, pregnanediol and pregnanetriol in basal conditions and after a dexamethasone suppression test. The purpose of the study was to detect alterations of adrenal function possibly indicative of some role of the adrenal cortex in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The results showed normal urinary levels of 17-ketosteroids, pregnanediol and pregnanetriol in most patients. Higher values were observed in the remaining cases. Dexamethasone suppression tests confirmed that steroid excess in these patients was of adrenal origin. PMID- 6647203 TI - Treatment of acute pregnancy-related hypertension: labetalol and hydralazine compared. AB - Patients with acute pregnancy-related hypertension were randomized to treatment with 200 mg oral labetalol or 10 mg intramuscular hydralazine. Labetalol was found to be at least as effective, more predictable, more acceptable and produced no change in heart rate compared to hydralazine. PMID- 6647204 TI - Long-term effects of endralazine (BQ-22-708) in patients with renal impairment and hypertension. AB - Endralazine, a new peripheral vasodilator, was studied in 21 patients with hypertension and chronic renal failure. Nineteen patients had unacceptable control of hypertension with their previous therapy, and 2 were suffering adverse effects for other third line drugs. All patients continued to receive a beta adrenergic blocking agent. Five patients failed to complete the study, two because of poor compliance, and 3 as a result of failure to control raised blood pressure. In the remaining 16 patients, satisfactory blood pressure reduction was seen at 6 months and was maintained in 12 patients followed for 18 months. Endralazine was well tolerated. No patient developed the lupus syndrome nor evidence of drug-induced immunological abnormality. PMID- 6647205 TI - Role of bacterial vaccines in prevention of respiratory infections with special reference to pneumococcal vaccines. AB - There are significant differences between polymicrobial and monomicrobial vaccines. Polymicrobial vaccines clearly cannot prevent all bacterial diseases and their indications are ill-defined, but might be better established by controlled clinical trials in which these preparations are tested against placebos. The pneumococcal vaccine represents real progress in reducing the incidence and mortality of pneumococcal infection in patients with either a high risk of contracting such an infection or a high risk of a fatal outcome if infection occurs. PMID- 6647206 TI - The role of anaerobes in pulmonary infections. AB - The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of anaerobic pulmonary infections is reviewed. PMID- 6647207 TI - The value of combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blockade in angina pectoris. AB - The alpha- and beta-blocking effects of labetalol are such that during and following exercise the haemodynamic benefits of beta-blockade outweigh the unfavourable effects, because the latter are diminished by the concomitant minor degree of alpha-blockade. PMID- 6647208 TI - Duration of beta-blockade with metoprolol and atenolol: influence of drug oxidation. AB - The beta-blocking activity of two slow-release formulations of metoprolol was compared to conventional metoprolol and atenolol which were each given once daily for one week to 8 healthy volunteers in a balanced crossover study. Plasma levels of metoprolol were also measured. Only metoprolol SA (Astra) produced plasma concentrations significantly higher than those for conventional metoprolol 24 hours after dosing. Mean reduction in exercise tachycardia at 24 hours after dosing was significantly greater with atenolol and metoprolol SA than with metoprolol SR and conventional metoprolol. Beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity at 24 hr was more variable with all formulations of metoprolol than with atenolol, which was explained by differences in metoprolol metabolism. Subjects who were found to be "poor metabolizers" when tested with debrisoquine had much greater bioavailability, half-life and response to metoprolol. These subjects had maintained beta-blocking activity at 24 hr following metoprolol whereas extensive metabolizers did not, even with sustained-release formulations. The response to atenolol did not depend on oxidation phenotype. PMID- 6647209 TI - Myocardial scintigraphy with 123I-labelled heptadecanoic acid in patients with unstable angina pectoris. AB - Calculation of metabolic turnover rates with 123I-heptadecanoic acid (123I-HA) can detect regional myocardial ischaemia in patients with coronary artery disease. We have previously demonstrated different turnover rates in patients with stable angina compared with myocardial infarction. Twelve patients with unstable angina have now been studied: 8 patients showed imaging defects in 12 different myocardial regions and in 4 no defects were observed. Turnover rates were derived from time-activity curves and expressed in minutes half-time (t 1/2). All 12 regions with accumulation defects showed increased t 1/2 values (45.4 +/- 4.8 min) compared to normally perfused zones (29.1 +/- 3.6 min). The results suggest that the use of 123I-HA can identify ischaemic areas of myocardium in unstable angina and that the turnover of 123I-HA is different from that already established in the areas with infarction. PMID- 6647210 TI - Acute haemodynamic effects of endralazine in patients with coronary artery disease and stable angina pectoris. AB - The acute haemodynamic effects of endralazine, a new hydralazine-like vasodilating agent, were studied in 6 patients with stable angina pectoris and proven coronary artery disease. Twenty minutes after intravenous administration of 5 mg endralazine heart rate and cardiac index increase, while mean arterial blood pressure and total systemic resistance were significantly reduced. Three patients developed symptoms of typical angina pectoris 15 to 20 minutes after drug administration, probably caused by reflex tachycardia. We conclude that intravenous administration of endralazine causes marked haemodynamic effects for the drug is a potent arterial vasodilator, but it may precipitate anginal chest pain in patients with coronary artery disease. PMID- 6647211 TI - Experiences with large doses of beta 2-agonists inhaled from nebulizers. AB - The potential value and hazards of high dose salbutamol given by domestic nebulizers are considered on the basis of retrospective and prospective studies in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. PMID- 6647212 TI - Incomplete recovery of inequality of ventilation after clinical recovery from acute asthma. AB - Studies of lung function were carried out on 8 asthmatics during and after an acute attack. Inequality of ventilation as measured by the argon alveolar plateau (Ar(1-2] showed gradual improvement during the period of observation in most of these asthmatic subjects. Residual inequality of ventilation was detected in these subjects during clinical 'remission' when compared to values for Ar(1-2) in normal subjects (P less than 0.01). The degree of inequality of ventilation observed correlated with hypoxaemia (P less than 0.05). All subjects tested with helium-oxygen flow-volume curves were initially 'non-responders', but 7 out of 8 became responders during their clinical recovery. This suggests that the main site of airflow obstruction may be in the peripheral airways in acute severe asthma but that this improves during clinical recovery and then the main site of airflow limitation switches to the larger airways. The mean respiratory exchange ratio difference between one and two litres of expiration R(1-2) was raised in the first 4 days of observation (P less than 0.05) reflecting the presence of ventilation-perfusion imbalance. However no residual imbalance was detected in the mean R(1-2) after day 11. PMID- 6647213 TI - The advantages of a coronary care ambulance system. AB - It is more than a decade since the resuscitation ambulance service in Brighton was established. The value of an integrated resuscitation system in the management of coronary heart disease in the community is reviewed. PMID- 6647214 TI - Reduction of infarct size: a misleading concept? AB - Clinicians have long sought a pharmacological intervention with which to limit the extent of tissue damage during myocardial infarction. Early animal experiments suggested that reduction of infarct size was a feasible objective. More recently the concept has been challenged. Infarct size is determined predominantly by coronary blood flow. Small coronary arteries and arterioles supply discrete capillary beds, particularly in the endocardium. Intervention may delay the onset of myocardial cell necrosis but ultimate infarct size is only reduced if blood flow can be increased or restored. PMID- 6647215 TI - Haemodynamic dose-response effects of intravenous labetalol in acute myocardial infarction. AB - The haemodynamic consequences of combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blockade with intravenous labetalol were evaluated in 21 males with either high (n = 6), normal (n = 9) or low (n = 6) systemic arterial pressure, 4-17 hours after acute myocardial infarction without heart failure. Labetalol 190 +/- 18 mg (range 62 300 mg) infusion resulted in dose-related falls in systolic (P less than 0.01) and diastolic (P less than 0.05) arterial pressure in all patients. The rate of pressure reduction per mg of infused labetalol was directly proportional to the control systolic arterial pressure. Cardiac output (thermodilution) was reduced (P less than 0.05) with low dose labetalol (39 +/- 5 mg) without change on continued infusion. Left heart filling pressure (pulmonary artery occluded pressure) was unchanged throughout infusion in all patients. In conclusion, the vasodilating properties of labetalol appeared to offset the beta-blocker induced depression of cardiac function. The increased sensitivity to the effects of labetalol in those patients with hypertension may be related to excessive alpha adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction in this patient group. PMID- 6647216 TI - A 1983 assessment of the value of bile pigment determinations in the diagnosis of jaundice. PMID- 6647217 TI - Investigation and management of biliary tract disease. AB - Evolution in the diagnosis and non-surgical management of biliary tract disease is outlined and analyzed. The relative roles of endoscopic and percutaneous techniques are weighed in terms of risk, technical difficulty and clinical value. Initial diagnosis and treatment should be by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) when feasible because of lower diagnostic and treatment risk. When technical or clinical circumstances dictate, a prompt shift to percutaneous techniques is indicated. The complimentary roles of endoscopic, percutaneous and surgical methods are emphasized. Therapy by nonsurgical methods is closely linked to diagnosis by direct cholangiography. Close coordination reduces hazard and improves likelihood of successful resolution in these difficult clinical problems. PMID- 6647218 TI - Fulminant hepatic failure. PMID- 6647219 TI - Fluid and electrolytes in liver disease. PMID- 6647220 TI - Chronic active hepatitis: a 30-year journey with a famous monograph. PMID- 6647221 TI - Liver copper in health and disease. PMID- 6647222 TI - Iron storage at the Royal Free Hospital. PMID- 6647223 TI - Chemical hazards in the home and workplace. PMID- 6647224 TI - Hazards from lead in the environment. PMID- 6647225 TI - Hazards from ionizing radiations. PMID- 6647226 TI - Asbestos-related diseases. PMID- 6647227 TI - Patterns of smoking. Social and psychological factors. PMID- 6647228 TI - The consequences of alcohol abuse. PMID- 6647229 TI - Yellow cards and green forms. PMID- 6647230 TI - Poisoning in childhood. PMID- 6647231 TI - Lung cancer and the 'safer' cigarette. PMID- 6647232 TI - Media-induced maladies. PMID- 6647233 TI - Risks to health in rural areas. PMID- 6647234 TI - [Experiences with Nordenstrom's transthoracic needle biopsy based on 1064 clinical cases]. PMID- 6647235 TI - [Computed tomographic studies of patients with asbestosis and silicosis]. PMID- 6647236 TI - [Macrophage function in sarcoidosis. I. Suppressed oxidative metabolism of macrophages in sarcoidosis in correlation with inflammation]. PMID- 6647237 TI - [Multiple unilateral arteriovenous fistulas of the lung. Treatment by pulmonary artery ligation]. PMID- 6647238 TI - [Report on the treatment of 5 cases of bronchial asthma by intrapleural relaxation pneumothorax]. PMID- 6647239 TI - [Mucociliary clearance in patients with central and peripheral bronchial cancer]. PMID- 6647240 TI - [Implantation of human bronchial cancers in the thymus-aplastic nude mouse for the development of tumor models]. PMID- 6647241 TI - [Lung cancers in non-smokers]. PMID- 6647242 TI - [Asymptomatic peripheral lung cancer--tumor stage and therapy]. PMID- 6647243 TI - [Bronchologic procedures in the diagnosis of lymphangiosis carcinomatosa of the lung]. PMID- 6647244 TI - [Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis]. PMID- 6647245 TI - [Case report on the hormonal aspects of the therapy of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis]. PMID- 6647246 TI - [Multiple primary bronchial cancers]. PMID- 6647247 TI - [Significance of the clinical diagnosis of precancerous changes and multifocal cancers of the bronchial system]. PMID- 6647248 TI - [Bronchial cancer in large bullous lung diseases]. PMID- 6647249 TI - [Cytogenetic analyses of malignant exudates--a new aid in diagnosis]. PMID- 6647250 TI - [Significance of intensive medicine following surgical interventions on the lung]. PMID- 6647251 TI - [Effect of flow-resistive respiration on the electrical activity of the diaphragm in patients with bronchial asthma and probands]. PMID- 6647252 TI - [Possibilities of allergen removal in inhaled fungal spore allergies]. PMID- 6647253 TI - [Prognosis of exogenous allergic alveolitis in children]. PMID- 6647254 TI - [Aspergillus mycetoma as a cause of acute hemoptysis]. PMID- 6647255 TI - [Coccidioidomycosis in Germany--problems of clinical and histologic diagnosis based on a case report]. PMID- 6647256 TI - [Actinomycosis of the lung]. PMID- 6647257 TI - [Method for simultaneous analysis of respiratory technics and gas exchange]. PMID- 6647258 TI - [Differentiation of CO transfer in blood and membrane components in restrictive ventilation disorders]. PMID- 6647259 TI - [Can an oscillation procedure using airway resistance be estimated?]. PMID- 6647260 TI - [Oscillatory-determined reactance in inhaled provocation]. PMID- 6647261 TI - [Evaluation criteria for inhalation provocation tests by comparative study of various function parameters]. PMID- 6647263 TI - [Ergometric stress endurance of patients with airway-lung diseases]. PMID- 6647262 TI - [Synoptic evaluation of lung function in bronchospasmolytic therapy]. PMID- 6647264 TI - [Diffusion resistance of the alveolocapillary membrane and intracapillary blood volume as a control in fibrosing lung diseases]. PMID- 6647265 TI - [Lung function before and after mitral valve replacement by median sternotomy and right-sided thoracotomy]. PMID- 6647266 TI - [Lung function following combined Hodgkin therapy]. PMID- 6647267 TI - [Gas exchange disorders in miners]. PMID- 6647268 TI - [Tuberculosis and the creative human]. PMID- 6647269 TI - [Mycobacteria]. PMID- 6647270 TI - [World status and future of tuberculosis 100 years following the discovery of M. tuberculosis]. PMID- 6647271 TI - [Tuberculosis in patients with malignant diseases, autoimmune diseases and immunosuppression]. PMID- 6647272 TI - [Tuberculosis in metabolic diseases with special reference to diabetes mellitus and hepatopathies]. PMID- 6647273 TI - [Effects of chronic alcoholism on tuberculosis treatment]. PMID- 6647274 TI - [Surgical interventions in tuberculosis patients]. PMID- 6647275 TI - [Tuberculosis in pregnancy]. PMID- 6647276 TI - [Comparative studies of cavity dynamics in 6 months of short-term treatment between triple and quadruple therapy following initial intravenous intensive therapy]. PMID- 6647277 TI - [Tuberculosis in terminal renal insufficiency]. PMID- 6647278 TI - [Renal tuberculosis with reference to therapy, immunology, ultrasound diagnosis and hemodialysis treatment]. PMID- 6647279 TI - [Danger of liver damage in modern antitubercular treatment]. PMID- 6647281 TI - [Esophagitis--a rare manifestation of florid tuberculosis]. PMID- 6647280 TI - [Comparison of oral and intravenous rifampicin administration in the treatment of open pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6647282 TI - [Mycobacterium kansasii as a pathogen in extensive cavitation of the right anterior lobe in a 13-year-old girl]. PMID- 6647283 TI - [Field experiences with 6-month therapy in the treatment of open pulmonary tuberculosis in a refugee camp]. PMID- 6647284 TI - [Manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Cambodian refugees in Thailand]. PMID- 6647285 TI - [Morphologic and etiologic aspects of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6647286 TI - [Epidemiology of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6647287 TI - [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy of sarcoidosis of the respiratory organs]. PMID- 6647289 TI - [Sarcoidosis from the viewpoint of the dermatologist]. PMID- 6647288 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6647290 TI - [Long-term roentgenologic observation of the course of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6647291 TI - [Sarcoidosis after the 50th year of life--a clinical and epidemiologic observation]. PMID- 6647292 TI - [Gallium-67 scintigraphy in sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6647293 TI - [Roentgenologic stage classification of sarcoidosis in relation to therapeutic results]. PMID- 6647294 TI - [Unexpected malignant course of initial sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6647295 TI - [Unusual radiomorphologic findings in sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6647296 TI - [Atypical clinical forms and differential diagnostic peculiarities of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6647298 TI - [Bronchial hyperreactivity in sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6647297 TI - [Scar sarcoids and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Report of 7 cases, with 2 recurrent forms]. PMID- 6647299 TI - [Diagnosis of sarcoidosis using bronchus biopsy and transbronchial lung biopsy]. PMID- 6647300 TI - [Sarcoidosis in China, report of 2 cases with case histories and literature review since 1958]. PMID- 6647301 TI - [Calcinoses in sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6647302 TI - [Isolated kidney sarcoidosis--a rare cause of chronic kidney insufficiency in childhood]. PMID- 6647303 TI - [Lung damage caused by environmental pollution?]. PMID- 6647304 TI - [Tuberculin conversion--what to do?]. PMID- 6647305 TI - [The irritable bronchial system]. PMID- 6647306 TI - [Preneoplasias of the bronchial system. Pathologic anatomy]. PMID- 6647307 TI - [Preneoplasias of the bronchial system]. PMID- 6647308 TI - [Small airways disease--morphology and general pathologic principles]. PMID- 6647309 TI - [Small airways disease--causes and diagnosis]. PMID- 6647311 TI - [Bronchial hyperreactivity and risk of disease. Results of an epidemiologic longitudinal study]. PMID- 6647310 TI - [Bronchoconstriction and hypersecretion following sulfur dioxide--a laryngeal reflex?]. PMID- 6647312 TI - [Smoking habits, carbomonoxyhemoglobin and lung diseases]. PMID- 6647313 TI - [Alveolar deposition of inhaled microparticles in patients with small airways disease]. PMID- 6647314 TI - [Spontaneous bronchial motoricity as a measure of bronchial hyperreactivity as well as a sensitive measurement in provocation]. PMID- 6647315 TI - [Physical stress and hyperventilation as trigger factors of airway obstruction in bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6647316 TI - [Improvement of motivation for smoking withdrawal in individuals with genetic risk factors for the development of lung cancer]. PMID- 6647317 TI - [Relations between spinal function and respiration in ankylosing spondylitis (Bechterew disease)]. PMID- 6647318 TI - [Blood coagulation and the lung]. PMID- 6647319 TI - [Structure of asthma-relevant inhalation allergens]. PMID- 6647320 TI - [Effect of biogenic rhythms on plasma histamine level and airway resistance in patients with allergic bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6647321 TI - [Changes in mucus caused by air pollution]. PMID- 6647322 TI - [Arachidonic acid metabolites as mediators of an increase in resistance and a barrier disorder in pulmonary microcirculation]. PMID- 6647323 TI - [Significance of plasma histamine level in airway obstruction]. PMID- 6647324 TI - [Cause of bronchial hypersensitivity to histamine and carbachol]. PMID- 6647325 TI - [Changes in fast antiplasmin (alpha-2-antiplasmin) activity of the plasma of thoracotomized patients]. PMID- 6647326 TI - [IgE and PHI determination in patients with bronchial carcinoma]. PMID- 6647327 TI - [Monoclonal cold agglutinins as differentiation markers for lung tumors]. PMID- 6647328 TI - [Disorder of alveolar surface tension in relation to the development of edema in isolated rabbit lungs]. PMID- 6647329 TI - [Computer tomography in thoracic diagnosis]. PMID- 6647330 TI - [Ultrasound diagnosis of the thorax]. PMID- 6647331 TI - [Bronchoalveolar lavage]. PMID- 6647332 TI - [Diagnostic aspects in flour allergy]. PMID- 6647333 TI - [Diagnostic thoracotomy for the evaluation of obscure lung findings]. PMID- 6647334 TI - [Pulmonary manifestations of scleroderma]. PMID- 6647335 TI - [Lung infiltration in mycosis fungoides]. PMID- 6647336 TI - [Foreign bodies in the thorax--a differential diagnostic problem]. PMID- 6647337 TI - [Lung opacity in acute pulmonary embolism--an expression of a regional increase in perfusion?]. PMID- 6647338 TI - [Uniform roentgen finding in unusual tumors of the right interlobe]. PMID- 6647339 TI - [Conventional roentgen procedures, sonography and computer tomography in pleural diseases]. PMID- 6647340 TI - [Computer tomography in diffuse lung fibroses--relation to lung function]. PMID- 6647341 TI - [Clinical signs for the evaluation of the severity of idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis with special reference to the dependence of velco rales--so-called state sign]. PMID- 6647342 TI - [A fast O2 detector for the analysis of lung function]. PMID- 6647343 TI - [Measured normal values for small spirometry]. PMID- 6647344 TI - [Right heart changes in fibrosing lung diseases--correlation of hemodynamic findings with lung function, electrocardiography, thoracic roentgen image and echocardiography]. PMID- 6647345 TI - [Routine right heart catheterization before every lung resection?]. PMID- 6647346 TI - [Information value of the tachogram in a voluntary coughing bout series]. PMID- 6647347 TI - [Effect of pressure-compliance behavior of the intrathoracic airways and the lung on forced expiration based on a calculation model]. PMID- 6647348 TI - [Acute changes in pulmonary diffusing capacity following hemodialysis treatment]. PMID- 6647349 TI - [Bronchus lavage in lung diseases: cytology and macrophage function]. PMID- 6647350 TI - [Proliferation kinetics and morphologic characterization of human alveolar macrophages in diffusion chambers]. PMID- 6647351 TI - [Cytologic determination of the histogenetic type of lung tumors]. PMID- 6647352 TI - [Isolation and characterization of human pneumocytes]. PMID- 6647353 TI - [Clinical aspects and pathology of thymus carcinoids]. PMID- 6647354 TI - [Growth and chemotherapy of human kidney cancer in the thymus--aplastic nude mouse--behavior of the xenotransplant in comparison with tumor in the patient]. PMID- 6647355 TI - [Bronchofiberscopic catheter and flexible needle suction biopsies in extraluminal and peripheral lung lesion]. PMID- 6647356 TI - [Diagnosis, clinical aspects and therapy of bronchial adenoma with endoscopic examples]. PMID- 6647357 TI - [Comparison of the histologic aspects of preoperative bronchial biopsies and mediastinal biopsies with lung resection specimens of bronchial carcinomas]. PMID- 6647358 TI - [Effect of bronchoscopy (rigid and fiberoptic) on respiratory mechanics and reactivity of the airways]. PMID- 6647359 TI - [Ultrasound-directed tumor puncture and bronchoalveolar lavage in real time B scanning technic]. PMID- 6647360 TI - [Significance of sonography in the diagnosis and course observation of pleural effusion]. PMID- 6647361 TI - [Contribution of 2-dimensional sonography with fast B-image to the diagnosis of thoracic diseases]. PMID- 6647362 TI - [What is certain in the prophylaxis of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6647363 TI - [Current chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6647364 TI - [Mucoviscidosis in adulthood]. PMID- 6647365 TI - [Effect of bronchospasmolytics on ciliary beat frequency in vitro]. PMID- 6647366 TI - News aspects of oral theophylline. PMID- 6647367 TI - Theophylline--plasma concentration related to bronchodilatation and side effects. PMID- 6647368 TI - [Effect and tolerance of various methylxanthines in airway obstruction]. PMID- 6647369 TI - [Methylxanthine determinations (HPLC) in clinical practice--observations of serum concentrations and lung function time curves]. PMID- 6647370 TI - [Clinical and prognostic aspects of nosocomial Legionnaires pneumonias]. PMID- 6647371 TI - [Prognosis and occupational rehabilitation of operated benign lung and pleural tumors]. PMID- 6647372 TI - [Physical therapy in bronchopulmonary diseases]. PMID- 6647373 TI - Tissue hypoxia in patients with idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis and the effect of oxygen therapy. PMID- 6647374 TI - [2-year respiratory therapy group. Organizational and social medicine experiences]. PMID- 6647375 TI - [Cause of failures in the rehabilitation of airway disease patients]. PMID- 6647377 TI - [Rib tumors--diagnostic and therapeutic procedures]. PMID- 6647376 TI - [Larynx and tracheobronchial papillomatosis]. PMID- 6647378 TI - [Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax with reference to the frequency of recurrence]. PMID- 6647379 TI - [Remediastinoscopy: indications, technic and results]. PMID- 6647380 TI - [Use of the Nd-YAG laser in bronchoscopy]. PMID- 6647381 TI - [Life-threatening hemoptysis from the diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoints]. PMID- 6647382 TI - [Immunologic detection of bronchial cancer?]. PMID- 6647383 TI - [The family and their 2d child--expectations of the parents during pregnancy]. PMID- 6647384 TI - [The psychotherapeutic team and the counseling of parents with leukemic children during treatment and in isolated conditions. Report of an experience]. PMID- 6647385 TI - [Role-taking ability and neurotic disorder in 10 to 12-year-old children--a correlation study]. PMID- 6647386 TI - [Anorexia nervosa--a therapeutic double-bind? A summary following 13 years of ambulatory therapy]. PMID- 6647387 TI - [So-called animism in the child]. PMID- 6647388 TI - [Treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux. An important preventive medical task for the pediatrician]. PMID- 6647389 TI - [Sterility/infertility]. PMID- 6647390 TI - [Autotransplantation of the spleen. An alternative to classical splenectomy for splenic rupture. Case report and literature review]. PMID- 6647391 TI - [Field study results of a fixed beta blockader-diuretic combination: effect of dosage reduction ("stepping down")]. PMID- 6647392 TI - [Cytostatic-induced hair loss. Prevention or hair replacement?]. PMID- 6647393 TI - [Tumor therapies--fertility and sexuality]. PMID- 6647394 TI - [Pain in tumor patients. Possibilities of neurosurgery]. PMID- 6647395 TI - [Dermatology no. 44. What is your diagnosis?]. PMID- 6647396 TI - [Surgical treatment strategy in the multiple-injury patient]. PMID- 6647397 TI - [The functionally one-eyed professional driver]. PMID- 6647398 TI - [Sleep disorders and their treatment]. PMID- 6647399 TI - [The magic mountain]. PMID- 6647400 TI - [Chronic lead poisoning in a shooting instructor caused by powder fumes]. PMID- 6647401 TI - [The schizophrenic patient and the general practitioner]. PMID- 6647402 TI - [Pleural calcinosis in family members of asbestos workers]. PMID- 6647404 TI - [A case from practice (18)]. PMID- 6647403 TI - [Clinico-pathologic conference. Wegener granulomatosis. A type limited to the lung, with fulminating course]. PMID- 6647405 TI - [Complications of tumor diseases]. PMID- 6647406 TI - [Fever in tumor patients, what to do?]. PMID- 6647407 TI - [Nausea and vomiting in tumor patients]. PMID- 6647408 TI - [The role of the female social worker in the care of cancer patients]. PMID- 6647409 TI - [Neuropathology in the autopsy]. PMID- 6647410 TI - [Early cancer of the thyroid. Subclassification of 268 differentiated thyroid cancers]. PMID- 6647411 TI - [Postmortem pathochemistry for the determination of the cause of death in diabetic coma]. PMID- 6647412 TI - [Value of semiquantitative morphologic evaluation of testicular biopsies in fertility disorders in the male]. PMID- 6647413 TI - [Epithelioid leiomyoma of the stomach--differential diagnosis and malignity]. PMID- 6647414 TI - [Adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland with sebaceous gland differentiation]. PMID- 6647415 TI - [Fatal incident following administration of thalamonal in latent pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 6647416 TI - An analytical approach to the preparation and characterization of subcellular membranes from canine mesenteric arteries. AB - Subcellular membrane fractions were isolated from dog mesenteric arteries by differential and isopynic sucrose density gradient centrifugations. Isolated membrane fractions were characterized by marker enzyme activities, morphological features and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns. Our results show that the microsomal fraction isolated by conventional differential centrifugation was highly heterogenous and contained substantial amount of plasma membranes which could be further enriched as a light density membrane fraction on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. The microsomal fraction and its subfractions were vesicular in appearance under electron microscope and were capable of binding and actively transporting Ca2+. The binding of Ca2+ and ATP-supported Ca2+-transport in the presence or absence of oxalate paralleled the distribution of plasma membrane marker enzyme activities suggesting that plasma membranes in vascular smooth muscle may play a major role in handling Ca2+ and thus the control of contractile function. PMID- 6647417 TI - Guidelines for the preparative fractionation of human serum proteins on gradient eluted columns of concanavalin A-sepharose: elution positions of fourteen well characterized proteins and evidence for concanavalin A-reactive albumin-IgA and IgG complexes. AB - Systematic studies on the fractionation of serum proteins on gradient-eluted columns of concanavalin A-Sepharose have been carried out to determine if the oligosaccharide residues were sufficiently different to permit a reasonable separation and to determine where in the chromatogram these proteins would be eluted. Human whole serum and ammonium sulfate fractions derived therefrom were used in conjunction with 2.1 x 75 cm columns of concanavalin A-Sepharose and a 4 x 400 ml gradient (Varigard) with 0.5 M methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside as limit buffer. The elution positions and chromatographic limits of 14 well-characterized human serum proteins have been determined by double diffusion of aliquots of the effluent fractions (10X concentrated) in agarose gel against specific antibody and the general chromatographic distribution of the proteins by immunoelectrophoresis. Overall, the results demonstrate that the composition of the oligosaccharide side chain, like differences in molecular size, solubility, and charge density, is a useful parameter in the chromatographic separation of protein from serum. Although it is well-known that albumin is a nonglycoprotein, 1.0% of the protein was tightly bound by concanavalin A-Sepharose. Subsequent experiments showed that albumin binding was due to complex formation with IgA and IgG both of which possess the necessary complement of concanavalin A-reactive residues for strong binding. Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 2-mercaptoethanol-reduced albumin-IgA and -IgG complexes produced bands corresponding to the molecular weights of albumin and the heavy and light chains of IgA and IgG whereas unreduced samples were not dissociated. When these complexes were reacted with concanavalin A-Sepharose and treated with 2-mercaptoethanol, free albumin was eluted. The remaining adsorbed glycoprotein(s), IgA and IgG, could be eluted with methyl alpha-D glucopyranoside. These results strongly suggest that these proteins and albumin are linked via a disulfide bond(s). PMID- 6647418 TI - An effective method of DNA isolation from the mature leaves of Gossypium species that contain large amounts of phenolic terpenoids and tannins. AB - Purified and unstained nuclei were isolated from the leaves of several Gossypium species (diploid and tetraploid) by means of a citrate buffer (pH 5.0), Triton X 100 (5%), and a reducing sugar (1M glucose). DNA, previously unobtainable, was then extracted from the nuclei by conventional means. Comparisons of final DNA yield were made between three methods of purification: namely, the standardized ribonuclease procedure, hydroxyapatite chromatography and equilibrium density centrifugation in cesium chloride. The latter method produce the lowest, yet purest, yield of DNA for renaturation studies in Gossypium. PMID- 6647419 TI - [Effect of antibiotics on 5'-inosinic acid biosynthesis by a Brevibacterium ammoniagenes mutant]. AB - The effect of streptomycin, erythromycin, kanamycin and penicillin on the biosynthesis of 5'-inosinic acid (IMP) by the mutant strain Brevibacterium ammoniagenes was studied. It has been found that the efficiency of antibiotic action depends not only in its concentration but on the age of the culture. When the antibiotics were introduced into the culture broth at the beginning of fermentation, they inhibited the culture growth and accumulation of IMP in the cultural medium. Only after 36-72 hours of cultivation the addition of the antibiotics stimulated the biosynthesis. All the antibiotics tested when adding at the definite for each of them period of fermentation and at the definite concentration stimulated the accumulation of IMP. The stimulating effect appears to be connected with an increase in permeability. A considerable increase in the number of anormalous elongated and swollen cells and, as a rule, in the protein content of the cultural supernatant indicates the fact. Streptomycin and kanamycin were the most efficient antibiotics, as they increased the IMP yield from 10.4 to 17.5 g/l. PMID- 6647420 TI - [Action of dioxidine on the membrane apparatus of the bacterial cell]. AB - A study of dioxydine effect on the membrane apparatus of Staphylococcus aureus 209 P and Micrococcus lysodeikticus revealed a decrease in the dehydrogenase activity of membrane preparations and in the specific concentration of cytochromes, if cells had been cultivated in a medium with subbacteriostatic concentrations of dioxydine. The total activity of the respiratory chain was slightly decreased. Conservatism of the membrane apparatus of the bacteria studied was demonstrated. PMID- 6647421 TI - [Properties of Fusarium graminearum galactose oxidase]. AB - The kinetics and action mechanism of the galactose oxidase from Fusarium graminearum were studied. pH-optimum of the enzyme activity and stability was 7.0, the activity and stability of the galactose oxidase being decreased at any other values of pH. The enzyme is destabilized at acidic pH that is connected with protonization of its ionogenic group with pK 4.7. The temperature optimum of the galactose oxidase is 35 degrees C. When studying the enzyme thermoinactivation, it was found that at temperatures below 30 degrees C the energy of activation of denaturation was about 40 kcal/mole and at temperatures ranging from 30 to 70 degrees C - 13 kcal/mole. On the basis of the data obtained it was concluded that a low-temperature form of the galactose oxidase, possessing a higher energy of activation of denaturation, is more active than a high temperature form. The value of Km for the enzyme in respect to galactose was 0.19 M, and the value of Vmax = 360 mumole/min per g of the preparation. PMID- 6647422 TI - [Amino acid analysis of culture media and autolysates by capillary gas chromatography]. AB - N-heptofluorbutyryl-O-propyl ethers from 20 natural amino acids were analysed on a capillary column Am-Ac by gas chromatography. A high reproducibility of the quantitative estimation of the compounds studied was achieved not only for the standard mixtures but when analysing the amino acid composition of the autolysates of the baker's yeast and cultural media. PMID- 6647423 TI - [Characteristics of microcirculation in patients with diabetic angiopathies]. AB - The radionuclide technique was used to study regional microcirculation in 139 patients with diabetic angiopathies of the lower limbs. All the examined demonstrated impairment of the muscular bloodflow, that increased depending on the disease stage and diabetes mellitus standing. No differences were recorded in the degree of bloodflow impairment in the muscles of patients treated with sulfanilurea drugs and insulin. Comparison of the degree of changes in the muscular bloodflow in diabetic angiopathies of the lower limbs and atherosclerosis obliterans of lower limb vessels in subjects without diabetes mellitus demonstrated that microcirculation in the former group patients was affected to a greater measure. It is desirable that the complex of therapeutic measures should include drugs that improve microcirculation at the early stages of the management of patients with diabetic angiopathies of the lower limbs. PMID- 6647424 TI - [Study of calcitonin and parathyroid hormone in patients with bronchial asthma with steroid-induced osteoporosis]. AB - The results of studying calcitonin (CT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in patients suffering from bronchial asthma with steroidal osteoporoses are described. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure the content of CT and PTH in 21 patients with corticoid-dependent bronchial asthma complicated by the development of steroidal osteoporosis. A group of patients suffering from bronchial asthma not treated with corticosteroid drugs served for control purposes. Analysis of the data demonstrated a significant (P less than 0.001) decrease of CT level and elevation of blood PTH content in patients with steroidal osteoporoses as compared with the control group. PMID- 6647425 TI - [Hormonal regulation of the processes of growth and sexual maturation in girls with accelerated physical development]. AB - The peculiarities of physical growth and sexual maturity were investigated in 300 girls with accelerated physical development aged 9 to 17 years. It was found, that maximum rates of the somatic formation, a high level of the growth hormone and testosterone as well as low estradiol secretion are seen during the prepubescent stage of maturity. After the menarche the somatic formation rates, the growth hormone and testosterone secretion decrease, whereas estradiol secretion progressively rises. PMID- 6647426 TI - [Androgenic function of the adrenal cortex in girl athletes with retarded sexual development]. AB - Diurnal excretion of 17-ketosteroids and their fractions was studied in 43 girl athletes with retarded sexual development (RSD) and 22 patients who did not go in for sports. Twenty-five healthy girls with a normal menstrual cycle constituted the control group. Athletes with RSD showed relative hyperandrogeny marked by a higher proportion of more active androgenic fractions (dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone) in total 17-ketosteroids. Excretion of neutral 17-ketosteroids in athletes examined, as compared with non-athletes with RSD, was within age associated norms or surpassed them. It is suggested that androgens of the adrenal cortex are involved into the pathogenesis of RSD in female athletes. PMID- 6647427 TI - [Thyroglobulin biosynthesis and the content of thyroglobulin polyribosomes of the thyroid gland cells in the normal state and in various types of thyroid pathology]. AB - The content of polyribosomes in human thyroid cells was studied in health and different forms of thyroid pathology. In thyroid pathology, thyroglobulin (TG) polyribosome content in thyroid cells diminished in the following order: diffuse toxic goiter greater than mixed euthyroid goiter greater than nodular toxic goiter greater than Hashimoto's goiter and complete absence of TG synthesizing polyribosomes in thyroid cancer and congenital goiter cells. No correlation was revealed between polyribosome TG content and thyroid function. It is inferred that impairment of TG biosynthesis in thyroid diseases is related to the decreased content of polyribosome TG in thyroid cells. PMID- 6647428 TI - [Case of acromegaly after thymectomy]. PMID- 6647429 TI - [Cytoplasmic and nuclear testosterone receptors in the hypothalamus of androgenized female and castrated male rats]. AB - Receptors for testosterone (T) in the preopticoanterior hypothalamus (PO) and in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence (ARC + ME) were examined in neonatally androgenized female and neonatally castrated male rats. As a result of neonatal castration of males, the concentration of cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors for T in the PO dropped to an undetectable level. In the ARC + ME, the number of T binding sites in the cytosole fraction remained unchanged, while that in the nuclear fraction decreased 2-fold. In the cytosole fraction of neonatally androgenized females, receptors for T were detectable only in the ARC + ME, the level of binding being not different from that seen in this hypothalamic area in intact and neonatally castrated males. At the same time in the nuclear fraction, receptors for T were detectable in both hypothalamic areas, the number of T binding sites in the ARC + ME being 1.5 times less than in the PO. The data obtained attest to the involvement of receptors for T in sexual differentiation of the brain and regulation of gonadotropic function of the hypophysis. PMID- 6647430 TI - [Effect of met enkephalin, leu enkephalin and their retro analogs on the lactotropic function of the pituitary gland]. AB - When administered subcutaneously to male rats, the novel peptides retromet enkephalin and retro-leu-enkephalin stimulated prolactin (PRL) release less powerfully than morphine but somewhat greater than met-enkephalin. Leu-enkephalin did not affect PRL secretion in vivo. Neither morphine nor any of opioid peptides under study were able to stimulate basal or the dopamine-inhibited PRL release from cultured adenohypophyseal cells of male rats. It is concluded that stimulatory effects of opiates and opioid peptides on PRL secretion in rats are mediated via the hypothalamus or some other neural structures. PMID- 6647431 TI - [Plasma corticosteroid level in male hamadryas baboons in various seasons of the year]. AB - The levels of hydrocortisone, 11-deoxycortisole, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17 hydroxyprogesterone, 20-dihydroprogesterone, pregnenolone and progesterone were measured in blood plasma of adult male hamadryas baboons within a year using radioimmunoassay. Seasonal fluctuations characterized by the highest content of corticosteroids in spring-summer period and a considerable decrease of their concentration in autumn months have been revealed. PMID- 6647432 TI - [Decrease in the intensity of the EPR cytochrome P-450, adrenodoxine and free radical signals in the adrenal cortex of dogs under the effect of o,p dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane]. AB - A study was made of the action of the adrenocorticolytic drug chloditane (o.p' DDD) on the content of cytochrome P-450 adrenodoxine and free radicals in the dog adrenal cortex. After a single feeding of 50 mg/kg bw o.p'-DDD EPR signals with xi-factors 2.25, 1.94 and 2.00 reduced 30-40%. Three-fold feeding of the drug in a dose of 100 mg/kg bw produced a further demonstrable decrease of signals. These changes attest to a possible inhibition of the hydroxylase complex in the adrenal cortex induced by o.p'-DDD. PMID- 6647433 TI - [Comparative study of the effectiveness of various doses of estrogens after their "central" and "peripheral" administration]. AB - Experiments on male rats were made to study the effects of synestrol and diethylstilbestrol on the sexual organs. The drugs were administered subcutaneously and into the CSF. Diethylstilbestrol propionate produced the most potent inhibitory action on proliferative processes in the prostate. This inhibition was found to be the most demonstrable when the drug was administered into the CSF. During endo-CSF administration the dose of the hormone could be considerably decreased, with the inhibitory action on the target organs being unchanged and side effects on the animal body being minimal. PMID- 6647434 TI - [Age-related characteristics of testosterone 5-alpha-reductase activity in various rat organs]. AB - A study was made of 5 alpha-reductase activity, transformation of 3H-testosterone to 3H-dihydrotestosterone in the liver, kidneys prostate an in the skin of the scrotum, as well as of the level of plasma testosterone in male Wistar rats at varying age periods of postnatal ontogenesis. The data obtained indicate that by the moment of birth the androgen-sensitive organs of male rats include functionally active 5 alpha-reductase. During body development, periods of the enzyme activation were discovered. It was shown that by senility androgen metabolism in the organs under study decelerates whereas, 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone tends towards accumulation by the cells. PMID- 6647435 TI - [Characteristics of purine and nucleotide metabolism in juvenile rats with alloxan diabetes]. AB - Opposing changes were discovered in the liver and blood of rats aged 1-1 1/2 months with alloxan diabetes as regards the content of adenine, xanthine plus guanine, uric acid and the activity of adenine-, adenosine-, guanine deaminase and 5'-nucleotidase. The ratio of the activity of adenosine deaminase to that of 5'-nucleotidase correlating with the level of glycemia might be the most informative test in the diagnosis of the depth of the discovered metabolic disorders in alloxan diabetes. PMID- 6647437 TI - [Pneumothorax in disseminated processes in the lungs]. PMID- 6647436 TI - [Effect of levamisole on hemolysin production in the spleen of rats after chronic administration of thyrotropin]. AB - Experiments on 40 male Wistar rats were made to study the effect of levamisole on the production of hemolysins in experimental hyperthyrosis. Levamisole (2.5 mg/kg bw) was administered once 1 day before immunization with sheep red blood cells. Levamisole was discovered to appreciably activate hemolysin production in the spleen of rats with experimental hyperthyrosis, which manifested a demonstrable inhibition of immune response. A possible mechanism of levamisole action is suggested. PMID- 6647438 TI - [Hyperergic sensitivity to tuberculin in children and adolescents]. PMID- 6647439 TI - [Changes in the patient population in a children's tuberculosis ambulatory dispensary]. PMID- 6647440 TI - [State of immunity in patients with destructive infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis after effective and ineffective therapy]. PMID- 6647442 TI - [The NBT test in combination with the intradermal tuberculin test in evaluation of the latent activity of pulmonary tuberculosis and clinical cure]. PMID- 6647441 TI - [Research in immunology and immunogenetics in Soviet phthisiology]. PMID- 6647443 TI - [Immunocytoadherence in the diagnosis and evaluation of the activity of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6647444 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis of chronic pneumonias]. PMID- 6647445 TI - [Immunostimulating and tissue therapy in the combined treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6647446 TI - [Immunogenetic mechanisms of resistance to tuberculosis in mice]. PMID- 6647447 TI - [Efficacy of the treatment of experimental tuberculosis with antibacterial agents in combination with levamisole and tilorone]. PMID- 6647448 TI - [Relations between the indices of cellular immunity during chemotherapy of experimental tuberculosis]. PMID- 6647449 TI - [Reaction of newborn infants to BCG vaccination carried out on the 4th day of life]. PMID- 6647450 TI - [Efficacy of the climatotherapy in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and nonspecific diseases of the respiratory organs in Western Siberia]. PMID- 6647451 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis in combination with syphilis]. PMID- 6647452 TI - [Opistorchiasis with involvement of the respiratory organs]. PMID- 6647453 TI - [Determination of tuberculosis infection in children, adolescents and adults following mass intradermal BCG vaccination]. PMID- 6647454 TI - Dental caries on different tooth surfaces among 13-15 year old Helsinki schoolchildren. PMID- 6647455 TI - Biosynthesis and inactivation of histamine in rabbit dental pulp. PMID- 6647456 TI - Identification of adult patients treated at the Kuopio University Dental Clinic. PMID- 6647457 TI - [Opinions of dentists participating in continuing education on continuing education and its implementation]. PMID- 6647458 TI - Amphetamine challenge: effects in previously isolated rhesus monkeys and implications for animal models of schizophrenia. PMID- 6647459 TI - Effects of subacute administration of amphetamine on food competition in primates. PMID- 6647460 TI - Animal models: are they useful in the study of psychiatric disorders? PMID- 6647461 TI - 13th International Cancer Congress, Part E. Cancer management. Proceedings of the 13th International Cancer Congress, September 8-15, 1982, Seattle, Washington. PMID- 6647462 TI - Potentials of pharmacokinetic studies in cancer chemotherapy. PMID- 6647463 TI - Cell biological systems for prediction of individual human tumor drug sensitivity. PMID- 6647464 TI - Late consequences of cancer therapy on the endocrine system. PMID- 6647465 TI - Clinical application and limitation. PMID- 6647466 TI - A rationale for combined antiestrogen plus progestin administration in breast cancer. PMID- 6647467 TI - Steroid receptors in prostate neoplasms. PMID- 6647468 TI - The importance of estrogen and progesterone receptor in primary breast cancer. PMID- 6647469 TI - Emotional effects of cancer and cancer therapy. AB - Prevention of adverse psychological sequelae of cancer begins at the time of diagnosis (D'Angio 1975). By proper management, in which accurate information is given in a positive way, misinformation is corrected and a supportive continuous relationship to a physician and staff is established. Information should similarly be given about when termination of therapy is anticipated and re-entry to normal life can be expected. Attachment to the hospital, staff and fellow patients is expected and can be used as a positive force by development of "veteran" and "fellow" patient groups. When symptoms of psychological distress do occur in a long-term survivor, they warrant immediate attention and a workup that takes into account the vulnerability to endocrine and neurologic delayed effects, as well as psychological. Interventions should be based on diagnostic findings and include consideration of maladaptive patterns of interaction within the family and the patient's social setting. More clinical studies of long-survivors are needed to clarify the interaction of medical and psychological variables which contribute to quality of life of the cured cancer patient. PMID- 6647470 TI - Membrane and other phenotypes of leukemia cells. PMID- 6647472 TI - Experimental basis of adjuvant chemotherapy. PMID- 6647471 TI - Human tumor nucleolar antigens. PMID- 6647473 TI - The stability of human fibroblast interferon (HuIFN-beta). PMID- 6647474 TI - Some thoughts on preventive oncology. PMID- 6647475 TI - Dietary factors in human carcinogenesis. PMID- 6647476 TI - Long-term effects of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy on the immune system in 100 cancer patients. PMID- 6647477 TI - Economic cost of cancer in the United States, 1980. PMID- 6647478 TI - Issues of payment for cancer care. PMID- 6647479 TI - Economics as a significant contributor to family stress in childhood cancer. PMID- 6647480 TI - The economics of cancer care in Canada. PMID- 6647481 TI - Cancer care cost in Japan. PMID- 6647482 TI - Cancer nursing an international perspective: development of cancer nursing in the United States. AB - As I have discussed, oncology nurses and cancer nursing have made great strides in the past two decades. Where do we want to be in the next two decades? Questions need to be raised, goals set, and a course of action determined. As Derdarian (1981) states, "Cancer Nursing as a specialty of nursing profession, can create a prototype- a model- for practice, curriculum development, and research." Cancer Nursing is now a colossus inspite of its fragile beginning. It developed and was built on caring, sharing, and daring. We must plan and build for the future while keeping pace with the present. I have been in this field for 32 years, and knowing and working with oncology nurses, the challenges will be met and resolved. PMID- 6647483 TI - Problems encountered in an intensive care medical oncology unit in Paris. PMID- 6647484 TI - Cancer nursing in The Netherlands. PMID- 6647485 TI - Cancer nursing in a comprehensive cancer center. PMID- 6647486 TI - Screening for early breast cancer detection. PMID- 6647487 TI - The current status of screening for uterine cancer. AB - The screening program for cervix cancer in the Province of British Columbia appears to have reached a stable state. It has achieved a reduction in incidence of clinical squamous carcinoma in women over 20 of about 75% and reduction in mortality of about two thirds. Data has been presented to suggest that no further improvement in these rates should be forthcoming in a voluntary program such as ours. There has been a real increase in the numbers of in situ carcinomas found in our population but despite this increase clinical invasive carcinoma has not risen and we attribute this to the success of the program in intercepting disease before it becomes invasive. Endometrial carcinoma has not increased in our population and we do not feel that the current methods for early detection of this disease are applicable to a province-wide study. We intend to continue to emphasize the earliest possible investigation of abnormal peri- and postmenopausal bleeding by fractional curettage, as our mainstay of detection. PMID- 6647488 TI - Screening for carcinoma of the stomach and esophagus. PMID- 6647489 TI - Guidelines for publishing papers on cancer clinical trials: responsibilities of editors and authors. PMID- 6647490 TI - Methods for the analysis of time to failure data. PMID- 6647491 TI - Effects of lymphokines in tumour-bearing patients: clinical and laboratory studies. PMID- 6647493 TI - The in vitro availability of some barbituric acid derivatives and its correlation to solubility parameter. PMID- 6647492 TI - Mequitazine absorption in the rabbit and its comparison with in vitro absorption models. PMID- 6647494 TI - [Psychotropic drugs. I. Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabinaceae)]. PMID- 6647495 TI - Ethanol preference following hypothalamic stimulation: relation to stimulation parameters and energy balance. AB - Rats were given 5, 10, 20 and 30 min daily sessions of lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Approximately half of the rats showed a large and highly significant increase in their total intake of and preference for 10% v/v ethanol which was continuously available in their home cages. In terms of latency, total consumption and preference for ethanol, 10 min of daily stimulation produced a much greater enhancement than did 30 min. The ethanol drinking rats used more energy per unit of body weight which suggests that the stimulation and/or the ethanol itself may have increased energy expenditure. Simply changing the diet from powdered chow to identical composition pellets produced a large reduction in both total ethanol intake and preference. Reinstating the powdered diet produced a rapid reinstatement of ethanol drinking. These data are discussed in terms of ethanol's role in modulating stimulation induced changes in energy balance. PMID- 6647496 TI - Vasopressin and oxytocin content in cerebrospinal fluid and in various brain areas after administration of histamine and pentylenetetrazol. AB - The content of vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) in the septum, hippocampus, hypothalamus and cortex was determined at 5 min and 24 hr after peripheral (intraperitoneal) administration of histamine (20.0 mg/kg) and pentylenetetrazol (45.0 mg/kg) and in the cerebrospinal fluid at 24 hr after pentylenetetrazol treatment. At 5 min after administration of histamine the AVP content in the septum was increased whereas the OXT level in the various areas was not changed. At 24 hr, neurohypophyseal peptide contents were unaffected in the brain regions analyzed. Pentylenetetrazol did not alter AVP content at 5 min after its administration, however, the OXT level in the septum and the cortex was diminished. At 24 hr after administration of pentylenetetrazol a decreased AVP content in the hippocampus and in the cortex was observed. In contrast, OXT content in the cortex was increased at this time. AVP and OXT levels in CSF were not changed at 24 hr following pentylenetetrazol treatment. The present results suggest that the levels of neurohypophyseal hormones can be differentially altered in particular brain regions at short- (5 min) and long- (24 hr) term intervals after treatment with histamine or pentylenetetrazol. Long-term changes in AVP and OXT levels after pentylenetetrazol may be implicated in the amnesic properties of this convulsive drug. Furthermore, the present findings point to a possible relationship with previously reported pentylenetetrazol-induced changes in peptide levels in the CSF. PMID- 6647497 TI - The effects of chronic amphetamine administration on the acquisition and extinction of an active and passive avoidance response in mice. AB - Long-term amphetamine treatment had no effect on the acquisition or retention of an active or passive avoidance response. In both tasks, however, mice withdrawn from chronic amphetamine administration showed a resistance to extinction relative to control animals. These findings were related to the effects of long term amphetamine administration on attentional processes. Possible neurochemical mechanisms governing the attentional deficits induced by chronic exposure to amphetamine were discussed. PMID- 6647498 TI - Failure of dexamethasone to influence sex differences in acquisition of discriminated lever press avoidance. AB - Discriminated lever press avoidance was used to test the hypothesis that higher plasma levels of pituitary-adrenocortical hormones in female rats can be held responsible for the superior active avoidance of female as compared to male rats. Male and female rats were administered dexamethasone (500 microg/kg body weight) during 4 days of avoidance acquisition and 1 additional day of extinction. This treatment resulted in a strong suppression of the pituitary-adrenocortical activity in both sexes. The corticosterone plasma level was very low, the adrenal weight was significantly reduced, but the pituitary weight was not affected. In other words, animals treated with dexamethasone were exposed to the lever press avoidance situation without a reactive pituitary-adrenocortical system. Under these conditions, sex differences in behavior were not affected and, therefore, the hypothesis that sex differences in pituitary-adrenocortical hormone levels contribute to sex differences in active avoidance, was not confirmed. PMID- 6647499 TI - Taste and nicotine as determinants of voluntary tobacco use by hamsters. AB - Syrian hamsters consumed a commercial chewing tobacco in daily amounts equivalent to 2.6% of their body weights, even though food and water were always available. Daily intake increased gradually to this level over a period of 4 months. Commercial tobaccos contain a variety of flavoring agents, including sugars. Moistened, unflavored tobacco was consumed in much smaller amounts than the commercial tobacco. Addition of sucrose to the unflavored tobacco produced a concentration-dependent increase in daily consumption. Addition of nicotine to the drinking water did not affect daily fluid intake or food consumption, but produced a selective, dose-related decrease in consumption of the commercial tobacco. These results indicate interactive roles for taste and nicotine in controlling the daily, voluntary, high-level use of tobacco by hamsters. PMID- 6647500 TI - Opiate regulation of maternal behavior in the rat. AB - The effects of the opiate agonist morphine, the opiate antagonist naloxone and the weak opiate nonanalgesic dextrorphan on the expression of maternal behavior were investigated in a series of three experiments. In the first experiment treatment of rats with morphine (5 mg/kg, subcutaneously) after ovariectomy and hysterectomy on day 17 of gestation resulted in a disruption in the onset and quality of maternal responsiveness in the homecage and in a T-maze test. The duration of morphine's acute disruptive action was 2-4 hours. In the second experiment concurrent treatment of morphine-injected rats with naloxone prevented the disruptive effects of morphine in both the homecage and T-maze tests. The effects of morphine did not appear to result from a severe alteration in activity levels as measured in an open-field test, although morphine did increase activity slightly by the fifth day of treatment. In the third experiment treatment of rats after ovariectomy plus hysterectomy on day 17 of gestation with dextrorphan failed to disrupt maternal behavior. These results indicate that morphine disrupts maternal behavior through an opiate receptor mechanism, and suggests to us that endogenous opiates may mediate the expression of maternal behavior under certain physiological conditions. PMID- 6647501 TI - The involvement of gonads and gonadal steroids in the regulation of food intake, body weight and adiposity in the white Leghorn cock. AB - The effects of long-term injections of testosterone propionate (TP), diethylstilbestrol (DES) and TP+DES simultaneously to castrated and sham-operated White Leghorn cocks on feeding, weight gain, obesity, blood lipids and weight of various glands were studied. DES induced marked adiposity while TP reduced carcass fat content. Injections of TP+DES induced only moderate obesity. The responses of the castrated cocks to TP or DES were not always parallel to those of the sham-operated ones. In sham-operated cocks, TP induced permanent hypophagia and emaciation while in castrated cocks, although alleviating adiposity, it did not reduce the rate of weight gain and induced only a transient hypophagia. DES induced permanent hyperphagia and accelerated weight gain in sham operated cocks while in those castrated, it induced only transient hyperphagia which later on changed into hypophagia. Although the latter cocks did not gain more weight than those castrated with no steroids supplementation, they were much more obese and had a fat content similar to that of the sham-operated ones treated with DES. The castration was found to alleviate the depressing effect of TP on adenohypophyseal and thyroidal weights. The results may suggest: (1) In the White Leghorn cocks, DES increases lipogenesis and food intake while TP results in the contrary. (2) Castration should not be considered as a lack of gonadal steroids only. PMID- 6647502 TI - Effects of acrylamide on locomotion and central monoamine function in the rat. AB - Male rats receiving acrylamide (ACR) in their drinking water (100 ppm) for a six week period displayed increased psychomotor stimulation to d-amphetamine (d-A; 1.0 mg/kg SC) under several conditions of handling and drug administration. Following behavioral tests a subset of the animals was sacrificed at 15, 50, 80 and 120 minutes following d-A and the brains removed and dissected for determinations of regional brain levels of several monoamine neurotransmitters and metabolites. ACR rats had elevated levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5 HIAA) in the striatum, septal area, and thalamus. The effect was most pronounced at 15 minutes post-drug with ACR rats not demonstrating a depression in 5-HIAA levels present in controls. Increases in accumben's dopamine and norepinephrine levels, evident after d-A, were of lesser magnitude in ACR-exposed rats. Decreases in dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, also evident after d-A, persisted for a longer duration in ACR-exposed rats. Light and electron microscopy of spinal cord, striatum, nucleus accumbens and thalamus did not reveal morphologic abnormalities. Sciatic nerves showed histopathological changes characteristic of multi-focal dying-back peripheral nerve degeneration. It was concluded that acrylamide's effect on the psychomotor stimulant properties of d-A may be related to changes in a serotonergic inhibitory system. PMID- 6647503 TI - Initial sensitivity and acute tolerance to ethanol in the P and NP lines of rats. AB - We recently reported that selectively bred, alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol nonpreferring (NP) rats differ in sensitivity to a single sedative-hypnotic dose of ethanol, as measured by performance in the jump test. The present study examines the contributions of initial sensitivity and acute tolerance development to this difference. Initial sensitivity, assessed by brain alcohol content upon loss of the aerial righting reflex, was not significantly different between P and NP groups given 3 g ethanol/kg body weight intraperitoneally. Acute tolerance was indexed from blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) upon recovery of jumping performance following two successive ethanol doses. Practiced P and NP rats were required to jump 35 cm to a descending platform following the IP injection of 2.0 g ethanol/kg. The NP group took significantly longer (74 min) than the P (33 min) group whereupon BAC1 of NP rats (234 mg%) was significantly lower than that of P rats (250 mg%). A second injection (1.0 g/kg) was given immediately after the animals reached the 35 cm criterion. Again, NP rats took significantly longer (124 min) than P rats (52 min) to jump 35 cm and BAC2 of NP animals was lower (295 mg%) than that of P rats (343 mg%). The difference between BAC2 and BAC1, the measure of tolerance development, was significantly larger for P rats (90 mg%) than for NP rats (61 mg%). No significant differences in blood ethanol elimination were observed between the groups. The data indicate no difference in initial sensitivity between P and NP animals but that P rats develop acute tolerance more rapidly and/or to a greater degree than do NP rats. The results are consistent with a relationship in these selectively bred lines of rats between alcohol preference and the development of acute tolerance. PMID- 6647504 TI - Increased responsiveness to ethanol with advancing age in rats. AB - Male CD strain rats of three different ages (young-5 months; middle-15 months; old-27 months) were tested for their responsiveness to doses of ethanol sufficient to produce hypothermia or hypnosis. Comparison dosages of ethanol across age groups were based upon the estimated equivalent dilution of the drug into the body water compartments of subjects. In the hypnosis study, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups with regard to the time elapsed until the righting reflex was lost or in total sleep time. However, old animals recovered the righting reflex in the presence of lower blood ethanol concentrations than those observed for young and middle animals, suggesting a greater sensitivity of target tissues to the hypnotic effects of ethanol in old rats. The responsiveness of old rats to the hypothermic effect of ethanol was greater than that of younger rats only when the experiment was conducted at an ambient room temperature of 10 degrees C. PMID- 6647505 TI - Suppression of exploratory locomotor activity by the local application of dopamine or l-noradrenaline to the nucleus accumbens of the rat. AB - Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered dopamine (DA) or l-noradrenaline (l-NA) locally into the nucleus accumbens or in the neostriatum. Six minutes following the injections the animals were placed in an open field arena (700 X 700 mm) and their locomotor activity was recorded every 3 min for maximally 60 min. In the nucleus accumbens both DA (10-160 micrograms/side) and l-NA (2.5-40 micrograms/side) produced a suppression of the initial (0-3 min) exploratory locomotor activity in the open field arena. The highest doses of the respective drug, 80-160 micrograms of DA and 20-40 micrograms of l-NA, produced stimulation of the locomotor activity at a later time interval (6-9 min). The number of rearings during the initial exploration (0-3 min) was suppressed by DA (10-160 micrograms/side) as well as by l-NA (2.5-40 micrograms/side). When administered to the neostriatum, DA (80-160 micrograms/side) produced a stimulation of locomotor activity, 6-9 min after placement in the open field. The administration of l-NA (20-80 micrograms/side) to the neostriatum produced a suppression of the exploratory locomotor activity (0-6 min). The number of rearings were reduced by the administration of l-NA (20-80 micrograms/side) whereas no significant effect was observed after the administration of DA (5-160 micrograms/side). As assessed in the present experiments DA and l-NA produced identical effects in the nucleus accumbens, l-NA being about 4 times as potent as DA, whereas opposite effects were produced by l-NA and DA when applied to the neostriatum. PMID- 6647506 TI - Effects of heroin, methadone, LAAM and cyclazocine on acquisition and performance of response sequences in monkeys. AB - In each of three components of a multiple schedule, monkeys were required to emit a different sequence of four responses in a predetermined order on four levels. Sequence completions produced food on a fixed-ratio schedule. Errors produced a brief timeout. One component of the multiple schedule was a repeated-acquisition task where the four-response sequence changed each session (learning). The second component of the multiple schedule was also a repeated-acquisition task, but acquisition was supported through the use of a stimulus fading procedure (faded learning). In a third component of the multiple schedule, the sequence of responses remained the same from session to session (performance). At high doses, each drug tested produced essentially the same effect. In all three components, response rate was substantially decreased and percent errors increased. At lower doses, however, their effects differed. Heroin and methadone produced dose dependent sporadic periods of pausing, but had little or no effect on the accuracy of responding. LAAM also produced sporadic periods of pausing, but its effects on accuracy were variable. In contrast, cyclazocine produced no such pauses in responding but rather decreased the local rates of correct responding in a dose-related manner. These same doses of cyclazocine increased percent errors in the learning component, but not in the faded learning or performance components. The results are generally consistent with the view that putative mu opioid agonists do not affect the accuracy of a discrimination in monkeys except at those doses which produce a substantial decrease in the overall rate of responding. PMID- 6647507 TI - Electromyographic power spectral changes associated with the sleep-awake cycle and with diazepam treatment in the rat. AB - Power spectral analysis was used to study temporalis muscle EMG activities during the sleep-awake cycle in the rat. EMG spectra derived from EMG during the states of slow-wave sleep. REM sleep and wakefulness demonstrated qualitative and quantitative differences. Diazepam treatment produced reductions in EMG spectral power during wakefulness. Thus, our experimental model allows qualitative and quantitative delineation of EMG activity associated with behavioral changes or drug treatments. PMID- 6647508 TI - Differential effects of selective dopamine, norepinephrine or catecholamine depletion on activity and learning in the developing rat. AB - The present experiment investigated the behavioral changes which occurred following neonatal depletion of central catecholamine systems in the rat. The behavioral effects which resulted from selective dopamine (DA) depletion were compared with those resulting from selective norepinephrine (NE) depletion as well as depletion of both catecholamines (CA). Neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6 OHDA) was administered intracisternally at 5 days of age following pretreatment with desmethylimipramine in order to selectively deplete DA. NE levels were reduced by intraperitoneal injections of 6-OHDA at 1 and 2 days of age. Depletion of both catecholamines was effected by combining the procedures used for selective depletion of both DA and NE. Activity was time sampled during an hour at 3 preweanling ages. Avoidance and escape learning were measured in a T maze when pups were 20 days of age and in a Shuttlebox apparatus on day 28. Results revealed that DA and CA depleted animals were hyperactive in comparison to controls and displayed severe learning impairments in both T maze and Shuttlebox performance. In contrast, NE depleted animals showed activity levels which were similar to controls but were significantly impaired on both learning paradigms. These results suggest that selective lesions of DA and NE in infancy lead to a constellation of behaviors which are distinctly unique. The implications of these findings is discussed in terms of clinical research into the Attentional Deficit Disorder of childhood. PMID- 6647509 TI - Discriminative stimulus control with imipramine: transfer to other anti depressants. AB - Discriminative stimulus control with the tricyclic anti-depressant imipramine was attempted in three groups of rats; two of which were subjected to artificially stressful conditions. Only the unstressed group were shown capable of discriminating between the stimulus properties of intraperitoneal 10 mg/kg imipramine and saline in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task. Discriminative performance with decreasing doses of imipramine was shown to be dose-responsive. The ability to discriminate the interoceptive cue produced by imipramine was observed to transfer to a 10 mg/kg dose of both amitriptyline and desmethylimipramine. The results suggest a common tricyclic anti-depressant cueing property. PMID- 6647510 TI - Prolonged animal observation by use of digitized videodisplays. AB - Quantitative assessment of animal behavior requires not only much time and good training, but is always dependent upon the interpretation of the observer. Therefore we employed a commonly-used microcomputer to analyze, without intervention of a human observer, the picture obtained via videocamera, a digitizer and disk-drive. The program, written in BASIC and listed in Appendix I, generates pictures of the monitored animal in the graphics of the computer. These pictures can be analyzed immediately or stored on disk for further analysis. PMID- 6647511 TI - Effects of prenatal exposure to morphine sulfate on reproductive function of female rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of prenatal exposure to morphine sulfate on the development of reproductive function in female rats. Female rats exposed to morphine sulfate in utero (5-10 mg/kg on days 5-12 of gestation) exhibited varying dates of vaginal opening and a partial inhibition in adult feminine sexual behavior when compared to controls. However, the estrogen binding capacity of hypothalamic cytosols from morphine- and saline-treated females was identical. While we cannot rule out the possibility that the observed changes in reproductive function were an indirect result of morphine-induced alterations in maternal physiology or behavior, these results suggest that the development of feminine sexual behavior can be influenced during the early prenatal period and that morphine sulfate can affect the process of feminization. PMID- 6647512 TI - Further studies on alterations in male rat copulatory behavior induced by the dopamine-receptor agonist RDS-127. AB - Pharmacologic dopamine receptor stimulation by RDS-127 (2-N,N-di-n-propylamino 4,7-dimethoxyindane) resulted in qualitatively different changes in the mating pattern depending on the dose administered and time elapsed between treatment and behavioral observation. A low dose (0.25 mg/kg) selectively increased the latency to ejaculation whereas a high dose (3.0 mg/kg) decreased ejaculation latency and intromission frequency (both indicators of ejaculatory efficiency) when behavioral observations were begun 30 minutes after intraperitoneal administration. Intermediate doses (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) did not alter the time required to achieve ejaculation but did lower the number of intromissions preceding ejaculation. These dose-dependent actions resemble the effects of dopaminomimetics (reported by others) on locomotor activity. When mating tests were conducted shortly (less than five minutes) after drug administration, the induction of ejaculation by the high dose was enhanced. At this time, as well as after a prolonged delay (two hours), signs of decreased arousal (longer intromission latencies) were also observed. However, the postejaculatory refractory period was altered in a time-dependent fashion, viz: it was shortened closest to the injection time, not altered 30 minutes after treatment, and increased two hours after RDS-127 administration. Finally, RDS-127 induced seminal emission (ex copula) in 2.9 +/- 0.9 (S.E.) minutes, and these emissions did not differ in weight from normal spontaneous (diurnal) seminal emissions. The RDS-127-induced seminal emission was not followed by a refractory period of similar magnitude to that seen after ejaculation in copula. The data are interpreted in terms of the involvement of dopamine receptor subtypes in the modulation of masculine sexual behavior. PMID- 6647513 TI - Chlordiazepoxide increases the force of two topographically distinct operant responses in rats. AB - By using operant conditioning techniques one group of 8 rats was trained to reach through a hole in the wall of an operant chamber, and to exert downward responses on a force-sensing circular disk. Eight other rats learned to reach through the hole and grasp and pull toward them a wire bail attached to a force transducer. Both behaviors were maintained on a fixed ratio 20 schedule of water reinforcement. The effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg) on response force and rate were assessed for both groups. CDP significantly increased response force in a dose-related manner in both groups; regardless of topography, response rate was little affected by the 2.5- and 5.0 mg/kg doses but was decreased by the highest dose. Results were discussed in terms of CDP's antipunishment and neuromuscular effects. PMID- 6647514 TI - Leucinal inhibits brain aminopeptidase activity and potentiates analgesia induced by leu-enkephalen. AB - L-Leucinal, a transition state analog inhibitor or kidney leucine amino peptidases, was found to serve as a competitive inhibitor of soluble aminopeptidase activity from rat brain (Ki = 22 microM). Simultaneous intracisternal administration of leucinal and leu-enkephalin produced dose dependent analgesia in the hot plate test in mice, in concentrations at which neither L-leucinal nor leu-enkephalin alone elicited a significant response. simultaneous administration of leucinal and beta-endorphin also resulted in potentiation of beta-endorphin's analgesic activity. Leucinal did not enhance the antinociceptive response to neurotensin or to [D-ala2]-met-enkephalinamide, which are structurally resistant to the action of brain aminopeptidases. PMID- 6647515 TI - Rotational behavior following cholinergic stimulation of the superior colliculus in rats. AB - Rate which received microinjections of carbachol into the superior colliculus exhibited pronounced dose-dependent rotational behavior contralateral to the site of injection (Experiment 1). Wet dog shakes were also observed in some animals. Similar injections in the midbrain reticular formation produced immobility with slight contralateral flexion of the neck. Convulsions were observed in some rats after injections into either anatomical location. In Experiment 2, circling induced by carbachol in the superior colliculus was blocked by prior injection of either the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine or the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine, suggesting that both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are involved in the effect. In Experiment 3 contralateral rotational behavior was induced by intracollicular microinjections of the combination of acetylcholine chloride and physostigmine. The results suggest that collicular mediation of contralateral rotational behavior, and perhaps orientation, might involve cholinergic receptors. PMID- 6647516 TI - Tripelennamine effects on body and organ weights, water intake, and several behaviors of rats. AB - The effects of 14 daily injections of tripelennamine on several dependent measures were determined in groups of rats that received 0.0 (vehicle only), 2.0, 4.0, 8,0, or 16.0 mg/kg of the drug.l Tripelennamine did not affect body weights, organ weights (heart, liver, adrenals, kidneys), or blood glucose levels. Daily water intake was, however, directly and significantly related to tripelennamine dose. The drug failed to influence performance in a grasping response assay, or locomotion as measured in running wheels when rats received footshocks immediately before assessment of locomotion. Tripelennamine did significantly reduce locomotion when rats were not shocked before testing. Nociception, as measured via a hot-plate assay, also was altered by the drug. Here, rats exposed to 16 mg/kg evinced paw-lick latencies far greater than those that received lower doses. These results indicate that tripelennamine produced observable behavioral effects at doses which are not obviously toxic. PMID- 6647517 TI - Systemic naloxone increases the incidence of motion sickness in the cat. AB - Subcutaneous injections of naloxone in a total dose of 0.4 mg or greater one hour before a swing stimulus increased the frequency of motion sickness symptoms and shortened the latency of retching and vomiting. PMID- 6647518 TI - Effects of catecholamine agonist and antagonist drugs on acute stomach ulceration induced by medial hypothalamic lesions in rats. AB - In order to investigate the involvement of catecholamines (CAs) in acute stomach ulceration induced by hypothalamic lesions, rats were given bilateral electrolytic anodal lesions in the medial hypothalamus followed by a single subcutaneous injection of CA agonist or antagonist drugs. As in previous studies, lesioned rats that received no post operative drug treatment showed extensive gastric damage when examined 24 hr after the brain lesion. Chlorpromazine, amphetamine, desipramine and isoproterenol caused significant reductions in the extent (total length) and/or number of erosions induced by the brain lesion. Haloperidol and propranolol did not seem to affect ulcer formation. Clozapine increased the number but not the total length of ulcers. Phentolamine, alone or in combination with propranolol, significantly increased both the number and total length of lesion-induced ulcers. Similarities between these results and those reported for most of these drugs in the context of ulcers induced by various experimental stress procedures suggest a degree of commonality between acute stress ulcers and ulcers induced by hypothalamic lesions. The overall pattern of results obtained is also consistent with evidence indicating a protective role for catecholamines in acute ulcer formation. PMID- 6647519 TI - Effects of minimum-interreinforcer interval on ethanol-maintained performance of rats. AB - Dipper cups filled with an 8% (w/v) ethanol solution were presented to Long-Evans hooded rats according to either a multiple Extinction chi sec Fixed-Ratio 1 or a chain Differential-Reinforcement-of-Other-Behavior chi sec Fixed-Ratio 1 schedule or reinforcement. The scheduled value of the extinction and differential reinforcement-of-other-behavior components was varied to manipulate minimum interreinforcer interval. Minimum-interreinforcer intervals from 0 sec (baseline condition of continuous reinforcement) to 480 sec were tested in an ascending series followed by a descending, retest series. Increasing the minimum interreinforcer interval reduced the number of ethanol presentations obtained under both reinforcement schedules. These reductions were not due to ceiling effects imposed by the maximum number of possible deliveries obtainable within a session. The number of ethanol presentations obtained was always less than the maximum number of possible deliveries obtainable within a session. The number of ethanol presentations obtained was always less than the maximum number permitted by the value of the minimum-interreinforcer interval. Thus, imposing minimum interreinforcer intervals between drinking opportunities reduces the level of ethanol self-administration relative to continuous-access baseline conditions. PMID- 6647520 TI - Behavioral and physiological effects of capsaicin in red-winged blackbirds. AB - We injected red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) subcutaneously with capsaicin, and assessed (a) changes in basal body temperature, (b) ability to discriminate warm from cool drinking water, and (c) sensitivity to oral and topical applications of capsaicin, a trigeminal irritant. As predicted from studies of mammals, the injections seemed to disrupt thermoregulation when the ambient temperature increased, and eliminated discrimination between warm and cool drinking water (Figs. 1 and 2). In contrast to effects on mammals, injections failed to observably diminish oral or topical sensitivity to capsaicin and apparently induced a capsaicin preference in two-bottle drinking tests between capsaicin and its vehicle (Fig. 3). Such preferences were context dependent, however, since water was reliably preferred to capsaicin or vehicle in three-bottle tests. To our knowledge, the present work is the first to report physiological and behavioral effects of capsaicin on birds, and the first to suggest that the substance may have different behavioral and physiological effects on different classes of animals. PMID- 6647521 TI - Serotonin receptor antagonists induce hyperalgesia without preventing morphine antinociception. AB - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor blockade by administration of mianserin (1 mg/kg) or metergoline (0.25 mg/kg) shortened the response latencies of rats in the hot-plate (hind-paw lick response) and tail-flick tests, but did not consistently attenuate the antinociceptive effect of morphine (1.25--5.0 mg/kg). Injection of the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg) did not change tail-flick response latencies and did not interfere with the antinociceptive action of the 5-HT receptor agonist 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT). The antinociceptive effect of morphine was reduced in chronically spinal rats, although significant increases in tail-flick latencies were observed after 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg. Concomitant administration of 5-MeODMT failed to restore the effect of morphine in spinal rats. In the hot-plate test, morphine did not reliably prolong latencies to forepaw lick, indicating that this response is not a useful measure of pain sensitivity. The results suggest that different mechanisms underlie the analgesia induced by systemic administration of morphine and 5-HT mediated tonic inhibition of nociception. PMID- 6647522 TI - Cigarette smokers self-administer intravenous nicotine. AB - Human volunteers who smoked cigarettes were given the opportunity to press a lever that resulted in intravenous injections of saline or nicotine. Nicotine injections were taken in orderly patterns that were related to unit dose, whereas patterns of saline injections varied widely. Furthermore, the volunteers reported that nicotine produced subjective effects similar to those produced by administration of abuse drugs such as morphine or cocaine. PMID- 6647523 TI - Excitatory effects of the vasodilator hydralazine on acoustic startle in the rat. AB - Several drugs that functionally depress noradrenergic transmission depress acoustic startle amplitude (e.g., clonidine, phenoxybenzamine). Since these agents also depress blood pressure, the current study was designed to investigate the effects of hypotension per se (in the absence of decreased noradrenergic transmission) on the acoustic startle response. The vasodilator hydralazine was chosen because it produces marked hypotension in conscious rats, yet results in a compensatory increase in noradrenergic transmission (sympathetic rebound), rather than a decrease, as is seen with many other hypotensive agents. Hydralazine (0.3 20 mg/kg, IP) produced a marked and long-lasting increase in startle amplitude, compared to saline-treated controls. In a similar group of subjects, IP administration of 2.5 mg/kg hydralazine decreased mean arterial blood pressure by about 50% in conscious rats. Since, at the doses and treatment times employed in the present study, hydralazine decreases blood pressure but not startle amplitude, these data suggest that there is no relationship between changes in blood pressure and changes in startle amplitude across all drugs. Moreover, since hydralazine-induced hypotension results in an increase in noradrenergic transmission (sympathetic rebound), these data are consistent with the hypothesis that increases in central noradrenergic transmission increase acoustic startle amplitude. Lastly, since the most prominent direct action of hydralazine occurs in the periphery, hydralazine may alter startle through central actions that are triggered in the periphery. PMID- 6647524 TI - S-adenosylmethionine protects against erythrocyte membrane alterations induced in rabbits by cholesterol-rich diet. AB - In the erythrocyte membranes of rabbits fed a cholesterol rich diet for two months the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio was twice higher than in controls. The same diet induced a significant decrease in membrane fluidity and acetylcholinesterase activity. Two daily administrations of 25 mg X kg-1 b.w.-1 of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) have shown to protect against membrane alterations induced by hypercholesterolemic regimen. This observation would suggest the use of SAMe in those pathological conditions like hyperlipoproteinemias and liver diseases where membrane alterations are reported. PMID- 6647525 TI - An improved method of determination of SH group concentration and reactivity in plasma of patients with various clinical disorders and in rats after administration of indomethacin or carbon tetrachloride. AB - Plasma SH group concentration and reactivity were determined in man and rat in the sulfhydryl-disulfide exchange reaction with 5-5' dithiobis (2 nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB). Both parameters were assayed in the same sample using different DTNB concentrations: 1 mM and 0.05 mM DTNB were employed in human and rat plasma, respectively. The method was applied to patients with liver diseases and rheumatoid arthritis with and without treatment with antiinflammatory drugs and to rats after administration of indomethacin or carbon tetrachloride. PMID- 6647526 TI - Effect of ketamine enantiomers on sound-induced convulsions in epilepsy prone rats. AB - Epilepsy prone rats (Jobe et al, 1982) which had previously been determined to experience relatively mild seizures in response to a sound stimulus were used in this study in order to provide a model which would reveal either proconvulsant or anticonvulsant drug activity. Animals were administered dextrorotatory (+), levorotatory (-), or racemic (+/-) ketamine hydrochloride by intravenous (tail vein) injection and subsequently challenged with a 120 db broad spectrum sound stimulus. Evaluation of drug effect was based on presence/absence of seizure, seizure severity, and convulsive latency (time from onset of stimulus to onset of convulsive episode). Potencies relative to protection against seizure susceptibility were: (+) greater than (+/-) greater than (-), with the ratio of activity of the (+) and (-) isomers comparing to the ratio of activity found by other investigators relative to other effects produced by the isomers. Of all animals which were not fully protected, there were no instances of decrement of seizure severity. At low doses, there was a slight decrease in convulsive latency, which was the only indication of a proconvulsant effect. This effect is probably prevented at the higher doses by the anticonvulsant tendency of the drug. PMID- 6647527 TI - Antidepressants and opiates interactions: pharmacological and biochemical evidences. AB - Imipramine, chronically administered to rats (20 mg/Kg/day X 20) has a potent analgesic effect per se (hot plate test), increases morphine analgesia and intensifies morphine withdrawal syndrome precipitated by naloxone. Receptor binding studies performed with 3H-naloxone revealed that chronic administration of imipramine results in a marked increase of opiate binding sites in the brain. This increase persisted when the rats treated chronically with imipramine were rendered tolerant to morphine by s.c. implantation for 3 days of a pellet containing 100 mg of morphine. Since antidepressants exert their own analgesic effect, increase morphine analgesia and displace opiate receptor binding, it may be that by interacting with the opiate receptor complex imipramine induces supersensitivity in opiate recognition binding sites. PMID- 6647528 TI - Serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels in rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative joint disease and their pharmacological implications. AB - Serum copper concentration and ceruloplasmin activity were measured in patients with clinically established rheumatoid arthritis (R.A.) during the active phase, in patients with degenerative joint disease (D.J.D.) and in normal subjects. Copper and ceruloplasmin serum levels are significantly increased (P less than 0.01) in the arthritic group, but not in the degenerative joint disease group. Copper and ceruloplasmin levels are high significantly correlated in all the groups. This parallel enhancement of serum copper and ceruloplasmin in R.A. is commented in view of a possible protective role of endogenous copper and/or ceruloplasmin in inflammation. PMID- 6647529 TI - Novel indolene-spiro-hydroxytetronimides as potential antineoplastic and antiviral agents. AB - In a continuing search for new antineoplastic and antiviral agents, the preparation of some substituted indol-2(3H)-one-3-spiro-2'-3',4'-dihydroxy-5' imino-2',5'-dihydrofurans was designed. The synthesis was achieved by reacting isatin, 1-alkyl- or 1-aralkylisatin derivative with glyoxal sodium bisulfite and potassium cyanide. However, when 1-substituted aminomethyl derivatives of isatin or of 5-bromoisatin were used in this reaction, the indolone-spiro hydroxytetronimide unsubstituted at position 1 was, unexpectedly, the only product isolated. Two compounds were tested against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice and were inactive. PMID- 6647530 TI - [Synthesis and antibacterial activity of perchlorylchloramphenicol]. AB - Starting from p-perchloryl acetophenone we have synthesized the perchloryl analogue of chloramphenicol. The new compound is the first chloramphenicol analogue possessing a higher antimicrobial activity as chloramphenicol itself. It showed an about twofold activity against 18 different microbes in the hole plate diffusion test, compared with the parent compound. PMID- 6647532 TI - [Release of water-soluble active agents from polymer embeddings. 2. The significance of the manufacturing process-dependent macrostructure of the embedded dosage from an active agent release]. AB - When compressed tablets were produced, it was found that, owing to plastic deformation, the polymers flowed round the active agent particles, dependently on their elastic modulus and ball thrust hardness. A log-log plot of active agent liberation against porosity as a function of pressing pressure yielded a linear relationship. The embedding of active agents in liquid phase separation products by coacervation causes that the liberation of the active agents depends on their wettability by the high-colloid phase. The wetting behaviour of the high-colloid phase is controlled by the relative ratio of the dipole moments of the solvent and the non-solvent or, if these dipole moments are equal, by the hydrogen bridge parameter according to Gordy. In cases where the embedding of active agents via the state of the solution of the polymers necessitates the removal of the solvent, the temperature at which the removal is performed may be of importance to the liberation of the active agent. When the solvent is removed at a temperature above its boiling point, the liberation rate is likely to increase, especially with lowboiling solvents. PMID- 6647531 TI - Synthesis and biological activity of some new benzimidazolyl-azetidin-2-ones and thiazolidin-4-ones. AB - Arylidene-2-aminobenzimidazoles (1) were prepared by condensation of 2 aminobenzimidazole with aromatic aldehydes. Cyclocondensation of mercaptoacetic acid, chloracetylchloride and phthaloyl glycyl chloride on 1 giving the corresponding 4-thiazolidinones (2) and azetidinones (3 and 4) respectively, in good yields. The biological activities of the prepared compounds were screened against several strains of bacteria. PMID- 6647533 TI - [Control of drug release from coated parenteral matrix-retard tablets using softening agents]. AB - Matrix type tablets containing 7-hydroxyethyltheophylline, L-noradrenaline and L isoproterenol were coated with Eudragit RS 100 film containing different concentrations of 1,2-propyleneglycol (PG) and tributylcitrate (TBC) as hydrophylic and lipophilic softeners, respectively, to effect a controlled liberation of the substances. In-vitro and in-vivo tests show that PG increasingly accelerates the liberation of active ingredients the longer the tablets are stored, while TBC slows down liberation at a rate that shows no significant change over a storage period of 10 weeks. Depending on the concentration of TBC, the substance will not begin to be released for as long as 36 h, so that in our catecholamine studies on rats, such substances as adrenalin, noradrenalin and isoproterenol may be administered to the experimental animals exogenously after surgical shock has subsided. The experimental data so obtained thus are not distorted in any way. PMID- 6647534 TI - Biopharmaceutical aspects of Depogen. AB - The absorption of Depogen was studied on an in vitro model and in various laboratory animals using stoichiometrically equivalent doses of drotaverin (No Spa) calculated for drotaverin base for comparison. Blood levels of the drug were assessed by radiochemical and microchemical methods. Based on the results obtained and pharmacokinetic properties, the expectable optimal dosage and formulations for the possible field of indication were elaborated. PMID- 6647535 TI - [Placental passage of nalidixic acid (Negram) and pharmacokinetic studies in the newborn infant]. AB - Nalidixic acid and hydroxynalidixic acid penetrate the placenta during labour. During the first 24 h of life the serum concentrations of nalidixic acid and nalidixic acid plus hydroxynalidixic acid decline slowly and show individual differences. The changed kinetic parameter in the newborn, especially the delayed elimination of nalidixic acid as well as nalidixic acid plus hydroxynalidixic acid lead to the consequence of recommendation of a very strong therapeutic indication in the peripartal period. PMID- 6647537 TI - [Extrapolation of animal studies to reactions in man]. PMID- 6647536 TI - [Biologic availability of caffeine in subjects with regard to the variability of the elimination half life]. AB - 400 mg of caffeine and sodium salicylate (= 220 mg of caffeine) were given orally and intravenously (at an interval of one week) to six test persons. The serum levels were determined; and certain pharmacokinetic parameters were measured, using an open one-compartment model. Finally, the absolute bioavailability was calculated. With one of the test persons this experiment was repeated ten times to evaluate the extent of the intra-individual variability of the half-life period and its repercussions on bioavailability. PMID- 6647538 TI - [Antibiotic implants with a polymethacrylate base. 1. Relationship of adjuvants concentration and drug diffusion]. PMID- 6647539 TI - [Drugs and organisms (III)--Effect of age on pharmacokinetic parameters and biotransformation]. PMID- 6647540 TI - The sense of transience as it contributes to medical student unease. PMID- 6647541 TI - The physician-investigator shortage: an analysis from a student's perspective. PMID- 6647542 TI - Understanding how physicians think: medical decision making and informed consent. PMID- 6647543 TI - Homeless in New York. PMID- 6647544 TI - Relationship between objective and subjective assessment of gamma camera image sharpness. AB - In order to relate the performance of the human observer to the objective specifications of a gamma camera system, images of a test object were taken under various conditions that could be expected to cause changes in resolution. Observers were asked to put the images in the order of increasing/decreasing sharpness. For the same physical conditions, objective measurements were made from which the resolution parameters FWHM and FWTM could be derived. By looking for significant differences in ordering of the images, it was possible to show that, within the limitations of the specific system investigated, a fractional change in FWHM of about 10% caused a significant change in image quality. Further experiments to test the universality of this figure are suggested. PMID- 6647545 TI - Polarised X-rays in XRF-analysis for improved in vivo detectability of cadmium in man. AB - A technique is described for the in vivo XRF-analysis of cadmium in the kidney cortex of man using plane polarised photons for excitation. The polarised photons are produced by scattering the radiation from an X-ray tube (W anode, 150 kV, 15 mA) in a polymethylmethacrylate disc at a 90 deg angle. The beam paths (X-ray tube to scatterer, scatterer to sample, sample to detector) must represent three mutually orthogonal directions. The minimum detectable concentration for a counting time of 1800 s and a skin-kidney distance of 30 mm is 8 micrograms g-1. This is a factor of 2.5 lower than our earlier method with direct excitation using the 59.5 keV photons from 241Am. The energy imparted has also been lowered from 0.4 to 0.2 mJ. The cadmium concentration in the kidney cortex of six occupationally exposed persons varied between 15 and 170 micrograms g-1. PMID- 6647547 TI - Comparison of methods for estimating the energy imparted to patients during diagnostic radiological examinations. PMID- 6647546 TI - The analysis of the red cell unsaturated fatty acid test for multiple sclerosis using laser cytopherometry. AB - Using a laser cytopherometer, the electrophoretic mobility of glutaraldehyde fixed erythrocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been compared with that of cells from control subjects. The effect of incubating cells with different concentrations of linoleic acid (LA) has been tested. At a concentration of 20 micrograms LA per 2 x 10(7) cells, slower mobilities were observed, on average, than those of control subjects, but there was overlap between control and patient groups. At a higher concentration of LA (160 micrograms per 2 x 10(7) cells), many of the MS samples showed a slower mobility than the control samples, although overlap was still evident. The value of the application of laser cytopherometry compared with conventional cytopherometry to this type of test is discussed. PMID- 6647548 TI - Overview of head injuries. PMID- 6647549 TI - Severe head injury. Clinical assessment and outcome. AB - A prospective study of 213 patients with severe head injury and Glasgow Coma Scores of 8 or less was conducted to identify, at 24 hours postinjury, the favorable and unfavorable clinical factors that relate to outcome one year later. According to the Glasgow Outcome Scale, 35 percent were classified Moderate Disability or Good Recovery, 13 percent were classified Severe Disability or Vegetative State, and 52 percent had died. The presence of intact brain-stem reflexes 24 hours postinjury in comatose patients with head injury is a prognostic sign for a good recovery. Favorable clinical signs include eye opening, pupillary reactivity, spontaneous eye movement, intact oculovestibular reflexes, and motor responses such as localizing. A prognosis of poor recovery is associated with nonreactive pupils, absent oculovestibular reflexes, and motor response of extension or no response at all. These negative signs, when present individually, were associated with only a 3 to 4 percent Moderate Disability or Good Recovery rate and an 85 to 91 percent mortality rate. The Glasgow Outcome Scale was also used to define recovery patterns at intervals during the first year after injury. Ninety percent of patients reached their highest outcome category by six months. The most frequent one-month outcome category for survivors was Severe Disability. By six months postinjury, 68 percent of these patients had made sufficient neurological progress to change their classification to Moderate Disability or Good Recovery. The 16 percent of patients classified at one month as in a persistently Vegetative State had a prognosis of poor outcome. Only 28 percent of these patients progressed in one year to the Severe Disability classification. PMID- 6647550 TI - Integrating cognitive strategies into the physical therapy setting. AB - Effectively integrating cognitive management concepts into the physical therapy setting is dependent upon an adequate understanding of the cognitive and behavioral consequences of head injury and the appropriate use of diagnostic and prognostic cognitive data as a basis for program design. The intent of this article is to provide a framework for simultaneously addressing the physical and cognitive consequences of head injury. Behavioral manifestations of cognitive dysfunction and a means of clinically observing and assessing patient performance are provided as a basis for program design. Specific examples of treatment strategies applicable to various phases of cognitive recovery are described. PMID- 6647551 TI - Serial casting for the management of spasticity in the head-injured adult. AB - Soft tissue contractures resulting from spasticity are a frequent sequella of traumatic head injuries. This article identifies rationale for the use of serial casting to manage these deformities, provides guidelines for cast fabrication and application, and reports the results of lower extremity casting on 42 head injured adults at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital. PMID- 6647552 TI - Considerations for functional training in adults after head injury. AB - Functional deficits in head-injured patients are a major concern to physical therapists involved in the rehabilitation process. Functional outcomes are affected by deficits in behavior, cognition, communication, and sensorimotor abilities. These deficits interact frequently and must be considered in planning and implementing treatment. The purpose of this paper is to describe the deficits affecting functional abilities, to discuss the rationale for functional assessment, and to provide treatment suggestions for functional retraining. The suggestions include retraining of protective and equilibrium responses and advanced locomotor skills and use of assistive devices or orthoses. Problems are identified in functional outcome reporting methods. Research endeavors are addressed for physical management during the recovery process and its relationship to functional outcomes. PMID- 6647553 TI - Conceptual model of an approach to the sensorimotor treatment of the head-injured client. AB - The complexity of problems encountered with head trauma clients is vast and inconsistent. This article presents a conceptual model that provides structure, yet flexibility, in addressing any aspect of these problems. Emphasis is placed on the importance of sensorimotor integration as it pertains to normal movement or response patterns. Justification of treatment techniques is addressed by suggesting the use of a classification system to categorize methods of treatment according to the specific or multiple sensory modality facilitated when applying those techniques. The clinician's understanding of applied neuroanatomy and physiology serves as the substrate for developing a flexible rationale for use of sensory input to facilitate desired response patterns. The need for a problem oriented approach is emphasized. The approach stressed understanding of the general clinical problems and their sequential nature, evaluation, goal setting, and treatment planning. PMID- 6647554 TI - Residual sensorimotor deficits in the adult head-injured patient. A treatment approach. AB - Deficits in sensorimotor integration, cognition, and psychosocial behavior may lead to a characteristic set of problems in the head-injured adult. An inpatient Sensorimotor Integration Class for ambulatory head-injured patients was developed to introduce challenging sensorimotor activities before these patients established avoidance patterns. The class includes perceptual motor, sensory integration, and sports activities. Clinical observations suggest that the class leads to improved quality of movement for participants. Objective research is needed to document clinical observations. PMID- 6647555 TI - Neurogenic dysphagia. Frequency, progression, and outcome in adults following head injury. AB - A retrospective chart review was conducted to determine the frequency, progression, and outcome of neurogenic dysphagia in head-injured adults admitted to a rehabilitation facility. Approximately 25 percent of the sample demonstrated swallowing or oral motor problems on admission. Ninety-four percent of this group ultimately became successful oral feeders. The majority of these patients participated in a feeding program planned and implemented by the physical therapist. The average time from injury for the nonoral feeders to successful completion of their first oral meal was about three months. A concomitant resolution of cognitive problems, primitive oral motor reflexes, and neurogenic dysphagia occurred. PMID- 6647556 TI - Current perspectives on disruptions to limb praxis. AB - This article briefly presents the disruptions to limb praxis, the clinical features of the disorders, the types of errors observed for each disorder, and the mechanisms proposed to explain these disorders. The paper then focuses on a proposed model of the action system that provides a basis for examining performance of the apraxic patient. The model proposes that the action system requires the operation of two subsystems: a conceptual system and a production system. The former provides a perceptual and linguistic knowledge base for action; the latter provides the mechanisms for performing actions. Within this framework, the conceptual and production bases for disruptions to gesturing and action sequencing observed in patients with apraxia are discussed. Finally, implications for assessment and future research are presented. PMID- 6647557 TI - Physical abilities after head injury. A retrospective study. AB - A two-year retrospective study of head-injured patients was done to determine physical abilities of these patients at the time of discharge from an inpatient rehabilitation service. The relationship of nine specific activities of daily living to cognitive level, discharge placement status, medical or trauma complications, and other injuries was studied. The modal patient is described. At time of discharge, most patients were able to move in bed, achieve and maintain sitting balance, transfer, achieve and maintain standing, and walk on level surfaces. Additionally, fewer than half of the patients studied were independent in stair climbing. Wheelchair management was considered a new activity for a majority of patients; only 56 percent of the patients achieved independence in this activity. PMID- 6647558 TI - Vietnam head injury study. Preliminary analysis of the functional and anatomical sequelae of penetrating head trauma. AB - An overview is presented of the multidisciplinary design, specific methods of motor and functional assessment, and selected preliminary data trends from the Vietnam Head Injury Study. This longitudinal study combines analyses of retrospective records with current, comprehensive inpatient examinations and investigates the anatomical and functional sequelae of penetrating head trauma in 700 Vietnam Veterans at an average of 14 years after injury. Preliminary data analysis of results from the first 160 subjects demonstrates good functional recovery despite large brain lesions. Motor abnormalities have persisted in 28 percent of the sample and are correlated with lesions involving the frontoparietal area of the cortex and the deep midline brain structures. Design concepts and long-term outcome trends will be useful to therapists in neurological rehabilitation. The study provides a model for health-team members interested in designs for longitudinal collection of outcome data. PMID- 6647559 TI - Prevocational programming in the rehabilitation of the head-injured patient. A summary. AB - The purpose of this paper is to discuss the success and relevance of prevocational and transitional programming, as components of reentry for the head injured patient, to the treatment continuum of the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team. Prevocational and transitional programming are particularly applicable to the young adult with head injury because they combine conditioning and instruction in a societal, thus a developmental, context. The societal context is described and distinguished from a purely medical or clinical model. The specific features, problems, and prerequisites of prevocational and transitional programming are discussed. PMID- 6647560 TI - Photobiological activity of marmesin (5-B-hydroxyisopropyl-4-5 dihydrofurocoumarin) in Chinese hamster V79 cells. PMID- 6647561 TI - The potency of sensitized photohemolysis depends on the composition of the reaction vessel. PMID- 6647562 TI - Trifluoperazine: corneal endothelial phototoxicity. PMID- 6647563 TI - UV-induced elevation of skin glycosaminoglycan levels I: rapid measurement of skin glycosaminoglycans by titration with acridine orange. PMID- 6647564 TI - The action of ultraviolet radiation on the cell proliferation of two-cell mouse embryos. PMID- 6647565 TI - Evaluation of DNA crosslinks and monoadducts in mouse embryo fibroblasts after treatment with mono- and bifunctional furocoumarins and 365 nm (UVA) irradiation. possible relationship to carcinogenicity. PMID- 6647566 TI - Promotional effects of ultraviolet radiation on human basal and squamous cell carcinoma. PMID- 6647567 TI - Projections of increased non-melanoma skin cancer incidence due to ozone depletion. PMID- 6647568 TI - In vivo measurement of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of aging mouse brain. AB - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the brains of young, mature and old C57BL/6 mice were measured in vivo. Under normal conditions, no significant changes with age were observed in the spectra and there were no statistically significant age-related differences in the ratio of phosphocreatine to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). When the animals were stressed by subjecting them to oxygen restriction, the young and mature mice showed no change in the ratio, whereas it increased in the old mice. These results are consistent with the view that energy metabolism is unimpaired in the brains of unstressed old animals but that ATP synthesis may be decreased with age in a stressed animal. PMID- 6647569 TI - T1 relaxation times in vivo of human normal pelvic tissues and gynecologic malignancies. AB - The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of the water protons of intrapelvic tissues was determined in vivo in women using an NMR imager. T1's of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix are significantly longer than those of the normal cervix. A similar trend occurs in carcinomas of the endometrium and ovary. The results suggest that direct determination of T1 in vivo may be useful in the diagnosis and management of gynecologic malignancies. PMID- 6647570 TI - Polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoretic studies of residual catalase in acatalasemia. AB - Erythrocyte catalse in a Japanese-type acatalasemia and a normal control subject was separated by chromatofocusing with or without prior partial purification with DEAE-cellulose. Fractions were analyzed by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis for catalse activity and protein stain. Chromatofocusing revealed no marked difference in pI values between normal and acatalasemic catalases with or without partial purification. In the gel electrophoresis, molecular weights were also similar; two bands of catalase activity with molecular weights of 290,000 and 350,000 for the acatalasemia and of 280,000 and 360,000 for the normal control were found in the partially purified preparations. The molecular weight of normal catalase in untreated hemolysate was 250,000. Normal catalse was identified as protein bands on polyacrylamide gradient gel after fractionation of hemolysate by chromatofocusing. A more sensitive method for protein stain is still required for demonstration of residual catalse protein on the gel. PMID- 6647571 TI - Evidence for chemically shifted water in the brine shrimp, (Artemia): possible interpretations. AB - We report in this paper evidence for the existence of an unusually large chemical shift for intracellular water proton in brine shrimp (Artemia). The observed chemical shift, when corrected for bulk susceptibility, is down field 0.11 ppm from the pure water signal. The possible origin of such large chemical shift for intracellular water in this system is discussed. PMID- 6647572 TI - Polyamine metabolism in McCoy cells: I. Comparative studies of extracellular polyamine conjugated proteins of human fibroblast and McCoy cultures. AB - polyamine conjugated proteins were identified in culture medium from both human skin fibroblasts and transformed mouse cells (McCoy cells). Sephadex G-100 column chromatography of medium allowed identification of two polyamine conjugated proteins from both types of cell cultures; one with Mr greater than 100,000 (MP1) and one with Mr = 60,000-70,000 (MP2). Human skin fibroblast MP1 contained putrescine and spermidine while MP1 from McCoy cultures contained putrescine, spermidine and spermine. MP2 isolated from both cultures contained all three polyamines. The relative concentration of polyamines in MP1 and MP2 for human fibroblasts and McCoy cells were different. The spermidine and spermine associated with MP1 and MP2 of McCoy cultures was covalently bound while for putrescine only 70.5% in MP1 and MP2 of McCoy cultures was covalently bound while for putrescine only 70.5% in MP1 and 74.5% in MP2 was covalently bound. The covalent nature of the polyamine protein conjugation was confirmed by autoradiography following isogel agarose isoelectric focusing. MP2 was resolved into three radiolabeled proteins with pI's between 5.25 and 5.20. Both MP1 and MP2 of McCoy cultures were heterogeneous. MP1 consisted of at least five proteins with Mr's of 180,000, 38,000, 76,000 and 68,000. The major protein (or proteins) had a pI of 5.25. MP2 consisted of at least three proteins with Mr's 72,000, 68,000 and 62,000; their pI's were between 5.20 and 5.25. PMID- 6647573 TI - Polyamine metabolism in McCoy cells: II. Cellular origin of excreted polyamine conjugated proteins. AB - Incubation of McCoy cultures with medium containing 14C-putrescine resulted in the incorporation of 14C-polyamine into intracellular proteins. A greater than 100,000 dalton 14C-polyamine conjugated protein was present in the McCoy cell lysate supernatant (CLSP). CLSP was heterogeneous containing proteins with pIs ranging from 4.55 to 5.50. The major proteins had pIs of 4.55 and 5.20. Electrophoresis of solubilized McCoy cell lysate pellet revealed a 14C-polyamine conjugated protein peak with Mr approximately or equal to 70,000 (CLPP). Both CLSP and CLPP contained bound polyamine. The major CLSP polyamine was spermidine while spermine exceeded the other two polyamines (putrescine and spermidine) in CLPP. About 25% of the polyamines associated with CLSP and CLPP were covalently bound with the exception of CLSP putrescine where 62.1% was covalently bound. Results suggested the presence of a polyamine protein isopeptide bond in CLSP. Sephadex gel filtration of cultured medium resulted in the identification of two macromolecular polyamine-containing fractions (MP1, Mr greater than 100,000 and MP2, M = 60,000-70,000). Antibody raised in rabbits against a membrane-organelle preparation cross-reacted with Sephadex gel filtration derived MP1 but not with peak MP2 suggesting that MP1 but not MP2 might be a membrane constituent. Antibody raised against medium polyamine conjugated protein peak 2 (MP2) cross reacted with the cell lysate supernatant indicating that MP2 was present in the cytosol. It did not cross-react with the cell lysate pellet preparation. Antibody against MP2 also formed a precipitation band with MP1 indicating that there might be a common antigenic site on MP1 and MP2. PMID- 6647574 TI - Polyamine metabolism in McCoy cells: III. Comparative studies of the metabolic fate of exogenous putrescine in human fibroblasts and McCoy cultures. AB - The fate of exogenously added 14C-putrescine following incubation for 24 hours with McCoy and human skin fibroblast cultures was examined. The nature of the polyamine derivatives found were quite different indicative of a difference in the cellular metabolism of polyamines. Exogenously added putrescine (PUT) was metabolized by both McCoy and human skin fibroblast cultures to form spermidine (SPD), spermine (SPM), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and some unidentified compounds. Within the experimental period of observation, human cultured fibroblasts metabolized PUT more efficiently than McCoy cells and converted more than 50% of it into SPD, SPM, GABA and unknown compounds. Monoacetyl putrescine (MAP) was formed by human skin fibroblasts. It was mainly identified in the culture medium. No MAP was detectable either intracellularly or extracellularly in McCoy cultures. The percentage of 14C-radioactivity found as PUT in the culture medium was greater in McCoy cells (86.0%) than in human fibroblasts (53.9%). The reverse was true for the percentage distribution of 14C radioactivity as PUT inside the cells. No low Mr conjugates of SPD or SPM were found in the medium or intracellularly with either culture type. Some low Mr putrescine conjugates were found in the culture media; these were identified by the liberation of PUT upon acid hydrolysis. PMID- 6647575 TI - The oxidation mechanism of metallic mercury in vitro by catalase. AB - Magos et al reported the effect of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on mercury uptake by in vitro human blood samples and the mercury contents in blood and brain of rats exposed to metallic mercury vapor. The authors described the oxidation of metallic mercury by human blood cells having different catalase activities, hypocatalasemia and acatalasemia, with or without hydrogen peroxide. Kudsk found that ethyl alcohol inhibited the uptake of metallic mercury by blood in vitro and in vivo. These findings raise a question as to whether or not the inhibition by ethyl alcohol of the uptake of mercury by the blood is due to a direct reaction between ethyl alcohol and the catalase-hydrogen peroxide complex. The present report deals with the mechanism of metallic mercury oxidation in vitro by catalase using ethyl alcohol. PMID- 6647576 TI - Animal issues. PMID- 6647577 TI - Basic science department in a private medical school. PMID- 6647578 TI - Basic science department in a state-funded medical school. PMID- 6647579 TI - Basic science department in a government-funded medical school. PMID- 6647580 TI - Initiation of an academic career in a clinical department in a private medical school as a Ph.D. physiologist. PMID- 6647581 TI - The book publishing program of The American Physiological Society. PMID- 6647582 TI - Cardiovascular deconditioning of space flight. PMID- 6647583 TI - Control of vertebrate respiration and locomotion: a brief account. PMID- 6647584 TI - Hormonal control of fetal growth. PMID- 6647585 TI - A random molecular motion basis for equations of neutral solute and fluid flow. PMID- 6647586 TI - Cell death in the dividing pool of cells in the mouse brain. AB - A follow up biochemical and autoradiographic study of DNA synthesis and its retention revealed that a great part of newly synthesized DNA disappears from the brain of young adult mice within a few days. This is supposed to be mainly due to the short half-life of a majority of newly formed cells. These data provide further evidence on the redundant cell proliferation taking place in the small pool of brain cell population scattered throughout the parenchyma of the brain of young adult mice. PMID- 6647587 TI - Chronic changes in the receptive field of the pyramidal cells of the rat hippocampus after intermittent postnatal hypoxia. AB - The structure of pyramidal cells in the CA1 hippocampal region, impregnated by the Golgi-Cox method, was studied in adult rats which had been repeatedly exposed to aerogenic hypoxia from birth till the 17th day of life. The length of basal dendrite branches was the same in the experimental and control animals. The branches of apical dendrites were longer after hypoxia [p less than 0.01] due to the higher number of proximal lateral dendrites [p less than 0.01]. On the other hand, a smaller number of branches was found in the distal parts of apical dendrites. The density of spines upon selected standard segments of the branches was decreased [p less than 0.01]. The spines of these animals had a shorter stem, and were more robust and club shaped. The structural differences in the hippocampus, caused by the hypoxia in the first weeks of life, were resistuted during the subsequent development only partially. Changes in the extent and arrangement of the neuronal receptive field, similarly as the transmission properties of dendritic spines, present in adult rats, may be the cause of some functional changes in hippocampal neuronal circuits. PMID- 6647588 TI - Specificity of the effect of desglycinamide (8-D-arginine) deaminovasopressin on short--term memory. AB - The effect of desglycinamide (8-D-arginine) deaminovasopressin (desgly NH2 dDAVP) on learning was studied in rats using the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) paradigm. Desgly NH2 dDAVP (3 micrograms/kg) applied 40 min before presentation of the gustatory CS (0.1 % saccharin) did not affect CTA formation, when the visceral US (0.15 mol/l LiCl, 2 % body weight) was applied after a 1 h delay. With 2 h CS-US delay the same dosage of the peptide caused CTA impairment, manifested by weaker and faster decaying aversion to saccharin. The above effect of the peptide was blocked by post-CS anesthesia (pentobarbital 40 mg/kg). It is suggested that desgly NH2 dDAVP affects learning indirectly, by increased arousal interfering with the persistence of the short-term gustatory traces in the relatively long CS-US interval. PMID- 6647589 TI - Are the changes in collagen caused by chronical X-irradiation similar to aging? AB - It has been shown that in the skin of chronically irradiated rats the proportion of collagen type III as compared to collagen type I is increased; on the other hand, no changes in the overall proportion to collagen were observed in the skin. It appears that the increased proportion of collagen type III in chronically irradiated rats is responsible for the decreased solubility of cutaneous collagen in these animals. Concomitantly, indirect evidence was accumulated for the presence of an additional cross-link in type III collagen, present only when irradiated animals served as the collagen source. This cross-link is located subterminally as long as it is not removed by limited pepsin digestion. It was concluded that the physiological decrease in solubility and the decrease in solubility observed in chronically irradiated animals have a different molecular background. PMID- 6647590 TI - Food intake of suckling rats after administration of glucose and amino acids. AB - The changes of food intake after administration of glucose or a mixture of amino acids were determined in rat pups from the 5th to the 23rd day of life. The milk intake was significantly reduced 90 min after glucose treatment in 17 day-old pups, while decreased food intake after injection of aminoacids was observed only after the 23rd day of life. It is being concluded that the regulation of food intake in correlation to the blood concentrations of various key metabolic factors develops gradually during the suckling period, depending on the development of the CNS and on changes in diet composition. PMID- 6647591 TI - The fatty acid composition of the tissues of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. AB - The authors studied acute changes in the fatty acid composition of the tissues of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. They found that streptozotocin diabetes led to changes in the total lipids fatty acid spectrum in serum and in tissues (liver, adipose tissue, renal cortex diaphragm). After only 7 days' diabetes there was an increase in the percentual proportion of saturated fatty acids and a decrease in the amount of polyene fatty acids in the serum and in all the above tissue of diabetic animals. Palmitic acid (16:0) participated in the increase in the proportion of saturated fatty acids in all the given tissues, while stearic acid (18:0) played a role in the increase in the renal cortex and the serum. Among the monoene acids, there was a drop in the proportion of palmitoleic acid (16:1) in the adipose tissue and serum and in the amount of oleic acid (18:1) in the renal cortex, liver and muscle. Linoleic acid (18:2) played a role in the decrease in the proportion of polyene acids in all the given tissues and the serum, while arachidonic acid (20:4) was involved in the drop in the renal cortex, liver and muscle. The results show that diabetes leads to changes in the fatty acid composition of the renal cortex and muscle, as well as of the liver and adipose tissue. At present it is not yet clear whether there is an absolute decrease in the proportion of essential fatty acids, or whether diabetes is characterized by an increase in the amount of lipids in both serum and tissues. PMID- 6647593 TI - Tenosynovitis, tendovaginitis and trigger finger. PMID- 6647592 TI - Microsurgery in the upper limb. PMID- 6647594 TI - Dupuytren's contracture. PMID- 6647595 TI - The mechanical characteristics of a weight resistance system. PMID- 6647596 TI - Competence--can it be assessed? PMID- 6647597 TI - Student evaluation and assessment in clinical locations. PMID- 6647598 TI - Physiotherapy group work on an acute psychiatric ward. PMID- 6647599 TI - The extended deep inferior epigastric flap: a clinical technique. AB - A versatile flap based on the deep inferior epigastric artery is presented. Its application for local and free-flap transfer is discussed and presented in two clinical cases. The possible inclusion of bone as an osteocutaneous flap is outlined. The flap can be raised with ease and speed, and the donor site is repaired as a linear scar. Since the latissimus dorsi flap with its pedicle based in the axilla has become the workhorse for the upper torso, this extended flap may become its distal counterpart with its pedicle based on the groin. PMID- 6647600 TI - Skin flap failure: pathophysiology. AB - An experimental study was undertaken in pigs to clarify the pathophysiologic events occurring in a failing skin flap. It was demonstrated that skin flaps fail because of arterial insufficiency. Arteriovenous shunting is not a major cause of skin flap necrosis. PMID- 6647601 TI - Use of pericranial flap in scalp wounds with exposed bone. AB - We present two cases of traumatic loss of portions of the scalp, one by electrical burn and the other by avulsion. Both patients had large areas of osseous exposure, in which we made use of pericranial flaps taken from the back half of the skull in order to cover the exposed bone. At the same time, local flaps were made and skin grafted over the pericranial flap in a single surgical step using the usual surgical procedures. PMID- 6647602 TI - Cartilage tube formation by perichondrium: a new concept for tracheal reconstruction. AB - The formation of a cartilage tube by perichondrium around a silicone rod is described. Variables introduced in three experiments were (1) perichondrium of auricular elastic cartilage versus that of rib hyalin cartilage, (2) intramuscular versus subcutaneous insertion of the implants, and (3) the position of the chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium either facing the rod or facing outward. A stable and rigid cartilage tube with a smooth inner surface was obtained by using rib perichondrium preferably with the chondrogenic layer facing the rod. No differences between subcutaneous and intramuscular insertion of the transplants were noted. PMID- 6647603 TI - Methods to improve old results of punch hair grafting. AB - The author describes two new techniques for improving results in previous punch hair grafting patients. The first one enables reharvesting of punch hair grafts from previously maximally used donor scalp. The grafts are cut in two or three rows and the scars from the previous harvesting in between are excised. The thus created continuous donor defect is closed in two layers. The second one in the retransplantation of grafts previously transplanted to bald scalp with enough laxity to be reduced by serial scalp reduction. These two techniques make it possible to improve the results of the "old" punch hair grafting patients almost to the level they would achieve if they started with their surgical hair reconstruction today with the newest techniques of punch graft harvesting and scalp reduction. PMID- 6647604 TI - Mastectomy reconstruction without a prosthetic implant. AB - A method of breast mound reconstruction without an implant is described whereby a large latissimus dorsi flap alone is employed. A method of calculation of the minimal breast flap volume is also described. Examples of three representative cases are shown. PMID- 6647605 TI - Experience with the transverse lower rectus abdominis operation for breast reconstruction. AB - Our initial experience with the lower rectus abdominis procedure for breast reconstruction in 19 patients is presented. Anatomic considerations, surgical technique, and results are reviewed. Errors in flap design and execution resulted in a disproportionately high complication rate, which improved following certain technical refinements. The lower rectus flap has proved to be an alternative to conventional techniques of breast reconstruction. As more experience is gained with this flap, its particular role in the reconstructive armamentarium will be more clearly defined. PMID- 6647606 TI - The effect of topical epinephrine hydrochloride in saline on blood loss following tangential excision of burn wounds. AB - Burn wounds that were excised tangentially in the first 21 days after the burn were dressed immediately following excision with either saline or epinephrine hydrochloride-saline compresses (30 mg in 1030 ml normal saline) that were then left for 30 minutes while skin was harvested and banked. Thereafter, saline compresses were applied to all patients' wounds and changed every 4 hours. Banked skin grafts were applied without the need of a second general anesthetic on the first postoperative day. In both groups of patients, blood loss exceeded 9 percent of the calculated blood volume for each 1 percent of the body surface excised (this included blood loss due to harvest of skin graft necessary to cover the excised wounds) when the excision was performed in the first 14 days after the burn. Addition of epinephrine did not reduce net blood loss. Premature ventricular contractions were not observed, although 2 of 29 patients had an elevation in pulse rate of 25 beats per minute or more. No factors were identified that would reduce the blood loss following early tangential burn excision. Before embarking on tangential excision in the early postburn period, one must be prepared to replace 10 percent of the circulating blood volume for each 1 percent of the body surface to be excised. PMID- 6647607 TI - Management of burn contractures of the perineum. AB - Burns of the perineum are rare but very disabling. The author's experience in managing six such cases, 3 males and 3 females, age 8 to 17 years, is discussed. These burns occurred following overspilling of kerosene onto trousers while lighting a stove or as a result of a stove explosion. The treatment is aimed at release of the scar contracture and restoration of genitals to their normal position. An attempt is made to provide full-thickness skin cover in front of pubis by wide undermining of lower abdominal skin and advancing it downward. If, however, the abdomen is scarred, the whole of the resultant raw area is covered with thick split-skin graft. Graft contracture is prevented by advising tightly fitting underwear incorporating a wide elastic band sited over the inguinal furrow between the thighs and perineum. PMID- 6647608 TI - Local arterialized island flap coverage of difficult hand defects preserving donor digit sensibility. AB - Small to moderate-sized defects of the hand overlying joint surfaces, flexor tendons, Silastic implants, and tactile surfaces require full-thickness skin and subcutaneous tissue either for primary coverage or in anticipation of secondary reconstruction. In this report, six difficult hand wounds are resurfaced with an arterialized island pedicle from the lateral surface of the nearby digit in lieu of multistage distant pedicle flaps. The Littler neurovascular island flap has been modified to include only the digital artery and venae comitantes at its pedicle, preserving digital nerve intact in the donor digit. Microsurgical separation of the digital artery from the digital nerve minimizes the sensory loss of the donor digit. Cortical reeducation at the recipient site is unnecessary. The lengthy pedicle allows an arc of coverage over the palm, dorsum of the hand, and adjacent digits. Results in six cases have been favorable. Flap survival has been 100 percent. Maximum flap size was 5.5 X 2.5 cm. Two-point discrimination of the donor defect averaged 4.5 mm. No significant donor morbidity was noted, with the exception of one case in which there was a mild degree of hypertrophic scarring across the volar aspect of the proximal interphalangeal joint. The one-stage procedure minimizes the number of hospitalizations and disability time. Its proximity to injury, versatility, and relative speed with which it can be raised encourages its usage for primary coverage (two cases in this series). Preservation of near normal two-point discrimination of the donor site allows either the radial or ulnar surface of the nearby digit to be used. PMID- 6647609 TI - The abductor digiti minimi muscle flap: a salvage technique for palmar wrist pain. AB - In a series of 12 patients incapacitated by persistent or recurrent pain in the palmar aspect of the hand and wrist, successful rehabilitation was aided by employing an abductor digit minimi muscle flap. It is emphasized that this muscle flap was utilized as an adjunct to microsurgical internal neurolysis and neuroma resection. Eleven of the 12 patients (92 percent) achieved good to excellent results in terms of relief of pain, plus either return to their previous job or vocational rehabilitation. The "salvage" nature, donor-site morbidity, and technical demands of the procedure are emphasized. PMID- 6647610 TI - Transcoronal removal of an atypical orbitoethmoid osteoma. AB - Craniofacial osteomas are lesions of bone that most commonly occur in the paranasal sinuses. Characteristically they remain dormant or slowly enlarge but remain asymptomatic. The more rapidly expanding tumor types may extend to adjacent structures, but signs and symptoms of such involvement are rare before the third decade. Presented is a patient with an ethmoid osteoma associated with a 2-year history of progressive proptosis first noticed at age 14. The operative approach afforded through a transcoronal incision combines excellent surgical exposure with hidden scar. PMID- 6647611 TI - Inguinal lymphocele as a complication of thighplasty. AB - This report describes an inguinal lymphocele following thighplasty. Lymphoceles are caused by a continuing leak of lymph from transected lymphatic ducts. They usually appear several weeks following surgery and can be identified by characteristic physical findings and laboratory tests present in predisposing clinical situations. The size and location of a lymphocele will determine the treatment required. In this particular case, the infected lymphocele was incised and drained and it healed secondarily. PMID- 6647612 TI - A new technique for reconstruction of an open above-knee amputation. AB - A case of a short above-knee amputation stump closed with a rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap is presented. This single-stage procedure provided soft tissue coverage for the above-knee amputated stump, promoted early ambulation, and preserved bone length. PMID- 6647613 TI - Tailoring of the new breast using the transverse abdominal island flap. AB - In the past 2 years we have moved from a period of amazement to an era of refinement in breast reconstruction using the transverse abdominal island flap (Fig. 9). It is essential that more effort be concentrated on improving the shaping of the new breast once the flap is brought safely to the chest. Important elements of this shaping include: Thorough preoperative planning. Use of the contralateral rectus pedicle. Discarding of skin from the scar to the inframammary line on the chest wall. Understanding of the tissue needed for each quadrant of the new breast. Proper orientation of the flap on the chest wall. Initial pivot suture around which the flap is shaped. Avoidance of excessive internal suturing. While we believe the preceding principles to be fundamental to the creation of the new breast using this flap, each surgeon must utilize his or her own creativity, insight, and training to maximize the tremendous advantage of versatility that this flap provides. PMID- 6647614 TI - The L-shaped combined vertical and transverse abdominal island flap for breast reconstruction. AB - The occasional patient will present for reconstruction after mastectomy who refuses a foreign-body implant or is desirous of reconstruction by autogenous tissue. An unfavorable midline abdominal scar that extends both below and above the umbilicus will preclude the use of the standard lower or upper transverse abdominal island flaps for such purposes. For these highly select circumstances, we present our experiences with two such patients where a combination of an L shaped vertical and transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap was employed. In this procedure, the vertical component is planned to provide the external skin cover, while the ipsilateral hemiellipse transverse component is deepithelialized and buried deep to the vertical component to provide the bulk and mound projection. PMID- 6647615 TI - Circumosseous wiring in facial fractures: a safe percutaneous technique. AB - A precise and safe method for passing percutaneous circumzygomatic and circummandibular wires is presented. The advantage of this double-wire technique is that important soft-tissue structures are protected and oral contamination is minimized. PMID- 6647617 TI - Double Z-plasty for rhombic defects. PMID- 6647616 TI - Resection of obstructing inferior turbinates: a 6-year follow-up. PMID- 6647618 TI - Polaroids and plastic surgery. PMID- 6647619 TI - Surgery for velopharyngeal incompetence. PMID- 6647620 TI - Effect of implants on chest wall. PMID- 6647621 TI - The practice of aesthetic surgery. PMID- 6647622 TI - [Neuropathological study of systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6647623 TI - [On the recent trend of psychiatric symptoms in systemic lupus erythematosus. From experiences after 1975]. PMID- 6647624 TI - [Effects of REM deprivation on the monoamine metabolism in various regions of the rat brain]. PMID- 6647625 TI - [A few considerations on folie a deux--based on examination of two cases treated by the authors]. PMID- 6647626 TI - [EEG changes in the "locked-in" syndrome]. PMID- 6647627 TI - [Development of the neurophysiologic department in Rostock--a contribution to the specialization of the specialty of neurology]. AB - The development of the subject of neurology has been stated with special regard to the department of neurology of the university of Rostock--from the time when Sayk took the professorship 22 years ago. The specialization beginning in this period before all concerns the scope of diagnostics (neuroradiology, neuro electrodiagnostics, cerebrospinal fluid--resp. laboratory diagnostics) and- arising from the requirements of clinical neurology--the concentration upon distinct centres of scientific activities. Beside the representation of the tasks of work are given data about several results of research in the traditional field of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF cytology) and the branch of neuroimmunology (cell mediated immunity) in Rostock. Some questions of basic research and special subjects as well as the actual trends--relevant for neurology--are presented. PMID- 6647628 TI - [Current status of cerebrospinal fluid diagnosis]. AB - The possibilities of the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are explained from the aspect of a clearly arranged representation, partly in tabular form, concerning the following details: --the relation of the findings of CSF, in particular the cytological results, to the course of disease, --the special cytological methods for determination of cells in CSF, --cytomorphological characteristics of malignancy in regard of activated cells inflammatory reactions, --the assessment of the results of qualitative analyses of proteins and the differentiation of an intrathecal production of immunoglobulins opposite to the impairment of the barriers, --the damage of parameters of CSF by artificial factors. In case of the determination of distinct CSF syndromes results a special diagnostical consequence before all for exsudative, immunoreactive and inflammatory disorders, vascular disease and tumors of the nervous system. PMID- 6647629 TI - [Early recognition of tumors of the CNS]. AB - 434 patients with brain tumors from the years 1964 to 1980 have been analysed with the view to the length of anamnesis of the neurological and psychical symptoms as well as the false diagnoses (36.3%). Though 43.5% of the patients were admitted during the first two month of their complaints--this corresponds approximately to the share of the rapidly growing tumors (40%)--the number of the slowly growing ones is possibly raised by the improvement of early diagnosis. Distribution of sex and diagnostic practice have been compared with the literature, the problem of post-care is mentioned. PMID- 6647630 TI - [Degree of malignancy in multiple sclerosis: clinicopathologic mortality study]. AB - Basing on the neuropathologic findings (acute, subacute resp. chronic demyelination) in 58 cases with multiple sclerosis (MS) the determination of the degree of defect in relation to the duration of working capacity and disability has been carried out in comparison with an index made up for progression and malignancy of the disease. In the final phase of illness an acute exacerbation was noteworthy from the morphological point of view in 48.3% of the patients; in these cases was established a hightened index of malignancy. Differences of sex distribution a. o. pointed to a longer lasting defective (chronic) stage in women. The assessment of progression after a five-year period of examination by a limiting malignancy-index allows a probable prognosis to the chances and the risk of the developing process of disease and may be of importance for care. PMID- 6647632 TI - [Season-related admissions to a mental hospital for acute alcoholic psychoses]. PMID- 6647631 TI - [Clinical evaluation of substance dependence in young people]. PMID- 6647634 TI - [Changes in the pattern of schizophrenia based on the archival data on patients hospitalized for the first time 1927-1928 and 1967-1968]. PMID- 6647633 TI - [Irresponsibility and limited responsibility in homicide]. PMID- 6647635 TI - [Incidence of mental disorders in selected occupational groups based on the data on admissions to outpatient clinics and hospitals]. PMID- 6647636 TI - [Problem of disability evaluation in affective psychoses]. PMID- 6647637 TI - [Attitude to work of patients with chronic schizophrenia employed in sheltered workshops]. PMID- 6647638 TI - [Correlations between pathological features in the artistic works of patients with schizophrenia]. PMID- 6647639 TI - [Selected emotional attitudes of medical students to mentally ill patients]. PMID- 6647640 TI - [Fate of mentally ill patients after commitment to a psychiatric hospital]. PMID- 6647641 TI - Migration, population growth, and development. AB - In the 30 years between 1950 and 1980, the population of the developing world almost doubled--from 1.7 to 3.3 billion. Among the most conspicuous signs of this increase are the growth of cities and, in some areas, international labor migration. Since 1950 the cities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America have been growing more than twice as fast as those in North America and Europe. Some of the biggest cities are growing fastest--by as much as 8 percent each year. At this rate they will double in less than a decade. About 40 percent of this growth is due to migration and 60 percent to the children born in the cities to natives and the newly arrived migrants. Altogether, about one billion people (1,000 million) now live in developing-country cities, where fewer than 300 million lived in 1950. About 15 to 20 million workers, mostly from developing countries, are now international migrants. About half travel to Europe and the US, the rest to other developing countries. Many of the migrants, especially to the US, Europe, or the Middle East, want to bring their families eventually and settle permanently. Migration to African destinations is more likely to be temporary or seasonal, while Latin American and Asian patterns are mixed. Policy makers in developing countries are voicing concern about the highly visible social, economic, and political problems created by rapid urbanization and by large-scale international labor migration. While governments have tried a variety of policies to influence population distribution, most have been limited in scope and had little success. As long as birth rates remain high in some areas and large differences in wages exist between jobs in different places, most of these policies have little hope of stopping or reversing long-term trends. Family planning programs, although they do not create immediate jobs or higher wages in rural areas, can help to reduce the high birth rates that produce an ever-increasing supply of potential migrants. They also directly address the source of 60 percent of urban growth: natural increase. The main reasons for both rural-to-urban and international migration are economic. Except in the case of refugees (not covered in this report), most migrants move because they expect to find better jobs and higher wages in the new location. Often the decision to migrate may be made by the family because the money that migrants send home adds to and diversifies family income.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6647642 TI - Preparing the chronic schizophrenic for exploratory psychotherapy: the role of hospitalization. PMID- 6647643 TI - Medical help as negotiated achievement. PMID- 6647645 TI - Adolescents' self-reported mental health and parents' marital status. PMID- 6647644 TI - The "we-self" in borderline patients: manifestations of the symbiotic self-object in psychotherapy. PMID- 6647646 TI - On hiding, reaching out and disclosure. PMID- 6647647 TI - The onset and adaptation to cancer: psychodynamics of an ill physician. PMID- 6647648 TI - "Existential" psychiatry and quantum logic. PMID- 6647649 TI - Development. PMID- 6647650 TI - Adoptive parents. Generative conflict and generational continuity. PMID- 6647651 TI - The prerepresentational self and its affective core. PMID- 6647652 TI - Self-preservation and the care of the self. Ego instincts reconsidered. PMID- 6647653 TI - Struggling against deprivation and trauma. A longitudinal case study. PMID- 6647654 TI - Infants of primary nurturing fathers. PMID- 6647655 TI - The sibling experience. Introduction. PMID- 6647656 TI - Parents and siblings. Their mutual influences. PMID- 6647657 TI - The importance of the sibling experience. PMID- 6647658 TI - Development-promoting aspects of the sibling experience. Vicarious mastery. PMID- 6647660 TI - Problems of pathogenesis. Introduction to the discussion. PMID- 6647659 TI - The revival of the sibling experience during the mother's second pregnancy. PMID- 6647661 TI - First class or nothing at all? Aspects of early feminine development. PMID- 6647663 TI - Determinants of free association in narcissistic phenomena. PMID- 6647662 TI - An instance of "displacement from above downward" in a congenitally blind child. PMID- 6647664 TI - The fate of screen memories in psychoanalysis. PMID- 6647665 TI - Modes of communication in the analysis of a latency girl. PMID- 6647666 TI - Some meanings of being a horsewoman. PMID- 6647667 TI - A particular perspective on analytic listening. PMID- 6647668 TI - The unconscious still occupies us. PMID- 6647669 TI - On anxiety and terror. PMID- 6647670 TI - The contribution of psychoanalysis to the psychotherapy of adolescents. PMID- 6647671 TI - On ventriloquism. PMID- 6647672 TI - Is testing psychoanalytic hypotheses in the psychoanalytic situation really impossible? PMID- 6647673 TI - On the process of mourning. PMID- 6647674 TI - The structural theory and the representational world. AB - I have attempted to articulate a means of incorporating representational world concepts firmly within the structural theory, while still maintaining their clarity, a view which I believe can be useful both clinically and theoretically. It can facilitate an analyst's working with complex clinical material that reflects conflicts at multiple developmental levels, without forcing a premature commitment to restrictive conceptualizations which could impede his listening to the full richness of the material. In addition, I have argued that the perpetual resurgences of representational world psychologies may be understood as an indication of the need for the inclusion of those phenomena in our theory in a clear and integrated way. Finally, I have presented some basis for suggesting that the drive-defense and the representational world models represent coordinate aspects of the structural theory, each with its vantage points for highlighting and clarifying certain phenomena, but best used complementarily in our observations of psychopathology at all levels of development. I do not believe this represents a totally new view or departure within psychoanalytic thinking. On the contrary, I have assembled, organized, and attempted to make explicit certain understandings which I believe we often apply naturally through the use of empathy and intuitive gifts. In an analysis which is going well, an analyst operating within a drive-defense framework is almost certainly finding some natural way of dealing with self and object issues, even if he does not formulate them explicitly to himself. To set down and make explicit, however, the functions we may much of the time perform without awareness is worthwhile preparation against times of difficulty in understanding a particular case. At those times we need at our disposal as specific, as inclusive, and as illuminating a theory as we can find to assist us. It is that clinical need which has guided me in these attempts at theoretical clarification. PMID- 6647675 TI - The structural theory and the representational world: developmental and biological considerations. AB - Although the intriguing question of whether the division into two viewpoints within the structural theory is a theoretical convenience or whether it mirrors fundamental psychobiological truths is not capable of full resolution at the moment, fortunately that resolution is not required for our usual clinical purposes. I believe that analytic work presents us with data readily conceptualized now from one, now from the other, viewpoint, so that analytic understanding benefits from the analyst's shifting his frame of reference from moment to moment in listening and associating to the patient's material. I believe that in every event within the analytic situation or in a person's life, our understanding is deepened and made more complete by approaching the phenomena from both vantage points, bearing in mind that the same ego we conceptualize as testing, assessing, and evaluating emergent drives is also assessing the congruence or discrepancy between the wished-for and perceived states of the representational world. These processes are occurring both in the analysand and in the analyst who is attempting to resonate with and understand the intrapsychic functioning of his patient. They constitute two observational vantage points within the structural theory, organizations of motives (Friedman, 1980) either of which may offer the most immediate access to understanding a particular segment of clinical material. I believe our understanding is most often deepened, however, by subsequent scrutiny in the light of the other model. I have tried here to supplement my previous exposition of a representational world point of view (J.G. Jacobson, 1983) by providing some of its developmental, ethological, and psychophysiological landmarks and underpinnings. PMID- 6647677 TI - On words and music: a personal commentary. PMID- 6647676 TI - The problem of mental representation in self and object theory. AB - The concept of mental representation has come to mean too many things. Some authors use representational terms to include both subjective experience and nonphenomenal, abstract, explanatory concepts. The reconciliation between the representational and structural frames of reference cannot be achieved by a conceptual stuffing of representations into the system ego as a container. The mediation of mental activities by substructures of the mind is a highly complicated problem with considerable clinical significance. It is useful to distinguish representational concepts which have circumscribed functional capacities from representational systems which parallel the ego in scope. It is not yet possible to claim that we have adequately reconciled our views of memory with representational terms. Just as the alluring prospect of inventing an infinite series of "instincts" misled biologists in the past, so must we now avoid an infinite series of representations to which we assign any problematic mental task for explanation. We lack information from object relations theory about what there is in the mind which is not a mental representation. The clinical advantage of representational language and models over the structural hypothesis of compromise formation remains unsettled. There is in principle no conceptual obstacle to the integration in one frame of reference of both representational and structural concepts. This requires clear understanding of the representational structure as the result of compromise formation, as well as an important influence on compromise formation. We could then better study our heritage of shared experience without confusing the precipitates of our experience with the structure of our minds. PMID- 6647678 TI - An athletic example of the typical examination dream. PMID- 6647679 TI - On surmise. PMID- 6647680 TI - Relationship of fear of failure to amount of time spent in a final examination. PMID- 6647681 TI - An examination of college GPA, composite act scores, IQs, and gender in relation to loneliness of college students. PMID- 6647682 TI - Examiner's sex and children's Rorschach productivity. PMID- 6647683 TI - Maslach Burnout Inventory: factor structures for samples of teachers. PMID- 6647684 TI - Overshadowing in a two-way shuttlebox. PMID- 6647685 TI - Impact of attrition in a sample in a longitudinal study of adolescent drug use. PMID- 6647686 TI - Social desirability and endorsement of irrational beliefs. PMID- 6647687 TI - Effects of locus of control and A-B personality type on job satisfaction within the health care field. PMID- 6647688 TI - Hypnotizability: correlations with daydreaming and sleeping. PMID- 6647689 TI - Reduction of anxiety: comparative effectiveness of imagery psychotherapy vs self help seminars. PMID- 6647691 TI - Clinical validity of the MMPI-168. PMID- 6647690 TI - Personal space, crowding, and the interference model of test anxiety. PMID- 6647692 TI - Movie-inspired violence. PMID- 6647693 TI - Normative ethics of two categories of offenders. PMID- 6647694 TI - Development and validation of the geriatric evaluation by relatives rating instrument (GERRI). PMID- 6647695 TI - Use of Burks' behavior rating scale with a referred population. PMID- 6647696 TI - Geropsychology: meaning in life for adults over seventy. PMID- 6647697 TI - Childhood development of fear of failure motivation: a replication. PMID- 6647698 TI - Comparison of master's and doctoral level psychologists in recognizing signs of potential suicide. PMID- 6647699 TI - Adolescent compulsion: a case study involving cognitive-behavioral treatment. PMID- 6647700 TI - The Carleton University responsiveness to suggestion scale: normative data and psychometric properties. PMID- 6647702 TI - Developmental changes in attitudes toward cigarette smokers during early adolescence. PMID- 6647701 TI - Agreement for surgical patients on two instructional situations for the state anxiety inventory. PMID- 6647703 TI - The Carleton University responsiveness to suggest ion scale: stability,reliability, and relationships with expectancy and 'hypnotic experiences'. PMID- 6647704 TI - Pensioners who die soon after retirement can be discriminated from survivors by post-retirement activities. PMID- 6647705 TI - Short-term memory for colors and color names. PMID- 6647706 TI - Development and initial reliability testing of an instrument to measure attitudes toward in-service programming among psychiatric hospital staff. PMID- 6647707 TI - Differentiating assertiveness, aggressiveness, and shyness: a factor analysis. PMID- 6647708 TI - Biorhythmic patterns of victims of mountain climbing accidents. PMID- 6647709 TI - An assessment of the sex-role status of dental hygienists located in three states. PMID- 6647710 TI - Interaction of test anxiety and locus of control on academic performance. PMID- 6647711 TI - Discrimination-reversal learning of normal and septal rats. PMID- 6647712 TI - Neuroticism, extraversion and sex differences in short and long sleepers. PMID- 6647713 TI - The influence of perceptual grouping on the tilt illusion. PMID- 6647714 TI - The role of colours in the formation of subjective contours. PMID- 6647715 TI - Perceptual categorization of color: a life-span study. PMID- 6647716 TI - Task and contrast effects on performance with parafoval stimulus pairs. PMID- 6647717 TI - The effect of temporal patterns of sound energy on the loudness of intensity increment sounds. PMID- 6647718 TI - Operation-correlated heart-rate responses. PMID- 6647719 TI - Facilitative and suppressive effects of punishment on the reaction time in humans under various conditions. PMID- 6647720 TI - Growth of intelligence: failure and catch-up associated respectively with abuse and rescue in the syndrome of abuse dwarfism. AB - IQ change in association with change of environment occurred in a sample of 34 patients with a diagnosis of abuse dwarfism. Low and persistent impairment of IQ was associated with abuse. By contrast, IQ elevation was associated with rescue. Multiple regression analysis revealed that duration of rescue was the primary variable associated with IQ elevation; age and IQ level at rescue were secondary. IQ elevation was gradual and progressive over the years, as rescue was maintained. In abuse, the mean IQ was 66 (range, 36-101), and after rescue it was 90 (range 48-133). The greatest magnitude of change, from IQ 36 to 120, was in a girl between the ages of 3 yr 8 months and 13 yr 11 months. PMID- 6647722 TI - Recommendations for depression publications. PMID- 6647721 TI - Twenty-four hour melatonin secretory pattern in men with idiopathic hemochromatosis. AB - In idiopathic hemochromatosis, iron deposits in endocrine tissue can be associated with hormonal disorders including hypogonadism. We have studied the functional status of the pineal gland in this disease in relation to gonadotrophin levels and cortisol rhythm. Plasma melatonin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and cortisol concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay every 20 min over a 24 hr period in nine men with idiopathic hemochromatosis aged 36 to 66 years. In six patients a circadian melatonin rhythm was present. The 24 hr means were in the normal range in three patients, and varied below the control values in two patients and above the control values in one patient. These variations seemed unrelated to gonadotrophin status. In the three other patients no plasma melatonin rhythm was observed; two patients with gonadotrophin insufficiency had low melatonin levels, and one with normal gonadotrophin function had high melatonin concentrations. In all cases, the plasma cortisol rhythm was normal. We concluded that the circadian melatonin rhythmicity can be disturbed in some cases of idiopathic hemochromatosis without relationship to the cortisol rhythm and associated endocrine disorders. PMID- 6647723 TI - A self-rating pain and distress scale. PMID- 6647725 TI - Francis Peabody revisited: The Care of the Patient, 1983. PMID- 6647724 TI - Phencyclidine abuse and depression. PMID- 6647726 TI - Diagnosing depression in the hospitalized medically ill. PMID- 6647728 TI - Aphasia vs functional disorder: factors in differential diagnosis. PMID- 6647727 TI - Urinary free cortisol levels in anxiety. PMID- 6647729 TI - Organic mental disorder associated with metrizamide. PMID- 6647730 TI - Smoking amongst nurses in Newcastle in 1982. PMID- 6647731 TI - Characteristics of elderly people misplaced in hospitals and homes. PMID- 6647732 TI - A study of the child-care arrangements and the health status of pre-school children of employed women in Lagos. PMID- 6647733 TI - Electoral ward mortality analysis in Newcastle upon Tyne. PMID- 6647734 TI - Housing elderly people: some themes of current research. PMID- 6647735 TI - The performance of the doctors' retainer scheme. PMID- 6647736 TI - The effect of stimulation of atrial receptors on the plasma concentration of vasopressin. AB - The effect of stimulation of the left atrial receptors on plasma concentration of vasopressin and urine flow was studied in dogs anaesthetized with chloralose. Distending a large balloon in the left atrium, so as to occlude the mitral valve and increase left atrial pressure, consistently resulted in a decrease in plasma vasopressin and an increase in urine flow. Discrete stimulation of the left atrial receptors, by distending small balloons in the pulmonary vein - left atrial junctions and in the left atrial appendage, consistently resulted in a decrease in plasma vasopressin and an increase in urine flow. The left atrial receptors were stimulated discretely in dogs in which bretylium tosylate, atropine and atenolol had been administered. In these dogs distension of the small balloons was not associated with significant changes in heart rate, left atrial pressure or arterial blood pressure and consistently resulted in a decrease in plasma vasopressin and an increase in urine flow. It is concluded that this decrease in the plasma concentration of vasopressin is a direct result of discrete stimulation of the atrial receptors and is not secondary to any haemodynamic changes. The exact role of this decrease in plasma concentrations of vasopressin in the diuretic response to stimulation of the left atrial receptors remains to be established. PMID- 6647737 TI - An estimate of capillary anisotropy and determination of surface and volume densities of capillaries in skeletal muscles of the conger eel (Conger conger L.). AB - Fast and slow muscle fibres were isolated from the axial muscles of conger eel (Conger conger L.) and examined by electron microscopy. Volume densities of mitochondria, VV (mit, f); intracellular lipid stores, VV (lip, f); and myofibrils, VV (mf, f) were respectively 0.23, 0.18, 0.47 for slow and 0.03, 0.002, 0.79 for fast fibres. Factors affecting the representative sampling of capillary supply were investigated using semi-thin (0.5 micron) sections. An estimate of the degree of capillary anisotropy was made using the assumption of a Fisher axial distribution (Mathieu, Cruz-Orive, Hoppeler & Weibel, 1983). The capillary bed is highly anisotropic. Mean capillary cross-sectional area, determined from electron micrographs, was 25.7 and 30.5 microms2 for slow and fast muscle, respectively. The number of capillaries per unit cross-sectional fibre area, NA (c,f); volume VV (c,f); and surface density, SV (c,f) of capillaries was 615 mm-1 0.016, 135 cm-1 for slow and 21.3 mm-1 0.0007, 4.7 cm-1 for fast muscle, respectively. The relationship between the extent of the capillary bed and mitochondrial volume density is discussed in relation to the function of different muscle types. PMID- 6647738 TI - Liminal and supraliminal response characteristics of mechanoreceptors of the hairy and foot pad skin of cat determined with short tactile pulses. AB - The liminal and supraliminal response characteristics of mechanoreceptive units innervating the hairy skin and glabrous foot pad of the cat were determined with single pulses of varying frequency (20, 60 and 150 Hz) in order to compare the characteristics of mechanoreceptors in cat and man. Altogether 172 units were tested. The units were divided into slowly adapting (s.a.) (I and II), rapidly adapting (r.a.) and pacinian (p.c.) units. No hairy skin p.c. units were encountered. The absolute thresholds and supraliminal responses of units innervating the hairy skin resembled those of human hairy skin mechanoreceptors, the s.a. II units having the lowest thresholds and both s.a. and r.a. units having lower thresholds as a function of increasing frequency of the pulse. The results suggest that on the hairy skin detection thresholds are based on activation of mainly s.a. II units, whereas the role of r.a. units is of importance for distinct touch and supraliminal sensations. S.a. units of foot pads were different if compared to s.a. units of human glabrous skin. R.a. and p.c. units in foot pads were similar to corresponding human units and the low detection and touch thresholds on the glabrous skin are explicable on the response properties of r.a. and p.c. units. According to the present study the results concerning response characteristics of cat hairy skin s.a. and r.a. units and cat glabrous skin r.a. and p.c. units can be applied to human psychophysical studies in the corresponding areas. PMID- 6647739 TI - The density and distribution of capillaries around a synovial cavity. AB - The interpretation of trans-synovial fluxes requires a knowledge of the number of capillaries present around the joint cavity, and their depths below the surface of the joint lining. Measurements of capillary numbers, depths and dimensions were therefore carried out by light microscopy on synovial tissue sections from five rabbit knees. In addition the surface area of synovial tissue lining the joint was estimated, and the thickness of the synovium measured. Synovial capillary density was found to be uneven, with respect to both anatomical location in the joint cavity and depth below the synovial surface. The large area of synovium over areolar or adipose tissue was highly vascular (67000-83000 capillaries X cm-2 section; mean intercapillary distance 35-55 micron; 228-329 cm2 endothelium X cm-3 synovium). The small area of synovium over tendons was of very low vascularity (2000 capillaries X cm-2 section). From these data and a previous estimate of net filtration capacity, mean synovial endothelial conductivity was estimated as approximately 16 X 10(-7) cm X s-1 X mmHg-1. The depth distribution of the capillaries was extremely skewed, with a sharp peak at 6-11 micron depth. The rapid decay in capillary density at depths greater than 6 11 micron was partly due to an uneven density of capillaries within the synovium itself; and partly due to a lower density in subsynovial tissues. It was concluded that most synovium has a rich capillary bed which is very superficially located and that the depth of periarticular tissue which is effective in exchange processes with the joint cavity is less than 25 microns. PMID- 6647740 TI - An investigation into some cerebral mechanisms involved in schedule-induced drinking in the pig. AB - When pigs were fed small amounts at regular short intervals (5-10 min), drinking followed each ingestion. This resulted in a greatly increased total water intake (schedule-induced polydipsia: s.i.p.). Injection of angiotensin II into the lateral cerebral ventricle of water-replete pigs on normal feeding also produced a significant increase in water intake. Prior administration of the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin, attenuated the dipsogenic effect of angiotensin II, but did not modify s.i.p. The tranquilizing drug, azaperone, had no effect on normal water intake and did not modify the response to angiotensin II. However, azaperone reduced the water intake of animals on scheduled feeding. From this, it was concluded that the increased drinking due to scheduled feeding did not involve the renin-angiotensin system but it is tentatively suggested that it may involve central dopaminergic neuronal systems. PMID- 6647741 TI - Manometric and electromyographic observations of the oesophagus of sheep in eructation, regurgitation and swallowing. AB - Manometric and electromyographic recordings during eructation, swallowing and the regurgitation of rumination in sheep revealed variable oesophageal activity during eructation in contrast to the uniform pattern of oesophageal activity in swallowing and regurgitation. In eructation the passive increase in pressure of about 7-15 mmHg--the filling phase--associated with entry of gas into the oesophagus was commonly (in 96.6% of thirty eructations) terminated by contractions in the caudal thoracic oesophagus (c.t.o.). Eructation contractions were present in 73.3% of thirty eructations in a site 130 mm cranial to the c.t.o. and in 36.6% of thirty eructations in a site 260 mm cranial to the c.t.o. These contractions moved cranially at about 420 mm.s-1. In contrast during regurgitation the contractions of the oesophagus which moved cranially at about the same rate (410 mm X s-1) were characteristically more intense (47-64 mmHg) than eructation contractions (10-36 mmHg). Also in contrast to those in eructation, regurgitation contractions were invariably of each site of the oesophagus from which recordings were made. Secondary contractions of the caudal cervical and thoracic oesophagus which sometimes followed eructation were interpreted as serving as clearing contractions returning residual gas in the oesophagus to the stomach. These swept over the oesophagus at about 200 mm X s-1 and occurred without associated swallows. The variability of reactions of the oesophagus in eructation and differences in reactions of its different regions are discussed as arising from different degrees of sensitivity to, and stimulation by, gaseous distension of the oesophagus and stomach. PMID- 6647742 TI - Effect of oleic acid on canine gastroduodenal motility, pyloric diameter and gastric emptying. AB - The motility of the antrum, duodenum and pylorus was recorded with strain gauge transducers and induction coils in conscious beagle dogs. The effect of oleic acid on gastroduodenal motility and on the pyloric diameter was studied in the interdigestive state and during emptying of a mashed potato meal. The flow of digesta was observed fluoroscopically. Gastric emptying was measured by planimetry of the radiopaque gastric silhouette. The intraduodenal injection of oleic acid reduced the diameter of the pylorus in the empty stomach. In the digestive state oleic acid diminished gastric emptying of the potato meal. The antral motility was significantly diminished (amplitudes from 100 +/- 39.2 to 93 +/- 41.2 mV, contractile frequency from 4.3 +/- 0.6 to 3.8 +/- 1.5 min-1, motility index from 435 +/- 197 to 345 +/- 213 V, n = 3400-4700 contractions), whereas the duodenal motility was enhanced (amplitudes from 100 +/- 49.6 to 106 +/- 58.6 mV, motility index from 548 +/- 296 to 567 +/- 377 V, n = 5800-6400 contractions). The diameter of the pyloric opening during the phase of relaxation was about 25% less in comparison to the control meal. The weaker antral contractions and the less opening of the pylorus diminished gastric evacuation and enhanced retropulsion of the gastric chyme. A higher incidence of segmental duodenal contractions produced a slower transfer of digesta. Results demonstrated that gastric emptying was regulated by several co-operating factors. The pylorus was involved by producing different resistances to flow during its phase of relaxation. PMID- 6647743 TI - Fat metabolism in elderly patients with severe hypothermia. AB - Elderly patients with accidental hypothermia (core temperatures 25.0-35.5 degrees C) have been studied to determine the effect of low temperature on energy metabolism. The respiratory exchange ratios were low (median 0.75). Concentrations of plasma glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids and ketone bodies were high, and, except in the case of glycerol, rose with the duration of the hypothermia. Plasma glucose concentrations were often high but extremely variable. Arteriovenous differences across the forearm showed net release of glycerol and extraction of ketone bodies. Despite the hypothermia the mean extraction ratios for acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate were very similar to published values in normal, fasting, euthermic subjects. It was concluded that, in agreement with other work showing inhibition of glucose utilization at low temperature, fat is the main fuel used at very low body temperatures. PMID- 6647744 TI - Thyroid hormone metabolism after acclimatization to warm or cold temperature under conditions of high or low energy intake. AB - The separate effects of ambient temperature and energy intake on the metabolism of thyroid hormones in the young pig have been investigated. Piglets were kept singly from 4 weeks of age at 10 or 35 degrees C on a high (H), or low (L) energy intake, such that H = 2L. At the tenth week of age blood samples were taken 16-21 h after the last meal for the determination of plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). At the end of the tenth week of age the fractional disappearance rate (K) of T4 was determined and finally the K value for T3 was estimated. Plasma concentrations of T4 and T3 were greater in animals on a high intake than in those on a low intake, (P less than 0.02), but the temperature at which the animals lived had no significant effect. The values of K for T4 and T3 were greater at 10 than at 35 degrees C (P less than 0.010 and P less than 0.05), and energy intake had no significant effect. Calculations of the catabolic rates in nmol/kg X h revealed that for T4 the rate was greater at 10 than at 35 degrees C (P less than 0.001) and on a high than on a low intake (P less than 0.01). Similar differences were found between the mean values of T3 with respect to both temperature and energy intake, but the variance was large and they did not reach statistical significance. It is concluded that the metabolism of thyroid hormones is influenced independently by both ambient temperature and energy intake. PMID- 6647745 TI - Light and electron microscopy of dorsal spinocerebellar tract neurones in the cat: an intracellular horseradish peroxidase study. AB - Intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase were made into dorsal spinocerebellar (d.s.c.t.) neurones in Clarke's column of the cat. All the d.s.c.t. neurones were excited from Group I muscle afferent fibres. The stained neurones were examined at the light and electron microscope level, and light microscope material was subjected to computer-aided reconstruction and quantitative analysis. The dendritic trees of d.s.c.t. neurons extended about 3 mm in the long axis of the spinal cord and were confined, in the transverse plane, within or very close to Clarke's column. The dendrites branched extensively and carried various irregularities: complex clusters of fine branches, spine-like protuberances and bead-like varicosities. None of the axons of the cells showed any sign that they gave off collaterals. Computer-aided reconstruction allowed the dendritic trees to be viewed from any angle and enabled measurements of their total dendritic lengths, surface area and volume. The dendritic diameters at branch points were tested against Rall's 3/2 power rule. Electron microscopical analysis confirmed and extended previous studies. Of particular significance was the observation that boutons containing flattened vesicles could be presynaptic to both a d.s.c.t. neurone and to a giant synaptic terminal that made contact with the same d.s.c.t. dendrite. PMID- 6647746 TI - Statistical analysis of ongoing activity of neurones in the substantia gelatinosa and in lamina III of cat spinal cord. AB - Intracellular recordings from substantia gelatinosa (s.g.) neurones in chloralose anaesthetized cats and in decerebrate preparations revealed the existence of ongoing synaptic activity. 59% of s.g. neurones showed ongoing spiking activity at rates of more than one per second. The ongoing activity of twenty s.g. neurones was subjected to statistical analysis. Stationarity was established for the activity of each neurone, the interspike interval (i.s.i.) distributions were bell-shaped, and no evidence of dependency of the length of an interval on the one preceding it was found. The mechanism of spike generation in these neurones is therefore an example of a renewal stochastic process. The pattern of ongoing discharge of twelve neurones recorded in lamina III was markedly different, and generated in each case a unimodal asymmetric i.s.i. histogram with a sharp rise to mode after a short dead time and a slow decay. The activity was stationary only in the long term, and there was strong evidence of dependency of intervals. The spike generating mechanism was therefore an example of a non-renewal stochastic process. The different patterns of activity are discussed in relation to differences in cutaneous input, and it is suggested that the pattern of activity in the s.g. neurones is the result of convergence on the neurones of a large number of small independent excitatory influences, whereas that of the neurones in lamina III is the result of excitation by powerful synchronous synaptic inputs. It is re-emphasized that statistical analysis of neural impulse sequences is a valuable technique in investigation of the function of a neurone within its network. PMID- 6647747 TI - Immunoglobulin deposition in skeletal muscle in primary muscle diseases. AB - Using direct immunofluorescence the deposition of IgG, IgM, IgA, Clq and C3 was studied on muscle biopsies from 39 patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis, 21 patients with muscular dystrophy, 57 other disease controls and 10 healthy volunteers. Three staining patterns were observed, sarcolemma/basement membrane blood vessel wall and intrafibrous. Sarcolemma/basement membrane staining, but not blood vessel wall or intrafibrous staining, occurred more frequently (p less than 0.05) in the polymyositis/dermatomyositis group compared with the two other disease groups. Immunoglobulin deposition was useful in distinguishing myopathic from neuropathic disorders. Grouping the patients into those with connective tissue diseases and those without, sarcolemma/basement membrane and blood vessel wall staining were shown to distinguish the two groups (p less than 0.05). An analysis of the histological abnormalities in the polymyositis/dermatomyositis group was performed and related to immunoglobulin/complement deposition. Fibre damage, rather than the presence of a mononuclear perivascular infiltrate, was shown to be the best correlate with each of the three staining patterns. Immunoglobulin and/or complement deposition in skeletal muscle is an abnormal finding and the results described support the notion that humoral abnormalities may be detected frequently in polymyositis/dermatomyositis. In addition, the inability to distinguish polymyositis/dermatomyositis from muscular dystrophy limits the potential value of direct immunofluorescence as a diagnostic tool. PMID- 6647748 TI - Osteomalacia in patients with chronic renal failure before dialysis or transplantation. AB - The case records of 327 patients who underwent bone biopsy in late or terminal renal failure, before any form of dialysis or transplantation, were examined for clues to the aetiology of renal osteomalacia and its manifestations. Fifty four per cent of the biopsies showed pure osteitis fibrosa, 34 per cent osteomalacia with osteitis fibrosa and 12 per cent showed neither abnormality. Osteomalacia was strongly associated with chronic pyelonephritis and obstructive uropathy as primary renal disease. In two matched groups of 100 each, and within the major primary diseases, it was associated with acidosis, hypocalcaemia and normophosphataemia (as opposed to hyperphosphataemia). There was no association with known length or uraemia and only a weak and inconsistent relationship with severity of uraemia. In the few patients studied, there was no relationship between osteomalacia and serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol level. In contrast to the state of patients treated by haemodialysis, osteomalacia in this undialysed group was manifested by a higher level of serum alkaline phosphatase than pure osteitis fibrosa, serum iPTH did not differ between the groups, there was no predominance of symptoms in one group, other than proximal myopathy which had a weak association with osteomalacia, and Looser zones were more common than complete fractures. Our study shows that osteomalacia has different manifestations, and probably different causes, before and after the start of haemodialysis. These two stages of renal failure should be clearly distinguished in reports of renal bone disease. PMID- 6647749 TI - Cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis. AB - Eight patients with histological intra-alveolar organization, but no evidence of an infective or other aetiological agent, are reported. They characteristically presented with a short history of severe dyspnoea, cough, malaise, weight loss, bilateral radiographic shadowing and a raised ESR. There was a dramatic response clinically and radiologically to prednisolone but relapse occurred quickly as the dose was reduced. Control was re-established with an increased dose of prednisolone. In order to avoid confusion with post-infective organizing pneumonia the term cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis is suggested. PMID- 6647750 TI - Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with extensive glomerular crescent formation. AB - Thirty-nine patients with severe crescentic glomerulonephritis and rapidly progressive renal failure were reviewed. Nineteen patients had a focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis, they usually presented with signs of multi-system disease, and eight had histologically-proven microscopic polyarteritis. A second group of 20 patients presented with an acute nephritic syndrome, often with nephrotic features, and had only minor prodromal symptoms. Renal biopsy material showed various forms of proliferative glomerulonephritis in addition to crescents. The most important prognostic feature at admission was renal function: only four of 21 patients who required dialysis recovered any renal function. The prognosis was worse for those with necrotizing glomerulonephritis, of whom two thirds had oliguria on admission. All patients who were not oliguric, and some with oliguria, were treated with high doses of corticosteroids, usually accompanied by azathioprine and anticoagulants. Seventeen of 18 patients who were not oliguric initially retained or regained renal function, although three subsequently went into renal failure, and three others died of non-renal causes. At the most recent review, 25 of the 39 patients were either dead (16 patients) on dialysis or transplanted (nine patients). Ten were alive with diminished renal function, one had normal renal function but persisting proteinuria, and three were well. Prompt treatment may have contributed to these favourable results in a very severe disease. PMID- 6647751 TI - Haemostatic abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Coagulation studies were performed in 112 consecutive patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Abnormalities of haemostatic function occurred frequently and 96 abnormalities occurred in 64 of 112 (57 per cent) patients. Eighteen patients (16 per cent) had thrombocytopenia, 19 (16.9 per cent) had circulating anticoagulants and 24 had decreased antithrombin III levels. Abnormalities of fibrinogen were found in 28 patients (23 per cent), and abnormalities of platelet factor 3 and 4, indicating in vivo platelet activation occurred in seven patients. In 25 patients two or more abnormalities were detected simultaneously. No haemostatic abnormalities were detected in any of the 50 healthy volunteers who served as controls. Only one patient with thrombocytopenia had petechiae. None of the other patients, even those with multiple defects bled significantly, but several patients had vasculitis and/or phlebitis. There was no correlation between disease activity of SLE and the presence of haemostatic abnormalities, nor was there an association between these abnormalities and specific clinical haematologic manifestations. PMID- 6647752 TI - Specific energy spectra at alpha-contaminated bone surfaces. AB - Spectra of specific energy f(z) in spherical and disc-shaped targets are determined for plane sources of alpha-particles. The radioactive plane is assumed to be coincident with bone surfaces or 'buried' within bone. Parameters determining energy straggling and the spectrum of delta-rays generated outside the target were determined from published parallel beam experiments with wall less counters. An analytical procedure for calculating single and multiple event spectra for the sphere is demonstrated. For discs spectra are derived from Monte Carlo calculations. In discs of 6.5 micrometers radius and 1 micrometer thickness adjacent to bone surfaces the mean specific energy per event is 2967 erg/g, while tht in a sphere of equal volume is 5247 erg/g. The relative variation of specific energy in the disc is about twice as large as in the sphere. PMID- 6647753 TI - Microdosimetry of alpha-emitting bone seekers. AB - Microdosimetric probability distributions of specific energy f(z) in cell nuclei at alpha-contaminated bone surfaces are determined. The calculations are based on autoradiographic measurements of specific endosteal surface activities of rats injected with 239-Pu. The effect of a variation of the surface activity and target density and a correlation of both is discussed. A mathematical description of trabecular bone remodeling is given and the dependence of specific energy deposition on remodeling processes is demonstrated. For non-age-dependent remodeling and relatively large numbers of hits (greater than 20) the main contribution to the variation of f(z) comes from the variation of residual lifetimes and specific surface activities. With small numbers of hits (less than 1) the variation is mainly determined by the Poisson hit statistics and the width of the single event spectrum. PMID- 6647754 TI - Weighted identity test for the comparison of dose-response functions of radiation induced chromosome aberrations. AB - For the analyses of dose-relations of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations a weighted least squares method has to be carried out since the variance of observed aberration yields are different at different doses. Consequently identical statistical weights have to be used for the comparison of dose-response functions. For this reason a weighted identity test is presented. The derivation of the test quantity is described in a generalized form. The practical application of the test and the computation of the test quantity is shown for the linear and linear-quadratic model. PMID- 6647755 TI - The importance of G1/S-border and mitosis in the fixation of potentially lethal damage. AB - The ability of synchronized Ehrlich ascites tumour cells to repair PLD was measured by introducing delays in their progression through the cell cycle either in the same phase as that where the irradiation was given or in a subsequent phase. Cells were incubated for this purpose either in balanced salt solution which nonspecifically delayed progression in all cell cycle phases or with 0.5 micrograms/ml aphidicolin which delayed cells in S-phase. Cells which had been delayed in their progression through the cell cycle were able to repair PLD irrespective of the phase at which they were held. In cases where the delay in the progression through the cell cycle was introduced in a phase subsequent to that of the exposure to irradiation, repair of PLD was observed only if the cells had not passed the G1/S-border or mitosis. Based on these results, the importance of G1/S-border and mitosis in the fixation of PLD is suggested. PMID- 6647756 TI - Is there a relationship between hypoxia, contact resistance, and intercellular communication? AB - This investigation addresses the shape of radiation survival curves of cells cultured as multicell spheroids. It is shown that spheroids of cells capable of intercellular communication by gap-junctions display survival curves lacking a radioresistant fraction of hypoxic cells. Compared to the corresponding monolayers, these spheroid survival curves exhibit a uniform increase in radioresistance due to the "contact effect". In contrast, biphasic survival curves indicative of hypoxic cells are obtained with non-communicating spheroids, however, without indication of a contact effect. Evidence is presented that this relationship between intercellular communication, hypoxia, and contact effect may possibly also hold for survival curves of solid tumors. PMID- 6647757 TI - Quantitative analysis of the chromosome damage at first division of human lymphocytes after 60CO gamma-irradiation. PMID- 6647758 TI - Lack of singlet oxygen formation by photoexcited promazine derivatives in aqueous and ethanolic solutions. AB - The EPR detection of nitroxide formation and the observation by thin layer chromatography of the specific 1O2 oxidation product of cholesterol, have been used to appreciate singlet oxygen production by promazine and four of its derivatives during irradiation with near-UV light of ethanolic and aqueous solutions. Within the range of sensitivity of the methods, no 1O2 had been detected. PMID- 6647759 TI - A search for nonthermal effects of 434 MHz microwave radiation on whole human blood. AB - Whole human blood was subjected to a microwave environment at 434 MHz for 6 hr with external electric fields corresponding to free space power densities up to 598 mW cm-2 and the levels of hemoglobin, sodium, and potassium in the plasma were monitored. Under geometrical conditions in which the field strength within the samples was unknown, measurements indicated increased red cell membrane fragility following irradiation. It was not possible to exclude localized heating as an explanation of this effect. However, with a known and reasonably uniform electric field distribution within spherical specimens, increased membrane fragility was not observed. We are therefore unable to confirm previously reported results which indicate a nonthermal deleterious effect of microwave radiation on erythrocytes. PMID- 6647761 TI - Oxygen enhancement ratio in V79 spheroids. AB - Chinese hamster V79 spheroids were stained with a nontoxic fluorescent stain, Hoechst 33342, which penetrates slowly into the spheroids. Single cells from these spheroids were then sorted by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter according to staining intensity (and therefore position in the spheroids). Flow cytometry characterization of the various cell subpopulations indicated that the innermost cells were more radiosensitive than expected on the basis of cell cycle position or cell thiol content. However, comparison of the radiosensitivities of cells sorted from equivalent depths from completely aerobic or anoxic V79 spheroids indicated that the oxygen enhancement ratio remained remarkably constant at 2.7 +/- 0.2 through the spheroid. PMID- 6647760 TI - Oncogenic transformation of mouse BALB/3T3 cells by plutonium-238 alpha particles. AB - The A31-11 mouse BALB/3T3 cell system was adapted for the study of malignant transformation induced by 5.3 MeV alpha particles from a specially constructed 238Pu source. The biologic effects were compared to those of 220 kVp X rays. The alpha-radiation survival curve showed a D0 of 70 rad and a relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 3.5 at 50% survival. The transformation frequency increased exponentially with dose in the range examined (25-250 rad); the maximum RBE for the induction of transformation in growing cells was approximately 3. The RBE for alpha transformation in nonproliferating cells, however, appeared to be much higher; the yield of transformants among X-irradiated cells held in the stationary phase of growth for 6 to 220 hr after irradiation declined nearly 50 fold while no decrease occurred in alpha-irradiated cells. This finding supports the hypothesis that carcinogenic damage induced by high LET radiation in mammalian cells is inefficiently repaired compared with X-ray damage, and that the carcinogenic effect of exposures to high LET radiation may be simply cumulative in nature. It further suggests that the effective RBE for alpha radiation in nonproliferating cell populations in vivo may be much higher than one would predict based on measurements in dividing cells. PMID- 6647762 TI - Life shortening in BALB/c mice following brief, protracted, or fractionated exposures to neutrons. AB - The effects of acute, protracted, or fractionated exposures to fission neutrons on survival times of female BALB/c mice were examined and compared. Mice were given single, brief exposures or exposures given in equal fractions at either 1- or 30-day intervals to doses of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 200 rad at the Health Physics Research Reactor (HPRR) or protracted exposures at rates ranging from 0.1 to 10 rad/day using a moderated 252Cf source to doses of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 rad. The 252Cf source was moderated to have a similar spectron to that of the HPRR facility. After single or fractionated exposures the extent of life shortening increased rapidly over the 0-50 rad range and then began the plateau. No simple model adequately described the dose response over this entire dose range. Over the 0-50 rad dose range for exposures at the HPRR and over the 0-40 rad dose range for protracted exposures the dose response could be adequately described by either a linear model or a square root of the dose regression model except when the dose was fractionated using a 30-day interval. In this instance a linear model provided an adequate fit while a square root of the dose model could be rejected. No increase in effectiveness after fractionation or protraction was observed for neutron-induced life shortening at doses below 50 rad, while at 50 and 200 rad an increase in effectiveness was observed in this and in previous studies. These data were interpreted to suggest that in the dose range below 20 40 rad the dose-effect curve for life shortening may be linear and begins to flatten at higher doses rather than continuously bending at low doses. PMID- 6647763 TI - Caffeine-enhanced survival of radiation-sensitive, repair-deficient Chinese hamster cells. AB - A clone of V79 Chinese hamster cells (V79-AL162/S-10) with unique properties has been isolated after a challenge of parental cells (V79-AL162) with 1 mM ouabain. Compared with parental cells, or with other clones isolated after the ouabain challenge, these cells form smaller colonies, are more sensitive to both X rays and fission-spectrum neutrons, and respond atypically to a postirradiation treatment with caffeine. Their enhanced response to X rays results mainly from a large reduction in the shoulder of their survival curve, probably because in late S phase, the most resistant phase in the cell cycle, the survival curve of these cells has a reduced shoulder width. Caffeine, and to a lesser extent theophylline, added to the colony-forming medium immediately after exposure appreciably increases the width of the shoulder of these sensitive cells, whereas caffeine has the opposite effect on the response of normal V79 cells. Because dibutyryl-cAMP added immediately after exposure actually further sensitizes these sensitive cells, it would appear that the enhanced survival due to methylxanthines, which inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase, does not result from increases in intracellular levels of cAMP. Thus the unique response of the V79 AL162/S-10 cells to a radiation posttreatment with caffeine (increased survival) results from a net increase in their ability to repair damage that is otherwise lethal; caffeine treatment ordinarily prevents normal V79 cells from repairing damage that is only potentially lethal. PMID- 6647764 TI - The effect of ultrasound-induced hyperthermia and X irradiation on skin. AB - Local hyperthermia for up to 60 min at 42.5-43.0 degrees C was induced in the skin of the mouse leg using ultrasound (780 kHz, 0.5-2.0 W/cm2). X radiation at doses of 10 to 30 Gy was delivered either before, during, or after the hyperthermia and the skin reactions were followed for 50 days. The thermal enhancement factor (TEF) was estimated using three criteria: (1) the maximum skin reaction; (2) the skin reaction integrated over the 50-day experimental period; (3) the skin reaction integrated over Days 8 to 32, which have a larger estimate. The TEF was independent of the sequence of heat and X radiation for intervals up to 1 hr. For 1 hr of hyperthermia, the TEF as measured by the maximum skin reaction did not change with radiation doses of 10 to 20 Gy. When the skin reaction integrated over 50 days or Days 8 to 32 was used as the criterion of response, the TEF varied with radiation dose from 4.7 at 10 Gy to 1.6 at 20 Gy. For a fixed radiation dose of 20 Gy, the TEF was not increased significantly by extending the duration of the hyperthermia from 30 to 60 min. The TEF for a radiation dose of 20 Gy delivered in three fractions over 5 days was smaller than that for a single 10-Gy fraction. PMID- 6647765 TI - The response of previously irradiated skin to combinations of X radiation and ultrasound-induced hyperthermia. AB - Areas of skin approximately 1.5 cm in diameter on the legs of mice were made hyperthermic (30 min at 42.7 degrees C) by exposure to an ultrasound beam (780 kHz), a single dose of X irradiation (2000 rad), or a combination of these treatments. After 35 days, when the acute reaction had reached a steady state, the same tissue was given a second treatment by either hyperthermia, irradiation, or a combination of hyperthermia and irradiation. When the first treatment was irradiation and the second treatment was either irradiation or a combination of hyperthermia and irradiation, the acute skin reactions were similar to those of skin not previously irradiated, indicating a large proportion of recovery from the first irradiation. When irradiation was the first treatment, a comparison of second treatments by hyperthermia plus irradiation with irradiation alone showed a thermal enhancement of 1.45. When the first treatment was hyperthermia plus irradiation, a comparison of second treatments by hyperthermia plus irradiation with irradiation also showed an enhancement factor of 1.45 for the combined treatment. PMID- 6647766 TI - Recovery from lethal and mutagenic damage during postirradiation holding and low dose-rate irradiations of cultured hamster cells. AB - Survival and mutation to thioguanine resistance were measured in V79-4 hamster cells grown to plateau phase without refeeding and irradiated with 60Co gamma rays. The effects of low-dose-rate irradiation and of postirradiation holding on recovery from gamma-ray damage leading to these two responses were also studied. The responses of these plateau (extended G1)-phase cells to acute irradiation were similar to those we previously found for exponentially growing cells, including the linear relationship between induced mutant frequency and (log) surviving fraction. Irradiation at low dose rate (0.34 rad/min) considerably reduced both the lethal and mutagenic effects of given doses of gamma rays, but the linear mutation-survival relationship was approximately the same as for acute irradiation. In contrast, cells given a 5-hr holding period after acute irradiation showed the anticipated recovery from potentially lethal damage but no recovery from damage leading to mutation. These results are discussed in terms of previously proposed cellular repair processes (sublethal damage repair and potentially lethal damage repair) and the possibility that the radiation damage leading to lethality is different from mutagenic damage. PMID- 6647767 TI - 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 increases survival of murine intestinal stem cells when given before photon radiation. AB - A variety of prostaglandins (PG) protect the gastric and intestinal mucosa when given before damaging agents such as absolute ethanol, acidified taurocholate, boiling water, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAI). A synthetic prostaglandin, 16, 16-dimethyl PGE2, shown to be cytoprotective at physiologic levels to the above agents was given to mice 1 hr before or 15 min after 137Cs gamma (gamma) whole-body irradiation. The survival of intestinal stem cells measured by their ability to form in situ colonies of regenerating epithelium was increased when 16, 16-dimethyl PGE2 was given before but not after 137Cs gamma irradiation. The maximum degree of 16, 16-dimethyl PGE2-induced radioprotection was seen when the drug was given 1 hr before irradiation. No radioprotection was seen when the interval between drug and irradiation was 3 hr or longer. When the time between 16, 16-dimethyl PGE2 and irradiation was kept at 1 hr, the degree of radioprotection was dependent on the PG drug dose. There was a steep rise in the number of surviving cells at low doses of PG. These results imply that tumors which secrete PGE2 may in part be protected from the lethal effects of ionizing photon radiation. PMID- 6647768 TI - Recommendations for using the standardized terminology of respiratory physiology in radiation research. AB - A succinct review of the terminology and of correlations between basic quantities in respiration physiology is given with special regard to oxygen as the gas of topical interest in radiation research and tumor pathophysiology. The role of the oxygen partial pressure gradient as the driving force of O2 diffusion is emphasized. It is generally recommended that the O2 partial pressure be considered when investigating oxygen diffusion and distribution problems. During those studies the physical boundary conditions, in particular the temperature, the barometric pressure, and the water vapor saturation, have to be considered and should be indicated. During equilibration of suspensions containing oxygen consuming sites the impact of geometry and fluid agitation on the efficiency of gas exchange has to be taken into account. Reviews on solutions of diffusion equations, on numerical data for relevant constants to be considered, and on terminology and units in respiration physiology are included. PMID- 6647769 TI - Cellular glutathione depletion by diethyl maleate or buthionine sulfoximine: no effect of glutathione depletion on the oxygen enhancement ratio. AB - The hypoxic and euoxic radiation response for Chinese hamster lung and A549 human lung carcinoma cells was obtained under conditions where their nonprotein thiols, consisting primarily of glutathione (GSH), were depleted by different mechanisms. The GSH conjugating reagent diethylmaleate (DEM) was compared to DL-buthionine S,R-sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathionine biosynthesis. Each reagent depleted cellular GSH to less than 5% of control values. A 2-hr exposure to 0.5 mM DEM or a 4- or 24-hr exposure to BSO at 10 or 1 mM, respectively, depleted cellular GSH to less than 5% of control values. Both agents sensitized cells irradiated under air or hypoxic conditions. When GSH levels are lowered to less than 5% by both agents, hypoxic DEM-treated cells exhibited slightly greater X ray sensitization than hypoxic BSO-treated cells. The D0's for hypoxic survival curves were as follows: control, 4.87 Gy; DEM, 3.22 Gy; and BSO, 4.30 Gy for the V79 cells and 5.00 Gy versus 4.02 Gy for BSO-treated A549 cells. The D0's for aerobic V79 cells were 1.70 Gy versus 1.13 Gy, DEM, and 1.43 Gy for BSO-treated cells. The D0's for the aerobic A549 were 1.70 and 1.20 for BSO-treated cells. The aerobic and anoxic sensitization of the cells results in the OER's of 2.8 and 3.0 for the DEM- and BSO-treated cells compared to 2.9 for the V79 control A549. BSO-treated cells showed an OER of 3.3 versus 3 for the control. Our results suggest that GSH depletion by either BSO or DEM sensitizes aerobic cells to radiation but does not appreciably alter the OER. PMID- 6647770 TI - Considerations of coherent scattering and electron binding in incoherent scattering, in computation of dose deposition in tissue from low-energy photon beams. AB - Two different sets of Monte Carlo computations were carried out for the study of dose penetration of monoenergetic, low-energy (10 to 100 keV) photon beams incident on slabs of tissue. One program took into account coherent scattering and considered electron binding when finding the angle of scattering during incoherent scattering; the other simpler program, customarily used at higher energies, largely ignored these effects. For calculations at the source photon energy of 100 keV, it was found that there was negligible difference in dose distribution in the slab between the more and less complex type of calculations. The same thing was found to be true for the 30 and 10-keV source photon energies only for shallow penetration distances; and at deeper penetrations the simple approach tended to overestimate the dose appreciably. It is concluded that for penetration of low-energy photon beams into tissue, accurate calculational results cannot be assured with the neglect of coherent scattering effects and electron binding considerations in determining the scattering angles except for shallow depths of penetration. PMID- 6647771 TI - [Molecular mechanisms of radiation death of lymphoid cells. Radioprotective effect of cysteamine on a subpopulation of thymocytes differing in radiation sensitivity]. AB - The radioprotective effect of cysteamine, incubated with thymocytes for 20 min prior to gamma-irradiation, was much more manifest with regard to subpopulations of radiosensitive small cortical cells (DMF = 1.8) than large thymocytes (DMF = 1.2). Radioprotective concentrations of cysteamine relaxed completely superhelical DNA of thymocytes. The relaxation was not due to the formation of single-strand breaks. A partial recovery of superhelical conformation of DNA of small thymocytes before irradiation reduced the radioprotective effect of cysteamine. PMID- 6647772 TI - [Correlation between animal radiosensitivity and kinetics of DNA reassociation]. AB - A study was made of DNA of different animal species with various radiosensitivity: guinea pig, man, rat and rabbit. It was shown that the radioresistance of the organism increases with increasing relative content of a rapidly reassociating fraction in DNA. As the kinetic complexity of moderately repetitive sequences increases and the total percentage of meaddle and unique DNA fractions grows, the radioresistance of the organism decreases. PMID- 6647773 TI - [Sedimentation of alkaline lysates of irradiated rat bone marrow cells]. AB - A method has been developed for registration of sedimentation diagrams of alkaline lysates of mammalian cells based on measuring UV-absorption of fractions of linear sucrose gradient during its passage down the flow of UV-cord. DNA sedimentation in alkaline lysates of irradiated bone marrow cells of rats was analyzed. The ability of these cells to repair single-strand breaks during the postirradiation incubation in buffer at 37 degrees C was demonstrated. The proposed method could be applied for screening the compounds affecting the damage and repair of DNA in a cell. PMID- 6647774 TI - [Structure and repair of rat thymus DNA during long-term irradiation]. AB - During long-term fractionated irradiation (0.5 Gy, daily) the molecular weight of single-stranded DNA of the thymus of exposed rats remained the same as that of intact animals till the dose of 25 Gy had been cumulated. The integrity of the DNA structure was ensured by the repair of DNA and elimination of cells with unrepaired lesions. The role of repair decreased and the elimination of cells increased with increasing cumulative dose. PMID- 6647775 TI - [Tryptophan fluorescence of erythrocyte ghosts following irradiation and Fe2+ initiation of lipid peroxidation]. AB - It was shown that under the effect of Fe2+-initiated lipid peroxidation and ionizing radiation tryptophan fluorescence parameters (i.e. intensity and polarization) were subjected to similar changes. Shortly (15 min) after irradiation no changes were observed in the level of products reacting with thiobarbituric acid. It is concluded that the process and products of lipid peroxidation do not markedly contribute to the postirradiation alteration of tryptophan fluorescence. At the same time additional postirradiation damages to proteins can be attributed to activation of lipid peroxidation. PMID- 6647776 TI - [Molecular mechanisms of the radioprotective action of benzothiadiazole derivatives]. AB - The analysis was made of the relationship between the radioprotective efficiency of substituted benzothiadiazoles and their electronic characteristics. The protective effect of these substances was shown to correlate with their ability to participate in the electron transfer. It was established that the protective effect comes into play via the formation of metal complexes in which benzothiadiazole molecules are ligands. The protective effect increases with increasing energy of complex ligation and diffusion motility of the radioprotector molecules. PMID- 6647777 TI - [Radioprotective effect of superoxide dismutase and a deuteroporphyrin-IX derivative on radiation-damaged mammalian cells]. AB - In experiments on SOC cells, using the methods of mathematical scheduling of experiment and the computer analysis of the results obtained it was shown that the radioprotective agents, superoxide dismutase and 2,4 di-(alpha methoxyethyl)deuteroporphyrine-IX, applied in a combination, produced an independent and additive effect on survival of irradiated cells. PMID- 6647778 TI - [Modeling the dose-effect relationship for cell populations exposed to ionizing radiation of differing quality]. AB - In simulating the reaction of an individual cell to the effect of a definite quantity of radiation energy, with due regard for a probability distribution of the energy absorbed among cells, we have obtained a formulae for the survival rate of the exposed population. It was shown that the formulae obtained can well describe the RBE, the oxygen effect and chemical modification of the cell response. PMID- 6647779 TI - [Change in the relative number of hematopoietic stem cells during long-term irradiation with different dose magnitudes]. AB - In this work a model is proposed describing inactivation of colony-forming haemopoietic stem cells as a function of time during long-term irradiation within a wide range of dose-rates (from 0.01 to 100 Gy/day). There was a good agreement between theoretical and experimental data on the number of stem cells altered by irradiation of mice within the indicated range of dose-rates. It was shown that specific rate of cell division increased and the duration of the mitotic cycle decreased (from 98 h to 7 h) with increasing dose-rate by 3, or more, orders. PMID- 6647780 TI - [Possibility of biological indication of radiation injury from the blood levels of deoxynucleosides and deoxynucleotides in combined radiation-mechanical injuries]. AB - A study was made of the dependence of a total content of deoxynucleosides and deoxynucleotides in blood serum and blood clot leukocytes upon radiation dose and time lapsed after radiation- and radiation-mechanical affection. It was established that after radiation-mechanical affection this dependence was different from that observed after the effect of radiation alone. From the analysis of the data obtained it was inferred that deoxynucleosides and deoxynucleotides could be used for biological indication of radiation damage in conditions of radiation-mechanical affection. PMID- 6647781 TI - [Radiation-induced binding of 2-amino-5,6-dihydro-1,3-4H-thiazine to DNA]. AB - A study was made of the nature of radiation--induced bonds between DNA and 2 amino-5,6-dehydro-4H-thiazine (2-ADT) having a radioprotective action. Using the gelfiltration method and 35S-2-ADT, it was shown that the amount of the radioprotector bound to DNA increased with radiation dose and did not depend on the postirradiation treatment with 3 M LiCl or 3 M urea. No marked binding was noted after mixing the separately exposed DNA and the protector. It is concluded that a covalent linkage of DNA and 2-ADT occurs, upon irradiation, via short living states of DNA and (or) the protector. PMID- 6647782 TI - [Unscheduled DNA synthesis during gamma-irradiation of human lymphocytes in the G1 stage]. AB - A study was made of the unscheduled synthesis of DNA in gamma-irradiated nuclei of human lymphocytes 10, 15 and 20 hr following PHA-stimulation. It was shown that the unscheduled DNA synthesis is a function of radiation dose and time after PHA-stimulation. PMID- 6647783 TI - [Change in the pH of Chinese hamster cells following irradiation with different doses]. AB - Changes in the intracellular pH cf Chinese hamster cells irradiated with different doses were investigated. Using the fluorescence method it was shown that irradiation of cultured cells with doses inducing reproductive death (2.5-20 Gy) caused a temporary shift of pH by 0.4-0.5 units toward the alkaline region. After a dose of 500 Gy, inducing interphase death of cells, the alkalization of the intracellular medium was more pronounced (greater than or equal to 8.0) and persisted for 1.5 h. PMID- 6647784 TI - [Effect of impulse laser radiation on the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in cancer cells]. AB - It was shown that laser irradiation with small doses stimulates the nucleic and protein syntheses in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Large doses, on the contrary, were shown to inhibit the nucleic acid and protein metabolism. The synthesis of DNA in tumour cells was more sensitive to laser radiation than that of RNA and proteins. The data obtained show some new mechanisms of the biological action of laser radiation. PMID- 6647785 TI - [Changes in the circadian rhythm of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system at lengthy intervals after irradiation]. AB - The disturbance of circadian rhythm of the hypophysis-adrenal system (e. g. the absence of an evening fall in the corticosterone content of blood) was observed 3, 6 and 12 months after irradiation of rats (1186 X 10(-4) Ci/kg). Similar changes were noted in the control group of animals of the same age after 6 and 12 months. In the exposed animals, however, these changes were more frequent. PMID- 6647786 TI - [Radiosensitivity of animals irradiated in different gaseous media. Effect of repeated short-term breathing of pure oxygen on radiosensitivity]. AB - Radioresistance of (C57Bl/6 X A/SnY)F1 and (BALB/c X BioCW/Y X CC57W X A/SnY)F2 female mice decreased after repeated (in 48 hr for 2 weeks) short-term (10-20 min) normal pressure oxygen breathing. Repeated 10-min exposures to pure oxygen had a negative effect on the course of the bone-marrow and intestinal forms of acute radiation sickness. PMID- 6647788 TI - [Dosimetric and radiobiological characteristics of the radiation field from the reaction d(50 MeV)--Be]. AB - The rate of the total absorbed dose within a radiation field produced by the reaction of accelerated (up to 50 MeV) deuterons with a thick beryllium target has been determined and the uniformity of the dose field studied. LD50/30 for C57Bl mice has been evaluated in a mixed gamma/neutron field. PMID- 6647787 TI - [Changes in mouse skin at early and late intervals after exposure to roentgen radiation and accelerated helium ions]. AB - A study was made of the effect of X-radiation and accelerated helium ions, in different doses, on mouse skin. The RBE coefficient of helium ions was 1.3 with regard to skin changes observed at early times and 3.5 months after irradiation. PMID- 6647789 TI - Quality assurance of fluorographic camera systems. PMID- 6647790 TI - The committee: a plain person's guide to our democratic system. PMID- 6647791 TI - The internal spermatic vein: demonstration and embolisation. PMID- 6647792 TI - Is the present system of training radiography teachers satisfactory?--2. PMID- 6647793 TI - [Prevention of postoperative and wound complications--a promising direction of radiotherapy of nontumorous diseases]. PMID- 6647794 TI - [Blood serum protein fractions in patients with stomach cancers at different sites following preoperative radiotherapy]. PMID- 6647795 TI - [A system for the production and use of screens for the irradiation of irregularly defined fields]. PMID- 6647796 TI - Metastases and causes of death in breast cancer. PMID- 6647797 TI - [Glycosidase activity measured in tumor tissue. The N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAFA) activity of breast fibroadenomas in relation to the stage of tumor development]. PMID- 6647798 TI - [Enzymes and isoenzymes as tumor markers]. PMID- 6647799 TI - [Tolerance induction by passage of the antigen with tumor cells]. PMID- 6647800 TI - [Significance and task requirements of enzymatic diagnosis in radiotherapy of tumor diseases]. PMID- 6647801 TI - Chemical modification of radiation induced changes in erythroid cells of mouse bone marrow. PMID- 6647802 TI - [Serum enzyme levels following fractionated thorax irradiation in an animal experiment with young male pigs (preliminary report)]. PMID- 6647803 TI - [Comparison of the radiation burden of the hands caused by administration of technetium-99m by different injection technics]. PMID- 6647804 TI - [Change in 67Ga distribution in healthy and tumor bearing mice following administration of different amounts of iron(III)-citrate]. PMID- 6647805 TI - The production and use of cyclotron isotopes in Turku, Finnland. PMID- 6647806 TI - [Various problems in clinical radiology exemplified by the study of growth rate and regression of lung tumors]. PMID- 6647807 TI - Computation of radiotherapeutic three-dimensional dose distributions using a mini computer. PMID- 6647808 TI - [Goals and some results of our institute in the field of the biological effects of continuous irradiation]. PMID- 6647809 TI - [Current studies in the field of clinical radiobiology]. PMID- 6647810 TI - [Thyroid gland dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy]. PMID- 6647811 TI - [Vascular sling]. PMID- 6647812 TI - [Roentgen findings in coccidioidomycosis]. PMID- 6647813 TI - [Diagnosis of an internal hernia--hernia intersigmoidea]. PMID- 6647814 TI - [CT of acute and chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6647815 TI - [Experiences with hydrostatic reposition of juvenile intestinal invagination- improvement of results with atropine premedication]. PMID- 6647816 TI - [A persistent error: osteochondrosis ischipubica]. PMID- 6647817 TI - [Use of direct roentgen enlargement technic in the diagnosis of pathologic bone changes]. PMID- 6647818 TI - [Effect of roentgen contrast media on immunity]. PMID- 6647820 TI - [A form of the ulcer niche]. PMID- 6647819 TI - Primary retroperitoneal teratoma in adult age. PMID- 6647821 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis of experimental allergic bronchoalveolitis]. PMID- 6647822 TI - [Quantitative CT evaluation using the histogram and its limits]. PMID- 6647823 TI - [Technical equipment of the roentgen department]. PMID- 6647824 TI - [Diagnostic significance of nuclear medicine determination of extravascular lung water]. PMID- 6647825 TI - Communication skills for the radiologic technologist. AB - Total patient care during radiologic procedures necessitates treating the whole person rather than just the area of concern. A holistic approach begins with effective communication between the patient and the technologist. This article clarifies the impact of different types of conscious and unconscious communication. Holistic patient care is facilitated by examining congruent verbal and nonverbal messages. PMID- 6647826 TI - The application of blurred undersubtraction in polytomography. AB - Over the years many methods have been tried to enhance an image for clinical diagnosis. One method, blurred undersubtraction, has involved filtering out the low frequency information and leaving the high frequency information. Presented here is a protocol outlining the use of blurred undersubtraction as it is applied to selected polytomographic studies. PMID- 6647827 TI - Simple modification of a radiation therapy table for portal film radiographs. AB - By the simple modification of one type of radiation therapy treatment couch, one can save personnel and patient time. Portal films can be minimized, and field size treatment areas can be made more accurate and easier to reproduce. The cassette can be moved freely beneath the patient, and the table top can be utilized as a flat surface for dosimetry checks. PMID- 6647828 TI - Methods to assist the disadvantaged learner in radiologic technology. PMID- 6647829 TI - [How reliable is the diagnosis of spinal angiomas in the myelogram?]. AB - Using water-soluble contrast media for thoracic myelography vascular structures can be outlined within the subarachnoid space in about 30% as distinct and in another 30% as faint contrast filling defects. The localization corresponds to the results of anatomical studies demonstrating the largest vessels in the lower thoracic region and at the lumbar enlargement. The extreme variability of size and course of spinal cord vessels can cause difficulties in separating normal and angioma-like vascular pattern in myelographic examinations. Out of 100 unselected cervico-thoracic myelographies, examples of normal vascular patterns are given and compared to pathological findings of angiographically verified angiomatous malformations. The limitations of diagnostic reliability are given by anatomical factors like variability of vessel size or width of the subarachnoid space, by secondary spinal arachnitis or by the differentiation of cord tumours with vascular congestion. Furthermore, inadequate angiographic studies can result in misinterpretation of myelograms. In cases of negative arteriograms other affections leading to raised pressure in the azygos- or caval vein should be considered. PMID- 6647830 TI - [Diagnostic significance of brain tumor calcifications in the computerized tomogram]. AB - CT investigations of 783 cases of brain tumors, which were covered by histology, were checked with regard to frequency and configurations of calcifications. As expected the calcifications were detected more frequently by CT than by conventional radiology because of higher resolution. Most frequently calcifications were detected in craniopharyngeomas (72%) and in oligodendrogliomas (51%). The calcifications shown by CT can be changed by variation of technical parameters. Certain patterns of calcifications can be differentiated, if constant and best technical conditions are used. One single pattern cannot be specific. A homogeneous calcification of the tumor as a whole has been observed in meningeomas only. For other brain tumors calcifications are useful for the diagnosis, if localisation, density, and reaction of the surrounding tissue after injection of contrast medium and clinical data are known. PMID- 6647831 TI - [Neuroradiological follow-up studies of conservatively treated brain abscesses]. AB - Five cases of brain abscess were treated conservatively with antibiotics only. Possibilities and limitations of nonsurgical cure of focal intracranial infections are discussed. Different formation of brain abscess during conservative management are shown with the aid of serial computer tomography. The value of non-invasive CT follow-up studies is compared with other conventional neuroradiological investigations. PMID- 6647832 TI - [Demonstration of cerebral complications in internal diseases and in drug therapy by computerized tomography]. AB - If the central nervous system is affected in internal diseases or during drug therapy accompanied by lesions within the cerebral tissue, there will be normally found changes in cranial computed tomography. 14% of our cranial scans have been done of patients from internal wards. Among these patients 10 cases have been elected to review the typical findings. In particular neurological complications are described in cardio-vascular and hematological diseases, in insufficiency of liver and kidney as well as in therapy with anticoagulants, fibrinolytics and cytostatics. PMID- 6647833 TI - [Cerebral complications in late gestoses. CT demonstration]. AB - Examples of localized brain edema and morphological changes, which are complications of late gestoses, are demonstrated by CT. Coordination and relation to clinical findings are discussed, involution by therapy is described. PMID- 6647834 TI - [Metatypical basaloma. A case report]. AB - Report of a female patient with a so-called metatypical carcinoma of big size causing destruction of the facial skull and penetration into the cerebral frontal lobe. After classification of the metatypical carcinoma into the group of basalioma tumors similar computertomographic patterns of different origin are pointed out. PMID- 6647835 TI - [Radiologic diagnosis of malignant peripheral soft tissue tumors]. AB - In malignant soft-tissue tumors of the extremities the radiologist is asked to define size and extent of the lesion and it's relationship to adjacent structures. The assessment of the nature of the lesion is of utmost importance, however, the contribution of the different imaging modalities varies considerably. In a review article the current roles of conventional radiography, xeroradiography, real-time ultrasonography, computed tomography and arteriography in the diagnostic workup of malignant soft-tissue tumors of the extremities are discussed. The statements made are based upon own comparative studies as well as on a review of the literature. In the assessment of the nature of a soft-tissue mass the contribution of all radiologic imaging methods is rather limited, although arteriography may add valuable information if performed complementary to CT. Real-time ultrasonography is well suited to define size, location and extent of peripheral soft-tissue masses. It is therefore recommended as the first imaging method and for follow-up studies. Equivocal findings by real-time sonography and new cases for treatment planning must be confirmed by computed tomography which proved to be the most reliable and the best reproducible imaging method for soft-tissue tumors of the extremities. PMID- 6647836 TI - [Value of computer tomography in the diagnosis of tumors and inflammatory changes in the pelvis]. AB - Report of an investigative study concerning 33 patients suffering from tumors and inflammatory lesions of the pelvis examined by computed tomography. These findings have been compared with the results of conventional radiologic techniques. For many reasons CT of the pelvis shows considerable advantages to all other diagnostic radiologic methods. Therefore CT evaluation is now a standard method before and after surgery. PMID- 6647837 TI - Diagnostic value of CT scanning in neuromuscular diseases. AB - The diagnosis of myopathies has become easier since the CT technique is available. In this article the possibilities of CT for diagnostic procedures of neuromuscular diseases are pointed out. Density measurements increase differentiation of atrophy or hypertrophy of muscles as well as other pathological changes. PMID- 6647838 TI - [Tumor-like bursal calcifications due to uncontrollable hyperphosphatemia in chronic hemodialysis. Case report]. AB - The most important factor that appears to be associated with soft-tissue calcifications in uremics is the increase of serum-phosphate levels, especially if the calcium-phosphate product exceeds the value of 75 (concentrations in mg/dl) [6]. In contrast to previous years tumoral paraarticular calcinosis is now rarely seen because much more attention has been paid to the prevention of hyperphosphatemia and because of pharmacological improvement of phosphate binding agents. Therefore, the level of serum phosphate in hemodialysed patients primarily depends on the patients adherence to the low phosphate diet and compliance with the phosphate binding therapy [4, 8]. We want to report of a patient on chronic intermittent hemodialysis who developed tremendous paraarticular soft tissue calcifications during a short period of time due to uncontrolled hyperphosphatemia despite correct intake of phosphate binding compounds. PMID- 6647839 TI - Pleural calcification with persistent effusion. AB - Chronic persistent pleural effusions were observed in 22 out of 140 patients with calcification involving the parietal and visceral pleurae. If no effusion is present, the two adjacent calcified pleurae may adhere together; and conversely, in the presence of fluid the pleural layers are separated, producing more than one linear density on the radiograph. Pleural thickening can exceed 2 cm. In patients with calcified fibrothorax, the calcified parietal pleura is separated from the inner thoracic wall by fat whether an effusion is present or not. The value of CT and sonography in the detection of persistent effusions is discussed. PMID- 6647840 TI - Postendoscopy barium enema examinations. AB - A study was designed to evaluate whether sigmoidoscopy performed on the same day as barium enema examination interferes with quality or interpretation of the barium study. The study included 295 patients who had either single- or double contrast barium enema examinations subsequent to sigmoidoscopy performed either on a prior day or the same day. Luminal air, spasm, colonic fluid, and mucosal coating were assessed, as was the resultant diagnostic quality of each barium examination. The results suggest that rigid or fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy can be performed the same day as single- or double-contrast barium enema examinations without adversely affecting the quality or interpretation of the barium study. PMID- 6647841 TI - Urachal abnormalities in the adult. AB - A spectrum of rare urachal abnormalities in the adult is described, including urachal cyst, infected urachal cyst and abscess, and urachal carcinoma. The clinical and radiographic features are presented, and diagnosis using ultrasound, computed tomography, and needle aspiration is discussed. Treatment of infected urachal cysts with percutaneous catheter drainage is described. PMID- 6647842 TI - Perirenal fat infiltration by hemorrhage: radiographic recognition and CT confirmation. AB - In a review of the abdominal radiographs of 82 patients with renal trauma and hemorrhage, perirenal fat infiltration occurred in 12 and was manifested by a streaked and mottled density of the fat envelope. Computed tomographic studies confirmed that the radiographic changes resulted from blood penetrating the fat and coating the inner surface of the renal fascia. Although perirenal fat infiltration by hemorrhage is an uncommon finding in renal laceration, it may serve as confirmatory evidence when other diagnostic signs are present. PMID- 6647843 TI - The two-eyed Scotty dog: a normal anatomic variant. AB - An example of the "two-eyed Scotty dog," seen on the oblique radiograph of the lumbar spine, is presented. The second eye is created by a prominent mammillary process. PMID- 6647844 TI - The diameter of the inferior vena cava and its implications for the use of vena caval filters. AB - Inferior vena caval diameters were measured in 65 patients with Kimray-Greenfield (KG) inferior vena caval filters. The measurements were made at the distal tips of the filter tines on postplacement radiographs. Magnification corrections were made using the filter tine lengths as references. The overall mean diameter was 20 mm, the range was 13 to 30 mm, and the standard deviation was 3 mm. Two cavae (3%) were more than 28 mm in diameter. A previous in vitro study has shown that in venae cavae of this size there is a significant risk of reduced clot-capturing ability with the KG filter and migration with the Mobin-Uddin filter. Thus it is important to evaluate vena caval diameter by cavography prior to filter placement. PMID- 6647845 TI - The neonatal cisterna magna: ultrasonic evaluation. AB - The normal topography of the region of the cisterna magna can be delineated by cranial ultrasound in neonates. Evaluation of this region requires ultrasonic imaging of the echodense occipital bone and the inferior vermis, as well as approximation of the plane of the foramen magnum. It also requires imaging of the anechoic cisterna magna and fastigium of the fourth ventricle. In order to appreciate subtle alterations in size and/or position of these structures, standardized measurements for the midsagittal height of the cisterna magna and the distance of the fastigium of the fourth ventricle from the plane of the foramen magnum were established. Normal values established by measurement in 59 patients were cisterna magna 4.52 +/- 1.29 mm and fastigium of the fourth ventricle 16.05 +/- 3.03 mm. These dimensions were demonstrated to be abnormally increased in posterior fossa arachnoid cysts, Dandy-Walker syndrome, and hydrocephalus. PMID- 6647846 TI - Intracranial hemorrhage: late onset in the preterm neonate. AB - Neonatal intracranial hemorrhages usually occur during the first week of life. Late intracranial hemorrhages have rarely been reported. Seventeen infants were identified whose hemorrhages occurred after the first postpartum week. The latest hemorrhage occurred eight weeks postpartum. Most of the hemorrhages were small and restricted to the region of the germinal matrix. Sixteen of the infants were premature, with an estimated postconceptual age at the time of hemorrhage of 33 weeks or less. PMID- 6647847 TI - Childhood diskitis: computed tomographic findings. AB - The spectrum of computed tomographic findings in seven children with diskitis is reported. Paravertebral inflammatory masses, intraspinal (epidural) soft-tissue extension with thecal sac deformity, and psoas involvement with abscess were demonstrated in 7/7, 6/7, and 1/7 patients, respectively. Plain radiographic findings of disk space narrowing and vertebral end-plate destruction were confirmed by CT in all cases. Follow-up CT in two patients revealed persistent bone destruction despite resolution of soft-tissue inflammation and clinical abnormalities. CT proved most useful in the diagnosis of early and atypical cases. The CT spectrum of childhood diskitis may simulate other diseases, including neoplasm, tuberculosis, and disk herniation. While CT is not routinely indicated in typical childhood diskitis, it may confirm the diagnosis in those patients with atypical clinical presentation or nonspecific plain radiographs, and exclude other lesions in patients unresponsive to routine treatment. PMID- 6647848 TI - Brainstem and related structures: normal CT anatomy using direct longitudinal scanning with metrizamide cisternography. AB - A method for direct longitudinal imaging of the cisternal spaces surrounding the brainstem and related structures by CT was developed for use with metrizamide. Multiple 1.5-mm or 5-mm sections were obtained at a 70 degrees angle to the anthropologic baseline, allowing excellent visualization of the brainstem, the cranial nerves, the parasellar structures, and the cerebellum. Thin section, high resolution CT scans of a formalin-fixed normal cadaver head were obtained, and the specimen was then dissected in the same tomographic plane for correlation with normal anatomy. The technique described produces a simple, highly accurate evaluation of the normal and pathologic anatomy of the brainstem and adjacent structures. The method of study allows for visualization of structures and relationships previously unattainable by any other clinical radiographic imaging technique. PMID- 6647849 TI - Wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract region of the brain stem: demonstration by computed tomography. AB - Pathophysiological and CT aspects of wallerian degeneration of the corticospinal tract in the brain stem were studied in patients with old hemispheric infarcts. There was found to be a clear relationship between (a) the location and size of the infarcts and (b) the presence or absence of wallerian degeneration. When most of the motor cortex is involved, degeneration can be seen at least as far as the mesencephalic level and sometimes down to the pontine level. Isolated capsular infarcts which spare the motor cortex are also associated with degeneration. No degeneration could be seen in patients with small infarcts. PMID- 6647850 TI - Intervertebral disk-space infection: CT changes. Work in progress. AB - Seven patients who had spinal interspace infections underwent clinical, laboratory, and radiographic examinations, and findings are reported. Lytic fragmentation of adjacent vertebral bodies is a characteristic appearance on CT scans. Sagittal-coronal reformations confirm the end-plate irregularity and establish the diagnosis. Since the changes of diskitis are delayed and often obscured by accompanying degenerative disease on plain radiographs, CT appears to offer a diagnostic modality that shortens the usual delay from onset of symptoms to diagnosis. PMID- 6647851 TI - Lacrimal gland and fossa masses: evaluation by computed tomography and A-mode echography. AB - Although masses of the lacrimal gland and fossa are accurately localized by CT, their appearances are often similar making differentiation between various pathological entities difficult. We examined 32 patients with CT and/or standardized A-mode echography (SAE) to determine if SAE added significant information to that supplied by CT alone. Other than five cases of dermoid cysts, which were fat containing, and one case of lacrimal gland pseudotumor, which had associated uveal scleral thickening and enhancement, there was no specific CT pattern that allowed a definite diagnosis. SAE reflectivity patterns, however, allowed separation of masses into the following categories: pseudotumor/lymphoma, carcinoma/metastasis, benign mixed adenoma, lymphangioma, and dermoid cyst. We conclude that SAE is an important adjunct to CT in the diagnosis of lacrimal gland/fossa masses that are not fat containing. PMID- 6647852 TI - Pleural tuberculosis evaluated by computed tomography. AB - Twenty-four cases of pleural tuberculosis (20 active and 4 inactive) were studied with computed tomography (CT). In 14 patients with proved acute tuberculous pleurisy, CT improved diagnostic accuracy by demonstrating small areas of cavitation not apparent on the chest radiograph and by detecting or confirming lymphadenopathy. In 10 patients with chronic tuberculous pleural disease, CT differentiated active from inactive infection by detecting a collection of fluid within the pleural rind. In both groups, CT also demonstrated complications such as bronchopleural fistula and involvement of the chest wall. CT can be beneficial in such cases because of its ability to show the pleural surfaces in transverse section, discriminate parenchymal from pleural disease, and quantify tissue density. PMID- 6647853 TI - A standard phantom for quantitative CT analysis of pulmonary nodules. AB - The CT density of the same pulmonary nodule can vary significantly between scanners or with the same scanner because several independent factors besides partial volume averaging can affect its determination. Hence a single CT number cannot be used to distinguish calcified from noncalcified nodules, ruling out direct extrapolation of quantitative data between scanners. The authors designed a phantom that simulates CT measurements in patients and permits comparison of CT density of each nodule with a physical standard derived from clinical experience. Tests on 35 patients using a GE 8800 showed that no malignant nodules and 65% of benign lesions were more dense than the phantom nodule. This method is independent of inter- and intra-scanner variation and facilitates standardized quantitative analysis of pulmonary nodules with current scanners. PMID- 6647854 TI - Myositis ossificans circumscripta: computed tomographic diagnosis. AB - Computed tomography was performed in five patients with myositis ossificans circumscripta. In three cases, and possibly four, CT scans obtained during the active stage of the pathologic process demonstrated findings that in general corresponded to the "zone phenomenon" seen on histology, although a distinct peripheral ring of ossification was not always present. In these patients, CT was useful in limiting the differential diagnosis and obviating surgery. In the fifth patient, with long-standing myositis ossificans, CT showed complete ossification indicative of the mature phase of the pathologic process and was helpful in planning surgical resection. PMID- 6647855 TI - Muscle atrophy in ankylosing spondylitis: CT demonstration. AB - The CT demonstration of gross atrophy of the posterior spinal muscles and the left psoas muscle in a patient with chronic ankylosing spondylitis is reported. The muscle atrophy appeared to be related to gross total ankylosis of the thoracic and lumbar spine and severe unilateral involvement of the left hip joint. This observation suggests a relationship between muscle atrophy, spinal fixation, and reduced joint mobility. PMID- 6647856 TI - Cavernous hemangiomas of the liver studied by ultrasound. Enhancement posterior to a hyperechoic mass as a sign of hypervascularity. AB - Thirty-seven hyperechoic cavernous hemangiomas of the liver were investigated by sonography and angiography. Posterior enhancement of a hyperechoic mass on sonography was correlated with hypervascularity on angiography. Such enhancement was noted in 76.5% of cases and in all angiomas larger than 25 mm in diameter. PMID- 6647857 TI - Pheochromocytoma invasion of the inferior vena cava: sonographic evaluation. AB - Two cases of pheochromocytoma that invaded the inferior vena cava are reported. The significance of this finding in regard to the malignant potential of the tumor and the role of sonography in the evaluation of intracaval tumor are discussed. PMID- 6647858 TI - Sonographically guided percutaneous cholecystostomy performed in dogs and pigs. AB - An ultrasound-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy was attempted in six dogs and seven pigs. The pig was a more suitable laboratory animal since the biliary anatomy of swine is similar to that of humans; the anteriorly located gallbladder was ideal for puncture. Use of a single-stick catheter was preferable to a guidewire exchange technique. PMID- 6647859 TI - Percutaneous cholecystostomy for entry into the canine gallbladder and common bile duct. AB - Interventional postoperative manipulation of the common bile duct is usually performed for removal of retained calculi via T-tube or surgical cholecystostomy tracks. The removal of foreign bodies from the gallbladder and common bile duct in dogs via cholecystostomy tracks using interventional radiology techniques is described as an alternative to surgery. PMID- 6647860 TI - Bile cytology. A routine addition to percutaneous biliary drainage. AB - Exfoliative cytology of bile aspirated from percutaneously placed combined external/internal biliary drainage catheters yielded positive results in 34% of 100 cases. There were no false-positive results. Bile cytology is a simple, inexpensive, and useful method which can establish a diagnosis of malignant biliary obstruction after catheter decompression. PMID- 6647861 TI - Compensation filtration for decubitus radiography during double-contrast barium enema examinations. AB - Lateral decubitus images obtained during double-contrast barium enema examinations may be difficult to interpret because of the large difference in density between the various parts of the radiographs. Several types of filters are described which can be used to rectify this problem, thus improving the quality of the decubitus radiographs and achieving a slight reduction in radiation exposure. PMID- 6647862 TI - Cervical and lumbar metrizamide myelography. Split-dose technique. AB - Good- or excellent-quality cervical and lumbar myelograms may be obtained without exceeding the maximum recommended dose of metrizamide and without using special equipment. With the patient's head down, highly concentrated metrizamide was injected via the lumbar approach to opacify the cervical subarachnoid space. Later, with the patient's head up, additional contrast media was used to opacify the lumbar subarachnoid space. Excellent or good cervical and lumbar myelograms were obtained in 18 of 21 instances. PMID- 6647863 TI - Cervical metrizamide myelography via a C1-2 puncture for patients in a seated position. AB - A patient who cannot lie prone for myelography can be strapped to a pneumoencephalographic chair and rotated from an upright to supine position. Cervical lordosis is maintained and contrast material can be pooled in the cervical region or thoracic spinal canal. PMID- 6647864 TI - Communication device for patients undergoing nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. AB - A simple, inexpensive device that permits a patient within a nuclear magnetic resonance scanner to request assistance is described. The device has no metal parts within the scan field that might impair image quality. PMID- 6647865 TI - Re: Lateral C1-2 puncture for cervical myelography. PMID- 6647866 TI - Re: Prenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal hydronephrosis: how realistic? PMID- 6647867 TI - Re: Radiopaque liposomes for imaging of the spleen and liver. PMID- 6647868 TI - Nutrition and performance. PMID- 6647869 TI - Some generalizations about nutrition and performance. PMID- 6647870 TI - Influence of treatment with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor or progesterone on cytotoxic activity and progesterone binding capacity of lymphocytes during pregnancy. AB - Cytotoxic activity and progesterone binding capacity of lymphocytes obtained from women with threatened preterm labour were tested before and during treatment with acetylsalicylic acid or 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. Cytotoxic activity of the lymphocytes significantly decreased (p less than 0.001), while progesterone binding capacity significantly increased (p less than 0.001) following the introduction of the treatments. No changes in these parameters were observed on lymphocytes of untreated women. Preterm delivery occurred more frequently among untreated women than among women treated with acetylsalicylic acid (p less than 0.01) or those treated with 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (p less than 0.05). PMID- 6647871 TI - Evidence against a PGF4a prostaglandin structure in trout tissue--a correction. AB - Analysis of the oxygenated products generated from docosahexaenoic acid by trout gill tissue and reinterpretation of the mass spectrum of the proposed novel prostanoid indicate that the compounds identified as n-3 prostaglandins are trihydroxylated derivatives of the precursor polyunsaturated fatty acids. PMID- 6647872 TI - [Studies on the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the hair cycle in guinea pigs]. PMID- 6647873 TI - [Atopic dermatitis. I. Clinical aspects]. PMID- 6647874 TI - [Allergy to perfumes]. PMID- 6647875 TI - [Epidemiological aspects of animal and human dermatomycoses]. PMID- 6647876 TI - [Cutaneous tuberculosis 1946-1981 according to the data of the Dermatological Clinic in Poznan]. PMID- 6647877 TI - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of preventive serological studies in the control of syphilis in the Bialystok district 1975-1981]. PMID- 6647878 TI - [Relation between alcohol abuse and the prevalence of sexually-transmitted diseases]. PMID- 6647880 TI - [Onto- and phylogenesis of the affect system and its relation to psychiatric disorders]. PMID- 6647879 TI - [Incidence of gonorrhea and syphilis among persons with alcohol dependence]. PMID- 6647881 TI - [Modernization of behavior therapy. Progress of the "cognitive turn" as regression to ego-psychology?]. PMID- 6647882 TI - [Psychotropic effects of antiepileptic drugs]. AB - Today the rank taken by antiepileptic drugs in the complex conditional fabric of mental disorders in epilepsies is well known. There are direct as well as indirect psychotropic effects caused by medication quite independent of other disorders which epilepsy based on or correlated with. It is of particular practical significance to control the concentration of drugs and their metabolic interactions by means of plasma levels which has nothing to do with a 'therapy of plasma levels'. The significance of plasma concentration, however, is becoming more and more evident. There exist today several antiepileptic drugs, meanwhile well researched and properly applied, which achieve, in terms of frequency and intensity, that progressively less mental disorders develop, establish or become chronic. PMID- 6647883 TI - [Psychiatric consultation service in a large medical clinic: evaluation over a 3 year period]. AB - The report is based on 1,165 medical inpatients seen by the consultant psychiatrist within a 3-year period. During the last year evaluated for this study psychiatric consultation was requested for 2.8% of the total non psychiatric hospital admissions. Questions to the consultant are most often referred to psychogenic factors, depression and suicidality. The most frequent psychiatric diagnosis was neuroses/reactions/ personality disorders followed by suicidality, organic psychoses, psychosomatic illnesses, endogenous psychoses, somatopsychic syndromes and addictions. Further details and problems in psychiatric consultation are discussed. PMID- 6647884 TI - Cerebral malignancy in psychiatry: EEG aspects. AB - The prevalence of cerebral malignancy in psychiatric patients is investigated in our own clinical material and compared with literature data. The importance of cellular type and localization of the lesion is checked and related to clinical symptoms such as seizures and psychopathological symptoms. The recognition of cerebral malignancy in psychiatric patients, especially in the early stages when few or no neurological signs are present, is shown to be a complex clinical problem. The possibilities and restrictions of technical investigations in general and of the EEG in particular are stressed. PMID- 6647885 TI - [Problems in the establishment of psychopathologic terms. A contribution to the conceptual classification of functional cerebral psychosyndromes]. AB - Numerous terms commonly used in psychiatry show a lack of preciseness and logical consistency. This results in an obscuration of the objects under observation and generates fictitious problems which function as a source of permanent confusion. The reasons for this are analyzed and exemplified with respect to organic psychoses. PMID- 6647886 TI - [Solitary confinement as risk factor for psychiatric hospitalization]. AB - The subjects of this study are prisoners who were hospitalized from custody in a psychiatric clinic. All of such patients of one psychiatric clinic during the period from 1976 till 1978 were compared with a random sample of other psychiatric patients using case reports and other data. Differences were found concerning social, personal, psychiatric, and criminal history as well as psychopathological state and diagnosis. Compared to the complete population of prisoners of the area, prisoners from solitary confinement (mostly remanding custody) were overrepresented. Other risk factors for psychiatric hospitalization of prisoners are described. The results are discussed from prophylactic, therapeutic, and humanitarian points of view. PMID- 6647887 TI - [Phenomenology of abnormal body perceptions]. AB - The present paper deals with the problematic nature of the phenomenological grasping of the consciousness of the body and its pathological modifications. The reasoning is oriented by the doctrine of Husserl of the so-called sentiments as the fundamentals of the experience of the own body. This basic approach does not only seem to be basically for a psychology of the consciousness of the body, but also to give the theoretical-conceptual structure for a great number of psychopathological modifications. Subsequent to a criticism of the conventional use of the term 'hallucination of the body' we attempt to chart elements of a scheme of the abnormal consciousness of the body. PMID- 6647888 TI - [Family picture studies in patients with paranoid psychoses]. AB - Among the first-degree relatives of 77 patients with delusional functional psychoses the authors found 13 schizophrenics (3.10%), 8 manic-depressives (1.91%) and 14 cases with atypical psychoses (3.34%), following ICD-9 criteria. These figures were compared with the figures in the literature on the genetics of paranoid schizophrenics and nonschizophrenic paranoids, regarding the different composition of the samples. Subdivision of the original 77 patients, using the concept of the axial syndromes, was able to form two homogeneous subgroups of first-degree relatives: one with a schizophrenia prevalence of 6.52% (uncorrected) and without any manic-depressive secondary cases (endogenomorphic schizophrenic axial syndrome) and another with a manic-depressive illness (MDI) prevalence of 6.58% (uncorrected) without any secondary cases with schizophrenia or atypical psychosis. The first-degree relatives of the patients with an 'organomorphic' axial syndrome (usually excluded in other studies) had an increased rate of manic-depressive secondary cases (3.57%, uncorrected) and the highest rate of atypical psychosis (7.14%) without any schizophrenics, according to the etiopathogenetic heterogeneity of this group. 37 of the 77 patients were not assignable to any of the axial syndromes. In the first-degree relatives of these patients--best comparable to Kendler's criteria for 'delusional disorder'- an increased rate of schizophrenics and atypical psychoses was found (3.59 and 3.08%, uncorrected); the figures for MDI were within normal limits. Our results suggest that the axial syndromes are a useful diagnostic instrument in identifying--from the genetic standpoint--in part very homogeneous subgroups. This allows the conclusion that they are indicators for hypothetical basic disturbances. PMID- 6647889 TI - The effect of atropine on bombesin and gastrin releasing peptide stimulated gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide and neurotensin release in man. AB - The effects of 1-h infusions of bombesin and gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) at 50 pmol/kg per h and neurotensin at 100 pmol/kg per h on gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and neurotensin release in man were determined following either saline or atropine infusion (20 micrograms/kg). Bombesin produced a rise in plasma neurotensin from 32 +/- 6 to 61 +/- 19 pmol/l and of PP from 26 +/- 8 to 36 +/- 7 pmol/l. There was a further rise of plasma PP to 50 +/- 13 pmol/l after cessation of the infusion. GRP had no significant effect on plasma neurotensin, but compared to bombesin, produced a significantly greater rise in plasma PP from 34 +/- 6 to 66 +/- 19 pmol/l during infusion. There was no post-infusional increase. At this dose, GRP was as effective as bombesin in releasing gastrin, although unlike bombesin its effect was enhanced by atropine. Neurotensin produced a rise in plasma PP from 17 +/- 4 to 38 +/- 8 pmol/l. Atropine blocked the release of PP during GRP and neurotensin infusion. Atropine had no effect on neurotensin or PP release during bombesin infusion, but did block the rise in plasma PP following bombesin infusion. We conclude that, in contrast to meal stimulated neurotensin release, bombesin-stimulated neurotensin release is cholinergic independent. Despite structural homology, bombesin and GRP at the dose used are dissimilar in man in their actions and sensitivity to cholinergic blockade. PMID- 6647890 TI - Fasting and postprandial plasma GIP values in man measured with seven different antisera. AB - In the present study GIP was measured with seven different antisera in fasting and postprandial plasma samples from eight healthy subjects. The mean fasting plasma GIP values ranged from 12 to 92 pmol/l, and the mean postprandial GIP values from 35 to 235 pmol/l. All seven antisera recognized three molecular forms of GIP, and none showed any appreciable crossreactivity with other gastrointestinal peptides. However, a remarkable range in crossreactivity, from 78 to 8%, with C-terminal GIP was found. The most likely explanation for the great differences in plasma GIP values measured appears to be differences in crossreactivity with human GIP. PMID- 6647891 TI - [Diabetes mellitus and peripheral vasculopathy]. PMID- 6647892 TI - [Behavior of the arterial pressure in patients taking atenolol and propranolol under the influence of alcohol]. PMID- 6647893 TI - [Left auricular myxoma. Report of 4 cases]. PMID- 6647894 TI - [Determination of abnormal hemoglobins]. PMID- 6647895 TI - [Contractile response produced by an alcoholic extract of Allium sativum (garlic) on the tracheal rings of the guinea pig]. PMID- 6647897 TI - [How we teach anatomy. My experience in Ecuador and the United States]. PMID- 6647896 TI - [Effect of the acute and subchronic administration of cadmium acetate on carbohydrates metabolism in mice]. PMID- 6647898 TI - [Blood and cerebrospinal fluid levels of bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia]. AB - Blood and liquor concentrations of bupivacaine were followed in 20 patients after spinal injection of 15 mg bupivacaine-HCl or bupivacaine-CO2; determination of the local anaesthetic was done by gas chromatography. Whole-blood concentrations of bupivacaine for both formulations lay between 0.2 and 0.3 microgram/ml. Two min after intrathecal administration of 15 mg bupivacaine, liquor concentrations averaged around 600 micrograms/ml, i.e., the precipitation threshold was not reached. Concentrations of individual patients, however, indicated that considerably higher concentrations can be attained; the possible reasons are discussed. Bupivacaine-CO2 represents a suitable preparation for spinal anesthesia, which, particularly with regard to blood levels, shows no disadvantages compared to bupivacaine-HCl. PMID- 6647899 TI - [pH and buffer capacity of cerebrospinal fluid after spinal anesthesia]. AB - In 20 patients, undergoing total hip or knee replacement, we studied pH and metabolic changes in the C.S.F. following spinal anaesthesia with two different mixtures of bupivacaine 0.5% and mepivacaine 4% hyperbaric. Our study was made with special regard to the early changes; therefore C.S.F. specimens were obtained at 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 min intervals and analyses of pH, pCO2, HCO3 and BE estimations were carried out immediately after each obtained sample. Our results showed a marked tendency towards acidosis and therefore do not comply with previous studies. The advantage of this fact is an improved stability of bupivacaine in C.S.F. PMID- 6647900 TI - [Position of the spinal cord and the depth of the peridural space as a function of spinal column kyphosis and age]. AB - A dry tap may occur when performing a spinal anaesthetic, especially when there is an extreme kyphosis. The puncture can be at normal level or higher. The reason for this is in our experience, excluding other known possibilities, is that spinal cord and the cauda equina come to lie dorsally against the dura. The cerebrospinal fluid is thereby displaced ventrally. This fact is especially important in anatomical length variations of the medulla spinalis. If all the causes for a dry tap are borne in mind then this can easily be prevented by a simple manoeuvre, which we describe in the text. PMID- 6647901 TI - [Fatal lung embolism following ischemia and peridural anesthesia]. AB - We report the case of a patient who died immediately following repair of a malleolar fracture. Post-mortem examination showed massive central and peripheral pulmonary artery thromboembolism. The possible causative role of peridural anaesthesia and/or ischaemic tourniquet technique are discussed. It is speculated that the combination of both techniques, but especially the last one, might be the provocative factor for such embolism in predisposed patients. PMID- 6647903 TI - [The Mancao cannula--a new system for the facilitation of peridural puncture]. AB - A cannula system for epidural puncture is presented, that has been developed in order to prevent the risk of dural puncture and nerve damage and allows the epidural catheter to be withdrawn without the risk of tearing or cutting off the end. The cannula system ("Mancao-cannula") consists of a sharp outer and a blunt inner needle with a lateral aperture. First experiences in 400 epidural anaesthesias using the Mancao cannula are reported. PMID- 6647902 TI - [Axillary blockade of the axillary plexus in children]. PMID- 6647904 TI - [Treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia of the newborn infant with submersion reflex]. PMID- 6647905 TI - [Adolescent development: survey of knowledge and attitudes among secondary school students]. PMID- 6647906 TI - [Psychomotor development of infants in day nurseries]. PMID- 6647907 TI - [Programmed sensory stimulation of infants in the low socioeconomic level]. PMID- 6647908 TI - [Pregnancy, delivery and newborn infants in adolescent mothers]. PMID- 6647909 TI - [Role of iron in infant nutrition. 2nd part]. PMID- 6647910 TI - [Urinary tract infection. Rules of the Nephrology Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics]. PMID- 6647911 TI - [Chronic renal insufficiency in children under 15]. PMID- 6647912 TI - [Foreign bodies in the lower airway]. PMID- 6647913 TI - [Serum copper concentration in newborn infants]. PMID- 6647914 TI - [Effects of ultrasound on embryonic tissue in vitro]. PMID- 6647915 TI - [Fluoride content of natural waters in Chile and recommendations for its supplementation]. PMID- 6647916 TI - [Pneumomediastinum and pneumothorax in measles]. PMID- 6647918 TI - [Birth weight and Apgar score 1982, report of trends]. PMID- 6647917 TI - [Purpura fulminans]. PMID- 6647919 TI - [Panoramic view of infant mortality in the 8th Region 1960-1980]. PMID- 6647921 TI - [Haptoglobin and hemopexin in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]. PMID- 6647920 TI - [Hepatic granulomatosis and fever of unknown origin. Study of 23 cases]. PMID- 6647922 TI - [High density lipoprotein-cholesterol in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6647923 TI - [Retroperitoneal tumors. Study of 65 cases and literature review]. PMID- 6647924 TI - [Chain length and degree of saturation of fatty acids of lipids in the rat. Differences according to origin]. PMID- 6647926 TI - [Clinico-biologic differences between the primary Sjogren syndrome and the one associated with other diseases. Retrospective study of 30 cases]. PMID- 6647925 TI - [Au198 gammagraphy in hepatic cirrhosis. Relation to clinical and biological parameters]. PMID- 6647927 TI - [Current perspective of peritoneal tuberculosis. Study of 26 patients]. PMID- 6647929 TI - [Hypothalamic plasma cell granuloma causing panhypopituitarism]. PMID- 6647928 TI - [Retroperitoneal fibroxanthogranuloma (Oberling's tumor)]. PMID- 6647930 TI - [Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia type II. Report of a new case and literature review]. PMID- 6647931 TI - [Sarcoidosis of the thyroid gland. Case report]. PMID- 6647932 TI - [Acute renal failure caused by carbon monoxide poisoning]. PMID- 6647933 TI - [Epithelial cancer of the ovary. Current perspectives (1)]. PMID- 6647934 TI - [Role of glucocorticoids in hypercalcemia]. PMID- 6647935 TI - [Herpes simplex encephalitis. Report of 5 cases and literature review]. PMID- 6647936 TI - [Tubule function in Wilson's disease]. PMID- 6647937 TI - [Serum levels of plasma ferritin in an alcoholic population]. PMID- 6647938 TI - [Peridural analgesia with morphine in pain caused by terminal cancer]. PMID- 6647939 TI - [Comparison of bone gammagraphy, radiology and alkaline phosphatases in the diagnosis of bone metastases]. PMID- 6647940 TI - [Juvenile Hodgkin's disease. Study of 65 cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 6647941 TI - [Features differentiating between gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemias (1). Clinical study]. PMID- 6647942 TI - [Clinical course of transferrin, blood iron, total iron-binding capacity and degree of saturation during the treatment of lymphoma]. PMID- 6647943 TI - [Eosinophilic fasciitis. Study of 2 patients]. PMID- 6647944 TI - [Differential diagnosis of upper mediastinal tumors and cysts in children. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6647945 TI - [Hypokalemic myopathy and metabolic alkalosis secondary to the topical application of 9-alpha-fluoroprednisolone]. PMID- 6647946 TI - [Pheochromocytoma of the organ of Zuckerkandl]. PMID- 6647947 TI - [Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and a febrile syndrome]. PMID- 6647948 TI - [Incidence of bovine tuberculosis and its relation to the health of the population of North Kivu (Zaire)]. PMID- 6647949 TI - [Bovine brucellosis in central Africa: VI. Identification and typing of isolated strains in Chad and Cameroon]. PMID- 6647951 TI - [The 3d spinal space, subdural or epiarachnoid space. Its application to the treatment of pain]. PMID- 6647950 TI - [Effect of ketamine on the catecholamine content of organs in the rat]. PMID- 6647952 TI - [Our experience in resuscitation in tetanus. Apropos of 125 cases]. PMID- 6647953 TI - [Comparative study among different general anesthesia technics for intra-ocular surgery]. PMID- 6647955 TI - [Teaching in cardiology]. PMID- 6647954 TI - [Acute intermittent porphyria and anesthesia: presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 6647956 TI - [Prospective study of the nephrotoxicity of iodized contrast in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization]. PMID- 6647957 TI - [Study of the distensibility of the right ventricle using pressure/volume curves]. PMID- 6647958 TI - [Development and prognosis of an infarct of the right ventricle]. PMID- 6647959 TI - [Early rupture of a xenograft bioprosthesis. Our experience in 26 implantations]. PMID- 6647960 TI - [Long-term follow-up study of mitral valve replacement for myxoid degeneration]. PMID- 6647961 TI - [Effect of verapamil on the induction and maintenance of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias]. PMID- 6647962 TI - [Immediate effects of intravenous amiodarone on supraventricular tachyarrhythmias]. PMID- 6647963 TI - [Intraoperative contrast echocardiography. A new method for detecting mitral valve incompetence in the surgery of congenital cardiopathies. Preliminary study]. PMID- 6647964 TI - [Hemodynamic effect of atrial stimulation in a patient with acute myocardial infarct of the right ventricle]. PMID- 6647965 TI - [Obstruction of the left coronary ostium after aortic and mitral valve replacement with the Bjork-Shiley prosthesis]. PMID- 6647966 TI - [Clinical study of surface recording of the electrical activity of the bundle of His]. PMID- 6647967 TI - [Chronic intra-His block in 2 cases of toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 6647968 TI - [Changes in water, glucose, and electrolyte transport in the rat intestine "in vivo" after intraluminal injection of loperamide and aspirin]. PMID- 6647969 TI - [Gastroduodenal ulcer perforation. Study of 2200 cases. 1]. PMID- 6647971 TI - [Predictability of pancreas cancer using multiple computerized correlations]. PMID- 6647970 TI - [Incidence of rectal cancer]. PMID- 6647972 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic approach in alveolar echinococcosis]. PMID- 6647973 TI - [Echography in the diagnosis of hepatic hydatidosis]. PMID- 6647974 TI - [Pheochromocytoma of the organ of Zuckerkandl]. PMID- 6647975 TI - [Mesenteric cysts. Report of 3 cases]. PMID- 6647976 TI - [Serous cysts of the liver: a new case]. PMID- 6647977 TI - [Gastric schwannoma: apropos of a case]. PMID- 6647978 TI - [Anular pancreas in the adult]. PMID- 6647979 TI - [Menetrier's disease. Current status. Presentation of a new case]. PMID- 6647980 TI - [Coarctation of the abdominal aorta--angiographic study]. PMID- 6647981 TI - [Diabetes and carpal tunnel syndrome. Review and report of 3 cases]. PMID- 6647983 TI - [Suicide in the Province of Cordoba]. PMID- 6647982 TI - [Cytochemical characteristics of the placenta of rats in culture media with various concentrations of glucose and galactose]. PMID- 6647984 TI - [Heart rate response to graduated physical effort in normal subjects]. PMID- 6647985 TI - [Mirizzi's operative cholangiography in Europe]. PMID- 6647986 TI - [Blood coagulation problems in long-term extracorporeal assistance for acute respiratory insufficiency]. PMID- 6647987 TI - Pharmacokinetics of intra-arterial chemotherapy. AB - Advanced or aggressive, but localised, malignancies can often be reduced to more curable proportions by the use of "basal chemotherapy", that is, using chemotherapy as the first mode of treatment, prior to definitive radiotherapy and/or surgical excision. In using anticancer agents, drug combinations, timing and methods of administration are employed which exploit differences between cancer cells and normal tissues and cells. One exploitable difference which is often overlooked is the fact that localised tumour is often supplied with blood by one artery; this can be cannulated so that the agents used can be delivered selectively in high concentration to the region containing the tumour. The advantage in delivering drugs regionally by intra-arterial infusion depends upon the size of the artery infused, the rate of excretion or detoxification of the agents used, the amount of the agent infused entering the tissues - especially from the first circulation, and especially the amount of agent entering the tissues which is biologically active against tumour cells. Taking all these factors into account, mathematical calculations indicated that under the worst possible circumstances infusion of anticancer agents intra-arterially should be at least 1.8 times more effective regionally than intravenous administration. In most situations and with most agents used the advantage would be significantly greater than this. These calculations are supported by evidence in the literature and by observations of a greater regional effect, albeit toxic, of intra-arterial administration of the agents. These effects include more pronounced loss of hair in the region of distribution of the artery infused, and increased skin and mucosal ulceration in the distribution of the artery infused. The disadvantage of using intra-arterial infusion delivery is the need for hospitalisation. Therefore, properly controlled, randomised clinical trials should be conducted to compare clinical results of intra-arterial and intravenous chemotherapy administration. PMID- 6647988 TI - Vascular perfusion in cancer therapy. PMID- 6647989 TI - Anesthesia for isolated liver perfusion in man. PMID- 6647990 TI - Kinetics of methotrexate, dacarbazine and 5-fluorouracil during isolated liver perfusion. PMID- 6647991 TI - Clinical experience in the use of intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy in the treatment of cancers in the head and neck, the extremities, the breast and the stomach. PMID- 6647992 TI - Intra-arterial infusion therapy for pulmonary tumours. AB - On a total of 47 patients with pulmonary tumours (45 carcinomas and two pulmonary sarcomas) intra-arterial infusion therapy was performed via the bronchial artery (34 cases), the pulmonary artery (11 cases), the internal thoracic artery (1 case) and the intercostal artery (1 case). Cytostatic drugs were given to 43 patients (mainly in the form of single-drug therapy) and four patients received a preparation of proteolytic enzymes. In the majority of cases (34 of 47 patients) intra-arterial therapy was followed by intravenous cytostatic treatment. We can evaluate the effect of the intra-arterial therapy on the basis of the number and extent of tumour remissions, as well as of acute or subacute side effects. Effects over longer period and the survival times of patients can only be evaluated to a limited extent. We observed one complete tumour remission, five partial remissions (size of tumour reduced by more than 50%) and eight minor remissions (reduction by less than 50%); in 18 cases there was no measurable change in the tumour and in nine cases progression was observed (six cases cannot be evaluated.) Complete or partial remissions were observed only after treatment via the bronchial artery and after cytostatic therapy. These tumours were rather poorly vascularised and remissions occurred irrespective of cell type. There are certain indications that intra-arterial chemotherapy may be superior to equivalent intravenous chemotherapy, but the evidence so far available is not conclusive. PMID- 6647993 TI - Infusion chemotherapy in inoperable pancreatic carcinoma. PMID- 6647994 TI - Scintigraphic documentation of lymph drainage of cutaneous tumours. AB - A method of lymphoscintigraphy is described which provides additional diagnostic information, of particular value prior to surgery for the removal of cutaneous tumours. The technique demonstrates the individual physiology of the lymphatic drainage system from a particular region of the skin. However, it is not the aim of the method to diagnose possible lymph node metastases. PMID- 6647995 TI - Intracarotid artery infusion of DTIC for invasive maxillofacial melanoma. AB - Five inoperable invasive cases of malignant melanoma of the maxillofacial region were treated with seven intracarotid artery infusions of DTIC. Total doses of 3.5 9.5 g of DTIC were continuously administered for 15-25 days. Two of the five patients experienced transient objective regression after the first DTIC infusion but not after the second. Three patients were operated on after infusion and only one had recurrence. However, all patients died with disseminated disease within 3 years after DTIC infusion. Toxicity was encountered in two of seven infusions; it consisted in reversible leukopenia plus thrombopenia and leukopenia alone. These patients had received the highest doses, 9.5 g/25 days and 8 g/20 days respectively. It is concluded that intra-arterial infusion of DTIC can be temporarily effective in the polydisciplinary treatment of invasive head and neck melanomas. PMID- 6647997 TI - A special method of intra-arterial infusion for treatment of head and neck cancer. AB - Immediately after radical neck dissection the external carotid artery is lengthened by an autogenic saphenous vein graft and sutured more proximally to the common carotid artery. All branches of the external carotid artery not contributing to the blood supply in the tumor region are ligated. After the wound has healed, the vascular graft will be easily palpable and can be punctured repeatedly for highly selective intra-arterial chemotherapy of the inoperable primary tumor for a prolonged period of time. The method seems to be practicable, innocuous, and more effective than conventional methods of intra-arterial chemotherapy for head and neck cancer. PMID- 6647996 TI - Combined multimodality (surgery, radiotherapy, intra-arterial chemotherapy) treatment of advanced carcinoma of paranasal sinuses. PMID- 6647998 TI - Indications and counterindications of intra-arterial chemotherapy of head and neck tumors. PMID- 6647999 TI - Basic principles in hyperthermic tumor therapy. AB - Literature on hyperthermic tumor therapy in the past 10 years has grown exponentially. Since 1975 three international symposia on cancer therapy by hyperthermia have been held. Hyperthermia is of clinical interest in the temperature range of 40 degrees-43 degrees C. Higher temperatures of 44 degrees 46 degrees C are not clinically realizable. With local heat application a higher elevation of tissue temperature is possible. Whole-body hyperthermia in men is limited physiologically, as the rate of complications increases exponentially above 42 degrees C. The heat dose normally is defined by temperature degree and time of temperature elevation. Hyperthermia has several effects on tumor cells. It influences proliferation activity; within the mitotic cycle, preferentially the M-phase cells and S-phase cells are thermosensitive. It is possible to synchronize tumor proliferation by heat. Hyperthermia inactivates tumor cells in hypoxic condition as well. This was demonstrated in vitro with tumor cells under varying oxygenation and with spheroid experimental tumors. Experiments with solid tumors in animals had the same effect. Hyperthermia enhances the effect of radiation on tumors. In solid human tumors only 3%-5% of cells are in growth fraction; 95% of tumor cells are hypoxic or prenecrobiotic. Only well-oxygenated cells are sensitive to a sparsely ionizing radiation and can be killed. This selective radiosensitivity is the reason why other radiation qualities for radiotherapy, which are also effective on hypoxic cells, are examined. Neutrons and heavy ions are densely ionizing radiations, which inactivate hypoxic radioresistant cells. Hyperthermia in combination with sparsely ionizing radiations--e.g., X-rays or gamma rays--could be an alternative to neutrons or heavy ions. The main problem with heat application in clinical radiotherapy is the lack of heating methods which are able to heat the entire volume of a large solid tumor homogeneously. In small experimental animals there is a TER of about 1.5-2.0. The therapeutic gain of additional heat in radiotherapy is greatly dependent on localization of the tumor (skin, extremities) and on cooling of the skin. Hyperthermia enhances cytostatic drugs. Many investigations have been done on the interaction of heat and cytostatics; in vitro experiments evaluated three types. First, the activity of many drugs increases slightly with temperature; no special effects are observed above 42 degrees C. Examples of drugs of that pattern are the hypoxic sensitizer Ro-07-0582 and the alkylating agents thio-TEPA and CCNU. A second type of mechanism is seen with cytostatic drugs which exhibit greatly increased effectiveness at temperatures above 42 degrees C; adriamycin and bleomycin belong to this type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6648001 TI - Tourniquet infusion with DTIC in therapy-resistant melanoma on the extremities: a pilot study. PMID- 6648000 TI - Chemotherapy by isolated regional perfusion for melanoma of the limbs. PMID- 6648002 TI - Intra-arterial adriamycin for limb sarcomas. PMID- 6648003 TI - Hyperthermic regional perfusion in high-risk stage-I malignant melanomas of the extremities. AB - Local recurrence after conventional surgical treatment of malignant melanomas of the extremities has frequently been observed in our department in the past. As at other centers, this sometimes necessitated amputation, and on a few occasions amputations were performed exclusively for palliative reasons. In an effort to improve this situation, regional perfusion as local regional treatment was added to conventional therapy in 1965. We have since observed no further instances of massive local tumor growth, and since that time no amputations have had to be performed for this reason. Of course this complicated therapy caused new problems, particularly in the early years, but we have learned to reduce these to what we believe to be an acceptable minimum. In the last 2 years we have done nearly 100 perfusions and have had no major complications. A comparison of the results of regional perfusion plus local excision in the treatment of stage-I melanoma with those of other reported series (Cascinelli et al. 1978; Elder et al. 1979; Fortner et al. 1977; Goldsmith et al. 1970; Lee 1979; McCarthy et al. 1974; Veronesi et al. 1977; Wanebo et al. 1975) treated only by local excision is difficult, owing to the complexity of the known variables relating to survival and local recurrence. The 5-16 year determinate survival rate for our perfusion patients was 74%. The local recurrence rate in the perfused extremities was 9%, 14 patients, and nine of these 14 had distant metastases as well. The other five patients still show no evidence of disease after retreatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6648004 TI - Hyperthermic perfusion in malignant melanoma: 5-year results. AB - Between December 1975 and December 1980 a total of 154 patients with potentially curable malignant melanoma were treated by adjuvant hyperthermic perfusion. The basic therapy consisted in local excision of the primary tumor with elective dissection of the regional lymph nodes. The 4- and 5-year survival rates for our 103 patients with stage-I disease who were perfused are 90% +/- 9% and 80% +/- 17%. The 4- and 5-year survival rates for 51 patients with stage-II disease are 50% +/- 16% and 37% +/- 28%. Compared with historic control groups of patients who were treated at our hospital with the same surgical methods but without perfusion, essentially better results were achieved with adjuvant hyperthermic perfusion. It is concluded from our results that hyperthermic perfusion can further improve the prognosis for patients with malignant melanomas of the limbs. PMID- 6648005 TI - Fluorescence-histochemical and electron-microscopical investigations in melanoma patients after isolated cytostatic perfusion. AB - The effect of isolated cytostatic perfusion was determined in in-transit metastases from malignant melanomas at various times after therapy. Fluorescence microscopically positive tumor cells (formalin-induced fluorescence) were regarded as viable and possibly capable of dividing. Most of the metastases examined showed fluorescent cells even after perfusion, and these were often found at characteristic sites within the metastases. Under the electron microscope, the cell damage was seen mainly in the nucleus, but also in the organelles of the cytoplasm. The source of cell damage might be multifactorial, and the cytostatic effect could not be clearly separated from the effect of hyperthermia or hypoxia. PMID- 6648006 TI - Tissue toxicity in experimental isolated perfusion with adriamycin. AB - Adriamycin is known as an antineoplastic agent with a broad spectrum of activity for human malignancies. To determine the highest tolerable concentrations of adriamycin in isolated perfusion of the extremities the hind legs of 12 dogs were isolated in an extracorporeal circuit and perfused under normothermic conditions. Dosages of about 10 mg/l perfused extremity were well tolerated by the animals, and lower concentrations did not result in any side effects. However, in most cases, dosages higher than 10 mg adriamycin/l extremity volume induced severe edema, pain, and histological changes. PMID- 6648007 TI - The use of nitrogen mustard in the treatment of intractable pelvic pain. AB - Substantial relief of discomfort may be anticipated by most patients suffering from pelvic and lower-extremity pain who are treated by arterial infusion of nitrogen mustard. Seventy-three patients with intractable pain secondary to malignancy arising in the pelvis received 83 percutaneous pelvic arterial infusions of this drug. Sixty infusions (72%) resulted in marked relief from pain for periods averaging 6-8 weeks. Advantages of the procedure are low toxicity, relative simplicity and availability of technique, and an acceptable rate of complications with minimal morbidity. Patients experiencing satisfactory results may expect significant relief from a second infusion for recurrent pain. The most rewarding result is the freedom from the cyclic return of pain characterized by oral and intramuscular analgesic therapy. Little or no relief can be expected in patients with pain caused by compression fractures of the vertebrae, or where the tumor burden is so great that adequate perfusion of the involved nerves is not possible. One should consider this procedure for controlling pain before resorting to the more dangerous and potentially disabling techniques of spinal cordotomy or intrathecal alcohol injection. PMID- 6648008 TI - Objective regression of unexcised melanoma in-transit metastases after hyperthermic isolation perfusion of the limbs with melphalan. PMID- 6648009 TI - Results of regional hyperthermic perfusion for primary and recurrent melanomas of the extremities. PMID- 6648010 TI - First histologic findings in metastases of colorectal carcinoma following isolated liver perfusion with cytostatics. PMID- 6648012 TI - Chemoembolization: a new treatment for malignant tumors and metastases. PMID- 6648013 TI - Arterial infusion chemotherapy for hepatic metastases. PMID- 6648011 TI - Intra-arterial perfusion therapy with 5-fluorouracil in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma and intractable pelvic pain. AB - In a phase-II trial, 18 patients with intractable pelvic and perineal pain caused by local recurrent and/or metastatic colorectal carcinoma resistant to combinations of analgesics, systemic cytostatic chemotherapy and/or radiation were treated with intra-arterial perfusion therapy using 15-30 mg 5-FU/kg body wt./day for 1-5 days. Of 18 patients, ten achieved complete pain relief for 3-32 weeks (mean, 15.7 weeks); after the perfusion therapy eight used less than 50% of the amount of analgesics required before treatment; one patient had only a minor response; two patients were treated unsuccessfully. Side effects were mild and controllable. One patient died subsequent to arterial embolism in the leg where the catheter was placed; pelvic perfusion therefore appears risky in patients with severe arteriosclerosis. PMID- 6648014 TI - Transient repeated dearterialization combined with intra-arterial infusion of oncolytic drugs in the treatment of liver tumors. PMID- 6648015 TI - Intra-arterial chemotherapy of the liver with transient, repeated hypoxia. AB - Intra-arterial liver perfusion with transient repeated hypoxia via an indwelling double-lumen polyurethane catheter was undertaken in 25 of 33 patients with diffuse metastases involving 50%-70% of the liver, and whose primary cancer had previously been treated by local radical resections. Treatment continued over 3 12 months until disease progression and over 3-24 months until thrombosis. In 24 patients with colorectal carcinoma the 1-year survival rate (using the actuarial method) was 79% +/- 17%. The treatment morbidity was low. It is concluded that this form of treatment improves the quality of life and gives safe and effective palliation to the patients. PMID- 6648016 TI - Improved quality of life with an implantable pump for liver perfusion. AB - In spite of the current discussion on whether liver perfusion is effective (Grage et al. 1979; Ansfield et al. 1975), the implantable perfusion pump offers the possibility of combining the still questionable therapeutic success with a high quality of life during the time remaining to such patients. PMID- 6648017 TI - Catheterization of the portal vein by the transumbilical approach for intrahepatic chemotherapy. PMID- 6648018 TI - Isolated liver perfusion in dogs. PMID- 6648019 TI - First experimental and clinical results of isolated liver perfusion with cytotoxics in metastases from colorectal primary. AB - In two patients suffering from numerous liver metastases in both lobes from colorectal primary isolated liverperfusion with 5-fluorouracil was performed. By means of a special cannulation system the hepatic artery and the portal vein were arterialized. The patients recovered rapidly after the operation. Sonographic measurements, CAT scans, pulse cytophotometry, and second-look operations with histological examinations of metastatic tissue verified extensive tumor regression. No complications occurred within 6 months after the perfusion treatment. PMID- 6648020 TI - Aging and Cancer. PMID- 6648021 TI - Complications of therapy. PMID- 6648022 TI - Effects of sulfhydryl reagent, p-chloromercuribenzoate, on p-aminohippurate transport by isolated, perfused snake renal tubules. AB - Effects of mercaptide-forming sulfhydryl reagent, p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), on transport of p-aminohippurate (PAH) by isolated, perfused snake (Thamnophis species) renal tubules were studied. PCMB (10(-7) mol/l) in bathing medium irreversibly inhibited net transepithelial transport of PAH (JPAH) without affecting net fluid absorption (Jv). PCMB (10(-8) mol/l) in perfusate irreversibly inhibited JPAH without affecting Jv and markedly reduced the apparent permeability of the luminal membrane to PAH. These data suggest that sulfhydryl groups may be involved in the PAH transport steps at both the peritubular and luminal membranes. PMID- 6648024 TI - Effect of castration on urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase levels in male beagles. AB - Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), a sensitive marker for renal damage, was much higher in male beagles than in females. The daily output of NAG into urine in male beagles was almost three times that in females. Following bilateral vasectomy or castration, marked decreases occurred in urinary NAG output. These results led to the conclusion that the high urinary NAG output in male beagles is largely due to an admixture of secreted fluid from the gonadal system in the bladder. Thus, when using beagles for nephrotoxicity studies with NAG as a parameter, females are preferable. PMID- 6648023 TI - Effects of 2-oxoglutarate concentrations on canine slice ammoniagenesis. AB - The concentration of renal 2-oxoglutarate has been proposed as an important regulator of ammoniagenesis in dog kidneys. In the present study, canine kidney slices produced less ammonia from glutamine and glutamate when 2-oxoglutarate was present in the incubation medium. However, the addition of arsenite, a metabolic blocker known to block 2-oxoglutarate metabolism and lead to its accumulation, overcame 2-oxoglutarate inhibition of ammoniagenesis when glutamine and glutamate were the ammonia precursors. Therefore, metabolism of 2-oxoglutarate, rather than its concentration, governed ammonia production from glutamine and glutamate in incubating dog renal tissue. In contrast to the results with 2-oxoglutarate, inhibition of glutamine ammoniagenesis by glutamate was not overcome by arsenite. The results suggest that renal ammonia adaptation in acidotic dogs cannot be ascribed to a theory based upon 2-oxoglutarate concentrations controlling the direction of the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway (GDH), decreasing glutamine transport, or directly inhibiting GDH enzyme activity. PMID- 6648025 TI - Intermolecular reducible cross-links in rat glomerular basement membrane. AB - Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was purified from adult rats and treated with tritiated borohydride for analysis of the reducible cross-links. After acid hydrolysis, samples were subjected, with and without prior gel filtration on Biogel P-2, to a chromatographic system standardized with known cross-links. The major peak of radioactivity co-eluted with authentic di-hydroxylysinonorleucine (di-OHLNL) standard. Derivation of this cross-link from lysine was corroborated by demonstrating its presence in GBM purified after incubation of isolated glomeruli with [14c]-lysine and after in vivo injection of [14C]-lysine. GBM labeled in vitro with radioactive lysine also contained peaks co-eluting with hydroxylysinonorleucine and lysinonorleucine standards, as well as at unidentified positions in the chromatogram. The findings indicate that rat GBM contains lysine-derived cross-links, of which di-OHLNL is the major reduced form. PMID- 6648026 TI - Renal handling of endogenous lysozyme in the rat. AB - Quantitative studies of endogenous lysozyme (low molecular weight protein) were performed in rats. Urine and plasma concentrations of lysozyme and inulin were measured spectrophotometrically. An improved lysozyme assay (standard curve established by using egg white-lysozyme) enabled us to determine the mean plasma concentration of endogenous lysozyme (4.4 micrograms X ml-1) and the urinary concentrations of endogenous lysozyme (between 0.1 and 3.8 micrograms X ml-1. The urinary concentrations of endogenous lysozyme were found to be dependent on urinary flow rate. High urinary concentrations (ULy) were found at low urinary flow rates (V). The excreted amount of endogenous lysozyme (ULy X V) was independent of urinary flow rate and yielded a constant value of 0.02 micrograms X min-1. Mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 1.2 ml X min-1 while clearance of endogenous lysozyme averaged 0.0039 ml X min-1. Inhibition of endogenous lysozyme reabsorption by cytochrome c was used to estimate the glomerular sieving coefficient of endogenous lysozyme in clearance experiments. CLy/GFR increased from a mean value of 0.0053 in control rats to 0.8 at maximal inhibition of tubular reabsorption of endogenous lysozyme by cytochrome c. Knowing the glomerular sieving coefficient, GFR and the lysozyme concentrations in plasma and urine samples, the filtered, excreted and reabsorbed lysozyme amounts could be calculated: 0.5% excreted and 99.5% reabsorbed. Reabsorbed endogenous lysozyme is stored in the kidney in high amounts (1,983 micrograms X g-1 kidney). PMID- 6648027 TI - Changes in the molecular sieve of glomerular basement membrane in rats with Masugi nephritis. AB - Sprague-Dawley rats developed severe proteinuria 24 h after an intravenous injection with rabbit anti-rat kidney serum. Accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the capillary lumen and their attachment to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) were observed. The isolated and purified GBM of normal and nephritis-induced rats were observed by electron microscopy after negative staining. Although the GBM of normal rats appeared as a molecular sieve with uniform pores, the GBM of rats with nephritis had enlarged and elongated pores. An increase in the radius of glomerular pores may be responsible for the proteinuria. PMID- 6648028 TI - Intramembranous particle clusters in collecting duct cells of rats. Influence of water balance. AB - Despite the absence of vasopressin, Brattleboro homozygous (DI) rats can concentrate their urine to hypertonic levels when deprived of drinking water. When DI rats are infused with vasopressin, freeze-fracture electron microscopy has revealed increases in intramembranous particle clusters (IPC) in papillary collecting duct luminal membrane that parallel the rise in urine osmolality. In the present study, we examined whether the increase in concentrating ability of DI rats dehydrated for 24 h was associated with a change in IPC. For comparison, oral water loading and 24-hour dehydration were used to suppress and stimulate endogenous vasopressin secretion in Long-Evans (LE) rats, and the effects on urine osmolality and IPC were examined. In LE rats, the induced changes in water balance resulted in alterations in IPC frequency that paralleled urine osmolality, whereas, in DI rats, frequency of IPC remained low under all conditions, even when urine osmolality rose to almost 1,000 mosm/kg H2O as a result of 24-hour dehydration. These results suggest that the increased concentrating ability of dehydrated DI does not depend upon increased water permeability of the papillary collecting ducts. PMID- 6648029 TI - Effect of lasalocid sodium on rumen fermentation and digestion in sheep. AB - Four adult sheep were fed 4 diets successively according to a Latin-square design. They were fitted with a rumen cannula and with simple cannulae at the duodenum and ileum. The basal diet (L0) was composed of highly-pressed ensiled sugar beet pulp (56.2%), cereal (barley and corn: 27.6%), urea (1.5%) and wheat straw (14.1%). Lasalocid sodium was added to obtain the following respective amounts: 21 ppm for diet L1, 43 ppm for diet L2 and 64 ppm for diet L3 (table 1). In the rumen, lasalocid significantly increased the molar proportion of propionic acid in the volatile fatty acids (VFA) mixture at the expense of the acetic and butyric acid proportions. The total VFA concentration decreased, especially with 43 and 64 ppm (table 2). Accordingly, the proportion of methane in rumen gases decreased. The ciliate population was always lower in animals fed experimental diets L1, L2, and particularly L3. The non-food-particle-associated bacterial population also decreased; the differences were significant only with the highest doses of lasalocid (L3). At the same time, bacterial cellulolytic activity increased 10%, indicating that qualitative modifications had taken place in the rumen bacterial population (table 3). Overall digestive utilization of organic matter (OM) decreased when lasalocid was added to the diets. This was due to a considerable reduction in forestomach digestion (12% decrease) (table 4). A greater supply of OM rich in cell-wall carbohydrates in the duodenum would explain the lower digestibility in the small intestine of animals given diet L1 and especially the L2 and L3 diets. No significant shift in digestion was noted in the large intestine. The composition of the non-ammonia nitrogen that entered the duodenum of sheep given lasalocid differed from that noted with the control diet (L0) (table 5). The amount of microbial proteins was significantly lower, whilst the proportion of non-degraded feed proteins was higher. The efficiency of microbial synthesis (bacterial proteins/kg OM truly digested in the rumen) was not significantly modified by lasalocid. All these modifications in digestion observed with these diets, and resulting from changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of flora and fauna in the rumen, have an effect on nitrogen and energy utilization in the ruminant. PMID- 6648030 TI - [Effect of rearing method on the storage of fats by adipose tissue in sheep]. AB - Adipocyte synthesis de novo and lipoprotein lipase activity have been used simultaneously to measure the lipogenic activity of adipose tissue in sheep. Acetate and glucose were used as precursors of fatty acid synthesis. The sheep were raised either outdoors or in a sheepfold. They were slaughtered by lots at mean weights of 24 and 32.5 kg. Compared to lipoprotein lipase activity, de novo synthesis of fatty acids was the main way of constituting lipid depositions. Raising the sheep outdoors favored the use of glucose as precursor of lipid synthesis at the first slaughter stage at 24 kg. Later at 32.5 kg, glucose utilization was practically zero compared to acetate, whatever the mode of rearing. The NADPH production needed for fatty acid synthesis was almost entirely due to NADP isocitrate dehydrogenase activity. Variations in both de novo synthesis and in lipoprotein lipase activity in relation with rearing method and slaughter weight were especially evident in the group raised outdoors. PMID- 6648031 TI - By-passing the sphincter of Oddi does not affect gallbladder emptying in the pig. AB - A study of the relationship between bile secretion and nutrition in the pig requires a complete and continuous collection of the bile and its reinfusion to the animal. In most of the studies performed in different species, bile has been directly reinfused into the duodenum, leading to the exclusion of the sphincter of Oddi from the biliary pathway. It has been postulated that such an exclusion could inhibit gallbladder emptying. The aim of the present work was to study postprandial gallbladder emptying in the pig, depending on the site of bile reinfusion, i.e. the duodenum or the lower bile duct. The gallbladder bile was coloured with indocyanine green (ICG) and marker secretion was recorded after a test-meal. The results showed that after meal intake, the gallbladder emptied over a similar period of time and according to similar kinetics, whatever the site of bile reinfusion. PMID- 6648032 TI - A descriptive study of rumen digestion in meroxenic lambs according to the nature and complexity of the microflora. AB - We studied in meroxenic lambs, i.e. in lambs with a simplified digestive microflora, the effect of the microflora on the quantities of solid feed intake and on the main digestive parameters in the rumen. Axenic lambs were inoculated with a more or less complex flora, obtained by diluting (10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-8) a pool of rumen fluid taken either from young conventional lambs before weaning from adult sheep (Pool A) or from meroxenic lambs (Pool B). A few of these lambs then were inoculated with a genus of protozoa (Entodinium sp. or Polyplastron multivesiculatum). The results show that the main digestive parameters depended on the nature of the inocula which the lambs had received. Food consumption and volatile fatty acid concentration of the rumen fluid, low in lambs inoculated with the 10(-8) dilution, were higher in lambs inoculated with a more complex microflora (10(-6) and 10(-7) dilutions). The VFA concentration measured in these lambs however was approximately two times lower than that observed in conventional animals at the same age and fed the same feed. Food intake and the development of the fermentation pattern were favoured by an early inoculation of the animals. The complexity of the microflora appears to have influenced the composition of the VFA mixture. The latter was found to consist mainly of acetic acid in lambs inoculated with the 10(-8) dilution. In lambs which received the 10(-6) dilution, the composition of the VFA mixture was similar to that observed in conventional lambs. In all animals, except in lambs 10(-8), the ammonia nitrogen concentration of the rumen fluid was found to be higher during the first month after birth (between 100 and 200 mg/l). A subsequent decrease in ammonia nitrogen concentration was observed at two and a half months of age (20 to 40 mg/l). The establishment of protozoa ciliates in the rumen of these lambs was followed by an increase in butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen concentration. PMID- 6648033 TI - Lesions of the hypothalamic region of the fetus and length of gestation in the guinea-pig. AB - A lesion was placed in the hypothalamic region of the brain of one fetus in each of 25 guinea-pigs on days 39-41 of pregnancy. Thirteen females were killed before delivery and the fetuses collected for histological examination of the brain. The young of twelve other females were killed immediately after delivery in order to determine the nature and extent of any brain damage, and the findings in both groups were compared with those recorded from a series of 23 similarly operated control animals in which lesions were not made. Delivery was not consistently advanced by the brain lesions and the results do not confirm those of an earlier study in which lesions of the hypothalamus of the fetus caused premature delivery. PMID- 6648034 TI - A note on the metabolism of 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one in the young boar in vivo. AB - The metabolism of plasma 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3-one (androstenone) was studied in two young boars weighing about 100 kg in which a single dose of tritiated androstenone was injected intravenously. The peripheral blood of one boar was continuously sampled for 6 h after injection; the total radioactivity per liter of plasma increased up to 14 min after the injection, and then declined rather slowly since plasma radioactivity was still measurable 7 days after injection. The metabolic clearance rate of androstenone was calculated to be about 80 000 liters per day. This quick disappearance of plasma androstenone was probably mainly due to storage in fatty tissue and, to a lesser extent, to catabolism into 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 alpha-ol, 5 alpha-androst-16-en-3 beta-ol and particularly into unknown more polar compounds of which there were at least three. Radioactivity was mainly eliminated in the urine in the form of the same unknown polar compounds. PMID- 6648035 TI - Somatic development in premature mice from birth to weaning. AB - This paper reports a statistical and transversal study of growth in about 2400 surviving premature mice during neonatal development. The mice were removed by caesarean section on day 19 of pregnancy and resuscitated for 30 min; surviving mice as well as newborns delivered vaginally on day 20 (control mice) were raised from birth to day 20 by nursing mothers spontaneously delivered at the same time. Only litters from nursing dams which suckled newborns regularly were used in the statistical study. Somatic development in the premature mice and newborn controls was estimated by changes in body weight and in the weight of several organs (liver, kidney, adrenal glands) after the newborns had been killed at five developmental stages: 30 min after reanimation or parturition, 6 h after birth and at 9 h on days 2, 6 and 20. Growth was analysed by growth curves, percentage of weight gain per day, regression lines and allometric lines; weight gain was calculated as a function of the number of newborns per litter. The low birth weight of live premature mice affected body weight and kidney and adrenal weights. After an early, transitory loss of body and organ weights, which occurred d ring the first neonatal day, the weight handicaps of premature mice were overcome before neonatal day 20 as follows: adrenal weight between 6 h and day 2, liver weight between days 2 and 6, kidney and body weights between days 6 and 20. Throughout these stages, the weight gain of body and organs was higher than that of full-term newborns. The weight gains of premature mice, like those of full-term newborns, were in inverse ratio to the number of newborns per litter. The role of some factors involved in the growth of organs of premature mice has been discussed and the somatic development of surviving premature mice has been compared to that of smallest premature human infants. PMID- 6648036 TI - Biliary and gastrointestinal excretion of chromium after administration of Cr-III and Cr-VI in rats. AB - Rats treated intravenously with 51Cr-labelled sodium chromate, 0.1 or 100 microgram Cr/rat, excreted more 51Cr into bile in a 2-hr period than did the animals given equal amounts of chromium in the trivalent state. Distinct patterns of hepatic intracellular distribution of the radiotracer were also observed. In the Cr-VI rats over 50% of the liver chromium was present in the supernatant fraction whereas in the Cr-III rats almost all the liver radioactivity was localized in the cell organelles. Fractionation of bile on Sephadex G-75 demonstrated binding of chromium to low-molecular weight substances. It is suggested that complexes of chromium with low-molecular weight components of liver cytosol are involved in the passage of this element from the liver to bile. A low cytosolic content of diffusable Cr-complexes associated with the incorporation of a large fraction of liver chromium in cell organelles may be a factor contributing to the low rates of 51Cr biliary excretion in the animals given Cr-III. 24 hr after the injection of 51Cr to bile duct-ligated rats appreciable levels of radiotracer were found in the gastrointestinal tract. The animals given Cr-VI exhibited significantly higher values of chromium content in the gut than those treated with Cr-III. PMID- 6648037 TI - Reversal of acetaminophen intoxication with an N-acetylcysteine-liposome preparation. AB - An N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC)-liposome drug delivery system was assessed for its ability to reverse acetaminophen toxicity. Positively charged NAC-liposomes, as compared to neutral and negatively charged preparations, were highly effective in reversing acetaminophen-induced lethality in mice. The positively charged liposome preparation, when administered at a dose equivalent to 50 mg/kg NAC, increased the LD50 of acetaminophen from 840 to 1507 mg/kg; free NAC (50 mg/kg) did not significantly alter the LD50 (829 mg/kg). At this dose, only the liposome entrapped NAC protects against acetaminophen-induced lethality suggesting that positively charged liposomes enhance the delivery of NAC to hepatic parenchymal cells, the site of acetaminophen-induced necrosis. PMID- 6648039 TI - The dissolution and bioavailability of rifampicin products in healthy subjects and tubercular patients. AB - Dissolution test of two rifampicin (RFP) products (DI and CB) was carried out by "Rotating Basket Method" on JP X, using a first and second fluid for disintegration test or a de-aerated water as dissolution medium. The dissolution ratios of the DI product in the second fluid and de-aerated water at 60 min are 72.0% and 95.0%, and the CB product ratios are 10.0% and 5.5% respectively. On their bioavailability parameters, the DI product showed higher C max and AUC value than CB, in both healthy subjects and tubercular patients, but did not show a statistically significant difference. Healthy subjects showed statistically significant high C max and AUC values as compared against tubercular patients, namely on C max of CB and DI products, and on AUC of CB and DI product. PMID- 6648038 TI - Blockade of the acetylcholine-and histamine-induced changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats by atropine and pyrilamine. AB - We have studied the effects of premedication with either atropine or pyrilamine on the responses of the blood pressure and the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in normotensive (WKY) or spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats given acetylcholine or histamine. The rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital and the permeability of the BBB evaluated by the extravasation of either 131I labeled radioiodinated serum albumin (RISA) or 99Tc-labeled sodium pertechnetate (TcO-4). Premedication greatly diminished the hypotensive responses to both acetylcholine and histamine, especially in the SHR animals. Additionally, the premedication blocked the increased permeability of the BBB, especially in SHR rats given TcO-4. The hypotension caused by acetylcholine or histamine in these premedicated animals given RISA again emphasizes the lack of predictability of changes in blood pressure and the permeability of the BBB. PMID- 6648040 TI - The effect of metals on protein biosynthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and whole cells. AB - Six metal chlorides were tested as inhibitors of the protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysate systems supplemented with ATP, GTP, hemin and amino acids. At concentrations of less than 10(-4) M, HgCl2 and CuCl2 were effective in reducing initial rates of [3H]leucine incorporation into protein while CdCl2, NiCl2, PbCl2 and ZnCl2 were poor inhibitors. It is concluded that HgCl2 and CuCl2 are potent inhibitors of the process of eukaryotic protein biosynthesis. PMID- 6648041 TI - Induced tolerance to acrylonitrile toxicity by prior acrylonitrile exposure. AB - Pretreatment by inhalation with sublethal concentrations of acrylonitrile protects rats from subsequent, normally lethal, ACN exposures. However, inhalation-induced tolerance to ACN does not protect against subsequent poisoning by cyanide. Metabolic liberation of cyanide has been suggested to be responsible for the toxicity of ACN. Protection against ACN toxicity is not provided by pretreatment with compounds which have structural similarity to ACN, i.e. acrylamide or ethylene, nor by cyanide per se. Enzyme induction with Aroclor 1254 also does not protect against ACN toxicity. The latter data suggest that the tolerance resulting from ACN pretreatment is not the result of enzyme induction and the basis for the protective effect of ACN inhalation pretreatment remains unclear. PMID- 6648043 TI - The 24-hour serum digoxin level as a prognosticator of dosage requirement in low birth-weight (LBW) infants. AB - Eleven LBW infants were studied to assess the predictability of individual digoxin dosage requirement from a single serum digoxin concentration (SDC) at various times within the first dosing interval. The mean and SD of gestational age, weight and postnatal age were 31.6 +/- 3.5 wk, 1.51 +/- 0.47 kg and 3.7 +/- 2.1 days, respectively. Total body digoxin clearance (TBDC) in each infant was calculated from the computer-fitted biexponential equation describing each first dose blood level curve. There was no correlation between the TBDC (99.5 +/- 37.0 ml/kg/hr) and the 6-hr SDCs (3.1 +/- 0.6 ng/ml) after the first dose (P greater than 0.20). Significant correlation of both 12- and 24-hr SDCs (2.8 +/- 0.6 and 2.3 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) after first dose with TBDC was found (r = -0.53, P less than 0.05 and r = -0.87, P less than 0.005, respectively). Good correlation (r = 0.88) of 1/dose (where dose = mg/kg/day to achieve a mean steady-state level of 2 ng/ml) with the 24-hr SDCs was also observed (P less than 0.005). PMID- 6648042 TI - Inverse relationship of serum LDL cholesterol and the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio to liver microsomal enzyme induction in man. AB - The association of serum LDL cholesterol and the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, the major positive risk factors of coronary heart disease, to hepatic microsomal enzyme induction assessed by liver cytochrome P-450, was investigated in 18 subjects who were treated with inducing anticonvulsants. In subjects with normal liver histology, LDL cholesterol and the LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio were inversely proportional to the magnitude of induction. Strong induction was associated with a low LDL cholesterol level. The serum cholesterol distribution profile and the low LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio associated with induction are characteristic of low risk of coronary heart disease. The present findings support studies showing a positive association between HDL cholesterol and induction and suggesting a new therapeutic approach to atherosclerotic vascular disease. PMID- 6648044 TI - Role of the pineal gland in the regulation of prostatic androgen receptors in pubertal and mature rats. AB - The effects of exposure to continuous light, continuous darkness, and administration of melatonin on prostatic androgen receptors in relation to pubertal development in rats were examined. Darkness produced dissimilar results between the pubertal and adult groups. Whereas the prostate weight in the pubertal group remained unaltered, it increased in the adult group. In the pubertal group exposed to darkness, plasma melatonin increased significantly, and androgen receptors declined, whereas in the adult group these receptors rose significantly with a simultaneous increment of melatonin concentration in plasma. Exposure to continuous light did not produce any effective alterations in the parameters examined. The afternoon melatonin administration showed trends similar to those seen in animals exposed to darkness. The results indicate that exposure to darkness or administration of melatonin both have age-dependent effects on prostatic androgen receptors. Exposure to darkness may interfere with the process of sexual maturation in the pubertal animal as a result of increased melatonin production. PMID- 6648045 TI - In vivo and in vitro effect of progesterone on the growth of some mouse and human tumours. AB - The effect of progesterone on the growth of tumours of different morphological and cytokinetic characteristics and origin has been investigated, such as mammary aplastic carcinoma, Ehrlich ascitic and solid tumour, fibrosarcoma, melanoma B 16, myeloid leukaemia and three cell lines, HeLa, HEp-2 and L929. The administration of progesterone has been proved to stimulate the growth of aplastic carcinoma of the breast in vivo. Directly implemented into cell culture of the same tumour it increased the incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA. In HeLa and HEp-2 cell cultures progesterone stimulated the population growth of these cells. However, progesterone has shown no effect at all on the growth of fibrosarcoma, melanoma, Ehrlich tumour, myeloid leukaemia and L929 cells, fibroblasts of C3H mice. PMID- 6648046 TI - Relationship between initial hepatic uptake of indocyanine green and hepatic energy status in hepatectomized rabbits. AB - The relationship between initial hepatic uptake of indocyanine green (ICG) and hepatic energy status was studied in about 70% hepatectomized rabbits. At 24 h after hepatectomy, the initial plasma disappearance rate (K) and the maximal removal rate (Rmax) of ICG fell to 27 and 26%, respectively, and the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity was enhanced maximally with a concomitant decrease in the energy charge ( (ATP+1/2ADP)/(ATP+ADP+AMP) ) level. Afterward, the initial reduction of ICG removal rate was followed by a rapid increase in week 1 and more gradual return to preoperative values by week 6 after hepatectomy. In the early period after hepatectomy (1-7 days), the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity was the higher the smaller the %K value was, while in the late period after hepatectomy (1-6 weeks), the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity remained unchanged irrespective of increasing %K. It is suggested that the mitochondrial phosphorylative activity may be a better guide to evaluate the functional status of the remnant liver than the initial hepatic uptake of ICG, especially in the early period after hepatoctomy. PMID- 6648047 TI - [Effect of verapamil on chronotropic autoregulation in rabbit atria]. AB - With continuous perfusion at defined intraluminal pressures of 0.1 and 0.5 kPa, the effect of the calcium ion antagonist verapamil on the chronotropic autoregulation mediated by stretch was investigated in right atrial preparations. At both intraluminal pressures verapamil at a concentration of 4 X 10(-7) mol/l decreased the atrial rate progressively with increasing duration of verapamil perfusion. Time-dependent the stretch acceleration was also inhibited significantly at 50-72% of the control values. The findings of the present study support the hypothesis of the participation of a calcium current in the origin of stretch-induced chronotropic autoregulation. PMID- 6648048 TI - Bronchoalveolar lavage in the normal lung. First of three parts: protein, enzymatic and ionic features. AB - Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on 12 healthy volunteers, comprising 6 smokers and 6 nonsmokers, of ages between 21 and 52 years. The aim was to define normal variability of certain biochemical, immunologic, enzymologic and ionic parameters. The smoking habit was observed to exert a significant influence on the recovery percentage of lavage effluents (with recovery less in smokers, 53 vs. 69%) and particularly on the concentration of immunoglobulins in the lavage liquids. In particular, the IgG increased by about 4 times in smokers (1.05 vs. 0.26 mg/100 ml) and the IgA by about 3 times (0.35 vs. 0.11 mg/100 ml). The other parameters studied (total proteins, albumins, IgM, alpha 1-AT, K, Ca and several enzyme activities) did not differ significantly from one group to the other. Rather than an alteration in the blood-alveolar barrier from smoking, these data suggest a real local overproduction of immunoglobulins of classes G and A induced by the smoking habit. Moreover, the relatively slight individual oscillation in the values of the parameters studied in the two groups supports the possibility of employing them for diagnostic purposes in bronchopneumopathies. PMID- 6648049 TI - Effect of histamine on respiratory chemosensitivity in conscious goats. AB - The effect of histamine on occlusion pressure and electrical activity of the diaphragm was studied in 5 conscious goats under conditions of changing respiratory drive by exposing the animals in separate trials to progressive hypercapnia produced by rebreathing technique. Both electrical activity of the diaphragm and occlusion pressure increased with hypercapnia. At any level of PCO2, occlusion pressure and diaphragm electrical activity were greater after histamine than in the control state at the same level of chemical stimulation. Both parameters changed proportionally, and a linear correlation was found between them (r greater than 0.9). These results in conscious unsedated animals indicate that (1) histamine causes an increase of inspiratory neuromuscular drive, and (2) occlusion pressure satisfactorily indicates changes in respiratory neuron motor output. PMID- 6648050 TI - Effect of naloxone on breathing pattern in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with and without hypercapnia. AB - Recent reports suggest that endogenously released endorphins may exert a modifying influence on respiratory center drive in patients with respiratory disease. In this report, we employed respiratory inductive plethysmography to noninvasively assess breathing patterns with particular attention to respiratory center drive as reflected by mean inspiratory flow. We studied 10 patients with documented chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6 with hypercapnia and 4 with normocapnia) after treatment with placebo and the opiate antagonist, naloxone. No significant change in breathing pattern was observed in either patient group after treatment with placebo or naloxone, although individual patients displayed greater respiratory drive after naloxone than placebo. Therefore, endorphins do not exert a consistent influence on respiratory center output in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PMID- 6648051 TI - Inspiratory and expiratory resistive loading as a model of dyspnea in asthma. AB - 20 ambulatory asthmatics were questioned regarding their perception of the dyspnea of acute asthmatic attacks; in particular, its relationship to the phase of respiration. 19 (95%) stated that inspiration was more difficult than expiration although 5 (25%) reported that they had been taught that the reverse was 'correct'. In order to explore further these observations, we applied psychophysical methods to determine the phase relationship of the conscious perception of resistive loads in healthy volunteers. 14 subjects of similar age and sex distribution to the asthmatics estimated numerically the magnitude of resistive loads applied in random sequence to either the inspiratory or expiratory arm of a low-resistance breathing circuit. The relationship between perceived magnitude (psi) and physical magnitude (phi) was described by Steven's law: psi = k phi n, where k and n are constants. The mean exponent (n) for inspiratory resistances was 0.69 +/- 0.28 (+/- SD) and for expiratory resistances was 0.51 +/- 0.27 (p less than 0.01 by two-tailed, paired t test). There was a positive correlation (r = 0.82) between inspiratory and expiratory exponents within individuals. In 12 of 14 subjects, the perceived magnitude of inspiratory loads was greater than the perceived magnitude of expiratory loads for all resistances greater than 10 cm H2O/l/s. At a load of 25 cm H2O/l/s, the inspiratory sensation of load exceeded the expiratory sensation in all subjects. Our findings that normal subjects scaled greater breathlessness with inspiratory versus expiratory flow resistive loads were consistent with the clinical observation that inspiratory, rather than expiratory difficulty contributed more to the dyspnea of asthma. PMID- 6648052 TI - 1-second forced expiratory volume and density dependence in early airflow limitation. AB - Density dependence variables (helium-to-air difference in forced expiratory flows at 50 and 25% vital capacity and volume of isoflow) were compared with spirographic performance (vital capacity, FEV 1.0) in 76 men aged 33-56 years. The group included nonsmokers, asymptomatic smokers, subjects with chronic expectoration, but normal ventilatory function and subjects with chronic expectoration and minimal obstructive ventilatory impairment. Low-level correlations were found (coefficients of less than 0.3) between delta He25% or volume of isoflow on one side and FEV1.0 or FEV1.0/VC. Some possibly confounding factors for these correlations are discussed. We conclude that density dependence variables are not consistently related to the FEV1.0 in subjects 'at risk' or with minimal airflow limitation. PMID- 6648053 TI - Bronchodilatory effect of inhaled versus oral salbutamol in bronchial asthma. AB - The bronchodilator effect of salbutamol inhalation was compared with the oral administration of the drug in 10 patients with bronchial asthma. The study consisted of treating each patient for 4 consecutive days with: (1) a combined regimen consisting of a 2-mg tablet of salbutamol and 10 puffs of salbutamol inhalation (100 micrograms in each puff) given in pairs of two puffs every 20 min (regimen 1); (2) salbutamol inhalation (regimen 2); (3) salbutamol tablet (regimen 3), and (4) placebo, tablet and inhalation (regimen 4). The bronchodilator effect was assessed measuring the forced expiratory volume in 1 s, the forced vital capacity and the peak expiratory flow rate. The bronchodilator response was significantly greater on the inhalation alone and the combined regimen than on the oral and placebo regimens. The combined regimen showed a better although not significant bronchodilatory response than the inhalation regimen. We conclude that the inhalation treatment with salbutamol is superior to the oral route of administration in treating bronchial asthma and that the oral treatment has an added effect. PMID- 6648054 TI - Lung volume and exercise ventilation in blind and normal boys and girls. AB - Lung volume at rest and ventilation during maximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer were measured in 180 children. The material comprised 12 blind boys and 11 blind girls (8-14 years) as well as 82 normal boys and 75 normal girls (8-17 years). Forced vital capacity (FVC) per height did not differ significantly between blind and normal children of either sex. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) as a percentage of FVC was very similar in all four groups. Maximal expiratory volume (VE max) was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in normal than in blind children of both sexes. Tidal volume during maximal work (VT max) as a percentage of FVC (VT max/FVC%) was not age dependent and showed no sex differences. It was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher in normal than in blind children of both sexes. In conclusion, it seems as if a low level of habitual physical activity does not influence lung volume (FVC), while the bellow function of the lungs during maximal work (VE max, VT max/FVC%) is inferior in blind, sedetary children. PMID- 6648055 TI - Restoration of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction following normoxia in isolated dog lungs occurs in the presence but not in the absence of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors. AB - We examined the possibility that eucapnic (6% CO2) alveolar hypoxia (3% O2) in isolated dog lungs not only produces an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance but also initiates the subsequent prostaglandin (PG) dependent reduction in this hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). We determined that a reduction in HPV occurred after 45 min including a 35-min period of hypoxia (prolonged hypoxia), after 45 min of intermittent hypoxia, and after 45 min of normoxia (14% O2). These reductions were PG dependent, since they were reversed or prevented by PG synthesis inhibitors in the autologous blood perfusate. In addition to the PG dependent reduction that required 45 min to develop, a separate reduction in HPV also occurred. This reduction occurred during prolonged hypoxia, was not prevented by PG synthesis inhibitors, was reversed after 6 min of normoxia, and was reproduced in a second period of prolonged hypoxia. We conclude that alveolar hypoxia did not initiate the PG-dependent reduction in HPV, since it occurred after normoxia as well as after hypoxia. However, hypoxia appeared to contribute to a separate PG-independent reduction in HPV, since this reduction was initiated and maintained exclusively during prolonged hypoxia and was unaffected by PG synthesis inhibitors. PMID- 6648056 TI - Right ventricular failure in a patient with diabetic neuropathy (myopathy) and central alveolar hypoventilation. AB - An unusual patient with hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and right ventricular failure is presented. Minimal skeletal muscle weakness, although present, cannot explain hypercapnia. Muscle biopsy revealed diabetic microangiopathy. Carbon dioxide stimulation demonstrated a diminished hypercapnic ventilatory response. The patient benefited from progesterone therapy. In this unusual patient, mild muscular weakness, caused by diabetes, and central alveolar hypoventilation have acted in synergism to cause abnormal ventilation and right ventricular failure. PMID- 6648057 TI - Large cell anaplastic carcinoma after thoracoplasty for tuberculosis. AB - A 47-year-old woman underwent thoracoplasty for tuberculosis on the right apex of the lung. A heavily scarred area remained asymptomatic. Both the long interval after surgery and the histology of the tumor are unusual. PMID- 6648058 TI - Effects of an increase in end-expiratory volume on the pattern of thoracoabdominal movement. AB - Changes in end-expiratory lung volume can alter the mechanical function of the muscles of inspiration and may affect the pattern of thoracoabdominal movements. The present study examined the effect of increasing end-expiratory lung volume on the motion of the rib cage and abdomen during inspiration. In six seated subjects, end-expiratory volume was increased by expiratory threshold loading. The end-expiratory thoracoabdominal configuration shifted to the left of the relaxation curve presumably as a result of the activation of the abdominal expiratory muscles. There was outward displacement of both the rib cage and the abdomen with inspiration at the elevated volume but the relative volumetric contribution of abdominal displacement to the inspired volume was significantly less than during breathing from FRC. When at an enlarged lung volume subjects were constrained to initiate inspiration from a point on the thoracoabdominal relaxation configuration, there was inward movement of the abdomen and a decrease in abdominal dimensions during inspiration. Inward abdominal movement occurred despite large increases in diaphragm electrical activity and was associated with an inspiratory fall in gastric pressure. These results suggest that at large lung volumes, the function of the diaphragm as an agonist is lost and its function as a fixator may be impaired unless there is an activation of the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm is appropriately lengthened. PMID- 6648059 TI - Effects of elevated P02 upon tracheal explants. AB - Time-dependent effects of elevated PO2 upon hamster tracheal rings in culture were examined. Ciliary activity of rings in 0.20 and 0.40 O2 remained stable for 144 h. Ciliary activity decreased 25% following 120 h exposure to 0.60 O2 and 50% within 72 h exposure to 0.95 O2. Ciliostasis occurred by 144 h at 0.95 O2. [3H]Leucine uptake progressively decreased during 24 to 144 h exposure to 0.40, 0.60, and 0.95 O2 when compared to 0.20 O2. Tracheal explants incubated for 6 days under 0.20 and 0.40 O2 had intact epithelial surface with abundant cilia, and no mucus present (scanning electron microscopy). Explants incubated under 0.60 O2 contained mucus globules by 3 days. Incubation in 0.95 O2 resulted in mucus globules within 3 days and epithelial sloughing, loss of cilia, and increased mucus globules within 6 days. Time and O2 dependent increases in nuclear atypia, leukocytic infiltration into submucosal area, and focal flattening of pseudostratified ciliated epithelium were observed (light microscopy). These changes progressed following 6 days' exposure to 0.95 O2 to complete loss of normal epithelium, with broken-up, epithelial cells along the tracheal lumen. PMID- 6648060 TI - Zymosan activation of plasma reduces hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. AB - Small doses of endotoxin (15 micrograms/kg IV) inhibit the pulmonary vascular pressor response to alveolar hypoxia in the anesthetized dog. One of the actions of endotoxin is to initiate the alternate pathway of complement activation. Incubation of human plasma with zymosan (ZAP) will activate this pathway. We wished to see if ZAP would mimic the effect of endotoxin. Prior to ZAP, hypoxia (F1O2 12%) in 5 anesthetized dogs increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR: mm Hg/L/min) from 3.7 +/- 0.8 to 7.1 +/- 1.5. After 50 ml ZAP IV the PVR change with hypoxia was only from 3.6 +/- 0.6 to 3.9 +/- 0.8. Plasma heated to destroy complement prior to ZAP incubation in one experiment did not reduce the pressor response. In a further 5 dogs pretreated with meclofenamate (2 mg/kg IV) the PVR increased from 3.7 +/- 0.4 to 7.5 +/- 0.4 with hypoxia prior to IV ZAP and from 4.4 +/- 0.5 to 6.5 +/- 0.6 after ZAP. The effect of ZAP indicates that endotoxin may work through the activation of complement. The protection of the hypoxic pressor response by meclofenamate suggests that the ZAP inhibition (like endotoxin inhibition) may involve dilator prostaglandin-like substances. PMID- 6648061 TI - Inspiratory facilitation and inhibition from pulmonary stretch receptors in rabbits. AB - In anesthetized rabbits firing rate (FR) of single fibers of diaphragm and of parasternal intercostal muscles (PIM) was determined at 30, 50 and 70% of control inspiratory time. During first inspiratory effort after airway occlusion at end expiration it increased on the average by 12.1 +/- 0.6 and 43.0 +/- 2.2% relative to control. Under pulmonary stretch receptor (PSR) block with SO2 this increase disappeared in diaphragm and fell to 28.3 +/- 1.8% in PIM. During first inspiratory efforts under PSR block FR decreased by 11.3 +/- 2.2% in diaphragm and 18.3 +/- 1.6 in PIM relative to unblocked efforts. In open inspirations FR under block did not decrease significantly either in diaphragm or PIM relative to unblocked inspirations. Moving average electromyography of diaphragm and of PIM showed similar trends. These results suggest that PSR discharge at FRC activates a mechanism facilitating inspiratory activity while during inspiration it also activates a mechanism inhibiting this activity since early inspiration. Both effects are greater on PIM. PMID- 6648062 TI - Stimulation of tracheal slowly adapting stretch receptors by hypercapnia and hypoxia. AB - We studied the response of tracheal slowly adapting stretch receptors (SARs), whose activity was recorded from the peripheral cut end of the right vagus nerve, in newborn and adult dogs during hyperoxic hypercapnia and isocapnic hypoxia. Tracheal receptors only were studied since it was possible to maintain the parasympathetic efferent supply partially intact (contralateral vagus nerve and superior laryngeal nerve). The animals were anesthetized and passively ventilated with the chest open. A stimulatory effect was found in 9 out of 20 puppies for hypercapnia and in 3 out of 10 for hypoxia. The maximum amount of stimulation ranged from 114 to 556% of the control discharge for hypercapnia and from 110 to 387% for hypoxia. In the adult dog CO2 stimulated tracheal SARs in 11 out of 16 dogs (103-404% control) while hypoxia stimulated SARs in 9 out of 13 animals (109 268% control). The stimulatory effect was greater during expiration and, for hypercapnia, decreased in intensity with time. This excitatory action was eliminated by cold block of the contralateral vagus nerve or atropine administration, suggesting that the stimulation was mediated by smooth muscle contraction. These findings support the notion that airway stretch receptors are activated not only by passive distension of the airways, but also by an active contraction of the tracheobronchial smooth muscle. PMID- 6648063 TI - Effects of respiratory and (isocapnic) metabolic arterial acid-base disturbances on medullary extracellular fluid pH and ventilation in cats. AB - Ventilation is influenced by the brain extracellular fluid (ecf) pH which is sensed by the central chemoreceptors. In the present experiments we have investigated to what extent ventilatory effects of brain ecf pH changes depend on the origin of these pH changes. With this aim we have compared the effects of 'respiratory' (via changes in PaCO2) and 'metabolic' (via isocapnic pHa changes) ecf pH changes on steady state ventilatory activity. Experiments were performed in anaesthetized (both artificially ventilated and spontaneously breathing) cats with cut sinus nerves; medullary surface ecf pH was measured with a glass electrode with a flat pH-sensitive surface. We found that ecf pH changes caused by changes in PaCO2 give rise to greater ventilatory responses than the same ecf pH changes caused by (isocapnic) changes in pHa. Moreover, within the pH ranges measured, isocapnic pHecf-ventilatory response lines at higher PaCO2 are shifted upwards compared with those at lower PaCO2 levels. It was concluded that with the present technique it is impossible to show a unique relation between ecf pH and ventilation. PMID- 6648064 TI - Effect of high negative inspiratory pressure on single breath CO diffusing capacity. AB - We measured the single breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLcoSB) using a three-equation method to describe CO uptake in 10 normal seated subjects who either voluntarily inhaled slowly (0.5 L/sec) to total lung capacity (TLC), or inhaled slowly to TLC with maximal effort through a high inspiratory resistance which created high negative inspiratory pressure. Subjects then immediately exhaled slowly at a voluntarily controlled exhaled flow. Single breath maneuvers were performed in duplicate both with and without high negative inspiratory pressure while subjects were seated upright at rest and during steady state bicycle exercise. We found that high negative inspiratory pressure increased DLcoSB by 10.5 +/- 4.9% (mean +/- 1 SD) at rest (P less than 0.001). In 7 subjects low level exercise alone increased DLcoSB by a similar amount (12.1 +/ 7.3%; P = 0.005). In six of the subjects there was a significant correlation between the increase in DLcoSB during high negative inspiratory pressure at rest and the increase in DLcoSB during steady-state exercise (r = 0.89; P less than 0.01). During steady-state exercise, high negative inspiratory pressure further increased DLcoSB 6.4 +/- 6.3% compared to exercise alone (P = 0.05). We conclude that the increase in DLcoSB with high negative inspiratory pressure at rest is a simple reproducible method of assessing recruitment of the pulmonary capillary bed in man. PMID- 6648066 TI - Onset and control of expiratory laryngeal discharge: cross-correlation analysis. AB - In anaesthetized, paralysed and artificially ventilated cats, spontaneous activity of pairs of expiratory laryngeal motoneurones was recorded and submitted on line to cross-correlation analysis in order to reveal the underlying mechanisms which govern their discharge. In 45/52 pairs, flat cross-correlograms were obtained suggesting independency between the expiratory laryngeal motoneurones. Synchronization by common central respiratory drive was never observed. This negative result is in agreement with the post-inhibitory rebound hypothesis put forward to explain the discharge of expiratory laryngeal motoneurones. In 7/52 pairs, cross-correlation revealed a bell-shaped increase of probability of firing which is relevant with broad synchronization of the discharges by common peripheral afferents. PMID- 6648065 TI - Respiratory effects of cold air breathing in anesthetized cats. AB - Respiratory effects of cold air breathing were studied in anesthetized cats. Two different protocols were used: the air temperature was either lowered in an isolated segment, constituted by the larynx and oropharynx or in lower airways, so that the cats inspired the cold air directly. Temperatures ranged between 37 and 8 degrees C (first protocol) or between 37 and 15 degrees C (second protocol). When the temperature fell below 15 degrees C in the upper segment, marked increase in lung resistance occurred, without any significant changes in ventilatory variables nor in diaphragmatic electrical activity. The section of superior laryngeal nerves abolished this bronchomotor effect. In present experimental circumstances, thermal changes measured in lower airways when cats breathed cold air were mainly located in the cervical trachea. An increase in lung resistance and weak but significant changes in the diaphragmatic electromyogram began when the inspired air temperature fell below 25 degrees C. A selective local block of conduction in small vagal fibres by procaine or section of vagus nerves suppressed all these effects. In all cases the cold-induced changes in lung mechanics began very early (less than 10 sec) but continued for few minutes after the physiological temperature range had been restored in airways. The present data strongly suggest that the bronchomotor response to cold air breathing is a reflex, mediated by afferent fibres in the superior laryngeal nerves and in the vagus nerves. PMID- 6648067 TI - Ventilation during acute HCl infusion in intact and chemodenervated conscious rabbits. AB - The ventilatory response to acute (0-90 min) intravenous infusion of HCl was studied in awake, conscious rabbits with intact (CB+) and denervated (CB-) carotid bodies. The HCl dose was delivered such as to produce an increasing degree of acidosis over 90 min reaching blood pH values of 7.032-7.115 at 60-90 min and plasma [HCO-3] values of 8.5-10.6 mmol . L-1 . CB- rabbits exhibit an increase in VT by 7 min and a decrease in PaCO2 by 15 min of infusion, changes that increased over 90 min. However, at all times the CB- response was significantly less than that in CB+ rabbits. The relationships, percent decrease in PaCO2 vs delta [H+] and percent increase VT vs delta [H+], were well approximated by linear regression analysis in both CB+ and CB- groups and the slope, as an index of the response sensitivity, was, in CB- rabbits, 0.33-0.37 of that in CB+ rabbits. In the conscious, awake rabbit, peripheral chemoreceptors seem to account for up to 2/3 of the ventilatory response to metabolic acidosis. PMID- 6648068 TI - [Immunologic status of patients with selected connective tissue diseases]. PMID- 6648069 TI - [Allergic purpura syndromes and inflammatory connective tissue diseases]. PMID- 6648070 TI - [Electron-microscopy picture of the rheumatoid synovial membrane]. PMID- 6648071 TI - [Atrophic chondritis coexisting with rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6648072 TI - [A model of polyarthritis in rats immunized with collagen]. PMID- 6648074 TI - [Computerized axial tomography in the diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage. Experience with 148 patients]. PMID- 6648073 TI - [Direct measurement of human intravesical pressure at rest and after an injection of caerulein]. PMID- 6648075 TI - [Mitral valve insufficiency secondary to ruptured chordae tendineae]. PMID- 6648076 TI - [Review of 40 cases of incipient gastric cancer. Clinical and histopathologic analysis]. PMID- 6648077 TI - [Laryngeal tuberculosis: experience with 16 cases]. PMID- 6648078 TI - [Primary hyperparathyroidism with predominant neuromuscular manifestations]. PMID- 6648080 TI - [Present status of the therapy of acute cerebral transient ischemic attacks]. PMID- 6648079 TI - [Chromatographic quantification of hemoglobin A1. Adaptation and standardization of Trivelli's method]. PMID- 6648081 TI - [Physician-patient relations in clinical practice]. PMID- 6648083 TI - [Epidemiologic characteristics of cancer in Chile]. PMID- 6648084 TI - [The differential diagnosis of pleural effusion]. PMID- 6648082 TI - [Effect of levamisole in surgical patients with preoperative anergy]. PMID- 6648085 TI - [Pleural effusion: diagnostic evaluation]. PMID- 6648086 TI - [Hemoglobin A1 levels in diabetic patients: relation to metabolic control]. PMID- 6648087 TI - [Echocardiographic study in athletes]. PMID- 6648088 TI - [Prognostic value of a single determination of plasma volume during the third trimester in normal and pathological pregnancies]. PMID- 6648089 TI - [Arterial embolization in the preoperative management of renal carcinoma]. PMID- 6648090 TI - [Treatment of retained choledocholithiasis with monooctanoin]. PMID- 6648091 TI - [Effect of nifedipine on the course of unstable angina: experience with 23 patients]. PMID- 6648092 TI - [Circadian variation of exercise tests in a case of Prinzmetal's angina]. PMID- 6648093 TI - [Dermatomyositis and toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 6648094 TI - [The low T3-T4-TSH "syndrome": a multifactorial association]. PMID- 6648096 TI - [Teaching and accreditation of hospital centers]. PMID- 6648095 TI - [5 perspectives for the study of endocrine changes. An integrated overview]. PMID- 6648098 TI - [Public health in Chile during the 70's]. PMID- 6648097 TI - [Accreditation of graduate medical education: proposal of a method]. PMID- 6648099 TI - [Abnormal drinking of workers in a mine of the Gran Mineria del Cobre]. PMID- 6648100 TI - [Biological basis of immunodepression]. PMID- 6648101 TI - [Pulmonary infections in immunosuppressed patients]. PMID- 6648103 TI - [Is there an association between diabetic retinopathy and the chlorpropamide alcohol-flushing syndrome?]. PMID- 6648102 TI - [Influence of population characteristics and dynamics on health problems]. PMID- 6648104 TI - [Quantification of bile acids and lysolecithin in gastric and duodenal ulcers]. PMID- 6648105 TI - [Effect of calcium carbonate on gastric acid secretion]. PMID- 6648106 TI - [Activity of various semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotics on gentamicin sensitive and gentamicin-resistant bacterial populations]. PMID- 6648107 TI - [Clinical and therapeutic aspects of gastric cancer (1973-1979). A cooperative interhospital study]. PMID- 6648108 TI - [Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clinical and histopathologic study in 14 patients]. PMID- 6648109 TI - [Spectrophotometric measurement of diazepam in blood and urine. A sensitive method for therapeutic and toxicologic use]. PMID- 6648110 TI - [Advances in the diagnosis and endoscopic treatment of bilio-pancreatic diseases]. PMID- 6648111 TI - [Pregnancy in unmarried adolescents]. PMID- 6648112 TI - [Epidemiologic aspects of cancer of the esophagus in Chile]. PMID- 6648113 TI - [The role of radiology in the diagnosis of tuberculosis]. PMID- 6648114 TI - [Radiology in tuberculosis]. PMID- 6648115 TI - [Current status of the problem of tuberculosis in Chile]. PMID- 6648116 TI - Epidemiology of prenatal infections: an extension of the congenital rubella model. AB - The properties of prenatal infections are studied through the development of a theoretical model. The responses of such epidemic systems to natural changes in transmission rates, age at maternity, social stratification, geographical heterogeneity, epidemic instability and the introduction of vaccination, are examined. The effects of age-at-vaccination, efficacy of vaccination, wild virus interaction, and vaccine-immunity decay rates, are also examined in some detail. Several powerful putative influences upon the evolution of prenatally determined infective diseases are identified. They provide scientific tools for detecting processes of this kind. PMID- 6648118 TI - Reducing classification errors in cohort studies: the approach and a practical application. AB - Classification errors of dependent variables can distort the results of observational studies. To reduce misclassification from our multicentre observational study of abortion complications, we extended the methodology of Lawrence and Greenwald for use in situations of unequal sample sizes and implemented both an office review and a field review. We reabstracted 424 reported complications and a random sample of 364 reported non-serious cases from 12 institutions participating in our study. In total, 30 per cent of the reported serious complications turned out to be misclassified: the office review detected 74 per cent of the total number of misclassifications with the remainder found in the field review. Because, with our particular data base, we estimated expending only 15 per cent of the total resources with our office effort, this represented the most cost-efficient approach to reducing classification errors. By eliminating the false positives from our study, we forced the specificity to 1.00 which produced both an unbiased estimate of the relative risk and an increase of 4 per cent to 63 per cent in the power of our study. PMID- 6648117 TI - Relative risks of diseases in the presence of incomplete penetrance and sporadics. AB - In most diseases of contemporary interest to epidemiology, the importance of familial risk factors is often assessed by relative risk measures computed from family history data. In this paper, we examine the efficiency of relative risk measures in discerning the genetic background of a disease. It is shown that even for a simple (one locus, two alleles) genetic disease, incomplete penetrance of the disease allele and/or occurrence of sporadics (i.e. non-heritable cases caused by environmental risk factors) often yields a rather small value of relative risk. This means that a small value of relative risk need not necessarily imply that genetic factors are unimportant in the aetiology of the disease. Furthermore, it is shown that the relative risk measures are complicated functions of disease gene frequency, the penetrance parameter and the sporadic rate. A rejection of genetic involvement for a disease on the basis of a single relative risk estimate may, therefore, be erroneous. PMID- 6648119 TI - Unbiased assessment of treatment effects on disease recurrence and survival in clinical trials. AB - Recently there has been considerable discussion concerning the analysis of data and presentation of results from clinical trials in breast cancer. A problem stems from there being several events of interest, notably disease recurrence and death. Current methods based on 'so-called' disease-free survival are criticized on the grounds that they confuse events, such as disease recurrence and death, in the treatment comparison and consequently could be very misleading. Alternative methods of analysis, based on separate measures of treatment effect are presented and illustrated. PMID- 6648120 TI - Log-linear model selections in a rural dental health study. AB - This field study sought to measure the effects of dental delivery and school based, dental health education on use of dental health care by children in grades K-6. We attempted to control for two potential confounding factors by an approximate randomization of children into treatment groups with stratification on grade and initial oral disease levels. A backward elimination log-linear model selection procedure for the 5-factor classification permitted tests for higher order interaction, namely effect-modification, confounding and collapsibility. We found that the effect of dental health education on use of dental care depended on the mode of dental delivery. PMID- 6648121 TI - Bias correction in maximum likelihood logistic regression. AB - This paper provides an expression for bias of the maximum likelihood logistic regression estimates for use with small sample sizes. This bias correction is based on an expansion of the maximum likelihood equation. Simulation results show these corrections to be highly effective in small samples. PMID- 6648122 TI - The association between HLA antigens and the presence of certain diseases. AB - The association between the presence or absence of two HLA antigens and coeliac disease, thyrotoxicosis and ankylosing spondylitis has been studied in patients and controls. The simple empirical logistic model and a refinement due to Dyke and Patterson have been used to examine which conditional associations are important. PMID- 6648123 TI - On the standard error of the probability of a particular diagnosis. AB - Approximate standard errors of the probability of a particular diagnosis are given for the predictive and estimative methods described by Aitchison and Dunsmore. An example used in the detection of carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is given for illustration. PMID- 6648124 TI - Discriminant analysis based on multivariate response curves: a descriptive approach to dynamic allocation. AB - We examine the problem of discriminating between two groups in the context of multivariate response curves observed over a specified time interval. We propose a descriptive solution for the case where one can determine the response curves by linear interpolation between successive observations. Unlike most previously reported methods that use only the current multivariate observation, our approach accounts for the history of the process. Moreover the method has the potential advantage of being applicable dynamically, as one observes the multivariate response curve. Finally, the method demonstrates simplicity and flexibility, two important features for successful, routine, clinical application. PMID- 6648125 TI - Between medicine and law. AB - A recent experience as an expert witness in a legal action intended to prevent the fluoridation of water supplies has emphasized to me some of the problems of explaining statistical reasoning to persons unfamiliar with the mode of thought. The procedures of cross-examination are not ideal for clarifying scientific truth, and regrettably the language of statistics offers much scope for misunderstanding when words used technically are read with more colloquial meaning. I illustrate this by discussing the meaning of significance tests and by examples relating to the combination of independent test results, the misunderstanding of independence, covariance analysis, the use of interpolation, the relation between source of data and interpretation, and spurious correlation. PMID- 6648126 TI - The importance of internal quality control data in National External Quality Assessment schemes. Plasma progesterone assays. AB - Co-ordinators of external quality assessment schemes in the U.K. despatch samples of quality control material to participant laboratories at frequent intervals to assess laboratory performance. We show, via a controlled experiment on the plasma progesterone assay, that the current analysis performed by the external assessors is inadequate and often leads to erroneous conclusions about a laboratory's performance. It is concluded that for a proper assessment of a laboratory's performance, the external assessor should prepare large pools of plasma and distribute them to all participants in the scheme to use as internal quality control material. PMID- 6648127 TI - Are definitive (reference) methods and Shewhart's principle the best approach towards accuracy? AB - The current state of quality control in clinical chemistry cannot be characterized as good; the appropriate description is acceptable. This statement is illustrated by results from quality control programmes. The influence of the matrix in which the analyte is embedded points to serious analytical deficiencies in the methods used in clinical chemistry. The abundant application of statistics is criticized and it is argued that such application can be avoided by improving the accuracy and precision of the analytical methods. Difficulty in defining a definitive method results from accuracy and 'true value' not being determinate. The approved IFCC definition of the reference method and the connection between this definition and the basis of quality control in clinical chemistry is discussed. The pioneering work of Shewhart on quality control in industry in the 1930s is revealed. It is pointed out that the main principle of this method, a continuous process of tracing and eliminating assignable sources of variation, should be the aim of quality control in clinical chemistry. PMID- 6648128 TI - Application of Cusum techniques to the routine monitoring of analytical performance in clinical laboratories. AB - Quality control data from a radioimmunoassay of progesterone are analysed. The measurements are found to have a lognormal distribution. A likelihood analysis of the change-point is described. Some rival continuous inspection schemes are compared and it is pointed out that more efficient schemes than Shewhart's can be implemented in clinical laboratories with the aid of a computer. PMID- 6648129 TI - A method of analysis of laboratory data in an epidemiological study where time trends are present. AB - Where data are collected over an extended period, in either cross-sectional or prospective studies, time trends in laboratory measurements can have misleading effects on observed associations, especially where it has not been possible to randomize the order of entry of participants to the study. In an ongoing prospective study of ischaemic heart disease, a modified cusum technique is used to examine the data for time trends. The paper considers a method for estimating where changes may have occurred, a method for adjusting for such changes in investigating the associations between variables and the appropriateness of making such adjustments. PMID- 6648130 TI - Deficiencies in clinical reports for registration of drugs. AB - A considerable number of the clinical reports which are presented to the Dutch Board for the Evaluation of Drugs, have deficiencies and/or shortcomings. A number of these, including loose description of the target population and sampling method, methodological flaws, incorrect treatment of withdrawals, confounding of patients and observations per patient, incomplete or incorrect description of the data and incorrect or inappropriate use of statistical tests, are discussed. PMID- 6648131 TI - Stopping rules for clinical trials. AB - We describe a new method of formulating stopping rules for clinical trials, one that incorporates opinion on what difference is clinically important. We compare the method with conventional group sequential designs and illustrate it by application to a study of Pancuronium Bromide for prevention of haemorrhage in pre-term infants. PMID- 6648132 TI - Critical reflections on clinical trials. AB - There is often concern about the large number of patients needed for a particular clinical trial. However, one could be equally concerned that a trial is designed with a number of patients that is too small to obtain a precise enough estimate of the difference between the success rates of the treatments. The design of the trial should ensure that statistical significance is only reached if the treatment difference exceeds a specified value of clinical importance. Designs with this property generally require more than the usual number of patients. It is hoped that discussion on the ethical acceptability of this consequence will be stimulated by this paper. PMID- 6648133 TI - The analysis of a sequential clinical trial for the comparison of two lung cancer treatments. AB - Methods adopted in the analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial of a new treatment for inoperable lung cancer are described. The trial design employed the sequential logrank test using length of survival from time of randomization as the principal outcome measure. We describe the practical arrangements for regular inspections of the accumulating data as required by the sequential design, and also for more extensive but less formal interim analyses, and present some of the results. On termination of the trial the survival patterns of the two treatment groups were compared using methods of analysis developed specifically to allow for the sequential nature of the trial design. The role of prognostic factors was investigated using fixed sample methods which are approximately independent of the sequential design. PMID- 6648134 TI - Determining reference ('normal') limits in medicine: an application. AB - We provide an account of a study to assess reference limits for eight routine laboratory determinations at the Academic Hospital of the Free University, Amsterdam and emphasize methodological issues rather than results. We argue that reference limits have use mainly in the first phase of the diagnostic process. Reference and target populations should be grossly comparable, and therefore patients (after slight selection) could well serve as references. However, we found major differences between in- and out-patients, so we suggest that this factor, together with age and sex, be taken into account. To arrive at reliable limits, the size of the reference sample should be at least 100. Laboratory reports should provide percentiles, which enable a more flexible decision than do fixed limits. PMID- 6648135 TI - The performance of logistic discrimination on myocardial infarction data, in comparison with some other discriminant analysis methods. AB - The Imminent Myocardial Infarction study Rotterdam (IMIR), concerns patients who visit their general practitioners and have complaints suspected to be of cardiac origin. The study aims to develop a protocol for diagnosing myocardial infarction without laboratory assistance. We use the IMIR data, consisting of continuous and binary variables, to compare the diagnostic performance of logistic discrimination with some other discriminant analysis techniques. We discuss which characterizations of mixed data sets may give indications for an appropriate choice from among the alternative methods for discrimination. PMID- 6648136 TI - Assessing tumour markers. AB - This paper explores the factors involved in assessing the value of a medical test in a given clinical situation. It examines the problems involved in designing studies to investigate the role for a tumour marker in differential diagnosis and patient monitoring. An overview is given, including a critical evaluation of the preliminary research, the laboratory assay technique and potential clinical problems. Some examples are given. Specific approaches to the analysis of monitoring data are outlined, including the application of a sequential Bayesian model. This is illustrated using data from patients in the Medical Research Council's series of studies on the tumour marker Carcinoembryonic antigen. PMID- 6648137 TI - The analysis using GENSTAT of anaemia, sugar intake and quetelet's index as prognostic indicators in women. AB - I describe methods of analysing possible aetiological factors in a follow-up survey, all of which are possible to carry out using the statistical package GENSTAT. A high haemoglobin level carried a significantly increased risk of ischaemic heart disease, and a low one an increased risk of cancer. Smoking was also an important factor. The increased risk was reasonably constant over time. Sugar intake and Quetelet's index did not significantly affect the relative risk. PMID- 6648138 TI - The Leicestershire Perinatal Mortality Study: a case study of multi-group discriminant analysis with complex sampling. AB - Case-control studies are usually analysed by two-group discriminant analysis or by a related method. However, in case-control studies of perinatal mortality the cases (perinatal deaths) are far from homogeneous, and it is likely that some risk factors are relevant only to certain subgroups of cases. This paper proposes a seven-category classification of perinatal deaths and reports an analysis using multi-group discriminant analysis. The problem is further complicated by non random sampling of controls. PMID- 6648139 TI - Bimodality of blood pressure levels. AB - I examine distribution of systolic blood pressure by means of maximum likelihood fitting of various statistical models to the extensive data of Boe et al., and find evidence for a compound or mixed log-normal distribution, rather than the single log-normal distribution proposed by Pickering. I find a second distribution with a mean blood pressure above the ordinary range. I demonstrate further evidence for the existence of this subgroup in the abnormalities of regression to the mean found in the same data set. PMID- 6648141 TI - The need for randomization in the study of intended effects. AB - The need for randomization as a means of controlling confounders is accentuated in the study of intended effects (efficacy) as compared with unintended ones (toxicity). The basic reason is that the indication for intervention is inherently a confounder in the study of efficacy but not of toxicity, whereas contraindications represent only a minor confounder even in toxicity research. Moreover, control of the indication in non-experimental terms is commonly infeasible owing to the complexity and subtlety of the indication. PMID- 6648140 TI - Stratified analysis of multivariate clinical data: application of a Mantel Haenszel approach. AB - Laboratory determinations on children aged 6 to 10 years obtained over a 5-year period are analysed by a method described in detail for differentiating between children from exposed and control areas of Seveso, Italy. In the analysis, stratification is employed to distinguish the separate days of laboratory measurement. The analyses permit the study of differences based on all variables simultaneously as well as on each variable separately. Results are obtained for each individual year and for longer intervals of 2 successive years, 3 successive years, 4 successive years, and all 5 years. The results and some statistical aspects of the analysis are discussed. PMID- 6648142 TI - Analysis of survival data by the proportional odds model. AB - A model is presented for the analysis of lifetime data in which the rates of mortality for separate groups of patients converge with time. A non-parametric estimate is given for the survivor function. The theoretical basis for the model assumes that prognostic factors have a multiplicative effect on the odds against survival beyond any given time. The model is fitted to data using maximum likelihood estimation, and an example of its use in the analysis of a lung cancer trial is given. PMID- 6648143 TI - An analysis of survival differences between clinically and screen-detected cancer patients. AB - Survival differences between clinically and screen-detected cancer patients partly result from biases. Well known are lead-time, length bias and overdiagnosis. The survival of the clinically detected patients in the study group of the HIP breast cancer screening project is corrected for these biases. The resulting survival curve is only slightly worse than the survival of the screen-detected patients. This suggests a very modest mortality reduction by screening. A much larger reduction is obtained from an analysis of the complete HIP results, including those of the control group. It is concluded that a large unexpected selection bias is present. This bias would not have been detected if the HIP study had not contained a randomized control group. A misleading and pessimistic conclusion on the effectiveness of breast cancer screening would thus have resulted. This conclusion reinforces the need for randomized studies. PMID- 6648144 TI - Fitting regression models to censored survival data. AB - A short review of regression models for the analysis of censored survival data is given. These include multiplicative hazard rate models, log-linear models (accelerated failure time models), linear models and polynomial models. An application of some of these models to the analysis of a large retrospective study on carcinomas of the oral cavity is described. The results obtained by parametric and semiparametric analyses are compared. PMID- 6648145 TI - Comparison of models for survival data. AB - Many mathematical representations are possible both for the frequency distribution of survival time and for the effect on that distribution of explanatory variables. A short review is given of the main types of model, the techniques available for model choice, the consequences of assuming a particular form and methods for assessing goodness of fit. Effects of model misspecification are discussed briefly. PMID- 6648146 TI - On the use of logrank scores in the analysis of litter-matched data on time to tumour appearance. AB - Previously, Mantel and Ciminera introduced an application of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure to litter-matched time-to-tumour data on treated and control animals with a device for recovering 'interlitter information' from non-informative litters. An example is given here to show that the Mantel-Ciminera procedure can confound litter effect and treatment effect; their procedure is shown to produce a large chi-square value on contrived data containing no information on the treatment effect on time to tumour. An alternative procedure is described which completely adjusts for litter effect. This procedure is adaptable to any scoring system. As an illustration, it is carried out with logrank scores to reanalyse the data of Mantel and Ciminera. PMID- 6648147 TI - Simplified computation of the multivariate permutation test for arbitrarily censored survival data. AB - This paper points out that the permutational covariance matrix of the multivariate generalization of Gehan's test on censored survival data enjoys the useful property that a generalized inverse may be explicitly computed. This leads to an exceedingly simple formula for the test statistic. The ease of the resulting calculations is displayed with a brief example from exercise stress testing. PMID- 6648148 TI - Statistical analysis of gait patterns of persons with cerebral palsy. AB - Patients at Boston's Children's Hospital diagnosed as having cerebral palsy were filmed walking. These films were digitized and translated into measurements associated with leg motion. In this paper we use the gait measurements of 128 such patients to illustrate the the kth nearest neighbour clustering procedure results in a gait typology for patients with cerebral palsy. The procedure identifies four subpopulations from the sample data; the membership of a patient within this typology is mostly determined by the patient's motor control. The developed typology differs from the present diagnostic system which classifies a cerebral palsy patient as either quadriplegic, diaplegic or hemiplegic. PMID- 6648149 TI - Predicted mortality patterns in cohort study populations exposed to different types of hazard: can SMRs show a dose-response? AB - The analysis of data from cohort studies by duration of exposure and time since first exposure (latent interval) has been investigated using a simulation approach. These two analyses are often performed when the estimator of risk, commonly the O/E ratio or SMR, shows evidence of a raised risk. Two measures of risk were tested in the detailed analyses: the O/E ratio and the excess death rate. The latter was found to reflect the 'dose-response' relationship more accurately for a variety of hazard types. Attention is drawn to possible biases and to the importance of adjustment for age in these analyses. PMID- 6648150 TI - Parameters of mortality in human populations with widely varying life spans. AB - A three-component, competing-risk mortality model, developed for animal survival data, fits human life table data for all ages over a range of mean life spans from 16 to 74 years. The competing risks are a novel exponentially-decreasing hazard, dominant during immaturity; a constant hazard, dominant during adulthood; and an exponentially increasing Gompertzian hazard, dominant during senescence. By fitting the model to a specific life table using non-linear techniques, estimates of the five model parameters and their standard errors obtain; the proportion of deaths expected from each hazard alone may then be calculated. Preliminary analysis of 13 life tables indicates that for human populations under heavy stress, with very short mean life spans of about 20 years, the three hazard components account for roughly equal numbers of deaths; for modern populations, with mean life spans of about 75 years, nearly all deaths are due to the hazard of senescence. Factor analysis of the correlation matrix of parameter values for the 13 populations shows a two-factor structure. One factor involves only the multiplicative constants (initial values) of the three hazards, but not the hazard rates of change; the second factor involves only the parameter of the immaturity hazard and the rate of acceleration of the senescence hazard, but not the constant hazard nor the multiplicative constant (initial value) of the senescence hazard. PMID- 6648151 TI - A comparison of two methods for calculating expected mortality. AB - A number of statistics based on person-years of survival have use in mortality studies. However, calculation of an expected number of deaths based on person years of survival and standard death rates cannot be justified. We derive a new method to estimate expected mortality based on a model which assumes that each individual contributes to expected mortality from the time he enters the study until the study ends, regardless of whether he dies during the study. This model shows that what is referred to as expected mortality in the person-years method is a biased estimate of expected mortality. The variance of observed mortality under this new model is substantially less than the variance commonly used with the person-years method. PMID- 6648152 TI - Some non-parametric and categorical data analyses for a change-over design study and discussion of apparent carry-over effects. AB - This paper addresses the statistical analysis of data from a pair of two period change-over design studies from two centres. These studies compared an active treatment with placebo for the relief of heartburn. The principal response variable was whether or not the patient experienced relief for heartburn from a symptom-provoking meal within 15 minutes of the initial dose of treatment. Other response variables were an ordinal response classification for the pattern of relief for up to two doses and a composite measure for time to relief. Categorical data methods and non-parametric rank methods for the analysis of such responses are described. A result of interest is the significance of (treatment X period) interaction (i.e. carry-over effects). It is interpreted as a tendency for less effective placebo treatment in the period following the active period compared with the first period; in contrast, the active treatment was equally effective in both periods. Discussion centres on the implications of this finding for conclusions concerning the comparison of the active treatment with placebo. PMID- 6648153 TI - The logistic function as an aid in the detection of acute coronary disease in emergency patients (a case study) PMID- 6648154 TI - Measuring the correlation between time series of hormonal data. PMID- 6648155 TI - Unbiased assessment of treatment effects on disease recurrence and survival in clinical trials. PMID- 6648156 TI - Regulation of rabbit immunoglobulins. Introductory remarks. PMID- 6648157 TI - Immunoregulation of rabbit immunoglobulin allotypes through an allotype-idiotype network. PMID- 6648158 TI - Regulation of rabbit allotypes. A comparison with murine idiotype and allotype systems. PMID- 6648159 TI - [Abnormal cell differentiation and ulcerative hemorrhagic rectocolitis]. PMID- 6648160 TI - [Pain threshold in normal persons and in chronic pain patients]. PMID- 6648161 TI - [Objectives, concept and characteristics of an integrated distributed medical information system]. PMID- 6648162 TI - [Future trends of liposomes in therapeutics]. PMID- 6648163 TI - [Unsuspected inhalation of foreign bodies apropos of 5 case reports]. PMID- 6648164 TI - [Smoking addiction]. PMID- 6648165 TI - [Chemical composition of tobacco smoke]. PMID- 6648166 TI - [Brief observation on the pharmacology of nicotine]. PMID- 6648167 TI - [Statistics relating to problems of smoking addiction]. PMID- 6648168 TI - [Development and maintenance of nicotine dependence]. PMID- 6648169 TI - [Tobacco and cardio-vascular diseases]. PMID- 6648170 TI - [Tobacco and pregnancy]. PMID- 6648171 TI - [Bronchopneumopathies]. PMID- 6648172 TI - [Genetic toxicology of tobacco]. PMID- 6648173 TI - [Treatment of tobacco dependence]. PMID- 6648174 TI - [Another way of looking at smoking addiction]. PMID- 6648175 TI - [Hypervitaminosis A: physiopathology and liver toxicity]. PMID- 6648177 TI - [Local treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with prescription drugs]. PMID- 6648176 TI - [Salicylate therapy in pediatrics]. PMID- 6648178 TI - [24 hours of observations in an emergency center: importance for ambulatory medicine]. PMID- 6648179 TI - [Cardiologic semeiology]. PMID- 6648180 TI - [How to rehabilitate heart patients?]. PMID- 6648181 TI - [Problems encountered in caring for various diabetic patients of Arabic origin]. PMID- 6648182 TI - [Biologic markers of sarcoidosis. Apropos of a case of pulmonary and cutaneous sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6648183 TI - [The diagnosis of herniated disk using CAT scan]. PMID- 6648184 TI - [Physical therapy and proprioceptive rehabilitation of leg injuries in the early stage]. PMID- 6648185 TI - [Postoperative analgesia: epidural administration of morphine]. PMID- 6648186 TI - [Nerve blocks in orthopedic and reconstructive surgery]. PMID- 6648187 TI - [Intussusception of the rectum or incomplete prolapse]. PMID- 6648188 TI - [Microsurgical reconstruction in loss of substance of the cutaneous cover]. PMID- 6648189 TI - [The disability of the aged amputee]. PMID- 6648190 TI - [Harmful effects of common drugs on the visual apparatus and their control by the ophthalmologist]. PMID- 6648191 TI - [Current surgery of cataracts]. PMID- 6648192 TI - [Suppurative otitis media]. PMID- 6648193 TI - [Anterior choroidal artery syndrome. Clinical and computed tomography study of 4 cases]. AB - The author choroidal artery syndrome is a rare disorder associating, in its complete form, a hemiplegia, a hemianesthesia, and a homonymous lateral hemianopia. Four cases are reported in which the diagnosis was confirmed by a CT scan, which demonstrated a low density area in the posterior part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule, sparing the thalamus medially, and extending laterally to the apex of the pallidum thus corresponding to the area supplied by the anterior choroidal artery. The incomplete forms of this syndrome and clinicopathological correlations are discussed. PMID- 6648194 TI - [Anterior choroidal artery syndrome. Neuropsychological study of 4 cases]. AB - A neuropsychological study was carried out in 4 cases of infarction in the territory of the anterior choroidal artery. In 3 cases the lesions were on the right side. A syndrome of the minor hemisphere was present with severe visual neglect, constructional apraxia, alexia due to disorders of visuo-spatial strategy, anosognosia and motor impersistence. In the case with a left-sided lesion there was no neglect but a mild aphasia with impaired fluency, semantic paraphasias, perseveration and a decreased psycho-linguistic ability. The mechanisms of neglect in right-sided lesions are considered. PMID- 6648195 TI - [Agraphia and preservation of music writing in a bilingual piano teacher]. AB - A bilingual virtuoso piano teacher developed aphasia and amusia, probably due to cerebral embolism. The perfectly demarcated and unique lesion was located in the left posterior temporoparietal region. Language examinations in French and Italian demonstrated entirely comparable difficulties in both languages. The linguistic course was favorable after a period of auditory agnosia and global aphasia. Language became fluent again 3 months after the onset, with a marked vocabulary loss and phonemic paraphasias with attempts at self-correction. Repetition was altered markedly with a deficit in auditory comprehension but no remaining elements of auditory agnosia. Reading was possible, but with some difficulty and total agraphia and acalculia persisted. Musical ability was better conserved, particularly with respect to repetition and above all to writing, the sparing of the latter constituting a fairly uncommon dissociation in relation to agraphia. Findings are discussed in relation to data in the literature concerning hemispheric participation in various musical tasks. PMID- 6648196 TI - [Primacy of medical treatment of cerebral abscesses (19 cases)]. AB - Therapy in 19 consecutive cases of cerebral abscess was limited to medical treatment whenever possible, using high doses of a combination of several antibiotics. Long-term follow up by serial computed tomography was performed. Antibiotic treatment alone was effective in 8 patients with multiple hemispheric abscesses of metastatic origin, though one patient seen late with three large abscesses die on the 4th day. In 8 cases with single abscesses, medical treatment alone was effective: 5 had lesions less than 4 cm in diameter; in 2 cases with lesions 4 to 5 cm in diameter, additional abscess puncture was carried out. One patient required early excision of an occipital abscess, and 2 cases of pontocerebellar angle abscesses were also treated surgically. Antibiotic therapy alone was effective in 1 patient with a large brain stem abscess. Treatment of cerebral abscess has largely changed since the availability of computed tomography, with a progressively more important place being accorded to antibiotic therapy alone. The stage of the abscess does not appear to be a decisive factor in the choice of treatment, medical therapy appearing to provide a definitive cure with a minimum of sequelae in the majority of cases. Abscess puncture may be an adjunct to antibiotic therapy in large abscesses with clinical signs. PMID- 6648198 TI - [Paralysis of vertical gaze as a sequela of Wernicke's encephalopathy]. AB - In the acute phase of Wernicke's encephalopathy the treatment with thiamine results quickly in a normal ocular motor function. In a patient with severe and long-time alcoholism, and poor nutrition, an acute Wernicke's disease is reported in which a complete gaze palsy was associated with cerebellar symptoms, desorientation and anterograde amnesia. The treatment by thiamine, pyridoxine and folic acid resulted in the disappearance, in 1 week, of the extra-ocular symptoms. Lateral gaze palsy disappeared in 3 weeks, but vertical gaze palsy was unchanged after 8 months. Eye movement disorders rarely persist more than 1 week in well-treated patients. In this case, clinical signs and course, computed tomography have excluded another disease of the midbrain (i.e.: tumor, infarct, centro-pontine myelinolysis.) Hypotheses are considered to account for this fact: first, subclinical lesions persisting after a similar episode three years before; second, an abnormality of the transcetolase enzyme system: third, the association of the thiamine deficiency with a possible toxicity of very odd fooding habits. This patient, since several months, ate nothing but spoiled food with an admixture of strong alcoholic beverages. PMID- 6648197 TI - [Analgesic properties and plasma concentrations of clomipramine in chronic pain]. AB - The analgesic effect of clomipramine and the possible relationships between the antalgic action, the doses and the plasma levels of this tricyclic drug have been studied in 15 patients with chronic pain induced by nervous lesions determining a deafferentiation. Eight of 15 patients treated with clomipramine (100 mg/IV during 10 days and then 150 me per os) reported a significant improvement (up to 50 per cent during 3 to 18 months). The study of the partial coefficients of correlation did not show a relationship between plasma levels and analgesia in the total population or in the subgroup of the 8 improved patients. These results confirm the analgesic properties of clomipramine and suggest that regular monitoring of plasma levels of clomipramine does not appear of practical interest in the treatment of chronic pain. PMID- 6648199 TI - [Clinico-pathologic conference at the Salpetriere. 4 November 1982. Subacute febrile encephalopathy in Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 6648200 TI - [Crossed cerebellar atrophy following hemispheric lesions occurring in adulthood]. AB - Crossed cerebellar atrophy generally results from a large contralateral hemispheric lesion involving the cortico-spinal tract in neonates or infants. Two cases of crossed cerebellar atrophy which were particular from two points of view are reported: 1) the cerebellar alterations resulted from cerebral lesions which had occurred in adult life, after complete maturation of the central nervous system. One was observed in a 78 years old hypertensive woman who had presented 24 years before a right lenticular haemorrage, the other in a 73 years old woman who when aged 18 had presented a left cortical frontal traumatic lesion. The clinical and pathological data are compared to 13 similar cases reported in the literature. The retrograde or anterograde route of this transneuronal degeneration is discussed. The pathological features of those 2 cases lead the authors to favor the anterograde route; 2) the cerebral lesion was small and strictly limited to F2 in 1 case, the secondary lesions involving then, only the medial pontine nuclei and the quadrangular cerebellar lobule. This allows a clear demonstration, in man, of a systematisation of the cortico-pontine and ponto cerebellar fibers similar to what has been described in the animal (Brodal, 1980). PMID- 6648201 TI - [Sleep and dreams in patients with parietal and frontal lobe lesions]. AB - Polygraphic recordings, psychological tests, and analyses of dreams during paradoxical sleep were conducted in 9 patients with parietal lobe, in 7 with frontal lobe lesions and in a control group. No significant differences in sleep organization were observed in the parietal group, but there was a considerable reduction in oneiric activity and alterations in results of some psychological tests. Several correlations based on statistical data are discussed. Oneiric activity was disorganized to a much lesser degree in patients with frontal lesions. PMID- 6648202 TI - [Study of 213 cases of multiple sclerosis treated with azathioprine from 1967- to 1982]. AB - Effects of azathioprine, 150 mg per day on average, were studied in 213 patients with multiple sclerosis. Thirty-eight case reports were excluded from the final analysis due to lack of continuous treatment (22 cases) or of complete data (16 cases). The 175 patients followed up regularly for a mean of 10 years had received the drug for from 6 months to 15 years (mean approximately 4 years). The treatment was generally well tolerated and there were no irreversible side effects. Results for the different parameters studied, when compared with those in untreated controls, showed the following features: for patients with the remittent form of MS: a statistically significant increase in cases showing no further progression, a reduced frequency of attacks (increased during spontaneous evolution of the affection), a significantly lower incidence of cases that became progressive in nature, and a general improvement in disability score at the end of follow-up. The course of the disease appeared to be more severe before treatment than in untreated cases. In patients with the progressive form of MS (47 cases) the ratio of total disability scores to number of years of observation was reduced in treated when compared with control patients, whereas this ratio was similar in both groups before treatment. General improvement in scores was therefore definitely related to treatment. These findings are in agreement with those of our 1978 study (Aimard, Confavreux et al.) and of others using the same protocol (Oger et al., and Rosen).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6648203 TI - [Congenital oculomotor apraxia. 2 cases with an electro-oculography study]. AB - Congenital oculomotor apraxia is characterized by the inability of the young child to produce horizontal saccades when his head is fixed; two cases are reported. In a free condition this trouble is compensated by thrust head movements allowing the child to lead his gaze to the stimulus or to reach it by successive hypometric jerks released by movement. A blink usually precedes the eye movement probably allowing the child to escape from an excessive fixation. This apraxia is combined with a motor and psychological development delay. The evolution of all the troubles is usually good with minimal sequelaes (difficulty for reading). Without any anatomical argument, it may be assumed that a dysfunction of area 8 and of the fronto-mesencephalic pathway is responsible for this abnormality. The resemblance of this disturbance to an earlier phylogenic period of the oculomotor development (inferior mammalian) and its spontaneous good evolution evoke more a maturation delay of the supranuclear control system of saccades than a true disease. PMID- 6648204 TI - [Lasting focal signs in 2 cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]. AB - Two cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, which occurred without a clinical setting of immune deficiency and developed as a unifocal brain lesion during 14 and 4 months, are reported. The diagnosis was established only by post mortem study in the first case and after five months by a brain biopsy in the second one. The difficulties of an early diagnosis in such cases should be now reduced with CT scan which may show a relatively specific picture, even when there is only one visible lesion. PMID- 6648205 TI - [A forgotten muscular dystrophy: Ullrich's disease]. AB - The muscular disease described by Ullrich (1930) is no longer included in classifications of neuromuscular disorders. A typical case is reported and 15 documented cases have been found in the German and Japanese literature. The clinical picture associates, paradoxically, retraction of proximal muscles and hyperlaxity of distal muscles and joints. The dystrophic nature of the disease is uncertain. PMID- 6648206 TI - [Myasthenic internuclear pseudo-ophthalmoplegia]. AB - Two cases of myasthenic pseudointernuclear ophthalmoplegia are reported. The diagnosis of this rare peripheral oculomotor syndrome is established on the variability of the clinical signs, their improvement by pharmacological testing, the combined impairment of convergence, the usual association of ptosis, and in some cases the presence of specific electromyographic signs. The nystagmus of the abducting eye could result from a selective damage to the tonic muscle fibres mediating fixation, the phasic fibres (performing saccades) being spared. PMID- 6648207 TI - [Endomorphins and experimental analgesic action of amitriptyline]. AB - The analgesic effect of several doses of amitriptyline was studied in rats. The lower doses of the tricyclic compound showed clear analgesic properties whereas the higher doses remained ineffective. Naloxone, deprived of effect when administered alone, reduced the antinociceptive action of amitriptyline. These results suggest that the analgesic properties of the tricyclic compound could involve endorphin central systems. PMID- 6648208 TI - [Periodic laryngeal dyspnea in bi-opercular syndrome]. AB - Periodic bouts of laryngeal dyspnea in a 77-year-old man were observed early in the course of a syndrome due to bilateral opercular infarcts. Laryngoscopy showed alternate slow opening and closure of the glottis superimposed on respiratory vocal cord movements. The disorder could result from bilateral removal of cortical control of bulbar centers, its periodicity suggesting analogies with Cheyne-Stokes' dyspnea. PMID- 6648209 TI - [Retinal ischaemia and haemoglobinoses]. PMID- 6648210 TI - [Labyrinthectomy in Meniere's disease. Long-term results]. PMID- 6648211 TI - [Primary extracranial meningiomas: One case of ethmoido-nasal meningioma]. PMID- 6648213 TI - [Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome and polymyositis]. PMID- 6648214 TI - [Treatment of venous angiomas of the cheek. Simplification of the surgical procedure]. PMID- 6648212 TI - [Concomitant maxillary and frontal mucoceles]. PMID- 6648215 TI - [Oculo-palpebral paralysis of vertical gaze and skew-deviation revealing a cyst of the cavum vergae]. PMID- 6648216 TI - [Meningiomas originating in the cavernous sinus. Apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 6648218 TI - [Rare form of pendular nystagmus: circumduction nystagmus. Apropos of 1 case]. PMID- 6648217 TI - [Recurrent purulent meningitis and cochlear malformations. Apropos of 1 case]. PMID- 6648219 TI - [Glioma of the optic nerve in an adult]. PMID- 6648220 TI - [Bronchoalveolar lavage: a new method in pulmonary diseases]. PMID- 6648221 TI - [Technic for the correction of the swan-neck deformity of the fingers: preliminary report]. PMID- 6648222 TI - [Epidemiology of poliomyelitis in Brazil]. PMID- 6648223 TI - [Sarcoidosis in the city of Sao Paulo: contribution to the estimation of its incidence]. PMID- 6648224 TI - [Congenital pseudarthroses of the clavicle]. PMID- 6648225 TI - [Extrinsic compression of the popliteal artery]. PMID- 6648226 TI - [Acrylic resin implant in the frontal sinus]. PMID- 6648227 TI - [Surgical treatment of colorectal cancer. Value of immunologic competence skin tests in the prognostic and immunotherapeutic evaluation]. PMID- 6648229 TI - [Classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas]. PMID- 6648228 TI - [Cholecystectomy and exploration of the bile ducts in hepatic cirrhosis]. PMID- 6648230 TI - [Effects of protein malnutrition on the recovery from experimental ischemic renal failure]. PMID- 6648231 TI - [Hemodialysis without heparin]. PMID- 6648232 TI - [Aortic valve replacement with bovine pericardium bioprosthesis]. PMID- 6648233 TI - The relationships between the small saphenous vein and the common peroneal and tibial nerves in adult females: surgical and ethnic anatomy. PMID- 6648234 TI - Niemann-Pick disease in adult: report of a case surgically treated. PMID- 6648235 TI - [Retained antrum syndrome. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 6648236 TI - Diagnostic value of serum cholylglycine radioimmunoassay in chronic asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. AB - The correlation between histological liver abnormalities and fasting serum cholylglycine levels was investigated in 75 chronic asymptomatic HBsAg carriers with normal conventional liver tests, to clarify whether serum CG radioimmunoassay could help in distinguishing the carriers with histological liver damage from those with normal histological findings. Mean (+/- SEM) fasting serum CG levels were 11.6 +/- 1.5 micrograms/dl in 56 carriers with normal liver histology, 14.6 +/- 4.2 micrograms/dl in 16 subjects with CPH and 95.6 +/- 54 micrograms/dl in three carriers with CAH. The incidence of abnormal values (greater than 40 micrograms/dl) among carriers with CAH (66%) was significantly higher than in the other two groups (1.8 and 12.5%, respectively). It is concluded that, among chronic asymptomatic HBsAg carriers with normal conventional liver tests, those who show abnormal serum CG levels are likely to have severe histological damage. This justifies the inclusion of CG radioimmunoassay in the routine follow-up of these subjects. The occurrence of false-positive and false-negative results must be considered if the test is used as an aid in the selection of patients for liver biopsy. PMID- 6648237 TI - Platelet count and platelet function in patients with angina pectoris (before and after a cycloergometric exercise test). AB - Platelet count and platelet function (circulating platelet aggregates, retention by glass beads and aggregation) were studied under basal conditions and after a cycloergometric exercise test in 10 subjects with stable angina pectoris and 10 normal subjects. There were no baseline differences between patients and controls in any of the tests of platelet function, nor did the values change after the exercise test. There was, however, a significant increase in the number of circulating platelets after the test in angina patients. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed, with emphasis on the role of catecholamine hypersecretion induced by the physical exercise. PMID- 6648239 TI - An integrated system for the automation of the clinical chemistry laboratory. AB - A user programmable microcomputer-based integrated system for automatic analysis in the clinical chemistry laboratory is presented. Friendly user-instrument interaction helps the operator when defining tests and analytical conditions or entering sample data and test requests. Quality control data are retained for the automatic production of various statistical lists and graphs. Routine operator intervention is limited to reagent preparation, sample loading onto the autosampler plate, definition of the tests to be performed on each of the samples and data validation before the generation of reports. Finally, connection with an existing laboratory management system is provided by means of a standard serial interface. PMID- 6648238 TI - Activators and inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system in maturity-onset diabetes mellitus without thromboembolic manifestations. AB - In patients with maturity-onset diabetes mellitus without thromboembolic manifestations, significant increases in both fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic activity were demonstrated. The increased fibrinolytic activity observed under basal conditions could be due to the continuous release of plasminogen activators from damaged endothelial cells. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the higher fibrinolytic activity observed in diabetics is followed by a lesser increase in fibrinolytic activity than in controls after the venous occlusion test. The main antiplasmins, except alpha 2-antiplasmin, were significantly higher in diabetics, and their levels were not affected by sex, metabolic regulation, retinopathy, duration of the disease or cholesterolemia. On the contrary, weight, therapy and triglyceridemia significantly influenced the levels of some antiplasmins. Furthermore, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia were associated with a reduction of fibrinolysis. Thus, these conditions may further increase the risk of thromboembolic complications of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6648241 TI - [Surgery of aortic coarctation in infants]. PMID- 6648240 TI - The influence of in vivo pretreatment of cyclophosphamide on phagocytic activity of mouse macrophages in vitro. AB - The action of cyclophosphamide on phagocytosis by macrophages from mouse peritoneal exudate cultured in vitro was studied. The mice were pretreated with cyclophosphamide administered for seven days. The experiments were carried out in the presence of serum (with or without complement) from untreated animals or without serum. A significantly increased phagocytic activity was shown in experiments without serum and when decomplemented serum was used. No significant variation was found when macrophages from treated mice were tested with serum with complement from untreated animals. It is tentatively assumed that low dosage administration in vivo of cyclophosphamide does not affect macrophage phagocytic activity while several findings suggest an inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on T and B lymphocytes. PMID- 6648242 TI - [Surgical treatment of acute dissecting aneurysm of the aorta--results of insertion of a ringed graft]. PMID- 6648243 TI - [Acute aortic dissection: surgical indication and problems in the acute stage]. PMID- 6648244 TI - [Surgical treatment of acute dissecting aneurysm of the aorta--a case of acute aortic arch dissection treated by aortic vessel reconstruction]. PMID- 6648245 TI - [Evaluation of the surgical results in acute dissecting aneurysms of the aorta]. PMID- 6648246 TI - [Improvement of surgical procedures in dissecting aortic aneurysm]. PMID- 6648247 TI - [Broncho-pulmonary contusions due to blunt thoracic injuries requiring emergency surgery--report of 5 cases]. PMID- 6648248 TI - [Case of primary thymic carcinoid]. PMID- 6648249 TI - [Surgical treatment of dissecting aortic aneurysm using a ringed graft- evaluation of 4 cases]. PMID- 6648250 TI - [Successful treatment of left ventricular aneurysm caused by aortic stenosis]. PMID- 6648251 TI - [4 cases of a syndrome of congenital pulmonary valve atresia--consideration on surgical treatment]. PMID- 6648252 TI - [Innovation in patient care in radiographic examination of children]. PMID- 6648253 TI - [Experience with Jatene's procedure in 5 cases of complete transposition of great vessels]. PMID- 6648255 TI - Reduction and emergence. PMID- 6648254 TI - The preribosome reticulum. PMID- 6648256 TI - [Morphometry of Malpighian bodies in thymectomized rats]. PMID- 6648257 TI - [Preliminary evaluation of the effect of preschool activities on mental work capacity in 6-year-old children]. PMID- 6648258 TI - [Technical and hygienic conditions in nurseries in newly formed provinces in Poland]. PMID- 6648259 TI - [Social determinants of food habits and behavior related to family nutrition in the urban environment]. PMID- 6648260 TI - [Nutritive value of the daily diet of adolescents living in boarding schools. IV. Vitamin A, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol contents]. PMID- 6648261 TI - [Biochemical evaluation of dietary magnesium and zinc intake in infants and children. Preliminary studies]. PMID- 6648262 TI - [Determination of the selenium content of flour and grain]. PMID- 6648263 TI - [Determination of monensin in poultry meat by thin-layer chromatography]. PMID- 6648264 TI - [Detection of saccharin in various cosmetic products]. PMID- 6648265 TI - [Determination of organophosphate insecticide residues in vegetables using an automatic analyzer]. PMID- 6648266 TI - [Effect of administration of sodium nitrite and carbendazim on the level of biogenic amines in the rat brain]. PMID- 6648267 TI - [Determination of volatile organic components and water-soluble substances in polyamides]. PMID- 6648268 TI - [Effect of antibiotics and disinfectants present in the sewage from anti tuberculosis hospitals on the effectiveness of its purification by the active sediment method]. PMID- 6648269 TI - [Relation between gastrointestinal transit time and utilization of diets supplemented by amino acids in the rat]. PMID- 6648271 TI - [Contribution and value of computer tomography in the diagnosis of intrathoracic space-occupying lesions and in the evaluation of mediastinal and lymphogenic metastases]. AB - computerized tomography is a valuable tool for the rapid, non- invasive diagnosis of intrathoracic masses and for the evaluation of tumour size. Mediastinal infiltrations and lymphogenic metastases are easily and reliably identified. Results of conventional tomography are supplemented by CT findings as both methods have their strong and weak points which are in part mutually complementary. PMID- 6648270 TI - [Accuracy quota in fine needle puncture]. AB - Percutaneous fine-needle biopsies guided by X-ray were performed in 100 patients utilizing the Nordenstrom canula. All cases have now been clinically controlled for at least 14 and up to 30 months. The follow up allowed further conclusions due to the dignity of histologically negative biopsies. Positive results on malignant lesions were obtained in 74% of cases. Our experience revealed that negative aspiration biopsies should be considered false negative until they could be confirmed by further investigations. PMID- 6648272 TI - The value of conventional radiography and computed tomography (CT) in diagnosis of pulmonary hamartoma. AB - No radiologic features are pathognomonic for hamartoma of the lung. Punctate or popcorn calcification, umbilication sign and CT density measurements should be helpful but are not diagnostic. Evidence of fat may suggest pulmonary hamartoma and CT density measurements may be helpful to detect this. A low CT number, however, may be the result of either the partial volume averaging or the presence of fat in the tumour. The definite diagnosis can be made only by histological examination after thoracotomy or transthoracic puncture. PMID- 6648273 TI - [Value of angiography in hemangiopericytomas]. AB - Haemangiopericytoma is a rare type of tumour which mostly develops in the soft parts. The article reports on the manifestations of one tumour each in the thigh and pelvis. The angiogram shows displacement of the major arteries, the tumour supplying vessels penetrate into the growth by means of one or several peduncles, and intensive coloration takes place during the parenchyma phase. However, the "typical angiographic image" was seen in one of the two cases only. PMID- 6648274 TI - [Sonographic image of intrarenal and intra-arterial fungus thrombi in a newborn infant with Candida infection]. AB - Shortly after birth a preterm infant suffering from aspiration syndrome and subsequent Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis showed signs of renal insufficiency and mycotic infection: Yeast cells were identified in several urinalyses; there was also an increasing anti-Candida IgM antibody titer. At the same time sonographic examinations revealed an increasing echogenicity of the renal cortex and echogenic masses of variable size which did not cause acoustic shadows in both enlarged kidneys. A few days later, we found a right-sided hydronephrosis caused by an intraureteric prevesical mass of equal echogenicity. As we could observe sonographically, the aggressive antimycotic therapy was successful. Eleven weeks later there were signs of cardiac insufficiency. An angiographically demonstrated filling defect within the pulmonary artery showed the same sonographic findings as the previously found intrarenal masses. The baby underwent embolectomy and recovered. The thrombotic material contained yeast cells giving evidence of systemic Candidiasis. Provided appropriate equipment is available, ultrasound today is an excellent non-invasive screening and follow-up method not only for echoencephalography, but also for more complicated neonatal problems as seen here. The detailed observation of a changing echogenicity of the renal cortex and pelvis is important and often allows a decisive diagnostic clue before other radiological methods become conclusive. PMID- 6648275 TI - [Vaccination and occupational medicine]. PMID- 6648276 TI - [Antibiotic therapy by first intention]. PMID- 6648277 TI - [Bacterial antigen therapy]. PMID- 6648278 TI - [Yersinia infections]. PMID- 6648279 TI - [Spondylodiscites. Current aspects]. PMID- 6648280 TI - [Non-specific vaccinotherapy]. PMID- 6648281 TI - [Ulcerations of the cornea]. PMID- 6648282 TI - [Diagnosis of retinal detachment]. PMID- 6648283 TI - [Treatment of retinal detachment]. PMID- 6648284 TI - [Retinal vein occlusions]. PMID- 6648285 TI - [Echography in ophthalmology]. PMID- 6648286 TI - [Tomodensitometry in ophthalmology]. PMID- 6648287 TI - [Physiology of continence and urination]. PMID- 6648288 TI - [General management of urination disorders]. PMID- 6648289 TI - [Urination disorders of neurologic origin]. PMID- 6648290 TI - [Functional urination disorders in urology and their treatment]. PMID- 6648291 TI - [Urination disorders in elderly patients]. PMID- 6648292 TI - [Acquired stenosis of the lumbar canal and vertebral hyperostosis]. AB - The authors present 12 cases of symptomatic acquired narrowing of the lumbar canal (with multiple nerve root involvement) in patients suffering from typical vertebral hyperostosis. In each case, the lesion was transverse stenosis due to hypertrophy of the articular apophyses of the last three lumbar vertebrae (posteromedial apophyses). Amongst the radiological abnormalities detected, especially with the aid of the C.T. scan in 6 cases, the authors stress the frequency of irregular bony proliferations on the non-articular surface of the articular apophyses and the ossification of the ligamenta flava, which has already been observed in the thoracic region in cases of vertebral hyperostosis. PMID- 6648293 TI - [Chiari's osteotomy. Principles, results and indications. Apropos of 31 cases]. AB - The authors present their experience of 31 cases of Chiari's pelvic osteotomy. The authors recall the principles and the biomechanical objectives of this operation and then they describe the operative technique, which is difficult to master. This osteotomy was performed in patients aged between 15 and 57, gave very good results in 13 cases, good results in 8 cases and mediocre results in 7 cases, of the 28 cases which have been followed up for more then a year. This procedure seems to have a very effective analgesic action, without a marked loss of joint amplitude, but sometimes at the price of a residual limp. This type of osteotomy finds its best indications in arthroses of the hip secondary to marked exposure of the femoral head. PMID- 6648294 TI - [Primary Candida albicans osteoarthritis of the anterior chest. Apropos of 3 cases occurring in heroin addicts]. PMID- 6648295 TI - [Total coliforms bacteria and coliform of fecal origin in water used for animal drinking]. PMID- 6648296 TI - [Biochemistry of schistosomiasis mansoni. V. - Mitochondrial activity in the livers and the kidneys of marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) infested with Schistosoma mansoni]. PMID- 6648297 TI - [Biological control: Pomacea haustrum Reeve, 1856 (Mollusca, Pilidae) on planorbids, in the laboratory]. PMID- 6648298 TI - [Under-reporting of vital events: strategies for its decrease]. PMID- 6648299 TI - [Health education in the prevention of the risk of premature weaning]. PMID- 6648300 TI - [Mortality and occupational accidents in the electrical industry]. PMID- 6648301 TI - [In vitro tuberculin reaction and cellular and humoral immune response in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6648302 TI - [Evaluation of organic iron concentration in a population of pregnant women]. PMID- 6648303 TI - [Maternal-child health. Critical view of the determinants and assistance programs]. PMID- 6648304 TI - [Alcoholism, smoking and epidermoid carcinoma of the middle third of the esophagus: a case-control study]. PMID- 6648305 TI - [Current status of fluoridation of the public water supply in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil]. PMID- 6648306 TI - [Concept and hierarchical structuring of research activities]. PMID- 6648308 TI - [Metabolic changes and biochemical findings in speech neuroses]. PMID- 6648307 TI - [Local circulatory changes after administration of angiotensin II in rats. Different reactions in parts of the skeleton and in other organs and tissues]. PMID- 6648309 TI - [Evaluation of methods for the determination of venous insufficiency of the lower extremities]. PMID- 6648310 TI - [Treatment of embolisms in the arteries of the extremities]. PMID- 6648311 TI - [Classical anti-glaucoma operations in primary glaucoma]. PMID- 6648312 TI - The selection of modulation rates for frequency modulated sound field stimuli. AB - Frequency modulated (FM) tones are used in sound field audiometry in order to avoid problems caused by standing waves. The FM stimuli to be used must be specified in terms of bandwidth (twice the frequency deviation), modulation rate and modulation waveform. This paper deals with selection of the modulation rate. Improved field uniformity obtained with FM tones relies upon the ear averaging the sound intensity as the frequency sweeps. The modulation rate must be less than about 1/3 of the frequency deviation in order to provide sufficient spectral components to ensure reasonable averaging across the frequency band. If the rate is too low threshold will be determined by the peak intensity during the sweep. For normal listeners a modulation rate of 5 Hz is just satisfactory but in the hearing impaired a higher rate is required because of their altered temporal integration characteristics. A suitable value for the modulation rate can be inferred from the literature on temporal integration and the acoustic characteristics of typical test rooms. The optimum rate increases with the stimulus centre frequency, but a constant rate of 20 Hz appears to be acceptable. PMID- 6648313 TI - High speed tympanometry and ipsilateral middle ear reflex measurements using a computerized impedance meter. A comparison with the results obtained by a conventional impedance meter. AB - By means of a new computerized impedance meter, middle ear pressure, tympanograms and ipsilaterally elicited middle ear reflex can be recorded and presented in 3 sec. Owing to the fast rate of air pressure change in the external ear canal it is not necessary to have a completely airtight seal around the ear probe when recording middle ear pressure, which saves time. Results obtained using the new device and those obtained by a conventional impedance bridge are compared. PMID- 6648314 TI - On objective criteria for hearing impairment and hearing disability. AB - The relationship between subjective symptoms of hearing disorder and objective criteria of hearing impairment and hearing disability was examined in a group of 77 male subjects (median age 57 years, range 49-68) suffering from noise-induced permanent hearing loss. Among all subjects, 52% (40/77) reported having a general impression of subjective hearing disability. The average of pure-tone auditory thresholds at 0.5 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 kHz greater than or equal to 20 dB HL used as an objective criterion for hearing impairment and hearing disability appeared to be the more sensitive and reliable of the various criteria used. Based on the definition of hearing handicap, it is suggested that more sophisticated testing than pure-tone auditory thresholds should be taken into account when approving or disapproving hearing disability as a hearing handicap. PMID- 6648315 TI - Hereditary dysfunction of the brain stem auditory pathways as the major cause of speech retardation. AB - Grossly abnormal auditory brain stem responses (ABR) and abnormally high stapedius reflex thresholds were found in 2 pairs of siblings, not akin. Pure tone audiometry showed moderate to moderately severe hearing impairment in all 4 subjects, but neither the ABR findings nor the stapedius reflex thresholds were compatible with pure cochlear lesions. In all the cases the benefit from using hearing aids was conspicuously poor, and the development of oral language markedly retarded, one pair of siblings being essentially incapable of oral- aural communication. A cousin to one of the pairs of siblings showed similar but less pronounced symptoms and signs. Intelligence was judged to be normal in all 5 individuals and neurologic examination did not reveal CNS abnormalities besides the hearing impairment. We assume dysfunction of the brain stem auditory pathways to be the main cause of the speech retardation in the 2 pairs of siblings and the abnormality to be hereditary in nature. PMID- 6648316 TI - Effect of tinnitus masker noise on speech discrimination in quiet and two noise backgrounds. AB - Use of masking devices is achieving recognition as a means of providing tinnitus relief. While palliative results have been described, possible disruptive consequences have not yet received attention. The present study examined the effects of tinnitus masker noise on speech intelligibility. Twenty young normals listened to NU-6 word lists presented in sound field in quiet white noise, and cocktail party noise backgrounds (S/N = O dB) with and without a tinnitus masker. Although there was little impairment while wearing the masker in quiet, substantial discrimination loss was observed in the two noise backgrounds. The potential disruption in communication function while wearing a masking device is discussed. PMID- 6648317 TI - Latencies of ABR (waves III and V) to binaural clicks: effects of interaural time and intensity differences. AB - Auditory brainstem responses to monaural clicks and to binaural clicks delivered with interaural time differences of 0.5 and 1 ms (delayed clicks in left ear) and interaural intensity differences (right ear minus left ear) of 0, +/- 10, +/- 20, and +/- 30 dB were recorded bilaterally in 7 normal subjects. Latencies of wave III and wave V were studied as functions of click intensity difference for each of the two time-of-onset differences. As the intensity difference was gradually varied from +30 to -30 dB, the latencies were seen to shift (with constant III--V interval) from those of a monaural right-ear (non-delayed clicks) response to those of a monaural left-ear (delayed clicks) response by 0.5 and 1 ms. In all subjects this shift occurred in the 20-dB interval between equal intensity and 20 dB lagging-click dominance, and almost always most of the shift took place in either of the two 10-dB subintervals. Occasionally double-peaked waves appeared in the 20 dB-interval. Binaural ABRs may become useful for diagnosis in patients with signs of brainstem disorder but with normal-hearing and normal audiometric findings including monaural ABR, as such patients have been found to shift their latencies more slowly with varying interaural intensity difference. PMID- 6648318 TI - Sound levels recorded within the symphony orchestra and risk criteria for hearing loss. AB - Investigations into noise-induced hearing loss should consist of two parts: a mapping of the sound environment and a charting of hearing loss. This paper is the first part of such an investigation: a mapping of sound levels and sound spectra within the symphony orchestra. It was found that 'heavy' symphonic music exceeds the permitted dose for industrial noise equivalent to 85 dB(A) for a full working week. The permitted noise dose is reached for 'heavy' music after a working time of 10 hours per week in 'exposed' positions, such as in front of trumpets, and after 25 hours in 'normal' positions. A simple method to estimate the 'noise' exposure in equivalent sound level for combination of different sorts of music has been developed. PMID- 6648319 TI - Latency differences between ipsilateral and contralateral auditory brainstem responses. PMID- 6648320 TI - Comparison of six assays for glycosylated haemoglobin determination. AB - To examine which glycosylated haemoglobin A components and which assays are the most useful in assessing long-term control in diabetic patients we have compared glycosylated haemoglobin concentrations in normal subjects and diabetic patients measured by six different methods, three chromatographic, a colorimetric, an isoelectric focusing and an agar gel electrochromatographic method. Despite the fact that the correlation between methods was high and the precision calculated from intra-assay variations acceptable, several differences in results were found. Thus Isolab columns determined lower values than other chromatographic methods and the unstable aldimine fraction interfered in agar gel electrochromatography. The increase in HbA1 in diabetics compared with normals was less than the corresponding increase in both HbA1c and total ketoamine bound glucose. This finding was consistent with the observation that the contribution of HbA1a + b fraction to HbA1 was constant at glucose concentrations above 10 mmol/l while a linear increase in these minor haemoglobins and consequently in HbA1 occurred at glucose concentrations below this level. We conclude that HbA1c' determined either by isoelectric focusing or ion exchange chromatography are the assays of choice for the determination of glycosylated haemoglobin in clinical routine. PMID- 6648321 TI - Blood carboxyhaemoglobin per cent saturation in children. AB - The carboxyhaemoglobin per cent saturation (COHb %) was determined in healthy non smoking subjects, aged 5-37 years, in order to establish age-dependent reference values for COHb %. A gas chromatographic method using gaseous carbon monoxide (CO) as a standard was used to determine the CO content in blood. The mean COHb % for children below 15 years of age was significantly lower than for older children and adult men. The mean COHb % of children, aged 15-16 years, was significantly increased compared to adult men. PMID- 6648323 TI - The polymorphs of calcium carbonate in human gall stones. AB - Gall stones from 64 patients that had been examined by X-ray diffraction in 1962 were re-examined in 1980 to find out if any phase transition of the calcium carbonate polymorphs had occurred. In the vast majority of cases, exactly the same powdered specimen was re-examined. In a few cases, more material was added or another stone from the same patient was analysed. There was no evidence that a phase transition had occurred upon storage of the specimens in room air, as had earlier been suggested in the literature. The three polymorphs of calcium carbonate, vaterite, aragonite and calcite therefore appear to precipitate in vivo mixed with each other in various proportions and/or with the other constituents of human gall stones. Complete dehydration of cholesterol monohydrate to cholesterol had occurred in all specimens. PMID- 6648322 TI - Haptoglobin concentrations in children aged 9-10 years and its correlation to indirect parameters of erythrocyte turnover. AB - Low serum haptoglobin values are often found in children. Nine different parameters were studied in 125 healthy children aged 9-10 years to get indirect information on erythrocyte turnover and its possible relation to the low mean plasma haptoglobin level in childhood. The mean LD activity was higher than in adults. The mean carboxyhaemoglobin per cent saturation (COHb %) and the mean serum haptoglobin concentrations were lower than in adults. No significant correlation was found between serum haptoglobin and serum iron, serum bilirubin and COHb %. Significant correlation at low r-values was found between serum iron, serum bilirubin and COHb %. The low serum haptoglobin levels often seen in children seemed not to be caused by an increase in erythrocyte turnover. PMID- 6648324 TI - Pulmonary excretion of methanol in man. AB - An otherwise healthy methanol-poisoned male was treated with ethanol and forced diuresis. No acidosis or visual symptoms occurred. His blood ethanol concentrations varied between 10.7 and 30.0 mmol/l (0.49-1.38 g/l). His maximal blood methanol concentration was 14.4 mmol/l (0.45 g/l) and his plasma formate levels were within reference range (0.11-0.29 mmol/l). In a 24 h period where methanol metabolism was blocked by ethanol, the total body clearance and renal clearance of methanol were 11.3 and 5.7 ml/min, respectively. The difference, 5.6 ml/min, to a large extent reflects the pulmonary clearance of methanol thus being low in man. PMID- 6648325 TI - Transcapillary forces in subcutaneous tissue of patients following operation for lower limb atherosclerosis. AB - Colloid osmotic pressure in plasma (COPpl) and in interstitial fluid (COPif) was measured in 18 healthy controls and 38 patients with leg oedema following femoropopliteal arterial reconstruction. Interstitial fluid was collected from nylon wicks which had been implanted subcutaneously for 1 h. Interstitial fluid pressure was measured with the 'wick-in-needle' technique. The patients were examined once in the period 1-16 days after surgery. Twenty-three had oedema at the time of examination. Nearly all recordings of patients with oedema were performed 4-16 days postoperatively. Mean increase in leg volume in patients with oedema was 20%. Mean COPif of the operated extremity were 5.4, 6.8 and 7.5 mmHg in the periods 1-3, 4-7 and 8-16 days after surgery, respectively. These values were lower than in controls (9.3 mmHg, P less than 0.05). Mean COPif in the operated leg was 1.2 mmHg lower than in the contralateral leg of patients without oedema. In patients with moderate oedema (less than 15% leg volume increase) this difference was approximately three times higher. For more extensive oedema the difference declined, and above 20% leg volume increase, COPif of nearly all legs operated on was higher than the contralateral. This probably reflects an increased transcapillary fluid filtration in patients with moderate oedema whereas lymphatic obstruction due to the surgical procedure is the main causative factor in patients with extensive oedema. Compared to the contralateral leg, mean increases in Pif of the leg operated on were 0.6, 2.3 and 3.6 mmHg in the three investigation periods respectively. Pif in operated legs in the two last periods was also higher than in controls (-0.7 mmHg, P less than 0.005). Increased Pif may thus contribute towards limiting oedema formation postoperatively. PMID- 6648326 TI - Ouabain-binding and 86rubidium-uptake in lymphocytes of normal and borderline hypertensive subjects. AB - In borderline hypertensives cellular sodium concentration seems to be increased, indicating that cellular abnormalities are present in the early course of essential hypertension. In order to study the mechanisms underlying this finding the number of sodium/potassium pump sites and the cation pump activity were studied in lymphocytes of nine borderline hypertensives (27 (20-36) years) and nine controls (28 (20-36) years). Maximum 3H-ouabain binding and 86Rb-uptake were taken as measures of the number of pump sites and cation pump activity, respectively. The median number of sodium/potassium pump sites was 49.6 X 10(3) molecules/cell in the BH group compared to 32.4 X 10(3) in the control group (P less than 0.01). Median 90 min 86Rb-uptakes were 54.0 pmol/10(6) cells in BH subjects and 39.4 in controls (P less than 0.10). The increased number of sodium/potassium pump sites and the tendency to increased cation pump activity in lymphocytes of BH subjects in vitro may be interpreted as an adaptive change possibly induced by a circulating natriuretic substance. PMID- 6648327 TI - Estimation of 14C-triolein assimilation from postprandial serum radioactivity of 14C. AB - In an attempt to establish a test of lipid assimilation, based on the measurement of the postprandial serum radioactivity of 14C from ingested 14C-triolein, the activity of 14C was measured in serum samples, drawn 1,2,3,4,6 and 9 h after ingestion in 48 consecutive patients suspected of malassimilation. Simultaneously, faecal excretion of 14C was measured to estimate 14C-triolein assimilation (F-14C-Ass). F-14C-Ass served as reference of 14C-triolein assimilation. The sum of the 2- and 4-h serum concentration of 14C (S-(2 + 4)14C) was found to be most useful as an estimate of 14C-triolein assimilation, with regard to both the diagnostic value and applicability. At a level of 1.0% of dose/l serum, S-(2 + 4)14C correctly discriminated between normal and reduced 14C triolein assimilation in 83% of the patients (95% confidence limits 70-93%). A significant correlation between 14C-triolein assimilation and S-(2 + 4)14C was found (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001). Since 14C-triolein assimilation correlates closely with the assimilation of dietary lipids, S-(2 + 4)14C seems to provide in a simple way sufficient information about lipid assimilation to be useful as a clinical test. PMID- 6648328 TI - The analytical variation and mean difference of serum lipid values in duplicate samples subjected to different times of storage. AB - Two successively drawn blood samples were collected from 100 randomly selected persons and analysed for total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in serum. One sample from each person was sent directly to the laboratory, while the other was kept refrigerated for 7 days before it was sent. Coefficients of variation for the laboratory variation were 2.0%, 12.4% and 4.7% for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, respectively. There were no significant differences between the first and second drawn sample for either of the variables. We found small, but significant decreases (P less than 0.001) from directly sent to stored samples for total-cholesterol and triglycerides. The correlations between the two samples were 0.99, 0.76 and 0.99 for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. PMID- 6648329 TI - The effect of phospholipase C in sheep. AB - Based on earlier studies in rats, phospholipase C (PLC) seemed to be a very promising prophylactic agent for certain types of thrombo-embolic disease. Recent studies in rabbits have, however, demonstrated that phospholipase C is more toxic than expected from the previous data. To gain more knowledge about its toxicity in larger animals we have studied its effect in sheep. Estimated LD50 for the enzyme in sheep was between 0.4 and 0.2 mg PLC/kg given as a 23 min infusion and below 0.2 mg/kg given as a bolus. Cellular necrosis was a common feature in several tissues of sheep dying from PLC. This explained the pulmonary oedema, decreased oxygen tension and renal failure with haematuria, proteinuria and glucosuria which occurred. PLC was probably filtered out in the glomeruli and totally reabsorbed in the tubuli until they were destroyed by PLC. An increase in different plasma enzymes suggested that PLC exerted a toxic effect on both muscle cells and hepatocytes. The blood glucose level remained about 20% lower in the PLC-treated animals than in the controls for more than 2 weeks. Pulmonary oedema and renal failure were the probable causes of death. PMID- 6648330 TI - Ferene-S as the chromogen for serum iron determinations. AB - Ferene-S was tested as the iron chromogen and the results were compared with the chromogen Ferrozine. With Ferene-S the volume of serum could be halved. We also tried to adapt Ferene-S in total iron binding capacity determinations but failed. From the interfering substances in serum iron determination the effects of bilirubin, copper and zinc were tested. Bilirubin was not observed to have any effect on iron values with Ferene-S or Ferrozine as chromogens. Copper ions had a distinct additive effect with both chromogens, but it could be eliminated by the addition of thiourea to the solutions. Zinc had no effect. PMID- 6648331 TI - Automated scanning electron microscopic characterization of particulate inclusions in biological tissues. AB - Rapid individual particle characterization by computer assisted scanning electron microscopy and x-ray energy spectroscopy is now routinely available to many analysts. Its potential in the area of biological microanalysis is substantial. This paper details how these procedures work; showing how computers are interfaced to SEM/XES systems and how the resultant data may be processed for feature classification. The advantages and disadvantages of automated image analysis techniques are contrasted. A specific example of biological microanalysis of the calcium-phosphorus rich concretions in the kidney of marine bivalve molluscs is presented. Concretions were isolated by tissue homogenization and density gradient centrifugation. With the aid of discriminant analysis of the object vectors, a classification scheme for these features was developed. The advantage of computer suppression of artifact particles is demonstrated in this analysis. Results showed that individual heavy metals, as opposed to combinations, were associated with the concretions. PMID- 6648332 TI - Quantitative ion probe microanalysis of biological mineralized tissues. AB - The technique of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) combines outstanding sensitivity of element detection with excellent morphological resolution. During the last decade this has been exploited in numerous studies of biomineralizations. The range of microanalytical applications of SIMS in this field has expanded considerably in connection with the recent development of second-generation instrumentation, offering superior ion optics, improved control of intrinsic mass spectra, and suppression of the artifacts of surface charge-up. Factors affecting the detection limits, quantification and spatial resolution have been delineated particularly with regard to in-depth profiling and point analysis. Examples of odontological applications, ranging from element mapping to quantitative diffusion studies, have served to illustrate the potentialities as well as the intricacies of the SIMS technique. PMID- 6648333 TI - Elemental changes at irritant reactions due to chromate and nickel in guinea-pig epidermis. AB - The present investigation was performed to examine the possibility of using energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) to obtain information on epidermal reactions at irritant dermatitis. The elemental redistribution in the stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum of the guinea-pig epidermis after intradermal injection of a chromate and a nickel solution was studied in thick cryo-sections. The two solutions caused different changes in elemental content in both cell layers. Nickel sulfate caused a conspicuous decrease in K levels whereas Na and Cl were elevated in both cell layers. Potassium chromate caused an increase in Cl but lowered the P values. The result of this study show that it is possible to use EDX-analysis of thick skin sections to obtain information on physiologically relevant alterations in epidermis at irritant dermatitis. PMID- 6648334 TI - Electron microprobe calibration for measurement of intracellular water. AB - A set of six albumin standards has been prepared to contain tissue solids fractions ranging from approximately 10 to 38% solids. Samples of each different standard were quick frozen in cooled propane, freeze-dried at low temperature and embedded in EPON 826 containing dibromoacetophenone. Electron microprobe measurement of reduction of Br L alpha signal was plotted against tissue water fraction to provide a calibration for tissue water measurement in biological soft tissue. The relationship between electron microprobe measurement of Br L alpha and tissue water fraction was linear with correlation coefficient .991. Using the calibration established with this work, uncertainty of measurement of tissue water fraction in a tissue sample that is 80% water will be approximately 5%. PMID- 6648335 TI - Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of biological bulk specimens: a review of the method and its application to experimental gerontology and cancer research. AB - Biological bulk specimens can be prepared by the freeze-fracture freeze-drying method, which is suitable for quantitative X-ray microanalysis of intracellular components. Although the spatial resolution of this analytic technique does not allow us to analyze smaller cellular compartments than the nucleus and cytoplasm it may deliver useful results for answering questions of experimental biology. Bulk specimens are also suitable for determination of intracellular water and dry mass contents under certain conditions. Applications of the bulk specimen X-ray microanalysis for experimental gerontology revealed an age dependent increase of the intracellular potassium content of the postmitotic cells, a diminution of intracellular water content during aging and delivered indirect proof for the decrease of the passive potassium permeability of the cell membrane in old hepatocytes and giant neurons. The bulk specimen method of X-ray microanalysis has been applied also in cancer research: it proved to be helpful in the determination of intracellular Na+-contents and Na+/K+ ratios in various human and experimental animal tumors as well as in other models of cell proliferation. These data gain a certain weight in light of the recent developments on the regulation of mitogenesis. PMID- 6648336 TI - Histological grading and surface configuration of breast cancer cells. A comparative light microscopic, transmission and scanning electron microscopic study. AB - Scanning electron microscopic configuration of cells aspirated from breast cancer have been compared with histologic gradings according to the system proposed by Bloom and Richardson. The presence of pleomorphic microvilli correlated well with tumors grade I. The absence of pleomorphic microvilli correlated well with tumors grade III. Tumors graded as II showed a wide spectrum of surface configuration of cancer cells. It is possible that these observations may prove to be of prognostic value in breast cancer. PMID- 6648337 TI - Lipid matrix of dystrophic calcification and urinary stone. AB - The concept that phospholipids, phosphatidyl serine (PS) in particular, play a role in tissue calcification has emerged recently and progressed rapidly. Membranous cellular degradation products upon various tissue injuries apparently serve as nidi of calcium apatite nucleation. In view of the strong affinity of calcium for PS, and the frequent occurrence of calcification in apposition to the inner surface of membrane where PS resides, it is concluded that exposure of PS to the extracellular fluid with a high calcium concentration upon cell injury is largely responsible for the dystrophic calcification. An abundance of membranous vesicles and other unidentified organic matrices were visualized in decalcified urinary stones. The findings also indicate the prospect of the role of degenerate cell membrane in stone formation as well. Furthermore, red cells adherent to bipyramid calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals apparently enhance crystal growth by mechanism analogous to the kink site formation. Lipid matrix in the form of membrane plays an important role in dystrophic calcification as well as calcium containing stone formation. PMID- 6648338 TI - Nephrocalcinosis in vitro. AB - In order to study the mechanism of dystrophic calcification, an anoxic incubation of rat renal cortex in a tissue culture medium was performed in vitro. Calcium and phosphate in the medium were adjusted to 1.6 and 1.2 mM/1 respectively. Calcification occurred in apposition to the inner surface of membranous cellular degradation products and associated with the flocculent densities within the degenerate organelles. The chemical nature of the flocculent density was not determined. In view of the known affinity of calcium for acidic phospholipids, particularly phosphatidyl serine (PS), which lines the inner surface of the plasma membrane, calcification along the inner surface of membrane was thought to be related to the presence of PS. Accumulation of calcium in mitochondria, which is presumably dependent upon residual substrate for energy production, appeared to cause calcification as well. Amorphous calcium phosphate in the form of spheroids, and possibly fine fibrils and granules, also appeared to play a role in calcification by their transformation into apatite. The seemingly simple phenomenon of tissue calcification is complex. Nephrocalcinosis in vitro is remarkably similar to the calcification in acute tubular necrosis in vivo, and is a convenient model with which to study the mechanism of calcification. It is concluded that the cellular degradation products are the initial loci of calcification and have a likely role in urolithiasis. PMID- 6648339 TI - The small bowel mucosa in disease states characterized by chronic diarrhea: observations by scanning electron microscopy. AB - This paper summarizes observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of surface ultrastructure of small bowel mucosa in patients (mostly children) with disorders characterized by chronic diarrhea. Included are chronic nonspecific diarrhea; conditions associated with villous damage, such as gluten-, milk protein- and soy protein-intolerance; giardiasis; cystic fibrosis and Crohn's disease. SEM has proven most useful to characterize pathologic processes on the surface of the small bowel mucosa, and thus has helped gain more insight to explain clinical symptoms. This was particularly true for chronic nonspecific diarrhea. It is predicted that SEM will become a valuable tool to aid in the diagnosis of diseases of the intestinal tract, which is considered one of the principal domains for such surface ultrastructure research. PMID- 6648340 TI - Scanning electron microscopy in cytodiagnosis. AB - This paper is an account of the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to cytodiagnosis. We have investigated the diagnostic significance of SEM studies of cells derived from the uterine cervix, esophagus, stomach, bronchus, urinary bladder, pleural and peritoneal effusions and fine needle aspiration biopsy material. The occurrence of irregular, pleomorphic microvilli (MV) was found to be the most constant feature of cancer cells. Although SEM supplies additional morphologic data which, when used in conjunction with light microscopy, can assist in reaching the correct diagnosis in preselected cases, may contribute to the assessment of degree of tumor differentiation and may perhaps prove to be of value in screening patients at a higher risk for certain tumors, SEM is unlikely to be of value as a primary tool for cytologic diagnosis of cancer. PMID- 6648341 TI - Scope of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and freeze fracture technique in diagnostic cytology of effusions. AB - A review of the literature on the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to cytodiagnosis of neoplastic cells in effusion fluid reveals a lack of consensus as to which of the techniques is most beneficial to a cytologist for a satisfactory diagnosis. The purpose of this study is therefore to critically evaluate the relative merits of SEM, TEM and freeze-fracture (FF) techniques in enhancing the diagnostic "sensitivity" of ultrastructural cytology. Two cases of adenocarcinoma, one case of mesothelioma and one case of small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung were studied in detail by SEM, TEM and FF techniques. A comparative analysis of the results demonstrates that SEM is a rapid and useful technique where the microvilli on the tumour cell surface is the most prominent feature especially in adenocarcinomas. The major handicap of SEM becomes evident in cases where the extreme variability of the surface morphology amongst tumour cells makes it difficult to establish a diagnosis with confidence. TEM along with light microscopy (LM) of toluidine blue sections gives us the most comprehensive method for cyto-diagnosis and is particularly useful in cases where LM cytology alone is inconclusive. It has the added advantage of revealing diagnostically significant nuclear and cytoplasmic features which are helpful in differentiating a benign from a malignant cell and in some instances the probable site of the primary neoplasm. FF technique, though not conducive to a routine diagnostic situation, is of benefit in demonstrating the organization of junctional complexes. From preliminary studies it appears that the tight junctions in adenocarcinoma are different from those seen in small cell carcinoma. In mesothelioma, gap junctions are invariably present, but they are not seen prominently in adenocarcinoma or small cell carcinoma. Thus in poorly differentiated tumours where LM and TEM are inconclusive, FF may prove useful. It is concluded that such coordinated studies in the future have the potential to better our understanding of the nature and behaviour of tumour cells in effusion fluid. PMID- 6648343 TI - Appearance of cell fragments in thymus after a whole-body X-irradiation of rat. AB - Changes in surface architecture and three dimensional structure of rat thymus cortex were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after a whole-body X irradiation. The samples of thymus prepared from rats 4 to 8 hr after a 400 R irradiation were observed by SEM. Normal thymocytes, having tiny microvilli and shallow ridges, decreased in number after irradiation, with a corresponding increase in radiation damaged round shaped cells with occasional protrusions and pores. With time after irradiation, smaller spherical fragments of cells having smooth or porous surfaces increased in number. PMID- 6648342 TI - Preservation of multilamellar lipid vesicles (liposomes) for ultrastructural studies. AB - The purpose of these studies was to determine the optimal conditions for the preparation of multilamellar phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) for microscopic studies. Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) were prepared from two naturally occurring phospholipids: phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine admixed at a 7:3 mol ratio. Several techniques including light microscopy, negative staining, thin sectioning, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and freeze fracture replication were used to study the morphology of the liposomes. Rapid fixing in 1% osmium tetroxide in cacodylate buffer was most suitable for preparation of the MLV for examination and photography by light microscopy. Optimal preservation of MLV for both scanning and transmission electron microscopy was achieved by fixing with glutaraldehyde followed by osmium-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium and uranyl acetate or by glutaraldehyde-tannic acid-osmium and uranyl acetate. These techniques appear to protect the structure of the liposomes from damage by organic solvents which are often used in the preparation of samples for electron microscopy. PMID- 6648344 TI - Response of the seminiferous epithelium of the mouse exposed to low dose high energy (HZE) and electromagnetic radiation. AB - This study was undertaken to observe the response of a rapidly dividing cell population (spermatogonial) to Helium and Argon ions as compared to x-rays. Low doses (below 100 rads) were used to more nearly simulate radiation encountered during space missions. The methods used proved compatible for both light and electron microscope studies. The average relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for Helium ions is 1, while Argon is twice as effective in killing spermatogonial cells. Part of this mixed population of cells exhibits a higher sensitivity to radiation below 15 rads. Quantitation of the radiation effects by counting the necrotic cells is not feasible because of their rapid removal, therefore all measurements were done using the surviving fraction (S/So) of spermatogonial cells. PMID- 6648345 TI - Development of the eye of the chick embryo. AB - Vertebrate eye development begins with the formation of the optic vesicles as outgrowths of the forebrain. These initial pouches grow laterally and can be subdivided into optic stalk and optic vesicle. The axis of growth then shifts to produce optic vesicles that enlarge dorsally to lie alongside the expanding diencephalon. Concomitant invagination of the optic vesicles and the overlying ectoderm produces the optic cup and lens. During later stages, the lens detaches from the surfaces ectoderm and the optic cup forms the neural retina and the pigmented epithelium. Experimental analysis of eye development has revealed an intimate relationship between invagination of the lens and optic cup. The primordia of the lens and neural retina become adherent, as a result of changes in the extracellular matrix, before invagination commences. Interference with matrix synthesis causes abnormal development of the optic cup, and subsequent abnormalities of the lens. The forces that control invagination are under investigation. Lens formation may result from internal contractile forces as well as from forces exerted by surrounding cells. Characteristic changes in cell shape and cytoplasmic organization occur during invagination of the neural retinal primordium. These and the effects of inhibitory drugs suggest the involvement at least in part of a contractile mechanism during optic cup formation. PMID- 6648346 TI - The chick epiblast: a model for examining epithelial morphogenesis. AB - The epiblast of early chick embryos is an important model system for examining morphogenesis. Five major morphogenetic processes can be readily examined by scanning electron microscopy of the epiblast: thickening of epithelial sheets by cell elongation, folding of epithelial sheets, fusion of epithelial sheets, cavitation of epithelial cords and dispersal of cell sheets during cell migration. The purpose of this paper is to describe these morphogenetic processes, showing examples of each type. Thickening of epithelial sheets occurs by cell elongation during formation of the neural plate. Folding then ensues to form the neural groove, which is flanked laterally by the neural folds. Fusion of the neural folds closes the neural groove and separates the incipient neural tube from the overlying surface ectoderm. The caudal part of the neural tube develops much differently. Cells derived from the tail bud cluster together as an epithelial medullary cord, the peripheral cells of this cord elongate, and, simultaneously, several small cavities appear at the inner ends of the peripheral cells. All of these cavities eventually coalesce, forming a single lumen. Thus, the neural tube can be formed by markedly different morphogenetic processes depending upon its particular craniocaudal level of origin. Cell migration is exhibited by neural crest cells. In chick embryos, these cells originate from the roof of the closed neural tube. They then migrate laterad to take up residence in a variety of new locations. Scanning electron microscopy has served as an important tool, aiding us greatly in visualizing complex spatial changes that occur during the morphogenesis of epithelia. PMID- 6648347 TI - Development of terminal buds in the fetal mouse lung. AB - Development of the lungs in mammals begins with the formation of pharyngeal buds that undergo repeated branching to establish the bronchial tree. Late in fetal life the most superficial buds begin to form side branches that will develop into the respiratory surfaces of the lung; the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. The bronchial ciliated cells and Clara cells first appear on the seventeenth day of gestation in the mouse. In the respiratory region, a few lamellar bodies are found by 16 days but identifiable type II pneumocytes and extracellular surfactant are not found until 18 days. Flattened type I pneumocytes do not form until after birth, on day 19 or 20. The epithelial branches of the lung are surrounded by mesenchyme and covered by a capsule. At 16 days, the branches are separated by a compact mesenchyme that is highly cellular. By 18 days, the mesenchymal space begins to be reduced. By 19 days, the air passages expand and the mesenchyme forms a thin layer between branches. Little experimental work has been done on the role of the mesenchyme in differentiation of the respiratory surfaces. Since branching of the embryonic lung is influenced by the kind of mesenchyme surrounding the epithelium at early stages, it is likely that mesenchymal control is exerted at later stages in the fetus. PMID- 6648348 TI - Fertilization and early development of sea urchins. AB - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been successfully employed for the study of several surface-mediated events during fertilization and early development in sea urchins. In addition to basic morphological descriptions of the sperm, the extrusion of the acrosomal process has been documented with SEM. During sperm incorporation, short microvilli are found to elongate around the successful sperm. In eggs denuded of vitelline layers, in which the elevation and hardening of this fertilization coat is prevented, numerous long microvilli have been shown to cluster around and elongate over the entering sperm during sperm incorporation. Following sperm incorporation and the elevation of the fertilization coat, scanning electron microscopy has been utilized to study the bursts of elongation of the previously short egg microvilli. These microvilli appear to undergo two bursts in length due primarily to the new assembly of microfilaments in the egg cortex. Cytokinesis occurs shortly after the second burst of microvillar elongation. The morula stage is characterized by loosely attached cells which become more closely apposed in subsequent cell divisions to result in the hollow blastula. The ciliated blastula hatches from the fertilization coat, whereupon gastrulation occurs, resulting in a free-swimming, feeding larval stage. This paper reviews the surface alterations and the contribution of scanning electron microscopy to the study of these surface alterations, from fertilization through early development. PMID- 6648349 TI - Scanning electron microscope recognition of intracortical climbing fiber pathways in the cerebellar cortex. AB - The cerebellar cortex of adult mouse, rat, fish and human has been explored by SEM in order to identify and trace the climbing fiber intracortical pathways and their synaptic relationships. Samples were processed by the freeze-fracture method for SEM using medium and rapid freezing rates. Climbing fibers appeared at the white matter as fine, wavy axonal processes with a characteristic cross-over bifurcation pattern. These features allowed us to differentiate them from the mossy fibers, which are distinguished as thick fibers with a straight course and a dichotomous arborization. In their course through the granular layer the climbing fibers exhibited glomerular and tendril collaterals. The glomerular collaterals appeared covered by the dendritic tips of several granule cells forming thin triangular climbing glomeruli. The tendril collaterals are seen as highly contoured axonal ramifications establishing axo-dendritic connections with the granule cell dendritic digits. Climbing fibers were also observed forming a pericellular plexus around the Golgi cell body. They cross the granular layer and reach the Purkinje cell perikaryon contributing to the formation of infraganglionic plexus and pericellular nest. The climbing fibers showed a typical sagittal compartmentalization and a contoured spiral or zigzag pathway in the course ascending along the Purkinje dendritic branchlets. Fine terminal climbing fiber tendrils synapsing on the tips of Purkinje dendritic spines were observed. The freeze-fracture method for SEM permits us to estimate with a more reliable degree of certainty the amount of branching or lateral collateralization of climbing fibers in the granular and molecular layers. PMID- 6648350 TI - Scanning electron microscope observations on the structure of portal veins, sinusoids and central veins in rat liver. AB - Portal veins can be recognized in SEM by the presence of an accompanying element such as the bile ductule. Endothelial cells within these vessels possess small marginal microvilli. Portal veins show few sinusoidal inlets (direct connections to sinusoids) and no attached "wandering" cells. Sinusoids in periportal areas are narrower and more tortuous than the wider and straighter central ones. Periportal endothelial fenestrae have a larger diameter (111 nm) than central ones (105 nm), but their number per square micron, and therefore the porosity (% open area), is higher in centrolobular sinusoids (7.94 vs 5.96%). Central veins have smoother endothelial cells and show numerous sinusoidal outlets (direct sinusoidal connections). Cells are seen attached to the wall and are probably migrating out of the liver. In the orifices of some sinusoidal outlets, traversing bars can be observed, which obstruct the flow of blood from the sinusoids into the central vein. From our observations and measurements the following conclusions can be drawn: a. In the narrower periportal sinusoids, moving blood cells will be forced against the wall, causing a massage of the space of Disse. This will influence the exchange of fluids and particles through the endothelial fenestrae, and it will cause stirring of the fluid in the space of Disse. b. Centrolobular sinusoids have a larger perimeter and an endothelial lining with a higher degree of porosity. These structural factors will favour transport and uptake processes in the centrolobular parenchyma. c. Sinusoidal blood flow might be expected to be slower in central areas, since the number of sinusoids appear to equal that of the portal region, but their lumen is wider. PMID- 6648351 TI - Concurrent endothelial cell turnover and leukocyte margination in early atherosclerosis. AB - Leukocyte margination and migration into nascent atherosclerotic lesion have been suggested as two early events in aortic atherosclerosis. It has also been suggested that altered endothelial cell function may mediate the margination process. In this paper we present quantitative data on leukocyte adherence to the luminal aspect of the aortic endothelium and correlate it with severity of atherosclerosis and extent of endothelial cell turnover. Both naturally occurring and cholesterol induced atherosclerotic lesions were studied. The sites of endothelial cell turnover were determined by scanning electron microscope whole mount autoradiography of 3H-thymidine labeled aortas. Morphometric analysis of atherosclerosis severity and leukocyte adhesion was accomplished by stereological analysis of conventional SEM preparations. Leukocyte adherence was localized in atherosclerosis susceptible areas of the aorta and increased dramatically over atherosclerotic lesions. Endothelial cell turnover also increased in atherosclerotic areas as indicated by an increase in the number of labeled nuclei found over lesions. Both leukocyte adherence and endothelial cell turnover occurred over the entire extent of the lesions studied, but were particularly prevalent at the growing edge of the lesions. PMID- 6648352 TI - Relationship between aortic endothelial cell morphology and atherosclerosis in rabbits. AB - Previous studies on cholesterol-induced sudanophilic lesions in rabbit aortas showed that the earliest lesions were periorificial with the greatest involvement distal to branch sites. In order to determine if there is a relationship between endothelial cell morphology and the regional differences in susceptibility to atherosclerosis we compared cell morphology distal to several aortic ostia and away from ostia. We examined the en face morphology of the intimal surface. Vascular casts were made of silver stained normal aortae. The surface was micrographed by SEM. Cell outlines were entered into a computer to calculate three parameters: the cell orientation index which indicates the cell shape, the en face cell area, and the distance between centers index which gives the position of the center of area with respect to the center of a longitudinal axis drawn through the cell. Differences were found between the region distal to branch sites and the region away from branch sites. Differences were also found between the regions distal to different branch sites. The complex variation of morphology led to no conclusive relationship between endothelial cell morphology and atherogenesis in the non-cholesterol-fed rabbit. PMID- 6648353 TI - The anaemia of chronic disorders. A bag of unsolved questions. PMID- 6648354 TI - Regulation of cobalamin and folate metabolism by methionine in human bone marrow cultures. AB - In cobalamin deficiency folate metabolism is disturbed. In the liver this deranged metabolism can be overcome by methionine, however, methionine failed to overcome this abnormality in bone marrow cultures from cobalamin deficient patients. In cobalamin deficient E. coli mutant bacteria, methionine under different conditions could either inhibit or potentiate the growth of the organism. This study was therefore initiated to test the effect of methionine, under different conditions, on bone marrow cultures. The defective DNA synthesis in megaloblastic bone marrow due to cobalamin deficiency could be corrected by the in vitro addition of low 0.27 mumol (40 micrograms) but not high 6.7 mumol (1 mg) amounts of methionine. This was measured by the ability of deoxyuridine to suppress the 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA. The effect of methionine in facilitating de novo DNA synthesis is probably due to the catalytic action of SAM which activates cobalamin dependent methyltransferase enzyme thus potentiating the effect of cobalamin. In contrast high concentrations of methionine may inhibit this enzyme. PMID- 6648355 TI - Granulopoiesis in the neutropenia of negroes. AB - A number of reports have shown that the peripheral blood neutrophil count in many negroes is considerably lower than in white populations. This neutropenia has been ascribed previously to both genetic and nutritional causes. We have studied bone marrow reserve function and myelopoiesis in 3 negroes with neutropenia, and found these to be normal. PMID- 6648356 TI - Simplified assay for antithrombin III activity using chromogenic peptide substrate. Manual and automated method. AB - A simplified method for the assay of antithrombin III (AT) with the highly reactive thrombin substrate 2AcOH X H-D-CHG-Ala-Arg-pNA (substrate Th-1) is described. The assay may be performed at either 30 degrees C or 37 degrees C, and alternatively with the substrate H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA (S-2238). The standard curve is linear in the 12.5-150% range. For routine assays, 3 standard dilutions of plasma are sufficient, and these may be stored at -20 degrees C for 3 weeks. As only the test plasma must be diluted prior to the assay procedure, the test is more rapidly performed than previous manual assays. In 80 patients plasma samples, with AT in the 19-108% range, there was a high correlation with the results of immunoquantification (r = 0.96). There was also a high correlation between the results obtained with the manual method and the automated version described using the Cobas-Bio Centrifugal Analyser and substrate Th-1 (r = 0.96). Low AT levels in hereditary deficiency (particularly during heparin treatment), in liver cirrhosis, in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and heparin treated thrombosis were confirmed. PMID- 6648358 TI - An improved method of harvesting haemoglobin-free human erythrocyte ghosts. AB - The ghosts (stromas) of human erythrocytes bearing Hb of different phenotypes were separately isolated by incubating the erythrocytes in hypotonic (20 imOsm) phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 1 h at pH 7.4. All of these washed ghosts were found to react with benzidine indicating the presence of Hb. In the preparation of Hb free ghosts, the pH 8.2 of the phosphate buffer, incubation time (4 h) and extra oxygen supply to the medium were noticed to be very effective. The results shows that certain ghosts bound to SS, SF, and S-Thal type of Hb were more resistant to the clearing procedure than the ghosts bound to AA, AF, ASF and AC types of Hb. The combined effect of above variables for the optimum isolation of clear ghosts with minimum or no loss of membrane components has been described. PMID- 6648357 TI - The peripheral platelet count and ADP-induced platelet aggregation in response to metoprolol and propranolol as studied in young healthy male volunteers. AB - In previous studies, we have demonstrated that the oral administration of one single dose of metoprolol as well as of propranolol causes a significant increase in the venous platelet concentration. In the present study, we investigated the effect of metoprolol, administered twice daily over a period of 1 week, on the venous platelet count in a group of healthy volunteers. The results showed that the drug significantly raised the venous platelet concentration over the whole study period. Further, the effect of 1 week's metoprolol and propranolol medication on ADP-induced platelet aggregation was investigated in another group of healthy subjects; the results were compared to those obtained during 1 week of placebo medication. It was demonstrated that neither of the two beta-blocking drugs affected ADP-induced platelet aggregability; this was true on the first as well as on the last day of study. PMID- 6648359 TI - The lymphocyte lysosomes in ontogeny of man. AB - During intrauterine fetal development, the gradual formation of enzyme-positive lysosomes containing acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, and N-acetyl-beta glucosaminidase takes place within peripheral lymphocytes. During the first 5 decades of human life the lysosomal apparatus of lymphocytes containing the above enzymes exhibits relative stability whereas the final stages of man's ontogenetic development between 6th and 9th decade of life are characterized by the disintegration of enzyme-positive lysosomes. PMID- 6648360 TI - Influence of plasma proteins on erythrocyte morphology and sedimentation. AB - The influence of plasma proteins on erythrocytes was studied by interference microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and by Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Albumin kept erythrocytes dispersed as discoid spheres. Fibrinogen seemed responsible for the rouleaux phenomenon, but needed the co influence of an immunoglobulin to induce rouleaux type of aggregates and high ESR. IgG, IgA and IgM caused immunologic type of aggregates. Albumin acted synergistically with fibrinogen and immunoglobulins. Normal blood contained a network of rouleaux, which probably explained the low normal ESR. High ESR was either due to rouleaux type aggregates where fibrinogen was dominant, or immunologic type aggregates where IgG, IgA or IgM were dominant proteins. Cold agglutinin disease showed normal blood morphology and normal ESR at 37 degrees C and immunologic type aggregates and high ESR at 25 degrees C. PMID- 6648361 TI - Haemostatic effect of prednisolone in thrombocytopenia. AB - In a short-time study, 8 patients with thrombocytopenia and clinical signs of bleeding were experimentally treated with prednisolone as the only therapeutic measure to control the bleeding tendency. 2 patients had idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and 6 acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia. 1 of the leukaemic patients was thrombocytopenic on admission. 5 had thrombocytopenia due to antileukaemic chemotherapy. The capillary fragility test, evaluated blindly, and bleeding time determination were performed just before treatment and repeated once after 2-4 d of treatment. Platelet counts were carried out simultaneously. Capillary resistance, determined by the capillary fragility test, improved greatly during the administration of prednisolone, irrespective of the platelet count, and no serious bleeding occurred. The bleeding time remained prolonged. PMID- 6648362 TI - Incidence of acute leukaemia in Norway 1957-1981. AB - The study is based on the material of acute leukaemia in Norway 1957-81 from the Cancer Registry of Norway. The age-adjusted incidence rates for both sexes have been unchanged. For childhood leukaemias (0-14 years at diagnosis) the age specific incidence rates have been constant for both sexes and there has been an almost constant incidence for the 5 year birth cohorts 1950-69. Among adults there has been virtually unchanged age-specific incidence rates for most age groups between 15 and 74 for both sexes. Among those older than 75 years, an increase is seen, most probably due to better diagnostic procedures. No geographic differences were found in age-specific incidence rates. PMID- 6648364 TI - Cytoplasmic inclusions in lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. PMID- 6648363 TI - High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin for post-transfusion purpura. AB - Successful treatment of a case of post-transfusion purpura with high-dose i.v. human immunoglobulin is reported. A 62-year-old multiparous woman developed severe thrombocytopenia in the wake of transfusions given during and after vascular surgery. A platelet alloantibody with anti-Zwa-specificity was demonstrable by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. A single infusion of Sandoglobulin 1 g/kg body weight caused an immediate platelet response with cessation of haemorrhagic manifestations within 12 h, and the platelet count became normal within 3 d. Thrombocytopenia recurred 8 d after the infusion, but one further dose of Sandoglobulin 0.5 g/kg body weight caused definitive reversal of the thrombocytopenia. PMID- 6648365 TI - Complement receptor distinguishes between two subsets of large granular lymphocytes with different natural killer activity and cytochemical and ultrastructural features. AB - Human peripheral blood large granular lymphocytes (LGL)--that is, cells with intracytoplasmic azurophilic (electron-dense) granules, with a positivity for the cytochemical localization of certain acid hydrolases, and with avid surface receptors for the Fc portion of IgG--have been purified on Percoll density gradients. Approximately 30% of these cells expressed receptors for the third complement component (C3R). They were separated into C3R-positive and C3R negative cells. C3R+ cells had a significantly greater natural killer (NK) activity against K562 target cells than C3R+ cells. This difference was unrelated to the presence in the C3R+ cells of a contaminant cell type incapable of NK activity, since cytochemical and ultrastructural analysis revealed that C3R+ and C3R- fractions contained comparable LGL numbers. Agarose cytotoxicity assays at the single-cell level demonstrated that C3R+ LGL contained a large number of cells that bound to but did not lyse the target. The remaining fully cytotoxic C3R+ LGL had, however, the same killing and recycling properties as the cells from the C3R fraction. Electron microscopy and cytochemical studies showed that C3R+ cells had fewer electron-dense granules than C3R cells and stained more faintly for the localization of alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase. In contrast to C3R cells, C3R+ LGL displayed morphological features suggesting that an active process of granule formation was taking place. Taken together, the data indicate that C3R+ cells represent a discrete subset or a maturational stage of LGL. PMID- 6648366 TI - Imprint immunofixation of IgG subclasses, using monoclonal subclass-specific antibodies. AB - Monoclonal mouse hybridoma antibodies to human IgG subclasses 1-4 were used in an imprint immunofixation (IIF) technique to characterize the IgG subclass of a panel of IgG myeloma and normal sera separated by thin-layer electrofocusing. The results show that the antisera were IgG subclass-specific by this technique and that IIF can be a useful method in identifying IgG subclasses of IgG myeloma proteins in whole sera. PMID- 6648367 TI - Spontaneous cytotoxicity by monocyte-enriched subpopulations of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells against human or mouse anchorage-dependent tumour cell lines. Contribution of NK-like cells. AB - Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) were found to be cytotoxic for mouse or human anchorage-dependent target cell lines in a 48-72 h [125I]iododeoxyuridine (IUDR) release assay. Unfractionated, adherent or nonadherent cells had significant levels of cytotoxicity, as did cells fractionated according to size into 'lymphocytes' or 'monocytes' by elutriation. Intermediate size cells, not enriched for monocytes, had high levels of cytotoxicity. In all fractions tested, including adherent populations, some cells with the morphology of large granular cells were observed. Treatment of all fractions with interferon (IFLrA, a purified, recombinant alpha-IFN) boosted cytotoxicity against four target cells lines. Treatment with lymphokines containing putative 'macrophage-activating factor' (MAF) also enhanced cytotoxicity in fractions depleted of monocytes. Culture in fetal bovine serum enhanced cytotoxicity mainly in unfractionated and nonadherent PBMNC. These experiments indicated that NK-like cells can be appreciable contaminants in elutriator-purified monocyte-enriched or adherent cell populations and thereby contribute to observed cytotoxicity, particularly after pretreatment with IFN or other stimulatory factors. PMID- 6648368 TI - Characterization by monoclonal antibodies of the cytotoxic effector cells in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells reactive against anchorage-dependent tumour cell lines. AB - The effector cells for spontaneous cytotoxicity against anchorage-dependent human or mouse tumour cell lines in a 72-h iododeoxyuridine-release assay by normal human peripheral blood cells (PBMNC) or monocyte-enriched fractions were analysed by the use of monoclonal antibodies. PBMNC or adherent or elutriated monocyte enriched populations of PBMNC were depleted of monoclonal antibody-reactive cells by complement-dependent lysis or separated into monoclonal-antibody-positive or negative subsets by an indirect rosetting technique followed by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient separation. The experimental data indicated that in both PBMNC and monocyte-enriched populations, an appreciable proportion of the effector cells with cytolytic activity against adherent human or mouse tumour target cells were positive with B73.1.1 (an antibody with a high degree of selectivity for natural killer (NK) cells), B43.4.1 (or OKM1), and with OKT11a (an antibody recognizing the receptors for sheep erythrocytes), and had the morphology of large granular cells, which have previously been shown to mediate NK activity. These effector cells were mostly negative for BRL.1, BRL.2, B52.1.1, B44.1.1, B13.4.1 and DR antigens, unlike classical monocytes. Some cells which are cytotoxic for the adherent mouse, SV-40-transformed kidney tumour line, TU-5, may bear B52.1.1 or other monocyte-like antigens. Taken together, these results indicate that, in monocyte-enriched populations, both NK cells and monocytes have cytotoxic effector activity against various human and mouse adherent target cell lines. PMID- 6648369 TI - Stress causes reduced natural killer activity in mice. AB - The natural killer (NK) activity of spleen cells from C57B1/10 mice subjected to standardized stress conditions was reduced when compared with that of untreated controls. Both the total number of nucleated spleen cells and their cytotoxic activity against an NK-sensitive target were reduced. The reduction appeared after induction of stress, and the NK activity was reduced throughout an 8-day stress period. PMID- 6648370 TI - Diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia: a comparison between microscopic examination of expectorate, antigen detection and cultural procedures. AB - Attempts to demonstrate Streptococcus pneumoniae, or its soluble type-specific polysaccharide antigen were made on specimens from 205 patients with acute community-acquired pneumonia by (i) blood, nasopharynx and sputum culture, (ii) counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) of serum, urine and sputum specimens utilizing omni-, pool- and type-specific rabbit antisera, and (iii) microscopy of gram stained sputum smears. Pneumococci could be cultured and/or pneumococcal antigen detected in specimens from 93 (45%) of the patients with the following frequencies in samples obtained before (and after) start of antimicrobial treatment: culture from blood 25% (6%), nasopharynx 59% (18%) and sputum 80% (13%), CIE on serum 3% (9%), urine 8% (18%), urine 20X concentrated 18% (24%), and sputum 56% (56%). Microscopy of sputum smears revealed pneumococci in 65% (17%) of the 93 patients. The value of cultures from blood and sputum was most evident when the samples were obtained early in the course of the disease. With nasopharynx culture and CIE on sputum the number of positive results was doubled if the sampling was repeated. For rapid diagnosis direct Gram stain and CIE on sputum were about equally effective and also strikingly complementary, alone diagnosing 42% and 48% of the patients, respectively, but together detecting 65% of them. Gram stain was most rewarding on early pretreatment samples and CIE on post-treatment samples. PMID- 6648371 TI - Intravenous drug addiction--staphylococcal septicemia--pulmonary embolism: a triad pathognomonic for tricuspid valve endocarditis? AB - 28 patients (29 episodes) presenting the triad of intravenous narcotic drug addiction, Staphylococcus aureus septicemia and septic pulmonary embolism were examined for the presence of tricuspid valve endocarditis. In a prospective study, 12/13 patients examined by echocardiography had vegetations on the tricuspid valve, in 6 detected by M-mode, in 5 by 2-D technique, and in one by both methods. In 4 patients with tricuspid endocarditis, no significant murmurs were heard. Similarly, in a retrospective study, 5/16 patients not subjected to echocardiography had no murmurs consistent with tricuspid valve endocarditis. One of these patients died. In 2/16 patients the diagnosis was verified at autopsy and in 1 at heart surgery. In both groups, altogether 11 patients never developed murmurs, in 7 of them despite demonstrable vegetations. Therefore, we consider the triad to be pathognomonic for tricuspid valve endocarditis, provided that no peripheral source of emboli is present. Consequently, patients fulfilling these criteria should be treated as suffering from endocarditis. Echocardiographic examination does not seem necessary in patients with a typical clinical picture but may be helpful when chest X-rays are inconclusive or complications are suspected. PMID- 6648372 TI - Comparison between cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of glucose, total protein, chloride, lactate, and total amino acids for the differential diagnosis of patients with meningitis. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the ability of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of glucose, protein, chloride, lactate, and total amino acids, as well as CSF/blood glucose ratio to distinguish bacterial meningitis from aseptic meningitis. 56 patients with proven bacterial meningitis, 102 patients with aseptic meningitis, and 108 controls were investigated. On admission CSF lactate determination was the most sensitive and the most efficient test to distinguish bacterial meningitis from aseptic meningitis. In patients with bacterial meningitis reexamined after 24-48 h of treatment with antibiotics and compared with patients with aseptic meningitis also reexamined 24-48 h after admission determination of CSF total amino acids was the most sensitive and efficient test. PMID- 6648373 TI - Influence of doxycycline on the normal human flora and colonization of the oral cavity and colon. AB - Doxycycline was given orally in doses of 100 mg every 24 h for 7 days to 10 subjects. Salivary and faecal specimens were taken up to 16 days for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms and for assay of doxycycline. Doxycycline was detected in both saliva and faeces. Only minor changes were observed regarding the number of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms in the oral cavity. In the faecal flora a decrease in the number of aerobic microorganisms was observed in most subjects, while only minor changes in the number of anaerobic bacteria were noticed. A marked increase in doxycycline-resistant aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strains was noticed both in the oral cavity and the colon. Only a few patients were colonized with potentially pathogenic microorganisms. PMID- 6648374 TI - Determination of IgG, IgM and IgA antibody responses in human toxoplasmosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AB - A 4-layer modification of ELISA for the determination of toxoplasma antibodies is described. In 103 Finnish blood donors 27 had antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. One donor had IgM antibodies and IgA antibodies were found in 9. In patients with acute toxoplasmosis a vigorous IgG antibody response resulted in high antibody levels soon after infection, declining gradually to mean adult levels in approximately 2 yr. IgM antibodies appeared during the earliest phases of infection and disappeared as early as in 1 or 2 months in some cases and in most cases by the 6th month after infection. An IgA antibody response was also always seen. It was slower than the IgM response and could therefore be used to improve the laboratory diagnosis especially in cases where IgM antibodies had already disappeared and no further increase in IgG antibodies could be detected. PMID- 6648376 TI - Epigastrico-cavernous anastomosis in the treatment of arteriogenic impotence. AB - During the period August 1980--January 1982 nine patients were treated for erectile impotence due to arterial insufficiency in the penis, with epigastrico cavernous anastomosis. Two patients had no effect of the operation. Two patients developed priapism postoperatively and one of these lost his potency probably because of delayed treatment, while the other remained potent. Of the remaining five patients three lost the regained potency within one year, and two are still potent 21 and 24 months after the operation. It is concluded that the long term results of the epigastrico-cavernous anastomosis is unsatisfactory and that new approaches for revascularization of the cavernous bodies in arteriogenic impotence are required. PMID- 6648375 TI - Community-acquired Legionella micdadei (Pittsburgh pneumonia agent) infection in Sweden. AB - The first case of Legionella micdadei (Pittsburgh Pneumonia Agent) infection in Sweden is presented. A previously healthy 68-yr-old man fell ill with diarrhoea, fever, and mental confusion. Subsequently chest roentgenography revealed pneumonic infiltrates and a seroconversion to L. micdadei was shown. No source or transmission of infection was established. The only notable event was that the patient had been drinking rain-water from a barrel 1 day prior to his illness. An alimentary route of infection was considered. PMID- 6648377 TI - Laboratory findings in chronic prostatitis--with special reference to immunological and microbiological aspects. AB - Twenty-nine consecutive patients hospitalized for chronic prostatitis were examined. The HLA and radiographic findings are presented in detail elsewhere. Serum immunoglobulin levels were normal. The concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM in prostatic fluid were significantly lower than in serum, both absolutely and as percentages of total protein concentration. Distinct bands were seen in the gamma region of agarose gel electrophoresis from prostatic fluids both in patients and in controls, and other tests also indicated that they did not reflect oligoclonal Ig responses. Growth of Chlamydia or Mycoplasma species was not detected in any of the biopsy specimens. We conclude that, with the test panel used, we have not been able to confirm that immunological factors or the presence of Chlamydia or Mycoplasma species is important in chronic prostatitis. PMID- 6648378 TI - Urolithiasis in general practice. An epidemiological study from a Norwegian district. AB - The incidence of urolithiasis associated with a stone colic has been investigated in general practice in a rural, partly industrialized area of Eastern Norway. Two cases per year per 1000 inhabitants were observed. The incidence showed seasonal variation, with a maximum during the winter and autumn months in four consecutive years. As reported by others, there was an excess of male patients (2.7:1) and of persons with sedentary occupations. A peak stone incidence was found in the middle-aged groups (30-60 years). The probably unselected patient group from the incidence registration was compared with a selected material of patients referred for recurrent stone disease. The unselected patients from general practice showed about 1/5 the median number of stone episodes and 1/4 the median duration of the disease. PMID- 6648379 TI - Methodological aspects of examination of 24 hour urinary excretions in outpatients with recurrent urolithiasis. AB - In 85 recurrent stone formers, 2 consecutive 24 h urinary excretions were subjected to chemical examination for calcium, uric acid, magnesium and creatinine. 23 patients had hypercalciuria (greater than 6 mmol/24 h), 22 hyperuricosuria (greater than 3.5 mmol/24 h) and 5 hypomagnesuria (less than 2.4 mmol/24 h). In 1/3 of the cases, the diagnosis would have been missed if based on only one of the two collections, rather than on the mean values from both. Calcium-restricted diet 3 days before and during the sampling is not recommended. Hydrochloric acid appeared to be useful as a preservative and to prevent calcium and magnesium precipitation. No significant seasonal variations were found. Heating of the urine sample before analysis of uric acid did not influence the result. PMID- 6648381 TI - Late results of pyeloplasty for idiopathic hydronephrosis in adults. AB - A series of 91 cases of unilateral obstruction of the pelviureteric junction is reviewed. Primary nephrectomy was performed in 13 cases (14%) because of severe hydronephrosis and renal function less than 10% that of the normal kidney. Pyeloplasty was performed according to Anderson-Hynes in 74 cases and with a Culp De Weerd flap in four cases. Nephrostomy was performed concomitantly with the pyeloplasty in 14 cases. The parenchymal function was normal before pyeloplasty in 78% of the 78 kidneys, though the drainage function was severely impaired in 76 of the kidneys and moderately impaired in two. Urine cultures were positive before pyeloplasty in two patients, and 13 of the treated kidneys contained calculi. Follow-up examination was performed 5 to 12 years (mean 8.5 years) after pyeloplasty in all 78 patients. Of the 17 kidneys with preoperatively impaired parenchymal function, 12 (71%) showed improvement. The drainage function was improved in 68 (91%) of the 75 studied kidneys. Persistently impaired drainage function after pyeloplasty was found only in kidneys with infection secondary to retrograde passage of a ureteral catheter for treatment of postoperative urinary leakage. Urinary infection occurred in 11 of the 33 cases with such leakage. Retrograde ureteral catheterization thus favoured the occurrence of urinary infection. Its importance as a risk factor for severe infection was shown by the necessity for secondary nephrectomy in three cases. Since nephrostomy tended to reduce the incidence of urinary leakage, and thereby the need for indwelling ureteral catheter, and since nephrostomy as such was not associated with urinary infection, we recommend its use in the management of idiopathic hydronephrosis. PMID- 6648380 TI - Effect of thiazides on the urinary calcium oxalate stone-forming potential in normal males. AB - We studied the effect of bendroflumethiazide on a risk factor index, COSP, reflecting the stone-forming potential of urinary calcium oxalate. This index includes the concentrations of three stone promotors: calcium, oxalate, and uric acid in its numerator, and two stone inhibitors: magnesium and citrate, in its denominator. These risk factors were measured in 4-hour and 24-hour urinary specimens obtained under fixed conditions of food and fluid intake. Eight normal males were studied before and after two and four weeks of continued thiazide treatment. Thiazide 2.5 mg b.i.d. was given for two weeks, followed by 2.5 mg t.i.d. for another two weeks. Before treatment COSP exhibited a pronounced diurnal variation with peaks between 8 a.m. and noon, and 8 p.m. and midnight. After four weeks of thiazide treatment suppression of two stone promotors, calcium (p less than 0.01) and uric acid (p less than 0.02), and reduced COSP by 36 to 95% in each subject (median: -71%, p less than 0.01). Moreover, thiazide abolished the diurnal variation of COSP. After the initial two weeks of thiazide 2.5 mg b.i.d., almost identical effects were observed. Nearly all the changes in COSP were explained by the effects on urinary calcium. This marked suppression of COSP supports the theory that thiazides may be useful in the prevention of renal calcium oxalate stone formation. PMID- 6648382 TI - Comparison of two catheters for peritoneal access in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). AB - The results obtained by means of the Tenckhoff and the Toronto Western Hospital type (TWH) indwelling catheters for peritoneal access in patients undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis are reported. Fifty-nine Tenckhoff catheters were used for 592 months and 24 TWH-type for 220 months. One-year catheter survival was 71% in the Tenckhoff group and 77% in the TWH group. The difference does not reach statistical significance. Moreover no statistically significant differences as regards complications could be found between the two catheter types. A major disadvantage was noted with the TWH catheter: on two occasions TWH catheters could not be removed without a laparotomy, being firmly adherent to the intestine or omentum. It is concluded that the TWH catheter is not a superior alternative to the Tenckhoff catheter for peritoneal access in patients undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. PMID- 6648383 TI - Parathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism in maintenance dialysis patients. AB - Parathyroidectomy was performed during a 5-year period in 11 of 196 patients undergoing maintenance dialysis for renal failure. Characteristics of the series were relatively long periods of dialysis, severe symptomatic bone disease, hypercalcemia, increased alkaline phosphatase, greatly raised serum levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone and X-ray changes appearing as abnormal bone structure, metastatic calcifications and pathologic fractures. Most of the operations consisted of total parathyroidectomy alone or accompanied by autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue. Subjective and objective improvement followed the operation in most cases, and the outlined indications thus appeared to be adequate. However, only a minority of the patients became symptom-free, and current methods of treating autonomic hyperparathyroidism in patients on regular dialysis must be regarded as suboptimal. The relative indications for the 2 types of operations are discussed. Total parathyroidectomy may be an acceptable operation for patients of this category. PMID- 6648384 TI - The relationship between pressure and flow in the normal pig renal pelvis. An experimental study of the range of normal pressures. AB - The renal pelvis pressure flow relationship of 40 normal pig upper urinary tract was investigated. During standardized studies it was disclosed that the resting pressure has a normal distribution with wide 95% confidence limits (0.3-14.7 cmH2O). When perfusion was introduced, pelvic pressure increased, the normal distribution was lost, and the 95% confidence limits were broadened to more than 30 cmH2O. A normal distribution was regained at higher flow rates. The mean increment beyond 8 ml/minute was small, only 3.7 cmH2O from 8 ml/minute to 20 ml/minute. The wide variation found in pressure responses to high flow rates and the spread of pressures at higher flow rates imply major difficulties in distinguishing, between normal and abnormal pressure flow relationships in renal pelvis. PMID- 6648386 TI - Fibroepithelial polyp of the ureter. AB - Three patients with fibroepithelial polyp of the ureter are described with respect to clinical, radiographic and morphological characteristics. The importance and possibilities to reach at a correct preoperative diagnosis to allow conservative surgical treatment is stressed. PMID- 6648385 TI - Renal function and 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in rabbits with normal renal function and renal insufficiency. AB - The effect of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha OHD3) on the renal clearance of creatinine was investigated in groups of rabbits with stable renal insufficiency and normal controls. Urine was collected in the two groups for two one-week periods during placebo treatment. Then, 1 alpha OHD3, 0.02 micrograms/kg BW/day, was administered orally and urine was collected during the next two weeks. Weekly blood samples were obtained. The treatment had no significant effect on the serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate in either group. Creatinine clearance decreased significantly in both groups during the 1 alpha OHD3 treatment (p less than 0.05), mainly due to a decreased urinary excretion of creatinine. It is suggested that changes in the renal tubular handling of creatinine caused by 1 alpha OHD3 may be the explanation of the observed effect. PMID- 6648387 TI - Localized primary amyloidosis of the ureter. AB - A 57-year-old man with a history of right-sided renal colic had a stricture of the right ureter which was suspected to be caused by a tumour or retroperitoneal periureteric fibrosis. Peroperative frozen section examination revealed tumour forming amyloidosis of the ureter. The right kidney therefore could be salvaged by an end-to-end ureter anastomosis. Although primary amyloidosis of the ureter is rare, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of ureteric strictures. PMID- 6648388 TI - Ureteral obstruction as a complication in aorto-iliac reconstructive surgery. AB - Two cases of ureteral obstruction secondary to aorto-iliac reconstruction with bifurcation aortic grafts are described. Twenty-eight cases have been called from the literature and analysed. There seem to exist two types of aetiology regarding this complication: development of heavy localized fibrosis, and mechanical compression owing to the ureter having been placed behind the graft. Symptoms are often diffuse, but after operative treatment the prognosis seems good. The actual incidence of this complication is not known. PMID- 6648389 TI - A maximised-ADL index of functional status for stroke patients. Methodological considerations. AB - An index of functional status for stroke patients is presented. It is based on the observation that a patient's disposition is decided by the level of involvement of the most severely affected ADL-parameter. This allowed a suitably selected set of ADL-parameters to be scaled so that an index of functional status could be constructed which did not depend on the assumption of simple additivity of the component ADL-parameters. This index, together with two simplified versions, was contrasted with two summed-ADL indices and with an index of mobility, as predictors of outcome. The study was carried out on 57 patients. PMID- 6648390 TI - Medico-social consequences and direct costs of stroke in a Swedish community. AB - Two hundred and eighty-one patients who had sustained a stroke for the first time were investigated in the municipality of Soderhamn, Sweden, and its rural surroundings. Of these patients 226 (80%) had lived in their own homes before the insult, while the majority of the remainder had lived in old people's homes. One hundred and eighty-nine patients survived for at least 3 months. The proportion of stroke survivors who were living at home was 53% after 3 months, 65% after 1 year and 68% after 2 and 3 years. The average number of days in hospital was 65 for men and 81 for women after 1 year and 111 and 181 respectively after 3 years. Only 11% were gainfully employed before the attack. This proportion varied between 1 and 10% in the 3-year post-stroke period. About 85% were retired, while the rest were receiving sickness benefit or a disability pension (4-16%). The direct costs of stroke per stroke patient in the municipality of Soderhamn, was estimated at 129 000 Swedish kr. (25 800 US dollars); index 1980. The major part of this sum consisted of charges for hospital care (43-46%), followed by charges for nursing care in old people's homes (16-24%) and home-helps (8-16%), during the 3-year follow-up. Disability pension or sickness benefit accounted for only 5 11%, auxiliary equipment for 1-6%, medication for 1-3% and out-patient care at the medical department for 1%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6648391 TI - Posture of the trunk when sitting on forward inclining seats. AB - Changes in posture during one hour of sitting were measured by a statometric method on ten subjects. Four seats were used, one horizontal and three with forward inclinations respectively of 5 degrees, 10 degrees and 15 degrees. With increasing forward inclination of the seat, the spine moved toward lumber lordosis. A supplementary sample showed that 1/3 of the body's adaptation to the seat inclination took place in the spine and 2/3 in the hip joints. A tendency to a more vertical position of the trunk as a whole was observed on the 5 degrees chair, but the posture of the cervical spine was not influenced by the seat inclination. During the hour of sitting a slight tendency was observed for the subjects to sit with the trunk in the most vertical position at the first measurements. The back curves did not change in any systematic way during the hour. A comfort evaluation showed the 5 degrees forward inclination and the horizontal seats to be preferred. PMID- 6648392 TI - Discomfort and pain from loaded passive joint structures. AB - Sensations of strain and pain from healthy elbow and knee joints kept in an extreme position were reported on Borg's category-ratio scale (4) by 12 male volunteers in an experimental situation. The purpose of the study was to find out whether passive joint structures give sensations of discomfort and pain when moderately loaded for a certain time in an extreme position. Sensations of discomfort and pain were reported every 15th second. The mean values of ratings followed a straight line of increasing values during the first four minutes. Great variations were found between individuals. The elbow joint was six times more sensitive to the loading dose expressed as the product of the moment of force and time than was the knee joint. After the load was removed the provoked sensation slowly decreased. Sometimes the initial after-load rating was higher than the last rating with the load. The results imply that static work postures should also be analyzed with respect to joint position. PMID- 6648393 TI - Thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis in a twin. A case report. AB - Thoracoabdominal heart is a subgroup of the rare ectopia cordis complex. It may be part of an unusual syndrome with multiple abnormalities involving the anterior abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium and heart. A twin who died immediately after delivery showed four of the five defects in this syndrome. PMID- 6648394 TI - The Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valve in the tricuspid position. 10-year experience. AB - Ten-year experience of tricuspid valve replacement with the Bjork-Shiley pyrolytic carbon disc is reported. Of the twelve patients, one died in association with the operation, due to tracheo-oesophageal fistula. There were four late deaths, two from unknown causes, one during re-replacement of mitral valve and one from carcinoma of the urinary bladder. No patient had thromboembolism, valve thrombosis or subacute infective endocarditis. From the analysis of the hospital records and follow-up data it is concluded that the Bjork-Shiley pyrolytic carbon disc prosthesis is a satisfactory substitute for the tricuspid valve. PMID- 6648395 TI - The Bjork-Shiley and Ionescu-Shiley heart valve prostheses. In vitro comparison of their hydrodynamic performance in the mitral position. AB - Shiley Scientific Inc., are now manufacturing six types of prosthetic heart valves. There are four different models of the Bjork-Shiley and two versions of the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial heart valve. The Bjork-Shiley valves are those with a spherical disc, 60 degrees and 70 degrees opening convexo-concave discs, and the latest monostrut model. The Ionescu-Shiley valves are the original titanium stent model and the latest Delrin stent low profile model. The hydrodynamic performance of these valves in the mitral position all having a tissue annulus diameter of 29 mm, has been measured. Tests were performed in a pulse duplicator simulating sinus rhythm at heart rates of 60, 80 and 120 beats per minute (BPM) with a stroke volume (SV) between 69 and 73 ml and at a heart rate of 200 BPM with SV between 27 and 34 ml. The latter test condition simulates a situation of supraventricular tachycardia. Mean transmitral pressure, regurgitation, and transmitral energy loss for each valve under each set of conditions were compared. All the Bjork-Shiley valves were tested in two orientations with the major flow orifice oriented either anteriorly (A) or posteriorly (P). For all valves, it was found that the major contribution to the total transmitral energy loss, most apparent at 200 BPM, was caused by regurgitation and that at 60, 80 and 200 BPM, the forward flow phase contributed only a small amount to the total energy loss. The small intentional leakage across the Bjork-Shiley valves is minor compared to closing regurgitation but is a major contributor to transmitral energy loss.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6648396 TI - Cineradiographic evaluation of the convexo-concave Bjork-Shiley prosthetic valve in mitral position. AB - The in vivo function of the convexo-concave Bjork-Shiley prosthetic valve implanted in mitral position was evaluated with a simple cineradiographic procedure. The maximum opening angle of the tilting disc, calculated from the maximum and the minimum diameter of the radiopaque marker embedded in the disc when viewed elliptically, was 56 +/- 2 degrees and was not affected by tachycardia up to 160 beats per min. The time required for disc opening was almost the same as that for disc closure, and these times shortened in proportion to increase in pulse rate. Disc rotation, quick or slow, could be observed in all patients. Excellent function of the convexo-concave Bjork-Shiley prosthesis was demonstrated by cineradiography. Any dysfunction of the disc opening is easily demonstrable, not only from measurement of the disc's maximum opening angle, but also from evaluation of the distance, on en face view, between the characteristic internal rim disc marker and the small strut delineating the small valve orifice when the disc is fully open. PMID- 6648397 TI - Functional evaluation after aortic valve replacement. AB - Preoperative and sequential postoperative bicycle exercise tests were compared with clinical and catheterization data in assessment of the functional outcome of uncomplicated aortic valve replacement (AVR) in 33 patients. The operation was done because of aortic stenosis (AS) in 14 patients and aortic regurgitation (AR) in 19. Both groups of patients showed improved NYHA functional class and peak achieved workload after AVR, but the results in these respects did not correlate. Nor did the regression in left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and dilatation after AVR that was seen in both patient groups correlate with the changes measured in exercise tolerance. Preoperative exercise capacity was not predictive of the postoperative performance. In the AR patients, however, preoperative ability to raise the systolic blood pressure during exercise appeared to predict which patients were likely to show enhanced resting LV systolic pump function after AVR. It is concluded that objective tests of exercise tolerance alone permit reliable evaluation of the functional outcome of uncomplicated AVR. Indices of resting LV performance, though helpful in observation of the changes resulting from removal of the untoward LV burden after AVR, are likely to be less useful for evaluating changes in the LV exercise reserve. The response of the systolic blood pressure to exercise may be an additional predictive factor for postoperative resting LV performance in patients with AR. PMID- 6648398 TI - Steady and pulsatile flow studies on a trileaflet heart valve prosthesis. AB - The need for better and longer lasting trileaflet valves has led to the design and development of the ABIOMED polymeric trileaflet valve prosthesis. In vitro fluid dynamic studies in the aortic position indicate that overall it has improved leaflet motion characteristics and pressure drop characteristics compared to the Carpentier-Edwards porcine and Ionescu-Shiley pericardial tissue valves in current clinical use. The ABIOMED valve is, however, more stenotic compared to the St. Jude and Medtronic-Hall low profile mechanical valves, at normal cardiac outputs. Steady and pulsatile flow velocity measurements with a laser-Doppler anemometer system indicate that the flow field downstream of the ABIOMED valve is jet-like and leads to elevated shear stresses. These shear stresses are, however, lower than those observed with the Ionescu-Shiley and Carpentier-Edwards tissue valves. The ABIOMED valves tested had been originally configured for use in valved conduits, and it is therefore our opinion that further improvements can be made to the valve and stent design which would enhance its fluid dynamic performance. PMID- 6648399 TI - Cerebral damage following open-heart surgery in deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. AB - Six patients undergoing aortic arch replacement during deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest were subjected to studies including serial determinations of total creatine kinase (CK) activity in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), monitoring of the intracranial epidural pressure and the cerebral perfusion pressure and clinical neurological evaluation. In two of four patients with postoperative pressure monitoring, a marked increase in pressure was seen. In one case this pressure rise terminated in brain tamponade six days postoperatively, despite aggressive treatment with steroids, mannitol and barbiturate. In comparison with patients undergoing surgery for valve replacement or aorto-coronary by-pass, some of the patients with aortic arch replacement clearly sustained more severe cerebral damage, as judged by clinical examination and autopsy findings as well as by assessment of the degree or extent of the neuronal damage from CK activity in CSF. Patients of this type are obvious candidates for postoperative neuro intensive monitoring and care. Repeated pulsed Doppler flow velocity determinations in precerebral arteries, performed bedside, combined with monitoring of the cerebral perfusion pressure, provide a useful indication of the cerebral circulatory state in such situations. PMID- 6648400 TI - Surgical treatment of nondissecting aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta. AB - Between 1966 and 1981, 58 patients underwent operation for nondissecting aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta at the University Central Hospital in Helsinki. The cause of the aneurysm was atherosclerotic in 38 cases. Nine aneurysms were post-traumatic and 11 had developed after correction of aortic coarctation with a Dacron patch. Rupture of the aneurysm with hypotension and haemothorax were present on admission in three patients (5.2%). Six operations were performed without use of shunt or bypass. In the other patients the circulation to the spinal cord and viscera was protected during the aortic resection and reconstruction. Left atrial-to-femoral artery bypass was used in 43 patients, femoral vein-to-femoral artery bypass in five, heparinized TDMAC shunt in three patients and total perfusion in one case. Transient paraparesis and irreversible paraplegia each occurred in one case in which some form of circulatory protection had been used. In the latter patient there was aneurysm rupture and hypotension on admission to hospital, and resection (greater than 10 cm) was done with TDMAC shunt. The patient died postoperatively of pulmonary complications. The total operative mortality was 12.1%. The mortality in the follow-up period (range 1-14 years, mean 5 years) was 13.8%. The conclusion from the study was that, when adequate technique of aneurysm resection is combined with shunt or bypass, an acceptable operative mortality and low incidence of paraplegia are obtainable. PMID- 6648401 TI - Intramyocardial temperature following various cooling procedures. AB - In 12 dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass, the intramyocardial temperatures in the anterior and the posterior wall of the left ventricle and in the septum were measured with microthermoelectrodes when different cooling procedures were used during 60 min of anoxic cardiac arrest. External cooling with 4 degrees C glucose (5.5%) solution dripping into the pericardial sac did not lower the temperature in the septum or in the posterior wall. Packing the heart in slushed ice after injection of the same glucose solution into the coronary tree reduced the septum and posterior wall temperature to around 30 degrees C. This cooling procedure, in combination with general moderate hypothermia, lowered the temperature to about 20 degrees C in these parts of the heart. Only when combined with general hypothermia did local cooling achieve low temperatures in all regions of the myocardium. PMID- 6648402 TI - Myocardial preservation during anoxic arrest. Premedication with propranolol, verapamil or methylprednisolone. AB - Anoxic cardiac arrest was studied for one hour in five groups of dogs. Groups I III were given methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg b.w.) before aortic cross-clamping. Normothermia was used with electrically induced ventricular fibrillation in group I, and without such fibrillation in group II, while group III was studied in local hypothermia. Propranolol (10 micrograms/kg) was given to group IV and verapamil (0.2 mg/kg) to group V before the anoxic arrest in local hypothermia. Judged from the ability of the heart to take over the circulation after anoxic arrest, local cooling preceded by propranolol or verapamil gave working performance comparable with the pre-arrest values. In the cooled, steroid pretreated hearts the work capacity was depressed to the same degree as in locally cooled hearts without steroid premedication. Methylprednisolone prevented ischemic contracture during normothermic arrest with induced fibrillation, but not in the absence of such fibrillation. As adjuvant to local cooling, pretreatment with metabolism-reducing drugs is favorable for cardiac performance after arrest. Steroid premedication should be considered when normothermic arrest with electrically induced ventricular fibrillation is planned. PMID- 6648403 TI - Central, high flow subclavian artery-internal jugular vein fistula for venous access. AB - A subclavian artery--internal jugular vein shunt was created for intermittent parenteral infusions in six patients who had undergone extensive intestinal resection because of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. The flow rates through the shunt were initially around 1000 ml/min. In three patients the flow later increased, giving rise to mild cardiac symptoms. Slight disturbance from arm ischemia during work was experienced by two patients. Some patients were disturbed by murmurs from the shunt when the flow increased. Narrowing of the vein at the end-to-side anastomosis diminished excessive flow and relieved symptoms. There was no perioperative mortality, and no septic, hemorrhagic or wound healing complications occurred in connection with the six primary and nine secondary operations. The patency rate of fistula was 100% after one year, 83% after two years and 66% after three years. The shunt was well accepted by patients and by personnel. This type of A-V fistula for intermittent parenteral infusions seems to be a feasible alternative to other A-V shunts when the usual vascular access routes have been exhausted. PMID- 6648404 TI - Perforation and rupture of the esophagus. AB - A series of 57 esophageal perforations from the period 1963-1982 is reported. They comprised 42 iatrogenic, instrumental perforations and 15 non-iatrogenic, mainly spontaneous and postemetic ruptures. The clinical manifestations were mostly pain, fever, subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema, pleural effusion and pneumothorax. Esophageal leak was demonstrated in 73% of contrast studies. The overall mortality rate was 25%. It was 21% in cases with primary suture closure and 50% when treatment consisted of drainage. The mortality rate was 19% when treatment was begun within 24 hours and 35% when there was longer delay. Other factors influencing the mortality rate seemed to be type and location of the perforation and age of the patient. Early surgical intervention is advocated for perforation or rupture of the intrathoracic esophagus. Data in the literature and our own findings indicate that also in cervical esophageal perforations early surgical repair is justifiable. PMID- 6648405 TI - Cardiac tamponade caused by a mediastinal teratoma. AB - Mediastinal masses in children younger than 2 years often cause symptoms from tracheal compression, but clinical indications later in childhood are less frequent. Mediastinal teratomata arise in the anterior region, and when they produce symptoms these are usually manifestations of tracheal compression, pain, pleural perforation or secondary infection of the tumour. Pericardial perforation is a rare and life-threatening complication. A case of sudden pericardial perforation and cardiac tamponade caused by a mediastinal teratoma is described. PMID- 6648406 TI - Genotoxic hazards in the rubber industry. AB - The toxicology of chemicals used in the rubber industry is poorly known. In the present investigation an attempt was made to use biological monitoring methods to identify job categories with possible exposure to potentially genotoxic chemicals. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for mutagenic activity by the bacterial fluctuation test. The highest individual mutagenic activities were detected among the workers in the weighing and mixing departments, and some high individual values were found among vulcanizers. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and structural chromosome aberrations were also analyzed from samples of peripheral blood. The effect of smoking was clearly associated with significantly increased numbers of SCEs and chromosome aberrations. Among the workers in different job categories, the highest SCE frequencies were found for mixers who smoked. Also nonsmoking cleaners of the mixing department differed significantly from the nonsmoking referents in this respect. However, only the group of nonsmoking weighers showed an increase in the number of chromosome aberrations (p less than 0.01) when compared with the referents. The results suggest the need for improved occupational hygiene in the weighing and mixing departments of rubber plants so that exposure to potentially hazardous genotoxic chemicals can be decreased. PMID- 6648408 TI - Toxicity of rubber chemicals towards three-day chicken embryos. AB - Three-day chicken embryos were exposed to 80 different rubber chemicals dissolved in either acetone or water. The following classes of chemicals were studied: thiurams, dithiocarbamates, thioureas, benzothiazoles, benzenesulfohydrazide, dithiodimorpholine, amines, acrylates, guanidines, resorcinol, phthalates, adipates, phosphates, oils, peroxides, heavy metal salts, and sodium nitrite. Dose-response curves and median lethal doses (LD50) or median effective doses (ED50) were calculated for mortality in 2 d after the treatment, for total mortality in 11 d after the treatment, and for the total effect, including deaths and malformations 11 d after the treatment, when the test was finished. Sixteen of the chemicals had no effect on the embryos when injected into the air chamber. Incomplete and irregular dose-response curves for the total effect were obtained with 13 of the chemicals. For them, the ED50 could be calculated. Among the remaining 51 chemicals, the most potent were the dithiocarbamates and cadmium and copper acetates, with the total effect ED50 from 2.4 to 160 nmol/egg. Other chemicals that had an ED50 smaller than 100 nmol/egg were thiurams, cyclohexylthiophthalimide, acrolein, and dithiodimorpholine. The majority of the chemicals had an ED50 between 100 nmol/egg and 10 mumol/egg. The least potent were sodium nitrite and methylmethacrylate with an ED50 of 22 mumol/egg. All the 64 embryotoxic chemicals caused malformations with only one exception (dibutylthiourea). The maximum observed frequencies of malformed embryos varied from 3 to 100% of the treated embryos. PMID- 6648407 TI - Genetic toxicity of styrene and some of its derivatives. AB - Styrene, an important plastic monomer, is mutagenic after metabolic activation in several test systems. Probably because of an unfavorable activation : inactivation ratio, some mutagenicity assays have not, however, found styrene mutagenic. Styrene is converted by microsomal monooxygenases in vivo to styrene 7,8-oxide, which is a well-known mutagen. Arene oxides have also been proposed as the reactive metabolites of styrene, but the significance of these compounds is not yet fully understood. Only few derivatives of styrene have been tested for mutagenicity. The results are characterized by difficulties in metabolic activation. Many styrene-7,8-oxide analogues substituted at the phenyl ring are electrophilic reactants and mutagenic in vitro. Human whole-blood lymphocyte cultures have a peculiar feature, ie, styrene and many of its analogues substituted at the ring or vinyl chain induce sister chromatid exchanges in the cultured cells without exogenous metabolizing systems. This activation is brought about by erythrocytes present in the cultures and probably results from the conversion of styrenes to styrene-7,8-oxides. PMID- 6648409 TI - Absence of embryotoxic effects from low-level (nonthermal) exposure of rats to 100 MHz radiofrequency radiation. AB - Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to radio-frequency radiation at a frequency of 100 MHz and a power density of 25 mW/cm2 for 6 h 40 min daily on gestation days 6--11. The total exposure time was 40 h. The exposure resulted in a specific absorption rate of 0.4 W/kg. This value corresponds to the maximum permissible level for specific absorption rate in the 1982 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standard for radiofrequency/microwave exposure. The exposure produced no increase in maternal colonic temperature. Irradiated rats did not differ from sham-irradiated rats with respect to the number of implantations per litter, percentage of implantations dead or resorbed, percentage of fetuses malformed. fetal weight, fetal crown-rump length, or fetal sex ratio. The irradiated fetuses had fewer minor skeletal variations than the controls. These results suggest that radiofrequency/microwave radiation is not teratogenic or embryotoxic for rats at the maximum permissible exposure level of the 1982 ANSI standard. PMID- 6648410 TI - Methods of hazard analysis applied in the light metal industry. AB - There is a present a wide variety of methods to be used for the identification and evaluation of hazards. The information resulting from a hazard analysis can be used to develop measures for either the elimination or the control of hazards. Hazard analysis has not yet been used very widely in industry. More information is needed, eg, about the applicability of methods to different types of systems. A joint project, where hazard analysis was applied to various fields, was carried out in the Nordic countries. One part of this project concentrated on the light metal industry. A trial was carried out on a production line for which man machine tasks play an important role. Job analysis was selected as the means of revealing possible accidents. On the production line this procedure turned out to be a good point for systematic investigation. The selection of the methods to be applied within a system should be done carefully. It is important that sufficient knowledge is available both about the characteristics of the system and about the existing methods. The rapid increase of information in this area makes it possible to put hazard analysis to better use in industry. PMID- 6648411 TI - Occupational health and safety in Finland. AB - The tradition of Finnish legislation on occupational health and safety began 180 years ago. The renewal cycle of the principal acts has been about 20 to 30 years. At present the Finnish occupational health and safety legislation meets the Scandinavian standard well, though the structure of the Finnish legislation meets the Scandinavian standard well, though the structure of the Finnish legislation is more fragmented. The organization and manpower resources of occupational health and safety comprise more than 100,000 persons (5% of the labor force), and the number of full-time experts is about 3,600. The finances amount to 0.3% of the gross national product. Although intensive reforms for strengthening legislation, research, and practice were carried out during the 1970s, one-third of the labor force still works under daily health and safety risks. Several occupational and nonoccupational risk consequences cummulate into one and the same high risk population. Accident risk still remains the most prevalent and severe type of risk in the Finnish work environment. Three major national programs (National Occupational Health and Safety Program, National Occupational Health Service Program and National Program for Science Policy) were established so that the needs of occupational health and safety can be met. The programs are designed to respond not only to current problems, but also to those which can be expected in the future (caused, eg, by the large-scale implementation of new technology). PMID- 6648412 TI - Uses of computer-generated maps in occupational hazard and mortality surveillance. AB - The purpose of the present paper was to describe five ways in which computer generated maps for 3,073 United States political subdivisions (counties) are being used as a part of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health surveillance system. Four maps show the approximate spatial location of potential workplace hazards in terms of (i) worksites, (ii) estimates of the proportion of workers at risk for US counties, and (iv) counties within a selected state. A fifth map shows age-standardized county-level mortality for a cause of death associated with an occupational risk. These five types of maps represent first efforts to present and disseminate information in an effective format and to generate occupational health surveillance leads that may warrant further research. PMID- 6648413 TI - Health selection among metal workers. AB - The objective of the present study was to determine which age and exposure categories are the most prone to health selection. Mortality and morbidity were studied on three different exposure levels, defined primarily according to the physical demands of the work: heavy level (iron foundries), medium level (manufacture of metal products), and light level (manufacture of electrical devices). The population comprised about 15,700 men employed in 1950--1976 in the three branches of the metal industry. The number of person-years of follow-up was about 215, 800. During the period 1950--1978, 1,407 deaths occurred. Occupational history, morbidity, and turnover causes were studied by means of a questionnaire sent to 3,500 current and former workers. The survival curves showed no great differences between the three exposure levels. However the heavy level had the highest degree of mortality, and the medium level the lowest. Foundry workers had the highest overall rates of disability. But, in the older age groups, the disability rates of the metal product workers were the highest. Less social selection was suggested for foundry workers than for the two other cohorts. Metal product workers seemed to be selected by both social and health factors. Young electrical workers were occupationally trained. On the other hand older workers with poor health were selected to this light level (negative health selection). PMID- 6648414 TI - Pathology standards for asbestosis. AB - Pathology standards for asbestos-associated diseases of the lungs and pleural cavities were recently developed by the Pneumoconiosis Committee of the United States College of American Pathologists under contract to the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The purpose of the contract was to develop standardized criteria for the pathological diagnosis of these diseases and to develop a system for grading the severity and extent of asbestosis. The results of a preliminary reading trial and the NIOSH statistical analysis of the trial are presented. These results indicate that the proposed grading schema has acceptable inter- and intra-observer variability. The variability is similar to that observed for radiologists in radiographic reading trials. PMID- 6648415 TI - Comparison of the behavior of stainless and mild steel manual metal arc welding fumes in rat lung. AB - The lung retention and clearance of manual metal arc (MMA) stainless steel and mild steel welding fumes were determined in the rat. The exposure simulated the actual welding situation. The duration of exposure in the "nose-only" exposure chamber was 1 h/workday for one, two, three, or four weeks in the retention study and for four weeks in the clearance study. The concentration of exogenous iron was determined by the magnetic measuring method. Instrumental neutron activation analysis was applied to determine the concentration of total iron, chromium, and nickel in the lungs. The results indicated that the lung retention and clearance patterns for the two types of welding fumes were different. A linear relationship was observed between the amount of stainless steel MMA welding fume retained in the lungs and the duration of exposure, whereas the retention of mild steel MMA welding fume in the lung was saturated as a function of the cumulative exposure time rates. The maximum amount of lung-retained contaminants was 880 micrograms for stainless steel MMA welding fume and 220 micrograms for mild steel MMA fume. PMID- 6648416 TI - Some aspects of strategies and solutions in accident prevention. AB - Accident prevention measures are traditionally classified into technical, organizational and behavioral solutions. A review of some commonly used strategies for accident prevention illustrates some discrepancies between different approaches and the need to develop more comprehensive strategies. Several factors, including protective efficiency and disadvantages at work, must be taken into account when the solutions are evaluated. Some solutions to prevent load disengagement from cranes were evaluated. Measurements of the pressing force showed that the efficiency of the safety latch of a clamp for plate lifting is inadequate to provide protection under all exceptional lifting conditions and in all situations for which the safety latch is intended. The delay caused by the attachment of a lifting hook equipped with a safety latch was measured. The handling of some of the most reliable and technically safe latches requires additional operations and thereby limits their practical application. PMID- 6648417 TI - Investigation of the after-reach hazard in two-hand controlled power press operations. AB - One hazard inherent to hand-feeding operations at a power press occurs when a worker reaches into the point of operation after initiating the downward stroke of the press ram. One approach for controlling this hazard is to locate a two hand actuator at a distance sufficiently far from the point of operation to prevent the operator from getting his hand into the die area before the ram completes its descent. In a study of this problem, the activities of a power press were simulated in the laboratory with the use of a model power press and two locations for the actuator controls, an upper and a lower location. The subjects performed simulated work cycles using the laboratory power press. Randomly an after-reach condition was created in which the subjects were to each into the press die area to reposition a dislodged work blank. The after-reach time, ie, the time needed to reach from the actuator controls to the press die area, was measured. The results of this study indicated that there is a difference in hand-reach speed depending upon the location of the actuator controls. It was concluded that, to define hand-reach speed adequately, more research is needed to characterize the effect of other variables. PMID- 6648418 TI - The protective influence of logger's safety equipment. AB - The effects of loggers' personal protectors and the safety equipment of chain saws were investigated with a postal questionnaire. The sample included 1,200 loggers. The main purpose of the inquiry was to collect data on accidents and near-accidents; special attention was paid to the role and behavior of protective devices in both accident and near-accident situations. Twenty-seven percent of power saw operators reported incidents (near-accidents) which had occurred within the last year and in which some personal protector or piece of safety equipment had prevented harmful mechanical contact. The workers estimated that the average absence from work due to these reported near-accidents would have been 15 workdays if the injury had not been prevented. Sixty percent of the near accidents occurred during limbing operations, and 30% during falling. The protective equipment which most often prevented injuries was safety boots, which were followed by the safety helmet and leg protectors. The chain of the saw was stopped by the safety padding of the protective equipment in every other near accident involving chain saws. The chain was blocked by padding material in every sixth situation . In 10% of the near-accidents, the chain perforated the protective equipment. PMID- 6648419 TI - Protection of the head and eyes in forestry work. AB - The helmet used in forestry work is the same as that in industrial use. The eye protector, which is usually a face shield made from wire mesh, is fastened to the helmet. The aim of the present study was the clarification of the frequency of use of, the protection afforded by, and the need for improvement in the helmet and eye protector. A questionnaire, an interview, observations, accident and near accident reports, and user and laboratory tests were used for this purpose. Eighty-eight percent of loggers always use a helmet, and 32% an eye protector. According to official statistics and the questionnaire, in 1980, 8 to 15 of every 100 accidents in logging injured the head or eyes. Loggers reported that the helmet was too hot in summer and too cold in winter. The low utilization rate for eye protectors is partly explained by design defects. The protectors become frosted in the winter; there is poor visibility through the protectors when it rains or is dark; the protectors cause glare in sunshine. Product development seems to be necessary so that the helmet and eye protector can better fulfill the special requirements of forestry work. PMID- 6648420 TI - Nasal cancer and occupational exposures. Preliminary report of a joint Nordic case-referent study. AB - Nasal and sinus paranasal cancers have been associated with several occupational exposures, for example, dust from hardwood, nickel and unspecific agents occurring in the boot and shoe industry. A joint Danish-Finnish-Swedish case referent investigation was initiated in 1977 to study further the connection between nasal and sinus paranasal cancers and various occupational exposures. All new cases of these cancers were collected from the national cancer registers (Finland & Sweden) or from hospitals (Denmark). Those still alive who agreed to the interview (N = 167) were individually matched for age and sex with patients with colonic or rectal cancer. A detailed telephone interview was performed according to a standardized procedure. Both the cases and referents thought that their condition was the one under study. The exposures were coded blindly by an experienced industrial hygienist. The results showed associations between nasal or sinus paranasal cancer and exposure to hardwood or mixed wood dust (discordant pairs 14/2); softwood dust alone (13/4); chromium 16/6); nickel (12/5, not significant); welding, flamecutting, and soldering (17/16); and lacquers and paints (12/0). Hardwood dust exposure showed a connection with adenocarcinoma. Softwood dust exposure alone was associated with epidermoid and anaplastic carcinomas. No associations were found for a number of exposures, including agricultural chemicals, textile dust, asbestos, quartz dust, organic solvents, and leather work. Possible exposure to formaldehyde was evenly distributed between the cases and referents. PMID- 6648421 TI - Trends and prospects in experimental neurotoxicology. AB - A brief survey is given of the neurotoxic mechanisms of selected industrial compounds. They can be divided for practical purposes into hypoxic or histotoxic mechanisms, reactive metabolite-mediated mechanisms and effects related to the accumulated burden. It is clear that this classification is not necessarily valid for the developing nervous system. Therefore, it is suggested that complete test systems for neurotoxic effects should also include prenatal and neonatal exposure. This inclusion is even more important because a significant proportion of embryotoxic or teratogenic effects are related to deleterious changes in the nervous system. An understanding of these developmental effects should also help in the design of epidemiologic studies. PMID- 6648422 TI - Lungco measurement of particles retained in the lungs. AB - Nearly all metal dusts contain iron, which is one of the most common constituents in steel. Iron has one common ferrimagnetic oxide, magnetite. Although it is considered nontoxic, magnetite can be used as a tracer for more active and pathogenic constituents of inhaled dusts. After the chest area has been magnetized, magnetite produces a weak remanent magnetic field around the body. The field is measured and the amount of dust in the lungs is calculated on the assumption that the composition of lung dust is the same as that of airborne dust. This method has been applied to shipyard and stainless steel welders, to iron and steel workers, to stainless grinders, and to foundry workers. A clear magnetic signal was found for each subject. The maximum amount of lung dust found thus far was 10 g in the lungs of a stainless steel electrode welder. Referents showed signals of 0.5 mg magnetite or less. PMID- 6648423 TI - Monitoring methodology for gaseous hazards. Passive monitors and portable instruments. AB - Reliable sampling and analytical procedures for monitoring workplace hazards must be developed and evaluated. In the present communication three studies involving the evaluation and development of personal monitoring techniques were presented. The first study described an evaluation of three passive monitors for organic solvent vapors. Toluene, trichloroethylene, n-hexane, acetone, methylene chloride, and vinyl chloride, each at three concentrations, as well as effects of temperature, humidity, linear adsorption capacity, variable concentration, complex solvent mixture, and storage time, were addressed. The results indicated that under specified conditions passive monitors are viable monitoring methods. The second study was an evaluation of two carbon monoxide dosimeters. Instrument accuracy, precision, and performance under a variety of experimental conditions were examined. Sufficient samples were taken to show that the Energetics Science series 9000 dosimeter was within +/- 25% of the true value 95% of the time. The General Electric model 15ECS1CO2 did not meet this same criterion. The third study describes the development of a unique sampling method for nitrogen dioxide using Poroplastic film impregnated with the absorbing liquid and a spacing material which allows for airflow and distribution to the absorber. The overall method, evaluated over the concentration range of 0.9 to 19 micrograms/1 in 36-1 samples, had an average bias of 7% with a coefficient of variation of 10%. PMID- 6648425 TI - Screening for occupational exposures and congenital malformations. AB - Since 1976 the Finnish matched-pair Register of Congenital Malformations has been linked to a special project which screens for associations between selected congenital malformations and chemical and physical exposures during early pregnancy. Case mothers and their referents are personally interviewed. Exposure data are quantitated blindly by a team of industrial hygienists and occupational health experts. An analysis of data from 1,047 pairs is now underway. The pairs consist of 289 defects of the central nervous system, 421 orofacial clefts, 200 selected structural malformations of the skeleton, and 137 selected cardiovascular defects. Exposure to organic solvents was associated with defects of the central nervous system in the initial two-year material. However this association was no longer detectable during the following three-year period. More pairs must be gathered before a reasonable judgment regarding the teratogenic potential of solvents becomes possible. PMID- 6648424 TI - Reproductive hazards in the workplace. Development of epidemiologic research. AB - Application of the techniques of epidemiology and clinical toxicology has accelerated study of the reproductive effects of toxic chemical and physical exposures in the workplace. Three examples of work in progress are included in the present communication. The first concerns 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, a known cause of male sterility, which continues to be used as a nematocide in Hawaii. Occupational exposures of Hawaiian agricultural workers to airborne 1,2 dibromo-3-chloropropane are mainly in the range of parts per billion. A prospective study of pineapple field workers has been undertaken to evaluate sperm counts and morphology before, during, and after 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane application. To date, no sperm count depression is evident at this level of exposure. The second example involves a cluster of seven spontaneous abortions in female office workers exposed to video display terminals. The cluster has been analyzed with the use of fetal life tables. Excess incidence was confirmed (p = 0.0045), but no etiology was determined. The findings may have been due to chance. The third example pertains to male chemical workers manufacturing diaminostilbene, an optical brightener, and the workers' reported sexual impotence. Impotence was confirmed in 7 of 29 workers by questionnaire and suggested for another 7. Serum testosterone analyses found depressed values (less than 300 mg/ml) in 8 of 28 exposed workers. The luteinizing hormone and follicular stimulating hormone levels were generally normal. PMID- 6648426 TI - Reproductive-toxicologic assessment of the epoxides ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, and styrene oxide. AB - Ethylene oxide (CAS no 75-21-8), propylene oxide (CAS no 75-56-9), butylene oxide (CAS no 106-88-7), and styrene oxide (CAS no 96-09-3) were tested for teratogenic activity by inhalation exposure of rats and rabbits. Ethylene oxide and propylene oxide were tested at only one concentration in both species (150 ppm for ethylene oxide and 500 ppm for propylene oxide). Butylene oxide was tested at 250 and 1,000 ppm in both species, while styrene oxide was tested at 100 ppm in rats and 15 and 50 ppm in rabbits. For each of these four epoxides, the acute toxicity was similar for pregnant and nonpregnant rats. Styrene oxide was the most toxic in both species, and rabbits were more sensitive than rats. Rats exposed to propylene oxide for 7 h/d, 5 d/week for three weeks before breeding had a significant reduction in the number of corpora lutea. Fetal mortality was not increased, but significantly fewer mated rats were found pregnant following gestational exposure to styrene oxide, a finding suggesting preimplantation loss. In rabbits exposed to styrene oxide, the number of resorptions per litter was increased in concentration related manner, but differences were not statistically significant. Fetal examination revealed evidence of fetotoxicity with all four epoxides. There was no overt teratogenic activity, but a number of minor morphologic aberrations were detected. PMID- 6648427 TI - [Fibrinogen Bern II: hereditary fibrinogen variant with amino acid substitution of arginine replaced by histidine in position 16 of the A alpha chain]. AB - The number of described individuals with congenital dysfibrinogenemia continuously increases, but only a few fibrinogen variants have thus far been characterized with respect to their structural defect. Fibrinogen Bern II is a hereditary fibrinogen variant with impaired release of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and a markedly prolonged coagulation time. It turned out that only half of the FPA was cleaved off at normal rate while the residual FPA was released much more slowly and incompletely, unless high thrombin concentrations were used. Amino acid analysis of normal and abnormal FPA revealed that the abnormal peptide, in contrast to the normal, contained histidine but hardly any arginine. It is therefore concluded that fibrinogen Bern II undergoes substitution of arginine in position 16 of the A alpha-chain by histidine. Thus, the structural alteration is identical with that of seven other recently described variants. The presence of 50% normal fibrinogen molecules provides the normal hemostasis in the heterozygous carriers of the Bern II-dysfibrinogenemia. PMID- 6648428 TI - [Binding of IgG and its aggregates to human platelets can be made saturable by using deoxyglucose and antimycin A]. AB - Binding of bisdiazoniumbenzidine cross-linked (BDB) and monomeric IgG to washed human platelets at 37 degrees C was assessed. Metabolic inhibitors and prostaglandin E1 permitted study of partially reversible and saturable binding of the ligands to platelets: in presence of 0.25 microM antimycin A and 6 mM deoxyglucose, maximal binding of 3H-BDB-IgG (10 min, 37 degrees C) was 0.52 fg per platelet and of 3H-IgG (20 min, 37 degrees C) 0.13 fg per platelet. In presence of 6 mM glucose, however, the amount of IgG bound per platelet was higher and not saturable. These findings suggest that IgG is actively engulfed by the platelets. PMID- 6648429 TI - [Semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins inhibit in vitro myelopoiesis in a dose-dependent manner]. AB - Penicillin-G degradation products have been shown to inhibit in vitro myelopoiesis in a dose-dependent manner. Similar inhibition was seen with 6 semisynthetic penicillins and 2 cephalosporins. 50% inhibitory doses in vitro well matched total and daily doses given in vivo before neutropenia developed. These findings suggest a toxic rather than an immune-mediated pathogenesis for betalactam-induced neutropenia. PMID- 6648430 TI - [Transcobalamin II dynamics in a plasma turnover study of patients with lupus erythematosus. Preliminary report]. AB - Increased serum levels of the essential vitamin B12 binding protein, transcobalamin II (TC2) were previously observed in autoimmune disease. The periods of raised serum level correlated with clinical disease activity in patients with SLE and dermatomyositis. The correlation of serum levels with disease activity in a large group of 44 Swiss SLE patients was shown to be most reliable for TC2, when compared to certain established serological markers such as complement factors C3 and C4, antinuclear antibody titer or antinative DNA antibodies. Several questions were raised: Why is the TC2 level elevated in active SLE? Is the accumulation in serum due to lack of TC2 uptake by the cell or is it due to stimulation of synthesis? Answers were sought by applying a plasma turnover test for TC2 to the SLE patients. After 400 ng/kg cyanocobalamin (i.m.) the TC2 level decreased, due to preferential uptake of holo TC2 by the cells. Total TC2 levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. Normalisation of the plasma level and corresponding reappearance of apo TC2 was interpreted as newly synthesized TC2. Twelve SLE patients and six healthy controls were investigated. One SLE patient was treated with a higher cobalamin dose (200 micrograms) to ensure complete saturation of TC2. The TC2 level decrease after cobalamin injection was comparable in controls and patients, independently of the state of the disease. Normalisation of plasma levels was significantly faster, elevation above starting levels was observed, in 3 of 5 SLE patients exhibiting active disease. In the remaining 9 patients normalisation of the plasma level was comparable to the control group. Our conclusions are that TC2 uptake, in other words TC2 consumption by the cell, is unchanged in SLE, and that an increased rate of TC2 synthesis may be the cause of elevated plasma levels in active SLE. PMID- 6648431 TI - [Diagnosis of internal abscesses by scintigraphy: results of a method using purified granulocytes]. AB - In the 111-indium-leukocyte scan method described by M. L. THAKUR et al. in 1977 for the diagnosis of abdominal abscesses the whole leukocyte fraction from a blood sample is labeled and injected into patients. We propose a modification in which purified granulocytes are used. The results of 43 granulocyte scans show that this modification does not diminish the sensitivity of the method. Furthermore, it allows the detection of abscesses in a shorter time (2-4 hours after injection) and with 111-indium doses (200 muCi) at least 3 times lower than in the original method. Increased specificity can also be expected. PMID- 6648433 TI - [Changes in the small airways as a long-term sequela of acute bronchiolitis and a pre-stage of chronic obstructive airway disease in adults]. AB - Apart from cigarette smoking and air pollution, lower respiratory tract infections of viral origin in early childhood are considered to be one of the risk factors for chronic obstructive lung disease. Acute bronchiolitis accounts for the typical disease of the small airways in the first two years of life. 16 symptom-free former patients have been studied 16 to 22 years after an acute attack of bronchiolitis. A complete lung function test was performed with special regard to the small airways. The volume of Isoflow proved to be the most sensitive test. The changes found are considered to be mild. Follow-up will show whether they correlate with an as yet symptom-free stage of a chronic obstructive lung disease. PMID- 6648432 TI - [Factitious fevers as a cause of prolonged fevers. Apropos of 5 clinical cases]. AB - Among the numerous causes of prolonged fever of unknown origin, the factitious fevers are frequently considered last after much diagnostic and therapeutic effort. Five observations of factitious fever are presented including 2 cases of thermometer manipulation in men aged 45 and 80. The latter patient is the oldest in whom such a case has been reported. In the first case the prolonged fever led to exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy followed by antilymphoma chemotherapy before the thermometer manipulation was discovered. This patient had previously been treated successfully for stage Ib Hodgkin lymphoma. In the other case hospitalization had lasted several weeks, and much antibiotic and steroid treatment had been administered, before the manipulation was suspected. A third case of thermometer manipulation was observed in a 57-year-old woman who had been presenting with factitious symptoms for over 10 years. Two other cases of factitious fever due to self-induced infections have been observed in two young women aged 23 and 27, both in paramedical professions. These self-induced infections led to polymicrobial bacteremia, exploratory laparotomy and hemicolectomy in one case, and to probable bacterial meningitis in the other. Certain aspects of these cases agree well with the diagnostic criteria of factitious fever described in the literature. We feel it is important to recognize this cause of febrile states, even if there is an apparent etiology, in order to avoid much vain investigation and prolonged hospitalization. PMID- 6648434 TI - [Arterial thrombosis in the nephrotic syndrome]. AB - It is not common knowledge that, besides venous thrombosis, arterial thrombotic events may also be associated with the nephrotic syndrome. Two patients are reported who were admitted because of thrombotic occlusions in the peripheral arteries and developed nephrotic syndrome due to membranous glomerulonephritis after various lapses of time. These two cases and the literature support the hypothesis that an identical pathogenetic mechanism may be responsible for the arterial thrombosis as well as the glomerular lesions. PMID- 6648435 TI - [Multisegmental dynamic plethysmography for noninvasive study of venous function with special reference to exercise hyperemia]. AB - Multilevel dynamic strain gauge plethysmography was evaluated in 22 healthy subjects. Venous volume changes were measured at the foot and calf level during tip-toeing exercise and at the thigh level during kneebends. These normal data were compared to those in 26 patients with chronic venous incompetence (CVI). Two types of curve resulted in the healthy subjects: if sensing site and exercised musculature do not correspond (foot sensing and calf-muscle exercise), venous volume decreases during exercise and stays on a constant level. However, if sensing site and exercised muscles are identical (calf--tip-toeings; thigh- kneebendings), venous volume increases again during exercise after a maximum volume decrease. This could be quantified by the volume increase angle beta. These mechanisms can be explained by exercise hyperemia. In patients suffering from CVI with only partially recanalized thrombotic occlusions, venous drainage is not sufficient and results in a significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) decrease in venous volume during exercise at the calf, or even in a volume increase. In the foot segment examined, however, no significant differences were found. Additional measurements at the thigh level are recommended for patients with a history of iliac vein thrombosis, especially for objective evaluation of intermittent venous claudication. PMID- 6648436 TI - [Standardization problems in the monitoring of oral anticoagulants by Quick's thromboplastin time: an attempt to determine the state of the problem in Switzerland]. AB - In comparison with British Comparative Thromboplastin, we examined 11 different reagents which are presently available in Switzerland for surveillance of oral anticoagulation. Frozen plasma samples obtained from 50 patients under oral anticoagulation for at least 6 weeks were used for comparison of the various reagents. From our results the following conclusions emerge: Our present results largely concur with those of a similar study which compared the therapeutic range of thromboplastin reagents available in Switzerland 6 years earlier; therefore, we assume that the reagents which were sold at that time and are now available in Switzerland have remained fairly constant. In contrast to this apparent agreement, the therapeutic ranges indicated by the producers of reagents are, at least in part, comparable neither with the therapeutic range established for the British Comparative Reagent nor among themselves. Thus, the intensity of the induced coagulation defect is obviously variable, depending on a given test system. The calculated "therapeutic range" for a given test system traditionally corresponds to an average risk of thrombosis or bleeding; this range is not of necessity identical with a target zone that has to be established either individually or for certain diseases. Once established, a target value defining the intensity of oral anticoagulation can be more conveniently reproduced by use of suitable control plasmas rather than with reference thromboplastins, at any rate by practitioners or non specialised hospital laboratories.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6648437 TI - [Magnesium and phosphorus--the forgotten electrolytes]. AB - The clinical and pathophysiological significance and epidemiology of magnesium and phosphorus excess and deficit are discussed. In daily routine both ions largely remain "the forgotten electrolytes". With both elements deficits are clinically more important than excesses. Dietary intake, gastrointestinal and renal losses, shifts between intra- and extracellular fluid and sequestration within the extracellular compartment are the essential factors which determine body stores and the extracellular concentration of the electrolyte. The clinical signs of excess and deficit often lack specificity and - in the case of phosphorus deficiency - involve almost any organ. Since treatment of deficits is easy and success is rapid and involves virtually no risk a timely diagnosis is all the more important but often requires a high index of suspicion. PMID- 6648438 TI - [Inflammatory fibroid polyps of the digestive tract. Apropos of 5 cases]. AB - Inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is an infrequent condition of the digestive tract which is most often observed in the gastric antrum and ileum. It is known by several synonyms (Vanek tumour, eosinophilic granuloma, etc.) and is sometimes mistaken for eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Its main clinical features are abdominal pain, ulcer-like syndrome, obstruction and/or haemorrhage. It usually runs a benign course and surgery remains the treatment of choice. Its aetiology is unknown. Five cases of gastric IFP are described, one of which was diagnosed from endoscopic biopsies before resection. This is a very uncommon feature which, to our knowledge, has not previously been reported in the literature. PMID- 6648439 TI - [Use of fresh frozen plasma in a Swiss hospital district]. AB - The causes of a unexpected rise in the consumption of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in the years 1977-1980 are analyzed. FFP appears to be used increasingly in the department of surgery, and more specifically cardiac surgery, in the University Hospital. No basic changes are registered regarding the type of operations performed or the indications for prescribing FFP. At the same time, consumption of FFP in nonspecialized regional hospitals has increased to only a minor extent. It is pointed out that FFP is collected from blood donations and, as a product of human origin, should be used with moderation. PMID- 6648440 TI - [Modification of arterial blood flow using venous occlusion plethysmography]. AB - Arterial blood flow volume was registered simultaneously by pulsed Doppler and venous occlusion plethysmography in 14 limbs of healthy subjects aged 25 to 36 years. The results were as follows: from the beginning of venous occlusion and during venous filling phase, arterial flow diminishes to 73% of its initial value. This diminution is due to a progressive decrease in arterial systolic flow as well as an increase in diastolic arterial reflux. The results reflect the increase in peripheral resistance as well as the elasticity of the arteries, which, during the diastole, return upstream a part of the arterial systolic flow. PMID- 6648441 TI - [Sewage sludge and agriculture]. PMID- 6648442 TI - [Planning and technical aspects of sewage sludge disposal]. PMID- 6648443 TI - [Problem of heavy metals in soil and plants]. PMID- 6648444 TI - [Salmonellas in sewage sludge--the situation in Switzerland]. PMID- 6648445 TI - [Sewage sludge and trace element metabolism in ruminants and swine]. PMID- 6648446 TI - [Lead and cadmium in beef and pork]. PMID- 6648447 TI - [Toxicology of heavy metals in foodstuffs]. PMID- 6648448 TI - [Heavy metals in foodstuffs]. PMID- 6648449 TI - [An example of pollutant diminution in sewage]. PMID- 6648450 TI - [Prevention of sewage sludge contamination with heavy metals: possibilities and limitations]. PMID- 6648451 TI - [Hygienic quality control of sewage sludge used in fodder and vegetable cultivation]. PMID- 6648452 TI - [Technology of sewage sludge hygienization]. PMID- 6648453 TI - [Monoclonal antibodies]. PMID- 6648454 TI - [Genetic code and its evolution]. PMID- 6648455 TI - [Relationship between learning, memory and central cholinergic system]. PMID- 6648456 TI - [The olivocerebellar system]. PMID- 6648457 TI - [Effects of liver disease on drug pharmacokinetics]. PMID- 6648458 TI - [Quantitative study of the effect of antitumor drugs on the hemopoietic and tumor stem cells]. PMID- 6648459 TI - [Physical characteristics of biological effects of microwaves]. PMID- 6648460 TI - [High speed liquid chromatography and its application in neurochemistry]. PMID- 6648461 TI - [The source, removal and inactivation of plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine]. PMID- 6648463 TI - [Sport injuries in soccer goal-keepers]. PMID- 6648462 TI - [The thymus and aging]. PMID- 6648464 TI - [Etiology of reversible and irreversible athletic injuries]. PMID- 6648465 TI - [Energy expenditure of human locomotion on land and in water]. PMID- 6648466 TI - [Fatigue fracture of the leg in runners]. PMID- 6648467 TI - [The synovial fold syndrome--a manifestation of overloading in the knee area]. PMID- 6648468 TI - A molecular basis of cancer. PMID- 6648469 TI - [A new simple procedure for immersion sonography of the scrotal contents in real time technic. II: contribution to the differential diagnosis of diseases of the scrotal contents]. AB - In this communication the experiences obtained in 221 patients with a newly developed immersion method for scrotal sonography are analysed. The specific criteria for testicular neoplasms are derived from 22 patients with 100% true positive diagnosis. In this context, the diagnostic difficulties in defining and identifying the benignity of an affection are discussed. The typical sonographic alterations of scrotal structures in diseases like epididymitis, epididymo orchitis, spermatocele, varicocele and trauma are also described. An approach to calculating the testicular volume and hydrocele volume is given. The increase in diagnostic reliability makes this method suitable for pre-invasive diagnosis. The simple and non-hazardous procedure can be recommended as a routine method. PMID- 6648470 TI - [Expanding cystoscopic diagnosis by intravesical sonography]. PMID- 6648471 TI - [New sonographic procedure for the study of the scrotal contents with a rotating sound head]. AB - The article reports on a sonographic method to examine the scrotal content by means of a rotating sound head in a water-bath. For this purpose, the rectal sound supplied by Bruel and Kjaer is employed in a modified form. This method permits satisfactorily detailed sonographic examination of the scrotal content free from contact and pain. A statistical comparison of the sonographic and surgical findings reveals good agreement. PMID- 6648472 TI - [Significance of sonographic course controls in acute pancreatitis]. AB - Two patients with complicated acute pancreatitis are demonstrated. Sonographic factors are compared to laboratory and clinical findings. Ultrasound can add relevant information for classification and thereby supply an indication for surgery in patients with acute pancreatitis. This is especially true since laboratory classification of the grade of the disease is as yet not generally accepted. PMID- 6648473 TI - [Sonographic studies of gallbladder kinetics in childhood--a comparison between healthy and mucoviscidosis patients]. AB - In mucoviscidosis, the gallbladder can show signs of disease even in childhood. In 10 of 35 mucoviscidosis patients the authors found thickening of the walls, gallstones and micro-gallbladders on sonographic examination. Compared with healthy children (N = 70), the mucoviscidosis patients showed impairment of the kinetics of the gallbladder to an increasing extent in step with progressing age. X-ray films of the gallbladder were preferably taken while using a preparation containing bile acids for better absorption of the contrast medium. When using this preparation, the gallbladder was found to yield good contrast more frequently than with double-dose cholecystography recommended in literature. However, oral cholecystography yielded additional information in one case only where sonography had failed to produce a clear sonographic image of the gallbladder. PMID- 6648474 TI - [Sonographic diagnosis of liquid or calcified processes of the liver]. AB - Five cases demonstrate the reliability of sonography in identifying cysts and calcifications within the liver. This method is shown to be capable, often without detailed clinical information, of detecting the underlying disease and of monitoring its development. PMID- 6648475 TI - [Sonographic diagnosis of malignant small intestine carcinoid tumor. A case report]. AB - A 47 year old male patient came to our attention for severe anaemia. Although Gujak test for occult blood in the stool was repeatedly positive, x-ray films and endoscopic methods did not yield a definite diagnosis. Ultrasound only was able to identify a mass in the small intestine. Intraoperatively the diagnosis was confirmed; the tumour was a highly malignant carcinoid on pathologic examination. PMID- 6648476 TI - [Sonographic findings in a hemangiopericytoma of the stomach. Case report]. AB - In a patient with upper abdominal pain real-time sonography produced the first relevant sign of a space-occupying gastric lesion. Final diagnosis was gastric hemangiopericytoma. PMID- 6648477 TI - [Sonography and endoscopy as complementary study methods. Case report]. AB - Two cases reported here show that sonography and endoscopy in gastroenterology can be used as two methods of examination complementing each other. In the first case, sonography prompted the use of endoscopy for classification, whereas in the second case an endoscopic finding could be clarified by sonography. PMID- 6648478 TI - [Sonographically guided and intraoperative alcohol block of the celiac ganglia in conservatively uncontrollable cancer-induced epigastric pain]. AB - Preliminary results of sonographically controlled alcohol injection into the region of the coeliacal ganglion for treatment of medically intractable pain in inoperable pancreas carcinoma (6 patients) are compared with results of a similar treatment using a surgical approach (10 patients). Both procedures resulted in up to total pain relief and marked reduction of consumption of analgetics. Neurolysis of the coeliacal ganglion by means of sonographically guided alcohol injection seems to be a useful treatment to reduce pain in inoperable pancreas carcinoma. PMID- 6648479 TI - [Section planes of sonographic epigastric diagnosis. Suggestion for standardization and codes in photodocumentation]. AB - The positioning of the patient's body, the sectional plane employed (standardized as far as possible in the form as stated) and the respiratory position at the time of freezing of the setting, are inscribed on the margin of the viewing screen in three-digit coded form for identifying the photographic documentation. This group of three alphanumeric symbols can be extended by five further groups of three symbols each for accurate three-dimensional recording of the sectional planes in sonographic upper abdomen diagnosis. The point of contact of the ultrasonic applicator, which can be determined by previous skin markings (longitudinal position, transverse position) as well as its angular deviations from the plane of reference (rotation, tilt and inclination) are observed visually after adequate training. Input of the data to the viewing screen is effected via the instrument keyboard. PMID- 6648480 TI - [Location resolving sound impulse transit time measurements]. AB - In this paper a method is demonstrated for recording transverse profiles of the time of flight in samples with a local resolution of a few millimetres and a time resolution of 10 ns. Good agreement between the theoretical and the measured curves is shown for some test objects. PMID- 6648481 TI - [Clinical significance of the dilated common bile duct in the sonogram]. AB - The data of 34 patients with a sonographically established dilated common bile duct were analysed as to the clinical significance of these findings. Whereas it was possible to diagnose dilated proximal common bile ducts in all of the cases under examination, presentation of the distal section succeeded in only 56% of the patients involved. Thus distal concretions escaped diagnosis in seven out of 24 cases. There is no established relation between the extent of dilatation of the common bile duct and hyperbilirubinemia; quite to the contrary, in three cases without any signs of arrest of bile excretion under chemical analysis, it was not until ultrasonography was performed that some initial indications of an impeded bile outflow due to concretions were discovered. It was possible to obtain a confirmed diagnosis in the case of two pancreas carcinomas, three bile duct carcinomas, a local recurrent carcinoma of the gall bladder and lymph node metastases of a gastric carcinoma in the hepaticoduodenal ligament. In another gall bladder carcinoma nothing but dilated bile ducts presented itself. What was thought to be a hepatoma, turned out to be a carcinoma of the bile duct during autopsy. A cirrhotic carcinoma of the common bile duct was considered to be a case of calculi in the common bile duct without shadow when examined with ultrasound. During their stay in the hospital, four patients passed gallstones, thus relieving distention of the duct. Additional tests were carried out in 16 patients (47%) in order to confirm the diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6648482 TI - [Sonography of coagulating blood: experimental and clinical findings]. AB - The sonographical morphology of the mechanisms of blood coagulation, as well as the changes occurring the old blood coagulae, were analysed in vitro. Examples of clinical cases show the variety of patterns produced by haemorrhages during sonographical examination. Fresh coagulae have a structure closely resembling that of liver parenchyma, whereas the very inhomogeneous appearance of relatively old coagulae looks more like malignant tumours which seem to be growing as though they had got out of control. It is pointed out that knowledge of the wide sonomorphological spectrum of the different forms and manifestations of "haematoma" is of great importance in critical sonographic examination of problematic cases in abdominal and thoracic surgery and also in traumatology. PMID- 6648483 TI - ["Maturation" of the intestine during pregnancy: successive observation with ultrasound]. AB - The echographic images of the fetal intestines during the final 20 weeks of pregnancy are described. A comparison with the biparietal and abdominal diameter as well as with the echogenicity of the placenta is made. The sonographic images of the fetal intestines are divided into four grades, the last two appearing in the mature foetus only. PMID- 6648484 TI - [Indications for ultrasound-guided fine needle puncture under permanent view. 1. Diagnostic puncture]. AB - Using fine-needle punctures under real-time control and permanent view it is possible to examine even very small lesions of parenchymal organs, especially of the abdomen, with high efficiency. Cytological proof can be obtained. This method can be performed without greater risk, if minimal factors of safety are observed. PMID- 6648485 TI - [Indications for ultrasound-guided interventions under permanent view. 2. Therapeutic puncture]. AB - Using a centrally perforated linear-array transducer developed in our institute, ultrasonically guided interventions for diagnosis and therapy can be performed. Percutaneous nephrostomy, drainage of obstructed bile system or abscesses are easily carried out. A simple drainage system is presented; the technique of application is described. PMID- 6648486 TI - [Ultrasound-assisted percutaneous blind puncture of the liver]. AB - Since 1975 we performed 1221 percutaneous liver biopsies in outpatients. From 1978 onwards an upper abdominal ultrasound examination has been carried out in 731 patients before performing the puncture. In 203 consecutive punctures in the years 1981/82 another ultrasound examination two hours after the biopsy was performed. No complications have been observed. Hence, we recommend ultrasound examination in outpatients before biopsy for diagnostic and topographic reasons, but not afterwards, as the procedure seems reasonably safe. PMID- 6648487 TI - [Ultrasound diagnosis via the gastroscope]. AB - Eighty patients presenting with various diseases of the upper abdominal organs were investigated in an initial series of examinations performed with an ultrasonic endoscope provided with a mechanical sector scanner (7.5 MHz rated frequency, sector selectable between 90 degrees and 180 degrees), and/or a linear array device (7.0 MHz rated frequency, field of view 31 mm). Orientation, which was initially difficult, was facilitated by establishing standard positions. The pancreas, liver, gallbladder, bile duct, spleen, the two kidneys, the vessels of the upper abdomen, the wall of the stomach and, of course, the heart, are all accessible to endoscopic diagnostic ultrasound. At the present state of our knowledge, the method does not appear suitable for the systematic diagnostic work up of the upper abdominal organs, but in certain cases it would seem to be a useful supplementary examination to external ultrasonography or endoscopy. PMID- 6648488 TI - [Gynecologic endosonography: initial experiences]. AB - Basing on our research work in hysteroscopy, we used recently developed small endosonographic sounds for intrauterine and later vaginal approach, for the first time in 1981. We call this method endosonography. The equipment used so far is described, the procedure explained, and the efficacy of this new technique demonstrated via several endosonograms. The advantage to transabdominal sonography is the close contact of the ultrasound transducer with the organ to be examined. This enables the use of high frequencies with correspondingly good resolution. Finally, our own experience is discussed. PMID- 6648490 TI - [Value of 2-dimensional echocardiography in symptomatic heart diseases in the newborn infant and in early infancy]. AB - From January 1980 to March 1983, 73 distressed newborns and young infants, in whom congenital cardiac defects were suspected, were investigated by two dimensional echocardiography. The diagnosis in these infants could be re established later by cardiac catheterization and cineangiocardiography, operation or autopsy. Correct diagnoses were set in 97% of the patients (71 out of 73). Specific echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of the individual defects are discussed. PMID- 6648489 TI - [Pediatric sonography]. AB - Sonography has become the most important basic imaging method in pediatrics. It mainly differs from sonography in adults in having more unspecific causes for examination, other facets of application, and a wider range of applicability including newborns and infants. Sonography should precede x-ray examination, since its findings must determine the need for and the timing and type of x-ray examinations. The wide range of application justifies a distinction between general and special pediatric sonography. This distinction seems to be particularly relevant with regard to the requirements for optimal technical equipment. PMID- 6648491 TI - [Sonographic diagnosis of the bile ducts in childhood]. AB - The prerequisite for the sonographic diagnosis of biliary tract pathology is the recognition of the normal biliary tract even in neonates, as demonstrated in a prospective study on 78 neonates. Contraction of the gallbladder as a sign of biliary excretion into the duodenum could be regularly observed. The sonographic patterns typical of common bile duct obstruction, choledochal cyst, biliary atresia, neonatal hepatitis, paucity of the interlobular ducts, Caroli's disease, cholecystectasia, cholecystitis and cholecystolithiasis are described. Based on the findings in 26 infants with proven cholestatic syndrome, the diagnostic significance of the established sonographic criteria is discussed. PMID- 6648492 TI - [Ultrasound diagnosis following blunt abdominal injury in childhood]. AB - In blunt abdominal trauma in childhood, sonography should be the primary method for diagnostic imaging. This simple and non-invasive investigation can be readily performed even in cases with severe traumatic organ lesions. In cases not requiring immediate surgery the method can be used for monitoring and follow-up. Other diagnostic procedures such as IVP, CT, abdominal plain x-ray, angiography, scintigraphy do not become superfluous but should be used according to the clinical and sonographic findings. PMID- 6648493 TI - [Ultrasound diagnosis of kidney abnormalities]. AB - By means of sonography, it is possible to monitor the growth of the kidney from the 20th week of foetal life up to adulthood. Anomalies of number and position, hydronephrosis, cysts, multicystic kidneys and polycystic diseases can be demonstrated. Some specific problems of sonography arising in this field are discussed. PMID- 6648494 TI - [Sonographic diagnosis of urine flow disorders in childhood]. AB - Sonographic diagnosis of urinary tract obstruction is based upon morphological and morphometrical criteria, which can be used for the grading of obstructive uropathy. In particular, morphometric data improve the accuracy of the diagnosis. Measurement of the anterio-posterior diameter of the renal pelvis and assessment of the renal volume will make postoperative monitoring more objective and therefore safer. Diuresis sonography, under standardized conditions, excludes false negative findings and clarifies borderline cases of suspected obstruction of the urinary tract. Renal sonography is a reliable method for excluding and diagnosis of urinary tract obstruction in childhood, when one is aware of its limitations. PMID- 6648495 TI - [Sonographic diagnosis of the central nervous system in the neonate and infant- pathomorphology, indications and value]. AB - Standardized cerebral sonography permits early diagnosis of intracranial abnormalities and follow-up of high-risk neonates and infants during the first year of life. In the last three years 782 neonates and infants were examined using a real-time sector scanners (3,5--7,5 MHz). Echogenicity of parenchymal structures as well as the ventricular system, the subarachnoid space and the choroid plexus were routinely investigated. Based on morphological criteria a stage classification of brain haemorrhage into five degrees of severity has been developed. The sonographic pattern of normal anatomy, various types of hydrocephalus, intracranial infectious pathology, brain tumor and meningomyelocele is described. Sonographic monitoring facilitates the decision on conservative or neurosurgical treatment of hydrocephalus. PMID- 6648496 TI - [Doppler sonography of the extracranial cerebral arteries: primarily a didactic problem]. AB - Three graduate students were systematically trained to apply continuous wave Doppler sonography for non-invasive screening of the extracranial brain-supplying arteries. The method described by Budingen et al. (1982) was used. Each student was trained on 100 patients by means of instruction and supervision. 50% of the patients had vascular lesions. In the course of the training period the students were individually tested on fourty-eight (4 x 12) selected patients having vascular lesions of varying site and degree. The students' diagnostic progress was compared with the author's own performance on initial self-training used cerebral angiography as a reference. All measurable parameters of the students' performance considerably improved during the training period. At the end of the course the trainees were accurate in the diagnosis of carotid lesions but still had considerable difficulties in assessing the degree of stenoses as well as in recognizing multiple lesions, and in particular lesions within the subclavian vertebral circulation. It is concluded that training on only 100 patients is insufficient. Nevertheless the study clearly demonstrated the value of instruction through an experienced examiner, including immediate feed-back on the performance in any individual case examined. This kind of training has proved to be definitely superior to, and more efficient than self-training as exclusively based on checking the diagnosis by angiography. PMID- 6648497 TI - Thyroid registers--an indecent obsession? PMID- 6648498 TI - Choosing anticonvulsants. PMID- 6648499 TI - The prevalence of gastrinomas in recurrent peptic ulceration. AB - The prevalence of gastrinomas and the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is unknown. In order to examine a high risk group of patients, basal and secretin-provoked plasma gastrin levels were determined in 50 consecutive patients, predominantly from the west of Scotland. All had endoscopically proven recurrent peptic ulceration following duodenal ulcer surgery. This resulted in three cases strongly suspected of having a gastrinoma. Further investigations including exploratory laparotomy were unable to demonstrate a gastrinoma in two, but the evidence suggested an occult tumour in one. In this remaining unoperated patient, the serum gastrin returned to normal. The reference range for both basal and secretin stimulated gastrin response and percentage change has been determined in normal control subjects (n = 10) and in primary ulcer patients (n = 20). It is concluded that in this study, gastrinomas had a less than 2 per cent prevalence in patients presenting with recurrent peptic ulceration. As the diagnosis of a gastrinoma changes the surgical approach, conducting screening tests still seems warranted. PMID- 6648500 TI - Skin maps in vitiligo. AB - Patterns of depigmentation in vitiligo are illustrated which appear to form maps of obscure local anatomical subdivisions of the human skin. These are distinctive but as yet poorly defined and do not generally correspond to known anatomical structures or boundaries. PMID- 6648501 TI - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and pulmonary function. AB - Pulmonary function tests were performed in ten patients established on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. A decrease in all lung volumes was observed after instillation of dialysate and a further decrease on change from the erect to the supine posture. This change was small and unlikely to have a functionally significant effect in patients with a healthy respiratory system. However, in patients with pre-existing lung disease, respiratory function might be further compromised. PMID- 6648502 TI - Surgical management of scleromalacia perforans--a case report. AB - A new approach to the surgical management of scleromalacia perforans is described with a Case Report on a 53-year-old lady, who was followed up for the past nine months. PMID- 6648503 TI - Primary hyperparathyroidism diagnosed at autopsy. A study of eight cases. AB - This paper describes the clinical and pathological findings of eight cases of primary hyperparathyroidism first diagnosed at autopsy. The eight cases were obtained from the autopsy files of the Western General Hospital, Edinburgh over a decade (1971-80). The duration of the final hospital admission was very short in the majority of cases but analysis of the clinical history, in which gastro intestinal and neuro-psychiatric disturbances figured prominently, showed that symptoms of the disease may have been present for very much longer--perhaps years in some instances. Details of the main autopsy findings and cause of death are also presented. PMID- 6648505 TI - Specific food intolerance and gastrointestinal symptoms. PMID- 6648504 TI - Mianserin induced agranulocytosis presenting as an abscess. AB - A case of Mianserin induced agranulocytosis presenting as a localised infection is presented and the literature reviewed. The importance of a thorough drug history in patients presenting with minor surgical ailments is stressed. PMID- 6648506 TI - Survey of total and respirable suspended particulate matter in an iron foundry. Comparison of stationary sampling and personal monitoring. AB - In the workshop of an iron foundry total and respirable suspended particulate matter was collected. The performances of (1) filtration systems with 47 mm membrane filters, (2) Andersen cascade impactors, and (3) personal total or respirable monitoring, were compared at a position away from intense sources of particulate debris. Using 15 stationary samplers a survey was made of the particulate levels in the workshop, over a period of 2 weeks. Very large concentration gradients and concentration variations as a function of time were measured for total suspended particulate matter. In the three major source areas, i.e. the pouring department, the core-making department and the shake-out department, special studies were performed to compare stationary and personal monitoring. In the immediate vicinity of intense point sources of coarse particles, such as core-making or shake-out, stationary sampling cannot be used to estimate the personal exposure to total suspended particulates. For respirable particles, however, one or two well-situated stationary size-selective samplers can provide a good estimate of the personal exposure as measured with a personal respirable monitor. The differences found are in the order of 10-20%. PMID- 6648507 TI - Metabolism of arsenobetaine in mice, rats and rabbits. AB - The distribution, retention and biotransformation of arsenobetaine, the most common organic arsenic compound in fish and crustacea, have been studied in mice, rats and rabbits by use of synthesized 73As-labelled arsenobetaine. Orally administered arsenobetaine was almost completely absorbed from the gastro intestinal tract in mice. The urinary excretion for 3 days following intravenous injection was about 75% of the dose in the rabbits and more than 98% in the mice and rats. The rate of excretion in mice was independent of the dose level in the range 4 to 400 mg As/kg body weight. In both animal species the tissue distribution differed widely from that observed following exposure to inorganic arsenic. The clearance of arsenobetaine from plasma and most tissues was fast (somewhat faster in mice than in rabbits) and seemed to follow first-order kinetics. The clearance from cartilage, testes, epididymis, and in the rabbits also the muscles, was slower and consisted of more than one phase. 73As arsenobetaine was the only labelled arsenic compound detected in urine and soluble extract of tissues, indicating that no biotransformation occurred. PMID- 6648508 TI - The effect of molybdenum upon blood serum enzymatic ceruloplasmin activity in rats. AB - Experiments were carried out on 61 male and female Wistar rats. Following 21-day intraperitoneal administration of molybdenum (Na2MoO4 X 2H2O), significant differences in the level of blood serum ceruloplasmin were noted in female rats depending upon the applied dose of molybdenum. In analogous groups of male rats no statistically significant differences were observed, which might indicate that the effect of molybdenum upon enzymatic ceruloplasmin activity is sex-related. The rats on an increased dietary level of 14 ppm molybdenum, of 10.8 ppm copper content and 507 ppm inorganic sulphur, showed decreased blood serum ceruloplasmin activity irrespective of their sex. PMID- 6648509 TI - Lead poisoning in monkeys during pregnancy and lactation. AB - Twenty-two female monkeys (Macaca irus) were given lead acetate by an intramuscular route during pregnancy and/or lactation. A high dose of lead (5 mg Pb2+/kg/day) can induce abortions and death in pregnant monkeys. At a lower dose (1 mg Pb2+/kg/day), the foetus can be exposed to lead via placenta and/or maternal milk. Studies using optical microscopy showed the typical renal lesions in mothers treated during pregnancy (five months) and an erythrodiapedesis in cerebral matter of the new-born at birth. PMID- 6648510 TI - Blood levels of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in children in a British Columbia community. AB - The levels of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were measured in duplicate whole blood samples of 946 apparently normal children ranging in age from 2 years to 12 years and living in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. The metals were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry: graphite furnace AAS for Cd and Pb, and flame AAS for Cu and Zn. The median and extreme values expressed as milligram of metal per litre of whole blood for the total population were: Cd less than or equal to 0.0005, Cu 1.11 (0.69-1.78), Pb 0.112 (0.020-0.400), and Zn 4.30 (2.10-6.53). No significant variations were noted in the median metal values either with age or with sex. The median Cu, Pb and Zn values were within the normal range. PMID- 6648511 TI - Uptake of lead by humans and effect of minerals and food. AB - In several series of experiments, volunteers have ingested 203Pb as chloride (a) in distilled water, with or without stable Pb carriers, while fasting, (b) with varying amounts of added mineral Ca and P, (c) with hot or alcoholic beverages between normal meals, (d) in the course of meals. Also, volunteers have eaten lamb's liver and kidney into which 203Pb had been incorporated by injection into the animal before slaughter, and spinach which had taken up 203Pb from its roots. Fasting subjects absorbed 40-50% of the 203Pb, taken in distilled water, irrespective of the addition of Pb carrier up to 100 micrograms per dose. When taken with tea or coffee, uptake averaged 14% and with beer 19%. Much lower uptakes, ranging from 3 to 7%, were found when 203Pb was taken in volunteers with a meal, or incorporated in offal or vegetables which were eaten as part of a meal, or when taken with large amounts of calcium or phosphate. PMID- 6648513 TI - The contribution of heavy metals in potato peel to dietary intake. AB - For potatoes grown in soil contaminated by Pb/Zn smelter smoke it was observed that Cd and Pb accumulated in the peel. When potatoes are baked both skin and tuber may be eaten. From an investigation of the relative contributions of peel and tuber to diet it was concluded that normally when both are eaten together there is no risk to health from ingesting excess of toxic metals. PMID- 6648512 TI - Intakes of copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, iron, nickel and arsenic in a population exposed to lead from water. AB - Adult diets obtained from a population in Ayr, Scotland, U.K., known to be exposed to lead from water were analysed for arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, nickel, tin and zinc to assess the intake of these elements. With few exceptions, the concentration of each element varied little from diet to diet, and therefore the range of intakes varied only in proportion to the weights of the diets. With the exception of nickel, the difference between the observed average dietary intakes of the metals studied and those expected on the basis of a nationwide Total Diet Study is largely accounted for on the basis of the differences between the weights of the duplicate diet and the weight for the Total Diet Study. PMID- 6648514 TI - Ultraviolet visual pigment in a vertebrate: a tetrachromatic cone system in the dace. AB - Microspectrophotometric measurements of optically isolated photoreceptors in the Japanese dace, a cyprinid fish, revealed four spectroscopically distinguishable cone pigments and one rod pigment. A visual pigment that absorbs in the near ultraviolet was found in small single cones. PMID- 6648515 TI - Identification of presynaptic neurons by laser photostimulation. AB - An optical method involving the use of a laser and a novel fluorescent dye as a photostimulation probe has been developed to identify presynaptic neurons in a large ensemble of cells. Illumination of an extracellularly stained neuron by the laser microbeam evokes action potentials. With this technique an interneuron connecting identified leech neurons was quickly located. The method speeds up the elucidation of neuronal networks, especially when small cells are involved. PMID- 6648516 TI - Sex differences in mathematical reasoning ability: more facts. AB - Almost 40,000 selected seventh-grade students from the Middle Atlantic region of the United States took the College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test as part of the Johns Hopkins regional talent search in 1980, 1981, and 1982. A separate nationwide talent search was conducted in which any student under age 13 who was willing to take the test was eligible. The results obtained by both procedures establish that by age 13 a large sex difference in mathematical reasoning ability exists and that it is especially pronounced at the high end of the distribution: among students who scored greater than or equal to 700, boys outnumbered girls 13 to 1. Some hypothesized explanations of such differences were not supported by the data. PMID- 6648518 TI - Development of gynogenetic eggs in the mouse: implications for parthenogenetic embryos. AB - Mouse eggs with different genetic constitutions were prepared by micromanipulation of fertilized diploids and triploids. The diploid gynogenones, activated by the male gamete which was then removed, developed at best to about the 25-somite stage as did the genetically similar diploid parthenogenones stimulated to develop in the complete absence of the male gamete. The failure of development to term in both cases may be due to homozygosity and does not appear to be due to a lack of extragenetic contribution from spermatozoa. PMID- 6648517 TI - L-tryptophan: a common denominator of biochemical and neurological events of acute hepatic porphyria? AB - Hepatic porphyrias are disorders of heme synthesis characterized by genetically determined lesions of one of the key enzymes of heme synthesis. In carriers of such lesions, several factors (drugs, environmental chemicals, or diet) precipitate acute and often fatal attacks of neurologic dysfunction, which are promptly relieved by intravenous infusion of heme. However, the mechanism of such heme-induced amelioration remains elusive. To probe this mechanism, the biochemical events triggered by acute hepatic heme deficiency were examined in an animal model of chemically induced porphyria. Acute hepatic heme depletion in porphyric rats was found to impair hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase activity which, in turn, elevated tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in the brain. These alterations in porphyric rats were dramatically reversed by parenteral heme administration. These findings suggest that increased tryptophan and 5 hydroxytryptamine in the nervous system may be responsible for the neurologic dysfunctions observed in humans with acute attacks of hepatic porphyria. PMID- 6648519 TI - NIH bill passes house. Legislators strike a middle ground by adding some new programs, but not as many as Waxman wanted. PMID- 6648520 TI - Insanity defense reexamined. The AMA board recommends its abolition but lawyers and psychiatrists say that would undermine the moral basis of criminal law. PMID- 6648521 TI - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome abroad. The new immune deficiency disease is now found in several countries: links to Central Africa and Haiti may provide clues to its origin. PMID- 6648522 TI - Cancer prevention: setting priorities. PMID- 6648523 TI - Lots of talk about LD50. PMID- 6648524 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to a synthetic fibrin-like peptide bind to human fibrin but not fibrinogen. AB - A synthetic heptapeptide from the amino terminus of the beta chain in human fibrin was used as an antigen to produce monoclonal antibodies that bind to fibrin even in the presence of human fibrinogen at the concentration found in plasma. As expected, the antifibrin activity was inhibited by the peptide antigen but not by a control heptapeptide. In a chicken ex vivo circulatory model for fibrin detection, intravenously administered monoclonal antibodies bound to human fibrin-coated disks placed in an extracorporeal chamber. These findings may lead to better methods for identifying deep vein and coronary artery thrombi. PMID- 6648525 TI - Human trophoblast-lymphocyte cross-reactive (TLX) antigens define a new alloantigen system. AB - Antisera to human syncytiotrophoblast microvillous cell surface membranes from different placentas are cytotoxic for lymphocytes from some people but not others, demonstrating the presence of allotypic trophoblast-lymphocyte cross reactive (TLX) antigens. Exploratory principal components factor analysis, performed on limited data consisting of 300 cytotoxic reactions produced by ten separate trophoblast antisera on a panel of lymphocytes from 30 random donors, suggested the presence of three distinct TLX antigen groupings. It is proposed that such TLX alloantigens are central in establishing maternal recognition and protection of the blastocyst, and that lack of recognition results in implantation failure and spontaneous abortion. These findings are compatible with contemporary results of immunotherapy to prevent recurrent spontaneous abortions, and their implications extend to other conditions of allogeneic coexistence, such as organ transplantation and the tumor-host relationship. PMID- 6648526 TI - Dynorphin-A-(1-8) is contained within vasopressin neurosecretory vesicles in rat pituitary. AB - Dynorphin-A-(1-8), an opioid peptide widely distributed in the rat central nervous system, is present in vasopressin-containing neurosecretory cells terminating in the neural lobe of the pituitary. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry reveals that dynorphin-A-(1-8) is contained within the same neurosecretory vesicles as vasopressin and vasopressin-associated neurophysin in the neural lobe of the rat. The results indicate that dynorphin may be released in the pituitary concomitantly with vasopressin during the antidiuretic response. PMID- 6648528 TI - X-ray--induced breakage and rejoining of human interphase chromosomes. AB - A method was developed for the high-resolution measurement of breaks in prematurely condensed chromosomes at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The dose response for fragments (breaks) produced immediately after x-irradiation of confluent cultures of normal human cells was linear down to 10.9 rad (0.109 Gy) and extrapolated to zero effect at zero dose. The curve had a slope of 0.063 breaks per cell per rad, which is at least an order of magnitude greater than that for breaks scored in the same cells after they have progressed to mitosis following subculture. When incubated at 37 degrees C half of the breaks disappeared in 2 hours. A slower, perhaps nonrejoining component was apparent at later incubation times. The initial rate of break rejoining was similar to the rate of increase in survival after incubation because of the repair of potentially lethal damage and is also in close agreement with recently reported values for the rejoining of double-strand breakage in DNA. PMID- 6648527 TI - Dietary chloride as a determinant of "sodium-dependent" hypertension. AB - The uninephrectomized rat given desoxycorticosterone (DOC) provides a classic model of "sodium-dependent" hypertension. In such rats, the extent to which a given dietary intake of sodium induced an increase in blood pressure depended on whether or not the anionic component of the sodium salt was chloride. With normal and high dietary intakes of sodium, sodium chloride induced increases in blood pressure much greater than that induced by approximately equimolar amounts of sodium bicarbonate, sodium ascorbate, or a combination of sodium bicarbonate and sodium ascorbate. A normal amount of dietary sodium chloride induced hypertension, whereas an equimolar amount of sodium bicarbonate did not increase blood pressure. This difference could not be attributed to differences in sodium or potassium balances, weight gain, or caloric intake. The DOC model of "sodium dependent" hypertension might better be considered sodium chloride-dependent. PMID- 6648529 TI - Transformation of Bloom's syndrome fibroblasts by DNA transfection. AB - Nonmalignant diploid human fibroblast cells (GM3498B) derived from a skin biopsy of a patient with Bloom's syndrome have been transformed by transfection with DNA from a tumorigenic mouse cell line (Ha-8) carrying a single copy of the Harvey murine sarcoma virus (Ha-MuSV) genome. The transformed cell lines have an extended life-span, form colonies in agarose, and proliferate in nude mice- characteristics of neoplastic transformation. Like the parental cells, they also exhibit a high spontaneous level of sister chromatid exchanges. Finally, the transformed cells contain most, if not all, of the Ha-MuSV genome as well as the human rasH sequence. These experiments show that these diploid nonmalignant human cells can be used as recipients in transfection experiments for studying the genetic control of neoplastic transformation. PMID- 6648530 TI - Private groups enunciate "Baby Doe" principles. PMID- 6648532 TI - Time course of alpha-flupenthixol action explains "response artifacts" of neuroleptic action on brain stimulation reward. PMID- 6648531 TI - The human gene for the beta subunit of nerve growth factor is located on the proximal short arm of chromosome 1. AB - Fragments of the recently cloned human gene for the beta subunit of nerve growth factor (beta-NGF) were used as hybridization probes in analyzing two sets of rodent-human somatic cell hybrids for the presence of human beta-NGF sequences. Results from the first set of hybrids assigned the human beta-NGF gene to chromosome 1 and ruled out the presence of sequences of comparable homology on any other chromosome. With the second set of hybrids, which contained seven different, but overlapping, regions of chromosome 1, the NGF locus was mapped to band 1p22. PMID- 6648533 TI - Olfactory function after bulbectomy. PMID- 6648534 TI - The technology of nuclear magnetic resonance. PMID- 6648535 TI - NMR spectroscopy. PMID- 6648536 TI - Principles of nuclear magnetic resonance for medical application. AB - Several important components must be combined to create an effective nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging system. The most imposing component is the magnet itself, which is most often either resistive or superconducting. In addition, the magnetic field gradient, radiofrequency (RF) coil, spectrometer, computer, and display system are critical factors that require special consideration before selecting an NMR system for a particular clinical usage. Although nuclear magnetic resonance and nuclear decay share a common object of interest (the nucleus), a number of differences between resonance and decay phenomena relating to information content and imaging techniques can be discussed. First, in NMR the frequency, and hence energy, of the detected electromagnetic radiation from a given nuclear type is dependent critically on the magnetic and molecular environment of the stimulated nuclei. This is contrasted to the situation in nuclear decay reactions, where the energy of gamma or positron emission is only weakly dependent on local factors. Thus in NMR, molecular information can be acquired without the use of external tracer molecules. In NMR energy exchange mechanisms (relaxation) take place on a microscopic scale, and hence local information is acquired by measuring relaxation times. Furthermore, the frequency output of an NMR experiment is transmitted to the detector with little change from its surroundings. This again differs from nuclear decay, where the observed spread of detected energies is a complex function of numerous interactions among the emitted radiation, the surrounding matter, and the detector, and energy exchange processes are spread in a random fashion over a large volume. However, this relative lack of interaction with matter in NMRs (RF) output comes at a price of sensitivity, since the energy level is orders of magnitude lower than that of gamma photons. In addition, the much longer wavelengths associated with such low energy radiation (on the order of meters) makes simple collimation used in gamma cameras impossible, and hence more complex means need to be used to locate the emitted signal spatially. Overall, the differences between NMR and nuclear decay are likely to lead to a complementary, rather than conflicting, relationship between the two sciences, with advantages to each depending on the questions being investigated. Which problems are best studied with what technique is an open question at this stage of development of NMR. PMID- 6648537 TI - Instrumentation for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. AB - The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the instrumentation requirements of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging system. For the most part only concepts or generic descriptions of the system components are given, and it must be remembered that specific design criteria will be influenced by, among other things, the particular imaging methods to be used, and the proposed applications. PMID- 6648538 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in central nervous system disease. AB - From the preliminary work of many investigators, it appears that proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging will have wide application in the diagnostic assessment (and potential management) of patients with vascular, neoplastic, and demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Findings in isolated cases and small series suggest that NMR imaging may play a role in the evaluation of patients with other CNS conditions including hydrocephalus, malformations, infections, developmental and metabolic disorders, and degenerative processes. Because of the dynamic nature of disease processes involving the CNS, the precise meaning of NMR image parameters (rho, T1, and T2) remains unclear. A comprehensive study correlating NMR images in neurologic disease with precise neuropathologic examination is required. In the future, with accurate quantitative measurements of these NMR parameters, in vivo imaging may provide insight into the dynamic nature of neurologic disease. PMID- 6648539 TI - In vivo monitoring of metabolism with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AB - At the present time, there is no proven clinically useful method of directly and noninvasively assessing the metabolic competence of an injured site within the body. Progress in the field of in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been occurring at a rapid pace in the past decade and offers considerable promise of supplying this previously unavailable information. Phosphorus-31 and carbon-13 are the two spectra that have been studied most extensively up to this point in time. PMID- 6648540 TI - Urinary tract imaging--filling defect in the urinary bladder. PMID- 6648541 TI - Liver-lung imaging--discontinuity of activity in liver-lung scintigraphy. PMID- 6648542 TI - Thyroid imaging--mediastinal uptake in thyroid imaging. PMID- 6648543 TI - Urethral filling defect (solitary or multiple). PMID- 6648544 TI - Case of the fall season. Fetal Turner syndrome. PMID- 6648545 TI - Congenital anomalies of the adult bladder and urethra. PMID- 6648546 TI - Nephrology in China. Historical sketch and present status. PMID- 6648547 TI - A practical diagnostic approach to cyanotic congenital heart disease. PMID- 6648548 TI - The potential usefulness of group psychotherapy amongst National University of Singapore students. PMID- 6648549 TI - Ultrasonic measurements of Chinese fetal abdominal areas in the third trimester of pregnancy. PMID- 6648550 TI - Glycosylated haemoglobin and diabetic control. PMID- 6648551 TI - Upper airway obstruction. PMID- 6648552 TI - Herpes zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6648553 TI - Comparative analysis of hospital services for the management of infectious diseases. PMID- 6648554 TI - Urinary tract infection following abdominal delivery--second thought on indwelling catheter. PMID- 6648555 TI - Loperamide intoxication in a baby. PMID- 6648556 TI - Voluntary euthanasia and suicide. PMID- 6648558 TI - Computerised medical information. PMID- 6648557 TI - Unnecessary investigation in medical practice. PMID- 6648559 TI - Radiology of postnatal skeletal development. VIII. Distal tibia and fibula. AB - Initially the distal tibial physis is a relatively transverse structure. As the epiphysis matures, undulations develop within the physis and lappet formation occurs peripherally. Within the first two years a significant physeal undulation develops anteriorly above the medial malleolus. This undulation must not be misinterpreted as premature epiphyseodesis following distal tibial fracture. Secondary ossification in the distal tibia begins centrally and initially expands to fill the area over the tibial plafond. At the lateral side of the tibial epiphysis the ossification center may be wedge-shaped. The medial margin adjacent to the medial malleolus is often irregular and may show small peripheral foci of ossification. By seven to eight years, the secondary center extends into the medial malleolus, with complete distal extension often not occurring until adolescence (although usually complete by ten to eleven years). The malleolar tip may exhibit an accessory ossification center. However, this center also may be a traumatic avulsion in the symptomatic patient. Physiologic epiphyseodesis begins over the medial malleolus and subsequently extends laterally. This pattern of closure appears to predispose to fracture of the lateral portion of the distal tibial epiphysis (fracture of Tillaux), as well as to triplane fractures. The articular surface curves onto the lateral side of the distal tibia to form an articulation with the lateral malleolus (distal tibiofibular joint). A similar extension occurs along the medial side of the fibula. These surfaces extend proximally as a recess to the level of the distal tibial physis, at which point the syndesmosis begins. The initially transverse distal fibular physis becomes a convoluted structure, with extensive peripheral lappet formation. Within these regions of physeal overlap there may be small areas of accessory ossification (both medially and laterally) that should not be misinterpreted as fractures. This overlapping also minimizes specific physeal separation and displacement (especially when compared to the incidence of distal tibial physeal injuries). Stress views may be necessary to show such an undisplaced fracture. The fibular physis normally is level with the tibial articular surface or distal extent of the tibial ossification center, especially after the second year of life (however, it may be more proximal in infants). As in the medial malleolus, there may be accessory ossification at the tip of the fibula. While this usually is a normal variant of secondary ossification, occasionally it also may result from trauma. Extensive porosity of the distal fibular metaphysis predisposes to buckling or torus injuries that may have severe, multiangular deformation. PMID- 6648560 TI - Benign giant-cell tumours of bone with pulmonary metastases and favourable prognosis. Report on two cases and review of the literature. AB - This paper reports two giant-cell tumours of bone of low-grade malignancy, both complicated by the development of pulmonary metastases in which the histological appearances were identical to those of the primary neoplasm. Ten similar cases in the literature are reviewed. PMID- 6648561 TI - Chronic repetitive trauma: a cause of atypical degenerative joint disease. AB - Six cases of amateur athletes who have severe atypical degenerative joint disease (DJD) are presented; their histories suggest that chronic, repetitive trauma was causative in the development of their arthropathy. Although many examples of this process have been reported in professional athletes, it has not been reported in amateurs. As participation in athletic activities increases we can, perhaps, expect to see more of this type of DJD in the future. PMID- 6648562 TI - Periosteal ganglion: a cause of cortical bone erosion. AB - Three cases of periosteal ganglia of long bones are presented. These lesions are produced by mucoid degeneration and cyst formation of the periosteum to produce external cortical erosion and reactive periosteal new bone. They are not associated with a soft tissue ganglion or an intraosseous lesion. They may radiologically mimic other periosteal lesions or soft tissue neoplasms which erode bone. PMID- 6648563 TI - Developmental disorders of the proximal epiphysis of the hallux. AB - The development and developmental variation of the proximal epiphysis of the hallux have been studied in 1,500 children who presented to the Emergency Department with minor injuries. An abnormality was present in 3.5% of the children representing epiphyseal fragmentation, sclerosis, cone-shaped epiphysis, and trauma. Those subjects with developmental anomalies were reviewed clinically and 25% of those with epiphyseal fragmentation were found to be suffering from hallux rigidus. The radiological features and clinical considerations are presented. PMID- 6648564 TI - Congenital kyphosis and subluxation of the thoraco-lumbar spine due to vertebral aplasia. AB - Vertebral body aplasia or hypoplasia leads to rapidly progressive spinal deformity and neurologic defects when unrecognized in infancy. Four patients with this unusual defect are described. PMID- 6648566 TI - Recurrent anterior dislocation of the hip: case report with arthrographic findings. AB - A case of recurrent post-traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip in a 27-year old woman is presented. Radiographs document this rare abnormality in the acute stage. Post-reduction arthrography demonstrates an anterior pseudobursa resulting from capsular tear. PMID- 6648565 TI - Complications of intertrochanteric rotational osteotomy. AB - Intertrochanteric anterior rotational osteotomy is a recently developed surgical procedure to treat osteonecrosis of the femoral head. We reviewed the radiographic findings in four cases to acquaint radiologists with the usual appearance of the procedure and to assess surgical complications. In all cases, immediate postoperative radiographs showed rotation of the necrotic portion of the femoral head anteriorly so that it was no longer weight-bearing. Clinical and radiologic follow-up ranged from 12 to 30 months. In this time, three patients developed complications, including non-union of the osteotomy, further osteonecrosis with collapse of the femoral head, and worsening pain in the absence of progressive radiologic change. Radiology provides an important means of assessing rotational osteotomy, particularly in demonstrating sufficient rotation of the femoral head to assure nonweight-bearing by diseased bone. Also, surgical complications such as nonunion and hardware loosening may be identified. Nevertheless, the patient may deteriorate clinically even in the absence of radiologic demonstration of disease progression, and the absence of radiographic change does not assure a successful surgical outcome. PMID- 6648567 TI - Elongation of the anterior tubercle of a cervical vertebral transverse process: an unusual variant. AB - Elongation of the anterior tubercle of a transverse process of a cervical vertebra is a congenital anomaly that should be considered in a patient demonstrating a bony mass projecting anterior to the vertebral body on a lateral radiograph of the cervical spine. Reported is a case of elongation of the tubercles of the transverse processes of both C5 and C6 with the formation of an articulation. Computed tomography was used to definitively differentiate this variant from a fracture fragment, bone tumor, or osteophyte. This anomaly is probably a form of supernumerary cervical rib developing at a level above the lowest cervical vertebra. PMID- 6648568 TI - Case report 249. Osteoblastoma with secondary aneurysmal bone cyst of the frontal bone. PMID- 6648569 TI - Case report 251. Hodgkin disease, nodular sclerosing variant, primary form. PMID- 6648571 TI - Food microbiology: advances and prospects. PMID- 6648570 TI - Case report 252. Scapho-capitate fracture of the right wrist with dislocation and rotation to 180 degrees of the proximal fragment of the capitate. PMID- 6648573 TI - Microbial spoilage of fish. PMID- 6648572 TI - Microbial spoilage of cured meats. PMID- 6648574 TI - Fermented fish and meat products: the present position and future possibilities. PMID- 6648575 TI - Guidelines, specifications and standards for foods. PMID- 6648576 TI - Patterns of diagnostic testing in the academic setting: the influence of medical attendings' subspecialty training. AB - Internists with subspecialty training (subspecialists) constitute the majority of the medical faculty members and the test-ordering behavior of these subspecialists influences how house officers and students solve clinical problems. To assess whether test-ordering patterns are influenced by the ward attendings' subspecialty status, we identified the number of gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures, bone marrow procedures and exercise stress tests that were ordered on 9608 patients admitted to a medical service during a 3 year period. The patient management was supervised by attendings, 8 of whom were generalists and 37 of whom were subspecialists. House officers supervised by generalists ordered 23% fewer gastrointestinal procedures, 47% fewer bone marrow procedures, 43% fewer exercise stress tests and 29% fewer total procedures than house staff supervised by subspecialists (P--not significant, P less than 0.001, P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01, respectively). House officers perceive a difference between the test-ordering patterns of subspecialists and generalists. They attribute this difference to post-residency training and believe that the use of more tests indicates a greater compulsion toward an exhaustive evaluation. PMID- 6648577 TI - Patient satisfaction and visiting the doctor: a self-regulating system. AB - In 1974, Aday and Anderson proposed that client satisfaction may affect utilization of physician services, and that utilization, in turn, may affect satisfaction. Since that time, a number of researchers have investigated the issue, adopting increasingly sophisticated approaches. To date, however, the statistical models used to test the hypothesized feedback have not been completely appropriate. We develop and test alternative hypotheses on the reciprocal effects of satisfaction and utilization. Using methods that allow us to specify models with feedback effects, we examine whether satisfaction with the doctor and visits to the doctor form a self-regulating or a self-amplifying system. In both, satisfaction is expected to result in more visits to the doctor, but in a self-regulating system, visits are hypothesized satisfaction. We specify and test the feedback model in two data sets: one based on a cross-sectional survey of pediatric practices in New Haven, Connecticut and the other based on Gray's panel survey of the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program. In both cases the results indicate that satisfaction and visits form a self-regulating system. PMID- 6648578 TI - Factors in the utilization of the small non-metropolitan hospital in Alberta, Canada. AB - This paper examines factors which determine the utilization of the small (100 beds or less) non-metropolitan acute care hospital. Explanatory variables represent both demand and supply dimensions. Measures of utilization include average length of stay and per capita patient days, separations, surgical visits, mothers delivered and emergency outpatient visits. The analysis used multiple regression and explained from 62 to 93% of the variation in the utilization measures. Both supply and demand variables showed considerable predictive power. Key explanatory variables include bed supply, patient flow, population characteristics (especially age) and physician manpower. PMID- 6648579 TI - Cognitive maturity and the experience of fear and pain in hospital. AB - Children between 4 years 6 months and 13 years 5 months of age who had been admitted to the St Charles Hospital, London for tonsillectomies were interviewed prior to their operation. It was found that cognitive maturity is an important factor in determining how children understand their hospital experience and the way in which they conceive of strategies for coping with fear and pain. Furthermore, it is suggested that because the younger children lack the cognitive maturity to develop autonomous strategies, they might be less able than older children to accept medical intervention, even under the most favourable conditions of hospitalization. PMID- 6648581 TI - From teams to hierarchy: a short-lived innovation in a hospital for the elderly. AB - An institution created to deliver rehabilitative care to the elderly is the object of this discussion. Three years of careful planning had produced a facility with a unique spatial design, a 'team approach' rather paper documents the confrontation, during the first year, between this innovative plan and the realities of operation. When the study ended, reality was gaining the advantage over the plan. PMID- 6648580 TI - Social support, social influence, ethnicity and the breastfeeding decision. AB - A survey was conducted of all mothers delivering infants at a university medical center hospital in the month of July, 1981. The survey was conducted within 48 hours of delivery and addressed factors related to the breastfeeding decision. The mother's response to the question concerning choice of infant feeding was verified against the feeding records. One set of questions concerned the perceived general supportiveness toward breastfeeding of six individuals significant to the mother. Another set of questions identified who was most influential in the mother's breast or bottle feeding decision. The pattern of significant bivariate relationships between a person's supportiveness and breastfeeding varied across ethnic and maritial status groups. Single and multiple logistic analyses were conducted within ethnic groups to identify from whom support was most important for initiating breastfeeding. Among Black Americans, support from a close friend was most important. Among Mexican Americans, support from the mother's mother was most important. Among Anglo Americans, support from the male partner was important. A broad variety of ensuing research issues are raised. An implication is that social support may be an important interventive variable, but the potentially supportive individual to be reached by an interventive program varies by ethnic group. PMID- 6648582 TI - The dysmenorrhea personality: actuality or statistical artifact? AB - A group of 31 women who were experiencing severe dysmenorrhea were matched by age with a group of 31 women who had no dysmenorrhea symptoms. Women in both groups took the 16PF. Some major methodological and statistical flaws found in previous research of this type were corrected. The results convincingly showed that 16PF personality profiles for the two groups were extremely similar. Finally, there were no indications of any personality abnormalities. PMID- 6648584 TI - Ocular needs in Africa. PMID- 6648583 TI - The scientific ethos debate: a meta-theoretical view. AB - The concept of the ethos of science introduced by Merton in 1942 has given rise to a series of critical discussions, mainly by British sociologists of science. Two phases are identified in the scientific ethos debate beginning in the late 60s and continuing up to the present. The first focus is on the argument that the principles of scientific behavior are not moral norms; the second emphasizes that the rules regulating scientific activity are not normative. Running across these two, is a third argument related to a political radical approach that regards the 'normative structure of science' as an ideology. These lines of criticism are examined from a sociology of knowledge perspective attempting to discern the intellectual and social positions of their proponents. Special attention is given to account for the adoption of the Kuhnian model of scientific development by Merton's critics. The scientific ethos debate is viewed as part of the more general controversy between structural-functional analysis and a phenomenological interpretative approach. PMID- 6648585 TI - Ocular needs in Africa: increasing priorities and shrinking resources. AB - Current demands for ophthalmic treatment services in Africa far outstrip available resources, especially in terms of ophthalmic surgeons. With a few exceptions, the gross national product per capita in African countries is less than US $500. Even in those petroleum economies where the figure is considerably higher, the wealth is grossly inequitably distributed. In a continent whose population is expected to double within 20 years, this means that the ratio of trained health worker to population is expected to become much greater rapidly. The money needed to expand the corps of specially trained health workers at a rate matching the expected population growth rate is non-existent. About 1% of the African population is blind. The three major causes are cataract, trachoma and glaucoma. These involve specific age groups of the population. Cataract, which causes roughly 40% of all blindness, mostly affects the over-60s. This group comprises 5% of the population. Glaucoma occurs mostly over the age of 40, i.e. in about 20% of the population. The trachoma 'reservoir', from which chronic re-infections arise, is the under-15 group, an alarming 42% of the population. The prevalence of trachoma is inversely related to access to safe water, a commodity generally available to less than half of the people in Africa, and especially limited in rural areas. Finally, nutritional blindness and its associated high-mortality protein energy malnutrition (PEM) affects the under five segment, about 18% of the population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6648586 TI - Cataract: the leading cause of blindness and vision loss in Africa. AB - Senile cataract is a non-preventable disease of aging, having its biggest impact in the over-60 age group. Published clinic and hospital data, population-based surveys and World Health Organization estimates indicate that 1.2% of the entire population of Africa is blind, and that cataract causes 36% of this blindness. Ocular disease and ophthalmic manpower status questionnaires mailed to every African country in 1982 by the International Eye Foundation support these contentions, and further demonstrate that cataract is the biggest single cause of blindness on the continent. Taking the population of Africa as a whole, this means that 6,000,000 people are blind, and that 2,000,000 of them are blind due to cataract. As this form of blindness is so closely related to aging, an estimate of the annual incidence of the condition can be made. One method is to use the formula I = P/D, where I = annual incidence, P = overall prevalence and D = duration of the condition. A 5-year survival has come to be a commonly used estimate in developing world epidemiology for the longevity of a person who becomes blind due to senile onset cataracts. In Africa then, I = P/D = 2,000,000/5 = 400,000 people blinded annually by cataract. An alternate method for this computation is to multiply the number of people entering the 60 and above age group annually by 0.08. This factor is derived from knowing the prevalence of cataract blindness in this age group, the life expectancy on becoming 60, and the number of people turning 60 annually. This gives an annual incidence of 160,000 and would signify that the development of cataract blindness does not reduce longevity. Follow-up prevalence surveys in the same population group will tell us which method (if either) is correct. The average number of cataract operations done annually by each ophthalmologist in Africa is surprisingly low, 120. The two most cost-effective ways of raising the number of cases done are: (1) shorten the average hospital stay, and (2) train more ophthalmic clinical officers to perform cataract surgery. PMID- 6648587 TI - Onchocerciasis: a major social problem in West Africa. AB - Onchocerciasis is one of the most serious blinding diseases in the world, affecting between 20 and 25 million people, of whom 200-500 thousand are blind. In Africa more than half of the countries on the continent are affected, the basin of the Volta river containing one of the largest endemic areas. In this area the unique Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP) is being undertaken, involving Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Togo and Upper Volta. In this region, surveys have shown that 14.78% of the population have microfilariae in their skin biopsies, while in hyperendemic villages the figure rises to 75.2%. In such a village the prevalence of blindness rises steeply with age, from 0% under age 20, to over 40% in the over 50 age group. Various environmental factors relevant to the prevalence and incidence of systemic and ocular onchocerciasis are discussed, and pharmacologic treatment modalities are described. Prevention activities, centred around vector control by insecticides, have been dramatically effective. PMID- 6648588 TI - The epidemiology of trachoma blindness in southern Africa. AB - Twenty five years ago medical scientists working in Southern Africa clarified the natural history of trachoma and how it affected vision impairment and eventual blindness in rural communities. After this, doctors attempted to take appropriate actions against the disease. Initial surveys indicated a blindness prevalence rate of 760/100,000 among rural Africans compared to 100/100,000 among the white population. Trachoma was found to be the main cause of blindness. It was found mostly among children under 15 years to a very high degree and seemed to start soon after birth. Vaccine development failed and mass treatment was started. Control measures which did not reach the community, the population at risk, and which did not affect ways of living were found to be ineffective. Community health programmes were thus started but only in a few areas. Further, it was found that non-medical control strategies would be more effective and efficient. Improvement of living standards is one such strategy. PMID- 6648589 TI - Nutritional blindness in Africa. AB - Nutritional blindness is loss of useful vision resulting from vitamin deficiency. A malnutrition Xerophthalmia means all the ocular manifestations of inadequate metabolism of vitamin A, nutritional blindness being the end result of the most severe cases. The estimated overall prevalence of nutritional blindness in Africa is very low, below the WHO levels of significance, although isolated clusters of locally high prevalence exist, usually in arid, sparsely-populated regions. The peak age group affected is 2-year olds, with most nutritional blindness having its effect before age 6 years. Xerophthalmia may be considered as a serious side effect of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). When associated with corneal sequelae of xerophthalmia, PEM has an estimated overall mortality of 50%. Intervention programs, therefore, are more appropriately aimed at the broader condition of life-threatening PEM than at the specifically vision-threatening problem of xerophthalmia. Parameters of significant prevalence detection are discussed, and the relative merits of different forms of vitamin A-specific intervention programs are weighed. PMID- 6648590 TI - Surgical treatment of open angle glaucoma is preferable to medical management in Africa. AB - Primary open angle glaucoma is the third leading cause of blindness in Africa, causing roughly 16% of all blindness and thereby involving approx. 800,000 people on the continent. The overall prevalence and age-group breakdown of the disease is similar to that in industrialized countries, involving almost exclusively people over 40, and rising steadily thereafter with age. Factors such as a generally asymptomatic disease, definitely symptomatic medical treatment, the high cost of drugs and their irregular availability, difficulties in obtaining adequate long term chronic follow-up, and poor patient understanding of the disease all combine to make medical therapy of this condition unacceptable in Africa. Modern surgical techniques are safe, effective, and comparatively cost effective in the treatment of glaucoma. Early surgery is therefore recommended whenever possible. PMID- 6648591 TI - Ocular injuries in Africa. AB - Injuries to the eye can cause severe damage because of the delicate structure of ocular tissues. Such injuries may often cause impaired vision or sometimes total loss of vision, in addition to other incapacities. Traumatic blindness therefore assumes an unusual socio-economic dimension. In Africa, injuries have their own peculiarities regarding aetiology, severity and management. More than 80% of injuries occur in rural areas where the necessary services are generally unavailable. This paper surveys the types, occurrence and impact of ocular injuries and suggests how they should be treated. PMID- 6648592 TI - Ocular leprosy in Africa. AB - A clinical examination of 199 leprosy patients in Kenya showed that 62.5% had abnormal ocular findings, 51.2% of which were leprosy related. The potentially blinding lesions were uveitis, keratitis and lagophthalmos and these were found in 22.1% of the patients. 6 Patients (3%) had a visual acuity of less than 3/60 in the better eye and were classified blind. In all, there were 31 blind eyes of which only 12 had leprosy related causes. 10 of these (83%) belonged to lepromatous patients and 2 (17%) to tuberculoid patients. All the 10 eyes of the lepromatous patients were blind due to uveitis. It was shown that lepromatous leprosy patients are at a greater risk of leprosy related blindness especially from uveitis. The socio-psychological and economic implications of leprosy are discussed. Practical recommendations for the primary eye care of the leprosy patient are suggested. PMID- 6648593 TI - Ocular tumors in Africa. AB - This paper is an analysis of 470 cases of oculo-orbital tumors in Kenya. The present series is compared with the major works conducted in other African and Western countries. We refer to age, sex and geographic characteristics and prevalence of tumors in different populations and stress the differences found. The major emphasis is on retinoblastoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Orbital Hydatidosis is included as a differential diagnosis of unilateral propotosis. Considering all the reviews, retinoblastoma is reported in high numbers in African countries whereas uveal melanoma is extremely rare. Among the tumors of the lids and conjunctiva, squamous cell carcinoma occurs more frequently than in Caucasians. Besides retinoblastoma infiltracting the orbit, Burkitt's lymphoma is the most common orbital tumor, nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Kenya has the third highest incidence in the world. Proptosis is the hallmark of orbital disease and is the commonest manifestation sign at first attendance, a fact which validates the late presentation of most of our patients. The difficulties encountered in early diagnosis and hence the appropriate management are discussed and in concluding remarks some recommendation are made. PMID- 6648594 TI - Visual disability and blindness secondary to refractive errors in Africa. AB - Optical defects of the light-focusing apparatus of the eye are called errors of refraction. They are responsible for 13% of all significant vision loss in Kenya, ranking third of all causes, after cataract and trachoma. As the overall prevalence of such visual impairment in the Country is 3.7%, roughly 0.5% of the population can be said to need spectacles to obtain normal vision. The comparable figure for secondary school children in Nigeria has been found to be 2.4%. In addition, patients require special spectacles after cataract surgery to obtain adequate vision; without such spectacles these patients are still 'blind' by World Health Organization criteria. These glasses can be obtained through mission societies and various charitable organizations for a little as $5 per pair, and can be manufactured locally with available ophthalmic manpower and technology. Alternatives to spectacles such as contact lenses, intra-ocular lenses and Kerato refractive surgery are not suitable for use in developing Countries. PMID- 6648595 TI - Trachoma in South Africa. AB - Trachoma remains the most common cause of preventable blindness in certain areas of the northern Transvaal region of South Africa. Results of epidemiological studies in the area indicate that trachoma is a familial disease with young children acting as the main source of infection within the family. Elderly women who have lived in these areas for long periods of time are at greater risk of blindness and impaired vision from the disease. Genital tract carriage of Chlamydia trachomatis is relatively infrequent in these trachoma-endemic areas and no evidence of eye-to-eye transmission of oculo-genital serotypes of C. trachomatis could be demonstrated. PMID- 6648596 TI - Eye diseases and services in Tanzania. AB - Since the Arusha Declaration of 1977, Tanzania has stressed the provision of essential services to rural areas as part of Rural Development. This was to provide essential services such as schools, hospitals and clean water, all of which were disproportionately available in the urban areas in spite of the fact that about 90% of the total population lived in rural areas. Thus the aim of the Ministry of Health was: (a) to strengthen primary health care; and (b) to train enough personnel to deliver the necessary services. In order to do this the Ministry had to reorganise its infrastructure and training programmes. This was achieved by building more primary health centres, rural health centres and by strengthening the District, Regional and Consultant hospitals. Tanzania, like any developing country, suffers from the triad of poverty, ignorance, and disease. To combat eye diseases we need more than just health workers. Planners, social workers, school teachers, agriculturists, politicians and the people themselves especially those living in rural areas have to be alerted and organised to combat the effects of eye diseases. Only by doing so can the specialist, the assistant medical officer ophthalmology and the ophthalmic nurse, do their jobs. Also needed are good and easy methods of delivery of these services. This means the availability of efficacious and cheap drugs and a good communication network. PMID- 6648597 TI - Ocular disease and ophthalmic services in Malawi. AB - About 1% of the population of Malawi is blind. The major contributors are cataract (40%), trachoma and other infections (15%) and measles/Vitamin A deficiency (15%). There are 3 ophthalmologists in government service. However, one serves as the director of medical services, and is therefore frequently burdened with administrative duties. In addition, one missionary ophthalmologist and 25 ophthalmic auxiliaries are available. Two of the ophthalmic auxiliaries are being trained to perform cataract surgery to aid the ophthalmologists in attacking the current backlog of approx. 24,000 blind cataract patients in the country. Trachoma and onchocerciasis are present regionally, although the latter by itself does not appear to be a major cause of vision loss. In children under age five, the major causes of blindness are measles and protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and its associated hypovitaminosis A. Previous surveys in Malawi have been either clinic/hospital-based or have been local population-based studies. In order to establish a realistic plan of preventive and therapeutic action, a comprehensive series of country-wide population-based ocular disease prevalence surveys is planned over the next five years. The information will enable the Ministry of Health to more equitably disperse trained ophthalmic personnel and to obtain appropriate supplies and drugs in a rational manner. PMID- 6648598 TI - Eye diseases and control of blindness in Zambia. AB - This paper discusses the present state of health services in Zambia both in terms of training of personnel and health care delivery. The training in ophthalmology of medical students is poor and of medical auxiliaries almost non-existent. Based on a few limited studies and hospitals returns, the prevalence of eye diseases and blindness data are presented. These may have a wide margin of error; cataract, trachoma, corneal involvement and glaucoma are the leading causes. Degenerative lesions, trauma, squint, tumors, uveitis and refractive errors are additional causes. A programme to prevent blindness and control eye diseases has been developed and is being adopted in Zambia. This programme highlights eight shortcomings of the present system and suggests corrective measures. PMID- 6648599 TI - Prevalence and causes of vision loss in southern Sudan. AB - Blindness in Southern Sudan is thought to be highly prevalent due to the high prevalence of onchocerciasis and trachoma. In addition, socioeconomic development in the area has been low and growth slow. Communities in the South have not changed much having been unaffected by modern institutions more prevalent in the North. Traditional methods of farming, fishing and pastoralism still persist. However, even these may be hampered by the large scale presence of blackfly and trachoma. This paper describes one approach to define the prevalence and causes of vision loss in Southern Sudan. PMID- 6648600 TI - The International Eye Foundation/Kenya Rural Blindness Prevention Project. AB - This paper outlines briefly the background of the International Eye Foundation and the origins of the Kenya Rural Blindness Prevention Project (KRBPP). It examines in some detail the major objectives of the project and the activities which have contributed toward the achievement of those objectives. Objectives of the KRBPP include the strengthening of therapeutic services in rural areas, motivating a re-orientation toward preventive education and away from exclusively curative services and the development of appropriate educational and promotional materials on primary eye care and blindness prevention. The activities of the project have included the development of mobile rural blindness prevention units, the provision of training to health workers at all levels, curricula development for use in health training institutions and the development of a variety of educational and promotional materials for use by health workers, school teachers, students and the general public. It is suggested that the KRBPP can serve as a model for the development of similar national blindness prevention projects throughout the developing world. PMID- 6648601 TI - Field methodology for ocular surveys in rural Africa. AB - A series of nine on-site ocular surveys has been carried out in rural Kenya. This article summarizes the organizational and logistical experiences of these site surveys. PMID- 6648602 TI - Training for primary and preventive eye care. AB - This paper discusses what health workers at various levels can be expected to do in providing eye care with regard to recognizing, managing and preventing common eye conditions. Three particular levels, Kenya's ophthalmic clinical officer (secondary level), general clinical officers and nurses (first-referral level) and primary health workers (primary level) will be discussed. Appropriate and effective training methods will be described especially with regard to curriculum content and resources. Emphasis in teaching is placed on the public health techniques already well understood by health workers and on the connection those techniques have to the prevention of blindness. PMID- 6648603 TI - Training of eye care workers and their integration in Gazankulu's comprehensive health services. AB - An eye care and blindness prevention programme, integrated into the region's comprehensive health care, has been introduced in Gazankulu (Northern Transvaal). Training of eye care workers takes place at primary and secondary levels of health care, the ophthalmic nurse acting as a key person in the scheme. Benefits and constraints are discussed. PMID- 6648605 TI - Training health workers: what needs to be taught and who should teach it. AB - The training of many health workers has been inadequate in producing workers who can function effectively in rural health services. This inadequacy is seen in two areas. While health workers are well drilled in technical procedures, operational strategies for applying these procedures in the conditions of rural health services are often lacking; and much of what they are taught is inappropriate in terms of the practicalities of working in rural areas. Two aspects of training are then discussed. What is taught and who teaches it. A distinction is made between teaching routine technical procedures and teaching cognitive strategies for problem-solving. These need to be distinguished and both considered when training health workers. The use of health workers themselves as trainers of other health workers is then considered. They often do not have the confidence necessary to teach in open participatory, discussion-centred ways. These ideas are then briefly considered in the light of a training scheme in Kenya, and how it has been used for training in Primary Eye Care. PMID- 6648604 TI - Community participation in the control of trachoma in Gazankulu. AB - Groups of villagers, the care groups, are involved in prevention and treatment of trachoma within their own communities. The effect of the scheme on standards of hygiene and prevalence of trachoma has been evaluated by randomised cluster sampling methods. The number of households who were digging refuse pits, acquired individual face cloths and were aware of the role of good hygiene in the prevention of trachoma exceeded significantly those in (control) villages without a care group, in contrast the acquisition of pit latrines showed an insignificant increase. The prevalence and intensity of active trachoma was found to be significantly reduced as a result of the intervention of the care groups. This scheme has been totally integrated into the primary health care system of the area. PMID- 6648607 TI - Uneasy rests the head--. PMID- 6648606 TI - The role of traditional medicine in ophthalmology in Kenya. AB - 45 Kenyan traditional healers were interviewed with respect to the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. Traditional management of eye diseases is based on the healers' concept of the disease causation as well as their knowledge of the herbal, animal and chemical substances that possess (or are reported to possess) remedial effect on the disease. While many of the healers interviewed failed to give a clear distinction between the various eye conditions, diseases such as cataract, foreign bodies and injuries were recognized easily. In almost all cases the medicinal substances were first diluted in water before they were applied to the eyes. Human milk, blood and the white of the egg were the animal substances listed as medicinal to various eye conditions. A solution of sugar was one of the chemical substances used in the treatment of specific eye conditions. Given correct information, some of these healers could form a useful media through which the community can be reached regarding the health of their eyes. PMID- 6648608 TI - Where do we go from here? PMID- 6648609 TI - Late postpartum eclampsia: an update. AB - Eclampsia occurring more than 48 hours postpartum has been observed in an unusual number of patients. From August 1977 to November 1982 at E. H. Crump Women's Hospital and Perinatal Center (Memphis), there were 132 documented cases of eclampsia, of which 36 (27%) occurred postpartum. Seventeen (47%) of these occurred more than 48 hours postpartum. Preeclampsia was diagnosed before the onset of convulsions in 12 patients, all of whom received intravenous magnesium sulfate postpartum. The mean duration of postdelivery magnesium sulfate therapy was 32 hours (range 24 to 72 hours). Headaches and visual disturbances were reported by all 17 patients before onset of convulsions. Physical and laboratory findings immediately after the convulsions were consistent with eclampsia. Treatment consisted primarily of intravenous magnesium sulfate. Neurologic consultation was obtained to rule out a neurologic disorder, and metabolic studies were also done. Electroencephalograms were done on 15 patients; eight of them showed patterns consistent with encephalopathy. PMID- 6648610 TI - Assessment of transportability of a perinatal education program. AB - We evaluated a perinatal outreach education program to determine its "transportability" (usefulness to other regional centers). Three kinds of data were available from seven regional centers: (1) participation in the program by health care providers, (2) changes in cognitive knowledge, and (3) changes in neonatal care practices. Data were obtained from 2,735 program participants and from retrospective chart review of 2,781 at-risk babies born in participating hospitals. Analysis showed that results were comparable when the program was used by six regional centers from two states and when it was used by the regional center that originally developed the program. We therefore concluded that the Perinatal Continuing Education Program is transportable. PMID- 6648611 TI - Revision of previous stapedectomy, tympanoplasty, mastoidectomy, or endolymphatic shunt. AB - I have reviewed a group of otologic patients who represent controversial problems in management. Decisions for revisional otologic surgery must be based on each patient's individual findings. Statistical reviews are of little help in deciding which patient will benefit. Physicians managing patients with poor results after surgery for hearing, infection, or vertigo must obtain accurate audiologic, electronystagmographic, and laboratory data before deciding on revisional surgery. The overall interests of the patient are sometimes best served by avoiding further surgical insults to the ear. PMID- 6648612 TI - Excision of mediastinal parathyroid gland by mediastinoscopy. AB - Mediastinal parathyroid tissue continues to be a significant problem in patients with recurrent or persistent hypercalcemia after parathyroid surgery. In two such cases, we used mediastinoscopy to locate and remove mediastinal parathyroid glands, thus avoiding the morbidity of median sternotomy. PMID- 6648613 TI - Computed tomography for metastatic lesions of the osseous pelvis. AB - Significant metastatic lesions of the osseous pelvis can be easily missed by conventional x-ray studies. Although the radionuclide bone scan is the method of choice for detection of metastatic lesions of the osseous pelvis, computed tomography should be used as a complementary study in certain patients. PMID- 6648614 TI - Diagnostic radiation exposure in trauma patients. AB - Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were read from 31 patients with multisystem trauma after emergency stabilization to determine radiation dosage from diagnostic studies. Exposures did not greatly exceed permissible dose limits for the general population. PMID- 6648615 TI - Femoral head blood flow in long-term steroid therapy: study of rabbit model. AB - Using a rabbit model, previous studies showed steroid-induced hyperlipidemia with subsequent fatty embolization of the subchondral arteries and hypertrophy of the marrow fat cells, followed by elevation of femoral head pressure from the normal level of 25 cm to nearly 60 cm H2O after eight weeks of treatment. This has led us to believe that pressure changes lead to decreased blood flow in the femoral head. In our study of 22 New Zealand white adult rabbits, weighing an average of 4.0 kg, 14 received a weekly dose of 12.45 mg of methylprednisolone (Depo Medrol), and eight served as control. Femoral head blood flow was established using the radioactive microsphere technique. Control and cortisone-treated rabbits had femoral head blood flow measured 6, 8 and 10 weeks after treatment. The average blood flow in the control femoral heads averaged 0.2039 +/- 0.076 ml/min/gm, with no difference in the left side and the right side. In the treated group, the average blood flow at ten weeks was 0.162 +/- 0.039 ml/min/gm on the right and 0.164 +/- 0.037 ml/min/gm on the left, which was significantly different. This is parallel to unpredictable clinical findings in human beings. PMID- 6648616 TI - Accumulation of vancomycin after intraventricular infusions. AB - A 50-year-old man with an infected intracerebral hematoma was treated with daily intraventricular infusions containing 10 mg of vancomycin (half the dose suggested by others). A vancomycin level in the ventricular CSF of 606 micrograms/ml after nine days of therapy indicates a potential for accumulation of this drug in patients with extensive brain damage. PMID- 6648617 TI - Tunga penetrans in south Florida. AB - We have described a 25-year-old man with infestation of the feet by the burrowing flea Tunga penetrans, acquired in Brazil. We have also presented the microscopic characteristics of the flea and the histologic differential diagnosis. PMID- 6648618 TI - Rupture of the cervical esophagus from blunt trauma. AB - A patient had a left anterolateral linear tear of the lower cervical esophagus with concomitant second rib fracture after a steering wheel injury. Diagnosis of the lesion was delayed because of initial absence of physical signs. Subsequent operative drainage and repair were unsuccessful. PMID- 6648619 TI - Cryptococcal meningitis: resolution eight months after antifungal therapy. AB - A patient with meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans had high titers of cryptococcal antigen in her lumbar cerebrospinal fluid after six months of antimicrobial therapy. Antifungal therapy was discontinued after improvement in immunologic parameters occurred. Cryptococcal antigen was no longer detectable in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid eight months after stopping all therapy. Because the course of cryptococcal meningitis is quite variable and cryptococcal polysaccharide is immunosuppressive, recovery of immunologic function may have been coincidental with resolution of the infection rather than due to treatment with transfer factor. However, confirmation of improved immunologic function was helpful in deciding to stop antifungal therapy. PMID- 6648620 TI - Adult hypophosphatasia. AB - We have described a case of hypophosphatasia with a mild progressive course. This condition and its familial propensity may be more prevalent than recognized. Thus, family members of a patient with hypophosphatasia should be screened for this disorder. Enthusiastic pharmacologic, hormonal, and/or dietary supplemental therapy should be avoided. PMID- 6648621 TI - Medical treatment of splenic abscess. AB - I have described the first reported patient with a diagnosis of splenic abscess treated medically who survived. Another unusual aspect of this case was the establishment of the diagnosis of splenic abscess by ultrasonic examination. Some typical features of splenic abscess illustrated by this case were compromised patient, known abnormal spleen, febrile illness of uncertain cause, and a low index of suspicion causing delay in correct diagnosis. Despite this patient's survival, splenectomy with antibiotic coverage is the preferred treatment of splenic abscess. PMID- 6648622 TI - Biliary cystadenoma mistaken for an echinococcal cyst. AB - Because of the incorrect preoperative diagnosis of echinococcal cyst, a 46-year old female patient did not receive the surgical procedure of choice for biliary cystadenoma. We suggest that this obscure entity be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic hepatic masses, with or without calcific margins. PMID- 6648623 TI - Cholelithiasis in adult cystic fibrosis. AB - The clinical picture of adult cystic fibrosis is usually dominated by respiratory failure. Hepatic dysfunction occurs commonly, but symptomatic cholelithiasis is a rarely reported complication of the disease. This case of common duct obstruction emphasizes the broad spectrum of sequelae that may be expected in this newly emerging population of adults with cystic fibrosis. PMID- 6648624 TI - Esophageal hemangioma: diagnosis with computed tomography and radionuclide angiography. AB - Esophageal hemangioma is a benign tumor that may cause dysphagia and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Invasive measures such as endoscopic biopsy and surgical excision have been required for diagnosis in most reported cases. We have reported a case focusing on the use of two noninvasive techniques, contrast CT and radionuclide angiography, in the diagnosis of esophageal hemangioma. PMID- 6648625 TI - Persistent phantom limb pain: dramatic response to chlorpromazine. AB - With the use of chlorpromazine, a 56-year-old man had significant relief of severe phantom limb pain, which had been essentially intractable for 30 years. PMID- 6648626 TI - Magnesium deficiency in cystic fibrosis. AB - We have described the first case of symptomatic magnesium deficiency in a patient with cystic fibrosis and have discussed its causes. Such deficiency probably occurs with significant frequency in cystic fibrosis and should be considered in such patients so that important morbidity can be prevented. PMID- 6648627 TI - Duodenoureteral fistula. AB - A rare case of duodenoureteral fistula, manifested by pneumaturia, dysuria, and hematuria, followed a shotgun injury to the right upper abdominal quadrant five years previously. The kidney and affected ureter were removed and the duodenal opening closed successfully. PMID- 6648629 TI - Serratia ficaria isolated from a leg ulcer. AB - Serratia ficaria was isolated from culture of a leg ulcer of a 44-year-old woman who had venous insufficiency and alcoholic cirrhosis. Although Pseudomonas maltophilia, P acidovorans, and Enterobacter cloacae were also present, S ficaria was isolated in large numbers and was considered to contribute significantly to this infection. This represents the third known clinical isolation of this bacterium. PMID- 6648628 TI - Streptococcus bovis septicemia and meningitis associated with chronic radiation enterocolitis. AB - We describe the first patient with simultaneous S bovis septicemia and meningitis associated with chronic radiation enterocolitis. This case underlines the value of a thorough gastrointestinal evaluation of all patients with S bovis infection, and the need for a neurologic investigation even with minor neurologic manifestations. PMID- 6648630 TI - Condom catheter drainage. PMID- 6648632 TI - Colonic motility and nifedipine. PMID- 6648631 TI - Prolonged rhabdomyolysis in a young man with exertional heatstroke. PMID- 6648633 TI - [Optimization of the structure of diagnostic services of multi-disciplinary clinical hospitals]. PMID- 6648634 TI - [Evaluation of the quality and effectiveness of hospital treatment services]. PMID- 6648635 TI - [Socio-hygienic aspects of prevention of hypertension and ischemic heart disease in a large city]. PMID- 6648636 TI - [Morbidity with temporary disability among beet sugar factory workers]. PMID- 6648637 TI - [Use of cotton fabrics in public health institutions]. PMID- 6648638 TI - [Status of appraisal of the practical significance of dissertations on medicine and possible ways of improving it]. PMID- 6648639 TI - [Organization of complex preventive examinations of an adult population]. PMID- 6648640 TI - [Effectiveness of the complex introduction of scientific work organization into therapeutic-preventive institutions]. PMID- 6648641 TI - [Surgical treatment of flexion contractures of the knee joint in adults]. PMID- 6648642 TI - [Characteristics of the clinical course and treatment of advanced stages of laryngeal cancer]. PMID- 6648643 TI - [Cryptococcosis (torulosis) of the lung]. PMID- 6648645 TI - [Subcutaneous myiasis caused by screw worm larvae]. PMID- 6648644 TI - [Purulent arthritis of the hip joint in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6648646 TI - [Combined injuries of the inferior vena cava, thoracic duct and stomach]. PMID- 6648648 TI - [Separate studies of the contractile function of the cardiac ventricles in patients with myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6648649 TI - [Evaluation of the indicators of blood coagulation in acute cerebral ischemia]. PMID- 6648647 TI - [Pathogenesis of protracted myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6648650 TI - [Lipid metabolism in patients with calculous cholecystitis complicated by mechanical jaundice]. PMID- 6648651 TI - [Clinico-anatomical classification of opisthorchiasis]. PMID- 6648652 TI - [Acupuncture reflexotherapy of autonomovascular dystonia]. PMID- 6648653 TI - [Major problems of clinical genetics of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6648655 TI - [Evaluation of the expert testimony of physicians of outpatient clinics based on an integrated coefficient]. PMID- 6648654 TI - [Current state of therapy of abdominal typhus]. PMID- 6648656 TI - [Effect of visken and cordarone on myocardial function in patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6648657 TI - [Value of interviews and questionnaires in the differential diagnosis of pain in cardiac region]. PMID- 6648658 TI - [Local occlusion of Gruber's canal in arteriosclerotic lesions of the blood vessels of the lower limbs]. PMID- 6648659 TI - [Roentgenological study in the diagnosis of chronic gastritis]. PMID- 6648660 TI - [Clinical value of morphometric studies in adenomatous polyps of the stomach]. PMID- 6648661 TI - [Omentitis in emergency surgery]. PMID- 6648662 TI - [Improvement of aqueous suspension of barium sulfate for one-stage double contrasting of the large intestine]. PMID- 6648663 TI - [Intestinal obstruction caused by cholelithiasis]. PMID- 6648664 TI - [Therapeutic effectiveness of deoxyribonuclease in infectious mononucleosis]. PMID- 6648665 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 6648666 TI - [Dumping reaction in patients with the postoperative dumping syndrome and patients with peptic ulcer predisposed to it]. PMID- 6648667 TI - [Acupuncture therapy of neuralgia of the trigeminal nerve]. PMID- 6648668 TI - [Indomethacin in the treatment of glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 6648669 TI - [Outcomes of hepatitis B]. PMID- 6648670 TI - [Diagnosis of idiopathic myelofibrosis]. PMID- 6648671 TI - [Local vaginal hypothermia in acute inflammatory diseases of the internal genitalia]. PMID- 6648672 TI - [Clinical picture of familial cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 6648673 TI - [Diagnosis and pathogenetic therapy of dermatopolymyositis]. PMID- 6648674 TI - [Emotional-vegetative disorders in chronic diarrhea]. PMID- 6648675 TI - [Treatment of closed diaphyseal fractures of long tubular bones by means of transosseous osteosynthesis]. PMID- 6648676 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of diseases of the urinary bladder and prostate gland]. PMID- 6648677 TI - [Hemodynamics during consecutive ultrafiltration with hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration]. PMID- 6648679 TI - [Changes in immunity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]. PMID- 6648678 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the results of myocardial scintigraphy in patients with stenocardia]. PMID- 6648680 TI - [Immunologic status of patients with urticaria and Quincke's edema]. PMID- 6648681 TI - [Diagnosis of salivary gland neoplasms]. PMID- 6648682 TI - [Features of the endoscopic picture in diffuse disseminated processes in the lungs of workers in contact with industrial aerosols]. PMID- 6648683 TI - [Effect of isoptin on the secretory and bioelectrical activity of the stomach in duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6648684 TI - [Effect of etimizol on latent states of the short-term verbal memory of patients with sequelae of cerebral circulatory disorders]. PMID- 6648685 TI - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in traumatic tissue edema]. PMID- 6648686 TI - [Growth delay in children]. PMID- 6648687 TI - [Syndrome of early ventricular repolarization]. PMID- 6648688 TI - [Genetic heterogeneity of diabetes mellitus and particulars of medico-genetic consultation]. PMID- 6648689 TI - [Organization of neurosurgical services for epileptic patients]. PMID- 6648690 TI - [Use of peripheral vasodilators in the treatment of severe forms of arterial hypertension]. PMID- 6648691 TI - [Use of the alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocker labetalol in hypertensive crises]. PMID- 6648692 TI - [Comparative data on Billroth II methods of gastric resection in preventing the dumping syndrome]. PMID- 6648693 TI - [Intraoperative electrocoagulography in the prevention of thrombohemorrhagic complications]. PMID- 6648694 TI - [Recurrent thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery and errors in its diagnosis]. PMID- 6648695 TI - [Kinin system of the blood in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6648696 TI - Temperature effects on feline cortical and spinal evoked potentials. AB - To evaluate the effects of hypothermia on the somatosensory evoked potentials, baseline cortical and spinal evoked responses were obtained following induction of anesthesia at normal body temperature in five cats. The body temperature was lowered between 5 degrees and 6 degrees C and repeat cortical and spinal evoked responses were obtained. The cats were warmed to their original normal temperatures and the cortical and spinal evoked responses were repeated. After cooling the spinal evoked responses showed an average 40% increase in the latency (range 29-51%). Three of the animals showed a change in the normal waveform with the development of two distinct peaks instead of a single waveform. This was thought to be due to the varied vulnerability of the different cortical tracts to the lower temperature. Upon rewarming, the average latency returned to within 2.7% of the initial value, and the double waveform reunited to form a single wave. With cooling, the cortical evoked responses showed a similar consistent increase in latency. However, there was a much larger variability in the appearance of the waveforms. There was a range from an almost nonexistent wave in two cats to various waveform changes in the other cats. After rewarming there was a much slower return to normal latency in waveform than was found with the spinal evoked potentials. These experimental findings revealed an apparent deleterious, although reversible, effect on the somatosensory evoked potentials. Until the physiologic effects of cooling on the spinal cord are better understood, it is recommended that the temperature of patients undergoing spinal instrumentation be kept as close to normal as possible. PMID- 6648697 TI - Morphology of the paravertebral muscles in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. AB - Histochemical studies of paravertebral muscles in idiopathic scoliosis have shown a consistently higher proportion of type I fibers on the convex side. In this study of the transversospinal muscles in moderate idiopathic scoliosis, we could demonstrate a lower type II B/II A fiber ratio on the convex side, along with an increased proportion of type I fibers. The capillary count was also higher on the convex side, especially around the type I fibers. The few pathologic changes found were predominately seen in the gravest cases of scoliosis. It is concluded that the fiber type distribution, capillary count, and metabolic enzyme activity on the convex side resembles that seen after endurance training. This suggests a secondary adaptive origin of these changes. PMID- 6648698 TI - An experimental evaluation of spinal flexibility with respect to scoliosis surgery. AB - Lateral flexibility of the spinal column was investigated by mechanical analysis and by experiments on fresh cadavers. The work was undertaken with the aim of improving the surgical treatment of scoliosis by quantifying the effects of ribs and transverse processes on lateral spinal flexibility. To this end, flexibilities before and after removal of the bony elements in cadavers' spines were compared. A portable instrument was built to apply loads to the spines. Generally, the spines were tested in the following sequence of conditions: intact, resected ribs on one side, resected ribs and transverse processes on the same side. The results from nine cadavers indicate that only rib resection on the tension side of the induced curve (scoliotic concavity) significantly increased spinal flexibility. It is concluded that the surgical correction of scoliotic curves with instrumentation and fusion is maximized with rib osteotomy or resection. PMID- 6648699 TI - Spinal fusions to the sacrum in adults with scoliosis. AB - Forty-five skeletally mature patients averaging 44.3 years of age had spinal fusions which extended to the sacrum for pain and/or progression of their scoliosis. The primary diagnosis was idiopathic scoliosis in 35 patients, congenital scoliosis in two patients, and paralytic scoliosis in eight patients. A single curve pattern was present in 41 patients and the remainder had double primary curves. Thirty-eight patients had single stage procedures and 35 of these were done posteriorly. There was an evolution in the type of posterior instrumentation used over the 12 years. Thirty-five patients (78%) had at least one significant postsurgical complication. Thirteen of 22 patients with loss of lordosis required corrective osteotomies. Other complications included pseudoarthrosis in ten patients and neurologic complications in five patients, four of which had complete recovery. Twenty-five patients required a total of 51 subsequent surgical procedures. Despite a 51% initially poor result and a high complication rate, the final results were good or fair in 93% of the patients. This change was primarily the result of successful subsequent surgical procedures for correction of loss of lordosis and pseudoarthrosis. The adult scoliosis patient should be fused to the sacrum only if the lumbosacral disc is clearly a source of pain or the degree of pelvic obliquity makes it necessary in the paralytic curve. Every effort must be made to carefully preserve the patient's lumbar lordosis. Better results were obtained by using segmental spinal fixation in the form of sublaminar wiring of double Luque rods. PMID- 6648700 TI - Gait abnormalities arising from latrogenic loss of lumbar lordosis secondary to Harrington instrumentation in lumbar fractures. AB - Six patients with lumbar fractures were studied at the Pathokinesiology laboratory at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital following posterior Harrington distraction instrumentation to identify changes in posture and gait associated with iatrogenic loss of lumbar lordosis. Three patients, all with painful rods, were treated with standard Harrington instrumentation and full length fusion. Three patients were treated with so-called "rodded long-fused short" procedures. It was thought that rod removal in the latter group would result in restoration of lumbar lordosis with concomitant improvement in posture and gait when compared to the full length fusion group. No significant difference between the two groups was found. Rod removal often resulted in kyphotic collapse at the previous fracture site despite solid posterior arthrodesis with net decrease in lumbar lordosis. Hip hyperextension, when available, was the favored compensatory mechanism for loss of lumbar lordosis. Otherwise, hip flexion and forward lean of the trunk was seen. PMID- 6648702 TI - Management of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures with Harrington distraction rods supplemented with segmental wiring. AB - Fifteen patients with acute, unstable fractures of the thoracolumbar spine were treated with Harrington distraction rods supplemented with segmental sublaminar wires. This proved to be an effective means of managing these fractures, enhancing stability and decreasing the complication rate. No patients developed hook cut-out, pseudarthrosis or gibbus. The amount and duration of external immobilization is decreased enhancing rehabilitation in spinal cord injuries. PMID- 6648701 TI - Anterior spinal cord decompression for lesions of the thoracic and lumbar spine, techniques, new methods of internal fixation results. AB - Seventy-nine patients, 51 with a fresh neurologic deficit, underwent anterior spinal cord decompression, block bone grafting and anterior internal fixation. AO plates were used in nine patients. Dwyer cables in 15, anterior Harrington systems in 20, and solid Hall rods with Dwyer screws in 23. Cases included 13 tumors (six metastatic, five primary malignant, two benign), 15 late kyphotics (13 congenital and two old tuberculosis), 15 pyogenic (nontuberculous) infections, 32 fractures and four thoracic discs. Levels of decompression were from T5 to L5 with the majority (23) at L1. The neurologic deficit improved in 100% of those with incomplete paraplegia, and was graded according to the Frankel classification. None was made worse. Surgical indications were: progressive neurologic deficit in 51 patients, tumors in 13, correction of deformity in 55, failure of infection to respond to conservative measures in 15, cachexia in nine, (many patients had more than one indication). Bone grafts included 11 rib grafts, 24 block iliac grafts with ribs and 44 iliac block grafts. Complications included three nonunions, two common iliac vein lacerations, one death (pulmonary) and two post-thoractomy syndrome. The more recent use of an anterior Harrington distraction system allows for greater correction of kyphotic deformities and more rigid internal fixation which in time allows for early ambulation in a brace. Supplementary posterior fixation is generally no longer necessary except where more than one vertebral body is resected. PMID- 6648703 TI - Spinal arachnoiditis. What is the clinical spectrum? II. Arachnoiditis induced by Pantopaque/autologous blood in dogs, a possible model for human disease. AB - Experimentally induced chronic arachnoiditis was studied over a one-year period in beagle dogs. All animals demonstrated severe extensive changes at postmortem which were strikingly similar to those reported in man. Arachnoid inflammation, fibrosis, and adhesions were often associated with nerve roots embedded in collagen. These changes were present in all four experimental dogs, and were absent in four controls. In spite of having pathologically severe changes of arachnoiditis, two of four dogs appeared clinically normal. We suggest that the clinical appearance of chronic arachnoiditis in this animal model may reflect the human experience, wherein presentations may vary from merely complaints of back pain to severe sensory-motor impairment. PMID- 6648704 TI - Bilateral partial aplasia of the atlas definitive treatment by bilateral anterior C1-C2 buttress fusion. PMID- 6648705 TI - The crush-cleavage fracture. A "new" thoracolumbar unstable fracture. AB - Among 14 patients with unstable thoracolumbar fractures examined by both conventional radiography and CT, we found seven patients with a "new" common fracture pattern. This fracture pattern consisted of (1) superior disc injury, (2) crush fracture of the upper half of the vertebral body, (3) sagittal fracture (cleavage fracture) of the lower half of the vertebral body, (4) bone fragments in the spinal canal, and (5) laminar fracture. Five of the seven patients had sustained their injuries in vertical falls; all five had primary neurological deficit symptoms. We consider this fracture to be unstable. PMID- 6648706 TI - The effect of Harrington instrumentation on the sagittal configuration and mobility of the spine in scoliosis. AB - The spinal mobility and sagittal configuration in 96 scoliotic patients treated according to Harrington were investigated with a Debrunner kyphometer and a Myrin inclinometer. The more distal the fusion limit in the lumbar spine, the more reduced was the lumbar lordosis and flexion. The patients' own estimation of lumbar rigidity and pain, scored on visual analogue scales, increased as the fusion limit increased distally. The results for the thoracic spine's sagittal configuration and mobility were analogous but the trend was less pronounced. The patients' estimation of thoracic rigidity had little correlation with the number of segments fused. This study shows that fusion of the lumbar spine below L3 is to be avoided, except when specifically indicated. Furthermore, the study shows that the present technique does not adequately preserve the sagittal configuration of the thoracic and lumbar spine. PMID- 6648707 TI - Variations in the pattern of muscle innervation by the L5 and S1 nerve roots. AB - Evidence based on electrical studies is presented for the standard and anomalous patterns of innervation of muscles supplied by the fifth lumbar and first sacral nerve roots. Although considerable controversy still exists, previous work in this field suggests that the L5 nerve root supplies tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum brevis, and the lateral head of gastrocnemius, while the S1 nerve root innervates the medial head of gastrocnemius, soleus, and abductor hallucis. In order to confirm the reliability of this data, the L5 and S1 nerve roots of 50 patients were electrically stimulated during surgery, and distally evoked responses in the relevant muscles were recorded, using surface electrodes. The results confirm the essential reliability of the proposed table of segmental innervation and also demonstrate that most muscles have a dual innervation, with one nerve root being dominant. However, eight patients (16%) exhibited a marked departure from the normal pattern. For example, it is clear that on occasion the extensor digitorum brevis and the lateral head of gastrocnemius can be supplied by S1 and the soleus and medial head of gastrocnemius can be supplied by L5. In a prospective study of 100 patients presenting with clinical evidence of lumbosacral nerve root entrapment, the level of nerve root involvement, as predicted by electromyography, was compared with the operative findings. Correct preoperative nerve root localization was achieved in 84%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6648708 TI - Relocation of the bending axis during flexion-extension of lumbar intervertebral discs and its implications for prolapse. AB - All the lumbar discs were dissected from three freshly killed, adult rabbits. Ligaments and facet joints were removed but each disc remained attached to bone. The discs were securely mounted in specially constructed bending apparatus. Ventral disc height and bending angle were measured simultaneously allowing the bending axis position to be calculated. Except for lumbosacral discs, the axis shifted ventrally during the transition from flexion to extension. The existence of separate flexion and extension axes has been reported for human lumbar discs; it is argued that similarity of disc structure leads to similar mechanical behaviour in rabbit and human discs. The positions of the two bending axes are such that flexion, but not extension, could damage the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc. PMID- 6648709 TI - Anatomy and significance of fixation of the lumbosacral nerve roots in sciatica. AB - The anatomy of 54 pairs of lumbosacral nerve roots was described in nine fresh adult cadaver specimens, with particular attention given to the fixation of the nerve roots to surrounding skeletal and ligamentous structures in the lumbar spine. Dural ligaments were identified fixing the dura and nerve roots at their exit from the main dural sac to the posterior longitudinal ligament and vertebral body periosteum proximal to the intervertebral disc. Distal fixation occurs at the intervertebral foramen where the epineural sheath of the spinal nerve is attached. The overall arrangement is one which tends to hold the exiting nerve root anteriorly in the spinal canal. Mechanical analysis of this anatomical arrangement explains how pressure can be applied to the extrathecal nerve root by a disc protrusion without compression of the nerve root against the posterior elements. The possible role of the dural ligaments in the pathogenesis of the sciatica syndrome is discussed. PMID- 6648710 TI - [Accords establishing the Internal Council for General Management of Biologicals and Reagents]. PMID- 6648711 TI - [Council of General Health. Regulation of the Interinstitutional Commission on the "Basic Profile of Materials of the Health Sector"]. PMID- 6648712 TI - [Contribution of computed tomography to the diagnosis of malignant tumors of the oral cavity, hypopharynx and larynx and their regional lymph node metastases]. PMID- 6648713 TI - [Possibilities of computed tomographic diagnosis in pulmonary sequestration]. PMID- 6648714 TI - [Value of computed tomographic studies in lumbar disk prolapse: a comparison of 2d and 3d generation CT apparatus]. PMID- 6648715 TI - [Computed tomography in bladder tumors-- an improvement in their diagnosis?]. PMID- 6648716 TI - [Errors and mistakes in the diagnosis of urologic diseases]. PMID- 6648717 TI - [Pitfalls in ultrasonic diagnosis in urology]. PMID- 6648718 TI - [The most frequent mistakes and errors in the diagnosis and therapy of nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and upper urinary tract]. PMID- 6648719 TI - [The most frequent mistakes and errors in the diagnosis and treatment of urolothiasis]. PMID- 6648720 TI - [Surgical treatment of megaureter in childhood]. PMID- 6648721 TI - [Problems in urinomas]. PMID- 6648723 TI - [A catheter for tamponade of the prostatic bed during prostatectomy performed transvesically]. PMID- 6648724 TI - Obesity revisited--any grounds for optimism? PMID- 6648722 TI - [Fluorapatite in urinary concretions]. PMID- 6648726 TI - [Anorexia nervosa]. PMID- 6648725 TI - The toxic effects of nitrous oxide. PMID- 6648727 TI - Penetrating cardiac injuries. PMID- 6648728 TI - Priority health problems of children in an urban community. AB - A survey was conducted in an urban Indian community to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of health problems in children from birth up to 8 years of age. The prevalences of priority health problems in this age group were as follows: dental caries (90%), undernutrition (68,8%), failure to obtain measles immunization (57,2%) and skin infestations (14,9%). The significant epidemiological parameters investigated included family size, per capita family income, immunization and nutritional status. The influence of these factors upon health problems is considered. The availability and utilization of comprehensive health services were investigated. Problems associated with health screening as a method of determining health problems are discussed. PMID- 6648729 TI - Coarctation of the aorta in infants under 1 year of age. AB - Untreated coarctation of the aorta in infants is associated with a high mortality, reaching up to 90%. During a period of 7 years 26 infants underwent surgical repair of this condition, the youngest being 6 days old and the oldest 11 months. Two underwent emergency surgery after catheterization, while the rest had an elective or semi-elective operation. Associated anomalies were present in 85% of the whole group; of the 22 patients with anomalies, a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were present in 11 patients, a PDA in 7, a VSD in 6, transposition of the great arteries in 3, an atrial septal defect in 3, a single ventricle in 1, a hypoplastic aortic arch in 1, a hypoplastic left ventricle in 1 and a partial anomalous pulmonary venous defect in 1. Four patients (15%) had no other associated anomaly. The surgical techniques used were coarctectomy and end-to-end anastomosis in 61,5%, subclavian flap aortoplasty in 27%, and Dacron patch aortoplasty in 11,5%. Additional pulmonary artery banding was performed in 6 patients; in 2 patients lung biopsies were also carried out in order to establish the severity of pulmonary hypertension. The overall hospital mortality was 30,7%. No patients with uncomplicated coarctation died. PMID- 6648730 TI - Presentation of patients with asthma at an allergy clinic in Cape Town. AB - A prospective study of 304 asthmatic patients attending the allergy clinic of a large teaching hospital in Cape Town was undertaken. Symptoms were overwhelmingly perennial despite a Mediterranean climate and the wealth of local flora. Allergic asthma started at any age and was frequently associated with other allergic symptoms which required treatment in their own right. Asthma in Coloured patients started later in life than in Whites and seasonal asthma was more frequent in the former group. Precipitating factors, the pattern of skin-prick test reactivity, the severity of asthma and its treatment were similar in the two groups. Serum IgE levels were higher and peripheral blood eosinophilia was more frequent in Coloureds than in Whites. Too few Black patients attended the clinic to allow for analysis. PMID- 6648732 TI - Oral contraceptives and the risk of cancer. PMID- 6648731 TI - Fatal ammonia inhalation. A case report with autopsy findings. AB - A 25-year-old refrigeration technician died 85 days after accidental massive anhydrous ammonia inhalation; the case history and autopsy findings are described. The latter included bronchiectasis and obliterative bronchiolitis, but interstitial fibrosis and emphysema were conspicuously absent. The roles of dosage, infection, and healing are discussed. PMID- 6648733 TI - Swimming and diving accidents and spinal cord injury. PMID- 6648734 TI - Pap smears in perspective. PMID- 6648736 TI - [Interval Falope ring sterilization in the Cape Province: experience with 9175 cases over 4 years]. AB - During a 4-year period 9175 women were sterilized under local anaesthesia by the laparoscopic Falope ring method. These procedures were performed in smaller towns in the Cape Province. The method used, its cost-effectiveness, and its acceptability to patients are described in detail. This venture proves convincingly that a highly sophisticated medical service can be made available to rural areas, ensuring greater support for a high-priority primary health care service. PMID- 6648737 TI - Paediatricians in the RSA, 1981-2000. AB - A survey of all paediatricians registered with the South African Medical and Dental Council in July 1981 was conducted and the results were correlated with the child population as determined by the 1980 census. There were 201 active paediatricians, of whom 55% were employed in hospitals and 45% in private practice; 83% were resident in areas in which there were teaching hospitals, while only 23% of the total number of children resided in these areas. Sixty per cent of the children (95% of whom were Black) lived in predominantly rural areas where there were no paediatricians. The number of paediatricians in South Africa is expected to rise rapidly during the next 2 decades. We are therefore faced with the problem of having a paediatrician corps which although adequate in number is badly distributed, resulting in the rural population being grossly under-serviced. Possible solutions are presented. PMID- 6648735 TI - Biochemical changes in black and Indian hypertensive patients on diuretic therapy. AB - Thirty-seven patients (19 Blacks and 18 Indians) suffering from mild hypertension were given each of five diuretics separately for 4 weeks after a 'washout' period on placebo of the same duration. The diuretics used were hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg/d (Dichlotride; Frosst MSD), hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg plus triamterene 50 mg (Dyazide; SKF) 1 tablet per day, amiloride hydrochloride 5 mg plus hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg (Moduretic; MSD) 1 tablet per day, chlorthalidone (Hygroton; Geigy) 50 mg/d and indapamide (Natrilix; Servier) 2.5 mg/d. The study showed that during the acute phase of diuretic therapy for the treatment of hypertension plasma potassium levels were decreased by thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics and increased by potassium-sparing diuretics. However, despite the decrease in plasma potassium levels produced by thiazide diuretics and indapamide these levels did not fall to 3.0 mmol/l or less. All the diuretics were effective in lowering the standing mean arterial pressure when compared with placebo values. In the absence of significant hypokalaemia, the choice of a diuretic for the Black hypertensive patient should therefore be determined by its cost. PMID- 6648738 TI - Segmental artery occlusion for sequential renal injuries. A case report. AB - We report on a patient who experienced life-threatening haemorrhages in 1974 and 1980 after receiving stab wounds to the same kidney. Treatment by means of segmental artery occlusion was successful. Nephrectomy would have been necessary to control exsanguinating bleeding in both instances. Successful evasion of nephrectomy on two occasions for trauma to the same kidney has not been reported previously. PMID- 6648739 TI - Ruminations and obsessions in psychoneurosis and depression. PMID- 6648740 TI - Aspiration pneumonitis and the anaesthesiologist. AB - Aspiration pneumonitis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in any anaesthetic practice. The pathophysiology, pre-operative prophylaxis and treatment of this syndrome are briefly discussed. PMID- 6648741 TI - The coloured elderly in Cape Town--a psychosocial, psychiatric and medical community survey. Part I. Introduction and psychosocial data. AB - A survey of 150 non-institutionalized Coloured persons over the age of 65 years living in Cape Town was undertaken to examine their psychosocial, psychiatric and medical condition. This article covers procedural and psychosocial aspects; Parts II and III will deal with others. Overall, respondents were poorly educated, with low income and occupational status. Social functioning and life satisfaction were reported to be good in over 80%. Family and social support appeared to be strong. Many respondents were involved in household duties (87%), child care (46%) and activities outside the home (66%). The high degree of satisfaction in the face of economic adversity may be due to family support and role maintenance. Findings are compared with those of previous studies, and the possibility that changes in circumstances are occurring is noted. PMID- 6648742 TI - Intravenous midazolam does not change lower oesophageal sphincter pressure. AB - The effect of intravenous midazolam 0.3 mg/kg on lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure was studied in 8 healthy volunteers. No effect on LOS pressure was noted. The importance of this finding in relation to the possible danger of gastro-oesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration of gastric acid content during induction of general anaesthesia is discussed. PMID- 6648743 TI - The operative management of post-intubation tracheal strictures. Case reports. AB - The presentation and treatment of 2 patients with post-intubation tracheal strictures are reported. There was one subglottic and one supracarinal stricture, and they were treated by resection and anastomosis. The surgical procedures and special techniques for the facilitation of anastomosis are discussed, as is the subsequent management. PMID- 6648744 TI - Brainstem encephalitis or the Miller Fisher syndrome--a variant of acute idiopathic polyneuropathy. Case reports. AB - A syndrome comprising ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and areflexia was described by Miller Fisher in 1956. While some consider it to be a benign variety of acute idiopathic (Guillain-Barre) polyneuropathy, there are reports of the need for ventilatory support and of the benefits of plasmapheresis. Two further cases are described. The first patient was seen in 1972 and was well 10 years later. The second patient gave cause for concern and might have benefitted from plasmapheresis, but nevertheless he recovered spontaneously. Miller Fisher believed that the pathological process was located in the peripheral nerve, but others have produced evidence that the cranial nerve nuclei and central connections within the brainstem are involved. PMID- 6648745 TI - Nonspecific vaginitis and other genital infections in three clinic populations. AB - Nonspecific vaginitis was present in 37% of 40 patients attending the Special Urology (Sexually Transmitted Disease) Clinic at the Victoria General Hospital, in 23% of 75 patients attending the Family Planning Clinic, and in 23% of 13 patients attending the Prenatal Clinic at the Grace Maternity Hospital in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The mean prevalence was 27%. Subjective complaints of vaginal odor were significantly associated with nonspecific vaginitis (P less than .001), but symptoms of vaginal discharge or vulvar irritation and itching were not. No correlations were found between the presence of nonspecific vaginitis and the isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis, or vaginal yeast species. The organic acid present in vaginal washings that best correlated with the presence of nonspecific vaginitis was succinic acid. PMID- 6648746 TI - The stigmata of late congenital syphilis: an analysis of 100 patients. AB - Analysis of the stigmata of congenital syphilis in two study populations indicates that the imprints of the disease are the same, whether the patient population is of Caribbean or of North American origin. If the Columbian theory of origin of syphilis were correct, the longer syphilization of the West Indies might have tended to lessen the effects of the disease by attenuating Treponema pallidum. The presence of yaws and pinta in the West Indies may even have had an immunizing effect. The similar findings in the two population groups suggests that the events postulated by the Columbian theory did not take place. PMID- 6648748 TI - Popliteal cyst involvement with gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome. AB - The gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome includes tenosynovitis, arthralgias, arthritis, skin lesions, and constitutional symptoms. A patient with popliteal cyst involvement and gonococcal arthritis-dermatitis syndrome is the subject of this report. The detection of areas of involvement by the use of gallium-67 citrate, 99m-technetium phosphate, and indium-111-labeled granulocytes is also detailed. PMID- 6648747 TI - Comparison of rosaramicin and erythromycin stearate for treatment of cervical infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. AB - The macrolide antibiotic rosaramicin inhibits in vitro growth of Chlamydia trachomatis. Rosaramicin (1 g daily given to 18 patients for seven days) and erythromycin stearate (2 g daily given to 19 patients for seven days) were compared in the treatment of chlamydial cervicitis. Cultures of cervical specimens obtained nine to 11 days and 24-32 days after commencement of therapy were negative for all rosaramicin-treated patients seen at follow-up. The first follow-up culture of one erythromycin recipient was positive. The extent of cervicitis decreased in all patients after treatment, but the only patients to achieve a completely normal cervical appearance were those with minimal-to moderate lesions before treatment. Gastrointestinal side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, occurred in ten of 19 patients given erythromycin and in 13 of 18 given rosaramicin. Minimally elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase in serum occurred in four (22.2%) of 18 rosaramicin recipients. It is concluded that rosaramicin and erythromycin stearate both eradicate C. trachomatis cervical infection but frequently cause adverse gastrointestinal effects. PMID- 6648749 TI - Recurrent herpes simplex virus infections and erythema multiforme: a report of three patients. AB - The widespread preoccupation of the media and patients with herpes prompts this report of two patients who developed erythema multiforme, an allergic response to the herpes simplex virus. While this complication is not new, physicians and nurses working in clinics for sexually transmitted diseases should be aware of this allergic response to infection with herpes simplex virus. PMID- 6648751 TI - Symposia: Mycoplasma hominis--a human pathogen. PMID- 6648750 TI - Persistent nongonococcal urethritis associated with a minocycline-resistant strain of Ureaplasma urealyticum: a case report. AB - Culture of urethral specimens from a 21-year-old man with nongonococcal urethritis yielded both Chlamydia trachomatis and a minocycline-resistant strain of Ureaplasma urealyticum. In such situations, the causal agent of the urethritis is frequently considered to be C. trachomatis. However, the etiology of this case was more probably linked to U. urealyticum. This conclusion emerged after observation of the following events: (1) the patient was not cured by a standard course of minocycline, despite the elimination of the chlamydiae; and (2) clinical recovery was achieved by treatment with a different drug (erythromycin), to which the ureaplasmas were susceptible and by which they were eradicated. PMID- 6648752 TI - OASDI and SSI beneficiaries with a representative payee, 1981. PMID- 6648753 TI - Actuarial status of the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds. AB - This article summarizes the current financial and actuarial status of the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. The data presented are from the 1983 Trustees Report for the program following enactment of the Social Security Amendments of 1983. The actuarial estimates show that benefits can be paid on time throughout the 1980's and for many years thereafter. However, trust fund levels are projected to be relatively low through 1987, and the program could again experience financial difficulties in the near future if economic conditions become worse than anticipated under the pessimistic Alternative III assumptions. After 1987, the program's ability to withstand economic downturns is projected to improve. On the basis of intermediate assumptions, the OASDI program is now in long-range actuarial balance. This actuarial balance reflects substantial year-by-year surpluses during the first half of the 75-year projection period that slightly outweigh substantial deficits later on. PMID- 6648754 TI - Alcoholism and depression. AB - There are a variety of ways in which depression and alcoholism are related. These include the possibility of a person suffering from two relatively frequent diseases by chance alone. Secondly, on withdrawal from alcoholism depressive symptoms occur; these are rather short lived. Third, a secondary depression is seen in a large number of chronic alcoholics. Secondary depression is an ordinary depressive illness which manifests itself in the course of another primary illness, in this case alcoholism. There is no evidence that secondary mania exists to alcoholism. Finally, another type of relationship is familial. In a large number of alcoholics, such people come from families where depression also exists. This depression is called a depression spectrum disease. Depression spectrum disease is a depressive illness which occurs in an individual who comes from a family where alcoholism exists. Such a family may also contain other depressives but no manics. Depression spectrum disease patients are likely to have a relatively early onset, and are likely to show many problems in living and unstable personality characteristics. They are likely to be normal suppressors on the dexamethasone suppression test. PMID- 6648755 TI - Alcohol and suicide. AB - It is well established that alcoholics have a very high suicide rate. The evidence is of two kinds: a) Follow up studies of alcoholics consistently reveal high suicide rates. The proportion dying by suicide varies from 8% (Kessel & Grossman, 1961) to 21% (Gabriel, 1935) depending on the length of follow up. These figures represent a risk 5080 times that of the general population. Most such studies were based on clinically identified populations of alcoholics and might not be representative of alcoholics in general. However: b) Retrospective studies of suicides consistently find that a high proportion (varying from 15% in southern England Barraclough et al., 1974 to 27% in Seattle Dorpat & Ripley, (1960) were alcoholics. The evidence of these retrospective studies is that suicide usually occurs at a late stage in the alcoholic career and is associated with things which are high risk factors for suicide in other settings e.g. divorce, a history of previous suicide attempts and increasing age. The origins of the close relationship between alcoholism and suicide have rarely been investigated, though the relationship is readily comprehended. Several elements probably contribute: 1. Alcohol dependence often leads to social decline-break up of marriage, loss of job and family ties-and the resulting social isolation is a potent cause of suicide. 2. Alcohol dependence leads to loss of self esteem and hence to depression and these psychological changes predispose to suicide. 3. Intoxication produces increased impulsiveness and a weakening of normal restraints against dangerous behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6648756 TI - Familial alcoholism: a separate entity? AB - Numerous studies indicate that alcoholism runs strongly in families. Recent evidence from twin and adoption studies suggest the illness may have a genetic component. These studies have stimulated two lines of research which are actively being conducted in several centers. One type of research involves comparing alcoholics with a positive family history of alcoholism with alcoholics who lack such a history. The second line of research involves comparing college-age sons of alcoholics with sons of nonalcoholics before members of either group have had an extensive drinking history. Studies consistently show that "familial" alcoholics differ from "nonfamilial" alcoholics in having (a) an earlier age of onset and (b) symptoms of greater severity. Familial alcoholism has also been associated with a childhood history of hyperactivity and conduct disorder and an adult history of antisocial behavior. In one study, familial alcoholics more often showed signs of structural and functional brain abnormalities than did nonfamilial alcoholics. Sons of alcoholics versus controls have been reported to have higher blood acetaldehyde levels after drinking alcohol and also demonstrate more subjective and motor tolerance for alcohol. Sons of alcoholics also generate more alpha activity on the EEG after alcohol and make lower scores on the categories test of the Halstead Battery. About half of hospitalized alcoholics have a family history of alcoholism. Studies indicate that the family-history positive and family-history-negative alcoholics differ on a number of variables. Twin, adoption and high-risk studies add further evidence that "familial alcoholism" is a separate diagnostic entity. PMID- 6648757 TI - Alcoholism and crime: studies of adoptees. PMID- 6648758 TI - Alcohol and pregnancy: an overview and an update. AB - This paper reviews the clinical, epidemiologic, and empirical work on the offspring effects of intrauterine alcohol exposure, including fetal alcohol syndrome, incorporating some of the latest studies from several countries. PMID- 6648759 TI - Cognitive dysfunction and recovery in alcoholics. AB - In summary, neuropsychological deficits (impaired cognitive and perceptual motor functioning) exist in many alcoholics. These deficits, are related to treatment benefit and outcome. In our male alcoholic population, the deficits seem remarkably resistent to attenuation even after 13 months in about 50% of the retested alcoholics, namely, those who resume drinking. The question of such alcoholics having pre-morbid cognitive deficits is an important problem to resolve. Studies of recovery heretofore have been based on the implicit assumption that the cognitive deficits are alcohol induced. From our data there is good reason now to suspect that certain cognitive deficits preceded the alcoholism especially those alcoholics who have a history of childhood hyperkinesis/minimal brain-damage syndrome or who have a history of familial alcoholism. PMID- 6648761 TI - Alcoholism: a world view. PMID- 6648760 TI - Assessment of neurological dysfunction and recovery in alcoholics: CT scanning and other techniques. AB - The neurological complications of alcoholism are briefly mentioned. The cerebral dysfunction associated with long-term alcohol abuse is discussed in detail. The techniques used for measurement of functional deficits and cerebral morphological abnormalities are outlined. Significant correlations were noted between cerebral atrophy and functional measurements. Age was the most important covariate except in those alcoholics with the Wernicke's syndrome or an amnesic syndrome (with VIQ MQ greater than or equal to 15). Partial reversibility of functional and cerebral atrophy measurements was noted in some recently abstinent alcoholics. EEG abnormalities also tended to improve in some alcoholics. A prolonged but resolving CSF acidosis was noted in many subjects. Possible biological mechanisms and the treatment implications of the sometimes slow (weeks to months) but remarkable functional recovery seen in some recently abstinent alcoholics are discussed. PMID- 6648763 TI - Second Annual Toxicology Conference, October 19-20, 1983. Substance Abuse Conference, 20-21, 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6648762 TI - Social drinking and cognitive function: a review. AB - Six different studies of social drinkers drawn from California, Oklahoma, Massachusetts and Michigan, using different methodologies, indicate a negative association between social drinking (specifically quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion) and sober cognitive performance. This relationship prevails not only in men but also in women. The decrements in performance are greater in older than in younger individuals, and they are more evident in heavy than in light social drinkers. These findings do not necessarily indicate, albeit they do suggest, a causal link between social drinking and impairments in cognitive functioning. Additional questions raised in this review must be answered before a cause and effect relationship is established between social drinking and cognitive dysfunction. PMID- 6648765 TI - Symposium on complications of common procedures. PMID- 6648764 TI - The psychobiology of alcoholism. International symposium, Beverly Hills, California, January 16-18, 1983. PMID- 6648766 TI - Complications of gastric restrictive operations in morbidly obese patients. AB - After gastric restrictive procedures in morbidly obese persons, the reported morbidity is 15 per cent, and mortality is 1 per cent. Pulmonary embolism continues to be the most serious complication. Gastric perforations must be recognized early and treated promptly, as must the common postoperative complications: pneumonia, atelectasis, and wound infection. PMID- 6648767 TI - Complications of carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 6648768 TI - The significance of lymph node involvement in patients with medullary carcinoma of the breast. AB - Sixty-two patients with medullary carcinoma of the breast were studied. Mean survival time was 105 months. When identical stages are compared, the five and ten year survival rates for patients with medullary carcinoma of the breast parallel those for patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Age, duration of symptoms, site of the primary lesion, size of the primary lesion, menopausal status and postoperative radiotherapy and the number of positive axillary lymph nodes were all evaluated for independent effects upon survival. The number of involved axillary nodes appeared to be the only worthwhile prognostic indicator. We believe that patients with medullary carcinoma of the breast and positive axillary lymph nodes should receive adjuvant chemotherapy. PMID- 6648769 TI - Ischemia of the limb stimulates thromboxane production and myocardial depression. AB - Thromboxane A2 is thought to be an important mediator of cardiopulmonary dysfunction, hence stimuli that effect synthesis of this prostanoid are of major interest. In this study, the thesis that ischemia of the limb is a significant stimulus to thromboxane A2 synthesis and the generation of a circulating negative inotrope is tested. Twelve healthy volunteers, taking no medications and ranging in age from 21 to 29 years, underwent inflation of an arm cuff to either 70 or 220 millimeters of mercury for ten minutes. Immediately after deflation of the cuff from 220 millimeters of mercury, the stable degradation product of thromboxane A2, thromboxane B2, rose from a base line plasma level of 34 +/- 6 picograms per milliliter (mean +/- SEM) to 70 +/- 18 picograms per milliliter. In contrast, deflation from a cuff pressure of 70 millimeters of mercury resulted in a lower thromboxane B2 level of 26 +/- 9 picograms per milliliter (p less than 0.05). Plasma obtained before and after inflation of the cuff to 220 millimeters of mercury was used to bathe a rat papillary muscle. Developed tension fell from a base line of 2.80 +/- 0.19 to 2.44 +/- 0.17 grams (p less than 0.01). There was no significant change in developed tension induced by plasma harvested after the cuff was inflated to 70 millimeters of mercury. The base line plasma level of 6 keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, the hydrolysis product of prostacyclin, was 46 picograms per milliliter; the plasma serotonin, 51 nanograms per milliliter; the platelet serotonin, 1.02 micrograms per 10(9) platelets; platelet count, 220,000 per cubic millimeter, and white blood count, 6,094 per cubic millimeter. These values did not change significantly with cuff inflation to either 220 or 70 millimeters of mercury. The results show that ischemia of the limb leads to thromboxane A2 production. Possible adverse cardiac effects related to this event are suggested by the bioassay demonstrating that circulating plasma with high levels of thromboxane B2 is associated with the depression of tension of an isolated rat papillary muscle. PMID- 6648770 TI - The effect of radiofrequency hyperthermia and chemotherapy upon human neoplasms when used with adjuvant metronidazole. AB - It appears that metronidazole causes an increase in tumor core temperature above that achieved with RFHT alone, by an as yet undetermined mechanism. Furthermore, radiofrequency hyperthermia, in combination with chemotherapy, can produce objective evidence of tumor repression in 30 to 50 per cent of the patients with metastatic cancer. These results justify proceeding to a randomized prospective trial of RFHT and chemotherapy in specific human neoplasms. Such a study is currently being undertaken at this center. PMID- 6648771 TI - The selective use of modified human umbilical vein as an arterial substitute in the lower extremity. AB - Experience with 100 MHUV grafts implanted as femoropopliteal or femorocrural bypass was reviewed to evaluate the results of this conduit obtained in a selected group of patients. Indications for use of MHUV were limited to patients in whom the autologous greater saphenous vein was either absent or unsuitable or when its use would untowardly prolong the duration of the operation in patients with a poor general condition. General medical factors contributed to the choice for MHUV grafts in 25 per cent of the patients, while lack of an adequate saphenous vein necessitated its use in 70 per cent. In 5 per cent, the patient was considered a candidate for future (re)operative coronary arterial reconstruction. Cumulative graft patency rate in femoropopliteal bypass was 75 per cent in 48 months. No significant differences could be demonstrated between categories with good, fair and poor runoff or grafts with above-knee and below knee anastomosis. In femorocrural grafts, a two year patency rate of 56 per cent was obtained. Cumulative patency rates between anterior tibial, posterior tibial and peroneal bypass did not reveal statistical differences. Late graft failure in initially jeopardized limbs without secondary reconstruction was not associated with amputation in 47 per cent of the instances. This finding reflects the fact that collateral perfusion may increase with time. On the other hand, four patients lost a leg in spite of a functioning bypass because of distally located arterial disease not amenable for reconstruction. PMID- 6648772 TI - Experimental pancreatitis does not produce pulmonary hypertension. AB - The onset of experimental hemorrhagic pancreatitis in dogs was rapidly followed by a deterioration of CO, blood pressure, LVSW and RVSW, along with significant elevations of Hct, SVR and PVR. These alterations could all be reversed by the administration of Ringer's lactate. These findings support the concept that the major physiopathologic characteristic of severe acute pancreatitis is a loss of effective plasma and extracellular fluid volumes and that the replacement of fluid losses corrects the hemodynamic alterations. In neither of the experimental groups did pulmonary hypertension develop. We found no evidence in this model of hemorrhagic pancreatitis for a circulating pulmonary vasoactive substance. PMID- 6648773 TI - Three year follow-up study on the treatment of first and second degree hemorrhoids by sclerosant injection or rubber band ligation. AB - Two groups of 18 patients undergoing sclerosant injection or rubber band ligation for first or mild, second degree hemorrhoids have been followed-up at three years after the initial treatment. Following sclerosant injections, four of 18 patients initially presenting with bleeding per rectum did not have further episodes of bleeding within the three year follow-up period compared with 13 of 17 treated with rubber band ligation. The other symptoms of pain or discomfort, pruritus ani and soiling were not present with sufficient frequency to allow specific evaluation. Results of this study demonstrate that rubber band ligation produces better long term results than does sclerosant injection in treating bleeding, the principal symptom, of first and mild, second degree hemorrhoids. PMID- 6648774 TI - Patterns of recurrence after curative resection for carcinoma of the thoracic part of the esophagus. AB - Two hundred patients with a previously untreated carcinoma of the thoracic portion of the esophagus and who underwent curative or noncurative resection were retrospectively evaluated. The patterns of recurrence were compared with the pathologic findings at operation. In 30 of 90 (33.3 per cent) patients in the curative resection group and 68 of 110 (61.8 per cent) of those in the noncurative resection group, there was a recurrence. Hematogenic recurrence was most frequent in instances of blood vessel invasion of the carcinoma detected at the time of the operation, and death occurred during the early postoperative period. Lymph node recurrence was most frequent in instances of lymphatic invasion or blood vessel invasion, or both, and the postoperative survival time in such patients was double that seen in those with a hematogenic-related recurrence. PMID- 6648775 TI - Abdominal wall hernias as a complication of peritoneal dialysis. AB - Home peritoneal dialysis has recently become an important addition to the therapy of chronic renal failure. Abdominal wall hernias have become more apparent as complications of this mode of dialysis, with isolated instances of incarcerations and one fatality. Results of our review of 276 patients receiving peritoneal dialysis revealed seven with hernias, an incidence of 2.5 per cent. Six patients with hernias were receiving c.a.p.d.; one patient was receiving c.c.p.d., and none was receiving i.p.d., for incidences of 17, 5 and zero per cent, respectively. All hernias found at presentation occurred within two to 20 months after peritoneal catheter placement. Most were ventral or umbilical, and all were repaired electively without serious complications. All patients with hernias had associated problems with leaks, peritonitis or predialysis hernias. In two of four patients with predialysis hernias, herniorrhaphy without catheter removal resulted in two recurrences. Abdominal wall hernias are a more frequent complication of c.a.p.d. and c.c.p.d., modalities which require large volumes of peritoneal dialysate during ambulatory hours. Review of the literature reveals that wound tensile strength and healing are decreased in those patients having renal disease with uremia, anemia and malnutrition. However, these factors do not increase the over-all incidence of hernias. Patients should be screened for hernias, and hernias should be repaired prior to catheter placement. Hernias presenting during dialysis are best treated by herniorrhaphy and hemodialysis postoperatively or low volume peritoneal dialysis to optimize the metabolic state. PMID- 6648776 TI - Descending necrotizing mediastinitis. AB - From January 1975 through July 1981, ten patients with mediastinitis complicating an oropharyngeal infection, that is, a form of mediastinitis best termed as DNM, were encountered at our institution. Based upon rather relatively stringent diagnostic criteria, 21 other instances were found in the literature from 1960 to 1980, a time period well into the antibiotic era. The predominant underlying oropharyngeal infection was of odontogenic origin, specifically, infection involving the mandibular molars. Bacteriologically, DNM is most frequently a polymicrobial process, with anaerobes playing a major role. Although there has been a decline in the over-all incidence of DNM since the introduction of antibiotics, its morbid and lethal nature persists, as evidenced by the present prohibitive mortality of approximately 42 per cent. Delayed diagnosis and inadequate drainage procedures are the primary underlying factors contributing to this high mortality. At present, CT scan is the single most important tool for the early diagnosis of DNM. This noninvasive procedure also helps determine the adequacy of the surgical drainage procedure performed. However, with all the presently available diagnostic tools, it is still the high index of suspicion by physicians toward patients with unrelenting oropharyngeal or deep neck infection that is of utmost importance for making an early diagnosis of DNM. In view of our experience and that of others, we believe that only through aggressive combined medical and surgical management can the highly morbid, if not lethal, course of DNM be reversed. It should be emphasized that, to accomplish successful operative intervention, a thorough knowledge of the complex anatomy of the region is crucial. PMID- 6648777 TI - Ileorectal anastomosis for inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents. AB - As in any operation for IBD, colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis should be performed only after every effort has been made to control the disease medically. Only in uncontrolled disease should early proctectomy be advised on the grounds of lack of normal physical development and sexual immaturity. Ileorectal anastomosis should not be performed upon every patient requiring surgical treatment any more than proctocolectomy and ileostomy should be performed upon every patient. Unless there is severe persistent disease of the rectum or destruction of the anal sphincter, the rectum should be preserved because severe ulcerative proctitis may heal or improve postoperatively with further medical treatment. If further surgical treatment is necessary, conversion to an ileostomy can be undertaken, and there are now other alternatives, such as the continent ileostomy and the ileoanal anastomosis, with or without a pelvic pouch. PMID- 6648778 TI - The preoperative use of cimetidine as a means of preventing symptomatic hypocalcemia following a parathyroid operation. AB - Cimetidine has been shown to lower circulating PTH levels effectively by causing an intraglandular rearrangement of PTH peptides in human parathyroid tissue in instances of primary hyperparathyroidism. A state of "euparathyroidism" is established. It has been statistically found at a 98.7 per cent confidence level that preoperative treatment with cimetidine effectively prevents symptomatic hypocalcemia postoperatively after parathyroid operations. It is anticipated that cimetidine has provided a tool for the in depth exploration of parathyroid disease. PMID- 6648779 TI - Surgical pros and cons: Improved technique for insertion of Greenfield vena caval filter. PMID- 6648781 TI - A technique of catheter insertion for uncomplicated peritoneal dialysis. AB - Malfunction of a peritoneal dialysis catheter usually results from its incorrect placement, either in the mesentery or anterior to the intestine or omentum. A technique for catheter insertion has been used successfully in 22 patients. PMID- 6648780 TI - Simultaneous umbilicoplasty and closure of small omphaloceles. PMID- 6648782 TI - A leak-free technique for open insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters. AB - A technique for open insertion of acute peritoneal dialysis catheters without excessive postoperative leakage of dialysate fluid is described. By using the laparotomy incision only for exploration to guide catheter placement by counter puncture, one can obtain a much more accurate and water-tight closure of the lineal alba than is possible when the catheter exists through the incision. PMID- 6648783 TI - Posterolateral approach to ruptured median and paramedian cervical disk. AB - The trend toward anterior diskectomy for median and paramedian cervical disk rupture has tended to obscure progressive development of the posterolateral approach to these lesions. Modifications of surgical technique from the classic posterior approach have allowed direct access to these lesions, provided for satisfactory decompression of the spinal cord, especially when there is associated spondylosis, and avoided all of the disadvantages of anterior disk surgery. Of 28 patients operated on since 1950, 26 have had significant preoperative myelopathy or myeloradiculopathy. Two patients with obvious spinal cord compression and massive myelographic defects had no neurologic deficit. Improvement has been observed in every patient; 16 patients have had full recovery, and 8 others have had minor residual symptoms and asymptomatic signs. Although four patients have been lost to follow-up, they were all seen at least once after operation. No instance of increased deficit has been seen postoperatively, in contrast to the author's experience with spondylotic myelopathy. Postoperative contrast studies, which have now been performed on eight patients, confirm satisfactory excision of these lesions and decompression. PMID- 6648784 TI - Acute epidural hematoma caused by contrecoup injury. AB - A rare case is presented of acute epidural hematoma in the left frontal region caused by contrecoup injury as a result of occipital contusion. The possible mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 6648785 TI - Estimation of rate of growth of malignant brain tumors by computed tomography scanning. AB - The growth rate of malignant gliomas was estimated by serial computed tomography scanning. The actual tumor doubling time was determined by calculating the change in tumor volume on the scans. Eleven malignant gliomas were assessed by this method. The actual tumor doubling times of malignant gliomas ranged from 15.0 to 21.1 days, averaged 19.5 +/- 1.9 days, and showed no significant variation according to histopathologic differences. By determining the tumor doubling time in this manner, the growth rate of a tumor can be assessed. The efficacy of treatment and subsequent prognosis in malignant brain tumors can be predicted more accurately by estimation of the growth rate. The clinical application of the growth rate of malignant gliomas is presented. PMID- 6648786 TI - Transsphenoidal encephaloceles. AB - Transsphenoidal encephaloceles are rare congenital anomalies that may be immediately apparent in infants that present with multiple cranial midline defects. They should also be suspected in patients presenting with cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, an epipharyngeal soft tissue mass, a visual defect, or an endocrinologic disturbance, especially when associated with midfacial and optic nerve anomalies. Plain x-ray films of the skull may show absence of the sellar floor and a soft tissue mass; the diagnosis is confirmed by computed tomography scanning. Surgical therapy may be indicated for persistent cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, symptomatic epipharyngeal respiratory distress, or progression of neurological deficits. Two cases of transsphenoidal encephalocele are reported. PMID- 6648787 TI - Anastomosis of the superior thyroid artery to the vertebral artery for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. AB - Anastomosis of the superior thyroid artery to the cervical vertebral artery was performed with good results in a case of vertebrobasilar insufficiency caused by proximal occlusion of the vertebral artery. As a donor artery the superior thyroid artery is moderate in size, long, and easy to anastomose. It is emphasized that this cervical procedure is simpler and safer than the intracranial procedures. The authors believe this case to be the first in which the superior thyroid artery was used as a donor artery for anastomosis to the vertebral artery. PMID- 6648788 TI - Obstructive hydrocephalus at the anterior third ventricle caused by dilated veins from an arteriovenous malformation. AB - A dilated thalamostriate--internal cerebral vein complex, draining a right frontoparietal arteriovenous malformation, caused a physical block at the foremen of Monroe and was the cause of obstructive hydrocephalus. It represents a new mechanism of obstructive hydrocephalus formation in patients with arteriovenous malformations, which has not been previously reported. There was no history of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Embolization, followed by resection, was successfully carried out. This case was reported because of its unusual nature and to discuss potential problems to be avoided in dealing with intraventricular arteriovenous malformations. PMID- 6648789 TI - Suprascapular nerve entrapment. AB - Suprascapular nerve compression is a true peripheral entrapment neuropathy that can be cured by lysis of the suprascapular ligament and freeing the suprascapular nerve. It is a rare entity that must be considered in the differential diagnosis of radicular pain, as well as that of the shoulder. Four examples of suprascapular nerve neuropathy in three patients are described, including one case of bilateral entrapment; all were young females. One was diagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus (case 3); it is now considered that a second patient (case 2) may have the same disorder. The clinical, anatomic, and surgical considerations of the suprascapular nerve are considered in this paper. PMID- 6648790 TI - The acromegaly--gigantism syndrome. Report of four cases treated surgically. AB - Four cases of growth-hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma, with associated aspects of acromegaly and gigantism, are reported in patients aged 12-26. All of the patients had macroadenomas and were treated surgically, three by the transsphenoidal approach and one with a transfrontal craniotomy. Histologic examination revealed eosinophilic adenomas in three of the cases and a mixed eosinophilic--chromophobe adenoma in one, all with cellular irregularities (mitosis and cellular and nuclear polymorphism), local invasivity, or both. Because surgical treatment did not produce complete normalization of growth hormone levels, radiotherapy followed the operations in all four cases. In our opinion, the treatment of acromegalic gigantism poses more therapeutic problems than that of simple acromegaly, with combined treatment (surgical, radiation, and medical) often being necessary. PMID- 6648792 TI - Radial keratotomy. I. A safe, effective way to correct a handicap. PMID- 6648791 TI - Medical malpractice. PMID- 6648793 TI - Radial keratotomy. II. A risky procedure of unproven longterm success. PMID- 6648794 TI - Efficacy of needle biopsy in postradiation thyroid disease. AB - Retrospective review was carried out of 124 patients with nodular disease of the thyroid gland and a history of radiation exposure who had undergone needle aspiration biopsy. Latency period from time of radiation varied from 2 to 50 years; but in 92 patients it exceeded 2 decades. Our patient group included those with occupational exposure and a past history of radiation for cancer. Incidence of cancer in the entire group was 49% but, for solitary lesions, this was increased to 56%, while only a 30% incidence of cancer was found in cases of multinodular goiters. Accuracy of needle aspiration biopsy overall was 74%: for the group with cancer--90%, for the group with adenomas--65%, and for the group with "benign" tumors--83%. Further assessment of needle technique indicated a sensitivity of 70%, specificity of 90%, positive predictive value of 90%, and negative predictive value of 83% to 65%. The accuracy could be increased to 84% if all adenomas were considered as possible malignancies. Eighteen percent of our patients had second tumors in the head and neck or breast area. Near-total thyroidectomy was considered to be the preferred procedure without accidental nerve injury and was done in one case of hypoparathyroidism after excision of an extensive tracheal invasive cancer. No evidence of death, recurrence, or metastasis as a result of thyroid cancer has been noted. While needle biopsy is indispensable to intelligent management, the history of radiation to the head and neck area must be preeminent in the selection of patients for surgical treatment. Conservative management appears to be reasonable in those patients with "benign" cytology, a less than 1 cm nodule, multinodularity, a functioning thyroid scan result, but persistence in the face of a lack of response to conservative management does not appear to be warranted. PMID- 6648795 TI - The incidence of carcinoma in encapsulated follicular thyroid lesions diagnosed by large needle biopsy. AB - During the period from 1975 to 1982, there were 132 patients who had encapsulated thyroid lesions diagnosed by Tru Cut needle biopsy. One hundred and nineteen patients have had operations and 20 had cancer. The 20 cancers occurred in a group of 86 lesions that were classified as microfollicular. No cancers were seen in lesions classified as macrofollicular. The incidence of cancer in the microfollicular group was 23%. This incidence of cancer was the same in Hurthle cell and non-Hurthle cell microfollicular lesions. PMID- 6648796 TI - The meaning of a gastrin response to a test meal. AB - Factors that may influence the magnitude of the gastrin response to a test meal have been examined in vitro by use of isolated sheets of antral mucosa obtained from 78 patients who underwent gastric resection. The amount of immunoreactive gastrin (IG) released during stimulation with the luminal pH at 7.4 increased linearly with the passage of time and stopped abruptly when the luminal pH was lowered to 2.5. The rate at which IG was released by the same stimulus at pH 7.4 was linearly related to the IG content in antral tissue (r = 0.66). The IG content in antral tissue increased during stimulation in vitro (10.05 +/- 2.09 to 19.77 +/- 3.38 pmol/mg tissue protein, P less than 0.03). These in vitro data suggest that the magnitude of the gastrin response to a test meal may be indicative of the IG content in antral tissue provided that: the tissue is in an unstimulated state when the stimulus is applied; the stimulus is applied for a standard span of time; the stimulus is applied to the antrum alone; and the inhibitory effects of acid are prevented by clamping the intraluminal pH at 7.4. PMID- 6648797 TI - Long-term follow-up of patients with hyperparathyroidism treated by transcatheter staining with contrast agent. AB - Primary hyperparathyroidism is generally treated by primary neck exploration. Particularly in patients with hyperparathyroidism caused by adenoma, cervical exploration is generally curative, and extensive preoperative localization studies are unnecessary. If, after thorough primary cervical exploration, no adenoma is identified or at least four parathyroid glands are not confirmed and the patient's hypercalcemia persists, radiologic localization studies are indicated prior to a repeat operation. Persistent hypercalcemia in defined as the failure of calcium levels to return to normal soon after parathyroid exploration; recurrent hyperparathyroidism is defined as hypercalcemia that follows 6 months of low or normal serum calcium levels. Persistent or recurrent hypercalcemia not controlled by a primary cervical exploration may be due to an ectopic parathyroid adenoma, either outside the usual anatomic sites in the neck or in the mediastinum. Techniques used for localization of these ectopic adenomas include sonography, computed tomography scanning, venous sampling, digital angiography, and selective arteriography. Of these techniques, selective arteriography not only has been precise but also offers the possibility of therapy. A small group of patients who underwent embolization of ectopic parathyroid adenomas through the angiographic catheter was reviewed 6 years ago with the cautious suggestion that this technique, under highly specialized indications, might offer a percutaneous treatment of hyperparathyroidism in selected patients. Since the time of the preliminary report, radiologic techniques have been modified, indications for patient selection have been refined, and experience with this method of managing persistent hyperparathyroidism has increased. It is the purpose of this report to summarize this experience with long-term follow-up of those patients treated by transcatheter staining. PMID- 6648798 TI - High-resolution ultrasonography and computed tomography of thyroid lesions in patients with hyperparathyroidism. AB - High-resolution ultrasonography and computed tomography examinations of the thyroid gland were compared with surgical inspection of the thyroid gland at the time of parathyroid surgery in 65 patients with hyperparathyroidism. Twenty-six patients (40%) had one or more nonpalpable thyroid lesions. Thirty benign thyroid lesions averaged 7 mm in size. A 5 mm follicular carcinoma and a 20 mm recurrent medullary carcinoma were also identified. Ultrasonography detected 88% (28/32), computed tomography detected 59% (19/32), and surgical inspection detected 84% (27/32) of the thyroid lesions. Preoperative ultrasonography with a 10 MHz small parts real-time scanner is suited ideally to complement surgical inspection of the thyroid for delineation of small thyroid lesions in order to determine whether the lesions are solid or cystic and whether they are single or multiple. This information may be important to determine whether biopsy is necessary. PMID- 6648799 TI - Rapid localization of parathyroid tumors by selective venous catheterization and parathyroid hormone bioassay. AB - Selective venous catheterization with parathyroid hormone radioimmunoassay has been used effectively to localize parathyroid tumors in patients who have previously had failed parathyroid operations. We have analyzed our experience comparing radioimmunoassay and bioassay of parathyroid hormone for localization of parathyroid tumors by selective venous sampling. The bioassay, which uses a guanyl nucleotide-amplified adenylate cyclase assay with canine renal plasma membranes, localized the tumors in six of nine patients who had previously undergone neck operations. The radioimmunoassay localized the tumors in eight of the nine patients. The advantage of the bioassay is that it requires only 50 microliter serum per per sample and 1 day of assay time compared with the radioimmunoassay, which requires 700 microliter serum per sample and 7 days of assay time. The bioassay may be important in patients with severe hyperparathyroidism who require an urgent operation. PMID- 6648800 TI - Parathyroid cysts: a report of eleven cases including two associated with hyperparathyroid crisis. AB - Eleven parathyroid cysts were found in 325 patients who underwent parathyroid operations. Ten cysts were located in the neck and one was located in the mediastinum. The cysts ranged in size from 1.6 to 10 cm with a mean of 3.9 cm. The patients who had cysts included six women and five men, and their ages ranged from 28 to 72 years with a mean of 51 years. In contrast to other reports that have suggested that most parathyroid cysts are nonfunctional, all but one of our patients had hyperparathyroidism, as evidenced by hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and elevated parathyroid hormone level, which was corrected by cyst removal. The nonfunctional cyst first appeared to be an asymptomatic neck mass. Two patients had acute hyperparathyroid crises, which required emergency operations. It is postulated that the crises may have been the result of spontaneous necrosis of preexisting parathyroid adenomas. This is supported by the pathologic findings of degeneration and early organization as well as by the presence within the cyst of sanguineous fluid that contained a parathormone concentration greater than 100 times normal serum levels. PMID- 6648801 TI - Coexisting thyroid and parathyroid disease--are they related? AB - A high prevalence of non-C cell, thyroid gland disease associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) has been reported in 11 uncontrolled studies. Yet experimental evidence linking these thyroid and parathyroid gland lesions is lacking. To test the hypothesis that the coexistence of these lesions is significant, we analyzed 124 consecutive cases of parathyroidectomy (110 women, mean age 53.5 +/- 12.7 years). Patients in the group with HPT who had visible or palpable thyroid disease at the time of operation were age-, sex-, and race matched with autopsy controls. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of total macroscopic thyroid lesions between the autopsy control group (46.4%) and the group of patients with HPT (54%, P = 0.8). Microscopic lesions in the absence of macroscopic abnormalities were found in an additional 26% of the autopsy control patients. Since in the surgical group, only those with macroscopic abnormalities underwent thyroid biopsy, no accurate calculation can be made of the microscopic lesions in those 55 patients with HPT who did not have macroscopic abnormalities. There was no difference in the prevalence of autoimmune or thyroid nodular disease between the two groups except for the presence of seven macroscopic nonmedullary thyroid carcinomas in the HPT group and none in the autopsy control group (P less than 0.001). One microscopic carcinoma was found in the autopsy group, however. An increased prevalence of parathyroid adenomas in nonmedullary thyroid disease has been suggested by other studies. We were unable to confirm this association. In fact, the incidence of parathyroid adenomas found unsuspectedly in 229 consecutive thyroidectomies was 0.43%. Thus with the exception of macroscopic, nonmedullary carcinomas, there was no evidence that thyroid disease accompanies HPT. Furthermore, parathyroid adenomas were not more frequent in surgical thyroid disease. Lesions of the thyroid and parathyroid glands are prevalent in middle-age women. This probably is the major factor that accounts for their coexistence. PMID- 6648802 TI - Five cases of parathyroid lipohyperplasia. AB - Lipoadenoma is the accepted diagnosis of a single enlarged parathyroid gland that contains large quantities of mature fat cells and focal myxoid stroma, all widely separating small parenchymal cell nests in patients with hyperparathyroidism. Here we are reporting, for the first time, on five cases of hyperparathyroidism in which all four parathyroid glands are enlarged and each gland is noted to have an admixture of fat and parenchymal cells. We will introduce the descriptive diagnosis of lipohyperplasia to name this condition and keep it in perspective with other forms of parathyroid disease. All five patients were women between the ages of 36 and 62 years who underwent neck exploration, at which time four enlarged light-tan parathyroid glands were observed. Three and one half gland resections were performed, and all patients returned to a normocalcemic state except one who had borderline serum hypercalcemia after operation. Most of the resected parathyroid glands weighed in the range of 100 to 200 mg. The largest measured gland weighed 820 mg. Parathyroid histology showed an admixture of mature fat cells with parathyroid parenchymal cells often in a 1:1 ratio. One patient who had renal failure exhibited a lower ratio of fat cells. Two patients had chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis that was severe enough to require synthetic thyroid hormone therapy. Two patients had a history of urinary tract infections. Three patients had hypertensive cardiovascular disease, and several patients had arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. One patient had diabetes mellitus, one had a history of pituitary adenoma, and one had polydipsia. All of these patients were first seen with parathyroid glands measuring an average of five times normal size, yet they showed the usual 50% fat/50% parenchyma pattern of normal mature parathyroid glands. This means that the enlarged glands contain a 500% increase in parathyroid tissue, justifying the diagnostic term "lipohyperplasia." This easily represents enough parathyroid tissue to generate excessive parathyroid hormone production. At this time, there is no explanation of the pathogenesis of lipohyperplasia or how it varies from other previously described forms of parathyroid hyperplasia. PMID- 6648803 TI - Parathyroid carcinoma: features and difficulties in diagnosis and management. AB - The objective of this review was to study the clinical course and the applicable diagnostic criteria in 12 patients with functioning parathyroid carcinoma, two patients with nonfunctioning parathyroid carcinoma, and a fifteenth patient who had an atypical intrathyroid tumor. The biologic patterns fell into four groups. The patients with functioning parathyroid carcinoma had either a prolonged tumor existence punctuated by hypercalcemic episodes ameliorated by operation to remove the tumor or an aggressive course with widespread metastases. The nonfunctioning cancers were aggressive cancers. The fourth group had one patient (others could have been considered) in whom a definitive diagnosis could not be made. The initial recognition of this cancer is sometimes difficult because consistent diagnostic features, either clinically or pathologically, are lacking. Enbloc resection at the first operation remains the best chance for cure. Surgical resection of recurrent disease appears to be the most effective palliative approach. Death results from hypercalcemia rather than from organ replacement by tumor. PMID- 6648804 TI - The role of methylene blue infusion in the management of persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. AB - Several reports have suggested that methylene blue be used for the selective staining of the parathyroid glands. To date, there have been no reports on the use of methylene blue in persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. In 30 such cases, we found that the dye was safe and easy to administer and that the level of methemoglobinemia after infusion was insignificant. We suggest that the dye be used in all cases involving cervical or mediastinal (or both) reexploration for persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6648805 TI - Nodular adrenal hyperplasia and Cushing's syndrome. AB - Clinical, biochemical, operative, and postmortem findings have established nodular adrenal hyperplasia as a clinicopathologic entity and a cause of Cushing's syndrome. The possibility exists that there is a relationship among the various forms of adrenal and pituitary diseases that lead to hyperadrenocorticism. This may include a continuous sequence from bilateral adrenal hyperplasia to micronodular and macronodular hyperplasia to a unilateral adrenocortical adenoma and even carcinoma. We report the investigation and management of six patients with Cushing's syndrome caused by bilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia who were treated by operation at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Scotland from 1975 to 1979. Investigations included a variety of biochemical and radioimmunoassay tests on plasma and urine, provocative and inhibition tests, scanning (ultrasonography, computed tomography, and iodocholesterol), arteriography, and selective venous sampling. All patients underwent a bilateral adrenalectomy by the posterior approach. The adrenal glands varied in size from 4.9 to 18 gm and histology showed that they had the features of bilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia. Five patients did well after operation; they are presently receiving replacement steroid therapy, and at a 3- to 7-year follow-up there was no evidence of Nelson's syndrome. Advances in drug therapy (medical adrenalectomy) with aminoglutethimide, metyrapone, and O,p-DDD should not at present cause a change in our surgical approach to this condition. PMID- 6648806 TI - Adrenal cortical carcinoma--a continuing challenge. AB - The records of 62 patients (36 female and 26 male) with pathologically confirmed adrenal cortical carcinoma who had operations between 1960 and 1980 were reviewed. The mean age was 48 years. There were 36 (58%) functioning tumors and 26 (42%) nonfunctioning tumors. Curative resection was performed in 31 patients, palliative resection in 14, and open biopsy alone in 17 with an overall operative mortality rate of 9.7% and a 5-year survival rate of 16%. There was no significant difference in survival rates between patients who had operations alone and those who had operations plus adjunctive therapy. Patients with stages I to III lesions or those who underwent curative resections had significantly longer survival than had those with stage IV disease or those who had palliative resections, respectively. Factors that failed to influence survival rates included palliative resection versus biopsy, tumor size, grade, function, and patient sex or age. We conclude that operative staging is prognostically valuable, aggressive surgical treatment is recommended in stages I to III lesions, and a prospective randomized study of adjuvant treatment for all stages of adrenal cortical carcinoma is indicated. PMID- 6648808 TI - Familial pheochromocytoma. AB - During a 15-year period, 24 patients were treated operatively for pheochromocytoma at this medical center. In this group a father and three daughters were recognized to have the familial variety of this disease. Malignant hypertension, which began at an early age, was the most prominent characteristic. Operative treatment of the three sisters occurred at the ages of 9, 15, and 17 years. All pheochromocytomas were bilateral and were confined to the adrenal glands except for hepatic extension in the father. In contrast to most recent reports of familial pheochromocytoma, there was no evidence of multiple endocrine adenomatosis in this family. Total adrenalectomy was performed in only the youngest patient and, although normotensive, she requires close observation and steroid replacement. Three patients underwent a controversial partial adrenalectomy after excision of bilateral tumors. The father has remained hypertensive for 8 years and has evidence of a residual tumor in the liver. The two daughters who have had subtotal adrenalectomies remain normotensive, require no medication, and have normal urine catecholamine values 7 and 3 years after operation. These results show that removal of bilateral pheochromocytomas without total adrenalectomy may allow normal adrenal function free of recurrence for several years in patients without multiple endocrine adenomatosis. PMID- 6648807 TI - The lack of normal catecholamine responses in patients with pheochromocytomas. AB - Because of divergent reports of catecholamine secretion with the patient positioned upright in patients with pheochromocytomas, we have measured plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) by radioenzymatic assay, both in normal subjects (eight) and in patients with pheochromocytomas (12) during three conditions that stimulate release of catecholamines. Standing (S), isometric hand exercise (H), and hand immersion in cold water (C) resulted in a significant rise in plasma NE concentrations in normal subjects; plasma E concentrations rose only at 6 minutes of S. Average rises (percentage +/- SEM) for NE were 68 +/- 3 (S), 22 +/- 6.5 (H), and 46 +/- 4.1 (C); for E, 33.1 +/- 12.2 (S). On the other hand, in patients with pheochromocytomas, no significant changes from basal NE (except at 2 minutes S) or E concentrations were seen during S, H, or C. Average percentage changes (+/- SEM) for NE were 18.2 +/- 7.8 (S), 11.6 +/- 3.6 (H), and 17.9 +/- 8.3 (C). There was a significantly lower percentage response of plasma NE concentrations in patients during S (P less than 0.001) and C (P less than 0.01), compared with that in normal subjects. The NE responses in two patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma after adrenalectomy were similar to those seen in patients with benign tumors in the adrenal medulla. Finally, a reciprocal relationship between plasma E and NE concentrations seen in normal subjects during S was not seen in the patients. Our findings support the conclusion that pheochromocytomas are not functionally integrated with or innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 6648809 TI - The effect of alpha-adrenergic blockade on cardiac performance and tissue oxygen delivery during excision of pheochromocytoma. AB - To establish criteria for administration of the optimal dose of alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs, we studied cardiac performance and tissue oxygen tension in three patients who underwent excision of pheochromocytoma. Subcutaneous oxygen tension was measured by the method of Niinikoski and Hunt. Cardiac function was assessed by thermodilution cardiac output, systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressures, and continuous two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography of a cross section of the left ventricle at the level of the papillary muscles. Despite large changes in cardiac output and systemic, pulmonary, and wedge pressures, intraoperative tissue oxygen tensions and ejection fractions remained normal (even at times of peak catecholamine excretion and very abnormal wedge pressures). Studies of healthy animals that received no alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking drugs showed major decrements of tissue oxygen in response to modest doses of epinephrine. We conclude that progressive administration of alpha adrenergic receptor blocking drugs does not absolutely protect the patient from major changes in blood pressure during operation for pheochromocytoma, but that cardiac performance and oxygen supply to the tissues are unimpaired. PMID- 6648810 TI - Virilizing hilus (Leydig) cell tumor of the ovary: the challenge of an accurate preoperative diagnosis. AB - A 73-year-old woman developed temporal balding and "hoarseness" over a 3-year interval. Investigation including extensive endocrinologic screening, abdominal computed tomography scanning, pelvic ultrasonography, iodocholesterol (NP-59) adrenal scanning, and selective retrograde venous sampling revealed only an elevated serum testosterone level without localization of the source. At laparotomy a 2.0 cm left ovary was found to contain a hilus (Leydig) cell tumor. The testosterone level in a blood sample from the left ovarian vein obtained intraoperatively was 9000 ng/dl, whereas a blood sample from the right ovarian vein contained 213 ng/dl. One week later her peripheral blood testosterone level was normal (8 ng/dl). The records of six other patients with ovarian hilus cell tumors were reviewed from the Memorial Hospital Registry (from 1959 to 1982). All tumors were small (ovaries were 2 to 4 cm in diameter) and benign. The average patient's age was 63 years (range: 57 to 73 years). Only three of the seven patients in our series were first seen with virilization; the tumors in the remaining four patients were found incidentally. Ovarian hilus cell tumors are rare and are difficult to diagnose, but surgeons and endocrinologists should think of this tumor when they investigate older female patients with virilization. Careful intraoperative examination of even normal-appearing ovaries is imperative, particularly if no adrenal disease is found. PMID- 6648811 TI - Immunotherapy of thyroid cancer by induction of autoimmune thyroiditis. AB - An animal model was used to investigate the most effective way to create autoimmune thyroiditis. Several modified forms of thyroglobulin (TG) with and without Freund adjuvant were tested. TG altered with the diazonium derivatives of arsanilic and sulfanilic acids was found to be the most effective immunizing agent for inducing autoimmunity. Human TG altered in the same manner was used to induce autoimmune thyroiditis in humans with untreatable metastatic thyroid cancer. There was minimal toxicity during the therapy and it was possible to create autoimmune thyroiditis in three of eight patients. Antibodies to TG were induced in five of eight patients. The clinical response to the immunotherapy was minimal, however, and it was not possible to demonstrate any significant measurable response to therapy. PMID- 6648812 TI - Rationale for the operative management of substernal goiters. AB - During the course of 872 thyroidectomies performed at the University of Michigan Medical Center between 1972 and 1982, 50 patients (5.7%) were found to have substernal goiters, 42 of which were benign and eight malignant (16%). Symptoms included airway compression (22 patients), dysphagia (13 patients), hoarseness (four patients), weight loss (three patients), and thyrotoxicosis (10 patients). Five patients with compression symptoms, four of whom had benign disease, had superior vena cava syndrome. Most patients were elderly (mean age 66 years), were women (3.2 women:1 man), and had long-standing goiters (mean duration 16 years). All but one operation was performed through a cervical incision. There were no intraoperative deaths. Complications were: pneumonia (one patient), wound hematoma (one patient), transient hypocalcemia (two patients), and atrial fibrillation (two patients). This series illustrates five reasons to support operative management. (1) There is no other treatment for long-standing large multinodular goiters. (2) Iodine 131, the alternative to operation for patients with large thyrotoxic goiters, can precipitate acute reactions in the elderly that can result in respiratory distress. (3) A long history of having a large multinodular goiter precluded neither malignancy, hyperfunction, nor complications such as tracheal or esophageal compression. (4) Malignancy occurs in a significant number of these lesions, which are inaccessible to needle biopsy. (5) Nearly all substernal goiters can be removed through a cervical incision. Presence of a substernal goiter is in itself an indication for operation. PMID- 6648813 TI - The effect of thyroid hormone administration upon survival in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. AB - Seven hundred sixty-one patients with operable differentiated thyroid carcinoma were treated between 1931 and 1970. Median follow-up time was 18 years and ranged from 5 to 40 years. Sixty-three percent of the patients were followed more than 15 years, and 46% were followed more than 20 years. Because resections usually spared sufficient thyroid tissue for homeostasis, thyroid hormone was not routinely prescribed after operations performed before 1960. Altogether 244 patients with papillary carcinoma and 76 patients with follicular carcinoma received thyroid hormone, while 296 patients with papillary carcinoma and 45 patients with follicular carcinoma did not receive thyroid hormone after operation. With papillary carcinoma, 14% of men greater than 40 and women greater than 50 years of age (high risk) but only 2% of men less than or equal to 40 years of age and women less than or equal to 50 years of age (low risk) died of disease (P 0.0001). Twenty-six percent of high-risk but only 4% of patients with low-risk follicular cancer died (P 0.0001). However, there was no statistically significant improvement in survival times with use of thyroid hormone when patients were categorized by risk group and pathology. These data support the importance of age and sex in previously described risk groups; these factors supersede the effects of adjuvant treatment. This absence of effect on survival times calls into question current recommendations for routine use of thyroid hormone after surgical therapy. Conceptually, such absence of adjunctive hormone effect on survival time after operation is similar to hormonal effects in other endocrine cancers, which may nevertheless provide good palliation in some cases. PMID- 6648814 TI - Thyroid gland morphology in young adults: normal subjects versus those with prior low-dose neck irradiation in childhood. AB - Thyroid glands obtained at autopsy from young adults were studied to establish more accurately the "normal" morphology in the groups 20 to 40 years of age. A total of 56 autopsy specimens (many obtained from trauma victims) were examined in detail by totally embedding and sectioning the thyroid glands. The morphology of these thyroid glands also was compared to that of surgically removed thyroid glands from 47 young adult patients with prior low-dose neck irradiation. The "normal" thyroid specimens frequently showed morphologic features, such as thyroid tissue outside the recognizable capsule of the gland (40 of 56 patients) and in the strap muscles of the neck (six of 56 patients), which are conditions commonly considered as evidence for invasive thyroid carcinoma. The thyroid glands from the "normal" young adult population were significantly different from those thyroid glands surgically removed from patients who had received irradiation. The irradiated thyroid glands invariably showed multiple nodules of a wide variety of histologic types, extensive lymphocytic infiltrates, and distorting fibrosis as well as a high incidence of malignancy (27 of 47 patients). A single 0.1 cm focus of papillary carcinoma was found in one specimen in the nonirradiated thyroid group. This study suggests that "occult" thyroid carcinomas in the group 20 to 40 years of age are rare and are significantly fewer in number than in the older population (P less than 0.02). PMID- 6648815 TI - Effects of radiation on parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. AB - While radiation has well-recognized effects on follicular cells of the thyroid gland, those on parafollicular C cells are not yet established. Low-dose radiation that has been proved to be nonablative and carcinogenic to follicular cells was administered to 8-week-old Long-Evans rats to study the changes in C cell number and function. Circulating calcitonin levels were significantly reduced in animals that had undergone radiation at age 24 months. Mean calcitonin values were 0.66 (+/- 0.20) ng/ml and 1.64 (+/- 0.59) ng/ml for control males and females compared with 0.14 (+/- 0.06) ng/ml and 0.11 (+/- 0.01) ng/ml for males (P less than 0.05) and females (P less than 0.001) that had undergone radiation, respectively. These levels correlated well with C cell population density in thyroid glands in the control group and in the group that had undergone radiation as evidenced by light microscopy. Routine hematoxylin and eosin staining showed C cell hyperplasia in 77% of control animals of both sexes compared with 4% in animals that had undergone radiation (P less than 0.005). Immunoperoxidase staining with an anticalcitonin antibody showed virtual absence of C cells in most animals that had undergone radiation compared with diffusely scattered cells in animals in the control group. Medullary carcinomas occurred in 14% of animals in the control group compared with 3% of animals that had undergone radiation (P less than 0.05). These data indicate that the radiation dosage that is carcinogenic to the follicular epithelium causes lethal injury to C cells and thus suggest that C cells are more sensitive to radiation than are follicular cells. This increased sensitivity could explain the virtual absence of C cells, decrease in calcitonin levels, and reduced numbers of medullary carcinomas in the animals that had undergone radiation. PMID- 6648816 TI - The clinical course after definitive operation for medullary thyroid carcinoma. AB - Thorough family studies that used the radioimmunoassay procedure for calcitonin (CT) during the past 12 years have provided data on 70 patients from 12 kindreds with hereditary medullary thyroid cancer (hereditary group) and 28 patients with sporadic or nonhereditary medullary thyroid cancer (sporadic group). Serum CT elevations after total thyroidectomy as evidence of residual tumor have been encountered in 21 of 25 patients in the hereditary group with palpable tumors preoperatively (84%) and in 13 of 24 in the sporadic group (54%). However, none of 26 patients with hereditary nonpalpable lesions found by family screening studies have been found to have postoperative CT elevations. Both cervical lymphadenectomy in patients with lymph node involvement at initial operation and reexploration in those with CT elevations after total thyroidectomy have been unsuccessful in the eradication of metastatic disease. These data emphasize the value of thorough family studies that use stimulated CT measurements in the detection of early and curable neoplasms. Involvement of the parathyroid glands or the adrenal medulla that occurred in the hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes varied from family to family; it influenced the clinical course and required regular surveillance with calcium and catecholamine studies. Separation of hereditary from sporadic cases has practical value in the identification of family members at risk and also in the provision of prognostic data. PMID- 6648817 TI - [Paraneoplastic reactions during treatment]. PMID- 6648818 TI - [Cardiac aneurysm in a patient with nonspecific myocarditis]. PMID- 6648819 TI - Gross anatomical studies of a newborn with the Meckel syndrome. AB - A male infant with the Meckel syndrome was studied anatomically. The findings were compared with those from eight trisomy-13 cases to determine whether or not the superficial similarities between the two syndromes were matched by similarities in the internal variations. Emphasis was on the head and limbs. In the head, major differences were found in the nasal bones, mandible, and tongue. In the limbs, the skeletal variations were more severe in the Meckel syndrome infant, but he lacked the muscle variations diagnostic of trisomy 13. PMID- 6648820 TI - Dose-response relations of palatal slit, cleft palate, and fetal mortality in mice treated with a glucocorticoid. AB - C57BL/6 (C57BL) and SWV mice were treated subcutaneously with triamcinolone acetonide in a single dose of 1.0-7.0 mg/kg on day 12 of pregnancy, and the palate of their fetuses was examined at term. In C57BL mice palatal slit occurred spontaneously and its frequency increased with increasing doses of triamcinolone. However, this defect was not seen in SWV fetuses, even when dams were treated with the doses that induced cleft palate. The frequency of cleft palate increased in both C57BL and SWV as the dose of triamcinolone increased. Fetal mortality increased in SWV, but not in C57BL, with increasing doses of triamcinolone. Dose response relations were analyzed by the log-probit transformation method. In C57BL mice, the slope of the dose-response curve of palatal slit was significantly different from that of cleft palate. In contrast, the dose-response curves of cleft palate were similar in both C57BL and SWV; the median effective dose was significantly greater in C57BL than in SWV. The mechanism of induced palatal slit appears to be different from that of induced cleft palate; the mechanism of cleft palate induction may be the same in both C57BL and SWV. The slope of the dose-response curve of fetal mortality in SWV mice was different from that of cleft palate; the mechanisms underlying the resorption and cleft palate responses must be different. PMID- 6648821 TI - Congenital and hereditary anomalies in the rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of Cayo Santiago. AB - During seven annual birth seasons, from January 1976 to July 1982, 963 infants were born in the Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, colony of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The reproductive rate for mature females, 4 years of age and older, ranged between 74.1% and 84.7%, with a cumulative mean of 80.8% over 7 years. Live births comprised 95.3% of the total and the secondary sex ratio was 109 male to 100 female births. No twinning was observed. Aborted and stillborn monkeys represented 4.7% of all births. The percentage of stillborn females was greater than that of males (4.0% vs. 3.1%). Neonatal death, defined as mortality within 48 hours postpartum, occurred in 0.8% of the live births. Two cases of congenital abnormalities were observed. The first was an anencephalic, acranial female and the second a congenitally blind male. Both infants were born to matrilineally unrelated 7-and 8-year-old multiparous females with no prior history of delivering malformed offspring. The incidence of each defect, based on 963 births, was 0.10%, with a cumulative incidence of 0.20% for all teratisms seen during the study. Multiple occurrences of a rare, nonpathological and nonlethal hereditary anomaly were also seen. Five "golden" macaques were born into two genetically distinct social groups within the last 2 years of observation. The incidence of this phenotype, based on five cases, was 0.52%, 52 times the expected rate (.01%). PMID- 6648822 TI - Comparative teratogenicity of phenytoin among several inbred strains of mice. AB - Inbred strains of mice differ in their response to the embryopathic effects of phenytoin (PHT). A/J animals, the most susceptible strain, were mated to C57BL/6J mice, the most resistant strain. The susceptibility of the F1 hybrid offspring was determined by the susceptibility of the mother. B6AF1 animals were as resistant as C57BL/6J parental mice, and AB6F1 hybrids were as susceptible as A/J mice. This was especially evident when orofacial anomalies were tallied. (B6A)F2 hybrid offspring were as resistant as their C57BL/6J grandparents. PMID- 6648823 TI - Prenatal diazepam: distribution and metabolism in perinatal rats. AB - Previous investigations have revealed that prenatal exposure to diazepam (DZ) alters brain development and behavior in the offspring of rats and mice. In order to understand how DZ may affect the developing nervous system it is necessary to examine its metabolic fate in the neonate. It is therefore the aim of this study to investigate the disposition, metabolism, and persistence of DZ in the neonate. Dams were injected s.c. with 2.5 mg/kg of 14C DZ (10 muCi/day) on days 13-20 of gestation and their litters were fostered at birth. Dams killed within 24 hours postpartum and neonates killed at postnatal days 0, 10, and 20 were analyzed for 14C activity. Brain levels (pmoles DZ and metabolites/100 mg tissue SE) were 3.4 +/- 0.3 in the dam and in the neonates were 3.2 +/- 0.3 (day 0), 3.4 +/- 0.3 (day 10), and undetectable at day 20. Neonatal peripheral tissue 14C activity was undetectable by day 10. Brain regional analysis indicates 14C is highest in the colliculi at day 0, but not at day 10. Brain levels of DZ, oxazepam (OXA), N desmethyldiazepam (NDZ), and the glucuronide (GLU) determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were GLU (49%), DZ (28%), and NDZ (24%) in the dam; GLU (52%), DZ (24%), and NDZ (25%) in the day 0 neonate; and GLU (32%), DZ (12%), NDZ (39%), and OXA (19%) at day 10. The distribution and metabolism of 14C DZ that persists in the neonate following prenatal exposure differs from that which occurs in the dam.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6648824 TI - Evaluation of the teratogenic potential of delalutin (17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate) in mice. AB - Swiss Webster female mice weighing 25-30 gm were injected subcutaneously on days 6-15 of gestation with the synthetic sex steroid Delalutin (17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate). Treatment was given daily in doses ranging from 42 to 833 mg/kg body weight, or 10, 100, and 200 times the human therapeutic dose. On day 18 fetuses were removed from the uterus and examined for malformations and other fetotoxic effects. Prenatal treatment with the two higher doses resulted in 8 and 13% maternal deaths, and all doses resulted in a slight increase (4-12% above control) in resorption frequency. Treatment with Delalutin did not significantly affect intrauterine growth, sex ratio, or malformation rate of the offspring. The results of the present study confirm other reports that Delalutin is not androgenic, and that it, like progesterone and certain other sex steroids, does not alter the development of nonreproductive organs. PMID- 6648826 TI - Experimental induction of two inner cell masses in mouse embryos by vinblastine treatment in vitro. AB - Induction of artificial fission of the inner cell mass in an in vitro embryonal culture system was attempted. Mouse blastocysts were collected from uteri on day 3 of gestation and exposed to vinblastine sulfate after removal of zona pellucida. Embryos in the control group had a single inner cell mass on the trophectoderm and developed to the postblastocyst stage. On the other hand, the inner cell masses of the embryos in experimental groups subdivided into two or more. The present results, therefore, revealed that the vinblastine treatment at the blastocyst stage induced fission of the inner cell mass in mouse embryos. Further studies are planned in improved culture conditions to determine whether each inner cell mass subdivision develops into independent embryos. PMID- 6648825 TI - An in vivo/in vitro evaluation of the teratogenic action of excess vitamin A. AB - Pregnant rats of CFHB strain were injected 81/2 days postcoitum with a 1% suspension of retinoic acid (RA) in arachis oil to give 20 mg RA per kg body weight. Control rats were injected with arachis oil only. After 26 hours, one uterine horn was removed from each rat and the embryos cultured in serum from untreated rats. The embryos in the other horn were allowed to continue development in vivo. After a further 48 hours the cultures were terminated and the second uterine horn removed from each rat. This provided four groups of embryos for comparison: (1) embryos from RA-treated rats, (2) cultured embryos from RA-treated rats, (3) embryos from control rats, and (4) cultured embryos from control rats. The results showed that the effects of the teratogen on the cultured embryos were similar to those on the embryos allowed to continue development for the same period in the mother. In both groups RA reduced protein synthesis, inhibited somite and limb bud formation, and caused various neural tube defects, particularly microcephaly and abnormalities in the closure of the anterior and posterior neuropores. PMID- 6648827 TI - Teratogenic action of hypolipidemic agents: an in vitro study with postimplantation rat embryos. AB - Two hypolipidemic agents known to be embryotoxic and teratogenic in vivo were found also to cause developmental abnormalities when added to the culture serum of rat embryos growing in vitro. However, development was normal when the embryos were grown in hypolipidemic serum (low in cholesterol and triglycerides) prepared from rats dosed with the hypolipidemic agents. The results indicated that it is a direct action of the agents on the embryos, and not the hypolipidemia, which is harmful to embryonic development. PMID- 6648828 TI - Ornithine decarboxylase inhibitors and fetal growth retardation in mice. AB - Putrescine (PUT) and the putrescine analogues, 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP) and 1,6 diaminohexane (DAH), were administered to pregnant female mice during the time of maximal fetal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, days 10-14 of gestation. Such treatment resulted in an inhibition of fetal ODC activity, as measured 2 hours later, and a proportional decrease in fetal weight, as measured on day 18 of gestation. The order of effectiveness for these compounds was DAP greater than DAH greater than PUT. Neither DAP nor DAH nor PUT were fetocidal nor maternally lethal under the treatment regimen employed. The generality of the effect of these compounds, i.e., the retardation of fetal growth and the lack of gross malformations, is consistent with the hypothesis that they are interfering with a primary process, probably protein synthesis. The restricted time span of effectiveness implies that these compounds are specific inhibitors of ODC and that decreased ODC activity is producing an effect on growth. PMID- 6648829 TI - A kinetic analysis of rat embryo response to cyclophosphamide exposure in vitro. AB - Day 10 rat embryos were exposed in vitro to a teratogenic dose of cyclophosphamide (25 micrograms/ml) in the presence of a metabolic system (activated CP) for varying lengths of time and then were recultured in drug-free medium. Development was assessed after a total of 24-26 hours of culture. Exposure periods of 2.5 hours or less had no significant effects on growth, incidence of malformed embryos, mitotic index, or necrotic index when compared to control cultures from which cofactors for metabolic activation were omitted. Embryos exposed to activated CP for 5 hours and then recultured in drug-free medium for 19-21 hours were indistinguishable from embryos exposed to activated CP continuously over a 24-26-hour period. These embryos are characterized by retarded growth as well as abnormalities of the prosencephalon, mandibular arches, limbs, and tail. Histological examination of embryos exposed to activated CP for 5 hours and immediately fixed revealed a decrease in the mitotic index and an increase in the necrotic index of the neuroepithelium and the surrounding mesenchyme of the prosencephalon. Our findings indicate that a 5-hour exposure to activated CP during day 10 of rat gestation is sufficient to produce the molecular lesions necessary to elicit the teratogenic effects of cyclophosphamide. PMID- 6648830 TI - Assessment of adult skeletons to detect prenatal exposure to trypan blue in mice. AB - A Skeletal Variant Assay System (SVAS) consisting of a group of 88 spontaneously occurring qualitative variations of the adult mouse skeleton was studied in CD-1 mice which had been exposed in utero by way of three daily ip injections of their dams on days 7-9 of gestation with trypan blue. Treatment groups received daily doses of 0.25 cc of 0, .037, .075, .15, or .30% trypan blue dissolved in 0.9% NaCl. Two separate series of experiments were performed, and skeletons were examined at 62 +/- 2 days postnatal. Sixty-six and 58 of the variants occurred in the two series, respectively. Frequencies of occurrence of substantial numbers of variants differed from Untreated (UNTD) and Vehicle-Treated (VEH) values in a dose-related manner for both series. At the high dose 18 and 22 variants occurred with significantly different (P less than .01) frequencies from UNTD in the two series. Contrasting high-dose animals with vehicle controls revealed significant differences in 24 and 17 variants. There were 13 and 14 variants in the two series, respectively, which differed from both UNTD and VEH. If one considers differences at P less than .01 in one comparison and P less than .05 in the other, then 22 and 18 variants qualify as being significantly different from both controls in the two series. Agreement between the two series was excellent regarding which variants were affected. Several differed significantly from both UNTD and VEH in both series of experiments. Among these were a number which appeared more or less specific to trypan blue exposure. They include Dyssymphysis of the Atlas, Carpal Fusions, and Tarsal Fusions. Although increased frequency of an Interfrontal bone is seen with several treatments, the magnitude of the response and the low doses at which it is elicited are unique to trypan blue exposure. Numerous low-dose effects are striking in this set of experiments, making the SVAS a very sensitive indicator of trypan blue exposure. In addition to the variants mentioned, a large cluster of cervical (C) vertebrae variants, including dyssymphyses, fusions, imperfect transverse foramina of C1 and C2, and accessory transverse foramina of C3-C6, as well as vertebral fusions at various levels (especially cervical, sacral, and caudal), appear to be the principal effects of exposure to this compound. In addition, rib malformations at the high dose level, and increased frequency of occurrence of 27-presacral vertebrae at all dose levels, were important effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6648831 TI - A critical review of the McCredie-McBride hypothesis of neural crest influence on limb morphogenesis. AB - A number of hypotheses have been presented to explain the mechanism of action of thalidomide. The most widely published and apparently widely accepted hypothesis is that of embryonic neuropathy advanced by McCredie and McBride. This paper reviews the points of the hypothesis and analyzes it in light of known limb embryology supported with recent experimental evidence which directly tests the hypothesis. The hypothesis may be considered as being composed of two separate parts. The first part proposes that thalidomide-induced limb defects exhibit a segmental pattern. The second proposes that the segmental pattern of limb defects is a result of segmental peripheral neuropathy. We are in complete agreement with the first portion of the hypothesis, but find the second portion quite unlikely. PMID- 6648832 TI - Retained developmental capacity of blastocysts transferred from lead-intoxicated mice. AB - Blastocysts from mice injected with an implantation-inhibiting dose of lead were transferred nonsurgically to pregnant foster mothers. This was done to obtain information about the ability of these blastocysts to implant and to develop into late fetal stages. There was no difference in the ability of lead-treated blastocysts to implant as compared with the transferred nontreated blastocysts. Nor was there any effect of the exposure to lead before implantation upon the development of the blastocysts into normal fetuses. The results indicate that the preimplantation blastocysts are protected from possible harmful influences from the lead treatment of the mothers, and that the implantation failure in lead treated mice is not due to the inability of the blastocysts to implant. A significant increase in the frequency of exencephaly was observed in fetuses derived from transplanted blastocysts as compared with those from normal pregnant mice. PMID- 6648833 TI - Craniofacial malformation in Xenopus laevis tadpoles caused by the exposure of early embryos to ethanol. AB - The principal features of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include microcephaly, reduced body size, and characteristic facial malformation, most of which are associated with hypoplasticity of structures around the mouth. A recent study using pregnant mice suggested that the malformations in FAS are caused by the effects of ethanol on early embryos during gastrulation and neurulation. Exposure of Xenopus laevis early embryos to 1-2% ethanol until they developed to the late neurula stage produced craniofacial malformations in tadpoles which have many similarities with the described features of FAS. They include reduced length of brain, reduced body size, and hypoplasticity of the anterior end of the body around the mouth. Size reduction from the control group was about 20% in the mouth region, and 10% in other head regions. Ethanol inhibited migration of mesodermal cells toward the animal pole during gastrulation, thus inducing a smaller neural plate with reduced anterior-posterior length. These very early effects of ethanol in development seem to produce various craniofacial malformations in tadpoles, and possibly also in human infants with FAS. In contrast to mammalian embryos, one can conveniently study in detail the effects of ethanol on morphogenetic movements in various in vitro experiments by using a large number of amphibian embryos. Thus, amphibian embryos represent a valuable animal model for the study of mechanisms of the teratogenic effects of ethanol. PMID- 6648834 TI - What's new with "turista"--causes, treatment, and prevention. PMID- 6648835 TI - Immunologic findings in Texas homosexual men: relationship to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. PMID- 6648836 TI - Endemic typhus in Texas. PMID- 6648837 TI - Paternity exclusion by HLA phenotyping the parents of an alleged father. PMID- 6648838 TI - Approach to a child with enlarged lymph nodes. PMID- 6648839 TI - Pediatric circumcision revisited. PMID- 6648840 TI - Hospital emergency rooms--new legal requirements. PMID- 6648841 TI - [New diagnostic criteria in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6648842 TI - [Obesity and diabetes]. PMID- 6648843 TI - [Current concepts of the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy]. PMID- 6648844 TI - Insulin pumps--still a research tool? PMID- 6648845 TI - [Control of the diabetic patient in ambulatory care]. PMID- 6648846 TI - [Antihypertensive therapy in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6648847 TI - [Treatment possibilities for the diabetic with advanced renal insufficiency]. PMID- 6648848 TI - [Is sugar now permitted to the diabetic?]. PMID- 6648849 TI - Trends in lung cancer mortality. PMID- 6648850 TI - Pulmonary vascular lesions in the toxic oil syndrome in Spain. AB - A histological study was made of pulmonary arteries at the necropsies of nine patients who died after the ingestion of denatured rapeseed oil during the epidemic which occurred in Spain in May 1981. Lesions found in the elastic pulmonary arteries were characterised by pronounced intimal proliferation of an oedematous nature, accumulation of large vacuolated cells within the media, and loss of vascular smooth muscle. In muscular pulmonary arteries there was pronounced medial hypertrophy and intimal proliferation, which was so severe in one case that it completely occluded the arterial lumen. Foamy cells were found in the intima. Muscularisation was seen in the walls of pulmonary arterioles. PMID- 6648851 TI - Mitral valve annuloplasty: results in an underdeveloped population. AB - The long term results of mitral valve annuloplasty for pure mitral regurgitation are assessed. Thirty-three of the 100 patients (mean age 16 years) had acute rheumatic carditis at the time of operation. Three basic techniques were used: measured asymmetrical annuloplasty (Reed) in 37 patients, posterior plication annuloplasty in 56, Carpentier ring in seven. There were six early deaths, two of which were valve related. The mean follow up period for surviving patients was 4.8 (SD 1.2) years (range 3-9 years). Fourteen patients died late, all but one from valve related causes. Twenty-five had reoperation and all these had mitral valve replacement. The actuarial survival with initial repair was 56% at five years and 42% at eight years. Thirteen patients were lost to follow up. Of the remaining 42 patients, only 27 have an excellent or good clinical result. Eleven patients have only a satisfactory result, with a significant degree of residual or recurrent mitral regurgitation or disability or both. Possible causes of valve related failure were investigated; no significant difference was found between age groups or between acute and chronic cases. Poorer results, of statistical significance, were observed in patients in functional class IV and in those whose operation was performed on an emergency basis. No difference could be found between the results of the three techniques of mitral valve annuloplasty used. This retrospective study indicates that conservative procedures which are limited to annular repair produce inferior results. Valvuloplasty has many theoretical advantages which need practical confirmation. PMID- 6648852 TI - Surgical experience in the management of spontaneous pneumothorax, 1972-82. AB - In the past 11 years 233 patients have undergone 241 parietal pleurectomies for either recurrence of their spontaneous pneumothorax or failure to respond adequately to management by tube drainage. Major complications occurred in 3.7% of cases, with transaxillary apical pleurectomy engendering significantly fewer complications than full pleurectomy through a posterolateral thoracotomy. The significantly larger number of minor complications, however, in patients undergoing full pleurectomy was largely due to the larger number of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease in this group. On the basis of our experience we advocate the use of transaxillary apical pleurectomy for the younger age group with recurrent pneumothoraces and a full pleurectomy in the older age group, who frequently present because of failure to respond satisfactorily to tube drainage during their initial pneumothorax and often have lung disease secondary to chronic obstructive lung disease which is not confined to the apex of the upper lobe. PMID- 6648853 TI - Evidence for longer survival of patients with pleural mesothelioma without asbestos exposure. AB - In a group of 23 patients with histologically confirmed malignant mesothelioma of the pleura who could not recall exposure to asbestos dust, survival was significantly longer than in a group of 83 patients with known exposure. Asbestos bodies were found by a quantitative method significantly less frequently in the unexposed than in the exposed group. The longer survival of patients without known exposure could not be correlated with any significant difference in the histological cell types of the tumours from those of exposed patients. In the 83 patients with known exposure survival did not relate to duration of exposure. Consequently, although the tumours of patients unable to recall exposure may be caused by unrecognised environmental contamination with asbestos dust, the longer survival of these patients would suggest a different aetiology. PMID- 6648854 TI - Factors influencing the size distribution of aerosols from jet nebulisers. AB - The size distribution of saline and bronchodilator (terbutaline) aerosol droplets generated from four widely used jet nebulisers (Acorn, Upmist, Turret, and Inspiron Mini-neb) has been measured with a Malvern 2200 Laser Particle Sizer. The mass median diameter of aerosol droplets generated by each nebuliser was strongly influenced by the driving flow rate of compressed air. By increasing the flow rate from 4 to 8 1 min-1 mass median diameters were halved (p less than 0.01) and there was an increase in the mass of aerosol within the optimum respirable range (less than 5 micron). To achieve this range the following individual flow rates were required: Turret 4 1 min-1, Acorn and Upmist 6 1 min 1, and Inspiron Mini-neb 8 1 min-1. A significant inverse relation (p less than 0.001) was found between mass median diameter and the geometric standard deviation, indicating that the aerosols were smaller but more heterodisperse at high flow rates. Changes in drug concentration had little effect on aerosol size. In 72% of the nebulisations followed to dryness there was no significant change in mass median diameter during the course of nebulisation and in the remainder it was less than 1.3 micron. PMID- 6648855 TI - Rapid method for measurement of bronchial responsiveness. AB - A rapid, simple method for measuring bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine is described. The method was used to obtain dose response curves in 50 atopic subjects with varying respiratory and nasal symptoms. The cumulative dose of histamine which caused a 20% fall in the one second forced expiratory volume (PD20-FEV1) varied between 0.046 and greater than 3.9 mumol and correlated with the severity of symptoms. The reproducibility of the PD20-FEV1, determined from duplicate measurements in 15 subjects with varying degrees of bronchial responsiveness was found to be satisfactory. When the PD20-FEV1 from this rapid method was compared with that obtained from the dosimeter method no significant difference was found. The dose delivered by this method was shown to be cumulative. PMID- 6648856 TI - Plasma histamine in asthmatic and control subjects following exercise: influence of circulating basophils and different assay techniques. AB - Arterial plasma histamine concentrations were measured after exercise in 10 subjects with extrinsic atopic asthma, 10 who were non-atopic and non-asthmatic and seven who were atopic but non-asthmatic, by a single isotope radioenzymatic assay. Significantly higher plasma histamine concentrations were found in the asthmatic subjects before exercise than in the non-atopic controls (p less than 0.05). The mean histamine concentration rose after exercise in all groups but the increased levels were not significantly different from pre-exercise values. Similarly, mean circulating basophil counts increased in all groups after exercise, and a highly significant correlation was found between basophil counts and whole blood histamine concentrations (p less than 0.001). In vitro studies showed that there was a significant correlation between the number of basophils added to plasma samples and the concentrations of histamine subsequently detected. Although the mean concentrations of plasma histamine and whole blood histamine and number of basophils in the atopic control group were intermediate between those found in the atopic asthmatic and non-atopic controls, none of the differences was significant. Venous plasma histamine concentrations after exercise were measured in a further five subjects with extrinsic atopic asthma and five non-atopic, non-asthmatic subjects before and after exercise with the more sensitive and specific double isotope radioenzymatic assay. Concentrations of plasma histamine measured by this assay were about one tenth of those measured by the single isotope radioenzymatic assay. Although a small rise in mean plasma histamine concentration occurred in both groups after exercise there was no significant difference in these levels either between or within the groups. We find no evidence from these studies on measurement of peripheral blood histamine to support the hypothesis that mast cell mediator release is implicated in the pathogenesis of exercise induced asthma. PMID- 6648857 TI - Pattern of breathing during exercise in patients with interstitial lung disease. AB - The responses to exercise were studied in 41 patients with pulmonary fibrosis, in whom vital capacity (VC) was reduced to 62% of predicted normal values. Maximum power output (POmax) was 53% predicted; there was a significant relationship between POmax and VC (r = 0.564). The maximum ventilation achieved during exercise was also related to VC (r = 0.614). Although arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) fell by more than 5% in 13 of 31 patients, there was no relationship between either SaO2 at POmax or the exercise related fall in SaO2 and POmax. Heart rate responses were higher than normal predicted values in seven patients, all of whom showed a low POmax (36% predicted); this finding was due only in part to a fall in SaO2. The ventilatory response to exercise was within normal limits for the patients as a whole; those subjects with the lowest POmax showed relatively higher ventilatory responses to exercise but the difference was not significant. The pattern and timing of breathing was studied in 32 patients and compared with control subjects matched by sex, age, and size. Tidal volume (VT) was low in the patients; maximum VT was related to VC (r = 0.761), but at low values of VC VTmax was higher than in healthy subjects with comparable VC. The total breathing cycle time (Ttot) fell with progressive exercise in patients and controls; Ttot for a given ventilation was shorter in the patients. Inspiratory time (Ti) was shorter in patients than controls, as was Ti/Ttot. In most patients with diffuse pulmonary fibrosis exercise is limited by a reduced ventilatory capacity, despite the adoption of a short Ti and high inspiratory flow rate, both of which serve to optimise tidal volume and breathing frequency and presumably reduce both the force developed by inspiratory muscles and the sensation of breathlessness. PMID- 6648858 TI - Packed cell volume, haemoglobin, and oxygen saturation changes in healthy smokers and non-smokers. AB - We have investigated the relationship between cigarette smoking, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) in 114 non-smokers, 66 light smokers (1-20 cigarettes a day), and 50 heavy smokers (over 20 cigarettes a day) aged 20-75 years. Packed cell volume was greater in female heavy smokers (p less than 0.001) over 40 years of age and in all female smokers over 60 years (p less than 0.001) than in non-smoking contemporaries. Haemoglobin concentrations were higher in 40-59 year old female heavy smokers (p less than 0.05) and in male and female light (p less than 0.05) and heavy smokers (p less than 0.001) over 60 years of age than in non-smoking contemporaries. SaO2 was lower in 20-39 year old male heavy smokers (p less than 0.02) and female (p less than 0.05) light smokers and also in 40-59 year old male light and heavy smokers (p less than 0.001) and female light smokers (p less than 0.02) than in non smoking contemporaries. It was also lower in female light (p less than 0.05) and heavy (p less than 0.02) smokers over 60 years, whereas it was higher in male light smokers over 60 (p less than 0.001). Changes in SaO2 were seen at a younger age than changes in haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume. PMID- 6648859 TI - Emphysema and cutis laxa. PMID- 6648860 TI - Prominent pericardial and myocardial lesions in the Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis). PMID- 6648861 TI - Pneumonectomy for drug resistant mycobacterium malmoense. PMID- 6648862 TI - Tracheal resection in an infant with double aortic arch and associated tracheomalacia. PMID- 6648863 TI - Dysphonia caused by inhaled steroids: recognition of a characteristic laryngeal abnormality. AB - Nine of 14 asthmatic patients who presented with persistent dysphonia while taking inhaled corticosteroids had a bilateral adductor vocal cord deformity with bowing of the cords on phonation. This causes the dysphonia and usually occurs without candidiasis. It was seen with beclomethasone dipropionate (in both pressurised aerosol and dry powder preparations), betamethasone valerate, and budesonide. It was related to the dose and potency of inhaled steroid and may represent a local steroid myopathy. It was reversed when the inhaled steroid was stopped, although resolution sometimes took weeks. Laryngeal candidiasis may have contributed to the vocal cord abnormality in two of these nine patients. Of the five patients without vocal cord deformity, laryngeal candidiasis was the sole cause of dysphonia in three. In the remaining two dysphonia was thought to be psychogenic. The vocal cord deformity may exist subclinically. Of nine patients who started to take aerosol steroid and who were examined monthly for one year, three developed vocal cord deformity but only one had persistent dysphonia. Vocal abuse did not appear to contribute to dysphonia. PMID- 6648864 TI - Absorption of nicotine and carbon monoxide from passive smoking under natural conditions of exposure. AB - Seven non-smokers were exposed to tobacco smoke under natural conditions for two hours in a public house. Measures of nicotine and cotinine in plasma, saliva, and urine and expired air carbon monoxide all showed reliable increases. The concentrations of carbon monoxide and nicotine after exposure averaged 15.7% and 7.5% respectively of the values found in heavy smokers. Although the increase in expired air carbon monoxide of 5.9 ppm was similar to increases in smokers after a single cigarette, the amount of nicotine absorbed was between a tenth and a third of the amount taken in from one cigarette. Since this represented a relatively extreme acute natural exposure, any health risks of passive smoking probably depend less on quantitative factors than on qualitative differences between sidestream and mainstream smoke. PMID- 6648865 TI - Clinical studies of workers exposed to polyvinylchloride dust. AB - A previous study showed that exposure of workers to polyvinylchloride (PVC) dust was associated with the presence of small rounded opacities in the chest radiograph, and also with a small average reduction of the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Studies have now been carried out on selected men to determine the clinical importance of the presence of small rounded opacities and also to identify any clinical or physiological features associated with PVC dust exposure. Among 28 men with small rounded opacities, complaints of persistent bronchial mucous hypersecretion were more common (nine men) than amont 29 men of similar age, smoking habits, and dust exposures (one man, p less than 0.01), and there was a suggestion that the physical sign of late inspiratory crackles was more frequent among men with opacities (seven of 27 men) than the other men (two of 28 men, p less than 0.05). The average lung function of men with opacities was only trivially lower than that of the comparative group and the difference between the groups was not significant. In further studies 13 non-smokers with the highest PVC dust exposure and lowest FEV1 (adjusted for age, height, weight, and dust exposure) were examined. None had an observed FEV1 less than 80% of the predicted value for age and height, and these men did not differ in symptoms, signs, or lung function from non-smokers with low dust exposure and similarly low FEV1. In a similar study of 18 smokers with the highest PVC dust exposures and lowest adjusted FEV1, some men had an observed FEV1 well below 80% of predicted values for non-smokers, but with one exception no clinical or functional differences were found between then and 18 smokers with low dust exposure and similarly low FEV1. The exception was again the presence of end inspiratory crackles on auscultation, which were slightly more frequent among men with the highest dust exposures (seven men) than among those with low exposure (two men, p less than 0.06). We conclude that these findings are consistent with the suggestion that the radiographic abnormalities caused by PVC dust exposure are not associated with important functional effects or clinical illness. Further studies are desirable to examine the eventual outcome of the syndrome. PMID- 6648866 TI - Effects of verapamil on pulmonary haemodynamics during hypoxaemia, at rest, and during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - The haemodynamic effects of intravenous verapamil at rest, during hypoxaemia, and during progressive exercise were evaluated in 10 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Verapamil produced significant decreases in the peak heart rate and systemic blood pressure during exercise but exercise capacity and pulmonary gas exchange at exhaustion were unaffected. There were no significant changes in pulmonary artery pressure or total pulmonary vascular resistance during exercise or during the breathing of either air or a hypoxic gas mixture at rest. No clinically useful benefit was found with verapamil in the dosage used in this group of patients and the value of calcium antagonists in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease requires further clarification. PMID- 6648868 TI - Effect of aerosol fenoterol on the severity of bronchial hyperreactivity in patients with asthma. AB - Beta adrenergic agents given by aerosol decrease the responsiveness of the airways to histamine and methacholine in subjects with asthma, causing a shift of the dose response curve to the right. To find out whether the shift is related to the dose of beta adrenergic agent given and to determine the duration of the reduced responsiveness, eight subjects with asthma were given histamine inhalation tests after inhaled saline and after increasing doses of inhaled fenoterol on different days. The histamine inhalation tests were repeated at hourly intervals for five hours after a selected dose of fenoterol. Fenoterol caused a dose related shift to the right of the histamine dose response curve in each subject and in some the dose response relationship reached the "non symptomatic range." The shift in the dose response curve was short lived and had returned towards the control position within three hours in all subjects. There was no change in shape of the curves at the time of maximal shift. The results show that inhaled fenoterol greatly reduces the airway responsiveness to histamine, but up to 400 micrograms of fenoterol every four to five hours may be needed to keep the responsiveness of the airways in the non-symptomatic range. PMID- 6648867 TI - Refractory period following induced asthma: contributions of exercise and isocapnic hyperventilation. AB - To compare the refractory period that follows exercise and isocapnic hyperventilation, 10 asthmatic children performed two pairs of challenge tests in random order at least six hours apart. In pair A a hyperventilation challenge was followed by an exercise challenge and in pair B the order was reversed. Both pairs of tests were done while the children were breathing cold dry air. Tests were matched in terms of work load, ventilation, and end tidal carbon dioxide tension (PCO2). The mean percentage fall in FEV1 (delta FEV1) after the first challenge (hyperventilation) of pair A and the first challenge (exercise) of pair B were the same (30% (SEM 2%)) and 30% (4%) respectively). The mean delta FEV1 of the exercise test following hyperventilation in pair A and of hyperventilation following exercise in pair B was 22% (4%) and 18% (4%) respectively. Both these latter results were significantly lower than the respective delta FEV1 when the challenge was the first test of the pair. Although the mean refractoriness index (reduction in induced asthma in the second test of each pair compared with the first test) was greater when exercise was the first challenge, the difference was not significant. PMID- 6648869 TI - Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return with intact atrial septum: report of four cases. AB - Four patients are reported who underwent repair of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage with intact atrial septum. One patient also had azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava and two patients had associated mitral stenosis. Diagnostic considerations and guidelines for operative repair are presented. PMID- 6648870 TI - Postoperative haemopneumothorax arising from an anomalous intercostopulmonary artery. PMID- 6648871 TI - Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis associated with alveolar proteinosis. PMID- 6648872 TI - Mycoplasma pneumonia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and chronic obliterative bronchitis. PMID- 6648873 TI - Lung cancer masquerading as atrial myxoma. PMID- 6648874 TI - Acute ventilatory failure secondary to a sigmoid volvulus. PMID- 6648875 TI - Cor pulmonale in an adult secondary to Niemann-Pick disease. PMID- 6648876 TI - Ciliary dyskinesia with normal ultrastructure. PMID- 6648878 TI - Late snaring of Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis by a fragment of left atrial monitoring catheter. PMID- 6648877 TI - Coal and the lung. PMID- 6648879 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of oral theophylline in asthmatic patients on long-term corticoid therapy]. PMID- 6648880 TI - [Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of a new oral sustained-release form of mexiletine in healthy subjects]. PMID- 6648881 TI - [Tobramycin levels in human aqueous humor and plasma after intravenous and subconjunctival administration]. PMID- 6648883 TI - Cichorium intibus Linn. A novel herbal preparation as a gum massage, dentifrice, anti-inflammatory and antiplaque agent (review and applied study). PMID- 6648882 TI - [Proteins and urinary enzymes following administration of antrafenine in healthy volunteers]. PMID- 6648884 TI - [Methods for evaluating nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6648885 TI - [Transport of sodium diclofenac into synovial fluid]. PMID- 6648886 TI - Decreased antithrombin III activity in diabetes may be due to non-enzymatic glycosylation--a preliminary report. AB - Antithrombin III activity was moderately but significantly decreased in insulin dependent diabetics (p less than 0.005), while no difference has been found between the diabetic (n = 25) and control groups (n = 22) in antithrombin III plasma concentration. Moreover, antithrombin III activity was inversely correlated with glycosylated plasma proteins (r = 0.57; p less than 0.01). These data show that in diabetes there is a depressed biological activity of antithrombin III and suggest that this reflects nonenzymatic glycosylation of antithrombin III protein. PMID- 6648887 TI - Inactivation of thrombin by the aortic endothelium. AB - The aim of the investigation was to clarify the uptake of thrombin on vascular endothelium and the inhibition of thrombin on the endothelium in the presence or absence of plasma. Segments of porcine aorta were used. Thrombin was labelled with 125I and its enzymatic activity was assayed amidolytically using a specific chromogenic substrate. After exposure to the endothelium both enzymatic activity and radioactivity disappeared from the thrombin solution and were recovered as surface bound activities. The enzyme activity confined to the endothelium rapidly disappeared in the presence of plasma but no activity was recovered in the plasma. The surface confined radioactivity, however, decreased slowly and was quantitatively recovered in the plasma. In the absence of plasma, i.e. in the presence of a balanced Ringer's solution, only slow disappearance of thrombin enzymatic activity occurred although the rate of disappearance was higher than that of release of radioactivity. It is concluded that thrombin, taken up on the endothelium, is almost instantaneously inhibited by an interaction mechanism with plasma and then released in an inactive state. The endothelium itself, however, seems to slowly inhibit bound thrombin and then release it. PMID- 6648888 TI - New "ex vivo" radioisotopic method of quantitation of platelet deposition - studies in four animal species. AB - We have developed a sensitive and quantitative method of "ex vivo" evaluation of platelet deposition on collagen strips, from rabbit Achilles tendon, superfused by flowing blood and applied it to four animal species, cat, rabbit, dog and pig. Autologous platelets were labeled with indium-111-tropolone, injected to the animal 24 hr before the superfusion and the number of deposited platelets was quantitated from the tendon gamma-radiation and the blood platelet count. We detected some platelet consumption with superfusion time when blood was reinfused entering the contralateral jugular vein after collagen contact but not if blood was discarded after the contact. Therefore, in order to have a more physiological animal model we decided to discard blood after superfusion of the tendon. In all species except for the cat there was a linear relationship between increase of platelet on the tendon and time of exposure to blood superfusion. The highest number of platelets deposited on the collagen was found in cats, the lowest in dogs. Ultrastructural analysis showed the platelets were deposited as aggregates after only 5 min of superfusion. PMID- 6648889 TI - Shortening of platelet survival by induced hypercholesterolaemia in rabbits and its prolongation by anagrelide. AB - Induction of atherosclerosis in rabbits by feeding a cholesterol enriched diet reduced the platelet half-life in male rabbits from 37.0 +/- 4.1 hr to 30.1 +/- 3.9 hr (mean +/- S.D. p less than or equal to 0.01). Platelets from these animals exhibited increased sensitivity to arachidonic acid but decreased sensitivity to ADP. No significant change was found in aggregation to collagen or thrombin, or in the production of thomboxane B2 induced by collagen. The reduced platelet survival was dependent upon the recipient animal and not the platelet donor. Platelets from cholesterol-fed animals survived normally in normal animals, whereas platelets from normal animals in cholesterol-fed animals had a reduced platelet survival even compared to platelets from cholesterol-fed animals. This might suggest that some functional change had occurred in the cholesterol platelet in response to its altered environment. Anagrelide (1 mg/kg/day) normalised shortened platelet survival in both male and female rabbits fed the high cholesterol diet. PMID- 6648890 TI - The use of evacuated tubes for blood collection in oral anticoagulant control. AB - The prothrombin time (PT) test is used to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy. Contact activation of patient blood samples in vitro may shorten the PT and thus lead to underestimation of the degree of anticoagulation. Commercial evacuated tubes for blood collection have been reported to induce shortening of the PT. The Thrombotest modification of the PT determination was used to investigate the properties of different brands of evacuated siliconized tubes. Two recently manufactured batches of such tubes did not induce appreciable shortening of the PT and can therefore be recommended for use in monitoring oral anticoagulant treatment. PMID- 6648891 TI - Coagulant and anticoagulant actions of Australian snake venoms. AB - A systematic study was made of the action on the plasma coagulation system of 20 Australian and Papuan Elapid and Hydrophiid snake venoms and compared with 4 Crotalid venoms and 1 Viper. The majority of Australian venoms were shown to be prothrombin activators with variable dependence on the presence of factor V phospholipid and calcium. None of these venoms had strong thrombin like activity in contrast to the Crotalid venoms which were powerfully thrombin like. The Crotalid venoms were also strongly fibrinolytic unlike the Elapid venoms which showed no or minimal evidence of fibrinolytic activity. Four Elapid venoms and 2 Crotalid venoms showed anticoagulant activity which contained neither antithrombin nor fibrinogenolytic activity and may act upon the prothrombin complex. PMID- 6648892 TI - A collaborative calibration study of reference materials for thromboplastins. AB - In a collaborative study of ten laboratories performed mainly within the framework of the BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference), five thromboplastins were calibrated against the WHO (World Health Organisation) primary international reference preparation 67/40. Of these five thromboplastins, three were BCR reference materials (BCT/099, OBT/79 and RBT/79) and two were WHO secondary international reference preparations (68/434 and 70/178). Human brain tissue type is represented by 67/40 and BCT/099; bovine type by 68/434 and OBT/79, and rabbit type by 70/178 and RBT/79. The calibration relations are expressed in terms of a linear relationship between the logarithms of the prothrombin times, measured in seconds. PMID- 6648893 TI - Interaction of human tumor cells with human platelets and the coagulation system. AB - This paper reports studies on the interaction between human platelets, the plasma coagulation system, and two human tumor cell lines grown in tissue culture: Melanoma and breast adenocarcinoma. The interaction was monitored through the use of 125I-labelled fibrinogen, which measures both thrombin activity generated by cell-plasma interaction and fibrin/fibrinogen binding to platelets and tumor cells. Each tumor cell line activates both the platelets and the coagulation system simultaneously resulting in the generation of thrombin or thrombin-like activity. The melanoma cells activate the coagulation system through "the extrinsic pathway" with a tissue factor-like effect on factor VII, but the breast tumor seems to activate factor X directly. Both tumor cell lines activate platelets to "make available" a platelet-derived procoagulant material necessary for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. The tumor-derived procoagulant activity and the platelet aggregating potential of cells do not seem to be inter related, and they are not specific to malignant cells. PMID- 6648894 TI - Rapid quantitation of plasma heparin and antithrombin III levels for cardiopulmonary bypass monitoring, using fluorometric substrate assays. AB - Plasma heparin and ATIII levels were determined using recently developed fluorometric substrate techniques on serial samples taken from 9 unselected patients undergoing open-heart surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass. The fluorometric assay for ATIII and established clotting and immunological methods showed a highly significant correlation (p less than 0.001). Heparin recovery was reduced in all cases, and plasma levels (fluorometric assay) demonstrated poor correlation to Whole Blood Activated Clotting Time (Hemochron) estimations. ATIII levels were dramatically reduced during bypass, and in 3 cases reached levels below 0.08 iu/ml. Heparin reversal schedules based upon empirical dosage led to excessive protamine administration by a mean factor of 3.3, as assessed by in vitro neutralization of standardized heparin concentrations. PMID- 6648895 TI - A plasma factor enhances activity of vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteins. AB - A plasma factor, "coagulopoietin", present in animals with depleted vitamin K dependent coagulation factors, appears to enhance activity of these factors in normal animals. We have investigated the effects of "coagulopoietin" on synthesis of certain coagulation proteins by the isolated rat liver perfused for eight hours. Liver donor rats received plasma injections from vitamin K-deficient rats or from normal rats 24 hr before sacrifice. Coagulation activity of Factor VII and Factor II in liver perfusate samples was measured with a coagulation assay; Factor II synthesis was also measured by rocket immunoelectrophoresis and by activation with E. carinatus venom. Cumulative hepatic synthesis of Factor VII coagulation activity was increased by 43% when rat liver donors received vitamin K-deficient rat plasma compared to normal rat plasma. Cumulative synthesis of Factor II coagulation activity was increased by 51%, but synthesis of the protein measured immunologically or by activation with venom was not affected. The "coagulopoietin" factor in these studies appears to increase measurable coagulation factor activity without increasing total protein synthesis. PMID- 6648896 TI - Fibrinogen levels in opiate addicts. PMID- 6648897 TI - Methylation inhibitors impair collagen-induced activation of human platelets. PMID- 6648898 TI - Total and selective desensitisation of human platelets to synthetic platelet activating factor (PAF): evidence that extracellular PAF does not mediate collagen-induced aggregation. AB - A technique is described that renders human platelets totally insensitive to synthetic PAF. The procedure involves gently mixing human citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with 0.1 microM PAF at room temperature. After 3-5 min, a further addition of 0.1 microM PAF is made, followed 3-5 min later by 1 microM PAF. Preparations so treated did not aggregate in response to 50 microM PAF whereas control PRP always responded to 0.05 microM PAF. The selectivity of the desensitisation procedure depended on the presence of aspirin. In the absence of aspirin, collagen-induced aggregation was slightly inhibited, but so too was primary aggregation in response to ADP and the thromboxane receptor agonist, U46619. When PRP was pretreated with aspirin to prevent any secondary aggregation during the desensitisation procedure, collagen-induced aggregation and primary aggregation in response to ADP were essentially unchanged by total desensitisation to PAF. It is concluded that endogenous PAF acting extracellularly does not mediate or help to mediate collagen-induced aggregation in human citrated PRP. PMID- 6648900 TI - Sodium arachidonate induced platelet aggregation is independent of secreted adenosine diphosphate. AB - Human gel-filtered platelets or platelet-rich plasma were stimulated by sodium arachidonate or by ADP in the presence of two compounds known to inhibit ADP mediated aggregation and secretion - ATP and N-ethylmaleimide. Using gel-filtered platelets and the lowest concentration of agonist necessary to elicit maximum aggregation, fifty percent inhibition of ADP-mediated aggregation required 9 microM N-ethylmaleimide or 23 microM ATP. Sodium arachidonate-mediated aggregation was significantly less sensitive; equivalent inhibition required 30 microM N-ethylmaleimide or greater than 500 microM ATP. Concentrations of both inhibitors were determined that would completely inhibit ADP-induced aggregation yet would not completely prevent sodium arachidonate-induced aggregation. Furthermore, this concentration of N-ethylmaleimide could not be overcome by up to 500 microM ADP, demonstrating that the observed arachidonate-induced aggregation was not due to the effects of a small amount of secreted ADP acting at the platelet surface. Therefore, aggregation of human platelets induced by arachidonic acid can occur by a mechanism that is independent of secreted ADP. PMID- 6648899 TI - Thrombin activity during hemodialysis; evaluated by the fibrinopeptide A assay. A comparison between a high and a low heparin dose regime. AB - Ten patients participated in this study which evaluated the effect of two heparin dose regimes, a high dose regime (mean dose 6750 IU) and a low dose regime (mean dose 3750 IU), on the thrombin activity, achieved during a 4-hour-dialysis. The thrombin activity was measured by use of the FPA assay. Heparin was administered as bolus dose followed by a constant rate infusion which was discontinued 1.5-2 hours prior to the end of the dialysis. Both dose regimes inhibited thrombin activity equally effectively as long as heparin was administered. In the high dose regime, the FPA levels remained unchanged until the end of the dialyses in all patients. In the low dose regime, six patients had the same FPA values at the end of the heparin infusion and at the end of the dialysis. In the remaining four patients much higher FPA levels were achieved at the end of the dialysis. No serious bleeding or clotting complications occurred, and all dialyses were uneventful. PMID- 6648901 TI - Platelet release reaction in whole blood. PMID- 6648902 TI - Agonist-specific refractory states of bovine platelets-disappearance of synergism in aggregation. AB - The specificity of refractory state of bovine platelets developed by various agonists was examined. When bovine unwashed platelets were preincubated with 5 hydroxytryptamine (5HT) (or ADP), they became non responding to that agonist (refractory) but they responded quite normally to collagen, thrombin and ADP (or 5HT). When platelets became refractory to 5HT, the synergistic aggregation normally obtained with this agonist plus ADP was lost, but that with ADP plus thrombin was not changed. Platelets made refractory to ADP (or 5HT) after the aggregation and disaggregation cycle by the agonist responded normally to 5HT (or ADP). These results strongly indicate that platelets become refractory to one agonist without impairing the sensitivity to any other agonists. PMID- 6648903 TI - Plasminogen-binding lipoprotein: isolation and characterization of a plasma very low density lipoprotein which co-chromatographs with plasminogen on lysine sepharose. AB - By lysine-Sepharose chromatography, approximately 20% of normal plasma samples yield epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) eluates which are opalescent, rather than clear, suggesting the presence of an additional, non-plasminogen component. This material has been isolated and characterized as a plasma lipoprotein of the very low density (VLDL) class on the basis of density ( less than 1.006 g/ml), size (greater than or equal to 5 X 10(7) daltons by gel filtration), electrophoretic mobility (pre-beta), chemical composition (mean cholesterol:triglyceride protein ratio, 1:3.4:1) and immunochemical evidence for apoproteins B, C, and E. Uniform particles, 100-200 Angstroms in diameter, were seen by electron microscopy. In contrast with VLDL in general, this lipoprotein co-chromatographed with plasminogen on lysine-Sepharose, where its binding was plasminogen-dependent, and from which it was eluted by EACA, but at lower concentrations than was plasminogen, suggesting a lysine-binding process. This plasminogen-binding lipoprotein (PBLP) was found in both male and female plasma samples, and increased post-prandially. Its properties suggest that it is a unique subclass of plasma VLDL. Although its isolation explains a laboratory phenomenon, and it exhibits interesting interactions with an important plasma zymogen, its function remains to be determined. PMID- 6648904 TI - [Heart contusion after non-penetrating injuries of the torso]. PMID- 6648905 TI - [Skiing injuries among Norwegians and Swedes]. PMID- 6648906 TI - [How does chronic disease influence the everyday life of the patient?]. PMID- 6648907 TI - [Rehabilitation of psychoses]. PMID- 6648908 TI - [Fetomaternal hemorrhage]. PMID- 6648909 TI - [A new pruritic dermatosis of pregnancy. Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy]. PMID- 6648910 TI - [Intravenous diazepam. Incidence of complications caused by 2 preparations, Diazemuls and Vival, with and without simultaneous infusion]. PMID- 6648911 TI - [Allergic reaction or idiosyncrasy to naproxen]. PMID- 6648912 TI - [Thromboembolic disease in patients with ulcerative colitis. Treatment and prevention]. PMID- 6648913 TI - [Piroxicam (Felden)]. PMID- 6648914 TI - [Fever of unknown origin in adults with malignant diseases]. PMID- 6648915 TI - [Use of contraceptives in Norway]. PMID- 6648916 TI - [Birth control centers. Are they a necessary supplement to primary health care?]. PMID- 6648917 TI - [Diagnosis of paranasal sinus diseases by ultrasonics]. PMID- 6648918 TI - [Tuberculosis of the sigmoid]. PMID- 6648919 TI - [4 cases of mianserin (Tolvon) overdose]. PMID- 6648920 TI - [Isokinetic muscle strength measurement]. PMID- 6648921 TI - [The need for neonatal service in a central hospital. Assessed by a 1 year material]. PMID- 6648922 TI - [infants with birth weight under 1 001 grams. A material from a central hospital]. PMID- 6648923 TI - [Congenital chloride diarrhea]. PMID- 6648924 TI - [Experiences of a subclavian catheter in hemodialysis]. PMID- 6648925 TI - [Scanning electron microscopy of catheters and guide wires used in angiography]. PMID- 6648926 TI - [Trauma and acute abdomen]. PMID- 6648928 TI - [Perforated ulcer]. PMID- 6648927 TI - [Has urography some place in the examination of hypertension?]. PMID- 6648929 TI - [Human dermatophyte infections]. PMID- 6648930 TI - [Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Illustrated by a case of meningitis]. PMID- 6648931 TI - [Autonomic dysreflexia in medullary section lesions]. PMID- 6648932 TI - [Treatment of head lice with Rinsoderm Shampoo. Results from a multicenter study]. PMID- 6648933 TI - [Cyclosporin A. A new immunosuppressive agent]. PMID- 6648934 TI - [Methysergide as the cause to toxic psychoses]. PMID- 6648936 TI - [Microsurgery - reconstructive possibilities of injured extremities]. PMID- 6648935 TI - [Advances in plastic surgery]. PMID- 6648937 TI - [Reconstruction after cancer surgery of head and neck region]. PMID- 6648938 TI - [Plastic reconstructive surgery of the breast]. PMID- 6648939 TI - [Fc-receptor. Structure, marker and physiology]. PMID- 6648940 TI - [Digital subtraction angiography]. PMID- 6648941 TI - [Accidental hypothermia. Treatment with the heart-lung machine]. PMID- 6648942 TI - [Norpseudoephedrine (norpseudoadrenaline) as a slimming agent is dangerous]. PMID- 6648943 TI - [Severe interaction between indomethacin and furosemide]. PMID- 6648944 TI - [The publishing of ethically questionable research. A commentary]. AB - The question whether the editors of scientific journals should apply ethical criteria in addition to scientific and stylistic standards in assessing copy submitted, is discussed. This applies particularly to studies which cannot be justified by arguments that appeal to a large majority. Criticism of the ethical content of a paper may refer to the purpose of the study, the selection and treatment of the experimental subjects and the mode of presentation of the study. The publishing policy of the editors may have an effect on the ethical appreciation of problems arising in the course of their activities. The instruments available to the editors in this case are (1) refusing the paper or (2) accepting the paper with a view to provoking a discussion of the questionable point. The last-named possibility offers the additional advantage that those who are not directly involved will also be able to express an opinion. PMID- 6648945 TI - [A cow with an extremely prolonged gestation period]. AB - Gestation continued for 324 days in a cow pregnant for the fourth time. This extreme prolongation could be due to congenital abnormality in the calf consisting in aplasia of the pituitary and anencephaly. PMID- 6648946 TI - [Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella in game and poultry]. AB - Samples of various sorts of game and poultry (other than chicken), obtained from poulterers, hunters, rearing-farms and slaughterhouses, were surveyed for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella. These pathogens were isolated from hare, wild boars, pheasants, guinea-fowl, turkeys, mallards and domestic ducks. Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella were also cultured from wild and domestic rabbits. Moreover, Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from wood pigeons. The possible origins of contamination of game and poultry with these pathogenic bacteria and the risks of food-borne infection caused by these products are discussed. PMID- 6648948 TI - Estimation of haplotype frequencies. AB - Maximum likelihood estimates of haplotype frequencies in multilocus systems are often zero and so may be genetically inacceptable. Estimation problems are discussed, and preferable estimates are derived. PMID- 6648947 TI - Expression of H-2 antigens and thyroglobulin (Tg) on freshly dissociated and in vitro cultured monolayers of mouse thyroid epithelial cells (TEC). AB - The expression of the major histocompatibility complex antigens (K, D, and Ia) and thyroglobulin was studied on both freshly dissociated and in vitro cultured murine thyroid cells. Methods used for antigen detection included direct cytotoxicity, fluorescence and electron microscopic studies. Results obtained showed that the K-end, the D-end and thyroglobulin antigens are expressed exclusively on the apical cell surface of thyroid epithelial cells, while Ia antigens are found on the basal part of the cell. PMID- 6648949 TI - Endemic HBV infection, tissue autoantibodies and HLA. Analysis of a Sardinian population. AB - Serum samples of 405 HLA-typed individuals from four Sardinian villages were analyzed for HB virus markers and for tissue autoantibodies. Of the 59% individuals who had been exposed to HBV, 10% were healthy carriers; they showed a weak association with the HLA-B40 specificity compared with the immune or non exposed groups, and a negative association of DR4, limited to females. Tissue autoantibodies were significantly associated with DR1 and more weakly with B14, probably through linkage disequilibrium. PMID- 6648950 TI - HLA antigens and congenital dislocation of the hip. AB - The HLA-A and B phenotypes of 42 Greek children with CDH were determined and compared to those of 400 controls. A significant deviation of the frequency of the antigen HLA-A1, (Pc less than 0.003) was noted. It is suggested that immunogenetic factors are contributing to the development of the disease. PMID- 6648951 TI - The effect of ascorbate on embryonic chick sternal chondrocytes cultured in agarose. AB - Primary cultures of embryonic chick sternal chondrocytes were embedded in a three dimensional matrix of 1% solid agarose which was overlaid with nutrient media. The chondrocytes divided and formed nests of spherically shaped cells which were surrounded by an extensive extracellular matrix containing high molecular weight proteoglycans. Using light and electron microscopy, condensation of proteoglycan was observed pericellularly, often forming septa between cells of a nest, and as part of the outer boundary of the cell nest. No cross-striated collagen fibers were observed in the extracellular matrix although proteoglycan appeared to decorate a network of fine strands. Upon the addition of ascorbate to the nutrient media high molecular weight proteoglycans were synthesized, but there was a marked decrease in the synthesis of proteoglycans after a 10 day exposure to ascorbate. Morphologically, the decrease in proteoglycan synthesis was manifested in the discontinuous arrangement of the pericellular matrix as well as the diffuse form of the cell-nest boundary. Both of these structures were clearly defined in control cultures and were enriched in proteoglycan as demonstrated by ruthenium red staining. This study demonstrates that embryonic chondrocytes remain differentiated when cultured in solid agarose for a period of up to 15 days. They continue to synthesize their tissue specific macromolecules and are phenotypically stable when exposed to ascorbate for extended periods of time. PMID- 6648952 TI - Myelinating glia of earthworm giant axons: thermally induced intramembranous changes. AB - The median and lateral giant axons in the ventral nerve cord of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris are ensheathed by extensive spiral glial cell wrappings which resemble vertebrate myelin. The other, smaller, axons are encompassed by attenuated glial processes, as is typical of invertebrates. The fine structural details of the glial cells have been studied in thin sections and in replicas produced by freeze-fracturing where the intramembranous particle (IMP) populations within the lipid bilayer are visible. These consist of both low profile IMPs as well as prominent ones 6-8 nm in diameter, scattered at random over the lipid interface in the myelinating glia. The larger IMPs on both P and E faces number about 80/mum2 at 16 degrees C in contrast to the IMP density of 400/mum2 in the other glial membranes. After acclimation to 5, 16 and 26 degrees C, the loose myelin glial membranes show variations in the density of their larger IMP population; in animals acclimated over 3 or more weeks to 5 degrees C, the number of these IMPs is significantly (P less than 0.001) less per unit area than in animals acclimated to 16 or 26 degrees C. The size of the particles at 5 degrees C is significantly (P less than 0.001) smaller than those at 16 or 26 degrees C. When animals are subjected to a sudden differential in ambient temperature, from 26 or 16 to 5 degrees C, or from 5 to 26 degrees C, and their giant axons with encompassing glia are fixed and frozen 30 min after this temperature change, the IMP population of the glial membranes remaining does not appear to alter. The differences in the IMP population of the myelinating glial membranes at different temperatures may reflect the extent to which they insulate and/or influence the velocity of impulse propagation. PMID- 6648953 TI - Observations on the role of smooth endoplasmic reticulumin glucocorticoid-induced hepatic glycogen deposition. AB - We have studied by quantitative electron microscopy the relationship of specific hepatic cellular organelles to glycogen synthesis using dexamethasone, a potent synthetic glucocorticoid, to induce glycogen deposition in livers of adrenalectomized rats. Chemical and ultrastructural glycogen determinations revealed that the livers of fasted adrenalectomized rats had very low glycogen levels. Dexamethasone caused a time-related increase in hepatic glycogen which was the result of increases in the number of hepatocytes depositing glycogen and the amount of glycogen in each cell. The surface density of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in centrilobular and periportal hepatocytes also increased after treatment with dexamethasone; this increase preceded glycogen deposition. The newly deposited glycogen was spatially associated with membranes of SER, and a continued increase in SER surface density was correlated temporally with the increasing glycogen volume density. In both centrilobular and periportal hepatocytes, the surface density of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) initially decreased after dexamethasone administration but later increased. These data support the hypothesis that dexamethasone-induced enhancement of SER is functionally associated with the increase in glycogen, and that although the initial increase in SER may occur through transformation of RER to SER, later increases in SER require synthesis of new membranes. PMID- 6648954 TI - Autoradiographic and fine structural study of chitin deposition in the cuticle of a barnacle using [3H]-D-glucosamine incorporation. AB - [3H]-D-Glucosamine was injected into the rostral sinus of Balanus eburneus (barnacle) and the distribution of labelled chitin in the cuticle was studied with autoradiography and electron microscopy. When the pattern of labelling was examined in different body regions of the same organism where thickness of fully formed cuticle varied, it was observed that the rate of chitin deposition varied, being greater in thick than in thin regions. The density of Ag grains overlying cuticle was also greater in the thick regions. When the pattern of labelling was examined in regions of cuticle, comparable in thickness, taken from a series of organisms sacrificed at different time points a comparable value for the rate of chitin deposition was obtained. In addition, asynchrony in deposition of cuticle in different body regions of the same organism as well as uptake of the label by substances other than chitin, i.e. glycogen and glycoproteins were described. PMID- 6648955 TI - Structure of the cuticle of the common house cricket with reference to the location of lipids. AB - Cuticle segments from the thorax, abdomen, and jumping legs of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, were examined using histological techniques for light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and direct examination of frozen-fractured cuticle. The surface of untreated cuticle is covered by a lipid film which obscures fine surface detail. Standard EM preparative procedures, as well as washing the cuticle with ethanol before examination, remove this film exposing previously covered openings to dermal gland ducts and wax canals. An epicuticle, exocuticle, mesocuticle, endocuticle, and a deposition layer were present in all transverse sections of cuticle. Light microscopy showed that the exocuticle and mesocuticle are heavily impregnated with lipids, whereas there is little lipid associated with the endocuticle. Frozen-fractured cuticle clearly shows the 'plywood' structure of the meso- and endocuticle, while the exocuticle fractures as if it were a solid sheet. The epicuticle is composed of a dense homogeneous layer, cuticulin, outer epicuticle, and the outer membrane. Superficial wax was detected only in cuticle samples prepared using vinylcyclohexane dioxide as a polar dehydrant. The results were used to construct a comprehensive model of the cuticle of A. domesticus. PMID- 6648957 TI - Cell degeneration during early development of hymenopteran olfactory sensilla. AB - The imaginal pore plates of Hymenoptera apocrita so far examined embody five or six envelope cells respectively. In early developmental stages, however, supernumerary envelope cells have been found. The results are discussed in the context of cell death as a developmental phenomenon. PMID- 6648956 TI - Isolation of separate apical, lateral and basal plasma membrane from cells of an insect epithelium. A procedure based on tissue organization and ultrastructure. AB - The tissue used in this study was the midgut of the tobacco hornworm larva, Manduca sexta. The midgut epithelium is a single layer of cells resting on a thin basal lamina and underlying discontinuous muscle layer. The epithelial cells are of two main types, goblet and columnar cells, joined together by the septate junctions characteristic of insect epithelia. From this tissue we were able to isolate four distinct plasma membrane fractions; the lateral membranes, the columnar cell apical membrane, the goblet cell apical membrane and a preparation of basal membranes from both cell types. The lateral membranes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation following gentle homogenization of the midgut hypotonic medium, which caused the cells to rupture at their apical and basal surfaces, releasing long segments of lateral membranes still joined by their septate junctions. For isolation of apical and basal membranes the tissue was disrupted by ultrasound, based on the light microscopic observation that carefully controlled ultrasound can be used to disrupt each cell in layers starting at the apical surface. The top layer contained the columnar cell apical membrane, which consists of microvilli forming a brush border covering the lumenal surface of the epithelium. The second layer contained the goblet cell apical membrane, which is invaginated to form a cavity occupying the apical half of the cell, and the third layer contained the basal membranes. As each layer was stripped off the epithelium it was collected and the plasma membrane purified by differential or density gradient centrifugation. For all four membrane fractions, the isolation procedure was designed to preserve the original structure of the membrane as far as possible. This allowed electron microscopy to be used to follow each step in the isolation procedure, and to identify the constituents of each subcellular preparation. Although developed specifically for M. sexta midgut, these techniques could readily be modified for use on other epithelia. PMID- 6648958 TI - Mass screening for breast cancer. AB - The mass screening for detection of breast cancer has been conducted in Miyagi Prefecture since 1977. The main activities comprise the itinerant screening in the residential districts and the group screening of female workers at the vocational sites. The routine examination at the Cancer Detection Center is also an integral part of the activities. In the present paper, the data from the above three procedures were compared. The examinees were 49,114 in the residential districts, 6,725 at the vocational sites and 3,055 at the Center. The breast cancer was detected in 51 cases (0.1%) by the itinerant residential screening, 14 (0.2%) at the vocational sites and 73 (2.4%) at the Center. The problems of the first-stage mass screening to detect breast cancer at the early stage were discussed. PMID- 6648959 TI - Sequential mutagenesis of drug resistance in Streptococcus mutans during synchronous replication. AB - The frequency of nitrosoguanidine-induced mutation for streptomycin-, bacitracin- and rifampicin-resistance was measured in Streptococcus mutans during synchronous replication after release from chloramphenicol inhibition. A clear peak of mutagenesis for each marker was observed at certain times during synchronous replication. These times were different for individual markers; the times of peaks for streptomycin-, bacitracin- and rifampicin-resistance were 13, 22 and 12 min, respectively. At a definite time after the first peak, there was a second one. The distances between the first and second peaks during the synchronous replication were identical for all markers and approximately 50 min which represents the doubling time of the organisms. These results indicate that nitrosoguanidine causes sequential mutagenesis for these three markers in Streptococcus mutans when the growth is resumed after chromosome alignment, so that the methods may be useful in determining the sequence of gene replication for various markers in Streptococcus mutans. PMID- 6648960 TI - Lipid metabolism in the aorta of daunomycin-induced nephrotic rats. AB - Several enzyme activities involved in lipid hydrolysis (acid and neutral cholesterol esterase and lipase) or synthesis (acyl-CoA synthetase, acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase and cholinephosphotransferase) were assayed in the aortas of rats with nephrosis induced by daunomycin and of rats fed on high cholesterol diet. In nephrotic rats activities of some enzymes involved in lipid hydrolysis, but not in synthesis, were increased. On the contrary, in rats fed on high cholesterol diet, the activities of all enzymes involved in lipid synthesis were significantly increased, with some increase in those involved in lipid hydrolysis. In nephrotic rats fed on high cholesterol diet all enzyme activities were markedly increased. From the view point of accumulation of cholesterol ester (CE), the ratio of hydrolysis of CE in lysosomes to CE incorporated from the blood and the ratio of hydrolysis of CE to reesterification of free cholesterol in microsomes were considered to be important. From this point of view, nephrotic hyperlipidemia was not so atherogenic as hyperlipidemia induced by the diet. The role of serum high density lipoproteins in lipid metabolism in the aorta was discussed. PMID- 6648961 TI - Effects of gamma-oryzanol on lipid metabolism in rats fed high-cholesterol diet. AB - The lipid contents of the plasma and liver and enzyme activities in the aorta were determined in rats given the following diets: Group I, normal diet (ND); Group II, high cholesterol diet (HCD, ND plus 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid); Group III, HCD plus 0.5% gamma-oryzanol; Group IV, HCD plus 2% gamma oryzanol in the last days of the 4th, 8th and 12th week of the feeding period. Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in the plasma were significantly higher in rats in groups III and IV than in those in group II. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was increased in groups III and IV. There were no differences in the triglyceride or phospholipids concentrations in the plasma of rats in the four groups. The liver weight was higher in the HCD groups (groups II, III and IV) than in the ND group (group I). The cholesterol ester and triglyceride contents of the liver were higher in the HCD groups than in the ND group, and the increase was the least in group IV of the HCD groups. Changes in acid cholesterol esterase activity and acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase activity in rat aorta homogenates to compensate for lipid deposition were greater in groups III and IV than in group II. PMID- 6648962 TI - Low density lipoprotein-sialic acids in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. AB - The important function of sialic acids in glycoproteins is to prolong the half life of the glycoproteins in the circulation. In this study, the sialic acid content of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL)-apoproteins (predominantly B-100 apoprotein, a sialoglycoprotein) was analyzed together with relative electrophoretic mobility of LDL in 46 hypercholesterolemic and normo cholesterolemic diabetics and non-diabetics. There was a significant positive correlation between the LDL-sialic acid content and LDL mobility either in the non-diabetics (r = 0.534, p less than 0.01) or in the diabetics (r = 0.482, p less than 0.02). Thus, the effect of the LDL-sialic acids upon the LDL electric charge was apparent. However, the LDL-sialic acids in the hypercholesterolemic diabetics were significantly (p less than 0.01) decreased to 9.64 +/- 0.63 micrograms/mg LDL protein (mean +/- S.E.) as compared with that in the normocholesterolemic diabetics (12.85 +/- 0.62 micrograms/mg LDL protein). Since the relatively sialic acid-poor LDL particles are rather accumulated in plasma of diabetic patients, the grade of sialylation of glycoprotein seems to have no role in the interaction with peripheral cells and therefore, the glycoprotein turnover, as far as the LDL apoproteins are concerned. PMID- 6648963 TI - Simultaneous measurement of human prolactin and growth hormone levels in maternal and fetal serum and amniotic fluid. AB - Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in maternal and fetal serum and amniotic fluid were measured simultaneously by radioimmunoassay at term deliveries of 20 normal mothers. The PRL level of amniotic fluid was significantly higher than that of maternal and fetal serum. The fetal GH level was significantly higher than the maternal and amniotic levels of GH. There was no significant correlation among hormone levels of maternal and fetal sera and amniotic fluid. These data suggest that PRL and GH levels of maternal and fetal sera and amniotic fluid are controlled separately. PMID- 6648964 TI - Serological distinction of H antigen between saliva and red cell in forensic practice. AB - Rabbit antisera were prepared by immunization with O red cells or O.Se saliva. Anti-O red cells (anti-Hr) were diluted with O.Se saliva and each of diluents was adopted for elution method on blood or body fluid stains. Anti-Hr gave positive reactions only with red cell stains. On the other hand, anti-O.Se (anti-Hs) absorbed with O red cells kept activity reacting with latex coated with O.Se saliva. Anti-Hs reacted with various body fluid stains but not with red cell stain. It is considered that anti-Hr and -Hs are useful tools for individualization of blood or body fluid stains in forensic practice. PMID- 6648965 TI - A simple method to detect AB antigen in blood grouping of body fluid stains. AB - A modified mixed agglutination method is described for detecting AB antigen from body fluid stain. Saline extract of body fluid stain was added to A.Se saliva stain which was beforehand sensitized with anti-A. AB antigen reacting with the stain was detected with the usual mixed agglutination method using anti-B and B red cells. PMID- 6648966 TI - How to use bilateral motions in facilitation techniques. AB - Influence of contralateral finger motions on ipsilateral finger extension was analyzed in order to explore optimal condition of bilateral motions as a facilitation technique, measuring motor times (MTs) of finger extensor muscles in four conditions; homonymous or non-homonymous as for muscle coupling and simultaneous or successive as for timing of motion-initiation. Compared to unilateral motion, MTs shortened only in bilateral motion with preceding sustained contractions of the contralateral homonymous muscle. PMID- 6648967 TI - Directional difference of urethral pressure profile in anterior, posterior and lateral components of canine urethra. AB - The urethral pressure profile (UPP) was recorded in anterior, posterior, and right and left lateral portions of the canine urethra using a newly designed catheter with only one eye around the circumference of the tip for UPP recording. Our single-eye catheter made it possible to measure UPP in the four aspects separately and confirmed that there was a directional difference in UPP. PMID- 6648968 TI - Conduction velocity in various regions of the renal pelvis and ureter. AB - Conduction velocity of excitation in various regions of the canine pelviureter was studied through the simultaneous recordings of electromyograms at four sites of the canine pelvicalyceal preparation. The pelviureteral system was maintained in the condition which was similar to in vivo situation by infusion of oxygenated Krebs-Ringer solution into the renal pelvis at the average flow rate of living dogs. The conduction velocity was slowest in the proximal region of the pelvis where the pacemaker was located, i.e., about 5.8 mm/sec on an average. The velocity gradually increased in the distal region of the pelvis and the ureter. It was suggested that the conduction velocity of excitation was significantly different in the proximal area of the pelvis, the distal area of the pelvis and the ureter. PMID- 6648969 TI - Mass screening of urea cycle diseases: a new mass screening method of hyperornithinemia by using two coupling enzymes. AB - We devised a new microfluorometric mass screening method for determining ornithine in only one blood disc of 3 mm in diameter (blood of 2-3 microliters) by use of two coupling enzymes, ornithine aminotransferase and delta'-pyrroline-5 carboxylate reductase. We could apply this method to some cases of gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. Our method can be applied in range of 0 to 12-16 nmoles or about 54.8 mg% or about 4 mM ornithine in blood. Ornithine values by our method were well correlated with those by an amino acid analyser. PMID- 6648970 TI - A new mass screening method for determining UDP-galactose in blood. AB - We devised a new microfluorometric mass screening method for determining UDP galactose by using only one blood disc of 3 mm in diameter. This method contains two coupling enzymes of UDP-galactose-4-epimerase and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, and conversion of NAD to NADH. The assay ranges are 0 to 1 mM or 0 to 0.2 mM UDP galactose in blood. UDP-galactose contents were determined in galactosemia of epimerase-, transferase- and kinase-deficiencies, and several cases with high or low Paigen's values. PMID- 6648971 TI - Monocyte function in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in childhood. AB - The monocyte function of 112 specimens from 42 children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) aged from 2 to 17 years was studied by the methods of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, phagocytosis of immunobeads (IB) and yeast cells, chemotaxis and acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) staining. The dissociation between phagocytosis and chemotaxis was observed in the fresh cases of steroid sensitive INS and in the cases of steroid non-sensitive INS. In the fresh cases of steroid sensitive INS, NBT reduction and phagocytosis were increased, but chemotaxis was decreased. In the cases of steroid non-sensitive INS, the phagocytosis of IB was decreased, but chemotaxis was increased. These findings suggest a different pathogenesis between steroid sensitive and steroid non-sensitive INS. The dissociation between phagocytosis and chemotaxis may be explained by the alteration of the surface receptors of monocyte and by lymphokines. PMID- 6648972 TI - The effect of sulpiride administration on maternal and fetal plasma prolactin levels, and fetal growth in rats. AB - Pregnant Wistar rats were daily injected with 5 mg sulpiride into the peritoneal cavity starting on day 14 of gestation. Blood samples were obtained from the maternal carotid artery and fetal axillary vessels on day 20 of gestation. Serum prolactin (PRL) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay using a rat PRL RIA kit. The maternal serum and fetal plasma PRL levels were significantly higher in the sulpiride-treated group than in the saline control group. There was a significant positive correlation between fetal body weight and fetal plasma PRL level. These results suggest that sulpiride which reached the fetus stimulates fetal PRL secretion and that PRL may exert a growth-promoting effect on the fetus. PMID- 6648973 TI - Electromyographic assessment of fatiguability and recovery of orbicularis oculi in myasthenia gravis. AB - Orbicularis oculi fatiguability following maximal voluntary contraction and its recovery after administration of Tensilon (edrophonium chloride) were studied in 13 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and 8 normal controls. The number of EMG pulses per sec (C) was calculated using an experimentally manufactured EMG pulse counting system and the mean amplitude of the motor unit potentials per sec (A) was measured using the action potential analysis module (Medelec APA-6 MK-1) during maximal voluntary contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Fatiguability was estimated as percentage change of C, the pre-exercise value being taken as 100%. It was 74.4 +/- 18.2% (mean +/- S.D.) in patients and was significantly different from 110.8 +/- 8.4% found in the controls (p less than 0.01). Recovery following intravenous injection of Tensilon was estimated as percentage change in C and A, the values before Tensilon injection being taken as 100%. The change in EMG pulse per sec (C) was 360.0 +/- 90.0% in MG and 113.0 + 21.2% in controls (p less than 0.005). The mean amplitude of the motor unit potential per sec (A) increased by 180.0 +/- 95.0% in MG and 120.0 +/- 42.0% in controls (p less than 0.01). This technique is thought to be valuable to confirm the diagnosis of MG when routine electrophysiological tests fail to demonstrate abnormalities in neuromuscular transmission. PMID- 6648974 TI - Differences in the carbohydrate moieties of plasma and amniotic fluid fibronectins as revealed by crossed immunoaffinity electrophoresis with concanavalin A. AB - Human fibronectins isolated from pooled human plasma and amniotic fluid were studied as to differences in their carbohydrate moieties. The chemical analyses showed that amniotic fluid fibronectin is different from adult plasma fibronectin in carbohydrate content and composition while there seems to be no significant differences in amino acid composition. Crossed immunoaffinity electrophoresis with free concanavalin A, as well as rocket immunoelectrophoresis with immobilized concanavalin A intermediate gel, indicated that amniotic fluid fibronectin has little or no reactivity with this lectin while adult plasma fibronectin is strongly reactive. Fetal cord plasma fibronectin apparently interacted with concanavalin A, but its reactivity was weaker than that of adult plasma fibronectin. Fibronectin isolated from ascitic fluid of an ovarian cancer patient which was examined in additional experiments showed much weaker Con A reactivity than fetal cord plasma fibronectin. These results suggest that fibronectins from various body fluids differ in their carbohydrate structures. PMID- 6648975 TI - Application of ultrasonic M-mode scanning and computer evaluation on urodynamics. AB - The M-mode scanning images of urethra, detrusor pressure and urine flow rate during voiding were recorded together on the line scan recorder, and allowed for plotting and calculation of some valuable urodynamic parameters by computer evaluation. This procedure will permit first application of M-mode scanning and new direction on urodynamics. PMID- 6648976 TI - Percutaneous introduction of suprapubic double lumen catheter into bladder for urodynamic examination. AB - A modified method of percutaneous introduction of a suprapubic double lumen catheter (8 Fr) into the bladder for urodynamic examination is described. This method permits to fill the bladder at the filling rate about 50-60 ml/min from the standard drip set, and the catheter can be percutaneously introduced into the bladder with safety. PMID- 6648977 TI - A comparison of the in vivo and in vitro response of mammalian embryos to a teratogenic insult. AB - This study serves to further define the capabilities of the whole embryo culture system using the known teratogen, hydroxyurea (HU). An initial in vivo study was performed whereby day 9 pregnant mothers were injected i.p. with 300 mg/kg HU. Dams were sacrificed 2 days later and embryos were analyzed for malformations and total embryonic protein. In addition, the peak plasma value from injected dams was found to be approximately 300 micrograms/ml with a plasma half-life of 30 min. These values were then reproduced in the culture system with results noted in cultured embryos with respect to the types of malformations found. Additional in vitro experiments were performed varying both exposure time and drug level concentrations. Results indicate that both of these parameters are important considerations when designing in vitro experiments. PMID- 6648978 TI - The effects of low dosages of trichloroethylene on chick development. AB - This study reports the effects of low dosages of trichloroethylene (TCE) (1-25 mumol/egg) on chick development when embryos were exposed directly to TCE on days 1 and 2 and examined at day 14 of embryogenesis. The results indicate that in terms of embryotoxicity, growth defects and morphological anomalies, the treated embryos differed significantly from the controls. The low doses of TCE tested produced 50% mortalities. Survivors in all instances exhibited these developmental defects: evisceration; subcutaneous edema; light pigmentation of the epidermis; beak malformations; club foot and patchy feathering. The incidence of these malformations varied depending on the day of exposure to TCE except for embryos treated with 1 mumol. Irrespective of the day of injection or concentration, the highest proportion of malformations were those of light pigmentation and edema. Neither controls (uninjected embryos, O) nor sham controls (mineral oil injected embryos OMO) exhibited any malformations. Differences in measurements of crown-rump (CR), leg, wing, toe and beak lengths between treated embryos and controls were significant at the P less than 0.05 level of confidence. However, there was no significant difference between the weights of livers of treated embryos and controls nor was any pathology noted for the livers. The embryotoxicity of TCE is described by comparing the average percentage of deaths caused by all concentrations of TCE injected on both days 1 and 2 of embryogenesis. For TCE injected embryos this average was 2.5 times higher than the average for sham controls and 6 times higher than for uninjected controls. PMID- 6648979 TI - A comparison of the protective effects of N-acetyl-cysteine and S carboxymethylcysteine against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity. AB - The protective effect of the sulphur-containing amino acids N-acetyl-cysteine and S-carboxymethylcysteine against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity was evaluated in the hamster by biochemical and histological methods. Of the animals receiving paracetamol alone 25% died within 24 h following administration. All surviving animals showed acute hepatocellular injury and marked loss of cytochrome P-450 and hepatic mixed-function oxidase activities. Simultaneous administration of N acetylcysteine decreased the mortality rate, partly prevented the paracetamol induced liver damage and partly restored enzyme activities. Simultaneous administration of S-carboxymethylcysteine with paracetamol afforded no protection. Kidneys from all animals were histologically normal. Human liver microsomes and liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated hamsters metabolished paracetamol to intermediate(s) that bind covalently to microsomal proteins. The rate of covalent binding was inhibited markedly by N-acetylcysteine and to a lesser extent by S-carboxylmethylcysteine. PMID- 6648980 TI - The effect of nitrofen [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)nitrobenzene] on the reproductive performance of male rats. AB - Technical grade nitrofen was fed to 4 groups (25/group) of male Sprague-Dawley rats for 13 weeks at dietary concentrations of 0, 100, 500, or 2500 ppm. Untreated female rats of the same age and strain were mated with treated males and fertility, gestation, and lactation indices were monitored. After mating, males were bled for clinical chemistry and hematology analyses, killed, and necropsied; organ weights were recorded, and liver, testes, and kidneys evaluated histopathologically. Offspring were observed for 35 days to determine general health and viability. At 2500 ppm, body weights of paternal animals were reduced throughout the dosing period. No hematologic abnormalities were seen. Statistically significant changes noted in clinical chemistry parameters included increased total protein, albumin, globulin, and cholesterol and decreased glucose. Testes, kidneys, and liver weights were increased at 500 and 2500 ppm, but histologic changes were limited to the liver with hypertrophy and cytoplasmic basophilia of centrilobular hepatocytes occurring at 500 and 2500 ppm. There were no effects on fertility, gestation, litter size, weight, or sex ratio in any group. Offspring health and survival to day 35 was unaffected. Based on the parameters examined, the no-observed effect level (NOEL) for male rats fed nitrofen for 13 weeks was 100 ppm. Male reproductive performance was not affected at dietary concentrations up to and including 2500 ppm. PMID- 6648981 TI - Effect of methylmercury chloride on sleep-waking rhythms in rats. AB - Effects of methylmercury chloride (MMC) on circadian sleep-waking rhythms were examined in rats which had been chronically implanted with EEG and EMG electrodes. Bihourly distributions of wakefulness (W), slow wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS) and 12-h amounts of W, SWS and PS during light and dark periods were measured before and after MMC administration for 2 successive days at 3 dose levels. A total dose of 10 mg MMC/kg body wt was found to be the threshold for inducing reversible changes in the sleep-waking patterns. A total dose of 30 mg MMC/kg produced an increase in both dark-phase SWS and PS as well as a decrease in light-phase PS at the expense of an increase in light-phase W and a delayed phase of the circadian PS rhythm. The delayed phase of the PS rhythm tended to persist after the increased SWS during the dark period returned to normal. Brain mercury concentrations were measured in order to find the dose response relationship and the time dependence of the MMC-induced sleep disorder. The sleep-waking disorder was found to appear at lower levels of brain Hg and shorter latency than behavioral disorders of movement and postural maintenance previously reported [5-8]. PMID- 6648982 TI - Effects of acute exposures to gentamicin on renal handling of proteins. AB - The polycationic aminoglycoside gentamicin has been reported to compete with other aminoglycosides and cationic compounds for uptake into renal tubular cells at brush border membranes and during subsequent endocytosis. Gentamicin has also been reported to decrease the activity of lysosomal proteolytic enzymes in the rat kidney. In vivo and in vitro experiments were carried out to determine the effect of acute exposure to gentamicin on renal handling of the cationic low molecular weight protein, lysozyme. Thirty or 60 mg/kg of gentamicin was given to male Wistar rats (250-300 g) intravenously or isolated rat kidneys were perfused with gentamicin concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 1.0 and 2.5 mg/ml. Subsequently, clearances of lysozyme (CLY) and inulin (GFR, glomerular filtration rate) were measured in the intact rat and in the isolated perfused rat kidney. The glomerular sieving coefficient of lysozyme was determined in control and gentamicin perfused kidneys after complete inhibition of tubular lysozyme reabsorption by sodium iodoacetate. Renal degradation of 125I-labelled lysozyme was quantified in control and gentamicin perfused kidneys by measuring the release of [125I] monoiodotyrosine to the perfusate. The glomerular sieving coefficient of lysozyme increased in kidneys perfused with gentamicin from a control value of 0.8-1.0. A dose-dependent increase of the ratio CLY/GFR in intact rats treated with gentamicin and dose-dependent decrease of percentage reabsorption of lysozyme in the isolated perfused kidneys demonstrate inhibition of renal reabsorption of lysozyme by gentamicin. Perfusion of kidneys with 0.25 mg/ml gentamicin reduced renal degradation of lysozyme to about 50% after 2 h perfusion; at gentamicin concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml and higher almost all degradation of lysozyme was inhibited. Thus, acute exposure to gentamicin causes impairment of filtration, tubular reabsorption and catabolism of the protein lysozyme, effects which are due to pharmacological interactions between the molecules of the 2 cations gentamicin and lysozyme. PMID- 6648983 TI - The mechanism of inhibition of phospholipase activity of crotoxin B by crotoxin A. AB - In the crotoxin complex isolated from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, the component A inhibits the phospholipase A2 activity of crotoxin B only when the substrate is in the aggregated form, preventing the interaction of the enzyme with lecithin--water interfaces. In contrast, with similar rates of hydrolysis of dihexanoyllecithin monomers, the activity of the crotoxin complex is lower than that of crotoxin B when the substrate is aggregated into micelles. Crotoxin B readily hydrolyses dimyristoyllecithin vesicles, the rate being modulated by the physical state of the phospholipid, suggesting that the enzyme is tightly bound to the interface. With the crotoxin complex the rate of vesicle hydrolysis is much slower (about 1/10 that of crotoxin B) and is little affected by the physical state of the lecithin. Direct binding experiments demonstrate that, in contrast to crotoxin B, the crotoxin complex is unable to interact with lecithin- water interfaces. Together with the free accessibility of the enzyme active site in the crotoxin complex, this evidence suggests that a specific area on the enzyme surface, different from the active site and shielded by crotoxin A in the complex, is responsible for the interaction of crotoxin B with lipid--water interfaces. PMID- 6648984 TI - Effect of T-2 mycotoxin on rat liver mitochondria electron transport system. AB - The in vitro and in vivo effects of T-2 mycotoxin on electron transport in rat liver mitochondria were investigated. T-2 toxin (2.2 mM) inhibited oxygen consumption by 40% in ADP-coupled and DNP-uncoupled mitochondria using either succinate or pyridine-nucleotide linked substrates. Studies employing known inhibitors of specific sites along the electron transport chain identified site I as the principal site of action of T-2 toxin. In vivo experiments using an LD50 dose of T-2 toxin showed early (10 hr) decreases in succinate and pyruvate plus malate oxidation in liver mitochondria. This observation is supported by in vitro findings and suggests that mitochondria are a possible site of T-2 action. PMID- 6648985 TI - Ceruleotoxin: identification in the venom of Bungarus fasciatus, molecular properties and importance of phospholipase A2 activity for neurotoxicity. AB - Ceruleotoxin is a potent neurotoxin which was originally purified from a batch of venom labelled Bungarus caeruleus, from the Pasteur Institute. Since NOBLE et al. have shown that this batch differs in its protein composition from that of B. caeruleus provided by Miami Serpentarium, we decided to clarify this point by comparing the composition of venoms from various Bungarus species of several origins. Although individual variations exist between samples of the same species, the venom from B. multicinctus, B. caeruleus and B. fasciatus possess characteristic protein compositions which allowed us to identify the batch used to purify ceruleotoxin as a B. fasciatus venom. We identified and purified ceruleotoxin from each of the five samples of B. fasciatus venoms tested. We failed to find this neurotoxin in either B. multicinctus or B. caeruleus venoms. Purified ceruleotoxin is a slightly basic protein with an isoelectric point of 7.4 which possesses a significant phospholipase A2 activity (200 mumoles lecithin hydrolyzed per min per mg) and a high lethal potency (i.v. LD50 in mice 0.03-0.07 mg/kg). It is composed of two identical subunits of 13,000 mol. wt. which resemble pancreas and snake venom phospholipases in their amino acid composition. Like crotoxin, ceruleotoxin irreversibly blocks the postsynaptic response of Torpedo and Electrophorus electroplaques to cholinergic agonists without preventing the binding of acetylcholine to its receptor. By hydrolyzing critical lipids of the postsynaptic membrane, it stabilizes the acetylcholine receptor - ionophore assembly in a desensitized state. PMID- 6648986 TI - Anaphylaxis in guinea pigs challenged with antivenin preparations. PMID- 6648987 TI - [Clinical aspects and radiosensitivity of bone metastases in kidney neoplasms]. AB - Among 130 patients with disseminated renal cell carcinomas 29 cases with skeletal involvement have been analyzed. Skeletal metastasis is associated with oligotopic and frequently extraosseous growth of large metastases. Extraosseous growth was noted in 85% of the cases. This phenomenon was less frequent in cases with combined metastatic involvement of bone and visceral organs. Skeletal metastases were shown to be fairly resistant to radiation therapy in terms of objective remission although symptomatic pain relief could usually be achieved. Interestingly, in cases with osseous involvement only the survival was significantly longer compared to visceral and mixed forms of metastatic disease. Radiotherapeutic consequences resulting from this biological behaviour of osseous metastases are discussed. PMID- 6648988 TI - [Mammographic changes in the partially resected and irradiated breast]. AB - Thirtyseven patients with breast cancer stage T1 have been treated by tumorectomy or quadrantectomy and radiation therapy. Mammographic changes as skin thickening and parenchyme reaction were described and put in correlation between the end of treatment and mammography controls. Differential diagnostic problems are discussed. PMID- 6648989 TI - [Sonographic determination of the irradiated pulmonary volume in case of irradiation of the thoracic wall]. AB - In order to determine the irradiated pulmonary volume, comparative examinations by sonography and computed tomography were made in ten patients submitted to postoperative radiotherapy for mammary carcinoma. The physical and anatomical conditions of sonographic volumetry are discussed. In all cases irradiated with tangential contralateral fields, the irradiated pulmonary volume was less than 200 ccm (118 ccm on an average). The sonographic results did not differ essentially from those of computed tomography, so that the sonographic examination can be offered as a simple and sufficiently precise method of documentation within the frame of an individual therapy planning. PMID- 6648990 TI - [Quantification of the biologic effect of photons and electrons. I. Analysis of the injury factor in healthy tissue]. AB - After having given a review of the NSD conception and the justification of its application, an injury factor based on NSD values is specified. This factor takes into consideration the dose distribution in time and space. In case of irradiation of a lung carcinoma for example, this factor is 49% for the spinal marrow. The injury factor can make possible a better comparison between different fractionation schemes and irradiation methods. Further tests and clinical measuring data are, however, still necessary. PMID- 6648991 TI - [Optimization of dose distribution by use of lead wedge filters in combined electron and photon therapy]. AB - A significantly improved isodose distribution has been reached by the combined application of high-energy photons and electrons, however, there are still problems with respect to the critical organs. It was demonstrated that a considerable progress is possible by the use of lead wedge filters within the frame of this irradiation technique. Recommendations for clinical application are given on the basis of the authors' own practical experiences. PMID- 6648992 TI - [Semiquantitative determination of the cutaneous blood flow]. AB - A semiquantitative determination of the cutaneous blood flow is possible by a simple thermic method using a heat conduction probe. There is a quantitative uncertainty because of the possible existence of relatively big vessels which do not participate in the blood supply of the examined tissular region but in the determination of the convection within the temperature field of the thermal conduction probe. The values of blood circulation derived from the stationary temperature field will therefore always be higher than the values of the real blood supply. This procedure necessitates a determination of the tissular heat conductivity. This will not be possible in all cutaneous regions. A relative method can be useful here inserting a binding lambda G value which lies below the thermal transport value lambda for normal blood circulation. PMID- 6648993 TI - The effects of birth spacing on child and maternal health. AB - Child and maternal mortality and morbidity are examined in relation to the interval between pregnancies. Most data available pertain to child mortality. Very little reliable information links child morbidity or maternal health detriments to short birth spacing. The evidence on child mortality suggests that very short intervals (conceptions less than six months after a birth) are detrimental to survival of the second child, but these results must be viewed in light of the methodological difficulties of studies of this subject. Policy implications of the data are perhaps less clear than is sometimes assumed. PMID- 6648994 TI - Sterilization in Honduras: assessing the unmet demand. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the availability of sterilization services at two hospitals in Honduras. Approximately 7,000 women who had given birth at the Hospital Materno Infantil in Tegucigalpa and the Hospital Leonardo Martinez in San Pedro Sula were asked about their desire for sterilization. Of the women who wanted to be sterilized, a considerable percentage had not been sterilized four months after they had given birth--58 percent of those who had delivered at Materno Infantil and 79 percent of those who had delivered at Leonardo Martinez. Twenty-three percent of the women who delivered at Materno Infantil and 4 percent of the women who delivered at Leonardo Martinez were sterilized before they were discharged. The difference may be attributed to the poor quality of the facilities at Leonardo Martinez. PMID- 6648995 TI - Abortion and contraception in Poland. PMID- 6648997 TI - [Inertial deformation of blood traces--sign of infliction of blows with a specific weapon]. PMID- 6648996 TI - Impact of accessibility of contraceptives on contraceptive prevalence in Guatemala. PMID- 6648998 TI - [Postmortem changes in bone marrow tissue as a criterion of time of death]. PMID- 6648999 TI - [Dynamics of changes in the polarization coefficient of muscle tissue in cases of death from mechanical injury]. PMID- 6649000 TI - [Basic characteristics of heart mass]. PMID- 6649001 TI - [Future trends in forensic medical studies of hair and traces of sperm]. PMID- 6649002 TI - [Study of human hair infected with Microsporum canis]. PMID- 6649003 TI - [Value of the free hemoglobin level in blood plasma for determining the severity of acetic acid poisoning in different age groups]. PMID- 6649004 TI - [Distribution of ethanol in cadaver organs in death from acute alcoholic intoxication]. PMID- 6649005 TI - [Detection of gemiton in biological material]. PMID- 6649006 TI - [Neurologic and echoencephalographic studies in alcoholic intoxication]. PMID- 6649007 TI - [Classification of aviation trauma]. PMID- 6649008 TI - [Method of studying diatomaceous plankton]. PMID- 6649009 TI - [Sudden death in Osler's disease]. PMID- 6649010 TI - [Effectiveness of complex expert opinion in the case of a traffic accident]. PMID- 6649011 TI - [Automobile accident with avulsion of the extremities]. PMID- 6649012 TI - [Isolated injury of the cervical spinal cord without damage to the spine]. PMID- 6649013 TI - [Flame action or industrial electricity injury?]. PMID- 6649014 TI - [Toluene vapor poisoning]. PMID- 6649015 TI - [Death from wasp sting of the throat]. PMID- 6649016 TI - On precipitating factors: cancer as a cause of suicide. AB - This case-control study provides individual-based data describing the impact of being a cancer patient on the odds of suicide. 5,009 suicides and 17,064 controls are compared. The data indicate that cancer patients are 50 to 100 percent more likely than nonpatients to commit suicide. This and other studies indicate that health status should be considered in future attempts to relate suicide to social environment. PMID- 6649017 TI - Suicide: bad act or good intervention. AB - This article develops a different perspective on the ethics of suicide, based on theoretical and clinical grounds. In terms of value theory, applying "good" or "bad" to the suicide act makes no sense. We need to shift our focus from a search for an ethical statement about suicide (e.g., "rational suicide") to the ethical justification for intervention based on the needs and interests of an affirming therapeutic profession. We choose to intervene because of values we hold about well-functioning, existence, potential for human life; and because as emphatic, social beings, we feel for others and are motivated by that feeling. This justification leads us to suggest a situational case-centered ethics for suicide intervention. PMID- 6649018 TI - A death in the family: parental bereavement in the first year. AB - This article examines parents' descriptions of their experiences in the first year after a child's death from cancer or a blood disorder. Interviews and questionnaires were used to gather information from 145 parents of children treated for oncologic or hematological diseases at a large, urban pediatric hospital who died during the years 1975 through 1979. Descriptive and survey data revealed differences between maternal and paternal mourning. Men and women differed significantly to the extent to which they encountered distance and lack of comfort in spousal relationships and difficulty during first year post-death holidays. Findings are discussed in light of the nature of relationships with the deceased child and other family members. PMID- 6649019 TI - [Sequelae of home accidents in the aged]. AB - On a department for acute surgery 175 patients, older than 64 years of age, who had an accident at home, were reviewed to determine which injuries occurred. Of the patients 76% were female. More than half of the injuries were fractures, of which wrist and hip injuries occurred most frequently. Soft tissue injuries (wounds and bruises) occurred predominantly in males. PMID- 6649020 TI - [Nursing homes: a source of increasing concern. Behavior assessment by the nursing staff]. AB - In recent times the need for physical care of residents of Dutch old people's homes has clearly increased. This is strongly related to the ageing of the population of these homes as well as to the introduction of legal measures concerning the admission of new residents. Staff members have also noted an increase in the mental and social problems of residents. In this article we describe a rating scale devised for the assessment of psychosocial problems in a home for the aged. The staff completed this scale and an ADL scale four times at three-month intervals. The prevailing problems appear to be loneliness, isolation and depression. Longitudinal analysis indicates that the number of residents with physical and psychosocial problems is increasing. The relationship between these two domains however is relatively weak. This development requires a new orientation of management and staff and adaptation of education and training of personnel. PMID- 6649021 TI - Greetings--with a brief look back. PMID- 6649022 TI - Changes in protein-bound, complex-bound, and ionized calcium related to parathyroid hormone levels in healthy donors during plateletapheresis. AB - In order to relate changes in protein-bound and complex-bound calcium to levels of citrate and secretion of parathyroid hormone during mild hypocalcemia, total, ultrafiltrable, and ionized calcium were measured in 13 apparently healthy donors during plateletapheresis. Carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone was measured in seven of the donors, and both amino-terminal and intact parathyroid hormone assays were done on one donor. Mean concentrations of total and ionized calcium decreased during most of the procedure, as did total protein, albumin, and phosphorus. Complexed calcium increased, which was attributed to the large increases in citrate levels. Protein-bound calcium decreased more than other forms of calcium, even allowing for the decrease expected from hemodilution. The carboxyl-terminal parathyroid hormone response varied among different donors, but on the average, decreased slightly before gradually rising during the citrate induced hypocalcemia. These findings suggest that calcium citrate does not affect the secretion of parathyroid hormone, and that at least a portion of protein bound calcium is readily exchangeable and possibly influenced by the hormone. PMID- 6649023 TI - Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on plasma fibronectin, IgG, and C3. AB - The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass operations on the concentration of plasma fibronectin, IgG, and C3 was studied in 28 patients. During cardiopulmonary bypass operations, plasma IgG, and C3 decreased to about 45 percent of their preoperative concentrations, probably as a result of hemodilution and blood loss. On the average, plasma fibronectin decreased significantly more (p less than 0.002), to 32 percent of its preoperative concentration, probably as a result of hemodilution, blood loss, and consumption. We assumed that consumption of fibronectin occurred when its concentration decreased more than the concentrations of IgG and C3. Interestingly, consumption of fibronectin during bypass operations was not demonstrated in seven of the 28 patients who did not require blood products within the 24-hour period after operation. We suggest that consumption, rather than dilution, of plasma fibronectin might be clinically important. A significant (p less than 0.002) negative correlation was observed between the length of the bypass and the concentration of plasma fibronectin during this 24-hour period. We also studied the rate of regeneration of fibronectin, IgG, and C3 in 12 of these patients. The concentrations of fibronectin and C3 were normal by the fifth postoperative day. The rate of regeneration of IgG, however, was slower than that of fibronectin and C3. PMID- 6649024 TI - Stability of plasma fibrinogen during storage of platelet concentrates at 22 degrees C. AB - Platelet concentrates (PC) are stored for up to 5 days at 22 degrees C prior to infusion. Since considerable suspending plasma is infused with the platelets, we examined the integrity of plasma fibrinogen from stored PC. The concentration of fibrinogen after storage was normal. After purification, fibrinogen from stored PC had normal thrombin time and rate of polymerization of fibrin monomer, and after reduction, its A alpha, B beta, and gamma chains had normal mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Assays of plasma from stored PC for fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products were negative. When 125I fibrinogen was added to PC prior to storage and supernatant plasma was filtered in a sepharose 4B column after storage, radioactivity eluted in a single, symmetrical peak with no evidence for formation of low or high molecular weight material. These results make it unlikely that thrombin, plasmin, or other proteolytic activity is generated during storage. The levels of factors V and VIII fell to 40 to 65 percent of control values while the activities of factors IX, X, and XI did not change significantly during storage. We conclude that suspending plasma fibrinogen and other coagulation factors are remarkably stable during PC storage. They should be of value during the support of patients with massive hemorrhage. PMID- 6649025 TI - Characterization of biochemical changes occurring during storage of red cells. Comparative studies with CPD and CPDA-1 anticoagulant-preservative solutions. AB - Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine (CPDA-1), containing 0.25 mM adenine (final concentration) and 25 percent more glucose than citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD), has extended the allowable storage time for red cells to 35 days. Studies were conducted to understand better the characteristics of stored CPDA-1 red cells in relation to the properties of stored CPD red cells. Units with hematocrits near 80 percent showed the following: First, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and total adenine nucleotide levels of red cells stored with CPDA-1 remained essentially constant during the first 3 weeks of storage after which the levels decreased; with red cells stored with CPD, ATP, and adenine nucleotide, levels were decreased even after 1 week of storage. Second, the pattern of the fall in 2,3 diphosphoglycerate was similar in red cells stored with CPD and CPDA-1. Third, changes in plasma and red cell levels of sodium and potassium, and in plasma ammonia levels, were comparable in CPD and CPDA-1 units; changes in cation levels were most pronounced during the initial 2 weeks of storage. Fourth, hemolysis was much greater in units stored in CPDA-1 for 35 days than in units stored in CPD for 21 days. Fifth, residual glucose concentrations were adequate in units drawn in CPDA-1 and stored for 35 days. We conclude that the changes in the biochemical characteristics of units of red cells stored with CPD and CPDA-1 are similar in most instances with the notable exception of the better maintenance of adenosine triphosphate levels in red cells stored with CPDA-1. PMID- 6649026 TI - A study of blood utilization in association with hysterectomy. AB - We performed a retrospective study of 167 women undergoing hysterectomy in a large tertiary-care teaching hospital in order to assess intraoperative blood requirements and to study the decision-making process that occurs when blood is transfused intraoperatively. Recommended preoperative blood orders for hysterectomy patients based on data from the study are provided. Although "type and screen" is commonly considered to be an adequate preoperative order for patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy, our data indicate that 2 units may be a more appropriate order when the procedure is combined with pelvic floor repair. The preoperative hematocrit, the estimated intraoperative blood loss, and the duration of the hysterectomy were integral to the decision-making process. If women undergoing hysterectomy were transfused intraoperatively only when their hematocrit actually fell to 30 percent, and not in anticipation of such an event, unnecessary transfusions would be reduced. PMID- 6649027 TI - Prolonged cryopreservation of human granulocytes. AB - Normal human granulocytes prepared by dextran sedimentation were cryopreserved in 10 percent dimethyl sulfoxide and 25 percent autologous plasma using controlled rate freezing at -1 degrees C per minute. Twenty-four samples were stored from 0 to 8 months in the vapor or liquid phase of liquid nitrogen. The mean cell recovery was 58 +/- 4 percent and the mean bactericidal activity using Staphylococcus aureus was 72 +/- 4 percent. Cells stored for approximately 5 months examined with transmission electron microscopy had intact cell membranes and granules although some nuclear changes were observed. No decline in cell recovery or bactericidal activity was observed with prolonged storage and there was no advantage of liquid over vapor phase. Samples stored for over 8 months showed a 73 percent cell recovery and a 77 percent bactericidal activity. Maintenance of granulocyte function after prolonged cryopreservation in these studies suggests the feasibility of cryopreserved granulocyte transfusion therapy. PMID- 6649028 TI - Effects of perfluorochemical on phagocytic function of leukocytes. AB - Oxygen-carrying perfluorochemical emulsions may become useful for transfusions when red cells cannot be used. Since accumulation of perfluorochemicals in reticuloendothelial cells has been demonstrated, we tested the phagocytic function of monocytes and neutrophils in rabbit and human blood exposed in vivo and in vitro, respectively, to perfluorotributylamine (Oxypherol) a perfluorochemical blood substitute. Neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis was assessed by determining the uptake of serum-coated fluorescent beads by monocytes and neutrophils in whole blood. Morphologic changes were assessed by electron microscopy. The phagocytic activity of monocytes and neutrophils in the blood of four rabbits injected 4 hours earlier with 70 to 85 ml of Oxypherol (28 ml/kg) was depressed by 87 +/- 1.0 percent. Neutrophils in this blood showed morphological alterations characterized by swelling and extensive vacuole formation. Similar changes were found in neutrophils and monocytes of human blood incubated with Oxypherol (10-50%, V/V) at 37 degrees C for 1 hour. The phagocytic activity of human neutrophils and monocytes exposed to 20 percent, V/V Oxypherol was depressed by 35 +/- 9.9 percent. We conclude that caution should be exercised when administering perfluorochemical blood substitutes in patients exposed or at risk of infection. PMID- 6649029 TI - The production of platelet controls for assays quantitating platelet-associated IgG. AB - A variety of assays are available for measuring platelet-associated IgG (PAIgG) but the complexity of these assays increases the potential for technical errors. These errors are difficult to detect and, if possible, known positive and negative control platelets should be included with each run. However, patient platelets with elevated levels of IgG are seldom available. This report describes a method for producing positive control platelets that can be labeled with differing amounts of IgG. Normal serum IgG (Cohn fraction II) was incubated with washed 2 percent formalin-fixed platelets for 60 minutes at 37 degrees C. The amount of IgG on the platelets was proportional to the concentration of soluble IgG and the number of incubations. Normal platelet IgG levels were 1.2 +/- 0.1 fg per platelet (mean +/- SEM, n = 34) and positive control platelets had 4.6 +/- 0.2 (n = 12) or 8.4 +/- 0.4 (n = 7). There was no change in the level of PAIgG when stored at 4 degrees C for 1 week, although there was a 28 percent loss in recoverable platelets. When mixed 1:1 with 60 percent glycerol and stored at -70 degrees C, the level of PAIgG was stable for 3 months, with less than 12 percent platelet loss on recovery (n = 12). These positive control platelets have proved useful for monitoring assay performance. PMID- 6649030 TI - Range forb lectins. AB - In this study we tested the seeds of uncultivated plants for lectin activity. Extracts prepared from the seeds of 167 forb species were tested against human red cell samples. Extracts of 54 species agglutinated unmodified or enzyme modified red cells. In nine species, the hemagglutinating lectin activity could be neutralized by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, mannose, or glucose. PMID- 6649031 TI - Trial of a combined test for the detection of HBsAg and anti-HBc. AB - A combined hepatitis test (Ausria/Core, Abbott Laboratories, Wiesbaden, West Germany) detects hepatitis B surface antigen by radioimmunoassay and antibody to the core antigen by enzyme immunoassay using a single bead. It was found to have comparable sensitivity to commercially available tests from the same manufacturer for each component. Reproducibility was satisfactory for both components. The combined test is simpler and cheaper to perform than two separate tests. PMID- 6649032 TI - Effect of intense leukocytapheresis in pancytopenic phase of hairy cell leukemia. AB - The efficacy of leukocytapheresis in a pancytopenic patient with hairy cell leukemia in postsplenectomy stage is reported. Cytapheresis as the only therapy was effective on more than one occasion in inducing remission and reducing transfusion requirements. Fourteen months after the last leukocytapheresis, the patient's hemoglobin and hematocrit remain normal. The leukocyte concentrates removed contained 90 percent lymphocytes consisting of 75 percent T cells, 15 percent B cells, and only 2 to 4 percent hairy cells. Thus, the removal of a large number of lymphocytes, not necessarily hairy cells, induced a sustained clinical improvement and indicated that cytapheresis may be a useful alternative to chemotherapy for these patients. PMID- 6649034 TI - Microaggregate filters and neonatal patients. PMID- 6649033 TI - Parathyroid response during therapeutic plasma exchange. AB - Significant hypocalcemia is infrequently encountered during therapeutic plasma exchange. An increase in parathyroid hormone secretion during the procedure may be responsible for maintaining the calcium levels. PMID- 6649035 TI - A question of red cell losses from filtration. PMID- 6649036 TI - Granulocytes in gradient separations of stored blood. PMID- 6649037 TI - Primary health care: health for all and the role of doctors. PMID- 6649038 TI - Mental health care in the developing world. A brief review of the first phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on Strategies for Extending Mental Health Care. PMID- 6649040 TI - Overpromotion of drugs in international product package inserts. PMID- 6649039 TI - Management of rheumatic heart disease in tropical countries. PMID- 6649041 TI - Intestinal obstruction in pregnancy. PMID- 6649042 TI - Nutritional status of handicapped pupils in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. PMID- 6649043 TI - Facilities for handicapped children in Zaria, Nigeria. PMID- 6649044 TI - Control of malaria with special reference to socioeconomic factors. PMID- 6649045 TI - Reflections on a first year of surgery in West Africa. PMID- 6649046 TI - Use of Foley catheter in suprapubic punch cystostomy: an adaptation. PMID- 6649047 TI - Atypical presentations of strongyloidiasis. PMID- 6649048 TI - Tuberculous perforation of the bowel--results in 21 cases. PMID- 6649049 TI - First isolation of Yersinia intermedia from stool during an epidemiological investigation in Bangladesh. AB - Following the first isolation of Yersinia intermedia (Y. intermedia) in the Microbiology Branch of ICDDR, B from two postmortem cases, one of whom suffered from pneumonia and septicaemia and the other from enteric fever, an epidemiological investigation was carried out in the communities from where these postmortem cases had come. The stools from both postmortem cases were negative for Yersinia. One hundred and twenty five contacts of the first postmortem case and 135 contacts of the second postmortem case along with 175 animals of Dhaka Zoo were examined. Y. intermedia was isolated from only a five-year-old healthy contact of the first postmortem case. This was the first isolation of Y. intermedia from stool of a healthy child in Bangladesh. PMID- 6649050 TI - Urinary schistosomiasis in the Sahelian region of the Senegal River Basin. AB - Two dams are projected for the Senegal River, West Africa, for hydroelectric power, anti-salt intrusion and for provision of a dependable supply of freshwater year-round. This study was to ascertain the geographic distribution of schistosomiasis, its snail hosts and the potential transmission sites before the construction of the two dams. No intestinal schistosomiasis was found in the area investigated, the Sahelian region. Villages in the delta, as well as those situated by the Senegal River in the Middle Valley were found free of urinary schistosomiasis. However, the prevalence of the urinary form averaged 10.4% in villages situated in the higher land away from the river. The transmission sites in these villages are rain-fed, laterite pools which harbor the snail host, Bulinus senegalensis. In one pond the latter was found naturally infected with schistosome cercariae, and there are no bovines or ovines in the area at any time. Other bulinid snails found infected with schistosome cercariae were B. guernei and B. jousseaumei; the latter is probably the snail host of Schistosoma haematobium in one small village in the delta, where a low infection rate was reported by other workers. PMID- 6649051 TI - Rhinosporidiosis in Trinidad. AB - Five cases of rhinosporidiosis are reported for the first time from Trinidad and Tobago. All patients were males. The conjunctiva was the site of the lesion in four cases, the nose in one case. PMID- 6649052 TI - Serum lipids and glucose in obese Syrian people. AB - Ninety three obese individuals of both sexes were selected to study serum levels of total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides together with glucose. A control group of people with ideal weight were examined similarly. The four estimated parameters showed statistically significant higher values in obese individuals. Serum level of triglycerides was higher in obese males than in females. PMID- 6649053 TI - Comparative study of serum iron and iron binding capacity and their correlation with RBC and haemoglobin of school children of both sexes at Dead Sea level and Amman. AB - 120 paired male and 120 paired female school children of age range 10-18 years from Dead Sea Level (390 meters below sea level) and Amman (766 meters above sea level) of average middle class family having more or less identical nutrition were investigated for serum iron, iron binding capacity, haemoglobin concentration and red blood cells. RBC count, Hb, serum iron and iron binding capacity were significantly lower in male and female students at Dead Sea level than at Amman. PMID- 6649054 TI - Hydronephrosis of infancy and childhood in Benin City, Nigeria. AB - The clinical and radiological features of 50 Nigerian children with hydronephrosis were studied. Posterior urethral valve obstruction was the causative lesion in 26 (52%) cases and 50% of these presented with neonatal ascites. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction was responsible for 5 (10%) cases of hydronephrosis and invariably presented with a palpable abdominal mass. The incidence of vesico-ureteral reflux during micturating cysto-urethrography in this series is lower than reported amongst Caucasian children. PMID- 6649055 TI - A comparison of timolol plus hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride and methyldopa in essential hypertension in Black Africans. AB - The antihypertensive effect of the fixed combination of timolol, a beta-blocking agent, hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, and amiloride, a potassium sparing agent, was compared against that of methyldopa in an open study lasting 16 weeks in 32 ambulatory African patients with previously untreated diastolic blood pressure of 95-120 mm Hg. A significant fall in mean diastolic and systolic blood pressure was achieved in both groups up to 8 weeks of treatment and was sustained in the timolol-hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride group during the entire follow-up. In the methyldopa group, mean diastolic and systolic blood pressure rose during follow-up. At 16 weeks the fall in mean diastolic and systolic blood pressure was significantly greater in the timolol-hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride treated patients than in the methyldopa group. Adverse reactions were more frequent and severe in the methyldopa group than in timolol-hydrochlorothiazide amiloride treated patients. It is concluded that the fixed drug combination of timolol-hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride (Moducren) is effective in controlling mild to moderate hypertension in Africans and is better tolerated than methyldopa in these patients. It is further noted that hypertensive patients can be treated with a combination tablet once a day. This is of crucial significance as it would promote better compliance and, hence, minimize the sequelae of poorly controlled hypertension. PMID- 6649056 TI - Spontaneous colocutaneous fistula in amoebic colitis. AB - Formation of spontaneous colocutaneous fistula in amoebic colitis is an unusual and rare complication. This case illustrates amoebiasis of the sigmoid colon with pericolic abscess which ruptured externally to develop into a spontaneous colocutaneous fistula. Early diagnosis and proper treatment could have prevented these complications. PMID- 6649057 TI - [Embryotoxic and mutagenic activity of ethanol and acetaldehyde in intra-amniotic exposure]. AB - The administration of acetaldehyde on the 13th day of pregnancy results in a considerable embryolethal effect, appearance of developmental abnormalities in rat embryos and chromosomal aberrations in fetal cells. Ethanol is found to have no teratogenic and mutagenic activity. PMID- 6649058 TI - Tsetse and trypanosomiasis survey of Southern Darfur Province, Sudan. I. Bovine trypanosomiasis. AB - During a survey of Southern Darfur Province, Sudan blood samples from over 4,000 migratory cattle were analysed to determine levels of anaemia and trypanosome parasitaemia by buffy coat examination of microhaematocrit centrifuged samples. Levels of trypanosomal infections in the herds correlated well with their risk of exposure to tsetse being significantly lower at increasing distance from tsetse foci. Trypansoma vivax infections predominated in all herds, increasingly so with increasing distance from tsetse foci. Packed cell volume values could not be used to assist in trypanosome diagnosis at either individual or herd levels and the lack of correlation between anaemia and parasitaemia is suggested as evidence of a degree of trypanosomal tolerance in the Western Baggara cattle. Drug use and problems of drug resistance are discussed. Bovine trypanosomiasis is largely under control at present but requires continued surveillance (particularly of drug use) to prevent future problems as tsetse/cattle interactions increase. PMID- 6649059 TI - Prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies in sheep and goats in India. PMID- 6649060 TI - Protection of cattle against Theileria annulata infection using Corynebacterium parvum. AB - Four groups of calves (A, B, C and D) each consisting of five calves were used for the present study. Group A calves were given Corynebacterium parvum alone. Group B calves were inoculated with inactivated ground-up-tick supernate (GUTS) prepared from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum infected with Theileria annulata plus C. parvum. Group C received only inactivated GUTS. All the surviving calves of groups A to C were exposed on day 45 post-inoculation to a lethal tick challenge along with susceptible control calves of group D. All the calves of groups A and B withstood the challenge whereas all the calves of groups C and D died of theileriosis. Complement fixing antibodies were detected in calves of groups B and C. A significant decrease in neutrophils and a significant increase in monocytes was observed in calves of groups A and B. No significant changes were seen in other cell types. The results of this study demonstrated that C. parvum alone may be used as an immunostimulant for producing non-specific resistance against T. annulata. PMID- 6649061 TI - Owner survey of schistosomiasis mortality in Sudanese cattle. AB - The estimated mortality in six- to 30-month-old cattle due to presumptive schistosomiasis was 7.1% for 155 interviews conducted in the White Nile Province in 1981. This mortality was higher for those herds under sedentary management than for migratory herds (9.4% vs 3.6%). The interviews were done through an informal visit technique by a veterinarian living in the area. The approximate number (19,000) of cattle over six months old estimated to be owned by those interviewed represents about 1% of the population in that province. The mortality from all causes in the six- to 30-month age group was 9.2%; in the over 30-month age group it was 1.8%. The authors judge the schistosomiasis mortality to be somewhat upwardly biased but the mortality due to all causes (9.2%) is consistent with the few reports available. PMID- 6649062 TI - Prevalence of helminth parasites of dogs in Lusaka, Zambia. AB - Eighty-five dogs were examined and the numbers and types of helminth parasites found were recorded. Forty per cent of the dogs were infected with one or more helminth parasites. The most prevalent helminths were the cestodes Dipylidium caninum (24.7%) and Taenia hydatigena (17.64%). Infections were evenly distributed with sex of host. Juvenile dogs were more commonly infected with Toxocara canis than adults whereas all other helminths were found more in adult dogs. PMID- 6649063 TI - Haemonchosis in a winter rainfall area in Libya. PMID- 6649064 TI - Mineral status of grazing beef cattle in the warm climate region of Florida. AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the mineral status of purebred Brahman beef cattle grazing Bermuda--Bahia pastures grown on sandy, well-drained soils in Central Florida. Soil, plant, blood serum and liver tissue concentrations of calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, manganese and cobalt were generally adequate. Sixty-nine per cent of forages and 40% of serum samples were deficient in phosphorus. Seventy-five per cent of soils, 38% of forages and 18% of liver samples were deficient in copper. Sixty-nine per cent of forage samples were low, less than 30 ppm, in iron. All samples of forage, liver and serum were deficient in selenium. Likewise, all soil and forage samples and 47 and 88% of serum and liver samples, respectively, were deficient in zinc. Mineral elements most likely deficient and needed in supplements for grazing cattle on sandy, well-drained soils in the warm climate region of Central Florida are phosphorus, copper, selenium and zinc. PMID- 6649065 TI - Age characteristics of mesothelioma incidence in the general population of the province of Padova, 1965-1976. AB - Twenty-four incidental cases of mesothelioma, diagnosed in the province of Padova during the period 1965-1976, were analyzed according to age characteristics. The results show that the incidence rate increases in the general population under study at the same rate as in other populations occupationally and non occupationally exposed to carcinogenic fibers according to the time since first exposure. This finding suggests a similar neoplastic process independent of age, in different environmental situations. PMID- 6649066 TI - Induction of lung tumors and lymphomas in BALB/c mice by metronidazole. AB - Metronidazole, which is widely used in the treatment of "Trichomonas vaginalis", "Entamoeba histolytica" and "Giardia lamblia" infections, was administered to BALB/c mice by stomach tube in an aqueous solution at a dose rate of 2 mg/day for 100 days (total 200 mg) to test its carcinogenicity. The treatment induced a significant increase in lung tumors in male mice (p less than 0.001) and provoked the appearance of lymphomas in females (p less than 0.001). Although there is insufficient evidence to pass judgement on the potential carcinogenicity of metronidazole in man, the results of this and other investigations reported in the literature have demonstrated that metronidazole develops carcinogenic activity in rats and mice. PMID- 6649067 TI - Different susceptibility of BALB/Mo and BALB/c mice to cytogenetic damage induced by urethan. AB - The urethan-induced clastogenic effect in BALB/Mo mice carrying the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) as an endogenous retrovirus was evaluated by short term micronucleus assay on bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE). A single urethan injection in 3 dose levels brought the incidence of micronucleated PCE far above baseline values when scoring was performed 24 h after treatment; this increase was higher in BALB/Mo than in M-MuLV-free BALB/c mice. In a second experiment, micronucleated PCE incidence was determined as a function of the time interval after a single injection of 1 mg urethan/g of body weight. Higher values of micronucleated PCE were scored in BALB/Mo than in BALB/c mice; statistically significant differences were found at 24 and 48 h after treatment. PMID- 6649068 TI - Neutrophil function during cyclic chemotherapy for cancer disease. AB - A study of some aspects of granulocyte function was carried out before, during, and after cyclic chemotherapy in 9 patients surgically treated for carcinoma and in 6 patients with very advanced and inoperable cancer. In most patients, total leukocyte mobilization, Candida-stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction, and phagocytosis increased after chemotherapy. Furthermore, delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to PPD and above all to Varidase increased in the same cases. A significant correlation between accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into skin chambers and skin tests was found in both groups of patients (p less than 0.001). In some instances, fluctuations in the levels of circulating immune complexes without a distinct correlation between these complexes and granulocyte function were found. The data support the hypothesis that depressed granulocyte function may contribute to an increased susceptibility to infections and may be considered an additional factor that favors tumor dissemination. Chemotherapy seems to restore polymorphonuclear function and delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions. PMID- 6649069 TI - Electron microscopy applied to fine-needle aspiration. A report of six cases from various sites. AB - The authors report the results obtained from the application of electron microscopy techniques to the cytology of fine-needle-aspirated samples of neoplastic lesions from various body sites. These results show that the tissue structure, which is usually lost during the squashing necessary for light microscopy cytology, is preserved when the samples are processed for ultrastructural analysis. Electron microscopy also allows a highly detailed study of the cell's inner structures. Thus, when this technique is applied, fine needle aspirated samples can be regarded as actual microbiopsies. However, because of the high cost of ultrastructural techniques, we suggest that actual analysis be performed only in selected cases, whereas fixation and inclusion for electron microscopy could be done routinely. PMID- 6649070 TI - Treatment and follow-up of metastatic cancer with no clinical evidence of a primary lesion. AB - From 1965 to 1981, 43 cases of metastatic tumors were examined without localizing the initial primary site. All the cases were subjected to intensive studies to detect the primary, and most cases received multidisciplinary treatment. In 19 cases it was not possible to discover the primary tumor, and 6 of them are alive 2 to 9 years after the diagnosis. In 24 cases the primary tumor was subsequently located, but 23 of them died 1 to 5 years after diagnosis of the primary. One case is alive after 9 years. The actual point of view vis-a-vis this pathology and the rationale and active plan to obtain worthwhile results are discussed. PMID- 6649071 TI - Metastatic spread of stage I melanoma of the skin. AB - 1164 patients with stage I melanoma of the skin who were submitted to wide excision only of the primary tumor were studied to evaluate the rates of regional lymph node and distant metastases. Of these, 516 (44.3%) had a recurrence of the disease which was at regional lymph nodes in 264 (22.7%), at distant sites in 91 (7.8%), and simultaneously at regional lymph nodes and distant sites in 161 (13.8%). Most of the patients had a relapse within 5 years: regional node metastases were most frequently observed during the first 3 years, and distant metastases appeared later. The ratio regional:distant metastases was not different (P greater than 0.05) when subgroups of patients were considered according to prognostic criteria (sex, site of origin, levels, thickness, ulceration). Sex, levels, thickness and ulceration were found to be significantly related with the frequency of recurrences (regional and distant). It is concluded that the prognostic criteria considered do not predict whether the tumor will metastasize to regional nodes or to distant sites. PMID- 6649072 TI - Prognostic factors in operable breast cancer. AB - A series of 743 consecutive cases of operable breast cancer, admitted and treated at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan from 1969 to 1970, was analyzed by a multivariate statistical method to evaluate a) the variables of the host and the primary tumor associated with the frequency of nodal metastases, b) the variables that significantly affect survival, and c) the identification of homogeneous risk groups. As regards the frequency of regional node metastases, they were more frequently observed in young than in old patients with large tumors (P values 10( 5) and 3 X 10(-5), respectively). Tumors that originated in the axillary tail, upper, outer and central quadrants were significantly associated with a higher rate of node metastases (P = 0.002). Each of these variables maintained its significant value when adjusted by the other two. Survival was affected at a statistically significant level by the age of the patients (P = 2 X 10(-4) ), the pathologic diameter of the primary tumor (P less than 10(-6) ), and the number of metastatic regional nodes (P less than 10(-6) ). The number of involved nodes appears to be the most relevant factor in the assessment of prognosis of patients with positive nodes, Age of the patients, size of the primary tumor, and number of involved nodes maintain their own statistical significance when each is adjusted by the remaining two. The site of origin of the primary tumor, even if associated with the frequency of regional node metastases, did not affect survival. Three groups with a significantly different risk of death were identified in patients with negative lymph nodes and three groups in patients with positive nodes. It is concluded that age, size of the primary, and number of involved lymph nodes are important pieces of information that clinicians should have at hand following radical surgery, not only to make a prognosis, but also to identify groups of patients with high risk of death on which the role of adjuvant treatment should be evaluated. PMID- 6649073 TI - 5-Fluorouracil, vincristine and hydroxyurea combination chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. AB - Twenty consecutive patients who had biopsy proven metastatic colorectal cancer were treated with combination chemotherapy. The drug regimen (FVH), in a 4 week cycle, consisted of 5-fluorouracil (600 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1, 8, 15 and 22), vincristine (1.4 mg/m2 i.v. on day 4), and hydroxyurea (2400 mg/m2 p.o. on days 3, 10, 17 and 24). Three of the 18 evaluable patients achieved an objective tumor remission (2 CR and 1 PR) and 15 patients had stable disease. The overall response rate to FVH was therefore not superior to that achieved in patients who received 5-fluorouracil alone, and the overall survival in this study was comparable to that of other studies involving patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. PMID- 6649074 TI - Home blood glucose monitoring in insulin-dependent diabetic children. PMID- 6649075 TI - Breastfeeding in Turkey: the demographic and socio-economic aspects and relationship with infant/child mortality. PMID- 6649076 TI - Serum haptoglobin levels in patients with active and inactive rheumatic fever. PMID- 6649077 TI - Absence of a hand (acheiria) in a child whose father was treated with cyclophosphamide for Behcet's disease. PMID- 6649078 TI - A case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia following thrombocytopenia. PMID- 6649079 TI - Effects of culture medium on cystic fibrosis and normal fibroblasts studied by X ray microanalysis. AB - The effect of culture medium from fibroblast cultures of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and healthy controls on the elemental composition of fibroblasts was investigated by X-ray microanalysis. Exposure of normal fibroblasts to culture medium from CF fibroblasts caused an increase in calcium level. Exposure of CF fibroblasts to culture medium from normal cells caused an increase of the sodium content of CF cells to approximately normal levels; the calcium level of the CF fibroblasts, however, remained abnormally high. The results may indicate that CF fibroblasts lack a factor needed for the regulation of sodium transport. CF fibroblast medium apparently contains a factor that interferes with the regulation of calcium transport. PMID- 6649080 TI - Sarcomatous type of malignant mesothelioma. AB - Thirteen malignant mesotheliomas of a sarcomatous type were studied by light microscopy and ten were studied by electron microscopy. The histologic patterns varied from tumor to tumor, often resembling other soft tissue sarcomas. Electron microscopic observation showed most of the tumors to be composed of primitive cells. Despite their mesenchymal character, many tumors contained foci of rudimentary epithelial differentiation. It is concluded that both histologic types of malignant mesothelioma, the epithelial as well as the sarcomatous, originate from the same precursor cell at various points of its differentiation and reflect the range of maturation from the mesenchymal reserve cell to the epithelial mesothelial cell. PMID- 6649081 TI - Large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of the testis: a case report with ultrastructural study. AB - Large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor (LCCSCT) is a rare histologic variant of Sertoli cell tumor. Recently we observed a case of LCCSCT of the testis with no associated endocrine abnormality. Our ultrastructural findings of rows of tight junctions, numerous intracytoplasmic filaments, and abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum in whorled formations support the Sertoli cell origin of this neoplasm. PMID- 6649082 TI - The ultrastructural heterogeneity of the Reed-Sternberg cell and its resemblance to monocyte-macrophage differentiation in vivo. AB - Hodgkin's disease is a malignant neoplasm that shares many histologic features with granulomatous diseases. We have examined 11 cases of Hodgkin's disease, representing the spectrum of histologic types, using transmission electron microscopy and have compared the morphology of Reed-Sternberg cells to that of the developmental stages described for monocyte-macrophage differentiation in vivo. Ultrastructurally, a close parallelism exists between the cells that typify granulomatous inflammation and Reed-Sternberg cells. It is our contention that the heterogeniety among Reed-Sternberg cells in all types of Hodgkin's disease parallels the diversity of the monocyte-macrophage system. PMID- 6649083 TI - Mediastinal mass in a young male. PMID- 6649084 TI - Ultrastructural pathology. PMID- 6649085 TI - Intracytoplasmic lumina (UP 2:327-335, 1981) PMID- 6649086 TI - An ultrastructural study of intranuclear rodlets in a malignant extracranial neuroepithelial neoplasm. AB - This report describes for the first time the presence of intranuclear rodlets in a malignant extracranial neuroepithelial neoplasm. This malignant neoplasm appeared poorly differentiated by light microscopy and presented initially as a diagnostic problem. Electron microscopy revealed neoplastic cells joined by macula adherens-type junctions and containing numerous interdigitating cell processes diagnostic of a neuroepithelial neoplasm. A quantitative analysis of 500 cells revealed the presence of intranuclear rodlets in 5% of the neoplastic cells. The rodlets were composed of individual filaments that measured 7-9 nm in width. An extensive review of the literature revealed the high frequency of reported rodlets in normal neurons, normal paraneurons, neoplasms of the nervous system, and paraneuromas. The significance of this interesting structure to the physiology of the cell is discussed. PMID- 6649087 TI - Ultrastructural features of epidermolysis bullosa. AB - Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases, varies in mode of inheritance, extent, severity, and presence or absence of scarring and dystrophy. Fourteen cases (13 in infants and 1 in a young adult) were studied. Subtyping by ultrastructural findings in normal and blistered skin biopsies was as follows: EB simplex (2), EB letalis (3), EBD dominant (2), and EBD recessive (7). One case diagnosed as recessive dystrophic by electron microscopy (EM) followed a benign course with little scaring and was reclassified clinically and after reviewing the EM as dominant dystrophic. Defining the level of bulla formation by EM allowed accurate diagnosis of subtypes. In 6 patients with EBD recessive, normal and bullous skin showed collagenolysis and no anchoring fibrils. In patients with EBD dominant, rudimentary fibrils were noted in normal skin. Whether absence of anchoring fibrils is primary or secondary in these two types and the role of collagenolysis remain unresolved. PMID- 6649088 TI - Effects of cystic fibrosis serum and fibroblast culture medium on ion distribution in rat submandibular gland. AB - The effects of cystic fibrosis (CF) serum and culture medium from CF fibroblasts on ion distribution in rat submandibular gland cells were investigated by X-ray microanalysis. These effects were compared to the effects of normal serum and culture medium from normal fibroblasts, of cholinergic and adrenergic agonists, and of the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol. Incubation of gland tissue with CF serum or normal serum caused a significant decrease in potassium and calcium concentrations and an increase in sodium in mucous acinar and serous granular duct cells. CF serum gave a significantly larger decrease of the potassium level than normal serum. Culture medium from CF fibroblasts altered the cellular ion content in a way similar to CF serum. Exposure to medium from cultured normal fibroblasts did not affect the elemental composition of the gland cells significantly, compared to incubation with fresh medium or buffer. Hence, fibroblast culture medium is more suitable than serum to test specific effects of CF-associated factors. The changes in elemental composition of gland cells caused by CF serum or CF fibroblast culture medium mimic some of the effects of the agonist carbachol. They could, however, also in part result from nonspecific changes in membrane permeability. PMID- 6649090 TI - Extracellular viruslike particles. PMID- 6649089 TI - Renal disease associated with mitomycin therapy. PMID- 6649091 TI - [Salicylate poisoning at a poison control center in 1980]. PMID- 6649092 TI - [Oral candidiasis in the neonatal period]. PMID- 6649093 TI - [Explorative knee arthrotomy. A follow-up questionnaire study of 43 patients]. PMID- 6649094 TI - [Simultaneous extrauterine and intrauterine pregnancies]. PMID- 6649095 TI - [Right-sided diaphragmatic hernia combined with malformations of the intestinal tract and the liver]. PMID- 6649096 TI - [What do we know about chronic occupational pulmonary disease?]. PMID- 6649097 TI - [Drug distribution and drug behavior in relation to patient discharge or outpatient treatment]. PMID- 6649098 TI - [Holter monitoring]. PMID- 6649099 TI - [Long-term registration of ECG]. PMID- 6649100 TI - [Surgical treatment of intractable ascites]. PMID- 6649101 TI - [The diagnostic value of cholescintigraphy in acute cholecystitis]. PMID- 6649102 TI - [Scintigraphy of the biliary tract with 99m Tc-DIDA as a routine procedure in suspected acute cholecystitis]. PMID- 6649103 TI - [Transcutaneous bilirubinometry. A non-invasive method of measuring physiological jaundice]. PMID- 6649104 TI - [Fetus papyraceus]. PMID- 6649105 TI - [Tuberculous bursitis of the upper limb]. PMID- 6649106 TI - [Mineral wool production and cancer. The results of an epidemiological study in 1937-1977]. PMID- 6649107 TI - [Isolated bicycle accidents]. PMID- 6649109 TI - [Acute myelofibrosis]. PMID- 6649108 TI - [Occupational health screening for lead exposure by the ZPP method]. PMID- 6649110 TI - [Pulmonary embolism. A diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma]. PMID- 6649112 TI - [Self-treatment in stricture of the external meatus of the urethra with chlorhexidine lignocaine gel]. PMID- 6649113 TI - [The surgical technic and vaso-vasostomy]. PMID- 6649111 TI - [Changes in the microflora after abdominal hysterectomy]. PMID- 6649114 TI - [Transluminal aortography with a bent catheter]. PMID- 6649115 TI - [Non-union of the carpal scaphoid treated by Matti-Russe's method]. PMID- 6649117 TI - [Fibrous dysplasia of the base of the skull and facial skeleton with unusual radiographic findings]. PMID- 6649116 TI - [Audiological assessment of a patient after sniffing of lighter fuel]. PMID- 6649118 TI - [Sweet's syndrome. Acute febrile neutrophil dermatosis]. PMID- 6649119 TI - [What do we know about occupational metal poisoning?]. PMID- 6649120 TI - [Children and parents in hospital. I. Materials and methods of child hospitalization]. PMID- 6649121 TI - [The presence of parents at outpatient operations on children. The significance of the presence of parents at induction of anesthesia and the preoperative instruction of children requiring outpatient operations]. PMID- 6649122 TI - [The time required for rewarming of fingers after provocation with cold. Comparison between crane drivers exposed to vibration and a control group]. PMID- 6649123 TI - [Thrombocytosis. A review of 500 cases]. PMID- 6649124 TI - [Thrombocytopenia. A review with special reference to the therapeutic value of glucocorticoids]. PMID- 6649125 TI - [Correlation between the clinical and radiological diagnosis of fractures in an emergency department]. PMID- 6649126 TI - [The consequences of abnormal findings in the barium meal examination of the stomach and duodenum]. PMID- 6649127 TI - [Measurement of the dispersion of the erythrocyte volume distribution]. PMID- 6649128 TI - [Conjunctivitis in adults caused by genital Chlamydia]. PMID- 6649130 TI - [Development of sarcoma in the uterus after previous radiotherapy for cancer of the cervix]. PMID- 6649131 TI - [Knotted epidural catheter]. PMID- 6649132 TI - [Perforating eye injuries in motor car accidents 1971-80]. PMID- 6649129 TI - [Limy bile]. PMID- 6649133 TI - [Psychiatric nosography]. PMID- 6649134 TI - [Congenital hydrocolpos. Diagnosed in a female 2-day-old infant]. PMID- 6649135 TI - [Retroperitoneal and mediastinal emphysema as a complication of diagnostic colonoscopy]. PMID- 6649137 TI - [Measles encephalitis]. PMID- 6649136 TI - [Superficial spreading cancer of the esophagus. An unusual cause of hematemesis]. PMID- 6649138 TI - [Paraquat poisoning treated with simultaneous hemoperfusion and hemodialysis]. PMID- 6649139 TI - [Persistent ductus arteriosus in premature infants]. PMID- 6649140 TI - [Indomethacin treatment of persistent ductus arteriosus in premature infants]. PMID- 6649141 TI - [M-mode echocardiography of premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus and idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome]. PMID- 6649142 TI - [Ultrasonic examination of the gallbladder for calculi]. PMID- 6649144 TI - [Visidex--a new test strip for home determination of blood glucose]. PMID- 6649143 TI - [Extensive elective resections of the liver]. PMID- 6649145 TI - [Primary involvement of the central nervous system in acute leukemia]. PMID- 6649146 TI - [Diagnosis of discitis/spondylitis]. PMID- 6649147 TI - [What do we know about occupational cancer?]. PMID- 6649148 TI - [The danger of carbon monoxide poisoning from gas water heaters. A study of 124 systems and their users]. PMID- 6649149 TI - [Accidents caused by gas water heaters. Fatalities and a non-fatal case]. PMID- 6649150 TI - [Carbon monoxide poisoning in children. A cause of seizures]. PMID- 6649151 TI - A moving tissue-equivalent phantom for ultrasonic real-time scanning and Doppler techniques. PMID- 6649152 TI - An in vitro model and its application for the study of carotid Doppler spectral broadening. AB - A new in vitro model has been developed for studying the changes in the ultrasound Doppler spectrum that occur in the region of a stenosis. Pulsatile flow in rigid acrylic tubes was produced by means of a modified hemodialysis pump. The Doppler spectral waveforms were measured using a continuous wave Doppler system, a probe of a known field pattern, a real-time high resolution frequency analyzer, and a video display and recording system. The flow velocity waveforms were found to be nearly identical to those seen in the human carotid. Measurements were made to determine the critical stenosis and the results are similar to those reported from in vivo studies. In a preliminary study, the extent of spectral broadening was found to be dependent on the recording site in relation to the stenosis, the severity of the stenosis, and the flow rate. Using qualitative methods it was not possible to determine either the influence of the shape of the stenosis or the phase of the cardiac cycle on spectral broadening. PMID- 6649153 TI - On the validity of the linear approximation in the parametric measurement of attenuation in tissues. AB - A known method for the determination of the attenuation coefficient of tissues involves the measurement of the center frequency downshift of Gaussian spectra. The tissue is generally assumed to have linear frequency dependent attenuation. This assumption results in a simple relationship between the spectral downshift and the attenuation coefficient. However, recent studies have shown that many tissues exhibit nonlinear frequency dependent attenuation. In this paper we investigate the consequences of applying the linear assumption to non-linear cases. These studies show that even a small deviation from linearity results in significant errors in the determination of the attenuation parameters. PMID- 6649154 TI - Ultrasonic attenuation and absorption in liver tissue. AB - A large range of values for ultrasonic attenuation and absorption coefficients of tissues are reported in the literature. An important distinction both practically and theoretically is the magnitude of the true absorption, which characterizes the rate of conversion of ultrasonic to thermal energy, as compared with the total attenuation of the ultrasonic signal as it propagates through tissue. The magnitudes of these quantities were studied in bovine liver. Total attenuation was measured, in the range of 1-6 MHz, by both phase sensitive and phase insensitive insertion loss techniques. Ultrasonic absorption was determined by two thermal techniques. The standard "transient thermoelectric" or rate-of heating method, and a new measurement technique based on the temperature decay following a short ultrasonic pulse were employed for the determination of the ultrasonic absorption coefficient. The results demonstrate that the ultrasonic amplitude attenuation and absorption coefficients at low megahertz frequencies are not significantly different in liver. The mean values cluster around 0.05 nepers/cm/MHz (0.4dB/cm/MHz). The sample-to-sample variation is indicated by the standard deviation in the measurements of 0.01 nepers/cm/MHz (0.09dB/cm/MHz) or less. The results show that in liver tissue, absorption is the dominant feature of attenuation over this frequency range. PMID- 6649155 TI - Preliminary study on the use of ultrasonic transmission imaging to evaluate the hip joint in the immature dog. AB - Real-time ultrasonic transmission imaging presents an orthographic image of anatomy similar to that obtained with X-ray fluoroscopy. Transmission imaging allows visualization of the dynamic interaction of muscle, cartilage, bone, tendon and joints during selective palpation and movement. The hip joints of deceased dogs, 7-8 weeks of age, were sonographically evaluated at various levels of dissection and correlated with anatomic features. Wherever possible correlation was made qualitatively with radiographs of the pelvis and coxofemoral joints. Although some features of the hip could be imaged, ultrasonic transmission imaging will require additional research and development before it is proven to be a useful diagnostic adjunct in clinical veterinary medicine. PMID- 6649156 TI - The effects of continuous wave and pulsed ultrasound on rat thymocytes in vitro. AB - Rat thymocytes in suspension were exposed to continuous wave and pulsed ultrasound at frequencies of 0.5 and 1 MHz. In qualitative confirmation of the observations of Chapman et al. (1979), cell lysis and cell survival were found to depend upon ultrasound intensity, frequency and time of exposure. Cell survival after 10 min, 2 W/cm2, 0.5 MHz was approx. 40 percent of control. Pulsed exposures at 0.5 MHz with the same temporal average intensity but with a temporal peak intensity of 30 W/cm2 showed no statistically significant decrease in survival in comparison with controls. The thymocyte observations provide no support for the belief that diagnostic ultrasound may cause biological effects in the fluids of the body. PMID- 6649157 TI - The kinetics and mechanics of ultrasonically-induced cell lysis produced by non trapped bubbles in a rotating culture tube. AB - The kinetics of ultrasonically-induced cell lysis are examined in terms of classical radiation biology target theory. A theoretical expression relating the concentration of intact cells remaining after a given period of sonication in a rotating culture tube to the number of non-trapped bubbles, l, which a cell must encounter in order to be lysed is obtained. The expression is compared to experimental results in order to determine the actual value of l. It is found that l equals one (1). The concentration of non-trapped bubbles which is responsible for the observed cell lysis is calculated to be 250-500 cm-3. Finally, it is proposed that non-trapped bubbles tunnel into cells while undergoing stable cavitation and that cell lysis is produced by one or more transient events inside the cell. PMID- 6649158 TI - A simple acoustically coupled calibrator. AB - An acoustically coupled device is described which is designed to calibrate the electronic caliper systems of diagnostic ultrasound machines. The device is intended primarily for use with linear array machines where electrical interconnection of test equipment is not possible. The transmitter pulse from the linear array machine is detected by a single element transducer held in contact with its probe and used by the calibrator to initiate the injection of accurately timed markers back into the real time probe via the same transducer. The real time caliper system may be calibrated to 1540 or 1600 ms-1 using markers thus displayed on the real time machine. The device is compact and convenient to use. PMID- 6649159 TI - [Concept of interdisciplinary procedures within the scope of traumatology--the status of urology]. AB - Following criteria decide on the further life of patients with acute severe trauma: how fast injuries and their severity are recognized and following therapies are managed; prior conditions for a sufficient treatment of the acute trauma patient consist in a perfect organization and a good cooperation of all specialists. Important details of the therapeutic concept, divided in 5 or 6 phases are given. Furthermore special urological aspects in cases of multiple injuries are discussed. PMID- 6649160 TI - [Diagnosis of kidney injuries]. AB - The exact staging of kidney damages is actually possible with the anamnesis, clinical symptomatology and different diagnostic methods. According to a greater experience the importance of the digital subtractionangiography, the sonography and computertomography is increasing The urography as a basic examination cannot be replaced by other methods, whereas only with the angiography previous to the operation the exact morphology of ruptured intrarenal arteries and injuries of the renal stalk may be found. PMID- 6649161 TI - [Report of experiences with therapy of kidney injuries]. AB - Divergent opinions exist in treating severe kidney damage. Therapeutic possibilities are shown in 150 kidney injuries, analysed in a retrospective study, during an 8-year period (1975 to 1982) in an urological and surgical department. Conservative treatment was preferred in nearly all kidney trauma grade I (according to Hodges). Nephrectomy was done in 87,5% of all grade III kidney injuries. In grade II kidney damage 9.1% were managed by conservative and 90.9% by operative therapy, 78% of the injured kidneys, grade II and III, could be saved. Operative treatment is highly more recommended regardless whether kidney trauma happened with or without other injuries. Decisions between both therapeutic possibilities, conservative or operative, depend upon posttraumatic complications and the urgency of polytraumatic injuries. Early cooperation between urologist and surgeon is most important. PMID- 6649162 TI - [Report of experiences with therapy of kidney injuries]. AB - Of 510 traumatic renal injuries analyzed for the period 1960-1982, 95 patients demonstrated an injury of grade I-V according to the classification of Kuster[11]. 88 patients were treated by surgery, 73 had immediate exploration. 15 patients in whom surgery became necessary after a trial of non operative management demonstrated much more complications than those managed by early operative intervention. Nephrectomy had to be performed in 8 of these 15 patients. The value of early excretory urography, ultrasound and sometimes of CT in the diagnosis of renal injuries is discussed. Arteriography and retrograde pyelography are only useful in very selected cases. PMID- 6649163 TI - [Report of experiences with therapy of blunt kidney injuries]. AB - Blunt renal injuries are classified into 4 groups, namely contusions (grade I), lacerations (grade II), severe fractures (grade III) and pedicle injuries (grade IV). A group of 71 patients with closed renal trauma is reported being classified into 46 grade I, 20 grade II, 3 grade III and 2 grade IV cases. Only the 5 patients with grade III and IV injuries needed surgical intervention resulting in nephrectomy in all 5 cases. Late complications occurred in 4 of the 20 patients of group II, namely contracted kidneys in 2 and hypertension in another 2 instances. The appropriate treatment should be chosen on an individual basis. In grade III and IV renal trauma, surgical intervention is generally required resulting in most instances in nephrectomy. In grade I lesions expectant management is considered the rule. Controversy exists regarding the optimal therapy of grade II injuries. Statistics demonstrate that surgical intervention in these cases will result in greater renal tissue loss as compared with expectant management. PMID- 6649164 TI - [Blunt kidney injuries - operative or conservative therapy? A contribution to classification]. AB - There is consensus concerning the management of minor (Grade I) and critical (Grade III) renal trauma, while the management of Grade II-lesions is contradictory. 48 consecutive cases of renal trauma were evaluated in order to define more exactly the indications of operative and non-operative therapy. As a diagnostic approach sonography and computerized tomography were added to urine examinations and intravenous pyelography, while angiography is only used when surgical intervention is expected. As therapeutic regimen for the intermediate group of Grade II b-lesions we recommend expectant management with "delayed urgency". This concept is based on a more differentiated classification particularly of major injuries (modified from Hodges and Lutzeyer). The importance of short-time clinical, sonographic and CT-control is underlined. Deterioration of clinical condition, associated injuries or pre-existent renal anomalies are indicating delayed operation. Emphasizing the intermediate group within major injuries between expectant conservative and operative management (about 5-10%) the main controversial issues are presented. PMID- 6649165 TI - [Renal hypertension - a threatening complication of blunt kidney injuries]. AB - The therapeutic management of renal trauma is mainly determined by the type and grade of kidney damage. However, imminent complications of renal trauma should already be considered during the primary therapy. The posttraumatic development of the arterial blood pressure was analysed in 153 kidney injuries by a retrospective study during a period of 17 years. Posttraumatic high blood pressure was found in 17 of 86 cases (19.7%) being managed by conservative therapy, and most of them had a grade I-renal trauma (classification according to Hodges). On the contrary, those with a primary operative therapy i.e. when the kidney could be saved or had to be removed, did not show high blood pressure. The high frequency of late complications after conservative treatment of renal trauma supports the necessity of a more active therapy even in slightly damaged kidney. PMID- 6649166 TI - [Injuries of the posterior urethra]. AB - Injuries of the posterior urethra are a result of a blunt trauma of the pelvic ring, lacerations of the perineum and iatrogenic perforations due to transurethral manipulations. Traumatic lesions of the posterior urethra in about 10% of these patients suffer also a bladder laceration. The diagnosis of a urethral injury is ascertained by i. v. urogram and urothrography. If a urethral trauma is suspected the insertion of a catheter should be avoided in any case. The treatment is divided in emergency treatment, which means evacuation and drainage of the haematoma and extravasation and suprapubic urinary derivation made by the surgeon and the primary realignment or delayed urethral reconstruction, both interventions being reserved for well trained urologists. Minimal lesions characterized by a preserved continuity in small extravasations in the urothrography are sufficiently treated by a suprapubic urinary diversion. Severe injuries are treated by realignment of the urethra over a splint, drainage of the perivesical space and urinary diversion. 63% of the patients treated by this modality had perfect results and there was no need for further therapy. The proper replacement of the fractured pelvic bones are an integrated part of our plan of treatment. About 12% of patients with pelvic fracture and injury of the posterior urethra experience loose their potency. These can be explained by neurovascular injury. Impotence does not seem to be caused by surgical treatment, since the rate of impotence is similar in patients treated by primary realignment and suprapubic urinary diversion only. PMID- 6649167 TI - [Disturbed fracture healing. Etiology - therapy - results]. PMID- 6649168 TI - [Surgical treatment of medial fractures of the femoral neck]. PMID- 6649169 TI - [Treatment of trochanteric fractures with a steep plate. Method, indication, treatment and late results]. PMID- 6649170 TI - [Preoperative CT diagnosis in tumorous destructions of the spine]. PMID- 6649171 TI - [Compression fracture of the vertebral body following trauma from lifting heavy weights]. PMID- 6649172 TI - [Contusion of the cancellous bone]. PMID- 6649173 TI - [The combination of diaphyseal femoral fracture and fracture of the proximal femur]. PMID- 6649174 TI - [Rupture of the distal biceps tendon. Etiology--management--results]. PMID- 6649175 TI - [Incidence of pseudarthrosis and localization over a 35-year period]. PMID- 6649176 TI - [Isolated paralysis of the long flexor muscle of the thumb following osteosynthesis of the radius. The anterior interosseus nerve syndrome]. PMID- 6649177 TI - [Intraoperative position-related paralysis of the brachial plexus. Contribution to prevention]. PMID- 6649178 TI - [Temporary metallic shoulder joint replacement in complete separation of the acromioclavicular joint]. PMID- 6649179 TI - [Universal availability of driver education courses in secondary schools does not reduce morbidity and mortality of young Canadians]. PMID- 6649180 TI - [Geographic relations between death caused by cancer of the respiratory system and industrial employment data]. PMID- 6649181 TI - [Methods and indications for prenatal diagnosis. II]. PMID- 6649182 TI - [Glycosylated hemoglobin and the evaluation of control in ambulatory diabetic patients]. PMID- 6649183 TI - [Peripheral vertigo]. PMID- 6649184 TI - [What do we learn from recent research on competence of the infant?]. PMID- 6649185 TI - [Prevention in community health (or the search for the lost paradigm in the field of mental health)]. PMID- 6649186 TI - [Needle aspiration of renal cysts]. PMID- 6649187 TI - [Pulmonary and hepatic echinococcosis. Presentation of 9 cases]. PMID- 6649188 TI - [Prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications: a physiologic approach]. PMID- 6649189 TI - [Early detection of cancer in ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 6649190 TI - Perspectives on serum acid phosphatase in prostatic disease. An evaluation of two methods. AB - Acid phosphatase in serum was measured in 116 patients with prostatic disease, benign in 59 and malignant in 57 cases. Comparisons were made between radioimmunoassay (RIA) and an enzymatic method. The correlation coefficient between the respective values was 0.96 in patients with untreated prostatic cancer, indicating that no significant difference between results with the two methods was to be expected. The correlation coefficient between RIA values and cancer stage was 0.48, and between catalytic activity and cancer stage it was 0.50. The validity of the two methods consequently was equal. RIA, however, was the more sensitive method, giving elevated values in 10 of 11 patients with untreated stage III or stage IV prostatic cancer, as compared with only 4 of the same 11 in the enzymatic assay. This seeming paradox most probably was attributable to differing intrinsic properties of the methods when the upper limits of normal range were established. Neither RIA nor enzymatic analysis discriminated early prostatic cancer (stages I and II) from benign lesions. PMID- 6649191 TI - What do patients know about their digitalis? A comparison between two different areas in Sweden. AB - Out of 1183 unselected out-patients in Skelleftea and 620 in Uppsala, 200 patients from each place were selected at random to be sent a questionnaire on their medication with digitalis. Answers to the questionnaires were obtained from 196 patients (98 per cent) in Skelleftea and from 163 patients in Uppsala (82 per cent). About 85 per cent stated that they took their digoxin as prescribed once a day. About 60 per cent knew correctly why digoxin treatment was given and 20 per cent were uncertain as to why they took digoxin. About 45 per cent stated that they felt improved thanks to the digoxin therapy. 55 per cent did not know about digitalis side-effects. About 50 per cent denied having received any information about digitalis and 50 per cent were unsatisfied with the information they had been given. Only 15 per cent were content with the information. Methods for improving the information to patients are proposed. PMID- 6649192 TI - Experiments with immunization of mice with blastocysts by an intrasplenic route. AB - A few attaching blastocysts from CBA/H mice were irradiated from a Cesium source and transferred into the spleen of male DBA2 mice. A booster immunization was performed after four weeks. Blood samples for preparation of antiserum to test for the presence of immunoglobulins directed against blastocyst surface determinants were obtained by a retro-orbital puncture. Specific antibodies were detected with a protein A-gold method, modified for transmission electron microscopy of air-dried blastocysts. The results showed that CBA/H blastocyst incubated in DBA2 immune serum were positive for protein A-gold labelling, while control blastocysts only possessed a few irregularly scattered gold particles. Thus, it seems as a deposition of antigens in the spleen tissue with persistence of the antigens at this site will result in detectable antibodies in the peripheral blood. PMID- 6649193 TI - Ultrastructural localization of the prostasome - an organelle in human seminal plasma. AB - Secretory granules and vesicles were demonstrated within human prostatic cells and in the acinar lumen. In size and ultrastructure the granules and vesicles were the same as those previously isolated from human prostatic fluid and seminal plasma. "Prostasomes" is suggested as the designation for these secretory granules and vesicles. As a rule they were found in storage vesicles within the secretory cells. Two mechanisms for translocation of the prostasomes from the cell interior to the acinar lumen are described. One mechanism involves exocytosis with binding of storage vesicles to, and fusion with the plasma membrane, resulting in release of prostasomes directly into the acinar lumen. The other mechanism implies displacement of storage vesicles in toto from the cell interior to the acinar lumen. This process differs from exocytosis and is here designated "diacytosis". Both phenomena appear to be of roughly equal frequency. PMID- 6649194 TI - Fibrinolysis inhibition and fibronectin in the blood in patients with the delayed microembolism syndrome. AB - Various parameters of fibrinolysis inhibition and the plasma concentration of fibronectin (alpha 2-surface binding glycoprotein, cold insoluble globulin) were measured in patients at risk of developing acute progressive respiratory sufficiency following trauma or sepsis - the delayed microembolism syndrome (DMS). Most parameters measuring fibrinolysis inhibition were significantly higher in the five patients with DMS than in five patients who did not develop the syndrome. Thus, the primary fibrinolysis inhibitor (alpha 2-antiplasmin) was enhanced and the alpha-form of this inhibitor, with affinity to plasminogen, showed the greatest increment and might be of major importance for the delayed elimination of fibrin from the lungs occurring in these patients. The fibronectin concentrations were not lower in patients with DMS than in those who did not develop the syndrome. PMID- 6649195 TI - [Pregnancy and labor after the Michelson operation for bladder exstrophy]. PMID- 6649196 TI - [Malacoplakia of the bladder]. PMID- 6649197 TI - Glycosaminoglycans in urothelial carcinomas. AB - The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in human urothelial carcinomas was biochemically determined and compared to that of normal urothelium and bladder wall of the calf. The total GAG content was elevated in urothelial carcinomas, and the distribution pattern differed from that of normal urothelium and bladder wall. Whereas urothelial carcinomas contained heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate, chondroitin 4-sulphate and chondroitin 6-sulphate, only heparan sulphate could be detected in the normal urothelium. The GAG determination was based on hexosamine analysis and thin layer chromatography after elution on Dowex 1 X 2 columns. PMID- 6649198 TI - Zinc in post prostatic massage (VB3) urine samples: a marker of prostatic secretory function and indicator of bacterial infection. AB - The value of biochemical examination of post-prostatic massage (VB3) urine samples has been investigated. Measurement of zinc levels provides a good marker of prostatic secretory function. In the absence of prostatic carcinoma findings of greater or equal to 100 micrograms zinc in VB3 urines is strong evidence (2% false negatives) of an absence of infectious or inflammatory prostatic disease. Less than 40 micrograms of zinc is suggestive (14% false positives) of prostatitis. There is little need to consider the endogenous urinary zinc levels. This simple test should be of particular value in cases where an expressed prostatic secretion is not obtained (about 40% of this series of patients), when it would be a valuable adjunct to cytological and bacteriological examination of split urine samples. PMID- 6649199 TI - Validity of monitoring nocturnal penile tumescence for a single night. AB - 19 patients had nocturnal penile tumescence monitored on two occasions. No statistical relationship was shown between the two examinations. PMID- 6649200 TI - A new method for permanent catheterization in the dog. AB - A new method of enabling urodynamic measurements to be made in the conscious dog is reported. A connecting device is located under the skin on the dog's back, and a catheter passes between this device and the bladder. The system described has proved valuable. PMID- 6649201 TI - Experimental varicocele in the rat--a new experimental model. I. Effect on testicular structure. AB - A new experimental model of a varicoele in the rat is proposed. The study has been carried out on the Wistar rat in which the gonadal vein enters into the iliac vein. A varicocoele was induced in different ways: by complete or incomplete ligature of the iliac vein medial to the entry of the gonadal bein (Group I and II); by creating a venous compression by positioning the iliac artery in front of the vein, thus reproducing the so called "nut cracker" phenomenon (Group III); by creation of a small arterio-venous fistula by means of a side-to-side anastomosis between the iliac artery and vein. The results were studied macroscopically and histologically. The damage was most evident in Group III and significant in Group IV, but the absence of damage to the contralateral testis remains unexplained. PMID- 6649202 TI - Results of clean intermittent catheterization for children with neurogenic bladders. AB - Forty-nine patients were placed on a regimen of clean intermittent catheterization one to four years prior to this review. The children were intermittently catheterized, and a silver nitrate solution 1:1000 was instilled after each catheterization. Nurse practitioners, and community and school personnel contributed to the management. Twenty-one patients were continent with anticholinergics, and 18 also required alpha-adrenergic agents. Eighty-eight per cent were essentially bacteriuria-free, 65 per cent were essentially infection free, and forty-nine per cent were totally continent. The remaining 25 had mild incontinence. Eleven had clearances below 85 mm/min with 8 reverting to normal on therapy. Nine had reflux prior to the study and one improved. In 8 patients reflux developed during therapy; 4 had severe reflux which required ureteral reimplantation. The results demonstrated that a clean intermittent catheterization program is feasible in a rural setting and that a genitourinary irrigant does decrease bacteriuria. PMID- 6649203 TI - Allergic reaction to protamine: a late complication of elective vasectomy? AB - Nucleoprotamines are a normal component of human sperm cells. Antibodies against these protamines develop in 22 to 33 per cent of patients undergoing elective vasectomy. These antibodies, in turn, have been shown to cross-react with medicinal protamines, which are extracted commercially from the testes of salmon and certain other fish. This cross-reactivity against protamines raises the possibility that patients who have undergone elective vasectomy may be at increased risk of an allergic reaction developing if they are later exposed to protamine as a medication. Since medicinal protamines currently enjoy widespread clinical use, this information should be borne in mind by those clinician using protamine and by urologists when counselling patients concerning elective vasectomy for sterilization. PMID- 6649204 TI - Mentor inflatable penile prosthesis. AB - The new Mentor prosthesis is similar in appearance to the Scott inflatable penile prosthesis, consisting of a pump, a reservoir, and two penile cylinders. The penile cylinders of the Mentor prosthesis are constructed of Bioflex polyurethane, a new polymer which is more durable and less elastic than silicone. The use of Bioflex cylinders should increase device longevity and eliminate cylinder aneurysms. It also may be possible to correct penile deformities produced by silicone cylinders which have formed aneurysms by replacing the dilated cylinders with Bioflex cylinders. The new Mentor prosthesis utilizes snap on connectors which rely on plastic clamps rather than suture ties to fix tubings to connectors. This method of attaching tubing to connectors will reduce operating time and should reduce the incidence of connector leaks. PMID- 6649205 TI - Evaluation and management of children with sacral agenesis. AB - Sacral agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly of the lower vertebral column which usually produces lower urinary tract dysfunction. Sixteen children with varying degrees of sacral agenesis and urinary symptoms were extensively evaluated. The neurologic lesion varied from no denervation to a complete loss of sacral motor and sensory function. The treatment instituted was individualized and based on specific urodynamic and radiologic findings. Overall, 12 of the 16 children (75%) achieved continence. Clues to the diagnosis including symptoms, physical findings, and the relationship to maternal diabetes are discussed. PMID- 6649206 TI - One-stage total cystectomy and ileal loop diversion in patients over eighty years' old with bladder carcinoma. Pre- and postoperative functional reserve of various organs. AB - During the period from 1976 to 1981, 364 patients with bladder carcinoma were seen at the Keio University Hospital. Extensive preoperative investigation of pulmonary, cardiovascular, and renal function was obtained in all patients. Of the 12 patients studied, 9 underwent a one-stage total cystectomy and ileal loop diversion and the remaining 3 a two-stage procedure. Of the 9 patients, decreased FEV 1.0 per cent by spirometry was noted in 5, ECG abnormality such as bundle branch blocks in 8, and diminished creatinine clearance ranging from 28 to 68 ml/min were observed in all 9. Major postoperative complications included pyelonephritis in 2 patients, pneumonia in 1, pelvic abscess in 2, renal insufficiency in 3, and paralytic ileus in 2. There was no immediate postoperative death. In these elderly patients, functional reserve of the lung, heart, and kidney is less than optimal and is further decreased by major surgical procedures. Therefore, total cystectomy in the elderly patients is justifiable only in a selected group of patients, when functional status of the vital organ is thoroughly worked up and prophylactic and therapeutic measures are instituted promptly if indicated. PMID- 6649207 TI - Urolithiasis in black Africans. AB - Urinary calculus is not uncommon in black Africans as shown by the experience of one hospital in a large town such as Kinshasa. The causation remains mostly undetermined. Populations along the Zaire river appear to be more affected. Chemical composition is classic. Clinical features are aggravated in Africans by serious complications requiring more surgical procedures. Although urinary schistosoma is an endemic disease in Zaire, it was not associated with urolithiasis. PMID- 6649208 TI - Traumatic dislocation of testis. AB - Traumatic dislocation of the testis is a rare disorder with only 46 cases having been reported. We herein add 3 cases. Its association with motorcycle accidents and early adulthood are noted. Its mechanism, classification, diagnosis and pathology are discussed. Early closed reduction or surgical orchiopexy is recommended. PMID- 6649209 TI - Use of hydrogen gas clearance for measurement of renal circulation. An experimental study. AB - Inhalation of hydrogen gas and its immediate diffusion into the blood permits an accurate and reproducible determination of its clearance through a fine platinum electrode inserted in the renal cortex. The oxidation of molecular hydrogen at the surface of the electrode generates a current which is then easily recorded. Such recordings accurately reflect regional arterial circulation. Experiments have been done in rats to determine regional renal cortical arterial circulation in (1) normal conditions, (2) immediately following unilateral, complete ureteral obstruction, and (3) following a twenty-four-hour ureteral obstruction. Hundreds of simple and reproducible recordings were obtained. Although acute obstruction does not immediately affect cortical blood supply, a twenty-four-hour obstruction was accompanied by a 31.3 per cent reduction in circulation. PMID- 6649210 TI - Metastatic characteristics of four FANFT-induced murine bladder tumors. AB - In this study, a model system was designed to investigate the metastatic potential of intramuscularly implanted bladder tumor cells in mice. Of the 4 FANFT-induced murine bladder tumors investigated, MBT-2 and -8 metastasized to the lung. PMID- 6649211 TI - Giant hydronephrosis in ectopic kidney in a child. AB - We report on a ten-year-old boy with a huge asymptomatic mass found to be a giant hydronephrosis in an ectopic pelvic kidney. Diagnosis and management of giant hydronephrosis are outlined. PMID- 6649212 TI - Pyeloduodenal fistula. AB - Twenty-eight cases of pyeloduodenal fistula are reviewed from the standpoint of pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Our review suggests the majority of these fistulas involved the right kidney and occurred as a result of chronic renal inflammatory disease. The fistulas are most effectively diagnosed with retrograde pyelography. The review suggests the best management of pyeloduodenal fistula is nephrectomy and primary closure of the duodenum. PMID- 6649213 TI - Postmenopausal vesical endometriosis. AB - Vesical endometriosis in a postmenopausal patient is reported. An abdominal hysterectomy had been performed twenty-four years previously, and exogenous estrogens had not been administered. The patient was treated surgically with a partial cystectomy. PMID- 6649215 TI - Operative thin-trocar nephrostomy. PMID- 6649216 TI - Coaxial dilation system for percutaneous nephrostomy. PMID- 6649214 TI - Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (immature teratoma) of testis. AB - The malignant neuroectodermal tumor is a recently described distinctive form of monodermal teratoma of the ovary. The first known example of this rare tumor occurring in the testis is reported. PMID- 6649217 TI - Case profile: bladder herniation and bilateral vesicoureteral reflux. PMID- 6649218 TI - Ultrasonic findings in lipoblastomatosis masquerading as neuroblastoma. AB - A large tumor which had clinical and ultrasonic features of neuroblastoma proved to be intrahepatic lipoblastomatosis at surgery. PMID- 6649219 TI - Case profile: unusual body producing renal colic. PMID- 6649220 TI - Peripheral blood steroid levels in Cushing syndrome due to adrenocortical carcinoma or adenoma. AB - Measurement of the peripheral vein levels of the steroids in the adrenal biosynthetic pathway affords a further possible definitive method of differentiating adrenocortical carcinoma from adrenal adenoma in the presence of Cushing syndrome. In patients with adrenal carcinoma the blood levels of 17 hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone are far higher than those seen in association with adenoma. In addition, the adrenal cortical carcinoma appears to have a higher ratio of precursors to product in the early part of the biosynthetic path and a lower one in the distal portion than adrenal adenomas. In Cushing syndrome due to adrenal tumor the measurement of serum cortisol is preferably made after chromatographic separation from 11-deoxycortisol in view of the marked cross reactivity in the protein binding procedure. PMID- 6649221 TI - Retrograde method for percutaneous access to kidney. AB - A technique is described for gaining percutaneous access to the kidney by puncturing from inside out using a retrograde catheter and a sharpened stainless steel stylet. The method allows precise placement of a percutaneous tract in the nondilated upper urinary tract. PMID- 6649222 TI - Hawkins-Hunter retrograde transcutaneous nephrostomy: a new technique. AB - Retrograde nephrostomy, a new technique to aid in stone management, has been performed successfully in dogs. It has also been used without complication in a human patient to help remove a renal stone percutaneously under local anesthesia. The technique consists of placing a coaxial catheter over a guidewire under fluoroscopy into the exact calyx desired and advancing a long needle out to the skin to establish a transcutaneous tract. The advantages of the technique include increased control and precision of tract placement, efficient working angles for percutaneous stone removal, and the ability to perform the procedure under local anesthesia. PMID- 6649223 TI - Embryologic and diagnostic aspects of associated malformation of upper urinary and genital tracts. AB - The embryologic aberration leading to associated malformation of the upper urinary and genital tracts is discussed. Two typical cases of seminal vesicle cyst combined with ipsilateral renal agenesia or dysplasia are presented and the therapeutic possibilities discussed. PMID- 6649224 TI - Ureteral ectopia into seminal vesicle: embryology and clinical presentation. AB - The cause of ureteral ectopia in a single nonduplicated system is probably an abnormally high origin of the ureteral bud on the mesonephric duct. In the male patient with vague and unexplained lower urinary tract symptoms, extravesical ureteral ectopia must be considered, especially in prepubertal males with epididymitis and a solitary kidney. Physical examination, seminal vesiculography with delayed films, and voiding cystourethrogram should provide a diagnosis. PMID- 6649225 TI - Squamous carcinoma of urinary bladder. AB - The clinical course of 56 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma with squamous metaplasia were compared. Survival was evaluated to compare treatments and biologic potentials of these neoplasms. Squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder behaves as poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma with squamous metaplasia, and survival is significantly poorer than in poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma. While survivals are limited, only radical, surgical extirpation can be associated with significant patient salvage. PMID- 6649226 TI - Gender assignment in male pseudohermaphrodite children. AB - Experience with male pseudohermaphrodites at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, from 1976 to 1981 was reviewed to identify factors that had influenced gender assignment. Seventeen children with microphallus, ambiguous genitalia, and 46 XY karoytype were studied. Five had been raised as females and 12 as males. Of those raised as females, 3 were from families with prior experience of androgen insensitivity. The other 2 had gross perineal abnormalities in addition to genital ambiguity. Of those raised as males 6 were not considered for gender reassignment, 4 because they were too old at presentation, and the other 2 because of parental refusal. In this series the parents were not prepared to accept gender reassignment on the basis of a small phallus alone. Androgen stimulation so far has been a reliable indicator of phallic growth potential, but long-term follow-up is necessary to determine its true value. PMID- 6649227 TI - Correction of disproportion of corpora cavernosa as cause of chordee in hypospadias. AB - Correction of chordee is a basic step in hypospadias surgery. In some children with significant chordee, ventral deflection of the shaft will persist after all "chordee tissue" is excised from the surface of the corpora cavernosa. In the flaccid state, this persistent chordee may not be evident but is easily demonstrated with an artificial erection technique. The use of dorsal plication of the tunica albuginea to correct this deformity is emphasized. PMID- 6649228 TI - Hyperemic stress test in diagnosis of vasculogenic impotence. AB - A hyperemic stress test was used to determine vasculogenic impotence in 100 men (50 potent, 50 impotent). Normal potent males had a resting penile:brachial index ratio of 0.75 and uniformly demonstrated a hyperemic response to the cuff occlusion stress test with a mean of 20 per cent increase in penile pressure. Penile blood pressure did not increase in impotent men, and often it decreased in response to the stress test. PMID- 6649229 TI - Penile calibration for nocturnal penile tumescence studies. AB - Artificial penile erections were created in 23 impotent patients by infusion of heparinized saline solution into the corpora cavernosa. Penile circumference as related to rigidity was accurately assessed. The increase in circumference necessary to produce erection adequate for vaginal penetration varied from 7.5 to 35 mm, whereas for maximum rigidity the penile circumference increase varied between 10 mm and 40 mm. These were then compared with the changes during nocturnal penile tumescence studies. Even though 5 patients in the series had erection greater than 15 mm, 40 per cent of them did not achieve rigidity adequate for vaginal penetration. One patient had nocturnal tumescence of only 12 mm; this, however, was an erection adequate for vaginal penetration. The approach discussed in this article may allow the rational use of portable home tumescence monitoring. PMID- 6649230 TI - Complete eversion and prolapse of bladder. AB - Complete eversion and prolapse of the urinary bladder is rare. We report a case occurring in an eighty-two-year-old female. We believe only 3 previous cases have been reported, and only 1 of these occurred in an adult. PMID- 6649231 TI - Aarskog syndrome. AB - A rare case of Aarskog syndrome is presented. The Aarskog syndrome is characterized by short stature with typical facial, digital, and genital anomalies. PMID- 6649232 TI - Unilateral adrenal hemorrhage after chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. AB - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, useful in the treatment of a wide variety of major arthritic conditions, have hemorrhagic side effects. We describe a patient receiving long-term naproxen (Naprosyn) therapy in whom unilateral spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage developed. Radiologic and pathologic verifications are included, and a hypothesis of pathogenesis is proposed. PMID- 6649233 TI - Radiation nephritis causing nephrotic syndrome. AB - Clinical symptoms of acute radiation nephritis with nephrotic syndrome developed in a fifty-six-year-old woman after abdominal radiation therapy for an astrocytoma of the spinal cord. The diagnosis of radiation nephritis was confirmed by renal biopsy. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of radiation nephritis associated with nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 6649235 TI - Universal urethral catheter drainage adaptor for ureteral stents. PMID- 6649234 TI - Giant scrotal hemangioma with azoospermia. AB - We report a case of giant scrotal hemangioma with azoospermia, which was 37 cm in maximum circumference and 20 cm in length along the raphe. The biopsy specimens of the testes were examined histologically and cytologically. The testicular damage was believed to be due to the heat generated by hemangioma. PMID- 6649236 TI - Operative occlusion of urethral fistulas by pyramidal muscle-fascial strips. PMID- 6649237 TI - Xanthogranulomatous transformation of metastatic testicular tumor. AB - A case of testicular tumor with pulmonary metastasis which was transformed into xanthogranuloma is reported. The metastatic lesion was treated first by combination chemotherapy regimen of platinum, vinblastine, and peplomycin, but the pulmonary metastasis did not completely disappear and a segmental resection of the left upper lung including a metastatic nodule was performed. Interestingly, histologic examination of the pulmonary metastasis revealed so called xanthogranuloma. PMID- 6649238 TI - Quantitative analysis of glycosaminoglycans in urothelium and bladder wall of calf. AB - Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were described by histochemical staining procedures in the normal urothelium of the urinary bladder; they are supposed to be involved in the antibacterial defense mechanism. Our quantitative analysis, however, demonstrated only heparan sulfate in the normal calf urothelium (less than 600 nmol/Gm d.wt.); only trace amounts of other GAG were to be analyzed. High concentrations of GAG were found in the submucosa and muscle layers as to be expected in mesoderm originating tissues. According to these results there were no GAG with the exception of heparan sulfate at the surface of the normal urothelium; therefore, glycoproteins detected in mumol/Gm d.wt. ranges are more likely to be involved in the antibacterial defense mechanism. PMID- 6649240 TI - Incidental bilateral adrenal calcification. AB - incidental bilateral adrenal calcification was detected in a man during evaluation for low back pain. He had been born a double footling breech at home, and probably had bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. He now has normal adrenal function. This case is discussed, and the literature is reviewed. PMID- 6649239 TI - Paraganglioma of urinary bladder. AB - The literature is reviewed and 2 new cases of paraganglioma of the urinary bladder, 1 malignant and 1 benign, are presented. One patient had no classic symptoms of vesical paraganglioma, and diagnosis was made postoperatively by means of light and electron microscopy. Differentiation between malignant and benign endocrine tumor cannot be made histopathologically and biochemically. The preoperative diagnosis of bladder paraganglioma is established when there is a combination of atypical urinary symptoms and elevation of catecholamines in the urine or blood. The risk of dangerous vasomotor changes needs a multi-team approach for diagnosis and surgical treatment. The pathologic features, histochemical reactions, ultrastructural characteristics, histogenesis, methods for early diagnosis, and detection of multiple localizations or metastasis are briefly discussed. A precise family history should be obtained in any patient with an extra-adrenal paraganglioma to facilitate early diagnosis of tumors in previously unaffected family members or of additional tumors in affected relatives. PMID- 6649241 TI - Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. AB - Clinical signs of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy developed in a thirty-eight-year old man with metastatic hypernephroma. Roentgenograms of the extremities detected the characteristic periosteal reaction along the radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia, and fibula, bilaterally. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is unknown; it appears to be mediated by a pathologic reflex with the vagus nerve as the afferent limb. When seen in patients with renal cell carcinoma, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy may herald the development of intrathoracic metastases. PMID- 6649242 TI - Knot in urethral catheter due to improper catheterization technique. PMID- 6649243 TI - Tumor calcification in renal papillary adenocarcinoma. PMID- 6649244 TI - Limitations and problems in clonogenic assays and chemosensitivity for cancer. PMID- 6649245 TI - [Comparative results of artificial lens implantation following extra- and intracapsular cataract extraction]. PMID- 6649246 TI - [Long-term results of observations on patients with posterior chamber intraocular lenses]. PMID- 6649247 TI - [Characteristics of the surgical technic in anterior radial graduated keratotomy for high myopia]. PMID- 6649248 TI - [Long-term results of surgical correction of corneal astigmatism by the anterior graduated keratotomy method in patients with intraocular lenses]. PMID- 6649249 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies of the mechanism of deformation of the cornea following anterior nonpenetrating keratotomy]. PMID- 6649251 TI - [Intralamellar implantation of hydrogel lenses as a method of treating bullous keratopathy]. PMID- 6649250 TI - [Ultrasonic anterior vitrectomy in the treatment of postoperative hernias of the vitreous body and vitreofixation in the cicatrix]. PMID- 6649252 TI - [Diagnosis and laser treatment of preretinal macular fibrosis following surgery for retinal detachment]. PMID- 6649253 TI - [Origin of the subretinal fluid in retinal detachment]. PMID- 6649254 TI - [Efficacy of anti-glaucoma microsurgical operations]. PMID- 6649255 TI - [Laser surgery of ocular adnexa]. PMID- 6649256 TI - [Formation of a conjunctival cavity after enucleation using a cosmetic prosthesis]. PMID- 6649257 TI - [Keratotomy with sectoral keratoplasty as a means of treating cicatricial deformation and subatrophy of the anterior portion of the eye]. PMID- 6649258 TI - [Transvitreal removal of foreign bodies from the posterior pole of the eye using an endophotocoagulator]. PMID- 6649259 TI - [Evaluation of recent refractometric methods in relation to optical correction of vision]. PMID- 6649260 TI - [Effect of training exercises by the Avetisov-Mats method on refractogenesis in schoolchildren at risk for myopia]. PMID- 6649261 TI - [Streptodecase in the treatment of retinal vein thromboses]. PMID- 6649262 TI - [Experience in the use of an alternating magnetic field for treatment of edematous exophthalmos]. PMID- 6649263 TI - [New method for conservative treatment of a chalazion]. PMID- 6649264 TI - [Effect of sodium oxybutyrate on the function of the eye in primary glaucoma]. PMID- 6649265 TI - [Echographic studies in posttraumatic subatrophy of the eye]. PMID- 6649266 TI - [Ocular tension in keratoconjunctivitis sicca in Sjogren's syndrome]. PMID- 6649267 TI - [Complications of surgical treatment of echinococcosis of the liver]. AB - Under analysis were postoperative complications in 250 out of 1187 patients operated for hydatid echinococcosis of the liver. It was shown that the right choice of the access and the rational method of treatment could prevent complications and lethality after operations. The method of choice is believed to be a one-step closed echinococcectomy with different modifications. PMID- 6649268 TI - [Differential diagnosis between the cholestatic form of viral hepatitis and tumor caused obstructive jaundice]. AB - An analysis of findings of laboratory examinations of 36 patients with a cholestatic form of virus hepatitis and 35 patients with carcinoma of the hepatopancreatoduodenal zone enabled the authors to establish the differential diagnostic significance of the activity of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, time of plasma recalcification, plasma tolerance to heparin, fibrinogen content in plasma and fibrinolytic activity in cholestatic hepatitis and mechanical jaundice. PMID- 6649269 TI - [Clinical picture and therapy of acetabular fractures in patients with associated and multiple injuries]. AB - Specific features of diagnosis and treatment of fractures of the cotyloid cavity were analyzed in 105 patients with associated and multiple traumas. Measures for the reestablishment of congruency of the articulation may be used when permitted by the general state of the patient determined first of all by the severity of the trauma. PMID- 6649270 TI - [Surgical treatment of large postoperative ventral hernias]. PMID- 6649271 TI - [Choosing a technic for closing off the duodenum during gastric resections after previous vagotomy and gastroduodenostomy by the Zhabulej method]. PMID- 6649272 TI - [Method of treating an old rupture of the suprapinatus muscle]. PMID- 6649273 TI - [Variations of internal drainage of the thoracic duct in cirrhosis of the liver]. AB - The experience with 100 operations of the internal drainage of the thoracic lymphatic duct has shown technical difficulties of the procedure. In relation with concrete topographo-anatomical conditions the authors recommend to use reimplantation of the thoracic lymphatic duct and plastic operations on its orifice in addition to the lymphovenous anastomosis. Their technique is described. PMID- 6649274 TI - [Use of a Soviet fibrocholedochoscope in biliary tract surgery]. AB - Valuable diagnostic and curative potentialities of fibrocholangioscopy were shown by using the method in the treatment of 50 patients. Fibrocholangioscopy can better differentiate various forms of cholangitis thus determining the mode of finishing choledochotomy. Fibrocholangioscopy is recommended as a method of examining for operations on bile ducts. PMID- 6649275 TI - [Relation between changes in the bile composition of choledocholithiasis patients and the method of draining the bile ducts]. AB - The important role of the early reestablishment of the enterohepatic bile circulation for normalization of its composition and recovery of functioning the hepatic cell is shown on the basis of examination of the biochemical composition with choledocholythiasis complicated by mechanical jaundice in the pre- and postoperative period in dynamics. Draining of the hepatocholedochus with an original double cribrate transcapillary drain was widely used in the clinic. PMID- 6649276 TI - [Pathogenesis of anemia after extensive operations on the lungs]. AB - On the basis of studying the concentration and volume indices of the erythron, iron plasmic pool, proliferation activity of the erythron and iron kinetics in 137 patients operated for pulmonary diseases the authors note a depression of the bone marrow red stem as a characteristic feature of postoperative anemia. A scheme of the main steps of postoperative anemia is presented. PMID- 6649277 TI - [Rheologic properties of the blood in Raynaud's syndrome and disease]. AB - The investigation of rheological properties of blood in 78 patients has revealed considerable disorders which were most pronounced at the IIId and IVth stages of the disease and were of leading importance in pathogenesis of ischemic lesions in the extremities. Changes in the protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism are thought to be the factors promoting disturbances of rheological properties of blood. PMID- 6649278 TI - [Early diagnosis of diseases of the vessels of the lower extremities by the thermographic technic]. AB - Results of the thermovision examination of 643 patients with obliterating atherosclerosis, varicose dilatation of veins, thrombophlebitis, diabetic angiopathy of lower extremities are analyzed. The significance of thermography in early diagnosis of these diseases is shown. The functional test with cooling is described. PMID- 6649279 TI - [Indirect functional dynamic lymphography of the lower extremities in phlebologic practice]. AB - The method of indirect dynamic lymphography with 131J albumin was used in 32 patients for examining the lymph flow. Three stages of disturbances of the lymph flow were distinguished: compensation, subcompensation and decompensation. The significance of this method for the assessment of results of the operative treatment of lymphostasis is shown. PMID- 6649281 TI - [Subtotal gastroduodenal resection in malignant lymphoma of the duodenum]. PMID- 6649280 TI - [Suppurating giant air cyst of the lung]. PMID- 6649282 TI - [Intestinal obstruction after removal of an aortic vascular prosthesis]. PMID- 6649283 TI - [Dercum's disease]. PMID- 6649284 TI - [Stimulation of reparative osteogenesis with chips of allogenic bone matrix]. AB - Results of the clinical application of decalcified bone (bone matrix) in the treatment of patients with the delayed consolidation of bone fractures, false articulation, bone defects and other pathology have shown the bone matrix to be a good stimulator of reparative osteogenesis. PMID- 6649286 TI - [Sparing approach to the heart in surgery employing artificial circulation]. AB - A technique of the right-side anterio-lateral thoracotomy without a sternotomy is described. An analysis of operations with this access for different heart diseases in 154 patients has shown this access to be less traumatic and followed by less amount of postoperative complications. PMID- 6649285 TI - [Multiple penetrating wounds of the heart]. PMID- 6649287 TI - [Treatment of injuries of the cervical spine in newborn infants]. AB - The method of treatment of fractures of the cervical part of the vertebral column in newborns with injuries of the spinal cord by cleol extension by the base of the skull is described. The method was successfully used in 17 patients. PMID- 6649288 TI - [Perforation of a stomach ulcer in a newborn infant]. PMID- 6649289 TI - [Multiple osteomyelitis of the long tubular bones of a child treated with hormones]. PMID- 6649290 TI - [Use of sodium hydroxybutyrate in surgery on patients with diffuse purulent peritonitis]. AB - Sodium hydroxybutyrate is recommended as an anesthetic drug for the main narcosis as possessing the antishock and antihypoxic effect on the basis of an experience with the surgical treatment of 146 patients with diffuse purulent peritonitis in extremely critical states which were estimated as a hypodynamic form of septic shock. PMID- 6649291 TI - [Effect of intravenous anesthesia using ketamine on respiratory and circulatory parameters]. AB - Experimental studies in 40 dogs have established that a fractional mode of the intravenous administration of ketamine (3 mg/kg) results in the inhibited functions of respiration and blood circulation while the dropping method of the intravenous administration of ketamine (0,035 mg/kg/min) does not influence the functions of blood circulation and respiration. The dropping method of administration of ketamine (0,035 mg/kg/min), however, fails to maintain stable indices of blood circulation in the patients. PMID- 6649292 TI - [Prolonged peridural block for postoperative analgesia in heart surgery patients]. AB - Prolonged peridural blockade with trimekain used in 1000 cardiosurgical patients is shown to be an effective prophylactic measure against postoperative complications. This method should not be widely used in patients with blood circulation insufficiency. PMID- 6649293 TI - [Prolonged peridural anesthesia with pyromecaine]. AB - On the basis of using the home anesthetic drug promekain for prolonged peridural anesthesia in the postoperative period in 110 patients its longer analgetic effect is shown with the minimum influence upon the cardio-vascular system. PMID- 6649294 TI - [Intraoperative hemodilution during reconstructive surgery on the aortofemoral segment]. AB - The authors analyze results of using the intraoperative hemodilution with the help of the mannite plasma in 20 patients with obliterating lesions of the lower extremity vessels. Its influence on the central hemodynamics, water-electrolyte homeostasis, functions of the kidneys, liver, coagulating blood system were studied. The advantages of such method of autohemotransfusion are shown. PMID- 6649295 TI - [Errors in the diagnosis of traumatic ruptures of the diaphragm]. AB - Traumatic ruptures of the diaphragm were analyzed in 18 cases. The main causes of errors in the diagnosis of the injury were considered to be the following ones: 1. the underestimation or misunderstanding of different clinico-roentgenological forms of injuries of the diaphragm and resulting peculiarities of the course of the disease; 2. simultaneous injuries of the abdominal cavity organs; 3. the underestimation of severity of the trauma. PMID- 6649296 TI - [Acute gastroduodenal ulcers following vagotomy]. AB - The authors describe 7 patients who developed acute bleeding (in 2) and perforating (in 5) erosions and peptic ulcers after different kinds of vagotomy within the terms of from 2 to 20 days. On the basis of the literature data and personal clinical investigations the authors analyze the causes responsible for the appearance of ulcers following vagotomy. PMID- 6649297 TI - [An isolated wound of the gallbladder in thoraco-abdominal injury]. PMID- 6649298 TI - [Temporary prosthesis in injuries of the major arteries of the lower limbs]. PMID- 6649299 TI - [Surgical treatment of a central (sliding) hernia of the esophageal opening of the diaphragm in children]. AB - For 25 years in the clinic there were 21 children surgically treated for the central (sliding) hernia of the esophageal opening of the diaphragm. No recurrences were noted in the postoperative period. Two patients were additionally subjected to surgical procedures in order to liquidate esophageal stenosis. Remote results of the treatment were good. After operation the opening and closing of the cardia were normal. No gastroesophageal reflux was noted. The patients were practically healthy. PMID- 6649300 TI - [Vascular changes in congenital partial gigantism of the upper limbs in children]. AB - Congenital partial gigantism of the upper extremity in children is accompanied by disorders in division and formation of the forearm and hand arteries, underdevelopment of profound veins of the shoulder and forearm. PMID- 6649301 TI - [2 cases reports of Chernogubov-Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]. PMID- 6649302 TI - [Hydronephrosis in a girl with generalized elastolysis]. PMID- 6649303 TI - [Choice of the surgical technic in post-burn stenosis of the stomach in children]. PMID- 6649304 TI - [Torsion of the gallbladder in a child]. PMID- 6649305 TI - [Restorative operations using microsurgical technics in abruption of large segments of the upper limb]. AB - Ten observations of replantations of the hand, forearm and shoulder after their traumatic abjunction are analyzed. Seven patients had complete reimplantation. Failures resulted from prolonged anoxia of the abjuncted segment or from extensive lesions to soft tissues of the replant. Success of the operation was mostly related with the quality of the vascular sutures (microtechnique), careful primary treatment of the wound and organization of the urgent surgical aid. PMID- 6649306 TI - [Covering of skin defects of the hand by a free skin-adipose tissue flap with microvascular anastomosis]. PMID- 6649307 TI - [Immediate results of gastric resection in ulcer disease in middle aged or elderly patients]. PMID- 6649308 TI - [Revascularization syndrome in the surgery of acute embolic arterial occlusions of the limbs]. AB - In 96 patients with acute arterial embolic occlusion of the iliofemoral segment before and after reparative operations the hemodynamics, renal activity and other parameters were studied. The revascularization syndrome is believed by the author to always develop in reestablishing the patency of the extremity vessels. It requires correction. The development of the revascularization syndrome includes several periods: latency, revascularization, toxemia and reconvalescence. PMID- 6649309 TI - [Surgical treatment of chronic fissure in ano (review of the literature)]. PMID- 6649310 TI - [Immediate and late results of the treatment of patients with chronic empyema of the pleura after pneumonectomy]. AB - Out of 154 patients subjected to a wide opening of the residual cavity 138 patients recovered (89,6%), 11 patients died (7,2%), empyema was not liquidated in 5 patients (3,2%). All the 115 patients who were treated by punctures were cured. PMID- 6649312 TI - [A method of gastric resection]. AB - Technical peculiarities of a new method of gastric resection are described. Mobilization of the portion being removed was performed without an injury of main vessels and nerves. The secondary branches running to the part being resected should be subjected to parietal ligation or dissection. Operations were made on 52 patients for gastric ulcer or polyps. Immediate and remote results were good. PMID- 6649311 TI - [Surgical interventions in abdomino-mediastinal lipomas]. AB - The leading role in the recognition of abdomino-mediastinal lipomas is given to roentgenological examinations. Great significance is attached to thoracoscopy. Operations are fulfilled by the transpleural or transrectal accesses. The latter is the method of choice and must be accompanied by active drainage of the bed of the removed tissues during a day. PMID- 6649313 TI - [Surgical tactics in occlusive lesions of visceral arteries associated with occlusion of the aorta or its branches]. AB - The article concerns different variations of associated lesions of visceral arteries, aorta or its other branches in 125 patients. The variations of such combinations are classified into 5 groups, for each of them different operation accesses and means of reestablishing the blood flow being used. PMID- 6649314 TI - [Treatment of patients with malignant ulcer of the stomach]. AB - Results of the treatment of 90 patients with malignant ulcers of the stomach are described. Modern diagnostic methods and adequate treatment of such patients are thought by the authors to give real conditions providing successful treatment of patients with malignant ulcers of the stomach. PMID- 6649315 TI - [Microbial flora of ulcer and its significance in the surgical treatment of the ulcer of the stomach and duodenum]. AB - The examination of 146 patients with the ulcer disease of the stomach (26 cases) and duodenum (120 cases) has established that the ulcer was colonized by different microbes and their associations in 81,5% of cases. The colon bacillus was found almost in half the cases. The application of corresponding antibiotics in the pre- and post-operative treatment gave better immediate results. PMID- 6649316 TI - [Findings of endoscopic examination in peptic ulcer in the area of a gastroenteroanastomosis]. AB - The work analyses results of the endoscopic examination of a pathology of gastroanastomosis in 85 patients with peptic ulcers. Most of them were postgastroresectional in origin. High diagnostic value of the method is shown which allows detection of the ulcer (in 98,8%), its exact localization and characterization of the defect, the surrounding mucosa and the nature of the ulcer. PMID- 6649317 TI - [Lateral subcutaneous internal sphincterotomy]. AB - An original technique of the lateral subcutaneous internal sphincterotomy was used for the treatment of 134 patients with acute and chronic anal fissures, cryptitis, papillitis, aggravation of chronic recurrent paraproctitis and structures of the anus. Recovery was noted in 79 of 80 patients with anal fissures examined repeatedly. No disorders of the obturative function of the anal constrictor were observed after the operation. PMID- 6649318 TI - [Surgical treatment of complicated inguinal hernias]. AB - An analysis of 685 operations for complex inguinal hernias has been made. 486 patients were examined within the terms from 1 to 14 years, recurrences being noted in 48 patients (9,87%). The authors recommend a method of radical operation for strengthening the posterior wall of the inguinal canal by an inferior graft of aponeurosis. This method is followed by only 4,44% of recurrences. PMID- 6649319 TI - [Reconstructive surgery of the terminal aorta and arteries of the lower limbs in patients over 60]. AB - The authors made an analysis of the treatment of 112 patients aged over 60 with occlusive lesions of the aorta and main arteries. Unilateral reconstructions were performed in 92 patients with lesions of the aorto-iliac segment, as less traumatic operations with involvement in the blood flow of deep femoral artery with femoro-popliteal occlusions. Total postoperative lethality was 9,8%. PMID- 6649320 TI - [Rupture of the aortic sinus as a complication of surgery of a ventricular septal defect]. PMID- 6649321 TI - [Acute cholecystitis in the middle aged and elderly]. PMID- 6649322 TI - [Extensive resection of the liver in hemangioma]. PMID- 6649323 TI - [Excretion of antibiotics into the pancreatic juice]. PMID- 6649324 TI - [Aberrant pancreas in the wall of the jejunum]. PMID- 6649325 TI - [Temporary prosthesis of the small intestine with a fistula]. PMID- 6649326 TI - [Cystoid pneumatosis of the ileum as the cause of obstruction of the small intestine]. PMID- 6649327 TI - [Eosinophilic granuloma of the large intestine]. PMID- 6649328 TI - [Intra-articular operations in the prevention of deforming osteoarthritis]. PMID- 6649329 TI - [Multiple injuries of the esophagus]. AB - Out of 262 patients with penetrating injuries of the esophagus there were 24 patients with multiple and 2 patients with associated injuries. Diagnosis of multiple and associated injuries may be facilitated by a careful roentgenological examination and diagnostic esophagoscopy. Most of the patients with multiple injuries of the esophagus are liable to operative treatment. PMID- 6649330 TI - [Stab wounds of the liver and injuries of the extrahepatic bile ducts and vessels and specific features of their surgical treatment]. AB - The authors observed 24 patients with wounds of the liver and injuries of extrahepatic bile ducts and vessels. In 14 patients with stab-cut injuries of the liver catgut sutures were used, in 3 patients catgut sutures with suturing the portion of the greater omentum on the pedicle. The microsurgery technique was used in order to reestablish the integrity of the hepatic artery, portal vein and common bile duct. Three patients died. PMID- 6649331 TI - [Surgery of extracranial aneurysms of the carotid and vertebral arteries]. AB - An analysis of the literature and personal observations of 27 patients with extracranial aneurysms of the arteries enabled the authors to determine clinical symptoms, methods of diagnosis and surgical treatment of the disease. Resection of the aneurysm with suturing the artery defect is recommended as optimal techniques of the operation for posttraumatic aneurysms, resection with the end to-end anastomosis being proposed for a true aneurysm of the aorta arch branches. PMID- 6649332 TI - [Prolonged intra-arterial infusions of antibiotics and plastic operations in the treatment of severe injuries of the extremities complicated by infection]. AB - Prolonged intraarterial infusion of antibiotics and plastic operations were successfully used for the treatment of 52 patients with severe traumas of extremities complicated by an infection. PMID- 6649333 TI - [Treatment of wire-induced osteomyelitis]. AB - The author presents data on the incidence and symptoms of "wire" osteomyelitis (11,6%) in 206 patients treated by extrafocal methods of osteosynthesis. The "tunneling" of the wire canal in the bone was used for the surgical treatment of such osteomyelitis. Good results of the treatment allow the method to be recommended for clinical practice. PMID- 6649334 TI - [One-stage surgical treatment of pathological fractures of both femur necks]. PMID- 6649335 TI - [Transhepatic drainage in subcutaneous rupture of the common bile duct]. PMID- 6649336 TI - Ulcerative duodenitis in foals. AB - Seven foals aged 18 days to 3 1/2 months had either single or multiple full circumference segments or long antimesenteric bands of necrotizing duodenitis, sharply delineated from adjacent viable duodenum. Perforation of the necrotic wall had occurred in all foals, leading to acute fibrinous peritonitis. On the mucosal surface severe diffuse, acute inflammation and ulceration involved the anterior half of the duodenum. Two further foals, aged 28 and 30 days, had lesions that are believed to be a chronic form of this disease. Both foals had a thickened duodenal wall, with large areas of mucosa replaced by granulation tissue. In addition one had several strictures associated with firm adhesions between the duodenal serosa and adjacent structures, together with ascending cholangiohepatitis and pancreatitis. Eight foals had gastric ulcers that were considered to be of less significance than the duodenal lesions. No etiologic agent could be found by aerobic or anaerobic bacterial culturing, negative contrast electron microscopy for viruses, or immunofluorescence staining for equine herpesvirus 1, equine adenovirus, or equine coronavirus. The possible involvement of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is discussed. PMID- 6649337 TI - Renal medullary crest necrosis associated with phenylbutazone therapy in horses. AB - Thirty-five cases of renal medullary crest necrosis morphologically similar to the renal papillary necrosis of analgesic nephropathy as described in man and rats are reported in horses receiving maintenance dosages of phenylbutazone. The primary lesion is a well-demarcated focal medullary necrosis resulting in sequestration of fragments of the renal crest. Renal cortical lesions are considered secondary to the medullary necrosis and consist of segmental pallor as a result of tubular dilatation, filtrate retention, and interstitial edema. Ischemia in concert with phenylbutazone is suggested as the etiology. Renal medullary crest necrosis is presented as more appropriate morphological terminology for this lesion in the equine species than renal papillary necrosis as is used in man and rats. PMID- 6649338 TI - Pathology of the mononuclear cell leukemia of Fischer rats. I. Morphologic studies. AB - Pathological evaluations were done in 205 rats with mononuclear cell leukemia. Leukemia was diagnosed in 22.2% of males and 20.4% of females with significant risk beginning at 20 months of age. Mononuclear cell leukemia was responsible for 50% of early deaths in two-year studies. Clinically, rats became depressed, pale, icteric and had palpably enlarged spleens. Gross lesions included splenomegaly, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, and mottled livers. Hemorrhages occurred in the lungs, brain, and lymph nodes. Histological examination demonstrated that spleen and liver were most consistently and seriously involved, although numerous other organs contained leukemic infiltrates of variable severity. Spleens exhibited diffuse leukemic infiltration of the red pulp, follicular lymphoid depletion, and decrease in both extramedullary hematopoiesis and hemosiderin. Liver lesions consisted of diffuse centrilobular degeneration and necrosis. Erythrophagocytosis by tumor cells was common in the spleen and observed in liver, lymph nodes, and adrenals. The disease appeared to originate in the spleen. Bone marrow infiltration occurred late relative to spleen involvement and was present in less than half of the rats. PMID- 6649339 TI - Pathology of the mononuclear cell leukemia of Fischer rats. II. Hematology. AB - Complete hemograms were evaluated for 57 rats with mononuclear cell leukemia and compared to hemograms obtained from 52 age- and sex-matched nonleukemic rats. All leukemic rats had marked hemolytic anemia and associated spherocytosis, reticulocytosis, anisocytosis, and polychromasia. The anemia varied with the stage of illness and was more severe in rts with advanced leukemia. Death appeared to be related to anemia. There was a marked neutrophilia with left shift, mild lymphopenia, and moderate to severe thrombocytopenia. Atypical mononuclear cells were detected in circulation in all but three rats. Total white blood cell counts ranged from 5.0-370 x 10(3) cells/ml. There was an increase in erythrocyte osmotic fragility with separation into two distinct populations of erythrocytes. Eight of nine rats were Coombs' positive indicating an immune mediated pathogenesis for the anemia. Hemostasis tests revealed a markedly prolonged prothrombin time, hypofibrinogenemia, slightly increased to normal partial thromboplastin time, and undetected fibrin degradation products. These findings suggest significant liver disease associated with the leukemia. PMID- 6649340 TI - Pathology of the mononuclear cell leukemia of Fischer rats. III. Clinical chemistry. AB - Serum biochemical analyses were done on F344 rats in the early and late stages of mononuclear cell leukemia. There were marked increases in serum bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. Increases in these parameters generally were more severe in the late stages of leukemia. Both direct and indirect-reacting bilirubin were increased with the unconjugated form predominating early and the conjugated form predominating late in the course of the disease. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme determination correlated with histological examination indicated that liver damage was responsible for the observed changes. Urinalysis revealed marked hemoglobinuria, bilirubinuria and increased urine urobilinogen. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed marked reductions in the alpha globulin fractions. PMID- 6649341 TI - The effects of dietary T-2 toxin on acute herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in mice. AB - Young male white Swiss mice were fed control diet or diet supplemented with 20 or 10 parts per million (ppm) of T-2 toxin for two or three weeks. These mice then were inoculated with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (9.6 x 10(6) plaque forming units) intraperitoneally. To compare the effects of T-2 toxin against a known immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally at 150 mg/kg, 24 hours after treatment with HSV-1, into mice fed the control diet. Mice were necropsied and tissues were collected for microscopic and virologic examination. White Swiss mice which consumed a daily diet containing 20 ppm of T 2 toxin for two or three weeks were highly susceptible to HSV-1 infection and 27 of 36 (75%) died as a result of extensive hepatic and adrenal necrosis. Although HSV-1 was isolated from livers and brains of mice fed 20 ppm of T-2 toxin for two or three weeks, there was little or no inflammatory response found in the adrenals, livers, spinal cords, brains, or ganglia. The necrotizing encephalomyelitis observed in control mice was absent. High levels of dietary T-2 toxin appeared to be more immunosuppressive than cyclophosphamide because only one mouse died after treatment with HSV-1 and cyclophosphamide. Mice treated with cyclophosphamide had changes in brain, spinal cord, spleens, thymus, and bone marrow which were similar to those fed 20 ppm of T-2 toxin and infected with HSV 1, however, liver lesions were much less severe. HSV-1-infected mice on a diet with 10 ppm T-2 toxin had lesions of intermediate severity when compared with HSV 1-infected mice fed a diet with 20 ppm T-2 toxin and HSV-1-infected mice on control diets. Necrosis was less extensive in the livers and adrenals. The infrequent isolation of virus from liver and brain was consistent with the lack of intranuclear inclusion bodies and a more marked inflammatory response. Ten ppm of dietary T-2 toxin only depressed bone marrow and splenic red pulp to a mild or moderate degree. This may have enhanced the necrotizing encephalomyelitis observed in mice killed on days 6 and 8 after HSV-1 infection. Liver lesions were mild and those of the adrenals were moderate in mice fed control diet. The rare isolation of HSV-1 from the liver and brain and the findings of a moderate to severe necrotizing encephalomyelitis in these mice was consistent with an essentially functional immune system. PMID- 6649342 TI - Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin in a dog. PMID- 6649343 TI - Vascular hamartomas of the liver of cattle. PMID- 6649344 TI - Multicentric ganglioneuroma in a steer. PMID- 6649345 TI - Fibrosarcoma in a Pere David's deer. PMID- 6649346 TI - Legislation covering the licensing of veterinary medicines in the United Kingdom. AB - The procedures used in the United Kingdom governing the licensing of veterinary medicines based on an advisory committee procedure are summarised. The article does not purport to cover all aspects of medicines legislation and must not be treated as a complete or authoritative statement of the law on any particular case. Reference should be made to the Medicines Act 1968 and regulations made under the Act. It does not cover EEC legislation. PMID- 6649347 TI - The EEC veterinary medicines directives. AB - In September 1981 the European Community adopted Directives 81/851 EEC and 81/852 EEC which aim to harmonize the procedures under which member states control the manufacture, marketing and use of most kinds of veterinary medicines. These directives are due to be implemented by the autumn of this year and their effects on the practising veterinary surgeon are summarised here. The directives aim to ensure that national rules for the production and marketing of veterinary medicines safeguard public health and animal health without hindering the development of trade and industry in medicinal products within the Community. It follows that any controls should be sufficient to prevent, for example, undesirable residues in food but that national authorities should not use these controls as hidden barriers to trade. PMID- 6649348 TI - Treatment of immature and mature Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep with triclabendazole. AB - A new benzimidazole anthelmintic, triclabendazole (CGA-89317) was found to be highly efficient against mature and early immature Fasciola hepatica infections in sheep. At the dose rate of 2.5 mg/kg the efficiency was 90 and 98 per cent against flukes aged eight and 12 weeks respectively. At 5 mg/kg the drug was 92 and 98 per cent efficient against flukes aged four and eight weeks respectively and 100 per cent against 12-week-old flukes. An efficiency of 93 and 98 per cent was achieved against one-week-old flukes and 99 to 100 per cent against flukes aged two to four weeks at 10 mg/kg. At this dose rate the drug had 100 per cent efficiency against six-week-old flukes. If the dose was increased to 15 mg/kg, 98 per cent efficiency was achieved one day after infection. Triclabendazole was equally efficient when administered orally or by intraruminal or intra-abomasal injection. The maximum tolerated dose of 200 mg/kg was established. PMID- 6649349 TI - Fringed virus-like particles in diarrhoeic faeces from calves and dogs. PMID- 6649350 TI - Changes in plasma creatine kinase activity following storage as whole blood. PMID- 6649351 TI - Chlamydiosis in collared doves. PMID- 6649352 TI - Use of COSREEL clinical codes in large animal veterinary practice. AB - COSREEL, a computerised animal health recording system with a versatile coding system for recording diagnoses, symptoms and medical and surgical treatments, has been tested by veterinary surgeons in practice. The codes were found to be logical and generally easy to use. The application of these codes, with particular reference to their use in infertility investigations, is illustrated. PMID- 6649354 TI - Wooldridge memorial lecture. Wild; captive; dead. PMID- 6649353 TI - Blood sampling technique in penguins (Sphenisciformes). AB - The blood vessels in the flippers of members of the Sphenisciformes were studied with the aim of locating a suitable anatomical site for the collection of blood from this order. The optimal site was found to be the brachial vein on the ventral surface of the flipper. Blood samples were taken using this method from five different species. PMID- 6649356 TI - Firing of horses: the debate at York. PMID- 6649355 TI - Effect of anthelmintic treatment on milk yield. PMID- 6649357 TI - Cryosurgery complication. PMID- 6649358 TI - Medium for isolating Campylobacter fetus. PMID- 6649359 TI - Aujeszky's disease: past, present and future. PMID- 6649360 TI - What do you do with your dead? PMID- 6649361 TI - An employee's ill health. PMID- 6649362 TI - Association of Campylobacter jejuni with enteritis in dogs and cats. AB - Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from 59 of 505 (11.7 per cent) dogs with diarrhoea as compared with only two of 122 (1.6 per cent) dogs without diarrhoea. However, there was no significant difference between campylobacter isolations from 142 cats with and without diarrhoea. C jejuni infections were commonly associated with chronic diarrhoea in both species and appropriate therapy abolished clinical signs and excretion of the organism in faeces in most cases. C jejuni may be responsible for some forms of enteritis in dogs and cats and is a zoonosis in which the companion animal may be the vector. PMID- 6649363 TI - Uterine haemangioma in a cat. PMID- 6649364 TI - "Stunting syndrome" in broiler chickens. PMID- 6649365 TI - Administration of cupric oxide needles. PMID- 6649366 TI - Fading puppy complex. PMID- 6649367 TI - RCVS Disciplinary Committee. PMID- 6649368 TI - Simple in vivo method for determining calcium and phosphorus content of the metacarpus of red deer using radiography. PMID- 6649369 TI - Vaccine for the control of vibriosis in eels. PMID- 6649370 TI - Controlling rinderpest. PMID- 6649371 TI - Firing of tendons. PMID- 6649372 TI - Monitoring for atrophic rhinitis: five years' experience with a pilot control scheme. AB - A pilot control scheme for atrophic rhinitis was initiated in Britain by the Pig Health Control Association in January 1977. To qualify, herds must have maintained a low degree of turbinate damage and not shown clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis over a period of at least two years. Qualifying herds can import pigs only from other qualifying herds or via hysterectomy/hysterotomy methods. During the first five years, 45 herds qualified at some stage, and at the end of 1982, 34 herds (comprising about 7200 sows) were still listed. Although the scheme is not related to particular infectious agents, atrophic rhinitis has not appeared within it or in herds established entirely from listed herds, despite the fact that 31 of the 45 qualifying herds had imported stock from 15 other qualifying herds. PMID- 6649373 TI - Direct isolation of the agent of enzootic abortion of ewes (Chlamydia psittaci) in cell cultures. AB - Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci in McCoy cell coverslip cultures from clinical material from field cases of enzootic abortion of ewes proved more sensitive than diagnosis by examination of smears stained by Ziehl-Neelsen. Enzootic abortion could be diagnosed in the absence of fetal membranes by culture of fetal lung or liver tissue. PMID- 6649374 TI - Outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in deer in the Assam state zoo. PMID- 6649375 TI - Treatment of ornamental koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) infected with anchor worms (Lernaea cyprinacea). PMID- 6649376 TI - Canine Aujeszky's disease. PMID- 6649377 TI - Role of enzootic abortion and toxoplasmosis in an outbreak of abortion in a Scottish sheep flock. AB - During 1978-79 there was an outbreak of abortion in a large sheep flock during which approximately 10 per cent of the breeding ewes aborted. Both Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydia ovis (the agent of enzootic abortion of ewes) were considered to be involved. In the year following this outbreak (1979-80), 156 ewes (11.4 per cent) aborted and the majority of cases were diagnosed as enzootic abortion: only one case showed gross pathology typical of toxoplasmosis. Serology carried out on sera collected from ewes at the time of abortion and at two post abortion samplings demonstrated that large numbers of animals had high titres against enzootic abortion of ewes while the prevalence of sheep with titres against toxoplasmosis was relatively low. Following the introduction of control measures to reduce the spread of enzootic abortion of ewes, the abortion rate in 1980-81 fell to 2.2 per cent. A small-scale trial was carried out to investigate the prophylactic effect of long acting oxytetracycline against enzootic abortion of ewes when given to pregnant sheep three weeks before lambing. Results indicated that treatment reduced the number of abortions in comparison with untreated controls. PMID- 6649378 TI - Effects of season, herd size, management system and veterinary practice on the lameness incidence in dairy cattle. AB - The incidence of lameness in herds visited by veterinary practitioners in winter (0.87 cases per 100 cows per month) was greater than in summer (0.71 cases per 100 cows per month). The relative proportions of leg lesions and underrun heel were higher, and those of foul-in-the-foot, interdigital hyperplasia and foreign body in the sole were lower in winter than in summer. In winter, leg lesions and aseptic laminitis were most common in cows housed in cowsheds, white line abscess in cows in strawyards and sole ulcer in cows in either cowsheds or cubicles with concrete yards. The overall incidence of lesions was lower in strawyard accommodation (0.71 cases per 100 cows per month) than in cubicles with yards (0.93 cases per 100 cows per month). Veterinary practitioners saw proportionally fewer cases of foul-in-the-foot but proportionally more cases of sole ulcer in larger than in smaller herds. The animal incidence of lameness ranged from 1.7 to 11.4 per cent among practices; in 20 practices which recorded a total of at least 100 lesions in both summer and winter there was a large variation in the proportions observed of each lesion. A principal component analysis contrasted those practices which tended to see mainly cases of white line abscess, white line separation, foul-in-the-foot and leg lesions with those which saw mainly cases of underrun heel, interdigital hyperplasia, punctured sole with pus and sole ulcer. Twenty-nine per cent of cases of underrun heel and 22 per cent of cases of both deep sepsis and interdigital hyperplasia occurred in conjunction with another lesion. PMID- 6649379 TI - Comparison of oral and intraruminal administration of oxfendazole against Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora. PMID- 6649380 TI - Cyclonite poisoning in a dog. PMID- 6649381 TI - Chlamydiosis in budgerigars. PMID- 6649382 TI - Furazolidone efficacy against T evansi infection. PMID- 6649383 TI - Re-emergence of rinderpest as a threat in East Africa since 1979. AB - Following the success of the JP15 scheme and subsequent annual vaccination campaigns, East Africa was virtually free of rinderpest after the mid 1960s and the disease was considered beaten. However, economic difficulties have recently reduced the expensively maintained vaccine cover and the disease has reappeared throughout much of the region. In 1979 rinderpest was diagnosed in cattle in north eastern Uganda and caused considerable losses until finally brought under control in 1981. No field outbreaks of the disease in cattle have been seen in Kenya but there is serological evidence that the virus has recently infected unvaccinated sheep and goats and wild ungulates in that country. In 1982 rinderpest was confirmed in the laboratory as the cause of death of large numbers of buffaloes in northern Tanzania and implicated as the cause of a rinderpest like disease of cattle which is reported to be still active in that area. Substantial aid is essential for further control and research if the virus is not again to become endemic in the region. PMID- 6649384 TI - Fat cow syndrome in a British dairy herd. AB - The fat cow syndrome developed over a two year period in a 100 cow dairy herd following overfeeding in late lactation and the dry period. It was characterised clinically by a high incidence of parturient paresis and chronic unresponsive ketosis in early lactation. The reproductive performance of the herd was poor throughout this period, with extended calving indices confirming a suggested link between fatty liver and infertility. PMID- 6649385 TI - Paratuberculosis in a large goat herd. AB - Paratuberculosis was studied for three years in a large goat herd. Post mortem lesions were seen mainly in the ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes where caseation was often present. In three successive years the annual faecal excretor rate was 15, 9 and 13 per cent despite removal of positives. Faecal culture and an agar gel immunodiffusion test proved useful for detecting the disease in live goats, but complement fixation and tuberculin tests were of less value. The prospects of controlling the disease are discussed. PMID- 6649386 TI - Probable diazinon poisoning in peafowl: a clinical description. PMID- 6649387 TI - Detection of foot-and-mouth disease carriers among water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) after an outbreak of the disease in cattle. PMID- 6649388 TI - Two simple methods for recording porcine turbinate morphology. PMID- 6649389 TI - Cyclonite poisoning in a dog. PMID- 6649390 TI - Outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in British cattle. PMID- 6649391 TI - Carotid and cerebral angiography in the horse. AB - Carotid and cerebral angiography has been found to be a relatively simple technique to carry out in the horse. At most it involves a cutdown approach to the carotid artery, followed by catheterisation of the artery and selective catheterisation, if necessary, of one of its three branches. The technique can be carried out with standard equipment normally available within equine hospital facilities. The authors have employed angiography as a routine aid to diagnosis over the past nine years, without encountering any serious complications or adverse reactions. Carotid angiography has been especially valuable in the investigation of horses with guttural pouch mycosis. The technique has permitted the presence of aneurysms to be detected in many cases and significant vascular abnormalities in four cases. This information is valuable for the surgical treatment of horses with guttural pouch mycosis by ligation of the appropriate artery. Other indications for the use of carotid angiography include the investigation of ethmoidal haematoma, idiopathic Horner's syndrome, neoplasia of the head, venous aneurysms and arterial aneurysms in sites not associated with the guttural pouch. There are fewer occasions for the use of cerebral angiography in the horse, but it is indicated as an aid to the differential diagnosis of some abnormalities of the central nervous system. PMID- 6649392 TI - Ketosis in dairy cows caused by low levels of lincomycin in concentrate feed. PMID- 6649393 TI - Role of the common house fly (Musca domestica) in the spread of ulcerative lymphangitis. PMID- 6649395 TI - Concrete based cubicles and lameness. PMID- 6649394 TI - Effect of monensin on the selenium status of sheep. PMID- 6649396 TI - Cyclonite poisoning in a dog. PMID- 6649397 TI - Rhododendron poisoning in goats. PMID- 6649398 TI - Neurological disorders, virus persistence and hypomyelination in calves due to intra-uterine infections with bovine virus diarrhoea virus. I. Clinical symptoms and morphological lesions. AB - The clinical and pathological findings after a natural intra-uterine infection with BVD-virus in a Friesian dairy herd are described. The virological and serological aspects will be discussed in a separate paper (30). In a period of 4 years, 11 calves were born with the following nervous symptoms: more or less serious incoordination, tremor, oscillating nystagmus, and a negative blinking reflex. The pupillary and sucking reflexes were normal. No ocular defects, such as lenticular opacity or retinal atrophy were observed. The first calf was born in 1979. Within 6 months the symptoms disappeared. After a normal conception and pregnancy this animal gave birth to 2 clinically normal calves in 1981 and 1982. The second calf died at the age of 2 months, due to an ulcerating enteritis. In 1980, again 8 calves with the same nervous symptoms were born within a period of 3 months. Two calves died at the age of 3 days and 5 weeks respectively; 2 calves were sold when 10 days and 3 weeks old; one calf did not improve and was necropsied at the age of 17 days. The remaining 3 calves showed only a slight hypermetria when examined after 6 months. At that time nystagmus was only visible with ophthalmoscopy. Two calves were slaughtered when 10 months old. The last one, a bull, proved to be sterile and was necropsied at the age of 1 1/2 year. A calf, born in 1981, recovered within a week and was necropsied at the age of 15 days. The last calf, born in 1982, did not improve at all and was necropsied at the age of 14 days. During these 4 years none of the other animals in the herd showed any symptoms due to an acute or chronic BVD-virus infection. At post mortem examination of 6 animals no macroscopically visible malformations were found. Hypomyelination and abnormal glial cells were evident in 5 cases, especially in the two youngest calves which did not show any improvement. One of them had had an obvious thymic hypoplasia. The calf which recovered within a week showed only very slight changes. In one of the calves slaughtered at 10 months, inflammatory lesions were found in the brain. The diagnosis was confirmed by virological investigations. Clinically as well as pathologically there was a close resemblance to Border disease in lambs and congenital tremor in piglets after prenatal exposure to Hog cholera virus. PMID- 6649399 TI - Effect of injection site on the bioavailability of an oxytetracycline formulation in ruminant calves. AB - The oxytetracycline (OTC) disposition was studied in a group of six calves following the administration of an oxytetracycline-10 per cent formulation (i) intravenously (i.v.), (ii) subcutaneously (s.c.) in the lateral neck, and intramuscularly (i.m.) in (iii) the lateral neck, (iv) the shoulder (M. triceps brachii), and (v) the buttock (M. semitendineus). The dose levels used for the intravenous route and other routes were respectively 17.0 +/- 2.3 and 18.3 +/- 1.25 mg OTC/kg. The peak OTC concentrations (Cmax) were achieved with the s.c. and i.m. routes between 4 and 8 hours after injection, the highest being found after application in the shoulder (Cmax:6.9 +/- 0.82 microgram/ml plasma). The Cmax for the s.c. and other i.m. routes in application was similar to each other, ranging from 5.0 to 5.5 micrograms/ml plasma. For different points in time after injection the partial bioavailability was calculated. At 52 h post injection (p.i.) maximal bioavailability was observed for the i.m. shoulder route, viz. 98.1 +/- 7.0 per cent of the administered dose, while at 76 h p.i. similar bioavailabilities were achieved for the i.m. neck and shoulder route, namely 93.3 +/- 8.9 and 99.4 +/- 4.2 per cent, respectively. The lowest bioavailability (83.1 +/- 13.4 per cent) was obtained following the i.m. buttock route at 76 p.i. An obvious irritating effect was observed after s.c. application in the neck an di.m. injection in the buttock, which had disappeared at 5 days p.i. It is assumed that the longer persistence of OTC in plasma resulting with the latter two routes of administration was due to this irritation effect. PMID- 6649400 TI - Breed differences in sheep with respect to the interaction between zinc and the accumulation of copper in the liver. AB - In sheep the effects of Zn-supplementation on the Cu-accumulation in the liver were studied. At a relatively high Cu-level in the feed, dietary Zn reduced the hepatic Cu-level in the Texel breed and in the crossbreed Texel x Friesian milksheep, but not in the Friesian milksheep breed. On account of this result it can be concluded that in sheep the mutual interaction between Cu and Zn may be dependent on genetic factors. PMID- 6649401 TI - Do gilts and barrows react similarly with respect to leg weakness and osteochondrosis? AB - Clinical and pathological data concerning the degree of leg weakness and severity of osteochondral lesions in gilts and barrows have been compared. It became clear that the pathological condition of the distal part of the ulna and the medial femoral condyle of gilts was less severe than that of barrows. The clinical symptoms of leg weakness in gilts also tended to be less severe than those in barrows. PMID- 6649402 TI - Intravenous regional analgesia for surgery of the limbs in goats. AB - Intravenous regional analgesia (IVRA) has been achieved in twelve West African Dwarf (WAD) goats in a total of 35 trials with 2 per cent lidocaine hydrochloride without any significant complications. Experimental analgesia was effected 25 times on the limbs of seven goats. Analgesia was also produced 10 times on the limbs of five goats and a major orthopaedic procedure (amputation) performed on the anaesthetized limbs and digits. The analgesia produced was found to be adequate for the procedure. The comparative values of this method of regional analgesia are discussed. PMID- 6649403 TI - The effect of furazolidone on the adrenal glands of the chicken. AB - In the chicken, the weights of the adrenal and thyroid glands (as percentages of body weight) were selectively increased following administration of furazolidone (0.04 per cent w/w in the feed, 10 days). The increase in the weight of the adrenal glands most probably represents hypertrophy of the cortex, as the amount of catecholamines in the glands was unaffected by furazolidone. Furazolidone (0.04 per cent w/w, 10 days) produced a small reduction in the concentration of cholesterol in the adrenals. The concentration of ascorbic acid in the gland was unaffected by the drug. PMID- 6649404 TI - Hemagglutinating and hydrophobic surface properties of salmonellae producing enterotoxin neutralized by cholera anti-toxin. AB - Eleven Salmonella strains known to produce enterotoxin under aerobic culture conditions in deferrated (DF) medium at 37 degrees C were shown to produce enterotoxin with and without aeration at 22, 28, 37 and 42 degrees C. Heat-labile enterotoxin was generally produced with growth temperatures up to 37 degrees C irrespective of aeration. Heat-stable enterotoxin was produced up to 42 degrees C, mainly aerobically, as indicated by infant mouse assay (IMA), by six of the eleven strains tested. Nine strains produced heat-stable rapid permeability factor (RPF) in rabbit skin. Cholera anti-toxin neutralized reactivities of Salmonella heat-labile enterotoxin in four different biological assays. Mixed gangliosides also neutralized this activity in the cell-test systems. With guinea pig erythrocytes, all strains underwent mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA) irrespective of growth temperatures, i.e. 22 and 37 degrees C or medium, i.e., DF, tryptose soy broth (TSB) and colonization factor antigen (CFA) agar. At both growth temperatures, CFA agar-grown cells of each strain caused MRHA of bovine erythrocytes. Excepting three Salmonella typhimurium strains, DF broth-grown cells gave MRHA of bovine, chicken and human group A erythrocytes, CFA agar-grown cells caused MRHA of chicken and human blood, whereas TSB-grown cells caused few MRHA reactions. Salmonellae producing both heat-stable, (ST) and heat-labile, (LT) enterotoxins adsorbed to Phenyl Sepharose whereas salmonellae that produced only LT enterotoxin did not. The presence of MRHA adhesions did not correlate with cell-surface hydrophobicity. However, mannose-resistant hemagglutinins may occur more commonly among salmonellae than has been previously recognized. PMID- 6649405 TI - Isolation of enterotoxigenic strains of staphylococci from dogs. AB - The ability of 309 staphylococcal isolates from household dogs to produce enterotoxin, coagulase, thermonuclease and hemolysin was investigated. A total of 52 (16.8%) isolates from 45 out of 150 dogs examined were enterotoxigenic when tested for enterotoxin types A, B and C. Based on sites sampled, 33 (20.5%) out of 161 isolates from the anterior nares were enterotoxigenic while from dorsal skins 19 (12.8%) out of 148 isolates were enterotoxigenic. Staphylococcal enterotoxin C(SEC) was predominantly produced as 21 (6.8%) isolates elaborated it and also accounted for 40.4% of all enterotoxins produced by isolates. Staphylococcal enterotoxins A(SEA) and B(SEB) were produced by 10 (3.2%) and 16 (5.2%) strains, respectively. Mixed enterotoxin types AB, AC and BC were produced by 1,3 and 1 strains, respectively. With human plasma, 17.1% of coagulase positive and 15.0% of coagulase-negative strains were enterotoxigenic. However, using canine plasma, 19.1% and 6.9% of the coagulase-positive and negative isolates, respectively, were enterotoxigenic. The incidence of enterotoxigenicity was 16.9% amongst thermonuclease-positive isolates and 16.3% for thermonuclease negative strains. Alpha hemolysin was predominantly produced by 180 (60.2%) isolates and 19.9% of these were enterotoxigenic. Beta hemolysin was produced by 36 (11.7%) isolates with 13.9% enterotoxigenic, while 87 (28.2%) exhibited gamma hemolytic pattern amongst which 11.5% were enterotoxigenic. Based on data provided on coagulation of human and canine plasmas and hemolytic patterns, it is concluded that a large proportion of canine isolates from this environment are not of canine biotypes, but are most probably human biotypes. PMID- 6649406 TI - Ecological studies of Yersinia enterocolitica. I. Dissemination of Y. enterocolitica in pigs. AB - Pigs were examined on five farms for carrier status of Yersinia enterocolitica. Yersinia enterocolitica biovar 4, serovar 3, phagovar VIII was isolated consistently from the feces of fattening pigs on one farm and sporadically from those of similar pigs on the other farms and of sows on all five farms, during a one-year period of weekly surveys. Seasonal variation was not a feature of fattening pigs on a highly contaminated farm. In other pigs, however, the organisms were not isolated during the summer months. On a highly contaminated farm, the organisms were excreted in the feces of 8 to 15-week-old pigs within 1 3 weeks of entering pens which were thought to be contaminated with the organisms. On a detailed observation of natural infection of Y. enterocolitica in eight pigs, the organism appeared in the pigs' feces within 2-7 weeks of them being moved to a pen which had been washed thoroughly after becoming contaminated, by a previous group of pigs, with feces containing 10(5) viable organisms per g. Thus, Y. enterocolitica is apparently transmitted from infected feces or picked up from the floor of a contaminated pen, and the regular schedule of pig movement among the pens is an important factor in the spread of Y. enterocolitica within a piggery. Intestinal colonization continues for a long time and does not occur by re-infection. The organisms were not isolated from eight pigs at the time of slaughter, and their serum O-agglutinin titers were 1/40 or less. Thus, circulating antibody may not inhibit intestinal colonization by Y. enterocolitica. PMID- 6649407 TI - The role of lipoteichoic acids on the adherence of Streptococcus equi to epithelial cells. AB - The effect of the presence of lipoteichoic acids (LTA) on a strain of Streptococcus equi was investigated. The LTA were extracted in a crude form from the S. equi strain and were found to sensitize sheep red blood cells so that they agglutinated with antibodies specific to purified LTA of group A streptococci. The crude LTA preparation was also able to inhibit the specific haemagglutination reaction involving group A streptococcal LTA and LTA antibodies. Neither the purified LTA from group A streptococci nor the anti-LTA serum interfered with the adherence of S. equi to equine epithelial cells. PMID- 6649408 TI - Adherence of Streptococcus equi on tongue, cheek and nasal epithelial cells of ponies. AB - Streptococcus equi was found to adhere to tongue, cheek and nasal epithelial cells of ponies, in vitro. Maximum adherence was observed at pH 7.5 after one hour of incubation of bacteria with epithelial cells. This adherence was more on epithelial cells from adult animals than from foals. Streptococci exposed to heat (60 degrees C for 10 min) or treated with pepsin or trypsin showed a reduced adherence, whereas an increase occurred on treatment with hyaluronidase. Antibodies against whole S. equi cells or M-like protein blocked the adherence, whereas antibodies against group-specific carbohydrate or lipoteichoic acids did not. Pretreatment of epithelial cells with either the M-like protein or crude extract of S. equi lowered the adherence, whereas an extract of S. zooepidemicus did not. Adherence of S. equi to the epithelial cells was considered to be mediated by structures specific to S. equi. PMID- 6649409 TI - The foetal thyroid of the dromedary: its relation to body weight and dimensions and to the weight of the Dam's thyroid. AB - Growth and iodine content of the thyroid glands in relation to body weight, length [total (BCVRT), crown-rump (CR), and curved crown-rump (CVR)], chest circumference (CC), and age were investigated in 83 camel foetuses from 70 to 355 days of gestation (mean gestation length 390 days). Weight and iodine content of the dam's thyroid were also studied. Highly significant (P less than 0.01) correlations of 0.883, 0.797, 0.798, 0.792, and 0.813 were obtained between foetal thyroid weights on the one hand and body weight, BCVRT, CR, CVR, and CC on the other hand. A significant (P less than 0.05) correlation of 0.345 was obtained between weights of the foetal thyroid and dam's thyroid. The relative weight of the foetal thyroid to body weight was 0.045% at 70-99 days of gestation, but decreased to 0.028 (0.023 to 0.036%) in the subsequent stages. Iodine trapping by the foetal thyroid was first detected at 100-129 days of gestation. Total iodine then increased until 310 days, but decreased thereafter. The foetal thyroid has 4 to 25 times higher avidity to iodine accumulation than that of the dam. PMID- 6649410 TI - Isolation technique for lymphocytes from bovine lymph glands. AB - A method is described for obtaining large quantities (grams) of lymphocytes from bovine retropharyngeal lymph glands, whereby contaminating erythrocytes are lysed and coagulation is prevented by the use of acetic acid (0.0143 mol 1(-1). On average 4.38 g (S. D. 1.83, n = 100) lymphocytes, including lymphoblasts, are obtained per lymph gland, with a purity level of about 99%. PMID- 6649411 TI - The activation of vaccinia virus infectivity by the transfer of phosphatidylserine from the plasma membrane. AB - Purified vaccinia virus usually contains a large proportion of noninfectious virus which can be converted to infectious virus by incubation with purified plasma membrane. This activating reaction which is mediated by a heat stable component of the membrane has been studied. A suspension of liposomes containing the lipids extracted from plasma membrane of either KB cells or mouse RBCs activated the noninfectious virus in the same manner as heated plasma membrane. The phospholipid fraction of the KB cell lipids had the activating ability, but neither neutral lipid nor glycolipid fraction activated the virus. Liposomes containing phosphatidylserine activated the virus, whereas other tested phospholipids, including phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin had no effect on virus infectivity. Lysolecithin reduced the infectivity. Treatment with isolated plasma membrane or liposomes increased hydrophobicity of the virus slightly, but did not change its density. Analysis of activated and then purified virus showed that all phospholipid species in the coincubated plasma membranes and liposome samples were transferred to the virus. The transfer was not a phospholipid exchange reaction but a one-way net transfer, and took place rapidly at 37 degrees to reach saturation within 1 hr of coincubation. Neither activation of virus nor transfer of phospholipid occurred when the mixture was incubated at a temperature below 8 degrees. The virus has great ability to extract phospholipids from coincubated lipid bilayer membranes, and association with phosphatidylserine gives the virus high infectivity. PMID- 6649412 TI - Characterization of an influenza A host range mutant. AB - A mixed infection of primary chick kidney cells at 38 degrees with A/Ann Arbor/6/60 cold adapted virus and A/Alaska/6/77 wt virus yielded a cold reassortant virus, CR43-clone 3, which had a host range different from that of either parent. It does not produce detectable virus when grown in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, while growing normally in primary chick kidney cells at 33 degrees. Both parents, however, grow well in either cell type at 33 degrees C. Genotypic analysis of viral RNA electrophoresed in polyacrylamide gels has shown that CR43-clone 3 virus has an aberrant NS gene different from the NS gene of either parent virus. Reassortant viruses made between CR43-clone 3 virus and A/California/10/78 (H1N1) virus in primary chick kidney cells at 33 degrees showed the same host range restriction only if the NS gene was derived from the CR43-clone 3 virus. A mixed infection with these same parents, but in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells at 33 degrees C, produced reassortants that always contained the A/California/10/78 NS gene instead of the CR43-clone 3 NS gene. Ferrets inoculated intranasally with the CR43-clone 3 reassortant do not become sick or infected, based on the lack of symptoms: no rhinitis, coryza, or fever; and no detectable virus recovered from nasopharyngeal swabs, turbinate, or lung tissues at 48 hr after infection. Thus, CR43-clone 3 virus contains an aberrant NS gene and manifests a restricted host range phenotype in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and ferrets. PMID- 6649413 TI - Identification of a unique guanine-7-methyltransferase in Semliki Forest virus (SFV) infected cell extracts. AB - The methylation of the 5' terminal guanosine residue of the cap structure of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) mRNAs has been shown to occur in vitro concomitantly with their synthesis (R. K. Cross and P. J. Gomatos, Virology, 114, 542-554, 1981). The enzyme responsible for this methylation, a guanine-7 methyltransferase, is associated with the SFV replication complex which contains both the virus-specified polymerase and RNA template in a mitochondrial pellet fraction, P-15, from infected cell lysates. In the present report, evidence has been obtained demonstrating that a virus-specified function is required for this methylating activity. First, the methyltransferase enzyme in these infected P-15 extracts has been found to differ in substrate specificity from that of the BHK host cell enzyme. This enzyme was able to catalyze the methylation of GTP to m7GTP in vitro whereas the cellular enzyme could not methylate GTP. The incorporation of a methyl group onto GTP occurred linearly for at least 2 hr at 30 degrees under conditions of neutral pH and added GTP substrate. Second, a study of the kinetics of appearance of this activity, has demonstrated that the capacity to methylate GTP did not appear until 1 hr after infection and reached maximal levels by about 3 hr. Third, de novo protein synthesis was required. Addition of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, prevented the appearance and subsequent increase in the methylating activity. However, once formed the methyltransferase was found to be stable for at least 3 hr. These results suggest that an early viral function, perhaps a nonstructural polypeptide is required for this novel guanine-7-methyltransferase activity in SFV infected cell extracts. PMID- 6649414 TI - Construction and characterization of an adenovirus type 5/adenovirus type 12 recombinant virus. AB - We have constructed an adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) recombinant virus in which the early region 1b (E1b) of the nononcogenic Ad5 is replaced by the E1b region of the highly oncogenic Ad12. Analysis of cells lytically infected with the recombinant virus showed that both the Ad5 E1a genes and the Ad12 E1b genes are faithfully expressed. The recombinant virus replicates efficiently in human embryonic kidney cells and in HeLa cells, indicating that the Ad12 E1b region can fully replace the Ad5 E1b region in lytic infection. Inoculation of the Ad5/Ad12 hybrid virus into newborn hamsters did not result in development of tumors. This shows that the E1b region of Ad12, previously shown to be responsible for the high oncogenic potential of Ad12-transformed cells in nude mice is not capable of converting the nononcogenic Ad5 into an oncogenic virus. PMID- 6649415 TI - Genetic variation during persistent reovirus infection: isolation of cold sensitive and temperature-sensitive mutants from persistently infected L cells. AB - We have examined the evolution of reovirus in two independently established persistently infected (p.i.) cell lines. We found that reovirus undergoes extensive mutation during persistent infection in L cells. However, there was no consistent pattern of virus evolution; in one p.i. cell line temperature sensitive (ts) mutants were selected, whereas cold-sensitive (cs) mutants were isolated from the second p.i. culture. Neither the cs nor the ts mutants isolated from the carrier cultures expressed their defect at 37 degrees, the temperature at which the p.i. cells were maintained, indicating that the cs and ts phenotypes were nonselected markers. These results emphasize the point that emergence of the ts or cs mutants during persistent infection only signifies that the virus has changed; it does not necessarily imply that the particular mutant is essential for the maintenance of the persistent infection. Given the high mutation rate of viruses, and the wide spectrum of viral mutants present in carrier cultures, it is essential to distinguish the relevant changes from those which may simply represent an epiphenomenon. In the accompanying paper (R. S. Kauffman, R. Ahmed, and B. N. Fields Virology, 130, 79-87, 1983), we show that by using a genetic approach, it is possible to identify the viral gene(s) which are critical for the maintenance of persistent reovirus infection. PMID- 6649416 TI - Selection of a mutant S1 gene during reovirus persistent infection of L cells: role in maintenance of the persistent state. AB - LR-7 cells, variant L cells derived from a type 3 reovirus persistently infected (p.i.) carrier culture (R. Ahmed, W. M. Canning, R. S. Kauffman, A. H. Sharpe, J. V. Hallum, and B. N. Fields, Cell 25, 325-332, 1983) were used to define the viral genes critical for maintenance of the persistent state. A cloned viral isolate (L/C virus) derived from the p.i. culture replicated normally in LR-7 cells, while wild-type (wt) viruses of the three reovirus serotypes replicated less efficiently. To identify the viral gene(s) permitting enhanced replication of L/C virus in LR-7 cells, viral reassortants were prepared by mixed infection of L cells with L/C virus and type 1 wt. Study of the one-step growth curves and final yields of large numbers of reassortants in both L cells and LR-7 cells revealed that the presence of the S1 gene from L/C virus was critical for normal viral replication in LR-7 cells. However, this phenotype was suppressed by the simultaneous presence in reassortants of both the M2 and S4 genes from the type 1 wt parent. The critical change in the S1 gene occurred by passage 13 (63 days) after initiation of the carrier culture. Although multiple mutations are present in the viral population from p.i. cultures, certain specific mutations can be identified as critical for maintenance of the persistent state. PMID- 6649417 TI - Spatial localization in normal and amblyopic vision. AB - Spatial localization was investigated for each eye of amblyopic observers using a bisection paradigm. The stimuli were comprised of a grating composed of bright lines, and a test line. The test line was either placed above the grating (bisection-no overlap) or within the row of lines comprising the grating (bisection-with overlap) and thresholds for each bisection task were measured as a function of the fundamental spatial frequency of the grating. Vernier thresholds were also measured. For the nonamblyopic eyes at low spatial frequencies, bisection thresholds were a constant fraction ("Weber" fraction) of the space to be bisected, while at high spatial frequencies thresholds were approximately a constant retinal distance (a hyperacuity). However the spatial localization of an amblyopic eye depends upon both the type of amblyopia, and the stimulus configuration. Specifically, for anisometropic amblyopia, spatial localization (bisection-no overlap) and vernier, when scaled to the resolution losses, were normal. However, spatial adjacency (bisection with overlap), while enhancing the spatial localization of nonamblyopic eyes at high spatial frequencies, markedly elevated thresholds in the amblyopic eyes of anisometropic amblyopes. Strabismic amblyopes on the other hand show disturbances in both spatial localization tasks which can not be accounted for on the basis of reduced resolution. Their results are characterized by an absence of a constant Weber fraction at low spatial frequencies and "crowding" effects at high spatial frequencies. For strabismic amblyopes, the optimal localization thresholds were similar to the Snellen threshold, while for anisometropic amblyopes, the optimal localization thresholds were several times better than the Snellen threshold. PMID- 6649418 TI - Visual acuity and its meridional variations in children aged 7-60 months. AB - A new operant procedure was used to assess grating acuity in children aged 7-60 months. The procedure was successful for 95% of the children sampled and had high test-retest reliability. Visual acuity for main axis (horizontal and vertical) gratings improved from 6/15 at 12 months to 6/6 at 60 months. For the 7-16 month age group, preferential-looking estimates of acuity agreed well with operant estimates. Acuity for oblique gratings was approximately 1/4 octave lower than main axis acuity throughout the age range. The results suggest that the human visual system continues to develop throughout the first 5 years of life. PMID- 6649419 TI - Comparison of EOG and search coil techniques in long-term measurements of eye position in alert monkey and cat. AB - In cat and monkey a comparison was made of simultaneous records of eye movements obtained by the electro-oculographic and the magnetic search coil techniques. The major drawback of the electro-oculographic method is the slow d.c. drift, still present despite careful preparation of the electrodes. The d.c. level varies considerably with lighting conditions over long periods of time. In addition, the EOG picks up blink artifacts in monkey and other movement artifacts which are described in detail. The objective of this study was to document and evaluate the relative importance of these technical problems. Because of its simplicity and convenience the EOG method still has some applications in neurophysiological experiments. Its use requires the possibility of making frequent calibrations of gain and d.c. level. PMID- 6649420 TI - Cellular mechanisms for color-coding in holostean retinas and the evolution of color vision. AB - Electrophysiological recording and microspectrophotometry were used to analyze retinal function in representatives of the two surviving genera of holostean grade fish--the bowfin (Amia calva) and gars (Lepisosteus sp.). The properties of the cone photopigments, horizontal cells and ganglion cells show that these holostean retinas have cellular mechanisms for color vision which are fundamentally similar to those previously described for teleosts, turtle and mammals. These findings suggest that trichromatic receptor systems and opponent color-coding mechanisms may have evolved in primitive Neopterygii or more ancient fish, before the advent of teleosts. In conjunction with other recent data on living representatives of primitive fishes, these findings also add renewed plausibility for the view that vertebrate color vision could have taken a common origin some 400 million years ago from an ancestral aquatic jawed vertebrate. PMID- 6649421 TI - Photorefraction of normal and astigmatic infants during viewing of patterned stimuli. AB - Photorefraction was used to assess the state of accommodation of 3-month old infants with and without astigmatism while they viewed stimuli in an apparatus commonly used to test infant visual acuity. The stimuli were a 1.6 c/deg vertical grating, a 1.6 c/deg horizontal grating and a cross composed of orthogonal 19 min lines, which were presented 55 cm from the infants. Most infants' accommodation was appropriate for the vertical grating. Astigmatic infants did not change their focus when the orientation of the grating was changed. PMID- 6649422 TI - On the efficient two-dimensional energy coding characteristics of spatial vision. AB - Recent evidence indicates that the vertebrate visual system possesses units whose receptive fields may be represented as narrow-band orientation and frequency specific filters. It has been indirectly demonstrated that equivalent psychophysical units act in such a way as to not discriminate the individual frequency components within each frequency band. Here we directly demonstrate this to be the case with digital images and so show an efficient energy code for spatial vision. PMID- 6649423 TI - Spatial/temporal interactions: backward and forward metacontrast masking with sine-wave gratings. AB - A metacontrast masking paradigm is presented in which the detectability of a sine wave target is measured in the presence of a spatially-flanking sine-wave mask. The onset of the mask either precedes (forward masking) or follows (backward masking) the onset of the target. Target detectability is measured as a function of stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) for stimuli varying in spatial frequency and contrast. For low spatial-frequency targets, target detectability varies as a U shaped function of SOA both in forward and backward masking. For high spatial frequency targets, U-shaped masking is observed only in backward masking. The magnitude of the masking effect at each SOA of maximal masking (SOAmax) depends on the spatial-frequency similarity of target and mask. SOAmax does not vary with contrast, but does vary with spatial frequency. These data are considered within the context of a model positing inhibitory interactions between the responses of fast- and slow-responding spatial-frequency selective channels, where the latency to channel response increases with spatial frequency. PMID- 6649424 TI - The chromatic Cornsweet effect. AB - The Cornsweet effect was measured using equiluminous chromatic gradients as well as with an achromatic gradient. The chromatic Cornsweet effect is smaller than the achromatic effect. PMID- 6649425 TI - Astigmatism of oblique incidence in the human model eye. AB - Two cylindrical lenses of equal power, one positive and one negative, were used to correct astigmatism of oblique incidence in a wide-angle optical model of the human eye. Tangential and sagittal vergences were calculated at different visual angles from the posterior pole to the peripheral retina. The positive cylinder was placed with its axis parallel to the tangential meridian while the negative cylinder was placed with its axis parallel to the sagittal meridian. Improvement in the quality of the retinal image at different angles of incidence was obtained by varying the angle between the axes of the correcting cylinders. Corresponding gains in resolution have been calculated and confirmed by peripheral fundus photography. PMID- 6649426 TI - On the relation of stereoacuity to interocular transfer of the motion and the tilt aftereffects. AB - Interocular transfer of both the motion and the tilt aftereffect were tested in 43 subjects with varying degrees of stereopsis, ranging from normal to stereoblind. Although there was an overall tendency for transfer to diminish with decreasing stereovision, stereoblind subjects always showed some transfer of the tilt aftereffect, and sometimes also of the motion aftereffect, while some subjects with normal stereothresholds had greatly reduced or no interocular transfer. No quantitative correlation between stereothresholds and amount of transfer could be found. The results indicate that there is no simple relationship between interocular transfer, stereopsis and cortical binocularity, as had been suggested previously. PMID- 6649427 TI - An "antagonistic" surround facilitates central responses by retinal ganglion cells. AB - Ganglion cells in the turtle retina respond to increments of saturating illumination of the receptive field centre by progressively decreasing the number of spikes of the responses, perhaps as a result of membrane inactivation. Intracellular recording indicates that a simultaneous illumination of the receptive field surround greatly facilitates the "suprasaturated" central responses, while the expected centre-surround antagonism is still present between photoresponses below saturation. It is suggested that both pre- and post-synaptic mechanisms provide the ganglion cells with the unique possibility, among other retinal cells, to shift their full dynamic range across more than 3 log units of illumination intensity. PMID- 6649428 TI - The relationship between temporal integration and persistence. AB - We measured the persistence for gratings of three different spatial frequencies after they had been equated for visibility by manipulating: (1) the contrast of the stimulus, (2) the duration of the stimulus, or (3) both contrast and duration. When we presented gratings of equal apparent contrast and equal duration, persistence increased with increasing spatial frequency. This effect occurred when apparent contrast was equated in terms of extended-duration or brief duration contrast sensitivity. However, when we examined persistence using gratings equated for temporal integration (i.e. equal apparent contrast but unequal durations), no differences in persistence as a function of spatial frequency were observed. Thus, the increase in persistence which is typically found with higher spatial frequencies can be accounted for by knowledge of the spatio-temporal characteristics of the visual system. Our findings are discussed in terms of the notion of different filter time-constants for different spatial channels. PMID- 6649429 TI - Background visibility and increment thresholds. AB - Increment thresholds for small test flashes measured on superimposed backgrounds sometimes differed depending on whether an observer was instructed to keep the background subjectively visible or (Troxler) faded. The magnitude and direction of the threshold change varied among observers. For some observers, the magnitude of the effect of such instructions also varied with background size, psychophysical method, and displacement of test from background. How the instructions and their presumed association with different phenomenological states affect thresholds is not known. However, these results show that the magnitude of effects and the shapes of psychophysically measured functions can be affected by the instructions followed by the observer, whether self-imposed or imposed by the experimenter. PMID- 6649430 TI - Receptive field properties of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina: contributions of rods and cones. AB - The spatial properties of horizontal cells in the tiger salamander retina were studied with intracellular electrodes. It was found that when the rod input to horizontal cells is dominant the receptive fields are smaller than those measured under conditions of strong cone activation. A possible explanation for this finding is that rod signals undergo greater lateral attenuation within the horizontal cell network. PMID- 6649431 TI - Smooth pursuit eye movements under open-loop and closed-loop conditions. AB - We measured smooth pursuit eye movement responses to sinusoidal target motion in the open-loop condition (target motion stabilized on the retina) and the closed loop condition (target motion fixed in space). We also predicted the closed-loop response for each subject from the open-loop data, using the relationship for a linear system. Predictions made in this way were very accurate, for both gain and phase lag, even though responses of a given subject usually differed idiosyncratically from those of another. The accuracy of prediction was observed over a broad frequency range (0.5-3Hz) and a moderate range of target amplitudes (2-6 deg, peak-to-peak). PMID- 6649432 TI - Visual acuity in the young infant is highest in a small retinal area. AB - Visual potentials (VEP) evoked by alternating gratings were recorded daily in one infant between 10 and 13 weeks of age and at 20 weeks of age. The VEP amplitude was measured for a stimulus field of increasing area at low and high spatial frequencies. At low spatial frequencies the VEP amplitude increases with increasing stimulus area, while at high spatial frequencies (near visual acuity) the VEP amplitude remains constant for stimulus field sizes beyond 2 deg. These findings parallel those obtained in the adult, and indicate that visual acuity of the infant is not uniform across the retina but is highest in a small region, as in the adult. PMID- 6649433 TI - The 1982 ARVO electrophysiology symposium "Neural interactions in the vertebrate retina". PMID- 6649434 TI - Analyses of neural mechanisms mediating the effect of horizontal cell polarization. AB - Polarization of horizontal cells by current through an intracellular electrode elicited a response in certain other horizontal cells and in bipolar cells. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that the feedback from horizontal cells to photoreceptors play an important role in the center-surround antagonism of bipolar cells and also in the opponent color responses of horizontal cells. The feedback from L-type horizontal cells must be mediated by GABA. The red component of RG-type and RGB-type horizontal cells was suppressed by application of GABA antagonists. GABA receptors was not found in these cells, suggesting that the effect was mediated through photoreceptors. PMID- 6649435 TI - A spatial analysis of on- and off-ganglion cells in the cat retina. AB - Using reduced silver staining methods it was possible to stain all alpha-ganglion cells of the cat retina. The dendritic trees of alpha-cells are unistratified in either of two laminae within the inner plexiform layer. This stratification difference was shown physiologically to correspond to the on-off dichotomy. For all alpha-cells recorded, the dendritic field was covered by the corresponding receptive field centre. In addition the general shape of the receptive field centre corresponded to the shape of the dendritic field. The size of the dendritic tree was always smaller than the receptive field centre. The topographical distribution of on- and off-alpha cells could be studied. They were found to occur in about equal numbers. Both on- and off-alpha-cell perikarya form a regular lattice and both lattices are superimposed independently. The dendritic branches of neighbouring alpha-cells overlap and each retinal point is covered by the dendritic field of at least one on- and one off-alpha-cell. After horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection into the lateral geniculate nucleus all beta-cells were labelled. In this way it is shown that about 55% of all ganglion cells are beta-cells. The mosaic of on- and off-beta-cells was studied from the HRP labelled material. It is commonly assumed that beta-cells are associated with the resolution of fine detail in the cat visual system. The mosaic of beta-cells imposes some constraints and permits some predictions to be made with respect to the cat's visual discrimination. PMID- 6649436 TI - Responses of primate retinal ganglion cells to moving spectral contrast. AB - A moving border formed by color contrast across which brightness contrast can be independently controlled was used to examine responses of ganglion cells in monkey retina. We used two forms of color contrasts, white/yellow and red/green. Three classes of ganglion cells were examined: blue/yellow opponent, red/green opponent and non-color opponent on-center phasic cells. Blue/yellow opponent cells respond strongly to white/yellow contrast at all brightness gradients, responding better to a white/yellow border at minimum brightness contrast than to a white/black border at maximum brightness contrast. These cells respond before and reach their maximum response long after the border has crossed the receptive field center. Red/green opponent and phasic non-opponent cells do not detect white/yellow borders at minimum brightness contrast; at sufficient brightness contrast phasic and some red/green opponent cells detect this border responding maximally as the border crosses their receptive field center. Red/green opponent and non-opponent phasic on-center cells respond to red/green contrast at both maximum and minimum brightness contrast. The former are excited by only one side, the latter by either side of the red/green contrast entering their receptive field. Phasic on-center cells have a maintained excitatory rod signal which is suppressed when a detectable border enters their field. The results suggest that the blue/yellow opponent system plays a major role in distinguishing white/yellow borders and has a poorer spatial resolution than the red/green one, that phasic ganglion cells receive a rod and a red/green but not a blue/yellow opponent input, and that this blue/yellow system has a retinal pathway which does not obviously influence rods or other cones. PMID- 6649437 TI - Synaptic patterns and response properties of bipolar and ganglion cells in the cat retina. AB - After intracellular recording, bipolar cells of the cat retina have been stained with HRP and their contacts in the outer and inner plexiform layers examined by electron microscopy. Rod bipolars and cone bipolar cb6 make invaginating, ribbon related contacts with photoreceptors, hyperpolarize in response to light, and have axons terminating in layer b of the IPL. The axon terminal of cb2 ends in layer a of the IPL and its basal contacts with cones mediate hyperpolarizing light-responses. Cone bipolar cb5 is a center-depolarizing type with an axon ending in layer b but its cone contacts are at semi-invaginating basal junctions. Except for the amacrine-contacting rod bipolar cell, all cone bipolar types synapse with both amacrine and ganglion cells in the inner plexiform layer. In addition cb5 contacts AII amacrine cells with large gap junctions, and is physiologically rod dominated. PMID- 6649438 TI - Intracellular recording from identified photoreceptors and horizontal cells of the Xenopus retina. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from rods, cones and horizontal cells of the Xenopus retina. The cells under study were identified by injection of the fluorescent dye, Lucifer yellow. Rod spectral sensitivity peaked near 524 nm, that of cones near 612 nm whereas horizontal cells reflected input from both these classes of photoreceptors. No intracellular recordings were made from blue sensitive rods (lambda max = 445 nm) nor did this rod appear to provide an input to the horizontal cell. Under dark-adapted conditions, horizontal cells had a slow waveform, a Vmax less than or equal to 18 mV and were driven by 524 nm rods only. When light-adapted, horizontal cell responses were fast, Vmax was 30-40 mV and the responses reflected only 612 nm cone input. In the mesopic state rod and cone inputs to the horizontal cell interacted non-linearly: weak green backgrounds greatly enhanced the response to a superimposed red flash compared to the red flash response on a dark field. The length constant of the horizontal cell exceeded its dendritic arbor by 2-15 fold. All of the stained horizontal cells, however, possessed a long slender axon without a terminal but which emitted periodic short branches that appeared to contact receptors. PMID- 6649439 TI - Blue-sensitive rod input to bipolar and ganglion cells of the Xenopus retina. AB - Intracellular recordings were obtained from chromatic and non-chromatic bipolar cells, identified by Lucifer yellow injection in the Xenopus retina. The chromatic cells, which lacked center-surround organization, were short wavelength hyperpolarizing (lambda max 445 nm) and long wavelength depolarizing. Under photopic conditions the depolarizing component was driven by 612 nm cones, but under mesopic conditions it appeared that 524 nm rods also constituted an input to the response. The non-chromatic bipolars encountered were of the off-center (hyperpolarizing) variety, with an active antagonistic surround, and peak spectral sensitivity in the red portion of the spectrum. Extracellular recordings were obtained from color-coded ganglion cells classified as type 1 or 2 in frog retina by Maturana et al. (1966) [J. gen. Physiol. 43, 129-175] and Backstrom and Reuter (1975) [J. Physiol. 246, 79-107]. The spectral sensitivity of the long latency "on" component was matched by the density spectrum of the 445 nm rod. This response component lacked center-surround organization and showed a relatively broad area of spatial integration. In contrast, a short latency component had a spectral sensitivity matched by the 612 nm cone pigment under photopic conditions, was either "on" or "off" center, showed center-surround organization and had a relatively small area of spatial integration. We speculate that in Xenopus retina, both chromatic and non-chromatic bipolar cells provide synaptic input to the class 1,2 ganglion cell. PMID- 6649440 TI - Interocular transfer of a chromatic frequency shift. AB - Interocular transfer of a spatial frequency shift was obtained with equiluminous color gratings. Gratings which combined both color and luminance contrast yielded small aftereffects and no interocular transfer. Recent electrophysiological work has uncovered color-sensitive binocularly driven cells in visual cortex. These cells are transient and often respond to color contrast in the absence of luminance contrast. The stimulus parameters associated with successful interocular transfer, equiluminous colors and brief test, matched the properties of these cells. Previous failure to induce interocular transfer of color effects may be explained by inappropriate stimulus parameters. PMID- 6649441 TI - Positive and negative afterimages from brief target gratings. AB - Threshold luminance levels for the production of negative afterimages from brief target gratings were determined as a function of background luminance and grating frequency. The obtained thresholds were extremely low--typically below the values that would maintain constant space-average luminance between target and background. The implications of these results for other studies that may have inadvertently produced negative afterimages with their stimulus conditions were noted. As a demonstration, visual persistence estimates from these gratings were determined under conditions that carefully excluded negative afterimages, and clear differences from previously published work were obtained. PMID- 6649442 TI - Binocular depth perception in the meerkat (Suricata suricatta). AB - Although it has been widely assumed that mammals with frontally placed eyes have stereoscopic vision, there is actually a paucity of supporting evidence. We have measured monocular and binocular depth perception in the meerkat (Suricata suricatta), obtaining strong evidence for the presence of stereopsis. The data provide additional evidence for the generality of stereoscopic vision across many different species. PMID- 6649443 TI - Spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity and visual field locus. AB - Contrast sensitivity, measured as a function of retinal eccentricity for stimuli differing in temporal and spatial frequency (0.25-9 c/deg; 0-16 Hz, 0-12 degrees eccentricity), was maximum at the fovea and declined linearly with eccentricity. The slope of the decrease depended upon spatial but not temporal frequency. Contrast sensitivity for drifting gratings was approximately twice that for sinusoidal counterphase gratings at all eccentricities. For central viewing log contrast sensitivity increased with grating length. The shape of this function was systematically related to spatial frequency but independent of temporal frequency, indicating that the visual field is homogeneous in sensitivity for change in contrast over time. The implications of these findings for mechanisms of threshold vision in fovea and periphery are discussed. PMID- 6649444 TI - The use of different cues in vernier acuity. AB - The roles of the various cues in the traditional vernier target are examined. We conclude that there are at least two mechanisms by which vernier acuities of the order of 5 sec arc may be obtained. The two cues are the overall slope of the target, and the relative positional differences. By using vernier targets that are degraded in two different ways, we can demonstrate each mechanism. PMID- 6649445 TI - On the failure of spatiotemporal interpolation: a filtering model. AB - A vernier target moving discontinuously between discrete spatial stations is seen as having a spatial offset if its component bars are presented at spatially aligning stations with a temporal delay (the interpolation effect). In agreement with previous work, we find that the threshold for detecting this virtual spatial offset is the same as that for detecting an explicit spatial offset, provided that certain spatial and temporal constraints are met. Interpolation is a completely efficient process provided that the spatial interval between stations in the movement trajectory is less than 3-4 min arc, but thereafter it shows a gradual decline in efficiency. This paper presents a model of the decline in efficiency which arises, we suggest, not because of a failure of sampling to represent the original stimulus, but because of a progressive mismatch between the sampled signal and the bandwidth of the spatial filters involved in interpolation. Our model is compared with the constant velocity model of Fahle & Poggio [Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 213, 451-477 (1981)]. PMID- 6649446 TI - Patterns of ambulatory care in general and family practice: The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. United States, January 1980 - December 1981. PMID- 6649447 TI - Patterns of ambulatory care in pediatrics: The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. PMID- 6649448 TI - [A system of training mid-level health personnel for work in the intensive hematologic care unit]. PMID- 6649449 TI - [Deformability of red blood cells. Physiological, methodological and pathological aspects]. PMID- 6649450 TI - [HDL-cholesterol and the coronary risk profile of healthy men in our population]. PMID- 6649451 TI - [The clinical picture of congestive cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 6649452 TI - [Early changes in left ventricular function after oral administration of isosorbide dinitrate studied with radionuclide ventriculography]. PMID- 6649453 TI - [Effect of a single dose of glucagon on lipid parameters in healthy subjects]. PMID- 6649454 TI - [Gas exchange in patients with the hyperventilation syndrome]. PMID- 6649455 TI - [Acute vascular accidents, analysis of 2,851 cases. I. Epidemiologic aspects and trends in hospital mortality]. PMID- 6649456 TI - [Acute vascular accidents, analysis of 2,851 cases. II. Risk factors in acute vascular coronary accidents]. PMID- 6649457 TI - [Determination of the levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine and reverse triiodothyronine in heart disease]. PMID- 6649458 TI - [Various features of the work of an independent medical batallion of a division in mountainous-desert locations]. PMID- 6649459 TI - [Increasing the skills of medical personnel at a military sanatorium]. PMID- 6649460 TI - [Military theory and readers' conferences as 1 of the forms of military-patriotic education of medical school students]. PMID- 6649461 TI - [Features of the clinical picture and treatment of traumatic shock with different sites of injury]. PMID- 6649462 TI - [Neurologic manifestations of lumbar osteochondrosis correlated with the results of computer tomography]. PMID- 6649463 TI - [Pathogenesis and etiotropic therapy of neurologic forms of epidemic parotitis]. PMID- 6649464 TI - [Acute poisoning with tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol combined with methanol]. PMID- 6649465 TI - [Chief directions in improving the prevention of hepatitis A in the armed forces]. PMID- 6649466 TI - [Toxicologo-hygienic monitoring of the use of synthetic materials and chemicals]. PMID- 6649467 TI - [Assessment of the adaptive autoregulation of heart rate during active orthostatic testing]. PMID- 6649468 TI - [General medico-technical evaluation of quartering conditions for naval specialists]. PMID- 6649469 TI - [Forecasting expenditures for the production of new models of equipment for the military medical service]. PMID- 6649471 TI - [Technic of lacocystostomy with permanent intubation]. PMID- 6649470 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of soft tissue sarcomas]. PMID- 6649472 TI - [Methods of studying hearing in severe unilateral hardness of hearing or deafness]. PMID- 6649474 TI - [Methods of quantitative determination of cystamine dihydrochloride]. PMID- 6649473 TI - [Experience with the treatment of parodontosis patients in a military sanatorium]. PMID- 6649475 TI - [Prevention of dental caries in a military unit (aboard ship)]. PMID- 6649476 TI - [Detection of sources of drinking water contamination]. PMID- 6649478 TI - [In garrison hospitals]. PMID- 6649477 TI - [Visual monitoring of pilotage-navigational instrumentation by pilots during flight]. PMID- 6649479 TI - [Trauma record card]. PMID- 6649480 TI - [Party organization of the Chair of Organization of Tactics of Military Service with regard to military training of students]. PMID- 6649481 TI - [Mechanism of the toxic effect of dichloroethane]. PMID- 6649482 TI - [Quantitative analysis of myoglobin in patients with acute renal insufficiency after muscle injuries]. PMID- 6649483 TI - [Various methods of treatment of open fractures of the long tubular bones]. PMID- 6649484 TI - [Analysis of the causes of late diagnosis of cancer of the large intestine]. PMID- 6649485 TI - [Differential diagnosis of ventricular and pseudoventricular tachycardia]. PMID- 6649486 TI - [Disinfection in the control of acute respiratory tract diseases]. PMID- 6649487 TI - [Physiological reactions to repeated application of high temperature in persons of various age groups]. PMID- 6649488 TI - [Orthostatic resistance in sailors during voyages in arctic and tropical regions]. PMID- 6649489 TI - [Ambulatory care services in a polyclinic]. PMID- 6649490 TI - [Anesthesia and intensive care of patients with cholelithiasis]. PMID- 6649491 TI - [Autologous transfusion in lung surgery in patients with tuberculosis]. PMID- 6649492 TI - [Diagnosis of non-anginal forms of chronic tonsillitis]. PMID- 6649493 TI - [Effectiveness of therapeutico-preventive measures in angina, chronic tonsillitis and other ORL diseases in a military unit]. PMID- 6649494 TI - [Method of determination of the reversibility of circulatory disorders in the limbs in anaerobic gas infection]. PMID- 6649495 TI - [Method of controlling the accuracy of the erythrocyte count]. PMID- 6649496 TI - [Therapeutic usefulness of concentrated plasma produced locally]. PMID- 6649497 TI - [Technical equipment used in foreign armies for the transportation of the wounded]. PMID- 6649498 TI - [Problems in the treatment of gunshot wounds in modern warfare]. PMID- 6649499 TI - [Trends in the surgical treatment of benign obstructive jaundice]. PMID- 6649501 TI - [Sudden sensorineural deafness of vascular origin]. PMID- 6649500 TI - [Angiographic diagnosis of postinfarction aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms of the left ventricle]. PMID- 6649502 TI - [Ultrastructural analysis of tumors of the renal pelvis and ureter]. PMID- 6649503 TI - [Study of the quality of lyophilized primary standard hemoglobin]. PMID- 6649504 TI - [Prevention of postoperative deep venous thrombosis]. PMID- 6649505 TI - [Pathogenesis and treatment of alopecia areata]. PMID- 6649506 TI - [Kearns-Sayre syndrome. A rare form of ocular myopathy]. PMID- 6649508 TI - [Efficacy of cystaphos in protecting animals from gamma irradiation]. PMID- 6649507 TI - [Endemic (Balkan) nephropathy as an infection from natural foci?]. PMID- 6649509 TI - [Analysis of endocarditis in autopsy material during the past 26 years]. PMID- 6649510 TI - [Chordoma of the clivus: treatment and selection of a surgical approach]. PMID- 6649511 TI - [Viral infections of the central nervous system (patients treated from 1978 to 1981)]. PMID- 6649512 TI - [Characteristics of gunshot wounds from a semiautomatic rifle fired from a short distance]. PMID- 6649513 TI - [Biorhythms and ischemic cerebrovascular disorders]. PMID- 6649514 TI - [A critical look at the therapeutic procedures in snake bites]. PMID- 6649515 TI - [Registries as a source of data on diseases in Serbia]. PMID- 6649516 TI - [150 years of Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 6649517 TI - [Lesions in the inner ear of a diver]. PMID- 6649518 TI - [Seasickness and measures for its prevention and neutralization]. PMID- 6649519 TI - [Alterations of proteins and lipoproteins of blood and myocardium in acute alcohol intoxication]. AB - In alcohol intoxication proteins and lipoproteins were altered both in human and mice blood and myocardium. Besides the species independent response towards alcoholic intoxication a series of specific alterations, related to species characteristics of the animal were found. PMID- 6649520 TI - [Transketolase activity and thiamine diphosphate content in oncological patients]. AB - In blood of patients with cancer of stomach and mammary gland total thiamin content was measured by means of fluorimetric procedure, thiamindiphosphate (TDP) -by an enzymatic method, activity of transketolase was estimated in presence or in absence of TDP. Concentration of total thiamin in blood of healthy persons was 7.65 +/- 0.40 micrograms/100 ml; thiamindiphosphate--5.06 micrograms/100 ml activity of transketolase was 11.59 +/- 0.23 mmol/l. The "TDP" -effect was altered from 4% to 12%. In blood of oncological patients the concentration of total thiamin was 4.47 +/- 0.35 micrograms/100 ml and that of thiamindiphosphate 3.09 +/- 0.27 micrograms/100 ml, i.e. they were decreased by 40%. The transketolase activity was decreased by 20% (9.40 +/- 0.37 mmol/l); the "TDP" effect was altered from 5% to 42%. PMID- 6649521 TI - [A simple and effective step in the purification of bovine blood fibronectin]. AB - Preparations of fibronectin from bovine blood serum, obtained by means of affinity chromatography on collagen-Sepharose, contained immunoglobulins and other proteins, concentration of which constituted 48 +/- 5%. Differential salting out of fibronectin and other non-fibronectin proteins, using 0.8-2.0 M ammonium sulfate at pH 5.0, demonstrated that precipitation of fibronectin occurred more effectively as compared with non-fibronectin proteins at all the salt concentrations studied. If 0.8 M or 1.0 M ammonium sulfate concentrations were used, the fibronectin preparations contained less than 10% of other proteins and fibronectin loss was about 20%. Salting out of fibronectin is an effective additional step of its purification. PMID- 6649522 TI - [Selective inhibition by pyrazidol of monoamine oxidase type A in different human and animal tissues]. AB - Pyrazidol (2,3,3a,4,5,6-Hexahydro-8-methyl-1-H-pyrazino (3,2,1-j,k) carbazol hydrochloride) blocked selectively the type A monoamine oxidase (MAO) in mitochondria of different human and animal tissues, irrespective of substrate specificity of the type A MAO in the tissues studied. Thus, in tissues containing both types of MAO (rat, bovine and human brain, rat liver and intestine tissues) pyrazidol inhibited selectively the deamination of serotonin and did not affect the deamination of 2-phenylethylamine--the main substrates in these tissues of the type A and the type B MAO, respectively. In human placenta and rat heart containing only the type A MAO, which catalyzes deamination of 2 phenylethylamine, pyrazidol also inhibited the deamination of serotonin, tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine at comparatively low concentrations and in equal degree. Pyrazidol did not affect significantly the type B MAO in bovune liver and kidney tissues, although the latter enzyme catalyzed deamination of serotonin. The degree of inhibition by pyrazidal of dopamine deamination in various tissues depended on the particular type of MAO mainly involved in oxidation of the amine. PMID- 6649523 TI - [Determination of hydrocortisone in human blood plasma using competitive binding with endogenous transcortin]. AB - A direct express-method is developed for estimation of hydrocortisone, based on the use of individual human blood plasma endogenous transcortine as a binding system. The method is designed for non-serial estimation of hydrocortisone in human blood plasma and may be used for an express-analysis, since extraction of the hormone from blood plasma by organic solvents is omitted. The dissociation constant of the transcortine-hydrocortisone complex was calculated using Scatchard plot. On the basis of this procedure and considering the rule of acting masses the initial concentration of receptor sites was measured for transcortine at a given blood plasma dilution and theoretical curves were constructed for the reaction of competitive substitution of labelled hydrocortisone by the unlabelled hormone. Estimation of hydrocortisone, carried out by means of these theoretical curves of substitution, closely correlated with the data of experimental standard curves of substitution (CEA-IRE-Sorin). The express-method of hydrocortisone estimation was used in clinical research. PMID- 6649524 TI - [Determination of the inhibitory activity of animal tissues in relation to pancreatic DNAase]. PMID- 6649525 TI - [Use of Vladipore cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes for isolation of small peptides]. AB - Retintion of some amino acids and peptides by standard ultrafiltration membranes "Vladipore" was studied. Membranes UAM-30M and UAM-50M may be used for concentration and desalting of peptides containing not less than 3-4 amino acid residues. An increase in NaCl concentration in the samples led to a decrease in the peptide retention coefficient. The ultrafiltration membranes were used for isolation of small peptides from blood, urine and extracts of normal skin, after thermal trauma and irradiation of the tissue. PMID- 6649526 TI - [Lowering the content of SH-glutathione and glutathione transferase activity in the liver as a factor in increasing the toxicity of T-2 toxin]. PMID- 6649527 TI - [Balance of carbohydrate-containing biopolymers in the large intestine and mechanism of its impairments in ulcerous disease]. AB - Excretion of carbohydrate-containing components of glycoproteins with feces was studied in patients with ulcerous disease, chronic gastritis, with cancer of stomach and in healthy persons. Content of glycoproteins, especially of fucoglycoproteins, was decreased in intestinal mucous during an acute period of the ulcerous disease. The same phenomenon was observed in epithelium of a distal part of small intestine. Remissions were accompanied by an increase in content of fucoglycoproteins in mucus and epithelium cells. These alterations in balance of glycoproteins were not found in other investigated impairments of the gastro duodenal system. PMID- 6649528 TI - [Effect of cooling and of subsequent self-heating on the content of unesterified fatty acids and ketone bodies in rat blood and organs]. AB - Deep cooling was shown to increase distinctly the content of unesterified fatty acids in blood, liver and internal tissues of rats. Ketones were also markedly increased in blood after the cooling and within the first subsequent hours when the animals were kept at room temperature. Composition and the ratio of main saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were considerably altered in the experimental animals. PMID- 6649529 TI - [Mechanism of retardation of fibrin polymerization using a thermostable inhibitor from human serum]. AB - A purified thermostable inhibitor of fibrin polymerization was found to have a molecular mass of 1,750 +/- 100 daltons. Early steps of the fibrin polymerization were the most sensitive to the effect of this inhibitor; less distinct but constant activity was exhibited by the inhibitor at later steps of the process. As shown by kinetics of inhibition the inhibitor reacted with fibrin-monomer as well as with more complex products of polymerization but the final products (unstabilized fibrin) did not contain this substance. The inhibitor was found in a number of tissues. The inhibitor appears to be responsible for long-term existence of fibrin-monomer in circulation. PMID- 6649530 TI - [Functioning of the oxidizing phase of the pentosephosphate pathway in rat liver in the development of vitamin B1 deficiency in the animals]. AB - B1-hypovitaminosis was simulated in white rats of 150-170 g body mass by means of hydroxythiamin administration at a daily dose of 4, 40 or 100 mg/kg within 10 days. Concentrations of NADP and NADPH, main cofactors of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, were dissimilarly altered in the animal liver tissue depending on the antimetabolite dose administered. Kinetic characteristics of 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes were shifted towards more active binding of substrates in the hypovitaminosis. Total pool of metabolites, realized via 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase catalytic reactions and regulated by concentration of substrates, was especially sensitive to alterations in the NADP/NADPH ratio. In severe B1-hypovitaminosis caused by hydroxythiamin the rate of oxidative reactions was increased 3-10-fold. PMID- 6649531 TI - [Kinetic method for determination of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase in human blood serum]. AB - Resistance of liver, bone, intestinal and placental human alkaline phosphatase isozymes to the effect of L-phenylalanine and urea was studied. The combined treatment with urea and L-phenylalanine increased an accuracy of estimation due to inhibition of bone and intestinal isozymes. A special equation enabled to simplify the calculations. As shown by laboratory and clinical tests, the method developed is suitable for quantitative estimation of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. PMID- 6649532 TI - [Prostaglandins E and lipolysis in adipose tissue of normal and starved rats during aging]. AB - Basal rate of lipolysis and content of prostaglandins E were similar in epididimal adipose tissue of both 5-6 months and 24-26 months old male rats, i. e. these patterns were not altered with age. Starvation during 24 and 48 hrs was accompanied by activation of lipolysis in young rats and by its inhibition in old animals. After the starvation content of prostaglandins E was increased in adipose tissue of young rats. The increase was especially distinct within 48 hrs; in the group of old rats content of prostaglandins E in adipose tissue was markedly decreased as compared with young animals. PMID- 6649533 TI - [Effect of M-and N-cholinolytics on the content of Ca2+ in synaptosomes and metabolism of phosphoinositols in the rat brain]. AB - M-cholinolytics benactyzine and glypine increased a permeability of neurone membranes for Ca2+, producing the ion accumulation in synaptosomes. N cholinolytic thropacin did not exhibit this effect and diphacyl caused similar to the M-cholinolytics but only slight effect on the Ca2+ content. The M cholinolytics increased phosphoinositol turnover in rat brain, while the N cholinolytics decreased its metabolism. These data obtained suggest that the M cholinolytics interact selectively with phosphoinositols of neurone membranes affecting the affinity of phosphoinositols to two-valent cations and elevating the ability of Ca2+ to penetrate across neuronal membranes. PMID- 6649534 TI - [Correlation of lactate dehydrogenase activity and its isoenzyme composition in the liver and blood serum in experimental myocardial infarction]. AB - After ligation of coronary artery an initial increase in LDH activity in liver tissue was followed by its decrease. Minimal enzymatic activity in liver tissue correlated with maximal activity in blood serum within 1-3 days. Among LDH isoenzymes the "pure" fractions were most markedly altered: LDH1 was decreased in liver tissue and increased in blood serum, LDH5 was increased in the both tissues within later periods after normalization of total activity. Enzymatic activity of LDH, LDH1 and LDH5 was shown to correlate in liver tissue and blood serum. PMID- 6649535 TI - [Dihydropteridine reductase activity in leukocytes and cultured fibroblasts of health individuals and of patients with the classical form of phenylketonuria]. AB - Activity of dihydrohypteridine reductase, estimated by means of spectrophotometric method, was found in cell culture of human fibroblasts and in leukocytes of peripheric blood. The enzymatic activity was not altered markedly with time; thus suggesting a possibility to classify dihydropteridine reductase as a constitutive enzyme. In patients with typical form of phenylketonuria the enzymatic activity tended to decrease as compared with healthy persons. PMID- 6649536 TI - [Content of lipids in cells, isolated from normal and atherosclerotically-altered portions of the human aorta]. AB - Lipid composition was studied in media and intima of human atherosclerotic aorta as well as in cells from the both layers of the vessel wall. A correlation was found between the content of main lipids in the cells and the tissue, from which these cells were isolated. The lipid composition of cells, isolated from normal and atherosclerotic aorta zones, was unaltered within 12 days of cultivation. Primary culture of human atherosclerotic aorta cells might be used for study of lipoidosis in atherosclerosis. PMID- 6649537 TI - [Isolation of triglyceridase from the aorta]. AB - Isolation of triglyceridase from pig aorta was carried out by means of a following procedure: preparation of acetone powder, extraction of the enzyme in presence of sodium deoxycholate, ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on Sepharose 6B, DEAE cellulose and cholate-Sepharose. The 1,000-fold purification of the enzyme was achieved. The purified preparation of triglyceridase was free of cholesterol esterase and proteinase activities. PMID- 6649538 TI - [Hemocytes and the pathogenesis of malignant growth]. AB - No direct relationship was found between the mechanism of echinocytosis development in cancer patients and hormonal disorders (hypercorticoidism and hyperparathyroidism). However, echinocytic transformation of red blood cells renders their membranes less sensitive to changes in blood levels of these hormones. PMID- 6649539 TI - [Clinico-laboratory studies in oncology]. AB - The results of a clinico-laboratory evaluation of general response of cancer patients to antitumor therapy, including modificators, are considered. Also, applications of some procedures as guides to prognosis as well as the results of studies bacterial immunity and methods of its stimulation to prevent purulent complications in cancer patients are discussed. PMID- 6649540 TI - [Thyroid activity in patients with thyroid neoplasms]. AB - Levels of thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in 58 cases of adenoma and 86 cases of cancer of the thyroid gland were assayed radioimmunologically. Secretory function of the thyroid gland was inhibited in cancer patients and increased in adenoma group. Due to feedback, peripheral blood--thyrotropin levels were lowered in adenoma patients and raised in the cancer group. The hormonal disturbances were not identical in males and females; they were more pronounced in patients with disseminated tumor aged 46-55. The latter finding points to a decline in thyroid function with aging. PMID- 6649541 TI - [Function-sparing surgery of laryngeal cancer after radiotherapy]. AB - Economical sparing surgery following radiation treatment was carried out in 284 cases of laryngeal cancer. Application of a complex of diagnostic procedures for determining tumor boundaries before and during surgery as well as some improved preoperative radiation treatment (irradiation in a high-pressure oxygen chamber) and surgical methods showed that sparing surgery gives good results, as far as function of the treated organ and patient's survival are concerned. PMID- 6649543 TI - [Bronchoscopic diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer]. AB - The diagnostic value of bronchologic procedures in identification of peripheral cancer of the lung versus tumor's size, endoscopic pattern of bronchial lesion and tumor position with respect to the root of the lung was assessed. Rigid endoscopes and bronchofibroscopes were used in 806 patients with peripheral lung cancer. Bronchoscopic diagnosis of cancer was morphologically confirmed in 64.9% (respiratory endoscope alone--51.3 +/- 3%; bronchofibroscope or combined use of both devices--71.9 +/- +/- 2%). PMID- 6649542 TI - [Cytological classifications of precancerous conditions and cancer of the lung, breast, esophagus and stomach]. AB - Cytological classifications of cancer and precancerous lesions of the lung, breast, esophagus and stomach are suggested. They are based on the analysis of the results of research and practical experience gained at the Institute in the treatment of more than 2,000 cases. The cytological classifications are in conformity with those of WHO and provide for identification of malignancy, histological pattern, degree of tumor differentiation as well as the degree of dysplasia in precancerous lesions. PMID- 6649544 TI - [The role of computed tomography in the diagnosis of rectal cancer recurrences]. AB - The data on 42 cases of radical surgery for rectal cancer were analyzed. Computed tomography detected rectal cancer recurrences involving lymph nodes and organs of small pelvis in 24 patients. Early preclinical signs of rectal cancer recurrence may be identified by the said method. PMID- 6649545 TI - [Economic aspects of cancer control measures]. PMID- 6649546 TI - [Puncture of the posterior vault in the cytological diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumors]. AB - To confirm diagnosis, 4,614 punctures of the Douglas pouch through the posterior vault of the vagina have been performed in cases of suspected tumor located in the small pelvis since 1969. Further cytological examination established ovarian cancer in 871 cases, reactive changes in the mesothelium--186 and inflammatory lesions in the small pelvis--in 486 cases. Cytological data and the results of histological examination of resected tumors were compared: diagnosis was false negative in 5.9% and false-positive--in 1.5% of cases. The said method was shown to be completely safe and highly instrumental both in cases of tumor in the small pelvis and detection of recurrences. Therefore, it may be recommended for application in out-patient service. PMID- 6649547 TI - [Hemosorption as a method of 5-fluorouracil elimination]. AB - Procedures for removal of 5-fluorouracil from biological fluids by means of ADB 13 ty uncoated activated carbon were studied in vivo and in vitro. Dynamic stand trials showed a high sorptive capacity of carbon which appeared to depend on the rate and duration of perfusion. A 40 min passage through a carbon column at the perfusion rate of 100 ml/min was followed by a 584-fold decrease of the drug concentration. The pharmacodynamics of 5-fluorouracil was studied in dogs. The agent was injected intraperitoneally. The maximal hemosorptive effect was registered after the injection of lethal doses of 100 mg/kg. When therapeutic doses of 30 mg/kg were given hemosorption resulted in increased blood levels of the freely circulating drug. PMID- 6649548 TI - [MNNG-induced gastrointestinal tumors in rats of different ages]. AB - No relationship was found between general sensitivity of rats to N-methyl-N' nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) as identified by tumor incidence and mean latent period of tumorigenesis and the age of experimental animals at the beginning of treatment. PMID- 6649549 TI - [Benz(a)pyrene levels in medicinal plants and the possibility of contamination of drugs of plant origin]. AB - Benz(a)pyrene (BP) levels in extracts and solvent cake obtained by alcoholic and aqueous extraction of specimens of 20 different medicinal plants were measured to explore into the possibility of its passage from these plants to drugs. Seventy percent alcoholic extracts were found to contain 40-60% of BP passed from raw material, while aqueous extracts--2-3% (in some cases 10-14%). Maximal concentrations of BP in alcoholic extracts were 0.6-0.7 micrograms/1 and 0.03 0.04 micrograms/1--in aqueous ones. A significant correlation between BP level in extracts and its content in plants was established. BP pathways in the course of solasodine manufacturing from nightshade (Solanum lacinatum) were studied. As little as 1% of BP passed to extract after primary extraction in 2%--sulfuric acid. Solasodine contained about 3 micrograms/kg of BP. PMID- 6649550 TI - [Angiofollicular hyperplasia of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes (two cases)]. PMID- 6649551 TI - [Papilledema as a result of a past neuroinfection]. PMID- 6649552 TI - [Comparative characteristics of indirect causes of death among late middle-age and elderly persons with myocardial infarct in the presence of hypertension]. PMID- 6649553 TI - [Coma in pulmonary infarct]. PMID- 6649554 TI - [Computer tomography of the pancreas]. PMID- 6649555 TI - [Reserves of labor intensity growth and its stimulation in public health]. PMID- 6649556 TI - [Indices of myocardial contractile function and physical work capacity of machine operators with hypertension]. PMID- 6649557 TI - [Work capacity evaluation in vibration disease combined with cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 6649558 TI - [New method of integral evaluation of the microclimate]. PMID- 6649559 TI - [Duodenal secretory immunoglobulins in viral hepatitis with splenomegaly]. PMID- 6649560 TI - [Morphological characteristics and etiology of fetopathy and its role in perinatal mortality]. PMID- 6649561 TI - [Improvement of medical services to workers in industrial enterprises]. PMID- 6649562 TI - [Role of a district hospital in improving the quality of medical services to hard working villagers]. PMID- 6649563 TI - [Effectiveness of treating radiculitis of differing etiology at Transcarpathian sanitoria]. PMID- 6649564 TI - [Experience in optimizing the management of the Slavianskii sanatorium]. PMID- 6649565 TI - [Functional and morphological aspects of the general adaptation syndrome (stress) in perinatal pathology]. PMID- 6649566 TI - [Spiroveloergometric indices in healthy males at different age periods]. PMID- 6649567 TI - [Electrocardiotopography in the evaluation of myocardial ischemia during physical exertion]. PMID- 6649568 TI - [Myocardial infarct in rheumatic heart disease]. PMID- 6649569 TI - [Relations of the carbohydrate and lipid metabolic indices in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6649570 TI - [Phonocardiographic signs of mitral valve leaflet prolapse]. PMID- 6649571 TI - [Phase structure of the left ventricle systole in the long T-tone II syndrome]. PMID- 6649572 TI - [Phenomenon of premature ventricular repolarization]. PMID- 6649573 TI - [Case of aortic valve insufficiency due to sclerosing periaortitis of tuberculous etiology]. PMID- 6649574 TI - [Anesthesiological management in therapeutic-diagnostic bronchoscopy of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6649575 TI - [Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of radiation injuries to the thoracic organs in malignant lymphoma]. PMID- 6649576 TI - [Pathogenetic mechanisms of urinary and sexual disorders following prostatectomy]. PMID- 6649577 TI - [Cytologic indices in chronic kidney failure]. PMID- 6649578 TI - [Morphological evaluation of the pharmacological protection of cadaver donor kidneys]. PMID- 6649580 TI - [Effect of cytostatic therapy on proteinogram indices in lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 6649579 TI - [Serum immunoglobulin and results of cytochemical studies on neutrophil leukocytes in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases and pollinosis treated with adrenaline]. PMID- 6649581 TI - [Blood protein polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic data in alcoholic liver diseases]. PMID- 6649582 TI - [Use of solcoseryl in the treatment of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6649583 TI - [Morphological changes in the cerebral cortex of animals administered blood serum from patients with thyrotoxicosis]. PMID- 6649584 TI - [Case of adrenal gland cancer]. PMID- 6649585 TI - [Studies of the thymol test]. AB - The effect of buffer type and pH, used in thymol test, was studied. Three methods for standardization of the test were compared via 5 kinds of reaking devices. The effect of bilirubinemia and environment on the results obtained was studied. The normal values of the test were determined under standard conditions in 688 healthy subjects, both sexes and all age groups. The clinical significance of the test was studied in 322 patients with liver diseases. It was established that best results were obtained with veronal or TRIS-mallein buffer, with pH 7,55, that the standardization was most stable via latex particles from the firm Dade, identical results were obtained when Zaphirol was used, provided the thes was read exactly by the 30th min, after the mixing of the reagents, and the work with barium sulphate was rather capricious and sometimes inaccurate. Specol ZV-EK5 or apectrophotometer SED2 are recommended for that purpose. Bilirubin inhibits the positivation of the test, whereas the temperature range from 4 to 37 degrees C has no effect. The normal values of the test at the age over 1 year, making use of veronal buffer with pH 7,55 fluctuates from 0 to 4,76 SHE and when TRIS mallein buffer with the same pH was used - from 0 to 4,11 SHE. The test performed under standard conditions was concluded to be able to enhance considerably its clinical significance in case of liver diseases. PMID- 6649586 TI - [High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the atherogenic index in patients with different types of hyperlipoproteinemias]. AB - A total of 180 subjects (82 males and 98 females), aged from 20 to 60 were examined. Sixty four of them (29 males and 35 females) were regular blood donors (control group) and 116 subjects (53 males and 63 females) - with huperlipoproteinemias: type IIa - 50 subjects (17 males and 33 females), type IIb - 37 (23 males and 14 females) and type IV - 29 (13 males and 16 females). Triglycerides, total cholesterol and cholesterol in lipoproteins with high density (Ch-HDLP) were also determined. The percentage of Ch-HDLP was calculated from total cholesterol (TCh) as well as the atherogenic index [(TCh-Ch-HDLP): Ch KDLP)] A drop down of Ch-HDLP (p less than 0,01) was found only in hyperlipoproteinemia type IV, as compared with the control group. Ch-HDLP percentage was diminished (p less than 0,001) whereas the atherogenic index was increased (p less than 0,001) in hyperlipoproteinemias from the three types. Both sexes were affected by the changes decrided. PMID- 6649587 TI - [Effect of 1 month's treatment with Bezalip on the serum lipids and lipoproteins of patients with different types of hyperlipoproteinemias]. AB - The effect of one-month bezalip (600 mg daily) outpatient department treatment was studied on serum lipids and lipoproteins of 34 patients (31 males and 3 females), aged from 30 to 60 with various types primary HLP (IIA, IIB, IV and V). After the treatment, it was established that tendency to malization of the increased concentrations of triglycerides (Tg) and cholesterol (Chol) was changed. The drug has a stronger effect on triglyceride component of serum VIDLP and LDLP as compared with the corresponding cholesterol one, due to which its treatment is with better effect in IIB, IV and V type HLP. The decrease of cholesterol concentration in the separate types HLP differs in size and mode of induction. It is stronger in the mixed types HLP (II phi and V) and is due to decreased cholesterol content of LDLP and VLDLP, whereas in IIb type HLP - the serum concentrations of total Chol was decreased as well as of LDLP-Chol with a parallel increase of the levels of LVDLP-Chol and VLDLP-Tg. In IIA and V type HLP, serum concentration of HDLP-Chol is increased but insignificantly. Bezalip treatment changes the interlipoprotein index Ka (total Chol-HDLP-Chol/HDLP-Chol) in a favourable direction as regards the atherogenic risk, in all types HLP studied. PMID- 6649588 TI - [Survival of patients who have had a myocardial infarct as a function of various risk factors]. AB - Survival was studied among 250 patients with a past history of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), followed up for 5 years. A total survival of 55,6 per cent was established. The factors affecting the survival are: age, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sex, rhythm and conduction disorders, restricted physical activity, decompensation signs after AMI, increased measurements of the heart, repeated infarction as well as the presence of anginose complaints postinfarction period. The patients, with a past history of HMI should be subjected to effective follow-up care with a view to the campaign against the factors, threatening life. PMID- 6649589 TI - [Association between the HLA system and myocardial infarct]. AB - In 200 patients with myocardial infarction, 35 of them with concomitant insulin independent diabetes mellitus, 91 - with hypertension and 91 - without diabetes and hypertension, it was established that the patients with diabetes and hypertension manifected an association with HLA-BW, whereas sucr association was not observed in infarction group without hypertension and diabetes. PMID- 6649590 TI - [Effect of the use of lidocaine on patients with acute myocardial infarct]. AB - In 411 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) the effect of intravenous lidocaineeee administration was studied in a suboptimal dose - under 1,5 mg/min (to 1979) and in the optimal dose - over 1,5 mg/min, minimum 2 mg/min during the first 12 hours, with an average 24 h dose, 3,0 g in the course of 48 hours. The patients were grouped into three prognostic groups, depending on their initial assessment according to the coronaryprognostic index of M. R. Norris (1969). The indices, via which the drug effect was determined; were 13, the more significant ones beind: ventricular arrhythmias, early lethality rate, postinfarction angina pectoris and regression fo lesion-ischemic ST-T alterations. It was established, after the analysis of the data obtained, that the prophylactic and therapeutic use of lidocain, considerably reduced the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with AMI. Lidocain, in an optimal dose, reduces the incidence, justifying its routine administration. Lidocain effect on ventricular arrhythmias, the early lethality rate and certain complications (postinfarction angina pectoris, early cardiac insufficiency, regression of ST-T alterations) in AMI, depend on the initial prognosis and the stage of the hemodynamic disorders. PMID- 6649591 TI - [Lymphocyte changes in chronic posthemorrhagic iron-deficiency anemia]. AB - Ninety patients with chronic posthemorrhagic iron deficiency anemia were examined, looking for morphological and functional deviations in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Reduced blast transformation of lymphocytes was found under the effect of phytohemagglutinin and as improvement - by the treatment with iron containing preparations. No reduction was established of T-lymphocytes, immunoglobulins as well as a change in the ultrastructure of lymphocyte mitochondria. The role of iron deficiency is discussed in connection with the phenomena observed as well as the enhanced susceptibility to acute respiratory infections. PMID- 6649592 TI - [Comparative studies in the determination of GOT and GPT with the Fermognost kits for manual and automatic analysis]. PMID- 6649593 TI - Women as providers of health care. PMID- 6649594 TI - A rational approach to diagnostic radiology. PMID- 6649596 TI - Physicians on Mount Everest. A clinical account of the 1981 American Medical Research Expedition to Everest. AB - The American Medical Research Expedition to Everest had a wide variety of medical problems, ranging from leech bites to high-altitude pulmonary edema. Preventive measures, however, such as careful attention to ingesting only pure water and food at the lower elevations and adequate personal hydration, nutrition and rest at extremely high altitude minimized the morbidity suffered by the group. Prophylactic administration of doxycycline was effective in reducing the severity of diarrheal illness in the group. Every member of the expedition suffered upper respiratory tract infections and many other infections, some of which were resistant to all therapy until the patient moved down from high altitude. Despite careful acclimatization, several cases of acute mountain sickness occurred and required descent to a lower altitude for treatment. Frostbite was avoided entirely. PMID- 6649595 TI - Cholecystitis in teenage girls. AB - Cholecystectomy was carried out in 17 teenage girls for cholecystitis at Virginia Mason Hospital, Seattle, between 1971 and 1980. The incidence increased with increasing age. Gallbladder disease was associated with recent pregnancy or birth control pill use (71%), obesity (65%) and family history of gallbladder disease (47%). All but one patient had at least one of these risk factors. No patient had congenital anomalies, blood dyscrasias or other underlying illness. Patients most commonly had recurrent attacks of abdominal pain; seven had symptoms for more than six months. Although the clinical presentations were often mild, six patients had jaundice, three had chemical pancreatitis, one had hemorrhagic pancreatitis, one had pancreatic pseudocyst and abscess and one had a common duct stone. One patient had cholesterosis and 16 had cholelithiasis. All patients were cured by operation. During the same time period, only two boys, both aged 14 years, nonobese and with no family history of gallbladder disease, underwent cholecystectomy, both for acaculous cholecystitis. PMID- 6649597 TI - Noninvasive assessment of carotid artery disease. AB - Noninvasive methods of detecting carotid disease were developed to avoid the morbidity and occasional mortality associated with cerebral angiography. The tests developed are of the following two types: direct, which uses imaging or the detection of flow disturbances to identify disease at the bifurcation, and indirect, which infers the presence of bifurcation disease by detecting changes at a remote site. The initial goal of only detecting disease has now been broadened, with this technology being used to address important clinical and epidemiologic questions such as the natural history of carotid bifurcation disease. The recognition of these important contributions has been compounded, however, by the large number of tests that are available, producing the problem of deciding which test or tests should be used for a particular patient. The use of multiple tests avoids the deficiencies of single tests but compounds medical costs. For a cost-effective single form of testing for all circumstances, duplex scanning methods offer the greatest possibility of detecting all degrees of disease. PMID- 6649599 TI - Noninvasive assessment of carotid artery disease. PMID- 6649598 TI - Common psychiatric disorders in elderly persons. PMID- 6649600 TI - Improving psychiatric care for elderly patients. PMID- 6649601 TI - Pitfalls and perils of intravenous lidocaine. PMID- 6649602 TI - Inflammatory crystallosis. IgA gammopathy, polyserositis and extensive fibrosis associated with intracellular crystalline protein deposits. PMID- 6649603 TI - Cardiac presentation of a bronchogenic cyst. PMID- 6649604 TI - Targeting immunologic infertility. PMID- 6649605 TI - Perspective on risks of cancer and genetic defects. PMID- 6649606 TI - Salmonella dublin infections from raw milk. PMID- 6649607 TI - Gravity inversion therapy. PMID- 6649608 TI - Misleading blood pressure readings. PMID- 6649609 TI - Prostatitis: still a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. PMID- 6649610 TI - Preventable dental disease. PMID- 6649611 TI - [Acid phosphatase in lymphocytes of patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by infection]. PMID- 6649612 TI - [Factors related to the incidence of premature labor and low birth weight of newborn infants of female industrial workers]. PMID- 6649613 TI - [Pathological endometrial hypertrophy and intrauterine endometriosis]. PMID- 6649615 TI - [Case of primary hemochromatosis]. PMID- 6649614 TI - [Remote results of treatment of cervix diseases of cytological groups II/III and III according to Papanicolaou]. PMID- 6649616 TI - [Sigmoid torsion as a cause of large-intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 6649617 TI - [Case of gangrenous erysipelas of the scrotum]. PMID- 6649618 TI - [Perinatal mandibular injury in a premature infant]. PMID- 6649619 TI - [Normative structure of patients' social role]. PMID- 6649620 TI - [Incidence of laryngeal cancer among the indigenous and migrant male population]. PMID- 6649621 TI - [Role of vaginitis and cervicitis in the etiology of premature rupture of fetal membranes]. PMID- 6649622 TI - [Analysis of cases of asymptomatic scar dehiscence of the myometrium found during the second cesarean section]. PMID- 6649624 TI - [Intraoperative observation of changes in acid-base equilibrium and water electrolyte balance in cerebral ischemia syndrome]. PMID- 6649623 TI - [Delayed perception of vibration in multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 6649626 TI - [Case of implantation of Vater's ampulla into the duodenal stump]. PMID- 6649625 TI - [Syndrome of painless acute hand infection and painless myocardial infarction in a patient with syringomyelia]. PMID- 6649627 TI - [Complications of injury to the retroperitoneal segment of the duodenum overlooked during surgery]. PMID- 6649628 TI - [Coexistence of kidney calculi and calcified renal clear-cell carcinoma]. PMID- 6649629 TI - [Metapractical neurosis]. PMID- 6649630 TI - [Further data on the epidemiology of giardiasis]. PMID- 6649631 TI - [Sensitivity of amoebae of the "limax" group to selected antiparasitic drugs. I. Studies in vitro]. PMID- 6649632 TI - [Sensitivity of amoebae of the "limax" group to selected antiparasitic drugs. II. Studies in vivo]. PMID- 6649633 TI - [Effect of vitamin A on ascorbic acid levels in the adrenal glands and liver of guinea pigs with larval ascariasis]. PMID- 6649634 TI - [Serotonin metabolism in children with ascariasis]. PMID- 6649635 TI - [Acetylcholinesterase activity in metabolites and tissue extracts of Ostertagia circumcincta in various developmental stages]. PMID- 6649636 TI - [Effect of pesticides: cartap and monocrotophos on the invasiveness of ova of Ascaris suum and on the pathomorphological changes in the lung and liver of Cavia porcellus with experimental ascariasis]. PMID- 6649637 TI - [Experimental parasitic infection in Sus scrofa L. in animal husbandry]. PMID- 6649638 TI - [Endoparasite infections in wild and bred Polish horse]. PMID- 6649639 TI - [Comparative studies of the prevalence of ectoparasitic infestations in sheep in the Wielkopolska and Szczecin regions 1971-1980]. PMID- 6649640 TI - [Seasonal incidence of fascioliasis in cattle and taeniasis in swine]. PMID- 6649641 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole during perioperative short-term prophylaxis in cesarean section]. AB - Placental transfer and elimination of metronidazole and its main metabolites, 1 (2-hydroxyethyl-)2-hydroxymethyl-5-nitroimidazole (metabolite I) and 2-methyl-5 nitroimidazole-1-acetic acid (metabolite II) were studied in newborn infants and compared with maternal data obtained in 8 high-risk parturients who were subjected to Caesarian section after intravenous infusion of 500 mg metronidazole. Unchanged metronidazole is rapidly transferred across the placental membranes. Its concentrations were the same in maternal venous blood and in both umbilical vessels at delivery. The concentrations of metabolite I were lower in the umbilical vein and artery than in the mother in the first hour after infusion. The elimination half-lives of metronidazole and metabolite I were markedly prolonged in the newborn infants in comparison with the maternal values. No adverse effects were observed in infants or mothers. PMID- 6649642 TI - [The L-DOPA-propranolol test for the evaluation of reserves in secretory growth hormone]. AB - The growth hormone (GH) reserve of 75 short probands (age 1.9 to 23.8 years) was evaluated on the basis of oral L-dopa (300 mg/m2) and propranolol (0.75 mg/kg) administration. The GH response was normal in 21 probands (20.9 +/- 1.24 ng/ml; means +/- SEM) and was found to be higher than the response to the insulin or arginine test. 39 patients failed to respond (less than 6 ng/ml) and were diagnosed as GH deficient. In 15 cases an "intermediate" response (greater than 6 less than 12 ng/ml) was found and in these patients partial GH deficiency was assumed. There was not a single false positive result with this test, which cannot be said for any of the other commonly-used stimulation tests. In two children hypoglycaemic blood glucose levels were observed during the test, whilst in one case loss of consciousness and convulsions were seen. In four patients the test had to be interrupted because of side effects. These children had the following findings in common: GH deficiency was confirmed and the patients were still very young and basal blood glucose levels were relatively low at the beginning of the test. The L-dopa-propranolol test is an effective and reliable GH stimulation test, but severe side effects may occur. PMID- 6649643 TI - [Clonidine for the treatment of heroin withdrawal syndrome]. AB - In an open study of 50 patients with heroin addiction, clonidine was efficacious by mouth in the treatment of acute heroin-withdrawal syndrome. Mean administration of clonidine (on an "as-needed" basis) was 5 days (maximum 7 days), whilst the mean daily dosage ranged from 0.112 mg to 0.468 mg, the maximum requirement occurring on day 2 of withdrawal and sinking thereafter. Since insomnia was not influenced by clonidine, we offered 100 mg doxepine and/or 10 mg nitrazepam (the latter only until day 4 of treatment). Under this medication a sudden, dramatic decrease in blood pressure was not seen, mean blood pressure and pulse rate were not markedly altered; this may, perhaps, be a consequence of the blocking effect of doxepine on the peripheral hypotensive actions of clonidine. Of the 9 drop-outs from treatment, five (10% of the total 50) were certainly directly attributable to the lack of response to clonidine, representing a failure of therapy in 10% cases at least. PMID- 6649644 TI - [Prima inter pares--internal medicine in Vienna at the beginning of the 20th century]. AB - In 1901 the Society for Internal Medicine was founded, the purpose of which was to reestablish unity within the field of internal medicine. Paediatrics, dermatology, laryngology, and neurology had established themselves as independent specialties and the unity of internal medicine had disintegrated in the 19th century. On the basis of Nothnagel's complications (First Department of Medicine) and Schrotter's treatment of tuberculosis in sanatoria (Third Department of Medicine), the 19th century continued to exert an influence on medicine until well into the first decade of the 20th century. Neusser furthered haematology and endocrinology and laid the foundations for the Central Roentgen Institute. Before the main task of neurological research became the concern of psychiatry, Frankl Hochwart conducted research in the fields of neurology and neuro-endocrinology. With the appointment of Noorden, the study of pathological metabolism and diabetes became the principal concern of the First Medical Department. Nevertheless, the research work of his assistant Eppinger made a major contribution to electrocardiography in the first decade of our century. Similarly, Wilhelm Turk at Neusser's department helped to make Vienna a centre of haematology through his improvements in technique, his textbooks and, among other things, his description of agranulocystosis. Nesser's self-willed disciple, Franz Chvostek, continued to propagate making spot diagnoses, as introduced by his mentor, and Schrotter's disciple, Josef Sorgo, expanded on his teacher's endoscropic methods, which he eventually managed to develop into a new therapeutic procedure. Adolf von Strumpell took over Schrotter's "propaedeutic clinic," but returned to his homeland, Germany, a year after having been appointed to the position in Vienna. PMID- 6649645 TI - [Alternatives to glycoside therapy?]. AB - The narrow therapeutic range of digitalis glycosides and the danger of intoxication has prompted a search for alternative medication in recent years. Substances reducing the pre- and afterload of the heart are suitable therapeutic agents and vasodilators are, therefore, used as adjuvant or alternative therapy. Of all positive inotropic substances only the catecholamines play an established part in the treatment of acute myocardial failure. Pilot studies testing orally administrable positive inotropic substances are being conducted, but for the moment no such drugs are available for routine use. Digitalis still remains the drug of choice for all forms of primary impairment of contractility and/or supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. The appropriate dosage has to be adapted to the estimated lean body mass and, if necessary, reduced in a thin person, Digitoxin is preferentially used in cases with suspected renal insufficiency (especially in elderly patients). PMID- 6649646 TI - [Type, number and mode of distribution of cases of poisoning at the University Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck]. AB - In the course of one year 357 patients were treated in our department for poisoning, nearly always with suicidal intent. Altogether 249 patients were admitted to the wards for 24 hours or longer, and 108 of these (44.6%) were taken into the intensive care unit. Apart from myocardial infarction (276 patients/year), poisoning is the most common reason for admission to the intensive care unit. The age distribution showed a maximum between 15 and 20 years. Only one case proved fatal, representing a mortality rate of 0.3%. PMID- 6649647 TI - [Alcohol and changes in the hematopoietic system; an epidemiological contribution to the problem of alcoholic anemia]. AB - In the course of the "Vienna Health Study 1979" 1261 males and 1548 females divided into 3 age categories (25, 40 and 60 years), were investigated for serum iron level, RBC, leucocytes, haemoglobin, haematocrit, MCH, MVC, MCHC, GOT, GPT and AP. These parameters were evaluated in correlation to the drinking habits of each proband. Significant correlations were found between alcohol consumption and serum iron (elevation in most cases), RBC (decrease), MCV (elevation) and GOT (elevation). PMID- 6649648 TI - [Comparison of 2 field studies (office and food factory)]. AB - The results of a medical investigation of 973 volunteers (632 bank employees and 341 workers in a food factory) are compared: a marked difference exists between the two groups with regard to body-weight distribution. Significantly more persons with elevated levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose are registered in the group of food workers; moreover, the incidence of hypertension, bad teeth and varicosis is also higher in this group. PMID- 6649649 TI - [Diagnosis of thrombosis with indium-111 labeled thrombocytes]. AB - The distribution pattern of 111In-labelled autologous platelets was investigated in 50 patients. Imaging was performed with a scintillation camera connected to a computer system. 20 patients suffering from obliterative arterial disease showed a normal platelet distribution. Endothelial lesions after arteriography were found in 6 out of 10 patients. 15 of 20 patients with suspected venous thrombosis showed local platelet deposition. 10 of these patients with local platelet depositions were investigated by phlebography. Positive findings (fresh thrombi) were found in 8 patients. Optimum results were obtained by injecting platelets distal to the venous thrombus. Signs of thrombosis are interruption of blood flow, collateral formation and platelet deposition. This new method offers possibilities of radioisotopic diagnosis of parietal thrombus and venous thrombosis despite anticoagulation or fibrinolysis. PMID- 6649650 TI - [A new variant of blood group B]. AB - In a turkish patient, a B variant was detected alongside a normally developed A antigen. It was classified as a strong Bx. PMID- 6649651 TI - [Comparative study on the effect of the dopamine receptor blockers metoclopramide and domperidone on stomach emptying and the visualization of the small intestine in monocontrast]. AB - The effects of a new dopamine receptor blocking agent, domperidone are compared pharmacoradiographically with the well-know action of metoclopramide. The investigated parameters were pyloric muscle function, passage time through the small intestine and, in correction with this, an evaluation of barium filling of the small intestine. Our investigations show that domperidone at dosages of 0.1 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg body weight does not accelerate intestinal junction as markedly as 0.3 mg/kg metoclopramide. Nevertheless, domperidone is as well suited as metoclopramide for pharmacoradiography of gastric emptying and for radiological examination of the small intestine. Hence, it can be concluded that the stimulation of the pyloric muscle as the leading pace maker of propulsion is achieved satisfactorily. Contrary to the findings with metoclopramide, domperidone shows no central nervous side effects. It appears that domperidone, at therapeutic dosages, does not pass the blood-brain barrier. Hence, this pharmaceutical preparation should prove of particular value in paediatrics. PMID- 6649652 TI - [Plasma glycolate concentrations under conditions of dialysis]. AB - Plasma glycollate and oxalate concentrations were measured in 20 patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis treatment. The mean plasma glycollate level was 173.7 +/- 52.9 mumol/l, which was not significantly different from the normal value (means = 145.8 +/- 37.8 mumol/l). The mean plasma oxalate concentration (means = 128.7 +/- 25.6 mumol/l) was about 8 times higher than the value found in normal volunteers (means = 16.8 +/- 6.0 mumol/l). During haemodialysis lasting for 6 hours the plasma oxalate concentration decreased by 53.5%. However, no decline in plasma glycollate levels was noted. Since glycollate was not found in ultrafiltrates obtained in vivo, it is concluded that glycollate is not eliminated during haemodialysis treatment. PMID- 6649654 TI - [New aspects of the therapy of kidney calculi]. PMID- 6649653 TI - [A 61-year-old patient with recurrent abdominal pain and palpable tumor in the left epigastrium]. PMID- 6649655 TI - [A simple method for the removal of tight-fitting indwelling catheters]. AB - A skinny flexible steel wire probe bearing a small ball-tip, is described. Using this probe, it was possible to remove the rest of the balloon water out of urinary indwelling catheters in cases where the balloons could not be emptied otherwise. At the following examination the catheters presented a small prominence in the wall of the filling channel which obviously acted as a valve. The valve-like action can be interrupted by the above mentioned probe. PMID- 6649656 TI - [Experience in dietary counseling of diabetics with a new multifunctional learning aid]. AB - The improvement of the effectivity of dietary lessons was investigated in a heterogenous diabetic patient material by using a newly developed multifunctional dietary learning-aid. There was a significantly improved dietary knowledge with respect to the quantitation of both carbohydrates and fat after a single lesson. Furthermore, the results justify the application of the dietary aid in elderly patients and in cases of long duration of the diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6649657 TI - [Comparative studies between median blood sugar, hemoglobin A, triglycerides and C-peptide in normal-weight insulin and non-insulin dependent diabetics]. AB - In our study the glycosylated haemoglobin was positively correlated with the mean bloodglucose concentration and the levels of serum triglycerides and proved to be a valuable parameter, which completes the hitherto existing possibilities of diabetes control. The difference of the levels of serum triglycerides and C peptide between non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetics, with the same quality of the levels of HbA 1 and mean bloodglucose, give us a help to decide, which therapeutic way would be the best in the introduction respectively correction of the treatment of the elderly diabetic patients. PMID- 6649658 TI - [Achievements of ultrasonics]. PMID- 6649659 TI - [The physics of ultrasound]. PMID- 6649660 TI - [Sonographic study of the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts]. AB - Most diseases of the liver and gallbladder can be sufficiently diagnosed by ultrasound. Therefore, other useless methods can be eliminated and the further procedure of examination is a lot faster and more specific. Ultrasound cannot only give you exact informations about liver-size, consistency and shape, also structural changes of the liver parenchyma and all 3 tubular systems (bile-duct, liver veins and portal vein) can be examined. So far, no other method provided such a great deal of information about the liver-gall-system with such little effort. Therefore ultrasound should be used as the first screening method for all abdominal problems. PMID- 6649661 TI - [Sonographic study of the pancreas and the large epigastric vessels]. AB - Abdominal ultrasound is an ideal screening method for pancreatic disease. Compared with CT and ERCP ultrasound is the best method for diagnosis of pseudocysts of pancreas. For chronic pancreatitis ERCP exceeds by far ultrasound. The minimal size of tumors of the pancreas for sonographic diagnosis is 1.5 cm. In case of adipose patients and of tumors of the cauda of pancreas CT has a better diagnostic sensitivity than ultrasound. Modern high resolution real-time sonography succeeds well in imaging of the big abdominal vessels and diagnosing aneurysms of aorta, tumor invasion and thrombosis of the big veins. PMID- 6649662 TI - [Sonographic study of the spleen and retroperitoneal space-occupying masses]. AB - Sonography of the spleen allows exact measurements of this organ. There are typical pictures in cysts or hematomas. Diffuse changes of the spleen however are hardly distinguishable in regard to differential diagnosis. Retroperitoneal masses can easily be recognized. Lymph-nodes can be identified and the results of therapeutic interventions can be judged. Hematomas or abscesses can be seen easily. Guided needle biopsy offers the possibility for histologic examinations. PMID- 6649663 TI - [Obstetric and gynecologic ultrasonic diagnosis]. AB - The possibilities and advances of sonography in obstetrics and gynecology are discussed. PMID- 6649664 TI - [Special fields in sonography: the thyroid, breast and testes]. AB - Inspection, palpation, transillumination and anamnesis together with laboratory findings very often do not allow differential diagnosis of scrotal swellings. Ultrasound can differentiate between extra- or intratesticular processes and are of great help in deciding for conservative oder surgical interventions. Routine application should be recommended. PMID- 6649665 TI - [Value of sonography in cardiologic diagnosis]. AB - Echocardiography offers a non-invasive method ideal for the patient and the observer. It improved the diagnostic possibilities during the past few years significantly and reached highest diagnostic sensitivity in certain cardiovascular diseases. It is ideally suited for follow-up examinations and for the evaluation of medical or surgical interventions. In addition it can be helpful as screening method for invasive diagnostic procedures. Despite all advantages one has to keep in mind that it is only one single diagnostic step within the whole diagnostic framework. For the management of patients it is decisive to know the information which can be gained and to know the possibilities and limitations of the method. PMID- 6649666 TI - [What does the Doppler ultrasonic technic accomplish in angiology?]. AB - Doppler ultrasound was the most important diagnostic improvement in angiology during the last twenty years. This technique has been used answering the following clinical questions: severity of peripheral vascular disease; diagnostic of cerebro-vascular disease and diagnostic of deep vein thrombosis. Doppler ultrasound provides a clinical useful and objective evaluation of peripheral artery disease. Monckeberg's sclerosis and leg oedema give false results only. The sensitivity of carotid Doppler investigations is over 90%. Deep vein thrombosis of the leg and pelvis can be diagnosed correctly in about 90% of cases. Ultrasonic methods are not only reliable but have also the advantages of being non-invasive, repeatable and inexpensive. PMID- 6649667 TI - A brief history of radiation therapy and recent progress in hyperthermia. PMID- 6649668 TI - Events leading to the establishment of the Wisconsin Clinical Cancer Center. PMID- 6649669 TI - Overview of the Wisconsin Clinical Cancer Center (WCCC). PMID- 6649670 TI - AIDS and the physician. PMID- 6649671 TI - Hematologic problems in the elderly. PMID- 6649672 TI - Urinary incontinence in the elderly. PMID- 6649674 TI - Accident and fall prevention in the elderly. PMID- 6649673 TI - Xerostomia: not a phenomenon of aging. PMID- 6649675 TI - Osteoporosis. PMID- 6649676 TI - Guidelines for oral health care of the institutionalized elderly. PMID- 6649677 TI - Football players wear helmets. PMID- 6649678 TI - The development of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the neonatal guinea-pig. AB - In the guinea-pig, drug-metabolizing enzyme activities, with the exception of glucuronylation and possibly hydrolysis, tend to develop more rapidly after birth than in the other commonly investigated rodent species. This anomalous nature of the guinea-pig during its neonatal period should be borne in mind when assessing drug-metabolizing capacity and the potential toxic effects of chemicals in developing animals. PMID- 6649679 TI - Changes of metabolism and substrate-binding spectrum of emorfazone between immature and mature guinea-pigs. AB - Km values for oxidative metabolism at two types of carbon atoms adjacent to nitrogen and oxygen of the morpholino moiety of emorfazone (alpha- and beta oxygenation) were 1.2 X 10(-2) and 3.0 X 10(-4)M in immature male guinea-pigs, and 8.6 X 10(-3) and 2.5 X 10(-4) M in mature male guinea-pigs, respectively. Vmax values of alpha- and beta-oxygenation were 0.409 and 0.229 mumol/4 nmol cytochrome P-450 in immature male guinea-pigs, and 0.391 and 0.061 mumol/4 nmol cytochrome P-450 in mature male guinea-pigs, respectively. Substrate-binding difference spectrum was composed of type I and reverse type I(RI) spectra both in immature and mature animals, but the spectrum pattern was different. The type RI spectrum was predominant in immature animals, but the spectral pattern in mature animals gradually changed from type RI to type I with increase in substrate concentration. alpha- and beta-Oxygenation may be attributed to two kinds of cytochrome P-450 with different affinities, and the proportions of these cytochrome P-450 species and their spinstate change with maturation of guinea pigs. PMID- 6649680 TI - The N-oxidation of benzamidines in vitro. AB - The enzymic N-oxidation of a series of N-unsubstituted basic benzamidines (I) to a new type of metabolite, the amidoximes (II), is reported. Rabbit liver homogenates (9000 g supernatant) were used as enzyme source, and metabolites were identified by t.l.c. and mass spectral analysis using synthetic reference compounds. The microsomal NADPH- and oxygen-dependent hydroxylation of benzamidines was not detected after incubation of benzamidine in the presence of SKF 525-A, a known inhibitor of cytochrome P-450. Neither benzamidine or p methoxybenzamidine is a good substrate for purified microsomal FAD-containing mono-oxygenase. PMID- 6649681 TI - The metabolism of thioacetanilide in the rat. AB - The metabolism and acute toxicity of thioacetanilide was studied in the rat. Following intragastric dosage (100 mg/kg), over 90% dose was excreted in urine, predominantly as conjugated metabolites: less than 7% was recovered in the faeces, consisting of unchanged thioacetanilide. N-Acetyl-4-aminophenol sulphate was the major urinary metabolite, with smaller amounts of conjugated 4 hydroxythioacetanilide and unmetabolized thioacetanilide. Biliary excretion amounted to only 3.4% and was N-acetyl-4-aminophenol glucuronide. Although desulphuration was a major metabolic pathway in the rat, no hepatic toxicity (shown by serum enzymes, plasma bilirubin, hepatic glutathione and cytochrome P 450 levels) occurred up to doses of 500 mg/kg. Combination of rapid 4 hydroxylation, absence of sulphoxide formation, and the structural tautomerism exhibited by thioacetanilide may be, in part, responsible for these findings. PMID- 6649682 TI - Influence of allylisopropylacetamide and phenobarbital treatment on in vivo antipyrine metabolite formation in rats. AB - The influence of pretreatment with allylisopropylacetamide (AIA) and phenobarbital (PB) on the pharmacokinetics and metabolite profile of antipyrine was studied in rats in vivo. Antipyrine concentrations were measured in blood and urine, and four metabolites (4-hydroxyantipyrine, norantipyrine, 3 hydroxymethylantipyrine and 4,4'-dihydroxyantipyrine) were determined in urine. Treatment with PB increased antipyrine blood clearance from 11.1 to 59.1 ml/min per kg. The clearances for production of metabolites all increased between four- and five-fold, indicating non-selective induction. Treatment with AIA resulted in a reduction of antipyrine clearance to 5.6 ml/min per kg. The clearances to all four metabolites were decreased to about the same extent (52-65% of control values) indicating non-selective inhibition. Treatment with AIA after PB treatment strongly inhibited drug-metabolizing enzyme activity. Blood clearance of antipyrine was reduced from 59.1 to 12.3 ml/min per kg. Clearances to the metabolites were again inhibited non-selectively (to 20-28% of PB-induced values). In contrast to previous reports, AIA in this study inhibited non-induced oxidative microsomal enzyme activity. This inhibition closely resembled AIA inhibition of PB-induced cytochromes. Therefore it is concluded that in untreated rats antipyrine is predominantly metabolized by PB-types of cytochrome P-450. PMID- 6649683 TI - p-Cymene metabolism in rats and guinea-pigs. AB - The metabolism of p-cymene was studied in rats and guinea-pigs. Following intragastric or inhalation dosage (100 mg/kg) urinary metabolite excretion was nearly complete within 48 h, amounting to 60-80% dose. The inhalation experiments gave the lowest values. 18 urinary metabolites were detected and identified. Of these, rats did not excrete two and guinea-pigs did not excrete a third. No ring hydroxylation of p-cymene was detected in rats, but guinea-pigs formed small amounts of carvacrol and hydroxycarvacrol. Oxidation of both the methyl and isopropyl groups of p-cymene occurred extensively in both species. The following types of metabolites were formed: monohydric alcohols, diols, mono- and di carboxylic acids and hydroxyacids. Conjugation with glycine of the cumic acid formed was extensive in guinea-pigs. PMID- 6649684 TI - [Medical rehabilitation of acute cerebral insufficiency]. PMID- 6649685 TI - [Early results following 2/3-resection of the stomach in elective surgery of stomach ulcer and duodenal ulcer. A comparison of performances by Billroth I and Billroth II methods]. PMID- 6649686 TI - [Incidence of alcoholism in a general practice office in a large city]. PMID- 6649687 TI - [Caroli's syndrome]. PMID- 6649688 TI - [The green hair problem--also in German Democratic Republic]. PMID- 6649689 TI - [Premedication with atropine in gastroenterologic endoscopy and biopsy]. PMID- 6649690 TI - [Effect of premedication with atropine and propranolol on the cardiovascular system in esophagogastroduodenoscopy]. PMID- 6649691 TI - [Systematic detection and care of children with high blood pressure]. PMID- 6649692 TI - [Consciousness disorders while driving]. PMID- 6649693 TI - [Therapy of the "dry eye"]. PMID- 6649694 TI - [Legal aspects of the professional discretion of physicians and other health and social welfare personnel]. PMID- 6649696 TI - [Surgical indications in gastroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 6649695 TI - [Indications for the surgical treatment of peptic ulcer from the internal medicine viewpoint]. PMID- 6649697 TI - [Surgical indications in ulcus ventriculi and duodeni]. PMID- 6649698 TI - [Significance of communication disorders for the formation of functional diseases]. PMID- 6649699 TI - [Use of hand-washing pastes]. PMID- 6649700 TI - [Some thoughts on the question: "How healthy is our population?"]. PMID- 6649701 TI - Evidence for the implication of environmental factors in the aetiology of chronic bronchitis. AB - The single most important harmful factor in the aetiology of bronchitis is cigarette smoking, however environmental factors play a significant, if smaller role. Morbidity and mortality due to bronchitis have been higher in Britain than other European countries and the regional variation also suggests environmental influences. There is a marked seasonal variation in the prevalence of bronchitis due to the independent influences of air temperature and air pollution. The relationship between air pollution and bronchitis has been confirmed for both children and adults, and a distinction is made between acute short term and chronic long term effects. In recent years attention has focused on pollution of the microclimate within buildings. Occupational and other social factors may also be of aetiological importance. PMID- 6649702 TI - [Harmful and odorous substances in the air of dwellings and public buildings]. AB - In our climate zones men spend 10 per cent of their life outdoors. The indoor air quality in dwellings and public buildings is not researched intensively. The influence of outdoor air quality is not only dependent on the air exchange, but also on construction and properties of harmful substances. Main indoor sources are building substances, fittings, heating and cooking devices, but also men themselves and their activities. Energy conservation and in connection, its reduced ventilation will require a stronger check of indoor air quality in the future. PMID- 6649703 TI - [Pollen and inanimate dust particles as cause of obstructive airway diseases]. AB - A survey of pollen production, especially in anemophilous plants is first given, because pollen frequently causes respiratory symptoms. Afterwards the use of the Burkard apparatus for volumetric sampling is described, in which the amounts of pollen and fungal spores in a certain volume of air can be caught. It is recommended that, in the country under investigation, several places with different climates each should have an apparatus continuously in operation. then flowering calendars can be constructed to show the various seasons of flowering, and pollen and spore production, and how they vary throughout the country. Meteorological data may also be included in these graphs. G. BOEHM's 'Individual Pollen Collector' is then described. This device is very useful for 'problem patients' with hayfever. Dark stripes of varying intensity resulting from inanimate particles such as dust and soot can also be seen in the daily specimens of the Burkard device. In this case a semiquantitative measurement is possible with a pherogramme evaluator, which is available in every modern clinic. Finally information about the frequency of pollinosis in the population, especially children with asthma, hayfever etc. is given. The prognosis for these patients is discussed and it is noted that there should be more long-term investigations of patients suffering from pollinosis. It would then be better, to give better prognoses for these allergic illnesses. PMID- 6649704 TI - [Significance of inhaled environmental allergens]. AB - Whereas the importance of pollen as inhalative allergens has been largely investigated and is generally known, the experience in the frequency and the role of the sensibilization with air-borne fungi is relatively limited. In 720 patients with Asthma bronchiale the degree of sensitization has been tested with various extracts of air-borne fungi of SSW Dresden (mould mixture, aspergillin, mucor, cladosporium and penicillium and alternaria). The most frequent and also the strongest reactions were found with alternaria and the smallest part of positive skin reactions with penicillium. An isolated sensitization with mould has been demonstrated in 20 per cent of the cases. In 60 per cent of the tested patients a manifest mould allergy was shown by means of the Inhalative Allergen Test, the most favourable correlation between Intracutaneous Test (ICT) and Inhalative Test (IAT) was found with alternaria (76%). A conformance between ICT and basophils degranulation test (BDT) was stated in 69% of the cases. The aim should be comparable tests with allergen extracts without irritative effects and qualitative measurements of air-borne fungi. PMID- 6649705 TI - [Frequency of pulmonary function disorders as a function of the degree of sensitization. Studies in a poultry farm]. AB - 20 sensibilized poultry farmers were examined by lung function tests for a 6 years period. Parameters of ventilation, compliance, resistance and the transfer factor did not show any increasing deterioration, but with 3 independent tests changes to an unequal ventilation to moderate small airway obstruction were found. PMID- 6649706 TI - [Importance of communal environmental factors in the development of chronic lung diseases]. AB - After a review on the problem the results of a longitudinal study are reported performed from 1971 to 1980 in men of two towns with an extremely contrasting emission situation. The investigations showed a higher prevalence of chronic bronchitis, an aggravation of clinical symptoms of bronchitis, more social effects of chronic bronchitis, a higher deterioration of pulmonary function (FEV1), and an increase of the average annual decline of FEV1 when the emission load was high. But also in areas with a very strong emission load the false individual behaviour (smoking) is of highest importance for the development of chronic bronchitis. PMID- 6649707 TI - Long-term effects on health of air pollution in children. AB - A literature review is presented showing the role and relative importance of various endogenous and exogenous factors, classified into predisposing, provoking and facilitating factors, in the development of Chronic Non-Specific Respiratory Diseases (CNSRD) in children. The review is also based on the results of own clinical studies and a longitudinal epidemiological study. In total, 12,708 children were examined in the epidemiological study, including a cohort of 1,303 children examined three times. In the analysis of the frequency and the dynamics of respiratory symptoms, significant contribution of various factors was demonstrated, including history of obstructive bronchitis in the first year of life, frequency of respiratory infections in early childhood, passive tobacco smoking, socioeconomic conditions such as education of parents, day nursery and kindergarten attendance and living in an area with high levels of air pollution. PMID- 6649708 TI - Dynamics of respiratory symptoms and lung function in epidemiological long-term study in children. AB - Dynamics of respiratory symptoms and past respiratory diseases were studied in a cohort of children examined twice. Relative risk of having the same symptom/disease after three years was calculated, producing a ranking of the symptoms, believed to reflect their epidemiological significance. An independent ordering of the symptoms was obtained, based on the relative risk of lower airways illness in a group of children followed-up for two years. In the analysis of lung function dynamics, practical independence of PEFR measurements and respiratory symptoms was confirmed. PMID- 6649709 TI - [Effect of environmental factors on pulmonary function. Screening study of flow volume in children from urban and rural areas]. AB - It was intended to investigate the influence of environmental factors with regard to the long-term effect of air pollution by means of pulmonary function. 3,482 pupils from places of different environmental loading were examined by screening with flow-volume. According to the emission values to SO2 and dust especially the MEF 50 and MEF 25 values showed well correlating restraints. Cough, dyspnea and passive smoking could be well coordinated. Beyond the objectivation of the significance of the environmental situation the recommendation may be deduced to do such investigation in the frame of an enlarged school medical programme for detecting patients with bronchopulmonary risk. PMID- 6649710 TI - [Air pollution and prevalence of nonspecific respiratory diseases in childhood]. AB - The difficulties of defining chronic nonspecific lung diseases (CNSLD) and covering patients with these diseases are discussed. The comparison of the results of epidemiologic investigation from different investigators is full of problems. In extensive epidemiologic investigations a remarkable parallelism was found between the prevalence of CNSLD and the degree of air pollution. Furthermore the influence of climatic factors such as average annual temperature, air humidity, wind velocity, especially in reference to the content of SO2 and sedimentation dust could be stated. For the influence of microclimate on the morbidity rate the habits of smoking in the family and heating were found to be important. PMID- 6649711 TI - [Effect of a diet formula with high butter or margarine content on body weight reduction]. AB - The effect of a fat-modified diet with 1100 kcal (4600 kJ) on the reduction of body weight and body fat was studied. A low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with predominant animal fat (diet T) was compared with a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with predominant vegetable fat (diet P). Diet T was composed of 52.1% of the energy as fat, 20.7% as protein and 27.2% as carbohydrates. Diet P was composed of 54.1% of the energy as fat, 18.9% as protein and 27.0% as carbohydrates. More than two-thirds of the fat in diet T was butter, in diet P margarine. The study was carried out with 30 subjects (8 men) over two 21-day periods. With diet T, men had a mean weight loss of 7.1 kg = 338 g/d, of which 3.2 kg = 152 g/d were proved to be body fat, while women had a mean weight loss of 4.4 kg = 210 g/d, of which 2.3 kg = 110 g/d were proved to be body fat. With diet P, men had a mean weight loss of 7,6 kg = 362 g/d, of which were 3.9 kg = 186 g/d body fat, while women lost 3.8 kg = 181 g/d of body weight on average, of which were 2.0 kg = 95 g/d body fat. An improvement of blood pressure was also found. Significant differences of the reduction of body weight and body fat between the diet with mostly animal fat and the diet with mostly vegetable fat were not found. PMID- 6649712 TI - [Effect of orally-administered triglycerides on muscle proteolysis in the rat]. AB - Earlier studies in man could demonstrate that intravenous lipids decreased the concentration of amino acids in plasma (to 50%). In short- and long-term experiments in rat the effect of orally applied olive-oil on the concentration of amino acids in blood, on the excretion of 3-methylhistidine and of total nitrogen into urine was measured. Two control groups were used: rats with total restriction of food and rats which were fed ad libitum. 2 ml olive-oil given to rats within 12 hours decreased the concentration of alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine. Whereas food restriction increased the excretion of 3-methylhistidine into urine and the blood concentration of leucine, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, threonine, and glutamine, the oil-fed rats showed no increase of amino acid levels in plasma and no increase of 3-methylhistidine excretion into urine. These experiments suggest that lipid application inhibits proteolysis in muscle, and thus diminishes the amino acid levels in blood. PMID- 6649714 TI - [Limits of experimental procedures in forensic psychology]. PMID- 6649713 TI - [Iron concentration in various organs of rats following administration of various iron and protein loads]. AB - In a 2 X 3 factorial experiment with growing rats the diet varied for the iron content (5, 25, 625 ppm) and for the protein content (5, 25, 45%). The diets were fed ad libitum for 35 days. At the end of the experiment the iron content of different organs was determined. Both experimental factors and their interactions influenced the iron concentration as well as fresh weight and dry matter dependent on organ. Especially the influence of deficient protein supply and of insufficient iron supply was very marked. Dependent on the iron supply there are different responses between storage and functional compounds of iron. PMID- 6649715 TI - [Factorial and cluster analysis results of questionnaire scales of the MMPI, 16 PF and FPI]. PMID- 6649716 TI - [Visual frontoparallels: a decision experiment on the theories of Blank, Foley and Luneburg]. PMID- 6649717 TI - [Effect of learning conditions on psychophysical scaling of brightness]. PMID- 6649718 TI - [Hydroxyproline in blood and urine in myocardial infarct]. AB - The study of the dynamics of proteinbound blood plasma oxyproline concentration and oxyproline excretion with the urine in patients with myocardial infarction is reported. During the subacute period beginning from the 3rd to the 5th week of the disease an increase in the content of these metabolites in the blood and urine is observed. The time of the beginning and the end of this period depends on a number of factors: the depth and spread of necrosis focus, the presence of certain accompanying diseases and complications, peculiarities of the clinical course of the disease. The dynamics of the concentration of proteinbound blood oxyproline and oxyproline excretion with urine in myocardial infarction is regarded as a test that gives information about the rate and intensity of scar formation in myocardial infarction. PMID- 6649719 TI - [Urea (H-N) concentrations in serum and urine including determination variants]. AB - After a concise interpretation of the urea and creatinine values a new variant of the determination of the urea concentration in the serum, the plasma, the urine and other body fluids is described. The determination is done by means of Berthelot's reaction, requires 50 microliters serum and comprehends the concentration range of 0.1 to 100 mmol/l (0.6 to 600 mg urea/100 ml). The method has a good precision, is inexpensive and renders the determination of urea possible in less than one hour. PMID- 6649720 TI - [Esophageal diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with angina pectoris symptoms]. AB - It is reported on 7 patients who on account of angina pectoris symptoms came to the consulting hour. A heart disease could be excluded. Since the complaints persisted the diagnostics was continued. Twice were found a carcinoma of the oesophagus, three times an oesophagitis and once an ulcer in the oesophagus and once a hiatal hernia. In unclear thoracic pain diseases of the oesophagus should always be included into the differential diagnosis. An adequate diagnostics must be performed. PMID- 6649721 TI - [Effect of sauna and walking series on blood pressure, peripheral microcirculation and performance behavior in essential hypertension]. AB - On the basis of two groups with hypertension (stage I and II) pre-treated with propranolol the authors report on possibilities of the assessment of therapeutic effects in physical therapy series. The systolic and diastolic behaviour of blood pressure at rest and under load as well as the peripheral blood supply before and after the therapeutic effect of sauna bath and running series lasting several weeks were investigated according to the principle of staying power. The xenon 133 muscle clearance served as method for the recognition of the peripheral microcirculation. In the series of sauna bath hyperthermia as well as in the running treatment significant reductions of blood pressure at rest and statistically provable improvements of the peripheral haemodynamics were the result. In higher degrees of load the hypertensive position of regulation is not influenced by the therapeutic method described. PMID- 6649722 TI - [Tuberculin testing in 15 and 16-year-old students, who, as newborns, were vaccinated with BCG]. AB - Tuberculin testings with 2 T.U. (PPD RT 23 + Tween 80) of fifteen- and sixteen year-old people cause reactions only in 17.4%. BCG-vaccinations of all sixteen year-old persons are still necessary. PMID- 6649723 TI - [Endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica Loffler]. AB - Report on an endocarditis parietalis fibroplastica Loffler in a 54-year-old male. Discussion of the localisation, pathologico-morphologic findings as well as of the differential diagnosis and the therapy. Particular reference to the ten-year course of the disease, which possibly is the success of the treatment. PMID- 6649724 TI - [Ampicillin associated acute interstitial nephritis with renal insufficiency- case report]. AB - It is reported on a 20-year-old male patient, in whom during the treatment of a streptococcal infection with ampicillin an exanthem and an acute interstitial nephritis with acute renal insufficiency appeared. The temporary connection between the application of the medicament and the occurrence of the clinical symptoms and the sensitization to ampicillin proved by the lymphocyte transformation test speak for an ampicillin-induced interstitial nephritis. The discontinuation of the treatment with ampicillin and the application of prednisolone led to a complete involution of the clinical picture. Since ampicillin is frequently used in the clinic one should take into consideration in the indication that possibly an acute renal insufficiency may appear due to an acute interstitial nephritis. PMID- 6649725 TI - [Value of sonographic representation of the portal artery in clinical practice]. AB - While in chronic liver diseases we up to now above all depended on laparoscopic indices of the hypertension of the portal vein, also the non-invasive sonography is able to prove an adequate morphological substrate in form of the dilated splenic vein and the portal vein. A comparative study of 50 patients with liver cirrhosis who underwent laparoscopy shows significantly higher values in patients with clear portal hypertension. Provided a correct valuation of the findings by the clinical and a subtle examination technique, the non-invasive sonographic estimation of the portal vein represents a prognostically important diagnostic contribution in patients with chronic liver diseases. PMID- 6649727 TI - [Results of sonographic kidney diagnosis]. AB - In a prospective study of the examination of the accuracy of the ultrasound tomography in the renal diagnostics the kidneys of 361 patients could be demonstrated as at 100% sufficiently to be judged. Tumours, congestion kidneys, cystic kidneys/renal cysts and cirrhoses of the kidney were diagnosed with an efficiency of 0.92-0.96-0.97-1.0. The sensitivity was in the same order 0.90-0.96 0.99-1.0 and the specificity 0.94-1.0-0.95-1.0. Insufficient results were obtained by the sonographic search for renal calculi. As non-invasive and rapid method of diagnostics the sonography in a valuable way contributes to the differentiation of the symptom "quiescent kidney" and oligo-anuria. PMID- 6649726 TI - [Diagnostic value of direct and indirect cholangiography - a comparative study]. AB - Stimulated by Goodman's paper and the discussion evoked by this we, too, compared the valency of the intravenous cholography with the evidence of the direct cholography. Among our selected patients (95 patients) in 60% we did not find an accordance of the two methods. The intravenous cholography were with Goodman' criteria judged by a radiologist at 42% as optimal, at 24% as suboptimal and at 34% without evidence. Also a control group of 50 intravenous cholographies in accidental order were to be estimated as optimal only in 56%. In 39 cases only the direct cholography could bring the definitive diagnosis, the intravenous cholographies, no doubt, were pathologically sufficient, but not for the final clarification. 16% falsely positive and 10% falsely negative judged intravenous cholographies are particularly aggravating in our study. Mainly the explanation of a dilated choledochus and changes near the papilla, the finding of the calculus in the duct system and the possibility to estimate the intrahepatic bile ducts were the weak points in the evidence of the intravenous cholography. According to our results only the direct cholography brings the exact and for therapy guiding diagnostics, particularly before reinterventions on the bile ducts with the increased risk of operation. This and the justifiably small complications vindicate the invasive diagnostics. PMID- 6649728 TI - [Diagnostic possibilities and limitations of sonography in nephrology]. AB - On the basis of the patients treated by us we investigated the reasonable use of sonography in nephrologic questionings. As a result we drew the conclusions that the main fields of application are the various forms and stages of the renal insufficiency, the differential diagnosis of space demands and existing contraindication to contrast remedies or X-rays. In contrast to the up to now performed practice on suspicion of tumour and retention of urine in the bladder the sonography should be performed as first picture-giving method before the excretion urogram. PMID- 6649729 TI - [Radionuclide nephro-urologic diagnosis - its value in clinical diagnosis]. AB - Nuclear-medical nephrological diagnostic methods increasingly obtain significance for the judgment of the function of the nephrological system on account of their non-invasive character and on account of improved technical possibilities which made their way into the nuclear-medical routine diagnostics. As to the technique a graduation is the result, beginning with examination methods which at present allow only a qualitative separated according to the sides judgment of the renal function (isotope nephrography and renoscintigraphy) up to the techniques which render possible quantitative evidence (renal sequence scintigraphy and determinations of the renal clearance). Using different nuclear pharmaceutics which underlie a different kinetics, blood supply as well as glomerular and tubular partial function can be demarcated from each other and simultaneously determined, respectively. The use of modern nuclear pharmaceutics, especially of 123I-hippurate from the Central Institute for Nuclear Research Rossendorf introduced into the diagnostics 1982 brings a further reduction of the as it is very low radiation exposure for the patient. The selection of the methods to be used and the nuclear pharmaceutics should always be performed depending on the clinical questioning. Isotope nephrography and renoscintigraphy are used in the preliminary diagnostics on suspicion of functional and morphologic changes of the kidneys. The renal sequence scintigraphy remains reserved to special questionings. It renders possible to establish according to the sides prerenal, intrarenal or postrenal disturbances of the functions of the kidneys globally as well as regionally and to perform a quantitative side-separated judgment of the function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6649730 TI - [The value of computer tomography in the postoperative long-term surveillance of patients with a vascular prosthesis for aorta replacement]. AB - Because of the possibility of life-threatening late complications by anastomotic aneurysms and the danger of their rupture, all patients in whom a coarctation of the aorta was resected and replaced by a vascular prosthesis must be followed up continuously for life. Their chest x-rays show-in addition to unequivocally normal or pathological findings-sometimes questionable variations of the aortic outline, which must be diagnosed definitely by further investigations. By means of computerized tomography, the suspicion of an anastomotic aneurysm can either be refuted or confirmed in almost all cases. Thus, the invasive examination by aortography, which is desirable before operation of an aneurysm, may be omitted in the group of unsuspicious patients. Out of 198 patients, who received a vascular prosthesis for correction of an aortic coarctation in the time from 1960 to 1980, 27 were examined by computerized tomography because of irregular findings in their chest x-rays. In 6 patients the suspicion of an anastomotic aneurysm was confirmed and could be proved by aortography and reoperation. In 21 patients an aortography could be omitted because of its unsuspicious findings by computerized tomography. PMID- 6649731 TI - [Mumps - risk for the manifestation of insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus?]. AB - A series of findings of animal experiments as well as epidemiological and clinical observation speak for the fact that viral infections may play a part as trigger mechanism within the etiopathogenesis of type I diabetes mellitus. Directly or via immune and/or autoimmune processes viruses might start a beta cell-destructing process. A mumps infection is most frequently brought in connection with a diabetes manifestation. The attempt of a critical valuation of the arguments for a viral etiology of the type I diabetes mellitus is made. Including first preliminary results of the own working team, the authors get the opinion that at present it is not without doubt to prove a causal connection between mumps infection and the development of a type I diabetes mellitus. Prospective investigations including humoral and cellular immune phenomena in relation to the beta-cell-destructing process are to be demanded. PMID- 6649732 TI - [Dynamic computer tomography - initial experiences based on 100 examinations]. AB - The dynamic computed tomography is an enrichment of the diagnostic spectre of various diseases. This special method of computed tomography renders possible and improves the demonstration of certain pathological processes, respectively, and shows references to the dignity and diagnosis of the kind. Taking into particular consideration the methodical problems, it is reported on our experiences in the use of the dynamic computed tomography and the hitherto ascertained indications. PMID- 6649733 TI - [Initial results of a combined sonographic and cytologic diagnosis of scintigraphically remarkable thyroid changes using real-time visual puncture]. AB - The combination of sonography and biopsy in the diagnostics of the thyroid gland results in a reliability of 100%. Thus the routine application effective diagnostics and therapy is justified. The course control after emptying of the cyst is simplified, the therapeutic effect of the puncture can be revealed. It can be attracted as evident method which is poor in risk for the confirmation of an indication to operation. This form of examination is possible also then, when no sonographic device with a puncture is at our disposal. PMID- 6649734 TI - [Fatal hemoptysis caused by rupture of an arteriosclerotic aortic aneurysm in the left lung]. AB - Report on the rupture of an arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta in the left lung with perforation into the bronchial tree in a 78-year-old woman. Localization pathological and morphological findings as well as the possibilities of diagnosis and treatment are discussed. PMID- 6649735 TI - [What control solutions should be used in studies on the acute effect of alcohol on the gastrointestinal tract?]. AB - There exists still a considerable confusion in the literature about the appropriate control solution for ethanol. In many studies either no control or equimolar solutions of urea, mannitol or sodium chloride were used as an osmotic control for ethanol; distilled water being given only in a few cases. The confusion is mainly derived from the opinion that the osmolality of the ethanol solution as measured by freezing point depression (= "theoretical osmotic pressure") is the determinant factor for the action of ethanol on the gastrointestinal tract. This opinion, however, is not correct. Since biological membranes are not perfectly semipermeable (i. e., they are permeable to certain solutes) the "effective osmotic pressure" produced by permeant solutes is always less than the ("theoretical") osmotic pressure as determined by freezing point depression. The ratio of the "effective" to the "theoretical" osmotic pressure of a solute is defined by the Stavermann reflection coefficient for a certain membrane. The Stavermann reflection coefficient may have any value between 1 and 0. For an impermeant solute the reflection coefficient equals 1 and for increasingly permeant solutes it becomes progressively less than 1 and closer to 0. The Stavermann reflection coefficient of ethanol for some gastrointestinal organs tested is about 0.1. The ideal osmotic control for ethanol would be a solute which exerts the same effective osmotic pressure on the gastrointestinal membrane as ethanol, i. e. which has the same Stavermann reflection coefficient as ethanol, and has no specific pharmacologic effect. Distilled water seems to be the most suitable osmotic control for ethanol because it has a Stavermann reflection coefficient of 0 and has no pharmacological actions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6649736 TI - Wet swallows stimulate abnormal contractions in patients with oesophageal motility disorders. AB - The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dry and wet swallows on oesophageal contractions in patients with oesophageal motility disorders (achalasia, diffuse oesophageal spasm and "intermediate" motility disorders). Wet swallows resulted in greater amplitude of oesophageal contractions than did dry swallows, both in patients with oesophageal motility disorders and controls. In patients with oesophageal motility disorders wet swallows were also followed by a greater incidence of repetitive contractions than dry swallows. This increased incidence of abnormal contractions correlated significantly with the increase in oesophageal baseline pressure during wet swallows. The administration of pentagastrin further increased the amplitude and duration of oesophageal contractions in patients with oesophageal motility disorders, but the incidence of abnormal contractions remained unaltered. It is concluded that wet swallows compared to dry swallows pronounce the abnormality of oesophageal contractions in patients with oesophageal motility disorders. PMID- 6649737 TI - [Surgical treatment of ulcer disease 5 years before and after the introduction of cimetidine]. AB - To determine whether H2-antagonists have changed type and frequency of operations for peptic ulcer, all operations of the one hospital of a city with a population of 80 000 were analysed. The total number of operated patients decreased after cimetidine from 425 to 278 (35%). The ratio of male to female patients was 3:1 in either period. While the decrease in elective operations of uncomplicated ulcer was 51%, operations in patients with ulcer complications (bleeding, perforation, stenosis) decreased by only 9%. The decrease was above average in Billroth I and Billroth II gastrectomy, but the number of patients with selective vagotomy increased 3-fold. The number of operations decreased by 40% for duodenal ulcer and by 20% for gastric ulcer. Of all ulcer complications bleeding decreased by 31%, the number of perforations was unchanged, but the number of patients with stenosis increased by 58%. Overall mortality decreased from 25 in the initial to 20 in the subsequent five year period. Twenty and 19 patients, respectively, died with complicated ulcer disease (12,5% of all operations), mortality was 6 (1,5%) with operations for uncomplicated ulcer. PMID- 6649738 TI - Excluded gastric mucosa presenting as a polypoid tumor in the duodenal stump after B II resection. AB - We present endoscopic findings of a polypoid tumor in the duodenal stump after Billroth II partial gastric resection in a 61-year-old male. Histologic examination of the tumor revealed gastric mucosa of antral type. Accordingly, Congo red dyeing test failed to show acid secretion. The excluded antral mucosa did not gain any clinical significance in this patient since there was no history of peptic ulcer relapse within the 25 years after gastric operation. PMID- 6649739 TI - [Conjugated cholic acid in the portal vein, aorta and hepatic vein in patients with alcohol toxic liver cirrhosis]. AB - In 12 patients with Laennec's cirrhosis conjugated cholic acid was measured by radioimmunoassay simultaneously in the portal vein, the aorta, and the hepatic vein. Furthermore, the concentration was measured for 90 minutes after i. v. injection of cholecystokinin. In the fasting patient the porto-venous extraction ratio was 0.45 (SD 0.23) and the arterio-venous extraction ratio was 0.24 (SD 0,21). 15-30 minutes after cholecystokinin the bile acid concentration significantly increased. In this time the porto-venous extraction ratio rose to 0.71 while the aorto-venous extraction ratio was different. These results agree with the hemodynamics found in cirrhosis. After cholecystokinin the increase in the extraction ratio account for the blood loss by porto venous shunts which corresponds to an increase of the portal compartment. PMID- 6649740 TI - [Perfusion of the ischemic myocardium in the acute phase of a myocardial ischemia using a stroma-free hemoglobin solution]. AB - Concerning the effect of the perfusion of ischemic areas of the myocardium by a stroma-free hemoglobin solution was reported after the starvation of the interventricular branch of the left coronary artery (RIVA) in minipigs. The effect of the perfusion is dependent on the kind of the vascular course. The perfusion of the distal part of the starvated coronary artery shows the better reaction in face of the artemalization of the concomitant cardiac vein with regard to the resaturation of the myocardium with oxygen and several hemodynamic control parameters. Histologic examinations of the ischemic myocardium after the arterialization of the cardiac veins showed however that the symplasm preserved its vitality and showed only reversible changes. The applied stroma-free hemoglobin solution needs a further development. However, the use is possible on principle according to the bibliography. Whether a new clinical therapy could be developed by a transitory arterialization of the cardiac veins in acute myocardial ischemia, should be discussed. PMID- 6649741 TI - [Model studies of the antibiotic release of gentamycin, tobramycin and cephalothin polymethylmethacrylate beads in vivo]. AB - Gentamycin-, tobramycin-, and cephalothin-polymethylmethacrylat beads were implanted into a bone cavity of the rabbit tibia. The antibiotic release of the implants was observed by measure of the antibiotic concentration of the secretion respectively of the neighbouring bone tissue in the surroundings of the beads produced by punction. An antibiotic concentration about 1 microgram/ml could be measured with gentamycin and tobramycin for 120 to 150 days and with cephalothin for 30 to 50 days in the surroundings of the beads. PMID- 6649742 TI - [Specificity and sensitivity of the solid phase hemadsorption test: a study of treated and untreated syphilitics]. AB - SPHA-test was performed on 317 treated and 78 untreated patients with syphilis and partly compared to 19S-IgM-FTA-ABS- as well as VDRL-test. Equivalent results were obtained in a reference laboratory, the correspondence being 94.8 percent regarding SPHA and 95.6 percent concerning 19S-IgM-FTA-ABS. In comparison to 19S IgM-FTA-ABS, increased numbers of weakly reactive values occurred in SPHA correlating with the Latex-test. Because of its specificity and sensitiveness, SPHA turned out to be superior to VDRL with regard to the control of treatment. The biological significance of weakly reactive SPHA results is still unclear and does not indicate a necessity for therapy. PMID- 6649744 TI - [Acrodermatitis enteropathica--hereditary parakeratosis in calves: contribution to comparative dermatology]. AB - The treatment with oral zinc in the therapy of two zinc deficiency syndromes being identical in calves and man was discovered by veterinarians several years before the introduction of this life-saving therapy in human medicine. The importance of interdisciplinary contacts is emphasized. PMID- 6649743 TI - [Effects of rifamycin SV and a neomycin-bacitracin combination on the healing of microbial eczema]. AB - 21 patients suffering from microbial eczema were locally treated with antibiotics over a period of 14 days. As antibiotics we chose rifamycin SV and a combination of neomycin and bacitracin. S. aureus--most frequently traceable on microbial eczema--is usually sensitive to rifamycin SV as well as neomycin and bacitracin in combination. PMID- 6649745 TI - [Drug-induced Quincke's edema of the mouth mucosa - an analysis of 33 cases]. AB - Since literature only provides us with scarce information about occurrence and etiologic conditions of oro-pharyngeal Quincke's edema, we performed a retrospective evaluation of the medical records of 4,766 in-patients between the years 1970 and 1980 with registered drug-induced cutaneous and/or mucosal side effects. Among these cases there were 187 patients (= 3.92%) showing oral side effects, 33 of them with the diagnosis of Quincke's edema on the labial, oral or pharyngeal mucosa. 30 cases revealed clinical and/or historic data about concomitant occurrence of edematous lesions also in other body sites. With all patients drug intolerance was suspected by history, yet drug testings could only prove this assumption in 24 cases. Salicylates, analgetic compounds, barbiturate, pyrazolone, and penicillin are the main etiologic factors for oral Quincke's edema. PMID- 6649746 TI - [Focal epithelial hyperplasia in lepromatous leprosy]. AB - Focal epithelial hyperplasia Heck (FEH) is most likely caused by human papilloma virus. It mainly occurs in children and young people showing no associated diseases. For the first time, we describe a case of FEH in a patient with lepromatous leprosy who due to persistent erythema nodosum leprosum has been treated with a lang-term glucocorticoid therapy. The question of the competence of lepromatous patients in resisting certain viral infections arises. PMID- 6649748 TI - [Effect of systolic-diastolic displacement of the base of the heart on M-mode echocardiography]. AB - M-mode-beam detects only structures moving in a direction parallel to them. The purpose of this study was to examine those movements of the heart which cannot be recorded by M-mode. We examined ten normals, ten patients with left ventricular volume overload, and ten patients with left ventricular pressure overload by M mode and two-dimensional echocardiography (parasternal long axis view) simultaneously. We looked at the movement of particular structures during the cardiac cycle. A systolic movement of the base of the heart toward the apex is perpendicular to the M-mode beam and can therefore not be recorded. This shift is marked in patients with volume overload. End-diastolic diameter was measured too far apically in relation to the end-systolic diameter. We measured the amount of this dislocation of the end-diastolic diameter and corrected it. The new end diastolic diameter was lower than the usual one. The difference was: -2.2 +/- 1.9 mm in normals (p less than 0.02); -6.9 +/- 2.6 mm in left ventricular volume overload (p less than 0.005); and -0.8 +/- 2.2 mm in pressure overload (n.s.). The overestimation of the fractional shortening was 12.4 +/- 13.3% in normals (p less than 0.02) and 21.4 +/- 7.4% in volume overload (p less than 0.005), expressed as a percentage. In conclusion, the static M-mode beam does not cross the same parts of the heart during systole and diastole because of movements of the base of the heart in relation to the beam. Misinterpretations of left ventricular function are the consequence. These depend on the extent of the movements and the configuration of the left ventricle. PMID- 6649747 TI - [Simultaneous determination of hemodynamics and plasma catecholamines in trained and untrained subjects and patients with contraction disorders of the heart during rest and physical activity]. AB - 6 trained (TS) and 7 untrained (US) subjects and 16 patients (P) with left ventricular dysfunction were investigated by means of a Swan-Ganz floating catheter during graded bicycle ergometry in a supine position. 9 P suffered from a myocardial infarction and 10 were known to be hypertensive; 10 suffered from acute coronary insufficiency during exercise. Hemodynamic values, free plasma catecholamines, and heart volume at rest were determined in all cases. The relative heart volume was increased training-dependent in the TS as compared with US and P. In TS stroke volume increased more than in US, whereas in P a heart rate-dependent adaptation of cardiac output was observed during exercise. In P cardiac output was slightly reduced during exercise and the arteriovenous oxygen difference augmented. Systolic and diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, and peripheral diastolic arterial pressure rose more in P during exercise than in TS and US. TS showed reduced, whereas P showed increased levels of circulating free plasma catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine). Training-dependent changes in hemodynamic values and catecholamine levels were seen as an economic adaptation of the heart to physical stress, and the results in the patients were interpreted as indicating an uneconomic stress adaptation. In patients with disturbed left ventricular function, extracardiac compensatory mechanisms such as enhanced sympathetic activity and increased arteriovenous oxygen difference are necessary for the adaptation to physical stress. PMID- 6649749 TI - [Determination of left ventricular volumes using 2-dimensional echocardiography in children]. AB - In the first part of the study we examined silicone rubber left ventricular casts of children and adolescents by cross-sectional echocardiography using the so called two-chamber and four-chamber apical views. Left ventricular volumes calculated from the echocardiographic left ventricular silhouettes correlated very well (r = 0.99) with the titrated cast volumes. In the second part of the study we compared in 30 infants, children, and adolescents left ventricular volumes as calculated from the two-chamber and four-chamber apical echocardiographic views with those obtained from the frontal projection of the left ventricular cineangiogram. Volumes calculated from the apical four-chamber view showed an acceptable correlation with those determined by angiography (r = 0.96 for enddiastolic and r = 0.90 for endsystolic volume). Underestimation of left ventricular enddiastolic volume by echocardiography was corrected by a factor of 1.33; no correction factor was necessary for the endsystolic volume. The correlation between the endsystolic volumes obtained by echocardiographic two chamber view and by cineangiography was poor. Finally, in 51 infants, children, and adolescents without heart disease we determined left ventricular volumes and derived variables by cross-sectional echocardiography, using the previously established correction factor for the calculation of enddiastolic volumes. Both enddiastolic and endsystolic volumes were found to correlate linearly to body surface area. PMID- 6649750 TI - [Qualitative and quantitative analysis of regional contraction disorders using levocardiograms]. AB - In 74 patients with proven myocardial infarction (typical history and enzymes, diagnostic ECG, and stenosis of the vessel supplying the asynergic region of more than 75%) the results of qualitative analysis of left ventricular cineangiograms were compared to those of quantitative analysis using the radial axis method of Mathes. There was a significant difference in interpretation between the two methods if the physiological movements of the heart were not taken into account in the qualitative analysis. After correction for systolic anterior movement and downward movement of the aortic valve during systole, a mean accuracy of 92% resulted. The radial axis method discriminated well between normokinetic and asynergic wall segments. However, this method proved less useful for the detection of asynergies in the apical, anterobasal, and posterobasal regions. A radial axis angle of between 15 degrees and 20 degrees is considered to be optimal. The quantitative analysis seems to be particularly useful for the interpretation of borderline cases, and should be carried out routinely in addition to the qualitative analysis. PMID- 6649751 TI - [Tomo- and thermographic structure analysis of the myocardium]. AB - The myocardial body consists of striated muscle fibers which branch densely to form a spiral substructure. Its functional significance is still subject to discussion. Recently, a model of this looping fiber system has been prepared, starting and inserting at the root of the aorta and of the pulmonary artery. Its arrangement fits well with the component lay out of the coronary and the conductive system. Since it is theoretically possible to produce a macroscopic preparation corresponding to any fascicular substructure in densely woven tissue, we used noninvasive means to ascertain whether, during life, the loop structure within the myocardial body is a dynamic arrangement of fiber trajectories, of which postmortem investigations are able to provide only a static impression. Computer tomography and thermography using coronary gas perfusion showed that the heart muscle contains spiral preferential fiber arrangements circling the ventricular cavities. PMID- 6649752 TI - [Electrophysiologic determination of 3 intranodal pathways using various time intervals]. AB - Programmed electrical stimulation of the heart was performed in a 40-year-old man with documented recurrent, sustained ventricular tachycardia, which had proved refractory to standard medical therapy. In this patient, both the presence of several discontinuities in the atrioventricular (AV-)nodal conduction curves during atrial and ventricular stimulation and the varying time intervals of the AV-nodal echo phenomena suggested the presence of multiple AV-nodal pathways. PMID- 6649753 TI - [Modification of nocturnal heart rhythm disorders using oxygen therapy in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease]. AB - In 14 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, the effect of nocturnal oxygen therapy was evaluated. The mean flow of 100% oxygen was 2 l/min. We registered the transcutaneously measured blood gases over 10 h, beginning at 8 p.m. while patients were breathing air, the lowest value of PO2 was mean = 45 mm Hg, and while they were breathing oxygen it was mean = 57 mm Hg. Continuous electrocardiograms showed a reduction of supraventricular arrhythmias, from 180 premature beats over 10 h during inhalation of air to 86 during oxygen inhalation. In each of the 13 patients we found a decrease in frequency of premature ventricular beats (from mean = 141 to mean 54 over 10 h, i.e., from 100% to 25.5% +/- 17.1%. During the 2 h of lowest oxygen saturation, the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias was increased. We expected 20% and registered 38.8%. PMID- 6649754 TI - [Right ventricular intracardial recordings of late potentials in patients with acute myocardial infarction and recurrent ventricular tachycardias]. AB - The role of delayed potentials in ventricular arrhythmias occurring in connection with acute myocardial infarction has been of increasing interest in recent years. In order to obtain further information about delayed electrical activity, we studied a group of 51 patients in the acute phase of myocardial infarction, and intracardiac recordings were made using bipolar electrodes. In 31 of the 51 patients we recorded delayed potentials 150-200 ms after the beginning of QRS. 14 patients showed delayed electrical activity in diastole even after the T wave. The same potentials as those obtained by intracardiac recording techniques were also recorded from the body surface using a signal-averaging technique. In several cases we were able to show that these delayed potentials initiated premature ventricular beats. In 1 patient a sustained ventricular tachycardia induced by delayed potentials was recorded. We found that delayed potentials could be abolished by antiarrhythmic drugs. There thus appears to be an important relationship between delayed electrical activity and the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 6649755 TI - [The effect of beta receptor blockers and diuretics on blood pressure reactivity]. AB - Previous studies showed the importance of the response of blood pressure to emotional stress in essential hypertension. However, it is unclear to what extent the response of blood pressure to emotional stress is influenced by antihypertensive treatment, and especially by beta-blockers. In the present study the influence of antihypertensive treatment with either beta-blockers (beta) or diuretics (D) was compared in two series of experiments on male hypertensives, carried out after 2 weeks (beta, n = 11; D, n = 11) and 1 year of treatment (beta, n = 11; D, n = 9). One of the two drugs was randomly allocated to each patient. In the first series of experiments an ergometric exercise test was also performed (workload depending on age and body surface area, 60-100 W). The two medications caused a similar decrease in basal blood pressure. The response of blood pressure to emotional stress was also the same in both groups, and equal to that in untreated hypertensives. However, the reaction of systolic blood pressure to dynamic exercise was lower in the patients treated with beta-blockers (30.2 +/ 9.5 mm Hg) than in those treated with diuretics (42.9 +/- 12.1 mm Hg; p = 0.013). The effect of antihypertensive treatment on the reactivity of blood pressure therefore cannot comprehensively be tested by means of a single stress test. In terms of controlling the response of blood pressure to stress, beta blockers are not generally more effective than diuretics, but only in certain situations. PMID- 6649756 TI - [Relations between generations--conflict and cooperation]. PMID- 6649757 TI - [5-generation families: some data on great-great-grandparents in West Germany]. AB - From data of 400 five-generation families living in the Federal Republic of Germany different ways of interaction between the generations are demonstrated. These data point to a very high degree of integration of the very old family members and reject the thesis of a more or less disintegration of the older generation. The interaction between the 5th and the 4th generation is closer than these between the 5th and and the 3rd or 2nd generation; this may be explained by the different cohort-specific socialization-histories and by factors of secular change. PMID- 6649758 TI - [The 5-generation family: interaction, cooperation and conflict]. AB - There is an increasing number of investigations in multi-generational-families. However, the research focussed on three-generation-family, not on four- or five generation-family. The paper deals with the description of our investigation in five-generation-families. Moreover some issues of current generational analysis are discussed. The special emphasis is on a description of the relationship between the great-great-grandparents and the great-grandparents. PMID- 6649759 TI - [Kinship help for the elderly. An exploratory study of patterns of help by female helpers]. AB - The study is based on interviews made with women who care for an elderly relative. The activities which they perform can be classified to five basic forms of assistance: basic care and nursing, psycho-social care, obligatory attendance, house keeping, and supporting contacts to the social environment. The relationships between these women and the elderly contain a certain amount of reciprocity, which is reflected in material and emotional gratifications for the person rendering help. The burdens on the helper result from constant awareness of the decrepitude of a relative, from fear of the future, and from the necessity of constantly being in attendance of a dependent person. Women who feel burdened by their tasks perceive few rewards from the relationship, and have the impression that the person being cared for has no adequate idea of the efforts made. Because of the burdens on the relatives, the continuation of care of the elderly in their familiar social environment remains precarious. This finding is not an argument against care in familiar surroundings, but it does call attention to the importance of mobile social services for stabilizing primary assistance. PMID- 6649760 TI - [Typology and differential diagnosis of nursing requirements. Results of an empirical study of social status and further research concepts]. AB - The present analysis confirms the advantage of costs of mobilee health care services compared to nursing homes as well as the user-preference of this form of services. Nevertheless, mobil health care services offer the individual needed care only to a special target-group of cases. It seems to be necessary to create objective instruments for a unique extensive differential diagnostic of care needs including - in addition to the medical indication - all essential life conditions within the personal and social surroundings of nursing cases. PMID- 6649761 TI - [Prejudice in performance evaluation of so-called elderly co-workers by supervisors]. AB - This empirical interview study analyses the opinions of supervisors in an industrial company about their so-called elderly co-workers. These opinions are insofar relevant to the co-workers, as it is the direct supervisor who decides on the consequences of the real or supposed reduction in performance. The analysis shows that the beginning of a reduction in performance is set at the age of about 45-50 years. These and other opinions are dependent on various personal and situational factors as could be shown by means of a tree analysis. PMID- 6649762 TI - [Education in the 2d half of life--counteraction to social and cultural deprivation in the elderly?]. AB - During recent years universities have increasingly attracted men and women of middle age and old age. On the basis on a sample of appr. 350 fully enrolled students age 45 and over, drawn from the official 1980 students' census in Lower Saxony, we describe the group of older students in terms of age, sex, education, and social status, in order to compare their characteristical structure to the normal students. We, furthermore, formulate hypotheses on their attitudes toward learning in later years, their motives to choose the university, and their personal as well as social aspirations. Obvious are their need to orientate themselves in a critical life situation, and their need to actualize knowledge and skills in order to minimize the adverse effects of social segregation. We perceive the middle aged and older persons' return to university studies as a paradigm both for an individual's active reaction toward prescribed social obsolescence, and as a valuable attempt to reestablish intergenerational relations. PMID- 6649763 TI - [Developmental psychology contributions to the life-long learning concept]. AB - Empirical investigations concerning the concept of lifelong learning are described and discussed. The following factors can be regarded as significantly influencing the faculty of learning in adults: (1) the existing level of personality formation, (2) the opportunities of education, training and qualification as provided by the society, (3) personality characteristics exerting an influence upon motivation and psychosomatic maximum stress, (4) maturation and involution processes related to age, (5) central nervous prerequisites for learning processes. Lifelong learning makes possible the application of knowledge and abilities to changing environmental conditions and maintenance of self-regulation during involution and disease processes. PMID- 6649764 TI - [Eating behavior in the elderly and its consequences for nutrition]. AB - The nutritional situation of the elderly is characterised on the one hand by changes in nutrient requirements resulting from increased age and on the other hand by altered nutritional needs. Faulty eating habits, malnutrition as well as overeating are not uncommon. Experimental research in spontaneous feeding behavior lead to the conclusion that not only is the modifiability of food intake through environmental stimulation reduced in the elderly, but also the efficiency of internal cues through which the degree of satiety is experienced. Investigation of taste and smell in which a total reduction of sensory capacity was ascertained, point in the same direction: sensory deficits have a cumulative effect on the appetite of the elderly. An increased reliance on habit and rational as well as pseudo-rational eating rules was observed on the part of the elderly. Indications for praxis are derived from these observations which are discussed in the context of a theoretical concept. PMID- 6649765 TI - [The Senior Expert Service in West Germany]. AB - A Senior Expert Service (SES) has been established by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany by the end of January 1983. Experts from the economy, public administration, agricultural and educational fields etc. are being sent by the SES as short-term advisors unremunerated into Third World countries. Their tasks are mainly to strengthen the economies there and to further industrial development, especially small and medium enterprise, but their activities will cover all areas of development aid. Head of the Senior Expert Service of the Federal Republic of Germany is Dr. Gerhard Fritz. 600 Senior Experts have been put on file by the end of July 1983 out of 2000 who initially showed interest in the Service Required are not only their skills and qualifications, but adequate abilities in foreign languages as well. the experts may guide positively social attitudes towards those retired from active professional life and encourage seniors in our own society. The projects concern clearly defined tasks. The activities of the Senior Experts are safeguarded by being taken into the circle of German representatives in the respective countries. board and lodging, as well as a modest pocket money are being provided by the foreign partner. 11 honorary missions have been completed successfully by August 1983. At present, ca. 90 possibilities for projects are being envisaged. Out of those, 20 are planned for 1983, about 50 for 1984 and possibly 100 for 1985. As a rule, a mission may last between two weeks and three months; in case of longer duration, it may be possible for wives to accompany their husbands. PMID- 6649766 TI - [Experiences using an enzyme electrode in a flow system for glucose determination]. PMID- 6649767 TI - [Laser nephelometric determination of total protein in urine and cerebrospinal fluid by the sulfosalicylic acid-sodium sulfate method]. PMID- 6649768 TI - [Precipitation reaction with streptolysin O]. PMID- 6649769 TI - [Determination of reliability of reaction performances. Testing of a newly developed reaction measurement device for human pharmacological studies]. PMID- 6649770 TI - [1st results of a secretin-pancreozymin short test with endoscopic extraction of pancreatic juice for testing of the exocrine pancreas function]. PMID- 6649771 TI - [MINIFRAK--a miniaturized fraction collector]. PMID- 6649772 TI - [Evaluation of slab gels using a microcomputer system]. PMID- 6649773 TI - The conjunctival epithelium in the domestic ruminants. I. Lightmicroscopic investigations. AB - The conjunctiva of the domestic ruminants is covered by several kinds of epithelia which intergrade smoothly. There is a stratified nonkeratinized squamous epithelium which covers the greater part of the conjunctival mucous membrane. There is a stratified cuboidal, stratified mixed and occasionally a stratified goblet cell epithelium, localized mainly in the area of the fornix conjunctivae. In the area of the "serrated crest" of the nictitating membrane as well as the transition between conjunctiva and cornea, but also in the other conjunctival regions, the propria mucosae and the epithelium contains a few or numerous migrating lymphoid cells. PMID- 6649774 TI - The conjunctival epithelium in domestic ruminants. II. Electronmicroscopic investigations. AB - The basal cells of all types of epithelia in the domestic ruminants have a smooth surface in their proximal part or are furnished with branched cytoplasmic projections. The cytoplasm of many basal cells contains a few or many micropinocytotic vesicles, which can be arranged in a moniliform manner. The intermediate cells as well as the cells of the stratum superficiale - with the exception of the uppermost layers of the stratified squamous epithelium - are characterized by the presence of a great number of membrane-bound granules. Microvilli which project over the uppermost epithelial cells only occasionally contain a filamentous internal structure. The apical closure of the epithelium is preferentially formed by zonulae occludentes (tight junctions) with maximally 2-3 tight junction seals, they are followed proximally by 1-2 desmosomes. Zonulae adhaerentes can only rarely be observed. The nervous supply of the conjunctival epithelium which is best developed in the bulbusfacing side of the nictitating membrane is brought about by sub- and intraepithelial nerve-endings. PMID- 6649775 TI - The prenatal development of the skin in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). AB - The epidermis of the camel started its development as a single layer of cuboical cells. The second layer occurred at the fetal stage of C RL 5 cm and the intermediate cell layer at the C RL 10 cm-stage. In the C RL 83 cm - fetus the epidermis is differentiated into the Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum and Stratum corneum. In the dermis the collagenic and reticular fibres were observed in the 2 cm - fetus, and the elastic ones at the C RL 20 cm - stage. PMID- 6649776 TI - Ontogenesis of the myenteric plexus in the cat gastrointestinal sphincters. III. Synaptogenesis. AB - Synaptogenesis in the cat myenteric ganglia of the lower esophageal, pyloric and ileocecal sphincters in the fetal life and at different postnatal stages of development was examined. The synaptic formation began in the early fetal period. The first immature synapses were of axosomatic and axodendritic types. The new formation and maturation of the synaptic contacts was an active process in the fetal period and in the first postnatal weeks, but it continued to the adult level. It was expressed quantitatively in the increase of the surface area of the synaptic contact zones, the number of the synapses, the length of the synaptic contact zones and the number of the synaptic vesicles. Fine structural features of the synaptic maturation were the increased pleomorphism of the synaptic vesicles, widing and lengthening of the thickening of the opposed membranes, the appearance of the coated evaginations and vesicles. Synaptic morphology became more complex because of the including of different in size and structure pre- and postsynaptic components. The frequency of the synapses on dendritic spines and synapses "en passant" increased. The synaptogenesis in the three sphincters studied exhibited a different dynamics. The parallel advance in the neuronal and synaptic differentiation and the relationship between the desmosomal junctions and synapses were discussed. PMID- 6649777 TI - On the ultrastructural study of brain neurosecretory cells of Hydrophilus olivaceus Fabr. (Polyphaga - Coleoptera). AB - Ultrastructural studies of neurosecretory cells were made in Hydrophilus olivaceus. Two groups of neurosecretory cells are localized in the dorsum of brain, where one is the median group comprising of 15 neurosecretory cells each and the other consists of two lateral groups comprising of 4 to 6 neurosecretory cells in each. A dual mode of release of neurosecretory products is seen, where one part is released through the axons of the neurosecretory cells and other part directly through the protocerebral region of brain by diffusion. This direct release is more common at the breeding phases of insect. In direct release, the neurosecretory material is first broken down into still smaller granules which can easily diffuse out through the perikarya of brain. Neurosecretory cells show seasonal periodicity. PMID- 6649778 TI - The S.E.M. study of rat parotid gland parenchyma. AB - The rat parotid gland parenchyma consists of four principal components: acini, intercalated ducts, striated ducts, and excretory ducts. Secretory acini are mostly of ellipsoidal to polygonal shapes, exceptionally of typically globular shape. The shape and the size of acini are in a close relation to their localization within the glandular parenchyma. The average acinar size is approximately equal to 35 microns. The structure of the ductal three corresponds with the known description but the surface of the individual segments (especially of striated and excretory ducts) shows some features that are impossible to be discovered when observed with TEM but that are clear by visible when observed with S.E.M. Myoepithelial cells have a typical asteroid shape. The observations with S.E.M. have shown that they overlap with their processes from one acinar cell to another one, or they radiate also over the adjacent intercalated duct. PMID- 6649779 TI - [Distribution and form of the septa and islands in the placenta]. AB - A human in situ placenta from the fourth lunar month of pregnancy has been cut in series and examined under the light microscope. The following results were found: Island-cells and septal cells above from Nitabuch's layer have identical histological characteristics. Placental septa and islands consist of trophocytes, fibrinoid and invaded portions of chorionic villi. They are partly or completely surrounded with syncytiotrophoblast. The islands and so called septa are not distributed evenly throughout the entire placenta. About 70% of these structures are in the medial area and the remaining 30% are in the peripheral area. At least 75% of the islands are not true islands, but after investigation of serial sections, prove to be longitudinal or cross sections of completely bizarrely formed septa. The islands which have no contact to the septa appear to have connecting cell bridges to the chorionic villi and the chorionic plate. Because of the structure and distribution of the septa, it seems to be that they cannot have any significant hemodynamic function. No anatomical barrier, in the sense of a septum as a dividing wall, exists between the individual flowing units. PMID- 6649780 TI - Ultrastructural comparative investigations on the hypophysary cells in fresh water teleosts under natural conditions. The glycoproteic thyreotrope cells. AB - The structural und ultrastructural characteristics of the glycoproteic hypophysary cells - considered as TSH producers - were studied with optical and electron microscopical means in 7 species of freshwater teleosts: Leuciscus cephalus L., Barbus meridionalis petenyi H., Chondrostoma nasus L., Gobio gobio carpathicus Vlad., Phoxinus phoxinus L., Nemachylus barbatulus L. and Cobitis taenia L., during the reproductive period and in the period of sexual rest. These cells are present in a relatively reduced number in the hypophysis, forming islets of 2...3 cells, each. They are of small dimensions (the maximal diameter being 7 micron) having polyhedral form with prolongations or an ovoidal form. The cellular nucleus is of large dimensions (to 5 micron) often deformed or segmented. The cytoplasm, during the reproductive period, contains numerous moderately electrondense secretory granules. The mean diameter of the granules does not exceed 1200 A in any of the species studied. In the reproductive period the mitochondria are swollen and prolonged, the Golgi complex more developed and in some species a large number of microvesicles is spread around this complex. The researches proved the tight connection of these cells with the nerve fibres which contain or not neurosecretory peptidergic granules. The more intensive elaboration of the granules during the reproductive period is discussed. PMID- 6649781 TI - [Regression in the ovary of Myxine glutinosa L. (Cyclostomata) II. Electron microscope studies of atretic follicles]. AB - In the atretic follicle of the open involutionary type an opening in the wall of the follicle is formed through which granulosa cells and yolk platelets are emitted. Migrating cells of the theca layer invade the follicular lumen and absorb phagocytotically residues of granulosa cells. On the other hand, atretic follicles of the closed involutionary type show yolk platelets which remain in the follicular lumen and are dissolved there. The granulated residue of the yolk platelets and the residue of the granulosa cells are absorbed phagocytotically by migrating cells. The follicular atresia of both degenerating types can be regarded as a process exclusively devoted to the purpose of resorbing atretic oocytes. No indications for the production of steroid hormones were found. PMID- 6649782 TI - Electron microscopic and cytochemical study of the cortical cytoplasm in the preovulatory human oocytes. AB - Important changes take place in the cortical cytoplasm of human oocytes in connection with their maturation. Contacts between granulosa cell processes and the oocyte are interrupted, the perivitelline space develops, invaded by oocyte long microvilli. Fine flocculent material is deposited in the perivitelline space. As for oocyte cell organelles, changes occur especially in the granular endoplasmic reticulum which, formerly creating a network of cisternae studded with a low number of ribosomes, eventually becomes disintegrated, splitting into individual smooth vesicles scattered together with mitochondria throughout the cytoplasm. The number of Golgi structures drops substantially. Cortical granules mature and become organized into a single layer beneath the cell membrane. Acid mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins and proteins were demonstrated in their contents. In addition to the above cortical granules, morphologically distinct secretory vesicles are present in the cortical cytoplasm of human preovulatory oocytes. Their number increases markedly during the resumption of meiosis when they release their contents into the perivitelline space. Like the extracellular flocculent material deposited in the perivitelline space, also the secretory vesicles contain glycoproteins and proteins. The extrusion of this glycoprotein material into the perivitelline space coincides temporally with the loosening of microvilli, previously embedded in the zona pellucida material, and with the interruption of oocyte-follicular cells contacts. PMID- 6649783 TI - Light- and electron-microscopic investigations into the gastro-intestinal nervous system of the vineyard snail (Helix pomatia). AB - In the wall of the intestinal tract, two neural plexuses run though. Both of them consist of nerve cells and nerve fibres. The cells belong to the intestinal wall. One part of the fibres is from the nervus intestinalis, the other part belongs to the process system of the parietal ganglion cells. Most of the nerve cells have a unipolar or a bipolar form, but the multipolar forms don't fall within rarities, either. In the cytoplasm, under an electron microscope, there are several endoplasmatic reticula of wide lumina and free ribosomes or those, coordinated in series. And there are but a few mitochondria. The neurosecretory granules, joined by dense-core forms and homogeneous oval granules, are characteristic. The chromatin sits closely on the nuclear membrane in the form of serrated lobes. The greatest part of the nerve fibres are full of neurosecretory granules, there are in the others elliptical granules of large format, the third is dominated by densecore forms. There are added to the nerve fibres of granule content the agranular fibres, containing no granules, as well as glia cells and glial fibrils. In the latter ones, there are plenty of glycogenous granules. Their characteristic constituents are the homogeneous and elliptical gliogranules of large size. PMID- 6649785 TI - Mucopolysaccharide histochemistry of chiropteran glomerulus. AB - The glomeruli of frugivorous and carnivorous species indicate presence of sialomucins and that of insectivorous species both sialomucins and sulphomucins. In semi-hibernating insectivorous species the glomerular basal border and bowman's capsule contain only neutral mucopolysaccharide and in others both neutral mucopolysaccharide and sialomucins. The significance of these renal mucopolysaccharide is indicated. PMID- 6649784 TI - AMP deaminase histoenzymatic staining in rat intrafusal muscle fibers and other skeletal muscle tissues. AB - AMP deaminase activity is detected by histoenzymological technique in intrafusal skeletal muscle fibers, at the level of the Schwann sheath of nerve fibers, in the intima, and in the media of arteries and in the capillary walls. The localization of high AMP deaminase activity appears to correspond to the localization of high ATPase and high glycolytic activity. PMID- 6649786 TI - Light and electron microscopic observations of the development of intestinal musculature in Xenopus. AB - In the developing intestine of Xenopus the inner circular muscle layer is always thicker and is set up earlier than the outer, longitudinal one. First undifferentiated myoblasts appear between the intestinal epithelium and serosa in the stage 41 (NIEUWKOOP and FABER, 1967). Two crossed muscle layers appear not earlier than stage 50. Then the outer, longitudinal layer consists of single undifferentiated cells, while the inner one is already built of several rows of myocytes. Their ultrastructure and distribution were examined with TEM and SEM. The differentiation of myocytes examined at ultrastructural level was found to be more advanced in the inner layer than in the outer one. However, only after metamorphosis the smooth myocytes of each layer display all the features of mature muscle cells and contain large numbers of the characteristic elements: dense bodies and caveolae. The latter were not found in the larvae and tadpoles. The increase of collagen contents in the submucosa but not between the layers was also observed. Its possible role in the arrangement of the muscular coat is discussed. PMID- 6649787 TI - [Shrinkage behavior of experimentally incinerated spongy bone as exemplified by the femur head]. PMID- 6649788 TI - [Diagnostic value of the petrous portion of the temporal bone for sex determination]. PMID- 6649789 TI - [Articular surfaces of the human proximal wrist joint]. PMID- 6649790 TI - The distribution pattern of subcutaneous fat with reference to level of physical activity in adult females. PMID- 6649791 TI - [Increase in body height and weight of boys and girls of school age with special reference to social class. I. Methodological bases]. PMID- 6649792 TI - 3'-Hydroxylation of 4'-methoxyisoflavones by Fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici. AB - 3'-Hydroxylation of isoflavones by Fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici mainly proceeds with 4'-methoxy-7-hydroxyderivatives; this reaction is used for quantitative conversion of 14C-labelled isoflavones. PMID- 6649793 TI - Conformational study of catecholamines in solution. AB - Conformations of noradrenaline, dopamine and ephedrine have been studied in aqueous solutions using high resolution PMR spectroscopy. We found that for dopamine the mole fraction of trans rotamer is increased if pH is changed from acidic to basic while for noradrenaline and ephedrine the opposite trend is observed: gauche rotamer forms of the side chain become more populated. These changes are discussed in relation to the role of the benzylic hydroxyl group for conformation and/or binding to a receptor site in the biophase. PMID- 6649794 TI - [Analog of hippuran: (103 Ru)ruthenocenoyl-glycine derivative. Synthesis, organ distribution and clearance]. AB - The analogue of hippuric acid, ruthenocenoyl-glycine was synthesized and labelled with the gamma-emitter 103Ru. As a by-product of the synthesis the labelled diamide from ruthenocene-dicarbonic acid and glycine was gained. With these ruthenocene derivatives the organ distributions in mice and rats were measured. All ruthenocene-glycine derivatives showed primary a high kidney accumulation followed by very rapid renal excretion. After application of the cytostatic PtCl2(NH3)2, causing toxic effects in the kidney of mice, the excretion of ruthenocenoyl-glycine is decreased. Biochemical data suggest the use of labelled ruthenocenoyl-glycine as a substitute for Iodo-labelled hippuran. PMID- 6649795 TI - Photosensitized effects of furocoumarins: the possible role of singlet oxygen. AB - The capacity of various furocoumarins to generate singlet oxygen in aqueous solution has been determined. The antiproliferative and the skin-photosensitizing activities of the same furocoumarins did not show any correlation with the capacity to generate the singlet oxygen, while these photobiological properties could be correlated with the capacity of furocoumarins to induce photolesions to the DNA. PMID- 6649796 TI - A non-thermal effect of millimeter wave radiation on the puffing of giant chromosomes. AB - A non-thermal influence of millimeter wave radiation (swept in frequency from 64.1 GHz to 69.1 GHz, sweeptime 6 s, and with stabilized frequencies of 67.200 +/ 0.001 GHz and 68.200 +/- 0.001 GHz, power density less than or equal to 6 mW/cm2) on the puffing of giant chromosomes of the midge Acricotopus lucidus (Diptera, Chironomidae) was found. The effect is manifested as a reduction in size of a specific puff that expresses genes for a secretory protein. The non thermal nature of the effect was proved by experiments in which the sham-exposed sample was warmed up by 2.5 degrees C which is more than the eight-fold microwave induced temperature increase of less than or equal to 0.3 degrees C. Concerning the very low photon energy of mm-waves compared to the thermal energy kT, it seems likely that the coherence of the radiation is essential for the observed effect. PMID- 6649797 TI - Determination of measles virus protein molecular weights on high percentage, highly cross-linked SDS polyacrylamide gels. AB - A recent examination of measles virus mRNA molecules has shown that the nucleocapsid and haemagglutin messengers are of the size expected from a consideration of their protein products. However, the mRNA for membrane protein is approximately 50% larger than the size required. The molecular weight of matrix protein has been determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and this procedure can lead to an underestimation of the true size of hydrophobic molecules which show increased SDS binding. It is therefore appropriate to examine the molecular weight determination of this protein to exclude such an artefactual discrepancy in mRNA and protein sizes. We report here that measles virus membrane protein does not shown such anomalous behaviour and confirm that the size discrepancy is a true phenomenon. PMID- 6649798 TI - [Results of rotation osteotomy using the Weber method in the treatment of habitual shoulder dislocation]. AB - Weber's rotational osteotomy is a surgical treatment of recurrent shoulder dislocation. While eliminating recurrence of the complaint, it attempts to regain full range of movement in the joint. Of the 39 operated patients it was possible to follow up 34 cases. The percentage of recurrent dislocation was 5.7%. The range of movement was reduced in some patients; in one by 10 degrees - 20 degrees. Otherwise there were no significant complications or post-operative complaints. The operative technique, the X-ray procedure and the pathogenesis of the original dislocation are described. Typical accompanying injuries require a particular operative method. The most common accompanying damage was normally the typical defect of the humeral head (incidence 91%). The regular overstretching of the subscapular muscle and the defect of the humeral head are considered by the operational technique introduced by Weber. PMID- 6649799 TI - [Visco-elasticity and cell volume density of the patellar cartilage]. AB - The elasticity of the joint surface was measured at defined points on a freshly removed patella which had no macroscopically apparent degenerative changes. The chondrocyte volume density of the stressed points was determined planimetrically. A correlation was found between the cell volume density and the viscoelastic properties of the joint cartilage, indicative of an increase in elasticity where the cell volume density was reduced. The mean chondrocyte volume under a defined joint surface was found to be almost constant, with varying cartilage thickness. PMID- 6649800 TI - [Indication for the surgical correction of severe spondylolisthesis and modification of incorrect lumbar posture]. AB - In the last few years, the operative treatment of severe spondylolisthesis has aimed to reduce the gliding movement between the vertebral bodies proceeding then to a spondylodesis. So far, various questions have remained open. When, with which techniques and with which patients should the reduction of the vertebral gliding be performed? How do these results compare with the spondylolisthesis fused operatively "in situ" without any correction at the same time? In order to answer the various questions raised, we examined patients operatively treated with spondylolisthesis of more than 50%, both clinically and radiologically. 20 patients with a ventral spondylodesis and reposition were compared with 98 patients having had a dorsal fusion without reposition. In most cases of progressive vertebral gliding, it is possible to effect alignment of the lumbar curvature even with complex procedures e.g. Halo-Pelvic Traction or usage of Harrington Instruments. The reposition of the spondyloptosis has a positive influence on the Pelvic Tilt. PMID- 6649801 TI - [Tuberculosis of the iliosacral joints. Treatment, results, prognosis and differential diagnosis]. AB - In comparison with other specific processes of the pelvic girdle tuberculous foci in the sacro-iliac joints are observed relatively frequently. In the last 26 years (1955 to 1980) 43 patients (28 female, 15 male; 39 Germans, 4 immigrant workers) with 45 sacroiliac tuberculosis were treated in the authors' clinic (44 by surgery). The youngest patient was aged 8, the oldest 67 (average age 33.9 years). Until the diagnosis was clarified the majority of the patients (39 = 92%) had been treated for sciatica and lumbago. In 24 (56%) of the patients the right sacro-iliac joint was affected, in 17 (39%) the left and in 2 (5%) both. Although all the cases showed advanced disease (with extensive destruction), and abscesses, fistulae or other tuberculous foci were found in the majority of the patients, the 1-hour blood sedimentation rates were normal or only slightly elevated in over 50% of them. In 35 cases (78%) the joint was completely destroyed. The post-operative complications (2 patients with 1 fistula each, 1 patient with a wound-healing impairment) did not have an adverse effect on the result of surgery. In the 37 patients (86%) who were examined on average 4.5 years after discharge from the hospital, no recurrences were found. Seventy-four percent of the sacro-iliac joints were partially or completely ankylosed; advanced postarthritic arthrosis was found in the remainder. Only one of the patients followed up, a mason, had to be retrained; the others had resumed their previous occupations on average 1.4 years after being discharged. PMID- 6649802 TI - [Surgical treatment of chronic recurrent patella dislocations. Surgical procedure and results]. AB - This is a report about a simplified operative technique of discission of the lateral retinaculum and vastus and medial drawing tight of the capsule. After the end of growth there will be always a medial transfer of the tuberositas tibiae at the same time by an undermining technique of osteotomy and osteosynthesis with a traction screw. Evaluation of our own 135 cases (1964-1981) with 27 only soft tissue-operations and 108 combined operations by longterm-observations or recent control (115 cases with average observation period of 5,9 years). The number of reluxations of the patients, who had only a soft-tissue-operation, was as high as other reports; the primary number of reluxations after the combined operation was much lower (6,7%). By further conservative treatment or sometimes second operation none of our patients had any longer reluxations of the patella. PMID- 6649803 TI - [Bacterial studies of wound and drainage systems and their correlation with clinical findings]. AB - The wound secretions of the 1st and 2nd postoperative day as well as the drain tip of the 2nd postoperative day were examined bacteriologically. As a result it was found that with the increasing duration of drainage there was also an increase of the contamination rate. The exchange of the suction flasks, which seldom is performed in a hygienically unobjectionable way, was found to be especially problematical. If several bacteriological data are available, the bacteriology of the wound drainage is a simple, but informative way to diagnose the situation of wound healing. It was possible in the present study on 103 Redon drainages to show at the 2 wound infections occurred that the bacteria and/or bacterial combinations ascertained in the wound secretion and at the drain tip were the very same as were found later when the wound infection application became manifest. The systematic application of antibiotics have influence upon the identification of germs and may be responsible for any falsely negative result. The correlation with clinical data, such as body temperature and wound infection, makes evident that in many cases the identification of germs in the drainage system is of clinical importance. PMID- 6649804 TI - [Late results of bilateral osteochondrosis dissecans of the femoral head]. AB - This paper reports on long-term results following surgical treatment of 2 patients with bilateral osteochondrosis dissecans of the femoral head. The success of treatment of this rare condition depends less on the choice of surgical procedure than on continuous relief in the postoperative phase. PMID- 6649805 TI - [Femur head reimplantation in the reconstruction of dysplastic acetabula]. AB - Problems encountered in implanting prostheses in severely dysplastic hip joints are attributable on the one hand to deficient formation of the acetabulum, on the other to restricted medullary space for the shaft. The latter problem may be regarded as largely resolved thanks to the development of special dysplasia shafts adapted to these anatomical conditions. For reliable anchoring of the artificial acetabulum, an adequate lateral and anterior roof covering is required to support the implant. With reference to a study covering 16 patients who underwent surgery over a period of 3.5 years, the authors report on their experience with a surgical procedure in which the removed femoral head is used in the construction of the acetabulum. The surgical technique - which has now been standardized - and the indications are described. The advantages of this procedure are that the use of additional alloplastic material is reduced and that if the acetabulum has to be replaced at some later date a well-developed bony structure is available for fixing the new prosthesis. PMID- 6649806 TI - [Incidence and development of noticeable hip findings (a dysplasia complex) in newborn and young infants]. AB - Among 5338 infants in a DFG (German Research Association) priority program for prospective examination of pregnant women and neonates, asymmetry of the gluteal folds was found in approx. 12%. However this is of little diagnostic value for early diagnosis of hip dysplasia/luxation. The number of cases of restricted abduction found was even lower: in the period following birth it was 3.4%, from the 3rd to the 14th week. 12.7%. Ortolani's sign, including slightly positive and uncertain findings, was positive in 3.0% of the neonates; a hip dysplasia/luxation was diagnosed in 2.4% of the infants. The high percentage of suspected cases diagnosed, at 12.6%, is indicative of excessive diagnosis, even though this figure may already contain some oblique-presentation hips. Moreover, all the data are rendered relative by the differences in emphasis made by the 20 clinics taking part in the study; as a result the actual state and hence the uncertainty of early diagnosis of a hip dysplasia in practice are faithfully reflected. The results are compared with corresponding figures published by Barlow from a study of 9289 children. PMID- 6649807 TI - [Incidence and development of noticeable hip findings (the dysplasia complex) in newborn and young infants. Additional statistical analysis of the findings]. AB - Early signs of hip dysplasia in 7120 children (in the neonatal period asymmetry of the gluteal folds, Ortolani snap phenomenon and restricted abduction; subsequently, at about 6 weeks, asymmetry of the gluteal folds and restricted abduction) were statistically analyzed with regard to simultaneous occurrence and their prognostic value in confirming a hip dysplasia. The findings at 6 weeks were found to be more serious. Almost no significance can be attached to an isolated finding in the period following birth. Since the study covered several clinics, it was possible to compare findings from individual centers. It was found that they fell into four groups with different diagnostic preferences, despite the agreed uniform examination technique. Thus, almost all of the positive Ortolani findings were diagnosed at two of the 20 clinics taking part in the study. In the overall comparison the group of clinics which relied almost exclusively on asymmetry of the gluteal folds had the least prognostic success. The clinics with a higher proportion of positive Ortolani findings had better prognosis results, though the incidence of dysplasias was not increased. PMID- 6649808 TI - [Luxation of the hip and preventive examinations]. AB - The present report on the possibilities and limitations of screening and its importance for the prevention of congenital hip dislocation is based on many years of practical experience in preventive medicine and equally extensive study of oblique presentation and congenital dislocation of the hip joint. The paper presents a review of the various forms of malformation of the hip and following a short discussion of the origins and prognoses of these various forms, deals with the various diagnoses. Two main examination periods are important for diagnosis: the neonatal period and the 4th month of life. In the neonatal period a hip joint is unstable if the Roser-Ortolani sign is positive. Other clinical symptoms are found in addition in the much rarer congenital dislocation of the hip. The advantage of examination in the neonatal period is that it enables the unstable hip joint to be treated immediately. As a rule this preventive treatment, involving little risk, results in normal development of the hip joint, instead of the possible defective development to hip dislocation. These possibilities in the neonatal period are limited by the degree of experience and the extent of cooperation between examiners and therapists. In the second main examination period, in the 4th month of life, the malformations which occur post partum should be identified. In contrast to the obviousness of the clinical hip joint findings in the neonatal period" clear clinical hip joint symptoms can only be expected in the 4th month of life with the most severe forms of hip dislocation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6649809 TI - [Myositis ossificans following extensive burns]. AB - A report on a case of myositis ossificans following 50-60% burns (second to third degree) on the trunk and extremities with periarticular localization of the ossification at the hip and knee joints. In terms of its extent and localization the ossification is primarily similar to post-paraplegic ossification of soft tissues. PMID- 6649810 TI - [Hand deformities in Freeman-Sheldon syndrome and their surgical treatment]. AB - The Freeman-Sheldon-Syndrome is a rare complex of malformations with typical deformities of face, hands and feet. The individual variability of the characteristics seems to be very big, as could see in our own patients (9 cases) as well as in literature (43 cases). The most frequent and most important characteristics are discussed, mainly the deformity of the hand. Six hands have been operated on for functional improvement; different methods were used. The primary objective of our treatment was the correction of thumb deformity. PMID- 6649811 TI - [The Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome]. AB - Freeman-Sheldon syndrome (FSS) or craniocarpotarsal dysplasia is characterized by a triad of symptoms: 1. Masklike, whistling facial expression (whistling face syndrome), 2. Ulnar deviation of digits II to V and adduction contracture of the thumb and 3. Foot deformities. The pathogenesis of this malformation is unknown. Heredity is autosomal dominant and not sex-linked. Genetic counseling of affected individuals is imperative. The differential diagnosis should exclude the possibility of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and particularly congenital windmill deformity of the fingers, which can also be accompanied by foot deformities. The foot and hand deformities associated with FSS are resistant to treatment and require consistent conservative and operative measures. Multiple, extensive operative interventions were unavoidable in both cases described. PMID- 6649812 TI - [The role of friction in the loosening process of total endoprosthesis of the hip]. AB - Discussing the causes of aseptic loosening mechanism of total hip replacement shear forces resulting from friction between cup and head are often mentioned. Therefore measurements of friction torque in explanted endoprostheses were performed in a new hip simulator to evaluate the influence of friction on the loosening. Differing from other simulators the physiological deformation of the hip bones was imitated by a bending beam. The measured values were compared with mathematically and experimentally found limit loads of the cup fixation. It was shown that the only influence of the shear forces transferred by friction was no significantly dangerous factor for the interface between bone and bone cement of a primarily fixed cup. PMID- 6649813 TI - [Experimental results of stepped titanium shafts for hip endoprostheses]. AB - Among the materials which can be used for hip prostheses to be implanted without bone cement, ceramics and titanium possess the best overall properties for insuring long-term stability in the light of present knowledge. However, considered separately, the two materials are most suitable for different special requirements. Results of long-term animal experiments conducted by different working groups on functionally stressed hip and tooth-root implants made of bio inert Al2O3 ceramic and titanium have furnished knowledge of the possibilities and limitations of the adaptation reaction of the bone tissue. The present authors investigated whether, by combining Al2O3 ceramic and titanium, a cement free total hip replacement can be adapted to specific local stresses, taking biomechanical rules and anatomical factors into account. In recent experimental series it proved possible to limit the problems which had occurred in previous series, reported elsewhere. Positive results in dogs led to a human implant which has so far been used 15 times, with Al2O3 (FRIALIT) acetabula and heads, which have been implanted successfully for a number of years, in combination with the new stepped titanium shaft. In addition to a short review of follow-up findings thus far, the results of the experimental investigations are presented. PMID- 6649814 TI - [Effectiveness of rehabilitation measures from the orthopedic viewpoint]. AB - The investigations reported here were prompted by the rapid increase in the amount of rehabilitation treatment performed in recent years and the high costs it incurs. The patients considered had all undergone orthopedic treatment. Rehabilitation treatment lasted between 4 and 6 weeks. On the basis of certain criteria (alleviation of pain, improvement of function) it was attempted to show what degree of success can be achieved with rehabilitation measures following disc operations, total hip and knee-joint replacements and degenerative changes of the spine. In view of their high cost rehabilitation measures would not be justifiable if equally satisfactory results could be achieved by less costly methods. However, a complex therapeutic program generally cannot be carried out adequately on an outpatient basis. While surveys of effectiveness conducted by numerous authors have shown that considerable savings are possible in terms of general and insurance costs (Gercke 1977), accurate indication and careful assessment of the necessity for a cure are essential. The authors' investigations in 4 rehabilitation groups revealed that in a high percentage of the patients not only subjective alleviation of pain but also genuine, measurable functional improvements were achieved. Rehabilitation is one of the most important elements of pension insurance schemes: the dictum here is that "rehabilitation has priority over pensions". Nevertheless, the low chance of success assumed by pension applicants during rehabilitation should be taken into account. These patients, who are only interested in the success of their pension applications, regard the chances of success as practically non-existent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6649815 TI - [Initial study of the venous disease patient]. PMID- 6649816 TI - [Venous disease. Guidelines for drug therapy]. PMID- 6649817 TI - [Vitamin E and arteriosclerosis]. PMID- 6649818 TI - [Hypertension treatment: weight reduction training or drugs?]. PMID- 6649819 TI - [Hypovolemic form of hypotension and its therapy]. PMID- 6649820 TI - [Thyroid gland diagnosis (1). Clinical and laboratory chemical studies]. PMID- 6649821 TI - [Thyroid gland diagnosis (2). Image-producing procedures and tissue puncture]. PMID- 6649822 TI - [Gastroenterology (19). Roentgen diagnosis 3: the stomach (2)]. PMID- 6649823 TI - [Current aspects of hypertension treatment. Symposium 10 years Moduretic, Budapest 9-12 June 1983]. PMID- 6649824 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux. Its treatment in childhood]. PMID- 6649825 TI - [Congenital incomplete duodenal obstructions in the newborn infant and in children]. PMID- 6649826 TI - [Pediatric proctology in general practice]. PMID- 6649827 TI - [Pelvic osteotomies in children]. PMID- 6649828 TI - [Early diagnosis of testicular tumor]. PMID- 6649829 TI - [Indications for deep anterior rectum resection]. PMID- 6649830 TI - [Progress in chromosome diagnosis]. PMID- 6649831 TI - [Gastroenterology (20). Roentgen diagnosis: 4. The stomach (3)]. PMID- 6649832 TI - [Diabetes: Strategy for general and clinical practice. Cologne metabolic discussion]. PMID- 6649833 TI - [Therapy of rheumatoid polyarthritis. A year's experience with proglumetacin]. PMID- 6649834 TI - [The meaning of suffering (1). The essence of suffering]. PMID- 6649835 TI - [Sudden loss of vision]. PMID- 6649836 TI - [The disordered capacity of hearing (1). Hearing disability as symptom of a disease]. PMID- 6649837 TI - [The disordered sense of taste]. PMID- 6649838 TI - [The meaning of suffering (2). Overcoming suffering]. PMID- 6649839 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis: 5. The stomach (4)]. PMID- 6649840 TI - [Biometeorology--the effect of weather and climate]. PMID- 6649841 TI - [Test implantations as preparation for corrective collagen implantations in patients with scars]. PMID- 6649843 TI - Helping alcoholics. PMID- 6649842 TI - Con artist. PMID- 6649844 TI - Commentary: emotional problems of doctors. PMID- 6649845 TI - Current observations on breast abscess. PMID- 6649846 TI - Fence post impalement injury of the chest with air embolus: case report. PMID- 6649847 TI - On being a doctor. PMID- 6649848 TI - Parathyroid crisis in secondary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6649849 TI - Can you diagnose this? EKG of a patient with congenital complete heart block and DDD pacemaker. PMID- 6649850 TI - Cold urticaria with infectious mononucleosis: case report. PMID- 6649851 TI - Cure of isolated pulmonary mucormycosis: case report. PMID- 6649852 TI - A neat trick. PMID- 6649853 TI - [Principles and methods for the complex treatment of acute hepatic and hepatorenal failure]. PMID- 6649854 TI - [Age and adaptive mechanisms of oxygen transport in surgical patients in critical condition]. PMID- 6649855 TI - [Induction anesthesia in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6649856 TI - [Mechanism of action of ketamine]. PMID- 6649857 TI - [Comparative characteristics of changes in the levels of blood catecholamines and indices of central hemodynamics with various kinds of premedication and induction anesthesia in children]. PMID- 6649858 TI - [Maximal expiratory flow-volume test in evaluating the results of intensive care]. PMID- 6649859 TI - [Current principles for restoring adequate function of the cardiovascular system after open heart surgery]. PMID- 6649860 TI - [Role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of psoriasis]. PMID- 6649861 TI - [The cerebrospinal fluid in patients with contagious forms of syphilis treated by the one-course method]. PMID- 6649863 TI - [Problem-oriented teaching in dermato-venereology]. PMID- 6649862 TI - [Amino acid metabolism in patients with contagious forms of syphilis]. PMID- 6649864 TI - [Experience in the work of a multi-district center as a new organizational form of a therapeutic-diagnostic service to the community]. PMID- 6649865 TI - [Comparative socio-epidemiologic aspects of contingents of syphilis patients with established and non-established sources of infection]. PMID- 6649866 TI - [Pustular psoriasis]. PMID- 6649867 TI - [Case of mycosis fungoides treated with myelosan]. PMID- 6649868 TI - [Clinico-morphological characteristics of various forms of lichen ruber planus during treatment]. PMID- 6649869 TI - [Sclerovitiliginous form of porphyria cutanea tarda]. PMID- 6649870 TI - [Disciform nodular allergic vasculitis]. PMID- 6649871 TI - [PUVA therapy in chronic dermatoses using a domestic photosensitizer]. PMID- 6649872 TI - [Treatment of herpes zoster with methisazone]. PMID- 6649873 TI - [Reactivity of the skin to chemical irritants]. PMID- 6649874 TI - [Treatment of condyloma acuminatum in men]. PMID- 6649875 TI - [Experience in treating recent gonorrhea in men with cefzol]. PMID- 6649876 TI - [Immunocorrection in the combined treatment of patients with chronic prostatitis]. PMID- 6649877 TI - [Several clinico-epidemiological aspects of the course of gonorrhea in the aged]. PMID- 6649878 TI - [Results of the autoradiographic analysis of the proliferative activity of cells of the infiltrate and the vascular endothelium in various forms of lichen ruber planus]. PMID- 6649879 TI - [Analysis of the informational and activating components of reinforcement in a conditioned reflex experiment]. AB - The reinforcement in adaptive behaviour performs at least two functions: satisfaction of specific need (activational component) and estimation of signal significance of the conditioned stimulus while comparing the nervous model of the stimulus with current afferentation (informational component). In usual conditioning experiments with permanent reinforcement these components concide and therefore do not differ. However, they may be separated in the case of probabilistic reinforcement by changing stimuli contingency and shifting motivational level. With this aim the diagrams of probabilistic stimuli and reactions space, semantic and pragmatic matrices are worked out, allowing to estimate correlations of these parameters of conditioning experiments. Comparative psychophysiological investigations showed the possibility of determination of species peculiarities in behavioural choice strategies among various animals under above mentioned conditions. PMID- 6649880 TI - [Reflection of the capacity of children for solving mental tasks in EEG activity]. AB - The present study is devoted to estimation of intellectual work ability of 47 subjects aged from 11 to 13, by the character of their integrative brain activity organization as reflected in EEG and recorded during solution of mental tasks. A comprehensive material (1374 EEGs) reveals four basic forms of brain activity organization, reflecting four fundamental mechanisms of information processing in the course of thinking, the adequate interaction of which ensures successful solution of tasks. The suggested method of evaluation of intellectual ability for work by means of EEG provides for its correct identification in 94-83% (learning sample) and in 92-72% (control test) with high degree of significance (probability 0.999). PMID- 6649881 TI - [Training of rats of the Wistar and Krushinskii-Molodkinaia lines in a radial maze]. AB - The experiments were conducted on rats of Wistar (W) and Krushinsky--Molodkina (KM) (with audiogenic epilepsy) lines in 12-rays radial-symmetrical labyrinth. The trained rats of W line made less erroneous (repeated) visits to the labyrinth corridors than the rats of KM line. The corridors repeatedly visited by the rats of W line were more frequently situated near the unvisited corridors. No definite sequence of corridors' visiting by the rats of both lines was observed; still there was a tendency to choose corridors the most remoted from each other. This tendency intensified in the process of training. This is considered as one of tactics of rats' behaviour, providing for adequate reactions in definite surrounding conditions. PMID- 6649882 TI - [Comparative physiology of short-interval conditioned reflexes to time in different species of animals]. AB - Conditioned reflexes (CR) to short time intervals (from 0.25 to 20 min) were studied in rabbits, white rats and pigeons by motor food-procuring method. Some significant distinctions between species were revealed. The mean duration of formation of CR to time in rabbits amounted to 74 pairings, in rats--to 121, in pigeons--to 217. The optimal time interval varied in rabbits from 2 to 10 min, in rats from 1 to 4 min and in pigeons in was from 1 to 1,5 min. The longest interval which allowed to form the trace CR to time was not in excess of 22 min in rabbits, 10 min in rats and 4-5 min in pigeons. The shortest interval was within 15-45 s. Unstable and incorrect CR to time was formed when the intervals were shorter or longer than the optimal one. The accuracy of CR to time was: in rabbits approximately equal to 0.93-0.95 in rats approximately equal to 0.85 0.94, in pigeons approximately equal to 0.78-0.85. The data obtained have satisfactory explanation in the light of I. P. Pavlov's hypothesis on physiological mechanism of CR to time. PMID- 6649883 TI - [Conditioned reflex switching-over in the rat after temporary functional decortication]. AB - Conditioned switching-over was elaborated in white rats: in one situation an alimentary instrumental reflex to sound was elaborated, in another one--an electro-defensive avoidance reflex to the same sound, different time of the day and different chamber illumination used as the switching-over factor. One-time influence of spreading depression by means of bilateral application of 10% KCl solution for 1.5 min to dura mater brought to the disturbance of the conditioned switching-over for 2-3 days. Electrolytic destruction of posterior hypothalamus area was produced in some animals. After restoration of functions one-time application of spreading depression elicited deep and long-term disturbance of conditioned switching-over. Apparently more complex conditioned activity suffers greater at short-term elimination of cerebral cortex functions, especially in conditions of compensatory recovery after lesions of the central nervous system. PMID- 6649884 TI - [Mechanisms of visual generalization]. AB - The phenomenon of differentiations transfer from grids of different frequency and orientation to bars of different width and orientation was examined by the method of alimentary motor conditioned reflexes elaborated in free behaving dogs. After formation of differentiations of rectangular high-contrast grids by spatial frequency or orientation, transfer to single lines with the width equal to the width of bars forming the grids, leads to a broadening of the range of frequencies and orientations eliciting a positive response. Due to this fact, differentiations disappear or considerably worsen. The obtained results do not agree with the detector hypothesis according to which a part of receptive fields of the visual cortex are detectors of borders or bars of different width and orientation. But the results are predicted quantitatively by the hypothesis of description of images by receptive fields of the visual cortex as by two dimensional filtres tuned to different spatial frequencies and orientations. PMID- 6649885 TI - [Formation, fixation and reproduction of temporary connections during adaptation to physical loading]. AB - It is shown that long-term adaptation to physical loads of various intensity and duration has an influence on formation, fixation and reproduction of temporary connections in rats. Periodicity of conditioned activity has been found in the process of protracted training. After twenty days of adaptation to submaximal physical loads, the processes of fixation and reproduction of temporary connections improve whereas with elongation of adaptation the conditioned activity somewhat deteriorates. In conditions of long-term training by maximal physical loads, both elaboration and preservation of conditional reflexes in all adaptation terms is affected. PMID- 6649886 TI - [Effect of deprivation of paradoxical sleep on retention of the "passive" avoidance response]. AB - The effect of paradoxical sleep deprivation on the retention of passive avoidance was studied in rats. The analysis of the data obtained shows that paradoxical sleep deprivation produces impairment of the criterian of passive avoidance retention, latency prolongation of this reaction and augmentation of rat's motor activity in open field. It may be suggested that impairment of the criterion might be due to enhancement of motor activity, rather than to deprivation of paradoxical sleep per se. PMID- 6649887 TI - [Temporal organization of the excitation summation effect during interaction between self-stimulation zones]. AB - The analysis has been conducted of changes of histograms of pressing and pauses duration at self-stimulation (SS) of certain cerebral zones under the influence of motivational and reinforcing stimulations of other cerebral zones, performed at different phases of SS: in the moment of pedal pressing; 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7 s from the beginning of the pedal pressing and in the moment of its releasing. In the case of delay of motivational stimulation from the moment of pedal pressing a gradual reduction has been observed of relative duration of pressings (sign of rewarding SS effect) and pauses (sign of driving SS effect). Motivational stimulation performed at the moment of pedal release, elicited the greatest inhibitory effect. Reduction of SS-frequency was accompanied by the appearance of consummatory reactions. Delay of the reinforcing stimulation reduced the efficiency of its intensifying influences on the rewarding SS effect (expression of summation effect) and enhanced its influence on the driving effect. The common character has been shown of motivational and disrupting mechanisms of SS, on the one hand, and rewarding mechanisms--on the other hand. PMID- 6649888 TI - [Effect of arousing and somnogenic effects on the hypothalamus on the space-time organization of the internal connections of the somatosensory cortex]. AB - Evoked potentials arising in the somatosensory cortex in response to single local stimulation of a forepaw, were recorded in cats in a state of slow-wave sleep and strained alertness elicited by electric activation of the basal preoptic area and posterior hypothalamus. Structure of connections between cortical points was studied by values of responses' amplitudes by means of correlation and factor analyses. It has been found that the organization of functional connections within the somatosensory cortex is determined by several factors, sensitive to hypothalamic influences. The most specific organization for each state is revealed at the stage of completion of the positive-negative complex of the primary response, which combines with the highest plasticity of connection formation. PMID- 6649889 TI - [Effect of elimination of brain stem-septal connections on prolonged posttetanic changes in the hippocampus]. AB - Comparative analysis of long-lasting effects of Schaffer's collaterals tetanization (15 Hz, 15 s) was performed in 61 extracellularly recorded units of the intact hippocampus (field CA1) and in 51 units after complete septo hippocampal disconnection in chronic alert rabbits. The number of units with long lasting potentiation (LLP) was significantly greater in the hippocampus deprived of brain stem-septal afferents (63%) as compared to the intact hippocampus (21%); the number of units with posttetanic depression was reduced (21% versus 34%). The mean level of LLP in the deafferentated hippocampus was significantly higher than in the intact hippocampus (mean 220% and 180% of control level; p less than 0,001), and its duration was greater. Conversely, the mean level of depression was lower in the deafferentated hippocampus than in the normal one (140% and 170% of control level; p less than 0,01). This increase of LLP may result from elimination of inhibitory influences of the brain stem-septal afferent input, and/or from sprouting of Schaffer's collaterals after deafferentation with increase in number of functional synapses. PMID- 6649890 TI - [Effect of individual experience on the adequate solution of an extrapolation task by animals]. PMID- 6649891 TI - [Features of the performance of alimentary, acid and instrumental defensive reflexes in dogs following destruction of the amygdala]. PMID- 6649892 TI - [Relation between the rate of extinction of instrumental defensive reflexes and the duration of a painful stimulus]. PMID- 6649893 TI - [Formation of conditioned responses in isolated neurons of Helix pomatia]. PMID- 6649894 TI - [Role of the dopaminergic system of the rat brain in memorization disorders following exertion]. PMID- 6649895 TI - [Experimental chamber for continuous brain slices]. PMID- 6649896 TI - Geneva scientific seminar 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6649897 TI - The influence of metronidazole prophylaxis and the method of closure on wound infection in non-perforating appendicitis in childhood. AB - Prospective investigation of consecutive children suffering from non-perforating appendicitis indicated that metronidazole prophylaxis significantly reduces the risk of postoperative wound sepsis regardless of the method of closure. However, in view of the advantages of subcuticular polyglycolic acid this must be regarded as the method of closure of choice in non-perforating appendicitis in children. PMID- 6649898 TI - [Transplantation of the small intestine--current status and possibilities for the future]. AB - The transplantation of small intestine is still an experimental therapy. In men, small intestinal transplantation has not yet been successful. Although the technical problems of small intestinal transplantation and monitoring of the grafts have been resolved in animal experiments and a transplantation model has been prepared, survival time of the grafts has been insufficient so far. The introduction of Cyclosporin A as immunosuppressive drug may lead to a dramatic change in the attitude towards small intestinal transplantation. Preliminary results in experimental studies in dogs and piglets with long-term survival of recipients and grafts are very encouraging. PMID- 6649899 TI - Internal anal sphincter response after electrical stimulation of the rectal myenteric nerve plexus in the rabbit. AB - The internal anal sphincter response to electrical stimulation of the rectal mucosa was studied in six rabbits. The anal canal was dissected free and then opened with an anterior, longitudinal incision to yield a flat sphincter preparation. After the external sphincter had been paralysed, isometric recordings of internal sphincter activity were performed. Electrical stimulation applied to the rectal mucosa elicited sphincter relaxations in all rabbits. Division of the gut beneath the point of stimulation blocked the response, as did local submucous anaesthesia. The results show (1) that electrical stimulation of the rectum can elicit internal sphincter relaxation, and (2) that the response is mediated via the myenteric and submucosal nerve plexuses. PMID- 6649900 TI - [Electromanometric studies of the sphincter zone using unperfused probes on children with a healthy anus]. AB - With regard to the measuring technique with unperfused water-filled tubes, many authors report different standards concerning the anorectal pressure zone. In order to define standards, 133 infants with healthy anorectal sphincter from 1 to 12 years of age were examined by this method. As a result, it must be stated that this method cannot reproduce standards. For this reason, very thin perfused tubes with very low rates of perfusion should be used to obtain at least the anorectal pressure profile. The reasons for the poor results achieved with this method, due to the measuring technique, are demonstrated. PMID- 6649901 TI - Serum and erythrocyte acetylcholine esterase in Hirschsprung's disease. AB - Determination of acetylcholine esterase in serum (S-AChE) and erythrocytes (E AChE) was carried out in nine patients with Hirschsprung's disease and 16 normal controls. S-AChE was significantly elevated in patients with Hirschsprung's disease, while no significant difference was observed in E-AChE in these two groups. In 17 patients with Hirschsprung's disease, S-AChE and E-AChE were determined after definitive operation. Twelve of these patients underwent a Duhamel type procedure in which a small part of the aganglionic bowel segment remained unresected. Five patients were treated by Swenson's procedure performing complete resection of the aganglionic bowel segment. S-AChE in patients treated by the Duhamel type procedure remained elevated, while it was as low as that in normal controls in patients who underwent Swenson's procedure. There was no significance in E-AChE in both groups. This study suggests a close relation of the level of S-AChE to the extent of the aganglionic bowel segment in Hirschsprung's disease. PMID- 6649902 TI - Peptidergic innervation in Hirschsprung's disease. AB - An increasing amount of evidence concerning the existence of non-adrenergic, non cholinergic autonomous nerves has been presented during the past decade. These nerves contain different peptides which may act as neurotransmitters. The pathophysiology in Hirschsprung's disease is not yet fully explained. To throw further light upon it, the distribution and occurrence of different peptide containing (peptidergic) nerves was studied. A semiquantitative immuno histochemical method was used to assess the distribution and occurrence of nerves containing encephalin, GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide), VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) or substance P in four patients operated by Duhamel's procedure. The results indicate a total absence of encephalin and GRP containing nerves in the aganglionic segment. Such nerves could, however, be found in the normally ganglionated part of colon. The nerves containing VIP and substance P were fewer in the aganglionic segment than in the rest of the colon. The result is related to what is hitherto known about the specific effects of the different peptides. PMID- 6649904 TI - Double zonal aganglionosis with a skipped oligoganglionic ascending colon. AB - We report a case of aganglionosis which involved the rectum, entire colon, appendix, terminal ileum but spared the ascending colon. This case was considered to represent for so-called double zonal aganglionosis. Histologically, the spared ascending colon proved to be an oligoganglionic segment. This may be the first documentation of a skipped oligoganglionic colon in double zonal aganglionosis. PMID- 6649903 TI - [Neuronal intestinal dysplasia. Critical 10-years' analysis of clinical and biopsy diagnosis]. AB - 61 cases of neuronal intestinal dysplasia are compared in a follow-up study. Two clinically and bioptically different types of intestinal dysplasia can be distinguished. One type with involvement of the sympathetic nerves and the clinical signs of intestinal spasticity, ulcerative colitis with haemorrhagic stools. Histotopochemically, this disease pattern shows aplasia or hypoplasia of the sympathetic nerves with enhanced parasympathetic activity (elevated acetylcholinesterase activity in the lamina propria mucosae and orbicular musculature). One type with involvement of the plexus submucosus clinically accompanied by adynamia of the colon with megacolon formation. This type becomes manifest usually around the 6th month of life. Bioptically there are large groups of ganglion cells and Schwann's cells, but there is also acetylcholinesterase activity as in the other type. This 2nd form is seen more frequently. A third form is a combination of both diseases. The incidence rate of neuronal intestinal dysplasia is equal to that of Hirschsprung's disease. PMID- 6649905 TI - Manometric assessment of anorectal pressures in Hirschsprung's disease after Rehbein's operation with and without anorectal myectomy. AB - Anorectal manometric studies were performed on 15 patients with Hirschsprung's disease before surgery, on eight patients after Rehbein's procedure and seven patients after Rehbein's procedure with anorectal myectomy. The results were compared with those of 45 normal subjects. High anal resting pressure as well as an absence of the anorectal reflex proved to be responsible for obstructive symptoms in Hirschsprung's disease. Out of eight patients treated according to Rehbein's procedure, new internal sphincter relaxation was found in two, and anal resting pressures were significantly higher than those of the normal controls or of the patients treated according to Rehbein's procedure plus anorectal myectomy. It was demonstrated that anorectal myectomy is a more definitive procedure to restore the anal resting pressure to normal. Good postoperative continence can be achieved not only by the new internal sphincter relaxation but also by good propulsive movement which can overcome the remaining functional obstruction. PMID- 6649906 TI - [Omento-porto-duodeno-pexy in the treatment of bile-duct atresia and hypoplasia in infants]. AB - From 1975 to 1982, central lymph drainage was performed in our hospital, on 12 infants with atresia of the intrahepatic bile ducts. The greater omentum was used for the drainage. It was mobilized and attached to the incised hilar lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels of the hepatic-duodenal ligament and to the decapsulated duodenum. In two children, this method was combined with Kasai's operation. These two children developed cirrhosis of the liver. Only one of the other 10 children, who underwent our own procedure, has developed cirrhosis so far. The remaining 9 children show no signs of liver damage. PMID- 6649907 TI - [Intracranial metastasis in neuroblastoma]. AB - Computed tomography is the most useful diagnostic method to demonstrate the pathophysiological consequences of secondary craniocerebral neuroblastoma. Hyperostotic metastases with subperiostal epidural tumour plaques as well as tumour deposits displacing and compressing adjacent venous sinuses show up well. Moreover, post-contrast computed tomography is a sensitive method for controlling patients under cytostatic or radiation therapy. In general, cranial computed tomography should be a part of basic diagnostics in neuroblastoma. PMID- 6649908 TI - Two successful thoracotomies in an infant of very low birth weight. AB - A female infant with a birth weight of 750 g underwent successful thoracotomy twice, at an age of 5 days for persisting pneumo-pleural air leakage and at an age of 3 weeks for patent ductus arteriosus causing heart failure. PMID- 6649909 TI - Segmental colonic duplication presenting as a sigmoid volvulus. AB - This is a case report of a four-year-old girl who presented with severe intermittent abdominal pain. She had an infra-levator imperforate anus repaired as a newborn. Operation demonstrated duplications of the right and left colons, separated by a normal transverse colon. The left colon duplication was closed at both ends, and it contained 500 cc of intestinal secretions. The sigmoid colon and its duplication volvulized. The terminal ileum was also duplicated; one ileum joining a normal ascending colon duplication, which was patent proximally, but closed distally. PMID- 6649911 TI - Malignant ovarian teratoma in childhood. AB - Successful treatment of three cases of malignant ovarian teratoma is reported. The first manifestation was abdominal pain in all cases. An abdominal mass was palpated in one patient only. Ultrasonography and computerized tomography could not supply an exact preoperative diagnosis. The initial therapy was unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Peritoneal implants were present in all three cases. The implant was malignant in two children and peritoneal resection was performed. Further treatment consisted of combined chemotherapy with actinomycin, adriamycin, vincristin and cyclophosphamide according to a modified T2 protocol. Radiation therapy was also applied to the entire abdomen. The favourable results may be attributed to this aggressive combined treatment, which may improve prognosis. PMID- 6649910 TI - [Rectal carcinoma in childhood]. AB - The authors report on the case of a 12-year-old girl on whom surgery was performed for primary carcinoma of the rectum with a case history of one year. The tumour had already infiltrated the vagina. Abdominoperineal amputation of the rectum was performed. An extended tumour relapse and metastases in the liver were found on relaparotomy which had to be performed three years later The prognosis was, therefore, unfavourable indeed. Numerous publications prove that carcinoma of the rectum must be given differential diagnostic consideration even in childhood, especially if there are unclear deposits of blood in the faeces in conjunction with abdominal pain and loss of weight. Usually, the "fatal pause" between the first symptoms and the correct diagnosis is too long. Once the disease has progressed to an advanced stage, carcinoma of the rectum has a very unfavourable prognosis even in children. Simple digito-rectal examination can decisively improve the survival rate. PMID- 6649912 TI - Infrared-contact coagulation of parenchymatous organs - report of three cases. AB - Infrared-contact coagulation of the spleen with an infrared-sapphire-coagulator was applied in two children with subcapsular hematoma and splenic cyst, thereby achieving complete and partial organ preservation, respectively. This method was also used for haemostasis following the dissection of a common liver in Siamese twins. Infrared-contact coagulation is a proper method for organ preservation in injuries or other pathological conditions of parenchymatous organs. PMID- 6649913 TI - High anorectal atresia - surgical treatment through a sacro-coccygeal-perineal approach. AB - 10 infants with high anorectal atresia had a primary colostomy and later a definitive pull-through operation was performed. This was accomplished through a sacro-coccygeal approach and enabled easy and precise identification of the pubo rectalis sling of the levator ani muscle. Placement of the rectum inside this sling is the most important factor in achieving post-operative faecal continence in these infants. A follow-up period of 4--10 years showed good bowel control in 9 patients, although occasional slight soiling occurs. PMID- 6649914 TI - Neo-ureter made from renal pelvis - a new method for treatment of giant hydronephrosis. AB - A new method for ureter reconstruction is reported (neoureter construction). Three cases of pelvi-ureteric obstruction with enormously enlarged pelvis and underdeveloped ureter are presented, in which this operation was successfully performed. PMID- 6649915 TI - [Classification of digoxin concentrations in blood and tissues in cases under suspicion of poisoning]. AB - The clarification of a suspicion of poisoning at all times poses a problem to the forensic toxicologist, when a narrow margin of therapeutic safety and a low dosage coincide as in cases of digoxin poisoning. Statistical methods may serve as an aid. The post mortem digoxin concentration in the tissues of heart, kidney, liver and in blood of 45 patients who had received therapeutic daily doses and of 13 cases of fatal poisoning are compared. After logarithmic transformation of the individual concentration values a two modal distribution is obtained. There is one concentration calculated with equal probability of being classified to "therapeutic or toxic", as well as the probability of observing the "critical" concentrations of 400 ng digoxin/g cardiac tissue, 500 ng/g kidney and 250 ng/g liver after therapeutic dosing. Using the discriminant analysis each of the cases clearly falls into one of the two collectives "therapeutic" and "toxic", when taken as a separate observation. Concentration data of fatal poisonings taken from the literature are as successfully classified as the analytical results of some exhumed bodies under suspicion but not poisoned. As expected the power of discrimination increases with the number of parameters. Because of the relatively slow body distribution of digoxin the blood taken from peripheral vessels is of most important evidence. PMID- 6649916 TI - Determination of ABO(H) blood group substances from finger and toe nails. AB - Thirty-six finger and toe nails were analyzed for ABO(H) blood group substances by the modified absorption elution method. The blood groups from nails were successfully determined in all the samples. PMID- 6649917 TI - [Clues in pedestrian-vehicle collisions and their significance for reconstruction of accidents]. AB - Investigations of clues in 87 fatal pedestrian-car accidents which took place with erect posture of the body are reported. Traces of paint proved to be most important clues transferred from the vehicle to the pedestrian's clothing. They derived from the outer paint layer of the collision sites at the front of the vehicle and occurred in 49% of the cases investigated. As has been shown by light and scanning electron microscopic investigations, there is intensive contact between the textile fibers and the paint traces which can be explained by action of heat in the collision. The higher the collision speed, the more readily paint is rubbed off. Because traces of rubbed off paint mark the site of the vehicle impact and indicate the color of the vehicle, they have a high evidence value for reconstruction of the accident. This also applies to traces of molten plastic material as well as to rubbed off chrome and rubber. In contrast to the prevalent view, paint splitters are unsuitable for determining the impact direction. Textile microtraces, traces of blood, hair and tissue occur as transferred clues from the pedestrian to the vehicle. These clues do not permit any statements with regard to the impact direction. They must be evaluated in connection with the remaining clues and the injuries. PMID- 6649918 TI - Classification of alpha 2-HS-glycoprotein (alpha 2HS) types by isoelectric focusing. AB - A sample of 300 sera from unrelated individuals from Northern Japan was examined by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. Three common types, alpha 2HS 1 1, 2-1, and 2-2 were differentiated. The frequencies of the alpha 2HS alleles in our sample were found to be: alpha 2HS1 = 0.7250 and alpha 2HS2 = 0.2750. Analysis of 16 parents with 21 children did not show deviations from the expected mode of inheritance. PMID- 6649920 TI - [Species determination of puparia of forensically important blowflies]. AB - The cephalopharyngealsclerite and the morphology of the 12th puparian segment provide useful recognition features to distinguish the puparia of forensically important blow-fly species. In addition it was found that the size of the puparia can only make restricted reference to the identification of the species. The most useful characters of the puparia are finally collected in a classification key. PMID- 6649919 TI - [Ultrastructural pathology of the alveolar apparatus in experimental drowning]. AB - Investigations were carried out on anaesthetized rats which by a tracheotomy tube actively aspirated liquids of different osmolarities covering a range from tap water to 2.9% NaCl solution. In every range of osmolarity, the ultrastructural alterations show areolar limitations and different stages of development. In freshwater the influx of liquid causes a hypoxemic-dysoric alveolose with diffuse of pulvinate oedematous swellings of all compartments of the blood-gas-barrier, cytolysis, karyolysis, membrane desintegration, hydropic alterations of the (cell) organelles, dilatation of the drainage tracts of the alveolar interstitium. Vesicular transformation caused by a dilatation of the pinocytotic system ending in endothelial and epithelial vesiculation. Salt-water drowning leads to a hypoxemic alveolose with a marked compaction of the matrix. The epithelium shows many alterations of the surface, numerous protrusions, constrictions and expose of the basement membrane (villous transformation). Erythrocyte sludge and thorn-apple-shaped erythrocytes are found in the capillaries. Application of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of drowning allows a more reliable classification and, correspondingly, decisive improvements of the reliability of lightmicroscopical findings. PMID- 6649921 TI - [Tetracycline-like fluorescence in buried human skeleton parts]. AB - Some ubiquitous soil-living micro-organisms are producing tetracycline-like fluorescences in skeletal remains. For this reason, the possibility of using tetracycline fluorescences in dating or allocating displaced skeletal parts is severely limited. PMID- 6649922 TI - A case of murder by impalement. AB - We report here the case of a young oligophrenic man killed by a psychopath by impalement, using a sharp stick which was thrusted into the perineal region, thus causing injuries to abdominal and thoracic viscera. PMID- 6649923 TI - [Influence of axial deformities on the LDH isoenzyme of cartilage and synovial membrane in gonarthrosis]. AB - Varus or valgus deformities and metabolic alterations of the articular cartilage and synovialis of patients with gonarthrosis (n = 67) had been analysed. The increase of axial deviation went together with a significant change of the LDH activity of the cartilage. The increasing activity of the LDHH-subunits depending on the axial deviation corresponded exactly with the maximum stress on the articular surface calculated by Maquet. On the other hand alterations of the LDH isoenzyme distribution of the synovialis could be found with increasing activity of the LDHM subunits. A close correlation of the whole joint metabolism and the hypercompression of the cartilage is obvious. PMID- 6649924 TI - [Increased spontaneous lability of the complement system in arthritis]. PMID- 6649925 TI - [Experimental confirmation of the antiarthritic activity of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate]. AB - By the use of a biochemically induced animal model of osteoarthrosis we studied the chondroprotective properties and antiarthrotic potency of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate (GAGPS: Arteparon) in-vivo. Under reproducible experimental conditions and using quantitative analytical methods (joint space measurements, radiological and macroscopic evaluations) we were able to demonstrate that intraarticular or intramuscular applications of GAGPS can significantly reduce the intensity and progression of joint degeneration. The therapeutic effect of GAGPS was dose-dependent, and noticeable not only in the early stages of experimental osteoarthrosis but also when therapy was begun in the more advanced phases of joint degeneration. The degenerative effect of locally applied phenylbutazone was counteracted by GAGPS, confirming the chondroprotective potency of this compound. The interesting biochemical and pharmacological properties of GAGPS support and explain the antiarthrotic effects demonstrated in our in-vivo animal model of osteoarthrosis. The pronounced inhibition of cartilage-degrading enzymes by GAGPS and the stimulatory effect of this drug on hyaluronate synthesis may be regarded as important and clinically relevant properties. PMID- 6649926 TI - [Ultrastructural studies of the protective effect of GAG peptide complex containing cartilage substance in experimentally damaged chicken cartilage]. PMID- 6649928 TI - [Experimental animal model for assaying cartilage-protective substances]. PMID- 6649927 TI - [Ultrastructural study of the activity of antiarthritic substances]. PMID- 6649929 TI - [The treatment of experimental arthritis with glycosaminoglycan polysulfate]. PMID- 6649930 TI - [Histological study of the effect of Rumalon on experimentally induced arthrosis of the knee in the rabbit]. PMID- 6649931 TI - [Dose-dependent changes in the elasticity of cartilage following incubation in drugs of intra-articular applicability]. PMID- 6649932 TI - [The influence of GAGPS on the viscosity of synovial fluid in activated arthrosis]. PMID- 6649933 TI - [Evaluation of the effect of analgesics/antiphlogistics on the progression of spontaneous arthrosis in the C57 black mouse]. PMID- 6649934 TI - The evaluation of bone changes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Some biochemical and radiological parameters of bone loss associated with rheumatoid arthritis were compared with changes observed in patients suffering from osteoarthrosis. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis increased elimination of hydroxyproline correlated with hypercalciuria and elevated total serum alkaline phosphatase were found. It is suggested that in cases where special methods of assessment of bone changes are not available these biochemical values could serve as satisfactory screening method for detection of bone loss. PMID- 6649935 TI - [Results of radiosynoviorthesis with yttrium 90 in chronic synovitis: a long-term prospective study. I. Total results and effect of local factors]. AB - The purpose of the presented study was to investigate, whether the results of radiosynovectomy were dependent on different characteristics of the chronic synovitis. In our unit, from October 1978 to April 1981 193 joints--174 knee joints and 19 shoulder joints--of 107 patients underwent radiosynoviorthesis. 93 patients (169 joints) suffered from rheumatoid arthritis of different ARA-stages (I = 16, II = 31, III = 27, IV = 19; 67 seropositive, 26 seronegative), 14 patients with 24 treated joints had chronic synovitis other than rheumatoid arthritis. Only joints with chronic synovitis in the local stages I and II were treated if they did not respond to medical therapy and intraarticular applications of corticosteroids, respectively. Joints with local stage III and IV, respectively, with instability or with a secondary osteoarthrosis were excluded from radiosynovectomy. Every six months the patients were reinvestigated, and pain, swelling, mobility, stability of the joint, frequency of effusions and intraarticular steroid applications were assessed as well as the overall activity of the disease, SR, hemoglobin and effectivity of medical treatment. The overall result was good in 60% of cases after 6 and 12 months, respectively, in 54% of cases after 2 years and in 50% of cases after 3 years, it was fair in about 35% of cases. The results of 20 repeated radiosynovectomies were comparable. The frequency of joint effusions and of necessary intraarticular corticosteroid injections was significantly reduced even in patients showing a "poor" result of synoviorthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6649936 TI - [Results of radiosynoviorthesis with yttrium 90 in chronic synovitis: a long-term prospective study. II. Effect of general disease parameters]. AB - The results of 193 Yttrium-90 synovectomies in 174 knee joints and 19 shoulder joints, mostly in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, were analysed statistically on the basis of 6 monthly reinvestigations up to a follow up of three years. The results were significantly better in stage I than in stages II-IV of rheumatoid arthritis, which did not differ between each other; they were better in patients with low than in those with high disease activity; the effectivity was better in patients who responded well to medical treatment than in those who responded badly. In the group with "good" results of Y-90 synovectomy a significant fall in sedimentation rate and significant rise of hemoglobin could be registered. On the other hand, there was no difference between seropositive and seronegative patients. In a number of joints the good result of radiation synovectomy was preserved even in patients with overall progression of the disease. Our results show that the results of radiation synovectomy as of all local treatments have to be regarded in relation to the general development of the disease. PMID- 6649937 TI - [Polymorphic ocular involvement in relapsing polychondritis: an early, not always recognized symptom]. AB - Relapsing polychondritis is a rare disorder of unknown etiology. It is characterized by arthropathy, inflammation of auricular and nasal cartilage, and various ocular complications. Potentially destructive inflammatory lesions involve cartilaginous structures and the cardiovascular system. In three reported cases multiple ocular complications and arthropathy were early symptoms of relapsing polychondritis. PMID- 6649938 TI - [The psychosomatic phenomenon--or the phenomenon of psychosomatic research]. AB - In the present article the methods of empirical research are put up for discussion. As a methodological problem the reduction of the subject of research by the empirical approach is pointed out. From lack of consideration of this- inevitably--reductory effect an interpretation of the empirically obtainable data in the sense of a self-fulfilling prophecy may occur. The implication of the interdependence of research methods and results is demonstrated by an empirical study of the author's, wherein it is shown that the finding "alexithymia" as a component of the "psychosomatic phenomenon" is dependent upon the empirical approach. PMID- 6649939 TI - [The patient and his psychotherapist: an analog study on the choice of therapy and reflections on the significance of person perception in psychotherapy]. AB - In order to analyse the first beginning of therapeutic interaction an analog study was performed considering especially the social psychological elements of the situation. 93 subjects (mainly students of psychology and medicine, 54 female and 39 male, 18-30 years old) were shown two parts of films presenting examples for non-directive and behaviour therapy and then had to make a decision which therapy they would choose if they had psychologically determined problems. According to the demonstration in the film it was hypothesized that the arguments for choosing a therapy would be related more to the technique but instead most of the arguments were concerned with the person of the therapist. The influence of person-perception and halo-effects could also be shown by comparing the two therapist and other relevant roles including the self-description of the subjects by means of grid-technique with a pre-formed list of adjectives. Regarding other hypothetical influences of the required choice, also a set of personality variables gave a significant discrimination for the two therapy preference groups. The meaning and influence of person perception for the whole therapy process is taken up in the discussion. It is argued that person-perception might have greater influence in earlier phases of therapy, but is then succeeded by an interaction of learning strategies required by the therapist and the learning capacity of the patient. PMID- 6649940 TI - [Deviations from the "fictive normal ego": on the dilemma of the diagnosis of structural ego disorders]. AB - The functional aspect in psychoanalytic ego therapy seems to be especially useful with regard to obtaining diagnostic criteria for the decision of whether and to what extent the patient's ego deviates from a "fictitious normal ego" and whether or not modifications must, therefore, be introduced into the therapeutical procedure. Such criteria are required in particular when psychoanalysis and psychotherapy are concerned with patients suffering from severe structural ego deficiencies. It seems, moreover, that such patients, in obviously increasing numbers, are hospitalized in psychotherapeutic clinics and, even more frequently, taken care of in psychiatric institutions. In the diagnosis of structural ego deficiencies, however, a certain dilemma is observed which has an impact on both single and group therapy with the patients concerned: when, on the one hand, the diagnosis of an 'ego alteration' is inevitable, the diagnosis of functional ego deficiency, because of its so to say impartial mode of reasoning, on the other hand, offers to pronounce as an ego deficiency in the patient much of what has its origins more or less in the counter-transference reactions and the limits of adaptability in the therapist, both qualities being especially in demand when dealing with patients suffering from structural ego deficiencies, as e.g. in psychiatric institutions. It is suggested that the functions of the ego be interpreted as consistent symbolic capacities of the ego which constitute reality. Their diagnosis in each case remains tied to an interpersonal process in the course of which the parties concerned alternate in typefying and interpreting one another. PMID- 6649941 TI - [Patients break off analytic treatment]. AB - This investigation is concerned with 61 patients who discontinued analytic single or group therapy. Only 19 patients appeared for a catamnestic interview. Tendentially, patients who discontinue single therapy possess rather an overly compensatory depressive attitudinal structure which at first, by quick establishment of contacts, encourages cooperation. Later on therapist and patient seem to fear a collapse of this attitude. In those who discontinue group therapy a rather depressive inhibitory structure seems to predominate. By the display of externalizing tendencies they hope for a change produced by influences from outside and they withdraw when they feel disappointed in such hopes. PMID- 6649942 TI - [Cancer--a psychosomatic disease?]. AB - Taking psychoanalytical aspects of psychologically caused symptoms into consideration it is discussed, whether in a narrower sense human cancer can be regarded as a psychosomatic disease or not. Research results in molecular biology including genetics are taken into account. It is held that psychogenesis as a primary cause explains only a minor part of the incidence rate of human cancer. Psychological--or neurotic--influences on the course of the disease are regarded as relatively well proved, but not as specific to cancer. Against hasty psychological explanations of cancer should be warned. PMID- 6649943 TI - [Long-term observations following urinary drainage into the intact large intestine]. AB - A report is given on 21 patients who have survived for at least 5 years after drainage of urine into the non-eliminated large intestine (Coffey-Mayo). Uretero intestinal anastomosis was performed in 19 children, because of extrophy of the bladder, and in 2 women, following a malignant primary disease. In around half the patients there have been no complications during the post-operative observation period (on average 16.5 years), while new drainages had to be performed in the other half because of structures of the anastomoses. The patients have to adapt their daily lives to the "Coffey" and know the symptoms of an imminent electrolyte disturbance. Post-operative care must be arranged with the patient. Coffey's operation may be indicated when life expectancy is short; otherwise an antirefluxive ureterocolic anastomosis is recommended. PMID- 6649944 TI - [Possibilities and limits of computer tomography in ureteral obstruction]. AB - A report is given on the diagnosis of obstructions of the ureter by means of computerized tomography, using 8 examples. We distinguish between exterior compression, stricture of the ureteral wall and intracanalicular blockage. Computerized tomography is indicated above all for external compressions on which anamnesis gives no information. The typical finding with CT is ectasis of the ureter above the stenotic region and structures with dense soft parts in the compression section, whereby the density pattern often gives hints as to the nature of the compression. However, benign genesis cannot always be distinguished from a malignant process. PMID- 6649945 TI - [Significance of radioisotope nephrography and sequential scintigraphy of the kidney for the indication of nephropexy in a hypermobile kidney]. AB - In the present paper findings of radio-isotope nephrograms and sequential scintograms of the kidneys of 130 patients with mobile kidney are compared before and after nephropexy in order to show the value of the pathological findings for the indication of operative therapy. Flow impairment in vertical RNG, limitation of tubular secretion in RNG and activity depots and irregular distribution of activity in the parenchyma and system of cavities in NSC are of special importance for the indication of nephropexy. Both examinations are suitable for follow-up and for judging the success of nephropexy. PMID- 6649946 TI - [Results of angiography studies of the solitary kidney]. AB - Renovasography is better able than any other diagnostic method to distinguish the lack of one kidney from other anomalies and diseases which can give a false impression of this condition. In the retrospective evaluation of the renal angiograms of 3 858 patients, solitary kidney was diagnosed in 170 cases. In 123 cases the tentative diagnosis of agenesia or aplasia was confirmed by intra aortic injection of contrast medium due to the apparent lack of the renal artery and the nephrographic effect with smooth aortic walls. In another 27 patients short remnants of the renal artery were found as the expression of a thromboembolic arteriosclerotic obstruction and 20 patients had a solitary kidney as the result of a nephrectomy. The discussion goes into the angiographic findings as regards age, sex, side, vascularization, variations of size and additional diseases of solitary kidneys. PMID- 6649947 TI - [Possibilities for using extracorporeal circulation in the rat]. AB - An extracorporal system of freely mobile, unanaesthetized rats is presented. This model was used in experiments on the biocompatibility of silicone rubber and new types of hollow membranes. The results confirm a sensitive reaction of haematological parameters to various test substances, thus indicating that the model is very suitable. Carrying out a membrane plasma separation in rats makes it possible also to use rats for studies on detoxification and thus to use the advantages offered by this experimental animal to the full. PMID- 6649948 TI - [Urodynamics. II: Cystometry - methods, parameters and clinical evaluation]. PMID- 6649949 TI - Soft tissue calcification in guinea pigs. PMID- 6649950 TI - [Video display unit workplaces: costs and cost reduction in suitability and monitoring studies]. PMID- 6649951 TI - [Reduction of local muscle strain by designing a pneumatic drill for assembly work]. PMID- 6649952 TI - Influence of herbicides on root rot of French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), caused by Rhizoctonia solani. AB - The effects of four herbicides, namely bromacil, diuron, nitrofen, and alachlor, at 0.04 and 0.02% concentrations in vitro and nitrofen and alachlor at two concentrations under field conditions, were studied against root rot of French beans, caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Diuron at 0.04% concentration completely checked the growth of R. solani in in vitro incubation up to 72 hours. Alachlor was highly effective at both the concentrations, followed by nitrofen and bromacil. In field trials in 1977 and 1978, pre-inoculation application of both the herbicides was less effective than post-inoculation application. Pre emergence mortality, following post-inoculation application of nitrofen and alachlor, varied in the two trials from 5.7 to 11.4% and 5.3 to 7.6%. respectively, as compared to 16.6 to 19.3% in untreated plots. Post-emergence mortality in post-inoculation application of nitrofen and alachlor varied from 3.9 to 9.5 and 5.3 to 12.2, respectively, whereas in untreated plots it was 13.8 to 21.9%. Yield of green pods was also significantly higher in post-inoculation application than in untreated control. PMID- 6649953 TI - Anatomical studies on Synchytrium galls of Sesamum indicum L. AB - The present paper deals with histopathological studies on Synchytrium galls of Sesamum indicum L. The gall formation in the present case was found to be the result of both hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The impact of the infection on the vascular cylinder was clearly evident by its disturbed continuity. PMID- 6649954 TI - [Morphology of bacteria belonging to Propionibacterium genus in scanning and transmission electron microscopy]. AB - Bacteria belonging to Propionibacterium genus reveal a characteristic shape of short rods. Their length is from 0.8 micrometer to 1.5 micrometer and their width reaches from 0.3 micrometer to 0.5 micrometer. Most bacteria of this genus have a constant ratio of cell length and their diameter is 2: 1. Their surface is smooth and has no cilia. Certain species of this genus, grown on liquid media, demonstrate the capacity of developing involution forms and of linking the cells into greater complexes which may appear in a form of flocculus. The characteristic feature, distinguishing this genus of bacteria from other ones, is that on their surface, the undefined scars and not-stated till now, structural formations were visible. PMID- 6649955 TI - Growth of Propionibacterium acnes strains on semisynthetic medium; antigenic polysaccharide production. AB - A semisynthetic medium, containing yeast extract as the only non defined component and glucose, glycerol, Tween 80 and mineral salts, has been developed to grow the strains of Propionibacterium acnes Beck 2037, Gerrath 2038 and Vogel 2039, at a rate comparable to that of complex media. An average of 10(12) cells per 1 (equivalent to approximately 1.5 g/l dry weight) was usually achieved. These yields are appropriated for biochemical and immunological studies, e.g. cell wall preparation, polysaccharides isolation, etc. In this work, some properties of the cell walls (sugar and amino acid composition) and the antigenic polysaccharides (neutral and amino sugar components) are described. PMID- 6649956 TI - L-asparaginase activity in cell-free extracts of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 13 M.E.S. AB - Crude extracts of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris 13 M.E.S. were prepared by different procedures and their L-asparaginase activity was compared. The optimum conditions for the enzyme activity in the crude extract was exerted at pH 8.8, using borate or tris-HCl buffer, or at pH 7.4, using phosphate buffer, after a reaction time of 30 minutes at 50-55 degrees C, using 1.35-5.4 mg protein of the crude extract. The enzyme showed an apparent km value of 4.5 x 10(-3), was more thermostable in crude extracts than in whole cells, and was inhibited by HgCl2, KCN, DL asparagine, L-aspartic acid, and ammonium hydroxide. Enzyme purification by alcohol precipitation and gel filtration was attempted. PMID- 6649957 TI - [Corrective measures following imperfectly healed fractures]. AB - An overview of forms and localization of falsely healed fractures and possibilities for their correction is presented. In contrast to statically loaded lower limbs, posttraumatic arthrosis due to false position of the upper limbs is less common. In these cases indication for corrective osteotomy is aimed above all at improving the limb function. Central restorative measures are corrective osteotomy following falsely healed supracondylar humerus fractures in childhood and open wedge osteotomy of distal radius fractures. Even minimal axial deviations in the lower limbs will lead to false loading of joint surfaces and to early arthrosis, thus corrective osteotomy is indicated at a much earlier stage. PMID- 6649958 TI - [Epidemiology of accidents in East Germany]. AB - Like in other industrialised countries injuries have, also in the GDR (17.1 Mill. inhabitants), considerable social consequences. This can be illustrated as follows: a daily number of 9800 in-patients or 30% of the surgical bed-capacity in hospitals;--an annual loss of 21.3 million working days which corresponds to 57 500 workingmen;--an annual loss of the produced national income amounting to 1200 million mark;--about 9000 trauma fatalities per year. PMID- 6649959 TI - [Post-traumatic cubitus varus]. AB - In 101 supracondylar fractures which had happened in childhood the axial deviations with emphasis on subsequent cubitus varus formation were followed-up 6.6 years later. This varus angulation originates mostly from insufficient reposition and/or immobilisation when treating the fracture after the accident. Concerning surgical correction of the deformity we are critical and recommend to be reserved. PMID- 6649960 TI - [Ender nailing of subcapital fractures of the femur neck (Garden I)]. AB - In the period between 1968 and 1982 we observed 441 subcapital fractures of the femoral neck, 55 times a tight impaction in valgus position. Including the year 1976 a conservative treatment was employed (group I); from 1977 onwards operations with the Ender-nailing technique were performed (group II). The patients' average age was 81 to 84 years. In 7 out of 32 cases the conservative functional treatment led to disimpacted fractures between the 5th and 54th day after the accident. Neither a slightly gaping fracture line nor an up to ten degree antecurvatoral position are a radiologic-morphological criterion for a prognostic assessment. For that reason we performed the Ender-nailing operation in 23 cases from 1977 on. Under immediate postoperative and complete load it was only once we obtained a partial dislocation of fracture which had a compact osseous healing up in varus deformity. A cranial displacement of the nails caused by the operation was observed three times. All patients regained their ability to walk. Until the end of the first year of the accident there was no case of death, nor could we perceive any total necrosis of the femoral head. One pseudarthrosis was found after conservative treatment. The average clinical treatment was 42 respectively 21 days. We transferred 19 out of 32 respectively 7 out of 23 patients to a convalescent hospital. The impacted subcapital fracture of the femoral neck should nowadays be treated operatively. The Ender-nailing technique represents a simple, gentle, and a low-risk procedure for surgical stabilization. PMID- 6649961 TI - [Significance of the synovial pumping system on the biochemistry of the interior knee joint]. AB - Based on theoretical studies and experimental investigations it could be proved that the mobility of the knee-joint is of great importance with regard to nutrition of its cartilage. The intraarticular metabolism is established by the fulling mechanism of the articulating joint surfaces, by the synovial flow and the changing pressure of the pumping system of the joint. PMID- 6649963 TI - [The plate holder, a simple instrument for temporary fixation]. PMID- 6649962 TI - [Compartment syndrome in the lower leg following local injections of turpentine oil]. PMID- 6649964 TI - [Lung and cardiovascular injuries in polytraumatized patients]. AB - Most patients suffering from thoracic injuries are polytraumatised and have severe functional pulmonary disturbances. The author emphasizes the interdisciplinary cooperation for diagnostics and therapy in those cases. PMID- 6649965 TI - [Carbon fiber ligament replacement in the treatment of chronic instability of the external ankle joint ligament]. AB - Ligament repair should be considered when a patient has disabling pain with giving way and chronic instability of the ankle from old ruptures of the lateral ligaments. Because of some incontestable disadvantages using Watson-Jones-or similar techniques we prefer the alloplastic with carbon fibres to reconstruct the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. Imitating the physiological course and insertions of the ligaments we managed to achieve a permanent lateral stability in 51 cases out of an operated group of 54 patients. PMID- 6649966 TI - [Results with Guepar knee endoprostheses]. AB - From 1977 to 1982 40 patients suffering from severe bilateral gonarthrosis, mostly caused by rheumatoid arthritis, underwent the implantation of 42 Guepar endoprostheses of their knee joint. It was only in 1 case that a prosthesis got loose by infection and had to be removed without replacement. In 2 other cases of aseptic loosening a reimplantation of the prosthesis could be performed successfully. The authors emphasize the encouraging results. PMID- 6649967 TI - [Neurologic component and resulting therapeutic concept of patellar chondropathy and chondromalacia]. AB - Observations of nerve root lesions in spontaneous peripatellar pain led to new aspects concerning the etiology of periarticular pain and chondromalacia patellae. We regard the spontaneous peripatellar pain as an enthesiopathia resulting from an innervation disorder. We believe that also chondromalacia can be caused by nerve root lesions. As a consequence, a change in conservative and operative management is necessary. The aim is a balanced gliding and rotational stability of the patella. This means a muscular compensation of the weakened muscle part and stabilisation of the lumbar and hip region. Surgical techniques should only be applied to normalize the gliding of the patella. There is no indication for ventralisation of tuberositas tibiae. PMID- 6649968 TI - [Epidemiology, diagnosis and therapy of kidney injuries. A 20-year study from the city of Rostock]. AB - From 1960 to 1980, 156 patients suffering from renal traumata were seen at the Urological Depts of the town of Rostock (GDR). The absence of haematuria does not exclude renal injury. If there is any suspicion, X-ray examination (urography) should be performed, with the exception of urgent cases (polytraumatized patients) where sonography should be done. PMID- 6649969 TI - [Congenital and hereditary stretch tendon displacement of the hand]. PMID- 6649970 TI - [Corrective intervention on the radius base after malunited distal radius fractures]. PMID- 6649971 TI - [The problem of anastomosis of the large intestine]. AB - Healing problems following surgery of the colo-rectal junction seem to be due primarily to the blood supply of the anastomosis. Radical resections of the draining lymph system (metastatic road) including the dissection of the inferior mesenteric artery in patients with distal colonic cancer may reduce the blood flow to the oral stump of the anastomosis dramatically. In a retrospective analysis, this kind of resection technique will have a much higher incidence in anastomotic stenosis compared to controls without ligation of the artery. By using the electrical knife versus scalpel or scissors a significant higher damage of the colonic wall in animals and increased healing problems of anastomoses can be expected clinically. PMID- 6649972 TI - [Relationship of immunological status to infections complicating surgery of the large intestine]. AB - The patients immuno-activity has a well-known importance for the outcome of postoperative complications. The authors evaluated the immuno-activity of 95 patients before selective, radical colorectal surgery: 1) 40% of the patients were anergic compared to healthy controls. 2) The incidence of wound infections was significantly higher in the anergic groups than in normal or hyperergic ones. 3) 25% and 50% decrease in wound sepsis has been observed in anergic and normal or hyperergic groups respectively after vaccination 7 to 10 days before operation with vaccine made of E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas strains. The difference indicates the lowered immuno-reactivity on anergic patients. PMID- 6649973 TI - [Crohn disease - value of coloscopy to the surgeon]. AB - In a total of 1105 coloscopies, performed from 1977 to 1980, 36 patients with Crohn's disease could be found. 18 of them had an isolated involvement of the colon. In most cases coloscopy proved to be an important aid for surgical management. Using graded biopsies the diagnosis can be confirmed or excluded, despite the fact that Crohn-specific granulomas were seen only in 10 of 32 patients. The specificity of fistulas and stenoses can also be determined by coloscopy. With radiology producing false positive (4) and false negative (5) results in 30 patients, coloscopy in contrast proved to be the better diagnostic tool (2 false neg.). Every patient with Crohn's disease should be investigated preoperatively by additional coloscopy and biopsy. PMID- 6649974 TI - [Do lowered hemoglobin and hematocrit levels have a favorable effect on early septic complications in colorectal surgery?]. AB - A group of 114 colorectal resections was investigated for preoperative haemoglobin and haematocrit in relation to postoperative septic complications. The group subdivided in men and women with and without complications were comparable in respect of their age and their diseases. There were significant differences in the preoperative levels of Hb and Ht in the groups with and without postoperative septic complications (p less than 0.05). The mean values were 14.7 g/dl for men with postoperative complications and 13.7 g/dl for those without any complications. The corresponding Ht-values were 45% vs. 42%. The mean values of Hb for women were 13.9 g/dl in the groups with postoperative complications and 12.9 g/dl in those without any complications (Ht-values 43% resp. 39%). PMID- 6649976 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of colorectal cancers in patients over 70]. AB - 276 patients older than 70 years suffering from colorectal cancer underwent surgery during the past 12 years. Several of these patients had additional diseases and often advanced tumour stages. The overall postoperative mortality rate came up to 18%. The results of better preoperative preparation of the bowel by irrigation and antibiotics as well as advanced operative techniques (EEA stapler) with regard to infection rate, postoperative course and time of hospitalisation are discussed. Extensive follow-up care of treated patient is necessary. PMID- 6649975 TI - [Experience with intravenous metronidazole administration in the preoperative care of surgery of the large intestine]. AB - Peroperative intravenous administration of Metronidazole reduces significantly septic complications in surgery of the colon, especially in combination with intravenous Gentamycin. Intravenous Metronidazole was also successful in cases of septic shock. PMID- 6649977 TI - [Colon surgery in old age]. AB - Between 1975 and 1981, 632 patients with colon diseases underwent surgery. 93 (14.7%) patients were aged 80 or more. 90% of this age group had a colon cancer, 60% were in the tumour stage III or IV (TNM). An emergency operation was necessary in 37 (40%) cases, the postoperative mortality rate was nearly 60%. 62 patients underwent a selective colon operation with the postoperative mortality rate in this group amounting to 9.7%, impaired wound healing occurred in 25.8%. Preoperative treatment is described. PMID- 6649978 TI - [Transitory bacteremia following rectoscopy?]. AB - Our rectoscopies were made in patients for various indications. Venous blood samples before rectoscopy as well as 1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes after its beginning and blood cultures were taken. No transient bacteriaemia could be identified. Only in patients suffering from carditis an internist should be consulted before performing the rectoscopy. PMID- 6649979 TI - Studies on bacteriocin production by NAG-strains of Vibrio cholerae as a possible epidemiological marker. AB - 201 "non-agglutinable" - i.e. serogroup O:1-negative - Vibrio cholerae strains were tested for bacteriocin production using 14 of the Abbott-shannon standard set of colicin-sensitive strains as indicators. 41.2% of the strains proved to be bacteriocin producers. 29 out of 67 (43%) vibriocin-positive strains originating from one large geographical region gave the same reaction pattern with the applied indicator strains. The possible significance of these vibriocins for epidemiological studies is discussed, and the necessity for further investigations prior to routine bacteriocin typing of O:1-negative V. cholerae strains is pointed out. PMID- 6649980 TI - Establishment of hybridoma cell lines secreting anti-Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 monoclonal antibodies with immunodiagnostic potential. AB - Three independent hybridoma cell lines (F4/CB5/K18, F4/CB5/K104, F4/JD3.8/K101) producing monoclonal antibodies that reacted specifically against cell surface molecule(s) of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 have been established. These monoclonal antibodies belong to IgM class and are capable of agglutinating exquisitely serogroup 1 organisms. These hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies can be used for the preparation of standardized immunodiagnostic reagents for detection and rapid identification of Legionnaire's disease bacterium in clinical laboratories and will also enable purification and subsequent characterization of the serogroup 1 specific molecule(s) of L. pneumophila. PMID- 6649981 TI - Morphological changes upon subculturing of freshly isolated strains of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. AB - The morphology of freshly isolated strains of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo was studied by electron microscopy and was compared to that of established laboratory strains of the same serovar and to some other serovars within the Hebdomadis serogroup. Changes in the morphology of freshly isolated strains of serovar hardjo were observed when the isolates were subcultured in the laboratory. Cells of strains subcultured more than 20 times were longer and had longer wavelengths, and electron lucent inclusions were observed less frequently than in cells of strains subcultured less than 10 times. Upon hamster passage, cells subcultured 40 and 50 times became more similar to cells of low passage number than to those of the inoculate. The results are discussed and the importance of environmental factors for the growth of leptospires is emphasized. PMID- 6649982 TI - A comparison of pathogens and contaminants based on the number of positive blood cultures in a set. AB - A total of 2766 positive blood cultures, from the Veterans Administration Medical Center in Oklahoma City (1961-1981) were evaluated to determine the relationship of organism, pathogenicity and number of cultures (blood culture bottles) positive. Most patients had 2-4 blood cultures drawn. Organisms which are usually considered as nonpathogenic (Bacillus, Propionibacterium) were mostly found in only one of the cultures. Whereas those microorganisms which are considered pathogenic were most often found in two or more cultures. Organisms like Staphylococcus epidermidis are the most difficult to classify because they can be either pathogenic or contaminant. If an organisms which is normally considered a nonpathogen is found in two or more cultures, it should be considered as a potential pathogen until proven otherwise. PMID- 6649983 TI - A relation between antibody response and acetylcholinesterase activity in dogs and rabbits infected with Toxocara canis. AB - A relation between IgG antibodies and acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) activities was observed in the sera of dogs and rabbits infected with Toxocara canis (T. canis). No antibodies were found in the sera of dogs' fetuses and newborns, more over their ACHE levels were lower than the ones registered in the sera of adult dogs. The ACHE levels of both, the mother dog and the newborn puppies, reached the same level 3 months after delivery. Similar results were obtained in the sera of puppies and adult dogs. In the sera of two rabbits experimentally infected with T. canis, the IgG antibodies were sharply raised 2 weeks after infection and the ACHE levels gradually decreased during the course of this observation. The serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase further tested in these sera gradually increased. From the results obtained, the liver disfunction could be recognized in rabbits but not in dogs, and no relation between antibody and ACHE activities was found neither in the sera of dogs nor rabbits. PMID- 6649984 TI - The IgM antibody activities in relation to the parasitologic status of Toxocara canis in dogs. AB - In order to interpret the relation between the IgM antibody activities to Toxocara canis (T. canis) and the parasitologic status, sera from puppies and adult dogs were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At the same time, autopsy was performed on these dogs for counting the number of T. canis worms and stool examination was carried out for observing the fertilization of eggs. The rates of infection by T. canis in the dogs decreased with age. The number of worms in the intestines ranged one to 39. The IgM antibody activities gradually increased until 3 months of age. Thereafter the significant levels were maintained even at the adult age. However, the IgM antibody levels were not associated with the age and the number of worms (P greater than 0.05) when the correlation coefficients were calculated between them. In contrast to the IgG antibodies, the results of the present study indicated that the IgM antibody activities do not relate to the age, the number of worms and the fertilization of eggs. PMID- 6649985 TI - Cytoadherence effects of serum on Ascaris suum infective larvae. AB - Dead and live Ascaris suum infective larvae were found to adhere to monolayer cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages following incubation with normal rabbit serum (NRS) or with rabbit anti-A, suum (RAAS). Cell-larval binding was shown to be affected by the numbers of larvae added to cell monolayers and by incubation time. Larval adherence to cell monolayers was dependent upon the concentration of NRS or RAAS in the incubation mixture. Dead larvae were not bound by macrophages in as significant numbers as live larvae after incubation with diluted RAAS. Dead larvae, however, were bound in larger numbers than live larvae after incubation with diluted NRS. PMID- 6649986 TI - Immunodiagnosis of Schistosomiasis haematobium and schistosomiasis mansoni in man. Application of crude extracts from adult worms and cercariae in the IHA and the ELISA. AB - The antibody responses of patients infected with S. haematobium or S. mansoni were investigated in an indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using crude extracts of cercariae and adult worms of S. haematobium and S. mansoni, and of adult worms of S. japonicum. Patients were Africans from endemic areas, as well as Europeans who had acquired their infection relatively recently. Although the IHA showed a similar pattern of antibody responses as the ELISA it was less sensitive to assess recently acquired infections. Of special interest, antibodies found in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni cross-reacted strongly with antigens extracted from adult S. haematobium and S. japonicum. In contrast, sera of patients with schistosomiasis haematobium reacted significantly better with the homologous antigen than with heterologous antigens. In the ELISA the ratio of the absorption values of anticercarial antibodies to antiworm antibodies could be used to discriminate chronic from recent infections. PMID- 6649987 TI - [Waste from hospitals, health resorts and sanatoria]. AB - As part of the waste disposal planning in the administrative districts in Nordrhein-Westfalen, the present expertise intends to determines the requirements to be satisfied by the collection and intermediate storage of hospital waste, and to answer the question from a hygienic point of view as to what sort of waste may be taken to an internal garbage dump and what waste is to be burned. From among the variety of hospital refuse, that material was selected for which, as a result of the direct contact between waste and patient, a certain hygienic risk could not be entirely ruled out. This includes waste from the wards similar to private houshold garbage, medical soft waste (swabs, dressings etc.) medical solid waste (syringes, cannulae etc.). For waste other than this, disposal by way of garbage dumps is considered unproblematic or else such waste is to be disposed off in compliance with legal provisions (infection wards). For organ refuse, the only mode of disposal is by burying or burning. On perusal of the literature it was found that with regard to the hygienic condition of the above-mentioned waste, views differ widely ranging from "unobjectionable" to "infectious". Apart from this, these views are not supported by microbiological data ascertained experimentally. However, a reliable assessment cannot do without such data. Preliminary investigations were carried out to see what waste disposal routes exist in the various hospitals; then in two hospitals the waste volume of each ward was determined on 7 workdays over a total period of approx. two months and the waste was checked for the three sorts of refuse mentioned above. It was found that the refuse averaged 0.54 or 0.56 kgs per bed per day and 5.44 or 5.43 litres per bed per day with a specific weight of 0.10 kg/l. The microbiological analyses included both hospital refuse and "normal" household garbage from three dumps. Within the first group of waste the analyses covered not only waste conglomerates but also individual refuse ingredients (e.g. syringes). The workup comprised 264 waste samples from the hospital area and 21 samples from dumps, which were subjected to quantitative and qualitative microbiological tests. The results showed that hospital refuse very often contains less pathogens than household garbage and that it was even germ-free in some cases; especially individual samples repeatedly proved to be free of bacterial growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6649988 TI - [Technology of sewage sludge hygienization]. AB - That the use of modern technology against the laws of Nature must fail, has been clearly demonstrated again some years ago when sewage sludge postpasteurization was rashly introduced. Although many attempts were made to improve this procedure, it had to be abandoned because of unavoidable massive regrowth of pathogens which invaded the germ-free postpasteurized sludge. In contrast of postpasteurization, long-term large-scale tests with the pasteurization of fresh sludge (prepasteurization) have demonstrated that this procedure where methane digestion with its pathogen displacing effect constitutes the final stage, is basically able to function. With respect to the Swiss Sewage Sludge Decree which came into force in May 1981, and which imposes sludge hygienization for most applications throughout the year, various thermal prepasteurization methods have been offered on the market ready for application to meet the legally prescribed requirements. However, some of them still need selective improvements in order to ensure the desired hygienisation effect permanently. For some time now, attention has been focussed on a novel biological 2-stage procedure based on partial aerobic thermophilic fermentation followed by anaerobic sludge digestion which in addition to good hygienisation promises improved sludge thickening, reduced digestion time, more favourable energy consumption and added process stability etc. Although it has already been offered on the market, this interesting process is being thouroughly tested and optimized in parallel pilot tests plant at the WWTP Altenrhein. Finally, reference is made to further sludge treatment processes such as sludge drying and sludge composting which mostly comprise efficent sludge hygienisation although they may not entirely prevent pathogenic regrowth. Moreover, some unconventional and less popular processes such as liquid sludge irradiation and chemical methods are also mentioned. PMID- 6649989 TI - [Communicable disease problems of sewage sludge]. AB - Sewage sludge is a concentrate of pathogenic agents which survived the sewage purification processes. Such hazardous sludges therefore should be disinfected prior to their utilization in agriculture. Necessary technologies for each size of treatment plant are on the market available. The new ordinance for the agricultural utilization of sewage sludge which comes into force the 1 April 1983 meets to a large extent the expectations of hygienists. PMID- 6649990 TI - [Bacteriological control of various methods of sewage sludge hygienization]. AB - As a result of extensive parallel investigations in a water treatment plant it was found that the fresh sludge pasteurization or prepasteurization with ensuing sludge digestion gives a product which is unobjectionable from an epidemiological hygienic point of view. The result were confirmed by investigations in a second plant. Similarly satisfactory results were obtained with the composting of previously desiccated sludge, with the aerobic-thermophilic fermentation of liquid sludge or with the drying of sewage sludge. An alternative to these thermal processes is the application of gamma rays or accelerated electrons. PMID- 6649991 TI - [Technology of composting]. AB - The technology of composting must guarantee the material-chemical, biological and physical-technical reaction conditions essential for the rotting process. In this, the constituents of the input material and the C/N ratio play an important role. Maintaining optimum decomposition conditions is rendered difficult by the fact that the physical-technical reaction parameters partly exclude each other. These are: optimum humidity, adequate air/oxygen supply, large active surface, loose structure with sufficient decomposition volume. The processing of the raw refuse required to maintain the physical-technical reaction parameters can be carried out either by the conventional method of preliminary fragmentizing, sieving and mixing or else in conjunction with separating recycling in adapted systems. The latter procedure obviates some drawbacks which mainly result from the high expenditure required for preliminary fragmentation of the raw refuse. Moreover, presorting affords the possibility of reducing the heavy-metal content of the organic composing fraction and this approaches a solution to the noxa disposal problem which at present stands in the way of being accepted as an ecological waste disposal method. PMID- 6649992 TI - [Hygienic problems in dumping, composting and incineration of urban refuse]. AB - Hygiene of waste disposal embraces all preventive measures which ensure an unobjectionable and, wherever possible final elimination of all sorts of urban refuse. As the hazards to our environment largely result from unsolved waste disposal problems in residential areas and congested industrial zones, such disposal measures are increasingly given priority. In view of the decreasing resources, the methods of waste disposal must also allow for the possibility of recycling of waste material. With respect to what is objectionable hygienically, differences exist in infectiousness and toxicity between solid and sludy refuse. For this reason the necessary treatment methods and the procedures for collection, treatment, elimination, and exploitation must comply with the various requirements of hygiene. From the hygienic point of view, waste disposal commences already with the collection of refuse and ends with its final elimination. Such a complete appreciation of hygienic parameters necessarily leads to waste disposal procedures which are innocuous to our environment. The importance of innocuous waste disposal is, however, not restricted to the prevention of epidemics and infectious diseases. Even abiogenous noxa in urban refuse are likely to threaten the environment in a direct or indirect manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6649993 TI - [Technology of waste incineration]. AB - Refuse incineration as one of the methods of controlled waste disposal was introduced as early as the last century. However, in Germany, comparable technologies have only seen moderate attempts up to the middle of this century. The increasing volume of refuse as a result of growing prosperity, as well as new laws for environmental protection made it necessary for the technology of refuse incineration to be restarted or developed further. The technical development of these methods was pushed on the basis of the following prerequisites: The incinerator plants must not give rise to new problems of environmental protection. The plants should operate continuously and ensure waste disposal as complete as possible in the long term. Wherever possible, the energy set free by the incineration process, should be utilized. As a rule, for the incineration of solid refuse modern plants use mechanically actuated grate systems of different design, which in part had been developed from known power-generating plant components. For the destruction of special refuse rotary drum furnaces are prevalently employed. In evaluating the entire system of refuse incineration the following 3 points are worthy of note: The energy produced by incineration is mainly used for the generation of electric current or heat for long-distance supply lines. However, other applications are also possible. For the purification of the exhaust gases originating from incineration, nowadays technical facilities are available for separating out solid substrances and noxious gases. The solid incineration residues can be recycled into the economic system after separation and processing. The state of the art of present refuse incinerators is comparable to that of conventional power generating plants operating on solid fossil fuels. Alternative waste disposal technologies still have to prove their ability to give a comparable performance. PMID- 6649994 TI - [Heavy metal problems in the agricultural utilization of sewage sludge]. AB - Introductory comments on the problems linked with sewage sludge disposal and utilization are given and it is demonstrated that agricultural use of sludge must definitely be given preference over other disposal methods for reasons related to waste utilization and ecology. The legal development which led from the promulgation of the Waste Disposal Act via its recent revision to the Sewage Sludge Decree according to para 15 of this Act, is illustrated. Subsequently the objectives of the decree, which in particular also attempts to solve the problems associated with heavy metals in agricultural sludge utilization, as well as the technical contents of the draft are dealt with. Reference is made to the Sewage Sludge Decree promulgated by the Swiss Bundesrat and to a corresponding draft of guidelines prepared by the Commission of the EEC and the measures which must be adopted to solve the heavy metal problem in the future are then mentioned. PMID- 6649995 TI - [Material recovery from waste]. AB - Reclamation of raw material from refuse is demonstrated by two practical examples. In numerous countries sorting plants were set up at considerable expense for the purpose of reclaiming plastic material from household refuse. Most of these plants are struggling more or less with difficulties as a result of technical and particularly economic problems. A market for reclaimed raw materials scarcely exists. This applies most particularly to the reclamation of plastics from household refuse. As long as the operating costs, especially the energy costs, exceed the proceeds obtained for regranulated material, "recycling" will be to no purpose. At present, reclaiming energy from refuse seems to hold out better prospects of success. PMID- 6649996 TI - [Problems associated with industrial waste and its disposal]. AB - Here it is only possible to broach some important problems related to the production and disposal of industrial waste. I hope that I have succeeded in illustrating how dynamic the processes involved are, and how difficult it is for the administrative authorities to intervent in the cycle between the useful product - waste - useful product. Nevertheless, I feel that we have improved considerably our knowledge in this field during the last ten years and that the facilities developed by the Federal States and private industries for the control and elimination of dangerous waste have provided a basis for the future progress. PMID- 6649997 TI - [Hygiene problems in inland and sea navigation]. AB - Both waste and sewage disposal are ubiquitous problems which have also affected navigation. Shipping is a very important transport carrier on a worldwide basis which together with the fishing industry employs roughly two million people. The problems associated with waste and sewage disposal obviously present a severe hazard to the coastal areas, narrow sea basins and, in particular, to inland and open-sea waterways. These problems are particularly alarming in large sea-ports, docks without outfall etc. The reduction of the crews aboard the ships operated by the industialised countries has helped to quantitatively ease the problem of waste and sewage disposal caused by the crews. However, passenger steamers with high waste and sewage volumes cause considerable nuisance in small harbours and the same holds for the disposal of technical waste products from ships such as dunnage packing material, ropes, plastic material, oil, etc. The quantity of waste water aboard a sea-going vessel including that from the toilets, washrooms, galley, and cleaning is rather considerable and is estimated at 300 litres per person and day under tropical climates. The volume of waste varies greatly and depends mainly on the type of material used aboard as mentioned above. Passenger liners with a very high volume of kitchen refuse and other solid waste give rise to specially insidious problems. In the past, sea-going vessels as well as ships employed in inland navigation used to throw overboard any type of refuse and sewage. However, during the last few decades the port authorities and also governments have introduced local and national regulations ruling that waste may no longer be thrown into harbour basins, but must be collected and disposed of on shore. Most ships have complied with these provisions, but some of them kept the collected refuse aboard and disposed of it on the open sea outside the harbours. International agreements on the prohibition of emptying oil and oil-containing waste into the sea were reached as early as 1954. The first rigorous provisions on the strict prohibition of discharging sewage and throwing spoilage overboard on the sea were promulgated around 1960 for the Great Lakes (USA and Canada) as well as for some Baltic Sea and Black Sea harbours (USSR). This legislation has been increasingly tightened. The international agreement on the prevention of sea pollution by ships, submitted by the International Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) in 1973 and 1978, strictly bans the throwing overboard or discharging of oil, plastic material, stowing and packing materials etc. as well as unperishable substances.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6649998 TI - [Spread of infectious agents through refuse by domestic, community and field parasites with special reference to human health]. AB - The accumulation of refuse in urban and agricultural areas provides parasitic vermin with new feeding sources and also creates for them partly entirely new biotopes. Vermin transmit both mechanically and biologically the most varied species of pathogens to man, domestic animals and work animals. With respect to the spread of pathogens by vermin via the refuse route, we must distinguish between vermin infesting either the human body, the houses, communities or our environment. Among the human vermin and house species, cockroaches, house gnats and house flies are the most important genera for the spread of pathogens via refuse. Cockroaches transmit bacteria (e.g. Salmonella), viruses (e.g. enterovirus, rota and corona viruses), fungi (e.g. Trichophyton and Candida) and worm eggs (e.g. Ascaris lumbricoides). House flies and house gnats take up all infection carriers from refuse and transmit the pathogens, as a rule, purely mechanically. Rats and mice are the most important species among community vermin. These rodents act both as mechanical and biological vehicles of infectious diseases. A case in point is lymphocytic chorio-meningitis and three different types of hemorrhagic fever in man. Among the vermin infesting our environment, the diptera are the most important carriers. Gnats, especially, often act as intermediate hosts (biological transmission) and, as a result, represent an inexhaustible reservoir of pathogen transmitters. More than 50 diseases caused by arbovirus in man and animal are known. Beside the viruses, the field diptera transmit bacteria (e.g. Rickettsiosis) and protozoa (e.g. Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6649999 TI - [The legal basis of waste disposal]. AB - Since 1969 environmental protection has been regarded as a high-ranking political concern. The Waste Disposal Act of 1972 laid the foundations for complete and proper disposal of all waste from the aspect of administration and planning. In 1974 three decrees were promulgted: - decree for waste transportation - decree for waste identification - decree for waste importation. In 1977 the Act was amended after a series of scandals related to poisonous refuse made tighter controls for special refuse, such as dangerous industrial waste, necessary. The Federal Government has detailed these types of waste in the Waste Specification Decree of 24th May, 1977. Included are waste materials from certain hospitals and clinics. Subsequent to the ammendment of 1977, the decree on the appointment of a factory agent for waste disposal problems was enacted (26th October 1977). This decree was intended to improve the internal facilities for waste disposal in factories. In 1982 the Parliament voted a second ammendment to the Waste Disposal Act which, among other things, provided for a certain easing in the supervision of the transportation of relatively harmless waste material. Important legal fundamentals for waste disposal are also contained in the following acts: - High sea waste discharge Act - Waste oil Act - Carcass disposal Act. As the implementation of the Act falls under the responsibility of the Federal States, the competences and waste disposal planning are regulated in the legal provisions and decrees of the Federal States.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650000 TI - [Current technology of waste water treatment]. AB - For the purification of municipal waste water and industrial waste water predominantly burdened by organic matter, mechanical-biological plants partly based on the method of activation and partly on the trickling filter system are preferably used. Recently overloading of existing plants and tighter water protection requirements imposed the necessity of boosting the performance of conventional biological processes by reducing the sludge burden and the loading per unit volume. This has also resulted in nitrification of the nitrogen compounds and in extensive sludge stabilization. As the oxygen supply to the micro-organisms requires the highest expenditure of energy in the activation process, special attention was given to the development of efficient aeration systems. For waste water containing a high proportion of substances which prove difficult to decompose, or waste water subject to strong fluctuations, multi stage biological procedures or a combination of various processes are used increasingly. In this context, chemical precipitation for the elimination of phosphorus and biological nitrogen elimination have proven themselves as additional purification methods. PMID- 6650001 TI - [Treatment of toxoplasmosis acquired during pregnancy with spiramycin]. PMID- 6650002 TI - [Treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 6650003 TI - [Role of genital mycoplasmas in prematurity]. PMID- 6650004 TI - [Nonspecific infections in pregnancy and prematurity]. PMID- 6650005 TI - [Risk of infection in generalized invasive supervision of labor]. PMID- 6650006 TI - [Prophylaxis of scalp infections following intrauterine application of electrodes]. PMID- 6650007 TI - Modern epidemiological aspects of hospital infections in obstetric patients and neonatals. PMID- 6650008 TI - [Research and practice in gynecology and obstetrics]. PMID- 6650009 TI - [Value of computer tomography in the diagnosis of the extent of tumors of the female genitals and the bladder]. AB - The particular benefit of computed tomography (CT) is diagnosis of tumours exceeding organ boundaries and producing regional metastases. CT contributes to precise pretherapeutic staging, however, its value depends on tumour type, localization and stage. The main application of CT is the diagnosis of recurrencies of malignant tumours of rectum, uterus and ovary. The wide range of diagnostic application also in diagnosis of distant metastases makes CT superior to all other radiological methods.--In primary diagnosis of tumours of the female genital organs and urinary bladder CT is of minor importance. It has a limited value in ovarian tumours. PMID- 6650010 TI - [Detection of organ-specific and organ non-specific autoantibodies in the serum of sterile couples]. AB - Sera from 150 infertile and 50 fertile couples were examined for organ-specific and non-organ-specific antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence tests on unfixed cryostat sections. Adrenocortical antibodies to zona fasciculata cells were found in 4 females and 2 males of infertile couples. Parietal cell antibodies were demonstrated in 4 females and 2 males of infertile couples. Parietal cell antibodies were demonstrated in 4 female and 3 male sera. Antibodies to mitochondria could be found in 14 fertile and 72 infertile couples. Antinuclear antibodies occurred in 2 fertile and infertile couples. Smooth muscle antibodies were found more often in infertile than fertile couples. Glomerular, skeletal muscle and reticulin antibodies were detected only in infertile couples. The detection of autoantibodies can help to elucidate immune reactions causing infertility. PMID- 6650011 TI - [Continuous transcutaneous oxygen measurement in the fetus--clinical study on the value of the procedure in the ejection period of labor]. AB - The behaviour of the fetal tcPO2 in the second stage of labour in a collective of normal deliveries is compared with deviating cases (neonatal distress/tcPO2 antenatal = 0, zero line/tcPO2--means normal--SD) and discussed. Regarding the tcPO2 as indicator of the peripheral circulation, it is suitable in the second stage of labour as additional parameter in diagnosis of the fetal condition. But just in this period the tcPO2 considerably depends on disturbances. That is why the interpretation of the tcPO2 graphs is to be performed very critically. PMID- 6650012 TI - [Trends in infectious diseases]. AB - Infectious diseases can be comprehensively divided in 4 groups by means of the parameters morbidity and lethality. This enables us to describe the continuously changing epidemiologic situation till the present state in this country in a simple way. New essential trends in etiology and pathogenesis are outlined, followed by a few selected therapeutical and prophylactic aspects. Finally problems of intrauterine acquired and neonatal infections are discussed. PMID- 6650013 TI - [The effect of various parameters on the incidence of premature births]. AB - In a retrospective study among about 17,000 newborns the preterm infants were registered. Newborns delivered in the District Hospital of Schwerin between 1969 and 1977 are included in the above figure. The influence of different parameters on the deliveries of preterm infants was proved. In order to exclude the influence of age and parity on the results of the examinations s standardization of age and parity was done. The frequency of the delivery of preterm infants was dependent on age, parity, occupation and case histories of abortion, interruption of pregnancy and delivery of under-weight. PMID- 6650014 TI - [The effect of temperature changes on the spontaneous heart rate of the isolated surviving human embryonal heart]. AB - The effect of changes in temperature on the spontaneous fetal heart rate (FHR) of 17 isolated human hearts obtained from early pregnancy was investigated. A slow increase in the temperature of the nutrient solution provoked a 10/min FHR increase pro every 1 degrees C change from 32 to 38 degrees C, and this change did not depend on weight and age of the hearts and the basic FHR. At 40 degrees C the tendency of FHR decrease could be observed especially in case of bigger hearts. As result of the decrease in the temperature of the nutrient solution the fetal hearts stopped beating between 22 and 12 degrees C. PMID- 6650016 TI - [Spontaneous birth of a giant infant weighting 7050 g]. AB - A case of spontaneous delivery of a macrosomic baby weighting 7050 grams of a gestational diabetic mother is presented. According to the available literature data this was the largest healthy baby born in this country. It is also interesting to note that out of her six deliveries there were four "giant" babies. PMID- 6650015 TI - [Maternal serum IgA in intrauterine fetal growth retardation]. AB - The problem was to prove the significance of IgA estimations in maternal serum samples with regard to the diagnosis and the monitoring of intrauterine fetal growth retardation. IgA was estimated in serum samples from two groups of patients. The first was formed from 62 serum samples of 14 primi- and multiparae delivered from new-borns with a birth weight below the 10th centile. The second was the control group. 82 serum samples from 18 gravidae were available. The IgA estimations were carried out by means of single radial immunodiffusion according to Mancini and co-workers. The IgA values of the two groups were different considering that linear regression model was used; negative correlation between IgA and pregnancy weeks in group with retarded new-borns (y = -151,78 X + 7579,8; r = -0,39) and positive correlation of these parameters in control group (y = 73,59 X -429,38; r = 0,26). It could be that IgA is an additional parameter within placental function tests of the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. PMID- 6650017 TI - [Obstetrics and gynecology in the People's Republic of China. Report on a study visit to large cities and the Xunyi district]. AB - The authors give a brief report about the situation of obstetrics and gynecology in the Peoples Republic of China. The report is a result of a study visit on the large cities Beijing, Tianjin, Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangshou and the Xunyi district for 3.5 weeks. PMID- 6650018 TI - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to Nairobi sheep disease virus in comparison with an indirect immunofluorescent and hemagglutination test. I. Development and testing of the ELISA with sera of experimentally infected rabbits and sheep. PMID- 6650019 TI - Isolation and identification of obligate anaerobic bacteria from the faces of scouring and non-scouring calves. PMID- 6650020 TI - [Baerietta chilensis sp. nov., (Cestoda; Nematoteniidae); 1st neotropic species described in the Chilean anuran Batrachyla taeniata (Leptodactylidae)]. PMID- 6650021 TI - Dog response to plaque variant of canine parvovirus. PMID- 6650022 TI - [Comparative use of 2 commercially available selective culture media for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from tonsils of slaughter swine]. PMID- 6650023 TI - Prevalence of antibodies to Anaplasma marginale in cattle from various African biotopes in central Morocco, north Cameroon and southeastern Zaire. PMID- 6650024 TI - Serological response of sheep to Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 vaccine. PMID- 6650025 TI - Cephalopina titillator (Clark 1797) infection in Saudi Arabian camels. PMID- 6650026 TI - Comparative chemiluminescence studies with elicited peritoneal and spleen cells of different strains of mice and rats and the guinea pig. PMID- 6650027 TI - [Dicrocoelium suppereri nomen novum (syn. D, orientalis Sudarikov et Ryjikov 1951), a new trematode for the parasite fauna of Austria]. PMID- 6650029 TI - The clinico-haematological features and pathology of leishmaniasis in a dog in Nigeria. PMID- 6650028 TI - [Large coccidian tissue cysts in the brain of Gracula religiosa (Aves:Sturnidae)]. PMID- 6650030 TI - [L. A. Orbeli's concept of the development of higher nervous activity and modern child neurophysiology]. PMID- 6650031 TI - [Development of the hypothalamic-cortical interrelations in the ontogeny of the cat]. AB - Under chloralose narcosis, employing the evoked potentials method, studies have been made on the projection of the posterior hypothalamus to the frontal cortex in 1-30 days old kittens. The animals were divided into 3 age groups: 1-9, 10-19 and 20-30 days. Studies of the EPs in different points of pericruciate zone showed that these potentials are observed in all the investigated points from the first days of postnatal life. The latent period of responses in the youngest animals varied from 40 to 80 ms, exhibiting insignificant fluctuations depending on the cortical zone investigated. From the very beginning of postnatal life, in the same cortical zone the EPs may be observed in response to stimulation of the ischiadic nerve as well. In older animals, the latent period of the EPs decreases in all the points, the decrease being most significant near the crucial fissure. To the 30th day of postnatal life, the EPs in this zone with respect to their latency and configuration became quite similar to those in adult animals. In the third age period, the latency varies from 6 to 10 ms in the focus of maximum activity; with the removal of the recording electrode from this zone the latent period of the hypothalamo-cortical responses increases up to 30-40 ms. Overlapping of the EPs in response to central and peripheral stimulation was observed at all age periods. PMID- 6650032 TI - [Structural-functional organizational bases of complex forms of behavior in vertebrates]. AB - Studies on various vertebrates revealed certain regularities in the development of some functions of the forebrain (neocortex, neostriatum, cortical associative fields). Evolution of functions of the forebrain and the extent of its participation in organization of complex behavioural forms coincides with certain stages in the development of the integrative activity of the brain in evolutionary row of vertebrates. PMID- 6650033 TI - [Evoked potential asymmetry in the motor cortex of Macaca fascicularis monkeys during instrumental reflex conditioning]. AB - The monkeys were trained to draw a lever by the left or right hand. Cortical motor evoked potentials (MEP) exhibited the highest amplitude in the cortical motor representation of the "working" hand during the period of learning. The extent of interhemispheral asymmetry of the MEP was the same during operation by the left and right hands. After formation of the conditioned reflex, the interhemispheral asymmetry was significantly less during manipulation by the left hand than by the right one. The decrease of asymmetry was due to relatively high amplitude of the MEP in the left hemisphere during instrumental manipulation of both the right and left hands. The data obtained indicate the formation of functional differences in symmetrical motor areas of the cortex in monkeys during their symmetrical instrumental conditioning by the left and right extremities. PMID- 6650034 TI - [Electron microscopic study of the epiphysis in the hen in different age periods]. AB - Electron microscopic investigation of the epiphysis in 1 and 2 years old hens revealed that pineocytes are rich in mitochondria, ribosomes, granular endoplasmic network, Golgi apparatus, synapses. In contrast to 1-year hens, large amounts of lipofuscin granules and lysosomes were found in older animals. The data obtained reveal intensive hormone formation and oxidation-reduction processes in the epiphysis of birds. PMID- 6650035 TI - [Essential and substituted amino acids as chemical stimuli in the clawed frog Xenopus laevis]. AB - Studies have been made of the effect of all 20 natural amino acids on motor activity of the clawed toad Xenopus laevis. It was demonstrated that essential amino acids act as more effective chemical stimuli than replaceable ones. PMID- 6650036 TI - [Clinical picture and diagnosis of systemic angioreticulomatosis]. AB - Among 131 patients with angioreticulomas of different parts of the central nervous system 16 and systemic angioreticulomatosis, which in half of the patients was in the form of multifocal lesion within the boundaries of the central nervous system, and in the remaining patients, in the form of the Hippel Lindau syndrome. The authors point out frequent recurrence of this pathological condition, relatively poor results of surgical treatment, and the difficulty of intravital diagnosis, particularly in the case of asymptomatic visceral pathology in the Hippel-Lindau disease. The complex of diagnostic measures included total computer tomography which allowed systemic angioreticulomatosis to be verified in different stages of its clinical development. The clinical, computer-tomographic, and post-mortem findings in systemic angioreticulomatosis are compared. PMID- 6650037 TI - [Types of hemodynamic response in patients with severe injuries of the skull and brain during the postoperative period]. AB - The main values of central hemodynamics were studied in 20 patients in the acute period of injury with severe contusion of the brain and compression of intracranial hematoma. Three main types of circulatory reactions to the injury were revealed according to the values of the minute circulation volume. The hyperdynamic type of reaction was characterized by a rise of the main values of central hemodynamics; in the hypodynamic type of the circulatory reaction the cardiac output and the volume of circulating red cells were considerably reduced while the peripheral resistance was increased. The normodynamic type was characterized by essentially unchanged main values of central hemodynamics except for a reduced cardiac output and was interpreted as an inadequate reaction of circulation to the injury. PMID- 6650038 TI - [Surgical tactics in injuries of the cervical portion of the spine and spinal cord]. AB - From experience of many years, the author developed a method for the treatment of patients suffering from closed injury to the cervical spine and spinal cord. The method includes the correction of deformities of the spine and spinal canal and all types of compression of the spinal cord through an anterior or posterior approach, each having its definite indications. As a result of the application of the method in 208 patients lethality was reduced to 10.6% and the conducting function of the damaged spinal cord was improved, in some cases considerably, in 59.6% of the patients. PMID- 6650039 TI - [Various adaptive responses of patients with combined cranio-cerebral injuries]. AB - Clinical and immunologic study of 100 patients with combined and 320 patients with isolated craniocerebral injury showed that disorders of body reactivity occur in the acute period of polytrauma. The disorders may be compensated, subcompensated and decompensated. The surgical tactics and treatment of patients should be planned with due account for the person's general reactivity, as a result of which treatment will be individualized and applied in an adequate volume and optimum time. Tests for natural humoral immunity are suggested as criteria of the reactivity dynamics. PMID- 6650040 TI - [Lipid peroxidation in the blood and spinal fluid of patients with craniocerebral injuries]. AB - The content of the products of lipid peroxide oxidation in the plasma of blood flowing from the brain was higher in patients with moderate and severe craniocerebral injury than in patients with no marked functional and metabolic disorders. The concentration of these products in the cerebrospinal fluid was still higher. In patients with severe craniocerebral injury there was also an increase in the content of free fatty acids in blood flowing from the brain and in the content of ferrous iron ions in the cerebrospinal fluid. The intensification of the processes of lipid peroxide oxidation in the brain may play an essential role in determining the severity of the traumatic damage. PMID- 6650041 TI - [Lateralization and level of brain stem lesions according to brain stem auditory evoked potentials]. AB - Twenty patients with severe craniocerebral injury, hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes, and tumor of the brain were examined. The generated acoustic stem response (GASR) was studied in all of them. At the time of examination all the patients were in a state of coma. Considerable deviations of the GASR from the norm were disclosed. The method makes it possible to determine the level of the brain stem lesion and to lateralize the predominant damage to the stem. PMID- 6650042 TI - [Results of interfascicular autotransplantation in the treatment of traumatic injuries of the median and ulnar nerves]. AB - The results of operation for interfascicular autotransplantation conducted on 50 patients with traumatic injuries to the median and ulnar nerves are analysed. The study confirmed the high efficacy of repairing defects in nerves with autografts and interfascicular apposition of the separate elements of the nerve trunks. The best results were produced with the use of short autografts. At the current stage of the development of the surgical treatment of injuries to the peripheral nerves, microsurgery with interfascicular suture and autotransplantation should be considered the method of choice. PMID- 6650043 TI - [3 cases of successful removal of gliomas of the optic thalamus]. PMID- 6650044 TI - [Cystography of the spinal cord for delineating tactics for surgical treatment of syringomyelia]. AB - Radiocontrast study of cystic cavities of the spinal cord was conducted in 23 patients with the clinical picture of syringomyelia and syringobulbia. Diffuse cystic cavities were demonstrated in the cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord in 22 patients. In 9 patients, the spinal cysts communicated with the cavity of the fourth ventricle. In 2 cases, the cysts extended to the region of the spinal cord terminal filament. The information obtained allowed a differential approach to the choice of the method and tactics of surgical treatment of syringohydromyelia. Macrosurgical operations on the craniovertebral level with tamponade of the communication between the spinal cord cyst and the cavity of the fourth ventricle were carried out in patients with the communicating form of syringomyelia. Operations for dividing the terminal filament of the spinal cord or myelotomy with drainage of the cyst at the cervical or thoracic level were performed in other cases. PMID- 6650045 TI - Clinical significance of the isolated left retroaortal renal vein. AB - Isolated retroaortal left renal vein was observed on clinical material during operations. Out of 28 cases it could be seen twice. This developmental variation demands attention with regard to operative technique. PMID- 6650046 TI - Results of the Putti-Platt operation for recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. AB - The results of the follow-up studies of 152 Putti-Platt operations are presented. The procedure, if preceded by correct indication and performed with exact technique, proved successful for the prevention of recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Eighty-nine % of the operated patients returned to their former jobs even if it was hard physical work. Recurrence of the dislocation was noted only in less than 2% of all cases. PMID- 6650047 TI - Arteriographic, Doppler and surgical evaluation of aorto iliac disease and arterial insufficiency of the lower limbs. AB - The authors compare Doppler and arteriography in aorto iliac obstructive disease. Correlation is high and Doppler combined with induced hyperemia gives highly valuable hemodynamic information which are missed at arteriography. In unilateral iliac lesions, surgery could be planed without further arteriographic investigations. In a group of thoroughly investigated patients submitted to surgery. Doppler and arteriography are compared, the anatomical lesions being used as reference; this study stresses the accuracy of Doppler mainly in unilateral iliac and peripheral lesions. PMID- 6650048 TI - Arterial pressure measurements correlated to symptoms and signs of peripheral arterial disease. AB - The systolic pressure observed in 150 patients with peripheral arterial disease has been compared to their symptoms and signs. In patients with claudication the ankle mean pressure was 58 mmHg. In patients with rest pain it was 33 mmHg and in patients with chronic ulcerations it was 20 mmHg. In these 3 groups the mean ankle-foot pressure gradient was low (2-10 mmHg) were detected at the level of the iliaco-femoral and femora-popliteal segments. In the group of diabetic patients an high gradient was observed. Patients with peripheral arterial disease can be divided in four symptomatic groups but the angiographic and physiological patterns of patients with rest pain and ischemic ulcerations are similar and they are the best candidates to reconstructive arterial surgery. PMID- 6650049 TI - [Sigmoid necrosis: a complication of total hip replacement]. AB - After total hip replacement on the left side, a patient developed sigmoid necrosis, apparently as a major complication. Extensive review of the recent literature related to complications of total hip replacement. PMID- 6650050 TI - [Intrathyroid metastasis. Anatomo-clinical problem]. AB - The authors are describing a case of clear cell renal epithelioma metastasizing in the thyroid gland; the clinical course and the histological appearance were consistent with a primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland of the undifferentiated large cell type. PMID- 6650051 TI - Complications of drainage. AB - Several complications, resulting from drainage, are discussed. These include severe tissue reactions, leakage from bowel anastomoses, obstruction and perforation of small or large bowel, herniation, leaving behind a foreign body, severe bleeding and the induction of infection. Several of these complications are illustrated with case histories. Moreover a review of the literature on the subject is given. In view of these complications, the author warns against too liberal or too long drainage procedures. PMID- 6650052 TI - Surgical approaches to peritonitis. The value of intra- and postoperative peritoneal lavage. AB - Seven hundred seventy-two patients who were presented for surgical treatment because of generalized peritonitis underwent intra- and postoperatively peritoneal lavage by use of a mean of 12 +/- 1 SD and 10 +/- 2 SD litres of warm heparinized normal saline solution respectively. Mean time for intra-operative lavage was 3 +/- 1 SD hours and for post-operative lavage 4 +/- 1 SD days. Peritoneal lavage was combined intra-operatively with mechanical management of any intra-peritoneal viscera perforation and with debridement of any peritoneal or viscus fibrinous exudate. The overall mortality rate was 10.2%, and morbidity 16.2% and the incidence of postoperative intra-peritoneal sepsis 4 patients (0.5%) all of whom underwent re-operation. We believe that the above features have to be considered satisfactory when compared with those reported in the literature. We therefore recommend from the results of this study peritoneal lavage as an effective, safe and simple alternative to the surgical treatment of generalized peritonitis. PMID- 6650053 TI - [Percutaneous drainage of infected abdominal collections. Guiding principles and results]. AB - The authors report their results with percutaneous drainage of 29 abdominal abscesses in 28 patients. Two types of catheters were used: the pigtail angio catheter and the trocar-catheter. CT scan and ultrasonography were the diagnostic technics used to localize the majority of these collections (20). Seventeen abscesses (58.6%) were cured by this drainage technique. Surgical drainage was necessary in 10 patients (34.4%). Six patients died: 4 of those had surgical drainage and 2 percutaneous drainage only. The cause of death in all cases was multiple organ failure secondary to a virulent noncontrolled infection. Analysis of the results uncovers 3 poor indications for percutaneous drainage: the digestive fistulous tract abscess, acute necrotic pancreatitis with secondary infection and the multi-loculated abscess. The best results are obtained in the case with a hepatic or left subdiaphragmatic abscess. No serious complication was related to the technique itself. PMID- 6650054 TI - [Drainage in biliary surgery]. AB - Over the past six years, the authors performed 1 018 biliary tract operations. Surgery for biliary tract cancer is not included. Drainage of the wound was only used for technical reasons and in complicated cases of cholecystitis. Five hundred sixty eight (64,3%) cholecystectomies were performed without drainage. The operative mortality in this group was 0.7% (4 patients). One of those 4 died of hemoperitoneum inspite of a rather late reintervention. From their experience the authors conclude that close postoperative follow-up and, when necessary, early reoperation is far more important than routine drainage which is often ineffective when problems arise. Multiple recent randomised studies support this attitude. PMID- 6650055 TI - [Intraperitoneal drainage in acute appendicitis]. AB - In this study, we reviewed 204 cases of acute appendicitis out of 248 appendectomies. They were classified into three groups: acute appendicitis, localized peritonitis and generalized peritonitis. The morbidity is analyzed according to an eventual peritoneal drainage. PMID- 6650056 TI - [Factors related to congenital hip dysplasia analyzed from the visual aspect of the body asymmetry syndrome]. PMID- 6650057 TI - [Acute non-specific osteomyelitis of the pelvis]. PMID- 6650058 TI - [Experience with the total anatomical replacement of the knee joint using Townley's method]. PMID- 6650059 TI - [Results of Ellison's operation for anterolateral instability of the knee joint]. PMID- 6650060 TI - [Compressive fractures of the spine in childhood and radiographic findings]. PMID- 6650061 TI - [Radiographic evaluation of a patient with a spine deformity]. PMID- 6650062 TI - [Calcification of the intervertebral disk in children]. PMID- 6650063 TI - [Possibilities of the surgical treatment of metastases to the skeleton]. PMID- 6650064 TI - [Use of immunoactive treatment in the therapy of chronic osteomyelitis]. PMID- 6650065 TI - Parathyroid autotransplantation. An investigation of parathyroid autograft function. AB - During a four-year period, 27 patients underwent total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue to the forearm. In order to minimize the risk of persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism (HPT), a routine thymic resection and a wide excision of fat tissue around the parathyroids was performed to ensure excision of possible supernumerary glands or rudimentary parathyroid tissue. The indications for operation were HPT secondary to chronic renal failure in 24 patients (22 of whom had hypercalcaemia) and persistent or recurrent primary HPT in 2 cases. One further patient, who had a multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type I, underwent this procedure at the primary parathyroid operation. Preoperative hypercalcaemia was reversed in all patients but three during the first postoperative days, concomitantly with a fall in the parathyroid hormone (PTH) level. Fourteen patients showed marked hypocalcaemia postoperatively, necessitating calcium or vitamin D supplementation. This medication could later be discontinued in all of them. Thirteen patients, including two of those with primary HPT, never required any supplemental therapy. Survival of the grafts was documented by several observations. In all patients normal serum calcium values were being maintained without supplemental therapy at follow-up. During induced hypocalcaemia a PTH secretory response was demonstrated in all eight studied patients with a gradient between the grafted and non-grafted arm. In two patients in whom the grafts were examined histologically 19 and 28 months after the transplantation, viable parathyroid tissue was observed. In the initial part of the study excised tissue was cryopreserved. Since persistent hypocalcaemia did not occur in our patients, we have now abandoned this safety precaution. Thus, total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue is a valuable method for restoring long-term parathyroid function in patients with secondary HPT and uraemia. It also appears of value in selected cases of primary HPT. PMID- 6650066 TI - Surgical treatment of the thoracic outlet syndrome. AB - In 63 patients with severe symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome, transaxillary rib resection was performed. The series was re-evaluated after a mean postoperative observation time of 2.5 years. Complete relief of all symptoms was obtained in 64% of the patients and marked improvement in 17%. The result was classified as fair in 12%. In 7% of the series no improvement of symptoms was obtained. PMID- 6650067 TI - Hemodynamic factors as a cause of vascular surgery failures in diabetics. AB - Thirty-six legs in thirty-three diabetic patients with ischemia at rest and multiple level arterial disease were studied preoperatively. Direct intraarterial femoral and popliteal artery blood pressures were measured together with indirect arm and foot blood pressures. Based on the systolic segmental pressure gradients it was predicted preoperatively whether it was necessary to make a one- or two level reconstruction. The ankle pressure measured one month postoperatively correlated well with predicted values. Of the seventeen occlusions within the observation time hemodynamic factors played an important role in eleven cases. In the femoro-crural segment one occluded in which an iliac stenosis with a pressure gradient of 28% had been disregarded. In the femoro-popliteal above knee segment four occlusions occurred in cases where the postoperative ankle pressures were less than 80% of the preoperatively predicted value, suggesting stenosis at the anastomosis. A popliteal to ankle gradient of 39% was measured preoperatively in the fifth case which occluded 2 months postoperatively. In the aortofemoral segment five occlusions occurred all having femoral to ankle pressure gradients exceeding 40% of femoral artery pressure. Retrospectively, seven of the failures might have been prevented by two-level reconstructions and four failures by a secondary arterioplasty. PMID- 6650068 TI - Postoperative gas gangrene in abdomen and in extremity. A comparison in nine cases of clostridial myonecrosis. AB - Gas gangrene occurred after surgery on an extremity, as a rule highly arteriosclerotic, in 6 patients and after abdominal operations in 3 patients during an 18-month period in 1978-79. The signs of toxemia after abdominal surgery preceded the signs of wound infection by one or two days and the diagnosis in the interval was extremely difficult. In its abdominal form the gas gangrene had such a fulminant course that, when the diagnosis had been established, the outcome was uninfluenced by prompt administration of shock therapy, surgical debridement and antibiotics. All 3 patients died. PMID- 6650069 TI - The value of parietal cell vagotomy compared to simple closure in a selective approach to perforated duodenal ulcer. Operative morbidity and recurrence rate. AB - Of 168 consecutive patients presenting with a perforated duodenal, pyloric or prepyloric ulcer, 123 patients were judged fit or suitable for parietal cell vagotomy (PCV). It was, however, only added to simple closure in 67 patients with a previous history of dyspepsia prone to develop recurrent ulceration, whereas 56 patients with no previous symptoms and an established low risk of recurrence were managed by simple closure only. In the comparable groups, postoperative morbidity did not differ, entailing mortality rates of 4.5% and 5.3% following PCV or simple closure only. An overall clinical grading of 106 patients (91%) followed up (median 4 years, range 1-10 years) revealed equally good results. In patients with previous dyspepsia and an established high recurrence rate if managed by simple closure only, a satisfactory reduction of the recurrence rate was found when PCV was added to suture closure (cumulative recurrence rate 20.7 +/- SD 69 compared to 29% +/- SD 9.4 following simple closure in patients with no previous dyspeptic symptoms). It is concluded that in patients with a perforating duodenal ulcer deemed fit or suitable for PCV, assessed by good clinical judgement, PCV does not carry an added risk and provides a fairly good protection against recurrent ulceration. PMID- 6650070 TI - Risk factors for development of primary cancer in the gastric stump. Intragastric nitrites and nitroso-compounds after surgery for duodenal ulcer. AB - Results are reported from a study on the presence and concentration of nitrites and nitroso-compounds in the gastric juice of 53 patients operated on for duodenal ulcer and in 15 controls. The investigations were made after various postoperative intervals. In the patients who had undergone Billroth II operation, the concentrations of nitrites and of nitroso-compounds were higher than in those with Billroth I operation and in the controls. It is concluded that patients with Billroth II operation may be particularly susceptible to subsequent primary neoplasm of the gastric stump, as a result of the carcinogenic action of these substances. PMID- 6650071 TI - Jaundice in acute cholecystitis without common duct stones. AB - Patients with acute cholecystitis without common duct stones were studied pre- and postoperatively with 99mTc-HIDA scintigraphy. The resulting hepatic time activity curves were analyzed. Preoperative serum bilirubin levels were closely correlated with hepatic discharge but not with hepatic uptake of the radiopharmaceutical. Cholecystectomy resulted in prompt improvement of hepatic discharge but did not affect uptake. In acute as well as in chronic cholecystitis cholangiograms taken before removal of the gallbladder were compared with those taken after. In acute cholecystitis the former view frequently showed medial displacement of the biliary tract and incomplete filling of its proximal part. Displacement of the duct was also apparent in comparisons of pre- and postoperative scintigrams. Jaundice in acute cholecystitis is due to reduced excretion which may be caused by pressure on the ducts by the distended gallbladder. PMID- 6650072 TI - Acute appendicitis risk in various phases of the menstrual cycle. AB - The significantly different age-specific incidence of acute appendicitis between males and females in the second, third and fourth decades of life led to a study of the frequency of acute appendicitis and the degree of appendiceal inflammation found at operation in the different phases of the menstrual cycle. The frequency of acute appendicitis was almost twice as high in the luteal phase as in the other half of the menstrual cycle. The proportion of gangrenous, perforated or normal appendices was significantly higher in the menstrual and follicular phases of the cycle. The study indicated that the female sex hormones may play an important etiologic part in acute appendicitis or may influence the inflammatory process in the appendix. PMID- 6650074 TI - Effect of feeding on the pattern of small bowel transit in the rat. AB - The effect of feeding on the small bowel transit pattern was studied in rats provided with a central venous catheter and a permanent gastric catheter. Solutions of glucose, amino acids or lipids were administered via the gastric catheter for 20 minutes (2 or 10 ml X h-1), while 99Tcm-Solco-HIDA, a bile excreted radiopharmaceutic, was infused intravenously for 1, 3 or 5 hours. At the end of the intravenous infusion, the gastrointestinal tract was excised and the radioactivity along the specimen was measured. In rats given no gastric feeding, the transit of small bowel contents occurred in well separated portions and the gut segments between the portions were free from radioactivity. With gastric feeding at the higher rate, examination of the small bowel contents after 1 hour showed continuous distribution along the gut, without apparent peaks or empty regions. When examined at 3 and at 5 hours, the small bowel seemed to have resumed its interdigestive pattern. The transit of chyme in the early postprandial period thus occurs in a manner distinctly different from the interdigestive transit pattern. The observations agree closely with electromyographic studies showing postprandial elimination of cyclic recurring activity. PMID- 6650073 TI - Carcinoid tumors in the gastrointestinal tract--an analysis of 156 cases. AB - A series of 156 patients with gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors is presented. The tumors were grouped as foregut, midgut and hindgut carcinoids. The appendiceal tumors were grouped separately. Lack of specific symptoms resulted in only 26% correct presumptive diagnoses. This also reflected the patient's delay greater than 2 years in 10% and doctor's delay greater than 2 years in 29%. In the larger group (midgut), 41% were multiple primary tumors. Liver metastases were found in 46% and tumors bigger than 1 cm metastasized to the liver in 58%. The five-year survival of patients with liver metastases was 43% while the figure for those without metastases was 80%. In 47 patients with appendiceal carcinoids, 68% had tumors less than 1 cm. No metastases to the regional lymph nodes, viscera or skeleton were found. Thirty-three patients were traced and none had died of the tumor. Two foregut and 4 hindgut tumors were re-examined using immunocytochemistry. In one of the foregut tumors, cells containing serotonin were found while the other one contained gastrin cells. In 3 hindgut tumors PP cells were seen and one of them also harbored glucagon/glicentin cells. In one hindgut tumor no peptides were found. PMID- 6650075 TI - Functional results after subtotal colectomy and caecorectal anastomosis. AB - Subtotal colectomy, preserving the ileocaecal valve and caecum, and caecoproctostomy has been recommended by some authors in the past and hypothetically it is a good a priori argument on the grounds of function for its use. The procedure has been employed in nine patients on different indications and the functional results assessed. When employed for treatment of chronic constipation or diverticular disease of the colon the functional results were poor. If the operation should be used at all it should probably be restricted to patients with an otherwise normal colorectal function. Even when employed on these indications, bowel habits differ little from those experienced by patients with a conventional ileorectal anastomosis. PMID- 6650076 TI - Surgical management of pancreatic injuries. Report of three cases with major pancreatic trauma. AB - Pancreatic trauma is associated with high mortality and high incidence of complications. A pancreatic injury is easily overlooked at laparotomy, unless complete exploration of the gland is performed. There are often associated visceral and vascular injuries. Three cases of severe pancreatic trauma treated during the past three years are discussed as regards surgical management and the treatment of subsequent complications. PMID- 6650077 TI - Ectopic pregnancy in the liver. Report of a case and angiographic findings. AB - A 23-year-old woman underwent laparotomy due to physical signs of intra-abdominal bleeding. A 3 X 3 cm bleeding mass adherent to the liver surface was found. Microscopic examination of the removed encapsulated tumour demonstrated an ectopic pregnancy of the liver. Angiography performed on the 10th postoperative day showed a hypervascular lesion in the right liver lobe. The angiographic findings are similar to those previously described in cases of tubal pregnancies. PMID- 6650078 TI - A grafted arteriovenous fistula between the subclavian artery and ipsilateral internal jugular vein. Case report. AB - The case history of a haemodialysis patient with profound hypotension and persistent failures of all blood access devices is presented. A central, high flow, grafted arteriovenous fistula (PTFE) between the subclavian artery and the ipsilateral internal jugular vein is described, and its advantages over previously described central high flow arteriovenous fistulas are discussed. PMID- 6650079 TI - Nutritional assessment and clinical course in 112 elective surgical patients. AB - Recent Swedish reference values in anthropometry and delayed hypersensitivity (DH) were applied in the nutritional assessment of 112 surgical patients. The presence of three or more subnormal variables indicating malnutrition was found in 28% of all patients, and in 52% of those with malignant disease. The anthropometric variables revealed deficits in fat stores and muscle in 26 and 6%, respectively. Plasma protein determinations indicated malnutrition in 6-49%. DH skin testing revealed a subnormal response in 17% of the patients. Ten of the 79 operated patients had postoperative complications. Malnutrition was found preoperatively in six of these. The malnourished patients had a 5.5 times higher complication rate compared to the well-nourished (p less than 0.01). Subnormal values in albumin, prealbumin or DH were associated with a statistically significantly increased complication rate. Regression analysis showed correlations between the anthropometric measurements and plasma protein levels. Furthermore, DH correlated with triceps skin fold, albumin, prealbumin and cholinesterase. PMID- 6650080 TI - Enclosure of bacteria within capillary multifilament sutures as protection against leukocytes. AB - The effect of leukocyte against Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of capillary multifilament suture materials was observed in an in vitro phagocytosis test. The leukocytes had a phagocytic effect against bacteria in the culture medium but not against bacteria in the suture threads. The bacteria enclosed in the interstices of the suture threads could multiply there, and 'leakage' of bacteria from the thread to the surrounding medium maintained a high bacterial presence despite the phagocytic activity of leukocytes in the medium. Adherence of leukocytes to suture materials was studied in experiments with 51Cr-labeled leukocytes. There was no significant leukocyte penetration into the two capillary multifilament suture materials in the tests. Bacteria enclosed in the interstices of capillary multifilament suture threads appear to be protected from the phagocytic action of leukocytes and thus can support and prolong the course of an infection. PMID- 6650081 TI - Experimental evaluation of immobilization in operative and non-operative treatment of Achilles tendon rupture. A radiographic study in the rabbit. AB - Achilles tenotomy in rabbits was followed by operative or non-operative management. Various immobilization periods were used (0, 7, 16 and 35 days). Steel markers were fixed on the tendon ends to allow continuous X-ray monitoring of the distance between them. The separation of the tendon ends followed a biphasic course, with (I) and initial separation, 0-7 days, (II) no separation, 8 12 days, and (III) late separation, 22-35 days, irrespective of the therapeutic procedure. When the tendon was sutured, the initial separation was small if the leg was immobilized, but large if no immobilization was used. When no suture was applied, the initial separation was always large, whether or not the leg was immobilized. Large initial separation of the tendon ends always resulted in disturbed healing of the tendon. The final tendon end separation was independent of duration of immobilization. Good healing of cut Achilles tendon in rabbits thus requires immediate suture and immobilization for at least 7 days. The possible validity of these observations for tendon rupture in man offers interesting prospects. PMID- 6650082 TI - Primary hyperparathyroidism. Changing trends over fifty years. AB - Two groups of patients with PHPT, one (early group) operated on between 1930 and 1960, and the other (late group) from 1972 to 1981 were compared, in order to find out the changing trends in this disease during these years. The number of operated PHPT increased when serum calcium and phosphate were added to routine blood screening. The mean age of patients was lower in the early than in the late group. There was a decrease in the occurrence and severity of bone and renal disease and an increase in the number of asymptomatic patients in the late group. In the early group the serum calcium levels were higher, serum phosphate levels lower and parathyroid adenomas larger. The ratio between uni- and multiglandular parathyroid disease was similar in both groups of patients. PMID- 6650083 TI - An evaluation of the risk of developing hyperparathyroidism after 131I treatment for thyrotoxicosis. AB - It is well established that external radiation to the neck area can act as an initiating factor in the development of hyperparathyroidism (HPT). In the present work the incidence of HPT was studied in a series of 125 patients treated with 131I for thyrotoxicosis and in untreated controls matched for age and sex. No increased incidence of HPT was found among the radioiodine treated patients. The time from treatment to follow-up was 21 years on the average. The most probable reason for the lack of an effect on the HPT-incidence is that variable and mostly low doses of radiation with low dose rates are absorbed in the parathyroids after 131I-treatment for thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 6650084 TI - Postoperative lymphoedema after treatment of breast cancer. AB - A clinical study was made of the occurrence of lymphoedema of the arm following radical mastectomy and modified radical mastectomy for curable breast cancer. The relation between this incidence and the occurrence of axillary node metastases and subsequent radiation to the axilla was examined. Both radical surgery and radiation increased the risk of postoperative arm lymphoedema. By changing the surgical approach towards less extensive operations this risk has been substantially reduced while radiation therapy still implies a high risk for persistent lymphoedema. PMID- 6650085 TI - Delayed distal blood pressure rise after partial arterial reconstruction for combined aorto-iliac and superficial femoral artery occlusive disease. AB - The blood pressure in the ankle and great toe was measured with cuff and strain gauge technique in 39 patients after insertion of aorto-femoral bifurcation graft. In 40 limbs with patent superficial femoral artery (complete reconstruction) the distal blood pressure remained unchanged from the tenth postoperative day to follow-up after 12 to 26 months. In 30 limbs with occluded superficial femoral artery (partial reconstruction) the ankle/arm pressure index rose from 0.54 to 0.61 between the tenth day and late follow-up. The blood pressure in the great toe had increased by 8 mmHg on the tenth postoperative day and by additionally 17 mmHg during the next 12 to 26 months. The delayed pressure rise after partial arterial reconstruction presumably reflected development of collateral vessels from the deep femoral artery system. The clinical significance of the findings is discussed. PMID- 6650086 TI - Abdominal aortic aneurysm--results of treatment in nonspecialized units. AB - A retrospective study was made of the management of abdominal aortic aneurysms in eight district general hospitals in Sweden in the period 1971-1980. The numbers of admitted cases rose steadily during these ten years, as did the numbers of operations. Most of the patients had ruptured aneurysm, though there was a manifold rise in the number of operations for asymptomatic aneurysm. The postoperative mortality increased with the level of emergency presented by the aneurysm symptoms, and was about 80% in patients with clinical shock. The results of operative treatment were essentially stable during the study period and they appeared to be similar to those obtained in patients referred to units specializing in vascular surgery. Patient age, preoperative recognition of the diagnosis, concomitance of complicating disease and magnitude of peroperative blood loss seemed to influence the results of surgery. Postoperative deaths tended to occur in the first few days and to be independent of the volume of transfused blood, although severe bleeding was a significant and often fatal postoperative complication. PMID- 6650087 TI - What makes the peritoneal drain work? Pressure in the subhepatic space after biliary surgery. AB - To determine the nature of the forces responsible for the evacuation of fluid from the peritoneal cavity via a drain we measured the pressure in the subhepatic space after biliary surgery. Pressure in that space increased with inspiration and decreased with expiration. The inspiratory increase was larger in the erect than in the supine position. Evacuation of fluid from the subhepatic space via a drain results from intermittent increase in pressure such as occurs during deep inhalation. Drainage is improved by maximal inspiration in the erect position. PMID- 6650088 TI - Does the retrocecal position influence the course of acute appendicitis. AB - In order to assess if and how the course in acute appendicitis is influenced by a retrocecal position of the vermiform appendix we reviewed the hospital records of 247 randomly selected patients who had been operated between 1976-78 at the Department of Surgery, Malmo General Hospital, Sweden. The retrocecal position was found in 17%. No association was found between age and anatomical position of the appendix. Perforation had occurred in 14% of the patients with the retrocecal position and in 18% of the patients with other anatomical positions. Patient's delay was prolonged in cases with perforation but was not influenced by the retrocecal position. Doctor's delay was in patients with non-perforated appendicitis longer in cases with than without the retrocecal position. The incidence of wound infections and other complications was increased in cases with perforation but was not further increased by the retrocecal position. PMID- 6650089 TI - Stone in the ampulla vateri in a child. A case report. AB - In spite of classic symptoms of gallstones in a 9-year-old girl, operation was delayed for several years, apparently because surgeons and pediatricians do not readily consider the possibility of obstructive gallstones in young patients. The operative treatment is similar in children and adults. PMID- 6650090 TI - Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis and common bile duct stenosis. A case report. AB - The ordinary manifestations of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (IRF) with involvement of the ureters and urinary obstruction are well known. Quite a number of publications have made it clear that this disease process can often also affect organ systems other than the urinary tract--from the trachea and mediastinum to the rectum. The present case report calls attention to the fact that IRF may also be a surgically treatable cause of obstructive icterus. PMID- 6650091 TI - An anomalous retrocaval right iliac artery in a patient with an aortic aneurysm. A case report. AB - A case of anomalous retrocaval right common iliac artery in a patient with an abdominal aortic aneurysm is presented. In addition to being retrocaval the artery also made a wide loop deep in behind the fibres of the psoas muscle, becoming visible again in the minor pelvis. The incidence of venous and arterial anomalies is briefly discussed, and a summary review of the literature presented. PMID- 6650092 TI - Hepatic portal vein gas following colonoscopy in ulcerative colitis: report of a case. PMID- 6650093 TI - Caroli's disease associated with hepatic fibrosis, policystic renal disease, epiphysiolysis of the hip and growth retardation. PMID- 6650094 TI - [Cancer of the gastric stump after surgery for benign ulcers]. PMID- 6650096 TI - [Neuro-myelo-encephalopathy in celiac disease]. PMID- 6650097 TI - [Ileocecal invagination in the adult associated with a benign ulcer of the colon]. PMID- 6650095 TI - [C-reactive protein in the evaluation of the activity of Crohn's disease]. PMID- 6650098 TI - [Adenocarcinoma of the colon after uretero-sigmoidostomy]. PMID- 6650099 TI - Month of birth by zygosity in the NAS-NRC twin registry. AB - Previous results regarding a seasonality of twin births have been conflicting. Since the biology of monozygotic (MZ) twinning differs from that of dizygotic (DZ) twinning, it is possible that the seasonality of birth for these two twin types might differ. However, all previous studies examining the seasonality of birth by zygosity has estimated zygosity by Weinberg's method. In this report, the month of birth of all MZ and DZ veteran twins from the United States National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) Twin Registry are compared with that found for an unselected group of veterans. Zygosity in the registry has been individually assigned to all twin pairs by a well-validated method. Compared to unselected veterans, the distribution of births by months did not differ significantly for all the veteran twin pairs or for the MZ and DZ twin pairs considered separately. The distribution of month of birth of the MZ and DZ twin pairs did not differ significantly from one another. These results are not consistent with a significant seasonality of MZ, DZ, or all twin births in the United States. PMID- 6650100 TI - Determinants of birthweight of twins. AB - The low birthweight of twins compared with singletons is only slightly influenced by the higher congenital abnormality rate in twins, or the increased incidence of proteinuric pre-eclampsia in the mothers. Reduced intakes of energy food or of zinc, copper, and iron do not account for the lower birthweight. The main cause of low birthweight is preterm delivery, and this is more common in monozygotic than dizygotic twin pregnancies, due particularly to premature rupture of the membranes. The type of placentation did not influence the preterm onset of labor. Preterm labor in monozygotic twin pregnancies is associated with a very high boy:girl ratio, but this did not apply in dizygotic twin pregnancies. PMID- 6650101 TI - Cost of care and prevention of preterm births in twin pregnancies. AB - This study describes a 5-year survey of activity in a single institution, and the effects of a change of policy for prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancies. The results show the advantages and drawbacks from the financial and medical viewpoints. PMID- 6650102 TI - [Distribution and ecology of Dermacentor marginatus (Sulzer, 1776) (Ixodoidea) in the French Alps and their foothills]. PMID- 6650103 TI - Experimental and clinical study of higher nervous functions. 19th Czechoslovak Interdisciplinary Conference, Piest'any, 11-14 October 1982. Abstracts. PMID- 6650104 TI - Evaluation of host defenses after trauma. PMID- 6650105 TI - Humoral immunity in critically ill patients. Therapeutic perspectives. PMID- 6650106 TI - The prevention of infection in the intensive care unit. PMID- 6650107 TI - Nosocomial infections. PMID- 6650108 TI - Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery. AB - Prospective double blind studies have demonstrated that brief courses of antibiotics active against major contaminating bacterial pathogens are effective in certain surgical interventions if these agents are given prior to surgery. Administration of antibiotics for long periods after surgery has no beneficial effect on the postoperative infection rate. In addition it may increase the risk of adverse effects and results in widespread emergence of resistant organisms. Until now brief courses of antimicrobial agents have not resulted in an increasing number of resistant bacteria, however surveillance must be continued (Acta anaesth. belg., 1983, 34, 163-171). PMID- 6650109 TI - Outcome of bacteremia in a surgical intensive care unit. PMID- 6650110 TI - Epidemic of multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus in an intensive care unit. PMID- 6650111 TI - Colonisation of the gastric contents in critically ill patients. PMID- 6650112 TI - Skull morphogenesis and growth: hemodynamic influence. AB - In young dogs movements of cranial bones at the sutura sagittalis and sutura coronalis have been shown. They correlate with arterial blood flow. The connective fiber arrangement in the sutura, which has been found earlier, can be explained as being related to these movements. PMID- 6650113 TI - Changes with age in the number and size of myelinated axons in the rat L4 dorsal spinal root. AB - The number and size of myelinated axons in the L4 dorsal spinal root were determined in young rats and compared to those in the adult (older than 1 year) and in the old rats (older than 2 years). While the total number of myelinated axons was about the same at all ages, the average overall axon diameter showed a growth-related increase in adult animals, followed by a decrease reflecting senile atrophy in old rats. It is suggested that in aging laboratory rats the extent of axon shrinkage could account for the occurrence of secondary radicular demyelination. PMID- 6650114 TI - Uterine tube microvascular architecture after oophorectomy in the rabbit. AB - 4 adult female virgin rabbits underwent bilateral oophorectomy. 4 weeks later methylmethacrylate corrosion vascular casts of their uterine tubes were prepared. Scanning electron microscopy of the acrylic casts revealed a decrease in the size and number of the large ampullary plical and fimbrial veins which are normally characteristic of these regions. This observation suggests that the reported tubal dysfunction which follows oophorectomy may have a vascular component. PMID- 6650115 TI - Histological characteristics of the lower oesophageal sphincter in the cat. AB - The structure of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) of the cat was investigated in comparison with that of the oesophagus. The following two main results were collected: (1) The muscularis mucosae of the lower oesophageal sphincter is much thicker than at oesophageal level (221 micron as compared with 17.8 micron on average). This thickening is particularly marked at the most prominent foldings of the mucosa. (2) Numerous annulospiral thin elastic fibres were found, in the circular layer of the LOS. These structures will coil spirally around muscular bundles and then wrap themselves around adjacent bundles so that they present an oblique orientation with regard to muscular fibres. Therefore it is concluded that in this species, the LOS is morphologically differentiated from the oesophagus. PMID- 6650116 TI - Early development of the otocyst in an exencephalic mutant of the mouse. AB - Development of the otic anlage was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy in exencephalic loop-tail (Lp/Lp) embryos and in their normal (+/+; Lp/+) littermates at 8.5-9.5 days of gestation. In the abnormal embryos, the cells of the otic pit lack the rounded prominent surfaces and dense arrangement of microvilli which characterize the normal otic pit, and the overall configuration of the otic anlage is also distorted. The relatively early manifestation of abnormalities in the otic anlage of this mutant suggests that the defective neural tube may exert an influence as early as the otic placode stage, or that a common factor may simultaneously affect both otic and neural tube development in this mutant. PMID- 6650117 TI - Volume changes during mitosis in pancreatic acinar cells of the rat. AB - The volume of interphasic and mitotic pancreatic acinar cells of 20-day-old rats was estimated by analysis of drawings from Araldite-embedded serial thick sections. Assuming the average interphase cell volume to be 100%, the volume of prophase cells was 145%, reaching a volume of 180% during anaphase. Postmitotic acinar cell volume was 74%. PMID- 6650118 TI - Morphological observations of the fetal rat spleen during prolonged gestation. AB - The ultrastructure of splenic cells and frequency of cell types were examined in fetal rats during progesterone-induced (P23, 24, 25) and surgically-induced (S23, 24, 25) prolonged gestation, and compared to term (T) fetuses and newborn animals (N1, N2, N3). Statistical analysis revealed an increase in numbers of erythroblasts and a decrease in numbers of neutrophils in post-term fetuses distinct from that seen in term and newborn animals. However, there were also significant differences between the post-term groups: the frequency of erythrocytes and total number of cells were higher in the drug-treated group, despite similar splenic weights in the two. The results are interpreted as a response by the spleen (increased erythropoiesis) to fetal hypoxia, which is known to exist during prolonged gestation. PMID- 6650120 TI - A combined histochemical-neurophysiological technique for investigating the extent of diffusion of intracerebrally injected drugs. AB - In order to 'dissect out' the function of a given region of the brain, the local application of a chemical transmitter probably parallels closely what is actually occurring biologically at the local site. This paper addresses itself to the problem of diffusion of drugs and describes the application of a modern device (the osmotic minipump) which produces a constant flow of minute quantities of the agent into the brain structure. Neurophysiological, behavioural, and histochemical investigations have been carried out in different species. Although the histochemical results of the minipump experiments indicate some spread, yet this seems to be at a concentration which would have no apparent pharmacological action. This was confirmed by our neurophysiological and behavioural studies and also by some recent reports in the literature. PMID- 6650119 TI - Electron microscopic and histochemical characterization of intra-arterial cushions of the rat and porcine uterine vascular bed. AB - Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies, together with histochemical investigations, were conducted on rat and porcine intra-arterial cushions from the uterine vascular bed. In the rat, the fine structure of these cushions closely resembled that previously described in the rat kidney. The cushions were composed of modified smooth muscle, circularly disposed in an incomplete, raised band surrounding the entrance to arterial branches. These muscle cells projected as attenuated processes throughout the loosely organized, PAS-positive stroma, and established close contact with thin endothelial extensions projecting from the base of the surface endothelial cells. Scanning electron microscopic observations of furrows on the endothelial surface gave rise to the suggestion that such contacts might mediate muscular control of endothelial surface topology. In similar cushions from the pig uterine artery, the smooth muscle of the cushions was much more compactly organized, and was disposed radially, rather than circumferentially, within the cushion structure. The enzyme histochemical profile of porcine cushions did not differ appreciably from that of normal vascular smooth muscle and endothelium, suggesting the maintenance of a metabolic similarity with adjacent tissues. These studies clarify the fine-structural basis for recently reported contraction and relaxation of uterine artery cushions during ischemia and perfusion of the rat uterine vascular bed, and thus, for their functional role in the regulation of uterine vascular flow. PMID- 6650121 TI - Number and distribution of ganglion cells in the vallate papilla of adult human. AB - We examined the number and distribution of ganglion cells within a vallate papilla from a healthy human adult. The vast majority of cell bodies were located near the base of the papilla, clustered in the central portion of its core immediately above underlying muscles and von Ebner's glands. Neurons appeared to be of one morphological type with ovoid cell bodies and spherical nuclei. The possible functional significance of their presence in invaginated or trench containing gustatory papillae is discussed. PMID- 6650122 TI - Light and electron microscopy of cells in pig colostrum, milk and involution secretion. AB - Cells in pig colostrum, milk and involution secretion were identified using light and electron microscopy. Cell types identified were neutrophils, macrophages, epithelial cells, eosinophils and lymphocytes. The neutrophils predominated in colostrum and involution secretion, whereas in milk it was the epithelial cell. Macrophages and lymphocytes were present throughout lactation and so too were eosinophils which were always present in lower concentrations. Both neutrophils and macrophages were seen with phagocytic vacuoles containing either lipid, casein or cellular debris. The possible roles played by the phagocytic and lymphoid cells in the protection of the mammary gland of the sow and the gut of the neonate from pathogenic microorganisms is discussed. PMID- 6650123 TI - Effects of neonatal ovariectomy on the ultrastructure of gonadotrophs in female rats. AB - In order to investigate if castration cells or hypertrophic gonadotrophs are induced by ovariectomy at birth, neonatal female rats were ovariectomized within 12 h after birth and the pituitary cells were examined when the rats were 15 days of age by means of immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Hypertrophic gonadotrophs were present in the anterior pituitary glands of these young rats. However, when estradiol was injected on alternate days, beginning on the 5th day after birth, this castration response in the pituitary was markedly suppressed. This morphological evidence confirms physiological results previously reported that a feedback interaction between the ovary and the hypothalamo adenohypophysial system is functional in the early days of life. PMID- 6650124 TI - Local blood flow and glucose consumption in the rat brain during sustained bicuculline-induced seizures. AB - The present study addresses the problem of whether brain structures which have been shown to develop neuronal cell damage in recurrent or prolonged epileptic seizures have higher metabolic rates and/or less pronounced increases in blood flow rates than others during sustained seizures. To that end, local cerebral blood flow (CBF) and glucose utilization (CMRgl) were measured autoradiographically in ventilated rats, in which seizures of 20, 60, or 120 min duration were induced by i.v. bicuculline. After 20 and 60 min of seizure activity, local CBF increased 2- to 4-fold in most of the 21 structures analysed. However, there was a marked heterogeneity with CBF values varying between 150% (caudoputamen) and 500% (globus pallidus) of control. After 120 min, CBF in several structures, notably cortical and limbic regions, fell in spite of unchanged blood pressure and continued seizure activity. Changes in local CMRgl were equally heterogenous, and correlated poorly with blood flow rates. Some structures (the cerebral cortices and 3 limbic areas) showed a sustained 2-4 fold increase in CMRgl. In these, metabolic rate and blood flow were initially matched but CBF subsequently fell to yield a pattern of relative hypoperfusion. Other structures showed no, or only moderate, increases in CMRgl. In spite of this, CBF increased markedly to yield a pattern of relative hyperemia. It is concluded that bicuculline-induced seizures represent a condition in which structures, observed to be prone to develop cell damage, show grossly enhanced metabolic rate and develop relative underperfusion. Furthermore, the results suggest that structures with a large increase of the metabolic rate during seizures, develop a striking mismatch between local metabolic rate and blood flow. PMID- 6650125 TI - Pharmacokinetics of 10-OH-carbazepine, the main metabolite of the antiepileptic oxcarbazepine, from serum and saliva concentrations. AB - After administration of 600 mg of the antiepileptic oxcarbazepine to 7 healthy volunteers, serum and stimulated saliva samples were collected for the next 72 h. Concentrations of 10-OH-carbazepine, the main metabolite of oxcarbazepine, were determined by an HPLC method. The time-concentration curves showed a median Tmax of 8 h followed by a plateau until 24 h indicating saturable kinetic processes. Based on the curves, the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The half life of 10-OH-carbazepine in saliva, 13.8 +/- 3.7 (SD) h, was significantly shorter than in serum, 19.3 +/- 6.2 (SD) h. The half-life of 10-OH-carbazepine in serum was inversely correlated to the free fraction, estimated by the ratio saliva/serum concentrations. Calculation of free fraction by this method showed that 53.1 +/- 14.4 (SD) % of 10-OH-carbazepine is unbound in serum. There was a good correlation (r = 0.914) between serum and saliva concentrations of 10-OH carbazepine from 8-72 h after administration of oxcarbazepine. This finding indicates that saliva concentrations may prove useful, as has been shown for carbamazepine, in therapeutic monitoring of oxcarbazepine treatment. PMID- 6650126 TI - Multiple sclerosis patients show an increased spontaneous activity of their peripheral blood monocytes as measured by chemiluminescence. AB - I has been reported that myelin basic protein (BP) reacts extremely sensitively to peroxide, which is formed when monocytes/macrophages are stimulated to produce a "respiratory burst" (RB). We measured the RB activity by means of chemiluminescence in peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages (MO) of 17 MS patients, 5 patients with a viral infection of the CNS, and 14 control persons. The median of the spontaneous RB activity of MS patients compared with the median of our control group showed a highly significant increase (P = 0.0002). All MS patients examined possessed a clearly increased MO activity. The highest values, however, were found in MS patients in a bout (means = 315%, means = 296%). Since a viral infection is discussed as being involved in the pathogenesis of MS, we also examined patients with a viral infection of the CNS, but this group of patients did not show a significant increase (P = 0.34). Our data indicate that MO in MS patients generate and/or secrete an increased amount of unspecific mediators of inflammation. The possibility is discussed that this altered MO function might be caused by an altered reaction of MO in MS patients to a viral infection or superinfection. PMID- 6650127 TI - Synthesis of the complement factors C3 and C4 within the central nervous system over the course of aseptic meningitis. AB - The concentrations of complement factors C3 and C4 were quantified by single radial immunodiffusion in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in serum from 38 patients up to 2 months after onset of acute aseptic meningitigs (AM). Elevated absolute concentrations were found in CSF in 26 and 35 patients, respectively, and in serum in 8 and 31, respectively. Elevation of the CSF C3 index, equal to (CSF/serum C3):(CSF/serum albumin), and of the corresponding CSF C4 index were found in 16 and 7 patients, respectively, as evidence of intrathecal synthesis. Only minor differences of the frequencies of elevated CSF C3 and C4 indices were encountered over the course of AM up to 2 months after onset. The occurrence of intrathecal C3 and C4 synthesis in AM is proposed as reflecting activation of hitherto unknown significance within the central nervous system. PMID- 6650128 TI - Conduction studies along the accessory, long thoracic, dorsal scapular, and thoracodorsal nerves. AB - Latencies to the trapezius (upper and lower portion), serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi and rhomboid muscles were evaluated in 66 subjects. There was a significant relation between latencies and conduction distances to the rhomboid, to the trapezius and to the serraturs anterior muscles but not to the latissimus dorsi muscle, probably due to differences in the organization of the endplate regions in the muscles in question. PMID- 6650129 TI - Alcohol consumption of patients with essential tremor. AB - Most patients with essential tremor experience a transient improvement after ingesting a small amount of alcohol. It has been accordingly suggested that essential tremor patients may have an increased risk of developing alcoholism. In this study, the frequency and amount of alcohol intake of essential tremor patients were found to be largely similar to the drinking habits of a control sample from the general population. This indicates that essential tremor does not generally augment alcohol consumption, nor is it a common cause of alcoholism. PMID- 6650130 TI - Neuroaxonal dystrophy with neuromelanin deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal loss. Light- and electron-microscopic changes in a 45-year-old woman with progressive psychomotor deterioration. AB - Neuroaxonal spheroids became evident microscopically after the autopsy of a 45 year-old woman with pigmentation of the globus pallidus suggesting Hallervorden Spatz disease. In our opinion the fine floccular pigment seen electron microscopically in many of the axonal spheroids is melanin, an end product of catecholamine metabolism. Neurofibrillary degeneration, senile plaques, and granulovacuolar degeneration in the hippocampus produced a picture of Alzheimer's disease. Pontocerebellar degeneration and motor neuron disease were also observed. PMID- 6650131 TI - Loss of intracortical myelinated fibers: a distinctive age-related alteration in the human striate area. AB - The amount of myelin in Gennari's stripe in the human striate cortex has been measured in normal individuals ranging in age from 18 to 96 years. From the third decade onward, the amount of myelin in this intracortical plexus is gradually reduced with advancing age. PMID- 6650132 TI - A comparison of autofluorescence emission spectra of bleached neuromelanin in non diseased substantia nigra with spectra of other intraneuronal pigments in non diseased and diseased tissue. AB - Characteristics of autofluorescence emission spectra are reported from neuromelanin autofluorescence, after paraffin wax-embedded sections of human substantia nigra were bleached by exposure to 15% hydrogen peroxide for 24 h. The characteristics of a pigment's emission spectrum probably reflect its composition, and the results are compared with autofluorescence emission spectra from examples of bleached "lipofuscin" and bleached "ceroid". (In the present study "bleached" implies that the tissue was exposed to hydrogen peroxide, whether or not a change in pigment colour was observed). The spectral characteristics of bleached neuromelanin autofluorescence were distinguished from those of bleached lipofuscin but not from examples of bleached ceroid; thus, despite similarities between neuromelanin and lipofuscin, neuromelanin resembles some examples of ceroid but not lipofuscin in respect of the properties investigated. The process of neuromelanin formation may be related to pathogenic mechanisms in the ceroidoses. PMID- 6650133 TI - Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. Pathologic findings in five autopsy cases. AB - This report describes the pathologic findings in five autopsy cases with intramedullary spinal cord metastasis. In an autopsy series over a 30-year period, the incidence of intramedullary metastasis among the metastatic tumors to the spine was 3.5%, and the incidence among the central nervous system (CNS) metastasis was 4.2%. Primary site of tumor was the lung in four cases, and cancer of the thyroid was suspected in one case. On transverse section, the tumor was located mainly in the ventral part of the posterior horn and the medial part of the lateral column. Involvement was focal extending over one to six segments. In two cases, secondary hemorrhage occurred in the posterior horn or the posterior column. In three cases, central ischemic infarction was noted cephalad and caudad to the tumor metastasis. The mode of tumor spread to the spinal cord is not clear, but the autopsy findings in our series suggest that intramedullary tumor may result from hematogenous spread via the arterial circulation. PMID- 6650134 TI - Pencil-shaped softening of the spinal cord. Pathologic study in 12 autopsy cases. AB - This report describes pathologic findings of pencil-shaped softening in 12 autopsy cases. Nine cases were associated with extradural metastasis of malignant tumor and three were observed in brain death. The cavity of the pencil-shaped softening containing necrotic debris and abundant macrophages was located mainly in the ventral part of the posterior column or the dorsal horn. It extended longitudinally over several segments of the cord, predominantly in an upward direction, and had a very clear demarcated margin from the compressed surrounding tissue. Reactive change of the surrounding tissue was very rare. Pencil-shaped softening was found most often in the level of the thoracic cord. The cavity was always continuous with an area of transverse necrosis or and area of patchy necrosis. In previous reports, the factor of circulatory disturbance was considered important for the pathogenesis of pencil-shaped softening. In addition, we believe that mechanical compression is also an important factor. PMID- 6650135 TI - Ultrastructural study of peripheral nerve in arteritic diabetic patients. AB - The peripheral nerve was taken from 25 diabetic patients with arteritis just before or after amputation of a leg. The ultrastructural study of myelinated fibers showed several alterations. Loss of fibers varied greatly from case to case. This was accompanied in some cases by hypertrophy of the Schwann cells around demyelinated fibers as has been observed in some ordinary diabetic neuropathies. Unusual abnormalities consisted of particular axonal degeneration and evidence of aberrant remyelination. This axonal injury was peculiar because of the accumulation of organelles which tended to transform some of the fibers into enlarged axons. Such a lesion might correspond to a hypoxic axonopathy. PMID- 6650136 TI - An experimental study of the pathogenesis of the selective lesion of the globus pallidus in acute carbon monoxide poisoning in cats. With special reference to the chronologic change in the cerebral local blood flow. AB - Twenty-eight mature cats were exposed to 0.3% carbon monoxide (CO) gas for 90-193 min using artificial ventilation. The systemic blood pressure (BP), venous pressure (VP), blood flow of the left common carotid artery (CF), and blood gas were monitored. The local blood flow (LBF) of the globus pallidus, putamen, or claustrum was measured by the hydrogen clearance method. Pallidal lesions were found histologically in 14 cats. The period of CO inhalation and the time thereafter were divided into the following four stages in the animals with pallidal lesions. Stage 1: Initial phase with rapid increase in the CF and LBF, and rapid decrease in the BP. Stage 2: Middle phase with slow decrease in the BP, CF, and LBF. Stage 3: Terminal phase with rapid decrease in the BP, CF, and LBF. Stage 4: Recovery phase. The changes in stage 3 were not so prominent in the animals without pallidal lesions. The LBF of the globus pallidus of the animals with lesions decreased to 67.3 +/- 20.7% of the initial value at the terminal stage of CO inhalation, while it was 188 +/- 46.7% in those without lesions. The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.01). The LBF of the putamen or claustrum in the animals with lesions in the globus pallidus was 140 +/- 24.6% at this stage, and it was significantly higher than that of the globus pallidus (P less than 0.01). Other factors, such as CO inhalation time, degree of acidosis, and terminal CO-Hb concentration, did not correlate with the occurrence of the pallidal lesion. PMID- 6650137 TI - Ultracytochemical studies of vesicular and canalicular transport structures in the injured mammalian blood-brain barrier. AB - An ultracytochemical investigation was performed to study the origin of pinocytic vesicles and canalicular structures within endothelial cells (EC) of the injured mammalian blood-brain barrier (BBB). To accomplish this goal, two electron-dense tracers, native ferritin (NF) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), were used in conjunction with the detection of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, a known marker of EC plasmalemma of brain micro-blood vessels. Brain ECs from (1) mice subjected to crude leptomeningeal damage for 1, 2, or 3 days and (2) cats subjected to cold lesion injury for 1, 4, or 24 h were evaluated for tracer transport and AP activity. Fine structural analysis of leaking segments of micro blood vessels from damaged cerebral cortex or basal ganglia demonstrated pinocytic vesicles, deep invaginations of the luminal plasmalemma and elongated, tubular profiles, all containing tracer. Because we observed in ECs from both experimental models of brain injury a positive reaction for AP activity in the luminal plasmalemma, in its deep invaginations, in delimiting membranes of pinocytic vesicles, and in tubulo-canalicular structures, we conclude that all types of transport structures derive from the same 100A thick exoplasmic plasmalemmal membranes. Further, besides the pinocytic vesicular transport system (PTS), the canalicular transport system (CTS) appears to serve as an additional important mechanism for macromolecular transport across the damaged mammalian BBB. PMID- 6650138 TI - Does Toxoplasma cause polymyositis? Report of a case of polymyositis associated with toxoplasmosis and a critical review of the literature. AB - We report here a case of polymyositis and toxoplasmosis, and review the previous examples of this association. We suggest that in most cases this relationship is due to reactivation of latent infection in an immunocompromised host. Gross immunological aberrations underline the pathogenesis of polymyositis and these predispose the patient to the development of toxoplasmosis. Anti-protozoal therapy is necessary and produces some clinical benefit, but it does not cure the polymyositis. PMID- 6650139 TI - Prolactinoma coexistent with granulomatous hypophysitis. AB - A 54-year-old man with a long-lasting left-sided headache and biochemical evidence of hyperprolactinemia was found to have a large chromophobe pituitary adenoma, which concurred with a granulomatous hypophysitis. The mechanism of the inflammatory reaction is discussed and the immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings of this hitherto undescribed combination of lesions are presented. PMID- 6650140 TI - Neuronal accumulation of silver in brains of progeny from argyric rats. AB - Using a photochemical method silver was demonstrated in the brains of 1-, 14-, and 45-day-old rats which had been exposed to silver on gestational days 18 and 19. In the brain tissue of new-born rats, silver was found in the lysosomes of neurons and astroglia. Minor changes in the anatomic distribution of silver were observed between days 1 and 45. The pattern seen at day 45 was identical to that observed in silver-exposed adults. At day 1, the choroid plexus and meninges were heavily loaded with silver both intra- and extracellularly. In particular, macrophage-like cells of the meningeal spaces contained large amounts of silver. In these structures, the silver had virtually disappeared by day 45. Silver was always seen in basement membranes of the cerebral vessels. PMID- 6650141 TI - Morphological study on the hereditary neurogenic amyotrophic dogs: accumulation of lipid compound-like structures in the lower motor neuron. AB - A morphological study was performed on hereditary neurogenic amyotrophic dogs, the clinical features of which especially resembled spinal progressive muscular atrophy (SPMA), a human motor neuron disease. The skeletal muscles showed obvious neurogenic atrophy with endomysial fibrosis. The peripheral nerves revealed axonal degeneration mainly limited to the motor nerve. In the spinal cord, the number of anterior horn cells seemed normal but, interestingly enough, numerous accumulated granules were detected in these anterior horn cells. Histochemically, these granules were interpreted as a lipid compound. Under the electron microscope, the granules were disclosed as multi-lamellar structures, arranged concentrically or in parallel, resembling membranous cytoplasmic bodies (MCBs) or zebra bodies. This finding strongly suggests that hereditary abnormality of lipid metabolism may underlie SPMA in these dogs. However, unlike other metabolic disorders where accumulations of granules are diffusely distributed, in the dogs we examined accumulations were found only in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord and in the hypoglossal and spinal accessory nuclei. We are unable to explain this occurrence at the present time. Further investigations should be made on dogs because they serve as an important animal model of human motor neuron disease. PMID- 6650142 TI - Toxic effects of adriamycin on the central nervous system. Ultrastructural changes in some circumventricular organs of the mouse after intravenous administration of the drug. AB - Recent experimental studies have shown that the cytotoxic antibiotic adriamycin (doxorubicin) after systemic administration can enter the so-called circumventricular organs (CVO) of the brain of the mouse. The present experiments were performed to find out whether such penetration of the brain is associated with signs of neurotoxic injury. For this purpose, light- and electron microscopic observations were carried out on three of these organs: the neurohypophysis (NH), median eminence (ME), and postremal area (PA). Pronounced widening of the extracellular space indicating the presence of edema was present in all the regions, particularly in animals examined within 3 days of injection of the drug. Many degenerated axon terminals were observed in the NH and ME. The glial cells within these regions showed rarefaction of the nuclear chromatin, nucleolar segregation, and also cytoplasmic changes. The PA presented marked cellular changes resulting in degeneration of neurons, which was most evident 30 days after the injection. Hence, regions of the CNS outside the blood-brain barrier can be reached by adriamycin after systemic administration, and the drug can induce morphological changes there. The doses of the drug used in the present experiments were comparable to those given to patients for the treatment of malignant tumors. PMID- 6650143 TI - Experimental kuru in Macaca nemestrina: new anatomical data. AB - In Macaca nemestrina inoculated intracerebrally by a pin-point injection with a strain of kuru Kupenota (2nd passage), the lesions consisted of spongiosis of neuropile with severe astrocytic hyperplasia, located in the grey matter of cerebral hemispheres (cortex, neostriatum). In all cases, the distribution of lesions was asymmetrical, predominating on the side of injection. These results suggest that kuru agent could be replicate around the injection site, but the influence of the host and/or the strain could not be excluded. PMID- 6650145 TI - An unusual cytoplasmic organelle of the perineurium in a case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - An unusual cytoplasmic organelle was found in the perineurial sheath of intramuscular nerves in a case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It was composed of alternating layers of ribosomes and fibrillar material helically wound around a core of cytoplasm. Comparable organelles have been described in leukemic and other neoplastic cells as well as in the developing cutaneous sensory corpuscle of Grandry. PMID- 6650144 TI - Lipid storage myopathy associated with scoliosis and multiple joint contractures. AB - Two patients with cleft palate, clubfoot, congenital scoliosis, and arthrogryposis multiplex congenita showed increased numbers of lipid droplets in biopsied muscle fibers. There was little abnormality in the mitochondrial morphology of the muscle and the results of blood chemistry including carnitine concentrations. Accumulation of large lipid droplets, increased amount of glycogen and a decreased number of mitochondria were observed in chondrocytes from the biopsied iliac crest cartilage of these patients. It was suggested that the present cases might belong to a previously unknown clinico-pathological entity of myopathies. PMID- 6650146 TI - [Physiology of the sinuses. Physiopathology of sinusitis]. AB - Ventilation and drainage are the two essential intrinsic functions of the sinus. Both of them are dependent upon the permeability of the ostium, whose caliber is extremely variable with respect to anatomical factors, and dynamic factors associated with the vasomotricity of the mucous membrane. In many subjects the ostial permeability is precarious, thus explaining the frequency of inflammatory sinus reactions. These are due, as the level of the middle ear, either to a transostial inoculation of pathogenic germs creating a microbial sinusitis, or to an ostial obstruction responsible for a hypoxia, a hypercapnia, and a local depression creating a a vacuo sinusitis. The second situation leads to conditions that are favorable for the development of the first and vice versa. PMID- 6650147 TI - Focus on sinusitis. Host-microorganism relation. AB - The author reviews the modern insights in host factors which protect from infection and explains how microorganisms such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pyogenes can escape from host-defence mechanisms thus infecting the host. PMID- 6650148 TI - Bacterial invasion of the sinus mucosa. AB - Pathohistological examinations show that bacterial infection of the sinus mucosa starts in the mucosal secretion, spreads out to the glandular cells, which are the points of least resistance, and only reaches the deeper mucosal layer when the normal arrangement of the epithelial cells and the basal membrane are broken up. Hence treatment of sinus infection starts with the restauration of the mucosa defence system and when using antibiotics it is essential that antibacterial active concentrations are established both in sinus mucosa and sinus secretion. PMID- 6650149 TI - [Histopathologic study of chronic sinusitis]. AB - The conventional histopathology of the sinus is a criterium for the therapeutic indication, since it is possible to distinguish between granulomatous chronic sinusitis, chronic sinusitis with oedema and nasal polyposis. Each one of these clinical pictures has his own etiology and requires a specific therapeutic approach. PMID- 6650150 TI - [Radiology of the sinuses]. AB - Radiology is by far the most precise indirect sinus investigation. The handicaps of the current radiology methods and the different standard positionings, eg. the confusing bone superposition and the exact state of a poorly illuminated sinus are eliminated by tomographies. Tomodensitometry, characterised by a strongly increased contrast, allows to perform axial sections and should be preferred in facial traumatology and tumors. PMID- 6650151 TI - [The significance of endoscopy of the nose and the paranasal sinuses in the diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis]. AB - After a brief historical review, the authors describe, the material and methods of sinuscopy. The advantages and inconveniences of sinuscopy are then discussed. In conclusion the indications for endoscopy in sinusitis are given and it appears that sinuscopy is a very good way to show the reliability of the standard radiographs as well as the CT scan. PMID- 6650152 TI - Surgical treatment of sinusitis. AB - There is no doubt that there is a considerable number of cases of acute and chronic sinusitis, which can be cured only by surgical intervention. The modern philosophy should be: to choose a surgical technique as conservative as possible and as radical as necessary according to the individual case. To achieve this goal, an exact knowledge of the anatomy and pathology of the paranasal sinuses, as well as a full command of the available diagnostic methods (including sinuscopy) are essential. The sometimes dangerous complications of acute ethmoiditis in children usually can be solved by simple displacement of the middle turbinate to the center and uncapping of the ethmoidal cells assisted by antibiotic and antiphlogistic treatment. The surgical treatment of choice in cases of acute recurrent or chronic maxillary sinusitis in children (often combined with bronchial or allergic problems) is the installation of a nasoantral window from the inferior meatus, to guarantee adequate drainage. In adults, the radical techniques of Caldwell-Luc (maxillary sinus) and Riedel (frontan sinus) should be used in selected cases only. They should be replaced--if possible--by osteoplastic methods or modified techniques (frontal and maxillary sinus) or bimeatal-transnasal approach under endoscopic control (maxillary and ethmoidal sinus). Healthy and reversibly damaged mucosa should be saved; but at the cost of sacrificing the nasal function instead. PMID- 6650153 TI - Tetracycline influence on leukocyte functions. AB - Two tetracyclines, lymecycline and doxycycline, were investigated with reference to modification of granulocyte function. Both preparations influenced granulocyte adherence, migration, quantitative phagocytosis and induced surface membrane morphological changes. Doxycycline caused more pronounced effects than lymecycline. PMID- 6650154 TI - [Lymecycline in the treatment of subacute sinusitis. Clinical study]. AB - After evaluation of the clinical efficacy and the tolerance of lymecycline 2 x 300 mg/day in patients with subacute sinusitis, we may conclude that lymecycline can be considered a first choice antibioticum in the treatment of acute and subacute sinusitis (Tetralysal). PMID- 6650155 TI - [Study of the ciliary motility and the mucus in sinusitis]. AB - The white mucus or the opaque mucus lump found in chronic sinusitis may be considered a consequence of hypersecretion, or/of a poor drainage due to ostial dyspermeability, caused by a deficiency of the ciliary system or a modification of the viscosity. PMID- 6650156 TI - [Mucociliary clearance of current clinical medicine and ciliary anomalies in electron microscopy. Attempt at classification]. AB - Previous studies have clearly described the histology of the respiratory epithelium as well as the ciliary mechanism. The muco-ciliary clearance, and in case this one is disturbed, the ultra microscopic study, allow for a more accurate diagnosis and should be part of the examination for all patients, if a ciliary motility is suspected. PMID- 6650157 TI - [Rehabilitation of the vertigo patient]. PMID- 6650158 TI - [The physiology of equilibrium]. PMID- 6650159 TI - [Findings and case studies in the literature: comparison of rehabilitation technics, evaluation criteria and results]. PMID- 6650160 TI - [Screening method and rehabilitation technics for the vertigo patient: clinico functional study]. PMID- 6650161 TI - [Rehabilitative treatment in cases of: peripheral vestibular syndrome, cranial trauma, surgery for neurinoma of the acoustic nerve]. PMID- 6650162 TI - [Fractures of the orbital floor: therapeutic protocol]. PMID- 6650163 TI - [Cervical neurinomas]. PMID- 6650164 TI - Nephrogenic adenoma in female urethra. AB - A case of a 66 years old female who had a nephrogenic adenoma recurring three times during a 6 months course of her illness is reported. With each recurrence, the lesion moved toward the urethral orifice, suggesting an intimate relationship between the recurrent process and physical stimuli to the mucosa. Electron microscopy revealed merely non-specific morphological features of epithelial cells in the lesion. There were no positive morphological clues in the lesion for supporting the lesion to resemble mesonephric and/or mesodermal tissue. The diagnostic term of tubular metaplasia for the lesion is preferable instead of nephrogenic adenoma. PMID- 6650165 TI - Primary carcinoid tumor of the larynx and review of the literature. AB - Primary carcinoid tumor of the larynx is very rare. This is the fifth case reported in the literature and the first autopsy case of laryngeal carcinoid. The early manifestation of the present case was multiple metastasis to the skin. At autopsy there was a laryngeal tumor associated with widespread visceral and cutaneous metastases. The tumor proved to be carcinoid tumor by histological, histochemical and electron microscopic findings. PMID- 6650166 TI - An ultrastructural study of the morphogenesis of membranocystic lesions in bone marrow. AB - A biopsy case of a man aged 30 years, who was admitted to the hospital for the fracture of his right talus, was reported. The X-ray analysis of his extremities revealed multifocal cystic lesions in bilateral tali, and carpal bones. Pathological examination of the cystic lesions of the bilateral tali showed the membranocystic lesion (MCL), which morphologically resembled that of "membranous lipodystrophy" reported by NASU et al. Minute tubulovesicular structure of the MCL observed in this case was proved to arise at the lipid-cytoplasmic-interface of degenerated fat cells and enter into the interstitium to form MCL, concurrently with collapse of the fat cells. Thus, at least one process responsible for the morphogenesis of MCL could be determined by our electron microscopic examination. PMID- 6650167 TI - Malignant lymphoepithelial lesion of the submandibular gland. AB - A case of malignant lymphoepithelial lesion affecting the submandibular gland of a 48-year-old Japanese man is described. Histologically, a well-encapsulated tumorous mass replacing almost the whole gland was composed of lymphoid and epithelial elements, and the latter revealed severe anaplasia with frequent mitotic figures indicating malignant changes. There is no sign of recurrence up to now, 32 months after the operation. Ultrastructural studies on a formalin fixed sampling from the gland demonstrated the squamous nature of the epithelial component. This is the first case of malignant lymphoepithelial lesion of the submandibular gland detected in Japan. PMID- 6650168 TI - Secondary systemic amyloidosis with Hodgkin's disease. AB - A case of Hodgkin's disease with amyloidosis in various organs in a 68-year-old Japanese man is reported. The initial sign was dysuria followed by diarrhea, melena, and ileus. There was no history of pulmonary tuberculosis or rheumatoid arthritis. Autopsy findings suggested that Hodgkin's disease may have been the initial disease in development of secondary systemic amyloidosis, followed by dysuria and paralytic ileus. PMID- 6650169 TI - Postinfarction cardiac rupture. A pathogenetic consideration in eight cases. AB - Eight fatalities due to cardiac rupture, of 40 consecutively autopsied myocardial infarctions, were clinicopathologically examined. Total duration of infarctions in 8 cases ranged from 9 hours to 14 days. The longer the period, the more the infarction extended, and aneurysmal dilatation of infarcted wall and tissue weakness were striking. The weakness was caused by the lack of replacement of necrotic muscle fibers by granulation, and was related to aneurysmal structure per se and also to its paradoxical pulsations. Postinfarction cardiac rupture occurring in relatively later phase was considered to be mainly due to weakness of infarcted wall, with less influence factors of mechanical stress such as physical exertion, hypertension, or intracardiac pressure. In the case where cardiac rupture took place in a relatively early stage of the episodes, infarction covered only a small range and aneurysmal change of the ventricle was slight, for which dynamic factors, represented by the degree of a localized strain elicited by myocardial contraction of non-infarcted site, seemed to play a significant role. PMID- 6650170 TI - Immunodeficiency-malignancy association at autopsy in Japan. AB - This paper referred to primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID)-malignancy association in autopsy cases in Japan. The occurrence of malignant neoplasms almost centered upon ataxia-telangiectasia among PID in Japan. It seems to be due to extremely shorter life span in Japanese patients with PID except for in those with ataxia-telangiectasia, compared with that in European and American patients. Most of the malignant neoplasms seen in Japanese patients with PID were epithelial and were seen mostly in older patients, while lymphoreticular tumors were rare. Gastric cancer was the most frequent of the epithelial tumors. PMID- 6650171 TI - Ultrastructural changes of hepatocyte organelles induced by chemicals and their relation to fat accumulation in the liver. AB - Fatty liver was induced in the rats shortly after administration of cycloheximide, ethionine, orotic acid, monensin or colchicine. It was strongly suggested that derangements in one or more of the hepatic lipoprotein metabolic steps, which occur at the levels of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and secretory vacuoles lead to an accumulation of triglyceride within hepatocytes. PMID- 6650172 TI - Electron microscopic study on the floating lipids of human liver. Lysosomal involvement in the fatty liver associated with diabetes mellitus. AB - Using fractionation, subcellular pathogenesis of the fatty liver was investigated. Floating lipids were isolated from a small amount of the liver obtained by needle biopsy. The volume of the floating lipids was correlated to the grading of fat infiltration of the intact tissue. Of lipid-rich particles bound by membranous structures, the volume of lipolysosomes in the patients with liver damage associated with diabetes mellitus was greater than that of alcoholics. Hypercholesterolemia was another feature characteristic of the liver disease exhibiting lipolysosome proliferation. These observations suggest a lysosomal involvement in fatty degeneration of the liver in diabetics through an overload of cholesterol. PMID- 6650174 TI - Papillary tumor of the broad ligament. AB - A 43-year-old woman received a hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy for a cystic tumor of the right broad ligament. The tumor, measuring 10 cm in diameter, was apart from the ovaries, oviducts, or uterus. The cyst wall had well-developed smooth muscle layers. Cells lining the cyst were benign-looking, relatively low columnar type, and were compatible with those of mesonephric origin. From the inner surface of the cyst numerous cauliflower-like structures projected into the lumen. These were predominantly papillary architecture covered by epithelial cells with occasional solid or glandular growth. Although structural and cellular atypism may suggest its malignant nature, the validity for frank malignancy of the present tumor could not be gained because of the absence of capsular invasion and metastasis. So, the diagnosis of papillary tumor of borderline malignancy was made. It may be safely assumed that the papillary tumor arose in a preexisting parovarian cyst of mesonephric origin. PMID- 6650173 TI - Lipid storage disease: Part I. Ultrastructure of xanthoma cells in various xanthomatous diseases. AB - The fundamental ultrastructure of lipid storage in the xanthoma cells of various xanthomatous diseases, including familial hyperlipoproteinemia type IIa, III, and V, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, Wolman's disease, Tangier disease, Hand Schuller-Christian disease, and normolipidemic cutaneous xanthomatosis, revealed lipid vacuoles, either membrane-bound or with no single unit membrane, cholesterol crystals, multivesicular or multilocular lipid bodies, myelin-like bodies, and ceroid granules (residual bodies). According to the presence or absence of such a single unit membrane and enzyme cytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase activity, these lipid storage inclusions were largely classified into lysosomal and non-lysosomal ones; the former included membrane-bound lipid vacuoles, cholesterol crystals, multivesicular or multilocular lipid bodies, myelin-like bodies, and ceroid granules and the latter was lipid vacuoles with no limiting membrane. The ultrastructural relationship on formation of these lysosomal and non-lysosomal lipid storage inclusions and pathogenesis of the lipid storage in the xanthoma cells of the disorders were presented. As for the origin of the xanthoma cells, the majority of them were considered to be derived from macrophages in many of the disease; however, transformation of fibroblasts into xanthoma cells was confirmed in xanthomatous diseases, such as Hand-Schuller Christian disease. PMID- 6650175 TI - Solitary plasmacytoma of the submandibular lymph node with stromal amyloid deposits. AB - This report concerns a case of solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the left submandibular lymph node in a 56-year-old man. The tumor showed monoclonal proliferation of abnormal plasma cells which revealed highly positive stainings of both methylgreen pyronin and kappa light chain using the immunoperoxidase technique in the cytoplasms, and further revealed massive amyloid deposits in the stroma, which suggested the possibility of sequential amyloid formation upon the secretion of paraprotein by tumor cells. PMID- 6650176 TI - In vitro metabolism of propoxyphene in rat liver: reaction of a carbinol metabolite with acetaldehyde. AB - The metabolism of the analgesic drug propoxyphene (alpha-d-propoxyphene) has been investigated in the rat liver 9,000 X g supernatant fraction. The incubations were analyzed by HPLC. The major metabolite was norpropoxyphene carbinol, obtained through demethylation and ester hydrolysis. The demethylated metabolite of propoxyphene, norpropoxyphene, was also detected. Addition of acetaldehyde to the incubation mixture decreased the metabolism of propoxyphene. Reactions between norpropoxyphene carbinol and acetaldehyde resulted in a fast disappearance of the carbinol and the formation of a reaction product, the significance of which is discussed. PMID- 6650177 TI - Rapid and simple determination of homovanillic acid in plasma using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. AB - A rapid, yet highly reliable, procedure for determination of homovanillic acid (HVA) in plasma is described. After precipitation of proteins with perchloric acid, separation of sample components is directly achieved with high performance liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase column (C8), followed by quantitation based on electrochemical detection. The sensitivity of this method is 0.5 pmol/injection. Detector response is linear from the limit of detection to at least 0.5 nmol/injection. The intra-assay coefficient of variation is 2.2% in the concentration range of 50-150 pmol/ml plasma. The inter-assay coefficient of variation is 6.3%, based on determinations on 30 working days. A comparison of the present method and a specific gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric assay showed good agreement between the two procedures. One chromatographic run requires less than 16 min. for plasma and 10 min. for a standard. PMID- 6650178 TI - The effect of low-, medium- and high-tar cigarette smoke on the fate of arachidonic acid in isolated hamster lungs. AB - Isolated hamster lungs were ventilated with smoke from low-, medium-and high-tar cigarettes when 45 nmol of 14C-arachidonic acid was infused into the pulmonary circulation. Most of the infused radioactivity was found in different phospholipid and neutral lipid fractions of the perfused lungs and a smaller amount was found in the nonrecirculating perfusion effluent mainly as metabolites. Cigarette smoke ventilation increased the amount of 14C-arachidonic acid in the triacylglycerols of the perfused lungs but had usually no effect on the amount of radioactivity in diacylglycerols or in different phospholipids. The increased amount of radiolabel in triacylglycerols was significantly greater in the lungs ventilated with smoke from medium-or high-tar cigarettes than in those ventilated with low-tar cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke ventilation increased the amount of unmetabolized arachidonate in the perfusion effluent and decreased the amount of many metabolites. The present study indicates that low-, medium- and high-tar cigarettes have effects of the fate and metabolism of arachidonic acid in isolated hamster lungs and that the effects of medium- and high-tar cigarettes are more clear that those of low-tar cigarettes when the cigarettes are burned with a constant puff volume and rate. PMID- 6650179 TI - Pharmacodynamics and toxicology of fenflumizole, a new non-steroidal anti inflammatory imidazole derivative. AB - Fenflumizole, (2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl) imidazole), a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, was investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic activity in experimental animals. Comparison was made to other non-steroidal anti-phlogistics. Furthermore, general pharmacodynamics and toxicity of fenflumizole was studied. Fenflumizole was comparable to or weaker than indomethacin in models of acute inflammation (carrageenin paw oedema and pleurisy, rats, ultraviolet erythema, guinea-pigs) and stronger than indomethacin as an analgesic (writhing, mice). As an antipyretic agent (arachidonic acid pyresis, rats) fenflumizole was 3 times weaker than indomethacin. The acute gastro-ulcerogenicity and toxicity of fenflumizole was low as compared to reference drugs. No untoward activity of fenflumizole on respiratory and circulatory systems was observed in rabbits and dogs. Fenflumizole is a potential new therapeutic agent with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic activities comparable to other anti-phlogistics but with reduced side effects. PMID- 6650181 TI - Hepatotoxicity of hornet's venom sac extract, after repeated in vivo and in vitro envenomation. AB - The activity of some enzymes involved in hepatic function was measured in rats, in vivo, after one week's repeated envenomation with Hornet's (Vespa orientalis) venom sac extract (VSE) and in vitro in monolayers of tissue culture of rat hepatocytes treated with VSE. The maximal serum enzymatic changes observed in vivo were significant: twenty fold rise of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a 7-8 fold rise of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and a 4-5 fold rise in alanine aminotransferase (ALP) activity. Also 2-3x increases of both serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were noted. The maximal in vitro changes were observed after six days of daily envenomation. There were five fold rises of the activity of AST in the medium, as well as of two-three fold rises of ALT, ALP and LDH. These changes suggest that Hornet's VSE induces enzymatic changes in the liver after prolonged, repeated exposures. They also exclude a general effect, like shock, that might possibly occur in the intact animal, as the cause of the demonstrated hepatic damage. PMID- 6650180 TI - Differences between binding affinities of some antimuscarinic drugs in the parotid gland and those in the urinary bladder and ileum. AB - Possible differences between the muscarinic receptors in the guinea pig urinary bladder and those in the ileum and the parotid gland were investigated, using a receptor binding technique. The affinities of 18 antimuscarinic drugs were indirectly derived from the ability to inhibit the receptor-specific binding of the radioligand (-)3H-QNB. The Hill coefficients were close to unity which indicated that the drugs were bound to apparently uniform populations of receptors within each tissue. In contrast to traditional muscarinic antagonists, four drugs - namely, oxybutynine, dicyclomine, benzhexol and pirenzepine - bound with a significantly higher affinity in the parotid gland than in the urinary bladder and ileum. A tendency towards reversed selectivity was found for secoverine. Thus, the present results further support the hypothesis that differences in muscarinic receptors between tissues exist, e.g. smooth muscle compared with parotid gland, which can be detected only by certain antimuscarinic drugs. PMID- 6650182 TI - The effect of long-term lithium treatment on the incorporation and distribution of 32P-orthosphosphate into the phospholipids from rat synaptosomes. AB - Rats were treated with lithium added to their diet for five weeks (40 mmol LiCl/kg diet). Mean plasma concentration was 0.45 mmol Li+/plasma. The investigation was divided into two sections. I) In an in vivo experiment in which the rats were injected with 32P-orthosphosphate for 20 hours, and with carbamoylcholine for 20 min. prior to their death, the distribution of 32P in the synaptosomal phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylcholine (PC), was investigated. II) An in vitro experiment which was carried out in order to establish the effect of carbamoylcholine on the incorporation of 32P into total phospholipids from extracted synaptosomes. In I) the incorporation of 32P-orthosphosphate into PI from carbamoylcholine-stimulated rats was significantly lower than from unstimulated rats, whereas there was no difference between the incorporation of 32P into PI from synaptosomes from control animals and lithium-treated animals. In II) the incorporation of 32P-orthosphosphate was significantly lower in unstimulated synaptosomes from lithium-treated rats than from control rats, while the increase in the 32P-incorporation after stimulation followed the same pattern with regard to synaptosomes from control rats and lithium-treated rats. The results support the idea of lithium exerting an effect on basal synaptosomal activity but not on stimulated synaptosomal activity. PMID- 6650183 TI - Effect of repeated treatments with sympathomimetic drugs on planarian glucose metabolism. AB - In response to sympathomimetic drugs (epinephrine, dopamine, isoproterenol, ephedrine), glucose utilization was enhanced in planarians. Upon repeated treatment with test substances one week after the first exposure the rate of glucose utilization differed from that observed at the first exposure. Under such conditions the responses appeared to vary depending on which of the drugs was used at the first exposure. After the elapse of two additional weeks the phenomenon (memory) was not further increased but the responses still differed from those recorded at the first exposure or two weeks after a single exposure. PMID- 6650184 TI - Effect of stimulation of vagal and radial nerves on neuronal activity in the basal forebrain area of anaesthetized cats. AB - The effects of vagal and radial stimulation on neuronal activity in the basal forebrain area (BFA) of chloralose-anaesthetized cats were studied. Sixty-five neurones were examined from 29 points of BFA. The observed neurones were divided into four groups according to spike amplitudes and spontaneous firing rates. Most of the cells responded with a short latency (10-15 ms) excitation-inhibition sequence, but the pattern and parameters of the responses changed with the cell groups and stimulus types. The results indicate that the BFA neurones receive both excitatory and inhibitory inputs from the visceral and cutaneous receptors. PMID- 6650185 TI - Cerebral blood flow and tissue pO2 changes following local met-enkephalin administration in awake, freely moving cats. AB - The effect of locally administered methionine-enkephalin on cerebrocortical blood flow and tissue pO2 was tested in chronic, awake, freely moving cats. Local cortical blood flow was measured with the H2-gas clearance method, and cortical pO2 in the same area was monitored with a polarographic technique using double Pt electrodes. Met-enkephalin was administered with a micropipette technique in 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mumol/l concentrations in 20 microliters volume. Met-enkephalin caused a marked, dose dependent decrease of the cortical flow as well as of the cortical pO2. Following 5.0 mumol/l met-enkephalin the flow decreased more (x = 30.6%) than did the pO2 (x = 18%). The maximum effect could be observed 2-7 min following administration of the peptide, the duration of the effect was about 20 min. The threshold dose was found around 5-7 X 10(-8) M/l. Met-enkephalin in the above mentioned doses caused no vegetative, motor or behavioural changes in these experiments. PMID- 6650186 TI - Effect of intraventricular administration of glutaurine on norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin turnover in different brain regions in rats. AB - The effect of glutaurine (gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine, Litoralon) was studied on dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin turnover in the hypothalamus, mesencephalon, amygdala, septum, hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum following intracerebroventricular administration. Dopamine and norepinephrine turnover, measured by alpha-methyl-paratyrosine inhibition of catecholamine synthesis, increased in the cerebellum and the norepinephrine turnover in the hypothalamus. Serotonin turnover, measured by serotonin accumulation induced by the MAO inhibitor pargyline, decreased in the mesencephalon. There was no change in catecholamine or serotonin turnover in the amygdala, septum, hippocampus and cortex. The data suggested a highly selective action of glutaurine on brain transmitters in certain brain areas, especially in the cerebellum. PMID- 6650187 TI - Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and the action of vasopressin during extracellular volume expansion in the dog. AB - The increased renal sodium and water excretion after an intravenous infusion of Ringer solution has been investigated in anaesthetized dogs. The response of the kidneys has been examined in four combinations. The functional parameters of renal function have been compared during volume expansion by 1.5-2.0% body weight Ringer solution and overhydration by 2.5% Ringer solution for 60 min. In the control animals, volume expansion by 2% body weight Ringer solution resulted in a significant increase in sodium excretion and urine flow. When these animals were infused with 2.5% body weight Ringer solution a marked increase in water excretion was observed with a smaller increment in sodium excretion, and the urine became hypo-osmotic as compared to the plasma. No difference was found in glomerular filtration rate and PAH clearance. In the group No. 2, the effect of 4 mg/kg indomethacin infusion was studied. The inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis considerably reduced the diuretic effect of Ringer infusion and did not affect sodium excretion. In the group No. 3, the animals received lysine-8 vasopressin i.v. in a preliminary dose of 10 mU/kg during 10 min and then 50 mU/kg over 60 min in infusion. Volume expansion with 2.5% body weight of Ringer solution resulted in a marked increase in sodium and water excretion but no difference was found in glomerular filtration rate and PAH clearance. Dilution of the urine i.e. a decrease of urinary osmolarity, in spite of the vasopressin infusion, was significantly higher in this group than in the control animals (group No. 1). In the fourth series, after 4 mg/kg of indomethacin the same dose of vasopressin was administered as in group No. 3. Indomethacin was observed to inhibit the diuretic effect of vasopressin and did not affect the saluretic effect. From these data it was concluded that medullary tonicity affected renal water handling during extracellular isosmotic hypervolaemia induced by Ringer infusion. This mechanism depends on medullary prostaglandin synthesis and is independent from the plasma vasopressin concentration. Our findings clearly indicate that extracellular hypervolaemia increases renal sodium excretion and lysine-8-vasopressin was found to potentiate this effect. This sodium excretion increasing mechanism does not depend on renal prostaglandin secretion, nor were glomerular factors responsible for the increase of sodium and water excretion. PMID- 6650188 TI - Movement of food through the gut of Catharsius molossus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). AB - The movement of food through the anterior and posterior midgut and hindgut regions of adult Catharsius molossus has been studied under the influence of temperature, relative humidity, starvation period and availability of food. Temperature had the most profound effect on the rate of movement of food through the different regions of the gut. Starvation had direct and indirect effects on the rate of movement of food while relative humidity had no significant effect. Availability of food after a test meal increased the rate of food movement in the gut. PMID- 6650189 TI - Steroid anaesthesia: alphadione depresses multiunit activity in the mesencephalic reticular formation. AB - Cortical EEG and multiunit activity (MUA) of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF), area hypothalami anterior (AH) and the nucleus amygdalae basalis (AMY) were studied before and after different doses of alphadione (Althesin) and hexobarbitone (Evipan-Natrium) given to cats with chronically implanted electrodes. Non-anaesthetic doses of alphadione (0.15 ml/kg; 0.3 ml/kg; 0.6 ml/kg and 1.2 ml/kg i.p.) had sedative effects decreasing selectively the MUA in the MRF. In doses of 2.0 ml/kg, 2.4 ml/kg and 3.0 ml/kg i.p., alphadione induced anaesthesia which was associated with a rapid decrease of MUA in the MRF and by a gradual decrease of activity in the AH and AMY. The i.p. dose of 3.0 ml/kg abolished MUA responses of the reticular formation to acoustic, visual and somatic stimulation but failed to block responses to pain. Deep anaesthesia with lasting analgesia could be maintained by i.v. infusion (0.075 ml/kg/min). This procedure blocked the responsiveness to painful stimulation while pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes were maintained. Hexobarbitone in a dose of 20.0 mg/kg i.p. did not produce anaesthesia in the cat. Administration of 40.0 mg/kg i.p. resulted in a rapid decrease of MUA in the MRF, AH and AMY, MUA responses to each stimulation were abolished and the pharyngeal reflex was blocked. PMID- 6650190 TI - Tonic and phasic modifications of viscerosensory evoked potentials during sleep in cats. AB - Modification of the viscerosensory evoked potentials (EPs) were studied during the sleep-wakefulness cycle of the rat. Electrical stimuli of various intensity were delivered either to the mucosal surface of a fistula of the small intestine or to the left splanchnic nerve during wakefulness (W), drowsiness (D), slow-wave sleep (SWS), and paradoxical sleep (PS). The average EPs were recorded from the somatosensory (SI and SII) and associative (AS) areas of the cortex, the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus (VPL), the posterior hypothalamus (HPT) and the dorsal hippocampus (HPC). The amplitude of each component of the EPs in all explored structures were the largest in SWS and the smallest in W. A phasic increase in amplitude was observed in the EPs recorded immediately before the appearance of the spindles of SWS and during the REM episodes of PS. The peak latencies of the late components were the longest in SWS. These changes of the amplitudes and latencies were greater in the responses to weak stimulation than in EPs to strong ones. The possible synaptic events of the sleep-dependent control of viscerosensory activity are discussed. PMID- 6650191 TI - Conditioned modification of viscerosensory evoked potentials during sleep and wakefulness in cats. AB - The effects of classic conditioning on the viscerosensory evoked potentials (EPs) were studied in twenty cats during wakefulness (W), slow-wave-sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS). Four types of the experiment were performed on four groups of animals. Weak, non-painful stimulation of the small intestine or of the left splanchnic nerve was used as conditional stimulus (CS) in all experiments. A painful or non-painful shock on the left radial nerve served as unconditional stimulus (US) which followed the CS with a delay of 500 ms. In the first and second series of experiments, the CS was paired with non-painful or painful CS during W. In the third and fourth types of experiment, weak US was used and conditioning was done during SWS or PS. The evoked responses were recorded from the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory and associative (AS) cortex, the thalamus (VPL), hypothalamus (HPT) and dorsal hippocampus (HPC). In each experiment, the stimulus pairings resulted in a complex electrographic conditional response (CR) which included an amplitude increase of the late components of EP's (early CR) and the development of a wave of 500 ms latency (delayed CR). In the second experiment, however, a behavioural CR (limb flexion) also appeared. All these CRs proved to be extinguishable. The recall of CR established during W was successful in SWS. The traces of CS-US pairings during SWS could, however, be elicited only in SWS. Both establishment and recall of CR were unsuccessful during PS. The possible mechanism of the effects originating from an interaction of conditioning and sleep on the viscerosensory inputs of the brain are discussed. PMID- 6650192 TI - Effect of dexamethasone on plasma catecholamine levels of conscious dogs in haemorrhagic shock. AB - After 15 mg/kg dexamethasone pretreatment, conscious dogs in haemorrhagic shock demonstrated an augmented plasma noradrenaline increase. Increasing early compensatory adrenergic neuroeffector response could be one of the mechanisms of the protective effect of steroids in shock. PMID- 6650193 TI - Muscle capillaries in tenotomized human muscles. AB - The capillaries were studied in tenotonized human muscles after tenotomy or spontaneous rupture of the tendon. The mean capillary area was not significantly different in the patients with tenotomy, or with spontaneous rupture of the tendon, as compared to intact muscles. The mean basement membrane area as a percentage of total capillary area was significantly larger and the size capillary lumen significantly smaller in the injured than in the intact muscles. The alterations of the capillaries were time-dependent. PMID- 6650194 TI - Pharmacological characterization of postsynaptic potentials evoked in the bimodal pacemaker neuron of Helix pomatia L. AB - Stimulation of various peripheral nerve trunks evokes very similar compound postsynaptic potentials (PSP) composed of one or more excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) followed by fast and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) on the identified RPal neuron of Helix pomatia L. Evoked EPSPs were reduced or blocked by nicotine, atropine and d-tubocurarine. The two components of IPSP were different in their pharmacological sensitivity. Slow IPSP was partly or totally eliminated by ergometrine and chlorpromazine and was reduced by atropine, nicotine as well as by propranolol. Fast IPSP was reduced only in the presence of ergometrine and could not be blocked by either of the applied drugs. Participation of cholinergic transmission seems to be essential in the evoked EPSP but its partial involvement in the slow IPSP can also be supposed. A dopaminergic mechanism may take part in the generation of both components of IPSP but the receptors responsible for the slow IPSP were sensitive to other catecholamine antagonists as well, referring to a more complex origin, or to the involvement of an unknown transmitter. Comparison of PSPs evoked by stimulation of different nerves shows that presynaptic areas belonging to various peripheral sources are overlapped on the RPal neuron, and they probably act by similar transmitter substances. PMID- 6650195 TI - Effects of disturbances of acid-base equilibrium on the activity of the rumen. AB - The effect on ruminal motility of NH4- or Na-acetate and Na- or K-lactate of various pH and doses infused into the jugular vein (i.v.) or carotid artery (i.a.) was studied in sheep with ruminal fistula I.v. infusion of NH4-acetate whenever it was accompanied by a considerable increase of the blood NH4 level potently inhibited the amplitude and frequency of ruminal contractions. I. a. administration produced more rapid and more apparent responses and a slightly elevated venous ammonia concentration than did the i.v. infusion. Thus the augmented blood ammonia level not only affected the smooth muscles and peripheral nerve endings but also inhibited the vegetative centres of the central nervous system. Infusion of Na-acetate and Na- or K-lactate solutions induced compensated acidosis or alkalosis which reduced the amplitude of ruminal contractions and produced respiratory disturbances. The latter were more apparent in alkalosis. In uncompensated acidosis or alkalosis, ruminal motility was permanently inhibited or abolished. The results appear to show that in not properly fed ruminants the frequently observed and long lasting compensated acidosis or alkalosis might influence the activity of the vegetative centres thus further metabolic disturbances and impaired gastrointestinal activity might follow the shifts in acid-base equilibrium. PMID- 6650196 TI - Piracetam modifies morphine and related drug-induced elevation of serum corticosterone concentration in rats. AB - Piracetam (2-oxo-l-pyrrolidine acetamide, UCB 6215) or physiological saline solution was injected intravenously to female rats; after 60 min the animals were decapitated and blood was collected. Piracetam in doses of 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg resulted in a progressive suppression of serum corticosterone concentration (Cpd B) as compared to the controls. Morphine (5 and 10 mg/kg), nalorphine (5 and 10 mg/kg) and naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) induced a significant rise of Cpd B 30 min after subcutaneous injection, however, this could be prevented by 300 mg/kg piracetam given intraperitoneally 60 min prior to decapitation. Piracetam was ineffective in reducing the effects of high doses of morphine (20 mg/kg) and nalorphine (20 mg/kg). The drug had no effect on either ether stress or electric footshocks induced activation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system. In vitro the drug had no effect on pituitary ACTH release following exposure to crude hypothalamic extract. It is concluded that the effect of piracetam on the pituitary adrenocortical axis is mediated through hypothalamic or extrahypothalamic brain structures and influences one of the effects of morphine and related drugs. PMID- 6650197 TI - On the paper of J. Herczeg [Acta Physiol. Acad. Sci. Hung. 58, 147-155 (1981)]. PMID- 6650198 TI - The effect of lumbar sympathectomy on fiber composition, contractility of skeletal muscle and regulation of central circulation in dogs. AB - It has been speculated upon that the sympathetic activity might be of significance for fiber composition in skeletal muscle and by similar features indirectly affecting muscle contractility and regulation of circulation. To further study this hypothesis unilateral lumbar sympathectomy from L-2 and down was applied on 5 female dogs. After 14 weeks the gracilis muscle on the sympathectomized and the control side as well were examined for their muscle fiber compositions, endurance capacity and how heart rate and blood pressure responses were affected. Muscle fiber composition decreased to 28% slow twitch fibers as compared to 41% on the control side (p less than 0.01). The relative cross-sectional area of the fast twitch fibers increased simultaneously from 57 (control side) to 71% (p less than 0.05). Endurance performance measured as contraction time at 50% of peak tension decreased from 55 to 29 s (p less than 0.05). On an individual bases including both control and sympathectomized muscles it was found that heart rate increased with percent fast twitch muscle fibers (p less than 0.01) and a tendency was present for a similar relationship between blood pressure and fiber types (p less than 0.1). PMID- 6650199 TI - Interneurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus with monosynaptic excitation from retinal ganglion cells. PMID- 6650200 TI - Effects of aliphatic alcohols on myelinated nerve membrane. PMID- 6650201 TI - Maintained binocular connexions to perigeniculate neurones in visually deprived cats. PMID- 6650202 TI - Influence of adenosine on the vascular responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in the canine subcutaneous adipose tissue. AB - Adenosine appears to regulate resting blood flow in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue. Sympathetic nerve stimulation has been shown to enhance the adenosine production in this tissue. This study therefore tested the possibility that adenosine may influence the vascular responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation. Intraarterial infusion of adenosine (5-20 microM in arterial blood) increased the resting vascular conductance (from 0.048 +/- 0.007 to 0.095 +/- 0.013 ml . min-1 . 100 g-1. mmHg-1) and the percental reduction in vascular conductance due to sympathetic nerve stimulation (4 HZ) by 34 per cent (p less than 0.05) and to i.a. noradrenaline by 27 per cent (p less than 0.05). The vasodilator response due to nerve stimulation after alpha-blockade was reduced by adenosine. Dipyridamole (0.5-1.5 microM) + EHNA (3-10 microM), which increases plasma adenosine levels, had similar effects to adenosine, while theophylline (30-80 microM) decreased the vasoconstrictor response. The vasoconstrictor escape was enhanced by EHNA alone and in combination with dipyridamole, but was reduced by theophylline. On the other hand, the poststimulatory hyperemia was unaffected by adenosine, dipyridamole and EHNA, and theophylline. The results show that adenosine does not reduce the magnitude of the initial vasoconstrictor response in proportion to the increase in resting blood flow. The autoregulatory escape in adipose tissue during nerve stimulation appears to be mediated both by adenosine and by noradrenaline acting on beta-adrenoceptors. Poststimulatory hyperemia does not seem to be greatly influenced by exogenous or endogenous adenosine. PMID- 6650204 TI - The importance of bile and pancreatic juice for fat-induced release of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) from the small intestine of the rat. AB - The aim of the present study in the rat was to localize the gastrointestinal site(s) of NTLI release and to investigate the importance of bile and pancreatic juice for fat-induced NTLI release. Administration of Intralipid (2 ml) into the stomach and oleic acid (0.5 ml) into the duodenum increased the plasma concentration of NTLI (p-NTLI). The increase in p-NTLI levels occurred only when the jejunum and ileum were exposed to Intralipid but not when the exposure was limited to the stomach and duodenum. Exclusion of pancreatic juice significantly reduced the p-NTLI response and exclusion of both bile and pancreatic juice completely abolished the p-NTLI response to duodenally-administered oleic acid. The results indicate that neurotension is released by a direct luminal exposure of the neurotensin containing N-cells to fatty acids. It seems probable that fatty acids have to be transformed to a micellar form in order to release NTLI. PMID- 6650203 TI - Orthostatic reactions during recovery from exhaustive exercise of short duration. AB - We studied the responses of six healthy volunteers to standard 70 degrees head-up tilt tests before exhaustive exercise of short duration (control) and after 5, 25, 50, 80, and 110 min of recovery, all tests lasting for 6 min except when impending syncope (IS) necessitated premature termination of a test. Marked impairment of orthostatic tolerance was apparent during the first half-hour of recovery as manifested by symptoms of IS in five subjects in one or both of the first two postexercise tilt tests. In none of the subjects who developed symptoms of IS did central venous pressure fall to a lower level than it did in the control test. From the central venous and arterial pressure reactions we conclude that when IS developed, declining systematic resistance rather than diminished cardiac filling was the responsive factor. The increased tendency for orthostatic collapse occurred during a period of recovery marked by persistent postexercise acidemia and hyperthermia suggesting interference of these conditions and associated events with the normal ability to vasoconstrict during orthostasis. PMID- 6650205 TI - Slow EEG potentials preceding self-paced plantar flexions of hand and foot. AB - Slow EEG shifts preceding voluntary self-paced plantar flexions of hand and foot were studied in five healthy right handed subjects. The EEG was recorded from a coronal electrode chain at the central areas. The movements were preceded by slow negative shifts beginning even as early as one second before the movement and culminating in fast slopes during the early EMG activity at the onset of the movements. The EEG shifts preceding hand and foot movements were differently distributed over the scalp: hand movements were preceded by contralaterally maximal shifts a few hundred milliseconds before the movement, whereas the potential distribution preceding foot movements were symmetrical or ipsilaterally dominant. It is suggested that the differences in the scalp distributions are due to the different orientation of the current dipoles at the cortical motor areas of hand and foot. PMID- 6650207 TI - Mechanism of inhibition of gastric acid secretion by vagal denervation in the rat. AB - Acute bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy in the conscious fistula rat greatly reduced gastric acid secretion, stimulated by the combined intravenous infusion of pentagastrin (10 micrograms/kg/h), histamine dihydrochloride (3 mg/kg/h) and carbachol (50 micrograms/kg/h). The reduction of acid output was immediate (within 15 min after vagotomy). The greatly reduced acid response to these secretagogues persisted for at least 8 weeks after vagal denervation (longest time studied). The sudden and dramatic effect of vagotomy on acid secretion is not related to a possible deficiency of either acetylcholine or histamine at the respective receptor site since the combined infusion of gastrin, histamine and carbachol did not prevent the suppression of acid secretion. Since the decline in acid output following vagal denervation was immediate, it probably reflects a sudden inaccessibility rather than loss of muscarinic or H2-receptors. The acid output obviously depends upon intramural "transducer" systems that respond to and transmit the vagal input. It is likely that the intramural ganglia represent such "transducer" systems. In the absence of a vagal drive these neuronal "transducers" cease to fire and as a result the parietal cells become almost unresponsive to stimuli. PMID- 6650206 TI - Influence of lactate accumulation of EMG frequency spectrum during repeated concentric contractions. AB - One hundred and twenty consecutive maximal leg extensions at a constant angular velocity of 1.5 radians . s-1 were performed by nine physical education students. Integrated electromyographic (IEMG) activity and power spectrum density function (PSDF) of the EMG were recorded from m. vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and m. rectus femoris using bipolar surface electrodes. Muscle biopsies were obtained from m. vastus lateralis before and after exercise. Tissue samples were analyzed for muscle fiber type distribution and lactate and glycogen concentration. Muscle force and IEMG decreased in parallel over the exercise period. Thus, the IEMG/force ratio was unchanged. Mean power frequency (MPF) of PSDF of the three nucleus decreased by 10% (p less than 0.001) during the initial 25 contractions with no further decline during the latter part of exercise. The relative contribution of the highest bandwidth (130-500 Hz) of the PSDF decreased (p less than 0.001) between the first and final contractions. Muscle glycogen concentration decreased from 85 +/- 23 to 68 +/- 22 mmol . kg-1 w.w. during the exercise. Muscle and blood lactate concentration averaged 12.1 +/- 8.8 mmol . kg 1 w.w. and 3.8 +/- 0.8 mmol . l-1, respectively. The relative changes in MPF and in the highest bandwidth were correlated with muscle lactate concentration and fiber type distribution: in individuals with a high proportion of fast twitch muscle fibres and/or the greatest lactate accumulation, MPF and high frequency components of EMG PSDF decreased most markedly. Reductions in muscle force and IEMG are suggested to be partly due to a decreased motor neuron firing rate. It is discussed whether lactate or associated metabolic changes are influencing the motor unit action potential through feedback processes. PMID- 6650208 TI - Dynamics of the interventricular septum and free ventricular walls during selective left ventricular volume loading in dogs. AB - A previous study suggests that a change in the position of the interventricular septum played an important role in regulating cardiac performance during selective right ventricular volume loading. In the present study the cardiac response to selective left ventricular volume loading induced by a shunt between the subclavian artery and the left atrium was examined in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Opening the shunt increased left and reduced right ventricular stroke volume, particularly after blood volume expansion. The end-diastolic transseptal pressure difference increased. Myocardial segment length in the septum and free walls of both ventricles and the distances between the septum and the free walls were measured by an ultrasonic technique. Comparisons at similar left ventricular stroke volume with the shunt open and closed showed that the Frank-Starling mechanisms of the free wall of the left ventricle and the septum were stimulated less with the shunt open. At similar right ventricular stroke volume the end diastolic dimension of the right ventricular free wall was larger with the shunt open. The distance decreased across the right ventricle and increased across the left ventricle when the shunt was open. We conclude that a change in the position of the septum improves left and reduces right ventricular performance during selective left ventricular volume loading. PMID- 6650209 TI - Time characteristics and potential dependence of early and late adaptation in the crustacean stretch receptor. AB - The receptor potential of the crustacean stretch receptor evoked by a ramp and hold stretch is depolarizing and consists of an initial peak followed by a static phase. The receptor current, defined as the stretch induced current change is inward and has a similar appearance. The adaptive fall of the receptor potential and receptor current occurs in two phases which can be separated by their different time characteristics. Using intracellular recordings including potential clamp an attempt has been made to fit experimental values of the adaptive fall of the potential and current response to a double exponential function. Ramp and hold stretches with a rise time of about 7-15 ms were used. The time constants were determined with the cell clamped or polarized to different holding potentials. It was found that the adaptive fall for both potential and current could be fitted reasonably well by double experimental functions with an initial fast phase and a second slow phase. For the potential response the time constant of the early adaptive fall, tau 1, varied with holding potential, having a minimum of approximately 3 ms at about -50 mV. tau 1 for the current response showed a similar variation with holding potential, although less pronounced than for the potential response. The minimum value was about 5 ms. The time constant, tau 2, of the late phase of adaptation both for the current and potential response was about 500 ms and did not vary in a systematic way with holding potential. The results are consistent with the idea that the first phase of adaptation is related to ionic mechanisms in the membrane of the receptor neuron while the second phase might be caused by mechanical factors. PMID- 6650210 TI - Social class and psychotherapy. AB - By means of a psychiatric case register the total psychiatric population in the Nacka region (75,000 inhabitants) was analysed during a 2-year period with regard to the amount of psychotherapy consumed in different social groups. Among the patients, the utilization of psychotherapy was 60% for social group I compared with 30% for social group III. However, the lowest social groups are overrepresented at the mental health unit. Thus, among the total population, the utilization of psychotherapy was 1.8% for social group I compared with 5.3% for social group III. The study discusses the "clinical fallacy", by which data from a patient population is applied to the whole population, giving wrong or restricted perspectives to the problem studied. It is claimed that the selectivity of the psychiatric organization concerning social groups is an important factor for the so-called "social class bias" in psychotherapy. PMID- 6650211 TI - Effect of sleep deprivation as a predictor of treatment response to antidepressant medication. AB - Sixty depressed patients were treated first with sleep deprivation (SD) and afterwards with clomipramine or maprotiline. A statistically significant correlation was found between the positive effect of SD and response to clomipramine and the negative effect of SD and response to maprotiline. PMID- 6650212 TI - Direct and indirect hostility and self-destructive behavior by hospitalized depressives. AB - Suicidal and other self-destructive behavior was correlated with self-report (Buss-Durkee) and observer rated (Lion Scale) measures of hostility and violence in 45 male inpatients with major depressive episodes by DSM III criteria (296.2, 296.3, 296.5). Self-destructive acts were significantly correlated with a Buss Durkee Indirect Hostility factor. Measures of directly expressed hostility and violence correlated with seclusion and restraint for self-protection. None of the Lion or Buss-Durkee measures correlated with depression measures, nor did self destructive acts correlate with degree of depression in these severe patients. Thus our data indicate that, in patients with moderate to severe depression, self destructive acts in hospital may be better correlated with feelings of anger and hostility than with depression itself. PMID- 6650213 TI - Psychotic behaviour in children and young adults in a mental handicap hostel. AB - One hundred and twelve children and young adults living in a long-stay hostel for the mentally handicapped were examined with regard to problems of social relationships, speech and language, and behaviour. Exactly half of the population showed severe impairment of social interaction. The socially impaired persons very often had severe speech/language and behavioural difficulties as well. A small number of classically autistic persons were identified. The results lend support to the view that infantile autism is but one behavioural syndrome along a continuum of triads of language and social impairments as outlined by Lorna Wing. PMID- 6650214 TI - The economic costs of mental illness in Sweden 1975. AB - The economic cost of mental illness in Sweden in 1975 was calculated at 11,800 million Swedish kronor. This means that mental illness accounts for 16% of the total economic cost due to disease. More than 90% of the direct health-care costs were accounted for by in-patient care in hospitals and nursing homes, of which one-third was attributable solely to schizophrenia. The loss of production due to morbidity and mortality accounts for about 60% of the economic cost of mental illness. PMID- 6650215 TI - Alcohol-abusing teenage boys. Testing a hypothesis on the relationship between alcohol abuse and social background factors, criminality and personality in teenage boys. AB - A study material of teenage boys from the general population was used to test the hypothesis on early alcohol abuse suggested by the results of previous prospective studies on selected materials. The results of interviews of 1,004 18 year-old boys from the general population in the Stockholm area support the hypothesis that there is a group (about 4% during autumn 1980) of boys with a high consumption of alcohol, simultaneous use of drugs and criminal behaviour. As a group these boys had been brought up in emotionally disturbed homes, with alcoholic parents, and they also showed personality features indicating psychopathy. The study provides evidence that results of investigations on selected materials are also relevant to the general population. PMID- 6650216 TI - Alcohol-abusing teenage boys. Testing a hypothesis on alcohol abuse and personality factors, using a personality inventory. AB - This is the second part of an investigation of alcohol-abusing teenage boys, focusing on personality. One group of 50 High-consumers and one group of 50 0 consumers were selected from 862 18-year-old boys in the general population summoned to the Regional Recruiting and Replacement Office in Solna. These boys answered a personality inventory (KSP) to test a hypothesis on alcohol abuse and personality factors which might indicate psychopathy. The results support the hypothesis that alcohol-abusing teenage boys have psychopathic personality traits while the non-consuming boys have normal personalities. The study cannot reveal whether the differences in personality were the result of the high alcohol consumption or if the psychopathic personality traits preceded the high consumption. A reasonable hypothesis for further research is that vulnerable boys living under poor social conditions react to their situation with motoric restlessness, impulsiveness and aggressive acting-out behaviour. Due to this their social adjustment as grown ups is poor with consequent alcohol and drug abuse and criminality. PMID- 6650217 TI - Aggressive behaviour in a psychiatric observation ward. AB - Episodes of aggression were monitored, using a questionnaire, for a 6-month period in the female observation ward of a General Psychiatric Hospital. The results show that: a small group of schizophrenic patients were responsible for most of the incidents; nursing staff and other patients fell victim equally frequently; few of the incidents were predictable. Psychotic symptoms appear to be the main cause. More effective treatment of some persistently psychotic, apparently neuroleptic-resistant, aggressive patients should reduce the prevalence of violent behaviour. Drug-free observation periods in more recently admitted patients, or patients involved in pharmacological studies, however, were not associated with violent incidents. PMID- 6650218 TI - Attempted suicide by jumping. AB - A series of 18 patients who attempted suicide by jumping is reported. All were diagnosed as being psychiatrically ill and 14 received psychiatric treatment after the episode. These patients differ in several important aspects from those who harm themselves by drug-overdose. PMID- 6650219 TI - [Convulsions in the 1st year of life]. PMID- 6650220 TI - Fibromuscular tissue complex in the pyeloureteral segment as a cause of idiopathic hydronephrosis. PMID- 6650222 TI - Partial trisomy 16q in the son resulting from paternal 16/21 translocation. PMID- 6650221 TI - Temporary arterial occlusion in surgery of intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 6650223 TI - Anomalies of the bile ducts: a case report of direct drain of the cystic duct into the papilla of Vater. AB - Direct drain of the cystic duct and drain of the biliary tract through an internal fistula into the duodenum in a 81-year-old man were endoscopically diagnosed without an operation. PMID- 6650224 TI - Changes in stenosis resistance and myocardial blood flow after a brief coronary occlusion in the dog. AB - Stress-induced changes in the resistance due to coronary arterial stenosis of a fixed diameter and in the myocardial blood flow distal to the stenosis were investigated in the open-chest dog. Myocardial blood flow in the inner and outer third of the left ventricular wall was continuously measured with heated cross thermocouples. The circumflex coronary artery was constricted with a thick string so that myocardial reactive hyperemia was nearly eliminated. Without constriction, a 15-second occlusion of the artery produced no significant changes in the resistance of large coronary arteries. On the contrary, in the presence of coronary constriction, a brief coronary occlusion caused a sustained decrease in distal coronary pressure and subendocardial myocardial flow during reactive hyperemia, while coronary flow returned quickly to the pre-occlusion level with significant reactive hyperemia of subepicardial flow. This change resulted in a long-lasting increase in the stenosis resistance. These results suggest that stenosis resistance changes dynamically, resulting in additional myocardial ischemia especially in the subendocardial myocardial layers. PMID- 6650226 TI - Detection of metastatic neuroblastoma cells in bone marrow aspirates by formaldehyde induced fluorescence histochemistry. AB - Metastatic neuroblastoma cells in bone marrow aspirates were examined by the formaldehyde induced fluorescence histochemical method. With this method we could easily identify abnormal cells as metastatic neuroblastoma cells by observing catecholamine green colored fluorescence in their cytoplasma. This formaldehyde induced fluorescence histochemical method is significantly useful for the diagnosis of metastatic neuroblastoma of the bone marrow. PMID- 6650225 TI - Deviation of somatosensory evoked potential and lateral dominance of spike activity in iron-induced epileptic cortex of the rat. AB - A chronic epileptic focus was induced by a microinjection of ferric chloride solution into the sensorimotor cortex of rats. Two types of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded from the cortex near the injection site. In animals showing an initial positive-negative biphasic SEP, spikes appeared in electrocorticograms (ECoGs) more frequently on the side ipsilateral to the injection site than on the contralateral side, whereas in animals showing an initial negative monophasic SEP, spikes appeared more frequently on the contralateral side. PMID- 6650227 TI - [Effect of antitoxic serotherapy in animals immunostimulated with suramin]. PMID- 6650228 TI - [Chronic nonlethal infection in guinea pigs following intraperitoneal inoculation with Yersinia enterocolitica serotypes 0:3, 0:5, 0:8 and 0:9]. PMID- 6650229 TI - [R- and S-forms of Pseudomonas pseudomallei. VI. Ultrastructural characteristics]. PMID- 6650230 TI - [Effect of certain factors on the growth of bacteria contaminating hydrolysis yeast production and of yeasts assimilating and not assimilating methanol]. PMID- 6650231 TI - [Natural dissociation in Streptomyces griseoflavus 1339, producer of the enzyme glucose isomerase]. PMID- 6650232 TI - [Optimization of the conditions for D-glucose isomerization to D-fructose with the glucose isomerase from Streptomyces atroolivaceus strain 700]. PMID- 6650233 TI - Fourth European lecture. Words, images, knowledge, and reality. Some reflections from the neurosurgical perspective. PMID- 6650234 TI - Neurogenic intermittent claudication. AB - Twenty-six patient treated for neurogenic intermittent claudication (NIC) have been examined on an average of 25.5 months after a decompression operation. Twenty-two of the patients were either considerably better (15 patients) or completely free of symptoms (7 patients). Pre-operatively two thirds of the patients were able to walk less than a 100 metres. Post-operatively 12 of the patients had an unlimited walking distance. PMID- 6650235 TI - The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on functional recovery of spinal cord sectioned rats. AB - The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on functional recovery after complete spinal cord transection in the rat was studied. Twelve rats (6 male and 6 female) received HCG daily for the first week and then every alternate day for three weeks. Ten rats (5 male and 5 female) served as controls. Return of bladder function, Tarlov's grading and measuring the maximum angle at which the rats were able to climb up an inclined plane were used as criteria in assessing the functional recovery. Improvement was noted in the HCG-treated rats by the end of two weeks. At six weeks the recovery of HCG-treated rats as compared to the control group was very significant (p less than 0.001). No recovery whatsoever was noted in the control group even after six weeks. Histological evidence of bridging of the gap between the cut ends of the spinal cord by nerve fibres containing tissue was noted in the HCG-treated rats only. The possible mode of action of HCG on spinal cord injury is briefly discussed. PMID- 6650236 TI - Neurinoma of spinal accessory nerve. Report of two cases. AB - Neurinomas of the eleventh nerve can be divided into intracisternal and intrajugular types. A 50-year-old woman and a 29-year-old man had neurinomas of the spinal accessory nerve in the cisterna magna which were removed at operation. PMID- 6650237 TI - Multicentric gliomas of brain and spinal cord. AB - The clinical and histopathological findings in a child suffering from both cerebral and spinal gliomas of differing histological types are described. There was a family history of von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. The possibility of overlooking the symptoms and signs pointing to a spinal cord lesion in the presence of a known intracranial tumour is stressed. PMID- 6650238 TI - Pituitary microadenomas: surgical results and morphological findings. AB - The results of transsphenoidal microsurgery in treating 22 patients with pituitary microadenomas are reported. Histological and ultrastructural comparative studies were performed in attempting to obtain a more accurate morphological classification of pituitary microadenomas. PMID- 6650240 TI - Acute surgery of cerebral aneurysms and prevention of symptomatic vasospasm. AB - A treatment protocol for a controlled open study in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) from cerebral aneurysms is presented, applying acute surgery and pharmacological prevention of symptomatic vasospasm: In patients clinically graded I-III (Hunt and Hess), operation is performed within 48 to 72 hours. After aneurysm clipping, the calcium-antagonist Nimodipine is administered 1. topically during operation, 2. intravenously until day 14 after SAH, 3. perorally until day 21 after SAH. Preliminary results in the first 31 patients show no management mortality and no severe management morbidity. Severe symptomatic vasospasm has never occurred. At 3 months follow-up investigation in 27 of the 31 patients, 5 had minimal neurological deficit; all patients are fully resocialized, working in their previous professions. PMID- 6650239 TI - Supratentorial lobar ependymomas: reports on the grading and survival periods in 80 cases, including 46 recurrences. AB - We report 80 supratentorial lobar ependymomas, including 46 recurrences. All underwent operation. In the total collection 34.5% survived for more than 5 years. The behaviour of children and adults was nearly identical. Based on a histological grading into three steps of malignancy (E1, E2, E3), the ependymomas in low grade 1 showed a 5 years' survival time of 41.5%. Compared to a 28.5% survival in group E2 at the same time. Results in group E3, which histologically resembled malignant glioma or glioblastoma, are not relevant because of the small number of cases. More than 50% of the E1 recurrences showed transformation to E2. No transformation into a lower grade of malignancy has been observed. PMID- 6650241 TI - Percutaneous trigeminal thermorhizotomy in treatment of malignant facial pain. AB - Fifty-eight patients suffering from intractable pain in the trigeminal distribution due to neoplasms of the intracranial or facial regions underwent controlled percutaneous coagulation of the Gasserian ganglion (trigeminal thermorhizotomy). Of them, 35 were evaluated at varying time intervals from the intervention (mean: 7 months). While pain was completely relieved in 71 per cent of cases at discharge, the follow-up examination was consistent with 49 per cent of analgesias. The rationale of percutaneous thermocoagulation in malignant facial pain is given and the pertinent literature summarized. PMID- 6650242 TI - First REM latency in patients with myasthenia gravis: an observation, an hypothesis. PMID- 6650244 TI - HLA and ischemic cerebrovascular disease. A study of patients with stroke before the age of 56. PMID- 6650243 TI - Spontaneous disappearance of extracranial internal carotid artery occlusions. PMID- 6650246 TI - Neuropathology section of the Italian Society of Neurology. 19th Annual meeting, Saint-Vincent (Italy), May 27-28, 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6650245 TI - Abnormal cisterna magna and primary empty sella. Report of two cases. PMID- 6650247 TI - [The essence of the medical profession]. PMID- 6650249 TI - [Intentional drug poisoning as a parasuicidal behavior]. PMID- 6650250 TI - [Migration to the valleys (adaptation to life in the lowlands)]. PMID- 6650248 TI - [Attitudes toward the psychiatric patient]. PMID- 6650252 TI - [Trigeminal nerve]. PMID- 6650251 TI - [Development of current ideas on cancer as presented at the last International Congress on Cancerology]. PMID- 6650253 TI - [Extraction of six-year teeth and orthodontic possibilities]. PMID- 6650254 TI - [Second-generation roots]. PMID- 6650256 TI - [Pediatric melanodontia: bacteriological study and therapeutic test]. PMID- 6650255 TI - [Preventive obturation of pits and fissures: resins or silver amalgam? Is the Hyatt method out-of-date?]. PMID- 6650257 TI - [Concepts in anthropological craniometry]. PMID- 6650258 TI - [Oro-facial mutilations, tropical diseases and African masks]. PMID- 6650259 TI - [Test of dental homotransplantation after thin layer metal plating in animals]. PMID- 6650260 TI - Stabilization of enzymes against thermal inactivation. PMID- 6650261 TI - Microbial inulinases: fermentation process, properties, and applications. PMID- 6650262 TI - Enumeration of indicator bacteria exposed to chlorine. AB - Stress resulting from a variety of chemical and physical environments has been recognized in indicator bacteria. A review by Busta (1976) summarizes the extensive work that has been carried out to describe indicator microorganisms sublethally impaired due to a variety of causes associated with foods. Workers in the area of water microbiology are also gaining an appreciation of the importance of these stressed cells in the assessment of water quality using bacterial indicators. Chemical agents, including chlorine, that are employed in water disinfection processes are important causes of bacterial stress injury. As a result, a significant portion of the total population of indicator bacteria in water might not be enumerated (using the selective procedures that are currently employed) and inaccurate water quality determinations could result. Alternative water disinfection agents that are being suggested, such as ozone, chlorine dioxide, and ultraviolet irradiation, will also probably lead to the same result. In addition, heat from thermal pollution and interactions with other microorganisms or chemicals (including disinfectants and metals) also exert stress that could further debilitate indicator bacteria in various waters and effluents. A need for improved enumeration procedures has accompanied the recognition of injured indicator bacteria in chlorinated waters and wastewaters. This movement has also stimulated interest in the underlying mechanism of cellular damage that is responsible for the submaximal recovery of coliforms from disinfected waters. Various groups have reported that a number of biochemical, genetic, and physiological processes are impaired by chlorine exposure under differing conditions. Evidence from our laboratory and elsewhere implicates functions associated with the cell envelope, i.e., the uptake of extracellular organic substrates, as the primary cellular target of chlorine under conditions that are similar to those in the field. Additional data from our group indicate that sublethal damage from chlorine can be reversed under suitable nonselective conditions. Recent efforts have led to the development of new methods to enumerate injured fecal streptococcus, total and fecal coliform bacteria from chlorinated waters and wastewater. These procedures each yield data that are comparable with that obtained using the more cumbersome MPN method. As a result, the best characteristics of both methods may now be found in three relatively simple MF procedures. Some of these advances have been described in a new section (#921) of the fifteenth edition of "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater" entitled "Stressed Organisms" (APHA, 1981). However, it is anticipated that new and better water quality assessment methodologies will emerge from the growing literature concerning the physiological and biochemical behavior of indicator microorganisms in water and wastewater.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6650263 TI - Toxicity of nickel to microbes: environmental aspects. PMID- 6650264 TI - Production of flavor compounds by microorganisms. PMID- 6650265 TI - New perspectives on aflatoxin biosynthesis. PMID- 6650266 TI - The adolescent psychiatric patient with processing deficiencies: some personality characteristics and treatment strategies. AB - The relationship between perceptual processing and psychiatric conditions is of expanding clinical significance, and the two may be related because of the influence of processing on ego development. Adolescent psychiatric patients with processing difficulties demonstrate some unusual personality characteristics and modes of thought, including a replacement orientation (each event or relationship replaces another) rather than an additive orientation; omnivalence (all interests and relationships have equal attraction), and synecdochism. Special treatment strategies for such patients are suggested, which include: redaction in psychotherapy, a tracking system for scheduling, and reduction of the stimulus level in living arrangements. PMID- 6650268 TI - Ego identity development and obesity in adolescent girls. AB - This descriptive correlational study investigated the relationship between ego identity development and the existence of obesity in adolescent girls. Thirty volunteer subjects were grouped according to normal weight, childhood-onset obesity, and puberty-onset obesity. Obesity was determined on the basis of height and weight measurements. These subjects completed the Washington University Sentence Completion Test for ego identity development. Significant differences in scores of ego identity emerged between: a) normal weight subjects and puberty onset obese subjects, and b) puberty-onset obese and childhood-onset obese subjects. Differences in ego identity scores were not obtained between normal weight and childhood-onset obese subjects. The author concluded that puberty onset obesity is negatively related to ego identity development and indicated difficulties with adolescent adjustment during this phase of life. PMID- 6650267 TI - Learning disabilities in the junior high school: creating the six-hour emotionally disturbed adolescent? AB - Special education programs for the learning disabled, junior high school adolescent must ecologically analyze and address the myriad variables which potentially affect self-concept. The present article reviews and coordinates recent literature which has investigated the interaction between learning disabled adolescents' self-concept and academic, peer, family, and community systems. A unique behavioral pattern, the six-hour emotionally disturbed/learning disabled adolescent may result from continuous, negative self-concept experiences. This pattern occurs when learning disabled adolescents develop expectations of constant academic or social failure, choose to avoid these situations, and engage in maladaptive, "emotionally disturbing" behaviors as protective mechanisms. In the family and/or community systems, however, these students can be socially and adaptively successful. Preventive programming for the learning disabled, junior high school adolescent is discussed across the above interdependent systems. PMID- 6650269 TI - High school smoking prevention: the relative efficacy of varied treatments and instructors. PMID- 6650270 TI - Measuring perceived stress in adolescents: a cross validation. AB - A brief (24-item) version of the Adolescent Life Change Event Scale (ALCES), a self-report measure of stressfulness, was administered to 94 students between the ages of 12 and 29. Rank order coefficients computed between ratings obtained by the current sample and those obtained by the original sample exceeded .90. These results suggest ALCES may be a valid tool for use in stress research with adolescents. PMID- 6650271 TI - Institutional games played by confined juveniles. AB - This study examined the games played by 561 juvenile offenders confined in six coeducational correctional facilities in one state. The types of games these residents used against staff and peers within the confines of the institution varied considerably. The study documented nineteen games used by males and females, twelve to deal with staff and seven to deal with peers. The games were defined as therapeutic games, material games, psychological games, and physical games. Peer-oriented games included attention-seeking activities and a variety of dominance games. Additionally, these games were described and tabulated according to the sex and race of the residents. The conclusion was that game-playing behavior was no less frequent in coeducational institutions than it was in single sex institutions. PMID- 6650272 TI - Differential effects of oral reading to improve comprehension with severe learning disabled and educable mentally handicapped students. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oral reading as a teaching technique for improving reading comprehension of 11 Educable Mentally Handicapped or Severe Learning Disabled adolescents. Students were tested on their ability to answer comprehension questions from a short factual article. Comprehension improved following the oral reading for students with a reading grade equivalent of less than 5.5 (measured from the Wide Range Achievement Test) but not for those students having a grade equivalent of greater than 5.5. This association was statistically significant (p = less than .01). Oral reading appeared to improve comprehension among the poorer readers but not for readers with moderately high ability. PMID- 6650273 TI - Inadequacy of sex knowledge of adolescents: implications for counselling and sex education. AB - There is abundant evidence relating to the paucity of sex-oriented knowledge by the average adolescent across cultures. Investigations have demonstrated that such sex learning, generally colored with misconceptions and misinformation, is obtained almost entirely from the peer group since cultural inhibitions and puritan attitudes often prevent open discussions of the subject of sex with teachers, parents or other adults. There is also every indication that adolescents' natural interest in and preoccupation with human sexuality is on the increase, aided by the current massive circulation of pornographic literature, adult examples of sexual irresponsibility and the strong desire to conform with peer norms. This paper therefore suggests that if premature teenage pregnancy as well as social, emotional and psychological consequences of teenage genital exploration is to be avoided or controlled, then a comprehensive program of sex education and sex counselling for boys and girls in the second decade of the life cycle is overdue. PMID- 6650274 TI - Chronic illness in adolescents: a sociological perspective. AB - This article relates chronic illness in adolescents to a sociological model of deviance. This is an area of controversy: the views of Freidson, Lorber and Robinson are presented as being representative of the dispute. Four situations are discussed in which the issues of prognosis, responsibility and stigma elicit societal response. The usefulness of a sociological model consists in making vague societal perception and rules explicit. The concept of the chronically ill adolescent as deviant is descriptive and devoid of value judgment. Only through such rigorous assessment is it possible to gain a realistic understanding of the societal role in the life of the chronically ill adolescent. PMID- 6650275 TI - Teenage pregnancy: family syndrome? AB - A short term, longitudinal study was conducted in order to explore selected psychosocial characteristics of fourteen teenagers aged sixteen years or younger who became mothers, the subsequent interaction of the mother-infant dyads, and the development and attachment of their infants at twelve months. The sample was matched for socioeconomic and marital status, intellectual ability and ethnicity with non-pregnant teenagers and pregnant women twenty years or older. The subjects were given a psychological and social history test battery. The groups did not differ significantly on the personality tests. The pregnant women reported a significantly poorer daughter-father relationship than the nonpregnant controls. In a high proportion of cases it was found that their fathers were absent or ineffectual and the homes mother-ridden. The interview data suggest that a large number of the pregnancies were psychologically motivated. PMID- 6650276 TI - Immunostimulation in cancer patients. AB - It is interesting to treat cancer patients by the potentiation of their depressed immune status. There are many immunopotentiators which showed potent antitumor activity in experimental tumor systems in vivo and in vitro, however, which were not always effective in well-designed controlled clinical trials. At the present time, we should say that cancer immunotherapy is not the first modality for cancer treatment and we should be careful not to miss more effective modalities for the treatment of cancer patients by the overestimation of cancer immunotherapy. Further extensive studies will be required to establish new modalities such as the development of more effective immunostimulation which is cytotoxic to tumor cells and the exploration of combined immunostimulation by using more than two immunotherapies, or immunotherapy combined with other cancer therapeutic modalities. PMID- 6650277 TI - Biological response modifiers in human oncology and immunology. PMID- 6650278 TI - Muramyl dipeptides: prospect for cancer treatments and immunostimulation. AB - The immunopharmacological activities of bacterial cell walls and muramyl peptides were collected in table form with a comprehensive literature. The past and present studies emphasizing the host-defense enhancing activities of muramyl peptides for antitumor immunotherapy were surveyed along three possible approaches: 1) the nonspecific enhancement of natural defense ability of host against tumor cells themselves; 2) the enhancement of nonspecific resistance of host to microbial infections which are frequently encountered and difficult to treat in the advanced stage of tumor patients; and 3) the stimulation of immunity against tumor-specific or tumor-associated immunogens. Finally, the prospects of successful antitumor immunotherapy with muramyl peptides and their derivatives was discussed. PMID- 6650279 TI - Clinical Phase I investigation of intravenous oil attached mycobacterial components as immunotherapeutic agents. AB - The toxicity and immunological effects of suspensions of mycobacterial cell wall skeleton (CWS) and trehalose dimycolate (TDM) attached to oil droplets and given intravenously in doses of 100 to 200 micrograms/M2 every one or two weeks was investigated. The major limiting side effect was fever and chills at a dose of 2 mg/M2. There was no major hematopoietic, renal, hepatic toxicity, or pulmonary toxicity. Intravenous therapy with CWS/TDM/Oil was associated with complete regression of a bronchial squamous cell arcinoma in one of three patients receiving 2000 micrograms/M2 weekly. The continued development and clinical study of surface attached purified and/or synthetic microbial adjuvants is a promising area of investigation. PMID- 6650280 TI - Clinical efficacy of lentinan on neoplastic diseases. PMID- 6650281 TI - Immunomodulation by NPT 15392 in cancer patients under chemotherapy. AB - A clinical trial of NPT 15392, a purine derivative, was run in ten head and neck cancer patients presenting signs of immunosuppression and undergoing repeated chemotherapy. A battery of ten tests was used to assess the immune status of the subjects. Those tests included skin tests, lymphocyte investigations (count, E rosetting, membrane fluorescence and lymphoblastic transformation) and determination of serum levels of C'3 fraction of complement and IgA. The drug induced transitory, immune stimulation during or after treatment without any side effects. NPT 15392 seemed to selectively exert an action on T lymphocytes. Inasmuch as transitory, immune stimulation and secondary immune depression were noted after treatment, the therapeutic protocol for use of this drug should be reexamined. PMID- 6650282 TI - Effect of chronic administration of a synthetic aromatic retinoid (Ro 10-9359) on the development of lung squamous metaplasia and epidermoid cancer in rats. PMID- 6650283 TI - Monoclonal antibodies as anticancer agents. PMID- 6650284 TI - Treatment of a murine leukemia with chlorambucil bound monoclonal antibodies. AB - Mice bearing a murine T cell leukemia (P388) were treated with a battery of monoclonal antibodies specific for normal T cell differentiation antigens. Therapy was evaluated during the early course of disease by DNA cell cycle analysis and recovery of leukemia cells from tumor bearing mice. This form of therapy was shown to be ineffective. However, treatment with chlorambucil bound monoclonal antibodies was shown to be effective in reducing the number of leukemia cells undergoing DNA synthesis and mitosis, in addition to diminishing the tumor burden as compared to control mice. The potential benefits of this form of therapy are discussed. PMID- 6650285 TI - Diminished synthesis of immunoglobulins by lymphocytes of patients treated with thymosin (TFX) and cyclophosphamide. PMID- 6650286 TI - Protective activity of thymosin alpha 1 against tumor progression in immunosuppressed mice. AB - The effect of thymosin alpha 1 was examined in mice immunosuppressed by cytostatics or X-ray irradiation. Inoculation of B16 melanoma or L1210 leukemic cells into these immunosuppressed mice caused a high incidence of pulmonary metastasis or rapid death, respectively. Thymosin alpha 1 given concomitantly with cytostatics or after X-ray prevented such deleterious effects of these agents. One of possible mechanisms causing the rapid death and increasing the metastasis is the damage to NK cells. Thymosin alpha 1 prevented the reduction of NK cell activity caused by these agents. The preventive activity could be transferred to immunosuppressed recipients by spleen cells and those deprived of T cells, but not by those deprived of NK cells. Another possible mechanism is the aberration of the barrier system for spread of tumor cells in blood circulation, which may allow the tumor cells to migrate to various sites in the host. In 5-FU treated mice, distribution of 125I-L1210 cells upon inoculation was higher in blood and lung, but lower in liver and spleen as compared with that in normal mice. On the other hand, when thymosin alpha 1 was given with 5-FU, the pattern of the tissue distribution was almost the same as that in normal mice. Thus, thymosin alpha 1 protected mice which received immunosuppressive agents from undesirable effects of the agents on surveillance systems against tumor. Thymosin alpha 1 may be useful as an adjuvant in cancer therapies. PMID- 6650287 TI - [Microsurgery in urology]. PMID- 6650288 TI - [Microsurgical treatment of vascular impotence]. PMID- 6650289 TI - [Microsurgery of impotence. Apropos of 60 cases of revascularization of the corpus cavernosum]. PMID- 6650290 TI - [Deferens-deferens microsurgical anastomoses and their results after contraceptive and iatrogenic section]. PMID- 6650291 TI - Ultrasound guided percutaneous nephrostomy. Real-time procedure compared to former methods. PMID- 6650292 TI - Percutaneous nephrostomy guided by ultrasound. PMID- 6650293 TI - Changing indication of percutaneous nephrostomy due to increasing experience. PMID- 6650294 TI - [Transcutaneous nephrostomy. Peculiar indications]. PMID- 6650295 TI - Urodynamic approach of the upper urinary tract by percutaneous puncture nephrostomy. PMID- 6650296 TI - The new percutaneous transrenal pyeloscope. PMID- 6650297 TI - Hyperparathyroidism and obstructive urolithiasis. Combined surgical approach. PMID- 6650298 TI - Inverted papilloma of the bladder. A report of two typical cases, including sonographic figures. PMID- 6650299 TI - [Primary transitional epithelioma of the prostate. Apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 6650300 TI - Effect of vitamin A deficiency on the level of glutathione and glutathione S transferase activity in rat colon and liver. AB - The effect of vitamin A status on colon and liver glutathione content and the activity of glutathione S-transferase was studied in rats. Animals were fed diets with or without vitamin A for 4-5 weeks. There was no difference in the weight gains of control and deficient animals. Hepatic and colonic level of vitamin A was significantly reduced in vitamin A deficient animals. Hepatic glutathione content was below control values (31%); whereas activity of glutathione S transferase was enhanced in deficient animals (41.2%). Contrary to this, colon glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly reduced (40.7%) and glutathione content remained unchanged in vitamin A deficiency. PMID- 6650301 TI - Vitamin D deficiency reduces the inotropic effect of ouabain. AB - The inotropic effect of ouabain (10(-6)M) was studied "in vitro" on rat ventricle strips electrically driven at 1 Hz. The mx% increase in the force of contraction was 64.8 +/- 4.7 in the case of controls, 25.4 +/- 3.7 in the case of vitamin D deficient rats, and 55.8 +/- 5.9 in the case of vitamin D-deficient rats pretreated with cholecalciferol (1.000 I.U./Kg/day s.c. for 5 days before heart removal). A decrease in the Ca2+ concentration from 3.1 to 1.8 mM had no effect on the basal isometric tension developed by control ventricles, it greatly reduced that developed by ventricles from rachitic rats. These results indicate that vitamin D is important for heart contractility and for the activity of cardiac glycosides, and that the hearts of rachitic animals may have difficulty in increasing their performance when solicited to do so. PMID- 6650302 TI - Effect of dietary coconut oil and casein and megadoses of vitamin A or C on tissue lipid peroxidation and hemolysis in vitamin E deficiency. AB - Male rats fed on pellet diet to an average weight of 105 g were placed on a vitamin E deficient diet containing 20% coconut oil for a period of 12 weeks at two dietary protein levels, 20% and 10% casein. Rats on 20% casein diet showed a definite weight loss but not so at the 10% casein level. A marked increase in the liver in vitro lipid peroxidation was observed at both protein levels. Feeding of retinyl palmitate at 100,000 IU/100 g body weight for 4 consecutive days inhibited the liver, brain and kidney in vitro peroxidation; megadoses of ascorbic acid produced less inhibition of the liver peroxidation, but the same degree of inhibition for brain and kidney peroxidation as in vitamin A loaded rats. Both dietary palmitate or ascorbic acid. Acetylcholine esterase and ATPase, two of the membrane enzymes of erythrocytes, were depressed in all the groups. The glutathione content of erythrocytes was increased in rats given ascorbic acid. In all the groups the higher dietary protein levels produced greater loss of body and tissue weights. It is concluded vitamin E deficient diet supplemented with dietary coconut oil (saturated fat) induces increased in vitro lipid peroxidation and oxidative lysis of erythrocytes and that megadoses of vitamin A or C suppress the in vitro lipid peroxidation but enhance the lysis. PMID- 6650303 TI - [Determination of glutathione reductase activity in erythrocytes and whole blood as an indicator of riboflavin nutrition]. AB - Recent developments in riboflavin statis assessment suggest the possibility of satisfactory replacement of the method based on the determination of glutathione reductase (GRe) (EC 1, 6, 4, 2) activity in erythrocytes by one on whole blood. The advantages would be the elimination of the steps of separation and washing of the erythrocytes, which may be of problematic execution under the difficult logistic conditions of field studies. In order to verify the interchangeability of the two methods, we have undertaken a comparison of the results obtained on 81 subjects. Our data show that the results of the whole blood method closely replicate those obtained on the erythrocytes and that all cases are correctly classified in terms of riboflavin status assessment. A linear regression analysis shows that the two methods overlap perfectly, with a highly significant (P less than 1%) correlation coefficient (r = 0.82). Sixty five percent of the variance of the dependent variable (CA GRsi) is accounted for by the variation of the independent variable CA GRe). PMID- 6650304 TI - Glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) in newborns in relation to the gestational age. AB - The transaminase enzymatic activity (SGOT-SGPT) was measured in the first 72h. of life, within the 7th day and on the 30th day of life in two groups of new borns i.e. full-term and premature ones with a gestational age less than or equal to 37 weeks. The premature babies were divided into two sub-groups: babies with a gestational ager less than or equal to 32 and greater than 32 weeks. Our results on the SGOT and SGPT activity in healthy full-term newborns agree with literature data, but indicate a lowering of the SGOT mean values at the 30th day of life. A similar lowering occurs at the 7th day of life; in premature newborns; these have lower SGOT values during the first 72h. of life than full-term newborns. Newborns with a gestational age of less than or equal to 32 weeks have higher SGOT values than newborns with a gestational age of greater than 32 weeks. The mean values of SGPT during the first days of life are higher in full-term than in premature newborns; there are no significant differences in the sub groups with different gestational age. PMID- 6650305 TI - [Clinical study of a prepared reducing diet: adequacy of the vitamin-mineral contribution in comparison to the nutritional and immunity status]. AB - The Authors studied the effectiveness and safety of a commercial hypocaloric diet on 11 obese postmenopausal women. During the experimental period 1 meal/day has been replaced with a chemically defined low calories product. Different parameters have been evaluated to assess the nutritional status 1), anthropometric: weight, skinfold thickness, arm muscle circumference; 2) biochemical total plasma proteins, transferrin, vitamins A, E, C, B12, folic acid; plasma iron, hemoglobin, MCV, RBC; 3) immune status (T lymphocytes and immunoglobulins). Moreover blood sugar, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, as well as blood pressure have been taken into account. All the possible side effects and the diet acceptance for all the patients have been scored. After 1 month all the abnormal conditions (weight, cholesterol, blood pressure) improved, while the nutritional status and immune response remained at an optimal level. PMID- 6650307 TI - [Humoral immunity in nasal allergy]. AB - In this work, several immunological parameters were studied in a group of 40 patients diagnosed as having allergic rhinitis. As a control group we assembled 20 patients with cholinergic rhinitis. A significative increase in the level of serum IgM was detected in the patients with cholinergic rhinitis. The differences observed between other parameters (lymphocyte count, blastic transformation with PHA and Con-A), were not significative. We discuss the results. PMID- 6650306 TI - Evaluation of nasal and blood eosinophilia in children suffering from perennial allergic rhinitis treated with beclomethasone dipropionate. AB - In 16 children suffering from allergic rhinitis, and treated with intranasal Beclomethasone Dipropionate (BDP) for 3 months, therapy significantly diminished the number of nasal eosinophils, while it did not cause any change in blood eosinophilia. This may confirm the local effect of this drug, given at 300 microgram/die. The reduction of nasal eosinophilia during BDP therapy can be explained by the attenuation of the tissue damage characterized by allergic inflammation. The release of mediators, particularly histamine, increases epithelial permeability and promotes penetration of the high molecular weight allergens which thereby gain access to submucosal mast cells. Further release of mediators makes the mucosa more and more permeable to allergen entry. BDP decreases mucous permeability and allergen absorption, so reducing inflammation and consequently the migration of eosinophils to the sites of the allergic reaction. PMID- 6650308 TI - The effectiveness of nasal provocation tests for the diagnosis of atopic bronchial asthma. AB - Because of a certain degree of risk involved in bronchial challenge tests an attempt has been made to evaluate the efficacy of nasal provocation tests for the diagnosis of sensitivity to inhalant allergens in patients with bronchial asthma. The present study involved thirty patients with asthma and thirty healthy controls. Three criteria were employed to assess nasal sensitivity to an allergen. These were clinical observations, thermographic recording of the temperature of the nose, and blockage index assessment. It was observed that positive nasal reactions were seen mostly in patients who had a history of sensitivity to the tested allergen and in the group with high levels of the allergen-specific IgE. Allergic rhinitis, which some patients had in addition to asthma, did not seem to affect the results of the nasal provocation tests. The nasal challenge test is thought to be a valuable method for the diagnosis of sensitivity to inhalant allergens in patients with atopic bronchial asthma. In our opinion recording of nasal temperature by means of thermography during nasal challenge is useful for evaluating the results of the test. PMID- 6650309 TI - Discriminatory role of history, skin testing and radio-allergo-sorbent test (RAST) in type I-mediated respiratory disease. AB - The discriminatory role of history, skin testing with common inhalant allergens and RAST was evaluated in patients suffering from asthma, rhinitis, cough, or various combinations of these disorders. Patients were further subdivided into allergic (type I allergy) or non-allergic based on these criteria. When there was any doubt about the allergic etiology, allergen inhalation provocation was performed. Each diagnostic technique was evaluated by means of studying an index, corresponding to an overall evaluation of the importance of the technique studied. For each of these indexes significant differences were found between allergic and non-allergic patients: RAST index proved to be most discriminatory, followed by the history index, whereas the skin test- index was only slightly different between allergic and non-allergic patients. Comparison of the results of the RAST-index before and after the introduction of anti-IgE with specificity for D 2 reveals that the introduction of this new anti-IgE increases the RAST index values significantly in allergic patients, but not in non-allergic patients. Although the RAST is most discriminatory, the results of this assay have to be evaluated critically since positive allergen provocation tests are still found in 17.7% of patients with negative RAST results, whereas RAST classes 3 and 4 are accompanied 36.8 and 6.4% of the patients respectively with negative provocation tests. PMID- 6650310 TI - [Relation between meteorological conditions and the atmospheric microflora of the city of Barcelona]. AB - This work deals with a study of the changes observed throughout the four seasons of the year concerning the number of fungi which can be found in the atmosphere of Barcelona. The results obtained will bring us to the conclusion that during the autumn and winter months the number of conidia per m3 is greater than in spring and summer. This observation would confirm the fact that generally speaking in autumn and winter, temperature decreases and humidity increases, while the opposite occurs in spring and summer. These phenomena would be directly related to our findings where we have established that an increase in temperature implies a reduction on the airborne fungi, while the remaining climatic factors taken into account would indicate an increase in the total fungal population. The same relation - phenomena were observed for the strains of the genus Cladosporium, Penicillium, Aureobasidium, Aspergillus and Alternaria, though with some modifications in the three later. PMID- 6650311 TI - On the reliability of RAST in childhood food allergy. AB - 144 children, showing adverse reactions to cow's milk and/or egg, were studied retrospectively. The case finding criteria used was positive elimination and challenge tests with the offending food (s). Specific IgE against the offending food(s) were found in 70% of cases, the majority of whom exhibited early-onset symptoms. RAST seems to be a useful laboratory test in food allergy characterized by early-onset symptoms. Likewise, RAST may be a valuable tool when severe reactions following the ingestion of food are suspected, and dangerous challenge tests are to be avoided. PMID- 6650312 TI - Deposits of complement in synovial vessels in Reiter's syndrome. A role for hydatid antigen? AB - We present a patient diagnosed as having Reiter's syndrome in whom the presence of hydatid cysts are in temporal relation to bouts of the arthritic disease. We set up an immunologic study in order to explore the possible pathogenetic relationship between the hydatid and arthritic diseases. Special antibodies for hydatid antigen in synovial fluid were shown by ELISA and the presence of vasculitic changes and complement deposition were demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence of synovial tissue. We believe this data may add some weight to the immunologic pathogenesis of some cases of arthritis associated with HLA B27. PMID- 6650314 TI - The Overlander's syndrome. PMID- 6650313 TI - Family physicians and traditional sex-role ideology: implications for mental health care delivery. PMID- 6650316 TI - Physicians and the patient who smokes: motivational aspects. PMID- 6650315 TI - Effects of walking upon plasma lipids in hyperlipidemic patients. PMID- 6650317 TI - Outpatient initiation of insulin infusion pump therapy. PMID- 6650318 TI - Microsurgical lumbar discectomy. PMID- 6650319 TI - Legionnaires' disease--the Huntsville experience. PMID- 6650320 TI - Science education for hearing-impaired students in the eighties: priorities and projections. PMID- 6650321 TI - The communication policy of the Arizona State School for the Deaf and Blind. PMID- 6650322 TI - A study of the relationship between syntactic development and concrete operations in deaf children. PMID- 6650323 TI - Microteaching as a tool for improving simultaneous communication in classrooms for hearing-impaired students. PMID- 6650324 TI - An instrument for assessment of social-emotional adjustment in hearing-impaired preschoolers. PMID- 6650325 TI - Classroom-based approaches to developing social competence among hearing-impaired youth. PMID- 6650326 TI - Recruiting black teacher-trainees into programs for the hearing impaired. PMID- 6650327 TI - Poisoning: a syndrome of child abuse. AB - Poisoning has been added to the spectrum of child maltreatment. The range of clinical manifestations is broad, and the degree of family dysfunction varies. Mechanisms include impulsive acts under stress, lack of appropriate supervision, bizarre child-rearing practices and the rare Munchausen's syndrome by proxy. The physician must be adept at detecting and reporting such cases. PMID- 6650328 TI - Carotidynia. AB - Carotidynia is a common but seldom recognized syndrome in which the patient typically complains of a sore throat. Closer questioning usually reveals the soreness to be in the neck. On physical examination, tenderness is noted along a localized segment of the carotid artery. Often the syndrome is misdiagnosed as cervical adenitis and inappropriately treated with an antibiotic. Etiology is unknown. Anti-inflammatory therapy is effective. PMID- 6650329 TI - Update on the medical director concept. AB - Physicians have a legal and ethical responsibility to provide leadership in the care of our institutionalized elderly. In the nursing home, this responsibility includes three components: providing care for individual patients (attending physician), providing care for groups of individuals (medical director) and monitoring and evaluating utilization and quality of care (Utilization Review Committee). Individual physicians, administrators and staff must define the tasks of the medical director to meet the needs of each particular nursing home. PMID- 6650331 TI - Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. PMID- 6650330 TI - Herpes zoster. AB - Herpes zoster ("shingles") is usually a benign, self-limited disease. However, it can be debilitating or even fatal. The potentially serious complications of ocular involvement or postherpetic neuralgia and the confusing therapeutic regimens that are often advocated make this a complicated subject. Dissemination is more common in immunosuppressed and elderly febrile patients, and the complications are more serious. Herpes zoster patients may benefit from treatment with vidarabine, currently the only antiviral agent approved for use in this disease. Corticosteroids may be helpful in selected patients. PMID- 6650332 TI - Clinical teratology. AB - Of particular importance in teratogenesis is the time of exposure to the offending environmental agent, route of exposure, and genotype of the embryo and the mother. The major teratogens include irradiation, maternal infections, other illnesses in pregnancy (diabetes, thyroid disease, maternal phenylketonuria, virilizing diseases), a host of pharmacologic agents and environmental contaminants. Teratogen exposure carries the potential for cancer in later life. Several sources of information on teratogens are now available. PMID- 6650333 TI - Prevention and drug treatment of influenza. AB - Influenza remains a significant cause of morbidity, mortality and loss of productivity. Type A influenza is more common than Type B in all age groups. Influenza B outbreaks chiefly affect children. During a known outbreak, the clinical picture is generally sufficient to make the diagnosis. Early immunization, with antigens fitting the circulating strains, is the prophylactic method of choice. For Type A strains, there are specific indications for use of amantadine prophylaxis. Amantadine is also effective as specific therapy for Type A influenza after symptoms occur. PMID- 6650334 TI - Immunosuppressive therapy. PMID- 6650335 TI - Present status of disulfiram. PMID- 6650337 TI - Problems with prescription drugs highest among elderly. PMID- 6650336 TI - Rapid smoking therapy safe and effective in COPD and CHD patients. PMID- 6650338 TI - Muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6650339 TI - Thalidomide use. PMID- 6650340 TI - Prostate cancer treatment. PMID- 6650341 TI - Ovulation stimulant. PMID- 6650342 TI - Sodium scan. PMID- 6650343 TI - VDTs and birth defects. PMID- 6650345 TI - Breast cancer guide. PMID- 6650344 TI - Glaucoma detection. PMID- 6650346 TI - Lymphoma diagnosis. PMID- 6650348 TI - AIDS tests and cures. PMID- 6650347 TI - Generalized pruritus. PMID- 6650349 TI - Saccharin: an update. PMID- 6650350 TI - Grief and the immune system. PMID- 6650351 TI - Electrocardiographic changes with coronary artery spasm. AB - The presence or absence of important ECG changes (e.g., ST elevation or depression greater than or equal to 1 mm) was evaluated in 79 consecutive patients with coronary artery spasm. In eight of these patients ECG changes usually did not accompany episodes of rest angina. Evaluation before, during, and after cardiac catheterization included multiple ECGs and ambulatory monitoring during angina. Our observations suggest that the ECG may not always be a sensitive indicator of coronary spasm. Thus the diagnosis of transient myocardial ischemia secondary to coronary spasm should not necessarily be excluded because of a lack of ECG changes during rest angina. PMID- 6650352 TI - Clinical characteristics and results of electrophysiologic testing in young adults with ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. AB - Thirty-one patients 16 to 40 years of age (mean +/- SD = 30.7 +/- 7 years) had one or more episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). Underlying cardiac abnormalities consisted most commonly of cardiomyopathy (nine), long QT syndrome (LQTS) (five), and mitral valve prolapse (five); no identifiable heart disease was found in four patients. Programmed ventricular stimulation induced VT in only one of four patients with the LQTS but induced VT in 64% of 22 patients with other abnormalities. Chronic drug treatment was based either on serial electropharmacologic testing or was empiric when electrophysiologic testing failed to provoke an arrhythmia. Using this approach, we found a 13% incidence of recurrent VT and a 10% mortality over a follow-up period of 18.1 +/- 13.9 months. In young adults with VT or VF, an underlying cardiac abnormality can usually be found. Extensive evaluation should be performed to uncover the underlying cardiac abnormality as this may influence chronic management. PMID- 6650353 TI - The repetitive extrasystole as an index of vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation during myocardial ischemia in the canine heart. AB - The repetitive extrasystole threshold (RET) is a reliable measure of vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation (VF) during diverse interventions in the normal heart. Whether this relationship also holds during varying degrees of myocardial ischemia has not been adequately explored. In 15 chloralose anesthetized dogs, circumflex coronary blood flow (CBF) was decreased progressively with the use of an externally applied balloon occluder. There was a statistically significant correlation between the RET and ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) until left circumflex coronary artery flow was reduced by 90% of control values (r = 0.92). During reductions of CBF of 90% or greater, the VFT fell more than the RET and the RET/VFT ratio was disrupted. Total coronary occlusion, whether performed abruptly or gradually (5 minutes), likewise resulted in a disproportionate decline in VFT. During sustained total coronary occlusion, the VFT recovered to control values within 15 minutes, and the relationship between the RE and VF thresholds was restored. We conclude that the vulnerable period threshold for provoking repetitive extrasystole is a reliable index of vulnerability to VF during myocardial ischemia and remains so until nearly total occlusion of a major coronary vessel. PMID- 6650354 TI - Ambulatory ventricular tachycardia: characteristics of the initiating beat. AB - One hundred ten 24-hour Holter ECG recordings from 82 ambulatory patients with 341 episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT) were analyzed. Most VT was precipitated by ventricular premature beats (VPBs) with prematurity indices (coupling interval/QT) between 1.0 and 2.0. However, a disproportionate number of VPBs initiating VT occurred early and late in the cardiac cycle compared with isolated VPBs. VT rate was not related to preceding heart rate, but faster basic rates appeared to protect against VT of extended duration. Approximately 80% of episodes of VT were initiated by VPB forms also seen in isolation. Of the 20% of VT initiated by a VPB of new morphology, one third occurred late in the cardiac cycle; almost none were early cycle. PMID- 6650355 TI - The mechanism of dysrhythmias in variant angina pectoris: occlusive versus reperfusion. AB - Thirty-six patients with variant angina pectoris (VAP) were analyzed to investigate whether the mechanism underlying dysrhythmia is related to coronary occlusion or reperfusion. Fifteen of the 36 patients demonstrated dysrhythmias (42%). Twelve of 15 patients (80%) experienced dysrhythmia prior to the acme of ST-segment elevation (occlusive dysrhythmia), and those of tachyarrhythmia type were characterized by the presence of ventricular premature beats initially isolated, increasing in frequency, and preceding the more malignant forms of dysrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. The occlusive dysrhythmias included ventricular dysrhythmia (ventricular premature beats, ventricular tachycardia, slow ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation) in eight patients and conduction abnormalities (second- and third degree AV block, left posterior fascicular block) in four patients. Thirteen episodes of VAP were fully recorded electrocardiographically. The average time to onset of dysrhythmia, after the beginning of ST-segment elevation, was 4.94 minutes +/- 1.52. The duration of the episodes without dysrhythmia was 0.86 minute +/- 0.53. The "reperfusion dysrhythmia" occurred in three patients (20%) and was characterized by the appearance of isolated couplets of ventricular premature beats, ventricular tachycardia, or ventricular fibrillation without prodromal ectopic activity. The dysrhythmia occurred in one patient during the resolution of ST-segment elevation and in two patients within seconds of ST segment normalization. We conclude that the occlusive related dysrhythmias are the most important mechanism in VAP. They are dependent on the duration of the ischemic episode. PMID- 6650356 TI - Contrasting effects of nifedipine and verapamil on myocardium and vascular smooth muscle at two levels of coronary occlusion in the dog. AB - The calcium flux inhibitors nifedipine and verapamil have recently been used in the setting of both classical Heberden's and variant angina. It has also been suggested that these agents may preserve function and viability of threatened myocardium. The effects of these agents on the relationship between myocardial blood flow and contraction in the setting of partial coronary occlusion is unknown. Thus 39 open-chest dogs underwent partial coronary occlusion to diastolic perfusion pressures of 25 or 40 mm Hg. The dogs then received intracoronary infusions of 10 micrograms nifedipine or 100 micrograms verapamil. Myocardial blood flow was measured with tracer microspheres and myocardial shortening was assessed with ultrasonic crystals. At 25 mm Hg nifedipine improved myocardial shortening while blood flow did not change. In contrast, verapamil caused shortening to be abolished but also did not change blood flow. At 40 mm Hg nifedipine, while not affecting shortening, caused a "redistribution" of blood flow from endocardium to epicardium; in contrast, verapamil again caused shortening to be abolished, but only increased epicardial blood flow leaving endocardial flow intact. Thus verapamil and nifedipine have differing effects. Nifedipine is a potent vasodilator at doses having no negative inotropic effects. In addition, nifedipine can cause a transmural "redistribution" of blood flow from endocardium to epicardium. In contrast, verapamil is also a potent vasodilator, but has profound negative inotropic effects. PMID- 6650357 TI - Thallium-201 myocardial imaging during maximal and submaximal exercise: comparison of submaximal exercise with propranolol. AB - Propranolol is an effective drug for patients with angina and has been shown to favorably alter exercise ejection fraction and myocardial perfusion images in patients with coronary disease. A characteristic effect of propranolol is reduction in exercise heart rate (HR). Twenty men with coronary disease (10 with prior infarction), angina-limited exercise tests, abnormal myocardial blood flow distribution images (MBFDI) (201thallium) during exercise, and normal resting ejection fractions underwent treadmill exercise testing with imaging on three occasions. Control maximal exercise was performed initially with measurement of MBFDI. Propranolol, 40 mg by mouth four times a day, was administered for a week with exercise repeated to the same workload. A third study, with men off propranolol, was undertaken with exercise continued only to the HR obtained while the men were taking propranolol (submaximal exercise). All men had improvement in MBFDI while receiving propranolol (men without infarction +780 +/- 88 [average +/ SEM] normalized count rate difference between control and propranolol; men with infarction +724 +/- 73 normalized counts). Greater count differences were noted when control exercise and HR-controlled, submaximal exercise MBFDI were compared with a greater difference in men with infarction (+1094 +/- 89 normalized counts) than for men without infarction (+896 +/- 88 normalized counts). Results suggest that propranolol improves MBFDI during exercise in men with angina, but that submaximal exercise results in more normal MBFDI than does propranolol for exercise to the same HR. PMID- 6650358 TI - Radionuclide left ventricular volume curves in angiographically proved normal subjects and patients with three-vessel coronary disease. AB - To determine the diagnostic value of measurements obtained from radionuclide left ventricular volume curves, we compared 12 patients with normal coronary arteries (NL) to 12 patients with three-vessel coronary artery disease (3V CAD). Maximum and mean rates of ejection and filling, times of maximum ejection and filling, durations of systole and diastole, and percentages of ejection and filling during each third were measured at rest and during exercise. The only group differences at rest were a 39 msec (p = 0.002) delay in the time of maximal filling and a 6% (p = 0.04) decrease in first third filling fraction in the 3V CAD patients. The overlap in values for these two parameters, however, did not allow good separation of the patients into NL and 3V CAD groups. During exercise, maximal and mean rates of ejection and filling were significantly lower in the 3V CAD group, but these measurements did not improve on the discriminative value of heart rate and ejection fraction alone. Thus, in both the resting and exercise states, measurements of instantaneous changes in left ventricular volume added little diagnostic information. PMID- 6650359 TI - The role of the pericardium in interactions between the cardiac chambers. AB - Distension of one side of the heart involves both the atrium and the ventricle, and such atrioventricular enlargement encroaches more on pericardial volume than would ventricular distension alone. The influence of distension of the entire right side of the heart on the pressure-volume relationship of the entire left heart was studied in six postmortem canine hearts with intact pericardium. The pressure-volume relation of the left heart was determined when the right heart was empty and when it was filled with saline. The pressure-volume curve of the left heart became steeper when the volume of the right heart was increased. However, after subtracting pericardial pressure from the left heart pressure, the pressure-volume curves were unaffected by increased volume of the right heart. Selective distension of the entire right heart has a considerable effect on the filling characteristics of the left heart when the pericardium is intact, although this is less than that observed in experiments in which the more compliant atria have been excluded. This effect becomes negligible after subtracting pericardial pressure. PMID- 6650360 TI - Lack of decreased contractility in hearts from atherosclerotic rabbits. AB - Previous studies have suggested that the contractility of isolated heart muscle removed from rabbits made hypercholesterolemic is decreased. As part of a study evaluating the effects of high-lipid diets on aortic atherosclerosis, we evaluated the contractility of perfused rabbit hearts. Six rabbits were placed on a high-lipid diet for 3 months with cholesterol levels rising to 1700 +/- 400 mg %. After they were killed, their hearts were studied in an isolated, perfused, working heart apparatus at 37 degrees C. Control animals included six rabbits matched for age, six rabbits matched for weight, and six young rabbits. Measurements were made of developed pressure, maximum dP/dt, oxygen extraction, oxygen consumption, and coronary blood flow. There were no significant differences between the contractile parameters of hearts from any group. Since previous studies were conducted with isolated heart muscle at a lower temperature, it may be that hypercholesterolemic effects on membranes may have led to the previous findings of reduced contractility. Our results suggest that hypercholesterolemia, per se, does not decrease cardiac contractility in the rabbit fed a high-lipid diet. PMID- 6650361 TI - Laser irradiation of congenital heart disease: potential for palliation and correction of intracardiac and intravascular defects. AB - We examined the potential for laser irradiation of congenital heart defects, with the use of postmortem hearts and an argon ion laser with a flexible quartz fiber. Atrial septectomy was performed in five newborn hearts. Obstructive lesions were relieved by laser irradiation in valvular pulmonic and aortic stenosis, dysplastic pulmonary valve, pulmonary atresia, and coarctation of the aorta. To demonstrate the efficacy of in vivo cardiac laser surgery, atrial septectomy was also performed in an anesthetized dog model, under echocardiographic visualization, without change in heart rate or blood pressure. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of intracardiac and intravascular laser irradiation for palliation and repair of selected congenital heart diseases. PMID- 6650362 TI - Contrast echocardiography in pulmonary hypertension: observations explaining the early closure of the pulmonic valve. AB - We studied pulmonary artery flow patterns in 11 patients with pulmonary hypertension and 11 normal volunteers, by means of peripheral intravenous injections of 5% dextrose solution during M-mode echocardiography. Most of the patients had moderate to severe pulmonary hypertension. All normal subjects had antegrade flow throughout systole until just prior to pulmonic valve closure; none of the patients with pulmonary hypertension had continued antegrade flow throughout systole. The seven with early closure of the pulmonic valve showed abnormal retrograde flow of contrast in mid- to late systole; this was never observed in normal subjects. We conclude that early closure of the pulmonic value is seen in patients with early systolic retrograde flow in the pulmonary artery. A hypothesis for the pathogenesis of this flow is presented. Contrast M-mode echocardiography is a valuable new tool for the study of flow characteristics over the pulmonic valve. In patients with poor quality pulmonic valve echograms during systole, retrograde flow during midsystole imaged by contrast echocardiography may substitute for early closure as a sign of pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6650363 TI - Phasic pressure gradients across coronary and renal artery stenoses in humans. AB - Fluid-filled catheter-transducer systems have been developed for assessment of phasic pressure gradients across arterial stenoses. The two catheters we have employed are 3 French and 2 French in diameter. After the catheters are flushed with carbon dioxide and filled with degassed saline solution to remove microbubbles of air, the catheters are attached to a low-volume displacement transducer. The frequency response of both catheter-transducer systems is adequate to record phasic arterial pressures. The catheters are very flexible and radioopaque, and the ability to monitor phasic pressure continuously at the tip during passage across a stenosis enhances safety of their use. The catheters have been employed successfully to measure phasic pressure gradients across 36 coronary and five renal artery stenoses. Maximal pressure gradients were observed in early diastole for coronary stenoses and in systole for renal artery stenoses, consistent with known differences in phasic flow patterns in these vascular beds. The pressure gradients in patients with coronary stenoses could be markedly increased by injection of contrast medium (Renograffin 76). Relatively poor correlation was observed between the resting pressure gradients and the angiographically defined degree of coronary stenoses. PMID- 6650364 TI - Vasovagal syncope in children requiring pacemaker implantation. AB - Four children presented with episodic loss of consciousness. Two of the children were siblings. Neurologic causes were initially suspected in all but extensive evaluations and EEGs excluded seizures. ECGs in one patient demonstrated first- and second-degree AV block and first-degree AV block in another. The QT and QTc intervals were normal in all. Eyeball pressure in all patients produced profound bradycardia. All patients became asymptomatic after the implantation of pacemakers, although one died 15 months afterward from another cause. PMID- 6650365 TI - Cardiovascular abnormalities in osteogenesis imperfecta. AB - To investigate the prevalence of cardiac abnormalities in osteogenesis imperfecta we performed a clinical and echocardiographic study on 20 patients. One patient had aortic regurgitation, 13 had soft late apical systolic murmurs (without significant mitral regurgitation), and seven had systemic hypertension. In only one patient was there echocardiographic evidence of mitral valve prolapse. The aortic root diameter exceeded the normal range in six patients, two of whom were hypertensive. The overall mean value (+/- 1 S.D.) in the 16 patients without marked skeletal deformity was 2.02 +/- 0.33 cm/m2. The echocardiographic appearances suggested that the left-sided valve cusps were thin, and in 13 patients the aortic valve leaflets showed a coarse systolic flutter. PMID- 6650366 TI - Transient pathologic Q waves during acute ischemic events: an electrocardiographic correlate of stunned but viable myocardium. PMID- 6650367 TI - Segmental analysis of the rate of progression in patients with progressive coronary atherosclerosis. PMID- 6650368 TI - Computerized tomography in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6650369 TI - Streptokinase thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction in young adults with normal coronary arteries. PMID- 6650370 TI - Steroid-eluting endocardial pacing lead for treatment of exit block. PMID- 6650371 TI - Pacemaker sound and programmability. PMID- 6650372 TI - Longitudinal dissociation in an anomalous accessory atrioventricular pathway. PMID- 6650373 TI - Persistent sinus node dysfunction secondary to lithium therapy. PMID- 6650374 TI - Alternate long and short coupling intervals in ventricular extrasystolic bigeminy. PMID- 6650375 TI - Quadrivalvular heart stenosis. PMID- 6650376 TI - The role of Q waves in exercise testing. PMID- 6650377 TI - Acute myocardial infarction and small CK-MB elevations. PMID- 6650378 TI - Salicylate-induced variant angina. PMID- 6650379 TI - Skin signs of infective endocarditis. PMID- 6650380 TI - Towards multisensor pacing. PMID- 6650381 TI - The MAC program has abandoned reality. PMID- 6650383 TI - Patient education materials provided by community pharmacies. PMID- 6650382 TI - Pharmacy purchase experience for group 10 proposed MAC drugs. PMID- 6650384 TI - Patient consultation--pharmacy in mid-course. PMID- 6650385 TI - The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human breast milk. PMID- 6650386 TI - Working with the developmentally disabled: a pivotal role for a clinical pharmacist. PMID- 6650387 TI - Trends in pharmacy education and practice. PMID- 6650388 TI - Managing or leading: is there a difference? PMID- 6650389 TI - Preventing chemical damage to germ cells. PMID- 6650390 TI - Further development of the high volume air sampler for high resistance filter media. AB - The high volume air sampler is the only instrument that has been continuously successful over the last twenty years in measuring ambient concentrations of total suspended particulate (TSP). For several years, efforts have been made to rectify the artifact problems arising from the use of glass fiber filters with this sampler. The artifacts chiefly involve the reaction of sulfate and nitrate compounds with the filter paper. Other substrates have been tried, but not successfully applied, because of their higher resistance to flow. A new blower motor permits the use of all existing sampler accessories, including the flow controller. Numerous substrates have been tested to compare their capacities relevant to glass fiber paper. Tests have been run to the performance limit of the fan, with results being normalized to 24 hours. PMID- 6650391 TI - Evaluation of the performance and response of the bacharach TLV sniffer and H-Nu photoionization gas analyzer to common hydrocarbon solvents. AB - Two direct reading instruments, the H-Nu PI 101 photoionization analyzer and the J.W. Bacharach TLV Sniffer, were evaluated under laboratory conditions to determine their performance characteristics when challenged by vapors of common hydrocarbon solvent mixtures. Each instrument was evaluated against the manufacturer's recommended test solvent for rise time, fall time, noise, span drift, zero drift, position sensitivity, battery life, and recharge time. The precision, accuracy, and operating linear range were also determined for the test solvents and some petroleum solvent mixtures which are common refinery products. For these latter mixtures, correction factors are presented which allow for an improved estimate of ambient concentrations when monitoring with each of these instruments. All tests except operating humidity range were performed by challenging each instrument with a known concentration of hydrocarbon generated by evaporating calculated liquid volumes into a static chamber. Humidity tests were performed using a dynamic dilution apparatus generating a fixed concentration of hydrocarbon while relative humidity was varied. Concentrations in both systems were verified by gas injection into gas chromatograph. Each instrument performed well when challenged by manufacturers' recommended test solvents. Humidity was shown to influence each instrument's readings. Also, the instruments were shown to have application as monitors of airborne concentrations of common hydrocarbon solvent mixtures. PMID- 6650392 TI - Common materials for emergency respiratory protection: leakage tests with a manikin. AB - In areas where respirators are not routinely used, emergencies (such as fires) may occur in which protection from airborne particles is necessary. The following readily available materials were tested on a manikin connected to a breathing simulator to determine the fraction of an approximately 2-micron diameter aerosol that would leak around the seal between the materials and the manikin's face: cotton/polyester shirt material, cotton handkerchief material, toweling (a wash cloth), a surgical mask (Johnson & Johnson Co., Model HRI 8137), and a NIOSH approved disposable face mask (3M Corp., Model #8710). The leakage tests were done to supplement the measurements of penetration through the materials reported previously. Leakage fractions were determined by comparing the penetration of the same aerosol for the materials held to the face versus being fully taped to the face. At a breathing rate of 37 liters per minute, mean leakages for the materials ranged from 0.0 percent to 63 percent, depending on the material. Mean penetrations exclusive of leakage ranged from 0.6 percent to 39 percent. Use of nylon hosiery material ("panty hose") to hold the handkerchief material or the disposable face mask to the face was found to be very effective in preventing leakage. Such a combination could be expected to reduce leakage around the handkerchief to about 10 percent or less in practice, and around the mask to less than one percent, which suggests the adaptation and use of such an approach for industrial hygiene. PMID- 6650393 TI - Some difficulties in the assessment of electric arc welding fume. AB - During electric arc welding of metals, particulate fume in a variety of chemical compositions and physical forms is produced with consequent complex solution chemistry. Mechanisms of fume formation include condensation of vaporized metals to produce submicron diameter chains, and spatter of larger particles with subsequent oxidation to yield mixed metal oxide fumes in the respirable range. Complete dissolution of certain constituent metals such as chromium, can be achieved by fusion with potassium hydrogen sulphate. Extraction of hexavalent chromium by sodium carbonate/hydroxide solution is efficient and rapid, while some other extractants give erroneous results. Investigations show that constituent metals are released from the fume at different rates both in vitro and in vivo. The implications arising from the complex nature of welding fume for industrial hygiene assessment are discussed. PMID- 6650394 TI - Comparison of the retention and clearance of different welding fumes in rat lungs. PMID- 6650398 TI - Critical review of international standards for respiratory protective equipment - I. Respiratory protective equipment for particulate-laden atmospheres. AB - The standards for respiratory protective equipment (R.P.E.) from eleven countries and standards organizations were grouped according to type as particulate removing, gas and vapor removing, airline (fresh air hose and compressed air types), and self-contained breathing apparatus (open circuit and closed circuit). Each group of standards was further divided into specification and performance requirements. This paper is one in a series of three that highlights and critically reviews international respirator standards; it deals specifically with R.P.E. for protection against particulate-laden atmospheres. Great Britain, Australia, European Committee for Standardization (CEN), France, South Africa, Italy, Spain, New Zealand, Scandinavia, Japan, and Germany have standards for R.P.E. against particulate-laden atmospheres. Tabular summaries and accompanying discussion of national requirements are presented in the following categories: solid and liquid aerosol removal efficiency, clogging, and rough usage. Large differences and some notable omissions exist among standards. For example, the protection capacity of the filter can be tested by using solid particulate or liquid challenge aerosols. The majority of the countries evaluate protection capacity using solid particulate aerosols, while the remainder use both solid and liquid or liquid aerosols only. Other differences in filter testing deal with the composition of the test aerosol and the characteristic of the filter measured. The initial penetration or the penetration of the filter as it is being loaded over a specified period of time can be measured. In the latter case penetration is averaged over the test period and the degree of protection is assessed only for that overall time period; information is not provided concerning the protection afforded by the filter in the earlier stages of use. PMID- 6650395 TI - Quantitative analysis of multiple PAH's in the coal conversion atmosphere. AB - The development of synfuel technology has focused attention on the determination and control of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the work and general environments. As a group, PAH are perhaps the most important family of compounds of concern to the industrial hygienist in the synfuel industry. The resolution and detection of PAH present in an environmental sample remain challenging analytical tasks. This paper describes refinements in the analytical scheme and detection of multiple PAH by a combined HPLC and GC/MS approach in samples collected over several months in various areas of a coal conversion facility. The method has been proven to be a rapid, more sensitive, and less expensive approach than GC/MS alone, and has been applied successfully to a large number of samples collected in the real coal conversion environment. PMID- 6650399 TI - Critical review of international standards for respiratory protective equipment - II. Gas and vapor removal efficiency and fit testing. AB - The purpose of a Respiratory Protective Equipment (R.P.E.) standard is to assure that a minimum level of performance is reached by the respirator. Standards from a number of countries and standards organizations require that certain specifications are met in construction and that respirators be evaluated by specific performance tests. This is the second of three critical review papers related to respirator standards. We here summarize in tabular form, compare and critically review how the different countries or standards organizations test respirators designed for protection against gases and vapors for leakage due to improper fitting of the respirator facepiece and gas and vapor removal efficiency of the cartridge/canister. Two general aspects as they relate to removal capacity testing are discussed. The first issue deals with the selection of test gases and vapors that best represent the sorptive behavior of a class or group of compounds. The second issue deals with the extrapolation of laboratory testing under rigidly specified conditions to conditions of actual use. Fit testing varies from country to country. The fit testing conditions specified in the various standards are summarized along with a discussion of test material selection, the test panel selection, and the range of controlled test activities. PMID- 6650397 TI - Capture efficiency of local exhaust ventilation systems. AB - A new technique to measure the performance of local exhaust ventilation systems has been developed and tested in both the laboratory and the field. The technique involves the measurement of the capture efficiency of exterior hoods, defined to be the fraction of contaminants given off by a process captured by the exhaust system serving that process. Capture efficiency measurement can be a powerful tool in the evaluation of local exhaust systems, since it is a direct, quantitative measure of system performance; in contrast, indices of performance now in use are either qualitative or measure quantities which may not be related directly to system performance. A basic theory for capture efficiency has been developed, and a prototype system for measuring capture efficiency has been constructed and tested. Preliminary laboratory and field measurements using the system have demonstrated the power of the method, which should find widespread use in the design of new ventilation systems and the evaluation of existing ones. PMID- 6650396 TI - Inhalation exposure of lead in brass foundry workers: the evaluation of the effectiveness of a powered air-purifying respirator and engineering controls. AB - The protection that a powered air-purifying respirator afforded to ladle and furnace attendants who were exposed to lead, copper and zinc fumes in a brass foundry was found by measuring metal levels at the lapel and at nose level inside the respirator. Respirator fit was evaluated by use of a hot-wire anemometer at the face/Tyvek seal interfaces, and at the exit of the respirator. Effective protection factors for lead ranged from 1.05 to 67. Ergonomic factors and engineering controls are also discussed. PMID- 6650400 TI - Critical review of international standards for respiratory protective equipment - III. Practical performance tests. AB - This paper, the third in a series of papers devoted to review of international standards for Respiratory Protective Equipment (R.P.E.), summarizes in tabular form, compares, and critically reviews standards of different countries or organizations pertaining to practical performance tests (Man Tests). There are similarities, differences and omissions in the national standards that deserve attention. Of the countries or organizations that require Man Tests on particulate and/or gas and vapor respirators, none described in detail the tests to be performed. For example, CEN requires that Man Tests be conducted on gas/vapor respirators under realistic conditions to determine imperfections that cannot otherwise be determined by other performance tests, but does not stipulate the testing procedure. With respect to fresh-air hose, compressed-air line and self-contained breathing apparatus R.P.E., only Great Britain and CEN present specific Man-testing requirements in detail. Man Tests for all types of R.P.E. have a specific purpose: to determine any imperfections in, or malfunction of the apparatus under simulated work conditions. One major difference, however, is in the kind of work simulation activities required. In the testing of fresh-air hose and compressed-air line respirators, for instance, CEN describes in great detail, a variety of activities to be conducted. Great Britain merely states that the subjects shall work in practical conditions. Another important disparity relates to the conditions under which the test is to be performed. For example, CEN requires a heavy-duty test and a cooled chamber test, as well as tests under normal and low temperature conditions. Great Britain, on the other hand, requires only the latter two tests. Still other differences lie in the kinds of medical surveillance required during testing and the evaluation criteria used for assessment. PMID- 6650401 TI - Field validation study of NO2 personal passive samplers in a "diesel" haulage underground mine. AB - Three passive samplers are now commercially available for NO2. This field validation, conducted in an underground mine, attempted to address both the precision and accuracy of the three now commercially available. The probable sources of NO2 were identified as diesel engines and blasting operations. Comparative sampling was conducted with the passive samplers versus the standard "baseline" impingement method. The three NO2 samplers were as follows: 1) PRO-TEK (DuPont); 2) Palmes (MDA); 3) VaporGard (MSA). Three sets of data consisting of impingers and passive sampler results were taken on top of a moving diesel vehicle over a three-day period. An expanded metal screen was welded in a "free standing" plane above the vehicle to serve as a sampling platform. The evaluation of concentration data suggested that correlations of accuracy and precision versus the impinger method were best for the Palmes and VaporGard samplers. The PRO-TEK sampler does not seem to produce accurate data, but it is somewhat precise. Factors of sensitivity, accuracy, precision, cost, ease of analysis, and stability must be weighed. PMID- 6650402 TI - Enhanced evaluation of treadmill tests by means of scoring based on multivariate analysis and its clinical application: a study of 608 patients. AB - Six hundred eight patients being evaluated for chest pain who did not have valvular disease, cardiomyopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy or bundle branch block, and were not receiving digitalis, had treadmill tests and coronary angiograms. In 351, various exercise variables were correlated by multivariate analysis to coronary artery disease (CAD). In men, significant variables were: (1) maximal heart rate achieved less than 80% of maximal predicted heart rate (Mx PHR), (2) ST-T change greater than or equal to 1 mm, (3) age greater than or equal to 55 years and (4) treadmill time (TT) less than 8 minutes. These variables rated diagnostic scores of 9, 6, 5, and 3, respectively. A score of greater than or equal to 7 was considered diagnostic of CAD. In a test group of 192 men in which ST-T change was compared with treadmill score, sensitivity was 65 versus 85%, specificity 79 versus 74% and accuracy 69 versus 83%. In women, maximal heart rate less than 90% of Mx PHR and TT of less than 6 minutes were significant, with an accuracy of 75%. Moreover, 89% of incomplete tests and 70% of tests in patients with previous myocardial infarction were also correctly diagnosed. This method allows convenient use of significant exercise variables for clinical purposes with improved results. PMID- 6650403 TI - Stepwise risk stratification soon after acute myocardial infarction. AB - A stepwise rise stratification procedure sequentially combining historical and clinical characteristics and treadmill exercise test results was applied to 702 consecutive men aged less than or equal to 70 years who were alive 21 days after acute myocardial infarction (MI). Historical characteristics alone (prior MI and prior angina or recurrence of pain in the coronary care unit) identified 10% of patients with the highest rate of reinfarction and death within 6 months (18%). Clinical contraindications to exercise testing identified another 40% of patients with an intermediate rate of cardiac events (6.4%). In the 50% of patients who underwent treadmill testing 3 weeks after MI, the rate of cardiac events within 6 months was 4.4%: 3.9% in patients with a negative test and 9.7% in patients with a positive test (ischemic ST-segment depression greater than or equal to 0.2 mV and a peak heart rate less than or equal to 135 beats/min). Patients with negative treadmill tests, who comprised 46% of patients less than or equal to 70 years and 53% of patients less than or equal to 60 years, had a cardiac death rate of less than 2% in the 6 months after MI. The stepwise classification procedure correctly classified 72% of patients with hard medical events within 6 months. Thus, most patients who experience subsequent cardiac events are correctly classified on the basis of historical and clinical risk characteristics. In patients without these risk characteristics, early treadmill testing is useful for further discriminating high-risk from very low risk patients. PMID- 6650404 TI - Comparison of supine and erect bicycle exercise electrocardiography in coronary heart disease: accentuation of exercise-induced ischemic ST depression by supine posture. AB - Exercise-induced electrocardiographic ST depression was compared during supine and erect graded bicycle exercise in 43 patients with chest pain but no prior myocardial infarct; all had greater than or equal to 1 mm of ST depression during either erect or supine exercise; 16 had multivessel, 24 had 1-vessel and 3 had no coronary artery disease. Supine exercise used 4 minutes/stage and erect exercise used either 4 minutes or 3 minutes/stage with identical graded work loads for both postures. Chest pain occurred in 31 patients during erect and in 29 during supine exercise. ST depression was greater than or equal to 1 mm in 28 patients during erect exercise and in all 43 during supine exercise (p less than 0.001); mean maximal ST depression was 1.3 +/- 0.2 mm during erect and 2.6 +/- 0.2 mm during supine exercise (p less than 0.001). Maximal work load was higher during erect than supine exercise (745 +/- 32 versus 678 +/- 32 kpm/min; p less than 0.001). The accentuation of ST depression by supine posture was not attributable to the changes in heart rate, rate-pressure product or mean blood pressure during supine versus erect exercise. In the 10 patients who had 2 erect bicycle tests using work load durations of 3 and 4 minutes, the maximal ST depression was not significantly different (erect 3 minutes 1.3 +/- 0.5 mm and erect 4 minutes 1.4 +/- 0.4 mm).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650405 TI - Isointegral analysis of body surface maps for the assessment of location and size of myocardial infarction. AB - To estimate the location and size of myocardial infarction (MI), an isointegral mapping technique was adopted from among various body surface electrocardiographic mapping techniques. QRS isointegral and departure maps were made in 35 patients with MI. These patients were separated into 3 groups, based on the location of MI: anterior, inferior, and anterior plus inferior. The severity and location of MI were estimated by thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging and the degree of scintigraphic defect was represented by a defect score. The extent of MI was expected to be reflected on the QRS isointegral maps as a distribution of negative QRS complex time-integral values. However, the extent and the location of MI were hardly detectable by the original maps. A departure mapping technique was then devised to observe the distribution of departure index on the body surface. Particular attention was given to the area where the departure index was less than -2, and this area was expected to reflect the location and size of specific abnormality of isointegral map due to MI. There were strong correlations between departure area and defect score in the anterior and inferior MI cases (r = 0.88 and r = 0.79, respectively). However, patients with anterior MI plus inferior MI showed no such correlation. Q-wave mapping was compared with QRS isointegral mapping, and QRS isointegral mapping was found to be more accurate in the estimation of the location and size of MI than Q wave mapping. Thus, QRS isointegral mapping, especially departure mapping, is more useful and convenient for detecting the location and size of MI than methods such as isopotential and Q wave mapping. PMID- 6650407 TI - Identifying patients at risk of sudden death after myocardial infarction: value of the response to programmed stimulation, degree of ventricular ectopic activity and severity of left ventricular dysfunction. AB - The ability of programmed ventricular stimulation to identify risk of sudden death after acute myocardial infarction (MI) was compared with 24-hour electrocardiographic assessment of ventricular ectopic activity and determination of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Forty-six patients underwent programmed stimulation 8 to 60 days (mean 22) after documented MI. Programmed stimulation consisted of single and double extrastimuli from the right ventricular apex at 2 times diastolic threshold during ventricular pacing and normal sinus rhythm. Of the 46 patients, 44 underwent electrocardiographic monitoring at least 6 days after MI. In 43 of the 46 patients, LV ejection fraction (EF) and the presence of LV aneurysm were determined. In response to programmed ventricular stimulation, 5 patients had sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), 5 had nonsustained VT (greater than or equal to 4 beats), 13 had intraventricular reentrant repetitive responses, and 23 had either bundle branch reentrant repetitive responses or no extra responses to programmed ventricular stimulation (negative study). During a mean follow-up of 18 months, 10 patients died, 6 suddenly. One of the 10 patients with sustained or nonsustained VT died suddenly, compared with 3 of 13 patients with intraventricular reentrant responses and 2 of 23 patients with a negative study (difference not significant). Of 25 patients with Grade 0 to 2 ventricular ectopic activity, 3 died suddenly after MI, compared with 3 of 19 patients with Grade 3 or 4 activity (difference not significant). By comparison, the frequency of sudden death was greater in patients with an LVEF of less than 40% (5 of 16 versus 1 of 27 patients) or an LV aneurysm (5 of 13 versus 1 of 30 patients).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650406 TI - Programmed ventricular stimulation at a second right ventricular site: an analysis of 100 patients, with special reference to sensitivity, specificity and characteristics of patients with induced ventricular tachycardia. AB - One hundred patients without ventricular tachycardia (VT) initiated from the right ventricular (RV) apex were subjected to stimulation at the RV outflow tract. Sixty-two patients had no clinical arrhythmias, and 38 had sustained VT, ventricular fibrillation (VF) or cardiac arrest. Of the 38 patients with clinical arrhythmias, 22 (58%) had VT or VF induced from the RV outflow tract. Among the 62 patients without arrhythmias, 5 (13%) had polymorphic nonsustained VT or VF induced, which occurred with triple extrastimuli in all 5 patients. The 22 patients with VT initiated at the RV outflow tract were a heterogeneous group; 10 (45%) patients had cardiac diagnoses other than coronary artery disease (CAD). In contrast were patients whose VT was initiated at the RV apex (n = 84); in this group, 20 patients (22%) had diagnoses other than CAD (p less than 0.05). These 22 patients also were younger (mean age 46 years) than patients whose VT was initiated at the RV apex (mean age 58; p less than 0.01). Of the 16 patients with clinical VT and no induced arrhythmia from either RV site, 7 had CAD (4 with cardiac arrest), 5 had the long QT syndrome, 3 had dilated cardiomyopathy and 1 had valvular heart disease. In conclusion, stimulation at a second RV site increases the sensitivity of RV stimulation in patients with known VT and seldom initiates VT in patients without clinical VT. PMID- 6650408 TI - Ventricular tachycardia induced by atrial stimulation in patients without symptomatic cardiac disease. AB - Ten patients with an unusual form of ventricular tachycardia (VT) are described. All were young (mean age 21 years) at the onset of VT, symptoms were of long duration (mean 7 years), none had symptomatic organic heart disease, VT was induced by atrial and ventricular stimulation, VT had a characteristic QRS morphologic picture resembling right bundle branch block with left-axis deviation and 9 had early retrograde His deflections during VT. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) was excluded in every patient by electrophysiologic study, although QRS morphologic characteristics and clinical stability of these patients during tachycardia frequently led to the diagnosis of SVT before referral. Four patients received verapamil during electrophysiologic testing. Verapamil slowed and terminated VT in all. Three patients are being treated chronically with oral verapamil, 3 patients with conventional antiarrhythmic agents and 1 with a radiofrequency ventricular pacemaker. PMID- 6650409 TI - Results of a ventricular stimulation protocol using a maximum of 4 premature stimuli in patients without documented or suspected ventricular arrhythmias. AB - A prospective study was undertaken to assess the results of an aggressive ventricular stimulation protocol in 52 nonmedicated patients without a documented or suspected ventricular arrhythmia (VA). Thirty-five patients had no structural heart disease, 8 coronary artery disease, 6 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 2 mitral valve disease and 1 patient had congestive cardiomyopathy. The patients were 12 to 72 years old. One to 4 ventricular premature beats (twice diastolic threshold, 2 ms in duration) were given during sinus rhythm and during ventricular pacing at 100 beats/min at the right ventricular apex. End points were initiation of 6 or more beats of VA or every extrastimulus brought to its refractory period. In 31 of 52 patients (60%), a VA was initiated (nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in 24 patients, nonsustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in 2 and ventricular fibrillation requiring countershock in 5). Repetitive ventricular responses (RVR) (1 to 5 beats) were initiated in 46 patients. In 15 patients only RVRs were initiated. In 6 patients RVRs or VA were not initiated. At the end of the follow-up period (mean 14 months), no patient had spontaneous VA and all were alive. This study shows that ventricular stimulation can result in initiation of VA in patients without clinical VA. Interpretation of results of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients without clinically documented VA should be made with caution. PMID- 6650410 TI - Relation between the widening of the fragmented atrial activity zone and atrial fibrillation. AB - Fragmented electrical activity is often recorded by a local atrial electrogram in response to atrial extrastimuli. To assess the relation between fragmented activity and the spontaneous occurrence of atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF), the fragmented activity zone was measured in 57 patients. The electrograms of the high right atrium, low right atrium and left atrium (through the coronary sinus) were recorded simultaneously during high right atrial stimulation. The fragmented activity zone was defined as the S1-S2 interval (S1 = stimulus of a basic beat, S2 = stimulus of a premature beat) during which a significant fragmented activity was recorded by a high right atrial electrogram after S2. Fifteen patients had neither sinoatrial disease nor atrial arrhythmias (Group I, controls), 16 had sick sinus syndrome (SSS) with a history of paroxysmal AFF (Group II), 14 had SSS without a history of paroxysmal AFF (Group III), and 12 had idiopathic paroxysmal AFF (Group IV). The fragmented activity zone was significantly wider in Group II (112 +/- 26 ms [mean +/- standard deviation], p less than 0.001), Group III (77 +/- 38 ms, p less than 0.001) and Group IV (86 +/- 19 ms, p less than 0.001) than in Group I (31 +/- 25 ms). Patients in Group II had a wider fragmented activity zone than those in Group III (p less than 0.01). Thus, the widening of the fragmented atrial activity zone is characteristic of AFF and may be a good index of a tendency to develop spontaneous AFF. PMID- 6650411 TI - Relation between coffee drinking and blood pressure: analysis of 6,321 subjects in the Paris region. AB - The possible link between coffee drinking and blood pressure (BP) was studied in a cross-sectional epidemiologic survey of 6,321 adults in the Paris region. Systolic and diastolic BP levels were higher among the 5,430 coffee drinkers than among the 891 nondrinkers (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01). BP levels adjusted for age by covariance analysis increased gradually from the non-coffee consumption category (125.6/79.8 +/- 15.0/10.5 mm Hg [mean +/- standard deviation]) to the highest consumption category (greater than or equal to 5 cups/day) (128.1/80.6 +/- 15.6/10.2 mm Hg) (p less than 0.001 for systolic BP and p less than 0.002 for diastolic BP). The positive association between coffee consumption and systolic, but not diastolic, BP remained significant in a multivariate analysis after controlling for age, sex, body mass index, alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption and socioeconomic category (p less than 0.02 for systolic BP and p = 0.16 for diastolic BP). It is concluded that coffee consumption is a significant but not strong contributor to the variation in BP levels. PMID- 6650412 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of dilated cardiomyopathy in children. AB - This study examines and quantitates left ventricular (LV) short-axis 2 dimensional (2-D) echocardiograms of 16 normal control subjects and 19 patients who presented with clinical features suggestive of myocarditis leading to severe myocardiopathy. Of the 19 patients, 8 died or had cardiac transplantation: 9 were studied in the chronic phase and 10 in the acute phase. The endocardial surface of the LV short-axis image was digitized at chordal level at end-diastole and end systole. Digitized traces in systole and diastole were superimposed. The cavity area of systole and diastole was determined and expressed as the percent systolic area reduction ratio. In the control subjects, the left ventricles were round in systole and diastole, contracted concentrically, and had a mean percent systolic area reduction of 53% (range 43 to 67). The left ventricle was not round in systole in the patients with myocarditis, and in 15, only the ventricular septum contracted significantly. Three patients had nonconcentric contraction, and regional contraction was more difficult to judge. The systolic area reduction ratio for the patients was 11% (range 1 to 33), with no overlap with control subjects (p less than 0.001). Our results suggest that myocarditis more severely affects the LV free wall than the septum. In chronic patients, LV contraction remained markedly impaired. Quantitative evaluation of short-axis 2-D echocardiograms is a useful and sensitive technique for assessing damage due to presumed myocarditis. PMID- 6650413 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of left atrial size in children. AB - The ability of 2-dimensional echocardiography (2-D echo) to estimate end-systolic left atrial (LA) size and volume was assessed in 140 infants and children. These subjects were divided into 2 groups. Group A included 91 patients with normal LA volume and Group B included 49 patients with LA volume overload. Five echocardiographic views (left parasternal long-axis, left parasternal short-axis, apical 4-chamber, apical 2-chamber and subcostal 4-chamber) were used. From these views, the LA long-axis and minor-axis lengths were measured and the area was planimetered. These echocardiographically derived measurements were compared with angiographically calculated LA volume. Although all echocardiographic measurements correlated well with angiographic LA volume measurements, the echocardiographic area tracked better than length measurements. Echo LA volume was calculated using 5 single-plane and 3 biplane area-length methods. LA volume calculated from either single- or biplane methods correlated well with angiographically determined LA volume. The degree of correlation depended on the method used. Echocardiographic area and estimated LA volume measured from the parasternal long-axis and apical 2-chamber views best separated patients with LA volume overload from normal. Two-dimensional echo using these views accurately segregated all patients with a LA volume greater than 180% of normal and 15 of 21 patients (71%) with an LA volume between 138% and 179% of normal. Thus, 2-D echo is useful in the evaluation of LA size and volume in infants and children. PMID- 6650414 TI - Left ventricular false tendons in children: prevalence as detected by 2 dimensional echocardiography and clinical significance. AB - During a 28-month period, consecutive 2-dimensional echocardiograms were reviewed to determine the prevalence of left ventricular (LV) false tendons, their associated anomalies and clinical significance. LV false tendons were found in 31 (0.8%) of 3,847 consecutive 2-dimensional echocardiograms. Of 31 LV false tendons, 30 passed longitudinally from papillary muscle to septum and 1 went from free wall to free wall. The 31 patients were aged 1 day to 15 years. Associated heart disease, most often ventricular septal defect, bicuspid aortic valve and coarctation of the aorta, was present in 48%, of whom 73% were girls. Of those without heart disease, 69% were boys. In patients with heart disease, precordial murmurs were due to the underlying cardiac anomaly. Of those without heart disease, 15 of 16 (94%) had a precordial murmur, usually of the Still's type over the lower left sternal border. Four of 31 (13%), 1 with and 3 without heart disease, had unifocal premature ventricular contractions that were rate-dependent in the 2 patients undergoing stress testing. LV false tendons appear to occur in 0.8% of pediatric patients and usually are accompanied by a Still's type innocent murmur if unassociated with heart disease. Some LV false tendons are associated with rate-dependent premature ventricular contractions. PMID- 6650415 TI - Spontaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defect in infants and young children. AB - The records of 264 pediatric patients with uncomplicated ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) were reviewed. Eighty-seven patients were younger than age 4 years at the time of cardiac catheterization. Subnormal weight gain, frequent pneumonia, cyanosis or tachypnea were present in 26 patients (30%). Of the 36 infants at catheterization, 17 (48%) had the previously described symptoms, including 12 (33%) who had congestive heart failure. Eight of the 36 infants were found to have closed their defect at a subsequent catheterization. Six of 18 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization between 1 and 2 years of age also had spontaneously closed their ASD at subsequent study. Statistical analysis of hemodynamic data revealed no difference (except a smaller shunt size) between ASDs that closed and those that did not in patients who were less than 4 years at initial catheterization. Analysis of hemodynamic data revealed no statistical differences between groups of patients with an ASD who were younger than and those older than 4 years at time of diagnostic study. Patients with ASDs that closed were significantly different from patients with atrial level shunting thought to be secondary to a valve-incompetent foramen ovale with respect to age at initial study (11 versus 2 months, p less than 0.001), mean left atrial pressure (7.7 versus 12.3 mm Hg, p less than 0.02) and difference between mean right and left atrial pressures (1.0 versus 4.2 mm Hg, p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650416 TI - Diagnosis of increased pulmonary blood flow by suprasternal M-mode echocardiography in atrial septal defect. AB - The right pulmonary artery (PA) was quantitatively assessed by suprasternal M mode echocardiography in 25 patients in whom an atrial septal defect (ASD) was suspected clinically. In 10 patients an ASD was excluded (Group 1) and in 15 it was confirmed (Group 2). The smallest diameter of the right PA at end-diastole in Group 1 was 8.8 +/- 1.5 mm/m2 body surface area and in Group 2 14.8 +/- 3.6 mm/m2 (p less than 0.001). The greatest diameter of the right PA during systole was also much smaller in Group 1 (11.3 +/- 1.2 mm/m2) than in Group 2 (17.7 +/- 3.5 mm/m2) (p less than 0.001). The absolute and percent systolic expansion of the right PA did not differ in the 2 groups (2.7 +/- 0.5 mm [29.1 +/- 10.8%] in Group 1 and 2.9 +/- 0.8 mm [20.8 +/- 9.8%] in Group 2). No correlation was found between measured and derived echocardiographic variables of the right PA and the magnitude of the left-to-right shunt. Patients in Group 2, who had an additional pressure elevation in the PA, showed, on average, a larger right PA and a smaller percent systolic expansion. The study demonstrates characteristic alterations in the wall motion pattern of the right PA in patients with ASD, indicating increased pulmonary blood flow. PMID- 6650417 TI - Frequency and embolic potential of left ventricular thrombus in dilated cardiomyopathy: assessment by 2-dimensional echocardiography. AB - Left ventricular (LV) thrombus at autopsy and systemic emboli during life have been frequent findings in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Since anticoagulation has substantial risk, noninvasive identification of those patients likely to have emboli is important. Therefore, wide-angle 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiograms in 123 patients (average age 56 +/- 6 years) with chronic dilated cardiomyopathy were analyzed for the presence of LV thrombus; these findings were compared with the clinical course in 96 patients. On 2-D echocardiography, thrombus was present in 44 patients (36%). Events compatible with systemic emboli occurred in 11 patients (11%), and were not more frequent in those patients with than in those without LV thrombus. In addition, neither the presence of thrombus nor the frequency of systemic emboli differed between patients with and those without associated coronary artery disease. Thus, although 2-D echocardiography shows a high frequency of LV thrombus in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy irrespective of the presence of coronary artery disease, clinical events compatible with systemic emboli are not more frequent in those with than those without LV thrombus. PMID- 6650418 TI - The floating heart or the heart too fat to sink: analysis of 55 necropsy patients. AB - Certain clinical and morphologic findings are described in 55 patients whose hearts at necropsy contained so much fat that they floated in water. The patients were 47 to 89 years old (mean 67). Symptomatic coronary heart disease was present in 28 (51%) and valvular heart disease (mitral stenosis) in 3 (5%). The heart at necropsy was enlarged (greater than 350 g for women and greater than 400 g for men) in 45 patients (82%). The mean heart weight for the 31 women was 470 g and for the 24 men, 515 g. In addition to the severe increase in fat in the atrioventricular sulci and over both ventricles, the amount of fat in the atrial septum was increased in all patients. In 14 patients (25%), the thickness of the atrial septum cephaled to the fossa ovale was greater than or equal to 2 cm. Excessive fat in this location is called "lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum." Of the 16 patients (29%) with fatal acute myocardial infarction, 7 (44%) had rupture of either the left ventricular free wall or ventricular septum. The high frequency of cardiac rupture in these patients supports the contention that rupture during acute myocardial infarction is more common in the fatty than in the non-fatty heart. PMID- 6650419 TI - The editor's correspondence: analysis of patterns appearing in selected specialty and general journals. PMID- 6650420 TI - Validity of the hepatojugular reflux as a clinical test for congestive heart failure. AB - This study describes observations designed to test the validity of the hepatojugular reflux as an indicator of actual or incipient heart failure. The central venous pressure (CVP) could be predicted from the height of the jugular venous pulsations in 44 of 48 comparisons. In the remaining comparisons, discrepancies ranged from 5 to 7 mm Hg. In patients with normal resting cardiac function, abdominal compression did not cause an increase in CVP of greater than 2 mm Hg (2.7 mm H2O). In 16 of 19 patients with impaired function, CVP increased by greater than or equal to 3 mm Hg. The increase in CVP was estimated from neck veins to within 2 mm Hg in all but 3 instances. CVP stabilized by 10 seconds and did not change over the subsequent 60 seconds. Abdominal compression caused no consistent change in cardiac output. Changes in venous pressure could not be attributed to changes in esophageal pressure or to compression of the heart by elevation of the diaphragm. Observations were consistent with the hypothesis that an increase in right-sided cardiac filling pressures resulting from abdominal compression carried out as described here, reflects both the volume of blood in the abdominal veins and the ability of the ventricles to respond to increased venous return, and constitutes a useful clinical test for detecting congestive cardiac failure. An increase of 3 cm in the height of neck vein distention is a reasonable upper limit of normal. PMID- 6650421 TI - Effects of enhanced afterload (methoxamine) and contractile state (dobutamine) on the left ventricular late-systolic wall stress-dimension relation. AB - Although the left ventricular (LV) end-systolic pressure-dimension relation is a load-independent, sensitive index of contractile state, its accurate determination requires afterload manipulation. The slope value of the late systolic stress-dimension relation determined under resting conditions has been suggested as an alternative index of contractility that can be assessed without pharmacologic intervention. To evaluate this relation, 14 normal subjects were studied by M-mode echocardiography, phonocardiography and indirect carotid pulse tracings during infusion of methoxamine to increase afterload. Seven of these subjects were also studied after infusion of dobutamine to increase contractility. Continuous systolic stress-dimension trajectories were computer generated from digitized tracings. The late-systolic portions of these curves were found to be linear and the slope and intercept were determined. The slope value was sensitive to both afterload and contractility, and the magnitude of change in slope value was relatively greater during afterload enhancement than during inotropic stimulation. A strong correlation of slope value with peak systolic stress was found. Thus, the late-systolic stress-dimension relation is linear with a slope value which is dependent on both LV contractility and afterload. Like other ejection phase indexes, the usefulness of this index is limited by its inability to distinguish changes in contractile state from alterations in loading conditions. PMID- 6650422 TI - Effects of heart rate on experimentally produced mitral regurgitation in dogs. AB - The effects of increasing heart rate (HR) on the hemodynamics of acute mitral regurgitation (MR) were studied in 8 open-chest dogs. Filling volume, regurgitant volume and stroke volume were calculated from electromagnetic probe measurements of mitral and aortic flows. The left atrial-left ventricular systolic pressure gradient was measured with micromanometers. The calculated effective mitral regurgitant orifice area varied from 10 to 128 mm2, with a consequent regurgitant fraction (regurgitant volume/filling volume) of 24 to 62%. After crushing the sinus node, HR was increased stepwise from 90 to 180 beats/min by atrial pacing while maintaining aortic pressure constant. With increasing HR, filling volume, stroke volume, regurgitant volume and regurgitant time decreased; total cardiac output, forward cardiac output, regurgitant output, systolic pressure gradient, regurgitant fraction and the regurgitant orifice did not change; left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased; and left atrial v-wave amplitude increased. These results indicate that in acute experimental MR with a wide spectrum of incompetence, the relative distribution of forward and regurgitant flows did not change with large increases in HR. At rates greater than 150 beats/min the atrial contraction occurs early and increases the amplitude of the left atrial v wave. This may contribute to the severity of pulmonary congestion in patients with MR. PMID- 6650423 TI - Unusual features of bypass conduction in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation. PMID- 6650424 TI - Dilated cardiomyopathy in the idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. PMID- 6650425 TI - Sudden marked QT prolongation after intravenous administration of amiodarone. PMID- 6650426 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic study of a cardiac hydatid cyst. PMID- 6650427 TI - Fatal pulmonary artery banding in truncus arteriosus with anomalous origin of circumflex coronary artery from right pulmonary artery. PMID- 6650428 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiographic features of multiple right atrial myxomas. PMID- 6650429 TI - Hypomagnesemic torsades de pointes. PMID- 6650430 TI - Surface architecture of the mucosal epithelium of the cat trachea: I. Cartilaginous portion. AB - The mucosal covering of the cartilaginous portion of the cat trachea was studied by correlated light, transmission-electron, and scanning-electron microscopy. While in some areas the ciliated pseudostratified epithelial lining is fairly smooth in contour, in other areas it contains longitudinally oriented, cilia lined clefts. Ducts from submucosal glands sometimes open into the base of these clefts, or into funnel-shaped stomata that are lined by either ciliated or microvillus-rich cells. Specialized epithelial cells are occasionally associated with the clefts or with other regions of surface epithelium. In single sections, these cells appear to contain a cilium-lined vacuole, but serial sectioning has demonstrated that these apparent vacuoles actually are long intracellular invaginations in enormously elongated cells that extend longitudinally in the plane of the epithelium. The function of these cells is undetermined. Basal cells are attached to the lamina densa by means of hemidesmosomes that consistently lack peripheral densities; in contrast, the tall columnar cells have no hemidesmosomes. PMID- 6650431 TI - Surface architecture of the mucosal epithelium of the cat trachea: II. Structure and dynamics of the membranous portion. AB - Bronchoscopic examination of anesthetized cats revealed that the trachea is capable of considerable change in caliber via lateral expansion of the membranous trachea. The morphological basis for this expansile capacity was determined by correlated light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The organization of the membranous trachea differs from that of the cartilaginous trachea. The mucosa is arranged in a series of longitudinal folds that open like an accordion when stretched laterally. These fold are not random, but appear to depend on rows of nonciliated, microvillus-rich cells that form flexure lines in the surface epithelium. The mitochondria in such cell have a condensed configuration, indicating a high level of oxidative metabolism and suggesting that they may participate in transport processes that modify the luminal contents. Goblet cells, which are relatively sparse in the membranous trachea, have mitochondria in which the prominence of matrix granules and degree of mucus storage are inversely related. Mitochondrial morphology allows goblet cells that have discharged their mucin content to be readily distinguished from the microvillus-rich cells, even when their luminal surfaces lie outside the thickness of a section. PMID- 6650432 TI - Development and melatonin content of the deep pineal gland in the Syrian hamster. AB - The morphological relationships between the superficial and deep pineal glands of neonatal Syrian hamsters are described at both light and electron microscopic levels. In addition, melatonin contents in the two glandular masses are compared throughout a 14 hr light:10 hr dark photoperiod in 20-day-old hamsters. It has been found that the pineal anlage begins to separate into deep and superficial components between the first and third postnatal days of life. Separation is usually complete by day 12. The fine structure of the deep gland is similar to that of the superficial gland throughout development. By the time of weaning (20 days of age), the young hamsters exhibit distinct nighttime elevations of melatonin in both the superficial and deep glands, the quantities in the deep gland being approximately 5% those of the superficial pineal. Like that of the superficial pineal, the rise in deep pineal melatonin content can be abolished by exposure of hamsters to light. PMID- 6650433 TI - Is there a medial nucleus of the trapezoid body in humans? AB - The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) appears to be a prominent auditory structure in many mammals. However, the presence of an MNTB in the human brain has not been clearly established. One of the most characteristic features of the cat MNTB is the presence of large somatic endings with multiple synaptic sites, the calyces of Held. We examined adult human brains at both light and electron microscopic levels and found neurons with unusually large endings in a location that is similar to that for the MNTB in other animals. Moreover, the sizes and shapes of some cells in this area are similar to the principal cells of the cat MNTB. These observations support the idea that humans have cells that resemble MNTB neurons in other species. It has been suggested that the cat MNTB may be involved in the generation of wave 3 of its brainstem auditory evoked potentials, so the presence of an MNTB in the human brain may have implications in interpreting brainstem potentials in man. PMID- 6650434 TI - Collagen biogenesis and assembly into fibrils as shown by ultrastructural and 3H proline radioautographic studies on the fibroblasts of the rat food pad. AB - To examine whether collagen is assembled into fibrils within or outside fibroblasts, the connective tissue of the rat foot pad was investigated by electron microscopy and by radioautography at times varying from 4 min to 3 days after an intravenous injection of 3H-proline. The fibroblasts of the rat food pad are long polarized cells with the nucleus at one end, the Golgi apparatus in the center, and a region with long processes at the other end. This region contains secretory granules and is considered to be the secretory pole of the cell. In the Golgi apparatus the stacks of saccules are separated from rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) by groups of "intermediate vesicles" including similarly structured tubules which may be over 300 nm long and are referred to as "intermediate tubules." The Golgi saccules exhibit distended portions which differ at the various levels of the stack. On the cis side, the distentions tend to be spherical and contain fine looping threads; in the middle of the stack, they are cylindrical and present distinct straight threads; whereas on the trans side, they are again cylindrical, but the straight threads are grouped in parallel aggregates. Between these cylindrical distentions and the secretory granules, there are transitional forms within which thread aggregates are packaged more and more tightly. Finally, the fibroblasts are associated with two types of collagen fibrils: extracellular ones arranged into large groups between the cells and intracellular ones located within long intracytoplasmic channels. Quantitative radioautography after 3H-proline injection reveals that the number of silver grains per unit area reaches a peak over the rER at 4-10 min, Golgi apparatus at 40 min, secretory granules at 60 min, and extracellular collagen fibrils at 3 h. At no time are intracellular collagen fibrils labeled. Qualitative observations further indicate that spherical Golgi distentions are mainly labeled at 40 min, and cylindrical distentions, at 60 min. In addition, from 20 min to 3 hr, some lysosomal elements are labeled. The biogenetic pathway leading to the formation of collagen fibrils is interpreted as follows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6650435 TI - Cytochemical analysis of alkaline phosphatase and esterase activities and of lectin-binding and anionic sites in rat and mouse Peyer's patch M cells. AB - M cells in Peyer's patch follicle epithelium endocytose and transport luminal materials to intraepithelial lymphocytes. We examined (1) enzymatic characteristics of the epithelium covering mouse and rat Peyer's patches by using cytochemical techniques, (2) distribution of lectin-binding sites by peroxidase labeled lectins, and (3) anionic site distribution by using cationized ferritin to develop a profile of M cell surface properties. Alkaline phosphatase activity resulted in deposits of dense reaction product over follicle surfaces but was markedly reduced over M cells, unlike esterase which formed equivalent or greater product over M cells. Concanavalin A, ricinus communis agglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin and peanut agglutinin reacted equally with M cells and with surrounding enterocytes over follicle surfaces. Cationized ferritin distributed in a random fashion along microvillus membranes of both M cells and enterocytes, indicating equivalent anionic site distribution. Staining for alkaline phosphatase activity provides a new approach for distinguishing M cells from enterocytes at the light microscopic level. Identical binding of lectins indicates that M cells and enterocytes share common glycoconjugates even though molecular groupings may differ. Lectin binding and anionic charge similarities of M cells and enterocytes may facilitate antigen sampling by M cells of particles and compounds that adhere to intestinal surfaces in non-Peyer's patch areas. PMID- 6650436 TI - The Sertoli cell junctional complex: structure and permeability to filipin in the neonatal and adult guinea pig. AB - The development and maintenance of the Sertoli cell junctional complex were investigated in prepubertal and adult guinea pigs. To correlate the structure of the blood-testis barrier with its permeability, the polyene antibiotic filipin (a cholesterol-binding agent of low molecular weight: 570.70) was added to the fixative as a tracer visible in freeze-fracture replicas. Discontinuous zonules, intermediate junctions (i.e., adhering fasciae) and gap junctions all proved permeable to filipin in the two age groups. Only the continuous occluding zonules characteristic of the adult guinea pig's testis were impermeable to the tracer. In pubertal animals, the establishment of the blood-testis barrier coincided with the completion of the junctional strands in occluding zonules. The formation of occluding zonules was similar in the newborn and the adult. In the adult, the Sertoli cell junctional complexes contained three types of cell junctions: occluding, adhering, and gap junctions. The sequence of occluding and adhering junctions from the base to the apex of the epithelium was the reverse of that demonstrated in most epithelia. The impermeable continuous occluding zonules at the base showed parallel patterns of uninterrupted junctional strands, whereas the permeable discontinuous zonules found higher in the epithelium showed a meandering pattern of broken strands. Our observations indicate that (1) Sertoli cell junctional complexes form near the young germinal cells at the base of the seminiferous epithelium and break down near the older germinal cells toward the apex; (2) the various patterns and orientations of the junctional strands reflect, respectively, the different stages of disintegration of the occluding zonules and the conformation of the mature Sertoli cell to the irregular contours of the germinal cells; (3) there is no relationship between permeability and junctional strand orientation; and (4) the cellular contacts between Sertoli cells and germinal cells situated below the blood-testis barrier may represent the early stages of formation of junctional elements which ultimately become incorporated into the Sertoli cell junctional complex. PMID- 6650437 TI - The autoradiographic demonstration of estrogen binding in normal human cervix and vagina during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and the menopause. AB - Using the technique of in vitro steroid autoradiography, the localization and modulation of nuclear estrogen binding sites has been studied in normal human cervix and vagina during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and the menopause. Marked differences occur in nuclear estrogen binding between these two organs. Nuclear estrogen binding varies throughout the menstrual cycle in the vaginal epithelium, whereas vaginal stromal cells consistently exhibit nuclear estrogen binding throughout the cycle. In contrast, the cervical squamous and columnar epithelia show much less cyclic variability in nuclear estrogen binding sites. As in the vagina, the cervical stroma consistently binds estrogen. High levels of nuclear estrogen binding sites are found in the vagina of the postmenopausal patient, and lower levels of binding occur postpartum. The implications of these localizations, with special reference to the role of the cervical and vaginal stroma, are discussed. PMID- 6650438 TI - Light and electron microscopic cytochemistry of glycoconjugates in the rectosigmoid colonic epithelium of the mouse and rat. AB - The several cell types in mouse and rat rectosigmoid colon have been examined with light and electron microscopic methods for localizing and characterizing complex carbohydrates. Mucous cells, also termed vacuolated cells, and goblet cells comprised most of the deep crypt epithelium in both species, and absorptive columnar cells and goblet cells mainly populated the more superficial epithelium of the upper crypts and main lumen. Occasional tuft cells and enteroendocrine cells were also encountered. Transitional cells structurally intermediate between mucous cells and absorptive cells contained granules characteristic of mucous cells and vesicles like those of columnar absorptive cells. These intermediate cells supported the concept of replacement of mucous by absorptive cells through transformation of mucous into absorptive cells. The intermediate cells also contained numerous lysosomes often in apparent fusion with mucous granules, indicating crinophagic disposal of mucous granules as a mechanism in the cell transformation. Glycoconjugate in absorptive cell vesicles resembled that coating the apical plasmalemma and appeared to represent the source of the glycocalyx of the brush border. Complex carbohydrate in these vesicles differed cytochemically from that of the mucous cell granules, which release their content into the crypt lumen. The absorptive cell vesicles, therefore, constitute an organelle distinct from the mucous cell granules rather than an atrophic form of the latter in a more mature cell. Goblet cells differed in failing to transform morphologically with age but changed in the cytochemical characteristic of their secretion during migration up the crypts. Terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues diminished, while terminal sialic acid-galactose dimers increased during the upward migration, indicating activation of glycosyl transferase synthesis in relation to goblet cell maturation. Glycoconjugate in secretion of mucous cell granules differed markedly from that in goblet cell granules, and content of both organelles differed from that of absorptive cell vesicles. However, secretion in mucous cell granules appeared generally similar for mice and rats with minor exceptions, and secretion in goblets of mice generally resembled that in goblets of rats. Cells interpreted tentatively as Kulchitsky cells stained for high content of fucose with the Ulex europeus I lectin. Globoid leukocytes infiltrating the epithelium of the rat but not the mouse rectosigmoid colon resembled globoid leukocytes in rat tracheal epithelium and, like the latter, appeared to derive from mast cells. PMID- 6650439 TI - The embryonic origins of avian cephalic and cervical muscles and associated connective tissues. AB - The objective of these experiments was to determine the embryonic origins of craniofacial and cervical voluntary muscles and associated connective tissues in the chick. To accomplish this, suspected primordia, including somitomeres 3-7, somites 1-7, and cephalic neural crest primordia have been transplanted from quail into chick embryos. Quail cells can be detected by the presence of a species-specific nuclear marker. The results are summarized as follows: (table; see text) These results indicate that muscles associated with branchial arch skeletal structures are derived from paraxial mesoderm, as are all other voluntary muscles in the vertebrate embryo. Thus, theories of vertebrate ontogeny and phylogeny based in part on proposed unique features of branchiomeric muscles must be critically reappraised. In addition, many of these cephalic muscles are composites of two separate primordia: the myogenic stem cells of mesodermal origin and the supporting and connective tissues derived from the neural crest or lateral plate mesoderm. Defining these embryonic origins is a necessary prerequisite to understanding how the mesenchymal primordia of cephalic muscles and connective tissues interact to form patterned, species-unique musculoskeletal systems. PMID- 6650440 TI - The cytology of the dental follicle and adjacent alveolar bone during tooth eruption in the dog. AB - Previous studies from our laboratories have shown that premolar eruption in dogs depends upon the presence of the dental follicle and is independent of root or crown growth or attachment to the oral epithelium. The present study is an analysis of the cellular composition of the dental follicle and the cellular investment of the adjacent walls of the bony crypt before and during eruption of the third and fourth mandibular permanent premolars in young beagle dogs. Four premolar follicles and their adjacent bony crypts were examined at 2-week intervals over 12 weeks before and during eruption of these teeth. Tissues were removed, fixed, processed, and oriented so that each follicle and the adjacent crypt wall could be reproducibly examined in vertical and horizontal planes. Mononuclear cells with abundant cytoplasm, euchromatic nuclei, and prominent nucleoli were present in juxtavascular location in the coronal part of the dental follicle; and these cells increased in number immediately preceding and during tooth eruption in parallel with an increase in osteoclasts on the adjacent crypt wall. These data are interpreted to mean that the coronal part of the dental follicle may coordinate the alveolar bone resorption required for tooth eruption by attracting and directing to the crypt wall a population of mononuclear cells, which either become osteoclasts and/or direct osteoclastic activity during tooth eruption. PMID- 6650441 TI - Abnormal distribution of fiber types in the slow-twitch soleus muscle of the C57BL/6J dy2J/dy2J dystrophic mouse during postnatal development. AB - The postnatal development of extrafusal fibers in the slow-twitch soleus muscle of genetically dystrophic C57BL/6J dy2J/dy2J mice and their normal age-matched controls was investigated by histochemical and quantitative methods at selected ages of 4, 8, 12, and 32 weeks. The majority of fibers in the soleus consisted of two kinds, fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) and slow-twitch oxidative (SO), according to reactions for alkaline-stable and acid-stable myosin ATPase and the oxidative enzyme, NADH-tetrazolium reductase. A minor population of fibers, stable for both alkaline- and acid-preincubated ATPase, but variable in staining intensity for NADH-TR, were designated "atypical" fibers. With age, the normal soleus exhibited a gradual increase in the number and proportion of SO fibers and a reciprocal, steady decline in the percentage of FOG fibers. Atypical fibers were numerous at 4 weeks, but were substantially diminished at later ages. Since total extrafusal fiber number remained relatively constant between the periods examined, this change in relative proportions reflects an adaptive transformation of fiber types characteristic of normal postnatal growth. A striking alteration in the number and distribution of fiber types was associated with the dystrophic soleus. At 4 weeks an 18% reduction in total fiber number was already noted. Subsequently, by 32 weeks a further 22% diminution in overall fiber number had occurred. With age, the absolute number and proportion of dystrophic SO fibers were drastically reduced. In contrast, the percentage of dystrophic FOG fibers increased significantly while their absolute numbers between 4 and 32 weeks remained relatively constant. Atypical fibers in the dystrophic solei were found in elevated numbers at all age groups, particularly at 12 weeks. They may, in part, represent attempts at regeneration or an intermediate stage in fiber-type transformation. Microscopically, both of the major fiber types appeared affected, albeit differently, by the dystrophic process. We suggest that a failure or retardation in the normal postnatal conversion of fiber types within the soleus muscle occurs in this murine model for muscular dystrophy. PMID- 6650442 TI - Kinematics of cranial vault growth in rabbits. AB - To characterize mathematically the spatial rearrangement of cranial vault bones of the rabbit during growth, a longitudinal study was undertaken from age 4-20 weeks. Initially, at least three nonlinear tantalum bone markers were implanted in the parietal, frontal, and the combined nasal bones. Thereafter, the animals were followed regularly with roentgen stereophotogrammetrical analysis. The parietal bones were found to rotate laterally upward (3 degrees), while the frontal bones rotated downward (2 degrees) relative to their contralaterals. The frontal bones rotated rostrally upward (12 degrees) and outward (3 degrees) as well as laterally downward (5 degrees) in relation to the parietal bones. Due to the morphology of the rabbit head, the examination positioning used in this study, and the direction of the growth process, growth at the coronal suture correlated fairly well with longitudinal axis translations; but the growth at the frontonasal suture relative to the frontal bones was directed about 45 degrees downward. This points to the importance of the bone-marker positioning, so that their connecting line is directed along the axis of growth. Also, this approach makes it possible to obtain new information on the development and treatment of craniofacial aberrations. PMID- 6650443 TI - Organogenesis of the pituitary, adrenal, and lung at birth in the wallaby, Macropus rufogriseus. AB - The ultrastructure of the pituitary, the adrenal, and the lung was examined in the newborn wallaby, Macropus rufogriseus. Tissue from six wallaby neonates (less than 8 hr of age), two near-term fetuses (26 days after removal of suckling pouch young [RPY]), and a two-day-old pouch young was examined; and tissue levels of cortisol in the adrenal glands of five neonates and a near-term fetus (26 days) were measured by radioimmunoassay. At birth the adenohypophysis comprised the bulk of the pituitary gland. The pars distalis was well vascularized and many cells contained electron-dense, membrane-bound granules. The adrenal glands lacked specific zones but comprised two distinct populations of cells. The cytoplasm of one cell type contained electron-dense, membrane-bound granules, similar to those observed inside catecholamine-secreting cells of the adrenal medulla; the other cell type possessed large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubulo-vesicular cristae. These features are characteristic of cells which are actively synthesizing steroid hormones. The concentration of cortisol was 0.58 ng/adrenal in the wallaby at birth. The fetal lungs near term were at the glandular stage of development, and epithelial differentiation of type I and type II pneumocytes was imminent although attenuation was not evident. The canalicular neonatal lung did not contain true alveoli, but type II pneumocytes contained osmiophilic lamellar inclusions of surfactant. The fetal pituitary and adrenal are functional at birth and are thus capable of initiating parturition and of influencing lung maturation in the fetus. PMID- 6650444 TI - Effects of short-term aerobic conditioning and high cholesterol feeding on plasma total and lipoprotein cholesterol levels in sedentary young men. AB - The plasma total cholesterol (TC) and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of sedentary young men (n = 23) were determined during 4 wk of controlled feeding and 6 wk of supervised aerobic conditioning. Subjects were assigned to dietary treatments of 400 mg cholesterol per day (M) or 1400 mg cholesterol per day (H); both diets had a P/S ratio of about 0.6. Dietary groups M and H were subdivided into exercise (MX and HX) and sedentary (MS and HS) groups. Compared to the sedentary groups, MX and HX exhibited significant (p less than 0.01) improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness. After 2 and 4 wk of high cholesterol feeding, group HS exhibited significant (p less than 0.05) elevations in TC (+30 +/- 7 and +32 +/- 9 mg/dl) with nonsignificant increases in very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Group HX exhibited consistent weekly increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (from 46 +/- 3 mg/dl, the base level, to 53 +/- 4 mg/dl at wk 4) with aerobic conditioning. By combining exercise and sedentary group data at each level of dietary cholesterol it was shown that TC and HDL-C levels significantly (p less than 0.05) increased by the 4th wk of high cholesterol feeding. The TC/HDL-C ratio significantly (p less than 0.05) increased for the sedentary subjects as compared to all the exercising subjects by wk 4 of controlled feeding. PMID- 6650445 TI - The effect of phytic acid on in vitro rate of starch digestibility and blood glucose response. AB - The effect of phytic acid on starch digestibility was studied in vitro and related to the blood glucose response (glycemic index) in healthy volunteers. The glycemic index was found to correlate negatively with the phytic acid content of the food tested. In vitro digestion studies involving human saliva at physiological pH and temperature showed that in the presence of sodium phytate (equivalent to 2% phytic acid based on the starch portion), the rate of digestion of raw wheat starch was reduced significantly by 50%. This was reversed by the addition of calcium which is known to complex phytic acid. Similarly, when sodium phytate was added to unleavened bread, its digestibility was also decreased and in feeding trials high phytate bread produced a flattened blood glucose response. PMID- 6650446 TI - Assessment of nutritional status and in vivo immune responses in alcoholic liver disease. AB - Nutritional status and in vivo immune responses were investigated in 30 patients with alcoholic liver disease who were drinking heavily up until emergency hospital admission. Investigations were performed on admission and after 2 wk abstention and adequate hospital diet. No relationship was found between the severity of liver disease revealed histologically and the recent quantity or total duration of alcohol intake, inadequacy of diet, or nutritional status. Skin anergy was more common in those patients with cirrhosis but did not relate to depletion in circulating T lymphocytes, poor nutritional status, or to the direct effect of alcohol toxicity. Acute alcohol toxicity did, however, produce extensive and rapidly reversible metabolic and cellular changes including reduction in serum potassium, magnesium and phosphate and depletion of all circulating lymphocyte subpopulations. PMID- 6650447 TI - Depressed erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity in sickle cell disease. AB - In a group of 27 sickle cell disease patients ranging in age from 2 yr 3 months to 43 yr, 13 (48%) were found to have depressed erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity suggesting riboflavin deficiency. Glutathione reductase activity coefficients did not correlate with riboflavin intakes which were calculated from 3-day diet records returned by 16 patients. Other causes of riboflavin deficiency including decreased absorption, altered metabolism, or increased excretion of the vitamin must be considered. The potential effect of depressed erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity in the sickle cell disease process is discussed. PMID- 6650450 TI - Tea and coffee as sources of some minerals in the New Zealand diet. AB - Daily intakes of tea and coffee of a representative sample of adult New Zealanders (865 men and 1100 women) were calculated from 24-h dietary recalls. The mineral concentrations in tea and coffee samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and used to estimate daily mineral intakes from these beverages. More than 80% consumed tea and about 60% consumed coffee on the day of the recall. The men drank significantly more tea than the women (p less than 0.001), but coffee intakes were similar. The results indicate that for New Zealand adults tea is a very good source of manganese and it also contains appreciable amounts of potassium. Coffee is a better source of potassium than tea, has appreciable amounts of magnesium, and may contribute significantly to manganese intakes in some instances. The amounts of copper, zinc, sodium, calcium, and iron extracted from tea leaves and coffee beans in the brewing processes are too low to be of any nutritional significance but minerals in the water used in their preparation may make a significant contribution to dietary intakes. PMID- 6650449 TI - Acyl pattern of adipose tissue triglycerides, plasma free fatty acids, and diet of a group of men participating in a primary coronary prevention program (the Oslo Study). AB - The acyl pattern of adipose tissue triglycerides and of plasma free fatty acids were determined after 7 yr of diet intervention on elevated plasma cholesterol in 42 men taking part in the smoking-lipid trial of the Oslo Study. Twenty-two of the men were advised to change dietary habits (mainly reduce saturated fat) whereas the remaining 20 were controls. The adipose tissue from men in the intervention group contained relatively more linoleic and linolenic acids and relatively less saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids compared to men in the control group. There were strong correlations between the relative content of several fatty acids in adipose tissue triglycerides and plasma free fatty acid. Furthermore, there was a close correlation between the intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids found in a dietary survey done 2 to 3 yr before this study and the relative content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in adipose tissue. PMID- 6650448 TI - Lactase deficiency in the South African black population. AB - H2 breath analysis was carried out to determine the prevalence of lactase deficiency in different tribes of the South African Black population. Lactase deficiency was common (78%), despite the fact that two of the largest tribes (Zulu and Xhosa) are cattle herders and milk drinkers. This apparent anomaly is due to the consumption of a traditional fermented buttermilk, ("amasi" which has a low lactose content) instead of fresh milk. The most important reason for lactase deficiency, however, is that the South African Blacks originated in the West and Central African zone of nonmilking and took up dairying and milk use fairly recently. Thus they have not had enough time for genetic selection for lactase deficiency through life. The implications inherent in this study are that it would be more prudent to supply milk to developing countries in the form of a fermented milk product such as buttermilk. This is readily accepted by the Black population and would not be counter to accepted cultural practice. PMID- 6650451 TI - First trimester serum zinc concentrations in human pregnancy. AB - Serum zinc concentrations in the 1st trimester of human pregnancy were evaluated in 106 women whose dates of conception were precisely determined by basal body temperature monitoring and human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Data are reported by intervals of postovulatory days. Sera were analyzed for zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after acid digestion. Mean 1st trimester serum zinc concentrations, determined by 20-day increments from ovulation, were 0.97 +/- 0.22, 0.68 +/- 0.14, 0.77 +/- 0.18, and 0.70 +/- 0.15 micrograms/ml; differences between means were significant at p less than 0.005, less than 0.005, and less than 0.01, respectively. These differences could not be related to diet, supplement use, or hematocritic changes. No differences were apparent between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Of the 25 samples from women who aborted spontaneously, zinc concentration of seven were lower than interval means. PMID- 6650453 TI - Introduction: an overview of the assessment and regulation of energy balance in humans. PMID- 6650452 TI - Methods for dealing with fats of unknown type in dietary surveys: the Lipid Research Clinic Population Study. AB - The design of the nutrition analysis tables adopted by the Lipid Research Clinics program of the National Heart Lung Blood Institute provides a specialized opportunity for assessing the fat component of 1-day dietary recalls. When the fat added during preparation of foods was unknown, rules were adopted for imputing composition. In order to investigate the effect that unknown fats produce on the apparent fatty acid composition of the diet, a detailed examination was made of 923 one-day dietary recalls from three clinics within the program. Total fat per recall from this sample averaged 107.6 g as calculated from visit 2 information. The average amount of unknown fat per recall at these three clinics was about 15.5%. About half the unknown fat at one clinic (Toronto McMaster) could be identified and characterized through a procedure elected under Lipid Research Clinics protocol, "postinterview enquiry." Using this information, hypothetical "composite values," based on weighted means derived from the relative frequency of known use of fats and oils, were substituted for the unknown fat designations. Comparison of these composite values with values for known fats supports this approach and suggests the recommendation that postinterview information be collected for each region at the time of the inception of a new nutrition trial. PMID- 6650454 TI - The physiological control of energy intake: an econometric perspective. PMID- 6650455 TI - Long-term measurements of energy expenditure in humans using a respiration chamber. AB - There is a need to measure energy expenditure in man for a period of 24 h or even several days. The respiration chamber offers a unique opportunity to reach this goal. It allows the study of energy and nutrient balance; from the latter, acute changes in body composition can be obtained. The respiration chamber built in Lausanne is an air-tight room (5 m long, 2.5 m wide, and 2.5 m high) which forms an open circuit ventilated indirect calorimeter. The physical activity of the subject inside the chamber is continuously measured using a radar system based on the Doppler effect. Energy expenditure of obese and lean women was continuously measured over 24 h and diet-induced thermogenesis was assessed by using an approach which allows one to subtract the energy expended for physical activity from the total energy expenditure. Expressed in absolute terms, total energy expenditure was more elevated in the obese than in the lean controls. Basal metabolic rate was also higher in the obese than in the controls, but diet induced thermogenesis was found to be blunted in the obese. In a second study, the effect of changing the carbohydrate/lipid content of the diet on fuel utilization was assessed in young healthy subjects with the respiration chamber. After a 7-day adaptation to a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet, the fuel mixture oxidized matched the change in nutrient intake. A last example of the use of the respiration chamber is the thermogenic response and changes in body composition due to a 7-day overfeeding of carbohydrate. Diet-induced thermogenesis was found to be 27%; on the last day of overfeeding, carbohydrate balance was reached by oxidation of 50% of the carbohydrate intake, the remaining 50% being converted into lipid. PMID- 6650456 TI - Energy expenditure from doubly labeled water: some fundamental considerations in humans. AB - The isotopic loading dose and metabolic period for the measurement of energy expenditure in humans by the doubly labeled water method were predicted by a propagation of error analysis. Factors considered for sources of error were analytical errors in the mass spectrometric determination of isotopic enrichments, biological variation in the isotopic enrichments, uncertainties in total body water (TBW), evaporative water loss, and metabolic fuel. The predicted optimal isotopic loading doses were 0.3 g H2 18O/kg TBW and 0.12 g 2H2O/kg TBW for all subjects except neonates in which they were 0.4 g H2 18O/kg TBW and 0.16 g 2H2O/kg TBW. The optimal metabolic periods were 3 to 14 days in neonates and children, and 5 to 28 days in adults. The theoretical coefficient of variation of the doubly labeled water method for the measurement of energy expenditure is between 4 and 8%. PMID- 6650457 TI - Resources, life events, and changes in psychological states: a prospective framework. AB - A framework is presented that examines resources, environmental changes, and time in relation to one another and to changes in psychological affect. Resources in the aggregate are assumed to have both main effects and interactive effects on changes in psychological states. With undesirable life events, the resource interaction is assumed to be a buffer function, with resources making their strongest contribution at moderate levels of undesirable events. With desirable events, the resource interaction is assumed to be a multiplicative booster function, the effect of resources increasing as the level of desirable events increases. Cumulative undesirable demand is a variable with broader context than life events and is assumed to directly increase negative changes in psychological states. Time is considered a passive moderator, reducing the impact of either desirable or undesirable changes on psychological states. Alternative paths leading to positive change, status quo, and negative change in psychological states are then described, including the "false hope" hypothesis, and relations among variables are specified. PMID- 6650458 TI - Social networks and work/nonwork life: action-research with nurse managers. AB - An action-research project with hospital nurses is reported which explores the utility of social network analysis for understanding and enhancing the quality of work life. Based on a framework for conceptualizing work stressors, we present a rationale for developing resource-support groups. These groups combine emotional support, group problem-solving, and participatory decision-making within the context of developing programs and policies to enhance the quality of working life. A workshop help for nurse managers focused on the potential for using these groups to achieve specific, prioritized goals. To study the ecology of work/nonwork life, we obtained data from workshop participants on both their work and nonwork social networks. We found these to be almost totally segmented. Personal, organizational, and sociocultural variables that may account for this pattern are examined. Implications are also discussed for developing support programs and for empowering nursing as a profession. PMID- 6650459 TI - The mobilization of social supports: some individual constraints. AB - The effects of two dispositional variables, locus of control and help-seeking beliefs, as well as sociodemographic variables, on the mobilization of social supports were examined in this study. With a sample of 308 women users of a neighborhood health center, information was gathered regarding social support contacts following stressful events occurring within the previous year. Results confirmed the importance of the two dispositional variables, with internal locus of control and positive beliefs in the benefits of help-seeking each being associated with more support mobilization, independent of the number of potential supporters available. In addition, the educational level of the respondents showed a direct, positive relationship to support mobilization. Tests for interactions revealed several interactions between sociodemographic variables and the dispositional variables or potential support. These interactions generally showed that the dispositional variables and levels of potential support had a greater impact on support mobilization for persons with higher educational achievement, higher incomes, or coming from English-speaking (vs. Spanish speaking) backgrounds. Results are discussed in relation to current research on social support and differential vulnerability of individuals to the effects of stress. PMID- 6650460 TI - The relationship of personal financial status to the utilization of community mental health centers in rural Appalachia. AB - As a follow-up to an aggregate study of the relationship of economic factors to the utilization of mental health facilities, this study, using individual data, attempted to determine the associative strengths of income factors--welfare and unemployment--for utilization of community mental health centers (CMHCs) in rural Appalachia. On the basis of the earlier study and of previous studies of social class and utilization of CMHCs it was hypothesized that for this sample of 151 clients of eight CMHCs in Ohio and West Virginia, unemployment and welfare factors would be most strongly associated with utilization. A multiple regression analysis indicated that when compared to other independent variables, such as life satisfaction, demographic, and personal factors, receipt of food stamps was the most important factor in relating to utilization; this relationship was considerably stronger when the more rural areas were separated for analysis. Some relationship between employment status and utilization was also found. The results are discussed in terms of unique patterns of social service dependency in more rural Appalachia. PMID- 6650461 TI - Structural characteristics of the macroeconomy and mental health: implications for primary prevention research. AB - Recent research on the impact of economics on mental and physical health has raised fundamental questions about structural elements in the macro-economy. Specifically, five characteristics of our current economic system: instability in the business cycle, unemployment, inequality in income distribution, capital mobility, and fragmentation of the work process, appear to play some pathogenic role in the incidence of behavioral and physical disorders. These macroeconomic elements require intervention at the social policy level since they seem to be more powerful than the individual coping mechanisms of some demographic subgroups. Psychologists can play an important role in policy decisions by providing data on the relative impact of structural economic variables on human functioning. Examples of structural research are presented and the implications for primary prevention are discussed. PMID- 6650463 TI - A multiple perspective analysis of schizophrenics' symptoms and community functioning. AB - The present investigation examined the extent of agreement among schizophrenic clients, hospital clinicians, and independent evaluators' views of the client's symptoms and community functioning status using the Symptom Checklist-90, the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire, and the Personal Adjustment and Role Skills Inventory. The results suggest there is significant agreement among viewpoints and that this finding is generalizable across community assessment instruments. The average shared variance among the three perspectives across the three instruments was .68. The estimates of shared variance between the SCL-90, the DCMHQ, and the PARS ranged from .54 to .85, indicating these outcome instruments measure a common phenomenon or share significant method variance. The previously assumed necessity of multiple perspective assessment as the only valid approach is challenged. PMID- 6650462 TI - The multidimensionality of psychopathology in a community sample. AB - Some researchers have advocated the use of rating scales that measure global constructs such as mental health or psychological distress. Others have advocated the use of discrete diagnostic categories. Using multidimensional scaling, we examine whether there is a single dimension of psychopathology among community respondents or whether there are distinct types. We find that psychopathology is multidimensional: distinct clusters of symptoms including physiological malaise, antisocial attitudes, demoralization, mistrust, and alcoholism appear. We conclude with a synthesis of the two approaches to measuring psychopathology. PMID- 6650464 TI - The community competence scale: preliminary reliability and validity. PMID- 6650465 TI - The effect of verapamil on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure in normal subjects and in achalasia. AB - Verapamil hydrochloride is an organic calcium antagonist that is known to decrease the contraction of smooth muscle. The purpose of our study was to determine if verapamil has a similar effect on the resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure in normal subjects and in patients with achalasia. Esophageal manometry was performed using a continuously perfused catheter assembly. Infusion of verapamil (0.15 mg/kg) over a 2-min period resulted in a statistically significant decrease in resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure in both normal subjects (n = 8) and patients with achalasia (n = 7) within 10 min postinfusion. This study suggests that verapamil may have potential as a drug therapy in treating the clinical symptoms of achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm. PMID- 6650466 TI - Gastroesophageal reflux--reassessment of the value of fluoroscopy based on manometric evaluation of the lower esophageal segment. AB - The value of fluoroscopic gastroesophageal reflux examination by barium swallow was assessed in 51 symptomatic patients. Using electronic esophageal manometry, these patients were divided in groups with frank reflux, intermittent reflux, and symptoms of other etiology. Although a high incidence between presence of an hiatal hernia and manometric reflux (0.86) was apparent, fluoroscopy was only able to identify 33% of patients suffering from reflux disease diagnosed on clinical grounds and by electronic manometry. It is concluded that the fluoroscopic test is insufficient to separate patients with reflux disease from those with similar symptoms of other etiology which may be done reliably by esophageal manometry. The role of fluoroscopy is limited to the morphological evaluation of the gastroesophageal junction. PMID- 6650467 TI - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the stomach. AB - Thirty-seven patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the stomach were treated with curative intent by several single and combined modality regimens. Twenty-two patients presented with stage IE and 15 with stage IIE disease. All but three patients underwent laparotomy. Of all diagnostic procedures used, x-ray of the upper gastrointestinal tract proved to be most helpful in diagnosing malignant lesions (87%). Gastric cytology was suspicious or diagnostic of malignancy in 35% of the patients. Twelve of 34 evaluable patients (35%) developed recurrence. Distant metastases (75%) was the most common mode of failure. The recurrence rates varied by the type of therapy and also the extent of initial disease. Four of 12 patients (33%) were salvaged with retreatment. The 5-year actuarial no evidence of disease survival for the entire group was 61% (stage IE-57%; stage IIE-67%). Patients receiving combined modality therapy had significantly (p = less than 0.05) higher survival than patients treated with single modality treatment. Three of 29 patients (10%) died of surgical complications after gastrectomy. Radiation treatment was well tolerated. Our data and a critical review of the literature do not support the reportedly high incidence of gastric perforation after radiation treatment. We recommend the use of adjuvant radiation for stage IE and adjuvant radiation plus chemotherapy for stage IIE gastric lymphoma. PMID- 6650468 TI - Ultrasound evaluation of small bowel abnormalities. AB - By paying careful attention to technique, two identifiable patterns of small bowel pathology can be seen. These patterns, the pseudokidney sign and tubular sonolucent masses occur in both benign and malignant disease. For the pseudokidney sign to be present, lesions can occur either on a mucosal or serosal surface and extend toward the opposite surface to cause thickening of the bowel wall. Barium studies can be negative and yet a bowel lesion can indeed be present. The most important criteria for identification of these lesions is the continued presence of these masses with real-time. In the absence of real-time, repeat examinations at different times should prove these masses persistent. When these masses are identified, the examiner should carefully examine the patient to be certain that no other evidence of abnormality can be seen and to exclude the possibility of metastatic spread of disease. In those patients in which a pseudokidney is seen, the examiner should be certain that both kidneys are in normal position and that the mass is not an ectopic kidney. With the more frequent use of ultrasound as a screening tool, the identification of bowel lesions with sonography can help the clinician rapidly determine the correct diagnosis and thus save the patient considerable time and money by avoiding unnecessary diagnostic tests. PMID- 6650469 TI - A case of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide secreting ganglioneuroma complicated by parasitic infestations. AB - A case of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide secreting ganglioneuroma associated with watery diarrhea and hypokalemia is presented. Diagnosis was delayed due to the presence of two parasitic infestations. After surgical removal of the tumor, the diarrhea resolved. PMID- 6650470 TI - Lethal pancreatitis. AB - Thirty-two patients died of pancreatitis and its complications over a 10-year period. Infection (bacteremia, fungemia, or pancreatic abscess) was the major cause of death in 80%. In the remaining 20%, refractory hypotension or respiratory failure were the lethal mechanisms. In only 78% of patients was the correct diagnosis made before death. Ninety-four percent of those who died did so during their first clinical episode of pancreatitis. Prophylactic antibiotics did not prevent the development of pancreatic abscesses and organisms resistant to the antibiotics used often became the primary pathogens. Certain prognostic factors reliably separated those who died from those who lived. Peritoneal lavage and dialysis may be helpful in both the early diagnosis and therapy of severe acute pancreatitis. PMID- 6650471 TI - Caroli's disease: role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. AB - Several modalities have been used in the diagnosis of congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts (Caroli's disease) with varying degrees of reliability and morbidity. We report two patients with Caroli's disease where endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was used to define the anatomy of the extra and intrahepatic biliary trees. In one of the patients (BT) esophageal varices were easily visualized on endoscopy which had been previously demonstrated by a more invasive procedure (splenoportography). There were no complications of retrograde cholangiopancreatography in these two patients. We believe that retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a safe and effective method of evaluating the biliary tree and status of portal hypertension in patients with Caroli's disease as well as providing a reliable means of following the progression of their disease. PMID- 6650472 TI - Long-term survival and course after "Longmire" intrahepatic cholangio jejunostomy. PMID- 6650473 TI - Budd-Chiari syndrome in a patient with Sjogren's syndrome. AB - A case of Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with obstruction of the inferior vena cava is reported. The case was complicated by Sjogren's syndrome and chronic thyroiditis. A marked prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time, due to circulating anticoagulant, was noted. Interrelation of thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, circulating anticoagulant, and Sjogren's syndrome is suggested. PMID- 6650474 TI - Budd-Chiari syndrome complicating metastatic ocular melanoma in a patient not receiving chemotherapy. AB - The authors report a case of malignant melanoma associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome, that is unique for two reasons; the malignant melanoma metastases arose from an ocular primary site and the patient had not been treated with antimetabolite therapy. A review of neoplasms associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome accompanies the case report. PMID- 6650475 TI - Bile pulmonary embolism: report of a case and a review of the literature. AB - Bile emboli were found at autopsy in the small pulmonary arteries of a 68-year old man with a past history of polyposis coli who had required percutaneous transhepatic drainage of his biliary tree because of an obstructing ampullary carcinoma. A communication between the biliary tract and a hepatic vein was shown to be due to the catheter. Eight previously reported cases of bile pulmonary emboli have been found. All but one had a clear history of hepatic trauma or intrahepatic abscess. Bile pulmonary embolism is a rare, occasionally fatal, complication of fistulous communication between the biliary tree and the hepatic venous system. PMID- 6650476 TI - Giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver complicated by abscess and thrombosis. AB - A case of giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver complicated by abscess formation and thrombosis is presented. To our knowledge, complication of hepatic hemangioma by an abscess has not been previously reported. The clinical and radiographic features, as well as the management of giant hepatic cavernous hemangiomas is discussed. PMID- 6650477 TI - Gastroenterology and the law. PMID- 6650478 TI - Radiation for Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 6650479 TI - An epidemiologic study of hepatitis B virus in Okinawa and Kyushu, Japan. AB - In 1968-1981, a total of 3222 serum samples were collected from healthy subjects in Okinawa--in Ishigaki City, on Hateruma Island, and on Iriomote Island--and in Kyushu, in Fukuoka City and Nichinan City. These serum samples were tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) by reverse passive hemagglutination (RPHA), for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) by passive hemagglutination (PHA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), and for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) by RIA. Overall prevalence of HBsAg (7.5%), anti-HBs by PHA (41.0%) and RIA (56.4%), and anti-HBc (65.5%) in Okinawa was significantly higher than prevalence of HBsAg (2.4%), anti-HBs by PHA (24.7%) and by RIA (28.1%), and anti-HBc (30.9%) in Kyushu. In both areas, anti-HBc was more frequently detected than anti-HBs by both methods. In Okinawa, HBsAg was significantly more prevalent in males than in females. No significant differences by sex in other hepatitis B virus markers were found. On Iriomote Island and Ishigaki City, second samples were collected after intervals of 10 and 12 years, respectively. Over these periods, the prevalence of all hepatitis B virus markers decreased significantly for the 0-9 and 10-19 year age groups. These data suggest that hepatitis B infection among children has declined in recent years and that high prevalence of hepatitis B infection in adults may reflect high rates of infection in their childhood. PMID- 6650480 TI - Subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen in familial clusters of hepatitis B virus carriers. AB - A total of 919 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive serum samples from Kyushu and Okinawa, Japan, were subtyped for the d, y, w, and r specificities. There was a great difference in distribution of subtypes between Kyushu, where over 70% of the samples were adr, and Okinawa, where over 70% were adw. Among 306 members of 109 families with two or more hepatitis B virus carriers, HBsAg subtype was always identical within each family, even when there had been close contact between members of families with different subtypes. These results suggest that transmission of hepatitis B virus occurred within families rather than between members of different families, even when there was close contact between members of different families. PMID- 6650481 TI - The self-employed and the self-driven: two coronary-prone subpopulations from the Zeist study. AB - In four Dutch communities, Zeist, De Bilt, Driebergen, and Doorn (total population, 111,000 inhabitants), all patients who suffered acute coronary events between July 1970 and March 1974 were recorded. By combining data from this study with data from the 1971 national census of the Netherlands, it was possible to demonstrate that the incidence of acute coronary events is twice as high for self employed men as for employed men and as much as seven times as high for self employed women as for housewives. The incidence of acute coronary events is practically the same for self-employed women aged 45-69 years as for men of the same age in the general population. Men aged 35-64 years whose nature is such that they feel driven to do all their work with great intensity and against the clock ("self-driven men") suffer myocardial infarction seven times as frequently as others and are 2.4 times as likely to die of fatal coronary attack. Only 10% of the self-employed male referents, but 50% of the self-employed male cases, consider themselves self-driven. On the other hand, experiences of excessive working hours and time pressures are not related to the incidence of acute coronary events. These results were not influenced by and were independent of other known risk indicators. PMID- 6650482 TI - Factors contributing to the variability in serum lipid levels and blood pressure in a large kindred. AB - A 267-member, five-generation Caucasian kindred, that was originally from Evans County, Georgia, and that had a high incidence of cardiovascular disease, was chosen for a study of factors that may make significant contributions to the observed variability in serum lipid levels and blood pressure. A total of 234 of the 240 living members of the family agreed to participate and were examined in the summer of 1978 either at a clinic in Claxton, Georgia, or in their homes. Total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, height, weight, and two skinfold thicknesses were transformed to natural logarithms, and then adjusted for significant age effects by polynomial regressions on age, separately for each sex. These adjusted variables were then regressed on behavioral traits such as cigarette smoking using a step-wise, multiple linear regression procedure to determine the best fitting linear models. For males, behavioral traits accounted for 41.39% (R2) of the variance in height, 15.01% in weight, 19.51% in subscapular skinfold, 30.28% in triceps skinfold, 10.19% in triglycerides, 8.25% in total cholesterol, 15.81% in high density lipoprotein cholesterol, 21.32% in systolic blood pressure, and 28.23% in diastolic blood pressure. For females, the behavioral traits accounted for 31.40% of the variance in height, 25.99% in weight, 15.80% in subscapular skinfold, 9.84% in triceps skinfold, 7.20% in triglycerides, 21.08% in total cholesterol, 16.69% in high density lipoprotein cholesterol, 9.91% in systolic blood pressure, and 1.55% in diastolic blood pressure. PMID- 6650483 TI - Socioeconomic and racial differences in lung cancer incidence. AB - The association of lung cancer incidence with income and education and the effect of adjustment for socioeconomic distribution on black-white differences in lung cancer rates were evaluated using data from the Third National Cancer Survey. Included in this study were 20,868 cases of lung cancer (18,514 among whites and 2354 among blacks) diagnosed among metropolitan residents of the survey during 1969-1971. Median family income and median years of education by census tract of residence were used to indicate socioeconomic group. Strong significant inverse trends between lung cancer incidence and both income and education were apparent among white and black males, and the effect of income exceeded that of education. Lung cancer rates among black males compared with white males were significantly higher (p less than 0.001) before socioeconomic adjustment, nonsignificantly higher after adjustment for education, and nonsignificantly lower after adjustment for income. Strong trends in risk with income or education were not observed for lung cancer among females of either race. PMID- 6650484 TI - Toxoplasmosis infection associated with eating undercooked venison. AB - Toxoplasmosis infection was documented in one Alabama and two South Carolina deer hunters in 1980. All three cases were acutely ill and required hospitalization. Physical findings included fever, leukopenia, and abnormal liver function tests. Two of the three patients showed infiltrates on chest x-ray. All three hunters had recently consumed raw or nearly raw venison and lacked other known risk factors for toxoplasmosis such as cat contact or eating other undercooked meats. In a serosurvey and questionnaire of 62 wildlife workers who regularly handled deer viscera, an association between seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii and a history of eating raw or rare venison was found (p less than 0.05), but no significant association was found between seropositivity and any other risk factors. Eating inadequately cooked venison may represent an important vehicle of human toxoplasmosis infection. PMID- 6650486 TI - Methods of cancer case selection: implications for research. AB - The race, age, and sex differences between clinically and microscopically diagnosed cancer cases for a total of 63,301 incident cases for 18 sites are reported. The cases, diagnosed during 1973-1978, were drawn from the Cancer Surveillance Section in the Division of Epidemiology at the Michigan Cancer Foundation in Detroit, a participant in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Although microscopically diagnosed cases and those diagnosed by other methods differed by race and sex for a few sites, the two case groups differed by age for 15 of the 18 sites examined. Cases without microscopic diagnoses (i.e., clinical diagnoses) tended to be older than microscopically confirmed cases. These findings indicate that in studies of certain cancer sites, the method of case selection could affect results pertaining to age differences in exposure to and effects of relevant risk factors. PMID- 6650485 TI - An epidemiologic study of the risks associated with peripheral intravenous catheters. AB - As part of a standardized, multi-hospital prospective surveillance system for nosocomial infections in Rhode Island, an analysis was undertaken in March 1980 February 1982 to determine the interplay of factors that contribute to the risk of phlebitis in peripheral, non-steel, non-butterfly intravenous catheters. The authors studied 3094 patients with 5161 total episodes of peripheral intravenous catheters from day of admission until day of discharge. The overall rate of phlebitis was 2.3% (118 episodes), and the rate of intravenous catheter associated bacteremia was 0.08% (1 definite episode, 3 possible episodes). Factors significantly associated with the occurrence of phlebitis were: underlying risk for any nosocomial infection, duration of the catheter episode, chronological order of the episode and an interaction between the latter two variables. Analysis of day-specific risk of phlebitis indicated that, for patients with low risk diagnoses, initial peripheral intravenous catheters might be left in place with relative safety for up to 96 hours. Over this time period, the day-specific risk for such patients ranged between 0.8% and 1.4%, exclusive of the first day. In all other circumstances, the current recommendation of 48-72 hours seems appropriate. PMID- 6650487 TI - Perinatal mortality: standardizing for birthweight is biased. AB - Standardization is often used to compare perinatal mortality between populations with different birthweight distributions. Unfortunately, the relationship between perinatal mortality and birthweight seldom satisfies one prerequisite for standardization. Furthermore, standardizing for birthweight is biased against populations with heavier birthweights. For example, the standardized perinatal mortality rate of the heavier of two populations is biased upwards by 15 to 25% when the difference in mean birthweight between those populations is 150 g. As a result, the use of standardization may confuse the interpretation of differences in perinatal mortality. PMID- 6650488 TI - Estimation of the duration of a pre-clinical disease state using screening data. AB - In this paper, the authors show how data on the observed prevalence of disease at a screen and on the incidence of disease during intervals between screens may be used to estimate jointly the distribution of the length of time during which individuals remain in the pre-clinical state and the sensitivity of the screen. Apart from being of biologic interest, such estimates may be used to evaluate the length of time by which the date of diagnosis could be advanced by screening (the lead time) as well as to predict the relative effectiveness of various alternative screening strategies. The methodology uses only information which should be routinely available in the course of a typical screening program, and makes only rather mild statistical assumptions. The authors illustrate the methods with breast cancer screening data from the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York (HIP). Although these data have been analyzed by several other authors, the present approach is the first which simultaneously gives estimates of the pre-clinical state duration, the sensitivity of the screening method, and the underlying incidence rate in the screened group, while also taking into account the problem of length-biased sampling. PMID- 6650489 TI - Mathematical modelling of malignant melanoma trends in Norway, 1953-1978. AB - Epidemiologic studies have documented a rapid rise in the mortality and incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in many countries. This paper presents an analysis of malignant melanoma time trends in data from the Norwegian Cancer Registry, 1953-1978, by subsite and sex. The purpose of this study is to quantify previous qualitative analysis of the same data, mainly to distinguish birth cohort effects from time period effects. This analysis shows that time trends in malignant melanoma in Norway can be explained economically by a common age effect and a separate cohort effect for each subsite in both sexes or alternatively, by a common cohort effect but different age effects for each sex and subsite. In neither case is a time period effect required. Mathematical modelling can never fully explain any situation exactly and it is more than likely that the increases observed have been produced by a measure of both extreme descriptions. The different cohort effects and age effects are discussed in terms of their implications for etiology. PMID- 6650490 TI - Assessing effects of occupational exposure on fertility with indirect standardization. AB - The use of indirect standardization in the assessment of the fertility of occupationally exposed workers is briefly reviewed and critiqued. The calculation of expected births in the method of Levine et al. (J Occup Med 1980;22:781-91) is modified to eliminate negative bias. An example is given using data from a 1977 survey of 60 male workers at a chemical manufacturing plant in Denver, Colorado, who were exposed to dibromochloropropane. The example illustrates how in-plant nonexposed reproductive experience provides a valuable supplement to US fertility tables which are specific only to race, birth cohort, age, and parity. It is also shown, however, that explicit control for potential confounding factors not included in the tables, such as marital status and surgical sterilization, can actually create rather than alleviate confounding error. This occurs when the additional factors co-vary in the reference population with the factors already included in the tables. For martial status, the control-induced error was readily minimized by restricting analysis to married experience at parity one or greater. For surgical sterilization, the corresponding error could not be reduced without severely compromising sample size, and hence control of this potential confounder in similar circumstances is not recommended. PMID- 6650491 TI - On graphing rate ratios. PMID- 6650492 TI - Treatment of acute sickle cell crises with a vasopressin analogue. AB - Eight patients with sickle cell anemia were treated for acute painful crises with DDAVP and intravenous fluids; five were treated with placebo and the same regimen of fluid administration. Although hyponatremia was produced in both treatment groups, duration of hospitalization did not differ between them, nor did it differ from concurrent hospitalization of other patients who received conventional treatment. Safe induction of hyponatremia required intensive laboratory surveillance, and serum sodium could be lowered without use of DDAVP. These data suggest that a controlled trial hyponatremia for acute sickle cell crises should not be performed. PMID- 6650493 TI - Postleukemic dysmyelopoiesis. AB - The morphologic and clinical features of four patients who developed significant bone marrow and blood dyspoiesis after successful chemotherapy for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) are described. This postleukemic dyspoiesis developed 1-6 months after leukemia induction therapy and persisted for 5-20 months in a relatively stable state. This period of prolonged dyspoiesis was not associated with rising myeloblast counts or clinical evidence of relapse. Dyspoietic abnormalities developed while two patients were receiving maintenance chemotherapy; the other two patients received no maintenance therapy. The dyspoietic changes in these four patients greatly exceeded those noted in a control group of ANLL patients on maintenance chemotherapy. The morphologic features of postleukemic dysmyelopoiesis were similar to those described in preleukemic dysmyelopoietic disorders. Erythroid abnormalities included hyperplasia with ring sideroblasts, megaloblastic changes, and cytoplasmic PAS reactivity. Myeloid abnormalities consisted of left-shifted granulopoiesis with hyper- and hyposegmentation; megakaryocytic abnormalities included hyperplasia with a predominance of hypolobulated forms. Three of the four patients eventually suffered relapse and have died. The fourth patient died of sepsis after 20 months of pancytopenia and dysmyelopoiesis. Theories to explain the development of postleukemic dysmyelopoiesis are presented which emphasize the possibility of drug-induced leukemia cell differentiation. Cytogenetic studies will be necessary to establish any relationship between ANLL and the subsequent postleukemic dysmyelopoiesis. PMID- 6650494 TI - Increased serum procollagen III aminoterminal peptide in myelofibrosis. AB - Myelofibrosis has been shown to involve an increase in type III collagen in the marrow. The aminoterminal procollagen III (PC III) peptide fragment is released during the production of PC III by fibroblasts and its serum level is therefore a marker for type III collagen synthesis. Using a recently developed sensitive radioimmunoassay, serum levels of PC III peptide were measured in 30 patients with myeloproliferative disease and 23 normal volunteers. Levels were found to be elevated above normal values in patients with polycythemia vera, even more elevated in patients with polycythemia and evidence of secondary myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia, and most strikingly elevated in patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia and severe marrow fibrosis. There was a significant association between serum levels of PC III peptide and the extent of reticulin fibrosis in bone marrow biopsies. Serum PC III level appears to be a quantitative marker for myelofibrosis. PMID- 6650496 TI - Aplastic anemia associated with intravenous chloramphenicol. AB - A patient is presented who developed aplastic anemia 3 months after exposure to intravenous chloramphenicol. She died of this disease 4 years later. Other cases of marrow aplasia due to parenteral chloramphenicol are reviewed, in order to emphasize that this complication, although rare, is not restricted to the use of oral chloramphenicol. PMID- 6650495 TI - Opsonized-zymosan induces a respiratory burst in human blood platelets. AB - Opsonized-zymosan-stimulated polymorphonuclear cells show a cyanide-insensitive oxygen consumption. We have investigated whether opsonized-zymosan could induce similar metabolic change in human blood platelets. Preparation of intact human blood platelets, obtained by separation through a Ficoll layer (23% w/v) were challenged with opsonized-zymosan. The polymorphonuclear cell contamination was less than 1/10(8) platelets. The opsonized-zymosan-stimulated platelets showed an increase of oxygen consumption. The mean of oxygen burst measured by a polarographic method with a Clark electrode was 11 nmole/10(9) platelets/min (S.E.M. 4; n = 15). The duration of the burst was 2 min. Unstimulated platelets did not show the oxygen burst. The inhibitors of respiratory chain and prostaglandin synthesis completely abolished the oxygen consumption by opsonized zymosan-stimulated platelets. The simultaneous addition of NADH (1 mM) and opsonized-zymosan induced a burst of oxygen consumption, which occurred after a variable lag phase (10-12 min) from the stimulation, also in the presence of inhibitors. This burst, which lasted about 1 min, amounted to 10 nmole/10(9) platelets/min (S.E.M. 2; n = 15) and it was higher in the presence of NAN3, a catalase inhibitor. Zymosan treated with hydrazine or heated plasma (56 degrees C) did not cause increased oxygen consumption. Inulin or inulin-treated serum did not stimulate platelets. In these experimental conditions some NADH disappeared, as shown by isotachophoresis. The results demonstrated that an immunological stimulus may activate a membrane-linked cyanide-insensitive oxygen metabolizing system. PMID- 6650497 TI - Localization of the restriction fragment length polymorphism D14S1 (pAW-101) to chromosome 14q32.1 leads to 32.2 by in situ hybridization. AB - The restriction fragment length polymorphism D14S1 is delineated by the cloned, single-copy DNA fragment pAW-101. This cloned fragment can therefore serve as a useful marker for gene linkage studies, and the exact location on the gene map is of great interest. pAW-101 was 3H-labeled and hybridized in situ to normal, prometaphase chromosome preparations. Analysis of the grain distribution shows this fragment to be localized to the long arm of chromosome 14 at band q32. Using lymphoid cell lines with 8;14 reciprocal translocations (q24.1;q32.3) from patients with Burkitt lymphoma, we found that the DNA fragment hybridizes to the rearranged chromosome 14 proximal to the breakpoint. These results localize D14S1 to the region 14q32.1 leads to 32.2 This is consistent with localization of this fragment utilizing somatic cell hybrids and family studies. PMID- 6650498 TI - Determination of genotypes of human aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH2 locus. AB - Virtually all Caucasians have two major aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes, ALDH1 and ALDH2, in their livers, while approximately 50% of Japanese and other Orientals are "atypical" in that they have only ALDH1 and are missing ALDH2. We previously demonstrated the existence of an enzymatically inactive but immunologically cross-reactive material (CRM) in atypical Japanese livers. Among 10 Japanese livers examined, five had ALDH1 but not ALDH2 isozyme. These are considered to be homozygous atypical at the ALDH2 locus. Four had both ALDH1 and ALDH2 components detected by starch gel electrophoresis, that is, they are apparently usual. However, biochemical and immunological studies revealed that three of these four livers contained CRM. These three livers should be heterozygous atypical in the ALDH2 locus, that is, genotype ALDH2(1)/ALDH2(2). A Japanese liver, as well as control Caucasian livers, had no CRM, and they must be homozygous usual ALDH2(1)/ALDH2(1). Although the number of liver specimens examined is limited, the frequencies of three genotypes determined in this study are compatible with the values calculated based on the genetic model that two common alleles ALDH2(1) and ALDH2(2) for the same locus are codominantly expressed in Orientals. The remaining liver had only ALDH2 isozyme and was missing ALDH1. This type was not previously found in Caucasians and Orientals. The two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis revealed the existence of a CRM corresponding to ALDH1 in this liver. The abnormality can be considered to be due to structural mutation at the ALDH1 locus producing a defective ALDH1 molecule, although other possibilities such as post-translational modifications are not ruled out. PMID- 6650499 TI - Further analysis of familial transmission of congenital glaucoma. AB - A re-analysis of familial transmission of congenital glaucoma is performed here using the unified model and considering, respectively, joint and conditional likelihoods. Whereas the familial aggregation of this malformation is consistent with the segregation of a recessive major gene and a high proportion of sporadic cases using conditional likelihood, this is rejected using joint likelihood. The difference in the results obtained using each of these two strategies is discussed. PMID- 6650500 TI - The transmission of schizophrenia under a multifactorial threshold model. AB - Family studies of schizophrenia have reported elevated rates of both definite and definite-plus-probable schizophrenia among the relatives of definite schizophrenics. These elevated rates imply a strong association between the two forms of diagnosis and suggest some form of familial transmission. Here we have used recently developed maximum likelihood methods to investigate this association and characterize the nature of the familial transmission. Results indicated that although the two forms of diagnosis were strongly related, they could not be considered alternative manifestations of a single liability distribution. Heritability estimates for either form of diagnosis were comparable (h2 = .668 +/- .052 and c2 = .191 +/- .038 for definite while h2 = .628 +/- .073 and c2 = .236 +/- .106 for definite-plus-probable), although cultural transmission (i.e., c2) was statistically significant only for definite-plus probable. For either form of diagnosis, residual twin resemblance was statistically significant and could not be explained in terms of the effects of genetic dominance. These results are comparable to those of an earlier analysis based upon a similar data set. Finally, the statistical correction used to adjust for between-study heterogeneity in morbidity risk figures did not noticeably alter the parameter estimates. PMID- 6650501 TI - Errors of inference in the detection of major gene effects on psychological test scores. AB - Computer simulation methods were employed to generate abilities of 10 sets of 250 nuclear families, each comprising a pair of randomly mated parents and two children. It was assumed that the distribution of abilities in the population was normal and caused entirely by additive polygenic effects. A simulated psychological test was administered to each sample to generate test scores for each subject. A different test, consisting of 40 items of varying difficulty and discriminating power, was used in each sample. The "mixed model," specifying a single major gene with polygenic and environmental background variation, was tested for each data set. Likelihood ratios were computed to test for the contribution of a major locus and its conformity to Mendelian segregation. Only one out of 10 samples was consistent with pure multifactorial inheritance. Of the remaining nine samples, four showed non-Mendelian segregation and five were consistent with current statistical criteria for establishing the contribution of a major gene to variation in psychological test scores. This high frequency of false conclusions suggests that the naive application of such methods to behavioral data is often likely to be misleading. Raw test scores alone are not sufficient to test the mixed model. The development of tractable models for behavioral traits requires the responses of subjects to individual items. PMID- 6650502 TI - Multivariate models for human genetic analysis: aggregation, coaggregation, and tracking of systolic blood pressure and weight. AB - A multivariate path model parameterizing the sources of familial aggregation and coaggregation of systolic blood pressure and weight, as well as their tracking across time, is applied to longitudinal data collected in Muscatine, Iowa. Genetic, common household, and individual environmental effects, pleiotropy, and a direct regression effect of blood pressure on weight are parameterized. The sample consisted of 998 individuals distributed in 261 families of whom 601 were measured on four successive occasions. The data were divided with times 1 and 2 forming group 1, and times 3 and 4, group 2. Model fitting and estimation was performed using group 1, followed by testing the model and estimates using the data in group 2. Heritability estimates for systolic blood pressure and weight were .15 and .54, respectively. The genetic correlation between these traits was nonsignificant, but there was a significant direct regression effect. The results indicate that 30% of the full-sib correlation for systolic blood pressure is attributable to the aggregation of weight. In terms of tracking, 59% and 60% of the predicted systolic blood pressure and weight correlations, respectively, were attributable to genetic effects. Testing the model from group 1 in group 2 indicates that the qualitative relationships between blood pressure and weight are stable with time. PMID- 6650503 TI - X-linked inheritance of Alport syndrome: family P revisited. AB - Likelihood analysis using two autosomal/X-linked mixed models confirmed that Alport syndrome is an X-linked dominant disease in a large Utah kindred, family P. The penetrance was estimated as .85 in females and 1.0 in males. Previously reported abnormal segregation ratios were reexamined. No excess of affected offspring of affected parents was found. Nor was the penetrance in daughters of asymptomatic carrier mothers found to be lower than in the daughters of symptomatic mothers, although the sample size was small. However, there was an unexplained deficiency of sons of affected fathers. There was no deficiency of sons of affected mothers, nor was there a deficiency of males in the kindred. PMID- 6650504 TI - The Tay-Sachs disease gene in North American Jewish populations: geographic variations and origin. AB - From data collected in a North American Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) heterozygote screening program, the TSD carrier frequency among 46,304 Jewish individuals was found to be .0324 (1 in 31 individuals). This frequency is consistent with earlier estimates based on TSD incidence data. TSD carrier frequencies were then examined by single country and single region of origin in 28,029 Jews within this sample for whom such data were available for analysis. Jews with Polish and/or Russian ancestry constituted 88% of this sample and had a TSD carrier frequency of .0327. No TSD carriers were observed among the 166 Jews of Near Eastern origins. Relative to Jews of Polish and Russian origins, there was at least a twofold increase in the TSD carrier frequency in Jews of Austrian, Hungarian, and Czechoslovakian origins (P less than .005). These findings suggest that the TSD gene proliferated among the antecedents of modern Ashkenazi Jewry after the Second Diaspora (70 A.D.) and before their major migrations to regions of Poland and Russia (before 1100 A.D.). PMID- 6650505 TI - Regional localization for HLA by recombination with a fragile site at 6p23. AB - A family with a fragile site on chromosome 6 at band p23 was examined for recombination between the fragile site and HLA. Recombination was observed in four of the 20 offspring in whom it could occur. The estimate of the genetic length of chromosome between the fragile site and HLA is 20 centimorgans (cM) with a lower 95% probability limit of 8.5 cM, placing HLA proximal to the midpoint of 6p22. The most likely regional localization is at 6p21.3, which agrees closely with methods that do not involve recombination with the fragile site. This fragile site does not measurably disrupt recombination frequency, and the allele predisposing to expression of the fragile site is situated at the fragile site. PMID- 6650507 TI - Responsibilities in genetic counseling for the deaf. PMID- 6650506 TI - The Atlanta family with hemoglobin Grady revisited. PMID- 6650508 TI - Storage depots in the body: passive retention or time bomb? PMID- 6650510 TI - Musculoskeletal diseases in lumber and wood products workers as identified through hospital records surveillance. AB - Currently available computerized hospital records from four hospitals in Southwest Oregon were utilized for occupational health surveillance by administering brief occupational questionnaires to hospitalized male patients. Patients with occupational exposure to the lumber and wood products industries showed statistically significant increased risks of hospitalization for diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue. The technique of using routine hospital records for occupational health surveillance has utility as a simple, inexpensive, but systematic tool for monitoring occupational populations. PMID- 6650511 TI - External inspiratory resistance of protective respiratory devices: effects on physical performance and respiratory function. AB - Twenty subjects wearing protective respirators were studied during submaximal exercise (80% of VO2max) on a treadmill. The protective devices were fitted with canister filters of low expiratory resistance and different inspiratory resistances: (0.3, 1.8, 2.8, 3.4, 3.9, and 4.6 cm H2O X sec/liter). The effect of inspiratory resistance on physical endurance, various physiological parameters, and subjective sensations was examined. With the increase in inspiratory resistance, a significant decrease in physical performance, decrease in tidal volume, increased ratio of inspiratory to expiratory time, increased peak inspiratory pressure, and increased CO2 retention were observed. The difficulty in inspiration correlated significantly to inspiratory resistance and seems to be the main reason for cessation of the effort. No acceptable upper limit for the inspiratory resistance of the canister filters was found. Any decrease in the inspiratory resistance of the mask's filter enhanced endurance and performance. PMID- 6650509 TI - The mortality of coke workers in Britain. AB - Two studies of coke workers in Britain, comprising 6,767 men, gave similar results. The proportion of lung cancer deaths was about 20% higher than in manual workers generally. The excess occurred primarily among younger men. The ratio of lung cancers to all other cancers was also higher than expected, with limited data showing no evidence of excessive tobacco consumption. Death rates from other causes were generally favorable. Overall the lung cancer death rates in oven workers were similar to those in non-oven men, but in both studies some indications of a job-specific excess were noted. These findings are compared with results from earlier studies in the United States and Canada where a much higher excess lung cancer mortality was found in oven men, particularly those with longer exposure times. We discuss possible reasons for the differences, and conclude that the results reported now contribute further evidence that exposure to coal carbonization fumes can cause lung cancer. PMID- 6650512 TI - Occupational styrene exposure: environmental and biological monitoring. AB - Occupational exposure to styrene was studied by environmental and biological monitoring in 22 workers employed in a fiberglass reinforced plastic factory. The mean environmental styrene concentration in individual workplaces ranged from 120 to 684 microliter/l. Blood styrene, which was tested at the end of the work shift, ranged from 450 to 3700 micrograms/l. Urinary mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acid, which were determined at the end of the work shift, ranged from 133 to 2100 and from 107 to 685 mg/l, respectively. Environmental styrene exposure was better correlated with styrenemia than with mandelicuria and phenylglyoxylicuria considered either individually or together. The ratio between environmental and blood styrene showed that styrenemia was, on average, 3.3-4.9 times higher than environmental styrene concentration. PMID- 6650513 TI - The worker as teacher. AB - The worker is the major source of information about job hazards. Frequently, workers themselves discover new occupational diseases. Physicians need to regard the worker as a member of the occupational health team. PMID- 6650514 TI - Puppet show illustrates principles of poison prevention. PMID- 6650515 TI - Professionalism in pharmacy. PMID- 6650516 TI - Guaiac testing of gastric fluid. PMID- 6650517 TI - Establishing quality-assurance systems for admixture services. PMID- 6650518 TI - Description of an experimental hospital pharmacy management information system. AB - The objectives, characteristics, and uses of hospital pharmacy work-measurement systems are discussed, and the development and operation of an experimental hospital pharmacy management information system (HPMIS) is described. Hospital pharmacy work-measurement systems are designed to measure and evaluate the productivity of a hospital pharmacy or group of pharmacies. Previous work measurement systems used by hospital pharmacies have been too time consuming or imprecise for widespread use. A national hospital pharmacy work-measurement system known as HPMIS was developed to provide comprehensive and widely applicable information on pharmacy expenses, personnel use, and productivity. HPMIS converts data from participating hospitals into 17 indicators that enhance the comparability of the information between the hospitals. The 17 indicators relate to pharmacy production, clinical services, and administrative functions; also included are several gross department indicators that combine elements of all three areas. After analysis and categorization of the data according to characteristics such as bed size, geographical location, and type of drug distribution system, results are reported to individual hospitals. A national work-measurement system such as HPMIS should enable hospitals to evaluate their pharmacy operations in relation to those of other hospitals and to track their department's relative management performance over time. PMID- 6650519 TI - National test of an experimental hospital pharmacy management information system. AB - An experimental hospital pharmacy management information system (HPMIS) was evaluated in a national pilot test. Approximately 250 information and materials packets were distributed to hospitals that had inquired about the project. Monthly data on pharmacy expenses, personnel use, and productivity were collected for a six-month period by participating hospitals. This information was processed quarterly and converted into the HPMIS indicators; results were categorized according to hospital characteristics and locations. A questionnaire soliciting opinions about the system was sent to participants at the end of the data collection period. One hundred six hospitals agreed to participate; 84 hospitals submitted data for at least one quarterly period. The range of values for most indicators varied 100-fold; this was attributed to misinterpretation of data item definitions. Based on indicator values, drug and personnel expenses and supportive-personnel use were greater in unit dose hospitals than in hospitals without total unit dose drug distribution systems. Both drug and fluid costs and the extent of supportive-personnel use increased with increasing hospital size. Data-collection time was less in hospitals with computerized pharmacy operations. Responses to the questionnaire indicated that the clinical services indicators were favored the least; however, only a few changes in the data-collection format of the system were suggested. HPMIS appears to be a useful work-measurement tool but needs to be simplified if it to serve as the standard for these systems. PMID- 6650520 TI - Membrane filters and membrane-filtration processes for health care. AB - The development of membrane-filtration processes is reviewed, and current types and uses of membrane filtration in health care is discussed. Development of adequate support structures for filters and of disposable filtration devices has facilitated development of filtration processes for pharmaceutical industry, manufacturing in hospital pharmacies, and direct patient care. Hydrophobic filters have also been developed; aqueous solutions cannot wet the pore structures of these filters and therefore cannot pass. Sterility-testing systems have also been developed. There are two types of filters: depth (constructed of compacted fibers) and membrane (which have a homogeneous internal structure). Depth filters retain only a portion of particles in a particular size range and are generally not acceptable for use in health care. Membrane filters retain all particles of a given size. Types of membrane filters are selected for specific uses based on needed flow rates, particulate load, and retention capability. Membrane filters may be validated using bacterial-passage, bubble-point, and diffusion tests. Most membrane filters used in health care are microporous filters that retain particles in the 0.1-10-micron size range. Applications are currently being developed for ultrafilters, which retain both particles and substances with large molecular structures such as proteins, and reverse-osmosis filter membranes, which allow only water or water-miscible solvents of very low molecular weights to pass. Experience in engineering designs, quality assurance, and test procedures has led to the development of many safe, reliable, and effective membrane products for health care. PMID- 6650521 TI - Selection of containers and closure systems for injectable products. AB - Factors related to the choice of appropriate container and closure systems for injectable drug products are discussed. The primary packaging system of an injectable product must ensure that the contents are protected against both loss from and entry into the system. Additionally, there must be no physicochemical incompatibility between the system and its contents. Containers in current use are either glass or plastic. Glass, a noncrystalline mixture of oxides, is reasonably resistant to chemical degradation, but its components will leach into solutions under appropriate conditions. Plastics commonly used include vinyls (polyvinyl chloride and ethylene vinyl acetate) and olefins (polyethylene and polypropylene). Various additives to these plastics will also leach into solutions under appropriate conditions. The final component of primary packaging systems is the closure, which is often rubber. Rubber, being natural in origin, contains many compounds in variable quantities, and these may leach into solutions. Three types of evaluations should determine which components are chosen for a packaging system. Functional evaluations assess sterilizability, puncture-reseal capability, and system integrity. Physicochemical screening tests for closures and plastic formulations measure the extent of leaching. Biologic screening tests are used to assess toxicity. An appropriate expiration date can be assigned after these screening tests are completed and stability data are obtained. Similar factors must be assessed by pharmaceutical scientists and hospital pharmacists in choosing packaging materials for injectable products. PMID- 6650522 TI - Control of the aseptic processing environment. AB - Methods used by industry with applications to hospital pharmacy for maintaining an aseptic environment in production of sterile pharmaceutical products are discussed. A major source of product contamination is airborne microorganisms. The laminar-airflow workbench with a high-efficiency particulate air filter provides an ultraclean environment for preparation of sterile products. However, the workbench does not guarantee sterility of products and is not effective if not properly installed and maintained or if the operator uses poor aseptic technique. The laminar-airflow workbench should be tested for leaks, airflow velocity, and airflow patterns when installed, and the workbench should be checked periodically thereafter. The workbench should be placed in a cleanroom where traffic and air disturbances that might affect the laminar airflow are eliminated. A major source of airborne microbial contamination in cleanrooms is people. Personnel movement through an area and presence of personnel without lint free, nonshedding protective garments increase the levels of microbial contaminants in an area. The transport of nonsterile products (bottles, boxes, paper products) into a cleanroom should be minimized. The cleanroom itself should be sanitized and should be immaculate. Microbial or particulate monitoring should be conducted in the cleanroom using a quantitative method, and corrective-action limits should be set. Hospital pharmacists should examine industrial sterile processing techniques and apply them to the preparation of sterile products. PMID- 6650523 TI - Essential elements of quality control. AB - The components of quality control in the pharmaceutical industry are discussed as they apply to hospital pharmacy admixture services. The pharmaceutical industry complies with the FDA's Current Good Manufacturing Practices, which require manufacturers to have written procedures for ensuring sterility and nonpyrogenicity of injectable products. Because FDA specifies only what outcome measures must be assessed (rather than specific means of assessment), pharmaceutical companies have developed a multiplicity of quality-control systems. However, each system consists of a master formula (quantitative listing of all ingredients), master manufacturing instructions (the recipe for each product), master packaging instructions, and batch records. Documents used by quality control personnel include the specifications (identification, tests, and limits for products), test methods, and sampling procedures. Hospitals should have similar quality-control programs. These programs should systematically prevent or identify and correct deficiencies, measure overall quality, and provide information for managers. Hospital pharmacists whose departments do not have comprehensive programs should consult colleagues who have developed such procedures. Techniques used in industry should be applied when possible. To protect the integrity of manufacturers' drug products during compounding in hospitals, every hospital admixture service must have its own quality-control system. PMID- 6650524 TI - Effect of clinical pharmacy services on prescribing on an orthopedic unit. AB - Prescribing patterns of physicians on a university-hospital orthopedic unit before, during, and after a clinical pharmacist's intervention were monitored and compared with patterns on a similar unit without clinical pharmacy services at another university hospital. The experimental and control groups consisted of 10% random samples of all patients on the study wards. Mean drug cost, number of doses, and number of courses of therapy for all drugs and for antibiotics were calculated. The data collection period consisted of 9 months (phase 1) before, 12 months (phase 2) during, and 6 months (phase 3) after clinical pharmacy services. Prescribing of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics was evaluated for compliance with guidelines of the experimental hospital's pharmacy and therapeutics committee. In the experimental group there was a consistent reduction from phase 1 to phase 2 in overall and antibiotic drug costs, number of doses, and number of courses of therapy per patient-day, but the differences were not significant. Length of stay decreased from phase 1 to phase 2, but the patterns were not significant over time or between experimental and control groups. For the experimental group, there was a significant reduction during phase 2 in the number of hours of antibiotic prophylaxis after removal of surgical drains, but prescribers' overall compliance with guidelines for postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis did not change significantly over time. In a subgroup receiving antibiotics, drug costs per patient-day at the experimental site were reduced from phase 1 to phase 2 for all drugs and for antibiotics. Of 1196 consultations, 76% were unsolicited; 83% of antibiotic-related problems were identified by the pharmacist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650525 TI - Effect of a call-in prescription refill system on workload in an outpatient pharmacy. AB - The effect of a computer-assisted call-in prescription refill system on the workload of an outpatient pharmacy was investigated. After installation of a telephone-answering device and a dedicated telephone line in the pharmacy, patients were able to call 24 hours a day and request a prescription refill. A computer system was used to screen the patient's record for drug interactions, print a new label, and update the patient's profile. Data were collected on the number of prescriptions processed per hour and per day before (period 1) and after (period 2) the system was implemented. The workload was assessed by the number of new prescriptions, refills, call-in refills, and total prescriptions processed. The mean number of prescriptions processed per hour ranged from approximately 10 to 178 during both periods. During period 2, the pharmacists processed a mean of 172 and 161 prescriptions per hour for the first and second hours of the day, respectively; for period 1, these means were 112 and 135 prescriptions, respectively. The numbers of refill prescriptions and total prescriptions dispensed during period 2 were significantly greater than those of period 1. Overall, there was a 16.9% increase in prescription volume. The computer-assisted call-in refill system had an effect on the workload and gave pharmacy management some control over the hourly work flow. PMID- 6650526 TI - Antibiotic restriction in hospitals associated with medical schools. AB - Restriction of antibiotic use in 112 hospitals that are primary teaching facilities for medical schools was studied by mail questionnaire to pharmacy directors and infectious disease physicians. Questions involved whether use of certain antipseudomonal penicillins, aminoglycosides, and second- and third generation cephalosporins was restricted, reasons for restrictions, existence of a formal education program on new antibiotics, whether the physician respondents agreed with the practice of antibiotic restriction, what percent of requests for use of restricted agents was denied, formulary status of the drugs, the procedure for authorizing dispensing of restricted agents, and the percent of drug expenditures represented by restricted agents. Direct control (specialist authorization or restricted indications for use) was used in 62 (57%) of 108 institutions responding. Nonformulary status indirectly controlled use in 35 institutions. No significant differences in the prevalence of restrictions were found for hospital size, ownership, physician's view of the restrictions, or presence of an education program. Most (85%) of the physicians agreed with restriction practices. Cost was the reason given most frequently for restriction of the penicillins and cephalosporins, while aminoglycosides were most frequently restricted because of bacterial resistance. The specialist's oral authorization was the most common method of approval for use of restricted agents. Expenditures for restricted drugs varied widely, suggesting that different levels of control were considered "restriction" by the responding institutions. Control of antibiotic use is common in these teaching hospitals associated with medical schools. No best method for antibiotic restriction was evident. PMID- 6650527 TI - Effect of inline filtration on delivery of gentamicin at a slow infusion rate. AB - The effects of inline filtration and filter position on delivery of gentamicin at a slow infusion rate were studied. An i.v. infusion system consisting of an infusion pump with syringe, i.v. tubing, and an inline filter was used to simulate i.v. administration conditions in a neonatal intensive-care unit. Three filter sets were studied: Travenol 0.22 micron, Travenol 0.5 micron, and Pall Ultipor 0.2 micron. In separate experiments using each of the three filters, single doses of gentamicin 2.5 mg and 7.5 mg (as the sulfate salt) were injected antegrade to the filter into the system containing 10% dextrose injection. The infusion pump was set at 8.26 ml/hr, and effluent samples were collected at 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 hours after drug administration. To determine the effect of filter position on drug delivery, each filter was studied in four positions: horizontal position with ascending (AH) or descending (DH) fluid flow, and vertical position with ascending (AV) or descending (DV) fluid flow. Drug adsorption to the i.v. tubing was determined by comparing drug recoveries in the infusion system with and without inline filters. Gentamicin concentration in the effluent was expressed as cumulative percentage of the administered dose. No significant adsorption of gentamicin to the i.v. tubing or any of the inline filters occurred at either gentamicin dose. With the Travenol 0.22-micron filter, drug delivery was significantly faster with ascending fluid flow than with descending flow in both positions except at four hours after the dose. Because drug delivery with the two Travenol filters was similar in the AV position, the 0.5-micron filter was not studied in other positions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650528 TI - Developing reports. AB - The development and uses of reports for hospital pharmacy financial management are described. The source of the data and the availability, characteristics, and primary uses of each financial report are discussed. The reports deal with weekly, monthly, and fiscal-year-to-date drug expenses, monthly drug expenses by hospital cost center, monthly personnel expenses, and monthly revenue. Other reports that examine drug expenses, workload, and revenue in terms of patient days and number of hospital admissions are presented. A proposed drug use by diagnosis-related group (DRG) report is included. The development and use of hospital pharmacy financial reports will enhance the manager's ability to improve or maintain services. PMID- 6650529 TI - Financial analysis. AB - Analysis of financial reports used in hospital pharmacy management is described. Financial data may be reported as numbers, ratios, or graphs. Drug expenses should receive the most extensive analysis because they constitute the largest expense for a hospital pharmacy. Monthly and year-to-date expenses of various categories of drugs and supplies are discussed in relation to the influence of such factors as time of year, workload, and physician prescribing patterns. Personnel expenses are analyzed in a similar manner. An example of a written financial report to hospital administration that discusses expenses, revenues, and the effect of various factors on the financial status of the pharmacy department is presented. Analysis of financial data by the hospital pharmacy manager provides insight into other aspects of the department and information on which to base future management decisions. PMID- 6650530 TI - Particulate matter in cephalosporin injections. PMID- 6650531 TI - Effects and risks of psychotropic and analgesic combinations. AB - Psychotropic substances combined with simple analgesics are a common pharmacologic denominator in the dependency complex. More than 95 percent of patients studied took preparations containing barbiturates; the remaining few subjects used analgesics combined with caffeine. Dependence on compound analgesic preparations usually develops in patients with headaches--migraine, tension headaches, and other complex forms--since ergotamine-containing preparations are generally effective only at the onset of an attack, and prophylactic administration is, therefore, common. Once dependence has developed, reduction or discontinuation of the medication is typically followed after one or two days by an increase in the intensity of the pain. This may cause the patient to revert to these preparations in an attempt to reduce pain and may lead to an unfortunate vicious cycle. Therefore, cessation of psychotropic analgesic combinations is essential in the treatment of chronic pain. PMID- 6650532 TI - Assessment of experimentally induced pain. Old and new methods. AB - The term "algesimetry" refers to the experimental triggering and the quantitative recording of pain sensations in man. Since clinical pain and experimentally induced pain differ in important ways, the value of this type of research has often been questioned. A clear definition of target areas to be investigated is a prerequisite for successful future efforts in this area. Algesimetric methods, which may aid neurologic diagnosis, are not necessarily suited for testing analgesics. Tests or test batteries that lend themselves to the study of aspirin type analgesics are not necessarily the most appropriate for the evaluation of narcotic analgesics. If algesimetry is to become an important instrument in clinical pharmacology, it is necessary to design tests that are sensitive to the effects of known analgesics (standards), with the consideration of different dosages and kinetics. Old and new methods for inducing pain are discussed, such as heat, cold, electrical and mechanical stimulation. With regard to the measurement of pain reactions, objective processes--in particular the method of recording evoked potentials--are compared with subjective processes. Special attention is paid to processes that involve several dimensions of pain. The selection of subjects is discussed, as are the possible clinical applications of algesimetric methods. PMID- 6650533 TI - Toxicity of salicylates. AB - Salicylate intoxication remains a common problem in Britain; about 10 percent of adult hospital admissions for deliberate self-poisoning involve these drugs. Accidental salicylate poisoning in children has been considerably reduced since the introduction of child-resistant containers. In the United Kingdom, the annual number of salicylate-related deaths has fallen slightly between 1967 and 1980. Diagnosis of salicylate intoxication is made from patient history, circumstantial evidence, and common clinical features (tinnitus, deafness, sweating, hyperventilation), and is confirmed by measurement of the plasma salicylate concentration. Gastric emptying by lavage or emesis is an important part of the management of acute overdose. About 20 percent of adults require forced alkaline diuresis to enhance elimination of salicylate from the body. Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion are seldom indicated. The mortality rate from acute salicylate poisoning in hospital-treated adults is about one percent; death is usually preceded by neurologic features and a dominant metabolic acidosis. Chronic salicylate intoxication may follow the administration of oral therapeutic doses or the use of ointments containing acetylsalicylic acid since metabolic pathways (mainly conjugation with glycine and glucuronic acid) are readily saturated. The incidence of chronic therapeutic intoxication is unknown but appears low and is usually encountered in young children and the elderly. Diagnosis is frequently delayed because of a low index of suspicion, which in turn delays treatment and increases morbidity and mortality rates. PMID- 6650534 TI - Coronary risk factors and sex hormones. PMID- 6650535 TI - Effective treatment for smoking cessation. AB - An effective method of cigarette smoking cessation using acupuncture is described. From May 1976 to December 1982, 514 patients were treated. Of 339 evaluable patients, 297 stopped smoking, for a success rate of 88 percent. In a two-year follow-up, the rate of relapse was 31 percent. The possible mechanisms by which this technique works are discussed. PMID- 6650536 TI - Fulminant pneumonia and death in an immunocompromised woman. PMID- 6650537 TI - Marked lymphocytosis suggesting chronic lymphocytic leukemia in three patients with hyposplenism. AB - Three patients with hyposplenism of diverse cause are described, in whom marked persistent lymphocytosis suggested the diagnosis of an early phase of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Absolute lymphocyte counts ranged from 4,900/mm3 to 10,500/mm3. Patient follow-up ranged from 120 months to 294 months. The clinical course and additional test results, including results of lymphocyte surface marker analysis in all three patients and bone marrow biopsy in two, excluded the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The finding of marked lymphocytosis in the hyposplenic state is emphasized, extending the degree of absolute lymphocytosis previously reported and thereby expanding the differential diagnosis of sustained lymphocytosis. In addition, the normal findings on both bone marrow and surface marker studies, along with the prolonged clinical course, support the contention that this is a benign entity. PMID- 6650538 TI - Chagas' disease in northern California. No longer an endemic diagnosis. AB - Chagas' disease has long been considered a diagnosis endemic to South and Central America, with over 10 million seropositive cases in Brazil alone, and over 25 percent of infants in rural Brazil with demonstrable parasitemia. In northern California, progressive biventricular heart failure developed in a 75-year-old woman with a history of right bundle branch block, sinus bradycardia, and ventricular dysrhythmias. Echocardiography showed a characteristic pattern of inferoposterior hypokinesis with relatively intact septal motion. Complement fixation titers for Trypanosoma cruzi were diagnostic. The chronic forms of Chagas' disease may not be manifest until 30 years after the insect bite. It is this factor of prolonged latency, in relation to modern migration and relocations, that makes Chagas' disease no longer an endemic diagnosis. PMID- 6650539 TI - Normolipemic subcutaneous xanthomatosis. AB - A patient with diabetes mellitus is described in whom an unusual xanthomatosis developed involving large areas of the subcutaneous tissue and vocal cords. Few lesions were present on the skin. Plasma lipid, lipoprotein, apolipoprotein, and cholestanol levels revealed normal patterns. Electron microscopy showed macrophages with vacuolar and crystal lipid inclusions. Results of lipid and enzyme analysis of the subcutaneous xanthoma were similar to those of xanthomas derived from a patient with diabetes mellitus and type V hyperlipidemia. The mechanism of this xanthomatosis remains unknown. PMID- 6650540 TI - Death from cerebral hypoperfusion during nitroprusside treatment of acute angiotensin-dependent hypertension. AB - A 37-year-old woman, while being treated with nitroprusside for acute hypertension due to an intramural renal artery hemorrhage, became blind on the fourth hospital day, comatose on the fifth, and brain dead on the seventh. Postmortem examination of her brain revealed border-zone infarcts in the parietal occipital regions and cerebrellum of the sort associated with cerebral hypoperfusion due to hypotension. Yet her blood pressure had been lowered judiciously to a mean pressure in the vicinity of 110 to 120 mm Hg, and episodes of hypotension had been avoided. As possible explanations for this unusual complication, the roles of acute hyperangiotensinemia and nitroprusside administration are discussed. PMID- 6650541 TI - Clinical utility of pericardial fluid pH determination. AB - The pH of pericardial fluid has not been well characterized. Therefore, it was analyzed in 13 consecutive patients who had pericardial disease of varying causes and were undergoing pericardiocentesis. Values ranged from 6.82 to 7.59. In seven patients with bloody pericardial effusions, the pH was significantly lower than the simultaneously determined arterial pH (7.31 +/- 0.07 versus 7.45 +/- 0.04, p less than 0.01). Pericardial fluid pH discriminated between inflammatory (pH 7.06 +/- 0.07) and noninflammatory (pH 7.42 +/- 0.06) causes (p less than 0.001). Thus, pericardial fluid pH determination is a quick and accurate method to exclude inadvertent ventricular punctures in bloody pericardiocentesis and to distinguish between inflammatory and noninflammatory causes of pericardial fluid accumulation. PMID- 6650542 TI - Evidence for two distinct syndromes of involutional osteoporosis. PMID- 6650543 TI - Prophylactic use of lidocaine to prevent advanced ventricular arrhythmias during pulmonary artery catheterization. Prospective double-blind study. AB - To determine whether prophylactic lidocaine could decrease the incidence of advanced ventricular arrhythmias, 62 patients undergoing 67 pulmonary artery catheterizations were given lidocaine or placebo before and during catheterization. Advanced ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 42 of the 67 catheterizations (63 percent). In 18 of 31 patients receiving lidocaine (58 percent) arrhythmias developed, whereas 24 of 36 patients who received placebo (67 percent) had evidence of arrhythmias. These differences were not significant. However, patients with catheterization times of less than 20 minutes who were treated with lidocaine had less ectopy (25 percent) than patients treated with placebo (68 percent) (p less than 0.05). Two patients has sustained ventricular tachycardia and both were receiving placebo. No complications of lidocaine prophylaxis were noted. Prophylactic lidocaine appears to decrease the incidence of mechanically induced arrhythmias in critically ill patients undergoing catheterization that is not prolonged. PMID- 6650545 TI - Detection of radiation cardiomyopathy by gated radionuclide angiography. PMID- 6650544 TI - Ventilatory failure due to asbestos pleurisy. AB - Seven patients are described who had a distinctive syndrome of chest wall restriction caused by asbestos-induced pleural fibrosis. All had severe dyspnea and predominant pleural disease on radiographic examination, with pulmonary function findings of reduced vital capacity, total lung capacity (measured in five patients), and maximal voluntary ventilation. Five patients had ventilatory failure with carbon dioxide retention; four of these have died and one is close to death. Examination of the thoracic organs in five patients showed minimal or no parenchymal fibrosis in three and less severe involvement of the parenchyma than of the pleura in the remaining two. Neoplasms were suspected in three patients because of extension of the pleural fibrosis into the lung. Two of these patients had pleural uptake of 67-gallium citrate attributable to the inflammatory reaction. With the increasing duration since onset of exposure in the nine million workers who have been exposed to asbestos, as well as in other exposed persons, it is expected that additional cases of ventilatory failure caused by asbestos-induced pleural fibrosis will be encountered. PMID- 6650546 TI - Hodgkin's disease: therapeutic role of measles vaccine. PMID- 6650547 TI - Sputum and blood eosinophils during corticosteroid treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma. AB - Eleven patients with chronic bronchial asthma were studied during a noninfectious exacerbation. Each patient received 80 mg of prednisone daily for three days. Spirometric values, total blood eosinophil counts, and 24-hour quantitation of sputum eosinophils were studied. Three patients had total blood eosinophil counts of less than 250 at the time of presentation. Statistical comparisons with findings on Day 0 showed significant improvements for the one-second forced expiratory volume, total blood eosinophil count, and sputum eosinophil number. On Day 7, the one-second forced expiratory volume maintained a statistically significant difference from that on Day 0, but the total blood eosinophil count did not. Analysis of correlation coefficients showed significant relation between the total blood eosinophil count and one-second forced expiratory volume, the sputum eosinophil count and one-second forced expiratory volume, and the sputum eosinophil and total blood eosinophil counts. The conclusions are (1) blood eosinophilia is not an invariable feature of acute exacerbations of asthma; (2) numbers of blood and sputum eosinophils reflect the response of an acute exacerbation of asthma to corticosteroids; (3) sputum eosinophils may be more meaningful for monitoring the stable postcorticosteroid state; (4) there is no support for the belief that eosinophils disappear from the sputum of asthmatic patients with clinically effective doses of corticosteroids. PMID- 6650548 TI - Effects of oral hydralazine on gas exchange in patients with cor pulmonale. AB - Vasodilators lower total pulmonary vascular resistance in some patients with pulmonary hypertension, but if vasodilators worsen arterial oxygenation in cor pulmonale, as they do in some patients with left ventricular failure, the benefits of a decrease in vascular resistance would be offset by a lack of change or a deterioration in systemic oxygen delivery. Measurement was made of arterial and mixed venous blood gases, minute ventilation, shunt fraction, alveolar arterial oxygen difference, pulmonary arterial pressures, and cardiac output before and four hours after a single dose of hydralazine, 75 mg orally, in six patients (Group I) and before and after 48 hours of hydralazine, 50 to 75 mg orally, every six hours in 10 patients (Group II). Cardiac output increased 36 percent in Group I and 48 percent in Group II. In both groups total pulmonary vascular resistance decreased (8.0 +/- 2.8 to 6.1 +/- 2.6 units in Group I, p less than 0.01; 9.7 +/- 3.7 to 5.6 +/- 2.1 units in Group II, p less than 0.01). Arterial PO2 increased significantly both in Group I (61 +/- 8 to 67 +/- 10 torr, p less than 0.05) and Group II (50 +/- 13 to 54 +/- 13, p less than 0.05); however shunt fraction and alveolar-arterial oxygen difference were unchanged. The ratio of dead space to tidal volume decreased slightly in both groups, and minute ventilation increased significantly. Systemic oxygen delivery was increased by 39 and 51 percent in Groups I and II, respectively. Thus, gas exchange may be preserved or improved when hydralazine is used in the treatment of cor pulmonale. PMID- 6650549 TI - Renal functional reserve in humans. Effect of protein intake on glomerular filtration rate. AB - This study was designed to investigate the effect of protein intake on glomerular filtration rate, and to demonstrate and evaluate the functional reserve of the kidney. Normal subjects ingesting a protein diet had a significantly higher creatinine clearance than a comparable group of normal subjects ingesting a vegetarian diet. A progressive increment in protein intake in normal volunteers resulted in a significant increase in creatinine clearance. Diurnal variations in creatinine clearance were found. These daily variations correlated well with the periods of food intake. The capacity of the kidney to increase its level of function with protein intake suggests a renal function reserve. In short-term studies, the effect of a protein load on glomerular filtration rate was evaluated. Normal subjects showed an increase in glomerular filtration rate two and a half hours after protein load to a maximal glomerular filtration rate of 171.0 +/- 7.7 ml per minute. In patients with a reduced number of nephrons, renal functional reserve may be diminished or absent. PMID- 6650550 TI - Esophageal manometry in systemic amyloidosis. A study of 30 patients. AB - The motility of the esophagus was studied by esophageal manometry in 24 patients with primary amyloidosis and six with secondary amyloidosis. Resting lower esophageal sphincter pressure was decreased in 12 patients with primary amyloidosis and two with secondary amyloidosis; 12 of these 14 patients complained of heartburn. Abnormalities in the motility of the body of the esophagus were found in nine patients with primary amyloidosis and one with secondary amyloidosis. No abnormality of the upper esophageal sphincter was demonstrated in any of the 30 patients. Six of the nine patients with primary amyloidosis exhibiting the most marked esophageal motor dysfunction had striking evidence of peripheral and/or autonomic nervous system involvement. No consistent pattern of motility disorder was observed in either group. The manometric abnormalities observed are consistent with a random deposition of amyloid in the esophagus involving a myopathic and/or neuropathic component. PMID- 6650551 TI - Arthritis of hemochromatosis. Clinical spectrum, relation to histocompatibility antigens, and effectiveness of early phlebotomy. AB - Five patients who presented with arthritis as the sole manifestation of hereditary hemochromatosis and 51 family members were studied. Studies included clinical evaluation for the presence of arthritis and hemochromatosis, roentgenography of hands, knees, and pelvis, serum iron and serum ferritin measurements, complete HLA typing for 50 of the A and B loci, and, when indicated, liver biopsy. Arthritis occurred in 45 percent of persons with hemochromatosis. Although typical involvement of second and third metacarpophalangeal joints was observed in all five patients and some family members, two with typical arthritis did not have characteristic radiographic changes, two had constitutional symptoms without arthropathy, and one had unilateral hand changes. A specific HLA haplotype (A2/B17 in Family 1 and A29/B15 in Family 2) correlated with hereditary hemochromatosis but not with the arthropathy. Phlebotomy alleviated the early constitutional symptoms but did not help advanced arthritis. Anti-inflammatory drugs, intraarticular injections of glucocorticoids, and resection osteotomies of metacarpal heads were other treatment modalities. PMID- 6650552 TI - Risk factors for spinal osteoporosis in men. AB - Risk factors for vertebral fractures due to osteoporosis were evaluated in 105 consecutive male patients over a four-year period. An equal number of men with Paget's disease, matched by age, who concurrently attended the same subspecialty clinic served as control subjects. The relative risk for osteoporosis, estimated by the odds ratio, was increased among those who smoke cigarettes (relative risk = 2.3; p = 0.01), drank alcoholic beverages (relative risk = 2.4; p = 0.02), or had an associated medical disease known to affect calcium or bone metabolism (relative risk = 5.5; p less than 0.001). Obesity was protective (relative risk = 0.3; p less than 0.001). As assessed by a multiple logistic model, the risk associated with smoking and drinking increased with age. The effects of these four major risk factors were largely independent of one another and were cumulative. Thus, spinal osteoporosis in men is frequently associated with recognizable risk factors, some of which are potentially remediable. PMID- 6650553 TI - Diagnosis and outcome of bowel infarction on an acute medical service. AB - Twenty patients with surgically or pathologically documented bowel infarction are compared with seven patients who were believed to have bowel infarction but had negative findings at laparotomy. The presentation of verified bowel infarction was nonspecific; abdominal pain, tenderness, and distension were the most common, occurring in 15 patients. No physical finding or laboratory test distinguished bowel infarction from mimicking conditions. Patients in both groups had an extremely poor prognosis. An approach to management is suggested. PMID- 6650554 TI - Case study: Klinefelter's syndrome. PMID- 6650555 TI - An investigation of the cognitive styles of 76 associate degree medical laboratory technology students. AB - The preferred learning styles of 76 associate degree medical laboratory technology students in four classes at two community colleges were assessed using the Modified Hill Cognitive Style Model. It was found that these students did not have a preference for finding meaning through spoken words or non-word symbols. They had little need to read body language or to be physically involved in order to learn; they preferred not to act out a role for acceptance, and they would have difficulty in influencing another's behavior. These students were capable of making decisions on their own and should do well studying independently. They preferred "categorical reasoning" as a basis for accepting or rejecting ideas and preferred to use deductive or syllogistic reasoning for inferences. Implications for instruction are discussed. PMID- 6650556 TI - Utilization of cognitive style mapping in conjunction with individualized instruction. AB - Lack of adequate clinical facilities associated with the institution resulted in MLT students rarely receiving didactic and clinical instruction at the same time. Students had problems transferring knowledge from clinical situations to later lectures and from lectures one semester to clinical practicum next semester. Additionally, their success rate on certification examinations was low. An individualized curriculum utilizing cognitive style mapping for course "prescriptions" resulted in a greatly improved success rate on certification examinations; clinical preceptors and employers reported improved student and graduate performance at clinical sites. PMID- 6650557 TI - Particle size distribution analysis as a rapid method to detect significant bacteriuria. AB - Particle size distribution analysis (PSDA) was evaluated as a rapid screening method for detecting significant bacteriuria by linking a C1000 Channelyzer to a Coulter Counter. Colony counts and PSDA screening results were compared for 800 urine specimens. The PSDA method proved to be 92% specific, but only 64% sensitive, for detecting at least 10(5) colony forming units (CFU)/ml. By performing serial dilution colony counts on 109 culture-positive specimens (greater than or equal to 10(5) CFU/ml), it was determined that the low level of sensitivity (64%) was due to culture-positive specimens that had between 10(5) and less than 10(7) CFU/ml. The sensitivity of the PSDA method increased to 90% and 100% when culture-positive specimens had 10(7) or more and 10(8) or more CFU/ml, respectively. The low level of sensitivity demonstrated in this investigation makes the introduction of this method into clinical usage unacceptable at this time. PMID- 6650558 TI - Laboratory tests for antimicrobial synergy. PMID- 6650559 TI - Assay of antimicrobial agents. PMID- 6650560 TI - The managers are coming: administrative rationality and life in tomorrow's laboratory. AB - In 1980, ASMT-CMU students and alumni established the John C. Lang Memorial Trustee Award for Administration and Management to "recognize outstanding performance in the communication of ideas and information in administration and laboratory management and to encourage individuals to disseminate their information to the profession." Winners of this award are commissioned to prepare a manuscript for publication in the American Journal of Medical Technology. This article is the second in the John C. Lang Memorial Series. Its author, John R. Kimberly, PhD, is Associated Professor of Management and Health Care Systems at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. In the following article Dr. Kimberly takes a long, cold look at the impact that a number of current trends, both in the medical world and outside it, are likely to have on the nature of work and working relationships in the clinical laboratory. PMID- 6650561 TI - Comparing nonphysician and physician laboratory administrative responsibilities. AB - When the ASMT Board of Directors approved the conduct of a new laboratory management survey, they believed that the data from the survey would have value to the Society and its constituents. Indeed, it did. These data illustrated to federal health policy makers just how much of a role nonphysician clinical laboratory practitioners play in laboratory administration and day-to-day management. The results of this survey were extremely valuable to ASMT during recent federal regulatory and legal proceedings regarding the role of clinical laboratory scientists in laboratory services delivery and medicare payment policy for hospital clinical laboratory services. PMID- 6650562 TI - Hirschsprung disease: etiologic implications of unsuccessful prenatal diagnosis. AB - We describe an infant with Hirschsprung disease (congenital aganglionosis of the intestine) involving the colon and terminal ileum. Midtrimester prenatal diagnosis of this disorder in this infant was attempted utilizing amniotic fluid disaccharidase analyses, ultrasound, and amniography. Decreased disaccharidase activities in amniotic fluid have been reported previously in association with other forms of intestinal obstruction. At 15 weeks' gestation, normal amniotic fluid disaccharidase levels were obtained. Serial ultrasound evaluations did not indicate any pathology, and the results from amniography were inconclusive. The implication of the normal disaccharidase values is that Hirschsprung disease may in some cases result from degeneration of intestinal ganglia after 16 weeks' gestation rather than from faulty migration of neural crest cells. The inheritance of Hirschsprung disease is generally consistent with sex-modified multifactorial inheritance with a lower threshold of expression in males. The case we report has a family history of three affected first- and second-degree relatives. Autosomal dominance with variable expressivity is a possible explanation in this family. PMID- 6650563 TI - Segregation of chromosomes into the spermatozoa of a man heterozygous for a 14;21 Robertsonian translocation. AB - Twenty-four spermatozoa from a man heterozygous for a Robertsonian translocation (45,XY,-14,-21,+t(14q;21q) were studied cytogenetically in order to determine the meiotic segregation of the translocation. When compared to the expected 1:1 ratio we observed a greater number of chromosomally normal sperm than sperm with the balanced translocation. Three sperm carried the translocation in an unbalanced form. PMID- 6650564 TI - The Weissenbacher-Zweymuller, Stickler, and Marshall syndromes: further evidence for their identity. AB - We report on three unrelated children with neonatal radiological characteristics of the Weissenbacher-Zweymuller (W-Z) syndrome. Subsequently, they developed the Marshall syndrome. The relationship between the W-Z, Marshall, and Stickler syndromes is discussed. PMID- 6650565 TI - Brachyolmia, recessive type (Hobaek): a clinical, radiographic, and histochemical study. AB - Brachyolmia recessive type (Hobaek) is a rare bone dysplasia characterized by short trunk dwarfism that becomes evident during childhood. The radiographic manifestations are primarily limited to the spine, and consist of universal platyspondyly with lateral extension of the vertebral bodies beyond the pedicles and irregularity of the vertebral end plates. Histologic changes seen on growth plate biopsy permit the diagnosis to be confirmed. The inheritance pattern appears to be autosomal-recessive. PMID- 6650566 TI - The Pena-Shokeir syndrome: report of five cases and further delineation of the syndrome. AB - We report on five cases of lethal Pena-Shokeir syndrome from three families with affected sibs. In addition to multiple anklyoses, camptodactyly, facial anomalies, and pulmonary hypoplasia, one fetus had pterygia of the neck and axillae and cardiac hypoplasia. Radiographic changes are nonspecific and probably are related to a lack of intrauterine movement. Our data and review of the literature suggest that pterygium formation is one of the manifestations of the Pena-Shokeir syndrome. A recently described lethal form of the recessively inherited multiple pterygium syndrome may represent a severe form of the Pena Shokeir syndrome. PMID- 6650567 TI - Tricho-dento-osseous syndrome: heterogeneity or clinical variability. AB - Tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by abnormalities of hair, teeth, and bone. We report on a family that seems to illustrate further clinical heterogeneity in the TDO syndrome. Although variable expression of a single TDO gene cannot be ruled out, the manifestations observed in this and other reported families appear to fall into distinct subtypes. This suggests the possibility that the clinical subtypes represent distinct genetic entities. PMID- 6650568 TI - Perrault's syndrome in two sisters. AB - We report on two sisters with Perrault's syndrome, i.e., autosomal recessive ovarian dysgenesis associated with sensorineural deafness. They were deaf-mute and of normal height with a few minor somatic anomalies. Both had streak gonads and an apparently normal female 46,XX chromosome constitution. The parents were apparently not consanguineous. The mother had normal hearing. Other relatives were not available for study. Epilepsy, which occurred in three relatives including one of the index patients, may have been inherited coincidentally from the mother's family. PMID- 6650569 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of genetic osteochondrodysplasias. PMID- 6650570 TI - Definition and diagnosis of the Brachmann-De Lange syndrome. AB - We have classified patients referred for suspicion of the Brachmann-De Lange syndrome (BDLS) into two groups using techniques of numerical taxonomy. Patients with the syndrome share an array of abnormal characteristics, and those without it have different abnormal characteristics. A group of 30 characters that best distinguish the two groups of patients was used to construct a diagnostic index. The index score is expected to divide 99% of patients into those with and without the syndrome, leaving 1% in a "zone of doubt." All 46 patients used to construct the index and 16 new patients had scores in either the BDLS or non-BDLS range and none were in the zone of doubt. A previously published index using metacarpal phalangeal measurements, although less discriminatory, confirmed our findings in 84% of 25 patients tested, the remainder having scores in the zone of doubt for that index. PMID- 6650571 TI - Inbreeding studies in Brasilian schoolchildren. AB - We present results of comparisons between consanguineous and control couples and their children in Southern Brasil. Multiple regression, t-test and chi 2 analyses were applied to the data. The following variables were investigated; Parents: structure of first cousin marriages, latitude and longitude of birthplaces, cohabitation time, rurality, marriage age, occupation, number of liveborn children, and frequency of twinning. Schoolchildren: clinical data as classified into 24 discontinuous traits, each one subdivided into two categories (number and severity), and seven continuous traits (weight, height, pulse rate, respiratory rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and temperature); nutrition indices and biotype; family names; intelligence tests and school performance; birth order, age, hair color, hair type, eye color, and skin color; twinning in the sibship, and infant mortality among sibs of the propositi. Our study showed a) nonrandomness of consanguineous marriages as detected on structural, racial, geographical, and temporal levels; b) a heavy mutational load of about 1.5 lethons acting on infant mortality; c) no inbreeding effect on morbidity in general (with a possible exception of "ear morbidity", including hearing deficit); d) a modest inbreeding depression on height (a decrease of 2 cm with an increase of 10% of inbreeding); 3) a suggestion of inbreeding depression on "intelligence". PMID- 6650572 TI - Creatine-kinase (CK) and pyruvate-kinase (PK) activities in cord blood of normal newborn infants: application to Duchenne muscular dystrophy screening programs. AB - Creatine-kinase (CK) and pyruvate-kinase (PK) were determined in cord blood samples from 125 normal newborn infants in order 1) to investigate the correlation between CK and PK, 2) to evaluate a possible influence of the mode of delivery (cesarean section versus vaginal delivery) and birth weight on enzyme activity, 3) to establish normal values for both sexes. In the present investigation, the enzyme activities of cord blood were significantly higher than in the normal adult, and no correlation was observed between enzyme activity and mode of delivery or birthweight. Although there was an apparent and significant correlation (r = 0.5) between CK and PK levels in cord blood samples, in no case did we find both high CK and PK values, something that would suggest preclinical DMD or a false-positive result. These results have led us to suggest determination of serum PK activity in male newborn screening programs. This would allow an early discrimination between false-positives and clinical cases already in the neonatal period. Furthermore, the concomitant use of PK and CK in boys not walking by 18 months could be a useful test for diagnosing preclinical DMD boys. PMID- 6650573 TI - A three-month-old infant with seizures, hypoglycemia, and apnea. PMID- 6650574 TI - Repetitive stereotyped behaviors. AB - This paper points to factors that determine whether repetitive stereotyped behavior occur in the behavior repertoire. The analysis pits an "intrinsic oscillator" mechanism against a "self-stimulation" theory and chooses to emphasize the latter. The paper accounts for the repetitive and rhythmic nature of stereotypy by suggesting that repetition in a rhythmic way is the most efficient way of self-stimulation. It proposes that rhythm may be a reinforcement in at least some cases. It raises the question of whether control of stimulation by the person is a necessary condition for maintaining stereotypy. The paper recognizes the possibility that stereotyped behaviors may have their origin in the common repetitive behaviors of infancy but emphasizes that pathological stereotypy may involve more than immature repetition. It suggests that there is reason to believe that early intervention to prevent pathological stereotyped behavior might be effective but that we do not know much about how stereotypies get started. PMID- 6650575 TI - Measuring individual participation on the interdisciplinary team. AB - In this paper we describe a scale designed to measure individual participation in interdisciplinary team meetings. Data from an observational study of team meetings at a residential institution for severely and profoundly mentally retarded persons were used to examine the measurement characteristics of the scale. Acceptable levels of interobserver agreement were found. A principal components analysis demonstrated that participation is not a unitary construct, but consists of at least five relatively independent dimensions. A generalizability study indicated that participation varies across team meetings and suggested that at least two observations are needed to obtain an adequate picture of typical participation. A sample application of the scale was described, and implications of the scale for researchers and practitioners were discussed. PMID- 6650576 TI - Influence of the EMR label on initial expectations of regular-classroom teachers. AB - Regular-classroom elementary teachers (N = 1,114) were queried as to their initial expectations for mainstreamed handicapped children. Subjects were randomly assigned to treatment conditions and told that the experimenter was interested in assessing their initial expectations for a child being considered for placement in their class. Each teacher was shown a photograph and read a vignette about a particular child who was portrayed as varying in attractiveness, school-related traits, and labeled background (i.e., educable mentally retarded). Subjects then completed a questionnaire on which they indicated their initial expectations regarding: (a) academic ability, (b) the child's behavioral potential, (c) their ability to work with the child, and (d) their general impressions of that child. Results indicated that the label EMR differentially influenced teacher expectations across the four areas rated. Data also showed that a child's attractiveness and school-related traits significantly influenced initial expectations of regular-classroom teachers. Ramifications of the findings were discussed. PMID- 6650577 TI - Multivariate approaches to the evaluation of programs for mildly mentally retarded persons. AB - Multivariate analysis usually connotes a set of complex statistical models. It can also represent a way of thinking about research in which behavioral outcomes are seen as having multiple facets and resulting from multiple antecedents. Three areas of research on mentally retarded children that need conceptual multivariate analysis were identified: (a) the characterization of learners, (b) the description of process features of an instructional setting, and (c) the depiction of change. Examples were provided, drawing on a recent National Academy of Sciences report. Finally, statistical developments were described that are appropriate to the data that these conceptualizations yield. PMID- 6650578 TI - Facilitating the vocational-interpersonal skills of mentally retarded individuals. AB - A program was designed to teach interpersonal skills to mentally retarded individuals in order to facilitate their vocational adjustment and prevent job termination. Thirty-five retarded young adults were randomly assigned to a skills training, coaching, or no-treatment control group. The skills-training and coaching groups met for 12 sessions and 6 follow-up meetings. The skills-training group learned appropriate ways of responding to difficult work-related interpersonal situations. Modeling, coaching, and behavioral rehearsal were the treatment procedures. The coaching group discussed the same interpersonal situations; however, modeling and behavioral rehearsal were not employed. Results indicated that the skills-training group improved their interpersonal skills, social competence, vocational problem behavior, and length of employment. Some positive changes were noted for the coaching group. The results provide support for training interpersonal skills prior to community vocational placement. PMID- 6650579 TI - Translucency of sign and concreteness of gloss in the manual sign learning of moderately/severely mentally retarded students. AB - The effects of high and low levels of manual sign translucency and referential concreteness on the manual sign learning of moderately/severely mentally retarded adolescents were investigated. High levels of translucency were shown to be a significant facilitator of sign learning and low levels of the variable inhibited learning. Concreteness did not significantly affect sign learning. Implications for the effects of the two variables on the sign learning of retarded students were discussed. PMID- 6650580 TI - Transverse compounding in the discriminative learning of moderately and mildly mentally retarded adolescents. AB - For adolescents in the range of moderate to mild retardation, the salience of transverse compound stimuli (combinations of positive and negative cues) was found to be low in two-choice visual discriminations. In problems allowing optional use of transverse compounds, no use whatever was made of these stimuli. In problems requiring use of transverse compounds, only the more intelligent subjects were able to learn to attend to such compounds, but this learned salience faded in a new problem that allowed optional compound use. These results were interpreted as an instance of developmental changes in unlearned stimulus salience hierarchies. We speculated that the low saliency of transverse compounds may be related to reading difficulties. PMID- 6650581 TI - Far generalization of visual analogies strategies by impulsive and reflective EMR students. AB - Cognitive style and its interaction with training effects in promoting the acquisition and far generalization of a visual analogies strategy by 22 male and 17 female EMR pupils was evaluated. Training was effective in producing acquisition and far generalization; cognitive style was not. We suggested that the lack of interaction between cognitive style and training was due to the fact that the training program modified the subjects' cognitive style, i.e., impulsives tended to perform more like reflectives. PMID- 6650582 TI - Depth of processing by mentally retarded and MA-matched nonretarded individuals. AB - Mildly mentally retarded and MA-matched nonretarded individuals were tested for speed and accuracy in responding to questions requiring different processing depth in the Craik and Tulving paradigm and then given an unexpected recognition task. Retarded individuals required progressively more encoding time relative to nonretarded individuals as processing depth increased. Both encoding and recognition accuracy, however, was equivalent for both groups; greater elaboration improved recognition in both groups. Implications for the study of retardation were presented. PMID- 6650583 TI - Heart rate and reaction times for mentally retarded and nonretarded adults in subject- and experimenter-initiated tasks. AB - Reaction time (RT) and heart-rate measures were obtained for 10 retarded (mean IQ = 65) and 10 nonretarded young adults. Each subject initiated half of the trials themselves. The other half were initiated by the experimenter. These trials were distributed over preparatory intervals of 2-, 4-, and 8-second durations. We found that all subjects, when initiating the trial themselves, reduced both mean RT and response variability. Heart-rate patterns were similar for both intelligence groups on experimenter-initiated trials, but were markedly different when subjects initiated the trials themselves. Results suggest that self initiated trials may benefit retarded subjects by overcoming some attentional problems, but difficulties with utilizing successful response strategies remain. PMID- 6650585 TI - Lateral specialization of a perpetual calendar task by a moderately mentally retarded adult. AB - The lateral eye movements of a moderately mentally retarded adult with exceptional ability in a perpetual calendar task were examined. Questions with a perpetual calendar, mathematical, or musical and spatial content were presented to the subject in a random order and lateral eye movements were rated by blind observers. Results showed that both the perpetual calendar and mathematical questions elicited a significant proportion of lateral movements to the right, ps less than .001 and .05, respectively, whereas the musical and spatial questions did not elicit lateral eye movements with a specific direction. PMID- 6650584 TI - Comparison of prompt sequences. AB - Self-initiated responses of moderately and mildly mentally retarded subjects during three types of prompt sequences were compared. Results showed a significant difference in target behavior due to a type of prompt sequence. The prompt sequence that started with a verbal prompt and physical assistance resulted in a significantly higher rate of self-initiated responses. Giving verbal prompts while providing lessening amounts of physical assistance was superior to giving physical assistance without verbal prompts. Also, verbal prompts by themselves resulted in a low probability of self-initiated responding. PMID- 6650586 TI - Effect of front-line staff turnover on the behavior of institutionalized mentally retarded adults. AB - The effect of front-line (direct-care) staff turnover on the behavior of institutionalized mentally retarded adults was investigated using two procedures. One measured the effect of turnover on residents' behavior across whole wards. Another measured the impact of turnover on the behavior of a group of residents who acted as their own controls. Contrary to our hypothesis, results suggested that staff turnover had little effect on residents' behavior. These results were discussed, along with suggestions for future research. PMID- 6650587 TI - Cross-reactivity of eluted antibodies from renal tissues of patients with henoch Schonlein purpura nephritis and IgA nephropathy. AB - A study on the specificity of antibodies eluted from renal biopsy specimens from patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) nephritis, IgA nephropathy and other glomerular diseases is described. The specimens were treated with citrate buffer, pH 3.2, and the 'eluate' was neutralized by sodium hydroxide. The 'eluate' was then applied to the acid-treated sections obtained from the same patients and from other patients with HSP nephritis as well as to the sections from patients with IgA nephropathy and other glomerular diseases. The sections were stained with FITC-labeled heavy-chain specific anti-human IgA antisera and then examined with a fluorescent microscope. It was demonstrated that the antibodies obtained from patients with HSP nephritis specifically recombined with the glomerular mesangial areas in patients with IgA nephropathy and vice versa, whereas they did not combine with renal tissues obtained from patients without IgA nephropathy. These antibodies did not show antimesangial activity since they did not react with normal glomeruli or nephritic glomeruli other than those from cases with HSP nephritis and/or IgA nephropathy. The specificity of IgA antibodies was confirmed by various tests using anti-human IgA antisera, human IgA myeloma protein, whole serum samples, human gamma-globulin absorbed with anti-human IgG and/or IgM antisera or clostral IgA. It is suggested that some common antigens may be involved in the development of HSP nephritis and IgA nephropathy. PMID- 6650588 TI - Pericardial effusion in patients treated with maintenance dialysis. AB - Pericarditis with or without effusion as a complication of end-stage renal disease responds to the institution of chronic dialytic therapy. The management of pericardial effusion which has its onset after some time of chronic dialytic therapy is less well established. Since a surgical pericardial drainage procedure is often performed on an emergency basis in some patients with pericardial effusion treated with maintenance dialysis, it would be advantageous to be able to predict which patients would subsequently require an operation which then could be performed electively. Thus, we reviewed our experience with pericardial effusion in patients treated with maintenance dialysis in order to ascertain whether one or more factors would predict the ultimate need for a surgical pericardial drainage procedure. Our analysis of 22 patients with pericardial effusion demonstrates that those with a large effusion are best treated by elective pericardial drainage using a subxiphoid approach with instillation of triamcinolone hexacetonide into the pericardial sac. Those patients with a small or moderate effusion can be subjected to a trail of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs and/or intensive dialysis. Evidence of an enlarging effusion should prompt surgical drainage before hypotension or tamponade require the patient to undergo an emergency operation. PMID- 6650589 TI - Quiz of the month. 1: Renal amyloidosis. PMID- 6650590 TI - Quiz of the month. 2: Acid-base disturbances. PMID- 6650591 TI - Renal functional recovery 47 days after renal artery occlusion. AB - A patient with a single kidney and oliguric renal failure for 47 days experienced dramatic restoration of glomerular filtration and renal function following graft bypass of an occluded renal artery. There was very little evidence of acute tubular necrosis. The case emphasizes the importance of the renal collateral circulation in the maintenance of tissue viability, even when the hydrostatic pressure of collateral flow is inadequate for glomerular ultrafiltrate formation. The differentiation of oliguric renal failure due to renal arterial occlusion from that due to acute tubular necrosis following arterial injection of radiocontrast material is imperative because of the dramatic response to reconstructive vascular surgery. PMID- 6650592 TI - Dehydration, renal vein thrombosis and hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis in a newborn. PMID- 6650593 TI - Birth defects in relation to Bendectin use in pregnancy. II. Pyloric stenosis. AB - To test the hypothesis that the use of Bendectin in pregnancy increases the risk of pyloric stenosis, we determined rates of antenatal Bendectin exposure among 325 infants with pyloric stenosis and among two control groups comprising infants with other defects; one consisted of 3,153 infants with other conditions, and the other, a subset of that group, consisted of 724 infants with defects that may have had their origins at any time in pregnancy. Comparisons between the cases and the two control series yielded estimated relative risks of 0.9 (95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 1.2) and 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4), respectively. The findings from this large case-control study suggest that Bendectin does not increase the risk of pyloric stenosis. PMID- 6650594 TI - Clinical experience with one hundred seven diabetic pregnancies. AB - Clinical experience with 45 pregnancies in women with Class A diabetes and 62 pregnancies in women with insulin-requiring diabetes is described. The perinatal mortality rates were 0, 16.1, and 9.3, respectively, among the Class A, insulin requiring, and total diabetic populations. Diabetic mothers experienced significantly higher prevalences of cesarean section and ketoacidosis than did the overall population. There were no other significant differences in maternal complications. Diabetic mothers demonstrated high rates of abnormal estriol levels and relatively low rates of positive contraction stress tests. Positive contraction stress tests were highly correlated with abnormal outcome. Delivery occurred either at or after 37 weeks in 93% of the Class A and in 81% of the insulin-requiring women. In comparison to infants in the general population, those of diabetic mothers experienced significantly elevated rates of being large for gestational age, macrosomia, and hypoglycemia. Congenital abnormalities were significantly higher in the Class A, but not in the insulin-requiring population. Neonatal morbidity could not be related to maternal diabetic control and was only minimally related to gestational age. PMID- 6650595 TI - Pharmacodynamics of ritodrine in pregnant women during preterm labor. AB - We evaluated the relationship of ritodrine concentration to several maternal variables and to fetal heart rate in 17 women who received the drug for inhibition of preterm labor. Ritodrine was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Ritodrine increased maternal and fetal heart rate and decreased serum potassium in a dose-related manner, but wide variability was noted between patients and within individual patients. Tachyphylaxis of the maternal heart rate response to continuing treatment with ritodrine was seen in at least seven women. Maternal blood pressure, serum glucose concentration, and frequency of uterine contractions were changed by ritodrine treatment, but the changes in these variables were not closely correlated to the concentration of ritodrine (r less than or equal to 0.30 in all cases). The maximal infusion rate and the concentration of ritodrine in maternal serum after 4 hours of treatment were significantly (p less than 0.001) correlated with the frequency of uterine contractions prior to treatment. Successful inhibition of labor was achieved with serum concentrations of 15 to 31 ng/ml in 10 of 17 women; in six of the other seven women, labor could not be inhibited in spite of serum concentrations of 90 to 146 ng/ml. Side effects, such as hypotension, vomiting, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath, were most commonly observed when the infusion rate and concentration of ritodrine were increasing. PMID- 6650596 TI - Marfan's syndrome: acute aortic dissection during labor, resulting in fetal distress and cesarean section, followed by successful surgical repair. AB - A unique case of Marfan's syndrome is presented in which the diagnosis was first established during early labor when the patient presented with chest pain, hypotension, and fetal distress as the earliest symptoms and signs. Prompt diagnosis in combination with correct medical and surgical therapy resulted in the survival of both the mother and infant. PMID- 6650597 TI - Calcium metabolism in the hypertensive mother, fetus, and newborn infant. AB - Calcium metabolism in otherwise uncomplicated term pregnancies associated with essential hypertension is characterized by significantly reduced levels of parathyroid hormone and ionized calcium, as well as significantly increased levels of phosphorus in both the mother and fetus. It is not possible at this time to delineate with certainty the precise pathophysiology of these changes. PMID- 6650598 TI - Plasma 11-deoxycortisol in normal and abnormal human pregnancy. AB - 11-Deoxycortisol was assayed in maternal and cord plasma. The concentrations in maternal plasma increased as pregnancy progressed and reached a peak at 39 weeks. The levels decreased very rapidly in the postpartum period. In cases of intrauterine fetal death and anencephalic fetuses, the values were apparently lower than normal. In women who had undergone bilateral adrenalectomy, the maternal plasma levels were almost normal. The maternal levels were high in cases of twin pregnancies. Therefore, it is assumed that the fetus or the fetoplacental unit is the source of the increased 11-deoxycortisol in maternal plasma during late pregnancy. PMID- 6650599 TI - Vaginal absorption of hexachlorophene during labor. AB - Surgical soap that contains hexachlorophene is used as an antiseptic lubricant for vaginal examinations during labor in some centers. Theoretically, hexachlorophene can be absorbed from the vaginal mucosa and be potentially toxic to the fetus and neonate. To evaluate vaginal absorption and placental transfer of hexachlorophene, we measured levels in mixed arterial/venous cord serum and postpartum maternal serum in 28 women whose vaginal examinations were lubricated with pHisoHex during labor. The serum of 12 women had detectable levels of hexachlorophene, with a high level of 942 ng/ml. Cord serum had detectable levels in nine neonates, with a high level of 617 ng/ml. The conclusion is that hexachlorophene from vaginal lubricants is variably absorbed from the vaginal mucosa, and appreciable amounts can be detected in maternal and cord serum. Because of the potential for neonatal hexachlorophene toxicity, we recommend the use of alternative lubricants for pelvic examinations during labor. PMID- 6650600 TI - Ultrasonographically observed early placental maturation and perinatal outcome. AB - Perinatal outcome in 398 patients who had Grade II or Grade III placentas was analyzed in a cross-sectional study. Early placental maturation was identified in 51 patients. A trend toward lower mean birth weights was identified in the group with early placental maturation as compared to controls; however, statistical significance was achieved only in the Grade II population. In the Grade III population, early placental maturation identified a group of patients with a 16.7% incidence of growth retardation as compared to 4.1% in control patients (p less than 0.01). Early placental maturation was an insensitive predictor of poor perinatal outcome with respect to maternal hypertension, antepartum or intrapartum fetal distress, and perinatal asphyxia. PMID- 6650601 TI - Fetal scalp catecholamines during labor. AB - Samples of scalp blood were collected from 129 fetuses during the first stage of labor for analysis of plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography. The catecholamine levels were related to scalp blood pH and fetal heart rate patterns during the 20-minute period preceding the collection of scalp blood. The median norepinephrine level was 9.2 nmol/L (range, 1.3 to 99.7), and the median epinephrine level was 0.5 nmol/L (range, less than 0.5 to 19.2) (n = 111) during the first stage of labor when the pH was above 7.25. The norepinephrine level was considerably higher than that in the resting adult. Significantly higher concentrations of catecholamines were found when scalp blood pH was below 7.26 (p less than 0.001). Maternal analgesia did not influence the fetal catecholamine levels in uncomplicated labor. Significantly higher concentrations of norepinephrine were found during the appearance of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns. PMID- 6650602 TI - Inner ring deiodination of thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine by human fetal membranes. AB - Indirect evidence, based on injection of thyroxine (T4) into the amniotic cavity of humans, and maternal thyroidectomy in the rat, suggests that fetal membranes might be capable of converting T4 to 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) by virtue of inner ring iodothyronine deiodinase activity. The present study was undertaken to provide direct evidence that human fetal membranes contain inner ring iodothyronine deiodinase activity directed toward T4 and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). Homogenates of human fetal membranes were incubated with 125I-labeled T4, rT3, and T3, and with stable T4. Conversion of 125[I]-T4 to 125[I]-rT3 was noted in chorion and amnion. 125I-T3 was converted to 125[I]-3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2) in chorion and amnion. 125[I]-rT3 was stable in fetal membranes under the incubation conditions employed. Time-, temperature-, pH-, and protein content dependent conversion of stable T4 to rT3 was found in fetal membranes. Iodothyronine metabolism did not occur in the absence of dithiothreitol. These studies indicate that human fetal membranes contain an inner ring deiodinase enzyme. Because of its intimate contact with the amniotic cavity, this enzyme may generate a portion of the rT3 found in amniotic fluid. PMID- 6650603 TI - Reduced short-term variability of fetal heart rate in association with maternal hyperglycemia during pregnancy in insulin-dependent diabetic women. AB - The differential index, which describes the short-term component of fetal heart rate variability, and maternal blood glucose levels were measured 109 times in 19 insulin-dependent diabetic mothers in the second half of gestation. An abnormal differential index was observed more often with maternal hyperglycemia (11/45) than with normoglycemia (5/64). A significant negative linear correlation was found between the differential index and the blood glucose level of the mother. PMID- 6650604 TI - Electrocardiographic responses of rat fetuses with clamped or intact umbilical cords to acute maternal uterine ischemia. AB - Uterine ischemia results in severe cardiac disturbances in the fetus. It has been postulated that these effects are due to interaction between the fetus and the ischemic uterus or placenta, and not to hypoxia or buildup of metabolites in the fetus. Rat fetal cardiac responses to uterine clamping and umbilical cord clamping were compared by electrocardiography. On day 21 of gestation, fetuses in a total of 14 pregnant rats were exposed to umbilical clamping, uterine clamping, or no clamping. Electrocardiograms were recorded for each fetus immediately after clamping and at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after clamping. Immediately after clamping, the uterine clamping group alone showed severe sinus bradycardia. At all other observation times, fetuses exposed to uterine or umbilical clamping showed bradycardia and other electrocardiographic changes typically associated with hypoxia. Therefore, umbilical clamping protected the fetuses from the adverse effects of uterine clamping for only a very short time. PMID- 6650605 TI - Clinical evaluation of an improved injectable microcapsule contraceptive system. AB - Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a long-acting injectable microcapsule, poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide), delivery system were tested in 10 women. Two doses (75 or 100 mg of norethindrone) were administered by intramuscular injection. Treatment suppressed ovarian function and inhibited ovulation for 3 months in all subjects. Levels of norethindrone in subjects who received the 100 mg dose were proportionately higher than those in subjects who received the 75 mg dose. Subsequent to the injection, there was a rapid rise in the serum levels of norethindrone followed by a gradual decline until 8 to 10 weeks. Between 10 and 20 weeks after treatment, there was a secondary rise and fall in the serum levels of norethindrone. Treatment caused suppression of the endometrium for 3 months, and, except for spotting and irregular menstrual cycles, there were no adverse side effects. Treatment had no significant effect on serum lipids. PMID- 6650606 TI - Surgical alteration of the mesosalpinx and its influence upon ovarian ovulatory function in the rabbit. AB - Ovarian ovulatory function as correlated with the production of corpora lutea was studied in 58 rabbits that were subjected to unilateral surgical procedures. Initially, a resection of 50% of the isthmus and 50% (n = 8) or all (n = 8) of the corresponding mesosalpinx was performed. Next, 50% of the ampulla and 50% (n = 7) or all (n = 8) of the corresponding mesosalpinx was resected. Finally, a variable length, either one third, two thirds, or all, of the ampulla (n = 27) was dissected from the adjacent mesosalpinx. After natural copulation of the animals, without administration of gonadotropin, the numbers of corpora lutea on the operated and control sides were counted. A slight but nonsignificant overall reduction in corpora lutea on the operated side was observed. This showed no correlation either to the amount of mesosalpinx resected or the proximity of the surgical procedure to the ovary. Also, no correlation was observed with the length of dissected ampullary part. PMID- 6650607 TI - A new approach to measuring menstrual pattern change after sterilization. AB - Methodologic problems with previous research on menstrual changes after sterilization have resulted in conflicting results. This research overcomes these problems by restricting the categories of patients and by minimizing recall difficulties. When the methodologic approach is improved, the result is that the majority of women experience no change, and among those who do, changes in one direction are counterbalanced by changes in the other direction. Three cycles preceding sterilization were compared with three cycles 12 months after the operation for four menstrual parameters. The parameters were examined separately and simultaneously by means of an index of menstrual pattern changes. Rings and spring-loaded clips were associated with less change than other methods of occlusion. The most important variable was the patient's menstrual pattern at the time of admission. Women defined as having abnormal patterns were three times more likely to experience change than women with normal cycles, and many of the former experienced change in the direction of normality. PMID- 6650608 TI - Amniotic fluid acetylcholinesterase as a prenatal diagnostic marker for upper gastrointestinal atresias. PMID- 6650609 TI - Progressive partial lipodystrophy in association with intrauterine death and growth retardation. PMID- 6650610 TI - Pressure malformations from a chronic leakage of amniotic fluid: possible iatrogenic origin of extramembranous pregnancy and the extrachorial placenta. PMID- 6650611 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid leak in a neonate associated with fetal scalp electrode monitoring. PMID- 6650612 TI - Radioactivity in breast milk after intraperitoneal chromic phosphate for the treatment of early ovarian cancer. PMID- 6650613 TI - Cortical blindness as the initial symptom in severe preeclampsia. PMID- 6650614 TI - The intrauterine treatment of fetal cardiac failure in a twin pregnancy with an acardiac, acephalic monster. PMID- 6650615 TI - Endometrial adenocarcinoma and the Stein-Leventhal syndrome. PMID- 6650616 TI - Campylobacter enteritis: prenatal and perinatal implications. PMID- 6650618 TI - Reproductive and fetal rights: a philosophical ideal or practical necessity? PMID- 6650617 TI - Furosemide (Lasix) challenge test in assessing bilateral fetal hydronephrosis. PMID- 6650619 TI - Ogilvie's syndrome in the post-cesarean section patient. PMID- 6650620 TI - Efficacy of antenatal steroids. PMID- 6650621 TI - Problems of sample size and selection in analyses of pregnancy outcomes. PMID- 6650622 TI - Thermobiological assessment of benign and malignant breast diseases. AB - The recent technical and clinical advances in breast thermography are reviewed in this article. Emphasis is placed upon liquid crystal thermal imaging and computer assisted analysis of breast thermograms. New data are presented concerning the value of thermography for the early detection of mammary carcinomas, the identification of women at high risk of developing breast cancer, and the detection of cancer in fibrocystic breasts. PMID- 6650623 TI - Uterine tamponade for the control of acute uterine bleeding. AB - In the field of obstetrics, uterine packing has been used for many years to control postpartum hemorrhage. The control of acute hemorrhage from the nonpuerperal uterus is more difficult. Historically, curettage has been used, but when this fails, hysterectomy has often been a last resort. We have used a Foley catheter inserted into the uterine cavity in 20 patients for the control of acute, profuse uterine hemorrhage. The procedure was completely successful in 17 patients and partially successful in two patients. Failure to control bleeding occurred in one patient. The procedure requires no special expertise or extraordinary equipment. Anesthesia is not required. The procedure involves filling the uterine cavity and the cervical canal with enough pressure to cause immediate tamponade between the Foley catheter balloon and the semirigid uterine wall. The catheter is left in place from several hours to 2 days, depending on the etiology of the hemorrhage. There were no complications attributable to this form of uterine tamponade. PMID- 6650624 TI - Detection of postmenopausal women at risk for endometrial carcinoma by a progesterone challenge test. AB - Currently, there exists no convenient, inexpensive screening test for the detection of postmenopausal women at risk for developing adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. After the administration of a progesterone challenge test (PCT) to asymptomatic postmenopausal women, the presence or absence of withdrawal bleeding may aid in detecting premalignant lesions of the endometrium. Of 30 such women who had endometrial sampling followed by a PCT, 25 had no withdrawal bleeding and all had nonpathologic histology. Five patients exhibited withdrawal bleeding. Of these five, three had unsuspected adenomatous hyperplasia (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that a PCT may be a reliable screening test for detecting those women at greater risk for developing endometrial hyperplasia or adenocarcinoma. PMID- 6650625 TI - Five years' experience of intrauterine contraception with the Nova-T and the Copper-T-200. AB - A randomized study was performed for the comparison of two copper-releasing intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs), the Nova-T and the Copper-T-200, simultaneously in Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Five years' experience demonstrated that Nova-T users had a significantly lower pregnancy rate than Copper-T-200 users. The Pearl index over 5 years was 0.8 for Nova-T users and 2.0 for Copper-T users. The performance and tolerance of the Nova-T were less affected by parity and age than was the performance of the Copper-T. Infections were treated by removal of the device and with antibiotics. The cumulative rate of removals because of infections and suspected infections was below 5 with both devices over 5 years. The copper wire in the Nova-T has a silver core which prevents corrosion-induced fragmentation of the wire. Hence, the effective lifetime of this device is more than 5 years. The results indicate that the Nova T, which is easy to insert and remove and is associated with a low pregnancy rate and a low medical termination rate, is a real improvement over other IUDs. PMID- 6650626 TI - Endocrinologic events in early pregnancy failure. AB - Fourteen women experiencing early pregnancy failure have been studied during the time of conception and at frequent intervals until spontaneous abortion occurred. Serial measurements of serum estradiol, progesterone, 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone, prolactin, human placental lactogen (hPL), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were determined; regular sonar scanning allowed the time of fetal death to be determined to within 7 days in six patients and a diagnosis of blighted ovum to be made in the remainder. In all patients serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations were within the normal range up to 7 weeks but appeared to decrease from about 8 weeks' gestation whether or not a living fetus was present. The placenta continued to produce hCG and hPL but, despite the continuing presence of hCG, the levels of 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone declined to concentrations below those associated with normal pregnancy. These data suggest that the placenta may require a particular stimulus to take over production of progesterone and estradiol. PMID- 6650627 TI - A longitudinal study of changes in aerobic fitness, body composition, and energy intake in primigravid patients. AB - Sixteen primigravid patients were studied on four occasions (once in each trimester and again at 4 weeks' post partum) for predicted VO2 max (Canadian Home Fitness Test), body weight, and percentage of body fat (skin folds) and caloric intake (3 day food diary). The VO2 max declined significantly from first to second to third trimester and rose post partum to the second-trimester level. Energy intake was constant but body weight and fat rose progressively until after birth. When subjects were divided into "fit" (n = 8) and "unfit" (n = 8) groups, the fit group had significantly greater VO2 max, lower heart rate and diastolic pressure, and less body fat. These differences were not present at third trimester but were present again in the postpartum data. There were no differences in delivery or neonatal data. PMID- 6650628 TI - The relationship of maternal antibody levels to post-cesarean section endometritis. AB - One hundred eight pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody levels were determined by radioimmunoassay preoperatively in 18 patients who underwent elective repeat cesarean section. Eight patients developed post-cesarean section endometritis, and 10 did not. The endometritis group did not vary significantly from the noninfected group in preoperative hematocrit, social status, number of previous pregnancies, maternal and newborn weights, length of operation, and Apgar scores. Mean antibody levels in the endometritis group were significantly lower than those in the control group (49 versus 103 ng/ml; p less than 0.05). Mean antibody levels for the six serotypes in the endometritis group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p less than 0.05). This study indicated that a healthy maternal immune system may play an important role in preventing post cesarean section morbidity. Pneumococcal polysaccharide antibody levels may be used in pregnancy to assess the risk for post-cesarean section infections. PMID- 6650629 TI - Lack of association between contraceptive usage and congenital malformations in offspring. AB - Previous reports have linked the use of oral contraceptives and spermicides to the occurrence of malformations in offspring. With information from 12,440 women interviewed during the delivery hospitalization, we found no relationship between contraceptive method and the occurrence of malformations. Whereas any unnecessary drug should be avoided during pregnancy, prior contraceptive method seems to be unrelated to the risk of congenital malformations. PMID- 6650630 TI - Intrauterine and extrauterine growth of cranial perimeter in term and preterm infants. A longitudinal study. AB - In this study a cranial perimeter curve was established from 13 weeks of gestation to 6 months of postnatal life. Thirty cases were studied. The intrauterine section of the curve was derived from data obtained weekly by echography. The tenth and fiftieth percentiles of fetal measurements were greater than those described by other authors, who established intrauterine growth curves with data obtained after pretermed delivery. This pattern was used to assess the cranial perimeter growth to six months of corrected age in 48 preterm neonates of appropriate weight. Their values were below the standard at birth, reaching the normal measures on the expected date of confinement. PMID- 6650631 TI - The effect of caffeine on placental and fetal blood flow in human pregnancy. AB - The effects of maternal ingestion of two cups of coffee were investigated in 20 pregnancies during the last trimester. Maternal serum caffeine and epinephrine concentrations after 30 minutes were significantly elevated as compared with the fasting values (p less than 0.01). The intervillous placental blood flow decreased almost significantly (p less than 0.05). The fetal umbilical vein blood flow was unchanged. In patients with hypertensive pregnancy in the series there was reduced intervillous blood flow initially, and these values did not change after the maternal caffeine intake. The decrease of placental blood supply and increased maternal serum epinephrine levels associated with maternal coffee ingestion may be potential perinatologic risks, and more investigation about caffeine effects in human pregnancy is needed. PMID- 6650632 TI - Perinatal heart rate variability and circulatory adaptation in association with normal labor and after elective cesarean section. AB - Heart rate variability and basal hemodynamic parameters were studied in connection with 20 normal deliveries and after 16 elective cesarean sections. Eight of the cesarean sections were performed with the use of maternal barbiturate anesthesia and eight with the use of epidural blockade. The interval index describing the long-term variability and the differential index describing the short-term variability of the heart rate were measured continuously from 10 minute samples of a direct fetal electrocardiogram and a neonatal electrocardiogram of the infants by a microprocessor-based system. In association with normal labor, significant increases in both indices of variability were observed during the second stage of labor and during the first 2 hours of extrauterine life. After elective cesarean section both indices of neonatal heart rate variability remained significantly lower than those after normal labor. However, a significant increase was observed in the differential index of the infants delivered with the use of epidural blockade. During the neonatal period, simultaneous recordings of basal heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and rectal and heel temperatures were made at 10-minute intervals. The basal neonatal heart rate was significantly higher in both cesarean section subgroups compared with that after normal labor. A significant decrease in basal neonatal heart rate during the second hour of life was observed after normal labor and after cesarean section with the use of epidural blockade. Systolic blood pressures in newborn infants delivered with the use of maternal epidural blockade were equal to those after normal labor, but higher than those after cesarean section with barbiturate anesthesia. Newborn infants after elective cesarean section had significantly lower diastolic blood pressures than infants delivered normally, but there was no difference in the diastolic blood pressures between the two cesarean section subgroups. The infants delivered vaginally had lower heel temperatures than those delivered abdominally. According to the present study, the neonatal circulatory adaptation after elective cesarean section is different from that after normal delivery; however, the neonatal hemodynamics after cesarean section with epidural blockade more closely resemble the situation after normal labor. PMID- 6650633 TI - The use of intrapartum fetal blood lactate measurements for the early diagnosis of fetal distress. AB - Lactate concentrations were measured during labor and at delivery in blood samples from the fetal presenting part and from the umbilical cord with the use of a rapid electrochemical technique. The value of these measurements to discriminate between normal and distressed fetuses was compared to that of pH, base excess, PCO2 and PO2 measurements in the same blood samples. The fetuses were divided into three groups, normal, prepathologic, and pathologic, according to the presence and severity of fetal distress as evaluated by Apgar score, intrapartum cardiotocography, meconium staining of the amniotic fluid, and cord arterial pH at birth. Lactate and pH provided the best parameters to distinguish between groups, with lactate having the most discriminating power at least in early labor and midlabor. The prospective value of discriminant functions derived from lactate and pH data was good when the fetuses were allocated into the normal group but poor when an attempt was made to allocate the fetuses into prepathologic and pathologic groups, with a high false negative rate. However, the discriminating ability was improved when prepathologic and pathologic fetuses were included into one single abnormal group. These results confirm the potential use of rapid fetal blood lactate measurements for the early diagnosis of intrapartum fetal distress. PMID- 6650634 TI - Ontogeny of human fetal plasma progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, and deoxycorticosterone sulfate. AB - The concentrations of progesterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), and deoxycorticosterone sulfate (DOC-SO4) were determined in mixed umbilical cord plasma of abortuses and newborn infants delivered between 18 and 42 weeks' gestation. A wide range of values among individual samples was found for progesterone (224 to 2,152 ng/ml), DOC (1.6 to 10.4 ng/ml), and DOC-SO4 (17 to 154 ng/ml). Levels of progesterone and DOC in mixed umbilical cord plasma were not correlated; those of DOC and DOC-SO4 were positively correlated significantly (r = 0.3945, P less than 0.001). Whereas the mean plasma levels of DOC were similar throughout gestation, significant variation, as a function of gestational age, was found for progesterone and DOC-SO4, with levels of these steroids generally being higher near term than earlier in gestation. The administration of glucocorticosteroids to the mother resulted in a significant decrease (p less than 0.001) in plasma concentrations of DOC and DOC-SO4 in the newborn infant; levels of progesterone in umbilical cord plasma were not affected by maternal glucocorticosteroid treatment. These results suggest that the fetal adrenal glands play a direct, or possibly an indirect, role in the production of the DOC and DOC-SO4 that is present in the fetal compartment. In addition, since fetal plasma levels of progesterone are quite high throughout gestation, the potential exists for circulating progesterone to serve as a precursor for adrenal and extra adrenal production of DOC and DOC-SO4. PMID- 6650635 TI - Cerebral palsy and mental retardation in relation to indicators of perinatal asphyxia. An epidemiologic overview. AB - Although intrapartum asphyxia is established as an important cause of perinatal loss, there is little consensus as to how much of the burden of neurologic handicap in the community is attributable to intrapartum and neonatal asphyxia, as measured clinically. A review of the available epidemiologic information suggests that the role of perinatal events in the genesis of severe mental retardation and cerebral palsy is not as large as popularly thought. Of all neurologic handicaps, cerebral palsy bears the closest relationship to adverse perinatal events, but at least 50% of all cases have no documented depression at the time of birth. No more than 15% of severe mental retardation can be attributed to perinatal events. Severe mental retardation without cerebral palsy does not appear to be attributable to birth asphyxia. The majority of even quite severely asphyxiated babies suffer no detectable neurologic or intellectual sequelae. These epidemiologic observations suggest that resuscitative efforts in mature newborn infants ought not to be too quickly abandoned for fear of late sequelae. At the same time, obstetric intervention based solely on concern for later neurologic development cannot be justified. The most appropriate justification for antenatal and intrapartum monitoring of fetal condition are the established associations of indicators of fetal asphyxia with fetal and neonatal death, and with morbidity in the neonatal period. PMID- 6650636 TI - Fetal heart rate monitoring. PMID- 6650637 TI - Intrauterine incarcerated bowel following uterine perforation during an abortion: a case report. PMID- 6650638 TI - Disposition of radioactivity following intravaginal administration of 3H miconazole nitrate. PMID- 6650639 TI - Early spontaneous rupture of the gravid uterus. PMID- 6650640 TI - A new serologic diagnostic method for malignant ovarian germ cell tumors: detection of antibodies to large glycopeptides. PMID- 6650641 TI - Effects of amniotomy on fetal heart rate variability during labor. PMID- 6650642 TI - Parasitic etiology for preeclampsia: fact or artifact? PMID- 6650643 TI - Bendectin and pyloric stenosis in infants. PMID- 6650644 TI - Amniotic fluid embolism. PMID- 6650645 TI - Nationally speaking. Efficacy data project. PMID- 6650646 TI - Recovery trends of functional skills in the head-injured adult. AB - This study describes the course of the recovery of functional skills in adults with severe head injuries during a 2-year period. Eighty head-injured patients admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit were included in this study. Length of coma could be ascertained for 78 of the patients. These subjects were then divided into two groups by coma length (i.e., less than or equal to 14 days coma and greater than or equal to 15 days coma) as defined by the Glasgow Coma Scale. All 80 patients were rated at 2-, 4-, 6-, 12-, and 24-month intervals after reported date of injury in the following areas: Basic ADLs (feeding, grooming, bed mobility), Wheelchair Mobility, Dressing, Functional Transfers, Basic Hand Skills, Community Skills, Kitchen Skills, and Jebsen Hand Function. Results illustrated improvement over time in mean scores for all areas evaluated up to 2 years post-injury for both coma groups. The shorter coma group appeared initially less disabled, improved more rapidly, and exhibited significantly less disability on these measures at 1-year post-injury than the longer coma group. Frequency distributions of all patients at the 2-month and 1-year time frame supported the recovery trends and also indicated that the majority of clients improved in functional areas over time despite extensive coma lengths. Chi-square analysis of all patients indicated that the amount of change in mean scores between 2 months and 12 months post-injury was statistically significant for all variables and that the amount of change in mean scores between 6 months and 12 months post injury was also significant for seven variables.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650647 TI - Decreasing drooling through techniques to facilitate mouth closure. AB - A single case ABA experimental design is presented in which techniques to facilitate mouth closure were hypothesized to decrease drooling. The subject was an 11-year-old male with mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Baseline 1 consisted of 10 half-hour sessions of play, followed by 1-hour periods during which the amount of saliva collected on an absorbent bib was measured and recorded. The subsequent treatment phase of 4 weeks was identical to the baseline except that a half-hour period of intervention was substituted for the half-hour of play. Intervention involved providing jaw control with intermittent tapping and jiggling, stroking the upper gum, and giving juice with jaw control. Baseline 2 consisted of 10 sessions identical to baseline 1. Results indicate that the amount of saliva leaving the mouth was a function of the presence or absence of intervention. PMID- 6650649 TI - Adaptations for independent use of cassette tape recorder/radio by high-level quadriplegic patients. PMID- 6650648 TI - Assessment and training of brain-damaged drivers. AB - This paper describes a driving assessment and training program that is primarily for patients discharged from the hospital and who may be experiencing residual impairment from some form of brain damage. Assessment is carried out by an occupational therapist and consists of several off-road tests (vision, reaction timing, computerized preview tracking test, general medical/psychological appraisal), and an on-road test. More than 300 patients have been seen since the program's inception in 1977, and trends indicated by their assessment results are: twice as many male as female referrals; a low fail rate among nonbrain involved patients; diagnosis as a poor predictor of outcome; no significant difference between fail rates of right and left stroke patients; significant difference in average tracking task performance between the Pass, Borderline, and Fail assessment groups. Off-road testing complements, rather than replaces, on road testing. Thirty-eight of the 300 patients were given special training, and 15 of these were unable to reach an acceptable level. This reflects a difficulty in predicting the outcome of unlicensed patients with severe disabilities. PMID- 6650650 TI - NDT study raises concerns. PMID- 6650651 TI - American Academy of Optometry annual meeting. Houston, Texas, December 10-13, 1983. PMID- 6650652 TI - Comparative monocular brightness contributions in normal binocular observers. AB - In order to find out whether equal monocular light stimuli result in equal monocular brightness sensations in normal binocular observers, one-half of a bipartite field presented to one eye was matched to the other half seen by the opposite eye while a binocular surrounding field maintained constant adaptation. Ratios of monocular luminances required for brightness matches showed an overall average mismatch of 2% (SD = 2) in 12 subjects. This value is significant at the 0.01 level, and only one subject showed a mismatch greater than 6% (more than 2 SD from the mean). It is concluded that about two-thirds of normal binocular observers would be expected to show monocular contributions to brightness that match each other within 4% or better. PMID- 6650654 TI - Use of a ready signal in accommodation assessment. AB - The usual procedure in making laser optometer measurements of accommodation is to precede each trial with a ready signal. Given previous findings that stress, arousal, attention, etc., can influence accommodation and related phenomena, the question arises as to whether such a ready signal might induce some form of orientation response reflected in alterations of accommodation. Dark focus (DF) accommodation (accommodation in total darkness) was assessed in 26 young adults (13 males and 13 females) under two conditions, one of which involved the use of a ready signal and the other did not. Analyses showed that the presence or absence of the ready signal had no differential impact on accommodation. PMID- 6650653 TI - Menstrual cycle variations of corneal topography and thickness. AB - Two studies were performed to investigate dimensional stability of the cornea throughout the female menstrual cycle. In the first study, changes of corneal curvature, topography, and thickness were measured for six women for one complete menstrual cycle. Steepening of horizontal and vertical curvatures occurred at the beginning of the cycle, and flattening occurred after ovulation. Corneal thickening occurred on the second day of the cycle and around the time of ovulation, then thinning and another slight thickening on day 21. In the second study, more detailed information was sought on the timing of corneal thickness changes throughout any cycle. Corneal thickness was studied for two subjects throughout three consecutive cycles. Both subjects showed a slight decrease in thickness toward the end of the menses; thickening occurred at ovulation followed by thinning. Thickening also occurred 4 days after ovulation. Consideration of changes in urine levels of estrogen and pregnanediol suggests that rises in estrogen are accompanied by increases in corneal thickness. PMID- 6650655 TI - Aspheric high positive power lenses and third order theory. AB - To correct third order (primary) oblique astigmatism of thin spectacle lenses outside an approximate lens power range of -22 D to +7 D, one surface must be aspherized. Aspherizing is of particular importance in the high positive power range used for the correction of aphakia. Graphs are presented showing the required front surface asphericities and power drops required to correct oblique astigmatism in this range. The results are a guide to the required asphericities in thick lenses. PMID- 6650656 TI - Optical characteristics of Transpaseal as a partial occluder. AB - The acuity degradation produced by Transpaseal, a typical adhesive scattering material applied to spectacle lenses to produce partial occlusion during orthoptic treatment, is studied by measuring the angular characteristics of the scattering and its effect upon the visual contrast sensitivity function. Whereas in general the material acts as a low-pass spatial frequency filter, it is shown that the scattering function is not symmetrical and hence that the visual degradation produced varies with the orientation of the detail observed. PMID- 6650657 TI - An analysis of the papers presented at the annual meetings of the American Academy of Optometry for the last twelve years. AB - The papers read at the annual meetings of the American Academy of Optometry by representatives from the schools of optometry for the last 12 years were analyzed. We tabulated the papers presented in the Sections and in the General Program. Topics were subdivided into binocular vision, ocular health, contact lenses, optics and refraction, etc. Some schools maintained a consistent level over the years whereas others varied in the number of papers read at the Academy meetings. The emphasis of some schools of optometry on certain fields of optometry became apparent. PMID- 6650659 TI - Tubulointerstitial inflammation, cast formation, and renal parenchymal damage in experimental pyelonephritis. AB - Some basic changes in experimental pyelonephritis were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscope. Initially, bacteria settled and multiplied in capillaries and venules. Leukocytes first marginated and then escaped from the capillaries, particularly to the wide peritubular interstitium. After opening the tubular basement membrane, the infiltrating leukocytes were immediately localized in the tubular wall between epithelial cells but were never seen between the epithelial cells and the underlying basement membrane. The inflammatory cells seemed not to be able to pass through the tight junctions of the nonnecrotic tubular epithelium. As a consequence of severe inflammatory injury, the tight junctions exhibited alterations of intermediate junction type. Where circumscribed necrosis of the tubular walls occurred, leukocytes appeared in the lumen. Thus, pus casts originated from these sites, apparently as drainage of interstitial abscesses. The secondary/regressive and regenerative/tubular changes were similar to those occurring after various tubular lesions. PMID- 6650658 TI - Enhanced tumorigenicity of cloned UV-regressor tumor lines following selected in vivo and in vitro manipulations. AB - Passage of cloned ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced fibrosarcomas with regressor phenotype through 500-rad-irradiated syngeneic mice resulted in their conversion to transplantable progressor tumors. A similar conversion in tumorigenic phenotype (regressor leads to progressor) was found to be inducible in vitro by coculturing a cloned regressor tumor with normal splenocytes, but not with splenocytes from tumor-immune or UV-irradiated animals. Recloning of regressor and converted progressor tumor lines yielded regressor and progressor phenotype subclones, respectively, suggesting a degree of stability in their growth phenotype. Although all of the cloned progressor tumors tested were found to be cross-reactive with related regressor tumor lines, suggesting that related clones share a similar tumor-specific transplantation antigen, the progressor clones appeared to be less immunogenic than the regressor clones. Potential mechanisms that influence this conversion in tumorigenic phenotype are discussed. PMID- 6650660 TI - The rapid induction of liver cell death in rats fed a choline-deficient methionine-low diet. AB - This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the basis for the cell proliferation seen in the livers of rats fed a choline-deficient methionine-low (CMD) diet is regeneration following hepatocyte cell death and necrosis. Exposure of rats to a CMD diet for 2 weeks was found to induce liver cell loss and necrosis as monitored by three different approaches: 1) histologic examination, 2) serum sorbitol dehydrogenase assay, and 3) measurement of the total radioactivity in liver DNA prelabeled during a prior period of regeneration. These observations suggest that the basis for liver cell proliferation in rats fed a CMD diet probably resides in the cell loss and necrosis induced in the liver by the deficient diet. PMID- 6650661 TI - Lead and liver cell proliferation. Effect of repeated administrations. AB - The effect of repeated treatments with lead on hepatic cell proliferation was investigated in male Wistar rats. The animals were given intravenous injections of lead nitrate once every 10 days for 30 and 80 days. At the end of the experimental regimen, enlargement of the liver, accompanied by an increase in hepatic DNA content, was observed. A significant enhancement in the incorporation of labeled thymidine into hepatic DNA was found in lead-treated rats at the time intervals mentioned above, when compared with controls. An increase in the number of liver cells involved in mitosis was also observed in lead-treated animals. Analysis of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and histologic observations did not show any sign of cell death at the time points examined. These results indicate that liver cells exposed to repeated treatments with lead undergo proliferation. However, a progressive reduction in the capacity of hepatic cells to divide was found in rats given repeated administrations of the metal, when compared with the extent of cell proliferation induced by a single dose of lead nitrate. PMID- 6650662 TI - Scanning electron microscopic examination of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and congestion in mice. AB - Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and associated hepatic congestion were investigated by scanning and correlative transmission electron microscopy. Acetaminophen (750 mg/kg orally) causes changes in cell surface morphology and the relationship between hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells. There is endocytic vacuolation at lateral and sinusoidal margins of centrilobular hepatocytes, loss of microvilli, Disse space enlargement, dilation of bile canaliculi, and disappearance of the studlike projections from hepatocyte lateral surfaces. Erythrocytes enter the enlarged Disse space and endocytic vacuoles via enlarged pores in sinusoidal lining cells, thereby collapsing the sinusoids. Lining cells are not lost, but apparently held in position by preservation of intercellular junctions, cytoplasmic projections from hepatocytes, and anchorage by fat-storing cells within the Disse space. Congestion can abate by 24 hours, indicating that erythrocytes can return to the general circulation from the Disse space. PMID- 6650663 TI - Alveolar epithelial lesions induced by angiotensin in rabbit lungs. AB - We slowly administered a bolus of 10 micrograms/kg of angiotensin II in saline to anesthetized rabbits. Their lungs are fixed by vascular perfusion of fixatives 2 3 minutes after the end of the infusion. Electron-microscopic examination of the lung parenchyma did not reveal signs of hemodynamic edema, but several epithelial alterations were observed that could be interpreted as the result of incorporation of plasmalemmal vesicles into the plasma membrane: these included undulating membrane profiles, transcellular channels formed by coalescing vesicles, and/or deep infoldings of the cell membrane. These appear to have the capability of causing demarcations in the cellular cytoplasm of Type I epithelial cells, which result in cell fractionation and localized destruction of the squamous alveolar epithelium, which leads to denudation of the basement membrane from the air side. These epithelial lesions were often associated with intracapillary platelet-fibrin aggregates, and cell destruction was most apparent in the presence of substantial amounts of fibrin. Morphologic signs of damage of the capillary endothelial cells existed but were less pronounced; in particular, there was no endothelial denudation under the platelet aggregates. PMID- 6650664 TI - Studies on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. I. Adhesion and emigration of mononuclear cells in the aorta of hypercholesterolemic rats. AB - In rats with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia, two concomitant changes began to occur within 1 week and persisted for 1 year: an increase in total plasma cholesterol and an increase in the number of mononuclear cells adhering to the aortic intima (up to values 50 times normal). Adherent cells were approximately 90% monocytes and approximately 10% lymphocytes. Adhesion was focal, with some preference for ostia of aortic branches; it was followed by migration into the subendothelial space. The subendothelial monocytes/macrophages progressively became foam cells, thus giving rise to microscopic "fatty streaks." Ultimately, typical atherosclerotic plaques were formed. Four possible mechanisms of increased cell adhesion are suggested. Endothelial changes were mild; myelin figures arising from the endothelial surface were seen by electron microscopy. Endothelial denudation was never observed, neither in light-microscopic preparations stained with AgNO3 nor by ultrastructure. Platelet participation was minimal. It is concluded that in this model atherosclerotic plaques are initiated by mononuclear cell adhesion and emigration; endothelial denudation is not a necessary step in their pathogenesis. PMID- 6650665 TI - Modification of pancreatic carcinogenesis in the hamster model. 6. The effect of ductal ligation and excision. AB - The effect of ligation and excision of the pancreatic duct in pancreatic carcinogenesis was examined in the hamster model. Animals were treated with a single dose (20 mg/kg body weight) of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) either immediately (Group 1) or on Days 1 (Group 2), 3 (Group 3) or 7 (Group 4) after ligation and excision of the duct of the splenic lobe. Group 5 received BOP shortly after laparoscopy, and Group 6 consisted of BOP-treated controls. All hamsters were killed 46 weeks after BOP treatment. The results showed that despite advanced atrophy of the splenic lobe distal to the excised duct in Groups 1-4, some hamsters in Groups 2, 3, and 4 showed hyperplasia, dysplasia, and increased mitotic activities of ductal and ductular cells. However, carcinomas in the duct-excised atrophic lobe were found only in Groups 1-3. These data indicate that BOP carcinogenesis is mediated through blood circulation, and that cancer development is not inhibited in the duct-excised lobe for up to 3 days after surgery. However, in the entire pancreas, a significant reduction in tumor incidence was seen when the carcinogen was given immediately, or to a lesser extent, 1 day after surgery, regardless of whether or not excision was made. On the contrary, BOP, when given 3 and 7 days after duct excision, enhanced tumor development in the nonexcised (intact) pancreas, compared with other test groups and with BOP controls. Both inhibition and enhancement seemed due to a proportional decrease and increase, respectively, of BOP-responsive cells throughout the intact pancreas. PMID- 6650667 TI - The perilymphatic fistula. AB - This study attempts to establish clinical criteria that would enable physicians to decide which patients with sudden cochlear and vestibular symptoms should be explored surgically in search of a perilymphatic fistula, in the absence of history indicating trauma to the inner ears. For this purpose, we studied forty five patients whom we operated on because of suspected perilymphatic fistulas. The patients were into two groups: Group A (twenty patients) had previously undergone stapedectomy. Group B (twenty-five patients) had not undergone surgery in the past. Most of our patients experienced a rather acute onset of vertigo, unsteadiness, hearing loss, and tinnitus. We found no significant difference in the symptoms or signs between the patients who had a fistula and those in whom a fistula was not found, nor between those who underwent stapedectomy previously and those who did not. Most of the patients in Group B (75 percent) with fistula did, however, have a history of some stress or trauma preceding the sudden onset of symptoms. Yet some did not. We had three patients with no such history, nor had they undergone a previous stapedectomy. Basically, we are left with a dilemma: whether or not to explore a particular ear with appropriate symptoms and signs but without a traumatic history--knowing that about a quarter of these patients may have a perilymphatic fistula. PMID- 6650666 TI - Menetrier's disease. Pre-Type II and Type II ostertagiosis in cattle. PMID- 6650668 TI - Uptake and transport of exogenous macromolecules from the tongue to the facial nerve complex in the rat. AB - According to a current theory about the pathogenesis of Bell's palsy, the motorfibers of the facial nerve are affected by a viral neuropathy, transmitted to the facial nerve via the axons of the chorda tympani nerve. We have used horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to test to what extent and under what conditions uptake and transport of macromolecules can take place from the tongue. When HRP was applied directly onto the mucosa, no labeling was observed. However, when applied to localized superficial lesions of the epithelium or injected into the tongue, HRP is transported retrogradely to the geniculate and trigeminal ganglia, superior salivatory and hypoglossal nuclei. Injection of HRP resulted in many more labelled cells as well as fiber labeling in the peripheral nerves, in the solitary and spinal trigeminal nuclei. The findings show that even after a minor superficial lesion in the tongue, exogenous macromolecules are taken up and transported to the intratemporal portion of the facial nerve as well as other cranial nerves. These findings are compatible with the theory that Bell's palsy is a neuropathy caused by neurotropic viruses spread via the chorda tympani. PMID- 6650669 TI - Hemangioma of the external auditory canal. AB - Hemangiomas involving the posterior bony external auditory canal and adjacent tympanic membrane, although rare, do appear to be a specific disease entity of the human external auditory canal. To date it has been reported in two males in their sixth decade of life. This third case in the world literature, which is reported here, appears to confirm the original description of Freedman and colleagues in 1972. Total surgical excision with tympanic membrane grafting appears to be effective in removal of this benign neoplasm. PMID- 6650670 TI - Doctors' discussion. PMID- 6650671 TI - The Medical University of South Carolina Otolaryngology Training Program. PMID- 6650672 TI - Post-otitis media with a facial paralysis, complete loss of electrical response, and no recovery of facial function. PMID- 6650673 TI - Structural treatment approach for families in crisis. A challenge to rehabilitation. AB - Disability is viewed as a crisis occurring within the context of the family. Its impact on family structure can be understood through the study of transactional patterns and communication of the family system. Crisis is defined as a challenge to the system for which the usual transactional patterns are ineffective. The crisis of disability provides the family system with an opportunity to modify its structure, developing new and more effective patterns of interaction. The opportunity for family development may be realized through a structural family treatment approach. The origins of this conceptualization are reviewed. Clinical material is used to exemplify aspects of family assessment and treatment. PMID- 6650674 TI - Linear and non-linear surface EMG/force relationships in human muscles. An anatomical/functional argument for the existence of both. AB - The EMG/force relations of various human muscles were examined over the full isometric force range using uniform experimental methods. The muscles chosen reflected varying fiber composition, fiber distribution and force generating patterns (recruitment/frequency coding). Our results generally suggest linear relations for muscles of near uniform fiber composition. Non-linear relations were obtained from muscles of mixed fiber composition. The non-linearity persisted despite variations in recording configuration, electrode placement and limb position. These were suggested by others to account for the lack of linearity in the basic EMG/force relation. The roles of uneven fiber distribution, motor unit potential amplitudes and possible supratetanic motor unit driving are discussed within the context of muscle force generating mechanisms as possible explanations for non-linear EMG/force relations. PMID- 6650675 TI - Smoking, spasticity and pressure sores in spinal cord injured patients. AB - The most important factors for the formation of pressure sores are sufficient pressure for an adequate period of time. Many investigators have shown that psycho-social factors are also associated with pressure sores. We investigated other factors that may relate to higher incidence and more extensive pressure sores. Seventeen paraplegics and 21 quadriplegics were clinically examined regarding the degree of spasticity and the size of their pressure sores were measured. They were interviewed for cigarette smoking habit, the presence of help in skin care and their employment or educational activities. Body weight was obtained and the types of wheelchair cushion used were inspected. The result shows that patients with more pack-years of smoking habit had higher incidence and more extensive pressure sores. Other variables such as level of spinal cord injury, completeness of neurological lesion, the availability of help in skin care, the presence of employment or educational activities, spasticity, and body weight were not associated with pressure sores. The types of wheelchair cushion used by our patients did not correlate to the incidence of pressure sores. In addition, cigarette smoking did not decrease spasticity in our patients. PMID- 6650676 TI - Inbreeding effects on dental morphometrics in Papio hamadryas. AB - The dentition of nonhuman primates (Papio hamadryas) was utilized to investigate the hypothesis that inbreeding will affect mean tooth size and shape. More than five hundred dental casts were collected from baboons at the Institute of Experimental Pathology and Therapy in Sukhumi, USSR. In addition, inbreeding coefficients for each monkey were obtained from pedigree records, some going back seven to nine generations. Each tooth was measured and scored for the presence of discrete morphological structures. Inbred and outbred groups were differentiated and divided by sex. Statistical analysis shows that for the most part inbred monkeys exhibit larger teeth than outbred monkeys, in both male and female groups. When the tooth area of inbreds was compared to that of outbreds, the differences were significant. However, there were no significant differences in frequency of discrete traits. Therefore, it can be concluded that primate dentition is affected by inbreeding, although dental metrics is a more sensitive indicator than morphology. PMID- 6650677 TI - The measurement of form and variation in form: an application of three dimensional quantitative morphology by finite-element methods. AB - D'Arcy Thompson developed a method of coordinates which allowed for a geometrical presentation of form and form change. While his grid transformations have received much attention, little work in the geometry of form and form change has occurred since. We present a three-dimensional nonhomogeneous finite-element scaling method which allows for the mathematical and geometrical measurement of form change in addition to the graphical representation of these deformations as D'Arcy Thompson grids. This allows a reconciliation between geometrical and statistical methods for analyzing form. The method involves quantification of the transformation of one form into another in three dimensions without special registration and contains algorithms for obtaining a mean form. The method is applied to an analysis of variation in cranial form among adult male rhesus macaques from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection. Variation was greatest in the superior-inferior direction, followed by the anterior-posterior and medial lateral directions. The upper facial region is particularly variable. An analysis of allometry relative to local size variation shows that the larger any particular region is, the relatively greater its height, narrower its width, and shorter its length. An analysis of allometry relative to overall size showed that the upper face is positively allometric, the occipital region is strongly negatively allometric, and the other regions are isometric. After within-group variation is characterized, as described here, between-group studies, such as growth series and phylogenetic series, can be performed. PMID- 6650678 TI - Cortical bone growth and dietary stress among subadults from Nubia's Batn El Hajar. AB - Cortical bone growth is analyzed for 174 children from a Medieval Christian population at Kulubnarti in the Batn el Hajar of Sudanese Nubia (550-1450 AD). Using the tibia as a representative long bone, total subperiosteal area, cortical area, medullary area, and percent cortical area at midshaft were calculated. While growth in total and cortical areas, as well as in length, appear to be fairly well maintained, percent cortical area reveals unusual growth patterns which reflect excessive endosteal resorption. Compared to the relative reduction in bone mass which has been observed in malnourished living children, as well as with previously reported evidence for stress in the Kulubnarti population, the present data support an interpretation of nutritionally related stress and of no major diachronic dietary change. PMID- 6650679 TI - Age and sequence of permanent-tooth emergence among Khasis. AB - The times and emergence of permanent teeth were ascertained by examining 1,263 Khasi children (615 males and 648 females), aged 5 to 15 years. Gingival emergence of the first 28 permanent teeth was recorded and the data were subjected to probit analysis to compute the mean (and standard deviation) emergence time of each individual tooth. Tooth emergence in females was markedly earlier than in males, and canines were most advanced in this respect. Females acquired all their teeth in shorter time span (5.5 years) than males (6.5 years). There were no decisive sex differences in the sequence of tooth emergence. The differences in emergence times between antimeres were statistically nonsignificant. The length of hiatus between two active emergence dental stages was shorter for the maxilla than for the mandible. It occurred between lateral incisor and first premolar in the maxilla of both the sexes, while in case of the mandible, it was spaced between lateral incisor and canine. The Khasis showed early emergence when compared to other populations. The findings support the earlier reports that the controls of deciduous-tooth emergence continue to play some part in emergence of the permanent dentition, especially the first permanent teeth that emerge. PMID- 6650680 TI - Skeletal maturity of Japanese children in Western Kyushu. AB - This paper describes the skeletal maturity status of Japanese children in Western Kyushu and its variation within Japanese populations. Hand-wrist skeletal maturity was assessed by the Tanner-Whitehouse (1975) (TW2) method from radiographs of 500 boys and 485 girls aged from 4 to 15 years. Western Kyushu children showed retarded skeletal maturity scores (RUS, carpals, and 20-bone) under the age of 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls, and thereafter they were advanced in relation to the British standard. Within Japanese populations the present sample showed delayed maturity compared to Tokyo children, but was close to that of Sapporo children throughout the age range studied. However, the expected effect of secular trend suggested skeletal maturity more advanced for Tokyo children and somewhat advanced one for Sapporo children compared to that of Western Kyushu children. PMID- 6650681 TI - Assessment of race from the pelvis. AB - Racial assessment of human postcranial skeletal remains has been a major concern for forensic and skeletal anthropologists. Materials (N = 400) of the present study are from the Terry Collection and consist of 100 black and white American pelves of both sex with known age and race. Measurements were taken from the articulated pelves. Results of discriminant function analysis indicate classificatory accuracy may be as high as 88%. Transverse pelvic breadth contributes more to the function than biiliac breadth and antero-posterior height. The females are more easily assessed racially than males. Although a highly reliable classification is produced, the results of the study should be employed with caution, as samples were of questionable nutritional status and of low socioeconomic class. PMID- 6650682 TI - Forelimb musculature and ligaments in Ateles, the spider monkey. AB - The forelimb anatomy of Ateles, the spider monkey, is a key factor in its locomotor adaptation because of its extensive use of bimanual suspensory locomotion in addition to climbing and quadrupedal walking (Mittermeier, 1978; and Fleagle and Mittermeier, 1980). The detailed description of the muscles and ligaments of the forelimb of Ateles provided in this paper can be of considerable use not only to primate morphologists interested in both extant and fossil primates but also to functional anatomists. All measurements were made on fresh, unembalmed specimens. Standard anatomical descriptions of the musculature, cross sectional areas of the muscles, dry weights of muscle bellies, and relative proportions of antagonistic muscles are reported as are the joint ligaments and potential range of motions of the joints. These anatomical data are compared briefly to published data on Alouatta, the howler monkey, which is predominantly a quadruped (Fleagle and Mittermeier, 1980; and Schon Ybarra, 1982). PMID- 6650683 TI - Chowchilla revisited: the effects of psychic trauma four years after a school-bus kidnapping. AB - A 4-year follow-up study of 25 school-bus kidnapping victims and one child who narrowly missed the experience revealed that every child exhibited posttraumatic effects. Symptom severity was related to the child's prior vulnerabilities, family pathology, and community bonding. Important new findings included pessimism about the future, belief in omens and prediction, memories of incorrect perceptions, thought suppression, shame, fear of reexperiencing traumatic anxiety, trauma-specific and mundane fears, posttraumatic play, behavioral reenactment, repetitions of psychophysiological disturbances that began with the kidnapping, repeated nightmares, and dreams of personal death. Brief treatment 5 13 months after the kidnapping did not prevent symptoms and signs 4 years later. PMID- 6650684 TI - A reconsideration of the relation of ventricular enlargement to duration of illness in schizophrenia. AB - The size of the ventricles of 19 young hospitalized patients with chronic schizophrenia was compared with that of 29 same-age control subjects. The patients had a slightly but significantly larger bicaudate ratio. Analysis of these results in the context of previous studies of ventricular size and schizophrenia suggests that, contrary to current views, there is a direct relationship between size of ventricles and duration of schizophrenic illness. The authors argue that the conflicting results of different studies of ventricular size and schizophrenia can be reconciled by postulating that both clinical schizophrenia and ventricular enlargement are overt signs of an underlying neuronal degeneration that is hereditary and progressive. PMID- 6650686 TI - A comparison of delusional disorders in women and men. AB - The authors compared delusional disorders in men and women and found that women have more frequent erotic and heterosexual delusions, more affective symptoms, and more interpersonal precipitants and that men have more delusions with a homosexual theme. Perhaps because of these differences in delusional content and affective symptoms, delusional women are more difficult to diagnose within the DSM-III nomenclature than are delusional men. The authors discuss these findings from psychodynamic, ethologic, and sociocultural perspectives and suggest ways of improving DSM-III to make it more representative of female patients. PMID- 6650685 TI - Misdiagnosis of schizophrenia in bipolar patients: a multiethnic comparison. AB - The records of 76 bipolar (DSM-III) patients were reviewed for a history of previous misdiagnosis of schizophrenia. Multivariate analyses identified three variables significantly associated with previous misdiagnosis--auditory hallucinations, early age at onset, and ethnicity. Ethnicity remained significantly associated with misdiagnosis of bipolar patients as schizophrenic even after all other significant variables were partialled out of the equation. It appears from these data that black and Hispanic (Puerto Rican) bipolar patients may be at a higher risk than whites for misdiagnosis as schizophrenic, particularly if they are young and experience auditory hallucinations during affective episodes. PMID- 6650687 TI - Prevalence of attention deficit disorder, residual type, and other psychiatric disorders in patients with irritable colon syndrome. AB - On the basis of the observations that chronic nonspecific diarrhea is a precursor of irritable colon syndrome and that chronic nonspecific diarrhea is associated with attention deficit disorder in childhood, the authors conducted a psychiatric diagnostic evaluation of 22 adults with irritable colon syndrome. Six (27%) of the patients received a diagnosis of attention deficit disorder, residual type, six (27%) were diagnosed as having dysthymic disorder, and five (23%) had had episodes of unipolar depression. The relationship between the presence of these disorders and greater severity of irritable colon syndrome was statistically significant. PMID- 6650688 TI - Adult psychiatric disorders in psychiatrically ill young adolescents. AB - Adolescents aged 12-15 years, randomly selected from a psychiatric outpatient clinic, psychiatric consultation service, and general pediatric outpatient clinic, were given a complete psychiatric evaluation and structured diagnostic interview. Of 121 subjects studied, 100 satisfied Rutter and associates' criteria for a childhood psychiatric disorder. When these subjects were rediagnosed according to Feighner and associates' research diagnostic criteria (similar to DSM-III criteria), 52 fulfilled the criteria for an adult disorder. Diagnoses included antisocial personality, hysteria, schizophrenia, depression, mental retardation, anxiety neurosis, and undiagnosed psychiatric illness. There was a correlation between diagnosis according to Rutter and associates' criteria and adult diagnosis. PMID- 6650689 TI - Ventricular enlargement in teenage patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. AB - Recent research has demonstrated statistically significant differences between the ventricular-brain ratios (VBRs) of schizophrenic patients and control subjects. In this study the VBRs of teenage schizophrenic/schizophreniform patients (N = 15) and borderline patients (N = 8) were measured and compared with those of controls of similar ages (N = 18). The schizophrenic group had significantly larger ventricles than the other two groups (p less than .0001). These findings support the hypothesis of previous investigators that ventricular enlargement is present early in the course of schizophrenia. PMID- 6650690 TI - Early birth order in Briquet's syndrome. AB - Birth order in 90 female patients with Briquet's syndrome was significantly earlier than the theoretical mean for a normally distributed population. In contrast, the birth order of 78 women with primary alcoholism did not differ from this mean. These results suggest an early environmental influence in the development of Briquet's syndrome in women. PMID- 6650691 TI - Effects of diagnosis and treatment history on relapse of psychiatric patients. AB - Of 400 patients followed up for 1 year after release from the hospital, 34% were readmitted during that year. For schizophrenic patients the readmission rate was 49%, and for nonschizophrenic patients it was 21%. Rate of rehospitalization was positively related to number of prior hospitalizations, cumulative months of prior hospitalization, and duration of illness, but the relationship varied between the schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic groups. In contrast to the findings of Linn and associates, in this study prior hospitalization of nonschizophrenic patients markedly increased the likelihood of rehospitalization. PMID- 6650692 TI - Racism and its impact on psychotherapy. AB - It is necessary to deal with racial material in therapy as well as in the real world outside of therapy. When this is not done, patients terminate their treatment feeling that the therapist did not understand them as patients and individuals. Black therapists have heard this often from their black patients who have previously seen nonblack therapists. The author does not propose that all therapy of black patients be done by black therapists but that a definite concern for racial issues should prevail in any therapeutic encounter to which a black patient brings problems related to racial prejudice and/or discrimination. PMID- 6650693 TI - Do we need a new word to supplement "hallucination"? AB - The word "hallucination" was used originally (and with etymological correctness) to refer to the unshared sensory experiences of persons who are mentally ill. However, many persons who are not mentally ill also have unshared sensory experiences. A few of these convey information paranormally, but the longstanding association of "hallucination" with mental illness inhibits many persons who have such experiences from reporting them so that they can be studied. The author suggests a new word, "idiophany," to designate all unshared sensory experiences. The word "hallucination" could then be restricted, as it originally was, to the unshared sensory experiences of the mentally ill. PMID- 6650694 TI - Mitral valve prolapse and agoraphobia. AB - Of 46 female agoraphobic patients, three had definite and four had probable mitral valve prolapse--a total prevalence of only 15%. There were no significant differences between patients with mitral valve prolapse and the rest of the sample on demographic and clinical variables, nor did the groups differ significantly on measures of psychological symptoms assessed before and after treatment. These negative findings support recent reports indicating that agoraphobia associated with mitral valve prolapse may be indistinguishable from agoraphobia without mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 6650695 TI - Medical students' learning as primary therapists or as participant/observers in a psychiatric clerkship. AB - The authors assessed two different inpatient models of clinical clerkships in psychiatry on the basis of both an examination assessing amount of learning and a survey of student attitudes. One clerkship model placed the third-year medical student in the role of primary therapist; the other model assigned each student to join a psychiatrist as a participant/observer. No overall difference in objective assessment of learning was found between the two groups of students, and student attitudes generally favored the participant/observer model. These findings suggest that the widespread bias favoring the primary therapist model may not be justified. PMID- 6650696 TI - Management of a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with bromocriptine. AB - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal side effect of antipsychotic medications, has often proven refractory to conventional antiparkinsonian medications. The authors report a dramatic response of this syndrome to the dopamine agonist bromocriptine mesylate in a patient receiving fluphenazine decanoate. PMID- 6650697 TI - High levels of plasma catecholamines in dexamethasone-resistant depressed patients. AB - Of nine depressed patients given the dexamethasone suppression test, the four dexamethasone-resistant patients had significantly higher plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine levels than the five patients with normal suppression. These results suggest greater sympathetic function in dexamethasone-resistant depressed patients. PMID- 6650698 TI - Four cases of clonidine abuse. AB - The authors present the cases of four outpatients who abused clonidine alone or in conjunction with diazepam. They discuss the abuse potential of clonidine and urge caution in prescribing it to opiate abusers. PMID- 6650699 TI - The use of tacrine for tardive dyskinesia. AB - The authors administered 45-90 mg/day of tacrine to eight patients with tardive dyskinesia. After 2 weeks of treatment, there was a mean reduction in tardive dyskinesia scores of 43%. No improvement occurred when a placebo was used instead of tacrine. PMID- 6650700 TI - On Sandoz's claim of thioridazine's comparative safety. PMID- 6650701 TI - Report on a survey of Canadian Friends of Schizophrenics. PMID- 6650702 TI - EEG monitoring of ECT preferred to cuff method. PMID- 6650704 TI - Spatial representation of maps. AB - Two experiments tested the hypothesis that the cognitive representation of spatial relations on a map is primarily a visually keyed process. In Experiment 1, undergraduates studied a labeled map where features were presented either as words alone, as mimetic drawings of the referent, or as geometric symbols. Cued recall data showed that discrete features are best located when they are semantically congruent with the label referent, a fact providing considerable support for the image position. Recognition testing required a set of introspective judgements ordinally related to the interfeature metric on the map. The judgment X distance estimates were highly correlated for all groups, intimating that a high correspondence exists between image distances and the original stimulus metric. Experiment 2 had undergraduates view either a full scale or a three-quarter reduction of a reference map. Subjects in the reduced version were able to recognize significantly more interfeature comparisons, suggesting a predictable relation between visual and imaginal acuity. The judgement X distance results were essentially the same as in Experiment 1, and the two groups failed to differ in terms of cued recall. Data from both experiments imply that spatial relations are cognitively represented in at least a partially isomorphic fashion, which seems to possess quasi-pictorial qualities. PMID- 6650703 TI - Effect of reaction-time feedback on subject performance in the item-recognition task. AB - Two experiments investigated the effect of performance feedback when testing recognition memory for short prememorized lists. Subjects were provided with either response-accuracy or response-latency feedback on a trial-by-trial basis. Payoff in both conditions depended solely upon accuracy performance. Subjects familiarized with their latencies responded faster than subjects given only accuracy feedback. There was no speed-accuracy trade-off. These results are discussed with reference to similar data from the choice reaction-time task. It is concluded that failure to provide subjects with adequate feedback on all aspects of this task is a serious oversight. This oversight is particularly surprising in those designs focusing upon speed. PMID- 6650705 TI - Discriminative control of generalized effort. AB - Increasing the degree of effort required for the successful performance of one behavior has been found to heighten the subsequent performance of other behaviors. The present research tested whether discriminative stimuli for effort control the quantity and quality of transfer performance. Two experimenters administered alternately a perceptual task which required college students to identify subtle differences between cartoon drawings. The high-effort experimenter required five identifications per pair of drawings; the low-effort experimenter, one identification. The later assignment of an essay by the high effort experimenter, as compared to the low-effort experimenter, resulted in a greater essay length and quality. These findings suggest that cues which signal the degree of effort required for reinforcement exert discriminative control over generalized effort. PMID- 6650706 TI - Effects of response language and stimulus context upon judgments of visual and temporal extent. AB - College-student subjects judged duration (Experiment 1) or line length (Experiment 2) using conventional measurement units (sec and in.) and cross modality matching. In each experiment, three stimulus contexts were created varying in average stimulus value. Judgmental contrast was observed in the cross modality judgments, but not in the conventional-units judgments. It was inferred that the context effects were operating on response-translation processes. PMID- 6650707 TI - The role of elicited responding in the feature-positive effect. AB - Hearst and Jenkins proposed in 1974 that elicited responding accounts for the feature-positive effect. To test this position, pigeons were exposed to a feature positive or feature-negative discrimination between successively presented displays--one consisted of a red and a green response key and the other consisted of two green response keys. There were four main conditions: 5-5 (5-sec trials, 5 sec intertrial intervals), 5-30, 30-30, and 30-180. Conditions 5-30 and 30-180 should produce the largest amount of elicited responding, and therefore the largest feature-positive effects. A response-independent bird was yoked to each response-dependent bird to allow direct assessment of the amount of elicited responding generated by each condition. Contrary to the predictions by Hearst and Jenkins's theory, response-dependent birds showed large feature-positive effects in each condition. The largest feature-positive effect was obtained in condition 5-5. Response-independent birds produced similar results, but manifested low response rates. PMID- 6650708 TI - The prevalence of autoimmune disorders among patients with primary ovarian failure. AB - Eighty-one patients who had a diagnosis of primary ovarian failure were studied to determine its possible association with autoimmune disorders. All 81 patients displayed 46,XX chromosome complements. On ovarian biopsy, either few or no follicles were demonstrated in 79 patients, and, in two patients, primordial follicles were more abundant. The two patients with a large number of primordial follicles had normal function of other endocrine organs; however, 15 of the 79 patients demonstrating few or no ovarian follicles had associated failure of other endocrine glands, and one patient had myasthenia gravis. Thirteen of these 15 patients sought treatment because of secondary amenorrhea, the age at onset ranging from 11 to 34 years. Of the 81 patients, 11 had primary amenorrhea and 70 had secondary amenorrhea. Among the 79 patients with few or no ovarian follicles, endocrine glandular failure, in addition to ovarian failure, was found in two patients with primary amenorrhea and in 13 patients with secondary amenorrhea. The association of polyglandular failure syndrome and primary ovarian failure, along with demonstration of a lymphocytic infiltrate in ovaries and circulating antibodies in sera of women with premature ovarian failure, suggests that an autoimmune mechanism may be a cause of primary ovarian failure in some cases. PMID- 6650710 TI - Specific suppression of humoral and delayed hypersensitivity responses by cyclophosphamide in an experimental model of autoimmunity. AB - The aim of this report is to investigate the effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) in an experimental model of autoimmunity to rat male accessory glands. The results indicated that 100 mg/kg of this drug suppressed humoral immune response that persisted for at least 45 days when administered 3 days after the first immunization of rats with modified rat male accessory glands (MRAG) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Administration of the drug 3 days before ID injection of antigen caused a shorter suppression of antibody formation. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) studied 13 days after the first immunization was suppressed only in the animals that were administered CY after the antigen. The specificity of the immunosuppression was studied in rats treated with CY after the first immunization with MRAG using aggregated human gamma-globulin (AHGG) as an unrelated antigen. The studies demonstrated significant suppression of DTH (p less than 0.005) and humoral immunity only against MRAG. On the contrary, the response to AHGG was not significantly modified. PMID- 6650709 TI - Isolation of rat male accessory glands autoantigens by affinity chromatography. AB - The autoantigens of rat male accessory glands were isolated by a short procedure which involved 1) immunization of rats with chemically modified rat male accessory glands' saline extract; 2) purification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from the autoantisera by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50;3) coupling of rat IgG anti-rat male accessory glands with 4-B activated Sepharose; 4) addition of rat male accessory glands' saline extract and removal of autoantigens by glycine-HCl, pH 2.9. The purity of the eluted autoantigens was determined by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis (PAGE). These components retained their immunologic activity as demonstrated by inhibition of tanned cell hemagglutination and double immunodiffusion gel precipitation. PMID- 6650711 TI - The antigenic mucin-like glycoproteins of human seminal plasma. AB - Immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation analysis, and gel permeation chromatography in chaotropic and detergent mediums showed that the human seminal plasma obtained and stored in the usual way is mainly composed by heterodispersed glycoproteins of low molecular weight. The glycoprotein components of the human seminal plasma which do not interact specifically with concanavalin A (con A) were separated by column chromatography on Con A-Sepharose according to nonspecific ion exchange and hydrophobic interactions with the protein. The carbohydrate composition of the glycoproteins and the existence of the N-acetylgalactosaminylserine (or threonine) linkage, as well as their aggregation properties show that they are mucin-type glycoproteins. They resulted "immunologically pure" although the carbohydrate chains show the structural heterodispersion usually found in mucins. The glycoproteins have a common structural pattern for the terminal nonreducing, determinant-bearing sequences of their oligosaccharide chains which, together with the low molecular weights and the known fact that mucus secretions of normal cells contain only one or two types of glycoproteins, suggest that they are fragments produced by endogenous proteolytic degradation of a native mucin. PMID- 6650712 TI - Transient immunologic effects of betamethasone in human pregnancy after suppression of preterm labor. AB - Maternal immune suppression is a potentially significant adverse effect when betamethasone is used to hasten lung maturation of the fetus at risk for preterm delivery. However, increased incidence of infection has not been observed consistently after betamethasone treatment of pregnant women. This study was designed to determine if the cellular immune response to steroids may be modified during pregnancy in a way that would diminish the infection risk associated with steroid treatment. The effect of betamethasone on immunocytes among patients with preterm labor or in nonpregnant subjects were determined following administration of 12 mg of betamethasone intramuscularly. We measured serially the circulating leukocytes, lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and their subsets. Measurements were also made of localized leukocyte mobilization to serum-filled skin chambers covering experimental inflammatory sites. Patients in preterm labor had increased WBC counts prior to treatment with betamethasone but no additional leukocytosis was induced nor was mobilization of leukocytes to the skin chambers decreased. Lymphopenia and depression of T cells was more transient among pregnant patients compared to nonpregnant. Thus, the pregnant patients studied had diminished or more transient potentially adverse immunocyte responses to betamethasone as compared to nonpregnant subjects. PMID- 6650713 TI - Demonstration that milk cells invade the suckling neonatal mouse. AB - Mouse milk cells were stained with rhodamine or fluorescein isothiocyanate and fed to young suckling mice. By visual examination of serial sections and by flow cytofluorometry, we were able to demonstrate directly the presence of these cells in peripheral tissues. It was estimated that at least 0.1% of the fed cells might infiltrate the young mouse, which is initially immunologically defenseless. This is in accordance with evidence from many sources for activity of maternally derived lymphoid cells in young rodents. PMID- 6650714 TI - Presidential address of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine. PMID- 6650715 TI - Medial collateral ligament healing. A multidisciplinary assessment in rabbits. AB - Medial collateral ligament healing without treatment has been studied in a rabbit model. Complete midsubstance gaps were found to heal by distinct scar formation over time. This healing process was fast since the gap was bridged quickly; however, more subtle changes in appearance of the healing tissue continued for many months. The ligament "scar" was found to be structurally abnormal chemically and mechanically even at long-term followup. A plateau in its improvement suggests that the scar may never approach normal ligament characteristics (without treatment). A baseline of ligament healing by scar formation has been established. PMID- 6650716 TI - Performance measurement and percent body fat in the high school athlete. AB - Standards for performance have been derived from the preseason assessment of the high school athlete. The performance of 3,174 athletes during five performance tests was measured. The tests included dips, sit-ups, and pull-ups, in addition to grip strength measurement and vertical jump capability. Measurements were converted to the amount of work done or force developed. Nondimensional ratios were determined using the tables and empirical equations presented in this paper. These quantities were then compared to the percent body fat. The average performance of the athletes as determined by the testing procedures described herein decreases dramatically as the body fat increases above 10% in males and 19% in females. PMID- 6650717 TI - Body composition of elite American athletes. AB - Five hundred twenty-eight male athletes participating in 26 Olympic events and 298 female athletes participating in 15 Olympic events underwent determination of body fat percentage (% fat) and lean body mass (LBM) via hydrostatic weighing and/or anthropometric methods. All groups of athletes were below the average values for % fat of college age men and women of 15% and 25%, respectively. In general, athletes involved in a sport where their body weight is supported, such as canoe and kayak (males, 13.0 +/- 2.5%; females, 22.2 +/- 4.6%) and swimming (males, 12.4 +/- 3.7%; females 19.5 +/- 2.8%), tended to have higher % fat values. Athletes involved in sports where a weight class has to be made to compete, such as boxing (males, 6.9 +/- 1.6%) and wrestling (male, Junior World Freestyle 7.9 +/- 2.7%), events such as the 100, 200, and 400 meters in athletes (male 100 and 200 meters, 6.5 +/- 1.2%; female 100, 200 and 400 meters, 13.7 +/- 3.6%) that are very anaerobic in nature and extremely aerobic events such as the marathon (males, 6.4 +/- 1.3%) demonstrated lower % fat values. Athletes involved in sports where body size is a definite advantage, such as basketball (males, 84.1 +/- 6.2 kg; females, 55.3 +/- 4.9 kg) and volleyball (males, 75.0 +/- 6.6 kg; females, 58.4 +/- 4.5 kg) tended to have a larger LBM. PMID- 6650718 TI - Acute straight lateral instability of the knee. AB - Although ligamentous injuries of the knee joint represent a common orthopaedic problem, damage to the lateral supporting structures is a relatively rare occurrence. PMID- 6650719 TI - Anterior cruciate-deficient knees: a review of the literature. AB - Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament may lead to functional instability, meniscal injury, and premature degenerative changes of the knee or, if treatment and rehabilitation are carried out carefully, to a functionally stable knee with no premature degenerative changes. Unfortunately, the complex anatomy of the three fiber bundles, consisting of multiple collagenous strands, which constitutes the anterior cruciate ligament combined with variation of injuries to the ligament, with or without injury to other structures of the knee, makes any standardization of surgical treatment difficult. In this paper, we review the biomechanics of the knee, the anatomy and vascularization of the anterior cruciate ligament, the healing characteristics of ligamentous material, and the types of surgical repair that have appeared in recent articles. Those repairs can be divided into direct repair, extraarticular substitution and intraarticular augmentation, freeze-dried fascia lata allografts, and temporary supportive prosthesis such as carbon fiber. Essential to the success of any surgical repair of the anterior cruciate-deficient knee is a prolonged, carefully organized rehabilitation program that allows adequate healing and strengthening of the ligament before it is used normally again. The patient's clear understanding of the importance of a prolonged rehabilitation is best established before the surgical procedure is done. PMID- 6650720 TI - Sports and peripheral nerve injury. AB - Peripheral nerve injury is one of the serious complications of athletic injuries; however, they have rarely been reported. According to the report by Takazawa et al., there were only 28 cases of peripheral nerve injury among 9,550 cases of sports injuries which had been treated in the previous 5 years at the clinic of the Japanese Athletic Association. The authors have encountered 1,167 cases of peripheral nerve injury during the past 18 years. Sixty-six of these cases were related to sports (5.7%). The nerves most frequently involved were: brachial plexus, radial nerve, ulnar, peroneal, and axillary nerves (in their order of frequency). The most common causes of such injuries were mountain climbing, gymnastics, and baseball. More often, peripheral nerve injury seemed to be caused by continuous compression and repeated trauma to the involved nerve. Usually it appeared as an entrapment neuropathy and the symptoms could be improved by conservative treatment. Some of the cases were complicated by fractures and surgical exploration became necessary. Results of treatment produced excellent to good improvement in 87.9% of the cases. With regard to compartment syndrome, the authors stress the importance of early and precise diagnosis and a fasciotomy. PMID- 6650721 TI - Disruption of the vastus medialis obliquus with medial knee ligament injuries. AB - We reviewed the clinical records of 189 consecutive surgically treated acute ligamentous injuries of the medial compartment of the knee to determine the prevalence of disruptions of the vastus medialis obliquus muscle and to document the results of simultaneous repair of the disruption. Forty knees (40 patients) demonstrated a vastus medialis muscle disruption at the time of surgical repair for the medial ligamentous disruption. All were surgically corrected and the sites of tearing were documented. The vastus medialis obliquus muscle was ruptured from the adductor tubercle in 31 (78%) knees. Of these, the tibial collateral ligament was torn from its femoral attachment in 19 (61%) knees and the meniscofemoral portion of the capsular ligament ligament was torn from its femoral attachment in 23 (74%) knees. The vastus medialis obliquus muscle was ruptured from the patella in seven (18%) knees and was ruptured interstitially in nine (23%) knees. Each of the 40 patients returned for objective, subjective, and functional follow-up evaluation (average, 39 months). At follow-up examination, 88% of the 40 knees were rated as good subjectively, 90% objectively, and 93% functionally. A high correlation exists between tears of the vastus medialis obliquus muscle from its femoral attachment and tears of the medial compartment ligaments from their respective femoral attachments. Surgical repair of disruptions of the vastus medialis obliquus muscle at the time of primary repair of injury to the ligaments of the medial compartment of the knee can prevent subsequent disorder of the extensor mechanism and can produce an objectively, subjectively, and functionally stable knee. PMID- 6650722 TI - Posterior compartment fractures of the ankle. A commonly missed athletic injury. AB - This paper brings to the reader's attention an injury and symptom complex resulting from an ankle sprain during athletic competition. Twenty patients were reviewed and followed over a 3 1/2 year period of time. Three patients presented acutely and 17 patients presented after an extended period of time with residual ankle morbidity. Common to this group of patients was a history of having sustained an ankle sprain, most commonly secondary to a forced plantar flexion type injury. Subsequent disability was generally posterior and postero-lateral ankle pain associated with running and/or jumping. Clinical examination invariably demonstrated posterior ankle pain, particularly with forced plantar flexion of the foot. All patients demonstrated bony changes in the area of the posterior talus and/or tibia by x-ray, and all patients had a positive technetium bone scan of the posterior ankle area. If the injury is diagnosed acutely, cast immobilization is the treatment of choice. If diagnosed late, it is suggested that for those patients who fail conservative treatment, surgical removal of the fragment is best. The majority of patients in this study required surgical extirpation of the posterior talus bony fragment in order to relieve symptoms and return to full sports competition. PMID- 6650723 TI - Computerized tomography in the evaluation of peroneal tendon dislocation. A report of two cases. AB - Dislocation or subluxation of a peroneal tendon is a relatively uncommon entity, and the diagnosis is rarely made at the time of initial injury. If untreated, chronic lateral instability and pain may develop which can be a diagnostic dilemma. These patients usually will have a history of frequent episodes of ankle instability and may be aware of a pop or snap just prior to the episode of instability. There is usually no significant anterior drawer or inversion laxity present on stress testing. Unfortunately, it is often difficult to passively or actively dislocate the involved peroneal tendon. Surgical treatment may have to be recommended on strong suspicion alone. Two patients with chronic lateral ankle pain underwent computerized tomography preoperatively and postoperatively. In addition, eight normal ankles were scanned for comparison. In the two cases of peroneal tendon dislocations presented, computerized tomography was found to be a very beneficial aid in making the diagnosis, and may be of significant value in those with suspected peroneal tendon subluxation/dislocations. PMID- 6650724 TI - Subclavian thrombosis following hockey injuries. AB - Subclavian thrombosis is not an uncommon disease following an injury. It has been reported following severe trauma to mere hyperabduction of the arm. Heretofore it has not been reported following a hockey injury. I wish to report two cases where subclavian thrombosis occurred following a hockey injury. The records of the National Hockey League for a 3-year period along with the world literature have been reviewed. The mechanisms producing the thrombosis and pathogenesis are described along with the modes of diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 6650725 TI - Simultaneous bilateral rupture of the quadriceps tendon and leg fractures in a weightlifter. A case report. PMID- 6650726 TI - Anterolateral compartment syndrome related to drug-induced bleeding. A case report. PMID- 6650727 TI - Perspectives on sports medicine. PMID- 6650728 TI - Successful treatment of Capillaria hepatica infection in an acutely ill adult. AB - A man with massive Capillaria hepatica infection survived after treatment with prednisone, disophenol, and pyrantel tartrate. He remained well during an 8-year follow-up. PMID- 6650730 TI - Chronic relapsing colitis due to Strongyloides stercoralis. AB - The small intestine is the usual site of chronic infection with Strongyloides stercoralis. Colonic involvement has generally been seen in the hyperinfection syndrome in immunosuppressed individuals. We describe an immunologically competent female who underwent multiple abdominal operations over a 5-year period for hematochezia and diffuse abdominal pain of obscure etiology. Eosinophilia had been present but never investigated until 1981, at which time stool examination revealed S. stercoralis larvae. Pathological specimens from operations in 1977 and 1981 demonstrated extensive colonic wall invasion with filariform larvae consistent with S. stercoralis. Involvement of other organs was never documented. We believe this case is consistent with chronic colitis due to strongyloidiasis. This entity has not been previously described, and expands the spectrum of this disease. PMID- 6650729 TI - Ancylostoma larva in a muscle fiber of man following cutaneous larva migrans. AB - This is a report of a case of massive cutaneous larva migrans in a 20-year-old man who also had pulmonary symptoms and larval invasion of the skeletal muscles. In sections of a muscle biopsy specimen taken 3 months after the initial cutaneous lesions, a third-stage Ancylostoma larva, probably A. caninum, was found within a muscle fiber. PMID- 6650731 TI - Further studies on the development of onchocerca spp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) in Nearctic black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). AB - Of three species of Nearctic black flies tested, Simulium pictipes Hagen proved the most efficient laboratory vector of the bovine parasite Onchocerca lienalis. Among flies inoculated intrathoracially with 40 microfilariae, numbers of 3rd stage larvae per fly were 7.63 for S. pictipes, 7.54 for S. vittatum Zetterstedt, and 0.83 for S. decorum Walker. S. pictipes survived the longest under laboratory conditions, with 83.3% of the females remaining alive 10 days after inoculation with 40 microfilariae of O. lienalis. Using an artificial membrane feeding system, S. pictipes could be routinely infected with O. lienalis by mouth. This black fly was also susceptible to infection with the Guatemalan strain of O. volvulus. Among flies injected with 10 microfilariae the rate of infection with 3rd-stage larvae was 93%, with a mean of three 3rd-stage larvae per fly. Successful techniques for the large-scale recovery and cryopreservation of 3rd stage larvae of O. lienalis were also developed. A motility rate of 92.7% was observed in larvae cryopreserved within vector black flies. PMID- 6650732 TI - Predisposition to Brugia malayi microfilaremia in progeny of infected gerbils. AB - Patency of Brugia malayi infection in gerbils born of infected parents was compared to that in gerbils from noninfected parents. Following infection with third stage larvae, female progeny of infected parents generally became microfilaremic whereas those of noninfected parents rarely did so. Male progeny developed microfilaremia regardless of parentage, although descendants of infected parents tended to have higher parasitemia. We conclude that B. malayi infection in the mother predisposes the offspring to patent infection subsequent to inoculation with infective larvae. PMID- 6650733 TI - Successful praziquantel treatment of paragonimiasis following bithionol failure. A case report. AB - A patient from Southeast Asia with cough and hemoptysis was documented to have pulmonary paragonimiasis. Initial treatment with bithionol failed. The patient was then treated with praziquantel 75 mg/kg body weight a day for 2 days under an investigational protocol. Subsequent follow-up studies showed clinical improvement and indicated parasitologic cure. A concurrent asymptomatic Clonorchis infection was also cured following praziquantel treatment. Side effects were minor. PMID- 6650734 TI - Relationship of prevalence and intensity of infection to morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica: a study of three communities in Leyte, Philippines. AB - To determine whether prevalence and intensity of infection are factors in morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica, a cross-sectional study was undertaken in three villages in Leyte, Philippines, namely, Santol (A), Santa Rosa (B), and Macanip (C). Kato thick-smear fecal examination and egg counts were made on 289 of 341 residents in Village A (85%), 824 of 1,008 in Village B (82%), and 1,113 of 1,241 in Village C (90%). Prevalences of 26%, 39%, and 44%, respectively, were found in the three villages, the majority of their populations (56-74%) remaining uninfected. Most of the infected persons (17-30% of the total population) had light infections (10-100 eggs/g feces). Moderately infected persons (101-400 eggs/g) comprised a smaller segment (7-14%), while a very small proportion (2-7%) had heavy infections (greater than or equal to 401 eggs/g). Age prevalence and egg excretion peaked earlier in the areas with higher prevalence (B and C) than in the area with the lowest prevalence (A). There was no relationship between area prevalence and mean egg count. Symptoms of inability to work, weakness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea correlated with the presence of infection in the area with the highest prevalence (C), but not in the area with the lowest prevalence (A). Except for diarrhea, there was no relationship between symptoms and intensity of infection. Very few persons presented with hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly (1-5%). The frequency of liver enlargement on the midsternal (measuring 3-6 cm and 6 cm or more) and midclavicular line (2-4 cm), as well as spleen enlargement (Hackett 2 or greater), correlated with the presence but not with the intensity of infection. Hepatomegaly was sex- and age-related, being most common among males and among adolescents aged 10-14 years. PMID- 6650735 TI - Safety and toxicity of oxamniquine in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infections, with particular reference to electroencephalographic abnormalities. AB - Thirty-seven patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni were treated with oxamniquine. All were cured. The only significant adverse reaction was the development of abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) findings in 6 (17.6%) of 34 patients whose pretreatment EEG was normal. Management of patients, with particular reference to the EEG abnormalities, is discussed. PMID- 6650736 TI - Amoscanate as a topically applied chemical for prophylaxis against Schistosoma mansoni infections in mice. AB - Amoscanate (0.1% w/v) in methanol solution applied to skin by tail immersion 1 day prior to cercarial exposure provided mice with better than 90% protection against mature Schistosoma mansoni infections. Cercariae penetrated and schistosomula migrated from treated skins as readily as in control skins. Lung incubation assays, however, indicated that day 7 lung worm burdens were only about half those of control values. By day 20, worm burdens were reduced further to approximately 15% of those for control mice. The delayed prophylactic activity was apparently not due to percutaneously absorbed compound. Wipe application of amoscanate to the skin was nearly as effective as immersion. PMID- 6650737 TI - Differences in hepatic fibrosis in ICR, C3H, and C57BL/6 mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. AB - The collagen content of the liver, measured as hepatic hydroxyproline, was examined for a period of up to 52 weeks following Schistosoma mansoni infection. Hepatic fibrosis was much more marked in S. mansoni-infected mice of an outbred ICR strain than in C57BL/6J mice, while C3H/HeN mice occupied an intermediate position. The marked difference in hepatic fibrosis in ICR and C57BL/6J mice correlated with more rapid in vitro synthesis of collagen by the livers of infected ICR mice. Strains of mice exhibiting high and low levels of fibrosis provide an excellent tool for examining mechanisms of murine schistosomal hepatic fibrosis and its genetic regulation. PMID- 6650738 TI - Observations on cattle schistosomiasis in the Sudan, a study in comparative medicine. V. The effect of praziquantel therapy on naturally acquired resistance to Schistosoma bovis. AB - Studies in the White Nile area of the Sudan have shown that Zebu cattle acquire a high degree of resistance to Schistosoma bovis as a result of repeated natural exposures without, however, being able to eliminate their populations of adult schistosomes, although these do show greatly suppressed fecundity. To test whether these adult worms are necessary for the maintenance of resistance we cured six "naturally resistant" cattle (TC group) with a double treatment of 25 mg/kg praziquantel and compared their response to a 70,000 cercariae challenge with groups of "naturally resistant" but untreated cattle (UC group) and with previously unexposed, challenged cattle (CC group). Challenge was carried out 7 weeks after the second dose of praziquantel. The results confirmed that untreated cattle are "naturally resistant" and also showed that resistance was not abrogated by cure of the naturally-acquired infections. Thus, fecal egg counts after challenge reached mean maxima of 2,432 eggs per gram (epg) in the CC, but only 5 epg and 28 epg in the TC and UC groups, respectively. Similarly, mean worm counts were 85% and 69% lower in the TC and UC groups, respectively, and mean tissue egg densities were reduced by 72-99%, and 56-80%. Histopathologically, the TC and UC groups were also far less affected than the CC. Effective praziquantel treatment does therefore not destroy naturally acquired resistance to S. bovis, and may benefit infected livestock even in the absence of transmission control. The situation in human schistosomiasis is less clear, but there are several epidemiological and experimental indications of a similar conclusion for S. mansoni. PMID- 6650739 TI - Observations on cattle schistosomiasis in the Sudan, a study in comparative medicine. VI. Demonstration of resistance to Schistosoma bovis challenge after a single exposure to normal cercariae or to transplanted adult worms. AB - Calves were immunized with Schistosoma bovis by a single experimental exposure to 10,000 normal cercariae. Some of these calves were perfused 14 weeks later, and a part of their worm loads was surgically transplanted into groups of normal recipient calves: "WPR" group calves received 500 pairs of worms; "MR" group calves received between 650 and 1,000 male worms alone. All three groups were subsequently challenged 10 weeks after surgery with 20,000 cercariae, as were a previously unexposed group of controls ("CC"). Mean post-challenge fecal egg counts in the animals immunized with cercariae ("PC" group) rose to a maximum of only 60 eggs per gram (e.p.g.), compared to 376 e.p.g. in the CC, and maximum fecal egg counts in the WPR and MR groups were also somewhat lower than in the CC, at 152 and 250 e.p.g., respectively. In spite of the much lower fecal egg counts in the PC than in the CC group, calculated adult "challenge" worm recoveries were only reduced by 11%, but PC group tissue egg densities derived from the challenge were 78-100% lower than in the CC. The WPR and MR groups had 43% and 37%, respectively, fewer worms than the CC, and mean tissue egg densities were lower by 39-63% and 63-76%, respectively, though in most cases there were no statistically significant differences from the CC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650740 TI - Serologic tests for diagnosis and post-treatment evaluation of patients with alveolar hydatid disease (Echinococcus multilocularis). AB - The indirect hemagglutination (IHA) and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) tests were used for diagnosis and follow-up evaluation of 17 patients with alveolar hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. Follow-up periods ranged from 2 to 22 years. At the time of diagnosis 16 (94%) patients' sera gave IHA titers greater than or equal to 1:128. Serum specimens from 13 patients were examined by IEP; nine (69%) revealed the arc 5, and three of the four arc 5-negative sera revealed one or more non-characterized bands. Titers declined markedly during the first year following radical surgical resection of the larval lesions; in three cases clinical evidence of recurrence was preceded by rising serologic titers. Antibody has persisted at high levels in non-resected patients treated continuously with high doses of mebendazole. PMID- 6650741 TI - Lower rates of oral transmission of La Crosse virus by Aedes triseriatus venereally exposed after engorgement on immune chipmunks. AB - Transmission rates of La Crosse (LAC) virus observed in Aedes triseriatus females that had engorged on chipmunks with antibody to LAC and had been mated by infected males 5-11 days later (24%, 69/288) were 40% lower than in those fed on chipmunks without antibody (38%, 112/293). Similar results were obtained in three separate trials using males infected 1) by inoculation with prototype LAC virus, 2) transovarially with a field strain, or 3) transovarially with the field strain following passage through a viremic chipmunk. Similar rates were also observed in trials with F2 and F3 progeny of several strains of Ae. triseriatus collected from LAC-endemic and non-endemic areas. Reduction of oral transmission by venereally infected females mated by transovarially infected males following engorgement of antibody in chipmunks or other vertebrates could be important in the natural control of LAC virus, since most adult chipmunks sampled in endemic areas have antibodies neutralizing LAC. Ten-fold higher rates of venereal infection found in females mated by infected males 5 or more days after engorgement on LAC antibody-negative chipmunks than in those mated without prior engorgement extend previous findings of higher rates of transmission after engorgement on laboratory mice to include the natural vertebrate host. PMID- 6650742 TI - A variant of La Crosse virus attenuated for Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. AB - A plaque-purified variant was cloned from prototype La Crosse (LAC) virus. This variant (PP-31) was lethal to suckling mice by the intracerebral route, produced "wild-type" plaques in Vero and BHK-21 cells, and grew to high titers (greater than 10(7) PFU/ml) in suckling mice and in cell culture. The variant was able to orally infect the vector, Aedes triseriatus; however, it was unable to escape infected midgut cells and disseminate to secondary target organs. Large, atypical, focal accumulations of viral antigen were detected in these midguts by immunofluorescence. Orally infected mosquitoes were unable to transmit virus by bite to suckling mice or vertically to their progeny. Even after inoculation of the variant virus into mosquitoes, there appeared to be a restriction on cell to cell virus movement. The role such variants may play in the modulation of infection in an arthropod vector is discussed. PMID- 6650743 TI - Transmission of dengue virus by orally infected Aedes triseriatus. AB - Transmission of dengue type 1 was demonstrated for 3 strains of Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes after oral infection. Rates of infection were similar to those observed in a control strain of Aedes aegypti. Three additional species belonging to the subgenus Protomacleaya (Aedes brelandi, Aedes hendersoni, and Aedes zoosophus) were also susceptible to oral infection with dengue type 1 virus but transmission could not be demonstrated although virus was detected in the salivary glands of infected mosquitoes. Virus transmission was demonstrated for Ae. hendersoni following parenteral infection. The results of this study support the view that non-Stegomyia mosquitoes may become involved in the transmission of dengue virus to humans. PMID- 6650745 TI - Spermatic artery obstruction caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera and Cespedes, 1971. AB - An 8-year-old boy was admitted to hospital with acute testicular pain. A diagnosis of torsion of the testicle was made, and an orchidectomy was performed. Histopathological study showed necrosis of the testicular parenchyma caused by arterial obstruction, and adults of Angiostrongylus costaricensis were found within the spermatic arteries. In addition, heavy eosinophilic inflammatory reactions and unfertilized eggs were observed in the excised tissues. PMID- 6650744 TI - Dirofilaria repens from the eyelid of a woman in Thailand. AB - An immature male Dirofilaria repens was removed from a cystic mass in the eyelid of a 51-year-old woman employee of a rubber plantation in Phangnga Province, southern Thailand. PMID- 6650746 TI - First record of Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera and Cespedes, 1971 in Ecuador. AB - Third-stage metastrongyle larvae were recovered from slugs (Vaginulus sp.) collected in Santa Lucia, Ecuador, a town about 40 miles north of Guayaquil. Some of the larvae were inoculated into laboratory-bred cotton rats and adults of Angiostrongylus costaricensis were later recovered. This is the first report of this parasite in Ecuador. PMID- 6650747 TI - Hydatid disease in asymptomatic young carriers in northern Greece. AB - An epidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of echinococcosis in children and adolescents was made in Grevena County of northern Greece. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis was used to screen 2,736 school children whose ages ranged from 6-18 years; among them, three asymptomatic carriers were identified. The diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by liver radioisotope scanning. By extrapolation, we estimate that the point prevalence of hydatid disease in the asymptomatic population of the study area is 110 per 100,000. PMID- 6650748 TI - Thrombocytopenia and renal failure in leptospirosis. AB - In a retrospective study of 60 cases of leptospirosis, the association of thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure as previously reported was confirmed. However, increased mortality, in our experience, was not associated with either thrombocytopenia or acute renal failure. PMID- 6650749 TI - Ebola virus infection in man: a serological and epidemiological survey in the Cameroons. AB - The presence of antibodies to Ebola virus among 1,517 apparently healthy persons in five regions of the Cameroons was tested using indirect immunofluorescence. A positive rate of 9.7% was found, confirming that the virus circulates in the absence of clinical cases. Highest rates were found among Pygmies, young adults, and rain forest farmers. PMID- 6650750 TI - Intramural spread of colon carcinoma. A pathologic study. AB - The results of a pathologic study of 42 colorectal cancers have been presented. Of the 42 lesions, only 2 demonstrated intramural spread. The maximum extent of intramural spread was 2 cm. In one case, intramural spread was in the distal direction. Thirty-six percent of the lesions were in the rectum or rectosigmoid, 19 percent were in the sigmoid colon, 19 percent were in the descending colon, 5 percent were in the transverse colon, and 21 percent were in the right side of the colon. Of the lesions, 14.2 percent were classified Dukes' A, 45.2 percent Dukes' B, and 35.7 percent Dukes' C. Two lesions showed widely disseminated disease. All were adenocarcinomas. Of the five low-lying Dukes' C lesions, three had positive distal lymph nodes. Based on a review of the literature and the findings of this study, a distal margin of resection of 2.5 cm is deemed acceptable. Patients with lesions clinically suspected to be Dukes' C, however, should undergo abdominoperineal resection in an attempt to eradicate distal intramural or lymphatic spread. PMID- 6650751 TI - Carcinoid tumors of the appendix. AB - The data presented in this series support the premise that simple appendectomy is adequate therapy for appendiceal carcinoids less than 1 cm in diameter. However, little argument can be made against more radical surgery for gross lymph node metastases. When surgical margins after appendectomy are not free of tumor, additional surgery seems warranted, although in the present series there was a patient who was followed for 30 years who had residual microscopic disease in the appendiceal stump. Adequate treatment for tumors larger than 2 cm includes radical right hemicolectomy. What constitutes adequate therapy for tumors in the 1 to 2 cm range continues to be a point of controversy. From the data presented herein, it seems that appendectomy alone is sufficient except in those instances when both mesoappendiceal and subserosal lymphatic invasion is identified microscopically. PMID- 6650752 TI - Surgical therapy of advanced esophageal cancer. A critical appraisal. AB - Thirty-five patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma underwent esophagogastrectomy. Of these, 13 patients underwent esophagogastrectomy through midline celiotomy and right thoracotomy incisions (Group 1), and 20 patients underwent extrathoracic esophagectomy with either reversed gastric tube (Group 2) or isoperistaltic tube reconstruction (Group 3). Morbidity was significantly greater in patients who underwent extrathoracic esophagectomy due to more severe pulmonary complications and anastomotic fistulas. Because of these complications, a longer interval to solid food ingestion occurred in the extrathoracic esophagectomy group. Long-term survival was not affected by the operative procedure utilized. Extrathoracic esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis is associated with more complications than an intrathoracic anastomosis, resulting in inferior palliation for patients with advanced esophageal carcinoma. PMID- 6650753 TI - Hypotension-induced post-traumatic necrosis of the right colon. AB - Necrosis of the right colon developed after hemorrhagic shock in six young traumatized patients who did not have colon injury. The mean duration of hypotension was 112 minutes, and the mean resuscitation fluid volume required was 22 liters. Signs of right colon necrosis appeared 2 to 7 days after injury (median 2 days). All patients survived right colectomy and ileocolostomy or ileostomy and mucous fistula. The cause of necrosis of the right colon after hemorrhagic shock from major trauma is not clear. Anatomic abnormalities in blood supply to the right colon or a derangement in the physiologic processes of the microcirculation of the right colon must be considered. PMID- 6650754 TI - Cholecystectomy in elderly patients. AB - Cholecystectomy was performed in 93 patients over the age of 70 years with an overall mortality of 7.5 percent. Complications occurred in 28 percent. Patients who underwent elective operations fared far better than those who required emergency surgery. Of the 50 patients who underwent elective cholecystectomy, there was 1 death (2 percent), and 10 patients (20 percent) experienced complications. In contrast, of the 43 patients who required emergency operation, 6 died (14 percent). Complications occurred in 14 (33 percent). Elective cholecystectomy in the elderly patient with symptomatic biliary tract disease is advocated before acute complications that necessitate emergency operation develop. PMID- 6650755 TI - Cholecystectomy after tube cholecystostomy. AB - Seventy-nine patients with cholecystostomy tubes underwent cholecystectomies. Twenty-nine had cholecystectomies and common bile duct exploration and 50 had cholecystectomies only. The 50 who had cholecystectomies alone were compared with 50 patients who had elective cholecystectomies. The comparison defined any differences in morbidity and mortality between the two groups. Thirty-five (70 percent) of the 50 patients with cholecystostomy cholecystectomies and 34 (68 percent) of the 50 patients having elective cholecystectomies had no operative or postoperative morbidity. The cholecystostomy cholecystectomies did require more operative time, and more patients required blood transfusion. Both these differences were identified as being secondary to a more difficult operative dissection through adhesions. No differences in length of hospitalization, length of postoperative stay, or mortality were present. A cholecystostomy cholecystectomy can be performed with morbidity and mortality rates that are no different than those of an elective cholecystectomy. PMID- 6650756 TI - Total parathyroidectomy and autogenous parathyroid graft placement for treatment of hyperparathyroidism due to chronic renal failure. AB - We treated 33 patients with chronic renal insufficiency and severe hyperparathyroidism with total parathyroidectomy and placement of an autogenous parathyroid graft in the forearm musculature. Postoperative biochemical data, symptomatic data, or both were available in 28 of the patients, of whom all but 1 showed evidence of improvement. Immunoreactive parathyroid hormone studies were made from 9 to 52 months postoperatively in 22 patients. Background immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels markedly decreased after surgery and were in the optimum range in 18 patients. In the other four patients, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels remained above the optimum range, but in only one of the four did symptoms and biochemical parameters fail to improve. Gradients for immunoreactive parathyroid hormone across the forearm musculature were demonstrable in 18 of 22 patients, which proved the secretory function of the graft. One patient required resection of a portion of the grafted tissue on two occasions because of recurrent hypercalcemia. The technique of total parathyroidectomy and autogenous parathyroid grafting seems to be a valid alternative to subtotal parathyroidectomy for the treatment of uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6650757 TI - Computerized tomography in the evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma. AB - Computerized tomography has proved useful in the evaluation of selected patients suffering blunt abdominal trauma. Seventeen patients with major multisystem injuries were treated using a protocol involving abdominal computerized tomographic scans for evaluation of intraabdominal injury. Significant solid organ injury was accurately diagnosed in 10 of 17 patients, 2 of whom eventually required surgical treatment. The remainder of the patients with intraabdominal solid organ injury diagnosed by computerized tomographic scan were followed under strict guidelines and recovered without surgery. Computerized tomography represents a quick, accurate diagnostic technique for dealing with blunt abdominal trauma in selected multiply injured patients. PMID- 6650759 TI - Management of tar and asphalt injuries. AB - Tar and asphalt burns are unique injuries because the chemical is difficult to remove without inflicting further tissue injury. Since 1978, 42 patients have been treated for hot tar or asphalt injuries, 30 of whom required hospitalization. Inpatients were all male with a mean age of 27.2 years and a mean burn size of 9.3 percent total body surface area (mean full-thickness injury 5.3 percent total body surface area). Burns of critical areas were present in 63.3 percent of the inpatients. A petroleum-based, surface-active solvent was used to remove the tar or asphalt. This solvent proved nonirritating and removed tar much faster than other agents. Early excisional therapy was performed in 63.4 percent of the patients, 80 percent of whom returned to work within 6 weeks of injury. Principles of management include rapid cooling of tar or asphalt to solidify the inciting agent and dissipate heat; removal with a new, non-toxic solvent; early excision and grafting of appropriate injuries; and an aggressive, early back-to-work philosophy. PMID- 6650758 TI - The continuing challenge of popliteal vascular injuries. AB - During a 6 year period, 35 patients with 56 popliteal vascular injuries were treated. Thirty-three arteries and 23 popliteal veins were affected. Fifty-four percent of the patients had both an arterial and a venous injury. Twenty injuries were due to penetrating trauma and 15 injuries to blunt force. An overall amputation rate of 16 percent followed attempts at vascular repair. Blunt injuries were associated with a 30 percent amputation rate, whereas penetrating injuries were associated with only a 5 percent amputation rate. When our results were reviewed and compared with those of others, several factors important for determining the rate of limb salvage in popliteal vascular injuries were noted: (1) early recognition and prompt treatment, (2) absence of blunt injury with attendant soft tissue damage; (3) resection of damaged arterial tissue with end to-end anastomosis or saphenous vein grafting in conjunction with the liberal employment of local heparin and a Fogarty catheter thrombectomy, (4) repair of concomitant popliteal venous injuries; (5) use of completion arteriography to reveal technical errors amenable to correction at time of operation; and (6) fasciotomy, used liberally but selectively. PMID- 6650760 TI - Anastomotic aneurysms. AB - Although the incidence of anastomotic false aneurysms decreased precipitously with the cessation of usage of silk sutures for vascular anastomoses, the prevalence of these aneurysms has undoubtedly increased in keeping with an ever increasing volume of peripheral vascular operations. Most aneurysms occur at femoral anastomoses and are easily diagnosed, since most patients present with a groin mass. Anastomotic aneurysms cannot be considered innocuous. Some may rupture and others have been associated with limb ischemia due to acute thrombosis or embolism. Thus, surgical correction is indicated for most anastomotic aneurysms. Patients at high risk with small aneurysms in accessible locations may, however, be followed if they are asymptomatic and there is no evidence of enlargement of the aneurysm [5]. PMID- 6650761 TI - Recurrence of femoral anastomotic aneurysms. AB - Forty-two noninfected femoral anastomotic aneurysms that occurred after aortobifemoral bypass were repaired during a 7 year period. Twenty of these were recurrent aneurysms. In an attempt to define the cause of recurrence, a number of factors were studied including infection, suture failure, graft deterioration, defective graft manufacture, graft dilatation, and arterial degeneration. Five grafts in the primary group failed because of inherent defects in the graft structure. Two lightweight Dacron grafts showed generalized graft dilatation, and three unwrapped expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts had linear tears at the anastomosis. We believe that such graft degeneration does not represent a current problem because the polytetrafluoroethylene grafts now used are reinforced, and lightweight Dacron grafts are no longer made. Two primary femoral anastomotic aneurysms resulted from broken polypropylene suture. No infections were found in the primary or recurrent groups of aneurysms. Arterial degeneration adjacent to the anastomosis, consisting of a decrease in wall thickness due to loss of smooth muscle with proliferation of elastic fibers and disruption of elastic laminae, was a consistent finding in the remaining 15 primary femoral anastomotic aneurysms and all recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms. In many instances of primary femoral anastomotic aneurysm and in all instances of recurrent aneurysms dilatation of the Dacron graft with secondary arterial degeneration was believed to be the cause of aneurysm formation. Graft dilatation without fiber deterioration is an inherent problem in Dacron grafts and reportedly varies from 10 to 50 percent of the original graft diameter. This dilatation plus the use of initial graft diameters larger than the host artery leads to increased tension at the anastomotic site with subsequent arterial degeneration. For the aforementioned reasons, our current practice and recommendation is that repair of all anastomotic aneurysms be with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts sized to approximate the host artery since its dilatation at sites of arterial pressure is minimal. PMID- 6650762 TI - Renal microembolization syndrome. A cause for renal dysfunction after abdominal aortic reconstruction. AB - Moderate renal dysfunction due to renal microembolization developed in eight patients who underwent abdominal aortic reconstruction for aneurysmal or occlusive disease. In each patient, the aorta around the renal arteries was thrombus-lined or severely ulcerated and was therefore the source of embolization, and aortic clamping near the renal arteries was required and provided the mechanism for embolization. Renal failure was moderate and did not require dialysis. Renal dysfunction appeared to be largely reversible, although some degree of permanent damage did occur. Similar changes in renal function were noted in a dog model of renal microembolization. Prevention of this complication depends on awareness of aortic lesions that increase the risk of renal embolization. PMID- 6650763 TI - Aortoiliac reconstruction combined with nonvascular operations. AB - Seventy-six patients with aortoiliac reconstruction and associated intraabdominal procedures were compared with 445 patients with aortoiliac revascularization alone to provide information about the associated morbidity and mortality of adding a nonvascular procedure to aortic reconstruction. Patients with aortoiliac reconstruction for limb salvage had a significant increase in complications when an abdominal procedure was performed in association with aortoiliac reconstruction (66 percent versus 14 percent, p less than 0.01). Additionally, patients with elective aortoiliac reconstruction had a significant increase in mortality when an abdominal procedure was performed in addition to aortoiliac reconstruction (9 percent versus 3 percent, p less than 0.01). A small bowel obstruction and a pancreatic pseudocyst occurred as a direct result of the associated abdominal procedure. None of the deaths could be directly attributed to a concomitant abdominal procedure. The demonstration of an increase in morbidity and mortality with the addition of nonvascular procedures to aortoiliac reconstruction, even though certain subgroups of patients underwent aortic revascularization, suggest that the surgeon must carefully weigh the benefits and risks before combining vascular and nonvascular operations. PMID- 6650765 TI - Management of the newborn with gastrointestinal anomalies and tracheoesophageal fistula. AB - A standard approach to the otherwise healthy newborn with esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula has been well established. A significant number of these infants have additional gastrointestinal anomalies that necessitate alteration of the usual operative management. Over 2 1/2 years, nine such newborns have been managed. There were 17 additional gastrointestinal abnormalities, the most frequent being an imperforate anus (5), malrotation (5), and intestinal atresia (4). Management consisted of initial formal laparotomy, thoracotomy, and central line placement. In four infants these procedures were performed at a single sitting. Eight infants survived (89 percent); the single death resulted from intracerebral hemorrhage. Detection of coexisting gastrointestinal anomalies is mandatory in the management of the newborn with esophageal atresia. Standard local gastrostomy and subsequent thoracotomy may delay recognition of these associated anomalies, increase morbidity, and complicate subsequent correction. Preliminary abdominal exploration with correction, diversion, or both followed by thoracotomy, either immediate or staged, is indicated. PMID- 6650764 TI - Vascular trauma secondary to diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: 1974 through 1982. A comparative review. AB - One-hundred nineteen patients with 125 iatrogenic vascular injuries requiring surgical intervention were treated at Walter Reed Army Medical Center from 1974 through 1982. This experience was compared with that from 1966 through 1973 [1]. A decrease in the proportion of cases resulting from cardiac catheterization was partially offset by an increase in injuries from invasive monitoring and injuries from percutaneous transluminal dilation procedures. A threefold increase in cases resulting from urologic surgery was related to the evolution of an aggressive approach toward retroperitoneal metastatic tumor. Over half of the arterial injuries are now iliofemoral in location because of the routine use of the femoral approach for angiographic and cardiac catheterization procedures. The need for complex reconstruction in addition to thrombectomy increased fourfold. Delayed surgical intervention was a factor in 9 of the 12 patients with permanent disability. There was no death attributable to vascular reconstruction. PMID- 6650766 TI - Diuresis with continuous infusion of furosemide after cardiac surgery. AB - We prospectively evaluated the diuretic effect of furosemide administered by bolus injection and by continuous infusion in 18 cardiac surgery patients. Nine patients were randomly assigned to receive 0.3 mg/kg of furosemide as a bolus injection at time 0 and again 6 hours later (nine patients) or 0.05 mg/kg per hour of furosemide as a constant infusion for 12 hours (nine patients). There were no significant differences between groups with respect to age, weight, creatinine clearance, changes in serum sodium and potassium levels, total urinary concentrations of sodium and potassium, or total urine volume for 12 hours. Diuresis during continuous infusion of furosemide was less variable from hour to hour than after bolus injection of furosemide and was sustained throughout the infusion period. Although the continuous infusion of furosemide will not provide the rapid and vigorous diuresis that is necessary in some clinical situations, it may be useful whenever a gentle, sustained diuresis is desired. PMID- 6650767 TI - Surgical treatment of pericarditis in the dialysis patient. AB - Eighteen patients with pericarditis complicating chronic renal failure who were unresponsive to medical therapy underwent surgical decompression of the pericardium for either pericardial tamponade [16] or constrictive pericarditis [2]. There was one perioperative death and minimal morbidity. Preoperative pericardiocentesis in nine patients afforded only temporary relief in most of the patients and caused a life-threatening pericardial tamponade in one patient. Creation of a pericardial window through a left anterior thoracotomy was the procedure of choice in patients without signs of constrictive pericarditis or posterior loculated effusions and had excellent long-term results. We recommend early surgical treatment of uremic pericarditis in all patients with hemodynamic instability, enlarging pericardial effusion, or effusion that is unresponsive to intensive medical therapy. PMID- 6650768 TI - The role of initial cineesophagography in caustic esophageal injury. AB - The accurate assessment of caustic ingestion requires a vigorous attempt to obtain as much information concerning the type, concentration, and amount of corrosive agent ingested as possible. Although early endoscopy is crucial for assessing the existence of esophageal burns, an accurate prediction of outcome, (for example, stricture) may not be possible from endoscopic study alone. The role of contrast cineesophagography has not been properly emphasized in the surgical literature. Our analysis of the relative accuracy of endoscopy and cineesophagography in esophageal burn evaluation has emphasized that cineesophagography helps in early identification of those patients who will develop strictures. In our experience, cineesophagographically visualized abnormalities, specifically disordered motility, when interpreted within the context of historical facts and physical findings, most accurately prognosticates the outcome of caustic esophageal injuries. PMID- 6650769 TI - Femoral artery infection complicating intraaortic balloon pumping. AB - Infection of the femoral artery (endarteritis) complicating intraaortic balloon pumping has not been reported. Most reports of complications with this pump have not emphasized wound infection. Whether the balloon is inserted by open or percutaneous technique, infection remains a problem. During the past 7 years, 32 of 50 patients (64 percent) who had intraaortic balloon pump insertion survived balloon removal. In four patients, wound infection of the groin developed with involvement of the femoral artery. Sepsis was due to P. aeruginosa in three patients and E. cloacae in one. All patients required variable degrees of resection of the infected femoral artery wall. One had successful arterial reconstruction with vein patch angioplasty alone after debridement of the vessel wall. In a second patient, resection of the common femoral artery with interposition of a saphenous vein that had been reconstructed to enhance its diameter to that of the femoral artery was accomplished. Dehiscence of a vein patch angioplasty occurred in the remaining two patients with resultant hemorrhage. Further resection of the femoral artery was required with femoro femoral saphenous vein grafting in one patient and iliofemoral vein grafting in another. Tissue coverage of the reconstructed vessel was best accomplished using a tensor fascis lata myocutaneous flap. All patients survived the infection without amputation. PMID- 6650770 TI - Assessment of gastric motility using meal labeled with technetium-99m sulfur colloid. AB - During a 2 year period, 83 patients with gastric motility problems were evaluated using radionuclide imaging. The patients presented with epigastric distress, postprandial fullness, pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; signs and symptoms suggestive of either gastroparesis or gastric outlet obstruction. Upper gastrointestinal series or endoscopy, or both, demonstrated no mechanical obstruction. After oral administration of a 300 g meal labeled with 600 muCi of technetium-99m sulfur colloid, a gastric emptying study consisting of serial images and data acquisition was performed. Of the patients studied, 52 had had peptic ulcer surgery, 17 were suspected of having gastroesophageal reflux, 8 were diabetic and suspected of having visceral enteropathy, and 6 had a history of irritable bowel syndrome. The normal mean gastric half emptying time was 77 +/- 16 minutes. Of the patients who had had gastric surgery, 90.4 percent had abnormal emptying: 69.2 percent had delayed gastric emptying and 21.2 percent had rapid gastric emptying time; 9.6 percent had normal emptying time. Of the gastroesophageal reflux group, all but two had normal gastric emptying time; 65 percent demonstrated gastroesophageal reflux within 15 minutes. Two of the patients with irritable bowel syndrome had prolonged emptying; the rest had normal emptying. All diabetic patients with gastroparesis had prolonged gastric emptying time, and all responded favorably to metoclopramide. Of the patients who previously had peptic ulcer surgery and had prolonged emptying time, 72 percent also responded favorably to metoclopramide. We conclude that radionuclide gastric imaging is a useful diagnostic test for the measurement of gastric emptying in patients with a variety of gastrointestinal motility disorders and may be helpful in assessing medical therapy and selecting those who may be candidates for surgery. PMID- 6650771 TI - Amebic liver abscess. Differential diagnosis of cholecystitis. AB - Among patients presenting with pain and tenderness in the right upper quadrant were 75 with cholelithiasis (13 male, 2 under age 50) and 9 with amebic hepatic abscess (6 male, all under age 45). The differential diagnosis of cholelithiasis versus liver abscess was accurately made by prompt sonography and hepatobiliary scintigraphy. Amebic abscess was confirmed by positive serum ameba titers. Presenting symptoms and results of laboratory studies of patients with amebic abscess were indistinguishable from those of patients with cholecystitis. It is concluded that an accurate diagnosis of amebic liver abscess in the differential diagnosis of cholecystitis can be made by sonography and hepatobiliary imaging. Also, in endemic areas of the southwestern United States, amebic abscess should be strongly considered in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with pain and tenderness in the right upper quadrant and is more common than cholecystitis in young men. PMID- 6650772 TI - Value of pneumoperitoneum in the diagnosis of visceral perforation. AB - The presence or absence of pneumoperitoneum may not be as reliable an indicator of visceral perforation as commonly thought. Visceral perforation as commonly thought. Visceral perforation resulted in pneumoperitoneum in only 51 percent of patients in this study. Pneumoperitoneum occurred in 14 percent of patients in whom the extraalimentary intraperitoneal air had sources other than a perforated viscus. These patients' clinical findings were often indistinguishable from those of patients with a perforated viscus, and three patients underwent celiotomy unnecessarily. The routine use of the left lateral decubitus film to detect pneumoperitoneum and the judicious use of gastrointestinal contrast studies should be part of the optimal management of patients with suspected visceral perforation. PMID- 6650773 TI - Bovine carotid artery heterografts versus polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. A prospective, randomized study. AB - A prospective, randomized comparison of BCAH and PTFE vascular access grafts resulted in no statistically significant difference when analyzed for survival rates of complications, types of complications, reasons for failure, and clot salvageability. The results in diabetic patients were similar to those in nondiabetic patients. The majority of retrospective studies and subjective experiences favor PTFE grafts over BCAHs. The explanation may be part that BCAH preceded PTFE grafts into clinical use, and inexperience in the operating room and in the dialysis unit had an effect on BCAH results. A review of impressions of the graft materials indicated a decided preference for PTFE grafts. PMID- 6650774 TI - Mortality and renal salvage after renovascular trauma. A review of 94 patients treated in a 20 year period. AB - Ninety-four patients with 96 renovascular injuries underwent operations over a 20 year period. Forty-nine patients had renal artery injury, 45 had isolated venous injury, and 33 had both vessels injured. Arterial revascularization succeeded in four patients, failed in five, and the results were not documented in three. Revascularization of acute renal artery thromboses was unsuccessful. Isolated renal vein injuries were repaired in 28 patients. The mortality rate was 37 percent for renal artery injuries and 28 percent for isolated renal vein injuries, despite the frequent choice of nephrectomy instead of reconstruction in unstable patients. Renal salvage was accomplished in 10 percent of patients with renal artery injury and in 51 percent of patients with isolated renal vein injury. Renal salvage is not often feasible in patients with renal arterial injuries because of associated renal vein injuries. The success of revascularization of traumatically occluded renal arteries is low and should probably be attempted only in unusual circumstances, such as bilateral injuries. Most isolated renal vein injuries are repairable, and reconstruction should be attempted in stable patients. PMID- 6650775 TI - Evaluation of principles of cavity preparation design. PMID- 6650776 TI - Home glucose monitoring systems. A field trial of chemstrip bG. PMID- 6650777 TI - An investigation of the shoe-turf interface using different types of shoes on Poly-Turf and Astro-Turf: torque and release coefficients. PMID- 6650778 TI - Scoliosis screening: a school survey. PMID- 6650779 TI - Chronic hepatitis--1983. PMID- 6650780 TI - Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 6650781 TI - Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 6650783 TI - Exercise cardiokymography. PMID- 6650782 TI - Transdiaphragmatic extension of disease through congenital defects of the diaphragm. PMID- 6650784 TI - Self glucose monitoring. PMID- 6650785 TI - Postoperative stay--U.S.A. and U.K. PMID- 6650786 TI - [Bronchial hyperreactivity]. PMID- 6650788 TI - [Profile of the allergologist and clinical immunologist]. PMID- 6650787 TI - [100 cases of chronic urticaria]. PMID- 6650789 TI - [Diffuse immunoblastic reaction following a bee sting (report of a case)]. PMID- 6650790 TI - [Differential diagnosis between vasomotor and allergic rhinitis]. PMID- 6650791 TI - [Electrocochleography in unilateral deafness]. PMID- 6650792 TI - [Contribution of electrical response audiometry to the study of vertebrobasilar insufficiency]. PMID- 6650793 TI - [Parotid tuberculosis]. PMID- 6650794 TI - [Launois-Bensaude disease. Clinical and morphological study apropos of a case]. PMID- 6650795 TI - [Comparative histological study of the nasal and tracheal mucosa in laryngectomees]. PMID- 6650796 TI - [Iatrogenic cholesteatomas of a pearly appearance]. PMID- 6650797 TI - [Our procedure in objective audiometry in the juvenile population]. PMID- 6650798 TI - [Evaluation of the Torok technic in the topolesional diagnosis of vestibular syndromes]. PMID- 6650799 TI - [Residual cholesteatoma]. PMID- 6650800 TI - [Etomidate in Intralipid. A solution for pain-free injection]. AB - A new formula for solution of etomidate has been studied. Like other lipophilic drugs etomidate may be dissolved in a non-irritating oil emulsion and used for intravenous injection. Etomidate in Intralipid was compared as induction agent with etomidate in glycolic solution (Hypnomidate) and with methohexitone (Brietal). No pain on injection occurred when etomidate/Intralipid was used. PMID- 6650801 TI - [Comparative study of thiopental and midazolam for induction of anesthesia]. AB - In 40 female ASA class I-II patients, scheduled for laparoscopy, midazolam 0.2 mg kg-1 i.v. was compared with thiopentone 5 mg kg-1 i.v. for induction of anaesthesia after parenteral premedication. Loss of the eyelash reflex occurred significantly earlier (p less than 0.005) in the thiopentone group (23.3 s) than in the midazolam group (37.5 s). During orotracheal intubation a more stable cardiovascular course was found with midazolam than with thiopentone. Awakening was markedly slower with midazolam than with thiopentone. Anterograde amnesia of more than 60 minutes after induction of anaesthesia occurred in 50% of midazolam patients compared with 10% in the thiopentone group. No significant differences in side effects could be found. Midazolam 0.2 mg kg-1 was sufficient to induce anaesthesia reliably after premedication with droperidol and fentanyl shortly before induction. PMID- 6650802 TI - [Haemaccel 35: adverse reactions in a multicentric, prospective study]. AB - Polygeline (haemaccel 35 Behringwerke) was tested in 1147 patients in a prospective and multicentre study facing systemic anaphylactoid or cutaneous anaphylactoid side effects. 8 patients showed mainly cutaneous reactions (redness and itchy swelling) and only one an increase of ventilating pressure during anaesthesia (0.78%). Polygeline showed according to an improved preparation unexpected reactions only of the cutaneous anaphylactoid type (no severe systemic life threatening reaction, histamine liberation 1 ng/ml or less according to Lorenz). PMID- 6650804 TI - [Erosion hemorrhage from an esophago-aortic fistula in congenital anomaly of the thoracic aorta as a fatal complication of a stomach tube]. AB - A 6 year old boy was admitted to ICU because of severe polytrauma. He was ventilated for 4 weeks using a nasotracheal tube (high-volume-low-pressure cuff) and fed by nasogastric tube for 6 weeks. After this time severe haemorrhage from the oesophagus occurred, caused by an oesophago-aortic fistula. Bleeding could be stopped by a Sengstaken-Blakemore-tube. The child died during emergency thoracotomy as a result of ventricular fibrillation after clamping of the aorta. Autopsy revealed a malformation of the aortic arch (type II B 4a according to Kirklin and Clagett 1950). This vascular ring had been the site of a pressure necrosis of the oesophagus due to the nasogastric tube. Finally an erosion of the aortic malformation (a. lusoria) had been the result. CONCLUSIONS: Malformation of the aortic arch sometimes can be suspected by x-ray of the chest: right-sided shadow of the ascending aorta. If severe arterial bleeding from the oesophagus occurs, one should think of this malformation. A Sengstaken-Blakemore-tube can be a useful emergency method for temporary stopping of haemorrhage. PMID- 6650805 TI - [Fast and reliable verification of tube position]. PMID- 6650803 TI - [Therapeutic regional anesthesia following an accidental intra-arterial injection. A case report on anesthesiologic care following incorrect injection of Reparil (sodium escinate)]. AB - Symptomatology and therapeutic measures after accidental brachial intra-arterial injection of sodium escinate were explained by means of a case report. We obtained long-acting analgesia and sympathicolysis in the upper extremity by an anaesthesia of the ganglion stellatum followed by repeated interscalene plexus brachialis blockade. Even in very severe cases of accidental intra-arterial drug injection surgical procedures should be accompanied with therapeutic regional anaesthesia technics. PMID- 6650806 TI - [A new tube for laser surgery of the larynx]. AB - A special tube for laser-surgery of the larynx ("Surgitek-Laser-Tube") was exposed to a CO2-Laser beam (Cavitron AO 300). In the common clinical range of settings, the tube proved to be relatively Laser-resistant. Increasing exposure resulted in damage to the surface and cuff. Also the metal coating decreased the I.D. significantly, which resulted in an unfavourable ratio of inner to outer diameter. PMID- 6650807 TI - Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit--clinical considerations. AB - The pathogenesis of acute renal failure remains uncertain. From a clinical viewpoint the magnitude of the problem of nephrotoxic acute renal failure is now recognised as is the frequency of non-oliguric acute renal failure. Advances in patient management include the use of daily dialysis, lower heparin doses, single needle dialysis, bicarbonate-base dialysis fluid, artificial kidneys with biocompatible membranes, H2 antagonists, and the use of soft silastic Tenckhoff catheters if peritoneal dialysis is the preferred form of therapy. PMID- 6650808 TI - Re: epidural blood patch. PMID- 6650809 TI - Epidural opiates. PMID- 6650810 TI - Plasma level of bupivacaine during convulsions. PMID- 6650811 TI - Interchangeable rotameter tubes. PMID- 6650812 TI - Total spinal or massive subdural? PMID- 6650814 TI - Epidural narcotics. PMID- 6650813 TI - A new aid to fibreoptic bronchoscopy. PMID- 6650815 TI - Laryngeal spasm. PMID- 6650816 TI - Althesin reaction in a child. PMID- 6650817 TI - Comparisons using 35S- and 32P-labeled DNA for hybridization on nitrocellulose filters. AB - DNA was labeled by nick translation with 35S and used as a probe in Southern- or colony-blot DNA hybridization. Comparison with DNA labeled with 32P showed that not only was 35S-labeled DNA suitable as a probe, but in many cases had advantages. The longer half-life of 35S allows for less stringent timing of experiments and eliminates the waste of unused old label. Resolution on autoradiographs was found to improve when using 35S-labeled DNA. PMID- 6650818 TI - An apparatus for the simultaneous casting of large numbers of uniform cylindrical polyacrylamide gels. AB - An apparatus for the simultaneous casting of a large number of cylindrical polyacrylamide gels is described. Gels can be cast that are uniform with respect to length, loading-surface flatness, and internal polymerization properties. The basis of the method is casting the gels as an inverted single block which totally excludes oxygen from gel-loading surfaces during polymerization. PMID- 6650819 TI - Quantitative determination of overlapped proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. AB - A method for resolving an overlapped polypeptide pattern of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was described. The procedure was essentially a Gaussian fitting using the least squares method, and could resolve more than 20 overlapped components simultaneously. The applicability to overlapped and shouldered patterns was evaluated using practical electrophoretic data with varying amounts of mitochondrial samples. The relative contents of respective polypeptide components gave a good agreement regardless of the loaded amounts. PMID- 6650820 TI - A method combining solvent and gel extraction for isolation and preliminary purification of steroids in tissues. AB - A method for the combined extraction and purification of steroids from testicular tissue is described. The tissue is homogenized and extracted with n hexane/isopropyl alcohol, and the column to which a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge is attached. Following a wash of the Lipidex/Sep-Pak beds with water to remove inorganic and polar organic substances, steroids are eluted with 85% aqueous methanol. Most of the nonpolar lipids and phospholipids remain on the Lipidex/Sep Pak. The steroid fraction is acidified with acetic acid, diluted to 70% methanol, and passed through a small bed of Lipidex 5000 to remove cholesterol. Recoveries of testosterone and progesterone are about 90%. PMID- 6650821 TI - Radioisotopic assay of picomolar amounts of coenzyme A. AB - A two-step method of determining reduced coenzyme A (CoASH) concentrations in tissue or cell extracts is described. In the first step, CoASH is reacted with acetylphosphate in a reaction catalyzed by phosphotransacetylase to yield acetyl CoA. Acetyl-CoA is then condensed with [14C]oxaloacetate by citrate synthase to give [14C]citrate. This method allows the measurement of 10-200 pmol of CoASH. By omitting the phosphotransacetylase step, measurement of the same amount of acetyl CoA is possible. PMID- 6650822 TI - Poly(ethylene glycol) quantitation by laser nephelometry. AB - When poly(ethylene glycol) 3350 is estimated by the method of Skoog [(1979) Vox Sang. 37, 345-349], fine particles form. The particles are not attributable to residual protein but to a poly(ethylene glycol)/barium/iodine complex that can be quantitated by means of a laser nephelometer. The method is sensitive to at least 10 mg% poly(ethylene glycol) 3350 (4 micrograms in the cuvette) in 2500 mg% protein, and nephelometer response is approximately linear between 30 and 200 mg% of the polymer. The coefficient of variance is about 8%. Triton X-100, Pluronic F 68, Varonic 1000MS, and poly(ethylene glycol) of higher and lower molecular weight react well. Alkylated celluloses, dextrans, glycerol, glycine, and sodium dodecyl sulfate do not react significantly. Barium can be replaced with Mg, Ca, Ni, Fe, and other divalent cations in the reaction, but other than for Hg, light scattering is most intense with Ba. The reaction goes to completion in about 5 min and is most intense when the barium is added before the iodine. PMID- 6650823 TI - Gel filtration chromatography of triple-helical calf skin collagen. AB - Gel filtration of type I collagen has been of limited use, because at low pH where the protein is not associated it binds to agarose gels, and at neutrality collagen has a tendency to form fibrils. The more porous polyacrylamide-based gels do not interact with collagen but cannot be used at very high flow rates because they are compressible. It was found that these difficulties are surmounted by use of Fractogel TSK HW-65F, a spherical gel made from a weakly hydrophilic vinyl polymer, and use of the buffer system 0.5 M urea, 0.117 M Tris HCl, pH 7.3, which prevents fibril formation. The solvent has only a slight effect on the thermal stability of collagen, as determined by circular dichroism measurements. The recovery of native collagen, at 25 degrees C, was at least 88% and that of partially unfolded collagen, at 35 degrees C where it is about one third unfolded, was 98%. The Fractogel TSK gels and the urea, Tris solvent system should be useful for both preparative work and for studies involving interaction of unaggregated type I collagen with smaller molecules at physiological pH. PMID- 6650824 TI - Diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P3-triphosphate in eukaryotic cells: identification and quantitation. AB - A highly sensitive enzymatic assay for diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P3-triphosphate (Ap3A) has been established on the basis of the coupled luminescence assay for diadenosine 5',5"'-P1,P4-tetraphosphate (A. Ogilvie (1981) Anal. Biochem. 115, 302-307). Snake venom phosphodiesterase splits Ap3A into AMP plus ADP which can be measured in a luminescence reaction containing pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate and luciferin-luciferase. The procedure is linear with Ap3A levels ranging from 0.1 to 2 pmol. The assay has been used to measure Ap3A in various eukaryotic cells after ion-exchange chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography of acidic extracts of the cells. The level of diadenosine triphosphate was higher in all instances than the level of diadenosine tetraphosphate. When growing in the abdominal cavity of mice, Ehrlich ascites tumor cells contained high amounts of Ap3A (0.1 nmol/10(6) cells), allowing direct optical determination in the HPLC chromatography. The quantitative measurement of Ap3A with the luminescence assay gave identical results. Ap3A extracted from Ehrlich cells was also chromatographed with authentic nucleotide in two thin-layer systems providing additional proof for the existence of Ap3A in biological material. PMID- 6650825 TI - Chromatography of permethylated oligosaccharide alditols. AB - A new chromatographic method which enables the separation of permethylated oligosaccharide alditols has been developed. The method entails chromatography on precoated silica gel plates using benzene-methanol (16:1, v/v or 10:1 v/v) as developing solvent. Separations of disaccharides were obtained on the basis of glycosidic linkage and anomeric configuration; the method can accomodate oligosaccharides containing up to 15 glycose units. The combined use of thin layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography provides a powerful approach for the characterization of oligosaccharides. Retention indices are given of permethylated oligosaccharide alditols on a fused-silica capillary column bonded with DB-1. PMID- 6650826 TI - Measurement of rate constants for actin filament elongation in solution. AB - This paper describes a simple method to measure the rate constants for actin filament elongation using pyrene-actin fluorescence as a measure of the polymer concentration and unlabeled actin filaments as nuclei. With careful selection of conditions, the initial rate of polymerization is directly proportional to the actin monomer concentration above the critical concentration. Plots of initial rate versus actin concentration give the critical concentration (x intercept), the association rate constant, k+ (slope), and the dissociation rate constant, k (y intercept). By calibrating the system under conditions where the absolute values of these rate constants are known from previous electron microscopic experiments [T. D. Pollard and M. S. Mooseker (1981) J. Cell Biol. 88, 654-659; J. A. Cooper, S. B. Walker, and T. D. Pollard (1983) J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 4, 253-262], one can calculate the absolute values of the rate constants under other conditions as well as the length of the filaments used as a nuclei. This approach has proven useful for evaluating the effect of actin-binding proteins on the polymerization process. PMID- 6650827 TI - Measurement of steady state protein degradation in cultured human muscle cells. AB - Double label techniques for measurement of protein turnover in cultured cells are described. In the isotope withdrawal method protein in cultured muscle is labeled with two isotopes of the same amino acid for 24 to 100 h, followed by exposure to fresh medium containing one isotope only at the same specific activity for an additional 24 to 48 h. In the isotope addition method the order of addition of single and double-labeled media is reversed. After incubation the ratio of the two isotopes in the cell protein is a function of the incubation time and the degradation rate constant KD; KD can readily be calculated using a graphical or iterative method. In mixed cultures of human muscle with initial incubation ranging 24 to 159 h, the KD's obtained from various incubation times were similar. Both the isotope withdrawal and the isotope addition methods gave a KD value of 0.018 h-1 similar to values obtained by two different single isotope methods which monitor the appearance of free isotope in the medium of previously labeled cells. There were no differences of KD values obtained in cultures of muscle from normal patients and those with denervation, inflammatory myopathies, or nonspecific myopathic biopsy changes. When proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis, those of molecular weight greater than 60,000 had higher average KD values as compared to lower molecular weight proteins. The double isotope labeling method has the advantage of being easily applied to cultures with small numbers of cells and is potentially useful in obtaining the degradation rates of individual cellular proteins. The major disadvantages are (1) in their present form the methods can be used only in steady state cultures and (2) they require rather long (24 h) labeling times. PMID- 6650828 TI - A method for the synthesis of D-3-phospho[U-14C]glycerate. AB - An enzymatic method for the synthesis of radioactive D-3-phosphoglycerate from commercially available D-[U-14C]fructose 1,6-diphosphate is described. The unique aspect of this procedure is the substitution of arsenate for phosphate in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction. The 1-arseno-3 phosphoglycerate formed spontaneously hydrolyzes to form the D-3-phosphoglycerate product. The methods detailed below for the synthesis, isolation, and analysis of the 3-phospho[U-14C]glycerate product are relatively easy. PMID- 6650829 TI - Size fractionation of anionic oligosaccharides and glycopeptides by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid method for the fractionation of anionic oligosaccharide and glycopeptide species on the basis of net carbohydrate content utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. Amine-bearing bonded-phase columns are eluted with a mobile phase consisting of a water:acetonitrile gradient containing 3% acetic acid titrated to pH 5.5 with triethylamine. Phosphorylated and sialylated oligosaccharides within various charge classes differing in their hexose or hexosamine contents but bearing the same number of anionic species can be resolved without prior removal of the anionic moieties. Glycopeptides containing at least as many as six amino acids are also well fractionated on the basis of carbohydrate content. A variety of detection methods may be used and sensitivity in the subnanomole range is possible with fluorescent or radiolabeling techniques. This method offers a significant improvement in the rapidity and resolution attainable for the size fractionation of anionic complex carbohydrates. PMID- 6650830 TI - Chromatographic analysis of Vinca alkaloids in human neoplastic tissues and host (mouse) tissues after injection in vivo or after incubation in vitro. AB - A method for extracting from biological tissues vincristine, vinblastine, and their metabolites and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography has been developed. After excision tissues are rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen (less than 10 s) and powders are made under liquid N2. Extraction of blood, plasma, or tissue powders was achieved using ethanol (95%) acidified to pH 4.9 with acetic acid. Extracts were analyzed using reverse-phase chromatography capable of separating Vinca alkaloids with substitutions on the vindoline or catharanthine moiety. This technique has been used to elucidate the metabolism of [3H]vincristine and [3H]vinblastine in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 6650831 TI - Presence of cytidine 5'-tetraphosphate in commerical samples of cytidine 5' triphosphate. AB - A contaminant compound has been isolated from commercial samples of CTP by ion exchange chromatography on a Dowex-1 column. It has been characterized as cytidine 5'-tetraphosphate from its ultraviolet spectrum, labile and total phosphate content, and periodate consumption. It is present in proportions from 0.3 to 3.9%, apparently regardless of the method of preparation, age of sample, or commericial source of CTP. PMID- 6650832 TI - A radioisotopic-exchange method for quantitation of short-chain (acid-soluble) acylcarnitines. AB - A reliable and sensitive method for the quantitation of picomole amounts of acetylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine, aliphatic 4-carbon, and 5-carbon acylcarnitines has been developed. The procedure requires the measurement of the amounts of carnitine and acid-soluble carnitine and then the enzymatic exchange of 3H- or 14C-labeled L-carnitine into the acylcarnitine pool using commercial carnitine acetyltransferase, essentially free of acyl-CoA hydrolase activity. After isotopic equilibrium is obtained, the radioactive acylcarnitines are separated using either HPLC or thin-layer chromatography. Procedures for both are described. After separation, the amounts of radioactivity in the acylcarnitines are determined and the amount of individual acylcarnitines can be calculated from the specific activity of the initial total carnitine pool or from the ratio of dpm in the acylcarnitine fraction/dpm in free carnitine X (nanomoles L-carnitine) in the sample. The method has several advantages over current procedures, including rapidity, use of small sample sizes, simplicity, and reliability. PMID- 6650833 TI - Automated analysis of hexosamines by high-performance liquid chromatography with photometric and fluorimetric postcolumn labeling using 2-cyanoacetamide. AB - Glucosamine and galactosamine were well separated in ca. 60 min on a Hitachi 2617 column (polystyrene sulfonate type, 4 mm X 25 cm) with a borate buffer (pH 7.5) containing sodium chloride. The hexosamines in the eluate were monitored fluorimetrically and photometrically at 331 (excitation)/383 (emission) and 276 nm, respectively, by postcolumn labeling with 2-cyanoacetamide. This simple method allowed the simultaneous, automated determination of 10-500 nmol of glucosamine and galactosamine with high reproducibility. This method was applied successfully to the analysis of hexosamines in some glycoconjugates. PMID- 6650834 TI - Utilization of conical equilibrium dialysis cells to shorten equilibration time. AB - Equilibrium dialysis is commonly used to characterize the binding properties of macromolecules; however, it is not always preferred because of the lengthy time required to reach equilibrium. Consequently, other methods have been developed. This paper compares the disadvantages of various methods for obtaining binding data and shows that utilization of a conically shaped chamber can accelerate the process of equilibrium dialysis. For cylindrical and conical cells of different dimensions a linear relationship was found for the time of equilibration versus the ratio of volume to surface area. Minimizing the volume to surface area ratio by using a conical chamber shortens the time of equilibration by more than half and facilitates sampling of the chambers' contents. PMID- 6650835 TI - Isolation of intact polysomes from mechanically dehulled developing grain. AB - A rapid method for obtaining large quantities of developing groats suitable for the isolation of highly intact polysomes has been developed. Developing spikelets were harvested directly from oat panicles into liquid nitrogen and then quickly passed through a dehuller. Chaff was removed by air aspiration and the resultant groats were collected directly back into liquid nitrogen. Approximately 250 g of groats could be isolated each man-hour by the above method. In comparison, only 10 g of endosperm could be collected by squeezing it out of spikelets using an endosperm mangle. Membrane-bound polysomes extracted from the immature groats were compared to those extracted from endosperm. The largest polysomes discernable as unique peaks on sucrose gradients were ten-mers and nine-mers for groats and endosperm, respectively. Polysomes isolated from both starting materials stimulated similar incorporations of [35S]methionine into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble products during in vitro translations in wheat germ extract. Both polysome preparations directed the synthesis of similar high molecular-weight proteins. Based on these criteria, polysomes from both preparations were found to be of similar intactness, although the groat starting material was much more readily obtained. The polysome classes having the maximum absorbance peak for endosperm and groat polysomes were six-mers and eight-mers, respectively. PMID- 6650836 TI - Simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony, and selenium in marine samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. PMID- 6650837 TI - Stripping voltammetric determination of selenium in biological materials by direct calibration. PMID- 6650838 TI - Determination of alkyllead salts in water and whole eggs by capillary column gas chromatography with electron capture detection. PMID- 6650839 TI - Determination of nonvolatile N-nitroso compounds in biological fluids by liquid chromatography with postcolumn photohydrolysis detection. PMID- 6650840 TI - Limits of detection of trace elements in biological materials analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis using X-ray spectrometry and magnetic deflection of beta-rays. PMID- 6650841 TI - Electrochemical studies on minoxidil and its determination in tablets by differential-pulse polarography. PMID- 6650842 TI - Determination of halofuginone hydrobromide in medicated animal feeds. PMID- 6650843 TI - Simultaneous determination of lead and tin in fruit juices and soft drinks by potentiometric stripping analysis. PMID- 6650844 TI - Gross morphology of the alimentary canal and seasonal variation in feeding of Noemacheilus montanus (McClelland). AB - Noemacheilus montanus (McClelland) is a bottom feeder Omnivorous fish of Garhwal hillstreams. The alimentary canal is short and the stomach consists of a corpus and a pylorus portion. As it consumes more animal food than the vegetable food, it may be better called Carni-omnivore. The study of GSI for different months revealed that the feeding intensity attains 2 peaks during a year, first in December and second in June. The change in feeding intensity may be correlated with the availability of food items in nature. PMID- 6650845 TI - Comparison of fiberoptic endoscope and Quinton tube human gastric biopsies. AB - Morphological examination of human gastric mucosa is being increasingly reported with the widespread use of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. To our knowledge no studies have been reported comparing gastric mucosal tissue obtained with pinch biopsies through the endoscope with those taken by the Quinton hydraulic biopsy instrument for light and electron microscopic examination. We report such a study. Gastric biopsies were obtained from healthy volunteers. Gastric biopsies taken with the Quinton hydraulic tube have a number of distinct advantages over those taken with the standard pinch biopsy forceps. These relate primarily to the size, shape and depth of the specimens obtained. Quinton samples are large (2-3 mm in diameter), flat, discshaped specimens which are relatively free of contaminating debris on the mucosal surface. Because of their disc shape, Quinton biopsies are easily orientated for light microscopy. 55 percent of all Quinton biopsies contained muscularis mucosae. In contrast, samples taken by the standard forceps method are small (0.5--1 mm in diameter), have a tendency to roll-up into a ball, and show considerable surface debris making scanning electron microscopy of the mucosa difficult. Consistent orientation of the surface epithelium for light microscopy is more difficult with the pinch biopsies because of the small size and irregular shape of the samples. Crushing and tearing artifacts at the periphery of biopsy specimens are common. Light microscopic sections of forceps' biopsies provide a mean +/- SE of only 227 +/- 17 consecutive surface cells for examination compared to 730 +/- 24 (p less than 0.001) for Quinton biopsies. Only 7% of all pinch biopsies included muscularis mucosae.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650846 TI - Adrenergic nerves in organs of the reproductive system of sexually immature pigs. AB - The experiments were performed on 5 immature pigs weighing 32-35 kg. The ovaries and segments of the fallopian tube and uterus were collected and then cut by means of the freezing microtome. The adrenergic nerves were detected according to Thorre and Sorgeon's (1976) glyoxylic method and examined under fluorescent microscope. The presence of adrenergic fibers of various density and distribution was recorded in all examined organs. In the ovary most fibers were connected with tunica adventitia of blood vessels in the medulla of the ovary. Intensively fluorescent nerve fibers appeared also in capsules of the growing and mature follicles. In the region of the fallopian tube and uterus, the adrenergic fibers occurred in all component strata of the walls. The muscular layer was innervated to the greatest extent. There appeared fibers connected with vessels and free lying ones. The comparison of our investigations with other authors points to the existence of certain species differences. PMID- 6650848 TI - [Properties of harmonically season-modified Bertalanffy function of growth in length]. AB - For individuals submitted to a moderate seasonal influence upon length growth the Bertalanffy function can be modified to show suppressed or stagnating growth as was already demonstrated by the author for nyctiphanes couchii (euphausiids) off the coast of Britanny (Sager 1983a). In this paper the properties of the revised structure of the formula are shown implying the growth function proper and the increase function. Moreover the influence of a shifting birth date upon the growth behaviour is followed up leading to a catching-up phenomenon or growth compensation within 12 months when all factors acting on length development remain strictly periodic. Graphs for the modified function and its increase values are added for a given example. PMID- 6650847 TI - Electron microscopic study of lymphocytes in a freshwater teleost (Pimelodus maculatus) epidermis. AB - Small lymphocytes were identified in a freshwater teleost (Pimelodus maculatus) epidermis at the ultrastructural level. Although they were the most abundant, the medium and the large lymphocytes were also present. They were found at all levels of the epidermis, specially in small spaces between the cells of the basal layer. They appeared in contact only with filament-containing cells. Intercellular junctions, however, were never observed. They were negative to the histochemical test used to detect the present of acid phosphatase. PMID- 6650849 TI - [A case of a median occipital suture and development of occipital squama in man]. AB - A case of a median suture within the squamous part of the occipital bone is described. This rare variety can be explained by the fact of bilateral anlagen of the supraoccipital and interparietal bones which give rise to the Squama occipitalis. In contrast to previous findings on the unpaired origin of the os supraoccipitale a paired origin of this bone can indeed be demonstrated. The normal development of the Squama occipitalis based on the analysis of 134 human embryos is described in detail. PMID- 6650850 TI - Growth control of the cranial base -- A study with experimentally bipedal female rats. AB - In a cross-sectional study the postnatal development of the skull, particularly that of the cranial base, was studied in experimentally bipedal female rats, up to the age of 46 weeks. A total of 71 bipedal and 86 control female animals were studied. It was found that, as compared with control rats, the bipedal rats initially developed a more spherical skull. This was the result of a stronger dorsal flexion of the cranial base at the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. By the end of the observation period this difference had disappeared. This was due to a continuing flexion of the cranial base in the control rats, while the bipedal rats showed almost no change. As to the chondrocranial elements, the basi occipital bone attained, on the average, the same length in bipedal rats as in controls. However, the basisphenoid bone was significantly shorter. This could be related to the altered shape of the neurocranium, which is eventually significantly shorter and smaller in the bipedal rats, as well as to a change in shape of the brain. In addition to these extrinsic influences, the condition of experimental bipedia could affect the growth of the cranial base, possibly due to increased use of the snout in many behavioural situations, in the absence of the forelegs. PMID- 6650851 TI - Cerebellar capillaries. Qualitative and quantitative observations in young and senile rats. AB - Ultrastructural changes including reduced electron density, reduction in polysomes and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum occur in tthe cytoplasm of endothelial cells and pericytes in the cerebellar cortex of senile virgin female Han: WIST-rats in comparison to 3-month old virgin rats. processes of pericytes cover less of the capillary surface in the cerebellar cortex of senile rats; moreover, arithmetic and harmonic mean thickness of the endothelium and relative volume of mitochondria in endothelial cells and pericytes are reduced, whereas he luminal diameter of the capillaries, harmonic and arithmetic mean thickness of pericytes and their processes and of the basal laminae between endothelial cells and astrocytes (abbreviated BAL 1), pericytes and astrocytes (BAL 2) and endothelial cells and pericytes (BAL 3) increase. The increase in harmonic mean thickness of the basal laminae is statistically significant (alpha less than or equal to 0.05) and compensates for a decrease in thickness of capillary endothelium. Consequently, the total barrier mass and thickness of cerebellar cortical capillaries in senile animals is higher than in young individuals. PMID- 6650852 TI - Stressing on the human femoro-patellar joint. I. Components of a vertical and horizontal tensile bracing system. AB - Horizontal and vertical tensions act on the femoropatellar joint. In both knee joints of 60 human corpses the muscles and ligaments participating in the tensile bracing of the knee joint were studied macroscopically. While the structures acting in the vertical direction are very constant, the components participating in horizontal tensile bracing show large variations. Components of vertical tensile bracing are the quadriceps femoris muscle, the ligamentum patellae as well as the vertical patellar retinacula. The active part of horizontal tensile bracing consists of the medial and lateral vastus muscles. The passive components of this system are arranged in three layers. The superficial layer is formed by the fascia lata. The middle layer consists of the horizontal retinacula. A medial horizontal retinaculum was present in one third of our cases. It passes from the medial margin of the patella towards the medial femoral epicondyle. A lateral horizontal retinaculum is demonstrable in all cases studied. It passes horizontally from the lateral margin of the patella and inserts into the deep layer of the iliotibial tract. Insertion of the lateral horizontal retinaculum into the lateral femoral epicondyle was not observed in our material. The third layer is formed by ligaments supporting the joint capsule. These originate from the medial and lateral margin of the patella and pass towards their respective meniscus as well as variably towards the femoral or tibial condyle. These structures are found both medially and laterally in two thirds of the cases studied. PMID- 6650853 TI - Size and distribution of ganglion cells in the human retina. AB - Three human retinae have been evaluated for size and distribution of ganglion cells from a study of whole-mount Nissl preparations. With the aid of a data processing program a number of statistical data on th distribution of cell sizes has been attained. The parafoveal region is occupied by small cells. The mean cell diameter increases up to 30 degrees to 40 degrees from the fovea and then decreases further into the periphery. Histograms show homogeneous cell sizes in central retina, but greater variations towards peripheral retina. As all histograms are of a unimodal shape, differentiation of cell groups is difficult. However, the majority of ganglion cells belong to the small to medium-sized cell class, while large cells, practically absent from parafoveal retina, are almost evenly distributed in peripheral retina. The significance of our results for the alpha-, beta-, gamma-cell classification in discussed. PMID- 6650854 TI - Development of mouse embryos grown in human cord serum (HCS) in vitro. AB - Mouse embryos of the blastocyst stage (day 0 of culture) were cultured in human cord serum (HCS) for 8 days. Until day 7 in vitro, the embryos had developed to the 4-5 somite stage. Apart from the occurrence of some cell necroses in the embryonic ectoderm and vacuoles in the yolk sac entoderm and to a lesser degree even in the embryonic entoderm, the in vitro development of the embryos was indistinguishable from the in vivo development. However, between days 7 and 8 in vitro the embryonic development was heavily disturbed. The most pronounced disturbances were visible in the central nervous system (CNS) of the embryos. A great number of the neuroepithelial cells of the entire CNS were necrotic. Even mesodermal structures, mainly the axial structures in the posterior part of the embryos, were affected, leading to disorganization of somites and notochord in this region. Since in the presence of rat serum embryos develop normally between days 7 and 8 in vitro (Hsu 1981; Chen and Hsu 1982), it was stated that HCS lacks an embryonic growth and differentiation factor (EGDF-4) present in rat serum which regulates the development of the CNS and the organization of the axial structures between days 7 and 8 in vitro, i.e., during the 4-5 somite stage and the time of the turning of the embryos (8-12 somite stage). PMID- 6650855 TI - Structural organization of the human cerebral cortex prior to the appearance of the cortical plate. AB - The early development and the structural organization of the human cerebral cortex, prior to the appearance of the cortical plate (Carnegie stage 22, ca. 54 days), was studied in two embryos: 43 (stage 18) and 50 day old (stage 20), respectively. It has been shown that the human cerebral cortex begins its ontogenetic development around the sixth rather than around the eighth week of gestation as it has been previously assumed. The human cerebral cortex starts to develop soon after the cerebral vesicles have been formed (stage 15) and a primitive internal capsule has been established (stage 17, ca. 41 days). By stage 18 of human development fibres from this primitive internal capsule have reached and probably have penetrated into the developing cerebral vesicle, through its more superficial zone. Fibres from this primitive internal capsule have been traced backward through the ventral thalamus to the mesencephalic tegmentum. The possible existence of primitive ascending fibres from the mid-brain which terminate in the superficial zone of the developing cerebral cortex (tegmento thalamostriato-cortical tract) is suggested. The arrival of these primitive corticipetal fibres establishes in the outer zone of the cerebral cortex a primordial plexiform lamina or an external white matter. Horizontal-bipolar cells (embryonic Cajal-Retzius neurons) begin to differentiate by stage 18 of human development (43 days in our case). By stage 20 (50 days in our case), the primordial plexiform lamina is well established, extends throughout the entire surface of the developing cerebral cortex, and is considered to be functionally active. It is, by this age, a superficial, 40 micrometers thick, complex fibrillar neuronal organization composed of numerous horizontal corticipetal fibres (demonstrable with silver methods), horizontal-bipolar Cajal-Retzius neurons and a few other, less defined, cellular elements. This primordial plexiform lamina is considered to represent a primitive "premammalian" cortical organization. The next event in cortical ontogenesis is the appearance of the cortical plate or the mammalian neocortical grey at stage 22 (ca. 54 days). Migrating neuroblasts attracted toward the preexisting primordial plexiform lamina and guided by glial fibres start to accumulate within it.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6650856 TI - Effect of prepuberal castration on porcine bulbospongiosus muscle. AB - The histochemical profile and ultrastructural properties of the bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM) fibers from 5-6 month old boars and barrows (castrated at 7 days of age), and intact week old piglets were compared. Based on myosin ATPase, preincubated at pH 4.2, BSM of boars contained predominately intermediately staining fibers, whereas BSM of barrows and piglets had a mixture of staining intensities. Fibers from boar BSM stained intensely for SDH, with subsarcolemmal and diffuse location of reaction product. Staining intensity for SDH was variable in BSM from barrows and piglets, with diffuse location of reaction product. The BSM of boars and barrows contained predominately dark fibers when stained for glycogen and phosphorylase, and the fibers were low in stored lipids. While the fibers were smaller in barrow as compared to boar BSM, ultrastructural differences between boar and barrow BSM were not detectable. PMID- 6650857 TI - Malformations of the semilunar valves produced in chick embryos by mechanical interference with cardiogenesis. An experimental approach to the role of hemodynamics in valvular development. AB - The purpose of the present work was to analyze the role of hemodynamics in the morphogenesis and histogenesis of the semilunar valves. To achieve this goal we have studied the development of the chick semilunar valves in conditions of abnormal local flow. To obtain an abnormal pattern of local flow we have induced alterations of the cardiac septation process by mechanical interference of the development of the conus cordis. The malformations obtained by this procedure consisted of a spectrum of alterations in the process of incorporation of the aortic conus into the left ventricle. These malformations ranged from a simple widening of the outflow tract of the left ventricle to severe forms of double outlet right ventricle and ventricular septal defects. Malformations of the semilunar valves consisting of extensive thickening of the leaflets and lack of maturation of the valve tissues were very often present in the malformed hearts. The malformation of the valve leaflets was more frequent and severe in the aortic valve at more advanced stages of development and in the hearts showing more severe alteration of the septation process. The absence of alterations in the semilunar valves of the control embryos and in the experimental embryos without alteration of the cardiac septation suggest a close relationship between the semilunar valves anomalies and the hemodynamic alterations present in the malformed hearts. PMID- 6650858 TI - The embryonic development of the cerebellum in normal and reeler mutant mice. AB - The development of the cerebellum has been studied in normal and reeler mice, from embryonic day fourteen, i.e. when morphogenesis begins in this organ, to birth. The cerebellar nuclei develop according to a similar sequence in both genotypes. Their neurons migrate into the rostral field of the cerebellar bud where they condense in a rounded mass, well defined at E14. From E17, this cell contingent spreads transversally and the three roof nuclei become clearly defined. In reeler mutants, there seems to be an abnormal development of the architectonics of the lateral nucleus. The Purkinje cells migrate into the cortex at the same time in both genotypes. In the normal animal, from E14 onward, Purkinje cells are condensed in a clearly defined plate, where they assume a radial organization. By contrast, the mutant Purkinje cells are not arranged in a plate but are scattered in the periphery of the cortex. The neurons of the external granular layer are identical in both genotypes. Radial glial fibers and early Golgi epithelial cells appear to be normally present in the reeler embryo. The foliation of the cerebellar cortex begins at E17 in the normal embryo. From this stage onward, foliation is increasingly deficient in reeler mutants. Based on these observations, it is suggested that, in normal cerebellar development, a specific, genetically determined mechanism is responsible for the organization and the stabilization of postmigratory neurons and that this mechanism is affected by the reeler mutation. PMID- 6650859 TI - The timing and sequence of events in the development of the human eye and ear during the embryonic period proper. AB - A documented scheme of the early development of the human eye and ear is presented. It is based on (1) reports of workers who personally studied staged embryos, and (2) personal observations and confirmations. The necessity of using staged embryos in order to determine the precise sequence of developmental events is stressed. PMID- 6650860 TI - Ultrastructural evidence for a reabsorptive role by intrarenal veins. AB - Intrarenal veins, although known to have thin walls, are considered to be simple conducting vessels. Using light- and electron microscopy, the distribution and structure of named intrarenal veins was examined qualitatively and quantitatively in rat kidneys fixed by retrograde arterial perfusion. Although the venous system follows the pattern of arterial branching in general, a class of intracortical veins similar in appearance to interlobular veins but without a companion artery was found in the present study. It is suggested that these vessels be designated intralobular veins. Structurally, we have found intrarenal veins to be surprisingly similar to peritubular capillaries both in respect to their spatial relations to renal tubules as well as ultrastructurally. Like peritubular capillaries, the majority of the wall of intrarenal veins is intimately apposed to renal tubules. This fraction decreases centrally, values of 0.83 being obtained in intralobular veins, 0.69 in interlobular veins, and 0.56 in arcuate veins. The walls of intrarenal veins are comprised of little more than an endothelium, which, like peritubular capillaries, is remarkable for its thinness, high density of fenestrae, and lack of extraintimal elements. Endothelial thickness was not significantly greater in either interlobular or arcuate veins than in peritubular capillaries; the fenestrae were, however, about twice as frequent in peritubular capillaries as in interlobular or arcuate veins and 35 times more frequent than in interlobar veins. The size and numerical and volume densities of uncoated endocytotic vesicles did not differ significantly between peritubular capillaries and any of the intrarenal veins. Based on their marked qualitative and quantitative similarities to peritubular capillaries, we conclude that, like the latter, intrarenal veins are capable of sustaining passive transport between plasma and interstitium. PMID- 6650861 TI - The fate of thecal smooth muscle cells in postovulatory hamster follicles. AB - Smooth muscles cells (SMC) have been identified in the theca externa of preovulatory follicles in several mammals. The function of these cells is not clear. It has been suggested that they are involved in ovulation and may play a role in the collapse of ruptured follicles and their transformation into corpora lutea (CL). In this study we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to examine the ultrastructure of SMC at the base of hamster follicles during the formation and regression of CL. For the first three days following ovulation, the CL are surrounded by a distinct theca externa composed of 1-3 layers of spindle shaped cells. The cells were identified as SMC by the masses of filaments in the cytoplasm, dense attachment plaques and caveolae along the plasma membrane and an external lamina surrounding each cell. On the fourth day after ovulation, the theca externa is fragmented and TEM observations suggest the following three fates for theca externa cells: 1) many cells degenerate, 2) some cells persist as SMC, 3) some cells possess few or no filaments and appear similar to fibroblasts. The significance of these results is discussed in regard to ovarian contractions, the fate of CL, and the recycling of ovarian tissues. PMID- 6650863 TI - Ontogeny of Peyer's patches of the rat. AB - The development of lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells in Peyer's patches (PP) of the rat was investigated using light microscopical methods (routine histological techniques, enzyme histochemistry and immunohistochemistry). In newborn rats PP were mainly populated by T lymphocytes and Ia-positive nonlymphoid cells, which most likely are interdigitating cells. At about 12 days after birth the B and T cells were localized in defined regions, the follicular (FA) and interfollicular area (IFA), respectively. Compartmentalization within the FA started about 14 days after birth. The first signs of the development of secondary follicles were seen from about 18 days onward. PP obtained their mature structure at about 4 weeks after birth. It is suggested that after PP had developed fully, cells having cytoplasmic IgA migrate via the high endothelial venules (HEV) to the lamina propria of the intestine; cIgM and IgG cells seem to develop locally within the FA. PMID- 6650862 TI - A morphometric analysis of rat ventral prostate in organ culture. AB - A stereologic, morphometric method was used for determining the quantitative and qualitative changes in the rat ventral prostate during organ culture. The volume density of epithelium (VVEP), lumina (VVLU), and interstitium (VVIT) as well as the proportion of epithelium of the tissue, VVEP/(VVEP + VVIT), the length density of tubular structures (LV), mean diameter of the lumina (DLU), height of the epithelium (h), and mean width of the interacinar tissue (lambda AP) were evaluated. In the perfusion-fixed prostate these parameters gave the closest approximation for the in vivo situation: VVEP was 0.19 mm3/mm3; h 19.5 micron; VVEP/(VVEP + VVIT) 0.63 mm3/mm3; VVLU 0.70 mm3/mm3; DLU 230 micron; VVIT 0.11 mm3/mm3; lambda AP 84.1 micron; and LV 17.5 mm/mm3. Dissection of the prostate for culture caused leakage of prostatic secretions and a consequent diminution of VVLU (0.41 mm3/mm3) and DLU (151 micron), as well as folding of the epithelium and distortion of the interacinar tissue (VVIT 0.25 mm3/mm3). During 10 days culture in a defined medium, the prostate underwent involutive changes including loss of total weight, a decrease of VVEP, and an increase of VVIT. During the first day a stimulatory effect on the epithelium occurred, which might have been caused by a loss of androgenic control or by substances in leaking secretions. Testosterone postponed many of these changes and maintained the secretory function better. Thus, on day 4 the morphology of the prostate resembled better the situation in vivo than at the beginning of involutionary culture. However, later during culture changes, similar to those found without testosterone but weaker, were noted. Statistical analysis of data showed that it is more advisable to use many pieces from one prostate lobe rather than to use many animals. Analysis of one slice is also sufficient to give relevant data on that piece. PMID- 6650864 TI - Morphometric analysis of the remodeling of the rat pulmonary epithelium during early postnatal development. AB - In the rat lung the alveoli are formed in the early postnatal period. Within 3 weeks the alveolar surface area increases more than five-fold and the saccular lung reaches its mature structure. In order to analyse the changes in the compartments of the parenchymal tissue, the lungs of three animals per group aged 4, 13, and 21 days, respectively, were investigated by means of electron microscopic morphometry. Whereas the capillarisation of the interalveolar septa almost doubled in the period investigated, the endothelium and alveolar epithelium increased their share of the septal tissue at the expense of the interstitial compartment. The cellularity of the interstitium decreased markedly with age, the ratio of cells to interstitial spaces falling from 5.1 to 1.7. Within the epithelium, the type II cell population increased its mass almost six times, representing 58% of the alveolar epithelial volume at 3 weeks. Accordingly, the portion of alveolar surface area covered by type II cells was highest on day 21, with 9% versus 5.6% on day 4, and around 3% in a normal adult lung. The observed quantitative structural changes are discussed in the light of the functional demands of the organ: the need for an expanding alveolar surface area to be covered by a thin epithelial lining layer, the maintenance of a thin air-blood barrier, and a quantitatively adapted secretion of alveolar surfactant. PMID- 6650865 TI - A cytochemical study of nuclear changes in fertilized hamster eggs. AB - Nucleoprotein changes during male and female pronuclear development have been examined in fertilized hamster eggs utilizing the ammoniacal silver reaction (ASR) at the light and ultrastructural levels of observation. Prior to its incorporation, the paternally derived chromatin was heavily laden with ASR product. Immediately upon gamete fusion the sperm nucleus underwent a dramatic increase in staining, suggesting an augmentation in the availability of reactive sites already present in the sperm nucleus or an accumulation of "new" reactive sites from the egg cytoplasm. With subsequent transformations of the sperm nucleus into a male pronucleus, there was a progressive reduction in ASR product associated with the paternal chromatin. Concomitantly, the condensed maternal chromosomes remaining in the zygote after the conclusion of meiosis dispersed and developed into a female pronucleus; these changes were accompanied by a progressive decrease in ASR staining. At the conclusion of pronuclear development, the morphologically similar male and female pronuclei were diffusely stained with the ASR. The increase in ASR staining of the sperm nucleus immediately following gamete fusion demonstrates a major effect of the egg cytoplasm on the paternal chromatin that, heretofore, has not been recognized. This augmentation and the following decrease in ASR staining may reflect changes in nucleoproteins during pronuclear development. Differences in nuclear staining are discussed in light of previous studies of nucleoprotein transitions at fertilization. PMID- 6650866 TI - Ultrastructural observations on the shell membrane of the North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). AB - Each developing opossum embryo is surrounded by a shell membrane which completely separates embryonic and maternal tissues. During the eighth and ninth prenatal days, the embryos together with their limiting shell membranes float freely within the uterine lumen, surrounded only by the secretions of the uterus. The shell membrane is transparent, nonelastic, tough, and capable of extreme deformation. It consists of a mat of interwoven fibers which vary in external diameter, are electron dense, and show no apparent substructure. The morphology and arrangement of component fibers are similar throughout the width of the shell membrane. PMID- 6650867 TI - Transverse periosteal sectioning and femur growth in the rat. AB - Circumferential cuts through the periosteal covering of long bones have been demonstrated to transiently increase epiphyseal growth. This effect appears to be independent of vascular changes accompanying surgery and has been hypothesized to relate to releasing tension in the periosteal envelope. This study was designed to address problems of previous investigations by controlling for the effects of the surgical procedure and by using regression analyses to analyze intra- and interanimal variations in the length and proportionality of the femur in experimental, sham, and control Sprague-Dawley male rat littermates. Experimental animals received circumferential periosteal sectioning of the right femur and no operation to the left limb. A sham operation without periosteal sectioning was performed on the right femur in the sham group. Right to left differences were analyzed using two multiple regression models; one involved three absolute length measurements as the dependent variables, while the other used the three ratios of these length measurements as the dependent variables. The ratio measures were utilized to reflect changes in bone proportionality. Circumferential periosteal section was followed by an alteration in the shape of rat femurs at 2 weeks postsurgery with a slight retardation of the length dimension from medial epicondyle to head of the femur and an overgrowth of the length dimension from the lateral epicondyle to the greater trochanter. The sham procedure produced a proportional decrease in all length measurements. The experimental procedure was also associated with surface bone apposition at the site of section. At 3 weeks postsurgery, normalization of bony contours between sham, experimental, and control groups had occurred; however, there were still some statistically significant decreases of length dimensions in the sham and experimental groups. In the experimental group the length measurement involving the weight-bearing head of the femur remained reduced at 3 weeks postsurgery. It is hypothesized that the functional demands of the long bone play an important role in the effect of periosteal regulation on growth. In situations where a normal tensive force is exerted on the bone, the periosteal envelope will act to restrain epiphyseal growth. When the bone is under a normal compressive force the release of periosteal tension is not a quantitatively significant stimulus to epiphyseal growth and the effects of surgical intervention and muscle trauma will play a more important role in the growth response of the epiphyses. PMID- 6650868 TI - The chorda center in Hensen's node of the chick embryo. AB - To learn the origin and early migration of notochordal cells in the chick embryo, tritiated thymidine-labeled grafts were implanted into homologous positions in Hensen's node of recipient embryos at homologous stages of development. The host embryos were reincubated to Hamburger-Hamilton stages 5-9, fixed, embedded in paraffin, and serially sectioned. Sections were coated with photographic emulsion and exposed for 7-30 days. Labeled cells were found in the notochord or chordamesoderm in 31 of the 35 embryos. Transplants to the dorsal portion of the node always formed notochord. Transplants to the ventral node formed notochord only when implanted during or after the definitive streak stage (H-H stage 4+), indicating that the chorda center is located in the dorsal layer. Moreover, the results suggest that the node depletes itself in producing the notochord: labeled cells migrated into notochord or chordamesoderm anterior to the primitive pit, rather than remaining in the node or primitive pit. Because transplants to the anterolateral portion of the node contributed only to trunk notochord and several transplants to the posteromedial portion contributed only to head notochord, Hensen's node may be equivalent to the median lip of a blastopore, over which prenotochordal material in the dorsal (epiblast) layer passes during gastrulation. PMID- 6650869 TI - Endocytosis of cationized ferritin to vesicles in the Golgi region of the glomus cells dissociated from the adult rat carotid body. AB - Glomus cells were dissociated from the carotid bodies of adult rats by enzymatic digestion with collagenase. The cells were then incubated at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes to 3 hours in the continuous presence of cationized ferritin (CF) as a membrane marker and extracellular tracer to study the intracellular route of endocytosis in this cell type. After 30 minutes of incubation with CF, occasional solitary CF-containing vesicles were observed at the cell periphery and also in the Golgi region. After 2-3 hours of incubation with CF, cell viability was still preserved and CF-labeled vesicles were abundant in the Golgi region. CF particles were also seen in some vesicles having a dense core. The core of these labeled vesicles appeared to be less electron-dense than that of typical secretory granules. It is suggested that the Golgi apparatus is involved in membrane recycling in glomus cells and that the membrane is then possibly further transported to an immature type of storage vesicle for reusage. PMID- 6650870 TI - Tissue freeze-drying with a closed drying tube stored in a freezer. AB - A simple method of freeze-drying tissue is described that does not require a continuously running vacuum pump. After the frozen tissue is positioned a few centimeters from the dessicant in a drying tube, a vacuum pump is attached briefly to lower the pressure in the drying tube. The drying tube is closed at a pressure of 5 X 10(-3) mm Hg or less, and the tube is stored in a freezer set at the desired temperature. Frog kidneys, 300-400 mg, were dry in about 24 hr at -32 degrees C and 48 hr at -40 degrees C. Since the tissue is dried in individual drying tubes, many tissue samples can be dried at one time. PMID- 6650871 TI - The preparation of human cross sections. AB - Technical advances in the field of radiology, especially computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanning, have made gross anatomical cross-sections increasingly important in understanding the relationships of internal structures. Since 1940, the Anatomy Program at the University of Vermont has developed and used cross sections of the entire human body in teaching predoctoral, postdoctoral, and allied health professionals. This paper describes in detail the process through which specimens are selected, embalmed, frozen, sectioned, and displayed. Kaiserling's Method is used for fixation and preservation of the specimens, which are then housed in appropriate display containers. Specimens prepared over forty years ago in the manner described in this paper are still in use. PMID- 6650872 TI - Two anatomical pathways for the renewal of surface glycoproteins in chloride cells of fish gills. AB - The cytoplasm of chloride cells found in the epithelium lining the gills of guppies (Lebistes reticulatus) contains, in addition to the Golgi apparatus and cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum, two distinct membranous components, the vesiculotubular and the tubular systems. While the latter is connected to the laterobasal plasma membrane, the former, made up of small vesicles and short membranous tubules, is seen mainly between the Golgi apparatus and the apical cavity which invaginates the apex of the cell. The role of these two systems in the transport of glycoproteins from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface was investigated in fishes maintained in fresh and salt water, injected with 3H fucose, and sacrificed at various intervals thereafter (10 and 30 min; 2.5, 8, 15.5, 24, and 48 hours). The distribution of the label was analyzed by quantitative radioautography in sections examined with the light and electron microscopes. The light microscopic data suggested that the label incorporated in the supranuclear region, where the Golgi apparatus is located, migrated toward the apical and the laterobasal regions of the chloride cells. The relative concentration of the tracer over the various components of the cytoplasm of these cells was calculated from data collected on electron microscope radioautographs at various intervals after 3H-fucose injection. The curves obtained supported the view that glycoproteins synthesized in the Golgi apparatus were transported to the apical surface via the vesiculotubular system, and to the laterobasal membrane via the tubular system. PMID- 6650873 TI - Ultrastructural evidence of continued reorganization at the aging (11-26 months) rat soleus neuromuscular junction. AB - Ultrastructural remodeling, with evidence of focal deafferentation and reinnervation, occurs within normal young adult rat soleus neuromuscular junctions (Cardasis and Padykula, 1981). This may be related to normal variations in function. Recognition of this plasticity provides a basis for analysis of aging changes in junctional ultrastructure. Thirty soleus junctions were studied between 11 and 26 months of life. In these junctions, compared to younger ones (3 5 months) synaptic sites with the conventional ultrastructure become increasingly sparse. There is an increase in extent and frequency of exposed junctional folds, of intervention of Schwann cell cytoplasm between axon and junctional folds, and of numbers of lysosomes in all cytoplasmic profiles. Often primary clefts are shallow or missing, and secondary folds are widened and contain collagen. Features limited largely to these older junctions include highly pleomorphic myonuclei, deeply invaginated by myofibrils, and an increase in cellular profiles between basal lamina and sarcolemma. The identity of these profiles is unknown. At other locations within many of the same endplates, small intact terminals are associated with larger expanses of junctional folds, and several small terminals occur within the same primary cleft. Such terminals frequently contain dense cored vesicles. These observations suggest continuation of some terminal axonal regeneration. Thus, the ultrastructure of these aging neuromuscular junctions reveals the same degenerative and regenerative events suggested by the ultrastructure of younger junctions, but suggests a shift in the balance between them. PMID- 6650874 TI - Gross anatomy of the respiratory system of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. AB - Components of the respiratory system from seven bowhead whales have been examined. The paired and laterally curved external nares are passively closed by a valve-like mass located in the rostral, lateral, and ventral walls of the nasal vestibules. Nasal septal cartilages are paired smooth plates rostrally changing to accordion-like folds caudally. The epiglottic and arytenoidal protuberances of the larynx are typically cetacean, but blunt. The cricoid cartilage is not a complete ring, but an elongated, inverted, trough-shaped structure. The thyroid cartilage is trough-shaped with elongated cranial cornua curving dorsocaudally from each thyroid lamina. A conical mass of skeletal muscle serves as the floor of the short trachea and also surrounds the termination of the laryngeal sac. The trachea is dorsoventrally compressed, lacks a tracheal bronchus, and its width equals its length. The principal bronchi give rise to lobar bronchi at obtuse angles. Large segmental bronchi branch extensively from lobar bronchi near the mediastinal lung surface. The lungs are rectangular and of nearly uniform thickness throughout, without external or internal lobulation. PMID- 6650875 TI - Ultrastructure of the bone marrow in three murine strains with non-malignant lymphoproliferative syndromes NZBxW, BXSB, and MRL/lpr. AB - Three mouse strains, NZBxW, BXSB, and MRL/lpr have well documented congenital lymphoproliferative syndromes and lupus-like disease. We studied the ultrastructures of the marrows of these mice searching for a model for intramedullary lymphopoiesis. In MRL/lpr, the strain with the most severe disease, the marrow was largely populated by large lymphocytes associated with dark branching stromal cells. These stromal cells are apparently of a recently recognized cell type which has been associated with extremely accelerated eosinophilopoiesis and erythropoiesis. They did not appear in the lymph nodes and spleens of the MRL/lpr mice or in the marrows of the other strains. BXSB marrows showed some non-proliferant lymphocytic infiltrates and heightened erythropoiesis while NZBxW marrows resembled controls. We suggest that the dark stromal cells in the MRL/lpr marrows were important in supporting the production or differentiation of lymphoid precursor cells. PMID- 6650876 TI - Lymphatic and blood vessels of the popliteal node in sheep. AB - Our aim was to describe the lymphatic and blood vascular pathways to and from the popliteal lymph node in sheep. The blood vessels and lymphatics were filled with Microfil, and were cleared in methyl salicylate. Afferent lymphatics divide and anastomose as they pass dorsally along the lateral saphenous vein, and 6-12 lymphatics reach the node. Each branches extensively on the surface of the node giving rise to 20-50 terminal afferents which enter the node over a roughly circular area. Most enter the subcapsular sinus, but some penetrate deeply into the node. Lymph leaves the node through numerous initial efferent lymphatics, many of which contain valves. These join forming progressively larger vessels, and 2-4 efferent trunks emerge from the hilus. The hilus varies considerably in shape, depth and location, and it is filled with fat. Either a single artery, or up to 10-12 arteries derived from an anastomotic network or circle, enter the node from the hilar fat pad. Arteries may also enter at other sites. The arteries originate from the caudal femoral, or the medial circumflex femoral artery; a single node may receive blood from both arteries. This arrangement may help to maintain blood flow especially during an immune response, and despite external pressures applied to the arteries and node during movements of the animal. PMID- 6650877 TI - Morphogenesis of motor endplates along the proximodistal axis of the mouse hindlimb. AB - The morphogenesis of motor endplates along the proximodistal hindlimb axis is described for the mouse using nonspecific cholinesterase histochemistry and electron microscopy. There is a two day lag in relative stages of development between a proximal muscle (rectus femoris, RF) and a distal muscle (flexor hallucis brevis, FHB). Cholinesterase activity first appears in the RF on embryonic day 15 and the FHB on embryonic day 17. In the following days, faint wisps of reaction product thicken, form small ovals on myotubes, and finally enlarge with internal ramifications as the muscle fibers increase in diameter. Axons first enter the RF between embryonic days 12 and 13, and contact both embryonic cells (most likely myoblasts) and cells assumed to be Schwann cells. Myotubes are present in the RF the following day. The first signs of synapse formation-appearance of symmetrical electron opaque membrane patches, and dense cored and synaptic vesicles--occur between axons and myotubes in the RF on embryonic day 15. During the following days basal lamina material accumulates in the synaptic cleft, coated vesicles and postjunctional folds appear in the myotubes, and synaptic vesicles accumulate in the axon terminals. By postnatal day 42 the axon terminals lay in primary gutters opposite deep secondary postjunctional folds, and are separated and capped by Schwann cell processes. PMID- 6650878 TI - Increase in zymogen granule volume accounts for increase in volume density during prenatal development of pancreas. AB - The sudden increase in volume density of zymogen granules in acinar cells of the fetal rat pancreas was examined with particular attention to the respective roles of granule size and number in this event. Volume density increased some twelvefold, from about 3% of cytoplasmic volume at 17 days to about 45% at 20 days, following a sigmoidal pattern in which the greatest rate of increase occurred during day 18. This increase in volume density was primarily the result of an increase in granule volume. Zymogen granule diameter increased from 0.55 micron at 17 days to 1.20 micron at 20 days, an order of magnitude increase in average granule volume. The total number of granules in the tissue increased in proportion to the increase in organ weight (cell number and size), but changes in the number of granules per unit cytoplasmic volume were minor (+ 40%) in comparison to the increase in volume density. The distribution of granule diameter was roughly normal and unimodal at each time interval, and the increase in average diameter over time was marked by an increase in the upper limit of the size distribution and an increased percentage of large granules. The size of condensing vacuoles also increased during this period, and their distributions were roughly coextensive with those seen for zymogen granules at the same time. The potential origins of changes in granule size are discussed, as well as the important effect that size has on the number of granules observed in "two dimensional" tissue sections viewed in the electron microscope. If size is not considered in our estimates, then we underestimate the numerical density in cells with small granules compared to those with large granules. The results indicate the central role of granule size, as opposed to number, in determining granule volume density in the embryonic pancreas. PMID- 6650879 TI - Retention of generalized hair cell patterns in the inner ear of the primitive flatfish Psettodes. AB - Flatfish are a group of uniquely asymmetrical vertebrates, lying always on one side. This postural control depends on the vestibular receptors of the inner ear. From the most primitive living flatfish, orientations of sensory hair cells in the inner ear were mapped by scanning electron microscopy. The maps of the three otolith organs, the three semicircular cristae, and the macula neglecta (newly discovered here for flatfish) show patterns that are very similar to those in many upright teleosts, particularly perches. Thus, peripheral sensory structure does not require modification for the unusual postural control of flatfish. PMID- 6650880 TI - Identification of human second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones. AB - The lateral side of the base of the second (SMT), third (TMT), and fourth (FMT) metatarsal bones displays constant and distinct grooves. The groove on SMT starts just above the middle of the lateral surface of the base and runs toward the shaft forming an angle of 85-111 degrees with the base. TMT has a groove starting at about the middle of the lateral surface forming an angle of 57-72 degrees with the base, while the groove on FMT runs upward more acutely, starting from the lower end of the surface, forming an angle of 37-54 degrees with the base. The presence of these grooves and the usefulness of their characteristics in distinguishing between these metatarsals, especially in forensic medicine, is discussed. PMID- 6650881 TI - The anatomy of the eustachian tube in the rat: a macro- and microscopical study. AB - The rat eustachian tube (ET), from the nasopharyngeal orifice to the tympanal orifice, is about 4.5 mm long, of which the naso-medial membranous part (the nasopharyngeal orifice) measures about 1.5 mm and the occipito-lateral bony portion about 3 mm. The nasopharyngeal orifice is surrounded by two soft, lip like, mucosal swellings--one ventral and one cranial--both easily mobile. The muscles related to the tubal opening mechanisms are the salpingopharyngeus, the tensor veli palatini and the levator veli palatini muscles. The salpingopharyngeus muscle originates partly from the cranial lip, whereas the palatal muscles originate partly from the ventral lip. The tympanal two thirds of the mucosal lining of the ET is cranially guided by a cartilage and incompletely framed by bony structures. The tympanal orifice is situated in the nasal part of the medial wall, well above the floor of the bulla. The tensor tympani muscle does not seem to take part in the opening and closing mechanisms of the ET. The mucosal lining of the ET consists of a respiratory epithelium with numerous glands in the lamina propria. It is suggested that the tubal muscles control the passage through the ET by moving the lip-like folds of the nasopharyngeal orifice. The anatomy of the rat ET is comparable to that described in Homo and it can be concluded that the rat ET might be a good model for studying the function of the human ET. PMID- 6650882 TI - Effect of seminal plasma and calcium on the stability of the surface protein composition of ejaculated bull spermatozoa. AB - Ejaculated bull spermatozoa were incubated in different media to elucidate the effect of seminal plasma and calcium on the stability of sperm surface compositions. The spermatozoa were radioiodinated prior to or after the incubation and the labelled proteins from the incubation media and spermatozoa were analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seminal plasma detached efficiently sperm surface components. Even with concentration of 2% considerable amounts of the 44K and 17K proteins were released into the medium. The 17K proteins of seminal plasma were also adsorbed by sperm surfaces during incubation. The release of the 27K protein seemed to be dependent on calcium. PMID- 6650883 TI - Molecular structure of human seminal coagulum: the role of disulfide bonds. AB - Using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis in the presence of 100 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, freshly ejaculated human semen showed two major protein bands of 72 and 55 kd. During liquefaction these two protein bands were degraded to low molecular weight proteins of 10-15 kd. In the absence of 2 mercaptoethanol, larger proteins such as those of 243, 221 and 195 kd were obtained which could be converted to 72 and 55 kd proteins by the action of the sulfhydryl reducing agent. Liquefaction was enhanced in the presence of 2 mercaptoethanol. These results indicated that one of the factors involved in the formation of human seminal coagulum is disulfide linkage between proteins of 72 and 55 kd. PMID- 6650884 TI - Sexual maturation in male rats after centchroman and naphthofuran administration during neonatal period. AB - Male rats given a single s.c. injection of 250 micrograms estradiol dipropionate on day 5 postnatal life failed to show maturational changes in the testis and the growth of accessory sex organs was reduced. Similar treatment with two non steroidal 'estrogenic' compounds viz. Centchroman (500 micrograms) and Naphthofuran (500 micrograms) retarded the growth of the testis and accessory organs but spermatogenesis was not affected. These effects persisted through 90 days. The results of the present study suggest that the two nonsteroidal compounds being 'atypical' estrogens, their effect on hormone responsive centres of brain also is less severe as compared to that caused by classical estrogen like estradiol. PMID- 6650885 TI - Chromatin packing in normal and teratozoospermic human ejaculated spermatozoa. AB - Normal shaped (oval) and teratozoospermic spermatozoa have been compared by several techniques, including the use of "in vitro" S-S agents, cytofluorometry determination of DNA, total proteins, and ultracytochemical analysis of the presence and localization of SH proteins present in human sperm nuclei. A close relationship between S-S stability and chromatin packing is inferred from the differential sensitivity to S-S reduction agents exhibited by normal sperm nuclei which shows a lower Feulgen reactivity and special distribution of SH proteins compared to teratozoospermic cells. Both, S-S stability and chromatin packing are higher in normal sperms. PMID- 6650886 TI - In vivo recording of contractile activity of pelvic urethra and seminal vesicle in rats. Effects of electrical stimulations and neurohypophysial hormones. AB - The spontaneous contractility of the pelvic urethra and seminal vesicles in the rat was recorded in vivo and the effects of the electrical stimulation as well as the neurohypophysial hormones on it were studied. The mean amplitude of pelvic urethra contractions was 3.2 +/- 0.9 cm H2O and the mean frequency was 4.1 +/- 0.8 contractions/min. The seminal vesicles contractions exhibited a mean amplitude of 1.6 +/- 0.7 cm H2O and a mean frequency of 2.6 +/- 0.8 contractions/min. Each electrical stimulation produced a sudden and vigorous contraction in pelvic urethra as well as in seminal vesicles. Oxytocin and vasopressin did not change neither the amplitude nor the frequency in the spontaneous activity of these organs. PMID- 6650887 TI - Evidence for the reconstitution of motility by epididymal plasma-protein factor(s) in immotile washed spermatozoa from goat cauda epididymis. AB - Approx. 90% of the highly motile goat cauda-epididymal spermatozoa lose motility completely due to removal of the surrounding epididymal plasma (EP) by washing with a modified Ringer's solution. Motility can however, be reconstituted in approx. 80% of these washed cells that lost motility during washing, with the addition of goat cauda-EP. The activity of the EP-factor(s) that cause reconstitution of motility in the washed immotile spermatozoa, is nondialysable and sensitive to the action of trypsin. The activity of the factor(s) is not dependent on exogenous Ca2+ (1 mM), Mg2+ (1.2 mM), cyclic AMP (5 mM) or dibutyryl cyclic AMP (5 mM). The novel system may thus serve as an excellent analytical tool to yield an insight into the molecular basis of the regulation of spermatozoal motility. PMID- 6650888 TI - Aspiration pneumonia prophylaxis. PMID- 6650889 TI - Differential sensitivities of mammalian nerve fibers during pregnancy. AB - The onset of conduction blockade in the vagus nerve of pregnant and nonpregnant rabbits was studied utilizing an in vitro sheath nerve preparation. The time required for 50% depression of the action potential (AP) of A, B, and C vagal fibers from five pregnant and six nonpregnant animals was determined after the application of bupivacaine (0.35 mM). The onset of conduction block occurred in 6.7-12.1 min in the A, B, and C fibers from pregnant animals compared to onset times of 17.9-31.6 min in nerves taken from nonpregnant rabbits. The difference in onset time for each type of nerve fiber from pregnant and nonpregnant animals was highly significant. The results suggest either an increased sensitivity of nerve fibers from pregnant animals to bupivacaine or an enhanced diffusion of the bupivacaine to the membrane receptor site. Mechanical factors are clearly not responsible for the observed results. Hormonal factors may play a role in the decreased anesthetic latency, because progesterone levels were significantly higher in the pregnant animals. PMID- 6650890 TI - Cognitive reversal of expected nitrous oxide analgesia for acute pain. AB - In a laboratory experiment, the expected analgesic action of 33% nitrous oxide was reversed by creating the expectancy of heightened awareness of bodily sensations. Pain threshold and tolerance of electrical tooth-pulp stimulation were significantly reduced. Results from a control study gave us a basis for comparison of changes in the verbal expression of pain when nitrous oxide was administered without introducing expectancies beyond those already held by the subjects. Contrasting results from the experimental and control studies confirm the powerful role of mental processes in mediating pain experience. PMID- 6650891 TI - Intracranial pressure during nifedipine-induced hypotension. AB - The effect of nifedipine-induced hypotension on intracranial pressure (ICP) was investigated in cats with normal and artificially increased ICP. Eleven cats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital (25 mg/kg), intubated, and ventilated with nitrous oxide in oxygen. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) were continuously recorded. A double 19-gauge needle was inserted into the cisterna magna; ICP was continuously monitored from one needle and the other was used to increase and maintain ICP at 27 +/- 4 mm Hg by infusion of pH-adjusted Ringer's lactate solution. After control measurements were taken, nifedipine was given intravenously in each cat when ICP was normal and increased. Infusion of 96 +/- 12 micrograms (SEM) nifedipine (approximately equal to 33 micrograms/kg) reduced MAP 35-45% for 2.5 +/- 0.8 min when ICP was normal, and for 2.0 +/- 0.6 min when ICP had been increased. When initial ICP was normal, nifedipine-induced hypotension produced a small (2.2 mm Hg) but statistically significant increase in ICP and decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure (P less than 0.01). When ICP was initially elevated, nifedipine-induced hypotension produced a larger increase in ICP (5 +/- 1 mm Hg) and a proportionately larger decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure (P less than 0.01). PMID- 6650892 TI - Maternal and neonatal elimination of CABA after epidural anesthesia with 2 chloroprocaine during parturition. AB - Little is known about the pharmacology of the metabolites of 2-chloroprocaine in obstetrical patients. The primary objective of this study was to describe the elimination of 2-chloroaminobenzoic acid (CABA) in maternal and neonatal urine after epidural anesthesia. A secondary objective was to compare its elimination in patients with preterm and term deliveries. The study included 21 pregnant women and their offspring. The mean gestational age of the 11 preterm infants was 34 +/- 3 weeks and that of the 10 term infants was 40 +/- 2 weeks. Maternal and cord venous blood samples were obtained at delivery and 12-hr urine samples for 72 hr postpartum. Blood and urine samples were analyzed for CABA by gas chromatography using electron capture detection. Both mothers and neonates excreted considerable amounts of unchanged CABA, and mothers also excreted CABA in a conjugated form. Mean elimination rate constants were 0.263 +/- 0.193 mg X hr-1 for mothers and 0.129 +/- 0.035 micrograms X hr-1 for neonates. Over 95% of the CABA recovered from the mothers and neonates was excreted by 36 hr postpartum. Mothers excreted 40% of the administered 2-chloroprocaine as CABA and neonates excreted 0.22-0.25% of the maternal dose as CABA. No differences in elimination due to the length of gestation were found in the mothers or neonates. Although mothers excrete CABA more rapidly than neonates, the results of this study suggest that both effectively excrete CABA. PMID- 6650893 TI - Anticoagulant monitoring and neutralization during open heart surgery--a rapid method for measuring heparin and calculating safe reduced protamine doses. AB - Confident monitoring of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass and subsequent neutralization by protamine has been hampered by the absence of an accurate, reproducible, rapid, simple, and specific assay for heparin. By using two new instruments in tandem, one of which produced 0.5 ml of plasma in 1 min and one which specifically measures heparin in 3-4 min, heparin levels are available in approximately 5 min. By performing heparin assays at a variety of intervals, it was demonstrated that 76% of patients receiving common doses of heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass may have plasma levels that are potentially too low. Minimum neutralizing doses of protamine may be calculated using the formula: (estimated blood volume + pump prime volume) X (plasma heparin level/100) X 1.1 + 50. These doses were nearly two-thirds of previous doses and were unassociated with increased bleeding, clotting, or clinically significant heparin rebound. PMID- 6650894 TI - On criticism in medicine. PMID- 6650895 TI - Unusual clinical course of accidental subdural local anesthetic injection. PMID- 6650896 TI - Respiratory obstruction from uvular edema in a pediatric patient. PMID- 6650897 TI - Pulmonary artery pressure monitoring in patients with pheochromocytoma. PMID- 6650898 TI - Precordial chest pain during spinal or epidural anesthesia. PMID- 6650899 TI - Further considerations in unusual disconnections. PMID- 6650900 TI - Management of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning in obstetrics. PMID- 6650901 TI - Priapism--a therapeutic challenge. PMID- 6650902 TI - Pre- and postjunctional effects of neuromuscular blocking agents and their antagonists. PMID- 6650903 TI - Perioperative myocardial reinfarction: a glimmer of hope--a note of caution. PMID- 6650904 TI - Life-threatening perioperative apnea in the ex-"premie". PMID- 6650905 TI - Reinfarction following anesthesia in patients with myocardial infarction. AB - The authors studied the incidence of and factors related to recurrent perioperative myocardial infarction retrospectively during 1973-1976 (Group 1) and prospectively during 1977-1982 (Group 2). Reinfarction occurred in 28 of 364 (7.7%) patients in Group 1 and 14 of 733 (1.9%) in Group 2 (P less than 0.005). When the previous infarction was 0-3 and 4-6 months old, perioperative reinfarction occurred in 36% and 26% of Group 1 patients, respectively, and only 5.7% and 2.3% of Group 2 patients, respectively, (P less than 0.05). In both groups, patients with associated congestive heart failure had a higher reinfarction rate. Patients who had intraoperative hypertension and tachycardia or hypotension develop had a higher incidence of reinfarction in both groups. The results suggest that preoperative optimization of the patient's status, aggressive invasive monitoring of the hemodynamic status, and prompt treatment of any hemodynamic aberration may be associated with decreased perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients with previous myocardial infarction. Which of these factors, if any, contributed to the improved outcome was not determined in this study. PMID- 6650906 TI - Life-threatening apnea in infants recovering from anesthesia. AB - To determine whether prematurely born infants with a history of idiopathic apneic episodes are more prone than other infants to life-threatening apnea during recovery from anesthesia, the authors prospectively studied 214 infants (173 full term, 41 premature) who received anesthesia. Fifteen premature infants had a preanesthetic history of idiopathic apnea. Six of these required mechanical ventilation because of idiopathic apneic episodes during emergence from anesthesia. Two were ventilated for other reasons, and seven recovered normally. Infants ventilated for apnea were younger (postnatal age 1.6 +/- 1.2 months, mean +/- SD; conceptual age 38.6 +/- 3.0 weeks) than those who recovered normally (postnatal age 5.6 +/- 2.7 months; conceptual age 55.1 +/- 11.3 weeks) (P less than 0.01). No other premature or full-term infant was ventilated because of postoperative apneic episodes. The authors conclude that anesthetics may unmask a defect in ventilatory control of prematurely born infants younger than 41-46 weeks conceptual age who have a preanesthetic history of idiopathic apnea. PMID- 6650907 TI - Effects of isoflurane on the baroreceptor reflex. AB - The baroreceptor reflex has been found to be attenuated during anesthesia, but the effects of the relatively new anesthetic, isoflurane, on baroreflex function have not been examined thoroughly. This study was performed to determine the effects of isoflurane on each component of the baroreceptor reflex arc, including the receptors, afferent and efferent nerve pathways, central integratory centers, peripheral ganglia, and the heart. Baroreflex effects on heart rate initiated by systemic pressure changes were examined in conscious and anesthetized dogs (1.3% and 2.6% isoflurane). The effects on individual components of the reflex arc were determined by examining carotid sinus baroreceptor afferent activity, sympathetic efferent nerve activity, and heart rate response to direct sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent nerve stimulation in anesthetized dogs. Preganglionic and postganglionic nerve activities were recorded simultaneously during baroreflex activation to determine ganglionic effects of isoflurane. Baroreflex induced changes in heart rate were not depressed significantly until 2.6% isoflurane if blood pressure changes due to anesthetic administration were prevented. Significant decreases in baseline sympathetic efferent nerve activity were found at 1.3% and 2.6% isoflurane, with depression of postganglionic activity significantly greater than preganglionic activity at 2.6% isoflurane, indicating a ganglionic effect of isoflurane. Cardiac chronotropic responses to direct stimulation of sympathetic and vagal fibers were attenuated significantly by isoflurane, with sympathetic stimulation showing the greater sensitivity to the anesthetic. Carotid baroreceptor afferent activity was increased by isoflurane, and this sensitization of the baroreceptors appeared to contribute to the decreased levels of sympathetic tone. Therefore, although isoflurane was found to alter the baroreceptor reflex through its effects at multiple sites of the baroreflex arc, significant depression of the cardiac chronotropic component of the reflex was seen only at 2.6% isoflurane. PMID- 6650908 TI - Blood-brain barrier function following drug-induced hypotension in the dog. AB - To examine the effects of hypotension induced either with trimethaphan (TMP) or nitroprusside (NTP) on blood-brain barrier (BBB), penetration of Evans blue (EB) was observed in dogs anesthetized with halothane. Dogs given TMP were divided into two groups: Group 1, seven dogs rendered hypotensive to mean cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) of 45 mmHg for 45 min and then of 30 mmHg for 45 min; Group 2, three dogs examined 3 days after arterial hypotension identical to that in Group 1. Dogs given NTP were divided into four groups: Group 1, seven dogs rendered hypotensive with NTP (at dose less than 1 mg/kg) identical to the TMP Group 1; Group 2, three dogs examined as the TMP-Group 2; Group 3, seven dogs rendered hypotensive to CPP 45 mmHg for 45 min; Group 4, seven dogs rendered hypotensive with NTP (at dose greater than 1 mg/kg) identical to the NTP-Group 1. In all dogs, the dorsal cortical surface and standardized serial coronal sections were examined for evidence of EB penetration. The mean EB penetration score (+/- SEM) for TMP-Groups 1 and 2 was 12 +/- 6, 0 +/- 0, respectively, and for NTP Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 105 +/- 14, 30 +/- 7, 6 +/- 6, and 125 +/- 26, respectively. These results suggest that dysfunction of the BBB in the NTP group was more pronounced than in the TMP group. PMID- 6650909 TI - Cerebral circulation and metabolism during enflurane anesthesia in humans. AB - The effects of enflurane anesthesia on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) were studied in 17 patients. The patients were divided into two groups according to the depth of anesthesia. Cerebral perfusion pressure was maintained above 60 mmHg with phenylephrine. In Group 1 (arterial enflurane concentration, 15 mg/dl), patients were studied before surgery, while in group 2 (enflurane concentration, 27 mg/dl), the measurements were performed before and during surgery. In Group 1, mean CBF and CMRO2 were 53 and 2.8 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1, respectively. These values were not significantly different from CBF (46 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1) and CMRO2 (3.1 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1) values previously obtained in awake patients. In Group 2 before surgery, mean CBF and CMRO2 were 61 and 2.6 ml X 100 g-1 X min-1, respectively, and were significantly different from the awake values, while the EEG showed frequent spikes and suppression. In Group 2 during surgery, mean CBF and CMRO2 did not differ from the values obtained before surgery, despite significant EEG changes. The results indicate that enflurane is a cerebral vasodilator and causes an increase in CBF and a decrease in CMRO2 in humans at an anesthetic level characterized by frequent spikes and suppression on the EEG. PMID- 6650910 TI - Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of fentanyl. AB - Fentanyl is used as an analgesic in small doses (1-2 micrograms X kg-1) and as an anesthetic in very large doses (greater than 150 micrograms X kg-1). It has been demonstrated that the effects of fentanyl correlate with its concentrations in plasma. It is important, therefore, to know whether or not the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl vary with dose size in order to predict the plasma concentrations and effects produced by various dosage regiments. The authors studied the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in dogs. 3H-fentanyl (2.5-640 micrograms X kg-1) was injected intravenously in dogs anesthetized at a stable level with enflurane-O2. Arterial plasma and urine were analyzed for unchanged 3H-fentanyl. Kinetic indices were derived by nonlinear least-squares analysis of log concentration of fentanyl in plasma (ng X ml-1) versus time after a bolus injection. The terminal elimination half-time (t 1/2 beta = 211 min), the apparent volume of distribution (9.5 l X kg-1), the volume of the central compartment (1.14 l X kg-1), and the clearance (37 ml X kg-1 X min-1) of fentanyl were independent of dose over the 6.4-640 micrograms X kg-1 dose range. The distribution volume and distribution half-times were lower for the 2.5 micrograms X kg-1 than for some of the larger doses; this was attributed to differences in experimental conditions. The authors conclude that the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl are dose independent certainly over the 6.4-640 micrograms X kg-1 dose range. There is no evidence of saturation of biotransformation or tissue uptake mechanisms for doses in the range of 2.5 to 640 micrograms X kg-1. PMID- 6650911 TI - Is membrane expansion relevant to anesthesia? Mean excess volume. AB - Recent disputes about the relevance of membrane expansion to the mechanism of anesthesia indicate that there is confusion about the concept of membrane expansion and stabilization. One theory suggests that the membrane is expanded when its size is increased by the size of the incorporated anesthetic molecules, whereas another theory contends that extra space must be created over the size of the incorporated anesthetic molecules in order for the membrane to be considered as expanded. This article is intended to clarify the discrepancies between these concepts. The volume theories of anesthesia are reviewed critically. The volume change of the membrane, induced by the interaction of anesthetics, is not a simple summation of membrane volume and anesthetic volume. There are a number of factors that affect the volume when anesthetic molecules interact with the membrane in water. The theories that envision membrane expansion as the increase of volume by the size of anesthetic molecules assume that there is no interaction between membrane and anesthetic molecules (if there is interaction, there is excess volume change) and are incompatible with the pressure reversal of anesthesia. The physical meaning of the pressure reversal of anesthesia is described, and the absolute necessity of the presence of excess volume for pressure to antagonize anesthesia is discussed. Excess volume expansion per se may not be the cause of anesthesia, but the mechanism by which the excess volume is created must be the key event that induces anesthesia. The mean excess volume hypothesis postulates that the size of the membrane is irrelevant to anesthesia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650912 TI - Nitrous oxide increases intraocular pressure after intravitreal sulfur hexafluoride injection. AB - In anesthetized cats ventilated with oxygen, 0.5 ml of the inert gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was substituted for vitreous. When the ventilating gas was changed to nitrous oxide (N2O) 66%, balance oxygen, intraocular pressure increased from 14.4 to 30.3 mmHg in 19.5 min. When the ventilating gas was changed back to oxygen, intraocular pressure decreased from 29.1 to 12.0 mmHg in 18.1 min. This intraocular pressure change secondary to gas volume alteration may adversely affect therapeutic outcome of ophthalmic surgery. Accordingly, N2O should be avoided in patients during and following intravitreal injection of SF6 for up to 10 days. PMID- 6650913 TI - Mechanical aspects of epidural catheter insertion--prevention of catheter buckling by means of a needle hub insert. AB - Six commercially available epidural catheters were tested in a special apparatus designed to simulate epidural catheter insertion and quantitatively measure the buckling strength of these catheters. The experimental apparatus utilized a modified Tuohy needle and a specially calibrated force transducer. Catheters were inserted through the Tuohy needle in a manner similar to that employed clinically, and the maximum forces developed against the surface of the force transducer were recorded electronically. In addition, a custom-designed "needle hub insert" was tested for its ability to prevent catheter buckling during insertion of an epidural catheter through a Tuohy needle. Catheter buckling forces were measured with new catheters and also with catheters that had been damaged by previous insertion attempts. Both the new and damaged catheters were tested with and without the presence of a needle hub insert. Each combination of experimental conditions was replicated four times. The results showed a marked difference in the effective buckling strength of the catheters tested. Buckling strengths ranged from a minimum of 201 +/- 21 g (SD) to 418 +/- 15 g of force. The largest forces were obtained with a Deseret type catheter that had an internal plastic stylet. When comparing only new catheters without stylets, the buckling forces ranged from 201 to 285 g. All catheters, whether new or damaged showed an increase in the maximum buckling force with the use of the needle hub insert. The percentage increase in force (needle hub insert vs. no insert) ranged from a low of 23% to a maximum of 108%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650914 TI - Comparison of continuous infusion fentanyl or ketamine versus thiopental- determining the mean effective serum concentrations for outpatient surgery. PMID- 6650915 TI - New and easy techniques for fiberoptic endoscopy-aided tracheal intubation. PMID- 6650916 TI - Pulmonary edema following naloxone administration in a patient without heart disease. PMID- 6650917 TI - Enema-induced hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia leading to cardiac arrest during induction of anesthesia in an outpatient surgery center. PMID- 6650918 TI - Bronchospasm following intraocular injection of acetylcholine in a patient taking metoprolol. PMID- 6650919 TI - Paradoxical diuresis in some neurosurgical patients under balanced anesthesia. PMID- 6650920 TI - Mechanism of liver necrosis in hyperthyroid rats. PMID- 6650921 TI - Preoperative management of atrial fibrillation. PMID- 6650922 TI - Questionable partial cure for a minor clinical problem. PMID- 6650923 TI - Preferred treatment of fentanyl-induced postoperative rigidity. PMID- 6650924 TI - Interference with processed electroencephalographic recording by facial nerve stimulation. PMID- 6650925 TI - An atraumatic method for topical application of local anesthetics to the nasal mucosa. PMID- 6650927 TI - MAC values of mixtures. PMID- 6650926 TI - Bronchopulmonary lung lavage. PMID- 6650928 TI - Further suggestions on epidural spread in pregnancy. PMID- 6650929 TI - Corrections concerning alleged disconnect alarm failure. PMID- 6650930 TI - Scavenging waste gases in pediatric patients. PMID- 6650931 TI - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Retrospective study of 14 acute obstetrical cases]. AB - To test the value of diagnostic and therapeutic data in obstetric DIC, 14 women were selected who presented a severe clotless haemorrhage with fibrin degradation products and/or soluble complexes, decreased fibrinogen (0.87 +/- 0.47 g X 1( 1)), platelet count (75.7 +/- 41 X 10(3) X ml-1) and prothrombin complex (33.7 +/ 12%). The hypovolaemia was treated at the same time as heparin was given in a bolus injection of 0.5 mg X kg-1 followed by a constant flow infusion of 1 mg X kg-1 X day-1 in all patients. Relevant obstetrical treatment was performed in 71.4% of patients. Fibrinogen, fresh frozen plasma, prothrombin complex concentrate and platelet concentrate were given if required. One patient, with severe toxaemia, died. Haemorrhage was stopped in 92.8% of patients after 4.5 +/- 0.8 h. Reversible visceral complications occurred in 28% of cases. The initial data used was easily obtained and seemed to give a reliable diagnosis in acute obstetrical DIC. Substitutive treatment was discussed in correlation with the evolution: PCC seemed pointless; the use of fibrinogen must become exceptional when fresh frozen plasma is available. Heparin remained necessary. PMID- 6650932 TI - [Catheterization of the axillary vein in intensive care. Analysis of a series of 151 cases]. AB - In order to lower the risks of infection and other complications during prolonged venous catheterization, percutaneous axillary venepuncture is advocated as an access route to the superior vena cava. This study relates the results of 151 attempts. Most of the patients were tracheostomized and under controlled ventilation. Catheterization was successful in 79% of the cases (119 cases). In 92 cases access to the superior vena cava was sought and in 27 cases the pulmonary artery. No major complication was observed. Bacterial contamination of the catheter tip was found in 21% of cases. Percutaneous catheterization of the axillary vein appeared to be a safe and reliable technique, especially for prolonged catheterization in high risk patients. PMID- 6650933 TI - [Acute hepatic steatosis of pregnancy in an Addisonian patient]. AB - A case is reported of acute fatty liver occurring in an Addisonian woman with a twin pregnancy. It is pointed out that Sheehan's syndrome or acute fatty liver of pregnancy is an exceptional cause of jaundice in pregnancy. Its severity is due to the syndrome, associating hepatic failure and renal, pancreatic and haemorrhagic complications. The history of the pregnancy and the past medical history are of less import for the outcome. The best treatment is delivery by caesarean section, together with symptomatic treatment of the complications. In case of jaundice of unknown aetiology in late pregnancy, the advantages of an early diagnosis by transjugular hepatic biopsy are discussed. PMID- 6650934 TI - [Surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in the very-low-birth-weight premature infant]. AB - Three recent cases of surgical closure of ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight infants (less than 1 000 g) are reported. The indications of both surgical and pharmacological closure in very low birth weight premature infants are discussed. The necessity of an early closure of a patent ductus arteriosus is now admitted in the very premature infant, but the use of indomethacin in the first days of life is often impossible because of its side-effects. The use of adapted non-invasive monitoring devices during surgery allows a better control of anaesthesia. PMID- 6650935 TI - [Respiratory obstruction during anesthesia in cases of mediastinal malignant lymphoma]. AB - Three cases of asphyxia at the beginning of general anaesthesia for mediastinoscopy or biopsy of adenopathy are described in patients with malignant lymphoma. One of them died in spite of endobronchial intubation, artificial ventilation and steroids. The two others recovered when specific chemotherapy was added to the same symptomatic treatment. The risk of respiratory obstruction seems higher in non-Hodgkin than in Hodgkin lymphomas. This kind of obstruction is not relieved by an antiasthmatic therapy. Pulmonary lymphatic filtration may be hindered in case of mediastinal lymphoma, especially during anaesthetic induction, and pulmonary interstitial congestion may occur impeding gas propagation. Specific chemotherapy according to the histological type of the tumour may relieve the compression and respiratory obstruction in a few hours. PMID- 6650936 TI - [Hypoalgesia by voluntary hyperventilation in the healthy subject]. PMID- 6650937 TI - [Failure of nicergoline to control blood pressure in surgery of pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 6650938 TI - [INSERM. Epidemiological survey of anesthesia. Initial results]. PMID- 6650939 TI - Resuscitation time in ventricular fibrillation--a prognostic indicator. AB - Length of resuscitation in prehospital ventricular fibrillation patients was studied to define its relationship to survival. Five hundred sixty-five patients presenting with the initial rhythm of ventricular fibrillation to the Milwaukee County Paramedic System between January 1978 and April 1982 were resuscitated successfully. Pediatric patients and patients with trauma, poisoning, and drowning were excluded. Of the 565 resuscitated patients, 262 (46%) were discharged alive and 303 (54%) died during hospitalization. For all 565 patients the resuscitation time and times from arrival of paramedics until the first sustained pulse were plotted against survival to define a curve. The curve demonstrated rapidly declining survival rates for resuscitation time up to 20 minutes; thereafter, survival declined more gradually with respect to resuscitation time. The mean resuscitation time for those eventually discharged alive was 12.6 minutes, which was statistically shorter (P less than .0001) than the mean resuscitation time of 23.9 minutes for those who eventually died. The overall survival curve of witnessed arrest patients was not statistically different from that of unwitnessed patients. The survival curve of those patients receiving bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was similar to the curve of those who received no CPR. We conclude that resuscitation time is a heretofore undefined significant predictor of survival of resuscitated prehospital ventricular fibrillation patients. PMID- 6650940 TI - Direct mechanical ventricular assistance during ventricular fibrillation. AB - A technique of direct mechanical ventricular assistance (DMVA) has been available since 1966. Ventricular assistance is provided by a glass cup lined with a Silastic diaphragm. It is held on the cardiac ventricles by suction. Alternating positive and negative pressure in the space between the cup and the diaphragm provides a pumping mechanism for blood flow. DMVA was compared to closed chest massage (CCM) and open chest massage (OCM) during ventricular fibrillation in six dogs. Each technique was applied for 10 minutes. Three dogs had CCM followed by OCM and then DMVA. Three dogs had only OCM and DMVA. Blood pressure and cardiac output were measured. All variables were calculated as a percentage of pre ventricular-fibrillation values. Mean blood pressure was 19.7% with CCM, 39.8% with OCM, and 55.1% with DMVA. Systolic blood pressure was 25.8% with CCM, 51.9% with OCM, and 64.0% with DMVA. Diastolic blood pressure was 17.3% with CCM, 37.3% with OCM, and 48.9% with DMVA. Cardiac output was 13.8% with CCM, 37.1% with OCM, and 58.0% with DMVA. For each variable, OCM produced statistically higher values than did CCM. DMVA produced statistically higher values than did OCM for all variables. These preliminary results suggest that DMVA may be superior to currently available methods of cardiac massage during ventricular fibrillation. PMID- 6650941 TI - Transcutaneous cardiac pacing: determination of myocardial injury in a canine model. AB - Transcutaneous cardiac pacing holds promise as the initial cardiac pacing technique for emergency patients. Determination of the extent of myocardial injury associated with the use of commercial transcutaneous pacemaker devices has been limited. This study was undertaken to document electrocardiographic, enzymatic, and histologic changes following transcutaneous pacing. Ten mongrel dogs were paced with a transcutaneous cardiac pacemaker for 30 minutes. Electrical pulses of 100 mA lasting 20 ms each were delivered at a rate of 80/min via cutaneous electrodes on the anterior and posterior thorax. Myocardial damage was assessed by serial electrocardiograms (ECGs), serial creatine kinase (CK) determinations with myocardial band (MB) fractionation, and gross and microscopic pathologic examination. Double blind reading of the ECGs showed no significant changes after pacing. CK levels peaked an average of 78 units over baseline levels at 4 hours; however, there was no rise in the CK MB fraction. Pathologic examination revealed micro-infarcts adjacent to intramural vessels in 5 animals, but no clinically significant myocardial injury in the 10 dogs. The absence of enzymatic, cardiographic, and clinically significant pathologic findings was statistically significant (P less than .05). Transcutaneous pacing at low currents and for short periods appears to be a safe technique. This pacing technique deserves further evaluation, and may hold promise as a clinical tool during resuscitation. PMID- 6650942 TI - Early prediction of the adult respiratory distress syndrome by a simple scoring method. AB - Early identification of patients who will develop the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is important in prognosis, management, and candidate selection for studies that evaluate both pathophysiology and early therapy. The purpose of this study was to improve the accuracy of early prediction of ARDS by using a simple scoring method that combines the weighted risks from individual risk factors. By a discriminant function analysis of 136 patients with one or more clinical conditions predisposing to risk of ARDS, simple linear equations were derived in which several different risk factors, weighted by coefficients, served as the variables. We developed several equations from which individual "ARDS scores" could be calculated, and we found retrospectively that half the 46 patients who had developed ARDS scored higher than a particular "index score," while about 90% of the patients who never developed ARDS scored less than that index despite the presence of significant risk factors. We then prospectively tested these equations in 87 other patients and found similar results. In summary, a simple clinical scoring system which can be used soon after admission can identify, with reasonable accuracy, individual patients who are almost assured of developing ARDS. PMID- 6650943 TI - The scavenger device for nitrous oxide administration. AB - Nitrous oxide levels of 300 to 500 ppm occur when nitrous oxide is administered in the emergency department using the Nitronox machine without use of the scavenger device, which traps expired nitrous oxide gases and vents them to the outside environment. A scavenger device that can limit nitrous oxide gas to zero ppm in the emergency department setting has been developed. We think that development of the scavenger device is a significant advance for the safe administration of nitrous oxide in the emergency department. PMID- 6650944 TI - Utilization of a freestanding emergency center by patients with and without private physicians. AB - We assessed the impact of a freestanding emergency center (FEC) on alternative sources of care for minor illness and injury by comparing patients who named a personal physician with those who did not, with regard to time of arrival and type of complaint (injury vs illness). Of 932 patients attending an Akron, Ohio, FEC during the study period, 71% named a primary care physician. These patients came proportionately more often with injury than did patients without a physician, and also presented more frequently with illness at times when their physicians were typically unavailable. By contrast, there was no distinction between the two groups with respect to time of arrival for treatment of injury. We concluded that the FEC may compete largely with the hospital emergency department in the treatment of patients with minor injury. In the case of patients with illness, the FEC vies with both the emergency department and the private physician. PMID- 6650946 TI - A review of research methodology in an emergency medicine journal. AB - All original articles published in JACEP and Annals of Emergency Medicine in 1972, 1975, 1978, and 1981 were reviewed and classified according to type of article, research design, specific methods utilized, and statistical analyses employed. The number of articles published annually increased during the 10-year period, from 34 in 1972 to 131 in 1981. The percentage of articles devoted to clinical research, basic science, animal studies, and health services research also increased: 1972, 8.8%; 1975, 39.6%; 1978, 41.2%; and 1981, 51.1%. In 1972, only two studies had defined research designs. In 1981, 47 studies had the following research designs: case control, 9; cohort, 9; cross-sectional, 13; uncontrolled clinical trial, 3; non-random clinical trial, 7; and randomized clinical trial, 6. Research methodologies were defined in only two studies published in 1972, but increased in each of the years reviewed to 41 in 1978. The most common methodology was the use of diagnostic categories. In 1972, statistical analysis was limited to descriptive enumeration and was included in only three articles. In 1981, 62 articles contained statistical analyses, including chi square in 11; t test in 6; Fischer's exact test in 2; ANOVA in 4; and P value (method not stated) in 10. This study reveals a major increase in both the quality and quantity of emergency medicine research published during the 10-year period reviewed. PMID- 6650945 TI - An evaluation of emergency medical technicians' ability to use manual ventilation devices. AB - Three hundred twenty emergency medical technicians (EMTs) were tested for their ability to ventilate a precalibrated Recording Resusci-Annie (Laerdal Medical Corporation) using both a bag-valve-mask and a pocket mask. More than 50% of the EMTs were not capable of ventilating to the minimum standard using a bag-valve mask. The study demonstrates that the pocket mask method is far superior to the bag-valve-mask method. If these experimental results are confirmed by clinical findings, we recommend that future educational courses teach the bag-valve-mask as a four-hand/two-person skill, with one rescuer squeezing the bag with both hands and the second rescuer maintaining hyperextension. PMID- 6650947 TI - Near-hanging injury. AB - Near-hanging injury results in multisystem insult and injury. Acute or delayed respiratory complications can result in death. A survivor can suffer neuropsychiatric sequelae ranging from amnesia to a prolonged vegetative state. Treatment is directed toward ensuring cerebral oxygenation, lowering increased intracranial pressure, and treating respiratory distress. Psychiatric consultation will be necessary in long-term survivors. Patients should be observed for at least 24 hours after a near-hanging injury. PMID- 6650948 TI - Nontraumatic suppurative mediastinitis presenting as acute mediastinal widening. AB - A case of acute nontraumatic suppurative mediastinitis in a 56-year-old man is presented. The patient was admitted with signs and symptoms of a left lower lobe pneumonia and acutely developed mediastinal widening on chest radiograph. A mediastinal abscess was drained by posterior mediastinotomy after a complicated hospital course. Mediastinitis is a rare complication of pneumonia. It is a serious condition, requiring prompt diagnosis and aggressive therapy, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute mediastinal widening. PMID- 6650949 TI - Left bundle branch block associated with propoxyphene hydrochloride poisoning. AB - Described is the case of a patient who developed left bundle branch block following acute propoxyphene hydrochloride overdosage. The left bundle branch block was transient and associated with no permanent sequelae. Previously documented cardiac abnormalities, specific narcotic antagonist therapy, and animal studies correlating cardiac toxicity of propoxyphene hydrochloride with its potent local anesthetic action are discussed. PMID- 6650950 TI - Colloid cyst of the third ventricle--a neurological emergency. AB - Colloid cyst of the third ventricle, although a benign lesion, carries with it high mortality and morbidity if not diagnosed in time. The most common presenting symptom is headache. A 31-year-old man with a history of intermittent, throbbing, unilateral headache and nausea was admitted because of exacerbation of his headache, which responded poorly to medication. A few hours after admission he became comatose. A colloid cyst of the third ventricle causing acute hydrocephaly was diagnosed by computed tomographic scan and removed in toto. Despite an uneventful postoperative course the patient was left with permanent bilateral cerebral damage. In patients with headache not responding to conventional medication, colloid cyst of the third ventricle perhaps should be ruled out, even if the symptoms are suggestive of vascular headache, such as migraine headache. PMID- 6650951 TI - False positives in lateral neck radiographs used to diagnose epiglottitis. PMID- 6650952 TI - Perforated cecal carcinoma presenting as thigh emphysema. PMID- 6650953 TI - Effects of dexamethasone and surgical hypotension on hepatic morphologic features and enzymes of dogs. AB - Effects of corticosteroids and surgical stress on hepatic morphologic features and enzymes were studied in 18 mature dogs of mixed breeding: group 1, control (n = 3); group 2, dexamethasone (n = 5); group 3, dexamethasone and surgery (n = 5); and group 4, surgery (n = 5). Dexamethasone (2.2 mg/kg of body weight twice a day subcutaneously) was administered for 8 days in groups 2 and 3 dogs. All dogs were anesthetized with thiopental for 10 minutes on days 0, 2, and 4. On day 2, dogs in groups 3 and 4 were intubated and maintained on methoxyflurane and oxygen, and a liver biopsy, hemilaminectomy (T13-L1), and 15 minutes of hypotension (75/45 mm of Hg) induced by methoxyflurane were done. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, ALP isoenzymes, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity were determined on days 0, 2, 3, 5, and 8. All dogs were euthanatized and necropsied on day 8. Serum hepatic enzyme activity and hepatic morphologic characteristics were normal for group 1 control dogs. The mean ALP and ALT were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in dogs in groups 2, 3, and 4. In group 2, the mean ALP (days 5 to 8) and ALT (day 8) were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased. In group 3, the mean ALP and ALT activities were significantly increased on days 2 to 8. In group 4, the mean ALP was significantly increased on days 2 to 8 and the mean ALT was significantly increased on days 3 and 5. All other values were normal. A single isoenzyme band (Rf = 0.399 +/- 0.023, mean +/- SD) was identified in all dogs. Hepatic morphologic changes attributed to dexamethasone were mild-to-moderate vacuolation in a diffuse distribution on day 2 (group 3) and aggregates of moderate-to-severe vacuolation in mainly a periportal distribution on day 8 (groups 2 and 3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650954 TI - Effect of prednisone on thyroid gland morphology and plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in the dog. AB - The effects of multiple IM injections of prednisone (2.2 mg/kg) on thyroid morphology and on plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in dogs were determined, and the effects of a single prednisone injection on the same circulating iodothyronine concentrations were assessed. Plasma T4 and T3 concentrations decreased significantly after 3 injections of prednisone were made. However, with a single prednisone injection, there was no significant difference in plasma T4 values between control and treated animals. Starting at 8 hours after a single prednisone injection and continuing through day 2, plasma T3 values were significantly lowered. Prednisone treatment also resulted in significantly more thyroid cytoplasmic colloid droplets per follicular cell (3.19 vs 0.57 in treated and control dogs). Lysosomal hydrolysis of colloid appeared to be inhibited by glucocorticoids in dogs, resulting in an alteration of normal thyroid gland functioning. PMID- 6650955 TI - Dose response of topical pilocarpine-epinephrine combinations in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagles. AB - Dose responses to single-dose loadings with a placebo (0.50% methylcellulose) and 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 6% pilocarpine combined with 1% epinephrine were determined in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagle dogs. All combinations of pilocarpine and 1% epinephrine significantly (P less than 0.007) reduced pupil size and intraocular pressure in the normotensive and glaucomatous-treated eyes at most measurement times, as compared with base-line (predrug) values, untreated fellow eyes, and placebo-treated eyes. There were no significant (P less than 0.11 or greater) contralateral effects on pupil size and intraocular pressure by unilateral pilocarpine-epinephrine instillations as compared with base-line values or placebo-treated eyes. PMID- 6650957 TI - Observations on the postnatal morphogenesis of the porcine humeral condyle and the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis. AB - The condyles of the distal humeri of 75 pigs ranging in age from 1 day to 9 months were studied by gross observation and radiography. Twenty-eight pigs were reared on pasture, necropsied, and were studied histologically. The portion of the secondary center of ossification of the distal humeral epiphysis located in the lateral condyle of neonatal pigs was larger than that observed in the medial condyle and assumed the contour of the articular surface at an earlier age. Thus, the articular-epiphyseal cartilage of the medial condyle had an inherent propensity to be thicker than that of the lateral condyle and might be predisposed to the influence of deleterious biomechanical insult. Projections of cartilage containing degenerating chondrocytes from the epiphyseal cartilage into the subadjacent trabecular bone may have been early lesions of osteochondrosis in pigs less than or equal to 3 months of age. Osteochondral and articular fractures of the medial condyles and intercondylar cristae of the distal humeri of 6- to 9 month-old pigs were observed. Seemingly, fractures resulted from shearing forces within the humeral articular surfaces at the junction of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage continuum and the subchondral epiphyseal bone with subsequent separation of the tissues at the osteochondral interface. Such shearing forces could result from a torque and/or laterally to medially directed forces of unusually great magnitude generated by movement of the proximal radius against the distal humerus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650956 TI - Acepromazine-xylazine combination in dogs: antagonism with 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine. AB - Groups of fasted atropinized crossbred dogs of both sexes were injected IM with a standard dosage of a xylazine-acepromazine combination (2.2 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively). Righting reflex was uniformly lost and considered to be the point of maximum sedation. After maximal sedation, dogs were injected IV with 4-amino pyridine (4-AP, 0.5 mg/kg), yohimbine (0.25 mg/kg), or a combination of 4-AP and yohimbine. Controls were given (IV) 1 ml of saline solution. The 4-AP, yohimbine, and 4-AP + yohimbine significantly reduced walk times (time to arousal and ability to walk on a leash) from a control value of 43.1 minutes to 7.6, 4.4, and 1.9 minutes, respectively (P less than 0.05). Relapse to unconsciousness did not occur with any antagonist regimen and recovery was uneventful. In 3 dogs sedated with the xylazine-acepromazine combination supplemented with halothane having surgically placed cannulas and electrodes for measurement of electroencephalo-, electrocardio-, and electromyographic (EEG, ECG, and EMG) responses, arterial blood pressure, and respiratory rates and depth, IV injection of 4-AP + yohimbine caused transient femoral arterial hypotension with tachycardia, increases in respiratory rate, depth, and minute volume, increased EMG and EEG activities preceding and accompanying gross movements, slight speeding of ECG, and behavioral arousal within 3 minutes. Increased heart rate also was observed in intact dogs given yohimbine. Increased rate and depth of respiration also was seen in all intact dogs given antagonists. Curiously, the xylazine-acepromazine combination did not induce arterial hypotension as expected from the product literature. To what extent pretreatment with atropine sulfate may have counteracted this effect is unknown.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650958 TI - Phenylbutazone kinetics and metabolite concentrations in the horse after five days of administration. AB - Phenylbutazone (PBZ) was administered (8.8 mg/kg of body weight) every 24 hours for 5 consecutive days, orally for the first 4 days and IV on day 5. The half life (t 1/2) after this daily administration was 6.2 hours and the volume of distribution was 0.152 +/- 0.014 L/kg; the bioavailability after oral administration was 91.8 +/- 2.5%. The plasma concentration of PBZ at experimental hour (EH) 24 (24 hours after the 1st oral dose) was 1.7 +/- 0.39 micrograms/ml and increased to 4.2 +/- 0.29 micrograms/ml at EH 48 (24 hours after the 2nd oral dose). Values at EH 72, 96, and 120 (24 hours after administration of oral doses 3 and 4, and IV dose 5, respectively) were 4.8 +/- 0.62 micrograms/ml, 5.3 +/- 0.84 micrograms/ml, and 4.3 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml, respectively. Significant increases (P less than 0.05) were measured between EH 24 and 48 with no changes during the subsequent 3 days. Changes in the urinary concentrations of PBZ were not seen over the 5-day dosing period. There were increases in the metabolites oxyphenbutazone and the alpha-alcohol during the 5-day dosing period. There was a delay in the appearance of alpha-alcohol in urine after oral and IV administration. PMID- 6650959 TI - Disseminated intravascular coagulation in experimental intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies. AB - Total strangulation obstruction of the caudal part of the jejunum was induced in 3 groups (each of 3 ponies) for 2, 4, and 6 hours. Coagulation tests which included blood platelet counts, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, activated coagulation time, plasma fibrinogen level, and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products assay were performed at specified time intervals for 1 week or until death of the experimental ponies. Another 3 ponies (sham-operated) were similarly treated, except that intestinal strangulation obstruction (ISO) was not induced. Necropsy was done on ponies that were euthanatized 9 days after the sampling period and on 2 ponies that died. Six hours of ISO resulted in severe ischemic damage to the intestines, characterized by hemorrhagic infarction, with or without perforation, in ponies that died, and total loss of mucosa with moderate to severe fibrosis of the intestinal wall in the surviving pony of this group. This damage was associated with significant coagulopathies, notably prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, decreased blood platelets count, and the presence of high levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (40 micrograms/ml). These laboratory findings are indicative of disseminated intravascular coagulation. In contrast, the jejunal segments of the ponies subjected to 2 and 4 hours of ISO were viable as revealed by histopathologic examination. There were no significant changes found in their coagulation profiles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650960 TI - Clinical, clinicopathologic, and pathologic alterations in acute monensin toxicosis in cattle. AB - Twenty beef calves weighing approximately 180 kg were allotted to 3 groups. In group A, 6 calves were given 25 mg of mycelial monensin/kg of body weight orally and were evaluated at 1, 2, and 4 days for clinical, ECG, clinicopathologic, and pathologic alterations. In group B, 7 calves were given a single dose of monensin (40 mg/kg) and 5 were given a 2nd 40 mg/kg dose on day 7; calves were evaluated at days 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 11. In group C, 2 calves served as controls. Monensin-treated calves developed anorexia, diarrhea, and lethargy after day 1. One group B calf died on day 7 with lesions of congestive heart failure. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were not observed in group A calves; in group B, prolongation of Q-T and QRS intervals occurred from days 2 to 11 and first degree heart block was seen from days 7 to 11. Clinicopathologic alterations included: increased serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase in group B calves after day 2; decreased serum K+, Na+, and Ca2+ concentrations in both groups, and postdosing occurrence of leukocytosis. Calves were euthanatized sequentially and the lesions of monensin toxicosis were present in the heart, skeletal muscles, and rumen in groups A and B. Disseminated pale yellowish-brown areas of necrosis were present in the ventricular myocardium of 6 of 12 group B calves. Gross lesions were not present in the skeletal muscles or rumen. Microscopically, the myocardial and skeletal muscular lesions were characterized by sarcoplasmic vacuolation from mitochondrial swelling and lipid accumulation in calves killed after day 1 in groups A and B, and by myocardial necrosis with contraction bands, but without calcification, in group B calves killed by day 4. Acute rumenitis was present in groups A and B calves. Myotoxic effects of monensin may be related to its action as an ionophore producing altered intracellular ion concentrations and initiating degeneration and necrosis in striated muscle fibers. PMID- 6650961 TI - Regional distribution and variation of gamma-globulin absorption from the small intestine of the neonatal calf. AB - 125I-labeled immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 in colostral whey was used to determine the region of maximum absorption of Ig from the small intestine of the neonatal calf and the variation in Ig absorption among calves at the intestinal level. In experiment 1, 5 segments (approx 5%, 35%, 60%, 80%, and 95% of the duodenocecal length) were formed in the small intestine of 9 colostrum-deprived calves shortly after birth. These segments were injected with colostral whey containing 125I IgG1 4 hours after birth, and uptake, transfer, and absorption (defined as uptake plus transfer) were determined for each segment 2 hours later. Raw data were adjusted for the milligrams of IgG1 injected per gram of intestinal tissue to obtain the least squares mean (LSM) value. The LSM values for absorption of IgG1 from distal segments 3, 4, and 5 were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than those values for proximal segments 1 and 2. The region of the maximum IgG1 absorption was the lower small intestine, 60% to 80% of the duodenocecal length. There was also an indication of independence between uptake and transfer in each of the segments. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) were present among calves in the LSM values for uptake and absorption, but not for transfer. In experiment 2, thoracic ducts of 8 newborn calves were cannulated 4 to 5 hours after birth. At 6 hours after birth, colostral whey with 125I-IgG1 was injected into an intestinal segment (approx 60% to 80% of the duodenocecal length).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650962 TI - Pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains in the pregnant guinea pig model. AB - Pathogenicity of 17 Campylobacter isolates for pregnant guinea pigs was investigated. Of 14 isolates, 12 (86%) produced rates of abortion ranging from 13% to 87%. Two isolates did not produce abortion. Reference strains of C fetus subsp venerealis produced abortion in 60% to 87% and C fetus subsp fetus produced abortion in 60% of the guinea pigs. Inoculated organisms were recovered from uterus, blood, liver, kidney, spleen, and gallbladder of the guinea pigs at rates as high as 83% for 2 ovine isolates and as low as 13% for 2 bovine and 1 human isolates. Most isolations were from the uterus. Two avian isolates were not recovered. Within the C jejuni and C coli group, the ovine and the human isolates appear to be more pathogenic. Swine, bovine, and avian isolates were less pathogenic. Seemingly, the pregnant guinea pig was a suitable and practical model for evaluating the pathogenicity of Campylobacter organisms, regardless of their host of origin. PMID- 6650963 TI - Phloroglucinol microassay for plasma xylose in dogs and horses. AB - The phloroglucinol microassay technique for measuring plasma concentrations of xylose was compared with the more tedious orcinolferric chloride technique. Sequential blood samples were collected from 5 dogs and 6 horses every 30 minutes after oral administration of 0.5 g of D-xylose/kg of body weight. Comparison of the results by regression analysis shows a highly significant (P less than 0.01) positive linear correlation for both dogs (r = 0.95) and horses (r = 0.77). These results indicate that xylose in canine and equine plasma can be accurately measured by the phloroglucinol technique. PMID- 6650964 TI - Mechanical properties of equine hoof wall tissue. AB - The mechanical properties of pigmented equine hoof wall tissue were determined for samples taken from the inner and outer portions of the stratum medium of the toe. Two properties, the modulus of elasticity and proportional limit, which are measures of the rigidity and yield point, respectively, of the tissue, were studied for samples compressed in 3 orthogonal directions. All samples tested were anisotropic. Inner wall samples were less rigid and had a lower yield point than outer wall samples. PMID- 6650965 TI - Net absorption of 3-methylindole and indole in cattle after oral administration of L-tryptophan. AB - The time course and quantity of 3-methylindole (3MI) and indole absorbed after oral administration of L-tryptophan (TRP) was determined in 2 steers. The relationship between the appearance of 3MI and indole in the rumen and blood plasma to absorption of 3MI and indole was also studied. Two Hereford X Angus steers with portal vein, mesenteric vein, and femoral (steer 1) or iliac (steer 2) artery catheters were used. Absorption rates from the portal drained viscera (net absorption) of 3MI and indole were determined by the product of portal and arterial concentration difference and blood flow. Blood flow was determined by primed continuous infusion of p-aminohippuric acid into a mesenteric vein. Three absorption measurements 30 minutes apart were taken at midpoint times of 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after oral administration of 0.4 g of TRP/kg of body weight. Steer 1 was dosed twice resulting in a total of 45 absorption measurements. Net absorption of 3MI and indole peaked at an average of 1.05 and 0.81 g/hr, respectively. By 48 hours, 29.2% and 15.3% of the TRP dose were accounted for by 3MI and indole absorption, respectively. Closed system in vitro incubations of TRP with ruminal fluid from the same 2 steers resulted in a TRP to 3MI conversion of 23.2% and a TRP to indole conversion of 10.7%. Net absorption of 3MI and indole closely followed and was correlated with concentration of 3MI and indole in ruminal fluid and blood plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650966 TI - Horse red blood cells frozen with 20% (w/v) glycerol and stored at -150 C for five years. AB - When equine RBC were frozen with 20% (w/v) glycerol and stored at -150 C for as long as 5 years, there were no adverse effects on freeze-thaw or freeze-thaw-wash recovery or oxygen transport function. The manner in which the glycerol was added to, and removed from, the equine RBC was shown to be an important consideration in ensuring optimal freeze-thaw-wash recovery values. PMID- 6650967 TI - Efficacy of a benzenedisulfonamide against experimental Fasciola hepatica infections in calves. AB - The anthelmintic efficacy of a benzenedisulfonamide was evaluated by administering the drug parenterally at dosage levels of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg of body weight to crossbred Brahman calves with experimental Fasciola hepatica infections. In the 3-week period after treatment, fluke ova counts of treated calves were markedly reduced from counts obtained just before treatment. At necropsy, the mean fluke recovery for all 4 benzenedisulfonamide dosages were significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced. The efficacy of benzenedisulfonamide against F hepatica at dosage levels of 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg was 97.5%, 99.5%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. PMID- 6650968 TI - Effect of ethionine on hematologic and serum biochemical values in fasted calves. AB - DL-Ethionine (0.87 g/kg of body weight) was administered IV to 6 fasted (12 hour) Holstein bull calves (4.5 months old). Fasting, which was continued for an additional 48 hours, caused a body weight loss (10.82% to 11.96%), a mild increase in PCV, and an increase in the serum free fatty acids (1.204 mmole/L, fasted; 0.949 mmole/L, fasted ethionine-treated calves). Ethionine caused a decrease in the total plasma proteins from 6.5 g/dl to 5.5 g/dl and total serum lipids from 493.9 mg/dl to 307.8 mg/dl. The decrease in the serum esterified fats included all the lipid fractions (triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids). The calves' WBC and serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and L-alanine aminotransferase remained within normal range. PMID- 6650969 TI - Studies on anger and aggression. Implications for theories of emotion. PMID- 6650970 TI - Chance, choice, and the future of reproduction. PMID- 6650971 TI - Hospital privileges and the antitrust laws. PMID- 6650972 TI - Taxing health. PMID- 6650973 TI - Long-term sequelae of bronchiolitis induced by nitrogen dioxide in hamsters. AB - The long-term consequences of acute lung injury during critical growth periods of the lung were evaluated by inducing mild bronchiolitis with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in 3-day-old (newborn) and 21-day-old (young) hamsters. Hamsters were exposed to 30 ppm NO2 for 7 days. Age-matched animals exposed to room air served as controls. Lung volumes, static deflationary pressure-volume curves, mean linear intercept, and internal surface area were measured when the animals reached 1 yr of age. Newborns exposed to NO2 showed an increased volume at 25 cm H2O pressure (V25) adjusted for body weight, a decreased transpulmonary pressure at 60% of V25, and an increased mean linear intercept when compared with control animals. The internal surface area was less than that in the control animals; the difference approached significance. In the young exposed group there were no differences for any measurements when compared with the control group. These data indicate that a mild injury imposed during the newborn period may result in physiologic and morphometric changes that simulate mild emphysema in the mature animal. PMID- 6650974 TI - Effect of naloxone on the pulmonary vascular responses to graded levels of intracranial hypertension in anesthetized sheep. AB - We increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in anesthetized sheep for 3 h by connecting the cisterna magna to an elevated reservoir of buffered saline. We monitored systemic and pulmonary vascular pressures, pulmonary blood flow, and the flow of lymph from the lungs. The volume and protein concentration of the lymph were used to assess changes in lung vascular permeability-surface area. Extravascular lung water was measured postmortem, and in vivo indicator dilution studies were used to measure permeability-surface area product (PS urea) of the lung circulation for a small hydrophillic molecule (14C-urea) and extravascular water volume (VH2O). These studies were done in 16 sheep with ICP raised to 0, 60, or 100 mmHg. Thirteen other sheep received naloxone before and during elevation of ICP to 0, 60, or 100 mmHg. Elevation of ICP increased pulmonary artery pressure ( CONTROL: 16 +/- 3 cmH2O; ICP: 60 mmHg = 16 +/- 2 cmH2O; ICP: 100 mmHg = 23 +/- 2 cmH2O), cardiac output ( CONTROL: 2.7 +/- 0.1 L/min; ICP: 60 mmHg = 3.3 +/- 0.05, p less than 0.05; ICP: 100 mmHg = 5.3 +/- 1.0, p less than 0.05), lung lymph flow ( CONTROL: 94 +/- 8% baseline; ICP: 60 mmHg = 193 +/- 25% baseline, p less than 0.05; ICP: 100 mmHg = 285 +/- 38% baseline, p less than 0.05), PS urea ( CONTROL: 7.0 +/- 0.5 ml/s; ICP: 60 mmHg = 11.0 +/- 3.7 ml/s; ICP: 100 mmHg = 12.4 +/- 1.3 ml/s, p less than 0.05), and VH2O (CONTROL: 93 +/- 8% baseline; ICP: 60 mmHg = 112 +/- 6% of baseline; ICP: 100 mmHg = 129 +/- 13% of baseline, p less than 0.05) proportional to the level of ICP. Sheep with ICP raised to 100 mmHg had modestly increased lung water (pulmonary edema).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6650975 TI - Cystic fibrosis serum does not inhibit human ciliary beat frequency. AB - The effect of cystic fibrosis (CF) serum on human respiratory tract ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was studied to investigate the possible relevance of CF-serum induced disruption of rabbit tracheal ciliary motility to human disease. Nasal ciliated epithelium from patients with CF and from normal subjects was incubated at 37 degrees C in CF serum, in normal human serum (NHS), or in nutrient medium. CBF was measured photometrically at time intervals up to 3 h. The effect of CF serum on human trachea and of CF serum, NHS, and rabbit serum on rabbit tracheal CBF was also studied. Mean CBF for all the normal and CF nasal cilia incubated in CF serum, NHS, or nutrient medium was not significantly different and did not fall during 3 h. Human tracheal CBF did not fall during 3 h. The CBF for rabbit trachea in rabbit serum did not slow and rabbit trachea in NHS slowed after 150 min. Rabbit trachea in CF serum beat more slowly than all the other groups (p less than 0.001) progressing to ciliostasis between 45 and 150 min. We conclude that human respiratory tract ciliary motility, as measured by CBF in vitro, is unaffected by factors in CF serum that impair rabbit tracheal ciliary activity. PMID- 6650976 TI - Effect of location, pH, and temperature of instillate in bronchoalveolar lavage in normal volunteers. AB - Bronchoalveolar lavage has not been subjected to careful standardization. We examined the variables of lung lavage location and lavage fluid composition (pH and temperature) upon the percent of fluid recovered, cell count and differential, protein and pH in normal subjects. In the first part of the study, random order lavages of the right middle lobe (RML), right lower lobe (RLL), left lingula, and left lower lobe (LLL) were performed with 100-ml aliquots of normal saline (pH, 5.5) at room temperature (25 degrees C). Percent fluid recovery was greater in the RML and lingula than in the RLL (p less than 0.05). Cell count, cell differential, and protein were similar between lobes. In the second part of the study, each lobe was lavaged with 50-ml aliquots: the RML with normal saline at 37 degrees C, the RLL with normal saline buffered to a pH of 7.0 at 37 degrees C, the left lingula with normal saline at 25 degrees C, and the LLL with normal saline buffered to a pH of 7.0 at 25 degrees C. Percent fluid recovery was greater in the RML than in the lingula and greater in both the RML and lingula than in the lower lobes (p less than 0.05). Total cell count was significantly higher in the RML than in the LLL (p less than 0.05). Cell count per milliliter and protein recovered were not different between any lobe lavaged. The pH of recovered fluid was greater with buffered saline. Complications of fever and chills occurred in almost 50% of subjects in both parts of the study. Lavage location can affect fluid recovery. Alteration of lavage fluid composition did not affect cell or protein recovery. We suggest lavage of the RML to ensure larger fluid recovery and the highest total cell count. PMID- 6650977 TI - Risk factors for childhood respiratory disease. The effect of host factors and home environmental exposures. AB - Standardized respiratory disease questionnaires (ATS-DLD-78-C) were completed by the parents of 4,071 children 5 to 14 yr of age, and risk factors for respiratory symptoms were evaluated by logistic analysis. Younger age, male sex, and lower socioeconomic status (SES) were independent risk factors for most respiratory symptoms and illnesses. All respiratory outcomes were significantly more prevalent in children with a physician's diagnosis of asthma. Asthma was more prevalent in male (4.5%) than in female (2.6%) children, and the greater prevalence of most respiratory symptoms in males did not persist in children with the same asthma status. Children whose questionnaires were completed by their fathers were reported to have significantly fewer respiratory symptoms than children with mother-completed questionnaires. We postulate that fathers underreport symptoms for their children. A positive parental history of allergy or respiratory illness was an independent predictor of respiratory symptoms and illnesses in the children. Chest illness before 2 yr of age and chest illness in the past year showed a significant positive linear trend with the number of parental smokers, and these effects of passive smoking were confirmed in the logistic analysis. The use of gas cooking stoves, inversely associated with SES, was not an independent risk factor for any respiratory symptoms or illnesses. PMID- 6650978 TI - Short-course chemotherapy for pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii. AB - Forty patients with pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii were treated initially with rifampin, isoniazid, and ethambutol daily for 12 months, and with streptomycin twice weekly for the first 3 months. Postchemotherapy follow-up examinations have ranged from 6 to 68 months, with an average of 31 months. One of the 40 patients (2.5%) relapsed 6 months after completion of chemotherapy. In vitro susceptibility of the mycobacteria to the drugs used, extent of disease, and/or the coexistence of other diseases did not seem to influence the outcome. This 12-month chemotherapy regimen is considered to be sufficient for the initial treatment of pulmonary disease caused by M. kansasii. PMID- 6650979 TI - The effects of chronic hyperinflation, nutritional status, and posture on respiratory muscle strength in cystic fibrosis. AB - We measured maximal static inspiratory and expiratory pressures (PImax and PEmax) in 25 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 80 normal control subjects to determine whether chronic hyperinflation and malnutrition reduce PImax and PImax/PEmax, respectively. In addition, we examined the effect of posture on pressures generated. We used a diminution in PEmax as an index of a malnutrition effect on pressures generated. The patients with CF, although significantly hyperinflated (ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity, 0.49), generated PImax values similar to those of the control subjects (p greater than 0.05). Despite evidence of malnutrition (mean body mass percentile, 78%) the PEmax values of patients with CF and those of control subjects were comparable (p greater than 0.05). There was no postural effect on pressures generated in the normal subjects or the CF group as a whole. We conclude that respiratory muscle strength is normal or supranormal in CF, despite chronic hyperinflation and malnutrition. PMID- 6650980 TI - Effect of allergic bronchoconstriction on airways epithelial permeability to large polar solutes in the guinea pig. AB - The effect of allergic bronchoconstriction on the permeability of the airway mucosa to large hydrophilic polar solutes was investigated in the guinea pig. After specific antigen (ovalbumin) challenge, there was a significant increase in the plasma levels of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) (molecular weight, approximately 40,000 daltons), 3H-dextran (approximately 10,000 daltons), and 14C mannitol (approximately 182 daltons) compared with that in control animals aerosol-challenged with a nonspecific protein, lactoglobulin. The morphologic correlates of this enhanced transepithelial permeability after ovalbumin challenge appeared to be (1) increased HRP penetration of the epithelial tight junctions (p less than 0.001), and (2) increased mucus discharge from surface lining goblet cells. We conclude that antigen-induced bronchoconstriction leads to an increase in tracheobronchial permeability to macromolecules, and this effect is likely to be mediated by an increased paracellular as well as transcellular vesicular movement of large polar solutes across the airway epithelial barrier. PMID- 6650981 TI - Pulmonary response to repeated exposure to Micropolyspora faeni. AB - Most human exposure to agents that cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) result in transient episodes of HP that resolve quickly. We repeatedly injected Micropolyspora faeni, which is responsible for farmer's lung disease, into rabbits in an attempt to elucidate mechanisms for this phenomenom (i.e., resolution of abnormalities). The character and the extent of lung disease, the amount of anti-M. faeni serum antibody, and skin reactivity to M. faeni were evaluated after 3 sensitizing and 2, 4, or 8 challenge injections. We also determined the fate of 125I labeled M. faeni injected intratracheally into both normal and previously exposed rabbits. Increased numbers of lymphocytes, macrophages, and few polymorphonuclear leukocytes were present in interstitial and intraalveolar regions and bronchial walls. Interstitial fibrosis was not observed. The extent of cellular abnormalities was maximal after 2 challenges and regressed thereafter, despite continuing intratracheal injections. Serum anti-M. faeni antibody peaked after 4 intratracheal challenges. Anti-M. faeni antibody level at the time of death appeared to be proportional to the extent of inflammatory reaction within the lung. Previous exposure of rabbits to M. faeni was associated with more rapid appearance of 125I in blood in the first 2 h after intratracheal injection of 125I M. faeni. However, 24 h after injection, there was less 125I in the lungs and more in the urine of immunized rabbits than in normal rabbits. Repeated intratracheal injections of M. faeni into rabbits produces transient interstitial, intraalveolar, and peribronchial inflammatory infiltration that regresses without fibrosis despite continued antigenic challenge. Immunization appears to markedly decrease pulmonary exposure to antigen that results from an intratracheal injection of M. faeni. PMID- 6650982 TI - Computer-assisted versus visual lung gallium-67 index in normal subjects and in patients with interstitial lung disorders. AB - The pulmonary uptake of 87Ga citrate has been proposed as an index that assists clinical decision-making in patients with certain interstitial lung diseases. Such use, however, requires definition of the range of normal values, the range of values in patients with various interstitial diseases, and interobserver and intraobserver variability. We studied 9 normal subjects and 15 patients with interstitial lung diseases. The 87Ga indexes were determined by visual analysis and by a computer-assisted method. We found that the variation among experienced observers in visual index values was substantial in both normal subjects and patients, and that the computer-assisted indexes were less variable. These data suggest that if this approach is to be used in clinical decision-making: (1) the variability of visual indexes, and of normal values, should be recognized; (2) consideration should be given to a less subjective, computer-assisted method of index calculation; (3) each institution should establish standardized methodology and consider determination of its range of variability and normal index values. PMID- 6650983 TI - Transbronchial needle aspiration of peripheral masses. AB - Transbronchial needle aspiration through a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope was performed on peripheral lung masses in 42 consecutive patients with bronchogenic carcinoma using a 20-gauge by 1-cm prototype needle. The aspiration was preceded by routine washings and brushings and followed by transbronchial forceps biopsy. Adding transbronchial needle aspiration to the standard combination of transbronchial biopsy, brush, and wash significantly improved the diagnostic yield (48 to 69%, p = 0.046). Considering only lesions 2 cm or greater in diameter, the combination of transbronchial needle aspiration, brush, and wash was superior to transbronchial biopsy, brush, and wash (76 versus 52%, p = 0.041). No complications occurred with either transbronchial needle aspiration or transbronchial biopsy, but transbronchial needle aspiration produced less bleeding than did transbronchial biopsy. We conclude that transbronchial needle aspiration of peripheral mass lesions is a safe procedure that can increase the diagnostic yield of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. PMID- 6650984 TI - Pulmonary function studies in diffuse pulmonary North American blastomycosis. AB - Detailed pulmonary function studies were performed on 2 patients with diffuse pulmonary North American blastomycosis before and after therapy. Our studies showed a significant increase in lung restriction, stiffness, and small airways obstruction, which completely resolved with therapy. We conclude that adequate therapy, even in the presence of extensive disease, results in both clinical and physiologic recovery. PMID- 6650985 TI - Hydroxychloroquine for asthma. PMID- 6650986 TI - The mechanisms of abnormal gas exchange in acute massive pulmonary embolism. PMID- 6650987 TI - Postpneumonectomy compensatory lung growth. PMID- 6650988 TI - Morphometric analysis of adult rat lung after bilobectomy. AB - Female rats (mean body weight, 245 g) were subjected to resection of the upper and middle lobes of the right lung (25% of the total lung volume). Forty-five days after the surgery, the animals were killed and their lungs were fixed and processed for quantitative light and electron microscopic investigation. Two groups of animals, sham-operated and normal rats with the same body weight, served as controls. At death the resected animals had the same body weight and lung volumes as the control animals. The remaining tissue of the right lung had increased in volume by 40%, the left lung by 26%. In light microscopic morphometry, volume densities of parenchyma, air spaces, and septums were all close to control values. Nonparenchymal structures, bronchi, and larger blood vessels also contributed to the normalization; they were not significantly different from control values. Electron microscopic quantitation performed on the lung parenchyma revealed the volume densities of capillaries and tissue as well as the surface densities of air spaces and capillaries to be in the range of control data, both in the right and left lung. For total lung the absolute volumes of air spaces, capillaries, and tissue, the alveolar and capillary surface areas, and the arithmetic and harmonic mean thicknesses of the air-blood barrier were practically identical in resected and control animals. The morphometrically calculated DLO2 was restored to normal values. This adaptive response resembled closely that obtained in growing rats, despite the comparatively limited growth potential of the animals in this study. PMID- 6650989 TI - Effects of a face mask and pneumotachograph on breathing in sleeping infants. AB - The effect of facial attachments on breathing was measured by respiratory induction plethysmography (RIP) during quiet sleep in 32 studies in 18 infants. The addition of a face mask plus pneumotachograph led to an increase in tidal volume (VT) (22.0 +/- 13.5%, p less than 0.01) during 5-min sleep studies when compared to measurements using RIP alone. Applying only the mask rim also led to an increase in VT (14.6 +/- 3.1%, p less than 0.05). A significant increase in VT was noted in 3 of 6 infants studied when a lightweight cardboard ring was in place perinasally. Respiratory frequency fell significantly in the mask/pneumotachograph group (-5.9 +/- 10.0%, p less than 0.05) and with the mask rim (-7.4 +/- 8.8%, p less than 0.01), but there was individual infant variation. Minute ventilation rose significantly (19.1 +/- 16.9%, p less than 0.01) only with the addition of the mask and pneumotachograph. Instrument deadspace can account for some of the increase in VT noted, but in its absence, sensory stimulation of the trigeminal area can augment tidal breathing. PMID- 6650990 TI - Sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in freely breathing, exercising, asthmatic subjects. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether 0.50 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2) in filtered air causes bronchoconstriction in freely breathing asthmatic subjects exercising at a moderately heavy work rate. Ten volunteers who had mild asthma breathed air containing no SO2 or containing 0.50 ppm SO2 In an exposure chamber as they exercised for 5 min on a cycle ergometer at a work rate of 750 kilopond meters/min (about 125 watts). We determined their specific airway resistance by body plethysmography before and after exercise. Specific airway resistance increased by 13.55 +/- 9.18 cm H2O X s (mean +/- SD) when subjects exercised and breathed 0.50 ppm SO2 but only by 2.24 +/- 2.34 when they exercised and breathed air without SO2 (p less than 0.005). Thus, 0.50 ppm SO2 causes significant bronchoconstriction in freely breathing asthmatics during moderately heavy exercise. PMID- 6650991 TI - Hydralazine does not inhibit canine hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. AB - Clinical experience with hydralazine has led to conflicting data concerning its effect on the pulmonary vasculature. We studied the effects of hydralazine on the hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictor response in 9 dogs challenged with inhalation of 10% oxygen in the presence and absence of hydralazine. Prior to administration of the drug, hypoxia increased cardiac output from 174 +/- 13 to 209 +/- 21 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.05) and pulmonary artery pressure from 9 +/- 1 to 19 +/- 1 mmHg (p less than 0.05). After hydralazine, cardiac output rose during normoxia to 275 +/- 30 and during hypoxia to 305 +/- 34 ml/kg/min (p less than 0.05). Pulmonary artery pressure continued to respond to hypoxia, rising from 11 +/- 1 to 21 +/- 1 mmHg (p less than 0.05) in the presence of hydralazine. Hydralazine reduced pulmonary vascular resistance during normoxia from 173 +/- 14 to 136 +/- 13 dynes X s X cm-5 (p less than 0.05) but even after the drug, pulmonary vascular resistance rose sharply during hypoxia. There was no significant difference in the response to hypoxia of pulmonary artery pressure or pulmonary vascular resistance after hydralazine when compared with that before hydralazine. In a second set of 6 dogs, we repeated these experiments but volume-depleted the dogs after the administration of hydralazine to prevent the passive pulmonary vasodilation that occurs because of the rise in cardiac output with the drug. We again found no inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by hydralazine. Finally, we administered sodium nitroprusside to 4 dogs using the same model and found a significant inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Hydralazine, unlike nitroprusside, does not inhibit the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia. PMID- 6650992 TI - [Boutonneuse fever in childhood]. AB - 35 cases of botonneuse Fever admitted in our hospital during the course of a year and a half are presented. They were all children between the age of 18 months and 11 years. The most common features were: fever, maculopapulous rush and "tache noir". Weil Felix test was not of diagnostic value in one third of the cases. 71 per cent of the children recieved etiological treatment (doxicicline or cloramfenicol); the remaining 29% only got simptomatic measures. A cure was achieved in every case. Nevertheless, the manifestatios lasted longer in those not treated with antibiotic therapy. PMID- 6650994 TI - [Hereditary neuropathies in childhood. Study of 31 patients]. AB - Authors present the results of prospective clinical and electrophysiological study on 31 children diagnosed of inherited sensory-motor neuropathy. Patients were grouped according to their electrophysiological findings and their mode of inheritance, which was ascertained in all the cases by clinical and electrophysiological study of their parents. The large number of patients, felt into a group with identical characteristics of type I, HSMN of Dick and Lambert. A second group of patients, with a wide range of clinical manifestations, in some cases suggestive of type III HSMN, showed a sporadic mode of inheritance and evidence of demyelination on electrical studies. The third group of patients, which were classified as type II HSMN, showed again, a wide range of clinical manifestations, with some patients severely involved, and thus, casting some doubt on the benign prognosis of this type of neuropathy claimed by some authors. PMID- 6650993 TI - [Follow-up of children born to parents affected by the toxic oil syndrome]. AB - Conditions at birth and evolution during the first year of life of a group of infants whose parents were affected by the Spanish Toxic Syndrome are presented. They are distributed in three groups: first those infants of high risk whose father or mother (or both) have consumed toxic oil; second children whose parents had consumed non-brandname oil not demonstrated to have been toxic and without signs of disease; and a third control group of normal newborns without previous medical history. From the present study, authors cannot affirm whether ingestion of toxic oil by pregnant women had influenced intrauterine growth or first year growth. Nonetheless, new studies are needed which clarify evolutionary aspects of these children. PMID- 6650995 TI - [Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with meningococcal sepsis]. PMID- 6650996 TI - [Hereditary fructose intolerance mimicking congenital atresia of the bile ducts]. PMID- 6650997 TI - [Lobar hypoplasia in a child with recurrent pulmonary infections]. PMID- 6650998 TI - [Conjoined symmetrical twins of the diprosopus type with anencephaly]. PMID- 6650999 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of juvenile portal hypertension. Analysis of 31 vascular shunts]. AB - Thirty-one patients with ages ranging from 4 to 16 years (average 10.3 years) with portal intrahepatic hypertension 15 and extrahepatic hypertension 15 are presented. Decompressive surgery on an electrive basis was carried out in all patients but one in whom it was applied as a prophylactic procedure. Twelve portocaval and five splenorrenal shunts were performed in the first group while twelve mesentericocaval and five splenorrenal shunts were carried out on the second one. The overall postoperative mortality was 12.90% (three patients from the first group and one from the second one). Anastomotic thrombosis was 19.35% (one patient from the first group and five from the second one). Recurrent hemorrhage was 3.22% (one patient in the second group). Neither encephalopathy nor long-term mortality has been noticed on survivors of both groups that were followed up from three months to fifteen years. Comments are made emphasizing the importance of surgical technical aspects as well as the surgical control of the anastomotic permeability in order to achieve better results that will make possible to increase the number of indications and their precocity. PMID- 6651000 TI - [Traumatic retropharyngeal pseudodiverticulum following adenoidectomy]. PMID- 6651001 TI - [Cheilo-maxillo-palatine clefts and associated malformations]. AB - Based on the experience in this service during the preceding 6 years, authors have carried out an statistical study of cleft lip palates, and at the same time, given the high frequency that these are seen to be associated with congenital malformation, classify them within a syndromic group or family. PMID- 6651002 TI - [Giant retroperitoneal lipoma in a child]. PMID- 6651003 TI - [Endocrine maturation]. AB - The beginning of puberty is caused by a decrease in high gonadostate sensibility to prepubertal levels of sexual steroids. What produces this change and timing is still unknown. However, it seems that the adrenal (delta-4 Androstenedione) as well as the pineal may play an important role. When it comes to that point, the hypothalamic LH-RH provokes a strong LH, FSH secretion; this triggers the gonadal sex-steroids production, which induces in turn the appearance of the secondary sex characteristics. Two years after the so called "mid growth spurt" begins the pubertal growth acceleration which reaches its peak to 2, 4 yrs later. The pubertal development is regulated by genetic factors. Bone age should be referred as a much better indicator than the chronological age. PMID- 6651004 TI - [Psychological changes in adolescence]. AB - The concept of adolescence refers to the psychological changes beginning with the first puberal transformations and ending with the maturity of the individual. Adolescence is divided into three phases: Early adolescence coincides with the period of major somatic transformations. It is characterized by maladjustment to the new situation, manifested by attitude of rebellion, great intellectual avidity, affective inestability, relative sexual ambivalence and, socially, by a tendency towards gregariousness. Middle adolescence is characterized by great intellectual capacity, replanting on philosophic, religious, etc., principles, and tendency to introversion. The final phase usually includes the sedimentation of the earlier process with progressive acquisitions of the characteristics of maturity. These three classical stages are influenced by the unifying role of mediums of communication, difficult social and economical conditions, which provoke loss of values. PMID- 6651005 TI - [Bronchial asthma in the adolescent]. AB - The characteristics of bronchial asthma revised: in puberal age and adolescence ave the value of hyposensitization therapy, significance of the age of onset of asthma, regional lung function and growth in asthmatic children. It is point out de news perspectives in treatment and psycosocial implications. PMID- 6651006 TI - [Obesity in adolescence]. AB - Obesity, pathological increase of body fat, has an incidence about 10-15% between adolescents in developed countries. Measurement of skinfolds determines the amount of subcutaneous fat in humans, establishing difference between normal and obese people in both sexes. It is admitted that most of the human obesity have a polygenic origin and that nutritional habits of adolescents in the last few years are able to increase obesity. This nutritional problem usually is associated with a great number of metabolic, bone and psychological disorders. Treatment is essentially based in a caloric restriction diet and in an increase of physical exercise. However, it is preferable to prevent the state of obesity because its treatment usually has a bad response. PMID- 6651007 TI - [Anorexia nervosa in adolescence]. AB - A study and bibliographic revision is made on Anorexia Nervosa. The definition, classificiation, epidemiology and the different etiopathogenic factors are appraised. A detailed analysis of de clinical, functional, biochemical and endocrinological symptoms are made. Models for treatment are given on insulation therapeutics, on biological and psycho-therapeutics. PMID- 6651008 TI - [Cancer and adolescence]. AB - Since 1977, 64 children were diagnosed with cancer in the Department of Pediatrics of the University of Granada. Incidence and mortality rates from specific tumor types are discussed. Most common malignant neoplasms of children are: 1. Leukemia (36.3%). 2. Tumors of central nervous system (10.7%). 3. Lymphoma, and tumors of sympathetic nervous system (19.9%). 4. Soft tissue (6.1%). 5. Kidney (7.6%). 6. Bone (4.6%). Most of the male excess (1.9:1, p less than 0.01) is accounted for by acute lymphocytic leukemia, and central nervous system tumors. It is evident that about one-half of all children diagnosed currently with a malignant disease will survive for a long period. Psychosocial aspects of cancer in the young are commented. This paper examines how patients, family members and medical staff feel and behave in response to occurrence of cancer in adolescent. PMID- 6651009 TI - [Gonadal dysgenesis]. PMID- 6651010 TI - [Advances in the treatment of endotoxic shock]. AB - Authors present their adopted measures, in the different clinical stages of endotoxic shock with a phisiological approach, paying special attention to those secondary to meningococcal infections. PMID- 6651011 TI - [Current treatment and prevention of juvenile gastroenteritis]. AB - The present knowledges about the damage mechanisms of germs in infectious diarrhea, on which are based the therapy procedures are reviewed. The management consist in oral rehydratation and precocius oral feeding as the main therapy. A scheme of treatment and the future perspectives in Valladolid during the last 9 months (609 fecal cultures) is reported. The participation of isolated germs in the pathogenesis of diarrhea is discussed. Since the acquisition of new methods to detect compylobacter, yersinia and rotavirus, the number of positive fecal cultures has increased in our medium. PMID- 6651012 TI - [Advances in neonatal intensive medicine]. AB - In the last few year a significative reduction on the rates of neonatal morbimortality have appeared. This has been achieved because a better understanding of embrio-fetal physiology, emerged under the patronage of technological development: new diagnostic techniques, monitorization (physiological and therapeutical) in both, pre and postnatal periods. This model of attendance (perinatology) has its' climax in neonatal intensive care. New scientific plans have to be examined continuously in a critical way, according with ethical reasons related with this type of medical assistance. PMID- 6651013 TI - [Introduction to adolescent medicine]. PMID- 6651014 TI - [Physical growth during adolescence]. AB - Authors review principal manifestations of physical growth in adolescence: adolescent growth spur, body composition and chemical maturation. A cross sectional study performed in Madrid area (92 females and 113 males normal adolescents) showed that serum alkaline phosphatase concentrations and urinary total hydroxyproline excretion had a close relation with height velocity and sex maturity ratings in adolescents. Factorial analysis showed variable correlation between 43 anthropometric and biochemical parameters. PMID- 6651016 TI - DNA ploidy analysis and cytologic examination of sorted cell populations from human breast tumors. AB - Two different flow cytometric procedures were applied on cell samples from human breast tumors. One procedure involved DNA ploidy analysis on suspensions of isolated nuclei. The mean ploidy ratios of 27 benign breast lesions to chicken erythrocytes and rainbow trout erythrocytes were found to be 2.66 +/- 0.03 and 1.25 +/- 0.02, respectively. From the 45 stemlines found in a series of 43 carcinomas, 12 were diploid, 13 hyperdiploid and 20 near-tetraploid. No association was found between the lymph node status and the DNA ploidy level. The second procedure involved sorting fixed cells from DNA "windows" for the preparation of permanent cytologic specimens. The sorted cells appeared to be shrunken, but the morphologic quality was similar to that of imprint specimens from the same tumors, permitting discrimination between various types of normal cells and tumor cells. The combined use of both flow cytometric procedures may lead to greater insight into the relationship between the cytologic and cytogenetic heterogeneity of breast carcinomas. PMID- 6651015 TI - The use of hierarchic classification in the image analysis of a complex cell population. Experience with the sediment of voided urine. AB - Microscopic analysis of cells in the sediment of voided urine is the principal noninvasive method of diagnosing and detecting cancer of the lower urinary tract, mainly the bladder. The sediments contain several populations of cells of unequal diagnostic value. By applying a system of hierarchic classification to the computer analysis of digitized cell images, we were able to eliminate from diagnostic consideration cells that are difficult to classify, such as degenerated cells, multinucleated cells, cell clusters, renal tubular cells and cells infected by the human polyomavirus. When this method of triage was applied to the images of sequentially encountered epithelial cells and clusters, the cell images accepted for final analysis by the computer were sufficient in number and quality to automatically construct cytologic profiles of documented diagnostic value in 15 patients with bladder cancer. The method proved to be applicable to smears and quantitative cytocentrifuge preparations processed by methods developed in our laboratory. This work clearly documents the feasibility of automated analysis of cells in voided urine for the purpose of diagnosing bladder cancer. It also confirms prior observations suggesting that a relatively small sample of sequential images of epithelial cells (200 to 300) is sufficient to establish a diagnostic profile of clinical value on patients with high-grade cancer of the urinary bladder. PMID- 6651017 TI - Single-cell DNA measurement in hyperplastic, dysplastic and carcinomatous laryngeal epithelia, with special reference to the occurrence of hypertetraploid cell nuclei. AB - Single-cell DNA fluorometry was performed on smear preparations from 57 histologically verified lesions from the vocal cords. Special attention was paid to the detection of hypertetraploid cell nuclei, which may be considered neoplastic markers, since they are not present in normal vocal cord epithelium. Hypertetraploid nuclei were not found in hyperplastic or mildly dysplastic epithelia but were found in 4 of 14 specimens of moderate dysplasia and in 5 of 19 specimens of severe dysplasia. The presence of hypertetraploid nuclei was associated with more frequent recurrences and progression of disease. Hypertetraploid cell nuclei were found in 9 of 15 invasive carcinomas and in this group were associated with a worse prognosis. The proliferative activity was 1.7% for hyperplasia and mild dysplasia, 3.1% and 2.8%, respectively, for moderate and severe dysplasia and 7.6% for squamous-cell carcinoma. PMID- 6651018 TI - Effect of the special properties of monolayer cell preparations for automated cervical cytology on visual evaluation and classification. With an estimation of the number of cells required to be screened. AB - Monolayer preparations used in cell image analysis show some peculiarities as compared with conventional cytologic smears, such as homogeneous distribution of cells, distinct appearance of cells and a reduced number of background elements. However, for use in gynecologic cytology, monolayer preparations must be accessible to visual examination and classification. To investigate the consequences of the special features of these preparations on the strategy of visual evaluation, we estimated the minimum number of cells needed for a diagnostic decision. Cell counts were made of gynecologic monolayer preparations from 50 women with no suspicion of malignancy and 50 women with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix and its precursors. Our results showed that the more serious the lesion, the lower the number of cells needed for a diagnostic decision. The highest mean values of numbers of cells needed for an effective diagnosis were estimated in cases of mild and moderate dysplasia (734 cells) and in non-suspicious cases (731 cells). The number of cells needed did not exceed 1,700 in any case. The false-negative and false-positive rates were 6% and 2%, respectively, including the cases of mild to moderate dysplasia. PMID- 6651019 TI - An efficient multiple-cell approach to automatic aneuploidy screening. AB - We describe a statistical method of discriminating efficiently, on the basis of multiple-cell measurements without operator interaction, between chromosomally normal human cell lines and those either containing a single additional chromosome or missing one chromosome. We begin by defining hypothetical but realistic "confusion matrices," which give the probabilities of (1) assigning each chromosome to each of various possible groups and (2) rejecting it as unclassifiable. From these, false-positive and false-negative rates of 0.01 and 0.001, respectively, are found to be attainable by processing 16 to 32 cells if the average probability of misclassifying or rejecting individual chromosomes is 5% to 9% for "Denver" groups or 10% to 17% for homologous pairs. Since these values are probably within the reach of current technology, the method is a basis for a realistic, fully automatic screening system. We also show how the method can be extended to the detection of quite general types of chromosomally abnormal cell lines. PMID- 6651020 TI - Reduced cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin delivered on a weekly schedule. Assessment by endomyocardial biopsy. AB - Endomyocardial biopsy was done 119 times in 98 patients receiving doxorubicin therapy once every 3 weeks and 41 times in 27 patients receiving doxorubicin therapy weekly. Factors contributing to the degree of anthracycline-induced endomyocardial injury were evaluated. Neither age, sex, type of malignancy, concomitant use of other chemotherapeutic agents including cyclophosphamide, nor history of cardiac disease or hypertension influenced the extent of the endomyocardial injury. The dose of doxorubicin (p = 0.0001) and the schedule (weekly versus 3 weekly) (p = 0.0020) independently predicted the degree of endomyocardial damage in multivariate analyses. Previous cardiac irradiation had borderline significance (p = 0.074) in predicting endomyocardial damage in this analysis. Doxorubicin therapy administered on a weekly schedule is associated with less anthracycline-induced cardiac damage than is doxorubicin therapy delivered in the conventional, 3-weekly schedule. PMID- 6651022 TI - Dimorphic cardiac adaptation to obesity and arterial hypertension. AB - Cardiovascular function and structure were evaluated by M-mode echocardiography and systemic hemodynamics in paired lean and obese patients, either hypertensive or normotensive. Compared to lean patients, obese patients had greater left atrial (p less than 0.0001), ventricular (p less than 0.001), and aortic root (p less than 0.002) diameters; posterior and septal wall thickness (p less than 0.001); and ventricular mass, cardiac output, stroke volume, and stroke work (all p less than 0.0001). Hypertensive patients had increased posterior wall thickness, end diastolic wall stress, stroke work (p less than 0.01), and a lower radius to posterior wall thickness ratio indicating concentric hypertrophy (p less than 0.001) when compared to normotensive patients. Cardiac adaptation to obesity consists of left ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy (eccentric hypertrophy) irrespective of arterial pressure levels. In contrast, essential hypertension solely produces concentric hypertrophy. Both obesity and hypertension increase left ventricular stroke work by disparate hemodynamic mechanisms; their presence in the same patient will tax the heart and increase the long-term risk of congestive failure. PMID- 6651021 TI - Assessment of left ventricular contractility in patients receiving doxorubicin. AB - The usual indices of left ventricular systolic performance have been incapable of accurately recognizing early myocardial impairment in many patients treated with doxorubicin. Recently, several new load-independent, highly sensitive indices of left ventricular contractility have been developed including the slope value of the endsystolic pressure (Pes)-dimension (Des) relation and the position of the left ventricular end-systolic wall stress (sigma es)-percent fractional shortening (% delta D) relation. We used these indices to study 46 patients receiving either low dose or high dose doxorubicin. Results were compared with data from 30 healthy subjects. Resting % delta D failed to accurately recognize left ventricular dysfunction in 9 of 17 patients with low normal values. These patients had reduced afterload, as measured by sigma es, permitting normal extent of left ventricular fiber shortening despite impaired contractility as quantified by diminished Pes-Des slope values. There was 98% concordance between the relative position of the sigma es-% delta D relation and the slope value of the Pes-Des, relation. These indices offer an improved means of recognizing and quantitating impaired contractility in patients treated with doxorubicin. PMID- 6651023 TI - Intestinal and bronchial cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient homosexual man. PMID- 6651024 TI - Diltiazem and akathisia. PMID- 6651025 TI - Program directors in internal medicine: a survey of residency programs. AB - Program directors of internal medicine play a unique and critical role in the training process of physicians. A survey by the Association of Program Directors in Internal Medicine shows the average program director is 49 years old, a board certified (93%) U.S. medical school graduate (91%), who has a medical school faculty appointment as associate professor or professor (87%). Forty-three percent have been program directors less than 3 years and only 10% for 10 years or more. Most program directors are full-time and 68% are also chiefs of service in their respective hospitals. Most programs have medical school affiliation (88%). A central concern of most program directors is attracting and retaining good residents. PMID- 6651026 TI - An additional basic science for clinical medicine: IV. The development of clinimetrics. AB - The domain of clinimetrics is concerned with quantitative methods in the collection and analysis of comparative clinical data, and particularly with improved "measurement" of the distinctively clinical and personal phenomena of patient care. The main requirement for scientific quality in data is a consistent, reproducible process of observation and expression. This requirement can be attained with appropriate attention to basic descriptive activities and to the operational criteria that convert raw descriptions into the variables, categories, and composite aggregates of suitably chosen clinimetric scales. For this work, clinicians will be challenged to "dissect" and stipulate the components of decisions that are now made with unspecified methods or judgments. Clinimetric science provides opportunities for new approaches, new sites, and new personnel in an additional type of clinical investigation that can augment the scientific basis of clinical practice, while rehumanizing the contents of research data and restoring analytic emphasis to the art of patient care. PMID- 6651027 TI - Dietary protein, glomerular hyperemia, and progressive renal failure. PMID- 6651028 TI - New goals for education in geriatric medicine. PMID- 6651029 TI - Antibiotic resistance--a world health problem we cannot ignore. PMID- 6651030 TI - Medical strikes in France. PMID- 6651031 TI - Analysis of data from clinical trials. PMID- 6651033 TI - Silent gallstones. PMID- 6651032 TI - Sample-size nomograms. PMID- 6651034 TI - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome possibly arthropod-borne. PMID- 6651035 TI - Only homosexual Haitians, not all Haitians. PMID- 6651036 TI - Sarcoidosis progressing to lymphoma. PMID- 6651037 TI - Streptococcus bovis bacteremia and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 6651038 TI - Pentamidine and hypoglycemia. PMID- 6651039 TI - Bacterial interference and toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 6651040 TI - Diagnosis of thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6651041 TI - Myocardial ischemia and ambulatory monitoring. PMID- 6651042 TI - Cardiac auscultation. PMID- 6651043 TI - Corticosteroid therapy and aseptic necrosis. PMID- 6651045 TI - Acyclovir and neurologic manifestations. PMID- 6651044 TI - Nifedipine and agranulocytosis. PMID- 6651046 TI - Schistosomiasis and praziquantel. PMID- 6651047 TI - The thyroid and glucose intolerance in uremia. PMID- 6651048 TI - Adolescent patients and internal medicine. PMID- 6651049 TI - Leukemia and benzene. PMID- 6651050 TI - [Surgery of the biliary tract in the aged]. PMID- 6651051 TI - [Metastatic infiltration of the hepatic pedicle in patients gastrectomized for cancer. Surgical indications and long-term results]. PMID- 6651052 TI - [Primary tumors of the retroperitoneum]. PMID- 6651053 TI - [Digital biopsy in the study of Raynaud's disease]. PMID- 6651054 TI - [Clinical study of respiratory complications in acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 6651055 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in pseudoneoplastic syndromes of the large intestine]. PMID- 6651056 TI - [Alkaline reflux gastritis: preliminary results of a clinical study]. PMID- 6651057 TI - [Long-term postoperative endoscopic control of patients operated on for colo rectal cancer]. PMID- 6651058 TI - [Anti-platelet aggregation therapy in vascular microsurgery: experimental study with sulfinpyrazone]. PMID- 6651059 TI - [Arterial injuries in civilian practice]. AB - The authors report their experience of arterial trauma in civilian life in a series of 227 patients (average age 38.2 years) with 233 arterial lesions, treated between 1977 and 1981. Iatrogenic trauma is responsible for 45 p. 100 of cases, the remainder (55 p. 100) being due to road traffic and industrial accidents (29 p. 100), projectiles (16 p. 100) and knife wounds (10 p. 100). 40 p. 100 of patients were seen within 24 h, 30 p. 100 between 24 h and 8 days, and 30 p. 100 over 8 days after the initial trauma. Arteries of the limbs were involved in 61 p. 100 of cases, of the neck in 11 p. 100 of cases and of the trunk in 28 p. 100 of cases. All patients were operated upon, 18 died (7.7 p. 100) and 16 had to undergo amputation (6.8 p. 100). The authors emphasize firstly the serious nature of trauma to the great vessels which is life-threatening and to the popliteal arteries which threatens the functional prognosis, and secondly, the necessity of early diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 6651060 TI - [Hemoglobinopathies and arterial pathology]. AB - Mutation of the hemoglobin molecule which characterises sickle cell anemia causes the falciformation under conditions of slow oxygen pressure, an increase in blood viscosity and premature destruction of the red blood cells. The vascular disorders, which are of variable nature, intensity and gravity, influence to a great extent the disabling character of the disease. Vaso occlusive crises are often associated with intercurrent infection. The retinopathy (well demonstrated by fluorescein angiography) is the most typical arteriolar disorder. In homozygotic patients, stenosis of the proximal portions of the large arteries leads to cerebrovascular complications, probably related to microcirculatory defects, responsible for variable clinical problems and some Moya-moya syndromes of childhood. From the therapeutic point of view, early treatment (transfusion and rehydration) allows regression without sequelae. Prevention is based on patient education to avoid triggering factors and a number of investigations, none of which has yet provided an absolute solution. PMID- 6651061 TI - [Radiation arteriopathies]. AB - Disease of the large arterial vessels is a relatively unknown complication of radiotherapy. However, it should be considered in the same manner as the other complications of irradiation when a tumour recurrence is suspected. The authors recall the experimental studies of Kirkpatrick and Konings, demonstrating the synergy between irradiation and hypercholesterolemia in the precocity and gravity of vascular complications. The different localisations reported in the literature are discussed: coronary, pulmonary, thoracic aorta, supra aortic, renal, digestive and ilio-femoral arteries. Finally, the authors underline the difficulty of diagnosis of post-radiotherapy without clinical, radiological or anatomopathological confirmation. PMID- 6651062 TI - [Arterial complications of estrogen-progestogen contraception]. AB - Large prospective British and American studies have shown a significant increase in the relative risk of systemic arterial complications in women taking oral contraceptives. The risk increases with age and the association of other principal risk factors including cigarette smoking; the duration of oral contraception does not seem to be closely related; the incidence does not seem to have decreased since the introduction of the minipill. The synthetic oestrogens are the main causative factor; however, the role of progesterone cannot be totally excluded. The pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis, especially in coronary and cerebral territories is discussed. PMID- 6651063 TI - [Outcome, treatment and prognosis of Horton's disease]. AB - Precise information was obtained by a computerized analysis of the treatment, prognosis and clinical outcome of 108 representative cases selected from a series of 160 patients with Horton's disease (HD) diagnosed between 1970 and 1981. At the end of the study, 18 patients had died (16,6 p. 100), the commonest cause of death being a cerebrovascular accident. Death occurred during the first two years of the illness in half these cases. Despite these early complications of the disease, from a statistical point of view, the patients did not die of HD or the complications of its treatment. The 5 years survival rate 80,1 p. 100 (actuarial analysis). Most deaths were from natural causes; an intercurrent disease was often implicated; the lower probability of survival for men (69,9 p. cent at 5 years, compared to 85,4 p. cent for women) is compatible with the lower life expectancy which is well established. The roles of intercurrent disease and sex were statistically significant. On the other hand, there was no difference in the probability of 5 year survival when the different presenting of the disease, the terrain (HLA-DR4) and choice of corticosteroid therapy were compared. The initial dose of prednisone or prednisolone should exceed 0,5 mg/kg/day, if relapse is to be avoided. No additional benefits were observed with doses in excess of 1 mg/kg/day except in cases with complications from the onset (ocular, coronary insufficiency, stenosis of the main large arteries, without being able to prejudge their mechanism).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6651064 TI - [Buerger's disease: current diagnostic and therapeutic concepts]. AB - This paper reviews our actual knowledge on Buerger's disease, a segmental inflammatory processors of peripheral, medium sized arteries and veins, and includes 33 patients of our clinic. In more than 50 p. 100 of cases antielastin antibodies were increased and the complement factor C4 decreased. 23 p. 100 had circulating immune complexes. Clinical experience and these immunological findings suggest medical treatment by antiinflammatory drugs like aspirin at relatively high doses or indomethazine. In resistant cases prednisone and azathioprine can suppress the activity of disease. If a limb is threatened by amputation the eventual implantation of a femoro-crural or cruro-crural bypass should be discussed. PMID- 6651065 TI - [Anatomopathological aspects of arterial angiodysplasias]. AB - Arterial angiodysplasias constitute an ill-defined entity comprising conditions of apparently very variable natures. Apart from arterial fibrodysplasia, the clinical features of which, if not the etiology, are well established, there exists a number of different arterial abnormalities, stenotic or aneurysmal, the significance of which remains unclear (dolicho-arteries, the Moya-Moya syndrome, etc.). However, the role of genetic factors and metabolic abnormalities in these conditions is uncontestable. They demonstrate both the authenticity of this group of diseases and the importance of metabolic disorders of the interstitial tissues in the majority of these vascular abnormalities. PMID- 6651066 TI - [Arterial manifestations of the Ehlers' Danlos syndrome]. AB - The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, or rather syndromes includes a heterogeneous group of diseases secondary to abnormalities of collagen fibres, for certain of which the specific biochemical defect has been identified. The preponderance of collagen fibers in the body explains the diversity of clinical manifestations which can occur as part of this form of hereditary connective tissue dysplasia. The involvement of the arteries is the most serious manifestation and determine the prognosis of the disease. The rupture of arteries, true vascular catastrophy occurring in young patients, is most characteristic of the type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome due to a deficiency in type III collagen. Aneurysms, and less frequently stenoses are also manifestations of the structural abnormality of the arterial walls. After a brief review of the other clinical manifestations of the Ehlers Danlos syndrome, the authors analyse the Literature regarding the signs of arterial involvement in view of such a degree of arterial fragility, the authors underline the difficulties involved with surgery and the dangers of arteriography. PMID- 6651067 TI - [Carotid dysplasias]. AB - Fibro-muscular dysplasia is the principal dysplasia of the internal carotid artery (ICA). It mainly affects women and is usually diagnosed at about the age of 50. The best known lesions are segmental medial defects. They are often associated with other local (aneurysm) or general (mainly renal) malformations. Congenital factors probably play a very important part in its genesis. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents (transient or permanent), or cerebral haemorrhage are the usual modes of presentation. The diagnosis may be suspected on ultrasonic examination but can only be confirmed by arteriography. Therapy is not standardised as the natural history has not been definitely established. Megadolicho-carotid artery, hypoplasia and other dysplasias of the ICA are briefly described and illustrated. PMID- 6651068 TI - [Cardiovascular manifestations of systemic elastorrhexis (the Gronblad-Strandberg Touraine syndrome)]. AB - Peripheral arterial involvement is common in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. It can be the first symptom. Small and medium size arteries are most often involved. The arterial lesions are diffuse, stenotic and often with marked calcium deposition. This arterial involvement can be developed early and if happening in young patients it is of great diagnostic significance. Peripheral vascular disease is most common in the limbs. Its evolution is remarkably slow. Coronary arterial disease can induce angina pectoris but seldom myocardial infarction. In cerebral arteries, lesions consist in stenoses and aneurysmal dilatation. They are responsible for thrombotic or hemorrhagic accidents. High blood pressure is frequent. It increases the hemorrhagic risk. Aortic lesions are exceptional, and if encountered one must discuss a Marfan disease association. Visceral hemorrhages, gastrointestinal or uterine, often the first symptom, are secondary to arteriolar lesions. Histologic studies reveal narrowed arterial lumen, due to medial thickening. Media is invaded by irregular and anarchic elastic fibers. Elastic laminae are fragmented and disorganized. The abnormal elastic tissue tends to be calcified. When compared to the arterial lesions, cardiac involvement is uncommon. It has been described in the first case of literature. It essentially consists in an endocardial thickening of the auricles and of the mitral and tricuspid valves. PMID- 6651069 TI - [Infectious arteriopathies]. AB - After reviewing the physiopathology, the authors report the principal features of infectious arterial disease observed in a department of infectious diseases. Excluding iatrogenic arteritis, particularly after vascular surgery, and some vasculitis in which an infectious agent may play a role, only the classical but now rare causes are described: rickettsial disease, syphilis and typhoid. The most commonly observed problem at present is infectious aneurysms: primary aneurysms secondary to atherosclerosis in which salmonella is by far the predominant organism, before the staphylococci and streptococci. The most serious complication is the major risk of rupture which may be the presenting event. Secondary aneurysms are essentially those of endocarditis. The mechanism is not fully understood and they occur at different stages of the course of the disease. The main problem associated with these aneurysms is their multiplicity and localisation; the intracranial forms are the most common and most serious in the experience of the authors, with their difficulties of diagnosis and treatment: extracranial aneurysms are usually located in the main limb arteries. Adjacent secondary aneurysms are exceptionally rare. Tuberculous and viral causes of aneurysm are among the rarest etiologies discussed. PMID- 6651070 TI - [Xanthoma and atherosclerosis in the presence of normal plasma lipids]. AB - Normal plasma lipid levels do not prevent the infiltration of skin and arterial walls by cholesterol. This does not mean that lipoproteins do not play a role in tissue infiltration which takes place in subjects with normal lipids. Abnormal lipids, an abnormal distribution of atherogenic and non-atherogenic lipids in the blood, a latent hyperlipidemia, the relative proportions of apolipoproteins in circulation or an abnormal composition of the lipoproteins may contribute to this phenomenon. Our studies in subjects with normal lipid levels with xanthelasmata support the hypothesis that the apolipoprotein-B has atherogenic properties. In addition, they suggest that certain isomers of the apolipoprotein-E may also be involved. Preliminary studies in our laboratory using a simple technique of identifying the 6 phenotypes of the apolipoprotein-E suggest that the isomer E2 may favour the appearance of hyperlipidemia when another genetic or environmental factor is present. PMID- 6651072 TI - [Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Opportunistic viral disease of the central nervous system]. PMID- 6651071 TI - [Anatomo-clinical conference. Hopital Cochin. Case no. 5--1983. Interstitial pneumopathy, polyarthritis and subcutaneous nodules in a 45-year-old man]. PMID- 6651073 TI - [Is auricular fibrillation emboligenic?]. PMID- 6651074 TI - [Nonfunctional or nonsecreting hypophyseal adenomas. Review of clinical, biological, neuroradiological, developmental and immunohistochemical characteristics. Apropos of 40 cases]. AB - The authors report 40 cases of functionless pituitary adenomas, investigated by the same protocol and treated in the same way, between 1976 and 1982. The clinical, biological, neuroradiological features, clinical course and anatomopathological findings of this very uniform series are described. A complete immuno-histochemical study was undertaken. These findings suggest that the diagnosis of a true functionless pituitary adenoma should be based on the following criteria: --clinical and biological: absence of hormonal hypersecretion; --histological: absence or very few signs of secretory activity (little ergastoplasma, few mitochondria and Golgi apparatus); --immuno histochemical: absence of reactivity to immunofluorescence and immuno-peroxydase methods. PMID- 6651075 TI - [Colonic tumors after ureterosigmoidostomy. Value of coloscopy in their detection and treatment]. AB - Congenital malformations and tumours of the bladder are the commonest indications of uretero-sigmoidostomy, an operation associated with the name of Coffey who perfected the technique. A part from the renal and metabolic complications of this operation, the risk of benign or malignant tumours at the anastamosis should not be overlooked. Four cases are reported which underline the incidence of juvenile polyps and mixed juvenile and adenomatous polyps which tend to degenerate. The medical literature is reviewed. Uretero-sigmoidostomy is a definite cause of tumour formation. The different pathogenic hypotheses are discussed. Colonoscopy is a method of detecting the tumour, of obtaining a histological diagnosis and treating benign polyps by diathermy under endoscopic control. This technique allows preservation of the anastomosis. The prevention of these lesions should be assured by annual endoscopy for 5 years after operation. PMID- 6651076 TI - [Acute central neurologic complications and the pregnancy-puerperal status. 105 cases in an intensive care unit. Contribution to the study of the relation between pregnancy toxemia and cerebral vascular accidents]. AB - Central neurological pathology in the course of puerperium was studied in 105 observations. One could distinguish: --meeting pathology (tumoral, metabolic, infectious processes) 12 cases, --cerebral vascular accidents (arterial, venous...) 30 cases, These two groups corresponded to a pathology without any obvious connection with gravidic toxemia. --eclamptic or not eclamptic toxemia with encephalopathy: 21 cases, --finally, toxemia associated to or complicated with focused neurological syndromes: 42 cases. Concerning cerebral vascular accidents, one could verify the importance of hemorrhagical accidents (13 cases: 3 subdurhematoma, 4 sub-arachnoid hemorrhages, 6 intra-cerebral hematoma (2 of them corresponded to previous affections revealed by the hemorrhage) (angioma, chorioepithelioma, metastases) and thrombo-embolic accidents (16 cases) corresponding especially to arterial thromboses, the frequency of which seems more important than the frequency of venous thromboses. Any generalized or focused central neurological accident sets the problem of toxemia but is not obligatory toxemic. An associated disorder of hemostasis (hypercoagulability, consumption coagulopathy) has to be searched for. PMID- 6651077 TI - [Myxoma of the left atrium and advanced renal failure]. AB - A 34 years old woman with a history of childhood rheumatic fever presented with a number of episodes of systemic embolism over a 10 years period attributed to mitral stenosis despite long-term anticoagulant therapy. All preoperative electrocardiograms showed sinus rhythm. After one episode of recurrent embolism (brain, limbs) requiring femoral embolectomy, she developed oligo-anuric renal failure and needed 21 days of hemodialysis. She made a full recovery. Several years later, she presented with chronic progressive renal failure. The diagnosis of left atrial myxoma was eventually made at echocardiography: surgical excision was successful. Periodic hemodialysis was started six months later. The authors use this case to illustrate unusual presentations of myxoma and above all their vascular complications; the possibility of embolic renal disease leading to advanced renal failure is discussed, a complication of left atrial myxoma which seems to be very rare. PMID- 6651078 TI - [Reversibility of severe digitoxin poisoning with antidigoxin antibodies]. AB - We report a case of severe digitoxin poisoning treated at the stage of ventricular fibrillation by infusion of FAB antidigoxin fragments with low in vitro covering properties. There were no side effects. The possibility of rapidly reversing the prognosis will permit the use of specific FAB fragments before the onset of potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias, when these antibodies become more generally available. PMID- 6651079 TI - [Fatal pulmonary embolism with a normal PaO2]. AB - A case of massive pulmonary embolism confirmed by angiography and necropsy, without arterial hypoxemia (PaO2 = 109 torr while the patient breathing room air) was reported. The onset of hypoxemia and increase in venous admixture secondary to cardiac output improvement with dobutamine was discussed. PMID- 6651080 TI - [Biermer's disease without anemia, nor megaloblastosis. Value of the study of antibodies, vitamin assays, and the dU suppression test for the early diagnosis]. AB - In two patients, a diagnosis of pernicious anemia was made without anemia, megaloblastosis and even macrocytosis. The diagnosis of pernicious anemia was suggested by the autoimmune abnormalities which are frequently associated with this disease: goitre with anti-thyroid and anti parietal cell antibodies, and besides this, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in the first patient, vitiligo in the second. The morphological abnormalities were limited to slight macrocytosis in the first patient and to hypersegmentation of polymorphonuclear leucocyte in both. Vitamin B12 deficiency was demonstrated by serum assay as well as deoxyuridine suppression test ("dU suppression"). The diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of atrophic gastritis, failure of secretion of Intrinsic Factor and Schilling test. These observations show that the Addison-Biermer disease can be detected early in persons at high risk by looking for vitamin B12 deficiency and specific antibodies. PMID- 6651081 TI - [Anatomo-clinical conference. Hopital de la Pitie-salpetriere. Case no 6--1983. Adiastole 20 years after radiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 6651082 TI - [Glomerulonephritis disclosing subacute endocarditis with negative hemocultures]. PMID- 6651083 TI - [Anorexia nervosa. A clinical and psychometric study]. AB - Psychiatric symptoms and psychometric variables were assessed in thirty three female inpatients with anorexia nervosa. Our sample was a relatively "severe" group. All of the patients were still in treatment at the time of the study and had fulfilled the strict diagnostic criteria clearly defined by Crisp, Bruch, Russell, Dally and Gomez. Since the initial descriptions of anorexia nervosa were made, there has been a great confusion about whether it is a homogeneous illness or not. Our findings bear consistently with the clinical observation that there are distinct diagnostic sub-groups within the anorexia nervosa syndrome. Objective psychological measures lend support to the clinical evaluation that neurotic mechanisms (hysterical, phobic or obsessionnal features) are unusual in anorexia nervosa. Within the primary anorectics, the major clinical predictors of a poor outcome were: age (greater than 20 years), persistant amenorrhea and importance of weight loss. Within the 33 patients, the other predictors of a poor outcome were: small weight gain during treatment, absence of manifest distress (denial or satisfaction) and bulimia associated with self-induced vomiting. On the other hand, anxiety, depression and premorbid personality traits were not systematically associated with a poor prognosis. The population studied was heterogeneous in terms of MMPI profiles and Rorschach scores. The extent to which all our patients deviated from the norm on the Rorschach scores was not negligeable. The Rorschach variables linked to a clinical severity were the percentage of responses F (Form) and F + (form quality). The combination of these scores with the MMPI Anxiety Index (WELSH) lead to identify different sub-groups with a poor prognosis. According to H. Bruch theories, cognitive and perceptual difficulties, disturbance of body image of internal sensations as well as deficiency in identifying emotional states were very common. Rorschach responses of anorectic patients were compared with those of schizophrenic and depressed control groups of F% and F + % mean scores. The results showed that the anorectic group was closer to the schizophrenic group than to the depressed one. PMID- 6651084 TI - [The psychology of chronic rheumatism patients based on the Rorschach test]. AB - The objective of this research was to try to see if it was possible to find in a population of chronic rheumatickies (a great majority of P.C.E.) some specific psychologie characteristics or constants among these sicks. So we have used Rorschach test. On the based of 19 persons inspected, we have found 84% who present a pathological inhibition and 68% a pathological anxiety. They are datums more strikingness, but we have found others interesting indications. For example: 47% persons presented symptoms of a affectivity no stabilize egocentric and impulsive and had a perturbed thought by their affectives problems. 21% a deficient valuation of reality. We have terminated trying to discuss two others questions from datums collected. PMID- 6651085 TI - [The atmosphere in H. Tellenbach's phenomenologic anthropology]. AB - The author reviews the the conceptions of Hubertus Tellenbach on the occasion of the french translation of his book Geschmack und Atmosphere... He noticed the importance of "atmospheric evaluation" in psychopathology and considers a large field of applications in literary critic. PMID- 6651086 TI - [What is the current thinking on the biorhythm theory?]. AB - Biorhythm theory, if it seems to know a certain success with the public, however, remains ignored by the medical world, in spite of the fact that it claims to be a means of medical safety. PMID- 6651087 TI - [Nonhospitalization of schizophrenics]. PMID- 6651089 TI - [Hysteroparanoia or paranohysteria]. PMID- 6651088 TI - [Instrumental analysis of day hospitals]. AB - The authors, taking the opportunity of an epidemiological study, submit the results of 12 day hospitals functioning, having a similar administrative structure, receiving an homogeneous train of clients but distributed on different points of the national territory and having a different functional organization. They draw conclusions from it, on the day hospital definition, the interest of defining scientific evaluation systems, for a better assessment of the therapeutic functioning, the place and importance of this type of medical service for the evolution of actions in the field of mental health. PMID- 6651090 TI - [Changes in the waking electroencephalogram in severe heroin addiction]. AB - Of the synchroness slowing down of electrographic waves in animal experimently intoxicated with morphinic substances corresponds with the occurrance of addiction and tolerance to the products. In human's the progressive tolerance of the product can also be seen in course. This tolerance is accompagned by signs of dysfonction which question addiction to the product and its toxicity. Some of these signs are more specifically found in heroinism. PMID- 6651091 TI - [The insanities of Zola. Francois Mouret and the H. Tellenbach melancholy type. Endocosmogenesis, existence, literature]. AB - H. Tellenbach described in 1961, in the melancoly, a "typus melancholicus" characterized by: the category of order, a work fervour, the importance of duty, the altruism. The category of order dominates in spatial distribution and in temporalisation. If space is reduced (includence) and temporalisation backword (remanence), the typus melancholicus can fall into melancoly. Zola published in 1874 "La conquete de Plassans", fourth volume of the Rougon-Macquart. The personnage of Francois Mouret presents many features of the typus melancholicus. The psychosocial situations and different pressions bring progressive transformation of space and time. So the typus melancholicus goes to a pre melancholic state and after to a melancholic state. PMID- 6651092 TI - [The Rorschach test in 32 cases of phobic neuroses]. AB - With some exceptions, the Rorschach-literature of phobias and phobic states, is somehow poor. Based on the experience with 32 cases of phobic neurosis, is presented a detailed and commented Rorschach investigation of this clinico psychological group. PMID- 6651093 TI - [Genital automutilation in man]. PMID- 6651094 TI - [Folic acid metabolism disorders in psychiatry. Epidemiologic aspects (II)]. PMID- 6651095 TI - [Seriousness and repercussions of untimely drug therapy changes in epileptics]. PMID- 6651096 TI - [Value of the day hospital in the treatment of depressed mothers of families]. PMID- 6651097 TI - [Genesis and clinical aspects of functional diseases]. AB - A new approach of patients with functional disorders is proposed, as a result of an original experience: within a Department of internal Medicine we created a permanent place for listening to patients. This work is devoted to the genesis and clinical aspects of functional disorders. At the start, the functional disorder is bipolar, but meeting the psychotherapist introduces a third dimension. We enlight the specificity of somatization in functional disorders. PMID- 6651098 TI - [The precision of the psychologic study guarantees the effectiveness of psychotherapy]. PMID- 6651099 TI - [How psychotherapists modify their evaluations before and after the start of psychotherapy]. PMID- 6651100 TI - [The concept of finality in psychotherapy]. PMID- 6651101 TI - [A method of evaluating the intervention of a therapist within the framework of conversation from the psychotherapeutic viewpoint]. PMID- 6651102 TI - [The pitfalls of evaluation in psychologic treatment]. PMID- 6651103 TI - [Effectiveness of psychotherapy through pragmatic and/or pragmatic and psychotherapeutic efficiency]. PMID- 6651104 TI - [Effectiveness of psychotherapy in current practice in psychiatric consultation]. PMID- 6651105 TI - [Identity and change in the evaluation of the effectiveness of psychotherapy]. PMID- 6651106 TI - [Value of psychotherapy in the midst of the service-sector complex]. PMID- 6651107 TI - [Fetishism of duration as a criterion of the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Example of work in a maternal and child welfare center]. PMID- 6651108 TI - [Effects of psychotherapy: the status of prospective research]. PMID- 6651109 TI - [Control of the effectiveness of psychotherapy in children]. PMID- 6651111 TI - [Auto-evaluation control of behavior therapy of phobia]. PMID- 6651110 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the effects of behavior therapy]. PMID- 6651112 TI - [Various types of psychotherapy]. PMID- 6651113 TI - [Control of the effectiveness of hospitalization and follow-up of the alcoholic patient. Apropos of 430 patients with a mean recession of 37 months]. PMID- 6651114 TI - [Assimilation rhythm and continuity, factors of the effectiveness of the psychotherapeutic dialogue]. PMID- 6651115 TI - [Delusional thematic alternation and cyclothymia]. AB - The authors discuss the case of a 36 year old woman who, for several years, has been delirious and who has shown signs of an affective disorder, alternatively suffering from hypomanic and depressive episodes. What is most interesting is that she expresses erotomaniac delusions while she is elated and persecutory delusions while she is depressed. The authors propose an psychopathological explanation for her disorder. PMID- 6651116 TI - [A new bioclinical approach in psychiatry. Stereotyped behavior, psychic and behavioral disorganization, and amphetamines]. PMID- 6651117 TI - [A case of transsexualism]. PMID- 6651118 TI - [Data concerning the evolution of a psychiatric unit during the 1st 11 years of sectorization]. PMID- 6651120 TI - [Posttraumatic neurosis]. PMID- 6651119 TI - [Continuous stress reaction and somatic symptomatology. Case study (study of soldiers and former soldiers)]. PMID- 6651121 TI - [Taxonomic value of mycobacterial fatty acids: proposal for a method of analysis]. AB - A simple and quantitative method for the alkaline hydrolysis of fatty acid derivatives occurring in the lipids of mycobacteria is described. After methylation, the lipidic mixtures were chromatographed on a thin layer of silicagel. The contents in mycolates and secondary alcohols allowed the distinction of 9 groups among the 27 species studied. Such an analysis is generally insufficient to identify a species, but its discriminating power differs from that of other commonly-used methods. Complementary tests chosen according to each particular situation are necessary, including vapour phase chromatography applied to the same lipidic mixture as that used for thin-layer chromatography. Coupling of the two chromatographic methods would allow the recognition of 22 groups among the 27 species of mycobacteria studied. PMID- 6651122 TI - A new taxon in the genus Neisseria. AB - Among 3,520 strains of Neisseria and Branhamella received in the laboratory during the last seven years, 13 could not be speciated. These 13 strains (Neisseria sp. group) were isolated from the throats of healthy children in Europe and Africa. The Neisseria sp. group oxidized glucose and maltose similarly to N. meningitidis. The observation of polysaccharide synthesis prompted the authors to examine the genomic relationship between the Neisseria sp. group and the type strains of all species of Neisseria and Branhamella. Additional phenotypic characteristics were also examined. Results indicated that the 13 strains in this study belong to the genus Neisseria, in which they constitute one homogenous hybridization group. They belong to the same genospecies as N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, N. flavescens and N. lactamica. However, they differ from N. meningitidis in production of polysaccharides, growth requirements and the lack of gamma-glutamyl transferase activity. PMID- 6651123 TI - [Characterization of antibiotic resistance plasmids in 2 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated in Belgium]. AB - Two strains of Salmonella typhi resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sulfonamides were studied. Conjugation and analysis of plasmid DNA suggested that in the two strains, these resistance characters were mediated by a single R plasmid. The plasmids of both strains belonged to the FI incompatibility group, whereas that isolated from the resistant Mexican S. typhi belonged to incomtibility group H. Therefore, the two resistant S. typhi isolated in Belgium do not represent an extension of the H plasmid which was responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in S. typhi during the 1972 Mexican epidemic. PMID- 6651124 TI - [Comparative study, using 3 methods, of the sensitivity to metronidazole and ornidazole of anaerobic or related bacteria]. AB - A comparative study of the sensitivity to metronidazole and ornidazole of 127 anaerobic or microaerophilic strains isolated from various clinical samples showed that the activity of both products was similar: the distribution of sensitive and resistant strains was identical. However, the in vitro activity level of metronidazole was slightly higher. This difference, though statistically significant, had no incidence on therapeutic indications. The determination of sensitivity towards the two nitroimidazoles was carried out by three methods: broth dilution and agar diffusion for metronidazole; and broth dilution and disk broth for ornidazole. Two of these methods, broth dilution and disk-broth, gave concordant results. Conversely, the limits of the agar diffusion technique were shown to be related to independent biological factors such as bacterial motility and slow growth rate. The poor accuracy of this method limits its use in detecting total resistance. PMID- 6651125 TI - [Supplement No. XXVI (1982) to the Kauffman-White schema]. AB - In this supplement are given the characters of 41 new Salmonella serovars recognized in 1982 by WHO collaborating Centre for reference and research on Salmonella: 16 belong to the sub-genus I, 18 to the sub-genus II, 6 to the sub genus III and 1 to the sub-genus IV. PMID- 6651126 TI - [Taxonomic study of free nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from the endorhizosphere of rice]. AB - Twenty strains of free-living N2-fixing bacteria, isolated from the endorhizosphere of rice in rice soils of Senegal, were studied on the basis of 259 morphological, physiological, biochemical and nutritional characters. Half of them were Gram-negative small rods with polar flagella and showing a strictly respiratory metabolism; they were characteristic of the genus Pseudomonas. A first group of 6 strains was related to the P. cepacia-P. marginata group characterized by lophotrichous flagella; they accumulated polyhydroxybutyrate, assimilated arginine and betaine, grew at 41 degrees C and showed a wide nutritional spectrum with DNA GC% of 67-68. The second group of 4 strains was related to the P. lemoignei group because of (a) its monotrichous flagella, (b) poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accumulation, (c) failure to assimilate arginine and betaine and to grow at 41 degrees C, (d) lack of arginine dihydrolase and (e) its narrow nutritional spectrum. DNA GC% was 65. These 4 strains were also denitrifying bacteria. Six strains were related to the genus Alcaligenes because of their strictly respiratory metabolism and their peritrichous flagella; their nutritional spectrum was variable and one of them was a denitrifier. DNA GC% was 68. One strain was related to Aeromonas hydrophila of the Vibrionaceae family; it consisted of Gram-negative and oxidase-positive small rods with monotrichous polar flagella and respiratory and fermentative metabolism without gas evolution. This strain essentially assimilated sugars and its DNA GC% was 63. Another strain was a Gram- and oxidase-negative small rod with peritrichous flagella and respiratory and fermentative metabolism with gas evolution. Sugars, organic acids and amino acids were assimilated. The DNA GC% was 53. This strain was related to Enterobacter cloacae of the Enterobacteriaceae family, but it showed the additional faculty of denitrification. The last two strains studied were spirilla with amphitrichous flagella characteristic of the genus Aquaspirillum. They showed a strictly respiratory metabolism and a DNA CG% of 60-64. This study allowed us to show the N2-fixing capacity of species of Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes and Aeromonas which had been devoid of N2-fixing bacteria until this time. All strains studied were microaerophilic for N2 fixation. PMID- 6651127 TI - Pigmented strains of Yersinia intermedia isolated from water. AB - Two Yersinia intermedia strains isolated from water produced a nondiffusible blue grey pigment. Pigment production was influenced by culture conditions: it was inhibited at 37 degrees C and by growth in anaerobiosis. Dissociation into non pigmented clones occurred spontaneously. Pigment could not be extracted by organic solvents. PMID- 6651128 TI - [Taxonomy of Bacillus circulans]. AB - Four strains of Bacillus circulans sensu stricto (ATCC 4513 (type strain), 4515, 4516, and 4530) were subjected to 236 morphological, biochemical and physiological tests, including 162 carbon source utilization tests. B. circulans s. s. is a species of facultative anaerobes able to ferment carbohydrates. Many carbohydrates and a few aliphatic acids were used as sole carbon and energy sources, but amino acids were not. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of DNA (four strains studied) was 37.2 +/- 0.4 mol% (mean +/- standard deviation). PMID- 6651129 TI - The physiological changes that may affect intraocular pressure. PMID- 6651131 TI - Microcomputer applications to the ophthalmic practice. PMID- 6651130 TI - Computed axial tomography in ophthalmology. AB - Diagnostic accuracy of computed axial tomography (CT) of the eye and orbit is limited by resolving power and interpretation. Indiscriminate use of the scan is limited by radiation exposure and cost of the modality. The use of CT should be reserved in the ophthalmologist's supply of diagnostic modalities and be used as part of an orderly, logic scheme of diagnostic testing. The scheme proposed advises ordering a B-mode ultrasound before CT. PMID- 6651133 TI - Traumatic hyphema after radial keratotomy. AB - The effect of severe blunt trauma to the human eye six months after radial keratotomy is discussed. After the injury, the patient initially had a 4-mm corneal abrasion, a 75% hyphema of the anterior chamber, and no noted damage to the corneal structure. After six months of follow-up the patient had a confirmed 20% angle recession with traumatic iridoplegia, an uncorrected vision of 6/4.5 (20/15), and a corrected vision of 6/4.5 (20/15). At no time has there been evidence of rupture to the incision sites or damage to the corneal structure. From this case study, it seems likely that the effect of trauma on deep corneal incisions as performed in radial keratotomy does not adversely affect the corneal integrity of the human eye after six months. PMID- 6651132 TI - Ocular manifestations of congenital muscular dystrophy (Fukuyama type). AB - Ocular manifestations in two cases of congenital muscular dystrophy of Fukuyama type were reported. This disease is characterized by early onset of hypotonia, generalized muscle weakness and atrophy, mental retardation, and elevated serum creatine-phosphokinase activity. The symptoms include entropion of lower lids, pathological myopia with astigmatism, optic nerve pallor, and irregular grayish subretinal mottling. Case 1 showed additional features of posterior staphyloma, dragged papillomacular vessels, peripheral grayish-white discoloration of the retina, and rete mirabile as well as abnormal vascular anastomosis. PMID- 6651134 TI - Intraocular foreign body from a nylon line grass trimmer. AB - Nylon line grass trimmers are commonplace in America's lawn armamentarium. As their number has increased, so has the potential for ocular injury from objects thrown from these tools. A patient of ours was injured by an intraocular piece of nylon line thrown from one of these tools. The patient required removal of the foreign body, lensectomy, and anterior vitrectomy to rehabilitate her eye. This report again demonstrates the need for eye protection when using any type of lawn equipment. We think manufacturers of these products should label them to show that eye protection is necessary for the safe use of these tools. PMID- 6651135 TI - Behavioral disturbance following intraocular lens implantation. AB - A 26-year-old man with mycosis fungoides and dense bilateral cataracts underwent cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. The first day postoperatively, the patient attained 20/100 visual acuity with the intraocular implant, without additional visual corrections. On seeing himself in the mirror for the first time in several months, thereby becoming aware of his distorted facial features and unsightly skin, he became transiently depressed. Simple reassurance and emotional support helped ameliorate his symptoms. Previous reports of behavioral disturbances following cataract extraction have emphasized the role of sensory deprivation in triggering aberrant behavior patterns. In this reported case, the rapid visual rehabilitation afforded by an intraocular lens implant resulted in a transiently depressed state in a patient with severe eczematous mycosis fungoides. PMID- 6651136 TI - Iridoschisis and the corneal endothelium. AB - Iridoschisis has been known as a rare entity for the past 60 years, since its first description by Schmitt. It has been reported most frequently in eyes with a history of trauma or one of the glaucomas. While freely floating fibers of disrupted iris mesenchyma may be seen to brush against the corneal endothelium in many patients, there has never been a report of corneal compromise secondary to iridoschisis. A patient with bilateral glaucoma is described. Iridoschisis was present in one eye, and specular microscopy revealed a marked decrease in cell density (600 cells per square millimeter) directly over the split iris fibers. A high degree of polymegethism was also present over the involved sector of iris. Cell counts and morphological findings elsewhere in the cornea were normal for the patient's age. Iridoschisis may be a hitherto unrecognized cause of endothelial decompensation. In selected cases, prophylactic surgical iridectomy should be considered in order to remove the disrupted iris fibers that may play a role in corneal changes. PMID- 6651137 TI - New device for measurement of the afferent pupillary defect. AB - A Projection Print Scale is an inexpensive, convenient device for the measurement of afferent pupillary defects. PMID- 6651138 TI - Transdermal scopolamine delivery system (TRANSDERM-V) and acute angle-closure glaucoma. AB - A 58-year-old woman developed unilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma four days after the application of a patch of transdermal scopolamine delivery system (TRANSDERM-V). PMID- 6651139 TI - Visual disturbance due to internal carotid aneurysm. AB - This report deals with four cases of internal carotid aneurysms including three cases of supraclinoid internal carotid aneurysms and one case of infraclinoid internal carotid aneurysms. Clinical ocular findings resembling parasellar tumors or retrobulbar optic neuritis are noted. Therefore, the importance of careful study concerning optic nerve diseases is emphasized, employing a CT scan and carotid angiography, if necessary. PMID- 6651140 TI - Computed tomographic evaluation of metatases to the orbit. AB - The computed tomographic (CT) findings in 22 patients with metastases to the orbit were evaluated. All the metastases appeared to be unilateral on CT. Sixty eight percent of the patients showed evidence of aggressive adjacent bone destruction. Sixty-eight percent of the patients had intracranial metastatic disease, 46% had direct intracranial extension of the tumor, and 23% had CT evidence of separate intracranial metastases. Fifty-nine percent of the orbital metastases were extraconal, 19% were intraconal, and 19% were both intraconal and extraconal; one case of metastases to the globe was detected. All 13 patients examined before and after contrast showed evidence of enhancement. PMID- 6651141 TI - Pars plana reconstructive surgery in penetrating ocular injury. AB - Observation of the clinical course of penetrating ocular injury at different stages was made on 30 patients. Results and complications of pars plana reconstructive procedure performed on these 30 consecutive patients were studied to evaluate the effectiveness of this procedure in preventing the late sequelae following the injury. Anatomic success was achieved in 20 cases (67%). Postoperative vision improved in 67%, remained unchanged in 27%, and declined in 6%. PMID- 6651142 TI - An analytical electron microscopic study of a corneal tattoo. AB - A case of corneal tattoo was studied histologically, and by electron microscopy. Most of the electron dense granules were seen in keratocytes, either singly or in clumps; some were found between collagen fibrils. Platinum was localized in the granules by means of x-ray microanalysis. PMID- 6651143 TI - Epidemiologic research on the role of studying and urban environment in the development of myopia during school-age years. AB - Four hundred seventy-four Greek male subjects received an ophthalmologic examination and completed a questionnaire. The following were found: (1) the years of studying and urban residence are factors that strongly influence the prevalence of myopia; discriminant factor analysis classified correctly 81% of the subjects into the myopic or the nonmyopic group; (2) the incidence of myopia is significantly higher in the studying v the nonstudying groups; (3) the prevalence of myopia is higher in the more educated group; (4) there is no statistical difference between the orientation of myopes and nonmyopes toward studies or other occupations; (5) although the presence of myopia is determined by the years of studying and urban residence, the degree of myopia is not influenced to a statistically significant level by these factors; and (6) the results indicate that the interaction of these two variables is more significant in their contribution to the onset of myopia than the sum of each variable alone. PMID- 6651144 TI - Absorption of retinal and subretinal hemorrhages. AB - Patients with intra- and subretinal hemorrhages who recovered useful vision from an initially poor visual acuity are described. Three patients with intraretinal hemorrhages all cleared without adverse visual sequelae within four to eight weeks; three patients with subretinal or subpigmental hemorrhages cleared with minimal loss of visual acuity, within three to six months. It seems that the amount of damage done to the retina by an intraretinal or subretinal hemorrhage is related to its size and the ability of ocular tissue to clear the blood. Small amount of hemorrhage in or under the retina is capable of clearing with minimal damage. Subretinal hemorrhage seem to be associated more often with damage to the retina for few possible reasons: (a) direct iron toxicity on the photoreceptors; (b) iron toxicity or mechanical damage to the RPE; (c) cellular migration and proliferation in the subretinal space; (d) proliferation of fibrovascular membrane which may further damage the external retina. PMID- 6651145 TI - Pigmentation of the cornea: a review and classification. AB - A review of the many causes of corneal pigmentation is presented, including a new classification of these conditions. Classification is based on the geographic location of the deposits within the cornea rather than on their appearances or origins. PMID- 6651146 TI - Adverse reactions in intravenous fluorescein angiography. AB - Adverse reactions were noted in 241 (4.82%) of 5,000 consecutive intravenous fluorescein angiographies of the retina. The most frequent adverse reactions were nausea (2.24%), vomiting (1.78%), and urticaria/pruritus (0.34%). No life threatening reactions were noted. No significant difference in the rate of adverse reactions was found when angiography using 10% fluorescein was compared with angiography using 25% fluorescein. PMID- 6651147 TI - Timolol and acetazolamide. PMID- 6651148 TI - Corneal biomicroscopy following repeated radial keratotomy. AB - Two distinct forms of corneal incision healing are described following repeated radial keratotomy. The new incisions were made along the old corneal scars. No complications were observed intra- or postoperatively. Following the repeated surgical intervention, the form of cornea healing did not change, ie, the incisions just increased in width and volume by 15 to 40%. Form A healing corneas experienced a two times larger refractive power change than corneas with form B healing. The type of cornea healing is dependent upon the characteristics of the cornea itself, ie, each cornea responds in an identical manner to both surgical interventions and the frequency of the form A healing response increases with patient's age. PMID- 6651150 TI - Cataract following radial keratotomy. AB - A 31-year-old man with myopia underwent bilateral radial keratotomy. Except for a microperforation of the cornea of the left eye, the operative procedures were uneventful. The postoperative uncorrected visual acuity was excellent in both eyes until a cataract suddenly developed in the left eye 3 1/2 months after the procedure. No preexisting ocular or systemic conditions existed to explain the sudden development of the cataract, and no evidence of iris or anterior capsular damage could be seen on examination. The sudden development of this cataract after radial keratotomy remains unexplained. PMID- 6651149 TI - Ophthalmodynamometry reveals retinal embolus. AB - Suction ophthalmodynamometry made an otherwise invisible retinal embolus appear by attenuating the overlying blood column. Observation of the entire posterior pole while the intraocular pressure is at diastole could enhance our ability to detect retinal emboli. PMID- 6651151 TI - Valsalva maculopathy due to a retinal arterial macroaneurysm. AB - The term Valsalva retinopathy refers to hemorrhage in and around the macula in response to a sudden rise in intrathoracic or intra-abdominal pressure. The increased intravenous pressure is felt to be transmitted to the retinal circulation with resulting retinal capillary rupture. Fluorescein angiography is generally normal following resolution of the hemorrhage. We have followed the evolution of an arterial macroaneurysm that presented initially as a case of Valsalva maculopathy. PMID- 6651152 TI - Correlation between retinal pigment epitheliitis and central serous chorioretinopathy. AB - A 37-year-old woman had sudden blurred vision in her right eye due to multifocal disturbances of the macular retinal pigment epithelium. Fluorescein angiography showed multiple pigment epithelial window defects with minimal late hyperfluorescence. The course of the disease, interpreted as retinal pigment epitheliitis, was complicated by a central serous chorioretinopathy. The possible relation between the two entities is discussed. PMID- 6651154 TI - Bursting point of sutured limbal incisions. AB - The bursting point of standard limbal cataract incisions closed with five or 11 sutures was measured in postmortem eyes with an air gauge and bulb. Bursting point was a minimum of 90 mm Hg when five sutures of either 7-0 polyglactin 910 or 10-0 nylon closed the incision. Eleven sutures increased the average bursting point 55% for nylon and 87% for polyglactin 910. Bursting point was higher for flat than watch-glass-beveled incisions. Wound leak always occurred at pressures well below the bursting point. PMID- 6651153 TI - Erosion of implants in retinal detachment surgery. AB - We analyzed erosion of intrascleral implants in 728 eyes that underwent scleral buckling procedures for retinal detachment surgery over the past 25 years. Types of implants included polyethylene tubes, solid silicone implants with and without silicone circling bands, and gelatin implants. The use of solid silicone implants and circling bands rather than polyethylene tubes has greatly reduced, but not eliminated, the problem of erosion. Erosion occurred in 62.3% of eyes with polyethylene tubes and in 3.8% of eyes with solid silicone implants with silicone circling bands. Factors associated with erosion included thin sclera, multiple operations, and glaucoma. Complications resulting from erosion were subretinal and vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and phthisis bulbi. Erosion is a problem that may appear up to 21 years after the scleral buckling procedure. The great number of retinal detachment repairs performed over the past 25 years make erosion of the intrascleral implant a concern of ophthalmologists today and a continued problem for the future. PMID- 6651155 TI - Pigmentary glaucoma in a black albino. AB - Pigmentary glaucoma has been only rarely reported in the black population. There have been no reports of this disorder in an albino. We report a case of pigmentary glaucoma in a 55-year-old black albino. A dramatic increase in iris transillumination was observed after institution of topical epinephrine. A possible explanation for this progressive iris transillumination is discussed. PMID- 6651156 TI - Malignant melanoma of the iris after 30 years. AB - We report a case of a spindle cell malignant melanoma of the iris that was excised locally in 1952, only to become clinically evident again 25 years later. The tumor exhibited unusually slow, compact growth, with local infiltration into the ciliary body and dispersion of tumor cells into the angle structures and onto the posterior cornea. No extraocular dissemination was evident. Histologically, the cells in the specimens taken in 1952, 1978, and 1981 had remarkably similar morphological findings. The patient has had no recurrences 12 months after enucleation. PMID- 6651157 TI - Accidental industrial laser burn of macula. AB - A 20-year-old graduate student in physics was struck in the left eye by light from a dye laser. The injury resulted in rapid and profound loss of central visual acuity in the affected eye. Over the course of six months after the injury the corrected central vision improved to 20/25. Accidental retinal injuries due to laser light are discussed, as is the effect of nonionizing radiation on the retinal tissues. PMID- 6651158 TI - [Clinical pharmacokinetics: results and problems]. PMID- 6651159 TI - [Simultaneous assay of diosmin and diosmetin; application to biological milieux]. PMID- 6651160 TI - [Synthesis of azoxypyridine derivatives capable of exerting insecticidal activity]. PMID- 6651161 TI - [Identification of various plastics by pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography. Application to single-use medico-surgical materials managed at the level of a Central Supply Station for Sterile Materials and Dressings]. PMID- 6651162 TI - [Rheological study of fluid agar media]. PMID- 6651163 TI - [Human data on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of an analog of papaverine: 6,7-dimethoxy-4-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4-isoquinoline]. PMID- 6651164 TI - [Tissue extraction of various derivatives of hematoporphyrin used in clinical and experimental oncology]. PMID- 6651165 TI - [Ultraviolet spectrophotometry of phenothiazine derivatives. III. Derivatives halogenated at the 2-position]. PMID- 6651166 TI - [Ion-pair assay of lupanine and sparteine in seeds and meals of lupine with dietary potential]. PMID- 6651167 TI - [Control of the efficacy of sterility protectors]. PMID- 6651168 TI - Objective assessment of standard nostril types--a morphometric study. AB - Nostril type was assigned according to the inclination of the medial longitudinal axis of the nostrils, generally following the Topinard system in a group of randomly selected, healthy young North Americans. The group was composed of 156 Caucasians, 55 Asians, and 32 blacks. The 33 noses with asymmetrical nares were excluded from the remainder of the study. Five other measurements of the soft nose were taken (protrusion of the nasal tip, width of the nose, width of the columella, and length of the right and left columellar rims). Three indices showing the relationships of these measurements were also calculated. The most common nares were Type II in Caucasians (52.8%), Type III in Asians (52.8%), and Type VI in blacks (50.0%). Specific columellar and alar base configurations were associated with many nostril types. These data about nostril types and the soft nose provide important guidelines for reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. PMID- 6651169 TI - A technique for the closure of small septal perforations. AB - The small septal perforation has been a particular problem with regard to its symptoms. One author even recommended its conversion into a large septal perforation to decrease the symptoms. A simple technique using autologous nasal cartilage is presented in 4 cases with follow-up for one year. PMID- 6651170 TI - Measurement of implant capsules. AB - A more direct measurement of implant capsule contracture is needed for the laboratory study of this phenomenon. Most of the previous methods for quantitation of contracture rely on measurements of deformability. Because contraction of an implant capsule is in fact a decrease in the surface area of the capsule, a method is proposed for the calculation of capsule surface area from measurements of height and base diameter. PMID- 6651171 TI - CO2 laser resection for giant perineal condyloma and verrucous carcinoma. AB - Three cases of giant perineal condyloma are detailed and the spectrum of condylomas and verrucous carcinoma is reviewed. The benefits of the CO2 laser in treatment of these lesions include hemostatic incision, wound sterilization, and restriction of lymphatic spread. PMID- 6651172 TI - Effect of irradiation on facial growth: a 7- to 25-year follow-up. AB - This retrospective study is a review of 41 patients who had received irradiation to the head and face during the growth period. Not only is growth of soft tissue and bone of the irradiated area noticeably affected, but other parts of the face can also be involved, especially if the dose is to the upper face and the cranial base. We were able to define a definite cutoff point for a harmful dose for growing facial bones, but the harmful dose for soft tissue could not be determined and may be as low as 400 rads. PMID- 6651173 TI - Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: review and report of a case. AB - Basal cell carcinomas are usually slow growing, locally aggressive tumors that rarely metastasize. If these tumors are not treated or are inadequately treated they occasionally metastasize to regional lymph nodes or distant sites. It is important to treat basal cell carcinomas promptly and adequately and to have attentive follow-up, since large, deeply invasive tumors are the ones most likely to metastasize. In the case presented, a large basal cell carcinoma of the scalp invaded through the skull and into the sagittal sinus and posterior right occipital lobe of the brain. Several pulmonary metastases were present. PMID- 6651174 TI - Massive lipoma of the palm. AB - Although lipomas of the hand are frequently encountered, a massive tumor involving one-half of the palm and extending into the fourth finger has been reported only once before. The case history of a 45-year-old male who underwent surgical removal of such a massive palmar lipoma is presented. Lipomas of the hand are discussed and the literature summarized. Details of the surgical evaluation and management of a massive lipoma of the hand are presented to assist other surgeons in handling similar cases. PMID- 6651175 TI - Bilateral oblique facial cleft. AB - An extremely rare case of bilateral oblique facial cleft is presented. This should be classified as a bilateral oroocular Type I cleft according to Boo Chai's classification and a bilateral No. 4 cleft according to Tessier's classification. Except for this deformity, the patient was normal and healthy. Corrective surgical procedures were carried out between the ages of 4 months and 18 months to repair the left and right clefts, remove an abscess caused by the remnant of the lacrimal canal, and repair the cleft palate. The patient is now making a good recovery. Bone graftings or craniofacial osteotomies may be recommended at a later age. PMID- 6651176 TI - The correction and preservation of arch form in complete clefts of the palate and alveolar ridge. AB - A simple but effective means of guiding the cleft alveolar ridge into good contour of the upper dental arch is presented. When apposition of the alveolar ridge is achieved, the position is stabilized with a rib graft at from 4 to 9 months of age. The palate is not repaired until the bone graft is well fixed. The contour of the alveolar ridge in severe clefts is markedly improved over that previously achieved. PMID- 6651177 TI - An interview with Clarence Monroe, M.D.. Interview by Desmond A. Kernahan. PMID- 6651178 TI - A simplified approach for drilling holes in the inferior orbital rim. AB - A trochar technique for drilling holes in the inferior orbital rim from any angle is described. It utilizes equipment commonly found in any operating room. PMID- 6651179 TI - Diverting sigmoid colostomy in severe hidradenitis of the buttocks, perineum, and scrotum. PMID- 6651180 TI - Re: Brown et al: use of autologous blood. PMID- 6651181 TI - International Nomenclature of Constitutional Diseases of Bone. Revision, May, 1983. PMID- 6651182 TI - [Tuberculosis of the ear. Contribution of radiology]. PMID- 6651183 TI - [2 cases of hydrocolpos caused by vaginal atresia associated with polydactyly]. PMID- 6651184 TI - [Tomodensitometric study of an idiopathic choledochal cystic lesion. Concerning 1 case]. PMID- 6651185 TI - [Chordoma of the base of the skull and tomodensitometry]. PMID- 6651186 TI - [An unusual complication of a popliteal cyst: pulmonary embolism]. PMID- 6651187 TI - [A rare cause of recurring thromboembolism: retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma]. PMID- 6651188 TI - [Arteriovenous fistula of the 3d left lumbar pedicle: successful treatment with a Gianturco coil]. PMID- 6651189 TI - The impact of ageing--present and future. PMID- 6651190 TI - Bromocresol purple and the measurement of albumin. Falsely high plasma albumin concentrations eliminated by increased reagent ionic strength. AB - This study was undertaken to investigate the extent of the reported discrepancy between serum and plasma albumin concentrations measured by the bromocresol purple (BCP) method. We have shown that plasma albumin concentrations are falsely increased by turbidity due to the precipitation of fibrinogen when plasma is diluted into the BCP reagent. Modification of the BCP buffer (to 0.1M acetate containing 0.15M NaCl, pH 5.5) eliminates the turbidity and thus permits the measurement of albumin in either serum or plasma. Plasma albumin concentrations measured with the modified BCP reagent show excellent correlation with results by an immunoturbidimetric method. PMID- 6651191 TI - Donnan effect or protein interference in ionised calcium measurements? AB - The observation that the ionised calcium concentration is higher if measured in the original serum sample than in an ultrafiltrate is examined by means of a theoretical model. It is concluded that this difference is a predictable consequence of the Donnan equilibrium and is not a result of protein interference with the calcium-specific electrode. PMID- 6651192 TI - Studies on the accuracy of a quantitative kit radioimmunoassay for free thyroxine. AB - Experiments designed to determine the accuracy of the Corning Immophase Free T4 assay revealed that there was a marked perturbation of thyroxine binding to the serum proteins during the assay; binding of 125I-T4 to the immobilised T4 antibody in the absence of merthiolate increased considerably with buffer dilution of serum; and the free thyroxine concentration declined significantly during pregnancy. These changes in measured fT4 were not observed with an equilibrium dialysis-radioimmunoassay procedure. The assay was precise, easily performed, and as effective as the free thyroxine index (FTI) in diagnosing thyroid disease. We conclude that the assay does not provide an accurate quantitative estimation of serum fT4 concentration in samples with elevated TBG concentration and that the kinetic principles on which the assay is based are altered as serum binding-protein concentration is reduced (serum dilution). Both FTI and fT4 (Corning) data in pregnant patients should be interpreted with caution and with reference to clinical symptomatology and other thyroid function tests. PMID- 6651193 TI - An improved gas chromatographic determination of urinary catecholamine metabolites. AB - We describe an improved gas chromatographic method for the determination of 3 methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (vanilmandelic acid), 3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenyacetic-acid (homovanillic acid), and 3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenylethylene glycol. By incorporating slight modifications to established procedures, this method allows the urinary metabolites to be measured more rapidly and with better resolution. The procedure uses an internal standard and involves ethyl acetate extraction, silylation, and chromatography using a combination of two different stationary phases. The technique is simple and reliable and may be easily incorporated as a routine laboratory procedure. PMID- 6651194 TI - Development of a simple, low-cost, continuous-flow system for the automated radioimmunoassay of steroid glucuronides. AB - A novel liquid-phase immunoassay is described which involves: competitive binding of the analyte and labelled antigen to specific antibodies; enzymic transformation of the free ligand to a more hydrophobic derivative; and separation of the antibody-bound and free ligand by partition of the reactants into an organic and aqueous phase. The principles of the method, described as ligand differentiation immunoassay, have been used in conjunction with a tritiated antigen to establish a continuous-flow system for the measurement of oestriol-16 alpha-glucuronide in urine. Conventional autoanalyser (AAII) modules have been used, and the pump tubes and glass connections are standard accessories. The equipment is relatively inexpensive (pounds 1500 + detector) and the reagents are readily available. Each sample takes 55 minutes to be processed, and 30 results are obtained per hour. PMID- 6651195 TI - Comparison of separation methods in the 125I-radioimmunoassay of serum cortisol. AB - Solid-phase first antibody (SP), liquid-phase double-antibody (DA), and pre precipitated double-antibody (PPT) separation methods have been compared in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for cortisol in unextracted serum. Both double-antibody methods gave values for pools close to target values assigned by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) whereas the SP assay had a significant negative bias, p less than 0.001 (mean biases: SP -8%, DA -2%, PPT -3%). The SP and DA assays gave average values on patients' samples 12% and 4% lower than values by PPT. These differences could be attributed to different recoveries in the three methods. Between-assay precision of the DA and PPT systems was better than SP (mean CV:SP 11%, DA 7%, PPT 5%). This allowed sensitivity in the PPT assay comparable to that of SP and DA to be achieved, despite the less steep slope of the calibration curve. The DA and PPT assays have several practical advantages over SP. In addition, the PPT assay requires only a 1-hour incubation. It is concluded that the PPT separation system is the method of choice in terms of precision and practical convenience. PMID- 6651196 TI - Effects of the drug Disulphine Blue on routine biochemical investigations. AB - Major interference by Disulphine Blue in the colorimetric determination of amylase, albumin, protein, iron and total iron-binding capacity is described. The drug, an intense blue dye, was administered intravenously to a patient before surgery to allow demarcation of devitalised bone. Successive sampling showed the drug to have a half-life of 30 hours, to remain visible for 150 hours in both urine and blood, and to cause significant interference with the five analytes for up to 21/2 days. The 640 nm absorbance peak of Disulphine Blue was shown to be pH dependent, and therefore the reaction conditions of individual methods may influence the degree of interference. PMID- 6651197 TI - A comparison of two methods for the determination of thallium in urine. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. AB - Two analytical procedures for the determination of thallium in urine are evaluated and compared. The two methods consist of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Both procedures correlated well and were found to be acceptable in terms of precision and analytical recovery. However, a solvent extraction step proved to be necessary for the AAS procedure, and the linearity with respect to the concentration range was rather limited. The method based on DPASV is simple, accurate, precise, and sensitive and does not require any pretreatment of the sample. We therefore recommend the voltammetric procedure for the determination of thallium in urine, as described in this paper. PMID- 6651198 TI - Chenodeoxycholic acid administration monitored by serum bile acid profiles: a dose-response study. AB - Serum bile acid analysis was used to monitor the bile acid composition of bile in 16 healthy male volunteers before and during the oral administration of different doses of the gallstone-dissolving bile acid, chenodeoxycholic acid. Daily chenodeoxycholic acid ingestion increased the percentage of this bile acid in bile to a new steady-state level after two to three weeks. Doses of 125, 250, 500, and 750 mg/day significantly increased the proportion of chenodeoxycholic acid in bile from 41% to 55, 61, 78, and 79%, respectively, during the fourth week of ingestion. The results indicate that useful information concerning chenodeoxycholic acid-induced changes in the bile acid composition of bile can be obtained solely by serum bile acid analysis, and bile collection by duodenal intubation can be avoided. PMID- 6651199 TI - Total, ultrafiltrable, dialysable and ionised calcium measurements in randomly selected samples compared with clinical diagnoses. AB - Total, ultrafiltrable (Worthington 'Ultrafree'), dialysable and ionised (Orion SS 20) calcium levels were measured in 110 serum samples selected randomly from patients for whom total calcium was ordered as a routine test. The available medical records were used to categorize most of the 86 patients as a guide to determining if the calcium results were appropriate to the diagnosis. Total calcium measurement was precise and reliable but was affected by the albumin level. Dialysable calcium measurement was good for diagnostic purposes and was not affected by albumin. Of 25 patients with apparently normal calcium metabolism, six had elevated ultrafiltrable calcium results. Ionised calcium measurement required the most time and sample and offered few, if any, clear advantages in diagnosis over the other free calcium tests. Further improvements in ionised calcium measurements appear to be needed. PMID- 6651200 TI - Collaborative trial of an enzyme-based assay for the determination of paracetamol in plasma. PMID- 6651201 TI - Stability of four steroids in lyophilised human serum. AB - The stability of a preparation of lyophilised serum and its suitability for use as a reference material for routine assays of cortisol, oestradiol, and progesterone have been studied in four laboratories with a variety of assay systems. Cortisol and oestradiol were also measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The lyophilised serum was suitable for use in all routine and reference assay methods examined, with between-method variability no greater than that for frozen serum pools. The concentrations of cortisol, oestradiol, and progesterone were predicted by accelerated degradation studies to decline by 0.01% per annum if the preparations were to be stored at --20 degrees C. The testosterone content of the preparation, determined in one laboratory, provided no evidence for degradation. The preparation can be shipped for use at ambient temperature without deleterious effect. PMID- 6651202 TI - Measurement of osmolality and sodium concentration in heated-cup sweat collections for the investigation of cystic fibrosis. AB - A new system (Wescor) for sweat collection and analysis was examined with respect to its suitability for the investigation of children suspected to have cystic fibrosis. The effects of iontophoresis current, sweat collection time, sweat storage and analysis were examined, and as a result the technique was modified to allow collection and storage of sufficient sweat for sodium and potassium as well as osmolality assays in 10-20 minutes. The small electrodes and speed of the procedure make it practical for use with small children, with a reproducibility of 13-24% (coefficient of variation for whole procedure). PMID- 6651203 TI - Human prostatic acid phosphatase: properties of the native enzyme, and the enzyme antibody complex. AB - Acid phosphatase purified from human prostatic tissue was shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and N-terminal amino acid analysis. However, isoelectric focusing revealed a large number of isoenzymes which were reduced to four by digestion with neuraminidase. It is suggested that the patterns observed are due to differences in bound carbohydrate attached to the same protein backbone. Antiserum to the purified enzyme was produced in rabbits and reacted with the enzyme to form an enzymatically active complex of large molecular weight. This complex is more stable at high temperatures than the native enzyme. Kinetic analysis of both the enzyme and the enzyme-antibody complex demonstrated that the binding of the antibody caused no significant change to the active site of the enzyme. PMID- 6651204 TI - Fenclofenac and thyroid function tests. PMID- 6651205 TI - Gastric mucosal erosions; a clinical history and findings and the possible role of herpes simplex infection in aetiology. AB - To reveal the aetiology and pathogenesis of chronic gastric erosions, selected clinical and laboratory variables in 117 patients with different types of gastric mucosal erosion as a predominant finding at elective gastroscopy were studied and the results compared with age- and sex-matched controls. Recurrent symptoms were the only characteristics in the symptomatology of the erosion patients compared with the controls (p less than 0.001). Recent ingestion of analgesics was associated with incomplete (type IIa) erosions (p less than 0.001) and was common especially among female patients. Irregular working hours were also reported by patients with this type of erosion (p less than 0.025). Smoking was more common among erosion patients than controls (p less than 0.05). Herpes labialis lesions (cold sores, fever blisters) occurred in 10 of the erosion patients, but in only one of the corresponding controls (p less than 0.01). Herpes simplex/virus antibody titres of 1:32 or more were associated with the erosions (p less than 0.05), particularly the complete (type I) ones (p less than 0.01). Thus, the various factors probably of importance in the aetiology and pathogenesis of gastric mucosal erosions are the same as those discussed in peptic ulcer disease, which points to a common aetiology and pathogenesis. The possibility of herpes simplex/virus aetiology in some, perhaps complete type, erosions is suggested. PMID- 6651206 TI - Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcium levels in adult inhabitants above the arctic circle in Northern Finland. AB - The serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OH-D) concentrations of a group of healthy persons (age 30-50 years) living north of the Arctic Circle in Finland was compared with those of a group of healthy persons (age 30-50 years) in Southern Finland throughout one year. There was a similar seasonal variation in the 25-OH D levels both in the south and in the north. The levels were significantly higher in the north than in the south in the winter (p less than 0.01) and the autumn (p less than 0.05). The samples in the south were, however, taken 11/2 month later than in the north. There was no seasonal variation in the serum calcium or the serum parathyroid hormone levels in the north and the serum parathyroid hormone levels did not differ from that in the south. The results indicate that the vitamin D status of healthy young people living in the north is satisfactory and comparable with that of healthy young adults in the south of Finland. PMID- 6651207 TI - Duodenogastric bile reflux as measured by an isotope technique and its correlation with endoscopic findings. AB - 76 patients were examined for duodenogastric reflux by gastroscopy and by a non invasive isotope method using Tc-99m diethyliminodiacetic acid. The bile acid concentration of endoscopically aspirated gastric juice was measured. The patients with endoscopically diagnosed bile in the stomach (51 patients) had duodenogastric reflux significantly (p less than 0.05) more often in the isotope examination than the patients without bile observed in the stomach (25 patients). The amount of bile as estimated endoscopically correlated well with the bile and acid concentration of gastric juice. However, 18 patients with endoscopic bile reflux had no reflux in the isotope examination and 9 patients without endoscopic bile reflux had a mild reflux isotopically. The reflux estimations made endoscopically tend to give comparable results in general, but in many patients the results entirely differ from those obtained with the isotope method. We suggest that this difference is mainly due to the invasive nature of the endoscopic examination. PMID- 6651208 TI - Use of midazolam and buprenorphine in combination anaesthesia. AB - In this comparative study in 102 female patients, midazolam or thiopentone was used as the sleep-inducing component in combination anaesthesia. During anaesthesia, three different analgesics: fentanyl, oxycodone and buprenorphine were tested. The sleep-inducing effect of midazolam was clearly slower in onset than that of thiopentone, but in other respects midazolam was a satisfactory inducing agent for general anaesthesia. Patients receiving midazolam and/or buprenorphine needed an additional dose of muscle relaxant less often than those receiving thiopentone and fentanyl or oxycodone. Buprenorphine produced a long postoperative analgesia lasting up to 10 hours, but these patients were also postoperatively drowsier, which gave a lower postanesthetic recovery score. PMID- 6651209 TI - Cardioplegia versus topical cooling for cardiac protection during open-heart surgery. An electron microscopic and histochemical study of right atrial biopsies. AB - The effectiveness of topical cooling and cold cardioplegia for cardiac protection in the course of open-heart surgery was studied by electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy of right atrial biopsies. In 20 patients with topical cooling, no changes or minimal changes were observed in 15 cases, more pronounced changes in 3 cases, and severe destruction in 2 cases. In the group of 20 patients with cold cardioplegia the range of the changes was significantly narrower: no specimen remained completely intact; on the other hand, very severe destruction was not observed. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the neural noradrenaline stores were relatively resistant to ischaemia. Electron microscopy showed certain failure of the protective procedure, resulting in injury of myocardial cells and neural elements. Even "spot-like" destruction noted in the nerve terminals may interfere with the peripheral neuro-neuronal interaction, resulting in nonhomogenous spread of the excitation wave front and electrical instability of the heart. Therefore cardiac nerve damage should also be taken into consideration when evaluating the effectiveness of different methods for cardiac protection. PMID- 6651210 TI - A follow-up EEG study in diabetic children. AB - 498 electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded from 195 diabetic children during a follow-up study. The children were divided into stable and labile groups according to diabetes control. The labile group was further subdivided into hypoglycaemic, ketoacidotic and mixed groups. In general it was found that the labile children had significantly more abnormal findings in their EEGs than the stable children, as expected. This applied particularly to generalized discharges with spikes and sharp waves or focal findings, but not to cases with only a diffuse-slowing. Nonstatistical differences in EEG abnormality were seen between the hypoglycaemic and ketoacidotic group--an unexpected finding. During the follow-up the labile group more often had an increasing EEG abnormality than the stable group. For those children who had an EEG abnormality but without an increasing tendency, there was no difference in the EEGs between the labile and stable children. It was concluded tht some of the EEG abnormalities are acquired, and apparently produced by a metabolic disturbance caused by diabetes. However, other causes may be of genetic or perinatal origin, or perhaps a combination of different causes. Because of the multifactorial aetiology of the abnormalities, EEG cannot at present be recommended for routine testing of the effects of metabolic disturbance in diabetics. PMID- 6651211 TI - Longitudinal principal components and non-linear regression models of early childhood growth. AB - The Jenss curve is a non-linear regression model which describes quite well the longitudinal length or weight measurements of an individual child from three months to six years. It is contrasted with modelling growth by longitudinal principal components analysis, an approach developed by Kent which is not restricted to any particular curve type or age range, and which can be thought of as providing the best fit among linear models having kappa parameters. Thus, in addition to being a model itself, it can be used to evaluate the success of other models. It is shown how this method differs from classical principal components. Data from Longitudinal Studies of Child Health and Development are used to explore these issues. PMID- 6651212 TI - Relationships between computed tomography tissue areas, thicknesses and total body composition. AB - Computed tomography (CT) scanning was evaluated for its potential application to body-composition research. Three cross-sections (upper leg, abdomen, chest including upper arms) were scanned in 41 healthy men (mean age 57.6 years). Subcutaneous fat thicknesses measured at specific sites on the CT scans were correlated with the total area of fat from the same scans. For the chest and leg cross-sections, correlations were highly significant. Subcutaneous fat thicknesses at the abdomen were relatively poorer correlates of total abdomen fat area, because they were unrelated to intra-abdominal fat. Correlation analyses were performed between fat areas of each cross-section and total fat weight (by 40K counting), and the abdomen yielded the highest correlations. Multiple regression was used to predict abdomen fat area from external anthropometry, and abdomen circumference plus one skinfold provided excellent prediction of total abdomen fat area (R2 = 0.79). Subcutaneous or intra-abdominal fat areas separately were not predicted as well by external measurements. When lean body weight was predicted by multiple regression, leg lean area was the best predictor of any anatomical cross-section. PMID- 6651213 TI - Age of pubertal stages including menarche in Greek girls. AB - The age at the different stages of pubertal development, including menarche, was assessed by the status quo method in 1366 middle-class girls living in Athens. The initial pubertal event in the average Athenian girl was the appearance of pubic hair along the labiae (P10:8.85, P50:10.47), followed shortly by breast budding (P10:9.39, P50:10.62), and later on by axillary hair growth (P10:10.55, P50:11.63). The age at menarche was 12.58 +/- 0.07 years. It seems tht Athenian girls of 1979 have one of the earliest ages of menarche reported. Recollected age data on menarche when compared to previous data from the Greek population show a decrease of 0.46 years/decade from 1935 to 1964 and no appreciable change from 1964 to 1979. Although these data are not absolutely comparable from the methodological point of view, they may indicate that the trend in menarcheal age in Athens is levelling off. PMID- 6651214 TI - Evidence for a major gene effect in the distributions of digital ridge counts. AB - Previous attempts to isolate major gene effects in digital dermatoglyphics have been approached from two main directions. One has been concerned with analysing the components of total ridge count (TRC) distributions and examining various parameters of these distributions. The other has concentrated on the inheritance of various combinations of digital patterns. This study is primarily concerned with the shape of TRC and digital ridge count distributions. It suggests that a major gene effect may be as conspicuous in the distributions of digital counts as it is in TRC if these are viewed from the standpoint of global variation. The relationship between mean TRC, the standard deviation of TRC, skewness and kurtosis is examined and the results are compared with those obtained from a simple major locus model in which the overall distribution of TRC is composed of three overlapping normal distributions. As predicted by the model there is a negative correlation between mean TRC and its standard deviation, also a positive correlation with kurtosis. The expected relationship between mean TRC and skewness is non-linear, taking the form of an asymmetric U-shaped curve. There is evidence that the relationship between mean TRC and g1 in population samples covering a wide range of mean total ridge count follows this trend. The concordance between the predicted relationships and the observed frequency distributions is taken as evidence in favour of a single major locus hypothesis. PMID- 6651215 TI - A dermatoglyphic survey of Kenyan schoolchildren. AB - The article reports on progress in the analysis of data from a dermatoglyphic survey of 6235 Kenyan schoolchildren, drawn from some 60 ethnic populations. The findings indicate considerable variation within Kenya for a majority of dermatoglyphic traits examined, often approaching the full sub-Saharan African range. The examination of inter-population relationships within Kenya is complex, owing to inconsistencies in population rankings both between phenetically unrelated traits and between the sexes. Moreover, no appreciable clustering of populations along linguistic or ethnic lines was detected during multivariate investigation. PMID- 6651216 TI - Secular changes in recalled age at menarche. PMID- 6651217 TI - A genetic polymorphism of a human urinary mucin. AB - We report here a novel genetically determined polymorphism of a human urinary mucin which is demonstrable by the separation technique of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by detection with radio-iodinated lectins. The mucins are demonstrable using various lectins but the polymorphism is most easily recognized using peanut agglutinin and we therefore propose to designate this new genetic locus PUM (peanut-reactive urinary mucin). Four common alleles have been identified and an autosomal codominant mode of inheritance has been found in the families studied so far. PMID- 6651218 TI - Evidence for linkage between the loci for transferrin and ceruloplasmin in man. AB - Lod score analysis indicates probable linkage between the loci for transferrin and ceruloplasmin at a recombination frequency of approximately 10-15%. This human linkage relationship is homologous to one previously reported for cattle. PMID- 6651219 TI - Chiasma-derived genetic lengths and recombination fractions: a reciprocal translocation 46,XY,t(1;22) (q32;q13). AB - The chiasma distribution in a human male carrier of a balanced reciprocal translocation 46,XY,t(1;22) (q32;q13) has been compared with data from six controls. The translocation carrier shows a raised chiasma frequency and altered chiasma distribution in chromosome 1, particularly in the region adjacent to the breakpoint. These changes are expected to distort the recombination pattern, implying that caution should be taken when trying to incorporate linkage data from translocation families into the normal genetic map. PMID- 6651220 TI - Linkage analysis and family classification under heterogeneity. AB - Heterogeneity of the recombination fraction may or may not involve a mixture of two groups of elements. For the mixture situation (families with or without linkage between two gene loci), Morton's homogeneity test is compared with another test (Admixture test) with respect to significance level, power, parameter estimation and classification of families. The Admixture test is shown generally to have superior properties in this situation. PMID- 6651221 TI - Surnames in Sardinia. I. Fit of frequency distributions for neutral alleles and genetic population structure. AB - Distributions of surnames were examined using data from about 40 000 individuals from consanguineous marriages (1930-59) in the island of Sardinia. They fit the Karlin-McGregor (1967) distribution for neutral alleles. The logarithmic distribution by Fisher (1943) and the Karlin-McGregor (1967) distribution give practically indistinguishable fits to these data. The two parameters underlying the Fisher distribution, alpha and nu, are fully interdependent, given the sample size N. From the latter and from the number of surnames S, they can be easily and satisfactorily estimated. The quantity nu measures immigration to the area and can be taken as a measure of the richness of the gene pool, being closely related to the quantity theta = Nemu (Ne = effective population size, mu = mutation rate) after the necessary corrections have been taken care of. Surnames behave like genes transmitted by the male line. Differences of female and male migrations require correction for comparison with data from autosomal gene frequencies but there seem to be no important differences between female and male migration in this area, as judged by analysis of pedigrees of consanguineous marriages. It is probable that the migration estimates obtained in this material are lower than real ones, mostly because of a bias characteristic of the particular source of surnames here employed. The distribution of surnames from areas which have very recently undergone economic development is not at equilibrium and is not fitted as well as that of areas which have had less important recent changes. As might be expected, the disturbance is particularly marked in the class most sensitive to effects of recent increases in migration, that of rarest surnames (represented by only one individual). In fact in this material it is noticeable only in this class and correction can be made for it. At equilibrium of migration and drift, the number of surnames in a population sample of given size can give a complete description of the population structure for that sample, in the same sense that the number of alleles is a sufficient statistic for the study of neutral evolution. The study of surnames, given their nature of 'neutral' alleles, the large number of alleles and the ease with which large numbers of individual data can be collected, can be a valuable help in the study of genetic population structure. PMID- 6651222 TI - Methods of comparing amino acid composition of proteins: application to undigested proteins in the preruminant calf. AB - The digestive utilization of dietary proteins at different sites along the digestive tract and the effects of their ingestion on the function of the digestive tract (secretion of endogenous proteins, development of microflora) can be inferred from the proportions of dietary, endogenous or microbial proteins. A first approach was to examine the proportions of some characteristic amino acids. A more accurate interpretation could be made by studying the additional undigested protein provided by the ingestion of an 'experimental' diet whose composition was calculated, for example, with regard to the undigested protein obtained with a very digestible diet (milk in the calf). These interpretations were often insufficient and did not extract all of the possible information. Thus, more global methods with statistical criterions had to be used. Some allowed two proteins (correlation and linear regression, average relative difference, chi 2) to be compared. Others made it possible to take many proteins into consideration (factorial correspondence analysis). Finally, examples were given to seek the respective proportions of many proteins in a complex mixture or to estimate the most probable amino acid composition of the 'microbial + endogenous' proteins which escaped digestion in the small intestine. These various approaches have been discussed, with examples taken from our experimental results obtained in the preruminant calf, to show their advantages and limitations. In any case, the quality of the interpretation depends on the quality of the available results on the amino acid composition of endogenous, microbial and undigested dietary proteins. PMID- 6651223 TI - Digestion of maltitol in man, rat, and rabbit. AB - Maltitol is found to be enzymatically hydrolyzed by the small intestinal mucosa of man, rat, and rabbit and metabolized by everted sacs of rabbit intestine at a moderate rate. On in vivo perfusion of maltitol (15.3 mumol/min) through the small intestine, 19% of the sugar alcohol is digested by gnotobiotic rats. 120 min after stomach intubation of gnotobiotic rats, only 31% of the ingested maltitol is found in the ileum. A daily application of 35 g maltitol to 4 human beings does not influence the parameters of well-being, compatibility and fecal state. It is concluded that maltitol will be digested and utilized by man, rat, and rabbit. PMID- 6651224 TI - Free fatty acid levels in habitual coffee drinkers in relation to quantities consumed, sex and age. AB - There is a significant difference in plasma levels of the free fatty acids (FFA) in habitual coffee drinkers compared with a control group of non-coffee and decaffeinated-coffee drinkers. A significant difference in FFA levels between males and females was found under the same conditions of coffee consumption, in non-coffee drinkers and in decaffeinated-coffee drinkers. PMID- 6651225 TI - Comparison of the kinetics and utilisation of D(-)-and L(+)-sodium lactate in normal man. AB - After infusion of sodium D(-)L(+)-lactate in healthy man the clearance of the D( )-isomer from blood was 70% of that of the L(+)-isomer. Utilisation of L(+) lactate may have been inhibited by the presence of the D(-)-isomer. The changes in blood pyruvate concentration and ketone body ratio were compatible with mitochondrial oxidation of D(-)-lactate to pyruvate. After infusion of a D(-)L(+) lactate racemic mixture, the renal excretion of the D(-)-isomer was much greater than that of the L(+)-isomer, although peak blood concentrations of the L(+) were higher than those of the D(-)-isomer. After infusion of sodium L(+)-lactate, the renal excretion of D(-)-lactate increased 7 times, although no D(-)-lactate could be detected in the blood or in the sodium L(+)-lactate infused. PMID- 6651226 TI - Manganese in infant formulas and learning disability. AB - The concentration of manganese in the hair of normal newborn infants was found to increase significantly from 0.19 micrograms/g at birth to 0.965 micrograms/g at 6 weeks of age and 0.685 micrograms/g at 4 months when they were fed infant formula. There was an insignificant increase to 0.330 micrograms/g at age 4 months in breast-fed infants. After this age there was a slow decline in hair manganese to 0.268 micrograms/g in normal children at age 8 years and 0.434 in learning disabled (hyperactive) children. This is the third study reporting elevated hair manganese in learning disabled children. PMID- 6651227 TI - Thyroid hormones in vitamin A-deficient rats: effect of retinoic acid supplementation. AB - The effects of a vitamin A-deficient diet and the subsequent supplementation with retinoic acid (10 micrograms/g dry diet) on serum thyroid hormones in rats were studied. In vitamin A-deficient animals there are increased levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine and changes in serum transport of these hormones. Retinoic acid was able to restitute both levels and serum transport of hormones as in control rats. PMID- 6651228 TI - Chemical and nutritional evaluation of sweet lupines. AB - Sweet lupines are presently being cultivated at the Experimental Station in Gorbea (Chile). Four cultivars, Lupinus albus cv Astra, L. albus cv Multolupa, Lupinus luteus cv Aurea and Lupinus angustifolius, were examined for the chemical composition of whole and dehulled seeds and testa. Whole seeds contain 34-35% protein. The varieties of L. albus contain 13% oil. L. luteus and L. angustifolius contain about 5% ether extract. Crude fiber ranged from 11 to 17% in the whole seed. Unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic and linoleic, make up about 80% of total fatty acids. The alkaloid content of the seed was 0.02%. The amino acid composition of the protein indicated that the main deficiency corresponds to the sulfur-containing amino acids, i.e. methionine + cystine. The protein efficiency ratio values for L. albus cv Multolupa was 1.08 and 2.50 for casein. Supplementation with DL-methionine at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of the diet significantly increased the basal value from 1.08 to 2.14, for the supplemented diet with 0.1% (p less than 0.01). Higher levels of supplementation did not cause significant increases in the protein efficiency ratio. Apparent protein digestibility for the rat was 75% for unsupplemented lupine. This value increased to about 79% (p less than 0.01) for the supplemented diets (casein 88.7%). PMID- 6651229 TI - Low lead doses and atherogenic diet in rabbits: biochemical results in blood. AB - Changes in concentrations of blood lead, cholesterol, triacylglycerols, GOT and GPT enzymes, phosphorus, proteins, plasma calcium and magnesium, and erythrocyte magnesium were studied for 25 weeks in 4 groups of 6 rabbits each receiving different diets: I (controls), II (water with 9.66 mumol/l of lead), III (atherogenic) and IV (atherogenic + 9.66 mumol/l of lead). Differences observed, with respect to the diets, for lead, cholesterol, enzymes, proteins and erythrocyte magnesium were evident from the 42nd day on. Low lead doses raised the levels of cholesterol and triacylglycerols in group II, whereas triacylglycerols were lower in the plasma of group IV in comparison with group III and were accumulated in the aorta. The elevation of enzymes in groups III and IV indicated heart and liver dysfunctions. There was a significant drop in erythrocyte magnesium in groups III and IV, which was especially marked in the latter group, with an interaction between the two diets. PMID- 6651230 TI - Concentrations of lead, magnesium, calcium, zinc and cadmium in twenty rabbit tissues after exposure to low lead doses and atherogenic diet. AB - Four groups of 6 rabbits were subjected to the following diets for 25 weeks: I (controls), II (water with 9.66 mumol/l of lead), III (atherogenic) and IV (atherogenic + 9.66 mumol/l of lead). Lead, magnesium, calcium, zinc and cadmium were then analyzed in 20 dry tissues. At the level of the arteries, veins and skin a tendency was observed toward increased lead concentration in rabbits of groups II and IV, elevated calcium levels in groups III and IV (a tenfold increase of calcium in the aortas), and a higher concentration of cadmium in animals of group II. There was a significant reduction in lead and magnesium concentrations in the liver of animals in groups III and IV because of fibrosis and overabundance of fatty liver cells. The lead level in the liver of animals in group II had slightly increased. Lead concentrations were higher in the kidneys and spleen in groups II and IV. Cadmium levels were significantly lower in the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands and spleen of animals in groups III and IV, whereas in group II they were particularly increased in the liver and kidneys. Very little significant interaction between the two diets was noted. Rabbits in groups III and IV showed notable histopathological alterations in aorta, carotid and femoral arteries, left ventricle and liver. Extrapolation from rabbit to man would be inadvisable. PMID- 6651231 TI - Androgen receptor-mediated genetic differences in 2-acetylaminofluorene and dimethylnitrosamine mutagenesis in vitro. AB - When 2-acetylaminofluorene and dimethylnitrosamine mutagenesis rates in the Salmonella/liver in vitro system were studied with C3H/HeJ mouse kidney or liver postmitochondrial supernatant (S-9) fractions, sex differences (male much greater than female) of 10- to 30-fold were found in kidney but not liver. We examined male mice castrated during the neonatal period, the Tfm/Y male, and dihydrotestosterone-treated female mice. The requirement of both testosterone and the androgen receptor is shown to be important in causing the sex difference in 2 acetylaminofluorene and dimethylnitrosamine mutagenesis in the kidney. Swank et al. [J Mol Biol 81:225-243 (1973)] demonstrated that dihydrotestosterone induces beta-glucuronidase activity in the female kidney: 28- to 30-fold in BALB/cJ and SM/J, 12-fold in C3H/HeJ, and 5- to 6-fold in C57BL/6J and RF/J inbred mice. This gene regulation has been characterized and named the Gur locus. 2 Acetylaminofluorene mutagenesis--in kidney but not liver--is markedly enhanced by dihydrotestosterone (P less than 0.01) in the first three, but not the latter three, inbred strains. Covalent binding of 2-acetylaminofluorene metabolites to DNA in the presence of kidney S-9 fractions in vitro is greatly increased in the BALB/cJ but not C57BL/6J female mouse pretreated with dihydrotestosterone. These data suggest that genetic differences at the Gur locus, in combination with the androgen receptor, may play an important role in the sex-specific and tissue specific conversion of an O-glucuronide of N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene or N hydroxy-aminofluorene to active mutagenic intermediates. PMID- 6651232 TI - Neonatal neuroblastoma: stage of disease influences survival. AB - The results of the analysis of 102 neonatal neuroblastomas collected from literature from 1940 to 1978 are reported. Frequency of stages, primary site, and metastatic diffusion of the tumour are considered. Survival rate is 54%. This study shows that the more favorable prognosis of neonatal cases is not related either to age or primary site, but only to the stage of the tumour. The presence of skin metastasis is a favorable prognostic factor (survival rate in babies with skin metastasis is 95%). PMID- 6651234 TI - Neuroblastoma spinal cord compression (review). PMID- 6651233 TI - Death from progression following spontaneous regression of infantile neuroblastoma. AB - A case of neuroblastoma in an infant who showed evidence of spontaneous incomplete regression and subsequent relapse is reported. Interpretation of this patient's course is that the patient's tumor was heterogeneous in terms of cell compartments with susceptibility to spontaneous lysis. It is assumed that later activation of a cell compartment with uncontrollable proliferation occurred. Problems of assigning risk to infants like this include the need to have better biochemical or biological markers which will distinguish those infants who will have progressive disease, or will temporarily remit and then relapse from those who will spontaneously and permanently remit. Until appropriate risk assignment and early diagnosis of tumor recurrence are available, infants with disseminated neuroblastoma should receive limited treatment with chemotherapy or radiation at least until tumor regression is documented. PMID- 6651235 TI - Binding of 125I-labelled concanavalin A by cells from spontaneously arising murine mammary carcinomas and experimentally induced metastases. AB - Measurement of the quantity of 125I-labelled Concanavalin A bound by disaggregated cells from a series of 20 primary murine mammary carcinomas has shown that there is no relationship between the binding of this lectin and capability of the cells to colonise the lungs after intravenous injection. However, cells taken from pulmonary deposits formed by those tumors able to colonise the lungs consistently bound greater amounts of the radio-labelled lectin than cells from the corresponding primary tumour (paired t-test, p less than 0.05). Also cells obtained from tumours formed by transplantation of pulmonary deposits into the mammary fat pad bound still more of this lectin than cells from either corresponding pulmonary deposits or primary tumours. The findings indicate that the higher lectin binding characterising cells from metastatic deposits is not site-induced and may reflect either a selective advantage of cells with these properties for metastasis formation or phenotypic changes in the cells during the metastatic process. PMID- 6651236 TI - Postpartum cell-mediated immunity induced in the rat following perinatal exposure to iodine-131. AB - Studies were undertaken with the intent to establish the degree of risk experienced by a mother and her immediate offspring in developing gastrointestinal cancer following exposure to iodine-131 during pregnancy. An indirect approach in the identification of tumor induction for risk determination was utilized in this study which relied upon the measurement of antitumor cell mediated immunity (CMI) occurring in the host following exposure to the radionuclide. Fischer F344 inbred pregnant rats were selected as the animal model, and the radionuclide exposure was accomplished by a single intraperitoneal administration of iodine-131 [Na131] at the stage of 16-18 days of pregnancy; then at two months postpartum, the dams and pups were evaluated for the capacity of their peripheral blood lymphoid cells to express specific cytotoxic responses towards target cells consisting of cultured X-ray induced rat small bowel adenocarcinoma cells. The results indicate that an antitumor immunity was induced in the pups upon such a prenatal exposure, while none could be detected existing in their mothers. In addition, there appeared to be a possible sex or hormonal component as a preliminary consideration of the data suggested the male offspring were approximately 1.7 times more immunoresponsive to the perinatal insult. Threshold detection level for detecting such responses to the iodine-131 was found to be in the range of a 9.25 kBq (250 nCi) quantity of exposure. The implication of these preliminary findings based upon such indirect measurements is that the first generation may be at an increased risk to gastrointestinal cancer following peritanal exposure to iodine-131 in the later stage of pregnancy. PMID- 6651237 TI - Local arterial versus systemic adriamycin infusion therapy for sarcoma transplanted in the rat kidney. AB - The course of growth of a 20-methyl-cholanthrene-induced sarcoma was studied in the rat kidney. The volume growth was exponential, with a volume doubling time of approximately 20 hours from day 6 to day 10 after implantation. The potential doubling time, as assessed by the stathmokinetic method with colcemid, was 18 hours during this period. After treatment with adriamycin (Adm) at 5 mg/kg body weight, a tumor growth delay of 3 days was seen in animals given Adm by selective, constant-rate infusion into the renal artery; in contrast to a 2 days' delay for the animals given intravenous (i.v.) Adm. The mitotic index was significantly lower in tumors given intra-arterial (i.a.) infusion of Adm compared to i.v. administration 24 hours after treatment. No significant difference in mitotic index was seen after 48 hours. From day 4 after treatment, all tumors had recovered to the same exponential volume growth as the untreated controls. At day 8 after treatment, the difference between the treatment groups had vanished and no significant difference was seen between i.v. treated tumors and untreated controls. Simultaneous i.v. infusion of Angiotensin-II (in order to increase the concentration of the selectively infused Adm) during i.a. infusion gave no further effect on tumor volume growth or mitotic index. The variation in effect with selective arterial infusion may be due to partial obstruction of the renal circulation by the catheter, as shown by renal blood flow measurements with radio-nuclide-labeled microspheres, administered before and after the selective catheterization. PMID- 6651238 TI - Prognosis of ocular myasthenia. AB - A retrospective study of 108 patients with myasthenia gravis who had solely ocular symptoms and signs at onset was carried out to identify factors influencing prognosis. Increasing duration of pure ocular myasthenia was associated with a decreasing risk of late generalized symptoms; only 9 (15%) of the observed generalizations occurred after more than 2 years of solely ocular symptoms. Increasing age at onset was associated with greater risk of respiratory crisis or death caused by myasthenia, whereas patients younger at onset had a greater chance of a benign outcome. Neither systemic curare tests nor responses to repetitive nerve stimulation had prognostic value. PMID- 6651239 TI - Cerebellar degeneration caused by high-dose cytosine arabinoside: a clinicopathological study. AB - Twenty-four patients with leukemia or lymphoma refractory to conventional chemotherapy were given a course of systemic, high-dose cytosine arabinoside (3 gm/m2 every 12 hours for twelve doses). Four patients developed cerebellar degeneration during treatment. Ataxia of gait and limb movements, dysarthria, and nystagmus appeared five to seven days after the first dose, worsened over the next two to three days, and then remained stable for two to six days. Incomplete improvement occurred over the following one to two weeks. Postmortem examination disclosed loss of Purkinje cells in the depths of cortical sulci with relative preservation of those at the crests of folia and those in the most posterior inferior portions of the cerebellum. Other patients developed a mild, reversible cerebellar syndrome over the same time course as that of the irreversible disorder. Manifestations ranged from nystagmus alone to dysarthria and unsteadiness of gait without limb ataxia. We conclude that cytosine arabinoside at this dosage causes a cerebellar degeneration with characteristic clinical and pathological features. Among the present patients with refractory hematological malignancies, such degeneration occurred with an incidence of 16.7%, more than twice that reported in previous series. PMID- 6651240 TI - Long-term effects of treatment on endocrine function in children with brain tumors. AB - Fourteen children with brain tumors received endocrine evaluations at least one year following completion of cranial irradiation. Treatment consisted of operation (13 patients), craniospinal irradiation (6), whole brain irradiation (5), posterior fossa irradiation (3), and chemotherapy (10). Endocrine evaluation included bone age roentgenography and measurement of growth hormone (using sequential arginine and insulin stimulation), thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, plasma cortisol, testosterone, prolactin, and urinary follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Ten of 12 children (83%) had abnormal responses to both tests of growth hormone stimulation. All growth hormone-deficient patients treated prior to puberty and tested at least 2 years following completion of cranial irradiation had decelerated linear growth. Results of thyroid function tests were abnormal in 4 patients: 2 patients had evidence of primary hypothyroidism, and 2 showed secondary or tertiary hypothyroidism. Two patients had inadequate cortisol responses to insulin hypoglycemia. Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, serum prolactin, and serum testosterone levels were appropriate for age in all patients. PMID- 6651241 TI - Chronic subdural hematoma with transient neurological deficits: a review of 15 cases. AB - Fifteen patients with chronic subdural hematomas had transient neurological deficits. The important clinical features were aphasia in 9 patients, absence of headache in 8, and head injury in 8. Computed tomographic scan correctly identified all 15 cases of chronic subdural hematoma and should be considered mandatory before initiating anticoagulation in patients with transient ischemic attacks. PMID- 6651242 TI - Autosomal dominant motor system degeneration in a black family. AB - Autosomal dominant motor system degeneration has been described primarily in Portuguese families from the Azorean Islands. The symptoms include various combinations of ataxia, pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs, appendicular dystonias, tics, ophthalmoplegias, and peripheral neuropathies with amyotrophy. One non-Portuguese, non-Azorean black family has been described previously; this report describes a second such family affected by autosomal dominant motor system degeneration. PMID- 6651243 TI - Action tremor as a manifestation of chylomicron retention disease. PMID- 6651244 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome and hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 6651245 TI - Lymphocytapheresis in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a preliminary trial. PMID- 6651246 TI - Chronic epileptogenesis studied in vitro. PMID- 6651247 TI - Auditory brainstem responses in Friedreich's ataxia. PMID- 6651248 TI - Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: an update. AB - Symptomatic vasospasm, or delayed cerebral ischemia associated with arteriographic evidence of arterial constriction, is currently the most important cause of morbidity after acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. The development of vasospasm is directly correlated with the presence of thick blood clots in the basal subarachnoid cisterns, which can be detected by an early computed tomographic scan. Symptomatic vasospasm usually develops between 4 and 12 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The onset is gradual, occurring over hours or days. There is typically a gradual deterioration of the level of consciousness, accompanied by focal neurological deficits that are determined by the arterial territories involved. Hyponatremia frequently occurs and may exacerbate the symptoms. The patients are usually volume depleted, and therefore many authorities now treat them with replenishment and expansion of their intravascular volume with colloid and blood. Volume expansion, together with elevation of the systemic blood pressure and reduction of the intracranial pressure when elevated, constitute the only currently available effective therapy for symptomatic vasospasm. The cause of vasospasm remains obscure. Mechanisms of smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation and experimental efforts to elucidate the nature of vasospasm are reviewed. PMID- 6651249 TI - Outcome in neonates with convulsions treated in an intensive care unit. AB - Neurological and developmental outcome was assessed in 131 survivors of neonatal seizures aged 1 to 5 years who had been treated in a single intensive care unit from 1976 to 1979. Half the children had been born at less than 37 weeks' gestational age, and 28% at 31 weeks or less. Fifty-one children were normal on examination, 17 had minor abnormalities, 25 had moderate disabilities, 30 had severe disabilities, 6 had died because of profound neurological deficits, and 2 could not be located. Recurrent nonfebrile seizures had developed in 26 children. Most children with motor handicaps or visual loss were intellectually retarded, but 10 of 15 children with bilateral hearing loss were intellectually normal. Of 77 children whose seizures were caused by a hypoxic-ischemic insult, 41 developed moderate or severe disabilities. As determined by multivariate analysis, significant neonatal predictors of poor outcome in this group included seizures with late onset, tonic seizures, and seizures lasting for many days. Although seizure frequency and neonatal mortality associated with seizures were greatest in very premature infants, the outcome in premature infants who survived was not significantly different from that of term infants. PMID- 6651250 TI - Cauda equina syndrome secondary to long-standing ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Fourteen patients with cauda equina syndrome secondary to long-standing ankylosing spondylitis are described. The roughly symmetrical neurological deficits were very slowly progressive and began long after the onset of the spondylitis, usually well after the rheumatological symptoms had stopped. Eventually every patient had cutaneous sensory loss in the fifth lumbar and sacral dermatomes. All patients developed urinary sphincter disturbances of a lower motor neuron type. There was prominent loss of rectal sphincter tone, and all but 2 patients had bowel complaints, including incontinence and severe constipation. Seven patients had mild to moderate weakness in the lumbosacral myotomes. Seven patients had pain in the rectum or lower limbs. Electromyographic abnormalities were consistent with multiple lumbosacral radiculopathies. Myelography and computed tomographic scanning of the lumbosacral spine showed characteristic enlargement of the caudal sac and dorsal arachnoid diverticula that had eroded the laminae and spinous processes. Recognition of this syndrome, coupled with computed tomographic scanning of the lower spinal canal, allows one to omit myelography, a procedure that is difficult because of the associated spine abnormalities. Surgical intervention should be avoided. PMID- 6651251 TI - Genetic linkage evidence for heterogeneity in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (HMSN type I). AB - A genetic linkage study performed on a large family with autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (HMSN type I) showed affected family members to have slow motor nerve conduction velocities, hypoactive tendon reflexes, and distal muscle weakness and atrophy. Results excluded close linkage of the neuropathy in this family to the Duffy blood group locus on chromosome 1. Previous studies in other families have shown positive linkage of HMSN type I to the Duffy locus. The present results provide support for the concept of genetic heterogeneity in HMSN type I. Comparison of this new family with the previous families showing linkage to Duffy reveals that the hereditary neuropathy not linked to the Duffy locus may have less severe slowing of motor nerve conduction velocities and less prominent onion bulb change evident on sural nerve biopsy. PMID- 6651252 TI - Hemiparesis apparently due to central pontine myelinolysis following hyponatremia. AB - A 63-year-old woman was in an acute confusional state accompanied by rapidly progressive left hemiparesis, dysphagia, and dysarthria two weeks after an episode of diuretic-induced hyponatremia. High-resolution computed tomographic scanning disclosed a circumferential hypodense pontine lesion compatible with the diagnosis of central pontine myelinolysis. Although the patient improved clinically within six weeks, the computed tomographic abnormalities remained unchanged. PMID- 6651253 TI - Coma and thyrotoxicosis. AB - A patient with Graves' disease was in coma with evidence of corticospinal tract disease. Treatment with standard pharmacological measures and plasmapheresis resulted in the reduction of total thyroxine from 28.8 micrograms/dl to 10.0 micrograms/dl and of triiodothyronine from 332 ng/dl to 150 ng/dl. These laboratory findings were associated with clinical stabilization, improvement of mental status, and resolution of the findings of corticospinal tract disease. These data support previous contentions relating reversible corticospinal tract disease to thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 6651254 TI - Late-onset pyridoxine-dependency convulsions. PMID- 6651255 TI - Apparent motor neuron disease following the use of pneumatic tools. PMID- 6651256 TI - Temporal lobe astrocytoma with infantile spasms. PMID- 6651257 TI - Aneurysms and third nerve palsies. PMID- 6651258 TI - Pupil sparing in oculomotor palsy and Claude Bernard Horner syndrome. PMID- 6651259 TI - Pupil sparing oculomotor palsy. PMID- 6651260 TI - Conjugal amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PMID- 6651261 TI - [R-plasmids of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas isolated from industrial sewage]. AB - A total of 132 Pseudomonas strains isolated from untreated sewage of antibiotic plants were tested. A significant number of the strains were resistant to streptomycin (77 per cent), carbenicillin (75 per cent), kanamycin (37.5 per cent) and tetracycline (23 per cent). Eighteen conjugative and 3 nonconjugative resistance plasmids were detected in 19 strains. The genes determining the resistance to streptomycin, kanamycin and tetracycline were most frequent. The frequency of the plasmid transfer between the strains of Ps. aeruginosa (PAO) varied within 10(-3)--10(-7) per donor cell. Six plasmids belonged to group Inc P 1. Four plasmids belonged to group Inc P-2, 3 plasmids to groups Inc P-3 and Inc P-5 and 1 plasmid to group Inc P-7. PMID- 6651262 TI - [Biosynthesis of levorin and activity of several enzyme systems of Streptomyces levoris depending on culture conditions]. AB - The regularities of changes in the main oxidation-reduction enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TAC) and the pentose cycle were studied under different cultivation conditions: with the use of the control soybean-corn-hydrol medium and the medium with addition of a biostimulant produced by C. tropicalis. It was shown that the activity levels of the dehydrogenase systems of the TAC and the pentose cycle of S. levoris grown in the presence of the biostimulant were higher. The increase in the production levels of levorin due to addition of the biostimulant was connected with the activity of the systems responsible for regeneration of NADP.H2. PMID- 6651263 TI - [Bioavailability of levomycetin preparations for oral use]. AB - Bioavailability of chloramphenicol pharmaceutical forms prepared with the use of antibiotic substances differing in their dispersion levels was studied. It was shown that the level and rate of the drug absorption into blood did not always depend on the size of the substance particles. Fine crystalline substances of the antibiotic manufactured by two firms almost not differing in their dispersion levels markedly differed in the rate of antibiotic transfer into solution and the level of its blood absorption in humans. Tablets prepared with the use of the above substances were also characterized by various bioavailability levels. Study of the dissolution rate of separate fractions of the same substance revealed dependence of this parameter on the particle size. PMID- 6651264 TI - [Seasonal features of the excretory function of the liver in the presence of tetracycline damage and correction of the disorders with antioxidants]. AB - It was shown on pubertal albino rats that the intensity of excretion with the bile of radioactive Bengal rose was different at different seasons: the maximum and minimum levels were observed in winter and summer, respectively. When the liver was affected with tetracycline, this process was suppressed especially in summer. The use of antioxidants, such as tocopherol acetate in combination with sodium selenite promoted the recovery of liver excretion function in winter, spring and autumn. In summer, the recovery was only partial. PMID- 6651265 TI - [Alteration of the acute toxicity and various pharmacologic effects of streptomycin sulfate by calcium 4'-phosphopantothenate]. AB - The effect of calcium 4'-phosphopantothenate (CPP) on acute toxicity of streptomycin and the decrease by the antibiotic of the muscle working capacity, "holes" reflex, body temperature and oxygen intake was studied on 258 albino mice weighing 22-26 g. Medical calcium pantothenate (CPA) was used for control purposes. CPP is an antagonist of streptomycin sulfate. In a dose of 1/10 or 1/5 of the LD50 injected intraperitoneally CPP lowered acute toxicity of streptomycin and prevented its effect in a dose of 0.11--1.1 g/kg injected subcutaneously on the muscle working capacity, "holes" reflex and body temperature. The spectrum index of the CPP antitoxic effect was equal to 22.5. By its acute toxicity CPP (LD50 1.18 +/- 0.07 g/kg) did not differ from CPA (LD50 1.25 +/- 0.08 g/kg). The efficacy of CPP, by its antitoxic spectrum, was 1.8 times higher than that of CPA. CPA lowered the streptomycin effect on the "holes" reflex and body temperature, while CPP prevented it. Both the drugs did not influence the decrease in the oxygen consumption induced by streptomycin. PMID- 6651266 TI - [Efficacy of penicillin therapy of meningococcal infection in children undergoing different regimes of pathogenetic therapy]. AB - The course of meningococcal infection and nonspecific and specific immunity in children subjected to different regimens of pathogenetic therapy were studied. It was shown that the clinico-immunological indices were more favourable in children treated with lasix as a diuretic agent. Recovery with defects was observed in 6.8 per cent of the children of this group, while in patients subjected to routine treatment the respective value amounted to 14.6 per cent. The use of lasix in combination with penicillin increased the efficacy of penicillin therapy and shortened the recovery period by 8.4 +/- 0.2 days as compared to that of routine treatment. No unfavourable effect of elevated penicillin concentrations on the lysozyme activity, blood bactericidal characteristics and composition of immunoglobulins A, M and G in the children was recorded. PMID- 6651267 TI - [Microflora of the burned, its sensitivity to antibiotics and bacteriophages]. AB - Pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus remain the most frequent causative agents of infection in patients with burns. With expansion of deep burns the frequency of gram-negative bacteria increased. The isolates were highly resistant to antibiotics. This required constant control of the sensitivity to antibiotics and bacteriophages. PMID- 6651268 TI - [Pharmacokinetic prediction of the efficacy of using sisomicin in wound infections]. AB - The pharmacokinetics of sisomicin in the blood, infection foci and urine of patients with wound infections was studied comparatively. Higher blood levels of the antibiotic after intravenous injection as compared to those after intramuscular injection provided its more intensive penetration into the tissues of the wound edges and bottom. After intravenous injection the sisomicin concentration in the tissues was sufficient for inhibition of the strains of Staphylococcus, E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa detected in the patients, while after intramuscular injection the antibiotic levels were sufficient only for inhibition of the first two causative agents. Comparison of the data on the sisomicin pharmacokinetics in the blood and tissues of the wounds provided the characteristics of the level of the drug penetration into the focus of the infection ("therapeutic availability"). Since the levels of sisomicin in the blood and infection foci were highly variable in different individuals. It is recommended that the antibiotic be used under the control of its concentrations in patients. It was shown that the data on the sisomicin renal excretion might be used for the purposes of the pharmacokinetic control. PMID- 6651269 TI - [Ericycline in the complex treatment of chronic pyoderma patients]. PMID- 6651270 TI - [Several conditions of formation and isolation of violet pigment from culture fluid of Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycin]. AB - A new water-soluble photochromogenic fluorescent violet pigment with the indicator properties was isolated from the culture fluid of Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycini, strain 76. By its solubility and mobility in various solvent systems and by the absorption spectrum the new pigment is close but not identical to such a pigment as rubrocyanin. The presence of microelements, i.e. iron and magnesium in the medium was shown to be necessary for production of violet pigment. PMID- 6651271 TI - [Simulation of the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in the kidneys: single and continuous intake of sisomicin and gentamicin by rats]. AB - The pharmacokinetics of sisomicin and gentamicin in the cortical and medullary layers of the kidneys was studied on rats. The antibiotics were administered daily in doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg a day. The levels of the antibiotics in the cortical layer were much higher than those in the medullary layer. The use of a twice as higher dose in the first case resulted in a less than a two-fold increase in the drug concentration, while in the second case the increase was more than two-fold. Prognosis of the pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides used for 8-16 days was achieved with the help of the constants of the two-compartmental model. It was shown that the actual levels of sisomicin and gentamicin in the kidney medullary layer did not significantly differ from the estimated ones and the levels of the drugs in the cortical layer were much lower than the predicted ones. The distorted linearity of the aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics must be mainly due to saturation of the cortical layer with the drugs. PMID- 6651272 TI - [Intracellular distribution of tetracyclines in rat hepatocytes]. AB - Distribution of tetracyclines, such as oxytetracycline, morphocycline, tetracycline, doxicycline and methacycline in the liver cells of rats was studied. The ratio of the subcellular structures, i. e. nuclei, mitochondria and microsomes and the liquid phase containing the drugs in the dissolved state in the system studied was close to the natural ratio of the hepatocyte organoids and cytoplasm. Distribution of tetracyclines in the subcellular fractions was not uniform. The nuclei did not absorb the drugs. The role of microsomes in drug absorption was insignificant. The mitochondria bound the highest amounts of the drugs and defined the characteristics of their intracellular distribution. The amounts of the drugs in the active form remaining in the cytoplasm after their contact with organoids were low. At the same time there was observed a a definite activating effect of the cytoplasm components on the antibiotics contained in it. PMID- 6651273 TI - [Characteristics of the distribution of long-acting sulfanilamides in purulent pyelonephritis in rats]. AB - Distribution of sulfalen, sulfadimethoxine and sulfamethoxypyridazine in the blood and organs of rats and binding of the drugs to the blood serum proteins of the animals with experimental P. aeruginosa pyelonephritis were studied. It was shown that in rats with P. aeruginosa pyelonephritis the levels of long-acting sulfanilamides in the blood and organs were lower, while the levels of their penetration through the histohematic barriers were higher, which was partially due to the decreased binding of sulfanilamides to blood proteins. PMID- 6651274 TI - [Effect of prodigiosin and its combination with immunodepressants on the graft versus host reaction in mice]. AB - The local (lymph node) graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) in F1 (CBA X C57BL/6) mice and the lethal GVHR in C57BL/6 mice were induced by transfer of lymph node cells of CBA mice with skin allotransplants from C57BL/6 mice. Prednisolone in combination with asathioprin (imuran) administered to CBA mice inhibited the GVHR. Prodigiosan used alone was not active, while in combination with immunodepressants it increased their inhibitory effect. Adhesive cells with a suppressive activity were detected in the spleen of mice treated with prodigiosan. Such cells were capable of suppressing the capacity of syngeneic lymphocytes for inducing the GVHR. PMID- 6651275 TI - [Clinical study of the therapeutic effectiveness of an ointment consisting of swine leukocytic interferon]. AB - The ointment containing pig leukocytic interferon had a pronounced therapeutic effect in herpetic affections of the face skin and genitalia. It prevented eruption, shortened the period of its healing and eliminated subjective sensations. The therapeutic effect was observed in 265 (87.7 per cent) out of 302 patients with recurring Herpes simplex treated with ointment. PMID- 6651276 TI - Stability of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin in combination with four beta lactam antibiotics. AB - The stability of the aminoglycosides gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin stored in combination with carbenicillin, piperacillin, cefotaxime, and moxalactam was evaluated at four temperatures (25, 4, -8, and -70 degrees C) over a 3-week period. Amikacin was the most stable of the aminoglycosides and demonstrated no loss of activity when stored with either carbenicillin or piperacillin. Gentamicin and tobramycin were inactivated by carbenicillin and piperacillin at 25 and 4 degrees C, with aminoglycoside activity declining substantially after 8 to 48 h of storage; virtually no loss of gentamicin or tobramycin activity occurred with storage at -8 or -70 degrees C. Cefotaxime and moxalactam produced no degradation of any of the three aminoglycosides. PMID- 6651278 TI - Comparative in vitro activities of ten antimicrobial agents against bacterial enteropathogens. AB - The in vitro susceptibilities of 50 strains of Salmonella spp., 80 strains of Shigella spp., and 50 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, 14 Yersinia enterocolitica, 6 Aeromonas hydrophila, 4 Plesiomonas shigelloides, 9 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and 30 Campylobacter jejuni strains that were recently isolated from worldwide sources were determined for 10 antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial agents tested included ampicillin, bicozamycin, doxycycline, enoxacin (CI-919), erythromycin, furazolidone, amdinocillin, norfloxacin, trimethoprim, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Ampicillin resistance occurred frequently in strains of Salmonella and Shigella spp. and enterotoxigenic E. coli strains. The most active agents against all of the bacteria tested were enoxacin and norfloxacin. Furazolidone and amdinocillin were also highly active against the majority of strains. Trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were inhibitory at low concentrations against all test except C. jejuni isolates. The in vitro results of this study confirm the high prevalence of bacterial resistance to ampicillin. However, this work also identifies four antimicrobial agents, enoxacin, furazolidone, norfloxacin, and amdinocillin, that would be appropriate for further testing in clinical trials. PMID- 6651277 TI - Agar disk elution method for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium fortuitum complex to sulfonamides and antibiotics. AB - An agar disk elution method using round well plates, supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar, and commercial drug disks is described for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium marinum and the rapidly growing mycobacteria to antibiotics and sulfonamides. By this method, 14 of 14 strains of M. marinum were susceptible to rifampin, doxycycline, minocycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Identical results were obtained with Middlebrook 7H10 agar and drugs prepared from standard powders. With 58 isolates of Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei, this method had a 92% correlation with broth minimal inhibitory concentration determinations for cefoxitin and greater than 98% for doxycycline, kanamycin, amikacin, and the sulfonamides. Sixty-nine percent of isolates of M. chelonei susceptible to amikacin on supplemented Mueller-Hinton agar were resistant on 7H10 agar, and 15 of 16 M. chelonei isolates susceptible to erythromycin in broth were resistant by disk elution when an endpoint of no growth was used with either agar. The agar disk elution method offers a practical method for testing of most antibacterial agents against these mycobacterial species. PMID- 6651279 TI - Effect of piperacillin on tobramycin pharmacokinetics in patients with normal renal function. AB - Aminoglycosides are inactivated by extended-spectrum penicillins in vitro and in patients with end-stage renal failure. In this prospective controlled study, we determined the effect of piperacillin on tobramycin pharmacokinetics. In 10 clinically stable male patients with calculated creatinine clearances of greater than or equal to 60 ml/min, serial levels in serum of tobramycin alone and after single 4-g intravenous doses of piperacillin were determined. No statistically significant changes in the concentration of drug in serum, the half-life (t1/2), the elimination rate constant (Ke), the volume of distribution (Vd), or the area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC0-oo) occurred when tobramycin was used concurrently with piperacillin. Therefore, this antibiotic combination will not result in a clinically significant interaction in patients with normal renal function. PMID- 6651280 TI - Comparison of the efficacy of vidarabine, its carbocyclic analog (cyclaradine), and cyclaradine-5'-methoxyacetate in the treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis in mice. AB - The relative therapeutic effects of vidarabine (9-beta-D arabinofuranosyladenine), cyclaradine (the adenosine deaminase-resistant carbocyclic analog of vidarabine), and cyclaradine-5'-methoxyacetate in the parenteral treatment of systemic herpes simplex virus type 1 infections in Swiss mice were determined. Among control mice inoculated intraperitoneally with virus, a mortality rate of 95% was observed. The intraperitoneal administration of nontoxic doses of vidarabine (125 to 250 mg/kg per day) or cyclaradine (113 to 450 mg/kg per day), by daily injections for 7 days beginning 4 h after virus inoculation, reduced mortality to 0 to 10%. Among control animals inoculated intracerebrally with 32 50% lethal doses of virus, 100% mortality was observed, with a mean survival time of 4.6 days. Treatment with either drug at equimolar dose levels ranging from ca. 32 to 750 mg/kg per day produced significant (P less than 0.0005), dose-dependent increases in the mean survival time of animals dying of herpesvirus encephalitis. Mice inoculated intracerebrally with 10 50% lethal doses of virus exhibited 97% mortality and a mean survival time of 5.5 to 6.4 days. Treatment with vidarabine, cyclaradine, or cyclaradine-5'-methoxyacetate significantly increased the mean survival time of dying animals and, at doses ranging from 250 to 750 mg/kg per day, produced significant increases in survival. The three drugs displayed equivalent antiviral efficacy in vivo. Drug toxicity (measured by weight loss) was not detected in mice treated with cyclaradine or cyclaradine-5'-methoxyacetate at 750 mg/kg per day, whereas severe toxicity (weight loss of greater than or equal to 3 g) was observed in mice treated with vidarabine at an equivalent dose level. Thus, cyclaradine or its 5' methoxyacetic acid ester may possess some advantage over vidarabine in the treatment of severe herpesvirus infections and should therefore be considered for clinical trials in humans. PMID- 6651281 TI - Increased renal DNA synthesis in vivo after administration of low doses of gentamicin to rats. AB - Kidney cortex DNA synthesis was studied in female rats treated with a low dose of gentamicin (10 mg/kg) up to 14 days. Synthesis was measured by incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA 1 h after intraperitoneal injection of the labeled precursor (200 muCi per animal). Gentamicin given in one injection per day resulted in a greater incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA after both 7 and 14 days of treatment as compared with control animals. When the daily dose was divided into three equal injections given at 8-h intervals, a statistically significant increase in thymidine incorporation was observed as early as 4 days after starting gentamicin administration. Excellent agreement was found between DNA specific radioactivity and kidney cortex nuclear labeling, as measured by histoautoradiography. The greatest amount of [3H]thymidine incorporation occurred within proximal tubular cells and interstitial cells. We conclude that a finite duration of gentamicin treatment at low dosage induces an increased DNA synthesis in vivo in rat kidney cortex. We suggest that this reaction results from cellular proliferation and could reflect a regenerative process after focal necrosis induced by gentamicin at low doses. The demonstrated early increase in DNA synthesis could be a useful tool to measure kidney cortex alterations caused by various aminoglycosides at low, therapeutic doses. PMID- 6651282 TI - Extravascular penetration of tobramycin and netilmicin in a subcutaneous visking chamber model in rabbits. AB - Netilmicin and tobramycin penetration in a rabbit Visking chamber model was studied after administration of multiple intramuscular doses of 2 mg of either drug per kg every 4 h in a double-crossover design. The mean serum half-life, mean peak concentration in serum, and mean area under the plasma concentration curve were similar. The mean peak concentration in the chamber and mean area under the plasma concentration curve were likewise not significantly different. PMID- 6651283 TI - Comparison of flow cytometric analysis and [3H]thymidine incorporation for measurement of the effects of drug toxicity on lymphocyte stimulation. AB - Human mononuclear cells were exposed to three antiviral agents, stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, and assayed for DNA synthesis with [3H]thymidine uptake and flow cytometric analysis. Cytosine-arabinoside demonstrated inhibition of blastogenic reactivity by both [3H]thymidine uptake and flow cytometric analysis, whereas acyclovir showed no significant suppression. In contrast, (E)-5-(2 bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, a thymidine analog, demonstrated a lack of correlation between the two methods. The competitive inhibition of some compounds with [3H]thymidine incorporation necessitates the use of other methods to measure DNA synthesis. PMID- 6651284 TI - Effect of azlocillin on uric acid levels in serum. AB - Uric acid levels in serum were observed to fall precipitously in a group of 20 hospitalized asthmatic patients receiving azlocillin, bronchodilators, and steroids. None of the 20 hospitalized controls receiving the antiasthma therapy without azlocillin showed any decline in their uric acid levels. The levels for the azlocillin-treated group fell from a mean of 6.4 mg/dl to mean of 2.3 mg/dl, whereas those for the control group initially were 7.0 mg/dl and fell only to a mean of 6.5 mg/dl. PMID- 6651285 TI - Virulence of beta-hemolytic and non-hemolytic Streptococcus mutans: lethal dose determinations in neonatal mice. AB - The virulence of beta-hemolytic and non-hemolytic strains of Streptococcus mutans was studied in neonatal mice by LD50 determinations after intracerebral injection of the bacteria. Although the differences in LD50 values are small the results may indicate that beta-hemolytic S. mutans strains (mean LD50 of 6.3 X 10(7) c.f.u.) were more virulent than non-hemolytic S. mutans strains (mean LD50 of 47.7 X 10(7) c.f.u.). The LD50 values of other viridans streptococci varied between 4.8 and 10(7) c.f.u. Strains of S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae were highly virulent in this animal model with LD50 values lower than 10(5) c.f.u. PMID- 6651286 TI - Growth of Candida famata and Trichosporon cutaneum on uric acid as the sole source of carbon and energy, a hitherto unknown property of yeasts. AB - Yeast strains capable of utilizing uric acid as the sole source of carbon and energy were isolated from soil by the enrichment culture method. The strains were identified as Candida famata (Harrison) Meyer et Yarrow and Trichosporon cutaneum (De Beurm., Gougerot et Vaucher) Ota. On the subcellular level growth of yeasts on uric acid was accompanied with the development of a number of large microbodies in the cells. PMID- 6651287 TI - Effect of selective media on recovery of obligately anaerobic gram-negative rods from human faeces. AB - Total numbers and gross composition of the anaerobic human faecal flora were compared using non-selective and selective media. Combinations of selective agents to suppress the gram-negative part of the flora such as vancomycin and neomycin, vancomycin and kanamycin, or kanamycin and bile were found to reduce total numbers of recovered obligately anaerobic gram-negative rods by 50-75%. With reference to experiments with penicillin as selective agent, underlying mechanisms for this phenomenon are discussed. It is concluded that selective media should not be used for quantitative enumeration of anaerobic gram-negative rods from the faecal flora. PMID- 6651288 TI - Agromonas oligotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing oligotrophic bacterium. AB - Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics of five isolates of acetylene reducing (nitrogen-fixing) oligotrophic bacteria from a paddy soil were investigated. They showed similar phenotypic characteristics: they were aerobic, asporogenous, gram-negative, motile by a polar flagellum, and irregular rods. On full strength nutrient broth (NB) growth was severely suppressed, but well supported on 10- to 10000-fold diluted NB. They consumed glucose but produced no acid, and also utilized phenolic acids such as ferulic acid or p-coumaric acid. The cellular fatty acid composition, quinone system and DNA base composition of the isolates were investigated. Cellular fatty acids mainly consisted of straight chain unsaturated C18:1 (62-81% of total fatty acids). Ubiquinone Q-10 and a high guanine-plus-cytosine content (65.1-66.0 mol%) were found. The taxonomic status of the isolates is discussed and a new genus, Agromonas, with a single species Agromonas oligotrophica sp. nov., is proposed for these isolates. The type strain of A. oligotrophica is JCM 1494. PMID- 6651289 TI - On the taxonomy of the entomogenous fungus Filobasidiella arachnophila. AB - The taxonomic status of Filobasidiella arachnophila Malloch et al. was investigated. The carbohydrate profile of two strains revealed basidiomycetous affinities. However, the vast majority of the mycelial cells are monokaryotic, demonstrating that F. arachnophila is not a typical basidiomycete. The morphological resemblance to the two teleomorph species of Filobasidiella is noteworthy and therefore the accommodation in Filobasidiella is maintained. F. arachnophila proved to be identical with Aspergillus depauperatus Petch and the new combination Filobasidiella arachnophila (Petch) Samson et al. is made. PMID- 6651290 TI - Plaque morphology and antigenic relationship of the Salmonella weltevreden typing phages. AB - The plaque morphology and antigenic relationship of the six typing phages of Salmonella weltevreden were studied. Under identical conditions of plating, the phages could be classified into three groups based on plaque morphology. Neutralization tests with anti-phage sera showed that typing phages phi I and phi II were antigenically similar. Phages phi III, phi IV and phi VI also showed antigenic similarity. Typing phage phi V was antigenically distinct from all other phages. Thus the phages could be classified into three groups on the basis of both plaque morphology on their respective indicator strains and velocities of neutralization by homologous/heterologous anti-sera. PMID- 6651291 TI - Distribution and strain-dependent formation of volatile metabolites in the genus Ceratocystis. AB - The accumulation of volatile metabolites in cultures of 34 strains comprising ten species of the genus Ceratocystis (Ascomycetes) has been investigated under defined culture conditions. The identified compounds include short-chain alcohols and esters, lower terpenes, terpenoids, and 2-phenylethyl acetate. Certain species can be recognized by a number of common volatiles traced in all strains, although the quantities of these constituents may vary enormously (up to a factor 1:1000) within one species. The formation of some metabolites is restricted to a few strains. PMID- 6651292 TI - Biodegradation and photolysis of pentachlorophenol in artificial freshwater streams. AB - The biodegradation, photolysis, and adsorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in outdoor, aquatic environments were examined with man-made channels built by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency at a field station on the Mississippi River near Monticello, Minn. Four channels were used, each channel being approximately 520 m long and receiving river water that flowed through the channels for about 10 h before reentering the river. The channels were dosed continuously during the summer of 1982 with various concentrations of PCP (approximately 0, 48, 144, and 432 micrograms/liter). We monitored the biotic and abiotic degradation of PCP in these channels for approximately 16 weeks. Photolysis of PCP was rapid at the water surface, but greatly attenuated with depth. Depending on sunlight conditions, photolysis accounted for a 5 to 28% decline in initial PCP concentration. Adsorption of PCP by sediment and uptake by biota accounted for less than 15% and probably less than 5% in unacclimated water. Microbial degradation of PCP became significant about 3 weeks after the initiation of dosing and eventually became the primary mechanism of PCP removal, accounting for a 26 to 46% (dose-dependent) decline in initial PCP. Most of the PCP-mineralizing microorganisms that developed in the channels were either attached to surfaces (e.g., rocks and macrophytes) or associated with surface sediments. Total bacterial numbers (direct microscopic counts) in the various channels were not affected significantly by PCP concentrations of micrograms per liter. Numerous strains of bacteria able to grow at the expense of PCP were isolated from the adapted channels. The experiments reported here will help predict the responses of flowing aquatic ecosystems to contamination by biocides such as pentachlorophenol. PMID- 6651293 TI - Degradation of chlorophenols by a defined mixed microbial community. AB - Synthetic sewage containing phenol, acetone, and alkanols plus 4-chlorophenol or a mixture of isomeric chlorophenols is completely degraded by a defined mixed culture with Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 as a chlorocatechol-dissimilating member of the community. Total degradation of the organic carbon was indicated by release of stoichiometric amounts of chloride and low content of dissolved organic carbon in the cell-free effluents. During adaptation to high loads of chlorophenols the initial meta-cleavage activity was completely replaced by ortho cleavage activity of type I and II. In the fully acclimated culture, hybrid strains such as Alcaligenes sp. strain A7-2 were detected, which are more competitive than Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 with respect to chlorophenol degradation. PMID- 6651294 TI - Isolation and enumeration of Campylobacter jejuni from poultry products by a selective enrichment method. AB - A direct selective enrichment procedure was developed for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from poultry products. The selective enrichment medium (ATB) consisted of (per liter) tryptose (20 g), yeast extract (2.5 g), sodium chloride (5 g), FBP supplement (ferrous sulfate [0.25 g], sodium metabisulfite [0.25 g], sodium pyruvate [0.25 g]), bicine (10 g), and agar (1 g). Hematin solution (6.25 ml; prepared by dissolving 0.032 g of bovine hemin in 10 ml of 0.15 N sodium hydroxide solution and autoclaving at 0.35 kg/cm2 for 30 min), rifampin (25 mg), cefsulodin (6.25 mg), and polymyxin B sulfate (20,000 IU) were added after the medium was sterilized. The pH was adjusted to 8.0. Samples were enriched in the above medium at 42 degrees C for 48 h under an atmosphere of 5% O2, 10% CO2, and 85% N2. Enrichment cultures were streaked on a plating medium composed of Brucella agar, hematin solution, FBP supplement, and the above antibiotics. Plates were incubated under the same conditions as above. Suspect colonies from the plates were confirmed to be C. jejuni by morphological examination, growth characteristics, and biochemical tests. The above method yielded 25 isolates of C. jejuni from 50 samples of retail cut-up chicken and chicken parts, whereas a more complex method involving filtration, centrifugation, selective enrichment under a flowing atmosphere, and membrane filtration yielded only 6 positives from the same samples. The new isolation procedure was particularly effective in isolating C. jejuni in the presence of large numbers of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6651295 TI - Characterization of Lactobacillus sp. strain 100-37 from the murine gastrointestinal tract: ecology, plasmid content, and antagonistic activity toward Clostridium ramosum H1. AB - A gram-positive, nonsporulating, microaerophilic rod that had two colonial variants was obtained during a study in which anaerobic bacteria were isolated from murine gastrointestinal tracts and screened for cryptic plasmids. The rod (both colonial variants) was identified as a Lactobacillus sp. (strain 100-37) by selective media, gas chromatography, and biochemical tests. In monoassociated, ex germfree mice, the bacterium colonized the gastrointestinal tract and formed a thick, continuous layer on the keratinized squamous epithelium of the nonsecreting portion of the stomach. When lysate preparations of both colonial variants were electrophoresed in agarose gels, two bands which stained with ethidium bromide were detected with each lysate. When the DNA preparations were exposed to UV light, the lower ethidium bromide band gradually disappeared while the top band became either broader or more intense. The approximate size of the lower band was 2.2 megadaltons, as determined by comparison with plasmid molecular weight standards. In a search for phenotypes which could be encoded by the cryptic 2.2-megadalton plasmid, we detected an antagonistic activity toward an obligate anaerobe isolated from mouse feces, Clostridium ramosum H1. The antagonistic factor was precipitated with (NH4)2SO4 (70% saturation) from supernatant solutions of broth cultures of strain 100-37. The factor was not inducible with mitomycin C or UV light, but was stable in flowing steam for up to 50 min, and in buffers of pHs over a range of 1.6 to 6.8. It was nondialyzable and inactivated by trypsin and papain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6651296 TI - Effect of ambient temperature storage on potable water coliform population estimations. AB - The effect of the length of time between sampling potable water and performing coliform analyses has been a long-standing controversial issue in environmental microbiology. The issue is of practical importance since reducing the sample-to analysis time may substantially increase costs for water analysis programs. Randomly selected samples (from those routinely collected throughout the State of Wisconsin) were analyzed for total coliforms after being held at room temperature (20 +/- 2 degrees C) for 24 and 48 h. Differences in results for the two holding times were compared with differences predicted by probability calculations. The study showed that storage of the potable water for up to 48 h had little effect on the public health significance of most samples containing more than two coliforms per 100 ml. PMID- 6651297 TI - Metabolism of Halophenols by 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid-degrading Pseudomonas cepacia. AB - Resting cells of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid-grown Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100 were able to completely and rapidly dechlorinate several chlorine substituted phenols, including 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, and pentachlorophenol. Several other trichlorophenols were only partially dechlorinated. The evidence suggests that 2,4,5-trichlorophenol is an intermediate in the degradation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid by strain AC1100. Moreover, although strain AC1100 was isolated by selection for growth on a chlorinated aromatic compound, brominated and fluorinated analogs were efficiently dehalogenated by strain AC1100 resting cells, whereas an iodinated analog was poorly dehalogenated. PMID- 6651298 TI - Regulation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and chlorophenol metabolism in Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100. AB - The expression of the degradative genes encoding 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) dechlorination in a 2,4,5-T-degrading strain of Pseudomonas cepacia was examined during growth on alternate carbon sources. The dechlorination mechanisms for all three compounds were expressed in 2,4,5-T- and 2,4,5-TCP-grown cells but were not expressed in cells grown on succinate, glucose, or lactate. The addition of 2,4,5 TCP or PCP to cells grown on succinate or lactate resulted in the expression of the 2,4,5-TCP dechlorination mechanism in resting cells after 1-h lag. This expression was prevented by the presence of chloramphenicol in the resting cell suspension. Succinate-plus-PCP-grown resting cells preincubated with 2,4,5-TCP fully induced the trichlorophenol dechlorination system and partially induced the PCP dechlorination system. Preincubation of succinate-plus-PCP-grown resting cells with PCP induced neither the 2,4,5-TCP nor the PCP dechlorinating system. Succinate-grown resting cells converted 2,4,5-T to 2,4,5-TCP even in the presence of chloramphenicol. Thus, the data indicate that the enzyme(s) which converts 2,4,5-T to 2,4,5-TCP is constitutively expressed, whereas those that convert 2,4,5-TCP to central intermediates are induced by 2,4,5-TCP but not by 2,4,5-T or PCP and are repressed in the presence of an alternate carbon source. PMID- 6651299 TI - Vibrio cholerae (non-O1) isolated from California coastal waters. AB - Nineteen strains of Vibrio cholerae non-O1 were isolated from five separate marine sites along the Santa Cruz County coast. This environmental study was initiated after a human case of non-O1 cholera-like diarrhea was acquired endemically. PMID- 6651300 TI - Optimal enrichment time for isolation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from seafood. AB - The growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in a liquid medium was compared with that of human fecal flora and estuarine flora. No marked differences were noted between growth at 25 and 37 degrees C for V. parahaemolyticus. However, the marine organisms were strongly inhibited when incubated at 37 degrees C. Incubation for 8 h in an enrichment broth yielded V. parahaemolyticus growth, even with a small inoculum, whereas the marine and fecal floras were inhibited. Therefore, enrichment for 8 h at 37 degrees C appears to be optimal for isolation of V. parahaemolyticus, permitting more rapid results in seafood analysis. PMID- 6651301 TI - Effect of resin disinfectants-I3 and -I5 on Giardia muris and Giardia lamblia. AB - The resin-I5 column developed in our laboratories rendered aqueous suspensions containing up to 5 X 10(4) cysts of Giardia muris or Giardia lamblia per ml incapable of excystation. The inhibition of excystation was effective at both 4 and 25 degrees C. The addition of Na2S2O3 to column eluates containing cysts appeared to partially reverse the disinfectant action, and the reversal was more pronounced at 4 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. In contrast, the rapid removal of cysts from the column eluates by centrifugation and filtration or the use of other reductants, notably cysteine and glutathione, did not similarly reverse the disinfectant properties of the column. Based on these data, we suggest that the disinfecting agent is acquired by the cyst in its passage through the resin column and that either the disinfecting agent or its reaction can be partially and specifically neutralized by Na2S2O3. We hypothesize that the time between disinfectant acquisition and activity is a function of the thickness of the Giardia cyst wall and consequently takes longer at the lower temperature. Nevertheless, resin-I5 appears to inactivate a larger number of cysts in a shorter period of time with lower residual halogen levels than do agents of other published methods. PMID- 6651302 TI - Total thymectomy in the early chick embryo. AB - A new microsurgical procedure is described through which the thymus can be completely removed bilaterally prior to its seeding by lymphoid precursor cells in the chick embryo. 53% of the embryos operated at 5 days of incubation and sacrificed either before or after hatching were totally thymectomized as controlled on serial sections of the neck. Hatchability is low, as it normally is when operations are performed on embryos in ovo. However totally thymectomized viable chicken could be recovered. In certain series of experiments, the graft of a 5-day quail embryonic thymus was performed into the site of excision of the chick thymus. The quail thymic rudiment then became colonized by chick lymphoid precursor cells and developed normally. The possibility of using this excision graft technique is suggested to study the role of MHC gene products in T-cell differentiation. PMID- 6651303 TI - Effects of early hypophysectomy in the aging rat ovary. Ultrastructural study on regression and on delayed epithelial proliferation in the interstitial tissue. AB - This report describes the fine structure of the "wheel" cells and of epithelial structures which both characterize the interstitial tissue of hypophysectomized and intact senescent rats. The regressive changes induced in normal ovarian interstitial cells of 25-26 day-old hypophysectomized rats were studied from 7 days to 15 months after the operation. They mainly consist in a rapid cytoplasmic dedifferentiation of these steroidogenic cells which, by one month after hypophysectomy, could be only identified by their specific nuclear pattern ("wheel" cells). Further changes of their organelles are only quantitative. These interstitial cells become perennial cells with no ultrastructural signs of senescence. In one year-old animals, the presence of both epithelial testis-like tubes and epithelial cellular cords provides evidence that these structures represent two different morphological arrangements for a similar cellular aspect. Unlike established "wheel" cells, these epithelial structures are evolutive and the thickening of their basement membrane can be considered as an age criterion. The follicular origin of the testis-like tubes and the complex formation of the cords are discussed in the light of our previous photonic study and compared with similar structures occurring in the senile rat ovary and in other situations. PMID- 6651304 TI - Origin of satellite cells in avian skeletal muscles. AB - The study of the embryonic origin of the striated satellite cells is based 1) on a comparison of the specific morphology of the nuclei in satellite cells and in myofibers, in late embryonic and postnatal chick and quail muscles; 2) on a species-identification of the satellite cell nuclei in hetero-specific muscle tissues where myofibers derive from implanted quail somite and connective tissue fibroblasts from the chick host somatopleura. Observations clearly demonstrate that myofibers and satellite cells are of the same somitic origin. It is concluded that satellite cells represent a portion of the myogenic cell lineage. PMID- 6651305 TI - Stereological analysis of syncytiotrophoblast from human mature placenta. AB - Syncytiotrophoblast from human term placenta, studied by stereological methods both by light and electron microscopy, was shown to account for 19.49% of the placenta volume. Significant differences in volume density were observed in syncytiotrophoblast from villi obtained from different regions of the cotyledon. These differences may be caused by the heterogeneous conditions of oxygenation in the intervillous space blood and its effect on trophoblastic growth. The volume density of the organelles, related to syncytioplasm volume, was 0.0524, 0.0122, 0.0033 and 0.1136, for mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. There were no differences in the volume densities of the different organelles among the four cotyledonary regions studied. PMID- 6651306 TI - [Problems of surgical management of Borrmann's type IV stomach cancer--with special reference to subdivision of Borrmann's type IV]. AB - Type IV of Borrmann's classification was subdivided into IVa and IVb according to the gross aspect of the mucosal surface of surgical specimens. Type IVa indicates the presence of slight elevation or depression, type IVb includes the rest of type IV. Of 2682 gastrectomized patients, 151 (5.6%) were classified as type IVa and 253 (9.4%) as type IVb. The 5-year survival rate of patients with type IVa who underwent curative gastrectomy was 36.0%; of patients with type IVb it was 17.5%. The difference in these survival rates was statistically significant. Between types IVa and IVb, there were no significant differences with respect to serosal invasion, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, and age and sex distribution. Therefore, other clinical and/or biological factors should be considered as reasons for the difference in the survival rates between these two groups. From this point of view, subdivision Borrmann's type IV is useful in evaluating the postoperative prognosis. PMID- 6651307 TI - [THP-adriamycin in head and neck tumor]. AB - Primary effects and side-effects of a new anthracycline antineoplastic agent, THP adriamycin (THP-ADM), were examined in 20 patients with malignant head and neck tumors. According to a classification by tumor sites, there were 6 cases of oropharynx, 6 of nose and sinuses, 3 of tongue, 2 of floor of mouth, 2 of neck and 1 of external auditory meatus. According to the tissue classification, there were 11 cases of squamous cell ca., 6 cases of malignant lymphoma, each one case of anaplastic ca., carcino sarcoma and adeno cystic ca. There were 16 previously untreated cases and 4 pretreated cases. Twelve cases received THP-ADM by intraarterial injection and 8 cases by the same dose. 10 to 20 mg/body 3 times a week, in a total of 40 to 100 mg. 2 CR, 5 PR, 3 MR and 4 NC in 14 cases with carcinoma, and 2 CR, 3 PR and 1 MR in 6 cases with malignant lymphoma were obtained. Among 12 cases receiving intraarterial injection, 3 CR and 5 PR were obtained. The decrease of WBC counts below 3000/mm3 after THP-ADM administration was observed in 9 cases. Side effect of THP-ADM appeared to be less severe than that of Adriamycin. PMID- 6651309 TI - [Experimental animal information file: Ochotona rufescens rufescens]. PMID- 6651308 TI - [Adjuvant chemotherapy for extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. AB - From 1976 to 1982, twenty-four cases with early stages (stage IE: 18, Stage IIE: 6) of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were treated with combined modality of local treatment (radiation or operation) and an adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of vincristine, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone. Eighty-three percent of patients were diffuse histiocytic type. The most common sites of primary origin were in stomach; 13 patients and 7 patients in nasal or paranasal cavity. The disease-free survival rates at 5 years were 74% for stage IE and 80% for stage IIE, respectively. The result has suggested that adjuvant chemotherapy is a useful modality for extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 6651311 TI - Topical adrenal steroids and patch tests. PMID- 6651310 TI - Leukocytoclastic vasculitis in hairy cell leukemia (leukemic reticuloendotheliosis). PMID- 6651312 TI - Classification and therapy of atrophie blanche. AB - Atrophie blanche usually appears as painful purpuric papules that evolve into ulcerations and, finally, angular scars on the lower extremities. The literature on this subject presents a confusing picture of its causes, pathogenesis, and treatment. From our review of the literature and our experience in evaluating and treating cases of atrophie blanche, we conclude that it is best categorized as a clinicopathologic entity with multiple causes. Its characteristic histopathologic features and clinical evolution indicate that the common pathologic event is occlusion of vessels in the middle and deep dermis. No single form of therapy has been consistently effective for the treatment of atrophie blanche, but drugs that inhibit platelet thrombus formation or stimulate endogenous fibrinolytic activity arrest the disease in most patients. PMID- 6651313 TI - Gluten-free diet in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. Effect on the occurrence of antibodies to reticulin and gluten. AB - In a prospective study of 51 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), the occurrence of antibodies against reticulin and gluten was investigated and the influences of gluten-free, gluten-restricted, and normal diets on the persistence of these antibodies were compared. After a period extending from 11 to 47 months, none of the patients who were eating a gluten-free diet had reticulin or gluten antibodies. The patients eating a normal diet had the same incidence of reticulin autoantibodies at the end of the study as at its beginning, and gluten antibodies developed in some additional patients during the follow-up period. Thus, we have shown that the elimination of gluten from the diet of patients with DH has an important influence on the occurrence of antibodies to both reticulin and gluten. PMID- 6651314 TI - PUVA treatment of alopecia areata. AB - Twenty-three patients with alopecia areata were treated with photochemotherapy combining oral or topical methoxsalen and UV-A irradiation of the scalp or of the whole body. Eleven of 17 patients with multiple plaques of alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis, who were treated with oral methoxsalen and total body irradiation, had complete or more than 90% hair regrowth. Three patients had a relapse. The mean energy required was 505 joules/sq cm. In six cases, topical applications of methoxsalen or oral methoxsalen combined with local irradiation of the scalp were treatment failures. In the patients responding to treatment, the result did not seem to depend on the age of onset or the extent or duration of disease. However, patients with long lasting alopecia had a higher risk of recurrence notwithstanding a good initial regrowth of hair. Few side effects of psoralens and UV-A (PUVA) treatment were noted. The mean follow-up period was 18.6 months after the completion of treatment. We discuss the possible mechanisms of action of PUVA in the treatment of alopecia areata. PMID- 6651315 TI - Sezary syndrome. A clinicopathologic study of 39 cases. AB - The histopathologic and clinicopathologic characteristics of 121 skin biopsy specimens from 39 patients with Sezary syndrome were reviewed. The most frequently noted histologic type was a lymphomatoid subepidermal band infiltrate, composed predominantly of atypical lymphoid cells with cerebriform nuclei, found in 53 (44%) of the skin biopsy specimens. A lymphocytic band infiltrate, characterized by a predominance of small lymphocytes and a variable admixture of atypical lymphoid cells, was found in 47 (39%) of the specimens. Only 18 (15%) of the lymphomatoid band specimens from ten patients demonstrated epidermal involvement suggesting mycosis fungoides. Twenty-one (17%) of the biopsy specimens were interpreted as showing changes consistent with those of chronic dermatitis. Despite multiple skin biopsy specimens, there was a weak association noted between the histologic patterns and the clinical stage of disease or the prognosis. PMID- 6651316 TI - Primary granulomatous dermatitis caused by Rhodochrous. Evidence for a pathogenic role in humans. AB - Bacteria belonging to the Rhodochrous complex are of uncertain taxonomic status. Currently excluded from the genus Mycobacterium, these organisms are more closely allied to Nocardia. Organisms of the Rhodochrous complex have only rarely been implicated as human pathogens. An 81-year-old man had a plaquelike cutaneous granuloma from which Rhodochrous was both cultured and demonstrated in tissue section. A pathogenic role for Rhodochrous causing a primary cutaneous infection is suggested. Specific antimicrobial treatment with doxycycline hydrochloride was successful and there has been no recurrence of the infection after three years. PMID- 6651317 TI - Acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis in children. Report of two cases in male infants. AB - Two male infants manifested a complex of symptoms and signs that we believed represented a distinctive hypersensitivity disease, with features of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis and allergic vasculitis. Both were less than 1 year of age, and both acquired their disease during or after an upper respiratory illness. Each infant was initially seen with waxy and erythematous to slightly violaceous papules that enlarged to form plaques. The lesions developed at sites of trauma and were distributed on the trunk, face, and extremities. Both infants were febrile and had leukocytosis. On histopathologic examination, biopsy specimens taken from the lesions demonstrated a pronounced dermal infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. These lesions responded to treatment with prednisone and topical fluorinated corticosteroids, healed with scarring, and recurred after initial improvement. PMID- 6651318 TI - Excessive growth. PMID- 6651319 TI - Are the number of teeth any help in assessing development? PMID- 6651320 TI - Cows' milk hypersensitivity: immediate and delayed onset clinical patterns. AB - The clinical patterns of adverse reactions to cows' milk were examined in 72 children with cows' milk hypersensitivity. Two main groups were found, according to the time of onset of the adverse reaction--immediate onset, within one hour of milk ingestion and delayed onset, after one hour. Children with immediate onset reactions usually had cutaneous manifestations, positive prick tests, raised IgE values, were atopic, and the reaction was provoked by only small amounts of milk. Children with delayed onset reactions usually had gastrointestinal manifestations; negative prick tests; normal IgE values; were not atopic; had a history of vomiting, diarrhoea, and colic in the first year of life; and a larger amount of milk was needed to provoke the adverse reaction. Placing affected children into one or other category should increase the reliability of interpreting milk prick tests and clinical findings. PMID- 6651321 TI - Diagnostic delay in cystic fibrosis: lessons from newborn screening. AB - Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) by dried blood spot immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) assay is now feasible, but the benefits are disputed. We have studied the symptoms and signs at diagnosis in 48 babies detected during a newborn screening programme, and also the delay between presentation with symptoms and diagnosis in all 33 babies diagnosed at our CF clinic in the two years before screening began. Eleven of the 48 screened babies had meconium ileus, 16 had gastrointestinal symptoms only, and 14 had both respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms at the time of diagnosis. Five of the remaining 7 babies developed clear cut symptoms or signs soon after diagnosis. Thus, 96% (46 of 48) of the babies had symptoms by 3 months of age. Of the 33 infants diagnosed clinically in the two years immediately before screening, 13 (39%) were over 12 months of age at diagnosis. Moreover, the mean delay between presentation with symptoms and diagnosis of CF in these infants was 2.6 years. Our data show that the delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis is far greater than previously supposed and that most babies detected by our screening programme already had symptoms that warranted treatment at the time of their diagnosis. PMID- 6651322 TI - Invalid certification of young deaths. AB - Necropsy reports were traced for 3928 of the 7049 Sheffield children who died between 1947 and 1979. Comparison of these reports with the related death certificates showed important differences in the underlying cause of death in 15%, even after allowing for variation in diagnostic terms and incorrect completion of certificates. Approximately one third of certificates had the underlying cause of death entered first instead of last in Part I, and in 251 (6%), the underlying cause of death was found in Part II of the certificate. There was an overrepresentation of infectious diseases and underrepresentation of malformations, deaths associated with perinatal factors, and cot deaths in the death certificates. Discrepancies were more frequent among very young children and among hospital deaths than home deaths. There was little variation in discrepancy frequency when analysed by parental occupation. A gradual decrease in the proportion of discrepancies occurred during the period studied, but this may be a consequence of a changing pattern of referral for necropsy rather than increasingly valid certification. The historical diagnoses 'convulsions due to an unknown but natural cause' and 'teething convulsions' may be analogous to the current diagnosis 'sudden infant death syndrome'. PMID- 6651323 TI - Avoidable factors in child death. AB - There were 131 deaths among children aged between birth and 14 years during a period of 18 months in one inner London area health authority. One hundred children died in hospital, 23 at home, and 8 elsewhere. Thirty three died of congenital, 46 of perinatal, and 34 of other medical causes. There were 18 violent deaths--16 among children over 1 year of age. Medical and social information, collected from analysis of records and interview with those involved, was considered by a review panel and the following conclusions were drawn: there was scope for prevention of congenital disease or malformation in only one of 33 cases; with routine pathological investigation the cause of death in postperinatal infancy was usually unclear--more detailed pathological investigation should be routinely available for the investigation of deaths in the first year of life; there were possible management failures in four of 8 non malignant medical deaths in older children; malignant disease was promptly diagnosed; fatal accidents were almost entirely restricted to the children of families under marked psychosocial stress; and there was some evidence of faulty communication between health agencies and of the inappropriate routing of emergency admissions. PMID- 6651324 TI - Pattern of illnesses before cot deaths. AB - The reasons for referral to hospital of 147 babies subsequently included in the DHSS study of postneonatal infant mortality were analysed and compared with those of 104 control infants. Although similar numbers were seen as outpatients, 71 (16%) of the babies who died unexpectedly, but only 28 controls had previously been admitted to hospital. The excess was explained by acute infections, loss of consciousness, possible child abuse, and failure to thrive for non-organic reasons. The average length of admission was almost twice that required by controls, and 31% were admitted more than once. The admissions were often clues to important family problems that might have been investigated further. There were no admissions for unexplained apnoea and 'near miss' cot deaths may not therefore represent a suitable model for the investigation of most unexpected deaths during infancy. PMID- 6651325 TI - Recurrent abdominal pain: a psychogenic disorder? AB - A controlled study of 30 children with recurrent abdominal pain and 30 pain free children failed to show any statistically significant differences between the groups on a variety of psychological variables thought to be associated with psychogenicity. A psychogenic basis has often been assumed as the cause in diagnosis of recurrent abdominal pain when clinical examination and laboratory tests show no organic or medical reason. We emphasise that establishing a psychogenic cause is only indicated where there is positive evidence for psychological factors such as family or school stress, extreme personality characteristics, or modelling of family pain behaviour. PMID- 6651326 TI - Pulmonary compliance in sick low birthweight infants. How reliable is the measurement of oesophageal pressure? AB - Measurements of dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) were made on 42 occasions in a group of 15 intubated very low birthweight infants with respiratory distress syndrome, using an oesophageal balloon and pneumotachograph system. Values of Cdyn were compared with those of total respiratory system compliance (Crs) using an occlusion technique. Ten very low birthweight infants with no respiratory disease were similarly studied while breathing through a facemask. The occlusion tests for oesophageal balloon assessment were unsatisfactory in 14 of 15 intubated infants, but in only 3 of the 10 normal infants. Values of Cdyn were poorly reproducible and correlated poorly with Crs. We conclude that in sick intubated preterm infants oesophageal pressure (and hence Cdyn) cannot be reliably measured, but that Crs may be a useful parameter of lung stiffness. PMID- 6651327 TI - Incidence of potentially toxic concentrations of gentamicin in the neonate. AB - The incidence of putatively toxic serum concentrations and the factors influencing their occurrence were investigated in a study of 91 neonates receiving parenteral gentamicin twice daily at a dose of mean (SD) 5.5 (0.1) mg/kg/day. Most neonates were preterm and of low birthweight. Serum concentrations, area under the curve (AUC), and clearance were calculated. Potentially toxic trough concentrations (greater than 2 mg/l) were recorded in 57 of 91 (63%) neonates; 24 of these had trough concentrations greater than 3 mg/l. These babies were of a significantly lower gestational age and were younger than the remainder of the population. Toxic trough concentrations were not accompanied by raised peak serum values. A wide variation in all pharmacokinetic variables was observed. Peak serum concentration was most highly correlated with dose, while trough concentration, AUC, and clearance were more dependent on postnatal age. Clearance of gentamicin decreased significantly with increasing serum urea and creatinine concentrations. Preterm neonates in the first week of life are likely to develop potentially toxic serum concentrations when receiving the currently recommended dose of gentamicin (5-6 mg/kg/day). To prevent accumulation the dosage interval may need to be increased to 18 hours in these babies. PMID- 6651328 TI - Cerebral abscess in the under 6 month age group. AB - Cerebral abscess is rare in children under 6 months of age but is associated with high mortality and morbidity. We report the 12 cases admitted to this hospital in the past 20 years and review the published reports on cerebral abscess in infancy and childhood. Although mortality associated with cerebral abscess in infancy has improved, morbidity is still high. We recommend that all infants aged under 6 months presenting with bacterial meningitis have a computed tomogram or ultrasound examination to exclude cerebral abscess and hydrocephalus. PMID- 6651330 TI - Pyrexia after diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis and diphtheria/tetanus vaccines. AB - The temperatures of 587 children were taken before and after diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis (DTP) or diphtheria/tetanus (DT) vaccine. Only slight temperature increases were found but these were notably more frequent after plain than adsorbed DTP vaccine preparations and the frequency increased with each successive dose. PMID- 6651331 TI - Muscle involvement in Schonlein-Henoch syndrome. AB - Three patients with Schonlein-Henoch syndrome developed severe muscle pain in the legs. The pain, so severe that they were bedridden, subsided within a few days and was caused, we believe, by bleeding into the leg muscles. PMID- 6651329 TI - Metabolic response to carnitine in methylmalonic aciduria. An effective strategy for elimination of propionyl groups. AB - Patients with methylmalonic aciduria have an excessive intramitochondrial accumulation of acylcoenzyme A compounds that may reduce the availability of free coenzyme A (CoA) for normal metabolic requirements, producing profound metabolic disturbances. Giving carnitine to a patient with methylmalonic aciduria produced an increase in hippurate excretion (an index of intramitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and CoA availability), a large increase in short chain urinary acylcarnitines, and a reduction in excretion of methylmalonate and methylcitrate. These acylcarnitines were shown by fast atom bombardment and B/E linked scan mass spectrometry to be propionylcarnitine and acetylcarnitine. Carnitine acts by removing (detoxifying) propionyl groups, thereby releasing CoA and restoring ATP biosynthesis and concentrations towards normal. L-carnitine may play a central role in maintenance of mitochondrial and cellular homoeostasis in methylmalonic aciduria and propionic acidaemia. These principles may provide an approach to the treatment of this and other disorders, inherited and acquired, in which accumulation of acyl CoA metabolites results in sequestration of free CoA, thereby perturbing metabolic homoeostasis. PMID- 6651333 TI - Waardenburg's syndrome associated with total aganglionosis. AB - A Pakistani child of consanguineous parents had signs of Waardenburg's syndrome and total intestinal aganglionosis. This association seems to be a distinct clinical entity with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. PMID- 6651332 TI - Visceral leishmaniasis contracted in the Mediterranean area. AB - Two infants who presented with anaemia and hepatosplenomegaly were found to have visceral leishmaniasis. Diagnosis was made immediately after bone marrow aspiration in one infant, but in the other there was considerable delay. Both responded well to a course of sodium stibogluconate. PMID- 6651334 TI - What should the child with epilepsy be allowed to do? PMID- 6651335 TI - Perinatal listeriosis and hospital cross infection. PMID- 6651336 TI - Caseating regional lymphadenitis complicating BCG vaccination. PMID- 6651337 TI - Minimum standards of neonatal care. PMID- 6651338 TI - A histopathological examination of, and analysis for polychlorinated hydrocarbons in, inshore Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). PMID- 6651339 TI - Residues of organochlorine insecticides, industrial chemicals, and mercury in eggs and in tissues taken from healthy and emaciated common loons, Ontario, Canada, 1968-1980. PMID- 6651340 TI - Acute toxicity of butylbenzyl phthalate to shiner perch (Cymatogaster aggregata). PMID- 6651341 TI - Acute toxicity of ten chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). PMID- 6651342 TI - Activity and inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in the eelpout Zoarces viviparus (L.). PMID- 6651343 TI - Acute and chronic toxicity of some chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated ethanes, and tetrachloroethylene to Daphnia magna. PMID- 6651345 TI - Sources of variability in accumulation of heavy metals by fishes in a roadside stream. PMID- 6651344 TI - Concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, and copper in the crayfish (Pacifasticus leniusculus) obtained from a lake receiving urban runoff. PMID- 6651346 TI - Response of laboratory rodents to selected avian delayed neurotoxicants. PMID- 6651348 TI - An assessment of collection efficiency of some environmental contaminants on activated carbon. PMID- 6651347 TI - Mirex in human milk in upstate New York. PMID- 6651349 TI - Asbestos-related mesothelioma: epidemiological evidence for asbestos as a promoter. AB - A series of 144 cases of mesothelioma among asbestos workers indicated important divergences from the epidemiological pattern shown to exist for asbestos-related lung cancer. Consideration of exposure duration and intensity and the latent period between first exposure and death suggests that asbestos does not act as a complete carcinogen, but as a promoter. A threshold seems probable for both duration and intensity of exposure in the induction of mesothelioma. This threshold may, in part, be related to the passage of fibers from the lungs to the pleura or peritoneum, and would, in any case, be masked in lung cancer by the retention of asbestos in the lungs. Reported cases of mesothelioma in immediate family members indicate the existence of an additional factor in mesothelioma induction, acting earlier in life than the first asbestos exposure. PMID- 6651350 TI - Emphysema and other chronic lung disease in textile workers: an 18-year autopsy study. AB - Review of 2895 consecutive autopsies from 1962 to 1980 inclusive showed no significant differences in the prevalence of emphysema or other chronic lung disease between 282 active and retired employees of a cotton textile mill and the nontextile population. There was no statistical evidence that exposure to cotton dust, even after many years, produced emphysema, interstitial fibrosis, or cor pulmonale. The prevalence of emphysema in the series was highest in white males (22.0%), followed closely by black males (18.3%). In white females it was 7.5%, in black females, 5.5%. The prevalence in subjects under age 50 yr was 4.5%; in the age group 60-64 yr, 14.6%; and in subjects 65 yr of age and older, 21.9%. A significant increase in the prevalence of emphysema occurred between the 1962 to 1969 period and the 1970 to 1980 period. PMID- 6651351 TI - Byssinosis, emphysema, and mortality of American textile workers. PMID- 6651352 TI - Response to ozone in volunteers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - Twenty-eight volunteers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were exposed to 0.0, 0.18, and 0.25 ppm ozone in purified air for 1-hr periods with light intermittent exercise, with exposure conditions presented in random order at 1 month intervals. No statistically significant changes attributable to ozone were found in forced expiratory performance or percent oxyhemoglobin (measured near the beginning and end of each exposure). No ozone-related changes in clinical status were found by interviews that included the time for 1 wk before to 1 wk after each exposure, except that a moderate increase in lower respiratory symptoms was reported by nonsmokers in 0.18 ppm exposures only. Thus, a slight decrement in hemoglobin saturation with ozone exposure (reported in two previous studies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects) may not be a common occurrence under typical ambient exposure conditions. PMID- 6651353 TI - Heavy metal exposure in populations living around zinc and copper smelters. AB - Arsenic, cadmium, and lead levels were determined simultaneously in multiple environmental media and human tissues in two zinc smelter (Bartlesville, Oklahoma and Palmerton, Pennsylvania) and two copper smelter (Ajo, Arizona and Anaconda, Montana) communities. Environmental media sampled included air, soil, household dust, and tap water; human samples included hair, blood, and urine. Between 200 and 300 residents from various age groups (1-5, 6-18, 20-40, and 60 + yr) were sampled in 1978 and 1979 and completed questionnaires in each of the four communities. Samples for all media were selected under a probability sampling framework at various distances from the smelters. Results of this investigation indicated that increased environmental levels and body burdens were exhibited at distances closest to the smelters. Of the three tissues sampled, hair was the most useful in determining relationships between environmental metal levels, distance, and body burden. Furthermore, while there was evidence that all ages had hair metal levels that were related to environmental levels and distance from the smelter, these relationships were much more pronounced for the 1- to 5-yr-old age group. The 1 to 5 yr olds also had the highest tissue metal levels across age groups. Higher hair metal levels were also found for males; smokers; children who ate paint, dirt, or clay; and for individuals who spent more time out of doors. PMID- 6651354 TI - Lead, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and ferritin levels in cord blood. AB - A pilot study was initiated to examine cord blood from approximately 300 newborns of various ethnic groups from two New York City hospitals for lead (Pb), erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP), ferritin (FRT), and hemoglobin (Hb) levels during 1979 and 1980. Results showed an overall mean Pb level of 8 +/- 4 micrograms/dl, EP level of 61 +/- 26 micrograms/dl [geometric mean (GM) = 66.36], FRT level of 165 +/- 107 ng/ml (GM = 135.99), and a distribution frequency of Hb with nearly 69% between 13.5 and 16.9 g % (mean +/- standard deviation = 15 +/- 1), 20% below 13.4 g % (12 +/- 2 g %), and 11% at or above 17.0 g % (18 +/- 1 g %). Both EP and FRT showed a bimodal distribution. There was a negative correlation between blood EP and plasma FRT levels that was significant at the .03% level. The study also showed that a significant drop in mean cord blood Pb levels occurred compared with earlier studies. Follow up of newborns with mildly elevated Pb and EP levels should be made and screening of mothers for Pb levels during early pregnancy should constitute a part of prenatal care, particularly for those from urban areas with previously demonstrated environmental Pb hazard. PMID- 6651355 TI - Reversible beryllium sensitization in a prospective study of beryllium workers. AB - Chronic beryllium disease is a granulomatous and fibrotic pulmonary disorder with increased numbers and percentage of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid similar to that found in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Blastogenic lymphocyte transformation (LT) to beryllium salts has been described in lavage and blood lymphocytes in patients with chronic beryllium disease. We conducted a 3-yr prospective study to evaluate the relationship between LT and beryllium exposure and pulmonary changes consistent with chronic beryllium disease. There were 15.9% (13/82) positive LTs in 1979 and 8.2% (5/61) in 1982. Of 11 positive LTs in 1979, 8 were negative in 1982, concomitant with a significant reduction in exposure. A positive LT was not associated with reduced pulmonary function, and no radiographic changes consistent with beryllium disease were identified. We propose that LT in beryllium workers is related to exposure and is reversible when exposure levels are reduced through diligent industrial hygiene measures. PMID- 6651357 TI - [Renal trauma. Radiologic evaluation of lesions of the parenchyma and superior excretory tract. General review. I]. PMID- 6651356 TI - [Subalbugineal orchiectomy. Experimental evaluation of a technic]. PMID- 6651358 TI - [Primary amyloidosis localized in the bladder]. PMID- 6651359 TI - [Tumors of the spermatic cord: apropos of a liposarcoma]. PMID- 6651360 TI - [Urinary immunoglobulins in spinal cord lesions]. PMID- 6651361 TI - [Endoscopic treatment of urethral stenosis]. PMID- 6651362 TI - [Cystic pyeloureteritis. 2 new cases]. PMID- 6651363 TI - [Perineal ectopic testicle]. PMID- 6651364 TI - The hand radiograph as a diagnostic discriminant between seropositive and seronegative 'rheumatoid arthritis': a controlled study. AB - Although traditional teaching emphasises that 70-80% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have positive serological tests for rheumatoid factor, a review of the evidence suggests that the seronegative group has distinctive characteristics. In a blinded and controlled evaluation of hand and wrist films we correctly identified the serological status of 43 out of 46 patients satisfying the ARA criteria for 'definite RA'. The radiographic appearances of the seronegative group differed significantly from those of the seropositive group in (1) degree of juxtalesional osteosclerosis (p less than 0.001); (2) the relative absence of classical subchondral erosions (p less than 0.001); (3) presence of new bone formation (p less than 0.001); (4) more fusion (p less than 0.001); (5) more asymmetrical joint involvement (p less than 0.001); and (6) predominant carpal involvement (p less than 0.001). The nature of the destructive process, as defined radiologically, may be different in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis from that seen in individuals with so-called 'seronegative rheumatoid arthritis'. PMID- 6651366 TI - Relationship between finger and wrist deformities in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that there is a significant correlation between the position of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal angulation in the common rheumatoid hand deformities. Measurements were carried out on radiographs of the hand from 2 comparative groups: 67 patients (134 hands) with classical or definite rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and a control series of 50 adults (100 hands) attending the routine fracture clinic. Rheumatoid patients were unselected and included those with a variety of hand deformities. The results showed a statistically significant relationship between finger and wrist deformities in patients with RA but not in the normal controls. PMID- 6651365 TI - Prospective study of the radiological changes in hands, feet, and cervical spine in adult rheumatoid disease. AB - Annual radiographs of hands, feet, and cervical spine were taken in 100 patients with rheumatoid arthritis from the first year of disease for a mean follow-up period of 9.5 years. Seventy-six patients developed peripheral erosive disease and 54 developed rheumatoid changes of the cervical spine, of whom 34 (63%) had subluxations. The severity of rheumatoid neck damage correlated strongly with the severity of peripheral erosive disease (p = 0.002). Cervical subluxation was more likely to occur in patients with erosions of the hands and feet which deteriorated progressively with time (p = 0.018). The timing and severity of cervical subluxation coincided with the progression of peripheral erosive disease in 26 of these 34 patients (76.5%). The other 8 patients with cervical subluxation (23.5%) had none or only mild peripheral erosions, but their subluxations did not progress with time. There were 9 patients with marked cervical subluxations which deteriorated relentlessly, and they all also had severe progressive erosive disease of the hands and feet. One of these patients developed a cervical myelopathy, and 2 other patients with normal neurological signs had upper cervical fusions performed for severe occipital headache. This small group of rheumatoid patients who are at risk of developing cervical myelopathy cannot be predicted with certainty, but can be selected out at an early stage by performing regular radiographs of hands, feet, and cervical spine. PMID- 6651367 TI - Pyrophosphate arthropathy in the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints. AB - The hand x-rays of group of patients with generalised osteoarthrosis alone were compared with those patients with generalised osteoarthrosis and chondrocalcinosis (CC). An arthropathy seemingly specific for CC could be identified in the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and carpal joints. In the MCP joints it was characterised by subchondral rarefactions, deviation of the joint axis, joint space narrowing, and osteophytosis. Usually only the second and/or third MCP joints are affected. In the carpal joints similar subchondral cysts, sometimes associated with joint space narrowing, were found much more frequently in the group with CC. There was no direct relation with the presence of calcification. PMID- 6651368 TI - Clinical judgment in rheumatoid arthritis. I. Rheumatologists' opinions and the development of 'paper patients'. AB - Opinions about the importance of various measures of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis gathered from a survey of 20% of British rheumatologists showed a wide diversity for all clinical variables. 'Paper patients' have been developed as a method of investigating actual clinical decisions rather than expressed opinions. Assessments based on 'paper patients' correlate highly (r = +0.901) with those made on the equivalent real patients when seen in person. PMID- 6651369 TI - Clinical judgment in rheumatoid arthritis. II. Judging 'current disease activity' in clinical practice. AB - Two rheumatologists made judgments about 'current disease activity' in real patients and 'paper patients' with rheumatoid arthritis. Analysis of each set of judgments provides a model of judgment policy which contains only 3 clinical variables but explains over 94% of the variance in judgments. The judgment policy models differ markedly from each other and from the clinicians' own perceptions of their behaviour. Judgment policy modelling offers a means of improving co ordination between clinical investigators within and between centres. PMID- 6651370 TI - Bilateral rupture of the Achilles tendon in patients on steroid therapy. AB - Three patients are presented who sustained bilateral rupture of the Achilles tendon while on systemic steroid therapy for chest disease; a fourth patient with polymyalgia rheumatica on steroids is also presented. This is further evidence that tendon rupture can be a direct complication of steroid treatment. The English-language literature on bilateral Achilles tendon rupture is reviewed. PMID- 6651371 TI - Serum amyloid-A protein concentration in rheumatoid arthritis and its role in monitoring disease activity. AB - The serum concentrations of serum amyloid-A protein (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP) have been measured in 185 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. SAA and CRP concentrations correlated well (r = 0.86) both within and above the normal ranges, though SAA showed a greater incremental increase than CRP. All patients with normal SAA levels also had normal CRP and alpha 1-AGP concentrations. In contrast, in 40% of patients with normal CRP and alpha 1-AGP concentrations the SAA was raised, sometimes markedly so. The clinical and serological assessments of disease activity in these patients were not significantly different from those with concomitantly raised levels of CRP. These findings suggest that SAA is a more sensitive marker of inflammation than is CRP. The role of the measurement of SAA as a monitor for inflammatory disease activity is discussed. PMID- 6651372 TI - 1 Alpha 2 alpha 3 alpha collagen is arthritogenic. AB - Native 1 alpha 2 alpha 3 alpha collagen (500 micrograms per rat) was both immunogenic and arthritogenic in Alderley Park rats (46% developed arthritis) but only immunogenic in Sprague-Dawley rats. Conversely, native type II collagen (500 micrograms per rat) was immunogenic and arthritogenic in both strains (64% arthritic in Alderley Park strain, 57% arthritic in Sprague-Dawley strain). The inflammatory polyarthritis induced by 1 alpha 2 alpha 3 alpha collagen was similar to that produced by native type II collagen in clinical appearance, time of onset, and histology. Antibodies raised to native bovine type II collagen cross-reacted with native 1 alpha 2 alpha 3 alpha collagen and vice versa. Thus the minor collagen component of cartilage, the 1 alpha 2 alpha 3 alpha collagen, as well as the major collagen component, type II collagen, are immunogenic and arthritogenic in the rat, with strain differences. PMID- 6651373 TI - Cardiac tamponade in acute rheumatic carditis. AB - In patients with valvular heart disease, fever, and cardiomegaly echocardiography is an invaluable noninvasive tool. In this report we describe a young female presenting with cardiac tamponade due to acute rheumatic carditis. Echocardiography showed an exudative pericardial effusion which was haemorrhagic on pericardiocentesis. She responded to steroid therapy with resolution of carditis and pericardial effusion. PMID- 6651374 TI - ESR in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. PMID- 6651375 TI - Colon replacement of the esophagus. PMID- 6651376 TI - Colon replacement of the esophagus for congenital and benign disease. AB - Over the past 28 years, one of us (W. E. N.) has reconstructed the esophagus with the right colon for congenital and benign disease in 84 patients. The first patient in the series, who was operated on in 1955, remains asymptomatic. Nine patients had congenital tracheoesophageal fistula with atresia; 4, esophageal varices; 30, advanced obliterative esophagitis; and 23, corrosive destruction. In 7, severe esophagitis followed esophagogastrectomy; 4 had unsuccessful operations for achalasia; and 7 had colon bypass following esophageal perforation. Eleven early nonfatal complications occurred. Late nonfatal complications were seen in 6 patients. There were 4 early deaths (4%): following dehiscence of an intrathoracic esophagocolic anastomosis and 1 due to peritonitis. Four individuals died over the years, and 5 patients were lost to follow-up. The late results in 71 patients show that 60 (84.5%) believe they have a satisfactory result. Nine (13%) individuals are symptomatic, and 2 (2.8%) must be classified as failures. Early complications have been minimized by using preoperative intestinal angiography, anastomotic stapling techniques, and the Doppler study intraoperatively to prognosticate colon blood flow. Several important observations have been made: anastomosis in the neck is preferable; the transplanted colon dilates from loss of motor activity but is functionally adequate; an isoperistaltic segment is preferable, but an antiperistaltic implant suffices; colonic mucosa is relatively resistant to acid-peptic digestion; and hyperalimentation is mandatory in very ill and debilitated patients. PMID- 6651377 TI - Esophageal replacement with colon in children: functional results and long-term growth. AB - Twenty-three children consecutively undergoing colon interposition for esophageal replacement were evaluated with barium swallows, clinical interviews, and questionnaires. Fourteen patients underwent colon interposition because of caustic burns of the esophagus only or of the hypopharynx and esophagus. Nine children had long-segment esophageal atresia or esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula and are included in our operative group. The mean follow-up was 12.8 years for all patients. Strictures, leaks, and colon ischemia at the proximal anastomosis represent the major morbidity for the operative procedure. Analysis of growth charts reveals that patients who ingest lye tend to remain in the 50th percentile after colon transplant, while patients with esophageal atresia or tracheoesophageal fistula who had been in the 12th percentile preoperatively improved to the 33rd percentile after successful transplantation. Radiographic examinations, functional results, and growth curves demonstrated excellent results in 20 patients. Although the choice of a conduit for esophageal replacement is controversial, the surgeon can expect good long term function and growth with the use of colon in children. PMID- 6651378 TI - Intraaortic balloon pump morbidity: a comparative analysis of risk factors between percutaneous and surgical techniques. AB - We reviewed our concurrent experience with percutaneous insertion versus surgical placement of the intraaortic balloon pump over a two-year period both to compare morbidity and to provide guidelines for the choice of method in particular patient groups and clinical settings. The effects on morbidity of sex, age, emergency placement, coexisting peripheral vascular disease, and duration of counterpulsation were determined. Sex was a highly significant factor, with low complication rates (3/29 or 10.3%) for percutaneous insertion in men and an inordinately high morbidity (12/17 or 70.6%) in women (Fisher exact test: p = 4.611 X 10(-5)). This difference may be due to the smaller size of the femoral artery in women. We conclude that percutaneous insertion is the preferred technique for most men but that direct exposure of the femoral artery should be employed in women. Given the serious morbidity encountered with each technique, there is no justification to broaden the indications for intraaortic balloon counterpulsation. PMID- 6651379 TI - Pulmonary valve replacement for regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. AB - In general, it has been thought that pulmonary valve insufficiency is well tolerated when the valve is excised or when the pulmonary annulus has been widened with an outflow patch during repair of tetralogy of Fallot. However, when pulmonary regurgitation is massive or when it is combined with other causes of right ventricular failure, progressive right ventricular dilation may occur in some patients. Pulmonary valve replacement has not been commonly used in the past. From January, 1980, to August, 1982, 12 patients, 11 months to 17 years old, had pulmonary regurgitation treated by insertion of a valve in the pulmonary position 4 1/2 months to 11 years after initial repair of tetralogy of Fallot. All patients had progressive right ventricular failure not responsive to medical management. There were no major outflow tract obstructions, residual ventricular septal defects, or persistent aortopulmonary shunts. All 12 patients underwent patch reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract that allowed placement of a larger valve. There have been no operative or late deaths, and each patient has had improvement in functional status. One patient required tricuspid valve replacement 1 1/2 years after pulmonary valve replacement to achieve sustained relief of symptoms. Only 1 other patient required subsequent operation; this was for pacemaker lead changes. These early results suggest that in patients with right ventricular failure, attention should be directed to pulmonary regurgitation since this is a component of failure that is reversible; pulmonary valve replacement carries a low risk, and it can relieve symptoms and prevent further deterioration of right ventricular function. PMID- 6651380 TI - Comparative electrophysiological evaluation of atrial activation and sinoatrial node function following Senning and Mustard procedures: an experimental study. AB - We compared several electrophysiological variables before and after Mustard and Senning procedures in 14 mongrel dogs and made the following three observations. First, after the Senning operation, the atrial activation in the areas of the anterior and middle internodal tracts is undamaged. After the Mustard procedure, however, conduction through the interatrial septum is practically abolished. Both techniques damage the area of the posterior internodal tract. On the whole, there is greater dispersion of atrial epicardial mapping with the Senning operation. Second, several degrees of depression in the sinus node automatism and intraatrial conduction were observed with both techniques. Third, atrioventricular block in various degrees was observed only after the Mustard procedure. The atrioventricular dissociation observed after the Senning operation was dependent on sinus pacemaker dysfunction only. We think that from the electrophysiological point of view, the Senning procedure is a valid alternative for repair of transposition of the great arteries. PMID- 6651381 TI - Use of computed tomography to assess mediastinal complications after median sternotomy. AB - Thirty computed tomographic (CT) scans from 27 patients who had undergone median sternotomy were reviewed. A control group of 15 asymptomatic patients was studied either early (within 21 days) or late (46 days to 22 years) after sternotomy. Twelve patients with symptoms ranging from sternal click to obvious mediastinitis also were studied within 30 days of sternotomy. The CT findings were correlated with the patient's clinical course. Imperfect sternal closure (sternal step-offs and gaps) was found in 10 of the 15 asymptomatic patients. Focal retrosternal fluid collections, air, and hematomas were seen in more than 75% of the asymptomatic patients. Retrosternal abscess, presternal abscess, and sternal disruption were noted in 3 symptomatic patients. Computed tomography correctly diagnosed the extent of mediastinal abscess in all patients. In the 3 patients in whom there was a discrepancy between the CT scan and the clinical findings, the scan ultimately was shown to be correct. These results indicate that computed tomography is a valuable tool in diagnosing wound problems after sternotomy because it accurately depicts the extent and depth of the wound infection. PMID- 6651382 TI - Reversed subclavian flap angioplasty for arch coarctation of the aorta. AB - Subclavian flap repair in infants with coarctation of the aorta has been shown to be superior to end-to-end reconstruction. Aortic arch coarctations in 2 infants were repaired utilizing reversed subclavian flaps with good results. The effectiveness of flap reconstruction in less common forms of aortic coarctation in infants is demonstrated. PMID- 6651383 TI - Management of the calcified aorta: an alternative method of occlusion. AB - Clamping an atherosclerotic aorta during a cardiac operation exposes the patient to the risk of embolization of atherosclerotic debris. A method of internal occlusion using a Foley catheter is described that minimizes both trauma to the aorta and the associated risks of embolization. PMID- 6651384 TI - [Use of expired air flow determination]. PMID- 6651385 TI - [Electrical changes in experimental diastolic and mixed overloads of the right ventricle]. AB - The paper describes the electrical changes in 115 mongrel dogs with exposed heart and open pericardium, during the gradual development of diastolic and combined (diastolic and systolic) overloading of the right ventricle. Ventricular overload was produced by means of a constant venous infusion of saline solution: up to 12 liters in 3 hours and half. In all cases, right intraventricular conduction disturbances, of either proximal or distal type, appeared. Right blocks were classified on the base of the topography of the ventricular activation delay. They were correlated with the hemodynamic adaptation. The results of this study allow us to formulate the following main points: 1) Disturbances of the right intraventricular conduction during experimental diastolic and combined overloading of the ipsilateral ventricle, seem to be due to a distention of the ventricular specialized fibers; 2) proximal right blocks are related to a global dilatation of the ventricular chamber, secondary either to a quick overloading or to a decrease in the myocardial capacity for adaptation; 3) distal right blocks are caused more frequently by a distention of the anterolateral portions of the free right ventricular wall, where the right middle subdivision is located. PMID- 6651386 TI - [Coronary collateral circulation: its importance and significance in ischemic cardiopathy]. AB - With the purpose of studying coronary collateral circulation and if it has influence in manifestations, complications, prognosis and mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease, we studied 52 patients, 41 male and 11 female, mean age 56 years, who died. All of them had a complete medical record and were seen with regularity until death. They had good quality coronaragraphy and ventriculography. Post-mortem study was done in all of them. They were placed in two groups: group I (27 patients) who had adequate collateral circulation and group II (25 patients) without adequate collateral circulation. We found that group I patients had angina more frequently prior to myocardial infarction (p less than 0.005) with greater duration (30 months). Complications during the acute phase of myocardial infarction were more common in patients without collateral circulation (p less than 0.001). Although we did not find statistically significant differences, we could observe that patients without adequate collateral circulation have less survival, disturbances in ventricular wall mo-motion are more frequently found and there is more incidence of sudden death. There was no significant difference between the apparition of myocardial infarction in patients with or without adequate coronary collateral circulation. Diabetic patients had less collateral circulation than non diabetics (p less than 0.05). We conclude that the protective role of collateral circulation in ischemic heart disease is established, diminishing complications during acute myocardial infarction and providing for longer survival. PMID- 6651387 TI - [Collateral pathways in patients with univascular coronary obstruction (2)]. AB - We found 10 coronary collateral pathways in patients with right coronary (RC) obstruction. The communication with the anterior descending (DA) through the septum was the most prevalent. 5 pathways were found in the presence of DA obstruction, again the communication with the RC through the apex was the most frequently observed. Only 2 pathways were found in the presence of circumflex (Cx) obstructions. PMID- 6651388 TI - [Pulmonary function in chronic ischemic cardiopathy]. AB - Twenty patients with heart disease were prospectively studied. Seven of them had an old myocardial infarction and thirteen, ischemic symptoms without infarction. Pulmonary function was studied focusing on small airway disease and gas exchange abnormalities. Our results showed that a mild degree of abnormality exists as reflected by bronchial obstruction with origin in small airways, V/Q disturbed and hypoxemia. In 88% these seem to be related to left ventricular disfunction. Twenty four hours after pulmonary function test all patients underwent left heart catheterization with coronarography and ventriculography. PMID- 6651390 TI - [Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans endocarditis. Report of a case and review of the literature]. AB - A case of infectious endocarditis caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans in a young male is presented. The clinical features and the microbiologic data are reviewed as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including the echocardiographic findings. A review of the literature is presented with 23 cases of endocarditis caused by this bacterium. An analysis of the cases with special emphasis in clinical presentation, predisposing factors, complications and antimicrobial therapy is made. A. actinomycetem comitans could be a cause of blood culture negative endocarditis due to the slow growth of the bacterium and the subacute course of the disease. PMID- 6651389 TI - [Surgical treatment of infectious endocarditis]. AB - Fifteen patients with diagnosis of infective endocarditis underwent surgical treatment. They were divided in two groups, the first one in which the infection rested in the patient's own valve, and the second in which the patients already had had valve replacement. Forty percent had a previous history of invasive procedure. Fifty-three percent had been treated with antibiotics prior to admission. Blood cultures were positive in 60%, gram positive germ such as streptococcus and staphylococcus predominated. Echocardiogram showed vegetation in 73% of our patients. The indications for surgery was: lack of response to medical treatment (34%), septic emboli (27%), heart failure (27%), severe renal damage (13%). The mortality rate was 20%. In none of the cases a relapse of the infection was observed. PMID- 6651391 TI - [Echocardiographic study of congenital mitral valvulopathy]. AB - M mode, two dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic findings of eleven patients with congenital abnormalities of mitral valve are described. Nine of them had mitral stenosis and two had predominant regurgitation. Six of our patients had other associated cardiovascular malformations (3 coarctation of the aorta, two tetralogy of Fallot and one patent ductus arteriosus). In none of them, there was demonstration of abnormal echoes in the left atrium. In patients with congenital mitral stenosis the M mode echocardiographic findings were indistinguishable of those present in rheumatic mitral stenosis. With two dimensional echocardiography the anatomy was determined from the subvalvular characteristics and the mitral valve diastolic area. The Doppler study showed increase of the peak velocity of the mitral flow in all cases. We conclude that the M mode and two dimensional Doppler echocardiography are helpful in the recognition of the isolated congenital mitral pathology or when it is associated to other malformations. PMID- 6651393 TI - Supportive exchange: an exploration of the relationship between social contacts and perceived health status in the elderly. AB - While social ties are known to bear an important relationship to health status among the elderly, the components of that association remain unclear. This study explored the hypothesis that 'supportive exchange', or the giving and seeking of advice and other forms of assistance, bears an important relationship to perceived health status. Six-hundred and seventy-eight elderly residents of Alameda County, CA, participated in this survey research study, which examined social ties, supportive exchange, and health status. A strong relationship was found between a key dimension of supportive exchange - the giving and seeking of advice - and self-reported health status. The association between advice seeking and health status was particularly high, demonstrating that advice seeking may be as strongly associated with health status as social ties. While it is important to develop refined indices for the measurement of other dimensions of supportive exchange, this exploratory study suggests that the concept may be a useful one in furthering research on the relationship between health status and social contacts among the elderly. PMID- 6651392 TI - Effect of short-term starvation stress on the age-related changes in hepatic SDH activity of the indian murrel, Channa punctatus. AB - Judging from correlation analysis it is evident that the fed control male and female murrels of the oldest classes have significantly higher SDH (EC 1.3.99.1) activity than the youngest classes of respective sexes. This is true for starved groups also. Starvation for 3 days led to an increase in hepatic enzyme activity over fed controls in three oldest groups (3+-, 4+- and 5+-yr classes) of female. This trend of raised activity was maintained in the same groups even in 7 days of starvation. On the other hand, in the male fish, 3 days of starvation caused an increase in hepatic enzyme activity over that in fed control fishes of all year classes barring those of 0+-yr class. Seven days of starvation failed to produce a significant change in enzyme activity in almost all age classes except in the 5+-yr class where the activity still remained at a higher level over that of fed controls. PMID- 6651394 TI - Ethnicity, aging and society: theoretical lessons from the United States experience. AB - Social gerontological theory in the United States has developed without attention to ethnic minority groups. Recent theoretical developments in the field of ethnic minority aging are reviewed with particular emphasis on the double jeopardy hypothesis that stresses the double disadvantage of minority status and of growing old. It is further suggested that the field of ethnicity and aging can profit from applications of the modernization theory of aging, assimilation theory, and the 'internal colonialism' perspective from the race and ethnic relations literature. PMID- 6651395 TI - Lipofuscin in lymphocytes and plasma cells in aging. AB - The age-related changes in spleen and lymph node lymphocytes and plasma cells of Wistar rats and in the peripheral lymphocytes of healthy human individuals were examined. Similar changes were described in human and rat lymphocytes and plasma cells consisting of mitochondrial lesions. The cristae of the mitochondria disappeared and were replaced by myelin-like structure, lamellar structure, electron-dense and electron-translucent material. It is supposed that this material corresponds to lipofuscin. PMID- 6651396 TI - Biological meaning of the prospective epidemiological study on chronic obstructive lung disease and aging. AB - An epidemiological follow-up study on the occurrence of the chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) in the elderly was carried out in a probability sample of Cracow inhabitants. The research dealt with defining the high risk groups. The health status of the population studied was appraised by standardized interviews and spirometric measurements. Prevalence of COLD was rather strongly related to age both in men and in women but the increase with age was not uniform, being linear below 50 yr and steep in older age groups. The logistic curve appeared to fit quite well to the empirical data regarding the frequency of COLD in relation to age. The overall relative risk of developing COLD estimated by odds ratio was also affected greatly by smoking and by respiratory symptoms. Against expectations, the study showed that the elderly run a substantial risk of developing COLD even without any respiratory symptoms and being a non-smoker. The data obtained indicate that age groups above 50 yr are more vulnerable as the pace of lung function deterioration is much higher than in younger persons. The changes produced by relatively mild pulmonary symptoms like productive cough adding to pre-existing changes caused by aging may precipitate definite chronic obstructive lung disease. PMID- 6651397 TI - First results on the effects of MAO inhibition on cognitive functioning in elderly depressed patients. AB - Elderly depressed patients who met the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) for major depressive illness, were treated with phenelzine, a non-selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor, for a period of 2 to 7 wk, following 2 wk of placebo washout period. Possible pre- and post-treatment differences on the cognitive test battery were evaluated using the Wilcoxon test. Although recovery from depression was obtained in the majority of patients (Hamilton, Global and Self-rating Scales), none of the cognitive measures showed statistically significant changes over the course of the treatment period and the cognitive tests scores did not change as a result of treatment. It is of interest that tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are known to impair memory in geriatric patients, presumably due to their sedative and anticholinergic effects. The lack of an adverse cognitive effect for phenelzine therefore suggests a possible advantage of monoamine oxidase inhibitors over tricyclic antidepressants for the treatment of geriatric depression. PMID- 6651398 TI - Comparison of skeletal muscle motor unit discharge characteristics in young and aged humans. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the discharge characteristics of motor unit action potentials. Three decades of aged subjects ranging from 60 to 90 yr of age were compared to a group of 20-35 yr olds. Motor unit behavior was described by the interspike interval (ISI) and expressed statistically as a mean, a floating standard deviation (FSD), and a floating serial correlation (FRHO). The 70- to 79-yr-old group tended to have a slow motor unit discharge rate, an increased variability of discharge (FSD) and a negative serial correlation coefficient (FRHO). All three factors describing motor unit discharge behavior possibly suggest substitution of larger motor units for small motor units normally active at low tensions for the 70-79 age group. PMID- 6651399 TI - Different protective effects of dimercapto-butanediol stereoisomers in experimental gastric ulceration. AB - The erythro version of 1, 4,-dimercapto-2, 3,-butanediol provided a significant protection against experimental gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin, while it was ineffective in stress ulcer of rats. The threo version of the same compound showed a complete ineffectiveness. It seems that most probably there is a specific receptor system in the living organism where only the erythro version is effective. Moreover, there was a remarkable difference between indomethacin induced and stress ulcer as far as their protection is concerned. Sulfhydryl containing substances inhibited indomethacin ulcer but they were ineffective against stress ulcer. This experimental result provides further data for the difference of the pathomechanism of various experimental ulcers and thus their direct extrapolation to the human disease and to its treatment needs extreme caution. PMID- 6651400 TI - Probable mechanism of action of methyldopa on cholinergically innervated tissues. AB - Methyldopa (200 and 400 micrograms/ml) induced an increase in the responsiveness of guinea-pig ileum to ACh after incubation for 1 hr 15 min. However, no such effect was observed in the case of frog rectus abdominis muscle. It is suggested that methyldopa influences receptor mechanisms associated with cholinergic muscarinic but not nicotinic receptors. PMID- 6651401 TI - Inhibitory effect of ketanserin on ergonovine-induced contractions of isolated canine coronary arteries. PMID- 6651403 TI - Mechanism of 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced biphasic responses of fowl rectum. AB - The present study investigated the mechanism of the biphasic action of 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on isolated fowl rectum. 5-HT (2.6 X 10(-6) M) very often produced a biphasic response i.e., an initial relaxation followed by contraction. Tetrodotoxin completely abolished the relaxatory component and partially inhibited the contraction. On the Remak's nerve denervated preparation (in which the non-adrenergic inhibitory and non-cholinergic excitatory neural elements are eliminated), 5-HT produced only contraction. Lysergic acid diethylamide or methysergide completely blocked the contractile component and significantly inhibited the relaxation. Caffeine, given alone, reduced the relaxation without affecting the contraction caused by 5-HT. Atropine, mepyramine, propranolol, pentolinium or indomethacin did not alter the biphasic responses to 5-HT. Thus, it is concluded that the 5-HT-induced relaxation is mediated by non-adrenergic inhibitory neurons, while the contractions of the fowl rectum are partly due to a direct myogenic action and partly mediated by an indirect stimulation of non-cholinergic excitatory neurons. PMID- 6651402 TI - Effect of Ca2+-entry blockade and serotonergic antagonism on contractions of hypoxic isolated canine coronary arteries. AB - Lidoflazine, flunarizine, and R 51 469 antagonized contractions of isolated canine coronary arteries caused by depolarizing solution or 5-hydroxytryptamine, and the further increase in tension caused by hypoxia during such contractions. The 5-HT2-antagonist ketanserin, but not methysergide, antagonized contractions induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine, but not those by high K+; it reduced further increases in tension caused by hypoxia only during contractions caused by 5 hydroxytryptamine. Augmentation by hypoxia of coronary vasoconstriction appears to be a Ca2+-dependent phenomenon. PMID- 6651405 TI - Effects of oral phosphatidylcholine on mouse brain choline and acetylcholine. AB - Oral phosphatidylcholine (PC) in a dose of 250 mg/kg choline equivalent, was given 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hr prior to brain assay to groups of fasted mice. The animals were then killed by focused microwave irradiation to the head and brain choline (Ch) and acetylcholine (ACh) assayed by chemical demethylation using gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorous (GC-NP) detection. Mouse brain Ch levels increased significantly at 4 (P less than .001) and 8 (P less than .01) hr after PC administration. However, there was no change in mouse brain ACh. When this experiment was repeated in a second series of animals at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hr pretreatment with PC, only the 6 hr pretreatment showed a significant increase in brain Ch (P less than .01). The effects of PC administration to alter the known ACh depleting effects of scopolamine were also determined by giving PC orally 4 hr before and scopolamine, 0.1, 0.32, and 1 mg/kg, one hr before microwave irradiation. The known depleting effects of scopolamine pretreatment on brain ACh were confirmed (P less than .001). A large dose (1 mg/kg) of scopolamine also caused a decrease in brain Ch (P less than .001). Pretreatment with PC reversed the depletion of brain Ch induced by scopolamine but had no effect on depleted brain ACh. The results indicate that, although mouse brain Ch can be increased by oral PC, there is no effect on mouse brain ACh. PMID- 6651404 TI - Effect of chronic nicotine pre-treatment on phencyclidine (PCP) disposition in the rat. AB - Disposition of [3H] phencyclidine (5 mg kg-1 i.p.) in brain, liver and plasma of rats treated chronically with 0.9% saline or nicotine (1 mg kg-1 s.c. twice a day for 11 days) was studied using a method possessing high sensitivity and specificity for PCP. No significant differences were observed in the values of PCP in plasma and tissues and in brain or liver to plasma PCP concentration ratios in the 2 groups 0.5, 1, 2 hr after [3H] PCP injection. With the exception of the value of PCP metabolites in plasma at 0.5 hr, the PCP metabolites concentrations were also not significantly different in the 2 groups. Data suggested that chronic nicotine pretreatment of rats did not affect the disposition of PCP and the potentiation of PCP-induced locomotor stimulant effects by nicotine possibly involves the additive pharmacodynamic interaction of 2 compounds at the level of the central nervous system. PMID- 6651406 TI - The influence of paracetamol on the anti-inflammatory, the anti-pyretic and the analgesic activity of indomethacin. AB - Interactions between indomethacin (INDO) and paracetamol (PAR) with regard to their anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities were studied in rats. The anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic effects of INDO and PAR were additive. Although antagonism was observed in the analgesic test, the effect of the combination was not inferior to that of PAR alone. PMID- 6651407 TI - The inhibitory effect of dopaminomimetics on nerve stimulation-induced vasoconstriction of the cat's carotid artery. AB - The experiments were carried out in cats anaesthetized with chloralose and urethane. The preganglionic sympathetic nerve was stimulated and blood flow in the common carotid artery and the contractions of the nictitating membrane were recorded. Three intravenously given dopaminomimetics inhibited the vasoconstriction and nictitating membrane contractions induced by nerve stimulation. The rank order of the drugs was: bromocriptine greater than apomorphine greater than piribedil. The relative potencies on carotid blood flow were 100:30:3.1, respectively. The presynaptic site of activity was discussed. PMID- 6651408 TI - Changes in morphine pharmacokinetics in nervous and peripheral tissues following different schedules of administration. AB - The pharmacokinetics of morphine were studied in various tissues of rats subjected to a single dose treatment (SDT, 30 mg/kg), constant dose treatment (CDT, 30 mg/kg daily for 8 days) and increasing dose treatment (IDT, twice daily, raising from an initial dose 20 mg/kg to the final 300 mg/kg). After CDT the elimination of morphine was slow and the drug was present in tissues in detectable amounts for over 24 hr, the area under the curve (AUC) values in the central nervous system increased significantly as compared with SDT. After IDT the elimination of morphine was rapid and the AUC values were decreased several times; in most of the tissues no detectable amount of morphine was present 24 hr after the last dose. The data indicate that morphine pharmacokinetics change after chronic treatment and depend on dosage schedule and that plasma concentration of morphine may not reflect the drug level in tissues, particularly in the central nervous system. PMID- 6651409 TI - The role of a noradrenergic system in the antinociceptive effects of 4 aminopyridine in the rat. AB - Antinociceptive effects of physostigmine and 4-aminopyridine after i.p. administration were studied in rats according to the Randall-Selitto nociception method. The antinociceptive action of physostigmine was not significantly influenced by atropine, naloxone or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. The antinociceptive action of 4-aminopyridine was also unaffected by simultaneous administration of atropine, naloxone or pretreatment by DL-p-chlorophenylalanine. However, 4 aminopyridine was without antinociceptive effect in rats pretreated with alpha methyl-p-tyrosine. It is suggested that the antinociceptive action of 4 aminopyridine is mediated by a noradrenergic system. PMID- 6651410 TI - Alaproclate: further pharmacological evidence for 5-HT uptake inhibition in vivo. AB - Alaproclate (2-/4-chlorophenyl/-1,1-dimethyl-2-amino-propanoate hydrochloride), a new selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor has been studied for its in vivo effects on the 5-HT transmission in rats in the following tests: 1) the flexor reflex in the spinal rat, 2) hyperthermia in rats at a high ambient temperature, 3) rat stomach fundus strip preparation. Alaproclate prevented potentiation of the flexor reflex in spinal rats induced by 5-HT releasers fenfluramine and p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) but did not affect the potentiation of the reflex due to direct 5-HT agonists LSD and quipazine. Also hyperthermic response of rats to fenfluramine was antagonized by alaproclate, whereas that due to quipazine was potentiated. Alaproclate failed to inhibit 5-HT-induced contractile response in rat stomach fundus strip preparation. The results confirm in vivo 5-HT uptake inhibition by alaproclate in the central nervous system, and its lack of blocking effect on postsynaptic 5-HT receptors. PMID- 6651411 TI - Haemodynamic effects of ionophore (X-537A) in cats. AB - The effects of ionophore X-537A in the doses of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg were studied on the blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular contractility, cardiac output, cardiac index, left ventricular work index and systemic vascular resistance in open-chest anaesthetized cats. This compound increased the contractility significantly for 15, 60, 120 and 30 min in the doses of 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg respectively. A dose of 0.5 mg/kg was ineffective in raising the blood pressure. Doses of 1, 2 and 3 mg/kg, however, raised the blood pressure significantly for 60, 60 and 15 min respectively. There was an increase in the heart rate, but significant only with doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg. Cardiac output, cardiac index, left ventricular work index and systemic vascular resistance did not change significantly with 0.5 mg/kg of X-537A. Doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg increased the cardiac output, cardiac index, left ventricular work index and total systemic vascular resistance for a variable period of time. A dose of 3 mg/kg of ionophore produced a decrease in the cardiac output, cardiac index, and left ventricular work index, and an increase in the total systemic vascular resistance and cardiac contractility for variable periods. Most of the cardiac effects did not last for more than 1 hr, and repeated administration had no effect on cardiovascular function. PMID- 6651413 TI - Cytoprotecting-effect of cimetidine: experimental evidence in the rat gastric mucosal lesions induced by intragastric administration of necrotizing agents. AB - Contradictory data have been found on cimetidine-induced gastric cytoprotection. In our paper the effect of cimetidine administered intraperitoneally in doses of 2.5, 10 and 50 mg X kg-1, on: 1. The gastric acid secretory responses in 1 and 4 hr pylorus-ligated rats, and 2. The rat gastric mucosal lesions induced by intragastric administration of 0.6 M HCl, 0.2 M NaOH, 96% ethanol and 25% NaCl is discussed. It was found that: 1. Cimetidine dose-dependently inhibited the gastric acid secretion in 1 and 4 hr pylorus-ligated rats, but a dose of 2.5 mg X kg-1 did not exert any significant inhibition; 2. All doses of cimetidine significantly prevented the gastric lesion development induced by different necrotizing agents (0.6 M HCl, 0.2 M NaOH, 96% ethanol, and 25% NaCl); 3. The cytoprotecting dose of cimetidine was of 2.5 mg X kg-1; and 4. The duration of cimetidine-induced cytoprotection was 1 hr long before the administration of the necrotizing agent. These results suggest a real cimetidine-induced gastric cytoprotection. PMID- 6651412 TI - Mechanism of the hypotensive action of practolol in the anesthetized rat. AB - Cardiovascular effects of acute administration of practolol were studied in groups of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. In some of these animals a strong and long-lasting hypotension was shown, resulting from a decrease in the total peripheral resistance. This hypotension was impaired by preventive propranolol administration, and did not result from a direct vascular effect. Moreover, it was previously reported that practolol induced a strong and long-lasting hypotension in all normotensive and hypertensive rats after blood brain barrier disruption. From these experiments it is suggested that the blood pressure decrease observed in some groups of Okamoto rats may be due to a practolol action on central beta-receptors. The intensity of hypotension depends on the molecule penetration in the central nervous system, and seems to be related to blood-brain barrier lesions induced by genetic hypertension. PMID- 6651414 TI - Relaxation and Ca-spike suppression in circular and longitudinal muscles of hog bile duct ampulla by CCK-C-terminal peptides. AB - The mechanisms by which cholecystokinin (CCK)-C-terminal peptides relax biliary smooth muscles were investigated using circular and longitudinal muscles of hog bile duct ampulla. In normal Tyrode's solution the concentration-contraction curves for acetylcholine (ACh) were in a higher range in circular muscle than in longitudinal muscle. In K+-depolarized muscles the concentration-contraction curves for Ca2+ were in a lower range in circular than in longitudinal muscle. When the Ca2+ concentration in Tyrode's solution was decreased, circular muscle showed concentration-dependent relaxation of normal tone from 1.8 mM to zero calcium, but longitudinal muscle did not show any relaxation. Concentrations of CCK-4, CCK-6 and CCK-7 producing 50% relaxation of normal tone in circular muscles were 19 microM, and 53 nM, respectively; concentrations producing 50% inhibition of ACh-induced contraction in longitudinal muscle were 20, 13 and 47 microM, respectively. The effects of calcium removal on the membrane potential were hyperpolarization in circular muscle but depolarization in longitudinal muscle, although there was cessation of calcium spikes in both muscles. In longitudinal muscle, CCK-4 suppressed spontaneous spikes and evoked spikes. In circular muscle, CCK-4 did not suppress evoked spikes even in a concentration that caused relaxation and hyperpolarization of the membrane. In conclusion, CCK C-terminal peptides may induce relaxation of circular muscle, not by direct suppression of calcium influx during the action potential, but by intracellular decrease in Ca2+ levels probably arising from increased calcium uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum or the plasma membrane. On the other hand, the peptides do not induce relaxation of longitudinal muscle, but suppress only the calcium influx (resulting in cessation of spontaneous contraction). Therefore, CCK-4 may cause a relaxation of normal tone in circular muscle, and an inhibition in the spontaneous contraction, induced by some transmitters, of longitudinal muscle. PMID- 6651415 TI - Physicians should report cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. PMID- 6651416 TI - Needling the thyroid (and thyroid surgeons?). PMID- 6651417 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta and Paget's disease of bone. Biochemical and morphologic studies. AB - Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and Paget's disease of bone occurred in a patient whose brother has Paget's disease. Several other relatives have the dominant variety of OI. The familial occurrence of the two diseases is presumably due to chance and, to our knowledge, has not been previously reported. Examination of iliac crest bone biopsy specimens showed mild changes of both diseases in the proband. Electron microscopy of the bone collagen demonstrated type I collagen fibers, which are reduced in number, decreased in diameter, and stellate rather than smooth in outline. Three populations of collagen fibers were observed in the bone. The synthesis of type I collagen by dermal fibroblasts was diminished in the proband and affected relatives, but it was normal in the unaffected relatives. Since collagen fibers with a stellate outline have not been observed in OI bone, an intriguing question is the effect to the putative Paget agent (? viral) on collagen synthesis in OI. PMID- 6651418 TI - Normal cardiac rhythm during hypocaloric diets of varying carbohydrate content. AB - Cardiac arrhythmias have been implicated in the deaths of 17 morbidly obese individuals subsisting on a collagen hydrolysate preparation ("liquid protein") during a modified fasting regimen for weight loss. Serious cardiac arrhythmias have been noted in three of six subjects studied prospectively within 28 days of starting a similar regimen, which used an inadequate protein source and was nearly devoid of all essential minerals. A comparative study of three 28-day weight loss diets of varying carbohydrate, protein, and energy content (450 to 820 kcal/day) but employing protein of good quality and adequate in micronutrients did not disclose substantial diet-related arrhythmias in five subjects on each of the three diets. The incidence of arrhythmia seen with liquid protein diets is not likely to be related to the absolute energy or carbohydrate content of the modified fasting regimen itself. PMID- 6651419 TI - The esophageal motility disorder of polymyositis. A prospective study. AB - A prospective study of 12 patients with the diagnosis of polymyositis or dermatomyosiois was initiated to determine the characteristics of the esophageal manometric patterns in this group. All of the patients were women between the ages of 30 to 80 years and met three of four of Bohan's diagnostic criteria for these diseases. The patients' conditions were classified according to Rose and Walton's muscle weakness index. Almost two thirds of our patients exhibited distal esophageal dysfunction by manometry. Based on our roentgenographic and manometric data, we conclude that in addition to the well-described abnormalities in the striated portion of the esophagus, smooth-muscle dysfunction occurs with a high frequency in this patient population. PMID- 6651420 TI - Human cryptosporidiosis: spectrum of disease. Report of six cases and review of the literature. AB - Although once regarded exclusively as an animal parasite, Cryptosporidium has emerged during the last decade as a cause of diarrhea in humans. Of the 43 cases of human cryptosporidiosis reported, 27 patients in whom either humoral or cell mediated immune defects were present had chronic protracted diarrhea that was almost invariably unresponsive to therapy and culminated in death. In contrast, 16 patients with intact immune systems had either self-limited disease or were asymptomatic. Animal exposure was almost exclusively recorded in the latter group. During the last six months at University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, gastrointestinal (GI) tract cryptosporidiosis developed in six homosexual men with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis was established histologically in five patients. In four, cryptosporidial oocysts were detected in the stool. In addition to extensive GI tract cryptosporidiosis, two patients had biliary tract involvement. Multiple chemotherapeutic agents failed to control the disease, and five patients eventually died. Cryptosporidiosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diarrhea, in animal handlers or in the severely compromised patient, especially one with AIDS, who has chronic protracted diarrhea. PMID- 6651421 TI - Resolution of recurrent thyroid cysts with tetracycline instillation. AB - Nine patients with recurrent purely cystic thyroid nodules after one or two previous cyst aspirations were treated with repeat cyst aspiration and instillation of intracystic tetracycline hydrochloride. All but two of the patients' cysts resolved completely and have not recurred after a follow-up period of 12 to 50 months (mean = 40). The remaining patients had a partial response that left them with clinically insignificant lesions. The procedure was well tolerated and obviated the need for further therapy in all patients. Cyst aspiration and tetracycline instillation is a safe and effective treatment of recurrent purely cystic thyroid nodules that eliminates the need for surgical excision. PMID- 6651422 TI - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). A review. AB - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a newly recognized disease of unknown etiology, characterized by deregulation of the cell-mediated immune function system and manifested by opportunistic infections, unusual neoplasms (particularly Kaposi's sarcoma) in previously healthy persons. Male homosexuals, drug addicts, Haitian immigrants, and hemophiliacs constitute the group at high risk of having AIDS. The disease is probably caused by an as yet unidentified agent that is transmitted from person to person via sexual contact, blood, or blood products. Available therapy cannot reverse the underlying immune defect. Mortality at two years exceeds 70%. This article reviews the current state of our knowledge about AIDS. Selected aspects of the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, immunology, and etiology of the disease are discussed. PMID- 6651423 TI - Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a patient with multiple risk factors. AB - To our knowledge, we report the first case of a homosexually active man with severe hemophilia A in whom acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed. Alterations in cell-mediated immunoregulation and development of AIDS have been described in both healthy homosexually active men and heterosexual men with hemophilia A. Patients with multiple risks may be more likely to have AIDS develop. Physicians should be aware of the risk factors associated with AIDS; persons with multiple predisposing factors require intensive examination and close follow-up. PMID- 6651424 TI - Pseudorheumatoid subcutaneous nodules and the poststreptococcal state. A case report. AB - A 10-year-old girl with an acute illness fulfilling the Jones criteria for rheumatic fever is described. She had subcutaneous nodules, arthritis, an elevated ESR, and serologic evidence of a recent streptococcal infection. Her clinical course was benign and at ten weeks, the nodules disappeared, the joint pains had subsided, and the ESR was normal. Thus, there was little to support a diagnosis of rheumatic fever. We hypothesize that the patient had pseudorheumatoid subcutaneous nodules coincidental with poststreptococcal arthritis. A revision of the Jones criteria disallowing subcutaneous nodules as an independent major sign of rheumatic fever is proposed. PMID- 6651425 TI - Acute mitral regurgitation after blunt chest trauma. AB - We treated a case of isolated acute mitral incompetence due to complete transection of the anterior papillary muscle produced by blunt chest trauma. The excellent results obtained with conservative therapy suggest that this approach be used in other similar cases. The pertinent medical literature is reviewed. PMID- 6651426 TI - Spontaneous mediastinal hemorrhage. PMID- 6651427 TI - Hepatitis and measles. PMID- 6651428 TI - Pleural effusion with myxedema. PMID- 6651429 TI - Toxic byproducts. PMID- 6651430 TI - Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 6651431 TI - Controlled hyperventilation. PMID- 6651432 TI - [Sexual frustration as motive for homicide]. PMID- 6651433 TI - [Visualization of latent fingerprints on porous and nonporous materials using iodine-benzoflavone aerosol]. AB - A method is described for the detection of latent fingerprints on both porous and non-porous materials employing iodine and 7,8-benzoflavone while using dichloromethane and "frigen-113" as solvents. In some cases the method could be useful for field-investigation. PMID- 6651434 TI - [Radioisotopic quantification of hormone receptors in brain tumors and their clinical implications]. PMID- 6651435 TI - [Effect of a lesion of the dorsal raphe nucleus on the cyclic secretion of plasma corticosterone]. PMID- 6651436 TI - [Effect of L-tryptophan on analgesia produced by stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter]. PMID- 6651438 TI - [Unilateral Moebius syndrome associated with hypoplasia of the contralateral depressor anguli oris muscle]. PMID- 6651439 TI - [Immunoprophylaxis of streptococcal infections in suckling piglets--testing of a streptococcal-staphylococcal adsorbate vaccine for vaccination of sows in advanced pregnancy]. PMID- 6651437 TI - [Recurring polyradiculoneuritis. Report of an anatomo-clinical case. Etiopathogenetic considerations]. PMID- 6651440 TI - [Studies of lymphocyte transformation microtest using porcine lymph node cells]. PMID- 6651441 TI - [Serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae strains]. PMID- 6651442 TI - [Relation between blood properties of sows during pregnancy and their litter during parturition]. PMID- 6651444 TI - [Antimicrobial activity in tissues of swine following subcutaneous administration of turimycin]. PMID- 6651443 TI - [Activity and minimal inhibitory concentration of turimycin against important pathogens in veterinary medicine]. PMID- 6651446 TI - [Behavior and correlation between electric conductivity and other diagnostic criteria of subclinical mastitis as a function of the lactation phase in the cow]. PMID- 6651445 TI - [pH values in the lochial secretion of cattle and its reaction to parenteral and intra-uterine administration of "uterotonic agents"]. PMID- 6651448 TI - [Value of the actuarial method for the statistical study of degenerative complications of diabetes]. PMID- 6651447 TI - [A new external fixation device for veterinary medicine]. PMID- 6651449 TI - [Results of the treatment of Duchenne de Boulogne myopathy by early physiotherapy. A comparative study with untreated subjects]. AB - 163 patients presenting with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) were treated with daily long-term physiotherapy in two specialized centers. This treatment was undertaken at a time when patients were still able to walk alone. II was continued in the centers up to an age when patients could no longer walk alone. As an average, the latter age was delayed from 3 to 4 years (according to the precocity of treatment) as compared with untreated patients. The comparisons between treated and untreated siblings established the significance of the results obtained. These results may be favourably compared with those obtained with other methods. The reduction of the progression of the disease at the level of the pelvic girdle mostly accounts for the gain. PMID- 6651450 TI - [Acute Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis in children. Study of 23 cases]. AB - Twenty-three cases of acute Campylobacter jejuni (CJ) enteritis were studied over a 8 month-period in hospitalized children. 906 fecal cultures were collected during the same period from children aged 1 month to 14 years. CJ was isolated in 33 (3.6%). The authors analyse the epidemiologic, pathogenic, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the disease in the 23 hospitalized children. After Salmonella, CJ is one of the most frequent etiologic agents for bacterial acute enteritis; its pathogenic mechanism is that of an invasion, mainly enteric. The clinical picture consists of diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain, difficult to assess accurately in young children. The disease is usually limited to the digestive tract and recovery occurs without antibiotic therapy. PMID- 6651451 TI - [Joubert's syndrome. Apropos of 5 cases]. AB - Five cases of Joubert syndrome in 2 consanguineous sibships are reported. The characteristic polypnea and respiratory pauses were recorded polygraphically during both active and quiet sleep in 2 infants and only in active sleep in another one. Tapetoretinal degeneration was found in both sibships and a chorioretinal coloboma in the 2 affected infants of the second family. The CT scan images in the syndrome and its differential diagnosis are discussed. PMID- 6651452 TI - [Refractory sideroblastic anemia with vacuolization of marrow precursors and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Study of a new case]. AB - The case of an infant with bone marrow dysfunction and exocrine pancreatic deficiency is reported. Bone marrow dysfunction presented at birth, with a refractory sideroblastic anemia later associated with neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Erythroid and myeloid precursors had a marked cytoplasm vacuolization and very poor in vitro growth. The exocrine pancreatic deficiency was shown by the pancreozymin-secretin stimulation test and by the study of fat digestion. This case report is different from Shwachman's syndrome, but similar to a syndrome of unknown etiology, recently described by Pearson in 4 children. The normality of immune investigations and of the culture of T lymphocyte precursors, in our patient, shows that the bone marrow dysfunction spares the lymphoid lineage. The simultaneous occurrence of bone marrow and pancreatic cells dysfunction suggests either a process acquired during embryonic life, or a gene mutation with pleiotropic effects. PMID- 6651453 TI - [Facial lupus vulgaris caused by BCG]. AB - The authors report on an exceptional complication of BCG vaccination: a case of facial lupus vulgaris, which appeared one year after vaccination in a girl with normal cellular and humoral immunity. PMID- 6651454 TI - [Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by obstruction of the hepatic veins]. AB - A Budd-Chiari syndrome was observed in a 11 year-old girl who was admitted to hospital for abdominal pain and distension, soon followed by severe shock. X-ray investigations, surgery and autopsy showed partial stenosis of the common portion of the left hepatic veins associated with a complete obstruction of other hepatic veins but without alteration of the inferior vena cava. PMID- 6651455 TI - [Legionella pneumophila pneumopathy in a 4 1/2-month-old infant]. AB - A 4 1/2 month-old infant presented with severe alveolo-interstitial pneumonitis needing intubation and mechanical ventilation. Legionella pneumophila infection was established by a significant increase in antibody titers. The clinical picture was consistent with that of legionnaires' disease. No immune defect could be proven. PMID- 6651456 TI - [Cerebral ischemic accident and hereditary spherocytosis]. AB - A cerebral ischemic accident is reported in a girl presenting with hereditary spherocytosis. The relationship between congenital hemolytic anemia and acute vascular accidents are discussed from data concerning other types of chronic hemolytic anemias. The possible predisposing role of splenectomy in this child is underlined and the risk of ischemic accidents in all patients undergoing splenectomy is emphasized. PMID- 6651457 TI - [Hot pseudonodule disclosing a thyroid cancer in a child]. AB - The authors report on a 11 1/2 year-old boy presenting with a palpable thyroid nodule. 99mTc and 131I scintigrams showed hyperfixation of this nodule (hot nodule). Surgical removal showed follicular-papillary carcinoma. These thyroid carcinomas revealed as hot nodules, seem to be exceptional. PMID- 6651458 TI - [Radiologic case of the month: spinal hematoma complicating an epidural angioma]. PMID- 6651459 TI - [An ancestral method to prevent the sudden infant death syndrome]. PMID- 6651460 TI - [Pseudohypoaldosteronism: a new family]. PMID- 6651461 TI - A follow-up and family study of schizophrenia. AB - The Washington University Psychiatry Clinic, St Louis, study began with the systematic clinical evaluation of a cross section of 500 of the clinic's patients. This was followed by a "blind" follow-up of the index subjects and a blind study of first-degree relatives. This report deals with the diagnosis of schizophrenia at index, at follow-up, and among the first-degree relatives. The results indicate that the criteria used for the diagnosis of schizophrenia select patients who show a high degree of diagnostic consistency over many years, although not all patients who meet these criteria after follow-up receive the diagnosis of schizophrenia initially. Most important, the diagnostic criteria select cases associated with a strong familial increase in the risk of schizophrenia (nearly fivefold). The follow-up results indicate also that Feighner-positive schizophrenics often experience intercurrent depressions, but that the presence of such depressions does not affect the familial incidence of either schizophrenia or primary affective disorders. PMID- 6651462 TI - Contribution of the six-month criterion to the predictive validity of the DSM-III definition of schizophrenia. AB - To test the contribution of the criterion of six months of illness to the predictive usefulness of the DSM-III diagnosis of schizophrenia, we compared, from a sample of 121 patients with functional psychosis, those who had been ill for six months or more at index but did not meet the nontemporal DSM-III criteria and those who met the full criteria. We found that while the six-month criterion is an important component, it is not the sole reason for the predictive power of these criteria. Many who met only this criterion had relatively good outcomes, and, as a group, their outcomes were only slightly worse than for the entire series of psychotic patients. Those who met the full criteria had a significantly poorer outcome in terms of both continued psychopathology and social functioning. PMID- 6651463 TI - Hemispheric asymmetries on computed tomographic scans in schizophrenia and mania. A controlled study and a critical review. AB - A major reason for reassessing hemispheric asymmetries in schizophrenics by computed tomography is the methodologic shortcomings of previously published measurement techniques. We used completely blind measurements, multiple measurements performed by two independent examiners of each region of the brain, and an SE of measurement with a confidence level of P less than .01 to define significant asymmetry. The frequency of reversed occipital asymmetry was significantly higher in the 36 schizophrenic than in the 18 manic right-handed male patients. Furthermore, when all of the previously published techniques were applied to these patients, the frequency of such a reversal was consistently higher in the schizophrenic than in the manic group. Further investigation of hemispheric asymmetries in schizophrenics is warranted. PMID- 6651464 TI - Discriminating borderline disorder from other personality disorders. Cluster analysis of the diagnostic interview for borderlines. AB - The statistical technique of cluster analysis was applied to 252 hospitalized patients' scores on the 29 statements of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines. We found that this statistical treatment could reliably differentiate borderline disorder from other personality disorders. Two subtypes similar to Spitzer's schizotypal and unstable subtypes emerged. PMID- 6651465 TI - Test-retest reliability of the diagnostic interview for borderlines. AB - Gunderson's Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) has gained increasing acceptance and use as a diagnostic research instrument. Although previous studies report interrater reliability for the DIB, no attention has been given to problems of test-retest reliability or variability among different clinicians conducting a semistructured clinical interview. This study demonstrated both interrater and test-retest reliability for the DIB when it is administered by trained clinicians. No effects of interviewer sex were found, but less experienced clinicians tended to give higher (more borderline) scores than more experienced clinicians. PMID- 6651466 TI - The borderline syndrome. I. Testing three diagnostic systems. AB - Diagnostic systems require testing on several factors: reliability, comprehensiveness, concordance with established use, specificity, and validity. Three sets of diagnostic criteria for the borderline have been proposed recently: the Gunderson et al criteria, the DSM-III criteria for borderline personality (BP) disorder, and the DSM-III criteria for schizotypal personality (SP) disorder. This article reviews work to date testing these systems on these factors. New data are presented from the retrospective application of these criteria to the clinical records of 400 diagnostically heterogeneous former inpatients at Chestnut Lodge, Rockville, Md; 330 of them also received systematic follow-up by interview an average of 15 years after discharge. Results strongly supported the validity of the DSM-III division of borderline into BP and SP. Although the BP and Gunderson et al criteria demonstrated high concordance, the latter appeared to offer some slight advantages for defining BP disorder. PMID- 6651467 TI - The borderline syndrome. II. Is it a variant of schizophrenia or affective disorder? AB - Recent studies question whether the borderline syndrome represents two entities: borderline schizophrenia (or schizotypal personality) as a variant of schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder as a variant of primary affective disorder. Relevant data are presented from the long-term follow-up of patients at the Chestnut Lodge, Rockville, Md, receiving systematic diagnoses by the retrospective application of diagnostic criteria. Studied were (1) diagnostic overlap at index admission, (2) diagnostic change over follow-up period, and (3) comparative long-term functional outcome between borderline samples and other diagnostic groups. Findings supported the hypothesis that schizotypal personality (as defined by DSM-III) is a variant of schizophrenia but borderline personality disorder (as defined by the DSM-III and Gunderson et al criteria) is not. An affiliation of borderline personality disorder with primary affective disorder is suggested although not conclusive. PMID- 6651468 TI - Saccadic intrusions in schizophrenia: identity with square-wave jerks? PMID- 6651469 TI - Correlates of seductive father-daughter relationships. PMID- 6651470 TI - [Measurements of ion concentrations with microelectrodes on vital tissue sections of human breast cancer]. AB - The transmembrane potential (TMP) was described as a rapidly reacting and sensitive indicator for a great number of cell functions. The present paper reports on the measurement of ion concentration (IC) on vital microscopically controlled human mammary tissue slices. Satisfactory results have been achieved with changed on-light observation in comparison to other customary methods. Whereas a cytoxic effect has been observed with all treatments by means of 3H thymidine uptake, IC-measurements showed only effects with Daunoblastin or distilled water in 4 out of 16 experiments. The effect of Daunoblastin measured by ion concentrations seems to be better visible if the tissue culture medium is exchanged by physiological NaCl-solution (0.9%). Nevertheless the described method cannot be recommended for drug sensitivity testing of human mammary carcinomas in organ culture. PMID- 6651472 TI - [Possibilities and limitations of computed tomography in the diagnosis of advanced stomach cancer and tumor recurrence]. AB - Computed tomography is rarely indicated in gastric neoplasms. Our results of CT examinations in 10 advanced primary gastric neoplasms and in 15 recurrences demonstrate the possibilities and limits of computed tomography in the diagnosis of these diseases. After x-ray examination of the stomach and endoscopy, computed tomography may be necessary in the estimation of extensive tumors for exact planning of surgical or radiological therapy. Computed tomography is valuable in detection of recurrences, especially with extraluminal growth. This method is limited in cachectic patients. PMID- 6651471 TI - [Cardiotoxic and myelosuppressive activity of various antitumor antibiotics of the anthracycline type in the rat]. AB - The cardiotoxic and myelosuppressive effects of the potential antitumor antibiotics violamycin BI (VBI) and violamycin BII (VBII) were studied in rats in comparison with daunorubicin (DAU), doxorubicin (ADR) and carminomycin (CAR). Rats were intravenously given the compounds 10 times for three weeks at total doses of 0.4 to 3 times of the acute LD50. Cardiac toxicity was measured using ECG (widening of the QRS complex), and screening parameters for bone marrow suppression were white blood cell counts, hematocrit and hemoglobin values. Following the drug injections the myocardium and the bone marrow were additionally investigated by light microscopy. With the exception of ADR, all the anthracyclines tested showed a more or less strong dissociation of cardiotoxic and myelotoxic activities. VBI was found to be only toxic on the heart but not on the bone marrow, whereas DAU, VBII and CAR were predominantly toxic on the bone marrow. Only ADR showed strong cardiac toxicity as well as distinct myelosuppression. A final evaluation of VBI and VBII has to include both the antineoplastic and the toxic properties of the compounds. PMID- 6651473 TI - [Value of computed tomography in tumor processes and tumor-like diseases in the maxillofacial region]. AB - The usefulness of computed tomography is assessed based on findings from 24 patients with space occupying lesions of the bone structures of the face and sinuses. Fine needle biopsy performed under CT guidance facilitates cytological and histologic diagnosis. Computed tomography is especially valuable for staging tumor extent in the context of therapy planning but is also useful in detecting local recurrences. Complications of the procedure are also discussed. PMID- 6651474 TI - [The value of ultrasound diagnosis and computed tomography in gynecologic oncology]. AB - The diagnosis of malignant tumors in the region of the female pelvis is very difficult to make so far. The authors present in this paper their first experiences in simultaneous use of ultrasound and computed tomography for detecting malignant uterine and ovarian tumors. Relationship between ultrasound and computed tomography is then evaluated on the basis of own experience. Indications for a CT examination in the pelvic region based on previous ultrasound examination are defined. PMID- 6651475 TI - [Small rectal cancers, treatment and late results]. AB - After a short survey of the literature concerned, it is pointed out that early findings of rectal carcinoma (T1 or Dukes' disease A orCSI + II according to Mason) can be removed locally in the unaffected tissue under observation of the strictest indication by transanal surgery or by posterior rectomy. In this procedure the surgical mortality is 0 per cent, the ten-year-survival can go up to 90 per cent. The own material described comprises 97 patients with an average age of 64.5 years. PMID- 6651476 TI - [Selenium compounds and carcinogenesis]. AB - Starting with a brief outline of the general toxic effects of selenium compounds, their biological importance for the organism as a trace element and with an analysis of the different hypotheses on the action mechanism of selenium and selenium compounds, a survey is provided in which way selenium compounds may influence malignant transformation and related processes in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, observations are viewed on the effects of selenium compounds on spontaneously developing, chemically or virally induced tumors. Based on the data available so far it cannot, at present, be assessed whether selenium and its compounds can be used in the future for chemoprevention of cancer. PMID- 6651477 TI - Purification of peanut agglutinin by affinity chromatography on asialoglycophorin from human erythrocytes. AB - A simple and efficient method of purification of peanut agglutinin is described. This method involves affinity chromatography on human asialoglycophorin linked to Affi-Gel. One milliliter of the packed adsorbent contained 1.7 mg of covalently linked asialoglycophorin and bound about 6 mg of the peanut agglutinin. From 250 g of row peanuts 510 mg of the electrophoretically homogeneous lectin with high agglutinating activity was obtained. PMID- 6651478 TI - Sugar-containing lipids in the classification of representative Actinomadura and Nocardiopsis species. AB - The major sugar-containing lipids of some Actinomadura and Nocardiopis strains- recognized as an important agent of actinomycetoma -- were analyzed by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography. It was demonstrated that Nocardiopsis dassonvillei strains contained two characteristic glycolipids identified as monomannosyl diglyceride and monoacylated glucose. None of them was found in the representatives of Actinomadura madurae and Actinomadura pelletieri strains, which possessed phosphatidylinositol-mannosides as major sugar-containing lipids. The glycolipids of Nocardiopsis dassonvillei seem to be of value in the taxonomy. In connection with this a simple glycolipid patterns of these microorganisms, established by TLC, was presented. PMID- 6651479 TI - Beta-glucuronidase of lymphocytes in ontogenetic development of man. AB - The activity and intracellular localization of lysosomal acid phosphatase in lymphocytes was studied in 170 healthy subjects of various age using semiquantitative cytochemical method. The groups studied included the premature and term infants, children and adults. During fetal development the gradual organization of enzyme-positive lysosomal granules within lymphocytes occurs and subsequent five decades of life are characterized by stabilization of lysosomal apparatus of these cells. In last decades of life, between 60 and 90, the destabilization and destruction of acid-phosphatase-positive lysosomal granules is observed. PMID- 6651480 TI - Lymph node mast cells in athymic "nude" (Nu/Nu) and thymus containing (Nu/+ and +/+) Balb/c mice. AB - Total number of mast cells in popliteal lymph nodes of Balb/c mice is a function of time and Nu gene (complex?) content. The number of mast cells increases with age - in both wild +/+ and in Nu gene (complex?) carriers (Nu/+ and Nu/Nu). The increase in the number of mast cells is faster in the Nu gene carriers than in wild animals +/+ devoid of this gene. In "nude" mice having advanced hepatitis a dramatic increase in the number of lymphoid mast cells was observed. Results obtained deny the importance of thymus in the production of lymphatic mast cells in mice. PMID- 6651481 TI - Immune complexes in children with different forms of glomerulonephritis. AB - The occurrence of circulating immune complexes was tested in 43 children with different forms of glomerulonephritis (GN). The presence of immune complexes was demonstrated in sera of 6 out of 10 patients with GN of hepatitis B etiology, in 6 out of 11 patients with GN of bacterial etiology, and in 3 out of 10 patients with GN of unknown etiology. Immune complexes were not found in sera of 3 patients with Schonlein-Henoch disease, in 6 patients with lipoid nephrosis, and in 3 patients with GN and hepatitis B as a coexisting infection. In a patient with membrane-capillary GN which appeared after infection with hepatitis B virus we demonstrated immune complexes of M.W. 4.0 X 10(6) and 7.5 X 10(5). PMID- 6651482 TI - Strain specific transplantable medullar carcinoma in DBA/2W mice. AB - A solid medullar carcinoma, which arose spontaneously in DBA/2W mouse was passed in vivo in syngeneic and semisyngeneic recipients for ten generations without alteration of its morphology. This cancer, which we named WAMIB, has a relatively slow growth ratio with MST 59 days and can be easily reproduced from cell cultures and/or from cryopreserved tumor fragments. WAMIB tumor is nearly diploid and does not metastasize, does not regress spontaneously and is rejected when grafted into allogeneic recipient animals. PMID- 6651483 TI - Decrease of mast cells in the stroma of human cancer. AB - The number of mast cells in the stroma of human squamous cell cancer -- keratoblastif cum, paraepidermale and male diffusa was 2-30 times lower than in the stroma o-normal squamous epithelium or in the connective tissue distant from neoplastic epithelium. These differences are statistically highly significant. The reduction of mast cel, number apparently might be the result of exhaustion of heparin-containing granules which interfere with tumor growth. PMID- 6651484 TI - Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections. I. General evaluation of the results. AB - One hundred and thirty eight septic cases were treated with specific bacteriophages. According to the International Classification of the Diseases (WHO, 1977), the treated cases were divided to 9 categories. Nearly all cases were long-term infections with antibiotic resistant organisms. Only specific bacteriophages were used in association with several types of surgical procedure. The technique of treatment is described. In 129 (93.5%) cases the results were good, in 9 (6.5%) cases local improvement was observed. It is concluded that bacteriophage therapy may be helpful in the treatment of long-term suppurative infections. PMID- 6651485 TI - Results of bacteriophage treatment of suppurative bacterial infections. II. Detailed evaluation of the results. AB - The results of treatment with specific bacteriophages of 184 nosologic units diagnosed in 138 cases as septic bacterial infections, presented in the first part of this report, were submitted to detailed analysis. The results obtained revealed that phage therapy may be successfully applied in the treatment of septic infections induced by Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Proteus and Pseudomonas as well as of the digestive system infections induced by Shigella and Salmonella. They also widened the scope of phage therapy application. PMID- 6651487 TI - Determination of serum concentrations of some aminoglycoside antibiotics by use of the fluorescent immunoassay method. AB - In serum samples of 20 children the concentration of amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin was determined paralelly by use of conventional microbiological method and fluoroimmunoassay technique. Peak concentration of tested aminoglycosides was observed 60 min after the first administration of the drug. The "trough level" of amikacin was lower than 10 micrograms/ml and that of gentamicin and tobramycin lower than 2 microgram/ml. Serum concentration of aminoglycosides in samples tested by microbiological assays and fluoroimmunoassay test was similar, correlation coefficient was 0.93. PMID- 6651488 TI - Studies on collagenolytic cathepsin activity in rats with experimental collagen like syndrome. AB - Collagenolytic cathepsin activity was determined in the heart muscle, liver, kidney spleen, skin samples and leukocytes of normal and hydrazinophthalazine treated rats Isolated collagen susceptibility to the crude liver enzyme action was estimated as well The products of enzymatic degradation were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An increase of enzyme activity in all studied organs and leukocytes was observed. It has also been found that the crude liver enzyme is able to degrade the polymeric collagen gamma-chains. PMID- 6651489 TI - Synthesis of some new substituted thiosemicarbazides as potential antiviral agents. PMID- 6651486 TI - Morphological changes in organs of mice induced by the combination of adriamycin and pustulan. AB - In CDF1 mice treated with the combination of pustulan (50 mg/kg) and a low dose of adriamycin (10 mg/kg), the profound changes were noted in the liver. They included both destructive lesions in hepatocytes and the proliferation of the RES. Similar morphological changes, though generally less pronounced, were observed in mice treated with a high dose of adriamycin (20 mg/kg). The myocardial lesions were found in mice treated with the high dose of adriamycin or the combination of pustulan with the low dose of adriamycin. Morphological changes in the myocardium, as opposed to those in the liver were not reversible. No considerable changes were seen in organs of mice treated with pustulan at a dose of 50 mg/kg. PMID- 6651490 TI - Duodenal absorption of oxytetracycline hydrochloride in rabbits following admixture of cholesterol esters. PMID- 6651491 TI - [Photocyclization of anticoagulant 6-alkyl-4-hydroxy-2-pyrones]. PMID- 6651492 TI - Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 2-(2-nitroethenyl)naphthofuran and benzofuran derivatives. PMID- 6651493 TI - [Antitumor activity of cis-dichloro-bis-(alpha-amino acid ester)platinum complexes]. PMID- 6651494 TI - [Effect of new pyridinium compounds against selected bacterial and fungal strains. 6. Synthesis of 3,5-dimethyl-, 3-bromo- and 3-chloro-1-(n alkylthiomethyl)pyridinium chlorides]. PMID- 6651495 TI - [2-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-thiochromones]. PMID- 6651496 TI - [Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. 16. 4,5-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-2 cycloalkylthioimidazoles with antiphlogistic activity]. PMID- 6651497 TI - [Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. 17. 4,5-Bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2 arylthioazoles with antiphlogistic activity]. PMID- 6651498 TI - Syntheses and biological activities of some new 4(3H)-quinazolinones. PMID- 6651499 TI - Anxiety in schizophrenic psychoses. AB - Anxiety and depression were assessed with self-rating and observer-rating scales on admission and at discharge in 225 inpatients with hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid or residual schizophrenia. The control subjects were 104 patients with endogenous depression and 63 with anxiety neurosis. The results were also compared with findings for a reference group of 2493 inpatients with a wide range of psychiatric disorders and a representative sample of the general population consisting of 1952 persons. On admission the group of schizophrenic patients was markedly more anxious than the group of healthy persons, slightly less anxious than the psychiatric reference group and much less anxious than the group with endogenous depression and anxiety neurosis. Anxiety correlated significantly with acute paranoid symptoms, whereas depression dominated just prior to discharge, when the acute symptoms had subsided. This indicates that anxiety is a consequence of the underlying schizophrenic disorder and also that the psychotic symptoms may not be a defense against anxiety. PMID- 6651500 TI - Diagnosing borderline. A contribution to the question of its conceptual validity. AB - A total of 437 acute psychiatric inpatients were investigated with the help of a questionnaire containing DSM-III diagnostic criteria for schizotypal as well as for borderline personality disorder and criteria of the Flexible System for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. All patients were also independently diagnosed according to the ICD-9. The clinical ICD-9 diagnoses were compared with the diagnoses given on the basis of the three operational criteria sets mentioned. Patients fulfilling the operational criteria for schizotypal personality disorder were clinically diagnosed as mostly schizophrenic, and there was also a considerable overlap between the two groups of patients, those fulfilling the operational criteria for schizotypal personality disorder and those fulfilling the criteria of the Flexible System for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Schizotypal personality disorder does not seem to be a clinical entity in the sense of a traditional personality disorder. The majority of patients diagnosed as borderline personality disorder received a clinical diagnosis of a personality disorder. The DSM-III criteria of borderline personality disorder discriminated satisfactorily against schizophrenia as diagnosed by the Flexible System and as diagnosed according to ICD-9. On the other hand, there was no relationship between the borderline personality disorder diagnosis and any single of the ICD-9 personality disorder types. The patients fulfilling the criteria of the borderline personality disorder were equally distributed across all ICD-9 personality disorder types. They were also significantly younger than both the non-borderline and the ICD-9 personality disorder patients. The relationship between borderline personality disorder criteria and age might thus be of a greater relevance than the relationship between these criteria and a clinical type. PMID- 6651501 TI - Non-relationship between the HLA system and the senile form of Alzheimer's disease. AB - The 21 HLA-A and -B antigens were typed in 38 patients with the senile form of Alzheimer's disease and 301 healthy individuals. No statistically significant difference was found in the frequency of HLA antigens after correction of P. PMID- 6651502 TI - [Operationalized diagnosis of schizoaffective and cycloid psychoses]. AB - Case histories of 128 patients suffering from functional psychoses were evaluated. The operational definitions for schizoaffective psychoses (SAP) of Kendell, Welner, Spitzer (RDC) and Feighner were applied. Of the 30 cases of SAP based on ICD 8 (295.7), Kendell's criteria were fulfilled in 97% Welner's in 77%, Spitzer's in 70% and Feighner's in 30%. The highly sensitive criteria of Kendell are best qualified for delineating the schizoaffective (sa) syndroms, but have the disadvantage of not requiring a time limitation when examining the longitudinal course of the illness. In this respect, the Welner criteria which also demonstrate high sensitivity were found to be more appropriate for the disease concept of the ICD 8. When using the schizoaffective criteria, a striking overlap was found with catatonic schizophrenia (Kendell and Welner diagnosed 33% as sa), paranoid schizophrenia (Spitzer 39%, Kendell and Welner 28%) and mania (Kendell and Welner 50% sa diagnoses). Of the SAP only 30% satisfied Perris' criteria for cycloid psychoses. Except for catatonic schizophrenia (47% overlap), the cycloid psychoses could be well distinguished from the other psychoses. cycloid psychoses therefore should not form a subgroup of the SAP. Kendell's criteria were found to be best qualified for the determination of the schizoaffective group. A higher specificity of the disease concept SAP may be achieved if we use time limitations such as Welner's. To avoid placing cycloid psychoses in the SAP category, the Perris criteria should be applied. Because of their high specificity, the criteria of Feighner and Spitzer were found to be inappropriate. In DSM-III the definition of "psychotic disorders not elsewhere classified" is weak. It lacks an operational definition for SAP so that DSM-III was not used for this investigation. In order to obtain a more homogeneous population not only in the schizoaffective group, but also in both of the two major psychoses, we find it legitimate to maintain the schizoaffective group and, at the same time, recognize the exceptional position of cycloid psychoses as separate groups. PMID- 6651503 TI - [Biosynthesis of amino acids from glucose in the central nervous system in the Parkinson syndrome]. AB - The incorporation of labelled carbon from glucose U-14C into CSF amino acids was investigated in three patients with Parkinson's disease and in three control persons with comparable age and physical stature. Comparing the specific radioactivities of serum and CSF one can postulate that the labelled amino acids found in the CSF are synthesized mainly by brain tissue. The resorption of glucose into the CNS and therefore the synthesis of amino acids from glucose was more rapid in controls; labelled alanine and glutamine appeared later in the CSF of the patients. As expected, in the controls the specific radioactivity of glutamic acid was found to be higher than that of glutamine, in patients the labelling of glutamine was higher as was that of serine, glycine, aspartic acid and asparagine. From our knowledge concerning the compartmentation of the metabolism of glutamate, we assume that in Parkinsonism the metabolic activity of neurons is reduced but that of astroglia is enhanced. PMID- 6651504 TI - [Vocal cord myoclonus. A case report on the posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]. AB - The present article describes a patient with ischemia in the vascular territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, who developed, in addition to other typical signs of the dorsolateral medulla oblongata, myoclonic movements of the ipsilateral vocal cord. The essential neuropathological lesion is considered to be an impairment of the dentato-olivary system. In this respect there is a close relationship to other types of rhythmical myoclonus due to lesions of the brain stem and cerebellum. PMID- 6651505 TI - The courtship disorders. AB - This study tested parts of the hypothesis that voyeurism, exhibitionism, toucheurism and frotteurism, obscene telephone calling, and at least some cases of the preferential rape pattern are all based on the same disturbance. In Part One, a frequency count of patients referred for one of these activities who subsequently reported having engaged in others of this same class was in accord with the clinical impression that there is a high degree of concomitance among at least some of these activities. In Parts Two and Three, relative preference for anomalous vs. normal erotic interactions was assessed by monitoring penile volume changes during verbally presented descriptions of corresponding situations. Part Two demonstrated that patients who suffered from one of the disorders in question other than voyeurism and who denied voyeuristic activity or tendencies, nonetheless responded more to narratives describing voyeuristic situations than did controls. Part Three showed that exhibitionists who denied toucheuristic activity or tendencies responded more to toucheuristic stimuli than did controls. PMID- 6651506 TI - Parental attitudes about sexual education: cross-cultural differences and covariate controls. AB - Cross-cultural differences in parental attitudes and experiences of childhood sexual education were examined. Parental attitudes and experiences were isolated for study because of their significance as a vehicle for transmitting culturally prescribed norms. The present study also tested for artifactual differences between cultures, in terms of explaining the differences with concomitant variability. Couples with children ranging in age from 1 to 10 were utilized and were drawn from four subcultures (Mexican-American, N = 22, Black American, N = 20, Caucasian American, N = 27, and Japanese-American, N = 18). The most salient and consistent finding was the pronounced significance of the covariate controls (especially father's education and mother's religiosity). That is, although a few cross-cultural effects remained significant despite the influence of a covariate, most of the findings were biased by a concomitant (i.e., demographic) variable. PMID- 6651508 TI - Coitarche and orgastic capacity. AB - In a group of 2,159 gynecological patients, aged 21 to 40, the age at the first sexual intercourse was ascertained and correlated with orgastic capacity during coitus in marital life. All had been married for at least 1 year. Of the examined females, 1,093 who reached orgasm mostly or always during sexual intercourse had their first coitus earlier than 394 women with rare and 165 women with no coital orgasm. The difference between orgastic women and examinees with rare orgasm was significant at the 0.01 level. The difference between females with adequate sexual reactivity and females with no coital orgasm was significant at the 0.001 level. PMID- 6651507 TI - Volunteer bias in research employing vaginal measures of sexual arousal. AB - Demographic, sexual, and personality characteristics of volunteers and nonvolunteers for a laboratory study of sexual arousal were compared. Subjects were 296 female students from an introductory psychology course who had volunteered for a study on sexuality and personality. After completing several questionnaires, subjects were presented with a written description of an experiment that involved viewing sexually explicit videotapes and measurement of sexual arousal with a vaginal photoplethysmograph and indicated in writing whether or not they would be interested in participating in the experiment. Chi square analyses revealed that a greater percentage of volunteers had experienced sexual trauma and that fewer women in this group reported objections to viewing sexually explicit films than nonvolunteers. A discriminant function analysis revealed that the volunteers masturbated more frequently, had more exposure to commercialized erotica materials, were exposed to these materials at an earlier age, and reported less sexual fear than nonvolunteers. Other personality, demographic, and sexual characteristics did not differ across the groups. This study demonstrates that the external validity of studies employing vaginal measures of sexual arousal is limited. Researchers must use caution when discussing the generality of findings based on genital measurement of sexual arousal. PMID- 6651509 TI - Sex-related motor behavior: effects on social impressions and social cooperation. AB - Advances have been made recently in the measurement of sex-related motor behaviors (i.e., sex-typed ways of standing, sitting, walking, and gesturing). While these behaviors are an important dependent variable (e.g., as a measure of sex role), they can also be viewed as an independent variable. The present paper reports two experiments on the effect of sex-related motor behaviors. In the first, videotapes of males and females behaving in extremely sex-typed ways (both "masculine" and "feminine") were rated on a number of dimensions (e.g., sexual orientation, likeability). In the second, male and female confederates behaving in extremely sex-typed ways approached people and asked for their cooperation in filling out a long survey. Females showing "masculine" motor behavior were thought to be more masculine and unnatural appearing but also elicited significantly more cooperation than when acting feminine. Males showing "feminine" mannerisms were thought to be feminine, unnatural, unlikeable, unconfident, and probably homosexual, and elicited less actual cooperation than when acting masculine. In general, cross-sex motor behavior had mixed social effects with females and consistently negative social effects with males. PMID- 6651510 TI - Sexual orientation and sex role conformity. AB - Homosexuals are stereotypically viewed as deviating from the conventional sex role standards of our society. Homosexual males are regarded as effeminate, while homosexual females are seen as masculine. Some limited empirical support for these stereotypes has been reported in the literature. However, results remain inconclusive. In order to provide a further test of these stereotypes, 186 male and female homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual subjects were administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Results showed no significant support for prevailing stereotypes. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between these findings and previous reports are explored and suggestions are offered for future research. PMID- 6651512 TI - Proximal gastric vagotomy. Gold or dross? PMID- 6651511 TI - Sexual life, problems, and attitudes of the prospective Greek physician. AB - A multi-item questionnaire was administered to 82 male and 48 female senior medical students; it addressed questions pertinent to their sexual life, sexual problems, and attitudes toward sex and sexuality. The results are discussed in relation to relevant studies in other countries and indicate that the prospective Greek physician, male or female, is quite liberal and permissive in his or her sexual practices and attitudes toward sexual matters. The latter might influence positively his or her attitude toward future patients' sexual problems. However, a need for specific sexual education is emphasized. PMID- 6651513 TI - Diagnosis and control of posttraumatic pelvic hemorrhage. Transcatheter angiographic embolization techniques. AB - Fourteen patients with posttraumatic pelvic hemorrhage underwent therapeutic transcatheter embolization of bleeding vessels. Six of them were victims of blunt trauma, six had penetrating trauma, and two had iatrogenic hemorrhage. Eleven patients had a celiotomy prior to angiographic embolization, and large retroperitoneal hematomas were evident in nine patients. Bleeding persisted postoperatively. It was initially controlled by embolization in all patients, but two rebled and were successfully reembolized. Two patients died because of traumatic injuries. There were no complications directly associated with the embolization procedures. Transcatheter embolization is a safe, effective method for controlling pelvic hemorrhage in patients with unstable or multiple pelvic fractures whose conditions fail to respond to more conventional forms of therapy. PMID- 6651514 TI - Myocardial dysfunction following blunt chest trauma. AB - We prospectively studied 35 patients with blunt chest trauma using ECG multi gated and first-pass nuclear angiography. Radionuclide angiography (RNA) is a sensitive test of myocardial function demonstrating right and left ventricular ejection fractions. First-pass angiography, in addition, shows left ventricular segmental wall motion, a qualitative as well as anatomic indicator of left ventricular function. We saw RNA abnormalities in 26 patients (74.2%). Eight patients (22.8%) had ECG abnormalities, and these findings correlated with RNA, suggesting that this technique is a very sensitive indicator of myocardial dysfunction following trauma. These studies warrant further experimental and clinical evaluations to determine the cause, significance, and long-term prognosis of posttraumatic myocardial dysfunction. PMID- 6651515 TI - Combined fluoroendoscopic removal of retained biliary stones. AB - Sixty-one patients were referred in the postoperative period for stone extraction through the T-tube tract. In four patients the calculi passed spontaneously. One patient had a papilloma and another a blood clot mimicking a stone. Of the remaining 55 cases, all but three were successfully treated by removal of all calculi from the ductal system, a success rate of 94.5%. No major complications occurred in this series. We believe the combined fluoroendoscopic approach to be the preferred method of extracting stones through the T-tube tract because of the greater precision possible when manipulating under direct vision and the reduction in radiation exposure of patients and personnel. PMID- 6651516 TI - Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheters in children. AB - Based on clinical experience with 35 subjects younger than 21 years of age who underwent continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) during a two-year period at our institution, this procedure was found to be superior to hemodialysis in children because it allowed great freedom of activity and produced fewer complications requiring hospitalization. Moreover, CAPD appeared to be less expensive than hemodialysis, and no mortality or significant morbidity occurred during the 386 patient-months of catheter usage. Exit site infections, peritonitis, and abdominal hernias were the most common complications, often requiring minor surgical repairs. Using a specific operative technique for catheter placement and smaller volumes of dialysate during the first week after placement, these complications were minimized. Thus, CAPD is an effective, advantageous method for treatment of end-stage renal disease in children. PMID- 6651517 TI - Analysis of the prognosis of minimal and occult breast cancers. AB - Of 296 occult breast cancers diagnosed at Kaiser-Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, in the last ten years, 80 were classified as minimal and 167 as nonminimal. Minimal cancers were intraductal, lobular in situ, or invasive and 0.5 cm or less in diameter. In the occult-minimal group, no woman had axillary node metastases, and there were no recurrences. In the occult-nonminimal group, 26% of the patients had axillary nodal involvement, with a recurrence rate of 13% and a mortality of 11.6%. Occult breast cancers differed significantly between minimal and nonminimal tumors in both treatment and prognosis. Nonminimal cancers should be treated as any palpable carcinoma. More conservative approaches could be considered for the minimal group, but prospective controlled studies should be done to determine the long-term risks of such treatment. PMID- 6651518 TI - Heterogeneity of human metastatic clones by in vitro chemosensitivity testing. Implications for the clinical application of the clonogenic assay. AB - To determine whether in vitro chemosensitivities of clones from metastases of human tumors varied, biopsy specimens of two separate metastatic lesions were obtained from 75 patients. Significant tumor growth (greater than 30 colonies per plate) occurred in both specimens in 49 of the 75 patients. Biopsies were performed simultaneously in 22 patients (synchronous) and sequentially in 27 patients (metachronous). Tumor samples were scored as being resistant (less than 50% inhibition of colony formation) or sensitive (greater than 50% inhibition) to each drug. The two tumor samples from each patient were compared for differences in sensitivity after exposure with standard panels of chemotherapeutic agents. A total of 272 individual drug comparisons were possible. Variations were evident in 49 (40%) of 121 metachronous drug comparisons and in 42 (28%) of 151 synchronous drug comparisons. We concluded that multiple metastases of human tumors can vary in chemosensitivity in vitro; this finding seemed to reflect the heterogeneity of metastatic clones. PMID- 6651519 TI - The effect of antisecretagogues on gastric microflora. AB - We examined the effect of cimetidine in altering gastric microflora in patients undergoing gastric resection for peptic ulcer disease. Ten patients had administration of cimetidine stopped at least six hours before surgery. Their mean gastric pH was 2.02 +/- 1.51, and 0.4 +/- 0.97 organisms were isolated per patient. Ten patients were maintained on a regimen of cimetidine and their mean gastric pH was 5.69 +/- 1.80, with 3.2 +/- 1.62 organisms isolated per patient. We reached the following conclusions: cimetidine alters the gastric pH of preoperative patients; cimetidine therapy is associated with an increase in gastric flora; stopping administration of cimetidine six hours before surgery reacidifies the stomach, decreases the number of organisms isolated from the stomach, and decreases the risk of septic complications. PMID- 6651520 TI - Risk of renal failure after major angiography. AB - In 400 patients who underwent major aortography, acute renal dysfunction (ARD) occurred in 11.3%. Of the group with normal renal function before the procedure, 8.2% had ARD and 0.8% required dialysis. Patients with prior abnormal renal function had a 41.7% incidence of ARD, and 8.3% required dialysis as a result of angiography. Vigorous intravenous hydration was used in all patients but did not completely prevent renal problems. Two risk factors not previously emphasized were the injection site (higher risk with abdominal aortic studies) and presence of congestive heart failure requiring treatment with digoxin. Other notable risk factors included contrast load and age. These results emphasized that even with modern contrast agents and application of current concepts of treatment, there remains a risk of renal injury with major angiography. PMID- 6651521 TI - A prospective analysis of nosocomial wound infection after mastectomy. AB - We evaluated the postoperative course of all patients who had mastectomies from 1978 through 1982 at City of Hope National Medical Center (Duarte, Calif). The overall clean mastectomy wound infection rate was 24/294 (8.2%). The incidence of mastectomy wound infection varied with the method of biopsy and was 3.2% after needle aspiration and 9.5% after open biopsy. Mastectomy immediately after open biopsy ("one step") had an infection rate of 5.3%, whereas mastectomy at a subsequent procedure ("two step") had a rate of 12.4%. The maximal infection rate (23.0%) occurred following the two-step procedure when the interval was four to seven days. The infection rates for patients hospitalized three or more days before mastectomy were elevated, but no significant correlation was observed between the infection rate and other demographic factors. We recommend that needle aspiration biopsy be used prior to open biopsy to minimize the need for a two-step approach to mastectomy. PMID- 6651522 TI - Cianidanol ( [+]-cyanidanol-3) prevents the development of abdominal adhesions in rats. AB - Abdominal adhesions were experimentally induced in rats by gentle scraping. Severe adhesions developed in 38.7% of the control animals. The flavonoid cianidanol ( [+]-cyanidanol-3), an in vitro inhibitor of procollagen production, was administered intragastrically or intraperitoneally in doses of 9 to 72 mg per rat. Administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 36 or 72 mg per rat, cianidanol substantially inhibited adhesion formulation, when given immediately, three days, or five days after surgery. Oral administration of the drug was less effective in preventing the formation of adhesions. Thimerosal, another connective-tissue inhibitor, was found to be toxic at doses of 2.5 or 5 mg per rat, and its effect on the prevention of adhesion formation was poor. The ability of cianidanol to inhibit the development of abdominal adhesions in rats suggests that a possible approach to treatment is to inhibit the production of procollagen and thus prevent the formation of the collagenous fibers that are the cause of adhesions. PMID- 6651524 TI - Treatment of Hurthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid. PMID- 6651523 TI - Myocardial adenosine triphosphate levels during early sepsis. AB - Myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were determined in rats given sepsis by cecal ligation. Determinations were made after a set time interval, prior to the onset of obtundent effects and immobility, in an attempt to avoid the well-documented, deleterious influence of hypoperfusion status. The absence of a low perfusion state at the time of myocardial biopsy was confirmed by the maintenance of simultaneously determined peripheral organ ATP levels. Myocardial ATP levels were significantly elevated in two groups of septic rats, one minimally hydrated and the other actively hydrated intravenously (IV), when compared with either controls that had not been operated on or animals that underwent sham operations and were IV hydrated. The relationship between elevated myocardial ATP levels and functional status during sepsis deserves further investigation. PMID- 6651525 TI - Biopsy and mammography in the diagnosis of breast cancer. PMID- 6651526 TI - Effect of multiple administration of orphenadrine or mono-N-desmethylorphenadrine on cytochrome P-450 catalyzed reactions in the rat. AB - Multiple administration (i.p.) of orphenadrine or its mono-N-demethylated metabolite, tofenacine (day 1, 20 mg/kg; day 2-5, 30 mg/kg) results in a considerable induction (50%) of the total cytochrome P-450 content. In addition, approximately 6% of the total amount of cytochrome P-450 was found to be blocked by a metabolic intermediate, formed from orphenadrine or tofenacine. Induction is apparent in enhancing the in vitro N-demethylation of aminopyrine and ethylmorphine and the p-hydroxylation of aniline. Pretreatment induced orphenadrine metabolism in vitro. The metabolism of tofenacine, however, was reduced. Probably this is due to a specific inhibition caused by the irreversible interaction of the metabolic intermediate with cytochrome P-450. In vivo, no induction of the aminopyrine metabolism (30 mg/kg, i.v.) is apparent, i.e., no change in the clearance was observed after pretreatment. This is probably due to the presence of relatively high, inhibitory concentrations of tofenacine (in the vicinity of cytochrome P-450). These results show that during chronic administration of orphenadrine or tofenacine, the in vivo disposition of concomitantly ingested compounds is determined by the influence of induction, high substrate and/or metabolite levels and complexation of cytochrome P-450. Moreover, based on these results an hypothesis is put forward in order to explain the phenomenon of product inhibition, which has been suggested to occur in man under chronic orphenadrine dosing conditions. PMID- 6651527 TI - Adrenocortical response to single and repeated doses of chloroform in rats. AB - The influence of single and repeated doses of chloroform on the adrenocortical function was studied in young male albino rats. One day after oral administration of a single dose of 1.5 g chloroform/kg body weight, adrenal hypertrophy developed and persisted for at least 12 days. The adrenal cholesterol content started to drop 3 h after the application, remained low for 1 day, then increased and remained elevated during the next 12 days. The plasma corticosterone content increased 15 min after the treatment and remained high during the next 4 h; 6 h after the treatment, when the anesthetic effects of CHCl3 had disappeared, it decreased somewhat; after 12 h it increased again, and the peak value was observed after 1 day. This was followed by a gradual drop, and after 8 days it reached the normal level. A second dose, administered 4 or 8 days after the first one, was still capable of stimulating the adrenocortical function. This was evidenced 24 and 48 h after the second dose. The response, however, was smaller than that observed after a single dose of the same stressor. The influence of a single dose of chloroform on corticosterone decay in the circulation 1 and 9 days after treatment, was tested in adrenalectomized rats injected with non radioactive corticosterone, and in intact rats injected with 1,2-3H corticosterone. Results for the adrenalectomized animals were inconclusive, whereas those for the intact ones proved that the treated animals metabolized corticosterone as well as the controls did. PMID- 6651528 TI - Hydrolysis of oleylanilide in the rat. AB - The fate of oleylanilide, administered as a single intragastric dose in rape oil, has been studied in Porton Wistar rats. Following a dose of oleyl[U-14C]anilide approximately 60% of the label was recovered in the faeces over a 3 day period, and identified principally as unchanged anilide. Most of the remainder of the dose was recovered in urine as hydrophilic metabolites. p-hydroxyacetanilide, which is a major metabolite of aniline in the rat was identified in the hydrolysed samples of urine from anilide treated rats. Following administration of [9,10(n)-3H]oleyl[U-14C]-anilide to rats which had been fitted with a cannula in the thoracic lymph duct the [3H] label which was absorbed was recovered principally in triglycerides showing that extensive hydrolysis of the anilide occurs prior to or during uptake from the gut. Oleylanilide was identified in lymph by gas chromatography but amounted to less than 6% of the dose. PMID- 6651529 TI - Protective effect of 9-amino-7-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydroacridine against inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by O-ethyl s-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methylphosphonotioate in vivo. PMID- 6651530 TI - Transplacental movement of inorganic lead in early and late gestation in the mouse. AB - 203Pb(NO3)2 was administered i.v. to pregnant C57BL mice at different stages, from day 8 to day 18 of gestation. The whole animals or excised uteri were subjected to autoradiography or were autopsied for scintillation counting of excised organs. Lead appeared in embryonic and fetal tissues at all stages of gestation. Early (approx. day 8-11) lead was restricted mainly to the embryonic blood, suggesting that free lead was essentially not transferred to the embryo but may have been incorporated in the embryonic hemoglobin when the erythrocytes were formed in the yolk sac placenta (an extraembryonic membrane). From day 12 and later, an uptake was seen in the liver and the cartilaginous skeleton, and from day 14, a strong accumulation was found in calcified bone. This means that the overall fetal concentration increased successively with gestational age of the conceptus. The uptake in fetal liver may be related to the erythropoiesis taking place in the liver in later gestation. While an accumulation of lead was observed in proximal tubuli of the maternal kidney, no corresponding uptake occurred in the fetal kidney. Although lead is teratogenic, causing among others skeletal defects, no effect of inorganic lead in mM concentration was seen on a chondrogenic cell system in vitro. Due to the predominance of lead in hemoglobin, a mechanism of teratogensis based on inhibition of fetal hemoglobin synthesis or function is discussed. PMID- 6651532 TI - Immunization against influenza by the ocular route. Brief report. AB - The immunogenicity of influenza A strain A/Northern Territory/60/68 for mice when delivered by the ocular, nasal and sub-cutaneous routes was determined according to the dose of infectious virus required to induce inhibition of multiplication of a standard intransal challenge dose in 50 per cent of animals per group 3 weeks after vaccination. For mice inoculated by the ocular route, an immunizing dose of 10(2.89) TCID50 per animal was required. For anesthetised mice vaccinated intranasally and unanaesthetised mice vaccinated sub-cutaneously these figures are less than 10(2.0) and greater than 10(6.0) TCID50 per animal, respectively. The lower immunogenicity of virus delivered by the ocular route compared with the intranasal route can be correlated with a lowered capacity of ocularly administered virus to replicate in the murine respiratory tract. PMID- 6651531 TI - The polypeptide of a human calicivirus. AB - Viral particles morphologically resembling animals caliciviruses in the faeces of a patient with acute gastroenteritis were purified, radiolabeled with [125I], and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. A single major structural protein with a mol. mass 62,000 daltons was identified by immunoprecipitation technique. The finding is consistent with human calicivirus-like particles associated with gastroenteritis being a member of the family Caliciviridae. PMID- 6651533 TI - Antigenic and genetic characterization of H1 influenza viruses isolated from feral ducks and swine in Japan. AB - The strains of H 1 N 4 influenza A virus isolated from feral ducks in Japan in 1977-78 were compared to swine-origin H 1 N 1 viruses antigenically and genetically. Homologous characteristics were found among the H 1 N 4 isolates from feral ducks in hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests, viral RNA patterns on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and oligonucleotide mapping. Although the hemagglutinins of duck-origin viruses employed in this study were identified as H 1, the viruses were distinguishable from A/New Jersey/8/76 (H 1 N 1), A/duck/Alberta/35/76 (H 1 N 1) and the virus isolated from swine in Japan in the cross HI test. Also, the viral RNA patterns of the duck- and swine-origin H 1 viruses were found to be quite different, indicating that genetic reassortment of HA genes between them is unlikely. After H 1 N 4 virus of duck-origin was intranasally inoculated into pigs, a brief period of virus recovery with no serological response was observed; whereas swine-origin H 1 N 1 virus produced seroconversion in the pigs inoculated. PMID- 6651536 TI - [The 33d meeting of the Japanese Society of Allergology. Chiba, 8-10 October 1983]. PMID- 6651534 TI - Characterization of viruses which represent further distinct serotypes (PMV-8 and PMV-9) of avian paramyxoviruses. AB - Representatives of paramyxoviruses isolated from waterfowl in the U.S.A., goose/Delaware/1053/76, and Japan, pintail/Wakuya/20/78, were shown to be serologically closely related but distinct from other avian paramyxoviruses. Another isolate, from domestic ducks in the U.S.A., was shown to be representative of a further distinct serotype of avian paramyxoviruses. We propose that, in the current system of nomenclature these serotypes be designated PMV-8, for which the prototype strain would be PMV-8/goose/Delaware/1053/76 and PMV-9, for which the prototype strain would be PMV-9/domestic duck/New York/22/78. PMID- 6651535 TI - Rabies virus in the tonsils of a carrier dog. AB - A female dog, inoculated with a rabies isolate from the saliva of an apparently healthy Ethiopian dog, developed rabies but later recovered without supportive treatment. Rabies virus was isolated from the saliva collected 42, 169 and 305 days after recovery. Sixteen months after it recovered, the dog suddenly died after giving birth to two stillborn puppies. At necropsy, viral antigen could be detected in the tonsils and the brain tissue, but viable virus was isolated from the Palatine tonsils only. PMID- 6651537 TI - "Torsades de pointes" an atypical ventricular tachyarrhythmia. PMID- 6651538 TI - Measurement of cerebral blood flow with ordinary nuclear medicine equipment. PMID- 6651539 TI - Methemoglobinemia in an infant. PMID- 6651541 TI - The law: its impact on medical practice. Transportation expense deductions. PMID- 6651540 TI - Avarice, ennui and onanism. PMID- 6651542 TI - Differential pricing structure on journals: impact on the library budget. PMID- 6651543 TI - [Principles for classification of diseases of a biogeochemical nature]. AB - The principles of working classification of human pathology associated with excess, deficiency and dysbalance of trace elements are presented on the basis of many-year analysis of the literature and own experimental and clinico morphological observations. According to the most important variants of human contact with the environment abnormal with regard to the content of trace elements, the following types of diseases are distinguished: (1) natural, (2) technogenic, and (3) iatrogenic. In their turn, technogenic diseases are subdivided into industrial, neighbouring, transgressive. Among these diseases, monomicroelementoses and polymicroelementoses should be distinguished. The former include fluorosis, arsenosis, berilliosis, cadmium nephropathy, cobalt myocardiopathy, etc., the latter anemias of biogeochemical nature, endemic goiter, tooth caries, urolithiasis, selenium-deficient myocardiopathy, and others. PMID- 6651544 TI - [Morphologic changes in erythrocytes during exposure of the body to cold]. AB - Study of morphology of erythrocytes in residents of the Extreme North of the USSR and in experimental rats after prolonged effect of low temperatures established that the red blood system undergoes considerable rearrangement with the appearance of more marked polymorphism of erythrocytes. Adaptation reactions of the organism are accompanied by juvenation and increased destruction of erythrocytes simultaneously. PMID- 6651545 TI - [Attempt at a pathologoanatomic classification of pulmonary hypertension]. AB - General classification of pulmonary hypertension has been made on the basis of primary and greatest changes in the parts of pulmonary circulation and includes over 50 different heart and lung diseases, as well as varieties described in recent years. The classification consists of 5 main groups: arterio-arteriolar (or "precapillary"), capillary, venular-venous (or "postcapillary"), arterio venous, and obscure. Capillary forms of pulmonary hypertension including diseases with a reduced capillary bed of the lungs as well as varieties of interstitial sclerosis and hyperergic reactions with alveolar-capillary blocking have been restored. A new group of arterio-venous pulmonary hypertensions includes congenital heart diseases and vascular diseases characterized by extra- and intrapulmonary shunts with hypervolemia of the pulmonary vessels. PMID- 6651547 TI - [Pathomorphologic characteristics of the healing process of laser surgical wounds of the pancreas]. AB - Morphological changes in the pancreatic glands were studied at immediate and remote intervals after resection of its tail part by means of carbon dioxide continuous wave laser. Features of the structure of the laser crust and typical changes in the blood capillaries playing an important role in hemostasis were determined by electron microscope studies. Healing of laser surgical wounds of the pancreatic glands is of the type of healing under crust and is usually not accompanied by the phase of purulent melting of laser-coagulated tissues ending in uncomplicated scarring. PMID- 6651546 TI - [Pathomorphology of the mucous membrane of the human nose exposed to high altitudes]. AB - Studies of semi-thin sections, transmission and scanning electron microscopy of human nasal mucosa under conditions of highlands (3375 m above sea level) established that after two weeks of stay at this height disadaptive changes of the nasal mucosa include edema, leukocyte infiltration, destructive changes in the cells of tegmental epithelium and their focal desquamation. Within one month disadaptive changes become a chronic process accompanied by metaplasia of respiratory epithelium into multilayer squamous epithelium. PMID- 6651548 TI - [Pathomorphology of endocrine glands during the latent period of experimental intestinal carcinogenesis]. AB - Pathomorphology of endocrine glands in 62 rats in the latent period of intestinal carcinogenesis caused by 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine was studied. The morphological picture of the latent period includes atrophic changes of the adrenal cortex and the thyroid gland, A- and B-cells of pancreatic insulae and interstitial Leidig cells, as well as severer dystrophic changes of thyreotrophs, thymus epithelium, spermatogenic epithelium, and granuloses of growing follicles. These changes are combined with hypertrophy of follicle-stimulating gonadotrophs, hyperplasia of the body-tissue in the ovaries, as well as accumulation of neurosecretory substance in neurons of paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus, neurosecretory pathways, and neurohypophysis. No morphological changes were found in the latent period in hypophysis acidophilic cells, lymphoid elements of the thymus, primordial follicles and cells of parathyroid glands. PMID- 6651549 TI - [Morphologic features of the structure of the major duodenal papilla in healthy subjects and pathology of the biliopancreatic region]. AB - The major duodenal papilla (MDP) was studied morphologically on the section material from 57 cases of diseases of the biliopancreatic area and from 60 other diseases. Two types of the structure of folds-valves of MDP mucosa were found to correspond to two main variants of fusion of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct. In the presence of a common channel of MDP (73%) the valves are arranged in 3 or 4 layers and each valve consists of 3 cusps. In cholelithiasis, chronic pancreatitis, and cholecystopancreatitis, signs of chronic inflammation in the MDP wall were found in all the cases and hyperplastic changes in half of the cases. In 7 observations of cholelithiasis, a close correlation between the development of MDP stenosis and the degree of adenomyosis and papillary outgrowths of the mucous membrane was established. PMID- 6651550 TI - [Case of trichinosis with a fatal outcome]. AB - Death with trichinelliasis of a 30-year-old man who had used for food raw pork not subjected to trichinelloscopy is described. In the terminal period of the disease there was a clinical picture of ascending polyradiculoneuritis of the type of Landry syndrome which was the main clinical diagnosis. Morphological examinations revealed massive larval invasion of the voluntary muscles, trichinellous myositis, glossitis, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis, trichinellous pneumonia. The cause of death was severe toxicity, respiratory and cardiac insufficiency. PMID- 6651551 TI - [Surgery during the first hours of acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6651552 TI - [Writing a scientific paper. IV - Illustrations]. PMID- 6651553 TI - [Effects of ouabain and propranolol on the mechanical function and metabolism of the ischemic myocardium]. PMID- 6651554 TI - [The regression of the Q waves in necrosis in the development of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6651555 TI - [Cellular morphometry of the crista terminalis of the human heart]. PMID- 6651557 TI - [Mechanical and electrical changes of atrial contraction in arterial hypertension]. PMID- 6651556 TI - [Surgical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Analysis of the technics used on 40 patients]. PMID- 6651559 TI - [Infarction of the right ventricle. Report of a case]. PMID- 6651558 TI - [Subgroups in chronic mitral insufficiency in functional class IV: mechanisms and prognosis]. PMID- 6651560 TI - [Chronic pulmonary embolism. Report of a patient subjected to surgical treatment]. PMID- 6651561 TI - [Sudden cardiac death: a solvable problem?]. PMID- 6651562 TI - [Value of premonitory arrhythmias in the acute phase of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6651563 TI - [Cardiac changes in sickle cell anemia]. PMID- 6651564 TI - [Reuse of pacemaker generators]. PMID- 6651565 TI - [Electrocardiographic changes in snake bite]. PMID- 6651566 TI - [Single hypoplasia of the right ventricle. Report of 2 cases]. PMID- 6651567 TI - [Acute myocardial infarction in twins. Genetic aspects]. PMID- 6651568 TI - [Vertebral fracture during electric cardioversion. Report of a case]. PMID- 6651569 TI - [The ergometric test]. PMID- 6651570 TI - Morphometric study of pre- and post-hatching nerve cell bodies of lumbar spinal ganglia of Gallus domesticus. AB - A cytomorphometric study was performed in lumbar spinal ganglia neurons of Gallus domesticus on the 10th and 18th incubation days and 8th, 35th, 61st, and 120th post-hatching days. The absolute volume of nucleus and relative volume of cytoplasm were respectively estimated by the Bach caryometric method and by point counting volumetry, carried out in 0.5 micrometer thick araldite sections. The relative volume, the surface-to-volume ratio and the total surface of RER, SER, mitochondria, dense bodies, Golgi complex and the relative volume of hyaloplasm inside and outside the Nissl bodies were estimated from electronmicrographs by the Weibel et al. method. The conclusions were: a) there was an increase of the cell volume and a decrease of the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, particularly between the first two ages; b) the relative volumes of RER and SER change inversely with respect to each other: the RER increases before hatching, decreasing progressively afterwards; the changes of relative volume of dense bodies are similar to those of the RER, and the mitochondria show relatively small variations concerning the same parameter; c) the relative volume of hyaloplasm inside the Nissl bodies decreases while those outside increases; d) the surface to-volume ratio drops sharply for all organelles from the 10th to the 18th day of incubation; after hatching, a tendency to increase is observed; e) the membrane surface-to-cytoplasmic volume ratio decreases for all organelles from the 10th to the 18th day of incubation; after hatching, this ratio increases slightly for mitochondria and Golgi complex, sharply for SER, dropping for dense bodies. The RER values alternate regularly. PMID- 6651571 TI - [Evaluation of central and peripheral factors in muscular fatigue]. AB - Muscular fatigue was investigated in 13 healthy people by employing a simple device which comprises a computer on line with a conventional EMG equipment able to automatically measure the frequency and duration of free-run EMG recording. The procedure was carried out in the extensor digitorum brevis muscle by using surface electrodes throughout 10 minutes of voluntary maximal effort. The maximal M wave as well as the muscle response to repetitive nerve maximal stimulation was also explored at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. It was observed a decrease of the potentials frequency discharge and an increase of their duration without major changes in the M wave amplitude neither in the muscle response to the repetitive nerve discharge. The findings pointed out to the central factors as the mean responsible for the development of muscular fatigue. PMID- 6651572 TI - [Evaluation of central and peripheral factors in muscular fatigue in patients with pyramidal lesions]. AB - Muscular fatigue mechanisms were partially analyzed in patients with pyramidal lesions by using a computer device on line with a conventional electromyograph. Both the normal and the affected side were compared with control groups. The recordings were done throughout a ten minutes period and the maximal M wave was also measured at the starting and at the end of the procedure. The findings suggested that central events play a major role in the development of muscular fatigue in spastic muscles due to pyramidal damage. PMID- 6651573 TI - [Ventriculo-lumbar gradient of concentration of total cerebrospinal fluid proteins: 1 - mechanisms of origin]. AB - In normal conditions there is a concentration gradient of proteins along the neuraxis. From a low level in the ventricles, ranging from 5 to 15 mg/10C ml, to an intermediate level in the cisterna magna, the protein content reaches its highest level in the lumbar sac, 12 to 44 mg/100 ml. Several mechanisms were considered to elucidate the origin of this gradient but many investigators think that the progressive increase of the protein concentration is best explained by the transfer of proteins from serum to the cerebrospinal fluid due to the relatively raised permeability of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the spinal subarachnoid space. This paper presents a study of the protein concentrations in cisternal and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with neurocysticercosis in activity. The 11 patients of the first group had free subarachnoid space communication between the cisterna magna and the lumbar sac; the 6 patients of the second group had a complete block of the subarachnoid space between these two levels. In every cerebrospinal fluid specimen the quantitative complement fixation test for cysticercus was performed and the titer determined in order to make an assessment of the central nervous system humoral immune response. The analysis of the data of this investigation shows that the concentration gradient of proteins is evident in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with patency of the spinal subarachnoid space, and the ratio of concentrations of protein contents in simultaneous cisternal and lumbar samples was similar to that one observed in normal individuals. This gradient is also detected when the intensity of the humoral immune response is determined by quantitative complement fixation test for cysticercus in simultaneous cisternal and lumbar specimens. After the onset of spinal subarachnoid block, the confront of the results of the tests in cerebrospinal fluid samples, obtained before and after the blockage, shows a large increase both in the total protein content as well as the intensity of the humoral immune response, in the lumbar level. The similar increases both in protein concentration and titer of cysticercus complement fixation test in the lumbar fluid, in comparison with the cisternal fluid, in patients with patent spinal subarachnoid space, and the large simultaneous and similar increases in both protein content and titer of the cysticercus complement fixation test in the lumbar fluid of patients with spinal subarachnoid block are in disagreement with the usual explanation of the origin mechanisms of the gradient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6651575 TI - [Spontaneous thrombosis of a giant aneurysm after excision of an associated vascular malformation. Report of a case]. AB - A case of a patient with a giant aneurysm of the left middle cerebral artery and a huge arteriovenous malformation hemodynamically related is reported. Complete thrombosis of the aneurysm was observed after extirpation of the arteriovenous malformation as shown by angiography one week, six months and a year post operatively. Reduction of the regional cerebral blood flow after extirpation of the arteriovenous malformation and the natural tendency of these giant aneurysms to partially thrombose were to be the explanation for our results. PMID- 6651574 TI - [Ventriculo-lumbar gradient of concentration of total cerebrospinal fluid proteins: 2.- Influence of CSF drainage by ventriculoatrial shunt]. AB - On a previous paper, based upon the data obtained from comparative studies of cerebrospinal fluid samples of two groups of patients with neurocysticercosis in activity, one with patency, the other one with blockage of the spinal subarachnoid space, evidence was presented that the concentration gradient of proteins along the neuraxis was the consequence of the escape of water from cerebrospinal fluid. The second paper is a continuance of that one. The material for this survey consisted of the clinical records of 11 patients with neurocysticercosis who during the course of the disease presented severe intracranial hypertension which required ventriculoatrial shunt as an emergency operation in order to allow survival. After surgery, it was observed a marked improvement in the clinical picture. Later, it was noticed a large increase in the protein content of the spinal fluid of the majority of the patients, as compared with the results verified prior to surgery. However, in these spinal fluid samples the increase in protein content was observed without a simultaneous rise in cell count, suggesting an improvement in the inflammatory condition. It seems very likely that this large elevation of the protein content in the subarachnoid fluid is the consequence of a reduction in the spinal fluid flow rate due to the ventricle-venous shunt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6651576 TI - [Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria: report of an acute case with favorable outcome]. AB - A case of paroxysmal myoglobinuric myopathy diagnosed by urinary protein electrophoresis is reported. Electromyograph (EMG) study done 20 days after onset of the symptoms demonstrated a polimyositic feature with normal motor and sensitive nervous conduction pattern. A biopsy of the left deltoid muscle performed 3 days after the EMG showed only an unspecific inflammation. The treatment included bed rest, parenteral fluids administration in excess (about 3,000 ml per day) and urinary alkalinization. Recovery started on the 2nd day of hospitalization when the patient showed progressive decrease in pain and weakness; furthermore the patient reacquired his mobility. The myoglobinuria start diminishing in intensity on the third day. The clinical picture of the patient continued to improve in the next 2 weeks, and slow recovery of the muscular strength occurred during the following two months of convalescence. In the present case we were not able to establish the etiology of the illness. Nevertheless the clinical history suggests that infection, allergy and/or parenteral drug administration have had some role in precipitating the disease. This case report reinforces the concept that it is necessary an early and precise diagnosis of this syndrome followed by an adequate therapeutic approach avoiding the unnecessary use of drugs which "per se" could aggravate the disease. PMID- 6651577 TI - [Fanconi's anemia: report of 2 cases in the same family]. AB - Two familial cases of Fanconi's anaemia are reported. The principal case shows the complete triad of anaemia, squeletic malformations and chromosome breakage, while in his brother only chromosome breakages were found. PMID- 6651578 TI - [Polyneuropathy caused by parathion: clinical, electrophysiologic and histologic studies of a case]. AB - A case of 38 year old man who worked with organochlorinated and Parathion during 5 years is reported. His follow-up was up to 2 years. The onset of the disease was characterized by cholinergic signs, headache, loss of weight, trembling, miokimias, fasciculations, ataxia, myotonic phenomena (in hands only) and motor sensitive peripheral polyneuropathy (affecting the lower limbs symmetrically). Low concentrations of blood cholinesterases confirmed the etiology. Myotonic phenomena disappeared spontaneously 6 months after the initial observation. One year later, the concentration of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase was found to be low and plasma cholinesterase was normal, suggesting that the patient was carrier of a congenital deficiency of acetylcholinesterase. In literature relationship between myotonia and intoxication due to organophosphorus was not found. The whole clinical picture, cholinergic symptoms, transitory phenomena and spontaneous motor activity could be explained by an excess of acetylcholine. Electromyography (EMG) in the first observation showed neuromuscular transmission blocking characterized by deficiency or absence of voluntary activity, unexcitability of fibular nerves, with fibrillations and positive peaks as described previously with Mipafox (another organophosphorus agent). During 2 years of observation numerous end-plates potentials of muscular fibres persisted in the EMG. A progressive increase in voluntary activity showed by unit motor potential of almost normal amplitude and very increased duration was observed. No potentials of reinnervation were noted. The results of EMG were explained as disturbances of neuromuscular transmission associated with moderate signs of denervation. The Eaton-Lambert's test and the stimulation of a single unit motor potential confirmed disorder of neuromuscular synapses. The histochemistry of brachial biceps showed scattered atrophic and angulated type I and II fibres. Teased-fibres preparations showed nerve fibres with B, C, and G alterations as defined by Dyck et al. indicating axonal degeneration. These results were according to velocity of sensitive conduction. The conduction velocity of fibular nerves was strongly delayed during all the evolution indicating serious disorders of motor nerves myelin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6651579 TI - A noninvasive determination of fistula blood flow in dialysis patients. AB - Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) blood flow was evaluated in 32 dialysis patients using a pulsed Doppler velocimeter with two dominant features: a range-gated time system and a double transducer probe. With the proposed apparatus, the observation angle between the ultrasound beam and the vessel axis was known. In radial AVF, blood flow was 728 +/- 53 ml/min and was negatively correlated with the age of the AVF (r = -0.62; p less than 0.01). In brachial AVF, blood flow was 778 +/- 152 ml/min. In bovine heterograft AVF, blood flow was 1,225 +/- 125 ml/min. In the overall population, a negative relationship was observed between the diameter of the fistula and the blood flow velocity (r = -0.57; p less than 0.01). The study describes an accurate noninvasive method for the determination of fistula blood flow in dialysis patients, which may be helpful in the follow-up of the regional hemodynamics of this vascular access. PMID- 6651580 TI - Prediction of postdialysis serum sodium concentration and transcellular fluid shift without measuring body fluid volumes. AB - The postdialysis levels of serum sodium concentration, urea concentration, and osmolality, as well as the magnitude of both transcellular fluid shifts and sodium removal, were predicted based on computer modeling without measuring body fluid volumes. A 4-h hemodialysis was performed in five patients at a constant ultrafiltration rate of 0.5 L/h using dialysate with normal (141 mEq/L) or high (150 mEq/L) Na+ concentration. The serum sodium concentration, urea concentration, and osmolality, as well as intracellular and extracellular fluid volumes, were determined before and after hemodialysis. The model predictions without measurement of body fluid volumes were in excellent agreement with measured values, suggesting clinical validity. The model may be useful in clinical practice to control the postdialysis levels of sodium and water content by computerized hemodialysis. PMID- 6651581 TI - Characterization of polypropylene membrane for plasma separation. AB - Plasma separators of two different types constructed with polypropylene membrane were evaluated. Characterization of the membrane indicated that these separators meet the desired clinical requirements for sieving, filtration, and blood compatibility. In vitro sieving coefficients for albumin and total protein were 0.97 and 0.90, respectively. These modules showed a filtration flux dependency on blood shear rate. The ET filter (0.2 m2) had a higher shear rate for a given blood flow and also a higher flux. Based on the anticipated clinical applications at lower blood flows (less than 100 ml/min), small surface area devices having high shear rates meet clinical needs. The higher surface area module (Plasmaflux) also gave a satisfactory performance. PMID- 6651582 TI - Evaluation of membranes for plasmapheresis. AB - Commercial flat-sheet microporous membranes were evaluated for potential use in plasmapheresis with a specially designed filtration module. Significant differences in filtration rates were observed with different membranes. Saline filtration data were not useful in predicting the capacity of the membranes to filter plasma from whole blood. For all membranes studied, no rejection of plasma proteins was detected. No activation or deactivation of clotting factors was detected as a result of filtration. In addition, little or no hemolysis was caused by filtration with the various membranes. Saline, cell-free plasma, platelet-poor plasma, and whole blood were perfused over a track-etched membrane and the resulting filtration rates were compared. The cell-free plasma filtration rate decreased significantly with time, probably owing primarily to protein adsorption in the membrane pores. Cell-free plasma and saline filtration data were used to calculate an apparent adsorbed layer thickness in the membrane pores. Perfusion of platelet-poor plasma and whole blood resulted in time dependent filtration rates that were much lower than those obtained when cell free plasma was perfused. Results of the study support recent theoretical models that postulate that the rate-limiting process for blood filtration is the formation of a layer of blood cells (particle polarization) on the membrane surface. PMID- 6651584 TI - Plasma exchange for treatment of intractable psoriasis. AB - Hemofiltration and plasma exchange, using a plasma separator with membranes, were used in 14 psoriatic patients. The efficacies of the treatments were compared. Among the patients, 13 were treated with hemofiltration and/or direct hemoperfusion, 5 experienced complete remission, 5 improved, and 3 remained unaffected. In these 3 cases, plasma exchange was performed. The first patient, who suffered from psoriasis pustulosa with arthropathica, achieved complete remission with only two treatment of 2-L plasma exchange. Joint pain was also eliminated. Both skin lesions and joint pain were markedly improved in the second patient, who suffered from psoriasis vulgaris with arthropathica. The third patient showed marked improvement with only two plasma exchanges, and is under continuing observation. PMID- 6651583 TI - Complement metabolism during membrane plasma separation. AB - Because it has been found that some plasma separator membranes can activate complement in serum, this study focuses on the behavior of complement during actual membrane plasmapheresis. Complement metabolism in subjects undergoing membrane plasma separation with three different prototypic devices was studied. Complement activation was judged by crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of C3 in plasma. A cellulose acetate separator employed with heparin as the anticoagulant caused extensive C3 conversion (up to 50%) in separated plasma. A polysulfone separator used with citrate, and a polyvinylchloride derivative separator employed with heparin plus citrate, caused only small amounts of C3 conversion (0-10%) in separated plasma. C3 conversion in the cellulose acetate separator was reduced when citrate was included in the anticoagulant regimen, whereas C3 conversion in the polyvinylchloride derivative separator was increased when citrate was omitted. Activation of complement by the membrane material may occur during membrane plasma separation. Selection of membranes judged weakly activating by in vitro screening and the use of citrate anticoagulation would appear to minimize complement activation in membrane plasma separators. PMID- 6651585 TI - Development and in vivo testing of a chronic percutaneous prosthesis. AB - Significant progress has been made in the development of a percutaneous energy transmission system (PETS) designed to provide energy to intracorporeally implanted blood pumps for up to 2 years. The mean survival of our six most recent PETS implantations was 351 +/- 33 days. Four of these were explanted electively after a full year of implantation. Sinus formation around each prosthesis was limited by a biomaterial seal at the sinus termination point. The results support the hypothesis that collagen inhibits epidermal downgrowth. Continued development of systems based on this hypothesis is desirable. PMID- 6651586 TI - In vitro fluid dynamic characteristics of Ionescu-Shiley and Carpentier-Edwards tissue bioprostheses. AB - In the study reported here, the in vitro fluid dynamic characteristics of the Ionescu-Shiley (calf pericardial) and Carpentier-Edwards (porcine) aortic tissue valves were studied. The experiments conducted were pressure drop measurements, leaflet photography, flow visualization, and velocity measurements. The pressure drop studies indicated that both types of tissue valves created relatively large pressure drops. These pressure drops were larger than those observed with the corresponding sizes of Bjork-Shiley, Hall-Kaster, and St. Jude aortic prostheses. The photographs of the opening of the valve leaflets indicated that the tissue valves do not open as ideally as do the natural valves. It was also observed that the Ionescu-Shiley aortic valves opened more symmetrically and with reproducibility than the corresponding Carpentier-Edwards aortic valves. Velocity and shear stress measurements made with a laser-Doppler anemometer indicated that the flow that emerged from the leaflets for both types of tissue valves was like a jet and could lead to turbulent shear stress on the order of 1,000-3,000 dynes/cm2. Such turbulent shear stresses could be harmful to blood components. The jet-type flow could also damage the endothelial lining of the wall of the ascending aorta. The velocity measurements also indicated an annular region of stagnant fluid between the outflow surfaces of the leaflets and the flow channel wall. Such a region could lead to the build-up of thrombotic, fibrotic, and/or calcific material on the outflow surfaces of the leaflets. Both types of valve designs, however, created relatively low wall shear stresses and regurgitant volumes. PMID- 6651587 TI - A comparative study of a group of eight calves, surviving longer than 1 month with the total artificial heart. AB - Over the last 2 1/2 years, eight calves with implanted total artificial hearts (from experimental group IV) have survived for greater than 1 month. In this group two subgroups were further differentiated, subgroup IVa, including three calves surviving 31, 35, and 75 days, and subgroup IVb, with five calves surviving 104, 142, 150, and 155 days and one calf still surviving greater than 160 days. Mean survival in the fourth group was greater than 106.5 days. The artificial ventricles used were the TNS-BRNO-II made of polymethylmethacrylate (seven calves) and the TNS-BRNO-III, made of segmented polyetherurethane (one calf). The controller and driving units were of our own design. The Chirasist-TN 3 and TN-4 worked without trouble over the total duration of the studies in all calves. Autoregulation of suction was used in three of these calves. All calves survived in good physiological condition; however, some common changes were observed in all of them, such as a gradual central venous pressure increase and liver enlargement. Anticoagulation therapy was used in all calves. Causes of death were technical in three cases and biological in four. Body weight gains were normal in the majority of these calves, with slight individual differences observed. Diaphragm mineralization of various degrees was observed in three cases. In one of them it was directly related to the cause of death. These results are very encouraging for further development of the total artificial heart research in our center. PMID- 6651588 TI - Hemodialysis treatment of methanol intoxication. AB - Hemodialysis was undertaken to treat methanol intoxication in a patient with intravascular hemolysis, myoglobinuria, systemic acidosis, renal insufficiency, retinal abnormalities, and a blood methanol level of 400 mg/dl, 29 h after methanol ingestion. Sixteen hours of treatment were required to achieve safe blood levels. Calculated methanol removal was 218 g, or 73% of the ingested dose, and extraordinarily large volumes of ethanol were required to maintain blood levels greater than 100 mg/dl. All the manifestations of methanol poisoning were reversed and there were no permanent sequelae. It is concluded that, if methanol levels remain high, even significantly delayed institution of hemodialysis can be beneficial. The treatment may need to be quite prolonged, and the amount of ethanol administered should be individualized according to the patient's blood levels. PMID- 6651589 TI - Granular activated carbon usage in chloramine removal from dialysis water. AB - Chloramines, oxidant compounds used in municipal drinking water as sanitizing agents, potentiate hemolytic anemia when present in dialysate. Thus far, the addition of ascorbic acid to the dialysate and the use of granular activated carbon (GAC) have been the only reliable, practical methods reported for removing chloramines. This is a report on the bench-scale testing of five kinds of GAC from three manufacturers. The performance of 100 g of each carbon was studied in a 2-in-diameter column through which feed-water containing approximately 1.5 mg/L chloramines flowed downward at an average volumetric rate of 140 ml/min. The carbons' experimental capacities for chloramines differed by as much as one order of magnitude. The experimental results were used to estimate the capacity of a 9 in-diameter, 45-in-tall column of the best carbon. These scale-up estimations indicate that this sorbent may safely last through 156 5-h dialyses. PMID- 6651590 TI - Cellulose acetate impressions of the ocular surface. Dry eye states. AB - Cellulose acetate impressions of the ocular surface were obtained for normal eyes, eyes with blepharoconjunctivitis, eyes with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and eyes with primary ocular surface disease. Normal eyes and eyes with blepharoconjunctivitis had morphologically normal epithelium and goblet cells on the bulbar and palpebral ocular surfaces. Eyes with primary ocular surface disease had abnormal ocular surface impressions (decreased, abnormal, or absent goblet cells with abnormal epithelial cells) on both the bulbar and palpebral ocular surfaces. Conversely, eyes with keratoconjunctivitis sicca had substantial abnormalities of the epithelium and goblet cells only on the bulbar ocular surface, suggesting an environmental role in this disease process. PMID- 6651591 TI - Mucous membrane grafting for severe palpebral vernal conjunctivitis. AB - Vernal conjunctivitis usually can be managed medically. In the rare cases that do not respond to medical treatment, surgical intervention has been considered. Four cases of vernal conjunctivitis and one case of probable contact lens-induced giant papillary conjunctivitis were treated with palpebral conjunctival excision and application of a mucous membrane graft. All patients improved symptomatically, with follow-up ranging from 1 1/2 to 14 years. The only complication encountered was recurrence of giant papillae at the conjunctiva mucous membrane graft junction. Conjunctival excision and mucous membrane grafting is a useful procedure in rare cases of particularly severe vernal conjunctivitis. PMID- 6651592 TI - Chronic conjunctivitis associated with 'floppy eyelids'. AB - The floppy eyelid syndrome represents a chronic conjunctivitis characterized by a triad of (1) a loose upper lid that readily everts on elevating the lid, (2) a soft rubbery tarsus that can be folded on itself, and (3) a diffuse papillary conjunctivitis. Seven cases of this condition are reported, all involving men, and four involving obese patients. PMID- 6651593 TI - Intensive plasmapheresis in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. AB - Two insulin-dependent diabetic patients with advanced nonproliferative and early proliferative retinopathy showed regression of diabetic retinopathy after three weeks of intensive plasmapheresis. Because of the sudden unexplained death in one patient, the study was stopped. However, these observations in this pilot study suggest that factors mediated through plasma contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy. PMID- 6651594 TI - A prognostic factor study of disease-free interval and survival following enucleation for uveal melanoma. AB - Prognostic indicators of uveal melanoma disease-free interval and survival following enucleation were evaluated for 267 patients. The median follow-up time was 17 years. Analysis involved Kaplan-Meier survival curves based on time to tumor-related deaths and multivariate proportional hazards analysis, which provides an estimate of the "force of mortality." Prognostic indicators considered included demographic, clinical, and histopathological factors. Cell type was classified according to the number of epithelioid cells present per high power field (HPF) on light microscopy. Various classifications of size of the tumor were compared for prognostic value. The five leading predictors of survival in order of importance were as follows: (1) number of epithelioid cells per HPF, (2) largest dimension of the tumor, (3) location of the anterior margin of the tumor, (4) invasion to the line of transection, and (5) degree of pigmentation. Risk categories for survival were constructed based on the three leading prognostic factors. PMID- 6651595 TI - Normal intraocular pressure during enucleation for choroidal melanoma. AB - A simple surgical technique for maintaining normal intraocular pressure during enucleation of eyes with a malignant melanoma of the choroid consists of making an incision into the anterior chamber through clear cornea with a microvitreo retinal blade, followed by the introduction of a No. 21-gauge scalp vein needle or a No. 23-gauge sidewall-holed needle attached to a closed system filled with balanced salt solution. Measurements of pressure fluctuations during five enucleations are given. Such a system maintains the anterior chamber and keeps fluctuations in IOP to a minimum. This may be important in preventing hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells, resulting in metastatic disease. PMID- 6651596 TI - 2.5% v 10% phenylephrine in maintaining mydriasis during cataract surgery. AB - A 10% viscous solution of phenylephrine hydrochloride was more effective than a 2.5% aqueous solution of phenylephrine hydrochloride in maintaining mydriasis during extracapsular cataract surgery. The pupil area after nucleus expression was 57% larger with the stronger phenylephrine concentration. The difference in pupil area was greater in darkly pigmented irides (114%) than in moderately pigmented (70%) or lightly pigmented irides (12%). Mean BP elevations following phenylephrine administration were not higher in the group receiving the 10% solution than in the group receiving the 2.5% solution. In darkly pigmented irides, a 10% viscous solution of phenylephrine hydrochloride is more effective than a 2.5% concentration in maintaining mydriasis during cataract surgery. PMID- 6651597 TI - Bioptic telescopic spectacle is a hazard for operating a motor vehicle. AB - The primary purpose of the bioptic telescopic spectacle is to permit the driver to pass the visual requirement to operate a motor vehicle. It is paradoxical that a driver can pass the vision test only by the use of a telescope but that he cannot drive while looking through the telescope. Rather, he must drive with his limited vision (sometimes legal blindness) while looking through the carrier lens. He can use the telescope only for reading a sign or for distinguishing an object, and even then he must lower his head to look through it. This is hazardous: he becomes thus "blind" to the traffic while reading the sign through the telescope. Such a driver could never pass a peripheral vision test due to the blind areas created in the peripheral field. It is more humane and reasonable to grant a waiver for the impaired vision than to compel a handicapped person to purchase a bioptic telescopic spectacle to pass the visual requirement. PMID- 6651598 TI - Posterior corneal pigmentation in melanosis oculi. AB - A 5-year-old girl was seen with findings consistent with melanosis oculi and notably decreased vision secondary to dense corneal pigmentation. A penetrating keratoplasty was performed without complications. Light microscopy disclosed dense pigment granules layered in deep stroma just anterior to Descemet's membrane. Electron microscopy revealed these to be melanocytes, without evidence of phagocytic activity. The corneal pigmentation may have resulted from a misdirection of melanocytes in embryogenesis. To our knowledge, the finding of visually notable corneal pigmentation has not been previously reported in association with the syndrome of melanosis oculi. PMID- 6651599 TI - Melanosis oculi. An ultrastructural study of an affected iris. AB - The iris of a patient with melanosis oculi was studied, using the transmission electron microscope. An unusual form of macromelanosome was found within the cytoplasm of stromal melanocytes. It is possible that these structures were formed as a result of inappropriate production of the individual subunits of the melanosome. Their presence within stromal melanocytes, but not within the cells of the posterior pigment epithelium, was in keeping with the hypothesis that melanosis oculi is a disorder of melanocytes derived from neural crest. PMID- 6651600 TI - Scleral trephination for subchoroidal effusion. AB - Posterior scleral trephination at the pars plana ciliaris in a dependent site, with normal conjunctiva covering the opening, proved a reliable method for evacuating subchoroidal effusion in cases of flat anterior chamber. The method was also successful in cases occurring after retinal detachment surgery and after retinal detachment surgery and after expulsive hemorrhage. Unlike linear sclerotomy, drainage of the subchoroidal effusion continues for several days after the trephination. PMID- 6651602 TI - Laser microprobe analysis (LAMMA) of spheroliths in human cataract lenses. AB - The chemical nature of spheroliths in human cataract lenses was explored by means of laser microprobe mass analysis. The results suggest that the crystallites mainly consist of calcium carbonate. PMID- 6651601 TI - Macrophages in ocular tissues of rats. Determination of their number after local anaphylaxis and other procedures. AB - The number of macrophages in rat ocular tissues was determined, with the tip of the eyelid containing about 3,000 macrophages per cubic millimeter, which is similar to the number of mast cells at this site. Fewer macrophages were present in orbital tissues and conjunctiva. Macrophages accumulated in ocular tissues of immunized rats injected locally with antigen, but the number did not exceed that observed in antigen-injected controls. Injection of various fluids into ocular tissues, but not the trauma of needle punctures alone, stimulated a marked accumulation of macrophages. Thus, the response to nonspecific stimuli masked the macrophage response to antigen-induced, ocular anaphylaxis. PMID- 6651603 TI - A new modification of the standard lacrimal groove director for nasolacrimal intubation. AB - We devised a new lacrimal groove director, designed for the atraumatic and easy retrieval of the Crawford metal probe. This instrument alleviates many of the problems encountered with the use of the Crawford hook. PMID- 6651604 TI - Ultrastructure of multinuclear giant cells of a human vocal cord Teflon granuloma. AB - The ultrastructural characteristics of multinuclear foreign-body giant cells (MCG) in a human vocal cord Teflon granuloma are described. The cells were found to contain varying numbers of Teflon particles within their cytoplasm. The particles, rounded or oval in shape, were surrounded by a rather electron-dense membrane. Numerous lysosomal structures were discerned within the cells. The fine structure of MCG in granulomas induced by foreign materials other than Teflon has already been described in man as well as in several experimental animals, and the Teflon MCG resembled these cells in many respects. No evidence of malignant change was found. PMID- 6651605 TI - The sensitive period for ototoxicity of kanamycin in mice: morphological evidence. AB - The ototoxicity of kanamycin was investigated in mice treated with the drug either from 6 to 9, 10 to 13, or 15 to 18 days of age. The results showed extensive damage to the outer-hair-cell (OHC) receptors of the cochlea in the 10 13-day group; some less severe damage to the OHC was found in the 6-9-day group, and little damage was observed in the 15-18 day group. The present finding is consistent with the view that the mouse cochlea is most vulnerable to the ototoxic effect of kanamycin during the period of its rapid development, i.e., between 10 and 13 days of age. PMID- 6651606 TI - Quantitative analysis of pursuit eye movements by unidirectional target motion. AB - The effects of a change in target speed (10 degrees-100 degrees/s) and amplitude (10 degrees-80 degrees) on smooth pursuit eye movements were analyzed in normal subjects by moving a target unidirectionally. The limit of pursuit speed adaptation changed according to changes in the target amplitude, being about 40 degrees-50 degrees/s at a target amplitude of 40 degrees-80 degrees. The minimum target amplitude needed to induce rhythmic pursuit eye movements markedly increased from 3.7 degrees at 10 degrees/s to 55.0 degrees at 100 degrees/s. The relationship between the gain (the ratio of eye speed to target speed) and the pursuit time suggested that pursuit eye speeds may depend on the pursuit time rather than absolute target speeds and that the gain might become unity even at fast target speeds, provided the critical pursuit time is given. PMID- 6651607 TI - Clinical experience in hearing-aid adjustment by means of BER amplitudes. AB - Assuming that brain-stem-evoked response (BER) amplitudes are correlated with actual loudness, the dynamic range of individual hearing can be determined by means of normal and pathologic amplitude characteristics. This permits an estimation of gain requirement and compression factor in hearing-aid evaluation. Clinical importance and validity of the procedure is investigated in a group of 59 children with impaired hearing. The method yields reasonable values of hearing aid parameters, which are comparable with those usually obtained by speech audiometry. PMID- 6651608 TI - Effects of age upon auditory evoked potentials from the inferior colliculus and cortex in the guinea pig. AB - Auditory evoked potentials from the inferior colliculus and cortex were examined for evidence of the effect of aging in central regions of the auditory system of the guinea pig. The threshold was 25 dB higher in the responses from the inferior colliculus and 44 dB higher in the cortical potentials in old animals than in young animals. The latency of the collicular responses in the old group was greater by 1.5 ms and, in the high-frequency range, the amplitudes were smaller at all intensities tested. The latency of responses recorded from the auditory cortex in the old guinea pigs was 3.6 ms greater at threshold and the amplitudes were smaller. With stimuli well above threshold, the latency differences were no longer significant, whereas the amplitudes in old animals became significantly greater than those in the young. PMID- 6651609 TI - Human pituitary tumors with two cell lines. AB - From the total material of 47 pituitary tumors, 42 had one cell line and five had two cell lines. The latter were found in tumors causing acromegaly either with secretion of growth hormone (GH) alone (n = 2) or in combination with prolactin (PRL) (n = 3). In tumors secreting only GH, biclonal cell lines occurred in four of 20 (20%) of the total number of cell lines. In tumors with concomitant secretion of GH and PRL, the corresponding proportion was six of 13 (46%). In only one case was it possible to identify two separate cell populations morphologically. PMID- 6651610 TI - Alteration of strial capillary transport in kanamycin-treated guinea pigs. AB - Ferritin transport through the strial capillary during kanamycin intoxication was examined under a transmission electron microscope. Twelve guinea pigs were treated intramuscularly with kanamycin (400 mg/kg/day) for 2-3 weeks. When full hearing loss was recognized by estimating the Preyer reflex or auditory brain stem response (ABR), ferritin was given intravenously and animals were sacrificed 1/3, 1, and 2 h later. At 1/3 h, ferritin was present diffusely not only in the endothelial cell but also in the basal lamina and within vesicles in the strial cell. Alternatively, it was discharged into the endolymphatic space. At 2 h, ferritin was seen on the luminal surface and in the cytoplasm of the endolymphatic cells of Reissner's membrane. These results suggest that the basal lamina of the strial capillary was altered qualitatively by kanamycin administration. PMID- 6651611 TI - Inhibition of LDL degradation in cultured human fibroblasts induced by endothelial cell-conditioned medium. AB - Cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells (EC) secrete a potent mitogen into their serum-free culture medium which stimulates DNA synthesis in quiescent human fibroblasts. Previous work has shown that endothelial cell-conditioned medium (ECCM) also stimulates parallel, concentration-dependent increases in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cell surface binding and internalization. LDL degradation, however, was inhibited in ECCM-treated cells. Studies were conducted to determine whether the EC-derived growth factor (EDGF) and the endothelial-derived inhibitor of LDL degradation (EDID) are separate and distinct components, and to further delineate some of the characteristics of EDID. Time-course studies showed that the mitogenic activity released by EC into ECCM increased steadily during the first 24 hours and came to a plateau at about 48 hours of conditioning, whereas inhibitory activity increased linearly in ECCM for at least 6 days. Mitogenic activity in ECCM was stable under the same conditions. Ultrafiltration experiments showed that EDGF activity has an apparent molecular weight in excess of 30,000; in contrast EDID activity was not retained by filters with a 2000 dalton retention limit. EDID activity also failed to bind to a Blue Sepharose affinity column, while EDGF was bound and could be eluted with 1M NaCl in the presence of ethylene glycol. The ammonium ion concentration in ECCM was measured to determine the possible contribution of this ion to EDID activity. Confluent cultures of porcine aortic EC in serum-free culture medium produced substantial amounts of NH4+. After 96 hours of conditioning, the level of NH4+ in ECCM rose from near zero to 2-4 mM. When equivalent amounts of NH4Cl were added to fresh nonconditioned medium, a level of inhibitory (EDID) activity similar to that found with ECCM was observed. These studies indicate that EDGF and EDID activities are distinct and separate components of ECCM. Since NH4+ ion is present in ECCM in concentrations that are sufficient to account for all the observed EDID activity, it is likely that NH4+ is responsible for this activity. PMID- 6651612 TI - Combined therapy of niacin, colestipol, and fat-controlled diet in men with coronary bypass. Effect on blood lipids and apolipoproteins. AB - The effects of colestipol (30 grams/day), niacin (7.3 grams/day), and diet on blood lipids and apolipoproteins after one year of therapy are reported. Men selected on the basis of previous coronary artery bypass surgery were randomly assigned to drug or control treatments in an angiographic study of atherosclerosis progression and regression. In 14 men, drugs and diet produced the following changes: Baseline total cholesterol 245 mg/dl, triglyceride 189 mg/dl, and LDL cholesterol 164 mg/dl were decreased by 73 mg/dl (29%), 83 mg/dl (41%) and 69 mg/dl (40%) respectively. Baseline HDL cholesterol, 44 mg/dl was increased 13 mg/dl (33%). Baseline apolipoprotein B, 124 mg/dl and apolipoprotein C-III (heparin precipitate) 5.6 mg/dl were decreased 40 mg/dl (31%) and 2.4 mg/dl (41%) respectively. All these changes are significant, p less than 0.01. Apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein C-III (heparin supernate) were not significantly changed. In the controls, placebo and diet produced no significant decrease in blood lipid or lipoproteins, with the exception that baseline apolipoprotein B, 111 mg/dl increased 18 mg/dl (12%), p less than 0.05. PMID- 6651614 TI - Diminished platelet adherence to type V collagen. AB - Different types of collagen vary in their influence on platelet reactivity. Collagen Types III, IV, and V were obtained from human placental tissue, and Type I collagen was prepared from rat skin. Each collagen type was coated onto a plastic surface. Each collagen-coated surface or appropriate plastic surface control was studied using citrated human 51Cr-labeled platelet-rich plasma in both the presence and absence of 10 microM adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP). Both unstimulated and ADP-induced platelet adherence were: 1) reduced by Type V collagen coating in comparison to uncoated wells; and 2) increased by Types III and IV collagen coating in comparison to Type V coated or plastic surfaces. Addition of the fast-acting thrombin inhibitor dansylarginine (DAPA) had no significant effect on unstimulated and ADP-induced platelet adherence to Type III, IV or V collagen-coated surfaces. Type I collagen-coated surfaces, studied only in the presence of DAPA, caused greater platelet adherence than those coated with Types III, IV, or V collagen. We conclude that Type V collagen may be less thrombogenic than Types, I, III, or IV. PMID- 6651615 TI - Aortic endothelial and smooth muscle histamine metabolism. Relationship to aortic 125I-albumin accumulation in experimental diabetes. AB - We studied rat aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cell de novo histamine synthesis mediated by histidine decarboxylase (HD) and the effects of its inhibition by alpha-hydrazinohistidine on the intracellular histamine content and intraaortic albumin accumulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetes was induced by a single jugular vein injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, pH 4.5, ether anesthesia), with animals held 4 weeks following the overt manifestation of diabetes. Additional diabetic and nondiabetic rats received alpha hydrazinohistidine (25 mg/kg, i.p. every 12 hours) during the last week; this had no effect on the severity of diabetes in any animal receiving streptozotocin. Data indicate that the aortic endothelial (EC) HD activity was increased more than 130% in the untreated diabetic group but was similar to control values in the diabetic group receiving alpha-hydrazinohistidine; similarily, the EC histamine content from diabetic aortas increased 127% over control values, but in EC from diabetic animals receiving alpha-hydrazinohistidine it was comparable to control values. Similar trends were observed for the subjacent aortic smooth muscle. In untreated diabetic animals the aortic 125I-albumin mass transfer rate was increased 60% over control values, while in diabetic animals receiving alpha hydrazinohistidine the 125I-albumin mass transfer rate was essentially identical to controls. These data indicate that in streptozotocin diabetes there is an expansion of the inducible aortic histamine pool, and that this expansion is intimately related to the increased aortic albumin accumulation. PMID- 6651613 TI - Cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. Clonal characteristics of arterial lesions in the hybrid hare. AB - Utilizing the observation that a majority of human atherosclerotic fibrous plaques show monoclonal characteristics, we carried out this study to determine the clonal characteristics of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in the hybrid hare. If this is a valid model for human atherosclerosis, the lesions produced in the aorta should be monoclonal. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was used as an X-linked cellular marker in the female hybrid hare (Lepus timidus X Lepus europaeus), which is heterozygous for electrophoretically separable isoenzymes of G-6-PD. Hares were fed cholesterol over either a 6-month or a 16 month period, and the easily dissectable lesions in the aorta and common iliac arteries were assayed for isoenzyme activity at these times. Of the 93 lesions assayed, all had polyclonal characteristics except a single monoclonal lesion found in an animal fed cholesterol over a 16-month period. Hares fed over the 16 month period showed lesions with isoenzyme patterns having a significantly higher contribution of L. timidus isoenzyme than those found in underlying media. This suggested that a selection of cells with the L. timidus X-chromosome had taken place, but the degree of this selection was not great enough to allow any of the lesions to be defined as monoclonal. PMID- 6651616 TI - Changes of high density lipoprotein subfraction concentration and composition by intralipid in vivo and by lipolysis of intralipid in vitro. AB - Serum lipoproteins were measured during a single infusion of intralipid and during parenteral nutrition with intralipid and glucose. Postheparin plasma lipolytic enzymes and plasma LCAT activity were assayed before and after the parenteral nutrition. Both single and repeated infusions of intralipid were followed by a significant rise of HDL2 concentration (p less than 0.01), whereas the HDL3 decreased. The composition of HDL subclasses altered. The HDL2 triglyceride and phospholipids increased, while the HDL3 esterified cholesterol and protein decreased. In vitro incubation of serum with intralipid alone caused no changes in the zonal profile of HDL subclasses, but hydrolysis of intralipid by lipoprotein lipase was followed by conversion of HDL3 into lighter particles floating in the density range of HDL2. The present results provide additional evidence for a precursor-product relationship between the HDL2 and HDL3. During 4 days of parenteral nutrition with intralipid, the basal (morning) values of serum total and VLDL triglyceride did not change. The LDL phospholipids increased progressively (from 67 to 98 mg/dl, p less than 0.05). The total HDL cholesterol decreased and this change was due to the fall of HDL3 cholesterol esters (from 19 to 12 mg/dl, p less than 0.05). Also the basal values of apo A-I and A-II in HDL3 decreased. The basal level of the HDL2 remained constant. Postheparin plasma LPL activity increased by 52% (p less than 0.01) but hepatic lipase activity fell by 49% (p less than 0.05). These changes may account for the maintenance of plasma HDL2, whereas the progressive fall of the basal HDL3 is probably due to the lack of intestinal apoprotein synthesis during absent intestinal absorption. PMID- 6651617 TI - Family aggregation of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Collaborative lipid research clinics program family study. AB - High density lipoprotein cholesterol data on a population-based random sample of 858 white and 72 black probands and their 3935 white and 205 black relatives were collected from nine North American clinics using a common protocol and standardized methodology. Familial associations were examined within clinics for whites and pooled across clinics for blacks. The influence of covariates and varying family size on correlations was examined using several sets of transformed and adjusted values and a variety of weighting schemes. Parent offspring and sibling correlations were significant in most cases, but spouse correlations were not, suggesting a stronger influence of shared genes than shared environment on high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Adjustment for covariates tended to weaken the correlations, but the effect of variable family size was imperceptible. Although pairs involving pediatric offspring or siblings tended to show higher correlation than their adult counterparts, the differences were not significant. All correlations except father-daughter and brother-brother were homogeneous across clinics in whites. There was no asymmetry in parent-child correlations by the sex of the offspring, but the pooled mother-child correlation was significantly higher than father-child values, suggesting a possible maternal influence on high density lipoprotein cholesterol. No heterogeneity in correlations in high density lipoprotein cholesterol was detected between blacks and whites except for mother-son pairs. PMID- 6651618 TI - Arousing effect of sounds for testing infants hearing ability. AB - In order to identify the sounds that best produce orienting reflexes, 38 infants were examined. The infants' ages ranged from 6 to 21 months. Altogether, 42 different calibrated sounds were presented to the infants in random order at 45 dB (A). The sounds were recorded on tapes and were given through loudspeakers placed on each side of the infant. The best sounds proved to be human voice, bird song and chime. The most effective human voice was an infant's crying. An infant is more apt to react to complicated sounds than to pure tones or warble tones. In order to be audiologically acceptable, the sounds must be well calibrated. PMID- 6651619 TI - Comparison between hearing threshold measurements made with and without the aid of an ear speculum. AB - The hearing threshold levels of a small group of shipyard workers having differing degrees of hearing impairment were measured five times using the following audiometric techniques: fixed-tone Bekesy audiometry with MX 41/AR cushions, fixed-tone Bekesy audiometry with an ear speculum, and sweep-frequency Bekesy audiometry with an ear speculum. From these data the mean standard deviations of the hearing threshold levels for the frequencies 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 kHz were calculated, thus giving a measure of the accuracy of each method. The hearing threshold levels obtained by the three methods are compared, and the merits of data handling, expressing hearing threshold levels in pascals rather than decibels, are also discussed. PMID- 6651620 TI - Air and bone conduction brain stem responses in adults and infants. AB - Air and bone conduction brain stem responses were recorded in 20 adults and 20 infants (16-20 months postconceptional age) with normal hearing. The stimuli were administered using a shielded TDH-39 headphone and a standard B-70A vibrator. Our results show that adults and infants have similar air and bone conduction brain stem thresholds. The comparison of input latency functions obtained with air and bone conduction clicks indicates that the acoustic stimulus generated by the bone vibrator excites more apical regions than that stimulated by the air conduction transient. This is related to the spectrum of the bone conduction click which has an energy peak at 1-2 kHz. Furthermore we found that the difference in latency between adults and infants for air-conducted clicks decreases along with the stimulus intensity and the latencies tend to overlap near the threshold. PMID- 6651621 TI - Acoustic admittance measurements in human temporal bones. AB - Admittance component curves were studied in a series of 14 fresh human temporal bones with perfectly normal tympanic membrane, before and after experimental lesions. The lesions were all performed in successive steps in each temporal bone and consisted in section of ligaments and tendons, interruptions and fixations of the ossicular chain. The results obtained demonstrate that the tympanograms traced in fresh human temporal bones, before and after experimental lesions, are quite similar to those observed respectively in normal and pathological living ears. (a) The 'pre-experimental' tympanograms showed A-type curves with peak and admittance component values well within the range of normal living ears; (b) the tympanogram peak values increased very little and remained in the range of normal ears also after section of ligaments and tendons; (c) the ossicular chain interruptions always resulted in A-type curves at 220 Hz and in W-pattern ones at 660 Hz wherever the interruptions occurred; (d) the ossicular chain fixations always exhibited A-type tympanograms with decreased peak and admittance component values; (e) finally, the condition of the Eustachian tube, closed or opened, did not change the shape of the tympanograms; the notch depth of the curves traced with opened tube, became higher than those obtained with closed tube. PMID- 6651622 TI - Tympanometry and fistula test. AB - The 'fistula test' is performed when an abnormal opening between the vestibule and the middle ear cavity is suspected. The fistula is usually seen after stapedectomy, but may also occur after trauma to a normal ear when the round window membrane may rupture. Tympanometry with an electronystagmographic (ENG) tracing may show a positive result after stapedectomy in the absence of a fistula, and there may conversely be a normal ENG tracing after tympanometry when there is in fact a perilymph fistula. The authors explain the reasons for this paradoxical response. In no way does it detract from the value of the test, which only needs to be interpreted correctly. PMID- 6651623 TI - The stapedius reflex tests in retrocochlear hearing disorders. AB - The commonly used parameters of the stapedius reflex responses in the diagnosis of sensorineural hearing disorders are the reflex threshold level and the persistence of the reflex response on prolonged stimulation, i.e., the reflex decay test. With the object of establishing the sensitivity of these reflex parameters to identify tumours affecting the eighth nerve in the early stages, a series of 97 such cases were examined. The mean hearing loss of the affected ears was 32 dB; 28 of the cases still had normal thresholds of hearing; 95 of the ears demonstrated elevated reflex thresholds and/or pathologic reflex decay. To check the specificity of the test, a control series with sensorineural hearing loss and reflex threshold elevation or pathologic reflex decay was analysed with respect to clinical diagnoses. In every third case of reflex threshold elevation and in every second case of reflex decay, the medical diagnosis confirmed a disease known to be associated with retrocochlear dysfunction. It was also noted that none of the cases with brain stem lesion demonstrated reflex decay--an observation which supports the idea of the reflex decay phenomenon as specifically associated with eighth-nerve lesions. PMID- 6651624 TI - Detection of hearing loss with ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds. AB - This study consisted of two experiments both of which involved measurement of the ipsilateral acoustic reflex threshold (ART). In Experiment I, ipsilateral ARTs were measured in normal-hearing adults for a 2 000-Hz tone and computer-generated complex stimuli of varying bandwidth. Results of this experiment revealed that the bandwidth effect for the ipsilateral ART was similar to the contralateral effect. The ART decreased monotonically as a function of bandwidth of the reflex eliciting stimulus. Results of Experiment II indicated that ipsilateral ARTs successfully differentiated between normal hearing and significant hearing loss, in difficult-to-test groups of young children, when used with the bivariate plotting procedure. In addition, obtaining reflexes ipsilaterally, rather than contralaterally, appeared to have advantages with this population. The ipsilateral test apparatus is less cumbersome, the possibility of calibration error from a malpositioned contralateral earphone is eliminated and the children were generally more accepting of the ipsilateral assembly. PMID- 6651625 TI - Pitch vulnerability in sensorineural hearing impairment. AB - Listeners with cochlear impairment were studied in an ABX pitch-matching paradigm. These listeners showed excellent ability to adjust one sinusoid (X) to match the frequency of another (B), except when a leading tone (A) was present. Pitch shifts induced by the leading tone exaggerate the pitch contrast between tones A and B, even in normal-hearing listeners, but the effect in sensorineural listeners is several times larger and indicates a severe vulnerability of pitch. The degree of pitch distortion does not appear to bear any simple relationship to the degree of hearing loss, or to stimulus amplitudes. The effect is obtained at 'comfortable' listening levels. Vulnerability of pitch, rather than a failure in discriminative capacity, may underlie some of the qualitative perceptual difficulties found in sensorineural hearing impairment. PMID- 6651626 TI - Clinical results of hearing aid with noise-level-controlled selective amplification. AB - We have developed a hearing aid which reduces the low-frequency energy of the input sound according to the input noise level and the spectrum of the environmental noise. The results of speech discrimination tests using speech in noise in 70 hearing-impaired subjects showed improvement in word discrimination scores in noise of over 15% for 50 of 53 subjects with sensorineural hearing loss. This group of hearing-impaired patients was subdivided into categories according to (a) audiogram type [flat, sloping (i.e. gradual high-frequency loss) and abruptly falling (steep high-frequency slope)]; (b) degree of hearing loss (less than or more than 50 dB average loss) and (c) etiology (familial deafness, presbyacusis). Results on 17 subjects with conductive or mixed hearing impairments showed no improvement, but expressed a preference for this system. The subject reported that the sound was more natural and quiet compared with the conventional AGC hearing aids. PMID- 6651627 TI - Diagnosis and clinical assessment of asthma. AB - A clinical diagnosis of asthma presents little difficulty but lung function should be measured to confirm the diagnosis. Provocation tests are useful. The error made most frequently by both doctors and patients is to underestimate the severity of asthma: lung function measurements keep errors to a minimum. PMID- 6651628 TI - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. AB - The family physician should understand the features of hypersensitivity pneumonitis which is a potentially serious, even fatal disorder. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient with breathlessness, particularly if there is a history of a recurrent influenza-like illness or pneumonia. Prompt recognition and avoidance of contact with the offending antigen will avoid permanent disability. In Australia the avian antigens and exposure to dry rot are the most frequent documented causes. PMID- 6651630 TI - Avulsion of the medial epicondyle into the elbow joint (radiograph). PMID- 6651629 TI - Domiciliary oxygen therapy. AB - Patients with severe chronic air flow limitation due to bronchitis and emphysema may extend their duration of life and improve its quality with low flow oxygen therapy. It is expensive; careful selection of patients is essential. PMID- 6651631 TI - Immunisation against hepatitis B. AB - Over the past decade it has been recognised that viral hepatitis is due to at least three different agents. Two of these--the viruses responsible for hepatitis A and hepatitis B--have been identified and characterised. A safe, effective subunit vaccine against hepatitis B is now available in Australia and should assist greatly in the control of this important disease. PMID- 6651632 TI - The family physician's influence on patients' smoking habits. AB - If doctors could be convinced their intervention would help an appreciable number of patients to stop smoking they would be encouraged to more strenuous effort. Unfortunately many adopt a defeatist attitude, complaining they do not have the skill, time or materials, or deny it is their responsibility. PMID- 6651633 TI - Children and smoking. A review. AB - Cigarette smoking is associated not only with significant premature mortality but also with much chronic ill health. Health educators have an important responsibility to dissuade the young from becoming smokers. This paper reviews current information on the topic of children and smoking and offers some specific antismoking strategies. PMID- 6651634 TI - 'Bad trips'. AB - This article attempts to convey the experiences of a medical team at a 'rock' music festival involving 45,000 people. An important impression was the complexity of drug combinations used experimentally and the demands on the therapist of detoxification without use of other drugs. PMID- 6651636 TI - Croup. PMID- 6651635 TI - Australian Rules football injuries. AB - This is a report of injuries in 771 Australian Rules footballers who presented to a district hospital during a 25 week period. Possible methods of injury prevention are discussed. PMID- 6651637 TI - The CRST syndrome--a variation of systemic sclerosis. PMID- 6651638 TI - Comparison of sulfate metabolism in costal cartilage of normal and 'little' mice. AB - C57BL/6J and mutant 'little' (lit/lit) mice c. 50 days of age were injected with doses of [35S]sulfate proportional to their body weight. Despite the diminished growth rate of lit/lit mice compared with normal mice at this age, uptake of radioactivity per unit mass of cartilage was similar for both mouse types, confirming previous data. Additional experiments with these mice established that the similarity of sulfate uptake could not be accounted for by differences in the location of bound sulfate or (for females) by differences in cartilage cellularity. Investigation of sulfate loss by costal cartilage in vivo indicated that cartilage degradation occurred at a greater rate in lit/lit mice than in normally growing mice. These latter data suggest that growth hormone, which is lacking in lit/lit mice, may in part regulate skeletal growth (at least for female mice) by inhibiting degradation of cartilage. PMID- 6651639 TI - Glucose turnover and hepatocyte glucose production of starved and toxaemic pregnant sheep. AB - Ewes bearing twins were starved for 10 days during the last month of gestation to induce ovine pregnancy toxaemia (OPT). Glucose turnover was measured by a primed continuous infusion of [U-14C]- and [6-3H]glucose at the end of 10 days of starvation (non-susceptible), or earlier when ewes became recumbent with OPT (susceptible). All ewes were slaughtered at the end of the infusion and hepatocytes were prepared in order to measure glucose production from different substrates. Many of the ewes had dead foetuses when slaughtered. Glucose production rates by hepatocytes with the substrates propionate, lactate or alanine were significantly less from the susceptible ewes than were those from non-susceptible ewes. These low rates were not stimulated by incubation with glucagon (10(-8) M), glutamine or glycerol. Rates of glucose turnover and of hepatic glucose production from all substrates were higher for ewes with dead than with live foetuses. The data support the hypothesis that pathogenesis of OPT is related to an impairment of hepatic gluconeogenesis, and further suggest that, in starved pregnant ewes, maternal glucose production may be restrained in the presence of a live foetus. PMID- 6651640 TI - Limitations imposed by testicular blood flow on the function of Leydig cells in rats in vivo. AB - Testis blood flow per testis closely follows testis weight in rats made aspermatogenic by a single exposure of the testis to 43 degrees C for 30 min or 500 rad (5 Gy) of irradiation from a caesium source, or following ligation of the efferent ducts. Aspermatogenesis following these treatments was associated with only minor changes in the concentrations of testosterone in peripheral blood before stimulation with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and a reduced responsiveness to hCG when testis weight had fallen after heating. The concentrations of testosterone in testicular venous blood was normal or above normal during aspermatogenesis resulting from heat or irradiation, and only slightly reduced following efferent duct ligation. Consequently testosterone production (defined as the product of plasma flow and the veno-arterial concentration difference for testosterone) was markedly reduced during aspermatogenesis, both before and after stimulation with hCG. It appears that the reduced blood flow limits the amount of testosterone leaving the testis, and while the Leydig cells are capable under some circumstances of compensating partially for this fall by increasing the concentration of testosterone in the testicular venous blood, this compensation is not complete when there are severe reductions in blood flow. Therefore one can conclude that the mass of the tubules is the main determinant of testis blood flow and the Leydig cells must manage with what the tubules require. PMID- 6651641 TI - The structure and function of oestrogens. VII. The use of (9,12,12-2H3)- and (11xi,12,12-2H3) oestradiol in a test of the quinone methide hypothesis for oestrogen action. AB - Ovariectomized mice were injected intravaginally with a physiological dose of (9,12,12-2H3)oestradiol (3), and a control group was similarly injected with (11xi,12,12-2H3)oestradiol (4). Gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (g.l.c./m.s.) analysis of the oestradiols recovered from the vaginae of the two sets of mice showed that the content and distribution of deuterium were the same as in the respective pure trideuterated oestradiols (3) and (4). This proved conclusively that the 9 alpha-hydrogen of oestradiol is not exchanged during residence in and stimulation of the vagina. It therefore appears unlikely that reversible quinone methide formation in oestradiol is the trigger mechanism for stimulation of RNA synthesis, unless a hydrogen transfer relay system permits repetitive removal and replacement of the hydrogen atom at C9 during the oxidation-reduction cycle. PMID- 6651642 TI - Immunological consequences of intestinal helminth infections in C57BL mice. The effects on lymphoid tissue and reticuloendothelial function. AB - The characteristics of primary Nematospiroides dubius, mouse-adapted Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichuris muris infections in C57BL mice and their broad effects on lymphoid tissue and reticuloendothelial function have been compared in an attempt to identify correlations between the effects of the parasites and common features of their life cycles. All three parasites increased the size of the spleen and mesenteric node, roughly in proportion to the intestinal worm burden. N. brasiliensis and T. muris caused thymic atrophy, which was not evident with N. dubius even when it was administered intravenously (i.v.) to establish a tissue migration phase. N. brasiliensis accelerated the clearance of I125-labelled polyvinyl pyrrolidone (I125-PVP) from the circulation by increasing uptake by the liver and lungs. N. dubius caused similar increases when given i.v., suggesting that macrophages in these organs are activated by migrating larvae, but did not affect the levels of I125-PVP in circulation. An established intestinal N. dubius infection increased the levels in circulation and in peritoneal cells. PMID- 6651643 TI - Immunological consequences of intestinal helminth infections in C57BL mice. Humoral responses to polyvinyl pyrrolidone. AB - Infection with Trichuris muris eggs or Nematospiroides dubius larvae (orally administered) did not affect IgG or IgM antibody responses to 0 X 2 micrograms polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) (intravenously (i.v.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.)) or 20 micrograms PVP (i.p.) in C57BL mice. However, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 subcutaneously (s.c.) and N. dubius L3 (i.v.) significantly increased responses to PVP (i.p.) so migrating larvae are probably responsible. Similar enhancement was obtained when extracts of N. brasiliensis worms or N. dubius larvae were administered i.p. The activity of N. brasiliensis extract was trypsin-insensitive and unaffected by heat (1 h, 60 degrees). Extracts of A. suum did not cause significant enhancement and BALB/c mice were not affected by N. brasiliensis extract. The possible roles of regulatory T-cells, non-specific mitogenesis and macrophage activation are discussed. PMID- 6651644 TI - Immunological consequences of intestinal helminth infections in C57BL mice. Natural and induced responses to sheep erythrocytes. AB - Nematospiroides dubius, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Trichuris muris infections in C57BL mice increased background IgM titres to SRC but not to erythrocytes from other species. However, no cross-reaction between parasite extracts and SRC could be demonstrated and the enhancement was not evident in other strains of mice. There were no comparable rises in total IgM levels, but declining IgM responses to ovalbumin were boosted by N. dubius, so the rise was probably caused by selective expansion of activated clones of cells. N. dubius also increased responses to low doses of SRC given intraperitoneally (i.p.) a few days after infection, whilst optimal SRC doses induced normal responses. In contrast, N. brasiliensis and T. muris often depressed responses to SRC though the effect was variable and the timing of challenge was critical. Thus, whereas the enhancement of natural titres occurs in C57BL mice infected with any of the parasites tested here or in previous studies, the effects on responses to injected SRC depend on the species of parasite. PMID- 6651646 TI - Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Strongyloides ratti: concurrent infection in normal and immunized rats. PMID- 6651645 TI - Attempts to modify lung granulomatous responses to Schistosoma japonicum eggs in low and high responder mouse strains. AB - A radioisotopic assay for acute granulomatous hypersensitivity (AGH) to lyophilized eggs of Schistosoma japonicum has been used to further examine responses to egg antigens in various inbred strains of mice. The ranking of responsiveness in mice from high (C57BL/6), intermediate (BALB/c) to low (CBA/H) was not influenced by high or low egg-sensitization regimens. However, the low responsiveness of responder mice sensitized with eggs by the intraperitoneal compared with the subcutaneous route of injection appears to be an egg dose related phenomenon. The high AGH responsiveness of C57BL/6 mice can be increased further by sensitization with eggs in the presence of purified pertussigen from Bordetella pertussis but CBA/H mice treated identically remain low responders. The monoclonal anti-egg antibody, P.41, which produces a prominent bleb-type circumoval precipitate with eggs, has been shown to be directed against major 'immunopathologic antigen(s)' of S. japonicum eggs. Thus, C57BL/6 mice were sensitized for AGH by injection of soluble extracted egg antigen (SEA) bound to an immunoabsorbent of P.41 antibody on Sepharose. No success has been achieved in modulating AGH in C57BL/6 mice by injection of hyperimmune antisera raised against lyophilized eggs in either high or low responder mouse strains. This failure is in line with previous results using antisera as well as monoclonal anti-egg antibodies. The consistent failure to demonstrate a modulating effect of antibodies in this compared with other laboratories may be related to the use of lyophilized rather than viable eggs. The data suggest that activities of antisera in granuloma modulation in murine schistosomiasis japonica result from egg destruction or inhibition of production of immunopathologic antigens by eggs rather than through effects on immunopathologic immune responses. PMID- 6651647 TI - Inhibition by colostrum of the responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mitogens. AB - This study investigated the inhibition by colostrum of the uptake of tritiated thymidine by both autologous and heterologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or Concanavalin A (Con A). This inhibition was not the result of an alteration in the dose response or kinetics of mitogenesis by the colostrum. The inhibitory factor in the colostrum was neither dialysable nor lymphocytotoxic. Lymphocytes which were briefly pre-treated with colostrum, then washed and cultured, also incorporated much less labelled thymidine than control cells. The inhibitory factor was not adsorbed from colostrum by mononuclear cells. We conclude that colostrum contains a cytostatic factor which inhibits mitogenesis in PBMC. PMID- 6651648 TI - Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. A 10-year review of 564 patients. AB - A retrospective review of the clinical records of 564 patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis examined at the Department of Otolaryngology, Kurume University Hospital during the 10-year period from 1971 to 1980 was completed. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Two-hundred and ninety-three patients were male and 271, female. The incidence was high in old age groups. 2) Idiopathic paralysis (233 cases) was the most frequent and paralysis caused by thyroid surgery (68 cases) and endotracheal intubation (63 cases) came next. 3) The lesion was unilateral in 519 patients (right to left = 148 to 371) and bilateral in 45. 4) The paralytic vocal fold was fixed in the paramedian position in the majority of the patients. A limited movement of the paralytic fold was observed in some cases, especially those of paralysis caused by endotracheal intubation and idiopathic paralysis. 5) A compensatory overcrossing of the unaffected vocal fold was found in 41 patients. It developed within six months from the onset in most cases. 6) Spontaneous recovery and improvement of mobility took place in 54 of the 165 patients who could be followed up for 1 year or longer. Paralysis caused by endotracheal intubation showed the best prognosis and idiopathic paralysis came next. 7) Spontaneous voice recovery and improvement occurred in 183 of the 240 patients whose voice outcome was determined. 8) Phonosurgical treatments yielded good results in most cases. Some patients, however, had their voice receded later. PMID- 6651650 TI - Conservation, restoration and rehabilitation of voice in treating patients with carcinoma of the larynx. A 10-year review of 244 patients. AB - We reviewed clinical records of 244 patients with carcinoma of the larynx treated during the 10 years from 1971 to 1980 in the Department of Otolaryngology, Kurume University Hospital. Of the 244 patients, 111 patients (45.5%) were treated with their voice conserved and 133 underwent total laryngectomy. In the latter, information on the modality of speech communication was obtained from 73 patients. Forty-nine (67%) of these 73 patients was able to speak by some means but the remaining 24 (33%) had no means to speak. PMID- 6651649 TI - Voice disorders without organic diseases of the larynx. A 10-year review of 62 patients. AB - We reviewed the clinical records of 62 patients with voice disorders without organic diseases of the larynx who were examined in the Department of Otolaryngology, Kurume University Hospital during the 10 years from 1971 to 1980. There were 9 patients with psychogenic dysphonia, 24 with vocal abuse, 4 with spastic dysphonia, 9 with mutational voice disturbance, 8 with virilization of voice, 7 with dysphonia attributed to diseases of other organs than the larynx, and 1 with senile change of voice. The clinical service to the patients with these kinds of dysphonia has been poor in Japan for lack of trained voice pathologists. This has been also the case with our department. Recognition for the necessity of voice pathologists is strongly demanded. PMID- 6651651 TI - Vocal fold furrows. A 10-year review of 240 patients. AB - A retrospective review of 240 patients with vocal fold furrows seen at the Department of Otolaryngology, Kurume University Hospital over the 10-year period from 1971 to 1980 was completed. Of the 240 patients, 173 were male and 67 were female. In 195 patients, the furrows were the major pathology causing hoarseness; in 29, the furrows were associated with other major laryngeal diseases; and, in 16, there were no voice problems. We call the first group "sulcus vocalis" in this paper. The onset of voice problems in the cases of sulcus vocalis was at the age of 40 years or older in most case, at young childhood in some, and at adolescence in some cases. Typical findings of sulcus vocalis consisted of bilateral furrows on the vocal fold edges extending over the entire length of the membranous portion, bowed vocal fold edges, glottic incompetence during phonation and excessive ventricular fold adduction. No effective treatments have been established. PMID- 6651652 TI - Vocal fold polyps and nodules. A 10-year review of 1,156 patients. AB - We investigated the clinical records of 784 patients with vocal fold polyps and 372 patients with vocal fold nodules who were seen in our clinic during the 10 years from 1971 to 1980. Polyps were frequent in middle ages in both sexes whereas nodules were common in boys and middle-aged women. Vocal abuse was the most important etiologic factor. No regular voice therapy was available for lack of voice therapists. Surgical removal yielded the best result, but not in all the patients operated. PMID- 6651654 TI - Cysts of the larynx. A 10-year review of 94 patients. AB - We reviewed the clinical records of successive 94 patients with laryngeal cysts who were examined in the ENT clinic of Kurume University Hospital during the 10 years from 1971 to 1980. Cysts were located in the epiglottis in 48, the vocal fold in 43, and the ventricular fold in 3 patients. Results were summarized as follows: 1) Epiglottis cysts were more frequent in males (32 patients) than in females (16 patients). Age ranged from 33 to 74 years with a high incidences in the fifth decades or older. Twelve patients were surgically treated. 2) Vocal fold cysts were also more frequent in males (26 patients) than in females (17 patients). Age ranged from 8 to 74 years with a mode in the fifth and sixth decades. Twenty-five patients underwent surgical treatments. Of these 25 patients, 22 (88%) recovered normal voice, 2 (8%) had their voice improved and 1 (4%) had no improvement. 3) All of the 3 patients with ventricular fold cysts were females. The youngest age was 3 years and the oldest, 82 years. All patients underwent surgical treatments. Two patients recovered normal voice and the other was lost to follow up. PMID- 6651653 TI - Polypoid vocal folds. A 10-year review of 191 patients. AB - During the 10 years from 1971 to 1980, 191 patients with polypoid vocal folds were seen at the Department of Otolaryngology, Kurume University Hospital. A retrospective review of the clinical records of these 191 patients was completed. Results were the followings: 1) There was no marked difference in incidence between male and female; 2) The incidence was high in the age groups of 40 years or older; 3) Most patients were smokers; 4) Bilateral lesions were much more frequent than unilateral lesions; 5) Long-lasting hoarseness was the commonest symptom; 6) Vocal abuse, alcohol drinking and air pollution did not prove to be etiologic factors; and 7) No significant differences in subjective voice improvement were found between the stripping and the sucking technique. PMID- 6651655 TI - Non-specific granuloma of the larynx. A 10-year review of 63 patients. AB - During the 10 years from 1971 to 1980, 63 cases of non-specific granuloma of the larynx were examined at the Department of Otolaryngology, Kurume University Hospital. Of the entire 63 cases, 51 were intubation granulomas, 5, contact granulomas and 7, granulomas of unknown etiology. A review of the clinical records of these patients was completed. The results are summarized as follows; 1) In intubation granulomas, there was a significant preponderance of females over males (43 to 8). The age ranged from 9 to 72 years. The lesion was bilateral in 21 cases and unilateral in 30. All the granulomas but one were located at the cartilaginous portion. Twenty-one (75%) of the 28 cases which were surgically treated got healed, 6 (21%) developed a recurrence and 1 was lost to follow up. 2) All 5 patients with contact granulomas were males. Their lesions were unilateral. Three patients were surgically treated. Two of these 3 had no recurrence while the other developed a recurrence, which disappeared following conservative treatments. One patient was successfully treated with conservative modalities. 3) Granulomas of unknown etiology were found in 5 males and 2 females. Their age ranged from 19 to 70 years. The lesion was unilateral in all 7 cases. Three patients were surgically treated. Two of these 3 required repeated surgeries. One patient was successfully treated by means of conservative therapy. PMID- 6651656 TI - Epithelial hyperplasia of the larynx. A 10-year review of 88 patients. AB - A retrospective review of 88 patients with epithelial hyperplasia of the larynx seen at the Department of Otolaryngology Kurume University during the 10-year period from 1971 to 1980 was completed. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The incidence was much higher in males (78 patients) than in females (10 patients). 2) The average age was 56.8 years. 3) The lesion was located on the vocal fold in 84 cases, the ventricular fold in 3, and both vocal and ventricular folds in 1. 4) Fifty-three patients underwent surgical treatments in our hospital. Three of them developed recurrence and 6 developed carcinoma. 5) On histological re-examination, the lesions were classified into three types: simple hyperplasia (Type I), dysplasia (Type II) and carcinoma (Type III). No relationship was found between the macroscopic appearance and the histological type. PMID- 6651657 TI - Trauma of the larynx and cervical trachea. A 10-year review of 51 patients. AB - Trauma of the larynx and trachea is not a common condition. But once it happens, the management is not simple. This condition has been calling attention of physicians also because iatrogenic traumas have been increasing. In the 10-year period from 1971 to 1980, 51 patients with trauma of the larynx and/or the cervical trachea were treated in the Department of Otolaryngology, Kurume University Hospital. The purpose of this paper is to review these patients and to discuss the treatment of this difficult condition. PMID- 6651658 TI - Tuberculosis of the larynx. A 10-year review of 14 patients. AB - A retrospective review of 14 patients with tuberculosis of the larynx seen at the Department of Otolaryngology, Kurume University Hospital during the 10 years from 1971 to 1980, was completed. Of these 14 patients, 11 were male and 3, female. All the patients were adults. Hoarseness was the commonest symptom. The laryngeal lesion was tumor-like in 5, granular in 7 and polyp-like in 2 patients and grayish in color in all the patients. Eight patients were admitted in our department. Chest X-rays revealed pulmonary tuberculosis and erythrocyte sedimentation rate was accelerated in all 8 patients. It should be emphasized that, even at present, there exist tuberculosis of the larynx. PMID- 6651659 TI - Wegener's granuloma localized in the larynx. Report of a case. AB - A case of Wegener's granuloma in which the lesion was localized in the larynx and the neighboring structures was reported. The patient was a 52-year-old male. The initial symptom was hoarseness. He died of severe laryngeal involvement and accompanying pneumonia after an entire course of 4 years and 8 months. Autopsy revealed no involvement of the nose, lung and kidney. PMID- 6651660 TI - The needs of the sexually abused child. AB - The incidence of sexual abuse in childhood, and its short and long term effects dictate that paediatricians increase their awareness of the needs of the sexually abused child. Case examples are given from experience at one children's hospital illustrating a range of situations which vary with the relationship of the abuser to the child. Factors thought to influence outcome are described. The needs demonstrated are correlated with management recommendations, including those made in a recent Australian report. PMID- 6651661 TI - Cost of neonatal intensive care. AB - An analysis was made of the costs of provision for the intensive care of inborn babies in an inner city hospital equipped to deal with high risk obstetrics. Costs showed the expected inverse proportion to birthweight. The larger number of more mature babies nevertheless contributed almost 2/3 of the total cost. The adjusted cost/survivor ("adjusted" to reflect the fact that only the survivors benefit) was $39,845 for babies less than 801 g; $26,100 for those between 801 g and 1,000 g; $14,137 between 1,001 g and 1,500 g and $4,782 over 1,500 g. The largest single expense was in nursing salaries which constituted 60-80% of the total outlay. No data are available for precise comparison. The figures are presented as a basis on which to begin forming judgements of the cost effectiveness of newborn intensive care. PMID- 6651662 TI - Neonatal hypotension: two years' experience in a neonatal intensive care nursery. AB - Routine measurement of blood pressure in high risk neonates admitted to the intensive care nursery during a 2 year period resulted in detection of 18 infants with persistent hypotension requiring definitive treatment. The perinatal events in these babies were compared to those in a control group of infants. No single well defined factor responsible for neonatal hypotension could be found in the antenatal period or during labour. However 14 of the 18 babies were asphyxiated at the time of admission compared to 6 of 18 controls (p less than 0.02). Seventeen of 18 babies were preterm. Treatment consisted of maintenance of ventilation, oxygenation and acid-base status, volume expansion when indicated and inotropic agents. Nine of the 18 hypotensive babies died compared to 1 of 18 controls. Failure to respond within a few hours of commencement of treatment indicated poor prognosis. PMID- 6651663 TI - Race-associated differences in drinking behaviour. AB - An evaluation of the oral intake and the need for alternative therapy in aboriginal and white (European ancestry) children hospitalized for dehydration due to diarrhoea revealed significant differences in drinking behaviour. In a retrospective study of 120 children (36 aboriginal), the white children were far more likely to require an alternative mode of fluid administration (39 of 86 white versus 3 of 34 aboriginal). In a prospective study, although treated in the same manner by the same staff, during the first eight hours after admission white children had a mean oral intake of 2.9 ml/kg/hr (range 0.4-6.6, S.D. 1.6) whereas the aboriginal children had a mean oral intake of 6.1 ml/kg/hr (range 2.2-9.2, S.D. 2.1). The drinking behaviour of children varies with racial and/or cultural background. This should be considered in designing and administering rehydration solutions. PMID- 6651664 TI - Pulmonary function following staphylococcal pneumonia in children. AB - Twenty three subjects with proven staphylococcal pneumonia (19 with empyema) were studied 12-25 years after the original infection. Clinical radiological, and lung function status and airway response to histamine inhalation was assessed. No clinical or radiological changes resulted from the original staphylococcal infection. No subject had physiological evidence of chronic lung disease and there was no evidence of an increased incidence of airways hyperreactivity. PMID- 6651665 TI - A retrospective clinical study of osteochondrosis dissecans in 21 horses. AB - Osteochondrosis dissecans was diagnosed clinically and radiographically in 31 joints of 21 horses. The horses ranged in age from 8 months to 5 years at the time of presentation. The usual age of onset of clinical signs was 18 to 24 months. Presenting complaints included joint effusion and lameness of either gradual or sudden onset. In Thoroughbred horses, the stifle joint was the most common site of lesions and in Standardbred horses lesions occurred more commonly in the hock. In 16 of the 21 horses, the contralateral joint was radiographed and 9 of these horses had bilateral lesions. Thoroughbred horses were affected most commonly, followed by Standardbred horses. The prevalence was higher in males than females, the male: female ratio being 2.5:1. PMID- 6651666 TI - Assessment of the efficacy of an abductor muscle prosthesis for treatment of laryngeal hemiplegia in horses. AB - Four variations of abductor muscle prosthesis for treating laryngeal hemiplegia were evaluated in 153 horses by questionnaire, and in the 100 Thoroughbred racehorses in this group survival analysis was used to compare their racing performances and earnings with those of 400 control horses. The questionnaire indicated that the technique which included a ventriculectomy and 2 prostheses was regarded as being the most successful (P less than 0.01) and resulted in the least residual stertor (P less than 0.001). Survival analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the treated group of horses and the control horses (P greater than 0.05). PMID- 6651667 TI - Animal welfare and the Australian veterinarian. AB - This paper discusses the moral and philosophical arguments related to animal welfare. The veterinary profession in Australia has, to date, addressed this matter on a superficial and unsatisfactory level. In my view, the Australian Veterinary Association has not yet considered sound philosophical and moral positions in any area of animal welfare. This paper provides some examples of arguments concerning animal rights. It is suggested that the veterinary profession in Australia needs to take heed of these arguments and to develop a philosophy of its own. The profession is not seen to be having sufficient influence on the development of community standards in animal welfare. For example, public statements on the stray cat and dog problem concern the nuisance to human society and little is said of the welfare or rights of the animals themselves. The Australian Veterinary Association has not looked thoroughly at problems of animal welfare in the livestock industries, where the need for attention is urgent. Few veterinarians in Australia have the knowledge and experience to tackle problems in the area of animal experimentation. These include questions of laboratory animal production and disease, as well as those of a moral and philosophical nature. A discussion of ethical problems in studies on animal behaviour points to the lack of experience of veterinarians in this area. Possible mechanisms for statutory control of animal experimentation are explored. Antivivisectionist ideas and the significance of their political influence are outlined. PMID- 6651668 TI - Suspected ergotism in two heifers. AB - A syndrome similar to gangrenous ergotism was seen in 2 Friesian heifers grazing meadow hay containing perennial rye grass seed heads parasited by an ergot presumed to be Claviceps purpurea. Clinical signs were bilateral hind limb lameness and gangrene. There was angiographic evidence of vasoconstriction in the lower hind limbs with necrosis of all tissues in the distal region of both hind limbs. PMID- 6651669 TI - Copper storage disease with intravascular haemolysis in a Bedlington terrier. AB - A 5-year-old male Bedlington terrier was found to have haemoglobinuria from intravascular haemolysis. The owners reported also recent vomiting, occasional diarrhoea, reduced activity and increased drinking and urination. A diagnosis of inherited copper storage disease, as previously described in this breed, was established by demonstrating characteristic light and electron microscopic changes and copper content of 7, 717 micrograms/g in biopsied liver. Treatment by chelation with d-penicillamine and a low copper diet was instituted and the dog remains well 10 months later. Intravascular haemolysis is rare in dogs and an uncommon finding in Bedlington terriers with copper storage disease. PMID- 6651670 TI - Collapse of the trachea in two calves. PMID- 6651671 TI - Heptachlor levels in bone marrow of poisoned cattle and horses. PMID- 6651672 TI - Myopathy in sheep fed grain and/or cereal roughage. PMID- 6651673 TI - Bilateral cortical cataracts in sows. PMID- 6651674 TI - Erythrocyte potassium concentrations in cows with milk fever. PMID- 6651675 TI - Attempted transmission and immunotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva of ewes. PMID- 6651676 TI - Footrot control in drought. PMID- 6651678 TI - Degenerative joint disease of the hip joint in Hereford bullocks. PMID- 6651677 TI - Adult T-cell leukaemia virus. PMID- 6651679 TI - Birdsville disease in the central highlands area of Queensland. PMID- 6651680 TI - Liver biopsy in piglets using an anoscope and sponge forceps. PMID- 6651681 TI - The use of carbon fibre implants to repair severed digital flexor tendons in a fallow deer. PMID- 6651682 TI - Comparison of different antigenic preparations for the detection of ovine serum antibodies against Brucella ovis by ELISA. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed for the detection of antibodies against Brucella ovis using serum from control rams (Con-S), naturally infected rams (Inf-S), rams inoculated intravenously with B. ovis (IV-S) and rams vaccinated intramuscularly (IM-S). The serum was titrated by serial double dilutions from 1/25 to 1/25,600 against whole bacteria, B. ovis lipopolysaccharide and a detergent-extracted component of the outer membrane complex of B. ovis as antigens immobilised on microtitre plates. Sheep antibodies bound to antigen were assayed with rabbit anti-sheep gammaglobulin and alkaline phosphatase conjugated protein A. A high level of antibody activity against intact B. ovis cells was detected in Inf-S and IM-S. When lipopolysaccharide was the immobilised antigen, only IM-S yielded significant antibody activity. The component from detergent extracts of the outer membrane complex of B. ovis reacted best with serum (up to 1/6,400) from field-infected rams, while serum from vaccinated and intravenously inoculated rams registered significant titres up to a serum dilution of 1/800 and 1/200 respectively. These results indicate that ELISA is a very sensitive test but its value as a serodiagnostic procedure is dependent upon the choice of antigen used in the assay. PMID- 6651683 TI - Evaluation of surface components of Brucella ovis as antigens for the detection of precipitin antibody in serums from artificially exposed rams. AB - Surface components of Brucella ovis obtained by gentle physical shearing were tested as a potentially useful source of reagent for selective serological diagnosis. These antigens were used in a radial immunodiffusion (RID) test against serum from rams which had been inoculated with infective semen containing B. ovis by one of 4 routes namely mating rams with ewes previously inoculated intravaginally with infective semen, or by direct inoculation in the prepuce, rectum or nasal passage. Loosely attached surface antigens in the RID test formed precipitin bands with serums collected from rams 2 and 10 weeks after inoculation. In contrast, a detergent extracted membrane antigen B developed precipitin bands only with serum collected 10 weeks after inoculation from rams confirmed bacteriologically to be infected with B. ovis in the genital tract. The route by which the rams were artificially exposed did not affect the outcome of the RID test using the membrane B antigen. However, all experimentally exposed rams had demonstrable CF titres when a heat extracted antigen was used. PMID- 6651684 TI - Asymmetric hindquarter syndrome in pigs. AB - An outbreak of the asymmetric hindquarter syndrome was investigated in a Western Australian piggery. The condition was manifested as asymmetry of the hindquarter, particularly the semitendinosis, semimembranosis and biceps femoris muscles. The gait of affected animals was not noticeably altered, despite an obvious disparity in size between normal and affected limbs. Histologically, muscular degenerative and dystrophic changes were seen but were not present in all undersized muscles and were occasionally present in macroscopically normal muscles. All 7 affected pigs whose breeding history could be traced were sired by the same boar. The condition adversely affected conformation and resulted in down-grading of carcases. PMID- 6651685 TI - Clinical findings in dogs and cats with lead poisoning. AB - Over an 11-year period, 68 cases of lead poisoning were diagnosed in dogs and three in cats, accounting for 58.6% and 21.4% of the accidental poisonings in dogs and cats, respectively, presented at the Small Animal Clinic, University of Queensland. Of the dogs, 94% showed alimentary tract involvement and 67.6% central nervous system signs. Blood lead concentrations above 0.3 ppm were considered to indicate toxicity when associated with alimentary tract or central nervous system abnormalities. The percutaneous absorption of lead in dogs is proposed as a factor for intoxication. PMID- 6651686 TI - Acute poisoning in cattle after eating old non-viable seed of chou moellier (Brassica oleracea convar. acephala). AB - Thirty cows gained access to a heap of discarded seed of chou moellier that had been stored in a barn for 10 years. Within 24 h 2 cows were dead and one was acutely ill. The outstanding lesion was oedema of the wall of the rumen. The toxicity was attributed to damage to blood vessels in the rumen wall resulting in marked loss of fluid. PMID- 6651687 TI - Ctenocephalides felis felis infestation of koalas. PMID- 6651688 TI - Isolation of bacteria resembling Histophilus ovis from cattle. PMID- 6651689 TI - Estimate of amitraz load on skin after application of bath fluid. PMID- 6651691 TI - The isolation of Mycoplasma arginini from a pituitary abscess in a goat. PMID- 6651690 TI - Experimental Ascaridia columbae infections in budgerigars. PMID- 6651692 TI - Vomiting of land planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) ingested by cats. PMID- 6651693 TI - Hemimelia in lambs. PMID- 6651694 TI - Corneal oedema after vaccination of dogs with canine adenovirus 2. PMID- 6651695 TI - Gnathostoma spinigerum in a dog's leg. PMID- 6651696 TI - Pathology of the trachea in turkeys exposed by aerosol to lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus. AB - Five groups of 4-week-old turkey poults were each infected by aerosol with a different lentogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus. Four days postinfection, sections of tracheas were collected for histopathologic characterization and virus titration. The most prominent lesions were fibrinopurulent exudate in tracheal lumens, hyperplasia of epithelial cells, and infiltration by lymphocytes. All strains multiplied to high titers and produced similar microscopic lesions, but the number of poults with severe microscopic lesions varied among groups. PMID- 6651697 TI - Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect hemagglutination test for quantitating antibody responses in chickens against Pasteurella multocida. AB - An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to measure humoral antibody responses of chickens against Pasteurella multocida. A standard indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test was used to compare serologic results with those of ELISA. The ELISA was also used following challenge with P. multocida to compare the efficacy of three commercial fowl cholera vaccination regimens. Although antibody titers measured by ELISA and IHA were highly correlated, ELISA was at least twice as sensitive as IHA. Antibody measured by ELISA and IHA also correlated significantly with protection against P. multocida challenge. No mortality occurred in any of the three vaccinated challenged groups. However, control unvaccinated chickens experimentally infected with P. multocida developed signs of acute pasteurellosis and died by the 10th day post-challenge. Impression smears made of hepatic tissue from all chickens were stained (Wright's stain), and typical bipolar rods characteristic of Pasteurella were identified in smears from unvaccinated challenged controls only. PMID- 6651698 TI - The effect of Bacillus natto in feed on the sheep red blood cell antibody response in chickens. AB - Chickens fed 10(6) or 10(7) of Bacillus natto strain BN/g of diet from hatching through 15 or 30 days of age showed an increase in ability to produce hemagglutinating antibody titer as determined by intravenous injection of sheep red blood cells, whereas no increase in antibody production ability was observed in the chickens fed 10(7) of BN/g of diet from hatching through 10 days of age. PMID- 6651699 TI - Optimizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for evaluating immunity of chickens to Newcastle disease. AB - Experiments employing the various steps and reagents used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to produce an ELISA with the highest sensitivity and specificity possible for detecting Newcastle disease antibodies in chicken sera. Of the four types of antigen tested, crude antigen gave inconsistent results. However, an alcohol-precipitated antigen prepared from infectious allantoic-amniotic fluids was as satisfactory as more highly purified virus preparations. Other factors found to be extremely important were a 0.5M concentration of NaCl in the diluent and wash solutions used in the procedure, and a pH of 13 for sensitizing solution for maximum specific binding of the antigen to the microplate plastic wells. A comparison was made between the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers of 550 known chicken sera and the corresponding ELISA values. Although the ELISA is much more sensitive than the HI test, there was a general but not a direct correlation between the two tests. The ELISA did not give more information than the HI test concerning protection against an NDV-induced drop in egg production. Preliminary observations indicated that this ELISA procedure is also applicable for turkey sera. PMID- 6651700 TI - Studies on the use of a long-acting oxytetracycline in turkeys: efficacy against experimental infections with Alcaligenes faecalis and Pasteurella multocida. AB - A group of 2-week-old turkey poults was inoculated with a pathogenic strain of Alcaligenes faecalis. One week later, half the group was injected with a long acting oxytetracycline formulation. Poults were examined post-mortem on days 3, 5, and 10 post-treatment. Swabs were taken of the trachea, sinus, and lung of each poult. Poults were observed closely for clinical signs, and appropriate tissues were taken for histopathology. Results showed no evidence of therapeutic effect on A. faecalis infection in vivo, even though the organism was highly sensitive in vitro. Six-week-old turkeys were inoculated intramuscularly with 3.7 X 10(3) organisms of the P-1059 strain of Pasteurella multocida. Immediately following inoculation, half the group was treated with the long-acting oxytetracycline. Ninety percent of the untreated poults were dead 72 hours postinoculation, whereas none of the treated turkeys died. No evidence of any clinical disease was observed in the treated group during the 8-day observation period. The long-acting oxytetracycline product was highly efficacious in preventing disease caused by experimental inoculation with the P-1059 strain of P. multocida. PMID- 6651702 TI - In vitro cytotoxicity of an Alcaligenes faecalis and its relationship in in vivo tracheal pathologic changes in turkeys. AB - Two isolates of Alcaligenes faecalis from turkeys with respiratory disease were indistinguishable physically, biochemically, and for specific agglutinating antibodies. The isolates differed in in vitro cytotoxicity for turkey tracheal organ cultures and in ability to induce clinical rhinotracheitis in poults. The isolate designated NCDp induced in vitro cytotoxic changes in turkey tracheal organ cultures. Additionally, poults inoculated with NCDp developed severe clinical signs of rhinotracheitis, flaccid (collapsing) trachea, bacterial colonization of the cilia, and degeneration and loss of the columnar epithelium from the anterior one third to one half of the trachea. The isolate designated NCDm induced little or no cytotoxic changes in turkey tracheal organ culture. Isolate NCDm caused mild clinical signs of rhinotracheitis and colonized the trachea of inoculated poults, but it caused no other observable changes. A correlation seems to exist between in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo pathogenicity for these isolates of A. faecalis. PMID- 6651701 TI - Progression of tracheal lesions in turkeys exposed by aerosol to LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus. AB - Five-week-old turkeys were exposed by aerosol to the LaSota strain of Newcastle disease virus. Poults were killed on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 postexposure, and tracheas were processed for virus quantitation and histologic examination. Newcastle disease virus was recovered at a high titer from all tracheas collected 2, 4, and 6 days postexposure. The initial tracheal lesion observed on day 2 was swelling of ciliated columnar and mucous gland cells. Some of the affected cells contained intracytoplasmic inclusions. Cell swelling and degeneration were followed by epithelial cell proliferation, fibrinopurulent exudation, and lymphocytic infiltration. Epithelial cell proliferation was most severe on days 4 and 6, when tracheas were lined with several layers of immature cells. Lymphoid nodules appeared on day 6 and persisted up to day 14. From day 8 on, there was regression of the proliferative lesion accompanied by differentiation of the immature epithelium. By day 14, the tracheal mucosa regained its normal histologic appearance. PMID- 6651703 TI - Strain of Mycoplasma synoviae of low transmissibility. AB - An infection with Mycoplasma synoviae that spread slowly within and among pens of chickens was observed in a brown-egg breeding population that had long been free of M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae. There were unusually long periods of time between the first serological evidence of infection in a pen of chickens and the time that most of the group became positive. Transmission to adjacent pens was also slow. PMID- 6651704 TI - Mycobacteriosis in psittacine birds. AB - Mycobacteriosis was diagnosed in five psittacine birds: a blue-headed pionus parrot (Pionus menstruus), three grey-cheeked parakeets (Brotogeris pyrrhopterus), and a red-crowned Amazon parrot (Amazona dufresniana rhodocorytha). Signs were marked muscular wasting, anemia, recurrent diarrhea, and dulling or loss of feathers. Lesions were commonly present in the intestines, livers, and spleens, suggesting an oral route of infection. Other tissues in which granulomas were found were the oropharynx, pancreas, and kidneys. The pionus parrot had pulmonary tuberculosis involving both lungs and air sacs. One grey-cheeked parakeet exhibited no gross tubercular lesions. Microscopic lesions varied from noncaseous histiocytic foci to granulomatous "tubercles" with caseous necrosis. PMID- 6651705 TI - Evaluation and use of a micro-broth dilution procedure for testing sensitivity of fermentative avian mycoplasmas to antibiotics. AB - A micro-broth dilution procedure is described for testing the sensitivity of glucose-fermenting avian mycoplasmas to antibiotics. A systematic evaluation was made of potential sources of variation that could affect the reliability of this procedure. Strain WVU 1853 of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) was used as a standard culture and was tested against the antibiotics erythromycin, spiramycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, tiamulin, and tylosin. Inoculum density, duration of incubation before the test was read, and initial pH of the medium significantly affected test results. Type of serum and concentration of pig serum in the medium had little effect, provided the test was read when the phenol red indicator in the medium of a culture control (without antibiotic) had changed from deep red (pH 7.8) to orange-yellow (pH 7). The presence of bacterial inhibitors in the medium, the solvents used to dissolve some antibiotics, the use of thawed or actively growing cultures, and the number of passages of the culture before testing did not appear to be significant causes of test variation. By controlling important sources of variation, a standardized test was developed that gave reproducible results. The standardized test was used to determine the sensitivity to antibiotics of 49 strains of M. gallisepticum (MG), eight strains of MS, five strains of M. pullorum, seven strains of M. gallinaceum, and one strain of M. columborale. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the macrolide antibiotics were lower for the majority of MG strains than for the other Mycoplasma species tested. However, some strains of MG showed acquired resistance to the macrolide antibiotics. These strains also showed increased resistance to lincomycin and tiamulin. PMID- 6651706 TI - Pathology of the skeleton and tendons of broiler chickens reared to roaster weights. I. Crippled chickens. AB - The incidence of cripples among broiler chickens kept until 74 days of age was greatest in chickens fed ad libitum and kept in batteries. The incidence was lower in chickens kept in floor pens and was reduced by feed restriction. Crippling was due to long-bone distortion, rupture of the gastrocnemius tendon, and spondylolisthesis. Long-bone distortion was the most common defect and could be divided into valgus and varus deformation. The former was more important in chickens less than 7 weeks of age, and the latter was more important in older chickens. Tibial dyschondroplasia was found in some chickens with long-bone distortion, and the possible significance of this abnormal cartilage as a cause of long-bone distortion is discussed. PMID- 6651707 TI - Changes in carotenoid and vitamin A levels in young turkeys infected with Eimeria meleagrimitis or E. adenoeides. AB - Changes in levels of plasma xanthophyll, plasma retinol, liver retinol, and liver retinylpalmitate in poults infected with Eimeria meleagrimitis or E. adenoeides were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Infection with either species significantly reduced total plasma carotenoids; the reduction was due largely to a decrease in xanthophyll to approximately 50% of control levels on the day of maximum effect. In addition, E. meleagrimitis infection decreased plasma retinol levels from 1.84 microgram/ml plasma (controls) to 1.00 microgram/ml plasma on day 6 postinoculation. Concomitantly, liver retinol levels fell from 0.23 microgram/mg protein (controls) to 0.15 microgram/mg protein, and liver retinylpalmitate levels fell from 0.74 microgram/mg protein (controls) to 0.44 microgram/mg protein. In contrast, Eimeria adenoeides infection caused little change in either plasma or liver retinol levels. PMID- 6651708 TI - Pathology of the skeleton and tendons of broiler chickens reared to roaster weights. II. Normal chickens. AB - Broiler chickens were raised to 74 days of age under different feeding and housing regimens. Conformation, growth plates and tendon strength were studied in clinically normal chickens of various ages. A change with age from slight valgus deviation of the metatarsal bones to varus deviation was recorded. Separation of the proximal femoral epiphysis from the femur on disarticulation of the coxofemoral joint was a common post-mortem artifact. It was more common in chickens on full feed than in chickens fed a restricted amount of feed. Two distinct growth-plate abnormalities were recognized. Dyschondroplasia was most common in the proximal tibiotarsus and was almost completely absent in chickens fed a restricted amount of feed. Eosinophilic streaks were found in growth plates of the proximal femur and the thoracic vertebral bodies. The incidence of these streaks was not affected by feed restriction. It is suggested that these streaks represent microscopic tears in growth plates exposed to shear forces and that they may be similar to osteochondrosis in mammals. The tensile strength of the flexor digitus perforatus and perforans tendon to the third digit increased with age. It was not affected by housing or feeding regimen, but the ratio of tensile strength over body weight was less in chickens fed ad libitum than in those fed a restricted amount of feed. PMID- 6651709 TI - Pathophysiologic effects of acceleration stress in the miniature swine. AB - Four groups of six animals each were exposed to simulated +Gz aerial combat maneuvers (SACM). The first group was exposed to 5 SACM/d for 1 d. The other three groups were exposed to 5 SACM/d three times per week for 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months, respectively. The SACM was 100 s long and contained two 5-s +9Gz peaks. A control group of four animals was exposed to 1 d of five 100-s +1Gz exposures. All animals were unanesthetized. The animals were necropsied and the hearts were examined macro- and microscopically within 48 h of their respective acceleration regimen. Eight transmural samples were taken from each heart for hydroxyproline analysis. Subendocardial hemorrhage (scale = 0-4) and myocyte damage (damaged cells per tissue section), respectively, were greatest in the control (2.08 and 0.87) and the 1-d (2.39 and 0.84) exposure groups, declining thereafter to the lowest values in the 6-month (0.33 and 0.06) group. Hydroxyproline concentration, as an indicator of possible scar-tissue development, showed a significant positive trend with increasing time at several sample sites on the left ventricular free wall. Heart rate (HR) and ventricular ectopy were highest during the early + Gz exposures and decreased with time thereafter. Seven additional swine were chronically instrumented with an arterial catheter for blood collection during the SACM to determine hematocrit and plasma levels of catecholamines, cortisol, and protein. The animals were exposed to the same 5 SACMs/d, 3 times/week for 4 months. Plasma norepinephrine (norepi), epinephrine (epi), and cortisol increased, respectively, from mean pre-G values of 0.9 ng/ml, 0.8 ng/ml, and 10.8 micrograms/dl to mean high values of 53.8 ng/ml, 58.1 ng/ml, and 34.0 micrograms/dl during 1-d and 1-week +Gz exposure; then declined to high values of 8.6 ng/ml, 4.3 ng/ml, and 18.8 micrograms/dl after 4 months of +Gz. The decline in macro- and microscopic myocardial damage during the approximate time frame of the decline in HR, arrhythmias, norepi, epi, and cortisol suggests a causative relationship. This decline also suggests that the injury observed during +Gz exposures is the result of the emotional stress of handling, restraint, and the unfamiliar environment of the centrifuge and +Gz, to which the animal becomes accustomed with time. However, the hydroxyproline and histologic data also suggest that myocardial scar-tissue may develop as a result of multiple +Gz exposures. PMID- 6651711 TI - Muscle glycogen in soldiers on different diets during military field manoeuvres. AB - Severe skeletal muscle glycogen depletion has been previously reported for soldiers participating in field exercises. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the distribution of amplified food rations would reduce the extent of glycogen depletion during military field manoeuvres. Needle biopsy samples were obtained from the m. vastus lateralis of soldiers both before and immediately after their participation in 4.5 d of field exercises. Eight soldiers received normal rations while a second group of eight soldiers received rations which were amplified in both caloric value and the proportion of carbohydrates. Intramuscular glycogen concentrations before and after the manoeuvres averaged 120 and 55 mmol glucose units . kg-1, respectively. The group which received amplified rations did not exhibit glycogen levels significantly different from those using normal rations. PMID- 6651710 TI - Correlations between ejection times measured from the carotid pulse contour and the impedance cardiogram. AB - Systolic time interval (STI) analysis is a commonly employed noninvasive technique for evaluating myocardial function. It requires simultaneous recording of an electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, and the carotid pulse contour, from which left ventricular ejection time is measured. The carotid pulse contour may be difficult to record when there is subject movement, such as with exercise or other stresses utilized in aerospace medical research. Impedance cardiography is a relatively new noninvasive technique for measuring stroke volume. It also provides a measure of systolic ejection time without the necessity of recording a carotid pulse contour. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between left ventricular ejection time (LVET) determined from conventional STI analysis and systolic ejection time (T) obtained with impedance cardiography. The electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, carotid pulse contour, and impedance cardiogram were monitored simultaneously in 17 male subjects 39-63 years of age (6 normotensive, 7 with established hypertension, and 4 with labile hypertension). Subjects were monitored at seated rest and during submaximal and maximal cycle ergometer exercise. Beat-by-beat analysis revealed high intrasubject correlations between LVET and T for each subject during all three activity levels. Correlations between LVET and T for the combined group of 17 subjects were: rest r = 0.990, submaximal exercise r = 0.976, maximal exercise r = 0.986; p less than 0.01. These results indicate impedance cardiography can be used in the determination of STIs for the evaluation of ventricular function, as well as for the noninvasive determination of stroke volume and cardiac output. PMID- 6651712 TI - Neck muscle loading and fatigue: systematic variation of headgear weight and center-of-gravity. AB - An extensive series of experiments has been conducted to quantify the fatigue of neck muscles as measured by isometric endurance time. The neck muscles were dynamically and statically loaded by systematic variation of 15 headgear configurations consisting of 5 different centers-of-gravity (forward-low, center low, center-high, right-lateral-low and afterward-low) and 3 different weights (3.2 lb, 5.0 lb, 9.0 lb, 1.45, 2.27, 4.09 kg). Each of six subjects would rotate his head laterally (from side-to-side) for 30 min in each of the 15 headgear loading combinations. Immediately thereafter, the subject would position his head in an isometric head dynamometer and exert a sustained right lateral neck contraction at 70% of his maximum strength (MVC), during which endurance time (to fatigue) was recorded. The results indicate that there were no significant differences (p greater than 0.05) in endurance time between the 3.2 lb/forward low, 3.2 lb/lateral-right-low, and 9.0 lb/afterward-low compared to controls (endurance time for at 70% MVC isometric neck contraction in which there was no prior head loading). All other head loading configurations (weight and center-of gravity combinations) did result in a significant reduction (p less than or equal to 0.05) in endurance times (compared to controls). These results are significant since they provide useful insights into the optimal trade-off between various centers-of-gravity and helmet weight combinations which result in the optimization of neck muscle endurance. PMID- 6651713 TI - Visual test results compared with flying performance in telemetry-tracked aircraft. AB - We compared flying performance with the results of laboratory and airborne visual tests. Pilots flew high-performance, telemetry-tracked A4 and F-14 aircraft. In the low-level task, the index of performance was bombing accuracy; in air-to-air combat, performance was assessed by the number of missile hits scored per hit received (win/loss ratio). The chief laboratory tests comprised discrimination between two speeds of a radially-expanding flow pattern, and manual tracking of a visual target. Airborne tests comprised visual acquisition distance of an A4 aircraft, and visual sensitivity to a change in the course of an approaching A4 aircraft. We found that the flow pattern and movement-in-depth tracking test results correlated with bombing accuracy, confirming previously reported simulator findings. The results of airborne visual tests correlated with the win/loss ratio in combat, and tracking test results correlated with the number of missiles fired per combat engagement. Subsidiary tests of motion, grating contrast, and visual acuity thresholds were carried out for comparability with other studies, but these measures did not predict flying performance. PMID- 6651714 TI - Age-specific morbidity among Navy pilots. AB - This study compares the morbidity (hospitalization) rates by age of male Navy aviators (n = 22,417) with rates for three male control populations: nonpilot aircrew officers (n = 9,483), unrestricted line officers (n = 55,593), and staff officers (n = 46,565). Aircrew members and pilots have the highest hospitalization rates of the four officer groups for both total admissions and for most of the 16 major diagnostic categories. Younger pilots have the highest rates for the disorders of tooth development and eruption and accidental injuries (primarily sports-related) while one of the highest rates for older pilots is observed for circulatory diseases. Compared to civilian samples, the four officer populations are considerably healthier. To further protect the health of Navy personnel, a health risk profile should be developed, implemented, and used as the initial step in reducing and eliminating health risk factors. PMID- 6651715 TI - Effect of confinement in small space flight size cages on insulin sensitivity of exercise-trained rats. AB - Previous studies on men under conditions of total bed rest, and laboratory animals under limited physical activity, have shown resistance to insulin-induced glucose uptake and, conversely, increased sensitivity to insulin with exercise training. To determine whether the beneficial effects of exercise training on increasing insulin sensitivity are lost following end of exercise and confinement in small cages, oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were given to control and exercise-trained rats before and after placement in small space flight size cages (11 X 4 X 4 1/2 in) for 7 d. The product of the area of the insulin and glucose curves of the OGTT (IG index) provides a measure of insulin resistance. Values obtained, before confinement, were one-half as high in exercise-trained rats as those in control rats (p less than 0.001), reflecting increased sensitivity to insulin with exercise training. After 7 d confinement, the IG index was not significantly different from initial values for both control and exercise-trained rats. These findings indicate that increased insulin sensitivity in exercise trained rats persists 7 d after cessation of running activity. Furthermore, the data suggest that exercise training, before flight, may be beneficial in minimizing the loss of insulin sensitivity expected with decreased use of gravity dependent muscles during exposure to hypogravity in space flight. PMID- 6651716 TI - Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER): Moran and computer batteries. AB - This investigation was directed at evaluating nine cognitive ability tasks for repeated measures applications and inclusion in the Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) battery. In the first study, five tasks from the Moran Battery, which were adapted from the French kit of factor-referenced tests, were administered to 18 subjects daily for 13 workdays. In the second study, four tasks from the Carter and Sbisa Computer Generated Battery were administered daily to 17 subjects (12 in common with first study) for 15 workdays. Examination of the means, variances, and interday reliabilities, together with factor analysis of the cross-task correlations, led to the recommendation of four tasks. Tasks recommended for repeated measures applications were Vertical Addition, Perceptual Speed, Grammatical Reasoning, and Flexibility of Closure. PMID- 6651717 TI - Psychiatric assessment of female fliers at the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine (USAFSAM). AB - There were 17 female fliers referred for evaluation to the Neuropsychiatry Branch, Clinical Sciences Division, of the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, TX, between October 1976 and September 1982: five primarily for emotional reasons; seven primarily for somatic disorders and only secondarily for emotional symptoms; two for entry to the Airsickness Rehabilitation/Treatment protocol; and three for routine evaluation in preparation for possible future space flight. This number is too small for any sort of statistical analysis, but one emerging theme has clinical importance. A significant number of male fliers tend to see these female fliers in stereotyped roles--mother, potential sexual partner, little sister, daughter--and then respond to the assigned role rather than to a real person. Whether a woman accepts this projected role as egosyntonic or rejects it as egosyntonic, its existence may affect her real-life role. For example, one woman pilot reported that her instructors seemed to make allowances for her sex by expecting less of her than they did of her male colleagues, "carrying" her along as if she were a little sister. While such role-casting may be carried on subconsciously, its behavioral manifestations are real and may have the potential for affecting flight safety. This study represents an initial approach to the data in this area, and is intended to alert flight surgeons to the implications of such role-casting in the flight environment. PMID- 6651718 TI - Saturation recompression therapy in a diving accident. AB - We report a case of cerebral air embolism caused by pulmonary barotrauma in a diver. Severe neurological symptoms, deterioration during decompression, and a prolonged, complicated, initial pressure profile indicated the need for saturation therapy. Few clinical cases treated by saturation recompression therapy (SRT) have been reported since its introduction in 1978 (1,5). SRT is an effective alternative for the management of complicated and persistent accidents involving intravascular bubbles. PMID- 6651719 TI - A review of ocular malingering and hysteria for the flight surgeon. AB - Malingering is the conscious creation of a functional defect or denial of a true defect. Positive malingering is the former, and negative malingering is the latter. Hysteria is similar to malingering except that it is unconscious. Ocular malingering is common among draft evaders. The flight surgeon or military ophthalmologist will more commonly see the negative malingerer in peacetime because of the high physical standards for flying. Wartime creates a sudden shift towards positive malingering, however, for obvious reasons. This paper carefully defines the distinctions between malingering, hysteria, and true disease consistent with the defect claimed. It also provides a systematic approach to history, examination, and special testing of a possible ocular malingerer/hysteric. A number of common ocular complaints are considered separately, including decreased visual acuity, visual field defects, night vision defects, color vision defects, ocular muscle defects, automutilatory defects, opacification of transparent media, blepharospasm, intraocular disease, and asthenopia. PMID- 6651720 TI - Comparative study of white cell count and differential leukocyte count in school children at Dead Sea level and at Amman. AB - White cell and differential counts were studied in school children living at Amman (group A), Dead Sea natives (group B), and residents of the Dead Sea area who originated from different areas (group C). A total of 159 subjects from group A, 146 from group B, and 38 from group C, were studied. Significant leukopenia was observed in group B, as compared with groups A and C (p less than 0.005). This was due to selective neutropenia in group B (p less than 0.005). Careful analysis revealed that this difference was genetic and not environmental. Living at 390 m below sea level does not affect the white cell or the differential count. PMID- 6651722 TI - Ultralight aircraft safety and regulation. AB - Ultralight aircraft evolved from adding power to hang gliders. Ultralight aviation is now the fastest growing sport in America. The safety of these aircraft is of concern but information regarding accidents and fatalities has been meager. To date, the only major source of statistics has been the Experimental Aircraft Association, which tabulated 101 accidents with 20 fatalities over a 3.5-year period. Until October 1982, there were no FAA regulations governing these aircraft. This report reviews the evolution of ultralight aircraft regulation and the available accident information. PMID- 6651721 TI - Personality profiles of pilots. AB - Samples of Air Force fighter pilots, trainee commercial pilots, and males drawn from the general community completed the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS). Four significant effects were found for individual sub-scales; three (Achievement, Affiliation, and Nurturance) identifying air force fighter pilots. Commercial pilot trainees scored significantly less than the community sample on Succorance and Nurturance. The data suggest that the EPPS consists of several related personality dimensions. One of these, "sociability," discriminated fighter pilots from the general community. PMID- 6651723 TI - Investigations in outer space conducted in the USSR during 1982. PMID- 6651724 TI - Cardiovascular examinations and observations of deconditioning during the space shuttle orbital flight test program. AB - During the first four flights of the space shuttle, cardiovascular data were obtained on each crewmember as part of the operational medicine requirements for crew health and safety. From monitoring blood pressure and electrocardiographic data, it was possible to estimate the degree of deconditioning imposed by exposure to the microgravity environment. For this purpose, a quantitative cardiovascular index of deconditioning (CID) was derived to aid the clinician in his assessment. Isotonic saline was then investigated as a countermeasure against orthostatic intolerance and found to be effective in partially reversing the hemodynamic consequences. It was observed that the space flight environment of reentry might potentially be arrhythmogenic in at least one individual. PMID- 6651725 TI - Pharmacokinetics of pentobarbital under hyperbaric and hyperbaric hyperoxic conditions in the dog. AB - High hydrostatic pressure has been shown to reverse the anesthetic effects of barbiturates. However, attempts to distinguish between two possible causes of this reversal, changes in drug disposition or changes in drug-receptor interaction, have not been reported. This study examined the possible effects of hyperbaria and hyperbaric hyperoxia on the distribution and clearance of pentobarbital in the dog. The drug was administered to six mixed-breed dogs as a 30 mg/kg i.v. bolus at 1 ATA breathing air, 6 ATA breathing air, and 2.8 ATA breathing 100% oxygen, with serial blood sampling for 12 h. Pharmacokinetic and statistical analyses showed no significant effects of hyperbaria or hyperbaric hyperoxia on the total plasma clearance, volume of distribution or elimination half-life. If pressure reversal of barbiturate anesthesia occurs at these pressures, changes in the disposition of the drug are not the causative factors. PMID- 6651726 TI - Rat hindlimb muscle responses to suspension hypokinesia/hypodynamia. AB - Hypokinetic/hypodynamic (H/H) whole body suspension of rats eliminates hindlimb load bearing functions while permitting continued use of the forelimbs. Responses of hindlimb muscles were assessed in terms of absolute and relative weights during 1 and 2 weeks of H/H suspension. Muscle mass loss was in the order soleus greater than gastrocnemius = plantaris greater than extensor digitorum longus (EDL). The soleus, a postural antigravity muscle composed mainly of slow twitch fibers, was most sensitive, losing 35% and 45% of its weight during the first and second weeks, respectively. The gastrocnemius and plantaris showed losses during the first week but no significant loss during the second week. The EDL showed little or no weight loss. During post suspension recovery all muscles showed a weight gain. H/H suspended rats failed to grow; following removal from suspension they gained weight linearly, comparable to controls. Products of muscle metabolism including urea, ammonia, and 3-methylhistidine increased in the urine during H/H suspension and were significantly reduced approaching control levels during recovery. This suspension model offers considerable promise for comparison with H/H responses during weightlessness. PMID- 6651727 TI - No drowning mark upon him. AB - A crew member made a successful emergency ejection at low level, following a bird strike over the sea, but was found floating dead in his lifejacket when rescuers reached him soon afterwards. The probable mode of death and some possible implications are discussed. PMID- 6651729 TI - Fatal gliding accidents in the United Kingdom: 1960-1980. AB - For many years, the Department of Aviation and Forensic Pathology of the RAF Institute of Pathology and Tropical Medicine has assisted in the medical investigation of fatal military and civil aircraft accidents, both in the U.K. and overseas. These included 33 glider accidents involving 39 deaths over the period 1960-1980. They do not include all the fatal gliding accidents in the U.K. because there is no mandatory obligation to call in the department, but probably represent over 50%. The Department is primarily interested in the nature of fatal injuries, the performance of safety equipment and the presence or absence of pre existing medical factors which might have affected or caused the accident. It also makes recommendations intended to improve flight safety, and is often involved in the discussions between the British Gliding Association, the Civil Aviation Authority, and the other organizations involved. PMID- 6651728 TI - Neurophysiological effects of -X impact acceleration. AB - In 19 experiments, eight unanesthetized Rhesus monkeys, with torsos restrained in a seated position, and with head and neck free to move, were subjected to peak sled accelerations in the -X direction ranging from 42 m/s2 to 963 m/s2. Recordings of cortical somatosensory evoked potentials were made using recording electrodes chronically implanted over the somatosensory cortex. Electrical pulse stimuli were delivered at a rate of 5 Hz through spinal electrodes located at L1 L2. Evoked potentials were recorded prior to impact, through the impact event, and subsequent to impact, then subjected to quantitative analysis procedures which included normalized cross-correlation and exponential regression. The results of this analysis suggest a neurophysiological effect which holds promise as an indicator of a pre-injurious central nervous system condition. This effect is a transient increase of 2% to 5% in the latency of the primary surface positive peak of the cortical evoked potential. There appears to be a threshold for these increases in latency at peak sled accelerations in the region of 600 m/s2. This is consistent with previous findings and provides the basis for applying these techniques to human volunteer experiments. PMID- 6651730 TI - A five-year survey of hypobaric chamber physiological incidents in the Canadian Forces. AB - Hypobaric chamber training forms an integral part of the Canadian Forces (CF) Aeromedical Training Programme (AMTP). There are four standard types of runs (Type I, II, III, IV) in which personnel are exposed to the reduced atmospheric pressures ranging from ground level (GL) to 43,000 ft (13,106 m) (0.16 ATA). Physiological incidents involving trapped gases in the hollow body organs resulting from exposure to these reduced atmospheric pressures are considered "normal" during chamber runs and are managed by well established procedures. Altitude decompression sickness (DCS) on the other hand is a potentially life threatening disorder and must be managed accordingly. This report is a summary of all physiological incidents occurring in CF hypobaric chambers during the period 1 January, 1977-31 December, 1981, and emphasizes significant trends in the incidence of altitude DCS at these chambers. PMID- 6651731 TI - Diaphragmatic rupture during G-maneuvers in a T33 jet trainer. AB - A 26-year-old white male, radar operator, participated in a flight in a U.S. Air Force T33 jet trainer. The patient experienced nausea and vomiting followed by several episodes of retching during maneuvers of positive acceleration. Upon landing, he noted severe epigastric pain and shortness of breath. After 3 h of persistent symptoms, he presented to the base hospital's emergency department where he was diagnosed as having diaphragmatic herniation of abdominal viscera into the left hemithorax. At laparotomy, a large traumatic paraesophageal tear was discovered. The abdominal viscera were reduced and the defect repaired. The postoperative course was uncomplicated. The pathophysiology of blunt, nonpenetrating diaphragmatic herniation is discussed. Another mechanism for diaphragmatic rupture resulting from the forces of vomiting and acceleration is proposed. PMID- 6651732 TI - Aural barotrauma and surfactant. AB - The concept is introduced that surfactant may be present in the Eustachian tubes as a release agent which would be adsorbed to tissue surfaces to facilitate their separation in maintaining aeration of the middle ear. PMID- 6651733 TI - Fetal development: effects of decompression sickness and treatment. AB - Pregnant hamsters were exposed to 7.1 ATA (200 fsw) of compressed air breathing for 40 min. Comparisons were made between three groups of pregnant hamsters: (a) those that developed decompression sickness (DCS); (b) those that did not; and (c) a control (non-divided) group. As reported previously, maternal DCS if untreated resulted in frequent and severe teratogenic effects. Furthermore, fetuses from those females who apparently did not develop DCS were significantly smaller at term than fetuses from the control animals. However, fetuses from females that were treated for DCS did not differ from controls. This suggests that 40-min, 200-fsw dives per se are detrimental to fetal development in hamsters. PMID- 6651734 TI - Vertical impact evaluation of the F/FB-111 crew restraint configuration, headrest position, and upper extremity bracing technique. AB - An experiment to assess the influence of changes in restraint harness configuration, fore-aft headrest position, and upper extremity bracing technique on human response to impact was conducted using the AFAMRL Vertical Deceleration Tower. A total of 201 tests was performed with volunteer subjects in 11 test conditions to evaluate 3 restraint harnesses, 3 arm bracing conditions, and 4 seat adjustment configurations. The test fixture, restraint harness, and subject were instrumented to obtain pertinent objective data during each experiment. Measured parameters included acceleration of the impact carriage and test seat, velocity of the carriage, loads reacted at the seat, loads measured at the restraint harness attachment points, triaxial translational accelerations at the head and chest of the subject, and body segment displacements. The mean peak carriage acceleration for the 161 experimental level tests was 10.5 G (S.D. = 0.18) and the mean carriage velocity change was 7.89 m/s (S.D. = 0.05). Resultant head and chest accelerations were increased in a proposed, modified F/FB-111 restraint system compared to the operational F/FB-111 restraint system. These findings contributed to the decision not to implement the proposed modification. Also, the arms crossed bracing position for F/FB-111 ejectees preparing for landing impact of the crew module was associated with higher seat loads than the arms extended position. With the arms extended and braced on the anterior thighs or knees, loads are transmitted through the extremities to the footrest thereby reducing loading of the vertebral column. Operational use of the arms extended position prior to anticipated vertical impact accelerations may be helpful in reducing the vertebral fracture rate associated with these mechanical force environments. PMID- 6651735 TI - Cardiovascular injury from blunt thoracic impact of epinephrine and isoproterenol injected rabbits. AB - Nonpenetrating thoracic impact of 10 anesthetized rabbits injected with epinephrine and experiencing transient hypertension resulted in 4 incidents of traumatic rupture of the left ventricle. Impact of similar severity did not produce ventricular injury (p less than 0.01) in either 11 control or 10 animals injected with isoproterenol and experiencing transient hypotension. Immediate death (p less than 0.001) and aortic rupture (p less than 0.05) were most frequent in epinephrine injected animals. Impact during cardiac systole produced more frequent cardiovascular lesions in the epinephrine injected animals than during diastolic loading (p less than 0.001), whereas the cardiac phase was not a significant factor in the thoracic injuries of the control or isoproterenol injected animals. The experiments indicate that the precondition of the myocardium is an important factor in the incidence of ventricular and major vascular rupture in nonpenetrating thoracic impact. PMID- 6651736 TI - Transdermal scopolamine in the prevention of motion sickness: evaluation of the time course of efficacy. AB - This study evaluated the time course of efficacy of transdermal scopolamine in the prevention of motion sickness induced by exposure to coriolis stimulation in a rotating chair. We measured levels of efficacy, quantified side effects and symptoms, and determined inter- and intra-subject variability following use of transdermal scopolamine. The response to transdermal scopolamine was highly variable, although overall we recorded a 40% improvement (p less than 0.05) in test scores 16-72 h after application of the transdermal system. This variability could not be explained solely by the levels of scopolamine present in the blood. The improvement was not due to the artifactual repression by scopolamine of selected symptoms of motion sickness. An unexpectedly high incidence of side effects was reported. It was concluded that the therapeutic use of transdermal scopolamine be evaluated individually and that individuals be cautioned that subsequent usage may not always be effective. PMID- 6651737 TI - Effect of experimentally induced atrial fibrillation on coronary circulation in dogs. AB - The influence of atrial fibrillation on coronary circulation was studied in 21 anesthetized open-chest dogs. Atrial fibrillation was induced either by local application of acetylcholine (10% in normal saline) on the left atrial appendage or by electric stimulation (2-7 volts, 2 ms, 50 Hz). When atrial fibrillation was induced (n = 10), mean aortic pressure fell and heart rate rose significantly; coronary blood flow (CBF) remained unchanged (78 +/- 6 vs. 75 +/- 5 ml/min X 100 g) while coronary vascular resistance (CVR) (1.16 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.87 +/- 0.07 [m Hg X min X 100 gl/ml [RU], p less than 0.0001) and sinus oxygen saturation (26 +/ 2 vs. 22 +/- 1%, p less than 0.05) decreased. Following the application of carbochromen (5 mg/kg in 3 min i.v.) resulting in maximal coronary dilatation, atrial fibrillation resulted in a reduction in CBF (311 +/- 48 vs. 205 +/- 30 ml/min X 100 g, p less than 0.01) and coronary sinus oxygen saturation (65 +/- 6 vs. 42 +/- 6%, p less than 0.01), while CVR (0.27 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.37 +/- 0.04 RU, p less than 0.0001) was 38 +/- 8% (p less than 0.0005) higher during atrial fibrillation than at sinus rhythm. When hearts were paced to a rate which was identical to the average heart rate at atrial fibrillation (n = 11), CBF (92 vs. 125 +/- 14 ml/min X 100 g, p less than 0.001) and sinus oxygen saturation (24 +/- 2 vs. 30 +/- 2%, p less than 0.0025) were higher and CVR (1.16 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.97 +/- 0.10 RU, p less than 0.0005) lower than during atrial fibrillation; during maximal coronary dilatation by carbochromen, pacing also resulted in a higher CBF (233 +/- 24 vs. 168 +/- 16 ml/min X 100 g, p less than 0.0005) and sinus oxygen saturation (70 +/- 3 vs. 57 +/- 2%, p less than 0.0005), while CVR (0.25 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.46 +/- 0.02 RU, p less than 0.0005) was lower than during atrial fibrillation. Thus atrial fibrillation results in a decrease in coronary vascular resistance but an increase in coronary oxygen extraction. When heart rate is controlled, the vasoconstrictor effect of atrial fibrillation becomes unmasked. Coronary vasoconstriction during atrial fibrillation appears to be greater during maximal coronary dilatation than during control. PMID- 6651738 TI - Age-related differences in excitation-contraction coupling in rat papillary muscle. AB - To investigate the possible role of an alteration in excitation-contraction coupling during development, aging and senescence we compared simultaneously recorded mechanical and electrical activity of left ventricular papillary muscles from 3, 6, 12, and 24-month-old male rats. In addition, the effects of calcium and verapamil on excitation-contraction coupling were evaluated. We recorded transmembrane action potentials during both isometric and isotonic contractions. At al external bath calcium = 2.4 mM, action potential duration at 75% complete repolarization (APD75) was significantly prolonged as a function of age (3 mo = 28.2 +/- 2.7; 6 mo = 29.5 +/- 2.6; 12 mo = 49.5 +/- 5.6; 24 mo = 121 +/- 8.5 msec) while peak developed tension (DT) was not significantly altered (3 mo = 5.13 +/- 0.53; 6 mo = 4.75 +/- 0.53; 12 mo = 7.26 +/- 0.51; 24 mo = 6.01 +/- 0.67 g/mm2). The correlation coefficient (r value) for APD75 and DT was strong for 3 month-old animals (4 = 0.99) but weakened as a function of age (6 mo = 0.93; 12 mo = 0.81; 24 mo = 0.57). Similar results were observed when APD75 was correlated with time-to-peak tension (TPT) (3 mo = 0.95; 6 mo = 0.98; 12 mo = 0.85; 24 mo = 0.68), time-to-one-half relaxation (T1/2R) 3 mo = 0.91; 6 mo = 0.97; 12 mo = 0.85; 24 mo = 0.81) and time to peak shortening (TPS) (3 mo = 0.89; 6 mo = 0.81; 12 mo = 0.82; 24 mo = 0.51). Correlations between action potential duration and contractile parameters became weak in all age groups upon the addition of verapamil (V). The correlation between APD75 and DT for 3-month-old animals decreased by 34% upon the addition of V while a 70% decrease was seen in 24-month old animals. Similar results were seen when APD75 was correlated with TPT, T1/2R and TPS when V was added to the perfusate. Our results indicate that excitation contraction coupling, as evidence by alterations in not only the contractile apparatus but also in the surface membrane, may be altered in ventricular muscle as in function of age. PMID- 6651739 TI - Modulation by estradiol of rabbit atrial chronotropic response to histamine. AB - The chronotropic response (delta rate) to histamine of atria from estradiol 17 beta (E2; 0.1 mg/kg)-treated (14 days) rabbit was significantly greater compared to those from control rabbits. However, the maximum response of atria from rabbits treated with a higher dose of E2 (1.0 mg/kg) was not significantly different from control. Cimetidine (2.8 X 10(-7) M) inhibited the theoretical maximum income in rate to histamine in all 3 groups, control 25%, E2 (0.1 mg) 42% and E2 (1.0 mg) 35%. PMID- 6651740 TI - Coronary collateral development in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). AB - The ability of the rhesus monkey to form coronary collaterals was tested in ten animals. Ameroid constrictors were implanted on the left circumflex coronary artery and allowed to remain for 12 weeks. One animal died of an acute myocardial infarction nine days after surgery; the remaining animals survived without clinical signs referable to myocardial ischemia. The hearts were excised at 12 weeks postsurgery for perfusion fixation and coronary vascular injection with barium-gelatin. All hearts exhibited infarction scars in the circumflex-perfused regions, with infarcts varying from a transmural scar to cases with a thin margin of surviving myocardium at the epicardial surface. Coronary collaterals were infrequent and small in size, and particularly evident in the atria. We conclude that the rhesus monkey is unable to develop sufficient coronary collateral blood flow to prevent myocardial infarction after gradual, total coronary occlusion with ameroid constrictors. PMID- 6651742 TI - The pattern of sarcomere lengths through the left ventricular free wall: differences between open and closed-chest rats. AB - Sarcomere lengths were measured with an optical microscope at five sites through the free wall of the open-chest rat left ventricle. After pentobarbital anesthesia the hearts were arrested with 5 mM cadmium chloride and 0.9% saline and fixed with formaldehyde solution. Serial sections (250 microns thick) were cut from endocardium to epicardium with a freezing microtome. Selected sections were sonified, mixed with a gelatin-water solution, and placed on a glass slide. There was a progressive increase in mean sarcomere lengths with increasing intraventricular pressures though the sarcomeres did not significantly exceed their optimum length. There was a distinct and statistically significant difference in the pattern of sarcomere lengths through the ventricular wall between our previous closed-chest study and the present open-chest study. In this open-chest animals, there was an almost linear pattern of increasing sarcomere lengths from endocardium to epicardium over the range of semiphysiologic diastolic intraventricular pressures (6, 12, and 24 cm H2O -- 0.59, 1.18, 2.35 kPa). These results appear to caution against extrapolations on ventricular function derived from open chest studies to the normal physiologic conditions. PMID- 6651741 TI - Mechanical interaction between the ventricles. AB - We investigated ventricular interaction by the use of six excised, perfused, canine hearts. In this preparation, we could change the filling pressure of the right and left ventricles independently, thereby breaking the normal series-pump arrangement. We found that mechanical ventricular interaction exists in diastole and in systole. Namely, not only decreased diastolic ventricular compliance, but also the reduced performance in either ventricle was found, when the opposite ventricular pressure was increased. Thus, when the opposite ventricular filling pressure increases, we suspect that systolic ventricular function of either ventricle will be depressed significantly by these two factors; i.e., the Frank Starling effect due to decreased ventricular diastolic volume following decreased diastolic ventricular compliance, and the depressed systolic ventricular function. Clinically, these findings may be important in considering the mechanism of the occurrence of simultaneous reduced performance of both ventricles in cases when only one side of the ventricle is affected hemodynamically and its filling pressure is greatly increased in various pathological states such as heart failure. PMID- 6651743 TI - The influence of arterial pressure changes on blood volume replacement after acute hemorrhage in the alert rat. AB - The fluid content of circulating blood was followed continuously by conductometric measurement of large vein hematocrit in the alert rat. Arterial pressure was registered simultaneously. 2.5-23% of the determined blood volume was withdrawn rapidly and the changes of fluid content (delta v) calculated. Determinations of plasma protein showed that calculated delta v(delta vapp) may exceed true delta v due to transvascular fluid inflow by maximally 38%. A very fast phase of fluid inflow into the circulation (delta vfapp, within 1 min) was observed at the beginning, followed by a slow phase (delta vsapp), the magnitude of both being proportional to the concomitant arterial pressure drop (delta p). At delta p = 0, delta vfapp was 20% of the volume of blood withdrawn, total replacement (delta vfapp + delta vsapp = volume withdrawn) being complete in 60 min. At delta p = -20 mm Hg the figures were 40% and 20 min, respectively. Experiments on splenectomized animals showed essentially the same relations, excepting that delta vsapp may have been underestimated in normal rats. An arterial pressure rise after hemorrhage may attenuate complete replacement. The results are discussed in terms of capillary fluid conductivity. Thus CFC may be in the order of 0.029 ml/min x mm Hg x 100 g. PMID- 6651745 TI - [Indication for intertrochanteric varisation osteotomy in the era of total hip endoprosthesis]. PMID- 6651746 TI - [10 years' antibiotic prophylaxis in hip surgery]. PMID- 6651744 TI - Venous pressures in the alert rat: effects of activity and single injections of catecholamines. AB - Short bursts of activity are accompanied by a sharp rise, then a sharp drop, followed facultatively by a tonic rise of pressure in the portal and mesenteric vein. Caval vein and abdominal pressure show only a monophasic rise during activity. The drop of portal pressure immediately after the activity peak can be shown to be passive, due to a fall in portal flow rate. The tonic rise after activity can be reproduced by single injections of catecholamines, noradrenalin being more effective than adrenalin. Systemic injections as against intramesenteric injections show, on the other hand, that adrenalin more effectively produces the postactivity pressure drop in the V. portae than noradrenalin. Raising venous pressures in the abdominal cavity by 15-40 mm H2O through acute introduction of air into the abdomen produces no change of venous hematocrit values. The results are discussed in connection with transvascular fluid shifts caused by activity and catecholamines. Portal vein pressure fluctuates with the same frequency, but with a phase displacement of 180 degrees, as Mayer waves. PMID- 6651747 TI - [Disposition to thrombosis and thromboembolism prophylaxis with heparin/dihytamine in hip surgery]. PMID- 6651748 TI - [Leg length difference in orthopedic practice]. PMID- 6651749 TI - [Treatment results of congenital clubfoot with special reference to recurrence]. PMID- 6651750 TI - [Habitual talus luxation and its surgical treatment--a case report]. PMID- 6651751 TI - [Late results following polydactyly surgery]. PMID- 6651752 TI - [Status and perspectives of agrarian production and food supply in developing countries]. AB - In the early 1980s the agrarian-economic situation and the food supply of most developing countries is characterized by serious complications and vast contradictions. Contrary to the predictions made at the world food conferences in 1970 and 1974, a general retardation has taken place in the rates of increase of food production, and the nutrient crisis has extended. The FAO prognosis 'Agriculture: Toward 2000'- based on annual growth rates of 4%--outlines the enormous problems to be solved in the struggle against hunger and malnutrition in the developing countries. Because of its inadequacies and contradictions this document of the FA cannot, however, be considered as a complex strategy for the fight against hunger, poverty, and underdevelopment, or as a general orientation for shaping the agrarian and nutritional policy in the developing countries. PMID- 6651753 TI - Heritability estimates for the duration of fertility in Alexandria and Fayoumi chickens. AB - Two Alexandria lines selected for high (HL) and low (LL) body weight and one unselected Fayoumi line were compared for the duration of fertility in both sexes. In the parents, LL had a significantly higher duration of fertility than HL and Fayoumi. In the female progeny, the mean duration of fertility in HL, LL, and Fayoumi were 9.76, 11.20, and 10.66 days, respectively, and the difference among them were highly significant. Based on the sire-plus-dam components of variance, the heritability estimates of the duration of fertility were determined. Heritability estimates obtained by regressed offspring mean on dam estimate were 0.44 in HL, 0.14 in LL, and 0.93 in the Fayoumi. It can be concluded that the genetic variance of this feature - duration of fertility - was relatively high. PMID- 6651754 TI - Nutritional problems of the elderly. 19th symposium of the Group of European Nutritionists on Nutritional Problems of the Elderly, Perugia, May 5-7, 1982. PMID- 6651755 TI - Nutritional status of the elderly in Zurich. AB - The nutritional status of 91 non-institutionalized elderly persons from the Zurich area, aged between 63 and 83 years, was investigated. Three different methods were used to establish the food intake and the nutritional status of these volunteers, respectively: (1) chemical determination of the nutrient content of the daily consumed food; (2) calculation of its nutrient content based on the interviews with the volunteers, and (3) assessment of the vitamin (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C) and iron status by various biochemical and chemical assays. Additionally, weight, height, and blood pressure of each person were recorded and hemoglobin concentration, red and white blood cell counts, hematocrit, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and blood sugar determined. The results of the three methods were compared. The values of the interview method based on a questionnaire, and the assessment of the vitamin and iron status agreed well with each other. They showed that the nutrient intake covered the RDA, and vitamin and iron intake of the elderly were satisfactory with a few exceptions. The nutrient content of the daily meals determined by chemical methods was lower than the calculated results based on the interviews. The possible reasons for this discrepancy as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the employed methods are discussed. PMID- 6651756 TI - Nutritional support of elderly care in Europe. Aspects from Sweden. PMID- 6651758 TI - Nutritional support of the elderly in the UK. PMID- 6651757 TI - Demographic perspectives of aging. PMID- 6651759 TI - Considerations about nutritional health characteristics of apparently healthy very old people. PMID- 6651760 TI - Nutritional support of the elderly in Europe: German Democratic Republic. PMID- 6651761 TI - Nutrition of old people in Czechoslovakia. PMID- 6651762 TI - Food consumption in the aged: a survey in nursing homes of the Paris area. PMID- 6651763 TI - Biosynthesis and metabolism in vivo of intervertebral-disc proteoglycans in the mouse. AB - The synthesis and turnover in vivo of 35S-labelled proteoglycans in mouse cervical, thoracic and lumbar intervertebral discs, and in costal cartilage, was investigated after intraperitoneal injection of [35S]sulphate. Intervertebral discs and costal cartilage synthesize similar amounts of 35S-labelled proteoglycans per microgram of DNA. Discs and cartilage all synthesize a major proteoglycan species (approx. 85%) of large hydrodynamic size and a minor species (approx. 15%) of small size. Both proteoglycans carry chondroitin sulphate chains. Keratan sulphate was not found associated with either species. The total 35S-labelled proteoglycan pool had a metabolic half-life (t1/2) of 10-12 days in discs, and 17 days in cartilage. The extractable major and minor species turned over at similar rates. Those proteoglycans left in the tissue after 29 days turn over very slowly. Approx. 50% of the major 35S-labelled proteoglycan species formed mixed aggregates with hyaluronic acid and rat chondrosarcoma proteoglycan. The ability to form aggregates did not decrease up to 45 days after synthesis. Of the heterogeneous population of proteoglycans comprising the major species, those remaining in the tissue 9 days after synthesis were of smaller average hydrodynamic size and had shorter chondroitin sulphate side chains than the average size at the time of synthesis. With increasing time after synthesis, proteoglycans were less readily extracted from the tissue by 4.0 M-guanidinium chloride than at the time of synthesis. PMID- 6651764 TI - Kinetics and mechanism of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol exchange between chylomicrons and high-density lipoproteins. AB - The exchange of phosphatidylcholine and unesterified cholesterol between rat mesenteric lymph chylomicrons and human high-density lipoproteins was studied in vitro by incubation of radiolabelled chylomicrons (with [N-methyl 14C]phosphatidylcholine and [7(n)-3H]cholesterol) with unlabelled high-density lipoproteins. The kinetic analysis was based on the extent of radioisotope exchange, which was determined by the proportion of label appearing in the high density lipoprotein elution peak after rapid fractionation on analytical agarose columns. Under our experimental conditions, no net transfer of either phosphatidylcholine or cholesterol is observed. The kinetics of exchange of both phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol are biphasic. Over the first 30 min a maximum of 25% of the phosphatidylcholine and 33% of the cholesterol in chylomicrons exchanges rapidly into the high-density-lipoprotein fraction. Thereafter both lipids continue to exchange for up to 3 h at a much lower rate. For the rapid exchange process the calculated exchange rates for phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol are proportional to the concentrations of both chylomicrons and high density lipoproteins. The second-order rate constants are (10.5 +/- 0.5) X 10(-5) microM-1 X min-1 for phosphatidylcholine and (32.1 +/- 4.5) X 10(-5) microM-1 X min-1 for cholesterol. The kinetics of the exchange process thus suggest that a significant proportion of both phosphatidylcholine and unesterified cholesterol is rapidly exchangeable between these lipoproteins, and that this exchange is mediated by a 'bimolecular', or collisional, mechanism. PMID- 6651765 TI - Bovine lens aldehyde dehydrogenase. Purification and preliminary characterization. AB - Cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase from bovine lens was purified to apparent homogeneity by using ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. Sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation, gel-filtration chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis show that the enzyme is a dimer of Mr 114000, with subunits of Mr 57000. The enzyme does not dissociate into monomers in the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+. The enzyme has a pI of 5.0, an activation energy of 35.1kJ/mmol and a pK value of 8.6 with acetaldehyde as substrate. The enzyme is a prolate ellipsoid with a Stokes radius of 4nm. Progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and chlorpropamide inhibited enzyme activity, and this inhibition may play a role in cataract formation in patients maintained on systemic corticosteroids and in tablet-dependent diabetics. PMID- 6651766 TI - Bovine lens aldehyde dehydrogenase. Kinetics and mechanism. AB - Bovine lens cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase exhibits Michaelis-Menten kinetics with acetaldehyde, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, propionaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, phenylacetylaldehyde and succinic semialdehyde as substrates. The enzyme was also active with malondialdehyde, and exhibited an esterase activity. Steady-state kinetic analyses show that the enzyme exhibits a compulsory-ordered ternary-complex mechanism with NAD+ binding before acetaldehyde. The enzyme was inhibited by disulfiram and by p-chloromercuribenzoate, and studies with with mercaptans indicated the involvement of thiol groups in catalysis. PMID- 6651767 TI - Purification to homogeneity of pig leucocyte catabolin, a protein that causes cartilage resorption in vitro. AB - Catabolin, a protein that causes proteoglycan resorption in explants of living cartilage, was purified to homogeneity from culture medium conditioned by culturing buffy-coat leucocytes from 60 litres of pig blood in the presence of concanavalin A. The purification steps were (1) gel filtration of concentrated medium, (2) chromatofocusing, (3) hydroxyapatite chromatography, (4) anion exchange chromatography (Mono Q), (5) reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) (Zorbax ODS). These achieved approx. 9000-fold purification from the starting material. The purified protein when reduced ran as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with Mr 21000. On isoelectric focusing its pI was 4.8-5.0, and there was evidence of micro-heterogeneity. The protein co-migrated with active material on h.p.l.c., isoelectric focusing and SDS gels (15 and 12.5% acrylamide) under both reducing and non-reducing conditions. The pure protein caused proteoglycan release from cultured bovine nasal cartilage at 20pM. Its possible identity with interleukin 1 is discussed. PMID- 6651768 TI - Age-related changes in chemical composition and physical properties of mucus glycoproteins from rat small intestine. AB - Mucus glycoproteins from newborn and adult rat small intestine were radiolabelled in vivo with Na2 35SO4 and isolated from mucosal homogenates by using Sepharose 4B column chromatography followed by CsCl-density-gradient centrifugation. Non covalently bound proteins, lipids and nucleic acids were not detected in the purified glycoproteins. Amino acid, carbohydrate and sulphate compositions were similar to chemical compositions reported for other intestinal mucus glycoproteins, as were sedimentation properties. There were, however, important differences in the chemical and physical characteristics of the mucus glycoproteins from newborn and adult animals. The buoyant density in CsCl was higher for the glycoproteins from newborn rats (1.55 g/ml versus 1.47 g/ml). On sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide/agarose-gel electrophoresis, the glycoprotein from newborn rats had a greater mobility than the adult-rat sample. Although both preparations had similar general amino acid compositions, variations were observed for individual amino acids. The total protein content was greater in the glycoprotein from newborn animals (27%, w/w, versus 18%, w/w). The molar ratio of carbohydrate to protein was less in the newborn, primarily owing to a decreased fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine content. Comparison of the molar ratio of fucose and sialic acid to galactose for both glycoproteins demonstrated a reciprocal relationship similar to that described by Dische [(1963) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 106, 259-270]. The sulphate content was greater in the glycoprotein from newborn rats (5.5%, w/w, versus 0.9%, w/w). Both had similar sedimentation coefficients in a dissociative solvent. These results suggest an age-related difference in the types of mucus glycoproteins synthesized by small intestine. PMID- 6651769 TI - The presence of polysaccharide in normal human gastric mucus. AB - Polysaccharide material was found in the proteolysis glycopolypeptide fraction from normal human gastric mucus. The polysaccharide was identified by carbohydrate and amino acid analyses, by elemental analysis and from its behaviour on density-gradient ultracentrifugation. The polysaccharide is polydisperse with a weight-average molecular mass of 300 000 Da. Over 85% of the polysaccharide consists of galactose, and this represents 26% of all the galactose present in the fractions after beta-elimination with reduction of the glycopolypeptide material. PMID- 6651770 TI - What does I50 mean? PMID- 6651772 TI - Transfer of exogenous cholesterol to microsomes of hepatocytes investigated with [3H]desmosterol tracer. AB - The feasibility of using exogenous [3H]desmosterol as a mass metabolic tracer for exogenous non-esterified cholesterol in hepatocytes is investigated with albumin bound non-esterified cholesterol containing [3H]desmosterol and [14C] cholesterol tracers. The amounts of uptake and metabolism of exogenous cholesterol monitored by either tracer are the same. In addition, the conversion of [3H]desmosterol into [3H]cholesterol by the delta 24-sterol reductase in the microsomes can be used as an estimate for the mass transfer of exogenous cholesterol to the microsomes. The results obtained indicate that only a small fraction of exogenous cholesterol that was transferred to the microsomes was metabolized into bile acids and steryl esters. The technique of estimating the mass transfer of exogenous cholesterol to the microsomes with [3H]desmosterol may be of importance in investigations dealing with the effect of exogenous plasma cholesterol on changes in the physiological functions of the endoplasmic reticulum in the cells. PMID- 6651771 TI - Effect of pH on binding of agonists and antagonists to rat heart muscarinic receptors. AB - The pH-dependence of antagonist and agonist binding to rat heart muscarinic receptors was investigated at 25 degrees C, in the absence and in the presence of GTP. The small inhibitory effect observed at the lowest pH investigated (pH 6.0) on [N-methyl-3H]methscopolamine chloride and [methyl-3H]oxotremorine-M acetate binding indicated that one or more amino acid residues of the receptor had to be deprotonated for optimal binding affinity. The low pK value of these residues (between 5 and 6) prevented their identification. The binding of scopolamine (pK 7.6) was favoured by a positive charge in the titratable amine, but binding with a lower affinity remained possible charge in the titratable amine, but binding with a lower affinity remained possible without this charge. GTP did not affect antagonist binding at any pH, but converted more than 90% of agonist binding sites into a low affinity conformation. In the absence of GTP, we observed a time and pH-dependent conversion of the super-high- and high-affinity receptors to a low-affinity GTP-insensitive state. This conversion was markedly accelerated at high pH (above pH 8.0). In the presence of GTP, a positive charge on the titratable amine of pilocarpine (pK 7.05) and oxotremorine (pK 8.60) was required for binding. These results support the view that antagonist (e.g. methscopolamine) binding to receptors was largely facilitated by hydrophobic interactions, whereas agonist binding to low-affinity sites was mainly driven by ionic interactions. PMID- 6651773 TI - Degradation of transplanted mitochondrial proteins by hepatocyte monolayers. AB - Reductively [3H]methylated rat mitochondria and mitochondrial-outer-membrane vesicles and mitochondrial-outer-membrane vesicles where monoamine oxidase is irreversibly labelled by [3H]pargyline have been transplanted into hepatocytes by poly(ethylene glycol)-mediated organelle or organelle-vesicle cell fusion. During subsequent culture of hepatocyte monolayers for 4-5 days, under conditions which mimic endogenous catabolic rates in vivo the transplanted organelle proteins retain their degradation characteristics observed in vivo (e.g. mitochondria: average t 1/2 72.5 h; monoamine oxidase: t1/2 55 h). In all cases protein degradation with first-order kinetics is only observed after an initial lag period (i.e. 24-30 h after fusion). Transplantation of fluorescein-conjugated organelles showed that the fluorescent material is rapidly internalized (average t1/2 1-6 h) and uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm. During a subsequent 18-24 h period (which corresponds to the lag period for intracellular destruction of transplanted mitochondrial material) the transplanted material is translocated to assume a perinuclear distribution. The destruction of transplanted mitochondrial proteins is compared with endogenous mitoribosomally synthesized proteins (average t1/2 52.5 h). Percoll fractionation of cell homogenates containing transplanted mitochondrial outer membranes where the enzyme monoamine oxidase is irreversibly labelled with [3H]pargyline shows a distribution of enzyme similar to lysosomal acid phosphatase. After transplantation of reductively methylated 3H labelled mitochondrial-outer-membrane vesicles the cells were treated with leupeptin to alter lysosomal density. This treatment leads to the predominant association of acid phosphatase with dense structures, whereas the 3H-labelled transplanted material predominantly does not change density. Therefore transplanted mitochondrial-outer-membrane proteins are found in intracellular vesicular structures from which the proteins are donated for destruction, at least in part, by a lysosomal mechanism. PMID- 6651775 TI - Complement-mediated lysis of pigeon erythrocyte ghosts analysed by flow cytometry. Evidence for the involvement of a 'threshold' phenomenon. AB - Flow-cytometric analysis of complement-mediated lysis of antibody-coated pigeon erythrocyte ghosts containing fluorescein was carried out to determine whether lysis involved a gradual release of fluorescein or a 'threshold' release from individual cells. Antibody-coated ghosts were comprised of three subpopulations identified by fluorescence and scatter (size). These were: (a) highly fluorescent, medium scatter, (b) medium fluorescence, high scatter, and (c) low (or zero) fluorescence, low scatter. Lysed ghosts and isolated nuclei were identified by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Fluorescence distributions analysed by flow cytometry indicated that, after complement attack, those ghosts remaining intact retained all their fluorescent label. A time course of changes in ratios of the three subpopulations indicated that once lysis of an individual ghost was initiated, release of label was complete within 1 min; no stages of intermediary fluorescence appeared, and those ghosts remaining at the end of the experiment retained the same fluorescence intensity as control ghosts. The results supported the hypothesis that complement mediated cell lysis is a 'threshold' phenomenon; a submaximal response by a cell population representing a complete response by only some of the cells rather than a partial response by all of the cells. PMID- 6651774 TI - Degradation of transplanted rat liver mitochondrial-outer-membrane proteins in hepatoma cells. AB - Reductively [3H]methylated 3H mitochondrial-outer-membrane vesicles from rat liver and vesicles where monoamine oxidase has been derivatized irreversibly by [3H]-pargyline have been deliberately miscompartmentalized by heterologous transplantation into hepatoma (HTC) cells by poly(ethylene glycol)-mediated vesicle-cell fusion. Fluorescein-conjugated mitochondrial-outer-membrane vesicles have also been used to show that transplanted material is patched, capped and internalized. Reductively methylated outer-membrane proteins and monoamine oxidase are destroyed at the same rate (t1/2 24 h). Mitochondrial-outer-membrane proteins are not degraded at the same rate as HTC plasma-membrane proteins, endogenous cell protein, or endocytosed protein. Transplanted radiolabelled mitochondrial-outer-membrane proteins accumulate intracellularly in structures that are distinct from plasma membrane and lysosomes. However, when mitochondrial outer-membrane vesicles derivatized with [14C]sucrose are transplanted, the acid soluble degradation products accumulate in the lysosomal fraction. [14C]Sucrose conjugated HTC cell plasma membrane accumulates in intracellular structures that are again distinct from plasma membrane and lysosomes. In contrast with the above observations, homologously transplanted mitochondrial-outer-membrane proteins from rat liver are destroyed in hepatocytes at rates that are remarkably similar (t1/2 60-70 h) to the rates in rat liver in vivo [Evans & Mayer (1982) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 107, 51-58]. PMID- 6651777 TI - Hormone-stimulated lipolysis in cardiac myocytes. AB - Type L hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity was increased approx. 35% above control in cardiac myocytes incubated for 15 min with 5 nM-adrenaline. Concomitantly. adrenaline-stimulated myocytes had a lower triacylglycerol content, released more non-esterified fatty acid and had a higher intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP than did myocytes incubated without hormone. The lipase activity measured in adrenaline-stimulated and non-stimulated myocytes was stable in acetone/diethyl ether, stimulated by serum and inhibited by NaCl. These properties are consistent with the type L designation of this HSL. The finding that type L HSL is stimulated by adrenaline indicates that the enzyme that is being activated is found in the cell and not associated with an extracellular compartment of the myocardium. PMID- 6651776 TI - Differential substrate oxidation by dissociated brain cells and homogenates during development. AB - The rates of oxidation of 3-hydroxy[3-14C]butyrate, [3-14C]acetoacetate and [6 14C]glucose were compared by using two different preparations of brain from the same animals (i.e. whole homogenates and dissociated brain cells) at various ages during development. In homogenates the rates of oxidation of 3-hydroxy[3 14C]butyrate and [3-14C]acetoacetate were high in young rats and low in adults, and were significantly higher at most ages during development than those obtained for intact cells. In contrast, rates of [6-14C]glucose oxidation by homogenates and intact cells were essentially the same at early ages; however, the rate by homogenates did not change throughout development, whereas that by intact cells increased severalfold by adulthood. In adult animals the initial glucose concentration affected the rate of glucose oxidation in homogenates, but not in intact cells. These data suggest a role for the intact cell membrane in the regulation of alternative substrate utilization by brain cells and that this process changes during development. However, the data may reflect selective differences in the cellular and subcellular components in these two preparations. PMID- 6651778 TI - Biosynthesis of intestinal microvillar proteins. Role of the Golgi complex and microtubules. AB - The effect of monensin and colchicine on the biogenesis of aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2), aminopeptidase A (EC 3.4.11.7), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5), sucrase (EC 3.2.1.48)-isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.10) and maltase-glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.20) was studied in organ-cultured pig small-intestinal explants. On the ultrastructural level, monensin (1 microM) caused an increasingly extensive dilation and vacuolization of the Golgi complex during 4h exposure of the explants. On the molecular level, the effect of monensin was twofold. (1) The processing from the initial high-mannose-glycosylated form to the mature complex glycosylated form was arrested. For some of the enzymes studied, intermediate stages between the high-mannose and complex forms could be seen, probably corresponding to 'trimmed' or partially complex-glycosylated polypeptides. (2) Labelled microvillar enzymes failed to reach their final destination. These findings suggest the involvement of the Golgi complex in the post-translational processing and transport of microvillar enzymes. The presence in the growth medium of colchicine (50 micrograms/ml) caused a significant inhibition of the appearance of newly synthesized enzymes in the microvillar membrane during a 3 h labelling period. Since synthesis and post-translational modification of the microvillar enzymes were largely unaffected by colchicine, the results obtained suggest that microtubules play a role in the final transport of the enzymes from the Golgi complex to the microvillar membrane. PMID- 6651779 TI - A kinetic investigation of the effects of adrenaline on 45Ca2+ exchange in isolated hepatocytes at different Ca2+ concentrations, at 20 degrees C and in the presence of inhibitors of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport. AB - The effects of adrenaline on 45Ca2+-exchange curves for isolated hepatocytes incubated under various steady-state conditions were investigated. Kinetic analysis showed that the simplest compartment configuration consistent with each set of data was a series configuration of a three-compartment closed system comprising compartment 1 (C1), the extracellular medium, and two kinetically distinct compartments of cellular exchangeable Ca2+, C2 and C3 (C1 = C2 = C3). Subcellular fractionation of hepatocytes labelled with 45Ca2+ at 0.1 mM-Ca2+ indicated that C3 includes exchangeable Ca2+ in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. The following results were obtained from experiments conducted at 37 degrees C at five different extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. For both untreated and adrenaline-treated cells, plots of the flux from C1 to C2 as a function of the extracellular Ca2+ concentration were best described by straight lines consistent with Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane being a diffusion process. Adrenaline increased the value of the permeability constant for Ca2+ influx by 40%. For untreated cells, plots of the flux between C2 and C3 as a function of the concentrations of Ca2+ in these compartments approached a plateau at high Ca2+ concentrations. Adrenaline caused a 3-fold increase in the concentration of Ca2+ that gives half-maximal rate of Ca2+ transport from C2 to C3. At 1.3 mM extracellular Ca2+, a decrease in incubation temperature from 37 degrees C to 20 degrees C decreased the quantity of Ca2+ in C3 and the flux and fractional transfer rates for the transport of Ca2+ between C2 and C3. At 20 degrees C adrenaline increased the quantity of Ca2+ in C3 and the fractional transfer rates for the transfer of Ca2+ from C1 to C2, and from C2 to C3. At 37 degrees C and 2.4 mM extracellular Ca2+, antimycin A plus oligomycin decreased the quantity of Ca2+ in C3 and increased the fractional transfer rate for the transport of Ca2+ from C3 to C2. In the presence of antimycin A and oligomycin, adrenaline did not increase the quantity of Ca2+ in C2 or the flux and fractional transfer rate for the transport of Ca2+ from C1 to C2, whereas these parameters were increased in the absence of the inhibitors. PMID- 6651780 TI - Effect of apolipoproteins E and C-III on the interaction of chylomicrons with parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells from rat liver. AB - [3H]Triacylglycerol-labelled chylomicrons were isolated from intestinal lymph, obtained from rats made hypolipidaemic by treatment with pharmacological amounts of 17 alpha-ethynyloestradiol. Oestrogen treatment results in a large reduction in the content of apolipoproteins (apo) E and C of lymph chylomicrons. Upon incubation in vitro with freshly isolated parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells the apo E-, apo C-poor chylomicrons became readily cell-associated. With increasing chylomicron concentrations this cell-association was saturable and half-maximal cell-association was achieved at about 0.55 mg of triacylglycerol/ml. The cell-association was time- and temperature-dependent. A more than 90% inhibition of the cell-association of the [3H]triacylglycerol moiety was observed with both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells when pure apo C-III (12.6 micrograms/mg of triacylglycerol) was incorporated into the chylomicrons. These data indicate that apo E-, apo C-poor chylomicrons are bound to both parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells at a high-affinity site of limited capacity and that binding to this site is strongly inhibited by apo C III. With apo C-III-enriched chylomicrons simultaneous determination of the cell association of the 125I-apo C-III and the [3H]triacylglycerol moiety indicated that more 125I-apo C-III becomes associated to the cells than expected on the basis of [3H]triacylglycerol radioactivity measurements. It is suggested that upon cell-association of apo C-III its binding to the chylomicron particles is lost. Consequently the occupation of the cellular recognition site by apo C-III prevents further chylomicron binding and thus leads to a decrease of the cell association level of the [3H]triacylglycerol moiety. Apo E enrichment of the chylomicrons led to an increased cell-association rate with parenchymal cells and to a marked increase of the cell-association level with non-parenchymal cells. The cell-association of the apo E radioactivity followed closely the [3H]triacylglycerol radioactivity, indicating that the particle-apo E complex is bound as a unity. The apo E effects were opposed by apo C-III. With apo E-, apo C III-enriched chylomicrons more 125I-apo E became associated with the cells than could be expected on the basis of the [3H]triacylglycerol measurements. It is concluded that apo C-III can weaken the interaction of apo E with the chylomicrons leading to the cell-association of free apo E. It appears that subtle changes in the apo E and/or apo C-III content of chylomicrons can influence the interaction with both parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6651781 TI - Synthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid and of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid in the rat liver cell. AB - Adult male rats, under starving and normal conditions, were injected intravenously with N-acetyl[3H]mannosamine and after various time intervals the specific radioactivities of free N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and CMP-N acetylneuraminic acid were determined in the liver. The specific radioactivity of free NeuAc was high even within 20s after injection; the maximum was reached between 7 and 10 min. The specific radioactivity of CMP-NeuAc showed a lag phase of approx. 1 min. Thereafter it increased quickly and rose above the specific radioactivity of free NeuAc, reaching a maximum about 20 min after injection. These results point to a channelling of the newly synthesized NeuAc molecules into a special compartment, from which they are preferentially used by the enzyme CMP-sialic acid synthetase. It is suggested that the cytosolic enzyme N acetylneuraminic acid 9-phosphate phosphatase is working in concert with the nuclear localized enzyme CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase. Incorporation of radioactive sialic acid into sialoglycoproteins in liver occurred 2 min after injection, and after 10 min bound radioactivity began to appear in the circulation, indicating a transport time of 8 min of sialoglycoproteins from the point of attachment of sialic acid to the point of excretion. PMID- 6651783 TI - Variations of 2,3-biphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) with oxygen therapy. PMID- 6651782 TI - The effects of low-density lipoprotein and cholesterol on acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase activity in membranes from cultured human fibroblasts. AB - Membranes prepared from cultured fibroblasts were assayed for acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) by a method that relied exclusively on the cholesterol already present on the membranes as the sterol substrate. Changes in membrane ACAT activity during incubation of fibroblasts under a variety of conditions were similar to the changes in the rate of incorporation of oleic acid into cholesteryl esters by the intact cells. The addition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to fibroblasts pre-incubated with lipoprotein-deficient serum led to a transient increase in membrane ACAT activity, which reached its peak after 7h and was related to the receptor-mediated uptake and degradation of the lipoprotein by the cells. However, after incubation of the membranes with a cholesterol-rich donor lipoprotein, which resulted in an equilibration of cholesterol between membranes and donor, each preparation exhibited the same activity. In contrast with these effects of LDL, incubation of the cells with non esterified cholesterol produced a prolonged increase in ACAT activity and an increase in the activity observed after equilibration. Furthermore, ACAT activity in cells grown with linoleic acid was higher, both before and after the addition of LDL, than that of cells grown in normal medium or with palmitate. The increase in activity produced by LDL was also greater, reflecting the greater rate of degradation of LDL by the cells, and was associated with an increase in the activity observed after equilibration with donor. The results suggest that although fibroblasts can increase the amount of active enzyme on their membranes to accommodate an exceptionally high or prolonged supply of cholesterol, under normal circumstances the increase in membrane ACAT activity produced by LDL can be explained entirely by an increase in the amount of cholesterol in the substrate pool. PMID- 6651785 TI - Effect of fluoride, silicon, and magnesium on the mineralizing capacity of an inorganic medium and stone formers urine tested by a modified in vitro method. AB - An in vitro mineralizing system using bovine achilles tendon developed by Thomas and Tomita (3) was modified to enable quantitative evaluation of mineralization. Using this modified method, the potential effect of various ions on the rate of calcium uptake from inorganic mineralization medium was measured. Of the elements tested, only silicon and fluoride accelerated calcium uptake, whereas magnesium had an inhibitory effect. The simultaneous presence of silicon and fluoride in the medium had a synergistic action on calcium uptake. Urine of stone formers showed high propensity to mineralize tendon collagen, but not the urine of non stone formers. Total content, and concentration of silicon in urine of stone formers was significantly higher than in normal urine. Addition of silicon to non stone formers urine enhanced its capacity to mineralize collagen in vitro. These results strongly suggest the possible involvement of silicon and fluoride in the genesis of urinary calculi in man. PMID- 6651784 TI - Leucine catabolism in human term placenta. AB - It has been shown that L-leucine is transaminated in the presence of 2 oxoglutarate and subsequently decarboxylated by human term placenta. About 60% of the transaminase activity was recovered in the cytoplasmic fraction and the remaining amount in the mitochondria. The dehydrogenase activity is localized almost exclusively in the mitochondrial fraction. The rate of the transamination of L-leucine is many times higher than the rate of decarboxylation of oxoacid. The possible physiological role of leucine degradation in human placenta is discussed. PMID- 6651786 TI - The influence of glycogen level on hepatic glucose efflux in the anesthetized rat. AB - This study was initiated to study the effect of a number of physiological conditions on the flux of metabolites across the liver. It was observed that there was a rather high rate of hepatic glycogen depletion in the anesthetized rat and this preparation was used to investigate the relationship between the rate of hepatic glycogenolysis and the level of glycogen in the liver. To produce a range of liver glycogen levels, rats were either ad libitum fed or 8- or 24-hr fasted. In addition, half of each group was anesthetized for either 10 or 70 min. Glucose flux across the liver was determined by measuring blood flow and glucose concentrations in the portal vein, hepatic artery, and hepatic vein. The rate of glycogen depletion and glucose efflux were greatest in the ad libitum fed animals and lowest in the 24-hr fasted rats. In all three groups glucose efflux was lower after 70 min of anesthesia than after 10 min. The results of this study demonstrate that anesthesia causes a rather high rate of hepatic glycogenolysis and the rate of glycogenolysis is decreased as the liver glycogen level is lowered. PMID- 6651787 TI - Bioconversion of arachidonic acid in human pregnant reproductive tissues. PMID- 6651788 TI - Changes in the electrophoretic pattern of salivary peroxidase at the middle of the menstrual cycle. AB - Salivary peroxidase activity is known to increase at the middle of the menstrual cycle, and we report changes in electrophoretic patterns of salivary peroxidase over the same period. Peroxidase during the early follicular and late luteal phases of the menstrual cycle has been resolved into three forms by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. An additional, low mobility peroxidase has been detected at midcycle when two electrophoretic forms occurring at other times are reduced; this is coincident with the peak in total peroxidase activity. Available evidence suggests that this ovulatory peroxidase represents a catalytically active aggregate of the peroxidases normally present in saliva. PMID- 6651789 TI - The effect of TEPC-183 plasmacytoma growth on beta-glucuronidase activity in serum and tissues of tumor-bearing mice. AB - beta-Glucuronidase activity increased in the serum of BALB/c mice during the growth of the IgM-secreting plasmacytoma, TEPC-183. The increase appeared to correlate with tumor burden. The beta-glucuronidase activity in tissue homogenates of spleen, liver, and kidney from tumor-bearing mice also increased significantly compared to the levels found in corresponding tissues from normal control mice. Assays of lysosomal and microsomal fractions from livers of TEPC bearing mice indicated that approximately 70% of the enzyme activity was associated with the lysosomal fraction and the remainder with the microsomal fraction. A similar distribution was found in homogenates prepared from the plasmacytoma itself. In contrast to this the beta-glucuronidase activity in livers from normal BALB/c mice is nearly equally distributed between lysosomal and microsomal fractions. PMID- 6651790 TI - Serum glycoconjugates in children with schizophrenia and conduct and adjustment disorders. AB - The serum glycoproteins represented by the individual protein-bound carbohydrate components and glycosaminoglycans represented by the hexuronic acid contents were determined in the sera of black and Caucasian normal children and children with diagnoses of schizophrenia, conduct disorder, and adjustment disorder. There were no race-related or sex-related differences in glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans in the sera of normal children. Although the serum glycosaminogltents were determined in the sera of black and Caucasian normal children and children with diagnoses of schizophrenia, conduct disorder, and adjustment disorder. There were no race-related or sex-related differences in glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans in the sera of normal children. Although the serum glycosaminogltents were determined in the sera of black and Caucasian normal children and children with diagnoses of schizophrenia, conduct disorder, and adjustment disorder. There were no race-related or sex-related differences in glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans in the sera of normal children. Although the serum glycosaminoglycans were significantly elevated in children with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, the levels were in normal range in children with conduct and adjustment disorders. All of the protein-bound carbohydrates were elevated in schizophrenic children. However, only arabinose and galactosamine were significantly elevated in children with a diagnosis of conduct disorder, while only galactosamine was elevated in children with adjustment disorder. The presence of arabinose in serum glycoprotein was confirmed by chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The possible causes of the differential elevation of the glycoconjugates in psychiatric disorders in relation to the effect of stress and environment are discussed. PMID- 6651791 TI - Altered lipid composition of adipose tissue in human muscular dystrophy. AB - Lipids of subcutaneous adipose tissue from normal and dystrophic human samples were investigated with particular reference to the fatty acid composition of neutral lipids and phospholipids. The free fatty acid pattern did not show much change. Triglyceride, which together with cholesterol composed most of the neutral lipid fraction, showed significant changes in fatty acid composition by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). There was a decrease in the total phospholipids. Analysis of the levels of individual phospholipids, however, showed an increase in sphingomyelin and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride contents. Fatty acid composition of the different phospholipid classes analyzed by GLC showed significant changes. PMID- 6651792 TI - High density lipoprotein in octogenarians. AB - High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, and total triglyceride levels were assayed in the plasma of 42 octogenarians. No differences were found in the levels of HDL cholesterol and total triglycerides when comparing subjects with and without ischemic heart disease. The average lipid profile of males in this age group shows significantly lower levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol when compared with the females. HDL cholesterol levels were 10% higher in the females. The distribution pattern of HDL cholesterol levels in this age group suggests a bimodal distribution with 85% of the population distributed around a low peak of 53 mg% and 15% around a high peak of greater than 70 mg%. This pattern suggests that the hyperalphalipoproteinemia phenotype does exist as a separate entity in a population demonstrating longevity, but its low incidence cannot provide an explanation for longevity in the majority of subjects. Subfractionation of HDL was performed by preparative ultracentrifugation and the subfraction profile of 17 female octogenarians was compared with a group of young controls. The younger individuals had greater fat to protein ratios in the HDL-1 and HDL-2 subfractions. This was only difference in lipoprotein composition. We conclude that neither the total level of HDL particles nor the distribution of lipoprotein components among the subfractions can account for the longevity of the majority of the study population. PMID- 6651793 TI - Separation and quantitation of oxypurines by isocratic high-pressure liquid chromatography: application to xanthinuria and the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. AB - An isocratic HPLC technique has been developed for the separation and measurement of urine and plasma oxypurines in a patient with xanthinuria. The case history and laboratory data are presented. Xanthine excretion was 172 mg/g creatinine and hypoxanthine was 45 mg/g creatinine. Uric acid was too small to be measured but uricase determination showed only 3 mg/24 hr. Serum oxypurine analysis showed hypoxanthine 0.87 mg/dl and xanthine 0.35 mg/dl. Uric acid was not seen in this patient's serum but could be readily measured in normal control subjects. The technique can also be used to separate nucleotides from purine bases, and we have demonstrated its application to the measurement of erythrocyte hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase and adenine phosphoribosyl transferase in a kindred associated with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. PMID- 6651794 TI - Intestinal absorption of tetrahydrobiopterin and biopterin in man. PMID- 6651795 TI - Impaired collagen maturity in vitamins B2 and B6 deficiency--probable molecular basis of skin lesions. AB - Solubility of collagen was increased and the proportion of insoluble collagen was reduced in the skin of both riboflavin as well as pyridoxine-deficient rats. Collagen content of the skin, and aldehyde concentration of salt-soluble collagen were also lower in the deficient groups. The alpha:beta subunit ratio of salt soluble collagen was higher in riboflavin deficiency. In food-restricted weight matched control groups, similar changes in collagen solubility, but of lesser magnitude were observed. Both food restriction and riboflavin deficiency decreased plasma PLP concentration. Increase in the solubility of collagen, decrease in the aldehyde content of soluble collagen and increase in the alpha:beta subunit ratio of soluble collagen, suggest that the maturation of collagen may be affected in pyridoxine or riboflavin deficiency. These molecular events may be etiologically related to the pathogenesis of the skin lesions in vitamin B2 or B6 deficiency. PMID- 6651796 TI - Further investigation of methylation on sickle erythrocyte membranes. AB - The methylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins has been investigated with fractionated reversible and irreversible sickle erythrocytes to better understand conflicting results obtained from two laboratories (Green and Kalra (6), Ro et al. (1). When subpopulations of intact erythrocytes obtained by two different separation methods (33% bovine serum albumin and Stractan II gradient centrifugations) were incubated with L-[methyl-3H] methionine at pH 7.2 and 37 degrees C, membranes from both reversible and irreversible sickle erythrocyte populations showed about half the [3H]methyl group incorporation than that observed in normal erythrocytes. In addition, this difference in the level of methylation between normal and sickle cells was maintained during the entire course of a 2-hr incubation utilizing S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine, the immediate in vivo methyl donor. PMID- 6651797 TI - Differences in toxicity and antigenicity between mistletoe lectin I and viscotoxin A 3. AB - In contrast to mistletoe lectin I (ML I), viscotoxin A 3 does not inhibit protein synthesis in cell-free systems. From the immunological studies it is concluded that ML I and viscotoxin do not share identical structural domains. PMID- 6651798 TI - [The lipoprotein status of fetal minipigs]. AB - VLDL, LDL and HDL of fetal minipigs were isolated by preparative ultracentrifugation from serum at term. Concentration and lipid composition were evaluated in the fractions and compared with the corresponding data obtained in the adult animal. The concentration of VLDL lipids in fetal serum amounts to 50% (p less than 0.05), that of HDL lipids to 63% (p less than 0.01), and that of LDL lipids to 75% (n. s.) of the values seen in adult minipigs. With the exception of the increased cholesterol content of fetal VLDL there were no significant differences in the composition of the density classes between fetuses and the adult animals. Our results demonstrate a general difference between the lipoprotein pattern in the fetal state of minipigs and of human beings brought about, in particular, by the pronounced disparity of the materno-fetal gradient of VLDL, LDL, and HDL. PMID- 6651799 TI - Identification of the insulin receptor in plasma membranes of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by photoaffinity labeling. AB - Binding of 125I-insulin to Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells revealed the presence of high affinity binding sites characterized by a dissociation constant of 6.1 . 10(-9) M and a number of sites per cell of 2.6 . 10(3). These values are in line with respective data for other cell types reported in the literature. The receptor was identified by photoaffinity labeling of highly purified plasma membranes with 4-azido-benzoyl-125I-insulin as a probe. The only receptor protein detectable has a molecular mass of 120-122 kD. This finding is discussed in terms of metabolic and cell proliferation effects of insulin. PMID- 6651800 TI - Bilirubin-induced cytomorphological changes in guinea-pig leucocytes. AB - The in vitro influence of bilirubin on guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells was investigated at concentrations comparable to the conditions of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. In in vitro cultures of granulocytes and macrophages bilirubin manifested itself macroscopically by yellow colouring and microscopically by bilirubin aggregation near the nucleus. The intracellular bilirubin content was determined to be 40 nmol per 3 . 10(7) cells. The deposit of bilirubin was irreversible even after subsequent incubation with albumin. Subsequent incubation in heat-inactivated serum reverses binding of bilirubin to cells. Moreover, adding serum to the bilirubin sample prevents the influx of bilirubin. Simultaneously with the deposition of bilirubin there were conspicuous cytomorphological changes in the granulocytes and macrophages observed. The changes consist in a large number of rigid plasma extensions on the whole cell surface. The morphological changes were also reversible by subsequent incubation with serum and their formation was prevented by addition of serum. Since albumin as a well known bilirubin binding protein could not prevent the deposition of bilirubin or the morphological changes, it is suggested that serum factors can regulate the transport of bilirubin across cell membranes. PMID- 6651801 TI - Desensitization of the muscarinic receptor in the mammalian atrial myocardium. AB - Action potentials of constantly driven isolated trabeculae of the rabbit's atrial myocardium, being depressed by acetylcholine (ACh) at concentrations between 0.2 and 20 mumol/l, recovered during a constant drug application. The sensitivity of the atrial myocardium to ACh after a prolonged drug application was decreased but found to be restored about 7 min after switching off the ACh superfusion. The recovery during drug application was accelerated in Ca++ excess solutions but decelerated in K+ excess solutions. All the effects of ACh were blocked by atropine (1 mumol/l) completely. The results suggest that the muscarinic ACh receptor in the mammalian myocardium, responsible for the electrotropic effects, shows desensitization to ACh similar to the nicotinic receptor in other tissues. PMID- 6651802 TI - [Effect of pyrazolone derivatives on the level of reduced glutathione in rat liver]. AB - The pyrazolone derivatives aminophenazone, phenazone, and propyphenazone are capable of decreasing reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver after a single dose of 3 mmol/kg. The strongest effect is seen in female animals treated with propyphenazone. The depletion can be caused by (1) consumption during phase I of biotransformation, if reactive side products are inactivated by GSH-peroxidase, (2) consumption during phase II of biotransformation, if reactive metabolites are conjugated with GSH by GSH-S-transferases, (3) consumption of NADPH during the biotransformation processes of the pyrazolones as such, (4) influence on enzymes responsible for the synthesis of GSH. After repeated administration only aminophenazone decreases the hepatic content of GSH. Pretreatment with phenobarbital only prevents the propyphenazone-dependent GSH-depletion, but cobaltous chloride has no effect. GSH-depletion is regarded as one of the primary events in liver damage, following pyrazolone administration. PMID- 6651803 TI - The efficiency of genetic transformation of mammalian cells by transfection and microinjection depends on the transferred gene. AB - The efficiency of genetic transformation of mammalian cells was analysed with respect to the kind of the transferred gene and the selective system. Plasmids pAGO and pAG60 harboring the thymidine kinase gene of Herpes simplex virus type 1 and the bacterial neomycin resistance gene, respectively, were compared concerning their ability to transform mouse Ltk-aprt- cells. Using the calcium phosphate technique the neomycin resistance gene transformed at least ten times more efficiently than the thymidine kinase gene (3 X 10(-3) versus 2 X 10(-4] whereas the difference is even more impressive following microinjection of the plasmids into the nuclei (2 X 10(-1) versus 2.5 X 10(-3]. The neomycin system also proved to be more effective in secondary gene transfer experiments and, thus, seems to be the most convenient marker for cotransfer experiments. PMID- 6651804 TI - (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine: a good substrate for mammalian pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases. AB - Specific antiherpetic thymidine analogues are split by mammalian pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases with the following order of activity: VUdR greater than BVUdR greater than thymidine greater than EtUdR. PMID- 6651805 TI - The mechanism of spontaneous heme release from horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme A2. AB - We have investigated the spontaneous release of heme from chromatographically homogeneous horseradish peroxidase A2 at varying temperature, pH and iron ligands. A "biphasic" rate of heme release was observed under all conditions. Upon further purification of HRP A2, a component was isolated that was homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and exhibited a single first order rate of heme release. The rate of the release increased with pH and temperature, decreased in the presence of cyanide and increased slightly in the presence of fluoride. These results are consistent with the idea that the rate of heme release is a measure of the flexibility of the protein lining the heme "pocket" with iron bonding playing a secondary, though important role in heme protein interactions. PMID- 6651806 TI - [The economy of protein maintenance in the living cell]. AB - On the economy of proteins in living cells Each synthesized protein of a cell is of certain metabolic advantage, but at the same time also a load on the energy and material metabolism. "Costs" as well as "profit" vary with the amount of protein formed, and the optimal amount would maximize the profitability, i.e. profit minus cost. The paper deals with the special case of an enzyme necessary for substrate uptake, which is therefore of advantage for the energy budget of the cell, whose biosynthesis, however, drains this budget at the same time. This example allows a mathematical formulation of the concept of profitability and shows, with the help of a basic kinetic model that indeed an optimum exists. Its existence follows from the rather general fact that the advantage of an enzyme reaches a saturation value, if its amount increases, while the "cost factor" continues to increase in a linear manner. PMID- 6651807 TI - Statistical thermodynamical treatment of protein unfolding. AB - The statistical thermodynamical model of protein structure according to Ikegami (Biophys. Chem. 6, 117 (1977] has been applied to scanning calorimetric investigations of nine globular proteins. The proteins show unique properties with respect to bond energy, chain entropy and cooperative energy but individual differences with respect to the number of noncovalent bonds and a hydrophobicity parameter. The parameters specifying protein structure are correlated with experimentally determined heat capacity changes. The treatment is suited for prediction of structural parameters as shown by the alpha-lactalbumin example. PMID- 6651808 TI - Phosphorylated nonhistone proteins in different fractions of rat liver nuclei obtained by metrizamide gradient centrifugation. AB - The distribution of nuclear nonhistone proteins (NHPs) labelled in vivo with 32P was investigated in different subnuclear fractions obtained by metrizamide gradient centrifugation of mildly sonicated rat liver nuclei. The bulk chromatin banding at 1.20-1.22 g to cm3 (fraction C) contained only minor amounts both of non-phosphorylated and 32P-labelled NHPs. Nick-translated DNA sequences were found to sediment at a slightly higher density (1.26 g/cm3) in a minor fraction (A). Fraction A also contained a significant portion of the newly synthesized RNA and was enriched additionally with a broad spectrum of NHPs; some of them were highly 32P-labelled. Two hnRNP fractions (R2 and R1) sedimenting at densities greater than 1.28 g/cm3 were analyzed, too. By SDS-PAGE it was shown that the most abundant 32P-NHPs were found in three groups (fraction A, R1, and R2). Two of them, 32-34 KDa, and 37-40 KDa, are components of the major proteins of the hnRNP particles. A group of four moderately labelled 32P-NHPs of approximately 55 K, 64 K, 70 K, and 90 KDa appeared substantially enriched in fraction A. They were found also in RNP fractions R1 and R2, but to a smaller mount. Therefore, we suggest that in fraction A they exist in a complex with hnRNP. Fraction A was also enriched with numerous 32P-NHPs of very high molecular weight found in other types of experiments nearly exclusively in the nuclear residual structures. The 32P-protein pattern of the nucleoli was shown to be different from that of the other subnuclear fractions. Considering our observations on the accumulation of nick-translated DNA sequences, the presence of newly synthesized RNA, the high content of NHPs, and the association of special 32P-NHPs we suggest that fraction A represents transcriptionally active chromatin. PMID- 6651809 TI - [Effect of in vitro serotonin on dopaminergic binding sites in rat striatal membranes]. AB - Influence of serotonin on dopaminergic binding sites investigated on striatum membranes of the rat in vitro Two binding sites could be demonstrated for 3H apomorphine (3H-APO) as well as for 3H-spiroperidol (3H-SPI) in the used membrane fraction of rat striatum (3H-APO: KD' 0.3 nM, Bmax', 47 fMol/mg protein; KD" 3.5 nM, Bmax" 173 fMol/mg protein. 3H-SPI: KD' 0.08 nM, Bmax', 62 fMol/mg protein; KD" 2 nM, Bmax" 271 fMol/mg protein). After preincubation with serotonin (10 microM, 30 min, 37 degrees C) and washing the membranes twice an increase of the high affinity 3H-APO binding and the low affinity 3H-SPI binding by 64% and 57%, respectively, was shown. This effect of serotonin was counteracted by methiothepin (0.1 microM) in both cases. The results provide evidence for allosteric conformation changes of distinct dopaminergic binding sites which can be triggered by specific serotonin receptors in vitro and may be operative under in vivo conditions. PMID- 6651811 TI - [Locomotor activity and the nucleus accumbens]. AB - Locomotor hyperactivity in rats was induced by microapplication of apomorphine (1 microgram/microliter) or picrotoxin (0.5 microgram/microliter) bilaterally into the n. accumbens and measured in an open field test. After systemic administration, the dopaminolytic drug haloperidol in doses between 0.06 and 0.25 mg/kg abolished both types of hypermotility. After an intraaccumbens injection of haloperidol (0.4 microgram/microliter, bilaterally) or carbachol (1.0 microgram/microliter, bilaterally), the apomorphine hypermotility was completely suppressed whereas the picrotoxin effect remained unchanged. Scopolamine which is known to induce hypermotility after systemic administration was, as methylatropine (1.0 mu/microliter bilaterally), too, without any locomotor effect after intraaccumbens injection. The locomotor inhibitory effect of haloperidol is discussed to be not restricted to its dopaminolytic action within the n. accumbens. PMID- 6651810 TI - Various dose-dependent influences of apomorphine on the acetylcholine turnover in striatum and mesolimbic areas of rat brain. AB - The content of acetylcholine and choline and the acetylcholine turnover rates were determined in olfactory tubercle, n. accumbens, striatum and hippocampus after the administration of various doses of apomorphine. Whereas apomorphine failed to change the levels of both amines, the acetylcholine turnover rates were markedly influenced in a dose and time dependent manner. A clear-cut decrease of the latter parameter in all four brain structures was observed after administration of higher doses of apomorphine (1 and 2.5 mg/kg). After a low dose of apomorphine (0.25 mg/kg) the acetylcholine turnover in the striatum was depressed, too. However, the acetylcholine turnover was dramatically increased in olfactory tubercle and n. accumbens. An inhibitory dopaminergic modulation of cholinergic neurons has been postulated to exist in these four brain structures. Some functional differences between the nigrostriatal and the mesolimbic dopamine systems have been discussed. PMID- 6651812 TI - Comparative study on the antithrombotic effects of a synthetic thrombin inhibitor and of heparin in animal models. AB - The antithrombotic effects of the synthetic thrombin inhibitor 4 amidinophenylpyruvic acid and the naturally occurring thrombin inhibitor heparin were studied in a stasis-induced venous thrombosis model and an extracorporeal shunt model in rats. The incidence of venous thrombosis was reduced in a dose dependent manner by both inhibitors. Thrombus size was reduced in the animals in which thrombi continued to form under treatment. The antithrombotic effect of the synthetic inhibitor was accompanied by considerable prolongation of the plasma thrombin time, whereas the effect of heparin on the thrombin time was less pronounced. The time until thrombotic occlusion of the extracorporeal arterio venous shunt occurred was prolonged by both inhibitors in dependence upon the dose. The amount of thrombotic occluding material in the shunt was reduced and altered in composition. Synthetic thrombin inhibitors are potential antithrombotic agents whose effectivity corresponds to that of heparin. PMID- 6651813 TI - The influence of triiodothyronine (T3) on the postnatal development of drug metabolism in rat liver. AB - The influence of T3 on some cytochrome P-450-dependent biotransformation reactions (ethylmorphine N-demethylation, ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation) was investigated in rats of different ages. After T3 administrations on 3 consecutive days to rats of different ages, on the 4th day ethylmorphine N-demethylation rate was diminished in all age groups. On the contrary, ethoxyresorufin and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation rates were considerably enhanced, preferentially in 33-day-old animals. The P-450 concentration was increased to a smaller degree. After T3 treatment on the first 8 days of life long-term effects on ethylmorphine N-demethylation were observed. Low T3 doses accelerated this reaction in 33- and 60-day-old rats. Ethoxycoumarin O-deethylation was not influenced. T3 administrations cannot diminish age differences in drug metabolism. PMID- 6651814 TI - [Characterization of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from smooth muscle of cattle and its modification by drugs]. AB - Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity (ATP: protein phosphohydrolase, EC 2.7.1.37) from the postmicrosomal supernatant (100 000 X g supernatant) of bovine coronary and carotid arteries was isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and partially characterized. Kinase activity was assayed in a standard system with [gamma-32P] ATP and protamine at pH 7.5, 310 K, in the presence and absence of cyclic AMP. The apparent Km-values for ATP, Mg2+ and cAMP are 6.1 X 10(-5) M, 6.4 X 10(-4) M, 3.4 X 10(-8) M, respectively (coronary arteries) or 5.0 X 10(-5) M, 1.02 X 10(-3) M, 1.7 X 10(-8) M, respectively (carotids). Optimal concentrations of cAMP produced a 2-3-fold increase in the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity. After purification on DEAE-cellulose three peaks of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity were found. Especially the second peak fraction showed high protein kinase activity, strong [3H]cAMP-binding and high sensitivity to cAMP. Several drugs tested on the crude enzyme preparation showed stimulating or inhibitory activities in the concentration range of 1-10 microM. PMID- 6651815 TI - [Distribution of salicylic acid and hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid in the human fetus in early pregnancy]. AB - The materno-fetal transfer of salicylic acid and its distribution in the fetal organism was investigated in women of early pregnancy. Acetylsalicylic acid (Acesal) was administered orally in a single dose or in repeated doses at different times before legal interruption. The mean passage rates were about 6 15%. They were independent of the maternal serum concentrations of salicylic acid. The distribution of salicylic acid on the fetal liver, intestine, kidneys, lungs and brain was different. All fetal organs (9th to 15th week of gestation) studied exhibit an acetylsalicylic acid-splitting esterase activity. The esterase activity of the fetal liver was about 30% of the hydrolytic activity of the adult liver. The esterase activity was mainly located in the 105 000 X g-supernatant of cell homogenates. PMID- 6651816 TI - The possible role of ATP-dependent proteolysis on the solubilization of methemoglobin reductase during reticulocyte maturation. AB - The ATP-dependent proteolytic system present in reticulocytes can release the active hydrophilic domain of cytochrome b5 and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase from the endoplasmic reticulum, that in mature erythrocytes act as methemoglobin reductase. PMID- 6651817 TI - Phospholipid-nucleoside conjugates. 5. The interaction of selected 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine-5'-diphosphate-L-1,2-diacylglycerols with serum lipoproteins. AB - The phospholipid-nucleoside conjugates 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-5' diphosphate-L-1,2-dipalmitin (1), -distearin (2), and -diolein (3) have been shown to interact rapidly with canine high density lipoprotein and with both high density and low density lipoproteins isolated from human serum. The extent of interaction with the high density lipoproteins appears to be dependent upon the characteristic gel-liquid crystalline phase transition of the conjugate's phospholipid. Since the phospholipid-nucleoside conjugates under study represent sustained release forms of the antileukemic agent 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine, the therapeutic efficacy of these conjugates should now be considered in light of these interactions. PMID- 6651818 TI - Detection of a nafenopin-binding protein in rat liver cytosol associated with the induction of peroxisome proliferation by hypolipidemic compounds. AB - [3H]nafenopin, a known inducer of liver peroxisomal enzymes, was shown to bind to a specific, saturable pool of binding sites in cytosols from rat liver and kidney cortex. Tissue levels of this binding protein (liver greater than kidney cortex; not detectable in myocardium, skeletal muscle) were seen to correlate with the ability of nafenopin to induce peroxisomal enzymes in these organs. Clofibrate and ciprofibrate, which are structurally similar to nafenopin, competitively blocked the specific binding of [3H]nafenopin. Phenobarbital, a non-inducer of peroxisomes, and [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio]acetic acid and 4 chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio(N-beta-hydroxyethyl)acetamide, which are structurally unrelated peroxisome proliferators, did not complete for the specific [3H]nafenopin binding sites. The [3H]nafenopin binding protein is proposed as a mediator of the drug-induced increase in peroxisomes and associated peroxisomal enzymes. PMID- 6651819 TI - Identification of novel calcium binding proteins of heart and brain 100,000 x g supernatant. AB - The chelex competitive calcium binding assay has been used to assay the calcium binding activity of the 100,000 X g supernatant of bovine heart and brain. Chromatography of brain 100,000 X g supernatant on diethylamino-ethyl (DEAE) cellulose reveals the presence of two peaks of calcium binding activity, peak I eluting at about 0.05 M NaCl and peak II at about 0.18 M NaCl. Chromatography of peak I on Sephadex G-150 resolves a major and a minor peak of calcium binding activity, at Mr 40,000 and Mr 150,000. Chromatography of peak II (0.18 M NaCl) on Sepharose 6B produces two peaks of calcium binding activity, a broad peak of calcium binding activity composed of two molecular weight species of Mr 230,000 and Mr 420,000, and a sharp peak of calcium binding activity with Mr 75,000. Chromatography of the 100,000 X g supernatant of bovine heart on DEAE Cellulose reveals two peaks of calcium binding activity. Chromatography of the lower ionic strength peak on Sephadex G-150 resolved major and minor peaks of calcium binding activity at Mr 65,000 and 150,000, respectively. The results of this study suggest the presence of several calcium binding proteins, other than calmodulin, in these tissues. PMID- 6651820 TI - The role of porcine thyroid peroxidase and FAD-containing monooxygenase in the metabolism of 1-methyl-2-thioimidazole (methimazole). AB - The peroxidase and FAD-containing monooxygenase activities of porcine thyroid subcellular preparations were measured and it was observed that FAD-containing monooxygenase activity was considerably lower than that of peroxidase. The end product of 1-methyl-2[14C]thioimidazole oxidation catalysed by thyroid peroxidase was confirmed to be 1-methylimidazole by mass spectrometry. In the presence of thyroid peroxidase 1-methyl-2-thioimidazole would appear initially to be oxidised to bis(1-methylimidazole)-2,2'-disulphide. The extent of oxidation was dependent on the iodide concentration in the reaction mixture. PMID- 6651821 TI - Solubility of phenothiazines in red blood cell membranes as evidenced by photoaffinity labeling. AB - Radioactively labeled 7-azido-fluphenazine and 7-azido-triflupromazine methiodide have been synthesized and their binding to membranes of intact red blood cells and to ghosts was compared after irradiation. The results indicated that tertiary phenothiazines react with integral membrane components. We conclude from the results that amphiphilic substances solubilize in biological membranes. This is in contradiction to the proposal that these compounds are excluded from the hydrophobic core of biological membranes (Conrad & Singer (1979) Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 76, 5202-5206 and (1981) Biochemistry 20, 808-818). PMID- 6651822 TI - The tightly bound divalent cation regulates actin polymerization. AB - The polymerization characteristics of Ca++-actin and Mg++-actin were studied by measuring initial rates of polymerization upon addition of phalloidin-stabilized nuclei and neutral salt. Under conditions where the effects of divalent cation exchange were minimized, CaCl2 and MgCl2 were found to be equally effective in polymerizing actin. Mg++-actin was found to nucleate and polymerize more readily than Ca++-actin, having a forward rate constant about twice that of Ca++-actin under a variety of polymerizing conditions. The critical concentration for Ca++ actin is approximately 20 times that for Mg++-actin under equivalent conditions. These data imply that the polymer of Mg++-actin must be more stable than that of Ca++-actin, having a depolymerization rate constant about 10 fold lower. Since Mg++ is probably the tightly-bound cation in vivo, whereas Ca++-actin has been more widely studied in vitro, it would appear that actin in its physiological state is probably more polymerizable and more stable in the polymer form than previously considered. PMID- 6651823 TI - Stacking interaction of indole ring with thiazolium ring and effect for H-D exchange reaction of thiamin. AB - As part of a program to clarify the possible binding mode of tryptophan with thiamin coenzyme, the interaction between the indole and thiazolium rings has been studied by using a model compound, 2-(3,4-dimethylthiazolium-5-)ethyl indole 3-propionate, and the prominent stacking formation between both rings has been evidenced by the spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic methods. The faster H-D exchange reaction of thiamin C2 proton observed in the presence of indole than in the lack would be resulted from the pi-pi charge-transfer interaction between the indole ring and the thiazolium ring of thiamin. PMID- 6651824 TI - Structure-activity relationship in heparin: a synthetic pentasaccharide with high affinity for antithrombin III and eliciting high anti-factor Xa activity. AB - The structures of the tetrasaccharide (beta-D-glucuronic acid)1 leads to 4 (N sulfate-3,6-di-0-sulfate-alpha-D-glucosamine)1 leads to 4(2-0-sulfate-alpha-L iduronic acid)1 leads to 4(N-sulfate-6-0-sulfate-D-glucosamine) and of the pentasaccharide (N-sulfate-6-0-sulfate-alpha-D-glucosamine)1 leads to 4(beta-D glucuronic acid)1 leads to 4(N-sulfate-3,6-di-0-sulfate-alpha-D-glucosamine)1 leads to 4(2-0-sulfate-alpha-L-iduronic acid)1 leads to 4(N-sulfate-6-0-sulfate-D glucosamine), both prepared for the first time, by chemical synthesis from D glucose and D-glucosamine, have been confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance. The synthetic tetrasaccharide neither binds to AT-III nor induces anti-factor Xa activity enhancement of this inhibitor. In contrast, the synthetic pentasaccharide strongly binds to AT-III (Ka: 7.10(6)M-1) forming an equimolar complex and also enhances the AT-III inhibitory activity towards factor Xa. These results confirm that the synthetic pentasaccharide with the above structure corresponds to the actual minimal sequence required in heparin for binding to AT III. PMID- 6651825 TI - Decaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase from mitochondria of pig liver. AB - Decaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase which catalyzes the synthesis of all-trans decaprenyl pyrophosphate from isopentenyl pyrophosphate and either farnesyl pyrophosphate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate has been partially purified from mitochondria of pig liver. This enzyme lacks dimethylallyl-transferring and geranyl-transferring activities. PMID- 6651826 TI - Circular dichroism study of the interaction between aromatic heptaene antibiotics and small unilamellar vesicles. AB - Unlike the non-aromatic heptaene amphotericin B, only two types of complex are revealed by circular dichroism when the aromatic heptaenes interact with lipid vesicles. The first is formed when no permeability is observed. The second one is correlated with the appearance of permeability. The cholesterol concentration and the physical state of the membrane have influence only on the amount of the permeabilizing species. These results indicate important differences in the membrane properties of aromatic and non-aromatic heptaenes. PMID- 6651827 TI - Catalatic activity of lactoperoxidase in the presence of SCN-. AB - Lactoperoxidase catalyzed the catalatic decomposition of H2O2 in the presence of SCN-. The pH optimum for O2 evolution was 8.5, while the enzyme activity as disclosed by the rate of H2O2 disappearance was optimal at 4.5. Since the catalatic activity of lactoperoxidase was SCN- dependent, and no O2 was evolved, when H2O2 was added to OSCN- in the absence of lactoperoxidase, an enzyme-OSCN complex may be assumed to be an intermediate in the catalatic activity of lactoperoxidase. PMID- 6651828 TI - On the mechanism of iodination of tyrosine. AB - Existing data contain proof that the iodinating species of tyrosine and its derivatives contained in mixtures of iodine and iodide is hypoiodous acid, HOI. It appears likely that the peroxidase-catalyzed iodination reaction with hydrogen peroxide, tyrosine or a tyrosine derivative and either iodide or iodine as substrates involves enzyme-activated HOI. PMID- 6651829 TI - DNA ligase activity in crude extracts of fibroblasts and lymphocytes. AB - DNA ligase activity was determined in crude cell extracts using a new assay which measures the retention of double stranded circular phage lambda DNA on nitrocellulose filters, and allows accurate determinations of the enzyme activity with cell concentration corresponding to 0.1 microgram of proteins. Using this assay, we show that the DNA ligase activity varies greatly among mammalian cell lines. The higher activity is found in actively growing fibroblasts where it is stimulated by dimethyl sulfate pretreatment of the cells, whereas the low activity measured in resting lymphocytes is not modified by dimethyl sulfate. The DNA ligase activity correlates with the cells sensitivity towards ionizing radiations. PMID- 6651830 TI - Enzymatic methylation of chemically alkylated DNA and poly(dG-dC) X poly(dG-dC) in B and Z forms. AB - The enzymatic methylation of chemically alkylated DNA and of poly(dG-dC) X poly(dG-dC) by beef brain DNA(cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase have been tested. The alkylation by dimethylsulfate, which yields mostly 7 methylguanine (m7G) and 3 methyladenine (m3A) do not affect the enzymatic methylation. The dimethylsulfate alkylated poly(dG-dC) X poly(dG-dC) converted into the Z-form in the presence of MgCl2, is just as well methylated as the native or the alkylated polynucleotide in the B-form. The alkylation of DNA or of poly(dG-dC) X poly(dG dC) by methylnitrosourea yields, in addition to the above base modifications described for dimethylsulfate, methylphosphotriesters and O6-methylguanine. The enzymatic methylation of these substrates modified by methylnitrosourea is decreased. This decrease is proportional to the extent of the chemical alkylation of the substrate. PMID- 6651831 TI - Unique modification of human heart glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase by blue agarose. AB - The major form of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in human heart (GPDH-1) is a minor form (less than 15%) in brain and other tissues and is extremely labile. After GPDH-1 was eluted from an agarose column to which Cibacron blue F3GA had been covalently linked, (a) it was no longer labile (t 1/2 at 40 degrees C changed from 1.6 min to greater than 180 min); (b) it could now be stained for activity on native gels following electro-phoresis; and (c) it now migrated with the bromphenol blue dye front. The results suggest that this stabilized form of GPDH-1 is due to the covalent binding of charged ligands from the column and that this technique may be useful for studying the molecular structure and/or the active site of GPHD-1 and possibly of other enzymes which bind to blue agarose. PMID- 6651832 TI - Rat atrial natriuretic factor. Purification and vasorelaxant activity. AB - The atrial natriuretic activity of rat heart has been found to exist in multiple forms. One of these factors has been purified to apparent homogeneity by a combination of gel filtration and high pressure liquid chromatography in two different systems and its amino acid composition determined. The purified active peptide is shown to have a molecular weight of approximately 3800. In addition, the vasorelaxant activity of rat atrium has been purified and found to co chromatograph with the natriuretic activity in all chromatographic systems employed. Thus, the vasorelaxant activity resides in the natriuretic factor. The existence of this new multifunctional peptide implies a higher level of complexity for cardiovascular control of blood volume and pressure. PMID- 6651833 TI - The detection of hemoglobin dimers by intrinsic fluorescence. AB - We have found that the intrinsic fluorescence emission maxima of oxy, met, and cyanmet hemoglobins have a concentration dependent shift to longer wavelengths. For oxy-hemoglobin, this effect is increased in the presence of 3M NaCl. At the protein concentrations studied, these liganded hemoglobins undergo dimerization. In contrast, horse-heart met myoglobin (which is a monomer), and deoxy Hb A and Hb Beth Israel (that have greatly decreased dissociation constants), exhibited a significantly smaller shift in fluorescence maxima. We conclude that hemoglobin dimers exhibit a bathochromic shift with respect to the tetramer. This shift is probably due to the increase in surface exposure of beta 37 Trp that occurs during hemoglobin dimerization. PMID- 6651834 TI - Direct measurement of carbon monoxide bound to different subunits of hemoglobin A in solution and in red cells by infrared spectroscopy. AB - Infrared spectra for carbon monoxide bound to alpha and beta subunits of human hemoglobin A have subunit differences near 1950 cm-1 and indicate that 92% of the alpha subunits exist in one conformer and 5% in a second conformer under conditions where 99% of the beta subunit is in only one conformation. The sum of the separated subunit spectra is equivalent to the alpha 2 beta 2 tetramer spectrum. CO infrared spectra indicate that CO displaces O2 from HbO2 in red cells or in solution preferentially at the beta subunits. The measurement of C-O stretch bands provides a direct method for characterization of ligand binding sites within intact cells. PMID- 6651835 TI - Incomplete glycosylation of Asn 563 in mouse immunoglobulin M. AB - Mouse immunoglobulin IgM was prepared from MOPC 104E ascites fluid and [3H] mannose labeled tumor cells. The purified protein was used to prepare Fc fragments which were cleaved by cyanogen bromide. Gel filtration allows complete separation of the C-terminal glycosylation site. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses show that Asn 563 of murine IgM is glycosylated only about 44% of the time. PMID- 6651836 TI - Preparation of a covalently linked adduct between plastocyanin and cytochrome f. AB - Plastocyanin can be covalently cross-linked to the monomeric cytochrome f from turnip by incubation in the presence of a water-soluble carbodiimide. The adduct between the two proteins has a molecular weight of approximately 43,000 suggesting a 1:1 stoichiometry between the two proteins of the adduct. This stoichiometry has been verified by spectral characterization of the adduct. The efficiency of the cross-linking reaction is pH dependent with a higher degree of cross-linking being observed at pH 6.5 than at pH 7.0. PMID- 6651837 TI - Reversible transfer of heme between different molecular species of microsome bound cytochrome P-450 in rat liver. AB - Incorporation of newly synthesized heme into microsome-bound cytochrome P-450 in rat liver was not affected by cycloheximide administration to the animals, indicating that the heme incorporation into cytochrome P-450 is not tightly coupled with the synthesis of the apo-cytochrome. When the heme of microsomal cytochrome P-450 had been labeled in vivo with delta-[14C]aminolevulinic acid, and then the animals were treated with phenobarbital (PB) or 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), PB-induced or MC-induced form of cytochrome P-450 was found to contain labeled heme derived from preexistent cytochrome P-450. These observations indicated that the heme of microsome-bound cytochrome P-450 is not tightly associated with the protein portion, and exchanges reversibly between different molecular species of cytochrome P-450 in vivo. PMID- 6651838 TI - Translational pauses during a spider fibroin synthesis. AB - The large ampullate glands of Nephila clavipes synthesize a tissue-specific fibroin for the web and dragline. Its secretory product migrates as one homogeneous band of approximately 320,000 daltons in denaturing electrophoresis. Similar analyses of the secretory epithelium reveal, in addition to the final product, a step ladder array of peptides in a highly reproducible and consistent pattern. We have correlated these peptide ladders with the process of fibroin synthesis. First, the peptides are very prominent in stimulated glands and quite dim in non stimulated ones. Secondly, by offering the cultured glands different amino acids in the incubating medium, we have linked the presence of the bands with those amino acids which abound in the fibroin. The evidence correlates the peptides with active fibroin synthesis, thus they are products of translation, and possibly reflect discontinuities in the translational process such as those demonstrated during the synthesis of Bombyx fibroin. PMID- 6651840 TI - Purification and partial sequencing of human placental alkaline phosphatase. AB - Two forms of human placental alkaline phosphatase have been purified to homogeneity utilizing high performance liquid chromatography. Both have the same amino acid composition but they differ in their carbohydrate substituents. Sequence data indicate that the two forms are identical for the first forty two residues from the amino terminus are presented. PMID- 6651839 TI - Kinetics of UV-induced changes in deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools in Chinese hamster ovary cells and their effect on measurements of DNA synthesis. AB - Measurements of dNTP pools following exposure of Chinese hamster ovary cells to ultraviolet radiation reveals a rapid accumulation of cellular dTTP and a rapid loss of cellular dCTP. Exposure to 3-, 10- or 20 Jm-2 results in a 3-, 4- or 5.4 fold increase in cellular dTTP, respectively, within the first 10 min after exposure. dTTP levels then decrease noticeably, approaching the control value 3 to 5 hr later. In contrast, dCTP levels decrease rapidly within 10 min after exposure, ultimately to 1/10 that observed in the unirradiated control population. Recovery to normal dCTP levels is slow, taking in excess of 12 hr. No change in dATP is observed for 1-2 hr; subsequently, a moderate decrease in dATP levels occurs which is then followed by recovery, beginning 8 hr after irradiation. These results contrast with changes in dNTP pools observed in Chinese hamster V-79 cells exposed to mutagens. Measurements of rates of DNA synthesis by pulse-labeling cells with [3H]thymidine are also apparently affected by UV-induced transient deviations in the endogenous radiospecific activity of the labeled precursor. PMID- 6651841 TI - Sequence selective modification of DNA with muta-carcinogenic 2-amino-6 methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole. AB - 2-Acetoxyamino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole binds covalently to the 8 position of guanine residues in DNA. Treatment of the modified DNA with aqueous piperidine causes the liberation of the modified nucleic acid base, 2-(C8 guanyl)amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole, and cleavage of DNA at the sites of the modified guanylic acid residues. By use of 5'-end 32P-labelled DNA and sequence analysing gel electrophoresis, we discovered the base sequence specificity of DNA modification with 2-acetoxyamino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2' d]imidazole. The guanine residues in G-C cluster-like regions are modified more frequently. PMID- 6651842 TI - Affinity inactivation of bovine Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase by hydroperoxide anion, HO2-. AB - Bovine liver Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) is inactivated by hydrogen peroxide at alkaline pH, and full inactivation correlates with the loss of 1.1 histidine/subunit. At each pH utilized, saturation of the rate of inactivation is observed. This process is characterized by a half-saturation constant for peroxide and a maximum pseudo-first-order rate constant for inactivation. At 25 degrees C, the former decreases from 15.7 to 3.2 mM as the pH is increased from 9.0 to 11.5, while the latter increases from 0.83 to 2.43 per min over the same pH range. We have previously (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 224, 579 (1983] proposed that the true affinity reagent for the inactivation of yeast SOD is the hydroperoxide anion, and we now believe the same is true for bovine SOD. However, a subtle difference between the two enzymes exists, for while the maximum pseudo first-order rate constant for inactivation of bovine SOD increases with increasing pH, the same parameter for the yeast enzyme is pH-independent. PMID- 6651843 TI - Cyclic-2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum reflect inorganic phosphate availability. AB - Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum was grown in phosphate-limited chemostat cultures at a dilution rate corresponding to a doubling time of 13.2 h. The cyclic-2,3-diphospho-D-glycerate content of these cells was 8 to 10-fold lower than that of cells grown in batch cultures having a doubling time of 11.5 h. This metabolite accounted for 5% of cell dry weight during batch growth on 2 mM phosphate. In the chemostat the steady-state concentration of phosphate was 4 microM, showing that this methanogen is adapted to highly efficient growth at low phosphate concentrations. Since growth rates were similar in both cultures, the growth rate clearly does not depend on intracellular levels of cyclic-2,3 diphosphoglycerate. PMID- 6651844 TI - Separation of the complementary strands of double-stranded cucumber mosaic virus associated RNA 5 and peanut stunt virus-associated RNA 5. AB - The double-stranded forms of CARNA 5 and PARNA 5, viral satellites of the cucumovirus group, after denaturation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under appropriate conditions allow their complementary strands to be separated and fractionated. These fractionated (+) and (-) strands are free of contaminating viral RNA fragments. They serve as templates for the preparation of cDNAs of opposite polarity, which are used to probe the viral RNA-dependent replication of CARNA 5 and PARNA 5. PMID- 6651845 TI - A sensitive SDS-PAGE method separating myosin heavy chain isoforms of rat skeletal muscles reveals the heterogeneous nature of the embryonic myosin. AB - Myosin isoforms are used as markers of heterogeneity and plasticity of skeletal muscle fibers and motor units. Tedious and time-consuming methods, needing microgram or milligram amounts of myosin are widely used to characterize the heavy subunits. We here describe a sensitive method that separates in nanogram or microgram amounts the heavy chains of immature, fast and slow adult rat muscles in complex mixtures of myosins. Though the method is assembled from published procedures (SDS-PAGE, peptide mapping in the presence of SDS, silver stain) for the logical extensions introduced the end-product is a powerful tool to separate and characterize these high molecular weight biopolymers until now inseparable from complex mixtures. The method reveals the heterogeneous nature of the embryonic myosin heavy chains. PMID- 6651846 TI - Stimulatory effect of calcium on photoactivation of the water oxidation system in dark-grown spruce chloroplasts. AB - The water-oxidation system in chloroplasts from Picea abies leaves grown without light was activated and stabilized upon exposure of the isolated chloroplasts to weak light. The rate of electron transport from diphenylcarbazide to 2,6 dichloroindophenol in the photosystem II remained constant. Ca2+ added to the chloroplast suspension was incorporated into thylakoid membranes during illumination and strongly stimulated the photoactivation of latent water oxidation system but not electron transport in photosystem II. It is concluded that the site which requires Ca2+ and is activated by light is the water oxidation system. PMID- 6651847 TI - Comparison of platelet-derived growth factor prepared from release products of fresh platelets and from outdated platelet concentrates. AB - Platelet-derived growth factor was isolated from the release products of washed, human platelets and from freeze-thawed outdated platelet concentrates. On the basis of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid sequence determination we conclude that platelet derived growth factor released from platelets by the agonist thrombin (EC 3.4.4.13) is structurally similar to that isolated from lysed platelets and from platelet concentrates stored for more than 72 hr at room temperature. PMID- 6651848 TI - Crystallization of bovine pancreatic polypeptide. AB - Bovine pancreatic polypeptide, a 36-residue polypeptide hormone, was successfully crystallized for the first time. During purification by extensive dialysis against distilled water a surprisingly insoluble form of the peptide was obtained which led to its crystallization as orthorhombic needles up to 2 mm in length. PMID- 6651849 TI - Binding of monoclonal antibody A2B5 to gangliosides. AB - Monoclonal antibody A2B5 (Eisenbarth et al, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (1979, 76:4913 4917), which reacts with neurons, thymic epithelium and peptide-hormone secreting cells of several species, was reported to react specifically with brain tetrasialogangliosides. We have found that A2B5 binds to gangliosides GQ1b, GD3, GD2, disialolactoneotetraosylceramide, and probably to GT1a, when assayed by an immunostaining procedure that detects binding of antibody to gangliosides on a thin-layer plate. Additional data obtained by complement fixation revealed that this antibody reacted most strongly with ganglioside GQ1b almost as well with disialogangliosides GD3, GD2 and disialolactoneotetraosylceramide, weakly with GD1b and GT1b, and very weakly with GM3 and GD1a. These data indicate that A2B5 cannot be regarded as a specific reagent for the recognition of tetrasialogangliosides. PMID- 6651850 TI - Monoclonal antibody-directed immunopurification and identification of cytochromes P-450. AB - Several rat liver cytochromes P-450 have been substantially purified in a one step immunoadsorption procedure using Sepharose-bound monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the major forms of rat liver cytochrome P-450 induced by 3 methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital (MC-P-450 and PB-P-450, respectively). When mixed with solubilized rat liver microsomes the immunoadsorbent based on the MAb to MC-P-450 binds two polypeptides of MW 56,000 and 57,000 while the immunoadsorbent made with the MAb to PB-P-450 absorbs a species of MW 54,000. These polypeptides are readily desorbed by 0.1 M glycine (pH 3.0). Isolation of MAb-specific cytochrome P-450 isozymes by this method has applications in numerous phases of cytochrome P-450 research. PMID- 6651851 TI - Binding of colchicine to renal tubulin at 5 degrees C. AB - Previous reports in the literature state that the binding of colchicine to soluble tubulin is negligible at 0 - 4 degrees C as measured by non-equilibrium binding methods. In contrast, we have detected significant binding of colchicine to tubulin at 5 degrees C. Furthermore, for the first time equilibrium dialysis has been used to measure colchicine binding. The value of the dissociation constant was 1.8 microM at 5 degrees C, and the stoichiometry of colchicine binding at 5 degrees C equaled that at 37 degrees C. Dissociation at 5 degrees C of bound colchicine was negligible over a period of 23 h, and the estimated minimal half-time of dissociation was 150 h. PMID- 6651852 TI - Identification of amyloid prealbumin variant in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (Japanese type). AB - Structural studies on an amyloid fibril protein of 14 K daltons (AFj(INO] isolated from a Japanese patient who suffered from familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy were carried out to unambiguously identify its difference from normal human serum prealbumin. Sequence analyses performed by comparing peptide maps prepared from cyanogen bromide fragments and tryptic peptides of purified RCM-amyloid protein with those from RCM-prealbumin indicate that only a valine residue at position 30 in prealbumin is replaced by a methionine residue. Furthermore, it was also proved that AFj(INO) consists of four components; the prealbumin variant and its three related proteins, which are derived by successively accumulated deletion of the N-terminal three amino acid residues (Gly1, Pro2 and Thr3) from the prealbumin variant. PMID- 6651853 TI - Distribution and characteristics of polysialosyl oligosaccharides in nervous tissue glycoproteins. AB - Large polysialosyl glycopeptides can be derived from the glycoproteins of both mature as well as early postnatal brain, although their concentration (in terms of sialic acid content) decreases by approximately 75 percent during the first month in rat brain. These glycopeptides were found to contain O-sulfate residues, and subcellular fractionation studies indicated that most of the glycoproteins having polysialosyl units are present in non-synaptic plasma membranes. Large polysialosyl glycopeptides can also be obtained from the membranes of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells, demonstrating that this type of structure is not unique to brain. PMID- 6651855 TI - Endodeoxyribonuclease from nuclei of bovine small intestinal mucosa: further studies on intranuclear localization and cleavage mechanism of the enzyme. AB - Most of the activity of endodeoxyribonuclease was extracted from isolated chromatin with buffer containing 0.6 M NaCl, indicating that the endonuclease is present as a chromatin-bound form. When nuclei or chromatin of calf thymus or rat liver was digested with the bovine nuclear enzyme in the presence of 2 mM EGTA, to suppress endogenous Ca, Mg-dependent DNase activity, discrete DNA bands with integral multiples of 200 base pairs in length were produced, but no acid-soluble nucleotide was detected. The enzyme made single-strand breaks in pBR322 DNA and degraded it to fragments of limited size. The size of the final products of DNA's of Micrococcus luteus, rat liver nuclei, and calf thymus nuclei was about 3,000, 200, and 160 base pairs, respectively, but the enzyme showed no base specificity. Thus the endonuclease seems preferentially to recognize AT-rich regions of double stranded DNA and to make single-strand breaks. PMID- 6651854 TI - Stimulation of peroxidase reactions by hydroxamates. AB - Salicylhydroxamic acid, benzohydroxamic acid, and phenylacetohydroxamic acid were found to stimulate the oxidation of NADH, dithiothreitol, and ferrocyanide by horseradish peroxidase. The hydroxamates themselves served as substrates in peroxidase reactions, and the observed stimulations may involve hydroxamate free radical formation. PMID- 6651856 TI - Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric evidence for the identification of a heptitol and an octitol in human and Octodon degu eye lenses. AB - Gas chromatographic analysis of alditols obtained from post-mortem human and South American rodent Octodon degu eye lenses indicated the presence of two high molecular weight, late eluting components which could not be identified. Thus, the samples were subjected to gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis under both electron impact and chemical ionization conditions. The data obtained from these analyses indicate that both human and Octodon degu lenses contain a heptitol and an octitol, sugars which have not previously been reported to be present in any animal tissue. PMID- 6651858 TI - Effects of fenfluramine on hepatic intermediary metabolism. AB - Effects of fenfluramine on hepatic intermediary metabolism have been studied using the isolated hepatocyte system. Fenfluramine inhibits the formation of glucose from lactate plus pyruvate and from alanine as well as the production of ketone bodies from added oleate. The latter observation suggests that inhibition of gluconeogenesis may result from a decrease in the level of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA. Fatty acid synthesis by hepatocytes is slightly stimulated by fenfluramine, perhaps as a consequence of the increase in cytosolic reducing equivalents, observed as an increase in the ratio of lactate/pyruvate. PMID- 6651857 TI - Inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism by SKF-525A in intact cells and isolated mitochondria. AB - We have examined the effects of various concentrations of SKF-525A (beta diethylaminoethyldiphenylpropyl acetate X HCl) on the energy metabolism of liver slices, isolated liver mitochondria, and two types of ascites tumor cells, as well as on ion transport in liver slices. In liver slices, 0.2 to 1.0 mM SKF-525A caused an initial stimulation of O2 uptake which was followed, at 0.5 to 1.0 mM, by a progressive inhibition of O2 consumption, a fall of slice ATP content, and a reduced transport of K+, Na+ and Ca2+. In isolated mitochondria, we studied the effects of SKF-525A on the rate of respiration and on the oxidation-reduction responses of NAD(P)+ and cytochrome b in the presence of various substrates. The results suggest that SKF-525A had three distinct actions on liver mitochondria, viz. an uncoupling action at low concentrations (0.02 to 0.17 mM); at higher concentrations (0.2 to 0.5 mM) an inhibition of the oxidation of NAD(P)+-linked substrates, exerted close to the substrate level; also at 0.2 to 0.5 mM, a less effective inhibition of electron transfer at a point between cytochrome b and O2 in the electron-transfer chain. Experiments on O2 consumption and cytochrome b oxidation-reduction changes in ascites cells showed only the first two of these effects in the intact tumor cells. We conclude that inhibition of mitochondrial energy-conserving reactions by SKF-525A can have a marked influence on energy requiring aspects of liver-cell metabolism, one example of which is inhibition of cation active transport. PMID- 6651859 TI - Effect of the brachymorphic trait in mice on xenobiotic sulfate ester formation. AB - Mice carrying the recessive mutation brachymorphic have been shown previously to have a reduced capacity to synthesize 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), the required coenzyme in sulfation reactions [K. Sugahara and N. Schwartz, Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 6615 (1979)]. The capacity of the liver cytosol fractions from brachymorphic (bm/bm) mice or their phenotypically normal littermates (+/+ or +/bm) to catalyze the formation of sulfate esters of [3H]estrone and [14C]p-nitrophenol in vitro was determined. When PAPS was added to the reaction, the rates of sulfate ester formation catalyzed by the two cytosol fractions were similar. In contrast, when PAPS was generated in situ from ATP and SO(4)2-, the rates of sulfate ester formation catalyzed by the brachymorphic cytosol were only 4-22% of the rates catalyzed by the cytosol fraction from normal mice. The hepatic cytosol fraction from brachymorphic mice incorporated less 35SO(4)2- into PAPS than that catalyzed by cytosol of normal mice. [14C]p-Nitrophenol (1.5 mumoles/kg) was eliminated from brachymorphic and normal mice as urinary conjugates; in normal mice, 73% of the urinary radioactivity was p-nitrophenyl sulfate, while in the brachymorphic mice only 33% of the urinary excretion was the sulfate ester. Brachymorphic mice have a reduced capacity for synthesizing sulfate esters of xenobiotics in vitro and in vivo, which is attributable to their reduced synthesis of PAPS. PMID- 6651860 TI - The use of corticosteroids encapsulated in erythrocytes in the treatment of adjuvant induced arthritis in the rat. AB - Corticosteroid esters have been encapsulated into intact erythrocytes and used as an intravenous treatment for adjuvant induced arthritis in the rat. The treatment consisted of injections of the encapsulated steroids with the effects monitored for up to 14 days. On an equivalent weight basis both encapsulated cortisol-21 phosphate and prednisolone-21-sodium hemisuccinate proved superior to the free steroid esters administered in solution by injection. PMID- 6651862 TI - Disposition of intact liposomes of different compositions and of liposomal degradation products. AB - Small unilamellar liposomes containing bovine serum albumin were prepared by a new double-emulsion technique and administered to mice and rats in intravenous injections. The elimination of intact liposomes, the association of phospholipid marker with lipoproteins, and the appearance of released internal marker and its degradation products were followed by column chromatography of plasma samples. In vitro labelled lipoproteins were administered to the animals in intravenous injections together with free bovine serum albumin and the elimination of the two substances was studied by closely related techniques. The clearance of intact PC:PS (4:1) liposomes from plasma was biphasic and much faster than that of labelled lipoproteins and bovine serum albumin either originating from liposomes or injected as such. The second elimination phase for these liposomes was barely detectable by our analytical methods. In contrast, DSPC:CHOL (2:1) liposomes showed a very significant second-phase elimination, with a half-life of 12 hr for the intact liposomes. In tissue distribution studies in mice, the major accumulation of liposomal markers was found in the liver and spleen, and less in the kidneys and intestinal wall. Uptake into liver and spleen appeared to be due to the uptake of intact liposomes, whereas the uptake into kidneys and gut wall was caused by the uptake of liposomal degradation products. The uptake of PC:PS (4:1) liposomes into the liver was higher than that of DSPC:CHOL (2:1) liposomes; the opposite was the case with their uptake into the spleen. In rats, too, liposomes of different compositions showed significant variations in stability and in plasma half-lives of intact liposomes. Generally, there was a considerable increase in the liposomal stability in the presence of cholesterol and when use was made of a phospholipid with a high transition temperature. PMID- 6651861 TI - Encapsulation of drugs in intact erythrocytes: an intravenous delivery system. AB - A number of drugs and the plasma antiprotease alpha 1-antitrypsin has been encapsulated in intact erythrocytes after hypotonic swelling, using a technique designed to preserve the viability of the cells. By labelling the cells with fluorescein isothiocyanate it has been shown that the cells survive exceptionally well when returned to the animal's circulation. Cell survival has been demonstrated in the rat, rabbit and guinea-pig. With encapsulation of cortisol-21 phosphate and methotrexate it was found that blood levels of the drug were maintained for a longer period than when the free drug was administered. Cortisol 21-phosphate was hydrolysed enzymatically by acid phosphatase located primarily in the erythrocyte membrane. An in vitro test involving the interaction or erythrocytes with phagocytes was developed to determine the viability or erythrocytes after being subjected to the encapsulation process. Preparations which did not interact with phagocytes survived when returned to the animal's circulation. The encapsulation procedure increased the fragility of the cell membrane compared to that of normal cells as measured by the leakage of haemoglobin after thermal treatment but it was found that encapsulated cortisol 21-phosphate in cells actually stabilized the membrane. The electrical charge on the membrane of encapsulating cells was the same as that of the normal cells. The charge on reformed ghosts was lower than that of normal cells. Reformed ghosts were rapidly removed when introduced into the circulation. The encapsulation procedure and its possible applications are discussed. PMID- 6651864 TI - Studies on the mechanism of action of the hypoglycemic agent, 2-(3 methylcinnamylhydrazono)-propionate (BM 42.304). AB - A new hypoglycemic agent, 2-(3-methylcinnamylhydrazono)-propionate MCHP (BM 42.304) was shown to be an inhibitor of the transfer of long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial inner membrane. The following data support this conclusion: the drug, at already 5 microM, inhibited ketogenesis from oleate but not from octanoate in the perfused guinea-pig liver; likewise, ketogenesis from L (-)-palmitoylcarnitine and palmitoyl-CoA + L-(-)-carnitine, but not from octanoate, was depressed in isolated guinea-pig liver mitochondria. Oxigraphic measurements of the oxygen uptake by isolated mitochondria showed that the drug impaired oxygen uptake with the long-chain fatty acid derivatives but not with octanoate. Finally, in vivo effects of the drug such as hypoketonemia and an increased concentration of free fatty acids in blood are in agreement with the above formulated mechanism of action. A comment is given on the relationships between fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis in the guinea-pig liver. PMID- 6651863 TI - Cellular localization of stable solid liposomes in the liver of rats. AB - Small solid liposomes made from distearoylphosphatidyl choline and cholesterol (molar ratio 2:1) showed significant stability in plasma, with a half-life of about 24 hr after intravenous injection in rats. The major cellular uptake of intact liposomes was found in the liver and spleen, peaking after 2-4 hr in the liver and after 24 hr in the spleen. Isolation of parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells from rat livers at various intervals after injection of liposomes showed that both cell types adsorbed liposomal membranes and took up the liposomal contents. Our study has shown that most of the liposomal markers found in the liver shortly (less than 40 min) after administration stemmed from the liposomes adsorbed to extracellular binding sites, and that uptake into the cells took place subsequently. In non-parenchymal cells, uptake was rapid and the intracellular level remained rather constant after 40 min and for up to 4 hr. The uptake of liposomes by parenchymal cells was slower, it showed a lag-phase of approx. 1/2 hr and peaked at 2 hr, whereupon the radioactivity in parenchymal cells dropped. The contents of liposomes behaved in a manner similar to the membranes. It is concluded that, in addition to a rapid uptake of liposomes in non-parenchymal liver cells, there is a significant degree of association with parenchymal cells, provided that the liposomes administered are small (less than 100 nm in diameter) and stable. PMID- 6651865 TI - Iron mobilization from cultured hepatocytes: effect of desferrioxamine B. AB - When cultured rat hepatocytes prelabelled for different times at 37 degrees with 59Fe are reincubated for 1 hr in a fresh medium, radiolabelled iron is released in the washout medium as a function of the prelabelling time, and behaves like low molecular weight material on isokinetic centrifugation in sucrose gradients. When apotransferrin or desferrioxamine B are present in the reincubation medium, the kinetics of iron release are similar but the absolute amounts of radiolabelled iron found in the culture medium are much greater. In the presence of apotransferrin, most of the 59Fe released from the cells distributes as transferrin whereas with desferrioxamine B, almost all the 59Fe is extracted by benzyl alcohol indicating its chelation by the drug. Cell fractionation data indicate that iron accumulated by hepatocytes is rapidly incorporated into cytosol ferritin, and this seems to be a preferred source of iron for the chelator. PMID- 6651866 TI - Lignocaine: inhibitory effect on synaptosomal and erythrocyte membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase activity. AB - Lignocaine (5-20 mM) reversibly inhibits (in vitro) AChE activity of rat brain synaptosome (33-66%) and erythrocyte membrane (10-54%) in a concentration dependent manner. Lineweaver-Burk plots indicate that lignocaine-induced inhibition of AChE activity in synaptosome is competitive, whereas in erythrocyte membrane inhibition of AChE is non-competitive in nature. Arrhenius plots show that transition temperatures of both synaptosomal and erythrocyte membrane-bound AChE are significantly reduced in the presence of lignocaine. These results suggest that lignocaine increases the lipid fluidity of synaptosomal and erythrocyte membrane which may be a cause of inhibition of membrane-bound AChE activity. PMID- 6651867 TI - Bromoacetyl-L-carnitine: biochemical and antitrypanosomal actions against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. AB - One of the causative agents of the African Trypanosamiases, Trypanosoma brucei brucei is able to use high intracellular carnitine concentrations and a high carnitine acetyl transferase (CAT) activity to stimulate ATP production. This paper reports that a carnitine analogue, bromoacetyl-L-carnitine, is an irreversible inhibitor of CAT from T.brucei, non-competitively inhibits carnitine uptake by T.brucei and has a potent in vitro effect against T.brucei motility and infectivity. An in vivo action in T.brucei infected mice is also reported. These results represent a new area of investigation in the important search for new antitrypanosomal agents. PMID- 6651868 TI - Effect of phloretin on Na+-dependent D-glucose uptake by intestinal brush border membrane vesicles. AB - In the present work we studied the effects of phloretin on Na+-dependent D glucose uptake by brush border membrane vesicles isolated from rabbit small intestine. Phloretin had no inhibitory effect on Na+-dependent D-glucose uptake in the presence of equilibrated Na+, although it inhibited the process in the presence of a Na+ gradient. Phlorizin inhibited Na+-dependent D-glucose uptake both in the presence and in the absence of a Na+ gradient. Phloretin and phlorizin competed with each other for the inhibition of Na+-energized D-glucose uptake. These results indicate that phloretin has no direct interaction with the Na+-dependent D-glucose transporter per se, though phloretin and phlorizin may have a common step(s) in their inhibition mechanisms. Phloretin, but not phlorizin, was found to increase the equilibrium level of D-glucose uptake whether Na+ was present or not. The increase in the equilibrium level was due to phloretin-induced binding of D-glucose to the brush border membrane, but not due to an increase in the intravesicular space. It seems to occur by a mechanism different from that by which phloretin inhibits Na+-energized D-glucose uptake, because the equilibrium level of D-glucose uptake is increased by the ionized form of phloretin but Na+-energized D-glucose uptake is inhibited by the unionized form. PMID- 6651869 TI - The mechanism of action of phenformin in starved rats. AB - The ability of phenformin to lower the blood glucose concentration after an intraperitoneal glucose load, with a concomitant increase in blood lactate concentration, indicated that the drug was increasing the rate of anaerobic glycolysis. The results of experiments in which glucose and gluconeogenic precursors were given to starved rats were explained by a hypothesis for the mechanism of action of phenformin involving inhibition of certain NAD+-dependent dehydrogenases. Substrates with NAD+-linked oxidations could be discriminated from those, like succinate, with FAD-linked oxidations, and succinate may be of use in the treatment of clinical lacticacidosis caused by biguanide drugs. PMID- 6651870 TI - The effect of cysteine and N-acetyl cysteine on rat liver glutathione (GSH). PMID- 6651871 TI - Cardiac glycosides, calcium and the release of neurotransmitter from peripheral noradrenergic nerves. PMID- 6651872 TI - Free radical metabolism of VP-16 and inhibition of anthracycline-induced lipid peroxidation. PMID- 6651873 TI - Dissociation of pharmacological and enzymatic activities of snake venom phospholipases A2 by modification of carboxylate groups. AB - The carboxylate groups in an acidic and in a basic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme, purified, respectively, from Naja naja atra and Naja nigricollis snake venoms, were modified with carbodiimide and semicarbazide. The derivatives modified at pH 3.5 and pH 5.5 had less than 1% (N. nigricollis) or 2% (N. n. atra) residual enzymatic activity, whereas 12-16% enzymatic activity remained following modification at pH 5.5 in the presence of Ca2+. In marked contrast, these derivatives retained variable, but significantly greater, levels of lethal potency, hemolytic and anticoagulant activities, and abilities to block indirectly and directly induced contractions of the diaphragm. By this modification of aspartic and glutamic acid residues we have, for the first time, obtained derivatives of PLA2 which selectively retain greater pharmacological activity relative to enzymatic activity. Previously, we had found that modification of lysine and arginine residues produced derivatives which retain enzymatic activity but show a loss of pharmacological properties. These findings suggest that some pharmacological effects of snake venom PLA2 enzymes are due to a non-enzymatic action, suggesting two distinct but perhaps overlapping active sites. PMID- 6651874 TI - Characterization of hyperthyroidism enhancement of halothane-induced hepatotoxicity. AB - Administration of anesthetic doses of halothane to hyperthyroid male rats results in the development of hepatic necrosis. The severity of the hepatic lesion was dependent on the dose of triiodothyronine (T3) and the length of time it was administered. Pretreatment of rats with iodinated metabolites of thyroxin which do not induce hyperthyroidism did not result in any signs of hepatotoxicity after halothane exposure. The administration of halothane to hyperthyroid female rats or mice of either sex did not result in the development of any overt hepatotoxicity. Likewise, hyperthyroidism did not enhance the hepatotoxicity of another hepatotoxin bromobenzene. The in vitro enzymatic activities associated with cytochrome P-450-dependent metabolism and glutathione S-transferase conjugation activity were markedly altered in hyperthyroid rats. Cytochrome P-450 levels, aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, glutathione levels and glutathione S transferase activity were all significantly lower in hyperthyroid rats. However, other enzyme activities were stimulated by T3 pretreatment; aniline hydroxylase activity was increased by 45% and cytochrome c reductase activity was increased by 54% in hyperthyroid rats. Glutathione levels were also reduced significantly in hyperthyroid male rats. Maximal changes in both the cytochrome P-450 system and in the glutathione detoxification system were required before halothane demonstrated its hepatotoxic effects. Thus, a new balance between cytochrome P 450-dependent bioactivation and glutathione conjugation of halothane may be necessary for the exaggerated hepatotoxicity of halothane seen in hyperthyroid male rats. PMID- 6651875 TI - Chenodeoxycholic acid-3-sulfate. Metabolism and excretion in the rat and hamster and effects on hepatic transport systems. AB - The metabolism and excretion of chenodeoxycholic acid-3-sulfate were determined in rats and hamsters. Constant intravenous infusions of 1, 2, and 3 mumoles/min in rats gave a maximum excretion in bile of 1.25 mumoles/min. Simultaneous infusions of sodium taurocholate at 2.0 mumoles/min and sulfobromophthalein at 0.2 mumole/min had no effects on the maximum excretion rate of chenodeoxycholic acid-3-sulfate. However, the bile acid ester sulfate caused a dose-related reduction in the excretion rate of BSP without affecting bile acid excretion rate and without a reduction in total bile flow. Chromatographic analysis of ester sulfate, a bile acid recovered in bile and urine, indicated that more than 95% had not undergone further metabolic transformation. PMID- 6651876 TI - Nitrosamine metabolism in kwashiorkor rats. AB - The in vitro metabolism of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was studied in liver tissue obtained from male weanling kwashiorkor wistar rats. The elimination of this compound and that of nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) from the blood, after a single intravenous dose, was also investigated. N-demethylase activity in liver microsomes of the test animals was not significantly different from that of the controls although the activity of this enzyme per gram wet liver tissue was considerably reduced in the model animals. On the other hand, the glutathione (GSH) content in liver cytosol of the kwashiorkor animals was much higher than that of the controls. The elimination of NDMA and NMOR from the blood of the experimental animals over 8 hr following i.v. administration of the carcinogens, showed that the clearance rate of each nitrosamine was significantly lower in the kwashiorkor rats. PMID- 6651877 TI - Phosphorolysis of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU) and other 5 substituted-2'-deoxyuridines by purified human thymidine phosphorylase and intact blood platelets. AB - Various 5-substituted-2'-deoxyuridines (dUrd), including 5-ethyl,5-propyl-, 5 trifluoromethyl-, 5-hydroxymethyl-, 5-formyl-, 5-vinyl-, (E)-5-(2-chlorovinyl)-, (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-, 5-fluoro-, 5-chloro-, 5-bromo-, 5-iodo-, 5-cyano-, 5 thiocyano-, 5-nitro- and 5-amino-dUrd, were shown to be effective substrates for the thymidine (dThd) phosphorylase isolated from human blood platelets. Some of dUrd analogs, i.e. the highly potent and selective antiherpes agent (E)-5-(2 bromovinyl)-dUrd, were degraded more rapidly than the natural substrates, dUrd and dThd. All dUrd analogs were also readily catabolised by intact human blood platelets. The potent inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase, 6-amino-thymine and 6-amino-5-bromo-uracil, strongly inhibited the phosphorolysis of (E)-5-(2 bromovinyl)-dUrd by both purified enzyme and intact platelets. PMID- 6651878 TI - Differential effect of benserazide on catecholamine concentrations in the rat pineal, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. AB - The effect of benserazide, an aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor, has been investigated simultaneously on the noradrenaline content of the pineal, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex of the rat. The dopamine concentration of the hypothalamus was investigated in the same animals. Benserazide had no effect on pineal noradrenaline content throughout the light phase and the early part of the dark phase but caused a drastic reduction in the latter part of the dark period. The drug had no significant effect on noradrenaline or dopamine contents of the hypothalamus. Benserazide treatment caused a large reduction in the noradrenaline content of the cerebral cortex throughout 24 hr. However, this effect is unlikely to be due to a differential penetration of benserazide into the brain areas as a similar degree of decarboxylase inhibition was observed in all three tissues. PMID- 6651879 TI - 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (neocuproine): a potent, copper-dependent cytotoxin with anti-tumor activity. AB - 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-DMP), a copper-specific chelator, was a potent cytotoxin against L1210 cells in vitro; its activity was dependent upon available Cu2+ in the medium. Other divalent ions, Fe2+ and Zn2+, were ineffective as promoters of growth inhibition. As the copper chelate, a 4 microM solution produced a 4 log kill after a 1-hr incubation. This was in marked contrast to 1,10-phenanthroline, whose inhibition of cell growth was overcome by added Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+. Cellular uptake of labeled 2,9-dimethyl-1,10 phenanthroline also required added Cu2+ in the medium. This transport was energy dependent, and the drug was concentrated over 200-fold by the cells. In preliminary evaluations, copper-2,9-DMP showed significant chemotherapeutic activity against the P388 murine lymphoma in vivo. PMID- 6651880 TI - Identification and characterization of a plasma membrane phosphoprotein which is present in Chinese hamster lung cells resistant to adriamycin. AB - Studies have been carried out to analyze the phosphoprotein composition of plasma membranes from Chinese hamster lung cells resistant to the action of adriamycin. Gel electrophoretic analysis of [32Pi]-labeled proteins revealed that plasma membranes from resistant cells contain a phosphoprotein of 180,000 molecular weight (P180) which is not detected in drug sensitive cells. Protein P180 can also be identified after phosphorylation of resistant plasma membranes in an in vitro protein kinase system. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the P180 was metabolically active and underwent cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the cell. Additional studies showed that, in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), there was a major increase in the uptake of adriamycin in resistant cells. A similar effect was observed with KCN but not with sodium azide. When resistant cells were grown in the presence of [32Pi] and then incubated in the presence of NEM, there was a considerable increase in the phosphorylation of P180. In contrast, many other plasma membrane proteins were dephosphorylated under these incubation conditions. The results suggest the possibility that, as P180 was hyperphosphorylated, the protein was inactivated and this contributed to the ability of resistant cells to accumulate adriamycin. PMID- 6651882 TI - Effect of nafcillin on hepatic excretory function. PMID- 6651881 TI - Investigations of the mechanism of selective inhibition of type B mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by phosphatidylserine. AB - Liposomes of phosphatidylserine (PS) were found to inhibit strongly the B-form of membrane bound monoamine oxidase (MAO) isolated from rat and bovine liver, while having no effect on the rat liver A-form. Use of 14C-liposomes demonstrated high levels of PS association with the membrane, which could not be removed by extensive washing with high ionic strength buffers. The inhibition of MAO-B was not reversed on further perturbation of the membrane by chaotropic agents, sonication, or treatment with additional liposome preparations of phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylinositol. Partial reversal of the inhibition was found when the PS-treated bovine liver membrane was solubilized with the detergent octyl glucoside. PS, however, had no effect on a solubilized preparation of bovine liver MAO. These results suggest a specific interaction between MAO and PS rather than an indirect effect of bulk changes in membrane properties, but an intact membrane was, nevertheless, required to mediate the inhibition. Comparison of the decreases in apparent levels of MAO-B in rat liver mitochondrial membranes that were calculated from changes in relative catalytic activities with A and B specific substrates or changes in sensitivity to A-form specific reversible and irreversible inhibitors, all showed good quantitative correlation. Lineweaver-Burk plots of the effect of PS incorporation into bovine liver mitochondrial membranes on MAO oxidation of phenylethylamine exhibited the expected pattern for a noncompetitive inhibitor acting on a ping-pong mechanism bireactant enzyme. On the basis of these results, a possible in vivo role for the acidic phospholipids in regulating apparent levels of MAO from one tissue to another and/or in response to environmental effects is proposed. PMID- 6651883 TI - Differential inactivation of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase by stereoisomers of allenic amines. PMID- 6651884 TI - Effects of magnetic field exposure on fertilization success in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. AB - The sensitivity of trout ova and sperm to 1-T magnetic fields was investigated. It was determined that 1) overall test results combining seven independent Z statistics demonstrated a significant (alpha less than 0.0001) enhancement of fertilization when ova alone were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization; 2) similarly, overall test results combining Z-statistics from eight independent experiments indicated a significant (alpha less than 0.0004) enhancement when sperm alone were exposed; and 3) statistical analysis of nine independent experiments confirmed enhanced fertilization (alpha less than 0.0001) when both ova and sperm were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization. Although these data indicated that both ova and sperm were sensitive to magnetic fields, simultaneous exposure of both gametes did not have a greater total effect on fertilization rate than the sum of their individual effects. PMID- 6651885 TI - Uniform DC electric field exposure systems for mice and cats. AB - In most previous 50/60-Hz experiments, subjects were placed in a dielectric cage and the electric field was applied from outside the cage. Although the field outside the cage was kept uniform in space and constant in time, the field inside the cage undergoes undesirable temporal and spatial variations. We have designed an electric-field exposure system that overcomes these problems by having a metal cage constitute a part of the field generating electrodes. The uniformity along the diameter of the cages for mice and cats are more than 84.2% and 74.3%, respectively. PMID- 6651886 TI - Perinatal exposure to 60-Hz electric fields: effects on the development of the visual-evoked response in rats. AB - Two independent series of experiments were performed on 114 male Sprague-Dawley derived, albino rat pups, which represented 61 litters in experimental series I and 53 litters in experimental series II. Animals were exposed for 20 h/day from conception to testing (postnatal days 11-20) to a vertical, 65-kV/m, 60-Hz electric field or sham-exposed. Recordings of the visual-evoked response (VER) were obtained using a small silver ball electrode placed epidurally over the visual cortex. Visual stimuli consisted of 10-microseconds light flashes delivered at 0.2 Hz. Computer-averaged VERs were obtained and power spectral analyses (fast Fourier transform) were performed on the tapered (split cosine bell window), averaged VERs. The expected age-related changes were clearly evident; however, a detailed analysis of VER component latencies, peak-to-peak amplitude, and power spectra failed to reveal any consistent, statistically significant effect of exposure to 60-Hz electric fields. PMID- 6651887 TI - A microwave-hyperthermia model of febrile convulsions. AB - While convulsions associated with fever represent a serious problem in pediatric medicine, conventional animal models of febrile convulsions suffer numerous technical limitations. A microwave-hyperthermia model that eliminates these problems was tested. Microwave energy was used to increase the core temperature of 13- and 17-day-old rats, resulting in convulsions similar to febrile convulsions in human infants. Rats were irradiated for 10 min in circularly polarized waveguides at 918 MHz, CW (average SAR = 9.4 W/kg at 13 days and 18.0 W/kg at 17 days as determined by twin-well calorimetry). Day 17 irradiated rats were less susceptible to convulsions that were day 13 irradiated rats, indicating an age-dependent decline in susceptibility. Contrary to findings of earlier models using infrared or hot-oven heating, convulsions induced with microwave hyperthermia impaired neither brain growth nor subsequent performance during behavioral testing. Simultaneous measurement of brain and rectal temperatures during microwave irradiation revealed differential heating rates that favor thermal homeostasis in brain tissue. PMID- 6651888 TI - Electromagnetic fields induced by Helmholtz aiding coils inside saline-filled boundaries. AB - The use of Helmholtz aiding coils to induce small electromagnetic (EM) fields in living tissue for both medical and research purposes has become quite common. While much progress has been made in showing that these induced EM signals can cause a variety of effects in tissues and individual cells, a satisfactory explanation of how the effects occur or how the EM signals couple to the tissue has not yet emerged. To address the latter problem adequately, it becomes necessary to know the spatial distribution of the induced fields inside a given set of boundaries. This paper examines the situation used for much in vitro research where a cylindrical culture dish is filled with a conducting solution and placed between the Helmholtz coils. Two cases are considered. The first assumes that the coils are above and below the culture dish (the planes of the coils are parallel with the top and bottom of the dish); the second assumes that the planes of the coils are parallel with the sides of the dish. A closed form solution is obtained for both cases, and it is shown that the induced EM field distribution is markedly different for the two cases. PMID- 6651889 TI - Microwaves (2,450 MHz) suppress murine natural killer cell activity. AB - The effect of 2,450-MHz CW microwaves on natural killer (NK) cell activity and lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogen stimulation was studied in mice. Groups of mice were irradiated at power densities of 5, 15, or 30 mW/cm2 (SAR = 3.5, 10.5, and 21 W/kg respectively) for 1.5 h on 2 or 9 consecutive days. NK cell activity was determined using an in vitro 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay and an in vivo tumor-cell clearance assay. No consistent change was observed in the mitogen response of spleen cells from sham compared with irradiated mice. A significant suppression of NK cell activity measured in vitro was observed for mice irradiated at 30 mW/cm2, but not at 15 or 5 mW/cm2. A significant suppression of NK cell activity, as determined using the in vivo tumor clearance assay, was also observed at 30 mW/cm2. NK cell activity, as determined using the in vitro assay, returned to normal within 24 h following the last irradiation. Treatment of mice with hydrocortisone caused suppression of NK cell activity measured in vitro and in vivo. Paradoxically, peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis was enhanced following irradiation at 30 mW/cm2, the power density at which NK activity was suppressed. The possible role that microwave heating plays in producing these effects is discussed. PMID- 6651890 TI - Hematologic and immunologic effects of pulsed microwaves in mice. AB - Mice were exposed in the far field in an anechoic chamber to 2,880-MHz pulsed microwaves 3 to 7.5 h daily, 5 days/week for 60 to 360 h. Three experiments were performed at average power densities of 5 mW/cm2 and six at 10 mW/cm2, corresponding to averaged specific absorption rates (SARs) of 2.25 and 4.50 mW/g, respectively. Each experiment consisted of eight mice, with a concurrently sham exposed group of eight. In two of three studies at 5 mW/cm2, there was a significant increase in bone marrow cellularity in the microwave-exposed groups compared to the sham-exposed groups. Significant differences were occasionally seen in erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet values from microwave-exposed groups, but were not consistently observed. In one of six groups exposed at 10 mW/cm2, mean bone marrow cellularity was reduced significantly in the microwave exposed mice; in another group, the lymphocyte count was increased. In only one exposure (10 mW/cm2 for 360 h) was any significant effect noted on serum proteins: a reduction to 5.1 +/- 0.3 g/dl in the exposed versus 5.6 +/- 0.4 g/dl in the sham-exposed mice. This was due to a decrease in alpha and beta globulins, with no effect on albumin or gamma globulin concentrations. No effect on bone marrow granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming units (CFU) was revealed following exposure of mice to pulsed microwaves at 5 mW/cm2. In one of four exposures at 10 mW/cm2, there was a significant increase in CFU-agar colonies. No significant effects of exposures at 10 mW/cm2 were observed on in vivo and in vitro assays of cell-mediated immune functions. No exposure-related histopathologic lesions were found from examination of several tissues and organs. Results of these series of exposures of mice at SARs of 2.25 and 4.50 mW/g indicated no consistent effects on the hematologic, immunologic, or histopathologic variables examined. PMID- 6651891 TI - Acoustical imaging of a model of a human hand using pulsed microwave irradiation. AB - Pulsed 5.66-GHz microwave energy irradiated a model of a human hand that was positioned above a submerged planar array of 400 hydrophones. Hydrophone response data were analyzed by a computer that graphically reproduced the image. PMID- 6651892 TI - Polymyalgia rheumatica and the American Rheumatism Association criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6651893 TI - Changes in vascular endothelium related to lymphocyte collections in diseased synovia. AB - A population of small blood vessels are described in the synovia of patients with a number of different arthropathies. These vessels are identical to the high endothelial venules (HEV) of lymph node paracortex, known to be the site of lymphocyte diapedesis from blood to tissues. The significance of this finding and its possible role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritides are discussed. PMID- 6651894 TI - Abnormal interferon modulation of natural cytotoxicity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Relation to suppressive serum factors. AB - In the present study we examined one aspect of the derangement in natural cytotoxicity (natural killer, NK) activity observed in some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), i.e., the lack of enhancement of NK activity usually seen with interferon (IFN). NK activity of SLE patients as a group was 23.0 +/- 3.9 lytic units (LU)/10(7) cells (mean +/- SE). This contrasted with the NK activity found in normal controls (45.0 +/- 3.8 LU/10(7) cells) (P less than 0.05). The enhancement seen with IFN was an increase of 15.4 +/- 4.0 LU/10(7) cells in SLE patients compared with 104.6 +/- 192 LU/10(7) cells in control subjects (P less than 0.05). SLE sera and aggregated IgG (Agg-IgG) also inhibited the increase in NK activity of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells after IFN priming. The results reported here support the hypothesis that the impaired baseline NK activity and poor response to IFN noted in SLE are secondary, in part, to the presence of inhibitory serum factors and preactivation by IFN. PMID- 6651895 TI - Mortality from polymyositis and dermatomyositis in the United States, 1968-1978. AB - Mortality from polymyositis and dermatomyositis was estimated between 1968 and 1978. Age-specific average annual mortality rates showed unimodal distributions for all sex-race groups. Synergistic interaction was demonstrated between female sex and nonwhite race, greatest mortality being in nonwhite females through age 74. Increases in annual death rates occurred among both white males and white females during the interval. Finally, the increase in mean age at death among all sex groups correlated with improved prognosis as well as decreased mortality among younger persons over time. PMID- 6651897 TI - Temporomandibular joint involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Temporomandibular joint involvement was studied in 37 systemic lupus erythematosus patients not selected with regard to this involvement. One-third had current complaints and two-thirds had a history of severe symptoms. Objective findings indicating systemic lupus erythematosus arthritis were locking or dislocation, tenderness to palpation, and pain on movement of the mandible. Such changes were found in 8 patients (22%) but in none of the healthy controls. Radiographic changes of the condyles, including flattenings, erosions, osteophytes, and sclerosis, were seen in 11 patients (30%), 4 of whom had deformity of other joints as well. PMID- 6651896 TI - Synovial fluid lactic acid in septic and nonseptic arthritis. AB - We determined lactic acid levels by the lactic dehydrogenase method in synovial fluid of 41 patients with various rheumatic diseases, to test the concept that significantly elevated values were diagnostic of septic arthritis. Nine patients had septic arthritis, 15 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the remainder miscellaneous conditions. In another 9 patients with different rheumatic diseases, including 1 with septic arthritis, synovial fluid lactic acid was determined by both the lactic dehydrogenase and gas-liquid chromatography methods. There was a wide scatter of values among patients with septic and nonseptic inflammatory arthritis, and much overlap occurred. We could not differentiate septic arthritis from RA on the basis of synovial fluid lactic acid levels. Results were similar with both procedures for determining lactic acid levels. PMID- 6651900 TI - Secondary syphilis mimicking systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6651898 TI - Increased oxidation of testosterone in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 6651899 TI - Cholesterol "tophus". PMID- 6651901 TI - Dietary fat and autoimmune disease. PMID- 6651902 TI - Nutritional status in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 6651903 TI - Charcot-Leyden, not corticosteroid, crystals. PMID- 6651904 TI - Antilymphocytic antibodies in mixed connective tissue disease. PMID- 6651905 TI - Familial Mediterranean fever after recovery from Schonlein- Henoch syndrome. PMID- 6651906 TI - Projections of speech and hearing, impairments to 2050. PMID- 6651907 TI - Issues in the delivery of services to individuals with learning disabilities. PMID- 6651908 TI - In-service programs in learning disabilities. PMID- 6651909 TI - Plasma lipids and apolipoproteins as discriminators for presence and severity of angiographically defined coronary artery disease. AB - The relationship of coronary artery disease to with plasma lipids and apolipoproteins was examined in 100 male patients aged 32-69 years undergoing coronary angiography for suspected myocardial infarction. Patients with angiographically defined coronary artery disease had significantly lower plasma levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and A II, and significantly higher values of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein B than those in patients without coronary artery disease. The ratios derived from the measurements as LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, apo B/apo A-I and apo B/apo A-II were highly significantly increased in the patients with coronary artery disease. Coronary score values, by which the severity of coronary artery disease was quantified, were not related to plasma levels of the HDL components, while they were positively correlated with those of the LDL components. These results suggest that, in single measurements, plasma levels of the HDL components, HDL-cholesterol and apo A-I, contribute strongly to the discrimination between patients with coronary artery disease and those without this disease, whereas the LDL components, LDL-cholesterol and apo B are more suitable parameters for the severity of the disease than are the HDL components. The ratios of LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, apo B/apo A-I and apo B/apo A-II were powerful discriminators for either presence or severity of coronary artery disease. PMID- 6651910 TI - LDL-induced cytotoxicity and its inhibition by anti-oxidant treatment in cultured human endothelial cells and fibroblasts. AB - Low density lipoproteins (LDL) isolated by ultracentrifugation induce cytotoxic changes in cultured human endothelial cells (EC) and fibroblasts if the ratio between LDL cholesterol and the final protein concentration of the culture medium exceeds 0.10-0.12 mmol/g protein. In order to investigate if reactive oxygen species could contribute to the cytotoxicity, LDL were prepared in the presence of the antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or superoxide dismutase (SOD), while routinely prepared LDL from the same donors served as control (N-LDL). A radiochromium release assay was used to evaluate cellular injury. BHT treatment of the LDL fraction virtually abolished LDL-induced cytotoxicity in cultured human EC and fibroblasts. SOD-LDL offered partial protection against LDL cytotoxicity. A positive correlation between the cytotoxicity of the various fractions and their content of malondialdehyde (MDA) further supports our conclusion that lipid peroxides in the LDL fractions mediate the cytotoxic effect on cultured cells. PMID- 6651911 TI - Menopausal estrogen use, high density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions and liver function. AB - Forty-eight menopausal women taking exogenous estrogen were compared with 246 postmenopausal women not on estrogen. The estrogen users had significantly higher total high density lipoprotein (HDL) (76.0 vs 61.4 mg/dl) and HDL2 (36.7 vs 23.0 mg/dl) cholesterol than the controls. There was a similar concentration of HDL3 cholesterol for the two groups (39.2 for the estrogen users and 38.4 for the controls). A dose-response was evident between the amount of daily estrogen and HDL-total and HDL2 cholesterol. The significant differences between the two groups remained after adjusting for body composition, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking and physical activity. There was a significant difference between the two groups in liver function as measured by the liver enzymes, SGOT, SGPT, with liver enzyme concentrations lower in the estrogen users. The results indicate that the increase in the total HDL cholesterol as a result of menopausal estrogen is primarily the result of increased HDL2. The increase could not be explained by alterations in hepatic microsomal activity as measured by liver enzymes since estrogen users had lower concentrations of liver enzymes than non-estrogen users. PMID- 6651912 TI - Genetic selection, general characterization, and histology of atherosclerosis susceptible and -resistant Japanese quail. AB - A new animal model of atherosclerosis has been developed through genetic selection of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) into susceptible (SUS) and resistant (RES) lines. Characterization of the selected quail has shown that the RES birds were resistant to the disease and developed little atherosclerosis on a diet containing 1% cholesterol. The SUS birds were sensitive and developed severe atherosclerosis in 8-9 wks on a diet containing only 0.5% cholesterol. The histology of the progression of atherosclerosis in the SUS quail was studied. It bore a morphological similarity to that of human arterial atherosclerosis. The atherosclerotic plaque was characterized by intimal thickening, the presence of foam cells, the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and/or fibroblasts, and the formation of scar with collagen deposition. We believe that these two lines of quail may serve as a valid animal model for the study of the genetic and biochemical basis of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. PMID- 6651913 TI - Familial lipoprotein lipase and apolipoprotein C-II deficiency. Lipoprotein and apoprotein analysis, adipose tissue and hepatic lipoprotein lipase levels in seven patients and their first degree relatives. AB - Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (H-TGL) were studied in 7 patients with familial hyperchylomicronemia from four different families. Their first-degree relative were also studied. The patients were heterogeneous for the genetic defect; LPL activity was absent in five patients (LPL deficiency) but normal in two. However, these two did not have apo C-II, the physiological activator of LPL (C-II deficiency). There were no significant differences in the clinical picture between patients with LPL deficiency and C-II deficiency. In both mutants, marked hypertriglyceridemia was due to an accumulation of lipoproteins of density less than 1.006 g/ml. The LDL fraction was very reduced and abnormal in composition, presenting a CH/TG ratio of 0.5. The plasma apolipoprotein B (apo B) level was low (67 +/- 5.5 mg/dl) and was transported mainly in the VLDL fraction (26 +/- 3.2 mg/dl) rather than in the LDL fraction (15 +/- 1.4 mg/dl). Very low levels of cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I in HDL subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 were also recorded. Only 3 out of the 24 first-degree relatives of patients with LPL deficiency showed even a small increase in plasma triglycerides, but 15 had low or low to normal LPL values. H-TGL levels were normal in all subjects. The 4 first-degree relatives of C-II deficiency patients showed normal levels of plasma lipids. LPL and H-TGL, and 2 children of 1 patient showed normal distribution of apo C peptides in their VLDL. A block in chylomicron catabolism, due to the absence of LPL or apo C-II, may lead to a massive accumulation of lipoproteins with a density less than 1.006 g/ml, and a drastic reduction in the LDL and HDL fractions. Low LPL values in the first-degree relatives of LPL deficiency patients might represent a biochemical marker for healthy carriers of LPL deficiency. PMID- 6651914 TI - Free and complexed anti-lipoprotein antibodies in vascular diseases. AB - The cell-mediated immune response against low density lipoproteins (LDL) was demonstrated by the migration inhibition test in patients with various vascular diseases. Anti-high density lipoprotein2 (HDL2) cellular immune response was found only in a few patients. LDL and HDL2 binding factors were detected in about 50% of coronary patients. No significant difference in their occurrence was found between the normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic patients nor between patients with hyperlipidemia type II/b and type IV. On the assumption that lipoproteins may act as auto-antigens by forming immune complexes, the presence of anti-LDL and anti HDL2 activity was investigated in circulating immune complexes obtained by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation from the sera of coronary patients and controls. Using an ELISA technique, PEG-precipitable anti-LDL activity was detected in 23, 11 and 18% of cases with myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and healthy old subjects, respectively. In the immune complexes obtained from the sera of the healthy young donors no anti-LDL activity was found. Anti-HDL2 activity in the immune complexes was demonstrated only in a few cases from among the patients and elderly persons we investigated. PMID- 6651915 TI - A Japanese family with high density lipoprotein deficiency. AB - Two siblings with marked reduction of plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) were found in a Japanese family. Their plasma cholesterol levels were very low (30-60 mg/dl), especially in the HDL fraction (0-1 mg/dl). The concentration of apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I in their plasma was 2-3 mg/dl and that of Apo A-II was 1.5-2.0 mg/dl, determined by means of a single radial immunodiffusion technique. An ultracentrifugally separated HDL fraction contained two different populations of lipoprotein particles, as shown by electron microscopy; a small particle with a diameter of 50-70 A and a relatively large particle at 200 A. Plasma lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase activity was substantially retained in both cases. Hepatosplenomegaly was present and liver biopsy revealed lipid deposition in reticuloendothelial cells, although the tonsils were apparently normal. No severe atherosclerotic lesions were noticed. The results from these two cases were consistent with the characteristic features of homozygotes of familial HDL deficiency (Tangier disease). HDL cholesterol levels were relatively low in the parents and two children from one patient, which is consistent with the heterozygote state. Two other cases in the kindred were also found to have relatively low HDL cholesterol levels, besides these 4 cases of obligate heterozygotes. Apo A-I and Apo A-II levels in the plasma of the obligate heterozygotes, however, were within the normal range. Plasma low density lipoprotein in the patients moved faster in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis than those of normal subjects, as did those in the heterozygotes. PMID- 6651916 TI - Lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in peripheral lymph of normal and cholesterol fed dogs. AB - Prenodal peripheral lymph was used as a model of interstitial fluid to obtain information on the composition of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins which are in direct contact with peripheral cells. Lipoproteins resembling plasma lipoproteins in size and electrophoretic mobility were present in the prenodal peripheral lymph of control as well as cholesterol-fed dogs. Most of the lipoproteins in control dogs were high density lipoproteins, both in the plasma and in the lymph. Cholesterol feeding resulted in an increased concentration of lipoprotein particles with decreased electrophoretic mobility (beta-VLDL and, in plasma, HDLc) and decreased concentration of HDL, both in plasma and in lymph. Size distribution of lipoproteins was also markedly altered by cholesterol feeding; most of the lipoproteins were present as IDL and VLDL both in plasma and in lymph. Judged by agarose gel chromatography, the size of the lymph HDL as consistently larger than plasma HDL in both groups of dogs. Furthermore, it appears that cholesterol feeding increased the size of an HDL subfraction, partially resolved by agarose chromatography, both in lymph and plasma. All apolipoproteins present in plasma were also present in lymph. Cholesterol feeding resulted in 3-10-fold increases in plasma apo B, E, and A-IV while apo A-I was drastically decreased. These changes were reflected in lymph to different degrees depending on the size of the lipoprotein fraction containing the individual apolipoproteins. Our findings provide direct evidence that the large, cholesterol rich, 'atherogenic' lipoproteins found in the plasma of cholesterol-fed dogs (beta-VLDL) are also present in the interstitial fluid and presumably interact with peripheral cells. Our studies furthermore suggest modification of plasma HDL by peripheral cells and/or de novo assembly of an HDL subfraction. The utilization of this animal model may thus provide a direct approach to the study of the interaction of lipoproteins with peripheral cells. PMID- 6651918 TI - [The phenomenology of melancholy]. PMID- 6651917 TI - Understanding of hypo- and hyperglycemia by youngsters with diabetes and their parents. PMID- 6651919 TI - [Cryogenic treatment of chronic nasal obstruction]. PMID- 6651920 TI - [Molecular mechanisms of interphase death of lymphoid cells. Distribution of nuclease attack sites in chromatin and kinetic complexity of DNA in PDN]. AB - On the basis of a quantitative correlation between single--and double-helix fragments of different length within PDN, a study was made of the pattern of distribution of the sites, attacked by nuclease, in the chromatin. It was shown that under the effect of ionizing radiation products of enzymic digestion of the chromatin. It was shown that under the effect of ionizing radiation products of enzymic digestion of the chromatin accumulated in thymocytes due to internucleosome degradation were excised from randomly localized genome sites. The analysis of the reassociation curves did not reveal distinctions in the kinetic complexity of the fractions of PDN and total DNA. PMID- 6651922 TI - Abstracts: annual meeting, Canadian Cardiovascular Society, October 19-22, 1983. PMID- 6651923 TI - A reassessment of the Kohn Social Competence Scale and the Walker Problem Behavior Identification Checklist. AB - The growing interest in the constructs of social competence and withdrawal warrants attention to the qualities of the various assessment instruments. The authors of two of these, the Kohn Social Competence Scale and the Walker Problem Behavior Identification Checklist, claim that their devices measure, respectively, two and five independent factors. The present study assesses the validity of this assertion by having three teachers and three assistant teachers of six kindergarten classes (98 children) independently complete the scales for their students. Correlations found between previously identified factors of both devices are high enough to suggest nonindependence of the factors and thus a need for reassessment of both instruments. PMID- 6651921 TI - Inotropic and electrophysiological effects of AB--2, a new antiarrhythmic agent, on isolated cardiac preparations. AB - Effects of AB--2, a compound structurally related to quinidine, on the force of contraction and intracellular potentials were studied in isolated cardiac preparations obtained from guinea pigs, rabbits, cats and dogs. AB--2 in concentrations of 3 and 6 microM increased the force of contraction of both ventricular and atrial muscle. This effect was absent in reserpinized preparations. In concentrations of 24-96 microM, AB--2 induced a concentration dependent depression of contraction (ED50 approximately equal to 55 microM). Electrophysiological effects consisted of: 1) concentration-dependent reduction of maximum rate of depolarization (Km for guinea pig ventricular and atrial muscles was 72 and 111 microM, resp.) with no change in the resting membrane potential; 2) shortening of action potential duration in ventricular and Purkinje fibers while prolongation in atrial muscle; 3) reduction of pacemaker activity in Purkinje fibers. It is concluded that electrophysiological effects of AB--2 are similar to those of Class I antiarrhythmic agents. PMID- 6651925 TI - [Hypercalcemia]. PMID- 6651926 TI - [Psychosocial aspects of the care of cancer patients]. PMID- 6651924 TI - The influence of endotoxin in vitro on hepatic macrophage lysosomal enzyme release in different rat models of hepatic injury. AB - Since bacterial endotoxin is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic injury, the influence of endotoxin on lysosomal enzyme production by hepatic macrophages has been investigated. Macrophages have been isolated from the livers of normal rats, from the livers of rats given stilboestrol subcutaneously 4 days previously and from the livers of rats given Corynebacterium parvum intravenously 6 days previously. Following isolation and overnight culture, the macrophages have been maintained in in vitro culture for a further 24 h and the production of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) has been measured. Histological assessment has shown that in stilboestrol model an approximate doubling of sinusoidal cell numbers occurs and in the C. parvum model a heavy mononuclear cell infiltrate is present, together with granuloma formation. These changes are reflected in the numbers of macrophages isolated from the respective models. Levels of NAG production by resident macrophages from normal livers are low (0.25 +/- 0.05 nmol substrate hydrolysed/microgram cell protein/h) and unchanged following endotoxin exposure (0.25 +/- 0.05 units). Macrophages isolated from the stilboestrol model show levels of NAG production similar to normal (0.34 +/- 0.06 units), but this increases significantly following exposure to endotoxin (0.42 +/- 0.07 units). Macrophages from the C. parvum model demonstrate markedly enhanced production (0.61 +/- 0.09 units), but this does not increase significantly following endotoxin exposure (0.65 +/- 0.09 units). In contrast to macrophages from normal rat livers, macrophages recently recruited in the stilboestrol model demonstrate enhanced lysosomal enzyme production following endotoxin exposure. It is suggested that endotoxin, as well as other mediators of macrophage activation, may promote hepatic damage through this influence on newly recruited macrophages. PMID- 6651927 TI - Fracture of the body of the hamate. PMID- 6651929 TI - [Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in children]. PMID- 6651928 TI - [Mechanism of the biochemical action of beryllium. 3. Beryllium binding in egg white]. PMID- 6651931 TI - II.3.b Distillation method for malt. PMID- 6651930 TI - Achalasia in Northern Nigeria. PMID- 6651932 TI - Enhancement of macrophage invasion of tumors by administration of chemotactic factor-antitumor antibody conjugates. AB - The numbers of macrophages in peritoneal guinea pig hepatomas were significantly (P less than 0.005) elevated by the intraperitoneal injection of a covalent conjugate of the chemotactic peptide, formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMLP), and IgG reactive with surface antigens on the hepatoma cells. These conjugates, which were previously shown to be chemotactic for guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages in vitro, increased the numbers of macrophages in the tumors approximately twofold when injected either in a single dose or in five doses. Although five injections of unconjugated fMLP were nearly as effective as the IgG fMLP conjugates, free fMLP did not enhance the numbers of macrophages in tumors when injected as a single dose. Unconjugated IgG had no effect. The mean tumor weights were decreased in those groups of guinea pigs which received IgG-fMLP but statistical significance was not achieved due to tumor weight variability in all groups. PMID- 6651933 TI - [Study of malignant melanoma using a fluorescent stamp and smear technic--simple and rapid method for the demonstration of melanogenic property]. PMID- 6651934 TI - Arugomycin, a new anthracycline antibiotic. PMID- 6651935 TI - Heterocyclic steroids-Part XVII: total synthesis of D-homo-12,15-bisthia-1,3,5 (10),6,8,13-gonahexaen-17a-one. PMID- 6651936 TI - [Behavior of the pre-school child during feeding]. PMID- 6651937 TI - [Intracranial pressure: registration through the anterior fontanelle with a new sensor]. PMID- 6651938 TI - [Asplenia, polysplenia and accessory spleens. Incidence and association with other congenital malformations]. PMID- 6651939 TI - [Indices of renal function in the differential diagnosis of functional oliguria and acute renal insufficiency in the newborn infant]. PMID- 6651940 TI - [Principle gastrointestinal manifestations of giardiasis in children]. PMID- 6651941 TI - [Nephrotic syndrome in children with diabetes mellitus of short duration. Study of 2 cases]. PMID- 6651942 TI - [Caudal appendix in the human. Presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 6651943 TI - [Management of pregnancy with pelvic presentation]. PMID- 6651944 TI - [Small intestine biopsy in the diagnosis of intestinal diseases]. PMID- 6651945 TI - [Intestinal biopsy: indication and risks]. PMID- 6651946 TI - [Intestinal absorption in children with giardiasis]. PMID- 6651947 TI - [Epidemiology and control of poliomyelitis. II. Poliovirus vaccines]. PMID- 6651948 TI - [Comparison of 2 tests for determining lytic products of fibrin]. PMID- 6651949 TI - [Perinatal mortality in the Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia, Mexico]. PMID- 6651950 TI - [Clinical course of 709 children with rheumatic fever. Clinico-statistical study]. PMID- 6651951 TI - [Intestinal biopsy in children with chronic diarrhea. Study of 100 cases]. PMID- 6651952 TI - [Vertigo in children. General considerations and study of 37 cases]. PMID- 6651954 TI - [Periodic hemodialysis in children. Experience in 14 cases]. PMID- 6651953 TI - [Acquired aplastic anemia in children. Analysis of 29 cases]. PMID- 6651955 TI - [Esophageal atresia. A previously undescribed variant]. PMID- 6651956 TI - [Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in children]. PMID- 6651957 TI - Immediate and proactive effects of controllability and predictability on plasma cortisol responses to shocks in dogs. AB - Controllability and predictability are important modulators of the behavioral effects of aversive stimulation on animals. An experiment was conducted to further investigate both the immediate and proactive effects of controllability and predictability of shocks on adrenocortical responsivity. In an initial stress induction phase, the controllability and predictability of electric shocks were independently varied in groups of dogs, and plasma cortisol responses were measured. In a subsequent test phase, all groups of dogs received identical shocks in a novel situation. Cortisol responses to these test shocks were analyzed as a function of the controllability and predictability of previous induction shocks. The results showed that during stress induction, uncontrollable shocks produced significantly greater cortisol elevations that controllable shocks but that predictability had no significant effect on cortisol responses. However, unpredictable shocks during stress induction acted proactively to significantly increase cortisol response to novel test shocks, whereas prior controllability did not modulate subsequent responsivity to novel shocks. PMID- 6651958 TI - Interaction of tail-pressure stress and d-amphetamine in disruption of the rat's ability to ignore an irrevelant stimulus. AB - Rats received either 0 or 30 preexposures to a tone that was later used as a warning stimulus in a two-way active avoidance task. Consistent with previous data, tone preexposure resulted in retarded acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) in saline control animals and in animals that received chronic administration of a low dose of d-amphetamine. Similarly, animals that received tail-pressure stress prior to stimulus preexposure also showed retarded acquisition of the CAR. However, animals that received a combination of tail pressure and d-amphetamine did not show retarded CAR acquisition following stimulus preexposure. These results suggest an interaction between environmental stressors and d-amphetamine in producing attentional deficits. PMID- 6651959 TI - Effect of serotonergic and catecholaminergic antagonists on mild-stress-induced excessive grooming in the rat. AB - Excessive grooming was induced in male rats by two ip injections of physiological saline. This mild stressful procedure did not modify open-field locomotion in 5 min trials. Methysergide (15 mg/kg) and pizotifene (5 mg/kg), serotonergic blockers, selectively prevented the grooming response to saline without affecting locomotion. Haloperidol (.4 mg/kg) also prevented the excessive grooming. However, this dopaminergic blocker impaired locomotion. The alpha- or beta adrenoceptor antagonists phentolamine (20 mg/kg) and l-propranolol (20 mg/kg) did not prevent the excessive grooming in response to saline and did not affect locomotion. The results suggest that some serotonergic pathways in the brain are involved in the grooming response to a mild stress and support previous findings on the role of dopaminergic systems on this activity. PMID- 6651960 TI - An association between granule cell density in the dentate gyrus and two-way avoidance conditioning in the house mouse. AB - Mice with genetically associated variations in the number and density of granule cells in the dentate gyrus were tested for open-field activity, spatial maze learning, and two-way avoidance conditioning. The number of granule cells was not associated with any behavior measured. Only avoidance conditioning was related to granule cell density, which had a negative correlation with performance on the shuttle box task. This result was replicated in two genetically different stocks of mice. Density of the more caudal portion of the dentate was associated with early stages of avoidance learning, whereas the more rostral portion was associated with later stages. The results are discussed in relation to theories of functional dissociation within the hippocampus. PMID- 6651961 TI - The hippocampus, collateral behavior, and timing. AB - Rats with hippocampal lesions (HC), cortical control lesions, or sham operations were trained to lever press on a differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL) schedule requiring 12 sec between responses. In four experiments, factors affecting performance efficiency in this paradigm were manipulated. Providing extra opportunities for collateral mediating behavior (Experiment 1) aided all groups nondifferentially. Adding a limited hold (Experiment 2) or administering chlordiazepoxide HCl (Experiment 3) reduced DRL efficiency in all groups nondifferentially. However, adding an auditory stimulus marking the halfway point in the DRL requirement (Experiment 4) differentially aided the HC group. The implications of these findings for different theories of hippocampal function are discussed. PMID- 6651962 TI - Selective hippocampal lesions and behavior: effects of kainic acid lesions on performance of place and cue tasks. AB - Kainic acid (KA) lesions were used to study the effects of damage to the CA3 cell field and subiculum on performance of complex place and cue tasks. In Experiment 1, neuroanatomical techniques were employed to determine the selectivity of the lesions. In a within-subjects design, rats in Experiment 2 were trained before the operations to run on an eight-arm radial maze with procedures that involved two kinds of learning (place and cue) and two memory functions (reference memory and working memory). Interrupting the intrahippocampal circuit by damaging the CA3 cell field with KA had minimal effects on performance; injections into subiculum and complete aspiration lesions of hippocampus resulted in impairments on the place but not the cue task. Only intraventricular injections of KA affected performance on both tasks. These results fail to support either the cognitive map or the working memory theory of hippocampal function. The presence of distant damage beyond the immediate area of injection complicates interpretation of the results and may serve to limit the usefulness of KA as a neurotoxin in behavioral investigations. PMID- 6651963 TI - Posttrial electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus facilitates acquisition of the nictitating membrane response. AB - Rabbits with electrodes implanted in the dorsal hippocampus were trained on the acquisition of the nictitating membrane response. Posttrial application of subseizure-level electrical stimulation within a single session resulted in a facilitation of nictitating membrane response conditioning. In contrast, seizure level stimulation within a single session and subseizure-level stimulation in multiple sessions had no facilitatory or deleterious effects on conditioning. It is suggested that dorsal hippocampus stimulation facilitates conditioning by activation of midbrain and cerebellar circuits. PMID- 6651964 TI - Optokinetic nystagmus in progressive retinal degeneration. AB - Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was studied in both normally pigmented and delayed amelanotic (DAM) strains of domestic chicken. The DAM line is characterized by postnatal feather and ocular depigmentation accompanied by progressive retinal degeneration that occurs, initially and most severely, in the central retina. A close association exists between the extent of ocular pigment loss and relative reduction in OKN responsiveness in DAMs. The directional asymmetry of OKN responses, which normally occurs with monocular temporal-to-nasal (T-N) but not to nasal-to-temporal (N-T) stimulation, was altered in relation to the extent of ocular amelanosis among DAMs. In particular, T-N OKN responses were progressively reduced as amelanosis of the central retina increased in severity. In DAMs with moderate to severe reductions in T-N responsiveness, relatively little reduction occurred in N-T responsiveness. The central retina, therefore, appears to play a major role in mediating responses to T-N stimulation, whereas the peripheral retina mediates both directions of response. Optokinetic nystagmus also provides a useful index of the extent of retinal degeneration and the progressive loss of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors which occurs in this mutant strain. PMID- 6651967 TI - Paraventricular hypothalamic lesions and medial hypothalamic knife cuts produce similar hyperphagia syndromes. AB - The hyperphagia/obesity syndrome produced by paraventricular hypothalamic (PVH) lesions and that produced by medial hypothalamic (MH) knife cuts were compared in adult female rats. Each treatment produced hyperphagia and overweight on a chow diet, although the PVH effect was less than the knife-cut effect. Each treatment also produced qualitatively similar ingestive responses to unpalatable quinine- and sucrose octaacetate-adulterated diets and to palatable dextrose and fat diets during the dynamic and static weight-gain phases. The PVH lesions and MH cuts disrupted day/night feeding patterns and elevated water intakes but not water/food intake ratios. However, PVH lesions, unlike MH cuts, did not increase emotional reactivity. The relation of the PVH syndrome to the classic hypothalamic hyperphagia syndrome is discussed. Also considered is the neuroanatomical substrate responsible for the PVH hyperphagic effect. PMID- 6651965 TI - Attenuation of reversal deficits of mice with septal lesions by shifts in the motivational context. AB - Response perseveration following septal lesions, demonstrated on tasks that require change of a learned pattern of responding, depends in part on a relatively constant motivational context. The present experiment examined the effects of concurrent changes in the temperature of the water in a water-escape maze and the reversal of a spatial discrimination in mice that had received either septal lesions or control surgery. Control and experimental mice were trained on a spatial discrimination in either 17 or 34 degrees C water. Following acquisition, reversal training was conducted in the maze filled with the same temperature water used during acquisition or water temperature as well as spatial reinforcement contingencies were reversed. When the water temperature remained constant across acquisition and reversal, the mice with septal lesions showed persistence during reversal training. Changing the water temperature concurrently with the institution of reversal training attenuated the perseverative deficits of mice with lesions, in contrast to the relative lack of effect in control animals. These results are discussed within the framework of the role that the septal region plays in attention. PMID- 6651966 TI - 4-OH amphetamine enhances retention of an active avoidance response in rats and decreases regional brain concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine. AB - An .82 mg/kg dose of dl-4-OH amphetamine administered ip immediately following training in a one-way active avoidance task enhanced retention performance measured 24 hr later. In contrast, 4-OH amphetamine in a dose range of .41--1.65 mg/kg ip did not affect retention of a swim escape task. The behaviorally active dose of .82 mg/kg 4-OH amphetamine decreased dopamine concentrations in the amygdala and hippocampus. A dose of 8.2 mg/kg 4-OH amphetamine administered ip to naive untrained rats decreased concentrations of norepinephrine measured in the amygdala, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and midbrain; decreased concentrations of dopamine in the amygdala, cortex, hippocampus, and striatum; and significantly reduced concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the adrenal medulla. In addition, because the integrity of the adrenal medulla is necessary for the enhancing action of 4-OH amphetamine and because 4-OH amphetamine reduces concentrations of catecholamines in the brain and adrenal medulla, it is possible that 4-OH amphetamine affects retention performance by a dual action on the brain and the adrenal medulla. PMID- 6651968 TI - Mice: progesterone and the regulation of strain differences in pregnancy-induced nest building. AB - Pregnant DBA/2J females built significantly larger and more completely enclosed nests than did pregnant C57BL/6J mice. This strain difference was restricted to the last half of gestation and was not observed during either the virgin state or lactation. Genotype-based differences in pregnancy-induced nest building were not related to circulating levels of progesterone (P), core temperature, or body weight. Exposure to supplemented P during pregnancy elevated nest building exhibited by pregnant C57BL females but did not induce DBA-like levels of the behavior. Also, virgin DBA females built larger nests in response to P than did C57BL females. These findings suggest that differences in the sensitivity of central neural tissue to steroid hormones may account for genotypically determined variation in patterns of pregnancy-induced nest building. PMID- 6651969 TI - [HPLC determination of gentisic acid in urine of subjects treated with aspirin]. PMID- 6651970 TI - [HPLC separation of papaverine hydrochloride and its degradation products papaveraldine and papaverinol. Quantitative determination in vials and granules]. PMID- 6651971 TI - [Proposals for the pharmacopoeia. Preparations of the National Formulary containing codeine]. PMID- 6651972 TI - [Epidemiology of cerebral infarction and transient cerebral ischemia]. PMID- 6651974 TI - [Surgical treatment of occlusive cerebrovascular diseases]. PMID- 6651973 TI - [Changes of membrane lipids following cerebral ischemia, with special reference to the possible pathways of arachidonic acids metabolism]. PMID- 6651975 TI - [Pathology of occlusive cerebrovascular diseases]. PMID- 6651976 TI - [Dynamic pathophysiology of cerebral infarction and revascularization. III. Changes of regional cerebral blood flow]. AB - Thirty-eight patients with occlusive cerebrovascular disease were followed with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurement, angiography and computerized tomography (CT) to know the time course of rCBF in cerebral infarction. The rCBF study was carried out by the 133Xe intracarotid injection method with 16 scintillation detectors. They were allocated to two groups according to the findings on angiograms; 15 patients having any change of occlusive lesion (the group of no-recanalization ) and 23 patients showing reopening of occluded vessels (the group of recanalization). A mass sign and an extent of cerebral infarction were observed on CT. In the group of no-recanalization, a mean value of rCBF (mean rCBF) in acute stage was well correlated to the severity of ischemic stroke. In minor completed strokes the average mean rCBF was 35.8 +/- 3.7 ml/100g/min, which is significantly higher than that in major strokes and progressing strokes of 24.8 +/- 3.9 ml/100 g/min (p less than 0.001). Sequential change of mean rCBF was not prominent in the group of no-recanalization. However, rCBF change was conspicuous in the group of recanalization. In acute stage of recanalization, rCBF were markedly affected by the presence of mass sign (cerebral edema) on CT. When CT showed midline shift of structure, mean rCBF was markedly reduced, and when without midline shift, focal hyperemic areas were sometimes observed in the revascularized area. Thus, the inhomogeneity of rCBF was characteristic in cases with recanalization. The focal hyperemia usually disappeared within one week in cases of minor stroke and lasted until 2 or 3 weeks in cases of major stroke. In chronic stage, mean rCBF decreased, and there was no significant difference of averaged rCBF between two groups. Those findings suggests that the main factor influenced on the sequential change of rCBF is reopening of occluded vessels. Regional CBF may depends both on the degree of cerebral edema and the extent of vasoparesis after revascularization. In chronic stage CBF value is not always dependent to the presence of occlusive lesion but might be reflected in the total brain function. PMID- 6651978 TI - [Proposal for the definition of "foramen magnum syndrome"--foramen magnum tumor and abnormalities]. AB - The clinical appearance of foramen magnum tumor is protean and, even at the stage when serious neurological deficits are present, the lesions are often misdiagnosed as another disease, especially cervical spondylosis and multiple sclerosis, and patients may undergo improper concervative or even surgical treatments. The best guarantee against misdiagnosis, we believed, was to establish a definition of "Foramen Magnum Syndrome" to facilitate the recollection of its peculiar clinical findings. "Foramen Magnum Syndrome" is composed of: 1. Cape distribution of sensory loss; 2. Atrophy of the intrinsic muscles of the hands; 3. Neck or suboccipital pain; 4. Dysesthesia of the hands (numbness, tingling, and cold sensation); 5. Eleventh cranial nerve palsy; 6. Stereoanesthesia. (Remember the mnemonic CANDES or DESCAN) Among these, cape distribution of sensory loss, eleventh cranial nerve palsy and cold dysesthesia (not numbness or tingling sensation) are of great importance for topological diagnosis. We also pointed out the similarities between the clinical picture of syringomyelia and that of the advanced stage of foramen magnum tumor. The syringomyelic syndrome, often seen in Arnold-Chiari malformation and basilar impression, has been attributed to the concurrent syrinx of cervical cord. But the clinical analysis of foramen magnum tumors showed that this is not always true and that compressive lesions at the foramen magnum alone can cause syringomyelic syndrome. PMID- 6651977 TI - [Radiculomyelopathy due to calcification of the cervical ligamenta flava--report of 2 cases and a review of literature]. AB - Calcification of ligamenta flava in the cervical spine is rarely seen. Only few cases in the literature have been available. Recently we have had experience with two cases on that lesion who had progressive radiculomyelopathy. The purpose of this report is not only case presentation but also an analysis of 11 cases from the literature in clinical, radiological and histological aspects. Case 1 was a 60-year-old woman who had numbness in both hands, mild weakness of the right foot on walking and clumsiness of the right hand. Ten years before she had suffered tbc. meningitis, but no history of neck injury. Neurological examination revealed spastic paresis in right extremities, muscle atrophy in both forearms, hypesthesia and hypalgesia in both hands and feet. Vibration sense was disturbed below the knee joint and both feet. Sphincter function was normal. Radiological examination of cervical spine revealed oval calcified nodules in the posterior spinal canal at the level of C34, C45, C56 and C67. These were all situated in the paramedian portion and symmetrically situated at C56. Air myelogram demonstrated that the spinal cord was displaced forward and choked by the posterior situated calcification. Cervical laminectomy was carried out from C2 through Th1 and calcified nodules in the hypertrophied ligamenta flava were successfully removed. Case 2 was also 66-year-old woman who had been suffering from cerebral thrombosis with left hemiparesis. In addition with left hemiparesis she started to complain with paresthesia in right hand, deteriorated numbness in left extremities and gait disturbance developed a year later.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6651979 TI - [Japanese-applied melodic intonation therapy for Broca aphasia]. AB - Since Albert et al. (1973) published Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT), this new technique for Broca type aphasics has won a good reputation because of its remarkable efficiency. Many improved cases have been reported. On the contrary, there seems to be no study on MIT in Japan. This gap may be mainly caused by the great difference between two languages which makes difficult to apply original MIT to Japanese language. Through a comparative study of two languages, we have made some amendments on original MIT, which just fit for Japanese. MIT is designed to generate verbal output by embedding target phrases and sentences in a simple, nonliguistically loaded melody pattern. The pattern is consisted of the melody line, the rhythm, and points of stress. Now let us explain our Japanese version of MIT concerning these three elements. As for melody line, our version has only two pitches; high and low, since Japanese language has a pitch accent which is decided in each word. As a result, the melody line of Japanese version is far more simple than the original one, which has four pitches. The rhythm of English is called "stress-timed rhythm", which means that a part between two syllables that have primary stresses tends to be spoken at regular intervals regardless of the number of syllables between them. Consequently, the tempo of speech varies depending on the number of syllables between them. On the other hand, Japanese has "syllable-timed rhythm", which means isosyllabic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6651980 TI - [Atypical meningioma with xanthogranulomatous stromal reaction]. AB - A case of atypical meningioma with xanthogranulomatous stromal reaction was described in a 37 year-old man. At the age of 18, the patient started to have seizures. He became aware of disturbances in gait since 27 years of age. At the age of 37 he came to the hospital for detailed examinations and adequate treatment. EEG showed focal spikes at right temporal area and the CT scan disclosed abnormalities indicating the presence of a right posterior temporal mass. At craniotomy, a tumor was found located over the surface of right temporal lobe. It was well-circumscribed, firm in consistency and was attached to the dura, measuring 3cm in its greatest diameter. Gross total removal was accomplished. On cut section, the tumor was greyish in color mottled variously with yellow or rustbrown tint. It contained a cyst. Microscopically, the tumor was made up of compact masses of spindle-shaped or polygonal cells. The cells were arranged in areas in interlacing fascicles or forming whorles. In many places the tumor showed pleomorphic cytology. Mitotic figures were found few in number. The cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells appeared groundglass-like. Some of them contained hyaline globules. The globules were found to react positive with P.A.S. technique, and this procedure was resistant against diastase digestion. They were also stained positive with P.T.A.H. stain. In some areas foamy xanthomatous cells were found in groups. A large number of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophiles and macrophages ingesting brownish pigments were found infiltrating around vascular vessels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6651981 TI - [Peroxidation of arachidonic acid and brain edema]. AB - Recent studies suggest that peroxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) accumulating during ischemic insult, may be related to the occurrence of post-ischemic brain damage. Since the influence of the increased brain content of AA remains unclear, the present study was undertaken to explore whether the intracerebral injection of AA is associated with the injury of the surrounding brain tissues such as brain edema. Rats received the intracerebral injection of 10 microliters of test solution (160 microgram of AA emulsified in 1% bovine serum albumin, BSA) or the same volume of BSA as the control. The measurement of specific gravity (SG) (74 rats) and the local CBF by H2 clearance technique (21 rats), and electron microscopical studies with tracers (Evans blue and horseradish peroxidase, HRP) (24 rats) were carried out. The effect of pretreatment with indomethacin (PI, 10 mg/kg) was evaluated in separate groups. AA transiently produced a significant decrease in SG and in 1CBF adjacent to the injection sites (p less than 0.01). The increased pinocytotic transportation, an accumulation of edema fluid containing HRP in extracellular space and endothelial injuries were observed only after AA injection. The above-mentioned falls in SG and in 1CBF, and the extravasation of HRP were inhibited by PI. The fact that PI prevented the edema formation, 1CBF change and the disturbance of blood-brain barrier induced by AA, indicates that peoxidation of AA through the arachidonate cascade is involved in the mechanism of brain edema formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6651982 TI - [Changes in CBF pattern after bypass surgery studied by CT with Xe enhancement]. AB - Using a new method for rCBF measurement by serial CT scanning with non radioactive xenon enhancement, CBF was measured before and/or after microsurgical anastomosis in five cases of focal cerebral ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies were carried out on 2 cases of MCA occlusion, 2 of IC occlusion, and 1 of "Moyamoya" disease. CBF was measured both before and after surgery in 4 cases, and the remaining case was measured after anastomosis. Pre-operative CBF was measured 1.4 +/- 0.5 months after the onset and post-operative CBF was 2 +/- 1 months after surgery. While 50 to 70% non-radioactive xenon was inhaled for 25 min and then discontinued, serial CT scanning was carried out every 3 min. K-map (clearance rate), lambda-map (partition coefficient), and CBF-map were displayed on CRT as images of each value. RESULTS: In all cases, initial pre-operative CBF decreased not only in the ipsilateral hemisphere, but also in the contralateral hemisphere. Especially in the major stroke cases, CBF reduction in the low density areas seen in CT was more than 75% of normal values. After microsurgical anastomosis, CBF increased in both hemispheres. In two cases of reversible ischemic attacks without any change in CT, the CBF markedly increased in central areas of ischemia and the CBF values became higher than normal value, that is hyperemia. On the contrary, in the central areas of the major stroke cases, that is, the low density areas in CT, CBF was still very low (under 25% of normal value) after anastomosis. However, in these cases, marked hyperemia was seen in the surrounding area of ischemic focus. PMID- 6651983 TI - [Sequential changes of experimental cerebral infarction--CT and histological studies]. AB - Using the canine thalamic infarction model, it was found that hemorrhagic infarction can be produced at a high frequency following recirculation after 6 hours of vascular occlusion. In the current study, sequential changes of histological findings and CT findings in the infarctic foci were investigated. Low absorption areas in the CT scans were apparent already by the 2 hours of recirculation. Thereafter, the boundary with the periphery became more distinct and was visible through the 6th week. Contrast enhancement could be seen 2 hours after recirculation and between 7 and 14 days thereafter. In histological study, leakage of red blood cells from the capillaries and small venules in the focus could be seen 2 hours after recirculation. This finding is thought to indicate that the mechanism of contrast enhancement is extravasation during this period. Macrophages began to infiltrate the focus from the surrounding tissue between the 2nd and 5th day. Between the 7th and 14th day, destruction of nerve cells and capillaries was seen, together with the formation of small cavities, but many small vessels from the peripheral tissue heading toward the focus were regenerated. It is thought likely that the contrast enhancement seen during this period was due to leakage of the contrast medium from these newly regenerated vessels. From around the 3rd week, destruction of the regenerated vessels from the periphery of the focus began and cavity formation progressed. By the 6th week, only a small amount of fibrous neural material remained and the cavity was well-formed. PMID- 6651984 TI - [Sex difference in the nervous system]. PMID- 6651985 TI - [Sex difference and its implications in neurological diseases]. PMID- 6651987 TI - [Sex difference in cerebral lateralization]. PMID- 6651986 TI - [Sex difference in inborn errors of metabolism and epilepsy]. PMID- 6651988 TI - [Activities of phospholipase A1, A2, lysophospholipase and acylCoA: lysophospholipid acyltransferase in ischemic brain of the dog]. AB - In this report, the sequential changes of phospholipase A1, A2, lysophospholipase and acylCoA: lysophospholipid acyltransferase activities in ischemic dog brain were investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the enzymic changes of deacylation-reacylation cycle of biomembrane phospholipid in ischemia. Hemispheric non-blood supply models were produced by occlusion of main intracranial trunk arteries in dogs according to Suzuki's method. The sample was spooned out and frozen immediately with liquid nitrogen at the predetermined time. The assay of phospholipase A1, A2 and lysophospholipase activities was done by our method and acylCoA: lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity was according to Corbin and Sun's method. The activities of phospholipase A1, A2 and lysophospholipase did not show significant changes within 60 minutes after arterial occlusion. However these activities showed significant high value at 120 minutes and decreased gradually after then. On the other hand, acylCoA: lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity showed gradual decrease. These findings show that enzymic degradiation of acyl group of phospholipid in the brain is highest at about 120 minutes after complete ischemia. The importance of acyl groups of phospholipids for biomembrane structure and the function is well recognized. The turnover of these acyl groups in normal brain biomembrane is also well known. Some types of enzymic system related to this turnover has been investigated. Phospholipase A1, A2, lysophospholipase and acylCoA: lysophospholipid acyltransferase belong to these enzymic systems. There have been some reports that the content of free fatty acids in the ischemic brain increases in early stage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6651989 TI - [Effect of human fibroblast interferon on malignant brain tumors]. AB - Since 1980, phase 1 and 2 clinical trials of Hu-IFN-beta have been done in the field of neurosurgery. In the present study, (1) the results of in vivo experiments of Hu-IFN-beta are reported and (2) the effectiveness of Hu-IFN-beta in patients with malignant brain tumors is also evaluated. (1) The antitumor activities of beta-IFN and poly ICLC in nude mice receiving subcutaneous transplants of human brain tumors (2 strains) were compared with those of conventional anticancer drugs. After 3 weeks of treatment with ACNU, vincristine, bleomycin, mitomycin C, beta-IFN and poly ICLC, tumor reduction rates were evaluated by the method of Battelle. The effectiveness of beta-IFN and poly ICLC was slightly inferior to that of ACNU and vincristine, although tumor reduction rates (treated/control values) of 43% and 39% were respectively obtained with beta-IFN and poly ICLC against one strain of glioblastoma. (2) Clinically, 7 patients with malignant brain tumors were given beta-IFN (4 by intratumor administration and 3 by intravenous injection) in a dose of 3 X 10(6) to 9 X 10(6) IU/day for 2 to 6 months to study the efficiency and side effects of IFN treatment. One of four patients given IFN intratumorally showed a reduction in tumor size (partial response) by CT scan; the three patients injected IFN intravenously were unchanged. There were no noteworthy side effects in the cases treated intratumorally except for fever occurring in one patient. In the patients treated intravenously, however, fever, general malaise, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were noted. PMID- 6651990 TI - [Case of aseptic primary cavernous sinus thrombosis]. AB - Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is classified into aseptic and septic types on the basis of its pathognosis. Aspetic CST includes the primary and secondary types, in which the former is an unknown etiology. We have recently experienced a rare case of aseptic primary CST which showed initially the intraorbital congestive symptoms. This 64 years male admitted to our clinic with the complaints of non-pulsatile exophthalmosis and conjunctival congestion of left eye. On admission, he showed mild external ophthalmoplegia and clinical evidence of intraorbital congestion (choked disc, retinal vein thrombosis, retinal hemorrhage) on the left side. The blood examination, including the thyroid studies, revealed no abnormal findings except for mild anemia and increased ESR. In carotid angiography, there was occlusion of Sylvian vein and cavernous sinus in the affected side. Orbital venography and retrograde jugular venography demonstrated the occlusion of superior ophthalmic vein, cavernous sinus and inferior petreous sinus in left side. CT scan revealed parasellar enhanced area in the normal pattern. Enhanced orbital CT scan revealed the hypertrophy of left external occular muscles and optic nerve with a tomogram of the dilatated superior ophthalmic vein. Aseptic primary CST was diagnosed on the basis of clinical course, cavernous sinography and CT findings. PMID- 6651991 TI - [Brain death in secondary brain lesion]. AB - The criteria of brain death established by Japanese Society of EEG in 1974, necessitates a prerequisite; be applicable only to "acute destructive, primary gross lesion of brain". Namely, because of insufficient clinical data, secondary brain lesion such as post-anoxia, intoxication, metabolic coma and some kinds of CNS infection were excluded for the object to determine brain death. The criteria published by others also describe that etiology of coma should be clarified, and that careful measures are necessary to diagnose brain death if the cause of coma is unknown. In the present study, it was investigated that whether a clinico pathological entity of brain death could exist universally regardless of the etiology, and by what means it could be defined clinically. The patients suffering from nondestructive, secondary brain lesions and who showed "brain death-like state" were selected for the study. ("Brain death-like state" requires coma, dilated nonreactive pupis and arrest of respiration concomitantly for more than 6 hours.) And 25 patients were collected, whose underlying diseases were post-anoxia or shock, CO intoxication, Paraquat poisoning, near-drowning or suffocation, hepatic coma, accidental hypothermia and sepsis, with or without the episode of cardiac arrest. Though all the patients died from 1 to 13 days after the insult, clinical signs of brain death-like state were not always irreversible. Isoelectric EEG was obtained on that state in 11 patients and repeated EEG revealed no return on those patients. But another 5 patients showed EEG activity when brain death was strongly suspected clinically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6651992 TI - Cross sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of congenital heart disease in infants. PMID- 6651993 TI - The microbiology and pathogenesis of infective endocarditis. AB - Some details of 544 episodes of infective endocarditis occurring in 541 patients during 1981 and 1982 are reported. The mean age of patients was 51.6 years and there was a greater proportion of males (2:1). Of the 544 episodes 347 (63%) were due to streptococci, 19% to staphylococci, and 14% to bowel organisms. A wide variety of other organisms were responsible for a few cases, and 10% were culture negative. In 60% the portal of entry of the infection could not be ascertained: 19% were probably of dental origin: 16% arose from the alimentary, genitourinary, or respiratory tracts or from the skin or in association with drug addiction, fractures, or pregnancy; the remaining 5% were related to cardiac or other vascular surgery, cardiac catheterisation, haemodialysis, or other procedures involving the blood stream. Seventy-four (14%) of the 541 patients (mean age 59.0 years) died; the mortality was 30% in staphylococcal cases, 14% in infections due to bowel organisms, and 6% in other streptococcal infections. One hundred and seventy-one (32%) of the patients appeared to have had normal hearts before the onset of illness and another 59 (11%) had cardiac lesions not previously recognised. The aortic valve was the most common site of infection. Ninety (17%) of the patients had prosthetic valves or had undergone other cardiac surgery while 34 (6%) had had a previous episode of infective endocarditis. Nine (1.6%) episodes were not diagnosed until necropsy or operation and 34 (6.3%) required urgent valve replacement. PMID- 6651994 TI - Correlation between enzymatic estimation of infarct size and early mortality rate. AB - In 585 patients with a first acute myocardial infarction the maximum activity of heat stable lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) was correlated with mortality at three months. The patients participated in a double blind trial with metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. In all patients not taking a beta blocker a highly significant correlation was found, but this was not evident in those who were. When patients with anterior or inferior infarctions treated with a placebo were analysed separately the correlation remained, as it did when the patients who were alive on the fourth day after the onset of pain were analysed separately. No correlation was observed between enzyme activity and three month mortality in these subgroups if only patients treated with metoprolol were included. In a subsample of only 171 patients it was found that the maximum activity of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) and creatine kinase subunit B did not correlate with three month mortality regardless of treatment. Thus it is concluded that when a sufficiently large number of patients are investigated there is a highly significant correlation between the enzymatic estimation of infarct size and early mortality in acute myocardial infarction. This relation did not persist when patients treated with beta blockade were analysed. PMID- 6651995 TI - Hypokalaemia and ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction. AB - Serum potassium concentrations obtained on admission to hospital were inversely related to the incidence of ventricular fibrillation in 289 women and 785 men with acute myocardial infarction, 92 of whom developed ventricular fibrillation. Hypokalaemia (serum potassium concentration less than or equal to 3.5 mmol/l) was found in 122 patients (11.4%). The incidence of ventricular fibrillation was significantly greater in patients with hypokalaemia compared with those classified as normokalaemic (serum potassium concentration greater than or equal to 3.6 mmol/l) (17.2% v 7.4%). The increased risk of ventricular fibrillation in the hypokalaemic group was about the same for women and men. While they were in hospital patients with hypokalaemia developed ventricular fibrillation significantly earlier than did normokalaemic patients (median 0.3 hours v 7 hours). Hypokalaemia was more common in women (17.3%) than in men (9.2%), and 55% of the hypokalaemic patients had been treated with diuretics before admission compared with 22% of the normokalaemic group. Hypokalaemia on admission to hospital predicts an increased likelihood and early occurrence of ventricular fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 6651996 TI - Effect of training on left ventricular structure and function. An echocardiographic study. AB - To study the cardiac effects of running, 15 healthy non-athletic male volunteers underwent a moderate training schedule for six weeks; thereafter five continued to run at a similar intensity for a further six weeks and 10 stopped. Left ventricular wall thickness and dimension, relaxation, and diastolic function were studied by digitised echocardiography at entry and at two, four, and six weeks, and again at 12 weeks. Significant increases in running ability and maximum oxygen consumption were observed. Maximum oxygen consumption was unchanged in those who continued to run but a reduction was noted in those who stopped. No significant changes in left ventricular dimensions were observed, but the thickness of the posterior wall and the septum increased during six weeks' running. Left ventricular mass (cube volume formula) increased significantly during the first six weeks. Comparison of those who continued to train and those who stopped showed that the former had no change in mass, whereas in the latter mass returned towards pre-exercise values. Systolic function (fractional shortening) was unchanged throughout the study. In addition, no abnormalities of relaxation or diastolic function were detected. Exercise induced left ventricular hypertrophy may develop rapidly during training and the increased myocardial mass resulting from six or 12 weeks' running is not associated with impaired relaxation and diastolic function as found in pathological forms of hypertrophy. PMID- 6651997 TI - Left ventricular function in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Computer analysis of the echocardiogram. AB - Regional and global left ventricular function was assessed in 23 neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension using computer assisted analysis of their left ventricular echocardiograms and compared with that in 50 healthy neonates. End diastolic left ventricular dimension was normal and end systolic dimension increased while percentage left ventricular shortening and peak velocity of circumferential fibre shortening decreased indicating impaired systolic performance. The peak rate of increase in left ventricular diameter in early diastole was significantly decreased and the durations of the rapid filling and isovolumic relaxation periods were prolonged suggesting resistance to left ventricular filling due to changes in diastolic myocardial properties. This abnormal left ventricular cavity function may have been due to a combination of increased diastolic wall thickness, reduced percentage systolic wall thickening, increased relative wall thickness, and pronounced reduction in peak rates of systolic wall thickening and diastolic wall thinning Seven neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension died, and of the three examined at necropsy all had left ventricular hypertrophy and two extensive subendocardial haemorrhage and infarction affecting the right and left ventricular papillary muscles. Thus left ventricular dysfunction appears to be a common feature in neonates with this disorder and may be readily detected using computer analysis of left ventricular echocardiograms. Unfortunately, no single echo measurement was useful prognostically. Left ventricular dysfunction in persistent pulmonary hypertension probably results from a combination of hypoxaemia, acidaemia, and pulmonary hypertension, and although it may contribute to the high mortality in this syndrome, a correlation between the severity of left ventricular dysfunction and clinical outcome could not be shown. PMID- 6651998 TI - Arrhythmia and structural abnormalities of the fetal heart. AB - Thirty fetuses with cardiac arrhythmias were referred for ultrasonography. This included cross sectional and M mode echocardiography and pulsed Doppler analysis of the fetal heart. Three types of arrhythmias were observed: ectopic beats, tachyarrhythmias, and bradycardia. Ectopic beats were associated with cardiac structural abnormalities in two cases, resulting in fetal death in one. Tachycardia was not associated with structural defect, but death from cardiac failure occurred in one patient. Transplacental treatment for tachyarrhythmia was not successful in our experience. In the group with bradycardia four cases had congenital cardiac abnormalities and the mortality rate was 50%. When a fetal cardiac arrhythmia has been established careful structural and rhythm analysis is of vital importance in facilitating prognosis, planning of time and mode of delivery, and monitoring of transplacental treatment where indicated. PMID- 6651999 TI - Late results of mitral valve replacement using unstented antibiotic sterilised aortic homografts. AB - Three hundred and seventy nine patients who had undergone mitral valve replacement using unstented antibiotic sterilised aortic homografts were followed up for 52 to 138 months (mean 102 months). Patients requiring additional aortic valve replacement were excluded. The commonest cause was rheumatic heart disease (321 patients). There were 37 early deaths (9.8%) and 97 late deaths (28%). The actuarial survival of operative survivors was 83% at three years, 75% at five years, and 55% at nine years. Technical valve failure occurred in six patients (1.6%), infective endocarditis in 19 (5%), and degeneration of the valve in 43 (12.5%). The cumulative probability of freedom from endocarditis was 96% at three years, 94% at five years, and 91% at nine years, while that of freedom from valve degeneration was 97% at five years and 48% at 10 years. There were no early embolic episodes, but late embolism occurred in five patients (1.5%). PMID- 6652001 TI - Absent pulmonary valve syndrome. Surgical correction with pulmonary arterioplasty. AB - A 13 month old child with classic features of absent pulmonary valve with tetralogy of Fallot underwent successful surgical repair by closure of the ventricular septal defect, relief of the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and partial resection and plastic repair of the aneurysmally dilated pulmonary arteries. Cardiac catheterisation data and clinical follow up for more than 18 months after the operation indicated excellent results. It is suggested that plastic repair of the aneurysmally dilated pulmonary arteries along with closure of the ventricular septal defect and relief of the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction should be performed early, perhaps between 1 and 2 years of age. PMID- 6652000 TI - Haemodynamic response to intravenous hydralazine in patients with pulmonary hypertension. AB - The acute pulmonary and systemic haemodynamic response to low (0.15 mg/kg) and high (0.30 mg/kg) doses of intravenous hydralazine was evaluated in 26 consecutive patients with severe pulmonary hypertension due to cor pulmonale (nine patients), primary pulmonary hypertension (11 patients), or pulmonary embolism (six patients). Hydralazine did not cause a significant change in pulmonary arterial resistance or pressure in any group but produced a significant reduction in systemic resistance, which correlated with plasma concentration, and a significant increase in pulmonary blood flow index in all groups. Ten patients who experienced a reduction in pulmonary arterial resistance of at least 5 U X m2 after administration of hydralazine had higher initial values for pulmonary arterial resistance and systemic resistance and a lower pulmonary blood flow index than those who did not respond. Maintenance oral hydralazine treatment during nine to 36 months of follow up did not seem to affect symptoms or mortality. These results indicate that hydralazine has limited value in acutely reducing pulmonary arterial pressure or affecting clinical outcome in patients with pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 6652002 TI - Interventricular fibroma. Echocardiographic diagnosis and successful surgical removal in infancy. AB - A 7 month old infant underwent successful surgical removal of a huge interventricular septal fibroma. We believe this to be the youngest child to have undergone successful removal of such a lesion. PMID- 6652003 TI - Non-invasive assessment of pulmonary valve stenosis with a multigate pulsed Doppler system. AB - The width of the jet flow in the pulmonary artery was measured using a multigate pulsed Doppler system in a baby with severe pulmonary valve stenosis. The degree of stenosis estimated before operation agreed with the result obtained during surgery. PMID- 6652004 TI - Mitral subannular left ventricular aneurysm. A case presenting with ventricular tachycardia. AB - A young African immigrant presented with ventricular tachycardia in association with two mitral subannular left ventricular aneurysms. Although an unusual finding, the recognition of such aneurysms is important as prophylactic measures may prevent complications. Furthermore, they are a surgically treatable cause of heart failure and arrhythmias. PMID- 6652005 TI - Staffing and facilities in cardiology in England and Wales July 1982. Second biennial survey. PMID- 6652007 TI - Lignocaine kinetics during cardiopulmonary bypass. Optimum dosage and the effects of haemodilution. AB - Lignocaine was administered to patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass at 28 29 degrees C in bolus doses of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 mg kg-1. Plasma concentrations greater than 1.5 micrograms ml-1 were found briefly and inconsistently in patients receiving the usually recommended dose (1.5 mg kg-1), but reliably for 14 min in those receiving 2.5 mg kg-1. The 3.5 mg kg-1 dose produced statistically and clinically significant decreases in mean arterial pressure. Examination of calculated kinetic parameters showed a two-fold decrease in T1/2 alpha, two-fold increases in T1/2 beta and Vss and unaltered ClP and VP when compared with those of unanaesthetized, normothermic patients. The alteration in pharmacokinetics may be attributed largely to decreased binding to albumin following haemodilution. PMID- 6652006 TI - Echocardiographic features of free floating thrombus mimicking right ventricular myxoma. PMID- 6652008 TI - Effect of premedication on drug absorption and gastric emptying. AB - The rate of paracetamol absorption after oral administration was used as a model of drug absorption and as an indirect measure of the rate of gastric emptying in 37 patients awaiting elective general surgery after different premedications. After saline (control) and diazepam, paracetamol absorption was normal but after morphine or nefopam, absorption was delayed markedly, presumably as a result of delayed gastric emptying. After naloxone there was a small but insignificant delay. PMID- 6652009 TI - Gastric emptying following premedication with glycopyrrolate or atropine. AB - A double-blind study of the effects of glycopyrrolate or atropine i.v. on gastric emptying was undertaken in 30 non-pregnant and 30 pregnant women. Gastric emptying, which was assessed by the uptake of orally administered paracetamol, was decreased in the patients in the first trimester of pregnancy when compared with the non-pregnant patients. Following the administration of glycopyrrolate, gastric emptying was decreased in the non-pregnant patients and decreased further in the pregnant patients. PMID- 6652010 TI - Extradural morphine for the relief of pain following caesarean section. AB - Thirty patients took part in a double-blind trial to compare morphine 10 mg i.m. with morphine 5 mg into the extradural space for pain relief following Caesarean section. With the extradural route the mean time to first analgesia was 7.95 h compared with 4.75 h for the i.m. route. The mean number of further doses of diamorphine 7.5 mg required for pain relief in the first 24 h was 1.93 (+/- 0.30) in the i.m. group and 1.46 (+/- 0.31) in the extradural group. There was a small but definite advantage in the use of the extradural route for the initial dose of morphine. No serious side-effects were noted in either group. PMID- 6652011 TI - Jugular venous pulsations as the sole landmark for percutaneous internal jugular cannulation. AB - Successful internal jugular venous cannulations were obtained in 210 of 212 consecutive patients using the venous pulsations as the sole landmark with which to locate the vein. Jugular venous blood was aspirated on the initial insertion of a 23-gauge seeker needle in 87.7% of the patients and successful passage of either a 14- or 8-French cannula occurred on the first attempt in 82.5% of patients. The ease, success and relative safety of this technique compare favourably with other techniques. The carotid artery was punctured in three patients (1.5%). PMID- 6652012 TI - Drug metabolizing enzymes in the rat after inhalation of halothane and enflurane. Different pattern of response in liver, kidney and lung and possible implications for toxicity. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed in inhalation chambers to halothane and enflurane in concentrations from 50 to 1000 p.p.m. (0.0025 MAC-0.05 MAC) 6 h a day for 3-11 days. No signs of general toxicity were found. There was a normal increase in weight, and normal food consumption, organ to body weight ratios and normal histological findings in liver, kidney and lung. Exposure to 500 p.p.m. (0.05 MAC) of halothane induced the activity of NADPH-cytochrome-c-reductase in the liver, decreased the concentration of cytochrome P-450 in the kidney and decreased all the enzyme concentrations measured in lung microsomes. Exposure to halothane 50 p.p.m. (0.005 MAC) and enflurane produced only minor changes. It is concluded that the inhalation of halothane, in contrast to enflurane, may affect drug metabolism and thereby drug kinetics and toxicity. Halothane may increase its own toxicity by increasing the activity of NADPH-cytochrome-c-reductase in liver. An organ differentiation in enzymatic response was observed. PMID- 6652013 TI - Exposure to trace amounts of nitrous oxide. Evaluation of urinary gas content monitoring in anaesthetic practice. AB - The urinary content of nitrous oxide was monitored during routine anaesthetic practice. There was a linear correlation with simultaneous measurements of technical exposure measured with a personal pump-bag sampling system (r = 0.99). Monitoring of urinary nitrous oxide with headspace extraction and gas chromatographic analysis is a simple and accurate mode of biological monitoring of exposure to nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. PMID- 6652014 TI - Halothane stimulates the aggregation of platelets of both normal individuals and those susceptible to malignant hyperthermia. AB - Platelet responses to halothane in normal individuals and in patients susceptible to malignant hyperthermia were evaluated. Platelets in platelet-rich plasma from both normal controls and patients underwent aggregation in response to halothane. There was no significant difference in the degree of aggregation between normal subjects and patients. Aggregation by halothane was associated with a change in platelet shape, centralization of platelet granules, and phosphorylation of platelet actin binding protein, myosin light chain, and a 40 000-dalton protein. Aggregation induced by halothane could be inhibited by EGTA, PGE1, adenosine and verapamil, but not by aspirin. Aggregation induced by halothane could be potentiated by small doses of adrenaline or ADP and in some individuals by caffeine. However, previous exposure of platelets to halothane made them subsequently less aggregable to ADP. The results of these studies do not support a use of halothane-induced aggregation of platelets to detect an abnormality in individuals susceptible to malignant hyperthermia, but do provide new evidence of the effects of halothane on cellular function. PMID- 6652015 TI - Psychometric comparisons of trainees and consultants in anaesthesia and psychiatry. AB - Two psychometric tests were taken by trainees in anaesthesia and psychiatry, and by consultant practitioners in these specialties. The Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire measured primary and secondary aspects of personality. The Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory assessed interests, and compared the results with those of the test's control subjects who worked satisfactorily in one of 162 occupations. All clinician groups scored highly in intelligence, innovation, self sufficiency, and interests in the arts and medical science. Anaesthetic trainees were very similar to psychiatric trainees except in the quality, tender mindedness, in which the psychiatrists' mean score was much higher. Trainee anaesthetists closely resembled consultants in that specialty, except that the younger group was more apprehensive and less conscientious. Consultant anaesthetists were more conscientious, realistic, conventional, and had more "tough-poise" than consultant psychiatrists, who were higher in social interests and tender-mindedness. These differences appear to be largely the result of the types of practice in these specialties, rather than reasons people chose their fields. It is unlikely that these tests would be useful in the process of trainee selection, but the possibility that psychometric tests could be devised for that purpose must be considered. PMID- 6652016 TI - The cerebral function analysing monitor (CFAM). A new microprocessor-based device for the on-line analysis of the EEG and evoked potentials. AB - A description is given of a new microprocessor-based device for EEG analysis. The Cerebral Function Analysing Monitor (CFAM) analyses the EEG amplitude and frequency distribution. It produces a detailed plot of amplitude trends and separate traces of the percentage activity in each of the classical EEG frequency bands. Its clinical application was studied in five patients anaesthetized with thiopentone, and nitrous oxide and halothane in oxygen. During maintenance of anaesthesia, there was a gradual decrease in EEG amplitude and shift towards lower frequency EEG activity. Discontinuation of nitrous oxide resulted in a marked increase in EEG amplitude and an increase in alpha and beta band activity. Discontinuation of halothane resulted in smaller alterations in the CFAM trace. This device provides easily interpreted processed EEG data and merits further investigation. PMID- 6652017 TI - Blunt trauma to the cervical portion of the trachea. A case report. AB - A case of closed injury to the cervical portion of the trachea, caused by a wheat threshing machine, is reported. The patient presented with extensive subcutaneous emphysema, but without any respiratory distress. The unique problem faced during the management of an anterolateral tear of the trachea is highlighted. PMID- 6652018 TI - Early involvement of the bronchi in patients with malignant lymphoma. AB - Fibreoptic bronchoscopy in previously untreated patients with malignant lymphoma provided diagnostic information in 8 of 25 cases with radiological evidence of intrathoracic involvement. There was a marked difference in the pattern of endobronchial involvement between Hodgkin's Disease (HD) and Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) which specifically infiltrated the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. Bronchoalveolar lavage was abnormal in only one patient with Hodgkin's Disease in whom the presence of many Sternberg-Reed cells suggested occult dissemination of otherwise localised disease. PMID- 6652019 TI - Sister chromatid exchanges induced by two radiosensitizing platinum compounds (cis-dichloro-bis isopropylamine trans dihydroxy platinum IV (CHIP) and cis platinum metronidazole2Cl2(FLAP)) in CHO cells in vitro. AB - Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction by two radiosensitizing platinum compounds (cis-dichloro-bis isopropylamine trans dihydroxy platinum IV (CHIP) and cis-platinum metronidazole2 Cl2 (FLAP] was studied in CHO cells in vitro. Both drugs induced SCE in a dose dependent manner. CHIP was a much more potent inducer of SCE than FLAP and produced almost 4 times as many SCE as FLAP at equimolar concentrations and twice as many at equitoxic dosage. Induction of SCE by a component of the FLAP molecule--metronidazole--was also examined. It did not cause any increase of SCE frequency over the control level when applied at 10 times the highest concentration of FLAP which was used. PMID- 6652020 TI - Inhibition of cell-cycle progression by acute treatment with various degrees of hypoxia: modifications induced by low concentrations of misonidazole present during hypoxia. AB - The effect on cell-cycle progression in various phases of the cell cycle caused by an acute exposure to hypoxia in absence and presence of misonidazole (MISO) was investigated. Exponentially growing and synchronized cells of the human line NHIK 3025 were exposed to different degrees of hypoxia for a short period (1.5 or 3 h). The cell-cycle progression was studied both during and after hypoxia by flow-cytometric recording of DNA-histograms from treated and untreated cells. The rate of cell-cycle progression was reduced during hypoxia only if the O2 concentration was below 1000 ppm. The inhibition was phase specific with a strong effect in S (reduced DNA-synthesis), and a specific cell-cycle inhibition in late G1, probably at the G1/S-border. For cells inhibited (or arrested for extreme hypoxia) at the G1/S-border, the cell-cycle progression changed back to normal shortly after aerobic conditions were re-established. For cells rendered hypoxic and inhibited during S, hypoxia exerted a lasting effect expressed by a low cell cycle progression rate even after aerobic conditions were re-established. This effect was strongly dependent on both the degree and the duration of the hypoxic treatment. The presence of a low concentration of MISO (0.05 mM) during hypoxia did not affect the cell-cycle progression during hypoxia at any O2-concentration. For cells rendered hypoxic during S, however, MISO (0.05 mM) counteracted the lasting effect of hypoxia for all concentrations of O2 where this lasting effect was observed. PMID- 6652021 TI - The failure of human leukocyte interferon to influence the growth of human glioma cell populations: in vitro and in vivo studies. AB - Five high-grade (3 grade III and 2 grade IV) astrocytoma tumour cell populations were treated with a preparation of Human Leukocyte Interferon either in monolayer cell culture or as multicellular spheroids in vitro or as xenografts growing in immune-deprived mice in vivo. A moderate and transient sensitivity was seen in one grade III tumour when tested in both of the in vitro assays, but no inhibition of growth was seen in vivo. Two tumours which were apparently resistant to Interferon treatment responded to orthodox chemotherapy. When used in conjunction with BCNU, Interferon was not effective in prolonging delay in tumour growth. It is concluded that Interferon is unlikely to be an effective agent in the treatment of malignant brain tumours. PMID- 6652022 TI - Variant selection and blood-borne "clonogenic" tumour cells in metastasis of FSA cell clones. AB - Our studies of the metastatic behaviour of FSA1231 and FSA1233 show that the role of selection processes of metastatic variants at the secondary sites is minimal in the spontaneous metastasis of these systems. In contrast, tumour-cell release efficiency (number of blood-borne clonogenic tumour-cells) correlates well with the difference in spontaneous lung metastasis efficiencies of the cell clones FSA1231 and FSA1233. Also, the different tumour-cell release efficiencies could explain the discrepancy between artificial and spontaneous metastasis of these cell clones. PMID- 6652023 TI - Childhood medulloblastoma in Britain 1971-77: analysis of treatment and survival. AB - In a population-based series of 368 children undergoing surgery for medulloblastoma, 304 (83%) survived to complete a course of radiotherapy. Among those patients who completed radiotherapy, the short-term survival rates were lower for young children (those aged under 5 years) than for older children, but by 6 years the survival rates were very similar (approximately 35%) for children in both age groups. Higher survival rates were obtained in the young children where total macroscopic excision of the tumour was achieved. For older children there was no difference in survival rates between those with total or partial excision, though the survival rate was lower for those whose surgery was limited to biopsy. In young children radiotherapy dose had no effect on survival rates. In older children, survival rates were appreciably higher where doses had been at least 45 Gy to the posterior fossa and 30 Gy to the spinal cord, and there were also fewer spinal cord metastases among those who received a higher spinal cord dose. Ninety (30%) of the 304 children also received chemotherapy as part of their initially planned treatment; a wide variety of protocols was used and no conclusions could be drawn as to the effects on survival rates. PMID- 6652024 TI - Screening for colorectal cancer in a factory-based population with Fecatest. AB - This report concerns a screening programme for colorectal cancer using Fecatest, a relatively sensitive test for faecal occult blood, in a factor-based population. A total of 2420 workers between 40 and 65 years of age returned kits for testing following suitable dietary restriction. In Factory A, in which screening was offered as part of an annual medical examination, 989 men agreed to participate, a compliance rate of 45%. In Factory B, in which screening was offered in their weekly pay packets, 1431 men participated, a compliance rate of 22%. An overall positivity rate of 5.8% was found, 4.6% in Factory A and 6.6% in Factory B. Five cancers were found, two of the rectum, one at the recto-sigmoid junction, one in the sigmoid colon and one in the transverse colon. Two of these lesions were at Dukes Stage A, one at Stage B and two at Stage C. In addition, 25 adenomatous polyps were found in 17 men. In 13 these were characterized as tubular adenomata and in 4 as tubulovillous adenomata. The mean age at diagnosis in the polyp cases was 52.6 years and in the cancer cases 58.8 years. Increased specificity is obtained by excluding participants below 46 years of age. The detection rate in the 46-65 year range is approximately 1 in 100 for adenomatous polyps and 1 in 300 for cancer in the population screened. This detection rate is higher than most comparable studies using a less sensitive Guaiac test on older populations. PMID- 6652025 TI - Foetal infection, childhood leukaemia and cancer. PMID- 6652026 TI - Allergies and agricultural exposure as risk factors for multiple myeloma. AB - In a case-control study of 84 multiple myeloma patients and 168 age- and sex matched controls with tumours at other sites, reported prior allergies were associated with an elevated risk of myeloma (RR = 3.1, P less than 0.001). In addition, more myeloma patients than controls reported prior myxoedema (RR = 5.0, P = 0.04). History of agricultural work was associated with an elevated risk of myeloma (RR = 2.2, P = 0.01), although no detailed information was available on the type of farming in which the subjects were engaged. More detailed studies are required to confirm and further delineate these findings. PMID- 6652027 TI - Inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis by flurbiprofen, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent. PMID- 6652028 TI - High-dose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) in colorectal cancer. PMID- 6652029 TI - Soft-tissue injury caused by antineoplastic drugs is inhibited by topical dimethyl sulphoxide and alpha tocopherol. PMID- 6652031 TI - Children's sensitivity to different modes of colour use in art. PMID- 6652030 TI - Antibody-dependent-cellular-cytotoxicity against cultured human breast cancer cells mediated by human effector cells using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. PMID- 6652032 TI - Boosting reading skills by direct instruction. PMID- 6652033 TI - Cumulative deficit in culturally disadvantaged children. PMID- 6652034 TI - An evaluation of the 'Your style of learning and thinking' inventory. PMID- 6652035 TI - Effects on academic learning of manipulating emotional states and motivational dynamics. PMID- 6652036 TI - A cross-cultural examination of parents' and teachers' expectations for deaf youth regarding careers. PMID- 6652037 TI - The identification and prevalence of specific reading retardation. PMID- 6652038 TI - Is upward basal cell movement independent of mitosis in the normal epidermis? AB - An analysis has been made of the possible mechanisms by which cells leave the basal layer distally during cell replacement in the steady state mammalian epidermis. Etoh's concept (1975) of cells actively migrating from the basal layer is challenged. Computer experiments suggest that if basal cell migration is an active process, the rate of cell migration consistent with the kinetics of the process being examined would yield a depopulation value far higher than the one observed experimentally. We found by contrast that rates of migration comparable to those found experimentally after mitosis inhibition by irradiation were obtained in our computer simulation experiments if it was assumed that distal basal cell migration is a passive event resulting from cells being extruded from the basal layer. We believe that there is not at present sufficient data to support the concept of active cell migration from the basal layer. The evidence favours the concept that in normal steady state epidermal populations, cells are passively removed from the basal layer as a result of forces generated, directly or indirectly, by dividing cells. PMID- 6652039 TI - Epidermolysis bullosa simplex blister fluid induces an intra-epidermal blister in cultured normal skin. AB - Organ cultures of normal human skin incubated with blister fluid from a patient with epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) produced a clean intra-epidermal blister with histology similar to that of an EBS blister. PMID- 6652040 TI - Precipitins to dietary proteins in atopic eczema. AB - Precipitating antibodies to foods have been assayed in three groups of patients with atopy. Forty-five per cent of patients with atopic eczema and IgE-mediated food allergy had precipitins to foods in their serum compared with only 15% of patients with atopic eczema without evidence of food allergy, and 16% of patients with atopic asthma and/or rhinitis. It is likely that this results from increased intestinal permeability in the group with eczema and food allergy. PMID- 6652042 TI - The association of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmune-related disease in males. AB - We have investigated the presence of autoimmune-related diseases and autoantibodies in twenty-five men with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA). These patients had a significantly higher incidence of autoimmune-related disorders than a control population and a higher incidence of autoantibodies than would be expected in the normal male population. PMID- 6652041 TI - Hypertrichosis in PUVA-treated patients. AB - Fifteen out of twenty-three female patients (65%) receiving PUVA therapy showed signs of moderate to severe hypertrichosis. Only two out of fourteen patients (14%) on UV-A therapy without systemic psoralens developed hypertrichosis. We conclude that hypertrichosis may develop in many patients treated with photochemotherapy. PMID- 6652043 TI - Razoxane: a review of 6 years' therapy in psoriasis. AB - Razoxane is an effective drug in the systemic treatment of psoriasis, with an initial response rate of 97%. After continuous therapy for up to 6 years we found that 72% of patients remained on the drug with a good therapeutic benefit. We found it to be useful in all forms of cutaneous psoriasis and psoriatic arthropathy. It does not appear to produce hepatic damage and is therefore particularly useful in patients intolerant of methotrexate. We use it as our drug of first choice in the systemic treatment of psoriasis, but it does have several well-recognized side-effects which make careful follow-up necessary. Eighteen per cent of patients stopped razoxane because of these side-effects. However, we feel that razoxane has a valuable place in the systemic treatment of severe psoriasis. PMID- 6652045 TI - British Society for Investigative Dermatology: annual meeting, University of Nottingham, 30 September to 1 October 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6652044 TI - Epitheliomas in patients receiving razoxane therapy for psoriasis. AB - We report two cases in which cutaneous squamous cell carcinomata developed in patients with psoriasis on razoxane therapy. The relevance of razoxane as well as past treatment for psoriasis in the aetiology of these tumours is discussed. PMID- 6652046 TI - Quantification of skin transparency. PMID- 6652047 TI - Acute urticaria due to alcohol. PMID- 6652048 TI - Pregnancy with epilepsy--the need for combined care. PMID- 6652050 TI - Development of an improved technique for first-trimester microsampling of chorion. AB - Six different methods of chorion biopsy were compared and assessed in 45 patients in the first trimester of pregnancy. A total of 103 biopsies was obtained; it was found that the most reliable, accurate and safe method combined direct transcervical endoscopy with real-time ultrasound scanning, using an aspiration needle. PMID- 6652049 TI - Portsmouth operative delivery trial: a comparison vacuum extraction and forceps delivery. AB - A total of 304 women, for whom operative delivery was considered necessary in the second stage of labour, were randomly assigned to delivery by vacuum extraction or forceps. Of those allocated to forceps a higher proportion of babies were actually delivered with the allocated instrument; however, the caesarean section rate was also higher in this group. Maternal trauma, use of analgesia and blood loss at delivery were significantly less in the group allocated to vacuum extraction. Vacuum extraction did, however, appear to predispose to an increase in mild neonatal jaundice. More serious neonatal morbidity was rare in both groups and the trial was of insufficient size to rule out a clinically important differential effect of the two instruments on these measures of outcome. Another trial is now needed to address this still open question more rigorously. PMID- 6652051 TI - Prolonged heparin therapy in pregnancy causes bone demineralization. AB - The relation of heparin therapy to osteoporosis was assessed in a retrospective analysis of 20 women treated during and after pregnancy with subcutaneous heparin for thromboembolism prophylaxis. The phalangeal cortical area ratio was significantly less after long term therapy (greater than 25 weeks) compared with that after short term therapy (less than 7 weeks). The same trend was found in the metacarpal area ratio, although this did not reach statistical significance. The changes were most marked in a woman who had received heparin also in a previous pregnancy. No correlations were found between duration of therapy and back pain, conventional radiology of lumbar spine or the Singh index of femoral trabecular pattern which were within the normal range in all patients. The findings indicate a dose-related demineralization process associated with prophylactic heparin therapy in pregnancy. The correct methods of and criteria for thromboembolism prophylaxis in pregnancy need critical re-examination. PMID- 6652052 TI - Women's recollection of pain during and after carbon dioxide laser treatment to the uterine cervix. AB - By use of postal questionnaires women who had undergone laser treatment to the uterine cervix without analgesia or anaesthesia were asked to comment retrospectively on their recollections of the pain that this caused. One hundred (42%) of 239 who replied had found the pain 'moderate' or 'severe', 102 (43%) thought it 'very slight' or 'mild', and 37 (15%) said they felt no pain at all. No greater sensation of pain was reported with higher intensity treatment. A total of 58 (24%) suggested that they would wish for some form of anaesthesia if they needed to have the same treatment again. PMID- 6652053 TI - Exclusion of the fetal brain as the main source of rat and human amniotic fluid oxytocin. AB - At term relatively high oxytocin concentrations are found in maternal plasma and in rat and human amniotic fluid. To determine the contribution of the fetal brain to these oxytocin levels, the peptide was measured in maternal rat plasma and amniotic fluid 2 days after intrauterine removal of the fetal brains, and in the amniotic fluid of 16 human anencephalics. After removal of the fetal rat brains and in human anencephalic pregnancies normal maternal plasma concentrations and amniotic fluid oxytocin contents were found. Consequently, both maternal plasma oxytocin and amniotic fluid oxytocin are not determined to any substantial degree by the fetal brain. PMID- 6652054 TI - Labour and delivery after a prolonged interval between the present and the last pregnancy. AB - A group of 60 multiparae whose last pregnancy was greater than or equal to 7 years previously were studied with respect to various characteristics of their present labour and delivery and compared with a control group of 60 multiparae, matched for age and parity, who had intervals of less than 7 years between the present and last delivery. The results showed that a prolonged interval between pregnancies does not influence subsequent labour and delivery. PMID- 6652055 TI - Pseudosinusoidal fetal heart rate patterns. PMID- 6652056 TI - Serum polyamine oxidase activity in normal pregnancy. PMID- 6652057 TI - Amphipathic helix and its relationship to the interaction of calcitonin with phospholipids. AB - Salmon, porcine, and human calcitonins interact with phosphatidylglycerol to form water-soluble complexes, but these peptides do not interact with the zwitterionic lipids phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin. The calcitonins are more helical in the presence of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol than in its absence, but human calcitonin is considerably less helical than the other two, particularly in the presence of the lipid. This may explain the previously reported faster rate of degradation of human compared with salmon calcitonin in vivo. The ability of human calcitonin to solubilize dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol and to alter the phase transition properties of this phospholipid while maintaining a low content of helix indicates that the presence of an amphipathic helix is not a requirement for these effects. The binding of salmon calcitonin to dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol has been studied by determining the dependence of the circular dichroism properties of the peptide on the concentration of lipid. At 25 degrees C, salmon calcitonin binds to five molecules of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol with an affinity constant of 1 X 10(5) M-1. Little change in these parameters is observed at 38 degrees C, and the complex is stable over a wide range of temperatures both above and below the phase transition temperature. The rate of reaction of salmon calcitonin with dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol is rapid at or above the phase transition temperature of the lipid but not at low temperatures. Salmon calcitonin also interacts with egg phosphatidylglycerol. These results demonstrate that salmon calcitonin can react with phosphatidylglycerol at or above its phase transition temperature to form complexes which are at least kinetically stable both above and below the phase transition temperature. Salmon calcitonin can solubilize mixtures of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine containing 25% or more of the former phospholipid. The helical content of the peptide in the presence of these lipid mixtures is dependent on the fraction of the lipid which is phosphatidylglycerol, with larger fractions of this lipid leading to the formation of a higher helical content. At 25% phosphatidylglycerol, salmon calcitonin can solubilize the lipid mixture without much increase in the helix content of the peptide, again demonstrating that an amphipathic helical structure is not required for the solubilization of phospholipids. Ionic bonding appears to be an important component in the binding of the cationic calcitonins to phospholipids. Salmon calcitonin binds to the acidic phospholipids phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid, but not to zwitterionic phospholipids. In addition, high concentrations of NaCl cause the dissociation of the complex between salmon calcitonin and dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6652058 TI - Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lipid fatty acyl chain order and dynamics in Acholeplasma laidlawii B membranes. A physical, biochemical, and biological evaluation of monofluoropalmitic acids as membrane probes. AB - Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy offers a number of unique advantages for studies of lipid fatty acyl chain order and dynamics in model and biological membranes. However, the germinal difluoromethylene fatty acids commonly employed as 19F membrane probes appear to appreciably perturb the organization of model membranes and biomembranes. We have thus synthesized a series of specifically labeled monofluoropalmitic acids and evaluated these as suitable membrane probes. Differential scanning calorimetric studies of aqueous dispersions of several bis-(monofluoropalmitoyl)phosphatidylcholines reveal that a fluorine substitution near the carbonyl group of palmitic acid has only a modest effect on the thermotropic phase behavior of these model membranes and that substitutions in the center or toward the methyl terminus are relatively nonperturbing. Moreover, all bis(monofluoropalmitoyl)phosphatidylcholines tested exhibit nearly ideal mixing in all proportions with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The thermotropic phase behavior of membranes of the simple, cell-wall-less prokaryote Acholeplasma laidlawii B is also not detectably altered by the presence of appreciable amounts of biosynthetically incorporated monofluoropalmitic acid. We also find that the biosynthetic incorporation of even large amounts of monofluoropalmitic acids into the membrane lipids of A. laidlawii B has no effect upon the growth and survival of this organism. The presence of exogenous monofluoropalmitic acids in the growth medium does not alter the polar head group composition or lipid/protein ratio of the A. laidlawii B membrane. In addition, all monofluoropalmitic acids tested are biosynthetically incorporated as well as palmitic acid itself and distribute relatively evenly between the various membrane glyco- and phospholipids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652059 TI - Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of lipid fatty acyl chain order and dynamics in Acholeplasma laidlawii B membranes. Effects of methyl-branch substitution and of trans unsaturation upon membrane acyl-chain orientational order. AB - The hydrocarbon-chain orientational order parameters of membranes of Acholeplasma laidlawii B enriched with straight-chain saturated, methyl iso-branched, methyl anteiso-branched, or trans-unsaturated fatty acids have been determined via fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (19F NMR). A theoretical description of the 19F NMR spectral line shape is presented that permits the determination of the orientational order parameters associated with specifically monofluorinated palmitic acid probes biosynthetically incorporated into membrane glycerolipids. Membrane orientational order profiles determined by 19F NMR in the case of straight-chain saturated fatty acid enrichment were qualitatively similar to profiles obtained by 2H NMR. The methyl iso-branch and methyl anteiso-branch structural substituents induced a local ordering while the trans double bond substituent induced a local disordering evident from alterations to the character of the orientational order profile. These various effects could be understood in terms of an altered probability of the occurrence of rotational isomerization in the presence of particular substituents. At 37 degrees C the overall orientational order decreased in the progression eta-acyl greater than iso branched greater than anteiso branched greater than or equal to trans double bonded. The relative overall order was then a direct function of the relative proximity of the membrane lipids to their respective gel to liquid-crystalline phase transitions. When observed at Tm + 15 degrees C, where the different species of fatty acids could be considered to be in a comparable thermodynamic state, the overall order decreased in the progression anteiso branch greater than trans double bond greater than iso branch greater than eta-acyl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652060 TI - Nuclear Overhauser effect as a tool for the complete assignment of nonexchangeable proton resonances in short deoxyribonucleic acid helices. AB - A new strategy for the assignment of nonexchangeable proton resonances in oligonucleotide duplexes is presented and used to interpret the spectra of the oligonucleotide helix d(CpGpCpGpCpG) X d(CpGpCpGpCpG) in low salt (B form). This procedure is based on the use of sequential homodecoupling (1D) or COSY (2D) for the interconnection of the sugar resonances pertaining to the same residue and on the measurement of nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) (1D or 2D) between critically located protons in order to establish the connectivity between the base protons and the sugar protons, as well as between consecutive base-sugar residues. The assignment performed by this method was found in perfect agreement with the one made previously by the incremental procedure [Cheng, D. M., Kan, L.-S., Frechet, D., Ts'o, P. O. P., Uesugi, S., Shida, T., & Ikehara, M. (1983) Biopolymers (in press)]. Also, this method is demonstrated to be applicable to DNA short helices containing A X T base pairs. PMID- 6652061 TI - Isolation and distribution of elongation factor 2 in eggs and embryos of sea urchins. AB - The subcellular distribution of elongation factor 2 (EF-2) in eggs and early embryos of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, was studied by employing the diphtheria toxin dependent ADP-ribosylation of EF-2. When egg and embryo homogenates were fractionated by sedimentation, EF-2 was found associated with a low-speed pellet containing yolk, nuclei, and mitochondria. It also sedimented at 80 S and 5 S. No significant amounts of EF-2 were found on polyribosomes. The 5S form of EF-2 probably represents a monomeric unit of the factor as EF-2 had a molecular weight of 95 000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. EF-2 could only be isolated intact if soybean trypsin inhibitor or EGTA was present. The total amount of EF-2 was similar in eggs and embryos. However, the distributions of the factor between the various fractions were substantially different for eggs and embryos. Also, a marked difference in the physical association of EF-2 with material in the low-speed pellet occurred after fertilization. Specifically, in eggs, 23% of the EF-2 was associated with the low-speed pellet; in cleavage-stage embryos, only 11% of the EF-2 was associated with the pellet. In eggs, 65% of the EF-2 sedimented as 80 S; by the 16-cell stage, this amount decreased to 44%. Concomitantly, the amount of EF-2 in the 5S fraction increased from about 8% in eggs to 44% in the 16-cell embryos. In addition, Triton X-100 was required for the extraction of EF-2 from the low-speed pellet of eggs, but not of embryos.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652062 TI - Enzymes of the beta-ketoadipate pathway in Pseudomonas putida: kinetic and magnetic resonance studies of the cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase catalyzed reaction. AB - Steady-state kinetic analysis of the divalent metal ion requiring cis,cis muconate cycloisomerase catalyzed interconversion of cis,cis-muconate and (+) muconolactone obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the Haldane relationship from pH 6.2 to 8.3. The pH vs. kcat/Km profiles suggest free-enzyme apparent pKa values of 6.2 and 7.4: the reciprocal behavior of the data with respect to the latter pKa value is consistent with base-acid catalysis by the enzyme involving proton removal from the lactone and protonation of cis,cis-muconate, respectively. This catalysis by the enzyme of proton transfer is consistent with the stereospecific incorporation of solvent deuterium into the pro-5R position of (+)-muconolactone in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction: in reverse, the departure of the carboxylic oxygen atom and proton from the C(4) and C(5) carbon atoms follows a syn (cis) route [Avigad, G., & Englard, S. (1969) Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 28, 345, Abstr. 486]. The titration of enzyme freed of divalent metal ion with manganous ion, monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and steady-state kinetic measurements, indicates a single binding site per subunit characterized by KdissE X Mn = [E] [Mn2+]/[E X Mn2+] = 4.5 and 3.0 microM, respectively, the latter value analyzed via a rapid equilibrium mechanism. The paramagnetic effects of Mn2+ on the 1/T1 and 1/T2 values for the H 5S proton of (+)-muconolactone in the E X ML X Mn ternary complex provide an estimate of the correlation time, tau c, at 5 X 10(-9) s from the T1/T2 ratio, indicating that the condition of rapid exchange of (+)-muconolactone in solution with the ternary complex obtains.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652063 TI - Enzymes of the beta-ketoadipate pathway in Pseudomonas putida: primary and secondary kinetic and equilibrium deuterium isotope effects upon the interconversion of (+)-muconolactone to cis,cis-muconate catalyzed by cis,cis muconate cycloisomerase. AB - Primary and secondary kinetic and secondary equilibrium deuterium isotope effect studies on the cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase catalyzed interconversion of cis, cis-muconate (CCM) and (+)-muconolactone (ML) have been performed. The primary and solvent kinetic deuterium isotope effects upon Vmax for the reactions of (+) [5R-2H]muconolactone in water (HOH) and (+)-muconolactone in deuterium oxide (DOD) to form cis,cis-muconate are about 2.5-2.6 with the heavier isotopic reactions being the slower ones. The secondary equilibrium isotope effect for the formation cis,-cis-[2,3,4,5-2H4] muconate from (+)-[2,3,4,5S-2H4]muconolactone is 1.32 for KH/KD = [( cis,cis-muconate]/[(+)-muconolactone])/ [(+)-[2,3,4,5S 2H4]muconolactone]) and agrees well with the measured value of 1.45 on the basis of the fumarase reaction [Cook, P. F., Blanchard, J. S., & Cleland, W. W. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 4853-4858]. The secondary kinetic deuterium isotope effect determined by the equilibrium perturbation method [Cleland, W. W. (1977) in Isotope Effects on Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions (Cleland, W. W., O'Leary, M. H., & Northrop, D. B., Eds.) pp 153-175, University Park Press, Baltimore, MD] for the conversion of cis,cis-[2,3,4,5-2H4] muconate to (+)-[2,3,4,5S-2H4]muconolactone is 0.66, expressed as (VmaxCCM(H)/KmCCM(H]/(VmaxCCM(D)/KmCCM(D]. From the equilibrium and kinetic secondary deuterium isotope effects, the calculated value for the kinetic secondary deuterium isotope effect for the reverse reaction, (VmaxML(H)/KmML(H]/(VmaxML(D)/KmML(D], is about 0.96.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652064 TI - Occurrence of alpha-D-galactosyl-containing glycoproteins on Ehrlich tumor cell membranes. AB - Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were strongly agglutinated by 0.4 micrograms/mL Griffonia simplicifolia I-B4 isolectin (GS I-B4), indicating the presence of nonreducing terminal alpha-D-galactopyranose (alpha-D-Galp) residues on the cell surface. Incubation of the cells with GS I-B4 labeled with either fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC-B4) or ferritin followed by examination with the light and electron microscope revealed a random distribution of alpha-D-Galp residues over the entire cell surface. Cell-binding studies with [3H]propionate-labeled GS I-B4 demonstrated a minimum of 18.1 X 10(6) alpha-D-Galp sites per Ehrlich cell. An enriched Ehrlich cell plasma membrane preparation subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with FITC-B4 revealed a number of alpha-D-galactosyl-containing glycoproteins ranging in molecular weight from 50 000 to over 200 000. The major plasma membrane glycoprotein of the Ehrlich cell (GP 130) was isolated in near homogeneous form by using nonionic detergent extraction, affinity chromatography over GS I-Sepharose 4B, and preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Injection of Ehrlich cells into the mouse peritoneal cavity stimulated the appearance of low levels of alpha-D-galactosyl-containing glycoproteins in the ascites fluid ranging in molecular weight from 34 000 to 260 000. These glycoproteins differed in molecular weight when compared to the alpha-D-galactosyl-containing glycoproteins observed in either ascites fluid induced with Freund's complete adjuvant or the glycoproteins in the Ehrlich cell plasma membrane. PMID- 6652065 TI - Isolation and characterization of a family of alpha-D-galactosyl-containing glycopeptides from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. AB - A family of glycopeptides that contain nonreducing terminal alpha-D-galactosyl residues has been isolated from Pronase digests of delipidated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The glycopeptides, which comprise 17.2% of the total plasma membrane hexose, have an average molecular weight of 7500 and are precipitated by Griffonia simplicifolia B4 isolectin, wheat germ agglutinin, and Ricinus communis lectin. Exo- and endoglycosidase digestion, periodate oxidation, permethylation analysis, and lectin reactivity provided evidence for a tentative carbohydrate structure for the glycopeptide mixture. The glycopeptides possess tetraantennary branched structures containing a trimannosyl core N-glycosidically linked via an N,N'-diacetylchitobiosyl unit to an asparagine residue. Each branch contained repeating leads to 3)-beta-D-Galp-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to units resulting in a keratan-like structure, terminated with alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 3)-[alpha-D-Galp-(1 leads to 6)]-beta-D-Galp-units. The variation in the molecular weight observed for the glycopeptide mixture can be attributed to the variable amounts of leads to 3)-beta-D-Galp-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D-GlcNAcp-(1 leads to units found in the branch chains. PMID- 6652067 TI - Aggregation of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 and Its zymogen induced by submicellar concentrations of negatively charged detergents. AB - The interaction of two sodium n-alkyl sulfates (C10 and C12) with porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 and its zymogen was studied by various spectroscopic techniques, equilibrium gel filtration, calorimetry, and photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization 1H NMR. At very low concentrations of n-alkyl sulfate [up to 0.07 X critical micelle concentration (cmc)] the enzyme (Mr 14 000) is able to build up a complex with the detergent molecules having a molecular weight of about 90 000. This complex consists of 6 enzyme molecules and about 40 n-alkyl sulfate monomers. The formation of the detergent-protein aggregate occurs in a two-step process: First, two detergent molecules strongly bind to a hydrophobic surface region of the protein, previously called interface recognition site [Pieterson, W. A., Vidal, J. C., Volwerk, J. J., & de Haas, G. H. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 1455-1460]. Subsequently, at higher detergent concentrations suddenly 6 enzyme molecules aggregate, probably including about 30 additional detergent monomers. Although the zymogen of the pancreatic phospholipase A2 seems to form comparable high molecular weight aggregates with these detergents, there are spectroscopic differences, and higher detergent concentrations are required. Moreover, as will be shown in the following paper [Hille, J. D. R., Egmond, M. R., Dijkman, R., van Oort, M. G., Sauve, P., & de Haas, G. H. (1983) Biochemistry (following paper in this issue)], only the phospholipase A2 becomes superactivated in these complexes. PMID- 6652066 TI - Reversible phosphorylation of T-substrate by wheat germ, human erythrocyte, and rabbit skeletal muscle protein kinases. AB - The reversibility of the reactions catalyzed by the wheat germ kinase and the cyclic AMP independent protein kinases isolated from human erythrocytes (casein kinases A and G) and rabbit skeletal muscle (casein kinases I and II) has been investigated. The reverse reaction requires ADP, Mg2+, phosphoprotein, and kinase and results in the formation of ATP from the phosphoprotein and ADP. The requirement for ADP in the wheat germ kinase and casein kinases II and G catalyzed reactions appears to be nonspecific. These kinases can also utilize GDP, IDP, and UDP as phosphoryl acceptors. Studies with the wheat germ protein T substrate indicate that the phosphorylation of this protein substrate by the kinases is fully reversible. By contrast, the phosphorylation of phosvitin and casein is only partially reversible. Since the T-substrate is found to contain multiple phosphorylation sites and can serve as phosphoryl acceptor for the various kinases, the specificity of the phosphorylation of the substrate by the kinases is examined by way of the reverse reaction. The wheat germ kinase, casein kinase G, and casein kinase II appear to phosphorylate the same sites on the T substrate as they are capable of completely dephosphorylating each other's 32P-T substrate. Each of these kinases can catalyze the incorporation of 12 mol of 32P/48 000 g of T-substrate. In contrast, casein kinases A and I can incorporate only 6 mol of 32P/48 000 g of T-substrate. Studies on the reverse reactions suggest that these phosphorylation sites may be the same for both enzymes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652068 TI - Unusual kinetic behavior of porcine pancreatic (pro)phospholipase A2 on negatively charged substrates at submicellar concentrations. AB - The negatively charged detergents S-n-alka-noylthioglycol sulfates (C8, C9, and C10) are substrates for porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 and its zymogen. At pH 6.0 and detergent concentrations up to 0.08 X critical micelle concentration (cmc), the activities of active enzyme and zymogen are similar and very low. From 0.08 X cmc to 0.12 X cmc a tremendous increase in activity is observed for phospholipase A2, but not for the zymogen. Concomitant with this increase in activity there is a sharp rise in molecular weight of the substrate-enzyme complex, from 15 000 to 95 000, and in detergent to protein molar ratio of 1:1 to about 7:1. This indicates both substrate and enzyme aggregation. Most probably a lipid-water interface is formed inside the aggregated protein particle by which the enzyme is activated. Although the zymogen also forms high molecular weight complexes with similar molar ratios, no activation is observed probably because of distortion of its lipid binding domain. PMID- 6652069 TI - Kinetics of dissociation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate from its complexes with malic enzyme in relation to substrate inhibition and half of-the-sites reactivity. AB - Malic enzyme of pigeon liver binds NADPH at four equivalent enzyme sites and binds Mn2+ and malate each at two sets of "tight" and "weak" sites with negative cooperativity [Pry, T. A., & Hsu, R. Y. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 951-962]. Stopped flow studies on the displacement of NADPH from the malate-enzyme complexes E4 NADPH4, E4-Mn2(2+)-NADPH4, E4-Mn2(2+)-NADPH4-dimalate, and E4-Mn2(2+)-NADPH4 tetramalate by large excess NADP+ or its analogue phosphoadenosine(2')diphospho(5')ribose show that NADPH dissociates from the binary complex rapidly with a first-order rate constant of 427 s-1. Dissociation from the ternary E4-Mn2(2+)-NADPH4 complex containing two tightly bound Mn2+ ions can be described by a single first-order process with a rate constant of 135 s-1, or more satisfactorily by two simultaneous first-order processes attributable to the reactions of Mn2+-deficient (k congruent to 427 s-1) and Mn2+-liganded (k = 96 s-1) subunits. The latter equals twice the maximum steady-state turnover rate of 53.2 + 3.0 s-1 assigned to dissociation of the reduced nucleotide from transient E-Mn2+-NADPH, and this 2:1 ratio strongly supports our proposed "half of-the-sites" model [Hsu, R. Y., & Pry, T. A. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 962-968]. Dissociation from the E4-Mn2(2+)-NADPH4-dimalate complex (k = 100 s-1) follows only the slower process, suggesting that occupancy of malate at two sites tightens enzyme-bound NADPH on the adjacent sites. Binding of malate at two additional weak sites yields E4-Mn2(2+)-NADPH4-tetramalate and a NADPH dissociation rate constant of 2.69 s-1. The 97% decrease in NADPH dissociation parallels the observed 93% maximal inhibition by malate and is the cause of substrate inhibition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652070 TI - Resonance energy transfer between the active sites of myocardial-type creatine kinase (isozyme MB). AB - The single reactive sulfhydryl group, located in the active site of each subunit of dimeric creatine kinase from rabbit muscle (isozyme MM), was selectively labeled with 3-(4-maleimidylphenyl)-7-(diethylamino)-4-methylcoumarin (CPM). Isozyme BB, purified to homogeneity from rabbit brain, was conjugated with the sulfhydryl-specific reagent 5'-(iodoacetamido)fluorescein (5'-IAF). Spectral analyses demonstrated that 1.8 mol of CPM and 1.9 mol of 5'-IAF had reacted per mol of protein. Labeled isozymes were combined, denatured in 8 M urea, and renatured by dialysis, producing the parent labeled homodimers and forming the heterolabeled hybrid dimer, creatine kinase MB. Similar hybridizations were performed to prepare singly labeled hybrids, starting with labeled and unlabeled homodimers. The hybrid isozymes were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography, and spectral analyses of singly labeled heterodimers revealed overlap between the absorption spectrum of MB labeled with acetamidofluorescein on the B subunit and the corrected fluorescence emission spectrum of MB labeled with CPM on the M subunit. Analyses included evaluation of the quantum yield of the CPM-labeled hybrid, estimation of the range of the orientation factor K2 from fluorescence polarization and anisotropy studies, and determination of J, the spectral overlap integral for the fluorescence donor (CPM-labeled MB) and acceptor (acetamidofluorescein-labeled MB). Results of these experiments permitted an estimation of R0, the distance between the donor and the acceptor at which energy transfer is 50% efficient. Comparison of the relative fluorescence of the donor in the presence (heterolabeled hybrid) and absence (hybrid conjugated with CPM on the M subunit) of the acceptor or determination of the normalized sensitization of the acceptor fluorescence led to an evaluation of the transfer efficiency and the actual transfer distance of between 27 and 52 A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652071 TI - Interactions of porphyrins with nucleic acids. AB - The interactions of nucleic acids with water-soluble porphyrins and metalloporphyrins have been investigated by stopped-flow and temperature-jump techniques. Both natural DNA (calf thymus) and synthetic homopolymers [poly(dG dC) and poly(dA-dT)] have been employed. The porphyrins studied belong to the tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine (H2TMpyP-4) series and can be divided into two groups: (i) those which have no axial ligands when bound to nucleic acids [e.g., Ni(II), Cu(II), and the nonmetallic derivatives] and (ii) those which maintain axial ligands upon binding [e.g., Mn(III), Fe(III), Co(III), and Zn(II) derivatives]. The reaction of both axially and nonaxially liganded porphyrins at AT sites is too rapid to be measured by the kinetic methods utilized, whereas at GC sites the interaction of the nonaxially liganded porphyrins is in the millisecond time range and can be monitored by both stopped-flow and temperature jump techniques. These results corroborate previous static studies, utilizing visible spectroscopy and circular dichroism, which indicate that the formation of an intercalated complex occurs only at GC base pair sites with porphyrins which do not possess axial ligands. With all the porphyrins investigated, the complexes formed at AT sites are envisioned as being of an "external" type involving some degree of overlap between the porphyrin and the bases of the duplex. In relaxation experiments of poly-(dG-dC) with H2TMpyP-4, a large, reproducible effect is observed which can be analyzed as a single exponential. Rate constants for association and dissociation of the H2TMpyP-4/poly(dG-dC) complex are 3.7 X 10(5) M-1 s-1 and 1.8 s-1, respectively. Relaxation studies of mixtures of poly(dA-dT) and poly(dG-dC) with H2TMpyP-4 indicate that the transfer of the porphyrin from one homopolymer to another occurs via a mechanism involving dissociation rather than direct transfer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652072 TI - Rapid kinetics of agonist binding and permeability response analyzed in parallel on acetylcholine receptor rich membranes from Torpedo marmorata. AB - Excitable acetylcholine receptor rich membrane fragments from Torpedo marmorata have been used to measure, in parallel, (1) the permeability response to the fluorescent cholinergic agonist Dns-C6-Cho (in the 0.1 microM to millimolar concentration range) characterized by both the initial rate of Li+ transport and the rate of channel closure using the rapid-mixing quench-flow technique and (2) the kinetics of interaction of Dns-C6-Cho with the acetylcholine receptor sites using the rapid-mixing stopped-flow technique. Analysis of the kinetics of Dns-C6 Cho binding in the millisecond to minute time scale leads to the identification of at least three conformational states of the acetylcholine receptor: a "low affinity" one (approximately 50 microM) that can be interconverted in the fraction of a second to a transient state of "intermediate affinity" (approximately 1 microM), followed by the final stabilization, in the second to minute time range, of a state of "high affinity" (approximately 3 nM). Comparison of Dns-C6-Cho binding data with the permeability response to the same agonist demonstrates that the binding to the low-affinity conformation(s) of the acetylcholine receptor sites coincides with the triggering of the permeability increase--or "activation"--and the transitions to the intermediate- and high affinity states with the two-step process of channel closing--or "desensitization". The data are interpreted in terms of a minimum four-state "allosteric" model for the acetylcholine receptor. PMID- 6652073 TI - Olefin oxidation by cytochrome P-450: evidence for group migration in catalytic intermediates formed with vinylidene chloride and trans-1-phenyl-1-butene. AB - Oxidation of the carcinogen vinylidene chloride (VDC) by rat liver cytochrome P 450 (P-450) in microsomal and purified enzyme systems produced both ClCH2CO2H and Cl2CHCHO with concomitant suicide inactivation of three of the eight P-450 isozymes examined. The proposed intermediary role of VDC oxide in ClCH2CO2H and Cl2CHCHO production was evaluated by using chemical and kinetic studies. Aqueous decomposition of authentic VDC oxide, prepared by m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid oxidation of VDC and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry, failed to produce Cl2CHCHO and yielded ClCH2CO2H only at pH less than 2. Moreover, kinetic studies of VDC oxide production in the iodosobenzene supported oxidation of VDC by P-450 did not support its proposed role as an obligate intermediate in the formation of ClCH2CO2H and Cl2CHCHO. [2,2-2H2]VDC was synthesized and found to be oxidized to Cl2C2HCO2H by microsomes supplemented with aldehyde dehydrogenase and NAD+, indicating transfer of deuterium in the formation of the precursor Cl2C2HC2HO. To test the hypothesis that the heme Fe(III) of P-450 acts as a Lewis acid in catalyzing the rearrangement of a transient epoxide intermediate to Cl2CHCHO, the decomposition of VDC oxide in the presence of Fe(III) was studied. While FeBr3-saturated CHCl3 effected approximately 50% rearrangement of epoxide to Cl2CHCHO, neither an equivalent concentration of (meso-tetraphenylporphyrinato)iron(III) chloride in CHCl3 nor highly purified cytochrome P-450 in aqueous buffer produced Cl2CHCHO from VDC oxide. Parallel studies using trans-1-phenylbutene 1,2-oxide, a stable model epoxide, indicated that, although binding of epoxide to P-450 did occur, ferric P 450 did not catalyze epoxide degradation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652074 TI - Identification of specific subunits of highly purified bovine liver branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase. AB - Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase has been purified to homogeneity from bovine liver mitochondria. The isolated complex has a specific activity of 5-8 mumol of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide min-1 (mg of protein)-1 as isolated and does not require the addition of exogenous lipoamide dehydrogenase for activity. Addition of porcine heart lipoamide dehydrogenase stimulated complex activity by no more than 20%. Four subunits copurify with the complex with molecular weights by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 55 000, 52 000, 46 500, and 37 500. Here we show that the 52 000-dalton subunit is the lipoyl-containing transacylase component of the complex. Data are presented to support the hypothesis that the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex is physically and catalytically similar to, but separate from, the pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. The transacylase of the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase complex has an exposed trypsin-sensitive region. Proteolytic action of trypsin separates a lipoyl containing component from the remainder of the protein. Data from our laboratory presented here and elsewhere define a specific function for three of the four subunits. PMID- 6652075 TI - Chemical modification of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor of PC-12 nerve cell. AB - The identity of the protein that mediates the nicotinic acetylcholine sensitivity in neuronal cells has been investigated by chemical modification and affinity labeling. When an ion flux assay is used, it is possible to measure specifically the activity of the ionophore associated with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in cultured nerve cells (PC-12 pheochromocytoma). This activity is modulated by modification of the redox state of at least one disulfide bridge located at the vicinity of the agonist binding site. The oxidizing agent 5,5' dithiobis(nitrobenzoic acid) restores the complete receptor response which had been inhibited by reduction with dithiothreitol. N-Ethylmaleimide and the nicotinic affinity labels [4-(N-maleimido)benzyl]-alpha-trimethylammonium iodide and bromoacetylcholine react also with the reduced receptor and irreversibly block the agonist-dependent response of the ionophore. The two affinity labels show strong affinities for the receptor, and apparent IC50 values of 20 and 560 nM can be respectively evaluated. Bromoacetylcholine, being an acetylcholine analogue, blocks the receptor function by desensitization, a process in which the constant interaction with the activator causes a shift into an inactive form of the receptor. Bromoacetylcholine can also be shown to activate untreated as well as reduced cells. In this case, the bound label induces a lasting response which is terminated by the irreversible desensitization of the modified receptor. These experiments thus show that the PC-12 nicotinic ionophore shares functional and structural similarities with peripheral receptors. They suggest that nicotinic affinity labels developed for the muscle receptor can also be used as specific markers of the nicotinic neural ionophore. PMID- 6652076 TI - Warfarin inhibition of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase in rat liver microsomes. AB - Warfarin is a potent inhibitor of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reduction to vitamin K in vitro and in vivo. Dithiothreitol, an in vitro reductant for the vitamin K 2,3 epoxide reductase, antagonizes inhibition of the reductase by warfarin via mechanisms that have not been determined [Zimmermann, A., & Matschiner, J. T. (1974) Biochem. Pharmacol. 23, 1033-1040]. Experiments with rat hepatic microsomes were undertaken to characterize the interactions that exist between vitamin K 2,3-epoxide, warfarin, and dithiothreitol. Increasing concentrations of dithiothreitol decreased inhibition of the reductase by warfarin. When dithiothreitol was present prior to exposure of the reductase to warfarin, there was less inhibition than when the same concentration of dithiothreitol was present after its exposure to warfarin. Moreover, maximum inhibition of the reductase by warfarin occurred at a much slower rate when dithiothreitol was present initially. Inhibition of the reductase by warfarin was greater when the substrate concentration was 100 microM vitamin K 2,3-epoxide than when it was 10 microM epoxide. On the basis of these data, we conclude that (i) dithiothreitol reduces either directly or indirectly a critical disulfide within the reductase that it reoxidized during reduction of the epoxide substrate, (ii) warfarin and vitamin K 2,3-epoxide are not competitive with respect to one another, and (iii) warfarin binding, which produces inhibition, occurs solely to the disulfide form of the reductase. Once it is bound, warfarin inhibits further reduction of the critical disulfide by dithiothreitol. Dithiothreitol therefore antagonizes warfarin by maintaining the reductase in the reduced state. PMID- 6652077 TI - Structural changes in melittin and calmodulin upon complex formation and their modulation by calcium. AB - In the presence of Ca2+, calmodulin forms a 1:1 high-affinity complex (Kd = 3 nM) with melittin, a peptide from bee venom; in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, a second type of complex, of much lower affinity, is formed [Comte, M., Maulet, Y., & Cox, J. A. (1983) Biochem. J. 209, 269-272]. In this paper, these interactions were studied by tryptophan fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy in near- and far-UV. Interaction between the two peptides in the presence as well as in the absence of Ca2+ leads to the shielding of the tryptophan residue of melittin from its aqueous environment and to an increase in the alpha-helical content of bound melittin; for instance the Ca2+-dependent high-affinity complex formation enhances the alpha-helical content of melittin from 5 to 72%. Provided Ca2+ is present, the interaction between the two peptides leads to significant changes in the environment of at least one tyrosine residue of calmodulin as measured by near-UV circular dichroism. In the absence of Ca2+, calmodulin binds two melittin molecules with a Kd of ca. 10 microM; at higher concentrations of free melittin, additional binding occurs (up to 5 mol of melittin/mol of calmodulin), with concomitant denaturation of calmodulin. In the presence of 4.0 M urea, the low affinity complexes formed in the absence of Ca2+ dissociate, due to the denaturation of metal-free calmodulin, whereas the spectroscopic signals of the high-affinity Ca2+-dependent complex are not affected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652078 TI - Mitochondrial membrane potential, transmembrane difference in the NAD+ redox potential and the equilibrium of the glutamate-aspartate translocase in the isolated perfused rat heart. AB - The distribution of glutamate and aspartate and the mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi) were studied in isolated rat heart mitochondria and in the intact perfused rat heart. The diffusion potential imposed by the glutamate aspartate exchange through mediation of the electrogenic glutamate-aspartate translocator attained a value close to the mitochondrial delta psi measured from the distribution of triphenylmethylphosphonium ion (TPMP+) both in isolated mitochondria and in intact myocardium. Distributions of the delta psi probe and metabolites were determined by subcellular fractionation of the heart muscle in a non-aqueous medium. The results indicate that the glutamate-aspartate translocator is in near equilibrium in the myocardium. The diffusion potential of the glutamate-aspartate exchange, and the mitochondrial/cytosolic difference in the redox potentials of the free NAD+/NADH pools are equal allowing for experimental error. These data obtained from intact tissue can therefore be interpreted as supporting the notion of the transmembrane uphill transport of reducing equivalent from the cytosolic free NAD+/NADH pool being driven by the malate-aspartate cycle energized by the mitochondrial delta psi. PMID- 6652079 TI - Effects of cholesterol on acyl chain dynamics in multilamellar vesicles of various phosphatidylcholines. AB - Phase modulation fluorescence spectroscopy was used to investigate the influence of cholesterol (0 to 50 mol%) on acyl chain dynamics in multilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine. Four different phosphatidylcholines (DPPC, DOPC, POPC, and egg PC) and six different fluorescent probes (diphenylhexatriene and five anthroyloxy fatty acids) were employed. We found that: (1) Increased cholesterol content had only slight effects on fluorescence lifetimes of the six probes. (2) Increased cholesterol content increased the steady-state fluorescence anisotropy (r) of all the probes except 16-anthroyloxy palmitate (16-AP) in each of the four phosphatidylcholines. (3) Added cholesterol tended to limit the extent of probe rotation (as reflected by r infinity, the infinite-time anisotropy) to a much greater extent than it altered the rate of probe rotation. (4) The tendency for cholesterol to order the structure of the bilayer was greatest in the proximal half of the acyl chains and diminished toward the center of the bilayer. (5) In some phosphatidylcholines the rotations rates of probes located near the bilayer center (diphenylhexatriene and 16-AP) were apparently increased by increasing levels of cholesterol. (6) In several respects dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicles responded differently to increased cholesterol than vesicles of the other three phosphatidylcholines. (7) A single second-order equation described the relationship between r infinity and r for the five anthroyloxy fatty acid probes in the four different phosphatidylcholines over a wide range of cholesterol content. The data for diphenylhexatriene in the different phosphatidylcholines could not be fit by a single equation. PMID- 6652080 TI - Activation of phospholipase A2 by freshly added lysophospholipids. AB - Reaction progress curves for the hydrolysis of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine by pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 exhibits a latency phase. Addition of 1 palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine to the preformed vesicles reduces the latency phase and enhances the binding of phospholipase A2 to the vesicles. In contrast, the binary codispersions prepared from diacylphospholipids premixed with lysophosphatidylcholine do not exhibit such enhanced susceptibility to the phospholipase. This effect appears to be due to organizational defects created by asymmetrical incorporation of lysophospholipid molecules into the outer monolayer of the vesicles, and the action of phospholipase is not observed when the additive is equilibrated in both the monolayers of the vesicles. PMID- 6652081 TI - Effect of K+ and H+ on sodium/citrate cotransport in renal brush-border vesicles. AB - The uptake of citrate by renal brush-border vesicles, prepared according to the method of Vannier, occurs by Na+-linked cotransport. It is 'positive rheogenic', i.e., stimulated by an (inside) negative, and inhibited by an (inside) positive electrical potential. The question arises whether, besides Na+, other ions (e.g., K+ and H+) participate in the cotransport. As to K+, neither an inward nor an outward directed K+ gradient has a significant effect on the citrate movement, but at equal concentrations of K+ inside and outside, equilibrium exchange of citrate, and to a smaller extent, the Na+-linked net uptake of citrate, are significantly stimulated. This observation is consistent with a hypothetical model in which K+ acts by accelerating both the empty and the fully loaded translocator. As to H+, citrate uptake is also stimulated by decreasing extravesicular pH, an effect previously attributed to protonization of the citrate anion in the assumption that the resulting secondary citrate anion is more acceptable to the translocator site. It was found, however, that the pH effect is still apparent if the concentration of the secondary citrate is kept constant by adjusting the total citrate concentration. This is taken as an argument against the above assumption and as being consistent with H+-linked cotransport. After the overshoot peak citrate exits slowly, and even after several hours does not attain equilibrium distribution, presumably owing to trapping by vesicular calcium. PMID- 6652082 TI - Effect of lipid phase transition on the binding of anions to dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes. AB - Temperature dependence of the electrophoretic mobility of multilamellar liposomes prepared from dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine was measured in the presence of salts with different anions in aqueous solutions. It was established that specific binding of anions to liposome surface induced a pronounced zeta potential (electrostatic potential at the hydrodynamic plane of shear). A combination of Langmuir, Gouy-Chapman, and Boltzmann equations was used to describe the dependence of the zeta potential on the concentration of anions. The values of binding constants (K) and maximum numbers of binding sites per unit area (sigma max) were determined by this method. The sequence for anion affinities to liposome surface was found to be as follows: trinitrophenol greater than ClO-4 greater than I- greater than SCN- greater than Br- greater than NO-3 greater than Cl- approximately or equal to SO2-4. A sharp increase in the negative zeta potential was detected at the temperature of phase transition of the lipid from the gel to liquid-crystalline state. It was found that the parameter K did not change at lipid phase transition and the shifts in zeta potential might be due to alterations of sigma max. The binding sites were considered as defects in the package of lipid molecules in membranes. PMID- 6652083 TI - A procedure for estimating the surface potential of charged or neutral membranes with 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulphonate probe. Adequacy of the Gouy-Chapman model. AB - Using the fluorescent anion 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulphonate (ANS) for determining the membrane surface potential necessitates that the intrinsic affinity constant Ki for the ANS sites be known. Two methods are presented which do not rely on a determination of Ki at high ionic strength. They are respectively applied to neutral membranes (egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes) and highly charged natural ones (horse bean microsomes and liposomes from their phospholipids). The value of Ki appears to be insensitive to the level of occupancy of the sites, the KCl concentration and the pH in large ranges. Furthermore, the classical Gouy-Chapman model seems to describe correctly the whole set of data, provided apparent mean molecular areas larger than the published crystallographic ones are admitted. PMID- 6652084 TI - The solubilization of cytoskeletons of human erythrocyte membranes by p mercuribenzene sulphonate. AB - The disruption of erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletons brought about by treatment with p-mercuribenzene sulphonate (PMBS) has been followed by measurements of turbidity and the binding of 203Hg-labelled PMBS. After pretreatment with N ethylmaleimide to block readily reactive sulphydryl groups, incubation with [203Hg]PMBS showed incorporation of approximately 4 moles radiolabel per mole of spectrin and one per mole of actin. The incorporation of radiolabel paralleled the decrease in turbidity, and the labelling of spectrin paralleled that of actin. The kinetics were pseudo first order, and the pH dependence of the observed rate constant indicated a normal pKa value for the sulphydryl group involved. The calculated second-order rate constant for the reaction of the sulphydryl anion with PMBS, however, was several orders of magnitude less than expected from model compound studies. The results suggest that association between spectrin and actin may result in the steric hindrance of reactivity of a limited number of sulphydryl groups in each protein. Disruption of the spectrin actin association may then be linked to the modification of the sulphydryl groups. PMID- 6652085 TI - Effect of ethionine on synthesis and methylation of ribosomal ribonucleic acid in regenerating rat liver. AB - Ethionine, a hepatocarcinogen, was administered into rats 24 h before partial hepatectomy and immediately thereafter. Hepatic precursor ribosomal RNA (pre rRNA) obtained 20 h after the operation of rats injected with ethionine and adenine resulted in methyl deficiency as judged by the incorporation of [3H]methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine into nuclear rRNA by partially purified rRNA methylase. The ethionine and adenine treatment causes methyl deficiency of nuclear rRNA at 2'-hydroxyribose sites of cytidine and uridine, but not at base sites. Although the ethionine and adenine treatment produced no significant change in total hepatic RNA synthesis in vivo assayed by the incorporation of labeled orotate, a one-third increase in nuclear rRNA synthesis as well as a one third decrease in microsomal rRNA synthesis was found under the treatment. These results suggest that the undermethylation at 2'-hydroxyribose of pre-rRNA in liver nucleus, which is caused by ethionine and adenine administration into rats, causes an inhibition of the processing of nuclear pre-rRNA to cytoplasmic rRNA. PMID- 6652086 TI - DNA sequence organization and transcription of the chicken genome. AB - A new approach has been used to examine DNA sequence organization in the chicken genome. The interspersion pattern was determined by studying the fraction of labelled DNA fragments of different lengths that hybridized to an excess of short chicken repeated DNA sequences. The results indicate that chicken DNA has a pattern of sequence organization quite different than the standard 'Xenopus' or 'Drosophila' patterns. Two classes of unique sequences are found. One, 34% of the genome, consists of unique sequences approx. 4 kb long interspersed with repeated sequences. The second, non-interspersed fraction, 38% of the genome, consists of unique sequences found in long tracts, a minimum of approx. 22 kb in length. In an attempt to determine whether a relationship exists between DNA sequence organization and the distribution of structural genes we have isolated chicken DNA sequences belonging to different interspersion classes and tested each for the presence of structural genes by hybridization to excess poly(A)+ mRNA. Sequences complementary to poly(A)+ mRNA can be found with approximately the same frequency in both the non-interspersed fraction of the genome and a repeat contiguous fraction enriched for interspersed sequences. PMID- 6652087 TI - Sequence specificity of tRNA-modifying enzymes. An analysis of 258 tRNA sequences. AB - The specificity and recognition of tRNA-modifying enzymes may be accounted for in part by nucleotide sequences which are localized next to the modifiable nucleoside. In order to determine the sequence specificity of tRNA-modifying enzymes, we have surveyed 55 published tRNA sequences from Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and T4 phage. For each modified nucleoside, the nucleotide sequence surrounding the modification site was determined for all tRNAs known to contain the modified nucleoside. Subsequently all tRNAs not containing the modified nucleoside were examined for the absence of the putative recognition site. We present the detailed analysis of 12 modified nucleosides for which we found a strong correlation between the modified nucleoside and the local nucleotide sequence. This suggests that these sequences may be recognition sites for tRNA-modifying enzymes. For each of the 12 modified nucleosides we have identified a recognition sequence present in the tRNA set containing the modification and not in the set without it. All 203 other published tRNA sequences were then examined to see if the sequence specificity rules apply to other organisms, including both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In several cases a good adherence was found, indicating conservation of the putative recognition sequences. PMID- 6652088 TI - Effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on the fidelity of translation in eukaryotic systems. AB - Factors influencing the accuracy of poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis in a wheat germ and in a reticulocyte system were studied. Addition of preformed phenylalanyl-tRNA, as well as increasing the ratio of poly(U) to ribosomes, significantly enhanced the poly(Phe) synthesis and concurrently reduced the misincorporation of leucine. The protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide, abrin and ricin had little or no effect on the misreading when the system was supplemented with 100 microM phenylalanyl-tRNA, but they reduced the relatively high error rate observed when the poly(U) system was not supplemented with the cognate substrate. Raising the incubation temperature enhanced the accuracy to the same extent whether or not ricin was present i.e., at widely different rates of elongation. The results show that the translational accuracy is not linked to the elongation rate as such. Translational inhibitors affect the fidelity by influencing the kinetics of the system. In systems containing limiting concentrations of cognate substrate, translational inhibitors will cause an increase in the limiting aminoacyl-tRNA species and thereby increase fidelity. PMID- 6652089 TI - Sequence organisation in nuclear DNA from Physarum polycephalum. Genomic organisation of DNA segments containing foldback sequences. AB - DNA clones containing foldback sequences, derived from Physarum polycephalum nuclear DNA, can be classified according to their pattern of hybridisation to Southern blots of genomic DNA. One group of DNA clones map to unique DNA loci when used as a probe to restriction digests of Physarum nuclear DNA. These cloned segments appear to contain dispersed repetitive sequence elements located at many hundreds of sites in the genome. Similar patterns of hybridisation are generated when these cloned DNA probes are annealed to DNA restriction fragments of genomic DNA obtained from a number of different Physarum strains, indicating that no detectable alteration has occurred at these genomic loci subsequent to the divergence of the strains as a result of the introduction or deletion of mobile genetic elements. However, deletion of segments of some cloned DNA fragments occurs following their propagation in Escherichia coli. A second, distinct group of clones are shown to be derived from highly methylated segments of Physarum DNA which contain very abundant repetitive sequences with regular, though complex, arrangements of restriction sites at their various genomic locations. It is suggested that these DNA segments contain clustered repetitive sequence elements. The results lead to the conclusion that foldback elements in Physarum DNA are located in segments of the genome which display markedly different patterns of sequence organisation and degree of DNA methylation. PMID- 6652090 TI - Sequence organisation in nuclear DNA from Physarum polycephalum. Arrangement of highly-repeated sequences. AB - Recombinant plasmids containing highly repetitive Physarum DNA segments were identified by colony hybridisation using a radioactively-labelled total Physarum DNA probe. A large number of these clones also hybridised to a foldback DNA probe purified from Physarum nuclear DNA. The foldback DNA probe was characterised by reassociation kinetic analysis. About one-half of this component was shown to consist of highly repeated sequences with a kinetic complexity of 1100 bp and an average repetition frequency of 5200. Direct screening of 67 recombinant plasmids for foldback sequences using the electron microscope revealed that about one-half were located in segments of DNA containing highly repetitive sequences; the remainder were present in clones containing low-copy number repeated elements. Analysis of two DNA clones showed that they contained repetitive elements located in over half of all DNA segments containing highly repetitive DNA and that the foci containing these highly repetitive sequences had different sequence arrangements. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the most highly repeated DNA sequence families in the Physarum genome are few in number and are clustered together in different arrangements in about one-sixth of the genome. Over one-half of the foldback DNA complement in the Physarum genome is derived from these segments of DNA. PMID- 6652091 TI - Ligation of highly modified bacteriophage DNA. AB - After digestion by TaqI or nicking by DNAase I, five highly modified bacteriophage DNAs were tested as substrates for T4 DNA ligase. The DNAs used were from phages T4, XP12, PBS1, SP82, and SP15, which contain as a major base either glucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, uracil, 5 hydroxymethyluracil, or phosphoglucuronated, glucosylated 5-(4',5' dihydroxypentyl)uracil, respectively. The relative ability of cohesive-ended TaqI fragments of these DNAs and of normal, lambda DNA to be ligated was as follows: lambda DNA = XP12 DNA greater than SP82 DNA approximately equal to nonglucosylated T4 DNA greater than T4 DNA = PBSI1 DNA much greater than SP15 DNA. Taq I-T4 DNA fragments were also inefficiently ligated by Escherichia coli DNA ligase. However, annealing-independent ligation of DNAase I-nicked T4, PBS1, and lambda DNAs was equally efficient. We conclude that the poor ligation of Taq I fragments of T4 and PBS1 DNAs was due to the hydroxymethylation (and glucosylation) of cytosine residues at T4's cohesive ends and the substitution of uracil residues for thymine residues adjacent to PBS1's cohesive ends destabilizing the annealing of the restriction fragments. Only SP15 DNA with its negatively charged, modified base was unable to serve as a substrate for T4 DNA ligase in an annealing-independent reaction; therefore, its modification directly interfered with enzyme binding or catalysis. PMID- 6652092 TI - Ion competition and micrococcal nuclease digestion studies of spermidine condensed calf thymus DNA. Evidence for torus organization by circumferential DNA wrapping. AB - Spermidine-condensed calf thymus DNA structures have been studied by ion competition using a sedimentation assay and by micrococcal nuclease digestion. Competitor ions Mg2+, Ca2+ and putrescine2+ show specific ion effects; but all three appear to affect the DNA condensation-decondensation equilibrium caused by spermidine3+ in a qualitatively similar manner, suggesting the spermidine3+-DNA interaction is largely electrostatic. Our data show a hysteresis in condensation and decondensation transition directions. We interpret this in terms of a kinetic block in the condensation direction with decondensation representing the equilibrium state of the system. These results agree with results obtained from related systems using different measurement techniques. Micrococcal nuclease digestion of spermidine-condensed calf thymus DNA produces broad but discrete bands in gel electrophoresis experiments. At least two bands determined to be 760 +/- 87 bp and 1355 +/- 135 bp, possess the size ratio 1:1.8 +/- 0.4 consistent with their forming the monomer and dimer fragments of an arithmetic band series. We rationalize this result in terms of a localized micrococcal nuclease cleavage model of circumferentially-wrapped DNA toruses proposed previously by Marx, K.A. and Reynolds, T.C. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (1982) 79, 6484-6488). The arithmetic series monomer band (760 +/- 87 bp), corresponding to wrapping B DNA once circumferentially about the torus, is in agreement with the electron microscopic measurements of hydrated calf thymus DNA torus circumferences presented by Marx, K.A. and Ruben, G.C. (Nucleic Acids Res. (1983) 11, 1839-1853). PMID- 6652093 TI - Cortisol decreases the cellular concentration of translatable procollagen mRNA species in cultured human skin fibroblasts. AB - The effect of cortisol on the cellular concentration of translatable procollagen mRNAs was studied in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Cortisol selectively decreased the amount of procollagen mRNAs, in comparison to the total mRNA activity, when the cells were grown in enriched medium conditions, i.e., with 10% newborn calf serum. The selective decrease was first observed after 6 h exposure to 1 microM cortisol. In depleted medium conditions, i.e., with 2% newborn calf serum, the initial response was a stimulatory one, followed after about 12 h by a decrease in the procollagen mRNA activity. The results suggest that the selective inhibitory effect of cortisol on the cellular concentration of translatable procollagen mRNA species needs an optimal serum concentration. Furthermore, the results give support to the hypothesis that the decrease in the procollagen mRNA concentration after cortisol administration is a secondary response, preceded by the induction of some intracellular regulation system. PMID- 6652094 TI - The effect of freeze-drying on the quaternary structure of L-asparaginase from Erwinia carotovora. AB - L-Asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.1) from Erwinia carotovora undergoes extensive dissociation from active tetramer to inactive monomers when freeze-dried. The monomeric state is stabilized by reconstitution of the freeze dried enzyme with buffers of high pH and high ionic strength. Some compounds, particularly sugars and sugar derivatives, prevent dissociation on freeze-drying, whereas others, such as urea and chaotropic ions, increase dissociation. The effects of additives are not related to water retention. The dissociation is completely reversible on reconstitution at neutral pH, but the alkali-stabilized monomer only partially reassociates when the pH is brought back to neutrality. PMID- 6652095 TI - Comparison of the D-lactate stereospecific dehydrogenase of Limulus polyphemus with active-site regions of L-lactate dehydrogenases. AB - Lactate dehydrogenase (D-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.28) from the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, a dimeric enzyme stereospecific for D lactate, has been purified by affinity chromatography. Maleyl tryptic peptides containing arginine residues isolated from the Limulus enzyme have been characterized and sequenced. The small peptides obtained from similarly treated L lactate-specific enzyme homologs define major portions of the substrate and coenzyme binding regions and are virtually identical among L-lactate-specific enzymes. Although the six small peptides and free arginine isolated from the Limulus enzyme indicate that the small number of arginine tryptic peptides are located in a few discrete consecutive clusters similarly to the L-lactate dehydrogenases, the peptides nevertheless show no obvious sequence homology to the corresponding peptides from L-lactate dehydrogenases. These results indicate that this lactate dehydrogenase of altered substrate specificity either evolved with major rearrangements of the active site if it evolved from an L-lactate dehydrogenase, or that D-lactate dehydrogenases have evolved from a different protein. The results contradict proposed models which suggest that minor changes in the spatial orientation of pyruvate resulting from minimal rearrangement of the active site could accommodate the change in substrate specificity. PMID- 6652096 TI - A study on the physical interaction between the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and citrate synthase. AB - In this paper, physicochemical evidence is given for the association between the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (EC 1.2.4.1) and citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7) with two gel chromatographic techniques with poly(ethylene glycol) co precipitation and with ultracentrifugation. Experiments with active enzyme gel chromatography indicate that citrate synthase also associates with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in its functioning state. Citrate synthase binds to the isolated transacetylase core of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, but in the binding to the whole pyruvate dehydrogenase complex the two other components of the complex are also involved. One pyruvate dehydrogenase complex can bind 10-11 citrate synthase dimers, and the dissociation constant is about 5.7-6.0 microM as determined by two independent methods. The association between the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and citrate synthase raises the possibility of the dynamic compartmentation of acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria which results in the direction of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate towards citrate. PMID- 6652097 TI - Association between the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and succinate thiokinase. AB - The kinetic parameters of the individual reaction of pig heart alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, succinate thiokinase and the alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-succinate thiokinase coupled system were studied. The KCoAm of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and the K succinyl CoAm of succinate thiokinase decreased in the coupled system when compared to those of the individual enzyme reactions. This phenomenon can be explained by the interaction between the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and succinate thiokinase. By means of poly(ethylene glycol) precipitation, ultracentrifugation and gel chromatography we were able to detect a physical interaction between the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and succinate thiokinase. Of the seven investigated proteins only succinate thiokinase showed association with alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. On the other hand, succinate thiokinase did not associate with other high molecular weight mitochondrial enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and glutamate dehydrogenase. On this basis, the interaction between succinate thiokinase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex was assumed to be specific. These in vitro data raise the possibility that a portion of the citric acid cycle enzymes exists as a large multienzyme complex in the mitochondrial matrix. PMID- 6652098 TI - Sodium and potassium binding to parvalbumins measured by means of intrinsic protein fluorescence. AB - The binding of Na+ and K+ to whiting parvalbumin (pI 4.4) and pike parvalbumins (pI 4.2 and 5.0) results in a shift of the tryptophan fluorescence spectrum towards shorter wavelengths by 2-4 nm for the whiting protein and in a rise of the tyrosine and phenylalanine fluorescence quantum yield for the pike proteins. The effective binding constants of Na+ and K+ to parvalbumins are within the range of 10 M-1 to 100 M-1. Physiological concentrations of Na+ and K+ lower the affinity of whiting parvalbumin for Ca2+ and Mg2+ by almost an order of magnitude. PMID- 6652099 TI - Effects of temperature and pH on the regeneration of the amino groups of ovalbumin after modification with citraconic and dimethylmaleic anhydrides. AB - The reagents citraconic and dimethylmaleic anhydrides modify the amino groups of proteins in a reversible way, the modified amino groups being regenerated at moderate acid pH. To use these reagents efficiently it is important to know the stabilities of the modifed groups under different experimental conditions. We have studied the kinetics of deacylation of ovalbumin amino groups modified with citraconic and dimethylmaleic anhydrides, under different conditions of temperature (0-40 degrees C) and pH (4-8). The deacylation of the modified groups follows pseudo-first-order kinetics under all experimental conditions studied. For both reagents, the dependence of the rate of deacylation on temperature obeys the Arrhenius equation, and the logarithm of the apparent deacylation constant shows a linear dependence on pH. From the experimental data, equations have been obtained for both reagents relating the deacylation constant with temperature and pH. These equations allow the calculation of the deacylation constant and the half-life of the modified groups for any conditions of temperature and pH within the experimental intervals studied. PMID- 6652100 TI - On the preparation and binding characteristics of Cibacron blue-glycerolpropyl glass. AB - The dye Cibacron blue, which has a binding affinity for the 'dinucleotide fold' in enzymes using dinucleotide coenzymes, was covalently immobilized on glycerolpropyl-glass. Derivatives of controlled-pore glass beads (1489 A pore diam.; 80/120 mesh) were formed to give a glycerol surface phase by treatment with gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The method of Taylor and Swaisgood (Biotechnol. Bioeng. 23 (1981) 1349-1363) was used to determine simultaneously the partition coefficient and the dissociation constant for the affinity ligand using heart lactate dehydrogenase. Nonspecific partitioning of the enzyme in the glycerolpropyl-matrix did not occur, thus K = 1. The dissociation constant for binding of the enzyme to the immobilized ligand was 2.53 microM, which is an excellent agreement with that determined for interaction with the soluble ligand. PMID- 6652101 TI - Investigation of the apolipoprotein fraction of isolated rat adrenal and bovine adrenocortical lipid droplets. AB - The lipid droplet fractions from rat adrenal and bovine adrenocortical tissue were isolated by density ultracentrifugation. The droplet fractions were delipidated and the protein components investigated by SDS-polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. The adrenal lipid droplets from both species displayed a qualitatively similar protein profile, and both contained a major apolipoprotein subunit of Mr 40 000. Incubation of intact, non-delipidated lipid droplets with [gamma-32P]ATP in vitro resulted in the phosphorylation of the Mr 40 000 apolipoprotein subunit in the case of rat lipid droplets, but not in the case of bovine lipid droplets. However, following delipidation of the droplets with diethyl ether/ethanol, the Mr 40 000 apolipoprotein subunit was phosphorylated in both cases upon incubation of the delipidated protein fractions with [gamma 32P]ATP in vitro. Labelling with [gamma-32P]ATP and [3H]diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate indicated that the cholesterol ester hydrolase enzyme protein was not a major constituent of the adrenal lipid droplet protein fraction. PMID- 6652102 TI - Thromboxane A2 analogues inhibit the metabolism of thromboxane B2 in perfused guinea-pig lung. AB - The effect of four thromboxane A2-like analogues as inhibitors of thromboxane B2 uptake and metabolism to 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-thromboxane B2 was studied in the perfused guinea-pig lung. We used 5-min infusions containing 1 muCi [3H]thromboxane B2 (10 ng/ml) and measured uptake/accumulation (as tissue to medium ratio) and metabolism to 13,14-dihydro-15-ketothromboxane B2 by radio-TLC. The results showed that thromboxane B2 metabolism is saturable and exhibits substantial dose-dependent inhibition of both processes by U46619 and U44069 endoperoxide analogues (50% inhibition, ID50, in the range 0.5-0.9 microM), pinane thromboxane A2 (a thromboxane A2 partial agonist, ID50 against metabolism, 0.7 microM) and the thromboxane A2 mimetic EPO11 (ID50 against metabolism, 2.6 microM). These agents affected uptake and enzyme transformation steps differentially, thus strengthening the evidence that thromboxane B2 metabolism is a multi-step, uptake-dependent process in this tissue. U46619 did not affect prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolism, nor did prostaglandin F2 alpha inhibit thromboxane B2 metabolism, confirming that thromboxane B2 uptake/metabolism is distinct from the process which handles prostaglandins. Of the four analogues, only pinane thromboxane was a significant substrate for 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and it was also the best inhibitor of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase in purified enzyme preparations. These results advance our understanding of the inactivation in lung of thromboxane B2 and invite study of thromboxane A2 itself. PMID- 6652103 TI - The helical hydrophobic moments and surface activities of serum apolipoproteins. AB - The mean helical hydrophobic moments (muH) have been used to compare the amphipathic helices of several apolipoprotein classes with the helices in membrane proteins, water-soluble globular proteins and surface-active peptides. The amphipathic helices in serum apolipoproteins have similar muH and mean hydrophobicities to helices in water-soluble globular proteins. The intrinsic surface activities of proteins and peptides, as determined by surface pressure at the air/water interface, correlate with the product (muH . F) where muH is the average value of muH for all helices in the molecule, and F is the fraction of alpha-helix structure in the protein. PMID- 6652104 TI - The effect of (13 OOH) linoleic acid on human erythrocytes and on erythrocyte ghosts. AB - Peroxidized linoleic acid (13 OOH) induces lipid peroxidation, measured as malondialdehyde in erythrocyte ghosts and intact erythrocytes. This process can be inhibited by desferal, thiourea and butylated hydroxytoluene. During the lipid peroxidation process fluorescent chromolipids are formed. The synthesis of these chromolipids can be blocked by desferal. Peroxidized linoleic acid gives cross linking of the proteins present in the membranes leading to the formation of higher molecular weight proteins. Also in the lower molecular weight region of SDS-electrophoresis a protein band is formed. The cross-linking process of the membrane protein is most effectively blocked by thiourea, to some extent by butylated hydroxytoluene and hardly at all by desferal. Addition of peroxidized linoleic acid to intact erythrocytes leads to a drop in the glutathione level (analogous to cumene hydroperoxide). In the presence of glucose the glutathione level can be restored. PMID- 6652105 TI - Characterization of serine palmitoyltransferase activity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Serine palmitoyltransferase (palmitoyl-CoA: L-serine C-palmitoyltransferase (decarboxylating) EC 2.3.1.50) catalyzes the first unique and regulatory reaction of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Its activity was demonstrated in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) by measuring the incorporation of radiolabel from L [3H]serine into 3-ketosphinganine, which was found to be the predominant chloroform-soluble product under optimal assay conditions. Most of the total activity (14.8 +/- 4.2 pmol/min per 10(6) cells, measured with sonicated cells) was recovered in particulate fractions, with the highest percentage (54%) and specific activity (102 pmol/min per mg) in the high-speed (airfuge) pellet. The greatest activity was obtained with palmitoyl-CoA; however, other fatty acyl-CoA thioesters were also utilized. Serine palmitoyltransferase required pyridoxal 5' phosphate for activity, but was apparently fully saturated with this coenzyme when assayed with sonicated cells. Regardless of whether the CHO cells were grown in culture medium containing whole serum with or without sphinganine addition, lipoprotein-depleted serum, lipid-extracted serum, low-density lipoproteins, or no serum, the activities of this enzyme were identical. This finding was confirmed using human fibroblasts. Hence, these results establish that CHO cells, and probably others, are engaged in long-chain base synthesis de novo and that serine palmitoyltransferase activity is not regulated by the availability of such compounds in the culture media. PMID- 6652106 TI - Structural specificity in demyelination induced by lysophospholipids. AB - The demyelinating activity of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) and various structural analogs in rat sciatic nerve was evaluated by following electrophysiologic changes within the first hour and 1 week after intraneural injection. The lysophospholipids tested included 1-O-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine (1-acyl-GPC), 3-O-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-1-phosphocholine (3-acyl GPC), 1-O-hexadecanoylpropanediol-3-phosphocholine (acyl-PPC), 1-O hexadecylpropanediol-3-phosphocholine (alkyl-PPC) and 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphoethanolamine (1-acyl-GPE). Changes in conduction velocity, width, amplitude and time integral percentage were measured. Within 1 hour, the highest demyelinating activity was observed for alkyl-PPC, followed by 3-acyl-GPC, 1-acyl GPC and acyl-PPC. Hydrolysis products of lysoPC (glycerophosphocholine, fatty acid), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (1-acyl-GPE), biradyl choline phospholipids (1,2-di-O-alkyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine, dialkyl-GPC) or sodium deoxycholate proved ineffective in these short-term experiments. One week after intraneural injection, all lysophospholipids tested caused severe electrophysiologic changes, although dialkyl-GPC and sodium deoxycholate did not. Our data suggest (i) that differences in early demyelinating activity by the choline lysophospholipids are related to their rate of turnover, as highest activity was associated with the agents that are not metabolized by lysophospholipase (e.g., alkyl-PPC) or lysolecithin acyltransferase (e.g., 3-acyl-GPC), (ii) that the lysoPC molecule as such and not its products of catabolism causes demyelination, and (iii) that demyelinating activity is not due to the general detergent action of lysoPC, but rather that specific interactions appear to trigger the processes of demyelination induced by lysophospholipids. PMID- 6652107 TI - Inhibitory effect of cholesterol on the uptake of liposomes by liver and spleen. AB - The effect of cholesterol content of small unilamellar (SUV) and reverse phase (REV) liposomes on blood clearance and tissue distribution has been studied. [14C]Inulin has been used as an aqueous marker of liposomes to represent the uptake of intact liposomes in tissues. The blood clearance of the intravenously injected SUV and REV liposomes depends on the cholesterol content of liposomes. The cholesterol-free (0 mol%) liposomes are cleared more readily from the circulation than the cholesterol-poor liposomes (20 mol%) and the cholesterol poor are cleared more rapidly than the cholesterol-rich (46.6 mol%) liposomes. This clearance pattern of liposomes from the circulation is not attributed to the change of size of liposomes due to the increase in cholesterol content of liposomes. However, poor stability of cholesterol-free or cholesterol-poor liposomes in the circulation is partly responsible, but the predominant factor responsible for the observed blood clearance pattern is the inhibitory effect of cholesterol on the uptake of liposomes by reticuloendothelial-rich tissues liver and spleen. Uptake of liposomes by these organs is decreased with increasing cholesterol content of vesicles. It is suggested that to produce liposome preparations with a long circulating half life in vivo it is necessary to inhibit their uptake by liver and spleen. PMID- 6652108 TI - Effect of heat treatment on the glucocorticoid-receptor complex. Dependence on steroid structure. AB - The Arrhenius plot of heat inactivation of the rat liver glucocorticoid receptor protein gave a straight line with delta H++ = 115 kJ/mol over the 0-44 degrees C range. Molybdate ions were considerably protective but did not affect the linearity or slope of the Arrhenius plot. The effect of triamcinolone acetonide on heat stability of the receptor was similar to that of molybdate. On the other hand, glucocorticoid antagonists, although bound to the receptor, did not protect it from heat inactivation. Incubation of the complex of the glucocorticoid receptor with optimal glucocorticoids under activating conditions (elevated temperature or ionic strength) resulted in a considerable decrease in the dissociation rate. However, if the complex was incubated at 25 degrees C in the presence of molybdate, its dissociation rate did not change. Heat treatment without molybdate of complexes of glucocorticoid antagonists did not decrease the dissociation rate. These findings indicate that the decrease in dissociation rate is probably related to nucleophilic transformation. An 11 beta-hydroxyl group in the steroid structure seems to be an absolute requirement both for protection of the receptor against heat inactivation and for stabilization of the complex under conditions that promote nucleophilic transformation. PMID- 6652109 TI - Dimers of 5 S RNA and 5.8 S RNA in low molecular weight RNA preparations. AB - When purified 5 S RNA is exposed to concentrated solutions of sodium chloride or sodium phosphate, it is partly converted to the 5' S conformer but also partly to dimers and oligomers of 5 S RNA which are stable during gel filtration and electrophoresis. Presence of 5 S dimers can not be demonstrated in cellular RNA preparations extracted with phenol. 5.8 S RNA dimers are observed in RNA from cells extracted with phenol at 40-60 degrees C. No 5.8 S dimer is observed when RNA is extracted at 0 degrees C. The amount of dimer increases with the temperature of extraction and may account for about 10% of the total 5.8 S RNA. When RNA extracted at 40-60 degrees C is electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels under nondenaturing conditions the 5.8 S RNA dimer co-migrates with the low molecular weight RNA component L. PMID- 6652110 TI - Isolation and characteristics of bovine pituitary secretory granules. AB - Secretory granules containing primarily growth hormone and prolactin were isolated from bovine anterior pituitaries. Marker enzyme analysis and electron microscopy indicated that the secretory granule fraction did not contain measureable amounts of other intracellular organelles. Such isolated granules were resistant to a variety of chemical and physical challenges including variations in osmolarity, ionic strength, EGTA, sonication, boiling, etc. The only treatments that were found to routinely result in granules lysis were alkaline pH and 0.5% SDS. Nonspecific leakage of both growth hormone and prolactin was less than 9% of total hormone pool even after a 60-min incubation. The release of prolactin but not growth hormone could be increased by lowering the free calcium concentration. Conversely, 10(-5) M ionophore A23187 caused a decrease in nonspecific hormone leakage. This raises the possibility that a nonexocytosis secretory pathway might be involved in pituitary hormone release. The initial secretory granule fraction was further purified using discontinuous sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation to yield a subfraction highly enriched in prolactin granules. These granules had the same stability characteristics as the original secretory granule fraction. The use of such granules should prove useful in our efforts to understand how calcium regulates cellular secretion. PMID- 6652112 TI - Effects of pulsed electric fields on mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro. AB - The effects of pulsed electric fields on cell membranes were investigated. In vitro exposure of mouse splenocytes to a single high-voltage pulse resulted in an increase in membrane permeability that was dependent on both the electric field strength and the pulse duration. Exposure to a 2 microseconds, 3.0 kV/cm pulse resulted in the induction of a 1.26 V transmembrane potential, and elicited a 50% loss of intracellular K+. These results are in agreement with previous studies of the effects of pulsed electric fields on erythrocytes and microorganisms. The effect of pulsed electric fields on the functional integrity of lymphocytes was investigated by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation by cells cultured in the presence and absence of various mitogens following exposure to an electrical pulse. No statistically significant effects on the response of mouse spleen lymphocytes to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide were observed following exposure to 2 microseconds electric pulses at amplitudes of up to 3.5 kV/cm. Exposure to a single 10 microseconds pulse of 2.4-3.5 kV/cm produced a statistically significant reduction in the response of lymphocytes to lipopolysaccharide stimulation that was attributed to cell death. PMID- 6652111 TI - Preparation and properties of a hybrid toxin of modeccin A-chain and ricin B chain. AB - Hybrid molecules were prepared from the A- and B-chains of the two toxic lectins ricin and modeccin by dialyzing mixtures of isolated chains to allow a disulfide bridge to be formed between them. Whereas the hybrid consisting of ricin A-chain and modeccin B-chain was non-toxic, the converse hybrid, modeccin A-chain/ricin B chain, was even more toxic to Vero cells than were the parent toxins, native ricin and modeccin. A number of drugs (NH4Cl, monensin, trifluoperazine, verapamil, ionophore A23187) which protect cells against modeccin, but not against ricin, protected to some extent against the toxic hybrid, but less so than against native modeccin. The possibility is discussed that the modeccin A chain of the hybrid may enter the cytosol by two routes, one which is highly efficient and identical to that used by native modeccin and another less efficient one which cannot be used by native modeccin. PMID- 6652113 TI - Stimulation of Ca2+ efflux by N-formyl chemotactic peptides in guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages. AB - Effects of N-formyl chemotactic peptides on the Ca2+ influx and efflux were investigated in guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages using an isotope tracer. fMet Leu-Phe did not enhance the influx of 45Ca2+ into macrophages, whereas it stimulated the efflux of 45Ca2+ from macrophages at concentrations ranging from 10(-10) M to 10(-7) M. fMet-Met-Met and fMet-Leu also stimulated the 45Ca2+ efflux, albeit at much higher concentrations, while there was no stimulation with fMet. The mitochondrial inhibitors, oligomycin and NaN3, did not modify the 45Ca2+ efflux induced by the chemoattractants, yet they did induce the release of 45Ca2+ from the mitochondria. On the other hand, higher concentrations of the calmodulin antagonists, chlorpromazine and trifluoperazine, induced the release of 45Ca2+ from the NaN3-insensitive Ca2+ store site and mimicked the enhancement of the 45Ca2+ efflux by N-formyl chemotactic peptides. Thus, N-formyl chemotactic peptides appear to increase the levels of intracellular free Ca2+ in guinea-pig peritoneal macrophages, probably by inducing the release of Ca2+ from the NaN3 insensitive Ca2+ store site. PMID- 6652114 TI - Induction of calcium-dependent, localized cortical granule breakdown in sea urchin eggs by voltage pulsation. AB - A technique that employs a high-voltage pulses to produce pores in cell membranes (Kinosita and Tsong (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 1923) has been used to investigate the role of Ca2+ in the early events of activation of sea-urchin eggs. Exposure of eggs to a voltage pulse of 1 kV/cm for 100 microseconds resulted in localized exocytosis of the contents of cortical granules and development of a partial fertilization envelope. This effect was triggered by entrance of Ca2+ through the voltage-induced pores. In a medium containing 100 microM Ca2+ and 45Ca2+ tracer, the voltage-treated eggs admitted 3.6 +/- 0.3 fmol Ca2+/egg within a few seconds. Untreated eggs took up only 1.0 +/- 0.2 fmol/egg after minutes of incubation. Furthermore, depletion of Ca2+ or the presence of EGTA in the external medium prevented elevation of the fertilization envelope by the voltage pulsation. Delay in Ca2+ addition after the voltage pulsation reduced the fraction of eggs that developed partial fertilization envelope. Loss of essential cytoplasmic components during the delay period is judged unlikely, since these eggs were viable, could form partial fertilization envelopes if re pulsed in the presence of Ca2+, and could develop to normal blastula stage embryos upon fertilization with sperm. Thus, we interpret this effect as due to a resealing of pores; the half-life of pores being 20 s. The elevation of partial fertilization envelopes occurred only at the loci facing the anode, and multiple pulses with mixing resulted in the formation of multiple fertilization envelopes. These envelopes were stable for up to several hours; further propagation (wave spreading) was not observed. The above results indicate that a primary reaction in the sequence of steps in fertilization envelope formation involves Ca2+ to trigger cortical granule breakdown and formation of the fertilization envelope. PMID- 6652115 TI - Microtubule-depolymerizing agents inhibit asialo-orosomucoid delivery to lysosomes but not its endocytosis or degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Microtubule-depolymerizing drugs, such as colchicine, vinblastine sulfate, colcemide and podophyllotoxin, cause an apparent inhibition of the ability of rat hepatocytes to degrade asialo-orosomucoid. However, the binding of asialo orosomucoid to the cell surface at 0 degrees C, the endocytosis of pre-bound glycoprotein at 37 degrees C, and the dissociation of internal receptor glycoprotein complexes are unaffected by these microtubule drugs. Receptor recycling is slowed but still occurs, although degradation is blocked. The rate of degradation is decreased by low concentrations of drugs. (For example, 0.25 microM vinblastine sulfate, colchicine and colcemide inhibited 93%, 79% and 26%, respectively.) Neither beta- nor gamma-lumicolchicine affected any of the processes examined. The degree of inhibition with colchicine could be enhanced by a brief treatment of the cells at low temperature to depolymerize microtubules. However, if cells were allowed to endocytose asialo-orosomucoid at 37 degrees C prior to addition of the microtubule drug, then the inhibition of protein degradation was greatly reduced. The decrease in the inhibition of degradation was proportional to the amount of time that cells were exposed to asialoglycoprotein before addition of the drug. The results indicate that the segregation of protein from receptor after they dissociate and/or the subsequent translocation of internalized asialoglycoprotein from the cell perimeter to the lysosomal region requires intact microtubules. PMID- 6652116 TI - Identification of lactoferrin as an essential growth factor for human lymphocytic cell lines in serum-free medium. AB - A serum-free medium supplemented with growth factor(s) was devised to grow human lymphocytic cell lines. The medium was developed using human lymphocytic cell line, Bri 7 cells. In the process of constructing the medium, human lactoferrin was found to be an essential growth factor for the cell line. Human lactoferrin has higher growth stimulatory activity than human transferrin, and was sensitive to heat. Long-term cultivation of the cells was achieved in the defined medium supplemented with human lactoferrin only. The defined medium specifically supported the growth of various other human B- and T-lymphocytic cell lines but not the growth of various mouse lymphocytic cell lines. In lactoferrin supplemented medium, the growth of some human cell lines were further stimulated by the addition of a combination of insulin, ethanolamine and selenium, or another combination of 2-mercaptoethanol and the above three factors. Bovine lactoferrin could be substituted for human lactoferrin. PMID- 6652117 TI - Internalization of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin into cultured human lung fibroblasts. AB - In cultured human lung fibroblasts treated with Clostridium difficile cytotoxin, the latency before appearance of the cytopathogenic effect was dose-related with a minimum of 45 min. At 37 degrees C, the toxin was accessible on all cells to inactivation with trypsin or neutralization with antitoxin during the first tenth of the latency. At 0 degrees C, the toxin was accessible considerably longer. The cytopathogenic effect was reversibly prevented by the lysosomotropic agents chloroquine and ammonium chloride, which had to be added within one-fifth of the latency to protect all cells. In the presence of chloroquine, but not of ammonium chloride, the time period during which the toxin remained amenable to neutralization with antitoxin was prolonged. The protective effect of ammonium chloride was not influenced by dropping the extracellular pH to 4.5, but that of chloroquine was abolished. The expression of the intoxication was not affected by inhibitors of the DNA, RNA or protein synthesis. Inhibitors of the energy metabolism prevented the cytopathogenic effect when added before the last phase of the latency. The results suggest that expression of the cytopathogenic effect requires internalization of the toxin, and that metabolic energy but no macromolecular synthesis is needed for the action of the toxin after this internalization. PMID- 6652118 TI - [Boundary potentials of lipid membranes in the presence of 1-anilino-8 naphthalene sulfonate ions]. AB - Boundary and zeta potentials induced by ANS adsorption in dioleoyl lecithin membranes were measured using three methods, namely: inner membrane field compensation, measurements of carrier-mediated membrane conductance and microelectrophoresis. The changes of boundary potentials due to ANS adsorption recorded by the first two methods were the same and did not depend on the ionic strength of aqueous solutions. On the contrary, the values of zeta potentials were smaller as compared with the boundary potentials, and depended on the ionic strength. The results obtained were described satisfactorily by means of combination of Henry, Gouy-Chapman and Boltzmann equations, when ANS ions were assumed to adsorb at a plane shifted towards the hydrophobic region of the membrane. PMID- 6652119 TI - [Electric stability of liposome membranes in UV-induced lipid peroxidation]. AB - It has been shown that UV-induced peroxide oxidation of lipids (POL) and its water-soluble products similarly affect the liposomes of egg lecithin and mitochondrial lipids; they decrease the electric stability of the membranes, and aggregation ability of vesicles and increase proton permeability of the membranes. Possible mechanism of the increase of membrane ionic permeability during POL is discussed. PMID- 6652120 TI - [Evaluation of the thickness of lipid bilayers of biological membranes by measurement of specific capacity]. AB - The estimate of the thickness of the hydrophobic part of biological membranes by means of its formula for plane capacitor leads to a necessity of very high values of protein dielectric permeability. The current estimate can be performed if the membrane possesses a wavy cross-section. Due to the existence of integral proteins which occupy about 1/3 of the bilayer surface and have dielectric permeability epsilon = 6 divided by 8 and also due to some peculiarities of intermembrane electric field the thickness of hydrophobic bilayer region can be estimated from membrane specific capacity as 3 divided by 3.5 nm, this value coincides with X-ray data. PMID- 6652121 TI - [Non-isothermal pattern of phase transition in vesicle membranes]. AB - Phase transition of lipid molecules between liquid and crystalline states in the vesicle membrane has a non-isothermal pattern; it is spread in some temperature range, which depends on the vesicle size. With a change of phase transition the area which falls within a lipid molecule is changed. As a result elastic tensions appear in the membrane. They may account for the non-isothermal pattern of phase transition. The number of molecules in each state is calculated in relation to temperature, and the temperature range is calculated within which the phase transition is realized. The smaller is the vesicle radius, the higher is the temperature range value. Temperature relationship of the membrane heat capacity at non-isothermal phase transition is calculated. The obtained results well agree with the number of experimental data. PMID- 6652122 TI - [Electric breakdown of lipid vesicles]. AB - Theoretical expression for free energy F of spherical lipid vesicle containing through pore in the presence of diffusional potential difference is derived. It is assumed that the pore radius is small in comparison with vesicle size. According to estimation the variation of elastic energy of vesicle membrane with pore radius is small. Therefore electrical breakdown becomes reversible for reasonable region of r values. Conditions of equilibrium and dynamic modes of breakdown are analyzed. Random oscillation mode of intravesicular label discharge is shown for some region of vesicle parameters. PMID- 6652123 TI - [Acute angle x-ray scattering by phospholipid membranes after treatment with valinomycin]. AB - It has been found by means of small-angle X-ray analysis of oriented bilayers of synthetic dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline that the introduction of valinomycin modifies their structure and these modifications depend on the phase state of lipid. PMID- 6652124 TI - [Interaction of perfluoro-organic compounds with flat lipid bilayers]. AB - It has been found that contact interaction between the drops of perfluoro-organic compounds (PFOC) and bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) results in the fusion of PFOC and BLM drops. In the process PFOC is incorporated into the lipid bi layer of BLM, which decreases the BLM stability. PMID- 6652125 TI - [Mechanism of auto-oscillations in mitochondria based on modulations of succinate dehydrogenase activity]. AB - The viewpoint is substantiated according to which pulsations of proton and electron flow pressure in the respiratory chain serve as a generator of stable high-amplitude self-oscillations in mitochondria (MCH) due to reversible inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDG) by oxalacetic acid (OAA). Damage of coupling and membrane permeability increase are initiated at high rate of respiration under hypotonic media and cation loading. Then slow restoration of permeability occurs under low rate respiration which is completed by its rise that closes the cycle. The latter is due to autocatalytic release of OAA from SDG in which reduced pyridine nucleotides (PNH) participate. Phenomenological model of oscillating state of MCH is proposed consisting of two common differential equations describing changes of respiration and PN reduction rates. Under realistic values of parameters the model predicts oscillations of respiration intensity and PNH level whose shape correlates well with the experimental data. The presented model is the only mathematical description of concrete experimental oscillations in mitochondria. PMID- 6652126 TI - [Infrared spectra of uracil and thymine in an argon matrix]. AB - High-resolution IR spectra of uracil, thymine, methyl-derivatives of uracil and 5,6-dihydrouracil are obtained using the matrix isolation method. PMID- 6652127 TI - [Study of DNA-iron complexes by gamma-resonance spectroscopy]. AB - The re-establishing effect of L-ascorbic acid on DNA-Fe3+ complex was studied with the help of Mossbauer spectroscopy. The ratios (formula: see text) were determined under various conditions of re-establishment. The catalyzing effect of Fe3+ free ions at L-ascorbic acid oxidation by oxygen dissolved in liquid and oxidation of iron in DNA-Fe2+ complex at heating and long keeping was observed. PMID- 6652128 TI - [Calculation of x-ray diffuse scattering curves for DNA A- and B-forms in solution]. AB - To obtain strictest theoretical indicatrices of X-ray scattering as well as to determine the volume and surface of DNA A- and B-forms in solution a new "cube" method has been applied which has been developed earlier for description of scattering intensity and geometric characteristics of particles with a complex surface topography. A new approach to calculation of diffuse scattering intensity of strongly elongated particles in solution has been proposed. Hydration of DNA molecules has been shown to considerably affect their X-ray scattering indicatrices. It has been also shown that the known Langridge method satisfactorily describes the DNA scattering indicatrix in the large-angle region but cannot be applied to analysis of DNA scattering intensity in the small-angle and large-angle ranges of the scattering curve simultaneously. PMID- 6652129 TI - [Water distribution around a protein molecule from data on spatial structure]. AB - Water distribution was calculated using the structure data of protein rubredoxin (K. Watenlaugh et al. J. Mol. Biol., 138, 615, 1980). By this method the hydration surrounding of macromolecules was localized in the spheres of the 3,2 A radius with the error 8%. A detailed analysis of the data on water localization in the protein crystal shows that hydration water distribution consists of the associates of water molecules and does not form the "hydration shell". PMID- 6652130 TI - [Relation between the lysozyme hydration isotherm and molecule packing in the solid phase]. AB - A micromethod for measurement of mass changes of glutaraldehyde treated protein crystals is presented. The method is based on analysis of transverse resonance vibration of a cantilevered tungsten micro-needle (1,5 divided by 2 mm long, 30 divided by 40 mkm in diameter) having the specimen stuck on its free sharp end. The method is accurate to within 0.1% for specimens with masses 0.1 divided by 0.01 mg. Absorption isotherms for water uptake by triclinic (P1), monoclinic (P2(1) ) and tetragonal (P4(3)2(1)2) crystals as well as by amorphous films of hen egg-white lysozyme are obtained. Hydration of lysozyme molecule is shown to be highly dependent on molecular packing in the sample both at low and high relative humidities. PMID- 6652131 TI - [Thermography of catalase crystals: the role of crystallographic modification]. AB - Study of the heat destruction process of catalase crystals by the method of scanning microcalorimetry has revealed the influence of crystallographic modification on protein macromolecules denaturation at relatively low heating rates. PMID- 6652133 TI - [Low-temperature fixation of electron microscopy specimens]. AB - An attempt was made to estimate the quality of cryofixation by thermogram method- time relationship of object temperature during freezing and heating of the specimen while preparing it for the electron microscopic studies. The experiments carried out showed the necessity of estimating cryofixation quality to rule out artefacts appearing due to solvent crystallization. PMID- 6652132 TI - [Mechanism of the stabilizing effect of glucose on lysozyme in the crystalline state]. AB - Viscoelastic properties of different lysozyme crystals were studied to elucidate the mechanism of stabilizing action of glucose. Glucose is shown to be able to bind to the lysozyme with the association constant K = 2,3 M-1 and to make the lysozyme molecule mechanically more rigid in the same manner as the specific competitive inhibitor (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) does. It was concluded from the above and from competitive binding of glucose with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine that stabilizing effect of glucose on the lysozyme is due to its binding to at least two sites in the crevice of an active centre. PMID- 6652134 TI - [Collagen structure with a new principle of forming two nets of inter-peptide hydrogen bonds]. AB - In the new model hydrogen bonds are formed by NH-group of glycine residue in the first polypeptide chain and CO-group of second residue in the tripeptide in the second chain and by NH-group of second residue in the second chain and CO-group of second residue in the first chain etc., i. e. one and the same CO-group serves as acceptor for two NH-groups belonging to other chains. CPK-model was built and then conformational computations for (Gly-Ala-Hyp)n and (Gly-Ala-Ala)n were performed. The resulting optimal structures have unit twist angle t = 52 degrees and 75 degrees. The two-bonded structure may coexist with Rich and Circk type one bonded structure for any sequence of tripeptides. This suggests the uniform 7/2 helical symmetry for collagen molecule. The model is favourable for hydration and helps to interpret the physico-chemical characteristics of collagen. PMID- 6652135 TI - [Mechanisms of photodamage of eye structures. The effect of UV light on soluble lens proteins]. AB - UV photo-damaging effect on soluble proteins of eye lens has been studied. Illumination resulted in yellow color of these proteins: new absorption maxima of 245 and 305 nm appeared. Oxidation of SH-groups and protein aggregation during photo-damaging have been shown. PMID- 6652136 TI - [Study of the equilibrium dynamics of cell protein structure using the tryptophan fluorescence method at room temperature]. AB - Room-temperature tryptophane phosphorescence (RTTP) of liver tissue cells has been studied. It is shown that over a millisecond range RTTP is absent in soluble proteins of the cytoplasm, karyoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, and the phosphorescent signal is controlled only by proteins of the subcellular structures incorporated into the membranes. It is concluded that, unlike the membrane proteins, the cytoplasm and organelle matrix-soluble proteins are characterized by a high level of intramolecular equilibrium mobility, which causes RTTP quenching following a dynamic mechanism. In membrane proteins, which fluoresce in a millisecond range the level of equilibrium conformation motions is limited, probably, due to protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions. PMID- 6652138 TI - Synchronous and asynchronous systems of threshold elements. AB - The role of synchronism in systems of threshold elements (such as neural networks) is examined. Some important differences between synchronous and asynchronous systems are outlined. In particular, important restrictions on limit cycles are found in asynchronous systems along with multi-frequency oscillations which do not appear in synchronous systems. The possible role of deterministic chaos in these systems is discussed. PMID- 6652137 TI - [Age characteristics of the interaction between fluorescent probes and thyroxine with the membranes of rat liver microsomes]. AB - By means of fluorescent probes, 1-anilino naphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS), methoxybenzanthrone (MBA) and pyrene, an increase of membrane affinity to ANS, shift of MBA fluorescence maximum to the short-wave spectrum region and a change of the membrane microviscosity were observed in the liver microsome membranes during aging of rats. No significant changes of fluorescent parameters of the probes with rats aging were found in mitochondria. ANS was concurrently displaced by thyroxine, affinity to which significantly increased with aging, and in young animals during hyperthyroidism. The increase of microsome membranes affinity to thyroxine with age is considered as an intracellular mechanism which is involved in the metabolism changes of hypothyroid pattern in rat liver during aging. PMID- 6652139 TI - Optimization of Brownian search strategies. AB - What are the simplest search strategies that lead an animal to a particular target, what are their limitations, and what changes can be made to develop more effective strategies? To answer these questions a class of search strategies was examined that require an animal to have only a minimal capacity for spatial orientation; the effectiveness of such strategies in solving the following basic search problem was determined. The animal begins its search at a distance r0 (starting distance) from a spatially fixed target. It detects the target when it has approached it to within a certain distance a (the detection radius). The analysed class of search strategies has the following characteristics: C1. The animal uses the same search strategy in all regions it enters. Therefore it needs no information as to the actual location of the target. C2. Its search strategy is constant in time. The animal has only to detect whether it has reached the target or not. C3. Once the animal has chosen a direction, it continues in that direction for a certain distance. This is the only way in which the preceding parts of the search affect the animal's decision as to the direction in which it will search next. In the long term the animal's movement directions are independent, with no preference for any particular direction. Despite their extreme simplicity in application these "Brownian" search strategies are remarkably successful (Fig. 1). Indeed, if the search is continued long enough the target is certain to be found. The success of the search depends in part on the search duration (Fig. 2) or the search-path length S, the starting distance and the detection radius. On the other hand, an animal can have a decisive influence on its degree of success simply by adjusting the frequency with which it changes its walking direction to match its sensory abilities. That is, a not too-short Brownian search (S much greater than r0) is most successful when the searching animal, between the points at which it changes direction, walks approximately straight for a distance equal to the detection radius (Figs, 3 and 4). A further increase in search effectiveness is possible only by turning to another class of search strategies. These, however, demand that the animal either have more information about the position of its target at the beginning of the search or be able to organize its search behavior even over fairly long periods of time. PMID- 6652140 TI - Pervasive locking, saturation, asymmetric rate sensitivity and double-valuedness in crayfish stretch receptors. AB - The correspondence between afferent discharges and sinusoidal length modulations (0.2--10 cps, under 10% of the natural length variations) was studied in isolated fast-adapting stretch receptor organs (FAO) of crayfish, largely using average displays of rate vs. length (or derivatives) along the cycle. Rate modulations were greatest during early cycles and then stabilized, an initial adjustment remindful of mechanical preconditioning. Responses to stimulation in the FAO, as in the slowly-adapting organs (SAO) and possibly other receptors, exhibit the following features, all striking because of their magnitude and ubiquity. i) A zig-zag overall afferent rate vs. stimulus frequency graph with positively and negatively sloped segments. This precludes the straightforward use of Bode plots. ii) Marked non-linearities as an obvious stimulus-response locking in the positively sloped segments, a double-valuedness with one rate while stretching and another while shortening, a lower-limit saturation with the receptor silent for more than half a cycle, and an asymmetric rate sensitivity. iii) Clear-cut discharge leads relative to the stimulus at low frequencies and lags at high ones. The FAO responds worse than the SAO to low frequencies, and better to high ones; it is locked 1-to-1 in a much broader range (e.g., 3--100 vs. 1--3 cps). All features were strongly frequency-dependent. With higher frequencies: i) the number of impulses per cycle fell from several to just one and finally to one every several cycles at higher values; ii) the two values of each length approached one another usually but not always; iii) the silent proportion of the cycle increased; and iv) the rate sensitivity changed. Each feature can arise in principle at any of the transduction stages from length to discharge: the mechanical transduction from length to dendritic deformation, an the encoder one from generator potentials to discharges are particularly likely candidates. PMID- 6652141 TI - Demodulation methods for an adaptive neural encoder model. AB - An adaptive version of the integrate and fire-at-threshold model for the neural coding process is presented. The encoder transforms stimulus intensity information into sequences of identical membrane depolarization spikes, their times of occurrence defining a modulated point process. Several theoretical decoding schemes are then introduced and their performance analyzed. These implement simple, recursive parameter estimation algorithms and their output reproduces reliably; the encoded time-varying stimulus level. PMID- 6652142 TI - Effect of doublet impulse sequences in the crayfish claw opener muscles and the computer-simulated neuromuscular synapse. AB - The effects of doublet impulse sequences of the excitatory motor axon on the movement of the claw opener muscles in the crayfish were examined. The excitatory motor axon was stimulated electrically with various patterns of doublet impulse sequences generated by a digital computer. Doublet impulse sequences of stimulation produced a larger sustained movement than an uniform impulse sequences at the same mean rate of stimulation. The movement was largest when the interval between the impulses of a doublet was about 5 ms. This interval generated a movement amplitude 25% greater than that for the uniform impulse sequence. A simple model was formulated to stimulate the neuromuscular synapse of the claw opener muscle. The relationship between stimulation sequences with alternating long and short intervals and responses (firing probabilities) of the neuromuscular synapse at the same mean rate was investigated. The responses was classified into two typical types which are noneffective Type I and effective Type II to the absolute refractory period (ARP). The characteristics which are larger responses with short intervals in Type I and reduction of responses in the ARP region of Type II formed a plateau peak of the experimental results. By incorporating the reduction of end-plate potential (EPP) as a property of nonlinear rule for temporal summation into the model, it was shown that Type I response is maximal with a plateau peak at short interval, agreeing well with the experimental results from the claw opener muscles. PMID- 6652143 TI - A Boolean complete neural model of adaptive behavior. AB - A multi-layered neural assembly is developed which has the capability of learning arbitrary Boolean functions. Though the model neuron is more powerful than those previously considered, assemblies of neurons are needed to detect non-linearly separable patterns. Algorithms for learning at the neuron and assembly level are described. The model permits multiple output systems to share a common memory. Learned evaluation allows sequences of actions to be organized. Computer simulations demonstrate the capabilities of the model. PMID- 6652144 TI - [Effect of vitamin B12 on liver and kidney DNA methylation in guinea pigs in the presence of methionine and ATP]. AB - Changes of 5-methylcytosine (m5C) content in DNA of guinea-pigs' liver and kidney under the influence of vitamin B12 in the presence of methionine and ATP have been studied. After B12 injection m5C quantity in liver DNA increases in 1,4 times, in kidney DNA in 1,6 times. The methionine and ATP injection lowers B12 effect on the DNA methylation in liver and kidney. PMID- 6652145 TI - [Mechanism of the generation of various forms of respiratory rhythm]. AB - The respiratory muscles and neurons activity in the transitional process from rhythmic respiration to its cessation and reappearance of the usual rhythmic breathing after the apnea was registered in the acute experiments on the anesthetized cats and rabbits under the action of extra intrapulmonary oxygen pressure or intravenous injection of sodium cyanide. Different forms of disturbances of respiratory rhythm (apneusis, hasping, the combination of hasping with apneusis and respiratory movements of usual form - eupnea) observed in the critical states of the organism are considered to be the result of changes in the character of activity of the medulla oblongata respiratory neurons which occur at a definite stage of hypoxia. Hasping mechanism differs essentially from the generation of eupnea and apneusis. PMID- 6652147 TI - [Functional indices of the human state and work capacity under monotonous conditions]. AB - The operator's letter apprehension activity has been handled in the experimental conditions. Under monotonous conditions worsening of the capacity for work (the increase of decision time and number of mistakes) has been shown to be correlated with the value of such electrophysiological indices as longevity of alpha-rythm blockade, amplitude and frequency amplitude characteristics of electroencephalogram, interhemispheric and central-occipital asymmetry coefficients, frequency and variability of heart-rate. The character of changes of electrophysiological indices depends on the individual psychophysiological characteristics. PMID- 6652146 TI - [Effect of visible light on animal biochemical and physiological parameters]. AB - The animals perception of the visible spectrum with waves length 450, 540, 680 nm of the same light intensity has been studied. The effect of visible light on rats has been estimated by some functional and biochemical parameters in vivo and in vitro. The whole complex of results obtained gives a chance to suppose that the light energy of visible spectrum redistribution in animal's tissues has a principal role in the regulation of animal's metabolism depending on the spectral structure of the incident light. PMID- 6652148 TI - Effects of microwave exposure in utero on embryonal, fetal and postnatal development of mice. AB - Pregnant Swiss mice were repetitively exposed during various periods of gestation to 2,450 MHz continuous wave microwave radiation. Irradiations were conducted daily in an anechoic chamber at a power density of 10 (subthermal) or 40 mW/cm2 (thermal) for 2 h/day, 7 sessions/week. Thermal exposures to microwaves resulted in significant inhibition of the embryonal and fetal development in utero, accompanied by an increased incidence of intrafetal bleedings, resorptions and deaths of fetuses. Moreover, nonspecific resistance to viral and bacterial infections was markedly depressed in pups of dams irradiated for the whole period of gestation with thermal doses of microwaves. No such effects were found following exposure of pregnant mice to 10 mW/cm2 power density of radiation. The results suggest that the observed effects of microwave exposure in the course of pregnancy are thermal in nature. PMID- 6652149 TI - Significance of the biphasic developmental pattern of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenocortical system in the rat. AB - One group of neonatal rats was injected with metopirone at 2-5 days and the second group at 7-10 days of age. At 14 and 21 days all rats treated with metopirone had reduced body and adrenal weights in comparison with their saline treated littermates. At 21 days the smallest adrenals were in the rats treated with metopirone at 7-10 days. Metopirone increased resting and stress levels of adrenal and plasma corticosterone in the 14-day-old rats and the response to stress by the adrenal corticosterone increase in the 21-day-old rats. The differential effect of metopirone applied in two developmental periods was indicated. PMID- 6652151 TI - Abstracts from the International Symposium on New Trends in Photo- therapy. Photobiochemistry of tetrapyrrolic pigments and biomedical applications. Galzignano Spa, Padova, Italy, June 9-11, 1983. PMID- 6652150 TI - Hypotension in fetal and newborn lambs; different patterns of reflex heart rate control revealed by autonomic blockade. AB - Reflex heart rate (HR) responses to hypotension were studied in chronically instrumented fetal and newborn lambs. Studies spanned 106-141 days of gestation and 1-22 days after birth. Brief hypotensive stimuli (10 s) were produced by inflation of a cuff implanted around the inferior vena cava; HR and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded from a carotid arterial catheter. Autonomic nervous control of HR was examined using selective sympathetic beta-adrenergic blockade (propranolol 1 mg/kg), cholinergic blockade (atropine 0.2-0.3 mg/kg), and total autonomic blockade (propranolol plus atropine). In newborn lambs (n = 4) HR increased progressively as MAP was reduced in the range 5-50%. Tachycardia during mild hypotension (less than 15% MAP fall) was due to sympathetic activation as it was abolished by propranolol. During severe hypotension (greater than 30% MAP fall) tachycardia was reduced by selective beta-adrenergic blockade and by cholinergic blockade, and totally abolished by total autonomic blockade; thus withdrawal of vagal tone plus augmentation of sympathetic activity contribute to the increase of HR in response to large MAP falls in the newborn. Fetal lambs (n = 4) responded with tachycardia in mild hypotension (less than 15% MAP fall) but this was reversed when hypotension was severe (greater than 30% MAP fall). The primary tachycardia was due to sympathetic activation and was indistinguishable from the newborn response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652152 TI - Talking often helps: the efficacy, generality, and specificity of psychotherapy. PMID- 6652153 TI - Cortisol suppression and circadian rhythm in endogenous depression: a preliminary report. AB - We studied the relationships between dexamethasone challenge (DST), 36-hr sleep deprivation (SD), and body temperature patterns in ten male endogenous depressives. Seven of the ten depressives were pre-SD DST non-suppressors, and five of the ten patients improved following SD. All five SD responders were pre SD DST non-suppressors. Pre- and post-SD 12-hr daytime body temperature patterns defined three subgroups of depressives. SD responders with DST non-suppression showed a normal diurnal temperature pattern on both pre- and post-sleep deprivation. SD non-responders with DST non-suppression showed a diurnal variation, but time of maximum temperature value was phase-advanced before SD and delayed after SD. SD non-responders with DST suppression had a blunted diurnal temperature pattern on both pre- and post-SD. We conclude that a normal pre-SD temperature pattern together with pre-SD DST non-suppression may predict clinical response to SD suggesting the possibility of physiologically distinct subgroups of endogenous depressives. PMID- 6652154 TI - Central brain morphology in chronic schizophrenic patients: a controlled CT study. AB - A comprehensive quantitative computed tomography (CT) study of the diencephalic region of 23 chronic schizophrenic patients and 23 normal controls was done. The third ventricle width, the Sylvian fissure widths, and the densities of the head of the caudate nucleus, thalamic nucleus, and medial temporal lobe were measured. In the schizophrenic patients, there was a significant increase in third ventricle and Sylvian fissure widths and a significantly greater density of both periventricular nuclei. The several explanations for this atypical association of atrophy with greater density are discussed. PMID- 6652156 TI - A twin study of cholinergic REM induction. AB - Seven monozygotic twin pairs were found to display concordance for sensitivity to REM sleep induction by arecoline (intraclass correlation (ri) of 0.69, F = 5.35, p less than 0.02). The REM1-REM2 interval on the placebo night did not show significant concordance (ri = 0.05, F = 1.11, p = 0.44). Our previous study suggested that increased sensitivity to the muscarinic agonist arecoline, as measured by time to onset of the second REM period during sleep, may be an indicator of vulnerability to affective disorder. The present finding of twin concordance in response to arecoline suggests genetic variation in sensitivity of CNS muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Such increased sensitivity may play an etiologic role in affective disorder. PMID- 6652155 TI - Ethanol-related prolactin responses and risk for alcoholism. AB - Serum prolactin (PRL) levels after drinking 0.75 ml/g of ethanol were observed in 44 nonalcoholic young men who had an alcoholic first-degree relative and 44 controls lacking a family history of alcoholism. The data reveal a significant increase in PRL by 30 min with a return to base line for the family history negative (FHN) men by 90 min but a further decline until 150 min for the family history positive (FHP) individuals. The interaction between family history status and time for prolactin was significant at the p = 0.008 level and the changes in this hormone after drinking was significant for both groups at the p less than 0.0001 level. These results are consistent with an effect of a moderate dose of ethanol on PRL levels and further characterize differences in reactions to ethanol for men at higher and lower risk for the future development of alcoholism. PMID- 6652157 TI - Psychotic mania. PMID- 6652158 TI - Effects of lecithin on EEG and blood levels of choline. PMID- 6652160 TI - Ventricular size and psychosis in affective disorder. PMID- 6652159 TI - The determination of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol excretion in acute schizophreniform and depressed patients. PMID- 6652161 TI - More on DSM III: how consistent are precise criteria? PMID- 6652162 TI - Functional brain tissue transplantation: reversal of lesion-induced rotation by intraventricular substantia nigra and adrenal medulla grafts, with a note on intracranial retinal grafts. AB - Using a rotational behavior animal model, it has been found that embryonic substantia nigra (SN) can be homologously transplanted to the brain lateral ventricles to reverse the effects of SN lesions. These grafts were found to decrease the lesion-induced rotational behavior that was provoked either by apomorphine or amphetamine. This effect was not duplicated by grafts of other embryonic brain regions. The SN grafts produced a dopaminergic reinnervation of the dorsomedial striatum that appeared to be responsible for the behavioral amelioration. Long-term studies demonstrated that behavioral efficacy and survival continued for at least 6 months to 1 1/2 years. The catecholaminergic "chromaffin" cells of the adrenal medulla possess a remarkable ability to change morphologically and biochemically in response to their environmental hormonal milieu. This plasticity was exploited by transplanting adrenal medulla to the rat brain to reverse the effects of SN lesions. This tissue changed biochemically by producing large amounts of dopamine, and morphologically, by extending coarse fiber processes. Although these grafts appeared to secrete catecholamines, they did not reinnervate the striatum. Rotational behavior was reduced by these grafts, apparently as a consequence of the catecholamine secretion. When adrenal chromaffin tissue was obtained from 1- or 2-year-old donors, however, lesion induced rotational behavior was not reduced. It is suggested that adrenal chromaffin cell grafts from young donors possess a biochemical plasticity that is the basis for the behavioral effect, but that this plasticity is lost with maturity of the tissue. An important issue for future applications of these procedures is the immunological privilege of the brain lateral ventricles. We found that both embryonic brain tissue and adult adrenal medulla "allografts" from Brown Norway rat donors consistently survived for at least 6 months in the ventricles of Fisher 344-strain rat hosts. These strains differ in major histocompatibility antigens and, as expected, Fisher 344 rats rapidly rejected Brown Norway skin grafts. Skin graft survival times were not influenced by the presence of established brain grafts, nor did brain grafts elicit systemic humoral immunity. Conversely, however, independent elicitation of systemic immunity by skin grafting resulted in the rejection of long-established brain grafts concomitant with rejection of the skin grafts. Rotational behavior in Fisher 344 hosts was reduced by brain grafts from Brown Norway donors; yet, after rotation had been reduced it could be brought back to baseline levels through systemic immunization and associated brain graft rejection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6652163 TI - Hemispheric preference of paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics. AB - Recent evidence indicates that paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics exhibit differential hemispheric deficits in specific types of processing tasks which may reflect a preference of one hemisphere over another. To test this hypothesis, face and letter-recognition tasks were tachistoscopically presented, both bilaterally and unilaterally, to paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenics, nonschizophrenic psychiatric controls, and normal controls. In the unilateral presentation of letters, all groups exhibited right visual field superiority, producing no group differences. In the unilateral presentation of faces, paranoids were found to recognize fewer faces when presented to the left visual field as compared to the control groups. With bilateral presentation of both a face and a letter no group differences were found; all groups exhibited a right visual field superiority in processing both types of stimuli. The bilateral presentation of two faces produced a right visual field superiority in all groups. In the bilateral presentation of two letters, nonparanoids were found to recognize fewer letters when presented to the right visual field as compared to control groups. Thus, paranoids and nonparanoids were found to exhibit differential hemisphere deficits. The paranoid deficit is in processing faces when presented to the left visual field-right hemisphere while the nonparanoid deficit is in processing letters presented to the right visual field-left hemisphere. These results are discussed in terms of information-processing styles and strategies as differentially employed by the paranoid and nonparanoid schizophrenic. PMID- 6652164 TI - Temporal integration deficit in visual information processing by chronic schizophrenics. AB - The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate speed of visual information processing of chronic schizophrenics and normal subjects. Retarded information processing by schizophrenics has been attributed to a dysfunction at the earliest stage of processing. In the present study, by using a backward masking paradigm and varying target duration we were able to evaluate whether schizophrenic and normals conform to an iconic or visual persistence theory of processing. Also, we evaluated whether schizophrenic and normal information processing is a function of the total time a stimulus is available for viewing prior to disruption (stimulus onset asynchrony, SOA), or whether it is the time following the stimulus offset prior to disruption by the mask (interstimulus interval, ISI). The former conforms more closely to a visual persistence and the latter to an iconic notion of processing. The results indicate that schizophrenics and normals conform to the processing of information as a function of the SOA as opposed to ISI. However, schizophrenic processing during the period of temporal integration (i.e., up to 130 msec) was significantly retarded when compared to normal controls. These findings suggest that for chronic schizophrenics, visual signals associated with target processing during the temporal integration period have either decayed at a slower rate or are more unstable than those of normals. Also discussed is the compatability of these findings with a visual persistence as opposed to an iconic model of information processing. PMID- 6652165 TI - An unusual schizophrenic illness responsive to pyridoxine HCl (B6) subsequent to phenothiazine and butyrophenone toxicities. PMID- 6652166 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test and cerebral blood flow in primary major depression. PMID- 6652167 TI - Clonidine as analgesic. PMID- 6652168 TI - Coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet and kinin-forming systems during toxemia of pregnancy. AB - The coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelet and kinin-forming systems were studied during toxemia of pregnancy by multifactorial examinations. In severe toxemia of pregnancy, decreases in extrinsic coagulation factors, platelet, antithrombin III, plasminogen, alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor, and increases in soluble fibrin-monomer complex, fibrin degradation products, beta-thromboglobulin were observed. This suggests that intravascular coagulation, induced probably through the extrinsic pathway and secondary fibrinolysis, is associated with toxemia of pregnancy. Prekallikrein increased during pregnancy but decreased rapidly with onset of labor. The same changes were observed in high molecular weight kininogen, indicating that kinin may be generated, which would contribute to the uterine contraction during labor. The prekallikrein level was significantly low during severe toxemia. PMID- 6652169 TI - Effect of heparin treatment in cases of severe toxemia. AB - Severe toxemia of pregnancy is associated with hypercoagulability and hyperlipemia in general. Heparin, a substance having an anticoagulant action and a lipemia-clearing action, was used clinically, and the changes induced by the heparin administration were examined. The GI value was significantly improved. The body weight showed a tendency to decrease. Fibrinogen tended to be decreased. The urine volume was significantly increased. Histologic observations on the placenta gave the impression that fibrin deposition in the placental tissue had been decreased by heparin. PMID- 6652170 TI - Caution against applying drug therapy in gestoses--comments. PMID- 6652171 TI - The pharmacokinetics of clofoctol in healthy neonates and adults studied by an original HPLC technique. AB - The pharmacokinetics of clofoctol [(tetramethyl-1,1,3,3,butyl)-4-(dichloro-2,4 benzyl)-2-hydroxy-1-benzene ] was investigated in six healthy newborns and compared with the kinetic parameters of the drug in six healthy adults. The concentration of the drug in plasma was measured by means of an original sensitive HPLC technique. In both neonates and adults treated rectally with clofoctol, the plasmatic peak occurred at the 30th min, although the maximal peak of adults was significantly lower. Kel and T1/2 exhibited a similar pattern, whereas the AUC was about 5 times higher in newborns. The present findings suggest that clofoctol is well absorbed rectally. The higher plasmatic levels of clofoctol in neonates may result from their lower degree of hepatic metabolic activity. PMID- 6652172 TI - p-p'DDT in perinatal samples: report on maternal and neonatal measurements. AB - Organochlorine pesticides and their degradation products can affect humans in several ways and are detected in human tissue, including placental tissue and umbilical cord blood. We report the results of preliminary research conducted to determine the levels of p-p'DDT in maternal and umbilical cord blood during labor and to estimate the possible consequences of this product for calcium metabolism. The results confirm that p-p'DDT is transferred to the fetus through the placenta and indicate the existence of a complex fetal-maternal p-p'DDT distribution mechanism. PMID- 6652173 TI - Segmental epidural analgesia - a modern method for safe and effective management of labor pains. AB - The effect and safety of segmental epidural analgesia (SEA) were investigated in three groups of parturients totaling 250. Three comparative groups were also created. In 50 primigravidae, the analgesic effect was good in 90%, moderate in 8%, and poor in only 2%. The opinion of midwives on analgesic effect was also similar. Investigation of the duration of labor showed that the duration of both first and second stages was longer in SEA groups than in nonepidural groups. However, with more liberal use of oxytocin in the SEA group this difference disappeared. The SEA did not lead to more malpositions than were present in the nonepidural groups. Nevertheless, the rate of instrumental deliveries was approximately three times higher in the SEA groups than in nonepidural groups (15.2% vs 4.7%, respectively). No difference between the groups occurred when Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min were investigated. PMID- 6652174 TI - HbA1 levels in pregnancy: evaluation of a normal range and comparative study of impaired glucose tolerance. AB - The oral glucose tolerance test has been traditionally used to detect women with the gestational form of impaired glucose tolerance. We investigated whether the assessment of HbA1 levels could be a useful adjunct to these measurements. We found that HbA1 levels measured after the 35th week are not predictive of the percentile of each neonatal anthropometric parameter. Both metabolic and clinical maternal parameters as well as neonatal anthropometric parameters must also be evaluated. PMID- 6652175 TI - Influence of castration of the neonatal rat on the contractile effects of barium chloride and adrenaline in isolated vas deferens: the role of calcium. AB - Time-response curves to maximal concentrations of barium chloride (BaCl2) (3 X 10(-2) M) and adrenaline (10(-4) M) were studied in vasa deferentia from 3-month old rats castrated at birth. Either barium or adrenaline was left in the organ baths for 5-min periods, at intervals of about 30 min, and the corresponding isotonic contractions recorded. Two types of effects were measured: the fade response (Jurkiewicz et al., 1977) and the rate at which responses were reduced after Ca2+ withdrawal from nutrient solution. The fade response for BaCl2 was strikingly greater than that in controls. When calcium was removed from the nutrient solution, an almost complete loss of the response to BaCl2 was achieved in less than 3 min for preparations of 3-day castrates, in about 40 min for the organs of 15-day castrates, and in more than 140 min for normal preparations. Treatment with testosterone, 1 week before the experiments, abolished the fade response to BaCl2 and antagonized the loss of responsiveness observed for this substance in a calcium-deficient solution. These data suggest that the production of testosterone by the testis during the critical period of neonatal differentiation is important for the translocation of calcium ions in the isolated vas deferens of the adult rat. PMID- 6652176 TI - Changes in the concentrations of corticosteroids in the blood of fetal pigs and their dams during late gestation and labor. AB - Corticosteroid concentrations were determined in plasma samples obtained from chronically catheterized pig fetuses and their dams during late gestation and parturition. Mean concentrations of 14-20 ng/ml were found in fetal plasma on Days -16 to -10 before delivery and these rose to 40-60 ng/ml between Day -6 and the day of delivery. During the last 8 h of fetal life levels rose rapidly and at birth averaged 168.8 +/- 35.4 ng/ml. Maternal concentrations rose slightly during the last 3 days before delivery but increased significantly during delivery itself. Considerable variation in both the time at which the rise in fetal corticosteroids occurred and the magnitude of the rise was seen both within and between litters. Chromatographic separation indicated that the rise in fetal corticosteroids was associated with increasing cortisol concentrations rather than corticosterone. The data suggest that, while mean fetal corticosteroid concentrations increase in late pregnancy, the role of adrenal maturation of individual fetuses in the initiation of the parturition process in the pig needs further investigation. PMID- 6652177 TI - Effects of active immunization against estradiol-17 beta on luteinizing hormone and testosterone in male rats. AB - The role of endogenous estradiol-17 beta (E2) in regulating luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone secretion was investigated in adult male rats actively immunized against the E2-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate. The antigen was injected intradermally 4 times at 2-week intervals and additional boosters were continued once a month. A pooled antiserum from immunized animals cross-reacted 8% to estrone, 1% to testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and less than 1% to estradiol-17 alpha, estriol, dehydroepiandrosterone, corticosterone, cortisol, progesterone and 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone when compared with E2 (100%). Serum E2 in immunized rats was not adsorbed with dextran-coated charcoal, indicating that most of the serum E2 was bound to the antibody. In serum of immunized rats, LH and testosterone concentrations were significantly higher than those in intact rats. The metabolic clearance rate of testosterone was not changed, but the production rate of testosterone was significantly increased by the immunization. By the implantation of a micropellet of E2 in one testis, testosterone concentrations in the testicular vein blood from either the implanted or intact side were significantly decreased in intact rats, but not in immunized rats. In both groups, there were no significant differences between the testosterone concentration in testicular vein blood in the implanted and intact sides. It is concluded that circulating E2 physiologically participates in maintaining LH-testosterone homeostasis by inhibiting LH secretion in adult male rats. PMID- 6652178 TI - Relationships among testicular size, daily production and output of spermatozoa, and extragonadal spermatozoal reserves of the dog. AB - Two experiments established the relationships among total scrotal width (TSW), daily spermatozoal production (DSP), daily spermatozoal output (DSO) and extragonadal spermatozoal reserves (EGR) of dogs ejaculated daily. In Experiment 1, 11 dogs (14 to 36 kg) were ejaculated daily for two 10-day periods and in Experiment 2, seven dogs (15 to 47 kg) were ejaculated daily for two 20-day periods. Approximately six daily ejaculations were required for stabilizing DSO. After the second period of daily ejaculations, dogs were castrated or killed and the testes were weighed and DSP and EGR were determined. In Experiments 1 and 2, DSP averaged 11.7 +/- 0.5 and 16.7 +/- 1.4 X 10(6) per gram of testicular parenchyma, respectively, or 369 and 594 X 10(6) per dog. DSP per gram of testicular parenchyma was not significantly correlated with parenchymal weight for the same testis in either experiment (r = 0.04 and 0.26). Mean (+/- SEM) EGR of dogs in Experiment 1 were 4024 +/- 368 X 10(6) and 4791 +/- 767 X 10(6) in Experiment 2. Approximately 63% of the EGR were contained in the caput and corpus epididymidis, 36% in the cauda epididymidis and 1% in the ductus deferens. DSO averaged 79 and 82% of DSP for the 2 groups of dogs. Based on combined data for all 18 dogs, TSW was correlated with testicular weight (r = 0.95; P less than 0.01), DSP (r = 0.82; P less than 0.01) and DSO (r = 0.75; P less than 0.01). Thus, measurement of TSW is a useful predictor of a dog's ability to produce and ejaculate spermatozoa. PMID- 6652179 TI - Corpora lutea of pregnancy and elevated serum progesterone during pregnancy and postpartum anestrus in woodchucks (Marmota monax). AB - Serum samples (n = 62) were collected from wild-caught woodchucks (n = 45) that were nonpregnant (n = 3), pregnant (n = 25) or postpartum (n = 34) when bled at the time of capture and/or necropsy, or following maintenance and observation for variable periods of time. Progesterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay and related to the actual or estimated time from parturition which occurs at 31 days postcoitum in this species. Mean serum progesterone levels during the initial, middle and last third of pregnancy were 6.5 +/- 1.7, 22.5 +/- 3.7 and 16.8 +/- 3.2 ng/ml, respectively. Postpartum progesterone levels were elevated above basal values (less than or equal to 0.3 ng/ml) in both lactating and nonlactating animals for 2-3 months postpartum and were not consistently basal until more than 90 days postpartum. Mean progesterone levels at less than 30, 30-60, 61-90, and greater than 90 days postpartum were 25.1 +/- 6.2, 60.6 +/- 18.5, 22.8 +/- 8.7 and 0.4 +/- 0.2 ng/ml, respectively, and those at 30-60 days postpartum were greater than those at midpregnancy (P less than 0.05). Mean corpus luteum diameters were also greater (P less than 0.05) postpartum (2.9 +/- 0.3 mm) than during pregnancy (1.5 +/- 0.3 mm). The correlation between placental scars and ipsilateral corpora lutea indicated that the corpora lutea observed postpartum were the corpora lutea of the recent pregnancy. The termination of each uterine horn in a separate external cervical os precluded the occurrence of transcornual migration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652181 TI - Estradiol-17 beta reduces number of ovulations in adult rats: direct action on the ovary? AB - The specific role of estrogen and other steroids in folliculogenesis is unclear since both inhibitory and stimulatory effects have been described. We reported that atresia of the preovulatory follicle was induced when estradiol-17 beta (E2) or progesterone was administered peripherally in rhesus monkeys, presumably due to a direct effect at the ovarian level. The present study was designed to determine if a similar direct action of E2 and other steroids occurs in rats. Minicapsules of Silastic containing E2, progesterone or dihydrotestosterone in amounts of 12.5% to 100% mixed with cholesterol, were placed unilaterally under the ovarian bursa on the morning of metestrus in rats having 4-day cycles. At autopsy on the morning of estrus, the number of oocytes ovulated from treated and untreated contralateral ovaries was determined. Ovaries treated with E2 averaged 3.1 +/- 0.4 oocytes while untreated ovaries in the same animals averaged 6.4 +/- 0.4 oocytes (P less than 0.001 by paired t test, n = 20). Results were similar for all amounts of E2 used and serum levels of E2 were not elevated at autopsy by this local treatment. Cholesterol alone did not alter the number of oocytes. Results of similar experiments with progesterone and dihydrotesterone were less conclusive than for E2. In additional trials, ovaries were treated with E2 as above, and preovulatory follicles were explanted on the morning of proestrus to determine their steroidogenic capability in vitro. Follicles from treated ovaries released somewhat less E2 and progesterone into luteinizing hormone (LH)-free medium than follicles from untreated ovaries, but not when LH was added to the medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652180 TI - An endogenous ovarian growth factor which stimulates BALB/3T3 and granulosa cell proliferation. AB - Extracts of whole porcine ovary stimulate BALB/3T3 [3H] DNA synthesis in BALB/3T3 cells. Biochemical characterization indicates the growth factor is associated with a soluble cationic protein that is labile to heat, stable to dithiothreitol treatment and elutes from Sephadex G-100 between chymotrypsin (25,000 Mr) and cytochrome C (12,700 Mr). Extracts of thecal tissue have growth-promoting activity in both granulosa and 3T3 cells. Conditioned medium from thecal but not granulosa cell cultures stimulates [3H] DNA synthesis in quiescent 3T3 and granulosa cells. The results indicate the presence of an endogenous protein ovarian growth factor found in the theca that stimulates granulosa cell proliferation in vitro. PMID- 6652182 TI - Progesterone production by hamster granulosa and luteal cells during short-term incubation. Effects of lipoproteins, compactin and 25-hydroxycholesterol. AB - Granulosa and luteal cells from immature, hormone-primed hamsters increased progesterone production in response to luteinizing hormone (LH) in a dose dependent manner. Both cell types responded to 8-bromoadenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) with increased progesterone production. Lipoproteins (hamster or human) did not enhance progesterone production by either cell type in the presence of LH during short-term incubation; human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) inhibited progestin production. Compactin, an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, had no significant effect on progesterone production by either cell type. Granulosa and luteal cells increased progesterone production in response to 25-OH-cholesterol. The response to 25-OH-cholesterol was more rapid than that to LH. Increased progestin levels were apparent within 15 min of incubation whereas a response to LH was not seen until 30 min. LH in combination with 25-OH cholesterol did not increase progesterone production above that seen with either agent alone. Cycloheximide blocked LH-stimulated steroidogenesis but not 25-OH cholesterol-stimulated progestin production in both cell types. We conclude that 1) hamster granulosa and luteal cells rely upon endogenous, preformed cholesterol for the acute steroidogenic response to LH and 2) LH-stimulated steroidogenesis, but not 25-OH-cholesterol-stimulated steroidogenesis, is a cycloheximide sensitive process which presumably involves an increase in the access of cellular cholesterol to the side-chain cleavage system. PMID- 6652183 TI - Are regular activity episodes of the genital tract controlled by pulsatile releases of oxytocin? AB - The possible control by endogenous oxytocin of the regular activity episodes which occur in the ovine genital tract was assessed in 3 cyclic ewes chronically fitted with intraparietal electrodes. Despite the existence of a pulsatile release of the hormone into plasma, no significant relationships were noticed between the motility events of genital tract and plasma concentrations of oxytocin. PMID- 6652184 TI - Motility of the spermatozoa of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, in solutions of various salinities as studied by quasi-elastic light scattering. AB - Quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) was used to study the motile properties of rainbow trout spermatozoa. It was possible to make motility evaluations at 10-sec intervals and to use the time course of these evaluations to study the effect of various concentrations of NaCl on motility. Concentrations of approximately 5% by weight were found to best prolong active swimming. Also, it was found that the motility of undiluted samples could be initiated after storage at 4 degrees C for at least 24 h. PMID- 6652185 TI - Changes in Leydig cell function during sexual maturation in the mouse. AB - Changes in androgen production by isolated Leydig cells were evaluated from 20 through 60 days of age in the mouse. Leydig cells were obtained by mechanical dissociation of testes, purified by centrifugation in metrizamide gradients, and incubated with increasing concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Testosterone and 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol (androstanediol) were measured by radioimmunoassay in samples of cells plus medium. Sensitivity of mouse Leydig cells, evaluated as the concentration of hCG that elicited half maximum androgen responses, was essentially the same at all ages. Maximum testosterone production increased by about 20-fold from 20 to 45 days of age but was no greater at 60 days than at 45 days. Maximum androstanediol production increased by about 3- to 4-fold from 20 to 25 days and declined after 30 days of age. Androstanediol predominated over testosterone by about 2-fold at 20 days; this relationship was reversed by 30 days, and at later ages testosterone greatly predominated over androstanediol (by at least 4- and 6-fold at 45 and 60 days of age, respectively). Maximum total androgen production, estimated from the sum of the values for testosterone and androstanediol, increased by about 7-fold from 20 to 30 days of age and remained essentially constant thereafter. These results are compared with those from previous studies of the rat. PMID- 6652186 TI - Prostaglandin accumulation by isolated uterine endometrical epithelial cells from six-day pregnant rabbits. AB - Endometrial epithelial cell plaques were enzymatically isolated from rabbit uteri 6 days after artificial insemination. These cells were judged viable by exclusion of [3H]mannitol, trypan blue and [57Co]EDTA, and contained receptors for the ligand, [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). The cell plaques were evaluated for their ability to accumulate prostaglandins (PGs) as a function of PG concentration and type (E2, F2 alpha), temperature, pH, incubation time and cell protein. The PG accumulation was unsaturable, thereby suggesting that the cells, as isolated, and under the conditions of these experiments, do not have identifiable PG receptors or detectable facilitated transport mechanisms. Cells preloaded with PG rapidly released PG after dilution into buffer containing either no or 50 microM unlabeled PG. We suggest that PGs can be accumulated, by endometrial epithelial cells, in the nonionized (nonelectrolyte) form which dissolves (partitions) into the lipid bilayer; the amount of PG accumulated could reflect environmental concentration (levels in the uterine secretions). PMID- 6652187 TI - Synergy of abdominal pressure and androgens in testicular descent. AB - The potential synergistic activity between intra-abdominal pressure and androgens in facilitating testicular descent was investigated in the rat. In the rat, the testis normally descends on or about the 21st day of age. If one testis is excised at 14 days of age and replaced by a silicone prosthesis, the silicone prosthesis will descend into the scrotum in approximately 11/20 (55%) of the animals by 28 days of age. If both testes are excised at 14 days of age and a solitary silicone prosthesis is then placed into the abdominal cavity, the prosthesis will descend into the scrotum in approximately 4/18 (22%) of the animals. However, if both testes are excised at 14 days of age and a silicone prosthesis is placed into the abdominal cavity but the animals are treated daily from Day 14 to Day 27 of age with 2 mg of dihydrotestosterone, the prosthesis will at 28 days of age descend into the scrotum in 10/16 (63%) of the animals treated. These data suggest that: 1) androgens do not appear to be solely responsible for testicular descent in the rat; 2) another mechanism such as intra abdominal pressure may be operative in facilitating testicular descent in this animal species; and 3) there may be some synergism between androgens and intra abdominal pressure in promoting testicular descent. PMID- 6652188 TI - Rat sperm are mechanically immobilized in the caudal epididymis by "immobilin," a high molecular weight glycoprotein. AB - In many mammals, sperm are immotile while stored in the caudal epididymis and do not become motile until ejaculation. We report here our investigation of the mechanism that initiates motility in mature rat epididymal sperm. We found that an external "activator" is not required to initiate rat sperm motility since immotile sperm started to swim immediately when exposed to solutions that contributed only osmotic support. Instead, we found that epididymal rat sperm are kept fully immobilized by a high molecular weight glycoprotein, "immobilin," that we have isolated from rat cauda epididymal (CE) fluid. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that immobilin inhibits sperm motility mechanically simply by creating a highly viscoelastic environment: 1) rat CE fluid inhibited the motility of such disparate cells as rat sperm, E. coli. and rabbit sperm (which are fully motile in rabbit CE fluid), 2) the degree to which a variety of enzymatic treatments or slight dilution of the CE fluid initiated sperm motility depended only on the degree to which the treatment reduced the viscoelastic drag of the fluid, and 3) centrifugation of CE fluid simultaneously copurified the component of the fluid that immobilizes the sperm, the component that renders the fluid viscoelastic, and the glycoprotein immobilin. PMID- 6652189 TI - Movement characteristics and acrosomal status of rabbit spermatozoa recovered at the site and time of fertilization. AB - Rabbit spermatozoa were recovered from the oviductal ampullae 11 h postcoitus by an oil microflush technique. Their movement was evaluated in the ampullar fluid, or in ampullar fluid diluted with in vitro fertilization medium, in slide preparations which were approximately 25 micron or 100 micron deep. The movement of these sperm was compared with the movement of ejaculated sperm in diluted semen. Movement parameters measured from videotapes recorded by a high-speed camera were coded according to treatment and entered into a microcomputer for statistical analysis. A total of 157 spermatozoa were recovered from the oviducts of 16 does: 152 were motile and 126 were free-swimming. Nearly all of the free swimming sperm swam in trajectories whose average paths were circular. The flagellar beat pattern of the circular swimmers was asymmetric and nearly planar, and the sperm did not roll. Spermatozoa observed in 25-micron slide preparations produced smaller flagellar bends than sperm swimming in 100-micron preparations and tended to swim in larger circles which were oriented in the plane of the slide. Spermatozoa observed within the cumulus matrix moved in a slow, erratic, sinuous manner, but resumed rapid circling upon leaving the matrix. It was concluded that the ampullar sperm were hyperactivated, retaining this physiological condition as they entered the cumulus. The movement qualitatively resembled that of hyperactivated guinea pig and hamster spermatozoa because these species effectively swim in circles. In contrast, 80% of the ejaculated spermatozoa swam in linear trajectories, resulting from relatively symmetrical, flagellar beat patterns. The percentage of rolling spermatozoa and the rolling frequencies were less in the 25-micron than the 100-micron slide preparations. Thus, the movement parameters of both ampullar and ejaculated spermatozoa were affected by the geometry of their observation chambers. This influence should be taken into account when observing sperm motility in vitro. It could also be important in vivo, where changes in sperm movement in response to epithelial surfaces might provide an advantage for reaching the cumulus mass. Ninety-eight percent of the motile ampullar sperm were observed to have acrosomes, including all spermatozoa found within the cumulus matrix. PMID- 6652190 TI - Morphology of the oviducts and endometria of cynomolgus macaques during the menstrual cycle. AB - We sampled the reproductive tracts of 27 cynomolgus macaques during the menstrual cycle and correlated the cytologic changes in the oviductal epithelium with changes in the serum levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) and with the histology of the ovaries and the endometria. We identified an orderly sequence of changes in the oviductal epithelium from the early follicular to the late luteal phase, and we classified this sequence into eight stages, named as follows: preciliogenic, ciliogenic, ciliogenic-ciliated, ciliated-ciliogenic, ciliated secretory, early regression, late regression and full regression. The preciliogenic and ciliogenic phases were coincident with menses and the early follicular phase. The ciliogenic-ciliated, ciliated-ciliogenic and ciliated secretory phases during which the oviductal epithelium became progressively more differentiated were coincident, respectively, with the midfollicular, late follicular and periovulatory phases of the cycle. The early, late and full regression stages during which the epithelium became progressively more atrophied, deciliated and nonsecretory were coincident, respectively, with the early, mid and late luteal phases of the cycle. The cyclic changes in the endometrium of cynomolgus macaques were similar to those reported for the rhesus macaque. PMID- 6652191 TI - Estrogen receptor levels in the oviducts and endometria of cynomolgus macaques during the menstrual cycle. AB - We sampled oviducts and endometria of 27 cynomolgus macaques during the menstrual cycle and measured the concentration of nuclear and cytoplasmic estrogen receptors in these tissues by exchange assay. We assessed the stage of the cycle by correlating serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P), as measured by radioimmunoassay, with the morphological condition of the ovaries, oviducts and endometrium of each animal. We have previously identified a series of oviductal stages that reflected the orderly sequence of cytological changes in the oviduct during the cycle, and we normalized receptor measurements to these stages. The amounts of nuclear and cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in both the oviduct and the endometrium were approximately twofold greater in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase. In the follicular phase, elevated receptor levels were associated with oviductal proliferation and differentiation, as well as with endometrial proliferation. During the luteal phase, lowered levels were correlated with atrophy and dedifferentiation in the oviduct, but with hypertrophy and progestational development in the endometrium. When the luteal phase of one cycle ends and the follicular phase of the next begins, it is a decline in serum P, not a rise in serum E2, that precedes the elevation in estrogen receptor level and the onset of proliferation in the oviduct and endometrium. Proliferation of the reproductive tract and elevations in nuclear estrogen receptor levels during the early follicular phase can therefore be viewed as consequences of the release of the system from antagonism by P. PMID- 6652192 TI - [The capillary tube plasma viscosimeter. A new apparatus for measuring plasma viscosity]. PMID- 6652193 TI - [Mathematical model of particle paths in a segment of the femoral artery]. PMID- 6652194 TI - [The importance of sonography in the examination of the infant hip]. PMID- 6652195 TI - [An electromagnetic procedure for simultaneous recording of movements within range of the lips, lower jaw and tongue]. PMID- 6652196 TI - Variance-component estimation from human sibship data. AB - The large-sample relative efficiencies of the analysis-of-variance (ANOVA) estimators of variance components and the intraclass correlation coefficient rho are investigated for the unbalanced single classification in the context of family studies. The efficiency of an analysis based on the method of unweighted group means is also investigated. From a Monte Carlo study which generates the group sizes from typical family-size distributions it is found that the relative efficiency of the ANOVA estimators of the between-group variance component exceeds 95% for values of .2 less than or equal to rho less than or equal to .4, but can fall below 60% for values of rho that are very close to zero. For the estimation of the between-group variance component the method of unweighted means tends to be preferable to the ANOVA method only if rho greater than .5. PMID- 6652197 TI - Sex-linked and maternal effects in the Eberhart-Gardner general genetics model. AB - To deal with differences between reciprocal crosses found in many animal breeding experiments, an extension of the general model for genetic effects, given by Eberhart and Gardner (1966, Biometrics 22, 864-881), is presented. In this extension, reciprocal differences between crosses are defined in terms of several maternal and sex-linked parameters, the latter being expressed as functions of gene values and their frequencies. Models are given for several kinds of crosses. Experimental setups or designs of increasing complexity are presented for the estimation of some of the parameters in the models, particularly the sex-linked and maternal ones, as well as the interpopulation heterotic additive-by-additive epistasis. For prediction purposes, different analyses are suggested for the model with highly correlated variables. If the genetic architecture of a trait in different populations is to be compared, the analysis of variance will provide enough degrees of freedom to allow the investigation of the importance of each kind of genetic effect. An example which uses all possible two-way crosses and a partial set of three-way crosses applied to two quantitative traits in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is included merely as a guide for computations. Population means given by Eberhart and Gardner are extended to incorporate the inbreeding coefficient. PMID- 6652199 TI - Parameter estimation for nonlinear models with emphasis on compartmental models. AB - Techniques are described for the estimation of parameters in nonlinear models. When implemented in computer programs, these techniques will reduce programming effort, facilitate inference about implicit functions of parameters, and allow a more general variance-covariance structure. The techniques seem particularly useful for the analysis of data from stochastic compartmental models. They are illustrated by an example. PMID- 6652198 TI - Experimental design for estimating integrals by numerical quadrature, with applications to pharmacokinetic studies. AB - Many experimental situations, including bioavailability studies, require the estimation of integrals by numerical quadrature applied to dependent variable observations with measurement error. A strategy is described for selecting values for the independent variable (e.g. time). The strategy minimizes the expectation of the square of the difference between the exact integral and the quadrature approximation. This approach was applied to simulated pharmacokinetic problems, including the estimation of bioavailability. Results indicate that the procedure is potentially useful in reducing the variance of resulting estimates and that it appears to be robust with respect to prior assumptions about model parameter values. PMID- 6652200 TI - Correcting for the effect of misclassification bias in a case-control study using data from two different questionnaires. AB - In an epidemiological study of risk factors in breast cancer, data are available on confirmed cases from a diagnostic clinic and on controls from a screening clinic that sampled the general population. Relative risk estimation is complicated by differences in the interviewing environment and in the wording and order of questions. This paper describes a statistical method based on likelihood theory, which makes use of data on women who have attended both clinics, and thence estimates clinic biases for each risk factor and produces revised conservative confidence intervals for relative risk. PMID- 6652201 TI - The analysis of rates using Poisson regression models. AB - Models are considered in which the underlying rate at which events occur can be represented by a regression function that describes the relation between the predictor variables and the unknown parameters. Estimates of the parameters can be obtained by means of iteratively reweighted least squares (IRLS). When the events of interest follow the Poisson distribution, the IRLS algorithm is equivalent to using the method of scoring to obtain maximum likelihood (ML) estimates. The general Poisson regression models include log-linear, quasilinear and intrinsically nonlinear models. The approach considered enables one to concentrate on describing the relation between the dependent variable and the predictor variables through the regression model. Standard statistical packages that support IRLS can then be used to obtain ML estimates, their asymptotic covariance matrix, and diagnostic measures that can be used to aid the analyst in detecting outlying responses and extreme points in the model space. Applications of these methods to epidemiologic follow-up studies with the data organized into a life-table type of format are discussed. The method is illustrated by using a nonlinear model, derived from the multistage theory of carcinogenesis, to analyze lung cancer death rates among British physicians who were regular cigarette smokers. PMID- 6652202 TI - A comparison of two methods of discriminant analysis applied to binary data. AB - The results of applying classical linear discriminant analysis and kernel discriminant analysis to several real sets of multivariate binary data are presented. Classical discriminant analysis is intrinsically parametric and is usually presented as being well-suited to continuous variables; it is also well known to be optimal when the (two) classes have normal distributions with identical covariance matrices. The kernel method, on the other hand, is nonparametric and, in the form used here, is ideally suited to binary data. The apparent error rates of the kernel method are found to be consistently less than those of the classical method. However, when the true error rates are estimated either by applying the classifiers to independent test sets, or by the leaving one-out method from the design sets, no significant difference is discernible between the two types of classifier. PMID- 6652203 TI - Early stopping for sequential restricted tests of binomial distributions. AB - In applications of restricted sequential procedures, the accumulating data can provide a strong indication that rejection of the null hypothesis is very unlikely if sampling is continued; however, trial termination with acceptance of the null hypothesis can require a large number of additional observations. Modifications of restricted sequential plans, based on the conditional probability of an inference contrary to that suggested by the data, are presented for trials with binary responses. The derived tests provide the potential for early stopping with acceptance of the null hypothesis and reduction of the expected stopping times. Properties of the stopping-time distributions are obtained exactly by considering the absorption probabilities of a binomial random walk on the lattice determined by the restricted sequential design. Relative efficiencies of the derived tests to the corresponding sequential probability ratio tests are presented, along with an example based on data from a clinical trial. PMID- 6652204 TI - The relative efficiency of Zelen's prerandomization design for clinical trials. AB - The prerandomization design due to Zelen (1979, New England Journal of Medicine 300, 1242-1245), for comparing an experimental treatment with a standard, is studied and compared with the traditional randomization scheme. Two models for estimating the treatment effect are considered: one applies when the response variables are continuous and normal, and the other when they are binary. Relative efficiencies are computed and lower bounds, expressed in terms of the probabilities of consent under the two schemes, are given. PMID- 6652205 TI - Rank analysis of covariance with right-censored data. AB - A modification of the rank analysis of covariance, suitable for randomly right censored dependent variate observations, is proposed and studied. The test suggested is based on an appropriate permutation distribution of the rank scores, and for large samples may be conducted by using the chi square distribution. The principal assumptions are that both censoring and covariate distributions do not depend on the treatment group. PMID- 6652207 TI - Inferences concerning a common intraclass correlation coefficient. AB - The maximum likelihood estimator, rhoM, of a common intraclass correlation, rho, is derived in two independent samples drawn from multivariate normal populations. A likelihood ratio statistic for testing the assumption of a common rho is also derived and examples are given. Comparisons are made with a procedure based on Fisher's transformation. PMID- 6652206 TI - Confidence regions for constrained optima in response-surface experiments. AB - The precision of the estimated optimum from a response-surface experiment is often indicated via a confidence region about the optimum. Sometimes, because of associated secondary responses, unconstrained optima produce unrealistic operating conditions, even when the true response surface is known. We consider confidence intervals for constrained optima for which the constraint function is known or separately estimated. An example from a cancer combination chemotherapy experiment illustrates the construction of such a region. PMID- 6652208 TI - The relation between score tests and approximate UMPU tests in exponential models common in biometry. PMID- 6652209 TI - The appropriateness of analysis of variance and multiple-comparison procedures. PMID- 6652210 TI - Kinetic model for the interaction of myosin subfragment 1 with regulated actin. AB - A one-dimensional kinetic Ising model is developed to describe the binding of myosin subfragment 1 (SF-1) to regulated actin. The model allows for cooperative interactions between individual actin sites with bound SF-1 ligands rather than assuming that groups of actin monomer sites change their state in a cooperative fashion. With the triplet closure approximation, the model yields a set of 16 independent differential (master) equations which may be solved numerically to yield the extent of binding as a function of time. The predictions of the model are compared with experiments on the transient binding of SF-1 to regulated actin in the presence of Ca2+ and in the absence of Ca2+ with varying amounts of SF-1 prebound to the actin filament and on the equilibrium binding of SF-1 X ADP to regulated actin in the absence of Ca2+. In all cases, the calculations fit the data to within the experimental errors. In the case of SF-1 X ADP, the results suggest that a repulsive interaction exists between adjacently bound SF-1 at the ends of two neighboring seven-site actin units. PMID- 6652211 TI - Nonequilibrium thermodynamic model of the rat proximal tubule epithelium. AB - The rat proximal tubule epithelium is represented as well-stirred, compliant cellular and paracellular compartments bounded by mucosal and serosal bathing solutions. With a uniform pCO2 throughout the epithelium, the model variables include the concentrations of Na, K, Cl, HCO3, H2PO4, HPO4, and H, as well as hydrostatic pressure and electrical potential. Except for a metabolically driven Na-K exchanger at the basolateral cell membrane, all membrane transport within the epithelium is passive and is represented by the linear equations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In particular, this includes the cotransport of Na Cl and Na-H2PO4 and countertransport of Na-H at the apical cell membrane. Experimental constraints on the choice of ionic conductivities are satisfied by allowing K-Cl cotransport at the basolateral membrane. The model equations include those for mass balance of the nonreacting species, as well as chemical equilibrium for the acidification reactions. Time-dependent terms are retained to permit the study of transient phenomena. In the steady state the energy dissipation is computed and verified equal to the sum of input from the Na-K exchanger plus the Gibbs free energy of mass addition to the system. The parameter dependence of coupled water transport is studied and shown to be consistent with the predictions of previous analytical models of the lateral intercellular space. Water transport in the presence of an end-proximal (HCO3 depleted) luminal solution is investigated. Here the lower permeability and higher reflection coefficient of HCO3 enhance net sodium and water transport. Due to enhanced flux across the tight junction, this process may permit proximal tubule Na transport to proceed with diminished energy dissipation. PMID- 6652212 TI - Influence of cholesterol content on red cell membrane viscoelasticity and fluidity. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to correlate the viscoelastic properties and lipid fluidity of the red blood cell membrane to its lipid composition. The viscoelastic properties of human red cells that had been enriched or depleted in cholesterol were determined by the micropipette technique. The lipid fluidity of the outer and inner leaflets of the erythrocyte membrane was concurrently assessed by steady state fluorescence depolarization. The elastic modulus and the viscosity moduli of the erythrocyte membrane showed no significant differences between the cholesterol-modified and the control cells. Cholesterol enrichment decreased the lipid fluidity of the outer membrane leaflet alone, and cholesterol depletion increased the fluidity mainly of the inner leaflet. PMID- 6652213 TI - Theory of attachment in Giardia. AB - Using a low Reynold's number hydrodynamic model, the adhesive force in Giardia is calculated. It is shown that this force is larger than typical forces that would tend to detach the organism. PMID- 6652214 TI - Laser photolysis study of conformational change rates for hemoglobin in viscous solutions. AB - Rates for the R leads to T conformational change of deoxyhemoglobin formed by laser photolysis of carboxyhemoglobin were determined from CO rebinding observed in three solution systems with viscosities between 1 and 6 cP. Experiments were carried out at 20 degrees C and pH 8.3 in solutions consisting of borate buffer containing various amounts of sucrose, glycerol, or ethylene glycol. As in the case of earlier experiments in borate buffer (Sawicki and Gibson, 1976, J. Biol. Chem., 251:1533-1542), a simple two-state allosteric model which takes into account tetramer-dimer dissociation was found to give a good description of all experimental results. Using measured values for the R- and T-state CO-binding rate constants and the tetramer-dimer dissociation constant, values for the conformational change rate were determined by fitting this model to the experimental data. These rates were compared with Gavish's transient strain model (Gavish, 1978, Biophys. Struct. Mech., 4:37-52), which predicts an inverse dependence of conformational change rate on viscosity. Although fair agreement is found for hemoglobin in sucrose/borate solutions, in glycerol/borate and ethylene glycol/borate solutions, conformational change rate falls off much more rapidly with increasing viscosity than predicted by the model. PMID- 6652215 TI - Photoacoustic spectroscopy of bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. AB - Photoacoustic spectroscopy was applied to study the energetics and the kinetics of the slow intermediates of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. An analysis of the modulation frequency dependence of the photoacoustic signal allowed us to estimate the enthalpy changes and the kinetic parameters associated with those intermediates. The effects of pH, salt concentration, and protein aggregation were studied. Three photoacoustic transitions were found. The two low frequency transitions were attributed to O660 and M412, respectively. The third transition was interpreted as resulting from a protein conformational change undetected spectrophotometrically. The frequency spectra were simulated between 5 and 180 Hz at pH's 5.1, 7.0, and 8.9 assuming a branching in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle at the M412 level. The enthalpy changes associated with M412 and O660 were computed and compared with the experimental values. PMID- 6652216 TI - Effects of pressure and temperature on the M412 intermediate of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. Implications for the phase transition of the purple membrane. AB - The effects of pressure and temperature on the decay kinetics of the M412 (M) intermediate in the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin were studied to provide information about the phase transitions of the purple membrane lipids. The activation volume (delta V++) for the decay of M is expected to be different below and above a phase transition. However, no abrupt change in delta V++ was found from 3.5 degrees to 60 degrees C. But a sharp break was observed in a plot of the logarithm of the rate of M decay vs. pressure. Extrapolation of this break point to standard atmospheric pressure gives a temperature of -42 degrees C, which probably corresponds to the phase transition of the purple membrane lipids. This conclusion is supported by studies of the effect of pressure on the M kinetics of bacteriorhodopsin incorporated into dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, whose phase transition has previously been characterized. PMID- 6652217 TI - Reexamination of the double sucrose gap technique for the study of lobster giant axons. Theory and experiments. AB - The double sucrose gap technique for the study of lobster giant axons has been reexamined. The leakage behavior of the system cannot be successfully modeled by conventional sucrose gap theory, but is accounted for by the McGuigan-Tsien model that takes into account the cable properties of membrane under sucrose. The facts of high-leakage conductance and the ability to maintain large resting potentials in the face of low sucrose gap resistance lead to a hypothesis that membrane resistance under sucrose is very low because of a large negative surface potential. Computer simulations of the leakage behavior of the conventional gap model and the McGuigan-Tsien model were compared with experimental measurements on lobster axons using normal sucrose or sucrose doped with Na+, Ca2+ or La3+ ions. As the concentration of doping ion increased, the leakage rose, but the species of doping ion had more influence on leakage than gap resistance. At equal gap resistance, leakage decreased with an increase in valence of the doping species. Leakage was even lower in La-doped sucrose at 20 M omega gap resistance than in normal sucrose at 200 M omega gap resistance. Resting potentials decreased with decreasing gap resistance and increasing valence of the doping species. Resting potential behavior was successfully simulated with a hybrid model consisting of a point node flanked by infinite cables and a shunt between ground and the voltage-measuring pool. The data support the hypothesis that the membrane resistance under sucrose is low and that it can be raised by doping the sucrose with multivalent cations, with La3+ being particularly effective. Both the leak conductance and resting potential are influenced more by membrane under sucrose than membrane in the node. The experiments also demonstrate that doping with La3+ vastly improves the stability and longevity properties of the lobster axon preparation. PMID- 6652219 TI - Length dependence of rate constants for end-to-end association and dissociation of equilibrium linear aggregates. AB - A semi-quantitative analysis is given of the length dependence of the rate constant for association (annealing) of two long linear aggregates in solution. The equilibrium constant for this process, or its inverse (fragmentation or dissociation), is relatively easy to formulate from appropriate partition functions. From these two ingredients, the length dependence of the rate constant for spontaneous fragmentation can be deduced. Numerical examples are included. PMID- 6652218 TI - High intracellular pH reversibly prevents gating-charge immobilization in squid axons. AB - Squid giant axons were used to study the reversible effects of high intracellular pH (pHi) on gating currents. Under depolarization, when Na channels are activated, internal solutions buffered at high pHi (10.2) affect considerably the time course of gating charge associated with channel closing, QOFF, with almost no alteration of QON records. In particular, at pHi 10.2 the charge corresponding to the fast phase of IgOFF, measured after long depolarizing pulses (7.7 ms), was consistently larger than that recorded at physiological pHi (7.2). This suggests that high pH prevents immobilization of gating charges induced by Na inactivation. In this respect, the present data agree reasonably well with previous observations, which show that pHi greater than 7.2 reversibly removes the fast Na inactivation with little effects on activation kinetics (Carbone, E., P. L. Testa, and E. Wanke, 1981, Biophys. J., 35:393-413; Brodwick, M.S., and D. C. Eaton, 1978, Science [Wash. DC], 200:1494-1496). Unexpectedly, high pH increases the amount of charge associated with the slow phase of IgOFF. In our opinion, this might be the result of either an increment of the net charge produced by the exposure to high pHi or that gating charges that return to the closed state might experience a larger fraction of the potential drop across the membrane (Neumcke, B., W. Schwarz, and R. Stampfli, 1980, Biophys. J., 31:325 332). PMID- 6652220 TI - Macromolecularization of a tripeptide analog of the Cu(II) binding site of human serum albumin. I. Synthesis, conformation, and binding properties of a Gly-Gly His derivative of poly(L-lysine). PMID- 6652221 TI - Calculations of the spatial distribution of charge density in the environment of DNA. PMID- 6652222 TI - Orientational interactions in low-concentration DNA solutions. PMID- 6652223 TI - Circular dichroism studies of freeze-drying-induced conformational changes in human hemoglobin. PMID- 6652224 TI - Heat capacity increments: conformational transitions in polypeptides. PMID- 6652225 TI - Conformation of 2-aminofluorene-modified DNA. PMID- 6652227 TI - Geometry and mechanics of DNA superhelicity. PMID- 6652226 TI - Interaction of calcium ions with peptide hormones of the gastrin family. PMID- 6652229 TI - Subnanogram determination of fluphenazine in human plasma by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. AB - A new gas chromatographic mass spectrometric procedure for the quantitation of fluphenazine in plasma is described. The method relies on the selected ion monitoring of fluphenazine (m/z 406.1563) and perphenazine (m/z 372.1299), the internal standard, after extraction from plasma with 5% isopropanol in n-pentane. Interferences by plasma constituents such as cholesterol are avoided by including an n-hexane wash. This wash step reduced the recovery of fluphenazine and to a greater extent perphenazine, however, it yielded an organic solution relatively free of any peaks with interfering ions. Prior to gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis the silyl derivatives of fluphenazine and perphenazine are prepared using N,O-bis(trimethyl-silyl)acetamide. This procedure allows for the quantitation of as low as 78 pg of fluphenazine per ml of plasma using 2.0 ml plasma aliquots with a coefficient of variation of 4.6%. The high specificity and sensitivity demonstrated by this method allows for the first time the monitoring of plasma concentrations of fluphenazine up to 32 h following a single oral dose of 5 mg of the drug. PMID- 6652228 TI - Effects of liver disease on fecal excretion of methadone and its unconjugated metabolites in maintenance patients. Quantitation by direct probe chemical ionization mass spectrometry. AB - This study was performed to determine the amounts of methadone and unconjugated metabolites excreted in feces of otherwise healthy methadone maintained patients and to determine whether the metabolism and elimination of methadone, as assessed by analysis of feces, is altered in patients with liver disease. The method for analysis of fecal homogenates was modified from the methods previously developed by our laboratories for the quantitative measurements of methadone and its metabolites in urine, using chemical ionization mass spectrometry with direct probe insertion of specimens to improve sensitivity of analysis. Analysis of fecal homogenates from unmedicated volunteer patients showed that interferences at the mass range of interest (m/z 264 to 326) were usually very small, even smaller than those found in analyses of unmedicated urine specimens, and therefore would not introduce significant error into analysis. Nineteen patients stabilized in chronic methadone treatment for over two years were studied, including five otherwise healthy males and 14 patients with chronic liver disease (nine males and five females). Fecal collections were made over 24 h periods. Three consecutive fecal samples were collected over the required number of sequential 24 h intervals. Each of these fecal conditions was analysed separately. Each analysis was made in triplicate, following extraction procedures. The concentrations of methadone and unconjugated metabolites varied due to biological, pharmacological, and analytical factors and ranged from 3.8 ng ml-1 to 42 micrograms ml-1 of fecal homogenate. The relative concentrations of each, in descending order, were pyrrolidine, pyrrolidone (plus hydroxymethadone), methadone, pyrroline, and methadol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652230 TI - Quantitative analysis of albuterol in human plasma by combined gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry. AB - A highly sensitive and specific quantitative assay for the determination of albuterol in human plasma, based on selected ion monitoring gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry, has been developed. The [MH]+ ions from the tri-TMS derivatives of albuterol (m/z 456) and the internal standard (2H3)albuterol (m/z 459), were assayed simultaneously by selected ion monitoring. The lower limit of quantitation is 0.25 ng ml-1 and the average assay precision (CV) for albuterol concentrations ranging from 0.25 ng ml-1 to 25 ng ml-1 is approximately 4%. This method is currently being employed for the routine quantitation of albuterol in plasma following the administration of doses therapeutically effective to man. PMID- 6652231 TI - Systematic analysis of desorption chemical ionization (DCI) mass spectra of nucleic acids--7. AB - The positive ion and negative ion pyrolysis mass spectra of the herring sperm DNA have been studied using desorption chemical ionization. The positive ion desorption chemical ionization spectra have been produced with CH4, i-C4H10, NH3, HCl and Cl2; the negative ones with N2O/CH4, N2O/i-C4H10, Cl2, CCl4, HCl and via electron capture. These spectra have been compared with the electron impact ionization spectra. We have observed an important increase of sensitivity when negative ionization has replaced the positive ionization mode. The series of diagnostic ions resulting from direct chemical ionization belong to the family of base + reagent ion X [BH + X] and base + X - HX ion [B]. Their abundance has increased considerably compared to the electron impact spectra. The application of these new diagnostic ions in nucleic acid studies is interesting especially for the much higher abundance of the usually weak dG fragment ion obtained in the negative ionization mode. The dG-base segment of the DNA is the most nucleophilic centre of the whole nucleic acid and is implicated in numerous important biochemical reactions involving, for example, proteins. PMID- 6652233 TI - Primary immunodeficiency diseases. International workshop September 12-15, 1982, Orcas Island, Washington, U.S.A. PMID- 6652234 TI - Dipyridamole and intravenous deoxycytidine therapy in a patient with adenosine deaminase deficiency. PMID- 6652232 TI - Hypothesis: control of hepatic utilization of alanine by membrane transport or by cellular metabolism? Review. AB - The rate of alanine transport into the liver limits its utilization even under the high alanine load resulting from a 90% casein diet, given that the rat has been adapted to that diet. A coordinated acceleration of alanine catabolism allows transport to remain rate-limiting, which in turn allows the adaptive regulation of transport to remain effective at high alanine loads. Accelerated degradation of alanine may change the hepatic amino acid content in a way that derepresses the activity of the alanine carrier system(s). PMID- 6652236 TI - A national registry for primary immunodeficiency syndromes in Italy: a report for the period 1972-1982. PMID- 6652235 TI - Prenatal diagnosis for severe combined immunodeficiency. PMID- 6652237 TI - Recurrent infections in children with "selective" IgA deficiency: association with IgG2 and IgG4 deficiency. PMID- 6652238 TI - IgG2 and IgG3 subclass deficiencies in selective IgA deficiency in the United States. PMID- 6652240 TI - Basophil and eosinophil deficiency in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia associated with thymoma. PMID- 6652239 TI - Intramuscular and intravenous administration of immunoglobulin to patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. AB - Hypogammaglobulinemia patients, who seem to be more numerous than previously known, have an unacceptable diagnostic delay of 12 years. They often get insufficient Ig prophylaxis, frequently due to the side effects caused by the im administration. A new Ig preparation for IV use has been utilized, which is much more acceptable to the patients, causing very few side effects. In contrast to im preparations, IV immunoglobulin can be used at high doses, quickly normalizing the patient's serum IgG level, and seems to permit longer intervals between infusions during long-term prophylaxis. PMID- 6652241 TI - Humoral immune deficiency and recurrent otitis media. PMID- 6652242 TI - Immunization reactions and immunodeficiency. PMID- 6652244 TI - [Effects of sodium molybdate on molecular forms of steroid receptors in human breast tumors. The value of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)]. AB - Estrogen, progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors from 124 breast cancer cytosols were studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), in comparison with sephadex chromatography and density gradient ultracentrifugation. Sodium molybdate was used as a receptor-hormone complex stabilizer, and as a tool allowing to study the different molecular forms of the receptors. In the presence of molybdate during the entire saturation process, more receptor sites were detected, without modification of equilibrium reaction kinetics. HPLC receptors analysis was rapid, with an high relative separation efficiency. Multiple molecular forms of steroid receptors were observed: five forms each for progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors, and six forms for estrogen receptors. The presence or absence of one of these forms emphasized the biological variability of the tumors and provides further questions or hormone-dependence. PMID- 6652243 TI - Why still prescribe chloramphenicol in 1983? Comparison of the clinical and biological hematologic effects of chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol. PMID- 6652245 TI - Urinary trypsin inhibitory capacity determination: study in patients with disseminated cancers. AB - We present a method for automated analysis of urinary trypsin inhibitory capacity. The validity of the method has been established. The mean value of urinary antitryptic activity is higher in patients with disseminated cancers (70 IU/1, n = 243) than in healthy donors (14,4 IU/1, n = 117). However, frequency distribution of urinary trypsin inhibitor values shows a great overlap, so that an increased level of urinary trypsin inhibitor cannot be considered as a marker of neoplastic diseases but seems to be a non specific indicator of inflammatory syndromes. PMID- 6652246 TI - [Growth kinetics of paucitransplanted chemically-induced sarcomas]. AB - We describe a paucitransplanted tumor experimental model. This system shows the advantages of autochtonous and multitransplanted tumors. These paucitransplanted tumors show reduced latency times and slow growth kinetics. In order to determine the maximum number of transplantations above which the specific autochtonous tumor characteristics disappear, the variation of growth kinetics parameters related to the number of transplantations was studied. PMID- 6652247 TI - [Probable effect of cerebral irradiation on intellectual efficiency]. AB - Thirty adult patients treated for brain tumors by radiation therapy were tested by the Weschler intelligence scale (WAIS). All patients were in complete clinical and scanographic remission. Intellectual quotient (IQ) and deterioration coefficient were evaluated. This coefficient was determined by separate study of intellectual faculties according to their relationship to external aggressions. During the first six months, IQ and deterioration coefficient are similar to those observed in the normal population. From 7 to 30 months, there is a significant diminution of the intellectual faculties (p = 0,01) noted on the deterioration coefficient but without global IQ alteration. After 30 months appears a decrease in the global IQ, testifying of further alteration of intellectual faculties. Radiation therapy seems to be the predominant factor in the induction of this deterioration and the importance of the irradiation volume appears to be essential. On the other hand, neurosurgery, chemotherapy and emotional status seem to be less important. Intellectual deterioration makes professional reinsertion difficult but not impossible. Further studies are necessary to define what place take other factors like age, vascular status, tumor site, type and number of chemotherapy cycles, acute radiation tolerance, in the induction of this deterioration. PMID- 6652248 TI - [Quality of life during and following radiochemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. Evaluation of 60 patients]. AB - Sixty patients treated for Hodgkin's disease by radio + chemotherapy and remaining in complete remission with a median follow-up of 26 months answered a questionnaire dealing with their quality of life during and after treatment. Their main request was to be better informed about their disease, treatment and its side effects. Therapeutic toxicity is mainly due to chemotherapy and is digestive in nature (nausea and vomiting) symptoms. The majority of patients complained of disturbances in their personal and professional lives. It is concluded that more complete knowledge of all patients' disorders may help doctors to improve treatment planning in order that the patient's quality of life be less disturbed. PMID- 6652249 TI - [Thymic seminoma. Apropos of a case diagnosed in a woman]. AB - Primary thymic seminoma is a rare germ cell neoplasm histologically identical to testicular seminoma. About 100 cases have been reported in the world literature. The most probable pathogenic theory is abnormal migration of germinal cells from the vitelline sac to the embryonic thymus. Management involves surgery and radiotherapy. The extreme radiosensitivity of the tumor is responsible for a 5 years survival rate of 75 per cent. Thymic seminomas are usually found in young men. We report the case of a 49 year female in whom the combination of surgery and radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy provided excellent results. PMID- 6652250 TI - [Nasopharyngeal epitheliomas: experience of the Regional Cancer Control Center in Lille (79 cases 1970-1982)]. AB - From 1970 to 1982, 79 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinomas were treated at the Regional Cancer Center of Lille (France). At the term of the study, it appears that patients of Central Europe origin have a rather high risk of NPC (17% of cases, that ethnic population representing about 8% of all superior aerodigestive tract carcinomas). The classical differences between well and undifferentiated tumors are founded, the first presenting local spread the other general involvement. PMID- 6652251 TI - [Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast tumors: initial evaluation and monitoring]. PMID- 6652252 TI - Rectal cancer: anterior resection with per anal colo-anal anastomosis. The results in 76 patients treated by Sir Alan Parks. AB - Rectal anterior resection with colo-anal anastomosis permits the restoration of intestinal continuity even after complete removal of the rectum. It is a relatively new operation, having been first described in 1972. Consequently a long term follow-up of greater than 5 years is available in a relatively small number of patients. In our series a 3 years survival rate of 70 per cent is available in 37/76 patients. The evidence so far, however, strongly suggests that survival rates are very similar to those reported by others for patients treated either by total rectal excision or by conventional anterior resection. The rate of pelvic recurrences (10%) is again very similar to the overall rate of local recurrence reported from the St. Mark's Hospital. The functional outcome has been excellent or acceptable in all but one of the 70 patients assessed. Thus this is every indication that cancer cure is as likely following this operation as any other for rectal cancer. PMID- 6652253 TI - [Anterior resection for cancer of the middle third of the rectum, though always possible, is it desirable?]. AB - Description with details of an operative procedure for anterior resection (A.R.) of rectal carcinoma, with low colorectal anastomosis using circular stapling device. It is quite always possible. Is it desirable? The number of local and regional recurrencies after A.R. for Dukes B and C carcinomas of the mid third of the rectum, higher than in case of Miles operation, incite to ask the question. The five year survival being the same in the two groups make the answer uneasy, regarding handicaps induced by Miles operation. Would, the association to A.R. of pre-operative radiotherapy and/or immunotherapy, be one step to the solution? PMID- 6652254 TI - [Colostomies for cancer of the rectum]. PMID- 6652255 TI - [Cancer of the rectum: current trends in radiotherapy in conservative treatment]. AB - Conservative treatment of rectal cancer by intracavitary irradiation (Philips contact x-ray therapy followed or not by Iridium implant) is only applicable to tumours which are thought to have no lymphatic spread. A strict selection of cases is compulsory, especially with regard to the probability of lymph node involvement (degree of histological differentiation, degree of infiltration of the rectal wall, absence of palpable pararectal metastatic lymph nodes). After treatment, follow-up must be performed methodically. Moreover, in patients not older than 55, mesenteric and perirectal lymphadenectomy must be considered. At the Centre Leon Berard (Lyon), 231 patients followed more than 5 years have been treated. The 5-year and 10-year survival rates are respectively 57 per cent and 74 per cent. The rate of local failure is 5.2 per cent. The rate of death from cancer at 5 and 10 years is 10 per cent. However intracavitary irradiation is only applicable in 10 to 15 per cent of rectal cancers. A new conservative approach has been worked out. It consists of preoperative external beam irradiation with Cobalt 60 (30 Gy in 12 days) followed 2 months later, according to the residual disease, either by radical surgery of Iridium implant. Applied to poor risk, patients this method can spare many of a permanent colostomy, without jeopardizing their chances of cure (27 cases, median age: 77 years). PMID- 6652256 TI - [Studies on the defense mechanisms in the respiratory system. iv. effect of inhaling cigarette smoke on the levels of immunoglobulins and lysozyme in bronchial lavage fluid and antibody production]. PMID- 6652257 TI - [Cellular components of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with various diffuse interstitial lung diseases]. PMID- 6652258 TI - Action of almitrine on the pulmonary vasculature in ferrets and rats. AB - The action of almitrine on pulmonary vessels was studied under constant ventilation during normoxia and hypoxia. We used ferrets, in which one lobe of lung was perfused with venous blood at constant flow rate in vivo and isolated lungs perfused with blood at constant flow in both ferrets and normal and chronically hypoxic (three weeks in 10% O2) rats. Almitrine caused constriction of the relaxed vessels of normoxic lung. During hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, when pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa) was raised, almitrine had a dual action; it caused further constriction followed by dilatation over a wide dose range (0.7-118 micrograms X kg-1 in ferrets). Similar effects were seen in normal and chronically hypoxic rats; the latter have narrowed muscularized arterioles like patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. Almitrine caused a larger rise in Ppa in normoxic than hypoxic rat lungs (7.9 instead of 1.7 mmHg; p less than 0.001) and dilatation followed constriction in the latter. Verapamil reduced both the constrictor action of almitrine and hypoxic vasoconstriction and there was a strong correlation between the effect of the two stimuli before and after verapamil (r = 0.9). Attempts to identify a substance which might cause the dilator action of almitrine were unsuccessful. PMID- 6652260 TI - Oxygen uptake at maximal exercises in chronic airflow obstruction. AB - In order to gain a better understanding of maximal oxygen uptake in patients with chronic airflow obstruction, we compared the results of three different cyclo ergospirometric protocols: progressive (30 W/3 min), constant and trapezoidal (10 min of 40 W + 30 W/3 min), in 26 male chronic bronchitis from 30 to 65 years of age. Eleven normal subjects of similar ages served as a control group. VE, VCO2, VO2, respiratory rate (RR) and VT were measured with an open circuit. The electrocardiogram was continuously monitored. Arterial lactate was measured at the end of the trapezoidal test in 20 patients. There were excellent correlations between the individual values of VO2 during the three maximal exercises and a low coefficient of variation of the differences between each paired measurement. There was great variability in VO2 between individuals, with values ranging from 14.7 to 46.2 ml X kg-1 X min-1 (control group : 29.5 to 54.4 ml X kg-1). A "levelling-off" in VO2 was observed in 22 patients who carried out, for 1 or 2 min, the exercise level immediately above the last step maintained for the full 3 min of the progressive test, i.e. the increase in VO2 was smaller than the average one for the preceding levels. In 14 patients, VO2 max was obtained as evidenced by the following criteria : heart rate = 220- age, respiratory quotient greater than 1.1 and arterial lactate greater than 7 mmol X l-1. In the remaining 12 patients, all these criteria were not achieved. After the progressive test, 61% of the patients said they could have performed better. However, in the subsequent maximal tests, these patients reached the same maximal VO2 values. All patients complained of pain in the legs at the end of the exercises, but only 8 of the 26 complained of breathlessness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652259 TI - Breathing pattern and efficiency of the respiratory muscles in healthy prematures and in prematures with respiratory distress syndrome. AB - The relationship between the compliance of the respiratory system (Crs), measured by mouth occlusion technique, and the the breathing pattern, the central inspiratory activity, and the performance of the respiratory muscles respectively, was studied in healthy prematures and in prematures presenting with the respiratory distress syndrome. With decreasing Crs, respiratory rate, instantaneous minute-ventilation, airway pressure at 0.1 s after end-expiratory occlusion (P0.1), effective inspiratory impedance, the average rate of change of the pressure generated during the inspiratory effort against closed airways, and the work of breathing increased; inspiratory and expiratory times decreased overproportionally. We conclude that the changes in lung mechanics predispose prematures with a Crs of less than 1 ml X cmH2O-1 to develop respiratory failure because they cannot perform the respiratory work demanded by intact central regulation mechanisms. PMID- 6652261 TI - Effects of naloxone on the control of breathing in children with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - The effect of naloxone on occlusion pressure (P0.1), the pattern of breathing and the expiratory flows during spontaneous ventilation was studied in 16 children with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease under control conditions, after isotonic saline injection and 5 (N5) and 25 (N25) min after i.v. injection of naloxone (2 micrograms X kg-1). At N5, no change was observed in tidal volume normalized for body weight (VTBW), inspiratory time (TI), respiratory frequency (f), mean inspiratory flow (VTBW/TI) and the ratio of TI and total duration of the respiratory cycle (TI/TT). P0.1 decreased significantly (p less than 0.001) at N5 and returned to control values at N25. The decrease in P0.1 without any change in the breathing pattern suggests that naloxone has an effect on respiratory mechanics. Indeed, at N5, the expiratory flows generated at 25% of VT, measured on the flow-volume curves during spontaneous ventilation, increased significantly when compared to control values. Moreover, the decrease of P0.1 after naloxone was found to be correlated to the reduction of dynamic lung compliance (CLdyn) (p less than 0.02). It is speculated that peripheral airway obstruction, as reflected by the decrease in CLdyn, might be a triggering factor for the release of endorphins. The bronchodilation observed after naloxone could then be due to naloxone's antagonistic effect on endorphin-induced bronchoconstriction. PMID- 6652262 TI - Spirometric response to a bronchodilator. Reference values for healthy children and adolescents. AB - The spirometric response to inhaled salbutamol was assessed in 492 healthy volunteers 6 to 20 yr of age. Mean and standard deviation of the changes, expressed as percentage of prebronchodilator values, were as follows: forced vital capacity (FVC): 1.7 +/- 2.8; forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1): 3.3 +/- 3.4; (FEV1/FVC): 3.1 +/- 3.2; peak expiratory flow: 6.4 +/- 8.6; maximal mid-expiratory flow: 10.1 +/- 8.8; maximum expiratory flow at 50% of FVC: 8.8 +/- 9.5 and maximum expiratory flow at 25% of FVC: 14.0 +/- 14.7. The changes were significant (p less than 0.005) for all parameters and similar to those observed in adults. PMID- 6652263 TI - Control of breathing revisited. PMID- 6652264 TI - Need for multi-diagnostic approaches before considering treatment in obstructive sleep apnea. AB - To choose an appropriate therapeutic treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) depends on accurately diagnosing the underlying problems that lead to the disease. Evaluating local anatomical problems is critical. New techniques, such as imaging, permit us to do this more effectively. Appreciating the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in a fully developed syndrome is also important. Abnormal stimulation of the autonomic nervous system can be evaluated easily with a Holter ECG. Recognizing that OSAS is a multi-faceted problem whose various symptoms interact and aggravate one another helps to explain why treatments may not be immediately effective. PMID- 6652265 TI - Staging of heavy snorers' disease. A proposal. AB - The passage from trivial snoring to heavy snorer's disease or obstructive apnea syndrome is a subtle and gradual process. The suspect clinical signs of this process are primarily the onset of intermittent snoring and daytime sleepiness. We propose a diagnostic assessment based on objective monitoring of respiratory behaviour (noise of snoring, endothoracic pressure, SaO2) during sleep and the tendency to daytime drowsiness (by means of the so-called multiple sleep latency test, MSLT). These parameters establish not only the presence of a disease state, but also give a fairly accurate indication of the different stages of the disease. The nocturnal respiratory pattern emerging from this objective assessment can be divided into four stages: stage 0 (or preclinical), with sporadic obstructive apneas; stage I (or initial), with obstructive apneas persisting during light (st. 1-2) and REM sleep; stage II (or overt), with obstructive apneas persisting for the whole length of sleep; stage III (or complicated), with alveolar hypoventilation persisting during wakefulness. In stage 0, episodes of O2 desaturation are sporadically present and linked to obstructive apneas or hypopneas. In stages I-II, phasic desaturations are correlated with the apneas. In stage II and above all stage III, phasic desaturation is associated with persistent falls of Sao2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652266 TI - Palatopharyngoplasty and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. AB - Thirty-five patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) underwent palatopharyngoplasty (PPP) after an objective evaluation. They were all monitored polygraphically after surgery. The group's postsurgical results were positive, with significant improvement in the apnea-hypopnea index (A + H index) and oxygen desaturation. However, patients with hypopharyngeal or mandibular problems or massive obesity had poor postsurgical results. As no subject has been followed for longer than two years, the long-term prognosis for this surgical approach is unknown. PMID- 6652267 TI - Effects of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty on the daytime sleepiness associated with sleep apnea syndrome. AB - Pre- and post-treatment nocturnal polysomnography and multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) were done in thirty-one patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. The treatment reduced by half the frequency of apneas and hypoxemia occurring during sleep and improved the excessive daytime sleepiness, but not all patients responded similarly. Among patients classified as responders, the frequency of apnea was reduced to a level seen in healthy adults of the same age, measures of sleep approached normal, and excessive sleepiness was eliminated. In nonresponders, frequency of apneas and consequent disruption of sleep was not reduced, but hypoxemia was improved. The MSLT differentiated responders from nonresponders who showed no MSLT improvement, although 70% reported a subjective improvement in excessive sleepiness. Measures of the apneas' disruptive effect on sleep and not its hypoxemic consequences were most predictive of improvement in excessive sleepiness. PMID- 6652268 TI - Mandibular advancement and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. AB - A surgical procedure performed to advance the mandible in patients with retrognathia and obstructive sleep apnea is described. The case history of an obese patient with severe sleep apnea problems who underwent a number of treatments, responding only to mandibular advancement, is presented. PMID- 6652269 TI - Effects of nasal surgery and tonsillectomy on sleep apnea. AB - Twenty-three adults with moderate to severe sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) and positive ENT obstructive findings were treated by either tonsillectomy or by submucosal resection (SMR). Fourteen of the 23 patients (60.8%), 5 of the 7 who underwent tonsillectomy and 9 of the 16 treated by SMR, reported on a clinical improvement in the quality of their nocturnal sleep and diurnal hypersomnolence. Post-treatment polyhypnographic recordings in all responding patients disclosed significantly less apneas and waking within sleep. PMID- 6652270 TI - BTPS calibration of heated Fleisch pneumotachometer. AB - The Fleisch pneumotachometer (PTM) gives the instantaneous respiratory gas flow, and when integrated provides the volume of gas displaced. Its output signal is proportional to the product of the flow and the viscosity of the gas. The calibration factor is thus different for inspiration and expiration. Since the exact value of the viscosity is unknown, accurate figures for flow cannot be obtained. This study examines the use of a precisely sinusoidal pump with adjustable speed and capacity, displacing air in a thermostatically controlled chamber containing water at 37 degrees C stirred by a propellor. Thus air at ambient temperature flows through the PTM on inspiration, and on expiration the gas exactly simulates in temperature and humidity that normally expired by a human subject. This makes the output signal asymmetrical, with the expired volume VTE being greater than the inspired value, the ratio VTE/VTI = 1.035. Other sources of error, notably temperature and pressure changes in the chamber and differences in the proportions of O2 and CO2 in the expired gas, have been considered from both a theoretical and experimental standpoint. Their combined effects produce a less than 0.5% error. Using this pump, the Fleisch PTM can be calibrated empirically without making any assumptions about the temperature and viscosity of the expired gas mixture. PMID- 6652271 TI - Effects of pneumotachographic recording of breathing on sleep and respiration during sleep. AB - Pneumotachographic recording of ventilation requires an air-tight nasobuccal face mask which might disturb the subjects' sleep and modify their breathing patterns. In a cross-over randomized study, we compared recordings obtained with and without a face-mask in 20 healthy normal volunteers (10 males, 10 females, mean age: 21.7 +/- SEM 0.5 years). The sleep modifications that resulted from the presence of the face-mask were a lengthening of the REM-sleep latency (+ 38%, p less than 0.01), an increase in intrasleep waking-time (+ 55%, p less than 0.05), an increase in sleep stage-1 duration (+ 40%, p less than 0.02), and a decrease in REM-sleep duration (-20%, p less than 0.01), resulting in a decrease in total sleep duration (-9%, p less than 0.05). The sleep-latency, the number of awakenings, the sleep stage-2 duration, the deep slow wave sleep duration, the sleep stability and the number of sleep cycles were not significantly modified. The respiratory frequency was unchanged in any of the sleep stages. No obstructive or mixed apnoea was observed during the nights when the subjects wore the face-mask. The apnoea index for central apnoeas was low and remained unchanged with and without the face-mask (0.30 +/- 0.10 and 0.35 +/- 0.10 respectively). Thus the observed modifications do not rule out the basic advantage of the pneumotachographic method, that of being the only method to-date providing a direct quantitative measurement of respiratory flow and flow rate during sleep. PMID- 6652273 TI - [Bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6652272 TI - [The role of sensitivity tests in short-term chemotherapy]. PMID- 6652274 TI - [The role of mycologic flora in Turkish baths and its effect on asthmatics]. PMID- 6652275 TI - [Model for limiting respiratory outflow following a histamine test and physical exercise in asthmatics]. PMID- 6652276 TI - [Acute effect of ketotifen on non-specific bronchial reactivity in asthma]. PMID- 6652277 TI - [Asthma, spasmodic cough and allergic rhinitis in Tunisia]. PMID- 6652278 TI - [Incidence and clinical aspects of respiratory allergy in a health district of Algeria]. PMID- 6652279 TI - [Antituberculosis campaign. Report of a joint study group of the International Union for the Prevention of Tuberculosis and the World Health Organization, Geneva, 14-18 September 1981]. PMID- 6652280 TI - [The emperor is naked! Comment on the report of the joint study group of the International Union for the Prevention of Tuberculosis and the World Health Organization,]. PMID- 6652281 TI - [Recent data on the chemotherapy of experimental tuberculosis in the mouse]. PMID- 6652282 TI - On oxygen diffusion in a spherical cell with Michaelis-Menten oxygen uptake kinetics. PMID- 6652283 TI - Microcontinuum approach to the pulsatile flow in tubes with and without longitudinal vibration. PMID- 6652284 TI - Transient transport across the blood-retina barrier. PMID- 6652285 TI - The dynamics of symmetric nets. PMID- 6652286 TI - Effects of periodic accelerations on blood flow in arteries. PMID- 6652287 TI - Clinical studies on teenage Brazilian victims of thalidomide. AB - Ninety-three Brazilian teenagers with thalidomide embryopathy were studied. The pattern of distribution of their most significant defect was: upper limbs, 66; lower limbs, 8; all four limbs, 12; head, 7. Only 10 individuals presented the major defect unilaterally. In 30 of 83 with bilateral defects there were differences in severity between the two sides. Of the 31 patients whose spines had been X-rayed, 16 showed defects, the most common being spina bifida occulta at S1. Gynecomasty was found in three of the patients having major upper limb defects. PMID- 6652288 TI - Propranolol and hyperthyroidism: sequential changes in serum iodothyronine (T4, T3, rT3) concentrations during therapy until clinical remission. AB - The sequential clinical and laboratory (serum T4, T3 and rT3 concentrations) effects of propranolol were studied in 21 hyperthyroid patients. The amount of propranolol required to achieve clinical compensation ranged from 240 to 400 mg/day. For two patients, 480 mg/day, the maximal dose used, did not produce clinical compensation. The only significant changes in serum iodothyronines was detected in the 9 patients compensated with 240 mg/day. T3 decreased from 362 to 299 ng/dl (P less than 0.05) and the rT3/T3 molar ratio increased from 3.4 to 6.5 (P less than 0.025). The increases of rT3 from 113 to 168 ng/dl and of the rT3/T4 molar ratio from 6.7 to 10.8 were not statistically significant (P = 0.052). A slight decrease of serum T3 and increase of serum rT3 occurred during the first or second week in the other patients but the changes were not sustained over the whole period of treatment. These results show that the effects of propranolol on hyperthyroidism were independent of its transitory effects on the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones, thus providing further support for the current view that the clinical improvement of hyperthyroid patients on propranolol therapy is probably due to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. A small percentage of thyrotoxic patients may not show clinical improvement even when propranolol doses of more than 400 mg/day are used. PMID- 6652289 TI - Relationship between mouth and esophageal pressures in different body postures. AB - Static voluntary efforts, both inspiratory and expiratory (executed with the glottis open against a closed airway) are commonly utilized for the evaluation of correct esophageal balloon positioning for indirect pleural pressure measurement. Agreement between delta Pm (change in mouth pressure) and delta Pes (change in esophageal pressure) indicates the valid indirect determination of pleural pressure. Measurements of delta Pes are more commonly made with the thorax in the upright position, and some investigators have reservations about determinations carried out in the supine position. In the present investigation, the airway shutter occlusion test as well as Muller's maneuver were applied to patients sitting in a plethysmographic box to determine the validity of delta Pes in several body positions. Measurements were made on 8 patients sitting with the thorax in the vertical (90 degrees) position and at angles of 45 degrees, 0 degree and -10 degrees. Thoracic gas volume was also determined at each angle studied. The esophageal balloon was shown to need frequent repositioning when body position was changed. With proper care, valid delta Pes measurements could be made in all positions studied. A plot of the delta Pes/delta POm ratio showed values closer to one for the "occlusion test" than for Muller's maneuver. Phase differences between delta Pes and delta Pm were very small in different body positions. Cardiac artifacts in esophageal measurements were more pronounced in the horizontal and -10 degrees positions. The "occlusion test" is particularly useful for clinical application because it does not require patient cooperation and is a very simple technique for evaluating correct esophageal catheter placement. PMID- 6652290 TI - An inexpensive event recorder for continuous behavioral recording. AB - An event recorder for use in ethological studies which is of simple and inexpensive construction is described. The apparatus consists essentially of a constant speed paper transport device and an ethogram sheet holder. Up to 20 different behavioral items may be recorded continuously in an accurate time sequence. The items are coded as hand-drawn pencil lines of different length perpendicular to the direction of the paper movement. Since the ethogram code sheets are exchangeable, an unlimited number of different ethograms may be used. PMID- 6652291 TI - Ganglion cell number in hypertrophic colon above experimental stenosis. AB - In order to determine the number of ganglia and ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus in a hypertrophic segment of the gut a partial surgical obstruction was carried out in the colon of 10 adult rats. The myenteric plexus was studied in "spread" preparations in which the circular and longitudinal muscle layers were intact. With the colon distended and stretched above the surgical obstruction, the muscle layers became intensely hypertrophic and, as a consequence, the surface of the hypertrophic colon increased by 39%. The decrease in number of ganglia and ganglion cells per area in the hypertrophic colon was 37.6% and 36.4%, respectively. The increase of the surface of the hypertrophic colon was proportional to the decrease In number of ganglia and ganglion cells per area. Therefore there was no change in the absolute number of ganglia and neurons in the colon above the partial obstruction. The results of the present study do not support the view that immature cells develop into ganglion cells in the hypertrophic intestine above a surgical obstruction. PMID- 6652292 TI - Fusion of small unilamellar vesicles induced by bovine serum albumin fragments. AB - The limited pepsin proteolysis products of bovine serum albumin, fragment A (residues 307-586) and fragment B (residues 1-306), induced the fusion of small unilamellar vesicles of egg phosphatidyl choline at concentrations near 5 microM. Fusion was demonstrated and analyzed on the basis of: a) time-dependent changes in absorbance; b) dilution of the fluorescent label 2-(10-(1-pyrene)decanoyl) phosphatidyl choline, incorporated into a small percentage of the vesicles, as measured by the decrease in the excimer to monomer (E/M) ratio; c) increase of the average hydrodynamic radius of the liposomes, estimated by Sepharose 4B filtration, and d) the strict inverse relationship between the size of the liposomes and their E/M ratios. Albumin fragment B, like albumin, induced the formation of large aggregates in which rapid cooperative fusion produced vesicles having a large hydrodynamic radius. Fragment A did not produce large aggregates and the initial fusion products exhibited a hydrodynamic radius. Fragment A did not produce large aggregates and the initial fusion products exhibited a hydrodynamic radius smaller than those obtained with fragment B. Albumin and fragments A and B are fusogenic only at pH below 4.0. These data discussed in terms of a general model for a signal-dependent protein-induced membrane fusion. PMID- 6652293 TI - Validation of the "CAGE" alcoholism screening test in a Brazilian psychiatric inpatient hospital setting. AB - A Portuguese version of the CAGE alcoholism screening test was administered to 68 alcoholic and 46 non-alcoholic male inpatients in a Psychiatric Hospital in Sao Paulo. The Portuguese text of the 14 questions, 4 of which were CAGE questions, is provided. When a score of two positive responses to any of the 4 CAGE questions was taken as a positive test result, the sensitivity of the test was 88% and the specificity was 83%. Increasing the cut-off point to 3 positive responses decreased the sensitivity to 81% and increased the specificity to 94%. The importance of cut-off points is discussed. The similarity between our data and results obtained with the English language CAGE test in other countries suggests that the CAGE questionnaire could be a useful tool for screening alcoholics in Brazil. The need for further validation studies in non-hospital populations is discussed. PMID- 6652294 TI - Sickle cell anemia in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: demographic, clinical and laboratory data. AB - A sample of 409 individuals with sickle cell anemia in the city of Rio de Janeiro was studied. Information about the age of onset, first manifestations, most common clinical features, physical and sexual development, types of crises, laboratory determinations, and age at death was provided. The most salient findings were the low frequencies of bone lesions (12-18%), gnathopathy (4%), persistence of splenomegaly in adults (4%), and abnormal cardiograms (16%). Bone infarctions and osteomyelitis were correlated significantly, the frequency of the latter increasing with age. A significant sex difference was observed in the types of crises. Chest pains were more frequent in males, while bone or joint pains, as well as splenic sequestration, were more common in females. PMID- 6652295 TI - Organization of the visual thalamus: corticothalamic projections from the primary visual area in the opossum. AB - The projections from the visual cortex to thalamic nuclei in the opossum were investigated by degeneration and radioautographic methods. Efferent axons from the striate cortex course from the internal capsule to the thalamus in two bundles, one of which innervates the reticular and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei, while the other bundle innervates the external layer of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. Both bundles course along and through terminal fields found in the lateral posterior nucleus. The visuotopic organization inferred from the corticofugal pathway shows that projection lines in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLGN) run along medio-lateral strips including both the beta and alpha segments, across the quasi-laminae of retino-geniculate projection, and that naso-temporal axes in the visual field run in a dorso-ventral direction through the DLGN. The external layer of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus receives a projection from the striate cortex and bilateral projections from the retina, and naso-temporal axes in the visual field are represented along a dorso ventral direction in this layer. The striate cortical projections cover approximately the lateral two-thirds of the lateral posterior nucleus, overlapping a small retinal terminal field, and naso-temporal axes in the visual field are represented onto the cortico-recipient zone in a mirror-symmetric direction to that of the adjoining DLGN. In all these three cortico-recipient zones, dorso-ventral axes in the visual field are represented in a rostro-caudal direction. PMID- 6652296 TI - Real inflation of journal prices: medical journals, U.S. journals, and Brandon list journals. AB - Increases in price during the last twenty years were studied for the journals listed in the 1983 Brandon list, and during the last fifteen years for all medical journals and for U.S. periodicals overall. When compared with increases in the Consumer Price Index (CPI), prices in all three categories of publications have increased much more rapidly than have prices overall. Libraries whose journal-acquisition budgets increased merely at the same rate as the CPI during the periods examined today can purchase only 50% to 70% of the journals they purchased in 1963. This information should help librarians justify budget increases. PMID- 6652297 TI - The origin and development of a concept: the information society. AB - The constructs that underlie a discipline are complex and often times uncertain. It is argued that the ways in which we perceive and conceptualize are influenced by our habits of mind and our view of the world. This paper traces the concept of the "Information Society" from its inception in the discipline of economics through its development and its subsequent diffusion to the field of information science. PMID- 6652298 TI - Linking the physical past to the program future: new library addition at the Medical College of Georgia. AB - Planning the addition to an existing health sciences library building involved problems not normally encountered in planning a totally new structure. Some of the problems in combining the old and new buildings of the Medical College of Georgia Library and their resolution are discussed in this paper. Emphasized in particular is the relationship between institutional goals, library goals, and the library building. PMID- 6652299 TI - A clinical information consultation service at a teaching hospital. AB - The library and the department of medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio cooperated in a three-month pilot project to test a clinical information consultation service that provides patient care information to house staff members in the clinical setting. Evaluation indicated that users were highly satisfied with the service. Results of our pilot project seem to show that a clinical information consultation service can be an efficient and cost effective means to provide information in a patient-care setting. PMID- 6652300 TI - Library service to dental practitioners. AB - Dental school libraries offer resources of value to dental practitioners, but do not always consider practitioners to be primary clientele. A survey was conducted among the sixty U.S. dental school libraries to examine policies and attitudes toward service to practitioners. Although library use by dentists is estimated to be low, most libraries are willing to serve them as long as it does not reduce the libraries' ability to assist students and faculty. Of the respondents, 57% replied that they do not use promotional methods to inform dentists of available services. Greater involvement in marketing activities may benefit both libraries and dentists. PMID- 6652301 TI - Roles for the library in information management. Introduction. PMID- 6652302 TI - Roles for the library in information management. Academic information in the academic health sciences center: overview. PMID- 6652303 TI - Roles for the library in information management. Making a dream come true: strategies for medical school libraries. AB - Academic medical school libraries are at different stages in implementing the recommendations of the Matheson report. Many have moved to higher-level tasks and are beginning to engage in the significant tasks described in the report; others are reviewing their future options. In the meantime, it is 6:00 P.M. of Mary Smith's first hospital day. How did we, as librarians, contribute to her diagnosis and treatment? PMID- 6652304 TI - Roles for the library in information management. Implications for hospital libraries. PMID- 6652305 TI - Roles for the library in information management. Implications for university libraries. PMID- 6652306 TI - Roles for the library in information management. Health sciences personnel and the academic information system: user requirements. PMID- 6652307 TI - Roles for the library in information management. Implementation in an academic health sciences center. PMID- 6652308 TI - Roles for the library in information management. Manpower issues: implications for training and retraining of librarians. PMID- 6652309 TI - Roles for the library in information management. Program implications for the National Library of Medicine. PMID- 6652310 TI - Current References abstracting service: evolution over a ten-year period. PMID- 6652311 TI - Electronic mail service: applications in the Pacific Northwest region. PMID- 6652312 TI - [Sudden and unexplained infant death]. PMID- 6652313 TI - The Topeka Institute and the future of psychoanalysis. PMID- 6652314 TI - The self and object relations. A challenge to psychoanalysis. PMID- 6652315 TI - The injustice within prisons. PMID- 6652316 TI - An analysis of health progress in Chile. PMID- 6652317 TI - Improving obstetric care in northeast Brazil. PMID- 6652319 TI - Rodent control programs: use of the inked tracking board method in Mexico. PMID- 6652318 TI - Fascioliasis in Jamaica: epidemiologic and economic aspects of a snail-borne parasitic zoonosis. PMID- 6652320 TI - Epidemic acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Belize. PMID- 6652321 TI - Evaluation of candidate international reference methods for the rubella hemagglutination inhibition test: report of a collaborative study. PMID- 6652322 TI - Epidemiology of cerebrovascular accidents in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. PMID- 6652324 TI - Organization and function of a urinary infection clinic--part 2. PMID- 6652323 TI - Organization and function of a urinary infection clinic-part 1. PMID- 6652325 TI - Madness or badness? PMID- 6652326 TI - Brain abscess. PMID- 6652327 TI - Anaesthetic deaths. PMID- 6652328 TI - Left atrial myxoma. AB - Intracardiac myxoma is a rare condition. In 75 per cent of cases the tumour arises in the left atrium and the number of possible modes of presentation is considerable. An incorrect clinical diagnosis is often made initially (Table 4). Correct diagnosis is of the greatest importance since operative removal is usually curative. If the diagnosis is delayed or is not made, or if surgery is delayed once the diagnosis has been made, the consequences for the patient can be catastrophic. PMID- 6652329 TI - Pharmacokinetics of anticonvulsants. PMID- 6652330 TI - Your accounts. Understanding balance sheets--2. AB - Balance sheets may appear to many doctors to be highly technical documents but they are very important and a great deal can be derived from them if they are analysed and interpreted in the correct fashion. A trained eye can spot strengths and weaknesses in a balance sheet with little difficulty and anyone who has a balance sheet prepared for them should at least have some basic knowledge of the implications. PMID- 6652331 TI - Caesarean section under epidural analgesia. PMID- 6652332 TI - Sensitivity to indomethacin of tetrodotoxin-resistant contractions of smooth muscle from the base of rabbit bladder. AB - Tetrodotoxin (TTX) reduced the contractions to field stimulation of strips of rabbit bladder base by 58% of control (at 40 Hz), and increased the spontaneous activity occurring between the evoked responses. The TTX-resistant contractions resembled the spontaneous activity in that they were of comparable size and poorly sustained; in the presence of indomethacin, TTX produced a significantly greater reduction (to 13% of control at 40 Hz), of the evoked contractions. Indomethacin abolished spontaneous activity in the presence and absence of TTX, but did not affect evoked responses in strips that were not exposed to TTX. The results imply that a prostaglandin-like substance may potentiate residual evoked responses in TTX-treated strips, but does not contribute to field stimulation induced contractions in untreated bladder base smooth muscle. PMID- 6652334 TI - H1-histamine receptors may mediate the contractile response of guinea-pig ileum to 'histamine-free' splenic extracts. AB - A water-soluble splenic factor, which produces a contractile response of the guinea-pig ileum, that is resistant to cholinoceptor and adrenoceptor antagonists is described. The ileal contractions elicited by the splenic extract showed some significant differences from those elicited by 5-hydroxytryptamine. The responses to splenic extract were not affected by the D-tryptamine-receptor antagonist, methysergide. The effect of the splenic extract on the guinea-pig ileum was similar to that of histamine. The H1-histamine antagonists, (+)-chloropheniramine and diphenhydramine, caused a parallel shift to the right of the splenic extract dose-response curve without suppression of the maximum response. A pA2 value of 8.97 +/- 0.03 for (+)-chloropheniramine and 7.55 +/- 0.1 for diphenhydramine was calculated. Significant histamine levels, as determined by fluorometric methods, could not be detected in the splenic extract. Likewise, the splenic factor did not release histamine from the intestinal preparation. These results support the view that: (i) the splenic factor acts through H1-histamine receptors; (ii) it is not histamine; (iii) it does not have any histamine releasing effect on the ileal smooth muscle. PMID- 6652333 TI - The effects of calcium channel inhibitors and other procedures affecting calcium translocation on drug-induced rhythmic contractions in the rat vas deferens. AB - In the rat isolated vas deferens, methoxamine 8.1 microM produced an initial phasic response that declined towards baseline and was followed by rhythmic contractions that continued until wash-out. These responses were predominant in the epididymal half. BaCl2 1 mM produced a similar type of response which was not mediated by noradrenaline release or activation of alpha-adrenoceptors. The barium responses were similar in the epididymal and prostatic halves. Incubation in nominally Ca2+-free solution caused abolition or near abolition of rhythmic contractions produced by barium or methoxamine. The initial phasic response to methoxamine was abolished in Ca2+-free solution, whereas that produced by barium persisted. Rhythmic contractions produced by methoxamine or barium were inhibited by Mg2+ (2.4-20 mM) and by La3+ (1-5 mM). Mg2+ had selectivity for inhibition of the frequency of methoxamine- but not barium-induced rhythmic contractions. Despite their dependence on [Ca2+]o, barium- and methoxamine-induced rhythmic contractions were resistant to inhibition by calcium channel inhibitors. Verapamil, nifedipine and flunarazine inhibited the amplitude of rhythmic contractions more readily than the frequency (methoxamine IC50 for verapamil: amplitude = 29.8 +/- 5.40 microM, n = 6, frequency = 96.7 +/- 31.0 microM, n = 5, for nifedipine: amplitude = 2.42 +/- 0.34 microM, n = 7, frequency = 3.24 +/- 0.75 microM, n = 7, and for flunarizine: amplitude = 15.9 +/- 5.95 microM, n = 7, frequency = 153 +/- 28.6 microM, n = 7). There was no differentiation between inhibition of methoxamine and barium-induced responses. Like Mg2+, methoxyverapamil selectively inhibited the frequency of methoxamine-induced contractions (IC50: amplitude = 16.8 +/- 2.86 microM, n = 5, frequency = 2.07 +/- 0.81 microM, n = 5) but not barium-induced contractions (IC50: amplitude = 13.9 +/- 1.95 microM, n = 5, frequency = 48.5 +/- 8.98 microM, n = 5). Diazoxide (43.3 2167 microM) and nitroprusside (3.36-6712 microM) had only a small effect on barium contractions, but produced a dose-related reduction in the amplitude of methoxamine-induced responses. Diazoxide and nitroprusside caused methoxamine contractions to occur in groups, although they had no effect on their overall frequency. It is concluded that barium- and methoxamine-induced rhythmic contractions in the rat vas deferens are mediated by the entry of [Ca2+]o via membrane calcium channels that have a lower affinity (10-100 X) for calcium channel inhibitors than those mediating the KCl response. Channels activated by methoxamine are concentrated in the epididymal half, whereas those opened by barium are evenly distributed. However, although responses to methoxamine and barium are similar in form, differences in the effects of some of the drugs tested, together with the results of previous studies, indicate that they produce contractions by different mechanisms. PMID- 6652335 TI - The myotoxicity of bupivacaine, a 31P n.m.r. investigation. AB - Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy is a recently introduced method for the non-invasive study of muscle biochemistry. It was shown in the rat that an intramuscular injection of the drug resulted in degeneration that was reflected spectroscopically in a progressive decrease in the intracellular concentrations of phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate without a corresponding rise in that of inorganic phosphate. Furthermore, ATP was depleted in the presence of significant levels of phosphocreatine. As regeneration occurred spectra returned to normal and this was complete by day 10. No such spectroscopic effects were demonstrated in man following the use of bupivacaine in an intravenous regional anaesthetic. It is suggested that further studies in man are required before this drug can be administered intramuscularly with confidence. PMID- 6652337 TI - Etomidate-anaesthesia, with and without fentanyl, compared with urethane anaesthesia in the rat. AB - In spontaneously breathing rats, continuous infusion of etomidate with and without fentanyl caused a slight decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. Coadministration of fentanyl and etomidate in order to obtain full anaesthesia and analgesia resulted in respiratory depression. In artificially ventilated rats both etomidate as well as the anaesthetic combination caused a strong reduction in aortic flow and an increase in total peripheral resistance. A single infusion of etomidate did not change blood pressure. Etomidate combined with fentanyl reduced blood pressure. Under adjusted ventilation blood pressure, aortic flow, max(dF/dt) and heart rate were progressively reduced during a 4 h period. In contrast, urethane anaesthesia reduced aortic flow to a minor extent. Total peripheral resistance and max(dF/dt) were hardly affected. The slightly reduced blood pressure and blood gas variables remained stable during the experiment. From pharmacokinetic studies it was established that effective etomidate plasma levels were maintained constant during the experimental period. Pharmacokinetic interaction between etomidate and fentanyl did not occur. It is concluded that for anaesthesia of longer duration during cardiovascular experiments in rats, urethane is preferable to etomidate/fentanyl because it does not cause serious changes in basal haemodynamic variables. PMID- 6652336 TI - The effects of altered thyroid state upon responses mediated by atrial muscarinic receptors in the rat. AB - Untreated rats, and rats treated with methimazole (0.05% w/v in drinking water) or thyroxine (1 mg/kg, s.c., three times weekly) for 4-6 weeks to induce hypo- and hyperthyroidism respectively, were used to study the influence of thyroid hormone upon negative chronotropic and inotropic responses mediated by cardiac muscarinic receptors, and upon the affinity of these receptors for atropine. Negative chronotropic effects of methacholine were investigated by establishing partial concentration-response curves for isolated preparations of right atria. Methacholine was least potent in tissues from thyroxine-treated rats. Isolated left atria paced at 3 Hz, and spontaneously beating right atria, were used in studies of the negative inotropic effects of methacholine. This agonist was least potent in atria from the thyroxine-treated rats in which it also produced the smallest maximal responses. The negative inotropic effects of carbachol were examined on left atria paced at 3, 5 and 5.8 Hz to approximate the basal contraction rates of isolated right atria from methimazole-treated, untreated control and thyroxine-treated rats, respectively. At each of these frequencies, carbachol was most potent in atria from methimazole-treated rats, and least potent in atria from thyroxine-treated rats. Maximal responses were smallest in the latter group. pA2 values for atropine with methacholine as the agonist were obtained by the method of Arunlakshana & Schild (1959) for spontaneously beating right atria (negative chronotropic and inotropic effects) and left atria paced at 3 Hz (negative inotropic effects). Slopes of Schild plots did not differ from minus one in tissues from each of the experimental groups; pA2 values were similar, indicating that thyroid status is without effect upon the affinity of this antagonist for muscarinic receptors mediating both negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. 6 The results are discussed in the light of reports that hypothyroidism increases, and hyperthyroidism decreases the numbers of high affinity muscarinic receptor binding sites in the rat myocardium. PMID- 6652338 TI - Cardiovascular responses in rats with glycerol-induced acute renal failure. AB - Autonomic and cardiovascular function were assessed in rats with glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF). Rats with ARF had significantly lower mean arterial blood pressure and heart rates and significantly elevated plasma noradrenaline concentrations. The chronotropic responses to right cervical sympathetic and vagal stimulation were diminished in rats with ARF. The pressor and depressor responses to noradrenaline and nitroprusside respectively when expressed as a change in mmHg pressure were significantly reduced in rats with ARF when compared to controls. However, when the depressor responses to nitroprusside were expressed as a percentage fall in basal mean arterial pressure, with the exception of the response to a dose of 10 micrograms kg-1, there were no significant differences between control and uraemic rats. The present findings show that in the rat, changes in cardiovascular responsiveness occur after a brief period of uraemia which are similar to those observed in patients and rats with chronic renal failure. PMID- 6652339 TI - In vivo, noradrenaline is a substrate for rat brain monoamine oxidase A and B. AB - In vivo clorgyline (5 mg/kg) and (-)-deprenyl (5 mg/kg) selectively inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) type A and B activities in rat brain hypothalamus and caudate nucleus using 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline (NA), and beta phenylethylamine (PEA) as substrates. Clorgyline induces a significant increase in NA concentrations of hypothalamus and caudate nucleus; however (-)-deprenyl is without effect. The combination of clorgyline and (-)-deprenyl at the above doses completely inhibits both forms of MAO, resulting in an even greater increase in NA levels in both brain areas than observed with clorgyline. The non-selective inhibitor tranylcypromine (5 mg/kg) produced a similar effect. Rats pretreated with the selective or the non-selective inhibitors but given L-DOPA (50 mg/kg) have a similar pattern of brain NA, but its concentrations are higher in both brain regions. The results indicate that although in vitro NA may be an exclusive substrate for MAO type A, in vivo, when this enzyme form is selectively inhibited, NA at high concentrations can be a substrate for MAO type B. PMID- 6652340 TI - Effects of modification of the membranes of intact erythrocytes on the anti haemolytic action of chlorpromazine. AB - Fresh human erythrocytes were washed and incubated at 37 degrees C in physiological saline buffered with Tris, containing calcium and either neuraminidase or trypsin or both enzymes together. Each enzyme alone, as well as both together, released similar amounts of sialic acids without haemolysis, apparently therefore from the same accessible sites on the surface of the cells. Exposure to neuraminidase or/and trypsin did not affect the osmotic fragility of red cells in hypotonic saline. The anti-haemolytic effect of low concentrations of chlorpromazine or thioridazine was diminished by previous exposure of red cells to neuraminidase and/or trypsin. The diminution in the anti-haemolytic effect of chlorpromazine was proportional to the release of sialic acids. The observations suggest that positively charged drugs such as chlorpromazine interact strongly with the negatively charged sialic acid moieties of glycoproteins on cell surfaces, removal of which increases the drugs' access to and disruption of the lipid bilayer in cell membranes. PMID- 6652342 TI - Metabolism and uptake of adenosine in rat isolated lung and its inhibition. AB - The metabolism of adenosine perfused through the pulmonary circulation of isolated lungs from rats was investigated radiochemically. Following a 10 s infusion of radioactive [14C]- or [3H]-adenosine, the recovery of radioactivity in effluent from the lung after 1 min increased from 30% at 0.5 microM to 80% at 1 mM adenosine. Unchanged adenosine comprised the major radioactive species in effluent, being about a third of the total up to 100 microM. Uptake of radioactivity was saturable at high concentrations with an apparent Km of 215 microM. Radioactivity retained in lung comprised over 80% as ATP and about 2% as adenosine at all concentrations. Perfusion of lungs with Krebs solution containing dipyridamole (1-100 microM) or adenine (10 microM) increased the rate of radioactive efflux, decreased uptake of radioactivity by lung and decreased metabolites of adenosine (inosine and hypoxanthine) in the effluent. Dipyridamole (10 microM) was more potent in decreasing uptake in guinea-pig lungs than in rat lungs. From these results we conclude that the pulmonary circulation in rat lung exhibits a significant inactivation process for adenosine. The isolated lung provides a convenient preparation for studying in situ pharmacological or pathological modifications of this vascular inactivation process. PMID- 6652341 TI - Age-dependent differences in the positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine on rat isolated atria. AB - The age-dependent differences in the involvement of alpha-adrenoceptors in the positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine (Phe) were examined in isolated atria of male Wistar rats 6 weeks (6W), 10 weeks and 7 months (7M) of age. The maximal increase in tension development induced by Phe increased with age, whereas the EC50 values for the positive inotropic effect of Phe did not change with age. The inhibitory effect of phentolamine on the response to Phe increased with age. Propranolol caused only slight inhibition of the effect of Phe in both 6W and 7M rats, and the EC50 values for Phe in the presence of propranolol did not change significantly with age. The EC50 values for isoprenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in 7M rats were higher than those in 6W rats. In 7M rats, the duration of the tension development was only slightly affected by Phe in the presence or absence of propranolol, but it was markedly decreased by Phe in the presence of phentolamine. The dose-response curve for Phe was markedly shifted to the left by papaverine in 6W rats, but slightly in 7M rats. The dose-response curve for isoprenaline was markedly shifted to the left by papaverine in both groups. These results are consistent with effects of Phe being mediated by both alpha- and beta adrenoceptors in both 6W and 7M rats, but there is a shift in the balance from rather more beta-receptors in the young animals to more alpha-receptors in the adults. PMID- 6652343 TI - The effects of atropine and secoverine on gastric secretion and motility in the mouse isolated stomach. AB - The isolated perfused stomach of the mouse was used to study the effect of atropine and secoverine on bethanechol-induced gastric acid secretion and gastric motility. Both atropine and secoverine inhibited cholinergically induced gastric acid secretion and gastric motility. Inhibition of gastric acid secretion by atropine and secoverine occurred at a similar dose-range (10(-9) and 2 X 10(-9) M). Secoverine inhibited bethanechol-induced hypermotility at doses (10(-11) M and above) that were lower than those of atropine (2 X 10(-9) M and above) required to produce this effect. Secoverine, unlike atropine markedly inhibited gastric motility at lower doses than those which affected secretion. PMID- 6652345 TI - Biphasic non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic relaxations of the mouse anococcygeus muscle. AB - Trains of field stimulation of 60 s duration caused a biphasic relaxation of carbachol (50 microM)-induced tone in the mouse anococcygeus. The optimal pulse frequency and width were 10 Hz and 1 ms respectively. Tetrodotoxin (31, 124, and 310 nM) caused a dose-dependent reduction in the magnitude of both phases. Neither phase was affected by (+/-)-propranolol (1 microM), neostigmine (1 microM), (+)-tubocurarine (100 microM), or apamin (500 nM). Biphasic relaxations were observed in muscles from 6-hydroxydopamine pretreated mice. Haemolysed blood (10, 40, and 100 microliter/ml) reduced the magnitude of the first phase of nerve induced relaxation to a greater extent than the second. This effect was reversible. Following a prolonged train of inhibitory nerve stimulation (10 Hz; 10 min) the magnitude of the first phase was reduced only slightly, but the second markedly. The possible relationships between the biphasic relaxation to field stimulation and putative non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitters in the mouse anococcygeus are discussed. PMID- 6652344 TI - Glucocorticoid protection against PAF-acether toxicity in mice. AB - Intravenous platelet activating factor (PAF-acether, 10 to 25 micrograms/kg body weight) produced dose-dependent mortality in both male and female mice. Pretreatment with indomethacin (50 mg/kg), verapamil (40 mg/kg) or nifedipine (4 mg/kg) failed to inhibit the lethal effect of 20 micrograms/kg PAF-acether. This suggests that neither arachidonate cyclo-oxygenase products nor availability of extracellular Ca2+ mediate the toxic action. In contrast, pretreatment with 100 mg/kg cortisone acetate (s.c.) daily for four days exerted a highly protective effect, i.e. 100% and 93% survival in males and females, compared to 13% and 7% respectively, in untreated animals. PAF-acether-induced death may be a useful model for the in vivo evaluation of pharmacological agents in anaphylactic shock. PMID- 6652346 TI - Glycine-induced changes in acetylcholine release from guinea-pig brain slices. AB - The effect of glycine (Gly) on acetylcholine (ACh) release from superfused, resting or electrically-stimulated slices of guinea-pig caudate nucleus (CN), brain stem (BS) and cerebral cortex (CC) was studied. The amino acid 1 X 10(-4)-6 X 10(-3)mol 1(-1) reduced the electrically-induced release and increased the spontaneous and KCl-evoked transmitter outflow, mostly in CN but also in BS, whereas it was ineffective in CC. Taurine, chosen as a structurally related compound, moderately affected only the spontaneous release in CN. Strychnine 2 X 10(-7) mol 1(-1) was per se ineffective, but prevented most Gly effects. The Gly induced increase of ACh outflow in resting CN slices, however, could be completely antagonized only by administering strychnine and picrotoxin together. These findings suggest that: (i) the overall pattern of Gly influence on cholinergic function is similar to that previously described for gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA); (ii) specific receptors seem to be present in BS and, above all, in CN; (iii) a positive cooperation between endogenous GABA and Gly is evident in resting CN slices; (iv) the absence of any apparent endogenous glycinergic control on the cholinergic neurones casts doubt on but does not exclude the existence of glycinergic neurones in CN. PMID- 6652348 TI - Aortic vascular and atrial responses to (+/-)-1-O-octadecyl-2-acetyl-glyceryl-3 phosphorylcholine. AB - The effects of (+/-)-1-O-octadecyl-2-acetyl-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine (octadecyl-AGPC) were studied in three types of aortic vascular smooth muscle preparations, namely, strips, rubbed and unrubbed rings, and an atrial preparation in normotensive rats. In the resting tension state, octadecyl-AGPC did not elicit significant contractions in either rubbed or unrubbed ring preparations at concentrations lower than 1 X 10(-4) M. However, at a concentration of 3 X 10(-4) M, octadecyl-AGPC markedly contracted both types of ring preparations. This contractile response was partially antagonized by pretreatment with reserpine and completely blocked by phentolamine (1 X 10(-6) M). In preparations contracted with noradrenaline (NA), octadecyl-AGPC elicited biphasic responses in intact ring preparations; an initial relaxation followed by contraction. Octadecyl-AGPC induced only a slight contraction in strips and a slight relaxation in the rubbed ring preparation. Octadecyl-AGPC did not elicit any significant effect on chronotropy or inotropy at concentrations up to 3 X 10( 5) M. When the concentration was 1 X 10(-4) M, octadecyl-AGPC produced significant positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on spontaneously beating right and electrically driven left atrial preparations, respectively. Both effects were blocked by propranolol (5 X 10(-8) M); reserpine pretreatment antagonized only the chronotropic response. In [3H]-dihydroalprenolol [( 3H]-DHA) binding studies, octadecyl-AGPC had a Kd of 427.85 microM and thus was much less potent than isoprenaline (Kd = 465.10 nM) or propranolol (Kd = 4.4 nM) in displacing [3H]-DHA in rat cardiac membrane preparations. 6 In conclusion, relaxation and contraction induced by octadecyl-AGPC in aortic preparations is an indirect rather than a direct effect. An unknown factor released from endothelial cells is responsible for aortic smooth muscle relaxation by octadecyl-AGPC while released NA appears to be responsible for aortic vascular contraction and for the positive chronotropic and inotropic effects in the atrial preparations. PMID- 6652347 TI - Studies on the interaction between cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine and gamma aminobutyric acid in the mode of action of diazepam in the rat. AB - The effect of the benzodiazepine, diazepam, administered for 7 days in doses between 1.25 and 5 mg kg-1 was studied on the turnover of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) in rat cerebral cortex. 5-HT turnover was assessed by calculating the ratio of the concentration of the major metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) to that of 5-HT (i.e., 5-HIAA:5-HT). Diazepam (2.5 and 5 mg kg-1 i.p. daily for 7 days) significantly reduced cerebral cortical 5-HT turnover. The effect of manipulating cerebral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mechanisms on this action of diazepam was studied. Treatment of animals with a subconvulsive dose of picrotoxin (3 mg kg-1 i.p.) reversed the fall in cortical 5-HT turnover seen following diazepam. In contrast, however, treatment with the GABA transaminase inhibitors, amino-oxyacetic acid (25 mg kg-1) or ethanolamine-O-sulphate (250 mg kg-1, 7 days) which elevated cerebral GABA concentrations, enhanced the reduction in cortical 5-HT turnover following diazepam. Focal injection of picrotoxin (0.1 micrograms) into the region of the dorsal raphe nucleus reversed the decrease in cortical 5-HT turnover caused by diazepam. The hypothesis that doses of diazepam which result in total plasma concentrations comparable to those observed in man produce a reduction in 5-HT turnover mediated via GABA neurones is discussed. PMID- 6652349 TI - Cardiovascular responses of rats to intrahypothalamic injection of carbachol and noradrenaline. AB - Carbachol (0.1-2 micrograms) and noradrenaline (5-20 micrograms) injected into the anterior hypothalamus of unanaesthetized unrestrained rats evoked dose dependent falls in heart rate and increases in arterial blood pressure. When the above amine injections were repeated in rats anaesthetized with chloral hydrate, sodium pentobarbitone or halothane the evoked bradycardias were usually smaller and the changes in arterial blood pressure more variable. The cardiovascular responses to carbachol (1 microgram) and to noradrenaline (10 micrograms) were antagonized by intrahypothalamic injection of atropine (1 microgram) and phentolamine (10 micrograms), respectively. The bradycardias evoked by carbachol (1 microgram) and by noradrenaline (10 micrograms) were abolished by pretreatment with intra-arterial injection of methyl atropine (100 micrograms 100 g-1). The hypertensive responses to carbachol (1 microgram) and to noradrenaline (10 micrograms) were reduced by pretreatment with intra-arterial injection of thymoxamine (500 micrograms 100 g-1). PMID- 6652350 TI - Pharmacological mapping of regional effects in the rabbit heart of some new antiarrhythmic drugs. AB - In vitro preparations of rabbit heart were made from which measurements of effective refractory period (ERP), atrio-Hisian (A-H) and His-Purkinje (H-P) conduction times could be obtained, analogous to electrophysiological measurements customarily carried out in vivo. Intracellular potentials also were recorded from the sino-atrial (SA) node, atrium, bundle of His, preterminal Purkinje fibres and papillary muscles. The effects of a range of concentrations of three new antiarrhythmic drugs, melperone, cibenzoline and alinidine were compared, the lower concentrations studied corresponding to clinical levels. At low concentrations the effects of melperone, inducing bradycardia and lengthening ERP, could be attributed to prolongation of action potential duration (APD) in the sinus node and atrial and ventricular tissues. The slope of slow diastolic depolarization was not altered, nor was there any change in A-H or H-P conduction time, or in maximum rate of depolarization (MRD). At higher concentrations melperone had a substantial class 1 action, but there was no negative inotropic effect, or other evidence of restriction of slow inward current. Cibenzoline was primarily a class 1 agent but also lengthened APD to some extent in the SA node and in atrial and ventricular muscle, but not in Purkinje fibres. APD thus became more uniform along the ventricular conducting pathway. Cibenzoline also depressed contractions and increased A-H conduction time, implying restriction of slow inward current. The bradycardia could thus be attributed to a slowing of both depolarization and repolarization in the SA node, without any change in slope of the slow diastolic depolarization. Conduction time was increased in all tissues. 8 Alinidine greatly reduced the slope of the slow diastolic depolarization and slightly lengthened APD in the SA node. MRD was also reduced in the SA node, and A-H conduction time was increased, implying some restriction of slow inward current. However, there was no negative inotropic effect. 9 Alinidine had no significant effect on MRD in atrium, ventricle or Purkinje cells, nor was H-P conduction time altered, implying absence of effect on fast inward current. APD was moderately lengthened in atrium and ventricle but not in Purkinje cells. 10 It was concluded that the effects of the drugs in the sinus node and on ERP and on A-H and H-P conduction times could be accounted for by their selective cellular actions in different regions of the heart. PMID- 6652351 TI - Heat loss reaction to capsaicin through a peripheral site of action. AB - The intravenous injection of 15 micrograms capsaicin produced an increase in the temperature of tail skin and paw pad and a fall in the colon temperature in conscious rats. These reactions reflect increased heat dissipation. The increase in skin temperature induced by intravenous capsaicin was absent when the function of small diameter primary afferent neurones was impaired by treatment of the rats with capsaicin as neonates. Thus it appears that intravenous capsaicin triggered the thermoregulatory response predominantly by stimulation of peripheral heat receptors. By means of local application of capsaicin to the nerves of the hind leg and by their chronic denervation, by treatment with phenoxybenzamine and guanethidine, evidence was obtained that reflex withdrawal of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone mediates the heat loss reaction intravenous capsaicin. PMID- 6652352 TI - Interactions of gamma-aminobutyric acid and noradrenaline in the high pressure neurological syndrome. AB - The effects on the high pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS) of reducing brain noradrenaline (NA) levels were studied in adult rats. The onset of tremors and convulsions, which occur as pressure is increased, were used as endpoints for assessing the onset and severity of the HPNS. Neonatal treatment with 6 hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 100 mg kg-1 i.p. alternate days from birth for 2 weeks) which depleted brain NA, produced no change in the HPNS as assessed by the appearance of tremors and convulsions. A second series of NA-depleted rats and equivalent controls were treated with a GABA agonist, muscimol, 0.1 microgram intracerebroventricularly. Subsequently the rats were exposed to pressure and the onset and severity of the HPNS was assessed by observation of tremors and convulsions. A combination of NA depletion and intracerebroventricular injection of muscimol significantly raised the onset pressures for tremors and convulsions, i.e. delayed the appearance of the HPNS. These results are consistent with the HPNS being associated with a disturbance in the balance of two or more neurotransmitter systems, rather than simply an increase or reduction in levels of a single transmitter. PMID- 6652354 TI - Spasmolytic effect of cadmium and cadmium uptake in aorta. AB - The relationship between inhibition of tension by Cd2+ in aorta and the kinetics of cadmium uptake and efflux was studied. Cd2+ (0.01-0.5 mM) inhibited the contraction of aorta to high-K+ (30 mM) in a dose-dependent manner. The high-K+ induced tension completely returned to control values after 60 min washing with a solution containing 5 mM disodium edetate (EDTA) or 5 mM cysteine, following a treatment with 0.5 mM Cd2+ for 30 min; after washing with normal medium only 15% of the control response returned. Cadmium uptake increased with an increase of the Cd2+ concentration (0.01-0.5 mM). Aortae preincubated with 0.5 mM Cd2+ for 60 min were washed subsequently with a medium containing 5 mM EDTA or 5 mM cysteine. About 5% of the original tissue cadmium was retained after washing with EDTA or cysteine. It is suggested that Cd2+ binds chiefly to the surface membrane of aorta. It seems possible that the quantity bound is correlated with the degree of inhibition of tension. PMID- 6652353 TI - Actions of isosorbide dinitrate on smooth muscle cells of rabbit vascular tissues. AB - To investigate the mechanism of the anti-anginal actions of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN), the effects of this agent on smooth muscle cells of intact and skinned preparations of the rabbit mesenteric artery and vein, and of the coronary artery were studied. ISDN (less than 10(-5) M) had no effect on the membrane potential or resistance of smooth muscle cells of the mesenteric artery and vein under resting conditions, nor when the membrane was depolarized by the presence of various concentrations of [K]o or noradrenaline (NA). The amplitude of spike evoked by outward current pulse after pretreatment with 10 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA) in the mesenteric artery was slightly inhibited by application of 10(-5) M ISDN. The K-induced and NA-induced contractions in the mesenteric artery were not affected by 10(-5) M ISDN, while those evoked in the mesenteric vein were inhibited in concentrations above 10(-6) M. The amplitude and facilitation of excitatory junction potentials evoked by perivascular nerve stimulation in the mesenteric artery were not affected by 10(-5) M ISDN. In skinned muscles, the free calcium concentration (pCa)-tension relationships observed in the mesenteric artery and vein were not affected by 10(-5) M ISDN. This agent had no effect on Ca accumulation into and Ca release from the stores in muscle cells of the mesenteric artery and vein, in skinned preparations. In the rabbit coronary artery, the membrane potential, resistance and spike evoked in the presence of 10 mM TEA were not affected by application of 10(-5) M ISDN. The contraction evoked by excess concentrations of [K]o was not affected. The contraction evoked by a low concentration of acetylcholine (3 X 10(-7) M) but by high concentrations (greater than 10(-6) M) was slightly inhibited by 10(-5) M ISDN. A tonic contraction induced in 39 mM [K]o was reduced by 10(-5) M nitroglycerine but not by 10(-5) M ISDN. Thus in rabbit vascular tissues, ISDN mainly acts on the venous system in vitro. The induced vasodilatation may lead to a reduction in the venous return and hence, reduce oxygen consumption in the cardiac muscles. This effect of ISDN may relate to the anti-anginal actions. PMID- 6652355 TI - Electrophysiological studies of some semisynthetic cardiac glycoside derivatives in isolated papillary muscle of the guinea-pig. AB - The effects of digitoxin, 3 alpha-methyl-digitoxigenin-3 beta-monoglucoside (3 alpha-MDM), 3 alpha-methyl-digitoxigenin (3 alpha-MD), proscillaridin, 4, 5 methylene-procillaridin (4, 5-MP), and 3 beta-hydroxy-4, 5-methylene-A, B-trans scillarenin (3 beta-HMTS) on force of contraction and on the transmembrane action potentials were examined in isolated papillary muscles of guinea-pigs. All derivatives exhibited the typical cardiac glycoside effects: i.e. they increased the force of contraction and shortened the action potential duration at 20% (plateau phase) and 90% of repolarization. With digitoxin, 3 beta-HMTS and 4, 5 MP a transient prolongation in action potential duration was observed at the lower concentrations. The action potential amplitude and the resting membrane potential were reduced consistently only with the higher concentrations used. The onset of the positive inotropic effects of 3 alpha-MDM, 3 alpha-MD and 3 beta HMTS was more rapid than that of digitoxin and proscillaridin. The increment in contractile force reached a maximum well before the full shortening effect on the action potential duration had developed. The shortening of the action potential is thought to be responsible for the biphasic nature of the positive inotropic effect. With 3 alpha-MD and 3 alpha-MDM even toxic effects, e.g. increase in baseline tension, were completely reversible after washing in drug-free solution. The dose-response curves for the positive inotropism can only be compared reliably once the equilibrium of drug action has been established. This steady state is probably reflected by the development of the full shortening in action potential duration. PMID- 6652356 TI - Vascular reactivity in diabetes mellitus: role of the endothelial cell. AB - The response to vasoactive agents of microvessels in situ and large arteries in vitro was compared in normal and alloxan-diabetic rats. Noradrenaline was equally effective in evoking a constrictor response of mesenteric microvessels in normal and diabetic animals. The constrictor response to a standard amount of noradrenaline in such vessels was fully antagonized by acetylcholine or papaverine, the minimum effective doses being equivalent in normal and diabetic animals. In contrast, the minimum doses of histamine or bradykinin, effective in normal animals, had to be increased about 20 fold to be active in diabetic animals. Increased osmolarity of extracellular fluid caused a significant and equivalent increase in latency of the vasoconstrictor response of microvessels to noradrenaline in normal and diabetic animals. Concentration-effect curves, constructed from the response of isolated aortae to noradrenaline, were similar in normal and diabetic animals, provided the endothelium was removed. Diabetes only affected preparations in which the endothelium was left intact. In these, the median effective concentrations of noradrenaline were greatly increased in comparison with normal values. Precontracted aortae from normal and diabetic animals were equally relaxed by acetylcholine and histamine, provided the endothelium was left intact. Loss of the relaxant response of the preparations in all groups of animals was observed following removal of endothelial cells. It is suggested that different mechanisms may be involved in the effects of vasodilator agents on large arteries in vitro or small vessels in situ. Histamine and bradykinin which are potent permeability-increasing factors, may antagonize the vasoconstrictor response of microvessels to noradrenaline through an action on endothelial cells with increased vascular permeability and temporary changes in composition of extracellular fluid. The reactive process of endothelial cells to permeability factors was affected by diabetes mellitus. However, the response of microvessels to acetylcholine and papaverine which are devoid of permeability increasing properties, was not influenced by diabetes. PMID- 6652357 TI - The relative significance of spinal and supraspinal actions in the antinociceptive effect of morphine in the dorsal horn: an evaluation of the microinjection technique. AB - Large quantities of morphine injected directly into the brainstem of spinal anaesthetized cats inhibited the noxious heat-evoked excitation of dorsal horn neurones. The amounts required were similar to those that were required intravenously in cats with the spinal cord intact or transected. When the spinal cord was intact the amount of morphine microinjected into the brainstem required to inhibit the excitation of dorsal horn neurones was about ten fold less than it was in spinal animals. It is concluded that large, but not small doses of morphine microinjected into the brainstem can exert effects on the spinal cord after first entering the circulation. The effects of small doses are attributed to a local action in the brainstem which causes inhibition of spinal neurones either by activating descending inhibitory neuronal systems or by liberating endogenous substances which reach the spinal cord via the cerebro-spinal fluid. The concentrations of morphine achieved at various distances from the site of injection by the microinjection of microgram quantities and the time courses of the concentration changes were calculated from diffusion equations, assuming diffusion coefficients of 3 or 5 X 10(6) cm2 s-1. The curves obtained closely approximated those obtained experimentally. The concentrations achieved at distances up to 2 mm from the site of injection of 10 micrograms of morphine were calculated to exceed 10(-4)M and the time-courses of these concentration changes were compatible with the time course of inhibition of spinal neurones, or the production of analgesia after microinjection. Such concentrations are vastly in excess of those achieved in the brain after the systemic administration of morphine in analgesic doses. It is concluded that the local effects in the brainstem produced by the microinjection of microgram quantities of morphine have no relevance to the mechanism of analgesia produced by systemic administration. PMID- 6652358 TI - Homotaurine: a GABAB antagonist in guinea-pig ileum. AB - Homotaurine (3-aminopropane sulphonic acid) did not inhibit the twitch response in guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle whilst gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and (-)-baclofen evoked dose-dependent inhibitions. The inhibitory effects of GABA and (-)-baclofen were prevented in the presence of homotaurine 2 X 10(-4) and 10( 3) M. The log dose-effect curves of GABA and (-)-baclofen were shifted in a parallel manner compatible with competitive antagonism. The pA2 of homotaurine with GABA (4.22 +/- 0.05) and (-)-baclofen (4.26 +/- 0.1) were the same. Homotaurine did not antagonize the inhibitory effects of morphine (ED50 4 X 10( 7) M), noradrenaline (ED50 10(-6) M) or ATP (ED50 1.5 X 10(-5) M). The inferior homologue of homotaurine, taurine 10(-3) M, did not modify the inhibitory effects of GABA and (-)-baclofen. Picrotoxin 5 X 10(-5) M antagonized GABAA receptor mediated contraction but did not affect GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition. At the same concentration the drug did not influence the antagonistic action of homotaurine, thus showing no GABAA receptor-mediated interference. It may be concluded that homotaurine is a competitive antagonist of GABAB mediated effects in the guinea-pig ileum. PMID- 6652360 TI - The effects of chloroquine and other weak bases on the accumulation and efflux of digoxin and ouabain in HeLa cells. AB - We have studied the effects of the weak bases chloroquine, NH4Cl and amantadine on the handling of certain cardiac glycosides by HeLa cells. When these weak bases are applied acutely to HeLa cells they have only minor effects on the binding of cardiac glycosides to the sodium pumps and on the recovery of pump function following block. When cells are grown in these weak bases there is a variable (10-30%) reduction in pump numbers. This effect is additive to that of chronic treatment with cardiac glycosides. If all sodium pumps are blocked with ouabain, digoxin or digitoxin then recovery of function recovers with a T1/2 of about 7 h (10% h-1); digoxin and digitoxin molecules are excreted at a similar rate but ouabain excretion occurs at a much slower rate (3% h-1). These weak bases greatly slow (x 3) the rate of excretion of digoxin and digitoxin but do not alter that of ouabain. The process affected by chloroquine was estimated to have a T1/2 of 8 h. Cells grown in the presence of cardiac glycosides accumulate large numbers of glycoside molecules; chloroquine, NH4Cl and amantadine increase the accumulation of digoxin and digitoxin and may decrease that of ouabain. Quantitatively these results fit a model whereby cardiac glycosides are accumulated by HeLa cells bound to the sodium pumps, are processed by the lysosomes and then excreted. The results are consistent with a process of internalisation and renewal of sodium pumps by HeLa cells. PMID- 6652359 TI - The source of thromboxane and prostaglandins in experimental inflammation. AB - Although cyclo-oxygenase products have been detected at inflammatory sites the tissue of origin remains uncertain. Inflammatory exudates were collected from rats 4, 6, 8, 12 or 24 h after subcutaneous implantation of carrageenin impregnated sponges. Concentrations of the cyclo-oxygenase products prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in inflammatory exudates and serum (obtained from blood clotted at 37 degrees C) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. TXB2 concentrations in exudates increased to about 100 ng ml-1 at 8 h but decreased to less than 20 ng ml-1 after 24 h. PGE2 concentrations increased from 4-12 h and remained between 80 and 120 ng ml-1 from 12-24 h. 6-oxo PGF1 alpha had the same time course as that of PGE2 but concentrations were approximately one third of PGE2 values. TXB2 concentrations in serum from thrombocytopaenic rats were less than 5% of control values. Thrombocytopaenia did not affect TXB2, PGE2 or 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha concentrations or total leukocyte numbers in inflammatory exudates. Methotrexate-induced neutropaenia did not affect serum TXB2 concentrations but cyclo-oxygenase products (including TXB2) in 6 h inflammatory exudates were reduced by 60-95%. Colchicine (1.0 mg kg-1 s.c.) prevented leukocyte accumulation in sponge exudates and this was accompanied by a reduction in TXB2, PGE2 and 6-oxo-PGF1 alpha concentrations at 6 h. These results indicate that platelets are the source of TXB2 in clotting blood but do not contribute to cyclo-oxygenase activity in experimental inflammation. The results also suggest that migrating leukocytes are the major source of thromboxane and to a lesser degree prostaglandins in acute 6 h inflammatory exudates. PMID- 6652361 TI - Evidence for a magnesium-sparing action by amiloride during renal clearance studies in rats. AB - The potassium-sparing diuretic, amiloride, reduced the fractional excretion of magnesium in anaesthetized rats. Alterations in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the filtered load of magnesium, arterial blood pressure, the status of the extracellular fluid volume, plasma aldosterone concentration and acid-base balance were not involved. It was concluded that amiloride exerted a magnesium sparing effect by a direct renal action. PMID- 6652362 TI - Effects of LM 5008, a selective inhibitor of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake, on blood pressure and responses to sympathomimetic amines. AB - LM 5008 (4-[2-(3-indolyl)ethyl]piperidine) (10, 20 and 50 mg kg-1) had no significant effect on pressor responses to noradrenaline or tyramine in rats anaesthetized with urethane. Desmethylimipramine (1 mg kg-1) blocked the response to tyramine but chlorimipramine (5 mg kg-1) had no significant effect on responses to noradrenaline or tyramine. In the rabbit, anaesthetized with chloralose, LM 5008 (5 mg kg-1) had no effect on pressor responses to noradrenaline, tyramine or angiotensin II, while desmethylimipramine (0.25 mg kg 1) inhibited responses to tyramine and potentiated those to noradrenaline. LM 5008 (10 mg kg-1) had no effect on resting blood pressure of conscious normotensive or DOCA-saline hypertensive rats. Tranylcypromine (5 mg kg-1) produced a fall in blood pressure in conscious normotensive and in DOCA hypertensive rats. Treatment with a combination of LM 5008 (10 mg kg-1) and tranylcypromine (5 mg kg-1) resulted in the appearance of a behavioural hyperactivity syndrome, but blood pressure was not different from that of animals treated with tranylcypromine alone. These results further demonstrate the selectivity of LM 5008 for 5-hydroxytryptamine as opposed to catecholamine uptake. PMID- 6652363 TI - Effects of histamine and the histamine antagonists mepyramine and cimetidine on human coronary arteries in vitro. AB - The effects of histamine have been studied on human isolated coronary artery preparations taken from hearts ranging in age from 9 to 73 years. Histamine in large concentrations (100 microM) contracted arteries which were without tone or spontaneous activity and sometimes induced rhythmic contractile activity. If spontaneous rhythmic activity was present it was enhanced by histamine. The contractile effects of histamine were inhibited by mepyramine but not by cimetidine. Arteries which were contracted by depolarization responded with relaxation to histamine concentrations lower than those required to evoke a contraction; arteries from younger hearts were more sensitive than those from older hearts. Mepyramine potentiated the maximal relaxant effect of histamine in arteries from hearts of all ages but cimetidine had very little effect. In the presence of mepyramine, cimetidine antagonized the relaxant effect of histamine, shifting the concentration-effect curve to the right. It is concluded that human coronary arteries contain both H1- and H2-type receptors, the H1-receptors mediating contraction. The relaxant effects of histamine can only be inhibited by a combination of both H1- and H2-receptor antagonists. PMID- 6652364 TI - Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society, University of Cambridge, 6th 8th April, 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6652365 TI - Correlations between pharmacological responses and structure of human lung parenchyma strips. AB - Correlations were sought between responses of human lung parenchyma strip to 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and (-)-noradrenaline (NA) and the proportions of the three major, potentially contractile components within the strip, namely smooth muscle in airways proximal to alveolar ducts, vascular smooth muscle and contractile cells in alveolar septa. After the isometric measurement of responses to 5-HT or to NA, lung strips were processed for stereological examination at the light microscopic level. On average, approximately 46% of the total volume of the lung strip was tissue and the remainder was air space. Tissue contained blood vessels (16.8%), airways proximal to alveolar ducts (4.8%) and alveolar parenchyma (78.4%). Human lung parenchyma strips relaxed, contracted or failed to respond to 5-HT or NA. Results indicated that these agonists caused simultaneous contraction of blood vessels and relaxation of airways proximal to alveolar ducts. The size and type of responses to 5-HT or NA was significantly correlated with the ratio of the volume of blood vessels and larger airways. Conversely, the proportion of alveolar tissue in lung strips was not significantly correlated with responses to 5-HT or NA. PMID- 6652366 TI - Studies in rabbits on the disposition and trypanocidal activity of the anti trypanosomal drug, diminazene aceturate (Berenil). AB - After intramuscular injection of 3.5 mg kg-1 to rabbits, diminazene aceturate shows biphasic pharmacokinetics with maximum blood and interstitial fluid concentrations occurring after 15 min and 3 h respectively. Seven days after treatment, 40-50% of the dose had been excreted in the urine and 8-20% in faeces. Highest diminazene residues were determined in liver: 7 days after dosage, residues of 40.53 +/- 4.00 micrograms g-1 were present, corresponding to 35-50% of the dose. The recommended dose of 3.5 mg kg-1 was not curative for Trypanosoma congolense infections of rabbit but did cause the parasitaemia to become subpatent. A limited prophylactic effect was observed. PMID- 6652367 TI - Mechanism of vanadate-induced contraction of airways smooth muscle of the guinea pig. AB - The characteristics of vanadate-induced contraction of airways smooth muscle are described in isolated preparations of guinea-pig central and peripheral airways. Vanadate (1-1000 microM) induced sustained contractions of trachea and lung parenchymal strips within 1 min of challenge. It was more potent (P less than 0.001) on the lung strip (EC50 = 63 microM) than on the trachea (EC50 = 123 microM). The lung strip also developed greater maximum isometric tension (P less than 0.001) than the trachea. The efficacy on the lung strip was 2 and the trachea 0.6, relative to the response to acetylcholine (efficacy = 1). Vanadate induced contractions of the trachea were not inhibited by atropine, mepyramine, phentolamine or indomethacin, nor after mast cell depletion by compound 48/80, showing that contractions were not mediated via specific receptors or by release of endogenous mediators of tone. Inorganic phosphate specifically inhibited vanadate responses in a dose-dependent and reversible manner, suggesting a common site of action. Contractions could be elicited in depolarized muscle and after treatment with ouabain plus propranolol, showing that membrane depolarization and inhibition of the Na, K-ATPase system were not involved in the contractile action of vanadate. Pretreatment of tracheal smooth muscle with verapamil had no influence on contractions elicited by vanadate. After removal of extracellular calcium, vanadate-induced contractions declined slowly with time, indicating that influx of extracellular calcium was not giving rise to contractions elicited by vanadate. Vanadate markedly increased the rate of calcium efflux from trachealis muscle loaded with 45Ca into both Ca2+-free and normal Krebs solutions; this is compatible with vanadate mobilizing an intracellular store of Ca2+. Such a store involving sites with Ca-ATPase activity would be consistent with the action of vanadate in isolated membrane preparations. Membrane-skinned tracheal fibres contracted by micromolar Ca2+ were relaxed by vanadate in a reversible dose related manner, indicating that the contractile action of vanadate was not related to its interaction with proteins at the cross-bridge level. PMID- 6652368 TI - The relationship between stimulus-induced antidromic firing and twitch potentiation produced by paraoxon in rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations. AB - The relationship between stimulus-induced repetitive antidromic firing (ADF) in the motor nerve and twitch potentiation produced by the organophosphate anticholinesterase paraoxon, has been investigated in rat diaphragm preparations. Little or no ADF was produced by paraoxon in preparations bathed in a Tyrode solution containing 1 mM calcium and 1 mM magnesium ions although the preparations showed marked twitch potentiation. Increases in the calcium:magnesium ion ratio produced a ratio-dependent increase in the ADF but had no consistent effect on peak twitch potentiation. Dithiothreitol, a disulphide bond reducing agent which decreases the affinity of acetylcholine for nicotinic cholinoceptors, abolished ADF but only modified the time course of twitch potentiation. Dithiothreitol, a disulphide bond reducing agent which decreases the affinity of acetylcholine for nicotinic cholinoceptors, abolished ADF but only modified the time course of twitch potentiation. It is concluded that the initiation of ADF is a consequence of the prolonged action of acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft following inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, and that ADF is not the only mechanism by which twitch potentiation can be produced. PMID- 6652370 TI - The effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate on structure-binding relationships of muscarinic receptors in the rat cerebral cortex. AB - Muscarinic receptors in the rat cerebral cortex, reacted with p chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) under different conditions (Phase I and II), have modified binding sites. These exhibit remarkable changes in the structural dependence of the binding of drugs. In Phase I, the structure-binding profile of agonists for both the high and low affinity agonist sites are altered. In Phase II, the structure-binding profile of antagonists is also observed. In Phase II, the ability of potent agonists to discriminate between sub-classes of agonist binding sites is eliminated. There is also a loss of heterogeneity in the binding of the selective antagonist pirenzepine. Of the 16 agonists examined, only pilocarpine has a heterogeneous binding profile in Phase II, the dispersity of binding being increased. The changes in binding properties of the receptors are discussed in terms of general theories of drug-receptor interactions. PMID- 6652369 TI - The effects of p-chloromercuribenzoate on muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex. AB - The action of p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) on the ligand binding properties of the muscarinic receptors in the rat cerebral cortex has been examined. At low concentrations, PCMB produces a selective change in the binding of agonists without any effect on the binding of antagonists. At higher concentrations, the structure-binding profile for binding antagonists is changed. The affinity of agonists is greatly reduced and the heterogeneity of binding eliminated. The effects of both high and low concentrations of PCMB can be reversed by dithiothreitol. Inactivation of receptors proceeds in parallel and is kinetically complex. It can only be partially reversed by dithiothreitol. Evidence is presented connecting the low affinity agonist binding site with the high affinity pirenzepine binding site. The changes produced by PCMB have been interpreted in terms of the modification of receptor conformation. PMID- 6652371 TI - Effects of baclofen on synaptically-induced cell firing in the rat hippocampal slice. AB - The effects of baclofen on the synaptically-induced firing of pyramidal and granule cell populations were tested in the rat hippocampal slice. Population spikes were evoked by stimulating excitatory pathways in the presence and absence of bath-applied drug. (+/-)-Baclofen (20 microM) completely blocked the firing of CA1 or CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cells subsequent to stimulation of projections that originate in area CA3. In contrast, the firing of dentate granule cells evoked by stimulation of the perforant path fibres was depressed by only 46% and baclofen did not affect the monosynaptic firing of CA3 pyramidal cells evoked by mossy fibre stimulation. These results are consistent with the effects of baclofen on the corresponding extracellularly-recorded excitatory postsynaptic potentials (e.p.s.ps). The Schaffer collateral-commissural population spike in area CA1 was depressed by (-)-baclofen (EC50 = 2.8 microM), GABA (EC50 = 2.2 mM) and 3-aminopropanesulphonic acid (3-APS) (EC50 = 0.34 mM). (-)-Baclofen was 180 times as potent as (+)-baclofen. Bicuculline methiodide (100 microM) did not reverse the depressant action of (-)-baclofen. GABA-induced depressions were antagonized to only a small degree, whilst the effect of 3-APS was readily reversed. Raising the concentration of bicuculline from 100 microM to 500 microM did not further reverse the action of GABA. The effects of (-)-baclofen and 3-APS on the relationship between extracellular e.p.s.p. and population spike were tested by stimulation of the Schaffer collateral-commissural fibres in area CA1. (-)-Baclofen shifted the 'input/output' curve to the right at a concentration of 1 microM, but less or not at all at 3 microM. In contrast, increasing the concentration of 3-APS shifted this curve farther to the right. PMID- 6652372 TI - Inhibition of gastric acid secretion in the conscious dog by the mast-cell stabilizing agent, FPL 52694. AB - The effects of the mast-cell stabilizing agent, FPL 52694, on gastric acid secretion in conscious dogs with gastric fistulae have been studied. FPL 52694 (5 or 10 mg kg-1 h-1) given intravenously during a plateau response to pentagastrin stimulation (2 micrograms kg-1 h-1) caused a maximum inhibition of acid output of about 50% but had no significant effect on volume output so that the [H+] in the juice was markedly reduced. The ratio of mucosal blood flow/acid output (Ra) was increased in the presence of FPL 52694. There was no maintained reduction of [H+] when inhibition was due to cimetidine (4 mumol kg-1, i.v.). Instillation of FPL 52694 (4.35 mg ml-1) directly into the stomach via the fistula for 30 min also resulted in an inhibition of acid output and reduction of [H+] during both pentagastrin-(2 micrograms kg-1 h-1) and histamine-stimulated (30 micrograms kg-1 h-1) secretion. Inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated acid output by intragastric administration of FPL 52694 was much greater than the maximum effect seen following intravenous infusion. The results are discussed in relation to the possible mode of action of FPL 52694. It is concluded that FPL 52694 is active orally and has a novel action on acid secretion which may include stimulation of gastric bicarbonate secretion. PMID- 6652373 TI - Importance of physico-chemical properties in determining the kinetics of the effects of Class I antiarrhythmic drugs on maximum rate of depolarization in guinea-pig ventricle. AB - The effects of Class I antiarrhythmic drugs on the maximum rate of depolarization (Vmax) of guinea-pig ventricular action potentials were studied by standard microelectrode techniques. The ability of seven different drugs to depress Vmax in unstimulated tissue ('resting block') was found to correlate poorly with the lipophilicity (log P) of the compounds and only a little better with their molecular weights. Depression of Vmax in stimulated tissue was studied for 11 drugs and found, in all cases, to increase with stimulation frequency ('rate dependent block'). The rapidity of onset of rate-dependent block (at approximately equipotent concentrations) varied markedly between drugs. It correlated well with molecular weight (r = 0.83; P less than 0.01). The time constant of recovery from rate-dependent block (tau re) also correlated very well with molecular weight (r = 0.94; P less than 0.001) for the seven drugs thus studied. A simplified model for the interaction of Class I drugs with the fast sodium channel is proposed in which the drugs all act as 'inactivation enhancers' (as suggested by other workers) but in which their molecular weight plays a central role in determining the kinetics of this interaction. PMID- 6652375 TI - Anaphylactic contraction (Schultz-Dale reaction) of the bovine bronchial artery in vitro. AB - Bronchial arteries from sensitized calves contracted on antigenic challenge in the absence and presence of selected anti-allergic drugs and autonomic agents in vitro. Anaphylactic reactivity was inhibited by tripelennamine, isoprenaline and aminophylline, and potentiated by indomethacin and dopamine. Disodium cromoglycate, compound FPL 55712 and ketanserin failed to inhibit anaphylactic contraction. PMID- 6652374 TI - The effect of indomethacin on the contractile response of the guinea-pig lung parenchymal strip to leukotrienes B4, C4, D4 and E4. AB - Indomethacin (1 microgram ml-1) almost totally inhibited the dose-dependent contractile response of isolated lung parenchymal strips of the guinea-pig (GPLS) to leukotriene B4 (LTB4) over the concentration range 0.18-18 nM. LTC4 (0.63 pM 63 nM)-induced contractions of GPLS were not significantly inhibited by indomethacin (1.0 and 10.0 micrograms ml-1) except when the highest LTC4 concentration (63 nM) was tested in the presence of indomethacin (10 micrograms ml-1). LTD4 (1.3 fM-13 nM)-induced contractions of GPLS were not significantly inhibited by indomethacin (0.1-10 micrograms ml-1) except for contractions induced by concentrations of LTD4 greater than 0.13 nM and 13 nM. Indomethacin 1 microgram ml-1 and 10 micrograms ml-1 inhibited the contractile response to 13 nM LTD4 by 37 and 16% respectively. LTE4 (2.3 fM-23 nM)-induced contractions of GPLS were not significantly inhibited by indomethacin (0.1-10 micrograms ml-1). Contraction due to LTE4 23 pM was significantly potentiated by indomethacin (1 microgram ml-1). Clotrimazole (10 microM) significantly inhibited LTD4-induced contractions of GPLS at concentrations greater than 13 pM but had no significant effect on LTC4-induced contractions. Cyclo-oxygenase products, probably principally thromboxane A2, are important secondary mediators of LTB4-induced contractions of GPLS but make little or no contribution to contractions of GPLS induced by LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4, except at higher concentrations of LTD4 and possibly LTC4. Certain concentrations of LTE4 may generate bronchodilator PGE2 in GPLS. PMID- 6652376 TI - The actions of Paf-acether (platelet-activating factor) on guinea-pig isolated heart preparations. AB - Paf-acether (platelet-activating factor) is a phospholipid capable of stimulating platelets to release their granular contents and cause platelet aggregation. When Paf-acether was administered to isolated heart preparations from normal guinea pigs there was a significant concentration-dependent reduction in coronary flow and contractile force. The high concentration of Paf-acether was equally effective in reducing these cardiac parameters in the presence of atropine. The non-acetylated Paf-acether analogue, 2-lyso Paf-acether, the enantiomer, and a closely related phospholipid 1, alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine palmitoyl, did not affect coronary flow and contractile force, indicating the specificity of Paf acether. These data demonstrate a potent effect of Paf-acether on cardiac function. Whether or not these effects are direct or mediated through generation of endogenous mediators remains to be established. PMID- 6652377 TI - The effect of exaprolol (MG 8823) on epicardial ST-segment changes in a feline model of acute myocardial ischaemia. AB - A model is described (anaesthetized, open-chest cats subjected to acute coronary artery occlusion) which allows the effects of drug interventions to be determined on one major electrocardiographic index of myocardial ischaemia. Epicardial ST segment changes were continuously recorded from five individual sites on the surface of the left ventricle. Coronary artery occlusion (left anterior descending branch) resulted in marked and consistent elevations of the ST-segment in all sites in nearly all experiments. These changes started within 1 min of the onset of ischaemia and reached a peak at between 30 and 60 min; thereafter there was a gradual reduction over the next 4 h. The one significant haemodynamic effect of coronary artery occlusion was an increase in left ventricular (LV) end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Ventricular ectopic activity was not pronounced in this model (about 50 ectopic beats over the initial 30 min post-occlusion period). Exaprolol (1.0 mg kg-1, intravenously) a potent beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent with 'membrane stabilising activity', when given 1 h after the onset of ischaemia, reduced heart rate and LV dP/dtmax and increased LVEDP. These effects were prolonged (i.e. little recovery in heart rate 3 h after administration). Exaprolol decreased total ST-segment elevation immediately after administration; this was significantly different from the effect of intravenous saline and lasted for at least 3 h. The effects appeared to be greater at sites of less pronounced ischaemia. Intramyocardial temperature records were taken to indicate a reduction in blood flow to the ischaemic region; however the alleviation of epicardial ST-segment elevation suggests an improved myocardial oxygen demand:supply ratio. Reperfusion was unsuccessfully attempted after a 4 h occlusion period; reperfusion after a shorter period (30 min) resulted in ventricular ectopic activity but no fibrillation. PMID- 6652378 TI - Opiate activation of potassium conductance inhibits calcium action potentials in rat locus coeruleus neurones. AB - Opiates act on mu-receptors to increase the potassium conductance of rat locus coeruleus neurones. Opiates also depress the rate of rise and peak amplitude of calcium action potentials in these cells. The action of opiates on calcium action potentials was prevented by two procedures which blocked the opiate-induced potassium current, intracellular caesium and extracellular barium. This indicates that the opiate reduction in calcium entry is secondary to an increased potassium current. PMID- 6652379 TI - Induction of zymosan-air-pouch inflammation in rats and its characterization with reference to the effects of anticomplementary and anti-inflammatory agents. AB - Induction of an experimental inflammation of the air-pouch type with the aid of zymosan (known to activate the alternative pathway of the complement system) was carried out in an attempt to induce a reproducible inflammatory model suitable for quantitative studies. Rats were injected subcutaneously with 8 ml of air on the dorsal surface to make an air-pouch, followed 24h later by 4 ml of 1.6% (w/v) zymosan suspension. This induced inflammatory responses. Treatment with zymosan suspension provoked exudation of fluid, accumulation of polymorphnuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the pouch and the development of granulation tissue as a wall of the pouch. Approximately half of the PMN in the pouch formed a characteristic layer of aggregated cells sticking onto the inner surface of the pouch wall. They were counted after being completely disaggregated by means of incubation with trypsin. In preliminary experiments with potential anti-inflammatory drugs, local application of a novel anti-complementary agent, K-76COONa, inhibited leukocyte accumulation in the pouch, whereas the potent anti-inflammatory agent, dexamethasone, was ineffective. By contrast, exudation of the pouch fluid was effectively inhibited by dexamethasone but not by K-76COONa. PMID- 6652380 TI - The effects of (+)-amphetamine, alpha-methyltyrosine, and alpha methylphenylalanine on the concentrations of m-tyramine and alpha-methyl-m tyramine in rat striatum. AB - The concentration in rat striatum of the meta and para isomers of tyramine and alpha-methyltyramine, after the administration of (+)-amphetamine, alpha-methyl-p tyrosine (AMPT) and alpha-methylphenylalanine (AMPA) has been determined using chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrometry (c.i.g.c.m.s.). Twenty hours after the last of 7 daily injections of (+)-amphetamine (5 mg kg-1 i.p.) the concentration of alpha-methyl-p-tyramine in striatal tissue increased twofold compared to the concentration 20 h after a single injection. In contrast the concentration of alpha-methyl-m-tyramine did not change. alpha-Methyl-m-tyramine and alpha-methyldopamine were found in the striatum at concentrations of 42 ng g 1 and 13.5 ng g-1 respectively after treatment of rats 20 h before with AMPA (100 mg kg-1 i.p.). After treatment with AMPT (100 mg kg-1, 20 h before decapitation) only the para isomer of alpha-methyltyramine could be detected (13.7 ng g-1) although the striatal concentration of alpha-methyldopamine was 274 ng g-1, a level 20 times greater than that observed after AMPA treatment. The combined administration of both AMPT and AMPA (100 mg kg-1 each, 20 h) resulted in a reduction of the striatal concentration of alpha-methyl-m-tyramine but not alpha methyl-p-tyramine. These data suggest that alpha-methyl-m-tyramine in rat striatum is formed by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase on substrate AMPA, rather than by ring dehydroxylation of alpha-methyldopa and alpha-methyldopamine. Significant reductions in the striatal concentrations of m-tyramine 2 h after the administration of AMPT, suggest that tyrosine hydroxylase is involved similarly in the production of m-tyramine. PMID- 6652381 TI - Effects of cyproheptadine on electrophysiological properties of isolated cardiac muscle of dogs and rabbits. AB - The effects of cyproheptadine were studied on cardiac Purkinje and ventricular muscle fibres of the dog and on cells of the sinoatrial (SA) node region of rabbit hearts, by means of electrophysiological techniques. Cyproheptadine (2-8 microM) decreased, in a dose-dependent manner, the plateau amplitude and the action potential duration to 50% repolarization of Purkinje and ventricular muscle cells. Higher concentrations also depressed the action potential amplitude, the overshoot and the maximum rate of rise of the upstroke. These effects were only partially reversed on washing. A four fold increase in Ca concentration of the standard Tyrode solution antagonized the effects of cyproheptadine on the action potential characteristics. The 'slow response' obtained in K-depolarized isoprenaline-treated fibres was blocked by cyproheptadine (4 microM). Cyproheptadine (10 microM) depolarized and suppressed the automaticity of spontaneously beating Purkinje fibres. The frequency of discharge of the SA node cells was slowed or abolished by cyproheptadine (2-4 microM). Atropine (2.6 microM) did not affect the negative chronotropic effect, whereas adrenaline (5 microM) reversed it. It is suggested that cyproheptadine depresses the slow inward current in all types of myocardial fibres studied. Higher concentrations might also affect the fast inward sodium current system. PMID- 6652383 TI - The measurement of back movement . PMID- 6652384 TI - Correlation between radiographic and clinical measurement of lumbar spine movement. AB - Clinical and radiological techniques were used to examine the lumbar movements of 11 male subjects with no history of low back pain. The clinical techniques were shown liable to large errors, particularly where distances between skin marks were measured. The use of an inclinator was the only clinical technique found to be reproducible by different observers. Comparison with the radiological techniques showed that the clinical measures only gave indices of back movement which did not reflect true intervertebral movement. PMID- 6652385 TI - Partial finger loss: an indicator of severe connective tissue disease with overlap features. AB - Six patients are described with partial finger loss due to severe Raynaud's syndrome. In all cases the vascular changes were an early feature of a connective tissue disease with overlap features. It was a poor prognostic feature often heralding severe multisystem involvement with life threatening and on one occasion fatal consequences. PMID- 6652382 TI - Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society. University of Leicester, 6th 8th July, 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6652386 TI - Objective evaluation of hand function in scleroderma patients to assess effectiveness of physical therapy. AB - A system was developed to evaluate the hand function of patients with scleroderma objectively in terms of joint contracture, range of movement, dexterity, strength, and skin compliance. Twelve patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were evaluated using this technique to determine the effectiveness of classic physical therapy methods. A statistically significant improvement in hand function was found after a single physical therapy treatment. This conservative mode of treatment may contribute to improved hand function in patients with scleroderma. PMID- 6652387 TI - Phototoxic reactions to piroxicam, naproxen and tiaprofenic acid. AB - Photosensitivity investigations have been carried out using an irradiation monochromator on 31 patients taking one of seven different nonsteroidal anti inflammatory agents for the treatment of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. Six patients, who were taking either piroxicam, naproxen or tiaprofenic acid, experienced adverse immediate reactions of erythema and flaring, together with an urticarial response in four of these six patients. No phototoxic response was observed in patients taking either indomethacin, ketoprofen, benorylate or ibuprofen, although firm conclusions about the non-phototoxic nature of these four drugs cannot be drawn from this pilot study because of the small numbers of patients investigated. PMID- 6652388 TI - Hip arthroplasty: patient satisfaction. AB - A total of 1074 patients, the survivors of a multicentre sample of 1085 who, 9-15 months earlier, had undergone total hip replacement, were asked to complete a questionnaire about their satisfaction with the outcome of surgery. Of 1027 (96%) who responded, 90% were satisfied, 5% were unsure and 3% were dissatisfied with the result--2% failed to answer the question about satisfaction. The highest satisfaction rate was found amongst patients who had undergone bilateral hip replacement (96%) and those with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (94%). Dissatisfaction was associated with previous surgery to the index hip and additional surgery following total hip replacement. In all but five of the 98 patients who did not express satisfaction an adequate reason could be found either in the case notes or from questionnaire responses. PMID- 6652389 TI - Prognosis of lateral epicondylitis. PMID- 6652390 TI - Point-of-time survey of drug prescriptions for patients with rheumatic diseases. PMID- 6652391 TI - Elisa studies in ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Specific IgA antibodies were measured by ELISA against Klebsiella, E. coli and Candida antigens in five different groups: active ankylosing spondylitis (high ESR), inactive ankylosing spondylitis (normal ESR), healthy controls, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Elevated levels of IgA antibodies against Klebsiella were found only in active ankylosing spondylitis patients. PMID- 6652393 TI - Immune complexes in ankylosing spondylitis and controls. AB - Slight elevations in circulating immune complexes (CIC) were found in 10 ankylosing spondylitis patients when compared to healthy subjects, whilst higher levels of CIC and other complement products were found in patients with Reiter's syndrome and reactive arthritis. It is suggested that complement studies should be carried out at different stages of the disease; firstly during episodes of infection and secondly during the stage of chronic inflammatory disease. PMID- 6652392 TI - Circulating immune complexes in ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Circulating immune complexes were determined in the sera of patients with ankylosing spondylitis using a polyethylene glycol precipitation laser nephelometer technique. Positive results were obtained in 52% of sera from patients with active disease, but only in 20% from those in inactive stages. The immunoglobulin/complement protein ratio differed from that seen in rheumatoid arthritis and in systemic lupus erythematosus, due to the relatively larger amounts of C3 and C4 present in the immune complexes. These findings indicate that circulating immune complexes in ankylosing spondylitis may not be of pathogenetic significance because of their degree of solubilization. PMID- 6652394 TI - The enthesopathy of ankylosing spondylitis. AB - The enthesopathic lesion of ankylosing spondylitis consists of a nonspecific, nongranulomatous inflammatory lesion which leads to destruction of the attachment of ligament to bone. Resulting erosion leads to reactive bone formation which may form a new enthesis and around the outer fibres of the annulus may lead to syndesmophyte formation. What determines the distribution of the enthesopathy and ankylosis is not known. PMID- 6652395 TI - Antibodies against cell envelope antigens of Yersinia enterocolitica in reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Yersinia enterocolitica is suspected of involvement in the aetiology of reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Its two major outer membrane proteins are important targets for IgA and other protein A reactive immunoglobulins in the sera of some patients with these diseases. PMID- 6652397 TI - Incidence of training-related injuries among marathon runners. AB - A questionnaire was sent to all 960 entrants in a major city marathon race to obtain information on training-related injuries. A total of 497 replies were received; of these 287 (58%) had incurred some form of injury during preparation for the race. Seventy-one of these individuals reported more than one injury. Almost all injuries affected the lower limb, with 113 cases (32%) involving pain or disability in the knee. More than half the injured runners (158, 55%) sought no professional advice; approximately half (146, 51%) received no treatment other than rest, which was not generally considered a form of therapy. Only 18 runners (6%) reported no improvement in their condition, while 143 individuals (51%) reported a full recovery. Injury incurred during training was thought by 98 runners (35%) to have had an adverse effect on their racing performance. These results suggest that runners preparing to compete in marathon races can expect their training to be interrupted by injury. PMID- 6652396 TI - Some physiological demands of a half-marathon race on recreational runners. AB - The purpose of this study was to assess the physiological demands of a half marathon race on a group of ten recreational runners (8 men and 2 women). The average running speed was 223.1 +/- 22.7 m.min-1 (mean +/- SD) for the group and this represented 79 +/- 5% VO2 max for these runners. There was a good correlation between VO2 max and performance time for the race (4 = -0.81; p less than 0.01) and an even better correlation between running speed equivalent to a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol.l-1 and performance times (r = -0.877; p less than 0.01). The blood lactate concentration os 4 of the runners at the end of the race was 5.65 +/- 1.42 mmol.l-1 (mean +/- SD) and the estimated energy expenditure for the group was 6.22 M.J. While there was only a poor correlation between total energy expenditure and performance time for the race, the correlation coefficient was improved when the energy expenditure of each individual was expressed in KJ.kg-1 min-1 (r = 0.938; p less than 0.01). PMID- 6652398 TI - Physical characteristics of novice and experienced women marathon runners. AB - The physiological and anthropometric characteristics of 23 non-elite women marathoners were studied. Ten of these women had never run a marathon before (novices) and 13 had run at least one marathon during the previous year (experienced). A comparison of characteristics of these two groups to each other and to elite women marathoners, as reported in the literature, disclosed no significant (p greater than 0.01) among the groups in age, % body fat, body weight, height, lean body mass or HR max. Significant differences (p less than 0.01) were noted, however, in VO2 max (45.8, 51.8, 59.1 ml.kg-1 min-1), VE max (76.3, 94.7, 108.9 L.min-1), and years of training (0.54, 2.06, 4.55 years) with the novice runners having the smallest values, the experienced runners having the next larger values, and the elite runners having the largest values. For our subjects, estimated percentage of body fat did not correlate with finish time, but VO2 max and finish time were significantly related (r = -0.72, p less than 0.01). This suggest that women marathon runners are similar in anthropometric measurements, and that improved performance is associated with higher aerobic capacity and years of training rather than with body dimensions. PMID- 6652399 TI - Blunt injury of the radial and ulnar arteries in volley ball players. A report of three cases of the antebrachial-palmar hammer syndrome. AB - Three cases of the antebrachial-palmar hammer syndrome are described in volley ball players. They all suffered from a decreased blood perfusion of their right hand and fingers due to the repeated ball and floor impacts during the volley ball training and playing. The vascular lesions of the radial and ulnar arteries were reversible. The patients recovered spontaneously during the rest from excessive physical activity by their hands. The vascular lesions of this kind are rare but seem to be typical to volley ball players. PMID- 6652400 TI - Fracture of the fibular sesamoid of the hallux. PMID- 6652402 TI - Estimation of swimmers' physical condition by a swimming recovery test. AB - In this article, the authors propose an original analysis of the cardiac frequency after training. The study of rapid diminution (alactic oxygen debt) and of plateau (lactic debt in oxygen) make possible adjustment of the training. The variations observed in young swimmers during their sporting season and note a tangible improvement of the two components for recovery. PMID- 6652401 TI - Immediate effects of heavy exercise on the circulating thyroid hormones. AB - Sera from 20 patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease were measured for thyroxine (T4), tri-iodothyronine (T3), tri-iodothyronine uptake ratio (T3UR), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and reverse tri-iodothyronine (rT3), before and after maximal or near-maximal exercise. On the average the patients achieved 92% (rang 68-108) of the predicted maximum heart rate. There were no statistically significant differences between the pre- and the post exercise serum levels of thyroid hormones. When five patients who achieved less than 90% of the predicted maximum heart rate were excluded, the results remained unchanged. It appears that the circulating thyroid hormones are not acutely affected after maximal or near-maximal exercise; however, the patient population was highly select. PMID- 6652403 TI - Physical working capacity and mile run performance in adolescent boys. AB - The degree of generality between the endurance characteristics of the one mile run and PWC170 tests was examined with a group of fifteen year old boys who performed both tests once a week for three weeks. A significant improvement in performance of both tests was found between trials 1 and 2, which was sustained between trials 2 and 3. These results suggest that norm scales regarding performance in both tests should be based on the average of at least two trials following a practice trial. The results of the present study also suggest that when average scores are used, rather than single scores, the amount of generality between the endurance characteristics of the one mile run and PWC170 test is high enough to allow physical working capacity to be predicted fairly accurately from performance in the one mile run. PMID- 6652405 TI - Cinematographical analysis of javelin throwing techniques of decathletes. AB - Th purpose of this study was to analyse by correlational methods the biomechanical factors involved in achieving the maximal distance thrown in the javelin event. Twelve Swiss decathletes and two world class javelin specialists were filmed by a high speed (102 fps) 16 mm camera throwing a total of 20 trials. The co-ordinates of the resulting cyclograms were processed by a computer programme and the results submitted to correlational analysis. The highest correlation was 0.76 between velocity at release and distance thrown. Other negative correlations were found between distance thrown and angle of the javelin with the horizontal (0.52) and distance thrown and throwing hand to contralateral foot distance during the last strides (0.67). Javelin specialists, who had longer throws than decathletes (mean = 79.03 m versus 54.29 m), had a smaller difference between the angle of attack and angle of release. The results suggest that in order to attain maximal distance thrown the javelin thrower should achieve positive acceleration during the running approach, effective thrusting with th right leg on the penultimate stride and carry the javelin during the last strides at the optimal angle of release (32 to 36 degrees). PMID- 6652404 TI - The specificity of energy utilisation by trained and untrained adolescent boys. AB - This study examined the relationship between estimates of alactacid anaerobic power, lactacid anaerobic power and aerobic power in a sample of trained swimmers (age 14.4 yr., n = 8) and a sample of untrained boys (age 13.7 yr., n = 13). The anaerobic power outputs were estimated using a modification of the Wingate Anaerobic Test and aerobic power was estimated using a continuous, incremental cycle ergometer test. In addition to leg power outputs the swimmers' arm power using each energy system was estimated and compared with the corresponding leg value. There was no relationship between the estimates of the power of the three energy systems with either the trained or untrained boys. Furthermore with the trained boys there was no relationship between estimates of the power of the same energy system utilised by different limbs. The data support a specificity hypothesis of energy utilisation during exercise with both trained and untrained adolescent boys. PMID- 6652407 TI - Vertigo in divers. PMID- 6652406 TI - The 1982 epidemic--roller skating injuries. AB - A series of 100 roller skating injuries is presented. Roller skating injuries have been occurring at a higher rate than the previously reported skateboarding epidemic of 1977. The severity of injury has been lower, 32% fractures and dislocations occurring whilst roller skating, compared to 60% whilst skateboarding. In particular a striking reduction is seen in ankle fractures. Fifty questionnaires detailing method of injury were analysed. PMID- 6652408 TI - Vertigo in divers. PMID- 6652409 TI - Running shoe anaphylaxis--a case report. PMID- 6652410 TI - The anatomy of the facial nerve in relation to CT/sialography of the parotid gland. AB - The technique of computed tomography with simultaneous parotid sialography allows for accurate localisation of tumours within the parotid gland. The relationship of these tumours to the facial nerve, which divides within the gland, is of surgical significance. A study of the course of the facial nerve through the parotid gland in the cadaver was therefore undertaken in order to identify relevant landmarks for the CT prediction of its relationship to those tumours. The heads of five cadavers were sectioned in the Frankfurt plane into 1 cm slices which were then X-rayed. Individual slices were examined and the course of the facial nerve was plotted on the X-ray plate of the same slice. It was found that the nerve could be represented on a CT scan by an arc of radius 8.5 mm, the centre of which is the most posterior point of the ramus of the mandible. The arc extends from directly lateral to directly posterior to that point. Pre-operative visualisation of parotid tumours by simultaneous CT scan and sialography in conjunction with an appreciation of the course of the facial nerve through the parotid gland may allow for more precise presurgical planning. PMID- 6652411 TI - Odontoid hypoplasia. AB - From a randomised series of 500 adult patients, average measurements of the normal adult odontoid peg in the vertical and sagittal planes as seen on a standard lateral film of the cervical spine are given, and it is suggested that measurements which fall below this range should be interpreted as indicating "odontoid hypoplasia" irrespective of the cause of the abnormality. A series of 500 lateral radiographs of the upper cervical spine showed the mean height of the odontoid to be 18.0 mm in males and 16.8 mm in females, and it is concluded that a height measurement of less than 11.9 mm in either sex can be taken as the criterion of odontoid hypoplasia. A case history of one patient with hypoplasia is given, by way of illustration. PMID- 6652412 TI - Tendon disease and adjacent bone erosion in dialysis patients. AB - Six out of 169 patients on maintenance haemodialysis showed spontaneous tendon rupture. In all six, bone erosion had previously been observed at the site of tendon insertion. In a further 13 patients whose tendons had never ruptured, marked bone erosions at the sites of tendon insertions were also observed. Both groups of patients, with tendon rupture and with bone erosion only, showed significantly greater blood alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels than all the others. Moreover, osseous radiological findings of hyperparathyroidism were more marked in all these 19 patients than in the others. Bone erosion at the site of tendon insertion may be a true and specific sign of tendon disease in patients with uraemia. Our series shows that it bears a close relationship to hyperparathyroidism, and suggests that tendon disease is a specific sign of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with uraemia. PMID- 6652414 TI - Dynamic NMR cardiac imaging in a piglet. AB - NMR echo-planar imaging (EPI) has been used in a realtime mode to visualise the thorax of a live piglet. Moving pictures are available on an immediate image display system which demonstrates dynamic cardiac function. Frame rates vary from one per cardiac cycle in a prospective stroboscopic mode with immediate visual output to a maximum of 10 frames per second yielding up to six looks in one piglet heart cycle, but using a visual playback mode. A completely new system has been used to obtain these images, features of which include a probe assembly with 22 cm access and an AP400 array processor for real-time data processing. PMID- 6652413 TI - Examination of the pathological scrotum with dynamic and static ultrasound. AB - Ultrasound examination was performed on 51 patients with clinically pathological scrotum who all underwent surgery. Twenty patients had extratesticular disease and 31 patients had intratesticular disease. The disease was located correctly by ultrasound in all cases. It was, however, not possible to tell a malignant from a benign lesion, or a teratoma from a seminoma. A combination of contact scanning with direct palpation of the lesion and scanning through a water bath or similar "stand-off' arrangement is recommended. PMID- 6652415 TI - On the validity of the NSD concept. AB - The nominal standard dose depends mainly upon the skin reaction, the field size, and the location. In particular, different degrees of skin reaction cause variations in the "tolerance dose" up to a factor of 2. The influence of these parameters must be taken into account carefully in order to attain valid conclusions. The NSD concept has been verified by re-evaluation of Strandqvist's investigation. An exponent of 0.28 +/- 0.04 has been calculated, which is at the lower limit of Ellis' value (0.35). The use of the NSD formula may fail for radiation regimens which are not bound to skin reaction. Several radiation schemes in the treatment of lung cancer exhibit worse tumour control though NSD values are higher. For this a strong correlation between survival rate and fractionation frequency has been found. PMID- 6652416 TI - An improved "ice-cap" to prevent alopecia caused by adriamycin (doxorubicin). PMID- 6652417 TI - Errors in temperature measurement by thermocouple probes during ultrasound induced hyperthermia. PMID- 6652418 TI - Revised guidance on acceptable limits of exposure during nuclear magnetic resonance clinical imaging. PMID- 6652419 TI - Quantities and SI units for dose rate calculations from radionuclide sources. PMID- 6652420 TI - Direct sagittal and coronal CT scanning--an economical light beam source for patient positioning. PMID- 6652421 TI - Is cervical spondylosis an occupational hazard for urologists? AB - Amongst 248 urologists who spend a substantial amount of their operative work performing endoscopic procedures and who were surveyed with reference to symptoms of cervical spondylosis, 118 admitted that they were, or had been, troubled by such symptoms (47.6%). A control group of 113 General Practitioners matched for age at qualification had no significantly fewer symptoms (43.4%). Similar numbers in each group had a history of neck injury, often of a sporting nature, and also had similar incidences of symptoms including pain down the arm. Significantly more urologists have current severe symptoms and more frequent attacks of trouble. Urologists offered a variety of advice on how to ameliorate these symptoms, which included attention to posture, the need for self-controlled motorised endoscopic tables, an endoscopic stool with wheels and the limitation of the number of transurethral prostatectomies per operating list. PMID- 6652422 TI - Microcomputers and microprocessors in urology: present and future. AB - Urology departments have a heavy outpatient workload requiring efficient secretarial, appointments and records services. Microcomputers are relatively inexpensive and can facilitate efficient routine clinical and research work. Unlike mainframe computers, formal training is not usually required, a simple introduction being sufficient for the enthusiast. An Apple computer is used in this department for word processing incorporating standard letters, paragraphs and phrases. With more sophisticated programs urological screening by computer interrogation could be linked to an appointments system to coordinate investigations, minimising hospital visits. Microprocessors can facilitate a wide variety of measurement recording and data handling. Urodynamic measurements can be computed and graphs superimposed to facilitate interpretation. PMID- 6652423 TI - Management of renal carcinoma--a questionnaire survey. AB - Questionnaires on the management of renal carcinoma were returned by 134 British urologists. Analysis revealed that ultrasound is used, as a routine investigation, by 93% of the respondents, whereas abdominal CT scanning is used routinely by only 16%. Renal arterial embolisation is used by 60% of respondents; a further 12% indicated that, having tried the technique, they had given it up. Of 81 surgeons using embolisation, 44% were hopeful that it offered systemic benefit to the patient and 54% delay nephrectomy after embolisation. Regression of metastases following treatment was reported by 58 surgeons. Details of metastatic regression in 60 patients revealed that pulmonary metastases were involved in 83%. Embolisation featured in the management of only 11 such patients. PMID- 6652424 TI - Percutaneous nephrolithotomy. AB - Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is becoming an established technique for the surgical management of renal stones. In a series of 48 patients treated by this method a success rate of 89% was achieved after an initial learning phase. The technique is suitable to be practised in any Department of Urology. PMID- 6652426 TI - Advances in the techniques of localisation of adrenal tumours and their influence on the surgical approach to the tumour. AB - The results of attempts to localise adrenal tumours in 65 patients are presented. In the first series (1966-1978) adrenal phlebography and adrenal vein sampling located 18 of 20 (90%) of adrenocortical tumours and 18 of 19 (94%) phaeochromocytomas were defined by angiography and venous sampling. In the second series CT located 7 of 8 adrenocortical and all 6 intra-abdominal phaeochromocytomas. Scintigraphy located all 9 adrenocortical tumours and both of the phaeochromocytomas examined. Confidence in the ability of newer techniques allows the use of a flank incision in most cases, thus reducing the operative morbidity. PMID- 6652425 TI - Laser fragmentation of renal calculi. AB - Pulsed Nd YAG lasers will fragment all types of urinary calculi rapidly in air. The fragments are much smaller than with any other technique. Large stones can be split into a few discrete fragments which may prove to be an advantage in that the fragments could then be extracted without leaving multiple small fragments behind. Certain pulsed lasers can be transmitted through fine, flexible glass fibres which are small enough to pass through any sized instrument channel. There is therefore an immediate possibility of using this type of laser in the bladder with carbon dioxide instead of an irrigant. Further experiments are planned in order to investigate the possibility of using this mode of laser in the kidney percutaneously. PMID- 6652427 TI - The indwelling ureteric stent--the Bristol experience. AB - Indwelling ureteric stents have been used for upper urinary tract drainage in 17 patients. The advantages over traditional methods in terms of endoscopic insertion, avoidance of external diversion and potentially lengthy periods of drainage are described. Patients requiring ureteric splintage following open procedures can also benefit from internal stenting rather than external drainage. Withdrawal is performed as a minor out-patient endoscopic procedure. PMID- 6652428 TI - Transurethral ureteroscopic retrieval of ureteric stones. AB - This report documents our initial experience in the transurethral retrieval of ureteric stones using the rigid ureteroscope. Ten patients are included. Half of the stones were located in the lower one-third of the ureter and half in the upper two-thirds. They varied in size from 5 to 10 mm in diameter. Seven were successfully extracted at the first attempt using stone baskets under direct vision. Of the remaining 3, one was retrieved at a second ureteroscopy, one was fragmented and subsequently passed and one required percutaneous nephroscopy for its removal from the renal pelvis. It is concluded that transurethral ureteroscopy offers a safe alternative to both open ureterolithotomy and blind manipulation. PMID- 6652429 TI - The colonic conduit: a better method of urinary diversion? AB - The colonic conduit urinary diversion has been assessed in a retrospective study of 47 children in order to compare the results of this operation with that of other forms of urinary diversion. The overall complication rate was 81%. The rate of stomal stenosis was 34% and that of upper tract dilatation was 36%. These results are very similar to the complication rate for the ileal conduit, which is now the most popular form of urinary diversion. It is suggested that all forms of urinary diversion have a high long-term complication rate and that other means of management should be considered more seriously. PMID- 6652430 TI - The patient with exstrophy in adult life. AB - One hundred and one cases of classical exstrophy with at least 18 years of follow up are reported. There were 29 girls and 72 boys. Nine have died but only 3 of urological causes; 19 have been lost to follow-up at various times. In patients born before 1953 and in later patients with small bladders, primary diversion was done. In other patients primary closure was attempted with an 18% continence rate. Successful bladder closure produced a 25% incidence of any kind of renal damage. With diversion the incidence was 30% (colonic loop) and 75% (ileal loop). Sexual function is good. Six men have initiated pregnancies; 8 girls had 11 pregnancies, producing 9 normal children. Education, employment and family life have not been substantially affected. PMID- 6652431 TI - Pelvic evoked responses. AB - An electrophysiological method to measure the sacral reflex arc has been developed and is described in detail. The latencies of 15 normal subjects are recorded. The electromyographic responses were abolished in seven multiple sclerotic patients with unstable bladders after subtrigonal phenol injection. PMID- 6652432 TI - Long-term results of bladder transection for urge incontinence. AB - One hundred and four patients with urge incontinence associated with detrusor instability who had failed to respond to standard conservative treatment were treated by a modified bladder transection procedure. Initially 74% were symptomatically cured, 14% were improved and 12% were failures. At 2 to 5 years after operation these results were 65%, 19% and 16% respectively. There was no significant morbidity and no mortality. Bladder transection is still a useful method of treatment for the refractory patient with detrusor instability, although improvements in conservative treatment have reduced the need for it. PMID- 6652433 TI - Bladder instability. Is the primary defect in the urethra? AB - The urethral response to bladder filling has been studied by synchronous measurement of four points in the proximal urethra and bladder using microtip transducers. Twelve male patients with urodynamically proven bladder instability had falls in urethral closure pressure of 30 cm of water 3 s before the unstable detrusor contraction. There was a lack of awareness of the urethral relaxation, the sensation of urgency occurring only when the detrusor contracted. The suggestion is made that the sequence of events occurring in these patients with bladder instability is fundamentally no different from a normal voiding sequence and that it may be more appropriate to re-educate the muscles of the proximal urethra than to treat the detrusor instability. PMID- 6652434 TI - Non-obstructive detrusor failure. A urodynamic, electromyographic, neurohistochemical and autonomic study. AB - Twenty-eight patients presenting with persistent loss of the voiding reflex have been evaluated. Those with cauda equina lesions or pelvic nerve injury were distinguished from a group with idiopathic detrusor failure by their abnormal urethral behaviour during filling, and by urethral sphincter electromyography (EMG). Bladder muscle biopsies revealed the presence of presumptive cholinergic fibres in all three groups, indistinguishable in quantity and distribution from normal controls. The implications of these findings for the diagnosis and management of these patients is discussed. PMID- 6652435 TI - Bladder training--3 years on. AB - Fifty-six patients with the "urge syndrome" were reviewed between 1 and 5 years after in-patient treatment by bladder training. There was an overall initial cure/improvement rate of 85%. The best long-term results were obtained in those with objectively stable bladders before treatment. Forty-three per cent of patients with reduced detrusor compliance and idiopathic instability relapsed after initial improvement. Those with primary instability or with associated degenerative disease responded poorly to treatment. PMID- 6652436 TI - Prognostic significance of biopsy results of normal-looking mucosa in cases of superficial bladder cancer. AB - Quadrant biopsies of normal-looking mucosa were used as part of the assessment of cases with superficial Ta,T1 transitional cell cancer of the bladder. Patients with one or more abnormal biopsies were shown to have a significantly greater chance of developing recurrent tumour compared to patients with normal mucosal biopsy findings. Other factors noted at the time of initial assessment, such as size, number of tumours, Ta,T1 category or grade of tumour did not predict recurrence, although recurrences that invaded muscle were associated with G3 histology in the primary tumour. The results of mucosal biopsy identified patients at risk for recurrence and it is possible that this group would derive particular benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. PMID- 6652438 TI - Asepsis and out-patient cystoscopy. AB - Cystoscopy was performed on a control group of 74 patients under full sterile precautions and on a study group of 83 patients under aseptic conditions, which required fewer materials. The incidence of urinary infections in the two groups was 4 and 6% respectively; this difference is not statistically significant. Rigors were rare in both groups (1%). The financial savings achieved by using an aseptic technique for out-patient cystoscopy are discussed. PMID- 6652437 TI - Potential value of antisera to epithelial membrane antigen in detecting early invasion in transitional cell carcinoma. AB - The distribution of epithelial membrane antigen in human transitional epithelium using immunocytochemical techniques was investigated. In normal urothelium the antigen is restricted to the luminal surface and superficial cell cytoplasm. During neoplastic progression cytoplasmic staining of intermediate and basal cells is seen. In certain circumstances staining is seen at the interface between the stroma and tumour. The latter appearance correlates with the presence of invasion as assessed by conventional histology and may help to identify early invasion in difficult cases. PMID- 6652439 TI - Preliminary results of AS 791/792 artificial sphincter for urinary incontinence. AB - Twenty-seven patients with incontinence have been treated by implantation of the AS 791 or 792 artificial sphincter over the past 24 months. All but four were incontinent as a result of myelodysplasia or prostatic ablation: 22 are currently completely continent, 2 await activation and 3 have failed. There has been only one mechanical failure, though 3 patients have required the insertion of a higher pressure reservoir to resolve stress incontinence, reflecting our conservative approach to the initial choice of reservoir. PMID- 6652440 TI - Urethral sphincter abnormalities in Parkinsonism. AB - Urethral sphincter function was studied in 14 patients with Parkinsonism. All patients had urethral pressure profiles, sphincter electromyography and a voiding study with or without cystourethrography. Abnormalities were found in all patients, but profound abnormalities were present in four patients who had markedly increased sphincter tone and sphincter tremor and who failed to relax the sphincter when voiding. These abnormalities may be a significant cause of urinary symptoms in these patients. PMID- 6652441 TI - Long-term results of optical urethrotomy. AB - In a 7-year period 137 men with urethral stricture underwent optical urethrotomy. Over 91% were relieved of their stricture symptoms and required no further treatment, including 41 patients in whom the follow-up period exceeded 4 years. The surgical technique is outlined. Strictures with the best prospect of cure were short and single. Optical urethrotomy is confirmed as the treatment of choice in strictures of the male urethra. PMID- 6652442 TI - Optical urethrotomy--a 3-year experience. AB - One hundred and thirty-seven patients underwent optical urethrotomy and have been followed up over a period of 3 years. The overall improvement rate was 66%. The results were unrelated to the length of history, the number of previous dilatations or the site of the lesion. However, traumatic strictures did significantly less well than the others. Although the procedure can be repeated, the chance of failure following the third or subsequent urethrotomy was much greater than after the first or second procedure. Urethrotomy for post prostatectomy membranous strictures was followed by incontinence in 31% of patients. Otherwise the procedure was safe and should be the first choice of treatment for most patients with urethral strictures. PMID- 6652443 TI - The impact of optical urethrotomy on the management of urethral strictures. AB - The introduction of optical urethrotomy by Sachse has reduced the need for urethroplasty: 261 urethroplasties were performed between 1964 and 1983, of which 87 were performed in one stage on patients who would today have undergone urethrotomy as the procedure of first choice. The results in this group are compared with those in 151 patients treated between 1978 and 1983 by 265 internal optical urethrotomies. At 5 years 50% of those treated by urethrotomy needed no further treatment, compared with 83% of those treated by urethroplasty. Nevertheless, the ease and safety of urethrotomy makes it the procedure of first choice, and urethoroplasty should be reserved either for cases where urethrotomy is unsuitable or where it has been tried on several occasions without success. PMID- 6652444 TI - Fistulae involving rectum and urethra: the place of Parks's operations. AB - Twenty-five rectovesical and rectourethral fistulae were treated over an 18-year period in which various methods for closing the rectal side of the fistula were developed, ultimately with two techniques using the full thickness of intestine. As a result of these operations the management of the urethral and vesical side of the fistulae became a relatively simple problem to which standard techniques could be applied. PMID- 6652446 TI - Incidental carcinoma of the prostate: selection for deferred treatment. AB - Fifty-one of 212 consecutive patients with prostatic cancer presented with incidentally diagnosed (TO) cancer. The average age at presentation was 73 years and follow-up ranged from 1 to 62 months. Deferred treatment was selected in 39 cases, 10 of which progressed. Of 15 deaths only 3 were related to prostate cancer and these were patients who had presented with metastases. Histological grading by the Gleason system demonstrated a significant correlation with metastatic stage at presentation and tumour bulk, but not with age or progression in deferred treatment cases. It is concluded that there is a need to subdivide patients presenting with incidental carcinoma, that tumour bulk correlates with histological grade and that future treatment protocols for TO disease should stratify for histological grade. PMID- 6652445 TI - Disrupting injuries of the membranous urethra--the case for early surgery and catheter splinting. AB - We reviewed the outcome following primary definitive repair by catheter splinting in 16 patients presenting with total posterior urethral disruption following pelvic injury. There were two deaths in the early post-operative period due to pulmonary embolism associated with other serious injuries. Five patients were judged to have a significant stricture at the site of injury, but all proved amenable to management with endoscopic treatment or periodic dilatation. None required a urethroplasty. The two cases with stress incontinence were related to concomitant injury of the bladder neck. Impotence persisted in 2 or 5 patients followed for longer than 12 months. Complications from catheter traction were not seen using the system of light interrupted traction described. A case is made for primary management by catheter splinting of such urethral injuries. PMID- 6652448 TI - Justification of the use of surveillance in the management of Stage I germ cell tumours of the testis. AB - Analysis of patients with germ cell tumours of the testis treated at the London Hospital during the last 30 years has shown that the incidence of pure seminoma has fallen from 69 to 39%. Coincident with this, the incidence of patients with metastases detectable at presentation in all other types of germ cell tumour has increased from 19 to 62%. These observations may explain why the relapse rate of the most recently treated patients with Stage 1 malignant teratoma was the same whether or not they received prophylactic radiotherapy and substantially less than that reported in the literature 30 years ago for orchiectomy alone. These changes justify the use of a surveillance policy for Stage 1 tumour in studies by specialist centres. PMID- 6652447 TI - Radionuclide imaging in scrotal swellings. AB - The patient with an acute scrotal swelling may be misdiagnosed and either have unnecessary surgery or not have necessary surgery. Radionuclide imaging has been used on 33 patients with scrotal swellings and has been found to be an easy, cheap and painless investigation with a high degree of accuracy of diagnosis. It is recommended as a useful diagnostic tool in cases of scrotal swelling of doubtful aetiology, particularly when emergency surgery is being considered. PMID- 6652449 TI - Evaluation of radiotherapy and/or surgicopathological staging after chemotherapy in the management of metastatic germ cell tumours. AB - Thirty of 83 patients with metastatic germ cell tumours undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy have required post-treatment surgicopathological staging and in ten of these, viable malignancy was detected. In 8, cystic mature teratoma was excised. Though this surgery can be extremely difficult and in 12 of the 30 cases necrotic tissue only was excised, the toxicity and distress of continuing unnecessary chemotherapy for the patients with necrotic tissue or mature teratoma, and the chance to cure patients with persistent malignant disease with second-line chemotherapy, mean that the early use of this surgery will continue to be an extremely important element in the management of patients with malignant teratoma. However, for patients with metastatic pure seminoma, given the difficulty of removing residual necrotic tissue because of dense fibrous tissue and the exquisite sensitivity to single agent cisplatinum therapy demonstrated in this paper, it is preferable to delay surgery until post-treatment regression has ceased. PMID- 6652451 TI - Is conventional sperm analysis of any use? AB - The computerised records of 867 couples were used to investigate the prognostic significance of semen volume, motility, density and morphology. The couple-months method of statistical analysis was used, with allowance being made for the duration of involuntary infertility (trying time). Both motility and density were shown to give independent prognostic information, and a table of estimated probabilities is presented which may be helpful when advising the infertile couple on their chances of future conception. If the product of the motility times the density exceeded 0.5 million motile sperm per ml, then one semen analysis was sufficient from the point of view of giving a prognosis. PMID- 6652450 TI - Semen analysis in testicular cancer and Hodgkin's disease: pre- and post treatment findings and implications for cryopreservation. AB - Over a 7-year period, seminal analysis has been performed on 208 patients with testicular tumours, after orchiectomy, but before any other treatment. Only 22% of 54 patients with seminomas, and 29% of 154 patients with teratomas or mixed tumours, had sperm counts exceeding 10 million per ml. Very low sperm counts were observed in some patients who had previously fathered children. Post-treatment sperm counts were done in 117 patients, 80 of whom had received multiple drug chemotherapy: 42 of these men had pre- and post-treatment sperm counts. Overall, 24% of men receiving chemotherapy recovered sperm counts greater than 10 million per ml up to 3 years after therapy. Surprisingly, such recovery was seen in 35% of 23 men with initially poor sperm counts, but in only 26% of 19 with good initial counts. Only 27% of 49 patients with Hodgkin's disease had initial sperm counts of more than 10 million per ml; after chemotherapy only 1 of 29 patients recovered to this level. Only one quarter of these young men had semen which was adequate for cryopreservation. Artificial insemination with semen preserved in liquid nitrogen has been performed in 15 couples: 2 normal babies have been produced and a third pregnancy is progressing normally. PMID- 6652452 TI - Carcinoma in situ in testicular biopsies from men presenting with infertility. AB - This study concerns 2043 male partners of infertile marriages who underwent testicular biopsy in the 28 years from 1955 to 1982. In a review of the pathological material carcinoma in situ (CIS) was diagnosed in 8 men (0.39%). Six of these men were later found to have invasive germ cell tumours; one has remained tumour-free and one is lost to follow-up. The implication of these findings in relation to the selection of patients for biopsy and the treatment of CIS when diagnosed is discussed. PMID- 6652453 TI - Exploratory scrototomy in 168 azoospermic males. AB - In 168 azoospermic males with normal or only slightly raised serum FSH levels, serum antisperm antibodies were measured, and the site of obstruction or the nature of the failure of spermatogenesis was defined by exploratory scrototomy with inspection of epididymes, vasography and testicular biopsy. When possible, surgical reconstruction was done by side-to-side epididymovasostomy, with vasovasostomy when necessary using 6/0 Prolene and no splints. Acquired blocks of cauda epididymis (34 cases) and vas (23 cases) were significantly more commonly associated with serum antisperm antibodies than congenital bilateral absence of vasa (29 cases) or blocks at the caput epididymis (48 cases), most of which were associated with sinusitis, bronchitis or bronchiectasis (Young's syndrome). Many of the former patients came from abroad, whereas most of the latter came from the British Isles. Sperm counts of 10 million per ml or more were produced by 23 (45%) of 51 adequately followed up patients with acquired blocks following surgical reconstruction, and 11 pregnancies (21.5%) were produced. Amongst those with spermatozoa in the ejaculate after surgery, serum antisperm antibodies were found significantly less often in those whose wives became pregnant compared with those who failed to produce pregnancies. It is concluded that failure of surgical treatment in some of these cases may have an immunological basis. No success was achieved with other groups. PMID- 6652454 TI - Toxocariasis. PMID- 6652455 TI - A selective medium for the isolation of P. multocida in nasal specimens from pigs. PMID- 6652456 TI - Scrotal circumference, daily sperm production and epididymal spermatozoa of the indigenous Bunaji and Sokoto Gudali bulls in Nigeria. PMID- 6652457 TI - A comparison of the persistence of the antibacterial action of three iodine sprays on the cow's teat. PMID- 6652458 TI - A method of intestinal cannulation for collection and return of digesta. PMID- 6652459 TI - Development and application of the counterimmunoelectrophoresis test for the immunodiagnosis of C. fetus infection in cattle. PMID- 6652460 TI - The epidemiology of ovine toxoplasmosis. I. The interpretation of data for the prevalence of antibody in sheep and other host species. PMID- 6652462 TI - Miscellany. PMID- 6652463 TI - Progressive centripetal degeneration of axons in small fibre diabetic polyneuropathy. AB - A clinicopathological study is presented of 5 patients with a pseudosyringomyelic dissociation of sensory loss and severe autonomic disturbances related to diabetic polyneuropathy. Sensory loss which followed a pattern that suggested a length-related degeneration of fibres was associated with spontaneous pains in 3 patients. Plantar ulcers and neurogenic arthropathies were also present in 3 patients. The pathological changes in sural nerve biopsies included a severe loss of unmyelinated and small myelinated axons which appeared to be involved earlier than larger myelinated fibres. Distal degeneration of single fibres with subsequent axonal sprouting from the proximal axon was demonstrated in all patients. This severe axonal neuropathy was associated with primary and secondary segmental demyelination. Our observations are consistent with a progressive centripetal degeneration of axons in predominantly sensory diabetic polyneuropathy. PMID- 6652464 TI - The predictive value of cerebrospinal fluid electrophoresis in 'possible' multiple sclerosis. AB - We undertook a prospective study of 183 patients with monosymptomatic demyelination to determine the predictive value of the finding of cerebrospinal oligoclonal banding (OB) for the subsequent development of clinically definite multiple sclerosis. The results of this study indicate that patients with monosymptomatic demyelination who are OB positive are at significantly higher risk than those who are OB negative to develop clinically disseminated disease over the period of follow-up in this study. Positive OB is associated with a higher frequency of electrophysiological abnormalities than negative OB, suggesting that OB development correlates with the degree of biological dissemination. The observation that some patients develop OB during the course of the disease has practical implications for the follow-up of patients with unifocal disease and negative banding. PMID- 6652461 TI - The epidemiology of ovine toxoplasmosis. II. Possible sources of infection in outbreaks of clinical disease. PMID- 6652466 TI - Category specific access dysphasia. AB - In this study we report our investigations of the residual auditory-verbal comprehension skills of a global dysphasic who had sustained a major left hemisphere infarction. Clinically V.E.R.'s capacity for propositional speech and her comprehension of the simplest verbal instructions appeared to be absent. Nevertheless using matching-to-sample techniques it was possible to demonstrate the selective preservation (foods, animals and flowers) and the selective impairment (objects) of specific semantic categories. Furthermore there was evidence from analyses of response consistency and presentation rate effects that her deficit was primarily one of access to the full semantic representation of words. We suggest that this access impairment arose because the system had become refractory, such refractoriness being category specific. PMID- 6652465 TI - Speech fluency in crossed aphasia. AB - Three strongly right-handed patients developed fluent aphasia after right hemisphere infarction documented by computerized tomography. For these patients and for other reported cases of crossed aphasia suitable for analysis, the correlation between fluency and infarct localization was similar to that of right handed aphasics with left-sided lesions. Right hemisphere language representation in most crossed aphasics probably mirrors that normally present in the language dominant left hemisphere. Two of these patients showed concomitant hemispatial inattention and visuoconstructive impairment. Right hemisphere language dominance therefore does not preclude ipsilateral specialization for visuospatial functions. PMID- 6652467 TI - Surface recording of the spinal ventral root discharge in man. An experimental study. AB - The response evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve was recorded by surface electrodes over the lumbosacral spine at multiple levels with both monopolar and bipolar recordings. When the stimulus strength was adjusted to elicit a maximal H reflex, bipolar recordings showed a negative-positive deflection (W1), increasing in latency in the rostral direction and classically attributed to the propagated action potentials in the dorsal roots, followed by a previously unreported positive-negative deflection (W3) showing the opposite sequence, namely, with latency decreasing in the rostral direction. A similar pattern was found in monopolar recordings in which, however, the peak corresponding in time to W3 was partially obscured by a fixed latency component (W2), particularly prominent over the upper lumbar vertebrae. When an intensity corresponding to the maximal M wave was employed, W2 showed a remarkable increase in amplitude, while both W3 and the H reflex disappeared. Several experimental techniques, either suppressing or enhancing the H response, confirmed the strict parallelism existing between this reflex and the W3 component. These findings suggest that W3 represents the reflexly evoked ventral root discharge. This was confirmed by concurrent intrathecal and surface recordings of the lumbosacral spinal evoked activity. W2 is probably generated by the postsynaptic activation of spinal neurons located in segments receiving the tibial nerve afferents, the motoneuronal contribution to this fixed latency component being slight or absent. PMID- 6652468 TI - Microbehavioural analysis of the choice reaction time response in senile dementia. AB - Microbehavioural analysis of the human button-press response in a choice reaction time task enabled us to observe the traditional components of reaction time performance and also several additional indicators of psychomotor organization. The principal finding reported here is that in normal subjects stimulus conditions of varying difficulty differentially affect segments of the button press response not ordinarily associated with cognitive demands of the task. This observation suggested the presence of a certain interaction between cognitive demands of the task and the subsequent motor output control. In a comparison of normal elderly and demented subjects, we demonstrated that the slower reaction times of the demented represent a virtual psychomotor disintegration. The apparent disintegration is interpreted as an inability of demented subjects properly to prepare, organize, and execute the response. The degree of disintegration is most evident during the motor time, which represents a transition between resting state and actual response completion. PMID- 6652469 TI - Livedo reticularis and cerebrovascular lesions (Sneddon's syndrome). Clinical, radiological and pathological features in eight cases. AB - Eight patients with diffuse livedo reticularis and cerebrovascular lesions (Sneddon's syndrome) are reported. The disorder was inherited by autosomal dominant transmission in 3 cases. Multiple occlusions in medium-sized arteries were demonstrated by cerebral and hand arteriograms. Digital artery biopsies showed intimal hyperplasia in 7 cases and recanalized thrombosis in one case. Our findings are compared with an extensive review of the literature. Differential diagnosis with other vascular disorders, especially cerebral thromboangiitis obliterans and the corticomeningeal angiomatosis of Divry and Van Bogaert is considered. We conclude that Sneddon's syndrome is a new genetic and progressive arteriopathy, occlusive and noninflammatory, involving medium-sized vessels. The pathogenesis has yet to be elucidated. PMID- 6652471 TI - Sensory and motor conflict in motion sickness. AB - Motion sickness occurs in a wide variety of circumstances involving real or apparent motion, many of them novel and man-made. Significantly, voluntary body movements rarely result in symptoms, and the likelihood of motion sickness is greatly reduced by having control of the vehicle in which one is riding. The unifying theory of Reason [1978] proposes that motion sickness results when there is a mismatch between predicted and actual sensory inputs. Hence, the less predictable the sensory input (because it results from an externally imposed motion, or from motion which results in errors of neural transduction), the more likely that motion sickness will develop. With continuing exposure, predictability increases and adaptation to motion sickness occurs. PMID- 6652470 TI - Motion-induced alterations in 2-deoxyglucose uptake in brainstem nuclei of squirrel monkeys: autoradiographic and liquid scintillation studies. AB - Each of 8 young adult female squirrel monkeys were injected via a femoral vein cannula with 167 microCi/100 g body weight of 2-(1,2-3H)-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) (New England Nuclear, 37.3 Ci/mmol) in 0.5 ml sterile saline. 4 additional female squirrel monkeys were injected in the same manner with 100 microCi/100 g body weight of the (3H)-2-DG. 2 h after this initial injection the original 8 animals were injected with 16.7 microCi/100 g body weight of 2-(1-14C)-deoxy-D-glucose (51.3 mCi/mmol) in 0.5 ml sterile saline. The 4 additional animals were injected with 25 microCi/100 g body weight of the (14C)-2-DG. Half of the animals each dose level were restrained in the upright position with Velcro straps and a nontraumatic moulded plastic head holder on a modified animal restraint board [Withrow and Devine, 1972] with the head in the sagittal plane but tilted forward about 20 degrees. They were then subjected to horizontal rotary motion at 25 rpm together with a vertical movement of 6 inches at 0.5 Hz for 1 h in a lighted room. The other half of the animals at each dose were restrained in the same manner and maintained in a quiescent state. At the end of this period each animal was anesthetized with ketamine, and the brain was quickly dissected out and frozen in isopentane cooled to -60 degrees C with dry ice. Transverse cryostat sections (-15 degrees C) of the brainstem were cut alternately at 200 and 20 microns from the nucleus gracilis caudally through the superior vestibular nucleus rostrally. Micropunch samples of the individual vestibular nuclei, and other brainstem nuclei and areas were obtained from the 200-microns sections with a modification of the method of Eik-Nes and Brizzee with a small stainless steel punch measuring 850 microns in diameter. The frozen punch samples were prepared for liquid scintillation counting (Beckman LS7500 system). Differential (3H) and (14C) counts (cpm) were made employing external standards. The 20-microns sections were prepared for 14C autoradiography by standard methods employing Kodak SB-5 X-ray film. The (14C) autoradiographs from the motion-stimulated animals revealed a selectively high uptake of 2-DG in all of the vestibular nuclei, the lateral cuneate nucleus and the lateral reticular nucleus as compared with the corresponding structures in the control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6652472 TI - Location of motoneurons innervating soft palate, pharynx and upper esophagus. Anatomical evidence for a possible swallowing center in the pontine reticular formation. An HRP and autoradiographical tracing study. AB - Retrograde HRP studies indicated that motoneurons innervating soft palate and pharynx are located in especially the dorsal group of the nucleus ambiguus, while motoneurons innervating upper esophagus and cricothyroid muscles are located in the retrofacial nucleus, the most rostral part of the nucleus ambiguus. Autoradiographic tracing techniques revealed that in the caudal pontine tegmentum an area is located just dorsal to the superior olivary complex, that projects contralaterally to the ventral part of the trigeminal motor nucleus, the dorsal group of the nucleus ambiguus and the ventral part of the hypoglossal nucleus. In these areas motoneurons are located innervating the mylohyoid, soft palate, pharynx and geniohyoid muscles respectively. Since these muscles are all involved in swallowing, a possible involvement of this pontine tegmental area in swallowing is discussed. PMID- 6652473 TI - In vivo studies on the basal and evoked release of cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide from cat cerebral cortex and periventricular structures. AB - In cat, radioimmunoassay revealed high concentrations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK) (approximately 10-90 ng/g wet weight tissue) in various regions of the cerebral cortex and in periventricular structures. Superfusion of cat cerebral cortex or perfusion from the lateral ventricle to the cisterna magna with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was carried out in cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane. The superfusate was assayed for VIP- and CCK-like immunoreactivity (VIP-LI and CCK-LI) simultaneously. Basal efflux of VIP-LI was 13.8 +/- 4.1 fmol/30 min/cm2 cortex and 31.6 +/- 5.0 fmol/30 min in ventriculo-cisternal superfusate. Basal efflux of CCK-LI, assayed in the same superfusate sample, was 10.7 +/- 2.5 fmol/30/min/cm2 cortex in cortical cup superfusate and 25.6 +/- 4.4 fmol/30 min in ventriculo cisternal superfusate. The addition of potassium (50 mM) and veratridine (7.5 X 10(-5) M) to the superfusate produced significant increases in the levels of VIP LI in both ventricular and cortical effluents. The potassium evoked release of VIP-LI and CCK-LI was inhibited by the substitution of cobalt (4 mM) for the calcium ion in the perfusion media; basal efflux was not affected. Separation of immunoreactivity by gel filtration chromatography demonstrated the CCK-LI in cat cortical tissue co-chromatographed with the COOH-terminal 4, 8, 33 and 39 amino acid peptide fragments of CCK and with a larger molecule. In contrast, the immunoreactivity in cortical and ventricular superfusate obtained during basal and evoked release co-migrated with authentic CCK octapeptide. For VIP, all immunoreactivity in tissue extract of cerebral cortex existed as a single peak which co-migrated with authentic VIP-28. The molecular pattern in cortical superfusate corresponded to that found in tissue extract. PMID- 6652474 TI - Rhythmic neuronal activities in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius isolated in vitro. AB - Coronal slices of the rat medulla were used for an electrophysiological study of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius isolated in vitro. Half of the spontaneously active neurons in the ventral NTS exhibited a rhythmic repetitive spike discharge. In contrast, bursting activity was virtually absent in the isolated NTS. Resetting of repetitive discharges could be obtained by electrical stimulation of the glossopharyngeal-vagal afferent terminals in the tractus solitarius. These results are discussed in relation to the proposed role of the NTS in the neurogenesis of the respiratory rhythm. PMID- 6652475 TI - Slow depolarization produced by associative conditioning of Aplysia sensory neurons may enhance Ca2+ entry. AB - Sensory neurons activated by intracellular stimulation immediately before sensitizing tail shock displayed a slow depolarization after the shock. By contrast, sensory neurons exposed to the effects of tail shock alone or unpaired activation and tail shock showed a slow hyperpolarizing response to the shock. A voltage-sensitive Ca2+ conductance that is activated near the resting potential may be modulated by these opposite effects of associative and non-associative training. PMID- 6652476 TI - Regional distribution of histamine and tele-methylhistamine in the rat, mouse and guinea-pig brain. AB - Regional histamine (HA) and tele-methylhistamine (t-MH) contents were determined in the rat, mouse and guinea-pig brain. The highest HA and t-MH levels were found in the hypothalamus of all species. Fairly high t-MH levels were observed in the amygdala of all species and in the guinea-pig hippocampus. The t-MH/HA ratio was higher in the regions of the telencephalon than in the diencephalon and brainstem. The cerebellum and spinal cord showed extremely low t-MH/HA ratios. These results suggest higher histaminergic neuronal activities in the hypothalamus and some regions of the telencephalon than in other parts of the brain. PMID- 6652477 TI - Effects of 4-aminopyridine on calcium action potentials and calcium current under voltage clamp in spinal neurons. AB - We examined the effects of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on calcium conductance mechanisms in cultured mouse spinal cord neurons. At low concentrations (less than or equal to 1 mM), 4-AP enhanced Ca2+-dependent transmitter release and prolonged the duration of Ca2+-dependent action potentials. Voltage clamp studies indicated that 4-AP directly facilitates Ca2+ entry through voltage sensitive channels apart from an effect on K+ currents. These results may help to explain why the drug promotes Ca2+-dependent transmitter release at peripheral and central synapses. PMID- 6652478 TI - Functional anatomy of limbic seizures: focal discharges from medial entorhinal cortex in rat. AB - Focal seizure discharges were induced in the ventral aspect of the medial entorhinal cortex of awake, freely moving rats, either with cannula injections of penicillin or picrotoxin (0.02 microliters every 10-15 min) or by repetitive tetanic electrical stimulation. [14C]Deoxyglucose autoradiography (DG) was performed when animals were in a 'steady-state' with respect to electrographic discharges and/or behavioral changes. During simple interictal spikes behavior remained normal and DG labeling was increased only in the entorhinal focus and stratum moleculare of the ventral dentate gyrus. With complex spikes and short seizures animals exhibited staring, decreased responsiveness, and occasional wet dog shakes. DG labeling was increased in all layers of the dentate gyrus, Ammon's horn (ipsilateral greater than contralateral) and, to a lesser degree, in ipsilateral amygdala, and the accumbens-ventral pallidum area. During strong seizures, rearing and forelimb clonus occurred and metabolism was strongly activated bilaterally in the hippocampal formation, amygdala, accumbens, substantia nigra, and the anterior and periventricular thalamic nuclei. These studies indicate that the dentate gyrus initially restricts the entry of seizures from entorhinal cortex into the rest of hippocampus. As this is overcome there is rapid bilateral spread through the hippocampal formation with passive interruption of normal behavior. With prolonged seizure discharges there is further capture of amygdala and subcortical extrapyramidal and thalamic nuclei associated with behavioral convulsions. PMID- 6652479 TI - Behavioral and physiological effects of monocular deprivation: a comparison of rearing with diffusion and occlusion. AB - To compare the effects of monocular deprivation produced by occlusion and diffusion, 9 cats were reared in the dark from birth to 4 weeks of age, when they were brought out for periods of exposure with one eye covered. For 3 cats, the left eye was covered with a white diffuser while the right eye received 8 h of normal patterned exposure (MD/D-8). For 2 cats, the left eye was covered with a black occluder while the right eye was exposed for 8 h (MD/O-8), and for 4 cats, the right eye was covered with a black occluder while the left eye was exposed for 1 h (MD/O-1). Monocular exposure continued until the cats were 3 months old, when they began receiving binocular exposure. For all cats, the visual field of the exposed eye was normal. For the MD/D cats, the field of the pattern-deprived eye was restricted to the monocular crescent, and resembled the fields of monocularly lid-sutured cats. In contrast, for the MD/O cats, the field of the pattern-deprived eye was much larger, extending nearly to the midline. Thus, monocular diffusion produced more restricted visual fields than did monocular occlusion. Preliminary physiological data from the MD/D-8 and MD/O-8 cats showed that more cortical cells responded to stimulation of the pattern-deprived eye in the MD/O-8 cats than in the MD/D-8 cats. Taken together with our earlier results on cats reared with unequal patterned input to the two eyes, these results further suggest that there is a temporal-to-nasal gradient in sensitivity to the effects of an imbalance in stimulation to the two eyes. PMID- 6652480 TI - Anticipatory changes of long-latency stretch responses during preparation for directional hand movements. AB - We have investigated, in 9 normal subjects, the time course of amplitude changes in the automatic long latency stretch reflex of wrist flexors during the preparatory period as a function of the precued direction of hand movement. Subjects maintained right hand position against a weak force and learned to compensate precisely for brief ramp stretch (250 deg./s, 50 ms) which imposed wrist extension. This probe stretch was applied randomly at different times during the 1 s preparatory period of a reaction time task. The warning signal gave directional advance information (DAI) about the voluntary movement that had to be performed. The EMG activity, recorded between 20 and 80 ms after the stretch started, was measured in terms of 3 successive components, M1, M2 and M3, identified on the basis of their respective latency. There was no significant change in the M1 component. Following a warning signal which precued an extension movement, M2 was depressed prior to the response signal. The time course of M3 was clearly different according to DAI: it increased following a warning signal which precued a flexion movement and decreased in the alternative case. This difference reached statistical significance 400 ms before the response signal. In fast-performing subjects the differential development of M3 was more marked than for slow-performing subjects. This underlines its preparatory significance. These results suggest that the neuronal pathways involved in the M3 response to stretch: i, are partly different from those conveying the earlier components, and ii, include structures which take part in the pre-programming of rapid movements. PMID- 6652481 TI - Ion dependence of the eel taste response to amino acids. AB - The effects of changed ionic environments on the taste responses to amino acids were examined by recording the activity of the palatine nerve. The responses to glycine, L-proline and L-arginine dissolved in deionized water were greatly reduced after ions were removed from the surface of the palatine epithelium by treatment with 5 mM EDTA. The addition of various species of salts to amino acid solutions caused reversible recovery of the responses. The response to 0.1 mM glycine increased with an increase in salt concentration in amino acid solutions and reached saturation level. The effects of salts of divalent cations (CaCl2 and MgCl2) appeared at much lower concentration (10(-7) M) than those of salts of monovalent cations (NaCl and KCl) (10(-4) M), suggesting that cations support the taste response. All the organic cations examined, including those of large molecular weights (choline, Tris, bis-Tris, bis-Tris propane, tetraethylammonium, triethanolamine and D-glucosamine), also supported the taste responses. The results obtained led to a conclusion that not a specific cation but various species of cations can support the eel taste responses. It is suggested that the cations do not act as current carrying ions to depolarize the taste cells but that the binding of the cations to the receptor membrane plays an essential role in taste reception. PMID- 6652482 TI - Modification by hypothalamic lesions of the release of growth hormone (GH) following stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in the rat. AB - This study was designed to clarify the localization(s) of hypothalamic area(s) concerned with the regulation of growth hormone (GH) release evoked by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMH) of rats. Bipolar concentric stimulating electrodes were implanted in the bilateral VMH or dorsal premammillary nucleus and the jugular vein was cannulated for blood sampling one week prior to the experiments. At the same time lesions of the anterior periventricular nucleus or dorsal premammillary nucleus were performed with an anodal current. The rats were pretreated with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine to prevent spontaneous GH bursts. As previously reported, stimulation of the VMH for 10 min appeared to suppress GH release during the period of stimulation but within 10 min after termination of stimulation plasma GH had risen from a resting level of 19.3 +/- 2.3 ng/ml plasma, to 275.3 +/- 62.3 ng/ml. The apparent suppression of GH release during the VMH stimulation was abolished in the anterior periventricular nucleus-lesioned rats. In these rats, GH release occurred during the VMH stimulation and plasma GH increased to 905.4 ng/ml by 10 min, at which time the stimulus was terminated. On the other hand, the VMH stimulation completely failed to raise plasma GH levels in rats with dorsal premammillary nucleus lesions either during or after VMH stimulation. Although lesions of the dorsal premammillary nucleus blocked the delayed VMH-induced rise, stimulation of the dorsal premammillary nucleus itself caused no change in the plasma GH level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652484 TI - Reflex responses of single salivatory neurons to stimulation of trigeminal sensory branches in the cat. AB - Responses of 71 single salivatory neurons, identified by antidromic spikes evoked by stimulation of the chorda tympani, were tested to stimulation of the ipsilateral infraorbital (IO), inferior alveolar (IA) and lingual nerves (LN) in the cat. Fifty-one neurons responded with spike potentials to stimulation of one or more of these nerves (responsive type, R), while the remaining 20 neurons did not respond to stimulation of any of them (non-responsive type, NR). Thirty-three R neurons were activated by stimulation of all of the 3 trigeminal afferent branches, while 12 neurons responded with spikes to stimulation of only one branch, usually of LN. Reflex spike responses appeared with a latency of 5.6-14.6 ms to LN stimulation, 6.4-15.7 ms to IO stimulation and 6.0-26.0 ms to IA stimulation. Impulses of both A beta and A delta afferent fibres of the trigeminal nerve were found to be effective for activation of salivatory neurons. PMID- 6652483 TI - Thalamic nucleus ventro-postero-lateralis inhibits nucleus parafascicularis response to noxious stimuli through a non-opioid pathway. AB - These experiments investigated the role of a specific thalamic nucleus in the cellular response to noxious and non-noxious inputs. Single-unit extracellular responses to peripheral noxious stimuli were recorded with glass micropipettes in the nucleus parafascicularis (Pf) of the rat under chloral hydrate anesthesia. Bipolar stimulating/recording electrodes were inserted in the nucleus ventro postero-lateralis (VPL) of the thalamus, in areas responsive to the peripheral noxious stimulation. Single-unit records in Pf and multi-unit records in VPL demonstrated that both these nuclei are differentially sensitive to noxious and non-noxious inputs: Pf was more sensitive to late (200-600 ms latency) high threshold noxious inputs, while VPL was more responsive to early (10-40 ms) low threshold non-noxious inputs. Late, high threshold inputs to VPL were selectively suppressed by systemic morphine and restored by naloxone. Trains of stimuli applied to VPL suppressed the response of 76% of Pf units, to peripheral noxious stimuli but did not inhibit the response of spinal cord dorsal horn units to the same stimuli. This inhibitory effect of VPL on Pf cells was not reversed by systemically administered naloxone. The neural pathways responsible for the VPL suppression of Pf nociception appear to be neither monosynaptic nor mediated through the spinal cord dorsal horn, nor through any single, naloxone-reversible, central opioid process. Nevertheless, this inhibitory effect of VPL stimulation on Pf nociception provides a physiological basis for the analgesic effects of thalamic stimulation on clinically observed deafferentation pain. It also supports the existence of a pain modulating system at the thalamic level comparable, at least in part, with the spinal Gate Control concept. PMID- 6652485 TI - Perfusion of the cervical spinal cord in situ of adult rats using a perfluorocarbon emulsion. AB - A method was developed for the perfusion of the cervical spinal cord of adult rats through the supplying arteries. A medium containing perfluorotributylamine as an oxygen carrier was used. The electrophysiological responsiveness was continuously monitored; pO2, pCO2, pH, Na+ and K+ were intermittently measured in the medium. The perfused cord maintained its responsiveness for more than 5 h. No changes in its structure became apparent in electron micrographs. PMID- 6652486 TI - Neural asymmetry in male fiddler crabs. AB - In adult male fiddler crabs, Uca pugnax, there is a marked enlargement of the 1st thoracic ganglion and its nerve root on the side of the major cheliped compared to the side of the minor cheliped. Retrograde uptake of cobalt via the cut ends of the motoneurons revealed a significant hypertrophy of their somata and dendritic fields on the major side of the ganglion compared to the minor side in the male fiddler crabs. (In female fiddler crabs which have two minor chelipeds the motoneurons were similar in size on both sides of the ganglion.) Since the number and distribution of motoneuron somata was relatively constant in the two halves of each ganglion, homologies for individual or groups of neurons could be recognized. The number of axon profiles in a cross-sectional montage of the entire nerve root of the major side in a male fiddler crab was several times greater than that of the minor side in random samples which were appropriately scaled in area. In samples of equal areas the axonal density was similar on the major and minor sides, as was also the range of axon diameters; both signify no difference in size of axons between the contralateral nerve roots. Consequently enlargement of the nerve root on the major side is due to a relative increase in the number of axons. This increase is in sensory fibers since the number of motor fibers are bilaterally constant. Thus neural asymmetry in male fiddler crabs involves hypertrophy of the motoneurons and hyperplasia of the sensory neurons associated with the enlarged condition of the major cheliped. PMID- 6652487 TI - Specific and potent mitogenic effect of axolemmal fraction on Schwann cells from rat sciatic nerves in serum-containing and defined media. AB - Using cultures of Schwann cells from neonatal rat sciatic nerves, we examined the mitogenic activity of an axolemmal fraction from adult rat CNS. Axolemmal fraction proved a potent mitogen, stimulating [3H]thymidine incorporation into Schwann cell DNA 13.5-fold over control values when axolemmal fraction equivalent to 16 micrograms of protein per culture microwell or more was added. Half maximal stimulation was obtained with addition of axolemmal fraction equivalent to 4 micrograms of protein. The concentration-dependence and magnitude of the mitogenic response of the cultured cells were nearly identical whether they were maintained in vitro for 1 day or for 2 weeks prior to addition of the axolemmal fraction. A study of the time-course of the effect of axolemmal fraction on Schwann cell mitosis showed that maximal [3H]thymidine incorporation took place during the fifth day after addition of axolemmal fraction. Axolemmal fraction also produced stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation into Schwann cells, seeded and cultured in a serum-free defined medium. Though the concentration dependence of the mitogenic effect in the absence of serum was similar to that in a serum-containing medium, maximal stimulation in the defined medium was only 2.8 fold. The mitogenic activity of axolemmal fraction was rapidly and almost totally inactivated by sonication or homogenization, and was partially lost after exposure to heat. The mitogenic activities of plasma membrane fragments from rat skeletal muscle or rat erythrocytes, and of mitochondrial fragments (the major contaminant of the axolemmal fraction) were one-tenth that of axolemmal fraction or less. In contrast to glial growth factor prepared from bovine pituitaries (GGF BP), which stimulates proliferation of both fibroblasts and Schwann cells, axolemmal fraction induced proliferation of Schwann cells but not of endoneurial fibroblasts; cultures treated with axolemmal fraction demonstrated a 3-fold increase in Schwann cell population in 10 days without detectable increase in number of fibroblasts. Also in contrast to GGF-BP, the mitogenic effect of which is considerably enhanced by simultaneous addition of cholera toxin to the medium, cholera toxin had no effect on the Schwann cell proliferative response to axolemmal fraction. PMID- 6652488 TI - EMG responses of the vertical eye muscles to dynamic and static natural vestibular stimulation about different axes in alert rabbits. AB - The EMG responses of the vertical eye muscles have been recorded in alert intact rabbits submitted to both dynamic and static natural vestibular stimulations about different axes. Following dynamic vestibular stimulation, the phase lead of the EMG response with respect to head position as well as its sensitivity increased with stimulus frequency in all the stimulation modalities. This indicates a progressive recruitment by the stimulus of the second-order vestibular neurons related to semicircular canals. The sensitivity of the response was consistently higher in the effective intermediate roll-pitch modality for all the 4 muscles. Following static stimulation, the EMG response showed an asymmetric modulation. The excitatory response was always higher than the inhibitory one and linearly related with the stimulus. Also for the static stimulation the amplitude of the response was significantly higher when the animal was tilted about the effective intermediate roll-pitch axis for all the 4 muscles. The presence of a maximal EMG response in the same modality for both static and dynamic stimulation indicates a similar spatial organization of those subgroups of ampullar and macular receptors projecting to the same eye muscle. PMID- 6652489 TI - Responses of semicircular canal and otolith afferents to small angle static head tilts in the gerbil. AB - The discharge activity of first-order vestibular neurons was recorded in anesthetized or decerebrated gerbils from the post-ganglionic fibers of the vestibular nerve. Semicircular canal afferents were distinguished from otolith afferents on the basis of their responses to linear and angular head acceleration. In decerebrated preparations, canal afferents exhibited significantly faster discharge activity (average = 87.8 impulses/s) than that of canal afferents in anesthetized preparations (average = 66.2 impulses/s), when the head was held to position the lateral semicircular canals coplanar with the earth horizontal plane (standard position). The effects of changes in linear forces on vestibular afferent activity were determined by statically tilting the head +/- 10 degrees about either the fore-aft and/or left-right head axes. A change in activity, from that recorded in the standard position, of 10% or greater was considered significant. Using this criterion, significant changes in the tilt response in anesthetized animals were observed in both anterior (23 of 48 neurons, 48%) and lateral (22 of 31, 71%) canal afferents as well as otolith (18 of 25, 72%) afferents. In decerebrated preparations for tilts around the pitch (left-right) axis, comparable effects were measured in (19 of 36, 53%) anterior and (17 of 30, 57%) lateral canal afferents. Neurons with irregular firing activity were more likely than regularly firing canal afferents to change their average discharge rate during static tilt. No significant differences in response magnitude to +/- 10 degrees head tilt were found between canal and otolith afferents in anesthetized animals. Mechanisms to account for the responses to linear acceleration of canal afferents are discussed. PMID- 6652490 TI - The cholinergic influence on the function of the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). AB - The functional influence of the cholinergic input to cat dLGN has been examined by assessing the action of iontophoretically applied acetylcholine (ACh) on the visual responses of cells in layers A and A1. Iontophoretically applied pulses of ACh exerted a strong excitatory action on all 113 cells studied within these layers. In the presence of a sustained application of ACh, the excitatory responses to an optimal stimulus such as a spot of light located within the receptive field centre were greatly facilitated, but at the same time stimulus specific inhibitory influences were also enhanced. The action of ACh on the stimulus-specific inhibitory influences had the consequence that the responses to non-optimal stimuli were not facilitated to the same extent as those to optimal stimuli and in some cases even diminished. The stimulus-specific inhibitory effects seen in the presence of ACh were very powerful and frequently resulted in complete suppression of the elevated background discharge. We suggest that the ACh directly excites both the relay cells and the Golgi type II inhibitory interneurones within the dLGN. The facilitation of the stimulus-specific inhibition may follow from a direct action on the presynaptic dendrites of the Golgi type II cells which arborize within the dendritic field of the relay cell. Supplementary observations on cells in the perigeniculate nucleus confirm previous findings showing that ACh has an inhibitory effect on these cells. We suggest a tripartite action for the cholinergic influence on the dLGN, involving direct facilitation of relay cells, enhancement of stimulus-specific inhibition via the Golgi type II cells, and disinhibition of the non-specific inhibitory influence form the perigeniculate nucleus. PMID- 6652491 TI - Arginine-vasopressin content of hippocampus and amygdala during passive avoidance behavior in rats. AB - Arginine-vasopressin (AVP) is involved in memory processes. The memory effects of AVP are mediated by neuronal mechanisms taking place in limbic-midbrain structures. Therefore, immunoreactive AVP (IR-AVP) was measured in hippocampus and amygdala of male Wistar rats during acquisition and retention of passive avoidance behavior. IR-AVP concentration was decreased in the hippocampus immediately after the learning trial while IR-AVP content of the amygdala was not affected. Animals that showed the passive avoidance response (good avoiders) at the 24 h or 120 h retention test had a reduced IR-AVP concentration in the hippocampus immediately after the test. However, IR-AVP content of the hippocampus was not different from that of non-shocked control animals when measured immediately before the 120 h retention test. Poor avoiders that showed only minor avoidance behavior did not differ in hippocampal IR-AVP content from non-shocked control animals. IR-AVP content of the amygdala was also not altered after the retention session. These effects on IR-AVP content could only be shown in animals that were trained and habituated to the passive avoidance procedure. Such trained and habituated animals had an IR-AVP level in the hippocampus which did not differ from that of animals that were left undisturbed until sacrifice. When the animals were not trained, but placed for the first time in the passive avoidance apparatus without being exposed to the learning trial, the hippocampal IR-AVP content was reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652492 TI - Divalent transition-metal ions (Cu2+ and Zn2+) in the brains of epileptogenic and normal mice. AB - The concentrations of Cu2+ and Zn2+ in 3 strains of mice were determined spectrophotometrically. The brain of the inborn audiogenic mouse (DBA/2J) contains higher levels of Zn2+ and Cu2+ than those found in the normal mouse (CBA/Ca or Parkes). Small differences in the metallic content in the whole brains of audiogenic and normal mice are accentuated in the hippocampus and the colliculus. PMID- 6652493 TI - Cross-correlation analysis of the response of units in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) to muscle stretch and contraction. AB - Activity of DSCT units was cross-correlated with stimuli evoking gastrocnemius soleus muscle stretch or contraction in order to investigate the muscle receptor input to DSCT. The most potent stimulus was generally muscle contraction, and the most common response one of inhibition. The similarity in response of many units to stretch, contraction and nerve simulation suggests that Golgi tendon organs are prominent source of input to DSCT, and that much of this input is inhibitory. PMID- 6652494 TI - Intracellular evidence linking medial pontine reticular formation neurons to PGO wave generation. AB - Intracellular recordings in the medial portion of the pontine reticular formation in the gigantocellular tegmental field and the tegmental reticular nucleus of the naturally sleeping cat have indicated the presence of a class of neurons whose discharges have a long lead time (50-300 ms) prior to, and a high correlation with primary ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) ipsilateral to the recording site; we term these neurons long lead PGO wave positive neurons. Further correlative evidence for their being a part of the circuitry generating PGO waves was their discharge suppression prior to the occurrence of secondary PGO waves in the ipsilateral LGN, and the presence of a contralateral inhibitory input that may explain the occurrence of PGO waves with lateralized amplitude characteristics. PMID- 6652495 TI - An ultrastructural study of presynaptic membrane specializations in sympathetic ganglia of 4-aminopyridine treated guinea pigs and rats. AB - The presynaptic membranes of synapses in sympathetic ganglia of 4-aminopyridine treated guinea pigs and rats were investigated in either freeze-fractured or thin sectioned material. After freeze-fracture many presynaptic membranes showed dimples in the P face and corresponding crater-like protrusions in the E face. In about 45% of the thin-sectioned synapses small clear omega-shaped invaginations were present at the active zone of the presynaptic membrane. Larger omega profiles with dense cores were sometimes also seen. These membrane features were very rarely observed in non-treated material. PMID- 6652496 TI - A new, possibly serotonergic, neuron in the lamina of the blowfly optic lobe: an immunocytochemical and Golgi-EM study. AB - With a modified Golgi impregnation technique a new neuron type, with extensive tangential processes, was discovered in the optic lamina of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala. This cell is unusual since the majority of its varicose processes reside in a layer distal to the synaptic layer of the lamina. Using antibodies to 5-HT it was found that this new cell type was 5-HT immunoreactive, and varicosities of Golgi impregnated neurons analyzed electron microscopically contain dense core vesicles. PMID- 6652497 TI - Evidence for the presence of serotonergic perikarya in the fetal rat pancreas as demonstrated by the high affinity uptake of [3H] 5-HT. AB - Evidence has been obtained for the presence of serotonergic fibers in the adult rat pancreas; however, the location of the serotonergic cell bodies remains unknown. Fetal rat pancreata (18, 20 and 22 days) were demonstrated to possess a high-affinity uptake of serotonin. Radioautography revealed the uptake sites to be similar to those seen in the adult, indicating the presence of serotonergic fibers in early development. In addition, cell bodies, possibly representing primitive neurons, were demonstrated to be heavily labelled. This suggests a possible intra-pancreatic location for the cell bodies of the pancreatic nerves. The preservation of the specific serotonin uptake in 18-day fetal tissue after 4 days in organ culture substantiates this view. PMID- 6652498 TI - Activation of brainstem serotoninergic pathways decreases homosynaptic depression of monosynaptic responses of frog spinal motoneurons. AB - In the isolated neuraxis of the frog, low frequency stimulation (0.5-2 Hz) of the lateral columns produces monosynaptic responses in the ventral roots which are depressed with an exponential time course. Serotonin (10 mumol/liter) added to the bath, or stimulation of the brain-stem midline raphe nuclei, but not of the lateral reticular formation, reduced the magnitude of the low frequency depression of the responses. The above actions were abolished by methysergide (1 mumol/liter), a specific antagonist of serotonin. These observations show that the magnitude of the homosynaptic depression of monosynaptic responses of motoneurons can be controlled by descending serotonergic mechanisms. This action is considered to be an important component of the arousal behavior mediated by the brain-stem raphe nuclei. PMID- 6652499 TI - Parkinson's disease affects differently Met5- and Leu5-enkephalin in the human brain. AB - When measured in post-mortem human control brains, the ratio of Met5-enkephalin levels to those of Leu5-enkephalin varied from 1 to 13 in the 11 areas examined. In parkinsonian brains a significant reduction in the levels of both peptides was found in the pallidum and putamen whereas only Met5-enkephalin levels were decreased in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Therefore, Met5 enkephalin and Leu5-enkephalin may be located (at least partly) in different neuronal populations in the human brain. PMID- 6652500 TI - Cerebrovascular muscle cultures. I. Isolation, growth and morphological characterization. AB - This study describes the development and establishment of pure cerebrovascular smooth muscle cells derived from dissociated cells of microvessels obtained from brains of rats. The cultured and propagated vascular smooth muscle cells display histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of smooth muscle cells consistent with those reported in cultures of peripheral vessels. Thus, the cerebrovascular smooth muscle cultures provide a new model system for the investigation of their function, particularly in relation to the regulation of cerebral blood flow and blood pressure. PMID- 6652501 TI - Development of the kitten substantia nigra: a rapid Golgi study of the early postnatal period. AB - The rapid Golgi method was used to describe the morphological maturation of substantia nigra (SN) neurons and the surrounding afferent axons. Observations were made from 25 kittens grouped at 1-3, 7-10, 18-24, and 40-55 days of age. Although variability in dendritic development among neurons is seen at each age, a common maturational sequence can be defined. The dendritic shafts at 1-3 and 7 10 days exhibit prominent varicosities and thin filiform processes along their shafts, and growth cones at their tips. The dendrites at 18-24 days are longer, thicker, and have more regular contours proximally, while varicosities and filiform processes persist distally. Neurons in this age group display shorter, spine-like processes although adult cells are known to lack typical spines. By 40 55 days, most dendritic surfaces are smooth with only scattered appendages distally. Computer-assisted measurements of dendritic growth in pars compacta neurons demonstrate a 42% increase in dendritic lengths. The number of dendrites per neuron and the number of branches per dendrite do not change between the youngest and oldest age groups. The afferent connectivity in the kitten SN is en passant in character. Two axonal types are identified at all ages. Most prominent is a thin fiber with irregularly spaced varicosities and terminal expansions 1 micron in diameter. These swellings correspond, most likely, to the type I terminals described ultrastructurally and shown to be neostriatal in origin. The second axonal type is thicker, with branches that end in clusters of enlargements, 1-2 microns in diameter. The origin of this second type is unknown. PMID- 6652502 TI - Development of retinal monoamine neurons in larval goldfish: a histofluorescence study. AB - The emergence of retinal monoamine neurons was explored in embryonic and larval goldfish (Carassius auratus) by means of a histofluorescence technique. The high affinity uptake capacity of dopamine (DA) and indoleamine-accumulating (IA) neurons for exogenously applied DA and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine began to occur simultaneously on the hatching day (stage 25/26). Endogenous DA neurons were first detected on the third postnatal day (stage 26/27). The appearance of DA and IA neurons was found to begin in the central part and to extend to the peripheral part of individual retinas. The first DA and IA neurons to be detected were situated in the inner nuclear layer and migrated proximally to the innermost level of the inner nuclear layer 5-7 days after hatching. The developmental process of monoamine neurons observed represents an aspect of cellular differentiation and maturation in the goldfish retina. PMID- 6652503 TI - A new mutant mouse with motor neuron disease. AB - The present study was undertaken to examine the abnormality in motor function of newly found mutant mice electrophysiologically. It was found that their motor nerve fibers progressively fail to conduct action potentials, while impulse conduction in the sensory fibers remains intact. The conduction block of motor fibers proceeded in the proximo-distal direction. Excitation of the motor fibers was blocked by raising the extracellular Ca2+ or Mg2+ concentration in vitro. It is concluded that this new mutant mouse has a motor neuron disease of the 'dying forward' type. PMID- 6652504 TI - The development of motilin, cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity in the forebrain and hindbrain of the rat, as determined by radioimmunoassay. AB - Forebrain and brainstem motilin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were determined in rats from 4 days before to birth to 180 days after. CCK and VIP develop postnatally, as previously reported. Motillin concentrations in both areas, however, were highest 4 days before birth, decreasing after birth. In the oldest animals, motilin, CCK and VIP levels were decreased. The presence of substantial motilin immunoreactivity in the brain before birth is suggestive of a possible role for motillin in the regulation of development. PMID- 6652505 TI - Prenatal exposure of male mice to androgen increases neuron number in the hypogastric ganglion. AB - There is a sexual dimorphism in the hypogastric ganglion innervating the internal genitalia of mice. We now report that prenatal exposure of male mice to testosterone propionate brings about a significant increase of neuronal number in the hypogastric ganglion. This suggests that sexually dimorphic nature of the hypograstric ganglion depends on the prenatal hormone environment. PMID- 6652506 TI - Self-renewal of stem cells and differentiation of nerve cells in the developing chick retina. AB - Data on proliferation and self-renewal of stem cells in the developing chick retina were obtained on the basis of measurements of cells labeled by [3H]thymidine pulses in conjunction with the rate of increase in total cell number. Duration of S-phase was found to be about 4 h between stages 4 and 9 days. Self-renewal drops below the critical value of 50% (implying a transition from increase to depletion of absolute number of stem cells in the tissue) around day 7.6. The spatial order of cell proliferation was studied by measurements taken on subregions of retinas at various stages of development. Proliferating cells forming the ventricular layer increase in all regions of the retina up to day 7, though the proportion of proliferating cells is lowest in the center. From day 5 on it is higher in the nasal as compared to the temporal part of the tissue. After day 7 self-renewal of stem cells drops below 50%, stem cells become depleted and withdraw gradually from mitosis. The process is initiated in the center slightly temporal to the dorsal end of the optic fissure and then spreads rapidly towards the periphery, reaching the temporal margin first. The findings imply that while cells at the periphery are younger on the average, those cells which have become postmitotic at an early stage are not confined to a small central core of the fully developed retina, because the tissue continues to grow and produce postmitotic cells in all regions of the retina up to day 7. PMID- 6652507 TI - The role of retinogeniculate afferents in the development of connections between visual cortex and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. AB - The role of retinogeniculate afferents in the development of patterns of connections between visual cortex and the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) was addressed by studying the effect of bilateral enucleation at birth on those patterns of connections in tree shrew. In normal adult tree shrews there are six LGN cell layers separated by cell-sparse interlaminar spaces. The reciprocal connections between the LGN and visual cortex are restricted to a column running across all six LGN layers; the geniculocortical projection arises from the cell layers while the corticogeniculate projection terminates primarily in the interlaminar spaces. At birth, when the experimental animals were bilaterally enucleated, the retinogeniculate fibers have begun to segregate by eye but neither the cytological characteristics of individual layers nor the interlaminar spaces have yet formed, and the corticogeniculate fibers have not entered the nucleus. Bilateral enucleation does not prevent the development of the cytological characteristics of individual layers but the interlaminar spaces do not develop. The results of [3H]proline/HRP injections into visual cortex in animals bilaterally enucleated at birth indicate that in the absence of retinogeniculate fibers, and thus interlaminar spaces, the corticogeniculate fibers do not concentrate at the laminar borders but instead spread across all six LGN cell layers. Despite the failure of this projection to concentrate at laminar borders, the corticogeniculate fibers do terminate within a restricted projection column. PMID- 6652508 TI - Direct correlation between Purkinje and granule cell number in the cerebella of lurcher chimeras and wild-type mice. AB - This study quantitatively examines the developmental relationship between Purkinje cell and granule cell neurons in the cerebellum. Lurcher chimeric mice were used as a model system since target size (i.e. the number of Purkinje cells) can be varied genetically and its effect on granule cell number can be examined. The validity of this model is supported by our previous studies showing that the death of all the Purkinje cells in +/Lc mice is a direct effect of Lc gene action while the loss of 90% of the granule cells is a secondary consequence of some defect extrinsic to the granule cells, most likely the Purkinje cell loss. In the present study of 3 +/Lc mice, 4 strains of wild-type mice and 4 lurcher chimeras, the number of granule cells was directly correlated with the number of Purkinje cells. In wild-type mice, there is a constant ratio of about 175 granule cells for each Purkinje cell. These findings provide suggestive evidence that 'numerical matching' occurs between the presynaptic granule cell population and its postsynaptic target, the Purkinje cell. The quantitative relationships revealed in the chimeric animals compared with the non-chimeric values lead us to propose a model in which the number of granule cells is a function of at least two factors: the initial number of Purkinje cells and the length of time each Purkinje cell is present during a 'critical period' of granule cell development. PMID- 6652509 TI - Modified composition of major ontogenetically regulated mRNAs and proteins in the cerebellum of old and of staggerer mice. AB - The macromolecular composition of the cerebellum was examined in young and old mice, and in staggerer mutant mice, as compared with their background control strain. We examined the in vitro translation products of cerebellum mRNA, which reflect the biosynthetic potential of cell bodies endogenous to the cerebellum. Simultaneously, we examined the composition of the major cerebellum proteins, which includes the contribution of incoming fibers, in addition to the proteins composing cerebellar cells. Changes in the concentrations of various major proteins and a significant reduction in the translational efficiency of RNA were observed in the cerebellum of old BALB/c mice. This reduction probably does not reflect a specific damage to interneurons, since RNA from the cerebellum of 5 month-old staggerer mice was as efficient in translation in vitro as RNA from the cerebellum of mice from C57B6J normal background strain. Several of the major cerebellar proteins were identified by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Changes were observed at the level of and the microheterogeneity of tubulin from the cerebellum of old, as compared with young mice. The aging-related modifications in cerebellar tubulin may be regulated at the level of mRNA, since mRNA from the cerebellum of old mice appeared to produce lower amounts of a polypeptide band co migrating with tubulin. When compared with translation products directed by mRNA from normal cerebellum, most of the major identified polypeptides produced by mRNA from staggerer cerebellum showed marked differences in their relative intensity. Thus, this mutation appears to change the composition of cerebellar mRNA. These differences were analyzed together with previously obtained data on the composition of translation products during development of normal and of irradiation-agranulated cerebellum. The combined analysis of cerebellar mRNA products permits us to tentatively assign defined protein markers to specific cerebellar cell types and periods in development. PMID- 6652510 TI - The development and restriction of the ipsilateral retinofugal projection in the chick. AB - Although it is generally believed that the central projections of the retina in birds are entirely crossed, using wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) as an anterograde tracer, we have found that in normal posthatched chicks there is a small ipsilateral retinofugal projection to the diencephalon and midbrain. Most of the ipsilateral fibers appear to be directed to the lateral anterior and dorsolateral anterior nuclei of the thalamus, to the pretectal region, and to the ectomammillary nucleus and the adjoining nucleus externus. Even in the best preparations the numbers of ipsilateral fibers are so small that it is hardly surprising that they have been overlooked in previous axonal degeneration and autoradiographic experiments. A significantly larger ipsilateral retinal projection develops during the second week of incubation. The ipsilaterally directed fibers can be first seen on the fifth day of incubation and their numbers appear to increase until about embryonic day 12. At this stage the projection involves substantially more fibers than at hatching and is also more extensive in its distribution; in fact, in its general organization (but not its size) it closely parallels the normal crossed retinofugal system, contributing fibers to essentially all the primary visual relay nuclei in the diencephalon and midbrain and to much of the optic tectum, where the densest projection is to its caudomedial aspect. During the second week of incubation there is also a small number of retinal fibers, which after crossing in the optic chiasm, recross the midline in the posterior and tectal commissures (and also in the tectal roof plate), before ending in the pretectal region of the ipsilateral side. In addition, there is a markedly aberrant projection from the retina into the contralateral optic nerve. Most of the ipsilateral retinal fibers are eliminated between the twelfth and sixteenth days of incubation, and by day 17 the ipsilateral projection is reduced to its mature form. The progressive reduction in the ipsilateral projection occurs at a time when it is known (from other studies) that there is an appreciable loss of retinal ganglion cells; but whether the reduction is due to neuronal death or to the selective elimination of ipsilateral axon collaterals remains to be determined. The existence of a significant ipsilateral retinofugal component early in development, probably accounts, in part, for the distinctive and persistent ipsilateral projection that occurs if one eye is removed during the first few days of incubation. PMID- 6652511 TI - Analysis of a distinctive protein in chick retina during development. AB - Soluble proteins from the chick retina were analyzed at various developmental stages by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A peptide of about 24,000 daltons (24 Kd protein) appeared in the 14-day embryo and gradually increased with embryonic age, maintaining a fairly steady level after hatching. Polypeptides which correspond to actin and tubulin, however, remained almost unchanged during development. The 24 Kd protein was not detected in the cerebrum, tectum, pigment epithelium or vitreous body at any age. To characterize this protein, it was partially purified by gel filtration and ion exchange column chromatography, and its isoelectric point was measured. It was focused in a diffuse spot at about pH 5.5. In the bovine retina, a protein was observed at 24,000 daltons on SDS-polyacrylamide gel, but its isoelectric point was more basic than that of chick retina. It is suggested that the 24 Kd protein is one of the distinctive proteins that increase in concentration during the chick retinal development, and would be closely associated with retinal functions. PMID- 6652512 TI - Precocious development of the testes in chicks following parasagittal knife cuts of the lateral hypothalamic area. AB - Early development of the testes was effected in chicks following parasagittal knife cuts through the entire lateral hypothalamic area (extending from preoptic to mammillary region). Associated with the accelerated development of the testes was a significantly reduced body weight compared to sham-operated controls (P less than 0.05). Bilateral cuts involving solely the anterior or posterior hypothalamic regions did not cause precocious puberty. At this time the critical fiber tracts which were bilaterally sectioned and their associated neurohumoral mechanism responsible for the initiation of sexual maturation are unknown. PMID- 6652513 TI - Nuclear envelope invaginations in hamster facial motor neurons during development and aging. AB - Morphometric measurements of nuclear envelope invaginations (NEI) in hamster facial motor neurons were made. These showed that the amount of NEI increased markedly between fetal life and birth to a high level that was maintained during the period of accelerated neuronal somal growth. Subsequently, the amount of NEI decreased to a plateau of low incidence that persisted through maturity and aging. This sequence of NEI formation and subsidence differs from that previously observed in a similar developing and aging series of pyramidal neurons in the same species. This may indicate, as discussed, that the presence of NEI reflects stage-specific functions that may differ depending on neuronal type. PMID- 6652514 TI - Undifferentiated cells present in the pars intercerebralis of larval and adult locusts are glial precursors. Autoradiographic and ultrastructural study in vivo and in vitro. AB - The intercerebral part of the protocerebrum from embryos, larvae and imagos of Locusta migratoria was investigated in vivo and after culture of the brain in vitro using light and electron microscopy. The results showed the presence in embryo and persistence in larva and adult of 2 clusters of mitotically active embryonic cells in the inner part of each half of the pars intercerebralis. The fate of these undifferentiated cells was investigated during postembryonic life by in vitro and in vivo labeling with tritiated thymidine combined with counts of nervous cells of the pars intercerebralis. Autoradiographic results confirmed the mitotic activity of the undifferentiated cells and established the pattern of this activity which declines from the third larval instar to adult stage. Mitoses were never seen in neurons and glial cells. Neurons were unlabeled and their number was constant. Glial cells were labeled and their number increases throughout postembryonic life with a pattern of proliferation similar to the pattern of mitotic activity of the undifferentiated cells. These observations indicate that the undifferentiated cells of the pars intercerebralis of the locust represent a source of glial cells and could be called glioblasts. PMID- 6652515 TI - Development of embryonic spinal cord transplants in the rat. AB - Although fetal brain tissue, grafted into the CNS of neonatal and adult animals, has been shown to survive and differentiate, relatively little information has been obtained regarding the development of embryonic spinal cord transplants, especially in the injured host CNS. The survival and differentiation of fetal spinal cord transplants in either intracerebral cavities or the lateral ventricles of the adult rat brain were thus examined with light and electron microscopy. Approximately 90% of the spinal cord implants taken from 12-15-day fetuses persisted in either transplantation site with some surviving for as long as 8 months (latest interval studied). The survival rate was considerably lower (22%), however, with tissues obtained from older fetuses. Within 3 weeks, the transplants obtained from 12-15-day donors had become extensively myelinated and contained many neurons of different sizes, including some clusters of large neurons resembling ventral horn cells of the intact spinal cord. In addition, all of the mature grafts were characterized by multiple myelin-free regions of neuropil, containing many small neurons (20 micron in diameter). [3H]Thymidine labelling of the transplants and intact cords of the surviving littermates of the donor fetuses suggested that these myelin-free areas corresponded to the substantia gelatinosa of the adult spinal cord. In many cases, the transplants were confluent with the host CNS parenchyma without an intervening glial scar. Furthermore, multiple spinal cord transplants, placed into the same lesion site, were often fused, and injection of one of the transplants with horseradish peroxidase demonstrated many retrogradely labelled neurons in the adjacent implant. The results of this study suggest that some topographical features of the normal spinal cord may be represented in mature spinal cord transplants. In addition, these findings establish a basis for future investigations aimed at repair of the injured host spinal cord with homologous fetal tissue. PMID- 6652517 TI - Changes in telencephalic catecholamine levels in the domestic chick. Effects of age and visual experience. AB - The concentrations of adrenaline, dopamine and noradrenaline were measured in 3 regions of the domestic chick telencephalon: (a) the Wulst; (b) a medial forebrain sample comprising mainly the intermediate part of the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV); and (c) a basal forebrain sample comprising mainly paleostriatum augmentatum. There was no significant left/right hemispheric asymmetry in the concentration of any of these catecholamines in any region studied. Adrenaline was undetectable in the Wulst and medial forebrain samples and only trace amounts were found in the basal forebrain samples of 1-day-old, light-reared chicks. Dopamine concentrations of 9.13 +/- 1.13 (S.E.M.) ng/g were present in the Wulst, 16.66 +/- 2.56 ng/g in the medial forebrain and 121.19 +/- 33.06 ng/g in the basal forebrain samples at hatching. These levels did not alter with age or with visual experience of an imprinting stimulus during the first 50 h post-hatch. At hatching, noradrenaline concentrations of 35.83 +/- 8.61 ng/g were present in the Wulst, 26.09 +/- 3.75 ng/g in the medial forebrain and 53.13 +/- 7.85 in the basal forebrain samples. The noradrenaline concentrations in the Wulst and medial forebrain samples increased significantly over the first 50 h post-hatch in dark-reared chicks. Visual experience increased noradrenaline levels in all 3 regions of the telencephalon studied. PMID- 6652516 TI - Norepinephrine levels in developing pigeon brain: effect of monocular deprivation on the Wulst noradrenergic system. AB - The endogenous level of norepinephrine (NE) was measured in discrete brain areas of the pigeon during post-hatching development. The pontine tegmentum showed the highest NE content, which remained constant during the post-hatching period. On the contrary, the NE content in the Wulst and cerebellum gradually decreased from hatching to 6 days. After this period, the Wulst NE level did not change significantly. In fact, there was no significant difference between NE values at 6 days and those at 6 months of age. In contrast, the difference between the cerebellar NE level at 6 days and that at the adult stage was highly significant. The NE content in the Wulst could be related to noradrenergic afferents originating in the ipsilateral locus coeruleus and substantia grisea centralis, since an electrolytic lesion of the pontine tegmentum caused a 60% reduction in the NE level in the ipsilateral Wulst. In line with the hypothesis that NE plays an important role in cortical plasticity, effects of early monocular deprivation on the Wulst NE content were also observed. After monocular deprivation during the first 6 months of life, the NE level increased by 40% in the Wulst ipsilateral to the deprived eye in comparison to the other side, where the NE level was normal. Monocular deprivation performed in adult animals did not affect the NE content in the Wulst. These results indicate that noradrenergic systems in the Wulst are affected by early, but not late visual deprivation. PMID- 6652518 TI - Ontogenesis of the functional activity of guinea-pig olfactory bulb: autoradiographic study with the 2-deoxyglucose method. AB - An ontogenetic study of [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake within the olfactory bulbs was performed in 1-, 4-, 7- and 21 day-old guinea-pigs exposed to a pure chemical odor, ethyl acetoacetate (EAA). Whatever the age studied, the patterns of glomerular activity are characterized by restricted spots which extend along the bulb, and by sheets of increased density overlapping 10-30 contiguous glomeruli, found only on the lateral aspect of the bulb. Even if the main features of the 2-DG patterns related to EAA are already present at birth, a perceptible evolution of these patterns is observed during the first 3 postnatal weeks. The changes include on the one hand, an increase of the spot-like glomerular labeling which appears particularly prominently on the medial and dorsal aspects. On the other hand, whereas the restricted spots overlaying 1-3 glomeruli become more numerous with age, a decrease in size and in extension of the sheet-like glomerular activity is noted. The results confirm the high maturation level of the olfactory bulbs in newborn guinea-pigs. Some implications related to the mainly prenatal maturation of the olfactory system are discussed. PMID- 6652519 TI - Competition and orientation-dependent recovery from monocular deprivation in the kitten's striate cortex. AB - Kittens were monocularly deprived for 10 days; then the deprived eye was opened and both eyes exposed to vertical contours by means of cylindrical lenses. Single unit recording in area 17 showed a clear preponderance of neurons with vertical orientation preference, but only limited recovery of the eye which was totally deprived in the beginning. Interocular competition combined with Hebb synapses, as postulated previously, appears sufficient to explain these results. PMID- 6652520 TI - Is there a non-synaptic component in the K+-stimulated release of GABA in the developing rat cortex? AB - Postnatal development of the K+-stimulated release of [3H]GABA in rat cortex slices was compared to the density of Gray type 2 synapses (which correlate with GABAergic synapses in rat cortex). The [3H]GABA release system develops earlier than the inhibitory synapses which suggests that, at least in the young cortical tissue, a large part of the release mechanism is associated with other than synaptic structures. PMID- 6652521 TI - The vascularization of the human cerebellar cortex. AB - The blood vessels of the cerebellar cortex were studied by two methods of injection: india-ink and low viscosity resin (Mercox). The study is divided into two parts: (a) Pial vessels; few in number at the cerebellar surface, the pial vessels are quite dense, forming vascular laminae, within the sulci. Pial vessels do not frequently anastomose. (b) Intracortical vessels closely resemble those of the cerebral cortex. They may be divided into three categories: short, middle and long. There exist three vascular layers within the cerebellar cortex: superficial, middle and deep. The superficial vascular layer is situated within the molecular layer, the middle within the Purkinje cell layer, and the deep within the granular layer. It is therefore possible to establish a correlation between these vascular layers and the cortical cytoarchitecture. We accorded particular attention to the vascularization of the Purkinje cells. Arteries parallel to the cerebellar surface (parallel arteries) are in close relationship to the Purkinje cells whereas capillaries and veins are scarce. It is highly probable that the majority of Purkinje cells obtain nutritive elements by these parallel arteries. Possible implications in physiology and pathology are subsequently discussed. PMID- 6652523 TI - [Possibilities of modelling calcium oxalate urolithiasis in an experiment]. PMID- 6652522 TI - [Shock-induced changes in endothelial cells. Analysis of autopsy materials]. PMID- 6652525 TI - [Surgical anatomy of the vagal innervation of the stomach in rats]. PMID- 6652524 TI - [Cardiac findings in myopathies]. PMID- 6652526 TI - [The effect of preventive care on hemocoagulation parameters in patients at risk for postoperative thrombosis]. PMID- 6652527 TI - [High-frequency jet ventilation of the lungs in an animal experiment]. PMID- 6652528 TI - [Treatment of resistant hypertension with minoxidil]. PMID- 6652529 TI - [Function of the small intestine in patients after jejunoileal bypass for obesity in the radiographic picture]. PMID- 6652530 TI - [Resistance to antibiotics in bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family isolated from Bratislava's natural bathing beaches]. PMID- 6652531 TI - [Dermatoglyphic findings in patients with genetically based hearing disorders]. PMID- 6652532 TI - [Cardiomyopathy with hepatic necrosis after several years of using Norbiogest Spofa]. PMID- 6652534 TI - [Amniotic infectious syndrome]. PMID- 6652533 TI - [Forensic medical expertise in fatal accidents of divers]. PMID- 6652536 TI - Burn injuries in Jordan: a study of 338 cases. AB - Three hundred and thirty-eight cases of different types of burns were treated at the Jordan University Hospital over a five year period (1976-80 inclusive). Flame burns were the commonest type, and most of the burn injuries occurred at home. Children below the age of five years were the most frequently affected among burn injury victims. PMID- 6652535 TI - Changes of serum amino acids in severely burned patients. AB - The serum amino acids profile in ten severe burn patients was basically similar with the findings in major burns reported in our proceeding article, supporting the conclusion that burn patients might have a particular amino acid pattern. The larger was the burn size, the more severe was the nitrogen loss. Following a severe burn, the patient was faced with the challenge of acute protein malnutrition. After severe burns, the ratio of serum Phe/Tyr rose to a higher level than in the major burns. Moreover, the elevation of serum Met/Cys ratio indicated a more serious metabolic disturbance. During the first two weeks postburn, acute decrease of serum BCAA by 20-30 per cent of the normal value was associated with a striking increase of mortality. This fact indicated the level of BCAA might be of prognostic value. In severe burns, other than huge amount of calories and protein supplied, enriched BCAA, and perhaps, carnitine might be beneficial. PMID- 6652537 TI - Reconstruction of the burned thumb by metacarpal lengthening. AB - Insufficient thumb length is a major functional handicap. A technique of metacarpal distraction lengthening of a burned thumb is described. To use this technique successfully, the surgeon must be prepared to replace scar tissue and release a thumb adduction contracture. PMID- 6652538 TI - Injection therapy with triamcinolone hexacetonide in the treatment of burn scars in infancy: results of 44 cases. AB - In many cases deep second degree and third degree burns cause severe scarring. The authors have reported here their experience of the treatment of hypertrophic scarring from burns carried out on 44 children with intralesional injections of a long-acting cortico-steroid (Triamcinolone hexacetonide) using the jet spray technique. PMID- 6652539 TI - Galactosaemia and major burn--a case report. AB - The management of burns in an adult patient with galactosaemia is described and the problem of lactose-containing drugs in this condition highlighted. The unique problem of hypokalaemia is discussed. Small amounts of lactose contained in various oral drugs which the patient received over a prolonged period caused proximal renal tubular dysfunction. This, combined with the tendency of potassium loss in major burns, resulted in severe hypokalaemia, in spite of large amounts of potassium supplements being given. This case history also supports the view that lactose restriction in patients with galactosaemia should be total and lifelong. PMID- 6652540 TI - Treatment of acute suppurative perichondritis of the external ear by low dose X ray irradiation. AB - Four patients with acute suppurative perichondritis were successfully treated with low dose X-ray irradiation. The infection had previously not responded to conservative management including incisional drainage and cartilage debridement. PMID- 6652541 TI - Manganese absorption through a burn. AB - A case of manganese absorption occurring in association with a burn is presented. We maintain that acute manganese toxicity was a likely cause of liver dysfunction in our patient. PMID- 6652542 TI - Phagocytic activity of granulocytes and alveolar macrophages after burn injury measured by chemiluminescence. AB - Despite substantial progress in handling the acute phase, about 50 per cent of all severely burned patients are still subject to lethal infections during the later stages of the burn disease. Such patients frequently succumb to infections by opportunistic bacteria and viruses of normally low virulence indicating that the antiinfectious host defences are severely compromised. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of severe thermal injury on the two major categories of phagocytic cells, the circulating phagocytes of the blood and the alveolar macrophages as one population of the fixed phagocytes of the reticulo-endothelial system. The cells were isolated from burned and unburned rats. For quantitative assessment of the phagocytic function the chemiluminescence associated with the phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles was measured, using luminol as a chemiluminigenic probe. It turned out that as a consequence of the thermal trauma the phagocytic activity as measured by chemiluminescence is reduced in granulocytes as well as in alveolar macrophages. PMID- 6652543 TI - Changes in lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin and serum immunosuppressive activity after thermal injury. AB - The present study consisted of two parts. In part one, 14 cases were divided into an invasive infection group (4 cases) and a non-invasive infection group (10 cases). A total of 68 assays for lymphocyte responses to PHA stimulation were carried out. The invasive infection group showed a significantly suppressed lymphocyte response, which occurred during invasive infection but neither before nor after the infection. The extent of third-degree burns was statistically significant between these two groups (P less than 0.05), but no significance was found between the total body surface area burned. In part two, 18 burn patients were studied for serum immunosuppressive activity. Both invasive infection cases and non-invasive infection cases showed serum immunosuppression during the course of the study and no significant difference was found between these two groups (P greater than 0.05). It is concluded that the extent of third-degree burn and the complicated systemic infection contribute to the impairment of lymphocyte responses to PHA stimulation, while the post-burn serum immunosuppression is unrelated to the occurrence of systemic infection. PMID- 6652544 TI - Pathophysiology and treatment of uremic bone disease. PMID- 6652545 TI - Treatment of Idiopathic calcium stone disease. PMID- 6652546 TI - Does postmenopausal bone loss respond to estrogen replacement therapy independent of bone loss rate? AB - Bone loss in postmenopausal women can be treated by hormonal substitution therapy. We investigated whether rapid bone losers (as opposed to nonrapid losers) respond sufficiently to estrogen treatment. A sample of 88 early postmenopausal women was followed up for a 2-year observation period in which bone mineral content (BMC) was followed up every 3 months. From these data, 20 women were classified as rapid losers (bone loss greater than 3% per year) and 68 women as nonrapid losers. The women were allocated to treatment with estradiol in 4, 2, and 1 mg doses daily and followed up for 1 year. The mean response on BMC was dose-dependent, ranging from +1.6% per year with the 4 mg dose to -0.2% per year with the 1 mg dose. In none of the groups was there any difference in response between rapid and nonrapid losers. It is concluded that the BMC loss during observation in some participants (rapid losers) is considerable and that these participants respond in the same manner as nonrapid losers. PMID- 6652547 TI - Electron microscopy and microanalysis of a subcutaneous heterotopic calcification. AB - This paper reports the study of a subcutaneous heterotopic calcification from a patient with Thibierge-Weissenbach's syndrome, a type of creeping scleroderma included in the CRST syndrome. These local deposits, whose origin is still unknown, are commonly considered to be a classic apatite phase. Using SEM, high resolution TEM, electron diffraction, infrared spectrometry, and SEM and TEM microanalysis, it is demonstrated that this material is highly heterogeneous and appears in a nonstoichiometric, carbonated, calcium ion-deficient apatitic solid phase. Our study shows the coexistence of dense globules presenting an ill organized, more or less amorphous phase (ACP) or microcrystalline (OCP, beta tricalcium phosphate), with scattered apatite crystals, and of interglobular apatite crystals with a good cristallinity. PMID- 6652548 TI - Influence of vitamin A on matrix-induced endochondral bone formation. AB - The influence of retinoic acid on matrix-induced endochondral bone differentiation was determined. Retinoic acid was administered during discrete stages of endochondral bone formation, specifically, mesenchymal cell proliferation, chondrogenesis, bone formation, and mineralization. In retinoic acid-treated rats examined on day 3 following matrix implantation, biochemical markers for mesenchymal cell proliferation were about 50% of the controls. Chondrogenesis on day 7, assessed by 35 SO4 incorporation into proteoglycans, was 27% of the control. In addition, dissociative extraction of proteoglycans with 4.0 M guanidine-HCl and chromatography on Sepharose CL-2B revealed the synthesis of a smaller molecular weight proteoglycan when compared to controls which exhibited the cartilage-specific type. Osteogenesis and bone mineralization were monitored by alkaline phosphatase activity and 45Ca incorporation. On day 11 alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased by 40% and 45Ca incorporation was 48% of the control. These results revealed the multiple foci of the actions of excess vitamin A. PMID- 6652549 TI - IR absorption spectrophotometric analysis of the complex formed by tetracycline and synthetic hydroxyapatite. AB - The infrared (IR) spectra of KBr pellet preparations of tetracycline (TC) complexes with hydroxyapatite (HA) indicated that the binding of the antibiotic to bone mineral can occur independently at each of two ligands. The shifts in the IR spectrum occur for the keto-enol ligand of rings B and C and for the tricarbonylmethane grouping of ring A. Analogs that lack one or the other of these groups are able to form complexes with HA in which the common portion resembles that of the parent molecule. PMID- 6652550 TI - Influence of magnesium supplementation on bone turnover in the normal young mouse. AB - The effect of magnesium (Mg) supplementation on bone metabolism has been studied in the normal young mouse. Weanling male mice were given Mg-supplemented drinking water (5 mM or 32 mM Mg) for 4 weeks. Mineral and skeletal changes were assessed by biochemical methods and by histomorphometric analysis of endosteal bone formation and resorption parameters evaluated on tetracycline double-labeled, undecalcified caudal vertebrae. Magnesium supplementation increased serum and urinary Mg concentrations and bone Mg content. Both the calcification rate and the extent of tetracycline double-labeled osteoid surface increased progressively in Mg-treated mice, whereas the mineralization lag time was shortened. The osteoblastic surface was reduced, leading to a fall in osteoid surface. Stimulation of bone mineralization was associated with a rise in extracellular calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) concentrations whereas serum 25-OHD and 1,25(OH)2D levels remained normal. The Mg supplementation increased the number of acid phosphatase stained chondroclasts and osteoclasts and the extent of resorbing surface showing histochemically stained osteoclasts. Although urinary OH-proline increased above normal, Ca, P, and cyclic adenylic acid (cAMP) excretion and phosphate concentration (TmP/GFR) remained normal, suggesting that parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion was not altered. The trabecular bone volume remained normal, showing that the increased bone resorption was balanced by the stimulated bone mineralization. The results show that Mg supplementation influenced both bone formation and resorption in the young mouse, and that the stimulation of bone mineralization was the result of increased extracellular mineral availability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652551 TI - Cyclical uptake pattern of tetracycline in post-secretory maturation phase enamel demonstrated in rooted teeth. AB - Uptake of tetracycline by enamel in the short-term was studied at an advanced stage of crown formation and after completion of crown formation in deciduous molars in the cat. Both secretory phase enamel and bands of postsecretory, maturation phase enamel labeled rapidly. The pattern of labeling mimicked that seen in the continuously growing, rootless incisor teeth of the rat, with narrow doublets fusing to form narrow bands with wide unlabeled intervals in the short term. This is a physiological demonstration which indicates that cyclical activity and changes may occur in vivo during the maturation phase of amelogenesis in rooted teeth. It is also noted that dentine did not, and that some circumscribed patches of bone did label in the same animals in the same time interval. Short-term tetracycline labels are lost following conventional histological processing, but are retained after freeze-drying or air-drying. PMID- 6652552 TI - Xenografts of articular chondrocytes in the nude mouse. AB - Subcutaneous transplantation of articular chondrocytes isolated enzymatically from immature rabbits and dogs into athymic (nu/nu) mice resulted in the formation of hyaline cartilaginous nodules. Graft rejection was seen when the cells were injected into heterozygous (nu/+) mice. Radiosulfate-labeled proteoglycan extracted from the xenografts had a high buoyant density and was digested by chondroitinase ABC. A monomeric preparation of proteoglycan (A1-D1) contained a small quantity of aggregate as assessed by gel chromatography and gel electrophoresis. Almost no incorporation of 3H-thymidine was found by autoradiography. The matrix did not become calcified over the course of 42 days. The nude mouse system lends itself to testing a variety of problems in the biology of cartilage. These include the redifferentiation of chondrocytes following dedifferentiation in vitro. Species differences were found in this regard. The nodules formed by rabbit articular chondrocytes, grown in monolayer culture for up to 14 days, had a hyaline chondroid character. Dog chondrocytes that had "dedifferentiated" during 14 days of culture prior to transplantation, formed a graft that had a sparse fibrous rather than hyaline matrix. PMID- 6652554 TI - An intermediate state in hydrolysis of amorphous calcium phosphate. AB - The hydrolysis of previously prepared amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was studied in a solution "saturated" with ACP; this eliminated the initial consumption of acid due to ACP dissolution. The procedure established that conversion of high-concentration ACP slurry to an apatite involves two processes: the first process consumes acid and indicates the formation of a more acidic calcium phosphate intermediary with the solubility of octacalcium phosphate (OCP); the second process consumes base and indicates the conversion of the intermediary to apatite and, possibly, direct conversion of ACP to apatite. The thermodynamic analysis of the solution composition data suggests that ACP converts into a nonstoichiometric apatite when the OCP-like intermediary is formed, and a stoichiometric apatite is formed when no OCP-like intermediary is involved. PMID- 6652553 TI - Differential serum dependence of cultured osteoclastic and osteoblastic bone cells. AB - Sequential collagenase digestion of mice calvariae provides populations of bone cells that express either osteoclasts (OC) or osteoblastic (OB) activities after growth for 6 days in similar culture conditions consisting of minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). The OC characteristics (acid phosphatase activity and hyaluronate synthesis, and their stimulation by PTH) were recovered in the cell populations released early from calvariae, but these also contained OB cells and numerous spindle-shaped alkaline phosphatase positive cells that resembled fibroblasts. We have attempted to select for growth of OC cells in these early populations by exploiting differences in growth requirements of OC, OB, and fibroblastic cells. We find that after growth for 6 days in low serum (2% FCS), OC cell populations demonstrated a threefold increase in OC activity/cell, and cell yield was reduced to one-third of that obtained in 10% FCS. Spindle-shaped cells were absent in 2% FCS and OB marker activities (alkaline phosphatase and citrate decarboxylation) were reduced threefold. In contrast to OC cells, high serum (10% FCS) favored the growth and phenotypic expression of OB cells (late populations). Cell yield and OB marker activities/cell were twofold higher in OB cells grown in 10% FCS vs 2% FCS, whereas growth but not phenotypic expression was retained at 5% FCS. These data suggest that differential serum dependence of OC and OB cells may provide a basis for further enrichment for each cell type following sequential digestion. PMID- 6652555 TI - Neutral peptidase activities in matrix vesicles from bovine fetal alveolar bone and dog osteosarcoma. AB - Extracellular matrix vesicles from bovine fetal alveolar bone and from a dog osteosarcoma were isolated by differential centrifugation and then fractionated on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient. The fractions were examined by electron microscopy and were analyzed for protein, alkaline phosphatase, aminotripeptidase, and four different beta-naphthylamidase activities. The low density peak of enzyme activities was shown by electron microscopy to be much more homogeneous than the crude matrix vesicle fraction. Two major peaks of protein and enzyme activities were present, one in the high and one in the low density layers. There was good correlation between the activities of alkaline phosphatase and the various peptidases in the fractions from the sucrose density gradient. These results indicate a coexistence of peptidase and alkaline phosphatase in matrix vesicles. On the other hand, there was generally no correlation between the peptidase and alkaline phosphatase activities in vesicular specimens from bovine liver obtained in the same way. Most of the peptidase activity and about half of the alkaline phosphatase activity were solubilized from bone matrix vesicles by detergents. The extracted alkaline phosphatase and alanyl beta-naphthylamidase activities were separated from each other on a DEAE-cellulose column. PMID- 6652556 TI - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic evidence for ternary complex formation of fetal dentin phosphoprotein with calcium and inorganic orthophosphate ions. AB - The single phosphoprotein of fetal calf dentin, having a molecular weight of approximately 94,000 and a phosphorus content of 8% (w/w), was examined by 31P NMR spectroscopy. The single resonance at 3.7 ppm at pH 10 and its chemical shift during acid titration established the phosphomonoester nature of the organic phosphorus moiety. During titration of the phosphoprotein with CaCl2 in the presence of inorganic orthophosphate ions, line broadening for the orthophosphate resonance was both phosphoprotein- and calcium-dependent, indicating ternary complex formation. The data indicate that the phosphoprotein of fetal calf dentin binds both calcium and inorganic orthophosphate ions and therefore has the requisite physical chemical properties necessary for it to facilitate the heterogeneous nucleation of a Ca-PO4 solid phase from solution during tissue mineralization. PMID- 6652557 TI - Comparison between the fractional isotopic calcium absorption and an oral calcium tolerance test. AB - In 27 subjects with several disorders of calcium metabolism, the fractional intestinal absorption of 47CaCl2 was rather poorly correlated with the urinary output of calcium or with the maximal increase of serum calcium after an oral calcium load. Conversely, a good correlation was observed with the product of these parameters. We propose that this product be used as an estimate of intestinal calcium absorption when a radioisotopic method is not available. PMID- 6652558 TI - Amorphous calcium phosphate in casein micelles of bovine milk. AB - The calcium phosphate remaining after hydrazine deproteination of casein micelles isolated from bulk skim milk exhibits under the electron microscope a very fine and uniform granularity being formed by small subunits with a true diameter of approximately 2.5 nm. This material, which is about 10 percent by weight citrate, termed calcium phosphate citrate (CPC) complex, also contains Mg and Zn at molar ratios of 0.03 and 0.003 respectively. Radial distribution function (RDF) and infrared analyses show that CPC is a Mg-containing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) similar to synthetic and cytoplasmic ACP. presence of CPC in casein micelles as an amorphous colloid bonded with phosphoproteins provides the means for storing in milk large amounts of Ca (16 mM) and Pi (10 mM) in a readily utilizable form but at a higher ion concentration than found in biological solutions. PMID- 6652559 TI - Measurement of the absolute synthesis of soluble and insoluble elastin by chick aortic tissue. AB - The rate of in vitro synthesis of soluble and insoluble elastin by thoracic aorta of 2-day-old chicks has been measured in absolute terms. In the absence of beta aminopropionitrile (beta APN), the steady state level of soluble elastin was 120 pmol/100 mg of aortic tissue or 3.7 micrograms/whole aorta segment. The rate of synthesis of elastin in vitro was approximately 130 micrograms/day per whole aorta segment. This is three- to four-fold lower than the estimated rate of in vivo synthesis for a comparable segment of aortic tissue at the same stage of development. Pulse-chase experiments suggested that this difference was not due to in vitro proteolysis of a significant proportion of the newly synthesized soluble elastin, but rather that the conversion of soluble to insoluble elastin was both rapid and efficient. These experiments also indicated the presence in aortic tissue of a substantial pool of elastin of intermediate solubility. Although inclusion of beta APN in the incubation medium resulted in an increase in the amount of soluble elastin in aortic tissue, the rate of accumulation of newly synthesized soluble elastin in the presence of this inhibitor of cross linking was not linear, but decreased with incubation time. Furthermore, although beta APN effectively suppressed the appearance of insoluble elastin for at least 2 h, some escape from the effect of this inhibitor was seen with further incubation. In general, beta APN significantly depressed elastin synthesis. PMID- 6652560 TI - Antibodies to indolealkylamines II: site of conjugation of melatonin to protein using formaldehyde. AB - The site of coupling on the hapten was investigated for melatonin, formaldehyde, and protein conjugates. Model reactions of glycine ethyl ester and piperidine with formaldehyde and melatonin suggested that coupling first occurred through the indole nitrogen and then a stable bond was formed at C-2. Cross-reaction studies of antisera stimulated by melatonin, formaldehyde, and protein conjugates support the hypothesis that C-2 is the site of conjugation of melatonin to protein. PMID- 6652561 TI - Structural elucidation of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 9N. AB - The specific capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 9N (American type 9) contains D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D glucose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-mannose in the molar ratio of 2:1:1:1. Accumulated data from spectroscopic (13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance) and methylation analyses of the native and specifically degraded polysaccharide indicated that it was linear and composed of the following pentasaccharide repeating unit; -4)-alpha-D-GlcpA-(1 leads to 3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 3)-beta D-ManpNAc-(1 leads to 4)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 leads to 4)-beta-D -GlcpNAc(1 leads to. Structural regions in the type 9N polysaccharide common to those of types 9A, 9L, and 9V have been identified which account for the cross-reactivity of this groups of polysaccharides. PMID- 6652562 TI - Immunoquantitation of liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme in normally and prematurely weaned rats. AB - Rat liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme were purified and rabbit serum antibodies were prepared against each enzyme. The activities and quantities of both enzymes in the livers of infant rats were subsequently determined during the weaning period. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was present and active in the liver of spontaneously weaned rats on postnatal day 17 and increased from postnatal day 21 onwards. Malic enzyme and its activity were undetectable on postnatal day 17. The latter enzyme was detected on postnatal day 21 and increased rapidly afterwards. These changes occurred sooner and were more pronounced when the rats were weaned prematurely on postnatal day 17, especially when the diet contained sucrose. The activities of both enzymes were highly correlated with the amounts of enzyme protein present throughout the experiment. It appeared that the activities of both enzymes in infant rats were likely to be regulated by altering their synthesis and (or) degradation, rather than by activation of existing proteins, assuming that the latter can be detected by the antibodies employed. PMID- 6652563 TI - In vitro binding of propranolol and progesterone to native and desialylated human orosomucoid. AB - A comparison of propranolol and progesterone binding to native and desialylated human orosomucoid was studied by means of equilibrium dialysis. The association constants of propranolol and progesterone binding to native human orosomucoid under physiological conditions were 8.4 X 10(5) and 3.2 X 10(5) M-1, respectively. Enzymatic desialylation of human orosomucoid removed 95% of the sialic acid content and reduced the binding affinity of propranolol from 8.4 X 10(5) to 6.0 X 10(5) M-1, but the affinity of progesterone was not affected. In addition, desialylation reduced the percent binding for propranolol, indicating that electrostatic attraction of the positive charge on propranolol by sialic acid residues on human orosomucoid had some effect on the binding ability of purified orosomucoid for propranolol. The present data suggest that the electrostatic attraction between sialic acid and propranolol is partially responsible for the preferential binding of basic drugs to orosomucoid in plasma. PMID- 6652564 TI - Selection for light preference during ovipositing in Drosophila pseudoobscura. AB - Selection was carried out on a population of Drosophila pseudoobscura to obtain lines preferring high-light intensity or low-light intensity during oviposition. This species is generally characterized as preferring low-light intensities. It was possible to select for increased preference for high-light intensity, but not for low-light intensity during oviposition. However, additive genetic variability exists in preferences for both high- and low-light intensities. The original population was probably operating at a photonegative extreme for oviposition, yet maintained enough genetic variability to permit selection toward a photopositive preference. PMID- 6652565 TI - The use of two-dimensional electrophoresis to detect mutations induced in mouse spermatogonia by ethylnitrosourea. AB - Two-dimensional electrophoresis should, in theory, be a suitable method for the measurement of induced mutation rates in the germ cells of mice. Not only can the polypeptide products of a large number of genes be resolved on a single gel but the detection of mutations which lead to proteins with altered electrophoretic properties (but not necessarily altered function) is possible. Our attempts to apply two-dimensional electrophoresis to the detection of mutation in vivo have involved three stages: (i) the rapid production of gels of high resolution and reproducibility; (ii) the identification of eight interstrain protein variants and demonstration of their simple genetic basis; and (iii) a pilot experiment using the powerful germ-cell mutagen ethylnitrosourea. It was found that although interstrain protein variants could be detected and shown to be inherited in a codominant manner, induced variants were rarely detected even on high quality gels. Only 2 variants were detected among 67 offspring of male mice treated with 150 mg/kg ethylnitrosourea. This represented a mutation rate of 0.88 X 10(-4) mutations per locus per gamete. PMID- 6652566 TI - Chromosome pairing in female and male diploid and polyploid anurans (Amphibia) from South America. AB - Chromosome pairing in females and males of diploid (2n = 22) and tetraploid (2n = 44) Odontophrynus americanus and diploid Ceratophrys cranwelli (2n = 26) and tetraploid C. ornata (2n = 104) showed that diploid females formed more chiasmata per paired arm than diploid males and polyploids of both sexes. There was a reduction in the level of recombination in female polyploids by forming multivalents with terminal chiasmata. The reduction reflected a change in the genetic control of pairing in females after polyploidization. PMID- 6652567 TI - Structural changes of Ag-stained nucleolus organizing regions and nucleoli during meiosis in Allium flavum. AB - Microsporogenesis of Allium flavum was investigated by light microscopy using a silver impregnation technique. Ag-positive structures were present at the nucleolus organizing regions (NORs) in all stages of the meiotic cycle. During prophase I the nucleoli were found to be composed of a strongly impregnated central and a weakly impregnated peripheral component, probably corresponding to the pars fibrosa and pars granulosa, respectively. A heteromorphism with regard to the presence of a NOR allowed the determination of the crossing-over frequency in the chromosome arm concerned. PMID- 6652568 TI - Karyotypic conservatism in the genus Lepus (order Lagomorpha). AB - The G- and C-banded chromosomes of six species of hare (genus Lepus) are presented and compared. No variation in gross chromosome morphology or banding pattern was observed indicating that speciation in this widespread genus has not involved karyotypic change. PMID- 6652569 TI - Pseudophakic retinal detachment. AB - The clinical findings, surgical techniques, anatomic results and visual recovery in 71 pseudophakic and 71 aphakic eyes with retinal detachment repaired concurrently were compared. Preoperative visibility of the peripheral retina was significantly reduced in the pseudophakic group. Intraoperative identification of retinal breaks was useful for the pseudophakic eyes. The surgical techniques used in the two groups were similar. Anatomic success was achieved in 65 pseudophakic eyes (92%) and 63 aphakic eyes (89%); however, the visual recovery after a mean follow-up period of 18 months was poorer in the pseudophakic group, only 35 (54%) of which, compared with 39 (62%) of the aphakic group, had a final best-corrected visual acuity of 6/15 or better. PMID- 6652570 TI - Cicatricial ectropion due to essential skin shrinkage: treatment with rotational upper-lid pedicle flaps. AB - Ectropion is sometimes due to a shortage of skin of the lower lid (cicatricial) and may result from previous surgery, trauma, burns, skin diseases etc. Excessive exposure to the sun has also been incriminated. Vertical traction lines in the skin of the lower lid, accentuated by gazing up or by opening the mouth, suggest this condition. This paper describes the use of pedicle skin flaps rotated from the upper lid to treat cicatricial ectropion occurring in the absence of any predisposing factor and not responding to conservative treatment--that is, due to essential skin shrinkage. All 10 patients had an improved appearance, and epiphora persisted in only 1 patient, who subsequently underwent a punctum enlarging procedure. In an 11th patient there was insufficient redundant upper lid skin, so a free skin graft was used instead. PMID- 6652571 TI - Combined trabeculectomy and cataract extraction: modified technique. AB - Two groups of patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma and cataract underwent combined surgery. Compared with the 11 who underwent the classic technique, the 11 who underwent a modified technique in which the cataractous lens was extracted through an incision in clear cornea obtained better control of their intraocular pressure and were less likely to have postoperative hyphema; however, their residual astigmatism was greater. The modified technique took a mean of 30 minutes less operating time and consistently produced a high-quality filtration bleb. PMID- 6652572 TI - Timolol: a 4-year follow-up study. AB - In 25 patients with ocular hypertension and open angles timolol maleate lowered the intraocular pressure (IOP) of 71% of the 49 eyes treated, keeping it below 22 mm Hg during 4 years of therapy. However, the IOP tended to drift upward by 2 to 4 mm Hg per year, especially during the first and third follow-up periods (1 year and 2 years long respectively). Thus, patients should be examined every 3 months after an adequate response to therapy is achieved. In this series of patients there was a slight visual loss in about 38% of patients, but it was probably related to increasing age. Field loss occurred in four patients in spite of a good response to therapy. Increased cupping of the optic disc occurred in six patients, four of whom had had a pretreatment IOP of 30 mm Hg or greater. Timolol therapy was well tolerated by the patients, being virtually symptom-free. However, special care would be needed in treating patients with asthma, bradycardia or congestive heart failure. PMID- 6652573 TI - Hereditary diseases as causes of blindness in Newfoundland: preliminary report. AB - Hereditary disease appeared to account for more cases of registered blindness in Newfoundland and Labrador than indicated by the statistics of the Canadian National Institute for the Blind. The files of all 1013 people registered as of Dec. 31, 1981 were therefore reviewed, many persons were interviewed and examined, and pedigrees were researched. In 14.6% of cases either the diagnostic or the etiologic code had to be revised. The largest etiologic category was "genetic, established", which accounted for 24.0% of the cases registered. When cases of blindness presumed to be of genetic origin or due to polygenic inheritance were included it was estimated that 33% of all 1013 registered persons had a hereditary eye disease; this figure is higher than most of the previously published figures. Strategies for preventing blindness must be reconsidered, and genetic counselling and low-vision services must be made more widely available. PMID- 6652574 TI - Electroretinographic evaluation of diabetic retinopathy: sensitivity of amplitude and time of response. AB - Amplitude and delay of oscillatory potentials were studied in the electroretinograms (ERGs) of patients with diabetes to see which was the more sensitive for evaluating diabetic retinopathy. Loss of amplitude was more sensitive in identifying eyes with early stages of retinopathy, in which funduscopic evidence of retinopathy was still absent, whereas delay of response was more sensitive in grading eyes with later stages. With cases classified according to stage of retinopathy, loss of amplitude and delay of response, a theoretic curve of the electrophysiologic time-course of diabetic retinopathy was drawn. The curve showed that amplitude can distinguish normal from preretinopathic eyes, that with a loss of amplitude of less than 50% no retinopathy will be found ophthalmoscopically, and that with a delay of response greater than 8% the delay will correlate well with the stage of retinopathy. PMID- 6652575 TI - Effects of intensity of stimulation on signs of acute ischemia in the electroretinogram. AB - Acute retinal ischemia was induced in adult albino rabbits by clamping the retrobulbar blood vessels or raising the intraocular pressure. As the level of ischemia was increased, the b-wave amplitude and implicit time of response increased. However, the hyperresponsivity and delay of response were inversely related to the intensity of stimulation used, although at levels of ischemia above 70% there was a significant delay of response even with high-intensity stimulation. Thus, if early signs of acute ischemia are to be successfully monitored, low intensities of stimulation must be used. PMID- 6652576 TI - Alternating Horner's syndrome: is it or isn't it? AB - Two cases of so-called alternating Horner's syndrome are presented. Pupillary testing with cocaine and hydroxyamphetamine failed to reveal whether the problem was due to a lesion that shifted and thus had a truly alternating effect or whether it was due to a one-sided lesion that was at times hypoactive and at other times irritative. PMID- 6652577 TI - Ciliary block glaucoma: malignant glaucoma in the absence of a history of surgery and of miotic therapy. AB - A 45-year-old woman had malignant glaucoma but no history of glaucoma surgery or of treatment with miotics. The attack responded promptly and dramatically to cycloplegic therapy, the anterior chamber deepening and the intraocular pressure dropping. This is only the second such case reported in the literature. PMID- 6652578 TI - Morphological and physiological characteristics and lipopolysaccharide composition of N2-fixing (C2H2-reducing) root-associated Pseudomonas sp. AB - A dinitrogen-fixing Pseudomonas sp. was isolated from the roots of the grass Deschampsia caespitosa. The motile organism, which had 4 to 10 polar flagella, was gram negative, obligately aerobic, oxidase positive, arginine dihydrolase positive, and fluorescent. To verify API20B, API20E, and Oxi-Ferm identifications, as well as results from standard microbiological tests and electron microscopic examinations, which all indicated the organism to be a Pseudomonas, we analyzed its lipopolysaccharide. The lipopolysaccharide contained neutral sugars, phosphorus, heptose, hexosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, and fatty acids, which were dodecanoic, 3-hydroxydecanoic, 2-hydroxydodecanoic, and 3 hydroxydodecanoic acids. Both the qualitative and quantitative compositions resembled known data of the genus Pseudomonas. Dinitrogen fixation, determined as C2H2 reduction in semisolid medium, was supported by several carbon sources including malate and glucose. The N2 fixation activity was decreased if the oxygen concentration of the gas phase was lowered to one-tenth of atmospheric concentration. The highest specific nitrogenase activity recorded was 954 nmol C2H4/mg bacterial protein per hour, which is about 30% of that noted for Azospirillum lipoferum used as reference. PMID- 6652579 TI - Albumin requirement of Treponema denticola and Treponema vincentii. AB - Treponema denticola and Treponema vincentii were found to require albumin, oleic acid, and thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) for growth. Previous studies indicated that commercial human alpha globulin, which is 50% albumin, was the only serum fraction that supported growth of these two oral treponemes. The alpha-globulin proteins were separated from the contaminating albumin with Affi-Gel Blue affinity chromatography. Both the albumin fraction and one of the alpha-globulin fractions were required for growth of T. denticola. Oleic acid was supplied by the alpha-globulin fraction and the albumin functioned as a chelator to maintain a low level of free fatty acid in the medium. Purified serum albumin (bovine or human) could substitute for the alpha-globulin fraction that contained albumin. Optimal growth of T. denticola and T. vincentii was in a medium supplemented with 0.4% (w/v) delipified albumin, 0.08 mg/mL of sodium oleate, and 25 micrograms/mL of TPP. Serum albumin tightly bound TPP (0.5 microgram of TPP per milligram of albumin). Optimal growth of T. denticola was only in an albumin-oleate supplemented medium with sufficient TPP to saturate the albumin binding sites and provide excess free TPP. Albumin bound long-chain fatty acids and thus detoxified the medium. Neither starch- nor charcoal-treated Tween 80 (polysorbitan monooleate) replaced albumin for optimal growth. Short-chain fatty acids supported only limited growth of T. denticola when added to a medium with TPP or to a medium that contained 0.4% delipified albumin and TPP. PMID- 6652580 TI - Presence of a new cytochrome b - like pigment with a peak at 567 nm in various aerobic bacteria. AB - Several physiological groups of bacteria were examined for the presence of a cytochrome b - like pigment which is demonstrable in dithionite-reduced minus substrate-reduced difference spectra. This pigment is characterized by an unusually high alpha band at 567 nm, a low concentration relative to conventional cytochromes, and an inability to be fully reduced by endogenous substrates or NADH. Previous studies with one denitrifying and nondenitrifying species of the genus Pseudomonas, in Paracoccus denitrificans, in Alcaligenes faecalis, in Azotobacter vinelandii, in Branhamella catarrhalis, and in Neisseria lactamicus. In all these organisms, the peak of the 567-nm pigment is accompanied by a peak of about equal height at approximately 559 nm, which exhibits similar properties to the 567-nm pigment. The 567-nm pigment was not demonstrable by this technique in Gluconobacter oxydans subspecies suboxydans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Escherichia coli, a Klebsiella species, Moraxella osloensis, Aquaspirillum itersonii, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Micrococcus luteus, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, or Rhizobium meliloti. PMID- 6652582 TI - A note on the identity and properties of the spoilage microflora of chub-packed luncheon meat stored at ambient temperature. AB - The principal spoilage bacteria isolated from chub-packed luncheon meat stored at 25 degrees C have been identified as strains of Bacillus licheniformis and Streptococcus faecium. Bacillus licheniformis alone is responsible for those degradative changes (surface softening and discolouration, gas production and eventual product liquefaction) regarded as overt product spoilage. Streptococcus faecium metabolizes carbohydrate homofermentatively, and the resultant accumulation of lactic acid causes souring of the luncheon meat. PMID- 6652581 TI - Phenylacetic acid production by Bacteroides gingivalis from phenylalanine and phenylalanine-containing peptides. AB - Phenylacetic acid production and growth of Bacteroides gingivalis were directly proportional to the trypticase content of the medium. L-Phenylalanine enhanced phenylacetic acid production; 5 mg L-phenylalanine per millilitre stimulated maximum production of phenylacetic acid. Peptides (2-4 amino acids) containing L phenylalanine also stimulated phenylacetic acid production as did phenylpyruvic acid. Resting cell suspensions of B. gingivalis also produced phenylacetic acid when incubated aerobically in the presence of L-phenylalanine and phenylpyruvic acid. Hydrocinnamic acid (3-phenylpropionic acid) and phenyllactic acid were also produced by resting cell suspensions. Our results suggest that L-phenylalanine and phenylpyruvic acid are both precursors to phenylacetic acid. PMID- 6652583 TI - Arginine biosynthesis in Legionella pneumophila: absence of N-acetylglutamate synthetase. AB - Legionella pneumophila was unable to grow in a chemically defined medium without arginine because it could not carry out the first step in the biosynthetic pathway, the conversion of glutamate to N-acetylglutamate. All strains examined could grow when N-acetylglutamate (or other later arginine precursors) were substituted for arginine. No activity corresponding to N-acetylglutamate synthetase could be detected in cell extracts of L. pneumophila. PMID- 6652585 TI - Presidential Address: XVIII Canadian Congress of Neurological Sciences. The neurologist as educator. PMID- 6652584 TI - The 1982 Silversides lecture. Problems in the diagnosis and treatment of pseudotumor cerebri. PMID- 6652586 TI - Computed tomography in the evaluation of plexopathies and proximal neuropathies. AB - We describe nine patients with plexopathies or proximal mononeuropathies due to mass lesions. In four, computed tomography (CT) was the only radiological technique to show the cause of the neuropathy. In five patients, CT either unequivocally confirmed the presence of an abnormality or was superior to other imaging techniques in showing its full anatomical extent. CT scanning is a valuable aid in the assessment of lesions of the peripheral nervous system, particularly plexopathies and mononeuropathies caused by retroperitoneal, pelvic or superior pulmonary sulcus tumors. PMID- 6652587 TI - The pattern electroretinogram in optic nerve demyelination. AB - The pattern electroretinogram (PERG) is probably generated by the ganglion cell layer of the retina whose axons constitute the conductive fibres of the optic nerves. A study was undertaken of the PERG in a group of patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis who had suffered optic nerve demyelination to assess the value of recording the PERG as a method for electrophysiological determination of optic nerve dysfunction. Pattern visual evoked potentials (PVEP) were simultaneously recorded, each eye being stimulated separately, and four different check sizes were used. Although individual patients showed PERG abnormalities the results as a group showed no significant difference from the normal population so far as latency or amplitude of the PERG was concerned. Thus we conclude that the PERG, while an interesting measurement, does not satisfactorily reflect optic nerve dysfunction. Further, our results indicate that it is not such a useful measure as the pattern visual evoked response for detecting optic nerve disease. PMID- 6652588 TI - Multimodal electrophysiological assessment of ataxia telangiectasia. AB - We report multimodal evoked response studies in eleven children with ataxia telangiectasia. The ABRs were normal in all but one patient despite the severity of the disorder. The SERs were abnormal in all of the patients, the waveforms being either absent or of delayed latency, the abnormalities were more marked in the older patients. Abnormal motor and sensory nerve conduction studies were also found in all but the younger few patients. Most notably, the VERs were abnormal in all but 2, the older patients had delayed VERs and most had small amplitude responses. The electrophysiological profile of ataxia telangiectasia patients on the multimodal evoked responses differs from that found in certain other degenerative ataxias studied and may have some diagnostic utility. PMID- 6652589 TI - Bureaucratic meddling in medicine. PMID- 6652590 TI - The CMA abortion survey. PMID- 6652591 TI - Spurious macrocytosis in infectious mononucleosis. PMID- 6652592 TI - Problems in determining the incidence of cervical cancer. AB - Since cancer registries have different recording practices, the incidence rates that they report must be compared with caution. Indexes of reliability of recording indicated that in 1971 the reported incidence of cervical cancer in Ontario was too high. In 1971 Ontario used a method of passive reporting of cancer cases: the Ontario Cancer Registry linked hospital reports, death certificates and reports from the Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation's treatment centres to produce a single record for each case. Pathological confirmation was requested for cases thus recorded by the registry. In 26% of cases a diagnosis other than cervical cancer was indicated. With these cases omitted, the incidence rate became 15.1/100 000, as opposed to the 20.5/100 000 reported by the registry. PMID- 6652593 TI - Accuracy of registration of invasive cervical cancer. AB - The quality of the data recorded by the British Columbia Cancer Registry for 521 new cases of invasive cervical cancer was evaluated. The registry's pathological diagnosis in all new registrations of invasive cervical cancer diagnosed in British Columbia between 1977 and 1979 was compared with a best estimate of the true diagnosis, which was determined from the results of the provincial cervical cytology screening program and the clinical charts at the Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia. The registry's data overestimated the true incidence of invasive cervical cancer by approximately 55%, since 184 (35%) of the cases were incorrectly registered. Of the 184, 141 (77%) were cases of preinvasive cervical cancer, 26 (14%) did not meet the criteria for a true case (i.e., they were not newly diagnosed in British Columbia between 1977 and 1979) and 17 (9%) were cases of invasive cancer of another primary site. In addition, 28 cases of invasive cervical cancer diagnosed in the province during the study period had not been reported to the registry. Thus, both over-reporting and under-reporting occurred. There is a need for constant evaluation of registry data if cancer registries are to fulfil their potential contribution to cancer control programs and research. PMID- 6652594 TI - Prospective study of school injuries: incidence, types, related factors and initial management. AB - The rates of school injuries were examined by means of a prospective study of 212 schools during the 1981-82 school year. The results showed an annual incidence rate of 5.4 injury events/100 children, which appears to be an underestimate of the actual rate. Of all the injury events 28.7% resulted in serious injuries. Injuries were significantly more frequent in the elementary as opposed to the secondary schools, and the boys were injured significantly more often than the girls. Most of the injuries occurred during athletic activities. Most of the children with either serious or minor injuries were sent to the school office or returned to the classroom, which indicates that the present level of first-aid training among school personnel is inadequate. PMID- 6652595 TI - Herpes zoster: treatment with cimetidine. AB - The active phase of herpes zoster can be predicted from the length of time it takes for all the vesicles to erupt. A case is reported in which cimetidine therapy appeared to reduce the expected length of the active phase from 35 days or longer to 10 days. PMID- 6652597 TI - An interview with the Nova Scotia health minister. Interview by David Woods.. PMID- 6652598 TI - Deliver bad news tactfully. PMID- 6652596 TI - Hepatic abscess complicating ulceroglandular tularemia. AB - In a patient with the clinical features of classic ulceroglandular tularemia a solitary hepatic abscess was found during an ultrasound examination. Hepatic tularemia has rarely been reported since the advent of specific therapy, which prevents the disease from reaching the disseminated state. This case, however, shows that the liver can be involved early in the course of tularemia. Increased serum levels of hepatic enzymes may be the only sign of such a complication. PMID- 6652599 TI - Presidential address. Family violence--myths, measures and mandates. PMID- 6652601 TI - The assessment of depression in normal adolescents--a comparison study. AB - This pilot study addressed two questions. The first was whether the combination of an observer scale (Hamilton Rating Scale) and a self-rating scale (Carroll Self-Rating Scale, modelled after the Hamilton) can make a valid distinction between the frequency and severity of depressive symptomatology in adolescents not referred for treatment, and psychiatric inpatients. The second was whether Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) could be recognized and diagnosed in "non patient" adolescents using this interview and rating scale approach. The median Hamilton and Carroll scores of the school students differed significantly from those of the inpatients, though the scores alone did not correspond with the presence or absence of MDD. Only 1 of the 26 (3.8%) tenth grade students interviewed appeared to have MDD, compared with 9 of 33 (27%) adolescent inpatients studied previously with the same methodology. The strength and limitations of this interview and assessment approach are discussed. PMID- 6652600 TI - Psychotherapy of the characterologically difficult patient. AB - The increasing number of characterologically difficult patients in psychiatric practices has produced a plethora of theoretical formulations, treatment strategies and techniques. The major shifts in theoretical emphasis from drive theory to object relations theories and self-psychology has encouraged many psychiatrists to treat these patients in psychotherapy. The heterogeneity and variability of clinical profiles represented in this group of patients, however, still prevents prescription of "the" treatment of choice for this patient population. A major focus on treatment considerations in this paper is the assessment process with emphasis on determining the capacities for inter-personal relationships, psychological mindedness, empathy and psychological soothing of self and others. The advisability of establishing a "contract" as a prerequisite to treatment is suggested as an important factor in determining outcome. Other particular treatment issues are addressed such as frequency of sessions, "secrets", premature provocation of intense affect, medications, consultations, hospitalization, self-mutilation, substance abuse and indications for termination. The complex vissicitudes of the transference and countertransference processes with this group of patients is pointed out especially those feelings of helplessness and range sometimes experienced in the counter-transference. Long term intensive psychotherapy with many of these patients probably still belongs to the area of therapeutic heroics. Hard evidence for good and poor outcome is scarce and therapeutic zeal is too often based on anecdotal testimonial from adherents of one approach or another. PMID- 6652602 TI - Affective disorder, paranatal and educational factors in the offspring of bipolar manic-depressives. AB - Fifty-five of the 58 adult offspring of 17 bipolar manic-depressives were studied. Fifty-three were interviewed and some data were available on the two who had committed suicide. A detailed educational history and pregnancy and birth (paranatal) history were obtained and were corroborated by records where available. Thirty-two percent of the offspring met RDC criteria for major affective disorder, and 13 percent for minor affective disorder. Paranatal and educational problems, separately and together, were not associated with an enhanced risk to affective disorder, however they were significantly associated with an earlier onset to affective disorder. This association may be partly due to a relatively lower IQ among the early onset subjects. PMID- 6652603 TI - Psychological support of oncology nurses: a role for the liaison psychiatrist. AB - This paper describes the working of an oncology nurses coping group which functioned under the guidance of a consultation-liaison psychiatrist at the Toronto General Hospital. Nurses were helped to deal more effectively with the many and varied stresses which they face in treating patients with cancer. As a result ward atmosphere, patient care and inter-staff communication improved. The success of the group was due to a number of factors that included the high motivation of the staff, the high level of stress on the ward, the support of the head nurse and the consistent relationship of the consulting psychiatrist. A series of cases are presented to illustrate these points. PMID- 6652604 TI - Involuntary hospitalization in Canadian psychiatric inpatient facilities, 1970 1978. AB - This study is concerned with providing quantitative information on involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill in Canada. It presents national statistical data on involuntary hospitalization to provincial mental and psychiatric hospitals, and psychiatric units of general hospitals for the period 1970-1978. The data used are based on the statistical information on psychiatric inpatients collected by the Mental Health Program of Statistics Canada for the period 1970 1978. The data indicate a moderate decline in involuntary admission rates. Men had consistently higher involuntary admission rates and women had consistently higher voluntary admission rates for the same period. Of the total commitments 22% were to psychiatric units of general hospitals. A high commitment rate was found for the elderly. As this is the first national quantitative analysis, both in Canada and in the international literature, the information presented should provide a useful objective perspective for a historical review of involuntary admissions to mental and psychiatric hospitals and psychiatric units of general hospitals. PMID- 6652605 TI - The special patient on the medical/surgical ward. AB - The "special" or favoured patient may play a very important role in the ward milieu. Such patients are discussed in terms of their adaptive function for medical and nursing staff in dealing with feelings of pessimism, anger and guilt. The attitudes of protectiveness and infantilization and staff dissention make the task of the psychiatrist hazardous when consultation is requested. Two clinical examples are discussed: one in which the issue of "specialness" was overlooked, and one in which it was dealt with. The consulting psychiatrist's own reactions of anger and therapeutic nihilism may alert him to such a patient. Intervention must take into account the trust implied in being asked to see a "special" patient and the tremendous emotional investment on the part of the staff. The consultant should use his own reactions to the patient to help staff identify the feelings aroused in them by such patients. Meeting with the staff collectively to share concerns and resolve conflict is productive and should be encouraged. PMID- 6652606 TI - Utilization of psychotropic drugs in Saskatchewan: 1977-1980. AB - Psychotropic drug use in Saskatchewan during 1977, 1978, 1979 and 1980 was determined. Approximately one in five prescriptions dispensed was for a psychotropic. About 20% of the population received psychotropic drugs in each year but use has declined slightly, especially that of tranquilizers. Psychotropic use increased with the patient's age and nearly two-thirds were women. Considerable caution should be exercised in making comparisons with other drug utilization studies. There may be substantial differences in the drugs selected for study, the categorization of these drugs, and the methodology used to analyze drug use. Also, most studies are based on data that is from a decade old or older. Moreover, most if not all other studies on drug use are based on sample surveys (from different sampling universes), whereas the present study is based on the entire population. Nevertheless, some generalizations may be valid. Since non-formulary drugs are excluded, the findings should be regarded as conservative. Examples of non-formulary drugs considered to be psychotropic include antispasmodic/tranquilizer/sedative combinations (example: Librax, Donnatal), combination hypnotics (example: Tuinal, Mandrax), and some combination analgesics (example: propoxyphene compounds, pentazocine compound, oxycodone compound). PMID- 6652607 TI - The aging physician and retirement. AB - The attitude of physicians toward retirement was studied using a questionnaire sent to physicians aged 65 and older. The information obtained was supplemented by organizing a study group of interested doctors. Of the 58 respondents whose average age was 71, 54 were still in practice and 65% had no plans for retirement. There was a strong urge to maintain the status quo. The group discussion centered around the loss of control over one's declining practice and the fear of diminishing competence with advancing age. The dedicated lifetime pursuit of a medical practice makes retirement extremely difficult for today's older physician. This study supports surveys on the working life span, longevity and mortality of North American physicians. PMID- 6652608 TI - Story telling: a creative therapeutic technique. AB - This paper describes the "mutual story telling" therapy as it is used to aid the young child Joshua in finding healthy ways of dealing with conflicts that cause disruptions in his home and school life. In this therapeutic process, Joshua's stories illustrate growth in ability to integrate good and bad parts of himself, to acknowledge his own anger and to express it without fear of annihilation; to feel the ego strength necessary to allow him to explore his external world. PMID- 6652609 TI - Carbamazepine in the treatment of aggressive behavior in schizophrenic patients: a case report. AB - Carbamazepine has been used in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy since 1963. It has also been found effective in the treatment of psychiatric disorders accompanying epilepsy. Patients with nonspecific EEG abnormalities without overt epilepsy but with behavioral problems, including gross psychopathology and violent behavior, improve on carbamazepine. These findings prompted us to use it in the treatment of aggressive behavior in a schizophrenic patient. Due to the frequency and severity of aggressive behavior in this patient, maintenance ECT was given. However, when carbamazepine was instituted, ECT was discontinued and the patient has been virtually free from aggressive behavior since this medication has been instituted. The authors conclude that carbamazepine may be used in the treatment of aggressive behavior in schizophrenic patients. PMID- 6652610 TI - Unusual side effects of clomipramine associated with yawning. AB - Although there have been previous reports of decreased sexual capacity as a side effect of antidepressants (1-3), the authors know of no previous records of increased capacity of the type described in the following reports, or of reports of side effects associated with yawning. Observation of unusual yawning associated side effects is now reported, in order to alert clinicians to a possible side effect that can influence patient-compliance with the prescribed medication regimen. PMID- 6652611 TI - Self-esteem in psychotherapy. AB - Self-esteem is a concept which is central to our understanding of a person's sense of well-being. Impairments to self-esteem due to the effects of past experience coupled with the impact of present circumstances often precipitate the entry into psychotherapy. The psychotherapy situation itself can be a potent source of self-esteem for both patient and therapist because it involves the two major factors that energize self-esteem needs: engagement in an important activity and involvement in an intimate relationship. This paper suggests that whether or not they are the focus of the therapy, self-esteem needs can be exacerbated due to the context of the situation and the fit between patient and therapist, as well as the transference and countertransference. PMID- 6652612 TI - A psychiatrist looks at "Reibl vs. Hughes". PMID- 6652613 TI - Nonrandom chromosomal changes in untreated retinoblastomas. AB - The karyotypic patterns of 15 retinoblastomas were examined. Five tumors were found to have two distinct stem lines and, therefore, the chromosomal patterns of 20 tumor cell lines are reported. Three nonrandom chromosomal changes, namely, a loss of a chromosome #13, the presence of an i(6p), or a trisomy of 1q were observed. The potential importance of these chromosomal changes in tumor development is discussed, particularly the loss of a chromosome #13 or the gain of an i(6p). At least one of the three chromosomal changes was found in 75% of the tumor lines analyzed. PMID- 6652615 TI - Intercellular karyotypic similarity in near-diploid cell lines of human tumor origins. AB - Intercellular karyotypic compositions were studied in seven near-diploid cultured cell populations (including six cell lines) of human colorectal and fibrosarcoma origins. Within each population, 50-88% of cells had the same cell-line-specific karyotype. In five of these seven populations, coexisting minor cell types could readily be identified, implicating the frequent occurrence of mosaicism in transformed cell lines. Nearly 90% of these cell types showed a single chromosome loss or gain from the modal cell karyotype. Parameters that may assist in the evaluation of karyotypic diversity of a transformed cell line are discussed briefly. PMID- 6652614 TI - Chromosomal composition of four permanent cultured cell lines derived from human gliomas. AB - Four permanent cell lines derived from malignant human gliomas were karyotyped using Giemsa-trypsin banding. D-65 MG had a stemline with 44 chromosomes, including 11 markers: 1p+, 2q-, 3p-, 3q+, 4p-, 9q-, 11q+, 15q-, 17p+, 21p+, 22q-. The net effect after accounting for fragments in markers was: +8, -10, -16 -X. D 32 MG had chromosome counts 90-91 without a distinct stem karyotype. Modal cells contained from 3 to 5 copies of the normal autosomes and 5 markers: 1q-, 3q-, 7q , 13q-, 18q-. D-32 MGCl2 had a complex karyotype containing 78-82 chromosomes. There was no stemline, and modal cells varied from one another primarily in their set of marker chromosomes. A total of 23 markers were seen in this line, 17 of which were present in most modal cells. They were partially characterized as: 1q+, 1q+, 2q-, 5q+, 7p-, 7q-, 8p+, 8p+, 9p+, 12p+, 14q-, 16q+, 19q+, 19q+, a small submetacentric chromosome of undetermined origin and two small isochromosomes, i(Dp or Gp) and i(17p or 18p). A-172 MG had a modal peak of 77 chromosomes within which no two cells were exactly alike. Ten markers seen in modal cells were: 1p-, 4p+, 6p+, 6p+, 6q-, 7p-, 9p-q+, 13q+ 14p+, 22q+. There were no normal copies of chromosomes #1, #6, #9, #14. These four glioma-derived cell lines possess unique karyotypes, but each displays some combination of the numerical and structural deviations generally associated with established glioma lines. PMID- 6652616 TI - Value of sex chromatin analysis in human neoplasia. PMID- 6652617 TI - Increased plasma fibronectin concentrations in tumor bearing mice. AB - Fibronectin concentration was studied in plasma of mice at different times after inoculation of 3 different experimental tumors, Colon 26 adenocarcinoma, mFS6 fibrosarcoma and B16 melanoma. A significant increase in fibronectin concentrations 10-30 days after inoculation of all tumors was found. Highest and earliest fibronectin increases were observed in BALB/c mice inoculated with Colon 26 adenocarcinoma cells. Control animals inoculated with previously irradiated cells (5000 rad) showed neither tumor growth nor significant variations in plasma fibronectin levels. PMID- 6652618 TI - Tumorigenicity of arsenic trioxide to the lung in Syrian golden hamsters by intermittent instillations. AB - The tumorigenicity of arsenic trioxide was investigated in female Syrian golden hamsters which were given a total of 5.25 mg or 3.75 mg as arsenic by intratracheal instillations once a week. As controls, hamsters were treated with the vehicle, phosphate buffer solution. During the total life span, 3 lung adenomas were manifested in 10 hamsters or 2 lung adenomas in another 20 hamsters after 15 instillations of arsenic, while no lung tumor was detected among 35 hamsters in 2 control groups. The results show that arsenic trioxide is tumorigenic to the lung of Syrian golden hamsters. PMID- 6652620 TI - Uptake of the components of hematoporphyrin derivative by cells and tumours. AB - The porphyrin content of cells labelled with hematoporhyrin derivative (Hpd) and tumours of mice injected with Hpd was analysed by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The components of Hpd may be classified in 3 groups: (A) Components with a high fluorescence quantum yield and with sharp peaks in the HPLC chromatogram. These are monomers. (B) Components with a lower fluorescence quantum yield and with sharp peaks in the HPLC chromatogram. These are probably dimers or oligomers. (C) Components with a low fluorescence quantum yield, with a short retention time on a P-10 column and with a broad and unresolved peak in the HPLC chromatogram. These are probably large aggregates. Components of group A are rapidly accumulated by cells but are easily removed by washing the cells with medium containing serum. Porphyrins of group B are significantly more concentrated by cells in vitro than porphyrins of group A and B and accumulate over a time interval of about 18 h. Porphyrins of group B gradually migrate to sites in the cells where they are more strongly retained. Tumors in mice behave differently from tumor cells in vitro since they mainly contain porphyrins of group C after an i.p. injection of Hpd in the mice. PMID- 6652619 TI - Single dose carcinogenicity of procarbazine in rats. AB - Rats carrying a 2-day-old subcutaneous air pouch were treated with single doses of procarbazine. Local fibrosarcomas developed in the pouch after oral, intraperitoneal and local administration of 300 mg/kg, but no tumours were induced if the drug was injected into unstimulated subcutaneous tissue. Tumours only appeared in those animals in which growth of the granuloma tissue was stimulated with a dose of croton oil. The high dose of procarbazine (300 mg/kg) also induced an increase in total tumour incidence at other sites. PMID- 6652621 TI - Increase of nicotinamide methyltransferase and N1-methyl-nicotinamide oxidase activities in the livers of the rats administered alkylating agents. AB - Twenty four hours after intraperitoneal injection of alkylating agents, N-methyl N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), into rats, an increase in nicotinamide (Nmd) methyltransferase and N1-methylnicotinamide (1-CH3Nmd) oxidase activities in the liver was found. Since activities of these enzymes in the liver extracts were not stimulated directly by these agents in vitro, it is postulated that the increases in these enzyme activities are due to the induction of each enzyme. PMID- 6652622 TI - Effects of dietary zinc on melanoma growth and experimental metastasis. AB - These studies were designed to determine the effects of zinc on in vitro melanoma cell growth and in vivo metastasis. Cultured P51 mouse melanoma cells were larger, had longer doubling times and a decreased rate of tritiated-thymidine uptake when grown in zinc depleted compared to standard medium. Experimental metastasis was evaluated using intravenously injected, radiolabelled melanoma cells. Cell distribution and survival were determined 1, 3 and 21 days post injection in C57BL/6 mice fed low zinc (0.5 and 4.0 mg Zn/kg) or stock diets. Altered organ distribution and survival of melanoma cells were observed in the zinc depleted dietary groups compared to the stock diet group. After 21 days of tumor growth, lungs of mice fed diets low in zinc contained up to 50% fewer labelled tumor cells than those of mice fed the stock diet. Livers of mice in the 0.5 mg Zn/kg group contained a greater percentage of tumor cells 21 days post injection than those of mice fed the stock diet. Thus, dietary zinc can influence experimental tumor metastasis through modification in organ distribution of tumor cells and their subsequent survival. PMID- 6652623 TI - Hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation therapy in murine solid tumors. AB - The cytocidal activity of light-activated hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) in experimental and human tumors is under investigation in many laboratories. This activity is based upon preferential incorporation of Hpd in malignant tissues and its photosensibilization by red light. Treatment of mice bearing MS-2 fibrosarcoma and B16 melanoma, a metastastic tumor, with Hpd and laser light, externally or delivered through a quartz fiber optic imbedded directly into the tumor, significantly prolonged the median survival time. This therapy was compared with surgical excision of primary tumors, and preliminary results on metastatic neoplasm suggest that the photoradiation therapy is more effective than surgery. PMID- 6652624 TI - Inhibition of transplanted carcinomas in mice by retinoids but not by vitamin C. AB - A squamous cell carcinoma (ASB XIII) and a large cell carcinoma (ASB XIV) induced from mouse lung cells by chrysotile asbestos were established in serial transplant in BALB/c mice. New hosts were treated with retinoids by ip injection at 10 mg/kg 5 days/week. Growth inhibition of ASB XIII was 58%-64% (P less than 0.005) after treatments with all-trans retinoic acid, 52% after trimethylmethoxyphenyl analog, ethyl ester, 26% (not significant) after 13-cis retinoic acid. Growth inhibition of ASB XIV was 39% (P less than 0.02) after injections of all-trans retinoic acid, and 33% (P greater than 0.05) after trimethylmethoxyphenyl analog, ethyl ester. After daily oral administration of 10 mg/kg of all-trans retinoic acid in feed, there was 61%-81% inhibition (P less than 0.005) of ASB XIII. Growth of ASB XIII was not significantly inhibited by daily im injections of 200 mg/kg of vitamin C. PMID- 6652625 TI - Doxorubicin-induced skin ulcer in the piglet. AB - Skin ulceration produced by inadvertently extravasated doxorubicin is characterized by a prolonged course accompanied by severe morbidity, and it has proven to be notoriously difficult to treat. In attempts to identify possible antidotes, 11 different pharmacologic agents were tested using piglets, because their skin is anatomically similar to that of man. Among the agents studied, topical application of DMSO daily for 7 days tended to decrease the maximal diameter and accelerate healing of skin ulcers produced by intradermal doxorubicin. alpha-Tocopherol appeared to worsen the ulceration. None of the 11 agents studied prevented the development of ulcerations completely. PMID- 6652626 TI - Anticipatory nausea and vomiting in an ambulatory medical oncology population. AB - We studied the prevalence of anticipatory nausea (AN) and anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV) in an ambulatory medical oncology population by self-report questionnaire over 7 weeks. Thirty-eight of 123 (31%) patients receiving parenteral chemotherapy reported anticipatory symptoms (AN or ANV). Twenty-one (17%) patients reported ANV and 17 (14%) reported AN only. Patients receiving parenteral chemotherapy (N = 123) with anticipatory symptoms (N = 38) were younger (45.1 +/- SE 1.9 vs 55.5 +/- 1.45, P less than 0.001) and more likely to be female (82% vs 61%, P = 0.04), unmarried (47% vs 26%, P = 0.03), and receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer (42% vs 7% P less than 0.001) than patients without anticipatory symptoms (N = 85). A greater proportion of patients with both postchemotherapy nausea and vomiting and anticipatory symptoms reported greater than 12 hours of postchemotherapy nausea (65% vs 39%, P = 0.01) and postchemotherapy nausea and vomiting (37% vs 12%, P = 0.01) after their most recent cycle of chemotherapy than did patients with postchemotherapy symptoms only. In structured interviews with 23 patients with anticipatory symptoms, 16 identified specific stimuli associated with AN or ANV, taste being the most frequently mentioned (ten of 16 patients) sensory modality. In our clinic, patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer develop anticipatory symptoms frequently and represent a relatively homogenous sample for further studies. PMID- 6652627 TI - Heart size and function after radiation therapy to the mediastinum in patients with Hodgkin's disease. AB - Changes in the transverse heart diameter and cardiothoracic ratio were determined by comparing the pretreatment and last follow-up posteroanterior chest x-rays of 96 patients with stage I-III Hodgkin's disease who had received radiation therapy (RT) to the mediastinum, with the same parameters observed in 20 similar patients whose mediastinum was not irradiated. A significantly higher proportion of patients who had received RT to the mediastinum had a decrease in transverse heart diameter and cardiothoracic ratio. Among patients presenting with a large mediastinal mass, these changes were more pronounced as compared to the other groups; however, this difference was not of statistical significance. First-pass left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) performed with 99mTc pertechnetate (obtained in 55 of these patients 30-120 months after RT to the mediastinum) was compared with the LVEF of 20 normal controls. The control group had a significantly higher LVEF than the group of patients who had received RT to the mediastinum. No correlation was observed between changes in these parameters and the use of adjuvant, salvage, or no chemotherapy after mediastinal RT. None of these patients presented congestive heart failure or constrictive pericarditis, but our findings indicate a subclinical cardiomyopathy in more than one-half of the patients who received RT to the mediastinum, suggesting that the incidence of heart damage after mediastinal RT might be higher than expected. Prospective studies are necessary to elucidate the incidence and implications of this potentially serious complication. PMID- 6652628 TI - Reproductive potential of vincristine-treated multinucleate carcinoma cells. AB - Multinucleate cells (MNC) form in a number of tumor cell lines treated with vincristine (VCR) and constitute the major difference between cell lines in which the affected cells survive VCR treatment and those in which the affected cells perish. We investigated the cell cycle traverse and proliferative potential of MNC which form among rat tracheal squamous carcinoma cells. Continuous-labeling curves for VCR-treated mononucleate and multinucleate cells were similar to those of untreated cells, and VCR-treated MNC survived for at least 7 days in culture. Observation of individual MNC, however, revealed no cytokinesis or continued proliferation. We conclude that although MNC arising after VCR treatment are capable of cell cycle traverse and prolonged survival in vitro, they are incapable of proliferation and, therefore, would not contribute to tumor regrowth. PMID- 6652629 TI - Phase I trial of cytarabine and hydroxyurea. AB - A combination of hydroxyurea (HU) and cytarabine (ara-C) can overcome ara-C resistance in vitro. To determine the pattern of toxicity of this combination, 22 patients with refractory leukemia and lymphoma were treated for 5 days with ara-C (100 mg/m2/day by constant infusion) and escalating doses of HU (0.375-1.77 g/m2 every 6 hours). Hematologic toxicity was severe even at the lowest HU dose level. Skin and mucosal toxic effects were frequent but not dose-limiting. No novel types of toxic effects were observed. PMID- 6652630 TI - Mitoxantrone: modest activity in a phase II trial in advanced prostate cancer. AB - Thirty-seven patients with metastatic prostate cancer refractory to endocrine therapy were treated in a phase II trial of mitoxantrone. Starting doses were 12 and 10 mg/m2 iv every 21 days for good-risk and poor-risk patients, respectively. Of the 35 evaluable patients, two had objective partial regression and five had stable disease. Response duration ranged from 7 to 17+ months. The drug was very well tolerated by these elderly patients; myelosuppression was the major toxic effect. We conclude that mitoxantrone has modest activity and acceptable toxicity in patients with advanced prostate cancer. PMID- 6652631 TI - Mitoguazone in advanced renal carcinoma: a phase II trial of the Southwest Oncology Group. PMID- 6652632 TI - Compilation of 1983 Clinical Trials summaries published in Cancer Treatment Reports. PMID- 6652633 TI - Effect of disulfiram on cyclophosphamide toxicity: a clinical trial. PMID- 6652634 TI - Chemical modification of the C-6 substituent in the carbohydrate moiety of N acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), and the immunoadjuvant activity. AB - N-Acetyl-6-O-mesyl-, -6-O-methyl-, and -4,6-di-O-methyl-muramoyl-L-alanyl-D isoglutamine and N-acetyl-6-chloro-, -6-bromo-, and -6-azido-6-deoxymuramoyl-L alanyl-D-isoglutamine were synthesized from benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-[D-1 (methoxycarbonyl) ethyl]-alpha-D-glucopyranoside and its 6-O-mesyl derivative. The immunoadjuvant activity of the products was examined, in order to clarify the structural requirements for the activity of the carbohydrate moiety in N acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine. PMID- 6652635 TI - Advances in detection of early breast cancer. AB - Detection of early breast cancer is our most important weapon in reducing mortality from the disease. The most effective means to achieve this goal is mass screening of presumably well women. This is the lesson from the HIP study, which has shown a persistent substantial reduction in death rate in 14 years of follow up. In addition to palpation, modalities used must include mammography, which is our only means to detect the nonpalpable cancer. PMID- 6652636 TI - Exogenous estrogens and development of breast and endometrial cancer. AB - The risk of breast cancer and endometrial cancer in 1483 menopausal and postmenopausal women who had received estrogen therapy for other than contraceptive use was examined. The incidence and mortality rates of the study cohort (cohort A) were compared with the age-specific cancer incidence and mortality rates of the female populations of Ontario (cohort B) and of Saskatchewan (cohort C). A significant difference was found in each of the two comparisons between the observed and expected survival curves for breast cancer incidence and breast cancer mortality. However, the incidence rate of endometrial cancer in the study cohort (cohort A) did not differ significantly from the rates of the reference populations (cohorts B and C). The results suggest that the women in the study may have received some protective effect against breast cancer by taking estrogens, but the estrogens did not protect them against endometrial cancer and may indeed have predisposed them to this cancer. PMID- 6652637 TI - Increased urinary androgen excretion is a hormonal abnormality detectable before the clinical onset of breast cancer. AB - Six patients who developed breast cancer between the ages of 27 and 55 years had been examined for their urinary excretion of testosterone and androstanediol 17 to 69 months before the clinical onset of their cancer. Each of them showed higher than normal excretion values of testosterone or androstanediol, or both. At the time of hormonal examination, the patients were considered at risk for breast cancer because their history had included one or more of the following factors: previous mammary disease, familiality, sterility or subfertility, menstrual cycle irregularities. On the basis of this evidence, it would seem that high androgenic activity is a risk factor for developing breast cancer in patients with the "adverse" history. PMID- 6652638 TI - Increased urinary androgen levels in patients with carcinoma in situ of the breast with onset while taking oral contraceptives. AB - Urinary testosterone, androstanediol, ethiocolanolone, and androsterone glucuronide were determined by use of gas chromatography in four patients with carcinoma in situ of the breast. In all the patients, one or more of these hormones were higher than normal. This finding supports previous reports from our laboratory of increased androgen excretion in patients with fibrocystic disease or infiltrating carcinoma of the breast. Carcinoma in situ arose while the four patients were taking oral contraceptives. The progestational component of the pill, a nonderivative of testosterone, may carry with it some androgenic properties. This fact and the discovery of increased androgen excretion levels in these four patients led us to suppose that androgens could play a role in the development of breast cancer. PMID- 6652639 TI - Public and professional aspects of the use of education in the control and prevention of cancer. AB - Studies of educational programs designed to encourage (i) regular systematic breast self-examination and (ii) participation in cervical screening programs demonstrate the necessity for precision in defining and evaluating cancer education aims and methods. Preteaching and postteaching and one-year follow-up data from both studies compare the immediate and longer-term effects of teaching on opinions and knowledge and relate these to behavior. PMID- 6652640 TI - Breast self-examination and breast cancer: a note on postdisease reporting bias. AB - Recall bias in retrospective studies among cases reporting events which occur prior to diagnosis is difficult to measure. In this paper breast self-examination (BSE) practice as reported in a general population survey of 395 women is compared to data on BSE practice from six recent retrospective case-control studies of breast cancer. The focus is on the change in reported level of BSE practice which is associated with a change in the level of related study variables. The patterns of these differences in reported BSE practice are compared for the available categories of age, education, marital status, and menopausal status in each retrospective study to the corresponding pattern in the survey data. The patterns are similar except for the comparison by education. The other variables give no evidence of postdisease reporting bias. Factors other than postdisease reporting bias which might account for the education difference are discussed. Further development of a model for the impact of education on reporting bias is needed. PMID- 6652641 TI - The effects of behavioral and biological factors on survival from breast cancer. AB - This research examined the relationship of symptom duration prior to treatment and tumor growth rate (as indicated by changes in symptoms before treatment) upon stage of disease, tumor size, and length of survival in a group of 160 females with an initial diagnosis of breast cancer. Cases were obtained from a 15% random sample of female breast cancer cases admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute between 1957 and 1964. Results showed that the association between duration of symptoms and survival varied depending upon the rate of tumor growth. Among patients characterized as having slower-growing tumors, duration of symptoms was inversely associated with length of survival. Among patients characterized as having faster-growing tumors, symptom duration had little influence on survival. These findings suggest that breast cancer control activities which decrease the interval from recognition of symptoms to diagnosis and treatment can favorably influence survival for patients with slower-growing tumors. For patients with faster-growing tumors, early diagnosis and treatment during the symptomatic period is not likely to substantially alter their chances for prolonged survival. For these patients, detection of asymptomatic cancer may be the best hope for improving their prognosis. PMID- 6652642 TI - Heart rate and QT interval in subjects adapted to beta-blockade: bradycardia and hypotension as uncorrelated adaptations. AB - Subjects in whom it was found that after a month's treatment with beta-blockers there was a fall of not less than 10 mmHg in systolic blood pressure persisting 54 h after cessation of treatment were considered to have "adapted". Significant falls of blood pressure and heart rate were observed, and were still present after two further weeks of treatment with placebo, but these adaptations were not correlated with each other. Fourteen hypertensive patients and five normotensive subjects received oral propranolol 80 mg, or metoprolol 100 mg, twice daily for 5 days. They were studied before treatment, and 54 h after the last dose. Drug administration was continued for a further 26 days, and the subjects were again examined 54 h after cessation of treatment. Blood was withdrawn at the times of study and contained negligible amounts of drug in the plasma. Records were made of blood pressure and ECG at rest and after exercise, the post-exercise QT being measured at a heart rate of exactly 100 beats per minute, obviating the need for any correction of QT. QT intervals were significantly prolonged, both at rest and on exercise. Responses to intravenous propranolol 10 mg or metoprolol 20 mg were also measured during the study periods, and no hypersensitivity to the drugs was found at rest or after exercise. PMID- 6652643 TI - Digital vasodilatation during mental stress in patients with Raynaud's disease. AB - Fingertip blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography before and during a stressful mental task consisting of rapid serial arithmetic calculations in a 25 degrees C room. Significant rises in heart rate and blood pressure indicated that stress was actually induced in all individuals. During mental stress in normal subjects, blood flow decreased (46.4 +/- 6.2 to 22.4 +/- 4.9 ml X min-1 per 100 ml tissue; P less than 0.01) and vascular resistance increased (2.1 +/- 0.4 to 7.6 +/- 2.2 units; P less than 0.01). Patients with Raynaud's disease unexpectedly increased blood flow (15.4 +/- 4.2 to 21.6 +/- 5.7; P = 0.05) and decreased vascular resistance (9.7 +/- 2.3 to 7.1 +/- 1.4; P = 0.05). Ten additional normal subjects were studied in a cool room (20 degrees C). Their digits remained vasoconstricted during stress, as blood flow (7.4 +/- 2.9 to 5.1 +/- 1.3) and vascular resistance (31.5 +/- 11.1 to 34.4 +/- 8.2) varied insignificantly (P greater than 0.10). The digital vasodilatation which occurs during mental stress in patients with Raynaud's disease was not altered by pretreatment with oral indomethacin, with intra-arterial propranolol or atropine, or by digital nerve block. These findings suggest the existence of an active digital vasodilatory mechanism in patients with Raynaud's disease. PMID- 6652644 TI - Estimation of blood-flow quality by statistical analysis or an ultrasonic Doppler signal: application to the study of perturbations caused by a vascular stenosis. AB - The noninvasive detection of pathological stenoses by Doppler ultrasound velocimetry is based on the appearance of modifications in velocity waveform or of a local increase in velocity. Nevertheless, these methods suffer from a lack of sensitivity. An extension of ultrasonic velocimetry including a statistical treatment of the Doppler signals affords a quantitative approach to the flow quality and seems to be able to improve the diagnosis of vascular obliterans. Accordingly a perturbation index can be computed on a microprocessor as the relative standard deviation of the zero-crossings histogram of the Doppler signal. A theoretical and experimental approach has been attempted to validate this method. Moreover, this index has been tested in vitro on calibrated flows. The in vivo experiments, performed on the abdominal aorta of the dog with artificial stenoses (0 to 50% in diameter) show a significant increase in the index value downstream from the stenosis. The relative increase of the index is greater than that of velocities for the same degree of obstruction. At the moment, it is possible to detect stenoses of 20% and above. It should be noted that changes in the perturbation index can be observed on a large part of the arterial segment, in relation with the severity of teh stenosis. Taking into account the increase in the index value and the length of the disturbed zone downstream of the stenosis, an estimation of the severity itself can be attempted. Clinical applications are in progress pointing out the diagnostic and prognostic abilities of the index method. The index perturbation method adds to velocity measurement the possibility of blood flow stability estimation. It appears useful for the localisation of stenoses, offers the possibility of quantifying their severity and could help the prognosis of their development. PMID- 6652645 TI - Measurement of splenic blood flow in the anaesthetised dog using electromagnetic flowmetry and indium labelled platelets. AB - Splenic blood flow has been measured in the dog using indium labelled autologous platelets (SBFp) and compared with splenic blood flow measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter placed on the splenic vein (SVBF). The overall correlation between SBFp and SVBF was only moderately close (r = 0.54, P less than 0.01) and SBFp was about half SVBF. When expressed as a change between sequential measurements in an individual animal, the correlation between SBFp and SVBF was closer (r = 0.85, P less than 0.001). It was concluded that SBFp is a specific measure of splenic pulp blood flow and that the discrepancy between SBFp and SVBF reflects the degree of splenic blood flow bypassing the pulp. PMID- 6652646 TI - Heterogeneity in circadian phase shifting of some liver variables in altered light-dark cycle. PMID- 6652647 TI - Modulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in a stable mammalian model. PMID- 6652648 TI - Biochemical characterization of alkaline phosphatase from skin blood vessels. PMID- 6652649 TI - Action of D-amphetamine on the GABA-T histochemical reaction in several nervous centers. PMID- 6652650 TI - Conductimetric measurements for proteins. PMID- 6652651 TI - [Computer model of electropotential changes in the heart muscle]. PMID- 6652653 TI - [Experience with the physiologically corrective operation for vessel transposition using Mustard's technic]. PMID- 6652652 TI - [Treatment of arterial hypertension in the line of first contact]. PMID- 6652654 TI - [Improved diagnosis of ischemic coronary disease. New criteria for evaluating the load test]. PMID- 6652655 TI - [Malignant ventricular dysrhythmia in thioridazine poisoning]. PMID- 6652656 TI - [European models of care for the mental health of the elderly]. PMID- 6652657 TI - [Drug interactions with cimetidine]. PMID- 6652658 TI - [Embolization of the kidneys in secondary renal hypertension as a substitute for surgical nephrectomy]. PMID- 6652659 TI - [Glomerular erythrocyturia in the differential diagnosis of hematuria]. PMID- 6652660 TI - [Decision-making processes in nephropathology. I. Possible uses in diagnosis]. PMID- 6652661 TI - [Ureterorrhaphy]. PMID- 6652662 TI - [Gleanings from the USA and Canada, particularly in science and hemodialysis. USA, Canada, 16 April--5 May 1983]. PMID- 6652663 TI - [Selected factors of natural immunity in hyperthermia during which the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis was not activated]. PMID- 6652664 TI - [Decision-making processes in nephropathology. II. Possible uses in the evaluation of therapy]. PMID- 6652666 TI - [HLA antigens in persons with recurring aphthae]. PMID- 6652665 TI - [Aspects of a long-term study of epilepsy]. PMID- 6652668 TI - [Report on the activity of the Slovak Medical Society since the 4th congress of its delegates]. PMID- 6652667 TI - [Treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). I. Treatment of the acute state]. PMID- 6652669 TI - [A Duffy "mute" allele in a woman of non-gypsy origin]. PMID- 6652670 TI - [A semiquantitative precipitation reaction with toxoplasma antigen]. PMID- 6652671 TI - [Control of anticoagulation therapy with Pelentan. Results of the 2nd working study of 37 laboratories]. PMID- 6652672 TI - [The effect of hemoperfusion through activated charcoal on middle molecular substances in the plasma during a long-term dialysis program]. PMID- 6652673 TI - [Te effect of transfer factor on phagocytosis and humoral immunity in children with recurrent middle ear inflammations]. PMID- 6652674 TI - [Antibodies against leukocytes in patients with neutropenia]. PMID- 6652675 TI - [Analysis of the causes of the relatively frequent incidence of alkaptonuria in Slovakia]. PMID- 6652676 TI - Spacer regulation of Xenopus ribosomal gene transcription: competition in oocytes. AB - Xenopus laevis ribosomal gene plasmids bearing different length spacers were injected into oocyte nuclei in competition with each other. The spacer has two basic effects on transcription from the gene promoter. First, if the competing pair have unequal spacer lengths, the gene promoter attached to the longer spacer is always dominant in transcription (the competition effect). Second, as the total amount of spacer in the reaction increases, the total amount of transcription decreases (the sink effect). Both the competition and the sink effect are attributed to sequence elements that are 60 or 81 bp long, which are present in multiple copies in the spacer and are related in sequence to part of the gene promoter. The 60/81 bp elements confer competitive dominance in either orientation. A model which explains both the competition and the sink effects is discussed in which the 60/81 bp elements are attraction sites for a factor(s) which is needed to activate the gene promoter. PMID- 6652677 TI - Phosphorylation controls brush border motility by regulating myosin structure and association with the cytoskeleton. AB - The intestinal epithelial cell brush border (BB) is a useful model for nonmuscle cell motility. We studied regulation of BB motility by analyzing myosin phosphorylation and its association with the cytoskeleton. Our results demonstrate that myosin associates with the cytoskeleton only when it is dephosphorylated. Myosin light chain kinase substrates release myosin, phosphorylated and in the form of filaments, from the cytoskeleton. Although ITP and GTP serve as myosin ATPase substrates, they do not cause BB contraction, myosin release, or phosphorylation. Brush border contraction occurs with ATP or with a mixture of ITP and ATP gamma S. Therefore, phosphorylation regulates myosin association with the cytoskeleton, myosin is not bound at the actin-myosin binding site, and when phosphorylated, myosin forms filaments for movement. PMID- 6652678 TI - Nerve growth cones isolated from fetal rat brain: subcellular fractionation and characterization. AB - The biochemical and functional characterization of the nerve growth cone is of major interest for studies on mechanisms involved in nervous system development. We describe the isolation from fetal brain of membrane-bound fragments of nerve growth cones by density gradient fractionation. These so-called growth cone particles are highly uniform and identifiable on the basis of their organelle complement. Furthermore, they co-purify in mixing experiments with fragments of radiolabeled and light microscopically identified nerve growth cones from primary cultures. The possibility of isolating growth cone fragments in quantity renders feasible the analysis of molecular mechanisms involved in growth cone function. PMID- 6652680 TI - The calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion system regulates inner cell mass formation and cell surface polarization in early mouse development. AB - The monoclonal antibody ECCD-1 inhibits Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in teratocarcinoma cells, recognizing a cell surface component of MW 124,000. When mouse embryos at various preimplantation stages were cultured in the presence of ECCD-1, the compacted morphology of the 8- to 16-cell-stage embryos was destroyed. In these embryos, cell proliferation normally occurred and development of blastocyst-like vesicles was attained. However, these embryos did not contain inner cell mass (ICM). We found that ECCD-1 affects the pattern of polarization of the cell surface in late 8- and 16-cell-stage blastomeres, as detected by staining with fluorescence-labeled concanavalin A. In normal blastomeres, the pole was always apart from the cell-cell contact plane. In those cultured in ECCD 1, formation of the pole tended to be inhibited, and if observed, the pole was close to the cell-cell contact plane. We discuss the possible mechanisms for inhibition of ICM formation caused by blocking Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion between blastomeres. PMID- 6652679 TI - Centrosome development in early mouse embryos as defined by an autoantibody against pericentriolar material. AB - A human autoantibody from a schleroderma patient was found to immunostain interphase and mitotic centrosomes in a variety of vertebrate cells. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry localized this antigen in dense pericentriolar material (PCM) surrounding the centrioles. The meiotic spindle of the mouse egg has no centriole but it exhibited a broad PCM band at each pole. This pattern was also found from the first through fourth mitotic divisions. During this time PCM was found assembled at a single locus in the cell and exclusively in mitotic cells; it was not observable in interphase cells. In the blastocyst, only polar trophoblast cells had characteristic centrosomes throughout the cell cycle. Results suggest PCM can exist, disperse, and reorganize during the cell cycle independently of the centriole, and its distribution in the embryo differs in cells having different fates. PMID- 6652681 TI - Genetic control of hematopoietic kinetics revealed by analyses of allophenic mice and stem cell suicide. AB - The pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell is influenced by at least one gene that differs between DBA/2 and C3H/He, and C57BL/6 inbred mouse strains. This gene(s) manifests itself by its effect on susceptibility to killing of spleen colony forming cells (CFU-S) caused by hydroxyurea (HU). In strains DBA/2 and C3H/He 20% of the CFU-S population is normally in S phase whereas practically none from strain C57BL/6 are synthesizing DNA. On the other hand, in C57BL/6 in equilibrium DBA/2 allophenic mice we observed that the proportion of DBA/2 erythrocytes was higher than the proportion of DBA/2 lymphocytes; the fraction of platelets and neutrophils with the DBA/2 genotype fell between the values for erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Control experiments using mice congenic at the Fv-2 locus confirm that in both situations we are examining effects of a gene(s) other than Fv-2. For the effect on the S phase fraction of CFU-S, we refer to the gene(s) as Stk (stem cell kinetics). We suggest that the observed skewing in composition among the various mature blood cell types in C57BL/6 in equilibrium DBA/2 allophenic mice is caused by allelic variants of the Stk gene. Such variation would favor the formation of DBA/2 erythrocytes, platelets, and neutrophils over those of the C57BL/6 genotype. PMID- 6652682 TI - Cell-cell interaction and polarity of epithelial cells: specific perturbation using a monoclonal antibody. AB - With functional assays we selected a monoclonal antibody (anti-Arc-1) that perturbs specific cell-cell contacts of MDCK epithelial cells in tissue culture. The cells loosen their tight junctions, become uncoupled, and their polarity is abolished. Several findings show that the corresponding antigen appears to be a cell-surface protein of MDCK epithelial cells but not of other established cell lines: radioactively labeled antibody could be absorbed on the surface of intact cells; immunoscanning electron microscopy showed a homogeneous surface distribution of the antigen; and the antigen was extractable from the cells by EDTA. Absorption on Western blots and gel filtration showed antigenicity at 130 and 40 kd. This study shows that the hybridoma technique, in combination with functional screening of the monoclonal antibodies, allows the identification of new and specific molecules involved in cell-cell adhesion. PMID- 6652683 TI - Crosslinking of proteins in acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes: association between the beta-subunit and the 43 kd subsynaptic protein. AB - Acetylcholine receptor-rich membranes from the electric organ of Torpedo californica are enriched in the four subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and for polypeptides at 43 kd and 270 kd. Reaction of these membranes with 3H-N-ethylmaleimide (3H-NEM) demonstrates that most of the available free sulfhydryls reside on the 43 kd protein. Cross-linking reagents that contain NEM as one reactive group, and N-hydroxysuccinimide as the other, were used to study the topography of the 43 kd protein in AChR-rich membranes. Proteins from cross-linked membranes were resolved by SDS-PAGE and the composition of crosslinked products was determined by Western blots and monoclonal antibodies. A crosslinked product at 110 kd was labeled by a monoclonal antibody to the beta-subunit and by a monoclonal antibody to the 43 kd protein, but not by monoclonal antibodies to the alpha, gamma, or delta subunits. The 110 kd crosslink was not produced in the presence of 10 mM lithium diiodosalicylate, which dissociates the 43 kd protein from the membrane. Thus the 43 kd protein is intimately associated with the AChR and in close proximity to the beta-subunit. PMID- 6652684 TI - Unexpected relationships between four large deletions in the human beta-globin gene cluster. AB - Two independent gamma delta beta-thalassemias are each associated with large deletions. We show, by comparing DNA sequences, that the deletions are due to non homologous DNA exchanges. The 5' breakpoints are located approximately the same distance apart and in the same order along the DNA as their 3' breakpoints. Two independent cases of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin, also involving large deletions, show the same unexpected relationship between their 5' and 3' breakpoints. This relationship is most simply explained if, within each pair, the deletions are of approximately the same length. The results suggest that the four deletions were generated by a common mechanism. Perhaps their 5' and 3' breakpoints are physically close in the nucleus, although far apart on the linear DNA. PMID- 6652685 TI - Changing the DNA-binding specificity of a repressor. AB - The Mnt repressor of Salmonella phage P22 recognizes a 17 base pair operator. We constructed an Mnt binding site with two symmetric operator-constitutive mutations. We then selected Mnt mutants that have lost the ability to bind the wild-type operator but acquired the ability to bind the mutant operator. Four independent mutations change the same CAC codon in the mnt gene to CCT or CCC. The corresponding amino acid change in Mnt is His6 leads to Pro. DNA binding assays with purified wild-type and mutant proteins confirm the change of binding specificity in vitro. Wild-type Mnt binds strongly to the wild-type operator, but binds the mutant operator with 1000-fold less affinity. The mutant Mnt binds with converse affinities to the two operators. PMID- 6652686 TI - Biosynthesis of chloroplast transfer RNA in a spinach chloroplast transcription system. AB - We have developed a chloroplast in vitro transcription system capable of transcribing tRNA genes (trn) from the spinach and Euglena gracilis chloroplast genomes. The RNA polymerase contained in the chloroplast extract transcribes the spinach chloroplast trnM2, trnV1, and trnl1 loci and the trnV1-trnN1-trnR1-trnL1 cluster in the EcoG fragment of the Euglena chloroplast genome. Restriction enzyme modified templates were used to demonstrate that the tRNA genes are transcribed in vitro. RNA fingerprint analysis confirmed that tRNAMetm, tRNAlle1 and tRNALeu are correctly processed transcripts from the spinach chloroplast trnM2, trnl1, and Euglena trnL1 loci respectively. CCAOH is added to the mature tRNAs in vitro by a 3' nucleotidyl transferase present in the chloroplast extract. Deletion mutants were constructed from the trnM2 locus to evaluate the role of 5' flanking sequences in transcription initiation and processing. DNA sequences between positions -56 to -85 upstream of the trnM2 locus are required for maximal transcription of tRNAMetm, but are not essential for processing. The RNA polymerase involved in chloroplast trn transcription is distinguishable from the RNA polymerase isolated as a DNA-protein complex from spinach chloroplast that is active in rRNA transcription. PMID- 6652687 TI - Transcripts regulated during normal embryonic development and oncogenic transformation share a repetitive element. AB - We have previously isolated cDNA clones homologous to mRNAs present at elevated levels in transformed mouse fibroblasts. Clones of Set 1 contain a dispersed repetitive element present thousands of times in the mouse genome. This repeat identifies in mouse embryos a large number of transcripts that are quantitatively regulated during development. At maximal expression these RNAs constitute between 1% and 3% of polyadenylated RNA. A pattern of Set 1-related transcripts very similar to that observed in midgestation embryos is found in pluripotential EC and EK cell lines, and the abundance of these RNAs decreases upon differentiation in vitro. However, the F9 line of EC cells, which has a more restricted developmental capacity, exhibits a much simpler pattern of transcripts containing the Set 1 repeat. PMID- 6652688 TI - Human host response to Giardia lamblia. II. Antibody-dependent killing in vitro. AB - We examined whether peripheral blood monocytes, lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or eosinophils, obtained from individuals without known exposure to Giardia lamblia, exhibit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) for this organism. Peripheral blood granulocytes but not lymphocytes from each individual were cytotoxic for G. lamblia in the presence of either human or rabbit anti-G. lamblia serum. At an effector to target ratio of 30:1, granulocyte cytotoxicity was 20% in the presence of human antiserum and 36% in the presence of rabbit antiserum. Granulocyte ADCC was concentration dependent with respect to antiserum and was not complement mediated. Most of the ADCC activity was mediated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and to a lesser extent by eosinophils. The predominant isotype of the antibodies sensitizing G. lamblia for granulocyte ADCC was IgG. We conclude that human peripheral blood granulocytes are cytotoxic for G. lamblia in the presence of IgG anti-G. lamblia antibodies. This activity, in addition to the previously observed spontaneous monocyte cytotoxicity, is likely to be an important mechanism for host defense against this parasite. PMID- 6652689 TI - Enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity and NK-sensitive thymic cells in murine muscular dystrophy. AB - Studies have shown that there is an abnormality in the thymus of dystrophic mice with respect to age-dependent thymus weight changes and altered morphology (T. DeKretser and B. Livett, Nature (London) 263, 682, 1976). Recently, others have shown that natural killer (NK) cells can lyse cells of a large, immature, rapidly dividing cell subpopulation within the thymus of normal young (3 weeks of age) mice (M. Hansson, K. Karre, R. Kiessling, J. Roder, B. Anderson, and P. Hayry, J. Immunol. 123, 765, 1979). The NK susceptibility of dystrophic mouse thymocytes as targets was therefore studied. Spleen cells from normal (+/+) and dystrophic (dy2J/dy2J) male C57BL/6J mice 8-10 weeks old were passed over nylon wool and the nonadherent cells were incubated with 51Cr-labeled YAC-1 lymphoma target cells or thymocytes in a 51Cr-release assay. Spleen cells from dystrophic mice killed twofold more YAC-1 target cells than did spleen cells from normal mice. Thymocytes from 3- to 4-week-old dystrophic mice were three to four times more susceptible to NK lysis by dystrophic mouse spleen cells as compared with normal mouse spleen cells. Spleen cells from dystrophic mice had the same NK activity against dystrophic and normal mouse thymocytes as targets. Normal mouse spleen cells killed three- to fourfold more dystrophic mouse thymocytes than that of normal mouse thymocytes as targets. Target cell-binding studies revealed that conjugate-forming cells from nylon nonadherent dystrophic mouse spleen cells were found to be two- to fourfold greater than for normal mouse spleen cells using YAC 1 tumor cells as targets. The number of lymphocytes bound per YAC-1 target cell ranged from 2 to 5 for dystrophic mouse spleen cells as compared with 1 to 2 for the normal control group. Using both normal and dystrophic mouse thymocytes as targets, the conjugate-forming cells from dystrophic mouse spleen cells were also found to be twofold greater than in the normal control group. Cold target inhibition studies revealed that the natural killing of dystrophic mouse thymocytes was due to a YAC-1-reactive NK cell. Effector cell depletion studies using monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 plus complement treatment and plastic petri dish adherence also revealed that the natural killing of dystrophic mouse thymocytes was not due to either T lymphocytes or macrophages. Taken together, these results show an increase in NK-sensitive thymocyte targets in dystrophic mice, in combination with an increase in splenic NK activity. PMID- 6652690 TI - A structural characterization of gap junctions isolated from mouse liver. AB - Mouse liver gap junctions have been isolated by using an anionic detergent, n dodecanoyl sarcosine, in combination with non-ionic polyoxyethylene ethers (Brij 35 and Brij 58) and (W-1) detergents. Purified gap junctions are obtained in a sucrose step gradient containing 1-o-n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. This procedure is aimed at minimizing proteolysis. The junctions thus isolated have a hexagonal lattice of connexons with a lattice constant of 7.6-8.4 nm. Presence of a major Mr 26,000 gap junctional protein has been confirmed by SDS-PAGE. PMID- 6652692 TI - A method for obtaining pure mitochondrial preparation from sea urchin sperms. PMID- 6652691 TI - An extraction resistant tensile protein in the protoplasmic matrix of Physarum. AB - A thorough extraction of plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum by sequential treatment with 1% Triton x-100, 0.6 M KI, 4% SDS plus 7 M urea leaves behind an elastic cell ghost, which represents a cytoplasmic matrix protein arranged as a continuous network in all cell regions. The protein is present in the ectoplasm as well as in the endoplasm. The extraction-resistant ghosts reveal filaments 2-3 nm in diameter, perform a conspicuous volume condensation upon the addition of mM concentrations of di- and trivalent cations and can be partially solubilized in 4.5 M guanidinium chloride plus 25% 2-mercaptoethanol at 70 degrees C. SDS-gel electrophoresis shows a distinct band at 43,000 daltons and a faint high molecular weight component suggesting a similarity to muscle connection. PMID- 6652693 TI - A rare family tree of cultured rat cells showing a change in proliferative potential. AB - In most family trees examined by time-lapse cinemicrography of proliferative rat liver epithelial-like cells in primary culture, a clonal population first expanded, and then ceased to expand. We encountered one rare family tree in which a clonal population first expanded, stopped expanding for a while, and then began to expand again. In this family tree, we noted one particular intermitotic cell, all descendants of which divided during the period of observation when the rest of the cells had ceased division. We consider that this rare family tree showed for the first time part of the process of indefinite proliferation. PMID- 6652694 TI - The effect of anti-oxidants and medium composition on isolation and culture of alveolar type II pneumocytes. AB - Alveolar type II pneumocytes were isolated from adult male rabbits and were placed in primary culture. The presence of anti-oxidants throughout the isolation procedure, particularly ascorbic acid and glutathione, was found to enhance in vitro attachment efficiency of cells. The use of a culture medium substituting D valine for L-valine also significantly enhanced attachment efficiency. Although these cells do not ordinarily proliferate in culture, a low-serum medium containing insulin, transferrin, selenium and hydrocortisone allowed limited proliferation in addition to promoting dome formation in culture. PMID- 6652695 TI - Lactate-mediated changes in growth morphology and transformation frequency of irradiated C3H 10T1/2 cells. AB - Treatment of mammalian cells with lactate or inhibitors of glycolysis alters their radiation response, particularly in the low dose region of the dose response curve. The occurrence of both high lactate levels and high glycolytic metabolism in tumours is well known and therefore the effect of lactate on a cell line sensitive to radiation induced transformation was examined using a single exposure to Cobalt 60 gamma rays as the carcinogen challenge. The results indicate that cells treated with 5mM lactate before irradiation exhibit changes in morphology and growth rate and that the transformation frequency is increased by three to ten fold following 24 hours lactate treatment just prior to irradiation. Examination of radiation survival curves showed a positive correlation between transformation frequency and size of the shoulder, but increasing transformation frequency was associated with a decrease in Do. A mechanism involving altered Redox potential in lactate treated cells is suggested. The results are discussed in terms of their possible significance for radiotherapy. PMID- 6652696 TI - Symposium on injuries to dancers. PMID- 6652697 TI - Injuries to the neck and upper extremities of dancers. AB - In general, injuries to dancers involving the cervical spine and upper extremities are quite mild and cause only limited disability. When such injuries do not involve specific elements of the musculoskeletal system, their origin may be in the more subtle neurovascular structures of the neck. The importance of a thorough examination is emphasized. PMID- 6652699 TI - Disorders of the great toe in dancers. AB - Although often neglected in the consideration of dancing and sports injuries, the great toe is as important as the other large joints of the lower limb. Many injuries to the great toe are associated with technical faults occurring during dancing, and these should be corrected or the injury will recur. It is also important that when a dancer presents with an injury elsewhere, the possibility of faults at the great toe be considered. PMID- 6652698 TI - The dancer's hip. AB - Conditions that occur in the dancer's hip fall into the following categories: poor training; conditions that occur as the result of normal use; overuse syndromes, including tendinitis and myositis; and conditions referring pain to the hip. Dancers are highly motivated and goal oriented and often suppress symptoms for long periods, making diagnosis and treatment difficult. Observing the dancer at work and understanding his art are emphasized, and a practical guide to therapy is presented. Development of proper dance technique and a proper flexibility program can decrease the incidence of injuries. PMID- 6652700 TI - Ballet injuries: the Australian experience. AB - There is a distinct difference between ballet injuries and sports injuries in general, and the sports medicine physician needs to study the technique of dance and the specific injuries that it may produce in order to treat dancers effectively. In Australia, which is typical of other countries where ballet is performed, ballet injuries include strained lumbar muscles, sprained ankle, Achilles tendinitis, clicking hip, jumper's knee, chondromalacia, stress fractures, patellar subluxation, and other knee and tendon problems. PMID- 6652701 TI - Physiological aspects of dance. AB - Improvement in cardiovascular fitness is related to the mode, frequency, duration, intensity, and rate of progression of exercise. These data suggest that dance as an activity for promoting fitness will improve aerobic and physical working capacity. The commercial classes studied were of short duration and relied on elevated intensity for improvement, whereas the classes for professional dancers were low in intensity and relied on frequency and duration for improvements. Other area studied were body composition and strength. PMID- 6652702 TI - Nutritional and medical considerations in dancers. AB - The traditional requirement for dancers to be lean coupled with the fact that dance is a nonendurance form of exercise makes it necessary for dancers, particularly females, to follow diets of relatively low caloric content. Food faddism and irrational use of nutritional supplements are common among dancers, who have little information about nutrition. Further investigation of the general medical and nutritional problems of dancers is needed, and the information from these studies should be incorporated into the curriculum of serious dancers. PMID- 6652703 TI - A study of dance surfaces. AB - The two important properties of dance surfaces are resiliency and surface friction. These characteristics should not be compromised for other, less significant considerations. PMID- 6652704 TI - Artistic development in the dancer. AB - The life of the artist who devotes himself or herself to dance as a career can be divided into seven stages. Each stage seems to have specific physical problems and challenges as well as success in technical and artistic achievement. PMID- 6652705 TI - Common hand injuries in the athlete. AB - Common injuries to the hand and wrist of athletes have been discussed under the headings of ligament injuries, fractures, tendon injuries, and neurovascular injuries. Although the frequency and mechanisms of certain injuries may be different in the athlete than in the nonathlete, the principles of proper early diagnosis and adequate treatment are the same whether the patient is an athlete or not. PMID- 6652706 TI - Tendon injuries about the ankle. AB - The proper treatment of tendinous ankle injuries will yield a strong, stable joint. Generally, athletes can expect to return to their preinjury athletic level. Tendon strain or inflammation, either from a single incident or simple overuse, requires prolonged conservative therapy. Tendon rupture should be approached aggressively to insure a powerful, stable ankle. PMID- 6652707 TI - [Preparation of pharmacists for military pharmacy]. PMID- 6652708 TI - [Antitubercular agents. XXIX. Functional derivatives of 2-methyl-5 iodoisonicotinic acid]. PMID- 6652709 TI - [Study of local anesthetics. LXXVII. Physico-chemical properties of basic esters of 2-heptyloxyphenylcarbamic acid]. PMID- 6652710 TI - [Determination of diethylstilbestrol after irradiation using differential pulse polarography]. PMID- 6652711 TI - [Crohn's disease and the phagocytic activity of neutrophilic leukocytes]. PMID- 6652712 TI - [Immunologic findings in the blood and intestinal biopsies of patients with celiac disease]. PMID- 6652713 TI - [Changes in neurovegetative reactivity due to comprehensive spa therapy in patients with chronic constipation and after cholecystectomy]. PMID- 6652714 TI - [The effect of a bypass of the lower third of the small intestine on the histological picture of the liver in laboratory rats]. PMID- 6652715 TI - [The effect of saccharides on DNA synthesis in the intact and regenerating liver in rats refed after prior starvation]. PMID- 6652716 TI - [Cholescintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of jaundice]. PMID- 6652717 TI - [Colonoscopy in chronic inflammatory diseases of the colon]. PMID- 6652718 TI - [Follow-up of patients after colonic polypectomy]. PMID- 6652719 TI - [A transient form of abdominal angina]. PMID- 6652720 TI - [Abdominal angina]. PMID- 6652721 TI - [Changes in the dietary system at Czechoslovak spas]. PMID- 6652722 TI - [The Nutrition Commission of the Czech Society for Gastroenterology and Nutrition]. PMID- 6652723 TI - [Lymphocytes in the epithelium of the small intestine in patients with celiac disease]. PMID- 6652724 TI - [Lymphocyte reaction in the palatine tonsils after use of the He-Ne laser]. PMID- 6652725 TI - [Gastroduodenal ulcer in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6652726 TI - [Rumination from the psychosomatic aspect]. PMID- 6652727 TI - [The significance of the carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal carcinoma]. PMID- 6652728 TI - [The significance of colonoscopy in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the colon]. PMID- 6652729 TI - [Development of abdominal angina after successful surgical control of vasorenal hypertension associated with coarctation of the abdominal aorta]. PMID- 6652730 TI - [Pitfalls and controversial questions in the diagnosis and therapy of digestive tract diseases]. PMID- 6652731 TI - [The 13th May hepatology meeting. Novy Smokovec, 4-6 May 1983]. PMID- 6652732 TI - [Prolactin in relation to age, the climacteric syndrome and stress]. PMID- 6652733 TI - [Pollution of the living environment with mercury as a factor affecting human reproduction]. PMID- 6652734 TI - [Evaluation of male fertility by testing sperm penetration into ova of the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)]. PMID- 6652735 TI - [Carcinoma of the external female genitalia--still a vital problem]. PMID- 6652736 TI - [Outpatient care and management of labor in pregnant women with a history of cesarean section]. PMID- 6652737 TI - [A supplement to the pregnancy record]. PMID- 6652738 TI - [The importance and technic of postpartum sterilization]. PMID- 6652739 TI - [The influence of the family environment and its consequences in adolescent girls]. PMID- 6652740 TI - [A few comments on rehabilitation in diseases of the reproductive system]. PMID- 6652741 TI - [New roads to contraception]. PMID- 6652742 TI - [Problems with precancerous conditions and carcinomas of the vulva at the present time]. PMID- 6652743 TI - [Precancerous conditions and carcinomas of the vulva]. PMID- 6652744 TI - [Surgical treatment of precancerous conditions and carcinomas of the vulva]. PMID- 6652745 TI - [Radiotherapy of carcinoma of the vulva]. PMID- 6652746 TI - [Chemotherapy of carcinoma of the vulva]. PMID- 6652747 TI - [New importance in the social aspects of the care of the pregnant woman]. PMID- 6652748 TI - [Chorionic gonadotropin and oxytocinase in the 2d and 3d trimester of multiple pregnancies]. PMID- 6652749 TI - [Personal experience in the use of cryosurgery in adult and pediatric gynecology]. PMID- 6652750 TI - [Use of ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital developmental defects in multi-fetal pregnancies]. PMID- 6652751 TI - [Personal experience in the treatment of female sterility]. PMID- 6652752 TI - [Problems in the patient-physician relation]. PMID- 6652753 TI - [Rooming-in - a problem for health care workers?]. PMID- 6652754 TI - [Merits of the rooming-in system]. PMID- 6652755 TI - [Relation between season and the onset of menarche]. PMID- 6652756 TI - [The role of mycoplasmas in the etiology of colpitis]. PMID- 6652757 TI - [Determinants of human behavior are applicable in psychosomatic medicine]. PMID- 6652759 TI - [Pregnancy after jejunoileal bypass]. PMID- 6652758 TI - [Eclampsia complicated with intracerebral hemorrhage]. PMID- 6652760 TI - [Results of oncocytological screening of pregnant women in the type I polyclinic]. PMID- 6652761 TI - [Characteristics of the clinical picture of depression in childhood]. PMID- 6652762 TI - [The alcoholism score and the child rearing situation in families of alcoholics]. PMID- 6652763 TI - [Reading interests in psychiatric outpatients]. PMID- 6652764 TI - [Health personnel and other workers in the health services and psychiatry]. PMID- 6652765 TI - [Information on the rules of testing at the Institute for Postgraduate Education of Physicians and Pharmacists]. PMID- 6652766 TI - [The specialization content in psychiatry and affiliated professions]. PMID- 6652767 TI - [The participation of the Department of Psychiatry at the Institute for Postgraduate Education of Physicians and Pharmacists in Prague in the training of physicians in psychotherapy]. PMID- 6652768 TI - [Postgraduate education of clinical psychologists in adult psychiatry]. PMID- 6652769 TI - [Pyridoxine-sensitive homocystinuria in 2 siblings]. PMID- 6652770 TI - [Study of zinc levels in the serum and urine in healthy young children]. PMID- 6652771 TI - [Vertebrogenic syndromes in children and their association with injuries]. PMID- 6652772 TI - [An unusual course of Alport's syndrome in a single family]. PMID- 6652774 TI - [Herniated intervertebral disk in a child]. PMID- 6652773 TI - [Resistance of young rats to the edematogenous effects on brain tissue and the optic papilla]. PMID- 6652775 TI - [Cerebral gigantism--Sotos' syndrome]. PMID- 6652776 TI - [A more austere projection of the population of Czechoslovakia to the year 2000]. PMID- 6652778 TI - [Evaluation of the incidence of enterobiasis in nursery schools]. PMID- 6652777 TI - [Report on the development of demographic indicators in the year 1982]. PMID- 6652779 TI - [Elimination of measles in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 6652780 TI - [Serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels in children]. PMID- 6652781 TI - [Digestive hypertyrosinemia in newborn infants and premature infants fed Tatra condensed milk]. PMID- 6652782 TI - [Transient hypoglycemia in newborn infants]. PMID- 6652783 TI - [Familial incidence of infantile arterial calcification]. PMID- 6652784 TI - [Acid-base equilibrium in the cerebrospinal fluid in critically ill newborn infants]. PMID- 6652785 TI - [Evaluation of the birth weight of children from incestuous relationships and their half-siblings. Evaluation of the role of heredity in birth weight]. PMID- 6652786 TI - [Initial experience with compulsory vaccination against rubella in Slovakia]. PMID- 6652787 TI - [Body weight in relation to height in childhood]. PMID- 6652788 TI - [Aids for the restraint of a small child]. PMID- 6652790 TI - [Experience with sauna therapy in children]. PMID- 6652789 TI - [A warning about the kidney concentrating test in children using DDAVP as suggested by Janda and his associates]. PMID- 6652791 TI - [Use of selected factors in the health education of hypertensive patients]. PMID- 6652792 TI - [Aspects of formulating standards of a healthy life style]. PMID- 6652793 TI - [Recognizing the effectiveness of health education (I)]. PMID- 6652794 TI - [Decompensation of drug dependence 1976-1980 in parts of the Eastern Slovakia Region]. PMID- 6652795 TI - [Division of working hours of health personnel]. PMID- 6652796 TI - [Fire protection measures in standardized projects of district health centers]. PMID- 6652797 TI - [Administrative and advisory bodies of the Director of the Institute of National Health]. PMID- 6652798 TI - [Recommendations of the 5th Bilateral Czechoslovak-East German Symposium on the radiodiagnosis of the upper abdomen]. PMID- 6652799 TI - [Aneurysmal bone cyst]. PMID- 6652800 TI - [Benign angiographic picture in diseases of the bones and soft tissues. Comparison with thermographic findings]. PMID- 6652801 TI - [The flattened L5 vertebra. Dysspondylosis of the caudal spine]. PMID- 6652802 TI - [Disko-vertebral destruction in the cervical spine]. PMID- 6652803 TI - [Degenerative changes in the spine in leading athletes]. PMID- 6652804 TI - [Bone changes after jejunoileal bypass for obesity]. PMID- 6652805 TI - [Radiographic picture of osteolysis in cranial epidermoids]. PMID- 6652806 TI - [Diagnosis of skeletal metastases in breast carcinoma using an isotope technic with a shortened image]. PMID- 6652807 TI - Identification of guanine and adenine adducts in DNA alkylated by dibromodulcitol in vitro and in vivo. AB - DNA reacted with dibromodulcitol in neutral solution yielded 3- and 7-alkyl substituted purines after hydrolysis at neutral pH-value at 37 degrees C. The alkylated products were identified by mass spectrometry and by comparison of their UV absorption spectra and chromatographic properties on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and various columns with those of the corresponding galactitylpurine derivatives obtained by synthetic route from alkylation of the appropriate nucleic bases or nucleosides. The labelled alkylpurines occurring in DNA of Yoshida tumour cells treated with [3H]dibromodulcitol in vivo were also identified by co-chromatography of labelled DNA hydrolysate with synthetic 3- and 7-alkyl substituted purines. On the basis of the same chromatographic behaviour 3 (1-deoxy-3,6-anhydrogalactit-1-yl)adenine, 7-(1-deoxygalactit-1-yl)guanine, 7-(1 deoxy-3,6-anhydrogalactit-1-yl)guanine and 1,6-di(guanin-7-yl)-1,6 dideoxygalactitol were identified as main alkylated products in tumor cell DNA after in vivo treatment with dibromodulcitol. PMID- 6652808 TI - Detection and identification of sulfhydryl conjugates of rho-benzoquinone in microsomal incubations of benzene and phenol. AB - The glutathione and cysteine conjugates of rho-benzoquinone are detected and conclusively identified in microsomal incubations of benzene and phenol using liquid chromatography/electrochemistry (LCEC). Identification of the compounds is based on retention time, electrochemical behavior and acid hydrolysis. The fact that both of these compounds can be detected easily in a benzene incubation provides further evidence that rho-benzoquinone or the corresponding semiquinone is a product of benzene metabolism in vivo. The conjugation of rho-benzoquinone with glutathione is predominantly a non-enzymatic process. This is illustrated by the fact that the addition of cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases do not significantly increase the amount of glutathione conjugate produced in a phenol incubation containing glutathione. The kinetic constants for phenol metabolism to hydroquinone by microsomal protein are calculated. As suspected, the rate of metabolism of phenol is significantly higher than the rate of benzene metabolism. The Vmax for phenol metabolism was calculated to be 7.1 nmol/min/mg protein and the KM was found to be 0.38 mM. The further oxidation of hydroquinone to rho benzoquinone appears to be primarily an enzymatic process. Incubations of just hydroquinone with glutathione at 37 degrees C produced only a small amount of the glutathione conjugate. The addition of cytosolic protein increases the amount of rho-benzoquinone produced about 10-fold. This could be due to the peroxidases found in that medium. The addition of microsomal protein and NADPH increases the amount of glutathione conjugate produced to over 100-fold of that produced non enzymatically. This indicates that a microsomal enzyme is responsible for the oxidation of hydroquinone to rho-benzoquinone in vitro and the subsequent covalent binding to macromolecules. PMID- 6652809 TI - Perinatal development of styrene monooxygenase and epoxide hydrolase in rat liver microsomes and nuclei. AB - Nuclear enzymes were found to develop earlier than the corresponding microsomal activities. In fact styrene monooxygenase enzymatic activity at 18 days gestational age reached about half the values of adult animals, whereas fetal microsomal activity was only about 1/20 the adult level at the same age. In microsomes and nuclei the ontogenic development of epoxide hydrolase is slightly slower than styrene monooxygenase. This suggests that fetuses and newborn animals are exposed to higher risk of accumulation of styrene-7,8-oxide, a toxic and possibly teratogenic product of styrene monooxygenase. PMID- 6652810 TI - Effects of ochratoxin A metabolites on yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase and on the growth and in vivo protein synthesis of hepatoma cells. AB - The ochratoxin A (OTA) metabolite (4R)-4-hydroxyochratoxin A [4R)-OTA) inhibits the aminoacylation of phenylalanine tRNA catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (PheRS) with a Ki-value of 0.9 mM as compared to 1.3 mM for OTA. It also inhibits protein synthesis and cell growth in the same manner as OTA. Ochratoxin alpha (OT alpha) does not affect either protein synthesis or cell growth. PMID- 6652811 TI - Paracetamol-stimulated lipid peroxidation in isolated rat and mouse hepatocytes. AB - Treatment of isolated hepatocytes from 3-methylcholanthrene induced rats with 1 mM paracetamol has been found to greatly decrease cellular reduced glutathione (GSH) content and to promote lipid peroxidation, evaluated as malonaldehyde (MDA) production and conjugated diene absorbance. A similar dosing of hepatocytes from phenobarbital-induced or normal rats is ineffective in that respect. On the other hand, the aspecific stimulation of the cytochrome P-450-mediated paracetamol activation due to acetone addition further increases GSH depletion as well as MDA production. Isolated hepatocytes with basal low GSH content are also more susceptible to paracetamol-induced lipid peroxidation, indicating that the rate of the drug metabolism and the cellular GSH content are critical factors in the determination of such peroxidative attack. In isolated mouse liver cells paracetamol does not require preliminary cytochrome P-450 induction to stimulate MDA formation, even at concentrations ineffective in rat cells. However, 5 mM paracetamol, despite a great depletion of cellular GSH content, does not promote MDA formation either in the rat or in the mouse hepatocytes. This effect may be due to the ability of paracetamol to scavenge lipid peroxides under defined conditions, as tested in various lipid peroxidizing systems. Membrane leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is evident in paracetamol treated cells undergoing lipid peroxidation, but not when MDA formation is inhibited by high doses of the drug or by addition of anti-oxidants such as alpha-tocopherol and diphenylphenylenediamine (DPPD). Nevertheless in these conditions the covalent binding of activated paracetamol metabolites is not affected, suggesting that lipid peroxidation might play a role in the pathogenesis of liver damage following paracetamol overdose. PMID- 6652812 TI - Benzofluoranthenes: calculated diol epoxide reactivities. AB - The benzo- and dibenzofluoranthenes, widespread environmental contaminants, have been subjects of continued interest. Calculations of the reactivity of potential ultimate carcinogenic metabolites of the benzofluoranthenes predict unexpected behavior for these non-alternant hydrocarbons. PMID- 6652813 TI - Tannins and related compounds. XII. Isolation and characterization of galloylglucoses from Paeoniae Radix and their effects on urea-nitrogen concentration in rat serum. PMID- 6652814 TI - Studies on benzhydryl derivatives. IV. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 2-O-(diphenylacetyl)salicylic acids. PMID- 6652815 TI - Studies on prodrugs. I. Preparation and characterization of acyloxyallylester of ampicillin. PMID- 6652816 TI - Monoamine oxidase inhibitor from the rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga L. PMID- 6652817 TI - Spectrophotometric assay for lipase in serum using a chromogenic substrate, Orange I laurate. PMID- 6652818 TI - Biochemical studies on placental chorionic gonadotropin. I. Characterization of a high-molecular-weight gonadotropin in human chorionic tissues of the normal placenta. PMID- 6652819 TI - Effects of phytol, a branched, long-chain aliphatic alcohol, on biochemical values and on hepatic peroxisomal enzymes of rats. PMID- 6652820 TI - Effect of extract from Rhei Rhizoma on adenine-induced renal failure in rats. PMID- 6652821 TI - Studies on the interactions between phospholipids and membrane-bound enzymes in microsomes. Effects of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C on enzymes of rat liver microsomes. PMID- 6652822 TI - Pyrimidine derivatives. V. Structure-activity studies of antihypertensive quinazoline derivatives using the adaptive least-squares method. PMID- 6652823 TI - Studies on sustained-release dosage forms. I. Preparation and bioavailability of indomethacin suppositories. PMID- 6652824 TI - Formation route of sulfur-containing metabolites of afloqualone, a new centrally acting muscle relaxant, in rat. PMID- 6652825 TI - An ultramicro assay for leucine aminopeptidase activity in biological materials by phosphorimetry. PMID- 6652826 TI - Effect of protein-bound polysaccharide (PS-K) on microtubule polymerization. PMID- 6652827 TI - Structure of nucleic acid bases in calf thymus DNA modified by the potent mutagen, 10-azabenzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide. PMID- 6652829 TI - [The neural crest, cell death and labiomaxillary clefts]. PMID- 6652828 TI - Antitumor activity of isochromanyltropolones. PMID- 6652830 TI - [Epidemiologic and genetic factors in cleft lip and palate]. PMID- 6652831 TI - [Malformations and anomalies associated with labiomaxillopalatal clefts]. PMID- 6652832 TI - [Muscles in cleft lip and palate]. PMID- 6652833 TI - [Anatomy and development of the facial skeleton in labiomaxillopalatal clefts]. PMID- 6652834 TI - [Otorhinolaryngologic complications of cleft lip and palatal]. PMID- 6652835 TI - [A multicenter study and general presentation on cleft lip and palate]. PMID- 6652836 TI - [Initial treatment of cleft lip and palate]. PMID- 6652837 TI - [The periosteum in cleft lip and palate]. PMID- 6652838 TI - [The Gillies-Schweckendieck treatment protocol. Results of 10 years' experience]. PMID- 6652839 TI - [Significance of primary rhinoplasty. Technical considerations]. PMID- 6652840 TI - [Early instrumentation in cleft palate]. PMID- 6652841 TI - [Early staphylorrhaphy--surgical problems]. PMID- 6652842 TI - [Early veloplasty in the treatment of cleft lip and palate]. PMID- 6652843 TI - [Experience and results of veloplasty at 3 months of age]. PMID- 6652844 TI - [Dental surveillance]. PMID- 6652845 TI - [The use of heavy postero-anterior extraoral forces by an orthopedic mask in the treatment of dentomaxillary sequellae of labiomaxillopalatal clefts]. PMID- 6652846 TI - [Secondary surgical treatment of the lip]. PMID- 6652847 TI - [Secondary functional cheilorhinoplasty]. PMID- 6652848 TI - [Primary treatment of clefts of the secondary palate]. PMID- 6652849 TI - [Treatment of the Robin syndrome]. PMID- 6652850 TI - [Clefts of the secondary palate. monitoring on the phonetic level. Diagnosis of velar insufficiency]. PMID- 6652851 TI - [Instrument exploration of velar insufficiency]. PMID- 6652852 TI - [Rehabilitation in cleft palate]. PMID- 6652853 TI - [The early-treated palate and rehabilitation]. PMID- 6652854 TI - [Phonetic results of early and initial staphylorrhaphy (1976-1982)]. PMID- 6652855 TI - [Orthophonic evaluation in articulation disorders]. PMID- 6652856 TI - [Pharyngoplasty in normal velar insufficiency]. PMID- 6652857 TI - [Otorhinolaryngologic monitoring]. PMID- 6652858 TI - Perceived competence among interscholastic sport participants and dropouts. AB - This study was conducted to examine the relationship between perceived competence and length of involvement in sport for sport participants and their counterparts who discontinued involvement. The relationship between participants (n = 239) and dropouts (n = 43) in a number of school-sponsored sports, years of experience and gender on perceived physical competence was examined using Harter's (1979) Perceived Competence Scale for Children. Results indicated a significant but somewhat low relationship between length of participation experience and perceived physical competence. The findings also indicated that participants in school-sponsored sports were significantly higher in perceived physical competence than were dropouts, and males were significantly higher in perceived physical competence than females. PMID- 6652859 TI - Glycogen loss is not an index of muscle activity. PMID- 6652860 TI - Maintenance of symmetry as a constraint in motor control. PMID- 6652861 TI - The impact of physical fitness evaluation on behavioural intentions towards regular exercise. AB - The Fishbein model was used to assess the impact of physical fitness evaluation with subsequent counselling by professional staff on individual intentions to exercise regularly. The subjects for this study were 172 self-selected adults seeking an evaluation of their current physical fitness. Experimental subjects were given a sequence of fitness testing and counselling; however, this did not significantly change the intention to exercise relative to control subjects. The only significant differences in intentions to exercise regularly were found (i) between subjects differing in fitness level (p less than .002), and (ii) between subjects differing in current exercise behaviour (p less than .001). Thirty-five percent (35%) of the variance in intentions to exercise were explained by a combination of (i) the two components of the Fishbein model (attitude and social norm) and (ii) an index of current physical activity. Since most of our subjects reported a positive intention to exercise, the most appropriate tactic for an increase of community activity may be to initiate policy changes facilitating behaviour in accordance with existing attitudes. PMID- 6652862 TI - [Measurements of the imagery activity of swimmers]. AB - A series of four experiments was designed in order to measure the imaginal abilities of beginner, intermediate, and competitor swimmers. Based on Counsilman (1977) and Cratty's studies (1964) that swimmers must concentrate on tactile and kinesthetic sensations and that visual informations are essential to the motor act realization, it was hypothesized that competitor swimmers would have higher scores to the imagery tests than the other groups. Three experiments preceded the fourth one (ref. to the paper) where nine beginners, nine intermediates, and nine competitors were tested for their imaginal abilities, when submerged under water, in a pool (3.05 meter diameter) fixed within the laboratory. The aquatic imagery test included three measures: (1) a latency time, or the time taken for each of the 10 pre-selected movements, to explore the visual image; (2) an intensity rating scale (range 1 to 5) to estimate the vividness of the visual image; and (3) a recognition test for each of the 10 movement patterns. It was found that the competitors were perceiving a clearer visual image of the movement patterns than the other groups. However, the mean data of the latency time and the recognition test does not seem to support a positive correlation between the imaginal ability and the swimmer's aquatic ability. A more extensive experimentation would confirm the tendency of the results. PMID- 6652863 TI - [Cardiovascular adaptation as a function of the intensity and duration of training of young women]. AB - Sixteen women (X age = 21.5 yrs.) were submitted to a training program on bicycle ergometer, 3 times a week for a total duration of sixteen weeks. Subjects were paired according to initial fitness level and were assigned a training intensity corresponding to a heart rate of either 175 to 180 beats/minute (GI) or 145 to 150 beats/min (GII). The total amount of work performed throughout the training program was similar for both groups. Following eight weeks of training significant changes in VO2 corresponding to 18% and 19% increases were respectively observed for GI and GII at any given submaximal heart rate. Concomitant increases in stroke volume (Vs) of 11 ml/beat for GI and 8 ml/beat for GII were also observed while no significant change in arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-VO2) could be found. Between the 8th and the 16th week of training no change in Vs could be observed either in GI or GII, although a significant increase (14%) in a-VO2 was recorded in group I. It thus appears that in young women peripheral effects of training may be related to training duration and intensity. PMID- 6652864 TI - Tests of anaerobic alactacid and lactacid capacities: description and reliability. AB - The purpose of this paper is 1) to describe maximal anaerobic alactacid (AAC) and lactacid (ALC) capacity test and 2) to determine their reliabilities in men and women. The subjects were submitted to either a 10-s (2 trials) or a 90-s (1 trial) all-out ergocycle test for AAC and ALC respectively. Thirty-four male and 24 female subjects were tested for AAC, while 21 males and 19 females took part in the ALC test. A modified bicycle ergometer allowed the exact measurement of the distance and the work load for the computation of the work performed. load for the computation of the work performed. Each subject was tested and retested within 7 days. In both AAC and ALC, male subjects performed more work than women. AAC was 108 +/- 16 (mean +/- SD) and 90 +/- 14 J/kg for males and females respectively while ALC was 486 +/- 50 and 377 +/- 34 J/kg. Although the work load was designed to be 0.09 kp/kg for the AAC and 0.05 kp/kg for the ALC tests, there were wide variations between subjects with respect to the optimal load (AAC: from 0.05 to 0.11; ALC: from 0.03 to 0.06 kp/kg). Reproducibility was consistently high, with intraclass correlations of 0.98 and 0.99 for AAC (AAC-Max) and ALC respectively, with no difference between the male and female subgroups. It is concluded that these AAC and ALC tests, designed under assumptions of face validity, allow for differences between males and females and are highly repeatable. PMID- 6652865 TI - A force-torque analysis of the kip on the horizontal bar. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the forces and torques on the horizontal bar during the kip. Six Canadian male gymnasts were filmed using a high speed camera during a short gymnastic routine including a kip on a horizontal bar which was wired with strain and torque gauges. During the performance, voltage outputs representing force and torque were amplified and recorded on tape. The force-torque data were then subjected to computer analysis. Maximum forces and torques were determined and force-angle plots were normalized by dividing force by body weight. The range of maximum forces was 1344-1563 N with a mean of 1444 N, which was approximately 2.3 times the body weight. The maximum forces were obtained when the center of mass was almost directly below the bar with the timing of maximum force application ranging +/- 0.1 sec from either side of 180 degrees. Maximum torques ranged from 10.0-21.0 N X m (Mean 17.3 N X m). PMID- 6652866 TI - Evidence suggesting a dissociation of DNA strand scissions and late-stage promotion of tumor cell phenotype. AB - The relationship between the direct (i.e., within the target cell itself) induction by tumor promoters of DNA double or single strand scissions and late stage promotion of a selected tumor cell phenotype in JB6 mouse epidermal cells was investigated. These cells have been shown to respond to late-stage tumor promoters with an irreversible induction of anchorage independent growth. Mezerein, a late-stage tumor promoter in mouse skin, stimulated promotion of anchorage independent growth of JB6 cells without detectable concomitant induction of DNA double or single strand breaks. A single treatment of JB6 cells with benzoyl peroxide, a complete tumor promoter, or H2O2, a weak complete tumor promoter but an efficient Stage I tumor promoter, did not induce anchorage independent growth but did induce DNA single strand scissions. The lack of induction of detectable DNA strand scissions by mezerein, an active promoter of anchorage independent growth, and the existence of promoters which induce DNA strand scissions but not promotion of anchorage independent growth after a single treatment, suggest that direct induction of DNA strand scissions is unrelated to the late-stage promotion of tumor cell phenotype in JB6 cells. PMID- 6652867 TI - Differential toxicity and clearance kinetics of chromium(III) or (VI) in mice. AB - The acute and subacute toxicities of several chromium(III) and chromium(VI) compounds were determined in NZC and (CxO) mice injected i.p. The distal median lethal doses (more than 10 days after treatment) averaged (17.9 +/- 1.8) X 10(-6) g chromium/g body weight regardless of the oxidation state of the chromium compound injected (chromium(III) sulphate may be an exception), but acute toxicity (3 days) was much greater with chromium(VI) compounds. Acid digests of entire male mice that were administered i.p. one-sixth of the distal LD50, either once or repeatedly at weekly intervals, were analysed to determine the whole body persistence and clearance kinetics of chromium. Mice dosed once with chromium(III) retained 6.5 times more chromium at 21 days than mice treated with chromium(VI). When chromium(III) was given at weekly intervals mice accumulated 6 times more chromium by 8 weeks than chromium(VI)-treated mice, though only the latter showed symptoms of chronic toxicity. Whole body chromium concentrations continued to rise with further chromium(III) treatments, but slowly declined with chromium(VI). Analyses of fecal and urinary excretion confirmed most of the urinary chromium clearance occurred soon after injection, and that chromium excretion from chromium(VI)-treated animals was much faster in both urine and feces than from mice given chromium(III). The differential storage and clearance kinetics of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) compounds may be significant in experimental chromium carcinogenesis studies and in the toxicology of chromium in workers exposed industrially to potentially carcinogenic chromium-containing dusts or aerosols. PMID- 6652868 TI - Repair of premutagenic DNA lesions in human fetal tissues: evidence for low levels of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and uracil-DNA glycosylase activity in some tissues. AB - The activities of the DNA repair enzymes O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and uracil-DNA glycosylase, and the replicative enzyme DNA polymerase alpha, were measured in extracts of human fetal tissues at 18-20 weeks of gestation. In general, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activities in fetal tissues were in the same range as in the corresponding adult tissues, except for fetal liver which had approximately 5-fold lower activity. Uracil-DNA glycosylase was, surprisingly, approximately 4-fold lower in fetal tissues compared with adult tissues. Since a critical factor in carcinogenesis may be the rate of repair relative to DNA replication, the activities of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and uracil-DNA glycosylase were compared with the DNA polymerase alpha activity in the same extract. When expressed in this way, O6 methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity was lowest in liver and brain and 2- to 14-fold higher in kidney, lung, colon, stomach, small intestine and pancreas. The ratio of uracil-DNA glycosylase to DNA polymerase alpha varied less between different organs. These findings indicate that several fetal organs may be more sensitive than adult organs to some alkylating agents that are known to occur in the environment. Furthermore, the lower capacity of DNA repair is not restricted to repair of alkylation damage, since the activity of uracil-DNA glycosylase is also lower than in adult tissues. PMID- 6652870 TI - X-ray structural studies and molecular orbital calculations (CNDO/2) in a series of cyclopenta[a]phenanthrenes: attempts at correlation with carcinogenicity. AB - Comparative X-ray crystallographic structure analyses have been carried out on seven cyclopenta[a]phenanthrenes, namely 15,16-dihydocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17 one and its 2-, 6- and 12-methyl homologues (non-carcinogens) and the 7-and 11 methyl and 1,11-methano derivatives (carcinogens). All-valence-electron molecular orbital calculations by the CNDO/2 method, using the crystallographic parameters, have also been executed. Charge distribution and the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) have been calculated. With one exception all the molecules show only small deviations from planarity, the exception being the strongly carcinogenic 11 methyl-17-ketone in which the bay-region methyl group causes out-of-plane deformation of the benzo rings of 12.5 degrees. Among the other six compounds the two carcinogens are readily differentiated by high angle strain induced by a 7 methyl group or a 1,11-methano bridge. As expected, the HOMO's of these molecules to some extent reflect their ease of chemical oxidation at the 6,7-double bond; biological oxidation is less easy to correlate probably due to spatial restrictions at the active site within the mono-oxygenase. PMID- 6652869 TI - Interindividual variation in the activity of O6-methyl guanine-DNA methyltransferase and uracil-DNA glycosylase in human organs. AB - As a step towards understanding the significance of DNA repair enzymes in the protection against genotoxic and carcinogenic agents, we have examined the activity of O6-methyl-guanine-DNA methyltransferase and uracil-DNA glycosylase in adult human liver, stomach, small intestine and colon. Liver had on average a 5- to 8-fold higher activity of O6-MeG-DNA methyltransferase than the other organs and showed about an 8-fold inter-individual variation. In colon and small intestine an even larger inter-individual variation was observed (10- and 40 fold, respectively). In two colon tumors examined the activity of O6-MeG-DNA methyltransferase was several fold higher than in non-neoplastic colon mucosa from the same individuals, while uracil-DNA glycosylase activity was essentially equal in neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues. O6-MeG-DNA methyltransferase activities in two gastric tumors examined were not higher than in average non neoplastic tissue. In general the activity of uracil-DNA glycosylase did not correlate with the O6-MeG-DNA methyltransferase activity. The inter-individual variation of this enzyme in the activity was only 3-fold in liver and normal stomach, but varied 5.5 and 60-fold in colon and small intestine, respectively. In conclusion, we have found that O6-MeG-DNA methyltransferase as well as uracil DNA glycosylase activity vary considerably between different tissues as well as between different individuals. Whether this variation has a genetic basis or reflects variation in 'life style' is not known. PMID- 6652871 TI - X-ray microanalysis of monovalent electrolyte contents of quiescent, proliferating as well as tumor rat hepatocytes. AB - Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis was carried out on normal and regenerating liver as well as on 3924 A hepatoma cells. Specimens were quickly removed from the sacrificed animals, frozen in liquid isopentane, fractured still in the frozen state and freeze-dried under vacuum. The dried samples were examined in secondary electron image mode, and the X-ray spectra were recorded by means of an EDAX 707A system. Sodium and chlorine contents were higher both in nuclei and cytoplasms of regenerating and tumor hepatocytes than in normal liver. Moreover, hepatoma cells showed higher sodium and chlorine contents than did normal proliferating hepatocytes. Potassium contents did not show any differences among the experimental models. The increased sodium content and the resulting increased Na:K ratios of proliferating normal and tumor cells were not due to a generalized increase of these parameters in all the cells, but to the presence of new cell populations with high Na content and high Na:K ratios. Findings of present work are consistent with the hypothesis that high sodium content is associated with mitogenesis. Moreover, the much higher concentration of sodium in tumor cells as compared with normal proliferating hepatocytes supports the hypothesis that the concentration of this ion is related to oncogenesis of hepatocytes. PMID- 6652872 TI - Exposure of JB-6 mouse epidermal cells to 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate is not accompanied by a significant change in total DNA-cytosine methylation. AB - The extent of methylation of the cytosine bases in DNA is believed to be a major factor influencing gene expression in eukaryotic cells. We have asked whether the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) alters the amount of 5 methylcytosine in DNA. The amount and relative distribution of 5-methylcytosine in the DNA of two subclones of the JB-6 mouse epidermal cell line were determined respectively by high performance liquid chromatography and digestion with the restriction enzymes MspI and HpaII. Exposure to TPA for up to several cell generations had no detectable effect on the degree of DNA methylation (3.9% of the total cytosine) in the two JB-6 lines or Friend erythroleukemia cells. Reduced methylation was readily detected in DNA extracted from cells exposed to 5 azacytidine. The data suggest that tumor promotion (at least that induced by TPA) is likely not the consequence of a generalized elevation or reduction in the amount of 5-methyl-cytosine in the DNA. PMID- 6652873 TI - Radioimmunoassay of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine in DNA of cells alkylated in vitro and in vivo. AB - Mouse monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibodies have been prepared against O6 methylguanosine complexed with bovine serum albumin. In radioimmunoassay 50% inhibition of binding of [3H]O6-methyldeoxyguanosine (O6-MedG) was obtained with 0.3 pmol or 0.16 pmol unlabelled O6-MedG using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies having affinity constants of 3.0 X 10(9) and 5.9 X 10(9) I mol-1 respectively. Cross-reactivity with normal nucleosides and other adducts was determined. Sensitivity and reproducibility were improved by chromatographic separation using an Aminex A6 column eluted with 10 mM NH4HCO3 buffer which allowed quantitation of one molecule O6-MedG per 10(7) molecules dG in 2 mg calf thymine DNA. Values for O6-MedG from 14 samples of rat liver and kidney DNA analysed by the method described and by radiochromatography on Sephadex G10 were almost identical (correlation coefficient, 0.98). A modified procedure for the purification of 5-25 micrograms DNA from 1-5 X 10(6) fibroblasts applied to polycarbonate filters was used in providing further validation of the RIA system by measuring the persistence of O6-MedG in cell lines of known repair capacity. PMID- 6652874 TI - Metabolic activation of chrysene in mouse skin: evidence for the involvement of a triol-epoxide. AB - All three possible dihydrodiols of chrysene and a chrysene triol, formed from the further metabolism of the chrysene-1,2-diol, were detected when ether extracts of mouse skin that had been treated with 3H-labelled chrysene were examined by h.p.l.c. The major deoxyribonucleoside-hydrocarbon adducts present in hydrolysates of DNA isolated from the mouse skin were examined by chromatography on Sephadex LH20 and by h.p.l.c. on Zorbax ODS. One adduct had chromatographic properties identical to those of the major adduct formed when r-1,t-2-dihydroxy-t 3,4-oxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochrysene reacts with DNA. A second major adduct was present that had chromatographic properties that were indistinguishable from those of an adduct that was formed when either chrysene-1,2-diol or 3 hydroxychrysene were incubated with DNA in a rat liver microsomal metabolising system. The results provide evidence that this new adduct is formed via the reaction of a 'triol-epoxide', that appears to be 9-hydroxy-chrysene-1,2-diol 3,4 oxide, with DNA in mouse skin. PMID- 6652875 TI - Permanent decrease in activity of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme in rat liver during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis. AB - This study was undertaken to determine whether or not there is failure of cellular control of L-ornithine decarboxylase activity by its antizyme, the only known natural intracellular inhibitor protein for L-ornithine decarboxylase activity, in rat liver during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by 3'-methyl-4 dimethylaminoazobenzene. The formation of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase antizyme was elicited by i.p. injections of putrescine into rats fed a basal diet and rats fed the carcinogenic diet. The activities of both hepatic ornithine decarboxylase and hepatic ornithine decarboxylase antizyme were measured every month for five months, i.e., until hepatoma was fully developed. During azo-dye hepatocarcinogenesis and in fully developed hepatoma the activity of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase antizyme was always significantly lower than in normal resting liver, with minima at the second and the third months. The hepatoma does not synthesize ornithine decarboxylase antizyme more slowly than normal liver, since the difference could be neither abolished nor lessened by lengthening the time available for antizyme formation. Our results strongly suggest that the high intracellular putrescine levels in the livers of rats during 3'-methyl-4 dimethylaminoazobenzene hepatocarcinogenesis do not exert their normal control on hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity because of a relative inability of these preneoplastic or neoplastic cells to make the ornithine decarboxylase antizyme. PMID- 6652876 TI - Restoration of normal ornithine decarboxylase antizyme activity in rat liver after acute carcinogen treatment. AB - This study was undertaken to see whether or not the decrease in ornithine decarboxylase antizyme activity caused in rat liver by a hepatocarcinogen could be reversed. Thioacetamide was administered only once, in a single i.p. injection and at a non-carcinogenic, non-necrogenic dose. The activities of both hepatic ornithine decarboxylase and hepatic ornithine decarboxylase antizyme were measured at intervals of hours after the injection of thioacetamide. The hepatic ornithine decarboxylase antizyme in thioacetamide-treated rats was minimal at 40 and 80 h after carcinogen administration. The reversal process requires a very long time, namely 450 h for normal levels of hepatic ornithine decarboxylase antizyme activity to be restored in treated rats. This time is much longer than that required to restore normal ornithine decarboxylase activity in liver of thioacetamide-treated rats. The results of this study, combined with those of the preceding paper, demonstrate that hepatocarcinogens cause a relative inability of rat liver cells to make the ornithine decarboxylase antizyme and that the irreversibility of this defect in cellular control of ornithine decarboxylase activity may be a constant feature in the neoplastic transformation of the rat liver. PMID- 6652877 TI - The hemodynamic effect of profound hypercapnia on acute hypoxic respiratory failure. AB - The effect of profound hypercapnia on acute hypoxic respiratory failure is evaluated. Eight dogs were subjected to oleic acid-induced acute respiratory failure. Four dogs were ventilated normally, and four dogs were made hypercapneic by rebreathing exhaled CO2. In the hypercapneic animals, heart rate and alveolar arterial oxygen difference were significantly lower than in normocapneic animals, while mixed venous O2 cardiac index, oxygen delivery index, stroke volume index, and left ventricular stroke work were significantly higher. Mean arterial pressure was maintained at preinjury levels. Pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance increased in both experimental groups. There was no significant difference between groups for gravimetric determination of lung water. Cardiopulmonary performance in acute respiratory failure is improved with hypercapnia. This may be related to CO2-induced catecholamine release. PMID- 6652878 TI - Salutary effects of anisodamine in murine traumatic shock. AB - Anisodamine, an alkaloid originally extracted from the Chinese herb Anisodus tanguticus, has been reported to possess beneficial actions in septic, superior mesenteric artery occlusion, and hemorrhagic shock. We have investigated its actions in traumatic shock in rats. Anisodamine (2.5 mg/kg) increased survival time from 1.4 +/- 0.2 h to 3.1 +/- 0.3 h (P less than 0.001) in traumatized rats with 50% of the drug-treated animals surviving at least 3.5 h. Drug treatment had no significant effect on plasma cathepsin D activity (12.0 +/- 2.3 vs 10.4 +/- 1.7; vehicle- vs drug-treated, respectively). However, plasma myocardial depressant factor accumulation was significantly blunted by anisodamine, 62 +/- 5 vs 41 +/- 5 U/ml (P less than 0.02), indicating that prevention of MDF formation may be one protective mechanism of this substance. PMID- 6652879 TI - Vascular abnormalities in the maintenance of acute renal failure. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to investigate renal vascular abnormalities in the maintenance phase of norepinephrine-induced ischemic acute renal failure. In this model uremia peaks in the first 5 days with progressive recovery of renal function which approaches control at 25 days. Renal blood flow returns to normal in the first week. Micropuncture experiments revealed that there was a dual nephron population during the first 3 days of acute renal failure. The majority of proximal tubules had elevated pressures from tubular obstruction. The nephron filtration rate responses in these nephrons were similar to normal if tubular obstruction was relieved, indicating that glomerular filtration dynamics were not impaired. In other nephrons tubular pressures were low, and venting the tubules did not increase nephron filtration. In these nephrons glomerular blood flowed and capillary pressures were reduced. There was no evidence of tubular fluid backleak from 14C-inulin microperfusion. A second vascular abnormality was an absence of renal blood flow autoregulation at 1 week in acute renal failure. The autoregulatory defect could be corrected by renal denervation. PMID- 6652881 TI - Management of acute renal failure in sepsis--clinical considerations. AB - Current management of the septic patient with acute renal failure is summarized. Emphasis is given to the assessment of renal functional integrity in these situations as well as the recognition of nonoliguric acute renal failure, which is common in sepsis. Principles of antibiotic prescribing for critically ill patients are reviewed together with pertinent considerations for specific drugs. PMID- 6652880 TI - Ischemic acute renal failure--pathogenetic steps leading to acute tubular necrosis. AB - Acute renal failure in dogs occurs following 40 min of total renal ischemia induced by a 40-min infusion of norepinephrine (NE; 0.75 micrograms/kg/min) into the renal artery. Similar functional impairment is seen following 50 min of bilateral renal pedicle clamping in the rat. Attending these renal ischemic insults a progressive increase in mitochondrial (Mito) calcium (Ca++) accumulation occurs during reflow. Although Mito respiration and Mito Ca++ kinetics (uptake and release) are abnormal during ischemia, prior to reflow, as are tissue ATP levels, reflow in the first 1-3 h after ischemia is associated with recovery of these measurements to almost normal levels. Between 3 and 24 h of further reflow, however, Mito functional deterioration is again observed. Verapamil (5 micrograms/kg/min) infused intrarenally for 2 h after NE or for 30 min prior to NE protected kidneys from the low glomerular filtration rate which follows renal ischemia in untreated dogs. Since mannitol and polyethylene glycol, two solutes with relatively high reflection coefficients, also exert protection in this model, it may be that Ca++ leak into the cytosol of ischemically damaged kidney cells eventually aborts the Mito recovery which accompanies reflow; these impermeant solutes (by preventing cell swelling) and the Ca++ blocker Verapamil may work by different mechanisms to prevent increased cytosolic Ca++ after renal ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652882 TI - IV International Congress on Clinical Enzymology. July 30-August 2, 1983, Arlington, Virginia. Abstracts. PMID- 6652883 TI - Determination of 6-thiouric acid in human urine. AB - A simple and rapid method is described for the determination of 6-thiouric acid in the urine of patients receiving azathioprine (Imuran, Burroughs Wellcome). The technique makes use of anion exchange column chromatography to isolate the 6 thiouric acid which is then measured by its absorption at 356 nm. PMID- 6652884 TI - Differences in reaction characteristics between human and bovine-based control materials for iron determination. AB - Reaction rate studies were carried out on various quality control specimens using a ferrozine iron determination kit. The time required for complete color formation differed among the various materials tested. Quality control materials of bovine origin required a much longer incubation time for full color formation. Using a fixed incubation procedure, the bovine controls would give a falsely low result. The present study suggests that caution is indicated when quality control data using bovine materials are interpreted. PMID- 6652885 TI - Evaluation of an affinity chromatographic procedure for the determination of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1). AB - An affinity chromatographic method for the determination of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1) was evaluated. The procedure was shown to be precise, the within- and between-assay coefficients of variation being less than 5%. It was also shown to correlate well with electrophoresis (r = 0.968) and ion-exchange chromatography (r = 0.916). An inverse relationship was shown to exist between increasing temperature and HbA1 levels measured by affinity chromatography. A statistically significant difference was found for samples run at 20 degrees C and 25 degrees C respectively, suggesting that the method should be run in a temperature-controlled environment. The affinity procedure was also shown not to be affected by the type of anticoagulant, the concentration of hemoglobin in the hemolysate, and acetylation. PMID- 6652886 TI - Abnormal electrophoretic mobility of creatine kinase isoenzyme in serum of an otherwise healthy person. AB - We describe the abnormal electrophoretic mobility of a creatine kinase isoenzyme in the serum of an apparently healthy individual. In agarose gel electrophoresis this isoenzyme migrates more toward the cathode than does the MM isoenzyme. It is more resistant to heat and more strongly inhibited by urea than the normal MM isoenzyme. We performed gel filtration, on a Sephadex G-200 column, of the patient's serum and observed two distinct isoenzymes with different relative molecular masses; a normal isoenzyme of 80,000 daltons and another abnormal one of 240,000 daltons. We performed serum immunoelectrophoresis but did not observe any immune complex formation involving the abnormal isoenzyme. PMID- 6652887 TI - A study of fat absorption in cystic fibrosis patients and controls by a rapid micro procedure: a comparison with fecal fat excretion method. AB - Fat absorption was studied in 11 Cystic Fibrosis patients and 6 controls by measuring a) fecal fat excretion and b) serum turbidity using a nephelometer between 0 and 2 hours after a butter-fat load. Cystic Fibrosis patients showed a mean +/- SEM fecal fat excretion of 21.6 +/- 5.5%, and controls a mean of 2.7 +/- 0.45%, of the dietary fat. The turbidity change expressed as delta turbidity showed a mean value of 1.37 +/- 0.57 in Cystic Fibrosis patients and 31.8 +/- 5.7 in controls. Fecal fat excretion method showed a good negative correlation with the butter fat method. The butter fat absorption method was also compared with fecal fat excretion in rats with induced malabsorption and control rats. The results obtained were comparable to those in the patients. The method described here is rapid and can be performed with small blood volumes and therefore may be suitable to study fat malabsorption in pediatric patients. PMID- 6652888 TI - Actual role of pepsinogen group I in the study of upper gastrointestinal diseases. AB - The role of serum PG I in screening patients with chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer, and in detecting peptic ulcer patients with high relapse risk, was ascertained in 276 subjects. Although not diagnostic per se, PG I was found to be under 20 micrograms/L in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis and in some gastric cancer or partially gastrectomized patients. In patients presenting with relapsing duodenal ulcer, PG I values were significantly higher than in the non-relapsing ones, but a satisfactory identification of all the duodenal ulcer patients with high relapse risk was not possible on this basis. Even the correlation between PG I and MAO was not accurate in every subject considered. These results suggest that the value of PG I is limited to assessing patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases in which a reduction of peptic secretion, and therefore of PG I in serum, is present. PMID- 6652889 TI - How to examine a baby or a small child and keep your cool. PMID- 6652890 TI - Relationship of breast feeding and weight loss to jaundice in the newborn period: review of the literature and results of a study. PMID- 6652891 TI - Hypoplastic left heart syndrome: medical management and practical surgical palliation. PMID- 6652892 TI - Prognosis for adolescents with Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 6652893 TI - Great vein of Galen malformations in infancy. PMID- 6652894 TI - Morbidity of rotational abnormalities of the gut beyond infancy. PMID- 6652895 TI - Nitrogen washout therapy for pneumothorax. PMID- 6652897 TI - Will the real Indian childhood cirrhosis please stand up? PMID- 6652896 TI - Pediatric cerebral resuscitation. PMID- 6652898 TI - Breast milk jaundice--early and late. PMID- 6652899 TI - Head-banging with subsequent hemoglobinuria and acute renal failure. PMID- 6652901 TI - The role of surgery in epilepsy. PMID- 6652900 TI - Combined desmopressin (DDAVP) and chlorpropamide therapy for diabetes insipidus with absent thirst. PMID- 6652902 TI - Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)--reliable tool or poor substitute? PMID- 6652903 TI - Dysmenorrhea--myths and facts. PMID- 6652904 TI - Anorexia nervosa: an overview. PMID- 6652905 TI - Purification of human hepatic glutathione S-transferases and the development of a radioimmunoassay for their measurement in plasma. AB - A purification scheme is described for six human hepatic glutathione S transferases from a single liver. Five of the transferases comprised Ya monomers and had a molecular mass of 44 000. The remaining enzyme comprised Yb monomers and had a molecular mass of 47 000. Data are presented demonstrating that there are at least two distinct Ya monomers. A radioimmunoassay has been developed that has sufficient precision and sensitivity to allow direct measurement of glutathione S-transferase concentrations in unextracted plasma. A comparison of aminotransferase and glutathione S-transferase levels, in three patients who had taken a paracetamol overdose, indicated that glutathione S-transferase measurements provided a far more sensitive index of hepatocellular integrity than the more conventional aminotransferase measurements. PMID- 6652906 TI - Subarachnoid haemorrhage and acute heart injury. AB - Seven (41%) out of 17 subarachnoid haemorrhage patients had MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK) in the serum. The peak activity of MB was observed about 16 h after the onset of neurological symptoms. Of the patients with MB activity, five (71%) had pathological ECG changes suggesting acute cardiac injury. Of the patients examined, five died, and four of these had both CK-MB and CK-BB isoenzymes in the serum. In a preliminary study a test was made whether MM and BB were converted to MB in 48 h at 4 degrees C or 20 degrees C in a saline solution containing mercaptoethanol and bovine serum albumin. Such conversion was not observed. Human brain tissue extract obtained at autopsy was used in the study. PMID- 6652907 TI - Biochemical studies on the enzymatic deficiencies in hereditary tyrosinemia. AB - Experiments are described on the effects of succinylacetone and fumarylacetoacetate on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, methionine adenosyltransferase and p-OH-phenylpyruvate dioxygenase. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from human erythrocytes is inhibited non-competitively by succinylacetone (Ki 0.03 mumol/l) and by fumarylacetoacetate (Ki 0.06 mumol/l). The inhibition by succinylacetone is not prevented by dithiothreitol, but the inhibition by fumarylacetoacetate is not observed if dithiothreitol is present. Methionine adenosyltransferase, partially purified from rabbit liver, is not inhibited by succinylacetone but is inhibited by fumarylacetoacetate: 69% inhibition is observed at 1 mmol/l. Human liver p-OH-phenylpyruvate dioxygenase is not inhibited by succinylacetone or fumarylacetoacetate. It is concluded that secondary enzyme deficiencies observed in hereditary tyrosinemia (delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, methionine adenosyl transferase) are the result of inhibition by succinylacetone and fumarylacetoacetate, accumulating as a result of a primary deficiency of fumarylacetoacetase. PMID- 6652908 TI - Simultaneous quantitation of free haptoglobin and haemoglobin-haptoglobin (HbHp) complexes by double-decker rocket immunoelectrophoresis. AB - Existing immunochemical methods for haptoglobin (Hp) determination are incapable of distinguishing between free haptoglobin and haemoglobin-haptoglobin (HbHp) complexes. A one-dimensional double-decker rocket immunoelectrophoretic method (DD-RIE) for simultaneous quantitation of free Hp and Hp bound as HbHp complexes was therefore developed. The DD-RIE can be used for quantitative in vitro studies of the Hb-Hp interactions, for quantitation of Hp's Hb binding capacity and for investigations of haemolytic episodes in patients. The clinical value of the method is illustrated by an investigation of a patient with a gradual accumulation of HbHp complexes in plasma, a steady rise in total Hp and a fall in free Hp during haemolysis. A proposed receptor-mediated clearance of the complexes by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) could not be substantiated, as HbHp receptors were not demonstrable on human blood monocytes. PMID- 6652909 TI - Separation of pure toxic peptides from a beta-gliadin subfraction using high performance liquid chromatography. AB - The beta v subfraction was isolated from peptic-tryptic digests of beta-gliadin by chromatography on Biogel P-10 and applied to a Lichrosorb RP-18 or a mu Bondapak C-18 column. Fractionation was achieved using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with a linear gradient of acetonitrile in ammonium acetate. A better resolution was obtained with the mu-Bondapak column. The first-eluted peptides a, b and c1 appeared to be well purified and apparently uncontaminated. Analysis of peptides a and b showed that they contained 40 to 42% glutamine/glutamic acid, 20 to 23% proline, 14 to 16% valine and 8 to 10% leucine. They had valine as the N-terminal amino acid and their molecular mass was estimated as 5500 using sodium dodecylsulfate electrophoresis after dansylation. Peptide c1 differed from peptides a and b in containing less valine and leucine and additional amino acids such as threonine, phenylalanine and tyrosine. In addition, it had a lower molecular mass (approximately 5000) and serine as the N-terminal amino acid. Peptide b exhibited an obvious cytotoxicity for cultured coeliac jejunal mucosa at a very low concentration (0.01 g/l) and was the most toxic peptide. PMID- 6652910 TI - Decrease of lactoferrin concentration in the tears of myotonic muscular dystrophy patients. AB - Tears from myotonic muscular dystrophy (MMD) patients and normal controls were analyzed for their tear proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Lactoferrin comprised about 18% of the total tear protein in MMD patients as opposed to about 27% in normals. The albumin content relative to total protein in MMD tears was about 25% while the same value for normals is 13%. The lactoferrin/albumin ratio, was about 0.8 for MMD patients and about 2.1 for normals. PMID- 6652911 TI - An inexpensive gas chromatograph for breath hydrogen analysis. PMID- 6652912 TI - Lead in neonates and mothers. AB - Blood lead was estimated in mothers post partum and infants at birth using the Jarrell-Ash 810 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer equipped with the Delves cup sampling system. 1665 pairs (mother and her infant) of blood samples were examined. The geometric mean for mothers and infants was 59.6 micrograms/l, SD = 25.2, and 40.7 micrograms/l, SD = 20.1, respectively. 3.5% of mothers had lower blood lead concentration than their infants. A significant correlation was observed between the blood lead concentration of infants and mothers, r = 0.8111, y = 0.6322x + 3.868 +/- 11.345. The haematocrit ratio was estimated in 1209 pairs. The geometric mean for mothers and infants was 0.3937, SD = 0.0402 and 0.5158, SD = 0.0499, respectively. No significant correlation was observed between the haematocrit ratio of infants and mothers. Similarly, no significant correlation was observed between the haematocrit ratio and blood lead concentration of mothers and infants. The examination of blood lead concentration for seasonal variation showed no significant increase in lead, although a significant drop in values was observed in spring and possible explanations offered. PMID- 6652913 TI - Isovalerylglucuronide, a new urinary metabolite in isovaleric acidemia. Identification problems due to rearrangement reactions. AB - Isovaleryl-beta-D-glucuronide, a new metabolite in the urine of patients with isovaleric acidemia, is described. Its gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric parameters are presented. In alkaline solution this glucuronide exhibited intramolecular rearrangements, resulting in isomers bearing the acyl moiety on C 2, C-3 and C-4. The isomers showed similar mass spectra but different positions on the gas chromatogram. In the index patient isovalerylglucuronide was a main metabolite, but the excretion was a transient phenomenon. Only traces of isovalerylglucuronide could also be detected in the urine of three other patients with isovaleric acidemia. The significance of this metabolite for the detoxication of isovalerate in isovaleric acidemia is discussed. PMID- 6652914 TI - Immunoradiometric assay for human complement component C9 utilising monoclonal antibodies. AB - A two-site immunoradiometric assay for human C9 has been developed. The assay utilised two non-competing monoclonal antibodies to C9 in a single incubation assay protocol. The detection limit of the assay was 0.1 ng (1.4 X 10(-15) moles) in a sample volume of 100 microliters. Using this assay the C9 concentration in normal human plasma was 60.2 +/- 14.9 mg/l (mean +/- 1 standard deviation, 8.5 X 10(-10) mol/l. Significantly elevated levels were found in the plasma of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (90.4 +/- 19.9 mg/l, mean +/- 1 SD). Measurements of C9 in cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid were also performed. The low levels of C9 in cerebrospinal fluid (less than 1 mg/l), undetectable by previously available assay methods, were easily measurable with this highly sensitive assay. PMID- 6652915 TI - Sequestration of crystalline and endogenous cobalamin by R binders down to the distal ileum in exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. AB - It has been recently shown that crystalline cyanocobalamin in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is sequestered by R binders down to the proximal jejunum, and that bile inhibits the binding of cobalamin to intrinsic factor. In freshly collected human bile, we have found a single type of apo R binder, with a relative molecular mass of 128 100, a molecular radius of 4.65 nm, and a mean isoelectric point of 3.72. Salivary and biliary holo R binders were incubated with normal human gastric juice and intestinal juice from healthy subjects and patients having exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. No degradation of these two holo R binders occurs with normal gastric juice and intestinal juice from patients after four hours incubation time at 37 degrees C, but a partial degradation of salivary holo R binders and a complete loss of biliary Cbl binding capacity were observed with normal intestinal juice in the same in vitro conditions. We have confirmed in vivo, using a triple-lumened tube, that a part of the salivary and biliary holo R binders remains undegraded down to the distal ileum in two patients with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. These findings strongly suggest that the enterohepatic circulation of cobalamin is effective in healthy subjects, whereas it is partially interrupted in the patients. They provide a proof that a part of endogenous and crystalline exogenous cobalamin is sequestered to R binders down to the distal ileum, and confirm that the failure to degrade the digestive R binders is responsible for the malabsorption of crystalline cobalamin in exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. PMID- 6652916 TI - Quantitative determination of serum and plasma haemoglobin using phenothiazines. PMID- 6652917 TI - Subcellular localization of human heart atypical creatine kinase. AB - Human heart subcellular fractions were obtained using method A described by Scholte et al [7,8]. It was found that 3.5 +/- 2.5%, 3.4 +/- 1.9%, 8.5 +/- 2.9%, 2.5 +/- 1.3%, and 88 +/- 21% of the total creatine kinase activity was associated with the myofibrillar, nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal and particle-free soluble fractions respectively. Using DEAE-sephacel chromatography it was determined that the atypical creatine kinase (CK-Z) accounted for approximately 90% of the creatine kinase activity associated with the mitochondrial fraction. PMID- 6652918 TI - The composition of a mucus glycoprotein from meconium of cystic fibrosis, healthy pre-term and full-term neonates. AB - A high molecular mass mucus glycoprotein fraction (molecular mass greater than 1 million) which is a major component of meconium mucin, has been isolated from individual specimens collected from 20 healthy full-term infants, 19 premature infants and 19 infants with proven cystic fibrosis. The mucus glycoprotein fraction isolated from cystic fibrosis meconium had a significantly lower saccharide content than that isolated from specimens from healthy full-term infants but had a similar composition to that isolated from meconium of premature infants, gestational age 28-32 weeks. The composition of the glycoprotein fraction from the meconium of infants, gestational age 32-36 weeks, lay between that from cystic fibrosis and full-term. There is therefore a change or 'maturation' of epithelial mucin during gestation and it is hypothesised that the cystic fibrosis genetic lesion affects the maturation of epithelial secretion, resulting in the abnormal exocrine secretion associated with the disease. PMID- 6652919 TI - Glutathione synthetase deficient human fibroblasts in culture. AB - Cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with 5-oxoprolinuria caused by hereditary deficiency of glutathione synthetase have decreased levels of the corresponding enzyme as well as of glutathione. Fibroblasts from the same patients accumulated gamma-glutamyl cysteine, but the levels were lower than those of glutathione in control fibroblasts. The uptake of [35S]cystine was equally rapid in control and patient fibroblasts. In the acid-soluble fraction gamma-glutamyl-[35S]cysteine accumulated in fibroblasts from patients but not from controls. Appreciable turnover of gamma-glutamyl cysteine and glutathione in the respective cell strains was observed, the half-lives of these pools being approximately 5 hours. The growth rate of mutant fibroblasts in culture was significantly slower than that of control fibroblasts. There was no significant accumulation of 5 oxoproline in the culture medium. PMID- 6652920 TI - A novel combination of techniques for the assay of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in plasma and red blood cell lysates. AB - A method is presented for the preparation and assay of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes 1 and 2 as pure fractions. The total method involves the use of heat treatment to destroy the heat-labile fractions (isoenzymes 3, 4 and 5); fractionation using an ion-exchange resin; and immunochemical blocking of the muscle subunit, to remove any contamination of the fraction containing isoenzyme 1 with isoenzyme 2 and vice versa. Finally, the enzyme activities in the various fractions are measured using a standard kinetic assay procedure. Estimates can be obtained of all five isoenzymes if the heat treatment step is omitted. PMID- 6652921 TI - Study of the activity of lymphocyte adenosine deaminase in chronic renal failure. AB - The activity of lymphocyte adenosine deaminase was studied in 28 undialysed uremic patients, 19 patients on maintenance hemodialysis and 32 normal subjects. A statistically significant decrease of the enzyme activity was found both for the undialysed and dialysed patients. PMID- 6652922 TI - An alternative protein precipitation method for antipyrine estimation in plasma. PMID- 6652923 TI - Liquid chromatographic determination of urinary metanephrines after pre-column oxidation to vanillin. AB - Urine after the addition of phenylephrine as internal standard is hydrolyzed and passed through a disposable BondElut SCX column. After washing the column, metanephrines and the internal standard are eluted with dilute ammonia. The eluate is treated with periodate and extracted with toluene. The toluene layer is collected and phenols are extracted into dilute tetramethylammonium hydroxide. An aliquot of the aqueous layer is chromatographed on a nonsilica resin base reversed phase column with an alkaline mobile phase. The peaks are detected by an absorbance detector at 350 nm. There is a baseline separation of vanillin formed by metanephrines and of m-hydroxybenzaldehyde formed by phenylephrine. The procedure is linear from 0.2 mg to 10 mg of metanephrine per liter of urine. The procedure has a high degree of specificity as the commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs and their metabolites do not interfere. PMID- 6652924 TI - A bioluminescent assay for enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) activity in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid. AB - A simple method is described for the measurement of enolase enzyme activity in human serum and in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid. The enzyme is measured by a bioluminescent assay, making use of the luciferine/luciferase system. The method is very suitable for use in clinical chemical laboratories. The Michaelis Menten constants of three enolase isozyme forms have been measured. Data concerning the in vitro stability at 37 degrees C of alfa-alfa, alfa-gamma and gamma-gamma enolase in cerebrospinal fluid are presented. The gamma-gamma form is the most stable enolase form under these conditions. Preliminary data from a clinical study about the diagnostic significance of the enzyme indicate that evident elevations in cerebrospinal fluid enolase levels can be seen in patients from neurological wards. There is a poor correlation between total creatine kinase and enolase cerebrospinal fluid levels. PMID- 6652925 TI - Mass fragmentographic determination of homovanillic and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic acids in 50 microliter plasma. AB - A method is presented for the mass fragmentographic determination of homovanillic and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic acids in 50 microliter plasma or serum. The values found in normal, healthy adults agree well with previously published reports which required, however, much larger plasma volumes. The method uses a simple ethyl acetate extraction from acidified plasma and a one-step derivatisation with trifluoroethanol and pentafluoropropionic anhydride. The deuterium-labelled analogues are used as internal standards. PMID- 6652926 TI - Ethylene glycol-stabilized haemolysates as control material in haemoglobinometry. AB - Human blood haemolysates containing ethylene glycol (final volume fraction 0.35) were prepared and stored at -20 degrees C (in the liquid state) up to 372 days. During the whole period, the total haemoglobin concentration (assayed in the material by means of the reference HiCN method) was found to be stable; spectral analysis also failed in detecting any deterioration, Hi formation being low. Good stability was also recorded on storage at 2-4 degrees C for 15 days, but only for 1-2 days at room temperature. The stabilised haemolysate is suggested as a material for long-term control of accuracy in hemoglobinometry. PMID- 6652927 TI - The composition and concentration of umbilical cord plasma lipoproteins; their relationship to the birth weight and other clinical factors of the newborn. AB - The present studies confirmed that plasma obtained from individual umbilical cords contains very low density, low density and high density lipoprotein particles whose mean compositions are similar to those of the adult, though they are present in considerably lower concentrations. A fairly wide variation in both composition and concentration was found between different individuals. For full term deliveries, a positive correlation (p less than 0.01) was found between the cholesteryl ester: free cholesterol ratio of the high density lipoprotein fraction and the birth weight, suggesting differences in the distribution of the particles that constitute this lipoprotein fraction. Otherwise, no correlation was found between the composition or concentration of any lipoprotein fraction and birth weight, gestation, sex or other factor investigated. Premature newborns (30-36 weeks) had concentrations of high density lipoproteins and cholesteryl ester: free cholesterol ratios of the high density lipoprotein that were markedly high in relation to their birth weights and in the same range as full-term newborns (37-40 weeks). PMID- 6652928 TI - Extremely low seminal lead concentrations and male fertility. AB - Seminal lead concentrations in normal and vasectomized males with no history of lead exposure were measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Extremely low concentrations of 3.8 micrograms/dl were found in normal males versus 4.1 micrograms/dl in vasectomized males. No significant correlation between lead and sperm count or sperm motility existed. It is suggested that the major contribution of lead in human semen is from the prostate and/or seminal vesicles and that very low lead levels may not have measurable effect on fertility indices. PMID- 6652929 TI - Porphobilinogen synthase (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) activity in human erythrocytes: reactivation by zinc and dithiothreitol depending on influence of storage. PMID- 6652930 TI - Sensitive assay of carnitine palmitoyl transferase activity in tissue homogenates with a modified spectrophotometric method for enzymatic carnitine determination. PMID- 6652931 TI - Effects of aminoglutethimide on adrenal steroid secretion. AB - Effects of various doses of aminoglutethimide (AG) alone upon adrenal steroidogenesis were studied in normal postmenopausal women, whereas the effects of combined treatment with aminoglutethimide in variable doses together with 40 mg of hydrocortisone were studied in postmenopausal women with advanced mammary cancer and compared to effects of treatment with cortisol alone. Despite the well known inhibitory effect of AG on cortisol biosynthesis, plasma cortisol levels were unaffected by AG in doses of 150-1000 mg/d, probably due to a compensatory increase in ACTH in subjects with an intact pituitary-adrenal axis. The aromatase system appeared to be very sensitive to inhibition by AG, a clearcut inhibition being shown at doses as low as 150 mg/d. Evaluated from the ratio of plasma oestrone (E1) to plasma androstenedione (AN), treatment with AG at a dose of 150 mg/d appeared to reduce the aromatase activity to 33% of the basal value; 250 mg/d resulted in a reduction to 20% and 1 g/d to 5% of basal values. Whereas AG at 150 mg/d did not appear to affect 11 beta-hydroxylase, the latter was clearly inhibited by 250 mg/d and even more so by 1000 mg/d, as indicated by the increase in plasma 11-desoxycortisol and 17-OH progesterone (17-OHP) levels. Due to the increase of the latter, their biosynthetic precursor, AN and to a lesser degree testosterone (TS) levels increased significantly during AG treatment at a dose of 250 or 1000 mg/d. delta 5 steroid levels remained practically unchanged, probably because 11-(as well as the 21-) hydroxylation concerns essentially the delta 4 pathway. During combined treatment with 500-1000 mg/d of AG and cortisol 40 mg/d, AN and TS were significantly higher than during treatment with cortisol alone, suggesting that cortisol had not completely blocked ACTH secretion. E1 and E2 levels were however lower than during treatment with cortisol alone, a consequence of the inhibition of the aromatase activity. Although at a dose of 500-1000 mg/d AG is a highly effective aromatase inhibitor, oestrogen levels during treatment with AG with or without concomitant administration of cortisol are still significantly different from zero. Therefore if one aims at complete elimination of any oestrogen effect, addition of an antioestrogen to AG treatment may be required. PMID- 6652933 TI - [Endocrinology case presentation]. PMID- 6652934 TI - The diagnosis of Meniere's disease. PMID- 6652932 TI - Longterm pergolide treatment of acromegaly. AB - The effect of pergolide mesylate, a new potent longacting dopamine agonist, was investigated in eight patients with active acromegaly, none of whom had received pituitary irradiation. Patients were assessed at different dose levels for clinical response and biochemical response by measuring mean fasting growth hormone (GH), mean ambulant GH and glucose-induced GH response. Six patients had definite clinical improvement. No major side effects were noted. All patients showed a statistically significant reduction in GH, although in two reduction was not below 75% of pretreatment levels. On 500 micrograms pergolide daily the overall response for the group of eight patients was a reduction of fasting serum GH, mean ambulant GH and of GH response to glucose to 55% of pretreatment values. When the daily dose was increased to 1000 micrograms there was a further significant reduction in GH in some patients; on this dose the response for the group was a decrease in fasting serum GH and mean ambulant GH to 40% of pretreatment values. In three patients GH concentrations of 5 mU/l or less were achieved. In two patients the daily dose was increased to 1500 micrograms but no extra benefit was obtained. We conclude that pergolide given once daily has a beneficial effect in acromegaly, with significant reduction in serum GH; it promises to be a useful therapeutic agent. PMID- 6652935 TI - The effect of irradiation on nerve regeneration. AB - Nerve grafts were performed on rat sciatic nerves at varying intervals after the graft bed had been irradiated. The functional repair was assessed electrophysiologically. Five groups of animals were used with the pre-operative interval varying from 1 to 8 weeks. No difference was found in the success of the nerve graft in any group. PMID- 6652936 TI - Perilymphatic gusher and stapes surgery. A predictable complication? AB - The cases of 3 patients who had 'perilymph gushers' following stapes surgery are reported. The similarities in their clinical histories and examinations are discussed. All 3 were males and had progressive mixed deafness presenting in early childhood. Polytomography revealed anomalies in both the vestibule and internal auditory meatus in 1 patient; the stapedial reflex was unexpectedly large in all 3. Further preoperative evaluation of these features in other patients and patients affected by the X-linked deafness syndrome is indicated in order to assess the validity of the above criteria. PMID- 6652937 TI - Spontaneous nystagmus in central nervous disease. AB - Over a 10 yr period, 23,899 patients from the neuromedical and neurosurgical departments were examined for spontaneous nystagmus. A central spontaneous nystagmus was found in 281 patients (1.2%). PMID- 6652938 TI - Congenital posterior choanal atresia. AB - Forty-eight cases of congenital bony posterior choanal atresia are reviewed revealing a 64% incidence of unilateral atresia with no correlation existing between sex and side of involvement. Bilateral atresia presents soon after birth with respiratory problems whereas feeding difficulties and nasal discharge are the predominant features of unilateral atresia. Other congenital anomalies existed in 48% with 82.5% being major or multiple. The implications of this are discussed. Early surgical repair is advocated. Transpalatal and endonasal approaches yield initial success rates of 57% and 59% respectively with similar frequency of subsequent dilatations being necessary in the initial failure groups to obtain long-term success. Regular prophylactic bougienage by the parents does not appear to alter the outcome significantly. PMID- 6652939 TI - BSER abnormalities in patients with spino-cerebellar degeneration. AB - The short latency auditory electrical response (BSER) was evaluated in 15 patients suffering from spino-cerebellar atrophy (SCA). All patients had normal hearing and presented with various degrees of neurological involvement. BSER findings along with clinical symptoms furnished the following grouping of results: 1 Patients with recent and mild symptomatology showed excellent intratest stability, normal III-V and prolonged I-V and I-III interpeak values. 2 Patients with severe symptoms dating back 10-15 y showed low intratest stability, prolonged latency of waves I, III and V, along with remarkably lengthened I-III and III-V interpeak intervals. 3 Patients with moderate to severe symptoms, dating back 10-15 yr showed good stability, absence of wave II and IV, abnormally long I-III intervals and reduced III-V intervals. PMID- 6652940 TI - Multiple primary tumours of the upper aerodigestive tract. PMID- 6652941 TI - Zellweger's cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome--variations in expressivity and in defects of bile acid synthesis. AB - Two siblings with Zellweger's cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome are reported. The two children both had multiple anomalies associated with Zellweger's syndrome such as characteristic facial appearance, cerebral dysfunction, muscular hypotonia, liver abnormalities, failure to thrive, marasm and early death. One of the children, a girl, lacked several anomalies that were present in her brother. In one of the children bile acid analysis was performed by use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid (THCA) and varanic acid, both precursors of cholic acid, were found. The defect bile acid synthesis may be due both to liver mitochondrial abnormalities and to the absence of liver peroxisomes, conditions known to occur in Zellweger's syndrome. PMID- 6652942 TI - Recurrence of holoprosencephaly in families with a positive history. AB - A holoprosencephalic child was born into a family with 6 other affected members in 3 generations. A chromosome study of the proband was normal. The recurrence risk of holoprosencephaly was 22% in first degree relatives of affected individuals in this family. The recurrence risk was 22.9% for holoprosencephaly and 34.3% for holoprosencephaly and facial and neural defects when families with affected members in the medical literature in two generations were added. Dominant inheritance with reduced penetrance in family members best explains the inheritance pattern of familial holoprosencephaly. PMID- 6652943 TI - Incidence of classic PKU in Italy estimated from consanguineous marriages and from neonatal screening. AB - As already described for cystic fibrosis and Friedreich ataxia, the incidence of PKU in Italy has been estimated by determining the increase of consanguineous marriages among 178 couples of PKU parents over the frequencies carefully established for the same marriages in the general Italian population for each of the 95 provinces during a 55-year period. The incidence estimated (between 1/15595 and 1/17815 according to two different formulas) is not very different from the incidence derived from screening programs (almost 1/12000). This indicates that the former method can be applied in Italy to the study of the incidence of other autosomal recessive disorders. PMID- 6652944 TI - Fetal mortality in oral cleft families (VI): a search for early embryonic and zygotic mortality. AB - A hypothesis concerning the detection of early embryonic and zygotic mortality in oral cleft families is presented. It is suggested that probands from solitary pregnancies are the result of a higher liability to clefting which eliminated potential siblings prior to the conception of the proband. A positive association between the degree of liability to clefting and fetal mortality has already been established by the authors' previous work. In sibships of solitary probands, such liability is assumed to have caused early embryonic and zygotic mortality which eliminated potential siblings and recognizable fetal loss. This hypothesis can be tested by an examination of the sex-ratios in probands from solitary pregnancies and those from multiple pregnancies. For CL(P), a decrease in the proportion of males would be expected in probands from solitary pregnancies in comparison to those from multiple pregnancies. For CP, however, an increase in the proportion of males in solitary probands is expected in comparison to those from multiple pregnancies. This hypothesis is applied to 613 CL(P) probands and 317 CP probands from Indiana. Although the expected decrease (for CL(P)) and increase (for CP) in the proportion of males in solitary probands is not quite significant, the trends are in the expected directions. It is suggested that the hypothesis should be tested further with additional data on oral clefts and other similar anomalies. PMID- 6652945 TI - Facial weakness and oligosyndactyly: ? independent variable features of familial type of the Mobius syndrome. AB - A family consisting of two daughters, one with an isolated oligosyndactyly and the other with the Mobius Syndrome (VIth and VIIth nerve dysplasia) is presented. The majority of the individuals previously reported with an association of occulo facial diplegia and limb anomalies have been sporadic. However, on examination of the parents in the family we report, the mother was found to have bilateral facial weakness. Isolated limb anomalies may, therefore, be a variable expression of a broad spectrum type of the Mobius Syndrome, with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. PMID- 6652946 TI - Gonadoblastoma in a patient with an isodicentric X chromosome. AB - Although gonadoblastoma is known to be associated with the presence of a Y chromosome, this case report of a 15-year-old patient with gonadal dysgenesis, gonadoblastoma, and an idic(Xq-) chromosome provides evidence for the occurrence of gonadoblastoma even in the absence of a Y chromosome. A review of previous cases reported to have gonadoblastoma in the absence of a Y chromosome revealed that the presence of some breast development was the common denominator among those patients. Therefore, a patient who presents with gonadal dysgenesis with some breast development, but lacks a Y chromosome may observe as close scrutiny as the patient with gonadal dysgenesis in the presence of a Y chromosome. PMID- 6652948 TI - A familial X/Y translocation in a boy with ichthyosis, hypogonadism and mental retardation. AB - A 14-year-old boy is described with hypogonadism, ichthyosis and mental retardation. His karyotype was 46,Y, der(X),t(X;)(p22;q11). His mother's karyotype was 46,X,der(X),t(X;Y)(p22;q11). Thus the son is nullisomic for the region Xp22 leads to pter and the mother is monosomic for the same region. The steroid sulfatase activity in this boy is discussed in relationship to the enzyme's locus on the X chromosome and the manifestation of ichthyosis. PMID- 6652947 TI - Partial trisomy 16q in two boys resulting from a maternal translocation, t(15;16)(p12;q11). AB - Two male infants with almost complete trisomy 16q due to a maternal translocation, are reported. The phenotypic similarities of these patients who had trisomy 16q11 leads 16qter and of the eight previously published reports of partial trisomy 16q, were compared. PMID- 6652949 TI - 40 XO/49 XYYYY mosaicism in a male with stigmata of Turner's syndrome. AB - A male subject with Turner-like stigmata and chromosomic constitution 45,XO (97.5%) and 49,XYYYY (1.1%) is reported. The findings of a low percentage line bearing Y chromosome in a patient with clinical features similar to those described for XO males, would support the hypothesis that masculinization in certain individuals with 45,XO karyotype may be due to an undetected mosaicism. PMID- 6652950 TI - Cystic hygroma and hydrops fetalis in a fetus with trisomy 13. AB - We report a case of trisomy 13 with cystic hygroma and generalized hydrops fetalis diagnosed prenatally by routine ultrasound prior to genetic amniocentesis in a 34-year-old woman. Although fetal cystic hygroma is usually associated with a 45,X karyotype, this and other previous reports suggest that it may be seen in association with other chromosomal and nonchromosomal abnormalities as well. Thus, a diagnosis of Turner Syndrome should not be made on the basis of a cystic hygroma observed by prenatal sonography alone. PMID- 6652951 TI - Fragile X syndrome in mildly mentally retarded children in a northern Swedish county. A prevalence study. AB - In an extensive etiological study of an unselected series of mildly mentally retarded children (MMR) (IQ 50-70) born 1959-1970 in a northern Swedish county, 5 of 110 boys (4.5%) and none of 61 girls had a fragile site on the distal end of the X-chromosome (Fra Xq 28). Consequently fragile X was seen in 2.9% of the total series of 171 children. In a combined series of severe and mild mental retardation, the incidence of the fragile X syndrome was calculated to be 1:3000 in the county of Vasterbotten. Next to trisomy 21 the fragile X syndrome was the most common single identified cause of MMR in boys. A cytogenetic investigation using special cultural conditions and banding techniques should be performed in cases of mental retardation of unclear etiology and in possible female carriers. PMID- 6652952 TI - Genetic regulation of melatonin excretion in urine. A preliminary report. AB - The melatonin excretion in urine was determined in 107 individuals from 23 nuclear families. Complex segregation analysis showed that the melatonin production might be regulated by an additive major gene. PMID- 6652953 TI - Genetic regulation of the red cell uroporphyrinogen-I-synthetase level in families with acute intermittent porphyria. AB - The uroporphyrinogen-I-synthetase (UIS) activity in red blood cells was determined in 206 individuals from 48 nuclear families ascertained through a proband with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) as well as in 230 members belonging to 53 nuclear families with no signs of AIP. Complex segregation analysis showed that the UIS activity is regulated by a major locus (a dominant or additive gene) together with a considerable multifactorial component. PMID- 6652954 TI - Additional data on spontaneous abortion and facial cleft malformations. AB - Examination of fetal wastage data for a large collection of CL +/- P and CP sibships reported previously (Bear 1978) does not indicate the frequency of recognized abortion to be higher in the sibships of CL + P vs CL index cases, female vs male CL +/- P index cases, bilateral vs unilateral CL +/- P index cases, female bilateral CL +/- P index cases vs male unilateral CL +/- P index cases, or male vs female CP index cases. These observations fail to confirm those reported by Dronamraju (Dronamraju et al. 1982, Dronamraju & Bixler 1983a, b), and provide no evidence of a positive relation between degree of liability to facial cleft malformation and fetal mortality. PMID- 6652955 TI - Association between the degree of mosaicism and the severity of syndrome in Turner mosaics and Klinefelter mosaics. AB - This study, based on the investigations carried on 82 cases of Turners of which 50 of them were mosaics and 85 cases of Klinefelters of which 70 of them were mosaics, is an attempt to explain the vast range of clinical variations observed in cytogenetically established Turner mosaics (45,X/46,XX) and Klinefelter mosaics (47,XXY/46,XY) in the light of the degree of mosaicism present in them. It was observed that the severity of the syndrome in Turner mosaics and Klinefelter mosaics increased with the relative increase in the abnormal cell line population. PMID- 6652956 TI - The relevance of pre-amniocentesis pedigree analysis and genetic counseling. AB - Prenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis in the second trimester of pregnancy has become widely accepted, and the demand for the procedure is increasing exponentially. It is important to reevaluate critically the time and effort spent obtaining a detailed pedigree analysis and family history prior to amniocentesis. Two hundred unselected consecutive cases of women undergoing amniocentesis because of advanced maternal age were studied. One woman had a brother with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and she was found by CPK testing to be a carrier. The prenatal diagnosis revealed that she was carrying a male fetus with a 50% chance of being affected, and the couple decided to have a termination of the pregnancy. A variety of other familial disorders and teratogenic exposures which were found in the studied 200 families were further explored through genetic counseling. Additional reasons for the individual pre-amniocentesis counseling include reducing anxiety and responding to specific psychosocial aspects of the prenatal diagnosis procedure in particular families. PMID- 6652957 TI - The Aarskog syndrome in a large family, suggestive for autosomal dominant inheritance. AB - A large family in which the Aarskog syndrome is transmitted in three generations was studied. In affected males, a large variability of expression was observed, while females show minor signs only. However it is sometimes possible to identify individual females as carriers. The observation of male to male transmission and the absence of symptoms in some daughters of affected male persons suggest a sex influenced autosomal inheritance in this family. This may suggest heterogeneity in the Aarskog syndrome, since in most families described an X-linked recessive mode of inheritance was indicated. PMID- 6652958 TI - Male to male transmission of the G syndrome. AB - A father and son with hypertelorism and hypospadias are reported. The father has further, relatively mild, signs of the G syndrome, but his son has severe manifestations, including stridor, feeding difficulties and cardiac anomalies. This supports autosomal dominant inheritance. PMID- 6652959 TI - The femur, fibula, ulna (FFU) complex in siblings. AB - Two siblings affected with the Femur, Fibula, Ulna (FFU) complex are reported. The FFU complex is relatively common, but was not previously reported in relatives. PMID- 6652960 TI - Prader-Willi syndrome associated with inversion of chromosome 15. AB - A boy with Prader-Willi syndrome was found to have an inversion of chromosome 15,[46,XY,inv(15)(p13q13)]. His unaffected father has an apparently identical inversion of chromosome 15 but in addition has a number 14 chromosome with double satellites. This report supports previous indications of a relationship between a "position effect" and the etiology of Prader-Willi syndrome. However, a more complicated explanation is required in view of the cytogenetic findings in the proband's father. PMID- 6652961 TI - Keratoderma and spastic paraplegia. PMID- 6652962 TI - Studies on the specificity of anti-erythrocyte antibodies in the serum of patients with malaria. AB - Sera from patients with Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax or P. ovale malaria were selected according to their high levels of antibodies against human erythrocyte membranes as measured in a microELISA. The specificity of the anti-erythrocyte antibodies in these sera and two normal sera was investigated by means of an immunoblotting technique in combination with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. All the patients' sera as well as the control sera contained antibodies against several erythrocyte polypeptides. As compared with normal sera, most malaria sera showed elevated levels of antibodies against polypeptides of 80K, 70K, 40K and 28K molecular weights. Two sera reacted strongly against a polypeptide with an electrophoretic mobility similar to the alpha subunit of spectrin. One serum showed strong reaction and several other sera, including normal sera, showed weak reaction against a 45K molecular weight polypeptide corresponding to actin. No pervading differences were seen in the pattern of specificities of the anti-erythrocyte ghost antibodies between sera from patients with P. falciparum, P. vivax or P. ovale infections. PMID- 6652963 TI - The role of the spleen in the protective effect of C-reactive protein in Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. AB - C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase serum protein in man which activates complement and has opsonic activity. We have reported that prior injection of CRP into mice can increase their survival following intravenous challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 or 4. In this study the conditions required for protection, and the role of hepatic and splenic clearance of bacteria have been examined. Protection against lethal infection was observed with a minimum dose of 25-50 micrograms CRP per mouse. CRP was most effective when administered between 6 h before and 2 h after challenge. CRP treated mice were not protected against infection with Salmonella typhimurium, LT-2, an organism which does not bind CRP. Mice depleted of C3 by treatment with cobra venom factor were protected against S. pneumoniae infection by CRP. Pre-treatment of mice with CRP did not increase the rate of clearance of viable S. pneumoniae from the bloodstream but did increase splenic and decrease hepatic clearance of radiolabelled bacteria in both normal and complement depleted mice. Although these findings suggest a role for the spleen in CRP protection, mice which had been splenectomized were also protected against lethal pneumococcal infection by CRP treatment. PMID- 6652964 TI - Induction of antibody to asialo GM1 by spermatozoa and its occurrence in the sera of homosexual men with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). AB - Compared to healthy homosexual and heterosexual men, homosexual men with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) possessed significantly higher levels of IgG antibody to the neutral glycolipid asialo GM1 (ganglio-N-tetraosylceramide) (P less than 0.01). Of 31 homosexuals with AIDS, 36% possessed levels of this antibody that were at least two standard deviations above the mean of the healthy men. Furthermore, asialo GM1 antibody could be removed from serum by adsorption with spermatozoa. Weekly rectal insemination of male rabbits with rabbit semen also led to the appearance of antibody to asialo GM1 by 15 weeks. These results suggest that asialo GM1 is a component of ejaculated spermatozoa and demonstrate that rectal insemination by itself can lead to the production of antibodies to this glycolipid in the rabbit. In addition, asialo GM1 antibodies may be of value as a serological marker for the early detection of individuals with AIDS. PMID- 6652965 TI - Flow microfluorimetric analysis of autoantibody reactions with parietal cell surface membranes in pernicious anaemia. AB - Using flow microfluorimetry (FMF), 60 sera from patients with pernicious anaemia (PA) were examined for immunoreactivity with the surface membranes of viable canine parietal cells. FMF analyses showed that the percentage of parietal cells giving a surface staining reaction with a fluorescence intensity greater than 50 arbitrary units was 44.5 +/- 17.5% for sera from 60 patients with PA compared to 13.7 +/- 2.7% for sera from 14 patients with chronic active hepatitis, 10.7 +/- 6.7% for sera from 10 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and 16.5 +/- 4.4% for sera from 50 healthy persons. Surface staining detected by FMF was restricted to parietal cells and abolished by absorption with parietal cell enriched preparations but not by absorption with dog or rat hepatocytes, dog or rat kidney cells, human fibroblasts, human AB red blood cells or dog gastric microsomes. The intensity of the parietal cell surface staining reactions correlated with the presence of antibody reactions with parietal cell surfaces previously demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy but did not correlate with the presence of microsomal or intrinsic factor autoantibodies. The results provide further support for the presence of a parietal cell surface reactive autoantibody distinct from the conventional parietal cell microsomal autoantibody. PMID- 6652967 TI - Reduced complement-mediated immune complex solubilizing capacity and the presence of incompletely solubilized immune complexes in SLE sera. AB - Reduced complement-mediated solubilization (CMS) of pre-formed immune complexes (IC) was demonstrated in sera from 11 out of 12 SLE patients. The presence of incompletely solubilized endogeneous IC in SLE sera was indicated by the following findings: (1) When IC positive SLE sera with reduced CMS capacity were mixed with normal donor sera they inhibited the CMS of the latter sera. (2) Resuspended PEG (2.75%) precipitates obtained from SLE sera inhibited the CMS of normal donor sera. (3) Non-solubilized or incompletely complement solubilized IC in SLE sera give a strong response in the PEG-CC assay for IC. The IC activity of SLE sera was clearly reduced in this assay when the endogeneous IC were solubilized prior to testing. In contrast, sera of 14 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients exhibited normal CMS. IC which could be further solubilized by complement were not demonstrable although all RA sera were IC positive. PMID- 6652966 TI - Inhibition of complement-mediated solubilization of antigen-antibody complexes by sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Sera and synovial fluids from patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis inhibit the ability of normal serum to prevent immune precipitation. Sera from patients with seronegative forms of arthritis contain little inhibitory activity. Studies of the mechanism of action of the inhibitor show that it reduces C4 consumption by antigen-antibody complexes. These findings suggest that the binding of C1 to complexes or activation of C1 is impaired. The possibility that the inhibitory activity may be mediated by rheumatoid factor is discussed. As inhibitory activity is more prevalent and of a higher level in patients with extra-articular features, it is possible that it may play a pathogenetic role. PMID- 6652968 TI - Non-complement-dependent adsorption of soluble immune complexes to human red cells. AB - Heat aggregated IgG and soluble immune complexes (IC) prepared by combining human serum albumin with rabbit anti-serum albumin and tetanus toxoid with rabbit antiserum to tetanus toxoid were shown to bind to human O+ RBC. The binding was greater for soluble IC prepared at antigen excess, and although it was usually maximal when IC were pre-opsonized, it could also be demonstrated using non opsonized heat aggregated IgG or soluble IC prepared in the absence of complement. These observations suggest that two types of receptors may be involved in binding of soluble IC to human RBC: the classical C3b receptor, and a non-complement-dependent receptor, perhaps recognizing the Fc region of the immunoglobulin molecule exposed after heat aggregation or antigen-antibody reaction. PMID- 6652969 TI - Ascaris-induced bronchoconstriction in primates experimentally infected with Ascaris suum ova. AB - Bronchial provocation with Ascaris allergen evoked bronchoconstriction in home bred Macaca arctoides monkeys sensitized by experimental infection with embryonated Ascaris suum ova. Inhalation of Ascaris allergen by aerosol prior to infection produced no changes in lung function. In infected animals total lung resistance (RL) increased and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) decreased following Ascaris inhalation. The changes in lung function reached a peak, 2-5 min after allergen inhalation, lasted for approximately 30 min and were associated with increases in arterial plasma histamine levels and decreases in arterial Po2 levels. Reproducible changes in lung function were obtained when the monkeys were challenged at bi-weekly intervals and lung sensitivity to Ascaris was maintained for at least 6 months. Histamine produced similar changes in RL and Cdyn before and after infection. Ascaris-induced bronchoconstriction was reversed by the beta 2-stimulant, salbutamol, and was partially reversed by cholinergic blockade with atropine. The responses were not inhibited by antihistamines or sodium cromoglycate although a new anti-allergic agent, FPL 58668 (disodium salt), inhibited Ascaris-induced bronchoconstriction and the increase in plasma histamine levels seen after Ascaris inhalation. Ascaris-induced bronchoconstriction in experimentally infected monkeys provides an animal model demonstrating many of the characteristics of allergic asthma in man and does not require the use of wild-caught monkeys. PMID- 6652971 TI - Stimulation of lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against adherent HEp-2 cells by carrageenan. AB - The effect of carrageenan (CGN) was studied on lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (LDCC) against adherent HEp-2 human epipharynx carcinoma target cells. Cytotoxicity was measured by detachment from the monolayer of 3H-TdR pre labelled HEp-2 cells. LDCC was evaluated in a 24 h assay at 50:1 effector-target cell ratio in the presence of 25 micrograms/ml concanavalin A (Con A). Under these conditions but without Con A considerable cytotoxicity was not elicited by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Addition of CGN to the system significantly increased LDCC to HEp-2 targets. Monocyte depletion of effector cells had no major influence to the effect of CGN on LDCC activity. In parallel studies CGN also enhanced the Con A-induced proliferation of PBMC. PMID- 6652970 TI - Analysis of 3H-histamine interaction with lymphocytes: receptor binding or uptake? AB - The immunoregulatory role of histamine is presumably mediated by specific receptors on the plasma membrane of lymphocytes. However, using murine spleen cells and a whole cell assay commonly applied in hormone receptor studies, specific histamine receptors with an affinity higher than that of non-specific binding could not be identified. Nevertheless, approximately 30% of the totally bound histamine was undissociable over a range of added histamine concentrations (9 X 10(-6)-1 X 10(-2) M). Lectin stimulation of spleen cells caused an additional two-fold increase of undissociable histamine. The H1 receptor antagonist, diphenhydramine, blocked histamine uptake, whereas the H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine, had no effect. Binding experiments carried out at 4 degrees C demonstrated that the amount of undissociable histamine was much reduced. Even at 4 degrees C, evidence for specific membrane associated histamine receptor could not be obtained. It was therefore concluded that lymphocytes take up histamine by an energy-dependent mechanism inhibitable by diphenhydramine but not cimetidine, and that the usual hormone receptor methodology did not allow the identification of specific membrane associated histamine receptors. PMID- 6652972 TI - Enhancing effect of murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) on the multiplication of Blastomyces dermatitidis in vitro and in vivo. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) on the multiplication of the fungal pathogen Blastomyces dermatitidis in vitro and in vivo. With a newly devised method, PMN were obtained in adequate numbers (7 X 10(6) per mouse) and purity (92%) for these studies. In 24 h co-cultures PMN, but not lymph node cells (LNC), enhanced the replication of virulent (V) and avirulent (AV) strains of B. dermatitidis 61% and 34%, respectively. In 72 h co-cultures, multiplication was enhanced even more (V, 180%; AV, 140%), when compared to cultures of B. dermatitidis in medium alone. Viability of PMN was not required, because PMN lysates, but not LNC lysates, were effective in enhancing multiplication. Subcutaneous injection of B. dermatitidis mixed with PMN enhanced multiplication by 90% compared to V alone in a subcutaneous abscess model, whereas mixing with LNC did not enhance multiplication. When AV, a strain which does not by itself replicate in vivo, was injected in vivo with PMN it increased 2.75-fold over 4 days. These findings document the in vivo significance of in vitro enhancement of B. dermatitidis replication by PMN, and support the contention that accumulation and death of PMN in B. dermatitidis lesions may exacerbate this infection in its early stages. PMID- 6652973 TI - Characteristics of the protective response of BALB/c mice immunized with a purified Plasmodium yoelii schizont antigen. AB - The response of BALB/c mice to immunization with a 230,000 mol. wt protective antigen purified from the blood stages of Plasmodium yoelii was analysed. The protective response to immunization was adjuvant-dependent, and saponin was found to be the most effective adjuvant tested. The intraperitoneal route was found to be superior to the subcutaneous route for protective immunization. Maximal protection was achieved using two immunizations with greater than 12.5 micrograms of antigen plus saponin, but even under these conditions challenge infection developed normally for 5 days, followed by the appearance of crisis forms and rapid clearance of parasites. Effective immunization induced high antibody titres, but serum from immunized mice was not protective on passive transfer. On the other hand, hyperimmune serum from mice recovered and rechallenged with live P. yoelii was protective on passive transfer, even though the titre of antibody specific for the 230,000 mol. wt antigen in this serum was the same as that in the serum from mice immunized with the purified antigen. It was concluded that the 230,000 mol. wt antigen may provide protection against P. yoelii via the cell mediated immune effector pathway described by Playfair et al. (1979), and that hyperimmune serum contains protective antibodies specific for P. yoelii antigens other than the 230,000 mol. wt antigen. PMID- 6652974 TI - Association of increased immune complexes, platelet IgG and serum IgG in chronic active hepatitis. AB - Platelet associated IgG (PA-IgG), serum IgG and immune complexes (IC) were measured and correlated with the degree of thrombocytopenia in 32 patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH), classified as of autoimmune type in 24 and cryptogenic in eight. Of the 32 patients, 24 had raised PA-IgG and 18 of these were thrombocytopenic (greater than 150 X 10(9) platelets/1); in only two thrombocytopenic patients was the level of PA-IgG not increased. Platelet counts showed a significant inverse logarithmic correlation with PA-IgG levels (r = 0.456, P less than 0.01). Twelve patients had raised levels in serum of ICs, 11 of these also had raised PA-IgG and 10 of these 11 were thrombocytopenic. Serum IgG was raised in 10 patients and correlated with PA-IgG (r = 0.489, P less than 0.01). Of the 24 patients with autoimmune CAH, 13 had low platelet counts and 10 had raised levels of PA-IgG whereas of the eight patients with cryptogenic CAH, seven had raised PA-IgG and all were thrombocytopenic. These results for patients with CAH show that raised levels of circulating ICs are associated both with thrombocytopenia and with raised PA-IgG, and support the hypothesis that serum IgG and/or ICs may influence amounts of PA-IgG. PMID- 6652975 TI - The primary immune response in patients with selective IgA deficiency. AB - The primary immune response in vivo of 20 patients with selective IgA deficiency was studied and compared to controls. The primary cellular immune response tested by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was decreased in many patients. The primary humoral immune response was elicited by immunization with the test immunogen Helix pomatia haemocyanin (HPH). Using a direct ELISA technique antibodies against HPH of the IgA, IgG and IgM class were measured. Two weeks after immunization no response of IgA anti-HPH was seen except in three patients who showed a low but detectable antibody level. In spite of normal or even elevated serum IgG and IgM levels there was a significantly lower response of the IgG and IgM anti-HPH antibodies at 2 weeks after immunization as compared to the controls followed by a further decline at 6 weeks. We conclude that selective IgA deficiency is often accompanied by more general disturbances in humoral and cellular immunity to newly encountered antigens. PMID- 6652977 TI - Assessment of hemolysis in regular hemodialysis patients by measuring carbon monoxide production rate. AB - In 17 patients requiring regular hemodialysis, inter- and intradialytic hemoglobin catabolism measured as endogenous carbon monoxide production (VCO) were studied before (9 patients) and after (8 patients) the introduction of water treatment. Before the water treatment, VCo increased significantly from inter- to intradialytic periods whereas insignificant changes were noted after the water treatment. Thus water treatment leads to less destruction of erythrocytes in connection with hemodialysis. However, hemolysis associated with hemodialysis does not play a major role as a cause of anemia in these patients. PMID- 6652976 TI - The effect of C3 levels on yeast opsonization by normal and pathological sera: identification of a complement independent opsonin. AB - The ability of 150 normal and pathological sera to opsonize yeast for uptake by isolated human polymorphonuclear leucocytes has been studied. Phagocytosis was measured by an assay depending on electronic particle counting to measure yeast uptake and by a new fluorometric assay which is able to distinguish particle adherence from true phagocytosis. The opsonic activity of normal human serum was heat labile and depended markedly on C3 levels. The sera of 6% of healthy young adults (three from 45) and 8% of healthy donors aged 65-88 (four from 57) showed defective opsonization in spite of normal C3 and CH50 levels. Thirty-eight pathological sera with low C3 levels showed defective opsonization. However, three sera with low C3 levels showed apparently normal opsonic activity. The opsonin from two of these sera was characterized. It was heat stable, had apparent mol.wt of 400,000 and was active in serum free media. The opsonin was absorbed by immobilized Staphylococcus aureus and by gelatin-Sepharose, suggesting that it is related to fibronectin. Fibronectin from normal human sera prepared by affinity chromatography on gelatin-Sepharose was not opsonic in this system. PMID- 6652978 TI - Vitamin nutrition in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). AB - In 10 patients who had been on CAPD for 8.75 months, blood levels of the vitamins A, E, B-complex and C were measured and a precise diet history using food weighing for 3 days was obtained. Plasma vitamin A was elevated in all; since retinol binding protein (RPB) was elevated even more, the ratio of retinol to RBP was low. Vitamin E levels were also high. The vitamins B1, B2 and B6 were measured using erythrocyte enzyme activities. Vitamin B1 was low or borderline in 5, vitamin B6 was decreased in 3 and erythrocyte pyridoxal phosphate in 8 patients. Folic acid was low or borderline in 6 patients, whereas the vitamins B2 and B12 were normal in all. Vitamin C was diminished in 4 patients, and in dialyzate 60% of plasma concentrations were found. The intakes of the vitamins B1, B6 and B12 were below the recommended range. After supplementation of water soluble vitamins for 7 weeks the vitamins A and E remained elevated and B1 remained low, B6 and C had normalized in all and folic acid was markedly elevated. In CAPD decreased blood concentrations of some water soluble vitamins are found due to insufficient dietary intake and loss into dialyzate. Tentative recommendations are given for the replacement of the vitamins B1, B6, folic acid and C. PMID- 6652979 TI - Micro-chromatographic measurement of hemoglobin A1 in uremia. AB - In an investigation of the reliability of the measurement of HbA1 by microcolumn chromatography for monitoring glucose metabolism in chronic renal failure, measurements were made in 96 uremic patients. Thirty-one patients were undialyzed, 42 patients including 10 with primary diabetes mellitus were on hemodialysis, and 23 patients were on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (6 with primary diabetes mellitus). Significantly raised HbA1 values were observed in all groups, whether their glucose tolerance was normal or decreased. Azotemia was not statistically correlated either with HbA1 values, or with glucose tolerance. Dialyzed primary diabetic patients showed HbA1 levels which were significantly higher than those in non-diabetics, but some overlap was evident. The results suggest that the increased values of HbA1 in uremic patients depend on the plasma concentration of either glucose which leads to the formation of glycosylated Hb or of urea which leads to the formation of carbamylated Hb. These are indistinguishable by microcolumn chromatography. Therefore this method cannot be recommended for evaluation of glucose metabolism in uremic patients. PMID- 6652980 TI - Effects of balloon volume and position on the pressure volume curve of the lung. AB - Pressure-vol. (PV) curves of the lung were obtained in 2 groups of normal subjects using different esophageal balloon vols. and balloon positions. The PV curves were fitted to the exponential V = A - Be-KP. Transpulmonary pressures at different %S of total lung capacity and specific compliance were calculated. Variation in balloon vol. over the range 0.2-2.0 ml had no effect on the shape of the PV curve, as reflected by the exponential constant K, or specific compliance. Transpulmonary pressures were significantly different when the balloon vol. was 0.2 ml. With the balloon positioned at 8 or 12 cm from the gastro-esophageal junction there was no change in PV curve parameters but transpulmonary pressures and K were significantly altered at the 4 cm position. We conclude that, for clinical purposes, exact positioning of the esophageal balloon and use of the precise resting balloon vol. are not critical. Highly reproducible measurements of the elastic properties of the lung may be obtained using an esophageal balloon with a vol. of 0.6-1.0 ml and a position 8-12 cm from the gastro-esophageal junction. PMID- 6652981 TI - The physiology of recovery in experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. AB - Lobar distribution of pulmonary perfusion, arterial PO2 (PaO2), intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) and post mortem lobe wts were measured in 12 dogs with experimental lobar pneumococcal pneumonia. Six dogs (group I) had both perfusion and gas exchange measurements performed 48 h after an inoculum of Streptococcus pneumoniae was placed in a left lower lobe bronchus. Six other dogs (group II) had perfusion determinations before the induction of pneumonia and again 96 h after inoculation, at which time gas exchange measurements were performed. To ensure that group II dogs were recovering from the acute pneumonia, penicillin treatment was instituted at 48 h and continued until the time of study at 96 h. An improvement in gas exchange between the acute and convalescent states was demonstrated and was associated with a 50% reduction in excess wet wt and a 25% reduction in perfusion of the infected lower lobe. We conclude that improvement in gas exchange during recovery from acute lobar pneumonia is due, in part, to air space clearing with improved ventilation and, in part, to reduced perfusion of poorly ventilated lung. The results suggest that arterial hypoxemia in acute pneumonia is aggravated by vasodilatation or blockade of local hypoxic vasoconstriction by some aspect of the acute inflammatory response, and that the hypoxic vasoconstrictor response is restored during convalescence. PMID- 6652982 TI - Prevalence of neurological abnormality in Cree Indians exposed to methylmercury in northern Quebec. AB - The prevalence of neurological abnormality was determined among Cree Indians of northern Quebec who were exposed to methylmercury through contamination of local fish. A medical team examined each subject, without knowledge of the subjects' methylmercury exposure, and assessed nystagmus, co-ordination and gait, tremor, movements and reflexes, sensation, stereognosis, 2 point discrimination, visual fields and hearing. Tremor, incoordination and abnormal reflexes were the most prevalent neurological abnormalities, but other major manifestations of methylmercury toxicity (impairment of peripheral sensation, astereognosis and concentric constriction of visual fields) were seen infrequently. Abnormalities in Quebec were much less severe than in previous reported outbreaks of methylmercury poisoning. Since no single clinical syndrome is pathognomonic of methylmercury poisoning, the presence of neurological abnormality does not establish that it is causally related to methylmercury exposure. PMID- 6652983 TI - Genetic and phenotypic expression of hemochromatosis in Canadians. AB - Twenty-three probands with idiopathic hemochromatosis were assigned the status of homozygotes: 132 of their relatives were classified as homozygotes, heterozygotes or normal individuals using the HLA haplotypes of the probands as markers of the hemochromatosis allele. Only half of the probands sought help because of symptoms or signs of iron overload. Clinical manifestations of iron loading were present, however, 95% of the probands and 67% of the discovered homozygotes. The commonest symptom was joint pain and stiffness. None of the heterozygotes had any clinical symptoms of excess body iron. High transferrin saturation and serum ferritin levels were prevalent in homozygotes: only 1 of 38 homozygotes had values for both of these measurements that were within normal limits. The level of transferrin saturation was increased in 6% of heterozygotes but only 1% had serum ferritin concns greater than 350 ng ml-1. The mean radioiron absorption levels of 27 homozygotes and 28 heterozygotes were similar to those in 44 controls. Radioiron absorption in relation to the respective serum ferritin concn was above the 95% confidence interval of controls in 65% of the homozygotes and 7% of the heterozygotes. The inverse relation between radioiron absorption and the respective serum ferritin concn observed in controls was absent in homozygotes but remained strong in the heterozygotes. Absence of the inverse relation indicates a deregulation of the iron absorptive mechanism in homozygotes which results in the size of body iron stores having no effect on the level of iron absorption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652984 TI - Surface receptors and immune activity of purified human mononuclear cells. II. The lack of correlation between rosette formation and ADCC cytotoxic activity. AB - The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) activity of normal circulating lymphocytes is limited to those that bear receptors for the FcG of the antibody molecule. The presence of such receptors (FcGR), as detected by the ability of the cells to form rosettes with erythrocytes optimally-sensitized with rabbit IgG antibodies (EA), is not, however, the only reflection of the ADCC activity of these cells: a significant % of circulating lymphocytes can form rosettes with optimally sensitized ox EA (O-EA) indicator cells but cannot mediate ADCC lysis of O-EA. Although the FcGR-bearing lymphocytes form far fewer rosettes with chicken EA (C-EA) indicator cells, they can lyse C-EA very effectively. The O-EA are not resistant to immune lysis since they are totally lysed in the presence of complement. Similarly, circulating lymphocytes form significant numbers of rosettes with human EA but cannot lyse them. A significant % of freshly-isolated T lymphocytes form rosettes with C-EA but cannot lyse them: after incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 h, they can. Incubation T lymphocytes may exhibit a decreased capacity to form rosettes with C-EA indicating a functional loss of FcG receptors, due either to degradation or to decreased accessibility. The relation between the ability of the lymphocytes to rosette with C-EA indicator cells and their ability to lyse them is not simple or direct: this suggests that the capacity to lyse the C-EA depends on interactions other than those occurring between FcGR and the FcG of the target cell-adherent antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6652985 TI - Norepinephrine uptake in arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The aim of our study was to investigate the activity of sympathetic nerves in arteries as a possible factor in the development of hypertension. In this paper, we report our results on the uptake of norepinephrine by the arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Tail arteries of 7--9 week-old SHR and of normotensive controls (WKY) were incubated with [3H]norepinephrine for various periods of time. The 3H content in vessels of SHR and WKY was identical after 5 min but significantly higher in SHR after 15, 30, 60 and 90 min incubation. The rate of time-related uptake was greater in SHR as revealed by analysis of variance. The uptake of [3H]norepinephrine after 60 min was substantially less in vessels treated with cocaine in inhibit neuronal uptake or with desoxycorticosterone to inhibit extraneuronal uptake. After MAO activity was blocked with pargyline. 3H content remained higher in arteries of SHR than in those of WKY but after catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) was inhibited by U 0521, the difference was not significant. Our results demonstrate an alteration in the function of the sympathetic nerves in arteries as indicated by enhanced uptake of norepinephrine in the tail arteries of young SHR prior to the full development of hypertension. PMID- 6652986 TI - The effect of concentration and type of dietary protein hydrolysates on tumour growth in mice. AB - The effects of diets containing 12% (W/W) and 28% of casein or lactalbumin hydrolysate on the growth of implanted mammary adenocarcinoma H2712 in C3H-HeJ strain and fibrosarcoma 1038 in DBA-2J strain mice were compared. Our data indicate that amino acid intake in excess of the minimum requirement for normal growth of non-tumour-bearing mice enhances the growth of implanted fibrosarcoma and mammary carcinoma. The effect is not related to protein quality or amino acid distribution and appears to be solely dependent on the amino acid or nitrogen concentration in the diet. PMID- 6652987 TI - Hereditary multisystemic degeneration with unusual combination of cerebellipetal, dentato-rubral, and nigro-subthalamo-pallidal degenerations. AB - An autopsy case of a 51-year-old housewife with dominantly inherited ataxia is reported. Pathologic examination revealed an unusual combination of systemic degenerations: spinocerebellar tracts, pontine basis and middle cerebellar peduncles, dentato-rubral and nigro-subthalamo-pallidal systems, upper and lower motor neurons, ascending sensory system, and optic tracts. The inferior olive and cerebellar cortex showed only a slight change. The combination of the dentato rubral with nigro-subthalamo-pallidal degenerations in a case with cerebellipetal systemic degeneration was particularly striking. Furthermore, combined degeneration of the ocular motor nuclei, vestibular nuclear group, perihypoglossal nuclei, fastigial nucleus, medial longitudinal fasciculus, and vestibulospinal tracts occurred. According to recent experimental results, these lesions were restricted precisely to the anatomophysiologically interrelated system for the control of eye movement. The present case is considered an example of systemic degeneration as a pathologic basis for ophthalmoplegia. PMID- 6652988 TI - Selective thalamic degeneration--report of a case with memory and mental disturbances. AB - A selective thalamic degeneration is described in a 21-year-old Chinese female patient. Clinical history was characterized by a 3-year evolution of severe memory loss, progressive dementia, amenorrhea, emaciation, and short terminal coma. Neuronal losses were maximal in the thalamic anterior and medialis formations, but they were also noted in the pulvinar, the nuclei ventralis anterior, reticularis polaris, and dorsalis superficialis. The microneurons were generally spared. All other thalamic nuclei and the rest of the central nervous system were intact but for discrete changes in the bulbar olives. The clinical features and the classification of this case of selective thalamic atrophy are discussed. PMID- 6652989 TI - Lhermitte-Duclos disease--its minimal lesions in electron microscope data and CT findings. AB - Clinical, necropsy, and electron microscope findings are described for a patient with Lhermitte-Duclos disease. Evidence that the disease originated from granule cell precursors was obtained from electron microscopy and from reconstruction in step serial sections of microscopic lesions found in the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere. The latter indicate a process of proliferation and hypertrophy of granule cells at their site of origin in the superficial granular layer, along their normal path of migration, or else at their destination in the cerebellar granular layer. PMID- 6652990 TI - Ultrastructural parameters of limbic microvasculature in human psychomotor epilepsy. AB - Temporal lobe tissues from seven patients with drug refractory complex partial seizures were extensively examined using both light and electron microscopy in combination with certain computer techniques. Four of these cases had mesial sclerosis, whereas three cases had no demonstrable lesions in the hippocampus as determined by intermittent serial sections. Transverse sections of hippocampus were made and rapidly fixed in the operating theatre. Blocks were taken after orientation to a close-up photograph of the fixed unstained hippocampus. Cross sections of capillaries at a level where the nuclear outline was largest were photographed at low magnification in the electron microscope. Enlarged prints allowed the use of a computer-assisted planimetry and stereology system for determining capillary thickness, mean basal laminar thickness, mitochondrial incidence, and mitochondrial area of both endothelial and perithelial cells and numbers of light junctions occurring in the capillaries. Comparison of sclerotic tissues versus control showed a significant increase in laminar thickness of the sclerotic endothelia and perithelia. In endothelial cells of the disordered cortex there were fewer mitochondria than in controls; also these same endothelial cells had greater numbers of tight junctions. These changes are related to ongoing hippocampal neuron degeneration, dysregulations of the blood brain barrier because of possible resistance to perfusion, and interference with transcapillary transport in relation to [K+] levels in neuronal milieu. PMID- 6652991 TI - Dissecting aneurysm of the pulmonary artery associated with brain abscess: a case report. AB - A case of dissecting aneurysm of the pulmonary artery is described. It was complicated by chronic pulmonary hypertension in a 42-year-old woman with a long history of atrial septal defect. The case is unusual in its clinical presentation with an acute brain abscess masking the pulmonary artery aneurysm dissection. The origin of the abscess in the absence of a known primary source of infection is difficult to explain, although brain infection is a well-known complication of congenital defects, even when infectious agents cannot be isolated. PMID- 6652992 TI - Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: report of 5 cases. AB - Five cases of pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma are described. The favorable prognosis of these tumors is confirmed. Thus, two patients had postoperative survival of 9 and 12 years, respectively, and three others are still alive and well, one of them 6 years after the operation. All the cases described until now (17 including the ones described here) have involved patients under 30 years of age. Most of the tumors have been located superficially in the brain with extensive adhesions to the meninges. Usually they have been well demarcated from the brain. Histologically, the tumors showed a marked cellular pleomorphism, including bizarre giant cells, but there were few mitoses and only a slight tendency to necrosis. The tumor tissue contained a dense network of reticulin fibers and many cells contained lipid vacuoles. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. PMID- 6652993 TI - [Influence of vitamin D on skeletal muscles]. PMID- 6652994 TI - [Case of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) with clinical features of olivopontocerebellar atrophy]. PMID- 6652995 TI - [Case of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome presenting trochlear nerve palsy and Horner's syndrome]. PMID- 6652996 TI - [Neurochemical investigation on spinocerebellar degeneration--metabolites of biogenic amines in the cerebrospinal fluids]. PMID- 6652997 TI - [Histopathological study of the skin in familial amyloid polyneuropathy, with special reference to the disturbance of dermal nerves]. PMID- 6652998 TI - [Spontaneous bursts of high voltage slow wave activities in the EEG of the aged]. PMID- 6652999 TI - [Phospholipids in the subcellular fractions of the red and white muscles]. PMID- 6653000 TI - [Case of rigid spine syndrome]. PMID- 6653001 TI - Radionuclide cisternography in the preterm neonate. AB - A technique is presented for the bedside performance of radionuclide cisternography in the preterm neonate. Using a portable gamma camera, with a low energy, converging collimator, high quality diagnostic images were obtained in 31 infants, following the lumbar subarachnoid injection of 100 micro Ci In-111 DTPA. The technique is safe, and provides valuable information about CSF dynamics unavailable by any other method. PMID- 6653002 TI - Sulfur colloid distribution in normal hips. AB - The normal distribution of Tc-99m sulfur colloid is described in 100 patients with no clinical or radiographic evidence of hip disorders. Two-thirds of the patients had uptake in the femoral neck and some uptake in the femoral head. In the other one-third, no uptake was detected in either femoral head. A high degree of symmetry was noted. Judging both the symmetry and pattern of uptake in both hips is important in evaluating femoral head vasculature after a fracture. PMID- 6653004 TI - Atraumatic hepatic subcapsular hematoma diagnosed by Tc-99m HIDA hepatocholescintigraphy. PMID- 6653005 TI - Program schedule & abstracts presented at the Society of Nuclear medicine, 24th annual Southeastern Chapter meeting. Kissimmee, Florida, October 27-29, 1983. PMID- 6653003 TI - "Multifocal" hepatic nodular hyperplasia in an infant. PMID- 6653006 TI - Fourier phase analysis in non-cyclic dynamic studies. AB - Single harmonic Fourier amplitude and phase (FA/P) analyses of 129 radionuclide angiographic (RNA) studies were found to reflect accurately the sequence and quantity of perfusion determined in the independently interpreted RNA studies. In addition, the anatomic detailing in peripheral studies (hands, feet, etc.) was considered superior to that obtained in RNA studies. PMID- 6653007 TI - Skeletal scintigraphy in congenital syphilis. AB - Two infants with congenital syphilis are described. Both had bone scans, the one showing significant changes in a focal lesion, while the other was unremarkable. Radiographic changes were evident at the time of the scan in the second infant, but only became apparent later in the first case. The possible cause for this discrepancy is discussed. PMID- 6653008 TI - Lymphoscintigraphic demonstration of intestinal lymphangiectasia. AB - The authors report a case of intestinal lymphangiectasia that was clearly demonstrated during abdominal lymphoscintigraphy using Tc-99m Sb colloid. Although lymphoscintigraphy has been used in many different clinical situations, this is, to our knowledge, the first scintigraphic description of this disease. Clinical and pathologic presentations of intestinal lymphangiectasia are briefly reviewed. Some possible approaches to the confirmation of the presence of a protein-losing gastroenteropathy are mentioned. PMID- 6653009 TI - Gastroduodenal artery aneurysm detected by radionuclide studies. AB - A patient with gastroduodenal artery aneurysm detected with Tc-99m scintiangiography is described. Liver and hepatobiliary imaging were also performed on the patient. Ultrasound examination, arteriography, and surgical exploration were carried out. The value of radionuclide studies in leading to the proper diagnosis is emphasized. PMID- 6653010 TI - Detection of lacrimal gland infiltration on routine bone scintigraphy. AB - We report a bone scan finding of bilaterally and symmetrically increased uptake at the lateral orbital rims in a patient with disseminated Hodgkin's disease. Computerized axial tomography (CT) demonstrated lacrimal gland enlargement, presumably due to infiltration by Hodgkin's disease. Both the radionuclide bone scan and CT findings, as well as the other physical and radiographic manifestations of Hodgkin's disease, resolved after chemotherapy. Infiltration by Hodgkin's lymphoma is a rare cause of lacrimal gland enlargement. We believe that this pattern of uptake on a routine bone scan should alert the physician to possible lacrimal gland disease, which could then be more definitively evaluated by CT examination. PMID- 6653011 TI - Bone scan that saved a laparotomy. PMID- 6653013 TI - Pitfall to modified in vivo method of technetium-99m red blood cell labeling. Iodinated contrast media. AB - Suboptimal labeling of red blood cells with Tc-99m, using the modified in vivo technique, was observed in three patients in whom labeling was attempted following IV administration of iodinated contrast media in the previous 24 hours. The mechanism is not understood, but it may represent a change in either stannous ion distribution or redox potential. It is recommended that studies employing Tc 99m RBC labeling using this technique be performed prior to administration of iodinated contrast media. This effect should be kept in mind in gastrointestinal bleeding studies performed using Tc-99m RBC, as well as in cardiac imaging studies. PMID- 6653012 TI - Atlas of computerized blood flow analysis in bone disease. AB - The role of computerized blood flow analysis in routine bone scanning is reviewed. Cases illustrating the technique include proven diagnoses of toxic synovitis, Legg-Perthes disease, arthritis, avascular necrosis of the hip, fractures, benign and malignant tumors, Paget's disease, cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and shin splints. Several examples also show the use of the technique in monitoring treatment. The use of quantitative data from the blood flow, bone uptake phase, and static images suggests specific diagnostic patterns for each of the diseases presented in this atlas. Thus, this technique enables increased accuracy in the interpretation of the radionuclide bone scan. PMID- 6653014 TI - Wedged Swan-Ganz catheter causing ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Case report and review of the literature. AB - A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) lung scan in a postoperative patient with a Swan Ganz catheter showed an area of mismatch suggesting pulmonary embolism. Radiographs, as well as failure to get a venous return from the catheter suggested wedging. A pulmonary angiogram, performed after the Swan-Ganz catheter was pulled back, was essentially normal. An autopsy performed within 24 hours of the lung scan did not reveal pulmonary emboli. Wedged Swan-Ganz catheter was probably responsible for the V/Q mismatch. PMID- 6653015 TI - Ga-67 cardiac uptake. AB - A case of positive Ga-67 image due to tuberculous pericarditis is presented. The pattern and distribution of the uptake suggested that the concentration of the activity was mainly in the inflamed pericardium. The known causes of Ga-67 cardiac uptake were reviewed, and a differential diagnosis is given. PMID- 6653016 TI - Gastric gallium-67 uptake in gastritis. AB - Even though Ga-67 imaging has been used widely in the diagnosis of malignant as well as inflammatory lesions, its uptake in the stomach has been reported in the literature mainly in gastric lymphoma and carcinoma. As shown in this case, intense gastric uptake of the radionuclide may be seen in common gastritis without malignancy. Perhaps the benign gastric uptake of Ga-67 deserves more emphasis. PMID- 6653017 TI - Computed tomography and scintigraphy of aldosteronoma. A comparative study. AB - Twelve cases of aldosteronoma were evaluated with CT and radioisotope scintigraphy to compare the diagnostic capability of both methods. All cases were diagnosed with scintigraphy, while six of 12 cases were diagnosed with CT. However, considering that nuclear imaging requires seven or eight days for evaluation, and the radiation dose is relatively high, it seems reasonable to perform CT scans initially in the localization of an aldosteronoma and to include scintigraphy in those cases in which aldosteronoma is not demonstrated by CT. PMID- 6653018 TI - Bone scintigraphy in slipped capital femoral epiphysis. AB - Tc-99m diphosphonate bone scans were performed on 11 children with slipped capital femoral epiphysis. On pinhole hip images, seven hips in seven patients had increased radionuclide uptake in the physis and adjacent proximal femoral metaphysis where the slip had occurred. Three hips in three patients had decreased radionuclide uptake in the femoral head on the side of the slipped epiphysis, indicating compromise of the femoral head blood supply. Three or more months following internal fixation, three children had scintigraphy that showed loss of the usual focal uptake in the physis and adjacent proximal femoral metaphysis. Bone scintigraphy in pediatric patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis is valuable in defining the metabolic status of the femoral head. Absence of radiopharmaceutical uptake in the affected femoral head indicates that the femoral head is at risk for development of radiographic changes associated with aseptic necrosis. PMID- 6653020 TI - Hepatic scintigraphy. The grand tetons (bilateral Morgagni hernias). PMID- 6653019 TI - The complementary roles of brain scintigraphy and computed tomography in multiple sclerosis. AB - Cerebral computed tomography, with and without iodinated contrast, revealed the appearance and evolution of lesions in a 32-year-old man with multiple sclerosis. Two areas were enhanced with contrast, with one showing a mild mass effect and rim of enhancement. Serial brain scintigraphy using technetium-99m glucoheptonate, following the computed tomography, showed the appearance and regression of corresponding regions of increased uptake. Computed tomography one day prior to brain scintigraphy failed to demonstrate a region of increased accumulation of radiotracer. One week later, however, evidence of a corresponding unenhanced defect was noted on computed tomography. Clinical correlation is given additionally. PMID- 6653021 TI - From "hot spots" to "superscan". PMID- 6653023 TI - Multiple imaging techniques demonstrate a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. PMID- 6653022 TI - Skull scintigraphy. Intracranial osteoma. PMID- 6653024 TI - Ga-67 chest imaging. Chronic granulomatous disease. PMID- 6653025 TI - New developments in equipment. AB - There has been a rapid improvement in ultrasound scanners suitable for obstetric scanning. Design changes have been made which make the equipment more portable, easier to handle and, by means of automation of functions such as TGC, simpler to use. The image quality has increased significantly in terms of better resolution, improved ability to see textural differences between organs, and in sensitivity. These functional changes have been brought about by major improvements in probe construction technology, and by signal processing techniques largely made possible by the use of digital circuitry. The developments in probe design have included the introduction of dynamic focusing to improve resolution and the incorporation of matching layers to improve sensitivity and reduce reverberation. In linear array probes the elements have been subdivided to reduce radial mode noise and grating lobe artefacts. Convex lenses to focus in the out-of-image plane direction are also used. A range of probes designed for special purposes such as duplex scanning, intracavity scanning and intraoperative scanning, have been developed. Needle guides are also available. Signal processing techniques have improved resolution and sensitivity still further. Digital techniques have made textural contrast variable and selectable after the scan has been completed. The use of microprocessors has made measurement from the image and the subsequent use of look up tables very versatile. The same technology will enable instrument upgrades to be a realistic possibility at a time when major developments are very frequent. High speed digitization is making tissue characterization possible. PMID- 6653026 TI - Biological effects and possible hazards. AB - Confirmed experimental mammalian biological effects have occurred at intensities above 100 mW/cm2. Reports (mostly with in vitro cell systems) of effects using diagnostic ultrasound have not been independently confirmed. In most cases the mechanisms of action by which reported biological effects have occurred are unknown. The occurrence of cavitation in tissues is not well documented. For these reasons it is difficult and inappropriate to make conclusions or determinations regarding the clinical safety of diagnostic ultrasound based on the current experimental data available. Epidemiological studies published in the scientific literature have indicated no effects of diagnostic ultrasound on fetus or mother. However, the experimental epidemiological data available are not sufficient to make final judgements regarding safety of diagnostic ultrasound. Its benefits are well known and documented. The approach to be taken in this situation is to use diagnostic ultrasound when medically indicated and to minimize exposure by minimizing time and intensity. There is little scientific literature support for the postulate that diagnostic ultrasound as currently used is hazardous. We believe that ultrasound is safe enough to use in any pregnant woman at any gestational age as often as the clinical indications are present, without need for informed consent (Hohler, 1982). However, since our experimental and epidemiological basis for risk assessment is far from complete, it is not wise to use diagnostic ultrasound indiscriminately. PMID- 6653027 TI - Ectopic pregnancy. AB - Ectopic pregnancy remains a significant contributor to maternal mortality and morbidity. Despite the obstetrician's awareness of the problems, ectopic pregnancy in many cases still remains a difficult diagnosis. Over the last 10 to 15 years diagnostic ultrasound has become an established means of supplying additional and occasionally diagnostic information on those patients suspected of having an ectopic pregnancy. In essence diagnostic ultrasound can provide information regarding the presence of an intra-uterine pregnancy, a finding which goes a long way to excluding an extra-uterine pregnancy, and can show that there is no gestation sac within the uterus, a finding which raises the level of suspicion of an ectopic pregnancy. In addition to these primary uses, diagnostic ultrasound can also provide information relating to the presence or absence of both an adnexal mass and free fluid in the pouch of Douglas. All of these features, however, are open to error and their appreciation leads to a more rational approach to the interpretation of the overall ultrasound findings. In using diagnostic ultrasound in at-risk patients, side-room urinary pregnancy tests, and if necessary the more sophisticated radioimmunoassays of beta-subunit hCG, should be used in conjunction. From the authors' own studies it was concluded that an empty uterus with an adnexal mass and/or the presence of free fluid in the pelvis, together with positive biochemistry, was able to give a very high level of diagnostic accuracy for ectopic pregnancy (95 per cent). However, an empty uterus alone in the absence of an adnexal mass or free fluid in the pelvis was not of itself a reliable guide to the presence of an ectopic pregnancy even in the presence of positive biochemistry. The finding of a living fetus outside the uterus was an uncommon event (6 per cent), but if present allows an absolute diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Finally a negative serum hCG assay virtually excludes the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy. A scheme involving the use of urine pregnancy testing, serum hCG assays and ultrasound has been proposed for the rational management of patients suspected of having an ectopic pregnancy and whose condition is stable. In all circumstances, however, it is stressed that should the patient's condition so warrant then surgical intervention is mandatory irrespective of the ancillary findings. PMID- 6653029 TI - Ultrasound examination of the placenta. PMID- 6653028 TI - The present place of routine ultrasound screening. AB - The value of routine ultrasound examinations is illustrated in Table 3. Ultrasound examination may of course be indicated in early pregnancy on clinical grounds. If it is not, we recommend that all patients should have measurement of the BPD between 16 to 18 weeks' gestation even if they have optimal menstrual histories. It is preferable to have a routine ultrasound service if a MSAFP programme is offered because, although it is possible to scan only patients with a raised MSAFP, prior knowledge of gestational age helps in the timing of the sample and prevents concern in patients with inaccurate dates. At 16 to 18 weeks' gestation multiple pregnancies can be diagnosed reliably and many structural abnormalities can be detected even when the routine examination is performed by non-medically trained personnel. A fundal placenta at 16 to 18 weeks' gestation excludes the possibility of placenta praevia. Seeing the fetus on the ultrasound screen and watching fetal movements strengthens parental feelings towards pregnancy. A repeat ultrasound examination in the third trimester to measure AC is superior to clinical means of detecting growth retardation. Placental localization at this gestation is accurate and has removed the need for the hazardous 'examination under anaesthetic'. If facilities are available we recommend that every patient has a repeat scan in the third trimester. If facilities are insufficient then we recommend that high risk patients have serial scans and that other patients have SFH measurement at each antenatal visit, and that only those that have a low SFH should have repeat ultrasound examinations. Until the day arrives when there is sufficiently trained personnel, adequate equipment and time to perform detailed examinations of all fetuses at 16 to 18 weeks' gestation, together with serial examination and measurement of all growth parameters, we feel the above schema makes the best use of available facilities. PMID- 6653030 TI - The prenatal diagnosis of fetal structural anomalies by ultrasound. PMID- 6653031 TI - Early detection of congenital heart disease in prenatal life. AB - The anatomy of the fetal heart can be well seen by real-time cross sectional ultrasonography between 16 weeks' gestation and term. Many major structural abnormalities can be excluded in early pregnancy even if only one section of the fetal heart is studied. We have accurately predicted structural cardiac malformation in nine cases in the mid-trimester of pregnancy. Five pregnancies were interrupted for extracardiac abnormalities. In two cases of severe cardiac abnormality termination of pregnancy was chosen by the parents. In the remaining pregnancies where an abnormality was predicted delivery took place in a centre equipped for immediate care of an affected infant. This gave the infant the optimum chance of survival. PMID- 6653032 TI - Ultrasound scanning of ovarian follicles. PMID- 6653033 TI - Screening for ovarian cancer. AB - This chapter has stressed the urgent need for a screening test for the early detection of ovarian cancer. Real-time, mechanical sector ultrasonography is non invasive, rapid, painless and has no harmful effects. It can be used to determine ovarian morphology and measure ovarian volume quickly in 99.4 per cent of post menopausal women. Used correctly, with a precise knowledge of the pelvic anatomy and with proper training in methodology, the risk of false positive diagnoses of ovarian enlargement is small. The incidence of ovarian abnormality diagnosed by ultrasound in this series was 3 per cent. The ovarian neoplasms included clear cell carcinoma, and serous and mucinous cystadenomas. However, ultrasound appearances of ovarian neoplasms bore little, if any, correlation with the histological diagnosis. Thus, we believe that real-time mechanical sector ultrasonography is reliable in the detection of ovarian neoplasms but the diagnosis can be made only by histological examination. The potential of this technique as a screening test for the early detection of ovarian cancer warrants further evaluation. PMID- 6653034 TI - Formal genetics of isoniazid metabolism in man. AB - Complex segregation analysis of the isoniazid inactivator phenotype has shown the existence of a recessive gene and a multifactorial background. The phenotype is also influenced by age, sex and weight. The relevance of these findings to the grouping of individuals into slow and rapid inactivators is stressed. PMID- 6653036 TI - Symposium on perinatal endocrinology. PMID- 6653035 TI - Phenytoin Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetics in Caucasian paediatric patients. AB - The Michaelis-Menten pharmacokinetic parameters Vmax and Km were calculated for 135 epileptic paediatric patients receiving phenytoin as their only anticonvulsant therapy. Mean Vmax and Km values were 13.95 mg/kg/day and 6.59 micrograms/ml for 0.5 to 3-year-old patients, 10.93 mg/kg/day and 6.82 micrograms/ml for the 4 to 6 year age group, 10.05 mg/kg/day and 6.51 micrograms/ml for the 7 to 9-year-olds, and 8.25 mg/kg/day and 5.69 micrograms/ml for the 10 to 16 year group. Using analysis of variance, the Vmax values were significantly different (p less than 0.01) but the Km values were not. Linear regression analysis of Vmax versus age revealed a significant decline in Vmax with age (r = -0.554; p less than 0.001). A plot of Km versus age showed a poor correlation (r = -0.170) and a large amount of variability. Based on this data, the youngest age group would require on average 62% more phenytoin/kg/day than the oldest age group in order to maintain a steady-state phenytoin concentration of 15 micrograms/ml. Because of these age-related pharmacokinetic differences, phenytoin dosages may require adjustment as paediatric patients become older. PMID- 6653038 TI - AIDS in Colorado: rumor and reality. PMID- 6653037 TI - Wherefore the auxiliary? PMID- 6653039 TI - Blood bankers set the AIDS record straight. PMID- 6653040 TI - Disability income insurance available from CMS. PMID- 6653041 TI - A new era of limits for medicine? PMID- 6653042 TI - Measurement of chest wall movement; design, performance and clinical use of a four-channel magnetometer instrument. AB - A four-channel magnetometer instrument is described. It has been developed to measure changes in diameters of the chest and abdomen during respiration. A linearisation correction allows for the magnetic field strength detected by the receiver being proportional to the inverse cube of the diameter being measured. Diameters and changes in diameter are measured to an accuracy of 4% (1 SD) over the working range (15-50 cm). The effects of non-ideal positioning and extraneous movements of the magnetometer coils, cross-channel interference and the influence of nearby metals are described. With minimal care in positioning the coils, these effects are negligible. The instrument has been in use for one year, assessing chest wall movement in patients with abnormal lung function. Recordings are presented illustrating typical normal and abnormal chest wall movements. PMID- 6653043 TI - A cotside microcomputer monitoring system for use in the neonatal intensive care unit. AB - A dedicated cotside microcomputer unit is described. It is designed to collect and to display graphically all continuously recorded variables from an infant in a neonatal intensive care unit. The data are collected from existing monitoring equipment and the graphical displays demonstrate both short and long term trends in data. In addition, the system allows data collected intermittently to be entered on a simple keyboard and to be displayed on plots that are time correlated with the on-line data displays. A permanent record of the monitoring interval may be generated and the facility for closed-loop control of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen is being developed for integration into the system. PMID- 6653044 TI - On the use of autoregressive time series in the modelling of Doppler signals for diagnostic purposes. AB - Doppler instruments are widely used in the diagnosis of vascular diseases: however, the physician generally makes the diagnosis from personal experience, and by subjective evaluation of some quantities related to blood flow (e.g., maximum or mean frequency envelope, or zero-crossing density). In order to obtain more objective criteria, methods based on either spectrum analysis, or on Laplace or other orthogonal transforms have been proposed. An alternative approach to the diagnosis of vascular alterations is proposed, which relies on the modelling of flow signals by means of autoregressive time series. The parameters of the autoregressive model have been used for the detection of alterations. The basis of the method is discussed and some preliminary results are reported. PMID- 6653046 TI - The frequency response of external transducer blood pressure measurement systems: a theoretical and experimental study. AB - An electrical transmission line model of the class of blood pressure measurement systems that consists of a needle, or cannula, a manometer line and a transducer, is described. Transducer compliance and manometer line compliance and hysteresis losses of systems have been determined experimentally, and viscous resistance and inertance components have been calculated. Correlations between observed and theoretical frequency responses, predicted using these parameters, have shown the theory to be adequate to at least 100 Hz. The model is a useful tool for predicting the best frequency response that may be expected of a particular measurement system. PMID- 6653045 TI - Dependence of the linear model for the nerve compound action potential on the single fibre action potential waveform. AB - The linear model of the nerve compound action potential (CAP) depends on the assumed waveform for the single fibre action potential (SFAP). A general method has been developed to investigate the influence of the unknown features of the SFAP on the estimation of nerve fibre conduction velocity (CV) distribution. A SFAP waveform is considered consistent with the model and the experimental data if recorded and reconstructed CAPS fit and the distribution is physically meaningful. Experimental CAPS were monopolarly recorded using surface electrodes over the median nerve at the wrist. To fit the model, SFAP waveforms must satisfy some internal relationship. The most important feature is that the ratio between positive and negative areas of the SFAP is almost one and does not vary in different subjects and recording sites. Many SFAP waveforms fit the model, and the relative conduction velocity distributions may be very different. These must be regarded as conventional distributions. As for inter-subject comparison, the dependence of the method on the recording site has been reduced by choosing the place where stimulus intensity and relative motor response amplitude have given values. In this recording environment CV distributions of normal subjects can be properly compared using the same SFAP and deviations from normality evidenced. PMID- 6653047 TI - Development of dynamic display for cerebral function analysis, and its use during open heart surgery. PMID- 6653048 TI - Cyclizine for metrizamide-induced postmyelogram nausea. PMID- 6653049 TI - Prolonged hypoglycemia during pentamidine therapy. PMID- 6653050 TI - Inadequacy of recommended tobramycin dosages. PMID- 6653051 TI - Furosemide-associated ototoxicity. PMID- 6653052 TI - Additive toxicity in patients receiving vancomycin and aminoglycosides. PMID- 6653053 TI - Apparent nonlinear kinetics of secondary-amine tricyclic antidepressants. PMID- 6653054 TI - Cross-sensitivity between sulfonamides and furosemide. PMID- 6653055 TI - Follow-up on bromocriptine-induced psychosis. PMID- 6653056 TI - Proper inhaler technique. PMID- 6653058 TI - Monitoring cyclosporine therapy. PMID- 6653057 TI - Effect of low-dose cimetidine on theophylline metabolism. AB - The effect of low doses of cimetidine on theophylline clearance and metabolism was studied. In a randomized, crossover study, 10 healthy men received oxtriphylline alone or with cimetidine. Oxtriphylline 200 mg (equivalent to theophylline 135 mg) was given orally every eight hours for 10 doses. Cimetidine 300 mg was given orally at bedtime for four days, beginning the same day as oxtriphylline treatment. At least 10 days separated study periods. In each study period, blood samples for plasma theophylline determinations were drawn 24 hours before the last dose of oxtriphylline, at the time of the last dose, and periodically up to 32 hours after the last dose. A 24-hour urine collection for quantification of theophylline and metabolite excretion was started at the time of the last oxtriphylline dose. Plasma theophylline clearance decreased significantly by a mean of 12.2% during cimetidine treatment. Area under the curve showed a significant mean increase of 17.4%. Increases in clearance and area under the curve values occurred in 9 of 10 subjects. In 6 of 10 subjects who had increases in theophylline trough concentrations, the mean increase was 28.2%; when all 10 subjects were considered, however, the mean increase was 10.3%, which was not significant. No significant differences in the urinary recoveries of theophylline or its metabolites were noted between study periods. Because of the decreases in theophylline clearance produced by low doses of cimetidine in this study, clinicians should monitor for potential theophylline toxicity in patients who receive these drugs concomitantly. PMID- 6653059 TI - Neutropenia associated with beta-lactam antibiotics. AB - Two patients who developed neutropenia while receiving beta-lactam antibiotics are presented, and the literature on beta-lactam-induced neutropenia is reviewed. A 55-year-old white woman was admitted to the hospital with a white blood cell (WBC) count of 8700/cu mm (68% neutrophils, 12% neutrophil bands, 0% eosinophils, 14% lymphocytes, 5% monocytes). Moxalactam 2 g i.v. (as the disodium salt) every eight hours was started on hospital day 15 after a postoperative fever failed to respond to a regimen of intravenous tobramycin and clindamycin. The patient again had surgery on hospital day 27, and the moxalactam regimen was continued postoperatively. Approximately one week later the patient's WBC count had dropped to 1900/cu mm (8% neutrophils, 14% neutrophil bands, 6% eosinophils, 54% lymphocytes, 16% monocytes); moxalactam was discontinued, and the WBC count gradually increased after substitution of tobramycin and clindamycin for moxalactam. The second patient was a 75-year-old white man who was being treated with intravenous tobramycin and cefoxitin for a hospital-acquired pneumonia. Ticarcillin 3 g i.v. (as the disodium salt) every four hours was added to this regimen on hospital day 23 after sputum cultures revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa; four days previously, the WBC count had been 25,100/cu mm (64% neutrophils, 31% neutrophil bands, 1% eosinophils, 3% lymphocytes, 0% monocytes). The WBC count on hospital day 36 was 11,900/cu mm (39% neutrophils, 33% neutrophil bands, 11% eosinophils, 10% lymphocytes, 6% monocytes). Two days later it had dropped to 3700/cu mm (2% neutrophils, 0% neutrophil bands, 53% eosinophils, 24% lymphocytes, 16% monocytes), and ticarcillin was discontinued. The WBC count gradually increased and returned to normal within three days after discontinuing ticarcillin. Neutropenia associated with the administration of beta-lactam antibiotics appears to result from an immunologic reaction characterized by rapid destruction of peripheral neutrophils. Among penicillin analogs, penicillinase resistant penicillins are involved most frequently, especially in pediatric patients receiving dosages of 150 mg/kg/day or greater. Two case reports have implicated ticarcillin as a cause of neutropenia; moxalactam has not been associated with this adverse effect in previous literature reports. Discontinuation of the suspected agent and initiation of an alternative antibiotic regimen is recommended as initial treatment of this condition since recovery usually occurs within days after discontinuing the offending drug. PMID- 6653060 TI - Hyperuricemia, renal failure, and elevated creatine phosphokinase after amoxapine overdose. PMID- 6653062 TI - A study of the routine use of the Imugard IG500 Leukocyte Removal Filter illustrating a possible cause of transfusion reactions and a method of prevention. AB - The results of the use of the Imugard IG500 Leukocyte Removal Filter in the transfusion of 100 patients requiring leucocyte poor blood are presented. The patients were suffering from a variety of disorders. Many of them had previously received leucocyte poor blood prepared by other methods. Five patients developed non-haemolytic transfusion reactions. Subsequent investigations suggested that these were reactions to the plasma proteins present in the leucocyte poor blood prepared by filtration. A simple method of removal of these plasma proteins combined with filtration is described. The resultant product has been transfused, without incident, into the patients who previously reacted. PMID- 6653061 TI - A pyruvate kinase variant with an increased affinity for phosphoenolpyruvate in an individual with congenital non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. AB - A red-cell pyruvate kinase (PK) variant from an individual with congenital non spherocytic haemolytic anaemia was characterized according to the procedure recommended by the International Committee for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH 1979). Activity of the mutant enzyme in haemolysates was one fifth of that found in normal control subjects. The electrophoretic mobility and thermostability of the mutant enzyme were lower than those of the normal enzyme and its apparent affinity for phosphoenolpyruvate was higher. PMID- 6653063 TI - A further example of the low frequency antigen Pta. AB - The third Pt(a+) family is described and it has been shown that the red cell antigen is denatured when treated with proteolytic enzymes, but unaffected by neuraminidase and 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide treatment. PMID- 6653065 TI - The therapeutic quality control of anticoagulant clinics. PMID- 6653064 TI - Polycythaemia and haemoglobin Lepore Boston. An uncommon association. PMID- 6653066 TI - Hepatitis B surveillance. PMID- 6653067 TI - Granulocyte colony formation and a short term isotopic assay of myeloid precursors in Felty's syndrome. PMID- 6653069 TI - [Elevated water hardness and reduced mortality in cardiovascular disease: history and progress of epidemiologic studies]. PMID- 6653068 TI - [The bacterial agents responsible for urinary tract infections. II: Study of variations in time of the sensitivity of the bacterial agents to various types of chemoantibiotics]. PMID- 6653070 TI - [Use of biperiden in delayed-release form in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian syndromes of various etiologies. Clinical experiments]. PMID- 6653071 TI - [So-called "essential" headache. Etiopathogenic aspects and therapeutic criteria]. PMID- 6653072 TI - [Environmental mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in the primary prevention of occupational oncogenesis]. PMID- 6653073 TI - Symposium on tissue immunopathology. PMID- 6653074 TI - The radiographic assessment of arthritis: the plain film. PMID- 6653075 TI - Difficulties in the radiographic diagnosis of sacroiliitis. PMID- 6653076 TI - The differential diagnosis of hip pain using radionuclide imaging. PMID- 6653077 TI - Computed tomography in sacroiliitis. PMID- 6653078 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: potential musculoskeletal applications. PMID- 6653079 TI - Traditional assessments of articular diseases. PMID- 6653080 TI - Helping some state hospital mental patients make small but necessary changes: transference openings from countertransference traps. AB - Severely, chronically mentally ill, poor prognosis, long-term patients in state mental hospitals do succeed in moving out of hospitals into community residences. They succeed by virtue of small but critical behavior changes. For some, these changes in behavior follow a treatment strategy that recognizes and corrects treatment impasses that have developed and been maintained by fixed countertransference positions on the part of hospital staff. In the two case examples presented, the historical information necessary to unravel the transference paradigm was part of routine hospital records, corrective action did not entail any major staff interventions, improved behavior led directly to movement out of the hospital, and community adjustment was successful. Improved mental and behavioral functioning was sustained at a year and a half follow-up. PMID- 6653081 TI - Strategies for reducing missed initial appointments in a community mental health center. AB - The present study attempted to reduce the missed initial appointment rate of an urban CMHC through the use of several intervention strategies. Individuals who called for an intake appointment were randomly assigned to either a control group or one of the following treatment conditions: orientation statement at the time the appointment was made, orientation statement plus phone prompt, or phone prompt only. The orientation statement only group had significantly fewer missed initial appointments than the control group (28% vs. 56%). A client reachability factor also played a role in predicting missed initial appointments. PMID- 6653082 TI - Starting prevention work. AB - This article provides basic, practical guidelines for starting prevention work; it draws upon ten years' experience of professional staff members at a community mental health center. Difficulties that stand in the way of prevention are first discussed. The difficulties include professional habits, defenses, and taboos, as well as lack of theory, training, and institutional support. The main body of the article provides examples of effective and ineffective ways of starting prevention, that is, promoting mental health in the community. Recommendations are made for using a normal developmental life-crisis framework, and starting small action models that can later be generalized to diverse settings and have potential for long-lasting effects in the community. PMID- 6653083 TI - Comparison of mental health services in rural and urban Washington. AB - Rural mental health has been an area of increased study in recent years because of unique problems in service of rural areas and underrepresentation of professionals in rural areas. This study collected information from mental health centers in the state of Washington via the state management information system. Rural/urban differences were examined. Results showed that (1) rural therapist were more likely to be generalists than urban therapists, (2) psychologists performed more of the direct service work in rural centers than they did in urban centers, (3) rural centers spent less time in direct activities, and more time in support activities, but did not differ from urban centers in indirect activities, and (4) rural and urban centers did not spend different percentages of time in specific direct, indirect, and support activities with the exception of day treatment where urban centers put more of their time than rural centers. PMID- 6653085 TI - Measurements of the behavioral effects of albino mutation in mice (Mus musculus): comparisons of coisogenic inbred and hybrid lines. AB - The effects of the albino gene on mouse behavior were examined, in particular its possible interactions with nonallelic genes (epistasis). More generally, the possible effects of genetic background (inbreeding depression or hybrid vigor) on the effects of the mutation were also considered. Tasks requiring either predominantly motor or predominantly cognitive capacity were studied for coisogenic albino and pigmented mice from either an inbred strain (C57BL/6 c/c vs. C57BL/6 +/c) or an F1 heterozygous generation (F1 c/c vs. F1 +/c) from a BALB/c X C57BL/6 +/c cross. The results showed a clear albino gene effect in the two lines and provide further evidence that the gene is the effective factor. On the other hand, there was no significant interaction between the mutation and the genotypic group (C57BL/6 or F1), which indicates that the effects of the mutation act approximately in an additive fashion between loci in these groups. PMID- 6653084 TI - Overview of the Community Mental Health Centers Program from an evaluation perspective. AB - The 18-year Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) Program of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was a complex and ambitious social experiment. This review identifies nine of the major goals of the program and examines available evaluative information on how well each was achieved. The most significant achievements of the program include increasing the quantity and range of public mental health services. Equality of access to services was also improved but all inequities were not removed. Problems continue to exist in funding services on the basis of need, in providing services to chronic clients, and in coordinating services. Prevention efforts suffered from uncertainties and perhaps overly optimistic expectations. The achievements of the program are currently threatened by third-party reimbursement mechanisms, the loss of federal leadership and oversight, and the loss of a community orientation in public mental health services. A great deal can be learned from the achievements and the shortfalls of the CMHC program that may be useful in state and federal mental health planning. PMID- 6653086 TI - Computation of respiratory impedance from forced sinusoidal oscillations during breathing. AB - Computation of impedances from forced oscillation data during breathing can yield results which reflect not only changes in respiratory mechanics, but artifacts related to the signal analysis. A method has been developed, employing sinusoidal forcing, to determine intra-breath variations of respiratory impedance. The measured pressure and flow waveforms are each the sum of a slowly varying constituent associated with breathing, and a high-frequency oscillatory constituent, whose amplitude and phase vary with time. The signal constituents were separated with a moving-average filter. Characteristic amplitudes and phases of the oscillatory constituents over a short time interval (window) were determined by correlating the constituents with sine waves of the same frequency. Continuous estimates of the time-varying impedance were obtained by moving the window over the data. Two procedures were developed to examine the accuracy of impedances computed with this technique: (1) the analysis of fixed-amplitude sinusoids superimposed on a breathing pattern; and (2) the analysis of a known, time-varying impedance. The effects of forcing frequency, window size, breathing frequency, and the position within the respiratory cycle on the computed impedances were examined. For quiet breathing, the technique can yield impedances which are accurate to within 5% in magnitude, and 5 degrees in phase angle at all instants within the breath. An efficient algorithm was developed for implementing the technique on a computer. PMID- 6653087 TI - Application of an automatic electronic image analyzer to the measurement of myocardial extracellular space. AB - The volume of the rat myocardial extracellular compartment was determined by electronic image analysis (Zeiss Micro-Videomat) and compared with values obtained by point-counting on the same histological micrographs. The data suggest that the results obtained by the two methods may be expected to be approximately within 10% of each other. The subjective component of the morphometry was not entirely eliminated due to some heterogeneity in the staining of the histological sections. Until the deficiencies in staining homogeneity are eliminated, the main advantage of the image analysis compared to point-counting will be limited to a greater labor efficiency. PMID- 6653088 TI - Optimal frequency locations for estimating model parameters in studies on respiratory control. AB - Sinusoidal work rate inputs yield a dynamic ventilatory response which can be fitted to a mathematical model. The model structure leads to inferences about the underlying physiology of the respiratory control mechanism. A particular problem of interest in model parameter estimation concerns the location of the test frequencies. The effects of estimating the parameters of a relatively complex model developed by Fujihara et al. using arbitrary frequency locations from a study by Casaburi et al. versus using the frequencies derived from an optimization method presented in a recent paper by Engeman et al. were examined. The Fujihara model is indicated to be much more likely to be justified when optimal sinusoids are used to generate the data than when Casaburi's arbitrary frequencies are used. The implications are that more descriptive models of respiratory control may be developed with the aid of optimal frequency design for the input sinusoids. PMID- 6653089 TI - The effect of assuming independence in applying Bayes' theorem to risk estimation and classification in diagnosis. AB - The effect of assuming independence in the use of Bayes' Theorem for classification and estimation of risk is examined. Analytic results are provided for two specific multivariate normal models and for a model involving binary variables. Monte Carlo results are presented for the former. In these specific cases and an example from medical research, the (false) independence assumption results in classification error rates comparable or better than rates obtained by using the correct model. For a number of covariance structures selected, the a posteriori distribution becomes more U-shaped as the number of variables increases, thus biasing the estimate of risk toward zero or one. PMID- 6653090 TI - A third order iterative procedure for computing exact confidence limits for Poisson expectation values. AB - The calculation of exact confidence limits for the expectation value of a Poisson distribution when a single observation of K events is given by means of a second order iterative algorithm was recently presented. Here it is shown that the structure of the equations to be solved admits the use of a third order algorithm, thereby significantly reducing computation time, especially for pocket calculators, with practically no additional computational effort. PMID- 6653091 TI - Prescription habits for psychotropic drugs at a university psychiatric outpatient clinic. PMID- 6653092 TI - Anxiety disorder: neurotic behavior in research subjects. PMID- 6653093 TI - Impairment of the gag reflex in schizophrenic inpatients. PMID- 6653094 TI - The measurement of social support: the Social Support Network Inventory. PMID- 6653095 TI - The influence of precombat personality on posttraumatic stress disorder. PMID- 6653096 TI - The relationship of the Maudsley Personality Inventory to depression in addicts. PMID- 6653097 TI - Mood changes in stroke patients: relationship to lesion location. PMID- 6653098 TI - Developmental histories of borderline patients. PMID- 6653099 TI - Depression spectrum disease or character spectrum disorder? A clinical study of major depressives with familial alcoholism or sociopathy. PMID- 6653100 TI - The effect of the guinea pig maximization protocol on the irritant response to deodorized kerosene - the excited skin syndrome. AB - Deodorized kerosene in a concentration of 50 g/100 g in pet. did not cause cutaneous inflammation in 10 control guinea pigs. The proportion of 19 guinea pigs exhibiting inflammation following exposure to deodorized kerosene in the guinea pig maximization test increased, but the increase was not significant. The response in a group of 40 animals, half exposed to tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate and half to nonylphenol polyethoxylate-6, increased (z = 3.505, p = 0,004). The inflammatory response was related to concentration in both groups of animals which exhibited inflammatory responses to deodorized kerosene. The relevance of this alteration and irritant response to the interpretation of predictive tests in animals for sensitization, routine patch testing and repeated insult contact dermatitis is discussed. PMID- 6653101 TI - Oral promethazine hydrochloride in ethylenediamine-sensitive patients. AB - A study of 12 patients with allergic contact sensitivity to ethylenediamine has shown that exposure to the oral antihistamine promethazine hydrochloride (Phenergan) did not result in an exacerbation or recrudescence of eczema. This would suggest that promethazine may be safely administered to ethylenediamine sensitive patients contrary to advice given in some of the dermatological literature. PMID- 6653102 TI - Contact dermatitis due to honeybee royal jelly. AB - A woman who had ingested honeybee royal jelly as a nutrient, showed an exacerbation of dermatitis when it was applied to her feet. A topical fungicide also aggravated her skin lesions. Patch testing showed positive reactions to the royal jelly, pyrrolnitrin in the fungicide and urushiol. Positive reactions to the royal jelly were found in 2 out of 10 controls, 1 of whom was sensitive to propolis. PMID- 6653103 TI - The current status of the weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis. AB - The dissemination of allergenic plants as horticultural introductions, or in the case of the weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. apparently by chance, can have undesirable results. This species of the Compositae family, native to the Caribbean region, has spread widely in India, causing allergic contact dermatitis from its content of sesquiterpene lactones, and has recently appeared in Australia. The clinical features consist of dermatitis of the exposed skin surfaces from direct contact with the weed, but resembling photodermatitis. In fact, contact dermatitis from the plant can coexist with light sensitivity. The plant does not show phototoxic activity but may contain an unidentified photoallergen. Since plant hairs and the pollen contain sesquiterpene lactones, they can probably cause airborne contact dermatitis. Attempts to control spread of the plant have so far not been successful. PMID- 6653104 TI - Allergic contact dermatitis to topical corticosteroids: clobetasol propionate and clobetasone butyrate. AB - 2 case reports are given of patients with positive patch test reactions to clobetasol propionate. One of the patients also reacted to clobetasone butyrate. 30 other steroids that were chemically very closely related to these two 21 chloro-9-alpha-fluoro-corticosteroids, were patch test negative. The literature on contact dermatitis reactions to corticosteroids is reviewed. PMID- 6653105 TI - Experimental sensitization of guinea pigs by drugs. Comparison of the maximization test with the wholly intradermal test. AB - The capacity of tegobetain, pyrrolnitrin, tolcyclate and chlorquinaldol to induce delayed-type contact sensitization was studied in guinea pigs in 2 series of tests using the method of Magnusson & Kligman and the authors' modification of the wholly intradermal Draize technique. Histological examination of skin biopsies obtained from the test area demonstrated that tegobetain, pyrrolnitrin and tolcyclate are potential sensitizers. PMID- 6653106 TI - Lack of cross-reaction between DNCB and chloramphenicol. AB - Although one study has reported a cross-reactivity between DNCB and chloramphenicol in 40% of patients, other investigators have been unable to confirm the existence of any cross reaction. The purpose of this study is to determine whether sensitization of patients to DNCB poses a risk of cross reaction to chloramphenicol. In the present study, 100 consecutive patients who were sensitized to DNCB failed to show a single reaction to patch testing with chloramphenicol in a 1% ointment. The discrepancy between these results may be explained by a possible misinterpretation of a primary irritant reaction as an allergic contact reaction in the original report. PMID- 6653107 TI - Contact dermatitis to Synthaderm. AB - Allergic contact dermatitis is described in 2 patients treated with Synthaderm, a polyurethane covering for leg ulcers. One of the patients was patch tested with 3 extractions made from Synthaderm as well as with 5 isocyanate compounds. Her patch tests were negative to both extractions and isocyanates, but positive to Synthaderm samples with different batch numbers and years of production. PMID- 6653108 TI - Short-term anaphylactic antibodies in contact urticaria and generalized anaphylaxis to apple. PMID- 6653109 TI - Contact allergy to different antihaemorrhoidal anaesthetics. PMID- 6653110 TI - Contact dermatitis due to lignocaine. PMID- 6653111 TI - Allergy to MBT and its derivatives. PMID- 6653112 TI - Sensitization to epoxy resin from an ileostomy bag. PMID- 6653113 TI - Persistant oedema in allergic contact dermatitis. PMID- 6653114 TI - Contact dermatitis from propolis. PMID- 6653116 TI - Review of contact dermatitis in Jordan. PMID- 6653115 TI - Lichenoid dermatitis caused by nickel salts? PMID- 6653117 TI - Lipstick dermatitis caused by ricinoleic acid. PMID- 6653118 TI - HLA-A, -B, -C and -DR antigens and positive patch test reactions. PMID- 6653119 TI - Contact allergy to xeroform in leg ulcer patients. PMID- 6653120 TI - Disparate skin allergenicity of 2 quinoline dyes. PMID- 6653121 TI - Allergy to rice. PMID- 6653122 TI - Photocontact dermatitis from oak moss. PMID- 6653123 TI - Contamination of Fucidin ointment with formaldehyde. PMID- 6653124 TI - Traces of epoxy resin in acrylic dental filling materials. PMID- 6653125 TI - The prognosis of ischaemic heart disease. Significance of the sub-maximum ECG exercise test and coronary angiography. AB - The authors evaluate the long-term fate of 1,254 conservatively treated patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease (IHD), in dependence on the results of submaximal ECG exercise test and coronary angiography. Survival rate was closely related to the heart rate achieved during exercise, the duration of exercise, presence or absence of subjective or ECG signs of coronary insufficiency during exercise, and on the degree of impairment of coronary circulation. Comparison of invasively and non-invasively obtained data confirms that submaximal ECG exercise test can contribute to a more accurate assessment of prognosis in patients with double- or triple-vessel coronary heart disease. PMID- 6653126 TI - Prevalence of ischaemic heart disease risk factors in male population aged 45-54 years in Warsaw and Bratislava. Part III: Smoking and overweight. AB - The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of such ischaemic heart disease (IHD) risk factors as cigarette smoking and overweight, and the degree of IHD risk in the Polish and Slovak populations. The investigated population consisted of men aged 45-54 years; 2944 of them were from industrial plants in Warsaw, with response rate of 88.4%, and 698 from plants in Bratislava (response rate: 64.5%). 60.4% of the Warsaw group were cigarette smokers, with average daily consumption of 12.7 cigarettes; the respective values in the Bratislava group were lower (46.4%; 9.2 cigarettes). The mean body weight and the prevalence of overweight were higher in Bratislava (79.6 kg; 25.6%) than in Warsaw (77.9 kg; 20.8%). The IHD risk evaluated according to the multilogistic function was higher in Bratislava. It is concluded that the difference in the IHD death rate found in these cities could to a high extent be explained by the difference in the prevalence of risk factors. PMID- 6653127 TI - Long-term prognosis in juvenile hypertension--a 20 and 28-year experience. AB - In 1952-1954, 96 out 256 students aged 14-29 years and registered for juvenile hypertension, had systolic BP of 170/100 mmHg or higher. Of this original group, 73% and 74% could be reexamined after 20 and 28 years, resp. After 20 years, a spontaneous regression of hypertension (HPT) without any therapy occurred in 35.5%. In the remaining patients HPT or borderline HPT was still present, but only 17.1% showed evidence of progression, i.e. development of new organic changes. The examination performed after 28 years showed the same distribution of BP as 8 years ago, and no significant progression of HPT. The prognosis of juvenile HPT was significantly related to the initial values of BP and body mass recorded in 1952-1954, to the family history of hypertension and to familial life expectancy. Juvenile HPT has not a poor prognosis and need not continue into middle or higher age. PMID- 6653129 TI - Echocardiography during attack of angina pectoris. AB - Two patients with angina pectoris were echocardiographically examined during an attack of angina pain. In both patients, segmental asynergy of the left ventricle was present during chest pain. The echocardiographic finding before the attack and after its regression was normal. It appears that angina pectoris and an echocardiographically detectable asynergy of the left ventricle are two processes taking place almost simultaneously, their common cause being myocardial ischaemia. Wall motion abnormalities which develop during an attack of angina pectoris are fully reversible. These findings also indirectly support the assumption that two-dimensional echocardiography can practically immediately after the onset of chest pain in myocardial infarction prove asynergy of the left ventricle. PMID- 6653128 TI - The use of systolic time intervals in the evaluation of antihypertensive treatment with metoprolol, labetalol and prazosin. AB - 26 patients with moderate hypertension and no signs of heart failure were treated with metoprolol, labetalol or prazosin. Systolic time intervals (STI) were measured before and after several months of treatment. During treatment with metoprolol, a decrease in the preejection period index (PEPI), and preejection period/left ventricular ejection time ratio (PEP/LVET), was found. During treatment with labetalol or prazosin, a minor decrease in PEPI was observed, so that a significant decrease in PEP/LVET was not obtained. A decrease in PEPI and PEP/LVET may be due to improved cardiac performance, but in the given type of patients it is more dependent on the reduction in afterload. The STI measurement is less sensitive in discerning different mechanisms involved in lowering the blood pressure and cannot therefore be used for selecting the optimal antihypertensive drug. PMID- 6653130 TI - Changes in coronary blood flow produced by the coronary artery occlusion. AB - The influence of the occlusion of one coronary artery on coronary blood flow in an intact myocardium was investigated in narcotised dogs with open chest by using the crossed circulation method. Interruption of blood inflow to one of the branches of the left coronary artery under autoperfusion of the coronary bed led to a drop in the blood flow rate in the intact branch of the same artery, which was caused by decreased perfusion pressure. Stabilization of coronary perfusion pressure made it possible to detect the dilatatory reaction of the intact coronary bed to the occlusion of one of the coronary arteries. On the basis of an analysis of the dilatatory reaction, conclusions are drawn about the reflex nature of the observed phenomenon. The results of experiments with selective pharmacological blockade of both parts of the autonomous nervous system suggest that the afferent and efferent pathways run in the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 6653132 TI - A placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study comparing 0.5 mg, 1 mg and 2 mg flunitrazepam in out-patients. AB - A placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study was carried out in 18 patients, aged under 65 years, with sleep disturbance to compare the hypnotic effects of 0.5 mg, 1 mg and 2 mg flunitrazepam and placebo. Patients received each treatment in random order for 7 days. Assessments by both doctor and patients were made on entry and at the end of each treatment period. The results showed that the 1 mg flunitrazepam dose was optimal with respect to speed of action, duration of action, quality of sleep and lack of residual clinical sequelae. PMID- 6653131 TI - Effect of a combination of orphenadrine/paracetamol tablets ('Norgesic') on myalgia: a double-blind comparison with placebo in general practice. AB - The clinical efficacy and tolerability of a combination preparation ('Norgesic') of 35 mg orphenadrine plus 450 mg paracetamol was compared with that of placebo in a controlled double-blind, parallel group, 7-day study comprising 44 patients suffering from pain due to tension of the cervical and upper thoracic musculature. The patients were allocated at random into two homogeneous groups, stratified by sex and initial pain intensity. One group received the combination, the other placebo. The dosage used was 1 tablet 3-times daily. The effect of treatment of pain was assessed daily using a visual analogue scale. Despite the low dosage used, orphenadrine/paracetamol produced statistically significant pain relief from initial levels by and from the second day of the study. Comparison between the groups showed that the analgesic efficacy of the combination was significantly superior to that of placebo from the third day of treatment. These results confirm the efficacy of a combination of orphenadrine/paracetamol in patients suffering from myalgia nuchae. PMID- 6653133 TI - Paracetamol plus metoclopramide ('Paramax') as an adjunct analgesic in the treatment of arthritis. AB - In a 12-week crossover study, a formulation of paracetamol (500 mg) and metoclopramide (5 mg) was compared with paracetamol (500 mg) alone for adjunct analgesia in 39 patients with arthritis. Most were on stabilized therapy with anti-inflammatory drugs and all had a history of a tendency to develop gastro intestinal symptoms. Patients were allocated at random to receive 2 tablets 3 times daily of either treatment for 6 weeks and were then crossed over to the alternative treatment at the same dosage for a further 6 weeks. The results showed that the paracetamol/metoclopramide formulation appeared more effective as an analgesic than paracetamol alone and gave a highly significant reduction in the mean score for upper gastro-intestinal symptoms when compared with paracetamol. There were no side-effects associated with the metoclopramide component. It is concluded that the paracetamol/metoclopramide formulation is a suitable adjunct analgesic for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in those patients prone to gastro-intestinal disturbance. PMID- 6653134 TI - Comparison of efficacy of a single daily dose of 400 mg acebutolol and 100 mg atenolol in the treatment of arterial hypertension. AB - A double-blind, crossover comparison of once-daily acebutolol (400 mg) and once daily atenolol (100 mg) was carried out in 33 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. After 8-weeks' treatment with acebutolol, the reduction (12%) in mean arterial pressure was, on average, slightly greater than that on atenolol (11%), but the difference was not significant. The mean 22-hour serum concentration of acebutolol plus its acetyl metabolite was 24% of the peak level, whereas that of atenolol was 12%. Routine laboratory monitoring showed no important changes. Acebutolol gave a statistically significant lesser reduction in pulse rate than atenolol, and a lesser incidence, approaching statistical significance (p less than 0.1), of side-effects. PMID- 6653135 TI - Comparative in vitro activity of ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin and mezlocillin. AB - The in vitro activity of ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin and mezlocillin was determined against 403 clinical isolates. At MIC50, piperacillin was 2 to 8 times more active than the other three compounds against Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter and Salmonella species. Against Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Haemophilus, Bacteroides spp. and non-beta-lactamase producing Staphylococcus aureus the activity of piperacillin was similar to one or more of the most effective agents. However, azlocillin and mezlocillin were more active than piperacillin against enterococci. Ticarcillin was the least active in vitro. Despite these significant differences at MIC50 amongst the four compounds, they became much less discernible at MIC90, obviously due to beta lactamase producing strains under study. The spectrum of activity of piperacillin encompasses those of azlocillin and mezlociLlin together except for Gram-positive organisms. PMID- 6653136 TI - Plasma levels of disopyramide after administration of conventional capsules and sustained-release tablets. AB - A study was carried out in 33 patients with myocardial infarction and complicating arrhythmias to compare plasma levels of disopyramide attained after administration of conventional capsules or sustained-release tablets. On Day 1, 29 patients started treatment wtih 600 mg disopyramide in 3 divided doses of conventional capsules. In 18, disopyramide plasma concentrations of 3 mg/l or more were achieved within 300 minutes after the first dose. On the second day, patients were allocated at random to receive treatment double-blind for 11 days with 500 mg disopyramide daily given either as conventional capsules (17 patients) or as sustained-release tablets (16 patients). Plasma concentrations were measured just before and 3 hours after the morning dose. Mean maximum and minimum concentrations in the conventional capsule group were 4.4 mg/l and 2.8 mg/l, respectively, compared to 4.3 mg/l and 3.0 mg/l, respectively, in the sustained-release tablet group. For the next 30 days all patients continued treatment with sustained-release tablets. Mean disopyramide plasma concentration measured 15 to 18 hours after the last dose was 2.8 mg/l. Myocardial function was estimated during and 1 week after discontinuing disopyramide treatment. The mean fractional fibre shortening (echocardiography) during treatment was 23% less than that 1 week after discontinuation. The mean PEP/LVET (systolic time interval recording) was 7% higher during treatment compared with 1 week after discontinuation. In 4 cases, mean ejection fraction, measured by scintigraphic methods, during treatment was 10% less than 1 week after discontinuation. Anti arrhythmic effect was investigated by continuous monitoring in the first 12 days and by Holter monitoring during the 30-day ambulant period and 1 week after discontinuing disopyramide. A significant reappearance of warning arrhythmias could be detected after discontinuing disopyramide sustained-release tablets. No anti-arrhythmic effect was detected in 4 patients. Six patients had to be withdrawn because of side-effects. It is concluded that disopyramide sustained release tablets 500 mg per day in 2 divided doses gives therapeutic plasma concentrations of 3 mg/l comparable with conventional capsules. A myocardial depressive effect is noted of about 10%. PMID- 6653137 TI - Randomized single-blind trial in general practice comparing the efficacy and palatability of two cough linctus preparations, 'Pholcolix' and 'Actifed' Compound, in children with acute cough. AB - Two hundred and seventeen patients between 6 and 12 years of age suffering from acute cough took part in a randomized, single-blind study comparing 'Pholcolix' and 'Actifed' Compound. No significant difference in efficacy was demonstrated but analysis of palatability components (taste, smell, aftertaste and feeling in the mouth) showed numerical superiority for 'Pholcolix' for all parameters, with a high degree of significance for overall taste. 'Pholcolix' caused significantly fewer side-effects, with 'Actifed' Compound causing markedly more drowsiness after daytime dosage. PMID- 6653139 TI - Diabetes and immunology: pathogenesis and immunotherapy. PMID- 6653138 TI - Investigation of possible interaction between pinaverium bromide and digoxin. AB - A single-blind study was carried out in 25 patients, who were receiving maintenance therapy for congestive heart failure with digoxin, to investigate the effect on steady-state plasma digoxin levels of concomitant administration of the spasmolytic, pinaverium bromide (50 mg 3-times daily). Patients received pinaverium bromide for 12 days followed by placebo for a further 7 days. Assessment of the results in 21 patients showed no evidence of any statistically significant variations in plasma digoxin levels during either treatment period or in the clinical observations which might indicate drug interaction. PMID- 6653140 TI - The cells of the alveolar unit. PMID- 6653141 TI - Cellular components of the alveolar unit. PMID- 6653142 TI - Collagen metabolism in the normal lung. PMID- 6653143 TI - Active cellular control of alveolar compliance. PMID- 6653144 TI - Contractile proteins of the lung. PMID- 6653145 TI - The pulmonary interstitium in pathological states. PMID- 6653146 TI - Microbicidal mechanisms of macrophages. PMID- 6653147 TI - Alveolar macrophages and lung connective tissue. PMID- 6653148 TI - Alveolar macrophages versus toxic gases. A controlled in vitro approach. PMID- 6653149 TI - Effect of Ambroxol on pneumocyte type II cell. A morphological and biochemical study. PMID- 6653150 TI - Type II pneumocyte injury in human respiratory diseases. PMID- 6653151 TI - Alveolar capillary endothelium, functional morphology. PMID- 6653152 TI - Biochemical response of endothelial cells to hyperoxia. PMID- 6653154 TI - Normal and abnormal epidermal differentiation. Proceedings of the Japan-U.S. Seminar, Tokyo, May 29 and 30, 1982. PMID- 6653153 TI - Endothelial cells and circulating neutrophil leukocytes. PMID- 6653155 TI - A sensitive assay for the enzyme activity in hair follicles and epidermis that catalyses the peptidyl-arginine-citrulline post-translational modification. AB - In 1977, Rogers, Harding, and Llewellyn-Smith described an enzymic activity in hair follicles which has the property of converting arginine to citrulline in situ in proteins. The protein precursor substrate in the hair follicle was identified as trichohyalin in the inner root sheath and medulla. Epidermal activity of the same kind has been described, although the natural protein substrates have not been identified. Attempts to enrich the enzyme are made difficult by the colorimetric enzyme assay which was originally devised by Rogers and Taylor but which lacks sensitivity and reproducibility. With protein substrates the formation of a citrulline product was not reliably detected below 25 nmoles. Using radioactively-labelled synthetic substrates such as N-benzoyl-L [guanido-14C] arginine (Bz-14C-arg), the formation of only 1 nmole N-benzoyl-L [ureido14C] citrulline (Bz-14C-cit) could be detected. In this assay, the enzyme is incubated with 1.8 mumoles Bz-14C-arg (approximately 50 microCi/mmole) for 3 hr at 37 degrees C. The protein is removed and the reaction mixture paper electrophoresed at pH 4.7. The Bz-14C-cit product separates optimally from unreacted substrate and the conversion is quantitated by radioactive counting of the appropriate regions of paper. The possibility of further improvement of the procedure is being investigated, including using other, related substrates. Using the assay, the enrichment and properties of the enzyme are under study in the richly medullated follicles of the guinea pig. The enzyme has an apparent Km of 18 mM for Bz-14C-arg and an absolute requirement for Ca2+ with a broad maximum around 10 mM. It is stable at +4 degrees C and -80 degrees C for at least four weeks and can be freeze-dried with some activity loss. PMID- 6653156 TI - Alterations in epidermal functions resulting from exposure to initiators and promoters of carcinogenesis. AB - Mouse epidermal basal cells can be selectively cultivated in medium with a [Ca++] of 0.02-0.09 mM. Terminal differentiation and sloughing of mature keratinocytes occurs when the [Ca++] is increased to 1.2-1.4 mM. When basal cell cultures are exposed to chemical initiators of carcinogenesis, colonies of cells which resist Ca++ -induced differentiation evolve. Likewise basal cells derived from mouse skin initiated in vivo yield foci which resist terminal differentiation. This defect in the commitment to terminal differentiation appears to be an essential change in initiated cells in skin and is also characteristic of malignant epidermal cells. When normal basal cell cultures are exposed to the potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), there is induction of epidermal transglutaminase, an enzyme which is characteristic of terminally differentiating epidermal cells. Morphological differentiation is observed in about 50% of the population, and these cells are lost from the culture. The cells which remain are resistant to induced differentiation by either 1.2 mM Ca++ medium or a second exposure to TPA if the exposure interval is 4 days. These cells are directly stimulated (without an initial inhibition) to proliferate by a second TPA exposure, suggesting that this population is responsive only to the mitogenic effects of the promoter. With a 10-day interval between exposures, responsiveness to both TPA and 1.2 mM Ca++ return to control patterns. These results indicate that exposure to TPA induces differentiation in some basal cells while stimulating proliferation in others. Such responses could lead to clonal expansion of epidermal cells which fail to respond to differentiation signals, such as initiated cells. PMID- 6653157 TI - Histidine-rich protein as a possible origin of free amino acids of stratum corneum. AB - The origin of free amino acids and/or their metabolites of the stratum corneum was investigated by pulse-chase experiments using hairless mice. Two, 24, 48, and 72 hrs after the animals were pulse-chased with 3H-histidine or 3H-arginine, radioactivity was determined in the following three fractions of the epidermis: the 0.1 N HClO4 soluble, ethanol soluble fraction (Fr. I); the 0.1N NClO4 soluble, ethanol insoluble fraction (Fr. II); and the 0.1 N HClO4 insoluble, 8M urea soluble fraction (Fr. III). Radioactivity of the epidermal proteins was also determined in SDS-PAGE gels by the gel slicing method. At first, 3H-histidine and/or 3H-arginine were predominantly incorporated into Fr. III, especially into a certain epidermal protein which showed little mobility on SDS-PAGE. Subsequently, 3H, once incorporated into Fr. III, appeared to shift from Fr. III to Fr. II and, simultaneously, from the top band(s) to a band of 32,000 daltons. As a result of amino acid analysis, a protein of Fr. II was considered a histidine-rich protein corresponding to HRP-II of the new born rats of Ball et al. After 48 hrs, as the radioactivities of Fr. III and Fr. II decreased remarkably, Fr. I gradually increased in radioactivity. The major radioactive substances in Fr. I at 72 hrs were identified as 3H-histidine and 3H-urocanic acid when 3H-histidine was used as a tracer, and as 3H-arginine, 3H-ornithine, and 3H-citrulline in the case of 3H-arginine. The amino acid composition of the histidine-rich protein was very similar to that of the free amino acids of the stratum corneum in the hairless mouse, in which some amino acid metabolites were considered as their precursor amino acids. These results strongly suggest that the free amino acids and/or their metabolites of the stratum corneum might be the final products of a degradation of the histidine-rich protein. PMID- 6653159 TI - Influence of cell dissociation on normal epidermal cells in Hailey-Hailey's disease and Darier's disease. AB - The effects of cell dissociation in HHD and DD on normal outgrown epidermal cells in explant culture were investigated, and the results were obtained as follows: The outgrown epidermal cells from skin fragments of patients with HHD or DD reveal characteristic dissociative behavior in explant culture. This phenomenon is considered to be "acantholysis" at the level of tissue culture. The outgrown epidermal cells from the normal skin fragments can dissociate when they are cultured together with those from patients with HHD or DD. The latter exhibits distinct dissociative behavior. These cell dissociations can be stopped by changing the medium to a new one. These dissociations reappear by decreasing the amount of the medium to a certain low level. The dissociation of outgrown epidermal cells from normal skin fragments occurs on transference of the medium in which the cell dissociations were observed. PMID- 6653158 TI - Zinc-binding proteins of newborn rat epidermis. AB - Hematoxylin stain was used to demonstrate localization of Zn2+-binding proteins in the skin of the newborn rat. The binding protein showed different solubilities and the zinc binding was dissociated at pH 4.5. Epidermal proteins were extracted stepwise in Tris-HCl buffer containing NaCl at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C, 1 M potassium phosphate, and 4 M urea. Zn2+-binding protein was obtained from each extract by means of Zn2+ chelate affinity chromatography. We detected elution of histidine-rich protein from the affinity column with a pH 4.5 buffer by 3H histidine labeling and immunoreactivity to rabbit IgG directed to histidine-rich protein. Amino acid analysis demonstrated that the compositions of the Zn2+ binding proteins soluble in the different extracts not only resemble each other, but are essentially the same as those of histidine-rich protein of the newborn rat skin as previously reported. However, sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis showed multiple protein bands ranging from Mr less than 25,000 to Mr greater than 200,000. The findings indicate that histidine-rich protein of different forms and solubility exists, in the epidermis and may be involved in the biological function of the cells through metal-binding. PMID- 6653160 TI - The diagnosis of aortic dissection. PMID- 6653162 TI - Gastric banding: a new method in the treatment of morbid obesity. PMID- 6653161 TI - Experimental colon cancer: what animal models have demonstrated about the origin of human colon cancer. PMID- 6653163 TI - Plasma-exchange therapy during burn shock. PMID- 6653164 TI - Dimethylsulfoxide protection against gastric stress ulceration. PMID- 6653165 TI - Erosion of adjacent organs by pancreatic pseudocysts. PMID- 6653166 TI - Fournier's gangrene of the penis: a report of two patients. PMID- 6653167 TI - Stroma-free hemoglobin: effective in resuscitation? PMID- 6653168 TI - The induction of tolerance to and the definition of the pharmacokinetics of chicken anti-rat lymphocyte globulin. PMID- 6653169 TI - Behcet's syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. AB - Behcet's syndrome is a complex multisystem disease that causes much diagnostic and therapeutic confusion. A description of a case of Behcet's syndrome provides a focus for a review of concepts of pathogenesis, diagnostic techniques, and methods of treatment. PMID- 6653170 TI - Metastatic calcinosis cutis. AB - Calcinosis cutis may be associated with metastatic calcification, dystrophic calcification, tumoral calcinosis, or may be deemed idiopathic. The association of cutaneous calcification with metastatic or tumoral calcinosis is quite rare. A case of metastatic calcinosis cutis in a woman with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism is presented. Other causes of calcinosis cutis are discussed briefly. PMID- 6653171 TI - Influence of dosage regimen on experimental tobramycin nephrotoxicity. A biochemical approach. AB - Many factors play a role in aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. To study the influence of dosage regimens, Wistar rats were injected for 8 days with a total daily dose of 10, 20, or 50 mg/kg tobramycin intraperitoneally either in one single (1) or in thrice (3) daily injections. The results were different according to the dose. With 10 or 20 mg/kg, serum creatinine did not increase. Alanine aminopeptidase activities decreased whatever the rhythm of administration. gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activities were unchanged. Sphingomyelinase and cathepsin B activities were diminished with three injections and not affected with one injection. Renal tobramycin content was not significantly different with (1) or with (3). Lysosomal structural latency was decreased in rats treated three times a day. With 50 mg/kg, serum creatinine was significantly increased and was higher with one injection daily. Alanine aminopeptidase decreased with only one injection daily and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase was unchanged. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was increased with (1) and with (3). Sphingomyelinase and cathepsin B activities were significantly decreased. No differences were observed in rats treated once or thrice daily. Renal tobramycin content was similar with (1) and (3). The lysosomal structural latency was significantly decreased and to the same degree for both regimens. In conclusion, based on this study and on other related studies in the literature it is presently very difficult to determine the real relationship between dosage frequency and development of nephrotoxicity. PMID- 6653172 TI - Combined defibrinated human blood and antimicrobial drug activities against Enterobacter cloacae. AB - The combinations of 11 antimicrobial drugs and fresh human defibrinated blood were examined for potential additive effects against several isolates of Enterobacter cloacae recovered from patients with bacteremia or meningitis. Aminoglycosides (amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin) proved most efficacious, followed by cephalosporins (lamoxactam, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime) and ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin, piperacillin). Nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, and cotrimoxazole yielded indifferent effects. The E. cloacae isolates displayed low virulence for outbred NMRI mice. PMID- 6653173 TI - Power struggles in the child abuse field. PMID- 6653174 TI - Child welfare services in a law enforcement agency. PMID- 6653175 TI - Suicide among preschoolers: fact or fallacy? PMID- 6653176 TI - [A method for surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis: transduodenal pancreaticoplasty]. AB - We report on a surgical procedure that allows a transduodenal exploration of the pancreatic duct and a restoration of drainage of pancreatic juice to the duodenum: the transduodenal pancreas plasty. Most forms of calcifying pancreatitis and duct obstruction in the head of the pancreas are suitable. The procedure always requires a cholecystectomy and a papilloplasty. It is, in most instances, combined with a long pancreatico-jejunostomy. There is low morbidity and mortality in our series. In contrast to resections this procedure avoids impairment of glucose metabolism. PMID- 6653177 TI - [Changes of the acid-base status, serum lactate concentration and purine metabolism in reconstructive arterial surgery]. AB - Hypoxic damages are normally determined by acid-base status as well as lactate and pyruvate levels. Since several other illnesses lead also to raised levels of these parameter, they are not specific for tissue hypoxia. In animal experiments it was shown that purine metabolites, especially hypoxanthine, are a very exact indicator for hypoxia. To test its validity in clinical situations the changes in acid-base status, lactate, pyruvate and purine metabolism were measured in 17 patients undergoing reconstructive aortic surgery. Blood samples were taken just before and after declamping of the aorta systemically and from the femoral vein. After declamping especially the systemic hypoxanthine levels increased 3 fold, due to a 20 times higher hypoxanthine concentration in the femoralis vein. The concentration changes of hypoxanthine in percent correlated very good with the aorta clamping time (R = 0,85). The changes in acid-base status and lactate levels were erratic and showed no correlation with the duration of ischemic period. Systemic hypoxanthine concentrations are a more specific and reliable parameter for hypoxic damages. PMID- 6653178 TI - [Extra-anatomic bypass in injuries of the subclavian artery]. AB - 11 cases of subclavian vessel injuries are reported. The problems of operative approach are discussed. Two out of 11 cases have been operated on by extraanatomical bypass from the common carotid artery to the subclavian or axillary artery. There resulted no problems by temporarily clamping the common carotid artery, no postoperative carotid steal syndrome was seen. In our opinion carotid-subclavian bypass - well known as standard procedure in chronical disease of the proximal subclavian artery - can also be applied in case of acute trauma of the subclavian artery. Thus the direct riskfull approach for these often polytraumatized patients can be avoided. PMID- 6653179 TI - [Conservative and surgical treatment of radius fractures loco classico]. AB - More and more distal fractures of the radius are treated surgically, thereby decreasing the treatment time and quickly restoring use of the arm. The rarely seen compound fractures of the radius and those involving circulation problems or loss of feeling in the hand will be treated as emergency cases. The most frequently used treatment is osteosynthesis using pins. In cases of Smith fracture, with young patients or corrective surgery the preferred method is osteosynthesis using metal plates. If, because of extensive fragmentation, a non operative treatment would certainly lead to dislocation, or a secondary dislocation due to a non-operative treatment has already taken place, the surgical treatment should be discussed. Dislocated intraarticular fractures are increasingly being treated immediately surgically. PMID- 6653180 TI - [Pacemaker-twiddler's syndrome as the cause of the pacing-lead break]. PMID- 6653181 TI - [Emergency surgery in acute thrombosis of the internal carotid artery]. PMID- 6653182 TI - [Short hospitalization following cholecystectomy]. PMID- 6653183 TI - [Evaluation of surgical infection in vascular and thoracic surgery. Prospective study of 2304 cases with special reference to type of operation and different types of infections]. PMID- 6653184 TI - [Reconstruction of the hand. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6653185 TI - [Retrospective study of long-term survival following resection of primary bronchial cancer (excluding small cell cancer)]. PMID- 6653186 TI - [Surgical treatment of endomyocardial fibrosis. Apropos of 45 cases]. PMID- 6653187 TI - [Microsurgery in the replantation of amputated limbs and fingers. Report of 55 cases involving 62 limbs or fingers]. PMID- 6653188 TI - [Coarctation of the aorta with abnormal systemic venous return]. PMID- 6653189 TI - [Impacted fractures of the femoral neck in coxa valga]. PMID- 6653190 TI - [Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux using the Angelchik prosthesis. Apropos of 20 cases]. PMID- 6653191 TI - [Serum hCG levels of Chinese women in normal pregnancy and in the postpartum period]. PMID- 6653192 TI - [Assessment and clinical significance of plasma estriol levels in late pregnancy]. PMID- 6653193 TI - [Macroscopic and histologic study of the placenta at mountain altitudes]. PMID- 6653194 TI - [Termination of early pregnancy by ONO-802 suppositories]. PMID- 6653195 TI - [Clinico-pathologic study on the action of yuanhuadine in mid-trimester abortion]. PMID- 6653196 TI - [Birth weight, length and biparietal diameter of newborn babies of Jiangsu Province]. PMID- 6653197 TI - [Labor chart of primipara with cephalic presentation delivered by cesarean section--clinical analysis of 100 cases]. PMID- 6653198 TI - [Human ovarian cancer antigen assayed by an active rosette formation test for immunodiagnosis]. PMID- 6653199 TI - [Ovarian strumal carcinoid--report of 2 cases]. PMID- 6653200 TI - [Follow-up observation of 321 cases of cervical lesions treated by cryotherapy]. PMID- 6653201 TI - [Use of cellulosum carboxymethylum sodium as an expansion solution for hysteroscopy]. PMID- 6653202 TI - [Leukemia in pregnancy]. PMID- 6653203 TI - Cytogenetic analysis of recombination in males of Drosophila ananassae. AB - Cytogenetic studies of recombination in males of Drosophila ananassae were carried out by examining F1 males derived from he mating of marker females, b se; bri ru of the BS stock, with males of two wild strans, TNG and L8. The male recombination values in both sections b-se (chromosome 2) and bri-ru (chromosome 3) are high in TNG F1 but extremely low in L8 F1. We demonstrate the presence of chiasmata in TNG F1 males at a frequency capable of accounting for the observed recombination values. A unique series of "iso-site aberrations" was also observed in TNG F1 males. Because of a parallelism in the distribution pattern between the chiasmata and the iso-site aberrations, we propose that recombination in males of D. ananassae is meiotic in origin and that the iso-site aberrations are related to chiasma formation. PMID- 6653204 TI - High-resolution measurement of breaks in prematurely condensed chromosomes by differential staining. AB - A relatively simple method has been developed to improve the resolution for measuring breaks produced in interphase chromosomes by X rays or other agents following the induction of premature chromosome condensation (PCC). Mitotic HeLa cells, which induce PCC when fused with interphase cells, were obtained from cultures grown for several generations in 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). These were fused to cells from low-passage confluent cultures of normal human fibroblasts and subsequently stained by a modified fluorescence-plus-Giemsa (FPG) technique. Following this protocol the prematurely condensed chromosomes stain intensely, whereas the mitotic chromosomes of the inducer cell(s), which are intermingled with them, stain very lightly. With this technique the interphase chromosomes and their fragments can be identified unequivocally, making scoring much easier and more accurate. The frequency of breaks produced in G1 phase AG1522 human fibroblasts immediately following X-ray doses of 58 and 117 rad was 3.68 and 7.38 per cell, respectively. Use of this technique should allow the detection of damage from ionizing radiation at doses lower than 10 rad. PMID- 6653206 TI - Microfluorometric studies on chromosomes. Quantitative determination of protein content of Chinese hamster chromosome 1 in situ with and without trypsin digestion. AB - The fluorescent stains, dansyl chloride and fluorescamine, were used to indicate the amount of protein in G-banded and unbanded chromosomes 1 of the Chinese hamster relative to the average amount of protein in human erythrocyte. Fluorescence was found to be proportional to protein mass up to the equivalent of three erythrocytes. In G-banding, trypsin digestion resulted in an average protein loss of 35.4% compared with unbanded chromosomes. PMID- 6653207 TI - [Hemorheologic studies of cerebrovascular diseases]. PMID- 6653205 TI - Cell cycle-specific changes in the ultrastructural organization of prematurely condensed chromosomes. AB - Prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) of HeLa cells synchronized in different phases of the cell cycle were analyzed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the arrangement of the basic 30-nm chromatin fiber within interphase chromosomes associated with progression through the cell cycle. These studies revealed that highly condensed metaphase chromosomes and early G1-PCC consisted of tightly packed looping fibers. Early to mid G1-PCC were more extended and exhibited gyres suggestive of a despiralized chromonema. Further attenuation of PCC during progression through G1 was associated with a gradual transition from packed looping fibers to single extended longitudinal fibers. This process occurs prior to the initiation of DNA synthesis which appears to be localized within single longitudinal fibers. Following replication of a chromosome segment, extended longitudinal fibers were rapidly reorganized into packed looping fiber clusters concomitant with the formation of a multifibered chromosome axis. This results in the characteristic "pulverized" appearance of S-PCC when viewed by light microscopy. Subsequently, adjacent looping fiber domains coalesce, resulting in the uniformly packed, looping fiber arrangement observed in G2-PCC. Spiralization of the chromonema during the G2-mitotic transition results in the formation of highly compact metaphase chromosomes. PMID- 6653208 TI - [Pathological analysis of 16 autopsy cases of hypertensive encephalopathy]. PMID- 6653209 TI - [Lacunar infarction of the brain]. PMID- 6653210 TI - [Side effects on the nervous system caused by nithiocyamine. Clinical observation of 47 cases]. PMID- 6653211 TI - [Comparison of the systolic time intervals of the left ventricle as measured by three different methods]. PMID- 6653212 TI - [Clinical manifestations and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in adults under 40 years old]. PMID- 6653213 TI - [Anti-Sm antibody assay and its value in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6653214 TI - [Significance of quantitative determination of serum lipoprotein-X in the differential diagnosis of jaundice]. PMID- 6653215 TI - [Clinical manifestations of 31 cases of pituitary gigantism as compared to those of acromegaly]. PMID- 6653216 TI - [A Preliminary study on the immunological pathogenesis of Keshan disease]. PMID- 6653217 TI - [Detection of anti-LSP antibody in sera of hepatitis patients by staphylococcal protein A ELISA]. PMID- 6653218 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation]. PMID- 6653219 TI - [Ultrastructural surface features of leukemic cells--scanning electron microscopic study of 50 cases]. PMID- 6653220 TI - [Propranolol in the treatment of aplastic anemia--a preliminary report of experimental research and clinical observation]. PMID- 6653221 TI - [Report on 455 cases of megaloblastic anemia]. PMID- 6653222 TI - [Renal tubular acidosis--clinical analysis of 46 cases]. PMID- 6653223 TI - [Choledochoduodenal fistulization under endoscopy. Report of 7 cases]. PMID- 6653224 TI - [Clinical analysis of 42 cases of viral hepatitis associated with jaundice among the aged]. PMID- 6653225 TI - [Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants and associated clinical features]. PMID- 6653226 TI - [Clinical application of permanent cardiac pacing]. PMID- 6653227 TI - [Clinical types of schizophrenia in the late stage of deterioration]. PMID- 6653228 TI - [Study on the etiological factors of schizophrenia by analysis of pedigrees of schizophrenic siblings]. PMID- 6653229 TI - [Psychological consultations in regard to female sterilization and IUD contraception]. PMID- 6653230 TI - [Double-blind study of domestic penfluridol and fluphenazine decanoate]. PMID- 6653231 TI - [Correlative analysis of serum and saliva lithium concentrations during lithium therapy]. PMID- 6653232 TI - [Epidemic hysteria--analysis of 65 cases]. PMID- 6653233 TI - [Causes provoking apoplexy and its natural history]. PMID- 6653234 TI - [Cerebral vascular changes and plasma dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in migraine]. PMID- 6653235 TI - [Cerebral angiographic manifestations of occlusive cerebrovascular diseases- analysis of 134 cases]. PMID- 6653236 TI - [Clinicopathological analysis of 81 cases of cerebral infarction]. PMID- 6653237 TI - [Electroencephalographic analysis of 65 cases with occlusive cerebrovascular diseases of the carotid artery system]. PMID- 6653238 TI - [Surgical treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the ventricles, basal ganglion, corpus callosum and interhemispheric fissures]. PMID- 6653239 TI - [Clinicopathological study on glioma of the brain stem]. PMID- 6653240 TI - [Tumors of the septum pellucidum]. PMID- 6653241 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of hydatid cyst of the lateral ventricle- report of 3 cases]. PMID- 6653243 TI - [Vertebral-basilar aneurysm]. PMID- 6653242 TI - [Selection of surgical approach in the treatment of atypical trigeminal neuralgia]. PMID- 6653244 TI - [The place of pneumonectomy in surgical treatment of lung cancer]. PMID- 6653245 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of bronchial adenoma]. PMID- 6653246 TI - [Comparative study of resection of carcinoma of the esophagus with and without pyloroplasty]. PMID- 6653247 TI - ["Tunnel" esophagogastrostomy]. PMID- 6653248 TI - [Carcinoma of the esophagus associated with achalasia of cardia: report of 6 cases]. PMID- 6653249 TI - [Successful surgical resection of lung cancer co-existing with chronic respiratory failure]. PMID- 6653250 TI - [Gastrojejunal anastomotic ulcer]. PMID- 6653251 TI - [Follow-up gastrofiberscopy after subtotal gastrectomy in 131 cases]. PMID- 6653252 TI - [Congenital ventricular septal defect: surgical experience in 1,187 cases]. PMID- 6653253 TI - [Autogenous omental transplantation in Buerger's disease]. PMID- 6653254 TI - [One-stage total rhinoplasty using a mid-forehead island flap: report of 36 cases]. PMID- 6653255 TI - [Assessment of antituberculosis drug concentrations in cold abscesses in patients with bone and joint tuberculosis]. PMID- 6653256 TI - [Successful autogenous venograft in the treatment of arterial trauma complicated by severe infection: report of 2 cases]. PMID- 6653257 TI - [Vertebra plana: report of 8 cases]. PMID- 6653258 TI - [Experimental study of injuries of intrahepatic blood vessels in dogs]. PMID- 6653259 TI - [Anatomical studies on venography by selective catheterization of the ascending lumbar vein]. PMID- 6653260 TI - [Slipping of the capital femoral epiphysis]. PMID- 6653261 TI - [A model for anaphylactic asthma in dogs and the effects of isoproterenol]. PMID- 6653262 TI - [Serum total IgE, skin tests and bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6653263 TI - [Bronchial provocation test with Artemisia pollen antigen]. PMID- 6653264 TI - [Aspirin-induced asthma and analysis of the aspirin triad in 30 cases]. PMID- 6653265 TI - [Respiratory function tests for asthmatic children in the convalescent stage]. PMID- 6653266 TI - [Diagnostic value of mean transit time (MTT) and partial mean transit time (MTTp) of the forced expiratory spirogram in asthmatic patients in an asymptomatic period]. PMID- 6653267 TI - [Measurement and preliminary analysis of the mean transit time of forced expiratory spirogram]. PMID- 6653268 TI - [Preliminary discussion on the clinical implication of the slope of phase III]. PMID- 6653269 TI - [Electrical impedance pulmonary rheogram and pulmonary hemodynamics]. PMID- 6653270 TI - [Relationship between pulmonary encephalopathic coma and acid-base disturbance: an analysis of 55 cases]. PMID- 6653271 TI - [Clinical and experimental observations on chronic bronchitis treated with pukeling]. PMID- 6653272 TI - [Clinical analysis of 40 cases with acute toxicosis of isoniazid]. PMID- 6653273 TI - [Intracavitary suction in the treatment of emphysematous bullae caused by tension]. PMID- 6653274 TI - [Primary tracheal carcinoma: report of clinicopathological findings in 61 cases]. PMID- 6653275 TI - [Pathomorphological analysis of primary tumors of the trachea and bronchi of low malignancy: report of 52 cases]. PMID- 6653276 TI - [Analysis of respiratory tract symptoms and bronchitis caused by smoking]. PMID- 6653277 TI - [Immediate effects of cigarette smoking on indices of lung functions in smoking adult men]. PMID- 6653278 TI - [Determination of IgA in bronchial lavage by ELISA and its clinical use in the diagnosis of lung cancer]. PMID- 6653279 TI - [Electrocardiographic changes during the fiberoptic bronchoscopy procedure]. PMID- 6653280 TI - [Analysis of pathologic morphology of biopsy tissue obtained via fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 295 cases]. PMID- 6653281 TI - [Report on 129 cases of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6653283 TI - [Preliminary observation on cardiac functions in patients with respiratory failure]. PMID- 6653282 TI - [Changes in biogenic amine contents during hypobaric hypoxia]. PMID- 6653284 TI - [Non-reactive tuberculosis: report of a case]. PMID- 6653286 TI - [Measurement of the transit time in the forced expiratory spirogram and its clinical application]. PMID- 6653285 TI - [Pulmonary changes in systemic lupus erythematosus: analysis of clinical and pathologic changes in 15 autopsy cases]. PMID- 6653287 TI - [Determination of the mean transit time in the forced expiratory spirogram of 110 normal subjects]. PMID- 6653288 TI - [Passive smoking and lung cancer]. PMID- 6653289 TI - The resectional reoperation rate for Crohn's disease in a general community hospital. AB - The severity of Crohn's disease has not been objectively estimated for patients treated at community hospitals. During an 11-year period, 105 patients underwent initial intestinal resection for Crohn's disease at a large community hospital. Follow-up data were actuarially analyzed. The overall resectional reoperation rate was 4.0 per cent per year the first seven years after initial resection and 1.9 per cent per year for the next ten years. Patients with small-bowel disease had a better prognosis than did patients with ileocolic disease. Patients who were less than 30 years of age at initial resection needed a second resection more often than did older patients. The 81 patients with initial resection after 1970 have had the lowest resectional reoperation rate yet reported: 2.8 per cent per year for ten years. The resectional reoperation rate for patients with Crohn's disease treated at this community hospital compares favorably with reoperation rates reported for patients at referral centers. PMID- 6653290 TI - Experience with routine office sigmoidoscopy using the 60-cm flexible colonoscope in private practice. AB - Based on reported success and safety, 1121 sigmoidoscopies were performed in 964 patients seen privately by one surgeon, as a routine office screening procedure, using the flexible 60-cm sigmoidoscope instead of the rigid 25-cm instrument. The doubling of the distance that was examined doubled the diagnostic yield for neoplasia and inflammatory bowel disease, specific or nonspecific. As compared with barium-enema examinations, the yield was even greater: 5:1 for neoplasia, 7:1 for inflammation, 3:1 for polyps greater than 1 cm, and 5:1 for false negative, false-positive, or equivocal x-ray findings. No serious complications were encountered in any of the examinations including 72 polypectomies performed in the office. The study supports flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy as a major screening tool for individuals in private practice in truly evaluating the interior of the lower 60-cm of the colorectum for neoplasia and for the diagnosis and monitoring of bowel disease or neoplasia confined to that area. PMID- 6653291 TI - Spontaneous free perforation of the small intestine. AB - In western cultures, spontaneous free perforation of the small intestine in adults is rare. The vast majority of published reports are of isolated cases. A review of 19 patients treated at the Lahey Clinic over the past 23 years is presented. All patients presented with an acute onset of peritoneal signs, and free perforation subsequently was documented at operation or at autopsy. Causes of the perforations were malignancy, six; inflammatory small bowel disease, four; combinations of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or steroids, four; mechanical, three; and iatrogenic, two. Of the 19 patients, 15 had a history of previous abdominal surgery or recent steroid use, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Although the underlying disease may be of prime importance in causing perforation, these treatment modalities may be important factors in enhancing predisposition to perforation. Of the 16 patients operated on, ten had intestinal resection with primary anastomosis, and six had primary closure of the perforation. Four major complications included two deaths, and five minor complications occurred. In general, earlier operative intervention decreased mortality. A population of patients who may be at risk for small bowel perforations is identified. A review of the pertinent literature is presented. PMID- 6653292 TI - Dermoid cyst of the rectum. AB - Rectal cysts are uncommon, with a search of the medical literature revealing only 12 reported cases. This is in contrast with postanal and sacrococcygeal dermoids which, although still uncommon, appear to occur more frequently. This paper describes a case involving a dermoid cyst arising in the lateral wall of the rectum and reviews the recorded cases of rectal cysts. PMID- 6653293 TI - Stenosis of the large intestine complicating scleroderma and mimicking a sigmoid carcinoma. AB - An unusual case of scleroderma with colonic involvement mimicking sigmoid carcinoma is presented. Severe low colonic obstruction was due to stenosis of the large intestine making segmental colonic resection mandatory. PMID- 6653294 TI - Granuloma of the anal canal due to Enterobius vermicularis. Report of a case. AB - A case of a submucosal foreign body granuloma caused by Enterobius vermicularis in the wall of the anal canal of a 29-year-old man is reported. PMID- 6653295 TI - Neutropenic typhlitis. A plea for conservatism. AB - Neutropenic typhlitis is an acute inflammation of the cecum occurring in neutropenic patients. Two cases are described, both presenting typical features of the disease. It is our experience that the treatment approach should consist of bowel rest, fluid therapy, and massive administration of broad spectrum antibiotics. In some cases, full recovery will follow. If abdominal signs persist, surgery should be deferred until hematologic convalescence occurs. At this time, cecostomy and drainage should be adequate. Only in very severe cases, with wide-spread necrosis, should a right hemicolectomy be performed. PMID- 6653296 TI - Antacid use in an ambulatory elderly population. A report from Dunedin Program. AB - Antacid use was studied in a population of 3192 elderly ambulatory subjects. Antacids were used by 18.6% of women and 12.9% of men. Three common antacid products accounted for 63.8% of all antacids used by these subjects. Serum phosphorus concentrations of participants using aluminum antacids were significantly lower than in a nonantacid user control group (P less than 0.02). Total protein and serum calcium concentrations of subjects using aluminum and magnesium combination antacid products were significantly lower than the control group (P less than 0.001 and P less than 0.04). Men using calcium carbonate antacids reported diarrhea significantly more frequently than control subjects. PMID- 6653297 TI - Failure of new diagnostic aids in improving detection of pancreatic cancer at a resectable stage. AB - This study was undertaken to verify whether new diagnostic tools (angiography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography) have improved the detection of pancreatic cancer at a resectable stage. Two groups of patients with histologically ascertained cancer of the pancreas were examined. The first consisted of 54 cases investigated before the clinical application of the four above-mentioned techniques and the second of 74 cases investigated thereafter. Cancer resectability was judged by a surgical team at the time of laparotomy according to preestablished criteria. No significant difference was found between the number of resections and other procedures in the two groups. On the other hand exploratory laparotomies performed exclusively for diagnostic purposes were significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced in the second group. On the basis of these results one may conclude that new diagnostic aids are useful and reliable in the preoperative detection of pancreatic cancer, but their introduction into clinical practice has not permitted an earlier diagnosis of the disease and therefore there has been no important increase in its resectability. PMID- 6653298 TI - Beneficial effect of pancreatic polypeptide in experimental pancreatitis. AB - Two animal models have been employed to examine the role of pancreatic polypeptide, a potent and selective inhibitor of pancreatic exocrine secretion, in the treatment of acute pancreatitis. In one model pancreatitis was induced by feeding young female Swiss Webster mice an ethionine-supplemented, choline deficient diet for 48 hr. Animals (N = 30 per group) were injected subcutaneously every 8 hr for 7 days with pancreatic polypeptide (0, 2, 20, and 200 micrograms/kg/day). Treatment with 20 and 200 micrograms/kg/day pancreatic polypeptide significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced mortality from a control rate of 70% to 42% and 33%, respectively. Treated animals also exhibited significant (P less than 0.05) decreases in pancreatic content of activated chymotrypsin and an improvement in pancreatic histology. Pancreatic polypeptide was effective whether treatment was started before or at the same time the test diet was introduced. In contrast, pancreatic polypeptide failed to protect dogs with acute pancreatitis induced by retrograde injection of the pancreas with bile, which may reflect the rapid and mechanical nature of pancreatic damage in this animal model. PMID- 6653300 TI - Diagnostic value of "bread-barium" swallow in patients with esophageal symptoms. AB - The value of a "bread-barium" swallow for diagnosis of disordered esophageal motility was examined in 53 patients, 20 of whom complained of dysphagia, 20 retrosternal chest pain, and 13 heartburn; a further 19 subjects served as controls. Esophageal manometry in the patients with dysphagia and chest pain revealed major abnormalities in 14 compared with the bread-barium swallow which showed changes consistent with esophageal spasm in 20. The standard barium swallow examination revealed major abnormalities in only five of these patients. The bread-barium examination is simple, complements the routine barium swallow, and is of value in patients with symptoms suggesting disturbed motility. It does not replace conventional studies for the diagnosis of esophageal motility disorders. PMID- 6653299 TI - Pancreatic secretion after secretin and cholecystokinin stimulation in chronic alcoholics with and without cirrhosis. AB - We have studied the volume, protein concentration, total protein, and chymotrypsin and trypsin outputs in pure pancreatic juice (PPJ) following endoscopic cannulation of the pancreatic duct in 11 male and 2 female patients with advanced alcoholic cirrhosis (AC). Results were compared to those obtained from 21 nonalcoholic volunteers (NAV) and 26 chronic alcoholic (CA) patients without cirrhosis. Intravenous stimulation with secretin followed 10 min later by intravenous cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) resulted in highly significant increases in volumes during both phases of pancreatic stimulation in AC compared to NAV and CA. Protein concentration and total output during secretin stimulation was not different among the three groups. During CCK-PZ stimulation, CA exhibited a significant elevation in protein concentration and total output compared to NAV and AC. Although total chymotrypsin output was lower in secretin-stimulated CA than other groups, no other differences between the groups were observed in either of the hormone-stimulation phases. Marked elevations in trypsin output were observed in secretin-stimulated AC and in CCK-PZ-stimulated AC and CA. The high PPJ volume and the relatively low protein concentration observed in AC may effect a washout phenomenon resulting in a decreased tendency for ductal protein precipitation in these patients. PMID- 6653301 TI - Chronic esophagitis in two sisters. AB - Two sisters developed symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and gastric stasis during adolescence. Both developed severe erosive esophagitis and epithelial hyperplasia of the esophagus before 35 years of age. Both had a hiatal hernia, and esophageal motor function was poor in both. One of the sisters had also a peptic stricture of the esophagus, the other one a gastric bezoar. Jejunal motility was normal in both. Among 28 close family members surveyed, seven additional individuals out of three generations had frequent and severe reflux symptoms since adolescence. It is unlikely that the occurrence of chronic esophagitis at such young age in the two sisters is mere coincidence. It is conceivable that the two sisters and their family shared a defect similar to the one that has previously been made responsible for the familial occurrence of hiatal hernias and Barrett's esophagus. PMID- 6653302 TI - Timing of pyloric closure in man. Studies with impedance electrodes. AB - The timing of pyloric closure was studied at upper alimentary endoscopy in 20 subjects without antroduodenal pathology. Antral and duodenal contractions were recorded with balloon catheters and pyloric closure detected as a fall in impedance measured across two pairs of silver wire electrodes mounted around the shaft of the duodenal catheter 0.5 cm proximal to the balloon. During 300 min of good quality recording, active pyloric closure was observed on 193 occasions and 69% of closures were associated with antral or duodenal contractions within 2 sec. In 55.5% of the 154 isolated duodenal contractions (no preceding antral contraction), the pylorus, which was closed before the contraction, remained closed; in 32% the pylorus, which was open, closed within 2 sec of the contraction, while in only 12.5% was the pylorus open throughout. These observations suggest that the pylorus is able to close in response to an isolated duodenal contraction and thus may act as a barrier to duodenogastric reflux when antroduodenal contractions are not linked. PMID- 6653303 TI - Biphasic action of intravenous ethanol on dog exocrine pancreatic secretion. AB - The effect of a 20-min intravenous infusion of 1 g/kg of ethanol on a 15% (w/w) solution in isotonic saline on pancreatic secretion was determined in six conscious Beagle dogs provided with Thomas cannulae. Ethanol was given on a background of a prolonged infusion of 0.5 CU/kg/hr of secretin alone or secretin plus either different doses of cerulein (12.5-200 ng/kg/hr), 3 micrograms/kg/hr of pentagastrin, or 200 micrograms/kg/hr bethanechol. Intravenous ethanol had a biphasic action on pancreatic secretion: inhibition during the first 40 min followed by stimulation. When compared to control experiments with intravenous infusion of saline, the inhibition was statistically significant only for volume and bicarbonate output against a background of pentagastrin and for protein output against a background of bethanechol. We propose that alcohol inhibits acetylcholine-mediated protein secretion. The delayed stimulatory effect of ethanol was statistically significant for both ecobolic (protein output) and hydralatic (water and bicarbonate) secretion during infusion of secretin plus 12.5-25 ng/kg/hr cerulein, but not with doses of 50 ng/kg/hr. Although the plateau of secretion before alcohol was roughly similar in the experiments using cerulein and bethanechol, ethanol inhibited protein output and had no effect on bicarbonate output during stimulation with bethanechol. Therefore, the effects of alcohol on pancreatic secretion are influenced by both the type of stimulation and its intensity (dosage). PMID- 6653304 TI - Effects of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on alkaline secretion in isolated canine gastric mucosa. AB - An isolated fundic mucosal preparation of dog stomach which is capable of exhibiting an alkaline secretion is described. A stable secretion was established 40 min to 1 hr after the mucosa was pretreated with the H2-antagonist cimetidine to block spontaneous acid output. Alkaline secretion decreased when Ca2+ was removed from the nutrient solution. This secretion was stimulated by dibutyryl cyclic GMP, but was not altered by acetylcholine, carbachol, or 16,16-dimethyl PGE2. Alkaline secretion from a similar antral mucosal preparation was stimulated by 16,16-dimethyl PGE2. We conclude that the 16,16-dimethyl PGE2-stimulated bicarbonate secretion previously demonstrated in in vivo canine fundic mucosa is not the result of a direct effect of PG on gastric mucosal cells and that an intact blood circulation or cholinergic innervation is required for this action to occur. PMID- 6653305 TI - Complex clocks. AB - Periodic activity of the digestive tract is now a well-recognized phenomenon. Some years ago, it was proposed that this was controlled by a single "clock" at a distance from the gut, but subsequent study has shown that this explanation was inadequate. "Black box" analysis of available data suggests a new model which requires multiple clocks; this model is proposed as being consistent with current knowledge of the system. PMID- 6653306 TI - Different ways to damage and protect gastric mucosa. PMID- 6653307 TI - Let's protect cytoprotection. PMID- 6653308 TI - Comparative study of home blood glucose monitoring devices: Visidex, Chemstrip bG, Glucometer, and Accu-Chek bG. AB - Visidex (Ames Company, Elkhart, Indiana) and Accu-Chek bG (Bio-Dynamics, Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Indiana), two new devices for determining blood glucose at home, were compared with two older devices, Chemstrip bG (Bio Dynamics) and Glucometer (Ames Company), and the standard laboratory glucose oxidase method (Beckman autoanalyzer, Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, California). Laboratory serum glucose values up to 400 mg/dl had excellent overall correlation with Accu-Chek bG (r = 0.974), Glucometer (r = 0.974), Chemstrip bG (r = 0.963), and Visidex (r = 0.955). For glucose values less than or equal to 180 mg/dl, Glucometer had the best correlation (r = 0.921). For glucose values of 181-400 mg/dl, Accu-Chek bG had better correlation (r = 0.907) although Glucometer had closer mean value. Visidex was just as accurate as Chemstrip bG. Although the four devices tested tended to give lower values than the lab method, they are sufficiently accurate to be of clinical use in home monitoring of blood glucose. Meticulous care in running the tests is mandatory for accuracy. Individual differences among the four methods are discussed. PMID- 6653309 TI - Accuracy of two systems for blood glucose monitoring without a meter (Chemstrip/Visidex). AB - Blood specimens collected from 159 campers were tested using Visidex (VD) (Ames Company, Elkhart, Indiana) and Chemstrip (CS) (Bio-Dynamics, Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Indiana) compared with glucose analyzer (GA) results. Readers were physicians, two with no prior experience using either strip and two with some experience using CS. Subsequently, 30 clinic patients and 4 staff contributed random specimens that were read by a trained novice as 68 discrete samples and compared with GA results. In both studies readers did not place blood on the strips and were thus blinded as to source and the possible previous reading with the other strip. Correlations of VD and CS with GA for camp and clinic data were calculated. Data were compared for reliability and errors greater than 20% of reference values (GA) were compared for VD and CS. CS correlated better with GA than did VD estimates. Reliability was also significantly greater for CS than for VD readings. Both of these visually read methods provided clinically useful estimates of glycemia. PMID- 6653310 TI - Comparison of Visidex and Chemstrip bG with Beckman Glucose Analyzer determination of blood glucose. AB - Chemical test strips for estimating blood glucose have been shown to be reliable, rapid, and convenient when properly used. This study compares a new product, the Ames Visidex (Miles Laboratories, Elkhart, Indiana), and an established product, the Bio-Dynamics Chemstrip bG (Boehringer-Mannheim, Indianapolis, Indiana) with plasma glucose as measured by standard laboratory methods. Determination of blood glucose by visual inspection of both chemical strips gave an estimation of true plasma glucose in the hypoglycemic and euglycemic ranges. Both strips were reliable in predicting those values that were hyperglycemic (greater than 180 mg/dl). PMID- 6653311 TI - Assessment of a new visual blood glucose strip. AB - A new double-tipped strip for home glucose monitoring without a meter is described. Comparison between values obtained with the new method by trained nursing staff and those obtained with a glucose-oxidase analyzer demonstrates close correlation between the two methods (r = +0.95, a = +22.2 mg/dl, b = +1.14). The mean concentration in 117 strip tests over an analyzer range of 5-775 mg/dl (0.3-43.0 mmol/L) was 52 mg/dl (2.9 mmol/L) greater than the analyzer estimate. Forty-seven percent of samples were read as the color block closest to the analyzer estimate. Samples in the lower glucose range tended to read one block high. The technique is faster to perform than most other visual blood glucose strip methods, and is a useful addition to the equipment available for home glucose monitoring. Modifications to the strip by the manufacturers appear to have overcome the low value over-reading error. PMID- 6653312 TI - Assessment of a new visual test strip for blood glucose monitoring. AB - We have compared the performance of the newly available blood glucose test strip, Visidex (Ames Division, Miles Laboratories Ltd., Stoke Poges, Slough, United Kingdom), designed for visual reading, with that of the already available BM-Test Glycemie 20-800 [Boehringer Mannheim Corporation (London) Ltd., Lewes, East Sussex, United Kingdom]. The new test strip proved slightly less accurate over a wide range of blood glucose values and was less precise at normal and high glucose values. The color of the Visidex faded more rapidly on storage and errors in timing of the blood strip reaction caused greater inaccuracies. At present BM Test-Glycemie 20-800 remains the visual glucose test strip of choice, although even with this strip there was a wide scatter of values when used by patients. PMID- 6653313 TI - Self-management in diabetic children. AB - The level of self-management of 157 type I (juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent) children with diabetes was assessed using a self-management assessment tool developed by the investigator and validated by a panel of diabetes experts. Subjects ranged from 7 to 16 yr and attended the 1981 session of Camp Hertko Hollow, a camp for children with diabetes near Boone, Iowa. The extent of knowledge about diabetes was determined for each subject by the knowledge questionnaire developed and validated by the Diabetes Education Program in Nashville, Tennessee. This knowledge score was then correlated with the self management score to determine the relationship between the two variables. The t test and regression analysis showed a significant association (P less than or equal to 0.05) between knowledge and self-management and indicates that children with diabetes are more likely to achieve effective self-management when an adequate knowledge base of the disease also exists. PMID- 6653314 TI - The presence of retinopathy in patients with secondary diabetes following pancreatectomy or chronic pancreatitis. AB - The incidence of diabetic retinopathy was evaluated by means of fluorescein angiography in 54 patients with diabetes secondary to chronic pancreatitis or to pancreatectomy. Thirty-one percent of the patients had background retinopathy; none had proliferative retinopathy. The percentage of patients with retinopathy was the same in groups with or without a family history of diabetes. There was no correlation between the degree of metabolic control, the levels of C-peptide, glucagon, growth hormone, and the presence of retinopathy. Retinopathy was correlated with the duration of diabetes. In conclusion, diabetes caused by pancreatitis or pancreatectomy has a significant prevalence of retinopathy, which has more benign characteristics and slower evolution than the retinopathy in patients with primary diabetes. PMID- 6653315 TI - Lipoprotein composition in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. AB - The relationship between impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and blood lipid levels was examined in 65 IGT individuals and in two control groups: control group I, composed of age-, sex-, and body weight-matched controls, and control group II, including normal subjects matched for sex and age but with normal body mass index. IGT individuals were found to have significantly higher total triglyceride (Tg) values compared with normal weight controls (P less than 0.001), while no difference was found between IGT and control group I. Total cholesterol levels were similar in IGT and each of the control groups. No significant correlation was found between serum lipoproteins and blood glucose levels either fasting or after load. PMID- 6653316 TI - Teledyne Sleep Sentry: evaluation in pediatric patients for detection of nocturnal hypoglycemia. AB - Twenty-four insulin-dependent diabetic pediatric subjects were studied for 1444 nights for detection of nocturnal hypoglycemia with the Teledyne Sleep Sentry (Teledyne Avionics, Charlottesville, Virginia): a wristwatch-like unit that measures absolute changes in skin temperature and decreases in galvanic skin resistance, indicators of hypoglycemia. The device detected 42 of 46 recognized hypoglycemic episodes. One hundred fifty alarms were sounded without evidence of hypoglycemia, probably due to night sweating. Twenty-five percent of the subjects experienced unacceptable cutaneous reactions, presumably due to metallic iontophoresis. PMID- 6653317 TI - Use of Visidex for self blood glucose monitoring. PMID- 6653318 TI - Preference of youth between two home glucose monitoring systems (Chemstrip/Visidex) PMID- 6653320 TI - Not all medicines (or patient education programs) are the same. PMID- 6653319 TI - Evaluation of Visidex. PMID- 6653321 TI - Defining and evaluating diabetes patient education. PMID- 6653322 TI - Efficacy of continuous subcutaneous infusion of sulfated beef insulin. PMID- 6653323 TI - CSII: Scale units to insulin units. PMID- 6653324 TI - Prediction of diabetic retinopathy from color vision data. PMID- 6653325 TI - Acuphobia in a long-standing insulin-dependent diabetic patient cured by hypnosis. PMID- 6653326 TI - Urinary cortisol-creatinine ratio and nocturnal hypoglycemia. PMID- 6653327 TI - [Relations between intestinal parasitosis and malabsorption syndromes in the African adult. Study of per-endoscopic duodenal biopsies]. PMID- 6653328 TI - [The use of acebutolol in arterial hypertension. Apropos of 31 case records of Senegalese patients]. PMID- 6653329 TI - [Acute auriculo-ventricular block in cerebrospinal meningitis]. PMID- 6653330 TI - [Current status of urinary bilharziasis in the population of the shores of Lake de Guiers (northern Senegal)]. PMID- 6653331 TI - [271 cases of eye injury in a hospital milieu in Dakar]. PMID- 6653332 TI - [Generalized acute peritonitis: an unusual complication of extra-uterine pregnancy in a woman wearing an intrauterine device. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6653333 TI - [Esophago-gastric mycoses. Apropos of 23 esophageal and 3 gastric localizations]. PMID- 6653334 TI - [Anesthesia in drepanocytic patients. Study apropos of 55 cases]. PMID- 6653335 TI - [The place of puncture of sub-retinal fluid in the surgical treatment of retinal detachment]. PMID- 6653336 TI - [A rare case of sympathetic ophthalmia]. PMID- 6653337 TI - [Action of 24 new synthetic retinoids on the proliferation of Eca 109-C3 cells in culture]. PMID- 6653338 TI - [Radiobiologic effects on human esophageal carcinoma cells (Eca 109-C3) in vitro. II. Morphological changes and the effect of renewing the medium after irradiation]. PMID- 6653339 TI - [Studies on the influence of harringtonine on CHO cell cytokinetics using premature chromosome condensation and clone reduction methods]. PMID- 6653340 TI - [The role of tumor hybrid cells in antitumor immunity. II. Comparison of antigenicity of tumor hybrid cells and ascitic hepatoma cells by leukocyte migration inhibition test]. PMID- 6653341 TI - [Abnormal changes in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum proteins of cancer patients]. PMID- 6653342 TI - [An anticancer fluorescent substance in the human urine. II. Biological properties of an anticancer fluorescent substance]. PMID- 6653343 TI - [Reduction of carcinogenicity of nitrosamines by photodegradation]. PMID- 6653344 TI - [Skin carcinoma of goats in Tibet--its incidence and pathologic features]. PMID- 6653345 TI - [Parathyroid adenoma and carcinoma--clinicopathologic study of 35 cases]. PMID- 6653346 TI - [Primary malignant melanoma of the mucous membrane--an analysis of 96 cases]. PMID- 6653347 TI - [Radiation therapy of cervical adenocarcinoma--an analysis of 96 cases]. PMID- 6653348 TI - [Carcinoma of the cervix in young woman--a report of 70 cases]. PMID- 6653349 TI - [Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix in young women--a report of 4 cases]. PMID- 6653350 TI - [Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma--pathologic study of 57 autopsy cases]. PMID- 6653351 TI - [Long-term results of surgical treatment of esophageal carcinoma]. PMID- 6653352 TI - [Carcinoma of the gastric stump]. PMID- 6653353 TI - [Surgical treatment of polyposis of the colon]. PMID- 6653354 TI - [Carcinogenicity of fungus-contaminated food]. PMID- 6653355 TI - [Staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma--appraisal of staging systems introduced at a conferences held in Kyoto and Changsha and a new proposal based on 875 consecutive cases]. PMID- 6653356 TI - [Delayed hypersensitivity response of the skin to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and old tuberculin in patients with lung cancer]. PMID- 6653357 TI - [Long-term outcome of patients with residual tumor of the bronchial margin after resection of bronchogenic carcinoma]. PMID- 6653358 TI - [Surgical treatment of metastatic pulmonary tumors--a report of 6 cases]. PMID- 6653359 TI - [Clinicopathologic feature of intracranial tumors in the elderly]. PMID- 6653360 TI - [Autopsy study of gastric carcinoma--analysis of 60 cases]. PMID- 6653361 TI - [Clinicopathologic staging of colorectal cancer]. PMID- 6653362 TI - [Malignant lymphoma of the testis--a report of 3 cases]. PMID- 6653363 TI - [Extragonadal endodermal sinus tumor--a report of 3 cases]. PMID- 6653364 TI - [Meibomian gland carcinoma with a sarcoid reaction-a case report]. PMID- 6653365 TI - [Radiotherapy dosage. I. Radiation dosimetry]. PMID- 6653366 TI - [Precancerous changes in esophageal cancer]. PMID- 6653367 TI - [Combination of traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine in the treatment of stomach cancer]. PMID- 6653368 TI - [Disorder in compensation for the sequelae of delabyrinthation in exposure to a hyperbaric nitrogen-oxygen mixture]. PMID- 6653369 TI - [Blood flow redistribution in the stimulation of the structures of the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata]. PMID- 6653370 TI - [Characteristics of sister chromatid exchange induction by short exposures to chemical mutagens]. PMID- 6653372 TI - [Effect of liposomes on the electrical and contractile activity of vascular smooth muscles]. PMID- 6653371 TI - [New data on the photosensitivity of the animal cell and the mechanism of laser biostimulation]. PMID- 6653373 TI - [Participation of sphingomyelin in the formation of a DNA bond with the nuclear matrix in the replication process]. PMID- 6653374 TI - [Liposome transport and destruction in the intestinal mucus layer]. PMID- 6653376 TI - [Analysis of the stability of enzymatic systems with feedback by a graphic method]. PMID- 6653375 TI - [Relation of the changes in the intracellular ratio of monovalent cations to transcription regulation in the course of the mitotic cycle of Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma cells]. PMID- 6653377 TI - [Formation of alpha-tocopherol complexes with free fatty acids. the nature of the complexes]. PMID- 6653378 TI - [Predisposition of the optimal conformations of adrenergic compounds to the formation of polydentate complexes with metal ions]. PMID- 6653379 TI - [Distance between the ammonium groups of polymethylene bistrimethyl-ammonium compounds based on theoretical conformational analysis data]. PMID- 6653380 TI - [Detection of nucleotide sequences homologous to the DNA of the hepatitis B virus in human placental DNA]. PMID- 6653381 TI - [Kinetic patterns of thermal sterilization]. PMID- 6653382 TI - [Structural characteristics of the action of low-intensity laser radiation on native human tissues]. PMID- 6653384 TI - [Appearance of cooperative activation of glycogenolysis in the skeletal muscles of the chick embryo]. PMID- 6653383 TI - [Action of the mastoparan from hornet venom on mitochondria]. PMID- 6653385 TI - The day-to-day criminality of heroin addicts in Baltimore--a study in the continuity of offence rates. AB - A representative sample of 354 male heroin addicts living in the Baltimore metropolitan area was traced from onset of opiate use to time of interview to ascertain any changes in the frequency or type of offences committed during their years at risk. Five basic measures of criminality were employed: crime-day theft, crime-day violence, crime-day dealing, crime-day con games and crime-day other offences. A sixth measure -- composite crime day -- incorporated all five crime day measures. Crime rates per year were derived from these six measures. It was found that the start of addiction was associated with a high level of criminality (255 composite crime-days per year), and that this high rate continued over numerous subsequent periods of addiction. Theft of property was the most common type of crime, followed by drug sales, other offences, con games, and violent offences. In contrast to the addiction periods, criminality decreased over successive non-addiction periods. Thus, the composite crime rate (82 composite crime-days per year) for the first non-addiction period was only 32% of the rate of the first addiction period and this lower rate of criminality decreased markedly thereafter. PMID- 6653386 TI - Cognitive functioning of alcoholic females: an exploratory study. AB - The effects of long-term alcoholism on the cognitive functioning of female alcoholics was examined through direct comparisons to equivalent male alcoholics and to both male and female controls on a battery of neuropsychological tests. As expected male alcoholics demonstrated deficits in abstraction, memory and visuoperceptual functioning whereas female alcoholics demonstrated deficits in abstraction and visuoperceptual functioning only. Apparently alcoholic females have fewer cognitive deficits than equivalent alcoholic males. Specifically after 30 days of sobriety alcoholic females were no different than control males or females on tests of memory whereas male alcoholic males were impaired. This finding if replicated implies the possibility of less structural brain damage in female alcoholics than equivalent alcoholics. PMID- 6653387 TI - Drugs and homicide: a theory. AB - In this paper we report our experience with 24 cases in which there was a homicide or homicides committed in association with use of large amounts of psychoactive drugs. Many, if not most of these homicides, would not have occurred without drug effects, for frequently there was evidence of grossly illogical thinking in close temporal association with use of intoxicants and in many cases there was no previous history of violence, no evidence of premeditation, no plan to avoid arrest and little or no discernible motivation. Usually there were multiple losses or other severe stress in the lives of the persons committing the homicide in the months preceding the crime. The stress increase was accompanied by increased and extraordinary intake of psychoactive substances. We theorize that high doses of psychoactive drugs impaired severely the brain systems upon which the mental functions of reality testing and judgment depend. Drug induced impairment of reality testing and judgment is frequently uncritically equated with hallucinations, disorientation, changes in time perception or other drug induced mental phenomena. Impairment of reality testing and judgment are basic criteria for linking drug effects with the behavior of homicide in the cases reviewed. PMID- 6653388 TI - Patient perspectives of opiate withdrawal. AB - The objective of this study was to gather information on some aspects of the opiate withdrawal experience from the perspective of the addict. For the most part, results were consistent with expectation, e.g., the sequence with which symptoms appear during withdrawal. However, there were some unexpected findings: the patients' report of the severity of the various symptoms differed from that of experienced clinicians, patients emphasizing more the psychological symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms experienced while on methadone maintenance are also documented. PMID- 6653390 TI - Evaluation of a structured alcohol education course in a secondary school system in north Italy. AB - The authors describe the results of an alcohol education course given to 2166 high school students in the area of Padua, Italy. An evaluation was performed, utilizing a before and after technique: it was shown that baseline knowledge of relevant information on alcohology was similar among younger and older teenagers; also, baseline information and course gain varied according to question content. PMID- 6653389 TI - Predictors of favorable outcome following naltrexone treatment. AB - In order to determine the type of patient most likely to benefit from opiate antagonist therapy, a series of multivariate regression analyses were performed on a sample of male veterans who completed induction on naltrexone. Patient background characteristics, demographic factors and during-treatment variables were used to predict outcome measured at 1-month follow-up. Employment at the start of naltrexone and length of naltrexone therapy were significantly related to better outcome at 1-month follow-up. Treatment duration was clearly the best outcome predictor. The finding that at least 30 days of naltrexone therapy was necessary for significant improvement at 1-month follow-up but that longer periods of treatment were not necessarily associated with greater gains suggests that treatment can be limited and still be relatively successful. A second set of analyses attempted to discover patient characteristics predictive of longer treatment duration. Results showed that patients who were employed and/or married at the start of naltrexone therapy were more likely to stay in treatment longer. Similar results have been obtained by others suggesting that these patients have the best family and social supports to sustain a positive treatment outcome. In addition, they may also be more 'motivated' since they have the most to lose personally and financially by readdiction. PMID- 6653391 TI - Efficacy of psychotherapeutic counselling during 21-day ambulatory heroin detoxification. AB - Structured, psychotherapeutic counselling during 21-day heroin detoxification was evaluated by randomly assigning a group of 25 heroin addicts to a detoxification treatment regimen with mandatory counselling by a therapist and 25 to a control group who received only standard detoxification without counselling. There was no significant difference between groups in the number who successfully detoxified as measured by conversion of morphine positive urine to morphine negative urine. The counselling intervention group did, however, improve the attendance of subjects while in detoxification treatment, and significantly more patients entered long-term treatment following detoxification. Maximal use of a counselor during 21-day heroin detoxification may best be realized by directing therapy toward engaging patients in long-term care. PMID- 6653393 TI - Tryptophan levels in human cerebrospinal fluid after acute and chronic ethanol consumption. AB - The essential amino acid tryptophan was measured in human cerebrospinal fluid by a fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Acute ethanol consumption (80 g) by healthy volunteers lead to a decrease in tryptophan levels during intoxication. After intoxication no difference from base levels was evident. Following ingestion of a higher dose (120 g) the mean levels of tryptophan remained unchanged. Alcoholics were found to have elevated tryptophan levels in the cerebrospinal fluid as compared to healthy subjects even after abstention from ethanol for several weeks. PMID- 6653392 TI - Superoxide dismutase activity in brains from chronic alcoholics. AB - CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Mn SOD activities were analyzed in hypothalamus, nucleus caudatus, hippocampus and cortex gyrus cinguli from 12 chronic alcoholics and from 16 controls. The CuZn SOD activities were slightly lower and the Mn SOD activities were slightly higher in the brain pieces from chronic alcoholics compared to the controls. The slight differences found can hardly be assigned etiological importance in the degenerative processes in brain tissue connected with chronic alcoholism. PMID- 6653394 TI - Loitering by patients on methadone maintenance: a perception or a problem. AB - Loitering has become an increasing matter of concern to both communities and staff involved in drug treatment programs. In order to determine the prevalence of this problem a retrospective two-year study was performed among clients enrolled in a community methadone maintenance treatment program (MM). Of 1064 persons enrolled in MM during this time, 190 (17.8%) were identified as loiterers with 121 (63.7%) loiterers actively enrolled in MM. No significant differences between loiterers and a matched group of MM clients were seen with respect to time in treatment, presence of drug abuse or excessive alcohol intake. Differences between loiterers and non-loiterers were observed with respect to criminal activity (29% vs. 11%, respectively, P less than 0.001), non-opioid drug abuse (78% vs. 67%, respectively, P less than 0.01) and productive activity (44% vs. 61%, respectively, P less than 0.01). Excessive alcohol intake was seen in 15.4% of the study group. No relationship existed between excessive consumption of alcohol and loitering, arrests, and use of mood altering drugs as determined by urinalysis. No relationship could be demonstrated between loitering and residence in the community surrounding the program. Only 11 (6%) of all loiterers lived within two blocks of the program boundaries, and only 59 (31%) resided within East Harlem. These findings suggest that loitering is a real cause for concern being engaged in mainly by individuals who are neither socially productive nor residents of the immediate community surrounding the program. It is therefore important to develop strategies for dealing with this problem not only to reassure the community but to facilitate rehabilitation. PMID- 6653395 TI - Treatment outcome in methadone detoxification: relationship to initial levels of illicit opiate use. AB - Two groups each of 10 patients enrolled in a 90-day outpatient detoxification program were classified on the basis of high (92.5% of tests) and low (7.5% of tests) rates of opiate-positive urine test results during two weeks of dosage stabilization. Pretreatment demographic variables did not differ between the two groups. Relapse to opiate use during the detoxification occurred in patients who were initially opiate free. By the end of the dose reduction period, opiate positive rates were 60% and 87% of tests for the low and high opiate use groups, respectively. Sedative use and missed clinic days showed similar trends for both groups during the detoxification, although different patterns of drop-out from treatment were noted. Symptomatology increased during dose reduction for the low- but not for the high-frequency opiate group. In general, treatment outcome appeared equally poor for patients who showed low or high levels of illicit opiate drug use early in detoxification treatment. PMID- 6653397 TI - Validity and reliability of the Michigan alcoholism screening test: a review. AB - This review uses tables to summarize empirical evidence about the validity and reliability of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST). Twelve studies met standards for inclusion. MAST diagnosis agreed with diagnosis by other criteria for alcoholism in approximately three of four cases. Where inconsistency occurred, MAST tended to over-diagnose. Because reliability was lower for shorter versions, longer versions should be used where practical. PMID- 6653396 TI - Plasma vitamin E status in chronic alcoholic patients. AB - Plasma vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) concentrations were estimated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 50 consecutively admitted chronic alcoholics (M = 44;F = 6;mean age +/- S.D. = 42.94 +/- 10.97;age range = 28-70 years) on admission and in 25 of them it was repeated during abstinence (6th day) while undergoing conventional detoxification therapy with polyvitamins (except vitamin E) and hypno-sedative drugs. Thirty percent of the patients were found to be deficient on admission and while on routine hospital diet during therapy, 20% of the patients were still deficient. It is, therefore, suggested that chronic alcoholics should be treated routinely with vitamin E along with other polyvitamins during detoxification in alcoholic units. PMID- 6653398 TI - Attitudes of high school students toward drug education. AB - In Nigeria, there is an indiscriminate sale of drugs by druggists or pharmacists, patent medicine dealers and street vendors and hawkers whose stores, to say the least, are manned by unqualified people. There is no strict control over the production and distribution of narcotic drugs. The danger about these sources of drug is that they lack the medical supervision that is an integral part of drug education. Consequently, drug education of the students is an important matter which must be of great concern to parents and governments with their relevant agencies. There is need, however, for a better understanding of student attitudes about drug education in school. Studies have shown that measures of specific attitudes-towards-act are a better predictor of intentions and subsequent behaviours than attitudes towards objects [1-3]. The present study examined Nigerian student attitudes towards drug education. Review of the pertinent literature revealed that attention has been given throughout the world to abuse and misuse of drugs among the youths. Researchers in Nigeria have followed suit in their attempt to tackle the same problem. For example, Oshodi [4] reported a large scale use of amphetamines by young and old farmers and labourers around the northern borders of Nigeria. Oviasu [5] reported that all his 269 patients under age 25 except one, seen at the Uselu Nervous Disease Clinic in Benin City, Nigeria from January 1969 to December 1972 abuse cannabis. Likewise Ogunremi et al. [6] reported that 25% of their respondents had used Indian hemp (cannabis) and one-third of these continued to use drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653399 TI - Glycosylated hemoglobin in chronic alcoholics. AB - Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb AI) is commonly accepted as a parameter of the last 2 3 months metabolism of the glucides; therefore its growth must be proportionate to the metabolic unbalance [1]. We observed that chronic alcoholics often had significantly increased levels of Hb AI when compared with normal controls, although with a normal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); we therefore tried to correlate other metabolic factors with glycosylated hemoglobin: uricemia, triglyceridemia, cholesterolemia and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. PMID- 6653401 TI - Drug disposition in man. Symposium, Sarasota, Florida, November 1-6, 1981. PMID- 6653402 TI - Pharmacokinetics of intravenous morphine in balanced anesthesia: studies in children. AB - Intravenous morphine in combination with muscle relaxants, nitrous oxide, and oxygen in so-called balanced anesthesia is commonly used in children between the ages of 0 and 5 yr during surgery. We define dosing rules for a loading dose followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of morphine sulfate to achieve a serum morphine concentration of 75 micrograms/L. This concentration is well above the minimum serum morphine concentration of 50 micrograms/L for moderate analgesic effects in adults. It also exceeds the concentration of 65 micrograms/L claimed to provide adequate analgesia in children during surgery. The clearance of morphine in 8 children between 0 and 5 yr of age was 20.5 +/- 2.8 mL/kg/min (means +/- SD). This result is threefold larger than the clearance value obtained after a single intravenous dose and 1.5 times greater than clearance values found after multiple intravenous doses of morphine, previously reported by others in children between the ages of 1 and 15 yr. Having established a dosing regimen that achieves a steady-state serum morphine concentration of approximately 75 micrograms/L, we plan to investigate the relationship between morphine serum concentration and pharmacologic effect. Intraoperatively the action of morphine at its receptor site will be assessed according to a scoring system including EEG changes, heart rate, blood pressure, response to sensory stimuli, and maintenance of vital functions. The effect of intravenous morphine will further be estimated according to the postanesthetic scoring system described in this report. Using intraoperative and postanesthetic scores to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of morphine for anesthesia in relation to morphine serum concentration will lead to a better understanding and improvement in use of intravenous morphine in young children. PMID- 6653403 TI - Drug management of antidiuretic hormone imbalance following pituitary surgery. AB - ADH imbalance may occur in patients after pituitary surgery. Two cases are presented that demonstrate the problems associated with the disturbance of water metabolism. The medical management of these patients is discussed, with emphasis on the importance of the correct choice of pharmacological agents to control the manifestations of ADH imbalance. PMID- 6653404 TI - A new programmable calculator procedure for individualizing phenytoin dosage. AB - A programmable calculator procedure allowing nonlinear least-squares fit to pharmacokinetic data conforming to the Michaelis-Menten model is described. Model parameter estimation is performed according to the iterative Gauss-Newton technique as modified by Hartley. This procedure thus employs the same theoretical approach used by most pharmacokinetic computer programs. No programming skill is needed to run the program described. The proposed procedure is discussed in detail and applied to some sets of pharmacokinetic data. PMID- 6653405 TI - Indapamide: a unique diuretic? AB - Indapamide (Lozol) is a new diuretic and antihypertensive agent. The drug appears to have a unique mechanism of action, combining diuretic effects with a direct vascular action, presumably secondary to calcium channel blockade. Available studies indicate that indapamide is comparable to hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, furosemide, and other diuretic agents in the management of hypertension and edema. The drug produces toxicity similar to that of the thiazide and loop diuretics; however, it does not appear to increase cholesterol levels. Although it is claimed that indapamide produces no effect on glucose levels, hyperglycemia has been reported. Indapamide is safe and effective for treatment of hypertension in mild to severe renal impairment, but advantages over furosemide are questionable. Indapamide is a unique diuretic, but does not appear to offer advantages over other available agents. PMID- 6653400 TI - Steroid D-ring glucuronides: characterization of a new class of cholestatic agents. AB - In summary, we have shown that steroid D-ring, but not steroid A-ring, glucuronide conjugates act at the level of the bile canaliculus to decrease bile acid-dependent flow, initially; and subsequently, bile-acid-independent flow. These data indicate that glucuronide conjugates are not necessarily inactive; the present glucuronides clearly possess toxicological activity. The cholestatic glucuronides are all natural, endogenously formed products of metabolism. The critical questions which remain are whether metabolism of steroids to D-ring glucuronides is an obligatory step in the etiology of steroid-induced cholestasis and whether these glucuronides, at concentrations attained in humans, are capable of decreasing hepatic excretory function and inducing morphological and biochemical changes of clinical importance. PMID- 6653406 TI - The effects of exchange transfusion on the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital. AB - A 26-month-old child was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for treatment of apparent fulminant hepatitis. While hospitalized, he underwent eight exchange transfusions to decrease ammonia concentrations. The patient received intravenous phenobarbital (Pb) for the treatment of cerebral edema. To determine the effects of exchange transfusion on Pb clearance, serum Pb concentrations were obtained before, after, and between exchanges. Preexchange and postexchange serum Pb concentrations were obtained on three separate exchanges. Pb concentrations also were examined between two exchange transfusions. The amount of Pb actually removed during one exchange transfusion was determined by analyzing serum obtained from the discarded blood resulting from the procedure. All Pb concentrations were analyzed by the Emit system. Results indicate that Pb was cleared at a mean rate of 433 ml/h during the exchange periods examined, with a mean overall elimination constant of 0.20 h-1. The Pb actually removed by the exchange transfusion on day 10 of hospitalization was determined to be 17 mg, while the calculated amount was 8 mg. A mean of 22.3 mg of Pb was calculated to be removed over an average exchange time of 2.2 hours. Pb clearance during exchange transfusion has not been reported previously. This case has shown that small amounts of Pb can be removed by exchange transfusion; therefore, patients undergoing this procedure may require serum monitoring after exchange. PMID- 6653407 TI - Cimetidine's effect on steady-state serum nortriptyline concentrations. AB - A cimetidine-nortriptyline interaction in a 52-year-old black male is reported. After concomitant administration of cimetidine and nortriptyline for two weeks, steady-state nortriptyline concentrations fell 42 percent when cimetidine was discontinued. Later, during rechallenge with cimetidine, serum nortriptyline concentrations increased significantly, but subsequently fell again when cimetidine was discontinued. The possible clinical consequences of this interaction are discussed. PMID- 6653408 TI - Aminoglycoside inactivation by penicillins and cephalosporins and its impact on drug-level monitoring. AB - The degree of in vitro inactivation of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin by various penicillins and cephalosporins was investigated. Serum samples were prepared that contained one aminoglycoside and one penicillin or cephalosporin. Each aminoglycoside was combined with each of the following: penicillin, ampicillin, nafcillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, cephapirin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole. Each sample contained a final concentration of 10 micrograms/ml of gentamicin or tobramycin, or 35 micrograms/ml of amikacin, with 400 micrograms/ml of the beta-lactam antibiotic. Control samples containing only the aminoglycoside were used for comparison. Half of each mixture was frozen at 20 degrees C and the remainder was left at room temperature for 24 hours. The samples were assayed for aminoglycoside content by a radioimmunoassay and each combination was compared with its control value. Based on the results, the beta lactams can be divided into three groups: (1) cefazolin and cefamandole, which cause little inactivation; (2) nafcillin, cephapirin, and cefoxitin, which cause moderate inactivation; and (3) penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and ticarcillin, which cause marked inactivation. In general, tobramycin was the most reactive of the three aminoglycosides studied and amikacin the most stable. The frozen samples were much less affected than those left at room temperature. Freezing samples, if there will be a delay in assaying, and choosing aminoglycoside sampling times when the beta-lactam concentration is at a trough are recommended to minimize spurious aminoglycoside level determinations due to in vitro inactivation. PMID- 6653409 TI - Naproxen excretion in milk and its uptake by the infant. PMID- 6653410 TI - Comments and corrections on dosing guidelines. PMID- 6653411 TI - Comment on orphan drugs. PMID- 6653412 TI - Expansion of an investigational drug service. PMID- 6653414 TI - Reporting adverse reactions: the black triangle and the patient. PMID- 6653413 TI - Receipt of prescription drug information by the elderly. AB - Analysis of responses of 267 elderly subjects to a telephone survey dealing with communications between patients and health professionals about prescribed medications indicated several age-related differences. Results showed that elderly patients received less general information and less drug-specific information than younger patients did. This occurred in both pharmacist and physician encounters. PMID- 6653415 TI - [Immunoprophylaxis in hepatitis B. 1. Passive immunization]. PMID- 6653416 TI - [Radiologic diagnosis of adrenal cyst]. AB - Computed tomography did not lead to the correct diagnosis in a 40-year-old female patient with an adrenal cyst on the right side. Sonography permitted differentiation of the tumour from the surroundings. However, only angiography showed quality and precise localization of the tumour. Thus, in certain cases, angiography cannot be replaced despite the large diagnostic value of the other methods. PMID- 6653417 TI - [Skin necroses and ergotism after preventive administration of heparin dihydroergotamine]. AB - About 30 hours after prophylactic subcutaneous administration of heparin dihydroergotamine to a 77-year-old man with generalized arteriosclerosis, extensive skin necroses developed at the injection sites and, after progressively increasing signs of mental disorientation, three days later there developed acute pulmonary oedema and a large ischaemic infarct of the median cerebral artery with hemiparesis and coma, which ended fatally. Skin necroses and ergotism are rare but serious complications of anticoagulant treatment. PMID- 6653418 TI - [Squamous epithelial carcinoma of the mouth cavity]. PMID- 6653420 TI - [Goiter induced by thyroid growth stimulating antibodies?]. PMID- 6653419 TI - [Reduction of sodium administration and increase of potassium administration in patients threatened by hypertension and in hypertensive patients]. PMID- 6653421 TI - [Therapy of acute infectious diarrhea]. PMID- 6653422 TI - [Poisoning with leather-impregnation sprays. A retrospective analysis of 224 cases of poisoning]. AB - Annually, there are about 100-200 intoxications in the Federal Republic of Germany caused by inhalation of leather impregnation sprays. The course of these intoxications is moderately severe in 60% and severe in 18% of the cases. The signs and symptoms are characterized by a respiratory distress syndrome which sets in about 15-60 min after spraying and which requires several days of hospitalisation in severe cases. The sprays contain about 7-11 components; their toxicity is not exclusively associated with one substance only. Lower toxicity can be achieved by preparing a basic formulation adjusted to the low-hazard components. PMID- 6653423 TI - [Clinical variability of autosomal-dominant juvenile diabetes (MODY)]. AB - Occurrence prior to the age of 25 years, dominant inheritance, metabolic control without insulin for more than two years and mild course without late complications are considered characteristic of maturity-onset diabetes of young people (MODY). Diabetes or glucose tolerance disturbance was observed in 30 members of a family in five successive generations. The course of the disease within the family was variable: even after disease for several decades no diabetes-specific late complications were seen in 20 diabetics, six, in contrast, had serious complications such as proliferative retinopathy, nephropathy and coma. The different clinical course is expression of the considerable variability of this genetically uniform metabolic disorder. Our observations demonstrate that vascular complications in MODY are less frequent than in type II diabetes, however are not excluded. Thus, also MODY diabetics require life-long careful metabolic surveillance. PMID- 6653424 TI - [Diagnostic value of lipase and isoamylase determination. Monitoring studies in patients with proven and suspected pancreatitis]. AB - Changes of lipase (turbidimetric evaluation), total amylase and isoamylases (inhibition test) were determined in 93 patients with proven or suspect pancreatitis. In 35 patients with established acute pancreatitis 143 sera were investigated in the course of disease. Lipase and pancreatic amylase were increased in these samples significantly more often (thus longer in the course of disease) than total amylase. Eight patients with chronic pancreatitis and exocrine insufficiency showed very low lipase and pancreatic amylase activities whereas total amylase was normal. Observations in the course of two groups of patients with suspect (but not established) pancreatitis showed superior organ specificity of lipase and pancreatic amylase when compared to total amylase. However, no relevant difference of the diagnostic validity of both enzymes could be demonstrated. PMID- 6653425 TI - [Local streptokinase thrombolysis in a Cimino shunt thrombosis]. AB - Local thrombolysis treatment was successful in a 52-year-old woman with a one-day old thrombosis of her Cimino shunt. Three hours after local application of a total of 80 000 IU streptokinase the shunt, which had thrombosed at the distal venous loop, became patent again. Because of the low streptokinase dose local thrombolysis, in contrast to systemic streptokinase administration, can be used without danger even in patients on haemodialysis in whom systemic thrombolytic treatment is frequently contra-indicated. PMID- 6653426 TI - [New therapies for cor pulmonale?]. PMID- 6653427 TI - [Two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography: a better presentation of intra atrial structures]. AB - In seven patients with suspected or detected abnormal intra-atrial structures on 2-dimensional echocardiography, transoesophageal echocardiography was diagnostic of left atrial myxoma in two, left atrial thrombus in two, cor triatriatum in two and right atrial membrane in one. The transoesophageal technique extends diagnostic possibilities. The accurate demonstration of atrial abnormalities in such cases by the transoesophageal technique obviates the need of invasive pre operative angiographic and haemodynamic procedures. PMID- 6653428 TI - [Acute septic yersiniosis--a rare syndrome?]. PMID- 6653429 TI - [Infusion solutions with fructose and sorbitol]. PMID- 6653430 TI - [Prevention of thromboembolism using drugs in operative medicine]. PMID- 6653431 TI - [False-positive and false-negative results in the screening of newborns for hypothyroidism]. PMID- 6653432 TI - [Criticism of goiter epidemiology (III)]. PMID- 6653433 TI - [Diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of infectious diseases in general practice. Results of an inquiry]. AB - In February 1982 a questionnaire was sent to 2138 doctors in general practice in West Berlin, to obtain data relating to the incidence and treatment of infectious diseases. Replies were received from 453 (21%). Regular bacteriological tests were undertaken only for urinary tract infections, by 60% of those replying. The 453 doctors reported a total of 9280 cases of infectious disease during a one week period, 6094 respiratory and 1723 urinary ones. Antibiotic prescriptions numbered 6118 during this period, 56.7% for respiratory and 27% for urinary tract infections. Indications for antibiotic treatment were predominantly decided on clinical grounds. PMID- 6653434 TI - [Prognostic differences in low-malignancy germinal center cell lymphomas and immunocytomas. Relationship to histological subtypes, stages and therapy]. AB - Based on repeated interval analyses, radiotherapy and cytostatic drug therapy were stepwise intensified and combined in 264 patients diagnosed between 1976 and 1981 as having histopathologically low-malignant centroblastic-centrocytic (cb/cc; n = 106), centrocytic (cc; n = 34) or immunocytic lymphoma (n = 124). The number of treatment failures and recurrences were clearly reduced. There were three prognostic steps in survival probability: 90% after seven years for stages IA-IVA of the cb/cc lymphoma as well as for the extranodal lymphoplasmocytoid and lymphoplasmocytic immunocytomas, stages I-IV of Ann Arbor, and stages 0-II of the Rai classifications. In the Rai stages III and IV these immunocytomas had a definitely worse prognosis, at 60%. Prognostically most unfavourable, at levels of around or below 30%, were the B forms of cb/cc lymphomas, all stages of centrocytoma and the polymorph-cell immunocytomas. The survival rate of the cb/cc lymphomas was increased by about 33%, compared with cases of Brill-Symmers' disease between 1970 and 1975. The alternating use of cytostatic combinations seems to be more favourable among the previously little affected centrocytomas and the polymorph-cell immunocytomas. PMID- 6653435 TI - [Serum gentamicin level after intratracheal application in ventilated patients with normal and reduced kidney function]. AB - In a prospective study, serial serum determinations of gentamicin were made after its intratracheal application (40 mg/8 h) to 14 patients on ventilators (seven with normal renal function, seven with compensated, preterminal or dialysis requiring renal failure). The patients with normal renal function had no therapeutic or toxicologically significant gentamicin concentration in their serum: less than 0.1 mg/l, in one case maximally 0.67 mg/l. But in patients with renal failure even the first gentamicin dose increased the serum level up to 1.5 mg/l. After repeated endotracheal application gentamicin accumulation in serum led to maximal values of 6.2 mg/l after the sixth and 7.5 mg/l after the seventh dose. The absorption of the drug from the tracheobronchial system differed between individuals. Thus serum concentrations were reached in patients with renal failure which are systemically effective and potentially toxic. PMID- 6653436 TI - [Bolus obstruction of the distal esophagus caused by hydrophilic plant material (guar gum)]. AB - Ingestion of 5 g guar gum (Glucotard) led to complete obstruction of the distal oesophagus in a 63-year-old diabetic. A daily intake of 5 g guar gum t.i.d. with 250 ml of water had been tolerated without problems for half a year. Intake of a sufficient amount of water, as well as an undisturbed oesophageal function, are absolutely essential for the ingestion of guar gum. Since alcohol can influence the process of swelling and the consistency of the bolus, simultaneous intake of alcohol and guar gum should be strictly avoided. PMID- 6653437 TI - [Notes on porphyria]. PMID- 6653438 TI - Correlation of the in vivo and in vitro renal toxicity of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-L cysteine. AB - The major site at which vinyl cysteine conjugates exert nephrotoxicity is the proximal tubule. Since this is the site of all active anion and cation transport, tubule transport integrity was used to assess nephrotoxicity. Tubules were isolated from young rabbits to study the in vivo and in vitro nephrotoxicity of the conjugate, dichlorovinyl cysteine (DCVC). In vivo exposure to DCVC caused necrosis in the pars recta region of the proximal tubules (20-100 mg/kg ip) and a dose-dependent decrease in tubular active transport. Addition of DCVC to the perfused kidney and tubule suspensions resulted in similar decreases in tubular organic ion transport. At 0.01 mM DCVC, transport was similar to controls while 1 mM DCVC completely inhibited active accumulation of the organic ions. Thus kidney tubule active transport is similarly inhibited in vivo and in vitro by DCVC indicating that bioactivation of DCVC and inhibition of active transport occur directly in the renal tubule. PMID- 6653439 TI - Cytotoxicity of cinnamic aldehyde on leukemia L1210 cells. AB - Cytotoxic effect of cinnamic aldehyde (CA) on L1210 mouse leukemia cells was tested. Addition of CA in Fischer's medium at 4.8 micrograms/ml could inhibit the growth of L1210 by 50 per cent. The terminal aldehyde-group of CA molecule was found to be responsible to the inhibition. Experiments of incorporating [3H] uridine, [3H]-thymidine, and [3H]-leucine by the cells revealed that the syntheses of protein, DNA, and RNA were suppressed by the presence of CA in the culture solution with potency appeared in that order. The inhibitory effect of CA on glycolysis was insignificant. Direct reaction between aldehyde-groups of CA molecules and sulfhydryl-groups of cell components was proved. The results suggested that CA inhibited L1210 cells by blocking protein synthesis through trapping sulfhydryl-containing amino acids in the cell. PMID- 6653440 TI - A comparison of fertility assessment and cytogenetic analysis for the detection of translocation heterozygotes in CD-1 mice. AB - A comparison of the fertility and cytogenetic analyses and the combination of both techniques as generally used in the heritable translocation assay was conducted with triethylenemelamine (TEM). CD-1 mice were used as the F0 generation and were divided into two groups that received i.p. either distilled water (control) or TEM at 0.15-0.20 mg/kg. A total of 226 F1 males were generated (125 control, 101 TEM group) and were subjected to both sequential fertility assessment and direct cytogenetic analysis. A litter size of 10 was used for the fertility assessment method and 25 cells per animal were scored for the direct cytogenetic analysis; 20 animals were initially identified as translocation carriers based on the fertility analysis and 16 animals were identified by cytogenetic analysis. When these data were compared and the discrepancies resolved, each method separately identified 16 translocation carriers (15 animals common to both methods). With the combination of data for both techniques, as is done in the heritable translocation assay, a total of 17 translocation heterozygotes were identified. Use of either the fertility method alone or the cytogenetic method as routinely used would have resulted in the separate identification of 16 translocation carriers per procedure, with each method failing to identify one carrier. PMID- 6653441 TI - A rapid technique for estimating DNA binding, used to evaluate 1-nitropyrene adduct formation. AB - A simple and rapid procedure for estimating binding of radio-labelled material to DNA and protein is described. Protein was extracted from lysed rabbit alveolar macrophages with chloroform: iso-amyl-alcohol:phenol extraction. Nucleic acids were precipitated from the lysate, and hydrolysed with protease and NaOH to remove residual protein and RNA respectively. Bound radioactivity was quantitated by precipitation of DNA onto glass fiber filters. Protein labelled with 3H leucine and DNA and RNA adducts formed from 1-nitro[14C]pyrene by xanthine oxidase were used to define this procedure. 14C was shown to be bound to endogeneous protein and DNA isolated from rabbit alveolar macrophages that had been incubated with 1-nitro[14C]pyrene. PMID- 6653442 TI - Comparative renal and hepatotoxicity of halomethanes: bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chloroform, dibromochloromethane and methylene chloride. AB - The renal and hepatotoxicities of five selected halomethanes, which are drinking water contaminants, were evaluated following a 14-day exposure. Bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chloroform, dibromochloromethane and methylene chloride were administered at three dose levels. Toxicity was evaluated by measuring changes in total body weight, uptake of p-aminohippurate into renal cortical slices, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels and by performing a histopathologic examination of liver and kidney tissues. Dose-related effects on the liver and kidney were detected with the uptake of p-aminohippurate into kidney slices and with the histopathologic evaluation of tissues. Treatment-related effects seen in the methylene chloride exposed mice were less pronounced as compared to the other halomethane treatment groups. In general, histopathological changes were the most sensitive indicators of both liver and kidney damage. PMID- 6653443 TI - Teratogenicity study of ethylene glycol in rats. AB - Ethylene glycol was administered in the diet to pregnant Fischer 344 rats on days 6 through 15 of gestation. Target dosage levels were 1.0, 0.2, 0.04, and 0.00 g/kg/day. There was no maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity, or increased incidence of malformations in fetuses from doses dams. Positive control dams received 500 mg/kg of hydroxyurea on gestation day 11 and had fetuses with numerous soft tissue and skeletal malformations. Results are interpreted as preliminary indication of lack of teratogenicity of ethylene glycol. PMID- 6653444 TI - Economical LD50 and slope determinations. AB - Many regulatory standards and guidelines required LD50 determinations and dose response curve slopes, using at least 5 animals per sex per dosage level and at least 3 levels. In contrast, the current trend is to use as few animals as necessary for toxicological studies. The moving average method for calculation of the LD50 has been available since 1947 but, as it does not involve curve fitting, has not been used to determine the slope. An accurate adaptation of this is presented so that both the LD50 and slope can be determined using very few animals and using levels with 0 or 100% kills; not usable with probit determinations. PMID- 6653445 TI - The LEDTOX Necropsy System: an interactive protocol driven gross postmortem examination data collection system. AB - The LEDTOX Necropsy System consists of a series of programs which provide for the real time collection of gross postmortem data while interacting with the LEDTOX Protocol, Animal Weighing/Clinical Observation, Palpable Mass, Clinical Pathology, Histopathology and Animal Colony Management Systems. Special procedures and lists of tissues specified in the protocol for various necropsy activities drive to data collection routines. Key system features include: system generated gross findings menu to facilitate data entry; designation of key phrases to be used for data summarization; online confirmation of palpable masses identified during life; online review of clinical observation and clinical pathology data. Outputs include: incidence summary of gross postmortem findings; tissue examination/sampling summary; correlation of antemortem and postmortem mass/neoplasm data; organ weight statistical summary. With completion of this module, 90-100% of the routine tables for postmortem reports are immediately available to pathologists for data interpretation. PMID- 6653446 TI - New approaches to chemotherapy for leprosy. PMID- 6653448 TI - Liver disease. When drugs may be the cause. PMID- 6653447 TI - Indications for oral anticoagulant treatment. PMID- 6653449 TI - [Infectious complications in childhood leukemia]. PMID- 6653450 TI - [Percutaneous estrogen replacement therapy. An alternative for oral treatment]. PMID- 6653451 TI - [Vanillin- and lactose-induced bronchospasm]. PMID- 6653452 TI - [Clinico-pathological conference. Ascites and cardiac failure in an old man]. PMID- 6653453 TI - Hereditary hearing loss: genetics and diagnosis. PMID- 6653454 TI - Parathyroid adenoma. PMID- 6653455 TI - Human lymphocyte antigens (HLA) in West African blacks. PMID- 6653456 TI - The true disease pattern in East Africa: Part 2. PMID- 6653457 TI - Case-finding studies in pulmonary tuberculosis in Kenya. PMID- 6653459 TI - An update haemophilia and haemophiloid disorders in Anglophone African countries. PMID- 6653458 TI - Histological pattern of thyroid diseases in Enugu, Nigeria. PMID- 6653460 TI - Arterial blood pressure pattern in Nigerian school children. PMID- 6653461 TI - Work conditions and effect of lead on the health of workers. PMID- 6653462 TI - Leiomyomas as seen at Kenyatta National Hospital between 1978 to 1981. PMID- 6653463 TI - Experience with BM-test--Glycemie 20-800 strips. PMID- 6653464 TI - Polio-like illness with involvement of spinal cord long tracts. PMID- 6653466 TI - The need for a poison information centre in Kenya. PMID- 6653465 TI - Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis treated with amphotericin B. Case report. PMID- 6653467 TI - The scientific basis for use of Strychnos henningsii (Gilg) plant material to stimulate appetite. PMID- 6653468 TI - Effect of methotrexate on the response of eosinophils to Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. PMID- 6653469 TI - A survey of 43 twin deliveries at Bagamoyo District Hospital--Tanzania. PMID- 6653471 TI - Paraplegia secondary to pyogenic epidural abscess. PMID- 6653470 TI - Perinatal mortality and the high risk approach in antenatal screening in a rural area in Kenya. PMID- 6653472 TI - Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with bilharzial ureteric obstruction. PMID- 6653473 TI - The problems of congenital bilateral choanal atresia in the newborn. PMID- 6653474 TI - Complete transection of the femoral artery following closed injury: (case report). PMID- 6653475 TI - [Changes in the enzyme activity in the plasma of rats with endotoxic shock with and without thymectomy]. PMID- 6653476 TI - [Contradictory effect of cortisol on the incorporating activity of isolated liver and spleen polyribosomes in rats]. PMID- 6653477 TI - [Effect of the thymus and the thymic extract thymosin on the copper content in the serum of guinea pigs under cholesterol loading]. PMID- 6653479 TI - [Method for collecting lymph from the heart of a dog]. PMID- 6653478 TI - [Relationship between the placental-fetal index (PFI) and the toxic and teratogenic effect in the fetuses of mothers treated with sedalgin during pregnancy]. PMID- 6653480 TI - [Mechanism of mixed function oxidase inhibition by corticosteroids]. PMID- 6653481 TI - More on one-channel recording of somato-sensory evoked potentials (SEP) of multiple origin. PMID- 6653482 TI - Fourier analysis resolution of EEG frequency components of short duration. PMID- 6653483 TI - Voluntarily induced differential alteration in force threshold of single motor units of the human vastus lateralis. PMID- 6653484 TI - Electromyography of the vastus medialis oblique and vasti in normal subjects during gait. PMID- 6653485 TI - [Activation motor response in depressive states. Changes in the Hoffmann reflex during psychomotor testing]. AB - Psychophysiological response of activation was explored both in control and depressed patients before and after antidepressant treatment. Hoffmann reflex (H reflex) and heat rate were recorded. Two psychomotor tests were studied in order to modify the level of vigilance. Control subjects had two different psychophysiological responses: slight increase of cardiac rhythm together with facilitation of H reflex or marked increase of cardiac rhythm associated with inhibition of H reflex. Depressed patients always showed an increase in H reflex during each task. H reflex was reduced only when patient recovered after a period of treatment. In both populations, heart rate for a given test was modified in the same way. Results are discussed in the light of the existence of two different activating systems. In depressed patients the lack of inhibition of H reflex could be explained by the decrease of initial arousal. PMID- 6653486 TI - [Sleep deprivation and dexamethasone suppression test in healthy volunteers]. AB - One night sleep deprivation in 10 healthy volunteers was performed: none of them presented an abnormal dexamethasone suppression test (DST) during the following afternoon. In this experimentation, a short deprivation of sleep does not alter DST. Etiopathogenic hypothesis of DST abnormalities (and other factors) have been discussed. PMID- 6653488 TI - [Serum testosterone level in women with pituitary gland hypofunction and pituitary dwarfism]. PMID- 6653487 TI - [Behavior problems in phenylketonuria. Attempt at a biochemical interpretation based on a personal case and a review of the literature]. AB - We have presented the case of a 7 year old retarded child with psychotic like behavioral troubles. Biological studies are compatible with typical phenylketonuria. Two times, a low phenylalanine diet was followed by an improvement of the behavioral troubles, and the interruption of the diet by a relapse of these troubles. Biologically, an hyposerotoninergy was recorded by the lowering of the 5 HIAA renewal in CSF after probenecid, partially corrected by the low phenylalanine diet. From this personal case and a review of the literature, the authors discuss the biochemical interpretation of the behavioral troubles in the light of the serotoninergic deficit. PMID- 6653489 TI - [4,6-estradien-3,17-dione--inhibitor of testosterone biosynthesis]. PMID- 6653490 TI - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Relationship between histopathological and clinical findings. PMID- 6653491 TI - [Effect of subchronic sodium fluoride poisoning on the thyroid gland of rabbits with normal and increased supply of iodine]. PMID- 6653492 TI - Evaluation of radioimmunoassay and radiocompetition methods of thyroxine estimation in blood serum of farm animals. PMID- 6653493 TI - [Cytological and biochemical studies in thyroid cysts. II. Determination of various chemical components in the thyroid cyst fluid]. PMID- 6653494 TI - [Effect of subchronic copper sulfate poisoning on the thyroid gland of rabbits maintained on normal and increased supply of iodine]. PMID- 6653495 TI - [Neurosecretory function of the hypothalamus after Cynkotox poisoning]. PMID- 6653496 TI - Gastroscopic findings in systemic mastocytosis. AB - We report on the gastroscopic findings in a patient with systemic mastocytosis. It should be noted that the presence of "urticaria-like" lesions in the gastric mucosa is the most characteristic endoscopic picture in this rare disease. PMID- 6653497 TI - A non-tumoral esophago-bronchial fistula managed by isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate. AB - Non-tumoral esophago-bronchial fistulas are usually treated by gastrostomy. This case-report describes the endoscopic obstruction with an acrylate glue in a 75 year-old woman. PMID- 6653498 TI - Short-channel duodenoscope: innovations in selective biliography. AB - The selective cannulation of the intrahepatic branches of the biliary system is made possible by the use of torsion-stabilized angiographic catheters passed via short-channel duodenoscopes. Other feasible applications are the endoscopic selective positioning of biliary endoprosthesis, and the cannulation of the gall bladder using a cysto-nasal catheter through which a litholytic fluid can be installed directly into the gall bladder. PMID- 6653499 TI - An unforeseen complication of oral flurazepam therapy. PMID- 6653500 TI - Solitary pulmonary metastasis of choroidal malignant melanoma: report of an unusual case. AB - This brief report describes an unusual case of a patient who had a solitary pulmonary metastasis from an intraocular tumor removed 9 years previously. He was diagnosed by bronchofiberscopy and subjected to right middle lobectomy. Pathological examination revealed that the lesion resulted from direct metastasization to the bronchial wall. PMID- 6653501 TI - Poor correlation between oxygen toxicity and activity of glutathione peroxidase. AB - To test the postulate that increased activity of the glutathione peroxidase system is required for the increased tolerance to oxygen toxicity that develops after several days of prior exposure to 85% oxygen we searched for a combination of increased tolerance but normal activity of the glutathione system. We exposed rats to 85% oxygen for 7 days and then placed them in air. After 0, 10, 20, and 30 days we estimated the potential role of an antioxidant system by measuring activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GP), and the nonprotein sulfhydryl content (NPSH) of lung tissue. After 7 days in 85% oxygen (0 days in air) activities of G6PD, GR, and GP, were elevated above control values by 189%, 32%, and 126%, respectively, and NPSH was 146% higher. Twenty days later these activities and NPSH were not significantly different from those of control animals never exposed to 85% oxygen. We also tested these rats without increased enzyme activities for oxygen "tolerance" by exposing them, after 20 days of recovery in air, to 100% oxygen for 3 days and found that some were "tolerant" as judged by a mortality rate of only 42% compared with 100% in a group not previously exposed to oxygen. To determine if this degree of tolerance could be related to accelerated increases of enzyme activities during the exposures we measured the enzyme activities and NPSH of lungs at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hr after the start of exposure to 100% oxygen in two groups: one preexposed to 85% oxygen 20 days earlier and the other not previously exposed to oxygen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653502 TI - Evaluation of an exposure system using cells grown on collagen gels for detecting highly volatile mutagens in the CHO/HGPRT mutation assay. AB - Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were grown on hydrated collagen gels, the overlaying medium removed leaving the cells at an air/collagen interface, and the cells exposed to a dynamic flow of ethylene oxide. Increases in CHO cell mutant frequency and decreases in cell viability were observed. To establish if the exposure system could be simplified, cells were exposed in sealed bottles (static system) to ethylene oxide. No substantial changes in cytotoxicity, mutant frequency, or effective concentration were noted when comparing static versus dynamic exposure systems. The general usefulness of the exposure system using cells grown on collagen gels was evaluated in a static system using propylene oxide and 1,2-dichloroethane, both of which were found to be mutagenic and cytotoxic. Comparatively, the exposure of cells by the collagen gel method was as effective in detecting genotoxic damage as were conventional methods (cells covered with medium) using cells grown on glass substrates. The exposure of CHO cells on collagen gels to highly volatile mutagens was simple and inexpensive, and may be generally useful in the detection of gaseous or volatile mutagens. PMID- 6653503 TI - The induction of bacterial mutation and hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis by monosubstituted anilines. AB - A group of 45 monosubstituted aniline compounds was tested for the induction of point mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli as well as for unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in rat hepatocyte culture. Eleven compounds were bacterial mutagens, and five compounds induced UDS. Among these a correspondence between mutagenicity and UDS occurred for only two compounds (o-phenylenediamine and 4-aminobiphenyl), and these were also reported to be carcinogenic in rodents. Bacterial mutation was observed for one compound (p-phenylenediamine) not carcinogenic in rodents, and six suspect carcinogens were not detected in either test. In addition, eight compounds of unknown carcinogenic potential induced either bacterial mutation or UDS. PMID- 6653504 TI - Sister chromatid exchange distributions in rabbit lymphocytes treated with streptonigrin. AB - Streptonigrin (NSC-45383), a direct-acting clastogen which induces SCEs in vivo and chromosome aberrations both in vivo and in vitro, was evaluated for SCE induction in both G0 and stimulated rabbit lymphocytes. Determinations were made for 16 cultures from seven female rabbits. These included controls as well as cells exposed to 90 micrograms/kg in vivo, cells pulse-treated with 50 ng/ml in vitro, and a culture continuously exposed to 5 ng/ml in vitro. For all cultures the SCE/cell frequency was determined from 20 complete (44 chromosome) metaphases and, in selected cultures, SCEs on individual chromosomes (880 per culture from 20 cells) were enumerated to determine SCE/chromosome frequency and the chromosomal distribution of SCEs. Analysis of variance and least significant difference tests of the square root x transformed SCE/cell data show that cells exposed to streptonigrin while dividing have significantly higher (P less than 0.01) frequencies (over double the control 5.3 SCE/cell value) whereas treated G0 cells were not significantly different from the controls. Dispersion analysis of both SCE/cell and SCE/chromosome data confirms the adequacy of the Poisson distribution for spontaneous or baseline but not streptonigrin-induced SCEs. PMID- 6653505 TI - Further study on the cytogenetic effects of combined chemotherapy with isoniazid and para-aminosalicylic acid on human lymphocytes in vivo: sister chromatid exchanges, chromosome aberrations in first-division metaphases, cell growth kinetics, and mitotic index. AB - Tuberculosis patients under therapy with the drug combination isoniazid (INH) and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) were screened to investigate the cytogenetic effects. Results were compared with those from the patient controls (ie, tuberculosis patients before starting drug therapy) and general controls (individuals from the general population). The induction of chromosome aberrations was homogeneous and increased significantly in all the drug-exposed patients, whereas the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was increased only in one of them. These results indicated differences in the two processes: chromosome aberrations and SCEs. Patients under therapy exhibited no change in cell growth kinetics, but the mitotic index was slightly enhanced compared to patient controls. It is concluded that the drug combination of INH + PAS induces damage in lymphocyte chromosomes in vivo. Further studies should be carried out on germ cells. PMID- 6653506 TI - Dinitro and mononitrobenzo(ghi)perylenes and mononitrocoronene are highly mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella assay. AB - Benzo(ghi)perylene (B(ghi))Per, (191-24-2)) and coronene (Cor, (191-07-1)) are major constituents of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) found in automobile exhaust and polluted air [eg, Grimmer et al, 1981]. Nitration of these PAH by NO2 and traces of HNO3, which are also formed in automobile exhaust, seems highly probable. To identify the presence of these nitroarenes in environmental samples and to examine their mutagenic potencies we synthesized and characterized nitro derivatives of both PAH. 5-NO2B(ghi)Per (81316-87-2) and 1-NO2Cor (81316-84 9) produced 405 and 340 revertants/nmole respectively in TA98 in the presence of 0.6 mg of microsomal enzymes (S-9) per plate in the Ames test. 5,8-diNO2B(ghi)Per (83292-25-5) and 5,10-diNO2B(ghi)Per (83292-26-6) produced 21,500 and 4,000 revertants/nmole in TA98 without microsomal activation. Mutagenicity for the dinitrobenzo(ghi)perylenes was also high in TA98NR and TA97 but was reduced by 97% in TA98-1,8DNP. There is close similarity in the orientation and distances between reactive sites (nitrenium ion and carbocation) on the dinitrobenzo(ghi)perylenes and 1,6-dinitropyrene (42397-64-8) and 1,8 dinitropyrene (42397-65-9). PMID- 6653507 TI - Distribution of extractable mutagenic activity in steel foundry air particulates of different sizes. AB - An Andersen 2000 sampler was used to collect different size classes of airborne particulate matter in a large steel foundry. When extracts of these particles were assayed for mutagenicity using the Ames Salmonella/S-9 assay, much of the mutagenic activity was found in particles of respirable size. Furthermore, mutagens requiring activation were distributed among the various size classes roughly in proportion to the total surface area of the particles with the smallest class (less than 1.1 micron) containing by far the largest amount of mutagenic activity. The distribution of direct-acting mutagenic activity was more variable and in some samples the bulk of this activity was in the largest size class (greater than 7.0 micron). PMID- 6653508 TI - Germ cell comparative Drosophila mutagenesis: sensitivity and mutation pattern in chemically treated stem cells. AB - Mutagenesis studies on Drosophila oogonial cells with methylnitrosourea, dimethylnitrosamine, and diethylnitrosamine revealed unexpectedly high rates of sex-linked recessive lethals relative to other male and female germ cell stages. Indeed, the oogonial mutation rates with chemicals are higher than with massive X ray or neutron exposures of oogonia. Analysis of the distribution of lethals per treated female suggests most of the mutations recovered are of independent origin, with very small levels of clustering of identical mutations. In the male stem cell population (spermatogonia) on the other hand, the distribution of lethals is primarily nonrandom and highly clustered. The nature of the mutational endpoint and the different pattern of germ cell development in the two sexes are the probable causes of this difference. The oogonial sensitivity to chemical mutagens may have important bearing on strategies for assessing human hazard. PMID- 6653509 TI - The mei-9a test for chromosome loss in Drosophila: a review of assays of 21 chemicals for chromosome breakage. AB - In Drosophila, detection of chemical-induced chromosome breakage for many compounds in conventional chromosome loss or reciprocal translocation (RT) tests requires considerably higher concentrations than for sex-linked recessive lethals, or fails entirely even at concentrations giving substantial to high rates of recessive lethals. Accordingly, relatively high LDs may be necessary before evidence of chromosome breakage is observed raising questions of "false positives" resulting, for example, from aberrant metabolic effects/products not found at lower concentrations. In the test for chromosome loss, definitive scoring is made in F1 progeny. In contrast, an F2 and often an F3 is required to bring the RT test to completion. Further, the RT test is prone to "false negatives" in many cases unless testing is carried out on sperm stored in the female for several days (or longer). Accordingly, efforts in this laboratory have been directed toward improvements in the sensitivity of the test for chromosome loss. Major advances have been made by using excision repair deficient mei-9a females as P1 females to which treated males are mated. For purposes of testing, ring-X males carrying the doubly marked Y chromosome, BSYy+, were treated or not, mated for 3 days with ordinary (repair-proficient) females (the conventional test) or with mei-9a females (the mei-9a test) and all P1s discarded. Data are reported for this period only--viz, on unstored sperm. F1 progeny were scored for complete loss (CL) of the X or Y (loss is principally of the ring-X) and partial loss of the Y (PL)--viz, loss of BS or y+. Partial loss of the Y chromosome was taken as strong evidence of chromosome breakage, whereas loss of the ring-X was regarded alternatively as break-related or resulting from the production of sister chromatid exchanges. Of the 21 compounds tested, 17 are classified as carcinogens and four are unknown in this regard. At the concentration reported, 21/21 compounds were positive for CL+PL and 21/21 for PL in the mei-9a test. At the same concentration, only 10/20 compounds were positive for CL and PL and 2/21 compounds for PL with repair proficient females; the mei-9a test is clearly more sensitive than the conventional test for chromosome breakage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6653510 TI - Extreme chromosome shortening resembling fragmentation induced by 2,3-dimethyl p benzoquinone in human lymphocytes. PMID- 6653512 TI - Second annual symposium on environmental epidemiology. April 27-29, 1981 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. PMID- 6653511 TI - Developing concepts on environmental cancer: the role of geographical pathology. PMID- 6653513 TI - The Six-City Study: examples of problems in analysis of the data. AB - This paper presents some of the results from cross-sectional analyses and studies during air pollution alerts obtained as a part of the Six-City Study, a longitudinal study of the respiratory effects of air pollution. These analyses illustrate some of the limitations and uncertainties of epidemiologic studies. For example, an earlier report noted increased respiratory illness rates for children living in homes where gas was used for cooking. A later analysis did not confirm this. Reasons for this are explored by using different criteria and variables to be controlled for. The results illustrate that the strength of the association between cooking fuel and illness was sensitive to the definitions of the variables and the number of subjects and city cohorts. Similar examples are presented for illness rates for four respiratory diseases: asthma, bronchitis, illness before age 2 and illness last winter. These examples of cross-sectional analyses emphasize the ambiguities of studies of possible health effects of air pollution exposures close to the present ambient air quality standards. PMID- 6653515 TI - Symposium on the health issues in air quality control. June 15-16, 1981 Eugene, Oregon. PMID- 6653514 TI - Epidemiologic basis for photochemical oxidant standard. AB - The problem of photochemical oxidant pollution, 98% of which is ozone, is addressed. Ozone itself is not the cause of all adverse effects (e.g., peroxyacetyl nitrites cause eye irritation). The typical sequence in the development of oxidant pollution is an initial increase in nitrous oxide, followed by nitrogen dioxide, followed by ozone. These pollutants can be carried long distances and may have long range effects. Ozone is considered by far the most irritant gas to humans, with effects seen even at extremely low concentrations. Dr. Bates reviewed the initial results of a study of hospitalization in the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario as it related to hourly pollution measurement, noting a relationship between elevated ozone and SO2 levels and respiratory admissions within 24 hr during the summer months. This is an important preliminary finding, as EPA data indicate that nitrogen oxides are increasing while other pollutants are decreasing. PMID- 6653516 TI - Preface. PMID- 6653517 TI - Biochemical alterations of lung structure as predictors of chronic lung disease. AB - This presentation reports on newer animal models and techniques that we and others have developed. These models attempt to predict in a reasonable experimental time frame the occurrence of structural changes in the lungs that are the basis of various chronic diseases. Since the major chronic diseases of the lung parenchyma involving what we think of as well-understood structural changes are pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema, I will discuss in detail ways of looking at effects of air pollutants on lung collagen and lung elastin metabolism. PMID- 6653518 TI - Air pollutants and the facilitation of cancer metastasis. AB - Studies have been carried out to determine whether the inhalation of ambient levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a common air pollutant, could influence the frequency of blood-borne cancer cell metastasis to the lungs. B16 mouse melanoma cells were used as an in vivo test model. the results have indicated that animals inhaling ambient levels of NO2 developed a significantly higher number of melanoma nodules in their lungs than the animals inhaling filtered air. Thus, a new concept for the action of air pollutants is proposed. The question is raised whether similar events are taking place in urban human populations. PMID- 6653519 TI - The changing role of animal toxicology in support of regulatory decisions. AB - The Clean Air Act is the basic U.S. Federal law for controlling air pollution. Under Sections 108 and 109, primary (health) national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) can be set for pollutants which are ubiquitous in the ambient air. The standard-setting process includes a comprehensive summary of scientific information on effects and controls in criteria and control techniques, and the selection of an appropriate standard which, in the judgment of the Administrator, protects the health of normal and susceptible subpopulations with an adequate margin of safety. Determining the adequacy of existing NAAQS or establishing new standards requires that the scientific information base be evaluated to assess pollutant effects on public health. Improvements in this process can be accomplished not only through new health effects research, but also through improved use of currently available data. The commonality joining these two efforts is in the area of extrapolation modeling, which is the topic of this paper. Extrapolation modeling involves determining the effective dose delivered to the target organ of several species and the sensitivity of the target organ to that dose so that effective pollutant concentrations can be estimated across species. This in turn allows greater utilization of the results from animals in making judgments about the effects in man from exposure to a given pollutant. PMID- 6653520 TI - What is an adverse health effect? AB - Health is defined as homeostasis of the cellular ecology, and a state where there has not been an inordinate loss, reversible or irreversible, of the structural and/or functional reserves of the body. An adverse health effect is defined as the causation, promotion, facilitation and/or exacerbation of a structural and/or functional abnormality, with the implication that the abnormality produced has the potential of lowering the quality of life, contributing to a disabling illness, or leading to a premature death. Experimental animal studies indicate that poor air quality has the potential for serious adverse health effects through perturbations of the cellular ecology over long-term periods. Some of the most important concerns are inordinate depletions of lung reserves (in particular, emphysema), the facilitation of cancer metastasis to the lung, the facilitation of immunologic deficits with the concomitant expression of opportunistic organisms, and amplification of cardiovascular abnormalities (in particular, ischemic heart disease). It is argued that air quality standard setting should more strongly consider adverse health effects that are presently subclinical in nature in order to achieve early prevention instead of late correction. PMID- 6653521 TI - Scientific components in standard setting. PMID- 6653522 TI - Controlled clinical studies of air pollutant exposure: evaluating scientific information in relation to air quality standards. AB - In controlled clinical studies, volunteers are deliberately exposed to specific air pollutants under conditions simulating ambient exposures, and health-related responses are documented. Studies of the health risks of air pollution need to be scientifically rigorous and clearly relevant to "real-world" pollution exposures. Their results should be confirmed by independent replication if they are to be used as a basis for air quality regulations. Well-designed controlled clinical studies readily meet these criteria, and complement the other methods of scientific risk assessment--animal toxicology and epidemiology. Clinical studies, toxicology, and epidemiology all have provided important information about air pollution health effects. A better understanding of the interrelationships of findings from these different fields is needed. PMID- 6653524 TI - Can animal pulmonary function testing provide data for regulatory decision making? AB - The process of setting health standards requires rigorous, scientifically sound data that relate to man's interaction with his environment. Tests of pulmonary function are especially useful, since they may permit some direct comparisons between animals and man. The development of tests to measure pulmonary function in small animals has been important, and research into the health effects of air pollution may be greatly strengthened with the use of data from such measurements. PMID- 6653523 TI - Utilization of data from human population studies for setting air quality standards: evaluation of important issues. AB - Epidemiological studies of community populations are highly relevant to the process of setting national ambient air quality primary standards, as criteria for those standards are the protection of human populations against adverse effects on health. Nevertheless, because of the difficulties of performing adequate community population studies of a quality commensurate with the needs of standard setting, the use of data derived from studies is problematic. This paper addresses the important issues of appropriate exposure assessment and health assessment, and discusses the problems of multiplex variables and colinearity as they are critical in assessments of exposure-effect relationships. It is concluded that a major problem in the use of data from such studies for standard setting is not necessarily one of scientific reliability or validity, but arises from the attempt of translating adequate science into policy decisions. PMID- 6653525 TI - Dose considerations in the SO2-exposed exercising asthmatic. AB - In this study we have demonstrated that by combining data from several recent controlled human exposure studies it is possible systematically to relate increases in airways resistance to the rate of SO2 exposure (Dmin) in the exercising asthmatic. It was determined that the mode of SO2 exposure (oral vs. oronasal) greatly influences the degree of response in the asthmatic. Forced oral breathing consistently produces larger percentage increases in SRaw per unit increase in SO2 exposure rate. We have demonstrated further that while the dose/effect relationship which describes the increases in specific airways resistance (SRaw) versus exposure rate (Dmin) of SO2 is most consistently exponential in character, a linear (more conservative) model also can be used to fit the data. Using both the linear and exponential model, we have constructed a matrix which allows direct estimation of the combined minute ventilation (VE) and SO2 concentration (as ppm or microgram/L) required to achieve various levels of specific airways resistance increase. In this report this matrix is constructed only on subjects breathing in an unencumbered (oronasal) manner. Future reports will explore these relationships in the asthmatic breathing in an encumbered (oral) manner. PMID- 6653526 TI - The use of scientific information in setting ambient air standards. AB - The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1977, requires periodic review and revision of all national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) to insure that they are based on the latest scientific information. This article presents an overview of how EPA currently reviews and establishes NAAQS. The role of scientific information and expertise in the process is illustrated by a review of several key issues faced in the development of the proposed revisions to the carbon monoxide NAAQS. Finally, a risk analysis framework being developed within EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards for possible future use in NAAQS reviews is described. The principal objective of the risk analysis framework is to provide more formal treatment of uncertainties in the scientific data base. PMID- 6653527 TI - Health issues in the Clean Air Act. AB - Major conclusions and recommendations of the National Commission on Air Quality on issues of health in the Clean Air Act are presented. The issues revolve mainly about the standard setting processes for ubiquitous pollutants, controlled through ambient air quality standards (Section 109), and for hazardous pollutants controlled through emission standards (Section 112). The conceptual difficulties inherent in the terms "adequate margin of safety" (Section 109) and "ample margin of safety" (Section 112) are discussed. The Clean Air Science Advisory Committee is widely viewed as having a salutary effect on standard setting. The need for maintaining strong research capabilities within the Environmental Protection Agency that are reasonably buffered against sudden disruptive events is emphasized. Mechanisms for achieving this goal through special congressional appropriations are considered. PMID- 6653528 TI - Analysis of air pollution effects: uncertainties in proceeding to standards. AB - Uncertainties in the collection and assessment of scientific information make ambient air quality standard setting difficult. Uncertainties occur in the estimation of the medical parameters under test due to the inherent random variability encountered in sampling the parameters. The most common method of dealing with random variability is statistical significance testing. The main caution offered in regard to that analysis is to avoid calling a nonsignificant result negative, unless the circumstances are such that the smallest effect which indicates likely harm to health could have been detected with sufficiently high probability. Uncertainties also play a crucial role in evaluating the implications that even statistically significant test results have for human health. A signal-detection model, developed to explain expert performance in evaluating the results of such diagnostic tests as X-rays, is presented as an analogy for the situation facing experts who are evaluating the implications of health data that is being considered for use in setting a standard. If criteria are too strict for accepting data as evidence of harm to health, then it is argued that, as a consequence, the decision process will not have sufficient ability to discriminate against false-negative results. False-negative results are those that incorrectly conclude there is no threat when, in fact, a particular level of pollutant is actually a threat to health. PMID- 6653529 TI - Health costs of a reduced energy supply. AB - Health effects associated with electricity production, especially air pollution from fossil fuel combustion, have received much attention in the past 30 years. Virtually no attention has been paid to the health costs of a reduced or overpriced energy supply although these are real and formidable. Stringent regulations mandating control technology on stack emissions and/or burning of low sulfur fuels have been promulgated which cost the American public billions of dollars. These have indeed alleviated some health problems, but pressures to further tighten regulations offer little chance of further health benefits commensurate with their cost and are most likely to produce a new series of problems. PMID- 6653530 TI - Expanded operational concept of high risk groups and its role in standard setting. AB - The role of the knowledge of high risk groups in the standard-setting process is examined. The overall conclusion is that many potential high risk segments of the population have not been studied adequately and that this deficiency in our knowledge markedly reduces the ability of decision makers to derive appropriate regulatory decisions by either ignoring the potential health effects or applying potentially excessive and expensive safety factors. PMID- 6653531 TI - Current toxicological information as the basis for sulfur oxide standards. AB - The ambient air quality standard established in 1973 is 0.03 ppm annual average for sulfur dioxide and 0.075 mg/m3 for particulates. It is now generally believed that the toxicity of sulfur oxides in ambient air is significantly influenced by the coincident presence of particulates. Inhalation of 1 ppm of sulfur dioxide for 2 hr may produce alterations in pulmonary ventilatory function, both in normal and asthmatic subjects. Effects obtained at 0.5 ppm of sulfur dioxide are controversial and of questionable biological significance. No clear evidence exists that sulfur dioxide or bisulfite causes mutagenicity in mammals, and it is concluded from a variety of animal experiments that long-term exposure to sulfur dioxide alone does not cause cancer. PMID- 6653532 TI - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences third science seminar. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, November 1982. Science open house poster sessions: Abstracts. PMID- 6653533 TI - Directions and challenges in health sciences research. PMID- 6653534 TI - Practical limitations of epidemiologic methods. AB - Epidemiologic methods can be categorized into demographic studies of mortality and morbidity and observational studies that are either retrospective or prospective. Some of the limitations of demographic studies are illustrated by a review of one specific mortality study showing possible relationship of nuclear fallout to leukemia. Problems of accuracy of diagnosis or causes of death on death certificates, estimates of population, migration from areas of study, and the issue of "ecological fallacy" are discussed. Retrospective studies have such problems as recall of previous environmental exposure, selection bias and survivor bias. In environmental epidemiology, prospective studies have been used. The problems associated with these studies are illustrated by reviewing some of the details of the study of effects of microwave radiation on embassy employees in Moscow. The study population had to be reconstructed, individuals had to be located and information on exposure status had to be obtained by questionnaire. The relatively small size of the exposed group permitted the detection of only fairly large relative risks. Despite these limitations, epidemiologic studies have been remarkably productive in elucidating etiological factors. They are necessary since "the proper study of man is man." PMID- 6653535 TI - Mercury in human hair due to environment and diet: a review. AB - Hair mercury levels increase with the amount of fish in the diet and the amount of mercury in the fish species consumed. If hair mercury levels in people throughout the world were monitored by a standard analytical procedure, the results would indicate locations where people's body burden of mercury is high enough to be subclinically unhealthy and where controls on environmental emissions might be beneficial. The relationship of hair mercury concentration to the method of sampling and analysis of hair, the analysis of the results, the amount of fish consumed, the country and location from which samples were taken and the age, sex and occupation of the donor is discussed. PMID- 6653536 TI - Environmental standards for ionizing radiation: theoretical basis for dose response curves. AB - The types of injury attributable to ionizing radiation are subdivided, for purposes of risk assessment and radiological protection, into two broad categories: stochastic effects and nonstochastic effects. Stochastic effects are viewed as probablistic phenomena, varying in frequency but not severity as a function of the dose, without any threshold; nonstochastic effects are viewed as deterministic phenomena, varying in both frequency and severity as a function of the dose, with clinical thresholds. Included among stochastic effects are heritable effects (mutations and chromosome aberrations) and carcinogenic effects. Both types of effects are envisioned as unicellular phenomena which can result from nonlethal injury of individual cells, without the necessity of damage to other cells. For the induction of mutations and chromosome aberrations in the low-to-intermediate dose range, the dose-response curve with high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation generally conforms to a linear nonthreshold relationship and varies relatively little with the dose rate. In contrast, the curve with low LET radiation generally conforms to a linear-quadratic relationship, rising less steeply than the curve with high-LET radiation and increasing in slope with increasing dose and dose rate. The dose-response curve for carcinogenic effects varies widely from one type of neoplasm to another in the intermediate-to-high dose range, in part because of differences in the way large doses of radiation can affect the promotion and progression of different neoplasms. Information about dose-response relations for low-level irradiation is fragmentary but consistent, in general, with the hypothesis that the neoplastic transformation may result from mutation, chromosome aberration or genetic recombination in a single susceptible cell. PMID- 6653537 TI - Are human studies possible? Some thoughts on the mutation component and population monitoring. AB - The concept of the mutation component of a genetic trait is discussed and its relation to heritability investigated. It is found that for qualitative traits held in the population by opposing directional selection and mutation, the mutation component equals the broad sense heritability. The mutational component of a quantitative trait with an intermediate optimum is found generally to be between half and one times the (narrow sense) heritability of the character. Although more work on this matter is required, the finding of a relationship between mutation component and heritability should allow us to make better predictions regarding the likely impact of an increased mutation rate on the human population. Some statistical problems relevant to the detection of an increased mutation rate are also discussed. PMID- 6653538 TI - Epidemiology of radiation-induced cancer. AB - The epidemiology of radiation-induced cancer is important for theoretical and practical insights that these studies give to human cancer in general and because we have more evidence from radiation-exposed populations than for any other environmental carcinogen. On theoretical and experimental grounds, the linear no threshold dose-response relationship is a reasonable basis for extrapolating effects to low doses. Leukemia is frequently the earliest observed radiogenic cancer but is now considered to be of minor importance, because the radiation effect dies out after 25 or 30 years, whereas solid tumors induced by radiation develop later and the increased cancer risk evidently persists for the remaining lifetime. Current estimates of the risk of particular cancers from radiation exposure cannot be fully evaluated until the population under study have been followed at least 40 or 50 years after exposure. Recent evidence indicates that for lung cancer induction, combination of cigarette smoking and radiation exposure leads to risks that are not multiplicative but rather nearly additive. PMID- 6653539 TI - Cancer mortality among coke oven workers. AB - The OSHA standard for coke oven emissions, which went into effect in January 1977, sets a permissible exposure limit to coke oven emissions of 150 micrograms/m3 benzene-soluble fraction of total particulate matter (BSFTPM). Review of the epidemiologic evidence for the standard indicates an excess relative risk for lung cancer as high as 16-fold in topside coke oven workers with 15 years of exposure or more. There is also evidence for a consistent dose response relationship in lung cancer mortality when duration and location of employment at the coke ovens are considered. Dose-response models fitted to these same data indicate that, while excess risks may still occur under the OSHA standard, the predicted levels of increased relative risk would be about 30-50% if a linear dose-response model is assumed and 3-7% if a quadratic model is assumed. Lung cancer mortality data for other steelworkers suggest the predicted excess risk has probably been somewhat overestimated, but lack of information on important confounding factors limits further dose-response analysis. PMID- 6653540 TI - Benzene: epidemiologic observations of leukemia by cell type and adverse health effects associated with low-level exposure. AB - Benzene has been known to be a bone marrow poison for almost a century. However, it was not until the last decade that benzene's carcinogenic potential was demonstrated by epidemiologic studies. The proposed regulation by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to lower exposure levels of benzene in the workplace, and the court challenges that followed, have made the evidence of benzene toxicity a frequent topic of discussion and analysis. Epidemiologic evidence of leukemia risk associated with benzene exposure is summarized, including a discussion of certain contentions raised during the OSHA hearing. Special attention is given to information on specific cell types of leukemia associated with benzene and to qualitative and quantitative assessments of health risks associated with low-level benzene exposure. PMID- 6653542 TI - Epidemiologic basis for the asbestos standard. AB - The current standard for occupational exposure to asbestos is 2 fibers/cm3 averaged over an 8-hr day. A NIOSH/OSHA committee has recently concluded that the 2 fiber/cm3 standard is grossly inadequate to protect workers from asbestos related disease, and that all levels of asbestos exposure studied thus far have demonstrated asbestos-related disease. The committee recommends that a 0.1 fiber/cm3 limit replace the current 2 fiber/cm3 standard on the grounds that this is the lowest level detectable with currently available analytical techniques. Thus a 0.1 fiber/cm3 limit is not based on epidemiological data but on the presumption that any level of exposure is disease producing. This paper addresses the question of whether it would be possible to detect health effects of exposure below the current 2 fiber/cm3 standard. Five studies are reviewed which provide evidence on the strength of the relationship between asbestos fiber exposure and lung cancer. Calculation of sample sizes needed to be 95% certain of detecting the kind of excess probably associated with exposure to 2 fibers/cm3 suggests that epidemiology is not likely to be useful in detecting lung cancer below the current standard. Some outcome measures other than lung cancer or clinical asbestosis will be needed if observations on humans are to be used as evidence for a lowering of the present standard. PMID- 6653541 TI - Relevance of experimental studies to human risk. AB - Confidence in the extrapolation of animal toxicity data to humans can be enhanced by the application of pharmacokinetic concepts integrated with chronic toxicity data and knowledge of a chemical's mechanism(s) of toxicity. Basic pharmacokinetic concepts (including dose-dependent or Michaelis-Menten kinetics) and their relationship to the risk estimation process are discussed using vinyl chloride and styrene as specific examples. Species differences in metabolic rates must be considered in order to arrive at realistic estimates of human risk to vinyl chloride-induced liver angiosarcomas utilizing vinyl chloride toxicity data observed in rats. Because small animal species generally metabolize chemicals more rapidly than larger species on a body surface area basis, small animals should be more sensitive to chemicals (such as vinyl chloride) that exert their toxicities via the metabolic formation of toxic products. Inhaled styrene is a chemical whose clearance from the blood at low exposure levels in both rats and humans follows first-order kinetics. However, at higher exposure levels, the pharmacokinetic fate of styrene in rats is dose-dependent, suggesting a saturation of styrene metabolism. These data indicate that any extrapolation of observable toxicity at elevated exposure levels in rats to anticipated responses at lower levels in either rats or humans may be invalid. An integration of the foregoing concepts provides a sound scientific basis for the use of experimental animal data to predict the risk to humans from chemical exposure. PMID- 6653544 TI - Effect of tumour growth on hepatic neutral ribonuclease and its inhibitor and on RNA polymerase activity of liver nuclei. AB - In rats bearing a subcutaneously implanted Walker 256 carcinoma an early rise in liver DNA content was followed by a two-fold increase in RNA content between the 6th and 10th day of tumour growth. Total hepatic neutral ribonuclease and its inhibitor were unaffected by tumour growth. No alteration in RNA polymerase I and II activities of liver nuclei was observed except for a 47% increase in RNA polymerase I on the 8th day of tumour growth. PMID- 6653543 TI - Role of epidemiologic studies in deriving drinking water standards for metals. AB - Epidemiological investigations are shown to have contributed in a significant way to our understanding of the potential adverse health effects of drinking water with elevated levels of several metals. Particular emphasis is given to an assessment of the epidemiological investigations concerned with characterizing the health effects of exposure to elevated levels of arsenic and sodium in drinking water. PMID- 6653545 TI - Multiple molecular forms of acid-stable plasmin inhibitor derived from human urinary trypsin inhibitor. AB - It was found that cyanogen bromide (BrCN) treatment of the highly purified human urinary trypsin inhibitors (H-UTI; specific activity 1,897 U/mg protein, and L UTI; specific activity 1,850 U/mg protein) readily produced new plasmin inhibitors with almost no loss of UTI activity. Five multiple forms of chemically cleaved inhibitors (UTIB-I, UTIB-II, UTIB-III, UTIB-IV and UTIB-V) could be isolated from BrCN-treated L-UTI by isoelectric focusing and gel filtration. These inhibitors were very acid-stable and their isoelectric points (pI) were 4.5, 4.6, 4.9, 5.1 and 6.4, respectively. The molecular weights by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were almost the same at about 23,000 +/- 3,000. Although these inhibitors showed both anti-plasmin and anti-trypsin activities, much higher anti-plasmin/anti-trypsin activities were observed in the cleaved inhibitors than in the parent UTI. They competitively inhibited human plasmin with Ki values of 3.0-4.1 X 10(-8) mol/l (H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA substrate). PMID- 6653546 TI - Presence of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in rat mammary gland. AB - The cytosolic P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase activity was measured in mammary gland and liver of animals at all stages of the reproductive cycle. The specific activity of this enzyme was almost absent in the mammary gland of virgin rats. Different pattern of P-enolpyruvate carboxykinase activity was obtained in liver and mammary gland during lactation cycle. The specific activity of the enzyme increased more than 40-fold in mammary gland and 2-fold in liver during the transition from mid-pregnancy to mid-lactation. Weaning of mid-lactating rats for 48 h resulted in an abrupt change in the enzyme activity in mammary gland while there was a small change in liver. In all the experiments performed, the activity of P-enolpyruvate correlates inversely with the plasma insulin levels described for the lactogenic process. PMID- 6653547 TI - Intestinal alkaline phosphatase-like properties of horse kidney alkaline phosphatase. AB - Two isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase from horse kidney were identified by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Horse kidney alkaline phosphatase was similar to horse intestinal alkaline phosphatase, in regard to both antigenicity and response to levamisole inhibition, but different from horse liver alkaline phosphatase. This study suggests that horse kidney alkaline phosphatase is an expression of the intestinal gene locus and not the hepatic gene locus. PMID- 6653548 TI - Enzymatic determination of oxalates. AB - An assay for oxalate, based on oxalate oxidase, was studied. It is relatively simple, rapid and reproducible and may be semi-automated and is accurate in the range 10-140 mg/l, has a coefficient of variation of 4.2% in the healthy range (10-19 mg/l serum). Samples may be stored at -20 degrees C for as long as 2 weeks. It cannot be used for the determination of urinary oxalate because of the presence of variable amounts of low molecular weight inhibitor(s). PMID- 6653549 TI - Evidence that the Yb subunits of hepatic glutathione transferases represent two different but related families of polypeptides. AB - Three soluble rat liver glutathione (GSH) transferases A, C and one referred to as 'D', all of which are dimers of Yb subunits [Bass et al. (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 492, 163-175], have been compared with respect to C-terminal amino acids and tryptic peptide maps. GSH transferases A and 'D' gave different tryptic peptide maps and different C-terminal amino acids, lysine and proline respectively. In each case the number of tryptic peptides is about half of that expected from their lysine and arginine content, and there are 2 mol C-terminal amino acid/mol enzyme. This indicates that GSH transferases A and 'D' represent two different Yb homodimers, which we refer to here as Y1bY1b and Y2bY2b respectively. GSH transferase C is the corresponding heterodimer Y1bY2b since it gives all the tryptic peptides which arise from GSH transferase A and GSH transferase 'D' and also contains both C-terminal lysine and proline. These results provide a structural basis to similar conclusions drawn by Mannervik and Jensson [(1980) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 9909-9912] based on enzymic and immunological comparisons. Tryptic peptide maps show that GSH transferases A and 'D' have considerable homology since there are 23 peptides common to both, 12 peptides unique to A and 8 peptides unique to 'D'. Even so GSH transferase A is selectively induced by a phenobarbitone regime. It is, therefore, concluded that Y1b and Y2b are derived from separate but related genes. A similar conclusion has been drawn concerning the Ya and Yc subunits [Beale et al. (1982) Eur. J. Biochem. 126, 459-463], and a comparison of amino acid compositions, presented here, further suggests a genetic relationship between both pairs of subunits. PMID- 6653550 TI - Beta-agarases I and II from Pseudomonas atlantica. Substrate specificities. AB - Beta-Agarase I and II were characterised by their action on agar-type polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. Beta-Agarase I, an endo-enzyme, was specific for regions containing a minimum of one unsubstituted neoagarobiose unit [3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose], hydrolysing at the reducing side of this moiety. Yaphe demonstrated that agar was degraded by this enzyme to neoagaro-oligosaccharides limited by the disaccharide but with a predominance of the tetramer [Yaphe, W. (1957) Can. J. Microbiol. 3, 987-993]. Beta-Agarase I slowly degraded neoagarohexaose but not the homologous tetrasaccharide. [1-3H]Neoagarohexaitol was cleaved to neoagarotetraose and [1 3H]neoagarobiitol. The highly substituted agar, porphyran was degraded to methylated, sulphated and unsubstituted neoagaro-oligosaccharides which were invariably terminated at the reducing end by unsubstituted neoagarobiose. The novel enzyme, beta-agarase II, was shown to be an endo-enzyme. Preliminary evidence indicated this enzyme was specific for sequences containing neoagarobiose and/or 6(1)-O-methyl-neoagarobiose. It degraded agar to neoagaro oligosaccharides of which the disaccharide was limiting and predominant. Beta Agarase II rapidly degraded isolated neogarotetraose and neoagarohexaose to the disaccharide. With [1-3H]neoagarohexaitol, exo-action was observed, the alditol being cleaved to neoagarobiose and [1-3H]neoagarotetraitol. Neoagarotetraitol was hydrolysed at 4% of the rate observed for the hexaitol. Porphyran was degraded to oligosaccharides, the neutral fraction comprising 24% of the starting carbohydrate. This fraction was almost exclusively disaccharides (22.4%) containing neoagarobiose (7.4%) and 6(1)-O-methyl-neoagarobiose (15%). Beta Agarase II is probably the 'beta-neoagarotetraose hydrolase' reported by Groleau and Yaphe as an exoenzyme against neoagaro-oligosaccharides [Groleau, D. and Yaphe, W. (1977) Can. J. Microbiol. 23, 672-679]. PMID- 6653551 TI - The lipopolysaccharide of a chloridazon-degrading bacterium. AB - Lipopolysaccharide of a chloridazon-degrading bacterium was obtained by a two stage extraction procedure with phenol/EDTA in a yield of 0.3% of dried bacteria. The carbohydrate moiety consisted of heptose, 3-deoxyoctulosonic acid and D glucose in a molar ratio of 1:2:2 X 3. Lipid A was composed of 1 mol 2,3-diamino 2,3-dideoxy-D-glucose, 2 mol amide-bound and 2.6 mol ester-bound fatty acids/mol. Amide-bound fatty acids were 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid and 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid; dodecanoic acid and R-(-)-3-hydroxydodec-5-cis-enoic acid were found to be present in ester linkage. Under conditions of acidic hydrolysis, the latter was converted into the cis and trans isomers of 5-hexyltetrahydrofuran-2-acetic acid. Dodecanoic acid was demonstrated to be linked with the hydroxy groups of the amide-bound fatty acids. The taxonomic significance of these results, especially the demonstration of 2,3-diamino-2, 3-dideoxy-D-glucose, is discussed. PMID- 6653552 TI - Kinetic and thermodynamic evidence of a molybdate interaction with glucocorticoid receptor in calf thymus. AB - The effect of molybdate on the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the dexamethasone-receptor interaction was studied in calf thymus cytosol. In the presence of molybdate both the equilibrium binding studies and the association and dissociation experiments reveal a significantly lower affinity of the receptor for [3]dexamethasone. At 0 degrees C the equilibrium dissociation constant increases from 0.8 nM to 1.8 nM, the association rate constant shifts from 1.5 X 10(8) M-1 h-1 to 0.2 X 10(8) M-1 h-1, whereas the rate of dissociation of the untransformed receptor increases from 0.04 h-1 to 1.1 h-1 in the molybdate containing buffer. All these effects appear dependent on the concentration of molybdate but the dissociation of the transformed receptor (0.01 h-1) is unaffected. The enthalpy for the association, delta H not equal to, increases at least twofold whereas the entropy, both for the association (delta S not equal to = -25 to +104 J K-1 mol-1) and for the equilibrium (delta S degrees = -100 to +38 J K-1 mol-1), is markedly influenced by the presence of molybdate. Taken all together these data suggest that molybdate interacts with the receptor molecule turning it into a form that displays low affinity for steroid, in addition to the well-documented incapacity to transform itself. This fact leads us to think that both the binding and the transformation are the expression of conformational modifications involving molybdate-sensitive groups. PMID- 6653553 TI - Freeze-fracture analysis of membrane appression and protein segregation in model membranes containing the chlorophyll-protein complexes from chloroplasts. AB - Cation-induced membrane appression and lateral segregation of chlorophyll-protein complexes have been investigated by freeze-fracture analysis of model membranes containing photosystem 1 and the light-harvesting complex of photosystem 2. In light-harvesting complex proteoliposomes, cations caused extensive membrane adhesion and a segregation of protein into appressed regions. A marked flattening of the appressed membranes, sometimes together with a co-alignment of the particles on the opposing membrane faces, strongly suggests a direct transmembrane attraction between the protein particles. Photosystem 1 membranes were not appressed by cations but some clustering of the particles occurred, together with their exclusion from some regions of the lipid. By incorporating dipalmitoylglycerophosphocholine into the membranes, it is shown that a similar exclusion of the particles can occur due to liquid-crystalline to gel state transitions of the lipids. Proteoliposomes containing both the light-harvesting complex and photosystem 1 displayed cation-induced membrane appression, but only between regions containing the light-harvesting complex. Photosystem 1 was largely confined to unappressed membranes. Destacking occurred at low salt concentrations irrespective of whether photosystem 1 was present, showing that in proteoliposomes, and probably in thylakoids, this process does not require the presence of highly charged complexes from unappressed regions. PMID- 6653554 TI - The identity of conformational states of reconstituted and native histone octamers. AB - Histone octamers were reconstituted from the following preparations: (a) natural histone H3-H4 tetramer and histone H2A-H2B dimer, either selectively extracted from chromatin with solutions chloride or prepared by dissociation of the natural octamer; (b) acid-denatured core histones, either an unfractionated mixture or individually purified proteins. Complexes assembled from these histones elute from exclusion chromatography columns with octamer size as verified by cross linking with dimethylsuberimidate. The reconstituted octamers all crystallize in the same form of helical tubes as the natural octamer. PMID- 6653555 TI - An absolute requirement for the 5' cap structure for mRNA translation in sea urchin eggs. AB - Translation of a variety of RNAs was studied in a cell-free translation system derived from sea urchin eggs. While RNAs such as globin or tobacco mosaic virus are efficiently translated, viral RNAs which do not contain the 5' cap structure, such as cow pea mosaic virus (CPMV) and poliovirus, are not translated. Mixing experiments with reticulocyte lysates indicated that the lack of translation of uncapped viral RNAs is not due to the presence of a potent inhibitor or the absence of an activating agent. RNA competition experiments between capped and uncapped RNAs indicated that uncapped RNAs do not interact with the sea urchin egg initiation machinery. Proteolytic removal of the 5' viral protein did not allow the translation of CPMV RNA. However, chemical decapping of vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA completely inhibited the translation of this mRNA in the sea urchin cell-free system. We conclude that the sea urchin egg lacks the initiation pathway used to initiate uncapped mRNAs in mammalian cells and thus has an absolute requirement for the 5' cap structure for initiation. In addition we discuss the implications of these findings for the control of protein synthesis after fertilization of the sea urchin egg. PMID- 6653556 TI - Synthesis of photosynthetic membrane proteins directed by RNA from rough thylakoids of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. AB - Messenger RNA activities associated with thylakoids of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were examined by translation of RNA of rough thylakoids (thylakoids with bound ribosomes) in a wheat germ protein-synthesis system. The RNA fraction, active in translation, did not bind to oligod (T)-cellulose indicating that the mRNA associated with the rough thylakoids contains little, if any, 3' polyadenylic acid. Assuming that 1% of the thylakoid RNA was mRNA, it was found to have a specific translation activity between that of globin mRNA and tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Translation products of thylakoid RNA were immunoprecipitated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, using antisera to two polypeptides synthesized within the chloroplast, one of which specifically precipitates the beta subunit of chloroplast coupling factor 1. Each antiserum immunoprecipitated radioactive polypeptide from translates of thylakoid RNA, indicating that the presence of mRNA for both polypeptides is associated with the thylakoids. The results suggest that thylakoid-bound polyribosomes are involved in the synthesis of thylakoid polypeptides. PMID- 6653557 TI - Purification and characterization of various esterases from rat liver. AB - The major rat liver microsomal esterases acting on o-nitrophenylacetate with isoelectric points 5.0, 5.5, 6.1 and 6.4 were resolved by isoelectric focusing. Molecular weights were determined by sedimentation analysis in isokinetic gradients of sucrose and, after purification, in sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their subunit molecular weights were between 57 000 and 60 000. They behaved as monomers except the pI-6.1 enzyme which behaved as a trimer. Esterases of pI 5.0, pI 6.1 and pI 6.4 behaved like glycoproteins of the polymannose type in the presence of 125I-labelled concanavalin A. Preparations of the pI-5.0 enzyme contained two esterases of highly homologous structure. Antibodies directed against this preparation did not inhibit but precipitated pI-5.0 esterase activity quantitatively. They did not react with the pI-6.1 and pI-6.4 esterases but precipitated several nonimmunologically related esterases. Two of these enzymes were inducible by phenobarbital. Total activity was very low in 3-day-old animals. Individual esterase activities rose at different rates during development; the enzyme focusing near pI 5.0 was about three times more active in adult females than in males. All microsomal esterases are located on the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum. PMID- 6653558 TI - Structural studies on the phosphate-free lipid A of Rhodomicrobium vannielii ATCC 17100. AB - The structure of the free lipid A from Rhodomicrobium vannielii ATCC 17100 was elucidated. It consists of a central beta-1',6-linked glucosamine disaccharide which is not substituted by phosphate. About 30% of the disaccharide molecules are substituted with mannopyranose in beta-1,4'-linkage to the non-reducing glucosamine. The reducing glucosamine can be directly reduced with NaBH4, indicating either that this glucosamine is not substituted at C1 or its substituent has been removed during the preparation of free lipid A or is removed during reduction with NaBH4. The following formula shows the 'backbone' structure of the free lipid A from Rm. vannielii ATCC 17100: beta-Manp(1-- leads to 4)-beta GlcpN(1 leads to 6)GlcpN. 3-(R)-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid is linked to the amino group of the reducing glucosamine. The residue at the amino group of the non reducing glucosamine has not been identified. The hydroxyl groups of the central disaccharide are acylated with 3-(tetradecanoyloxy)-tetradecanoic acid, 3 hydroxytetradecanoic acid, delta 14-docosenoic acid (delta 14-C22:1) and acetyl groups. The hydroxyl groups of the mannose are not substituted. PMID- 6653559 TI - Evidence for the presence of a hole in the capsid of turnip yellow mosaic virus after RNA release by freezing and thawing. Decapsidation of turnip yellow mosaic virus in vitro. AB - Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) RNA escapes from viral capsids after freezing and thawing the virus, and the remaining capsids look very similar to natural capsids in the electron microscope after negative staining [Katouzian-Safadi, M., Favre, A., and Haenni, A. L. (1980) Eur. J. Biochem. 112, 478-486]. In order to understand how an RNA of 2 X 10(6) Da (33% virus by weight) can escape from a compact protein shell we have compared artificial capsids formed after freezing TYMV and natural capsids produced in vivo in infected plants. We have used various physicochemical techniques including analytical ultracentrifugation, X ray scattering, X-ray diffraction and orientation in a magnetic field. From the combination of these results we conclude that the escape of the RNA is accompanied by the formation of a hole in the capsid surface. The size of such a hole is estimated to 5-9 coat protein subunits. PMID- 6653560 TI - Small-angle scattering of open isometric capsids. PMID- 6653561 TI - NAD+ analogue binding to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. AB - A series of NAD+ analogues, modified on the pyridinium ring, have been tested for their enzymic properties in reactions with D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase form sturgeon muscle, rabbit muscle and Bacillus stearothermophilus. The observed activity, inhibition and binding data are correlated to the structure of the enzyme and coenzyme analogue by model building on a Vector General interactive graphic display system using coordinates from the B. stearothermophilus holoenzyme structure. Most of the analogues with substituents in the pyridinium-3 position could be bound to glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, either in manner similar to NAD+ or in a completely different way with the substituted pyridinium ring rotated 110 degrees or more around the glycosidic bond. This indicates different possible modes of binding of NAD+ analogues within the pyridinium binding subsite. Analogues with substituents in the pyridinium-4 position are shown to be weakly bound to glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase. This is explained by a strong interaction of the substituent in the 4 position with the residues Asn-313 and Cys-149. PMID- 6653562 TI - Differential diagnosis and radiological work-up in bilateral lateral atlantoaxial offset. AB - Bilateral override of the atlas on the axis is generally attributed to a traumatic disruption of the atlas ring. Few other conditions have been described previously in association with this finding. The morphologic features to be considered and the differential diagnosis are discussed, stressing the diagnostic value of the lateral view, and of both conventional and computed tomography. PMID- 6653563 TI - Myonecrosis induced by drug overdose: pathogenesis, clinical aspects and radiological manifestations. AB - The authors report five cases of myonecrosis varying in degree of severity and extent of the lesions, following drug overdose in young patients. The pathogenesis of this condition is discussed with reference both to the literature and the radiological findings of the present study. The clinical and radiological manifestations are described and a possible differential diagnosis is suggested, based on these data. Semeiologic data obtained by ultrasound and computerized tomography was found to give the most accurate information concerning the morphological characteristics of myonecrosis while ultrasound can reveal the extent of the involvement in the limbs. PMID- 6653564 TI - Collateral veins in inferior caval vein occlusion demonstrated via CT. AB - CT-scans of 12 patients with tumour-induced occlusion of the inferior vena cava were studied with regard to collateral veins. A comparison was performed with findings at phlebography in 10 patients and at autopsy in 2. The site and appearance of the main collateral pathways are presented. A close study of vascular structures renders useful information on collateral circulation in occlusion of the inferior vena cava. PMID- 6653565 TI - Computed tomographic diagnosis of dilated ovarian veins in a case of "ovarian vein syndrome". AB - Ovarian vein dilatation in the so called "ovarian vein syndrome" is classically demonstrated by selective phlebography. The diagnostic value of computed tomography as a non invasive alternative for selective phlebography in a case of ovarian vein syndrome is reported. A definition of the ovarian vein syndrome and a personal view on the pathogenesis of this syndrome are given. PMID- 6653566 TI - The effects of angiotensin on the diagnostics and haemodynamics in renal angiography. AB - In 20 patients referred for renal angiography, series were obtained, 30 s., 3 and 10 min. (control) after administration of 0.5 microgram of angiotensin into the selective arterial catheter. 30 s. after angiotensin there was decreased renal volume, decreased renal blood flow, unchanged arterial diameters but narrower veins. The vascular resistance was increased. The diagnostics in neoplasms and cysts were not improved. Angiotensin administration cannot replace a well performed standard renal angiography. PMID- 6653567 TI - Metastases of the digestive tract. Report of 77 cases and review of the literature. AB - In addition to personal observations of 77 patients with one or more metastatic sites in the gastrointestinal tract, the authors reviewed over 1000 similar cases in the literature. The general radiologic aspects of each location (oesophagus, stomach, intestine, colon/rectum) are discussed. The pathophysiology of this type of metastasis explains the radiologic images obtained during barium transit examinations. The lymphatic type of spread observed in the oesophageal region in connection with carcinoma of the breast is the origin of stenosis of the middle third. The haematogenous type of diffusion encountered during melanomas creates intramural or intraluminal radiologic images. Two means of spread can be observed in the stomach. Haematogenous spread can result in frequently multiple and ulcerated nodular submucosal lesions from melanomas and bronchogenic carcinomas; it can also cause a more or less stenotic invasive image, especially in connection with carcinoma of the breast. Dissemination by means of the mesenteric reflections, and in particular around the gastrocolic ligament, explains the spread of a carcinoma of the transverse colon towards the stomach. The most frequent secondary sites in the gastrointestinal tract occur in the small intestine, the majority of these metastases being caused by pelvic tumours. Whether occurring in the small intestine or the colon, the pathophysiology is similar: direct invasion by a non-contiguous primary carcinoma along the fascias and mesenteric attachments (more rarely by lymphatic permeation), dissemination by the peritoneal fluid or haematogenuous spread. In the first two types of dissemination cited, the image encountered is often hard to differentiate from radiation-induced lesions. PMID- 6653568 TI - Digital subtraction sialography. AB - Digital subtraction sialography seems to provide a better display of glandular anatomy and pathological changes of parotid and submandibular gland. Further comparative studies are however necessary to better evaluate this simple and fast procedure. PMID- 6653569 TI - Biliary stone removal: the interventional radiologist's role. AB - Despite the recent popularity of endoscopic techniques, the interventional radiologist retains an important role in the non-surgical management of biliary duct stones. In the cases where endoscopic sphincterotomy is difficult, the radiologist can be of great assistance to the endoscopist. When endoscopic stone removal is not feasible, the radiologist can treat patients percutaneously. When surgery is performed in patients with recurrent stone disease, the radiologist can maintain biliary toilet. The various approaches to biliary removal through non-surgical tracts are discussed. PMID- 6653570 TI - Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver in infant: its roentgen diagnosis. AB - A case of mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver in an 18-month-old boy is reported. CT and US revealed a large, cystic tumour surrounded by a thick wall. In the lower portion of the tumour, a small solid component was recognized on CT. Angiography revealed marked arterial displacement, fine tumour vessels and a large radiolucent area. CT, US and angiography were helpful to make a diagnosis of mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver. PMID- 6653571 TI - Extrabiliary obstructive jaundice. AB - Extrabiliary obstructive jaundice is only encountered in biliary digestive anastomosis when the draining bowel itself is obstructed. In two patients, the cause of obstruction was a local tumour recurrence. PMID- 6653572 TI - Ultrasound in acute renal inflammatory lesions. AB - Ultrasound examinations were analysed in 38 patients with acute renal infections (pyelonephritis, focal pyelonephritis, renal abscess, pyonephrosis). Ultrasound examination is normal in mild inflammatory involvement of parenchyma. In severe involvement diffuse enlargement of parenchyma with low density of echoes structure is found, while in focal pyelonephritis localized low density of echoes swelling of parenchyma is seen. Fever and flank pain are common to acute ureteral obstruction and acute pyelonephritis and ultrasound can distinguish between these diseases. Among mass lesions ultrasound can distinguish between focal pyelonephritis and abscess, but cannot differentiate between tumour and focal pyelonephritis. PMID- 6653573 TI - CT guided percutaneous fine needle biopsy in the diagnosis of small adrenal tumours. AB - In the diagnosis of expansive lesions of the pancreas, liver, kidneys, lymph nodes and other organs, percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy has proved its value. For small objects computed tomography is particularly suitable as a localization aid. This article reports on the diagnostic advantages of CT and biopsy in the diagnosis of lesions of the adrenals, demonstrated by 6 selected examples of small tumours, 5 of them smaller than 2 cm., and 1 smaller than 3 cm. The cytological diagnosis of an adrenal adenoma in 5 patients and a metastasis in one provided an important contribution towards therapy and prognosis. PMID- 6653574 TI - Computer-assisted conformation radiotherapy system. An application of CT. AB - A newly developed computer-assisted conformation radiotherapy system is presented and its accuracy discussed in an experimental investigation and a clinical study. The system consists of a CT scanner, radiotherapy treatment planning system and linear accelerator. These systems are smoothly interconnected. Planning of multi split conformation radiotherapy can be performed accurately and rapidly. Opening of the multi-split collimators was accurately controlled by computer on the basis of the treatment planning data. Dosage distributions in the irradiated body reconstructed using transit x-rays are also presented. As a simple back projection method was used for calculation, the reconstructed dosage distribution resembling that of beam-focus radiography. Further investigation is required to complete this technique and to use it for the verification of radiotherapy treatment planning. PMID- 6653575 TI - Computerized tomography of a mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst. AB - A pancreatic pseudocyst with mediastinal extension is demonstrated by ultrasound and CT. The value of these examinations compared to conventional radiography is stressed in establishing the correct diagnosis including differential diagnostic considerations. PMID- 6653576 TI - Fibromuscular dysplasia of the right subclavian artery. AB - The case of an uncommon form of arterial fibromuscular dysplasia is reported. The anomaly was located in the right subclavian artery. Claudication of the affected limb was the presenting symptom. Angiography was diagnostic in visualizing typical multifocal stenosis of the proximal portion of the right subclavian artery. Complete surgical correction was performed by establishing a carotido subclavian by-pass graft. PMID- 6653577 TI - Computed tomographic diagnosis of strangulated obstruction. AB - A case of strangulated obstruction with computed tomographic appearance is reported. CT may be useful for the demonstration of the strangulated loop in a patient with obstructive symptoms and a soft tissue mass in the pelvis shown on plain films of the abdomen. PMID- 6653578 TI - Continuing medical education and transnational postgraduate training: a pioneer realization of the European Association of Radiology. AB - It is imperative and an ethical demand for radiologists to be instructed in the developments of their specialty. E.A.R. has helped this formation by organising lectures, courses, symposia, etc. Special training in health economics is required by the rising costs of modern radiological equipment. The advances in technology are a continuous challenge to the profession. Provision of fully qualified staff for the modern techniques is yet another formidable problem. PMID- 6653579 TI - The systemic and coronary haemodynamic effects of felodipine in patients with coronary heart disease. AB - The cardiovascular effects of felodipine, a new arteriolar vasodilator, were studied in 22 patients with coronary heart disease. There were significant falls in blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance of 16 and 38% respectively (P = 0.001), thus affecting after-load. Cardiac index and stroke index increased by 35 and 12% respectively. There was reflex tachycardia--from 75 +/- 3 to 85 +/- 3 b.p.m. (P = 0.005). Coronary sinus blood flow increased from 134 +/- 9 to 191 +/- 17 ml/min (P less than 0.005) and myocardial arterio-venous oxygen difference narrowed from 12.1 +/- 0.5 to 9.0 +/- 0.4 vols% (P less than 0.001) indicating less oxygen usage. With the heart rate held constant by atrial pacing, cardiac index and stroke index increased by 30 and 26% (P less than 0.001), whilst systolic blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance fell by 20 and 29% (P less than 0.001). This would suggest that the improved haemodynamics were largely secondary to after-load reduction. PMID- 6653580 TI - Haemodynamic effects of frusemide and its influence on repetitive rapid volume loading in acute myocardial infarction. AB - The haemodynamic effects of intravenous frusemide (1 mg/kg) were studied in 22 male patients with left ventricular failure following acute myocardial infarction. Radiographic pulmonary oedema was present in all patients and their average left heart filling pressure was 20 mmHg. Bolus injection of the drug was followed by immediate increases in systemic arterial pressure (P less than 0.05) and heart rate (less than 0.05); these declined to pre-injection values after 60 min. Following frusemide there were progressive reductions in left heart filling pressure (P less than 0.01), thermodilution cardiac output (P less than 0.01) and stroke volume (P less than 0.05) and a progressive increase in the derived systemic vascular resistance (P less than 0.05). There was an average diuresis of 860 ml during the 90 min following the frusemide injection. The influence of frusemide on left ventricular performance was studied by comparing the circulatory effects of passive leg raising in the control period with those at 30, 60 and 90 min after the drug. In the control period this manoeuvre increased left heart filling pressure, but not heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume or systemic vascular resistance. Ninety minutes after frusemide, but not before, passive leg raising resulted in a significant increase in cardiac output (P less than 0.01) and stroke volume at a similar increment in filling pressure and a significant reduction in the systemic vascular resistance (P less than 0.05). These circulatory actions of intravenous frusemide are compatible with initial arteriolar constriction and venodilatation followed by depletion of blood volume with subsequent change in left ventricular pumping performance. PMID- 6653582 TI - Suppression of demand pacemakers due to spurious signals generated by inactive endocardial electrodes. AB - We report a case of oversensing observed in a patient with a VVI pacemaker. This phenomenon was provoked by an inactive lead whose tip was in close apposition with the tip of the stimulating electrode. Potentials of large amplitude arose from the contact between these two catheters, causing pacer suppression. These false signals have been revealed both by intracavitary recordings and by standard ECG. In the latter they assumed a P-like shape. Withdrawal of the temporary lead restored normal pacing. PMID- 6653581 TI - Intravenous isosorbide dinitrate in acute left ventricular failure--a dose- response study. AB - The haemodynamic effects of intravenous isosorbide dinitrate (Cedocard) in patients with severe acute left ventricular failure have been assessed using incremental infusion rates from 50 to 800 micrograms min-1. For most patients most of the fall in pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure occurred by 200 micrograms min-1, with little further fall at higher doses. At 200 micrograms min 1 pulmonary arterial diastolic pressure fell from 29 to 23 mgHg (P less than 0.001), there was no significant change in cardiac index (1.9 to 2.0 L min-1 m-2) or heart rate (108 to 108 beats min-1). Despite high doses, no side effects were observed. Intravenous isosorbide dinitrate is effective and safe in the management of acute severe left ventricular failure. In most patients an infusion rate of about 200 micrograms min-1 produces optimal haemodynamic effects. PMID- 6653583 TI - Electrophysiological effects of prenalterol on the cardiac conduction system. AB - The electrophysiological effects of prenalterol, a new beta-receptor agonist, in a dose of 100 micrograms/kg body weight given intravenously for 5 min, were studied in 13 patients with signs of sinus node dysfunction and/or conduction defects within or distal to the atrioventricular (AV) node. In nine patients with signs of sinus node dysfunction a significant reduction was found in corrected sinus node recovery time, on an average by 1955 +/- 640 ms (-61%, P less than 0.05) and in atrial refractoriness, by 61 +/- 21 ms (-20%, P less than 0.05). Similar but insignificant changes were also seen in the four patients with normal sinus node function. In eight patients with AV nodal dysfunction, a significant increase was found in the Wenckebach point, by 51 +/- 10 b.p.m. (+52%. P less than 0.01) and a decrease in the AH interval, by 23 +/- 9 ms (-14%, P less than 0.05). AV nodal refractoriness tended to decrease by 115 +/- 58 ms (-24%, NS). Similar changes were found in the five patients with normal AV conduction. Heart rate increased in all 13 patients, on an average by 28 +/- 5 b.p.m. (+44%, P less than 0.001) and systolic blood pressure by 18 +/- 8 mmHg (+13% P less than 0.01). In conclusion, prenalterol increased sinus node automaticity and atrial and AV nodal conductivity, but did not improve infranodal conduction. Thus, the drug might be useful in the treatment of patients with sinus node dysfunction as well as in patients with spontaneous or induced atrioventricular conduction abnormalities. PMID- 6653584 TI - Interpretative reproducibility of two-dimensional echocardiographic images. Analysis of intraobserver, interobserver and beat to beat reproducibility of the mitral valve orifice. AB - The intraobserver, interobserver and beat to beat interpretative reproducibility of two-dimensional echocardiographic images of the mitral valve area has been studied retrospectively in a group of 37 patients affected by rheumatic mitral valve disease. Reproducibility has been expressed either in terms of mean absolute or percent error of duplicate measurements. A group of 11 normal subjects was used for comparison. In our normal group the intraobserver, interobserver and beat to beat reproducibility averaged 1.8 +/- 2.1%, 3.1 +/- 1.4%, 2.7 +/- 2.0% or 0.12 +/- 0.14 cm2, 0.21 +/- 0.10 cm2, 0.17 +/- 0.13 cm2, respectively. In our patient population the intraobserver, interobserver and beat to beat reproducibility averaged 2.7 +/- 2.7% 4.1 +/- 4.9%, 4.6 +/- 3.6% or 0.05 +/- 0.05 cm2, 0.08 +/- 0.10 cm2, 0.08 +/- 0.06 cm2. In both groups there was no statistical difference among intraobserver, interobserver and beat to beat reproducibility either in terms of percent or absolute value. The mean percent error did not significantly differ between normal or stenotic valves or, in this latter group, among valves of different sizes (less than or equal to 1.4 cm2; 1.5 2.4 cm2; greater than or equal to 2.5 cm2). The mean absolute error, on the contrary, statistically differed between the two groups or among valves of different sizes, being larger in normals or in valves greater than or equal to 1.5 cm2. Thus, the interpretative reproducibility for two-dimensional echocardiographic images of the mitral valve area is small and acceptable for most clinical purposes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653585 TI - Expansion of the left atrial appendage is a distinctive cross-sectional echocardiographic feature of congenital defect of the pericardium. AB - A case report of a congenital defect of the pericardium in which the cross sectional appearance of a prominent left atrial appendage is similar to the previously reported angiographic diagnostic appearance. PMID- 6653586 TI - Chronic intrapericardial bleeding from a left ventricular aneurysm. AB - A case of an aneurysm of the left ventricle associated with recurrent hemorrhagic pericardial effusion is described. A small conduit connecting the left ventricle to the pericardial cavity was identified by left ventriculography. The mechanisms which prevented sudden cardiac tamponade and death are discussed. PMID- 6653587 TI - Prognostic significance of the ST-segment response during exercise test shortly after acute myocardial infarction. Comparison with other exercise variables. AB - An exercise test was made in 317 patients in the third week after acute myocardial infarction. The following types of exercise associated ST-segment responses were registered in patients less than 70-years-old. I: no ST-deviation (33.6%), II: ST-depression (42.9%), III: ST-elevation (13.4%) and IV: inconclusive ST-response (10.1%). The 5-year mortality was significantly lower in group III than in groups II and IV. Group IV had a significantly higher 5-year mortality than all the other groups. Patients with ST-depression had an increased late mortality compared to that of the patients without ST-deviation, but the total mortality did not differ between these two groups. A highly increased risk of dying was found in groups I, II and IV in patients with exercise associated major ventricular arrhythmias and/or with a small increase of the pressure-rate product (PRP) during exercise. Patients without arrhythmias and with a high increase of the PRP had a low mortality rate irrespective of their ST-response. In the older patients (70-years-old or more) the ST-response was of no prognostic value at all. The ST-segment response was thus generally of limited value in the prognostic management of the present patients. Their survival was mainly determined by the other exercise variables-the magnitude of an exercise index of left ventricular function and the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 6653588 TI - Short-term responses to cardiac rehabilitation after acute myocardial infarction. Cardiac function evaluation before and after physical training at rest and during stress test. AB - Whether physical training, soon after myocardial infarction (MI), has effects upon intrinsic cardiac function at rest and during exertion remains unresolved. We have evaluated ventricular function using radionuclide angiography at rest and during stress testing before and after 3 months' physical training. This has been correlated with the site of MI and with changes in the ST segment during the maximal exercise test performed before the postmyocardial infarction rehabilitation program. We have studied 27 patients, mean age 54 +/- 10 years, in NYHA class I or II. Twelve showed no changes in the ST segment during erogmetric stress test (group 1); seven showed ST segment depression greater than 1 mm in leads different from those of MI (group 2); eight showed ST segment elevation of 2 mm (group 3). Twelve patients had had anterior MI only (AMI group); twelve inferior MI only (IMI group). After rehabilitation, all patients showed an increased work capacity and a decreased double product at the same work load. In the total group, significant increases were found in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and in the contractile regional performance (LVwm) at rest, as well as a lesser decrease in the LVEF during handgrip test. Group 1 showed a significant increase in LVEF, associated with a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) at rest. Group 2 showed unchanged variables after rehabilitation. Group 3 showed a better LVEF during handgrip with an increase of EDV at rest. The AMI group showed a better LVEF and LVwm at rest and a better LVEF during handgrip. IMI group showed a better right ventricular ejection fraction during handgrip without improvement in LVEF. No patient with IMI had septal asynergy. We conclude that the effects of rehabilitation were linked to the site of MI and to the functional dynamic status of both ventricles. PMID- 6653589 TI - Sustained improvement in exercise tolerance following physiological cardiac pacing. AB - Fifty-three patients have received 'physiological' pacemakers, 37 with atrioventricular (AV) block having atrial synchronous units (VAT or VDD) implanted and the remaining 16 patients with both AV block and sick sinus syndrome having 'universal' (DDD) pacemakers. Effort tolerance was assessed by serial bicycle ergometry and in 16 patients direct comparisons between ventricular pacing and atrial synchronous pacing could be made acutely. Physiological pacemakers were found to increase maximum effort tolerance by 43% compared to pre-pacing values (P less than 0.01). The increase was sustained over a mean of 33 months post pacing. The atrial synchronous mode increased maximum effort tolerance by 34% acutely compared to ventricular inhibited pacing. Dual chambered 'physiological' pacemakers represent a significant therapeutic advance over standard ventricular inhibited pacemakers. PMID- 6653590 TI - Myocardial map derived from two-dimensional echocardiography: reproducible and standardized description of infarction topographies. AB - The aim of this study was to improve the reproducibility and the standardization of the topographical assessment of myocardial infarctions in routine two dimensional echocardiography. A myocardial map of the left ventricle was derived from a necropsy study of normal human hearts; interventricular grooves and papillary muscles were used as anatomical landmarks defining 16 segments with similar planimetered surfaces. A reporting sheet was prepared, with diagrams of standardized echo sections and with a map showing the position of the corresponding outlines. The echocardiographic method consisted in identifying on each section the regions without systolic thickening, and displaying the results on the map, until a coherent picture of the abnormal areas was obtained. Interobserver reproducibility was studied in 50 consecutive patients with prior myocardial infarction; segments were classified as fully abnormal, partly abnormal, non-visualized, and normal. Among the 800 segments there were 1% severe and 12% moderate discrepancies; discrepancies were significantly lower for segments with confrontation in two different sections intersecting on the map. A classification of infarction topographies was obtained in 100 consecutive patients; it was compared with the data of two reanalysable pathologic series from the literature; a similar presentation of the results showed similar typical patterns of myocardial involvement, for which a nomenclature was proposed. A myocardial map may be used to provide a simple and reproducible description of infarction topographies; the results obtained lead us to recommend an echocardiographic standardization of ventricular segmentation and of nomenclature of infarction topographies, similar to that of pathological studies. PMID- 6653591 TI - Cross-sectional echocardiographic features of ruptured chordae tendineae. AB - Thirty-two patients with mitral regurgitation secondary to ruptured chordae tendineae were studied by cross-sectional echocardiography. Twenty of them subsequently underwent operation. Three signs are described. (1) Non-coaptation of the leaflets (55%). (2) Systolic fluttering echo in the left atrium originating from the mitral valve (20%). (3) A previously not described small diastolic chaotically moving echo in the short axis section of the left ventricle at the level of the papillary muscles (65%). The combined sensitivity of these three signs was 85%. The specificity of the three signs when compared with those of 107 patients with mitral regurgitation of different aetiologies studied by cross-sectional echocardiography was 99%, 100% and 99%, respectively. Six patients were studied after mitral valve repair; restriction of the surgical treated leaflet and reduction of its valve area was seen in all of them, and the disappearance of the valvar signs of ruptured chordae noted. The persistence of the small echo sign in the short axis of the left ventricle indicated its chordal origin. PMID- 6653592 TI - Hemodynamics during emotional stress in borderline and mild hypertension. AB - The hemodynamic response to emotional stress (mental arithmetic) was studied in ten borderline and ten mild hypertensives in comparison to ten age-matched normotensives. Due to emotional stress the blood pressure increased in all three groups; its rise was greater in borderline and mild hypertension. After stress, the blood pressure also remained elevated longer in the hypertensive groups. The increased blood pressure reaction was accompanied by a greater rise of heart rate and cardiac output. The increase of cardiac output correlated with the blood pressure elevation. Stroke volume changed in comparison to the pre-stress period only in the mild hypertension group. Total peripheral resistance decreased slightly in all three groups. No significant differences between the groups could be found in regard to stroke volume and total peripheral resistance. The cardiovascular hyperreactivity in early hypertension is attributed to a stronger sympathetic stimulation of the circulation. The hemodynamic pattern indicates an increased beta-adrenergic stimulation of the heart as the main pathological mechanism. PMID- 6653593 TI - Increase of mexiletine plasma levels due to delayed hepatic metabolism in patients with chronic liver disease. AB - The clinical relevance of changes in pharmacokinetics of oral mexiletine (600 mg daily dose) was studied in 82 patients with ventricular arrhythmias and impaired liver, renal or heart function (control group n = 51, patients with liver cirrhosis n = 9, with renal insufficiency n = 14, or heart failure n = 8). Increased plasma levels of mexiletine were found in patients with chronic liver disease (2.21 +/- 0.94 micrograms/ml, versus 0.63 +/- 0.22 micrograms/ml of controls, P less than 0.01). Plasma levels in patients with renal insufficiency or heart failure were not significantly different from the controls. The resulting elevated plasma levels in patients with liver cirrhosis emphasize the importance of hepatic metabolism in the elimination of mexiletine. Drug monitoring must be considered necessary in patients with impaired liver function. PMID- 6653594 TI - Traumatic right coronary artery--right atrial fistula. AB - Traumatic coronary artery fistulae and intracardiac shunts due to penetrating wounds of the heart are rare, with only 19 reported cases in the literature. The communication, which may involve one or both coronary arteries, is classified into two major types depending on whether the drainage is into the left or right heart. We report a right coronary artery (RCA) right atrial fistula (RA) secondary to shrapnel injury in 1944. PMID- 6653595 TI - Diltiazem and nitrendipine suppress hypoxic contracture in quiescent ventricular myocardium. AB - Calcium blocking agents may protect the ischaemic heart by reducing ventricular afterload and cardiac contractility, or by augmenting myocardial perfusion. To determine whether protection is mediated in part by mechanisms unrelated to myocardial work and perfusion, we examined effects of diltiazem and nitrendipine on unperfused myocardium subjected to hypoxia. Rabbit right ventricular papillary muscles were mounted in a myograph containing Krebs buffer equilibrated at 37 degrees C with 95% O2-5% CO2. During brief electrical pacing at a frequency of 12 min-1, a preload of 1363 +/- 60 mg produced a maximal isometric force development of 4892 +/- 273 mg (SE; n = 113). After 60 min without pacing, the quiescent muscles were pre-equilibrated randomly for 20 min without drug for control (C = 38), or with 10(-6) diltiazem (n = 38) or 10(-6) mol l-1 nitrendipine (n = 38). Changes in resting force during equilibration did not exceed +/- 12 mg. Subsequent sudden de-oxygenation with 95% N2-5% CO2 evoked in controls an increase in force beginning after 16 +/- 1 min. The onset of hypoxic contracture was significantly (P less than 0.1) delayed in treated muscles and started after 31 +/- 3 min with diltiazem and after 23 +/- 2 min with nifedipine. Peak contracture was significantly (P less than 0.1) inhibited by diltiazem and nitrendipine compared to controls, respectively values averaging 264 +/- 22 mg, 480 +/- 44 mg and 895 +/- 70 mg. Thus, calcium blockers delayed and suppressed hypoxic contracture in quiescent myocardium, demonstrating that the drugs acted directly on cardiac muscle in the absence of rhythmic electrical and mechanical activity. PMID- 6653596 TI - Myocardial protection by calcium antagonist drugs. PMID- 6653597 TI - Application of the Laplace operator to scintigraphic images: comparison with conventional scintigraphy and digital filtering. AB - The curvature scintigram is an image, obtained by applying the Laplace operator to nuclear medicine images, that shows local variations of count rate density. Applications to liver scintigrams are described. The diagnostic quality of the curvature scintigram is compared with that of the conventional and digitally filtered scintigrams, using a series of patients who have been categorized by histology or by transmission computer tomography. From our results, the curvature scintigram demonstrates an improvement over the subjective findings of clinicians. It enables the detection of an increased number of true-positives and a reduced number of false-positives. PMID- 6653598 TI - Silicon avalanche radiation detectors: the basis for a new in vivo radiation detection probe. AB - Recent advances in semiconductor technology have made it possible to develop practical silicon avalanche radiation detectors. These detectors are analogous in operation to a gas proportional counter, but are capable of extreme miniaturization. Most importantly these devices have overcome the in vivo limitations of past semiconductor detectors with respect to noise, microphonics, and adaptability to relatively harsh environments. The operation and some useful characteristics of an avalanche detector are outlined. The performance of a probe mounted detector in an in vivo setting is described which illustrates one application of the silicon avalanche detector in this milieu. PMID- 6653599 TI - Inability of seven-pinhole myocardial tomography to obtain accurate 201Tl kinetic data. AB - Seven-pinhole myocardial tomography has been reported to enhance the accuracy of thallium-201 (201Tl) studies in detecting patients with coronary artery disease. To determine if this approach can accurately assess regional 201Tl kinetics, 12 dogs with temporary occlusion (mean 15 min) of either the left anterior descending (LAD) (n = 6) or left circumflex (LCX) (n = 6) coronary artery were studied. Thallium-201 was injected and serial 7-pinhole images were acquired during occlusion and following reflow (mean duration 175 min). Time-activity analysis was obtained from normal and ischemic regions of interest in the central pinhole image and the reconstructed tomographic images (TOMO-ROI). Time-activity data from corresponding normal and ischemic regions were also obtained using a circumferential graph program (TOMO-MAX). In addition, regional myocardial 201Tl activity was recorded continuously with a cadmium telluride radiation probe sutured directly to the posterior myocardial wall. Defects in 201Tl distribution with subsequent partial or complete redistribution were present in 11 of 12 central pinhole images and tomographic studies. In the normal and ischemic anterior myocardial segments the percentage change in 201Tl activity in the central pinhole image from occlusion to the end of reflow correlated well with the percentage change in activity for both TOMO-ROI (r = 0.93) and TOMO-MAX (r = 0.85). In the normal posterior segments the percentage change in 201Tl activity in the central pinhole image correlated well with TOMO-ROI (r = 0.98) and TOMO MAX (r = 0.87).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653601 TI - Factors influencing bone scan quality. AB - A reliable subjective method of assessing bone scan quality is described. A large number of variables which theoretically could influence scan quality were submitted to regression and factor analysis. Obesity, age, sex and abnormality of scan were found to be significant but weak variables. PMID- 6653600 TI - Parametric imaging of regional cerebral blood flow with the short-lived isotope 195mAu. AB - The use of the short-lived (30 s) isotope 195mAu in brain perfusion studies has been tested on 40 patients and 8 volunteers. The activity of the eluate from the 195mHg/195Au generator was high enough to give good image statistics of brain perfusion after a single bolus injection. The examinations can be repeated after 3 min giving the same quality and without significant background. The use of a low-energy photon peak at 68 keV (Au-K alpha) allows the imaging of brain perfusion in both lateral views with almost no look-through effect. With a modified height-over-area formula for the calculation of regional cerebral blood flow parametric images were obtained of high diagnostic value. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the method has been demonstrated by mental stimulation tests on eight volunteers: after optical stimulation a clear increase of blood flow could be shown in the visual cortex. PMID- 6653602 TI - Radiochemical quality control of 99mTc-labelled immunoglobulin G by immobilised protein A from staphylococcus aureus. AB - Large fractions of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from mammalian species show high affinities for protein A isolated from staphylococcus aureus. The radiochemical purity of 99mTc-labelled IgG was determined by means of protein A, covalently bound to sepharose, by a column radiochromatographic technique and by a simpler and more rapid technique in vials. Different labelling methods produced different radiochemical purities. Limitations and applications of the testing systems are discussed. PMID- 6653603 TI - Influence of propranolol on uptake of radioiodinated heptadecanoic acid and thallium-201 in the dog heart. AB - In an experimental study, the influence of propranolol on myocardial uptake of radioiodinated heptadecanoic acid (131I-HDA) and thallium-201 (201Tl) in the dog heart was assessed. Uptake of 131I-HDA and 201Tl was evaluated in ten control dogs and in ten dogs 20 min after IV administration of propranolol (0.15 mg/kg). In both groups, four healthy dogs were studied and six dogs were studied after coronary artery occlusion. It was shown that both total uptake of 131I-HDA and 201Tl did not alter significantly, regardless of significant changes in hemodynamic parameters and total arterial plasma FFA levels. However, distribution of both 131I-HDA and 201Tl was markedly affected by propranolol, since the endocardial to epicardial ratio showed significantly higher values in the ischemic myocardial regions. The results of our study indicate that propranolol (1) preserves myocardial perfusion in the normal and acutely ischemic dog heart, and (2) gives a more favorable distribution in the ischemic myocardial region towards the subendocardial layers. PMID- 6653604 TI - Tropolone, the favourite ligand for cell labelling? A reply to Dr. Hardeman's letter in Eur J Nucl Med (1982) 7:528-529. PMID- 6653606 TI - Reproducibility of ejection fraction measurements by gated equilibrium blood pool scintigraphy. AB - The reproducibility of ejection fraction measurements has been studied using gated equilibrium blood pool scintigraphy. The use of appropriate statistical tests is proposed and commented upon. The intra-observer variability for our group of patients has a standard deviation of 6.4%, the interobserver variability of 3.2% and sequential studies done on the same and different days give standard deviations (due to "time" alone) of 1.0% and 1.9%, respectively. Different factors and sources involved in variability are mentioned. Variability values reported in the literature are discussed. PMID- 6653605 TI - Visualizing cardiac blood pool: comparison of three labeling methods. AB - The quality of three different labeling methods of visualizing the cardiac blood pool was investigated in 72 patients: 99mtechnetium labeling of red blood cells in vivo or in vitro and human serum albumin. By the simplified technique of in vitro labeling of RBC from the view point of (1) labeling efficiency, (2) activity in the blood, (3) count rates in a standard ROI over the left ventricle and the paracardiac background, (4) ratio of these count rates, and (5) evaluation of image quality, the best results were obtained. HSA and in vivo labeled RBC led to satisfactory results for visual assessment of ventricular performance in most cases. In spite of the slightly higher technical investment involved in the in vitro labeling method this technique appears to be preferable for gated cardiac blood pool studies in view of the excellent labeling quality. PMID- 6653607 TI - Determination of right ventricular ejection fraction utilising a radionuclide washout technique. AB - A radionuclide washout technique (WO), for calculation of the right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) which is independent of the exact position of the right ventricular region of interest was evaluated and results compared with first pass (FP) and equilibrium gated blood pool (GBP) values. Regression analysis between RVEF values of 24 patients obtained from FP and WO yielded a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.89, while a slightly poorer correlation coefficient was obtained when FP and GBP were compared (r = 0.79) and between WO and GBP (r = 0.71). No significant difference between RVEF values calculated from the three techniques was found (P less than 0.05) on inter- and intraobserver level. The radionuclide washout technique yields an accurate determination of RVEF without the necessity of outlining the RV accurately. PMID- 6653608 TI - Myocardial visualization on a routine perfusion lung scintigram: relationship to the amount of right-to-left shunt. AB - Three cases of myocardial visualization on a routine perfusion lung scintigram with 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin were reported in patients with congenital heart diseases; two cases of tetralogy of Fallot and one case of truncus arteriosus type IV. Large right-to-left shunts greater than 39% and marked hypertrophy of the ventricle suggesting the presence of increased coronary blood flow were noted in all cases. In the two patients with tetralogy of Fallot myocardial activity appeared to be located in the hypertrophic right ventricles. PMID- 6653609 TI - Assessment of skeletal uptake of 99mTc-diphosphonate over a five day period. AB - A new method for the sequential monitoring of skeletal uptake of 99mTc diphosphonate over a 5-day period, utilising both a gamma camera and whole-body monitor, is presented. It has been found that diphosphonate continues to be removed from bone over this period. Normal subjects appear to lose skeletal activity initially at a more rapid rate than those with altered skeletal metabolism and it is suggested that differences in binding characteristics may exist. PMID- 6653610 TI - 97Ru-transferrin uptake in tumor and abscess. AB - The uptake of 97Ru-transferrin (Ru-TF) in tumor and abscess bearing animals was compared with 67Ga-citrate (Ga), 123I-transferrin (I-TF), and several other plasma proteins. Maximal concentration in tumor of Ru-TF in mice was three times higher than 67Ga-citrate (16.80 +/- 4.20 vs 5.08 +/- 0.58% D/g) although it occurred later (24 h compared with 67Ga which reached its maximum 2 h after injection). Whole body autoradiography (WBARG) with 103Ru-transferrin (103Ru-TF) in tumor and abscess bearing rats demonstrated details of the distribution within these lesions. Turpentine-induced abscesses in the rabbits could be visualized with the gamma camera as early as 30 min post-injection of Ru-TF. It seems, therefore, that Ru-TF can be used for tumor and abscess localization. The results indicate that Ru-TF may have some advantages over 67Ga-citrate because of the higher concentration in the lesions. 123I-transferrin reached a concentration in tumor similar to 67Ga (6.89 +/- 1.67 vs 5.08 +/- 0.58% D/g) but had a very low tumor to blood ratio (0.64). The three compounds investigated (Ru-TF, I-TF and ionic Ga, which binds instantaneously to TF in vivo) have a common ligand, transferrin. It appears, therefore, that tumor affinity is a property of the radionuclide-ligand complex rather than of the radionuclide itself. PMID- 6653612 TI - The significance of the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and myelofibrosis. AB - The level of the aminoterminal propeptide Col 1-3 of type III procollagen (PC III) was determined in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF), to study whether PC-III can be used as a parameter for the rate and/or degree of bone marrow replacement with collagen. Normal PC-III levels were found in PNH (6.6 +/- 1.1 micrograms/l; N: 8.6 +/- 1.8 micrograms/l), while significantly increased levels were found in PMF (24.8 +/- 2.2 micrograms/l). During a follow-up of 1 year, a slight increase of 2 micrograms/l occurred in three patients with a stable fibrosis, while one patient with more active disease demonstrated an increase of 25 micrograms/l. Treatment with acetylsalicylic acid led to a decline of PC-III as well as beta thromboglobulin level, although normalization did not occur. It was demonstrated by means of gel filtration that the antigens related to the PC-III peptide were heterogenous, and that in PMF at least two main peaks were present, with molecular masses equal to and smaller than PC-III peptide. These data demonstrate that the radioimmunoassay cannot be used for the quantitative determination of PC III; nevertheless it gives some insight in the process of bone marrow fibrosis. PMID- 6653611 TI - Iodine trapping and organification in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - In vitro thyroid function tests were studied in 30 patients on regular hemodialysis. In addition, 8 patients (one not yet dialyzed) underwent perchlorate discharge testing and the salivary to plasma ratio of 131I was measured to identify defects in iodine uptake or organification. When compared with 35 healthy controls, uremic patients had lower total T4 (5.8 +/- 0.4 vs 8.6 +/- 0.3 micrograms/100 ml) and total T3 (81 +/- 6 vs 124 +/- 5 ng/100 ml) but T3RU was higher in dialysis patients (35.5 +/- 0.9 vs 28 +/- 0.5%, P less than 0.01). The TSH levels were not different from those of controls. The RAI uptake 1 h after perchlorate was significantly higher than the control valve (0.6 +/- 0.14 vs 0.06 +/- 0.04, P less than 0.05). Similarly, the salivary to plasma ratio of 131I was higher in patients with chronic renal failure (70 +/- 10:1 vs 40 +/- 4:1). It is concluded that there is altered iodine trapping in CRF patients but iodine organification appears to be normal. PMID- 6653613 TI - Congenital syphylitic hepatitis: a case report with multiple imaging modalities (syphilitic hepatitis). AB - A case of syphilitic hepatitis is described with no evidence of mass effect on the ultrasonic and computerized tomographic study, but discrete areas of decreased uptake on liver scan suggestive of space-occupying lesion. This is the second instance in the literature of the incongruence of the liver scan and the other imaging modalities in syphilitic hepatitis. PMID- 6653614 TI - Metabolism and clearance of proxicromil--studies in rat, hamster, rabbit, dog, squirrel monkey, cynomolgus monkey, baboon and man. AB - Proxicromil was extensively metabolized and eliminated as metabolites in urine and faeces by the rat, hamster, rabbit, squirrel monkey, cynomolgus monkey, baboon and man after oral administration. The pathway of metabolism in these species was by hydroxylation of the alicyclic ring principally to yield monohydroxylated metabolites with trace amounts of a dihydroxylated product. Elimination of proxicromil by the dog, however, was essentially as the unchanged drug. The lack of metabolism of the drug by the dog resulted in the dog having a dependence on biliary excretion of the unchanged drug for clearance. These differences in clearance routes between species were reflected in the plasma clearance of the drug. The value for rat, a species capable of metabolism, was approximately 20 fold (4.1 ml min-1 kg-1) greater than the corresponding value for dog (0.2 ml min-1 kg-1). Inhibiting the metabolism of proxicromil in the rat with SKF-525A lowered plasma clearance of proxicromil (0.6 ml min-1 kg-1) and elevated the proportion of unchanged drug cleared by biliary excretion. PMID- 6653615 TI - Effect of the hour of administration on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in the rat. AB - The aim of the present study was to investigate an eventual influence of the hour of administration on lidocaine kinetics in the rat. 280 Wistar AF-SPF adult male rats were used for this study and maintained under controlled environmental conditions (LD: 06.00-18.00) during the month of October. A single 50 mg X kg-1 dose of lidocaine was given by intramuscular route, at four different fixed time points of a 24 hour period (i.e.: 10.00, 16.00, 22.00 and 04.00) to 70 rats. Blood samples were taken at the following time points: 5, 15, 30 min., 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after the drug administration. Lidocaine plasma levels (free and bound) were determinated according to a specific gas chromatographic method. The data showed circadian variations of pharmacokinetic parameters:--Elimination half life: max. 2.12 +/- 0.05 h at 10.00, min. 1.50 +/- 0.03 h at 16. --Initial concentration: max. 5.05 +/- 0.65 micrograms X ml-1 at 16.00; min. 2.97 +/- 0.29 micrograms X ml-1 at 04.00.--Elimination constant rate: max. 0.4618 +/- 0.0094 h 1 at 16.00, min 0.3279 +/- 0.0079 h-1 at 10.00.--Area under curve (experimental): max. 11.11 +/- 1.07 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1 at 16.00, min. 7.45 +/- 0.84 micrograms X kg-1 X h-1 at 04.00.--Apparent volume of distribution: max. 16.67 +/ 1,67 L X kg-1 at 04.00, min. 9.75 +/- 1.04 L X kg-1 at 16.00. The lidocaine-free fraction varied with time and the protein binding of lidocaine showed a circadian variation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653616 TI - Simultaneous kinetic modelling of plasma levels and urinary excretion of salicyluric acid, and the influence of probenecid. AB - In a fundamental study on the effect of probenecid on the plasma kinetics and the renal handling of some organic anions known to be transported by the tubular secretion mechanism in the mammalian kidney, we measured plasma levels and urinary excretion rates of salicyluric acid in male Beagle dogs, after intravenous application of salicyluric acid, with and without co-administration of probenecid. The animals were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg) and provisions were made for blood and urine sampling. In order to obtain a sufficiently high and constant urine flow, an infusion of a solution containing 5% inulin (2 ml/min) was given throughout an experiment. Inulin was added for measurement of the glomerular filtration rate. Linear plots of the urinary excretion rate against the average plasma concentration of each urine collection period were drawn as an illustrative way to depict the relation between plasma concentration and urinary excretion rate. In order to quantify the effect of probenecid on the plasma kinetics and the renal handling of salicyluric acid, we conceived a dynamic model, able to describe changes in plasma kinetics as well as in urinary excretion. The effect of probenecid on the pharmacokinetics of salicyluric acid can be adequately described in terms of a non-competitive inhibition of the tubular secretory mechanism for salicyluric acid. Parameters for the description of this interaction were estimated by a simulation procedure with the aid of the computer program CSMP III. PMID- 6653617 TI - Comparative pharmacokinetic profiles of cinoxacin and pipemidic acid in humans. AB - Serum and urinary levels of Cinoxacin and pipemidic acid were determined at 7-day intervals in the same 10 healthy volunteers after a single oral dose of respectively 500 and 400 mg of the drugs. Comparison of results shows that Cinoxacin was absorbed faster (absorption half-life, ta 1/2cin = 0.25 h) than pipemidic acid (ta 1/2pip = 0.37 h) and distributed in a smaller apparent volume (AVDcin = 23.5 1/1.73 m2; AVDpip = 60.1 1/1.73 m2). Biological half-lives were identical (tb 1/2cin = 2.10 h; tb 1/2pip = 2.15 h). On the other hand, serum levels for Cinoxacin at 1, 2 and 4 hours (8.1 +/- 1.5 micrograms/ml, 10.6 +/- 1.5 micrograms/ml, 5.6 +/- 1.3 micrograms/ml respectively) were higher than those for pipemidic acid (3.3 +/- 0.3 micrograms/ml, 3.4 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml, 2.1 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml respectively). Urinary excretion of the two derivatives during the 12 hours following their administration was similar (Ucin0-12h = 86%; Upip0-12h = 83%). Mean urinary concentrations were particularly high, still attaining respectively 90 +/- 29 micrograms/ml and 131 +/- 38 micrograms/ml in samples collected between the 9th and the 12th hours; these levels were well above the M.I.C. for the Gram-negative organisms included within the spectrum of activity of these two quinolones. In addition, predictive calculations of serum levels reached after multiple dosing indicate that at an administration rate of 500 mg every 6 or preferably every 4 hours, Cinoxacin concentrations should be sufficiently high to be of interest in the treatment of systemic infections by sensitive organisms. PMID- 6653618 TI - Pharmacokinetics of arginine and aspartic acid administered simultaneously in the rat--III: Changes in the levels of amino acids in the plasma, liver and brain after simultaneous administration of arginine and aspartic acid. AB - Changes in the levels of amino acids in the plasma, liver and brain were studied in rats after simultaneous administration of 0.1 mmol/rat of arginine and aspartic acid. The levels of most of the assayed amino acids underwent various changes some of which only occurred in one of the organs studied, for example, GABA in the brain and proline in the liver. It is difficult to advance any explanation. Meanwhile some of changes can be explained on the grounds of well known metabolic changes. The large increase of ornithine in the liver may be due to the action of arginase in the first stage in the urea cycle. This amino acid is the precursor of glutamic acid and proline which may explain the high levels of these two amino acids observed especially in the liver. The increase of GABA in the brain may be due to the simultaneous administration of arginine and aspartic acid which could induce the formation of ornithine and alpha ketoglutaric acid respectively, two metabolites known to increase cerebral GABA. The increases in Ser, Gly, and Ala observed in practically all the tissues studied may be due to the formation of oxaloacetate from aspartic acid. PMID- 6653619 TI - Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and elimination of itanoxone in humans. AB - The pharmacokinetics, metabolism and elimination of Itanoxone was studied after a single oral administration of the carbon-14-labelled drug (500 mg) in four male volunteers. The drug was absorbed fairly rapidly with a mean peak plasma level of 10.3 +/- 1.3 micrograms/ml between 3 and 4 hours after dosing. The pharmacokinetics can be described by a two-compartment open model with the central compartment consisting of the extracellular fluid. The mean elimination half-life was 19.4 +/- 8.5 hours. Two metabolites as well as unchanged Itanoxone were detected in plasma. Approximately 37% of the radioactivity was excreted over a five-day period in the urine and 50% in the faeces. There were only traces of free metabolites in the urine as the rest of the radioactive metabolites were associated with glucuronide conjugates. These conjugates consisted of Itanoxone and up to six metabolites. Five of these metabolites have been tentatively identified by comparison of their chromatographic properties by TLC and HPLC with a number of reference compounds. After repeated administration of Itanoxone (250 mg b.i.d.) the maximum level at steady state was about 7 micrograms/ml and the minimum level, 0.6 micrograms/ml. The mean area under the plasma level time curve was 35% higher than in the single dose study after correction for dose. PMID- 6653620 TI - Febarbamate: metabolism in man. AB - The biotransformation of 1-(3-butoxy-2-carbamoyloxypropyl)-5-ethyl-5-phenyl (1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione (febarbamate) has been investigated in man. Human volunteers received a single oral dose of 15 mg/kg febarbamate. Twenty two metabolites found in urine were separated and purified by means of an extraction with Amberlite XAD-2 and the high performance liquid chromatography. Their chemical structures were established with the help of mass and NMR spectral data and by comparison with known standards. The oxygen dealkylation, the penultimate hydroxylation of the n-butyl chain with consecutive oxidation to the ketone and C 4 hydroxylation of the benzene ring lead to the formation of four major metabolites: 1-(2-carbamoyloxy-3-hydroxypropyl)-5-ethyl-5-phenyl-(1H,3H,5H) pyrimidine-2,4, 6-trione (41.4%), 1-[3-(3-hydroxybutoxy)-2-carbamoyloxypropyl]-5 ethyl-5-phenyl-(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione (20.2%), 1-[3-(3-oxobutoxy)-2 carbamoyloxypropyl]-5-ethyl-5-phenyl-(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione (11.1%) and 1-(2-carbamoyloxy-3-hydroxypropyl)-5-ethyl-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-(1H,3H,5H) pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione (9.2%). Hydrolysis of the carbamoyloxy group was insignificant, the pyrimidine ring opening and the oxidation of the 5-ethyl group were not observed. Only traces of the parent drug were found. PMID- 6653621 TI - Heparinized human umbilical vein grafts. Delayed heparin desorption after alcohol treatment. AB - Tanned human umbilical vein grafts (Dardik Biograft, Meadox) were heparinized with tritium-labelled heparin. Two methods of heparinization were undertaken: (1) incubation with heparin followed by ethyl alcohol 50% treatment, and (2) incubation with heparin without alcohol. Grafts were placed in the carotid arteries of sheep and removed 10 and 90 days later. Heparin was lost in contact with blood but the alcohol treatment delayed heparin desorption significantly. PMID- 6653622 TI - Total splenopancreatectomy in the rat. Technical report. AB - The techniques of total pancreatectomy previously described in the rat, separated the pancreatic lobules from their vascular and biliary connections. The technique described is an en bloc resection of the spleen, the pancreas, and the intrapancreatic common bile duct. The common bile duct is reimplanted in the duodenum by intubation, as described previously in liver transplants. This technique, performed in 12 rats, realised a more complete pancreatectomy than techniques described previously. PMID- 6653623 TI - Primary megaureter in adults. AB - The terminology of megaureters, their histological findings and etiology vary greatly in the literature. Primary obstructed megaureters must be clearly differentiated from megaureters caused by infravesical obstruction. The characterization and therapeutical consequences of the two types also differ. In a retrospective study, 43 adult patients with 54 primary obstructed megaureters (male:female = 30:13) were studied. This diagnosis excluded infravesical obstruction, reflux and neurogenic disorders. The main symptoms were flank pain, infection and hematuria. An operation was performed in 25 patients; 29 were treated conservatively. The criteria for surgery are discussed in relation to symptoms, functional reserves of the kidney, transportation capacity of the upper urinary tract, and histological changes of the narrow segment of the ureter. Operative treatment should be limited to well-defined complications, such as deterioration of kidney function or recurrent infection, to avoid its discredit as merely a cosmetic procedure. PMID- 6653624 TI - The role of embolization in the treatment of kidney carcinoma. AB - Although embolization is widely employed in kidney cancer patients, it is not yet clearly understood whether the procedure may influence the natural history of the disease. The writers' experience consists of 99 embolized patients, performed since 1976. The effects of the procedure were reduction of tumor bulk, creation of a good edematous cleavage plane, and shrinkage of venous thrombi. In stage I and II cases embolization seems to have prolonged the survival times of patients who died of tumor, but in stage III and IV cases no difference can be detected between the embolized and nonembolized groups, whereas in stage IV cases only palliative surgery allows better survival times. PMID- 6653625 TI - The value of urinary cytology, serum and urinary carcinoembryonic antigen, rheumatoid factors, and urinary immunoglobulin concentration as tumor markers or prognostic factors in predicting progression of superficial bladder cancer. AB - We followed 67 patients with superficial bladder cancer (TA, T1) for 12-48 months (mean, 26.8 months) after surgical removal of the tumors. Every 3-4 months, when the patients came for cystoscopic control, we evaluated serum and urinary carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), urinary cytology, serum rheumatoid factors, and urinary IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations. The purpose was to look for markers or prognostic factors in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma other than characteristics of the excised tumors themselves. We emphasized data that can be obtained on patient follow-up. Our results were correlated with tumor recurrence and tumor progression rates. In contrast with other reports, only urinary immunoglobulins (especially IgG) proved to have prognostic value. However, urinary CEA and (even more so) urinary cytology are fairly good tumor markers: they were positive when the bladder tumors were present and, in the case of recurrence, before recurrent tumors were visible. PMID- 6653626 TI - Possibilities of computing urine parameters as a means of classification of normals and patients suffering from calcium oxalate lithiasis. AB - By the use of simple quotients consisting of the lithogenic variables in the numerator and the litholytic ones in the denominator as well as of complex chemical and discriminant analytical computational use of urine parameters, it is possible to distinguish significantly between groups of control persons and recurrent calcium oxalate stone formers and to obtain a relative prediction concerning the risk of stone formation. In discriminant analytical computation, in our opinion, it is most convincing to make use of variables which have been checked multivariately concerning their separating properties with regard to their mutual correlations and their measure of indispensability. PMID- 6653628 TI - Primary retroperitoneal seminoma. AB - We describe a case of primary retroperitoneal seminoma with metastasis to the left kidney, left adrenal gland, and other organs without evidence of testicular involvement. We determined this disease at autopsy. PMID- 6653627 TI - Congenital cyst of the seminal vesicle. AB - A case of congenital cyst of the seminal vesicle in association with an ectopic ureter is presented. The clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are discussed with special emphasis on the role played by ultrasound and computerized tomography in the evaluation of pelvic pain and painful ejaculation. PMID- 6653629 TI - Epidermoid cysts of testis. AB - A patient with an epidermoid cyst of the testis is reported and the entity is discussed. There is no universal agreement with regard to the histogenesis, but the majority of authors consider it as a monolayer teratoma, which is the reason why even a pure epidermoid cyst poses a serious therapeutic dilemma. PMID- 6653630 TI - Needle tract seeding following puncture of retroperitoneal liposarcoma. AB - 9 case of needle tract seeding following percutaneous puncture of an avascular mass, which proved to be a retroperitoneal liposarcoma, is presented. PMID- 6653631 TI - Inverted papilloma of the ureter. AB - The inverted urothelial papilloma described herein is the fourth case developing in the ureter. The association with a well-differentiated conventional papilloma of the renal pelvis is the noteworthy feature of this case. PMID- 6653632 TI - Malacoplakia of the kidney and urinary bladder. AB - Malacoplakia of the kidney is a very rare disease, and in two-thirds of the cases the lower urinary tract is also affected. Malacoplakia of the urinary tract affects primarily the bladder and secondarily the distal ureter, rarely the kidney. PMID- 6653633 TI - Lymphadenectomy and renal cell carcinoma: why is there so much controversy? PMID- 6653634 TI - A study of the exploratory behavior of legally blind and sighted preschoolers. PMID- 6653635 TI - Changes in mild mental retardation: population, programs, and perspectives. PMID- 6653636 TI - Family study of genetic and environmental factors determining the protein binding of propranolol. AB - The unbound fraction of propranolol was found to vary from 1.9 to 13.2% in 434 plasma samples from members of 132 families. As expected, there was a linear correlation between the ratio of bound/unbound propranolol and the orosomucoid concentration (r = 0.67, P less than 0.001). Albumin concentration did not influence propranolol binding. The unbound fraction was negatively correlated with obesity and alcohol intake, but was not significantly influenced by age and sex. By applying path analysis, 21% of the variability in propranolol binding could be ascribed to genetic factors and 5% to common environmental factors. PMID- 6653637 TI - Statistical analysis of polymorphic drug metabolism data using the Rosin Rammler Sperling Weibull distribution. AB - The Rosin Rammler Sperling Weibull distribution and its use in the analysis of complex data is explained with reference to metoprolol and acebutolol AUC values and isoniazid plasma concentrations. The technique is then applied to sparteine and debrisoquine data to resolve populations into distinct sub-groups. Goodness of fit is measured by applying the chi 2 test to the untransformed data. The method is simple to use and sub-groups can be identified rapidly. Each sub-group can be characterised by a simple exponential equation. PMID- 6653638 TI - Pharmacokinetics of canrenone after oral administration of spironolactone and intravenous injection of canrenoate-K in healthy man. AB - Five healthy male volunteers received canrenoate-K 200 mg (Sincomen pro injectione) by intravenous injection and one week later spironolactone 200 mg (Sincomen-100) orally. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of unchanged canrenone were determined up to 24 h by a specific HPLC method. Following intravenous administration, the maximum plasma level of 2066 +/- 876 ng/ml was found after 29 +/- 15 min and thereafter the concentration declined with a half-life of 3.7 +/- 1.2 h. Total clearance was 4.2 +/- 1.7 ml/min . kg. After oral ingestion, the maximum concentration of 177 +/- 33 ng/ml was observed at 4.4 +/- 0.9 h. The absolute bioavailability of canrenone was 25 +/- 9%. Within 24 h, respectively 0.4 and 0.6 mg, canrenone were excreted by the kidney after intravenous and oral administration. The half-life of elimination was 4.9 +/- 1.8 h (i.v.) and 3.9 +/- 1.2 h (p.o.). PMID- 6653639 TI - Rapid achievement of a serum concentration plateau of digoxin through controlled infusion. AB - Using a volume-controlled infusion pump, a mean serum plateau level of digoxin of 4-5 ng/ml was rapidly achieved and maintained in 6 healthy volunteers. The infusion scheme was calculated on the basis of data published on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of digoxin following bolus intravenous injection. The magnitude of the response (change in electromechanical systole) at the end of the plateau phase was comparable to that observed with the concentration in the therapeutic range at steady state. PMID- 6653640 TI - Relative immunosuppressive potency of various corticosteroids measured in vitro. AB - Natural and synthetic steroids and mineralocorticoids were tested for their in vitro suppressive activity on phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes. Three different (p less than 0.05) groups were identified. Methylprednisolone and betamethasone were very potent, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone and prednisolone were of intermediate potency, and aldosterone, prednisone and the metabolites of hydrocortisone were of low potency. In general, synthetic steroids were considerably more potent than naturally occurring compounds, but the relatively low potency of dexamethasone was unexpected. These in vitro findings rank glucocorticoid potency differently from the relative anti-inflammatory activities reported in the literature. PMID- 6653641 TI - Pharmacokinetics of oral hydralazine in chronic heart failure. AB - The influence of various disease states, other than hypertension, on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of hydralazine is not completely known. In the present study the pharmacokinetics of oral hydralazine has been evaluated in 7 patients with severe, chronic heart failure, using 8 compensated hypertensives as controls. The pharmacokinetics was evaluated by measuring the plasma concentrations of hydralazine ("apparent" and "real" hydralazine) and hydralazine pyruvate hydrazone, and by assessing acetylator phenotype after a small dose of dapsone. The AUC (area under the plasma concentration curve) following a single, oral 50 mg dose was significantly larger in patients with chronic heart failure NYHA Class III-IV than in patients with essential hypertension without cardiac decompensation. A decreased rate of hepatic elimination of hydralazine is suggested as a major contributory factor to this finding. PMID- 6653642 TI - Chronic propranolol administration during pregnancy. Maternal pharmacokinetics. AB - The pharmacokinetics of propranolol (P) and its major metabolites, propranolol glucuronide (PGLUC), 4-hydroxypropranolol (4OHP), 4-hydroxypropranolol glucuronide (4OHPGLUC) and naphthoxylactic acid (NLA), (Walle et al. 1972) were determined, whenever possible, in the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy in thirteen patients and also when these patients were at least three months post-partum. No correlations were found between the mean arterial blood pressure (post-therapy) or the fall in blood pressure as a result of the P therapy (p much greater than 0.05) and P dose, peak P plasma concentrations, peak 4-hydroxypropranolol (4OHP) plasma concentrations or peak (P plus 4OHP) plasma concentrations. However, a positive nonlinear relationship was found between the daily P dose (independent variable) and peak P plasma concentrations over the daily dose range 30-160 mg/day. The elimination half-lives of NLA for patients in the third trimester of pregnancy were significantly shorter (p = 0.072, df = 13) than those when the patients were at least three months post-partum. Also, the areas under the plasma level-time curves of NLA were significantly less (p less than 0.05, df = 13) for patients in the third trimester of pregnancy than when these patients were at least three months post-partum. The results of this study indicate that the pharmacokinetics of P, PGLUC, 4OHP and 4OHPGLUC are not significantly altered by pregnancy. However, the kinetics of NLA do appear to be altered. The formation of NLA by N-dealkylation of P and further oxidation, appears to be competitively inhibited by unidentified substances, perhaps endogenous steroids, especially in the third trimester when compared to at least three months post-partum. PMID- 6653644 TI - Pharmacokinetics of methadone in methadone maintenance treatment: characterization of therapeutic failures. AB - Deuterated methadone (M-d3) and GC-MS analysis were used to study the steady state pharmacokinetics of methadone (M) in eight patients reported as therapeutic failures in a methadone maintenance treatment programme. The patients were compared to an unselected group of 12 patients stabilized on M for 25 days. During one dosage interval a pulse dose of M-d3 was administered intravenously instead of the oral M-dose (M-d0). The pharmacokinetic parameters, half-life in the beta-phase (t1/2 beta), volume of distribution during the postdistributive phase (Vd beta) and during steady state (Vdss) were determined as well as the body (ClS) and renal (ClR) clearances of M. Pronounced differences in Vd beta and Vdss were found between the two groups. The therapeutic failures had a smaller Vd beta and Vdss 3.09 +/- 0.96 1/kg and 2.74 +/- 0.96 1/kg vs 4.56 +/- 1.00 1/kg and 4.20 +/- 0.78 1/kg in the control group. The differences were due to changes between the groups in the volume of the central compartment. Differences between the groups were also found in t1/2 beta - 24.5 +/- 2.6 h in the therapeutic failures and 34.0 +/- 7.0 h (p less than 0.001) in the comparison group. However, the change in t1/2 beta was probably a consequence of the change in Vd beta, as the body clearance of M was similar in the two groups - 104 +/- 36 ml/min vs 111 +/- 36 ml/min. The smaller volume of distribution could lead to unacceptably high fluctuation of M in the central compartment, and withdrawal symptoms during the latter part of the dosage interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653643 TI - IgA in epileptics receiving anticonvulsant therapy. AB - Epilepsy is a common disorder and requires long-term drug treatment. Epileptics on anticonvulsant therapy have often been reported to have a depressed immune system, especially an IgA deficiency. An association with clinical manifestations has not yet been clearly explored. So far investigations have been performed in Whites only. The objectives of this study were to assess if there is a racial difference in the immune response to anticonvulsants between Blacks and Whites and to establish the clinical significance of the IgA deficiency. Our results showed normal IgA values in Black and White epileptics on anticonvulsant therapy. This implies, at least at the present stage, that patients do not require immunological monitoring or protective measurements. Further studies including the determination of secretory IgA might help to explain the discrepancy between our findings and the literature and should provide deeper insight into the correlation between potential immune disturbances and clinical implications. PMID- 6653645 TI - Systolic time intervals during long-term beta-blockade with alprenol in ischaemic heart disease. AB - The effect of long-term treatment with alprenolol on left ventricular function was investigated in a controlled double-blind study of 15 patients with ischaemic heart disease (alprenolol 6, placebo 9), by measurement of systolic time intervals (STI). Significant prolongation of QS2I was observed in patients treated with alprenolol (p less than 0.05), while changes in PEPI, LVETI and PEP/LVET were all insignificant. The heart rate x systolic blood pressure product (RPP) was significantly reduced in the alprenolol group (p less than 0.05). The data suggest that long-term treatment with alprenolol did not impair left ventricular function as evaluated by STI, and that myocardial oxygen demand, assessed by RPP, was reduced during the treatment. PMID- 6653646 TI - Cefoxitin in newborn infants. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study. AB - Fifteen patients less than 2 months old with bacterial infections caused by pathogens known or presumed to be sensitive to cefoxitin were studied. Cefoxitin was administered as an i.v. bolus injection over 15 min, every 8 h for 6 to 12 days, to a total daily dosage of 90 mg/kg. In 14 patients cefoxitin therapy resulted in eradication of the pathogen and in recovery from clinical signs of infection. Only one patient did not respond to cefoxitin therapy. No adverse clinical or haematological effects definitely caused by cefoxitin were observed. Plasma and urine samples collected after the first dose were assayed for cefoxitin by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic data indicated larger apparent volume of distribution (0.5 1/kg), a smaller plasma clearance (0.27 1/h/kg) and a longer half-life (1.43 h) than in adults. The plasma half-life was inversely correlated (p less than 0.05) to the postnatal age of the patients. Cefoxitin may be safely used in infants with infections caused by susceptible pathogens. PMID- 6653647 TI - Effect of coadministration of verapamil and quinidine on serum digoxin concentration. AB - Both quinidine and verapamil are known to increase the serum digoxin concentration (SDC), and other calcium channel blockers may have a similar effect. Since an increasing number of patients is likely to be treated concurrently with digoxin, quinidine and a calcium channel blocker, a study was done to show whether coadministered quinidine and verapamil would cooperate to elevate the SDC. Nine healthy volunteers on basic digoxin treatment (Leanoxin 0.125 mg t.i.d.) were treated with placebo, verapamil 80 mg t.i.d. and the combination (verapamil 80 mg plus quinidine base 160 mg t.i.d.), for 2 weeks in a randomized sequence. Drug concentration and various cardiovascular parameters were measured each week and/or at the end of each treatment period. Steady state concentrations were always obtained within 1 week and drug levels at the end of the first and second weeks of treatment were almost identical. The plasma verapamil concentration (PVC) was 25.8 +/- 9.9 ng/ml during coadministration of verapamil and digoxin, and 15.7 +/- 6.9 ng/ml during combined verapamil-quinidine coadministration, when the serum quinidine concentration (SQC) was 1.26 +/- 0.50 micrograms/ml. Compared to placebo SDC rose by 53% from 0.62 +/- 0.16 to 0.95 +/- 0.29 ng/ml (p less than 0.001) during verapamil treatment and further to 1.58 +/- 0.38 ng/ml (155% rise; p less than 0.001) during combined verapamil-quinidine coadministration. Thus each drug maintained its own effect on SDC in the presence of the other, and their actions became combined in increasing the SDC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653648 TI - Diazoxide and labetalol in acute hypertension during haemodialysis. AB - The antihypertensive effect of the peripheral vasodilator diazoxide in 13 patients and the alpha-beta adrenoceptor blocking agent labetalol in 12 patients were compared in 46 severe acute hypertensive episodes during haemodialysis. A single dose of diazoxide 150 mg or labetalol 50 mg was effective in 74% and 70% of the hypertensive episodes, respectively. In the diazoxide-treated patients blood pressure fell from 192 +/- 3/115 +/- 4 mmHg to 141 +/- 8/85 +/- 4 mmHg 2 h after injection. In 7 hypertensive episodes a second dose of diazoxide 150 mg was given 60 +/- 11 min after the first injection. The reduction in mean arterial blood pressure at the end of haemodialysis was 21.5 +/- 2.6% in patients treated with a single dose and 24.8 +/- 3.5% in patients treated with the repeated dose of diazoxide. In the labetalol-treated patients blood pressure in 17 instances fell from 198 +/- 5/104 +/- 4 mmHg to 143 +/- 7/89 +/- 5 mmHg 180 min following injection of labetalol 50 mg. In 6 episodes a second dose labetalol 50 mg was given 41 +/- 9 min after the first injection. At the end of haemodialysis the decrease in mean arterial blood pressure was 17.2% in patients treated with a single dose and 18 +/- 5% in patients given the repeated dose of labetalol. The reduction in blood pressure caused by diazoxide was slightly greater than that due to labetalol. At the end of haemodialysis the percentage reduction in mean arterial blood pressure was 23 +/- 2% in the diazoxide-treated group and 17 +/- 2% after labetalol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653649 TI - Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral and intravenous penbutolol. AB - The present study was done to establish the dose-response relationships for effects on heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, tolerance and plasma disappearance kinetics after large intravenous and oral doses of penbutolol. Twelve healthy volunteers were randomly allocated to receive penbutolol (n = 8) or placebo (n = 4) in this single blind, placebo-controlled investigation. The degree of beta-blockade was measured by standarized exercise tests at work loads selected to produce a heart rate of 150/min without treatment. Penbutolol was given as single i.v. doses of 3, 6 and 12 mg and as 40, 80 and 120 mg once daily for one week, measurements being made 2 and 24 h after the last dose. Penbutolol i.v. did not influence the resting heart rate but it did reduce resting systolic blood pressure in a non-dose dependent manner. Exercise heart rate and systolic pressure were lowered by all the intravenous doses. All oral doses of penbutolol lowered exercise heart rate and systolic blood pressure to the same extent. The reductions in exercise tachycardia was still present after 24 h. After i.v. administration t1/2 was approximately 1.2 h and the volume of distribution was 32-421. All doses were well tolerated. PMID- 6653650 TI - Prenalterol, an oral beta-1 adrenoceptor agonist, in the treatment of chronic heart failure. AB - The haemodynamic effects of prenalterol, a new beta-1 agonist, were studied in 10 patients with chronic heart failure. Following intravenous prenalterol infusions of 1 mg, 2.5 mg and 5 mg at 15 min intervals, oral slow release prenalterol 20 mg, 30 mg and 50 mg was given at 2 h intervals and then 50-100 mg bid for one month. There were no significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure. Cardiac output increased significantly from control of 4.4 +/- 0.91/min to a maximum of 5.8 +/- 1.81/min (p less than 0.01) following the 5 mg prenalterol infusion and this increase was maintained following oral prenalterol on Days 1 and 2 and at 1 month. Significant increases in stroke volume and stroke work indices and reduction in systemic vascular resistance were also observed. Maximum increases in cardiac output and stroke work index following intravenous prenalterol correlated significantly with maximum increases observed following oral prenalterol on Day 2. Non-invasive evaluation showed no change in echocardiographic left ventricular end-diastolic dimension but a significant reduction in left ventricular end-systolic dimension on Day 30. PEP/LVET was significantly reduced from control of 0.56 +/- 0.15 to 0.47 +/- 0.12 (p less than 0.05) on Day 2 and 0.49 +/- 0.09 (p less than 0.05) at 1 month. Treadmill exercise duration was significantly improved for the group at 1 month and no adverse effects were noted. Oral slow release prenalterol is a potentially useful new drug for patients with chronic heart failure. PMID- 6653651 TI - Endralazine - a new hydralazine-like antihypertensive with high systemic bioavailability. AB - Endralazine (E), a new hydralazine-like antihypertensive was given intravenously (0.05 mg/kg) to 10 normal volunteers (5 slow and 5 fast acetylators). Plasma levels were fitted to a 3 compartment model and pharmacokinetic parameters (area under curve [AUC infinity 0], clearance, volume of distribution, half-lives) obtained in the usual way. Bioavailabilities of 5 and 10 mg oral doses of E were determined from the AUC infinity 0 generated in a previous study of oral E given to the same subjects. E had high system bioavailability (73.5-99.1%) suggesting that it was almost completely absorbed without undergoing appreciable first-pass metabolism. Furthermore, dose size and acetylator phenotype did not significantly affect the bioavailability of E. This behavior contrasts with that of hydralazine where systemic bioavailability was less than 40%, and 2 to 3 times higher in slow acetylators than in fast acetylators. It is concluded that the bioavailability of E is high and not influenced by acetylator phenotype; these properties suggest some clinical advantages for the drug. PMID- 6653652 TI - Pinacidil, a new vasodilator: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new retarded release tablet in essential hypertension. AB - In an open study increasing doses of a retarded tablet formulation of pinacidil were given twice daily for four weeks to 9 patients with untreated essential hypertension (WHO I-II). In all patients a decrease in diastolic blood pressure to below 100 mmHg, or a fall exceeding 15 mmHg, was obtained 2 h after tablet intake (p less than 0.02), but in only two patients was the effect maintained after 10 hours (n.s.). At a mean serum concentration of 100 ng/ml 2 h after pinacidil 30 mg, the mean blood pressure had decreased by 14 and 12.7 mmHg in the supine and erect positions, respectively (p less than 0.05). In contrast, mean blood pressure 10 h after the same dose was unchanged, when the mean serum concentration was 47.5 ng/ml. No change in heart rate was observed. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations showed a tendency towards a more gradual and longer lasting antihypertensive effect and serum concentration time curve after the retarded tablet than the previous tablet. Pinacidil 40 mg in the retarded tablet reduced mean blood pressure and increased heart rate for at least 8 h. There was a linear correlation between the serum concentration and the change in mean blood pressure, and between the changes in mean blood pressure and in heart rate. There was no indication of tachyphylaxis. A serum level of 50 ng/ml of pinacidil appeared to be the minimal effective concentration. The side effect consisted of fluid retention, and the body weight increased by 1.0 kg (p less than 0.05); four patients complained of oedema.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653653 TI - Variability of plasma drug concentrations: some observations. PMID- 6653654 TI - Monoamine involvement in the overeating caused by muscimol injection in the rat nucleus raphe dorsalis and the effects of d-fenfluramine and d-amphetamine. AB - Injections of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine in the nucleus raphe dorsalis did not significantly modify the eating caused by muscimol (100 ng) injected in the same area of freely fed rats 11 days later. Eating caused by muscimol, like food intake in starved rats, was significantly reduced by phenoxybenzamine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg i.p.). Penfluridol (2.5 and 5 mg/kg p.o.), a dopamine receptor blocker, markedly reduced muscimol-induced eating, but had no effect on the food intake of starved rats. d-Fenfluramine (2.5 mg/kg i.p.), a releaser of serotonin from nerve terminals, significantly reduced eating in muscimol-injected and starved animals whereas d-amphetamine 1.25 and 2.5 mg/kg i.p. only inhibited the food intake of starved rats. Eating elicited by muscimol injected in the nucleus raphe dorsalis appears to constitute a catecholamine-mediated model of hyperphagia selectively inhibited by agents which increase serotonin transmission. PMID- 6653655 TI - Oxytocin is a precursor of potent behaviourally active neuropeptides. AB - An oxytocin fragment which accumulated during the incubation of oxytocin with brain synaptic membranes was chemically characterized as the hexapeptide pGlu-Asn Cys(Cys)-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 [( pGlu4, Cyt6]OXT-(4-9]. This peptide was approximately a hundred times more potent than oxytocin in attenuating memory consolidation as tested in a passive avoidance test situation; the dose-response relationship was bell-shaped. The des-glycinamide derivative [pGlu4, Cyt6]OXT-(4-8) was nearly as active, but showed a linear dose-response relationship. The data indicate that oxytoxin can act as precursor for potent behaviourally active neuropeptides. PMID- 6653656 TI - Development of tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of clobazam. AB - The anticonvulsant properties of the 1,5-benzodiazepine clobazam were studied in mice during and after chronic treatment at two different dose levels. Pentylenetetrazol given by slow intravenous infusion was used as the convulsant stimulus. Tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects was observed; this was rapid in onset and could be overcome by increasing the dose of clobazam. PMID- 6653657 TI - Resetting of the baroreceptors by atenolol in the anaesthetized cat. AB - In anaesthetized cats, atenolol (3 mg X kg-1 i.v.) produced an immediate reduction in blood pressure, heart rate and aortic nerve discharge. However, 30 min and 60 min after atenolol there was a shift to the left of the curve relating aortic nerve discharge to mean arterial blood pressure indicating a delayed resetting of the baroreceptors. There was no evidence that atenolol altered the sensitivity of the baroreceptors. PMID- 6653658 TI - Long-term clorgyline treatment antagonizes the eating and motor function responses to m-chlorophenylpiperazine. AB - Treatment for 21 days but not 3 days with clorgyline, a selective monoamine oxidase type A inhibitor with antidepressant effects, causes significant escape from m-chlorophenylpiperazine's effects on food intake, sedation level and induction of limb movements, but sensitizes rats to ejaculation. These findings support the prior reports of functional serotonin pathway adaptational changes in the motor system in response to antidepressant treatment and extend these findings to serotonin pathways involved in eating behavior. PMID- 6653659 TI - Serotonergic-catecholaminergic interactions and foot shock-induced jumping behavior in rats. AB - The role of serotonergic neurons in foot shock-induced jumping behavior was evaluated by studying the effects of serotonin agonists and depletors under conditions of increasing activity of catecholaminergic neurons by combining different shock intensities with methamphetamine or clonidine pretreatment. Low shock (40 V) jumping was suppressed by three different kinds of serotonergic agonists: 5-hydroxytryptophan (50 and 100 mg/kg), 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine (1 and 5 mg/kg) and clomipramine (5 mg/kg) but these drugs did not suppress high shock (60 V) jumping. A depletor of brain serotonin, p-chlorophenylalanine (200 mg/kg), failed to affect the jumping induced by both shock intensities. The inhibitory effect of serotonergic agonists on low shock jumping was abolished by pretreatment with methamphetamine (1 mg/kg) or clonidine (100 micrograms/kg). Furthermore, 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine (5 mg/kg), a serotonergic postsynaptic receptor stimulant, potentiated high shock jumping in rats pretreated with methamphetamine (3 and 5 mg/kg). The results indicated that activation of serotonergic neurons has a differential effect on jumping behavior ranging from inhibitory to facilitatory, depending upon the increasing activity of catecholaminergic neurons. PMID- 6653660 TI - The monoamine oxidase inhibiting properties of CGP 11305 A. AB - CGP 11305 A (4-(5-methoxy-7-bromo-benzofuranyl)2-piperidine-HCl) inhibited serotonin (5-HT) deamination in brains and livers of pretreated rats. The ED50S were 1 and 0.7 mg/kg p.o., respectively. Phenylethylamine (PEA) deamination was only marginally affected up to doses of 100 mg/kg p.o. The duration of action of the compound was less than 48 h, and its effects did not cumulate after repeated oral treatment. Kinetic studies in mitochondrial preparations from both tissues of the rat showed that with both 5-HT and PEA as substrates the inhibition was of the competitive type when the enzyme preparation and the inhibitor were not preincubated prior to assay. These properties suggested a reversible interaction of the compound with the enzyme. However, in 'ex vivo' studies, the inhibitory activity of CGP 11305 A was not lost by dilution or dialysis of homogenates from pretreated animals and the inhibitor could not be displaced by 5-HT. Similar results were obtained when CGP 11305 A was preincubated with mitochondria or homogenates from rat liver in vitro, indicating an irreversible interaction. The apparent contradiction between the short duration of the MAO inhibitory effect of CGP 11305 A in vivo and the seemingly irreversible interaction with the enzyme under ex vivo and in vitro conditions has not yet been resolved, although a number of possible mechanisms have been considered. The short duration of action and the lack of cumulative effects of this powerful and selective monoamine oxidase-A inhibitor in vivo might, however, result in it being a valuable antidepressant. PMID- 6653662 TI - Effects of diltiazem and other Ca2+ antagonists on guinea-pig tracheal muscle. AB - The effects of diltiazem and 3 other Ca2+ antagonists (verapamil, nicardipine, bepridil) were studied on isolated guinea-pig tracheal preparations which were contracted with several agonists. Assessment of the contractile agonists was performed under physiological conditions as well as in Ca2+-depleted solutions. The order of potency of the contractile agonists was LTD4 greater than ACh greater than 5-HT greater than Hist greater than BaCl2 greater than TEA greater than KCl. The efficacy of the physiological agonists ACh, Hist and LTD4 was moderately depressed in Ca2+-free solutions while the responses to non-specific agonists and 5-HT were markedly reduced. Diltiazem and verapamil reduced basal tone at concentrations greater than or equal to 10(-4) M. Diltiazem displaced all agonist concentration-effect curves to the right. The four Ca2+ antagonists studied had a marked effect on non-physiological agonists as compared to that on physiological agents. Increasing Ca2+ concentration only partially reversed the inhibitory effect of diltiazem. PMID- 6653661 TI - Inhibition of agonist-induced degradation of muscarinic cholinergic receptor by quinacrine and tetracaine--possible involvement of phospholipase A2 in receptor degradation. AB - Muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR) are degraded on the addition of agonists through energy- and temperature-dependent processes, probably with clustering and endocytosis. Pretreatment of guinea-pig vas deferens with 0.5 mM quinacrine or 5 mM tetracaine, phospholipase A2 (PLase A2) inhibitors, inhibited the ACh-induced degradation of mAChR in the smooth muscle and kept mAChR on the surface membrane, while cocaine and procaine were not effective. On pretreatment with quinacrine or tetracaine the PLase A2 activity in the smooth muscle decreased continuously during culture without change in the contractile response of the tissue. Pretreatment with cocaine and procaine which had no significant effect on the down regulation of mAChR did not inhibit PLase A2 activity. However, activation of PLase A2 by long-term culture of the muscle with ACh and formation of endogenous inhibitor of PLase A2 were not observed under our experimental conditions. The participation of PLase A2 in the agonist-induced degradation of mAChR is discussed in the light of these findings. PMID- 6653663 TI - Similarities of the effects of apomorphine and 3-PPP on serotonin neurons. AB - Acute administration of 3-3-hydroxyphenyl-N-n-propyl-piperidine (3-PPP), selectively increased intracellular serotonin (5-HT) fluorescence in the dorsal raphe and 5-HT as well as 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the corresponding projection site of the dorsal raphe, the striatum. These effects are similar to those produced by systemic treatments with apomorphine (APO). Serotonin neurons in the median raphe and its corresponding terminal area hippocampus were not affected by either APO or 3-PPP. Haloperidol at a dose having no significant effect alone, antagonized the APO-induced elevation of striatal 5-HT. The differential effects of 3-PPP on the mesostriatal and mesolimbic serotonergic systems further confirm that the dorsal and median raphe nuclei constitute two anatomically and functionally distinct cell groups and the similarities of the effects of APO and 3-PPP indicate that dopamine autoreceptors may mediate the observed effects of APO on 5-HT neurons. PMID- 6653664 TI - Inhibition by GABA, baclofen and gabapentin of dopamine release from rabbit caudate nucleus: are there common or different sites of action? AB - Slices of rabbit caudate nucleus were preincubated with [3H]dopamine then superfused and stimulated electrically. Baclofen, GABA and gabapentin 10(-4) and 10(-3) mol/l reduced the stimulation-evoked overflow of tritium in a similar manner. The effects of the substances were reinvestigated while one of them was present in a high concentration throughout the superfusion. These interaction experiments showed that baclofen and GABA have a common presynaptic site of action which is different from that of gabapentin. PMID- 6653665 TI - The effect of some new aminopyridines on mammalian non-myelinated nerve fibres. AB - We evaluated the action of 2,4-, 3,4-diaminopyridine and 3 [(dimethylamino)carbonyl]amino,4-aminopyridine (LF-14) on non-myelinated fibres of the guinea-pig vagus nerve. The amplitude and duration of the compound action potential were enhanced similarly by all of the aminopyridines. The propagation velocity of the compound action potential and electrogenic sodium pumping were not changed by the aminopyridines. The results show that 2,4-diAP and LF-14 affect non-myelinated nerve fibres of the guinea-pig in the same way as does 3,4 diAP; sodium pumping was not modified by the aminopyridines. PMID- 6653666 TI - Caffeine eliminates the oscillatory current in cardiac Purkinje fibers. PMID- 6653667 TI - Hemodynamic effects of the arteriolar vasodilators hydralazine, dihydralazine and endralazine in the conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - The hemodynamic effects of the vasodilators hydralazine, dihydralazine and endralazine were studied in conscious, unrestrained spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) equipped for chronic hemodynamic measurements. The arteriolar vasodilators hydralazine (0.3 mg/kg i.a.) and dihydralazine (0.3 mg/kg i.a.) caused a rapid fall in blood pressure and peripheral resistance, lasting up to 24 h in the case of dihydralazine. Immediately after injection, the cardiac output and heart rate were increased significantly. These effects only lasted for 1-2 h. The hemodynamic pattern of the new vasodilator endralazine (0.1-1 mg/kg i.a.) was very similar, with a duration of action similar to that of dihydralazine. The role of baroreceptor reflexes in the early hemodynamic effects of vasodilators was studied by comparing the effects of 0.3 mg/kg hydralazine in baroreflex denervated and non-denervated SHR. The decrease in blood pressure and peripheral resistance was significantly larger in the denervated SHR, whereas increases in cardiac output and heart rate were almost completely absent in these animals. These data suggest that baroreceptor reflexes oppose the early fall in blood pressure and peripheral resistance induced by vasodilators. However, the activity of the baroreflex seems of very short duration, suggesting a rapid adaptation to the prevailing blood pressure. Moreover, the data show that endralazine is an effective arteriolar vasodilator in conscious SHR. PMID- 6653669 TI - Hyponeophagia in the Roman rat strains: effects of 5-methoxy-N,N dimethyltryptamine, diazepam, methysergide and the stereoisomers of propranolol. AB - The effects of 5-MeODMT (2.5 mg/kg), diazepam (1 mg/kg), methysergide and the stereoisomers of propranolol (6 mg/kg) on hyponeophagia were studied in both sexes of the Roman strains of rats, selectively bred for acquisition of a two-way conditioned avoidance response. Diazepam, methysergide and 1-propranolol increased feeding in a novel environment whilst 5-MeODMT decreased it and d propranolol was inactive. Several strain differences in drug responsiveness occurred, the Roman Low Avoidance subjects being most sensitive to all drugs tested as well as being most neophobic. A sex difference in 5-MeODMT sensitivity was also found, female rats of the Roman High and Control Avoidance strains being more sensitive than males. The findings are discussed in connection with differences in arousal and biochemical parameters between these strains. PMID- 6653668 TI - Effect of Tris buffer on the contractile responses of rat vas deferens. AB - The influences of Tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) on the contractile responses of rat vas deferens to norepinephrine (NE), potassium chloride (KCl) and field stimulation were investigated. Equilibration of rat vas deferens muscle strips in Tris containing Tyrode medium caused a significant increase in sensitivity to KCl, but had no effect on the maximum tension induced by NE or KCl. The biphasic responses to 10(-4) M NE and 100 mM KCl, characterized by an initial fast (F) component followed by a slow (S) component, were differentially affected by Tris. The F components of NE- or KCl-induced contractions were significantly potentiated by Tris, whereas the S components of NE- or KCl-induced contractions were depressed. When the muscle strips were washed after NE- or KCl induced contraction, the rate of relaxation reflecting the rate of loss of the sustained S-component was significantly slower in Tris-Tyrode than in Tyrode medium. In Ca2+ free medium, the F component of NE-induced contraction but not the S component was markedly potentiated by Tris. Verapamil (10(-5) M) eliminated the potentiation by Tris of the F component and further reduced the S component of the NE-induced contraction in the Tris-Tyrode medium. Both F and S components of KCl-induced contractions of rat vas deferens were sensitive to verapamil and these depressant effects were further enhanced in the presence of Tris. The contraction elicited by field stimulation was also biphasic. However, only the S component was significantly depressed by Tris and this inhibitory effect was irreversible. We conclude that Tris can exert adverse effects on the contractile properties of rat vas deferens, probably via the disturbance of Ca2+-handling by the smooth muscle membrane and possibly by affecting release of norepinephrine. PMID- 6653670 TI - Potentiation by naloxone of the anti-oxotremorine effect of L-DOPA. AB - Pretreatment with the catecholamine precursor L-DOPA but not the narcotic antagonist naloxone suppressed the tremorigenic effect of oxotremorine in mice. However, when animals were pretreated with both L-DOPA and several different doses of naloxone, there was a dose-related potentiation of the antitremor effect of L-DOPA. Naloxone also produced dose-dependent potentiation of the antitremor activity of lower doses of L-DOPA in the presence of the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor carbidopa. These findings suggest a possible therapeutic application for naloxone in treatment of dopamine dysfunction disorders. PMID- 6653671 TI - Differential tolerance to the intestinal inhibitory effect of opiates in mice. AB - The occurrence of unidirectional noncross-tolerance to heroin and etorphine induced antinociception in morphine tolerant mice prompted this study to determine whether this phenomenon occurs for opiate induced inhibition of intestinal transit. Tolerance to the intestinal inhibitory effect (charcoal meal test) of s.c. morphine, etorphine and heroin was reflected by an increase in the ED50 value and in most cases, a flattening of the dose response curve in morphine and etorphine pelleted mice (tested with pellet in place). A similar response was noted following intracerebroventricular administration of these agents in morphine pelleted mice. More tolerance developed to the relatively hydrophilic compound morphine than to the lipophilic compounds etorphine and heroin. Factors related to hydrophilicity and lipophilicity may be involved in the development of tolerance to opiates in the intestine although unidirectional non cross-tolerance did not occur. PMID- 6653672 TI - Endocrine effects of methadone in rats; acute effects in adults. AB - The effects of methadone (METH) on serum levels of prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), corticosterone (CS), TSH and T4 were determined in male and female rats. METH initially (15-45 min after injection) decreased TSH and increased PRL, GH and CS in both male and female rats. These changes were followed by a rebound decrease in CS and increase in TSH 4 h after METH administration. METH decreased GH at 0.1 mg/kg, but increased secretion with doses of 0.5 mg/kg and higher. Changes in PRL, CS and TSH were only seen with 1 mg/kg and higher. Naloxone blocked increases in serum GH, PRL and CS and the decrease in TSH caused by METH. Serum PRL increased significantly more in females than in males, although other endocrine actions of METH were the same in males and females. Pretreatment of animals with METH 4 h before a second challenge dose did not affect TSH, PRL or GH responses to METH. However, peak CS levels were lower in pretreated animals than in controls. These findings demonstrate that METH elicits a complex profile of endocrine response which probably reflects actions at multiple receptor and/or anatomical sites, and suggest that reported sex differences in METH metabolism are not limiting in determining the hormonal response to this drug. These results also suggest that single-dose tolerance develops to the effects of METH on CS but not on other endocrine parameters. PMID- 6653673 TI - Morphine potentiates seizures induced by GABA antagonists and attenuates seizures induced by electroshock in the rat. AB - In a naloxone-reversible, dose-dependent manner, morphine (10-50 mg/kg i.p.) protected against seizures induced by maximal electroshock and increased the incidence and severity of seizures induced by bicuculline, in rats. Morphine also potentiated seizures induced by isoniazid and by picrotoxin. Thus, opiate activity influences the expression of seizures in contrasting ways depending upon the mode of seizure induction. Since morphine consistently potentiated seizures induced by interference with GABA transmission, it appears that GABAergic systems may be of particular significance for the elucidation of the varied effects of morphine on seizure susceptibility. PMID- 6653674 TI - Rat growth hormone and hypothalamic catecholamine nerve terminal systems. Evidence for rapid and discrete reductions in dopamine and noradrenaline levels and turnover in the median eminence of the hypophysectomized male rat. AB - Rat growth hormone (rGH) (100 micrograms/kg) produced 2-4 h after its i.v. injection a rapid reduction of catecholamine stores and turnover in the subependymal layer and in the medial and lateral palisade zone of the median eminence. It is suggested that rGH may inhibit its own secretion partly via reduction of DA synthesis and release in the median eminence leading to increased somatostatin release and partly via reduced noradrenaline synthesis and turnover in the median eminence leading to reduced secretion of a growth hormone releasing factor. PMID- 6653675 TI - Parasympathethic effects on diet-induced thermogenesis. AB - Injection of atropine methyl nitrate or atropine sulphate enhanced the acute thermogenic response to food in rats. The main effector of diet-induced thermogenesis is brown adipose tissue (BAT), but acetylcholine (determined by bioassay) and acetylcholinesterase activity (determined histochemically) were not detected in BAT. This suggests that BAT has no parasympathetic innervation, and atropine must therefore act elsewhere to affect thermogenesis. PMID- 6653676 TI - Inhibition of in vitro amine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes after in vivo administration of antidepressants. AB - The effects of in vivo administration of a number of antidepressants in doses up to 30 mg/kg i.p. on the in vitro uptake of 3H-amines were determined. The uptake of noradrenaline (NA) was competitively inhibited by 50% by desipramine, nomifensine and clomipramine. Dopamine uptake in the corpus striatum was inhibited by 50% by nomifensine. The uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was inhibited by clomipramine and fluoxetine. Iprindole and mianserin did not inhibit NA, DA or 5-HT uptake by more than 20%. The results demonstrate that the selectivities and potencies of antidepressants may be different in vivo to those in vitro. Thus, care should be taken when extrapolating to in vivo experiments, selectivities and potencies obtained in vitro. PMID- 6653677 TI - [Detection of learning impairment in offspring in reproduction tests]. AB - We examined the ability of learning and its retention employing test with the water T-maze, shuttle box and passive avoidance response (PAR) in offspring from mother rats treated with N-methylnitrosourea (MNU) or chlorpromazine (CPZ). The offspring of MNU-induced learning impairments were detected only in tests with the water T-maze and PAR. On the other hand, CPZ induced impairments were detectable only in tests with the shuttle box and PAR. Thus offspring from mother rats treated with MNU or CPZ showed partially different responses. In retention tests, both MNU and CPZ caused impaired ability in the water T-maze and PAR. In the PAR test, impairment was most clearly detectable. From these results, the PAR test appears to be the most useful method in detection of impairments in learning and retention ability, especially the latter, in the reproduction test of offspring. PMID- 6653678 TI - [Application of an automatic blood cell counter, MICROX, to experimental animals. II. Leukocyte differential count in rabbits, rats, and mice]. AB - Automatic blood cell analyzer "MICROX" was examined for possible applicability to the differential count of white blood cell in the rabbit, rat and mouse. Spun blood smear slides prepared from 37 rabbits were treated with Wright-Giemsa stain, and those from 49 rats and 46 mice were stained with Wright's dye. Totals of 4272 white blood cells of rabbit, 5484 cells of rat and 5329 cells of mouse were counted, respectively. The identification rate of MICROX was checked by the cell-by-cell counting method. Analysis of the data was made to examine correlation between the results with a MICROX and those of visual counting by optical microscopy on the same slides. 1) Corrected identification rates were 98.0%, 98.2% and 97.8% respectively in rabbits, rats and mice. 2) A high degree of correlation was observed between the results by MICROX and by optical microscopy in respect of segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes. 3) There were an average of 13.2 cells counted as unknown cells in rabbit blood, 10.5 in rat blood and 13.6 in mouse blood per 100 cells, respectively. Of the unknown cells about 30 to 40% were closely disposed leukocytes within the same counting squares. Almost all of atypical lymphocytes and erythroblasts were also counted as unknown cells on the analyzer. The data support the feasibility of the use of MICROX for the differential count of white blood cells of normal rabbits, rats and mice as well as monkeys and dogs. PMID- 6653679 TI - [Prevalence of protozoans helminths among cats purchased for experimental use in the Kanto Area]. AB - Prevalence of protozoan and helminth parasites in adult cats for experimental use obtained from Kanto area, Japan during the period of 1973-74 (91 cats) and 1980 81 (80 cats) was investigated by means of autopsy, fecal examination and serological tests. No protozoa were found in blood smear specimens. The rate of positive Toxoplasma antibody tests was 65.4% (hemagglutination test) in 1973-74 and 26.3% (latex agglutination test) in 1980-81. Oocysts of coccidia found in feces were Isospora felis and I. rivolta. In the intestine of 63.7% (1980-81) and 69.2% (1973-74) of the cats, one or more species of helminth parasites were found. The helminth parasites found in the intestine were Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma tubaeforme, Taenia taeniaeformis, Dipylidium caninum, Spirometra erinacei and Pharyngostomum cordatum. Physaloptera sp., Dirofilaria immitis, Clonorchis sinensis and Capillaria plica were found in the stomach, heart, bile duct and urinary bladder, respectively. Differences between the results in 1973 74 and that in 1980-81 were discussed. PMID- 6653680 TI - Imperforate vagina in mice: per cent incidence and surgical repair. AB - An inbred strain maintained at Nagoya University, Laboratory of Animal Genetics, produced high incidence of imperforate vagina as 12.21% of occurrence in females, herein designated as Imv strain. Selected females with imperforate vagina in this strain were surgically repaired and subsequently mated with their littermates. These matings produced a 12.76% incidence of imperforate vagina. A detailed description of the surgical technique is herein reported. PMID- 6653681 TI - Spontaneous teratoma in a Wistar rat. AB - A spontaneous tumor was found in the left adrenal gland of a 35-day-old male Wistar rat. Histologically, the tumor consisted of various tissues derived from all three embryonic germ layers, i.e. the ectoderm (nervous tissue and skin), mesoderm (striated muscle, bone and cartilage), and endoderm (glandular tissue). The tumor also contained loosely or compactly arranged embryonic connective tissues. From these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as teratoma. This appears to be the first description of teratoma in the adrenal gland of the rat. PMID- 6653682 TI - Endogenous plasma adrenaline in asthma. PMID- 6653683 TI - Long-term treatment of children with sustained-release theophylline. AB - After one year of sustained-release theophylline (SRT) treatment, 19 children with severe perennial asthma participated in a 6-week, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind cross-over study. The severity of their asthma was evaluated before SRT-treatment (pre-period) and one year later, both during the theophylline period and the placebo period of the double-blind study. Compared with the pre-period, all observed parameters, except the number of extra bronchodilators required, were statistically significantly improved in the placebo period of the double-blind trial performed after one year. In addition, except for peak expiratory flow measured at home and the number of acute attacks, all parameters were significantly improved during the theophylline period when compared with placebo treatment. During this study, mean serum theophylline level was 13.3 mg/l (range 7.8-19.4 mg/l). The results show that theophylline remains efficient after one year's administration. The much better control of the children's asthma following one year of treatment emphasizes the need for regular re-evaluation of children receiving continuous prophylactic treatment. PMID- 6653684 TI - The prevalence of asthma in the South-Fore people of Papua New Guinea. A method for field studies of bronchial reactivity. AB - We studied the prevalence of asthma in a population of the South Fore linguistic group of the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea, where a remarkable increase in the disease has been reported in the last decade. To make the study as objective as possible it was necessary to define the disease and to develop tests of bronchial reactivity for use in the field. Asthma was defined as symptoms of intermittent breathlessness plus bronchial hyperreactivity measured by a histamine inhalation test (HIT) or response to bronchodilator aerosol. Following a demographic study to define the symptomatic people in the population, all people with present or past breathlessness had a detailed history taken, their bronchial response measured with a HIT or with bronchodilator aerosol, and skin prick tests performed. Asthma was estimated to be present in at least 7.3% of the adult population and in 0.6% of children. The exact prevalence could not be determined because of difficulties in distinguishing asthma from chronic obstructive lung disease in patients with severe airflow limitation. In most subjects the asthma was severe and associated with allergy to house-dust mite. Control subjects matched for age, sex and village, who had no symptoms, had normal bronchial reactivity. The HIT, together with a history of breathlessness, may prove to be the simplest and most objective method for determining the prevalence of asthma in different populations. PMID- 6653685 TI - The prevalence of asymptomatic gastroesophageal reflux in bronchial asthma and in non-asthmatic individuals. AB - Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is believed to play a pathogenic role in bronchial asthma. The prevalence of asymptomatic GER was studied in 26 patients with intrinsic asthma and 24 matched non-asthmatics without symptoms of reflux. Possible existence of GER was determined through manometry of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and esophageal pH measurements. The LES pressure was similar in patients without clinical reflux and in controls (16.4 +/- 0.8 and 16.3 +/- 0.7 mm Hg respectively). None of the asymptomatic subjects had spontaneous reflux, but in 9 asthmatics and 9 controls short episodes of reflux were provoked by increased abdominal pressure. The number of episodes and the cumulative duration of these were not statistically different. Therefore, evidence of asymptomatic reflux in our series was found with the same frequency in asthmatics and non-asthmatics. Our results do not support the view that this type of reflux is a primary cause of bronchial asthma. PMID- 6653686 TI - Does atropine block antigen-induced contraction in canine bronchial rings? A preliminary report. AB - Isometric contractions recorded with a strain gauge, were elicited with cumulative doses of ascaris suum antigen on fresh canine bronchial rings from 8 dogs. Fifteen rings from 2 spontaneously sensitized dogs reacted with contractions to the antigen, while 11 rings from other dogs did not react. Seven sensitized rings were re-challenged after atropine, which significantly prevented the antigen from contracting these rings at a time when antigen contracted 3 non atropinized, simultaneously tested rings from the same bronchi. Acetylcholine may play a part in the smooth-muscle contraction induced by antigen, or atropine may inhibit early activation of the "arachidonic acid cascade". The findings may be of interest in the interpretation of anti-muscarinic drugs as inhibitors of reflex cholinergic activity versus local anti-allergic effect. PMID- 6653687 TI - Variation with time in bronchial responsiveness to histamine and to specific allergen provocation. AB - In a previous study 30 asthmatic children with positive skin tests to cat dander, had bronchial challenge tests with histamine and antigen, quantitative skin tests with cat dander, and measurements of serum-specific IgE concentrations (first study). When bronchial responsiveness (BR) was found to be changed in the course of a follow-up period, these patients (4 had a decrease and 4 an increase in BR), as well as 2 patients with an unchanged BR, were restudied (second study). An increase in BR was associated with a change from a negative to a positive reaction to the inhalation of allergen. The patients in whom BR decreased, showed a less severe inhalation reaction to allergen in the second than in the first study. The inhalation reaction was not changed in the patients with an unchanged BR. The variation of allergen-induced bronchial obstruction could not be related to a change in sensitization to the allergen or in the baseline lung function, and is, thus, probably associated with the variation in BR. PMID- 6653688 TI - Radiographic evaluation of regional pulmonary dimensions and volumes: effect of age. AB - On chest radiographs performed at spirometrically controlled residual volume (RV), functional residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC), several distances were measured in 8 young and 7 elderly male subjects. Regional volumes above and below the minor fissure were calculated using Barnhard's method for thoracic gas volume determination. When the volumes above and below the fissure were expressed as a percentage of their volume at TLC, and related to overall lung volumes (in percent of TLC), graphs similar to the ones obtained in scintigraphic studies were obtained. This illustrates that the present radiographic method may provide information on regional pulmonary volumes. Regional TLC of the upper zone was larger in elderly subjects than in young ones, while the opposite was true for regional TLC of the lower zone, indicating that maximal regional expansion changes with age. For the upper zone, the changes in diameters between RV and TLC were largest in antero-posterior direction and smallest in cranio-caudal direction. For the lower zone, changes were largest in cranio-caudal direction. This suggests an anisotropic expansion of the upper and lower zone. This anisotropy was more pronounced in the young than in the elderly subjects. PMID- 6653689 TI - Supernumerary microtubules in the cilia of two siblings causing "immotile cilia syndrome". AB - The function and ultrastructure of nasal cilia in 2 siblings with unexplained chronic sinusitis and bronchitis were investigated. Both patients lacked nasal mucociliary clearance (greater than 30 min). On electron microscopy, the ultrastructure of nasal cilia showed an extra doublet or supernumerary microtubules with disorganized microtubular network. Other axonemal components were normally present. It is conceivable that an "extra" component of the axoneme may be added to those "defects" already recognized as a cause of the "immotile cilia syndrome". PMID- 6653691 TI - Wegener's granulomatosis in a child. AB - A post-mortem diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) was made on a ten-year old girl. The patient had presented with recurrent sinusitis, progressive proteinuria, and reduced renal function. Biopsies from maxillary sinuses had revealed non-specific chronic inflammation, and a renal biopsy extracapillary glomerulonephritis. Chest X-ray had shown a cavitating nodule in the right lung, initially interpreted as tuberculosis. Lung biopsy had not been performed. To achieve a precise diagnosis in cases with symptoms suggesting WG, open lung biopsy, and abundant biopsy specimens from involved organs are advocated. PMID- 6653690 TI - Cervical mediastinoscopy and anterior mediastinotomy in patients with lung cancer and radiologically normal mediastinum. AB - In the period 1975-1980, 1504 patients presented with lung cancer, 291 were presumably operable, and had no radiological evidence of mediastinal lymph node invasion. Two thirds (192 patients) underwent pre-operative surgical mediastinal exploration, and one third (99 patients) were operated right away. Of the 162 cervical mediastinoscopies, 16% had lymph node invasion (19.7% with right-sided, 10.6% with left-sided tumor); 28.9% of the 45 left-anterior mediastinotomies were positive. There was only one positive cervical mediastinoscopy of 46 cases with lower-lobe tumor, and no positive anterior mediastinotomy in 5 cases with left lower-lobe tumor. Mediastinal exploration yields, thus, a relatively higher percentage of positive results if the cervical mediastinoscopy is restricted to tumors affecting the right upper and middle lobes (25%), and if the anterior mediastinotomy is restricted to the left upper lobe (32.5%). A left anterior mediastinotomy should, thus, be recommended instead of cervical mediastinoscopy for tumors of the left upper lobe. PMID- 6653692 TI - Pulmonary fibrosis, with sarcoid granulomas and angiitis, associated with handling of mouldy lichen. AB - We report a case of extrinsic allergic bronchiolo-alveolitis associated with handling of mouldy lichen. The patient had periodic dyspnoea, cough and mucoid sputum, and a micronodular infiltration of both lungs with slight restrictive ventilatory insufficiency. An open lung biopsy showed interstitial inflammation and fibrosis with sarcoid granulomas and angiitis. The symptoms disappeared during long term corticosteroid therapy, but reappeared every year when the patient participated in the handling of lichen (Cladonia alpestris). Precipitating antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus, A. umbrosus, and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, were detected in the patient's serum, and against a mixture of fungi including A. terreus, Rhizopus spp., Cladosporium spp., and Penicillium spp., isolated from mouldy lichen storage boxes. After she retired, her symptoms disappeared and the lung function tests showed a slight improvement. In Northern Finland, farmers generally participate in lichen collection. Antigens from mouldy hay and from mouldy lichen may represent a double occupational hazard for them. PMID- 6653693 TI - Isolated paratracheal mass of tuberculous origin in an adult patient. AB - A 40-year-old man presented with a solitary mediastinal (right paratracheal) mass which proved to be due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While the incidence of tuberculosis has diminished in our countries, such unusual manifestations of tuberculosis as the present case, are still encountered. Tuberculosis, the "perfect imitator", should be included in the differential diagnosis of a mediastinal mass. Excision for therapeutic, as well as histological and bacteriological diagnostic, purposes should be supplemented by appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy. PMID- 6653694 TI - Neuron morphology and synaptic architecture in the medial superior olivary nucleus. Light- and electron microscope studies in the cat. AB - Dendritic arborization pattern, spatial and synaptic relations of various neuron types and the terminal distribution of afferent axons of various origin were studied in the medial superior olivary nucleus of the cat using Golgi, degeneration, electron microscope and horseradish peroxidase techniques. Three types of neurons clearly different in morphological features, distribution, neighbourhood relations, input and output characteristics were distinguished: (1) fusiform cells having specific dendritic orientations and arborization patterns and synaptic relations to various types of terminal axon arborizations (2) multipolar neurons with wavy dendrites bearing spine-like appendages, receiving relatively few synaptic contacts and having a locally arborizing axon, and (3) elongated marginal cells, largely restricted to the fibrous capsule of the nucleus. The fusiform and marginal neurons were identified by retrograde peroxidase labeling as the olivo-collicular projection cells. Ultrastructural analysis of normal and experimental material revealed the presence of four distinct kinds of axon terminals differing in size, synaptic vesicles type, relation to postsynaptic targets and in origin: (i) large terminals with multiple extended asymmetric synaptic membrane specializations and containing round, clear vesicles arise from the spherical cells of the ipsilateral anteroventral cochlear nucleus, (ii) most of the small axon terminal profiles - engaged in asymmetric synaptic contacts - originated from the trapezoid nucleus, (iii) terminal boutons containing pleomorphic vesicles belong to fibers descending from the ipsilateral multipolar neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus and from the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus while (iv) boutons containing exclusively ovoid vesicles and remaining intact after complete deafferentation of the nucleus were considered to be of local origin. PMID- 6653695 TI - Male-female differences in the intra-amygdaloid input to the medial amygdala. AB - Following lesion of the posterior cortical nucleus of the amygdala (PCAN), the number of degenerating axon terminals and alterations of synaptic pattern were studied in the molecular layer (ML) of the medial nucleus of the amygdala (MAN) of male and female rats. Semiquantitative analyses by electron microscopy indicated that, 1 and 2 days after the lesion, the number of degenerating terminals in the ventral ML of male rats was statistically greater than that of female rats. Ten days after the operation, intact synapses remaining on dendritic shafts of the medial ML and those on dendritic spines of the ventral ML of male rats significantly decreased in number, compared with unoperated controls. On the other hand, no significant reduction was noted in synapses of the lesioned female rats killed 10 days after the operation. Thus, the number of axon terminals in the male ML originating from the lesioned area was greater than that of the female ML. The number of synapses in the ML of unoperated male rats was statistically greater than that of unoperated females. However, these sex differences in synaptic number became undetectable 10 days after the operation. These findings provide morphological evidence indicating that the fibers from and/or through the PCAN participate in emergence of synaptic sexual dimorphism in the ML of the MAN. PMID- 6653696 TI - Evidence for neuronal periodicity detection in the auditory system of the Guinea fowl: implications for pitch analysis in the time domain. AB - Evidence for periodicity analysis was obtained by recording from 420 single units in the auditory midbrain nucleus (MLD) of awake Guinea fowls (Numida meleagris). The results were compatible with a neuronal correlation model consisting of three main components: an oscillator, an interval multiplier and a coincidence unit. The model makes use of a neuronal time constant in order to measure the periodicities of auditory signals. For 180 units the sequence of spike intervals in response to tone bursts and amplitude modulations (AM) was studied with 10 microseconds resolution. In 69 of these units (38%) amplitude fluctuations like stimulus onset or the modulation cycles produced periodic spike trains resembling damped oscillations. The periods of these oscillations did not correspond to either the best frequency (BF) of these units or the periodicities of the stimuli. They were interpreted as multiples of a neuronal time constant, tau 1 = 0.4 ms, probably a minimal synaptic delay. These units were tuned to AM-signals with particular combinations of the modulation frequency, fm, and the carrier frequency, fc. The corresponding periods tau m and tau c were related to the intrinsic oscillation by a periodicity equation: m X tau m + n X tau c = 1 X tau 1, where a few small integers for m, n and 1 were adequate to describe all observed properties of a unit. Variation of fm or fc shifted the phase delays of the coupled spike activities proportional to m X tau m or n X tau c, respectively. These effects were explained by coincidence of neuronal activity phase coupled to fc, with intrinsic oscillations triggered by the fm-cycles. The coincidence condition at the level of the recorded units was given by the periodicity equation. Psychophysical experiments using AM-signals indicated that the described mechanisms, together with the same neuronal time constant, tau 1, are adequate to explain pitch perception in humans. PMID- 6653697 TI - Involvement of preoptic-anterior hypothalamic GABA neurons in the regulation of pituitary LH and prolactin release. AB - The effects of intraventricular injections of the highly specific gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) agonist muscimol (5 nmol/animal) on blood LH and prolactin levels were measured in ovariectomized (ovx) and in ovx estrogen-progesterone (OEP) primed rats. While the drug stimulated pituitary prolactin release in both experimental groups, pituitary LH release was significantly inhibited in the ovx animals. Muscimol was without any effect on LH levels in ovx-OEP primed rats. Bilateral implantation of tubes containing a muscimol-mannitol mixture into the medial preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (MPO/AH) area abolished pulsatile LH release whereas blood prolactin values were elevated. The intraventricular injection of GABA (8 mumol) also reduced LH and increased prolactin levels in the blood. Measurements of catecholamine turnover rates in the MPO/AH and in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) yielded reduced preoptic but unchanged hypothalamic norepinephrine (NE) and stimulated hypothalamic dopamine (DA) turnover. In view of the well known stimulatory involvement of the NE system in the mechanism of pulsatile LH release and the inhibitory effect of GABA and its agonist muscimol on pulsatile LH release, it is suggested that GABA inhibits NE release in the MPO/AH by the mechanism of presynaptic inhibition. The observation that muscimol is unable to suppress LH release in vox OEP-primed rats may indicate that those estrogen receptive neurons in the MPO/AH which mediate the negative feedback action of the steroid may use GABA as neurotransmitter and that they are the neurons which inhibit NE release. The inhibitory effect of locally implanted muscimol into the MPO/AH also supports this hypothesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653698 TI - Residual neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of adult cats following chronic disconnection from the cortex. AB - Residual neurons following chronic surgical disconnection from the cortex were studied by light and electron microscopy in the dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) of adult cats. One year after operation the volume of the decorticated LGN had shrunken to approximately half that of the control LGN. The number of nerve cells decreased at the same time, to 13-15% of the control, with relatively higher cell loss in A and A1 laminae than in lamina C. The Golgi, Golgi-EM and EM analysis of the residual neurons revealed that they contain two distinct nerve cell types. (1) 55% of all surviving neurons were identified as geniculo-cortical relay cells, while (2) 45% of the persisting nerve cells were interneurons. These data suggest that in the normal LGN of adult cat 7% (or more) of all nerve cells are local interneurons. Finally, those factors which might contribute to the unexpected survival of many relay neurons to the axotomy-caused retrograde degeneration, are considered and discussed. PMID- 6653699 TI - Lack of collateral thalamocortical projections to fields of the first somatic sensory cortex in monkeys. AB - Retrograde axoplasmic transport of differently colored fluorescent dyes was used to determine the distributions and relative proportions of cells in the ventrobasal complex of the monkey thalamus that project to each of the architectonic fields of the first somatic sensory cortex. Fast blue was injected into portions of area 3a identified by first recording short latency, multiunit responses to electrical stimulation of Group I afferents in a muscle nerve of the forelimb or hindlimb. Nuclear Yellow was later injected into a part of area 2 responding to maximal electrical stimulation of the same nerve. In experiments that served as controls, Fast Blue was injected into area 3b and Nuclear Yellow into area 1. The results confirm the division of the ventrobasal complex into: (i) a central core with an inner part projecting to area 3b and a surrounding part projecting area 1; (ii) a peripheral shell projecting to areas 3a and 2 (Jones et al. 1982). A far greater proportion of VB cells projects to areas 3b or 3a than to areas 1 or 2. In portions of the ventrobasal complex projecting to two areas, no cells were double labelled provided that the injections of blue and yellow dyes did not overlap. The results, thus, show a lack of collateral thalamocortical projections to the fields of the postcentral gyrus and, when taken in conjunction with other data, imply the independent relay of modality specific information through the thalamus. PMID- 6653701 TI - Cerebellar output response to afferent stimulation: energy consumption and unit activity in the cat fastigial nucleus. AB - The cerebellar output function was studied using cerebellopetal proprioceptive stimulation which produces simple and complex excitatory discharges as well as inhibitory activity in the Purkinje cells. The activity of the intracerebellar nuclei (and of the entire brain stem) was measured by the energy consumption as revealed with the [14C )-2-deoxyglucose method. The stimulations consisted of repetitive (1-20 c/s) electrical excitation of the nerve leading to the inferior oblique, to the masseteric and to the gastrocnemius soleus muscle. Compared to a group of non-stimulated controls, heavy bilateral labeling was obtained in the posterior pole of the fastigial nucleus. This was not observed with stimulation of the vibrissal pad which, however, produced a clear increase of [14C]-2 deoxyglucose uptake in the secondary trigeminal complex. Labeling of the posterior part of the fastigial nuclei was suppressed by ablation or pharmacologic inactivation of the overlying cerebellar cortex which suppresses the inhibitory activity of the Purkinje cells into the nuclear cells. Labeling of the posterior fastigial nuclei was also decreased in animals not stimulated but with ablation or pharmacologic inactivation of the overlying cerebellar cortex. The hypothesis proposed is that the marking results are the consequence of an increased activity in the Purkinje cell terminals. The activity of the Purkinje cells was also recorded extracellulary both before and during repetitive stimulation of a muscle nerve. The discharge activity of those in the cerebellar vermis and giving axons to the posterior fastigial nucleus was increased by the stimulation, whereas the activity of those of the hemispheral parts remained unchanged. Units in the fastigial nucleus were also recorded. Their activity was found to be deeply depressed so that only a few units were encountered and no further decrease of their discharge could be detected with the stimulation of a muscle nerve. Nevertheless, using the present data and those previously obtained, the conclusion is advanced that the cerebellar output function is actually decreased during afferent cerebellar stimulation. PMID- 6653700 TI - Processing of binaural stimuli by cat superior olivary complex neurons. AB - A method was developed to record sterotactically from the cat Superior Olivary Complex (SOC) using glass micropipettes. Sound stimulation was given through a closed system that permitted independent variation of interaural time (delta time) and intensity (delta int) differences. The most common binaural units found (n = 34) were ipsilateral excitatory, contralateral inhibitory (EI1), cells of the Lateral Superior Olive (LSO). Some Medial Superior Olive (MSO) cells and presumed MSO ascending afferents were found but, as noted by other authors, we found it difficult to obtain single unit recordings from this nucleus. The LSO EI cells were mostly sensitive to higher frequencies and showed Peristimulus Time Histograms (PSTHs) consisting of a sharp "On" response followed by a plateau when stimulated with Best Frequency (BF) tone bursts or noise bursts. This "On" response was sensitive to delta time and delta int such that ipsilateral time lead or intensity increase resulted in a stronger response. The response reached a minimum around zero delta time or delta int. No sharp peaks or dips were seen in the physiological range needed for localization, instead the response increased with increasing ipsilateral lead or intensity to the maximum values tested (2048 microseconds delta time, 30 dB delta int). In the physiological range the delta time and delta int response were complementary (both increasing response as ipsilaterality was increased). Provided enough sound energy in the unit's sensitive region was present, the same delta time curves were produced when BF tone bursts, masked tone bursts, "sharp onset" tone bursts or noise bursts were used. Changing the delta time of the carrier of the tone burst alone had no effect (except for one cell with a BF of 560 Hz), only the relative time of arrival of the stimulus envelope seemed to be important. In contrast to these LSO EI cells MSO-type units showed EI or EE predominantly low frequency phase locked responses. When stimulated with interaurally phase shifted (delta pha) BF tones the unit response was a cyclic function of delta pha. Some cells (all that were tested, n = 6 including the 560 Hz LSO EI cell) showed these cyclic responses when stimulated with noise bursts or non-BF tones. However, these "characteristic delays" were not necessarily in the physiological range, i.e. we could find no evidence that these units were responding to delta time/delta pha values corresponding to a particular sound source direction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6653703 TI - Variability of postural "reflexes" in humans. AB - The functional role of spinal and supraspinal EMG-responses for the maintenance of upright human posture was investigated in ten healthy subjects standing on a force measuring platform, which could be rotated in pitch around an axis aligned with the subject's ankle joint. Voluntary changes of body posture prior to the platform movement by leaning forward or backward led to a change in the amplitude and temporal organization of EMG-responses as compared to platform movements starting from a neutral position. Tilting the platform toe-up while leaning backward led to an increase of the latency of the short- and medium-latency responses in the triceps surae muscle and to a decrease of the latency of the stabilizing response in the anterior tibial muscle. Functionally, a cocontraction of both antagonistic muscles could be observed which partly compensated for the destabilizing action of the "reflex" response in the stretched triceps surae muscle. In analogy, leaning forward and tilting the platform toe-down led to a cocontraction of the two antagonistic muscles. The observed changes of latencies of short-, medium-, and long-latency response show the functional variability of segmental and suprasegmental "reflex" mechanisms. EMG-activities, which are functionally destabilizing posture, can be suppressed or compensated by reflexive cocontractions of antagonists. PMID- 6653702 TI - Sensorimotor unit activity related to intention in the pulvinar of behaving Cebus Apella monkeys. AB - Previous observations made in our laboratory in a waking behaving Cebus Apella monkey revealed that neurons of the Pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus discharged preferentially in relation to intentional movements of the limbs and eyes. We give here a description of further observations made in two waking, behaving Cebus Apella monkeys trained to perform two tasks: in the first to make saccadic eye movements to eccentrically placed visual targets; in the second, to make projection movements of the arm and hand to touch targets within arm's reach. The electrical activity of thalamic neurons was recorded extracellularly and records were made simultaneously of the horizontal eye movements and of tasks events. Four-hundred-sixty-five neurons were studied: of these, the activity of 272 could be correlated with behavioral events, while the remaining 193 could not be correlated or classified in this manner. The cells identified were classed in five groups, as follows: (1) neurons active during attentive fixation of a target, but which did not respond to our ordinary visual test stimuli; (2) neurons active during projection movements of the arm or manipulation with the hand, but which were not active during casual movements of the hand or arm, and which were not activated by passive somatic sensory stimuli; (3) those active before, during or after evoked saccadic movements of the eyes, but which were not activated by our testing visual stimuli; (4) neurons active during tracking movements of the eyes, or during projection movements of the arm, alone, but which discharged maximally when these two events occurred simultaneously; and, (5) neurons active during both saccadic movements of the eyes and during projection movements of the arm. We regularly observed, for each of these classes of neurons of the Pulvinar, that optimal correlated activity depended upon the intentional nature of the associated behavioral events, and the animal's attention to them. We conclude that there exists at the level of the Pulvinar a neural correlate of certain evolving behavioral events, and particularly of intentional activity such as the projection of the arm or the direction of gaze towards targets of interest in the immediately surrounding visual environment. The regions of the Pulvinar containing neurons with these properties are reciprocally related to association areas of the Neocortex known to contain neurons with similar properties. It can then be concluded from both anatomical and electrophysiological observations that the Pulvinar is an essential part of the system controlling these complex behavioral events. PMID- 6653705 TI - Postnatal dendritic development in motoneurons: evaluation by a Monte Carlo technique. AB - A Monte Carlo method was used to quantitate the dendritic characteristics of horseradish peroxidase-injected lumbar motoneurons (MNs) from kittens 44 to 73 days old (during the postnatal interval when motor cortical input/output linkages mature) and compared with those from adults. All of the 6 MNs analyzed were within the same range of somal sizes (40-61 micron) and dendritic domain volumes. However, two-dimensional distributions of dendritic diameter versus distance from the soma revealed that in the youngest MNs' (44 and 51 days) most dendritic processes (82 and 84%) were less than 2 micron in diameter, and had no dendrites greater than 5 micron. The adult MNs had large dendrites (20 and 24% were greater than 5 mu), while the kittens of intermediate age (66 and 73 days) exhibited both adult-like (6 and 13% greater than 5 micron) and immature (48 and 73% less than 2 micron) characteristics. "Hit probabilities" calculated from the Monte Carlo data suggest that immature MNs' dendrites may present denser targets per unit volume for ingrowing growth cones than adult MNs, and may facilitate the probability of contact with appropriate afferent axons. PMID- 6653704 TI - Adaptive sensitivity of the surround mechanism of cat retinal ganglion cells. AB - The spatial distribution of the surround's adaptation mechanism was studied in X- and Y-cells in the cat's retina. Adaptive sensitivity was assessed with adapting annuli with equal-area, but variable position and with adapting annuli with variable size. The results provide evidence that adaptive sensitivity of the surround's adaptive mechanism is higher in the center of the receptive field of Y cells than of X-cells. PMID- 6653706 TI - Electrical brain activity and cardiovascular function during amygdaloid kindling in the dog. AB - Two lines of evidence converged to suggest that amygdaloid kindling would produce alterations in cardiovascular responsiveness. First, stimulation of the amygdala produces changes in heart rate and blood pressure. Second, the amygdala is the most sensitive region of the brain for kindling. Our objectives were to document the electrical brain activity, cardiovascular responses, and behavioral manifestations associated with the development of generalized convulsions during amygdaloid kindling in the dog. Kindling in the dog was marked by its rapidity and lack of graded stages, resulting in two identifiable stages. The first, afterdischarge stage, was characterized by increased electrical brain activity in the stimulated amygdala but not in the ipsilateral anterior or posterior hypothalamus, or contralateral amygdala. Increased blood pressure was closely related to the activity of the stimulated amygdala, and a gradual increase in heart rate was unrelated to activity at any of the recording sites. Behavioral manifestations were confined to head and neck movements. The second, convulsion stage, was typified by increased activity in both amygdalae and in the anterior hypothalamic recording sites, indicating generalized involvement of both hemispheres. Blood pressure was significantly increased consistent with the behavioral manifestations of bilateral tonic-clonic convulsion. Heart rate during the convulsion was not significantly different from that during the afterdischarge stage. This experiment, therefore, demonstrated that kindling in the dog follows a substantially different progression from that reported in other species and that kindled afterdischarges in the amygdala had a potent effect on blood pressure, even in the absence of generalized convulsions. PMID- 6653707 TI - Neuromuscular function in weight-trainers. AB - Electrophysiologic measurements were made on the median-innervated thenar muscles and triceps surae in 17 weight-trainers (bodybuilders and weight-lifters) and in control subjects. In the median-innervated thenar muscles, the weight-trainers presented normal values for motor unit counts, reflex potentiation, and twitch contractile properties; however, the weight-trainers possessed a significantly greater (8%) median motor nerve conduction velocity. In the triceps surae, the weight-trainers exhibited significantly greater reflex potentiation (70%), which was interpreted as an increased ability to activate motor units during maximal voluntary contractions. Peak twitch tension (16%) and twitch contraction time (20%) of the triceps surae were significantly greater in the weight-trainers, whereas their twitch half-relaxation time and soleus motor unit counts were not significantly different from control values. The observed difference may reflect a combination of genetic endowment and the effects of training. PMID- 6653708 TI - Dendritic alteration of rat spinal motoneurons after dorsal horn mince: computer reconstruction of dendritic fields. AB - Mammalian spinal motoneuron dendrites respond with cyclic degeneration and regeneration after ventral root crush. In the following experiments, the cross sectional dendritic profile of rat lamina IX, medial, motoneurons under the T2 vertebra were analyzed after mincing the dorsal horn (normals, 14, 30, 60, 90 days postoperative (DPO); N = 6 animals/DPO). The spinal cords were impregnated by the tungstate modification of the Golgi technique. Individual lengths along dendritic segments between branching points were measured from coded slides, the data were computerized, and the dendrites were reconstructed by computer. Interanimal statistical comparisons were made by ANOVA a priori and Newman-Keuls test a posteriori. At 14 DPO, there was a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) increase in the number of dendritic segments, dendritic and serpentine length, and number of segments emanating from the soma compared with normal intact rats and with all other postoperative days. At 30 and 60 DPO, these parameters returned to normal values; however, there were many long, unbranched dendrites. At 90 DPO, there was a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in motoneuron dendritic serpentine length and segments. These data show that partially deafferented rat spinal motoneurons undergo a biphasic response; an initial growth phase followed by a degenerative phase. PMID- 6653709 TI - In vitro and in situ formation of neuron-glia junctions. AB - The formation of neuron-glia junctions during neurogenesis has been considered as an error of the neuronal specificity mechanism or as a consequence of the artificial conditions when observed in central nervous system tissue culture. We report the demonstration of the regular existence of synaptic-like junctions in tissue cultures prepared from different regions of chick central nervous system as well as the occurrence of such intercellular contacts in the cerebellum of adult and normal frogs. The formation of neuron-glia junctions in tissue culture during normal neurogenesis and their presence in adult frogs seem to indicate that those types of neuron-glia relationships are not a simple biologic error. Rather, we propose that they may represent a primitive, but normal neuron-glia interaction. PMID- 6653710 TI - Interlamellar transfer of impulses in the hippocampal formation. AB - Functional relations between hippocampal lamellae, the modular units arranged in parallel in the hippocampal formation, were studied in the guinea pig in experiments of evoked field potential analysis. Perforant path volleys, synaptically elicited by stimulation of the dorsal hippocampal commissure, were used to activate the basic three-neuron lamellar circuit: dentate gyrus granule cells-CA3 pyramidal neurons-CA1 pyramidal neurons. After selective activation of the lamellae in the dorsal hippocampal formation, excitatory synaptic effects were observed in fields CA3 and CA1 of the more ventrally situated hippocampal segments. These ventral responses were generated in pyramidal neuron apical dendrites at the termination of the hippocampal longitudinal association fibers, and disappeared after interruption of the longitudinal association pathway. Low frequency repetitive stimulation, leading to frequency potentiation of both lamellar and ventral responses, was usually required to obtain the appearance and full development of the ventral responses. Responses with the same characteristics as the ventral ones were observed in the dorsal hippocampus after activation of the ventral lamellae. The data indicate that longitudinal association neurons are discharged in the lamellar circuit and that interlamellar impulse volleys are conducted in both dorsoventral and ventrodorsal directions in the hippocampus. PMID- 6653711 TI - Effects of sciatic nerve resection on L7 spinal roots and dorsal root ganglia in adult cats. AB - The size, distribution, and number of nerve fibers and neuronal perikarya in the L7 spinal roots and ganglia of adult cats were examined 35, 90, and 190 days after ipsilateral sciatic nerve resection. With increasing survival time the size spectra of myelinated ventral root nerve fibers showed a progressive flattening of the alpha peak. In the dorsal roots the myelinated fiber size distribution exhibited a marked shift toward smaller sizes. The reduction in the proportion of large myelinated axons was particularly evident in the dorsal roots. Less clearcut changes were found in the size distribution of spinal ganglion neuronal perikarya. No significant loss of axons could be detected in ventral or dorsal roots. There was, however, a marked reduction in the number of dorsal root ganglion neurons. This discrepancy suggested the possibility that an initial loss of dorsal root axons was concealed by recurrent sprouting of axons from the proximal nerve stump. However, neuroma excision 90 days after nerve resection did not lead to any reduction in dorsal root axon numbers. Thus, any ingrowth of new axons to the dorsal root should occur from levels proximal to the neuroma. In comparison with previous findings in kittens, peripheral nerve resection in adult cats had significantly smaller effects on sizes and numbers of spinal root nerve fibers as well as of dorsal root ganglion neurons. Therefore, the potential for restitution of the peripheral innervation by axon regeneration appeared to be basically greater in mature than in immature animals. PMID- 6653712 TI - Ultrastructure of commissural neurons of the hilar region in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. AB - Previous studies have described the polymorph neurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus at the light microscopic level and have indicated that many of those neurons are the cells of origin for both ipsilateral associational and commissural projections to the dentate gyrus. Because previous studies have not described the ultrastructural characteristics of the hilar neurons, we identified these features of the commissural neurons in the hilus. The method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was utilized with a silver staining technique for HRP intensification. Two populations of labeled commissural neurons were observed in electron microscopic preparations of the contralateral hilus. One type consisted of cells with somata that exhibited round or oval nuclei with no intranuclear inclusions and formed symmetric axosomatic synapses. The main dendrites of those neurons were thick and tapering. In contrast, the other type of labeled neuronal soma had infolded nuclei containing intranuclear rods or sheets, displayed both symmetric and asymmetric axosomatic synapses, and had dendrites that were less thick and generally aspinous. In those same preparations, labeled commissural axon terminals formed synapses with dendrites and dendritic spines in the hilus and molecular layer and with somata in the granule cell layer. From the results of this study it appears that there are two distinct populations of commissural hilar neurons: one type resembles the morphology of the spiny CA3 pyramidal neuron, a type of excitatory projection cell, and the other type is similar to the dentate gyrus basket cell, a local circuit neuron associated with GABAergic inhibition. This latter cell type provides further support for the notion that some commissural neurons are inhibitory. PMID- 6653713 TI - Activity in the mesencephalic locomotor region during locomotion. AB - The activity of single neurons in the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) was recorded extracellularly in cats during spontaneous locomotion on a treadmill. Although stimulation of the MLR is required to induce locomotion on a treadmill after a precollicular-postmamillary brain stem transection in the cat, spontaneous locomotion may occur after a precollicular-premamillary transection. The activity of flexor and extensor muscles of each limb also was recorded by EMG. Nearly 50% of the MLR neurons exhibited rhythmic firing patterns during locomotion. In about one-half of those cells, unit firing patterns could be correlated with the EMG activity in one or more muscles by using spike-triggered averaging. Single MLR neurons were found to be correlated to EMG activity in a single limb, and others were related to the EMG from muscles in two limbs or in all four limbs. Passive movement or stoppage of the limb(s) did not abolish rhythmicity in these neurons. In addition, somatosensory stimulation did not appear to affect the firing patterns of MLR neurons. Averaged EMGs of correlated forelimb muscles revealed a postspike mean latency of 7.1 ms. These measurements agreed well with reports of a 1- to 1.5-ms delay in MLR projections to reticulospinal neurons and a 5- to 6-ms delay (postspike) in reticulospinal activity correlated to EMGs during locomotion. These findings suggest that (a) MLR neurons are rhythmically active during locomotion, (b) the activity of MLR neurons can be correlated with that of EMGs in one or more limbs, (c) rhythmicity in MLR neurons may be independent of phasic sensory input, and (d) the downstream influence of the MLR may be relayed, at least in part, via reticulospinal neurons. PMID- 6653714 TI - Cytoarchitectonic organization of laryngeal motoneurons within the nucleus ambiguus of the cat. AB - The central distribution of laryngeal motoneurons was studied in the cat by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. The enzyme was injected selectively into the cricothyroid (CT), lateral cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid (LCA-TA), and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles of the larynx with or without the previous sectioning of the left laryngeal recurrent nerve (LR) or the left superior laryngeal nerve (SL). The CT motoneurons appeared as a compact group of medium-size cells located in the rostral one-third of the nucleus ambiguus (nA). The LCA-TA motoneurons were found in the caudal two-thirds of the nA, constituting a loose group of large motoneurons. The PCA motoneurons were located throughout the whole extend of the nA, the cells being large in the caudal pole and smaller in the rostral one-third of nA. Laryngeal muscle innervation was exclusively of ipsilateral origin. Axonal projections in the brain stem were different depending on the nerve (LR or SL) by which the efferent fibers were sent. PMID- 6653716 TI - Self-stimulation and alcohol administered orally or intraperitoneally. AB - The relationships in rats between the reinforcing value of electrical self stimulation of the brain and varying concentrations of ethanol in the drinking solution (from 5 to 40% v/v alcohol) or in i.p. injections (0.3, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 g/kg of alcohol) were studied. The reinforcing value of brain stimulation was quantified using the total time spent in self-stimulation and the number of bar pressings. Results showed that the relationships depended on the ethanol concentration, the degree of reinforcement of the brain stimulation, and the route of administration of the ethanol solution. Particularly, a small dosage injected intraperitoneally or ingested orally accentuated the reward produced by an electrical brain stimulation when the self-stimulation performance was still high. On the contrary, a large dosage of alcohol always dramatically depressed the self-stimulation performance. PMID- 6653715 TI - Effects of alkyl-substituted gamma-butyrolactones and succinimides on the evoked and spontaneous activity of hippocampal slices in vitro. AB - Alkyl-substituted and unsubstituted derivatives of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and succinimide were tested for their effects on the evoked potential (EP) and spontaneous activity of hippocampal slices incubated in vitro. When tested alone, only beta-ethyl-beta-methyl-GBL (beta-EMGBL) and tetramethylsuccinimide (TMSM) had any effect, producing greatly augmented EPs and spontaneous epileptiform discharges. The nonexcitatory drugs were also tested for the ability to block the excitation produced by beta-EMGBL, TMSM, and penicillin. The unsubstituted compounds had no effect on the augmented EP induced by any of the convulsants. The alpha-ethyl-alpha-methyl-substituted GBL (alpha-EMGBL) and ethosuximide (ESM), blocked the augmented EP induced by beta-EMGBL and TMSM but not that induced by penicillin. The spontaneous activity induced by all three excitatory agents was blocked by GHB. Unsubstituted succinimide had no effect on spontaneous activity. The spontaneous activity produced by beta-EMGBL and TMSM was blocked by alpha-EMGBL, but ESM blocked only that induced by TMSM. Neither alpha-EMGBL nor ESM blocked the spontaneous activity produced by penicillin. We conclude that the ability to block the EP more closely parallels in vivo anticonvulsant activity whereas effects on the spontaneous activity may be more related to neuronal depressant effects. The alkyl-substituted GBLs and succinimides had very similar, albeit not identical, effects on incubated hippocampal slices. That may indicate that they have a similar but not a common mechanism of action. PMID- 6653717 TI - Effects of iontophoretically applied norepinephrine and dopamine on fimbria evoked activity in the lateral septum. AB - Norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) are present in the lateral septum and presumably modulate activity of neurons in this region. Iontophoretic techniques were used to study the actions of NE and DA on stimulation-evoked activity of neurons in the lateral septum. Stimuli were applied to the fimbria, and the effects of NE and DA on field and unitary responses were recorded. Norepinephrine strongly inhibited the monosynaptically driven negative field potential and associated unitary responses. Dopamine produced an inhibitory, excitatory, or bimodal pattern of changes in the monosynaptic responses. Ventrally in the lateral septum, where a later polysynaptic excitatory response to fimbria stimulation was also seen, NE and DA augmented the polysynaptic responses, while producing inhibitory (NE) or inhibitory-excitatory (DA) effects on the monosynaptic response. Effects of NE and DA may play a role in modulation of the relay of descending hippocampal input to the medial septum, which is relayed by way of neurons in the lateral septum. In this manner catecholamines may indirectly produce modulatory effects in the theta pace-making cells in the medial septum. PMID- 6653718 TI - Influences of locus ceruleus, raphe dorsalis, and periaqueductal gray matter on somatosensory-recipient thalamic nuclei. AB - Spontaneous and evoked discharge of neurons in the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL) and spontaneous discharge of neurons in the posterior group and nucleus lateralis posterior (LP) were conditioned by brief trains of stimuli to the locus ceruleus (LC), raphe dorsalis (RD), and periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital or ketamine. Stimulation of LC and RD was without effect on VPL neurons, but induced a long-latency, long lasting inhibition of LP neurons. Stimulation of the PAG induced marked inhibition of the firing of neurons in all three thalamic nuclei. No differences were found between cats anesthetized with ketamine or pentobarbital. PMID- 6653719 TI - Corticobulbar projections and orofacial and muscle afferent inputs of neurons in primate sensorimotor cerebral cortex. AB - In barbiturate-anesthetized monkeys, single cortical neurons were found that could be antidromically activated by brain stem stimulation in the contralateral trigeminal motor, facial, and hypoglossal nuclei. The corticobulbar neurons were localized in the precentral gyrus and anterior bank of the central sulcus, and 20% of them could be excited by muscle afferent stimulation; none were excited by cutaneous or intraoral stimuli. However, many "nonprojection" neurons situated at the bottom of the anterior bank of the central sulcus, especially in area 3a, received a low-threshold afferent input from jaw, facial, and tongue muscles, and neurons with cutaneous or intraoral afferent inputs predominated further caudally, in areas 3b and 1. The results provided electrophysiologic evidence of a direct projection from primate face motor cortex to the brain stem and of an excitatory input from low-threshold afferent fibers of the jaw, facial, and tongue muscles to the primate sensorimotor cortex. PMID- 6653720 TI - Hypergravity promotes cell proliferation. AB - When HeLa cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts, sarcoma Galliera cells, Friend leukemia virus transformed cells and human lymphocytes are cultured in a hypergravitational field (e.g. 10 X g) proliferation rate is increased by 20-30%, whereas glucose consumption per cell is lower than at 1 X g. Tracking of cell movements on gold-coated substrates reveals that cell migration is hindered at high-g. These findings suggest that under gravitational stress the cell is either capable of shifting to other metabolic pathways and/or consumes less energy at high-g than at 1 X g. This work describes ground-based investigations related to experiments to be performed on future Spacelab missions. PMID- 6653721 TI - Adenosine activates a potassium conductance in guinea-pig atrial heart muscle. AB - Adenosine shortens the action potential and diminishes the force of contraction in guinea-pig left atria. These effects may be brought about by the activation of a potassium conductance. This assumption is supported by voltage clamp and 42K release experiments. PMID- 6653722 TI - Oxytocin antagonism of hypothalamic-induced angina-like ECG changes and pressor effects in the cat. AB - Electrical stimulation of a specific site in the lateral hypothalamus of the cat, in a region posterior to Hess' defense area, results in pressor effects and angina-like ECG changes which consist either of T-wave inversion and ST-segment prolongation or in the appearance of tall T-waves. Oxytocin (10 U, i.v.) administered 15 min prior to stimulation, prevents the former ECG changes and BP rise in 90%, and the latter ECG changes and BP rise in 50% of the animals. PMID- 6653725 TI - Distribution and number of fluorescent granular perithelial cells in coronal sections of rats cerebrum. AB - The fluorescent granular perithelial cells (F.G.P.) of rats aged 1 week to 2 years were observed under a light microscope to investigate intracellular granules and localization. This study showed that a marked proliferation of F.G.P. occurs within 3 weeks after birth and the total number remains constant for 2 years. The F.G.P. are mainly distributed in the gray matter, and are scarce in the white matter. The number and distribution of F.G.P. seems to reflect a difference of vascularization and function in different cerebral regions. PMID- 6653723 TI - Effects of submandibularectomy and castration on thymus and spleen weights in male mice. AB - Submandibular-sublingualectomy of male mice did not result in thymic hyperplasia or potentiate the thymic hyperplasia which occurs after castration. Hemagglutination titers to sheep red blood cells were similar in immunized sham operated and submandibular-sublingualectomized mice but significantly less than titers in castrated mice. PMID- 6653724 TI - Fasting modulates creatine entry into skeletal muscle in the mouse. AB - [14C]-Creatine entry into skeletal muscle of mice is inhibited by feeding creatine or by fasting. Plasma creatine specific activity after an i.p. injection of [14C]-creatine is decreased by feeding creatine and increased by fasting. These results indicate that creatine enters muscle via a saturable process that is modulated by fasting. PMID- 6653726 TI - Effect of sublethal concentrations of sumithion on limb regeneration of fresh water field crab Oziotelphusa senex senex. AB - The initiation and progress of regeneration following the removal of the left 4th walking leg were altered in the crab (Oziotelphusa senex senex) by exposure to sumithion. Depending on the concentration used, sumithion caused a complete inhibition of regeneration, a delay of initiation of limb bud development or a reduction of limb bud growth rate. Crustacean limb regeneration can also be used as a sensitive bioassay for studying the effects of environmental pollutants. PMID- 6653727 TI - Protamine inhibits adenylate cyclase activity: a possible reason for the toxicity of protamine. AB - Protamine is an effective inhibitor of the various activated forms of adenylate cyclase of liver plasma membranes. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase may account for its toxic but not its antitumor effects. PMID- 6653729 TI - Effect of general anesthetics on human granulocyte chemiluminescence. AB - The effect of general anesthetics on human granulocyte 'phagocytic capacity' was tested, both in vivo and in vitro, by means of chemiluminescence. Halothane and ethrane produced a consistent degree of chemiluminescence inhibition, which, in vitro, was clearly dose-dependent. PMID- 6653730 TI - Inhibitory effect of alpha-alpha-diphenyl-alpha-propoxyacetic acid-L-methyl-4 piperidyl ester hydrochloride on the activity of the rat urinary bladder. AB - alpha-alpha- Diphenyl-alpha- propoxyacetic acid-l-methyl-4-piperidyl ester hydrochloride(propiverine) significantly decreased the volume-pressure ratio of the rat urinary bladder and suppressed efferent nervous activity of the bladder branch of the pelvic nerve during vesical extension. PMID- 6653728 TI - Studies on chemotherapy of parasitic helminths (XVIII). Mechanism of spastically paralyzing action of pyrantel in Angiostrongylus cantonensis. AB - Pyrantel tartrate caused spastic paralysis through stimulating nicotinic cholinoceptors in Angiostrongylus cantonensis. PMID- 6653732 TI - Increased dihydrofolate reductase, double minutes and increased nucleolar activation in methotrexate-resistant HeLa cells. PMID- 6653731 TI - On the complementarity of long repeated sequences in DNA to hnRNA. AB - Long repeated sequences containing up to 18,000 base pairs were found in a human DNA fraction isolated with the nuclease S1-dioxane method. Hybridization studies showed that the long repeats contained a greater proportion of sequences complementary to hnRNA than short repeats. They also exhibited homology to the latter, as shown by cross-hybridization experiments. PMID- 6653734 TI - Individually housed rats exceed group-housed animals in rotational movements when exposed to a novel environment. AB - Individually and group-housed rats of both sexes were compared in respect to spontaneous rotational movements when exposed to a novel environment. Thereby, individually housed animals showed a higher number of rotational movements than group-housed controls. During an L12:D12 cycle, such movements occurred most frequently at the beginning of the dark phase, when locomotor activity was highest. It is assumed that these rotations are part of the hyperreactivity toward a novel environment induced by long-term individual housing. PMID- 6653733 TI - Development of adenocarcinomas after transplantation of rat glandular stomachs treated in vitro with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). AB - Glandular stomachs of fetal and newborn Wistar rats were transplanted s.c. after treatment in vitro with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) at concentrations of 10, 5 and 1 microgram/ml for 2 h. Eleven adenocarcinomas developed from 118 MNNG-treated transplants, whereas no adenocarcinomas developed from 28 untreated transplants. The incidence of adenocarcinomas in fetal glandular stomach (9/46) was significantly different (p less than 0.01) from that in glandular stomach of newborn rats (2/67). Various types of mesenchymal tumors also developed from untreated (9/28) and MNNG-treated (20/118) transplants. PMID- 6653735 TI - Sexual behavior: influence of avoidance conditioning and of immediate punishment in male rats. AB - Mount, intromission and ejaculation latencies are reduced in male rats if they are previously subjected to an avoidance learning session or if the first 4 attempts to mount the female are immediately punished with an electrical shock. PMID- 6653737 TI - Self-sustaining clinics: innovation or retreat? PMID- 6653738 TI - Young American women delaying motherhood; 25 percent may remain permanently childless. PMID- 6653736 TI - Contraceptive continuation among adolescents attending family planning clinics. AB - An attempt to find a reliable way to measure contraceptive continuation among teenagers was made in a study of 445 adolescents under age 18 who made an initial visit to one of nine federally funded family planning clinics in the Philadelphia area in 1980 and 1981. The participants were interviewed at their initial visit and at six and 15 months to collect information on background characteristics, pregnancy history and contraceptive use. A cross-check of the information on contraceptive use reported during the study showed that 38 percent of the respondents who reported that they had been continuous users during the 15 months supplied information at other points indicating that they had not always used contraceptives during that period. In an attempt to examine the effects of adolescent reporting errors on measures of contraceptive use, the investigators constructed three alternative measures of contraceptive continuation. The simplest measure assessed current use at 15 months. A second measure accepted only reports of continuous use at 15 months and ignored inconsistent data. The third measure corrected for inconsistent data. Applying these measures to the study population produced proportions of contraceptive continuation ranging from a low of 43 percent when the most stringent measure was used to a high of 82 percent for the current-use category. Whatever the measure used, much of the discontinuation appears to have occurred in the first three months after the initial visit to a family planning clinic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653739 TI - Risk of PID 5x greater from Dalkon Shield than from other IUDs. PMID- 6653740 TI - Potency of estrogen, progestin can affect levels of cholesterol. PMID- 6653741 TI - Reports conflict on link between hysterectomy, prior tubal sterilization. PMID- 6653742 TI - The abortion issue in the 1980 elections. AB - The political opponents of legal abortion achieved considerable gains in the 1980 American elections. A president who was committed to a strong antiabortion position was elected, and antiabortion candidates prevailed in six out of seven Senate races that pitted supporters against opponents of legal abortion and in seven out of nine similar confrontations in the House races. However, it is not clear that abortion was an overriding or decisive factor in determining those outcomes. Democrats and Republicans, Carter voters and Reagan voters did not differ significantly in their attitudes toward abortion. The presidential voter groups were divided on several other issues, and along income and racial lines, to a far greater extent than they were on abortion. Voters were not likely to name abortion as one of the more important problems facing the nation. Carter supporters rated abortion as more important than did Reagan supporters. Although the party platforms and the presidential candidates were clearly differentiated in their abortion stands, these differences were not well communicated to the citizenry. When voters attempted to describe the position of each candidate on abortion, they displayed a great deal of uncertainty, error and confusion. In the key Senate races, those who voted for the prochoice candidates held more liberal abortion attitudes than those who voted for the right-to-life candidates. This difference, although statistically significant, was not great, and was smaller than the differences related to several other issues--such as attitudes toward the role of government, women's rights and economic policies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653744 TI - The compactability of polymers for drug delivery systems. PMID- 6653743 TI - Effects of vaginal spermicides on pregnancy outcome. AB - The effects of spermicide use around the time of conception on fetal loss, birth weight and sex were examined using data from the 1976 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). There was no evidence that cessation of spermicide use at least one month prior to conception had any effect on the pregnancy outcomes examined. However, the proportion of female births was approximately 25 percent higher among women who used spermicides around the time of conception than among nonusers of spermicides. In addition, women who used spermicides after conception were found to have approximately double the rate of fetal loss experienced by former users, including those who had used spermicides close to the time of conception. The effects of spermicides on birth weight were not statistically significant. PMID- 6653746 TI - Determination of N-oxide of picobenzide by differential pulse polarography. PMID- 6653747 TI - [Crystallinity and equivalence of chloramphenicol palmitate]. PMID- 6653745 TI - Multicentric clinical study on the antihypertensive efficacy of atenolol administered alone or with a diuretic combination. PMID- 6653748 TI - [Assay of dihydroxyacetone in emulsions]. PMID- 6653749 TI - [The preservation of dihydroxyacetone as a function of the formulation]. PMID- 6653750 TI - [Information from the Soviet Toxicology Center]. PMID- 6653751 TI - [Effect of seduxen on conditioned reflex behavior and reactivity of the noradrenergic system of the rat brain]. AB - It has been shown in experiments on white rats that administration of diazepam in a dose of 5 mg/kg reduces the emotional stress and activation of noradrenergic terminals during reproduction of conditioned avoidance responses. The role of the central noradrenergic system in the emotional stress control is discussed. PMID- 6653752 TI - [Anti-arrhythmic action of preparations of the dihydropyridine series]. AB - The derivatives of the dihydropyridine series, sodium salt of 2,6-dimethyl-3,5 diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydronicotinic acid (drug I) and disodium salt of 2,6 dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,6-bis-carbonyloxyacetic acid (drug II), reduce or completely prevent (depending on the dose) arrhythmias of different types (disturbances of atrioventricular conduction, extrasystoles, heart fibrillation) induced by vasopressin, calcium chloride and strophantine. Study of the lipid composition and activity of lipid-dependent enzymes of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes has demonstrated that the antiarrhythmic effect of the drugs under study is linked with their antioxidant action favouring the preservation of enzymes involved in Ca2+ transport. PMID- 6653753 TI - [Experimental study of the antihypertensive activity of unithiol, D-penicillamine and cysteine]. AB - The thiol compounds, unithiol, D-penicillamine and cysteine administered per os, produce an antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats and in animals with experimental renovascular and DOCA-induced hypertension. The drugs reduce the pressor effect of angiotensin I and potentiate and prolong the depressor action of bradykinin in anesthetized normotensive rats. As for the activity unithiol and D-penicillamine are found to be superior to cysteine. This is in a good agreement with the drug inhibitory action in respect to dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase, an enzyme that plays the key role in the control of the activity of the renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems of the body. PMID- 6653754 TI - [Analysis of the hemodynamic effects of fentanyl in waking cats]. AB - It has been shown in experiments on conscious cats with the aid of multifactorial analysis that the main effects of phentanyl given in doses of 15 and 30 micrograms/kg on the systemic hemodynamics proved to be hypertensive and tachycardic. One of the mechanisms of the chronotropic effect of the drug was partially realized through the inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex. The individual characteristics of the hemodynamic effect of the analgetic depended on the animals' initial status and might be predicted thereby. PMID- 6653755 TI - [Effect of clofelin and apressin on the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow]. AB - Acute experiments on cats under mild sodium ethaminal anesthesia and local novocaine anesthesia were made to determine the autoregulative reactions (AR) of the cerebral vessels to different levels of arterial pressure (AP). After clofelin administration the autoregulation borders shifted to the right i. e. towards higher AP levels. Unlike clofelin, apressin made the AP borders shift to the left, i. e. towards lower AP levels. Possible mechanisms of the effects seen and their importance for medicine are discussed. PMID- 6653756 TI - [Mechanism of the vasodilator action of kavinton on the cerebral vessels]. AB - Experiments on human middle cerebral and cat internal maxillary arteries have shown high vasodilative activity of cavinton. The mechanism of the vasodilative action of the drug involves inhibition of the ingress of exocellular calcium via electrogenic and chemosensitive channels, suppression of calcium mobilization from the intracellular depot with depolarization of the membranes of vascular smooth cells and a decrease in phosphodiesterase activity. PMID- 6653757 TI - [Changes in hemostasis indices after translumbar aortography]. AB - Changes in the hemostatic system attesting to anticoagulation and antiaggregation activity of radiographic contrast substances belonging to the triiodobenzoate class were recorded in 29 patients with atherosclerosis obliterans after translumbal aortography with the use of 76% verografin in a dose of 1-1.5 ml/kg bw. The same results were obtained in experiments with 76% verografin and iodamide 380 administered to donor's plasma in vitro. Anticoagulant action was the most demonstrable in making thrombin and thrombin-heparin time longer. Antiaggregation activity was evidenced by a decrease in collagen aggregation and reduction of the second wave of aggregation of ADP and adrenaline. Administration of calcium chloride to plasma before an aggregating agent prevented aggregation disorders provoked by radiographic contrast agents. PMID- 6653758 TI - [14C-pentacin pharmacokinetics in percutaneous uptake]. AB - The authors studied the quantitative mechanisms of percutaneous administration and elimination from the body of Na3Ca-14C-diethylene triaminopentacetic acid applied to the skin in 50% dimethyl sulfoxide or in aqueous solution. The data on the time course of the content of the labeled drug in the skin, blood, skeleton, liver, kidneys and urine of rats are provided. PMID- 6653760 TI - [Effect of theophylline on the biophysical characteristics of transparietal electrolyte transport in the wall of the jejunum]. AB - Administration of theophylline at concentrations from 1 X 10(-8) to 1 X 10(-4) M to incubation media different in ionic composition essentially and inconclusively changed the biophysical characteristics of the jejunal wall segment. The greatest changes in the potential gradient and current density were observed upon the use of minimal (1 X 10(-8), 1 X 10(-7) M) and maximal (1 X 10(-4) M) final concentrations of theophylline. PMID- 6653759 TI - [Mechanism of transplacental penetration of N-nitrosodimethylamine into rat and mouse fetuses]. AB - The authors have studied the time course of changes in N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) concentration in the blood, liver, muscle tissue and embryo of pregnant rats and mice after its intravenous injection in a dose of 50 mg/kg. In the parent organism, the maximal concentration was attained immediately after injection as shown by the measurements made 5 minutes after and then decreased according to the exponential law, with that decrease occurring far rapidly in mice than in rats. In the embryo, the maximal concentration attainment was 30-60 minutes as delayed. The concentration of NDMA in the embryo and tissues of the parent organism ascended linearly up to a definite level as the dose was raised (blood concentration) whereupon its increase became slower and even ceased which forms the basis for an assumption that the carcinogenic substance penetrates via the placenta and cell membranes according to the laws of transport with the aid of carriers. PMID- 6653761 TI - [Interaction of pipolfen and suprastin with human serum albumin depending on the pH of the medium and its calcium ion content]. AB - Experiments made with the use of equilibrium dialysis and differential spectrophotometry have shown that pipolfen and difenhydramine interact actively with human serum albumin at pH 6.8-7.4. Calcium ions have been demonstrated to activate the interaction of pipolphen and diphenhydramine with albumin. PMID- 6653763 TI - [Thiol compounds in the combined therapy of prozerin poisonings]. AB - The authors studied the protective action of dithiols (unithiol, dithiothreitol) and their combinations with atropine in proserine poisoning. With the use of the spatial-prospective plotting the antidote efficacy of dipyroxime, atropine, dithiothreitole, and their combinations was studied and compared. A new type of potentiation was discovered upon combined use of atropine, dipyroxime and dithiothreitol. PMID- 6653762 TI - [Protective and therapeutic properties of the ubiquinones H6CoQ4 and CoQ9 in gamma irradiation]. AB - Hexahydroubiquinone-4 (H6CoQ4) and ubiquinone-9 (CoQ9) in the form of solutions in vegetable oil administered to mice and rats subcutaneously and intragastrically produced a radioprotective effect comparable with that of cystamine. Under the accepted experimental conditions the compounds did not produce any therapeutic effect. PMID- 6653764 TI - [Use of beta-aminoethylmethacrylate in traumatic paralysis of the sciatic nerve]. AB - It has been discovered in experiments on rats with traumatic paralysis of the sciatic nerve that a methacrylic acid derivative, beta-aminoethylmethacrylate (AEM), displays marked neurotropic, particularly strychnine-like activity. Using visual, electrophysiological and biochemical research methods it has been demonstrated that the substance has a normalizing action on the function of the neuromuscular apparatus in paralysis and that this action is more powerful than that produced by strychnine, securinine, proserine, dibasol, thiamine, and cyanocobalamin. AEM has a beneficial effect on metabolism of the muscles of an injured limb, raising in them the content of glycogen and decreasing the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase since the first day after trauma. The drug does not only accelerates the progress of the recovery but also reduced a direct effect of nervous trunk injury on the muscle. PMID- 6653765 TI - [Changes in the hydroxylating function and structure of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum of the rat as affected by long-term kordiamin administration]. AB - It has been shown in experiments on male rats that administration of cordiamine per os in a dose of 73 mg/kg for 45 days provokes hepatomegaly, proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes, an increase in the microsomal fraction release, rise in the content of cytochrome P450 and in the rate of N demethylation of ethylmorphine and p-hydroxylation of aniline in liver microsomes. The spectral magnitude of cytochrome P450 binding with aniline and cordiamine does not change under the effect of the latter drug, while interaction of the enzyme with ethylmorphine decreases. The rate of the recovery of the cytochrome P450-ethylmorphine complex increases 3-fold. It is assumed that an increase in the content of cytochrome and in the rate of xenobiotic hydroxylation in microsomes after prolonged administration of cordiamine might be regarded as substrate induction in nature. PMID- 6653767 TI - [Use of a differential calorimetry method for studying the energy mechanisms of the protective action of anti-ischemic agents]. AB - Differential calorimetry is suggested for quantitative estimation of antiischemic activity of the drugs by determining total energy losses, the critical level of energy losses and permissible times of ischemia of isolated organs. The method allows the unraveling of the mechanisms by which antiischemic resistance of cells and organs is formed with pharmacological means. PMID- 6653766 TI - [Mechanism of action of diuretics studied by a fluorescent probe method]. AB - The mercuric-xanthine diuretic novurit, ethacrynic acid and furosemide reduced the fluorescence of 1,8-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (1,8-ANS) in a suspension of phospholipid liposomes and human serum albumin solution. Ethacrynic acid and furosemide eliminated the fluorescence of 1,8-ANS in a suspension of non energized mitochondria of rat kidney, while novurit provoked fluorescence intensification. The constants of novurit and ethacrynic acid binding with kidney mitochondria determined by the degree of changes in 1,8-ANS fluorescence variation appeared significantly higher than the constants of binding with phospholipids and serum albumin. However furosemide did not show a predominant binding with kidney mitochondria. PMID- 6653768 TI - [Mechanism of the effect of methylcobalamin on the recovery of neuromuscular functions in mechanical and toxin denervation]. AB - It has been shown in experiments on rats that daily administration of methylcobalamine in a dose of 50 micrograms/100 g bw produces marked activation of the regeneration of mechanically damaged axons of motoneurons. Systematic administration of the drug has a protective action on the development of neuromuscular transmission blockade induced by botulinum toxoid. PMID- 6653769 TI - Synthesis and biological activity of heterocyclic acyl-cholines. AB - Five new heterocyclic acyl-cholines were synthetized through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and their adrenergic, cholinergic and histaminergic activity evaluated. The tested compounds did not show any significant activity; some of them, in particular the isoxazole derivative (X), shift the dose-response curve of norepinephrine to the left. PMID- 6653770 TI - 7-Methyl and 4,7-dimethylallopsoralen: monofunctional photoreagents toward DNA as potential photochemotherapeutic agents in hyperproliferative conditions. AB - 7-Methyl- (1 a) and 4,7-dimethylallopsoralen (1 b), prepared about ten years ago and till now considered non-photosensitizing agents, have been re-investigated for studying their photochemical and photobiological properties. They form a molecular complex with DNA in the ground state, undergoing intercalation between two base pairs of the macromolecule. By successive irradiation with U.V.-A they covalently photobind to DNA inducing only the formation of mono-adducts. They are not able to induce erythema on guinea pig skin, but show evident antiproliferative activity on various biological substrates. Compound (1 b) shows both photochemical and photobiological properties at a degree higher than that of compound (1 a). PMID- 6653771 TI - Synthesis, biological data and correlation analysis in a set of analgesic drugs. AB - A set of ortho-disubstituted benzene derivatives (2-X--C6H4NH--Y) designed as analgesics has been studied. Some physicochemical properties which are potentially correlated with the considered pharmacological activities are determined. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) show that the analgesic potency (writhing test) is a function of the hydrophobic-lipophilic parameters associated with the structures under study. Since the derivatives are inactive or very poor inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis, the appropriate modulation of substituents may maximize the differentiation between anti nociceptive and analgesic activity. PMID- 6653772 TI - [Imidazopyrimidines with cytokinin activity]. AB - Some imidazopyrimidines structurally analogous to the corresponding natural kinetics (adenine, benzyladenine, kinetic) were prepared and tested for cytokinin like activity. Among the compounds tested for ability to retard degradation of the photosynthetic system, the 7-chloroderivatives (II-III) showed activity comparable with that of natural kinetic and confirm the chlorine function as a potentiator of biological activity. PMID- 6653773 TI - [Tert-aminoalkyl derivatives of 3-methyl-6,8-diazaquinoxaline-2(1H)-ones. Effect on the acquisition and modification of a conditioned avoidance response in rats]. AB - By condensating ethyl pyruvate with 4-dialkylaminoalkyl-5-aminopyrimidine, obtained by hydrogenolysis of the corresponding 6-chloroderivatives, were prepared 3-methyl-6,8-diazaquinoxalinee-2(1H)-ones which carry on position 1 a tert-aminoalkyl chain (dimethylaminoethyl-, morpholinylethyl-, dimethylaminopropyl- and N-methylpiperazinylpropyl-). The synthetized compounds were tested to verify the effects on acquisition and modification of a conditioned avoidance response (C.A.R.) in rats. In these tests 1 dimethylaminoethyl-3-methyl-6,8-diazaquinoxalin-2(1H)-one, shows activity comparable with that of the cloropromazine. PMID- 6653774 TI - Derivatives of 1,3,3-trimethyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane with hypotensive activity. II. AB - The synthesis of a series of alkyl and aryl ureas (II) starting from 1,3,3 trimethyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane is described. Some of these compounds showed a moderate hypotensive activity in rats. Effects on heart rate in rats, infiltration anesthesia and antiarrhythmic activity in mice, as well as antiacetylcholine activity in vitro, are also reported. PMID- 6653775 TI - Drug latentiation of isoxsuprine: synthesis and preliminary pharmacological activities of four monoesters. AB - Four new esters (1 b-e) involving the phenolic group of isoxsuprine have been prepared. Preliminary pharmacological evaluation showed that the pivaloyl ester (1 e) (LR693) lowers blood pressure values more gradually than isoxsuprine with a longer-lasting effect. This compound was selected for further assessment as a long-acting peripheral vasodilator. PMID- 6653776 TI - Influence of temperature and denaturing agents on the structural stability of calmodulin. A 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance study. AB - The structural stability of calmodulin was studied by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy under different denaturing conditions. The presence of Ca2+ stabilizes the structural properties of the native protein. In the absence of calcium the structural integrity of calmodulin can easily be affected by elevated temperatures or by high concentrations of denaturing agents. The unfolding process under various denaturing conditions is reversible underlining the high degree of structural flexibility of this protein. PMID- 6653777 TI - ADP- and epinephrine-elicited release of [3H]guanylylimidodiphosphate from platelet membranes. Implications for receptor-Ni stoichiometry. AB - Epinephrine-promoted release of [3H]guanylylimidodiphosphate ( [3H]Gpp(NH)p) from human platelet membranes has been used to probe the interactions between alpha 2 adrenergic receptors and Ni, the guanine nucleotide binding protein that couples those receptors to an inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. We show here that ADP, which also acts through specific platelet receptors to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity, also promotes the release of [3H]Gpp(NH). The amount of [3H]Gpp(NH)-release elicited by epinephrine and by ADP together is equal to the sum of the amounts released by the two agents acting individually. Furthermore the maximal amounts of [3H]Gpp(NH)-release elicited by each of the two agents approximates the numbers of receptors for ADP and epinephrine present in the platelet membranes. These results suggest that the two receptor types interact with distinct portions of the pool of Ni molecules and that each receptor initiates guanine-nucleotide exchange on a single molecule of Ni. PMID- 6653778 TI - Human C4b-binding protein, C4bp. Chymotryptic cleavage and location of the 48 kDa active fragment within C4bp. AB - C4bp, a regulator of the classical pathway of complement system, is composed of 6 8 disulfide-linked subunit chains of 75 kDa. Upon incubation with chymotrypsin, C4bp was rapidly cleaved into a nicked C4bp, composed of disulfide-linked 48 kDa and 27 kDa fragments. Subsequent slow cleavage on the 27 kDa fragment resulted in the liberation of the active site-containing 48 kDa fragment from the nicked C4bp. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 48 kDa fragment was identical to that of the parent subunit chain of C4bp, indicating that the 48 kDa active fragment was released from the N-terminal side of the parent subunit chain. Based on these results, a possible gross structure of C4bp is proposed. PMID- 6653779 TI - The amino acid sequence of human liver apoferritin. AB - The protein component of the iron storage molecule, ferritin, contains 24 subunits in form of a hollow shell known as apoferritin. The amino acid sequence has been determined for apoferritin subunits from human liver. The sequence comprises 174 amino acids giving an Mr of 19 900. It shows extensive homology with the primary structures of apoferritins from human and horse spleen and from rat liver. Sequence substitutions are discussed in relation to the known three dimensional structure of horse spleen apoferritin. Evidence for a second minor sequence in human liver apoferritin is presented. PMID- 6653780 TI - Amino acid sequence of pilin from Bacteroides nodosus (strain 198), the causative organism of ovine footrot. PMID- 6653781 TI - Ricin B chain converts a non-cytotoxic antibody-ricin A chain conjugate into a potent and specific cytotoxic agent. AB - We report the conversion of a non-cytotoxic antibody-ricin A chain conjugate to one displaying specific cytotoxic effects comparable with that of native ricin, by the addition of ricin B chain as a second stage reagent. The results suggest that this conversion is achieved by the association of the added B chain with the A chain of the conjugate, and not through a primary binding of B chain at the cell surface. PMID- 6653782 TI - Effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine on DNA polymerases alpha and beta in vitro. AB - DNA polymerases alpha and beta were treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The activities of the modified DNA polymerase were decreased and the degree of lowered activity varied with the template employed. However, no decrease in fidelity was observed in DNA synthesis by the MNNG treated polymerases. It is suggested that direct modification of the DNA polymerase molecule by MNNG is not the cause of carcinogenesis. PMID- 6653783 TI - Polypeptide chains with similar amino acid sequences but a distinctly different conformation. Bovine and porcine phospholipase A2. AB - The primary structures of bovine and porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 differ only by about 15%. Nevertheless, a 12 residue loop, with only one substitution (Val leads to Phe) has a quite different conformation, whereas the rest of the molecules have a very similar folding indeed. From this observation it is concluded that prediction of a 3-dimensional structure on the basis of sequence similarity of short segments alone might give erroneous results. PMID- 6653784 TI - Critical cation balance in B leads to Z transition: role of Li+. AB - The sodium salt of poly(dG-dC) is known to exhibit a B leads to Z transition in the presence of various cations and 60% alcohol. We here show that the lithium salt of poly(dG-dC) does not undergo B leads to Z transition in the presence of 60% alcohol since Li+ with its large hydration shell cannot stabilize the Z-form. On the other hand, high concentrations of Mg2+ or micromolar concentrations of the cobalt hexamine complex which are known to stabilize the Z-form can compete with Li+ for charge neutralization and hence bring about a B leads to Z transition in the same polymer. From the model building studies the mode of action of the cobalt-hexamine complex in stabilizing the Z-form is postulated. PMID- 6653785 TI - Amino acid sequence at the major phosphorylation site on bovine kidney branched chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex. AB - Inactivation of branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex correlates with phosphorylation at one site on the alpha subunit of the E1 component. The amino acid sequence surrounding this phosphorylated serine residue has now been determined. This sequence shows certain similarities with the sequence surrounding phosphorylated residue(s) on pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. PMID- 6653786 TI - Identification of a novel calcium binding protein from bovine brain. AB - A novel Ca2+ binding protein, named caligulin, was extracted from the heat treated 100 000 X g supernatant of bovine brain and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The apparent Mr of caligulin determined on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels was 24000. Analysis by gel filtration chromatography indicated an apparent Mr of 33000, suggesting a monomeric protein. Amino acid composition data demonstrated the presence of 25% acidic residues, 12% basic residues and 10% leucine. In the presence of 1 mM MgCl2 and 0.15 M KCl, caligulin bound 1 mol Ca2+/mol protein with half-maximal binding at about 0.2 microM Ca2+. PMID- 6653787 TI - Multi-site phosphorylation of branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex within mitochondria isolated from rat liver, kidney and heart. AB - The alpha subunit of the E1 component of branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complex becomes rapidly phosphorylated in rat liver, kidney and heart mitochondria incubated in the presence of succinate and [32P]phosphate. Peptide mapping of tryptic digests of the phosphorylated alpha subunit indicates that 3 distinct sites are phosphorylated, as has been reported previously by us for phosphorylation in vitro of highly purified complex. PMID- 6653788 TI - Differential inhibition of the release of endogenous and newly synthesized acetylcholine from Torpedo synaptosomes by presynaptic muscarinic receptors. AB - Activation of Torpedo presynaptic muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors with the agonist oxotremorine (20 microM) results in the inhibition of Ca2+-dependent release of endogenous ACh from Torpedo synaptosomes. This effect is reversed by the muscarinic antagonist atropine (1 microM) which, by itself, has no effect. In contrast, under the same conditions the amount of newly synthesized radiolabeled [3H]ACh released is not affected by muscarinic ligands. These findings suggest that presynaptic muscarinic inhibition in the Torpedo is due to interference with the mobilization of ACh from a storage pool. PMID- 6653789 TI - The effect of aglycosylation on the binding of mouse IgG to staphylococcal protein A. AB - Aglycosylated IgG produced by hybridoma cells cultured in the presence of tunicamycin was compared with normal IgG for its ability to bind to staphylococcal protein A. No differences were found in binding or elution profiles. It is concluded that aglycosylation does not produce major structural alterations at the CH2-CH3 interface of the Fc region of IgG. PMID- 6653790 TI - Low-energy Mg2+-induced temperature transitions in liver microsomes. AB - The differential scanning microcalorimetry and fluorescence methods, using probes ANS and pyrene, have been employed to study thermotropic behaviour of rat liver microsomes in the presence and absence of Mg2+. Addition of Mg2+ yields three partially reversible phase transitions at 18, 27 and 32 degrees C, respectively. A character of Mg2+-induced rearrangements in a membrane and their relation to a catalytic function of a cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymatic system is discussed. PMID- 6653791 TI - Clathrin-associated proteins contain bound nucleotide. AB - Clathrin-associated proteins purified from bovine brain exhibited an ultraviolet spectrum with absorbance maximum at 256 nm and were found to contain tightly bound nucleotide. This nucleotide was identified as AMP and/or ADP by thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatographic analyses. The phosphorylation state of the bound nucleotide varied with storage conditions, suggesting that exchange with ATP might occur while a molar ratio of two nucleotides per protein molecule is maintained. This nucleotide binding site may play a role in the functions of clathrin-associated proteins. PMID- 6653793 TI - Onset of neurophysin self-association upon neurophysin/neuropeptide hormone precursor biosynthesis. AB - The potential of the common biosynthetic precursor of neurophysin and neuropeptide hormones to self-associate has been assessed by quantitative affinity chromatographic analysis. The precursor form, with the hormone sequence in the amino terminal region and assumed able to interact intramolecularly with the hormone binding site of the neurophysin domain of the folded precursor, exhibits an affinity for neurophysin-agarose which is intermediate between those of unliganded neurophysin and non-covalently hormone-liganded neurophysin. The results lead to a prediction that neurophysin self-association is established upon precursor synthesis and prior to limited proteolysis of the precursor to release mature neurophysin and hormone components. Such self-association could play a role in packaging of the precursor into secretory granules and in regulating subsequent precursor processing events within the granules. PMID- 6653792 TI - Reconstituted mitochondrial transhydrogenase is a transmembrane protein. AB - Bovine heart mitochondrial transhydrogenase, a redox-linked proton pump, can be functionally and asymmetrically inserted into liposomes by a cholate-dialysis procedure such that the active site faces the external medium. N-(4-Azido-2 nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (NAP-taurine), a membrane-impermeant photoprobe, when encapsulated in the vesicles, covalently modified the enzyme and inhibited transhydrogenation between NADPH and the 3-acetylpyridine analog of NAD+ (AcPyAD+) in a light-dependent manner. External AcPyAD+ increased the rate of inactivation several fold, whereas NADPH, NADP+, and NADH were without effect. Labeling of the enzyme by intravesicular [35S]NAP-taurine was enhanced by AcPyAD+ and NADP+, decreased by NADH, and not significantly affected by NADPH. These results indicate that transhydrogenase spans the membrane and that substrate binding alters the conformation of that domain of the enzyme protruding from the inner surface of the membrane. PMID- 6653794 TI - Biosynthetic relationship between the major matrix proteins of adrenal chromaffin granules. AB - The matrix of the chromaffin granule contains a family of acidic proteins, collectively known as the chromogranins. It has been suggested that this family results from protease action on the major component, chromogranin A. Evidence for this has now been obtained from in vitro translation of adrenal medullary messenger RNA and immunoprecipitation of translation products using an antiserum directed against chromogranin A, but which also recognises other chromogranins. PMID- 6653796 TI - The relationship of tubal blockage, infertility of unknown cause, suspected male infertility, and endometriosis to success of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. AB - The success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer has been examined with regard to five categories of infertility over a 2-year period. Fertilization rates in vitro were highest in women with bilateral tubal blockage and women treated for endometriosis. There was a significant reduction of approximately 13% in the fertilization rate of couples with idiopathic infertility and women who had failed to conceive after 12 cycles of artificial insemination by donor. A further substantial reduction in the fertilization rate occurred when the husband had low quality semen, particularly when no abnormality was detected in the wife. Repeated IVF in couples with idiopathic infertility eventually resulted in fertilization. It is recommended that donor spermatozoa not be used for cases of idiopathic infertility, but it may be needed in cases of poor semen quality. There were no differences in the pregnancy rates following embryo replacement in any of the groups studied, nor was there any detectable effect of age on fertilization or pregnancy rates up to the age of 44 years. PMID- 6653795 TI - What is a pregnancy? A question for programs of in vitro fertilization. AB - Pregnancy outcome in studies of normal reproduction and in programs of in vitro fertilization (IVF) is usually classified as "chemical beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) abortion," "trimester abortion," and "term delivery." The distinction between a chemical beta-hCG abortion and a first-trimester abortion is not clearly stated in the literature, although such terms are commonly used. It is proposed that in programs of IVF pregnancy outcome be classified as "menstrual abortion," "preclinical abortion," "clinical abortion," or "viable pregnancy." Pregnancy outcome of 190 consecutive cycles induced by human menopausal gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin in the program of IVF at Norfolk is compared with contemporary studies of pregnancy outcome in normal reproduction. The in vitro data indicate that the Norfolk program has recorded no menstrual abortions, a 33% preclinical and clinical abortion rate, and a viable pregnancy rate that approaches but does not equal the term delivery rate of normal reproduction. However, these results have been achieved by the transfer of multiple concepti, whereas normal reproduction depends on the fertilization of a single oocyte. PMID- 6653797 TI - The "luteal breast": hormonal and sonographic investigation of benign breast disease in patients with cyclic mastalgia. AB - The pathophysiology, malignant potential, and hormonal therapy for benign breast disease remain controversial. This report investigates the anatomic and endocrinologic correlates of luteal phase mastodynia patients, compared with asymptomatic control subjects. Objective sonographic evidence of fibrocystic disease (FCD) was found in one-half of both mastodynia and control groups. Endocrine abnormalities observed in the mastodynia group included (1) significantly lower luteal phase progesterone and (2) prolactin hyperresponsiveness to thyroid-releasing factor. The presence or absence of anatomic FCD was not correlated with endocrine abnormalities. These data suggest that (1) cyclic mastalgia may be the end result of a dyshormonal milieu resembling the inadequate luteal phase; (2) FCD may be hormonally independent; and (3) cyclic mastalgia and FCD are different, if often coexistent, factors in benign breast disease syndromes. PMID- 6653798 TI - Use of corticosteroids as an adjuvant in terminal salpingostomy. AB - Between the years 1977 and 1980, 26 women underwent terminal salpingostomy with a standard operative procedure at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The term pregnancy rate was 23%, and the ectopic pregnancy rate was 13%. Fourteen patients received dexamethasone perioperatively; and of these, 3 had term pregnancies (21%). Of the 12 patients not receiving dexamethasone, there were also three term pregnancies (25%). It is concluded from this small series that perioperative corticosteroids do not improve the term pregnancy rate for terminal salpingostomy. PMID- 6653799 TI - Peritoneal recovery of sperm in patients with infertility associated with inadequate cervical mucus. AB - In an effort to complete an infertility evaluation in a group of 25 patients with unexplained infertility, except for persistent inadequate cervical mucus and poor to-negative postcoital tests, laparoscopy was scheduled as close as possible to the ovulatory day of the cycle. Patients were artificially inseminated with their husbands' sperm 2 or 3 hours before laparoscopy. Sperm was recovered at the time of laparoscopy through a second probe from the pouch of Douglas before and after hydrotubation with a dilute solution of methylene blue. The results were compared with those obtained in a group of 15 women with unexplained infertility and normal cervical mucus and postcoital tests. Sperm were recovered from 8 of 15 control subjects (53.3%) and from 14 of 25 patients (56.1%). In most cases with positive results, sperm were found in the peritoneal cavity before hydrotubation. It is apparent that sperm can reach the peritoneal cavity regardless of the quality or quantity of cervical mucus. It also appears that a normal postcoital test may not indicate adequate sperm transport into the upper genital tract. These results confirm previous observations and question the usefulness of many in vitro tests presently in use for evaluation of sperm penetration in the female genital tract. PMID- 6653800 TI - Relationship between genital tract infections, sperm antibodies in seminal fluid, and infertility. AB - To explore possible relationships between genital tract infections, sperm antibodies, and infertility, seminal fluid from 100 men was analyzed. Sperm antibodies, measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were detected in 14 of 29 men (48%) with culture-positive asymptomatic infections, 8 of 17 men (47%) with a history of prostatitis or urethritis, 11 of 33 men (33%) with either a varicocele or an abnormal semen analysis, and only 1 of 21 men (5%) with no infection and a normal semen analysis. The incidence of sperm antibodies in the men with infections or urethritis or prostatitis was significantly higher than in the control subjects (P less than 0.005). The sperm antibody isotype in men with infections was mainly IgA, although IgG or IgM were also sometimes present. Of the men with asymptomatic infections, urethritis or prostatitis, significantly (P less than 0.025) more men without sperm antibodies (12 of 24, 50%) were fertile than were those with sperm antibodies (3 of 22, 13%). Men with genital tract infections have a high incidence of antibodies, reactive with spermatozoa, which is associated with reduced fertility. PMID- 6653801 TI - The effect of delta 1-testolactone on serum testosterone and estradiol in the adult male rat. AB - delta 1-Testolactone, an androgen derivative without intrinsic hormonal action, is known to block the aromatization of androgens to estrogens. This study was designed to assess its effect upon serum testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) in the adult male rat. By itself, testolactone (TL) did not affect T/E2 levels in the dosages utilized. Daily injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for 15 days caused a tenfold rise in serum T, although there was no increase in serum E2. When given along with hCG, TL did not alter the Leydig cell response. However, pretreatment of animals with TL increased the testicular response to hCG over that of saline-treated animals. Studies were also carried out to delineate the sources of estrogen in the adult male rat. These experiments demonstrate that (1) the majority of E2 is not testicular in origin but is derived from the adrenal; (2) the conversion of androgen precursors to E2 in the rat is not affected by TL; and (3) in spite of no demonstrable inhibition of E2 production, TL causes an increased Leydig cell responsiveness to hCG. PMID- 6653802 TI - Host response to primary Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the fallopian tube in pig-tailed monkeys. AB - Experimental acute salpingitis was produced in four pig-tailed monkeys, Macaca nemestrina, by intratubal inoculation with Chlamydia trachomatis (serotypes E or F). The organisms were reisolated from both the endosalpinx and endocervix as early as 1 week after the original inoculation. Endosalpinx cellular responses to the infection were examined by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. A moderate lymphocyte infiltration was detected in the submucosa on day 7. By days 14 and 21 the lymphocytic infiltration was heavy and extended into both the submucosa and the mucosa; the infiltration subsided by day 35. Epithelial cell degeneration occurred in close approximation to lymphocytes, suggesting the immunologic basis of tissue destruction. Scanning electron microscopy revealed extensive deciliation and increased plasmalemmal alterations of nonciliated cells. The presence of C. trachomatis in frozen and deparaffinized tissues was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase staining with monoclonal antibody to C. trachomatis. Only secretory cells contained chlamydial inclusions. A humoral immune response to C. trachomatis was demonstrated by microimmunofluorescence. No histologic or immunologic evidence of infection was present in two control monkeys inoculated with HeLa cell material. The histopathologic and immunologic findings of this study establish the pig-tailed monkey as a useful model for further studies of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of chlamydial salpingitis. PMID- 6653804 TI - Prognosis for couples who have experienced repeated pregnancy loss. AB - To determine whether amniocentesis should be recommended to couples who have had multiple spontaneous abortions, we obtained information on the subsequent pregnancy outcome for 70 couples who had had two or more pregnancy losses. Fifty two (74%) had one or more successful pregnancies, resulting in 64 newborns, all but 1 of whom were normal; the abnormal infant had a normal chromosome analysis. PMID- 6653803 TI - Fertilization and cleavage of oocytes from a binovular human ovarian follicle: a possible cause of dizygotic twinning and chimerism. PMID- 6653805 TI - Reversible "hypopituitarism" and disappearance of microadenoma in a prolactinoma patient treated with bromocriptine. PMID- 6653806 TI - [Characteristics of descending influences from the 1st zone of the cat somatosensory cortex on neurons of the ventro postero lateral thalamic nucleus]. PMID- 6653807 TI - [Interrelations of excitation and inhibition processes in neurons of the cat parietal associative cortex during multimodal stimulation]. PMID- 6653808 TI - [Excitation reactions of neurons in an isolated strip of the cat associative cerebral cortex (field 5) to intracortical stimulation by differently spaced electrodes]. PMID- 6653809 TI - [Convergence of transcallosal and other afferent impulses on cat associative cortex neurons]. PMID- 6653810 TI - [Electric responses of anterior roots during stimulation of bulbar pyramids and the labyrinth in animals with a denervated limb]. PMID- 6653812 TI - [Maintenance of the phasic respiratory impulses in the phrenic nerve afferent fibers in synaptic respiratory paralysis]. PMID- 6653811 TI - [Mechanisms of activation of phasic and tonic contraction of cerebral artery smooth muscle]. PMID- 6653813 TI - [Effect of sleep deprivation on epileptiform activity]. PMID- 6653814 TI - [Reaction of neurons in the cat amygdaloid complex to peripheral stimuli]. PMID- 6653815 TI - [Responses of auditory cortex neurons to paired stimulation of the direct entrance to the cortex]. PMID- 6653816 TI - [Characteristics of the background and acoustic click-evoked activity of neurons in the cat caudate nucleus]. PMID- 6653817 TI - [Study of the distribution of potassium near mechanoreceptor cells of the scallop abdominal organ using a K+-selective microelectrode]. PMID- 6653818 TI - [Relaxing effect of a decrease in oxygenation of skinned vascular smooth muscle not connected with changes in the concentration of Ca2+ in the myoplasm]. PMID- 6653819 TI - [Effect of intra-aural muscle acoustic reflex on the magnitude of the latent periods of the cochleomyogenic potential induced by a short-term acoustic stimulation]. PMID- 6653820 TI - [Method of graded and orthogonal hydrodynamic application of substances to the membrane of perfused neurons]. PMID- 6653821 TI - [Apparatus for interference suppression during the recording of electroneurograms]. PMID- 6653822 TI - [Responses of efferent neurons of the parietal association cortex to stimulation of cerebellar nuclei]. AB - Neuronal organization of the cerebello-cortical loop passing through the associative parietal region of the cat cerebral cortex was studied with the microelectrode recording technique. Specific characteristics of the cerebellar signals to various types of neurons of the parietal cortex projecting to the pontine nuclei proper, the red nucleus and sensomotor cortex, were revealed by responses of the cortical neurons to stimulation of the cerebellar nuclei. The neurons of parietal cortex were shown to respond most readily to stimulation of the nucleus dentatus (62.3%), nucleus interpositus (54.6%), and nucleus fastigii (20.6%). PMID- 6653823 TI - [Cerebellar control of the activity of caudate nucleus neurons]. AB - Responses of the caudate nucleus neurons to stimulation of the cerebellar nuclei were studied in acute experiments on cats. 53% out of 267 neurons of the caudate nucleus responded to the cerebellar stimulation mostly with excitation. 83% of the cerebelloresponsive neurons reacted to the dentate nucleus stimulation, 63%- to the stimulation of the nucleus interpositus and 53%--to the fastigial nucleus stimulation. A high degree of convergence of the cerebellar influences onto the single neurons, was found. Antidromic stimulation of the caudate nucleus neurons revealed the effect of the cerebellar signals on the efferent neurons and interneurons of the caudate nucleus. PMID- 6653824 TI - [Changes in the redox system of the terminal boutons of bush receptors in different functional states]. AB - Live cytophotometry with simultaneous recording of spikes in response to mechanical stimulus and increased NaCl concentration revealed the dependence between the level of functional activity of the frog bladder's bush receptors and the changes in activity of the terminal buttons' redox-systems checked by means of the pattern of transition of oxygenated (coloured) form of the methylene blue into the leucoform. Heterogenous character of the terminal buttons was revealed with the aid of the transition parameter of these forms of the live staining, as well as the 2- and 4-phasic character of the pattern of changes in the buttons' redox-systems. PMID- 6653825 TI - [Responses of neurons of the medial geniculate body in the cat to positive and negative intensity increments in noise signals]. AB - 73% of the cat internal geniculate body neurons responded with a phasic on response to positive intensity increments of the white noise signal. 35% of the neurons responded with a phasic off-response to negative increments of the signal. At a constant rate of increment (6 dB), the amplitude and latency of the responses were found to depend on the level of the basis intensity. The amplitude dependence was rather irregular whereas the latency dependence was different in different neurons. Neurons were found which had the latencies of their on responses augmenting with increase of the basis. The on- and off-responses revealed the ability of most neurons to single out the moment of intensity increment of a wide-band signal. PMID- 6653826 TI - [Responses of neurons of the lateral geniculate body in the cat to moving photic stimuli of graded intensity]. AB - The stimuli consisted of 8 steps-stripes with stepwise changing intensity (I). The magnitude of one step (delta I) was 0.5 lg un. under the condition: delta I/I = Const. The value of neuronal responses to stripes of stepwise increasing intensity moving across the neurons' receptive fields did not change within a wide range of intensities provided the speed of moving was slow (up to 15-20 degrees/sec), but it augmented with an increasing intensity if the speed was 20 60 degrees/sec. In further increase of the speed the responses occurred in some cells within a narrow range of I values. These characteristics of the responses were also regarded in changes of the total light intensity of a stimulus within the range 3 lg un. Both on-responses of on-central neurons and off-responses of off-central neurons were analysed. The data obtained revealed that neuronal responses to moving stimuli with stepwise changing intensity depended qualitatively on the light intensity as much as the responses to stationary stimuli of different brightness, i.e. the value of responses to changes of the light intensity of a moving stimulus followed the Weber-Fechner law. PMID- 6653827 TI - [Features of learning in the rat after development of autoimmunity to the hippocampus and cerebral cortex]. AB - 228 male rats were twice immunized with either Freund's adjuvant complete (FAC, Calbiochem, USA) or homogenate of the brain structures (hippocampus or neocortex) together with FAC, and then trained in active avoidance reaction (AR) in shuttlebox as well as in conditioned discrimination (CD) in Y-maze with food reinforcement. Immunization of rats with FAC alone was followed by poor facilitation in acquisition of AR under condition of 100% probability of reinforcement, whereas neurosensibilization of the animals with homogenate of hippocampus (with FAC) activated the acquisition of AR to a higher degree. This activating effect decreased and was reversed (depressing effect) when probability of the reinforcement had been reduced to 30%. Immunization of rats with homogenate of neocortex delayed the acquisition of AR in any conditions irrespective of the probability of reinforcement of conditioned stimuli by unconditioned ones. It has also been found that rats sensibilized by tissue of hippocampus have difficulties in acquisition of CD at the earliest stages of the training. Possible significance of the immune and particularly autoimmune mechanisms in the processes of the animal learning is discussed. PMID- 6653829 TI - [Mathematical model of baroreflex regulation of hemodynamics in the dog]. AB - A non-linear mathematical model of dog hemodynamics regulation was developed including descriptions of the cardiovascular system, the arterial baroreflex and the Beinbridge reflex. Model calculated arterial and venous pressure, blood flow, and heart rate are in good agreement with experimental data. PMID- 6653828 TI - [Receptor binding of corticosterone in brain structures participating in regulation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-adrenal system]. AB - Binding of corticosterone by the cytosol receptors after hydrocortisone administration was studied in different tissues of rats. A decrease in the specific binding of corticosterone occurred within 24 hrs in all the structures under study. In 3 days the decrease only persisted in the hypophysis and hypothalamus. The data suggest a connection between the long lasting decrease in the cytosol reception of corticosterone in the hypothalamus and hypophysis and the blockade of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal system. PMID- 6653830 TI - [Blood supply and oxygen supply of localized portions of the mammary glands]. AB - The quantitative analysis of the circulation system providing O2 transport to the mammary tissues in 34 non-lactating and 21 lactating albino mice SHR revealed that the average values of O2 tension in the alveolar complexes (43.3 +/- 14.4 torr) were 1.4 times higher and those of the blood flow (134 +/- 39 Ml/100 gxmin) 2.0-4.5 times higher than the corresponding values in the local sites of non secreting mammary glands. Rhythmical changes of the blood flow and O2 tension revealed in the alveolar complexes, had the average period (50-55 min) corresponding to the duration of the secretory cycle. Asynchronous changes of these parameters in various local sites of the gland suggest continuous redistribution of the blood flow in the gland. PMID- 6653831 TI - [Changes in thermoregulation in the white mouse treated with endogenous substances from the intestinal tissue of hibernating animals]. AB - Intraperitoneal administration of extracts of the small intestine epithelium of hibernating ground squirrels (C. Parryi Rich., C. undulatus) to white mice caused a decrease in oxygen consumption by 50-80%, the 5.5-14.0 degrees C drop in body temperature, inhibition of the muscle shivering thermogenesis, a decrease in heart rate, reduction of locomotor activity, development of hypnogenic effect and a closer dependence of body temperature on environmental fluctuations. The effects lasted for 30-40 hrs. Extracts from the small intestine tissue of non hibernating ground squirrels caused insignificant changes of these parameters. PMID- 6653832 TI - [Effect of acetylcholine on contractile reactions of the cat ileum induced by serotonin before and after cholinoreceptor blockade]. AB - In acute experiments on cats, an isolated portion of the ileum was vascularly perfused. Contractile activity of the ileum was estimated by isometric tension. The subthreshold dose of acetylcholine (6.10(-10) mol/ml, 1 ml/min) facilitated the contractile responses of the ileum induced by i.a. administration of serotonin (2.5 . 10(-8) or 5 . 10(-8) mol). Blockade of nicotinic receptors with benzohexonium (10 mg/kg) diminished the serotonin-induced contractile responses but did not affect the facilitating effect of acetylcholine. Blockade of muscarinic receptors with atropine (0.2 ml/kg) abolished the serotonin-induced responses. The facilitating effect of acetylcholine on the serotonin-induced contractile responses of the ileum seems to be actualized at postganglionic level of the intramural nervous plexus with the participation of muscarinic cholinoreceptors. PMID- 6653833 TI - [Lipid profile and lipolytic activity of the endogenous dense fraction of chyme and mucous deposits]. AB - The lipid spectrum and lipolytic activity of the duodenal contents of an endogenous dense fraction of the chyme and mucous depositions were studied in small intestine. A considerable augmentation of the lipase activity was found in endogenous dense fraction of the chyme and in mucous depositions as compared to the duodenal juice activity. PMID- 6653834 TI - [Regulation of cardiac activity by the stellate ganglion in the dog and rabbit]. PMID- 6653835 TI - [Device for measuring nerve tissue impedance]. PMID- 6653836 TI - [Amplitude discriminator for analysis of multicellular activity]. PMID- 6653837 TI - Progonadal effect of melatonin on dark exposed or blinded male toads, Bufo melanostictus. PMID- 6653838 TI - Gametogenesis in chlorpromazine-treated BALBc mice. PMID- 6653839 TI - Fertilization and artificial activation of chlorpromazine-treated eggs in Xenopus laevis. PMID- 6653840 TI - Blood levels of serotonin in birds. PMID- 6653841 TI - Sonography of the genitourinary system: an update. PMID- 6653842 TI - Wellness. PMID- 6653843 TI - Intracerebral arteriovenous fistula with associated brain abscess. PMID- 6653844 TI - Screening for breast cancer. PMID- 6653845 TI - A 47,XXX female with unusual phenotype. PMID- 6653846 TI - Alopecia ichthyotica. A characteristic feature of congenital ichthyosis. AB - Scarring patchy alopecia is a characteristic feature of various forms of congenital ichthyosis (congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma). 4 patients presenting this scalp disease are described. The hair loss is obviously a consequence of the ichthyosiform erythroderma, and therefore we propose for this type of pseudopelade the term alopecia ichthyotica. PMID- 6653847 TI - Discoid lupus erythematosus and carrier status of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. AB - Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)-like lesions and recurrent aphthous-like stomatitis have often been described in carriers of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). The capacity of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (NBT test), a function of normal oxidative metabolism, was determined in 34 patients with DLE of whom 17 also suffered from recurrent stomatitis. The NBT test turned out to be normal in all 34 patients, indicating that none of them were carriers of X-linked CGD. In spite of the negative results of this study it is recommended that all female patients suffering from DLE in combination with recurrent aphthous-like stomatitis are screened by means of the NBT test, because this examination is simple and inexpensive, and because of the importance of identifying carriers of CGD with a view to genetic guidance. PMID- 6653849 TI - Measurement of contractures of the digits in systemic sclerosis. Development of digit-goniometers and definitions of normal joint motility of the digits of elderly persons. AB - New goniometers were constructed for the measurement of joint motility in the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints of the digits. 25 patients with systemic sclerosis (mean age 60 years, range 32-83) were studied, and compared with 25 healthy controls, matched for sex and age (mean age 58 years, range 29-87). The flexion, extension and entire joint motility of the PIP and MP joints were significantly decreased. From the measurements in the controls, standards for normal joint motility were defined (mean +/- 1 to 2 SD): PIP joint flexion 110 degrees, extension 5 degrees, entire motility 130 degrees; MP joint flexion 90 degrees, extension 20 degrees, entire motility 110 degrees. Joint motility was not correlated to sex and age in these elderly controls. The entire joint motility was reduced in the PIP joint in 19 (76%) patients, and in the MP joint in 17 (68%) patients with systemic sclerosis according to the standards. This corresponded well with the clinical assessment of contracture. PMID- 6653848 TI - [Pathogenesis of acrokeratosis Bazex]. AB - A 67-year-old male patient with typical signs of acrokeratosis Bazex is presented. The psoriasiform skin lesions appeared 9 months after diagnosis of an oesophagus neoplasm. Clinically there was a marked hepatopathy but no signs of metastases. Histological, immunofluorescence-histological, and ultrastructural findings revealed a capillaritis with humoral as well as cellular inflammation. With treatment of the neoplasm the paraneoplasia regressed under additional treatment with topical steroids. The vitamin A deficit could not be normalized by oral or parenteral vitamin A substitution. We discuss some mechanisms in formal pathogenesis. PMID- 6653850 TI - Pseudo-allergen-free diet in chronic urticaria. AB - An elimination diet for additives and tyramine was prescribed to 67 patients with chronic urticaria. 55% of them reacted favorably. Success of dietary treatment was associated with atopy and normal levels of biochemical markers of inflammation. PMID- 6653851 TI - Frequency of malignant neoplasms in 248 long-term methotrexate-treated psoriatics. A preliminary study. AB - The frequency of malignant neoplasms was studied in 248 psoriatics treated with a single, weekly, oral dose of methotrexate ranging from 5 to 25 mg. The follow-up period ranged from 5 to 14 years with a median of 7 years. The following 10 malignant neoplasms were found: ovarian cancer 3, breast cancer 2, esophageal cancer in 1 male, pancreatic cancer in 1 female, malignant lymphoma in 1 female and 1 male and 1 squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotal skin. As the observed number of malignant neoplasms was considerably smaller than the expected number, it is concluded that methotrexate therapy as used in the treatment of psoriasis does not seem to contribute to the development of malignant neoplasms. PMID- 6653852 TI - [1,200 mg rifampicin(Rimactan) as an oral one-dose treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in women]. AB - 40 women were treated for uncomplicated genital gonorrhoea, verified by culture, with a single oral dose of 1,200 mg rifampicin (Rimactan). The ages ranged between 15 and 51 years. In 33 patients that could be evaluated, the gonorrhoea was cured. In 8 of 18 patients the preexistent vaginal discharge improved. 4 women experienced six different side effects which were probably related to rifampicin. The 1,200-mg rifampicin oral one-dose treatment is a reliable, efficient, and well-tolerated therapy of uncomplicated gonorrhoea in women. PMID- 6653853 TI - Clinical experience on the treatment of alopecia areata with squaric acid dibutyl ester. AB - Squaric acid dibutyl ester was used in the treatment of 26 cases of alopecia areata (AA). The results are related to different types of AA. PMID- 6653854 TI - Suppression of palmoplantar pustulosis symptoms with oral 8-methoxypsoralen and high-intensity UVA irradiation. AB - 9 patients with long-standing palmoplantar pustulosis were treated with oral 8 methoxypsoralen and high-intensity UVA irradiation (PUVA, 46.2 mW/cm2). 20 irradiations with single doses of up to 14.8 J/cm2 resulted in good or excellent clearing in 4 out of 5 patients, while none of 4 patients receiving 5-6 irradiations of up to 5.2 J/cm2 improved significantly. Comparison with earlier investigations leads to the conclusion that systemic PUVA is more efficient than topical PUVA in the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis. This may result from different skin distribution of psoralen or from a more rapid decline in the photosensitivity of topically medicated skin during prolonged irradiation as compared to skin sensitized by oral psoralen administration. The use of a high irradiance UVA source diminishes the influence of this time factor and improves patient compliance. PMID- 6653855 TI - A case of localized Darier's disease. AB - A case of localized Darier's disease was reported. The patient was a 36-year-old Japanese woman, and hyperkeratotic papules in zosteriforme arrangement were persistently noted on the left forehead since the age of 20 years. Histological appearance was same as in classical Darier's disease. Skin atrophy due to long term application of corticosteroid ointment was observed. Aromatic retinoid ointment was effective in the treatment of the lesions. The literature on localized Darier's disease is reviewed. PMID- 6653856 TI - P.A.S. positive index of lymphocytes and metabolic control in insulin-treated and type II diabetes mellitus. AB - The relationship between metabolic control and glycogen lymphocyte content in diabetes mellitus, was studied. 30 insulin-treated and 30 type II diabetic subjects were evaluated with 40 age and sex matched normal controls. Glycaemic control was evaluated by a fasting and 2 h post-prandial plasma glucose and by glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb). Glycogen lymphocyte content was determined by calculation of the PAS-positive Index of the lymphocytes (PIL) according to Skrabalo. While fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose values were significantly higher in insulin-treated than in type II diabetes (p less than 0.001), no differences in GHb values were observed between the two groups (10.31 +/- 0.23% vs 9.80 +/- 0.36%). The mean PIL values were not different in these two groups (0.11 +/- 0.01 vs 0.12 +/- 0.02), but they were significantly higher when compared with control values (0.03 +/- 0.004, p less than 0.001), PIL was positively correlated with GHb in both insulin-treated (r = 0.76, p less than 0.001) and type II diabetes (r = 0.55, p less than 0.001). A correlation between PIL and plasma glucose values was observed only in the insulin-treated group and was weaker (p less than 0.005). No correlation was observed between glycogen lymphocyte content and glucose tolerance in the control group. These data confirm that diabetes mellitus is characterized by a significant increase of PAS-positive lymphocyte content and that it correlates well with glycaemic control. PMID- 6653857 TI - [Glycosylated proteins and control of the diabetic: use of continuous flow insulin pumps by the subcutaneous route]. AB - Ten insulin-dependent diabetic patients were controlled using a portable insulin pump (Pye Dynamic MS 16). They were studied for approximately 10 weeks. The responses of fasting blood glucose, glycosylated serum proteins and glycosylated hemoglobin were studied. Glycosylated serum proteins and glycosylated hemoglobin were measured a semi-automated colorimetric method. Although the fasting blood glucose decreased by about 45%, its variability underlines its limitation as a metabolic control parameter. Glycosylated hemoglobin decreased by 9% in the first week, and 21% by the tenth week. The glycosylated serum proteins decrease was 39% in the first week and 50% by the third week. Four insulin-dependent pregnant women had a similar but less rapid, decrease in the 3 variables compared to the other 6 cases. In all ten diabetics treatment lowered the 3 variables toward normal levels when compared to 73 insulin dependent diabetic patients using the classic method of daily insulin injections. The kinetic patterns of the 3 variables confirms the usefulness of glycosylated serum proteins which respond to altered levels of control more rapidly (10 days) than glycosylated hemoglobin. This is shown both by the response to improved control in insulin-dependent diabetics and secondly by their changes after insulinoma removal. The physiopathological significance of serum protein glycosylation is at present uncertain. PMID- 6653859 TI - Abnormalities of heart rate and arterial blood pressure regulation in diabetes mellitus. Relation with age, duration of diabetes and presence of peripheral neuropathy. AB - We have determined in 46 control subjects and 117 diabetic patients with or without peripheral neuropathy (PN) the blood pressure response to standing and the heart rate variations during deep breathing (HRV) and standing (T/B ratio). HRV was abnormal in 20% of diabetics and T/B ratio only in 8%. HRV and T/B ratio decreased with age both in control and diabetic group and significant alterations of these two tests in diabetic patients were found only for the youngest subjects; HRV and T/B ratio were not related to the duration of diabetes. Ten diabetics had orthostatic hypotension. Diabetics with PN had lower HRV and T/B ratio than the others and, excluding the 10 subjects with large orthostatic hypotension, a lack of increase in diastolic blood pressure and a transient fall in systolic blood pressure on standing. T/B ratio appears in our subjects of less value than HRV for the diagnosis of cardiac autonomic neuropathy; because of the spontaneous alterations with age of the response to these tests interpretation of the results in diabetics is possible only in the presence of appropriate data in control subjects. PN in diabetic patients is strongly associated with abnormalities of heart rate regulation suggestive of cardiac vagal neuropathy and with abnormalities of blood pressure regulation suggestive of peripheral sympathetic lesions. PMID- 6653858 TI - [Serum lipids in diabetes mellitus. Relation to equilibration and microangiopathy]. AB - We have determined in 128 diabetic (57 non insulin-dependent (NIDDM) and 71 insulin-dependent (IDDM) patients) and in control subjects, serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and Hb Alc levels. Presence of macroangiopathy was assessed by clinical findings. In IDDM increasingly poor control of diabetes was associated with significant increases in total cholesterol (p less than 0.001) and triglycerides (p less than 0.01). HDL cholesterol (1.19 +/- 0.39 mM/l) did not differ from control subjects (1.30 +/- 0.35 mM/l) and was not related to Hb Alc levels. NIDDM had increased total cholesterol (5.91 +/- 1.45 vs 5.38 +/- 0.93 mM/l, p less than 0.05) and triglycerides (2.06 - 0.32 to 8.80- vs 1.03 - 0.22 a 2.20 mM/l, p less than 0.01) and decreased HDL cholesterol (1.08 +/- 0.44 vs 1.31 +/- 0.36 mM/l, p less than 0.01). These differences could be explained only in part by the overweight of the NIDDM patients. There was no significant correlation in NIDDM between Hb Alc and serum lipids levels but overweight and triglycerides were positively correlated (p less than 0.02) and triglycerides and HDL cholesterol negatively correlated (p less than 0.05). IDDM with macroangiopathy had higher total cholesterol levels than those without (6.44 +/- 1.60 vs 5.29 +/- 1.22 mM/l, p less than 0.01). IDDM and NIDDM with macroangiopathy had slightly decreased HDL cholesterol; however, the diabetic subjects with macroangiopathy were older and had a longer duration of diabetes than subjects without macroangiopathy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653860 TI - Increased activity of serum fucosyl transferase in diabetic patients. AB - Serum fucosyl- (but not sialyl-) transferase activity was significantly (p less than 0.001), increased in 57 patients with diabetes mellitus. A correlation also existed in diabetics between fucosyl- (but not sialyl-) transferase activity and glycosylated serum protein (r = 0.52, p less than 0.001). Sialyl (but not fucosyl) transferase activity on the other hand correlated with hemoglobin A1 (r = 0.28, p less than 0.05). The data suggest a relationship between fucosyl/sialyl transferase activities and long-term glucose control. Changes in these enzyme activities may affect cell membrane glycoprotein turnover which may be of importance both for insulin receptor function and later development of diabetic microangiopathy. PMID- 6653861 TI - [Evaluation of tolerance of a modified protein diet in obese subjects]. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the benefits and the potential risks of a very low calorie protein-diet in obese patients with metabolic abnormalities and at increased cardiovascular risk. To this end, the 420 kcal diet (with 50% of energy as protein) was administered for 10 days to 10 grossly obese subjects with glucose intolerance, hyperlipemia, arterial hypertension, ischemic cardiopathy and thrombotic risk related to high levels of fibrinogen factor VIII and reduced fibrinolytic activity. Weights loss averaged 360 g/day with a mean protein loss of 17 g/day occurring essentially during the very early phase of the diet. There was a rapid normalisation of blood pressure, plasma lipids and glycaemia. With the exception of a slightly negative potassium balance other ion remained in balance. There was no change in electrocardiogram, in parameters of blood coagulation or in hepatic and renal function. There was only a moderate increase in ketonaemia and plasma urate. It appears therefore, that an 8 to 10 day very low calorie protein-diet is well tolerated even in obese patients with increased cardiovascular risk, and that it corrects of several metabolic abnormalities without alteration in cardiac, hepatic or renal function. PMID- 6653862 TI - Comments on "Kinetic behaviour of the glucose-hemoglobin labile adduct in normal and diabetic erythrocytes". PMID- 6653864 TI - On the synthesis and incorporation of catalase and urate oxidase into the peroxisomes of mouse liver. AB - The processes associated with the biogenesis of peroxisomes in mouse liver have been studied by following the incorporation of radiolabelled leucine into major enzymic components of this organelle. Maximal incorporation of label into peroxisomal catalase and urate oxidase occurred within 2 hr, with the urate oxidase being labelled before catalase, but subsequent to the incorporation of phospholipid into this organelle. Subsequently, immunoprecipitation of catalase from the large granular fraction of mouse liver was shown to result in the isolation of a catalase molecule which had lost a peptide of approx. 2000 dalton from each subunit by comparison with the newly-synthesized enzyme. It was observed that the modification of catalase was obviated by the presence of leupeptin and iodoacetamide and this information has enabled the purification of both modified and unmodified forms of the enzyme. The possible significance of these data has been discussed and the major features incorporated into a working model of peroxisomal biogenesis. PMID- 6653863 TI - The role of mitochondrial pyruvate transport in the control of lactate gluconeogenesis. AB - At low L-lactate concentrations, plots of the reciprocal of the gluconeogenic rate vs hydroxycyanocinnamate concentration were linear up to high inhibitor concentrations, indicating that the pyruvate transporter was a rate-limiting step and alternate pathways were at best minor. At 10 mM L-lactate and in the absence of added acids, the 1/V vs I plots became sigmoidal, indicating both some excess capacity of the transporter, and a significant alternative pathway. Use of transaminase inhibitors suggests that the alternate pathway does not primarily involve a dual glutamate-pyruvate transaminase mechanism. PMID- 6653865 TI - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is a nuclear enzyme in rats and chickens. AB - The presence of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in the nuclei of chicken liver cells was confirmed using two experimental designs. PEPCK was found to be enriched in the nuclear fraction of rat liver, a species whose hepatic PEPCK is reported to be predominantly cytosolic. We suggest that PEPCK plays a role in nuclear synthesis of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. PMID- 6653866 TI - Incorporation of mevalonate into squalene, lanosterol and cholesterol by different neonatal chick tissues. AB - The role of neonatal chick liver and kidneys in the incorporation of mevalonic acid into squalene, lanosterol and cholesterol was studied. Differences between the synthesizing ability of these and other tissues and the influence of the in vivo or in vitro conditions were also examined. In the in vivo experiments, distribution of radioactivity among the nonsaponifiable lipids was not dependent of the doses of mevalonic acid injected. About 80-95% of radioactivity was recovered as cholesterol in liver and brain, whereas in kidneys this percentage was only about 35%. Squalene and lanosterol were formed by kidneys in a high percentage, higher than in liver and other tissues. 12 hr after mevalonate injection, the percentage of cholesterol formed by kidneys increased until more than 50%. In the in vitro experiments carried out in the presence of 0.045-4.0 mM mevalonate, cholesterol was also the main nonsaponifiable identified, but in a lesser percentage than in vivo. In the same conditions, the incorporation of mevalonic acid by kidneys was maximal into squalene. After in vitro incubations for 2 hr, the percentage of cholesterol in kidneys also increased. PMID- 6653867 TI - Dynamics of H1(0) content in rat liver after partial hepatectomy. AB - The changes in the lysine-rich histone subfraction H1(0) have been quantitatively studied in rat liver during the regeneration period after partial hepatectomy. A gradual decrease in this protein was found early after operation with a minimal value around the time of maximal mitotic activity. The reduction in the H1(0) content paralleled well the increasing number of cells in the cell cycle. PMID- 6653868 TI - Foetal safety of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals therapy during pregnancy: a retrospective analysis. AB - Urinary tract infection during pregnancy poses increased risk to mother and foetus and warrants prompt detection and treatment. Currently, there are no antibacterials approved for use in pregnant women. A retrospective analysis was undertaken to evaluate the safety to the human foetus of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals (Macrodantin) when administered during pregnancy. The records of ninety-one pregnancies in eighty-one obstetric patients who were treated with nitrofurantoin macrocrystals for urinary tract infection were reviewed. Safety was assessed according to incidence of foetal death, neonatal death, malformation, prematurity, low birth weight, low Apgar score and jaundice. The incidence of abnormal events in the pregnancies evaluated was not significantly different from that in the United States population. No abnormal event was considered to be drug-related. This study yielded no evidence that would implicate nitrofurantoin macrocrystals as toxic to the foetus or unsafe for treatment of maternal urinary tract infection during pregnancy. PMID- 6653869 TI - An open study of pivampicillin (Pondocillin) as a treatment for acute lower urinary tract infection. AB - In a multicentre general practice study 158 females with acute, uncomplicated urinary tract infection received a 5-day course of pivampicillin 500 mg twice daily (Pondocillin). Significant bacteriological cultures were obtained from forty-one patients before treatment and the original organism was eradicated in thirty-eight of these patients (93%). The mean symptom score was reduced from 7.33 to 1.18. Eleven patients (7%) reported side-effects. One patient ceased treatment after 4 days due to a rash. Pivampicillin, in a convenient twice-daily regimen, was confirmed as an effective treatment for acute lower urinary tract infection. PMID- 6653870 TI - Effects of isoproterenol and cycloheximide on parathyroid secretion. AB - Tissue slices or dispersed cells of bovine parathyroid gland were incubated with [3H]leucine to label the intracellular proteins and then tested for their secretory response to isoproterenol and cycloheximide at different calcium concentrations. Secretion of the newly synthesized as well as the older PTH and SP-I was stimulated by isoproterenol at all calcium levels tested, even when it was maximally enhanced by low calcium. Cycloheximide interfered with neither the secretory process nor the secretory response to different stimuli, but decreased the amount of PTH and SP-I secreted. We conclude that the inhibitor decreased the secretion by reducing the supply of PTH and SP-I. Calculations derived from the data reveal that, under most secretory conditions, newly synthesized PTH contributed a major portion of the total hormone secretion in bovine parathyroid cells. PMID- 6653871 TI - Identification of cytoplasmic estrogen receptors in the accessory sex organs of the rabbit and their comparison to the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in the epididymis. AB - Estrogen receptors are present in cytosol prepared from the accessory sex organs (vesicular gland, proprostate, prostate, bulbourethral gland) of sexually immature and of sexually mature rabbits. The receptor in these organs from animals of both age groups has a sedimentation coefficient of 8-10S on low ionic strength (0.01 M KCl) sucrose gradients. Under high ionic strength (0.4 M KCl) conditions, the receptor sediments at approximately 4S. The cytoplasmic estrogen receptor from the epididymis shows age-dependent changes in its sedimentation coefficient. It is 8S under low ionic strength conditions when prepared from immature rabbits and 4S under identical conditions when prepared from sexually mature animals. Although the dissociation constant of the cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in the immature and mature epididymis and accessory sex organs remains constant during development (approximately 0.1 nM), the number of available cytoplasmic estrogen binding sites declines from about 160 fmoles/mg cytosol protein in the immature rabbit to about 40 fmoles/mg cytosol protein in the adult animal. The estrogen receptor in the accessory sex organs is highly specific, the relative affinities of various potential competitors being: estradiol and estrone = 1, diethylstilbestrol = 0.3, estriol = 0.2, tamoxifen = 0.08, testosterone = 0.0004 and 5 alpha-DHT = 0.00005. Changes with age in the physicochemical characteristics of the estrogen receptor and in the concentration of binding sites suggest that the estrogen receptor may be involved in the development and physiological regulation of the male reproductive tract. PMID- 6653872 TI - Effects of short- and long-term thyroidectomy on mitochondrial and nuclear activity in adult rat brain. AB - We compared subcellular activities in brain and liver at various times after thyroidectomy. Male S.D. rats were used on days 5, 10 or 60 after surgery. Mitochondrial properties were estimated by determining the respective activities of oxidative phosphorylation, succinate oxidase, succinate and beta hydroxybutyrate cytochrome c reductase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Nuclear activity was estimated by measuring the RNA polymerase I activity. In brain, RNA polymerase I activity already declined at 5 days after thyroidectomy, whereas mitochondrial respiratory enzymes decreased significantly only after 60 days. In liver, nuclear RNA polymerase I and mitochondrial enzyme activities were observed to drop simultaneously by the 5th day after thyroid removal. On the other hand, daily T3 s.c. injections, 0.25 microgram/100 g B.W., were given for 10 days to rats immediately after thyroidectomy (10 days Tx) or to chronically hypothyroid rats (60 days Hth). Hormonal treatment either maintained or restored subcellular activities to their normal level, both in brain and liver. These data suggest that the metabolic properties of brain mitochondria are sensitive to thyroid hormones, but that the brain needs less iodothyronines than other organs. The fast reduction of RNA polymerase I by thyroidectomy and its subsequent restoration by T3 suggest that the nuclear activity greatly depends on thyroid status. PMID- 6653873 TI - Differential sensitivity of brain iodothyronine 5'-deiodinases to sulfhydryl blocking reagents. AB - Propylthiouracil (PTU) and iodoacetate (IAc) partially inhibit the 5' deiodination of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) in cerebral cortex, but PTU has no effect on the 5'-deiodination of thyroxine (T4). We now report that pretreatment of cerebral cortex microsomes with increasing concentrations of IAc or iodoacetamide inhibits the PTU-sensitive 5'-deiodination of rT3 with half-maximal inhibition at less than 1 microM IAc. PTU-insensitive 5'-deiodination of rT3 and T4 requires 100-1000-fold higher concentrations of IAc to achieve similar inhibition. Trypsinization decreases both 5'-deiodinating activities by greater than 90%. These data suggest that enzyme SH groups do not participate in the 5' deiodination of T4 or rT3 by the PTU-insensitive pathway. PMID- 6653874 TI - A testis antigen related to the brain D2 adhesion protein. AB - The localization of an antigen immunochemically crossreactive with the rat brain interneuronal adhesion molecule, D2-protein, has in testis been demonstrated by immunoelectrophoresis and immunocytochemistry. This D2-like antigen is localized to spermatids and residual bodies in testis, but it is absent both from spermatogonia and mature spermatozoa and from Sertoli cells. By immunoperoxidase electronmicroscopy D2-like antigen was observed in the head region posterior to the acrosomal membrane of late spermatids. In the nervous system D2-protein is involved in interneuronal adhesion. It is suggested that D2-like antigen in testis may be involved in a similar adhesion between late spermatids and Sertoli cells during spermiation. PMID- 6653875 TI - Immobilized methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) induces starfish oocyte maturation. AB - Methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) diHCl (MGBG), an inhibitor of S adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, was found to induce starfish oocyte maturation at concentrations above 30 microM. Among several analogs of MGBG three induce oocyte maturation and one lacks the maturation-inducing activity while possessing the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase-inhibiting activity. Although MGBG is required during a slightly longer period than the natural hormone 1-methyladenine (1-MeAde), the maturation kinetics are identical. MGBG-induced maturation is sensitive to the same inhibitors as 1-MeAde-induced maturation (theophylline, caffeine, procaine, nicotine, NH4Cl, dansylcadaverine, vinblastine, R24571, and trifluoperazine). Inhibition is reversed by increasing the MGBG concentration. MGBG also induces an increase of protein phosphorylation. MGBG and 1-MeAde were separated on the basis of charcoal adsorption, MgSO4 precipitation, and thin layer chromatography. MGBG covalently linked to CH-Sepharose 4B induces maturation in oocytes whose jelly layer and vitelline coat have been removed by a moderate pronase treatment, but not in the untreated oocytes. The MGBG-CH Sepharose 4B beads come in close contact with the plasma membrane only in the pronase-treated oocytes. The mode of action of MGBG and the implications of these results in the purification of the 1-MeAde receptor are discussed. PMID- 6653876 TI - Immunohistochemical localization of two monoclonal antibody-defined carbohydrate antigens during early murine embryogenesis. AB - Monoclonal antibodies designated "C6" and "A5" identify cell surface carbohydrates shared by embryonal carcinoma cells and early mouse embryos. The binding of both antibodies to F9 embryonal carcinoma cells was inhibited by N acetyllactosamine. While antibody C6 did not agglutinate human erythrocytes, antibody A5 agglutinated adult, but not fetal, erythrocytes of both type A and O, suggesting partial specificity for branched polylactosamine structures. Antibodies C6 and A5 did not label preimplantation stage embryos; however, labeling with both antibodies was observed following treatment of embryos with neuraminidase. In paraffin sections of postimplantation stage embryos, C6 and A5 exhibited similar yet distinct patterns of labeling, restricted primarily to the luminal surfaces of ectodermal and visceral endodermal epithelia. Neuraminidase treatment was found to expose additional patterns of C6 and A5 labeling within the ectoderm and mesoderm of the postimplantation embryo, not restricted to periluminal surfaces. These results suggest that cell surface carbohydrates are modified during early embryogenesis, in part, by selective patterns of sialylation. PMID- 6653877 TI - Neuronal acquisition of tetanus toxin binding sites: relationship with the last mitotic cycle. AB - In an earlier study on the developing nervous system, the existence of a temporal correlation between the appearance of tetanus toxin-binding cells and neurogenesis was reported (A. Koulakoff, B. Bizzini, and Y. Berwald-Netter (1982). Dev. Brain Res. 5, 139-147). Using a combined approach of immunocytochemistry and [3H]thymidine autoradiography it is shown that, in the fetal mouse central nervous system, dividing cells do not express membrane binding sites for tetanus toxin. A time-course quantitative autoradiography revealed that the toxin-binding sites become apparent within 7 +/- 1 hr, following the last S phase, on cells undergoing the conversion from dividing to postmitotic state. The acquisition of surface binding sites for tetanus toxin may thus be an early property of nascent central neurons, marking the transition from cycling precursor neuroblasts to postmitotic neuronal cells. Parallel studies on in vivo-developing dorsal root ganglia disclosed that at least some peripheral nervous system cells are endowed with tetanus toxin-binding capacity while still capable of DNA synthesis and undergo one or more divisions. PMID- 6653878 TI - Effect of experimentally induced calcium deficiency on the developmental expression of collagen types in chick embryonic skeleton. AB - In order to investigate the effect of embryonic calcium deficiency on the cellular differentiation processes in embryonic skeletogenesis, chick embryos were maintained in long-term shell-less cultures in vitro. The absence of the eggshell, which normally provides over 120 mg of calcium to the embryo during the course of development, resulted in severely retarded and anomalous skeletal formation. The pattern of cytodifferentiation in the skeletal elements during development was assessed by examining collagen type synthesis in both endochondral and intramembranous bones of normal and shell-less embryos as a function of developmental age. Skeletal tissues obtained from these embryos at various developmental stages were maintained in short-term organ culture in medium containing [3H]Pro. The metabolically labeled collagen was isolated from these tissues and typed biochemically based on electrophoresis, ion-exchange chromatography, differential salt fractionation, zone precipitation chromatography, and CNBr peptide mapping. The results indicate that, compared to chronologically equivalent normal controls, calcium-deficient skeletal elements from shell-less embryos appeared to fail to mature into complete bony tissues and instead exhibited partial cartilage phenotype with the expression of cartilage specific type II collagen. PMID- 6653880 TI - Photoreversible inhibition by ultraviolet light of germ line development in Smittia sp. (Chironomidae, Diptera). AB - Pole cell formation in embryos of the parthenogenetic midge, Smittia sp., can be delayed or inhibited by irradiation of the posterior egg pole with ultraviolet light (uv). This leaves the schedule of nuclear divisions and chromosome eliminations virtually unaffected. However, uv irradiation delays the precocious migration to the posterior pole of one nucleus, which normally becomes included in the first pole cell. This effect is photoreversible, i.e., mitigated by application of blue light after uv. Photoreversibility indicates that a nucleic acid component is involved as an effective target. During normal development of Smittia a number of chromosomes are eliminated during mitosis V, not only from somatic nuclei but also in the germ line. In the latter, this mitosis takes place during the first gonial division in the larva. After uv irradiation, the first pole cell nucleus has undergone supernumerary mitoses before pole cell formation and, as a result, is driven into mitosis V precociously as the pole cell divides. This is frequently associated with chromosome elimination from pole cells, which in turn is correlated with subsequent disappearance of already formed pole cells. Adults derived from embryos without pole cells do not form ovaries. Pole cell formation, pole cell preservation, and ovary development are separately inhibited by uv, and inhibition of each step is photoreversible. The results are discussed in the context of germ cell determination, protection against chromosome elimination, and the role of chromosomes limited to the germ line. PMID- 6653879 TI - Two-dimensional gel analysis of the fate of oocyte nuclear proteins in the development of Xenopus laevis. AB - The amphibian oocyte nucleus is thought to provide a maternal store of protein required in embryogenesis. The fate of germinal vesicle proteins has been studied by comparing polypeptide patterns of oocytes, embryos, and several adult organs of Xenopus laevis on two-dimensional gels. A combination of silver staining and fluorography of radiolabeled protein on gels was used to analyze maternal and newly synthesized polypeptides in embryogenesis. Comparison of protein patterns was facilitated and corroborated by application of monoclonal antibodies against several germinal vesicle proteins. These were characterized by immunoblotting from two-dimensional gels, and polypeptides of identical structure were recognized in oocyte nuclei, embryos, and tadpoles. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Almost all prevalent germinal vesicle proteins can be continuously traced in embryos up to swimming tadpole stages, although their patterns of new synthesis are greatly different, some are not radiolabeled in the embryo but solely provided by the maternal store. (2) Many of the polypeptides occurring in oocyte nuclei are also found in one or several organs of the adult. (3) Tissue specificities of germinal vesicle proteins, previously detected by immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies, could be confirmed by independent biochemical methods. (4) As has been previously shown by immunohistological methods, oocyte nuclear antigens are shed into the cytoplasm of the maturing egg, and are reaccumulated in the nuclei of the embryonic cells, each at a characteristic developmental stage. These shifts between intracellular compartments are not accompanied by a change of the covalent structure of the antigen. PMID- 6653881 TI - Regenerating adult chicken skeletal muscle and satellite cell cultures express embryonic patterns of myosin and tropomyosin isoforms. AB - Regenerating areas of adult chicken fast muscle (pectoralis major) and slow muscle (anterior latissimus dorsi) were examined in order to determine synthesis patterns of myosin light chains, heavy chains and tropomyosin. In addition, these patterns were also examined in muscle cultures derived from satellite cells of adult fast and slow muscle. One week after cold-injury the regenerating fast muscle showed a pattern of synthesis that was predominately embryonic. These muscles synthesized the embryonic myosin heavy chain, beta-tropomyosin and reduced amounts of myosin fast light chain-3 which are characteristic of embryonic fast muscle but synthesized very little myosin slow light chains. The regenerating slow muscle, however, showed a nearly complete array of embryonic peptides including embryonic myosin heavy chain, fast and slow myosin light chains and both alpha-fast and slow tropomyosins. Peptide map analysis of the embryonic myosin heavy chains synthesized by regenerating fast and slow muscles showed them to be identical. Thus, in both muscles there is a return to embryonic patterns during regeneration but this return appears to be incomplete in the pectoralis major. By 4 weeks postinjury both regenerating fast and slow muscles had stopped synthesizing embryonic isoforms of myosin and tropomyosin and had returned to a normal adult pattern of synthesis. Adult fast and slow muscles yielded a satellite cell population that formed muscle fibers in culture. Fibers derived from either population synthesized the embryonic myosin heavy chain in addition to alpha-fast and beta-tropomyosin. Thus, muscle fibers derived in culture from satellite cells of fast and slow muscles synthesized a predominately embryonic pattern of myosin heavy chains and tropomyosin. In addition, however, the satellite cell-derived myotubes from fast muscle synthesized only fast myosin light chains while the myotubes derived from slow muscle satellite cells synthesized both fast and slow myosin light chains. Thus, while both kinds of satellite cells produced embryonic type myotubes in culture the overall patterns were not identical. Satellite cells of fast and slow muscle appear therefore to have diverged from each other in their commitment during maturation in vivo. PMID- 6653882 TI - Use of retinoic acid for the analysis of dermal-epidermal interactions in the tarsometatarsal skin of the chick embryo. AB - Feet of chicks are normally covered with scales. Injection of retinoic acid into the amniotic cavity of 10-day chick embryos causes the formation of feathers on the foot scales. To elucidate whether retinoic acid affects primarily the epidermis or the dermis, heterotypic dermal-epidermal recombinants of tarsometatarsal skin were tested as to their morphogenetic capacity, when grafted to the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Recombinants involving treated epidermis and untreated dermis formed feathered scales, while the reverse recombinants of untreated epidermis and treated dermis led to the formation of scales only. Likewise the association of treated tarsometatarsal dermis with untreated epidermis from a non-appendage-forming region (the midventral apterium) resulted in the formation of scales only. These results show that retinoic acid affects primarily the epidermis. Further insight into the mechanism of dermal-epidermal interaction was gained by heterotopic recombinations of early (8.5- and 10-day) untreated tarsometatarsal dermis with epidermis from the midventral apterium. These recombinants formed scales, proving that tarsometatarsal dermis is endowed with scale-forming properties as early as 8.5 days of incubation. Finally, it is concluded that retinoic acid acts on the chick foot epidermal cells by temporarily inhibiting their scale placode-forming properties, allowing their latent feather placode-forming properties to be expressed. PMID- 6653883 TI - Immunohistochemical localization of entactin and laminin in mouse embryos and fetuses. AB - The temporal appearance and the anatomic distribution of entactin in the developing mouse embryo was studied by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry and compared with the appearance and the distribution of laminin. Immunohistochemically detectable entactin first appeared in the hatched blastocysts, in contrast to laminin which became apparent as early as the 8-cell stage of development. However, beginning with the appearance of entactin in the hatched blastocyst, antibodies to these two basement membrane glycoproteins co localized in all extraembryonic matrices. These findings indicate that the synthesis of entactin and laminin is asynchronous in the early stages of mouse embryonic development but becomes synchronized in the postimplantational stages of development. PMID- 6653884 TI - Expression of hepatitis B surface antigen in yeast. AB - The genomes of HBV viruses of two different serotypes were cloned in E. coli. Sequences coding for the major polypeptides of surface antigen (HBsAg) were fused with the 5' end of a cloned yeast arg3 gene. When introduced into yeast, on a suitable vector, the hybrid gene directed the synthesis of a fusion protein. Crude extracts of such strains were shown to contain HBsAg like material having physical properties characteristic of the antigen isolated from the plasma of chronic human carriers, as judged by isopycnic and rate zonal centrifugation. Furthermore, these extracts readily elicit specific anti-HBsAg antibodies in rabbits. Further manipulations of the 5' part of the arg3 gene resulted in the introduction of a unique restriction site located in the 5' non translated leader sequence. The resulting vector was used to construct a recombinant plasmid directing the synthesis of the mature (226 amino acids) HBsAg polypeptide. PMID- 6653885 TI - Hepatitis B after infection of a chimpanzee with cloned HBV DNA. AB - Transfection of chimpanzee liver cells in vivo or in vitro with cloned HBV DNA induced typical hepatitis B in the inoculated animal. Intravenous inoculation of a 1000-fold greater dose of the same cloned HBV DNA did not induce infection or disease. The experiment proved that cloned HBV DNA is fully functional and that the nick gap structure, proteins covalently linked to the HBV genome, or any other HBV particle associated protein are not needed for initiation of virus replication. PMID- 6653886 TI - Radioimmunoassays of hidden viral antigens. AB - Antigens corresponding to infectious agents may be present in biological specimens only in a cryptic form bound to antibodies and thus may elude detection. We describe a solid-phase technique for separation of antigens from antibodies. Immune complexes are precipitated from serum by polyethylene glycol, dissociated with NaSCN and adsorbed onto nitrocellulose or polystyrene supports. Antigens remain topographically separated from antibodies after removal of NaSCN and can be detected with radiolabeled antibodies. Genomes from viruses immobilized on nitrocellulose can be identified by nucleic acid hybridization. Nanogram quantities of sequestered hepatitis B surface and core antigens and picogram amounts of hepatitis B virus DNA are detected. PMID- 6653887 TI - Immune status of various populations to hepatitis B virus in Singapore and a strategy for its prevention and immunoprophylaxis. PMID- 6653888 TI - Characterization of pre-s gene products in hepatitis B surface antigen. AB - The 20-nm particles of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) contain two minor glycoproteins, GP33 and GP36, which are probably encoded at their 55 N-terminal amino acids by the pre-s region of the viral DNA. Their 226 C-terminal amino acids are identical to the major protein P24. The 20-nm particles contained more GP33 and GP36 when the blood had a high HBsAg concentration. They were also found in relatively high amounts in HBsAg filaments and virions. Treatment with glycosidase and trypsin showed that the mannose rich glycan and the N-terminal portion of GP33 and GP36 were exposed at the surface of the HBsAg particles. The 20-nm particles containing much GP33 and GP36 did not induce higher anti-HBs titers in guinea pigs than those particles almost devoid of them. PMID- 6653889 TI - Recovery and turnover rate of hepatitis B immunoglobulin in volunteers. AB - Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin with an antibody content of 2 300 IU was injected i.m. into five healthy female volunteers without Hepatitis B markers in serum (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc). The uptake of anti-HBs after i.m. injection was calculated by measuring the concentration of antibody in plasma. An international standard (WHO) containing 100 IU/ml was used as reference. The serum concentration of anti HBs was analysed on day 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 28 and 56 after the single i.m. injection. The peak serum concentrations after one single injection were observed between day 5 and 11. The mean recovery rate was calculated according to a compartment model where the plasma volume was estimated to be 45 ml/kg body weight. The mean recovery rate expressed as percentage of injected dose was 19.2% with a range of 14.2-28.2%. The mean biological half life of anti-HBs was 21.7 days. The recovery rate of Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin injected i.m. seems to be somewhat lower than expected but is within the same range as i.e. Ig anti-D (Eklund et al, BMJ 1982, 284: 854-855). The peak serum concentration of anti-HBs was reached comparatively late after the injection. This finding may in part explain the discouraging protection of Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin in the post exposure situation. Intravenous administration of anti-HBs with an immediate peak concentration followed by vaccination will possibly be a better alternative for post-exposure prophylaxis against Hepatitis B. PMID- 6653890 TI - Uptake and elimination of hepatitis B immunoglobulins after intramuscular application in man. AB - Hepatitis B immunoglobulins of 4 different manufacturers were administered intramuscularly into 37 healthy adults. Each person received an amount of 0.1 ml per kg bodyweight. Blood samples were taken on days 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 63, 98 and 126 after passive immunization. The anti-HBs serum levels were determined using the International Reference Preparation of anti-HBs as standard reagent. The highest serum levels were seen on day 3 (38.9% of the test persons), day 7 (41.7%), day 14 (11.1%), and day 21 (8.3%) after application of the immunoglobulins with mean values between 138 and 355 mU anti-HBs/ml. The half life of the preparations in man showed mean values between 17.5 and 25 days. The shortest half-life was 5.9 and the longest 35 days. Four months after passive immunization the anti-HBs levels had decreased to a percentage of 1.2 to 2.5 of the maximum serum concentration (1.7 to 8.9 mU anti-HBs/ml). The passive immunization via the intramuscular route does not accomplish an instantaneously available, maximum anti-HBs titer. There seems to be a great range of variation in uptake and elimination of the immunoglobulins in man. Still, since preparations for intravenous application are not at hand, hepatitis B immunoglobulins for intramuscular use must play a major role in post-exposure prophylaxis of hepatitis B virus infection. PMID- 6653892 TI - HBIG efficacy in preventing HBV infection in infants. AB - Previous studies have confirmed the superiority of HBIG versus ISG and multiple dose versus single dose of HBIG (Beasley) and the time of first HBIG administration in preventing HBV infection. In all studies many treated infants became HBsAg or anti-HBs positive after the HBIG stopped. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of multiple dose HBIG therapy in preventing HBV infection, and to establish the optimal dose, the frequency of the dose, the time of administration during the first year of life and to control the occurrence of HBsAg or active anti-HBs during the first two years of life. Seven infants of mothers positive for HBsAg and HBeAg, or positive for HBsAg but negative for HBeAg and anti-HBe, or with hepatitis B in the last trimester of pregnancy, received HBIG at high titer at dose of 0.5 ml/kg from first day until near 5 months of life and then 0.5-0.3 ml/kg until 12 months of life. The interval between the administration was established on the basis of the anti-HBs titer lower than 32. It was not a fixed interval but variable in different cases. Passive anti-HBs antibodies were almost always above 32 during the treatment period with HBIG. All patients remained negative for HBV markers and for liver enzyme tests during the period of the study. HBIG, administered in the first year of life at high dose and at intervals depending upon serum anti-HBs titer (32) systematically controlled, is efficient in preventing the hepatitis B infection in infants at high risk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653891 TI - Follow-up of needlesticks in medical staff. AB - In an on-going study, 104 events of needlestick or contamination of apparent skin lesions were evaluated for the risk of hepatitis. Whenever possible, a blood sample of the 'donor' was screened for HBsAg as well as for elevated transaminases. Members of the staff were bled immediately after exposure and were followed up for 9 months. At present the follow-up is completed in twenty probands. - Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (= HBIG) was given in 51 cases. HBsAg was detected in 21 donors and strongly supposed in 27 cases. Only one nurse developed acute hepatitis B ten months after exposure to HBsAg-positive blood. 53 probands were exposed to HBsAg-negative blood. 32 persons received SIG. Only 5 'donors' were classified as probable Non-A, Non-B hepatitis which did not induce apparent infections in passively immunized persons. 23 persons did receive neither HBIG nor SIG. 2 persons had been exposed to HBsAg-positive blood by needlestick, still being without seroconversion. Passive immunization after needlestick should be performed after testing blood samples of donors and recipient. After exposure to non-A, non-B hepatitis, secondary infections did not appear in passively immunized persons. PMID- 6653893 TI - HBIG immunoprophylaxis of babies born to HBsAg carrier mothers. AB - Screening of 12 965 pregnant women revealed a prevalence of HBsAg carriers of 3.5%. Of these 4.8% were positive for HBeAg, 92.1% for anti-HBe and 3.1% were HBeAg/anti-HBe negative. Babies born to HBeAg positive mothers were found to be at extremely high risk of acquiring HBV infection and of developing a chronic carrier state, while those born to anti-HBe positive mothers were at lower yet consistent risk of infection and none of them became chronic carriers. Starting from October 1980 babies born to HBsAg carrier mothers were submitted to HBIG treatment. Babies born to anti-HBe mothers received two 0.2 ml/kg doses i.m. at birth and at one month of age, while babies born to HBeAg positive mothers were injected again at 3 and 6 months. After a prolonged follow-up it emerged that: 1) HBIG treatment was of some efficacy in preventing HBsAg chronic carrier state following perinatal transmission of HBV; 2) HBIG treatment rather than preventing HBV infection delayed its onset; 3) interruption of transmission of HBV may also be useful in preventing delta infection since this can occur only in circumstances that permit transmission of HBV infection. PMID- 6653894 TI - Circulating immune complexes in hepatitis B: levels, immunoglobulin class of antibody and the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen. AB - Circulating immune complexes containing IgG, IgM and HBsAg in sera from groups of patients with various liver diseases were detected by the Clq and conglutinin solid phase assays. Elevated levels of antigen-non-specific complexes were observed in sera from all groups and complexes containing IgG were present to a greater extent than were IgM-containing complexes. However, only sera from HBsAg positive patients had significant levels of complexes containing HBsAg. PMID- 6653895 TI - Vertical transmission of HBV from mothers HBsAg positive, anti-HBe positive. AB - Vertical transmission of HBV from HBsAg carrier mothers to their infants occurs frequently and very early in life. The HBsAg titer, the presence of HBeAg and acute HBV infection in the mother are usually considered facilitating factors; on the contrary anti-HBs and anti-HBe titer would be effectively protecting. However anti-HBc does not prevent HBsAg infection at all. In order to obtain information on the rate of HBV transmission in conditions considered at lower risk, we identified a group of pregnant women who were asymptomatic chronic HBsAg carriers and followed their children for several months after birth with clinical and laboratory examinations. All the 13 mothers were positive for HBsAg, anti-HBe, anti-HBc and negative for anti-HBs and HBeAg. All infants were controlled monthly in the first year of life and then at 16, 20, 24 months. The relatives controlled in the same period proved negative for HBV markers. All infants were negative for antigens at the birth and positive for anti-HBe and anti-HBc. These antibodies disappeared after 3-7 months after birth, indicating maternal transmission. All infants remained negative for HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBe and liver enzyme tests during the period of observation (24 months). These observations indicate that in our population the transmission of HBsAg from chronic carrier mothers to their children is not a frequent occurrence; probably the presence of anti-HBe has been protective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653896 TI - Hepatitis A in Swedish foreign travellers. AB - Scandinavians present antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) in low frequency or under 25% in ages up to 50 years. This means that Scandinavians ought to be particularly vulnerable when travelling to hyperendemic hepatitis A areas. About one million Swedes travel to the Mediterranean area each year and about 75% of these travellers receive gammaglobulin before departure. Since hepatitis A is a notifiable disease in Sweden it is possible to compare the incidence of this disease in travellers during different periods of time. In the early seventies the prevalence of hepatitis A in Mediterranean travellers was one case in about 3000 travellers, while in 1980 the calculated prevalence had declined to one case in about 6000 travellers without gammaglobulin prophylaxis. The declining prevalence of hepatitis A in Swedish travellers to the northern part of the Mediterranean area is probably due to increased socio-economic and hygienic standard in the countries concerned. The relatively low prevalence of hepatitis A infection among Swedish travellers to the northern part of the Mediterranean area is in sharp contrast to the high prevalence found in Northern Africa and the Middle East (one case in about 300 travellers) as well as in Tropical Africa and Asia (one case in about 100 travellers). PMID- 6653897 TI - Our experience in viral hepatitis (VH) immunoglobulin prophylaxis. AB - Two experiments on 72 888 children, out of which 36 270 received standard immunoglobulins (IG) and another 36 618 represented the control group, were carried out. IG was administered preventatively, during autumn before the occurrence of the annual peak, and in focus after contact with VH patients. Prophylactic IG administration led to a 4-14 fold decrease in the incidence of icteric VH as compared with controls, and to the disappearance of the peak characteristic of autumn-winter. The efficacy lasted for 5-6 months. The incidence of subclinical VH forms--as evaluated by clinical examinations and SGPT was about 3 times lower in IG pre-exposure recipients. In the group of children where IG was administered only to the contacts in epidemiological foci, the incidence of icteric VH remained as high in the controls and the incidence of subclinical VH forms was twice as high in the controls. PMID- 6653898 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to HBsAg: a study of their specificities for eight different HBsAg subtypes. AB - Spleens from high responder Biozzi mice immunized with purified HBsAg of adw2, adw4 and ayw3 subtypes respectively were fused with N5-1 mouse myeloma cells. Over 30 clones with anti-alpha activity were obtained (principally from fusion adw2) as well as numerous clones with restrictive anti-HBs reactivity. The aim of this study was to characterize 9 different monoclonal antibodies with restrictive reactivity in comparison to a monoclonal anti-alpha antibody. Two different techniques were used: immunodiffusion and enzymoimmunoassay. Already known specificities or common reactivity between some subtypes were found, as w4, subdivision of ayw3 subtype, antigenic determinant common to w4 and adr, absence of the same determinant in adw2 and ayw1, the 2 subtypes having the highest capacity to absorb anti-alpha. Other monoclonal antibodies indicated the presence of previously unidentified subtype specificities: one of them recognized all HBsAg with d determinant but also ayw4, another recognized all HBsAg with y determinant but also adr, 2 others recognized determinants present completely or partially (spur formation) in many subtypes, another one recognized ayw4 and adw4 but also adw2. The combination of new tools such as monoclonal antibodies and synthetic peptides should facilitate the analysis of HBsAg. PMID- 6653899 TI - Hepatitis markers in a psychiatric institution. AB - Hepatitis A and B markers were determined in 714 patients and in 291 members of the staff of a psychiatric institution for adults. The leading diagnosis were psychosis (71.8%), neurosis (17.7%), and oligophrenia (10.6%). Anti-HAV was found in 84.4% of the patients and in 69.2% of the staff. 26.8% of the patients and 19.9% of the staff had at least one HBV marker. The frequency of HBV markers correlated with the age of the patients but not with the duration of the hospitalization. After the exclusion of IgM-anti-HAV, IgM-anti-CMV and IgM-anti EBV or possible toxic effects, 2.6% of all patients remained as presumable non-A, non-B hepatitis infections. In this study HBV markers were not found in an hyperendemic pattern reported previously in psychiatric institutions. PMID- 6653900 TI - Long term cultivation of functionally active normal human adult hepatocytes. AB - Monolayer cultures were obtained from human liver explants. The cells, which extend in all directions, are trypsinized then collected by differential centrifugation and incubated at 38 degrees 5. The oldest culture is 12 month-old. Albumin and alpha 1-antitrypsin are constantly detected and measured in the supernatant by radioimmunoassay. The liver specific protein is always characterized by immunofluorescent staining on the surfaces of the cultivated cells. PMID- 6653901 TI - Nutrition and somatomedin. XI. Studies of somatomedin inhibitors in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. AB - Diabetics may have normal somatomedins by radioimmunoassay yet decreased somatomedin activity by bioassay. The discrepancy appears due to circulating inhibitory factors; inhibitors in whole diabetic serum antagonize the action of both somatomedins and insulin via noncompetitive interactions. Since little is known about the nature of the inhibitory activity, serum from streptozotocin diabetic rats was fractionated, and inhibitory activity measured as the ability of fractions to blunt stimulation of SO4 uptake by hypophysectomized rat costal cartilage exposed in vitro to somatomedins in normal rat serum. After establishing that inhibitory activity was stable to pH and lyophilization, diabetic rat serum was gel filtered at pH 7 (somatomedins bound to carrier proteins) and 2.4 (somatomedins dissociated, mol wt approximately 8000). Using Sephadex and Sephacryl columns at neutral pH, inhibitors were detected at mol wt approximately 250,000, approximately 24,000, and approximately 940. Predominant activity was at approximately 24,000 and approximately 940. In contrast, Sephadex columns at acid pH revealed inhibitors only at mol wt approximately 21,000. Diabetic rat serum was also subjected to ion-exchange chromatography on CM Sepharose. A single band of activity at pH 5-7 was found on elution with increasing pH, suggesting an isoelectric point(s) lower than that of the somatomedins. However, three areas of activity were seen on elution with increasing ionic strength at pH 5-at 0.02 M and 0.14-1.4 M and at 2.0 M pH 5.0 5.5. These studies indicate that reduced anabolism in diabetes may be due in part to three species of circulating somatomedin inhibitors, largely of mol wt approximately 21-24,000 and approximately 940, and also of mol wt approximately 250,000.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653902 TI - Peripheral nerve abnormalities in the diabetic mutant mouse. AB - Observations were made on the genetically diabetic C57BL/Ks (db/db) mouse. Morphometric observations were performed on the tibial nerve at 6, 9, and 15 mo and compared with those from nondiabetic (m/m) controls. Myelinated fiber size was less in the diabetic animals at all stages and affected cross-sectional axon area and myelin thickness equally. Unmyelinated axons were unaffected. The index of circularity of myelinated axons did not differ between diabetic and control animals. No definite absolute reduction in fiber size occurred and degenerative changes, which were slight, were equally frequent in the diabetic and control nerves. Axonal glycogenosomes, polyglucosan particles, and Schwann cell/axon networks, and Schwann cell Reich granules increased with age in both groups, but only glycogenosomes were consistently more numerous in the diabetic animals. Counts of membrane associated particles in both P and E faces revealed that these were reduced in number in the diabetic animals in myelin and in axolemma of unmyelinated axons, but not in the axolemma of myelinated fibers. Growth in tibial length was also reduced in the diabetic animals and this suggested that the reduced fiber diameter probably represented a maturational deficit. The absence of a selective reduction in axonal size did not favor a primary axonopathy as the cause. PMID- 6653903 TI - Developmental dyslexia--a talent deficit. PMID- 6653904 TI - Spastic diplegia among children of low and normal birthweight. AB - Data from a population-based Cerebral Palsy Register in Western Australia were analysed for children born between 1956 and 1975, and low birthweight (LBW) and normal birthweight (NBW) infants were compared. Control populations of similar birthweight to the cases were available from Western Australia live births. The incidence of spastic diplegia among LBW infants was higher than among those of NBW. The relative risk for LBW infants increased from 12- to 26-fold between 1961 and 1975, and those who previously would have died were surviving to be more severely disabled, both physically and intellectually. For LBW infants the risk of spastic diplegia increased both with increasing maternal age and with birth order; for NBW infants birth order was of main importance. LBW singletons, NBW twins and those born in rural hospitals had increased risk of spastic diplegia. More antenatal problems were seen in the LBW group, whereas the NBW group had higher rates of perinatal problems. Thus the groups may differ aetiologically, the LBW group having a greater likelihood of being damaged in utero, whereas the NBW group may have become brain-damaged as a result of traumatic deliveries. PMID- 6653905 TI - Evidence for differential hemispheric function in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. AB - Eight children with right infantile hemiplegia and eight with left infantile hemiplegia were compared with each other and with 13 sibling controls on a test of manual dexterity, an extended neurological examination and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Right-hemiplegic children performed significantly less well than left-hemiplegic children and the controls on measures of syntactical awareness and the repetition of semantically coherent materials, despite similar verbal IQs. Both hemiplegic groups tended to perform less well than the controls, although not significantly so, on the short-term memory task, repetition of digits, and on a task of confrontation naming. There was also a strong correlation between left-hand impairment and poor arithmetical computation skill in both hemiplegic groups, which conforms with present views as to right lateralization of certain mathematical functions. The results as a whole support the premise that there is innate hemispheric organization for some language tasks. PMID- 6653906 TI - Reduction of polypharmacy for epilepsy in an institution for the retarded. AB - It is a well-established fact that 20 to 40 per cent of patients in residential institutions for the retarded have seizures and take anticonvulsants. Most patients have quiescent seizure disorders and can manage well on monotherapy. In this study, 78 per cent of the patients remained seizure-free after switching from multiple-drug regimens to monotherapy. PMID- 6653907 TI - Hip dislocation in cerebral palsy: selection for treatment. AB - Forty-five patients with cerebral palsy hip-dislocation were reviewed and it was found that some did well without treatment. For patients with hip pain, the best results were obtained with extensive resection arthroplasty: soft-tissue surgery alone was unsuccessful. Open reduction with femoral osteotomy achieved concentric reduction in all 15 patients who had this type of surgery: however, most retained their abnormal postural reflex activity to such a degree that subsequent scoliosis, pelvic obliquity, hip extension contractures and knee flexion deformities compromised the success of the hip surgery. PMID- 6653908 TI - Eye-pressing by visually impaired children. AB - Many children with severely impaired sight exhibit stereotyped mannerisms. Visual self-stimulation, e.g. eye-pressing and light-gazing, normally is restricted to the visually impaired; prolonged eye-pressing is the most common. This behaviour depends on onset of visual impairment, age, degree and quality of residual light, type of ocular abnormality, the presence of additional handicaps, and the activities in which the child is involved. Children with bilateral optic-nerve defects never press their eyes; those with retinal disorders tend to press vigorously. A possible physiological explanation is that self-stimulation occurs when the demand of the brain for meaningful visual information is not adequately met. PMID- 6653909 TI - Effect of neonatal complications in premature infants on early parent-infant interactions. AB - A total of 184 infants in a neonatal intensive care unit with birthweights less than 1501 g were rated daily on a Morbidity Scale covering the 20 most common diseases and pathophysiological states in neonatology, the severity of each condition being rated on a scale of 0 to 3. To measure the impact of various degrees of complications on parental caretaking style, 20 infants with serious medical complications were paired with 20 infants who had a comparatively easy medical course. Both groups were observed during maternal visits to the hospital and again during a feeding three months after discharge home. Sick infants showed significantly less motor movements when ill but after recovery were similar to well infants of the same age. Parents visiting sick infants interacted far less with their infants than did parents of well babies, and this continued after recovery. It also persisted at home two months after the expected date of delivery. In addition, mothers whose infants had been seriously ill for less than 17 days interacted with them significantly more than mothers whose babies had been ill for over 35 days. While maternal background variables predicted the level of maternal activity with the comparatively well infants and those with short illnesses, they did not do so in the group of infants with long illnesses. PMID- 6653910 TI - Qualitative changes in dynamic tripod grip between seven and 14 years of age. AB - The dynamic tripod grip during handwriting was examined among seven- to 14-year old children. Four components were measured: (a) degree of index-finger flexion; (b) degree of forearm pronation/supination; (c) number of fingers used on the pencil shaft; and (d) thumb and forefinger opposition. Developmental trends were identified for measures (a) and (b), suggesting refinement of the dynamic tripod grip with age. PMID- 6653911 TI - Developmental language delay from three to seven years and its significance for low intelligence and reading difficulties at age seven. AB - A large sample of Dunedin (New Zealand) children was assessed at three, five and seven years to study the prevalence and stability of language delay, and to investigate the association between language delay at each age and low intelligence and reading problems at age seven. The prevalence of specific comprehension delay, specific expressive delay, and general language delay varied from 2.0 to 4.3 per cent. General language delays were the most stable. Every type of language delay at each age, particularly earlier, general and stable delay was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of low intelligence or reading difficulties at age seven than among the total sample. PMID- 6653913 TI - Hemifacial microsomia associated with congenital partial gigantism. AB - The 14-year-old son of consanguineous parents is reported, who had hemifacial microsomia and partial gigantism. The association of these anomalies suggests that both are congenital segmental defects, and that this association represents a new syndrome. PMID- 6653912 TI - Childhood moyamoya presenting as dementia: report of a case. AB - A case is presented of moyamoya disease in an Anglo-Saxon child whose principal clinical feature, uniquely, was dementia. CT findings were unexplainable so angiography was performed. Moyamoya is an angiographic entity which has been associated with a wide variety of conditions. No satisfactory hypothesis has yet emerged to link these conditions or to explain the predilection of the Japanese for this disease. PMID- 6653914 TI - Spinal tumors in children. PMID- 6653915 TI - Casting as an adjunct to neurodevelopmental therapy for cerebral palsy. PMID- 6653916 TI - Orthopedics in adolescence. AB - Many orthopedic problems occur during adolescence. This paper describes the various types of musculoskeletal deformities associated with this stage of development, and discusses methods of diagnosis and correction. It is argued that since such problems are managed most effectively if diagnosed early, the role of the primary-care physician is critical. PMID- 6653917 TI - Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia in meningoencephalitis. PMID- 6653918 TI - Serum concentrations of bile acid glucuronides in hepatobiliary diseases. AB - Bile acid glucuronides in the serum in various hepatobiliary diseases (36 cases) were quantitated by mass fragmentography and their clinical significance was discussed. Serum was added to defined amounts of deuterium-labeled bile acids and their glucuronide and sulfate derivatives, and the bile acids were separated into unconjugated, glucuronidated and sulfated groups after enzymatic cleavage of amide bonds. The liberated bile acids were quantitated by mass fragmentography. Bile acid glucuronides comprised about 7-8% of the total bile acids in the serum of various patients. Chenodeoxycholic acid was the major glucuronidated bile acid while cholic acid was mostly unconjugated. Lithocholic acid was almost all either sulfated or glucuronidated. In patients with obstructive jaundice, glucuronidated bile acids also comprised about 5%, although their absolute amounts were increased. In patients with liver cirrhosis, bile acid glucuronides were decreased, especially in decompensated cases, possibly as a result of hepatocellular dysfunction. PMID- 6653919 TI - Social aspects of chronic duodenal ulcer. A case control study. AB - A case-control study of 80 patients with duodenal ulcer and 80 community controls was undertaken to compare these two groups regarding social and environmental factors including socio-economic status, marital status, country of birth, childhood and family factors. An increased risk of duodenal ulcer was associated with status incongruity in males; the male patients, when matched on suburb of residence, having lower status occupations than controls, and when matched on occupational status, tending to have lower educational levels than controls. Being unmarried was associated with an increased risk of duodenal ulcer in females. The number of siblings was also a risk factor in the male patients, those with more than 5 siblings being at an increased risk. Factors not associated with duodenal ulcer included country of birth, childhood happiness, sibling sequence and family stability. In conclusion, the factors associated with chronic duodenal ulcer were found predominantly in adult life and could produce their adverse effects by causing chronic stress which may be more relevant than acute stress as produced by major life events. PMID- 6653920 TI - The possible role of bicarbonate in mucosal protection and peptic ulceration. AB - The surface epithelial cells of the gastroduodenal mucosa are thought to be protected from the damaging effects of acid by a covering layer of mucus into which is secreted bicarbonate. It is proposed here that mucus acts as a true barrier to hydrogen ion diffusion, and that the role played by bicarbonate is to adjust mucus pH to a range at which this barrier property is optimized. It is further proposed that a high content of luminal bicarbonate will promote the transfer of protons across mucus by a buffer shuttle mechanism, and that this may be the basis for the development of peptic ulceration. PMID- 6653921 TI - Diabetic gastroparesis: treatment with domperidone--a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. AB - 6 patients with severe symptomatic diabetic gastroparesis were studied in a placebo-controlled randomized manner to establish if intravenous domperidone accelerates the delayed gastric emptying of a semisolid homogenized meal. Domperidone, 10 mg intravenously, shortened the gastric emptying half-time in all of the 6 patients significantly, but not in the healthy control subjects. These results suggest that intravenous domperidone may be potentially beneficial to diabetic gastroparesis patients by improving delayed gastric emptying. PMID- 6653923 TI - EPC: European Pancreatic Club. Verona, September 29 to October 1, 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6653922 TI - Study on the lipid composition of rat bile during choleresis induced by diethyl maleate. AB - Diethyl maleate (DEM) is known to produce a rapid depletion of hepatic glutathione (GSH) and to induce an immediate short-term choleresis in experimental animals. The aim of our investigation was to ascertain in rats the effect of DEM on biliary lipid composition during the increment in bile flow. Biochemical and morphological studies of liver tissue were conducted in parallel. In bile fistula rats, a doubling of bile flow occurred immediately after intraperitoneal injection of DEM (0.7 ml/kg body weight) returning to the basal level at 45 min. Choleresis diluted the total bile acid concentration, without modifying the secretion. The phospholipid concentration was not affected by DEM, resulting in increased output (p less than 0.02 vs. controls). Both cholesterol concentration and output were significantly decreased during DEM-induced choleresis. These changes were promptly reversible together with the return of bile flow to control values. Biochemical determinations failed to show a DEM induced modification of enzymatic activities of the microsomal drug biotransformation pathway. Instead, morphological studies revealed alterations of the Golgi apparatus in hepatocytes with marked distension of the cisternae in coincidence with choleresis. The results demonstrate that the bile acid independent choleresis induced by DEM is accompanied by an alternation in biliary lipid secretion possibly related to an interaction of the drug with the cellular or subcellular membranes of hepatocytes. PMID- 6653924 TI - Low fibronectin in portal hypertension. AB - We have measured plasma fibronectin in 28 patients with well-compensated chronic liver disease, 4 patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension and 6 patients who have undergone shunt surgery for the relief of portal hypertension and splenectomy. 17 patients with portal hypertension had significantly lower levels of fibronectin (207 +/- 54; mean +/- SD) compared with 15 patients without portal hypertension (315 +/- 75, p less than 0.001) and the 6 patients who had undergone shunting and splenectomy (330 +/- 66, p less than 0.001). We suggest that in patients with portal hypertension and splenomegaly, low levels of fibronectin might result from increased consumption by the enlarged spleen. PMID- 6653925 TI - Enzymatic sulfation of glycolipids by human gastric mucosa. AB - A sulfotransferase activity which catalyzes the transfer of sulfate group from 3' phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to galactosylceramide and triglucosyl monoalkylmonoacylglycerol has been demonstrated in antral and fundic mucosa of normal human stomach. With both types of mucosa maximum activity for sulfation of galactosylceramide was obtained at pH 6.8, whereas the pH optimum for sulfation of triglucosyl monoalkylmonoacylglycerol was 7.8. The reactions were stimulated by the addition of Triton X-100, Mg2+ and F1-. The sulfotransferase activity of fundic mucosa for the synthesis of sulfated glyceroglucolipid was about two times higher than that of antral mucosa, while the enzyme activity for sulfation of glycosphingolipid was similar in both areas of the stomach. PMID- 6653926 TI - Triacylglycerol biosynthesis in human small intestinal mucosa. Acyl-CoA: monoglyceride acyltransferase. AB - Acyl-CoA: monoglyceride acyltransferase (MGAT; EC 2.3.1.22) has been studied in human small intestinal mucosa by means of a spectrophotometric method based on the detection of liberated CoA employing 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). With optimal assay conditions available the pH optimum was spread between 7.0 and 7.7 with a maximum at a pH of 7.4. Dependent on its concentration one of the substrates, palmitoyl-CoA, caused severe inhibition which was largely prevented by the addition of albumin. Using palmitoyl-CoA and 1-monooleoylglycerol as substrates specific activities were 23.0 +/- 8.4 in total homogenates compared with 92.9 +/- 28.3 nmol CoA released/min/mg protein in microsomal fractions from jejunal mucosa. Concerning the substrate specificity, a broad acyl-donor pattern exists with maximal activities for C10:0 to C16:0, the highest for C16:0. A preferential esterification of acyl-acceptors was shown for 2-monoacylglycerols as compared with the 1-isomers, and for monoacylglycerols with unsaturated versus saturated fatty acids. MGAT was mainly localized in the microsomal fraction. The properties of MGAT from human small intestine are discussed with respect to the intestinal enzyme from other species. PMID- 6653927 TI - Assessment of appropriate laboratory measurements to reflect the degree of activity of ulcerative colitis. AB - Eleven laboratory parameters were compared with the clinical grading of disease activity in 44 patients with ulcerative colitis, using multiple stepwise regression analysis to identify which measurements significantly reflect the severity of the disease. Only 2 parameters, serum orosomucoid and haematocrit showed significant correlation with clinical status. It is suggested that in the method of assessing disease activity proposed by Truelove and Witts the haemoglobin, which in this study was found to have no value, could be replaced by an equally simple test, the haematocrit. Comparisons are made between the relative usefulness of these parameters in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. PMID- 6653928 TI - Lactoferrin concentration in the parotid saliva of patients with chronic pancreatitis. AB - Lactoferrin is present in pancreatic juice, and greatly increased concentrations are found in the pancreatic juice of patients with chronic pancreatitis. It is not known whether these high levels of lactoferrin represent a genetically determined defect predisposing to the later development of chronic pancreatitis or are simply a consequence of the disease. In view of the morphological and functional similarities between the pancreatic and parotid glands, we have measured the immunoreactive lactoferrin concentration in pure parotid saliva of 30 patients with chronic calcific pancreatitis, 26 controls, 5 patients with proven pancreatic cancer, 2 patients with Sjogren's disease and 2 patients with chronic recurrent parotitis. No difference in the lactoferrin concentration was detected between control subjects and patients with chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Raised levels were found in the 4 patients with parotid gland disease. These findings suggest that increased lactoferrin secretion is confined to the exocrine pancreas in patients with chronic pancreatitis and is thus probably a phenomenon secondary to the disease. PMID- 6653929 TI - Auditory processing limitations in low verbal children: evidence from a two response dichotic listening task. AB - Evidence for auditory processing limitations based on the use of two-response consonant-vowel (CV) dichotic listening tasks is reviewed. These studies show that low verbal children obtain fewer trials on which both items are correctly identified (double correct responses). A study is reported comparing a group of good and poor readers on the dichotic CV task. These data are then analyzed in terms of a normative model which attempts to show the effects of overall performance and guessing on double correct responses. It is concluded, in terms of the model, that the poor double correct performance of the poor readers is the direct result of poor auditory processing capacity. PMID- 6653931 TI - Dichotic consonant-vowel (CV) testing in the diagnosis of learning disabilities in children. AB - The performance of normal and learning-disabled children on a dichotic listening task using 30 paired consonant-vowel (CV) syllables was investigated in a series of studies. The effects of gender, developmental level, and prestimulus cuing on assessed auditory asymmetries were examined. In addition to providing normative data, the results of these studies are discussed as they relate to theoretical notions of cerebral asymmetries in normal and learning-disabled children and as they pertain to clinical diagnosis of childhood learning disabilities. PMID- 6653930 TI - Relationship between two dichotic listening tests and the Token test for children. AB - The relationship between two dichotic listening tasks was studied. The two dichotic tests used were the Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) test and the directed Dichotic Consonant-Vowel (CV) test. These measures were administered to 104 children between the ages of 6.0 and 8.0 yrs. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their Token test scores with group I having normal Token test scores and group II having below average scores on the Token test. When the performances of the two groups on the SSW test were compared, a significant difference was found between them on the right and left competing conditions of the test. There was no difference between the groups on any response bias. On the directed Dichotic CV test the two groups were significantly different on the right ear scores but not on the left ear scores under both directed conditions. The groups were also significantly different on the directed right task when the difference between the two ear scores was compared but not on the directed left task. It was concluded that there is a relationship between these two dichotic measures and the Token Test for Children. PMID- 6653932 TI - Interpretation of the Staggered Spondee Word (SSW) test. AB - The Staggered Spondee Word (SSW) test is a dichotic listening test that has been frequently used in the evaluation of auditory perceptual abilities in children with language and learning problems. Interpretation of this test is based on scores obtained under noncompeting and competing portions of the test stimuli, and on response biases that include ear and order effects, reversals, the type A pattern, and the total bias score. Alternate methods of interpreting SSW results are suggested. Data obtained on 57 children referred for central auditory and language testing are presented for illustration. PMID- 6653933 TI - Dichotic consonant-vowel (CV) perception in normal and learning-impaired children. AB - Two experiments were performed using dichotic presentation of the consonant-vowel (CV) syllables [pa], [ba], [ta], [da], [ka], and [ga]. The stimuli were constructed with no temporal offsets between channels (+/-2 msec) and with temporal offsets of 30, 60, and 90 msec between channels. Data were analyzed for ear asymmetry (right ear advantage), double-correct responses (auditory capacity), and the effects of temporal offsets (the lag effect). In experiment 1, 32 normal children (mean age at entry = 6 yrs 6 mos) were evaluated once each year over a 4-yr period. Results showed no significant change in ear laterality over the 4 yrs. However, there was a significant, age-related increase in auditory capacity. None of the subject groups showed a significant lag effect. In experiment 2 results from 17 children (mean age = 9.3 yrs) enrolled in a school for learning disability who were identified as having significant auditory processing problems were compared to age- and sex-matched normal controls. Results failed to show a significant group difference for ear asymmetry, auditory capacity, or the lag effect. Case studies are presented comparing two learning disabled children with two normal children matched for age and sex to illustrate the results for the learning-impaired population. Overall, findings indicate that the dichotic CV syllables test has limited prognostic value in identifying auditory processing dysfunction in children classified as having "learning disability." PMID- 6653934 TI - Development of a dichotic sentence identification test for hearing-impaired adults. AB - Third-order synthetic sentences were aligned to make them suitable for dichotic presentation. These dichotic sentence materials were then administered to 14 normal listeners and 48 hearing-impaired subjects to determine the influence of peripheral hearing loss on test performance. Results suggest that the Dichotic Sentence Identification test is resistant to the influence of peripheral hearing loss until the pure-tone average of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz exceeds approximately 50 dB. Beyond this level, degree of peripheral hearing loss limits its value for detecting central auditory disorder. Data are also provided on six persons with either confirmed or suspected lesions involving retrocochlear structures. PMID- 6653935 TI - Temporal aspects of dichotic listening in brain-damaged subjects. AB - Thirteen cortically injured subjects were tested in a dichotic temporal order judgment task using speech and nonspeech stimuli. Subjects were required only to judge which ear was stimulated first on each trial. All were young men and neurologically normal before receiving missile wounds. Subjects with injuries outside the temporal and frontal lobes performed the dichotic tasks at levels comparable to that of neurologically normal subjects. In contrast, subjects with temporal lobe lesions performed at near chance levels on all of the conditions. Individuals with frontal lobe damage showed moderate impairment on the dichotic tasks. PMID- 6653936 TI - Dichotic paradigms in multiple sclerosis. AB - A total of 20 "definite" multiple sclerosis patients were administered three commonly used dichotic speech paradigms. The tests included the Consonant-Vowel (CV) Nonsense Syllable test, the Synthetic Sentence Identification (SSI) test, and the Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) test. Results of the test procedures were variable, with the higher percentage of abnormalities obtained with the CV test, followed by the SSI, and finally, the SSW. These findings suggest that brain stem lesions may influence higher order auditory processing as measured by certain dichotic test procedures. PMID- 6653937 TI - Results of three dichotic speech tests on subjects with intracranial lesions. AB - Thirty adult subjects with intracranial lesions (12 brain stem and 18 hemispheric) were tested using Competing Sentences, Staggered Spondaic Words, and Dichotic Digits. In comparing these dichotic tests for their ability to detect abnormal performance for individual subjects, the Digit test appeared most sensitive, followed by the Staggered Spondaic Word test and Competing Sentences. This trend seemed to prevail for subjects with hemispheric and brain stem lesions. All three tests demonstrated greater ipsilateral ear deficits for subjects with brain stem lesions. However, for subjects with hemispheric lesions all tests showed generally poorer scores for the ear contralateral to the lesion. These results, as well as other types of analyses for comparing the three dichotic tests in this study, are discussed. PMID- 6653940 TI - Total information systems: myth or reality? PMID- 6653938 TI - Dichotic test results for normal subjects and for temporal lobectomy patients. AB - Test results obtained with Dichotic Consonant-Vowel (CV) test materials are reported for 50 normal subjects as well as for a total of 67 patients who underwent removal of the anterior portion of the right or left temporal lobe for control of seizures. All patients were tested before and after surgery. Results demonstrated that not all patients with temporal lobe seizures with subsequent temporal lobectomy demonstrated performance below the lower limits of normal established by the sample of normal subjects. Comparison of Dichotic CV and Staggered Spondaic Word test results is made on a subset of the patient population. PMID- 6653939 TI - Future trends in health care for the elderly. PMID- 6653941 TI - Health care for the elderly: what does the future hold? PMID- 6653943 TI - Circulating glucagon after total pancreatectomy in man. AB - In five totally pancreatectomized human subjects the secretion of gut-derived glucagons was stimulated by ingestion of a meal rich in fat and carbohydrates. Glucagon-like immunoreactivity in plasma, measured with an antiserum against the 6-15 sequence, increased fivefold in response to the meal. Glucagon like immunoreactivity measured with a antiserum against the C-terminal sequence was initially normal (12-13 pmol/l), increased slightly (to 20 pmol/l), and then decreased (to approximately 6 pmol/l). The chromatographic profile of glucagon like immunoreactivity in plasma at maximum stimulation was studied after concentration by affinity chromatography. Both assay systems identified two peaks (at Kd-values of 0.30 and 0.60-0.65, and 0.30 and 0.70, respectively). The position at Kd 0.70 corresponds to that of glucagon 1-29. The same components may be identified in plasma from normal subjects. It is concluded that the human intestine is capable of generating all of the molecular forms of glucagon which normally are present in plasma. PMID- 6653942 TI - Increased platelet aggregability in diabetic children: relation to serum lipid and fatty acid composition. AB - Platelet aggregation was studied in 14 diabetic children with no signs of angiopathy and in 14 healthy matched control children. The magnitude of the platelet shape change after ADP stimulation was decreased in diabetic patients while the maximal aggregation after ADP and low dose collagen was significantly higher than in healthy control children. In 28 diabetic children the platelet shape change after ADP stimulation was positively correlated with the serum concentration of apolipoprotein A-I and negatively correlated with serum triglyceride concentration. The ratio between the fatty acids 20:3/20:4 in cholesterol esters was strongly correlated with the relative incidence of irreversible aggregation (p less than 0.001) and with the magnitude of the maximal aggregation (p less than 0.01) after ADP stimulation (3.3 mumol/l). The ratio between the polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the triglyceride fraction was negatively correlated to the maximal aggregation after collagen stimulation (10 mg/l). This study shows tha platelet aggregation is increased early in the course of diabetes in childhood. It suggests that the abnormalities in platelet aggregation pattern in diabetic patients are related to several of the lipid factors associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. PMID- 6653944 TI - Failure to find amyloidosis in dogs treated with long-term intravenous insulin delivered by a totally implantable pump. AB - We examined tissues of seven non-diabetic mongrel dogs and four diabetic beagle dogs treated with constant insulin infusion via totally implantable pumps for from 210 to 880 days. Kidney and skeletal muscle tissue from all dogs were stained with Congo Red and thioflavin-T and appropriately examined. Kidney tissues from the beagle dogs were examined by electron microscopy. No amyloid deposits were found in any of these tissues. Thus, we cannot confirm an earlier report of amyloid occurring in dogs given long-term intravenous insulin. It is concluded that amyloidosis is not a necessary complication of long-term intravenous insulin infusion in dogs. PMID- 6653945 TI - Diagnostic criteria. PMID- 6653947 TI - Adverse reactions with bupivacaine. PMID- 6653946 TI - Free inositol, sorbitol and fructose levels in sciatic nerve. PMID- 6653948 TI - Assistant Secretary for Health's advisory on treatment of mild hypertension. PMID- 6653949 TI - Helping patients to reduce sodium. PMID- 6653950 TI - Orphan biologic licensed. PMID- 6653951 TI - Chenodiol only for certain gallstone patients. PMID- 6653953 TI - Implications of vitamin use. PMID- 6653952 TI - Acetazolamide for acute mountain sickness. PMID- 6653954 TI - Reserpine tumorigenic in rodents. PMID- 6653955 TI - Rx drugs switched to OTC. PMID- 6653957 TI - [Conduction disorder caused by conjunctival instillation of timolol. Description of a case]. AB - We report the case of a 46-year-old man, in whom A-V node electrophysiologic properties was worsened after therapeutic conjunctival instillation of timolol. We suggest that periodic, careful controls of the AV conduction are warranted in patients taking ocular hypertensive chronic timolol therapy. PMID- 6653956 TI - Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve: definitive diagnosis by two dimensional echocardiography. AB - A case is presented of a 27-day-old boy with Tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve. The two-dimensional echocardiographic examination demonstrated: subaortic ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, absence of the pulmonary valve with restrictive anulus, and massive dilatation of the pulmonary artery. These anatomic details were then confirmed by angiography and surgery. The echocardiographic features of Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve are typical, and allow the correct diagnosis to be made noninvasively. The haemodynamic investigation becomes obviously easier, and angiocardiography may be devoted to the study of possible additional defects, that are difficult to detect by echocardiography, like multiple ventricular septal defects, or peripheral pulmonary branch anomalies. PMID- 6653958 TI - [Bidimensional echocardiographic findings in a case of arrhythmogenic dysplasia of the right ventricle]. AB - In a 50-year-old man presenting with dyspnoea and palpitations, cardiomegaly, incomplete right bundle branch block and bursts of ventricular tachycardia, Two Dimensional Echocardiography revealed an impressive enlargement of the right ventricle, particulary in the outflow tract. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia was suggested and confirmed by right ventricular angiography and electrophysiologic study. We emphasize the role of Two-Dimensional Echocardiography in the appropriate planning of cardiac catheterization for a definitive diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. PMID- 6653959 TI - [Intracoronary thrombolytic treatment with urokinase in myocardial infarct: clinical angiographic findings and effects on left ventricular function]. AB - The effect of selective intracoronary thrombolysis was studied in 27 patients with evolving myocardial infarction. In the acute phase, angiography demonstrated complete occlusion in 22 cases (81,5%) (group A), and incomplete stenosis with diminished distal blood flow in 5 cases (18,5%) (group B). Urokinase was infused into the infarct-related coronary artery at a rate of 8000 u/min u/min until reperfusion was obtained and subsequently at a rate of 2-4000 u/min for 20-40 min. In group A, coronary recanalization was achieved in 18 of 22 patients (81,8%) (group A1), while in 4 patients (group A2) the procedure was unsuccessful. Group B patients showed no angiographic modifications following fibrinolytic therapy. Left ventricular function was studied during the acute phase (before and after therapy) in 9 patients; 22 patients were studied immediately after thrombolysis and before hospital discharge. Preliminary studies of patients in group A1 after reperfusion showed a decrease in telediastolic pressure from 18,9 to 24,4 mmHg and an increase in ejection fraction from 0,40 to 0,43 (p = ns). No modifications in these parameters were observed in group A2 or B. Follow-up examination of group A, revealed an increase in ejection fraction from 0,40 +/- 0,12 to 0,50 +/- 0,15 (p less than 0,05) and a decrease in the length of the akinetic segment from 6,49 +/- 2,4 to 4,40 +/- 1,35 (p less than 0.05). In group B, the ejection fraction increased from 0,41 +/- 0,06 to 0,50 +/- 0,04 (p less than 0.05) and the length of the akinetic segment decreased from 7,52 +/- 2,0 to 3,38 +/- 1,14 (p less than 0.05). On the contrary, in group A2, ejection fraction diminished from 0,39 +/- 0,06 to 0,34 +/- 0,07 and the length of the akinetic segment remained unchanged. Our results suggest that: A) coronary artery thrombosis is frequent in evolving myocardial infarction B) selective intracoronary thrombolysis and subsequent reperfusion of the infarcted area is readily obtainable with urokinase infusion C) no significant acute modifications of left ventricular function were observed D) 2-3 weeks after initial treatment, patients in which recanalization of an occluded vessel was achieved (group A1) and patients that presented with subocclusive stenosis and reduced blood flow (group B), showed an improvement in left ventricular function and a reduction in the akinetic area. PMID- 6653960 TI - [Mono- and bi-dimensional echocardiographic study of a bicuspid aortic valve]. AB - With M-mode echocardiography a bicuspid aortic valve can be diagnosed by its eccentric diastolic echoes, particularly when the eccentricity index exceeds 1, 3. However, many false positives and false negatives have been reported. Two dimensional echocardiography, which identifies the commissures and the closure lines, can make the diagnosis more accurate. With this technique we studied 15 patients with a bicuspid aortic valve and 20 normal subjects. We found 3 different patterns according to the position of the closure line, which can be "horizontal", "vertical" and "oblique". Whenever the closure line is "horizontal", that is perpendicular to the direction of the ultrasonic beam, the M-mode echoes from the valve in diastole appear to be centrally located within the aortic root (false negatives). On the contrary, if the closure line is "vertical", that is parallel to the echo beam, "the echoes" are eccentric (diagnostic images). When the closure line is obliquely oriented, the ultrasonic images can be either central or eccentric. Two-dimensional echocardiography identified 5 "horizontal", 3 "vertical" and 7 "oblique" closure lines. It thus helped clarify the M-mode errors and proved to be more reliable for the diagnosis of bicuspid aortic valve. PMID- 6653961 TI - [Atrioventricular connection anomalies associated with Fallot's tetralogy: bidimensional echocardiographic study]. AB - From January 1979 to December 1981, 62 patients with Tetralogy of Fallot were studied by two-dimensional echocardiography (2-D Echo). In 10 cases various types of atrioventricular connection anomalies were found: type C atrioventricular canal in 8 cases, straddling tricuspid valve in 1 case, straddling and overriding tricuspid valve in 1 case. These associated anomalies usually are not suspected by means of clinical, electrocardiographic and radiological findings, whereas 2-D Echo appears to have a unique diagnostic value. Apical and subcostal four chamber views were the most helpful to detect the anomalies of the atrioventricular junction; in all cases with complete atrioventricular canal, the ostium primum atrial septal defect, the common atrioventricular valve and the inlet septal defect were clearly seen. In one case an overriding tricuspid valve was clearly demonstrated; in this and in another patient the straddling of the tricuspid valve could be only suspected, whereas its confirmation was obtained subsequently by angiography and surgery. A through 2-D echo evaluation of these anomalies is useful to select the most appropriate views for angiographic confirmation and to ensure optimal surgical planning. PMID- 6653962 TI - [Spiro-ergometric evaluation of a group of healthy young subjects: sedentary females, sedentary males and practicing male sports amateurs (jogging)]. AB - In order to assess the qualitative and quantitative differences in physical performance, twenty sedentary females (Group A), twenty sedentary males (Group B) and twenty amateur sportsmen who jogged 45-60 min 2-3 times a week (Group C), have been evaluated by spiroergometric test on bicycle ergometer. At the submaximal level of 90 Watts the cardiorespiratory efficiency, as reflected by the values of double product (DP) and ventilatory equivalent (VE) was statistically different in the three Groups (A less than B less than C). At the maximal work the females, compared to sedentary males, achieved lower values (P less than 0.001) of maximal working capacity (MWC), total work (TW), systolic blood pressure (SBP), maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max), O2 pulse (O2P) and a greater (P less than 0.001) energetic cost (EC = HRmax/TW): sedentary males, compared to amateur sportsmen, achieved lower values (P less than 0.001) of MWC, TW, VO2 max, O2P and greater values (P less than 0.001) of VE, EC, HR, and DP (P less than 0.02). The lower VO2 max in females can be mainly ascribed to the lower stroke volume which in turn correlates with smaller body surface area. The greater VO2 max and O2P max of amateur sportsmen can be ascribed to larger stroke volume and muscular O2 uptake brought about by jogging. Furthermore the females, compared to sedentary males, have achieved VO2 max and O2P max that were 29% lower, a TW 43% lower, while EC was 73,4% higher. The sedentary males, compared to amateur sportsmen, have achieved lower values of VO2 max (-14,3%), O2P max (-17,5%) and TW (-31,3%) with DP and EC 8,3% and 50,7% higher, respectively. On the grounds of these data sedentary subjects, particularly females, pay a high energetic cost during physical activity. The practice of an aerobic sport such as jogging, may notably increase cardiovascular and respiratory efficiency. PMID- 6653963 TI - [II. Current situation of surgery in degenerative articular disease]. PMID- 6653964 TI - [III. Rehabilitation in degenerative articular disease]. PMID- 6653965 TI - [IV. Rehabilitation of the hemiplegic patient]. PMID- 6653966 TI - [V. Recent advances in the rehabilitation of the amputated patient]. PMID- 6653967 TI - [Usefulness of homografts in otologic surgery]. PMID- 6653968 TI - [Caroli's disease manifested by fever of unknown origin in 2 brothers]. PMID- 6653969 TI - [What can be expected from nutritional indices predictive of the operative risk in digestive surgery?]. PMID- 6653970 TI - [Chronic radiation-induced esophagitis after treatment of oropharyngolaryngeal cancer: a little-known anatomo-clinical entity]. AB - Chronic esophagitis induced by radiation therapy (CRE) for carcinoma of the oropharynx and larynx, and involving an initially normal esophagus, is poorly known, and often confused with a locally recurrent malignancy. By reporting 8 consecutive cases, the aim of this study is to contribute to proving that cervical CRE does indeed exist. Eight men, aged 58 to 76 years, developed complete aphagia (7 cases) or severe dysphagia (1 case), 2 to 56 months (median 8.5 months) after radiation therapy for carcinoma of the laryngopharyngeal area. In 5 patients, the primary tumour and/or chains of cervical lymph nodes were removed before radiation therapy; in the 8 patients, the esophagus was endoscopically free of disease. The total dose of radiation exceeded 60 grays in 6 patients. Although they were initially considered as suffering from a locally recurrent malignancy on a clinical basis, none of the 8 patients had patent signs (either endoscopic or histologic) of recurrence. In each case a severe lesion of the cervical esophagus was documented (stenosis 7 cases, giant ulceration 1 case): the diagnosis of CRE was based on endoscopic, histological, and evolutive criteria. Six patients were treated by prolonged nutritional support (via enteral route, 5 cases; parenteral route, 1 case); endoscopic dilatations were used as a single treatment or in association with nutritional support in 4 cases. Three patients died of CRE-induced regional complications; post mortem examination, performed in 2 cases, confirmed CRE without evidence of locally recurrent malignancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6653971 TI - [Prognostic nutritional index in digestive surgery]. AB - It is difficult to select and combine the nutritional parameters most useful in predicting the outcome of major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was to define retrospectively a multifactorial prognostic nutritional index adapted to this purpose. Seventy-eight patients on whom one or more total or partial visceral resection were performed in nonemergency conditions were included in this study. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine correlations between the preoperative nutritional parameters and the postoperative complications such as: a) wound rupture and anastomotic leakage; b) severe sepsis; c) death. Delayed hypersensitivity, assessed as normal or abnormal, together with plasmatic albumin and transferrin levels, the thresholds of which were respectively determined at 35 g/l and 2.2 g/l, were selected as the factors with the greatest predictive value. For the prognosis of postoperative severe complications and death, the sensitivity and specificity of an index using the association of these three parameters were respectively 82.7 p. 100 and 51 p. 100 with positive and negative predictive values of 50 p. 100 and 83.3 p. 100. PMID- 6653972 TI - [Treatment of fecal incontinence in adults. Results as a function of clinical and manometric data and the importance of rehabilitation by biofeedback]. AB - Twenty-five females and 8 males, 20 to 83 year old, with fecal incontinence, normal rectal capacity and without evidence of active anorectal disease were studied in order to evaluate: a) the incidence of associated constipation; b) the anorectal motility pattern; c) the efficiency of treatment based on clinical data and anorectal motility disorders. Fifteen patients had constipation associated with fecal incontinence and 23 patients presented with at least one anorectal motility abnormality indicating biofeedback therapy. Compliance to therapy was poor since 9 patients did not accept the treatment; among the 24 subjects who accepted the treatment, 18 became continent and 5 were improved. These results were observed after treatment of constipation alone (6 cases) or associated with biofeedback therapy (5 cases), after biofeedback therapy (7 cases), and after surgery alone (3 cases) or followed by biofeedback therapy (2 cases). These results show that: a) constipation is frequently associated with incontinence in the adult; b) treatment of constipation, biofeedback therapy and surgery, used alone or combined according to clinical and anorectal motility data lead to good results in 75 p. 100 of patients. PMID- 6653973 TI - [Adenomatous lesions of the papilla in familial adenomatous rectocolic polyposis. Value of duodenoscopy]. AB - When compared to the general population, individuals with Gardner's syndrome may have a 100- to 200-fold increased risk of developing periampullary carcinoma. This prospective work was undertaken in order to study the endoscopic aspects and to perform biopsies of the papilla in 9 patients (7 males, 2 females, aged 18-65 years) with familial polyposis coli or Gardner syndrome. In 4 cases the papilla was endoscopically grossly polypoid and biopsies showed adenomatous lesions. In 5 cases, the papilla appeared endoscopically normal; in 2 cases, the papilla appeared endoscopically normal; in 2 of these cases biopsies showed adenomatous proliferation; in the 3 other cases, the biopsies were normal. In 5 cases, there were adenomatous duodenal lesions outside the papilla. These results suggest that: a) adenomatous lesions of the papilla are frequent in familial polyposis coli and Gardner's syndrome; b) the endoscopic gross aspect of the papilla may be normal even when there are adenomatous lesions; c) adenomatous lesions of the papilla may be associated or not with adenomatous lesions of the 2nd duodenum; d) as the natural history of these lesions is not known and because of the risk of cancer of Vater's ampulla, it seems reasonable to perform routine duodenoscopies with biopsies in order to ensure early diagnosis of cancer. PMID- 6653974 TI - [Drugs, toxic substances and subhepatic veins]. PMID- 6653975 TI - [Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of acetaminophen in normal, alcoholic and cirrhotic subjects]. AB - It is well known that a chemically reactive metabolite of acetaminophen formed in the liver can cause hepatic necrosis. The amount of cysteine and N-acetylcysteine derivatives excreted in the urine is an index of the amount of reactive metabolite produced. We have examined the pharmacokinetics and the pattern of acetaminophen metabolites in the urine, in 6 healthy controls, in 9 alcoholic subjects without liver disease, and in 11 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis but abstaining from alcohol. In alcoholics, oral clearance of the drug was similar to that of control subjects, but the amount of cysteine and N-acetylcysteine conjugates excreted in urine was significantly increased. In cirrhotics, the clearance of acetaminophen was decreased by 50 p. 100, but the pattern of urinary metabolites was unchanged. These results support previous anecdotal reports of increased acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in alcoholic subjects. PMID- 6653976 TI - [Upper esophageal varices. Study of 6 cases and review of the literature]. AB - Distal esophageal varices are most frequently associated with portal hypertension, while varices of the upper esophagus are occasionally observed in patients with vena caval obstruction. One hundred and nineteen cases of upper esophageal varices (downhill varices) have been reported in the literature. We report 6 cases (4 men and 2 women), with vena caval obstruction. Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurred in one patient. Endoscopy showed varices in the proximal third of the esophagus in 5 patients and in the proximal half of the esophagus in the other patient. Superior vena cavogram demonstrated total or partial occlusion of the vena cava in 6 cases, with opacification of the right azygos vein in 4 cases and thrombosis of this vein in one case. Superior vena caval obstruction was secondary to malignant lymphoma in 2 cases, to malignant thymoma in 2 cases, to malignant thyroid tumor in one case and to anaplastic bronchogenic carcinoma in one case. Clinical symptoms of vena caval obstruction are present in 91.4 p. 100 of the cases in the literature. Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage are observed in 7.6 p. 100 of cases. It is generally agreed that the predominant factors involved in the determination of the downward extension of varices along the esophagus are the level of superior vena caval obstruction and its duration. Because of the risk of digestive hemorrhage and of the topographic meaning of the degree of extension, upper esophageal varices should be routinely searched in patients with vena caval hypertension. PMID- 6653977 TI - [Irregular hepatic steatosis. Ultrasonic and computed x-ray tomographic aspects]. AB - A 39-year-old moderately obese and alcoholic man complained of abdominal pain and nausea. An ultrasound examination of the liver showed large hyperechoic areas surrounding a limited pseudotumorous zone of relatively decreased echogenicity. CT scan showed a decreased density (35 UH) in the hyperechoic areas, suggesting fatty liver which was confirmed histologically; conversely, the hypoechoic area appeared normal on CT scan. Six months later, after reduction of caloric intake and cessation of alcohol ingestion, ultrasound examination and CT scan of the liver were normal. PMID- 6653978 TI - [Compressive tuberculous lymphadenitis of the common bile duct: spontaneous recovery by fistulization in the choledochus]. AB - The authors report the case of a 26 year old man who presented with jaundice after an operation for peritoneal and ileal tuberculosis. Abdominal sonography, CT Scan and endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography showed that the jaundice was due to the compression of the common bile duct by tuberculous lymph nodes. This compression disappeared after spontaneous fistulisation into the common bile duct. The review of the literature shows that this localisation of tuberculous lymphadenitis is uncommon and is rarely diagnosed before laparotomy. Antituberculous therapy alone is generally not sufficient and should be associated with surgical treatment. PMID- 6653979 TI - [Inferior vena cava thrombosis responsible for chronic Budd-Chiari syndrome during hepatic and digestive amyloidosis]. AB - The case of a 39 year old woman with amyloidosis of the liver and the digestive tract presenting with obstruction of the inferior vena cava is reported. Computed tomography after bolus injection of contrast material revealed a typical patchy fan-shaped image, of hepatic vein obstruction. The association of Budd-Chiari's syndrome with amyloidosis may be related to the increased risk of thrombosis observed in the latter disease. PMID- 6653980 TI - [The choice of an antacid in therapy: use of in vivo methods]. PMID- 6653981 TI - [Effect of an antacid (Dimalan) on the gastric pH. Continuous 12-hour recording in the healthy subject]. PMID- 6653982 TI - [5-Aminosalicylic acid enema preparation]. PMID- 6653983 TI - [Hepatic blood flow and hepatic mass]. PMID- 6653984 TI - [A new cause of acute avitaminosis K: lamoxactam]. PMID- 6653985 TI - [Jaundice of neoplastic appearance caused by tuberculous lymph node compression of the hepatic pedicle]. PMID- 6653987 TI - Large bowel cancer and liver cirrhosis. Connection between the two diseases. PMID- 6653986 TI - [Simplified determination of isoamylases by the inhibition method: application to a case of hyperamylasuria with an unusual cause]. PMID- 6653988 TI - Superficial carcinoma of the esophagus. AB - Nine cases of superficial carcinoma of the esophagus were described. Although 3 patients complained of abdominal sensations on swallowing or dysphasia, 6 patients did not present with any symptoms related to the esophageal lesion. The radiologic diagnosis is particularly difficult in cases with superficial type esophageal cancer, and no definitive findings were obtained in three such cases. However, esophagoscopy using Lugol spray was far more effective for the recognition of these superficial lesions. Although surgical resection of the esophagus is technically easier in these cases, the indications of surgery should be carefully evaluated. One operative death occurred in our series. In cases that are good indications, however, wide lymph node dissection should be carried out, since metastases occur even to distant lymph nodes, particularly in cases with cancer invasion of the submucosal layer. The histopathologic diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma in 8 cases, but in one case it was adenocarcinoma of mucus-secreting gland origin in the mid-thoracic esophagus. PMID- 6653990 TI - Studies on effect of carcinoembryonic antigen on leucocyte migration inhibition test in patients with colorectal cancer. AB - Leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) is a useful method to detect tumor associated antigens (TAA) in cancer patients. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is one of the best tumor markers for gastrointestinal cancer, and especially for colorectal cancer patients, who show high plasma CEA level frequently. In this study, we performed LMIT in 71 colorectal cancer patients with 3 M KCl extracts of cancer tissues and measured concentration of CEA in the plasma and the extracts of cancer tissue simultaneously. Although CEA in colorectal cancer extracts was individually varied from low to high in concentration, the levels of CEA had no relation to LMI reactivity. In addition, the LMI reactivity of colorectal cancer patients did not relate to the plasma CEA level of the corresponding patient. The results suggest that some antigens which induce leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LMIF) to lymphocytes from colorectal cancer patients might be different substances from CEA. PMID- 6653989 TI - Regulation of interdigestive contractions in the denervated stomach. AB - The effects of thiopental sodium on the regulation of interdigestive migrating contractions (IMC) in the stomach were investigated in dogs with extrinsically denervated fundic pouches. During the interdigestive state, strong phasic contractions in the pouch took place consistently in accordance with the IMC in the main stomach. The cyclic increase in plasma motilin concentration was more closely correlated with the increase in contractile activity in the pouch than the increase in the main stomach. General anesthesia by thiopental sodium promptly inhibited the IMC in the main stomach but the contractile activity in the pouch was not affected but gradually decreased in proportion to the decrease in plasma motilin concentration. In conclusion, contractile activity in the extrinsically denervated pouch, which is quite independent of the CNS, is directly controlled by a humoral factor(s), motilin. However, interdigestive motor activity in the extrinsically intact stomach appears to be regulated by the CNS as well as peripheral circulation humoral factors. PMID- 6653991 TI - Detection of mitochondria in bile canaliculi in early stage primary biliary cirrhosis cases. AB - Biopsy specimens of liver obtained from patients with early stages of primary biliary cirrhosis were examined by electron microscopy with special attention being paid to changes in bile canaliculi, as well as bile ducts and hepatocytes. Ultrastructural alterations of hepatocytes were minimal and non-specific. In bile canaliculi mitochondria were noted to be normal or slightly lack uniformity. These findings varied according to each case. This alteration was strongly considered to be specific in early stage primary biliary cirrhosis cases. PMID- 6653992 TI - Adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the common bile duct in men and cats. AB - To clarify whether or not the common bile duct (CBD) has peristaltic movement, the muscular structure and intrinsic innervation were investigated for the full length of the CBD in 50 fresh human autopsy specimens and 50 cats. Nearly the same results were obtained in control groups of humans and cats. 1) Abundant sympathetic noradrenergic innervation, mainly composed of two plexuses, was demonstrated in each layer of the common bile duct tissue. 2) Parasympathetic nervous innervation was also abundant in each layer of the common bile duct and was composed of two ganglionated cholinergic plexuses. 3) Human and cat ganglia were composed of several nerve cells, which were mostly of Dogiel type II. 4) No other biogenic monoamines than adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) were detected. 5) Digestive tract hormones were undetectable. 6) The presence of smooth muscle was confirmed all along the common bile duct in all cases. The muscular tissue of the CBD was more abundant in humans than in cats. 7) The results of quantitation of catecholamine and acetylcholine esterase in the common bile duct tissue demonstrated a good correlation between biochemical and histochemical activities. PMID- 6653994 TI - A study on clinical spectrum at acute stage of pancreatitis--a proposal to grade severity in mild cases. AB - Two hundred patients with pancreatitis were studied in respect to incidence and severity of 26 items of symptoms, signs and laboratory data. Factor and cluster analyses were performed on correlation coefficients between the items and both gave similar results which allowed classification of the items into three groups: the 1st group consisting of symptoms and objective signs, the 2nd group consisting of laboratory test items related to liver function and the 3rd group consisting of test data concerning acute inflammation of the pancreas. The 1st, followed by the 3rd item-group, had a high correlation with the overall severity judgement made by individual physicians and with that by the central committee concerning a CDP-choline trial. Impairment in the 2nd item-group was particularly apparent in patients with biliary-associated pancreatitis. Subsequent scalogram analysis was carried out to investigate the relationship between the incidence of the items and overall severity. Finally, operational criteria for the assessment of overall severity were proposed. PMID- 6653993 TI - Ribonuclease and ribonuclease inhibitor in the human pancreas. AB - Previous investigations have failed to confirm any specificity of elevated serum ribonuclease (RNase) in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Although RNase had been known to be present in two forms (free and inhibitor-bound) in various rat tissues, little was known about its presence in the human pancreas. This report investigates the presence of RNase inhibitor in the human pancreas through the assay of both active (=free) and total (=sum of free and inhibitor-bound) RNases. Inhibitor-bound RNase was also named as latent RNase. RNase was classified into three types according to pH (acid, neutral, and alkaline RNases) in the pancreatic supernatant fraction. An inhibitor was separated from latent RNase by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (PCMB), and the latent RNase was changed to an active form. Latent RNase was more active on the alkaline side with a maximum at pH 7.5. Hence, the presence of RNase inhibitor was highly suggested in the pancreatic supernatant fraction. RNase inhibitor is most likely a protein, which binds with both neutral and alkaline RNases. The presence of RNase inhibitor has not yet been demonstrated in the normal human serum. PMID- 6653995 TI - [Joint surfaces of the carpometacarpal articulation of the thumb in man]. AB - With respect of height and width of the proximal joint surface of the macerated 1st metacarpal bone as well as of height of the left trapezium results significant minor values compared with bones of right extremities. The measurement datas of height and width of both joint surfaces at the left macerated specimens are less significant than at left humid preparations. With respect of height of the proximal articular surfaces of the right 1st metacarpal bone, there are greater values than at the cartilageneous preparations by statistical significance. At macerated and humid preparated articulation surfaces of the saddle moint of the thumb there are 3 typical profiles in the 2 main planes: a spiral curve (vaulted in the dorsal or ulnar direction), a circular curve, and a s-shaped curve. The radius of the curve will be determined with adaptation of defined curve patterns. At the distal joint surface of the macerated trapezium, the circularly and spirally curved profiles are significantly much more crooked in the dorso-palmar direction than at the cartilageneous articulation surface on the contrary. The humid preparated distal joint surface of the trapezium in the radio-ulnar direction is clearly much more curved. The spiral form is found in 52,6% of all macerated and in 41,6% of all humid preparated specimens. The s-shaped profile is very rarely found at macerated joints (8%), whereas it appears in 26% at humid preparated surfaces. Corresponding cartilageneous saddle joints of the thumb are even similarly curved in 47% of the radio-ulnar and 40,5% of the dorso-palmar joints slices. The clear majority of the opposite carpometacarpal joint surfaces of the thumb show an individually variabel, partly an incongruent curving attitude. If different profiles at corresponding humid preparated joint surfaces assemble the following curvatures prevail: a) In the radio-ulnar cutting direction the combination: circular curve of the distal joint surface of the trapezium and spiral curve of the proximal surface of the 1st metacarpal bone, b) in the dorso-palmar direction: the combination spiral curve of the distal surface of the trapezium and circular curve of the 1st metacarpal bone. PMID- 6653996 TI - [Craniometric studies of the upper jaw as aid in population differentiation]. AB - 10 selected midfacial dimensions were measured on each of 711 skulls from 4 anthropologically different populations and tested for their usefulness for the characterization of populations. The palate height cannot be recommended as a distinctive feature because of its considerable variability within the single groups. According to the problems under study, sagittal, and transversal midfacial dimensions are suited for classification into groups. PMID- 6653997 TI - [Mathematic approximations of mass growth in pig fetuses and comparison with Homo sapiens]. AB - Values for fetal mass growth over unequal time intervals of pregnancy as given by Brune (1972) for the domestic pig are submitted to nonlinear regressions in order to achieve mathematical approximations. Altogether 7 functions of organic growth are considered in their unbound form, as fetal mass growth is extremely slow in the 1st quarter of gravidity thus outruling the necessity of introducing an exact initial value. In contrast to many other investigations into organic growth all functions yield almost equally good results in this case. A comparison of the curves of fetal mass growth, increase and acceleration with those of man show a surprisingly close agreement. Calculation of the values of relative growth for the applied growth functions gives confirmation of this aspect, although the differences between man and domestic pig are deviating due to the functions taken into consideration. Closest junction is gained with the Mitscherlich, Sager and Richards function. For the future work of this kind interest is raised for investigating the properties of other mammals and their interrelations to each other and to man. PMID- 6653998 TI - [Comparative quantitative studies of mental and physical development of children up to age 3]. AB - Biomathematical-methodical aspects are exposed of quantitative recording of mean growth courses which will be taken as basis for comparisons between different sample curves. In the paper the body length growth process of children in the age period from 0 to 3 years is considered. There are samples of children growing up under different social conditions and data of corresponding samples collected about 20 years ago. After remarks on the correlation between physical and psychical development of infants several possibilities for representing mean body length growth curves are discussed. The advantages of empirical regression are explained as the best suited method for a modelfree data evaluation. The nonparametric location trend test of Cox and Stuart is used for statistical proving of global difference or parallelism in the course of 2 mean growth curves. Level differences in the global sense between 2 compared curves may be tested by constructing a Scheffe confidence region for a properly defined constrast. Local level differences can be proved by the t-test for those pairs of corresponding mean values for which the conditions of applying this test are fulfilled. The calculation of a curve-related normal belt as a succession of 95% tolerance regions (without confidence probability) is demonstrated by an example. PMID- 6653999 TI - Rhythm of development in the oocyte of the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. (Pisces: Cichlidae); a morphometric and histochemical study. AB - The ovary of the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus was studied morphologically and morphometrically; the zonas granulosa and radiata, the ooplasm and the yolk globules were studied histochemically. The ovary is of typical teleostean type consisting of a wall and developing oocytes. The development of oocytes has been divided into 10 cytological stages. Histochemically the zona radiata and yolk globules contain glycoprotein (neutral mucopolysaccharides and protein radicals alpha-amino groups, cystine, cystein, tyrosin, tryptophane, and arginine. The zona granulosa and ooplasm contain neutral and carboxylate acid mucopolysaccharides and protein radicals alpha-amino group, cystein, cystine, tyrosin, arginine, and tryptophane. PMID- 6654000 TI - [Electron microscope studies of the structure and junctions of heart and skeletal muscle capillaries in the rat during pre- and postnatal development]. AB - Comparative investigations with freeze etching procedure of capillaries of the rat heart and triceps muscle (fetal and some postnatal stages) reveal some differences of the junctional structures. Junctions of the skeletal muscle capillaries show several parallel arranged rows of partly linked and interrupted junctional strands with relative few junctional particles. In the 3rd week of life, we found also short fragments of non parallelized strands densely covered with particles which could be related to the venous segment of the capillary. The junctions of myocardial capillaries show a reduced number of mostly zigzag-like arranged junctional strands with many particles and large non sealed gaps. Areas with extremely reduced strands were kept for the venous segments. The above described differences could be responsible for the better permeability of the heart capillaries to horse radish peroxidase. PMID- 6654001 TI - [Functional relations between the adrenal cortex, thyroid gland and pineal body. I. Reactions of the adrenal cortex following interference with the thyroid regulatory cycle]. AB - Histologic-cytological and morphometrical changes were investigated in the adrenal cortex of male Wistar-rats in experimental hypo- and hyperthyroid situation. Under hypothyroid metabolism's situation (methylthiouracil-application or thyroidectomy) a regressive transformation was found: It is a decrease of secretion of the fascicular zone. The glomerular zone was activated. After long time application of high dosis of thyroxin, the histological findings show some criteria of an increasing function and also of a beginning exhaustion, too. It is evident, that the duration of the hyperthyroid situation is important. Thyroxin is an unspecific stressor. The long-time application of high thyroxin dosis induced a regressive transformation and atrophic changes in the adrenal cortex. The nuclei of the fascicular and the glomerular zone were diminuated significantly. PMID- 6654002 TI - [Ependyma of Merino sheep following continuous irradiation]. AB - The ependyma of the lateral and IIIrd cerebral chamber was studied in 2 to 3 a old Merino sheep in the period of physiological anestrus after continuous 60Co irradiation for 7 d with a total exposure of 6.7 Gy. Locally focuslike or disseminated increased numbers of ependymous cells were found. Metaplasia of the original cell type was observed in the infundibular region of the IIIrd chamber, in the recessus pinealis and on the habenula in hyperplastic foci. The PAS reaction for mucopolysaccharides in the subependyma at different sites of the lateral and IIIrd cerebral chamber was decreased to being negative. After continuous irradiation, the ependyma showed greater injury in the median and caudal than in the rostral portion of both chambers examined. PMID- 6654003 TI - [A method of non-parametric evaluation of one-dimensional continuous distribution density]. AB - A continuous density function f(x) of a one-dimensional continuous random variable X is estimated from independent measured values xi, i = 1 (1) n, by a nonparametric procedure. If the measuring precision is sufficiently high, then the density estimation f(x) will be received from the 1st derivative of the LOLINREG-approximation of the empirical distribution function which is generated by the measured values. If the measured values are granulated by a lower measuring precision, then the density estimation f(x) may be obtained from the 1st derivative of the LOLINREG-approximation of an empirical distribution function which is calculated from the natural histogram by integration. The procedure is demonstrated by examples from biometrical research. PMID- 6654004 TI - Physiological dependency between the hypothalamus and the thymus of Wistar rats. V. 3H-thymidine incorporation by the organotypic culture of thymus in the presence of serotonin. AB - Thymic glands of 7 d old Wistar rats were used for the experiments. 3H-thymidine incorporation after different culture periods and the histological alterations were studied. The obtained results show that the addition of serotonin (5-HT) at the concentration of 2 micrograms and 10 micrograms per ml of the culture medium decreases 3H-thymidine incorporation by DNA-synthesizing thymic cells. Serial histological sections prepared after 48 h of the culture revealed a lowered number of thymocytes which were regularly distributed over the entire area of the thymus, leading to the disappearance of a boundary between the cortical and medullary parts of the organ. The histochemical studies showed that in the thymic glands cultured in the presence of serotonin appeared numerous mast cells located mainly in the central parts of the gland. PMID- 6654005 TI - [Intensive discontinuous plasmacytapheresis--a prospective method of achieving component hemotherapy]. PMID- 6654006 TI - [Effectiveness of intensive erythrocytapheresis in polycythemia vera]. PMID- 6654007 TI - [Use of cytapheresis in oncological practice]. PMID- 6654008 TI - [Isolation of therapeutic doses of leukocytes and thrombocytes using a blood cell separator]. PMID- 6654009 TI - [Use of therapeutic plasmapheresis on an outpatient basis]. PMID- 6654010 TI - [Effect of plasmapheresis on the blood coagulating system of donors]. PMID- 6654011 TI - [Gravitational surgery of the blood--a new direction in modern clinical transfusion science]. PMID- 6654012 TI - [Changes in the morphological and enzyme status of the neutrophils in peritonitis patients during hemosorption]. PMID- 6654013 TI - [Nonspecific detoxifying mechanisms in using hemosorption for treating sepsis and burn toxemia]. PMID- 6654014 TI - [Use of hyperimmune antistaphylococcal plasma in the combined treatment of patients with suppurative-septic processes]. PMID- 6654015 TI - [Microaggregation process in blood transfusion media preserved with citroglucophosphate and glugicire and the means of decreasing its intensity]. PMID- 6654016 TI - [Case of a chronic form of Gaucher's disease]. PMID- 6654017 TI - [Restoration of the viability of preserved blood after long-term storage]. PMID- 6654018 TI - [New method of preparing functionally active thrombocyte concentrates from preserved blood after 1-5 days of storage]. PMID- 6654019 TI - [Manufacture of blood preservatives]. PMID- 6654020 TI - [Comparison of the morphofunctional properties of the cells obtained in the process of plasmapheresis and cytapheresis on the RK-0.5 (USSR) and Aminco (USA) apparatus]. PMID- 6654021 TI - [Scientific and organizational forms of improving outpatient hematologic services to the community]. PMID- 6654023 TI - [Experience in the ambulatory observation and treatment of patients with polycythemia vera]. PMID- 6654022 TI - [Medical rehabilitation in ambulatory care of patients with myeloma]. PMID- 6654024 TI - [Ambulatory polyclinic hematologic services in the USSR]. PMID- 6654025 TI - [System of medical and socio-vocational rehabilitation of patients with lymphogranulomatosis]. PMID- 6654026 TI - [Ambulatory care of patients with chronic lympholeukemia]. PMID- 6654027 TI - [Ambulatory care (diagnosis, treatment) of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. PMID- 6654029 TI - [Rehabilitation in hematology]. PMID- 6654028 TI - [Psychological rehabilitation of patients with hemoblastoses]. PMID- 6654030 TI - Characterization of an estrogen receptor in the turtle testis. AB - Using DNA-cellulose affinity chromatography, an estrogen-binding component having the properties of a classical estrogen receptor was characterized from testicular cytosol of the freshwater turtle, Chrysemys picta. This putative cytoplasmic receptor exhibited high affinity (Kd = 7.0 X 10(-10) M), low capacity (1-4 fmol/mg protein), and steroid binding that was specific for estrogens. It was not present in plasma, muscle, kidney, or lung. A temperature-dependent conversion of turtle testicular estrogen receptor from 4 to 5 S occurred on DNA-cellulose columns, and resembled that in mammalian testis and other target tissues. After a single injection of estrogen at 3 hr, cytoplasmic receptors were depleted with a concomitant increase of nuclear receptors. Identification in turtle testis of an estrogen-binding macromolecule having the physicochemical properties of mammalian estrogen receptors is further evidence that receptors have been widely conserved in many tissue types through vertebrate phylogeny and supports the idea that the testis is an important target of estrogen action. PMID- 6654032 TI - Determination of locust vitellogenin by radioimmunoassay with [3H]Propionyl vitellogenin. AB - A simple procedure for radiolabeling of locust vitellogenin is described. This procedure involves coupling of [3H]propionyl succinimidate to purified vitellogenin with high yield and specific activity. Using this radiolabeled analog, a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay was developed for determining locust vitellogenin content, with a lower detection limit of 1 ng. [3H]Propionyl vitellogenin binds completely to rabbit anti-vitellogenin (locust) and can be completely competed out by locust vitellogenin. The structural similarity of locust vitellogenin with that of locust egg vitellin, male locust lipophorin (a diglyceride-carrying lipoprotein), Xenopus laevis vitellogenin, and chicken egg yolk lipovitellin was examined with this RIA procedure. Comparable binding competition was obtained with locust vitellin only. Male locust lipophorin, Xenopus vitellogenin, and chicken lipovitellin did not inhibit vitellogenin binding at concentrations 1000-fold greater than that of locust vitellogenin. The use of this RIA in determination of vitellogenin synthesis in vivo and in vitro, using isolated fat body preparations, is described. PMID- 6654031 TI - Effects of steroid hormones on pituitary immunoreactive gonadotropin in European freshwater eel, Anguilla anguilla L. AB - The low pituitary immunoreactive gonadotropin (IR GTH) contents of immature female or male freshwater eels were strongly increased after intraperitoneal injections of estradiol. Using female eels, the effect was shown to be dose dependent. In neither sex was modification of pituitary IR GTH observed after progesterone treatment; a very small increase (significant in females but not in males) was produced by cortisol. An important sexual difference occurred with testosterone, which strongly stimulated pituitary IR GTH level in male but not in female eels. The possibility of a low central aromatase activity responsible for the lack of effect of testosterone in the female eel is discussed. Circulating IR GTH levels were very low in steroid-treated eels, as in controls, indicating a weak GTH release. Thus, as in juvenile, immature fish from other species, a sexual steroid stimulated eel pituitary GTH content; the peculiarity of the apparent "blockade" of eel sexual development appears not related to a lack of sensitivity of gonadotropin synthesis to the positive feedback of a sexual steroid. PMID- 6654034 TI - Effects of external Mg2+ and Ca2+ on branchial osmotic water permeability and prolactin secretion in the teleost fish Sarotherodon mossambicus. AB - In Sarotherodon mossambicus prolactin cell activity is related to ambient Ca2+ levels, and prolactin has hypercalcemic activity in this species. To study whether prolactin has a direct action on calcium metabolism, or whether prolactin's relationship with calcium is indirect and connected with control of gill permeability, the effects of external Ca2+ and Mg2+ on prolactin secretion and gill permeability were compared. It appeared that high external Mg2+ was associated with reduced prolactin secretion, even though high Mg2+ resulted in a marked hypocalcemia. Exposure of fish to high Ca2+ levels led to hypercalcemia. Both high Mg2+ and high Ca2+ concentrations in the ambient water reduced the osmotic water permeability of the gills. These results represent further evidence that prolactin secretion in S. mossambicus may be affected by any external factor that interferes with branchial permeability. It is concluded that prolactin's main function in this species is connected with control of branchial permeability rather than calcium metabolism, although internal calcium may be implicated in permeability control. PMID- 6654033 TI - The relative importance of nervous and humoral pathways for control of corpus allatum activity in the adult Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). AB - To elucidate corpus allatum (CA) regulatory mechanisms under the influence of photoperiod and starvation in Leptinotarsa decemlineata, gland activities were measured in vitro by the short-term radiochemical assay. This data was substantiated with juvenile hormone (JH) titer determinations by using a physicochemical method or a radioimmunoassay. Under short-day conditions both neural and humoral factors may be involved in CA inhibition. This was indicated by the temporary activation of short-day glands after denervation in early prediapause and the gradual inhibition of active CA from long-day females implanted into short-day hosts. Studies with farnesenic acid as a precursor indicated that the last two steps in the biosynthetic pathway of JH are also diminished during humoral inhibition of the CA. Transfer of short-day beetles to long-day photoperiod completely activated the CA and this process was independent of CA innervation. Starvation leads to neural inhibition of intact glands but to possible stimulation of the denervated CA, since implanted glands in starved hosts were fully activated irrespective of the photoperiod. PMID- 6654035 TI - Synchronous maturation of the female reproductive system and of the ovulation hormone-producing system in Lymnaea stagnalis. AB - The intercerebral commissures (COMs) of young snails, which are in the male stage (10-15 mm shell height), contain only small quantities of ovulation hormone (CDCH): 0.6 OIU . COM-1 . g-1 snail (1 ovulation inducing unit = threshold dose for ovulation in adult recipients). During the subsequent period of female maturation the quantities of CDCH increase considerably up to a maximum of 47 OIU . COM-1 . g-1 snail at the onset of oviposition. In snails smaller than ca. 21 mm shell height oviposition cannot be induced by COM extract injections. It is concluded that maturation of the female reproductive system and of the ovulation hormone system occur simultaneously, and that both processes are stimulated by the hormone of the dorsal bodies (endocrine organs located upon the cerebral ganglia). PMID- 6654036 TI - Effect of luteinizing hormone on progesterone production by the follicular granulosa in the ovarian hierarchy of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). AB - A LH function test was used to assess the effect of a previously administered dose of ovine LH on the granulosa from the four largest preovulatory follicles, F1-F4, of laying hens. At intervals of 1, 3, and 6 hr after intravenous ovine LH (40 micrograms; a dose previously shown to cause atresia) or carrier solution (1% bovine serum albumin solution, BSA), a second dose of LH or carrier was injected. The progesterone contained in the dissected granulosa of the F1-F4 follicles 45 min after the second injection was measured by radioimmunoassay. With birds injected with BSA, the mean basal levels ranged from 17 to 59 ng progesterone per granulosa, irrespective of the follicular type. In short-term experiments, i.e., 45 min after LH, the mean progesterone contents of F1 (262 ng) and F2 (137 ng) were significantly higher than their controls, whereas those of F3 (59 ng) and F4 (21 ng) did not change. The response per cell was greater in the F1 granulosa than in that of F2-F4; other evidence is presented to support a hypothesis that the F1 granulosa contains a larger LH receptor population. The effect of LH over a longer period (6 hr) was shown by a decline in the steroidogenic response of the F1 granulosa only. The kinetics of this decline (estimated t1/2 13.7 hr) resembled that previously reported for adenylate cyclase activity in granulosa cells from postovulatory follicles (POF) (t1/2 about 14.4 hr).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654037 TI - Thyroid photoperiod and gonadal regression in the common myna Acridotheres tristis. AB - In the common myna, extirpation of the thyroid glands inhibited seasonal development of the testes of birds maintained under normal length days, but full development, similar to sham-operated birds, resulted when maintained under 15L:9D. Further, thyroidectomy delayed and reduced the rate of gonadal regression when performed in 15L:9D exposed birds having fully developed testes. The thyroid gonad relationship exhibited in the common myna is of great adaptive value to the bird, especially in the subtropics, where sudden fluctuations in environmental temperature (due to heat wave/hail storm) may lead to sharp alterations in thyroid activity. PMID- 6654038 TI - Correlations between endocrine gland ultrastructure and hormone titers in the fifth larval instar of Manduca sexta. AB - Correlations were made between endocrine gland ultrastructure and circulating hormone titers of Manduca sexta to investigate the mechanisms of hormone biosynthesis and secretion. Both the prothoracic glands (PTG), which secrete ecdysone, and the corpora allata (CA), which secrete juvenile hormone (JH), were studied. In the prothoracic glands, the intracellular spaces increase in area and reach their maximum size following the major ecdysteroid peak in the fourth and fifth larval instars. Within the intercellular spaces are multivesicular sacs (MVS), structures which are clusters of vesicles bounded by another membrane. Since these sacs are largely depleted of their internal vesicles after the second cycle of tropic hormone stimulates the PTG to secrete ecdysone, the MVS probably release a gland cell product at this time. In the CA, concentric whorls of smooth endoplasmic reticulum are present in larval glands, when the JH titer is high, but are absent from pupal CA when the JH titer is low. The peak of JH at Days 6-8 of the fifth larval instar occurs after an increase is seen in the neurosecretory cell axon diameters suggesting that the CA are stimulated by a brain hormone to release JH. The number of Golgi complexes increases in pupal CA and dense bodies are present in pupal but not larval glands. These Golgi complexes may be involved in the manufacture of lysosomal enzymes which degrade JH within the gland itself. PMID- 6654039 TI - A study of the ovulation-inhibiting effects of dexamethasone in the domestic hen. AB - Laying hens were injected with a series of graded doses of dexamethasone following the terminal oviposition of a sequence to determine the effect of this compound on the time of ovulation. It was found that injection of 10-500 micrograms of dexamethasone/kg inhibited ovulation but there was no evidence of an ovulation-inducing effect when the dose was reduced below 10 micrograms/kg. The results for dexamethasone are in contrast to the effects of corticosterone which inhibits ovulation at high doses and induces ovulation at lower doses providing the hens are injected at the stage of the ovulatory cycle used in this study. It is suggested that the ovulation-inducing action of corticosterone involves a target site remote from the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. PMID- 6654040 TI - Effects of exogenous prolactin on ovarian growth and fattening in the redheaded bunting, Emberiza bruniceps. AB - Subcutaneous daily injections of ovine prolactin (PRL) inhibit photoperiodic induction of gonads and fattening in the female redheaded bunting (Emberiza bruniceps). However, birds respond to the same photoperiod (15L:9D) after withdrawal of the exogenous PRL. Further, PRL injections given in late hours during the subjective days induce ovarian regression in the photostimulated females. The results suggest that the PRL has an inhibitory role on gonadal photoperiodic responses in redheaded buntings, and extend our understanding of the regulatory function of PRL in migratory birds. PMID- 6654041 TI - Artificial anterior chamber for the growing of membranes on lens implants. AB - Intraocular lens implants made of glass and plastic were placed into the lumen of short pieces of clear plastic tubing. These were incompletely closed at both ends with nylon sutures, filled with Healon, and used experimentally as artificial anterior chambers for implantation into the peritoneal space of mice. After 7 days macrophages had been attracted into the chambers, become sessile on the implants, and formed a continuous membrane on their surface. The concept of artificial anterior chambers in experimental and future clinical applications is discussed. PMID- 6654042 TI - Postoperative emesis in vitreoretinal surgical patients. AB - We studied, prospectively, the incidence of emesis in 64 consecutive patients undergoing retinal and vitreous surgery performed either under local or general anesthesia. Of these patients 19% had at least one episode of emesis within 12 h after surgery. 30% of the patients who underwent general anesthesia had emesis, whereas only 4% of the patients with local anesthesia vomited. These results were statistically significant. Unless special attention is paid to minimize emesis, we recommend the use of local anesthesia, especially in patients with unstable metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus. Emesis and its potential ocular and systemic complications add to the postoperative malaise of general anesthesia. PMID- 6654043 TI - Visual acuity, spectacle blur and slit-lamp biomicroscopy on asymptomatic contact lens-wearing recruits. AB - Refraction data of 644 Dutch Army and Air Force recruits wearing contact lenses or spectacles were statistically compiled and correlated with the type of lenses worn. Visual acuity with contact lenses was far from optimal because the power of the lenses was incorrect or the optical quality poor. This applied particularly to soft contact lenses. On the other hand, spectacle blur was rare with soft lenses and less evident with gas-permeable hard lenses compared with conventional hard lenses. Less corneal staining occurred with gas-permeable hard lenses compared with conventional hard lenses (P=0.02). Corneal neovascularization, conjunctival hyperaemia, papillary changes in the tarsal conjunctiva, corneal opacifications and ghost vessels were seen more often in wearers of soft rather than hard lenses. In this study, in which we examined objective parameters of contact lens efficiency, the gas-permeable hard lenses appeared most favourable. PMID- 6654044 TI - The value of the edrophonium tonography in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. AB - Tonography of the eye was performed after administration of 10 mg edrophonium chloride (Tensilon) in 13 patients with clinically diagnosed myasthenia gravis. In ten of these patients repetitive nerve stimulation was used to examine the function of the motor end-plate. A significant pressure rise (more than 2 mm Hg) within the 1st min after edrophonium administration was observed in three patients (four eyes), whereas eight of the ten patients who underwent nerve stimulation showed positive results. The edrophonium tonogram test does not seem to be significant enough to define the diagnosis in early myasthenia gravis. Beyond this, these tests might have lost some of their value due to the introduction of antibody analysis against acetylcholine receptors, which serve as a very sensitive diagnostic tool now. PMID- 6654045 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland with sebaceous differentiation. A clinical study using light and electronmicroscopy. AB - A case of metastasizing adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland with sebaceous differentiation is described, which probably originated in a benign mixed tumour (BMT), with infiltration of the orbital muscles, the bony orbital wall, the neck lymph nodes, and the parotid gland. The patient was a 69-year-old male with a proptosis that had persisted for 31 years. An orbital exenteration was performed. Death occurred due to cerebral tumour infiltration. In view of the sebaceous pattern meibomian gland carcinoma has to be ruled out in the differential diagnosis. PMID- 6654046 TI - Lysozyme content of tears in normal subjects and in patients with external eye infections. AB - We studied the lysozyme content of tears in 267 subjects (521 eyes), including 241 healthy subjects, 7 patients (14 eyes) with bilateral blepharitis, 8 patients (12 eyes) with conjunctivitis, and 11 patients (16 eyes) with keratitis. The concentration of lysozyme in the tears rises with age between childhood and maturity. The highest values were seen in the age group of 21-40 years, and a decrease of lysozyme concentration occurred with an increase in age from 30-40 years. The mean lysozyme content of tears was 1,768 micrograms/ml in healthy subjects; no significant differences occurred between the sexes. Patients with blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and keratitis had normal mean lysozyme content of tears. The tears of patients with herpes simplex keratitis had low lysozyme values. PMID- 6654047 TI - Cell necrosis and endocytosis (apoptosis) in an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. AB - An orbital embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, which was excised from the orbit of an 8 year-old girl, was studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Cells within the tumour demonstrated by light microscopy diffuse areas of necrosis and isolated single-cell necrosis. There were many viable tumour cells with intracytoplasmic vacuolar structures which contained basophilic granules. Ultrastructural studies showed close apposition between well-preserved tumour rhabdomyoblasts and degenerate or necrotic tumour cells: degenerate cells and condensed cell fragments were observed within the cytoplasm of the well preserved tumour cells. Some cells which showed degenerative changes had features which suggested that they had ingested more than one degenerate cell on separate occasions. This phenomenon may be regarded as a variant of selective individual cell death, currently referred to as apoptosis, which has not been previously reported in a case of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. The patient remains free of tumour recurrence four years following treatment with combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy. PMID- 6654049 TI - [Characteristics of the statics of women workers in industrial enterprises and its effect on the course of pregnancy and labor]. PMID- 6654048 TI - Prolonged pulse-entry of pilocarpine with a soluble drug insert. AB - Apparent biophase availability of pilocarpine was studied in the eyes of albino rabbits. Pilocarpine doses of 0.85 and 2.30 mg in aqueous solutions, 1.00 mg in oil and 0.85 mg in a solid insert, were applied ocularly. The insert was a water soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix, which released 80% of its pilocarpine content in 35 min in vitro. In the inferior fornix of the eye this insert gelled in about 5 min and dissolved in 1 h. Pupillary diameters were measured and converted to values for the response parameter (RP). Time delay and magnitude of peak response, apparent biophasic availability (area under the curve of RP vs time), and a constant for the apparent rate of elimination were calculated from RP values. The time delay for the peak response was 16.l3-24.0 min, and the constant for apparent rate of elimination was 0.69-0.81 h-1. Neither time delay nor this constant was affected by the dose or the dosage form. Magnitude of the peak response and apparent biophasic availability were influenced by the vehicle and the dose: insert (0.85 mg) greater than oily solution (1.00 mg) greater than aqueous solution (2.30 mg) greater than aqueous solution (0.85 mg). The insert and oily solution did not show vehicle-controlled drug absorption and can be regarded as prolonged pulse-entry medication. PMID- 6654050 TI - [Energy losses and requirements for energy of women in the cotton spinning and weaving industry]. PMID- 6654051 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of the sorption properties of the synthetic materials used in ship building and ship maintenance]. PMID- 6654052 TI - [Mental work capacity and achievement of schoolchildren in relation to their nervous system function]. PMID- 6654053 TI - [Morphological criteria and a system of indices for assessing the neurotoxic effect of chemical environmental factors (based on the carbon monoxide model)]. PMID- 6654055 TI - [Data on the hygienic basis for sanitary protective zones around seaports as unorganized sources of atmospheric pollution]. PMID- 6654054 TI - [Strain on the cardiovascular system as affected by the instructional process]. PMID- 6654056 TI - [Evaluation of the labor expenditure of specialists in child and adolescent hygiene in epidemiological health stations of rural and urban districts]. PMID- 6654057 TI - [Theoretical basis for the study of opportunistic microorganisms in environmental objects]. PMID- 6654058 TI - [Sources of scientific information on the problem of environmental protection]. PMID- 6654059 TI - [The "business game" in the practical training of hygienists in deontology]. PMID- 6654060 TI - [Automated system for collecting, processing and storing radiometric information]. PMID- 6654061 TI - [Methodological approaches to evaluating specific body reactions in the hygienic standardization of chemical compounds]. PMID- 6654062 TI - [Effect of hydroxymethylphthalimide on embryogenesis in white rats]. PMID- 6654063 TI - [Model characteristics of children's health--a basis for the hygienic standardization of physical education for preparatory classes for school]. PMID- 6654064 TI - [Assessment of the body height and weight of schoolchildren using centile scales and nomograms]. PMID- 6654065 TI - [Change in the water quality of an underground source during its long-term exploitation]. PMID- 6654066 TI - [Hygienic assessment of the use of rock with an elevated natural radionuclide content in road construction]. PMID- 6654067 TI - [Sanitary hygiene evaluation of the recultivation of closed disposal sites for solid domestic wastes]. PMID- 6654068 TI - [Properties of the solid domestic wastes from cultural and social institutions and trade and public restaurant enterprises]. PMID- 6654069 TI - [Radioactivity of the atmosphere and food products in Moscow 1980-1981]. PMID- 6654071 TI - [Irradiation of the population of the USSR 1976-1981 due to strontium-90 and cesium-137 uptake with the food ration]. PMID- 6654070 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of the anticorrosive coating PVKh-716 intended for protecting drinking water supply pipes]. PMID- 6654073 TI - [New state standard "The Protection of Nature. The Hydrosphere. Requirements for the Economic Drinking Water Supply of Ships" (17.1.3.09--82)]. PMID- 6654072 TI - [Biological action of methylenetetrahydropyran and the establishment of its maximum permissible concentrations in the atmosphere]. PMID- 6654074 TI - [Nonspecific prevention of dental fluorosis]. PMID- 6654075 TI - [Chamber for the inhalational exposure of animals]. PMID- 6654076 TI - [Information from the Soviet Toxicology Center]. PMID- 6654078 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of the electrical field created by high-voltage electric power transmission lines in populated places]. PMID- 6654077 TI - [Establishment of the maximum permissible concentration of nickel-zinc ferrite in the atmosphere]. PMID- 6654079 TI - [Water treatment for haloform compounds formed during water chlorination]. PMID- 6654080 TI - [Viability of the sanitary indicator and pathogenic microorganisms in reservoirs polluted by chemical substances]. PMID- 6654081 TI - [Psychophysiological functions of vocational and technical school students and of adult electric gas welders with various degrees of job skills]. PMID- 6654082 TI - [Evaluation of the visual work capacity of students in secondary schools with an integrated lighting system]. PMID- 6654083 TI - [Hygienic characteristics of polytechnical school work practice in an interschool vocational training center]. PMID- 6654084 TI - [Decisions of the June (1983) Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]. PMID- 6654085 TI - [Physiological hygiene basis for the efficiency of the academic process in the clinical department of a medical institute]. PMID- 6654086 TI - [Imminent problems of raising the qualifications of teachers of general hygiene in advanced training departments]. PMID- 6654087 TI - [Problems of practical experience in the training of health officers]. PMID- 6654088 TI - [Psychophysiological approach to assessing the effectiveness of the influence of health education motion pictures]. PMID- 6654089 TI - [Methodological characteristics of the hygienic study of the impact of the water factor on population health]. PMID- 6654090 TI - [Magnitude of the systematic error in establishing the median lethal dose of harmful substances]. PMID- 6654092 TI - [Determination of trace amounts of linuron in the air by a thin-layer chromatographic method]. PMID- 6654091 TI - [Method of probability assessment of the median effective time of death for animals based on the median lethal dose]. PMID- 6654094 TI - [Cardiotoxic effect of organophosphate pesticides]. PMID- 6654093 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of the modern methods of treating and decontaminating sewage from swine-breeding farm complexes]. PMID- 6654095 TI - [Determination of the safe levels of exposure to chemical substances as the diagnostic task of hygiene]. PMID- 6654096 TI - [Health and hygiene characteristics of a sheep-breeding farm complex]. PMID- 6654097 TI - [Experimental study of the allergenic activity of red mercuric iodide as an atmospheric pollutant]. PMID- 6654098 TI - [Organization of rest periods between shifts for physicians]. PMID- 6654100 TI - [Interrelation of the level of physical development and body function in 12- to 15-year-old girls]. PMID- 6654099 TI - [Cytological analysis of the nasal and throat mucosal smears of children living in areas of various degrees of atmospheric pollution]. PMID- 6654101 TI - [Use of physiological indices in occupational selection]. PMID- 6654102 TI - [Changes in the general immunological reactivity of the body and nervous system function during the student work semester]. PMID- 6654103 TI - [Work capacity indices of the pupils of textile vocational and technical schools as a function of visual acuity]. PMID- 6654104 TI - [Industrial hygiene during construction of the linear portion of major pipelines]. PMID- 6654105 TI - [Occupational features of morbidity with temporary disability among underground miners of Kuzbass coal mines with gently sloping seams]. PMID- 6654106 TI - [Clinico-x-ray characteristics of dust pathology among miners of tin-extracting mines in the Far East and their interpretation]. PMID- 6654107 TI - [Changes in the free-radical oxidation of lipids in experimental silicosis and chief directions in the search for pathogenetic methods of treatment]. PMID- 6654108 TI - [Reflexotherapy as a method of treating and preventing progressive dust bronchitis]. PMID- 6654109 TI - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in the treatment of dust bronchitis in coal miners]. PMID- 6654110 TI - [Physiologo-hygienic features of using artificial air ionization in an experimental sewing shop]. PMID- 6654111 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of the working conditions of students working with computers]. PMID- 6654112 TI - [Changes in the hemodynamic indices of patients with dust pathology during sanatorium-health resort treatment on the south shore of the Crimea]. PMID- 6654113 TI - [State of various metabolic processes in persons in contact with pesticides]. PMID- 6654114 TI - [Concentration of mandelic acid in the urine of workers in contact with styrene]. PMID- 6654115 TI - [Cytochemical and cytogenetic changes in the blood of persons working with sources of microwave energy]. PMID- 6654116 TI - [New technology in printing]. PMID- 6654117 TI - [Pollution of the industrial environment by lead and cadmium compounds during production of "viniliskozhi" products]. PMID- 6654119 TI - [Various filtration materials for bringing chromium-containing wastes up to sanitary norms]. PMID- 6654118 TI - [Mutagenic and carcinogenic activity of the pigment orange Zh]. PMID- 6654120 TI - [Vascular reactions in the lower limbs during changes of posture]. PMID- 6654121 TI - [Psychophysiologic aspects of working conditions of lumberjacks on fixed work schedules]. PMID- 6654122 TI - [Evaluation of the hardness and intensity of work of mail sorters and other post office employees]. PMID- 6654123 TI - [Structure and function of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum in workers in the aluminum industry]. PMID- 6654124 TI - [Problems of industrial hygiene when diesel machines are used in the mining industry]. PMID- 6654125 TI - [Health-related definition of the concept of where the motor vehicle driver sits]. PMID- 6654126 TI - [Psychoemotional stress of students during examinations]. PMID- 6654128 TI - [Experience in the organization of occupational health services]. PMID- 6654127 TI - [A sport and health center for mass physical education at a factory]. PMID- 6654129 TI - [Central hemodynamics and microcirculation in locomotive operators with hypertensive disease]. PMID- 6654130 TI - [Relations between cardiovascular reactions and glucocorticoid functions of the adrenal cortex as affected by diffuse light of low-intensity helium-neon lasers]. PMID- 6654131 TI - [Evaluation of effect of noise produced by boring equipment on health]. PMID- 6654133 TI - [Experimental study on the effectiveness of a barium sulfate film for the protection of the skin from radiation injuries]. PMID- 6654132 TI - [Toxicological aspects of silicone compounds]. PMID- 6654134 TI - [Collection of air samples containing pesticide vapors]. PMID- 6654135 TI - [Bases of the maximum allowable concentration of N, N-dimethyl-N'-(3 chlorophenyl)-guanidine in work environment]. PMID- 6654136 TI - [Characteristics of the vascular reaction to cooling in polar explorers in Antarctica depending on the length of winter and occupational activity]. PMID- 6654137 TI - [Effects of work-inducing neuro-emotional stress on the circadian rhythm of the autonomic nervous system]. PMID- 6654138 TI - [Study of the etiology of fatigue during physical work with exposure to local vibration]. PMID- 6654139 TI - [Breech presentation]. PMID- 6654141 TI - [Medicine and phenomenological thermodynamics. I. Necessity for use of phenomenological thermodynamics concepts in medicine]. PMID- 6654140 TI - [Estrogen and zinc levels in the tissues of uterine myoma]. PMID- 6654142 TI - [Fetal echocardiography. 2. Quantitative evaluation of selected hemodynamic parameters]. PMID- 6654143 TI - [Relation between the effect of oxytocin on human myometrium and the dopaminergic receptors]. PMID- 6654144 TI - Short-term bromocriptine therapy in female infertility. PMID- 6654145 TI - [Cardiotocographic evaluation of deliveries under continuous epidural anesthesia]. PMID- 6654146 TI - [Incidence of precancerous conditions and cervical cancer based on the data of the 1st surgical Gynecology Clinic, Medical Academy, in Lublin 1976-1980]. PMID- 6654147 TI - [Birth weight of infants born to women working in metallurgy plants]. PMID- 6654148 TI - [Ovarian tumors in pregnancy]. PMID- 6654149 TI - An estimation of the coagulation system and fibrinolysis in women with EPH gestosis and concomitant fetal weight deficiency. PMID- 6654150 TI - [Unfavorable outcome of estrogen therapy from the point of view of an internist]. PMID- 6654151 TI - [Fetal echocardiography. 3. Quantitative evaluation of the indicators of the left ventricular myocardial mass]. PMID- 6654152 TI - [Theoretical basis of physiopathological aspects of disorders of homeostasis in parturients in relation to their physical condition and fetal risk factors]. PMID- 6654153 TI - Echocardiographic assessment of the circulatory system in healthy pregnant women in the third trimester. PMID- 6654154 TI - [Effect of cigarette smoking on low birth weight and child development]. PMID- 6654155 TI - [Congenital goiter in twins - goiter in mother]. PMID- 6654156 TI - [Intra-aortic counterpulsation during the surgical treatment of ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6654157 TI - [Pathogenesis of reoxygenation injuries in the ischemic myocardium: effect of the level of blood oxygenation and the role of lipid peroxidation]. PMID- 6654158 TI - [Metabolism and ultrastructure of the myocardium in protection of the heart against ischemia using an ozonized cardioplegic solution]. PMID- 6654160 TI - [Acute infectious destruction of the lungs in adult patients]. PMID- 6654159 TI - [Ventilation, gas exchange and hemodynamics of the lesser circulation in patients with chronic post-embolitic pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 6654161 TI - [A method for determining the localization of peripheral bronchopleural fistulae in pyopneumothorax and pneumothorax in children]. PMID- 6654162 TI - [Cavernectomy in extended tuberculosis of the lungs]. PMID- 6654164 TI - [Radical correction of tetralogy of Fallot in anomalous branching of the coronary arteries]. PMID- 6654163 TI - [Determination of the extent of lung cancer using computed tomography]. PMID- 6654165 TI - [Remote results of lobectomy with resection and bronchial plastic surgery in cancer of the lung]. PMID- 6654166 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of retrosternal and intrathoracic goiter]. PMID- 6654168 TI - [Ebstein's anomaly and accompanying congenital heart defects]. PMID- 6654167 TI - [A device for intraoperative control of the myocardial temperature]. PMID- 6654169 TI - [Surgical treatment of the combination of aortic coartation and congenital mitral valve stenosis]. PMID- 6654170 TI - [A fistula between the coronary artery and the pulmonary trunk]. PMID- 6654171 TI - [Aortic aneurysm with penetration into the main bronchus, caused by secondary tubercular bronchoadenitis]. PMID- 6654172 TI - [A case of successful correction of total anomalous drainage of the pulmonary veins into the coronary sinus]. PMID- 6654173 TI - [Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula in an 18-year-old patient]. PMID- 6654174 TI - [Echinococcosis of the mediastinum]. PMID- 6654175 TI - [2 cases of anomalies of the mediastinal vessels, imitating tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes]. PMID- 6654176 TI - Retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in Stage I carcinoma of the endometrium: correlation with risk factors. AB - The present study was undertaken in patients with Stage I carcinoma of the endometrium to correlate risk factors and the prevalence of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases. From January 1975 to April 1983, 202 patients with Stage I disease had initial therapy at the Long Island Jewish-Hillside Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York. Among these patients, 74 who had total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and selective lymph node biopsy without preoperative radiation were included in the study. Results indicate that risk factors associated with nodal metastasis were Grade 3 tumor (42.1%), papillary adenocarcinoma (28.6%), deep myometrial invasion (42.9%), surface extent of tumor growth greater than 1/3 of the endometrial cavity (31.8%), and a diffuse pattern of tumor growth (17.2%). In Stage 1 endometrial cancer with any of the above 5 risk factors, it is urged that a selective biopsy of para-aortic and pelvic nodes during hysterectomy should be performed. PMID- 6654177 TI - The use of para-aortic radiation therapy based on lymphangiogram interpretation in uterine cervical carcinoma. AB - From January, 1965, to June, 1979, 79 nonrandomized patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix had a bipedal lymphangiogram (LAG) prior to radiotherapy at the Stanford University Medical Center. In 32 patients the LAGs were interpreted as normal. Of the remaining 47 patients, 28 had LAGs interpreted as positive for metastatic involvement of pelvic nodes alone, 11 as positive for pelvic and para aortic (PA) metastasis, and 8 as positive in PA nodes alone. Five-year survival and freedom from relapse (FFR) were found to be similar for patients with LAGs interpreted as normal or positive in pelvic nodes only (all stages combined). The addition of elective PA irradiation in those patients with positive pelvic nodes alone (median 5000 rad/5 weeks) did not enhance either survival or FFR in this group. The 19 patients with positive PA nodes had significantly worse survival and FFR when compared with the other groups. Survival was not enhanced by the addition of therapeutic PA irradiation (median 5000 rad/5 weeks) and the 7 patients in this group so treated appeared to have a reduced FFR when compared to the 12 untreated patients. Irrespective of the location of nodal abnormality on LAG and regardless of stage, the majority of relapses (16/23) occurred either centrally or at the pelvic sidewalls. It is concluded that the LAG is a good predictor of subsequent relapse and survival, but that the addition of either elective or therapeutic PA radiotherapy based on LAG interpretation does not affect survival of FFR and should, therefore, be considered for investigational or palliative use only. PMID- 6654178 TI - Cytologic detection of endometrial carcinoma by the endocyte technique. AB - Ninety-seven patients admitted for diagnostic curettage of peri- and postmenopausal bleeding underwent cytologic evaluation by the endocyte technique in order to test the accuracy of the method. Six patients with endometrial carcinoma were diagnosed by curettage and in five of them the cytologic specimens correctly agreed with histology; the other case was an inadequate sample for cytologic diagnosis. Hyperplastic endometrium was found in 14 cases by curettage; only three of them had been detected by cytology. This cytologic technique proved to be satisfactory in diagnosing endometrial cancer but inadequate for detection of premalignant lesions. PMID- 6654179 TI - Estrogen and progestogen therapy in advanced ovarian cancer: preliminary report. AB - Eleven women with advanced ovarian cancer were treated with a sequential and combined hormonal regimen designed to induce and bind tumor progesterone receptors. Two partial responses were seen, and two patients with a recent history of rapid tumor progression achieved disease stabilization. One patient experienced a transient ischemic cerebrovascular episode while on therapy, and a second patient discontinued therapy because of nausea. The regimen was able to induce progesterone receptors in vivo. One patient had no progesterone receptor in a pretreatment tumor biopsy, but did have a high titer of receptors after her first cycle of treatment. PMID- 6654180 TI - Treatment of intraperitoneal metastatic adenocarcinoma of the endometrium by the whole-abdomen moving-strip technique and pelvic boost irradiation. AB - Between October 1961, and November 1978, 31 patients with intraperitoneal metastatic adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were treated by whole-abdomen moving strip technique and pelvic boost irradiation. In 27 patients, with residual disease less than or equal to 2 cm, the corrected 5-year survival rate was 80%. The absolute 5-year survival rate was 63%. Within this group of 27 patients, the favorable prognostic trends were Stage III, incidental findings, and age less than 50 years. Tumor-reductive surgery to 2 cm or less residual disease was beneficial. Only one patient required operative correction for a complication of radiotherapy. The four patients who had residual disease greater than 2-cm disease died from tumor. PMID- 6654181 TI - The role of percutaneous nephrostomy in gynecologic oncology. AB - Percutaneous nephrostomy can provide rapid relief of renal failure due to ureteral obstruction by contiguous spread of cervical malignancy. A series of 26 percutaneous nephrostomies placed in 14 patients with cervical cancer, using only local anesthesia and ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance is presented. Twelve patients experienced no complications, one developed pyelonephritis which cleared rapidly with antibiotics, and one suffered a hematoma managed by surgical nephrostomy. Three of six previously untreated patients and one of eight patients with recurrent disease survived over a year. A single exenterated patient was stented when anuria developed after surgery to correct a conduit leak. This patient survives at 1.5 years with no evidence of recurrence. Indications for percutaneous nephrostomy, anticipated benefits, and the decision-making process involved in determining who to stent is reviewed. PMID- 6654182 TI - Natural killer cells in in utero diethylstilbesterol-exposed patients. AB - The observations that limited neonatal diethylstilbesterol (DES) exposure in mice produces persistent natural killing defects and that natural killer (NK) cells have an origin early in gestation suggested the possibility that NK abnormalities may exist in in utero DES-exposed women. However, when compared to controls, these women showed slightly higher NK activity with no evidence of stimulation by accessory mononuclear cells. Altered natural killing cannot be invoked in this population as a contributing factor to increased cancer risk. PMID- 6654183 TI - Case report of dysgerminoma in a patient with 46,XX pure gonadal dysgenesis. AB - A clinicopathological study of a 42-year-old female with pure gonadal dysgenesis and dysgerminoma was made. At the age of 29, the patient with primary amenorrhea had been evaluated clinically and cytogenetically. (1) The results of cytogenetic studies were X-chromatin positive and revealed a karyotype in peripheral blood leukocytes of 46,XX. (2) Laboratory studies indicated hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and no response of the gonads to the human menopausal gonadotropin stimulation test. (3) At laparotomy, the gonads were streak-like. Pathological examinations of biopsy specimens from both gonads revealed dense, fibrous connective tissue resembling ovarian stroma and no primary follicles. Eleven years after the laparotomy, the patient complained of lower abdominal distention and severe pain, and laparotomy then revealed a 15 X 17-cm right solid adnexal mass occupying the pelvic cavity. The histological diagnosis of tissues from the partially removed tumor was pure dysgerminoma. Second-look operation after Linac X-ray irradiation showed complete remission of the residual tumor. Insofar as we are aware, the present patient represents the first case of dysgerminoma which occurred in the dysgenetic gonads of a phenotypic female with normal 46,XX sex chromosomal constitutions in peripheral blood leukocytes and the skin fibroblasts although a possibility exists that mosaicism was possibly present but undetected, particularly since the streak gonads were not analyzed chromosomally. PMID- 6654184 TI - Retroconversion of malignant immature teratomas of the ovary after chemotherapy. AB - Two cases are reported in which a malignant, immature teratoma of the ovary retroconverted to a benign mature teratoma following chemotherapy. The literature is reviewed and possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed. PMID- 6654185 TI - Retroperitoneal fibrosis complicating Stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. AB - A patient with Stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix associated with benign retroperitoneal fibrosis and hydroureters is reported. It is suggested that staging laparotomy is indicated in such a case to assess whether hydroureters are related to benign fibrosis or cancer metastasis. PMID- 6654186 TI - Estimation of fetal maturity by amniotic fluid cytology, creatinine, lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and phosphatidylglycerol. AB - The value of four amniotic fluid tests--the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio, the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, amniotic fluid cytology and the creatinine concentration--in the prediction of fetal lung maturity was investigated. The sensitivity was high for all tests except for amniotic fluid cytology, which had a higher specificity. The overall outcome, particularly the value for predicting immaturity, was improved by various combinations of tests. The combination of amniotic fluid cytology and creatinine proved useful in predicting the gestational age. A diagram for estimation of gestational age is presented. PMID- 6654187 TI - Characterization and comparison of the contractile proteins from human gravid and non-gravid myometrium. AB - Electrophoretic systems were used to quantify and characterize the main proteins involved in myometrium contraction, i.e., myosin, actin, and tropomyosin. Skeletin, a cytoskeletal component was also investigated. No difference in their respective concentrations could be found in 13 uteri representing various menstrual cycle stages, postmenopausal conditions, and different gestational ages. The great variability of their tissular level observed in each of the uteri does, however, reflect the heterogeneity of the muscular component of the uterine wall. Comparison of the different forms of actin in gravid and non-gravid uteri showed an increase of the gamma-form in gravid uteri. However, myosins purified from gravid and non-gravid uteri were shown to have identical ATPase activity and peptide patterns following limited chymotryptic proteolysis. PMID- 6654188 TI - Fibrinogen "Haifa" - a new fibrinogen variant. A case report. AB - A 30-year-old female presenting with arterial occlusions of the lower limbs was discovered to have a markedly abnormal thrombin time and reptilase time. Further investigations revealed the presence of a qualitatively abnormal fibrinogen. Two other family members who were completely asymptomatic had similar defects. The abnormal fibrinogen has been characterized and found to be a new variant and as such designated fibrinogen 'Haifa'. PMID- 6654189 TI - Quantification of blood from skin bleeding time determinations: effects of fish diet or acetylsalicylic acid. AB - The Simplate II technique for measuring bleeding time was adapted to quantify the volume of blood as a function of time and for determining how this parameter was affected by either acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or a dietary supplement of fish. Both increased the bleeding time significantly. Irrespective of the final bleeding time, the rate of blood loss increased for about the first 2 min and then decreased almost linearly until bleeding stopped. This time course was not affected by either ASA or the fish diet. The lack of effect by ASA suggests that the initial increase in bleeding time, presumably due to reversal of vasoconstriction, does not involve prostaglandin derivatives. After ASA the rate of blood loss was significantly greater throughout, probably caused by deceleration of platelet aggregation. During the fish diet, when bleeding time was increased, there was no change in the rate of blood loss until the last 2-3 min during which bleeding continued at a very low rate. The results support the conclusion that the delay in primary haemostasis produced by a fish diet is due to a different mechanism than that produced by ASA. PMID- 6654190 TI - Laboratory control of urokinase therapy at low or moderate dosages. An in-vitro study. AB - In vitro thrombolytic experiments were performed in a system composed of a radioactive clot (125I fibrinogen) perfused by whole anticoagulated blood to which a small amount of urokinase (UK) was added by continuous infusion. At various intervals a small aliquot of blood was drawn from the system and assayed for fibrinogen, plasminogen and alpha 2-antiplasmin. Results were correlated with the degree of thrombolysis measured continuously as decrease of clot radioactivity by a ratemeter connected to a recorder. The coefficients of correlation between fibrinogen, plasminogen and thrombolysis were -0.45 and 0.46, respectively (p less than 0.001). The highest coefficient of correlation was observed between alpha 2-antiplasmin change and thrombolysis (-0.84; p less than 0.001). Results indicate that the initiation of an effective thrombolytic state induced by UK required the depletion of about 50% of alpha 2-antiplasmin. The measurement of alpha 2-antiplasmin during UK therapy at low or moderate dosage appears to be useful for dosage adjustments leading to the development of a thrombolytic state. PMID- 6654191 TI - Heparin-dipyridamole (Persantin) treatment in pregnancy: effect on blood coagulation parameters. AB - 13 patients suspected of intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) were treated with a combination of heparin and dipyridamole. The effect of this anticoagulant therapy on platelet count, clot retraction, fibrinogen degradation products, antithrombin III (AT-III), plasminogen, fibrinogen and platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine, ADP, collagen and ristocetin has been examined. All parameters were measured both before and after treatment with heparin dipyridamole. The results were compared with the results from a control group consisting of pregnant women of the same gestational age using no medication and not suspected of IUGR (n = 17). A significant decrease in the clot retraction was observed in patients with IUGR as compared to pregnant controls (p less than 0.05). A significant decrease in the AT-III level (p less than 0.01) and a significant increase (p less than 0.01) in the fibrinogen level were observed after heparin-dipyridamole treatment of patients suspected of IUGR. We conclude that the combination of a high fibrinogen and a low AT-III level will cause an increased risk for the development of thrombosis upon termination of treatment. We also observed that heparin clearance is increased during pregnancy. PMID- 6654192 TI - [Results of the surgical treatment of ulnar nerve neuropathy in the elbow area]. AB - Osborne's decompression operation is used only in selected cases of cubital tunnel syndrome, where compression is obviously caused by the aponeurotic arch between the heads of flexor carpi ulnaris. In all the other cases, when there is subluxation or chronic dislocation of the nerve over the medial epicondyle, when there are adhesions in the postcondylar groove, when any other local cause or no cause at all is found, anterior transposition is preferred. More and more often we tend to use a subcutaneous transposition except in those cases where kinking would be unavoidable due to hypertrophy of flexor muscles. Epicondylectomy has been employed only in a few instances of pseudarthrosis of the medial epicondyle combined with ulnar palsy. Subluxation or dislocation of the ulnar nerve has been found in our series in 36,5% of 338 cases, which is more than indicated by Childress for a normal population (16%) and more than indicated in most reports of operated cases. This may be due to the fact that we pay particular attention to subluxation, finding it at operation in many cases where the subluxation could not be demonstrated clinically. Other abnormalities encountered were: hypertrophy of the medial head of triceps (15%); an ulnar nerve buried in the triceps muscle (3%); abnormal septa inserting into the medial intermuscular septum and constricting the nerve (1%); an epitrochleo-anconaeal muscle in 31 cases (9%), less often than indicated by Mumenthaler as being the normal frequency (20%). The aponeurotic arch between the heads of flexor carpi ulnaris was missing in 5% of cases. With the techniques advocated, improvement and healing occurred subjectively in 78%, clinically in 92%, and neurographically in 63,5% of the cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654193 TI - [Treatment results in the anterior interosseous nerve compression syndrome]. AB - Seven patients suffering from paralysis of the N. interosseus anterior were treated in our hospital. The diagnosis was confirmed by electro-myography. In five patients treatment was conservative, two patients were operated on. All patients treated conservatively exhibited spontaneous recovery from their paralysis during five to thirteen months after the start of complaints. In one surgical case no compressing structures were found intra-operatively. This patient's complaints also resolved. Our findings suggest that paralysis of the N. interosseus anterior has a high tendency to resolve spontaneously. PMID- 6654194 TI - [Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome]. AB - Two cases of Kiloh-Nevin syndrome are reported and the operative possibilities discussed. The difficulties in predicting nerve regeneration complicate the choice of treatment. PMID- 6654195 TI - [Vein interposition as a pathway for peripheral nerve regeneration]. AB - In experiments on rabbits the use of a vein graft for bridging defects of peripheral nerves was examined. A 10-20 mm long segment of sciatic nerve was removed bilaterally. On one side the gap was bridged with an autologous nerve graft, on the other one an autologous vein graft was used. With relatively small gaps (10 mm) both methods revealed comparable results. When bridging larger defects, the results with nerve grafts were superior to those obtained with vein grafts. PMID- 6654196 TI - [Use of evoked potentials for the intraoperative differentiation of motor and sensory fascicles]. AB - The animal experiments demonstrate the possibility of differentiating intraoperatively between motor and sensory fascicles of the peripheral nerve. This differentiation is based on somatosensory evoked potentials, which are summarized with an averager. Peripheral nerves in four patients have been reconstructed with this method. The first (median nerve lesion) has complete motor function of the thenar eminence seven months after operation. PMID- 6654197 TI - Two-point discrimination in cross-finger flaps. AB - Fifty-one patients with cross-finger flaps were questioned and examined one to six years after operation. Two-point discrimination (TPD) was measured in the flap and in the equivalent, normal area of the opposite hand. These values were subtracted and the resulting TPD-difference related to time since operation. It appeared that patients younger than 20 years have the best chance of achieving good sensibility in cross-finger flaps. The restoration of sensibility apparently reaches an end stage within one year after operation. PMID- 6654198 TI - [Long-term results of 2-stage flexor tendon grafting]. AB - The authors report the results of 85 two-stage tendon grafts (with Silastic rod preparation and subsequent tendon grafting) in which the evaluation was based upon the classification of Buck-Gramcko. The time between the end of treatment and physical evaluation varied from three to six years. The interpretation of the results was based on the analysis of the preoperative state according to the nature of the lesion and the severity of the injury (Boyes/Hunter). No distinct correlation between the type of injury and the functional results was found. In contrast a clear relationship was found between the final results and the preoperative state--good, scar, joint, multiple, salvage (Boyes/Hunter)- especially when nerves were involved. The high number of bad results even in cases with an excellent preoperative state is important for a critical approach to the technique. Nevertheless, in appropriate cases the method is undoubtedly of value. PMID- 6654199 TI - Baldness surgery--reduction versus flap. AB - Often when confronted with extensive bald areas on the superior and frontal regions of the scalp, we need to elevate very large and long temporo-parieto occipital flaps (TPO). Even when generous undermining is undertaken to close the donor site, we frequently finish with hypertrophic scars and absence of hair follicules. In order to prevent this complication we have previously reduced the bald area by resecting hairless portions and covering, posterior in one single stage, the anterior area with a small flap. PMID- 6654200 TI - [An extremely long Abbe flap for simultaneous reconstruction of a defect of the upper lip and the columella]. AB - X-ray treatment of a small haemangioma of the upper lip in a child led to severe health consequences, about 20 years later. Besides an extremely hypoplastic upper lip with whistle tip deformity, an exulcerated basal-cell carcinoma had developed upon the columella and the lower part of the nasal tip. The goal of the operation was to perform a radical excision of the tumor but also to obtain an aesthetically pleasing reconstruction of the upper lip and a simultaneous covering of the defect, resulting from the tumor excision on the columella and the nasal tip. To achieve this, we have chosen an Abbe-flap, with an extremely long cutaneous pedicle. While in Abbe-flaps the relation between muscular and cutaneous part usually is about 1:2, in this case it was about 1:5. With this flap it was possible to cover in one stage the defect in the upper lip, the columella and the nasal tip. PMID- 6654201 TI - [Reconstruction of scrotum with a free flap. Late results]. AB - A 20 year old patient is reported who suffered traumatic amputation of both testicles, the proximal skin of the penis and the scrotum. Scrotal reconstruction was achieved with a sensitive free dorsalis pedis flap. PMID- 6654202 TI - [The safety of mid-trimester amniocentesis]. PMID- 6654203 TI - [Sudden death in congenital heart disease]. PMID- 6654204 TI - [Serum vitamin E concentration and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition in infants with iron deficiency anemia]. PMID- 6654205 TI - [Treatment of proximal renal tubular acidosis with a thiazide diuretic]. PMID- 6654206 TI - [Isoimmune neonatal neutropenia]. PMID- 6654207 TI - [Corrosive gastritis]. PMID- 6654208 TI - [Datura stramonium abuse]. PMID- 6654209 TI - [Philosophy and medicine]. PMID- 6654210 TI - [Oral fluid intake as treatment of acute diarrhea]. PMID- 6654211 TI - [Epileptic twilight states]. PMID- 6654212 TI - [Family medicine and the health needs of the country]. PMID- 6654213 TI - [Hyperpyrexia in pregnancy--a teratogenic factor]. PMID- 6654214 TI - [Laetril and cancer--a new era or illusion?]. PMID- 6654216 TI - [A new focus of the sickle cell gene in Israel]. PMID- 6654217 TI - [Survey of hemoglobinopathies in Emek Israel]. PMID- 6654215 TI - [Role of electrophysiologic studies in selecting preventive therapy in recurrent, sustained ventricular tachycardia]. PMID- 6654218 TI - [Surgical management of corrosive strictures of the esophagus in children]. PMID- 6654219 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid lactic acid in the differential diagnosis of meningeal infections]. PMID- 6654220 TI - [Reliability of negative cytological findings in fine-needle aspiration of palpable breast lesions]. PMID- 6654221 TI - [The role of arthroscopy in acute injuries of the knee]. PMID- 6654222 TI - [Reliability of the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarctions]. PMID- 6654223 TI - [Surgical treatment of giant arteriovenous aneurysm]. PMID- 6654224 TI - [Atherosclerotic aneurysms of the ascending aorta]. PMID- 6654225 TI - [Gastric dilatation without mechanical obstruction]. PMID- 6654226 TI - [Encephalitis and convulsions as presenting symptoms in infectious hepatitis]. PMID- 6654227 TI - [Human leukemia virus--new studies (1981)]. PMID- 6654229 TI - [Selection of medical students from heterogeneous applicants]. PMID- 6654228 TI - [Vitamin A content of infants' diets in Jerusalem]. PMID- 6654230 TI - [Does influenza virus pave the way for bacteria?]. PMID- 6654231 TI - [The significance of hypoglycemic glucose tolerance tests in pregnancy]. PMID- 6654232 TI - [Prognostic value of electrodiagnostic tests in complete Bell's palsy]. PMID- 6654233 TI - [Peripheral facial palsy in children]. PMID- 6654234 TI - [Prognostic value of the acoustic reflex in Bell's palsy]. PMID- 6654235 TI - [Taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide in Bedouin of South Sinai]. PMID- 6654236 TI - [Caterpillar dermatitis in children]. PMID- 6654237 TI - [Pseudo-achalasia following parietal cell vagotomy]. PMID- 6654238 TI - [Acute epiglottitis]. PMID- 6654239 TI - [Tetanus from machwa wounds]. PMID- 6654240 TI - [Translumination of the abdomen in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis]. PMID- 6654241 TI - [Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy]. PMID- 6654243 TI - [Gravid macromastia]. PMID- 6654242 TI - [The use of an artificial pancreas (Biostator) during vaginal delivery]. PMID- 6654245 TI - [Drug induced lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6654244 TI - [Echocardiographic assessment of valvular heart disease]. PMID- 6654246 TI - [Missile injuries of the spinal cord]. PMID- 6654247 TI - [Emergency medical services in Israel and abroad]. PMID- 6654248 TI - [New aspects in neutrophil dysfunction]. PMID- 6654249 TI - [New criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6654250 TI - [Episiotomy]. PMID- 6654251 TI - [Oral gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6654252 TI - [Familial polyposis in Israel]. PMID- 6654253 TI - [Leydig cell density in infertile oligospermic and azoospermic men]. PMID- 6654254 TI - [Premature partial fusion of epiphyses in thalassemia]. PMID- 6654255 TI - [A comparison of liquid antacids]. PMID- 6654256 TI - [Fifth day fits]. PMID- 6654258 TI - [Lissencephaly syndrome]. PMID- 6654257 TI - [Shwachman-Diamond syndrome]. PMID- 6654259 TI - [Occupational health: second generation information systems]. PMID- 6654260 TI - [Recommendations of the Hadassah University Hospital Committee for active immunization against hepatitis B virus infection]. PMID- 6654261 TI - [Vaccines for prevention of virus B hepatitis]. PMID- 6654262 TI - [Chronic hypotension]. PMID- 6654263 TI - [Cardiac contusion in road accidents: unrecognized injury]. PMID- 6654264 TI - [Mitral valve prolapse and Marfanoid Habitus]. PMID- 6654265 TI - [Heartburn in pregnancy]. PMID- 6654266 TI - [Traditional and alternative medicine in modern medical care]. PMID- 6654267 TI - [PCP]. PMID- 6654268 TI - The banded karyotypes of Macaca fuscata compared with Cercocebus aterrimus. AB - The karyotypes of Macaca fuscata and Cercocebus aterrimus are compared after G, C and AgNOR banding. Although it is often assumed that the 42-chromosome monkeys (species of the genera Macaca, Papio, and Cercocebus) are identical at the chromosomal level, a number of clear and consistent differences between the karyotypes of these two taxa are described. These differences include one pericentric inversion and differences in staining intensity, particularly in centromeric and pericentromeric areas. It is probable that high resolution chromosome techniques could reveal more differences between taxa in the 42 chromosome group than are now believed to exist. It is therefore probable that karyological data could provide insight into the phylogenetic relationships in this group of Old World monkeys. PMID- 6654269 TI - Some histological aspects of the palmar digital pads in the vervet monkey. AB - The structural organisation of the digital touch pads has been investigated in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus pygerythrus) by light microscopy. It has been demonstrated that the subcutaneous tissue of the terminal digital pad consists of a highly organised septal framework containing large amounts of elastic fibres, with adipose tissue sweat gland compartments lying between the connective tissue septa. It is suggested that the presence of elastic fibres in the septal framework of the terminal digital pad is an important factor in accomplishing an even more supple response to prehensile and tactile activities of the hand. PMID- 6654270 TI - Functioning of the voice mechanism in double-voice Touvinian singing. PMID- 6654271 TI - Speech respiration as an indicator of integrative contextual processing. PMID- 6654272 TI - Acoustical analysis of vowel duration in apraxia of speech: a case study. PMID- 6654273 TI - Auditory word and consonant perception in late adolescent Swedish-speaking dysorthographic men. PMID- 6654274 TI - Monosymptomatic athetosis or functional disorder: an extraordinary case of strikingly deep larynx associated with speech disorder. PMID- 6654275 TI - Infant vocalization: a longitudinal study of acoustic and temporal parameters. PMID- 6654276 TI - [Voice quality in relation to its communicativity in patients with laryngeal paralysis]. PMID- 6654277 TI - [Hemispheric dominance and handedness in stammering children with normal and abnormal auditory perception]. PMID- 6654278 TI - Recommendation by the Union of European Phoniatricians (UEP): standardizing voice area measurement/phonetography. PMID- 6654279 TI - Roentgenological measurement of physiological vocal cord length. An analysis of 59 opera singers. PMID- 6654280 TI - Articulatory recovery after traumatic mutism. PMID- 6654281 TI - [Study of the Lombard effect by measuring equivalent sound level]. PMID- 6654282 TI - Speech wave aperiodicities at sustained phonation in functional dysphonia. PMID- 6654283 TI - [Is home childbirth advisable?]. PMID- 6654284 TI - [Hysterectomy in young women]. AB - It is reported upon 1345 hysterectomies on patients up to 35 years of age between 1966 and 1981. Proportionately these young women were 16% of all hysterectomies. 69.4% of the patients were between 31 and 35 years of age. 77.4% were operated vaginally. The preoperative morbidity was 46.3%, adipositas was the most frequent one of these with 15.6%. The most frequent indication to operate was uterus myomatosus (33%) followed up by premalignant and malignant change of the uterus (13.8%). The rate of intraoperative complications was 4.2% and the postoperative one was 21.2%. The mortality was 0.37%. PMID- 6654285 TI - [Sterilization by colpoceliotomy]. AB - Six patients with severe complications after vaginal sterilization carried out in other hospitals were treated at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School Hannover, from 1979 to 1982. In four cases abortion had been performed simultaneously. In two patients with a Douglas abscess there was a time interval of two respectively four years between the vaginal operation and the complication. Since laparoscopic sterilization with bipolar electrocoagulation represents an easy and relatively safe method, vaginal sterilization should be performed only in selected cases and only by specially trained gynecologists. PMID- 6654286 TI - [Drug interference of drugs affecting the central nervous system. 2: drug interactions of stimulants]. PMID- 6654287 TI - [Reduction of body weight with diets high in butter and margarine content]. PMID- 6654288 TI - [Sepis in the newborn. Problems of early diagnosis and therapy, a new scoring system]. AB - This paper presents the results of an investigation in newborn infants with and without septicemia. A score-system of clinical signs and blood picture examination for early diagnosis is given. This score is a helpful tool for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of neonatal septicemia. PMID- 6654289 TI - [Primary retroperitoneal tumors. Symptoms, diagnosis and therapy]. AB - We reviewed 28 cases of primary retroperitoneal tumors (1972 to 1982). We found 22 malignant and six benign tumors. The tumors revealed no special features. Cardinal symptom was a palpable abdominal mass in 21 of 28 patients (75%). Since 1978 we have at our disposal a modern radiological technique, the computerized tomography, which allows a statement of tumor localization, tumor size and infiltration of neighbouring organs. In our patients no definite statement could be made about resectability and type of the tumors. In spite of computerized tomography there is no change the road-minded operation indication. Surgical therapy is the treatment of choice because of lacking alternatives. Complete extirpation to cure, respectively exploratory laparotomy and biopsy to determine the specific nature of the tumor by histological examination should be aspired. In individual cases palliative gastrointestinal anastomoses are necessary to treat intestinal obstruction. All six benign, but only six of 22 (27%) malignant tumors were completely removable. Although in some cases neighbouring organs were respected, no patient died after operation. For a curative therapy the early diagnosis of the tumors is necessary. PMID- 6654290 TI - [Chloramphenicol residues in foods of animal origin as a potential cause of aplastic anemia in man]. AB - The essential features of aplastic anemia by chloramphenicol are outlined. Then a detailed evaluation of possible chloramphenicol residues in foods of animal origin is given, showing that these residues may be either original chloramphenicol and/or numerous, partly radical, metabolites of chloramphenicol. Further discussion of the pathogenesis of aplastic anemia by chloramphenicol reveals that this anemia is the result of an inhibition of DNA synthesis in bone marrow by covalently bound chloramphenicol metabolites. The aromatic nitro group of chloramphenicol is but of indirect importance and does not take part in the binding of the molecule. The final critical examination of chloramphenicol residues demonstrates, that these residues amy potentially cause aplastic anemia only insofar as unchanged chloramphenicol or metabolites capable of being retransformed to it are present; the persistent, covalently bound residues occurring in animals and eventually in foods of animal origin are insignificant in this respect. PMID- 6654291 TI - [Changes and advances in the surgical treatment of colorectal cancer]. PMID- 6654292 TI - [Lasers in neurosurgery]. AB - In recent years neurosurgeons have shown an increasing interest in lasers. An understanding of the basic laser mechanism and tissue effects is important. CO2 laser is an excellent no-touch tool for excising and evaporating brain tumors. It has several other uses in neurosurgery both with free hand technique and with microscope attachment and micromanipulator. Nd: YAG and Argon lasers are more effective for coagulation of blood vessels and dealing with vascular neoplasms. Advantages and disadvantages of this technique are discussed and compared with other methods like bipolar coagulation and CUSA. Indications for the use of the different laser types in neurosurgery are summarized and a prospect of laser in neurosurgery is given. PMID- 6654293 TI - [Coronary risk factors and their modification on the community level]. AB - In 1977 a field survey of coronary risk factors was carried out on the inhabitants of the Tyrolean village Oberperfuss aged between 20 and 64 years. Height and weight were also measured. 295 men and 316 women, corresponding to 70 and 75% of the entire population participated in the baseline survey. We tried in a community orientated intervention program with the help of the general practitioners and a health education program to lower the three major risk factors. 43.5% of the men and 19.6% of the women were smokers. 11.6% were ex smokers. After three years 93% of the original male smokers and 9.6% of the female smokers were abstinent. The rest showed a small, but not significant reduction in nicotine consumption.11.2% of the men and 14.9% of the women had a plasma cholesterol level of 280 mg% (7.24 mmol/l) or more. This group was subjected to dietary advice. After three years the average plasma cholesterol level of this group was 23% lower in men and 24% lower in women. The baseline survey showed a prevalence of hypertension defined as greater than or equal to 160 systolic and/or greater than or equal to 95 mmHg diastolic (greater than or equal to 21.3 kPa and/or greater than or equal to 12.7 kPa) of 278/1000 in men and 310/1000 in women. After repeated readings of the blood pressure of the originally hypertensive subjects the prevalence dropped in 1980 to 122/1000 in men and 209/1000 in women. In 1977, thanks to drug treatment, one sixth of the true hypertensive men and one third of the corresponding women were in the normotensive range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654294 TI - [Catastrophy medicine in harmony with humanitarian medical principles]. PMID- 6654295 TI - [Therapy of lymphangioma in the head and neck region]. AB - 20 patients with a lymphangioma of the head and neck were observed after surgery over follow-up intervals of 3 to 13 years. In six children the tumor removal had to be subtotal in order to preserve vital organs. Though small areas of tumor were left no recurrent tumor growth was observed in this group. In 14 patients the tumor was surrounded by a capsule, in six newborns and children the tumor showed an infiltrating growth, which led to difficulties in breathing and swallowing. Out of the 14 radically operated patients, three had a recurrence after 1-2 years. In the six function conservating and not radical operated children, in whom small areas of tumor were left, no recurrence was noticed within 3-13 years. PMID- 6654296 TI - [Surgical treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive diseases]. AB - Within a period of 18 months 75 operations (25 aorto-femoral, 50 femoro-popliteo crural reconstructions) were performed: early failure in lower limb reconstructions 8% (rate of amputation 4%), operative mortality 2,7%. Only 15% of the patients had claudication, 85% rest pain or gangrene. Because of the low number of reinterventions (8% postoperative rethrombosis or hemorrhage), the 2,7% mortality and the reasonable 20-2 months' follow-up results (83% good function) we believe that arterial reconstructive surgery has a place in the field of operative activities of a municipal hospital. PMID- 6654297 TI - [The reaction of mental patients to medical diagnosis]. AB - According to the results of a social psychiatric research on hand of reflected image transformulated questionnaire for clinical healthy persons and hospitalized patients the following result is: 9/10 of all registered laymen are afraid of dramatic scenes (manifold naming). In each second case such a situation however happens obviously extensive deactivated. More than five times of the shocked persons as healthy respondents refuse at these questions a comment. But in laymen circles they believe double till three times so frequently in sadness and desperation respectively revolted rebel of the patients. In reality you can find very often the still resignation or the facilitated acceptance of the necessary steps. The more simple the origin class the more exists resignation or cooperation. In reverse rebel, depressive reaction and desperation again continuously on relevance due to the medicine diagnosis from the primary to the upper class. Depressives react sadly and desperatedly as well as female maniacs. People who are free from alcohol will have found the expected silence. The schizophrenes as well as the male maniacs seem to rebel revolted. PMID- 6654298 TI - [Color perception disorders in therapeutic glycoside serum concentrations]. AB - Vision deficiencies are dominant symptoms from digitalis intoxication. Twenty nine and twenty-eight patients have been examined by the Farnsworth-Munsell-100 Hue-test under common maintenance therapy with digitoxin respectively digoxin or beta-acetyldigoxin. This was done to prove how glycosides may create colour vision disturbances even in "therapeutic" glycoside serum concentrations, and in which degree the lipophile digitoxin differs in its effect from the less lipophile digoxin. To exclude any congenital colour vision deficiencies the study was restricted to females. No definite difference in the total error score has been found among patients treated with digitoxin and digoxin. Our results and further new investigations have pointed out that colour vision in digitalized patients is influenced even under common maintenance therapy. It can also be stated that digitoxin does not influence colour vision other than digoxin. PMID- 6654299 TI - [Do collapsable infant carriages promote postural disorders and accidents in children]. AB - 14 collapsable buggies currently on the market were anthropometrically and ergonomically tested. Severe shortcomings in the design of the seat, foot rest and/or suspension were found. Thus postural problems and accidents are promoted. PMID- 6654300 TI - [The colostoma. Study of the technic of colostomy with special reference to physical considerations]. AB - An analysis of the complications occurring in permanent colostomies at Surgery Departments of Innsbruck University during the period between January 1969 and December 1977 showed that approximately 72% of all complications were primarily caused by operative shortcomings. It was therefore right and proper to investigate the causes of these operative shortcomings by means of physical considerations with the model and the preternatural anus and to analyse its most frequent complications in order to develop a colostomy technique which has so far turned out to be clinically successful in 32 controlled patients. PMID- 6654301 TI - [Therapy of activated gonarthrosis with etofenamate cream (Rheumon cream)]. AB - In a multicenter single-blind study on 60 patients with unilateral gonarthrosis the efficacy and tolerance of etofenamate cream were compared to a commonly used ointment containing salicylic acid and other ingredients. With respect to therapeutic success etofenamate was superior to the control medication. Mobility and circumference of the knee joint as well as pain parameters improved more rapidly in the etofenamate group, whereby the difference between both groups frequently was statistically significant. With the control medication therapy failed in three cases, with etofenamate cream clinical symptoms improved in all patients. With the exception of a transient local reddening of the skin in one patient of the etofenamate group no adverse drug reactions were observed. PMID- 6654302 TI - [Treatment of arterial hypertension in the aged]. PMID- 6654303 TI - [Cryopreservation at a modern blood transfusion center]. AB - Transfusion of frozen blood has become a routine method. As the cost is high, the method is restricted to autologus transfusion and storage of rare blood groups. Transfusion of frozen platelets will become a routine method in near future. Especially large pools of HLA-identical platelets should be of great advantage in many cases. PMID- 6654304 TI - [Determination of cefoxitin serum and tissue levels. Perioperative antibiotic prevention in hand surgery in interventions in a bloodless field]. AB - In 63 patients, who underwent handsurgery under tourniquet ischemia, 2 g of Cefoxitin were given i.v. The antibiotic levels in tissue and serum at different times were obtained using biological assay. The results area compared with cefoxitin-concentrations of samples from abdominal surgery. By means of regression-analysis the tissue-serumquotient is defined as the relation of function to the time. The model-character of the conditions unter tourniquet ischemia is described. PMID- 6654305 TI - [Effective heart surgery needs an effective environment]. PMID- 6654306 TI - [Results and prognosis following heart valve replacement]. AB - 786 patients who underwent cardiac valve replacement between 1965 and 1982 were followed up. Early mortality rate was 7,3% for the total observation period and decreased to 3,2% for the last four years. Patients with aortic valve replacement had better results in regard to their functional improvement as well as in their survival rate compared to those with mitral- or multiple valve replacement. Early mortality was also influenced by age at time of surgery. Overall complication rate was 6,4% per patient year with thromboembolic and bleeding complications being the most frequent. Patients with aortic valve replacement had the lowest (5,5%), those with multiple valve replacement the highest (11,4%) complication rate. It was also significantly influenced by cardiac size independent from location of valve replacement. Patients who had a heart of normal size postoperatively had significantly less complications. PMID- 6654307 TI - [Advantages in the therapy of bradycardiac rhythm disorders by physiologic pacemaker systems]. AB - A review of the recent development in cardiac pacing is given, based on the experience of the Department for Cardiac Surgery of the University of Munich. Meanwhile the frequency of physiological pacemaker systems has increased to more than 30 percent of all implantations. Basical informations about physiological stimulation, indications, techniques of implantation--particularly via the subclavian vein and patient's follow-up--are discussed. PMID- 6654308 TI - [100 years of heart surgery]. PMID- 6654309 TI - [Early correction of the interrupted aortic arch]. AB - Between 1974 and March 1983, 14 infants with interruption of the aortic arch (IAA), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) have been operated at our institution. In the beginning of our experience only palliative operations were performed, consisting in reconstruction of the aortic arch, closure of PDA and pulmonary artery banding (PBA). According to this procedure five patients were operated. Three of them died, the two survivors underwent successful closure of the VSD subsequently. Since 1979 the primary total correction, with repair of the extra- and intracardial anomalies in deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest, is the operation of choice. A total of nine patients underwent primary correction, in this latter group we observed two deaths only. PMID- 6654310 TI - [Possibilities and limits of topical hydrocortisone therapy. Experiences in general practice]. AB - Dermatologists in practice as well as in hospitals use similar specific methods of treatment. This is to the advantage of the patients. Critical review of patient's records will clearly establish the pros and cons of drugs in specific indications. Over the past years the steroids had a very expansive development but it seems, that the use of mono- or difluorized corticosteroids becomes more and more critical. This is not only due to local side-effects; but also due to the increased rate of resorption, especially in children with extended skin deseases. In this connection the question of repositioning of hydrocortison preparations, drugs of the so called first generation, becomes again of interest. This report is based on experiences and results with Sanatison, a hydrocortison ointment in the therapy of patients with a variety of different skin disorders. This seems to be of more interest than the treatment of numerous patients with the same disorder. The purpose of this study was to find out, to what extend the hydrocortison ointment Sanatison 1/3% and 1% resp., which is associated to a substantial lesser amount of skin damage, can cure or ameliorate different dermatoses. PMID- 6654311 TI - [Presentation of a new dichotic hearing test for the measurement of functional hemispheric asymmetries]. AB - A newly developed dichotic test was tried on a clinical population of 197 primary school children. The results show a right ear advantage; that is better achievements in reproduction of verbal material presented to the right ear. This effect can only be reliably proved by double presentation of the material, once in inverse form. Changes in the test performance while doing the test; as well as the importance of the intervening variable, dominance of one word over the other within a pair simultaneously presented are discussed - first of all a statistical analysis was made to isolate the words that dominate most clearly in their setting. As a result of the recorded item-total (subtest) correlation as well as the estimation of reliability, there is a possibility to develop a more reliable test instrument in a second step. With cluster analysis the diagnostic value of the dichotic examination was shown in a group of 60 subjects, especially with a view to the formal pathogenesis of achievement disorders in early primary school age. PMID- 6654312 TI - Drug policy in the aging society. PMID- 6654313 TI - Mental health and the elderly: new biopharmaceutic considerations. PMID- 6654314 TI - Health, science, and regulation: the politics of prevention. PMID- 6654315 TI - The doctors' trust: self-regulation and the law. PMID- 6654316 TI - Aging veterans: will they overwhelm the VA medical care system? PMID- 6654317 TI - Effects of glucagon and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine on oxidative phosphorylation of thyroidectomized rat liver mitochondria. AB - In normal or thyroidectomized rat liver mitochondria, glucagon produced fast but transient stimulation of respiration rates in state 3 and state 4 whatever the substrates. Stimulation reached its maximum 20 to 30 minutes after glucagon injection. However, the effects of glucagon are less marked after removal of the thyroid gland, since the increases observed in the oxygen consumption and basal metabolic rates were only half those shown in normal rats. The activating effects of triiodothyronine and glucagon on the ADP phosphorylation rates were found to be additive. Pretreatment with cycloheximide blocked the activation induced by glucagon but not that induced by triiodothyronine. Both hormones therefore stimulate oxidative phosphorylation but by different mechanisms. Thyroidectomy did not alter the early rise in glycaemia observed in response to glucagon. It may therefore be assumed that the hypothyroid rat's sensitivity to glucagon is not directly connected with the change in cAMP metabolism. PMID- 6654318 TI - Thyroid status in the obese syndrome of rats. AB - The thyroid function was explored by comparing serum total and free iodothyronine levels in young male genetically obese Zucker rats and in their lean littermates, aged from 6 to 8 weeks old. Total and free thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly decreased in obese rat serum while total 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) remained constant. Radioactive T4 half life is slower in the plasma of obese rats. Peripheral synthesis of T3 from deiodination of T4 is also decreased in obese rat liver homogenate. These modifications produce changes in liver mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation and in marker enzyme activity, which are usually associated with hypothyroidism and hypothalamic disturbances. Genetic obesity probably involves activation of peripheral deiodination of T4 to rT3 which induces biochemical and metabolic changes. PMID- 6654319 TI - The effects of thyroid hormone on in vitro phosphorylation, acetylation, and ADP ribosylation of rat liver nuclear proteins. AB - The effect of thyroid hormone on acetylation, phosphorylation and ADP ribosylation of rat liver nucleoproteins was studied by incubating intact nuclei with labeled precursors. Acetylation, which occurred in histones and low molecular weight proteins (less than 30,000), was depressed in nuclei from thyroidectomized animals. The administration of L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) increased acetate incorporation to 50% over control levels. Incorporation of labeled phosphate from ATP into most proteins was decreased in nuclei from thyroidectomized animals and increased by the administration of T3. The greatest increase produced by T3 (to 140% of control values) was seen in proteins of molecular weight greater than 68,000. Nuclei from thyroidectomized animals incorporated less ADP ribose in most proteins. Both high molecular weight proteins (greater than 68,000) and low molecular weight proteins (less than 30,000) showed a further decrease in ADP ribose incorporation in nuclei from thyroidectomized rats given T3. However, a few proteins of the middle molecular weight class showed increased ADP ribose incorporation subsequent to the injection of T3. It is suggested that a generalized increase in protein synthetic rates previously noted to be caused by T3 is accompanied by increased acetylation and phosphorylation of histones and other proteins. These changes could accelerate transcription of already active genes. PMID- 6654320 TI - The effects of betamethasone, low calcium and low phosphorus diets on growth in chicks. AB - The effects of oral betamethasone (25 micrograms/kg/d), low calcium (1 g/kg), and low phosphorus (2,5 g/kg) diets on weight gain were investigated in 513 growing chicks. The chicks were divided according to initial weight into a lower weight group (less than 100 g each) and a higher group (more than 100 g each). The increases in weight were recorded after periods of 7, 14 and 21 days. The increases in weight in the older chicks (high weight group) were less than in the younger chicks. There was a greater reduction in rate of growth in chicks fed the low phosphorus diet than in those fed the low calcium diet, particularly in the older birds. Betamethasone administration also reduced the rate of growth but this was not additive to the effect of a low calcium diet. In contrast, the greatest reduction in growth rate was observed in the chicks fed the low phosphorus diet and given betamethasone. PMID- 6654321 TI - In vitro study on lipogenesis and exogeneous fatty acid uptake in white adipose tissue of lean and obese Zucker rats aged 10 days. PMID- 6654322 TI - Effect of local application of progesterone on human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. PMID- 6654323 TI - The past as resource. A conversational analysis of elderly talk. PMID- 6654324 TI - A dominantly inherited cytogenetic anomaly: a possible cell division mutant. AB - Short-term lymphocyte cultures from three unrelated patients showed an increased frequency of mitoses with separated centromeres and splayed chromatids in the presence of colcemid. We refer to this phenomenon as premature centromere division (PCD). In two of the three patients the frequency of PCD in lymphocytes decreased when colcemid was omitted prior to harvest but was still higher than controls, whereas in the third patient, the frequency appeared unchanged. Cultured fibroblasts from the latter patient exhibited increased tetraploidy and multinucleated cells. Transmission of the trait in the three families was compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance. Time lapse cinemicrographic studies on fibroblasts from one patient demonstrate a shortened metaphase time, suggesting that the separation of chromatids observed in this patient may indeed be premature. The nature of the mutation(s) and phenotype correlation if any is unknown. PMID- 6654325 TI - Familial, EsD-linked, retinoblastoma with reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. AB - We report an example of four generation familial retinoblastoma in which there are three distinct categories of RB gene expression: frank retinoblastoma, unilateral or bilateral; retinoma; and no visible evidence of retinal pathology other than normal degeneration with age. Two large sibships derived from matings informative for RB and EsD provide strong confirmatory evidence for tight linkage between these loci (P = 0.0002), and thus assignment of RB to chromosome 13q14. There is a striking difference (P less than 2%) in RB penetrance between the two principal generations, which suggests that an additional epistatic, host resistance gene may also be segregating within the family. PMID- 6654326 TI - Are bowing of long tubular bones and preaxial polydactyly signs of the Meckel syndrome? AB - We describe four cases with signs resembling those of Meckel syndrome. Two cases demonstrated postaxial polydactyly; one case, preaxial polydactyly; and one case, pre- and postaxial polydactyly. Since there is at least one other reported case with preaxial polydactyly, it may be a rare sign of the Meckel syndrome. In all four cases, various degrees of bowing of the long tubular bones were observed. Since at least two cases exhibited typical Meckel syndrome and since in a few further reported cases X-ray examination revealed bowing of long tubular bones, this sign is considered to be a further, hitherto not well recognized sign of the Meckel syndrome, and not grounds for delineation of a new syndrome. An extensive review of the literature revealed, that shortened and bowed extremities may be present in about one-sixth of all cases with Meckel syndrome. PMID- 6654327 TI - Interstitial deletion for a region in the long arm of chromosome 16. AB - An infant with an interstitial deletion of chromosome 16 is reported. He showed severe psychomotor retardation and multiple congenital anomalies (craniofacial dysmorphism, cleft palate, endocardial cushion defect, preaxial polydactyly of one hand, low total ridge count). Unbanded chromosome studies following amniocentesis failed to identify the deletion. This case is very similar to other cases in the literature which were reported first by Fryns et al. (1977). PMID- 6654328 TI - The sequence of DNA replication in an iso-dicentric X-chromosome in peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts from the same individual. AB - A comparison of the sequence of DNA replication in an isodicentric (idic) X chromosome was made between peripheral blood lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts from a 33-year-old female with primary amenorrhea, somatic stigmata of Turner syndrome, and normal stature and intelligence. The patient had a karyotype 45,X/46,X,idic(X)(q27.1) to lymphocytes and 46,X,idic(X)(q27.1) in skin fibroblasts. Both centromeric regions of the idic X showed C-staining but only one primary constriction. BrdU-33258 Hoechst-Giemsa techniques were used to analyze regional DNA replication patterns. The idic X chromosome was always late replicating in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts, except that about 1-2% of cells completed replication simultaneously in both normal and idic X chromosomes. Fifty six percent of the asymmetric patterns in lymphocytes showed an equal proportion of early and late functional and non-functional centromere halves. In skin fibroblasts, 60.8% of cells were asymmetric: the functional half tended to replicate later than the non-functional half. Some differences were observed between these two cell types. As examples, band q23 was late replicating in lymphocytes, but early replicating in fibroblasts; q25 was intermediate to late replicating in lymphocytes, but one of the last bands to complete replication in fibroblasts. Thus, different cell typed influenced the replication kinetics of the idic(X). Furthermore, several variants of the replication sequence were found in both cell types. The findings support the hypothesis that the control of DNA replication in the inactive X chromosome is multifocal, and suggest that the active idic X chromosome replication may reflect a relative lack of self-control or heterogeneity of cell population. PMID- 6654329 TI - Methyl green is a substitute for distamycin A in the formation of distamycin A/DAPI C-bands. AB - The DA/DAPI technique has been found to be useful in the identification of specific chromosomal regions on human chromosomes. The realization that distamycin A (DA) is no longer commercially available has necessitated the development of an alternative technique. We describe a technique, MG/DAPI, which substitutes the AT-specific dye methyl green for distamycin A and gives results identical to those of the DA/DAPI technique. PMID- 6654331 TI - Mating between two balanced translocation carriers in two unrelated families. AB - Partial trisomy 9p and a 13/14 translocation occurred in the daughter of a t(5;9)(p15;p12) mother and a t(13;14)(p11;q11) father. Two additional offspring displayed a normal karyotype and a translocation trisomy 13 respectively. Two first cousins, selected for chromosome analysis because of a spontaneous abortion, were found to have an identical translocation t(14;21)(p11;q11). Their second pregnancy was monitored by midtrimester amniocentesis and disclosed a balanced fetus. The different zygotic chromosome constitutions and the counselling problems in the marriages between two balanced translocation carriers are discussed. PMID- 6654330 TI - Glutamate pyruvate transaminase null allele in seven new families. AB - Based upon aberrant segregation of glutamate pyruvate-transaminase (GPT) and reduced enzyme activity on electrophoresis, seven new families with a GPT null allele were identified during genetic linkage analysis for a number of different traits. PMID- 6654332 TI - Meiotic studies in a series of 1100 infertile and sterile males. AB - Meiotic studies have been carried out in a series of 1100 infertile and sterile males. Of these, 599 cases have been studied in testicular biopsy, and 501, in semen samples. This is the largest meiotic series published so far. The incidence of meiotic anomalies was 4.3%. The most frequent chromosome abnormality was desynapsis (3.7%). However, the number of cases with a meiotic arrest, usually due (73.9%) to synaptic anomalies in prophase I, was much higher (18.4%). An attempt is made to correlate the incidence of meiotic anomalies with the results of semen analysis. We discuss the prognosis of desynapsis, based on 41 cases studied, and reevaluate the results obtained in semen samples as compared with our previous results. PMID- 6654334 TI - Chromosomal localization of a human myosin heavy-chain gene by in situ hybridization. AB - A cloned rabbit heart muscle myosin heavy-chain cDNA was hybridized in situ with human metaphase chromosomes. The probe was known to have sequence homology with human genomic heavy-chain DNA. Only one site in the human haploid karyotype was labeled with the cDNA, and this site was found on the short arm of chromosome 17. The localization of autoradiographic grains suggests a subregional assignment of the myosin heavy-chain locus to 17p 1,2-pter. PMID- 6654333 TI - Protein A radio-assay of H-Y antigen on human leukocytes using mouse and rat antisera and monoclonal antibodies. AB - The presence of H-Y antigen on human leukocytes was investigated using a protein A radio-assay. H-Y antigen could be demonstrated on male cells using either conventional H-Y antisera produced in mice and rats, or monoclonal H-Y antibodies. With mouse antiserum and IgG-type monoclonal antibody the reaction was male-specific using a single antibody. The reaction obtained with rat antiserum was enhanced by the application of a second antibody (rabbit anti-mouse IgG). This technique provides a rapid, simple, objective, and semiquantitative method for the determination of cellular H-Y antigen, the results being expressed as radioactivity bound to the test cells and thus being independent of human observation. It requires only 10-20 ml of blood and small quantities of antiserum or antibody. PMID- 6654335 TI - Characterization of a human genomic DNA fragment coding for a myosin heavy chain. AB - A DNA segment from the human genome with information for myosin heavy chain (MHC) was isolated from a human genomic DNA library cloned in lambda Charon 4A phages. The isolation was accomplished by a myosin cDNA probe obtained from rabbit heart muscle mRNA (Sinha et al. 1982). The selected human DNA clone, designated lambda gMHC1, contains a genomic DNA fragment of about 14 kilobase pairs. The transcriptional polarity of this DNA was determined. The 5'-end of the gene is missing from the cloned fragment. This human gene exhibits sequence homology to MHC DNA of rabbit and chicken, but not to an MHC sequence of nematode. The isolated gene fragment is a member of the human MHC multi-gene family, which is presumed to consist of probably more than ten separate sarcomeric MHC genes per haploid genome. PMID- 6654336 TI - Fragile chromosome 16(q22) cause a balanced translocation at the same point. AB - A father with a fragile 16(q22) has a son with a de novo balanced translocation 1;16. Both the fragile site and the break point at chromosome 16 are similar (q22). The question of whether the fragile site can cause a structural chromosome abnormality at the same point is discussed. PMID- 6654338 TI - Inherited pericentric inversion of human chromosome 5. PMID- 6654337 TI - G6PD Sendagi: a new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant associated with congenital hemolytic anemia. AB - A new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variant associated with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia was discovered. It was found in a 2-year-old male who had a hemolytic crisis after an upper respiratory tract infection. The enzyme activity of the variant was 8.4% of that of the normal enzyme. The enzymatic characteristics were slower than normal anodal electrophoretic mobility, low Km G6P, normal Km NADP, increased utilization of substrate analogues, high Ki NADPH, decreased heat stability, and an alkaline pH optimum. From these results, this was considered to be a new variant and was designated G6PD Sendagi. PMID- 6654339 TI - Inducible fragile site on chromosome 3. PMID- 6654340 TI - Increased satellite association induced by 5' bromodeoxyuridine treatment of phytohemaglutinin-stimulated blood lymphocytes. AB - 5'-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) present in the course of late S and G2 phases of the cell cycle in PHA-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures causes the despiralization and elongation of some chromosome regions, including short arms of acrocentric chromosomes. BrdU present at a concentration of 250 microM during the last 10 h in lymphocyte cultures from 19 healthy subjects did not affect the number of silver-stained NORs, but raised significantly the number of satellite associations of acrocentric chromosomes. The mere substitution of thymine by BrdU in DNA strands as a reason for increased number of satellite associations seems a less plausible explanation than the modification of DNA-protein complexes of NOR regions, which could alter the degree of their spiralization and cause the increased tendency of acrocentric chromosomes to associate in the subsequent metaphase. PMID- 6654342 TI - Inter-galactic health education. PMID- 6654343 TI - [Education for health at the dawn of its history]. AB - Both at national and international levels new concepts of health education have developed over the past 30 years. The emphasis has shifted from centralized to decentralized planning, from specific diseases to a holistic approach, from individual behaviour change to organizational, economic, environmental factors conductive to healthy lifestyles and self-reliance. The shift in concepts must be supported by a political will. This can express itself by harmonizing national and local plans, by facilitating intersectorial action, by using appropriate technology. Community involvement, local participation, must be developed as well as self-reliance. Therefore health educators should be capable of deciding their future for themselves. The conceptual changes imply measures at policing making level which relate to manpower development, the use of media, and research. Reorientation of manpower now in service is essential. Education of other key personnel, such as the village school teacher or religious and other community leaders, is very important. The education of women also deserves special attention. But most important of all is probably the training of health educators. The media, in its broad sense which includes puppet plays or folk art as well as the press, radio and television, was recognized as useful and complementary to health education. However, not all health professionals recognize the media potential. Intelligent collaboration between the health and communication sectors should be established. Evaluation of services, activities and programmes in health education is necessary to their eventual improvement. Evaluation, however, is only one part of a continuum of research needed to develop an efficient policy in health education.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654341 TI - Cystic fibrosis in the Ohio Amish: gene frequency and founder effect. AB - A high incidence of cystic fibrosis (CF), 1/569 live births (0.00176), was found among 10 816 live births in an Ohio Amish isolate. The minimum gene frequency calculated from this incidence was 0.042. In marked contrast, a second Amish isolate was described with no occurrence of CF among 4448 live births. Founder effect is the most probable explanation for the difference in the CF gene frequency between the two communities. Pedigree analysis identified a single ancestral couple born in the 1700s common to all obligate heterozygotes. PMID- 6654344 TI - The "firework syndrome". PMID- 6654345 TI - Building an infrastructure for health: a conceptual framework and application. PMID- 6654346 TI - The development of a competency-based training programme for health education officers in Botswana. PMID- 6654347 TI - Integrating school of community efforts to promote health: strategies, policies, and methods. AB - The purposeful integration of school and community efforts indeed may be the critical element in a formula to promote the health of school-aged children and youth. Obviously there are numerous strategies, policies, and methods to functionally integrate school and community activities. As concluded by the Director of the U.S. Office of Maternal and Child Health in a paper on "New Policies in School Health": What is required, then, are not new policies in school health, but, a reaffirmation and implementation of policies that have been with us for many years. PMID- 6654348 TI - [Objectives of education for health]. AB - The health concept has recently acquired a new dimension which reflects in health education. To its fundamental objective which is the control of disease must not be added an improved quality of life. Health education must create a turn of mind in order to suppress a number of avoidable risks. It is at the root of prevention which should be based on precise epidemiological data. Health education also plays a role in the socio-economic development of nations. All aspects of development: education, agriculture, public works, health and economy are interrelated. The health of a community depends on a number of decision taken in various sectors. The author who acted as health advisor to several developing countries proposed, with little success, the creation of interministerial committees to coordinate different sectors which all can make contribution to better health. Health education is one of the factors of development because it contributes to: increase the efficacy of health services, curative as well as preventive; to improve productivity by reducing occupational diseases and accidents; to change the social climate of communities by getting the people to participate in finding solutions to their own health problems. Moreover, health education needs to be effective on a nationwide scale to be supported by health authorities. This is also one of the points made in the editorial (p. 4) to explain certain failures due to the absence of policy support. PMID- 6654349 TI - At the Developmental Therapeutics Clinic of a comprehensive cancer centre: cancer information needs of "visitors". AB - The survey of 150 "visitors" to the Developmental Therapeutics Clinic of the M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute revealed that this population is composed of three distinct subpopulations, not only in terms of status in the clinic but also in terms of cancer information needs. New patients information needs vary greatly from those of patients familial with the clinic. Relatives and/or friends accompanying patients to the clinic present a set of information needs distinctly different from those of the other two groups. The three subpopulations are also different from each other along several other study dimensions. Among these are clarity of the tests and examinations performed, understanding cancer metastasis, fear of the tests, effects of discussion of the disease, and need for counseling. All three groups desire more communication with social workers and with chaplains rank second and third. Most participants in the study desire cancer information in pamphlets, while private discussions and films or television programmes are next on the priority list. When planning a hospital-based cancer education programme, careful attention must be paid to the differential needs of the population visiting various clinics. To better understand these needs, similar studies in other clinics are recommended. PMID- 6654350 TI - Reactions of the principal physiological systems of children aged 6-12 years during adaptation to schoolwork. PMID- 6654351 TI - Electroencephalographic reflection of formation of cerebral cortical activation in children. PMID- 6654352 TI - Morphological and physiological transformations in the microcirculatory system at different stages of ontogeny. PMID- 6654353 TI - Age differences in reactivity of the cardiovascular system to moderate exercise. PMID- 6654354 TI - Control of precision movements in schoolchildren of different ages. PMID- 6654355 TI - Spectral correlation analysis of the EEG in normal and mentally retarded children. PMID- 6654356 TI - Analysis of left ventricular function in newborn infants by echocardiography. PMID- 6654357 TI - Water content in the normal human lungs. PMID- 6654358 TI - Linguistic typology of artificially induced states of altered consciousness. I. PMID- 6654359 TI - Energy metabolism at different periods of human individual development. PMID- 6654360 TI - Genetic studies in Poland. AB - Blood specimens were studied from 213 persons aged 3-51 years, in Olkusz, a town between Krakow and Katowice in south Poland. The data show general similarity in blood groups and red cell enzymes to those from other central European populations, but in several systems there are suggestions that Polish frequencies are somewhat peripheral, for example phosphoglucomutase, acid phosphatase, esterase D, while in others where clines exist the results fit well into those expected from the geographical position of the sample. PMID- 6654361 TI - Blood pressure levels of Rellis (India) with special reference to variations with age. AB - The paper presents a survey of arterial blood pressures measured in 193 adult males and females of Relli community, selected at random from Visakhapatnam City, Andhra Pradesh. Age shows more influence on the rise of systolic than diastolic blood pressure. Females show a higher rate of rise in both pressures with advancing age. The incidence of hypertension is also found to be higher in females than in males. PMID- 6654362 TI - Extensions to pedigree analysis. V. Optimal calculation of Mendelian likelihoods. AB - Mendelian likelihoods are computed from human pedigree data for purposes of gene mapping, risk prediction in genetic counseling, and hypothesis testing in genetic epidemiology. The Mendelian likelihood of an extended pedigree can be written as a sum of products, the sum ranging over all possible genotypic combinations for the individuals in the pedigree. Exclusion of genotypes incompatible with the phenotypic information and pedigree structure reduces the ranges of summation and simplifies the likelihood calculation. To evaluate the likelihood with the fewest possible arithmetic operations requires carrying out the summations over one individual at a time and the intervening multiplications in some appropriate order. Each such removal of an individual reduces the likelihood evaluation to another evaluation of the same numerical form. Greedy-type algorithms are suggested for determining an order in which the summations and multiplications may be carried out. The greedy methods are fast and appear to generate good removal sequences. They are shown to work well when applied to a large, complex pedigree. PMID- 6654363 TI - A note on fitness of haemoglobin genotypes in the Bengali-speaking population. AB - In the Bengali-speaking population of Calcutta (India) the genotype frequencies of the Hb beta-A/E/T system are given. The fitness of the genotypes has been calculated. It is found that this system is not in stable or semistable equilibrium in this population. PMID- 6654364 TI - A genetic study of red blood cell zinc concentration in man. AB - Red blood cell zinc levels vary linearly with age within each sex. Age- and sex adjusted zinc levels generated 6 familial correlations in nuclear families and twins. A simple additive polygenic model, with genetic heritability of zinc (h2) as the only unknown parameter, gave an excellent fit (X2(5) = 0.97, p greater than 0.96), with the corresponding estimate of h2 = 0.790 +/- 0.032. Commingling analysis supported the hypothesis that the logarithmic zinc values are approximately distributed according to a mixture of three normal distributions. Some support was found for a major gene hypothesis by complex segregation analysis under the mixed model. However, all the evidence came just from one family in which one of the 3 children's zinc value was over 3 standard deviations above the mean. When that family was excluded, there was no more evidence for a major gene. Under the most parsimonious mutlifactorial model that assumes equal heritabilities in children and adults, the heritability was estimated as 0.748 +/ 0.079, in good agreement with the outcome of path analysis. Biological interpretations are put forward and discussed. PMID- 6654365 TI - Human red cell glutamic-pyruvic transaminase polymorphism in Serbia, Yugoslavia. AB - The polymorphism of red cell glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) was studied in 277 unrelated voluntary blood donors from the population of Serbia (Yugoslavia). The following phenotype frequencies were observed: GPT 1 0.309, GPT 2-1 0.454 and GPT 2 0.206, while gene frequencies were: GPT1 0.556 and GPT2 0.454. PMID- 6654366 TI - Digital and palmar dermatoglyphic patterns among natives of extreme northwest Nepal. AB - A dermatoglyphic study was made of two high-altitude populations inhabiting the same ecozone in extreme northwest Nepal. Despite cultural and linguistic differences there appears to be a significant amount of dermatoglyphic homology between the Buddhist-Tibetan villages and their Hindu-Caucasian neighbors. PMID- 6654367 TI - Normal values for interpupillary, inner canthal and outer canthal distances in an Indian population. AB - Interpupillary distance (IP), inner and outer canthal distances (IC, OC) have been investigated in an Indian population to establish normal values for these parameters. In males, the mean values of IC and OC were found to be 3.15 +/- 0.2445 and 8.44 +/- 0.3172 cm, respectively. However, in females these values were 3.09 +/- 0.2862 and 8.17 +/- 0.3310 cm, respectively. IP, as derived by Pryor's formula, was found to be in close proximity with the observed IP values. IP was also estimated by a multiple linear regression technique. The normal IP values are useful in the identification of ocular hypo- or hypertelorism in various syndromes which might be otherwise obscured by the various somatometric traits of the face. PMID- 6654368 TI - Sensitivity of frequency dependence of lung compliance in detecting uneven time constants. PMID- 6654369 TI - Electrocutaneous stimulation with high voltage capacitive discharges. PMID- 6654370 TI - Systematic and random errors in the determination of respiratory impedance by means of the forced oscillation technique: a theoretical study. PMID- 6654371 TI - Automated high-speed analysis of Holter tapes with microcomputers. PMID- 6654372 TI - Propagation down a chain of excitable cells by electric field interactions in the junctional clefts: effect of variation in extracellular resistances, including a "sucrose gap" simulation. PMID- 6654373 TI - Model of static accommodative behavior in human amblyopia. PMID- 6654374 TI - Spectral analysis of periodic and normal breathing in infants. PMID- 6654375 TI - A rapidly converging algorithm for estimating respiratory mechanical parameters in a five-element model. PMID- 6654376 TI - Minimal contribution by sources of one observable variable to the power of another. PMID- 6654377 TI - Success rate of primary human endothelial cell culture from umbilical cords is influenced by maternal and fetal factors and interval from delivery. AB - There is increasing interest in human umbilical cord vein as a source of endothelial cells. This paper shows that success in setting up cultures of human endothelial cells from umbilical cords depends not only on culture conditions, as so far proposed, but also on factors preceding the harvesting of the cells. In particular, the mother's smoking habit and the use of umbilical cord within 1 h of delivery have been shown to impair success of the culture. Age, parity, diabetes, and hypertension of the mother, type of delivery, and sex and weight of the newborn did not significantly influence the possibility of establishing successful endothelial cell culture. PMID- 6654378 TI - Altered sterol synthesis and its relationship to fluid-phase endocytosis in a macrophage cell line P388D1. AB - In a previous study glucocorticoids have been shown to depress the rate of fluid phase endocytosis in a macrophage cell line, P388D1. This effect was observed when either fluorescein-labeled dextran or horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to measure endocytosis. In this report the relationship between cholesterol synthesis and endocytosis was examined in light of the ability of glucocorticoids to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis. Two known inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, ML-236B and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH), were compared with dexamethasone (dex) for the ability to suppress endocytosis in cells grown in media supplemented with either 10% whole or delipidized neonatal bovine serum (NBS). In 10% whole serum all inhibitors reduced the uptake of HRP after 12 h incubation. Dexamethasone (1 microM) suppressed endocytosis by 30% whereas 25-OH (2.5 microM) and ML-236B (11.6 microM) inhibited by 38 and 52%, respectively. Supplementation of the growth medium with mevalonolactone (3.4 mM) prevented the inhibition of endocytosis by ML-236B. In contrast, mevalonolactone supplementation did not prevent either dex or 25-OH from suppressing endocytosis. The same pattern of results was obtained when cultures were grown in delipidized NBS. After 4 h all inhibitors caused a decrease in amount of [14C]acetate incorporated into both nonsaponifiable lipids and digitonin precipitable sterols. Although dex inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis, total cellular cholesterol was unaffected by dex treatment after 24 h incubation. It is suggested that in addition to suppressing mevalonate synthesis, 25-OH, and by analogy dex, may act at some metabolic site(s) distal to the formation of mevalonate. PMID- 6654380 TI - Acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia in Indian population FAB classification and response to therapy. PMID- 6654379 TI - Serum and growth factor requirements for proliferation of human adrenocortical cells in culture: comparison with bovine adrenocortical cells. AB - Although bovine adrenocortical cells proliferate readily in cell culture, proliferation of fetal or adult human adrenocortical cells has been observed to be limited and preparation of pure proliferating cultures of human adrenocortical cells has not been reported. The growth requirements of fetal human definitive zone adrenocortical cells in culture were compared to the established requirements of bovine adrenocortical cells. The medium used was 1:1 Ham's F12 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with transferrin and insulin. Earlier experiments showed that human cells had a greater proliferative response to horse serum than to fetal bovine serum, whereas the opposite was true for bovine cells. When plated on fibronectin-coated dishes and exposed to varying concentrations of horse serum in the presence of 100 ng/ml fibroblast growth factor (FGF), increasing cell growth was observed up to a serum concentration of 50%. When 50% fetal bovine serum was used instead of horse serum proliferation was less. In contrast, bovine adrenocortical cells showed a maximal proliferative response to either fetal bovine serum or horse serum at 10%. Human adrenocortical cells thus have a very high requirement for serum; 50% is the highest level that may be practically used, but the shape of the dose-response curve suggests that this concentration is still suboptimal. Growth was less in the absence of FGF. Epidermal growth factor can partially substitute for FGF. No response to 100 nM placental lactogen was observed. Less growth was observed when dishes were not coated with fibronectin. The factors present in horse serum that are evidently needed in high amounts by human cells are unknown. Despite this lack of knowledge, use of 50% horse serum enabled long-term growth of human adrenocortical cells that are pure by the criterion of retraction in response to ACTH. Nonadrenocortical cells do not show a retraction response. Such long-term cultures may be useful in studies of long-term regulation of differentiated function, aging, and carcinogenesis. PMID- 6654381 TI - Study of distribution of cervical lymph node metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. PMID- 6654383 TI - Burkitt's lymphoma of tonsil presenting as leukaemia. PMID- 6654382 TI - Colposcopic and cytological evaluation of cervical lesions. PMID- 6654384 TI - Malignant haemangioendothelioma of skin (two case reports). PMID- 6654385 TI - Tuberculosis of the stomach--a case report. PMID- 6654386 TI - Direct induction of tissue factor synthesis by endotoxin in human macrophages from diverse anatomical sites. AB - On exposure to endotoxin and other stimuli, human peripheral-blood mononuclear cells generate a potent procoagulant activity (PCA), identified as tissue factor. Although it is now recognized that the monocytes are the source of PCA, the question whether these cells per se are capable of procoagulant response to endotoxin or require lymphocyte collaboration remains unsettled. We have investigated the capacity of highly purified human macrophages from diverse anatomical sites to generate PCA following endotoxin stimulation. Purified (greater than 99%) monocyte-derived macrophages were obtained by prolonged (3-10 days) in-vitro culture of adherent monocytes using medium supplemented with 50% human serum. Purified (greater than 95%) peritoneal and milk macrophages were isolated by adherence to plastic. PCA was measured before and after incubation (4 hr at 37 degrees) with endotoxin (Salmonella enteritidis LPS, W or Escherichia coli O111:B4LPS, W, 1 microgram/ml final concentration) using a one-stage clotting assay and/or a two-stage amidolytic assay. Monocyte-derived macrophages had low baseline PCA (14-19 units/10(5) cells) but, upon exposure to endotoxin, displayed an eight-fold increase in PCA over control. Peritoneal and milk macrophages expressed very low baseline activity (1-5 units/10(5) cells). The latter, however, increased 15-20 times over control following endotoxin stimulation. PCA was identified as tissue factor by biological and immunological criteria. Its generation was completely abolished by cycloheximide. It is concluded that in the human mononuclear phagocyte series the capacity to produce PCA is not restricted to circulating monocytes but is also expressed by macrophages obtained from diverse anatomical sites. These macrophages appear to be autonomous in their procoagulant response to endotoxin. PMID- 6654387 TI - Immunological responses to fed protein antigens in mice. IV. Effects of stimulating the reticuloendothelial system on oral tolerance and intestinal immunity to ovalbumin. AB - We have studied the role of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in intestinal and systemic immunity in mice immunized orally with ovalbumin (OVA). Stimulation of the RES by oestradiol completely prevented the induction of systemic tolerance normally found in mice fed 25 mg OVA and this applied both to humoral immunity and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). In addition, an active DTH response could be detected in the mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of oestradiol treated, OVA-fed mice on oral challenge with OVA. Oestradiol had no direct effect on lymphocyte function and we propose that RES activation may be one mechanism which predisposes to small intestinal disease associated with food hypersensitivity. PMID- 6654388 TI - Clearance of antibodies from rat sarcoma cell surfaces. Rate of clearance of alloantibodies depends on antibody isotype. AB - The influence of antibody isotype on the lifetime of complexes involving cell surface antigens of the rat fibrosarcoma HSN.TC has been investigated using direct binding and competitive RIAs to monitor the antibodies. Alloantibodies of the IgG class that had bound to the cells during a 1-hr exposure to antiserum were cleared subsequently from the cell surface by an active process involving two distinct phases. Between 30 and 70% of these antibodies were lost in the first 10 hr but the antibodies remaining were cleared more slowly with half-lives ranging from 20 to 40 hr. Antibodies of the IgM class, however, and those that could bind Clq and initiate the complement cascade were cleared rapidly with half lives of less than 3 hr. Analysis of total cell-associated immunoglobulin showed that the disappearance from the cell surface was not a consequence of intracellular accumulation of antibody but was caused by the release of the antibody in a degraded form. The surface expression of the majority of the alloantigens involved was not affected by continuous exposure to antibody although modulation of a subpopulation of antigens could not be excluded. These results suggest that the clearance of alloantibodies involved their internalization and degradation and that antibodies capable of forming multimeric complexes were cleared rapidly. Some of the IgG-containing complexes, however, exhibited extended lifetimes at the cell surface, suggesting that either they were not internalized or they were recycled between the cell interior and the plasma membrane. PMID- 6654389 TI - Induction of IgE-isotype specific tolerance by passive antigenic stimulation of the respiratory mucosa. AB - Repeated exposure of high IgE-responder BN rats to an aerosol of ovalbumin (OVA) induced tolerance which was specific both for the antigen and the IgE antibody class. Radiotracer studies with 125I-OVA indicated that inhaled antigen doses in the low microgram range were tolerogenic, the bulk of the inhaled antigen being distributed 2:1 between the gastro-intestinal and respiratory tracts. Subsequent gastric intubation studies showed that the gastric component did not contribute to tolerance induction, suggesting that antigenic stimulation of the respiratory mucosa was central to this process. PMID- 6654390 TI - Measurement of the binding activity of defined IgG aggregates to macrophage Fc receptors. AB - Small soluble IgG aggregates of defined size were prepared from pooled human IgG by gel filtration chromatography, and examined by analytical ultracentrifugation. Three such fractions, dimer-rich, trimer-rich and 25S aggregate were used to inhibit IgG monomer binding in a study of the influence of aggregation in the binding of human IgG1 to mouse macrophage Fc receptors. Of the polymers tested, IgG in the trimeric form was found to bind with the greatest avidity, being 158 times more active than monomeric IgG, whereas IgG as a larger 25S aggregate had an increased binding activity of 80 times; the avidity of IgG as dimer was increased by a factor of 2 over monomeric IgG. The possible mechanisms involved in achieving enhanced binding are discussed. PMID- 6654391 TI - Effect of maternal hypervitaminosis A during late gestation on pre- & postnatal lung maturation in rat. PMID- 6654392 TI - Effect of low doses of ethanol on fetus & fetal milieu in rat. PMID- 6654393 TI - Effect of dorsal hippocampectomy on pituitary seminiferous tubular axis in albino rats. PMID- 6654394 TI - Acid phosphatase activity as indicator of X-irradiation damage in mice tissues. PMID- 6654395 TI - Studies on the mechanism of cardiotonic effects of sodium fluoroacetate & dobutamine. PMID- 6654396 TI - Growth & maintenance of mammalian cell lines in human cord serum. PMID- 6654397 TI - Role of percutaneous needle lung biopsy in the diagnosis of pulmonary lesions. PMID- 6654398 TI - Mechanical properties of the lung in pleural effusion. PMID- 6654400 TI - Acute fulminating pulmonary oedema following relief of airway obstruction. PMID- 6654399 TI - Tubercular empyema thoracis: a diagnostic and therapeutic problem. PMID- 6654401 TI - An unusual foreign body in the bronchial tree. PMID- 6654402 TI - Generalised tuberculosis of skeletal muscle. PMID- 6654403 TI - Cytological diagnoses in lung diseases. PMID- 6654404 TI - Comparison of barium sulphate and dionosil as contrast media for bronchography. PMID- 6654405 TI - Linkage of quantitative variation of a serum protein (Sp) to the major histocompatibility complex of the rat. AB - An antiserum made in rabbits against a rat serum protein (provisionally designated Sp) has been used to establish the existence of a partially inbred line of animals that have low levels of this protein in their serum. This line of animals, the WRD line, was derived from a cross between a wild rat, WRF 6, and a rat of the F344 inbred strain. Offspring from this mating were selected for homozygosity at one wild major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype and inbred for nine generations by brother-sister matings. When tested by immunodiffusion or rocket immunoelectrophoresis with a rabbit anti-rat Sp serum, the sera of these animals showed low levels of the protein when compared with other wild or inbred lines. Animals from the WRD line were backcrossed to the WF inbred strain and normal levels of the Sp protein were transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. The gene controlling the serum levels of the protein is tightly linked to the MHC (RT1 complex) of the rat. PMID- 6654406 TI - Cytopathic effects of shigellae on Vero & HeLa cells. PMID- 6654407 TI - Lactose positive Salmonella inpraw from processed frog legs. PMID- 6654408 TI - Mosquito inoculation technique for the diagnosis of Q fever employing an animal model. PMID- 6654410 TI - Amniotic fluid phosphatidyl glycerol as a predictor of fetal lung maturity. PMID- 6654409 TI - Formation of germ tubes by Candida tropicalis. PMID- 6654411 TI - Intra-familial correlations & heritability coefficients of body measurements in a rural Indian population. PMID- 6654412 TI - Radioactive bromide partition test in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis. PMID- 6654413 TI - Clinicopathological correlations in autopsy studies in pyogenic meningitis. PMID- 6654414 TI - Cardiac dysautonomia in acute intermittent porphyria. PMID- 6654415 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase & its isoenzymes in biofluids of various diseases. PMID- 6654416 TI - Acid base changes during & after exchange transfusion. PMID- 6654417 TI - Mechanism of antidiuresis by carbamazepine in diabetes insipidus. PMID- 6654418 TI - Involvement of H1 & H2 receptors in histamine-induced skin response in human. PMID- 6654419 TI - Effect of central dopamine, histamine & 5-hydroxytryptamine on stress-induced gastric ulceration in rats. PMID- 6654420 TI - Antifertility & uterine activity of Plumbago rosea in rats. PMID- 6654421 TI - Primary extranodal lymphomas: an analysis of 138 cases. PMID- 6654422 TI - Gallium scanning in lymphoma. PMID- 6654423 TI - Immunopathological alterations in patients with bone tumours. PMID- 6654424 TI - Protein & aminoacid concentrations in the gastric aspirate in the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma. PMID- 6654425 TI - Serum lactate dehydrogenase & its isoenzymes in malignancies. PMID- 6654426 TI - Serum sialic acid level under different conditions including malignancy. PMID- 6654427 TI - Cellular evolution of hepatic cancer in rats. PMID- 6654428 TI - Prognostic significance of eosinophil count during radiotherapy. PMID- 6654429 TI - Mechanism of epithelial pattern formation & transformation of cancer tissue into vascular channels & connective tissue stroma. PMID- 6654430 TI - Estrogen receptor protein & tumour cell population in human primary breast cancer. PMID- 6654432 TI - Uterine cervical dysplasia & herpes simplex virus. PMID- 6654431 TI - Cytological & colposcopic evaluation in premalignant & early malignant lesions of the cervix. PMID- 6654433 TI - Endometrial cytology associated with intrauterine copper contraception. PMID- 6654434 TI - Clinical cancer research in India--present status and future prospects. PMID- 6654435 TI - Effect of circulating soluble inhibitory factors in Hodgkin's disease on the stimulating activity of PHA pulsed lymphocyte lysates. PMID- 6654436 TI - Serum magnesium and consumed water magnesium levels in cases of acute myocardial infarction and in controls. PMID- 6654437 TI - Diabetes insipidus (presenting as a lump in abdomen). PMID- 6654438 TI - Sporotrichosis in Himachal Pradesh (India). PMID- 6654439 TI - Prognostication of prostatic carcinoma by serum acid phosphatase activity. PMID- 6654440 TI - Influence of smoking on blood pressure. PMID- 6654441 TI - Double prolapse of small bowel through patent vitello-intestinal duct. PMID- 6654442 TI - Iron deficiency amongst family members in relation to carrier state of beta thalassemia trait. PMID- 6654443 TI - Cyclic change in atrial wave form axis in atrial fibrillation. PMID- 6654444 TI - Synovial mast cells in joint diseases. PMID- 6654445 TI - HBs-Ag detection by micro-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. PMID- 6654446 TI - Primary squamous cell carcinoma of stomach. PMID- 6654447 TI - Intestinal obstruction-an unusual case. PMID- 6654448 TI - Investigation of an outbreak of influenza by A/Vict./3/75 (H3N2) virus strain in Kharakwasla in 1980. PMID- 6654449 TI - Hemodynamic mechanisms of adaptation to chronic high sodium intake in normal humans. AB - The long-term hemodynamic effects of a high dietary sodium intake were studied in 10 young normal subjects. After a 4-day diet of 10mEq of sodium and 60 mEq of potassium per day the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was 82.3 +/- 15.1 mmHg, the cardiac index (CI) was 2.32 +/- 0.69 liter/min/m2, and total peripheral resistance (TPR) was 1778 +/- 947 dyne sec cm-5. After 4 to 6 days of 200 mEq of sodium and 60 mEq of potassium per day, MAP was 84.3 +/- 20.9 mm Hg, CI had risen to 2.53 +/- 0.61 liter/min/m2, and TPR fell to 1437 +/- 328 dyne sec cm-5. After 6 months of unrestricted sodium intake, urinary sodium excretion (UNa) was 144.1 +/- 51.9 mEq/24 hrs (p less than 0.001), MAP remained at 83.1 +/- 13.8 mm Hg, CI had risen to 3.11 +/- 1.01 liter/min/m2 (p less than 0.05) and TPR was 1268 +/- 444 dyne sec cm-5. After 12 months, UNa had risen to 171.5 +/- 97.6 mEq/24 hrs (p less than 0.005), while MAP remained at 82.4 +/- 17.9 mm Hg, CI at 3.08 +/- 1.16 liter/min/m2 (p less than 0.05), and TPR at 1282 +/- 500 dyne/sec/cm-5. Thus, cardiac index rises significantly with sodium intake in normal subjects and remains at a higher level for as long as 12 months. Blood pressure does not rise because TRP falls proportionately. PMID- 6654450 TI - Attenuation of the microcirculation in young patients with high-output borderline hypertension. AB - Previous studies have shown abnormalities of the microvasculature in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and human subjects with established hypertension. We have studied the conjunctival microvasculature in relation to systemic and forearm hemodynamics in 24 normal subjects (NL) and 10 subjects with intermittent elevation of blood pressure (BHT). Macrophotographs of the conjunctival circulation were measured for arteriolar diameter and density of arterioles, capillaries, and venules. Blood pressure was measured by Arteriosonde, cardiac index by echocardiography, and forearm hemodynamics by mercury-filled strain gauge venous occlusion plethysmography. Average diastolic blood pressure in the NL group was 74 +/- 1.7 mm Hg, while that of the BHT subjects was 89 +/- 3.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.005). Capillary density, venous density, and total vascular density were significantly lower in the BHT than NL group, while arteriolar density did not differ significantly. Cardiac index was significantly higher, and peripheral vascular resistance significantly lower, in the BHT as compared to the NL subjects. Forearm blood flow was higher in the NL subjects. The diameter of the preterminal arterioles of the BHT subjects was 27% greater than NL (p less than 0.02). The capillary density was inversely related to the cardiac index (r = -0.482, p less than 0.01), but was not related to blood pressure (r = -0.207). We conclude that the high cardiac output phase of early essential hypertension in humans is accompanied by a reduction in the number of filtering capillaries, and that the rarefaction of capillaries is more closely related to the elevation of cardiac output than to raised blood pressure. PMID- 6654451 TI - Role of endothelium in dilator responses of spontaneously hypertensive rat arteries. AB - The possible role of endothelium in the vascular responses to vasodilator drugs was studied in relation to experimental hypertension. Short ring segments of the thoracic aorta and femoral artery were removed from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. They were rubbed on the intimal surface to destruct endothelial cells or unrubbed, and bathed in Krebs bicarbonate solution for isometric recording of contractile and relaxant responses. The relaxant response to acetylcholine was abolished by rubbing all arteries tested. Rubbing also significantly attenuated the relaxation induced by adenosine in the SHR aorta and SHR and WKY femoral artery, and attenuated the relaxation by isoproterenol in the SHR femoral artery. In contrast, contractile response to norepinephrine was augmented by intimal surface rubbing in all arteries except the aorta of WKY. It is suggested that an endothelial compensatory mechanism develops to offset the diminished relaxant and/or increased contractile responsiveness of smooth muscle cells in the hypertensive rat arteries. PMID- 6654452 TI - Forebrain contributions to one-kidney renal hypertension in the rabbit. AB - Electrolytic lesions were placed along the anteroventral wall of the third cerebral ventricle (AV3V region) in 10 albino rabbits (AV3V-X), and sham lesions were produced in 10 additional rabbits (SHAM). Two to 3 weeks later, all rabbits underwent unilateral nephrectomy and renal artery stenosis (clip I.D. = 0.508 mm). During a 1-week control period, and for 4 weeks after renal artery stenosis, measurements were made of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, body fluid compartment volumes, plasma electrolytes, and daily sodium, potassium, and water balances. Four weeks after renal artery stenosis (RAS), cardiovascular responses to norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (AII), saralasin, and autonomic blockade were obtained in the conscious animals. In SHAM rabbits, MAP rose from 77 to 117 mm Hg 4 weeks after RAS. In AV3V-X rabbits, MAP rose from 77 to only 92 mm Hg 4 weeks after RAS. Body fluid compartment volumes, plasma electrolytes, and fluid, sodium, and potassium balances showed similar modest changes in both groups of rabbits. Neither saralasin infusion nor autonomic blockade caused significantly different changes in MAP between SHAM and AV3V-X rabbits 4 weeks after RAS. However, pressor responses to both NE and AII were significantly less in AV3V-X rabbits at this time. It is concluded that one-kidney, one clip renal hypertension involves activation of neurohormonal pressor mechanisms originating in the forebrain, and that the expression of these pressor mechanisms in part includes an increase in cardiovascular reactivity. PMID- 6654453 TI - Role of catecholamines and vasopressin in cardiovascular responses to bilateral dorsolateral transection of the medulla oblongata in the rat. AB - The role of sympathetic and other pressor systems in the development of fulminant hypertension induced by baroreceptor deafferentation is still unclear. We studied the effects of acute hypertension produced by bilateral dorsomedullary knife cuts lateral to the nucleus tractus solitarii (DMK-cut) on plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and vasopressin (VP) in conscious, tail-artery-cannulated rats. In saline-pretreated (SAL) rats, DMK-cut caused a significant (p less than 0.001) rise in mean blood pressure (MAP, +68 +/- 3 mm Hg), heart rate (HR, +97 +/- 19 bpm), NE (+2.5 +/- 0.3 ng/ml), E (+2.7 +/- 0.4 ng/ml), and VP (+115 +/- 34 pg/ml) compared to sham-operated rats. Neither sympathetic blockade with chlorisondamine (CHLO, 10 mg/kg, s.c.) nor elimination of the pressor effects of VP by use of Brattleboro rats or the VP pressor antagonist resulted in a maximal MAP response significantly different from that in the SAL + DMK-cut group. However, CHLO pretreatment of Brattleboro rats completely abolished the increase in MAP and HR. It is suggested that the bilateral DMK-cut causes acute hypertension, probably due to the abolition of baroreceptor reflexes by central interruption of neural connections of the nucleus tractus solitarii. It appears that both the increased sympathoadrenomedullary activity and VP release normally contribute to this hypertension; however, either one is sufficient to sustain the elevated blood pressure. PMID- 6654454 TI - Baroreflex control of myocardial contractility in conscious normotensive and renal hypertensive rabbits. AB - We have assessed resting myocardial contractility and its baroreflex control in normotensive and hypertensive conscious rabbits. Hypertension was induced by bilateral cellophane wrapping of the kidneys with experiments performed 6 weeks later during the established phase of hypertension. The peak rate of change of left ventricular pressure (peak LV dP/dt) was used as the index of myocardial contractility. Baroreflex control of contractility and heart period (HP) was assessed by constructing stimulus response curves relating change in mean arterial pressure (MAP), induced by balloon occluders around the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, to change in peak LV dP/dt and HP. These stimulus response curves were obtained in normotensive rabbits with and without cardiac pacing, and in both normotensive and hypertensive animals after cardiac beta sympathetic blockade with propranolol, vagal blockade with methylscopolamine, and combined cardiac autonomic blockade with propranolol and scopolamine, as well as in rabbits with intact autonomic effectors. Resting MAP was significantly higher in the hypertensive rabbits (119 +/- 2 mm Hg) compared to normotensive controls (76 +/- 1 mm Hg). Resting peak LV dP/dt was also greater by 51% in the hypertensive animals (7054 +/- 287 mm Hg sec-1) compared to controls (4690 +/- 223 mm Hg sec-1). There was no significant difference in the resting heart period or resting left ventricular end diastolic pressure. Transient changes in MAP induced by occlusion of the aortic or venous balloons produced significant alterations in peak LV dP/dt in normotensive animals with and without pacing and in hypertensive control animals. In animals with cardiac sympathetic block, the range and slope or sensitivity of the stimulus response curves were not significantly changed but in animals with vagal blockade the sensitivity was reduced by 90% and the range at 30 mm Hg by 88%. After propranolol and methylscopolamine were administered together, the stimulus no longer evoked a response. These experiments demonstrate that myocardial contractility is under baroreflex control and suggest that this is mediated principally via parasympathetic nerves to the heart. There was no significant difference between the sensitivity of baroreflex control of myocardial contractility in the normotensive (-84 +/- 14 mm Hg sec-1 per mm Hg) and the hypertensive (-110 +/- 14 mm Hg sec-1 per mm Hg) rabbits, unlike the baroreflex control of heart period where sensitivity was markedly impaired in the hypertensive (sensitivity 3.8 +/- 0.8 msec/mm Hg) compared to the normotensive (6.9 +/- 1.0 msec/mm Hg) animals. PMID- 6654455 TI - Hypertension detection and follow-up program. Baseline characteristics of the enumerated, screened, and hypertensive participants. The Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Cooperative Group. PMID- 6654456 TI - Hypertension detection and follow-up program. Baseline chest radiographic characteristics of the hypertensive participants. PMID- 6654457 TI - Red blood cell sodium in the DOCA hypertensive pig. AB - The influence of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) on the sodium content of the red blood cell was determined in the pig. DOCA (100 mg/kg), impregnated in Silastic, was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) in six male pigs; seven additional pigs received Silastic implants without the DOCA. Those receiving DOCA had an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) that was significant in 48 hours and reached a plateau that was 24 mm Hg greater than that of the controls after 15 days. These animals also developed hypokalemia and polydipsia over approximately the same time course. Red blood cell sodium content increased in DOCA-treated pigs 24 hours after implant (5.57 +/- 0.17 vs 5.23 +/- 0.05, mEq/liter cells). The sodium content continued to rise, reaching a plateau 28% above that of control value by the 5th postimplant day (6.37 +/- 0.40 mEq/liter cells). In vitro tests of possible mechanisms that might have caused the in vivo increase in red blood cell sodium content gave the following results: 1) Incubations of red blood cells in a physiological salt solution (PSS) containing deoxycorticosterone failed to cause an increase in cell sodium content. 2) No ouabain-like factor was demonstrated in plasma from the DOCA hypertensive pigs. 3) An elevation in bicarbonate concentration in the PSS caused an increase in red blood cell sodium content. 4) A decrease in potassium concentration in the PSS also caused an increase in red blood cell sodium content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654458 TI - Glomerular hemodynamics in persistent renovascular hypertension in the rat. AB - We studied the glomerular hemodynamics and activity of the tubuloglomerular feedback system (TGFS) in Wistar rats with persistent hypertension 60 days after removal of the clipped kidney in the Goldblatt (two-kidney, one clip) hypertension model. Ten hypertensive rats (HBP) were compared with 12 normotensive ones (NBP). Micropuncture studies revealed that values for the single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), glomerular plasma flow (QA), and afferent oncotic pressure (PAR.A) were similar in both groups, whereas glomerular capillary pressure (PGC) and effective filtration pressure (EFP) were higher in the HBP group (p less than 0.05). A slight but insignificant increase in afferent resistance was present in the HBP group. A positive correlation was found between mean arterial pressure and stop flow pressure (SFP) (r = 0.64, p less than 0.05) but not with SNGFR, suggesting a reduction in the ultrafiltration coefficient in hypertensive rats. This was further supported by studies of the activity of the TGFS, which demonstrated that interrupting flow to the macula densa was followed by a smaller increment in SNGFR in HBP, in spite of a similar rise in SFP. The mechanism responsible for decreasing glomerular permeability is unknown but could be related to structural changes in glomerular capillary or to an increase in intrarenal angiotensin II, as has been demonstrated previously in this model. It is suggested that these adaptations occurring in the kidney exposed to hypertension can contribute to the maintenance of elevated arterial pressure after removing the stenotic kidney. PMID- 6654459 TI - Tachycardic responses during the development of renal hypertension. AB - Basal heart rate (HR) of conscious rats under resting conditions was measured daily by electrocardiogram (ECG) during the development of one-kidney, one clip (1K1C) hypertension. A progressive increase in HR (mean +/- SEM) was observed from Day 1 to 7: 318 +/- 11; 330 +/- 18, 338 +/- 18; 344 +/- 19; 372 +/- 14; 374 +/- 11, and 388 +/- 12 bpm, respectively. During the same period, mean arterial pressure (MAP) also increase progressively: 126 +/- 2; 129 +/- 2; 134 +/- 4; 135 +/- 7; 144 +/- 2 and 157 +/- 4 mm Hg, respectively. From Day 7 onward, the HR declined, reaching values of 336 +/- 13 bpm on Day 9, with no further alterations for the next 21 days. The MAP continued to rise, however, being 158 +/- 4 on Day 8 and 175 +/- 7 mm Hg on Day 30. Sham-operated rats showed no changes in HR or MAP. During the development of hypertension, blockade of converting enzyme with captopril (10 mg/kg, i.v.) caused a significant blood pressure fall on Day 1 (-27 +/- 1 mm Hg) and Day 3 (-18 +/- 2 mm Hg), whereas on Day 6 (-9 +/- 3 mm Hg) and Day 14 (-8 +/- 3 mm Hg) the fall was not different from that of the normotensive control rats (NCR) (-6 +/- 1 mm Hg). Reflex bradycardia, produced by increasing doses of phenylephrine which elevated the MAP by 10 to 40 mm Hg, was studied in conscious NCR and renal hypertensive rats (RHR) 3 and 7 days after surgery during the development of renal hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654460 TI - Basal levels of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine in the dog. AB - Conscious (n = 62) and anesthetized (n = 34) dogs were studied to establish basal levels and ranges for plasma epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) in this species. Trained conscious dogs were familiarized to recording conditions and personnel for 2 to 3 weeks and acclimatized to the laboratory for at least 15 minutes prior to blood sampling from a chronically implanted catheter. Their basal values were 65 +/- 47 pg/ml for E and 145 +/- 58 pg/ml for NE, which were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than values in a second group of conscious dogs trained in the same manner but sampled soon after arrival to the laboratory (E = 144 +/- 93 pg/ml; NE = 193 +/- 86 pg/ml). Catecholamine levels in dogs anesthetized with one of three different regimes commonly used in cardiovascular studies were shown to be similar to the basal values found in conscious dogs acclimatized to the laboratory. The weak correlations found between basal plasma catecholamines and hemodynamic variables in all groups of conscious dogs reflect the complexity of factors interacting with the sympathetic nervous system in the maintenance of arterial pressure. These results document the variability that can be expected when using catecholamine levels as an index of sympathetic nervous system activity and the necessity of standardizing conditions for sample collection. PMID- 6654461 TI - Reduction of cardiovascular disease events by worksite hypertension treatment. AB - A retrospective cohort study of hypertensive employees to evaluate the impact of worksite antihypertensive treatment (WST) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) over 8 1/2 years is reported. In a union-sponsored screening from August 1973 to February 1974, 604 hypertensives (greater than or equal to 160 and/or 95 mm Hg, or on medication) were identified. Of these, standardized criteria were met by 344, of whom 150 chose WST and 194 referred care (RC). The study groups were similar in age and sex composition. Union hospitalization and death records through 1982 revealed that CVD rates were fewer in WST than RC (3.0 vs 5.4/100 person-years; p less than 0.01). By contrast, nonCVD rates were similar (8.1 vs 9.6). All-cause mortality rate in WST (0.89) was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower than that in RC (1.81), as was the standard mortality ratio (55.1), based on U.S. mortality in 1978. CVD mortality was also lower (0.48 vs 1.10; NS). Persons with an initial blood pressure (BP) less than 160/95 mm Hg had CVD event rates that were low and similar in WST and RC (3.6 vs 3.5). However, among those with elevated BP at entry, WST subjects fared significantly better than RC (2.8 vs 6.1; p less than 0.001). Furthermore, in WST, previously treated patients with elevated BP at screening experienced one-third the CVD morbidity of their counterparts in RC (3.1 vs 10.8; p less than 0.01). These results extend previous evidence that WST is an effective method to achieve BP control and demonstrate that this approach to the management of hypertension alters health outcomes favorably and significantly. PMID- 6654462 TI - Hypertension among female workers in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Predictors and joint effects. AB - Previous analysis based on data derived from a prevalence study of hypertension among workers in different economic activities in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo, Brazil, have shown separate effects of biologic and social attributes on diastolic blood pressure levels (DBP). The present paper explores joint effects of sociodemographic, anthropometric, and behavioral characteristics on blood pressure levels. For that purpose, the Morgan-Sonquist procedure on interaction effects in the prediction of DBP levels was used. Six independent variables emerged as predictors: age, Quetelet index, occupation, schooling years, subsector of the economy, and smoking. Very young and lean women who were also smokers had the lowest mean DBP levels (66.1 mm Hg). Young, overweight women without college education showed intermediate levels (71.5 mm Hg). Highest levels were found among older women in production-linked occupations engaged in transportation and metallurgy activities (89.5 mm Hg). The study suggests that the potential role of work-related characteristics on blood pressure levels is greatest among older women. PMID- 6654463 TI - Synthesis of nonmammalian angiotensins and their comparative pressor properties in dogfish shark, domestic chicken, and rat. AB - To understand how vertebrates utilize angiotensins during evolutionary development, we undertook studies to synthesize and/or characterize angiotensin like peptides from nonmammalian species. The present paper describes the synthesis of [Asp1,Val5,Asn9] angiotensin I (bull frog, Rana catesbeiana) (I), [Asn1,Val5,His9] angiotensin I (Japanese goosefish, Lophius litulon) (II), [Asn1, Val5,Asn9] angiotensin I (chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta) (III), and [Asn1, Val5,Tyr9] angiotensin I (related to native angiotensin in snake, Elaphe climocophora (IV). Pressor properties of these peptides were compared with the peptides isolated from other species and related synthetic analogs in one representative species from three distinct classes of vertebrates: 1) elasmobranchs: spiny dogfish shark; 2) birds: domestic chicken; and 3) mammals: rat. The effect of angiotensins on short circuit current (to compare sodium and water permeability) was studied by adding these on the dermal side of the isolated frog skin. In the rat pressor bioassays, the above peptides possessed, respectively, I, 87.8%; II, 51.5%; III, 65.2%; and IV, 60.3% pressor activity of [Ile5] angiotensin II, which was blocked with a converting-enzyme inhibitor, captopril. In the conscious dogfish shark, the percentage increase of blood pressure based on preinjection level (= 100) in the dorsal aortic pressure was 35% to 60% for [Asp1,Ile5,His9] angiotensin I (human) (3 micrograms/kg), [Asp1,Val5,Ser9] angiotensin I (chicken) (3 micrograms/kg), [Asp1,Ile5] angiotensin II (3.6 micrograms/kg), and [Asn1,Val5] angiotensin II (6 micrograms/kg). Likewise, a 30% to 35% increase in blood pressure was obtained with angiotensin III (3 micrograms/kg), [Ile8] angiotensin II (4.4 micrograms/kg), and [Sar1,Ile8] angiotensin II (9.1 micrograms/kg). [Sar1,Thr8] angiotensin II and [Ile8] angiotensin I did not produce a significant pressor response even at high dose-level (8 micrograms/kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654464 TI - Maintenance of arterial pressure by vasopressin and angiotensin II after adrenalectomy. AB - Participation of vasopressin and the renin-angiotensin system in the maintenance of systemic arterial pressure was evaluated in unanesthetized adrenalectomized rats. Adrenalectomized and sham-operated rats with implanted arterial and venous catheters were given 1% sodium chloride and 2.5% glucose as drinking fluid for 72 hours following adrenalectomy. Serum and urine samples were obtained for measurement of electrolyte and solute concentration. The pattern of serum electrolytes, serum osmolality, and renal excretion of electrolytes, solute, and water observed in the adrenalectomized rats was entirely consistent with previous observations in this model. Mean arterial pressure of unanesthetized unrestrained adrenalectomized rats was significantly lower than controls. In adrenalectomized rats, dPMeTyrAVP reduced mean arterial pressure 9 +/- 1 mm Hg, p less than 0.001; captopril then caused an additional reduction of 17 +/- 2 mm Hg, p less than 0.01. Neither antagonist altered arterial pressure in the control group. Our results indicate that vasopressin and the renin-angiotensin system play a compensatory pressor role in adrenal insufficiency, preventing a larger decrease of arterial pressure in this model of chronic hypotension. PMID- 6654465 TI - Systemic and arterial hemodynamic effects of nifedipine (20 mg) in mild-to moderate hypertension. AB - Systemic and arterial hemodynamic effects of the new 20 mg tablet of nifedipine were studied in seven patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Hemodynamics of the forearm arterial circulation were investigated using a new pulsed Doppler system, enabling the simultaneous determination of the brachial artery diameter and the arterial blood flow velocity. After nifedipine administration, blood pressure decreased significantly, due to a fall in total peripheral resistance. Simultaneously, brachial blood flow increased significantly, due both to an increase in arterial diameter and blood flow velocity. The study provided evidence that, with nifedipine, there is both 1) a dilation of small arteries, causing a decrease in blood pressure; and 2) a dilation of peripheral large arteries, leading to an increase in peripheral blood flow. PMID- 6654466 TI - Antihypertensive polar and neutral renopapillary lipids. Which is a hormone? AB - Two antihypertensive lipids can be derived from the renal papilla, the antihypertensive polar (APRL) and the antihypertensive neutral (ANRL) renomedullary lipid. The renal venous effluent of the unclipped kidney contains both ANRL and APRL. This effluent lowers the arterial pressure (AP) of the normal rat when infused i.v. As it lowers the AP the heart rate (HR) and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) are depressed. ANRL infused i.v. also lowers HR and SNA as it depresses the AP. Conversely, APRL elevates HR and SNA as it lowers the AP. Thus, of the two lipids in the renal venous effluent after unclipping, ANRL appears to be dominant. APRL, however, in the renal venous effluent could potentiate the action of ANRL. The net effect of these observations is to support the view that ANRL is an antihypertensive hormone liberated by the kidney after unclipping. The renomedullary interstitial cells (RIC) degranulate after unclipping. ANRL can be derived from these cells. Thus, the RIC, cells known to exert an endocrine-type antihypertensive function, may well be the source of ANRL in the renal venous effluent after unclipping. The hormonal action of ANRL appears as a major cause of the lowering of the AP after unclipping. It is not known what factors modulate the RIC endocrine system. There is a suggestion that angiotensin may be one of these factors based on the ineffectiveness of these cells toward retarding hypertension when the circulating plasma angiotensin level is high, and their effectiveness when the circulating plasma angiotensin level is low. PMID- 6654467 TI - Lesions of epinephrine neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla abolish the vasodepressor components of baroreflex and cardiopulmonary reflex. AB - Epinephrine-containing neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) (the C1 group of Hokfelt) in the rat are primarily unilaterally innervated by neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and in turn project to autonomic spinal neurons. In this study, we investigated whether the C1 area of the RVL mediates the vasodepressor responses (VDR) induced by either electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve or carotid sinus stretch. In all experiments, C1 neurons were localized immunocytochemically with antibodies to phenylethanolamine N methyltransferase (PNMT). Bilateral lesions of the C1 area decreased arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) to spinal cord transection levels and blocked the VDR induced by vagal stimulation and carotid sinus stretch. Combined lesions of the contralateral NTS and C1 area ipsilateral to the stimulated vagus nerve maintained AP and HR at normal levels, and totally blocked the VDR to vagal stimulation and carotid sinus stretch. Since projections from the vagus nerve to NTS are bilateral and those from NTS to C1 unilateral, the combined contralateral NTS/ipsilateral C1 lesions isolated and interrupted the ipsilateral NTS-C1 pathway and, therefore, blocked the baroreceptor reflex. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that neurons in the NTS synapsing in or projecting through the C1 area mediate the baro- and cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptor reflex. PMID- 6654468 TI - Effects of anterior hypothalamic disconnection on the evolution of Goldblatt renal hypertension. A dual response. AB - The role of the central nervous system, in general, and of the hypothalamus, in particular, in the genesis of various forms of experimental hypertension has been the object of increased investigation. Lesions of the anteroventral area of the third ventricle (AV3V) in rats seem to block the development of various forms of hypertension. In the present experiments, AV3V was kept intact but its connections with the caudal neuroaxis were severed by means of a curved knife (2 mm radius), stereotaxically placed at the level of the arcuate nucleus. This disconnection, per se, induces polydipsia, and a reduction of the pressor effect of i.v.-infused angiotensin II. The interactions of simultaneously performed hypothalamic disconnection (HD) and Goldblatt one-kidney, one clip, (1K1C) or two kidney, one clip (2K1C) hypertensions was studied. It was found that HD retards and attenuates the development of 1K1C hypertension but does not materially affect the evolution of the 2K1C model. Rats with established 1K1C or 2K1C hypertensions were not affected by HD, whereas rats with chronic HD (4 weeks) showed slight and slow developing hypertension in response to clipping. The possible significance of these results with respect to the neural connections of AV3V is discussed. PMID- 6654470 TI - Morbidity and mortality status of urban community. PMID- 6654469 TI - Arginine vasopressin modulates the central action of angiotensin II in the dog. AB - Endogenous vasopressin may interact with central autonomic nervous system factors in the regulation of cardiovascular function. In 25 morphine/chloralose anesthetized dogs, we studied the magnitude of the pressor response produced by an infusion of angiotensin II (AII) into the vertebral arteries (VA), before and after intracisternal (n = 10), intravertebral (n = 9), or intravenous (n = 6) administration of a competitive antagonist of arginine vasopressin (AVP) [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me) AVP]. The dose response curve to vertebral artery infusion of AII (range 2-20 ng/kg/min) was significantly (p less than 0.05) shifted to the right of control after injection of the AVP antagonist (10 micrograms/kg) into the cisterna magna; the ED at 20 mm Hg being almost double after central AVP blockade. This effect of AVP blockade was confined only to the cardiovascular response mediated by AII via the vertebral arteries. When pressor doses of AII were injected into either a vein (i.v.) or the cisterna magna of these same dogs, the increases in mean blood pressure were the same before and after AVP antagonist treatment. In another group of anesthetized dogs, we investigated whether the reduced reactivity to intravertebral AII could be duplicated by giving the AVP antagonist either via the vertebral artery or i.v. Only the cisterna magna route was effective in causing a blunting of the pressor response to vertebral artery AII. These data demonstrate a previously unknown interaction between vasopressin and the centrally mediated pressor response to intravertebral AII. PMID- 6654471 TI - Control of anaemia among pregnant women by iron supplementation. PMID- 6654472 TI - Neonatal tetanus in Zaria, Northern Nigeria. PMID- 6654473 TI - Endogenous component chemotactic assay (ECCA). AB - We have developed a chemotactic assay in which migrated cells are quantitated by measuring levels of an endogenous cellular component. The endogenous component chemotactic assay (ECCA) employs standard double-membrane, blind-well methodologies but is unique in that leukocyte migration is quantitated by measuring lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity endogenous to cells that have migrated. This approach avoids the tedium of microscopic counting as well as the problems associated with cell-labeling techniques. Using the ECCA technique we have shown: (1) that N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) is both chemokinetic and chemotactic for human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs); (2) that both incubation time and starting PMN density affect the proportion of cells that migrate; (3) that approximately 30% of the available PMNs eventually migrate; and (4) that PMN "fall off" from membranes, readily detectable by this assay, is affected by starting PMN density, incubation period, and nature of the attractant. The technique as presented can detect migration when a starting cell density as low as 7 x 10(4) PMNs/well is employed and can be made more sensitive by increasing the period over which LDH is allowed to act. Considerable potential exists to further apply the ECCA concept to the study of the migration of subpopulations of cells in mixtures by assaying for distinguishing endogenous cellular markers. PMID- 6654474 TI - Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. AB - Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from two cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis were analyzed for glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. The clinical courses of the two cases were entirely different. In one patient, signs and symptoms recurred despite repeated therapeutic bronchoalveolar lavages. In the other patient, three successive bronchoalveolar lavages brought about complete recovery. It was found that the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the former case contained various subtypes of glycosaminoglycans [hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate A(C), dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate] and glycoprotein. On the other hand, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the latter case contained glycoprotein, but no detectable amounts of glycosaminoglycans. There was only a slight qualitative difference in glycoprotein of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid between the two cases. The presence or absence of glycosaminoglycans in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may be related to the prognosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. PMID- 6654477 TI - Environmental iodine deficiency of neonatal hypothyroidism in India. PMID- 6654478 TI - Current status of endemic goitre in some areas of sub-Himalayan belt. PMID- 6654475 TI - Dimethyl sulfoxide inhibits phagocyte influx into infected pleural spaces and phagocyte locomotion in vitro. AB - Influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes (MNs) into pleural spaces was decreased in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-treated rabbits infected intrapleurally with Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, pleural fluids contained S. aureus longer and marked pleural thickening with fibrosis occurred in DMSO treated rabbits. DMSO also inhibited stimulated locomotion of PMN and MN in vitro, suggesting that the aforementioned responses in vivo may have occurred because of DMSO-mediated inhibition of the locomotion of PMN and MN. PMID- 6654476 TI - Purification of haptoglobin and its effects on lymphocyte and alveolar macrophage responses. AB - Clinical observations made on a patient with acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis revealed that the patient's serum contained a mitogenic inhibitor and an extremely high haptoglobin (Hp) level; this led to an investigation of the role of Hp in lymphocyte function. Hp was isolated and purified from acute phase rabbit serum by a new method using DE-52 anion exchange chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing in a range of pH 3.0-5.0. This technique produced a homogenous, biologically active product in fewer steps and in higher yields than existing techniques. Purified rabbit Hp significantly inhibited polyclonal lymphocyte mitogenic responses to PHA or Con A in a dose-response fashion. Hp also significantly inhibited B-cell mitogenesis at a high concentration (200 mg/100 ml) in response to LPS while it enhanced B-cell mitogenesis at lower concentrations (50 and 100 mg/100 ml). Purified Hp had no effect on monoclonal, antigen-specific (BSA) mitogenesis. Rabbit alveolar macrophages produced significant amounts of prostaglandin E in vitro in response to LPS but Hp had no effect on this production. However, Hp alone caused approximately the same amount of stimulation of PGE production by alveolar macrophages as did LPS alone. The ability of Hp to modulate lymphocyte as well as macrophage function seems to indicate that Hp plays a role in the moderation of inflammation. This ability to moderate inflammation, especially in the lungs, may play an important role in regulating tissue damage and disease following inhalation of inflammatory aerosols. PMID- 6654479 TI - Current status of endemic goitre in district Bharuch (Gujarat). PMID- 6654480 TI - Double heterozygous hemoglobinopathies--diagnostic importance of parent studies. PMID- 6654481 TI - Evaluation of clinical criteria for the management of acute diarrhea in infants and children. PMID- 6654482 TI - Tuberculosis in children with nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 6654483 TI - Disaccharide intolerance and Indian childhood cirrhosis. V. Effect of lactose administration on melituria in parents of ICC patients. PMID- 6654484 TI - Impact of pre-school supplementary feeding on mental abilities. PMID- 6654485 TI - Dermatophytosis in infants. PMID- 6654486 TI - Necrotising fascitis. PMID- 6654487 TI - Fetal exposure to maternal hyperbilirubinemia. PMID- 6654488 TI - ICC is rare in Muslims. PMID- 6654489 TI - Environmental factors: Extensive use of copper utensils and vegetarian diet in the causation of Indian childhood cirrhosis. PMID- 6654490 TI - The cost analysis of antibiotics in pediatric practice. PMID- 6654491 TI - Umbilical hernia. PMID- 6654492 TI - [Clinical relevance of microaggregates in stored blood]. AB - A survey is given on the clinical relevance of microaggregates in stored blood. Initially the pathophysiology of aggregation led by electrostatic and humoral changes on the surface and membrane of the platelets is presented, and the well known pathomechanisms of embolization as well as the functional pulmonary impact of these emboli are discussed. The ever increasing importance of humoral factors is stressed, the mechanic obstruction of pulmonary capillaries by microaggregates having not that clinical importance as the general opinion in earlier days has been. New therapeutic aspects therefore are mentioned: The blockade of aggregation and the release syndrome by adding aspirin, aprotinin or prostaglandin E 1 to the stored blood, pharmacologically influencing the metabolism of arachidonic acid by inhibiting negative effects of prostaglandins (injecting ibuprofen as inhibitor of thromboxane-synthesis) and stimulating positive prostaglandin effects (infusion of prostacyclin), and finally the application of fibronectin (cryoprecipitates) for increasing the RES-function thus also enhancing the clearance of microaggregates, fibrinogen/fibrin complexes and intestinal serotonin. The latter way only, however, is also clinically feasable. The purely mechanical microfiltration should therefore still be used (3 pints of blood at least, pulmonary damage by trauma, shock or sepsis) and the methods of giving aggregate-poor red cell preparations (buffy coat free or saline washed) should be remembered. For the future one could speculate that more or less complete humoral block might be used in conjunction with a "midi-filtration" (Eckert: 40-100 mu diameter standard blood filter). PMID- 6654493 TI - [Particles in infusion solutions]. AB - The significance of infusion therapy has increased considerably in the last two decades because of a constant expansion of indications and therapeutic possibilities. Like all other types of therapy, the efficiency of infusion therapy depends on the care taken in determining the indication and in administration. It is therefore imperative that everybody directly involved in this type of therapy is informed of the problems connected with the use of infusion solutions and aware of the specific risks of the infusion techniques in use. One essential risk inherent in the use of infusion solutions is the hazard of particulate contamination. This paper describes the potential sources which can lead to an influx of particles into the organism. Furthermore it is demonstrated that nowadays the primary or intrinsic contamination rate of commercially available solutions during manufacture and storage--as a result of the stringent regulations of the GMP (good manufacturing practice) is far below the high standard of the Australian pharmacopoea. The in-use or extrinsic contamination of infusion solutions, however, must be taken seriously as shown by the sharp increase of particulate contamination during routine hospital work. Under this aspect contamination of the organism with particles particularly increases because of additional injections into the tubing of the infusion system. Besides reducing additional administration of drugs into the infusion bottle or the infusion line to an absolutely necessary minimum, 5-micron filters have been found to effect a more than 90% reduction of particle influx as well as being easy to handle during routine clinical work. PMID- 6654494 TI - The clinical use of direct calorimetry for measuring energy expenditure. AB - Energy output measurements are an actual problem since the 18th century. Together with the technical development very good solutions for direct calorimetry are available. Vienna Whole Body Calorimeter is a measuring system in which man can live 24 and more hours under defined activity and well known diet. Utilisation of ingested food energy is discussed and unmeasured energy shown during overfeeding. Beside increasing energy content of body mass gaining weight costs 1969 kcal/kg. Comparison of direct and indirect measurement is necessary to define energy need in different catabolic situations. PMID- 6654495 TI - [Standardized 15N-tracer method for the assessment of protein metabolism in clinical practice]. AB - A standardized 15N tracer method is described for the assessment of the nitrogen and protein metabolism in healthy and pathological changed organism. The method represents an isotope technical procedure for the application in the clinical research and practice. The single parts of this routine method are: --the clinical preparation of the patient/proband by means of a standardized nutritional regime, --the tracer administration (single dose) and the sampling (urine, blood), --the 15N-tracer technique (sample chemistry, emissions spectrometric isotope analysis), --the mathematical evaluation of 15N tracer data. PMID- 6654496 TI - [Protein synthesis following experimental injuries in the pig as disease model. Comparison of infusion solutions with various amino acid patterns]. AB - This study compares the effect of two amino acid solutions on protein metabolism after injury by measuring nitrogen balance, 15N-elimination, total body protein synthesis and utilisation of administered nitrogen in an experimental study using pigs. Protein synthesis and nitrogen utilisation were determined using a 15N tracer technique with recourse to mathematical model concepts. The non-surgical control animals had a lower urinary nitrogen excretion, a more favourable nitrogen balance, a higher 15N-retention, greater total body protein synthesis and utilisation of the infused amino acids during infusion of an amino acid solution with a standard amino acid pattern (A) than the operated animals (solution B). Comparison of the post-operative data shows that if solution A is compared with solution B whose amino acid content takes account of changes in plasma amino acid metabolism following trauma, solution B yields the better results in respect of 15N-retention as well as total body protein synthesis and nitrogen utilisation. PMID- 6654497 TI - Insecticides and dips for farm animals. PMID- 6654498 TI - Changes of n-hexane metabolites in urine of rats exposed to various concentrations of n-hexane and to its mixture with toluene or MEK. AB - It is well known that n-hexane produces peripheral neuropathy, and 2,5 hexanedione, one of the metabolites of n-hexane, is thought to be the main causative agent. Recently, the metabolites of n-hexane in urine have been measured by gas chromatography, and 2,5-hexanedione was proved to be useful for the biological monitoring of n-hexane exposure. In the present experiment, we intended to clarify the change of n-hexane metabolites in the urine of rats exposed to various concentrations of n-hexane and to its mixture with toluene of MEK. In the first experiment, five separate groups of five rats each were exposed to 100, 500, 1000, or 3000 ppm of n-hexane, or fresh air respectively in an exposure chamber for 8 h a day. Urinary samples were gathered during exposure, 16, 24, and 40 h after exposure. Half of each sample was analyzed by gas chromatography after hydrolysis with acid and enzymes, and the other half was analyzed without hydrolysis. 2,5-Dimethylfuran, MBK, 2-hexanol, 2,5-hexanedione, and gamma-valerolactone could be identified as n-hexane metabolites in the urine. The main metabolites were 2-hexanol and 2,5-hexanedione. 2-Hexanol was mostly excreted during exposure, while most of the 2,5-hexanedione was excreted after the end of exposure. The amount of metabolites in the urine correlatively increased with the concentration of n-hexane from 100 to 1000 ppm, but the amount of metabolites scarcely increased when the concentration of n-hexane increased from 1000 to 3000 ppm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654499 TI - Human styrene exposure. V. Development of a model for biological monitoring. AB - The use of biological indicators to monitor workers' exposure to styrene requires a good understanding of the kinetics of the solvent in the organism. The absorption, distribution and elimination of styrene (STY), as well as the kinetics of formation and excretion of its metabolites (mandelic [MA] and phenylglyoxylic [PGA] acids) are simulated using a mathematical model. The results obtained compare well with experimental data for pulmonary (STY) and urinary (MA and PGA) excretion obtained during controlled human exposures. The model is then used to predict the behaviour of STY, MA and PGA during repeated occupational exposure. It is shown that the results are comparable to the data collected during field surveys in the polyester industry, if the level of physical activity of the workers is taken into account. This latter parameter appears to have a great influence on the urinary excretion of the metabolites. Based on the results obtained, biological limits of exposure are proposed (referenced to a TLV [threshold limit value] of 50 ppm) for MA and MA + PGA excretions in urine collected at the end of the shift (800 and 1000 mg/g creat.) and the next morning (150 and 300 mg/g creat.). Their validity is tested against experimental data obtained under field conditions. PMID- 6654501 TI - [Concentrations of pollutants in the smoke blowing area of smokers]. AB - The concentrations of particles and nitrogen oxide have been measured in the "blowing cloud" of a smoker. At a distance of 1 m from the smoker, the peak values range from 41 to 750 ppb NO and 3,330 to 99,680 micrograms/m3 particles. These high concentrations decrease very rapidly (half-life period between 2 and 20 s). At a distance of 3 m, there is no more real "blowing cloud". In addition to the sidestream smoke, the relatively high concentrations of particles in the "blowing cloud" of the smoker could also be responsible for the acute irritating effects of the passive smoker. PMID- 6654500 TI - Home lead-work as a potential source of lead exposure for children. AB - Health examinations for lead poisoning were made on 62 family members from 15 families of homes carrying on lead work, such as quench-hardening in a molten lead bath and type-printing, as work at home. The most interesting findings concern the occurrence of cases with an unduly high lead absorption among children, but not among adult family members other than home lead-workers. The home environments of the children with an unduly high lead absorption represented contamination with housedust high in lead contents. The ingestion of the contaminated housedust by hand-to-mouth is probably responsible for the excessive lead exposure of the affected children. The results of the present study suggest that contamination of housedust with lead due to home lead-work constitutes a possible hazardous source of lead exposure for children. PMID- 6654502 TI - Differences in urinary monochlorobenzene metabolites between rats and humans. AB - The high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of p chlorobenzene mercapturic acid and 4-chlorocatechol conjugates is described. For determination of urinary mercapturic acid, the benzene extract from urine was injected into a liquid chromatograph and for determination of urinary 4 chlorocatechol conjugates, hydrolysate was dissolved in methanol. The methanol solution containing 4-chlorocatechol was injected into a liquid chromatograph. Differences in urinary excretion of monochlorobenzene between rats and humans were studied. Monochlorobenzene was administered to rats intraperitoneally, and to humans orally or by inhalation. Urinary p-chlorophenylmercapturic acid, and 4 chlorocatechol after hydrolysis of its conjugate, were measured. The amount of total metabolites is proportional to the doses administered to rats, rabbits and mice by intraperitoneal injection. The ratio of urinary mercapturic acid to 4 chlorocatechol is in the order of rats, mice and rabbits by intraperitoneal injection, and rats and human beings by oral administration. The excretion of p chlorophenylmercapturic acid was markedly less than that of 4-chlorocatechol in humans who received monochlorobenzene orally or by inhalation. The results indicate that the 4-chlorocatechol conjugate is a suitable index of metabolites in the urine of workers exposed to monochlorobenzene. PMID- 6654503 TI - Health risks related to shift work. An example of time-contingent effects of long term stress. AB - In an oil refinery with a labour force of 1260 male blue-collar workers, 300 matched cases of permanent shift workers, day workers, and drop-outs were selected and split into four groups corresponding in age and years at work. In terms of an overall score ("health score", computed from data concerning absence due to sickness, morbidity, distribution and severity of diseases, and subjective complaints) health was found to deteriorate with age, but to a different degree in the shift and day workers. In shift workers, a steep decrease in score during the first years at work was followed by a continued slight decrease in middle age; from the age of 41 years onwards there was a further pronounced decrease in score. In day workers a stabilization in score was observed up to middle age, with a distinct decrease thereafter. The difference in health parameters between the groups was only small in younger workers (up to 12 years at work), but became striking and significant with increasing age. In the permanent shift workers an increasing health risk was clearly indicated by increases in absence due to sickness, gastro-intestinal and cardiovascular diseases and unspecific health complaints (sleep disturbances, premature fatigue). A specific kind of behaviour during illness (e.g. less readiness to consult a doctor) was also observed in the shift workers. In the permanent day workers health risks were not strictly age related. Whereas absence due to sickness was highest in young workers, morbidity for respiratory diseases and injuries was significantly elevated in the older workers; the frequency of subjective complaints increased up to middle age and decreased thereafter. In drop-outs with considerable prior exposure to shift work, strikingly high rates of absence due to sickness and excess rates of cardiovascular diseases were observed. PMID- 6654504 TI - High-frequency hearing risk of operators of industrial ultrasonic devices. AB - Sound and ultrasound emitted by industrial ultrasonic (Uls) devices exceed the known proposed hygienic limits, especially for frequencies 10-20 kHz. The consequence of this may be a negative influence of this energy on the auditory function in the high-frequency hearing range. To determine the hearing risk to Uls operators, an adequate method for testing the hearing threshold from 10-20 kHz has been developed. In order to get reference values, 189 non-exposed persons were tested. On this basis, the hearing thresholds of 55 operators for frequencies 500-20,000 Hz were evaluated. In addition to threshold elevations in the range 10-20 kHz, a decreasing number of subjects responding to stimuli at the highest audible frequencies was observed. The threshold shift at 10-20 kHz of subjects exposed to sound and ultrasound emitted by Uls-devices depends upon the physical parameters of the sound spectrum, time on the job and daily exposure time. No abnormalities were found in the hearing range 500-8000 Hz. PMID- 6654505 TI - On cobalt in tissues from hard metal workers. PMID- 6654506 TI - Heat stroke: an upward shift of temperature regulation set point at an elevated body temperature. PMID- 6654508 TI - Exposure to lead of the Belgian population. AB - According to the Council Directive of 29 March 1977 on biological screening of the population for lead, the blood-lead levels (PbB) were determined in samples of the Belgian population not occupationally exposed to this metal. Two campaigns of sampling were performed: the first one in 1979 (1678 samples analysed) and the second in 1981 (1000 samples analysed). Sampling was done in urban and industrial zones, as well as in areas where lead risk could be present. Concerning the urban and industrial areas, the results obtained seem to indicate that a particular lead risk does not exist for the adult population if we consider the reference levels of the CEE Directive. Moreover, the results of the second campaign of sampling showed a decreasing trend: the median PbB values dropped from 183 to 156 micrograms/l in Brussels and from 192 to 139 micrograms/l in Liege. This could be partly due to the limitation of the lead content of gazoline. On the other hand, the results of the surveys clearly demonstrated the existence of two areas where an obvious lead risk exists. In one of those, the lead risk is of industrial origin (lead smelter) and concerns mainly children: median PbB value 260 micrograms/l, percentile 90 and 98 respectively 390 and 430 micrograms/l. In the other one, the lead risk is from a hydric source and concerns adults and children: median PbB value 258 micrograms/l, percentile 90 and 98 respectively 370 and 520 micrograms/l. PMID- 6654507 TI - Urinary excretion of hippuric acid and o-cresol after laboratory exposure of humans to toluene. AB - The urinary excretion of hippuric acid and o-cresol was studied after respiratory exposure of human volunteers to approximately 80 ppm (306 mg/m3 +/- SD 13) of toluene for 2 h under different work loads (0, 50, 100, 150 W, respectively, during 30-min periods). The diet before and after exposure varied. An isotachophoresis method for the determination of hippuric acid is described. The correlation between the total urinary excretion, excretion rate and concentration of hippuric acid, and the respiratory uptake of toluene was poor or non-existing. The same was true for the excretion of o-cresol, which 4 h after exposure was concluded amounted to 0.03-0.26% of the toluene uptake. Thus, after a short-time exposure neither metabolite proved to be a reliable measure of individual toluene uptake at varying workloads or food intake in combination with low exposure levels. PMID- 6654509 TI - Exposure to lead and cadmium of the general population of Malta. AB - The blood levels of lead (PbB), cadmium (CdB), and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) were determined in 538 Maltese adult subjects. A relatively high level exposure to both metals was discovered. For lead, the median value is 274 micrograms/l with percentile 90 and 98 respectively 564 and 863 micrograms/l. These values are to be compared with the reference values proposed by a directive of the European Community, respectively 200, 300 and 350 micrograms/l. For cadmium, the median value is 2.2 micrograms/l with percentile 90 and 98 respectively 3.8 and 5.7 micrograms/l. These values are compared with those of a Belgian population which are respectively 1.7, 2.6 and 4.3 micrograms/l. The causes of this relatively high exposure are not known. A few tentative hypotheses, which are to be investigated, are made. PMID- 6654510 TI - Trace element levels in hair of eight-year-old children. AB - A study of trace element levels in hair was performed on 183 eight-year-old schoolchildren living in Bijlmermeer, a suburb of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Microlevel-elements, such as Au, Co, Ag, Se and Cd, and macrolevel-elements, such as Pb, Cu, Fe and Zn, were analyzed using the NAA and AAS methods. The total group of children was divided into subgroups, according to ethnic origins: Caucasian boys and girls, Hindustani children and a Surinamese rest group. The relation between element levels in hair and nutritional status, anthropometric and haematological variables were studied. Most levels corresponded reasonably with literature data. The iron in hair may be positively related to daily dietary intake of iron. PMID- 6654511 TI - Application of a multistage classifier to the diagnosis of some occupational disease groups. AB - This paper describes the basic concept of a multistage classifier and gives the results of the application of this approach to the diagnosis of vibratory syndrome and other diseases with similar symptoms. The multistage classifier was applied to classification of the most informative symptoms at particular stages of classification. PMID- 6654512 TI - Decline of blood and alveolar toluene concentration following two accidental human poisonings. AB - In two workers admitted to hospital because of a coma due to an accidental occupational exposure to a mixture of solvents, the level of toluene was respectively 823-1122 micrograms/l in the blood and 53-38 micrograms/l in the alveolar air on the second day of admission (36 h after the accidental exposure). On the fifth day, 112 h after exposure, the toluene level was 120-45 micrograms/l in the blood and 3-1 micrograms/l in the alveolar air. The urinary excretion of o cresol, calculated as a toluene equivalent, was 0.8-0.9 mg on the second day and 1.7-1.6 mg on the third day. Urinary hippuric acid, as a toluene equivalent, was 1.7-1.4 g on the second day and 1.3-0.7 g on the third day. A half-life of between 19 and 21 h was calculated for toluene both in the blood and in the alveolar air. PMID- 6654513 TI - Detecting indoor CO exposure by measuring CO in exhaled breath. AB - CO levels in exhaled breath were measured in 29 residents of flats, equipped with a flueless geiser (an instantaneous gas-fired water heater). The flats were selected because they had a geiser with a CO concentration of more than 250 parts per million in its flue gases. Small, but in some cases statistically significant increases in CO levels in exhaled breath were found in both smokers and non smokers, and after periods of cooking and dishwashing when the geisers had been used. Calculated COHb levels remained well below 2.5% for non smokers, but were generally higher for smokers. PMID- 6654514 TI - A fluorescein angiographic study on carbon disulfide retinopathy among workers in viscose rayon factories. AB - In order to clarify the pathogenesis of carbon disulfide retinopathy, fluorescein fundus angiograms were analyzed for 143 workers exposed to CS2 and 40 unexposed workers (reference) from viscose rayon factories. Retinal abnormalities, characterized by saccular microaneurysms, ellipsoidal microaneurysms and loop formation of small vessels, and atrophic/degenerative changes of pigmentary epithelium, were found in workers exposed to CS2. Saccular microaneurysms were found in 45.5% of the CS2 workers and 7.5% of the reference workers (P less than 0.05). Ellipsoidal microaneurysms or loop formation were found in 14.0% of the CS2 workers and 5.0% of the reference workers. Atrophic/degenerative changes of the pigmentary epithelium were found in 32.9% of the CS2 workers and 15.0% of the reference workers (P less than 0.05). Significant correlations were found between the prevalence of these retinal abnormalities and the CS2 exposure index. PMID- 6654515 TI - Varicocele infertility: an enigma. PMID- 6654516 TI - Chronic prostatitis, chlamydia trachomatis and infertility. AB - Seventy-one infertile men were studied for the presence of seminal leucocytosis, and for the levels of acid phosphatase activity and Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies of IgA class using a novel method of solid-phase radioimmunoassay. The findings were compared with those of 56 fertile men. Chlamydial IgA antibodies were found in the semen of 51.1% of infertile men with seminal leucocytosis and decreased seminal acid phosphatase activity, i.e. those defined as having asymptomatic chronic prostatitis. This frequency was significantly higher than among fertile men (23.2%, P less than 0.01) and those infertile men who had no signs of chronic prostatitis (26.9%, P less than 0.05). It is concluded that Chlamydia trachomatis seems to be a common cause of prostatitis and may also interfere with fertility. PMID- 6654518 TI - Changes from puberty to adulthood in the concentration, motility and morphology of mouse epididymal spermatozoa. AB - A systematic study of the concentration, motility and morphology of epididymal spermatozoa was undertaken in mice of the OF1 strain, in order to characterize the changes observed during puberty. The comparative development of these 3 parameters was followed from days 30 to 90. A detailed morphological system of classification was established covering both individual and multiple abnormalities. At puberty, the first spermatozoa to appear were few in number, showed poor motility and were extremely atypical. Subsequently, the number of atypically-shaped spermatozoa diminished, and their concentration and motility exhibited parallel increases. At 60 days, the values for these 3 parameters and the proportions of normal and abnormal spermatozoa became stable. During puberty, various forms of disruption of the midpiece as well as the presence of extremely atypical detached flagella resulted in a special pattern of sperm morphology, although all of these abnormal features disappeared at 40 days. PMID- 6654517 TI - The use of Percoll gradients for the preparation of subpopulations of human spermatozoa. AB - Centrifugation of human spermatozoa on BWW- or HEPES-Krebs-Ringer-buffered media containing Percoll as a method to prepare pure gamete populations or subpopulations has been studied in detail. Application of this technique (Gorus & Pipeleers 1981) allowed us to obtain uncontaminated, motile spermatozoa and, after a subsequent Percoll gradient step, resulted in the enrichment of motile cells able to readily penetrate in vitro into AB-serum filled capillaries. The gradient sedimentation patterns of 25 different sperm samples with normal seminal parameters were found to be strongly influenced by the characteristics of the sample itself and also by the buffer used for filtration. However, the present study also revealed that ultrastructural changes and the release of intraspermatozoal enzymes were induced by the procedure. It is concluded that, although of interest clinically, the Percoll filtration technique in its present form is probably of limited value for cell biological and/or ultrastructural studies. PMID- 6654519 TI - Stage-dependent topographical relationship of spermatogonia and early spermatocytes to Sertoli-Sertoli interspaces in the rat testis. AB - In the rat seminiferous epithelium the Sertoli-Sertoli interspaces can be regarded as ending at the surface of basal germ cells as well as at the basement membrane. The relationship between these basal endings (BEs) of the Sertoli Sertoli interspaces and the basal germ cells was examined using the electron microscope. The number of BEs in a given area of the seminiferous epithelium was counted and found to be constant throughout the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Undifferentiated spermatogonia had contact with very few BEs while differentiating type A spermatogonia at stage VII and later during the cycle seemed to be associated with a maximum of BEs. As type A spermatogonia developed to intermediate spermatogonia, type B spermatogonia, and preleptotene spermatocytes, the average number of BEs per cell decreased exponentially. Thin, fingerlike cell projections emerged from the differentiating type A and intermediate spermatogonia along the basement membrane. These projections were associated with BEs. It is concluded that a specific stage-dependent topographical arrangement is established between Sertoli cells and germ cells long before the first synchronous division of type A spermatogonia takes place. The significance of this arrangement is discussed. PMID- 6654520 TI - Endogenous protein carboxyl methylation in hamster spermatozoa: changes associated with capacitation in vitro. AB - Protein carboxyl methylase (PCM) and its substrate(s), methyl acceptor protein(s) (MAP), are present in the spermatozoa of rat, rabbit and man. In the present study, PCM activity and MAP capacity were measured in homogenates of hamster testes and isolated spermatozoa, and found to be similar to those of other species. Using solubilized preparations of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymis of hamster, PCM activity was twice as high in sperm tails as in heads while the reverse was true for MAP capacity. Since in this and in previous studies this enzyme reaction has been measured in broken cells, we thought it pertinent to measure methylation under physiological conditions (i.e., in motile spermatozoa). To accomplish this, an assay was developed which depends upon the conversion of [3H-methyl]methionine to S-adenoxyl-L [methyl-3H]methionine which, in turn, serves as a methyl donor for PCM. In sperm that had been labelled with [3H]methionine the MAP for the endogenous methylation reaction was not solubilized with Triton X-100, and was found primarily in sperm tails. When hamster spermatozoa were incubated in medium containing taurine, epinephrine and bovine serum albumin to induce capacitation, endogenous methylation was stimulated 8- to 9-fold; when taurine was omitted from this medium, methylation was stimulated 14-fold. Taurine, however, was essential for in vitro fertilization as the number of eggs fertilized declined from 92% in complete medium to 0% in medium minus taurine. The decrease in fertilization rate was also associated with a decrease in sperm motility. In previous studies we have demonstrated an association between PCM and sperm motility, and have suggested that this enzyme system could be involved in other functions such as the acrosome reaction. From the results in the present study we conclude that the conditions that lead to capacitation in vitro are associated with a marked change in endogenous protein carboxyl methylation. PMID- 6654521 TI - Metastatic malignant melanoma: regression induced by combined treatment with interferon [HuIFN-alpha(Le)] and cimetidine. AB - With the aim of potentiating the anti-tumour effect of interferon in metastatic malignant melanoma by concomitant inhibition of suppressor T cells, oral cimetidine (histamine-2 receptor antagonist) medication was added to interferon (HuIFN-alpha(Le] therapy in a series of 20 patients. While no objective tumour responses were recorded with interferon treatment alone administered intramuscularly or intratumorally, six patients had objective tumour regressions on subsequent combined therapy. Five out of eight patients with metastases confined to skin and subcutaneous tissue had complete tumour regressions while one patient with skin and lung metastases achieved an extensive partial regression of the skin tumour and a complete roentgenological regression of the lung metastasis. Three additional patients attained a stable disease status for prolonged periods of time. Histopathological examinations confirmed disappearance and/or degeneration of melanoma cells and demonstrated a marked lymphocyte infiltration in tumour sites of the patients with objective tumour regression. PMID- 6654522 TI - Prognostic implications of karyotype and morphology in patients with non Hodgkin's lymphoma. AB - Clonal chromosome abnormalities were observed in 30 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; the type of lymphoma was characterized on the basis of the International Working Formulation. The 30 patients were classified into five groups according to the chromosome abnormality. There were 8 patients with t(14;18), 3 with t(8;14), 7 with a translocation to the long arm of chromosome 3 (a 3q+ chromosome), 5 with near-tetraploidy, and 7 with other abnormalities. Among the 8 patients with t(14;18), 5 had follicular small cleaved-cell lymphoma (FSC), I had follicular mixed cell lymphoma (FM), and 2 had diffuse large-cell lymphoma (DL); the diagnosis in these 2 patients was based on extranodal tissue. All 3 patients with t(8;14) had DL and B-cell markers. Except for 1 patient, all those with a 3q+ chromosome had DL; 4 of those who were tested had B-cell or pre B-cell markers. Four of the 5 patients with near-tetraploidy had follicular mixed cell lymphoma, and 2 of the 7 patients with other abnormalities had T-cell lymphoma. Thus, patients with a t(8;14), a 14q+ chromosome, or a 3q+ chromosome all tend to have diffuse large-cell lymphoma, usually of the non-cleaved type. On the other hand, our data suggest that patients with FSC generally have a t(14;18) whereas those with follicular and diffuse mixed small cleaved cells and large noncleaved cells have a different pattern with modal chromosome numbers in the tetraploid range. We added 17 previously reported patients to the 30 presented here and correlated the karyotype with survival. The 6 patients with near tetraploidy had the longest median survival, 69 months, the 15 patients with t(14;18) had the next longest, 48 months. The 4 patients with t(8;14) had the shortest survival, 12 months, and the 9 with other abnormalities had the next shortest, 17 months. Intermediate survivals of 27 and 30 months were observed in patients with a 14q+ or a 3q+ chromosome, respectively. The median survival of these various categories differs and our data, thus, indicate that the karyotypic pattern of the malignant cell may be a significant independent prognostic feature influencing the survival of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 6654523 TI - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of carcinomas and prognosis in human breast cancer. AB - DNA content was estimated in 705 breast carcinomas from patients with stage I or stage II disease undergoing mastectomy, to investigate whether it would predict the clinical course of the disease. The patients were then followed for up to 84 months during which time 166 of them developed recurrences. There were no statistically significant differences in the DNA content of carcinomas between stage I and stage II patients or between those with various numbers of involved nodes. The tumours from pre-menopausal patients as a group had significantly higher DNA content than those from post-menopausal cases. There was a gradual rise in DNA content with the malignancy grade of the carcinoma which showed significant differences between Grades I and III and between II and III. Life table analyses showed that the measurement of DNA would not be an aid to prognosis. Furthermore, when the data were stratified according to menopausal status, stage, malignancy grade or numbers of lymph nodes involved, the results indicated that these estimation do not add significantly to the information obtained through established prognostic factors. Survival data were available on III patients with recurrent disease. There were no significant differences in tumour DNA content between short- and long-term survivors. It is concluded that these measurements seem unlikely to be a prognostic factor in human breast cancer. PMID- 6654524 TI - Establishment and characterization of a human colon carcinoma cell line (KMS-4) from a patient with hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum. AB - A human colon carcinoma cell line was established from a metastatic lymph node of a patient with hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR). Cells of this line, designated KMS-4, have been continuously propagated in culture during the past 24 months. The cells growing on the surface of culture dishes showed epithelial features, and, when inoculated into athymic nude mice, produced adenocarcinomas with a morphology similar to that of the original tumor. Electron micrographs showed that the cultured cells have desmosomes and numerous surface microvilli typical of colon epithelium. Chromosomal analysis revealed the cell line to be of human origin with a diploid mode of chromosome number, but the karyotypes examined were all abnormal. Most of the metaphases commonly had such abnormalities as 7p+, 12p+, +13, +16 and 17p+, accompanied by loss of chromosome No. 19 and/or 20, and, interestingly, all the metaphases contained 7p+ and +13. The cells had a log phase doubling time of 48 to 72 h. The cloning efficiency of the cells was 0.06% in the soft agar medium. Neither 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate nor bile acids enhanced cell proliferation. The cells abundantly secreted CEA protein into the culture medium (700 ng/ml/106 cells during a 48 h period). The present colon carcinoma cell line derived from a genetically defined individual with ACR should prove useful for research in human oncology or genetics. PMID- 6654525 TI - Dietary cholesterol and lung cancer risk in a multiethnic population in Hawaii. AB - We interviewed 364 subjects with lung cancer and 627 age- and sex-matched controls among the multiethnic population of Hawaii. Quantitative estimates of dietary cholesterol and vitamin A intakes were obtained, as well as smoking and occupational histories. Using multiple logistic regression analysis to control for potential confounding variables, we found a monotonic positive dose-response relationship between dietary cholesterol and lung cancer risk in all subjects, in smoking subjects, and in men. In each of these groups, subjects in the highest quartile of dietary cholesterol were at significantly increased risk of lung cancer (lower 95% confidence limit greater than 1.0). Among females, however, no clear association of dietary cholesterol with lung cancer risk was apparent. PMID- 6654526 TI - Differences in the peripheries of Lewis lung tumor cells growing in different sites in the mouse. AB - The peripheries of Lewis lung (3LL) tumor cells growing in different organs of the mouse were studied by cell electrophoresis and electron microscopic quantitation of colloid iron hydroxide (CIH) adsorption before and after incubation with neuraminidase. The results show that cells growing in the kidney after direct injection have significantly higher anodic mobilities than cells growing in the subcutaneous sites from which they were derived, or in intramuscular sites, liver or spleen. The proportional contributions of cell surface sialic acids were similar in all sites. Electron microscopy of cells reacted with CIH indicates that the increased surface charge density of the tumor cells growing in the kidney is due to the presence of increased densities of non CIH-binding ionogenic groups. Before neuraminidase treatment, the surface distribution patterns of CIH were indistinguishably random for 3LL cells growing in all sites. After neuraminidase treatment, significantly more clustering of CIH particles was observed on 3LL cells with a history of growth in the kidney than in subcutaneous sites. The changes observed in the 3LL cells growing in the kidney were irreversible, and persisted on multiple back-transplantation to subcutaneous sites. Detailed analysis of the results shows the changes to be due to the preferential selection of a subpopulation consisting of approximately 10% of the original (subcutaneous) tumor-cell population. This evidence for an irreversible site-induced selection of a pre-existing sub-population of 3LL cells contrasts with the reversible (modulation) site-induced adaptation previously observed by us in Walker-256 cancer cells, and therefore indicates that both selective and adaptive processes can occur. Even in the case of the 3LL cells, site-specific selection is not general, since the changes were observed in tumors growing in the kidney but not in the other anatomic sites. At present we cannot comment on the relevance of these reported changes to naturally occurring metastasis. PMID- 6654527 TI - Effects on metastases of drug therapy during developing and established tumor immunity. AB - The effectiveness of treatment with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5 fluorouracil was studied during the s.c. and pulmonary growth of syngeneic C3H/He mammary carcinomas. Treatments with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5 fluorouracil during the primary induction of immunity against a mouse mammary carcinoma inhibited the growth of the tumor, but also inhibited the development of an effective immune resistance against subsequent implants of the same tumor. However, drug treatments of mice with established tumor immunity gave added benefit without detectable depression of immune resistance. PMID- 6654528 TI - Association between susceptibility to dibenzanthracene-induced fibrosarcoma formation and the Ah locus. AB - The relationship between the Ah locus and the induction of subcutaneous fibrosarcomas by dibenz[a,h]anthracene and dibenz[a,c]anthracene was investigated in C57BL/6J (Ahb/Ahb), (C57BL/6J)(DBA/2J)F1 (Ahb/Ahd) and (Ahd/Ahd) mice. Ahb/Ahb and Ahb/Ahd mice have the high-affinity Ah receptor and therefore the polycyclic hydrocarbon induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity (cytochrome P1 450) proceeds with ease; Ahd/Ahd mice have the poor-affinity Ah receptor and this induction process proceeds more poorly, by a factor of at least 10-fold. Dibenz[a,c]anthracene proved to be a relatively weak carcinogen, producing less than 3% tumor incidence at doses up to 300 micrograms per mouse. In contrast, dibenz[a,h]anthracene caused an almost 50% tumor incidence in Ahb/Ahb and Ahb/Ahd mice, while causing approximately 2% tumor incidence in Ahd/Ahd mice. Both isomers bind avidly to the cytosolic Ah receptor, and both chemicals induce aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in Ahb/Ahb and Ahd/Ahd animals. Among progeny of the (C57BL/6J) (DBA/2J) F1 X DBA/2J backcross, 63 of 100 Ahb/Ahd mice and none of 75 Ahd/Ahd mice developed tumors. These data demonstrate a strict correlation between susceptibility to dibenz[a,h]anthracene-induced subcutaneous tumors and expression of the Ahb allele, i.e. presence of the high-affinity Ah receptor and therefore readily inducible P1-450. PMID- 6654529 TI - Cell surface properties of high- and low-metastatic cell lines selected from a spontaneous mouse lung carcinoma. AB - The surface oligosaccharide residues, glycoproteins and sialyl components of CMT64 lung carcinoma cells and high-metastatic sublines CMT167 and CMT181 have been studied in culture. (1) The total cellular sialic acid content did not differ appreciably between the three lines. However, the accessibility of surface sialyl groups, measured by metabolic incorporation of [3H]NAcmannosamine followed by neuraminidase hydrolysis, was decreased from 42% in CMT64 to 25% hydrolyzed in CMT181. (2) The major plasma membrane glycoproteins of the lines were radiolabelled by lactoperoxidase iodination, metabolic incorporation of [3H]fucose or labelling in the terminal sialyl residues by the NaIO4-NaB[3H]4 method and the labelled glycoproteins were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Each labelling technique identified a complex pattern of glycoproteins including a prominently labelled group of high-molecular-weight acidic sialoglycoproteins: GP200/4.9-5.1 (apparent molecular weight X 10(-3)/pl of iodoprotein); GP150/5.1-5.6; GP130/5.0-5.6; GP110/5.0; GP100/4.8 and GP100/5.0 5.4. (3) The neuraminidase-susceptible glycoproteins on CMT64 and CMT181 were identified in the isoelectric focusing separation of the two-dimensional gel separation by the charge difference caused by desialylation. The glycoproteins most susceptible to neuraminidase were the high-molecular-weight acidic glycoproteins which showed marked charge heterogeneity: GP150/5.1-5.6, GP130/5.0 5.6; GP100/5.0-5.4 and GP100/4.8. (4) Using these procedures we did not detect modifications between CMT181 and CMT64 and we conclude that the cultured cells of the sublines do not display marked surface glycoprotein alterations that reflect their enhanced spontaneous metastatic potential. PMID- 6654530 TI - Propagation of a poorly differentiated human pulmonary adenocarcinoma in nude athymic rats. AB - Nude athymic rats of Rowett genetic background were injected subcutaneously with cells from a poorly differentiated human pulmonary adenocarcinoma, following propagation in nude mice. The tumour cells were obtained by thoracentesis and by pleural biopsy during thoracoscopy. So far, we have heterotransplanted 13 different malignant human tumours including malignant mesothelioma, pulmonary adenocarcinoma, malignant melanoma and malignant lymphoma. Subcutaneous tumour growth was seen in all inoculated animals, with an exponential tumour growth pattern and with tumour volume doubling times of approximately 8 days. After two initial passages in nude athymic mice of BALB/c genetic background, the human tumour so far has undergone 9 passages in athymic rats, i.e. collection of tumour material by biopsy from the preceding tumour-bearing rat generation, processing and inoculation of tumour brei with subsequent tumour growth have been repeated 8 times. Four-to-8-week-old rats of both sexes were used throughout and tumour growth was controlled by palpation twice a week. Routine histopathological sections were prepared from the tumour at various passages to assess similarity to the original tumour in the patient. The growth pattern of the xenografts remained similar at all passages just as the remarkable similarity of the heterotransplanted tumours to the original adenocarcinoma was retained at all passages. No spontaneous regressions of heterotransplanted tumours could be demonstrated. Electron microscopical analysis revealed numerous blunt microvilli and lumina partly filled with conglomerates of mucigen granules and small glycocalyceal bodies associated with external superficial microvilli. Scantiness of dark secretory granules together with free and membrane-bound polyribosomes were seen in the cytoplasm. We believe that the nude athymic rat is a valuable research tool and that the permanently transplantable human tumour reported here could be of value in delineating further the mechanisms for tumour take, growth and control. PMID- 6654531 TI - The treatment of primary operable transitional cell cancer of the bladder without cystectomy. Preliminary report. AB - These cases illustrate the potential effectiveness of a fractionated combination chemotherapy program in controlling invasive operable cancer of the bladder without side effects and with sustained normal bladder function. It should be emphasized that these patients had refused any other modality, including surgery, radiation therapy, and standard dosage chemotherapy. At this time all patients are free of clinical disease, living normal lives, and have suffered no side effects from the treatment protocol. The authors believe that by continuous monitoring and close observation, as was illustrated in case No. 2, X-ray therapy and/or surgery can still be utilized effectively if necessary, and if the patient accepts it at the time. This is only a case report study of three patients for a limited period of time. It is not suggested that this should be the treatment of choice in operable cancer of the bladder; however, it opens up a potential for those patients who refuse surgery and/or X-ray therapy and are not willing to accept the side effects of chemotherapy. PMID- 6654532 TI - Criticism of pharmacokinetic clearance concepts. AB - The value of pharmacokinetic parameters is confirmed by clinical impacts. Drug dosage recommendations are usually derived from the one-compartment model and linear first-order kinetics. These are described by the parameters bioavailability, volume of distribution, and elimination half-life. Thus, elimination half-life and volume of distribution are the most important clinical pharmacokinetic parameters and the one-compartment model is the most universal pharmacokinetic concept. Drug clearance provides no further information. To evaluate drug clearance, the AUC must be extrapolated. This requires the assumption of a compartment model. The intrinsic hepatic clearance cannot be equated with hepatic metabolism capacity. Therefore, drug clearance does not appear to be a superior pharmacokinetic parameter. PMID- 6654533 TI - Pharmacokinetic study of two pharmaceutical preparations containing alkaloid vincamine administered orally to human subjects. AB - In a crossover study of six healthy volunteers the pharmacokinetics and the bioavailability of vincamine were studied after administration of two oral forms. All subjects received an oral dose of 60 mg vincamine. The plasma concentrations of the drug were determined by a specific and sensitive gas chromatographic method. In this kind of subject the drug generally follows a one-compartment kinetic model. The average value of Tmax is 1.4 +/- 0.5 h-1 with the tablets and 1 +/- 0.6 h-1 with the solution; the Cmax are, respectively, 155 +/- 82 micrograms . 1(-1) and 133 +/- 104 micrograms . 1(-1). The AUC are 443 +/- 156 micrograms . 1(-1) h with the tablets and 315 +/- 178 micrograms . 1(-1) h with the solution. The short elimination phases, 1.43 +/- 0.80 h with the tablets and 1.55 +/- 0.78 h with the solution should be taken into account during chronic administration. PMID- 6654534 TI - Evaluation of tolerance in long-term treatment of cancer pain with epidural morphine. AB - The effect of epidural morphine as a pain reliever was evaluated. A catheter was placed in the epidural space in 43 patients suffering from cancer pain related to dermatomeres of the thorax and lumbosacral region for an average period of 38 days (range 3-257 days). The daily dose of morphine hydrochloride varied from 1 to 5 mg with an average dose of 4.23 (+/- 2.4) mg. The treatment was divided into 10-day periods and for each of these periods the average daily dose relative to the total number of cases was calculated. The results showed no significant increase of the dose of epidural morphine in the first 10 decade periods. The authors concluded that pain relief treatment with equal doses maintains its effect for quite a long period of time in patients with often limited life expectancy. PMID- 6654535 TI - Oxidative inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte motility mediated by the peroxidase/H2O2/halide system: studies on the reversible nature of the inhibition and mechanism of protection of migratory responsiveness by ascorbate, levamisole, thiamine and cysteine. AB - The antimicrobial oxidative system (myeloperoxidase (MPO), H2O2 and a halide) produced by stimulated PMNLs is simulated in vitro using horseradish peroxidase (HRP), H2O2 and NaI. Ascorbate, thiamine, levamisole and cysteine prevent and reverse the PMNL motility inhibiting effects of the HRP/H2O2/NaI system. The ability of these agents to protect the PMNL specifically from the known iodinating and oxidising abilities of this system was investigated. All four agents protect the PMNL from iodination by HRP/H2O2/NaI. However, only ascorbate and thiamine are able to reverse this process after it has occurred. Thiamine is seen on thin layer chromatography followed by autoradiography to be iodinated by this system. Ascorbate, thiamine and cysteine are able to protect the neutrophil sulfhydryl groups from oxidation by the system. One can therefore conclude that ascorbate and cysteine protect neutrophil motility from inhibition by the HRP/H2O2/NaI system by acting as reducing agents which maintain the neutrophil sulfhydryl groups. Thiamine also acts as a reducing agent, though not as effectively as ascorbate or cysteine. In addition, thiamine protects the PMNL from iodination by a competitive mechanism. The mechanism of levamisole protection is less clear but may involve scavenging of free radicals generated by the HRP/H2O2/NaI system. Protease enzymes, glycolysis and adherence are found not to be target sites for the PMNL motility inhibiting effects of the HRP/H2O2/NaI system. Further, increasing concentrations of the synthetic leukoattractant FMLP were shown to increase the auto-iodination of PMNLs without addition of extraneous peroxidase or peroxide. This data was compared with optimal FMLP concentrations for chemotaxis. PMID- 6654536 TI - Leukotriene-C4 enhances mucus production from submucosal glands in canine trachea in vivo. AB - Because leukotrienes have been implicated as putative mediators in upper airways disease, we studied whether leukotriene C4 (LTC4) might also have a mucus enhancing effect on submucosal glands. We anesthetized mongrel dogs with chloralose (100 mg/kg) and urethane (500 mg/kg) and ventilated them on a pump. To help visualize the secretions from submucosal glands, we exposed the mucosa of the upper trachea and coated its surface with powdered tantalum. Secretions from the glands (hillocks) were measured with time: The number of hillocks was measured at four time points on 19 dogs after each treatment in the sequence: no LTC4, LTC4, no LTC4 and LTC4 + blocker. The potential blockers were nerve cutting, atropine, FPL-55,712, and hexamethonium. Each potential blocker was used on 3-5 dogs. LTC4 was injected into the cranial thyroid artery. In 19 dogs with 27 responses, LTC4(8.6-11.0 micrograms) gave a positive response that was significantly different from control (P less than 0.01) at 1-4 min. These effects were not abolished in 5 dogs by cutting the superior laryngeal (SLN) and the vagus nerves (P less than 0.01). Pretreatment of the dogs (n = 5) with atropine, hexamethonium and the specific SRS-A (LTC4) antagonist FPL 55,712 (n = 3) gave a statistically significant (P less than 0.01-0.05) reduction in mucus secretion at all times for atropine, hexamethonium, and at all times except 4 min for (FPL 55,712). These results indicate that leukotriene C4 induces mucus secretion in dogs. This secretion does not depend on an intact reflex pathway but is altered at the individual gland by agents which block ganglionic motor pathways. PMID- 6654537 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to drugs--digoxin. AB - A number of monoclonal antibodies to digoxin, two of which have been further characterized, were produced by somatic cell fusion. No cross reactivity with chemically related drugs was detected. Preliminary in vivo studies showed altered digoxin pharmacokinetics in antibody treated mice. These monoclonal antibodies could be used for a standardized radioimmunoassay and in the treatment of digoxin toxicity. PMID- 6654538 TI - Effects of mycobacterial fractions and muramyl dipeptide on the resistance of mice to aerogenic influenza virus infection. AB - The nonspecific protective effect in mice of pre-exposure to mycobacterial components and muramyl dipeptide three weeks before aerosol infection with influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) was studied. Muramyl dipeptide, when combined with trehalose dimycolate and emulsified in an oil-in-water emulsion, conferred complete protection comparable to specific immunization with a high dose of formalin inactivated A/PR/8/34 influenza viral vaccine. Animals pre-exposed to muramyl dipeptide plus trehalose dimycolate showed a marked reduction in lung virus titres, an earlier clearance of detectable infectious virus, and an earlier onset of antibody production in comparison to control mice. Resistance to infection was also observed with BCG-cell wall skeleton combined with trehalose dimycolate and trehalose dimycolate alone when given as oil-in-water preparations. The route of administration of nonspecific stimulants was crucial. Only intravenous but not intradermal inoculation produced significant protection. PMID- 6654539 TI - Effects of calcium-antagonists on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat. AB - The actions of four Ca2+-antagonists (nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem and D 600) were compared with those of four substances that are used clinically in treating asthma (theophylline, isoproterenol, disodium cromoglycate and clemastine), using the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in the rat. Nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem produced a partial, but dose-related inhibition of the PCA reaction. A slight, but significant inhibitory effect was also observed with D 600. Isoproterenol, theophylline and disodium cromoglycate also produced dose related inhibition of the PCA reaction, their maximum effects being greater than those of the Ca2+-antagonists. As the histamine H1-antagonist clemastine was about as active as nifedipine, verapamil or diltiazem in inhibiting the PCA reaction, it seems possible that certain Ca2+-antagonists might be of value in treating allergic disorders in man. PMID- 6654540 TI - Enkephalins as immunomodulators. AB - The protective effects of methionine enkephalin as well as leucine enkephalin were studied in BDF1 mice inoculated with 1 X 10(4) and 1 X 10(2) cells of L1210 murine leukemia. Significant increases in number of survivors were observed in mice treated with enkephalins. Methionine enkephalin in the presence of PHA was found to stimulate lymphocyte blastogenesis at concentrations of 1 mg/ml to 10( 8) mg/ml. In the case of leucine enkephalin, concentrations of 1 mg/ml to 10(-10) mg/ml stimulated blastogenesis. Stimulation of blastogenesis was seen at PHA dilutions of 1:100, 1:250, 1:750, with both methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin. The results are discussed in terms of immunomodulation. It is proposed that endogenous enkephalins play a neuroendocrine role between the central nervous system and the immune system and are direct immunostimulants. PMID- 6654541 TI - Macrophage, lymphocyte and chronic inflammatory responses in selenium deficient rodents. Association with decreased glutathione peroxidase activity. AB - The influence of a selenium deficient diet in mice and rats has been studied on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and secretory activities of peritoneal macrophages, mitogenesis of spleen cells and adjuvant arthritis. Macrophage GSH Px activity was significantly reduced from 9 weeks on the selenium deficient diet. This reduction was associated with enhanced macrophage H2O2 release on zymosan stimulation after 12 weeks on the diet, a similar trend in chemiluminescence and reduced mitogenesis of spleen cell cultures to T and B cell mitogens after 8 weeks on the diet. Macrophage beta-glucuronidase release was not significantly altered. Phorbol myristic acetate induced macrophage H2O2 generation was reduced by selenium deficiency, possibly due to increased cellular damage. Adjuvant arthritis of rats was significantly enhanced after 6 and 12 weeks on the selenium deficient diet. The enhanced release of H2O2 by macrophages after zymosan stimulation can be directly attributable to loss of GSH-Px activity leading to reduced peroxide breakdown. Peroxide-mediated cell injury would also account for the reduction in lymphocyte mitogenesis and enhancement of adjuvant arthritis. These data provide support for a role of selenium in immune and inflammatory responses. PMID- 6654542 TI - Alteration of lymphocyte function by quinones through a sulfhydryl-dependent disruption of microtubule assembly. AB - The cytoskeleton plays a pivotal role in lectin-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis. Microtubule disrupting agents, many of which are sulfhydryl (SH) reagents, interfere with cytoskeletal-dependent cell functions including lymphocyte blastogenesis and agglutination. For example, hydroquinone (HQ) and N ethylmaleimide (NEM) inhibit lectin-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis and agglutination at concentrations (10(-5)M) that do not reduce cell viability or ATP production. Indicative of the SH-specificity of these effects, only L cysteine protects against HQ or NEM inhibition of blastogenesis and agglutination. Other compounds, including L-serine, DL-lysine and imidazole, have no protective effect. These and other findings previously reported suggest a selective interaction of HQ, or its oxidation product, p-benzoquinone (p-BQ) with SH groups critical to early G1 events associated with lymphocyte activation. These compounds show similar SH specificity in inhibiting microtubule assembly in vitro. The subcellular target specificity (cytoskeleton) exhibited by these compounds was compared to that of Adriamycin (ADR), a complex polycyclic quinone with known immunotoxic activity. ADR inhibited microtubule assembly in vitro and inhibited lymphocyte blastogenesis, however, these effects were not correlated with a loss of agglutination nor was toxicity protected against by the addition of SH compounds. The combination of cell culture methods together with application of techniques to measure microtubule assembly in vitro provides an effective means to discriminate between agents that selectively interfere with cytoskeletal-dependent function and those producing non-specific effects associated with cell death, such as decreased energy production or increased membrane permeability. PMID- 6654543 TI - Flow cytometric analysis of the effect of phenytoin and its major metabolite on mitogen stimulated mouse spleen cells. AB - The in vitro immunopharmacological effects of phenytoin (PHT) and its major metabolite 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH) were investigated by flow cytometric analysis of the DNA content of mitogen stimulated mouse spleen cells. The qualitative effects of PHT and HPPH were similar in concanavalin A stimulated mouse spleen cells with both compounds causing an increase in the percentage of S phase cells. The data suggests that this effect is due to an augmentation of cell cycling as demonstrated by the significant increase in 4N cells in PHT treated cultures relative to control cultures following colcemid treatment. A PHT time course study revealed an increase in S phase cells and a subsequent increase in 4N cells. PHT had no significant effect on congenitally athymic nude mouse spleen cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) except at the highest concentration tested (80 micrograms/ml) where a depression of cell cycling was observed. HPPH caused a colcemid-like accumulation of 4N cells in the LPS stimulated nude mouse spleen cell cultures. PHT and HPPH were found to be effective in enhancing cell cycling in cultures containing a significant population of T-cells stimulated with a T-cell mitogen whereas an inhibitory effect was observed in cultures without T-cells stimulated with a B-cell mitogen. The capacity of PHT to enhance the mitogenic action of concanavalin A may relate to its capacity to induce immunologic abnormalities and lymphadenopathy in humans. PMID- 6654544 TI - International Congress on Sports and Health. Maastricht, The Netherlands, 22-23 24 September 1983. Abstracts. PMID- 6654545 TI - Growth and health of teenagers in the Netherlands: survey of multidisciplinary longitudinal studies and comparison to recent results of a Dutch study. PMID- 6654547 TI - Intramuscular pressures and muscle metabolism after short-term and long-term exercise. AB - Intramuscular pressures were measured in the anterior tibial and deep posterior muscle compartments in eight healthy individuals before, during, and after short term exercise and in 38 individuals after long-term exercise by the wick catheter method. Muscle biopsies were also taken and analyzed for muscle fiber distribution, water content, and lactate content. There were no elevations of the intramuscular pressures in the anterior tibial and the deep posterior muscle compartments after exercise nor was there any evidence of edema or anaerobic metabolism in the muscles examined. PMID- 6654546 TI - Correlations between laboratory testing and distance running performance in marathoners of similar performance ability. AB - Correlations between distance running performance and laboratory testing were examined in 11 marathoners of similar fitness (VO2max 66.4 +/- 1.7 ml/kg X min). They performed a graded treadmill test and a subsequent 30 km cross-country run. Heart rate, oxygen intake, blood lactate, and plasma catecholamines were measured during the treadmill test. Lactate equivalent, individual lactate threshold, 4 mmol lactate threshold, submaximum (16 km/h running velocity) lactate behavior, submaximum catecholamine responses, submaximum lactate-catecholamine product, measured VO2max, and extrapolated VO2max were examined for their adequacy in the evaluation of distance running capacity. Race times and free urine catecholamines were estimated in the field experiment. Direct correlations were found between race times and minimum lactate equivalent (r = 0.69), submaximum lactate levels (r = 0.52), submaximum catecholamine responses (r = 0.69), submaximum lactate catecholamine product (r = 0.79), respectively. Inverse correlations were observed between race times and oxygen intake at individual lactate threshold (r = -0.68), 4 mmol lactate threshold (r = -0.76), measured VO2max (r = -0.71), and extrapolated VO2max (r = -0.63). Further correlations were found between submaximum noradrenaline and lactate behavior (r = 0.53), as well as between noradrenaline and adrenaline responses (r = 0.72). No significant correlation was observed between relative heart volumes or catecholamine excretion and race times. PMID- 6654548 TI - Skiing injuries in children and adults: a comparative study from an 8-year period. AB - The investigation is a retrospective analysis of 2756 skiing injuries from two centers in a Swedish skiing area during the years 1972 to, and including, 1979. The relative frequency of lower extremity injuries successively diminished, while a corresponding increase of upper extremity injuries was found. The relative frequency of ankle and foot injuries declined, while the frequency of knee injuries did not change, knee injuries still being the most common skiing injury. The relative frequency of fractures of the lower leg showed a statistically significant decrease, but, in children, constituted 16% of all injuries at the end of the investigation period. Further studies, with special regard to the children's prerequisites, seem to be necessary to define the desired characteristics of an optimally functioning safety binding for children. PMID- 6654549 TI - Prolonged exercise in highly trained female endurance runners. AB - The effects of prolonged exercise in a 21 degree C dry bulb and 15 degree C wet bulb environment at 65%-70% VO2max were examined in seven highly trained females. The subjects, aged 22-35 years, underwent an initial incremental treadmill test to exhaustion, with assessment of VO2max and related cardiorespiratory variables. One week later, under similar environmental conditions, subjects ran at approximately 65% VO2max for 80 min on a motor-driven treadmill. Approximately 10 ml of venous blood was withdrawn 10 min prior and immediately prior to the onset of prolonged exercise, and at 20, 40, 60, and 80 min, and 20 min post-exercise. Venous blood was analyzed for glucose, lactate, osmolality, Na+, K+, protein, and hemoglobin (Hb). Hematocrit was measured and changes in plasma volume calculated. VO2, VE, respiratory exchange ratio, and heart rate were recorded at 17, 37, and 77 min. The percent body fat estimated from skinfold thicknesses was 19 +/- 1%. The mean VO2max was 59.3 +/- 1.0 ml . kg-1 . min-1, with a mean max VE STPD and heart rate of 78.75 +/- 3.10 1 . min-1 and 175 +/- 4 beats . min-1, respectively. No significant changes occurred in VO2, VE, % VO2max, heart rate, venous lactate, plasma glucose, or plasma protein during the prolonged exercise. A significant decrease in respiratory exchange ratio was noted. Significant changes also occurred in hematocrit, Hb, Na+, K+, and osmolality. An interesting finding was the pre-exercise expansion of the plasma volume. PMID- 6654550 TI - Effects of shoe cushioning upon ground reaction forces in running. AB - To determine the effects of widely varying amounts of cushioning upon vertical force (VF) parameters, ten male subjects, (mean weight = 68.0 kg) ran at a speed of 4.5 m . s-1 (6 min/mile pace) and contacted a Kistler force platform. Two shoes were tested: a hard one and a softer shoe that had 50% more cushioning as measured by an instrumented impact tester. Five right footfalls were collected for each shoe on each subject during which the ground reaction forces were sampled at 500 HZ using a PDP 11/34 minicomputer. Eight parameters from the VF data obtained for each trial were selected for analysis and compared statistically using a paired difference t test. It was found [force magnitudes expressed in multiples of body weight (BW)] that the time to the vertical force impact peak (VFIP) was significantly longer (hard = 22.5 ms, soft = 26.6 ms) in the soft shoe; however, no differences were seen in the magnitudes (hard = 2.30 BW, soft = 2.34 BW). The minimum after the VFIP was also significantly delayed in the soft shoe (hard = 33.8 ms, soft = 37.9 ms) and was significantly greater in the soft shoe (hard = 1.46 BW, soft = 1.90 BW). The peak VF propulsive force occurred statistically at the same time in both shoes (hard = 85.7 ms, soft = 84.0 ms), but was significantly greater in the soft shoe (hard = 2.73 BW, soft = 2.83 BW).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654551 TI - Pattern of venous lactate and pyruvate after submaximal exercise in athletes training in different disciplines. AB - The differences in the distribution pattern of muscle fiber types between short-, middle-, and long-distance runners are well known. Since slow- and fast-twitch muscle fibers have different oxidative and glycolytic activities, lactate and pyruvate blood concentrations are expected to behave differently in athletes training in different sports disciplines after short exercise. Twenty-four well trained athletes participated in the present study. The purpose of the investigation was to examine lactate and pyruvate blood concentrations during a 5 min treadmill exercise test at 6 km/h with a slope of 10% in short-, middle-, and long-distance runners and athletes of other disciplines (nonrunners). The highest and lowest post-exercise lactate and pyruvate levels were found in the short- and long-distance runners, respectively. In contrast to what was found in all other athletes, a decrease of the lactate-pyruvate ratio was observed in the middle distance runners after exercise. The combination of both aerobic and anaerobic training in these athletes could account for this observation. PMID- 6654552 TI - Comparison of circulatory responses to submaximal exercise in equally trained men and women. AB - In previous studies comparing circulatory responses to exercise in men and women, the habitual physical activity of the groups was not documented. Thus, it is possible that sex differences observed were partly a function of differences in level of physical condition. The purpose of this study was to compare central circulatory responses to submaximal bicycle ergometer exercise in equally trained men and women. Cardiac output (Q), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and arteriovenous oxygen content difference [(a-v)O2 diff] were determined at approximately 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% VO2max in 18 male and 18 female trained young adults. Q was determined by the CO2 -rebreathing method. The men and women had similar training backgrounds and nonsignificantly different mean VO2max in ml . kg FFW-1 . min-1 (62.3 and 60.3, respectively). Mean differences between men and women in Q (0.44 l . min-1), HR (23 bts . min-1), and (a-v)O2 diff at 1.5 l . min-1 and in heart rate at various percentages of VO2max (2-4 bts . min-1) were smaller than in previous research. Smaller sex differences in various VO2max expressions in the present study suggest that there was a difference between males and females in habitual physical activity in earlier research. It is concluded that a portion of previously reported sex differences in certain circulatory responses to submaximal exercise was a consequence of different levels of physical condition of the male and female subjects. The magnitude of gender-related differences in circulatory responses to submaximal exercise appears to be smaller than previously thought. PMID- 6654553 TI - Cardiovascular reactions during exhausting isometric exercise while windsurfing on a simulator or at sea. AB - Eleven amateurs and two internationally ranked windsurfers performed isometric exercise on a windsurfing simulator to the point of exhaustion. The two professional windsurfers maintained their position during exercise two times longer than those of the other group. The following mean values (n = 11) were measured during the exercise: the blood pressure increased from 114 +/- 6.6/70 +/ 11.5 to 177 +/- 8.6/93 +/- 10.3 mmHg, the heart rate from 63 +/- 13 to 103 +/- 16 bts/min, blood flow in the forearm from 6.4 to 7.4 ml/(100 ml tissue x min), and the lactate level in the capillary blood from 0.9 +/- 0.2 to 1.9 +/- 0.4 mmol/l. The post-exercise hyperemia reached values of 28.2 ml/ (100 ml tissue X min). There was neither a significant correlation between the time of exercise and the handgrip force (MVC = maximal voluntary) nor the calculated force of the forearm. Motivation was interpreted as an exercise-prolonging factor. At sea and with high wind (7 Beaufort), the heart rate reached a maximum of 200 bts/min, but the lactate level did not reach more than 3.0 mmol/l. PMID- 6654554 TI - Effects of whole body massage on serum protein, electrolyte and hormone concentrations, enzyme activities, and hematological parameters. AB - The effects of a 1-h whole body massage on blood parameters were studied in nine healthy male volunteers. The venous blood samples were drawn just before treatment, immediately after, and after 2, 24, and 48 h. The parameters measured were blood leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, red cell indices, the activities of serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and their isoenzymes, and the concentrations of serum sodium, potassium, total protein, haptoglobin, growth hormone, prolactin, cortisol, and plasma corticotropin. Decreases in serum haptoglobin concentrations suggested slight hemolysis. The rises in the activities of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and its isoenzymes LDH4 and LDH5 and in the concentrations of serum potassium are indicative of increased permeability of the muscle cells. No statistically significant changes were seen for the other parameters. There were large individual variabilities in the hormone concentrations after massage, but some trends could be seen. PMID- 6654555 TI - Ultrastructural and morphometric investigations on the effects of training and administration of anabolic steroids on the myocardium of guinea pigs. AB - The effects on the myocardium of guinea pigs of a training program, of the administration of anabolic steroids (Dianabol), and of both combined were investigated at the ultrastructural level. Quantitative electron microscopy showed an enlargement of the sarcoplasmic space in all experimental groups and a disbalance of the mitochondrial/myofibrillar ratio in favor of the mitochondria, which was most pronounced after administration of anabolic steroids. The augmentation of the mitochondrial volume was assumed to occur by fusion, hypertrophy, and development of new mitochondria. When the administration of anabolic steroids and training were combined, some myocardial cells were pathologically altered; destructed mitochondria and aberrant myofibrils were found. Focally dehiscent intercalated discs and necrotic cells were also observed. It is suggested from these findings that the administration of anabolic steroids in competitive sports may lead to pathological alterations in the myocardium. PMID- 6654556 TI - A new instrument for percutaneous muscle biopsies. AB - A new instrument for percutaneous muscle biopsies is presented. It was tested in biopsies of the vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and brachioradialis muscles. With this instrument, percutaneous muscle biopsies were performed noninvasively and simply with procurement of sufficient material (30-40 mg) for satisfactory histological examination. PMID- 6654557 TI - Change viewed on the level. PMID- 6654558 TI - Cancer mortality and fluoridation of water supplies in 35 US cities. AB - The possibility of a cancer risk associated with fluoridation of public water supplies is re-examined using mortality data for 35 US cities, 20 with fluoridated water supplies and 15 with non-fluoridated water. Crude cancer death rates, and mortality ratios standardized for age, sex, and ethnic group are examined, using four alternative sets of standard rates and three different combinations of pericensal years' deaths. Changes in cancer mortality before and after fluoridation in the fluoridated cities are compared with changes in the non fluoridated cities over the same time period. In none of the analyses have differences in mortality trends been found that could not be due to chance alone. Thus, these results do not support the suggestion of an association between fluoridation of water supplies and cancer mortality. PMID- 6654559 TI - Regional trends in incidence of cervical cancer in Denmark in relation to local smear-taking activity. AB - In this study the regional trends in the incidence of cervical cancer in Denmark from 1943 to 1977 are related to available data on the total smear-taking activity in the regions. In 1980 some 40% of women in Denmark were covered by organized screening programmes, but the total number of smears taken in the country was sufficient to cover the whole female population by an organized programme. Therefore, in order to evaluate the impact of the screening activity in Denmark account must be taken of trends in cervical cancer from areas both with and without organized programmes and of data for smears taken both in and outside the programmes. The study shows a considerable decline in the cumulative incidence of cervical cancer for women aged 30-59 in areas with organized screening programmes commenced before 1969. The decline in areas without organized programmes but with a higher or equivalent screening activity in 1974/75 is in general smaller or occurring later. In half of the areas with a lower level of smear-taking activity in 1974/75 only minor reductions in the incidence of cervical cancer are observed. Hysterectomies cannot explain the decline in the incidence for women below the age of 60. The observed pattern gives further evidence of a decline in the incidence of cervical cancer following the introduction of pap smears, but future trends should be kept under close surveillance. PMID- 6654560 TI - Natural background radiation and cancer mortality in the Republic of Ireland. AB - An extensive area of rural Ireland was monitored in detail for natural background radiation (NBR); average background radiation values were derived for all District Electoral Divisions (DEDs) in this area. Cancer mortality rates were calculated for the DEDs aggregated according to average NBR. No association was apparent between cancer mortality rates and levels of natural background radiation. PMID- 6654561 TI - Demographic factors and cancer mortality. A mathematical model for cancer mortality in Denmark 1943-78. AB - Deaths from cancer in Denmark from 1943-1978 were extracted from the Danish National Death Register at the Danish Institute for Clinical Epidemiology. This paper illustrates the relationship between demographic factors and mortality from a large group of cancers, which increases progressively from young adult life into old age. One-year age-specific mortality rates between 30 and 79 years of age were computed for 14 different cancer sites among both males and females, in five ten-year birth cohorts and for the capital and provinces. The number of deaths at a particular age were found to follow a Poisson distribution and the mortality rate could be expressed by the function lx = bxk, where lx is the mortality rate at age x, and b and k are parameters to be estimated. With this model a straight line is obtained, when mortality and age are plotted on a double logarithmic scale. The maximum likelihood estimates of b and k were found iteratively for each of the 280 combinations of sex--cancer site--residence- cohort. For fixed sex and cancer site the relationship between age, residence and cohort was examined. It appeared that k was independent of residence. For 10 of the male cancers and 12 of the female cancers, k was found to be independent of cohort and in the last 6 cases k was found to be a linear function of cohort. For 12 out of 14 cancer sites among males the ratio of mortality in the capital to mortality in the provinces was significantly greater than one.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654562 TI - The effect of rises in food costs on food intake of three year olds in Jerusalem. AB - The food intake of two samples of children born five years apart were determined in 1975 and 1980 at three years of age in a low and middle class neighbourhood of Jerusalem. The 24-hour recall method was used. No deficiency in caloric intake was noted. The protein intake was twice the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), 3.7 gr/kg in the study group interviewed in 1975 and 3.3 gr/kg in those interviewed in 1980. The mean daily iron intake was only 40% of the RDA. The main sources for protein were milk and milk products, poultry and eggs. Significantly higher mean caloric and protein intakes were noted for the upper as compared to middle and low social class in 1980. Children from Asian origin had the lowest caloric and protein intake in 1975 and 1980 whereas those of European-American origin had the highest. Severe inflation and the resulting tenfold increase in food prices in Israel were not reflected in marked changes in dietary intake. The percentage expenditure on food was 25% of total income during both periods. The possible factors influencing the stability in dietary intake are governmental subsidy for the essential foods, correction of wages and increase in social security payments thus maintaining the buying power, as well as the educational effect of the preventive services--the Mother and Child Health Stations on feeding practices. PMID- 6654563 TI - An evaluation of supplementary feeding in Somali refugee camps. AB - Supplementary feeding programmes (SFP) that were functioning in Somali refugee camps were evaluated in March 1981 in order to describe their process of operation and to measure their effect on the refugees' nutritional status. While those children enrolled in SFPs gained weight, many malnourished children in camp had not been identified so that the programme's overall effectiveness was reduced. Even among children who attended SFPs regularly, the rate of weight gain diminished rapidly each succeeding month of attendance. This underlines that supplementary feeding is a short-term, remedial measure in disaster relief and should be quickly incorporated into a broader plan for relief assistance so that resources can be used most efficiently. PMID- 6654565 TI - Are epidemiological and sociological surveys a proper instrument for detecting true problem drinkers? (The low sensitivity of an alcohol survey in Rotterdam). AB - The sensitivity of an alcohol survey in Rotterdam is estimated at only 16%. Taking account of sampling fluctuations, an upper confidence limit of 47% for the sensitivity can be computed. The statistical procedure is not based upon interviewing true problem drinkers to be identified from registers, but upon an anonymous verification of positively scoring individuals and a sample of negatively scoring individuals in the survey with registers of true problem drinkers. The above results may have implications for the interpretation of survey based prevalence figures. PMID- 6654564 TI - The relationship between alcohol and mortality among Japanese physicians. AB - Based on the survey in 1965 on smoking and drinking habits of physicians in western Japan, the mortality pattern among 5139 male Japanese physicians over 12.7 years was examined in terms of drinking habit. Among six groups with different drinking habits: ex-drinker, non-drinker, occasional drinker and daily drinker whose intake of alcohol was equivalent to below 1, 1-1.9 or 2 and more go of sake (1 go of sake congruent to 27 ml of alcohol), ex-drinkers had the highest risk of dying. Mortality from all causes among non-drinkers was higher than that among occasional drinkers or the lowest daily drinkers, but the differences were not significant. Among daily drinkers, total mortality was significantly increased with the amount of alcohol. As for cause-specific mortality, cancer and stroke showed a significant positive association with alcohol. No significant inverse relationship was noted for heart disease or coronary heart disease, although non-drinkers had higher mortality than occasional or daily drinkers. There was no obvious effect of alcohol on mortality from either liver cirrhosis or accidents, but deaths from these causes were few. PMID- 6654566 TI - An aetiological evaluation of increased occurrence of congenital limb reduction abnormalities in Hungary, 1975-1978. AB - In Hungary a significant increase occurred in the birth prevalence of congenital limb reduction abnormalities from 1975 to 1978 after the introduction of a new population policy in 1974. A case-control study showed a slight increased use of drugs for ovulation induction, oral contraceptives prior to conception and more frequent extramarital births as well as unwanted pregnancies. PMID- 6654567 TI - Seroepidemiologic studies on rubella in Fukuoka in southern Japan during 1965 1981: rubella epidemic pattern, endemicity and immunity gap. AB - The epidemiology of rubella in most areas of Asia has not been defined. In Fukuoka city in southern Japan, rubella epidemics occurred in 1956-58, in 1966 and in 1976-77. During the first halves of the 1960s and 1970s, neither epidemic nor endemic clinical rubella occurred. Rubella mass vaccination for girls of 14 years of age started in 1978. Rubella seroepidemiologic studies were performed in 1965, 1974, 1978-79 and 1981 in Fukuoka city. Current studies indicated that children of 6-10 years of age during the epidemics of 1956-58, 1966 and 1976-77 were infected with rubella in 72%, 37% and 57% of cases, respectively. Just before the epidemics of 1966 and 1976-77 100% of the children under nine years of age had no antibodies to rubella indicating absence of recent outbreaks. Whereas 95% of the population (young women of 15-18 years of age in 1981) which participated in the rubella mass vaccination programme since 1978 have rubella Hl antibodies, 46% of the nonparticipating population (19-23 years of age in 1981) remains susceptible to rubella. These facts indicate that rubella epidemics occurred in 1956-58, 1966 and 1976-77, that the magnitude of each epidemic was different, and that there were intervals without endemicity in the inter-epidemic periods. However, after the nation wide rubella epidemic in 1975-77, endemic rubella continued, and rubella epidemics again occurred in 1980-82. The unique rubella epidemic pattern in Japan may be changing in the 1980s to that which existed in most areas of the world where rubella was endemic with periodic increased incidence of epidemicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654568 TI - Mortality pattern and life expectancy of Seventh-Day Adventists in the Netherlands. AB - The mortality pattern of Seventh-Day Adventists (SDAs) in the Netherlands was assessed during a ten-year study period, 1968-1977. Of 522 deceased SDAs the causes of death of 482 could be ascertained. Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) for total mortality (SMR = 0,45), cancer (SMR = 0,50) and cardiovascular diseases (SMR = 0,41) as well as for various subgroups differed significantly from the total Dutch population. Mean age at death as well as life-expectation at baptism were significantly higher in SDAs, both in males and females, as compared with Dutch males and females. A health survey among a sample of the total SDA population and a group of 'friend' controls' was done in order to try to explain the differences in mortality pattern and life expectancy. It is concluded that evidence was found for the thesis that abstinence from cigarette smoking is the main factor explaining the low mortality from ischaemic heart diseases among SDAs, while presumably an appropriate (prudent) diet confers additional benefit for example on colon cancer mortality. PMID- 6654570 TI - Clinical epidemiology. PMID- 6654569 TI - Evidence for compensation in smokers of low yield cigarettes. AB - To determine the relation of smoking low yield cigarettes (tar yield less than 15.0 mg and nicotine yield less than 1.0 mg per cigarette) to the number of cigarettes smoked per day, we analysed information provided on self-administered questionnaires by 7706 current, regular cigarette smokers. The mean age at starting to smoke and the mean number of years of smoking were not consistently different in smokers of low yield compared with smokers of high yield cigarettes. In contrast, at all ages in both men and women, smokers of low yield cigarettes smoked significantly more cigarettes per day than smokers of high yield cigarettes. The differences in the number of cigarettes smoked per day between smokers of low and high yield cigarettes were small--about 3 cigarettes per day in men and about 1 1/2 cigarettes per day in women. However, these small differences might translate to the smoking of as many as one billion more packs of cigarettes per year in the United States alone. The potential beneficial effect of the smoking of cigarettes whose yield per cigarette is lower must be weighed against a possible adverse effect of the smoking of more cigarettes if the relation between smoking low yield cigarettes and smoking more cigarettes is causal. PMID- 6654571 TI - Time-calorie displacement diet for weight control: a prospective evaluation of its adequacy for maintaining normal nutritional status. AB - An unsupplemented 1000 kcal (4186 kJ) diet emphasizing large quantities of unrefined complex carbohydrates was evaluated for nutritional adequacy in a 20 week weight-control program for obese adults. Assessment of nutritional status, routinely obtained upon admission, was repeated at approximately 10-week intervals on 26 patients who were losing weight while adhering to the dietary guidelines. At least one repeat assessment was obtained on all 26 patients: 13 had follow-up assessment at 10 weeks, three at 20 weeks, and ten at both 10 and 20 weeks. Weight loss averaged 0.7 kg/wk over an average of 15 weeks with a mean energy intake of 1020 kcal (4270 kJ), 55 percent of baseline. At each follow-up assessment mean skinfold thickness fell significantly whereas muscle mass was maintained according to arm muscle circumference and creatinine-height index. Mean blood levels of retinol, beta-carotene, folate, vitamin B12, ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, iron, transferrin saturation and calcium excretion remained within normal limits throughout treatment. Ascorbic acid levels rose significantly. The results indicate that the experimental diet, without supplementation, can fulfil nutritional requirements while restricting energy intake for weight reduction. PMID- 6654572 TI - Association between serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and body composition in adult men. AB - The relationships between measurements of body composition and fasting serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assessed in 357 men aged 30 to 59 years. The sum of six skinfolds (triceps, biceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal and medial calf), body density through underwater body weighing, lean body mass (kg), body-fat mass, and percent body fat, all three derived from the Siri equation, were obtained. Effects of age, sex, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, socioeconomic status, triglycerides, total cholesterol and current energy expenditure were statistically removed through multiple regression procedures. HDL-C was significantly associated with weight, weight/height, weight/height11, weight/height16, body density, body-fat mass, sum of six skinfolds, but not with height alone or lean body mass. These results suggest that, among the body composition measurements, the adipose component is the major contributor to the low but significant association between HDL-C and weight. PMID- 6654573 TI - The effect of modified fasting on blood pressure and sympathetic activity: a correlation? AB - The effect of a low calorie diet (200 kcal/0.8 MJ) composed of 50 per cent glucose and 50 per cent protein was studied on blood pressure and sympathetic activity in eight normotensive obese subjects. The study lasted 21 days; during the first seven days (period I) a weight maintaining diet was given; this was followed by 14 d (period II) of modified fasting (200 kcal/0.8 MJ). Sodium and potassium intakes of 20 and 80 mmol per d respectively were maintained constant throughout the study. In period I blood pressure decreased slightly until day 5; this occurred concomitantly with a marked natriuresis. Thereafter blood pressure and sodium excretion remained stable. No significant change was observed in the urinary excretion of total catecholamines, noradrenaline and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic acid. From the start of period II blood pressure decreased markedly, together with a significant decrease in the urinary excretion of the catecholamines and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic acid. Both blood pressure and urinary excretion of catecholamines and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy mandelic acid stabilized after day 7 of period II. These changes preceded the maximal sodium diuresis of severe calorie restriction. The results suggest a primary role for the sympathetic system in the hypotensive effect of short term calorie deprivation although some influence of natriuresis cannot be excluded. PMID- 6654574 TI - Qualitative and quantitative effects of fenfluramine and tiflorex on food consumption in trained rats offered dietary choices. AB - The qualitative and quantitative anorectic effects of intraperitoneally administered fenfluramine and tiflorex were studied in male rats trained during 10 d to a reversed dark/light cycle ('night' 1100-2300 h), and to a food choice (of either a protein-rich or protein-poor meal, or of a carbohydrate-rich or carbohydrate-poor meal) available only during the first 4 h of the dark cycle. On the first day of drug treatment (2.5 mg/kg or 5.0 mg/kg i.p., administered 0.5 h before the end of the light cycle) both fenfluramine and tiflorex provoked a dose dependent reduction in the consumption of the protein-rich diet, and a reduction in the consumption of the protein-poor diet. In the carbohydrate study, on the first day of drug treatment, there was a dose-related reduction in the consumption of the carbohydrate-rich regime, and marked reduction by both drugs of consumption of the carbohydrate-poor regime (except in the case of the lower dose of fenfluramine, 2.5 mg/kg). There was generally a rapid development of tolerance to the anorectic effects of the anti-obesity drugs, although this was delayed somewhat in the case of tiflorex. These results suggest that drugs like fenfluramine and tiflorex, which enhance central serotoninergic transmission, reduce caloric intake whether the calories are presented as protein or carbohydrate, compatible with the anti-obesity actions of these agents in omnivorous man. PMID- 6654575 TI - Plasma phentermine levels, weight loss and side-effects. AB - Fifty women with refractory obesity received phentermine resinate. Seven were withdrawn because of side-effects: three developed severe headaches, one each hypertension, depressive symptoms, breathlessness and palpitations with irritability. The mean weight loss in the 34 who completed the 20-week study was 6.4 kg. Nine lost 10 kg or more. Sustained appetite suppression was related to weight loss. Plasma phentermine concentrations did not correlate with the severity of the obesity problem, the degree of subjective anorexia or with weight loss. Poor initial response to standard dosage of phentermine is unlikely to improve with higher dosage. The individual's response to phentermine is unpredictable and appears to relate to factors other than the plasma drug concentration. PMID- 6654576 TI - Endorphines in genetic human obesity. PMID- 6654577 TI - Lipids and lipoproteins in obese adolescents during a very low calorie diet (VLCD) PMID- 6654578 TI - Platelet activity in immune lysis of Trypanosoma musculi. PMID- 6654579 TI - Schistosoma japonicum: a comparison of the development of the parasite and associated pathological changes in mice and jirds (Meriones unguiculatus). PMID- 6654580 TI - Adverse drug reactions in the treatment of filarial parasites: haematological, biochemical, immunological and pharmacological changes in Dirofilaria immitis infected dogs treated with diethylcarbamazine. PMID- 6654581 TI - Population dynamics of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. in sheep. PMID- 6654582 TI - Mannose and the 'crowding effect' of Hymenolepis in rats. PMID- 6654583 TI - Observations on the self-cure reaction and other forms of immunological responsiveness against Haemonchus contortus in sheep. PMID- 6654584 TI - Binding of antigens to tissues: the example of Boophilus microplus and bovine skin. PMID- 6654585 TI - Protected 1-3 segment of the peptaibol antibiotics alamethicin and hypelcin. Solid-state and solution study of a stereochemically constrained linear peptide. AB - A study of the modes of folding and self-association of Z-Aib-L-Pro-Aib-OMe (the protected 1-3 segment of the peptaibol antibiotics alamethicin and hypelcin) in the solid state was performed using i.r. absorption and X-ray diffraction. The stereochemically constrained tripeptide molecules adopt a 4 leads to 1 intramolecularly H-bonded form (beta-turn), where the single intramolecular H bond is found between the peptide N-H group of the Aib3 residue and the urethane C = O group of the N-blocking benzyloxycarbonyl moiety. This folded structure is stabilized by an intermolecular H-bond between the urethane N-H group of the Aib1 residue and the peptide C = O group of the Pro2 residue of a symmetry related molecule. According to the i.r. absorption data, in CH2Cl2 and TMP solutions the same intramolecularly H-bonded form occurs as that found in solid state. Compared to the situation in the solid state, in CH2Cl2 and TMP solvation of the urethane N-H group replaces self-association (through the same N-H group). The results are also discussed in relation to those obtained for other protected -Aib-X-Aib- (X = Aib, L-Ala, L-Val) tripeptide segments of peptaibol antibiotics. PMID- 6654586 TI - Biofunctional evaluation of two hydrogen bonds stabilizing the beta-turn in the acyclic component of oxytocin. AB - The depsipeptide [8-alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid, 9-glycolic amide]-oxytocin, which has ester linkages replacing the peptide linkages between the 7th and 8th and the 8th and 9th residues of oxytocin, has been synthesized by a (6 + 3) condensation of Boc-tocinoic acid with Pro-O-HyIc-O-Glyc-NH2, followed by deprotection of the resulting product. The analog exhibited the following activities in rats: 258 +/- 11 and 28 +/- 5 U/mg, uterus in vitro in the absence and presence, respectively, of Mg+2; 54 +/- 4 U/mg, uterus in vivo; 19.3 +/- 2.1 U/mg, milk ejection; 0.153 +/- 0.026 U/mg, antidiuretic activity; and no pressor activity. The need for the presence of the peptide linkages mentioned above as sources for internal hydrogen bonds to stabilize the "biologically significant" conformation is discussed. PMID- 6654587 TI - Crystal and molecular structure of tert.-butyloxycarbonyl-L-prolyl-alpha aminoisobutyryl-L-alanyl-alpha- aminoisobutyrate methyl ester. AB - Boc-Pro-Aib-Ala-Aib-OMe crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2 with cell dimensions a = 17.701 (3) A, b = 17.476 (4) A, c = 9.686 (2) A, V = 2996.3 A3. The first three residues form a single turn of a 3(10)-helix stabilized by two intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Comparison of the conformation of the methyl ester of the tetrapeptide with that of its benzyl ester shows differences in the individual torsion angles of up to 29 degrees, although the overall conformation is conserved. PMID- 6654588 TI - Cyclols, cyclodepsipeptides, and N-acyl-diketopiperazines from linear precursors. Synthesis and crystal structure of 10-membered cyclodepsipeptides. AB - In order to investigate the relative formation tendency of different tautomeric ring systems (cyclols, cyclodepsipeptides and corresponding N-acyl diketopiperazines), two linear peptide precursors containing proline as C terminal residue, have been synthesized and subjected to cyclizing conditions. Boc-Ser-Phe-Pro-ONp (I) gave three isomeric cyclic compounds: Boc-Ser-Phe-Pro- (IV), N-(Boc-Ser)-cyclo-(Phe-D-Pro) (III) and the corresponding aza-cyclol (II). Starting from Hyb-Phe-Pro-ONp (V) two epimeric N(3 hydroxybutyryl)diketopiperazines (VI) and (VII) and the corresponding 10-membered cyclodepsipeptide (VIII) could be isolated. Crystal and molecular structure of VIII is reported. Crystals of VIII are orthorhombic, P212121 with a = 9.684, b = 22.985, c = 7.841, z = 4. The two peptidic bonds are cis with omega values of 6.6 degrees and - 18.1 degrees, whereas the lactonic bond is of transoid type. The pyrrolidine ring has C2-C gamma-exo conformation. PMID- 6654589 TI - Iodogen-catalyzed iodination of transferrin. AB - Transferrin (human, rabbit) labels at low efficiency (1%-10%) with 125I when reaction of 0.5-0.7 ng of I- (8-10 microCi) with 20 micrograms of the protein is catalyzed by iodogen in a constant volume of 0.1 ml. Microiodination by this technique was therefore analyzed with regard to the relative proportions of the reactants, oxidant requirement, and timing. In vials giving a reaction volume-to active surface ratio of 0.88, efficiency was independent of the amount of iodogen in the range from 1 microgram to 15 micrograms, and prolongation of the reaction beyond 1 min failed to improve yields. In contrast, the amount of I- present was decisive. Butanol/NH4OH chromatograms of iodination reactions carried out with 0.6 ng or 20 ng of I- showed 3-4 radioactivity peaks, the relative proportions of which markedly depended on the amount of I- present originally. A link was established between labeling efficiency and chromatographic profile of the I- derivatives formed during oxidation. Dual-label experiments in rats showed that transferrin (20 micrograms) can be labeled using iodogen (1-5 micrograms, 1 min) to behave indistinguishably from its IC1-labeled counterpart. However, prolonged exposure to more oxidant progressively damaged the protein. The damage was independent of substituting I and it manifested itself in increased protein binding to the anion exchange resin, Dowex 1-X8. Over 99.5% of the labeled residues in iodotransferrin were mono- and diiodotyrosines (MIT, DIT). DIT content of the protein increased linearly with the number of I atoms substituted. At comparable levels of substitution, more label was present as MIT after using iodogen than after using IC1. Electrophoretic data are presented regarding homogeneity of the label as obtained after iodinating transferrin by different methods and to varying extents. PMID- 6654590 TI - A new enkephalin analogue: trans-4-hydroxycinnamoyl-glycyl-glycyl-phenylalanyl leucine. Synthesis and biological properties. AB - A new analogue of the leucine-enkephalin in which the N-terminal tyrosine has been replaced by trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, has been synthetized by liquid phase coupling methods. The central cardiovascular effects of this analogue were investigated and the results discussed. PMID- 6654591 TI - Conformation and mobility of tyrosine side chain in tetrapeptides. Specific effects of cis- and trans-proline in Tyr-Pro- and Pro-Tyr-segments. AB - We examined the properties of tyrosine in four free tetrapeptides: Ala-Ala-Tyr Ala (AATA), Ala-Pro-Tyr-Ala (APTA), Ala-Tyr-Ala-Ala (ATAA) and Ala-Tyr-Pro-Ala (ATPA) by CD, n.m.r. and energy calculations. Experimental data (the aromatic 1Lb signal, rotamer populations around the C alpha-C beta bond (chi 1), rotations around C beta-C gamma(chi 2), chemical shifts of ortho- and meta-protons in the phenolic ring (in aqueous and Me2SO solutions), NH proton temperature coefficients and vicinal coupling constants 3JNH-C alpha H in the backbone (Me2SO solution) were compared with calculated minimum energy conformations. We find qualitative agreement between the results of the different techniques with respect to global tendencies of conformational behaviour: we present experimental evidence showing that the presence of proline in the sequence has a more pronounced effect on the side chain organization of the residues preceding it than on one succeeding it. This steric influence of proline on its immediate neighbor is even stronger in the cis isomer than in the more common trans isomer. The strong preference for Rotamer II (chi 1 = 180 degrees) over Rotamer I (chi 1 = -60 degrees) in ATPA (cis-form) concomitant with a noticeable deviation of chi 2 is a striking example. PMID- 6654592 TI - [1-Desaminopenicillamine, 8-alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid] oxytocin. A selective inhibitor in rats of the uterine response to oxytocin. AB - [1-Desaminopenicillamine, 8-alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid] oxytocin was synthesized by a 6 + 3 fragment condensation from precursors which had been formed by solution methods. This analog inhibited uterine responses to oxytocin (pA2 7.37, 7.9, 6.17; uterus in vitro without Mg++, in vitro with Mg++, and in vivo, respectively) and showed little or no activity in other bioassays. PMID- 6654593 TI - Secondary structure prediction of seed storage proteins. AB - The comparison of partial primary structure of seed storage proteins leads to show homologies inside of each considered family (Legume seed legumins and cereal prolamins). Predicted secondary structures deduced from the presently known sequences also exhibit considerable homologies, which implies a severe conservatism of these proteins. Short repetitive segments of sequence of 5-20 residues are frequently occurring and give rise to the prediction either of beta structure (or alpha-helix) bonded by beta-turns or of successive beta-turns. The latter conformation, which would be able to form a helicoidal arrangement, could contribute to a maximal packing of the protein molecules inside of the subcellular organelles (protein bodies) within which they are confined. As the only known function of seed storage proteins is to provide amino acids to the embryo, it is suggested that their ability to occupy a minimal volume is actually a reasonable explanation of their extreme conservatism in the course of evolution. PMID- 6654594 TI - Circular dichroism studies of helical oligopeptides. Can 3(10) and alpha-helical conformations be chiroptically distinguished? AB - Circular dichroism studies of seven helical oligopeptides containing alpha aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) in methanol and trifluoroethanol (TFE) solutions are reported. Peptides ranging from 10 to 21 residues in length have been examined. In all cases distinct negative CD bands characteristic of helical peptides are obtained at approximately 220 and 205 nm corresponding to the n-pi and pi-pi transitions, respectively. The ratio R = [theta] pi-pi is less than 1.0 for all peptides studied. Using crystal structure and n.m.r. results for a 10 residue 3(10) helical peptide and literature values for an alpha-helical 11-residue peptide, it is shown that both helical conformations yield R values of approximately 0.8 in alcoholic solvents. The CD data are considered in the light of 1H n.m.r. studies on these oligopeptides. The results suggest that 3(10) and alpha-helical conformations cannot be distinguished by CD methods. PMID- 6654595 TI - Isolation and complete amino acid sequence of a basic low molecular weight protein from black swan egg white. AB - The following complete amino acid sequence of a low molecular weight basic protein (Mr 4,454) from black swan egg white has been determined: less than Glu Val-Arg-Lys-Tyr-Cys-Pro-Lys-Val-Gly-Tyr-Cys-Ser-Ser-Lys-Cys-Ser-Lys-Ala-Asp-Val Trp-Ser-Leu-Ser-Ser-Asp-Cys-Lys-Phe-Tyr-Cys-Cys-Leu-Pro-Pro-Gly-Trp-Lys. There is significant homology between this protein, provisionally designated cygnin, and the NH2-terminal region of the second domain of chicken ovotransferrin. The disulfide bonds have not been assigned; however, the arrangement of half-cystines in cygnin is sufficiently different from that of the known transferrins to suggest that cygnin is derived from another gene. PMID- 6654596 TI - Studies on gliadin related peptides. I. Synthesis, purification and 1H n.m.r. characterization of the pentapeptide H-Tyr-(Gln)3-Pro-OH. AB - The pentapeptide H-Tyr-(Gln)3-Pro-OH has been recently postulated to be the basic repetitive unit of a sequential polypeptide contained in wheat bread alpha gliadins, which are believed to be toxic factors in coeliac disease, gluten dependent enteropathy. Solid-phase synthesis, purification and 1H n.m.r. characterization in water solution of this peptide are described. PMID- 6654597 TI - Synthesis and 19F spectra of tetra-L-alanine analogs containing selectively incorporated 3-fluoro-L-alanine residues. AB - The synthesis of analogs of tetra-L-alanine containing 3-fluoro-L-alanine selectively incorporated at each position is described. The standard procedures in the literature used to couple L-alanine peptides together were often found to lead to undesired products, or elimination reactions when corresponding 3-fluoro L-alanine peptide analogs were used. Several modified procedures have thus been developed for the synthesis of fluorine-substituted analogs. In addition, the pH dependence of 19F n.m.r. spectra of 3-fluoro-L-alanine and the tetrapeptide analogs is presented. PMID- 6654598 TI - 13C n.m.r. study of L-alanine peptides. AB - The di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides of L-alanine have been studied in aqueous solution by 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy at 25 and 50 MHz. By using selectively 13C enriched analogs containing either 90% 13C methyl or carbonyl carbons and measurements as a function of pH, assignment of the chemical shifts of the peptides has been made. T1 and NOE measurements of the peptides in their cationic, anionic, and zwitterionic states have been recorded as a function of concentration. The results show considerable segmental motion along the backbone carbons of the peptides, with only small changes occurring in the dynamic motions of the peptides as their charge states are altered. The lack of concentration dependence of the chemical shift and T1 values, as well as the similarity of T1 values for individual peptides in the three charge states, indicate that the peptides do not self-associate in aqueous solution. PMID- 6654599 TI - The geometry of the thiopeptide unit. AB - The structure of the modified dipeptide Z-Glyt-Gly-OBzl is reported with special emphasis on the linear and angular dimensions of the thiopeptide unit. It is shown that, except for the differences between the carbonyl and the thioacyl bond lengths, there are no significant differences between the oxopeptide and the thiopeptide unit. PMID- 6654600 TI - Computerised version of the Chou and Fasman protein secondary structure predictive method. AB - A DEC-SYSTEM 10 FORTRAN computer program to carry out secondary structure prediction of proteins, according to the algorithm of Chou & Fasman (1, 2), is described. Program results are compared with predictions made by Chou & Fasman. PMID- 6654601 TI - Role of the carboxamide groups of the asparagine and glycinamide residues of oxytocin. Syntheses and biological properties of [5-beta-cyanoalanine] oxytocin and [9-alpha-aminoacetonitrile] oxytocin. AB - In an attempt to see whether the C=O and the NH2 of CONH2 of asparagine5 and glycinamide9 are both essential for biological activity, [5-beta-cyanoalanine] oxytocin and [9-alpha-aminoacetonitrile] oxytocin have been synthesized. Each of these analogs contains a nitrile group in place of the carboxamide group of Asn5 and GlyNH92 respectively; the nitrile group can simulate the carbonyl portion of the carboxamide, but lacks the hydrogen-bond donating capacity of its NH2 portion. Substitution of a nitrile group produced opposite biological effects in the 5 and the 9 positions; the 5-substituted analog showed very low activities (less than 3% of those of oxytocin) while the 9-substituted analog showed extremely high activities (with an in vivo uterine activity of 906 U/mg almost twice that of oxytocin). The results clearly suggest that the mechanisms of interaction of the carboxamide groups with the receptor sites are different for residues 5 and 9. PMID- 6654602 TI - Blood group antigens: synthesis of TN glycopeptide related to human glycophorin AM. AB - Three 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose residues attached to Ser2, Thr3 and Thr4 of the amino-terminal portion of glycophorin AM are responsible for the so-called TN blood group specificity. In a continuation of earlier work, this report describes the first chemical synthesis of the triglycosylated pentapeptide H2N-Ser1-Ser2*-Thr3*-Thr4*-Gly5-OH, in which (*) represents the 2-acetamido-2 deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl residue. This compound constitutes the G1-G5 sequence of the amino-terminal portion of human glycophorin AM, the main erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein. The above compound was obtained by a stepwise peptide coupling strategy alternatively using aminoacids and adequately protected and/or activated O-glycosyl-aminoacids. Since the desired sequence possesses both unglycosylated and glycosylated serine this route was preferred to that in which the glycosylation is carried out on the preformed pentapeptide H2N-Ser-Ser-Thr Thr-Gly-OH. Carbohydrate residues were introduced into the sequence as 2-azido-2 deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-L-serine and L-threonine derivatives. The azido functions were further converted into the corresponding acetamido groups by treatment of the final triglyco-pentapeptide with sodium borohydride in the presence of nickel chloride followed by acetylation. PMID- 6654603 TI - New applications of sporopollenin as a solid phase support for peptide synthesis and the use of sonic agitation. AB - The synthesis of a tetrapeptide on a base functionalised sporopollenin using sonic agitation for coupling and washing processes is described. PMID- 6654604 TI - Conformational changes of serum albumin induced by ascorbic acid. AB - Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was found to inhibit the autooxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) at physiologic pH. The spontaneous oxidation rate of AA at 1 X 10(-5) M was 0.87 mumol X L-1 min-1. In the presence of 1 microM BSA, the rate is 15% of the spontaneous rate (0.13 mumol X L-1 X min-1). The u.v. difference spectrum of the AA:BSA complex reveals a decrease in absorbance at 204 nm. These data provide evidence that AA binds to BSA and induces a conformational change in the BSA molecule. PMID- 6654605 TI - Cyclization studies with a model pentapeptide. AB - A pentapeptide with the sequence Gly-Ala-D-Val-Leu-Ile was designed for a study of cyclization. Isoleucine was selected as the C-terminal residue in order to determine, from the amount of alloisoleucine in the cyclic product, the extent of racemization during activation and ring closure. The insolubility of cyclo (glycyl-alanyl-D-valyl-leucyl-isoleucyl) in the commonly used solvents facilitated its isolation and thus the evaluation of comparative experiments. Because of its thermal stability the cyclopentapeptide could be purified by sublimation in vacuo. The results of cyclization experiments carried out with this model suggest that separation of the steps of activation and coupling is preferable to cyclization with the help of coupling reagents, that is to the execution of activation and ring closure in a single operation. PMID- 6654606 TI - Bioorganic stereochemistry. A study of the peptide oxazolones from Z-(Aib)n-OH (n = 2-4) in the solid state. AB - An investigation of the preferred conformations and modes of self-association of the peptide oxazolones from Z(-Aib-)n-OH (n = 2-4) in the solid state has been performed by infrared absorption. More detailed information on the peptide oxazolone from Z(-Aib-)3OH(2) has been obtained using X-ray diffraction. In this compound the conformations of the first two Aib residues differ substantially, only the N-terminal one being found in the usual 3(10)-(or alpha-) helical region of the Ramachandran map. The C = N-bond of the oxazolone group is not conjugated with the lactone moiety. A very weak intermolecular interaction occurs between the urethane N-H and the carbonyl group of the oxazolone ring. PMID- 6654607 TI - Randomness of the process of protein folding. AB - How specific or definite are pathways of folding and unfolding in globular proteins? In order to study this question, computer simulation of the folding unfolding transition was carried out in a two-dimensional lattice model of proteins in which it is assumed that strongly specific intramolecular interactions contribute to the stability of the native conformation. This specificity of the interactions should tend to make the pathways of folding and unfolding more definite than reality. Yet, the analysis of the record of simulation indicated the process of transition to be stochastic rather than definite. This poses a fundamental problem of how to describe the pathways of folding and unfolding transition. It is argued that the description should consist of (i) a definition of intermediate states in terms of characteristic conformational features and (ii) stochastic rules of transitions between these intermediate states. The simplest would be the case in which the transitions occur as a markoffian process. PMID- 6654608 TI - Markoffian description of the process of protein folding. AB - A long record of computer simulation of folding-unfolding transition in a two dimensional lattice model of protein as monitored by one conformational order parameter was studied to see if it could be approximated by a markoffian process. For this purpose the normalized time correlation functions of the order parameter were calculated (i) directly from the record of simulation and (ii) by assuming the markoffian behavior of the record. Both of them can be well approximated by a sum of two simple exponential terms. The relaxation time of the slow relaxing term, which corresponds to the overall folding-unfolding transition, becomes very short when the markoffian assumption is made. From this observation we conclude that intermediate states defined by one more-or-less arbitrarily chosen conformational parameter are, in general, collections of very heterogeneous conformations and therefore transitions between them cannot be markoffian. This indicates the importance of multi-parameter observation of dynamic process of folding. Characteristic features of the method of trapping disulfide intermediates are discussed. PMID- 6654609 TI - Chronic factitious illness: a behavioral approach. AB - This paper describes a unique treatment for chronic factitious illness. While primarily behavioral in orientation, the treatment was designed to account for underlying dynamics of patients with this disorder. The advantage of combining behavioral methods with dynamic conceptualizations are underscored. The limitations of this treatment with factitious illness patients are discussed. PMID- 6654610 TI - Beyond liaison: a future role for psychiatry in medicine. AB - Integrated biopsychosocial treatment is necessary for medical patients in whom psychosocial and behavioral issues strongly influence medical outcome. In this article the authors identify several large groups of such patients, and point out the limitations of three established approaches to improving their care: psychosocial education for non-psychiatrists, traditional consultation-liaison psychiatry, and 'behavioral medicine.' They present reasons why many of these patients would best be served by having psychiatrists as their primary physicians. Primary care of selected medical patients by psychiatrists is feasible and would improve patient care, interspecialty communication, reimbursement, and recruitment of psychiatric residents. PMID- 6654611 TI - Effect of patient demand for drugs on physician prescribing. AB - In a controlled setting with symptoms and demographic variables held constant, differences in physicians' ratings of symptoms, diagnosis and prescribing of drugs were explored in response to six videotaped patients of differing age groups who either demanded drugs or presented somatic complaints. There was a 1.2:1 ratio of prescriptions given to female versus male patients; demand for drugs resulted in significantly lower prescription rates, drugs prescribed, and multiple prescriptions; and those patients who presented somatic complaints received significantly higher amounts of minor tranquilizers. Older patients were prescribed a significantly greater number of drugs than younger patients, particularly in the antidepressant classification, and differences in symptom ratings but not in prescription rates were seen between male and female physicians. PMID- 6654613 TI - Group therapy during a modified fasting diet: themes and process. AB - Individuals restricted to 400 calories per day were treated with weekly group therapy. The process involved development of group cohesiveness due to a commonly shared experience. The group was unable to accept that weight control meant severe caloric limitation. Themes of dependency and pairing tended to distract the group from their basic task of tolerating severe caloric limitation. Behavioral techniques as well as fostering of insight did not appear effective. Explanations for such a group format are discussed. PMID- 6654614 TI - Emergency psychiatric services: a study of changing utilization patterns and issues. AB - Recent rapid and significant changes in the utilization patterns of emergency psychiatric services have culminated in markedly different patient profiles and intervention needs than those for which these services were originally intended. The resultant overextension and inappropriate utilization of the emergency unit have served to seriously jeopardize treatment efficacy and efficiency and to exacerbate the stress and difficulties associated with providing mental health intervention in an emergency room setting. Study findings of the patient profiles and patterns of use of emergency psychiatric services of a large metropolitan hospital are reported and examined in relation to these issues. Implications for a restructuring of treatment orientation and of the use of facility resources are discussed. PMID- 6654615 TI - The emerging field of visual rehabilitation. PMID- 6654612 TI - Fear of death, death attitudes, and religious conviction in the terminally ill. AB - The way in which an individual's belief system about death affects fear of death (FOD) has been largely neglected in the thanatology literature. The present study addresses the dimension of certainty or uncertainty with which beliefs about death are held and examines the way in which such attitudes might affect the FOD in dying patients. Twenty terminally ill patients were administered three FOD measures and a death perspective scale which assessed eight death attitudes. FOD among the terminally ill at both the conscious and fantasy level was low. Increased age was associated with declining conscious FOD, independent of life expectancy. Of the eight death perspectives, the attitudes toward death as afterlife-of-reward most directly tap the dimension of certainty or uncertainty. A significant curvilinear relationship emerged between this death perspective and FOD, suggesting that beliefs are a less critical determinant of death fear than is the certainty with which these beliefs are held. The study raises research and clinical issues pertinent to understanding FOD in dying patients. PMID- 6654616 TI - Visual motor rehabilitation in children with cerebral palsy. AB - Cerebral palsied (CP) children were given intensive visuo-oculomotor training in order to improve their visuo-oculomotor control, using children's films as a visual stimulus. A comparative study was conducted on a group of normal children of the same age. Results showed that training does improve visuo-oculomotor system control as illustrated by (1) a marked increase in smooth pursuit precision and maximum velocity, (2) an improvement of saccadic movement precision and stability, and (3) a shortening of the saccadic reaction time. The highest performance was observed under conditions in which the child pointed at and followed the visuo-acoustic target with his arm extended. PMID- 6654617 TI - Recent advances in the management of amblyopia. AB - Methods of detection and treatment of amblyopia as a developmental visual defect are reviewed. Traditional occlusion therapy is compared with recent therapy techniques using square-wave grating patterns as stimuli to increase visual sensitivity. Both methods can help manage amblyopia particularly during stages of early visual development. It is found that the grating pattern stimuli are not in themselves therapeutic, but rather it is probably occlusion in combination with demanding visual tasks which help reduce amblyopia. PMID- 6654618 TI - The breakdown and rehabilitation of visuospatial dysfunction in brain-injured patients. AB - Neuropsychological studies on visuospatial dysfunction are reviewed and a model is described that characterizes hemispheric specialization of this function. It is proposed that the right hemisphere is dominant for configural processing and the left hemisphere for detail processing. Past efforts of visuospatial rehabilitation, which have focused primarily on one type of impairment, "left neglect", are discussed. Future directions for rehabilitation of visuospatial dysfunction associated with both right- and left-hemisphere pathology are suggested. PMID- 6654619 TI - Visual rehabilitation. PMID- 6654620 TI - The drug treatment of spasticity. PMID- 6654621 TI - Role of outflow surgery in the rehabilitation of male paraplegic patients. AB - The role of bladder neck resection and division of the external sphincter in the establishing of micturition in patients with traumatic paraplegia is evaluated, based on a series of male admissions seen at Liverpool and at Stoke Mandeville. Operation was performed in about 30% of patients. It was extremely successful in eliminating the residual urine and infection and in establishing a satisfactory pattern of micturition. Impotence developed in only about 30% of cases. PMID- 6654622 TI - Socioeconomic effects of ankylosing spondylitis in females: a comparison of 25 female with 25 male subjects. AB - 25 men and 25 women with ankylosing spondylitis were interviewed, using a structural questionnaire, covering a profile of the disease and of socioeconomic areas. Particular attention was paid to sexual activity, pregnancy and child rearing. Significant problems in most areas asked about were found, although childbearing was not curtailed. Tiredness was responsible for a lot of disability but the women managed housework reasonably well and also had a fairly good employment record. PMID- 6654623 TI - Inhibition of gastric acid secretion in conscious dog with fistula following intragastric administration of FPL 52694. AB - The effects of a mast cell stabilizing agent, FPL 52694, on gastric acid secretion have been investigated in conscious dogs with gastric fistulae. This drug, given by intragastric instillation, inhibited acid output in response to submaximal infusions of pentagastrin and of histamine. A prolonged and significant fall in the acid concentration of the gastric juice was also observed. In the same animals, secretory inhibition by cimetidine was not accompanied by a sustained fall in acid concentration. The inhibition of histamine-induced secretion makes it unlikely that these effects of FPL 52694 are due to prevention of endogenous histamine release. PMID- 6654625 TI - Gastric cytoprotective effects of vitamin A and other carotenoids. AB - The effects of vitamin A and some carotenoids (beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, capsorubin, capsanthin, capsanthol and lycopene) were studied (a) on the development of acute gastric mucosal lesions produced by topical application of 0.6 M HCl and (b) on gastric secretion in 4-h pylorus-ligated rats. It was found (a) that vitamin A, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein significantly inhibited the development of gastric mucosal lesions produced by 0.6 M HCl, while capsorubin, capsanthin, capsanthol and lycopene failed to prevent the development of such lesions; and (b) that vitamin A, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein, i.e., the carotenoids which exerted a cytoprotective effect, had no inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion in 4-h pylorus-ligated rats. The possible relationship between chemical structure and gastric cytoprotection is discussed. PMID- 6654624 TI - The tripeptide ZAMI-420 inhibits thromboxane-induced gastric vasoconstriction and ischaemia. AB - The tripeptide ZAMI-420 has been shown by Gervasi et al. (4) to be able to prevent experimentally-induced gastric damage, possibly by interfering with the synthesis and the action of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregator. Further studies on a canine stomach wedge preparation, supplied with a fixed flow of 10 ml/min-1 of arterial blood from the same dog have been designed to investigate this hypothesis. Bolus injection of arachidonic acid (AA) through a 30-sec incubation coil that allows the production of TXA2 resulted in a dose-related increase in resistance to flow in the stomach wedge vasculature and blanching of the gastric mucosa. This was progressively inhibited by ZAMI-420 perfused through the delay coil. Similar results were obtained with 1 benzylimidazole (BI). ZAMI-420, but not BI, produced a partial inhibition of TXA2 induced vasoconstriction when infused close to the stomach. Investigations of the antagonistic action of ZAMI-420 on the pharmacological effect of the formed TXA2 were carried out using strips of celiac and mesenteric artery from rabbits and gastric artery from dogs. Preincubation of these vascular preparations with ZAMI 420 led to progressive inhibition of the contraction induced either by the stable endoperoxide U-46619 or by CaCl2. Whittle et al. (3) reported that TXA2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of ulcerative disorders of the stomach; if so, both the inhibition of the synthesis and the antagonism of TXA2-induced effects could be of value in the prevention of experimentally-induced gastric disorders. PMID- 6654626 TI - Cytoprotective effect of vitamin A and its clinical importance in the treatment of patients with chronic gastric ulcer. AB - The effects of vitamin A were studied on the basal and maximal gastric secretory responses of 12 patients; and on healing in 60 patients with chronic gastric ulcer. The effect of vitamin A on ulcer healing was evaluated by a multiclinical, multicentre, randomized, prospective study in which the patients were divided into three groups. In group A the patients were treated with antacids only; in group B the patients were given antacids plus vitamin A (in doses of 3 X 50.000 U orally); and in group C the patients received antacids, vitamin A plus cyproheptadine (in doses of 3 X 4 mg orally). The treatment lasted four weeks. At the beginning and the end of treatment endoscopies were performed and ulcer sizes were measured planimetrically. Various other parameters such as ulcer index, antacid consumption and laboratory parameters were also evaluated during the four week treatment. It was observed that: (i) vitamin A (given in doses of 100.000 U i.m.) decreased neither basal nor maximal gastric secretory responses; (ii) the number of patients with completely healed gastric ulcer was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in groups B and C than in group A; (iii) the extent of ulcer reduction was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in groups B and C than in group A; (iv) no significant changes were observed in ulcer index and antacid consumption during the four-week treatment in the different groups of patients; (v) the reduction of ulcer size was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) in the group treated with antacids plus vitamin A than in the group treated with antacids only, at two weeks of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654627 TI - Effect of the combinations atropine + cyproheptadine and atropine + carbenoxolone in duodenal ulcer therapy. AB - Prospective randomized studies were carried out in 136 endoscopically verified duodenal ulcer patients to evaluate the healing effects of the following four week courses of treatment: placebo, atropine (3 X 0.66 mg), carbenoxolone (3 X 100-3 X 50 mg), atropine + cyproheptadine (3 X 4 mg), atropine + carbenoxolone. Antacid powder was also supplied for relief of symptoms as required. Ulcer healing (incidence and planimetrically calculated surface), changes in complaints, antacid consumption and subjective and objective side-effects were evaluated during each type of treatment. The effectiveness of the different treatments were compared according to these points. The results showed: (i) that atropine, atropine + cyproheptadine and carbenoxolone all had good ulcer healing effects (75%, 74%, 62% respectively), according to incidence; (ii) that the atropine + carbenoxolone combination did not have a better healing effect (44%) than placebo (41%); (iii) that there were no significant differences among the planimetrically calculated ulcer healing effects during the different types of treatment; (iv) that the earliest diminution in complaints the greatest increase in body weight were found in the atropine + cyproheptadine group; (v) that there were no objective side-effects during the four-week treatment periods; and (vi) that definite subjective side-effects were observable only in the two atropine treated groups. The findings led to the conclusion that the atropine + cyproheptadine combination is of value for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, while the atropine + carbenoxolone combination presents no practical advantages. PMID- 6654628 TI - Asymmetric renograms in the course of acute renal failure following differences in initial renal damage and/or recovery. A study by sequential renography in three selected cases. AB - The recovery of kidney function during the course of acute renal failure was studied by sequential renography in three surviving patients. The restitution of renal function, although finally complete on both sides, initially occurred earlier on one side than on the other. Two cases had duplicity of the renal pelvis on one side; recovery of renal function occurred later on the side of this abnormality. PMID- 6654629 TI - Venous imprint on the superior infundibulum. An unusual pyelographic appearance. AB - Venous imprints on the upper urinary tract are common urographic findings but are rarely documented by renal angiography. The authors describe an unusual urographic appearance of a vascular imprint on the superior infundibulum due to a normal venous trunk. In this case retrograde phlebography was performed for a complete diagnosis. PMID- 6654630 TI - The association of congenital megaureter and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. AB - Megaureter and ureteropelvic junction obstruction are not uncommon urinary tract congenital abnormalities. While each has been known to be associated with other urogenital anomalies, their association together is rarely reported. This report will describe the diagnosis and management of such a case. PMID- 6654631 TI - Urethral obstruction and prostatitis. AB - Urethral destruction is only occasionally the reason for prostatitis and Cowperitis and prostatitis is only demonstrated occasionally to complicate urethral stricture. It is a dependence of prostatitis and spastic urethral obstruction in the neuropathic bladder. PMID- 6654632 TI - The concentration of zinc in relation to fundamental elements in the diseased human prostate. AB - Studies of the composition of prostatic tissue revealed significant decreases not only of the zinc but also of the potassium concentration, in the cancerous tissue, whereas the nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations were within normal limits. The composition of hyperplastic prostatic tissue was similar to the normal except for a tendency towards decreased nitrogen concentration. PMID- 6654633 TI - Urinary hydroxyproline levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma. AB - In this study daily urinary hydroxyproline (HOP) levels were evaluated in 26 patients with advanced prostatic cancer and 15 patients with BPH. In patients with prostatic cancer--the ones with bone metastases proved by bone scanning- urinary HOP levels were found to be 69.58 mg/l/day and in those without metastases the levels amounted to 22.55 mg/l/day. In patients with BPH, serving as controls, urinary HOP was 12.80 mg/l/day. Urinary HOP Levels in cancer patients were statistically higher than in the control group. This difference was even more significant in patients with bone metastases. The method detects small metastatic foci of low activity, therefore it may be used also in smaller centres and for effective monitoring of therapy. PMID- 6654634 TI - Aldolase and adenosine deaminase activity in lymphocytes of patients with glomerulonephritis. AB - Studies on the adenosine deaminase (ADA) and aldolase activities in lymphocytes were performed in 67 patients with glomerulonephritis (gn) and in 20 healthy individuals from the control group to get an insight into the lymphocyte metabolism. Statistically significant decrease of ADA activity was found in the groups of patients with chronic proliferative gn, membranoproliferative gn, membranous gn and lupus nephritis in comparison with the healthy individuals from the control group. As far as decrease of aldolase activity is concerned it has reached statistical significance in patients with mesangial gn, membranoproliferative gn, membranous gn and lupus nephritis. The lymphocyte metabolism did not show any abnormalities in the enzymatic indicators only in patients with acute proliferative gn and submicroscopic gn. The activity comparison between both enzymes in the lymphocytes, contrasted on the basis of high and low clinical dynamics of gn, revealed a tendency to lower ADA and aldolase activities in patients with high clinical dynamics. However, this difference was at the limit of statistical significance (p less than or equal to 0.10). PMID- 6654635 TI - Study of trace elements in patients on haemodialysis. AB - The serum aluminium, zinc, copper, iron and cadmium levels were studied in patients on haemodialysis, by the atomic absorption method and spectrophotometry. The serum concentrations of zinc and copper were found to decrease with the frequency of dialysis treatments, while the serum levels of iron and aluminium increased. Referred to the time elapsed since the start of the dialysis programme, the serum concentrations of zinc decreased, while those of iron, copper and aluminium increased. Attention is drawn to published observations pointing to the hazard of aluminium intoxication and to the symptoms and consequences of copper and zinc deficiency. PMID- 6654636 TI - Aqueous outflow pathway complex carbohydrate synthesis in vitro. AB - A technique is described for examining the in vitro synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins in the aqueous outflow pathway (AOP). New Zealand red rabbit eyes were maintained at near-physiologic conditions and were infused by anterior chamber exchange with 30 muCi [3H] glucosamine and 100 muCi [35S] sulfate. At 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 hours, the anterior segment tissues were dissected, isolated, and fractionated by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-50 columns. The elution profiles demonstrated an increase of labeled material with time in the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) fractions and in the glycopeptide fractions. The relative rate of synthesis of labeled material was: central cornea greater than peripheral cornea greater than iris-ciliary body greater than AOP greater than anterior sclera. In order to characterize the profiles of each tissue, the isolated material was analyzed for hexosamine, hexuronic acid, and sulfate. The AOP cells synthesized a heterogenous mixture of GAGs and glycoproteins which biochemically appeared to be distinct from other anterior segment tissues. In addition, the percent distribution of GAG polymers in each tissue was determined by selective GAG degradative procedures and by gel filtration chromatography. The AOP cells synthesized four types of GAGs, and the percent distribution of the labeled GAGs was different from the other tissues. The present results suggest that this technique may provide a well-controlled method to probe the metabolic activity of complex carbohydrates in the AOP and in the anterior segment. PMID- 6654637 TI - Regional optic nerve blood flow and its autoregulation. AB - An autoradiographic method (14C-iodoantipyrine autoradiography) was used to measure regional optic nerve blood flow (ONBF) under basal conditions in 11 adult female cats. Flow was measured in six regions of the optic nerve: (1) prelaminar, (2) laminar, (3) 1 mm post-laminar, (4) 4 mm post-laminar, (5) 6 mm post-laminar, and (6) intracranial optic nerve and chiasm. A gradient of flow rates was found with relatively high flow in the prelaminar, laminar, and 1-mm post-laminar optic nerve, and significantly lower flow in the 4- and 6-mm post-laminar nerve and in the intracranial optic nerve and chiasm. Blood flow in the 4- and 6-mm post laminar nerve and in the intracranial nerve and chiasm was comparable to previously reported values for cerebral white matter in the cat. With alteration of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), optic nerve blood flow demonstrated autoregulatory compensation in all areas. PMID- 6654638 TI - Spatial characteristics of static and dynamic stereoacuity in strabismus. AB - The spatial and temporal organization of stereoscopic depth perception were compared in normal and strabismic observers. The minimum and maximum disparities for stimulating static and dynamic stereopsis in strabismus were examined as a function of spatial separation of disparate stimuli. Disparities and their spacing were produced by spatial modulation of two vertical lines viewed haploscopically. Most strabismics had normal upper disparity limits but elevated static and dynamic stereothresholds. Moderate stereothreshold elevations (100 arc sec) were constant for spatial separations greater than 15 arc min. Two new types of spatial crowding effects upon stereopsis were observed. The first type resulted from the constant elevation of the disparity threshold. The second type consisted of a reduced maximum disparity limit for stereopsis. In both cases, the constriction of the range of perceivable depth produced a reduction in the spatial and temporal frequency limits for depth perception. Clinical tests of stereoacuity that crowd stimuli closer than 0.25 degree underestimated the strabismic patients' potential stereoacuities by a factor of 2 to 4. Similarly, tests of dynamic stereopsis that use temporal frequencies greater than 1 Hz will underestimate optimal dynamic stereoacuity. PMID- 6654640 TI - Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal carbenicillin, cefazolin, and gentamicin in rhesus monkeys. AB - Although intravitreal injection of antibiotics is being used more widely in treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis, the pharmacokinetic principles that underlie such therapy have been derived exclusively from experiments in the rabbit. Therefore, we studied several representative antibiotics in normal eyes of rhesus monkeys. Carbenicillin (1,000 micrograms), cefazolin (1,000 micrograms), or gentamicin (100 micrograms) was injected intravitreally. Vitreous and aqueous humors were aspirated at intervals up to 96 hours after injection. The half-life values in the vitreous humor were: carbenicillin 10 hours, cefazolin 7 hours, and gentamicin 33 hours. Concomitant intraperitoneal administration of probenecid prolonged the vitreal half-life of carbenicillin to 20 hours and of cefazolin to 30 hours. The estimated vitreous volumes in these monkeys were approximately 3.0-4.0 ml. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in primates as in rabbits, beta-lactam antibiotics are eliminated via the retinal route and the aminoglycoside via the anterior route. This supports the applicability of the rabbit model to the treatment of endophthalmitis in humans. PMID- 6654639 TI - The nystagmus blockage syndrome. Congenital nystagmus, manifest latent nystagmus, or both? AB - We have carefully studied, by quantitative oculography, a patient with the nystagmus blockage syndrome (NBS), and two patients with a similar disorder of eye movements that might be mistaken clinically for NBS. Our recordings revealed two distinctly different abnormalities present in a single patient with NBS. Our NBS patient exhibited congenital nystagmus (CN) waveforms when viewing at distance; the CN did not damp with convergence on a near target. When the patient allowed one eye to become esotropic, however, the nystagmus damped considerably and abruptly changed from CN to manifest latent nystagmus (MLN). This peculiar transition from CN to MLN has not been described previously. The appearance of MLN in a case with ongoing CN suggests that two different mechanisms may underlie NBS, since the only other case documented with eye movement recordings showed no transition to MLN. Because the diagnosis of NBS usually is made on evidence of clinical signs alone, it is probable that these two types have been combined indiscriminately and presented as one syndrome. In addition, our discovery of two mechanisms discernable only by quantitative recording suggests that NBS has been diagnosed inappropriately in patients with clinically similar but oculographically different eye signs. Further quantitative studies are required to fully define NBS and to determine if these are the only two mechanisms found in this syndrome. PMID- 6654641 TI - Subconjunctival versus intravenous cytosine arabinoside: effect of route of administration and ocular toxicity. AB - The ocular penetration, elimination, and toxicity of equidose cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) (37.5 mg/kg) following subconjunctival versus intravenous injection were compared in rabbits. Drug levels were measured at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours in serum, urine, and ocular compartments. Following subconjunctival administration, the peak concentration of Ara-C in the anterior chamber was 15 times and in the vitreous twice that obtained following intravenous administration. Drug levels obtained were considered high enough to be effective in inhibiting the growth of selected tumor lines. The cumulative urinary excretion over 12 hours was 67% and 70% for the subconjunctivally and intravenously injected animals, respectively, and peak serum levels were 0.061 mM and 0.170 mM, respectively. Clinical and histologic toxicity following subconjunctival injection was minimal, and no bone marrow suppression was detected at the dose level administered. PMID- 6654643 TI - Coagulation properties of intraocular humors and cerebrospinal fluid. AB - Clinical observations indicated a prompt cessation of episcleral capillary bleeding after exposure of those tissues to aqueous humor during intraocular surgery. Based on this observation, both aqueous and vitreous humors were obtained from eyes provided by an eye bank and from human eyes prior to intraocular surgery. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid also were obtained from two patients, one with optic atrophy and another with nutritional amblyopia. A total of 49 specimens were studied. Aqueous humor shortened the average ear lobe puncture bleeding time from 4.74 +/- 0.2 to 1.13 +/- 0.1 minutes. Varying dilutions of aqueous humor, up to a dilution of 1:16, shortened prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times when compared with normal control plasma without aqueous. Vitreous humor shortened partial thromboplastin time but had no effect on prothrombin time. The effect of cerebrospinal fluid on prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times was similar to the aqueous, but to a lesser degree. PMID- 6654642 TI - Glucocorticoid target cells in human outflow pathway: autopsy and surgical specimens. AB - Target cells for glucocorticoids were found in trabeculectomy specimens obtained surgically from humans with glaucoma (primary and secondary) and from nonglaucomatous autopsy eyes using an autoradiographic technique. Specific nuclear localization of 3H-dexamethasone was found in cells of the trabecular meshwork, scleral fibroblasts, and in the endothelial lining of both Schlemm's canal and the outflow vessels. Glucocorticoids may alter the outflow facility by a direct effect on the metabolism of these cells. The autoradiographic method is suitable for studying competitors of glucocorticoid binding in small surgical specimens of human tissue involved in the outflow of aqueous humor. PMID- 6654644 TI - Coronaviridae. AB - The family Coronaviridae comprises a monogeneric group of 11 viruses which infect vertebrates. The main characteristics of the member viruses are: (i) Morphological: Enveloped pleomorphic particles typically 100 nm in diameter (range 60-220 nm), bearing about 20 nm long club-shaped surface projections. (ii) Structural: A single-stranded infectious molecule of genomic RNA of about (5-7) X 10(6) molecular weight. A phosphorylated nucleocapsid protein [mol. wt. (50-60) X 10(3)] complexed with the genome as a helical ribonucleoprotein; a surface (peplomer) protein, associated with one or two glycosylated polypeptides [mol. wt. (90-180) X 10(3)]; a transmembrane (matrix) protein, associated with one polypeptide which may be glycosylated to different degrees [mol. wt. (20-35) X 10(3)]. (iii) Replicative: Production in infected cells of multiple 3' coterminal subgenomic mRNAs extending for different lengths in the 5' direction. Virions bud intracytoplasmically. (iv) Antigenic: 3 major antigens, each corresponding to one class of virion protein. (v) Biological: Predominantly restricted to infection of natural vertebrate hosts by horizontal transmission via the fecal/oral route. Responsible main for respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. PMID- 6654645 TI - Regulation of spermidine acetyltransferase activity by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. AB - Spermidine acetyltransferase activity is more than 10-fold higher in the pancreas of a 20-hr-fasted than in that of a fed chicken. The preparation of the fed bird inactivates the other. The effect is due to a thermolabile component of microsomes, and is also obtained with alkaline phosphatase. The inactivated preparation partially recovers its activity through phosphorylation catalyzed by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The results presented strongly suggest that spermidine acetyltransferase activity is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. PMID- 6654646 TI - A kinetic approach to the evaluation of alkaline phosphatase inactivation by urea. AB - A kinetic approach is described which enables the measurement of the enzyme inactivation rate constant during the reaction course. A mathematical analysis is presented and it is shown that a time-dependent step may be postulated to exist. Reaction kinetics follow an exponential rule with time as the independent variable and enzymatic activity as the dependent variable. A simple procedure of graphical analysis is reported and the influence on the inactivation rate constant of various conditions (temperature and inhibitor concentration) is evaluated. The method is illustrated by an experimental model: the inactivation of bovine kidney alkaline phosphatase by urea. PMID- 6654647 TI - Interaction between alkaline phosphatase and ascorbic acid by fluorescence and absorption studies. AB - Very low amounts of ascorbic acid modify alkaline phosphatase fluorescence, absorption and enzymatic activity. A strong quenching of enzyme, tryptophan and tyrosine emission together with evident alterations of the protein absorption characteristics are observed. The catalytic activity inhibition probably reflects a perturbation of the active site environment due to the interaction of ascorbic acid with enzyme aminoacyl residues. PMID- 6654648 TI - A new approach to the biochemical mechanisms of macrophages: continuous human macrophage cell lines. AB - Macrophages are biologically complex cells that play a fundamental role in host defense from micro-organisms and tumor cells. Most of the biochemical mechanisms underlying their functions are still unknown. One of the macrophage functions that should be studied and understood at the molecular level is cytotoxicity toward tumor cells. Macrophage-like continuous cell lines of human origin cultured in vitro begin to be developed, and represent a new and possibly fruitful approach to the study of biochemical reactions at the basis of macrophage behaviour. PMID- 6654649 TI - Dansylcadaverine and rimantadine inhibition of phagocytosis, PAF-acether release, and phosphatidylcholine synthesis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - The effect of dansylcadaverine, amantadine, and rimantadine on phagocytosis, release of PAF-acether, phospholipid methylation, and phosphatidylcholine formation by the cholinephosphotransferase pathway was assessed in human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes. All of the drugs induced a dose dependent and reversible inhibition in the uptake of complement-coated zymosan particles as well as a reduction in the release of PAF-acether. Simultaneously, a marked reduction in the formation of phosphatidylcholine was observed. This was also dose-dependent and reversible, and showed this order of potency: dansylcadaverine greater than rimantadine greater than amantadine. Dansylcadaverine reduced phospholipid methylation to a lesser extent than the cholinephosphotransferase pathway. These data show that drugs that block receptor mediated endocytosis inhibit the response of the human polymorphonuclear cell and suggest that this action may be mediated by their actions on phospholipid metabolism. PMID- 6654650 TI - Cervical myelopathy. Technique and results of spinal cord decompression by lateral laminectomy. AB - The Authors describe the technique of lateral laminectomy devised by Gui in 1965 for the treatment of cervical myelopathy secondary to cervical spondylosis. Spinal cord decompression is obtained by a lateral laminectomy with the maximum saving of bone, ligaments and muscles of the cervical spine. CAT scan demonstrated very well the effective decompression of the spinal cord achieved with this technique. The results of 87 cases treated in this way between 1968 and 1980 are reported. The average follow-up was 2.5 years. There was an improvement in the neurological symptoms in 82% of the cases. PMID- 6654651 TI - Leg lengthening by closed metaphyseal corticotomy. AB - A new method of limb lengthening is presented which can be used after closure of the epiphyses. It consists of interruption of the cortex by a closed technique at the metaphyseal level through a 1 cm incision. Fixation and progressive distraction are achieved by means of a special encircling external fixation device using crossed wires under tension. The rationale and technique are described and the results are reported and illustrated. These show that the method is more reliable, quicker and has fewer complications than the standard techniques. PMID- 6654652 TI - Surface replacement hip arthroplasty with the Freeman double cup. AB - The authors report their clinical experience with 43 hip arthroplasties using Freeman's double femoral cup. The patients were followed up from 3 to 6 years after operation. At that time, only 44% were totally free from pain, while migration of the femoral cup, which was severe and progressive, was observed radiographically in almost half the cases. In 3 cases it was possible to study histologically the stump of the neck of the femur and the zone of contact between femoral bone and cement. Biomechanical studies were also performed with photo elastic models, using the technique of finite elements. These studies indicated overloading on contact between the edge of the femoral cup and the cortical bone (especially medially), but without any load over the whole of the spongy bone. Consequently there was bone resorption in the overload zone and osteoporosis in the spongy bone. The femoral cup rapidly became unstable, and this produced progressive migration, thus constituting a vicious circle. PMID- 6654653 TI - The treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children by closed reduction and fixation with percutaneous Kirschner wires. AB - The results are reported of 50 consecutive cases of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children treated by closed reduction and fixation by two parallel percutaneous Kirschner wires. A classification based on clinical and radiological findings is proposed. This is orientated both to treatment and prognosis. The technique of fixation is described and the results of four years experience of this method are reported. The long term results confirm the validity of the method, which has undoubted advantages over traditional methods. Early treatment is essential in cases with neurological or vascular complications. PMID- 6654654 TI - Pathogenesis and treatment of certain fatigue fractures of the neck of the femur. AB - During the unipedal phase of walking, it has been shown (Fischer, Fick & Pauwels) that the forces acting on the hip obey the fundamental laws of mechanics and can be calculated and graphically recorded fairly precisely. In these circumstances, the bones, muscles and tendons act reciprocally in such a way as to achieve the best possible motor unit, a complex machine designed to achieve the maximum work with the minimum material and the minimum expenditure of energy. This explains why, if the bones undergo changes in form or structure, complicated pathogenetic mechanisms are invoked which are interdependent and therefore give rise to disabling symptoms and/or fatigue fractures. This is illustrated in the cases presented in the present report. PMID- 6654655 TI - Functional bracing in lower limb fractures. AB - This paper reports the experience of treating 198 fractures of the femoral shaft and 154 fractures of the tibial shaft in a cast brace. Cast bracing allows early weight bearing on a fractured limb, rapid bone healing, avoids post-operative infection and minimises the incidence of joint stiffness - the so-called "fracture disease". The advantages of early ambulation and freedom of joint movement is much appreciated by patients. Satisfactory functional results were achieved in 96% of the femoral shaft fractures treated in a cast brace. This method has been used in ipsilateral femoral shaft and femoral neck fractures, and ipsilateral femoral and tibial shaft fractures with satisfactory results. Functional bracing has been equally successful in treating fractures of the tibial shaft. The incidence of delayed union in tibial shaft fractures was 1.94%, significantly lower than reported in the literature. PMID- 6654656 TI - Pathogenesis of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. AB - After reviewing the most widely accredited theories on pathogenesis advanced up to now, the authors report the results of a histological histochemical and ultrastructural study of the upper femoral epiphysis in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. They conclude that the primary lesion is probably a dysplastic change in the epiphyseal cartilage. PMID- 6654657 TI - Fracture of the shaft of the femur at the apex of the stem of a femoral prosthesis. AB - Five cases are described of fracture of the femoral shaft at the apex of the prosthetic stem of a femoral prosthesis. Four were treated by compression fixation using a specially modified plate. In the fifth case the prosthesis was loose so it was replaced using a femoral component with an elongated stem to fix the fracture. The author suggests a hypothesis to explain such fractures, which are by no means a rare complication of arthroprosthesis of the hip. PMID- 6654658 TI - Long term results in traumatic dislocation of the hip in children. AB - The long term results of 14 cases of traumatic dislocation of the hip in children are reviewed. The follow-up period was from 10 to 30 years, which in all but 2 cases involved attaining skeletal maturity. The following observations are recorded. The lesion can be produced by comparatively minor trauma; the prognosis is more benign than in adults; prolonged restriction of weight bearing does not play any significant role in the development of complications, particularly in children under the age of 6. Late complications are essentially related to the severity of the initial trauma than to early or late weight bearing. PMID- 6654659 TI - Human knee ligaments: mechanical tests and ultrastructural observations. AB - The authors carried out mechanical tests on the collateral and cruciate ligaments of the human knee, using two different types of apparatus. They report and discuss the results of these tests relative to loads, stiffness and deformations. They also describe the electron microscopic findings in samples taken from above and below the macroscopic rupture. These observations are compared with those made in samples from unstressed ligaments. PMID- 6654660 TI - The synovial plica syndrome of the knee. Pathology, differential diagnosis and treatment. AB - The authors describe the "Synovial Plica Syndrome", one of the lesser known and therefore often overlooked painful conditions of the knee. It is due to the persistence of remnants of the embryonic synovial septa which are normally innocuous but in certain circumstances (usually of mechanical origin) can undergo inflammatory changes resulting in fibrosis. This produces a clinical picture with characteristic and distinctive features. The anatomical and pathogenic aspects are described and the differential diagnosis and possible lines of treatment are discussed and illustrated. If the diagnosis is made early, the results of treatment are excellent. PMID- 6654661 TI - Arthroscopy of the shoulder joint (technique). AB - The results are reported of using different telescopes and different approaches in arthroscopy of the shoulder joint. This joint is particularly suitable for arthroscopic investigation and its use will no doubt increase considerably in the near future because of its considerable potential as an aid to diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 6654662 TI - Peroneal paralysis due to exostosis of the fibula. Report of 2 cases. AB - Exostoses in certain situations such as the armpit or the popliteal region, can cause vascular or neurological compression syndromes. Exostoses of the neck of the fibula can in this way produce late paralysis of the peroneal nerve. Two such cases are presented in young patients, in whom the neurological damage was produced by increased growth distally of the neoplasm. PMID- 6654663 TI - Maffucci's syndrome. Report of 3 cases and review of the literature. AB - Maffucci's syndrome is a rare condition which is not hereditary. It is manifested by multiple chondromata associated with subcutaneous angiomata. Up to now only 109 cases have been reported in the literature. Malignant degeneration is reported in about 15% of cases. The authors present 3 more cases, in one of which sarcomatous degeneration occurred in one of the chondromata. PMID- 6654664 TI - The insanity defense in retreat. PMID- 6654665 TI - Should sponsors screen for moral values? PMID- 6654666 TI - 'I want to see my mother's picture!'. PMID- 6654667 TI - Ten whistleblowers and how they fared. PMID- 6654668 TI - No "shortcomings" in commission's report. PMID- 6654669 TI - Challenging the challengers of Szasz's psychiatric will. PMID- 6654670 TI - Should the patient's rights depend on the treatment? PMID- 6654671 TI - The epidemiology of ciguatera fish poisoning in Hawaii, 1975-1981. PMID- 6654672 TI - SHAPE, dementia and clinical experience. PMID- 6654673 TI - Psychotropic drug prescribing in a psychogeriatric unit. PMID- 6654674 TI - Soft tissue infections in drug abusers presenting to an accident and emergency department. PMID- 6654676 TI - A survey of 3,392 earmoulds in Scottish schools by the Scottish Association for the Deaf. PMID- 6654675 TI - Reasons for admission to hospital and complications in children with measles. PMID- 6654677 TI - Chronic ulcers of the leg: a study of prevalence in a Scottish community. PMID- 6654678 TI - Maternal deaths in Scotland 1979 and 1980. PMID- 6654679 TI - Studies on long-term outcome in patients in the Scottish Automated Follow-up Registrar. PMID- 6654680 TI - Fat absorption in patients with surgically repaired biliary atresia. AB - The degree of fat absorption was studied in 4 patients with unrepaired biliary atresia and 11 with repaired biliary atresia (6 with mild jaundice, 5 with no jaundice). The percent absorption was conspicuously reduced in unrepaired patients (mean 30%, range 21 to 39%), moderately reduced in repaired patients with mild jaundice (mean 78%, range 67 to 89%), and completely normal in repaired patients with no jaundice (mean 93%, range 89 to 97%). The excretion pattern of main fecal fatty acids in unrepaired patients was very different from that of normal controls, low in stearic and high in oleic, but very similar to the pattern of fatty acids contained in ingested milk. In repaired patients with mild or no jaundice the pattern was an intermediate one between those of normal controls and unrepaired patients. The effect of medium-chain triglycerides on fat absorption was favorable in repaired patients with mild jaundice, but not in those with no jaundice. There was an inverse correlation between fat absorption and 15 min indocyanine green retention value. PMID- 6654681 TI - [Elevated prolactin reserves in gonadal dysgenesis and agonadism]. AB - Prolactin-reserve before and after TRH-stimulation was studied in 12 patients with gonadal dysgenesis and 2 children with agonadism. 7 patients (50%) had moderately increased basal PRL levels and 13 (93%) showed exaggerated PRL responses to TRH at 30 min. The increased prolactin-reserve was independent of age and karyotype of our patients. Cause and significance of this observation remains to be clarified. It is speculated that elevated PRL-levels could be only a side-effect of hypergonadotropism in hypo- and agonadal subjects. PMID- 6654682 TI - CSF protein values in infants and children. AB - Total protein, albumin and gamma-globulin values were determined in CSF of 139 children. They had been referred to the emergency department of the Children's Hospital of the University of Berne during the last year because of suspected meningitis which, however, was not confirmed. In newborns and infants the normal range of protein values was wide, 0.1-0.65 g/l. It fell to minimal values at age 3-4 years, and increased gradually thereafter to adult levels which were reached at age 6-8 years. The observed changes during early childhood are mainly due to variations in the albumine fraction. The results are different from the ones reported by Ammon and Richterich [1] who claimed constantly falling protein levels during childhood up to adult values. Similar results in comparison to ours were obtained by other laboratories using the same method [6,7]. Our study therefore supports the usefulness of Bradford's [2] method for routine CSF work up. PMID- 6654684 TI - Choanal atresia. Report of seventeen cases. AB - Seventeen cases of choanal atresia are presented, of which 13 were female and 4 male. In 11 patients the malformation was bilateral, being unilateral in the remaining 6; 8 patients also presented other malformations amongst which esophageal atresia and congenital heart disease were the most common. Treatment is surgical, and the prognosis depends largely on the presence or absence of associated malformations. PMID- 6654683 TI - A comparative study of digoxin levels by radioimmunoassay micromethod in capillary and venous blood samples in children. AB - In a group of 30 digitalized children, we compared the digoxin levels in capillary and venous plasma samples, both of which were obtained simultaneously from each child. We statistically concluded that the venous plasma samples could surely be replaced by capillary plasma samples for measurements of plasma digoxin levels without any significant difference. Additionally, we showed that storing the capillary plasma samples at room temperature for 3 days did not lead to any significant change in digoxin levels. This is an important point for the hospitals and practitioners who do not have their own possibilities for digoxin determination. PMID- 6654685 TI - Congenital choanal atresia: the postoperative care. AB - A case of congenital bilateral bony choanal atresia treated by surgery is reported. A new method of insertion and retention of the modelling tubes to prevent stenosis is described. This method has the following advantages: 1. it provides a good insertion and retention of the modelling tubes; 2. it doesn't provoke any trauma of the nasal septum, soft palate and nostril; 3. the insertion of the tubes doesn't require general anesthesia; 4. it's well tolerated. PMID- 6654686 TI - [Combination of a Shwachman syndrome and a complex granulocyte function disorder in a girl]. AB - We report the case of a 1-year-old girl with the typical symptoms of Shwachman syndrome: neutropenia, insufficiency of the exocrine pancreas, and metaphyseal dysostosis. The clinical course is complicated by recurrent infections caused by the neutropenia and an additional defect of granulocyte function. We demonstrate a severe defect of chemotactic activity as well as a disturbance of the intracellular oxidative metabolism leading to defective killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. PMID- 6654687 TI - Prepubertal gynecomastia following topical inunction of estrogen containing ointment. AB - A six and a half-year-old boy was investigated for prepubertal gynecomastia and hyperpigmentation of the skin. The biological, clinical and radiological work-up did not reveal any endocrinological or tumoral cause. It was incidentally noticed that the patient's sister presented with similar clinical signs which could be related to an estrogen containing ointment. Long-term follow-up of the boy showed complete but delayed regression of the gynecomastia and persistence of hyperpigmentation. His sister developed later on a normal puberty. PMID- 6654688 TI - Rigid spine syndrome. Some evidence of varying pathological patterns. AB - Rigid spine syndrome is a rare disorder supposed to be myopathic in origin, its major histologic abnormality being apparently a proliferation of connective tissue. A case of this syndrome observed in a 8-year-old girl with a progressive and rapidly fatal course is reported. Examination of nerve conduction velocity suggested a neurogenic rather than a myopathic impairment. Muscle biopsy disclosed nonspecific findings, such as fibre size variation, few streamings, but no proliferation of connective tissue. A review of the cases presented in the literature let us suppose that this syndrome is a complex clinical disorder probably secondary to varying pathological processes. PMID- 6654689 TI - The management of siblings with familial hypophosphatemic rickets. AB - Two siblings (boy and girl) born to a mother with familial hypophosphatemic rickets had abnormal values of serum phosphorus and serum alkaline phosphatase at the age of six weeks. At this age therapy with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha OHD3) and phosphate was started resulting in both siblings having normal growth of body length and radiological healing of the bone lesions but persistently low values of fasting serum phosphorus during the time of observation up to 60 and 26 months of age, respectively. Phosphate and 1 alpha OHD3 have a positive influence on serum phosphorus through their effect on the intestine. Neither of the patients developed hypercalcaemia during treatment. It seems, therefore, that the early administration of 1 alpha OHD3 with phosphate in infants with familial hypophosphatemic rickets prevents dwarfism and has a positive effect on intestinal absorption of phosphorus but not on fasting hypophosphatemia. PMID- 6654690 TI - Niemann-Pick disease: lipid storage in bone marrow macrophages. AB - A histochemical study of lipids in bone marrow smears was performed in a series of 15 cases of Niemann-Pick disease (NPD). It revealed significant differences in the amount of lipids stored in macrophages of sphingomyelinase (SMase) deficiency (types A, B) and type C. Early deposition of uniform, anisotropic droplets of sphingomyelin (Maltese-cross birefringence) in lysosomes was a feature of a 9 member group of SMase deficiency (types A, B). The type C group (six cases) was characterized by a remarkable difference in the degree of phospholipid, mainly sphingomyelin, deposition. The total amount of phospholipids was small on average, and very often inversely proportional to pronounced structural storage changes. This indirect relationship was most prominent in the early phase of the disease and grew less prominent as the disease progressed further. The stored lipid was primarily isotropic. In longer lasting cases of both categories (SMase deficiency and type C) a considerable part of the storage cell population displayed ceroid deposition giving the appearance of a 'sea-blue histiocyte' independent of the type of NPD, but with definite predominance in SMase deficiency. The diagnostic value of the findings is discussed, and some pathogenetic conclusions suggested, particularly as regards type C. Lipid histochemistry of bone marrow smears is highly recommended as it represents a simple but highly efficient approach, capable of yielding valuable diagnostic information. PMID- 6654691 TI - Localization of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in the rat pituitary gland. AB - Experiments were conducted to determine the presence of two cholinergic biomarkers, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the rat pituitary. A histochemical procedure for AChE was used to provide visualization of structures containing this enzyme. Radiochemical methods provided a sensitive assay for measuring ChAT activity. Nerve fibres staining for AChE activity were observed in the neurointermediate lobe, with the greatest concentrations appearing at the junction region with the pituitary stalk. Cells staining for AChE were found in the pars distalis and pars intermedia. ChAT activity correlated well with AChE distribution in pars nervosa and pars intermedia but not in pars distalis. The greatest levels of ChAT activity were in pars intermedia and the region where the stalk joins the pituitary. Significant values were also found for the pars nervosa. The presence of AChE and ChAT in pars intermedia and pars nervosa is evidence for a cholinergic innervation to these regions. In pars distalis, where other investigators have found muscarinic receptors, intense staining for AChE and absence of ChAT activity may indicate non-innervated, acetylcholine-sensitive sites. PMID- 6654692 TI - Localization of lanthanum tracer in oral epithelium using transmission electron microscopy and the electron microprobe. AB - Although water soluble tracers have been used to localize intercellular permeability barriers with the transmission electron microscope, there is the possibility of translocation or loss of the tracer during processing. This study compares the localization of lanthanum tracer in keratinized oral epithelium after routine processing with lanthanum seen after using freeze drying to avoid aqueous fixation and dehydration. The electron probe was used to identify the lanthanum tracer in the tissue and to distinguish it from other electron-dense material. After incubating small biopsies of rat palate mucosa in 1% lanthanum nitrate, specimens were either routinely processed for electron microscopy or quick frozen, dehydrated, fixed in osmium vapour and infiltrated with epoxy resin. Examination in the transmission electron microscope indicated that preservation of the freeze dried tissue did not compare favourably with that of normally processed tissue, but the distribution of the electron-dense tracer in the intercellular spaces and the extent of the penetration through the epithelia was similar in the two types of preparations. Confirmation of the tracer as lanthanum was obtained by wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis with the electron probe. The results indicate that no appreciable shift in the localization of the tracer is introduced by routine aqueous fixation and dehydration for electron microscopic examination. PMID- 6654693 TI - What the textile-dyeing literature has to offer histochemists. PMID- 6654694 TI - Protein turnover in the elderly: a comparison between ill patients and normal controls. AB - Total body protein turnover was measured in a group of ill geriatric patients and compared with healthy elderly controls. The subjects were fed a liquid formula and a tracer dose of [15N]-glycine by nasogastric tube. Total body nitrogen flux and hence protein synthesis and breakdown rates were calculated from the abundance of 15N in urinary ammonia. Urinary creatinine excretion and plasma albumin were also measured. The ill subjects had significantly higher total body nitrogen flux (P less than 0.025), protein synthesis (P less than 0.025) and breakdown rates (P less than 0.025) and significantly lower plasma albumin (P less than 0.01) and 9-h creatinine excretion (P less than 0.01) than the control group. This increase in protein turnover in spite of a reduced muscle mass in the ill subjects appears to be mainly due to the effects of tissue trauma and inflammation. PMID- 6654695 TI - Effect of reduction of triacylglycerol level on fatty acid and glucose incorporation into human adipose tissue in type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia. AB - The fatty acid incorporation into adipose tissue (FIAT) and glucose incorporation into adipose tissue (GLIAT) have been measured in 11 patients suffering from Type IV hyperlipoproteinaemia during the hypertriglyceridaemic phase (HTG) and after normalization of triacylglycerol (TG) levels as a result of a diet which was adapted to the nutritional response of subjects. Results have been compared with those obtained in 10 reference subjects. During the HTG phase FIAT and GLIAT activities were significantly lower than in the case of reference subjects: FIAT (76.5 vs 185 nmol divided by 3/g adipose tissue/h, GLIAT (92.5 vs 208 nmol x2/g adipose tissue/h). After reduction of HTG, these activities increased in a significant way, FIAT (137.7 vs 76.5 nmol divided by 3/g/h) and GLIAT (160 vs 92.5 nmol X 2/g/h). These results agree with the hypothesis that the reduced incorporation of fatty acids and glucose into adipose tissue, measured in vitro, is partly due to the modification of the profile of lipoproteins and apoproteins related to hypertriglyceridaemia. PMID- 6654696 TI - Zinc depletion after small-bowel resections for Crohn's disease. AB - The serum concentration and the 24-h urinary excretion of zinc was studied in 87 consecutive out-patients with distal small-bowel resections (mean 104 cm) because of Crohn's disease. Muscle zinc concentration was determined in 55 of the patients. The 24-h urinary excretion decreased with increasing resection length. It was abnormally low in 13 per cent of the patients with resections shorter than 100 cm and in 44 per cent of the patients with major resections. Compared to healthy controls the concentration of zinc in fat-free dry muscle was significantly lower both in patients with moderate and extensive resections. The muscle zinc concentration was below normal in one-third of the patients with a distal small-bowel resection exceeding 100 cm. The concentration of zinc in serum was below normal range in 34 per cent and did not correlate to the zinc content in muscle. PMID- 6654697 TI - An evaluation of giving the Jamaican government school meal to a class of children. AB - We evaluated the effects of giving the standard Jamaican government school meal to a class of school children. Unlike many other school-feeding studies, this project was carefully controlled and carried out with undernourished children who had low levels of school attendance and achievement. In spite of this, no improvement was found in the children's nutritional status as reflected by weight for age. However, small benefits were found in attendance and school achievement. These findings remained when sex, age, improvements over the previous term, and the effects of 'benevolent attention' were taken into account. PMID- 6654698 TI - Effect of intravenous 3-hydroxybutyrate on postoperative nitrogen balance. AB - Thirty-two patients routinely admitted for cholecystectomy were allocated randomly to receive a post-operative fluid regimen containing either 18 g/d of sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate, or isoenergetic glucose, each for 3 d. The difference in the post-operative mean daily urinary nitrogen excretion between the control (median 8.3 g/d) and the 3-OH-butyrate groups (median 8.3 g/d) was not statistically significant, nor was there any difference when allowances were made for patient's surface area or for changes in blood urea during the course of the study. PMID- 6654699 TI - Localization of lectin receptors on bovine epididymal spermatozoa using a colloidal gold technique. AB - Mammalian spermatozoa that leave the testis are neither motile nor fertile. Maturation of spermatozoa occurs during epididymal transport. Among the changes during epididymal passage alterations of the surface properties of spermatozoa appear especially interesting. In this report we describe ultrastructural localization of Con A and WGA-binding sites on bovine spermatozoa from caput and cauda epididymides using a indirect lectin-horse-radish-peroxidase gold technique. With Con A the plasma-membrane covering the sperm head was heavily labelled with gold granules in caput as well as in cauda epididymal spermatozoa. A different distribution was observed for WGA-binding sites. The acrosomal region of caput and cauda spermatozoa was heavily labelled with gold, both in caput and cauda spermatozoa. The postacrosomal region was only sparsely marked in caput sperm whereas in sperm cells originating from the cauda a calix like membrane area displayed intense labelling. Some differences in the number of binding sites were also seen on sperm tails: those of caput spermatozoa show generally more Con A binding sites that those from cauda epididymal spermatozoa. No changes in the number of WGA-binding sites on sperm tails was observed during epididymal passage. The technical aspects of the indirect lectin-horse-radish-peroxidase gold technique are briefly discussed. PMID- 6654700 TI - Immunoelectron microscopic localization of cathepsin D in lysosomes of rat nerve cells. AB - Immunoelectron microscopic localization of cathepsin D in rat nerve cells was investigated using protein A-gold technique. Brain and spinal cord were fixed by perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.05 M cacodylate buffer. Vibratome sections of the cerebellum and spinal cord were embedded in Epon 812 or Lowicryl K4M. The postembedding immunocytochemical procedures with protein A-gold were applied to ultrathin sections. Gold particles representing the antigen sites of cathepsin D were localized in lysosomes of Purkinje cells and of presumed motorneurons in the anterior horn. A few gold particles were in Golgi stacks of these cells. The results indicate that the main subcellular domain for cathepsin D in rat nerve cells is lysosome. PMID- 6654701 TI - Nuclear and nucleolar protein during the cell cycle in differentiating Pisum sativum vascular tissue. AB - Squash preparations of Pisum sativum fourth internode tissue were stained with a combined Feulgen and dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) procedure. Nuclei from differentiating xylem vessel elements, phloem sieve tube elements and phloem fibres were measured for their DNA and protein contents with a Zeiss scanning cytophotometer linked to an interactive computer system. Nuclei were examined from both slowly growing and more rapidly growing internodes. A computer program was constructed to calculate nuclear protein alone as well as the ratio of DNFB (protein) to Feulgen (DNA) staining in each 0.5 X 0.5 micron measuring point. Nuclei were assigned to each of ten interphase fractions based on DNA content, nuclear area and percent condensed chromatin. There was a slight increase of nuclear protein during G1, a gradual increase in S, and a continued, often sharper, rise as G2 proceeded. In all three cell types, there was, on the average, a higher protein content throughout interphase in nuclei from the more rapidly growing internodes than from the slower growing ones. A population of fibre nuclei designated G0, however, differed from phloem and xylem G0 nuclei in the pattern of protein change. The nucleolar protein/DNA ratios of xylem nuclei increased in G1, showed no significant change in S, but increased thereafter. PMID- 6654702 TI - Antagonistic reaction of the periportal and perivenous zone in the rat liver after castration and estrogen treatment. Histochemical and biochemical studies on G6PDH and malic enzyme activity. AB - G6PDH and ME activity was determined biochemically in homogenates and demonstrated histochemically in cryostat sections of rat liver. Control animals were sham-operated, the male and female rats of the experimental groups were castrated. After castration groups of rats were treated with daily doses of 3 or 6 micrograms/estradiol benzoate for 21 days. The results show that in the controls there is a sex-dependent distribution pattern of the two enzymes; in males the rather low activity is mainly located in the periportal area, in females the higher activity is demonstrable in the perivenous area. After castration G6PDH activity (and to a lesser extent ME activity) increases, mainly in the periportal zone. Estrogen treatment results in the high activity of both enzymes, which are exclusively located in the perivenous zone. In the periportal zone no G6PDH or ME activity is demonstrable histochemically. This zone-typical effect of estrogen is interpreted in terms of the concept of Metabolic Zonation, according to which it is supposed that the NADPH generating enzymes in the perivenous area have a lipogenic function whereas the periportal activity contributes to bile acid production. PMID- 6654703 TI - Dermal collagen distribution. A histochemical and ultrastructural study. AB - Normal skin biopsy specimens obtained from 5 representative species of mammals, including man, were studied by the silver impregnation technique for reticulin fibers, by the histochemical Picrosirius-polarization method which is specific for collagen, and by transmission electron microscopy. The finely woven meshwork of argyrophilic reticulin fibers present in the adventitial dermis showed characteristics which are typical of collagen type III, when studied by aid of the Picrosirius-polarization method and by electron microscopy. On the other hand, the coarse collagen fibers of the deeper layers displayed ultrastructural and histochemical aspects which are characteristic of collagen type I. The foregoing observations support previous biochemical and immunohistologic findings, strongly suggesting that collagen type III is found mainly in the upper dermis while collagen type I predominates in the deeper layers. PMID- 6654705 TI - Hepatic mitochondrial and microsomal recovery of rats intoxicated with CCl4. PMID- 6654704 TI - The influence of embedding media and fixation on the post-embedment ultrastructural demonstration of complex carbohydrates. II. Dialyzed iron staining. AB - The influence of fixation and the embedding medium on post-embedment dialyzed iron (DI) staining of acidic complex carbohydrates in mouse colon was studied at the ultrastructural level. DI staining of ultrathin sections from non-osmicated tissues embedded in epoxy resins was very weak, whereas DI staining of non osmicated tissues embedded in non-epoxy resins such as polystyrene, polyester resins, methacrylates and newly developed embedding mixtures was strong. Brief exposure to OsO4 (5 min) abolished the DI staining in stored secretions of goblet and mucous cells, in apical cytoplasmic vesicles and at the microvillous surface of columnar absorptive cells and in the Golgi cisternae of all colonic cell types in epoxy embedded tissues, but only reduced slightly or had no effect on the DI reactivity observed in these sites in tissues embedded in non-epoxy resins. Prolonged exposure to OsO4 (60 min) prior to embedment in non-epoxy resins further reduced DI staining in all reactive sites and abolished the staining in Golgi cisternae of all colonic epithelial cells. Embedment of non-osmicated tissues in a styrene-Vestopal W mixture and of tissues briefly exposed to OsO4 after primary glutaraldehyde fixation in styrene-methacrylate is recommended for optimal post-embedment DI staining of the acidic groups of complex carbohydrates. PMID- 6654706 TI - 2,5-Hexane diol induced thymic atrophy and lymphocytotoxicity in rats. PMID- 6654707 TI - Inhalation carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene in mice and rats. PMID- 6654708 TI - Changes in hematologic parameters with acute exposure to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. PMID- 6654709 TI - Analysis of trace impurities in reagent and technical grade trichloroethylene. PMID- 6654710 TI - A method of oxidizing Cr+3 for the determination of trivalent chromium. PMID- 6654711 TI - [Preservation and application possibilities of allogenic (homologous) transplants in the ear, nose and throat region]. AB - Of the allogenic transplants used in head and neck surgery, auditory ossicle transplants, allogenic cartilage transplants and fascia transplants have yielded good results in many cases. Recent reports describe the successful use of allogenic tracheal tissue. Auditory ossicles are most commonly preserved in cialite solution, while cartilage transplants are best preserved in merthiolate solution. PMID- 6654712 TI - [Correction of the auricle]. AB - The correction of protruding ears using a modification of Becker's method is described. The reconstruction of the auricle is done in stages using autologous composite grafts and rib cartilage. PMID- 6654713 TI - [Pathogenesis of tracheal stenosis following long-term intubation of patients with multiple injuries]. AB - The frequent course of attempts to correct tracheal atresia as a result of long term intubation suggests that an intercurrent, acquired Factor XIII deficiency is the cause of such stenoses. It may be responsible for the complications and difficulties encountered in surgical reconstruction of the trachea. PMID- 6654714 TI - [Case report of a tonsil calculus weighing 5 g]. AB - A big tonsillolith 5 g in weight was found in the right tonsil of a 45 year old patient. This paper describes the appearance and the analyses of the tonsillolith and its possible cause. PMID- 6654716 TI - Ninth Annual Meeting of the American Association for Clinical Histocompatibility Testing. Abstracts. PMID- 6654715 TI - Phenotypic characterization of acute leukemia with monoclonal antibodies using the microlymphocytotoxicity assay. AB - Surface antigens of lymphoblasts from 56 pediatric ALL patients were studied with a set of complement fixing monoclonal antibodies. This group of lymphoblasts was comprised of 22 T-cell ALL, 22 CALLA+ Ia+ ALL and 12 non-T-non-B, CALLA- Ia+ ALL. For comparison, two adult T-cell CLL and six B-cell CLL were also studied. It was found that by using the microlymphocytotoxicity technique, the lymphoblasts can be assigned their immunophenotype and thus be classified into their respective lineage and stage of differentiation. In the samples tested, concordant reactivity was observed when FACS fluorescence profile was compared with that of microlymphocytotoxicity suggesting that the latter can be used especially when qualitative estimates are required. PMID- 6654717 TI - FDA extra-label restriction on drugs. PMID- 6654718 TI - Encephalitis vaccination of pheasants. PMID- 6654719 TI - Toxic hepatic failure in newborn foals. AB - Eight foals, 2 to 5 days of age, with similar clinical signs and laboratory and pathologic findings, died from hepatic failure. The predominant clinical signs were depression and icterus. Abnormally high values were found for plasma ammonia content, aromatic-to-branch-chain amino acid ratio, total serum bilirubin content, gamma glutamyl transferase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and PCV; partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were prolonged. Some foals had high sorbitol dehydrogenase activity. These laboratory findings were suggestive of subacute hepatic disease and failure. Predominant pathologic findings were limited to the liver and brain. The livers were less than half the expected size for 2- to 5-day-old foals, had prominent bile ductule proliferation, hepatic cell necrosis, and mild periportal fibrosis. These findings suggested both prenatal and postnatal diseases caused by exposure to a hepatoxin. The predominant lesion in the brain was the presence of Alzheimer type II astrocytes, which are characteristic of hepatoencephalopathy. Although the periportal fibrosis was suggestive of in utero exposure to a toxin, epidemiologic information suggested that the hepatic failure more likely resulted from oral inoculation of a microorganism culture product at birth. The same disease was reproduced in 2 newborn foals by feeding this product. PMID- 6654720 TI - The human-animal bond in the public health curriculum. PMID- 6654721 TI - Campylobacter jejuni-associated diarrhea in dogs. PMID- 6654722 TI - International meat marketing: decreasing regulatory trade barriers. PMID- 6654723 TI - Survival of erythrocytes after autologous and allogeneic transfusion in cats. AB - Mean survival time of 14C-cyanate-labeled feline erythrocytes was determined after autologous and allogeneic transfusions. Mean survival time was defined as that time when one half of the transfused cells have been removed from circulation. Autologously transfused cells had a mean survival time of 38.0 days +/- 2.02. For allogeneic transfusion between cats of the same blood type, the mean cell survival time was 30 days. Cells from primary allogeneic transfusions between cats of differing blood groups had a mean survival time between 10 and 14 days, whereas cells from cats having had repeated transfusions had a mean survival time of less than 5 days. It was concluded that the life span of cross transfused red cells can be affected by blood type, and that blood transfusions should be between cats of the same blood type for maximal effectiveness. PMID- 6654724 TI - Abortion and stillbirth associated with Chlamydia psittaci var ovis in dairy goats with high titers to Toxoplasma gondii. AB - During two consecutive breeding seasons in a brucellosis-free dairy goat herd, approximately 40% to 70% of the does (mean herd size, 14.5) had stillbirths or aborted. None of the does aborted or had stillbirths twice. In the first breeding season, 9 of 13 does aborted in the last 2 months of gestation. Three fetuses and 2 fetal placentas from 2 does were examined. Microscopic findings included severe multifocal hepatic necrosis, mild pneumonia, and mild multifocal necrosis in the brain. Cultures for Listeria monocytogenes, Chlamydia psittaci, and Coxiella burnetii were negative. Paired sera from 3 of the does that had aborted or had stillbirths were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. On the basis of high titers, a tentative diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was made. During the following breeding season, 6 of 16 does aborted during the last 2 months of gestation. A total of 6 fetuses and 4 fetal placentas from 5 of these does were examined. Microscopic findings included infiltration of mononuclear cells around hepatic vessels and multifocal necrosis and gliosis in the brain. Chlamydia psittaci was isolated from the tissues of 1 fetus, 2 aborting does had persistent, high antibody titers against C psittaci (1:160 and 1:320), and all except 2 other does in the herd had C psittaci titers of 1:20 to 1:40. All but 2 does had T gondii titers of 1:32 to 1:4096. Evidently there was mixed infection with C psittaci and T gondii in this herd, but the former organism probably was responsible for the abortions and stillbirths. PMID- 6654725 TI - Defining and measuring exposure in epidemiologic studies of potential zoonoses. AB - Articles suggesting the zoonotic potential of certain human diseases (eg, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and leukemia) periodically appear in the literature and frequently receive considerable attention in the popular press. Although various epidemiologic study designs have been utilized to test these hypotheses, defining and accurately measuring animal exposure has been a problem common to most of these studies and in some instances has limited their usefulness. The relative strengths and limitations of the definitions and measurements used most commonly by investigators evaluating potential zoonoses are discussed. In addition, several recommendations for assessing animal exposure in future studies are made. PMID- 6654726 TI - Posttransfusion viability of feline erythrocytes stored in acid-citrate-dextrose solution. AB - The 24-hour posttransfusion viability of erythrocytes was determined in feline blood stored in acid-citrate-dextrose solution, using 51Cr-labeling. Viability decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) between 30 to 40 days of storage. It was concluded that feline blood can be stored in acid-citrate-dextrose solution at 4 C for at least 30 days and retain high erythrocyte viability. PMID- 6654727 TI - Chyloabdomen and ultrasonographic detection of an intra-abdominal abscess in a foal. PMID- 6654728 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine of a yearling ewe. PMID- 6654729 TI - Antibody response to a single intradermal booster dose of rabies human diploid cell vaccine. PMID- 6654730 TI - Educational indebtedness of 1983 graduates of US veterinary medical colleges. PMID- 6654731 TI - What is your diagnosis? Soft tissue calcifications, suggestive of hypervitaminosis A. PMID- 6654732 TI - Rights and responsibilities in the accreditation process. AB - This article is the text of a presentation for the plenary session of the October 1981 meeting of the Committee on Allied Health Education and Accreditation (CAHEA) and its panel of consultants and special advisors. The legal, philosophical, and practical aspects of rights and responsibilities in the accreditation process are examined from the institutions' perspective. Excerpts from the various CAHEA review committee's Essentials and Guidelines are cited as examples of how accrediting agencies unwittingly infringe on institutional prerogatives. The article suggests the need for institutions, allied health professions, and accrediting agencies to collaborate and to establish more realistic accreditation standards. PMID- 6654733 TI - Accreditation: dispelling the myths. AB - Accreditation is a major issue in allied health education. This article explores the purposes of accreditation and eight myths about nongovernmental programmatic accreditation. These myths focus on professional society control versus accountability to the general public and student consumer, the method of national standard setting versus statewide accrediting, credibility of the process, the conduct of the process by volunteers, costs of accreditation, and the role of paid accreditation staff. Appropriate US Department of Education criteria and Council on Postsecondary Accreditation provisions that affect these areas are included. PMID- 6654734 TI - Perceived sources of stress and coping strategies in allied health students: a model. AB - The professional education process can be a psychologically stressful experience. Academic pressures associated with the study of difficult material, long hours of classroom instruction, and clinical practice often combine to intensify psychological stress associated with pressures of college life. This study offers an objective evaluation system that can be used to identify perceived sources of stress and corresponding coping strategies. Data is presented from one group of allied health students and is discussed in light of existing stress and coping data. PMID- 6654735 TI - Core course in leadership and management skills for allied health professionals. AB - This article describes the two major purposes of a core course for allied health professionals developed at the University of North Carolina. The purposes of the course are to equip practitioners with practical skills necessary for effective management and to bridge the gap between didactic and clinical knowledge. Emphasizing leadership and management skills, the course has four major sections: Current Health Care Issues, Management and Administrative Skills and Issues, Professional Development Skills, and Clinical Education. Classroom formats, student assignments, and relevant readings are suggested, and participant reactions to the course are described. PMID- 6654736 TI - Interdisciplinary education as a facet of health care policy: the impact of attitudinal research. AB - The past decade has seen a move toward a conscious interdisciplinary practice in health care delivery. Spurred on by intractable issues of fragmentation of services and lack of comprehensiveness, the proliferation of team and other kinds of integrated models have been reported in the literature but seldom conceptualized for their potential impact on service. Moreover, the literature generally lacks an empirical base and can be characterized as ideological. Educational institutions have remained largely untouched structurally in regard to providing interdisciplinary models of education, and issues such as the professional "hierarchies" in health and "turf" are seen as barriers to institutional response. This article describes a program of interdisciplinary education at one university, specifically in the context of potential impact on educational policies. The interdisciplinary health education program began as an informal, voluntary arrangement among four health-related professional schools and ultimately involved six schools. Research on cognitive and attitudinal learning of participating students was undertaken, supporting the educational rationale for conjoint, problem-focused learning. The article traces the history of the program's impact on education policies and points to the need for a stronger empirical base. Innovative education experiences, constructed from the earlier research undertaken, are described. PMID- 6654737 TI - Fibre analysis of the nerve to the inferior oblique muscle in monkeys. AB - The nerves to the inferior oblique muscles from both sides of four rhesus and seven cynomolgus monkeys were examined by light and electron microscopy. Myelinated fibres averaged slightly over 3000 in rhesus and 2000 in cynomolgus monkeys, with a bimodal distribution of diameters in both, the lower peak being 2.5-3.0 micron and the upper 7-11 micron, the large variation of the latter applying to both species. Unmyelinated fibres were less than 10% of the total. Following intracranial ophthalmic neurectomy in five monkeys, a few unmyelinated and small myelinated fibres were degenerated in the nerve to the inferior oblique muscle (1.8% of all fibres on average). A similar proportion of fibres survived oculomotor neurectomy in three cynomolgus monkeys when the superior cervical ganglion was additionally removed. A variable number of unmyelinated fibres were degenerated in the nerve after superior cervical ganglionectomy in three cynomolgus monkeys. The experiments indicate that ophthalmic and sympathetic branches pass to the nerve to the inferior oblique muscle. The few ophthalmic nerve fibres entering the muscle appear inadequate to serve the large numbers of receptors present and therefore most of the sensory fibres probably enter the brainstem in the oculomotor nerve in both species. The sympathetic pathway to the muscle provided by its motor nerve may be augmented by others. PMID- 6654738 TI - The vascular anatomy of the ovary and the relative contribution of the ovarian and uterine arteries to the blood supply of the ovary in the guinea-pig. AB - Guinea-pig ovaries were supplied by paired ovarian arteries which on both sides were in close apposition to the corresponding ovarian veins along their course, and which formed end-to-end anastomoses with the cranial ends of the uterine arteries. A total of three or four spirally coiled branches of the ovarian artery entered the ovarian hilus and branched within the ovary to supply both cortex and medulla. Usually, each Graafian follicle and corpus luteum was supplied by a single arterial branch from one of the cortical vessels. The veins were less coiled than the arteries. One or occasionally two veins drained each corpus luteum. Several large veins draining each ovary joined to form a single ovarian vein, which finally joined the caudal vena cava on the right side and the left renal vein on the left side. The direction of blood flow in the utero-ovarian arterial anastomosis was studied by direct visual observation in anaesthetised guinea-pigs; blood flowed towards the uterus in all observations on all guinea pigs studied. The functional significance of the above observations is discussed. PMID- 6654739 TI - Elastic fibres of the human ductus deferens. AB - The distribution of elastic fibres in the human ductus deferens from birth to senility was studied by light and electron microscopy. Elastic fibres are lacking in the ductus deferens in infants and children. In the adult ductus deferens, they form two layers in the lamina propria: (1) an inner layer of circumferentially oriented elastic fibres, and (2) an outer meshwork of elastic fibres. Elastic fibres are also present in the narrow intercellular spaces between the smooth muscle cells of the muscular coat, mainly in the inner muscular layer. A layer of elastic fibres surrounds the muscular coat. The ductus deferens of ageing subjects shows fragmentation and disorganisation of the elastic fibre layers of the lamina propria. Elastic fibres in the muscular coat are more abundant than in younger adults, forming larger bundles. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of immature elastic fibres at puberty as collections of microfibrils, some of them containing loci of amorphous substance (elastin). In the adult ductus most elastic fibres have a mature appearance. The amount of amorphous substance has increased and the number of microfibrils has decreased. Electron-dense inclusions are present within the amorphous substance. With advancing age the amorphous substance forms large, structureless masses showing abundant electron-dense inclusions and areas of rarefaction. A thin layer of microfibrils is present only at the periphery of the elastic fibres. Whether or not androgenic hormones are in any way involved in the formation of elastic fibres in the ductus deferens and testis is something which requires further study. PMID- 6654740 TI - Effects of acrylamide and botulinum toxin on horseradish peroxidase labelling of trigeminal motor neurons in the rat. AB - The extent of neuronal labelling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was examined in rat trigeminal motor neurons at various stages of acrylamide intoxication, following HRP uptake by motor nerve endings in the anterior digastric muscle. After 7 days of acrylamide (5 daily injections of 30 mg acrylamide/kg body weight), the pattern of HRP labelling was altered from normal, and this changed pattern persisted without further alteration when survival time and dosage were increased to 14 and 21 days (equivalent to 10 X 30 mg/kg and 15 X 30 mg/kg respectively). Six hours after HRP injection, the number of labelled cells in the ipsilateral trigeminal motor nucleus was reduced in treated animals compared to controls. By 18 hours, cells containing label were present in similar numbers to controls; but by 24 hours, the number in treated animals had fallen again, unlike controls in which labelling remained constant between 6 and 24 hours. At longer intervals, this reduction in labelling continued, but more slowly, so that by 96 hours after HRP injection, numbers of labelled cells were again similar in poisoned and control animals. One and three days after a single intramuscular injection of 0.05 microgram botulinum toxin type A, HRP labelling in the trigeminal motor neurons was unaffected, although at three days after toxin, mild chromatolytic changes could be seen in a few of the neurons. PMID- 6654741 TI - Fine structure of astrocytic mitochondria in the hypothalamus of the hamster. AB - Astrocytic mitochondria in the hypothalamic region of the adult hamster brain have been studied by electron microscopy. Mitochondria showing triangular prismatic cristae, as seen in transverse section, and other unusual forms of mitochondrial cristae, are described and illustrated. Such mitochondria occur primarily in the suprachiasmatic and paraventricular nuclei, especially in perivascular astrocytic processes. The possibility that these atypical mitochondria might develop a specific function is discussed. PMID- 6654742 TI - Smooth muscle in the wall of the developing human urinary bladder and urethra. AB - A series of human fetal and neonatal specimens ranging in age from the second month of intrauterine development to 4 1/2 years after birth has been examined using histological and histochemical techniques. In both sexes histologically differentiated smooth muscle cells were evident in the bladder wall from the 52 mm crown-rump length stage onwards--urethral smooth muscle was not distinguishable until 119 mm crown-rump length. In addition to relatively late differentiation, urethral smooth muscle was histochemically distinct from the urinary bladder detrusor muscle. Sex differences in the arrangement and innervation of smooth muscle in the proximal urethra have also been observed, and these findings lend support to the presence of a pre-prostatic urethra sphincter. It seems likely that this sphincter acts principally to prevent reflux of ejaculate into the bladder during seminal emission. PMID- 6654744 TI - The hair distribution of the phalanges of the hand among Turks. AB - The distribution of the phalangeal hair of the hands has been investigated in Turks. Students, 1120 males and 840 females, aged between 18 and 25 years, of the Faculties of Dentistry and Medicine of Gazi University were randomly chosen and examined. Hair was absent over the proximal phalanx in 1.7% of females and in 0.2% of males. In both sexes, the occurrence of hair over the middle phalanx was significantly less than that over the proximal phalanx and was present in 56% of males and in 40% of females. No hair was observed over the distal phalanges. The order of frequency of hair over the middle phalanges of the fingers was 4 greater than 3 greater than 5 greater than 2 in the subjects studied. PMID- 6654743 TI - Pulse shape of magnetic fields influences chick embryogenesis. AB - A total of 295 chick embryos was exposed during the first 48 hours of development to pulsed electromagnetic fields of 100 Hz and 0.4 to 104 microTeslas (micro T), and findings were compared with those in 364 control embryos. General morphology was analysed and supplemented by light microscopy studies. Exposure to electromagnetic fields with a pulse rise time of 100 microseconds produced teratogenic changes when intensities of 1.0 and 13.9 micro T were used but not with lower or higher intensities, demonstrating a 'window' effect and ruling out the possible influence of a rise in internal embryonic temperature. Exposure to an electromagnetic field of 1.0 micro T specifically altered organogenesis of the truncal nervous system and drastically reduced the alcian blue-stained components, whereas with an intensity of 13.9 micro T, there were abnormalities in the circulatory system and foregut, altering cell-to-cell contacts in the walls of developing vessels. When embryos were exposed to intensities of 0.4 and 1.0 micro T with 2.0 and 42 microseconds pulse rise times, teratogenic effects were greater and alterations involved all developing systems. The most powerful effects were obtained with 1.0 micro T and 42 microseconds rise time. The findings confirm the sensitivity of chick embryos to electromagnetic fields of extremely low frequency and intensity and indicate that pulse shape may be a decisive parameter determining strong, slight, or no modification of embryonic development. Mechanisms of action of electromagnetic fields are still unclear, but induced alterations in extracellular glycosaminoglycans could be a causal factor in the observed malformations. PMID- 6654745 TI - Cell clusters on rat ventral roots: postnatal development. AB - The cell clusters found on the most proximal parts of rat ventral spinal nerve rootlets during prenatal development, persist into the postnatal period. Clusters become smaller as cells leave them to invest axon segments. By 2 weeks after birth, clusters have largely disappeared. Fine processes stemming from clusters interweave at first to envelop axons in a complex matrix. This matrix disappears soon after birth. Axons then become enveloped by cells in clusters in the manner of premyelin Schwann cells. Many of these premyelin cells leave the parent cluster but continue to envelop the unmyelinated axon segment as they do so. Meanwhile, myelination of axons immediately distal to the proximal rootlet segment proceeds at the same rate as in the ventral root generally. Thus, the proximodistal maturation gradient comes to be reversed in relation to many axons in the ventral root, the most proximal peripheral internode being unmyelinated, while more distal internodes are myelinated. This reversal gradually lessens in some cases as the short internodes produce myelin sheaths. It is possible that these short internodes become progressively more heavily myelinated and elongate in subsequent development. All axons in the most proximal part of the ventral rootlet do not necessarily become enveloped by short premyelin Schwann cells, however. When some are released from envelopment by the matrix, the myelinating Schwann cells at more distal root levels extend proximally along each of them, up to the level of the surface of the spinal cord. Some clusters in the early postnatal period contain cells resembling astrocytes. PMID- 6654746 TI - An investigation by transmission electron microscopy of freeze replicas of dog articular cartilage surfaces: the fibre-rich surface structure. AB - Femoral condylar cartilage blocks from the disarticulated stifle joints of five inbred beagle dogs were rapidly frozen. Single stage platinum and carbon replicas were prepared at 78 K from the unfixed, hydrated frozen material. Transmission electron microscopic investigations of the replicas were then made. Two different forms of fine cartilage surface structure were suggested by the low temperature replicas. The first, amorphous and with few fibres, was thought to represent the normal, superficial lamina obscurans. The second displayed many delicate parallel arrays of collagen fibrils with a periodic structure of 68-71 nm. Between these arrays were gently convex smooth-surfaced elevations, 150-500 nm in diameter, and therefore two orders of magnitude smaller than the tertiary surface undulations previously identified by light microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy. It is suggested that the 150-500 nm elevations seen at the replicated surface may be expanded proteoglycans, restrained laterally and deeply, less restrained superficially because of the loss, during preparation, of the lamina obscurans. Other hemispherical, replicated surface deposits 400-1700 nm in diameter are believed to be lipid. PMID- 6654747 TI - Degeneration and phagocytosis of smooth muscle cells in the neonatal rat ureter. AB - It was shown by ultrastructural investigation that, during the early stages of postnatal development of the rat ureter, some of the cells of the muscle coat undergo degeneration. These cells were rapidly eliminated by phagocytosis, mainly by other muscle cells. Following their incorporation into other muscle cells, the cells gradually became transformed into heterogeneous electron-dense bodies with the features of heterophagosomes. PMID- 6654748 TI - The role of movements in the development of sutural and diarthrodial joints tested by long-term paralysis of chick embryos. AB - Chick embryos were paralysed in ovo with a neuromuscular blocking agent between 8 and 20 days of incubation. To evaluate the role of muscular activity in the development of sutural articulations, sutures of the cranial vault of control and paralysed embryos were studied histologically and the findings compared with the effect of the agent on the development of the ankle joint and some synovial joints of the jaws. Paralysed embryos showed a consistent lack of development of joint cavities in synovial joints. In most embryos, fusion of opposing cartilaginous elements had occurred. In contrast to synovial joints, sutural articulation showed a micromorphology comparable to that of controls. The findings indicate that different embryonic factors regulate the development of sutural and synovial articulations. Movements of neuromuscular origin play no essential role in the morphogenetic development of sutures, but are a prerequisite for the formation of joint cavities and other specialised structures of synovial joints. PMID- 6654749 TI - Receptors of the metacarpophalangeal joints: a histological study in the bonnet monkey and man. AB - The histology of metacarpophalangeal joint receptors has been studied in bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) and in one human hand, using gold chloride and silver techniques. Paciniform corpuscles were the most numerous encapsulated receptors found; fewer Ruffini endings were present and these were exclusively in the palmar articular tissues. No Golgi endings were seen. It is suggested that these findings indicate a specialisation of the articular sensory apparatus towards detection of dynamic mechanical changes. Unencapsulated nerve endings were also found. Many of these were in close relation to blood vessels. PMID- 6654750 TI - The Harderian gland, its secretory duct and porphyrin content in the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). AB - The Harderian gland, its secretory duct and porphyrin content were examined in the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). The gland consisted of tubules lined by a single layer of epithelial cells and a myoepithelial network. The tubule cells were often binucleate and possessed lipid vacuoles in the apical half of the cell, a corona of granular endoplasmic reticulum surrounding the nucleus, and cytoplasmic 'slashes'. The latter are probably derived from dense membranous couplets and may be precursors of the lipid vacuoles. Holocrine and merocrine secretion was observed. Interstitial cells included plasma cells, mast cells and (predominantly) melanocytes which render the gland black. The gland was surrounded by a collagen capsule and an outer layer of highly attenuated (possibly endothelioid) cells. Within the gland, the secretory duct was lined by a single layer of normal tubule cells. Outside the gland, the duct enlarged to form an ampulla, from which clefts led off to deep crypts. The ampulla and clefts were lined by cells with small dense apical granules and stubby microvilli; some possessed lipid vacuoles. The crypts were lined by serous cells with active Golgi regions. At the duct opening, ampullary cells became squamous and goblet cells occurred. Geometric crystalloid deposits (with a layered structure of 7.6 nm periodicity) occurred at cleft-crypt junctions. Islets of extra-glandular ductal tissue were occasionally found within the gland. Porphyrins were detectable both by chemical assay and fluorescence microscopy. There was a trend for female glands to have a higher content than males. Solid intraluminal accretions of porphyrin and/or lipid were present. PMID- 6654751 TI - Ultrastructure and intercellular vacuolization of isolated perfused and control rat testes. AB - Isolated rat testes perfused in closed circuit with albuminated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer were examined by light and electron microscopic techniques in order to assess the structural integrity of the model. The extent of intercellular vacuolization in perfused testes was similar to that of control testes that had been prepared for electron microscopy by routine methods of perfusion fixation. The isolated perfused testes exhibit excellent preservation at the light and electron microscope level. The results indicate that albuminated Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer is an excellent perfusate for in vitro studies of the isolated rat testis. This model of perfused testis can be used to study the early pathology of the effects of toxic compounds on the microscopic anatomy of the male gonad. PMID- 6654753 TI - The effect of testicular x-irradiation on spermatogenesis in man. A comparison with the mouse. AB - Existing data concerning the effects of x-irradiation on spermatogenesis in man were analyzed and the results were compared to published data on the mouse. Testicular x-irradiation produced a transient, but substantial, suppression of sperm counts in man, with an ED50 near 11 rad. The length of time to recovery was proportional to the irradiation dose. The ED50 for suppression of type A spermatogonia following radiation exposure in man was similar (9.7 rad), although the response curves for spermatogonia and sperm count were matogonia in the mouse was parallel to that found in man, but with an ED 50 of 30.0 rad. These results suggest that, compared to the mouse, spermatogenesis in man is approximately 3.1 times more sensitive to ionizing irradiation. PMID- 6654754 TI - New fluorinated erythromycins obtained by mutasynthesis. AB - Following the previously described semisynthetic preparation of new aglycones (8S)-8-fluoroerythronolide A (I), (8S)-8-fluoroerythronolide B (II) and the monoglycoside 3-O-mycarosyl-(8S)-8-fluoroerythronolide B (III), their conversion into new fluoroerythromycins was attempted by mutational biosynthesis. The strain Streptomyces erythraeus ATCC 31772, a mutant blocked in the biosynthesis of erythromycin, was employed in the present investigation. Four new antibiotics, (8S)-8-fluoroerythromycin A (IV), (8S)-8-fluoroerythromycin B (V), (8S)-8 fluoroerythromycin C (VI) and (8S)-8-fluoroerythromycin D (VII) were successfully derived by such an approach. The result is also discussed in terms of the substrate specificity of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of erythromycins. The new antibiotics exhibited promising biological properties. PMID- 6654752 TI - An experimental study of the effect of ischemia on testicular structure in the rat. Efficacy of intravenous inosine. AB - The damages caused by experimental testicular ischemia lasting 60 minutes have been examined in the rat. The histologic alterations of the germinal epithelium and of the tunica propria are studied, using semi-thin sections stained with 1% toluidine blue. The results show that a testicular ischemia of 60 minutes causes damages to the testicular structures. These damages cannot be prevented or avoided by either surface cooling or cold perfusion; however, intravenous inosine prior to ischemia has a protective effect. PMID- 6654755 TI - Microbial conversion of anthracycline antibiotics. II. Characterization of the microbial conversion products of auramycinone by Streptomyces coeruleorubidus ATCC 31276. AB - Auramycinone was subjected to microbial conversion by Streptomyces coeruleorubidus ATCC 31276, a producer of baumycins. As a result, auramycinone was converted to 11-hydroxyauramycinone and 9-methyl-10-hydroxydaunomycin (feudomycin D). The results implicate auramycinone as a presumptive intermediate in the biosynthesis of 9-methyl-10-hydroxydaunomycin by S. coeruleorubidus. PMID- 6654756 TI - A new species of Actinomadura producing a polyether antibiotic, cationomycin. AB - Taxonomic studies on the new species, Actinomadura azurea are presented. A significant property of this species is the production of a new polyether antibiotic, cationomycin. PMID- 6654757 TI - Structures of OA-6129A, B1, B2 and C, new carbapenem antibiotics produced by Streptomyces sp. OA-6129. AB - The chemical structures of OA-6129A, B1, B2 and C, new carbapenem antibiotics having a pantetheinyl group at C-3 were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformation as presented in Fig. 1. PMID- 6654758 TI - Structural studies on pyrrolomycins C, D and E. AB - Pyrrolomycins C, D and E are new members of the pyrrolomycin group of antibiotics produced by an Actinosporangium sp. The structures of pyrrolomycins C and D were determined to be 2,3-dichloro-5-(3',5'-dichloro-2'-hydroxybenzoyl)pyrrole and 2,3,4-trichloro-5-(3',5'-dichloro-2'-hydroxybenzoyl)pyrrole, respectively, by means of spectroscopic and synthetic approaches while that of pyrrolomycin E was shown to be 5-chloro-2-(3',5'-dichloro-2'-hydroxyphenyl)-3-nitropyrrole by spectroscopic data. PMID- 6654759 TI - Chemical modification of ravidomycin and evaluation of biological activities of its derivatives. AB - Several derivatives of the antitumor antibiotic ravidomycin were synthesized and their antitumor and antimicrobial activities and mode of action were evaluated. Deacylation produced a compound with higher biological activity than the parent. Structure-activity relationship of the derivatives is discussed. PMID- 6654760 TI - Arphamenines A and B, new inhibitors of aminopeptidase B, produced by bacteria. PMID- 6654761 TI - The structure of arphamenines A and B. PMID- 6654762 TI - A new carbapenam No. 17927 D substance. PMID- 6654763 TI - New semisynthetic fluorinated "hybrid" macrolides. PMID- 6654764 TI - The adherence of lactic acid bacteria to the columnar epithelial cells of pigs and calves. AB - The adhesion of various lactobacilli and streptococci to columnar epithelial cells of pigs and calves were studied, by in vitro methods. The porcine strains isolated most frequently were Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lact, acidophilus and Lact. fermentum. Thirteen of the 22 lactobacilli were adhesive. All the streptococci isolated belonged to Lancefield's D-group; none of them adhered to pig epithelial cells. The adhesive strains (9 of 22) of calves were identified as Lact. fermentum. Adherence was variable even between strains of the same species. Isolates from plant material, cultured milk and cheese did not adhere to the columnar epithelial cells in vitro. The adhesive porcine strains tolerated low pH and bile acids, which is important for their survival under conditions in the stomach and intestine. PMID- 6654765 TI - Characterization of black-pigmented Bacteroides strains isolated from animals. AB - The aims of the study were: the isolation of strains of black-pigmented Bacteroides from the gingival sulcus of different animals, their biochemical and immunological characterization and comparison of their properties for classification within the genus. A total of 104 strains, isolated from cats, dogs, racoons and a jaguar, were characterized on the basis of fermentation of carbohydrates, metabolic end products, haemagglutination studies, enzymatic activities, catalase production and indirect immunofluorescence. No differences were observed between the strains regardless of their animal origin. The strains did not ferment carbohydrates, produce phenylacetic acid, show an array of enzyme activities or agglutinate sheep red blood cells. They were catalase-positive and so differed from the human oral strains of Bact. gingivalis. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the animal strains shared at least one major antigen with Bact. gingivalis but none with Bact. asaccharolyticus. Apart from their catalase activity, the animal strains isolated were similar to those of human Bact. gingivalis strains. PMID- 6654766 TI - A numerical taxonomic study of species of Vibrio isolated from the aquatic environment and birds in Kent, England. AB - A numerical taxonomic study has been carried out to confirm the identity of strains of the family Vibrionaceae isolated during an ecological study. A total of 237 strains were studied including 148 from the aquatic environment, 6 from estuarine birds, 1 from sheep faeces, and 61 control cultures. Duplicates of 21 of the strains were randomly selected and included to estimate test and operator error. Taxonomic resemblance was estimated on the basis of 148 characters using Euclidean distance. The taxonomic position of some strains was reevaluated using the pattern different coefficient. Strains were clustered by three methods, all of which gave similar results. The estimated average probability of test error was 1.5%. Strains previously identified as Vibrio anguillarum fell into four distinct phenons corresponding to V. anguillarum biovar I, 'V. anguillarum biovar II', V. diazotrophicus, and strains pathogenic to oyster larvae. The latter group characteristically degraded xanthine and probably represents a new species. The phenon corresponding to V. cholerae included the type strain, strains of human origin, and strains isolated in the United Kingdom from birds and the aquatic environment. Some strains of V. cholerae were luminous. Other phenons were identified as V. metschnikovii, V. fluvialis, and Aeromonas spp. PMID- 6654767 TI - Sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria as specific indicators of human faecal pollution. AB - Bifidobacteria were consistently present in the faeces of both man and pigs but only occasionally in the faeces of cattle and sheep, and they were not isolated from faecal samples from other animals; total counts of bifidobacteria were obtained by membrane filtration with YN-17 medium, a modification of Resnick and Levin's YN-6 medium. Mannitol-fermenting strains of bifidobacteria were isolated from both human and animal faeces, but sorbitol-fermenting strains were obtained only from human samples. These sorbitol-fermenting strains were identified as either Bifidobacterium adolescentis or B. breve and their numbers were obtained by membrane filtration of Human Bifid Sorbitol agar (HBSA). Sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria are specific indicators of human faecal pollution of waters and wastewaters. PMID- 6654768 TI - Preventing school vandalism and improving discipline: a three-year study. AB - Vandalism is a major problem facing educators and taxpayers alike. The present investigation analyzed how vandalism costs and student disruption were related to the implementation of a training and consultation package designed to increase the reinforcing ambience of the school. A positive environment, it was posited, would displace previous events that may have set the occasion for vandalism, with cues to promote productive school performance. Eighteen elementary and junior high schools were involved over a 3-year period. Using a delayed treatment control design, treatment was delivered following either 4 or 13 months of baseline. During treatment, teams of school personnel attended training workshops in behavioral strategies for reducing vandalism and disruption by students in school. Each team also met regularly on its campus to plan and implement programs on a schoolwide basis. To demonstrate that reinforcing procedures were actually implemented and accompanied by change in student performance, these variables were periodically probed throughout the study. Project staff also provided consultation. Vandalism costs decreased significantly (p less than .05) more in treatment than control schools, with an average reduction of 78.5% for all project schools. Rates of praise delivered by project teachers and other randomly selected teachers in the school increased significantly (p less than .05), and rates of off-task behavior by students decreased significantly (p less than .05) following treatment. The staff development model used in this study appeared to be both feasible and economical. PMID- 6654769 TI - Parental influences on children's eating behavior and relative weight. AB - We investigated the relationship between selected parent behaviors, child mealtime behavior, and infant relative weight. Subjects were 7 male and 7 female children varying in age from 12 to 30 months (mean = 23.9 months). Each subject and parents were observed during the dinnertime meal on two occasions using the BATMAN (Bob and Tom's Method of Assessing Nutrition). The children spent 58% of the mealtime eating. They spent very little time making active decisions about what and how much they ate (food requests = 2% of the time; food refusals = 1% of the time). We found significant correlations between child relative weight and (a) parental prompts to eat (r = .81, p less than .001), (b) parental food offers (r = .51, p less than .05), and (c) parental encouragement to eat (r = .82, p less than .001). Thus, the present study suggests a relationship between certain parental variables and the relative weight of their children. PMID- 6654770 TI - An alternating treatment comparison of oral and total communications training programs with echolalic autistic children. AB - An alternating treatment comparison was conducted of the relative effectiveness of oral and total communication training models for teaching expressive labeling skills to three echolalic autistic children. The results of this comparison demonstrated that total communication proved to be the most successful approach with each of the subjects. In addition, the replication of these findings both within and across subjects suggest that total communication may be, in general, the most effective of these two training models for teaching basic vocal language skills to echolalic children. A number of hypotheses are presented that may provide a basis for the demonstrated effect. PMID- 6654771 TI - An institutional staff training and self-management program for developing multiple self-care skills in severely/profoundly retarded individuals. AB - Although considerable attention has been given to the development of institutional staff training and management programs, the generalized effects of such programs on staff and resident behavior have seldom been examined. This study evaluated a program for teaching institutional staff behavioral training and self-management skills during self-care teaching sessions with severely and profoundly retarded residents. Following baseline observations in three self-care situations (toothbrushing, haircombing, handwashing), four direct care staff were sequentially taught to use verbal instruction, physical guidance, and contingent reinforcement in the toothbrushing program. During maintenance, staff were simultaneously taught to record, graph, and evaluate resident and their own behavior in the toothbrushing sessions. Staff were taught use of the training and self-management skills through a sequence of written instructions, videotaped and live modeling, rehearsal, and videotaped feedback. Observer presence and experimenter supervision were gradually decreased during the maintenance condition. Results indicated that during training and maintenance staff: (a) learned to use the training skills appropriately and consistently in the example situation (toothbrushing); (b) applied the skills in the generalization situations (haircombing and handwashing); and thereafter (c) maintained consistent and appropriate use of the skills with infrequent supervision. In addition, important changes in retarded residents' independent self-care responding occurred as staff training skills developed. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for future research and continued development of effective staff training and management programs. PMID- 6654772 TI - Effects of picture prompts on the acquisition of complex vocational tasks by mentally retarded adolescents. AB - The effects of using picture prompts on the acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of complex vocational tasks were evaluated within a multiple baseline design across subjects and tasks. Five moderately and severely mentally retarded adolescents were first trained to use picture prompts to guide their performance on one or more complex tasks. Following training, posttesting with and without the picture prompts was conducted to evaluate the effects of training and to determine maintenance effects over a 2- to 4-week interval. Generalization of performance across tasks was assessed with three of the students who were provided novel tasks (with and without picture prompts) without training. Results indicated that picture prompts can be successfully used to promote both acquisition and generalization of performance, and that subsequent training time on a novel task was reduced when the use of picture prompts had been previously trained. PMID- 6654773 TI - A comparison of two procedures for programming the differential reinforcement of other behaviors. AB - The relative effectiveness of two methods of programming DRO schedules of reinforcement was examined in two experiments. In these two methods, reinforcement is delivered if inappropriate responding is not occurring (a) at the end of an interval (momentary DRO), or (b) throughout the entire interval (whole-interval DRO). In Experiment 1, the effects of these schedules on disruptive responding of three retarded students were assessed in a multiple baseline design. For two students, the momentary schedule occurred first and was ineffective, whereas the whole interval that followed was effective; for the third student, the whole-interval schedule occurred first and was effective, and reduced responding was maintained under the momentary schedule. In Experiment 2, baseline and the two DRO schedules were each presented in random order each day to one student in an alternating treatments design. The momentary DRO schedule reduced responding, but the whole-interval schedule was more effective. PMID- 6654774 TI - On token reinforcement and stuttering therapy: another view on findings reported by Howie and Woods (1982). AB - Howie and Woods (1982) have provided data that, they claim, indicate that a token reinforcement system is redundant in instating and shaping fluent speech within a stuttering treatment program developed by Ingham and Andrews (1973a, b). However, there were substantial procedural differences between the treatment programs referred to in both studies, as well as methodological weaknesses in Howie and Woods' study. These factors provide ample sources of explanation for Howie and Woods' failure to demonstrate benefits from their token reinforcement system. PMID- 6654775 TI - Management of inappropriate behaviors of trainable mentally impaired students using antecedent exercise. AB - The effects of several levels of exercise on inappropriate behaviors of four trainable mentally impaired students were observed. Treatment conditions, which occurred as the first daily activity, included: Phase I, daily alternating conditions of warm-up exercises and jogging at a moderate rate for a short distance; Phase II, daily alternating conditions of no-exercise periods and jogging at a vigorous rate for a moderate distance; and Phase III, jogging at a vigorous rate for a moderate distance on consecutive days. For one student two additional conditions occurred, Phase IV, long-distance jogging on consecutive days at a vigorous rate and Phase V, consecutive days of no exercise. Observations of three inappropriate behaviors of each student occurred immediately after, 1 hour after, and 2 hours after each exercise period. Results indicate a decrease in all three inappropriate behaviors for three of four students and an inverse relationship between the level of exercise and the amount of inappropriate behavior for three of four students. Improvements over existing studies are discussed with suggestions for future research. PMID- 6654776 TI - The scope and state of pediatric asthma. PMID- 6654777 TI - Proceedings of the symposium on management of childhood asthma in the 1980's. Key Biscayne, Florida, February 11-12, 1983. PMID- 6654778 TI - Long-term maintenance and preventive pharmacologic therapy for asthma. PMID- 6654779 TI - Food-related asthma and basic nutrition. PMID- 6654780 TI - Hypokalemic paralysis. PMID- 6654781 TI - Long-term cardiac pacing--a study of 141 cases. PMID- 6654782 TI - Zinc--an essential micronutrient. PMID- 6654783 TI - Heliotaxic epilepsy. PMID- 6654785 TI - The correlation of peak expiratory flow rate and spirometry in normal healthy subjects. PMID- 6654784 TI - Cold pressor test: a comparative study between labetalol and propranolol. PMID- 6654786 TI - Autonomic dysfunctions in asthma and thyrotoxicosis. PMID- 6654787 TI - Cardiovascular nuclear medicine--I. PMID- 6654788 TI - Persistent jaundice in a young female. PMID- 6654790 TI - Sickle-cell anemia in the tribes of Orissa. PMID- 6654789 TI - Familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis. PMID- 6654791 TI - Salmonella meningitis in an adult. PMID- 6654792 TI - Report on an epidemic of polio--like neuroparalytic disease associated with acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (A.H.C.). PMID- 6654793 TI - Adjuvant therapy of chronic refractory cardiac failure with oral hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate. PMID- 6654794 TI - Left ventricular function in myxoedema as an aid in diagnosis and guide to therapy. PMID- 6654796 TI - Immunoprophylaxis of viral hepatitis. PMID- 6654795 TI - Serum proteins in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6654799 TI - Locked in syndrome. PMID- 6654800 TI - An unusual case of Miller Fisher syndrome. PMID- 6654798 TI - Big painful knees. PMID- 6654801 TI - Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. PMID- 6654797 TI - Cardiovascular nuclear medicine (Part II). PMID- 6654802 TI - Non specific immunostimulation. PMID- 6654804 TI - High density lipoproteins in healthy volunteers and in coronary artery disease. PMID- 6654803 TI - Sotalol and pacing induced angina. PMID- 6654805 TI - 47,XXY chromosome pattern and variable phenotypes. PMID- 6654806 TI - Epidemiological study of hypertension in the young in and around Madurai City. PMID- 6654807 TI - Clinico-pathological study of nephrotic syndrome in leprosy. PMID- 6654808 TI - A study of citrate levels in C.S.F. and serum in cases of meningitis and cerebrovascular accidents. PMID- 6654809 TI - Treatment of hepatic coma with levodopa. PMID- 6654810 TI - Tetany. PMID- 6654811 TI - Cold urticaria. PMID- 6654813 TI - An interesting case of Roussy-Levy syndrome inherited as autosomal dominant with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6654812 TI - Familial Mediterranean fever (report of 3 Punjabi cases). PMID- 6654814 TI - Pulmonary artery coarctation with patent ductus arteriosus. PMID- 6654815 TI - Sequelae of hepatitis B virus infection. PMID- 6654816 TI - Incidence of 'Shikata' cells (HBsAg) in cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 6654817 TI - A study of some prognostic factors in acute transverse myelitis. PMID- 6654818 TI - Neurological manifestations of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis--a clinical study of 42 patients during 1981 epidemic in Bombay. PMID- 6654819 TI - How good is the good old Benedict's test? PMID- 6654820 TI - Serum prolactin concentrations before and during oral treatment with cimetidine. PMID- 6654821 TI - Brain arsenic concentrations in fulminant hepatitis. PMID- 6654822 TI - Radioimmunoassay. Technical aspects and clinical applications(Part II). PMID- 6654823 TI - Oliguria and left upper limb weakness. PMID- 6654824 TI - Duodenal ileus--report of five cases. PMID- 6654825 TI - Zollinger Ellison syndrome: a case report. PMID- 6654826 TI - Saddle embolism in a young male. PMID- 6654827 TI - ADP-ribosylation, DNA repair and cancer. PMID- 6654828 TI - Functional aspects of mono- and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation: subcellular distribution and ADP-ribosyl turnover under conditions of repair and 'starvation'. AB - Three types of ADP-ribosyl proteins (poly(ADP-ribose) conjugates, NH2OH sensitive and NH2OH resistant mono(ADPR) conjugates) could be found in all eukaryotic cells so far studied. They changed independently under various conditions and showed an uneven subcellular distribution suggesting independent functions. Treatment of Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells with monofunctional or cross-linking alkylating agents led to rapid fragmentation of DNA and depletion of NAD while poly(ADPR) polymerase activity showed a retarded increase. Endogenous amounts of poly(ADPR) groups increased 4- to 30-fold, depending on dose, with the same initial kinetics as the loss of NAD and the appearance of DNA strand breaks. Turnover of poly(ADPR) was determined from the decay rate of the polymer after the addition of benzamide to alkylated cells. At peak elevation of poly(ADPR), an apparent half-life of about 1 min was obtained (control cells: t/2 much greater than 3 hr). There was also an accumulation of nuclear mono(ADPR) conjugates with a half life of about 10 min. In contrast to in vitro experiments, histone H1 in vivo proved to be only a minor acceptor of ADPR groups in rat liver and in hepatoma cells. It carried less than 0.2% of total monomeric, and less than 2% of total polymeric ADPR residues. Alkylation of cells increased mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation of histone H1 to a much higher degree than poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Addition of benzamide to alkylated cells inhibited poly(ADPR) formation and NAD depletion, but interfered with neither DNA fragmentation nor with DNA resealing. Nevertheless, benzamide was a very effective co-cytostatic.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654829 TI - Inhibition of DNA ligase activity by histones and its reversal by poly(ADP ribose). AB - The molecular mechanism by which poly(ADP-ribose) participates in DNA repair was investigated using purified DNA ligase in DNA-histone systems. The ligase activity was markedly inhibited by histones; the inhibition was greater than 80% with histone H1 at concentrations equal to DNA. This inhibition was reversed efficiently by poly(ADP-ribose), either added exogenously or synthesized in situ with poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase. The reversal effect was specific for poly(ADP ribose); other polyanions such as mRNA, rRNA's, tRNA, and synthetic poly(A) were less effective or totally ineffective. The poly(ADP-ribose) effect appeared to be caused by binding to histones and decreasing DNA-histone interactions. Poly(ADP ribose) also had high affinity for DNA ligase. These observations, together with the findings of absolute dependence of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activity on DNA strand ends and extensive automodification of the synthetase in DNA-damaged cells, suggested a possible mechanism of poly(ADP-ribose) action in DNA repair, in which auto-modified poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase serves as a link between DNA damage and activation of DNA ligase. PMID- 6654831 TI - Interference with DNA repair mechanisms of mammalian cells: cell cycle dependence. AB - Agents that prevent repair of lesions in DNA increase cell death. Caffeine enhances lethality of agents such as HN2. We propose that damaged cells stop in G2 phase until repair is completed, and caffeine prevents this G2 arrest. Therefore caffeine lets damaged cells go through mitosis; their chromosomes are shattered and they die. This action of caffeine requires rapid synthesis of protein(s). Some classes of damage by alkylating agent (methyl methane sulfonate (MMS] are removed slowly in human cells, followed by rapid repair synthesis. Lethality results if gaps created during repair of DNA are present during semiconservative replication. Nicotinamide analogs prevent ligation, the gaps persist, and lethality is greater. This effect is S phase specific. Further experiments may specify conditions and agents giving better therapeutic results than can be obtained with anticancer drugs used alone. PMID- 6654832 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against poly(ADP-ribose) recognize different structures of poly(ADP-ribose). AB - The characteristics of two monoclonal antibodies to poly(ADP-Rib) and the various structures of poly(ADP-Rib) recognized by these monoclonal antibodies have been examined. One antibody, IgG monoclonal antibody 10H, reacted with most parts of poly (ADP-Rib) molecules, and its binding was only slightly inhibited by Ado(P) Rib-P, a monomer unit of the polymer. On hydrolysis of poly(ADP-Rib) protected by the antibody hydrolytic products, such as Ado(P)-Rib-P and Ado(P)-Rib(P)-Rib-P, were almost the same as those from control poly(ADP-Rib). The other antibody, IgM monoclonal antibody 16B, recognized only some parts of poly(ADP-Rib) molecules of larger size, and its binding was not inhibited by Ado(P)-Rib-P. Branched portions were considerably concentrated in parts protected by this antibody. These two monoclonal antibodies are suggested to recognize different structures of poly(ADP Rib): possibly IgG antibody 10H recognizes linear portions whereas IgM antibody 16B recognizes branched portions of the polymer. These monoclonal antibodies should be useful in studies on the structures, including unknown structures and the locations of these structures in poly(ADP-Rib). PMID- 6654830 TI - Induction of diphtheria toxin-resistant cells by mutagen-carcinogens. AB - A mutation assay system with Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells in culture has been established using diphtheria toxin resistance as a phenotypic selection marker. The results of series of studies on this mutation assay system are summarized and presented. Dose-dependent increase in the number of diphtheria toxin-resistant (DTr) cells was observed when the cells were exposed to a mutagen-carcinogen and then incubated in fresh medium for an expression period of 7 to 8 days. After exposure to ethyl methanesulfonate, the number of DTr cells was much higher than the number of thioguanine-or ouabain-resistant cells. ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 (EF-2) catalyzed by diphtheria toxin was measured in cell free extracts from the parent cells and 17 DTr cells, including 6 spontaneous DTr cells and 11 DTr cells induced by mutagens; the numbers of ADP-ribose molecules transfer to EF-2 in extracts of mutant cells were less than 1% of that in extract of the parent cells. Various mutagen-carcinogens, including heterocyclic amines isolated from pyrolysates of amino acids, proteins, and broiled fish, have been assayed with this mutation assay system in the presence or absence of a metabolic activation system and the results of these studies are also presented. In addition, a method to detect DTr cells in situ has been developed using autoradiographic method. The potential usefulness of this method for detection of DTr cells with no proliferative capacity to form colony and for analysis of cellular events occurring after exposure of the cells to mutagen-carcinogens is discussed. PMID- 6654834 TI - Cervical myelography with water soluble contrast medium (metrizamide): lateral puncture technique. PMID- 6654833 TI - Profiles of antibodies to poly(ADP-ribose), left-handed Z-DNA, and other nuclear constituents in systemic lupus erythematosus and progressive systemic sclerosis. AB - A simple and sensitive method was developed for detection of antibodies to histones using a modification of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibodies to nucleic acids. The antigens used for antibody assay were poly(ADP-ribose), left-handed Z-DNA, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and calf thymus histones. These five antigen-antibody systems were used to examine the antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). A positive correlation was found between the antibody titers in patients with PSS. However, weak correlation was found between the titers of antibodies to these nuclear antigens in the SLE patients, except for correlations between the titers of antibodies to left-handed Z-DNA and histones, and those to ssDNA and dsDNA. From these data, it is suggested that presentation of modified chromatin to immune systems is involved in antinuclear antibody formation in PSS patients, whereas spontaneous expansion of clones for antinuclear antibodies may occur in SLE patients under certain conditions. PMID- 6654835 TI - [Principle lines of the mediastinum and their correlation in computerized tomography]. PMID- 6654836 TI - [Gallbladder and ultrasound: 6-year experience. Evaluation and difficulties in interpretation]. PMID- 6654837 TI - Paget's disease of the hand: report of six cases. PMID- 6654838 TI - Intrathoracic hernia of colon transversum and stomach complicated by gastric ulcer and volvulus: an unusual complication. PMID- 6654839 TI - Continuous infusion of physostigmine in anticholinergic delirium: case report. AB - A continuous intravenous infusion of physostigmine was successfully used in the management of a case of anticholinergic poisoning. In selected patients, intravenous physostigmine can be a safe and specific means of reversing the signs and symptoms of anticholinergic toxicity. PMID- 6654840 TI - Neurologic soft signs in schizophrenia. PMID- 6654841 TI - Thioridazine and diabetes. PMID- 6654842 TI - Density-dependent growth control of adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture. AB - Adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture, which show various liver functions, did not show any mitosis at confluent cell density, although they entered the S phase and remained in the G2 phase, judging by cytofluorometry, when insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were added to 2-day cultures (Tomita, Y., Nakamura, T., & Ichihara, A. (1981) Exp. Cell Res. 135, 363-371). However, when the cell density was decreased by half or one third, the number of nuclei and cell number increased to 1.5-2.0 times that after culture for 35 h with insulin and EGF. Moreover, at these lower densities, DNA synthesis started much earlier, although at the usual high density DNA synthesis with these two hormones did not start until the hepatocytes had been cultured for over 40 h. These results suggest that proliferation of mature rat hepatocytes is regulated by the cell density. First, cells in G0 enter the G1 phase density-dependently; then cells in the G1 phase seem to be stimulated to enter the S phase by insulin and EGF, and a low cell density may permit cells after DNA synthesis to enter the M phase. DNA synthesis of rat hepatocyte cultures at low cell density was strongly inhibited by co culture with a dense culture. Therefore, the density-dependent mechanism of hepatocyte proliferation seems to involve regulation by a soluble inhibitor(s) secreted by the hepatocytes into the culture medium. PMID- 6654843 TI - Protuberic acid-hydrolytic enzyme in Kobayasia nipponica and characterization of the hydrolytic products. AB - When the cold water-extract of Kobayasia nipponica containing a glycuronan, protuberic acid (PA), was allowed to stand at room temperature, PA was hydrolyzed. The optimum conditions for this PA-hydrolysis were 37 degrees C and pH 4-5 in 0.1 M acetate buffer. Characterization of the hydrolytic products was performed by chemical analysis, and by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. They were identified as D-GlcUA and O-(alpha-L-IdUAp)-(1-4)-D-GlcUA. These results suggest that PA-hydrolytic enzyme(s) include at least endo-beta-D-glucuronidase. PMID- 6654844 TI - Purification and characterization of 3-oxoacyl-CoA synthase of Mycobacterium smegmatis. AB - 3-Oxoacyl-CoA synthase, that condenses malonyl-CoA to other acyl-CoAs and takes part in the malonyl-CoA-dependent, acyl carrier protein (ACP)-non-requiring fatty acid elongation system ("fatty acid elongation system II or elongation system II" (Kikuchi, S. & Kusaka, T. (1982) J. Biochem. 92, 839-844)), was purified to homogeneity for the first time from the crude extract of Mycobacterium smegmatis by column-chromatographies. The molecular weight of this enzyme was estimated to be around 64,000 by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration and 59,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzymic product from malonyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA was identified as 3-oxoeicosanoyl-CoA by mass-spectrometry. Km values of the enzyme for malonyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA were 41.7 microM and 52.6 microM, respectively. The enzyme was more active toward acyl-CoAs having acyl carbon-numbers of 18 or more, either saturated or monounsaturated, than those with below 18. Cerulenin, a specific inhibitor of 3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase [EC 2.3.1.41], had no effect on this enzyme but iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) showed inhibitory effects. PMID- 6654845 TI - Fast release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles monitored by chlortetracycline fluorescence. AB - Rapid Ca2+ release rate from sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was determined by the stopped flow method in terms of chlortetracycline fluorescence. Intensity of chlortetracycline fluorescence was proportional to the intravesicular free Ca2+ concentration. Ca2+ efflux was activated by extravesicular Ca2+ with an apparent dissociation constant of 25 microM and was inhibited with an inhibition constant of 120 microM in the absence of Mg2+. Caffeine enhanced the Ca2+ release rate by increasing only the affinity of Ca2+ for the activation site. Mg2+ reduced the Ca2+ release rate by competitive binding to the activation site. ATP increased the Ca2+ release rate very much without changing the affinities of Ca2+ for the activation and inhibition sites, i.e., ATP seems to increase the pore radius or number of the Ca2+ channels without affecting the gating mechanism of the channel. These results are consistent with those reported in skinned muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. The maximum rate of Ca2+ release in the presence of ATP reached 80 s-1. This value is considered to be sufficient to cause muscular contraction. PMID- 6654846 TI - Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum: Ca2+-dependent passive Ca2+ efflux. AB - Characterization of the putative Ca2+-gated Ca2+ channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum, which is thought to mediate Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, was carried out in order to elucidate the mechanism of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. Heavy and light fractions of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle were loaded passively with Ca2+, and then passive Ca2+ efflux was measured under various conditions. The fast phase of the Ca2+ efflux depended on the extravesicular free Ca2+ concentration and was assigned to the Ca2+ efflux through the Ca2+-gated Ca2+ channel. Vesicles with the Ca2+-gated Ca2+ channels comprised about 85% of the heavy fraction and about 40% of the light fraction. The amount of Ca2+ loaded in FSR was found to be much larger than that estimated on the basis of vesicle inner volume and the equilibration of intravesicular with extravesicular Ca2+, indicating Ca2+ binding inside FSR. Taking this fact into account, the Ca2+ efflux curve was quantitatively analyzed and the dependence of the Ca2+ efflux rate constant on the extravesicular free Ca2+ concentration was determined. The Ca2+ efflux was maximal, with the rate constant of 0.75 s-1, when the extravesicular free Ca2+ was at 3 microM. Caffeine increased the affinity for Ca2+ of Ca2+-binding sites for opening the channel with only a slight change in the maximum rate of Ca2+ efflux. Mg2+ inhibited the Ca2+ binding to the sites for opening the channel while procaine seemed to inhibit the Ca2+ efflux by blocking the ionophore moiety of the channel. PMID- 6654847 TI - Analysis of pyridinoline, a cross-linking compound of collagen fibers, in human urine. AB - Pyridinoline, a cross-linking compound of collagen fibers, was found in human urine. A significant portion of urinary pyridinoline was in free form. The ratio of total pyridinoline to creatinine changed with age. It was high in children and decreased with growth. It was low and constant in adults, and increased slightly in old age. It was increased significantly in patients with certain bone and joint diseases. Urinary pyridinoline may serve as a useful marker for the breakdown of collagen fibers of skeletal tissues. PMID- 6654848 TI - Electron microscopic studies of myosin molecules from chicken gizzard muscle II: The effect of thiophosphorylation of the 20K-dalton light chain on the ATP induced change in the conformation of myosin monomers. AB - The conformation of thiophosphorylated myosin molecules of chicken gizzard muscle was studied by electron microscopy with the rotary shadowing technique and by the light scattering method. In the absence of ATP, the radius of gyration (RG) of gizzard thiophosphorylated myosin was 478 A, and was essentially equal to that (474 A) of unthiophosphorylated myosin. In the presence of ATP, it was 355 A, and was much larger than that (146 A) of unthiophosphorylated myosin. In the presence of ATP, 84 percent of the unthiophosphorylated myosin molecules had intramolecular loops at their tails, but only 23 percent of the thiophosphorylated myosin molecules had them. There were two flexible regions in the unthiophosphorylated myosin tail. The considerable flexibility at both regions remained even when the light chain was thiophosphorylated. The two globular heads of the unthiophosphorylated myosin molecules had a tendency to bend back towards the tail in the presence of ATP, but this tendency was reduced by the light chain thiophosphorylation. The myosin molecules with "looped" tails were mostly, if not all, in one of two mirror-image forms, and the mirror-image asymmetry was independent of the thiophosphorylation. PMID- 6654849 TI - Ca2+ release in the endoplasmic reticulum of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages. AB - Passive permeability of the endoplasmic reticulum of saponin-treated macrophages to Ca2+ was studied by the filtration method using 45Ca. The Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum of macrophages was enhanced by the presence of submicromolar concentrations of Ca2+ in the medium. The Ca2+ release was enhanced by caffeine, and suppressed by MgCl2. These phenomena are similar to the Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release reported for the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. On the other hand, adenine suppressed the Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, while it reportedly enhanced the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release of the skeletal muscle. The threshold concentration of Ca2+ for the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release was approximately 10(-8) M in the presence of 0.95 mM MgCl2 in macrophages. The spontaneous spreading of macrophages and spontaneous migration of macrophages were inhibited by adenine, and also by caffeine in spite of the enhancement of the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. PMID- 6654850 TI - Transformation of leukotriene D4 catalyzed by lysosomal cathepsin H of rat liver. AB - Among several intracellular protease tested, cathepsin H transformed leukotriene D4 to E4 with a release of glycine in a stoichiometric quantity. Under the optimal conditions the rate of leukotriene D4 transformation by cathepsin H was about 3% of the hydrolysis rate of alpha-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide which is commonly utilized as a very efficient substrate to test the peptidase activity of the enzyme. Leukotriene C4 was not transformed to leukotriene D4 by cathepsin H. Neither cathepsin B nor C was active with leukotrienes C4 and D4. PMID- 6654851 TI - Purification and properties of porcine brain glutathione S-transferases. AB - Glutathione S-transferase was purified from porcine brain. Four enzyme fractions were obtained by column chromatography on CM-cellulose and the main enzyme fraction was purified to apparent homogeneity as judged by disc gel electrophoresis. The action spectra of these enzyme fractions toward some typical substrates were roughly similar. The optimum pH range of the purified enzyme was from 6.5 to 7.5 with o-dinitrobenzene as a substrate. The main enzyme showed a molecular weight of about 43,000 on Sephadex G-150 chromatography, and about 22,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was composed of two subunits of apparently identical molecular weight bound to each other noncovalently. The amino acid composition showed characteristic high contents of leucine and glutamic acid residues. A notable difference was observed in the lysine content as compared with that of the liver enzyme. The brain enzyme bound bilirubin less strongly than the monkey liver enzyme and human albumin. In addition, the regional and subcellular distributions of the enzyme in porcine brain was investigated with o-dinitrobenzene as a substrate. The enzyme activity was found to be distributed fairly evenly in various regions of the brain, and was especially abundant in the cytosol fraction. However, the enzyme activity was also detected considerably in the microsomal and mitochondrial fractions but not in the synaptosomal fraction. PMID- 6654852 TI - Purification and characterization of two novel arginine aminopeptidases from Streptococcus mitis ATCC 9811. AB - Two novel aminopeptidases (I and II) which have specificity for amino-terminal arginine residues and strong sensitivity to divalent cations were purified from Streptococcus mitis ATCC 9811 by a procedure that involved treatment with a lytic enzyme for bacterial cell walls, followed by a series of chromatographies. Enzyme I was obtained as a homogeneous protein as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and had a specific activity of 484.8 units per mg protein using L arginine-2-naphthylamide as substrate; its Km value was 2.6 X 10(-5) M. The molecular weight was estimated to be 62,000, and its isoelectric point was pH 4.4. Enzyme II was purified to a specific activity of 128.0 units per mg protein and had a Km value of 3.8 X 10(-5) M. The molecular weight was estimated to be 360,000, and its isoelectric point was pH 5.7. The pH optima of enzymes I and II were 8.6 and 7.6, respectively. Both enzymes were inactivated by sulfhydryl reagents and metal ions but were markedly activated by EDTA. The chloride ion had an inhibitory rather than a stimulatory effect on the activity of both enzymes. Substrate specificity studies indicated that both the enzymes specifically hydrolyze N-terminal arginine residues from a-aminoacyl 2-naphthylamides and peptides, but they could not attack the L-arginyl-L-prolyl-peptide. PMID- 6654853 TI - Bundling of microtubules in vitro by fodrin. AB - Fodrin is a spectrin-like protein present in the cortical cytoplasm of neurons and binds to F-actin to induce gelation of actin. We found that fodrin purified from porcine brains co-sedimented with microtubules which were assembled from phosphocellulose-purified tubulin prepared from porcine brains. This indicates that fodrin bound to microtubules. An unusual enhancement of turbidity at 350 nm was observed when microtubules were assembled in the presence of fodrin. Microscopic observations showed that fodrin bundled the microtubules. The interaction between fodrin and microtubules was decreased by microtubule associated proteins (MAPs), indicating that fodrin and MAPs interacted with microtubules competitively. These data raise the possibility that microtubules are involved in the submembranous cytoskeleton of neurons with fodrin. PMID- 6654854 TI - Purification and properties of a cytochrome P-450 of a fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. AB - A cytochrome P-450 was isolated from a fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, which grew on a medium containing soybean oil as a sole carbon source. It was found as a heme protein that possess lipoxygenase activity, and seemed to exist in the soluble fraction of cell-free extracts. The cytochrome revealed multiplicity and could be separated into a least 3 fractions (A, B, and C). Two of them, termed Fusarium P 450A and -B, were highly purified. The complex of the ferrous Fusarium P-450 with carbon monoxide showed a Soret peak at 447 nm. The properties of the cytochromes (P-450A and -b) were closely similar to each other, the only detectable difference being in the pI (isoelectric point) value (5.2 and 5.0, respectively). The pI and molecular weight (48,000) values together with amino acid composition of Fusarium P-450 were similar to those of other cytochromes P-450 from various sources. Some other spectral properties as well as interactions with various ligands were also studied. Peroxidase or chloroperoxidase activity was not detected with Fusarium P-450. PMID- 6654855 TI - Branched chain fatty acids in phospholipids of guinea pig Harderian gland. AB - Fatty acid compositions of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline extracted from the guinea pig Harderian gland were examined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oleic acid was the major component of both phospholipids, but a large amount of saturated branched chain fatty acids was found: 34.5% in phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and 42.9% in phosphatidyl choline. On the other hand, linolenic and arachidonic acids were not found in these phospholipids. At the 1-position of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 54.3% and 40.9% of fatty acids, respectively, had methyl branches. These methyl branches were located at the even-numbered carbon atoms. Branched chain fatty acids were also found at the 2-position of both lipids: 36.2% in phosphatidyl choline and 31.2% in phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The fatty acids of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline from liver, cerebrum, cerebellum, erythrocytes, and plasma of the same animal were also analyzed. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, were the major components. Branched chain fatty acids were also found in these lipids, but in very small amounts. PMID- 6654856 TI - Analysis of apolipoproteins B100 and B48 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. AB - Apolipoproteins B100 and B48 in human and rat plasma were studied by using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. On SDS gradient gel electrophoresis, human and rat apoprotein B100 co-migrated and had an apparent Mr equal 258,000 +/- 12,000. Human and rat apoprotein B48 had an apparent Mr equal 189,000 +/- 6,000. The molecular weight of human apoprotein B100 determined by sedimentation equilibrium analysis was 270,000 +/- 20,000, which was similar to the value determined by SDS gradient gel electrophoresis. However, on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at constant concentration, the relative migration value of human apoprotein B100 was not constant when the concentration of polyacrylamide was changed. These results indicate that SDS gradient gel electrophoresis is more suitable for the analysis of apolipoprotein B's than ordinary SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PMID- 6654857 TI - DNA- and protein-scission activities of ascorbate in the presence of copper ion and a copper-peptide complex. AB - L-Ascorbic acid, when combined with either copper(II) ion or a copper(II) tripeptide complex, extensively cleaved several viral DNAs and proteins under in vitro conditions. Neither ascorbate nor copper tripeptide (Cu2+-diglycyl-L histidine) alone caused any apparent changes on these molecules. Various transition metal ions and reducing agents were examined under comparable conditions to determine the basic requirements for both DNA degradation and protein scission activities. Copper and iron are the two most effective transition metal ions examined that exhibit these activities in the presence of ascorbate. The addition of catalase, but not superoxide dismutase, can partially inhibit the scission of DNA in vitro, suggesting that H2O2 may be involved in these activities. Among the various reducing agents tested, ascorbate was most effective in causing DNA scission and protein cleavage, corroborating the possible role of H2O2 in the cleavage reactions. One of the products of the reactions of copper/ascorbate is probably the hydroxyl radical generated from H2O2, which can be formed from the oxidation of ascorbate. PMID- 6654858 TI - Different effect of amino acid deprivation on syntheses of intra- and extracellular proteins in rat hepatocytes in primary culture. AB - Primary cultured rat hepatocytes synthesize various proteins and secrete half of them into the medium. When the cells were cultured in medium deficient in amino acids for 30 h, they maintained their normal level of intracellular protein synthesis, but their synthesis of extracellular proteins decreased by half. This reduced production of extracellular proteins could be restored by addition of amino acid mixture to the medium. Since secretion of protein was not inhibited and no albumin accumulated in the cells on amino acid deprivation, the reduced secretion of extracellular protein was due to inhibition of its synthesis rather than inhibition of its secretion. Addition of the protease inhibitor leupeptin to cells cultured in medium supplemented with amino acids inhibited protein degradation 60%, but it did not change the rate of protein synthesis. Addition of this inhibitor to cells in amino acid deficient medium strongly inhibited the syntheses of both intra- and extracellular proteins. Electromicroscopic examination of the cells showed that amino acid deprivation markedly decreased the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum and caused the appearance of autophagic vacuoles. These results show that extracellular amino acids control the syntheses of both intra- and extracellular proteins, but have a more direct effect on the latter, the intracellular proteins being synthesized by reutilization of amino acids liberated on protein degradation. Moreover, protein degradation seems to be accelerated by formation of phagosomes, when the medium is deficient in amino acids. When this protein degradation is inhibited by a protease inhibitor, the synthesis of intracellular proteins decreases. Therefore, there seem to be two compartments of amino acids in hepatocytes, one supplied by lysosomal degradation of proteins and used mainly for synthesis of intracellular protein, and the other supplied from exogenous amino acids and used for syntheses of both intra- and extracellular proteins. PMID- 6654859 TI - Interspecies comparison of muscle gangliosides by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. AB - Skeletal muscle gangliosides prepared from ten species of animals (human, monkey, bovine, hog, dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse, and chicken) were studied by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Densitometric quantification of spots on the chromatograms was carried out with an image analysis system equipped with a computer system. In about thirty-five resorcinol-positive spots, sixteen components could be identified by comparison with authentic standards we had previously obtained. GM3 ganglioside was found as a major component in all examined animals, but there were remarkable species variations in the minor gangliosides. In bovine and hog muscle gangliosides, more than fifteen minor components were detected owing to the presence of N-glycolyl neuraminic acid species. In contrast to this, muscle gangliosides of human, dog, cat, rabbit, and chicken showed relatively simple patterns because of the absence or the small amounts of N-glycolyl type gangliosides. The presence of lactosamine containing gangliosides was characteristic of muscle gangliosides of the examined species. PMID- 6654860 TI - Purification and characterization of human serum C-reactive protein. AB - A simple and rapid purification method for human serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was developed. CRP was strongly adsorbed on a DEAE-cellulose column and was easily separated from other serum proteins. CRP was purified approximately 1,000 fold with a high yield (50%). The final preparation showed a single band as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. The fluorescence of the complex of CRP and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) changed with change of the pH, suggesting that CRP may show pH-dependent conformational change. This finding could account for the peculiar behavior of the protein in isoelectric focusing; it shows an isoelectric point of 7.4 when the starting pH is 7.0, whereas it shows two isoelectric points, 5.3 and 7.4, when the starting pH is 5.5. Ca2+-dependent change of the fluorescence of the complex of CRP and ANS was also detected. These results suggest a pH- and Ca2+-dependent conformational change of CRP. PMID- 6654861 TI - Changes in reactivities of scallop adductor myosin with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2 nitrobenzoate) and with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate accompanying dissociation and association of regulatory light chain. AB - 1. The reactivities of scallop myosin with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) (DTNB) and with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS) were found to be affected by dissociation and association of regulatory light chains (RLC) of myosin. 2. Approximately 4 mol of sulfhydryl groups of "desensitized" myosin (DM) were masked on association of DM with RLC. When these sulfhydryl groups were reacted with DTNB, the modified DM became incapable of associating with RLC, but when the modified DM was treated with 2-mercaptoethanol, the ability to associate with RLC was fully recovered. 3. The DTNB-reactivity of scallop myosin and its RLC content were measured as a function of calcium and magnesium concentrations. The results thus obtained could be explained in terms of our previous suggestion (J. Biochem. 94, 1061 (1983] that there are two different attachments between DM and RLC. 4. The relation between the TNBS-reactivity and the RLC content was not simple but complex. Not the extent, but the rate of trinitrophenylation of scallop myosin was affected by dissociation and association of DM with RLC; thus, the involved TNBS-reactive lysine residues did not seem to be in the regions on DM and RLC that would be physically covered upon DM-RLC association. 5. The amount of the involved lysine residues was estimated to be only 1 mol per mol of myosin. Modification of the specific lysine residues resulted in a partial decrease in the DM-RLC association. PMID- 6654862 TI - Immunochemical specificity of myosin light chains from mackerel ordinary and dark muscles. AB - Five light chains were isolated from the ordinary and dark muscle myosins of mackerel Pneumatophorus japonicus japonicus, by a method consisting of DTNB and urea treatments, followed by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Some physicochemical and immunochemical properties of the light chains thus obtained were analyzed. A1, A2, and DTNB light chains from ordinary muscle myosin resembled one another in ultraviolet absorption spectrum, as did D1 and D2 light chains from dark muscle myosin. However, the absorption spectra of the former three differed from those of the latter two. Amino acid compositions of A1 and A2 light chains resembled each other, except for a few amino acids such as lysine, proline, and alanine. Tryptophan was detected only in DTNB light chain. D1 and D2 light chains showed general similarity, except for a remarkably higher proline content in D1. Anti-A1 (or anti-A2) antiserum exhibited a cross-reaction against A2 (or A1) in both immunoelectrophoresis and ELISA, indicating an immunochemical similarity of these two alkali light chains. No precipitin line appeared when anti-A1 or anti A2 antiserum was diffused against DTNB light chain in immunoelectrophoresis. In ELISA, however, each pair showed cross-reactivity values as high as 50-80%, values which were rather higher than those obtained with heterologous alkali light chains (10-40%). Anti-DTNB light chain antiserum reacted with either alkali light chain in both methods. Anti-D1 antiserum cross-reacted against D2, and anti D2 antiserum did against D1. These myosin light chains exhibited a high immunochemical tissue-specificity. PMID- 6654863 TI - (2'-5')Oligoadenylate synthetase in pig spleen: isolation and characterization. AB - A high level of activity of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5A synthetase) was detected in pig spleens not treated with exogenous interferon. The enzyme recovered from homogenates of pig spleens was partially purified by the use of a combination of ion exchange gels (DEAE-Sephadex and CM-Sepharose) and affinity gels (2',5'-ADP-Sepharose and poly(I):poly(C)-agarose). The specific activity of the final sample was 32,800 nmol AMP polymerized/h/mg protein at 33 degrees C, and the enzyme was able to convert over 80% of ATP into 2-5A after a 24-h incubation; penta-adenylate was the major product (41% of total product). The 2 5A synthetase obtained was eluted from Sephacryl S-200 at around the position of a protein with Mr = 100,000. By using the purified 2-5A synthetase from pig spleens as an antigen, rabbit antiserum to this enzyme was prepared. The antibody bound to protein A-Sepharose absorbed the activity of 2-5A synthetase induced by interferon in pig cells. This result shows that the IFN-induced 2-5A synthetase shares antigenic determinants with the synthetase in spleens. Neither human nor mouse 2-5A synthetase combined with the antibody to porcine 2-5A synthetase. Thus, the antigenic structure of this enzyme is different from species to species. PMID- 6654864 TI - Biochemical relationship among three F-type pyocins, pyocin F1, F2, and F3, and phage KF1. AB - The immunological and the biochemical relationships between F-type pyocins and phage KF1, which is cross-reactive with anti-F-type pyocin sera, were studied. The primary structures of six subunit proteins of each pyocin were also compared among three F-type pyocins, pyocin F1, F2, and F3. Both anti-pyocin F1 and anti pyocin F3 sera gave precipitin bands with phage KF1 by Ouchterlony's test, and were found to bind to minor subunit proteins P3 and P6 of the phage, which were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electron microscopic studies showed that these sera bound to some loci of the rod part of the phage tail. These results showed that the subunit proteins P3 and P6 carried antigenically common parts to F-type pyocin and that P3 and/or P6 were components of the rod part of the phage KF1. The subunit proteins P3 and P6 of the phage were of the same mobilities in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as those of band 1 and band 5 of F-type pyocins, respectively. Tryptic peptide mapping after iodination with 125I also showed a partial homology between P3 and band 1, and between P6 and band 5. The tryptic peptide mapping of the six subunit proteins of each F type pyocin showed that the primary structure of subunit protein band 1 was almost the same among these pyocins, and subunit protein bands 2, 3, 5, and 6 showed were similar. Only subunit protein band 4 was different among these pyocins. The difference in the action spectra of pyocin F1, F2, and F3 is probably due to the difference in the primary structure of subunit protein band 4, which is a component of the fiber part. PMID- 6654865 TI - Changes in levels of translatable mRNA for neuron-specific enolase and non neuronal enolase during development of rat brain and liver. AB - Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and non-neuronal enolase (NNE) which exists in many tissues including liver but is localized in glial cells within the nervous system, were synthesized in the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system programmed with brain mRNAs. The in vitro synthesized NSE and NNE were indistinguishable from the two enzymes purified from rat brains. NSE mRNA activity was found only in brain RNAs, while NNE mRNA activity existed in brain RNAs as well as liver RNAs. In developing brains, the level of translatable NSE mRNA was low at the embryonic stage and at birth, increased rapidly from about 10 days postnatal, and reached the adult level, while that of NNE mRNA was high at the embryonic stage and at birth, followed by a slight decrease then a gradual rise to adult levels. These changes correlated with the developmentally regulated appearance and accumulation pattern of each of the two enzymes. These results suggest that the levels of NSE and NNE are controlled primarily by the level of each of the two translatable mRNAs. In developing livers, only the NNE mRNA activity was detected and its level generally paralleled the changes in the level of NNE. PMID- 6654866 TI - Steady-state kinetic studies of binding and catalysis by ribonuclease T2: a microenvironmental survey of the active site by using a series of adenosine-3'- and -5'-alkylphosphates. AB - The effects of a series of adenosine-3'-alkylphosphates, Ap(CH2)n-1CH3 with n = 1 8, on the binding and catalytic activities of RNase T2 were investigated. The inhibition of the RNase T2-catalyzed reaction by a series of adenosine-5' alkylphosphates, CH3(CH2)n-1pA with n = 1-7, was also studied. Multiple regression analyses of the observed kinetic constants were carried out to determine the contribution of polar and hydrophobic effects to kcat, kcat/Kmi, and cosubstrate and inhibitor bindings (Kmi and Ki). The data show that the pKmi for Ap(CH2)n-1CH3 increases uniformly with n up to n = 4, then remains constant. By contrast pKi for CH3(CH2)n-1pA is independent of n. The data for log kcat correlated well with polar and hydrophobic variables. On the other hand, log kcat/Kmi is independent of a hydrophobic effect, and the data were fitted by a single polar variable equation. The contribution of hydrophobic regions at or near the active site of RNase T2 is discussed. The present results also offer evidence for the existence of an isomerization step of the first formed enzyme substrate complex. PMID- 6654867 TI - A comparative study of brain arylsulfatases B1 and B2: the difference between the two forms in rates of uptake by multiple sulfatase deficient (MSD) disorder fibroblasts. AB - Arylsulfatases B1 and B2 isolated from human brain were introduced into neonatal type MSD fibroblast culture. Arylsulfatase B2 was linearly taken up into MSD fibroblasts with respect to time and the dose of enzyme, whereas arylsulfatase B1 enzyme was practically not taken up into cells. Uptake of arylsulfatase B2 was inhibited in the presence of mannose 6-phosphate. These data suggest that the biological functional difference between arylsulfatases B1 and B2 is due to the presence of a phosphorylated residue acting as a recognition marker on one of the enzymes. PMID- 6654868 TI - Isolation of chloroquine-resistant Chinese hamster V79 cell variants that are also resistant to ammonium chloride. AB - Chloroquine-resistant (CQr) clones (CQ-21 and CQ-22) have been isolated from mutagenized hamster lung V79 cells by exposing the cells to a high dose of chloroquine. CQ-21 and CQ-22 showed about 3-fold higher resistance to chloroquine than the parental V79 cells, and they showed specific cross-resistance to another amine, NH4Cl, which is also concentrated in lysosomes. CQr clone showed no cross resistance to other unrelated agents. Chloroquine-induced inhibition of [125I]ricin internalization was observed in both cell lines at neutral pH, but the inhibition of uptake was less in the variant. Also, the degradation of endogenous protein was slowed in the mutant; further, treatment of cells with 30 micrograms/ml of chloroquine inhibited the degradation of endogenous proteins in the parental V79, but not in CQ-22 cells. Similar levels of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin D were observed in V79 and CQ-22 cells, but the level of cathepsin B was lower in the mutant. Electron microscopy showed an increased number of electron-dense bodies, possibly autophagosomes/lysosomes, in the mutant cells grown for 4 days with 5 micrograms/ml of chloroquine. Similar aberrant structures were observed in the parental V79 cells treated for only 3 h with 5 micrograms/ml of chloroquine. PMID- 6654869 TI - Contributions of cytoplasmic free and membrane-bound ribosomes to the synthesis of NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin of bovine adrenal cortex mitochondria. AB - Cytoplasmic free and membrane-bound ribosomes were isolated from bovine adrenal cortex, and characterized. Contributions of free and bound ribosomes to the synthesis of NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase (AdR) and adrenodoxin (Ad) were determined by examining the presence of their nascent peptides on isolated ribosomes. Nascent peptides were released from the ribosomes by [3H]puromycin in a high salt buffer in the presence of a detergent, and the nascent peptides of AdR and Ad were separately isolated by immunoprecipitation using antibodies. AdR nascent peptides were associated with free and loosely-bound ribosomes, whereas Ad nascent peptides were associated with free, loosely-bound and tightly-bound ribosomes. Smaller nascent peptides of AdR were carried by free ribosomes, whereas larger nascent peptides were preferentially carried by loosely-bound ribosomes. In the case of Ad, smaller nascent peptides were more abundant in free ribosomes than in bound ribosomes. The nascent peptides of Ad were released from bound ribosomes of rough microsomes to the aqueous milieu by puromycin treatment, suggesting the release of completed Ad peptides into the cytoplasm in cells. PMID- 6654871 TI - Microsomal NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase of bovine brain: purification and properties. AB - Bovine brain microsomal NADH-cytochrome b5 (cyt. b5) reductase [EC 1.6.2.2] was solubilized by digestion with lysosomes, and purified 8,500-fold with a 20% recovery by procedures including affinity chromatography on 5'-AMP-Sepharose 4B. The purified enzyme showed one band of a molecular weight of 31,000 on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme without SDS revealed a major band with a faint minor band, both of which exhibited NADH-cyt. b5 reductase activity. The isoelectric points of these components were 6.0 (major) and 6.3 (minor). The apparent Km values of the purified enzyme for NADH and ferricyanide were 1.1 and 4.2 microM, respectively. The apparent Km value for cyt. b5 was 14.3 microM in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). The apparent Vmax value was 1,190 mumol cyt. b5 reduced/min/mg of protein. The NADH cyt. b5 reductase activity of the purified enzyme was inhibited by sulfhydryl inhibitors and flavin analogues. Inhibition by phosphate buffer or other inorganic salts of the enzyme activity of the purified enzyme was proved to be of the competitive type. These properties were similar to those of NADH-cyt. b5 reductase from bovine liver microsomes or rabbit erythrocytes, although the estimated enzyme content in brain was about one-twentieth of that in liver (per g wet tissue). An immunochemical study using an antibody to purified NADH-cyt. b5 reductase bovine liver microsomes indicated that NADH-cyt. b5 reductase from brain microsomes is immunologically identical to the liver microsomal enzyme. PMID- 6654870 TI - Contributions of cytoplasmic free and membrane-bound ribosomes to the synthesis of mitochondrial cytochrome P-450(SCC) and P-450(11 beta) and microsomal cytochrome P-450(C-21) in bovine adrenal cortex. AB - Rabbit antibodies against cytochrome P-450 (SCC), P-450 (11 beta), and P-450 (C 21) from bovine adrenal cortex were prepared, and it was confirmed that these three cytochrome P-450 species are immunologically distinct from one another. Cytoplasmic sites of synthesis of P-450 (SCC), P-450 (11 beta), and P-450 (C-21) in bovine adrenal cortex were determined by examining the presence of their nascent peptides on isolated free and bound ribosomes. Nascent peptides were released in vitro from ribosomes by [3H]puromycin in a high salt buffer in the presence of a detergent, and the nascent peptides of P-450 (SCC), P-450 (11 beta), and P-450 (C-21) were isolated by immunoprecipitation. The nascent peptides of these three cytochrome P-450 species were found in both free and bound ribosomal fractions, suggesting that they share common sites of synthesis in the cytoplasm. However, the nascent peptides of mitochondrial P-450 (SCC) and P-450 (11 beta) were more concentrated in the free ribosomal fraction, whereas those of microsomal P-450 (C-21) were more abundant in the bound ribosomal fraction. The nascent peptides of the three cytochrome P-450 species were released from the membrane-bound ribosomes of rough microsomes into the cytoplasmic surface of microsomal vesicles by puromycin treatment. PMID- 6654872 TI - Action of levan fructotransferase of Arthrobacter ureafaciens on levanoligosaccharides. AB - Levan fructotransferase of the bacterium Arthrobacter ureafaciens, which produces di-D-fructose 2,6':6,2' dianhydride (difructose anhydride IV) from levan by an intramolecular transfructosylation reaction, was purified to give a single protein band of pI 4.5-4.7 on isoelectric focusing. It had a molecular weight of 128,000 on gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200 and 60,000 on SDS-polyacrylamide disc gel-electrophoresis, suggesting that the enzyme is composed of two identical subunits. The shortest levanoligosaccharide chain required for the difructose anhydride IV formation was determined to be tetraose. TLC of the enzymic digest of a modified levanhexaose derived from levanhexaose by the reduction of the reducing end to an alditol residue with sodium borohydride gave the difructose anhydride IV spot, suggesting that the enzyme attacks the modified levanhexaose molecule from the direction of the non-reducing fructose end. The enzymic digests of levantetraose, -pentaose, and -hexaose as the substrate gave, in addition to the difructose anhydride IV spot, spots of oligofructans of lower mobility than the original substrate on TLC. From the digest of levantetraose, a hexaoligofructan and a smaller amount of a pentaoligofructan but no fructose were separated, indicating enzymic intermolecular levanbiosyl and fructosyl transfer reactions. PMID- 6654873 TI - Change in phosphorylation of nucleolar proteins of Physarum polycephalum during the cell cycle in vivo and in vitro. AB - We compared the phosphorylation of nucleolar proteins during the cell cycle of Physarum polycephalum labeled by pulse and continuous labeling methods in vivo with that obtained by in vitro labeling of isolated nucleoli. Both the phosphorylating activity of nucleoli and total incorporation of radioactive phosphate into nucleolar proteins increased and reached a maximum about 1.5-2.0 h before mitosis, confirming our previous observation. Analyses of labeled nucleolar proteins by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by autoradiography indicated that most of the phosphoproteins labeled by in vitro labeling were labeled by in vivo pulse labeling. At least 10 nucleolar proteins underwent phosphorylation, which closely followed the cell cycle-dependent changes of the total phosphate incorporation into the nucleolar proteins. When mitosis was delayed by UV-irradiation, the maximal incorporation of radioactive phosphate into nucleolar proteins in vivo was not observed at the usual time, it shifted to about 2 h before the delayed mitosis, and the same set of nucleolar proteins that were phosphorylated without UV-irradiation were most heavily phosphorylated at this time. These results suggest the possibility that the increased phosphorylation of nucleolar proteins of Physarum just before mitosis is related to the onset of subsequent mitosis. PMID- 6654874 TI - Stimulation by phospholipid vesicles of proteolysis of egg white lysozyme by chymotrypsin. AB - Egg white lysozyme was rapidly and extensively hydrolyzed by chymotrypsin in the presence of negatively charged phospholipid vesicles. The extent of hydrolysis of lysozyme by chymotrypsin depended on the amount of phospholipid present. The optimum amount of phospholipid varied with the amounts of both lysozyme and chymotrypsin. The proteolysis was strongly inhibited at high ionic strength. The amidolytic activity of chymotrypsin against a synthetic substrate was inhibited by phospholipid. Purified phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine from egg yolk induced susceptibility of lysozyme to chymotrypsin, whereas synthetic dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine did not. The extent of the hydrolysis was smaller with phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylethanolamine than with phospholipid mixture, indicating that vesicles of phospholipid mixture were more effective than those of phosphatidic acid or phosphatidylethanolamine in enhancing the proteolysis of lysozyme by chymotrypsin. PMID- 6654875 TI - Interaction of substrate analogs with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A as studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. AB - The 270 MHz 1H NMR spectra of 3'-UMP and 3'-CMP were observed in the presence of a two-fold molar excess of bovine pancreatic RNase A [EC 3.1.27.5] at various pHs. For the C(5), C(6), and C(1') protons of these nucleotides, the pH profiles of chemical shifts induced by binding to RNase A were obtained by plotting the differences between chemical shifts in the presence and the absence of RNase A against pH. Such profiles were bell-shaped for the C(5) and C(6) protons of both 3'-UMP and 3'-CMP. However the profiles of C(1') protons were not bell-shaped but appeared to consist of two bell-shaped curves and reflect the dissociations of at least three ionizable groups. The observations for the C(1') protons suggest that there are at least two forms of complexes different from each other in the interaction reflecting the chemical shift of the C(1') proton. In order to clarify the interacting sites of ribonucleotides affecting the induced shift profile of the C(1') proton, the pH titration curves were observed for 3'-dCMP in the presence of RNase A. The induced shift profile was bell-shaped for the C(1') proton as well as for the C(5) proton of the base. This indicates that the interaction at the O(2')H [or O(2')] sites of ribonucleotides causes the two forms of complexes of 3'-UMP and 3'-CMP with RNase A. The interacting sites and modes were discussed with these and the pH titration curves of His-12, His-119, and Phe-120 of RNase A in the presence of a three-fold molar excess of ribonucleotides. PMID- 6654876 TI - Effect of cycloheximide administration on bupivacaine-induced acute muscle degradation. AB - We have examined the effect of cycloheximide on bupivacaine-induced, macrophage mediated muscle degeneration in rats and obtained the following results. Direct intramuscular injection of bupivacaine into soleus muscle caused uniform muscle degeneration (Ishiura, S. et al. (1983) J. Biochem. 94, 311-314). The degeneration was most prominent 48 h after injection, with many infiltrating macrophages. Intraperitoneal administration of cycloheximide prevented the bupivacaine-induced macrophage invasion and decrease of structural proteins 48 h after injection. Cycloheximide inhibited the increase in lysosomal enzymes in bupivacaine-treated muscle. The peritoneal macrophages increased in number immediately after bupivacaine injection, while cycloheximide inhibited their accumulation. These results indicated that cycloheximide inhibited muscle degradation by preventing macrophage proliferation. PMID- 6654877 TI - NMR titration studies of histidine 57 and the [methylene-13C]PMS group in the phenylmethanesulfonyl (PMS) derivative of Streptomyces erythraeus trypsin. AB - 1H and 13C NMR titrations were performed on PMS-St. trypsin derived by PMSF modification of Ser 195 in Streptomyces erythraeus trypsin, which is devoid of auto-catalytic degradation activity at pH approximately 8. NMR titration of the imidazole C2 proton showed that His 57 had the pKa value of 6.9 in both native St. trypsin and PMS-St. trypsin, suggesting that the adjacent hydroxyl group of Ser 195 had no effect or a very weak effect on the acid-base properties of the imidazole ring in the catalytic triad. A small change in the chemical shift of the isotopically enriched methylene carbon in the PMS moiety of [methylene 13C]PMS-St. trypsin was observed between pH 6 and 8. The titration curve had an inflexion at pH 6.9 and the mode of transition was apparently sigmoidal, although a Hill coefficient of more than unity was suggested. It is thus likely that His 57 is responsible for this transition. Based on these results, the role of His 57 in the catalytic triad of the active site in serine protease is discussed. PMID- 6654878 TI - The regulation of actin polymerization by the 88K protein/actin complex and cytochalasin B. AB - The action of the 88K protein/actin complex (88K/A) and cytochalasin B on various aspects of actin polymerization kinetics was investigated, and the results were interpreted in terms of the condensation polymerization and treadmilling mechanism for actin polymerization. A substoichiometric concentration of 88K/A promotes actin nucleation under physiological salt conditions, especially in the presence of Ca2+. In addition, it reduces both the elongation rate and the depolymerization rate by up to 70% and inhibits annealing of the actin filaments. As a consequence, the average length of actin filaments polymerized with 88K/A becomes less than that of a control. These data indicate that 88K/A caps one end of actin filaments or actin oligomers where in the absence of 88K/A the rates for both association and dissociation of monomers are faster than at the other end. In a KCl/MgCl2 medium, 88K/A increases the steady state monomer concentration (the critical concentration) to a limited extent. This is explained by assuming that 88K/A caps the lengthening end (in treadmilling) of actin filaments, where the critical concentration is lower than at the other end (the shortening end). Moreover, cytochalasin B which has been shown to bind to the barbed end of actin filaments does not affect the 88K/A-nucleated actin polymerization. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that 88K/A caps the barbed end of actin filaments and that the barbed end is the lengthening end as well as the rapidly growing and rapidly depolymerizing end. The result obtained in the study on the action of cytochalasin B was consistent with this suggestion. PMID- 6654879 TI - A colorimetric assay of glutathione S-transferases using o-dinitrobenzene as a substrate. AB - Conditions have been examined for the use of o-dinitrobenzene as a substrate for colorimetric assay of glutathione S-transferases. Activities can be determined by measuring nitrite released enzymatically from the substrate using a diazo coupling method with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride and sulfanilamide. The assay can be done in the presence of large amounts of reduced glutathione (GSH), cysteine, and protein, and is capable of quantitating the enzyme activity in about 30 micrograms (wet weight) of monkey liver, corresponding to 0.1 microgram of purified glutathione S-transferase from the same source. This method is suitable for assaying simultaneously a large number of samples with reasonable sensitivity and speed. PMID- 6654881 TI - Detection of D-erythro and L-threo sphingosine bases in preparative sphingosylphosphorylcholine and its N-acylated derivatives and some evidence of their different chemical configurations. AB - Sphingosylphosphorylcholine prepared from native sphingomyelin by the Kaller procedure was found to comprise about 70% of the L-threo (2S, 3S) isomer and 30% of the D-erythro (2S, 3R) isomer. This analytical result was obtained by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of trimethylsilyl derivatives of N-acetylsphingosines which were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of synthetic N acetylsphingosylphosphorylcholines with Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C. Some other evidence of the different chemical configuration between the erythro and threo isomers of synthetic N-acylated sphingosylphosphorylcholines was also provided by thin layer chromatography (TLC), optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), and fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry. PMID- 6654880 TI - Partial amino acid sequences of two mitochondrial and two microsomal cytochrome P 450's from adrenal cortex. AB - Partial amino acid sequences of two mitochondrial cytochrome P-450's, P-450 (SCC) and P-450 (11 beta), and two microsomal cytochrome P-450's, P-450 (C-21), and P 450 (17 alpha, Lyase), from adrenal cortex were analyzed and compared. Mitochondrial P-450's and microsomal P-450's were different in the amino acid sequences at their NH2-terminals. The sequences of microsomal P-450's started from terminal methionine and were highly hydrophobic, whereas those of mitochondrial P-450's lacked NH2-terminal methionine and were not hydrophobic. These findings strongly suggest that the NH2-terminal portions of newly synthesized P-450's determine their intracellular localization to different cell organelles. PMID- 6654882 TI - Occurrence of alkyl ether phospholipids in rabbit platelets: compositions and fatty chain profiles. AB - Rabbit platelets contained significant amounts of alkylacyl compounds (10.4%) in choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) and alkenylacyl compounds (46.3%) in ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG). The fatty chain profiles of alkylacyl and diacyl CPG, and alkenylacyl and diacyl EPG were considerably different from each other. Alkylacyl CPG contained higher amounts of 16:0 (35.0%) and 20:4 (20.9%) than diacyl compounds (4.5% and 12.6%, respectively). On the other hand, alkenylacyl EPG included a large amount of 20:4 (58.2%) in comparison with diacyl analogues (28.8%). PMID- 6654883 TI - Design & production of poster sessions: a management system. PMID- 6654884 TI - Poster exhibits: materials and methods. PMID- 6654885 TI - Challenges in health education practice. AB - Health education (patient education and health promotion) as an integral part of medical care is in its adolescence. This paper clarifies current definitions in health education in order to emphasize the increases in sophistication and accountability that characterize the state of the art. The trends and pitfalls that are representative of current practices are reported, in order to challenge practitioners to move forward. This paper was a keynote address to the Third National Conference on Patient Education on March 31, 1982 in Pensacola, Florida. PMID- 6654886 TI - Light-scattering studies of chick limb bud proteoglycan aggregate. AB - Static and dynamic light-scattering methods have been used to investigate the structure of chick limb bud chondrocyte proteoglycan aggregate in 0.4 M guanidinium chloride. Zimm plot data for proteoglycan aggregate yield a molecular weight of 45 +/- 8 X 10(6) which compares well with a value of approximately 43 X 10(6) obtained by combination of the diffusion and sedimentation data via the Svedberg equation. The molecular weight of the proteoglycan subunit was determined previously to be 1.4 +/- 0.3 X 10(6), which indicates that the average proteoglycan aggregate molecule contains 32 associated subunits. This is in good agreement with electron microscopy which suggests an average of approximately 25.5 subunits/aggregate; it can be concluded that the aggregates visualized by electron microscopy are also present in solution. These data are also compatible with the ratio of the hydrodynamic volumes of proteoglycan aggregate and subunit. The formation of the aggregate structure has little effect on the solvent-binding capacity of the components: both proteoglycan aggregate and subunit have expanded coil conformations that include approximately 99% solvent. PMID- 6654887 TI - RNA splicing in Neurospora mitochondria. The large rRNA intron contains a noncoded, 5'-terminal guanosine residue. AB - The 35 S percursor of the Neurospora mitochondrial large rRNA contains a 2.3 kilobase intron located towards its 3' end. The intron RNA is excised in a single cleavage-ligation reaction and is detectable in mitochondria by Northern hybridization experiments. We now show (i) that the free intron RNA is a full length linear molecule, and (ii) that it, like the Tetrahymena nuclear rRNA intron, contains an extra, noncoded guanosine residue at its 5' end. The latter finding suggests that the Neurospora mitochondrial large rRNA may be spliced via a phosphoester transfer mechanism similar to that proposed for the "self splicing" Tetrahymena intron. PMID- 6654888 TI - Structural determinants of Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinating lectin for oligosaccharides. AB - The behaviors of oligosaccharides obtained by hydrazinolysis of asparagine-linked sugar chains in an erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin lectin-agarose column were examined to define the structural determinants required for the interaction of asparagine-linked sugars with erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin. The minimal structural unit required for erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin binding was (formula; see text) in which R1 and R2 represent either hydrogen or sugars and R3 represents either GlcNAc leads to Asn or (Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAcOT. PMID- 6654890 TI - Evidence that translational control mechanisms operate to optimize antifreeze protein production in the winter flounder. AB - In fall and winter, the liver of the winter flounder produces large amounts of alanine-rich (60 mol %) antifreeze proteins for export to the circulation. We have examined the tRNA in the liver to see if the seasonal production of antifreeze protein is accompanied by changes in tRNAAla isoacceptors. Total tRNA from the liver of winter fish showed an approximate 40% increase in alanine acceptor capacity over tRNA from summer fish. In contrast, the acceptor capacities for other amino acids showed no seasonal difference. When labeled alanyl-tRNAs were separated by reverse phase chromatography-5 chromatography, a large proportion of the increase in alanine acceptor capacity was in one of three main peaks. Measurements of the optimum temperatures for various flounder amino acyl-tRNA synthetases suggest that alanyl-tRNA synthetase functions best between 0 and 5 degrees C, which is the sea water temperature when antifreeze protein synthesis occurs, while prolyl- and valyl-tRNA synthetases are most active between 20 and 30 degrees C. These differences in temperature optima and the seasonal variation in tRNAAla levels and isoaccepting species may both serve to optimize antifreeze protein production by increasing the translational efficiency of its mRNA. PMID- 6654889 TI - Identity of the protein cores of the two link proteins from bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan complex. Localization of their sugar moieties. AB - The cyanogen bromide (CNBr) fragments of the two link proteins (LP) were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The observed apparent molecular weight difference between LP1 (Mr = 44,500) and LP2 (Mr = 48,500) was the reflect of a molecular weight difference between their NH2 terminal CNBr fragments (Mr = 19,000 and 24,000 for LP1 and LP2, respectively). The latter are glycosylated contrary to the COOH-terminal parts of the molecules. Fluorhydric acid/pyridine treatment suggests that LP1 and LP2 have a protein core of identical size. They differ from their common tryptic fragment (T-G200-3 fraction) by the presence of an additional short peptide. The latter was highly glycosylated in LP2 but not in LP1. Deglycosylation together with CNBr treatment corroborates the hypothesis that LP1 and LP2 possess a similar protein core. PMID- 6654891 TI - Mechanism of inactivation of monoamine oxidase by trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine and the structure of the enzyme-inactivator adduct. AB - Mitochondrial monoamine oxidase was inactivated with 2-[2 14C]phenylcyclopropylamine, dialyzed, and treated with acidic 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine. Contrary to the report of Paech et al. (Paech, C., Salach, J. I., and Singer, T. P. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 2700-2704), the 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazone obtained was not that of 2-phenylcyclopropanone, but rather of cinnamaldehyde. Furthermore, denaturation of the labeled enzyme in the presence of sodium borohydride resulted in retention of 5.6 times more radioactivity than in its absence. Based on these results, a mechanism of inactivation of monoamine oxidase by 2-phenylcyclopropylamine and the structure of the enzyme-inactivator adduct are proposed. PMID- 6654892 TI - Correlation of intrinsic fluorescence and conformation of smooth muscle myosin. AB - The addition of ATP to turkey gizzard myosin causes an enhancement of the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. The level of fluorescence enhancement is determined by the myosin conformation. The transition of myosin from the folded (10 S) state to the extended (6 S) state is accompanied by a decrease in the fluorescence level. Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of myosin does not directly influence fluorescence and will induce changes only if the myosin conformation is altered. Under the appropriate conditions, phosphorylation of myosin favors the transition of 10 S to 6 S. The phosphorylation dependence of the associated fluorescence decrease is not linear, and it is proposed that the phosphorylation of both light chains is required for the full transition. The tryptophan residues involved respond to the binding of ATP at the hydrolytic sites. Since the fluorescence properties of gizzard myosin are influenced by the myosin conformation, it is reasonable to assume that the active sites are also modified by the shape of the myosin molecule. PMID- 6654893 TI - Specific modification of the carboxyl groups of hemoglobin S. AB - The reactivity of the carboxyl groups of hemoglobin S to form amide bonds with glycine ethyl ester by carbodiimide-activated coupling, and the influence of this derivatization on the functional properties of the protein have been investigated. Incubation of carbonmonoxy or oxyhemoglobin S with 20 mM 1-ethyl-3 (3'-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide in the presence of 100 mM [14C]glycine ethyl ester, at pH 6.0 and 23 degrees C for 1 h resulted in the modification of, on an average, three carboxyl groups of the protein. The Hill coefficient of the modified hemoglobin S was 2.7, indicating normal subunit interactions. The derivatization increased the oxygen affinity of the molecule (the P50 was lowered from 8.0 to 5.0). The derivatization also resulted in an increase in the minimum gelling concentration of hemoglobin S from 16 to 24 g/100 ml. The reaction conditions used for the derivatization of the carboxyl groups of hemoglobin S are very selective for the protein carboxyl groups; very little of the label is associated with the heme carboxyls. Tryptic peptide mapping of the modified hemoglobin S indicated that the peptide beta T5, i.e. the segment representing amino acid residues 41 to 59 of beta-chain, accounted for nearly 75% of the label associated with the globin, demonstrating the high selectivity of the derivatization. Sequence analysis of the derivatized beta T5 demonstrated that at least 65% of the label incorporated into hemoglobin S is targeted toward the carboxyl group of Glu-43(beta), identifying it as the most reactive carboxyl group in hemoglobins. The results suggest that modification of the carboxyl group of hemoglobins S, presumably the gamma-carboxyl of Glu-43(beta), reduces the propensity of deoxyhemoglobin S to polymerize. PMID- 6654894 TI - Site of participation of cytochrome b5 in hepatic microsomal fatty acid chain elongation. Electron input in the first reduction step. AB - The present study provides strong evidence for the involvement of rat liver microsomal cytochrome b5 in the first reduction step of fatty acid chain elongation. The rate of reoxidation of NADH-reduced microsomal cytochrome b5 was markedly stimulated (up to 3-fold) by the addition of increasing concentrations of beta-ketohexadecanoyl-CoA (1-8 microM). A quantitative analysis of product formation, the effect of cyanide, and anaerobiosis completely exclude the possibility that desaturase activity accounted for the beta-ketohexadecanoyl-CoA induced stimulation of the cytochrome b5 reoxidation rate. Using liver microsomes from untreated rats, the beta-keto substrate was found to stimulate the rate of reoxidation of cytochrome b5 by 30%. However, when liver microsomes from fat-free diet rats were employed the stimulation was more than 3-fold, suggesting that the beta-ketoacyl-CoA reductase is inducible by a high carbohydrate, fat-free diet. This study also provides evidence for the noninvolvement of cytochrome b5 in the terminal reaction step (second reduction step of chain elongation), which is catalyzed by the trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase. Although trans-2-hexadecenoyl-CoA significantly stimulated the NADH-reduced cytochrome b5 reoxidation rate under aerobic conditions, it did not have any stimulatory effect under anaerobic conditions. One interpretation of these results is that the trans-2-hexadecenoyl CoA is substrate for the microsomal delta 9 desaturase system. Consistent with this conclusion was the fact that the trans-2-hexadecenoyl-CoA inhibited the liver microsomal delta 9 desaturation of stearoyl-CoA to oleoyl-CoA. PMID- 6654895 TI - Structure of human erythrocyte spectrin. I. Isolation of the alpha-I domain and its cyanogen bromide peptides. AB - The alpha-I domain of human erythrocyte spectrin was produced by a mild tryptic digestion of the intact molecule and purified by a single step affinity chromatography procedure using a monoclonal antibody. A tryptic peptide representing the alpha-I domain, which migrated on polyacrylamide gels as an 80,000-dalton peptide, was subjected to automated Edman-Begg degradation. Products from automated sequencing were identified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two smaller proteolytic products of the alpha I domain (T74 and T50) were also subjected to automated sequence analysis. CNBr cleavage of the alpha-I domain produced nine unique peptides which were separated by gel filtration on a high performance liquid chromatograph. Peptides were further purified by reverse-phase chromatography and characterized by amino acid analysis. Partial sequences were determined by automated NH2-terminal sequence analysis. A single aspartate-proline bond, which was partially hydrolyzed during the cyanogen bromide cleavage reaction, was also identified. These sequence data include the first 86 residues of the alpha-I domain, and the spectrin oligomer binding site has been tentatively localized within the first 39 residues. The sequence of 293 residues of a total 633 residues in the alpha-I domain is presented and represents the first structural information for this protein. PMID- 6654896 TI - Structure of human erythrocyte spectrin. II. The sequence of the alpha-I domain. AB - The complete sequence of 595 amino acids of the alpha-I domain of human erythrocyte spectrin has been determined. Peptides derived from three different protease cleavages were purified using high performance liquid chromatography and subjected to automated amino acid sequence analysis. These data along with sequences of the cyanogen bromide and large tryptic peptides (Speicher, D.W., Davis, G., Yurchenco, P.D., and Marchesi, V.T. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 14931 14937) represent most or all of the sequence of spectrin alpha-I. The single remaining ambiguity is the precise termination of the COOH terminus of the alpha I domain. The sequence data suggest that the 595 residues presented here represent the complete sequence of the alpha-I domain, but the apparent size of the COOH-terminal CNBr fragment suggests the existence of an additional 38 residues at the end of the domain. The sequence of the alpha-I domain contains a single type of internal homology composed of multiple 106-amino acid repeats consistent with the occurrence of multiple gene duplications during the course of spectrin evolution. The only portion of the alpha-I sequence which does not appear to contain this sequence repeat is the segment containing the NH2-terminal 17 residues. This unique segment may be part of the oligomer binding site. No disulfide bonds appear to be involved in the structure of alpha-I and cysteine is not highly conserved. Calculations of secondary structure suggest the presence of short helices which fold into triple helical segments approximately 50 A in length. There is little beta sheet structure. A model of spectrin structure incorporating the repeat unit and proposed secondary structure is presented. A computer search of alpha-I sequence with the National Biomedical Research Foundation database of 2145 protein sequences did not detect any significant relationships. Spectrin is apparently the first member of a new class of proteins to be structurally characterized. PMID- 6654897 TI - Ascorbic acid is an endogenous cytosolic inhibitor of ATP-supported rat liver mitochondrial calcium transport. AB - ATP-supported but not Site I or Site II respiratory chain-linked 45Ca2+ transport into isolated rat liver mitochondria is profoundly inhibited by a small molecule present in the cytosolic fraction. This inhibitor was purified and shown to be identical with ascorbic acid in a number of chemical properties, cytosolic abundance, susceptibility to ascorbate oxidase, and to agents that otherwise block the effect of authentic ascorbic acid. Experiments with a variety of free radical scavengers and glutathione indicated that ascorbate inhibition of calcium transport is mediated through a 1-electron-free radical mechanism rather than a conventional 2-electron reaction. Calcium transport mechanisms may, therefore, be a target in the pathophysiology of disease processes that influence the intracellular ratios and levels of ascorbate and physiological radical scavengers. PMID- 6654898 TI - Comparison of solid and solution state protein structures. Photoacoustic study of solid state bovine methemoglobin derivatives. AB - In an effort to examine the consequences of phase state changes on protein structures, optical absorption spectra of several bovine hemoglobin derivatives in lyophilized, ammonium sulfate-precipitated, and crystalline states were examined. Absorption spectra were used to compare protein conformations. Differences between solution and several solid state spectra were apparent. They were greatest for lyophilized preparations, were inhibited by ligand binding, the tightest binding ligand being the most effective inhibitor, and were substantially or totally reversible upon dissolving the solid state protein. Though the magnitude of spectral changes varied, they all indicated characteristically different proportions of the protein were converted to a reversible hemichrome in each type of solid state preparation. The extent of hemichrome formation was correlated with the degree to which the protein tends to be dehydrated in each solid state preparation. This may reflect the role of water in determining the three-dimensional structure of hemoglobin. Absorption spectra of solid state hemoglobin preparations were obtained from photoacoustic spectra using a novel method for spectral analysis. Results presented here demonstrate the utility of this procedure in probing structures of solid state proteins. PMID- 6654899 TI - Comparison of solution and crystalline state protein structures. Photoacoustic study of horse and human hemoglobins. AB - In an effort to assess the influence that crystallization may have on protein conformations, optical absorption spectra of crystalline state hemoglobin derivatives have been examined. These spectra were obtained from photoacoustic spectra using a computer-assisted analysis. Comparisons of crystal and solution state hemoglobins using crystal minus solution state difference spectra indicate that the conformations of these proteins are similar in both states. Crystallization does not change the absorption properties of horse oxyhemoglobin or the cyanide and azide adducts of horse and human methemoglobin. Spectra of crystalline methemoglobins, which are prepared by ligand exchange in the crystalline state, are identical to the spectra of the final crystalline state adduct prepared without ligand exchange. Further, the allosteric effector, inositol hexaphosphate, causes the same spectral changes in solution and crystalline state hemoglobins. However, differences between crystal and solution state spectra of both fluoride and aquo methemoglobin are observed. These differences suggest that small but perhaps functionally significant changes in the heme regions of these derivatives accompany crystallization. PMID- 6654900 TI - Effects of recombinant and hybrid recombinant human leukocyte interferons on cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells. AB - Two recombinant human leukocyte interferons (A and D), five hybrid interferons containing varying portions of A and D, and one fibroblast recombinant interferon were tested over a wide range of concentrations for their ability to modulate cytolytic activity of human natural killer (NK) cells. All of the interferons tested were purified to homogeneity. Although all the interferons were active, there were significant quantitative differences in their ability to augment cytolysis and the rank order of potency was reproducible among donors. The various recombinant interferons were also tested for their ability to augment mouse NK activity and the parental D and the A/D hybrids exhibited significant augmentation of cytolysis, which was consistent with their interspecies reactivity in viral neutralization assays. There generally was a direct correlation between antiviral activity and the ability of interferon to augment mouse NK activity; however, this correlation was not evident when tested on human cells. The study of these hybrids led to the identification of two molecules (A/D Bgl and A/D Pvu) which are very active in augmenting mouse NK activity. In addition, considerable insight has been obtained regarding the structure-function relationship of these leukocyte interferons and their ability to boost murine NK. This biological activity was associated with the COOH-terminal portion of the D interferon. PMID- 6654901 TI - The hepatic microsomal formation of bilirubin diglucuronide. AB - Although the formation of bilirubin monoglucuronide by hepatic microsomes has been easily demonstrable, that of bilirubin diglucuronide, the principal conjugate of bile, has been more difficult. Therefore, an examination of the uridine diphosphate glucuronate-dependent microsomal formation of these two conjugates has been made utilizing a high performance liquid chromatographic method which quantitates the isomeric forms of the products. Initial studies indicated that at high starting bilirubin concentrations, only bilirubin monoglucuronide was formed; whereas at lower concentrations (approximately 15 microM), bilirubin diglucuronide could be formed efficiently, but only under very specific conditions. Untreated microsomes and microsomes treated with Triton X 100 did not differ; each formed monoglucuronide efficiently, yet formed diglucuronide poorly. Digitonin or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pretreatment, in contrast, was found to facilitate bilirubin diglucuronide formation, the former much more than the latter. The activity of mannose 6-phosphatase, an enzyme located on the inner surface of the microsomal vesicles, did not correlate well with the bilirubin diglucuronide formation. Time course studies with digitonin and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine indicated a precursor-product relation between bilirubin monoglucuronide and bilirubin diglucuronide, and product isomer composition studies indicated that the bilirubin tetrapyrroles were stable (no random dipyrrolic exchange had occurred). Temperature studies with the digitonin treated preparation demonstrated an increase in monoglucuronide-forming activity over the 0-25 degrees C range, whereas diglucuronide formation increased dramatically over the range from 25 to 35 degrees C. The results indicate that microsomal diglucuronide-forming activity differs characteristically from monoglucuronide-forming activity, and that it is intensely sensitive to the manipulation of its microsomal membrane environment. PMID- 6654902 TI - Haloenol lactones. Potent enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors for alpha chymotrypsin. AB - Haloenol lactones can act as enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors for alpha chymotrypsin: acyl transfer to the active site serine releases a halomethyl ketone that remains tethered in the active site during the lifetime of the acyl enzyme, poised to alkylate an accessible nucleophilic residue. To investigate the structural determinants for chymotrypsin suicide inactivation with haloenol lactones, we prepared a series of nine lactones, differing in ring size (6 membered valerolactones and 5-membered butyrolactones) and in the nature of the aromatic substituent (phenyl and alpha-naphthyl), and the halogen (bromine and iodine). The inactivating behavior of these lactones is characterized by a binding constant (Ki) and three rate constants, for inactivation (k2), catalytic hydrolysis (kc), and spontaneous hydrolysis (kh). The six-membered valerolactones were much more potent inactivators than the butyrolactones, having both higher affinity and more rapid inactivation; the alpha-naphthyl-substituted lactones were also more effective, but the nature of the halogen had relatively little effect. The spontaneous rate of hydrolysis of all of these lactones is low. The turnovers per inactivation of these lactones vary from 91-1.7, with some of the alpha-naphthyl-substituted lactones approaching ideal behavior (stoichiometric inactivation). These studies indicate that several haloenol lactones are effective enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitors of chymotrypsin, and that their potency and efficiency depends markedly upon certain structural features of the lactone system. PMID- 6654903 TI - Identification and characterization of a new epoxide hydrolase from mouse liver microsomes. AB - A new microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH2) has been identified and characterized. This enzyme has properties which distinguish it from previously described cytosolic (cEH) or membrane-bound (mEH1) epoxide hydrolases. The enzyme is an integral microsomal protein which is not dissociated from the membrane by repeated washing, high ionic strength salt, or chaotropic agent solutions, or by sonication. It is very different from the normally described microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH1) as shown by its different substrate specificity and kinetic properties and by immunological criteria. In contrast to the hitherto described microsomal epoxide hydrolase, mEH1, the new enzyme effectively catalyzes the hydration of transdisubstituted oxiranes such as trans-stilbene oxide and trans beta-ethyl styrene oxide and has no appreciable activity toward benzo(a)pyrene 4,5-oxide. It is also structurally distinct, in that it does not cross-react with antibodies raised against the normally described microsomal epoxide hydrolase mEH1. This newly described microsomal epoxide hydrolase probably represents an important factor in the control of reactive epoxides; its location in the membrane ensures access to lipophilic epoxides generated by membrane-bound monooxygenases, and its substrate specificity is such that it can hydrolyze epoxides poorly metabolized by the previously described microsomal epoxide hydrolase. PMID- 6654904 TI - Metabolism of mevalonic acid in cell-free homogenates of bovine retinas. Formation of novel isoprenoid acids. AB - The metabolism of 3RS-[2RS-3H]mevalonate in the 10,000 x g supernatant fractions of homogenates of bovine retinas has been studied. Very efficient incorporation of the labeled mevalonate, approaching quantitative utilization of its 3R-isomer, into lipid products was observed. The extent of incorporation into saponifiable lipids was very substantial. Analysis of the labeled saponifiable lipids indicated that these lipids were composed almost exclusively of C15 and C20 isoprenoid acids. The major C15 acids corresponded chromatographically to trans,trans-farnesoic acid and cis,cis-farnesoic acid. The major C20 isoprenoid acids corresponded chromatographically to trans,trans,-trans-geranylgeranoic acid and an unidentified C20 isoprenoid acid containing at least one cis-double bond. Analyses of the nonsaponifiable lipids indicated the presence of labeled squalene, a C30 fraction containing lanosterol and/or 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, and a C27 fraction containing cholesterol, 5 alpha-cholest-7-en-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholesta-8,24-dien-3 beta-ol, 5 alpha-cholesta-7,24-dien-3 beta-ol, and cholesta-5,24-dien-3 beta-ol. Trace components corresponding chromatographically to 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol and cholesta-5,7-dien-3 beta-ol were also detected. PMID- 6654905 TI - The mechanism of Na+-L-lactate cotransport by brush-border membrane vesicles from horse kidney. Analysis by isotopic exchange kinetics of a sequential model and stoichiometry. AB - The present study determines the characteristics of isotopic Na and lactate exchange under equilibrium conditions in horse kidney brush-border membrane vesicles. The influence of one solute (Na+ or lactate) on the isotopic exchange of the co-transported species (lactate or Na) was analyzed in detail. Analysis of the data suggests that Na and lactate interact sequentially with the carrier. The observed apparent symmetry between the activating effect of low Na concentrations and the inhibiting effect of high Na concentrations on the lactate exchange process suggests that the carrier functions according to a glide symmetry model where the two solutes bind to the carrier according to an iso-ordered Bi Bi process. This conclusion is strengthened by the properties of the 22Na exchange process catalyzed by the lactate carrier. Direct measurement under equilibrium conditions of the coupled Na+/lactate transport indicated a stoichiometry of 2:1. These data, along with those obtained in a previous study (Mengual R., and Sudaka P. (1983) J. Membr. Biol. 71, 163-171) allow us to propose a mechanism for the Na+-lactate cotransport, involving a transport system that functions according to an iso-ordered Bi Bi process where binding and debinding of Na+ occur first, followed by the lactate molecule. PMID- 6654906 TI - Regulation of sodium-coupled glucose transport by glucose in a cultured epithelium. AB - Cultured porcine kidney cells (LLC-PK1) form polarized epithelia that transport glucose from apical to basal surface as in the renal proximal tube. The ability of these cells to transport glucose is known to increase as the epithelium forms and matures in culture. We find that epithelia grown in medium containing 25 mM glucose have reduced hexose transport compared to epithelia grown in 5 mM glucose. This difference is not the result of differences in seeding efficiency and can be reversed by changing the concentration of glucose in the growth medium. Increased transport in epithelia grown in 5 mM glucose is the result of increased influx on the sodium-coupled apical membrane transporter rather than changes in efflux. This difference is apparently the result of more apical membrane transporters in epithelia grown in 5 mM glucose. The number of high affinity phlorizin-binding sites is greater in epithelia grown in 5 mM glucose (about 0.8 pmol/10(6) cells) than in 25 mM glucose (about 0.25 pmol/10(6) cells). The increase in the number of glucose transporters induced by the low glucose medium is specific in that there is not a comparable change in activity of marker enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, or glucose 6-phosphatase). The nature of the intracellular signal elicited by extracellular glucose remains to be determined. PMID- 6654907 TI - Binding of cholesterol to cytochromes P-450 from rabbit liver microsomes. AB - The ability of different cytochromes P-450 from rabbit liver microsomes to bind cholesterol and to catalyze 7 alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol was studied. Cytochromes P-450LM2 and P-450LM3b did not bind cholesterol and were inactive in cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylation. Cytochrome P-450LM4 from phenobarbital-treated rabbits as well as cytochromes P-450LM4 I and P-450LM4 II from cholestyramine treated rabbits were able to bind cholesterol. Only cytochrome P-450LM4 II catalyzed 7 alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol. Cytochrome P-450LM4 II also bound 5-cholestene-3 beta,-7 alpha-diol and 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholesten-7-one. These compounds competitively inhibited binding of cholesterol. Cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylation was inhibited by its product 5-cholestene-3 beta,7 alpha-diol. PMID- 6654908 TI - The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of bovine skin proteodermatan sulfate. AB - Deglycosylation of bovine skin proteodermatan sulfate with chondroitinase ABC yielded a protein core with an apparent molecular weight of about 45,000. The amino acid sequence of this preparation was determined up to position 24. This region was enriched in acidic amino acids and proline compared with the whole protein core and it was predicted to be highly folded. The amino acid sequence determined in these experiments has a gap at position 4. Results obtained after beta-elimination-sulfite addition showed that residue 4 was an O-substituted hydroxyamino acid. The latter was identified as serine by sequencing the NH2 terminal region of the protein core (Mr approximately 43,000) isolated after a more complete deglycosylation of the proteoglycan with anhydrous HF. Serine 4 may be an attachment site for one of the few dermatan sulfate chains present in the proteoglycan. PMID- 6654909 TI - A chemical procedure for determining the sidedness of the NH2 terminus in a membrane protein. The small intestinal sucrase-isomaltase. AB - We have developed a chemical procedure for determining the sidedness of the NH2 termini of sucrase-isomaltase complex in the small intestinal brush-border membrane. The methodology involves amidination of sealed right-side-out brush border membrane vesicles with the impermeant imidoester 3-[dimethyl-2-[( 3H]acetimidoxyethyl)ammonio]propanesulfonate with subsequent quantitation of this reaction at the NH2 termini of sucrase-isomaltase. It was found that amidination yields were every similar for the reaction of 3-[dimethyl-2-[( 3H]acetimidoxyethyl)-ammonio] propanesulfonate with intact membrane vesicles and with leaky, deoxycholate-extracted membrane fragments. This demonstrates that the NH2 termini were equally accessible to the impermeant reagent in both systems and, hence, are exposed on the outside of the sealed membrane vesicles. The methodology developed does not involve proteolysis and should be of wide applicability. PMID- 6654910 TI - Characterization of the hormone-sensitive phosphatidylinositol pool in WRK-1 cells. AB - WRK-1 rat mammary tumor cells respond to vasopressin with an increase in the rate of phosphatidylinositol turnover. Evidence derived from a series of experiments performed under various prelabeling conditions suggests that the hormone sensitive phosphatidylinositol resides in a distinct pool within the cell, accounting for approximately 17% (8-37%) of the total cellular phosphatidylinositol. The possibility that two distinct cell types might explain this finding is unlikely since neither newly cloned nor thymidine-blocked cells exhibit any alteration in the nature of their response. This hormone-sensitive phosphatidylinositol moiety has the following characteristics. 1) Under equilibrium labeling conditions, it is completely turned over within 5 min of hormone addition. 2) It is both synthesized and degraded even in the absence of hormone, although at a much slower rate. 3) Under the conditions employed, there does not appear to be transfer of phosphatidylinositol from the insensitive to the sensitive pool. A model of these events is outlined. PMID- 6654911 TI - Evidence for a halide-binding site in halorhodopsin. AB - In attempting to describe a halide-binding site in halorhodopsin (P580), a light driven chloride pump in halobacterial membranes, we have investigated the effects of chloride and bromide on flash-induced absorption changes in this pigment, and studied the effects of a diuretic drug, MK-473, on the photochemistry and the transport. We find that at high sulfate or phosphate concentrations, but in the absence of halide, the principal photointermediate is P660, whose half-life is about 1.5 ms. When chloride or bromide are added, the production of P660 is depressed and its half-life becomes longer (up to approximately 10 ms). With increasing halide concentration, the cycle proceeds more and more via the alternative photointermediate, P520, whose half-life varies with the halide concentration in a fashion similar to that of P660. Transport activity, measured during sustained illumination, increases in a manner parallel to the accumulation of P520 up to about 400 mM halide, but declines at concentrations above this value. The transport is inhibited by MK-473 with competitive kinetics, and the effects of this inhibitor on the photocycle are also consistent with displacement of halide ions from their binding site. The observations reported here suggest that chloride and bromide bind to P580, P660, and P520, and that this binding is to a distinct site on the protein. PMID- 6654912 TI - Rabbit myocardial lysophospholipase-transacylase. Purification, characterization, and inhibition by endogenous cardiac amphiphiles. AB - Rabbit myocardial lysophospholipase-transacylase was purified 69,000-fold to near homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sephacel, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and high precision liquid chromatography. The purified protein was a single band (Mr = 63,000) after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining. It had a specific activity of 4 mumol/mg/min for fatty acid release and 2 mumol/mg/min for phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Both its hydrolase and transacylase activities were saturated at a lysophosphatidylcholine concentration of 20 microM and transacylation was prominent at submicellar concentrations of substrate (2 microM). Fatty acid release obeyed Michaelian kinetics, but Line-weaver-Burk plots of transacylase activity were parabolic. In contrast, plots of the reciprocal of the initial reaction velocity of phosphatidylcholine formation (1/V) versus 1/[S]2 were linear. Computer simulations of a reaction mechanism in which two molecules of substrate formed a ternary complex with the enzyme resulted in linear Lineweaver Burk plots for fatty acid release and linear 1/V versus 1/[S]2 plots for phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Low concentrations of long chain acylcarnitine (5 20 microM) markedly inhibited both fatty acid release and phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Inhibition of lysophospholipase-transacylase by L-palmitoylcarnitine was reversible by dilution or dialysis. Since long chain acylcarnitines increase in the cytosolic compartment of ischemic myocardium, these results suggest that inhibition of lysophospholipase-transacylase by long chain acylcarnitines contributes to the accumulation of lysophosphoglycerides in ischemic myocardium with consequent deleterious effects on membrane function. PMID- 6654913 TI - The architecture of the animal fatty acid synthetase. II. Separation of the core and thioesterase functions and determination of the N-C orientation of the subunit. AB - Chicken fatty acid synthetase is cleaved by alpha-chymotrypsin into two fragments of molecular weight 230,000 and 33,000. These fragments may be easily separated by ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration to yield pure preparations. The large 230,000-Da fragment contains all of the core activities of the fatty acid synthetic sequence i.e. acetyl and malonyl transacylases, condensing enzyme, beta-ketoacyl and enoyl reductases, the dehydratase, and the acyl carrier protein. The smaller 33,000-Da fragment retains the thioesterase activity which catalyzes the release of the completed acyl chains from the complex. Antibodies against the purified thioesterase fragment cross-react with analogous (Mr 33,000) peptides released from the complex by other proteases, as well as with all proteolytic intermediates that were predicted by peptide mapping to contain the thioesterase segment (Mattick, J. S., Tsukamoto, Y., Nickless, J., and Wakil, S. J. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 15291-15299). Amino acid sequence analyses demonstrate that the thioesterase domain is located at the carboxyl terminus of the synthetase monomer, thereby orienting the proteolytic (and functional) sites within the complex with respect to the direction of transcription and translation. PMID- 6654914 TI - The architecture of the animal fatty acid synthetase complex. IV. Mapping of active centers and model for the mechanism of action. AB - The fatty acid synthetase of animal tissue consists of two subunits, each containing seven catalytic centers and an acyl carrier site. Proteolytic cleavage patterns indicate that the subunit is arranged into three major domains, I, II, and III. Domain I contains the NH2-terminal end of the polypeptide and the catalytic sites of beta-ketoacyl synthetase (condensing enzyme) and the acetyl and malonyl-transacylases. This domain, therefore, functions as a site for acetyl and malonyl substrate entry into the process of fatty acid synthesis and acts in part as the site of carbon-carbon condensation, resulting in chain elongation. Domain II is the medial domain and contains the beta-ketoacyl and enoyl reductases, probably the dehydratase, and the 4'-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of the acyl carrier protein site. Domain II, therefore, is designated as the reduction domain where the keto carbon is reduced to methylene carbon by sequential processes of reduction, dehydration, and reduction again. Throughout these processes, the acyl group is attached to the pantetheine-SH of the acyl carrier protein. The latter site is distal to the cysteine-SH of the beta ketoacyl synthetase, constitutes the 15000-dalton polypeptide at the COOH terminal end of Domain II, and connects to Domain III. When the growing chain reaches C16 carbon length, the fatty acyl group is released by the thioesterase activity, which is contained in Domain III. A functional model is proposed based on the aforementioned results and the recent evidence that the synthetase subunits are arranged in a head-to-tail fashion, such that the pantetheine-SH of the acyl carrier protein of one subunit and the cysteine-SH of the beta-ketoacyl synthetase of the second subunit are juxtaposed. In this model, a palmitate synthesizing site contains Domain I of one subunit and Domains II and III of the second subunit. Therefore, even though each subunit contains all of the partial activities of the reaction sequence, the actual palmitate synthesizing unit consists of one-half of a subunit interacting with the complementary half of the other subunit. PMID- 6654915 TI - Calcium pools in saponin-permeabilized guinea pig hepatocytes. AB - The plasma membranes of isolated guinea pig hepatocytes were made permeable with saponin. The cells were then suspended in a medium resembling cytosol in which the level of ATP was kept constant with an ATP-regenerating system. Intracellular ATP-dependent 45Ca and 40Ca sequestration was then followed at various concentrations of Ca2+ in the medium. It was found that ATP-dependent Ca uptake could be divided into two mechanisms: a low affinity high capacity uptake sensitive to 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and oligomycin, thought to be mitochondrial, and a low capacity high affinity uptake, which was insensitive to DNP and oligomycin, thought to be mainly endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The threshold for ATP-dependent Ca uptake by the latter pool was about 20 nM Ca2+. The process had an EC50 value of 0.3 microM (for 45Ca) and a capacity of 2.7 nmol/45Ca/mg of protein. The "ER" mechanism also had a high affinity for ATP (EC50, about 43 microM). There was no significant accumulation of Ca by the postulated mitochondrial pool until the [Ca2+] of the medium was greater than 1 microM. The concentration of Ca2+ in the cytosol of normal unstimulated hepatocytes was estimated from measurements of phosphorylase a activity to be about 0.18 microM. At this [Ca2+], the ER pool of the saponin-treated hepatocytes accumulated Ca but there was no evidence of any Ca uptake into the "mitochondrial" pool. This suggests that most of the exchangeable Ca in a normal cell may be in DNP and oligomycin-insensitive pools (presumably the ER or possibly the plasma membrane) and suggests that these pools are likely to be involved in the increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] which occurs after stimulation by Ca-mobilizing hormones. PMID- 6654916 TI - Purification and characterization of human mitochondrial creatine kinase. A single enzyme form. AB - Purification of human mitochondrial creatine kinase has been difficult and procedures that were highly successful in purifying canine enzyme failed for human mitochondrial creatine kinase. In the present study, we employed ultracentrifugation to remove the lipid, urea to prevent aggregation, followed by a final step of chromatofocusing which yielded a preparation of human mitochondrial creatine kinase with a specific enzyme activity of greater than 400 IU/mg. Biochemical and immunological characterization showed the preparation to be highly pure and free of even trace amounts of other creatine kinase isoenzymes. Antiserum specific for mitochondrial creatine kinase was developed which exhibited no cross-reactivity to cytosolic creatine kinase and mitochondrial creatine kinase did not cross-react with antiserum to the cytosolic forms. Marked differences were noted, both biochemically and immunologically, between mitochondrial creatine kinase and the cytosolic forms. Human mitochondrial creatine kinase was shown to have a molecular weight of around 82,000 and to be composed of two subunits of equal molecular weights around 41,000. Aggregates of mitochondrial creatine kinase were observed with molecular weights of around 200,000 in the absence of urea or if isolated from material after having undergone proteolysis. Isolation from fresh material or in the presence of urea inhibited aggregate formation for both canine and human mitochondrial creatine kinase. Despite claims of several investigators that mitochondrial creatine kinase exhibits two to three forms with varying molecular weights, our data indicate a single enzyme form made up of a subunit with a molecular weight of 41,000 and the high molecular weight aggregates appear to be induced artifacts. A radioimmunoassay was developed for human mitochondrial creatine kinase which, with appropriate modifications, should detect mitochondrial creatine kinase in human plasma. PMID- 6654917 TI - Anion transport activity in the human erythrocyte membrane modulated by proteolytic digestion of the 38,000-dalton fragment in Band 3. AB - Extracellular treatment of human erythrocytes with papain completely converted the chymotryptic 38,000-dalton fragment of Band 3 to the 29,000-dalton fragment and inhibited the transport of inorganic phosphate in the cells. The inhibition, however, was not complete, indicating the presence of two components in the anion transport system: the one resistant to papain digestion and the other sensitive to the digestion. The latter activity is well correlated with the degradation of the 38,000-dalton fragment. The activity remaining in the cells treated with papain was markedly different from that of the control cells. The remaining activity was not inhibited by pyridoxal phosphate and dinitrostilbene-2,2' disulfonic acid, potent inhibitors to the anion transport, whereas phenyl phosphate inhibited the activities of both papain-treated and control cells. The results indicate that the anion-transport system consists of multiple anion binding sites and a part of the system which is sensitive to pyridoxal phosphate and dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid was located in the papain-sensitive portion of 38,000-dalton fragment. A possible model of the anion-transport system was presented. PMID- 6654918 TI - Stenosis severity effects for unbalanced simple-pulsatile bifurcation flow. AB - A numerical finite-difference analysis is made of a plane simple-pulsatile flow past a symmetrical bifurcation which contains an asymmetrical smooth-contoured stenosis in the trunk. In essence, such a situation could represent a stenosed common carotid artery immediately upstream from the carotid junction. The flow is unbalanced; two-thirds of it exits or enters through the lower branch. The effect on various flow parameters of the stenosis itself and on changes in its severity is investigated by comparing the results for a severe stenosis, a mild stenosis, and no stenosis. The simple-pulsatile forcing function is specified in terms of an oscillatory and a steady Karman number. To obtain a significant amount of backflow, the oscillatory trunk Karman number is taken as 1000 compared to the steady value of 250. The frequency of oscillation is stipulated by a trunk Stokes number of 10 pi. The numerical procedures utilize the vorticity-transport version of the Navier-Stokes governing equations. A non-orthogonal coordinate transform allows the calculations to be made in a rectangular grid where the central difference expressions are easily applied. The results are presented in terms of both kinematic and kinetic parameters. The variation in the basic kinematic variables of stream function and vorticity is shown by temporal sequences of contour plots at times of peak flow and during the flow reversal stages as well as by several velocity vector plots. Kinetic results are given in terms of the temporal variation in shear stresses along boundaries. The peak shears are found to occur at the zenith of the stenosis at times of peak flow: the value for the severe stenosis is twice as large as that for the mild stenosis. The midline pressure distribution in the trunk and the centerline pressure distributions in the branches are also included. PMID- 6654919 TI - The evaluation of forearm density with axial tomography. AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to validate axial tomography technique for estimating forearm density. Twenty forearm specimens from six male and four female embalmed human cadavers were used. Segmental mass, volume and density criteria were obtained by weight in air, hydrostatic weight and mass/volume ratio, respectively. Densities of bones and muscles were similarly measured. Segmental density as measured by axial tomography was overestimated by an average of 2.1% and the errors ranged from 0.05 to 4.81%. Results from this study indicated the presence of three density regions in the segment. Moreover, density data were found to be very similar in all zones of the central region of the segment (2/3 of its length) to actual segment density. It is thus actually possible to estimate forearm density in living humans, by taking two scans in the central zone of the segment if data pertaining to tissue densities are available. PMID- 6654920 TI - The elastic behavior of the urinary bladder for large deformations. AB - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the theoretical basis for the pressure-distension behavior of the urinary bladder. A finite strain theory is developed for hollow spherical structures and it is shown that the Treloar model is a good prototype only for rubber balloons. The pressure-extension ratio relationship is inverted to lead a general form of strain energy function, and fitted by an empirical relation involving one exponential. The following form of strain energy function is derived: W(lambda, lambda, lambda -2) = C1 (P(1), a) + P(1)C2 (a, lambda)ea(lambda -1). Where C1(P(1), a) is a constant (N m-2), P(1) is the initial pressure, a is the rate of pressure increase and C2 (a, lambda) a third degree polynomial relation. P(1) and a are experimentally determined through volumetric pressure-distension data. It is verified that this type of energy function is also valid for uniaxial loading experiments by testing strips coming from the same bladder for which P(1) and a were computed. There is a good agreement between the experimental points and the theoretical stress-strain relation. Finally, the strain energy function is plotted as a function of the first strain invariant and appears to be of an exponential nature. PMID- 6654921 TI - A model investigation of the velocity and pressure spectra in vascular murmurs. AB - A physical model consisting of an axisymmetrical jet in a rigid plexiglass pipe was used to study the flow and pressure fluctuations downstream from an aortic stenosis. The fluctuating velocity components, u and v, at several locations in the steady liquid jet were measured using a laser Doppler anemometer system. Simultaneous wall pressure fluctuations were monitored by an array of nine miniature pressure transducers wall mounted in the axial direction. This paper presents the detailed measurements of mean velocity profiles, turbulent intensity distributions and RMS pressure fluctuations. The energy spectra obtained for the pressure fluctuations and the u and v velocity components are compared. Contrary to earlier works, we found that the differences between peak frequencies of the pressure spectra and the characteristic frequencies of the velocity spectra vary with positions downstream from the nozzle. These differences are discussed in light of pseudosound generation by the eddy structures in the stenotic flow field. PMID- 6654923 TI - Positional variations in fracture toughness, stiffness and strength of descending thoracic pig aorta. AB - The tunica media and intima of descending thoracic aortas from commercially killed pigs showed variations in mechanical properties along their length in a region extending from just in front of the first intercostal artery to the sixth intercostal artery. Along this region circumferential toughness, measured as work of fracture from a tear test, increased, longitudinal and circumferential ultimate tensile strength increased and longitudinal and circumferential stress strain gradients of excised strips increased further away from the heart. These increasing mechanical properties are positively correlated with an increase in collagen mass fraction and an increase of radius/thickness ratio away from the heart over this region. PMID- 6654922 TI - Experimental study of pulsatile and steady flow through a smooth tube and an atherosclerotic coronary artery casting of man. AB - In vitro investigation of pulsatile and steady flows through a smooth, straight circular tube and a diseased human coronary artery cast was conducted with sugar water solutions simulating the viscosity of blood. Time averaged pressure drops for pulsatile flows measured in the circular tube over a Reynolds number ranging from 50 to 1,000 were found to be identical to those for steady flows in the same tube, both of which were in excellent agreement with the Poiseuille flow prediction. For the polyurethane case (# 124) made from a human main coronary with significant but 'non obstructive' diffuse atherosclerotic disease, pressure drops for steady flows were found to be greater than Poiseuille flow predictions by a factor of 3-8 in the physiological Reynolds number range from about 100 to 400. Pulsatile flows in the same artery cast resulted in additional 30% increases in time averaged pressure drops, and thus flow resistance, compared to the steady flow data. Steady and pulsatile flow data measured in a straight, axisymmetric model of cast # 124 showed considerably smaller increases in flow resistance than those observed in # 124 casting. PMID- 6654924 TI - Histological investigation of bone induction by demineralized allogeneic bone matrix: a natural biomaterial for osseous reconstruction. AB - The objective of the study was to delineate the histological sequence of events associated with bone formation induced in extraosseous sites by implants of demineralized allogeneic bone matrix (DABM) in order to provide a more complete basis for the clinical use of the natural biomaterial for osseous reconstruction. The rat was the experimental animal model. Implants were prepared by demineralization of diaphyseal cortical rat bone in 0.6N HCl for 18-24 h. A total of 104 specimens, 4 mm square, were implanted both subcutaneously and intramuscularly in 26 rats for periods of 3 days to 22 weeks. Histological evaluation revealed a sequence of events that at 3 days displayed an inflammatory response to surgical trauma and after 6 weeks exhibited the formation of a mature lamellar ossicle with central marrow which was maintained through 22 weeks. Resorption of the DABM, first evident at 1 week, was accompanied by the appearance of chondroblast in vascular canals and in crevices in the implant. Osteoblastic activity, initially seen at 2 weeks, appeared to be associated with capillary and blood vessel formation around the implant and within enlarged resorptive cavities within the specimens. Calcification occurred in the cartilaginous matrix and osteoid and within the implanted matrix. The osteoinductive process comprises (1) the inflammation/granulation/scar formation processes elicited by implantation of a material, (2) the resorptive response elicited by DABM, and (3) the process of induction of nonosseous mesenchymal cells to differentiate to chondroblasts and osteoblasts. The results of the present study support previous investigations demonstrating the bone-inducing property of DABM and provide further evidence for the potential value of this natural biomaterial for use in osseous reconstruction. PMID- 6654925 TI - Degradative analysis of glass ionomer polyelectrolyte cements. AB - As part of a detailed investigation of the setting mechanisms of dental polyelectrolyte cements, the Al3+, Ca2+, and Na+ concentrations in the matrix phase of glass ionomer cements were measured as a function of the cements age by use of a selective degradation technique. In the early stages of cement formation, all three cations were rapidly released from the glass, and it is inferred that both Ca2+ and Al3+ are responsible for gelation. Even after 5 X 10(4) min, the reaction was incomplete and still continuing. PMID- 6654926 TI - Strain-rate dependence of the compressive properties of normal and carbon-fiber reinforced bone cement. AB - Normal and carbon-fiber-reinforced (1 wt. %) bone cement samples were tested in compression at various strain rates. Both the compressive strength and proportional limit increased in general with increasing strain rate. Similar strain-rate sensitivity was also shown by the carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement. The mechanical properties, namely the modulus of elasticity, the proportional limit, and the compressive strength of the carbon-fiber-reinforced bone cement showed highly significant positive correlations with the strain rate. PMID- 6654927 TI - A model of dissolution-controlled solute release from porous drug delivery polymeric systems. PMID- 6654928 TI - Structure-biocompatibility relationship of condensation polymers. AB - Various condensation polymers including polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, polysulfonamides, polysulfonate, polyphosphonate, polyimide, polyamide-imides, polyimide, polyamide-imides, polyester-amides, etc. have been prepared and evaluated for their biocompatibility by a cell culture method. Cell attachment and cell growth are influenced by the chemical structures of the tested polymers. Aliphatic polyamides exhibited considerably different cell growth behavior than aromatic polyamides. PMID- 6654929 TI - Corrosion product formation sequence on Cu-rich amalgams in various solutions. AB - A single particle and four blended Cu-rich amalgam systems were immersed in 37 degrees C solutions for 1-20 months in order to determine the characterization and sequence of corrosion product formation. X-ray diffraction and SEM/EDS were used to characterize the products. The same sequence of formation occurred in all systems in Ringer's and 0.1% Ringer's solutions. The times at which each product formed varied with the brand of the amalgam and the concentration of the solution. The initial products were ZnSn(OH)6 in Zn-containing systems and SnO2 in most other systems. Cu2O formed next, followed by CuCl2 X 3Cu(OH)2. Immersion in 1% Na2S yielded only HgS on all brands. A combination of 1% Na2S and Ringer's solution yielded CaSn(OH)6 after 2 months and Cu2O at later periods. Artificial saliva resulted in a retardation of corrosion product formation and only limited amounts of a Sn-rich product could be found after 20 months. Interactions of the various components appear to alter the nature and rate of corrosion product formation on these systems and additional systematic investigations are necessary to understand the influence of these interactions on corrosion. PMID- 6654930 TI - Corrosion of the eta'(Cu-Sn) phase in dental amalgam. AB - Previous studies have shown preferential corrosion of the eta'(Cu-Sn) phase in high-copper dental amalgam both in vitro and in vivo, while samples of pure eta' have shown high corrosion resistance. To clarify this contradiction, samples of pure eta' crystals mixed with other phases were prepared and tested. Evaluation of the corrosion resistance was based on the results of coulometry at constant potential and potentiodynamic polarization. The corrosion susceptibility of eta' in the matrix of gamma 1(Ag-Hg) was considerably higher than the susceptibility of isolated eta'. The susceptibility of pure eta' also could be increased by plating it will small amounts of Hg. It was concluded that in dental amalgam, the presence of mercury in the phases surrounding eta' reduces its resistance to corrosion. Although eta' is more resistant to corrosion than gamma 2(Sn-Hg) which appears in low-copper amalgams, it is the least corrosion resistant major phase in high-copper amalgams and can suffer deterioration. PMID- 6654931 TI - The electro-osmotic actuation of implantable insulin micropumps. AB - A study using an electro-osmotic cell suitable for actuating an implantable insulin micropump showed that controlled variable flow rates in the order of 0.2 mL/day are possible. The cell functioned continuously with low energy and power requirements and long service life. The principle of operation is compatible with achieving the very low flow rates necessary if highly concentrated insulin is to be used to avoid frequent insulin reservoir refilling. An electro-osmotic cell, Ag/AgCl/NaCl(aq)/cation exchange membrane/NaCl(aq)/AgCl/Ag, was connected to a constant current power supply which reversed the direction of the current every 10 mins causing a to-and-fro transport of fluid through the membrane. Flow rates of 0.15-0.60 microL/min were achieved with currents of 2.5-10 mA. At the low flow rate, energy consumption was 6.4 X 10(-2) J/microL and peak power requirement was less than 2.0 X 10(-4) W. Fluid was transported against a pressure gradient of 52 cm Hg. The cell contained a total electrolyte volume of less than 0.25 mL. The membrane showed no change in properties after 10,000 current reversals (69 days). To function as an actuator for an implantable insulin micropump, the electro osmotic cell requires a switching and valving assembly; a suitable design for this is briefly considered. PMID- 6654932 TI - Acrylate and methacrylate esters: relationship of hemolytic activity and in vivo toxicity. AB - Quantitative hemolysis assays of acrylate and methacrylate esters provided estimates of the intrinsic hemolytic activity (Hi, the slope of the concentration response curve) and the concentrations effecting 5% (H5) and 50% (H50) hemolysis. The dependence of hemolytic activity and LD50 (mice) on physical properties (lipophilicity, molar refraction, and molecular volume) of the esters was determined by multiple regression analysis. The observed correlations were: Hi, R2 = 0.94; H5, R2 = 0.95; H50, R2 = 0.94; and LD50, R2 (all compounds) = 0.80, R2 (all compounds less the methyl esters) = 0.94. The difference of the methyl esters was associated with the smaller steric volume of the methyl ester substituent and the presence (methacrylates) or absence (acrylates) of the branched methyl group. Associative steric contributions of the branched methyl group and the ester substituents were probably responsible for greater variability in the methyacrylate series. The results were consistent with the conclusion that the mechanism of the action of the esters is membrane mediated and relatively nonspecific and that in vivo biotransformation was not a significant factor. Also, long-term toxic liability of the esters may be more closely related to intrinsic toxicity than acute toxicity. PMID- 6654933 TI - Platelet adhesion onto microcapsule membranes with different degrees of sulfonation. AB - Microcapsules having different numbers of sulfonic acid groups on their surfaces were prepared by the interfacial polycondensation method. Platelets adhered to these capsules, and the rate and degree of platelet adhesion were found to be remarkable on those microcapsules that had high surface charge compared to those with low surface charge. This trend was strengthened by the coating of the capsules with plasma, while the electrophoretic mobilities of the plasma-coated capsules showed a considerable reduction and no appreciable difference between the respective mobilities could be observed. This trend suggest that the adsorption of plasma components on microcapsules, and not their surface negative charge, affected platelet adhesiveness directly. In connection with the glycosyl transferase hypothesis, the adsorption pattern and its effect on platelet adhesion of albumin, gamma-globulin, and fibrinogen were examined. The protein adsorption pattern varied depending on both the type of protein and the magnitude of negative charge on the microcapsule surface, but its effect on platelet adhesion was not fully consistent with the glycosyl transferase hypothesis. It was concluded from the findings that the surface negative charge of the capsules strongly affected the composition, molecular orientation, and/or configuration of the adsorbed plasma components, which probably induced the differences in platelet adhesiveness depending on the magnitude of surface negative charge of the microcapsules. PMID- 6654934 TI - Stiffness and inelastic deformation in acrylictitanium composite implant materials under compression. AB - A variety of acrylic bone cement-metal composite materials were prepared and tested in simple compression at 37 degrees C in order to evaluate the mechanical behavior of these materials for possible use in bone replacement. The stiffness of the composite was of particular concern, and a simple rule of mixture was used to raise the modulus of acrylic bone cement. The reinforcement of the cement was accomplished by titanium and Ti-6Al-4V in different forms, e.g., wire, sheet, wire mesh, and powder. Test results demonstrated that the stiffness of the bone cement could indeed be increased by a desired amount to that of bone. A 16% volume fraction consisting of 25 0.10 cm diam Ti-6Al-4V wires increased the modulus of the bone cement by 380% to a value comparable to the modulus of cortical bone. Titanium sheet was nearly as effective as wires in increasing the modulus of bone cement, while titanium mesh was not a significantly effective reinforcing material. The amount of titanium powder added to the bone cement did not alter the compliance of the matrix material. In addition, as the flow strength increased, the strain to the point of load instability decreased. It was concluded that the extent of stiffening was governed by nonuniform deformation in the metal and the adjacent matrix which could be explained on the basis of geometrical considerations. Some of the limitations of the test results as well as methods of predicting the composite implant material behavior are also outlined. PMID- 6654935 TI - Grafted synthetic sorbents for enhanced removal of toxic chemical agents from plasma. AB - A series of porous polymeric sorbents and activated carbon were used to remove diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) from human plasma and normal saline. The sorptive capacities of the commercially available sorbents Amberlite XAD-4, XAD 2, XN1010, and XE348, and Calgon 400 were determined. Butyl- and palmityl-grafted XAD-4 were prepared with graft efficiencies of 32 and 6%, respectively, and tested for sorptive capacities. DIMP removal efficiencies were compared to dialysis with a 1.8 m2 Cordis-Dow hollow fiber artificial kidneY (HFAK). Butyl grafted XAD-4 and active carbon outperformed the other sorbents in removing DIMP from both saline and plasma. An order of magnitude reduction in removal ability was noted for all the adsorbents when the mobile media was plasma. Pronounced plasma precipitation was elicited by activated carbon, an effect not observed with any of the polymeric resins tested. The removal efficiencies on a 18.0 g basis of XAD-4, butyl-grafted XAD-4, and active carbon were comparable to that of the HFAK used in this study. These sorbents, however, possess a macroscopic surface area of approximately 0.1 m2, an order of magnitude lower than that of the HFAK. This reduction in contact area is believed to reduce substantially the possibility of undesirable molecular and cellular effects. PMID- 6654936 TI - Cuff-tear arthropathy. AB - In this report we describe the clinical and pathological findings of cuff-tear arthropathy in twenty-six patients and discuss the differential diagnosis and a hypothesis on the pathomechanics that lead to its development. This lesion is thought to be peculiar to the glenohumeral joint because of the unique anatomy of the rotator cuff. Following a massive tear of the rotator cuff there is inactivity and disuse of the shoulder, leaking of the synovial fluid, and instability of the humeral head. These events in turn result in both nutritional and mechanical factors that cause atrophy of the glenohumeral articular cartilage and osteoporosis of the subchondral bone of the humeral head. A massive tear also allows the humeral head to be displaced upward, causing subacromial impingement that in time erodes the anterior portion of the acromion and the acromioclavicular joint. Eventually the soft, atrophic head collapses, producing the complete syndrome of cuff-tear arthropathy. The incongruous head may eventually erode the glenoid so deeply that the coracoid becomes eroded as well. Although treatment of cuff-tear arthropathy is extremely difficult, the preferred method appears to be a resurfacing total shoulder replacement with rotator-cuff reconstruction and special rehabilitation. We think that it is important to recognize cuff-tear arthropathy as a distinct pathological entity, as such recognition enhances our understanding of the more common impingement lesions. Cuff-tear arthropathy is especially difficult to treat, and although many tears of the rotator cuff do not enlarge sufficiently to allow this condition to develop, it is a factor to consider when deciding whether or not a documented tear of the rotator cuff should be surgically repaired. PMID- 6654937 TI - The surgical treatment of exertional compartment syndrome in athletes. AB - We studied the cases of twelve patients who had bilateral exertional compartment syndrome involving one or all of the compartments of the lower extremities. The patients were divided into three groups based on the clinical findings. Group I consisted of seven patients with symptoms involving the anterior or lateral compartments only; Group II, of three patients with involvement of the deep posterior compartments alone; and Group III, of two patients with involvement of both the anterior and deep posterior compartments. On the basis of their clinical signs and symptoms each patient underwent dynamic tissue-pressure measurements using a slit catheter before, during, and for as long as thirty minutes after exercise. All patients had elevated resting and peak-to-peak dynamic pressure measurements. Treatment consisted of bilateral compartmental fasciotomy, as indicated. All of the patients in Group I had complete relief of symptoms; however, one patient in Group II and one in Group III had a recurrence of symptoms in the deep posterior compartment. PMID- 6654938 TI - Results of fasciotomy in patients with medial tibial syndrome or chronic anterior compartment syndrome. AB - I studied the results of fasciotomy of the affected muscle compartment in eight patients with chronic anterior-compartment syndrome (involvement of the anterior tibial compartment) and in nine patients with medial tibial syndrome (involvement of the deep posterior compartment), all of whom had pain with exercise. In the patients with chronic anterior-compartment syndrome, the preoperative intramuscular pressure in the anterior tibial compartment, as measured by the wick-catheter method, was increased ten minutes after exercise to 52 +/- 36 millimeters of mercury. After fasciotomy this pressure was significantly lowered to 4 +/- 6 millimeters of mercury (p less than 0.01). In the patients with medial tibial syndrome, the preoperative intramuscular pressure in the deep posterior compartment was normal ten minutes after exercise (8 +/- 4 millimeters of mercury) and did not significantly change after the fasciotomy (5 +/- 6 millimeters of mercury). The clinical results after fasciotomy were good in both groups of patients. There was complete relief of pain in all of the patients with chronic anterior-compartment syndrome and in five of the nine patients with medial tibial syndrome. The other four patients considered their condition to be improved in spite of some remaining symptoms. PMID- 6654939 TI - Total hip replacement in the previously septic hip. AB - Total hip replacement was performed in either one or two stages in thirty-three hips with active sepsis. The sepsis had followed hemiarthroplasty in six hips, open reduction with internal fixation of a fracture in eight, cup arthroplasty in one, and total hip replacement in eight hips within six years prior to the second total hip replacement. Ten additional patients had total hip replacement following destruction of the hip joint by hematogenous sepsis in nine and by infection following a shrapnel wound in one. Of these thirty-three patients, twenty-three (70 per cent) reveal no signs of infection at three to nine years after prosthetic replacement. Of the remaining ten in whom an infection developed, six had definite recurrences of the original infection, three were infected with organisms different from the original one, and one was either a local recurrence or reseeding from a persistent pyelonephritis. The success rate when the original organism was gram-positive was 78 per cent, including two of three total hip replacements done in the presence of active infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis. The success with gram-negative organisms, however, was only 58 per cent. The prosthetic failure rate was highest in patients who had had a previous infection about a total hip replacement (37 per cent) and in patients who had had a previous infection but no prior prosthetic or internal fixation devices (37 per cent). The lowest prosthetic failure rates were in patients with an infected hemiarthroplasty (16 per cent), an infection around an internal fixation device (25 per cent), or an infected cup arthroplasty. A complete and differential blood-cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, aspiration arthrogram, and radiographs did not effectively predict success or failure. For gram-positive infections, the success rates were similar following either a one or a two-stage procedure. We found that the success rates could be improved by a repeat course of parenteral antibiotics after the total hip replacement even if all preoperative and intraoperative studies failed to identify an infection. Patients with a successful total hip replacement achieved much better functional results than those who had to have a Girdlestone procedure. However, all patients must be carefully assessed prior to reimplantation of a prosthesis because of the high failure rate, especially with gram-negative organisms (Pseudomonas having the gravest prognosis), even when the procedure is done in two stages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6654940 TI - Idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip. AB - The cases of nine patients (eleven hips) with idiopathic chondrolysis of the hip were studied. Seven of the patients were white and two were Hispanic. The age at onset ranged from eight to sixteen years (mean, 11.5 years). Four patients were boys and five were girls. All patients had a decreased passive range of motion of the hip, and radiographic examination showed regional osteoporosis, premature closure of the femoral capital physis, narrowing of the joint space, and lateral overgrowth of the femoral head on the neck. All laboratory examinations were negative for evidence of infection or rheumatoid arthritis. An arthrotomy was done in seven patients. Specimens of the synovial tissue showed no growth on culture, and the histological studies revealed only minimum signs of inflammation. Histological studies of the articular cartilage were normal. Treatment consisted of administration of acetylsalicylic acid in therapeutic dosages to maintain a blood salicylate level of fifteen to twenty-five milligrams per cent, active non-loading exercise of the hip, protected weight-bearing with crutches, short-term traction to overcome or relieve contractures after biopsy, iliopsoas tenotomy or lengthening in three patients, and an adductor myotomy in one patient. At follow-up, 2.3 to 9.4 years after onset (mean, 6.2 years), six patients had either no symptoms or only minor intermittent discomfort in the hip. On radiographic examination, although these six patients had restoration of the joint space they did have lateral overgrowth of the femoral head (lateral buttressing) and overgrowth of the lateral acetabular margin (lateral osteophyte). In three patients who had disabling pain, joint deterioration was evident on the radiographic examination. One of these patients had a resurfacing arthroplasty to relieve pain. PMID- 6654941 TI - The Monteggia lesion in children. Fracture of the ulna and dislocation of the radial head. AB - We reviewed the cases of fifteen children who were treated for a Monteggia injury. Transverse and metaphyseal fractures of the ulna were stable after closed reduction, but oblique fractures of the shaft redisplaced and required intramedullary pinning. Five patients who were seen late had open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture. Four of these children had reconstruction or repair of the annular ligament, with excellent results. But in the child in whom the ligament was not repaired the radius subluxated. PMID- 6654942 TI - Free vascularized fibular transplant. A new method for monitoring circulation of the grafted fibula. AB - Free vascularized fibular grafts were used to treat seventeen patients who had extensive defects and pseudarthroses in long bones of the extremities. Of the seventeen, thirteen had been followed for from eighteen months to five years and could be evaluated. All thirteen grafts healed with no radiographic evidence of bone necrosis or resorption. During the immediate postoperative period, the patency of the anastomoses was monitored by observing the color of the skin of an island pedicle (so-called buoy) skin graft whose blood supply was in continuity with that of the fibular graft. Preoperative Doppler measurements were used to determine the most favorable location for the island pedicle graft. In the presence of defects of both bone and skin, the skin defect can be covered by using a large buoy flap. The largest flap used in this series measured fifteen square centimeters. PMID- 6654943 TI - The selection of fusion levels in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis. AB - From the material and data reviewed in our study of 405 patients, it appears that postoperative correction of the thoracic spine approximately equals the correction noted on preoperative side-bending roentgenograms. Selective thoracic fusion can be safely performed on a Type-II curve of less than 80 degrees, but care must be taken to use the vertebra that is neutral and stable so that the lower level of the fusion is centered over the sacrum. The lumbar curve spontaneously corrects to balance the thoracic curve when selective thoracic fusion is performed and the lower level of fusion is properly selected. In Type III, IV, and V thoracic curves the lower level of fusion should be centered over the sacrum to achieve a balanced, stable spine. PMID- 6654944 TI - Metastatic tumors of the hand. A review of the literature. PMID- 6654945 TI - The femoral cement compactor. An improvement in cementing technique in total hip replacement. AB - Aseptic loosening is the most common cause of femoral component failure in total hip arthroplasty. Even with new cementing techniques, bone-cement pressurization is low in the most proximal area of the femoral canal. To correct this problem, we devised the femoral cement compactor. This device increased the pressurization of bone cement in the proximal area of the femur by 71 per cent and increased the duration of the pressurization fourfold as compared with the results achieved by finger-packing methods. Pressurization of the cement was also increased in the middle and distal areas of the proximal portion of the femoral canal. These findings suggest that using the femoral cement compactor may contribute to improved cement fixation of the femoral component during total hip replacement. PMID- 6654946 TI - Late complications due to wire breakage in segmental spinal instrumentation. Report of two cases. PMID- 6654947 TI - Computed tomography in the diagnosis of a rare plantar ganglion cyst in a child. Case report. PMID- 6654948 TI - Complications of Ender-pin fixation in basicervical, intertrochanteric, and subtrochanteric fractures of the hip. PMID- 6654949 TI - The experimental and clinical implications of cellular heterogeneity in malignant tumors. AB - The growing body of evidence showing that malignant tumors are heterogeneous and contain diverse subpopulations of tumor cells is reviewed, with particular emphasis being given to the presence of tumor-cell subpopulations with differing metastatic properties. The factors that may influence the evolution of cellular diversity at different stages in the progression of malignant neoplasms are discussed. Emphasis is given to the possibility that interactions occurring amongst the constituent subpopulations of a malignant tumor may influence the rate at which new variant subpopulations emerge. Metastatic heterogeneity poses significant problems for experimental efforts to identify features unique to metastatic cells and also for the therapy of metastatic disease. PMID- 6654950 TI - Induction of tumors of the esophagus in rats by nitrosomethylalkylamines. AB - The carcinogenic effectiveness of nitrosomethyl-n-butylamine,-n-hexylamine and -n heptylamine was compared by administration to F344 rats at various concentrations in drinking water and by gavage in oil. Nitrosomethylbutylamine induced only tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and was very toxic. Nitrosomethylhexylamine was less toxic and induced tumors of the liver and lung, as well as those the upper GI tract, when given by gavage, but only tumors of the GI tract when given in drinking water. In contrast, nitrosomethylheptylamine induced tumors of the liver and lung when given in drinking water or by gavage, but there were tumors of the esophagus only in those rats treated via the drinking water. As measured by the dose needed to produce a given carcinogenic effect, nitrosomethylheptylamine was a weaker carcinogen than the other two nitrosamines, but was not inactive as has been reported previously. PMID- 6654951 TI - Increased agglutinability of bladder epithelial cells by concanavalin A in rats fed several biphenyl derivatives. AB - Biphenyl and its derivatives, 2-aminobiphenyl, 2-nitrobiphenyl, 4-aminobiphenyl, 4-nitrobiphenyl, p-phenylphenol, o-phenylphenol (OPP), and o-phenylphenol sodium salt tetrahydrate (OPP-Na) were examined for their bladder carcinogenicity in rats by a short-term assay for agglutinability of bladder epithelial cells with concanavalin A. Increased agglutinability was observed after 1-week treatment with 2.0% and 1.0% OPP, 2.0% and 1.0% OPP-Na, 0.5 and 0.1% 4-aminobiphenyl, and 0.5% 4-nitrobiphenyl in the diet, suggesting carcinogenicity of these compounds in the bladder. Such an increase in agglutinability was not observed in rats fed diets containing biphenyl, 2-aminobiphenyl, 2-nitrobiphenyl or p-phenylphenol at 2.0%. With OPP-Na, an in vivo carcinogenesis experiment was performed. Bladder carcinomas developed in 14 of 36 male Fisher rats fed a 2% OPP-Na diet for 50 weeks. PMID- 6654952 TI - In vitro cultivation of xenotransplanted human breast-cancer cells. AB - Xenotransplanted human breast-cancer tissue growing in the second to the ninth passage in nu/nu mice and normal tissue from nu/nu mice was cultivated in vitro. Thirty-two of fifty-two (62%) cultures grew successfully and have been analyzed. The cells were observed using phase-contrast microscopy and May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining. The following cell types could be distinguished: normal fibroblast-like cells (FC), normal epithelial-like cells (EP I), abnormal epithelial-like cells (EP II), and degenerated or dying cells (DC). After staining, the nuclear area of all cell types was measured. The results were: FC = 280 micrometers 2, EP I = 320 micrometers 2, and EP II = 800 micrometers 2. They were compared with the nuclear area of human breast-cancer cells obtained by aspiration biopsy. PMID- 6654953 TI - Comparative investigations on the effect of the phase-specific drug vincristine (VCR) on the proliferation kinetics of a solid experimental tumor. AB - The aim of the present investigation was to compare the effects of repeated and single applications of vincristine (VCR) to a solid tumor in mice during the phase of tumor growth retardation 14 days after transplantation. Furthermore an attempt was made to induce synchronized tumor cell proliferation. Retardation of volume growth was found to be very much more pronounced after repeated application of VCR than after a single dose of this cytostatic drug. The intensity of the effect decreased within the tumor itself from the periphery to the centre. A synchronization of tumor cell proliferation by flow out from the mitotic block or by a high simultaneous recruitment of previously noncycling tumor cells into the cell cycle could not be demonstrated. PMID- 6654954 TI - Levels of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation fragment E and related substances in sera and effusions of patients with malignant disease. AB - A radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed and used to determine the level of fragment E [a fibrinogen/fibrin degradation product (FDP)] and of fragment-E containing substances (FES) in sera and effusion fluids of patients with malignant diseases. Sera of patients with other diseases and sera of healthy individuals served as controls. Results were expressed as units/ml (U/ml), one unit being equivalent to 40 ng pure fragment E. Effusion fluids of both malignant and nonmalignant origin contained relatively high levels of fragment-E-containing substances, up to 7,500 U/ml. Normal sera had less than 30 U/ml, while sera of patients with a variety of neoplastic or nonneoplastic conditions contained larger amounts, reaching to hundreds and, in rare cases (some patients with rheumatoid arthritis), even thousands of U/ml. Some of the highest levels in the malignant sera were found in samples from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma and stomach cancer. About 10%-20% of the reactive material in effusions and 20%-40% in the sera consisted of fragment E. These results confirm earlier findings of high FDP levels in neoplasia. Given the higher accuracy of the radioimmunoassay and its suitability for large scale testing, it would appear worthwhile to continue such studies to explore the clinical usefulness of the RIA for fragment E. PMID- 6654955 TI - Epidemiologic aspects of latent and clinically manifest carcinoma of the prostate. AB - The worldwide incidence of prostate cancer differs greatly. The black population of the USA is at the head, while the Asian populations have the lowest incidence and mortality rates. Comparative geographic-pathologic autopsy studies on frequency nd growth type of latent prostate carcinomas show that in populations with a lower incidence, for example Japan and Singapore, latent carcinomatous foci are not considerably rarer than in regions with high incidence. However, obvious differences are seen when comparing the size of the foci and the growth types. In countries with low incidence and mortality rate, the foci of the latent prostate carcinoma are small and show a slight proliferating tendency, whereas in countries with high incidence and mortality rate, they are frequently larger and more aggressive. Consequently, the different incidence of prostate cancer is not based on different initiation of malignant transformation, but on different promoting factors. In histologic-bioptical specimens from regions with high incidence and mortality rate, pluriform tumor types of malignancy grade G III and G II prevail. Definite causes of prostate cancer could not be detected by case control and migration studies up to now. PMID- 6654956 TI - Circulating autoantibodies in patients with fibrocystic disease of the breast. AB - Antinuclear, parietal-cell, smooth-muscle, mitochondrial, and adrenal antibodies were determined in the blood serum of 110 patients with fibrocystic disease of the breast and of 102 healthy blood donors by indirect immunofluorescence. Thirty eight percent of the patients had detectable autoantibodies compared to 16% of the controls (P less than 0.001). Significant differences were found in the incidence of parietal-cell and smooth-muscle autoantibodies between the patients and controls. In addition, more than one autoantibody was detected in the serum of a significantly larger number of patients than controls. The findings indicate that an immunologic mechanism is involved in the pathogenesis of fibrocystic disease of the breast. PMID- 6654957 TI - Brain tumor growth and response to chemotherapy in the subrenal capsule assay. AB - Pieces from eight freshly biopsied human gliomas and tumors grown from a human glioma (U118MG) established by transplantation and a rat glioma (RG2) were transplanted under the renal capsule of normal, immunocompetent rats. The effects of chemotherapy administered intraperitoneally to host rats were evaluated by measuring the growth of implanted tumor specimens. Results could be obtained within 7 days of transplantation and suggest that the subrenal capsule assay might be useful in the future for the rapid evaluation of the sensitivity of human brain tumors to therapeutic manipulation. The limitations of the assay are discussed. PMID- 6654958 TI - Long-term survival following left ventricular aneurysmectomy. AB - Ninety-four patients who underwent left ventricular aneurysmectomy between 1971 and 1980 are reviewed. In thirty-four cases this operation was combined with myocardial revascularisation. The overall hospital mortality was 6% with a five year survival of 72% +/- 6%. Symptomatology dominated by dyspnoea, a raised left ventricular end diastolic pressure (L.V.E.D.P.) and ventricular dysrhythmias adversely affected survival. Combined myocardial revascularisation did not affect the hospital mortality but was associated with a trend toward improved long-term survival in two groups of patients viz those presenting with predominant angina and those with major stenoses of two or more coronary arteries. Fifteen patients agreed prospectively to post-operative cardiac catheterisation. Despite symptomatic relief no improvement in L.V.E.D.P. or ejection fraction was demonstrated in this group. PMID- 6654959 TI - Long term results of isolated mitral and aortic valve replacement. A statistical evaluation. AB - 589 patients were followed up between 1972 and 1977 after aortic (285) or mitral valve (304) replacement. Three hundred and thirty patients had a ball valve (Starr-Edwards) and 259 a disc valve (Bjork-Shiley). The average follow up was 37 months for the mitral patients and 40 months for the aortic. The results were analyzed by statistical methods based on multifactor analysis (cluster) in order to test the homogeneity of the different groups of patients. Survival and embolism were followed by actuarial rates. The survival rate between AVR patients at 72 months was 93 per cent for the Bjork and 71 per cent for the Starr valve was a statistically significant difference. The survival of MVR at 48 months was 84 per cent for Starr and 78 per cent for Bjork prostheses; no significant difference was found on statistical analysis. Embolic episodes occurred at a rate of 16 per cent for the Bjork and 14 per cent for the Starr valves in AVR, and 10 per cent for the Bjork and 18 per cent for Starr prostheses in MVR. These differences were not significant. By the cluster analysis based on different parameters (age, valve lesion, NYHA class, duration of symptoms, C/T ratio, size of the left atrium) it was shown that no proper risk factors were found between the parameters under consideration. We conclude that in both aortic and mitral valve replacement, the most important risk factor is the type of prosthesis and the presence of the prosthesis itself. PMID- 6654960 TI - Surgical treatment of acute dissection of the aorta superimposed on pre-existing aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Total replacement of the ascending aorta with reimplantation of the coronary arteries. A report on five cases. AB - Five cases of acute dissection of the ascending aorta superimposed on a pre existing aneurysm, including two with propagation of the dissection into the coronary arteries, were treated by total replacement of the ascending aorta utilizing a valve containing tube graft and reimplantation of the coronary arteries. Diverse techniques such as the use of an intermediate tube for reconnecting the coronary arteries, correction of the coronary dissection by reapproximation of the two layers or with bypass grafting, support of the distal aortic suture line with Teflon felt and fistulization of the periprosthetic space to the right atrium, greatly simplified the treatment of these lesions, permitting survival of four out of five patients, who are in excellent health one, four, and seven years respectively after surgery. PMID- 6654961 TI - Abdominal aortic aneurysms: some controversial points. AB - A retrospective review of the surgical treatment of 51 abdominal aortic aneurysms is reported. Thirty-five (69%) patients were operated on electively, and 16 (31%) had emergency surgery. Fissurated aneurysms were included in the elective surgery group. The operative death rate was respectively 2.7% and 50%. Controversial points about diagnosis, treatment of associated diseases, surgical technique, and selection of the patients for surgery are presented and discussed. PMID- 6654962 TI - Infrapopliteal bypass grafts for severe ischaemia of the lower limb. AB - A retrospective survey of 27 infrapopliteal bypass grafts performed for rest pain revealed a cumulative limb salvage rate of 65.3% with an overall operative mortality of 8%. When pre-operative angiography demonstrates a patent infrapopliteal artery, reversed saphenous vein bypass grafting offers a realistic alternative to primary amputation when femoropopliteal occlusion threatens limb viability. PMID- 6654963 TI - Patency of the primary pedal arch, blood flow through a femoro-tibial graft, and the role of a distal arteriovenous shunt. AB - In a series of 30 femoro-tibial grafts for limb salvage, blood flow through the graft was compared to patency of the primary pedal arch. Where the primary pedal arch was occluded mean flow was 83 +/- 44 ml/min compared to 152 +/- 51 mls/min when the pedal arch was complete (p less than 0.01). In order to increase blood flow through the graft in patients with an occluded pedal arch, an arteriovenous shunt was constructed at the distal tibial anastomosis. Following this procedure mean flow increased to 236 +/- 92 mls/min (p less than 0.001). The cumulative patency rate in patients who required an arteriovenous shunt was 65% at 6 months, compared to 68% in patients with a complete pedal arch in whom an arteriovenous shunt was not thought necessary. The results show that an arteriovenous shunt may be of value when blood flow through a femoro-tibial graft is limited by occlusive disease in the primary pedal arch. PMID- 6654964 TI - The Biograft for femoropopliteal bypass. AB - A consecutive unselected series of 189 femoropopliteal bypass procedures with a modified human umbilical cord vein, the Biograft, is analysed. The distal anastomosis was above the knee in 62% and below the knee in 38% of the cases. No patient was lost to follow-up. The cumulative patency rate, according to the life table method, is 86.4% after 1 year and 70.9% after 4 years. Data related to the location of the distal anastomosis and the patency rate are considered. Obstruction of the outflow tract, due to progressive atherosclerotic disease, was the most important cause of a failure, accounting for almost two-thirds of the cases. Biograft-related causes of failure were mainly thrombosis due to kinking in four cases with a below-knee anastomosis. Anastomotic obstruction occurred seven times. The Biograft seems to be a good arterial substitute for femoropopliteal bypass operations above and below the knee. PMID- 6654966 TI - The endothelialization process of a fibrous polyurethane microvascular prosthesis after implantation in the abdominal aorta of the rat. A scanning electron microscopic study. AB - The endothelialization process of a fibrous microvascular polyurethane prosthesis (inner diameter 1.6 mm) was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Forty-seven prostheses (1 cm) were implanted into the abdominal aorta of rats between the left renal artery and the bifurcation. Specimens were taken on day 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21 and 25, as well as 6 and 9 months after implantation, to evaluate immediate and delayed response and complications. The patency rate of the implants was 91.2%. After an initial recovery period of five days, endothelial cells started to migrate onto the inner surface of the prosthesis with a velocity of approximately 0.3 mm per day, resulting in a completely endothelialized prosthesis at day 21. A smooth continuous inner lining was achieved. A difference in growth pattern between the proximal and distal growth zone was observed, and may be attributed to the direction of the blood flow through the prosthesis. The endothelial cells advanced in a close arrangement. No cells were seen to settle and grow in between the two growth zones on the fibrin layer. If no immediate complications occur, the endothelialization process (21 days) proceeds uneventfully and no late complications are observed. Though it may be argued that the new cells lack some authentic endothelial features, this study indicates that they are at least of endothelial orgin, and behave morphologically like endothelial cells. It can be concluded that the adequate texture of the prosthesis and the cell anchoring, in combination with both an optimal surgical performance and blood flow, ensure that the microvascular prostheses are rapidly endothelialized and retain high patency rates over long periods of time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654967 TI - Reconstruction of veins: the need for objectivity. AB - The reconstruction of veins is gradually gaining acceptance as a valuable surgical tool in alleviating or ameliorating the disability of venous occlusion in both trauma and post-thrombotic conditions. A study of 169 consecutive cases of venous reconstruction on the vascular service was undertaken in an effort to help (1) identify candidates, (2) select the reconstructive procedure, and (3) analyze the role of the adjuvant arteriovenous fistula. One hundred nineteen procedures were performed in post-phlebitic disease, including fifteen cases of adjuvant arteriovenous fistula, 42 in patients with trauma and the remaining eight were undertaken to rectify venous obstruction resulting from extrinsic pathology. While the clinical results appear promising, objectivity in the evaluation of venous reconstruction with phlebograms and pressure studies is greatly needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn. PMID- 6654965 TI - A fibrous polyurethane microvascular prosthesis. Morphological evaluation of the neo-intima. AB - A fibrous polyurethane microvascular prosthesis with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm was implanted to replace the rat aorta between the left renal artery and the bifurcation of the aorta. Twenty-four implantations, using three different lengths (0.5; 1; 1.5 cm), were carried out. Rats were sacrificed 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after implantation. Only 1 prosthesis was occluded (probably due to a technical error). Grafts were already lined with a neo-intima by the third week, irrespective of their length. Different shapes of endothelial cells were recognized. It appeared that cells arise and migrate from the aortic stumps into the prosthesis, since the neo-intima is thicker in the anastomotic area than in the middle of the graft. The well-defined neo-intima consisted of several layers of smooth muscle cells embedded in a glycoprotein matrix and covered by a very flat continuous endothelium. The structure of the prosthesis allowed anchoring of the lining cells. Migration of cells through the wall of the prosthesis was not observed. At those places in the prosthesis where fibres had fused together to form flat areas the neo-intima became torn by the contraction of the myofibroblasts. This was because the cells had evidently failed to become anchored to the prosthetic wall. The neo-intima retained the ability of immediate repair of small defects which develop occasionally on the non-fibrous areas of the luminal surface of the prosthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654968 TI - High aortoiliac occlusion: treatment with thoracic aorta to femoral arterial bypass. AB - Bifurcation bypass grafting from the thoracic aorta to femoral arteries provides excellent revascularization in the presence of high aortoiliac occlusive disease. Two such cases are described. There were no postoperative complications and the follow-up aortograms showed well-functioning grafts. PMID- 6654969 TI - Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the right superior vena cava. AB - An unusual case of total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (TAPVD) is described with four anomalous veins draining separately into the posterolateral wall of the right superior vena cava (SVC). The defect was successfully reconstructed with a pericardial patch, sutured to the posterior wall of the right SVC, right atrium and the margins of an artificially enlarged inter-atrial communication, thereby directing the pulmonary venous return into the left atrium. The right SVC was reconstructed with a further pericardial patch. Initially autologous pericardium was used, but due to contraction this had to be replaced at a further procedure with heterologous pericardium. PMID- 6654970 TI - Variations in total and ionized calcium during cardiac surgery. AB - Twenty patients undergoing cardiac surgery were studied to examine variations in total and ionized serum calcium and urine calcium during cardiopulmonary bypass. Serial samples of blood and urine were analyzed during bypass using a highly specific calcium electrode to determine the effects of hemodilution, various pharmacologic agents, and transfusions of citrated blood. Calcium chloride was routinely added to the crystalloid pump prime (400 mgs/L) and also administered when additional blood or crystalloid were infused. An average of 4.8 +/- .50 grams of calcium chloride was given per procedure. After induction of general anesthesia with nitrous oxide and Halothane, total serum calcium decreased from 10.0 +/- 0.3 to 8.5 +/- 0.8 mg% (p less than 0.05). Following heparinization, ionized calcium decreased from 4.2 +/- .08 to 3.9 +/- 12 mg% (p less than 0.05). Ionized calcium was not affected by reversal of heparin with Protamine. Following institution of cardiopulmonary bypass the ratio of ionized to total calcium declined about 13.4% (0.49 vs. 0.43). This ratio did not change during bypass but returned to normal immediately post-perfusion. Urinary calcium excretion averaged 1.9 +/- 0.6 mg/min and could not be implicated as a cause of hypocalcemia during bypass. Post-perfusion, ionized serum calcium rose 1.3 +/- .01 mg% for each gram of exogenously administered calcium chloride (p less than 0.05). From these observations, we conclude: (1) ionized and total serum calcium levels decreased significantly following institution of cardiopulmonary bypass alone, presumably as a result of hemodilution from the crystalloid pump prime and addition of citrated blood products; (2) induction of general anesthesia alone with nitrous oxide and Halothane is associated with a significant decrease in total serum calcium; (3) ionized calcium declined following heparinization but is unchanged by Protamine administration; (4) changes in total and ionized serum calcium are unaffected by urinary excretion during bypass; (5) exogenously administered calcium chloride significantly increases serum ionized calcium and these changes are inversely related to the circulating pool of calcium; (6) current protocols for administration of exogenous calcium chloride during bypass may result in insufficient levels of ionized calcium and we have adopted measures to correct these deficiencies, when indicated. PMID- 6654971 TI - Surgical management of tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve. AB - Tetralogy of Fallot and absent pulmonary valve (T-APV) is associated with massively dilated pulmonary arteries that cause tracheobronchial compression in the newborn and heart failure and cyanosis in older patients. Corrective operations have been attended by high mortality rates due to pulmonary insufficiency causing right heart failure (RHF) and pulmonary complications. Pulmonic valve insertion (PVI) with complete repair has resulted in improved survival. During the last 5 years, 152 patients with tetralogy were corrected. Of these, 10 patients (ages 51 days to 34 years) had absent pulmonary valve. One patient (age 51 days) presented with severe RHF and pulmonary insufficiency and 9 patients presented with mild RHF and cyanosis. Chest roentgenograms showed increased cardiothoracic ratio and pulmonary prominence in all. Arteriography revealed massively enlarged pulmonary arteries with a mean ratio of 2:1 for size of pulmonary artery to aorta. Associated pulmonic stenosis and insufficiency was present in all. Seven patients underwent closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) and PVI. Of these, 3 had PVI (2 tissue and 1 prosthetic) with outflow patch and 4 had right ventricle to pulmonary artery (RV-PA) tissue valved conduits. Two patients had repair without PVI, and 1 had repair with a monocusp pericardial valve patch. Nine patients have done well with no episodes of thromboembolism or infection. Death occurred in a 51-day-old infant who had VSD closure and relief of pulmonic stenosis. Pulmonary valve insertion seems to be indicated in these patients because it lowers peak pulmonary artery pressure and, thus, reduces compression effects on the trachea and bronchi. When PVI was used, RHF did not occur post-operatively. PMID- 6654972 TI - PISA--a noninvasive method in the evaluation of protective effect of methylprednisolone on the ischemic myocardium. AB - This study deals with the assessment of the PISA--a new noninvasive method, in relation to conventional ECG, MBCPK and LDH1, in the detection and quantification of coronary ligation-induced myocardial damage. Also this study includes the applicability of the PISA method in the evaluation of the effectiveness of methylprednisolone in the protection of myocardial damage, induced by coronary ligation. The studies were conducted in 15 mongrel dogs: (untreated dogs: 9; methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg I.V.) treated dogs: 6). The PISA signature pattern was normal and the PISA index was small in all the dogs before coronary ligation. The PISA signature was phase-variant in all dogs in the untreated group following coronary ligation. The PISA index increased with time following coronary ligation but the changes at 60 minutes were less than at 30 and 120 minutes. There were no significant changes in the conventional ECG, serum MBCPK and LDH1 for the 120 minute duration of coronary ligation. These results indicate the superiority of the PISA method in the detection and quantification of coronary artery ligation induced myocardial damage. Coronary ligation in methylprednisolone treated dogs produced significant increases in the PISA index with the time but the increases were significantly lower than those in untreated groups. These lower increases at 60 minutes as compared to 30 and 120 minutes observed in the untreated group were absent in the treated group. Methylprednisolone showed some protective effect against coronary ligation-induced myocardial damage. These results indicate that the PISA method may be a valuable tool in the detection and the measurement of the extent of cardiac injury and in constant monitoring of the changes in the size of myocardial damage. PMID- 6654974 TI - Surgery of carotid kinking and fibromuscular dysplasia. AB - Case material on surgery of carotid artery totalled 258 operations. This paper refers to 52 patients suffering from carotid kinking or fibromuscular dysplasia. In all cases indication was based on clinical, radiographic and hemodynamic elements. Particular value is ascribed to radiographic pictures of different head positions and to photoplethysmographic studies conducted for the purpose of detecting circulatory insufficiency in the common carotid-internal carotid axis. Kinking: 43 cases: (1) 34 patients underwent shortening of internal carotid, with clamping limited to this vessel; (2) 2 patients underwent shortening of common carotid; (3) in the remaining 7 cases there was concomitant carotid atheromatosis so that simultaneous correction of both lesions was required. Fibromuscular dysplasia: 9 patients; these were subjected to intraluminal dilatation of the artery by means of Fogarty catheters or dilators. Good results exceeded 90% of all patients thus treated-all of whom presented marked cerebrovascular insufficiency. This figure has remained constant over the years. PMID- 6654973 TI - The effect of methylprednisolone pre-treatment on brain damage in dogs during cardiopulmonary bypass. A double blind study. AB - Brain damage remains a significant cause of post-operative morbidity following open-heart surgical procedures. Though cerebral ischaemia and micro-embolic damage are considered the main causative factors, further understanding of this particular clinical problem has been hampered by the lack of an acceptably sensitive experimental model. Recent development of a biochemical marker model using cerebrospinal fluid levels of creatine kinase enzyme and its B brain specific isoenzyme have been used in the present study designed to investigate the effect of corticosteroid pre-treatment of dogs submitted to 60 minutes of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Identical vials containing methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg body weight or placebo were administered intravenously to the dog before the period of bypass was begun. The cisterna magna was cannulated in order to obtain appropriate cerebrospinal fluid samples. The results indicate a rise in the enzyme and isoenzyme levels in cerebrospinal fluid during the period of perfusion for both total creatine kinase enzyme and its B isoenzyme. Analysis of the results following completion of the study indicated that the levels of enzyme and isoenzyme rise in the steroid treated group were always lower than the levels obtained in the group receiving placebo. Though this difference was consistent it did not achieve statistical significance. Analysis of the distribution of the rise in enzyme levels in the individual dogs in the two groups suggested, however, that the group of dogs receiving methylprednisolone were possibly protected from excessive degrees of enzyme release indicating a possible protective effect of steroid pre treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6654975 TI - Ilio-femoral and femoro-femoral crossover grafting. Analysis of an 11-year experience. AB - Experience with 131 crossover arterial bypass grafts for lower limb revascularization has been reviewed. Ninety-nine grafts were placed as a primary procedure for unilateral iliac artery occlusive (97) or aneurysmal (2) disease. In contrast 32 grafts were placed as a secondary procedure following the failure of a previous unilateral or bilateral conventional aorto-iliac reconstruction. Fifteen patients were not suitable for a crossover procedure without the addition of a concomitant donor limb inflow reconstruction. The one month operative mortality rate was 6.1%. The five-year cumulative patency rate was 71.4% +/- 6.0 in primary procedures and 38.1% +/- 11.3 in secondary procedures (p less than 0.05). No difference in the success rate was shown when the vein graft patency curve was compared with the synthetic graft patency curve. However, the use of a small caliber vein (6 mm or less) resulted in the lowest patency rate. No other factors affecting patency were found. This report tends to support the fact that ilio-femoral or femoro-femoral crossover bypass is a safe and effective procedure for managing unilateral iliac artery occlusive disease. With proper selection of patients, a wider use of the method is justified. PMID- 6654976 TI - A comparison of conventional and digital intravenous arteriography in the follow up of femoro-crural bypass operations. AB - The value of intravenous arteriography, otherwise known as digital vascular imaging (DVI) in the late postoperative control of femoro-crural bypass operations is determined by comparing its results with those of conventional arteriography. Ten patients with 12 grafts were studied by both methods after a mean postoperative follow-up period of 83.5 months. DVI was 100% accurate in the determination of graft patency. In most patients it provided reliable information regarding the status of the distal anastomosis and the patency of the distal runoff. Since DVI has been proven accurate, has a good patient acceptance, and can be performed as an outpatient procedure, it is preferable to conventional arteriography for the objective documentation of long-term graft patency. PMID- 6654977 TI - Some factors influencing hospital mortality in ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. AB - The factors which influenced hospital (or 30 day) mortality in 68 ruptured aortic aneurysms have been analysed. The most important factor determining the outcome is the depth of shock before the operation or related to this, the volume of blood transfused during or after operation or the duration of ventilatory support. PMID- 6654978 TI - Dissecting hematoma presents as acute lower limb ischemia: diagnostic patient profile and management. AB - Three unusual cases with dissecting hematoma of the thoracic aorta, presenting solely with unilateral ischemia of the right lower extremity, are described. The world literature is reviewed. We present the following patient profile to facilitate the diagnosis: (1) hypertensive middle aged black male, or (2) young white male with stigmata of Marfan's syndrome, both complaining of sudden unilateral ischemia of the right lower extremity. Common causes of acute arterial occlusion are absent. The diagnosis, once suspected, must be confirmed by immediate angiography before planning the treatment for the limb ischemia. We advocate femoro-femoral bypass to relieve acute limb-threatening when definitive management involves delay in scheduling or requires transfer to another institution. PMID- 6654979 TI - Preoperative diagnosis and management of the hypoplastic vessel syndrome. AB - From 1972 to 1979, 142 aortofemoral bypass grafts were carried out with 5 failures. In 3 of the cases the etiological factor appeared to be hypoplasia of the vessels. After reviewing the charts and arteriograms of the other patients, a further 9 cases in the hypoplastic category were collected. The mean age of the patients was 57 years, all were smokers and 3 were diabetic. Three patients had hyperlipidemia. The 12 patients falling into the hypoplastic group had mean diameter of the aorta of 1.1 cm. The diameter of the femoral artery was 3 mm. From the aortograms done on 20 patients without evidence of vascular disease, the average diameter of the aorta was 1.97 cm. In 20 patients with aorto iliac disease the aorta measured 1.9 cm and the common femoral artery 9 mm. A comparison was made of the ratio of the aorta to the transverse diameter of the vertebral body. In the hypoplastic patient the percentage was 22% and in patients with aorto iliac disease 39.5%. Hypoplasia appears to involve both the aorta and the distal vessels. Although variations in the size of the aorta and its branches are common, these patients with hypoplastic vessels appear to form a distinct group. This group of patients are high risk in terms of surgery. The importance of pre-operative diagnosis is stressed and a method of diagnosing the situation pre-operatively is described. PMID- 6654980 TI - ABO blood group and serum lipids in female atherosclerosis. AB - Seventy-three women requiring aortoiliac reconstruction for atherosclerotic occlusive disease were reviewed to determine the frequency of blood groups, lipid status and associated cardiovascular risk factors. These women demonstrated an increased frequency of blood group A (48% versus 36% control, p less than .01), which is comparable to published data for their male counterparts. Hypertriglyceridemia, not hypercholesterolemia, was found in this female population, but was not significantly correlated with any specific ABO blood group. Rhesus factor was not significantly different from the control population. There was a trend toward occlusive, rather than stenotic, atherosclerosis among women with blood group A. Statistical analysis revealed that blood group A was not just a marker for other standard cardiovascular risk factors, but rather represented an independent risk for peripheral occlusive disease. PMID- 6654981 TI - Right ventricular myxoma: diagnostic and surgical considerations. AB - A 26-year-old patient with right ventricular myxoma is reported. He underwent emergency removal of the tumour because of several syncopal episodes. Diagnosis was suspected clinically and confirmed by echocardiography and angiocardiography. The tumour arose from the anterior wall of the right ventricle and was resected with its pedicle. Five years after the operation, the patient is asymptomatic without clinical or echocardiographic evidence of recurrence. The authors underline the need for a close follow-up of patients with cardiac myxoma utilizing the non-invasive technique of echocardiography and emphasize the good early and late results obtained in their patient with surgical removal of the tumour. PMID- 6654982 TI - The aetiology of cardiac arrest in patients undergoing surgical closure of an acute aorto-caval fistula. AB - Cardiac arrest during the repair of a leaking aortic aneurysm is a well recognized complication of an unsuspected aorto-caval fistula. Previous reports have suggested that death results from embolisation of debris through the fistula. We report a patient who underwent successful resuscitation in whom the sudden alteration in haemodynamics produced by crossclamping the aorta appeared responsible for the development of ventricular fibrillation. Preliminary caval compression with gradual application of the aortic clamp may allow time for equilibration to occur and prevent cardiac arrest. PMID- 6654984 TI - Surgical management of bleeding aortopulmonary fistula and removal of an infected graft. AB - An anastomotic pseudoaneurysm after congenital coarctation repair performed thirteen years ago, combined with an actively bleeding aortopulmonary fistula and an infected artificial graft, were successfully managed by employing an ascending aorta-infrarenal abdominal aortic bypass, and removal of an infected graft of the descending thoracic aorta. PMID- 6654983 TI - Acquired ventricular septal defect and tricuspid valve disruption as a complication of infective endocarditis of the aortic valve. AB - Ventricular septal defect is a rare complication of infective endocarditis. This is a case report of a 48-year-old man with chronic alcoholism without known previous heart disease who developed a ventricular septal defect and a tricuspid valve disruption in the course of a fatal infective endocarditis of the aortic valve. PMID- 6654985 TI - Atherosclerotic aneurysm of the subclavian artery. AB - Aneurysm of the subclavian artery is unusual and may have several causes. Cases of atherosclerotic origin have been very uncommon, specially if the aneurysm involves normal subclavian arteries. The authors report a case with these characteristics: a 62-year-old female had noted a tumor in the right supraclavicular fossa for thirty years. Angiographically, it proved to be an aneurysm. She was operated on, and a Dacron tubular prosthesis of 6 mm was implanted. The anatomo-pathologic study of the aneurysm showed typical atherosclerotic changes. PMID- 6654986 TI - Aneurysm of the inferior mesenteric artery. AB - A case of arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the inferior mesenteric artery, in which obliteration of both the coeliac axis and the superior mesenteric artery was found by chance in a patient with chronic ischaemia of the lower extremities and without digestive vascular trouble is reported. The surgical treatment is discussed and the reasons for its applications analysed. A review of world literature revealed only two previously published cases, which are quoted. PMID- 6654987 TI - Proliferative kinetics and differentiation of murine blast cell colonies in culture: evidence for variable G0 periods and constant doubling rates of early pluripotent hemopoietic progenitors. AB - Several investigators have described hemopoietic colonies expressing multi lineage differentiation in culture. We recently identified a class of murine hemopoietic progenitors which form blast cell colonies with very high replating efficiencies. In order to clarify further the relationship between progenitors for blast cell colonies and progenitors for the multilineage hemopoietic colonies in culture, we carried out analyses of kinetic and differentiation properties of murine blast cell colonies. Serial observations of the development of blast cell colonies into multilineage (and single lineage) colonies in cultures of spleen cells obtained from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-treated mice confirmed the transitional nature of the murine blast cell colonies. The data also suggested that the early pluripotent progenitors are in G0 for variable periods, and that when triggered into cell cycle, they proliferate at relatively constant doubling rates during the early stages of differentiation. The notion that some of the pluripotent progenitors are in G0 was also supported by long-term thymidine suicide studies in which spleen cells were exposed to 3H-thymidine with high specific activity for 5 days in culture, washed, and assayed for surviving progenitors. Comparison of replating abilities of day-7 and day-16 blast cell colonies from normal as well as 5-FU-treated mice indicated that some of the day-7 blast cell colonies are derived from maturer populations of progenitors which are sensitive to 5-FU. In contrast, progenitors for the day-16 blast cell colonies are dormant in cell cycle and were not affected by 5-FU treatment. Previously we reported that progenitors for day-16 blast cell colonies have a significant capacity for self renewal. These observations suggest the hypothesis that the capability for self renewal is accompanied by long periods of G0, and that once commitment to differentiation takes place, then active cell division occurs. PMID- 6654988 TI - Distribution and mobility of concanavalin A receptors on isolated guinea pig epidermal cells at various stages of differentiation. AB - Trypsinized guinea pig epidermal cells were separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Based on the relationship between cell size and both morphological and functional aspects of differentiation, the cells were classified as lower (a diameter less than 12.5 micron), middle (a diameter between 12.5 and 15 micron), and upper (a diameter greater than 15 micron) epidermal cells. Fresh cells exposed to rhodaminated concanavalin A (Con A) were sedimented and reacted with fluoresceinated anti-Con A serum to distinguish cell surface Con A from intracellular lectin. Labeling at 4 degrees C resulted in a uniform surface distribution of Con A irrespective of cell size. After a 1-hr incubation of Con A-labeled cells in lectin-free medium at 37 degrees C, lower epidermal cells and approximately half of middle epidermal cells internalized Con A/receptor complexes by endocytosis while lectin remained diffusely on the remainder of middle epidermal cells and upper epidermal cells. By electron microscopy, ferritin-Con A was clustered on surface areas and invaginations of the plasma membrane before being endocytosed. We concluded that the differentiation of epidermal cells was accompanied by progressive decrease in endocytosis and, most probably, mobility of Con A receptors. PMID- 6654989 TI - Teratocarcinoma cells exhibit growth cooperativity in vitro. AB - Malignant PC13 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells differentiate in vitro in response to retinoic acid, giving rise to a population of benign endoderm-like cells (END), termed PC13 END. PC13 EC and PC13 END cells exhibit growth cooperativity in co-culture, whereby the EC cells stimulate END cell proliferation and the END cells can support EC cell multiplication. The EC cells' stimulatory effect operates via soluble, diffusible factors which are also active on a range of fibroblast cell lines. END cells support the multiplication of EC cells plated at low density, via a multifactorial mechanism. Contact-dependent effects can operate in the absence of END cell metabolic activity, while contact-independent effects require the continuous presence of live END cells. It was observed that there was a variation in the ability of fibroblast cell lines to act as EC cell feeders. Similar interactive events may be important during the in vivo proliferation and differentiation of teratocarcinoma cells and their embryonic counterparts. PMID- 6654990 TI - Metabolic requirements for maintenance of the chlortetracycline-labeled pool of membrane-bound calcium in human neutrophils. AB - Human neutrophils labeled with chlortetracycline (CTC), commonly used as a probe of membrane-bound calcium, release lysosomal enzymes and exhibit a rapid decrease in fluorescence when exposed to the chemotactic peptide fMet-Leu-Phe or the lectin Con A. This decrease has been attributed to the release of calcium from a membrane-associated "trigger pool." The nature of this putative pool has been further characterized by examining the effects of various inhibitors on the CTC fluorescence response and lysosomal enzyme release from stimulated neutrophils. These agents included inhibitors of glycolysis (2-deoxyglucose and iodoacetate), an uncoupler of oxidative- phosphorylation (KCN), and a sulfhydryl inhibitor (N ethylmaleimide). Resting neutrophils labelled with CTC demonstrated an enhanced decay of baseline fluorescence when exposed to 2-deoxyglucose or iodoacetate. This suggested that the pool of membrane-bound calcium labelled by this probe was maintained by glycolytic metabolism. Furthermore, 2-deoxyglucose and iodoacetate inhibited both the stimulated decrease in CTC fluorescence and lysosomal enzyme release induced by fMet-Leu-Phe and Con A in a time-dependent manner. KCN did not inhibit either response to stimulation, but did retard the recovery of CTC fluorescence observed when fMet-Leu-Phe was used as the stimulus. High concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide (100 microM) completely inhibited both the CTC fluorescence response and lysosomal enzyme release almost immediately; low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide (30 microM) inhibited lysosomal enzyme release in a time-dependent manner without significantly affecting changes in CTC fluorescence. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CTC serves as a probe of membrane-bound "trigger" calcium, the release of which is dependent upon intact glycolysis and is a requirement for lysosomal enzyme release. PMID- 6654991 TI - Antigens in chromatin associated with proliferating and nonproliferating cells. AB - Xenoantisera were raised to total chromatin from the leukemia cell line K562, or materials released through limited deoxyribonuclease I digestion of nuclei or during the control incubation of nuclei without enzyme. The peroxidase antiperoxidase method of antibody-antigen detection was employed to visualize individual antigens resolved on one-dimensional polyacrylamide gels following transfer to sheets of nitrocellulose (immunotransfers). Each antiserum contained multiple antigen specificities as evidenced by the diverse patterns of reactive bands displayed on the immunotransfers. The most striking difference in antigens recognized between the antisera was observed in the molecular weight region below 50,000, where two highly reactive bands were seen mainly with antiserum to nuclear materials released by deoxyribonuclease I digestion. The antigens detected with all of the antisera were present in chromatins prepared from proliferating cells, while the levels of antigens present in chromatin from non proliferating peripheral blood lymphocytes were greatly reduced or not detected. Antigens in chromatin from proliferating cells that migrated with apparent molecular weights of 37,000 and 100,000 were not lost once the activities to antigens in lymphocyte chromatin were absorbed out. These two activities were absorbed from antisera with the same amount of chromatins from proliferating cells. Two antigens migrating at molecular weight 52,000 and 76,000 appeared more active in the chromatin from unstimulated lymphocytes than in chromatin from proliferating cells. PMID- 6654992 TI - Cell-surface associated proteins of corneal fibroblasts: dissection with monoclonal antibodies. AB - It is now generally accepted that the cell surface is involved in the interaction of the cells with the extracellular matrix. To identify and characterize cell surface-associated components of corneal fibroblasts, several monoclonal antibodies were developed. Hybridomas were developed by fusing mouse myeloma cells SP2/OAg14 with spleen cells from mice immunized with membrane fractions of corneal fibroblasts grown in culture. Twenty-five hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to cell-surface components were selected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using corneal fibroblasts grown in microtiter plates as the substrate. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the antigenic determinants recognized by these antibodies were not present on corneal epithelial cells, but were present on skin fibroblasts. The antigenic determinants recognized by two of these antibodies, designated 10D2 and 716, were matrix components of the corneal stroma. Immunochemical characterization of the antigens was carried out by indirect precipitation of the radioactively labeled cellular proteins with the monoclonal antibodies and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of the precipitates. Four antibodies were able to precipitate antigens from cell extract in detectable amounts. Antibodies designated 5E2, 9G2, and 10D2 recognized antigens consisting of polypeptides of approximate molecular weights 105K and 110K, while antibody 716 recognized an antigen of 100K molecular weight. However, based on the tissue distribution and cell-surface distribution, these antibodies reacted with different antigenic determinants. The antigen recognized by 716 was also secreted by cells in culture but consisted of 220K and 200K polypeptide chains. It was tentatively identified as cellular fibronectin, based on the reaction of this antigen with polyclonal antibodies to plasma fibronectin. PMID- 6654993 TI - A plasmodium protein kinase that is developmentally regulated, stimulated by spermine, and inhibited by quercetin. AB - Plasmodium berghei-infected murine red cells possess protein kinase activity that is associated with the isolated parasites. Schizonts contain significantly higher levels of this protein kinase than the more immature forms, suggesting a relationship between this enzyme activity and parasite development. Partially purified protein kinase has a Km for ATP of approximately 30 microMs, whereas the Km for GTP is approximately 300 microMs and the substrate preference is phosvitin greater than casein much greater than histone greater than protamine. The Mg2+ optimum is 10-20 mM, and the protein kinase activity is stimulated by the polyamines spermine and spermidine. The flavone, quercetin, inhibits the protein kinase activity in a competitive manner with respect to ATP (Ki approximately 3 microMs), and P chabaudi also has a very similarly regulated protein kinase. Protein kinases from both species are very similar to the type I casein kinase. PMID- 6654994 TI - [Ureteral stenosis after treatment of uterine cervical cancer: post-radiotherapy fibrosis or neoplastic recurrence?]. AB - Ureteral stricture occurring after radio surgical treatment of uterine cervix cancer does not necessarily express a recurrence of malignancy. The same radiological features may be seen after radiotherapy and then has an incomparably better prognosis. Having in mind the natural history of cancer of cervix we analysed 28 cases of such a tumor, treatment by radiotherapy and surgery. This study led us to defend several discriminating criteria between these 2 conditions. A diagnostic strategy is suggested. PMID- 6654995 TI - [Results of direct surgery of the peroneal nerve in neuritis in Hansen's disease]. AB - Twenty-two patients with common peroneal neuritis from Hansen's disease were treated surgically. Physiopathologic and semiologic features of the affection are discussed, as well as the rules for therapeutic protocols, which should involve both medical and surgical treatment, and the operative technique described. Results on motor function appear to be satisfactory, but are dependent on many factors (duration of the neuritis, importance of the compressive factor, immunopathological form of the disease, quality of medical treatment). The indications for these neurolytic procedures are defined, and are predominantly any hyperalgic deficiency neuritis. The only contraindications are chronic painless palsies where improvement is doubtful because of neural fibrosis. PMID- 6654996 TI - [Supracondylar fractures of the elbow in children and osteosynthesis by "open sky" double wiring using J. Seror's method. Apropos of 100 cases]. AB - Emphasis is placed on the value of treating supracondylar fractures of the elbow with displacement (stages III and IV) in children by means of the technique described, in 1959, by J. Seror, J. Rives, J. Frailong, and Cl. Azoulay: "open sky" reduction through a twofold internal and external paratricipital posterior approach; maintenance of reduction by two Kirschner wires entering by the epicondyle and epitrochlear, with fixation into the opposite diaphysial cortex, and sectioned and curved inwards in order to remain subcutaneous. Analysis of the results of 100 cases treated in this manner between 1970 and 1980 (Thesis of Cl. Darmon, Grenoble) demonstrated the value of this technique: long-term follow up in 58 cases showed no poor results and 53 (91.5 p. cent) perfectly normal elbows totally identical to those of the opposite side. More extensive use of this technique, as practised in countries other than France and particularly in German speaking countries, is advocated. PMID- 6654997 TI - [Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver. Unusual course of an unrecognized abscess? Apropos of a case]. AB - The authors report the case of an hepatic tumor occurring in a 46 years old man admitted for a long-way fever. After hepatectomy, the microscopic examination showed fibro-xantho-granulomatous aspects with micro-abscess, tuberculoid nodules and a portal phlebitis. These lesions have been interpreted as an "inflammatory pseudotumor". The tumor had microscopic likenesses with inflammatory pseudotumors of the lung of which an infectious origin is only suggested. In the literature, the authors found only two cases of inflammatory pseudo-tumor of the liver, in which micro-abscess are not mentioned. The feature helps the authors to find some similarities between their tumor and a particular type of granulomatous abscess of the liver. PMID- 6654998 TI - [Extra-anatomical femoropopliteal shunt]. AB - The construction of an extra-anatomical femoropopliteal shunt resulted in the saving of a lower limb following a gunshot wound to the upper third of the thigh involving vascular lesions and extensive tissue loss. By applying this technique it was possible to obtain revascularization of the limb without the septic risks of reconstruction in situ, with the attendant difficulty of initial skin coverage of the wound. PMID- 6654999 TI - [Rupture of the left diaphragmatic cupola with pericardiac rupture complicated by heart luxation. Apropos of 2 new cases]. AB - Pericardiac rupture associated with a rupture of the left diaphragmatic cupola is a seldom possibility. This possibility is principally observed during important thoracic and abdominal traumatism. Heart luxation through the pericardiac break is a complication which can involve brutal death, stay unknown or be an operative discovery. Two new cases of left diaphragmatic cupola rupture are related. The authors analyse ways of this pericardiac luxation, definite diagnostic components and the therapeutic methods. Prognosis stays serious because of the importance of the associated lesions. PMID- 6655000 TI - [Localized tetanus after esophagogastrectomy]. AB - Post-operatory partial tetanus is a more and more rare event. It can outcome after any type of surgery but especially after abdominal surgery. The contamination is usually endogenous through the digestive bacteria and it develops in anaerobic context. These different factors were united in this report. The diagnosis is difficult if not keep in mind. The treatment is usual, but prevention might be pointed out. PMID- 6655001 TI - [Aorto-bi-iliac resection, of the 3rd part of the duodenum and the left colon, for recurrence of colonic cancer]. AB - An aorto-bi-iliac resection was performed in a patient with recurrent cancer of the left colon. Implantation of a Dacron vascular prosthesis was combined with left iliac colostomy and resection of 3rd part of duodenum. Based on this case and a review of the literature, the possibility and value of resection of an invaded vascular axis is emphasized. The revascularization procedure, either by a prosthesis in situ or associated extra-anatomical by-pass, is discussed. PMID- 6655002 TI - [Biliary peritonitis caused by perforation of the intra-hepatic biliary ducts. 2 new cases]. AB - Two cases of biliary peritonitis by perforation of intra-hepatic biliary ducts are presented. In both cases there is a perforation from a gallstone. In the first case the perforation is located at the proximal part of the left hepatic bile duct, in the second case it is at the proximal and distal portion of the third segment bile duct. Those peritonitis are rare and their diagnosis is difficult. Gallstone is the main cause. Removing bile duct obstruction is the treatment. PMID- 6655003 TI - [The cysticohepatic duct and the subvesicular duct. Apropos of 2 types of bile ducts of different significance]. AB - A cysticohepatic duct drains a particular region of the liver. It represents an anatomical variation of the biliary tree. On the contrary, a subvesicular duct represents an abnormality of the biliary ducts development. It belongs to aberrant biliary ducts (vasa aberrantia) and has all their morphologic characteristics. PMID- 6655004 TI - [New vagotomy technics]. AB - Various new more extensive operative procedures have been proposed with the aim of increasing efficacy of vagotomy and ensuring maximum neurotomy. Though based on the principle of neurotomy as accomplished by highly selective vagotomy, it is completed or combined with a seromyotomy along one or both sides of the lesser curvature or with one in the cardiofundal region. Technical aspects of these different methods are discussed. PMID- 6655005 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux. Anatomical, physiological and surgical aspects. Apropos of 61 consecutive cases of peptic esophagitis surgically treated with the same procedure]. AB - Based on a literature review and a personal series of cases treated, it is considered that gastroesophageal reflux results mainly from a mechanical process. The importance of the gastric musculature is emphasized, particularly the oblique fibers which form a thick belt encircling the esophagogastric function. Reflux is assumed to be almost exclusively due to loss of fixation of the point of attachment of this belt which, because of its particular texture, allows gastric dilatation to be propagated to the esophagogastric junction. The principal cause is the angular movement of the mobilized cardia. The same result is observed after iatrogenic destruction of this so-called muscular belt. Ulcerated reflux esophagitis is considered to be a serious disease comparable to duodenal ulcer, and the operative technique used aims both at reducing gastric acidity (vagotomy) and the construction of an anti-reflux assembly based on Hill's method. Results of the application of these principles in 61 consecutive cases are discussed. PMID- 6655006 TI - [How to restore the peritoneum to the lesser curvature of the stomach after supraselective vagotomy?]. PMID- 6655007 TI - [Coagulation and the general surgeon. Its physiology and laboratory tests]. AB - Mechanisms of coagulation and appropriate laboratory tests necessary for general surgical procedures are outlined. Physiologic features discussed include: platelet coagulation (with a brief analysis of the release and the role of prostaglandins); the equilibrium between plasma coagulation and lysis, each dependent on activators and inhibitors (a total of 4 enzymatic systems); and finally the role of the liver, lungs, and reticuloendothelial system. However, the two types of coagulation are narrowly intricated. Vessel endothelium prevents or assists platelet adhesion, coagulation, and lysis. An important feature is that total blood coagulates more rapidly than plasma. Physiopathological features described are activation of platelets or their inhibition by anti-aggregants, and induction of coagulation by endothelial lesions or eruption of an autologous or heterologous protease, as well as a brief outline of consumption coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation, and the concept of hypercoagulability. With respect to laboratory tests it is suggested that an overall picture of coagulation of total blood and not of plasma should be obtained before individual examinations for certain coagulation or lysis elements. Minimum data necessary preoperatively are the coagulation and bleeding times, completed by questioning the patient, the costs of these procedures being insignificant. If laboratory tests are necessary, these should involve a thromboelastogram of total blood, sometimes combined with a test of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Certain plasma tests can provide complementary confirmatory data. These remarks are obviously applicable to general and digestive surgery only, and not to research investigations or the study of rare phenomena. PMID- 6655008 TI - [False prosthetic aneurysms. Evaluation of etiologic factors]. AB - There is a need for new evaluation of anastomotic aneurysms with increasing use of prosthetic material in aortoiliac reconstructive surgery. 503 lower extremity revascularisations performed between 1972 and 1978 were reviewed. 20 false aneurysms complication of synthetic grafts, operated on from 1972 to 1981 were analysed. A retrospective study on the aorto-iliofemoral prosthesis group (N = 97) was enable to compare patients with and without false aneurysm occurrence with an average follow up of 5 years (3 to 9 years). The management of false aneurysm is discussed. This study suggest that most important etiologic factors are the vascular pattern just below the revascularisation, the anastomotic level, an iterative intervention. Extensive reconstructive procedures on the anastomosis level should be avoided. On the other hand choice of anastomotic procedure (termino-terminal versus latero-lateral anastomosis) and HTA seems to have no deleterious in spite of the findings of other authors. PMID- 6655009 TI - [A case of barium-peritoneum with neurological involvement. Importance of barium determination in biological fluids]. AB - Barium in the peritoneum following a barium enema led to a severe and irreversible chronic barium poisoning, although from the abdominal and gastro intestinal point of view, there were virtually no sequelae. Barium assay on the cerebro-spinal fluid of this patient revealed excessively high levels, which provides the laboratory evidence of the direct action of barium on the central nervous system. Barium assays on biological fluids after barium-peritoneum could be used to assess the degree of barium poisoning and may have prognostic value. PMID- 6655010 TI - [Complications of appendicitis and appendectomies. Apropos of 106 cases]. AB - Analysis of 106 case-reports of patients developing complications after appendicectomy provided data on factors predisposing to these sequelae (general condition, initial appendicitis) and their severity (26 deaths equivalent to 24,5 p. cent). Complications were exclusively medical in 22 patients (12 deaths), or surgical in 48 cases (no deaths), and were multiple and/or mixed surgical sequelae in 36 patients (14 deaths). The severity of these medical and surgical complications is emphasized and their appropriate treatment proposed. Statistical analysis of findings in patients with several complications enabled definition of risk factors: peritonitis, septic shock, renal or respiratory insufficiency, age over 50 years, and previous history of disease. Analysis of these risk factors, whether multiple or associated with other complications, can be used for numerical rating of prognosis in these patients. PMID- 6655011 TI - [Angioma of the thyroid gland. Apropos of a case]. AB - The discovery of one angioma of the thyroid among 1000 thyroidectomy specimens examined confirmed the extremely rare nature of this lesion. These angiomas, localized to the thyroid gland, are observed in adults and could result from an intrathyroidal mesenchymatous inclusion. They should be distinguished from childhood forms which occur within the framework of an almost always fatal multiple viscera angiomatous disease. Diagnosis is difficult before operation, while the prognosis is excellent after partial thyroid excision. PMID- 6655012 TI - [Perineal gangrene. Apropos of 12 cases]. AB - Twelve cases of necrotizing infections of the perineum were seen over a 18 months period. The etiology was various. This serious affection seems to be more frequent now. The diagnosis is often late, particularly in the rectal injuries with a foreign body. Cellulitis was constant. Severe myonecrosis was present in 6 cases. Anaerobic organisms were found in 50% of the cases. Treatment consisted of initial radical debridement and repeated surgery, antibiotics, and hyperbaric oxygen which was systematically used in our cases. The importance of a diverting colostomy that was done in 10 cases was emphasized. The aggressiveness and advancing nature of the infection with myonecrosis, delayed diagnosis and delayed treatment, were the primary factors responsible for death. 4 of the 12 patients died. PMID- 6655013 TI - [Acute thrombosis of the aortic bifurcation caused by heparin allergy. Apropos of 5 cases]. AB - Five patients with humoral intolerance to heparin developed acute thromboses, with a fatal outcome in two cases from failure to establish the diagnosis, marked sequelae in one case, and recovery without complications in the other two. Accidents of this type may occur in 0.6 p. cent of patients on heparin therapy and are almost always fatal if administration is not discontinued. They result from a severe immunoallergic. Thrombocytopenia which may lead to the formation of arterial clots. Arterial thrombosis during heparin therapy is suggestive of the diagnosis and tests for diminished platelet counts are necessary. Apart from surgery, treatment involves the immediate cessation of heparin therapy. PMID- 6655014 TI - [Variations in the hepatic artery in the surgery of portal hypertension]. AB - The effect of anatomical variations of the hepatic artery on the performance of the anastomosis was assessed during 390 portacaval shunt operations as well as the degree to which technical difficulties could be anticipated from preoperative arteriography. Variations were detected in 25 p. cent of 130 patients examined by angiography but were confirmed during portal vein dissection in only 11 p. cent of cases. Technical difficulties due to hepatic artery variations were encountered in only 2 p. cent of the 390 anastomosis. Accidental section of a right hepatic artery occurred once only, and this before the routine use of angiography. Treatment was by aortohepatic by-pass using a saphenous graft. Portacaval anastomosis can be conducted in the presence of an hepatic artery variation bat technical difficulties cannot be predicted by preoperative digestive angiography. PMID- 6655015 TI - [Modified duodenal diversion in the treatment of esophagitis from bile reflux complicating an upper-pole gastrectomy]. AB - A surgical technique is described which has been adapted from the operation known as "total duodenal diversion", but which is suitable for the anatomical conditions resulting from an upper pole gastrectomy. The method was used successfully in two patients with severe esophagitis from bile reflux resistant to all medical treatment and resulting from upper pole gastrectomies. PMID- 6655017 TI - Quantitative determination of allyl chloride (3-chloropropene) in rat blood by electron-capture gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selective ion monitoring. PMID- 6655016 TI - [Common bile duct lithiasis. Reflections apropos of 1000 cases]. AB - One thousand case reports of patients treated in eleven French surgical departments for stones in the common bile duct between 1975 and 1982 were analyzed. One in three cases were asymptomatic and detected by peroperative radiology during treatment of a simple or complicated gallstone, most forms were painful, with jaundice in 9 p. cent, an angiocholitis in 12 p. cent, and biliary pancreatitis in 2 p. cent. The most reliable exploratory procedure for gallstones is ultrasound imaging, as positive results were obtained in 90 p. cent of cases, but it enabled the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis in only one out of five patients. Intravenous cholangiography is a useful diagnostic tod for painful forms (60 p. cent). The failure of these two methods to establish the diagnosis in forms complicated by jaundice, pancreatitis, or angiocholitis has to be compared with the good results (85 p. cent) observed with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. Treatment was surgical in 99 p. cent of patients, peroperative radiology being performed in 95 p. cent of these cases and endoscopy in 30 p. cent. In one out of two cases a single large stone was present while multiple stones were present in 8 p. cent. A "ideal" choledochotomy was carried out in 77 patients (7,7 p. cent) without mortality. External biliary drainage in 702 cases resulted in a 1.7 p. cent mortality rate, this increasing to 8 p. cent after 192 biliodigestive shunt operations, and 7 p. cent after 146 sphincterotomies, including 18 under endoscopic control. Unrecognized lithiasis, detected during follow-up radiography two weeks after external biliary drainage, accounted for 2 8 p. cent of cases. Of the 30 patients with residual stones and open biliary pathways, 6 were treated by mechanical removal, 6 by endoscopic sphincterotomy, and the others by repeat surgery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655018 TI - Identification of the alpha chain abnormal hemoglobin Jackson (alpha 127 Lys leads to Asn) after isolation of the core peptide by high-performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 6655020 TI - Determination of coumarin anticoagulant rodenticide residues in animal tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography. II. fluorescence detection using ion-pair chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of warfarin, coumatetralyl, bromadiolone, difenacoum and brodifacoum in animal tissues using fluorescence detection. Ion-pair chromatography, with the tetrabutylammmonium ion as counter-ion, was used to take full advantage of their native fluorescence. Detection limits in liver tissue after gel permeation clean-up were 0.002 mg kg-1 for coumatetralyl, difenacoum and bromdifacoum, 0.008 mg kg-1 for bromadiolone, and 0.01 mg kg-1 for warfarin. PMID- 6655019 TI - Determination of coumarin anticoagulant rodenticide residues in animal tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography. I. Fluorescence detection using post column techniques. AB - A multi-residue method was developed for the determination of the rodenticides warfarin, coumatetralyl, bromadiolone, difenacoum and brodifacoum in animal tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Extracts were cleaned-up by gel permeation chromatography on Bio-Beads SX-3 and residues determined by normal and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using post-column pH-switching, with chloroform -sec.-butylamine and borate buffer (pH 10.4) respectively, to maximise the native fluorimetric responses. Confirmation of identification was possible by re-chromatographing extracts in the absence of the post-column reagent. Chloroform-acetone (1:1) was significantly better than chloroform for the extraction of residues of these rodenticides from liver tissues. Recoveries from spiked liver tissue were generally greater than 90% at levels of 0.05-1 mg kg-1. Detection limits in animal tissues of 0.002 mg kg-1 for coumatetratyl, difenacoum and brodifacoum, 0.01 mg kg-1 for bromadiolone and 0.02 mg kg-1 for warfarin and could be routinely achieved. PMID- 6655021 TI - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of human thyroid stimulating hormone. AB - Human pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has been analysed by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography on Aquapore RP-300, a 300-A pore size short-alkyl-chain silica packing, in sodium chloride-containing buffers. At poH 2.0, two clearly resolved peaks were observed corresponding in retention time to alpha and beta subunit of TSH. With increasing pH, the resolution between these peaks was lost. At pH 7.0 a single major peak was observed, co-eluting with immunoreactive TSH, which could be resolved from beta-subunit. In vivo TSH bioactivity was recovered at pH 7.0 in 58% yield. High-performance liquid chromatography of a sample of hypothyroid serum yielded a major peak of TSH immunoreactivity corresponding in retention time to that observed for purified TSH. PMID- 6655022 TI - Electrochemical detection for plasma catecholamines: apparent loss of dihydroxybenzylamine in dog plasma. PMID- 6655023 TI - Determination of vincamine by high-performance liquid chromatography with dual wavelength ultraviolet detection. PMID- 6655024 TI - Purification of barley yellow dwarf virus by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-1000 Superfine. AB - Barley yellow dwarf virus was purified from infected oats using cellulase to assist virus extraction, clarification of the extract with chloroform-butanol, precipitation of virus by polyethylene glycol and gel filtration of the resulting suspension on Sephacryl S-1000 Superfine. The virus was further purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy showed that the virus preparation is of sufficient purity for biochemical investigation. A yield of approximately 0.8 mg virus/kg of infected leaf was obtained. The technique is simple and less time consuming than conventional centrifugation procedures and can be used routinely for purification of a wide range of spherical plant viruses. PMID- 6655025 TI - On the coordination of care. PMID- 6655026 TI - The surgeon general's "epidemiologic criteria for causality." A critique. AB - The methodology of the 1982 Report of the Surgeon General is examined with special reference to smoking and lung cancer. Part II of the Report describes the five criteria for causality that have guided the judgment of committees since 1964. I show that not one of the criteria, plausibly interpreted, is satisfied by the epidemiologic evidence for lung cancer. A weakness underlying all the Reports is a prior failure to recognize all the logical possibilities inherent in an association between smoking and a disease. The five criteria and the subjective method of "judgment" are inappropriate to a scientific analysis; they should be replaced by the objective testing of hypotheses. Limitations in the evidence and in concepts about tobacco carcinogenesis preclude definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, the entire association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer- at least in male Caucasoid populations--is unlikely to be explained by causation. PMID- 6655027 TI - The surgeon general's "epidemiologic criteria for causality": a criticism of Burch's critique. AB - In this paper, it has not been possible to critically and objectively assess each of the points made by Burch, since it would be time-consuming both for this author as well as for the reader. However, the major areas of concern expressed by Burch have been reviewed and evaluated. This has in many instances required going back to the original reports of studies to which Burch refers. In doing so, it came as a complete surprise to note that Burch has incompletely presented the findings of several studies or has omitted discussing others more fully. This is, needless to say, most disturbing. In viewing the issue of the causal interpretation of the cigarette smoking--lung cancer relationship, it would appear that Burch would not be satisfied unless there is a randomized controlled experiment in humans. However, since such an experiment seems hardly feasible, one must depend upon a synthesis of findings of epidemiologic observations, experimental work on animals and studies of chemical constituents of tobacco and cigarette smoke. However, these do not seem to satisfy Burch, who has developed a theoretical conceptual framework for the etiology of cancer and many other diseases, based upon statistical models and equations. Such an approach is extremely limited. Scientific information and inferences are in the public domain, thereby allowing criticism and evaluation. It is customary, in the experimental sciences, for a scientist who is dissatisfied with the findings of another scientist, to attempt to repeat the experiment to see if his findings are the same or different. This should also be expected in the cigarette smoking-lung cancer issue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655028 TI - Rapid growth rate: a method of identifying node-negative breast cancer patients with a high risk of recurrence. AB - Among node-negative patients with localized breast cancer (TNM stages T1-3 N0-1 M0), the rate of disease progression, classified with a clinical method of assessment, was rapid in 12%. Prognosis was substantially worse in the rapid groups than in patients classified as slow or intermediate. For instance, the 10 yr disease free survival rate was 55 and 50% in the rapid groups compared with 71% in the intermediate and 82% in the slow groups. Additionally, among those who did develop recurrent disease, the disease-free interval was shortest in the most rapid group (10 months) and longest in the slow group (50 months). The distinctive prognostic gradients formed by the growth-rate strata persisted when differences in symptomatic state, histologic type, tumor size, menstrual status, age, and treatment were taken into account through the Cox proportional hazards model. The node-negative patients who were identified as rapid have had a high risk of recurrence, while those with slow growth rates had an excellent prognosis. The index could improve therapeutic efficacy in this subset of patients by identifying high risk patients in whom adjuvant therapies may do more good than harm. PMID- 6655029 TI - Grip strength: peak or sustained pressure in rheumatoid arthritis? AB - The intra-observer reproducibility of three methods of measuring grip strength with a standard sphygmomanometer cuff was studied in 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Two techniques involved the measurement of peak pressure but differed in the period of time between consecutive attempts with each hand. The third method measured sustained grip. All three methods were highly reproducible. However, peak pressure recordings (either the best or the mean of three readings) were associated with least patient discomfort, were easier to read, and are suggested as the methods of choice for serial assessment of grip strength in RA. PMID- 6655030 TI - Hypercalcemia: long-term follow-up with matched controls. AB - Using laboratory tests and the presence of complaints thought to be associated with hyperparathyroidism, we retrospectively studied 160 patients found to have hypercalcemia on a routine multiphasic examination in two different calendar years. Each case was compared to a matched control, and mean follow-up was 8.5 yr. The diagnosis of presumptive hyperparathyroidism was made by attempting to eliminate any confounding causes of hypercalcemia and by performing parathyroid hormone assays in 41 unoperated patients. Fifteen patients had a parathyroid adenoma removed (12 during and 3 after the duration of the study). Except for an increase in the incidence of hypertension in black male patients, we noted no significant differences in symptomatology or renal function between patients and matched controls. We conclude that most patients with mild persistent (presumptive) hyperparathyroidism may be left untreated under surveillance for long periods of time without the development of significant complications. PMID- 6655031 TI - A multivariate analysis of circulatory data and their relationship to later disease. AB - Measurements on 21 separate variables involving blood pressure and heart rate were obtained under casual, resting, and controlled conditions as part of the baseline evaluation of 1087 white males participating in a prospective investigation of possible precursors of premature disease and death. These measurements were subjected to a components-type factor analysis with orthogonal rotation of component vectors in an effort to construct statistically independent composites of greater predictive power and generality as well as to minimize problems in interpretation introduced by partially redundant variables. Multivariate and univariate techniques were afterwards used to test differences between groups of subjects who developed specific major disorders and those who remained in good health. Comparison of factor scores with original circulatory measures in a series of prospective analyses revealed that the former had the greater predictive power. Although only the hypertension group could be unequivocally differentiated from all others, a number of nominally-significant findings may provide leads for further research. PMID- 6655032 TI - Mortality in women following hip fracture. AB - The mortality of white female residents of King County (WA) 50-74 yr of age who sustained an isolated fracture of the hip (n = 168) or lower forearm (n = 217) during 1976-79 was monitored during the 2 yr following the fracture. Among the women with hip fracture the (age-adjusted) percentages who died by the end of the first and second year were 5.9 and 10.5%, respectively. Among women with forearm fractures, the corresponding 1- and 2-yr percentages were 1.9 and 2.7%, values similar to that of white women of comparable ages in the population as a whole. The fact that women who broke their hip experienced a higher mortality rate than those who broke their forearm, while women in both groups were similar in having experienced trauma that led to a fracture, argues that it is the hip fracture and its consequences that lead to an increased death rate, rather than the factors that predispose to a fracture. PMID- 6655033 TI - Reverse consultations: the profiles of patients referred from subspecialists to generalists. AB - To determine the characteristics of patients referred by subspecialists to generalists, we compared 67 patients referred by three medical subspecialty clinics to the general internal medicine clinic to 162 randomly chosen patients who were retained by those clinics, with respect to the patients' need for a broad array of services. A trained abstractor reviewed the records for the prior year for patient characteristics indicating a need for broad-based care. The mean referred patient age was 53.7 yr compared to 46.2 yr in the retained group (p = 0.001); 33% of referred patients, as compared to 20% of those retained, had references to psychosocial problems in the physician notes (p = 0.03). Referred patients had 2.34 diagnoses outside of the subspecialty, compared to 1.27 for retained patients (p = 0.001). Referred patients had more recorded complaints outside of the subspecialty, 1.18 vs 0.71, (p = 0.02). Referred patients also had significantly more total clinic visits and visited twice as many different types of clinics in the past year (p = 0.001). There were no differences in payment method or insurance status. These findings suggest that university based subspecialists prefer to refer medically and psychosocially complex patients. If it is desirable that subspecialists value such patients more highly, changes in subspecialty training programs might be needed. If not, more generalists may be needed to care for such patients. PMID- 6655034 TI - Is rheumatoid arthritis becoming less severe? AB - Clinical and laboratory data from 2088 successive outpatient attenders with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were analysed to determine whether there is a trend to decreasingly severe disease. The results, after allowing for the difficulties in this type of analysis suggest that successive generations of patients with RA are decreasingly likely to become seropositive, erosive or develop subcutaneous nodules. There are no obvious explanations for these findings. PMID- 6655035 TI - Salivary phenytoin levels in institutionalized epileptics. AB - Measurement of phenytoin (PHT) levels in saliva has been advocated as a monitor of plasma levels, and therefore of effective dosage. All studies to date have been performed on outpatients. We have now analyzed whole saliva from 62 mentally retarded, institutionalized, PHT-treated persons with epilepsy. Both PHT and its major human metabolite, 5-(para-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (pHPPH) were measured using gas-liquid chromatography. We detected large inter-individual variations in saliva PHT and pHPPH levels. Data were ranked and subjected to statistical analysis according to Spearman. Significant positive correlations were detected between daily PHT dose and plasma total PHT concentration, plasma PHT and salivary PHT, and daily dose and salivary PHT level. When data were categorized and analyzed according to the type of medication being administered in addition to PHT, different results were obtained. Polypharmacy can influence drug and metabolite levels and relationships in institutionalized persons with epilepsy. PMID- 6655036 TI - Primary immunodeficiency syndromes in Italy: a report of the national register in children and adults. AB - The Italian Register for Immune Deficiencies was organized in 1977. Seven hundred ninety-seven cases of primary immunodeficiencies, diagnosed according to the World Health Organization criteria, have been registered up to April 1982. In this paper we report the percentages of the different forms of primary immunodeficiencies and the incidence of neoplastic and autoimmune diseases. A prevalence of humoral defects and selective IgA deficiency was found, followed by T-cell disorders. Two and thirty-eight hundredths percent of the patients developed cancer, and 5.89% developed autoimmune diseases. A comparison among the Italian, Swedish, and Japanese Registers showed a higher incidence of IgA defects in the Italian Register while nonspecific phagocyte defects were more frequent in the Swedish Register. The incidence of cancer and autoimmune disorders is similar to that observed in other registers. PMID- 6655037 TI - Localization of IgA and IgM in human colostral elements using immunoelectron microscopy. AB - In addition to the free form, IgA is associated with cellular and noncellular elements present in human colostrum. To resolve the existing controversy as to the cell type(s) containing IgA, we used immunoelectron microscopy with horseradish peroxidase-labeled F(ab')2 or Fab' fragments of anti-IgA or anti-IgM to determine the distribution of these immunoglobulins in colostral elements. IgA and IgM were localized in phagocytic vacuoles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages in the vicinity of the cell membrane. In neutrophilic leukocytes, both immunoglobulins were occasionally found in phagocytic vacuoles distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Although the in vitro phagocytic activity of colostral cells was low, they retained the ability to ingest colloidal gold particles which were subsequently localized in phagocytic vacuoles that also contained IgA or IgM. IgA and IgM were not detected in lymphocytes, and plasma cells were not found in human colostrum. Numerous noncellular colostral globules of various shapes and sizes also contained IgA and IgM. These observations indicate that IgA and IgM were acquired by phagocytic cells and noncellular globules and were not actively synthesized by lymphoid cells present in human colostrum. PMID- 6655038 TI - Species identification and antibiotic susceptibilities of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical specimens. AB - Identification of potentially significant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical specimens was performed along with antibiotic susceptibility determinations, S. epidermidis accounted for 75% of these isolates, with S. haemolyticus and S. hominis being the second and third most frequently encountered species, respectively. Although there were many instances of single blood culture isolations of questionable significance, all three species were also found in multiple blood cultures from individual patients, indicating the ability to cause significant bacteremia. The most common source for most species was blood, except for S. saprophyticus and S. simulans, which were found more frequently in urine. Of urinary tract isolates, however, S. epidermidis was more common than S. saprophyticus. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles demonstrated that S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis were frequently multiply antibiotic resistant. S. haemolyticus had a higher percentage of isolates that were oxacillin, cephalothin, aminoglycoside, erythromycin, and clindamycin resistant than did S. epidermidis. We found that species identification could be of benefit for both epidemiological as well as patient care purposes, and that this additional information is readily available, using convenient and rapid new methods. PMID- 6655039 TI - Identification of a carrier by using Vi enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serology in an outbreak of typhoid fever on an Indian reservation. AB - In May 1981 an outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in a small village on a southwestern United States Indian reservation. Five of the six culture-proven cases, but only 2 of 15 community, age-matched controls, had eaten food prepared for a party held in the village on 20 April (chi-square = 4.3; P less than 0.05). Food histories obtained from 16 persons who ate food at the party suggested that chicken with chili (P = 0.03) and potato salad (P = 0.09) were possible vehicles. Eleven adults who attended the party, 5 of whom helped prepare an implicated food, were studied with one or more stool cultures and serum for Vi antibody by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and hemagglutination techniques. All initial stool cultures were negative for Salmonella typhi; however, one subject, a 70-year-old female foodhandler, had a Vi antibody titer of 1:320 by ELISA. Subsequent cultures from this subject were positive for S. typhi. ELISA for Vi antibody directed the investigators to a single individual as the most probable carrier source and obviated the need for multiple fecal cultures from the other potential carriers identified by the epidemiological investigation. PMID- 6655041 TI - Identification and serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae by coagglutination test. AB - A coagglutination test for the identification and serotyping of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae is described. A total of 360 H. pleuropneumoniae strains were isolated from pulmonary tissues of feeder pigs which died of acute pleuropneumonia. All of the isolates were serotyped by coagglutination, and the results were confirmed by the ring precipitation test. The most common serotype isolated in Quebec was serotype 1, followed by serotypes 5, 2, and 7. None of the isolates belonged to serotypes 3, 4, or 6. Mixed infections due to H. pleuropneumoniae of more than one serotype in the same animal were encountered. Serotype 1 was the only common isolate among the mixed-serotype infections. The coagglutination test was more sensitive than was the ring precipitation test. Serotyping by the coagglutination test is inexpensive, rapid, reliable, and easy to perform. PMID- 6655040 TI - Serum antibody responses in naturally occurring influenza A virus infection determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination inhibition, and complement fixation. AB - Serum antibody responses to influenza A virus infection were examined in 388 normal subjects during a trial of chemoprophylaxis in an outbreak of influenza A in 1980-1981 in which both A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 viruses circulated. Paired serum specimens obtained over a 6-week period were tested for antibodies to both A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 viruses by conventional hemagglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antibody responses detected by ELISA were determined by calculation of the area generated between titration curves of paired sera (area method), as well as by a conventional endpoint dilution method (endpoint method). Forty-two significant antibody rises were detected; 42 by ELISA (area method), 33 by ELISA (endpoint method), 32 by hemagglutination inhibition, and 13 by complement fixation. ELISA (area method) detected rises more frequently than either ELISA (endpoint method) (P less than 0.01), hemagglutination inhibition (P less than 0.005), or complement fixation (P less than 0.001). Another sensitive assay, the microneutralization test, detected significantly fewer rises (33, P less than 0.025) than the ELISA (area method). In the 42 subjects with ELISA (area method) rises, corroborating evidence of influenza A infection by other techniques (virus isolation, microneutralization, hemagglutination inhibition, or complement fixation tests) were available for 39 (93%). ELISA (area method) rises were subtype specific in all serum pairs in which other documentation of subtype-specific infection was available (38 of 38). Thus, ELISA (area method) was the single most sensitive assay for detection of serum antibody rises in this setting and possessed a high degree of subtype specificity. PMID- 6655042 TI - Detection of type-specific antigens in the lungs of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infected pigs by coagglutination test. AB - Specific diagnosis of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection by the conventional culture and identification method usually requires 3 to 4 days. Since H. pleuropneumoniae may be disseminated from infected individuals during this period, this amount of time required for diagnosis may be too slow to aid in epidemic control. To obtain an earlier diagnosis, a coagglutination test was successfully used to detect serotype-specific antigens in lung extracts of infected pigs. A total of 19 lung tissues from experimentally infected pigs, 240 lung tissues from naturally infected pigs that died of pleuropneumonia, and 571 lung specimens from an apparently healthy pig population were examined for culture isolation as well as for antigen detection. The results showed that detection of antigens in lung tissues by the coagglutination test is an extremely rapid, simple, quite specific, and highly sensitive procedure for the diagnosis of H. pleuropneumoniae infection. Further, detection of antigens in lung tissues was found to be a much simpler and much more rapid method than culture isolation. The coagglutination test seems to be especially useful for detecting H. pleuropneumoniae in pigs exposed to chronic infection as well as those in which multiple serotypes are involved. PMID- 6655043 TI - Investigation of a waterborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis with a serotyping scheme based on thermostable antigens. AB - Serotyping of 11 human and 2 water isolates of Campylobacter jejuni associated with a waterborne outbreak revealed two serotypes among the human isolates. One of these (serotype 58) was a new serotype and was added to the serotyping scheme. Serotypes were defined by using extracted thermostable antigens and passive hemagglutination titrations of both unabsorbed and cross-absorbed antisera. Two water isolates of the same serotype as six human isolates provided evidence to link a contaminated water supply to the outbreak. PMID- 6655044 TI - Inguinal abscess caused by Rhizopus rhizopodiformis: successful treatment with surgery and amphotericin B. AB - Rhizopus rhizopodiformis has seldom been isolated from human mucormycosis. We report the first subcutaneous abscess to be caused by this fungus. It occurred in a diabetic man and presented as an inguinal mass, suggestive of a hernia, superficial to his cadaveric renal transplant. The fungus was readily isolated from pus inoculated onto blood and chocolate agars after a short incubation. The patient was cured by surgical drainage and treatment with 2.0 g of intravenous amphotericin B. Complete identification of such isolates is recommended. PMID- 6655045 TI - Isolation of two strains of Acanthamoeba castellanii from human tissue and their pathogenicity and isoenzyme profiles. AB - Two strains of amoebae, one (CDC:0180:1) from the lung tissue of a patient who died of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and the other (CDC:0179:1) from the debrided tissue of a mandibular autograft, were isolated and identified as Acanthamoeba castellanii based on the morphological and immunofluorescent staining characteristics of the trophozoites and cysts. Both strains of amoebae caused cytopathic effects in mammalian cell cultures and destroyed the cell sheet. However, only the CDC:0180:1 strain, on intranasal instillation into mice, produced the disease manifested by ruffled fur and aimless wandering, followed by coma and death within 30 days. The CDC:0180:1 strain also differed consistently from CDC:0179:1 and another nonpathogenic A. castellanii strain (ATCC 30,011) in isoenzyme makeup, a dissimilarity which probably reflects its pathogenic potential. PMID- 6655046 TI - Plasmid profiles of clinical and environmental isolates of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. AB - Clinical and environmental Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates from a single water source in Columbus, Ohio, exhibited five different plasmid profiles. The multiplicity of plasmid profiles observed within a single geographic area and a skewed distribution of isolates bearing these plasmid profiles within this area suggest that plasmid analyses will be useful in the study of the epidemiology of Legionnaires disease and the environmental distribution of legionellae. PMID- 6655047 TI - Rapid diagnosis of septic arthritis by coagglutination. AB - Pneumococcal capsular antigens were detected and serotyped by coagglutination in joint fluids and serum of a patient with septic arthritis within 1 h of obtaining the specimens. Pneumococcal antigens continued to be detected by coagglutination for 3 days, whereas cultures and Gram stains were negative after 1 day of antibiotic therapy. PMID- 6655048 TI - Flow microfluorometry detects IgM autoantibody to oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis. AB - Freshly isolated canine oligodendrocytes were reacted by indirect membrane immunofluorescence with 44 sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Using analysis by flow microfluorometry (FMF), we found significant IgM antibody binding to the surfaces of oligodendrocytes in the MS sera. The fluorescence intensity of cell surface reactions for MS sera (F.I. greater than 40 = 37.2 +/- 21.34%) was significantly different (P less than 0.001) to that for 53 sera from normal subjects (10.0 +/- 8.97%), 15 sera from patients with Murray Valley encephalitis (6.18 +/- 5.3%), 22 with brain tumours (6.18 +/- 5.3%), 25 with SLE (13.42 +/- 11.65%), 7 with GBS (9.77 +/- 3.9%) and 7 miscellaneous neurological disorders (6.87 +/- 3.04%). Cell surface binding was restricted to oligodendrocytes and was absorbed out by oligodendrocytes but not by liver cells or kidney cells. Oligodendrocytes were identified by conventional histology, phase-contrast optics, electron microscopy (EM) and by cell surface reactions with anti-galactocerebroside, a specific immunocytological marker for oligodendrocytes. A cell sort of the single 0 degree FMF scatter peak followed by EM examination confirmed that the reactive cells consisted exclusively of oligodendrocytes. Viability of oligodendrocytes before and after the staining reactions, was greater than 80% as assessed by trypan blue and fluorescein diacetate exclusion. The possibility that immune reactions mediated by the surface-reactive antibody with readily accessible cell surface autoantigens in vivo may contribute to the loss of oligodendrocytes and demyelination in MS is raised. PMID- 6655049 TI - Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The presence in the cerebrospinal fluid of factors chemotactic for monocytes. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was removed from guinea pigs with chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CR-EAE) and control inoculated animals by puncture of the cisterna magna. The fluid from 7/8 animals in relapse and 2/4 animals in remission phases of CR-EAE was found to promote the migration of peripheral blood monocytes through a 5-micron pore diameter polycarbonate membrane filter. Monocytes were also found to orient towards the migration stimulating CSF in a gradient formed between such fluid and CSF derived from a control animal, thereby indicating the presence of a chemotactic factor. The factor responsible for promoting monocyte migration had a molecular weight of between 50 000 and 300 000 as defined by ultrafiltration. The results are discussed in relation to the known pathohistological features of the chronic relapsing disease. PMID- 6655050 TI - Delayed type skin response to myelin basic protein in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. AB - The skin response to myelin basic protein (MBP) was studied in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) using strain 13 guinea pigs. The delayed type skin response showed a monophasic curve; it gradually increased after immunization, reached maximum levels around 80 days post-immunization, and decreased thereafter. Relapses were more frequent while it was at high levels although it did not correlate directly in individuals with the clinical stage. The skin response was also high in MBP-immunized animals which had recovered from acute EAE. Our results suggest that delayed type hypersensitivity to MBP is involved but is not sufficient by itself to cause relapsing EAE. PMID- 6655051 TI - Staged correction of neuromuscular scoliosis. AB - Anterior release and fusion, combined with tong gravity traction and second stage L-rod instrumentation, establishes correctability and accomplishes circumferential arthrodesis of the spine in neuromuscular scoliosis. From March 1979 through April 1982, nine patients with neuromuscular scoliosis, with an average age of 16.4 years, underwent this two-stage surgical procedure. The parameters investigated included correction of scoliotic deformity, correction of pelvic decompensation, and spinal arthrodesis. The preoperative scoliotic curvature measured 81 degrees and the postoperative curve measured 29.3 degrees, an average correction of 63.8%. Pelvic obliquity was significant in five of nine patients, averaging 36.2 degrees preoperatively. Postoperatively the pelvic obliquity averaged 11.8 degrees, an average correction of 67.4%. One of two pelvic fixation rods rotated out of the pelvis of one patient; roentgenographically he appears to have fused without loss of correction. A second patient has a poor fusion mass by roentgenographic criteria, although she has lost no correction and has had no pain. This technique offers results comparable to other series reporting arthrodesis for neuromuscular scoliosis. It has the advantages of requiring no anterior instrumentation and no postoperative immobilization. PMID- 6655052 TI - The technique of scoliosis revision surgery utilizing L-rod instrumentation. AB - Operative treatment of failed scoliosis surgery requires an instrumentation that is readily adaptable to the multiple causes and sequelae of failed spinal surgery. A "modified L-rod" technique is described for segmental spinal instrumentation to treat failed scoliosis surgery. Nine patients underwent 10 scoliosis revision operations, with an average follow-up of 37.1 months. Three neuromuscular, five idiopathic, and one congenital scoliosis were revised. The average blood loss for the L-rod instrumentation was 2,960 ml, and the average operative time was 6.2 h. Four patients had attempted correction of their deformities, with 21.2% improvement. Five cases had triangular base-transverse bar pelvic fixation. None of the 10 revisions had pseudarthrosis at follow-up. No postoperative immobilization was used. Complications included one fracture of a fusion mass below the L-rods, penetration of the skin by a prominent wire with subsequent infection, minimal loss of correction in one case, and one broken wire without loss of correction. PMID- 6655053 TI - Cast brace management of the femoral shaft fracture in children and young adults. AB - Seventy-two children and adolescents, 5-19 years of age, sustaining femoral fractures were treated with immediate cast bracing at Oklahoma Children's Memorial Hospital. Ambulation was started an average of 3 days after fracture when there were no associated injuries. The average length of hospitalization was 18.7 days; the average length of immobilization in plaster was 67.4 days. Results were generally comparable to those of more standard methods of treating a fractured femur in this age group. Proximal as well as middle and distal fractures were treated, but varus and anterior angulation was not well controlled in proximal fractures. No patient had a clinically significant deformity. Sixty one percent of the entire group healed with less than 6 mm discrepancy. Middle third fractures showed more tendency toward shortening. All six fractures that healed with more than 1.5 cm of shortening were middle third. No injured femur was longer than the uninjured femur at a 6-month follow-up. Immediate cast bracing can provide an opportunity for early ambulation and avoid the sequelae of immobilization. Weekly assessment for the first 4 weeks is mandatory to monitor length and angulation. The adolescent male with a midshaft fracture was most difficult to manage, and in this situation, closed intramedullary nailing is recommended. PMID- 6655054 TI - Fractured femur in infancy: the role of child abuse. AB - Analysis of 80 femoral fracture episodes in children under 4 years of age revealed that 8.5% were due to violent trauma, 12.5% were "pathologic" fractures, 30% were related to child abuse, and 49% resulted from normal trauma to normal children. Child abuse as a cause of femoral fracture is more common in children under 1 year of age, first-born children, those with preexisting brain damage, and those with bilateral fractures. The fracture configuration was not usually pathognomonic of abuse, although fractures at the subtrochanteric level and chip fracture of the distal metaphysis were more common in abused children. This study suggests that if there is a reasonable history of cause of fracture, appropriate timing in seeking medical care, and no evidence of additional trauma, further evaluation will not be likely to provide evidence of abuse. If any of these criteria is lacking, a skeletal survey and further evaluation are indicated. PMID- 6655055 TI - Pertrochanteric fractures in children and adolescents. AB - Pertrochanteric fractures in children and adolescents are very rare, accounting for only 1% of these injuries. Most of the patients can be treated nonoperatively with traction, depending on age, in flexion or extension and abduction. Bryant's traction is preferable for very young children, whereas for slightly older children traction on the Weber rack is indicated. Very young children with a pertrochanteric fissure can be treated with bedrest alone. In older children and adolescents, the indicated fracture treatment is traction in extension and abduction. In polytrauma patients, operative treatment with cancellous bone screws or Kirschner wires and cerclage may be necessary. Conservative treatment with the aid of a hip spica is to be avoided, because it may cause serious complications. Fortunately, complications in fracture healing are rare in children and adolescents with pertrochanteric fractures; they are usually malunion or growth disturbances. PMID- 6655056 TI - Coventry screw fixation of osteotomies about the pediatric hip. AB - Osteotomies of the hip fixed with the Coventry lag screw were performed in 29 patients (38 hips) from May 1976 to June 1981. The ages of the children ranged from 24 months to 15 years, with an average of 7.3 years. There were 15 boys and 14 girls. Follow-up averaged 24 months, with a range of 11 to 67 months, and all patients were followed to union. The osteotomies were most commonly indicated for hip deformities associated with cerebral palsy, congenital deformities of the hip, congenital dislocation of the hip, neuromuscular abnormalities, post traumatic deformities, and other miscellaneous conditions. Results were analyzed according to the bone disorder. All of the osteotomies united, averaging 10.5 weeks to union. Complications included one nonunion which required grafting before the osteotomy united, and two malunions. Following union, there was one fracture distal to the plate, and subcutaneous prominence of the screw developed in three patients. The Coventry lag screw is technically easy to use, is tolerated well, and produced satisfactory fixation in the majority of the patients in this study. PMID- 6655057 TI - Osteochondritis of the trochlear epiphysis. AB - The trochlear epiphysis is subject to an osteochondritic process which has a natural history similar to that affecting other sites. This report deals with three patients in whom radiological signs of fragmentation, fissuring, and increased density of the ossific nucleus occurred in conjunction with mild symptoms which gradually resolved within 1 year to 18 months. PMID- 6655058 TI - Puppetry and doll play as an adjunct to pediatric orthopaedics. AB - The loss of a considerable segment of body tissue is often psychologically more traumatic than is the actual surgery to the unprepared child. In an attempt to improve the preparation of the child for ablative surgery, as well as to facilitate the pre- and postoperative management of the pediatric patient and family, we have developed a system of doll play and puppetry to educate and prepare children for this type of surgery. Guilt feelings are minimized, an outlet for hostility is provided, and the ever present fear of the unknown is confronted and dealt with in a manner acceptable to the child. The nonthreatening role of this technique also helps alleviate parental fears and concerns. Our experience with this technique has confirmed its usefulness in the preoperative psychological preparation of young children facing amputation or major musculoskeletal procedures. PMID- 6655059 TI - Iatrogenic exostosis in a patient treated for osteomyelitis. AB - A 10-month-old child treated surgically for osteomyelitis of the distal femur subsequently developed an exostosis at that site. No previous similar case has been reported. The etiology of exostoses is reviewed here, with evidence that this patient's exostosis could be iatrogenic. PMID- 6655060 TI - Osteomyelitis caused by Capnocytophaga ochracea. AB - A 13-year-old boy is reported with osteomyelitis of the greater trochanter caused by a facultative anaerobic organism (Capnocytophaga ochracea) not known to cause infections in normal immunocompetent individuals, nor implicated in bone or joint infections even in compromised hosts. There remains a need to consider unusual organisms and to obtain accurate bacteriologic data in all cases of osteomyelitis. PMID- 6655061 TI - Transaxial tomography: an alternative to computerized tomography in pediatric orthopedic problems. AB - Because of the information it provides, computerized tomography has gained wide acceptance. However, the radiation delivered is considerable, and the gonads cannot be shielded effectively. Transaxial tomography also produces a cross sectional image. While the image has less resolution, it is obtained at a fraction of the exposure. The use of transaxial tomography in several clinical situations is outlined here. PMID- 6655062 TI - A specialized walking frame for children with cerebral palsy. AB - To help severely physically handicapped children with cerebral palsy gain some independent mobility, a special walking frame of great stability has been evolved. It incorporates a variable-resistance roller and automatic reversing brake, and can be folded. PMID- 6655063 TI - Cubitus varus deformity following supracondylar fractures of the humerus. PMID- 6655064 TI - Blount's disease. PMID- 6655065 TI - Treating the persistent symptomatic anterior radial head dislocation. PMID- 6655066 TI - Complications of a tibial osteotomy. PMID- 6655067 TI - Subarachnoid haemorrhage due to upper cervical trauma. AB - Seventeen cases are reported in which fatal subarachnoid haemorrhage was associated with injury to the upper cervical region. Most of these cases were alcohol-intoxicated, most had sustained their injuries in an altercation, and death was usually but not invariably rapid. It is proposed that trauma to the upper cervical region can cause subarachnoid haemorrhage, by a mechanism involving tracking of blood into the subarachnoid space from a damaged vertebral artery or one of its branches. PMID- 6655068 TI - Assessment of fat malabsorption. AB - For the assessment of fat malabsorption, the standard method of measuring faecal fat excretion using a 5 day stool collection has been compared with the alternative methods: stool microscopy, a lipid tolerance test and a continuous marker technique for the estimation of fat content on a single stool sample. The lipid test, using an emulsion of arachis oil (Prosparol), was less reliable than had been expected with a sensitivity of 33% and a specificity of 45.4%. Stool microscopy using Oil Red O to stain fat globules had a sensitivity of 72.2% and a specificity of 95.4%. Fat estimation of a single stool sample using copper (1) thiocyanate showed a high correlation with that determined on a 5 day stool collection (p less than 0.001). It is concluded that lipid tolerance tests have little place in the estimation of fat absorption. In laboratories where faecal fats are not measured, microscopic examination of stool for fat globules provides a specific and relatively sensitive method for detecting steatorrhoea. The use of a continuous marker provides a method for assessing the degree of steatorrhoea on a single stool sample without the disadvantages of the conventional method of faecal fat analysis. PMID- 6655069 TI - Measurement of the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase using reflectance spectroscopy and reagent strips. AB - Two new methods for the assay of total activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase are described, in which the enzyme activities are measured from a solid-state reagent strip during a kinetic reaction, the reaction being monitored in the ultra-violet region of the spectrum by reflectance spectroscopy. The performances of these methods are evaluated, and compared to conventional "wet" chemistry methods. The solid-phase reagent methods demonstrated precision and accuracy acceptable for diagnostic purposes, and were easy to use by trained operators. PMID- 6655070 TI - Effect of new plastics and leucocyte contamination on in vitro storage of platelet concentrates. AB - Platelet concentrates were prepared for in vitro storage in either Fenwal PL-732 or Cutter CLX platelet packs. The units were stored at 22 degrees C for seven days with either horizontal or tumbler agitation. Measurement of pH, hypotonic shock response and serotonin uptake indicated in vitro viability was well maintained during 5-7 days storage using either type of pack with either mode of agitation. The longer storage interval did not effect either plasma fibrinogen concentrations or binding of monoclonal antibody, AN51. However, gross contamination of the units with leucocytes caused increased glucose consumption, substantial fall in pH and loss of in vitro viability after five days storage. The work suggests the shelf-life of platelet concentrates can be extended to five days and that they are clinically effective providing the leucocyte contamination is minimised. PMID- 6655072 TI - Revitalising postmortem coronary angiography. PMID- 6655071 TI - No evidence for a prethrombotic state in stable chronic inflammatory bowel disease. AB - Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are associated with a high risk of thromboembolic complications. The questions whether reported risk factors such as low antithrombin III concentrations, thrombocytosis and spontaneous platelet aggregation are merely related to the activity of the inflammatory process remains to be answered. Therefore we investigated 40 patients with an established colitis or Crohn's disease, without signs of active inflammation (normal history, normal ESR and leucocyte count). Of these patients only one patient revealed thrombocytosis, six patients spontaneous platelet aggregation. All patients had normal beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 plasma levels. No other prethrombotic abnormalities were encountered. There was normal factor VIII C (increased in three patients), normal VIII C/VIII R Ag ratio (1.2), antithrombin III, normal plasminogen and normal alpha 2-antiplasmin. Normal fibrinopeptide A and B beta (15-42) plasma levels (n = 15) in these patients excluded in vivo thrombin or plasmin generation. We conclude that stable chronic inflammatory bowel disease is in general not associated with prethrombotic coagulation abnormalities. PMID- 6655073 TI - A simplified hot-wire cutting aid for PVC trays used in radioimmunoassay. PMID- 6655074 TI - Ring sideroblasts and myelodysplastic syndromes. PMID- 6655075 TI - Selective damage to type 2B muscle fibres in ethanol-fed rats. PMID- 6655076 TI - Elution of antibodies to Mallory's hyaline from kidneys of patients with alcoholic liver disease and mesangial IgA deposits. PMID- 6655077 TI - The nucleus praeeminentialis: a Golgi study of a feedback center in the electrosensory system of gymnotid fish. AB - The cytoarchitecture of the dorsal nucleus praeeminentialis in two families of weakly electric fish (Eigenmannia viriscens and Apteronotus albifrons) was examined in both Nissl and Golgi material, and an attempt was made to correlate this information with our data from HRP studies on the afferent and efferent connections of this nucleus. The n. praeeminentialis is an isthmic structure located dorsolateral to the lateral lemniscus and anterior to the eminentia granularis--a subdivision of the archicerebellum of fish. The n. praeeminentialis can be divided into a large dorsal portion concerned with electroreception and a small ventral portion involved with the lateral line mechanoreception. The dorsal n. praeeminentialis consists of three parts: a pars medialis, a large pars principalis (p.P.) and a narrow pars lateralis. The p.P. presents three zones: a dorsal, a central, and a ventral zone, which are reciprocally and topographically connected with the zones of the electroreceptive lateral line lobe (ELLL), medial ELLL with ventral zone, central ELLL with central zone, and lateral ELLL with dorsal zone. Several types of projection cells are present in the n. praeeminentialis: (a) neurons that show preferential orientation of their long dendrites in relation to the afferent fiber systems, (b) cells with wide dendritic fields radiating in all directions, and (c) cells with small polarized dendritic fields toward the incoming ELLL afferents. Interneurons are also identified, showing different axonal ramification patterns. The afferent and efferent fiber systems linking the n. praeeminentialis to ELLL, lobus caudalis (L.C.), and torus semicircularis (T.S.d.) point to the important position of this nucleus in the feedback loop of the electrosensory pathway. The complex processing within this nucleus is reminiscent of the feedback loops in the auditory system. PMID- 6655078 TI - Central projections of vestibular afferents from the horizontal semicircular canal in the carpet shark Cephaloscyllium isabella. AB - This study utilizes anterograde axonal transport of cobaltous-lysine and conventional silver-staining techniques to study the central projections of the horizontal semicircular canal branch of the VIII nerve within the vestibular nuclei of the carpet shark Cephaloscyllium isabella. Two major terminating axon fields were observed, one caudal and one rostral to the entrance of the VIII nerve, corresponding to the ventral vestibular nucleus and superior vestibular nucleus, respectively. Both fields appear to be located within the ventral portion of the nuclei indicating an apparent subdivision of the VIII nerve projections within the brainstem. The resolution of the sensitive cobalt tracer indicates the presence of both dendritic and pericellular termination of these primary afferent fibres. In the area immediately caudal to the entrance of the VIII nerve a number of labelled primary afferent fibres project to the ventral region of the intermediate nucleus. Other fibres follow the visceral sensory root VII and terminate proximal to the sulcus limitans of His within the dendritic field of the neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis. Some fibres turn ventromedially from the main group of the ascending fibres and terminate in the area of the inferior reticular formation. PMID- 6655079 TI - The abducens nucleus in the carpet shark Cephaloscyllium isabella. AB - This study utilizes retrograde axonal transport of cobaltous-lysine, and conventional silver and Golgi staining techniques to study the abducens motor nucleus innervating the external rectus muscle of the carpet shark. The nucleus consists of 300-400 motoneurons located immediately ventrolateral to the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), distributed over about 1.25 mm in a rostrocaudal direction at the level of exit of the VI nerve. The axons of the motoneurons form seven or eight discrete ventrally directed fascicles which, having exited from the brainstem, group together to form the abducens (VI) nerve. The motoneurons are on average about 16 micron in diameter, are bipolar, and their dendrites have a transverse orientation. Typically one set of dendrites penetrates the MLF and the other set extends ventrally into the reticular formation. PMID- 6655081 TI - Central neuronal projections and neuromuscular organization of the basal region of the shore crab leg. AB - The musculature and associated skeleton, peripheral nervous system, and central projections of motor and sensory neurones of the two basal (thoracic and coxal) segments of the shore crab leg (fifth pereiopod, P5) were examined in vivo and with methylene blue or cobalt staining. Each of the four main basal muscles, promotor/remotor, levator/depressor, controlling the thoracico-coxal (T-C) and coxo-basal (C-B) limb joints, respectively, comprises several more or less discrete fibre bundles (total 14), with little morphological segregation of different functional groups. The innervation to the basal leg region is carried in two nerve roots arising from the thoracic ganglion. The anterior Th-Cx root carries both sensory and motor axons, while the posterior Th-Cx root is purely motor. Three previously undescribed sensory branches (two "epidermal" nerves and an "accessory" branch), in addition to that innervating the coxobasal chordotonal receptor, have been found in the distal part of the anterior Th-Cx root. Two clusters of 10 to 15 multipolar somata (diam. 30-125 micron) are located proximally at the bifurcation of the accessory nerve and distally where the latter enters the basipodite. The cell bodies (diameter 20-80 micron) of basal leg motoneurones (total ca. 30) lie in the dorsal cortex of the ganglion, with somata of functionally related motoneurones tending to form discrete structural groups. The morphology of individual motoneurones conforms to the general arthropod pattern. All are confined to the ipsilateral hemiganglion and their main neuropilar processes run parallel and in close apposition to each other with overlapping dendritic structures. Sensory projections arising from the CB chordotonal organ also ramify in the region of the neuropile invaded by motoneurones. The possible physiological significance of such structural associations within the CNS is discussed, as are the functional implications of basal limb anatomy in general. PMID- 6655080 TI - The intrinsic architectonic and connectional organization of the superior temporal region of the rhesus monkey. AB - The superior temporal region (STR) in the rhesus monkey includes the circular sulcus (Cis), the supratemporal plane (STP), and the superior temporal gyrus (STG). Rostrally the STR is continuous with the periallocortices of the prepyriform and anterior insular regions; caudally it borders the isocortices of the inferior parietal lobule and the superior temporal sulcus. The STR contains 12 cytoarchitectonic areas: four fields on the Cis, four on the STP, and four on the STG. The sulcal fields (root fields) are adjacent to the insula and resemble it in the possession of a relatively strong layer V; the STP fields (core fields) are characterized by well-developed layer IV; and the STG fields (belt fields) exhibit strong differentiation of layer III. In each line of fields the more rostral ones show relative prominence of the deeper layers, with increasing prominence of the superficial layers occurring caudad in a stepwise fashion. Analysis of the connectional organization of the fields within the STR suggests an assembly of four rostrocaudal stages, each composed of one field from each line--a root, a core, and a belt field. There is a specific arrangement of connections among the fields of a given stage and between fields in adjacent stages. Projections directed caudally from one field to another field in the adjacent stage arise in layers V and VI and terminate in the superficial layers (mainly layer I). Projections directed to a field in a rostrally adjacent stage arise from layer III neurons and terminate in layers III and IV, usually in columns. There is also a laminar specificity between fields lying within a given stage. PMID- 6655082 TI - Central projections of the octavolateralis nerves of the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria. AB - The central projections of first-order lateral line and octavus nerve afferents of the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria, were determined by nerve degeneration and horseradish peroxidase techniques. The octavolateralis area of the medulla, which receives these afferents, is organized into dorsal, intermediate, and ventral longitudinal columns of cells and neuropil. Fibers that innervate the electroreceptive sense organs enter the dorsal longitudinal column via the dorsal root of the anterior lateral line nerve and terminate within the dorsal nucleus. Mechanoreceptive fibers from neuromasts of the head and trunk are carried by the ventral root of the anterior lateral line nerve and posterior lateral line nerve, respectively. Both nerves enter the intermediate longitudinal column and terminate throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the intermediate nucleus. Fibers of the ventral root of the anterior lateral line nerve are confined to the medial portion of the intermediate nucleus and posterior lateral line nerve fibers to the lateral portion. In addition, ascending mechanoreceptive fibers from both head and trunk neuromasts project to the vestibulolateral lobe of the cerebellum. Octavus nerve afferents enter the medulla and terminate primarily within the four octaval nuclei that comprise the ventral longitudinal column. Rostrocaudally, these nuclei are the anterior, magnocellular, descending, and posterior octaval nuclei. A few ascending axons continue beyond the anterior octaval nucleus and course to the vestibulolateral lobe of the cerebellum. Some descending axons emanate from the descending octaval nucleus and course to the reticular formation and intermediate nucleus. Therefore, electroreceptive lateral line, mechanoreceptive lateral line, and octavus nerve afferents project ipsilaterally and terminate predominantly within separate medullary nuclei. The significance of octavus nerve projections to the intermediate nucleus and overlap of mechanoreceptive and octavus afferents within the vestibulolateral lobe of the cerebellum cannot be determined until it is known which fibers of the inner ear sense organs project to these areas. Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase results in the labeling of large multipolar cells, both ipsilaterally and contralaterally, within a column of gray that lies dorsolateral to the reticular formation. These cells are interpreted as the cell of origin of the efferent components of the anterior and posterior lateral line nerves. PMID- 6655083 TI - Transient cerebrocerebellar projections in kittens: postnatal development and topography. AB - Orthograde and retrograde labeling techniques were used to study the ontogenesis of transient cerebrocerebellar projections in kittens. Tritiated amino-acid or horseradish peroxidase injections were made into the coronal gyrus of the primary somatosensory cortex of kittens 1-70 postnatal days old. Orthogradely labeled axons were observed bilaterally in the superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles in kittens between 6 and 49 postnatal days of age. Most cerebrocerebellar axons labeled on the ipsilateral side arise from the pyramidal tract as it courses through the pontine nuclei. These axons descend through the pontine tegmentum as a diffusely organized corticotegmental tract and enter the ipsilateral superior cerebellar peduncle. Fewer cerebrocerebellar axons leave the pyramidal tract caudal to the pontine nuclei and project into the contralateral superior cerebellar peduncle. Cerebrocerebellar projections through the superior cerebellar peduncles terminate primarily in the cerebellar nuclei, where they are localized in the interpositus nuclei and in immediately adjacent areas of the dentate and fastigial nuclei. More caudally, labeled axons exit from the pyramidal tract and take a superficial route around the ventrolateral brainstem into the inferior cerebellar peduncles bilaterally. These projections are more numerous contralaterally and are directed primarily to the internal granule cell layer of the posterolateral folia of the anterior lobe, the posteromedial simplex lobule, and the dorsal paramedian lobule. Horseradish peroxidase injections were made into the cerebellar posterior lobe and deep nuclei and the results from these cases showed that the cerebrocerebellar pathway originates from pyramidal neurons in layer V primarily in the coronal, the precoronal, and the anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri on both sides. In these gyri, many of the HRP-positive neurons were found in clusters of two to five neurons, aligned in anterior posterior strips. The results from all experiments provide evidence about the ontogeny of cerebrocerebellar projections. Projections through the superior cerebellar peduncles generally develop at 6-8 postnatal days of age, whereas projections through the inferior cerebellar peduncles first are seen at 8-10 days postnatally. Cerebrocerebellar projections reach their maximum development in the second postnatal week but sharply decrease in density during the third postnatal week. No cerebrocerebellar projections were observed after the seventh postnatal week of development. Possible functional implications for this transient projection are discussed. PMID- 6655084 TI - An intracellular HRP study of the rat globus pallidus. II. Fine structural characteristics and synaptic connections of medially located large GP neurons. AB - In order to classify the presynaptic elements contacting the principle class of globus pallidus neurons, electron microscopic examination of serial sections made from a medially located large globus pallidus neuron, labeled with intracellular horseradish peroxidase, was undertaken. In addition, the use of labeled and light microscopically reconstructed material allowed us to quantitatively determine the distribution of each bouton type along the soma and dendrites. Six types of presynaptic terminals contacting the labeled cell have been recognized. Type 1 endings, the most numerous (84%), make symmetrical contacts on all portions of the cell, except spines, contain large pleomorphic, and a few large dense-core vesicles. Type 2 endings are filled with small spherical-to-ellipsoidal synaptic vesicles. They make asymmetrical contacts only with higher-order dendrites and account for 12% of synaptic contacts onto the labeled neuron. Type 3 endings are large, contain sparsely distributed large pleomorphic vesicles, and make two symmetrical synapses per bouton, one onto a spine head and the other onto the underlying dendritic shaft. They are infrequent (0.2%), being found only in association with dendritic spines. Type 4 endings contain large pleomorphic synaptic vesicles and no dense-core vesicles. They make symmetrical contacts with the short primary dendrites. Type 5 endings contain a mixture of small clear pleomorphic vesicles and numerous large dense-core vesicles. They contact only the cell body and the short primary dendrites, making up 20% of somatic synaptic contacts but less than 1% of contacts onto dendrites. Type 6 boutons contain oval and flattened synaptic vesicles and establish symmetrical contacts with higher order dendritic branches and the cell body. PMID- 6655086 TI - Morphology of physiologically identified X-, Y-, and W-type retinal ganglion cells of the cat. AB - Retinal ganglion cells of the cat have been classified physiologically into X-, Y , and W-cells on the basis of the receptive field properties, and morphologically into alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cells. In order to study directly the correspondence between these classifications, intracellular recordings from the ganglion cells in superfused eye-cup preparations were made with the aid of microelectrodes filled with Lucifer yellow CH. The cells were stained after their photic responses were studied under mesopic adaptation. X-cells, showing sustained depolarization (on-center cells) or hyperpolarization (off-center cells) in response to a spot of light had medium-sized round somata and spread bushy dendrites within a narrow retinal area. On the other hand, on-center and off-center Y-cells, showing transient responses to the spot stimulus, had large somata and widely expanded thick dendrites which were sparsely branched. W-cells which showed weak sustained responses had widely extended thin and winding dendrites, despite a small somal size. These morphological features of Y-, X-, and sustained W-cells correspond well to those of alpha-, beta-, and delta-cells (a subtype of gamma-cells), respectively. The hypothesis of "morphology reflecting function" is strongly supported. PMID- 6655085 TI - Glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive terminals of Golgi-impregnated axoaxonic cells and of presumed basket cells in synaptic contact with pyramidal neurons of the cat's visual cortex. AB - Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-immunoreactive varicosities were found around cell bodies of nonimmunoreactive and immunoreactive neurons in the cat's visual cortex; they also occurred along apical dendrites and axon initial segments of pyramidal neurons. By examination in the electron microscope of structures first identified in the light microscope, it was established that the GAD immunoreactive varicosities were boutons in symmetrical synaptic contact with pyramidal cells in layers II-IV. More than 90% of 142 boutons surrounding the cell bodies of 20 pyramidal neurons were immunoreactive for GAD. Since such a high proportion of the axosomatic boutons are GAD-immunoreactive, it is likely that the terminals of basket cells are included in this population and so the basket cell probably uses gamma-aminobutyrate as a transmitter, as suggested by previous authors. Almost all the 68 boutons in symmetrical contact with the axon initial segments of six pyramidal neurons could be shown to be GAD immunoreactive, which makes it very likely that the boutons of axoaxonic cells contain GAD-immunoreactivity. This was established unequivocally for an individual Golgi-impregnated axoaxonic cell by combining Golgi impregnation and immunocytochemistry in the same sections: A Golgi-impregnated axoaxonic cell whose cell body was in layer II gave rise to numerous terminal segments, some of which were examined in the electron microscope after gold-toning. These boutons were in synaptic contact with axon initial segments and not only contained the Golgi precipitate but were also immunoreactive for GAD. It is concluded that the axoaxonic cell in the visual cortex uses gamma-aminobutyrate as a transmitter. An individual axoaxonic cell in layer II/III was filled with horseradish peroxidase by intracellular iontophoresis. The very extensive local axonal field was composed of 330 terminal bouton rows in layer II/III and a sparse descending collateral projection to infragranular layers. A computer-assisted reconstruction of the axonal field in three dimensions revealed the following: The main output of the cell is to pyramidal neurons that lie deeper than the soma; the axonal arborization occupies an area of 400 micron in the anteroposterior axis and extends 200 micron along the mediolateral axis; the terminal bouton rows in layer II/III form clusters about 50 micron wide running approximately at right angles to the border between areas 17 and 18, with an intercluster interval of about 100 micron. These findings suggest that the terminals of an individual axoaxonic cell could be contained within one ocular dominance column but that there may be inhomogeneities in the weighting of the axoaxonic input to pyramidal cells in the supragranular layers. PMID- 6655087 TI - The distributions of photoreceptors and ganglion cells in the California ground squirrel, Spermophilus beecheyi. AB - The topographical distributions of photoreceptors and ganglion cells of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) were quantified in a light microscopic study. The central retina contains broad, horizontal streaks of high photoreceptor density (40-44,000/mm2) and high ganglion cell density (20 24,000/mm2). The isodensity contours of both cell types are elliptical and oriented along the nasal-temporal axis. There are roughly five-fold decreases in both photoreceptor and ganglion cell densities with increasing eccentricity, the lowest densities being found in the superior retina. Large transitions in cell density and retinal thickness occur across the linear optic nerve head. Rod frequency increases with increasing eccentricity, from 5 to 7% in the central retina to 15 to 20% in the periphery. Roughly 10% of the cones possess wide, dark staining ellipsoids. These cones are uniformly distributed across the retina which suggests that they may belong to a separate cone class, possibly blue sensitive cones. The ganglion cell soma size distribution is unimodal, with the majority of somata being 25-50 micron2. Large ganglion cells (somata greater than 100 micron2) are rare in the central retina, but their frequency increases with increasing eccentricity. No evidence for separate size classes of ganglion cells was found. The gradual decrement of photoreceptor density across the ground squirrel retina suggests that there are only relatively small changes in acuity across much of the animal's visual space compared with species possessing either a narrow visual streak or fovea or area centralis. PMID- 6655088 TI - An analysis of the time of origin of neurons in the entorhinal and subicular cortices of the cat. AB - The [3H]thymidine autoradiographic method was used to determine the birth dates of neurons in the cat parahippocampal gyrus. Cat fetuses were exposed to a single pulse of the radioactive marker between the 20th and 55th embryonic days. All animals were delivered normally and allowed to survive for 2-6 months postnatal. The resulting autoradiographs demonstrate three spatiotemporal gradients of cell birth in the entorhinal and subicular cortices. First, an inside-out gradient is apparent; i.e., neurons in the deeper layers are born earlier than those in the more superficial layers. Second, a rhino to dentate gradient exists. Accordingly, cells closer to the lateral entorhinal region tend to be generated earlier than those further away. Third, a temporal to septal gradient is present. Neurons close to the anterior pole of the temporal lobe are born earlier than those more caudally located. Whereas the first two gradients have been observed in other species, the latter gradient has not been reported consistently. Three exceptions to these overall gradients exist. First, neurons near the layer I/II border are born earlier than the majority of the layer II neurons. Second, neurons near the transition zone between two adjacent regions are born earlier than neurons located in the middle of each region. Third, the prosubiculum and subiculum do not exhibit a clear inside-out or temporal to septal gradient. PMID- 6655090 TI - Fatty infiltration of liver in spontaneously ketotic dairy cows. AB - The purpose of this study was to ascertain 1) fatty infiltration of the liver in spontaneously ketotic cows and 2) the most appropriate blood components to aid diagnosis of ketotic fatty liver. Liver biopsies and blood samples were obtained under field conditions. Cows were divided into three groups (healthy, mildly ketotic, and severely ketotic) by their blood ketone body concentrations. Severely ketotic cows had a greater percent fat in the liver than healthy cows. The mildly ketotic group fell between the other two groups and was significantly different from only the severely ketotic group. There was a positive correlation between fatty infiltration and blood ketone body concentrations but a negative correlation with glucose concentrations. Liver-specific enzymes were positively correlated with fatty infiltration. Only ornithine carbamoyltransferase and iditol (sorbitol) dehydrogenase could be used to separate healthy cows from those with severe ketosis. The best equation to explain the variation of percent fat in liver included concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and logarithm of ornithine carbamoyltransferase concentration (Log-OCT): % Fat = -6.15 + 2.39 (BHB) + 11.7 (LogOCT) Although this equation explained 39.5% of the variation, it could not be used to predict reliably percent fat in the liver. Liver biopsy seems still to be the only reliable method of measuring of fatty infiltration in the liver. PMID- 6655089 TI - Differential olivocochlear projections from lateral versus medial zones of the superior olivary complex. AB - An anterograde tracer (35S-methionine) was injected unilaterally in the superior olivary complex (SOC) at regions previously demonstrated by retrograde labeling to contain olivocochlear (OC) cell bodies. Quantitative analysis of cochlear autoradiographs from these cats demonstrates that there are two OC systems. The lateral OC system has cell bodies lateral to the medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO) and projects to the inner hair cell (IHC) region bilaterally (mostly ipsilaterally). The medial OC system has cell bodies medial, ventral, and anterior to the MSO and projects to the outer hair cell (OHC) region bilaterally (mostly contralaterally). A single medial OC neuron innervates many small patches of OHCs with substantial gaps between the patches. Medial OC neurons also appear to project to the IHC region to a small extent. A review of the literature with the medial-lateral division of OC efferents in mind reveals many differences between these two systems. In particular, lateral OC axons are unmyelinated and innervate the dendrites of radial afferent fibers under IHCs, whereas medial OC axons are myelinated and directly innervate OHCs. Although both systems appear to be cholinergic, the lateral OC system also shows met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity. The synapses of the medial OC system are formed in development before those of the lateral OC system and they degenerate more slowly after the OC axons are cut. The many differences between these two OC systems suggest that they are functionally separate systems. PMID- 6655091 TI - Effect of niacin supplementation on milk production and ketosis of dairy cattle. AB - In two experiments with Holstein cows effects of dietary supplementation of niacin to periparturient cattle on subsequent milk production and ketosis were examined. In Experiment 1, 20 cows were assigned to two groups. The treatment group received niacin at 6 g per head per day for 2 wk prepartum and 12 g per head per day for 4 wk postpartum. The control group received no niacin. In Experiment 2, 40 cows were assigned to four groups of 10 cows. One group served as the control and the other three received 3, 6, or 12 g niacin per head per day for 10 wk postpartum. In both experiments niacin-supplemented groups produced slightly more milk than controls. There were no consistent changes of milk composition with treatment. Glucose concentration in blood serum was higher for cows receiving niacin. Concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate and nonesterified fatty acids in blood and plasma were generally lower for niacin-supplemented groups. Niacin supplementation had no effect on feed intake or body weight changes. In Experiment 1 there was a significant reduction of niacin concentration in red blood cells of postpartum cows not receiving supplemental niacin. Insulin concentration in blood serum in Experiment 2 was unaffected by niacin supplementation. PMID- 6655092 TI - Relation of plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine to body weight in growing male and female Holstein cattle. AB - Thyroxine and triiodothyronine were measured in blood plasma to determine relationships with growth in male and female Holstein calves at 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, and 22 wk of age. Average initial body weights at 6 wk for male and female calves were 54 and 50 kg. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine were determined by specific double antibody radioimmunoassay on eight calves of each sex at each age. Sexes differed for body weight gains from 6 to 22 wk, average daily gains for males were .93 kg/day and for females .73 kg/day. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations increased gradually (38 and 96%) in both sexes during the 6 to 22 wk and were higher for males than females. Average concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were 53.3 and 1.21 ng/ml for males and 39.9 and 1.06 ng/ml for females. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in blood plasma of male and female dairy calves were positively correlated with body weight during this initial growth period. PMID- 6655093 TI - Variation of edema scores from herd-year, age, calving month, and sire. AB - Edema was scored by herd personnel in six Holstein herds in North Carolina. Scores ranged from 1 (none) to 5 (extremely severe) at calving and at 1 and 2 wk postpartum. Mean scores and standard deviations were 2.91 +/- .71 at calving, 2.12 +/- .71 at 1 wk, and 1.54 +/- .64 at 2 wk. Total score, the sum of the three ratings for each calving, averaged 6.57 +/- 1.89. Scores differed by herd-year and lactation but not by month of calving. Heritabilities within first, second, and grouped later (greater than or equal to 3) lactations were estimated by paternal half-sister covariance analyses from two subsets of the data. The first data set included sires with 5 or more daughters; the second, sires with 10 or more daughters. Heritabilities averaged .13 for first lactations, .10 for second lactations, and .12 for later lactations. When adjusted to underlying normal distribution, heritabilities were increased. These heritabilities suggest that progeny tests based on 50 or more daughters should identify bulls transmitting more persistent edema. The desirability of such progeny tests depends on the relative importance and economic impact of reduced edema severity in the dairy cattle population. PMID- 6655094 TI - Factors affecting calf livability for Holsteins. AB - A total of 136,775 records from Holstein calvings was obtained from the National Association of Animal Breeders. Calf mortality (scored as dead at birth plus dead by 48 h) was greater for males (7.6%) than for females (5.6%). First parities of dams showed about two times as much calf mortality as later parities (10.5 versus 5.6%). Relationship was nonlinear between calf livability and size of calf, regardless of parity-of-dam and sex-of-calf effects. Dead calves averaged 1.2 days shorter gestation than live calves (279.6 days). Sex of calf, parity of dam, and linear and quadratic gestation length affected calf livability when the model also included sires. Percentage of calf mortality of progeny of individual sires ranged from 1 to 16% for sires with at least 60 progeny. Mixed model estimates of heritabilities of livability were 1.02% (when coded as 1-alive at 48 h, 2-dead at birth, and 3-dead within 48 h) and 1.54% (when coded as 1-alive, 2-dead by 48 h). Heritability decreased 26% when gestation length was ignored. Attempts to normalize scores did not improve estimates of heritability. Heritability for livability was small. PMID- 6655095 TI - Crossbred and purebred dairy cattle in warm and cool seasons. AB - This study was to determine if breed groups ranked differently in warm (May to August) and cool (November to February) seasons of calving and to determine if heterosis was more important in the warm season. A total of 719 records of cows in first lactation in four herds in the southeastern United States were used. Breeds were Holsteins, Brown Swiss, and Jerseys and the crosses among them. Milk and milk fat yields were greater in the cool season than in the warm season. Holsteins exceeded other breeds for milk and milk fat yield in both seasons, but their superiority was less among cows calving from May through August. Days open were longer for Holsteins, particularly in the warm season. In the cool season only the 3/4 Holstein X 1/4 Swiss group exceeded Holsteins for milk, but two groups--1/2 Holsteins X 1/2 Swiss and 5/8 Holstein X 1/4 Swiss-1/8 Jersey--were higher in the warm season. In the cool season three crossbred groups--1) 1/2 Holstein X 1/2 Swiss (Holstein sires), 2) 3/4 Holstein X 1/4 Swiss, and 3) 1/2 Holstein X 1/4 Swiss-1/4 Jersey--had greater milk fat yields than Holsteins, and a fourth--1/2 Holstein X 1/2 Jersey--yielded an equal amount. In the warm season six of the eight crossbred groups had greater milk fat yields than Holsteins. More crossbreds exceeded Holsteins in the warm than in the cool season, suggesting interactions for yields. There was slightly more heterosis in warm than in cool seasons for all traits. PMID- 6655097 TI - Genetic correlations among progeny groups for type traits, milk yield, yield persistency, and culling rates. AB - Associations among six primipara type traits and first and second lactation milk yield, yield persistency, and culling rates were estimated by means of 100 progeny groups with first and 76 with second lactations. Correlations of second lactation culling rate with dairy character and with rear udder were approximately -.4. Persistency, measured in either first or second lactation, was negatively associated with all type traits. PMID- 6655096 TI - Effect of parity, stage of lactation, and intramammary infection on concentration of somatic cells and cytoplasmic particles in goat milk. AB - Aseptic foremilk samples (about 15 ml) were collected biweekly for four samplings and then monthly throughout lactation from 35 does in three herds on Dairy Herd Improvement test. Bacteriology, direct microscopic somatic cell counts, and cytospin differential cell counts were performed on all samples. Milk yield was obtained from monthly Dairy Herd Improvement records. Thirty-nine percent of udder halves were infected, and coagulase negative staphylococci were the most frequent isolates (201 of 205). Somatic cell counts were influenced by lactation number, stage of lactation, and intramammary infection. Also, infection of one udder half increased somatic cells in the corresponding uninfected mammary half of the same animal. Cytoplasmic particles were not affected by stage of lactation or by intramammary infection but were greater for goats in first lactation. Milk yield was influenced by lactation number, stage of lactation, and intramammary infection. PMID- 6655098 TI - Reliability, accuracy, and decision-making strategy in clinical predictions of imminent dangerousness. PMID- 6655099 TI - A laterality index of cognitive impairment after hemispheric damage: a measure derived from a principal-components analysis of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. PMID- 6655100 TI - A laterality index of cognitive impairment derived from a principal-components analysis of the WAIS-R. PMID- 6655101 TI - Differential clinical sensitivity of specific parameters of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. PMID- 6655102 TI - A meta-analysis of psychotherapy and drug therapy in the treatment of unipolar depression with adults. PMID- 6655104 TI - Some preliminary data on the psychological characteristics of Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorders. PMID- 6655103 TI - Conjoint versus one-person family therapy: some evidence for the effectiveness of conducting family therapy through one person. PMID- 6655106 TI - Validating indicators of vulnerability to schizophrenia: a comment on Watt, Grubb, and Erlenmeyer-Kimling. PMID- 6655105 TI - Effects of partialing out postmorbid WAIS scores in a heterogenous sample: comment on Golden et al. PMID- 6655107 TI - Bootstrapping conjectural indicators of vulnerability for schizophrenia: a reply to Faraone's critique of Watt, Grubb, and Erlenmeyer-Kimling. PMID- 6655108 TI - Participant modeling with or without cognitive treatment for phobias. PMID- 6655109 TI - The Beck Depression Inventory and Research Diagnostic Criteria: congruence in an older population. PMID- 6655110 TI - Racial variations on the MacAndrew alcoholism scale of the MMPI. PMID- 6655111 TI - Assessment of positive feelings toward spouse. PMID- 6655112 TI - Self-instruction interventions with non-self-controlled children: effects of discovery versus faded rehearsal. PMID- 6655113 TI - [Evaluation of the safety of decompression according to the amount and size of gas bubbles formed in the body]. PMID- 6655114 TI - [Role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating the parietal pH of the digestive tract in rats]. PMID- 6655115 TI - [Action of nitrosoalkylureas and the longevity of tumor-bearing animals]. PMID- 6655116 TI - [New autophagous function of the mitochondria]. PMID- 6655117 TI - [Cytointerferometric study of hippocampal neurons after an increase in the serotonin content of the brain of rats]. PMID- 6655118 TI - [Kinetic problems of the aging of cells, organisms and cell populations]. PMID- 6655119 TI - ARDS: new insights and unsolved problems. PMID- 6655121 TI - Intracranial pressure changes in patients with head trauma during haemodialysis. AB - Intracranial hypertension and acute renal failure are frequent complications in polytraumatized patients with head trauma. This paper deals with the evolution of intracranial pressure during haemodialysis in two cases of traumatic coma. Significant changes in intracranial pressure were noted. Increase of intracranial pressure during haemodialysis was 7.6 mmHg for the first patient and 4.6 mmHg for the second patient. Prophylactic measures are discussed. PMID- 6655120 TI - The use of etomidate in the management of severe head injury. AB - The effects of continuous and supplementary bolus dose administration of etomidate have been investigated in ten artificially ventilated patients in traumatic coma. Continuous infusion of etomidate (5-25 micrograms/kg/min) proved to be a practical and safe means of sedating these patients and appeared to control moderately elevated ICP. Additional bolus doses of etomidate (0.2 mg/kg) always reduced acutely elevated ICP (greater than 20 mmHg), which fell by a mean of 33%. However, MAP usually fell, and occasionally serious hypotension occurred. Of a total of 61 bolus dose administrations which were analysed, CPP rose on 40 occasions, fell on 19 and was unchanged twice. There was a weak correlation between the control level of ICP and the magnitude of the fall in ICP in response to the bolus dose of etomidate (r = 0.51, p less than 0.001). Bolus doses of etomidate given just before noxious stimulation, for example chest physiotherapy, prevented or limited the expected rise in ICP (with bolus mean change in ICP = 2.7 +/- 6.9 mmHg, without bolus mean change in ICP = +7.0 +/- 6.4 mmHg). Again MAP tended to fall following the bolus dose. Overall CPP tended to fall slightly following stimulation whether or not a bolus dose was administered (-3.2 +/- 11.1 mmHg and -4.9 +/- 11.5 mmHg respectively). However, when the bolus of etomidate was not given, occasional dramatic and dangerous rises in ICP were seen, in spite of the infusion, during which CPP fell to critical levels. This very rarely occurred when the bolus had been given. Furthermore, serious episodes of hypotension in response to etomidate administration appeared to occur mainly in patients who were relatively hypo-volaemic. PMID- 6655123 TI - Comment on the article 'The influence of urapidil, a new antihypertensive agent, on cerebral perfusion pressure in dogs with and without intracranial hypertension'. PMID- 6655122 TI - Plasma amino acid levels in the first few days after burn injury and their predictive value. AB - Plasma amino acid concentrations were studied in 27 burn subjects on the day of injury and on day 4, as a function of the burn surface area and the outcome. On the day of injury, compared to normal subjects, plasma amino acid levels were generally higher in the most severely burned patients (significantly for ALA, GLY, HYP and PHE) and in nonsurvivors (significantly for ALA, PHE, GLY, PRO and ORN). In burn patients all initial values were higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors; for ALA, GLY, and LEU, the difference was significant. Between the day of injury and day 4, different variations were noticed depending on the amino acid in question and the outcome. On day 4, plasma amino acid levels were lower in nonsurvivors, significantly for GLU + GLN, THR, SER, PRO, ASP + ASN, LEU, ILEU and VAL. Our data suggest that plasma amino acid determination could be used as an accurate element of prognosis after burn injury. PMID- 6655124 TI - Sympathetic hyperactivity in tetanus. PMID- 6655125 TI - Integration of spectral and temporal cues in discrimination of nonspeech sounds: a psychoacoustic analysis. AB - This study presents a psychoacoustic analysis of the integration of spectral and temporal cues in the discrimination of simple nonspeech sounds. The experimental task was a same-different discrimination between a standard and a comparison pair of tones. Each pair consists of two 80-ms, 1500-Hz tone bursts separated by a 60 ms interval. The just-discriminable (d' = 2.0) increment in duration delta t, of one of the bursts was measured as a function of increments in the frequency delta f, of the other burst. A trade off between the values of delta t and delta f required to perform at d' = 2.0 was observed, which suggests that listeners integrate the evidence from the two dimensions. Integration occurred with both sub- and supra-threshold values of delta t or delta f, regardless of the order in which the cues were presented. The performance associated to the integration of cues was found to be determined by the discriminability of delta t plus that of delta f, and thus, it is within the psychophysical limits of auditory processing. To a first approximation the results agreed with the prediction of orthogonal vector summation of evidence stemming from signal detection theory. It is proposed that the ability to integrate spectral and temporal cues is in the repertoire of auditory processing capabilities. This integration does not appear to depend on perceiving sounds as members of phonetic classes. PMID- 6655126 TI - Additivity of forward masking. AB - Masked thresholds for a 1000-Hz sinusoidal signal were measured as a function of masker level in both forward and simultaneous masking for two types of maskers: a 1000-Hz sinusoid and a narrowband noise, 60-Hz wide, centered at 1000 Hz. In forward masking, the noise masker produced much steeper growth-of-masking functions than the sinusoid. Presenting a contralateral broadband noise "cue" with the forward masker dramatically reduced the slope of masking for the noise masker but did not influence results for the sinusoidal masker. The noise remained the more effective masker. The amount of masking produced by combinations of equally effective narrowband-noise and sinusoidal maskers was compared to that produced by each masker individually with and without the contralateral cue. No additional masking beyond that predicted by energy summation was measured for forward masking. Additional masking beyond energy-sum predictions was measured for analogous conditions in simultaneous masking. Comparisons of results obtained with and without the contralateral cue suggest that signal thresholds in the presence of narrowband-noise forward maskers can reflect nonperipheral auditory processes. PMID- 6655127 TI - Frequency discrimination and signal detection in band-reject noise. AB - An experiment was conducted in order to compare the importance of information from frequency regions remote from the nominal signal frequencies for frequency discrimination and signal detection. In both tasks, signals were presented within the "notch" of band-reject noise, and different notch widths were employed. The results indicate that information is integrated over a wider range in frequency discrimination than in signal detection. Further, experiments in which a noise floor was present as well as band-reject noise, indicate that disrupting the information from regions remote from the nominal signal frequencies impairs frequency discrimination even in the absence of any significant impairment of signal detection performance. PMID- 6655128 TI - Discrimination of envelope frequency. AB - Discrimination of envelope frequency was measured as the just noticeable increase in envelope frequency of monotic, 60-dB two-tone complexes at geometric center frequencies (CFs) of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz. (The envelope frequency is equal to the frequency separation, delta F, between the two components.) At a given CF the jnds were approximately constant up to a critical envelope frequency between 10% and 20% of the CF, roughly equivalent to the critical band, beyond which they increased to a maximum at about 40% of the CF. Below the critical envelope frequency, the jnd increased with CF. Measurements at 40 dB SPL with and without masking of the aural distortion products showed that the influence of aural distortion is minimal. Additional measurements showed that at narrow frequency separations, discrimination was better for monotic two-tone complexes than for pure tones, three-tone complexes, and dichotic two-tone complexes. The results indicate that envelope frequency may serve as a cue for discrimination up to a frequency between 30% and 40% of the CF, although its effectiveness at high envelope frequencies is severely diminished by the auditory filter. A comparison with other data on envelope frequency discrimination indicates that the jnds' dependence on the envelope frequency may depend on how the slope of the temporal envelope varies with envelope frequency. PMID- 6655129 TI - Simulation of auditory analysis of pitch: an elaboration on the DWS pitch meter. AB - A model was developed for estimating the pitch of complex sounds that are partially masked by background sound. Our ultimate aim is to obtain a model that can separate two simultaneous sounds on the basis of the harmonic structure of at least one of the sounds. The MDWS model is an extension of the Duifhuis, Willems, and Sluyter pitch meter (DWS) [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 71, 1568-1580 (1982)] which is a practical implementation of Goldstein's optimum processor theory of pitch perception [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 1496-1516 (1973)]. The main modifications incorporated in MDWS consist of a more faithful modeling of auditory frequency analysis and of an alteration to the criterion used to decide which fundamental best fits a set of resolved components. Effects of the latter modification were investigated in a comparison between model estimates of the pitch of inharmonic complex signals and results obtained for humans. Furthermore, the accuracy of model estimates of the pitch of periodic signals (among which were synthesized vowel sounds), partially masked by noise, was compared with the just noticeable difference of fundamental frequency of these sounds for human observers. The results of these two tests show that the model estimates come close to human perception. PMID- 6655130 TI - The relationship between the cross-correlation coefficient of two-channel acoustic signals and sound image quality. AB - In order to investigate sound image quality, white and bandlimited noises with various cross-correlation coefficients are reproduced from two loudspeakers placed in anechoic or echoic chambers. Subjects are asked to make similarity judgments and some subjective evaluations of pairs of the noises. The experimental data are analyzed by Kruskal's multidimensional scaling (MDS) program. The analysis of the experimental data shows the following: (1) sound image quality depends mostly on the width and the distance of the sound image, (2) the width of the sound image depends on the absolute value of the cross correlation coefficient, (3) the distance of the sound image depends on the cross correlation coefficient itself, (4) with respect to physical and psychological factors governing sound image quality, there is no fundamental difference between anechoic and echoic chambers. PMID- 6655131 TI - A comparison between basilar membrane and inner hair cell receptor potential input-output functions in the guinea pig cochlea. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from inner hair cells and basilar membrane motion was measured at a similar place, but in different preparations, in the first turn of the guinea pig cochlea. Potential recordings were made using glass microelectrodes and mechanical measurements were made using the Mossbauer technique. Intensity functions of DC receptor potential and basilar membrane velocity in animals with good and poor thresholds are presented. In animals with good thresholds, stimuli at and above the characteristic frequency produce similarly compressive input-output functions for both inner hair cell receptor potentials and basilar membrane motion. However, for frequencies lower than the characteristic frequency, receptor potential input-output functions obtained from animals in good and poor condition show saturation at high stimulus intensities at which basilar membrane motion is linear. This discrepancy is believed to be due to a nonlinear inner hair cell transduction mechanism. We propose that nonlinearity observed in receptor potential input-output functions is a consequence of the simple cascading of a frequency-dependent nonlinear mechanical input and a frequency-independent nonlinear transduction process. PMID- 6655132 TI - Effects of acoustic trauma on the cochlear potentials. AB - The cochlear microphonic, summating potential, and action potential were recorded from all three turns of the gerbil cochlea prior to and following a 1-h exposure to a high-intensity pure tone. Results proved that the depression in the cochlear microphonic was greater when recorded from the upper two turns of the cochlea. The losses for the summating potential were not dependent on recording location. Although the cochlear microphonic and to some extent, the negative summating potential, reflected locally generated activity from the hair cells, the positive summating potential appeared to be dependent on distant electrical activity. PMID- 6655133 TI - Frequency information in the auditory brainstem response evoked by tonal transients. AB - The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a composite of potentials generated by neural activity stemming from several regions of the cochlea. A derivation technique is described for reducing the contributions to the ABR that arise from frequencies outside of the frequency band of interest. The technique treats averaged waveforms in an algebraic manner and uses a method of successive substitutions to obtain a derived waveform. The recorded and derived ABR waveforms were analyzed with respect to changes of latency and morphology. The behavior of the waveform components of the derived regional responses was in accord with the data of other studies in which narrow-band responses were derived from waveforms produced by high-pass masking of click stimuli. Frequency information was thus extracted from the ABR without the simultaneous presence of other stimuli as in masking-based derivations. The method of successive substitutions used with brief transient stimuli of different frequencies appears to yield derived ABRs that reflect activity from different cochlear regions. PMID- 6655134 TI - A survey of community attitudes towards noise near a general aviation airport. AB - This paper describes a community attitudinal noise survey performed in the vicinity of the Decatur, Illinois Airport. Two hundred thirty-one respondents were drawn from four distinct noise zones in populated areas near the airport. The day/night average sound levels (DNL) ranged from 44-66 dB. The area is otherwise quiet, residential with large (1/2 acre) lots. The primary analysis arrayed the percent of respondents highly annoyed versus DNL. Good agreement was found between the results of this survey and the general relation developed by Schultz from surveys worldwide, primarily in the vicinity of large commercial airports and highways. In addition, reasonable comparisons were found between respondent estimates of the number of aircraft operations and actual traffic counts. It was also found that respondents who were highly annoyed by aircraft noise were three to four times as likely to be highly annoyed by some other noise than were other respondents. PMID- 6655135 TI - Experimental investigation on the effect of some temporal factors of nonsteady noise on annoyance. AB - The effects of some temporal factors of nonsteady noise on annoyance was investigated by means of six experiments. The factors are rising speed, fluctuation speed, fluctuation frequency, and fluctuation deviation. The results show that the ratio of annoyance and the rising speed are in linear relation in log-log coordinates and the annoyance increase with the increase of rising speed from 25 to 1000 dB/s corresponds to the increase of sound pressure level of 2.6 dB. The fluctuation speed, the fluctuation frequency, and the fluctuation deviation have little effect on annoyance provided the equivalent sound level (Leq) is constant. The validity of some rating scales of fluctuating noise is discussed on the basis of the present experimental results. PMID- 6655136 TI - Addendum and erratum: "presbycusis, sociocusis, and nosocusis" [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1897-1919 (1983)]. PMID- 6655138 TI - Metabolism of pentachloronitrobenzene by goats and sheep. PMID- 6655137 TI - Worker reentry research for carbosulfan applied to California citrus trees. PMID- 6655140 TI - Ovine urinary metabolites of hymenoxon, a toxic sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Hymenoxys odorata DC. PMID- 6655139 TI - 2-Chlorotoluene metabolism by rats. PMID- 6655141 TI - Elements in major raw agricultural crops in the United States. 1. Cadmium and lead in lettuce, peanuts, potatoes, soybeans, sweet corn, and wheat. PMID- 6655143 TI - Relative biological activity of nonphosphorylated vitamin B-6 compounds in the rat. PMID- 6655144 TI - Chemical composition of seeds of two okra cultivars. PMID- 6655142 TI - Elements in major raw agricultural crops in the United States. 2. Other elements in lettuce, peanuts, potatoes, soybeans, sweet corn, and wheat. PMID- 6655145 TI - Ranunculin: a toxic constituent of the poisonous range plant bur buttercup (Ceratocephalus testiculatus). PMID- 6655146 TI - Analysis of sugar for tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. PMID- 6655147 TI - Nontransmission of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) to eggs and meat in chickens fed deoxynivalenol-contaminated diets. PMID- 6655148 TI - Comparisons of children of depressed and nondepressed parents: a social environmental perspective. AB - Several lines of evidence indicate that a parent's depression may be a significant health and adaptational risk factor for his or her children. In a controlled comparison, children of 133 depressed parents had significantly more symptoms of emotional, somatic, and behavioral impairment than did children of 135 nondepressed parents. Additional results suggest that the more negative milieu found among families of depressed parents was a mediator of the effects of parental depression. A social-environmental perspective helped to identify aspects of parents' functioning, family stressors, and resources that were related to children's health. Variations in these stressors and resources were strongly related to the probability of disturbance among children of depressed parents. PMID- 6655149 TI - Problem-solving deficits and depressive symptoms among children. AB - Depressive symptoms among 40 fourth- and fifth-grade students as measured by the Children's Depression Inventory, correlated highly with impaired problem solving at block designs (r = .64) and anagrams (r = .67). Similar impairments have been found among depressed adults, suggesting that depression among children may be continuous with depression among adults. PMID- 6655150 TI - Moral judgment in relation to behavioral and cognitive disorders in adolescents. AB - The capacity for formulating moral judgments shown by 20 emotionally disturbed, cognitively delayed adolescents was related to their social behaviors as observed in a classroom situation. Adolescents reported by their teachers to be shy and submissive were less capable of reasoning about moral issues than were adolescents who were seen as more assertive and socially engaged. The level of moral judgment was not a function of intelligence or ability to understand concrete operations. The implication that social engagement is a critical determinant of moral judgment for these adolescents is discussed. PMID- 6655151 TI - A delivery system for the treatment of primary enuresis. AB - To illustrate how to deliver underutilized psychological treatments, a comprehensive, low-cost treatment for primary enuresis was developed consisting of bell-and-pad training, cleanliness training, retention control, and overlearning. Sixty primary enuretic children and their parents attended 1-hour group training sessions and implemented treatment in the home. Each case required 15 minutes of professional time, and net cost to each family was +50. Forty-eight (81%) achieved initial arrest of bedwetting and only 11 (24%) relapsed at 1-year follow-up. Significant association between relapse and prior treatment failure with imipramine was noted. The outcome was found to compare favorably with previous treatments that required more professional time. PMID- 6655152 TI - Reliability and validity of the Direct Observation Form of the Child Behavior Checklist. AB - This article reports reliability and validity data for the Direct Observation Form (DOF) of the Child Behavior Checklist. Observational data were collected on two samples of boys aged 6-11 in classroom settings. Interobserver agreement was high: r = .92 for behavior problem score and r = .83 for on-task score. Generalizability, as measured by the one-way intraclass correlation, was .86 and .71 for behavior problem score and on-task score, respectively. In terms of validity, DOF scores correlated significantly and in the expected directions with teacher-reported problem behavior, school performance, and adaptive functioning. In addition, boys who had been referred by their teachers due to problem behavior obtained significantly higher behavior problem scores and significantly lower on task scores than a matched sample of normal boys observed in the same classrooms. PMID- 6655153 TI - Depressive mood in adolescent, emotionally disturbed females: reliability and validity of an adjective checklist (C-DACL). AB - The reliability (internal consistency, split-half, and alternate form) and concurrent validity of two equivalent forms of a revised version of the Depression Adjective Check Lists (C-DACL) were found to be at a relatively high level for a group of emotionally disturbed adolescent females. PMID- 6655154 TI - Response bias on a locus of control measure by learning-disabled children. AB - Four experiments were conducted to clarify the relationship between internal locus of control and achievement in learning-disabled and normal boys. The initial study yielded only a weak relationship between achievement and locus of control. Two subsequent experiments found differences on internality, and experiment 3 confirmed a pattern of second response choice bias for low-achieving boys. In Experiment 4 a significant interaction of diagnosis and test form resulted. Overall the tendency of learning-disabled and low-achieving boys to choose second response alternatives may have resulted in the popular but unsubstantiated notion that disabled children are less internally oriented than normal children. PMID- 6655155 TI - Correspondence of teacher ratings and direct observations of classroom behavior of psychiatric inpatient children. AB - The present investigation examined the correspondence of teacher ratings and direct observations of classroom behavior. Teachers, extraclass raters, and observers completed standard rating scales and/or measures of overt classroom behaviors of psychiatric inpatient children (N = 32). The study assessed if the correspondence between ratings and direct observations was influenced by who evaluates the child (teachers, raters) and the assessment format (general ratings, discrete behaviors). The results indicated that (1) measures from different assessors correlated in the low to moderate range, (2) data from extraclass raters corresponded more closely with direct observations than with data from teachers, (3) teacher and rater estimates of overt child behavior did not correlate more highly with direct observations than did standard rating scales, and (4) teachers and raters viewed child behavior as more appropriate than direct observations indicated. Measures from teachers, raters, and observers readily distinguished attention deficit disorder children with hyperactivity from their peers. However, teacher evaluations delineated these children more sharply than other assessors. PMID- 6655157 TI - The status of cellular analysis. PMID- 6655158 TI - Red blood cell and serum selenium concentrations as influenced by age and selected diseases. AB - Red blood cell and serum selenium concentrations were investigated to determine normal concentrations for our geographic area and if potential differences existed in patients with selected diagnoses (hepatic, renal, malignant, and chronic diseases). Selenium was quantified in samples of red blood cells, serum and urine by neutron activation analysis. The results were analyzed by comparing 1) pooled data from all ages for each disease with normal values, and 2) normal values with age-matched patients in each disease category. Decreases in red blood cell selenium concentrations (P less than 0.05) occurred in normal subjects over 60 years of age without concurrent significant decreases in serum selenium. Although differential results were noted in age-matched groups, overall results showed that decreased concentrations of selenium in both red cells and in serum occurred with alcoholic cirrhosis, malignancies, and chronic renal failure (P less than 0.025). Red blood cell selenium concentrations also were decreased in patients with stable chronic disease. Decreased serum selenium concentrations were positively correlated with albumin concentrations in patients with cirrhosis. There was no correlation between serum selenium and bilirubin concentrations in patients with liver disease or between serum selenium and creatinine concentrations in patients with chronic renal failure whose urinary excretion of selenium was far below control levels. PMID- 6655156 TI - The interactions of hyperactive and normal boys with their fathers and mothers. AB - This study examined the interactions of fathers and mothers with their hyperactive and normal children during both free-play and task periods. Eighteen hyperactive and 18 normal boys were observed interacting separately with their mothers and fathers in a playroom setting. Behavioral observations indicated, with minor exceptions, that fathers and mothers did not differ in their interactions with their sons. Substantial differences were found between hyperactive and normal boys in their parent-child interactions, particularly during the task setting. Hyperactive boys were generally less compliant and their parents more directive than normal parent-child dyads. Methodological problems are discussed that may have precluded the emergence of differences between mothers and fathers in their interactions with their sons. PMID- 6655159 TI - The effect of hypomagnesemia with or without associated hypercalcemia on renal concentrating ability in rats. AB - The effect of hypomagnesemia on renal concentrating ability was assessed in rats fed diets either low in magnesium or low in magnesium and calcium for 30 days. The rats fed a low-magnesium diet became hypomagnesemic (0.26 +/- 0.03 versus 1.53 +/- 0.04 mEq/L in controls), hypercalcemic (5.96 +/- 0.04 versus 5.22 +/- 0.11 mEq/L in controls), and hypokalemic (3.1 +/- 0.1 versus 4.2 +/- 0.4 mEq/L in controls) with decreased muscle content of potassium. Despite being hypomagnesemic, hypercalcemic, and potassium depleted, the rats had normal renal concentration ability (2499 +/- 65 versus 2415 +/- 119 mOsm/kg H2O in control). Those rats fed a diet low in both magnesium and calcium became hypomagnesemic (0.41 +/- 0.08 versus 1.53 +/- 0.04 mEq/L in controls) but were hypocalcemic. They also had normal renal concentrating ability (2399 +/- 109 versus 2415 +/- 119 mOsm/kg H2O in controls). It is concluded that hypomagnesemia does not decrease renal concentrating ability in rats. Furthermore, a normal concentrating ability demonstrated in hypomagnesemic rats, in spite of hypercalcemia and potassium depletion suggests that hypomagnesemia may ameliorate the deleterious effects of hypercalcemia and/or potassium depletion on renal concentrating ability. PMID- 6655160 TI - Comparison of two separation techniques for the determination of blood mononuclear cell magnesium content. AB - The determination of blood mononuclear cell magnesium content may be a predictor of total body magnesium status. Separation techniques employing Ficoll-Hypaque have been used for this assay; however, Hypaque contains a significant concentration of iodine that may be toxic to the cell membrane and affect the results. We developed a different separation technique using arabinogalactan (Stractan) at concentrations of 13.0 and 17.7%. The blood from 16 normal volunteers was divided and assayed for mononuclear cell magnesium content using both methods. The results (mean +/- standard deviation) with the Ficoll-Hypaque method were 83.6 +/- 30.8 fg/cell, and with the arabinogalactan method they were 78.4 +/- 25.5 fg/cell. A paired sample t test comparing the results between the two methods gave a t value of 1.05 (P greater than .3). The purest population of blood mononuclear cells was obtained with the Ficoll-Hypaque method. Thus, these two separation materials do not have a significant effect on the blood mononuclear cell magnesium content, and the better separation of cells was obtained with Ficoll-Hypaque. PMID- 6655161 TI - Changes in vitamin E concentrations in human plasma and platelets with age. AB - It has been postulated that vitamin E compounds (tocopherols) can retard the aging process. Therefore, changes in concentrations of tocopherols in human plasma and platelets with aging were studied. Fasting blood samples were obtained from 48 healthy male volunteers aged 24-91 years. Concentrations of the tocopherols in plasma and platelets were determined by a liquid chromatographic method. Alpha and gamma tocopherols were the major forms of vitamin E found in both plasma and platelets. The concentrations of alpha and total tocopherols in plasma did not change significantly with age. However, the plasma gamma tocopherol and the platelet alpha, gamma, and total tocopherol concentrations decreased significantly with age. The platelet to plasma ratios of tocopherol concentrations also decreased with age. PMID- 6655162 TI - Intrauterine malnutrition in the rat: alterations of fetal glycerol metabolism. AB - This investigation intended to clarify the effects of malnutrition in utero on enzymes of glycerol metabolism and the stores of phosphorylated glycerol intermediates in liver, striated muscle, and brain in the rat. Pregnant Wistar rats were restricted to an intake of 50% (M) of ad libitum fed controls (C) from the seventh day of gestation onward. Fetuses were removed 2 days (-2), or 1 day ( 1), before term, or at the day of birth (DOB) The M fetuses and newborn rats were stunted. Their hepatic alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase (GPO) levels were lower than those of C in utero (mean +/- SEM: M = 23.1 +/- 1.5, 15.8 +/- 1.1, and 31.6 +/- 4.5; C = 34.8 +/- 4.9, 39.8 +/- 7.0, and 23.6 +/- 5.0 nmol/min X cm at -2, 1, and DOB, respectively; F = 7.29 [1,57], P less than .01). In muscle, this enzyme, as well as liver and brain alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPD), alpha-glycerophosphate (GP), and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), only varied with the developmental stage. Although the latter was a significant differential factor in all the determinations, maternal diet only affected brain DHAP stores (M = 1.85 +/- 0.36, 1.03 +/- 0.16, 0.74 +/- 0.10; C = 2.33 +/- 0.46, 1.87 +/- 0.21, 1.13 +/- 0.18 mumol/g at -2, -1, and DOB, respectively; F = 9.03 [1,53], P less than .01). These findings support the contention that intrauterine malnutrition can alter normal ontogenesis of glycerol metabolism enzymes in certain organs and become a negative factor disturbing normal gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, with potential disruption of energy homeostasis immediately after birth. PMID- 6655163 TI - Dietary magnesium intake and the concentration of magnesium in plasma and erythrocytes of postpartum women. AB - Dietary magnesium intakes and concentrations of magnesium in plasma and erythrocytes were determined in 23 lactating and 13 nonlactating healthy pregnant women from 37 wk of gestation through 6 mo postpartum. Food composites, collected for 3 days, were analyzed for magnesium, and energy intake was calculated from 3 day dietary records. The lactating women consumed significantly greater (P less than .05) amounts of magnesium and energy than the nonlactating women. Mean postpartum intake of magnesium was 55% of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for lactating women and 48% of the RDA for nonlactating women. Neither lactation nor length of lactation significantly affected plasma magnesium concentration or erythrocyte magnesium concentration. Dietary magnesium intake was not significantly correlated with the level of magnesium in either the plasma or erythrocytes. PMID- 6655164 TI - The use of a dynamometer in nutritional assessment. AB - Standard anthropometric techniques may be unreliable in patients with subcutaneous edema or dehydration. In order to circumvent this dilemma, 98 male subjects were studied utilizing a hand-held dynamometer in conjunction with other nutritional assessment techniques. Following a nutritional assessment using anthropometric measurements, patients were characterized as being well-nourished or malnourished using three definitive measures: percentage of ideal body weight, triceps skinfold, and midarm muscle circumference. Once malnutrition was assessed, no attempt was made to distinguish between marasmus, hypoalbuminemia, or mixed marasmus types of malnutrition. A correlation matrix done between the two groups revealed no statistically significant correlation between any of the measured parameters. Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant correlations between patients in both groups (independent variables) with respect to midarm muscle circumference and dynamometer reading in the dominant arm (dependent variables). Further validation of this technique is required before it can become a standard component of nutritional assessment. PMID- 6655165 TI - Play and language in developmentally disordered preschoolers: a new approach to classification. PMID- 6655167 TI - Treasured object use--a cognitive and developmental marker. PMID- 6655166 TI - Brainstem auditory evoked response in children with central language disturbance. PMID- 6655168 TI - "Good enough" mothering and the incidence of transitional objects after infantile colic. PMID- 6655170 TI - Correlates of psychopathology in sick children: an empirical model. PMID- 6655169 TI - Effects of fenfluramine on 14 outpatients with the syndrome of autism. PMID- 6655172 TI - Capgras syndrome variant in an 8 1/2-year-old boy. PMID- 6655173 TI - Clinical practice of child psychiatry: a survey. PMID- 6655171 TI - A prospective, controlled study of scheduled sibling visits to a newborn intensive care unit. PMID- 6655174 TI - Language disorders. PMID- 6655175 TI - The assessment of social networks and social support in the elderly. PMID- 6655176 TI - Productive behavior: assessment, determinants, and effects. PMID- 6655177 TI - The clinical effectiveness of multidimensional geriatric assessment. PMID- 6655178 TI - Comprehensive functional assessment: a commentary. PMID- 6655179 TI - The Willard Thompson lecture. Interesting aspects of the aging process. PMID- 6655180 TI - Alzheimer's disease: assessment of functional status. AB - The initial assessments of cognitive, psychologic, and behavioral functioning of 17 adults enrolled in a day care program for victims of Alzheimer's disease are described. These evaluations by the staff, the patients themselves, and their primary caregivers made use of standardized quantitative measures, thus permitting correlational analysis of the data. Little information is available on the relationships between these areas of function in Alzheimer's disease. Such data are useful in determining realistic expectations of patient function by family and staff. They also provide a data base for the longitudinal study of the effects of the disease on these functional areas. Testing established a strong statistically significant association between cognitive and behavioral functions, and between morale and behavioral function. However, only modest correlations between cognitive and psychologic functions were evidenced. PMID- 6655181 TI - Decubitus ulcer prevention: a new investigative method using transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement. AB - Sacral skin oxygen tension, measured by a noninvasive technique in ten healthy subjects, remained in the normal range when they were lying on a "super-soft" mattress or in the 30 degrees lateral position. Therefore, these methods are effective in decubitus ulcer prevention. Skin oxygen tension measurement allows immediate assessment of the efficacy of measures to prevent decubitus ulcers. PMID- 6655182 TI - Zinc and senile osteoporosis. AB - The zinc ion levels in serum and bone tissue of patients with senile osteoporosis were determined and found to be less than that obtained from normal patients. The results suggest that zinc depletion may have a role in the pathogenesis of senile osteoporosis. PMID- 6655183 TI - The relationship between cutaneous cellular immune responsiveness and mortality in a nursing home population. AB - The survival over 18 months of 29 nursing home residents was compared with results of cutaneous testing of cell-mediated immunity at the start of the period of observation. Eight antigens were used to evaluate immunity by intradermal injection of each antigen and measurement of the areas of induration at 48 and 72 hours. A difference in responses was seen between the survivors and those who died, although this difference was statistically significant at 72 hours only. As expected, survivors had more (3.1, compared with 1.47) and larger (8.6 mm, compared with 3.2 mm) reactions at 72 hours than those who died. PMID- 6655184 TI - Integration of geriatric and general medical services. PMID- 6655185 TI - PPO--a new third party approach. PMID- 6655186 TI - Certification--a wrong turn in the road. PMID- 6655187 TI - The dot visual acuity test--a new acuity test for children. AB - A new visual acuity test is described for children between the ages of 2 and 4 years who are unable to respond to the tumble E games. For children old enough to respond to both tests, the visual threshold are the same. Fifty percent of the children who could not respond to the tumble E game will be able to be tested with this new method. The new is rapid, inexpensive, and cannot be memorized, thereby allowing the test to be given at frequent intervals. PMID- 6655188 TI - Cataracts in myotonic dystrophy. AB - Myotonic dystrophy is a unique form of muscular dystrophy which is associated with a variety of ocular manifestations. Perhaps the most noteworthy of these is the distinctive myotonic cataract which often appears early on in the course of the disorder. In this report, a seemingly healthy young man who presented for routine visual examination was found to have specific lenticular changes suggestive of myotonic dystrophy. Other signs of this condition, including the myotonic facies, restrictions of ocular motility, and the myotonic handshake, were not readily apparent. Although visual acuity was not dramatically impaired, the unusual nature of the lens opacities, and in particular the presence of brilliant polychromatic particles, called for a neurologic consultation which promptly confirmed the diagnosis. PMID- 6655189 TI - Glaucomatocyclitic crisis. PMID- 6655190 TI - Prosthesis for blepharospasm. AB - Following several years of experience with a newly designed spectacle-supported ptosis crutch for ptosis and blepharospasm, the author has developed a new approach to these conditions. In mild to moderate blepharospasm cases, the spectacle-supported prosthesis can still produce satisfactory results. However, in moderate to severe blepharospasm, the force of the spasm moves the entire device forward and downward, making it ineffective or too uncomfortable to wear. To create greater stability and a more effective counterforce to the blepharospasm, the author has developed a simple headband-supported device which does not use a spectacle frame for support. This new prosthesis is constructed of varying diameters of spring tempered diamond drawn stainless steel orthodontic wire, partially or completely covered by Teflon tubing. A silicon rubber cylinder is placed over the center which becomes a bridge and the main support for the device. An elastic head band completes the prosthesis. PMID- 6655192 TI - Comparative analysis of the optical characteristics of binocular indirect ophthalmoscopes. AB - Recommendations for the design of binocular indirect ophthalmoscopes are made based on a comparative analysis of the optics of various indirects currently available. Significant differences were found to exist in the areas of brightness, stereopsis, small pupil capability, and PD ranges among the brands under study. PMID- 6655191 TI - The blue field entoptic test with normal patients. AB - One hundred normal patients were evaluated with the Blue Field Entoptoscope test. Of those one hundred patients, ninety-nine were able to describe the appearance of their own leukocytes. The methodology did not permit encouraging or coaching patients to see their leukocytes. Of the ninety-nine who could perceive their own leukocytes, nineteen 19.19%) were unable to perceive an approximately equal number in each of the four quadrants of the blue field of light which is divided by a reticle. These patients who did not see an equal number of leukocytes in all four quadrants were generally older than those who saw an equal number of leukocytes. The results indicate that if the Blue Field Entoptoscope is to be used in clinical practice or research, it is useful to standardize the instrument for the population studied. In particular, the instrument should be standardized for age. PMID- 6655193 TI - AOA's service to the future and recent graduates. PMID- 6655194 TI - The surgical anatomy of the rearfoot. Part I: The greater tarsus. PMID- 6655195 TI - A simplified metatarsus adductus angle. PMID- 6655196 TI - The use of cold spray and its effect on muscle length. PMID- 6655197 TI - Blue toe syndrome. A case presentation. PMID- 6655198 TI - Isoelectric focusing with reduced cathodic drift and migration into the anode chamber. AB - An apparatus has been developed to reduce cathodic drift and migration into the anode chamber in vertical gel rod isoelectric focusing (IEF). In contrast to commercially available apparatuses, this apparatus can easily handle many more gels at one time, and the length, diameter and shape of its gel can be arbitrarily changed. In addition, high concentrations of detergent can be used to dissolve the protein samples, and removal of the gel cylinders from the glass tubes is easy. PMID- 6655199 TI - Gradient flattening of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels. AB - In addition to our previously reported versatile methods for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [1] and isoelectric focusing (IEF)-gel [2], I have achieved molecular weight gradient flattening of the SDS polyacrylamide gel and pH gradient flattening of the IEF gel at any segment using the same electrophoresis system. Any crowded gel segment where congregated components are not separated well can easily be widened for good separation and any dispersed gel segment where components are too far apart can easily be narrowed. Therefore, every gel segment can be used effectively and meaningfully because the gradient curve can be adjusted to any distribution of the components. In the crowded area, any small spots of components which could not be detected previously because of nearby heavy staining or strong radioactivity of an abundant component can be sufficiently separated from the nearby spots in a small gel without sacrificing other areas. PMID- 6655200 TI - Visual methods for the nanomolar detection of electrophilic reagents. AB - A series of highly colored nitrophenolates and nitrothiophenolates has been tested as spray reagents for the detection of electrophilic species of the types commonly used in peptide and protein chemistry. Sensitive TLC detection of agents for alkylation, acylation, sulfonylation and phosphorylation was demonstrated. In addition, the thiophenolate sprays were sensitive for oxidizing agents in nanomolar quantities. Selective TLC detection of acylating and phosphorylating agents was accomplished by subsequent alkali treatment resulting in the restoration of color. PMID- 6655201 TI - The colorimetric estimation of protein by the Lowry technique using a liquid scintillation counter. AB - A comparison has been made of the use of the spectrophotometer and liquid scintillation counter for the colorimetric quantification of protein. The attenuation of photon detection from sealed miniature 14C radioactive standards enabled protein quantification over a concentration range far in excess of that achievable by the use of a spectrophotometer. Accuracy of quantification was high over the entire range of protein concentration. The ability of the technique to provide quick and accurate protein estimations is discussed. PMID- 6655202 TI - Time-resolved angular dependent measurement of triggered light scattering changes in biological suspensions. AB - We describe a photometer for time-resolved measurements of small changes in light scattering suited for suspensions of biological material. The time resolution is 35 mus, the amplitude resolution for bovine rod outer segments is typically delta I/I = 5 X 10(-4) at a scattering angle of = 20 degrees. The use of the apparatus is demonstrated by recording the near infrared scattering of bovine rod outer segments after excitation with flashes of green light. Semiconductor detector arrays are arranged centrosymmetrically around a hemispherical cuvette. The optical characteristics of a hemispherical cuvette and the resulting geometry of cuvette and detection are discussed. Calculations of optimal signal transfer and noise of the detectors led to the following arrangement for each scattering angle: pairs of parallel connected photodiodes are fed into several current-to voltage converters, whose output voltages are summed up by a summing amplifier. For the test of the device so-called N signals of fresh and liquid N2-frozen and thawed ROS samples were measured at four scattering angles simultaneously. A strong angular dependence (difference scattering curve) of the relative light scattering change is seen for fresh ROS which is transformed into a flat curve by freezing and thawing. It is concluded that the competence of the fresh sample to extend the light-induced local events - presumably rhodopsin conformational changes - into the gross-structural range is terminated by freezing. PMID- 6655203 TI - [Etiologic factors in tubal sterility]. AB - Between the years 1977 and 1982, laparoscopy was performed on 900 patients where the diagnosis of infertility was made in our department. In the patients' histories events which were considered relevant to subsequent tubal pathology were studied in detail. These potential risk factors were further analyzed and related to the finding of tubal pathology at the time of diagnostic laparoscopy. Patients with moderate or severe endometriosis were excluded from this study, because the high incidence of tubal adhesions in these women rendered it impossible to analyse the relationship between potential risk factors in the patients' histories and the incidence of tubal infertility. The incidence of tubal disease in patients with only one risk factor was compared to patients with no such factors in their history. The incidence of tubal pathology was significantly higher in all categories except the group who had undergone only uncomplicated appendicectomy. Highly significant differences were found after salpingitis, ovarian cystectomy or wedge resection and "complicated" appendicitis. The risk of a low-grade salpingitis was increased after induced abortion and IUD usage. The incidence of tubal pathology (33.7%) in patients without risk factors lends support to the assumption that salpingitis can occur without obvious clinical symptoms and appears to justify laparoscopy and use of antibiotic treatment if salpingitis is suspected in young women, even though clinical symptoms are absent. PMID- 6655204 TI - [Early discharge of women after delivery. Results of an opinion survey among patients and unit personnel]. AB - Women's and maternity staff's opinion about early discharge and home care after hospital delivery was studied in 1981 in an university clinic; 100 pregnant women and 100 newly delivered mothers filled in a questionnaire, the former during an antenatal visit, the latter during their stay in hospital after delivery; and so did all the staff of the maternity unit. We found that 28% of pregnant women, 22% of newly delivered mothers and 25% of maternity staff were in favour of a short stay in hospital after delivery followed by home care. The main reasons for disapproving a short postnatal stay were medical safety, need for rest and fear of being alone with the baby. For the women approving of early discharge the best duration of hospital stay was 2 or 3 days. Rather more doctors, head nurses and midwives than nurses, auxillary nurses and ancillary staff approved a short stay in hospital after delivery. It seems that the opinion of the maternity staff was not linked to changes in working conditions that this new organization would introduce. We consider that the women's preference should be given priority in deciding early discharge after delivery, when there is no medical contra indication. Home care could be a useful transition between hospitalization and being alone at home; for instance health visitors could give advice about breastfeeding, infant care and birth control. But before generalizing this type of care it would be important to evaluate the medical, economic and psycho-social consequences. PMID- 6655206 TI - [Experimental study of the patency of rabbit fallopian tubes after section of the isthmus and microsurgical anastomosis]. AB - The authors carried out 45 microsurgical plastic operations in rabbits to study tubal patency. They found patency in 42%. They compared the microscopical appearances that were found later in relationship to the type of suture material (Vicryl absorbable or Prolene non-absorbable). The difference seems to be significant because of the inflammatory action that occurs. This was shown in 17% of cases where absorbable material was used and in 36% where non-absorbable was used. PMID- 6655205 TI - [Changes in plasma prolactin levels after gynecologic surgery]. AB - The effect of total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH) on serum prolactin (PRL) levels in 17 women of reproductive age was studied. Fifteen women who had minor surgery served as controls. Serum PRL levels of those women who underwent TAH as well as in those who underwent minor procedures rose significantly 24 hours after surgery. Six weeks after operation PRL levels returned to pre-operative levels in all women studied. From these data we conclude that operative stress is the cause of this rise. PMID- 6655207 TI - [Levels of serum lipids during abortion induced by a hypertonic saline solution]. AB - Studies were carried out on serum lipid levels in 30 women in good health who were pregnant for the first time with a pregnancy of between 15 and 20 weeks duration, who had the pregnancies terminated by the use of a hypertonic saline solution. They showed a rise only in the cholesterol level (5.83 mmol/l +/- 0.17) in the phase of actively aborting (a period of maximum stress) as compared with a level of cholesterol in the pre-abortion phase (4.93 mmol/l +/- 0.17). Between 12 and 15 hours after the termination the cholesterol level dropped sharply as did the levels of phospho-lipids and triglycerides. The levels became of the order of 4.1 mmol/l +/- 0.25, 2.73 mmol/l +/- 0.097 and 1.03 mmol/l +/- 0.06 respectively according to the phase the termination was in. The levels of serum lipids after the termination were, surprisingly, almost the same as those in non-pregnant women. The poor rise in serum lipids during termination induced by hypertonic saline solution shows that probably labour was of low intensity. PMID- 6655208 TI - [Exposure to diethylstilbestrol during intrauterine life. Signs that should suggest this. Therapeutic implications]. AB - From now on it is general knowledge that there is marked increase in the frequency of clear cell cancers of the cervix and of the vagina in daughters whose mothers were given diethylstilboestrol (DES) during their pregnancies. Equally well known is the high frequency of vaginal adenosis in these patients. Since 1977, moreover, several North American writers have commented on the lowering in reproductive capacity of these women. It seems that women who were exposed to DES in utero had a greater frequency of extra-uterine pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, and perinatal mortality of their offspring as compared with carefully selected control series. These complications seem to have a predilection for women who have abnormal cervices of who have a T-shaped hypoplastic uterus found on hysterosalpingography. Recently it has been found that there is a higher level of female sterility as compared with male sterility in these patients. Reviewing the literature and describing the principal abnormalities has made it possible for us to produce a hypothesis. This should explain how the action of DES on the mesonephric canals of Wolff causes changes in the shape of the uterus. PMID- 6655209 TI - [The cervix in primiparous women. A series of 320 perineal echographies]. AB - Perineal ultrasound was carried out on a series of 320 primiparous women at their first antenatal visit. The results obtained show that an internal of that was larger than 20 mm was abnormal. A sign of a short cervix (less than 40 mm long on ultrasound) was of not much value but had to be taken notice of. In six cases it was found that clinically the cervix was absolutely normal and on ultrasound was incompetent. PMID- 6655210 TI - [Fetal growth and repeated measurement of the thoracic circumference. 1. Are measurements of the thoracic circumference made in the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy useful?]. AB - When repeated measurements of the circumference of the thorax of the fetus were carried out systematically the author could show from the beginning of the third trimester of the pregnancy that there was a close correlation between this measurement and the birth weight so that slow-for-dates growth could be detected very early. PMID- 6655211 TI - [Prolonged fetal monitoring, ultrasonic telemetric registering. Methodology. Applications]. AB - Studying the fetal heart rate is the method of choice for monitoring fetal wellbeing. All the same, when repeated records are made, but only over a short time, no permanent control is carried out and this means that some very high risk fetuses are not monitored properly. but all these involved using electrocardiograms to record the fetal heart rate and this was not a practical proposition because of the number of artifacts that were produced. the authors suggest using a new method of observing the fetal heart rate over a long period of time based on telemetric transmission of the rate using an ultrasound machine. They show the results and also the difficulties of using this apparatus as well as the prospects for studying fetal physiology in this way. PMID- 6655212 TI - [Pregnancy and labor after insemination with frozen sperm from a donor]. AB - A total of 168 out of 196 pregnancies that were obtained after A.I.D. have been followed up. Six cases were lost for follow-up (3%). The mean age was 30 years and 65% of the women had their ovulation induced. 130 nullipara were delivered. They were compared with a series of nullipara of the same age group and selected from 300 primiparous pregnancies who delivered in the department in the same year. The abortion rate was 12.5%. 79% of the pregnancies were normal in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters as compared with 83% in the control series. 94% delivered at term as compared with 97% in the control series. 21% of the women had Caesarean section as compared with 19.2% in the control series. The sex ratio was 1.08 as compared with 1.06 in the control series. There was no significant difference between the two series. It does seem, however, that the age factor is the most important factor of all in determining how frequent pathological conditions will be and the number of Caesareans that will have to be carried out. 14% were under 30 years of age as compared with 28.5% who were over 30 years of age, which is a significant difference. These results should be followed up in a larger series. PMID- 6655214 TI - [Repeat surgery for tubo-peritoneal infertility. Critical analysis of a continuous series of 50 cases]. AB - It is justifiable to carry out a second surgical procedure when the first one for tubo-peritoneal infertility had failed? We have looked out 50 case histories of repeat operations, using a strict definition of this, for mechanical tubo peritoneal infertility in a consecutive series of cases between 1976 and 1980 at the maternity unit of Bichat Hospital. These 50 operations were: all carried out under the principles of microsurgery and operative lack of trauma: 12 of them consisted of salpingolysis and ovariolysis, 26 of them consisted of distal salpingoplasty and 3 of midtube salpingoplasty. 9 of them were of proximal salpingoplasty. PMID- 6655213 TI - [Anaerobic gangrene in the edges of a segmental hysterotomy. Severe infectious complication of a cesarean section. Sequelae. Apropos of a recent case]. AB - The infection of the edges of a hysterotomy wound by anaerobic bacteria is a very rare and dangerous complication of Caesarean section. Early surgical intervention with trimming of the edges and the institution of drainage together with suitable antibiotic treatment led to recovery. A second pregnancy, which unfortunately ended with a premature delivery, resulted after this conservative surgical procedure. PMID- 6655215 TI - [Glandular cancer of the cervix in the initial stages. Treatment and results at the Curie Institute]. AB - 102 patients were treated for adenocarcinoma of the cervix, stage 1 and 2, by radiotherapy and surgery at the Curie Institute between the years 1955 and 1974. Glandular carcinoma represents about 10% of cancers of the uterine cervix. The survival rate is: at five years 81%, at ten years 78%, at fifteen years 74%. This is similar to the survival rate for squamous carcinoma of the same stages. 48% of adenocarcinomata are found to be sterilised on the surgical specimen as compared with 78% in squamous cell carcinomata. This justified the even more frequent use of radiotherapy with surgery in this type of tumour. PMID- 6655216 TI - [Female alcohol drinking, pregnancy and progeny]. PMID- 6655217 TI - [Role of the H-Y antigen in gonadal differentiation: contradictory data]. AB - The present knowledge of the physiology of H-Y antigen has been reviewed. It would appear that the results that have been obtained contradict one another and this brings into doubt the role that this antigen plays in testicular differentiation and the link it has with the Y chromosome. PMID- 6655218 TI - [Request for reversal of tubal sterilization. Survey conducted by the National College of French Gynecologists and Obstetricians]. AB - A retrospective enquiry was carried out by the National College of French Gynaecologists and Obstetricians to try to specify more clearly indications and contra-indications for tubal sterilization in sixty centres. 377 requests were analysed over the years 1979-1980-1981. The average age of these women was 33 and the interval following sterilization was of a mean of 5 years. Remarriage is the main reason for asking. Those women most likely to ask for reversal of sterilization were patients who were sterilized when young or who had had only one or two children, or who had been sterilized during Caesarean operation. Half the requests for reversal could not be granted, usually because the techniques used for sterilization were too mutilating (40% of the patients could not be operated on); even if the sterilization is to be considered as final these techniques should not be used. PMID- 6655219 TI - [Fluorescence of the Y chromosome and male sterility]. AB - Barlow and Vosa's (1970) quinacrine coloration procedure was performed on human seminal smears from normal volunteers and on subjects who were selected from those couples who were consulting us for sterility. This analysis proves the specificity of the quinacrine coloration test, and reveals a significant decrease in the numbers of Y-spermatozoa in oligospermic patients with teratospermia and asthenospermia. The role of structural modifications of the chromatin in producing this effect is postulated. Particulars are given of how to perform the coloration technique on specially fixed slides and a table is given showing the frequency of spermatozoa with the Y chromosome in relationship to the parameters of the semen analysis. Furthermore the figures given in the literature by other authors are compared with those of this study and this altogether proves the reliability of the technique developed. PMID- 6655220 TI - [Fetal growth and repeated measurements of chest circumference. 2. Rate of growth of chest circumference: monitoring criteria of good fetal health?]. AB - It would seem that observing the speed at which the circumference of the thorax of the fetus grows can be a rapid and reliable indication for monitoring whether the pregnancy is normal or abnormal. In 38 cases admitted to hospital because of troubles in fetal growth 20 showed that normal growth of the circumference of the thorax was associated with absence of pathology. On the other hand when growth was altered or absent the fetal or maternal pathology was serious. PMID- 6655221 TI - [Chronic inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy]. AB - The authors have looked out the obstetric history of 13 young women who were suffering from ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease between the years 1978 and 1982 and who had 25 pregnancies. This study made it possible to analyse the influence of these pathological conditions on the evolution of pregnancy as well as the effect of pregnancy on the evolution of the disease. The different therapeutic treatments that have to be given for these diseases, such as medical treatment using Sulphasalazine, enemata, corticosteroids and Azathioprin, or surgical treatments have been examined in their relationship with pregnancy. The results that have been obtained confirm those to be found in the literature in the sense that the two conditions are independent of one another and therapy for the pregnancy as well as for the bowel disease can be continued without too much consideration for the effect of the one condition on the other. PMID- 6655222 TI - [Complete ureteral avulsion. Complication of vaginal delivery of an infant dying in utero during the second trimester of pregnancy]. AB - The authors report a case of complete avulsion of the ureter occurring during the vaginal evacuation of a fetus that had died in utero in the second trimester. This case leads us to discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic measures that should be taken in this kind of situation. At present there are people who wish to increase the number of indications for second trimester terminations of pregnancy. As this is so, we wish to draw attention to a rare but very serious complication of late evacuation of the uterus, namely damage to the ureter. PMID- 6655224 TI - [Morphologic, endocrine and technical factors in relation to the results of human embryo transfer to the uterus]. AB - Out of 161 cycles in which the procedure was attempted, 20 clinical pregnancies were obtained by in vitro fertilization and embryo transplant. The authors think that among the numerous parameters that can affect the result favourably are: At the time of oocyte recovery large follicles (23 mm) following treatment with Clomid gave oocytes with pregnancy following. Medium B2 added to human serum gave high fertilization rates (80%) and cell division rates (75%) following in vitro culture. Only those embryos where cell division occurred quickly gave rise to pregnancies. As far as the transplant was concerned, the pregnancy rate rose from 12 to 30% according to whether one replaced 1 or 2 embryos in the uterus. Preliminary examination of the cervical canal indicated whether it should be dilated in cases where it was difficult to introduce the catheter. Giving valium made the uterus relax whereas adding blood serum (50 to 75%) in the transfer medium increased the viscosity of this latter. 19 of the 20 pregnancies resulted when the embryo transfer was easily accomplished. PMID- 6655223 TI - [Twin pregnancies: incidence, fetal development and perinatal mortality]. AB - The authors study 233 pairs of twins in a big maternity of Tunis, they analyse the frequency, the intra-uterine growth and the perinatal mortality. The frequency of twinning was 1.56%, the occurrence of preterm delivery was 45.92% and foetal hypotrophy was observed in 9.84% of the cases. The perinatal mortality rate was 143.77%: still born = 55.79% and neonatal deaths = 87.98%; the ratio of still born to neonatal deaths was 1.6. 29.3% of the neonatal twin deaths were due to hyaline membrane disease, 24.5% to immaturity, 14.6% to perinatal asphyxia and 12.4% to infection. The authors compare their findings to other studies on twin pregnancies. PMID- 6655225 TI - [Antenatal treatment of fetal urinary tract malformations. Apropos of the treatment of a case of posterior urethral valves]. AB - Palliative in utero treatments of certain malformations of the fetal urinary tract are now possible. The most important of these is urethral obstruction by valves. A case of in utero treatment of such a disease is reported, with a six month follow-up of the infant. In utero diversion of urine was performed by means of a catheter placed in the bladder using a technique derived from intra-uterine transfusions. The purpose is to permit drainage of urine from the kidneys into the liquor to prevent permanent damage to the kidneys because of back pressure. The technical problems included deciding the correct size of catheter and the technique of localising the bladder and inserting the catheter under ultrasound control. The ethical problems are raised partly because there is no central ethical committee to make decisions and partly because of the need to evaluate and to inform the patients of the various risks. The patients take the risk on behalf of their children and the mother takes a small risk for her own health. PMID- 6655226 TI - GABA-mediated inhibition of breathing in the late gestation sheep fetus. AB - The effects of the GABA antagonist picrotoxin, and the GABA agonist muscimol, have been studied in chronically instrumented unanaesthetized fetal sheep of 115 132 days gestation. Picrotoxin (300-400 micrograms/kg intravenous bolus injection) induced a period of stimulated breathing (40-112 min) which was associated with high voltage electrocortical activity, but inhibited by hypoxia. Muscimol (4 mg infused) had the opposite effect and caused a prolonged period of apnoea (85-418 mins) which was followed by a rebound period of increased breathing. These observations suggest that the GABA-ergic system may be involved in the apnoea of high voltage sleep states in the late gestation fetal sheep, but not in the apnoea associated with hypoxaemia in the fetus. PMID- 6655227 TI - Morphological development of the thyroid gland and serum T4-concentration in the intact and decapitated pig fetus. AB - The morphological and functional development of the fetal pig thyroid gland between 50 and 110 days post coitum have been examined in the normal pig fetus and after fetal decapitation at 42 days postcoitum. Body length and body weight developed at the same rate, comparing control and decapitated animals. Thyroid gland weight increased between 50 days and 110 days from 1.3 +/- 0.5 mg (SD) to 130.0 +/- 35.0 mg in control fetuses and from 0.9 +/- 0.2 mg to 113.4 +/- 23.0 mg in decapitated fetuses. A number of histomorphometrical parameters in thyroid tissue were measured. No significant differences in follicular epithelial height were observed between decapitated and control animals at 75 and 110 days. In control animals follicles increased both in size and number. In decapitated animals the follicles increased strikingly in number, but only slightly in size. Although colloid was formed in glands of decapitated animals, it was much less than in control fetuses. The gland of decapitated animals of 110 days resembled histologically the gland of much younger control animals (60 to 75 days). Gland development after fetal decapitation at 42 days may represent autonomous development when Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is depleted. Serum thyroxine concentration (T4) was determined by radioimmunoassay and increased in control animals from 0.06 +/- 0.01 micrograms/100 ml to 4.18 +/- 0.87 micrograms/100 ml at 110 days, the greatest rate of increase being observed between 64 and 90 days. In decapitated fetuses serum T4 remained very low, namely less than 0.20 micrograms/100 ml. It is very unlikely that any significant transfer of T4 from mother to fetus or from one fetus to another occurred. Both the rise in serum T4 and the enlargement of the follicles may be TSH dependent events in fetal pig thyroid gland development, whereby the sudden rise is serum T4 precedes the greatest rate of increase in follicle size. PMID- 6655228 TI - Fuel metabolism and energy stores in fasting or suckling newborn guinea pigs. AB - Newborn guinea-pigs delivered by Caesarean section at term were fasted for 48h at 35 degrees C and compared with suckling neonates. For the first 18h of fasting, blood glucose concentration remains at a normal level: a rapid liver glycogenolysis contributes to glucose production but indirect evidence suggests also that active gluconeogenesis from lactate, alanine and glycerol occurs at this time. Despite high liver triacylglycerol levels at birth and increased plasma free fatty acids the blood ketone body concentration remains very low which suggests that free fatty acid availability is not the only factor controlling the onset of ketogenesis at birth. After 24h of fasting, blood glucose concentration decreases whereas suckling newborns remain normoglycaemic. A mild hypoglycaemia is observed in fasting newborn which is not related to an unavailability of fat-derived substrates since mobilization of fat stores induces an increase of plasma free fatty acid levels and high blood concentration of ketone bodies. This relative hypoglycaemia is probably related to the lack of glucose and/or gluconeogenic substrate intake strengthened by an unavailability of some endogenous gluconeogenic precursors since a lack of a mobilization of protein stores characterizes this period. The maintenance of glucose homeostasis in suckling neonates reflects an active gluconeogenesis; a theoretical calculation shows an important contribution of each milk constituent including amino acids to sustain an endogenous glucose production. PMID- 6655229 TI - Effect of maternal diet during late pregnancy on fetal lipid stores in rabbits. AB - Pregnant rabbits were fed on a standard laboratory diet enriched with either 5-6% coconut oil or 6-7% corn oil for the last three or last six days of pregnancy. Control rabbits were maintained on the standard laboratory diet. Maternal and newborn plasma concentrations of free fatty acid, triacylglycerol and phospholipid and the profile of their fatty acids were measured. The fatty acid composition of newborn brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue and liver was analysed. Raised levels of lauric and myristic acids in does on the coconut oil enriched diet and of linoleic acid in does on the corn oil enriched diet were found in maternal and newborn plasma free fatty acids and triacylglycerols when compared to control rabbits. The proportion of lauric and myristic acids found in the tissues of newborn from does on the coconut oil enriched diet and the proportion of linoleic acid found in the tissues of newborn from does on the corn oil enriched diet were substantially increased when compared to control newborn. Newborn adipose stores reflected the change in maternal dietary fatty acid composition when the doe had been fed an oil enriched diet for only three days favouring the view that maternal triacylglycerol could be a major source of fetal lipids. PMID- 6655230 TI - Changes in permeability of fetal guinea pig skin during gestation. AB - Permeability of fetal skin to tritiated water was measured in vitro using samples taken from the back and flanks of 21 guinea pig fetuses whose gestational age ranged from 30 to 67 days (term = 68 days). From 30 to 45 days, fetal skin was relatively permeable to water, with a permeability coefficient for unidirectional, diffusional transfer of labelled water that averaged 0.372 +/- 0.041 (SEM) X 10(-4) cm/s. Then during a 5-10 day interval, the measured permeability coefficient decreased abruptly to very low and barely detectable levels. These changes took place at the time during gestation when others have shown the skin becomes keratinized and growth of new hair follicles is completed. Thus these findings are consistent with a relatively free exchange of water between amniotic fluid and fetal interstitium across the skin during the first two-thirds of gestation and then with further maturation an abrupt functional separation between these fluid compartments during the last third of gestation. PMID- 6655231 TI - Nerve growth factor concentration in a congenitally hypothyroid mouse model (hyt/hyt) and its responsivity to thyroxine treatment. AB - Earlier our laboratory reported the ontogenic profiles of serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations and nerve growth factor levels in the submandibular gland of Swiss-Webster mice. Further, we demonstrated a responsivity of submandibular gland-nerve growth factor concentrations to exogenously administered T4. To further our understanding of the interactions between thyroid hormones and submandibular gland-nerve growth factor we utilized a congenitally hypothyroid mouse model to examine submandibular gland-nerve growth factor in euthyroid, hypothyroid and hypothyroid-T4 replaced mouse pups. Serum T4 values in the congenitally hypothyroid (hyt/hyt) mice were unmeasurable and their growth in body weight, their incisor eruption, and their eyelid opening were significant delayed. Submandibular gland/body weight ratios were significantly reduced relative to control or heterozygous (+/hyt) animals through 40 days. The increase in submandibular gland-nerve growth factor concentrations observed in normal animals before 20 days was delayed to 35 days in the (hyt/hyt) animals. T4 treatment of (hyt/hyt) animals from 11 or 18 days of age significantly increased mean 40 day submandibular gland/body weight ratios and submandibular gland-nerve growth factor concentrations. However, the 40 day submandibular gland-nerve growth factor levels in treated animals remained significantly below the level of control euthyroid mice. Thus, the possibility of critical time of thyroid hormone replacement for normal submandibular gland maturation has not been shown but must be further explored in this model. PMID- 6655233 TI - Essential hypertension and social coping behavior: experimental findings. AB - The present study investigated the hypothesis that mild hypertensives display a distinctive response pattern to interpersonal stress that includes: inadequate social skills, negative cognitive set and cardiovascular hyperreactivity. After completing a set of questionnaires measuring anxiety and cognitive style, subjects monitored interpersonal stress in the natural environment. Following this, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded while subjects interacted with trained role-players in two types of role-play situations: individualized high distress and low distress situations. Hypertensives reported comparable anxiety and were evaluated as equally skilled when compared to normotensives. The cognitive reaction pattern however, discriminated between the groups with hypertensives perceiving less stress and displaying a 'repressive-defensive' cognitive style. Hypertensives displayed a hyperresponse on systolic blood pressure but not on heart rate. With regard to diastolic pressure, controls reacted according to prediction with high distress situations resulting in greater diastolic change than low distress situations. Hypertensives, however, showed the reverse of this pattern with no increase in diastolic pressure during the high distress situations. PMID- 6655232 TI - Selective cardiovascular effects of stress and cigarette smoking. AB - The purpose of the present study was to determine how cigarette smoking and psychological stress combine to affect cardiovascular function. Stress was operationally defined as playing a series of difficult video games under challenging instructional conditions. Following an initial test game, 51 smokers were randomly assigned to a 2 (smoke vs. sham smoke) X 2 (stress vs. no stress) design. The results showed that the subjects who sham smoked (inhaled unlit cigarettes) under no stress evidenced minimal changes in cardiovascular parameters. Subjects who smoked under no stress evidenced approximately 12 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 9 mmHg increases in diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and a 15 beat-per-minute increase in heart rate (HR). These effects were similar in magnitude to those seen in subjects who sham smoked under stress. By contrast, subjects who smoked under stress showed markedly larger increases in all cardiovascular parameters, approximately doubling the magnitude of the observed response over that seen with either smoking or stress alone. Correlational analyses suggested the presence of stable individual differences in autonomic lability or sensitivity. Possible mechanisms are suggested whereby stress and smoking may combine to heighten the risk for coronary disease. PMID- 6655234 TI - Assessment of type A behavior in preschoolers. AB - Teachers and mothers of 219 four-year-old preschoolers assessed their children for Type A behavior pattern using the Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH). The sample was derived from five day care centers with Black, White, and Hispanic teachers and students from middle and lower class families. This study indicates that Type A behavior can be identified in four-year-old preschoolers on the basis of ratings by their teachers. A statistically significant difference was found between the ratings of Type A/B characteristics by teachers and those by mothers; however, these were not related to the sex or ethnicity of the children. Repeated measurements of Type A ratings in a subsample of the children at age five showed no significant change among boys or girls. However, repeated measurements at age six on a second subsample showed that boys had lower mean scores, i.e. were more Type B at age six than at age four. PMID- 6655235 TI - Does blood pressure usually rise with age? . . . Or with stress? AB - To determine whether blood pressure increases commonly accompany the aging process or reports of psychological distress during adulthood, successive blood pressure readings from eight to 14 annual health examinations of 172 employed men were studied. Longitudinal analysis showed that blood pressures tended to decline on the average over the first four examinations, possibly a familiarization effect. Even during the later period (extending four to ten years), 45 percent had no systematic increase in systolic pressure and 60 percent no systematic increase in diastolic pressure (i.e., averaging 0.5 mm/Hg per year or greater). Older and heavier men had higher mean pressures, as did those men with higher anxiety and hostility scores. The slope of blood pressure increase in the later part of the period of observation was greater for individuals who reported lower amounts of stress. There is need to discover additional correlates of systematic blood pressure increase over time. It appears, however, that about half of adult men do not experience steady blood pressure increases with aging. While anxiety and hostility correlate with concurrent blood pressure levels, neither these variables nor other estimates of stress were positively correlated with increasing blood pressure levels over these years. PMID- 6655236 TI - The preparation of DTPA-coupled antibodies radiolabeled with metallic radionuclides: an improved method. AB - Isotopes of iodine are often employed as radiolabels for antibodies used in radioimmunodetection studies in which tumor localization is determined by external imaging. Because of drawbacks associated with the use of these isotopes, alternative labeling methods have been considered; such as covalently attaching strong chelators so that the coupled protein may be radiolabeled with metallic radionuclides by chelation. We have developed a method of coupling the strong chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) which is simple, efficient, and superior to reported methods. Using the cyclic anhydride, coupling to IgG antibody is about 75% efficient and is completed in less than 1 min at neutral pH. Because the concentration of hydrolytic products is small, the coupled protein is rapidly purified for use or storage. Labeling of the protein is also accomplished rapidly and the labeled product has been shown to be stable both in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 6655238 TI - Cell size monitored counterflow centrifugation of human bone marrow resulting in clonogenic cell fractions substantially depleted of small lymphocytes. AB - Human bone marrow cells were fractionated by physical methods in order to obtain cell fractions enriched in clonogenic cells and devoid of immunocompetent lymphocytes. The bulk of the erythrocytes was removed by isopycnic gradient centrifugation on Ficoll-Isopaque (d = 1.085 g/ml) and the majority of mature granulocytes on Percoll (d = 1.070 g/ml). The nucleated cells were separated into fractions by counterflow centrifugation. Continuous monitoring of the effluent of the elutriator by a light scatter device improved the reproducibility of the separation profiles. Progenitor cells did not form a single distinct peak and the maximal enrichment factor was 8.5. Lymphocytes were eliminated almost completely from the progenitor cell rich fraction (both CFU-GM and BFU-E). Physical elimination of lymphocytes from human bone marrow may offer an alternative approach to the prevention of graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. PMID- 6655237 TI - Inhibition of antibody binding to viable cells by liposomes containing purified rat spleen glycoprotein. AB - The capacity of liposomes with inserted RT-1 histocompatibility antigen to bind anti-RT-1 antibodies varies depending on their lipid composition and mode of preparation. The binding capacity of liposomes prepared by dialysis is different from that of liposomes prepared by gel filtration or of small membrane protein micelles. A new assay for analysis of membrane antigens has been developed. Liposomes are used to compete for antibody binding with in vitro cultured cells while binding of antibody to the same adherent liposomes is simultaneously assayed. PMID- 6655239 TI - Comparison between radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay for the determination of dihydroergotoxine in rabbit plasma samples. AB - Two analytical methods, radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay, for the determination of dihydroergotoxine have been developed. Antiserum, providing sufficient sensitivity for the radioimmunoassay, was produced by immunizing rabbits with D-lysergic acid coupled to bovine serum albumin. Radioreceptor assay utilizing dopamine receptor was carried out to determine dihydroergotoxine and its pharmacologically active metabolites in rabbit plasma, and the result was compared with that obtained by radioimmunoassay. The values obtained in both assays were almost identical; it was, therefore, assumed that the plasma concentrations of dihydroergotoxine determined by the present radioimmunoassay reflects the amount of unchanged drug and its active metabolites. PMID- 6655240 TI - Selective binding of heat- and antigen-aggregated IgG to Blue-Sepharose. Radioimmunoassay of circulating immune complexes. AB - In an attempt to find a direct method for the determination of circulating immune complexes in pathological sera we studied the ability of Cibacron Blue 3GA covalently bound to Sepharose 4B to bind heat- or antigen-aggregated human IgG. Blue-Sepharose was found to bind significant amounts of aggregated IgG (about 1.5 mg/ml packed gel) but very low amounts of monomeric IgG (about 0.1 mg/ml gel). The ability of Blue-Sepharose to bind immune complexes was tested on human pathological sera containing variable amounts of circulating immune complexes. Using both a turbidimetric measurement and Barkas' method we found that Blue Sepharose is able to remove a very high percent of circulating immune complexes (greater than 80%) from sera. Considering the above observations a new method is described for the direct determination of circulating immune complexes using Blue Sepharose as serum adsorbent and either 125I-labeled protein A or 125I-labeled rabbit IgG anti-human IgG to demonstrate the binding of immune complexes. PMID- 6655241 TI - Influence of the medium on the heat and acid denaturation of IgE. AB - The denaturation of IgE immunoglobulin induced by heating at 56 degrees C or by treatment at low pH is inhibited in the presence of high concentrations of salts or hexoses. Between 50 and 100% of the IgE anaphylactic activity (PCA) of rat and mouse antisera is recovered after heating at 56 degrees C for 1,5 or 5 h, respectively, in 1 M MgSO4 or 2 M glucose, mannose or fructose. Anaphylactic activity of IgE monoclonal anti-DNP mouse antibody is equally preserved. The specific antigenic determinants of human and rat IgE myeloma proteins are also thermostable in these conditions. The addition of MgSO4 or glucose protects IgE anaphylactic antibodies against denaturation at pH 2. It is suggested that IgE denaturation is the consequence of interactions between molecules of immunoglobulin and that such interactions are diminished by steric hindrance in a medium containing high concentrations of ions or hexose molecules. PMID- 6655242 TI - Re.: A simple box method for freezing lymphocytes. PMID- 6655243 TI - Re.: Purification of IgG monoclonal antibody by caprylic acid precipitation. PMID- 6655244 TI - Comparative studies on radiolabeling of lysozyme by iodination and reductive methylation. AB - Before attempting to radiolabel proteins it is essential that conditions be found for optimal reaction by use of cold reagents. Iodination by the chloramine-T method was not suitable for radiolabeling of lysozyme as it resulted in reduced solubility, large conformational changes, loss of enzymic activity and a decrease in immunochemical reactivity. On the other hand, reductive methylation of lysozyme by formaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride was considered suitable for radiolabeling of lysozyme. The extent of reaction with the free amino groups was dependent on the concentration of lysozyme and the molar ratios of the reactants (lysozyme, NaCNBH3 and HCHO). The molecular weight, net charge and enzymic activity of the lysozyme derivatives were similar to the native molecule. The immunochemical reactivity was reduced by 6-13% when more than 6 amino groups were modified. Reductively methylated rabbit IgG showed unaltered molecular weight, net charge and very little conformational changes compared to native IgG. Partial reaction, by reductive methylation using [14C]HCHO, lysozyme with specific activity of 11.1 X 10(6) cpm/mg protein and pig anti lysozyme antibody with specific activity of 2.95 X 10(5) cpm/mg protein were prepared. PMID- 6655245 TI - Development of monoclonal antibodies to proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. AB - We have developed techniques for the production of monoclonal antibodies using Coomassie blue-stained protein spots cut from high resolution 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. The gel spots were homogenized with Freund's adjuvant and injected sub-cutaneously into a mouse, at several places along the flank. After boosting twice the spleen cells were hybridized by standard methods. Hybrids, clones and ascitic fluids were also screened with antigen prepared from 2 dimensional gel spots. The spots were cut from gels, homogenized in the presence of guanidinium chloride, and extracted by shaking overnight. The acrylamide was removed, the sample dialyzed to remove denaturant and the protein labeled with 125I. An alternative method for the production of screening antigen using column chromatography is described. These techniques allow the production of monoclonal antibodies to specific protein components of complex mixtures, even in the presence of other immunodominant proteins. PMID- 6655247 TI - Termination of tritiated thymidine incorporation by freezing the cells. AB - It is often desirable to be able to stop the uptake of tritiated thymidine by a number of transforming lymphocyte cultures at a specific time. This is important for kinetic studies but may be difficult if the number of cultures to be harvested at one time is large. We describe in this report a simple method to stop the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into any number of transforming lymphocyte cultures simultaneously. PMID- 6655246 TI - A filtration double antibody radioimmunoassay that simplifies and semi-automates the isolation of immune precipitates. AB - A semi-automation of fluid phase double antibody radioimmunoassay has been developed. The immune precipitate that was formed in 96-well microtitration plates was harvested and washed on microfibre filters using a Titertek cell harvester. A disc transfer system originally designed for use with the harvester was used as a quick and easy method of transferring the filter discs containing immune precipitate into vials for counting. The results of radioimmunoassay using the microtitration plate-filtration and conventional tube-centrifugation method are essentially identical. The microtitration plate-filtration radioimmunoassay has the following advantages over the conventional tube-centrifugation method: (1) there is no centrifugation required; (2) handling of microtitration plate is easier than the tubes in racks; and (3) it requires much less time to perform the assay. PMID- 6655248 TI - A method for the derivation and continuous propagation of cloned murine bone marrow macrophages. AB - A method is proposed for the initiation and long term propagation of clonal macrophage cell lines descended from single bone marrow precursor cells. The cells were cloned in soft agar at low cell density, and the resultant colonies were picked from the agar and expanded in liquid culture. The optimal medium for liquid culture contained 75% Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with high glucose/high bicarbonate, 10% fetal calf serum, 5% horse serum, and 10% L cell conditioned medium. During growth in liquid culture, the cells were plastic adherent but they were easily removed from polymethylpentene or polystyrene culture dishes by means of a jet of cold medium directed through a 25-gauge needle. More than 50 cell lines from 17 mouse strains have been subcultured continuously for many months, some for more than 2.5 years with no evidence of culture senescence or appreciable change in exponential growth rates. Cells from these lines were all adherent, phagocytic, Fc receptor positive, and esterase positive. Cells from each cell line tested expressed MHC-encoded surface antigens and were able to stimulate allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions. Using these methods of continuous culture, pure, functionally active normal macrophages could be repeatedly harvested in large numbers from any of the lines. PMID- 6655249 TI - Optimizing the lymphocyte transformation test in whole blood. II. Kinetics of thymidine incorporation. AB - From the 2nd day of incubation on, the thymidine incorporation per incubated lymphocyte increased exponentially with time. The duration of the exponential growth phase was inversely correlated with the number of cells. Under optimum conditions the average time for the doubling of thymidine incorporation (Ti) was 15.7 h. Ti after 1 day of incubation was taken as an equivalent for the number of proliferating cells. It was estimated that less than 20% of the incubated lymphocytes are stimulated by PHA under optimum conditions. In Ficoll-separated mononuclear cells, the percentage of cells stimulated by PHA was lower than in whole blood; the proliferation rate was not decreased. PMID- 6655251 TI - Antimetastatic effects of maleic anhydride-divinyl ether in rats with mammary adenocarcinoma. AB - Effects of maleic anhydride-divinyl ether (MVE-2) on lymph node and lung metastases were studied in rats transplanted with a syngeneic mammary adenocarcinoma. Subcutaneous treatment with MVE-2 was administered according to various schedules, with or without surgical removal of the primary tumor. A significant reduction in size and/or incidence of lymph node metastases was observed, although no effect on the primary tumor was noted. Histologic evidence of degeneration of metastatic tumor cells, which were surrounded by lymphocytes and a characteristic focal histiocytosis, was present in the regional lymph nodes. The number of lung metastases resulting from iv injection of tumor cells was also significantly reduced following iv injection of MVE-2. PMID- 6655250 TI - Responsiveness of the Madison 109 lung carcinoma to maleic vinyl ether copolymer. AB - This study establishes the responsiveness of mice bearing the Madison 109 lung carcinoma (M109), a tumor relatively resistant to chemotherapy, to the immunomodulator maleic vinyl ether (MVE-2; molecular weight 15,500). BALB/c mice inoculated with 5 X 10(5) M109 cells into the hind footpad developed a primary tumor which metastasized to the lung within 7 days and resulted in death of the host between 36 and 42 days. Early in the disease, weekly intratumor (i.t.) or intravenous administration of MVE-2 (25 mg/kg) inhibited the growth of the primary tumor and significantly prolonged the life span of the host. During the pulmonary metastatic process, systemic administration of MVE-2 alone or MVE-2 coupled with surgical excision or radiotherapy of the primary tumor became decreasingly efficacious. Late in the disease only MVE-2 introduced directly into the metastatic tumor bed by intrapleural injection proved to be effective in prolonging life span. These studies indicate that both the primary and metastatic M109 tumors are sensitive to MVE-2 and suggest that the efficacy of MVE-2 treatment is largely dependent upon its distribution in the tumor-bearing mice. PMID- 6655252 TI - Mechanism of enhanced humoral response in rodents by a synthetic polymer. AB - We previously reported that administration of a low molecular weight (MW=800) synthetic polymer, NED 137, significantly increases humoral and cellular immune responses in the rat. The effect of NED 137 on the murine humoral response to T dependent (TD) and T-independent (TI) antigens was studied in C57 BL/6, CBA/J and Balb/c mice. The TD antigens (SRBC, DNP-DA with adjuvant) or TI antigen (DNP Ficoll) were administered simultaneously with NED 137. The polymer significantly increased the direct PFC response to all antigens tested in normal mice. However, it could not restore the PFC response to SRBC in athymic (nu/nu) mice. The effect of NED 137 on accessory cells was studied by the assessment of the in vitro response to SRBC in normal and macrophage-depleted rat spleen cultures. The polymer stimulated both, the primary and secondary IgM response and its immunopotentiating activity was the greatest in macrophage-depleted spleen cell preparations. The lack of effect of NED 137 in systems devoid of functional T cells, dependency on and specificity for a sensitizing antigen and its ability to stimulate a secondary response suggest that this polymer does not act as a "conventional" B-cell polyclonal activator. PMID- 6655253 TI - Effect of corticosteroids on neutrophil function: inhibition of antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). AB - Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (HC) inhibited "in vitro" neutrophil-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The drug effect was dose dependent and completely reversible. The killing defect was partially overcome by increasing the density of the antibody on the target cells. However, HC added after the binding between effector and target cells was still able to inhibit in a similar dose-dependent way the cytotoxic activity. Our results suggest that HC interferes in a later step, after the effector/target interaction. Methyl prednisolone and dexamethasone as well as HC were found to inhibit in a dose dependent manner the neutrophil-mediated ADCC, whereas testosterone did not have any effect. PMID- 6655254 TI - Operative treatment of genital prolapse in young women. PMID- 6655255 TI - A clinicopathological analysis of one hundred operated cases of goitre. PMID- 6655256 TI - Problems encountered in plain radiographs of abdomen. PMID- 6655257 TI - Massive haemangioma of the liver. PMID- 6655258 TI - Carcinoma oesophagus with unusual features. PMID- 6655259 TI - Unusual presentations of gastric leiomyosarcoma. PMID- 6655261 TI - Abdominoscrotal hydrocele. PMID- 6655260 TI - Acute gastric volvulus with a chronic duodenal ulcer. PMID- 6655263 TI - Two Calcutta mistrials. PMID- 6655262 TI - An approach for the management of certain postsurgical vital functions in poor risk patients. PMID- 6655264 TI - Pathologic panorama in the liver of alcoholics. PMID- 6655265 TI - Therapeutic evaluation of hyposensitisation in cases of nasobronchial allergy. PMID- 6655266 TI - Biological rhythm in human birth. PMID- 6655268 TI - Blood pressure in Indian women during pregnancy. PMID- 6655267 TI - Electrophoretic patterns of serum protein and lipoprotein of nephrotic children. PMID- 6655269 TI - Mycosis fungoides. PMID- 6655270 TI - Co-existent pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchogenic carcinoma with involvement of a solitary lymph node. PMID- 6655271 TI - Post-traumatic preprostatic vesicourethral fistula with stricture at apex of prostate as a cause of correctable urinary incontinence. PMID- 6655272 TI - Population projections and implications for public health and the medical profession. PMID- 6655273 TI - Airway and ventilator management of the head injured patient. PMID- 6655276 TI - Adam's shadow. Victims of the time. PMID- 6655274 TI - Fatal acetaminophen toxicity in a 2-year-old. PMID- 6655275 TI - Physician advertising policy. PMID- 6655277 TI - [Bladder contraction. II. Biomechanical analysis of bladder contraction]. PMID- 6655278 TI - [A very unusual tumor: inverted papilloma of the bladder]. AB - Based on a personal series of 10 cases seen over a 10 year period, the characteristics of the inversed bladder papilloma are reviewed. Affecting men mainly, and presenting nonspecific signs (hematuria, disorders of micturition or secondary infections), these lesions can be detected by urography and particularly cystoscopy, enabling their extraction by endoscopic resection and histological examination. Histology findings serve to exclude some other tumors or pseudotumors (papillary tumors, urothelial carcinoma, proliferative cystitis). Various histogenic theories are discussed, preference being given to suppression of the term inversed papilloma in favor of adeno-urothelioma. Recurrence after treatment occurred in one case only. One patient had an inversed papilloma associated with a papillary tumor. Typical histology findings and usual benign course enable a good prognosis to be given for these curious tumors. PMID- 6655279 TI - [Chromosomal analysis of primary superficial tumors of the bladder]. AB - Cytogenetic analysis of resected bladder tumors was performed in 32 patients. None of these patients had previous irradiation or chemotherapy. Direct chromosome preparations were made. Of the 32 preparations, 22 had chromosome abnormalities. We have observed a good correlation between the chromosome abnormalities and the Stage/Grade of the tumors. Patients were followed from 6 to 33 months. During this period, 82% of the patients with noninvasive or submucosal invasive bladder tumors and chromosome abnormalities have had recurrences. The existence of a good correlation between chromosomal abnormalities and the capacity of the neoplasm to recur was confirmed. PMID- 6655280 TI - [Percutaneous nephrostomy under echographic guidance. Apropos of 31 cases]. AB - 31 percutaneous nephrostomies (P.C.N.) were realised under a combination of real time ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance. No failure in placement of the nephrostomy tube was noted. 13 complications were noted in 9 patients: 3 were major, consisted in 1 severe hemorrhage and 2 septicemia and 10 were minor, mainly caused by secondary displacement of the tube. Three indications of P.C.N. are related to upper urinary tract obstruction: 1) Overdistension and fever or pain associated with poor patient's condition. 2) Short-term obstructions. 3) Diagnosis of the nature or location of the obstruction when other techniques don't provide the solution, and/or evaluation of renal function. The drainage of some ureteral fistules represent the fourth indication. P.C.N. allows ureteral antegrad catheterization and its applications. Results are discussed and present or future applications of interventional uro-radiology are related. PMID- 6655281 TI - [Value of surgery in metastatic cancer of the kidney]. AB - The authors analyse a series of 186 patients with renal cell carcinoma in which 33 patients of Stage IV, with metastases, underwent Nephrectomy and 3 had also operative removal of metastases appearing in early post nephrectomy follow up. The survival periods have been disappointing (none at 5 years). With a review of literature they discuss about the extent of nephrectomy, whether done with purely palliative aim, or along with attempted curative excision simultaneously of the associated metastases. Even if the spontaneous regressions are exceptional and the improvement of survival duration less frequent, metastases are not always a reason not to remove Renal Cell Carcinoma. PMID- 6655282 TI - [Can the long-term survival in cancer of the kidney in adults be improved by cellulo-lymphadenectomy?]. AB - Updating their homogeneous series of 172 Renal Cell Carcinomas treated by Nephrectomy with or without Regional Lymphadenectomy, the authors analyse the results from 3 criteria: lymphatic spread, regional spread, and (to account for inaccuracies of exact staging) the overall results. The addition of Regional Lymphadenectomy has improved the anticipated 5 years survival, thus justifying its addition to Radical Nephrectomy when done for curative aims. PMID- 6655283 TI - [Contribution of echotomography in the diagnosis of hydatid cysts of the kidney. Apropos of 43 confirmed cases]. AB - Hydatid cysts of the kidneys were explored by ultrasound in 43 patients between 1978 and 1982, diagnosis being confirmed by operation. Cases included 33 adults and 10 children under 15 years. Ultrasound images of renal hydatid cysts are analyzed, and correlated with the classification into 5 types proposed in the literature and based on their natural history. This non-invasive technique, when associated with intravenous urography, is of primary diagnostic importance, particularly in countries where these cysts are endemic. Ultrasound imaging assists positive diagnosis in a large number of cases, acts as a guide to complementary explorations when these are required, and enables detection of extrarenal locations of hydatidosis. Differential diagnosis of ultrasound images is discussed, and emphasis placed on the advantages of using this technique in countries where the affection is endemic, particularly its low cost. PMID- 6655284 TI - [Surgery of hyperparathyroidism in urologic patients. Apropos of 76 surgically treated cases]. AB - The author reports a homogeneous personal series of 76 cervical operations for hyperparathyroidism: 66 primary in patients with lithiasis and 10 tertiary in patients with chronic renal failure. There were 56 single adenomas, one double adenoma and 19 cases of diffuse hyperplasia treated in the majority of cases by total parathyroidectomy followed by microsurgical auto-transplant of parathyroid to the forearm. No damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The author saw no secondary hypoparathyroidism and only one case of persistent hyperparathyroidism in a patient with chronic renal failure and on dialysis, and one recurrence of lithiasis. In general, removal of the parathyroids preceded surgery for lithiasis except where there was obstruction of the urinary tract. In 6 cases, treatment of hyperparathyroidism and of lithiasis was simultaneous at the same operation without complications. It is of interest to note the rarity of staghorn calculi in patients with hyperparathyroidism which makes simultaneous operation possible. From a technical standpoint, routine identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerves ensures that they will remain undamaged. The author recommends routine dissection of all 4 parathyroids, and removal of the one or possibly two large glands when the others perfectly identified are normal. The discovery of 3 or, even more so, 4 enlarged parathyroids implies a diagnosis of hyperplasia. Management should then consist of total parathyroidectomy of the 4 glands followed by auto-transplant of small fragments of one half-gland to the forearm. Surveillance of parathormone levels in the arm veins will provide subsequent information as to the function of the transplant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655285 TI - [Treatment of an urethrorectal fistula by anterior transanorectal perineal approach. Apropos of a case]. AB - The authors report a case of acquired urethro-rectal fistula which was treated by an anterior perineal, transano-rectal approach. They review all of the techniques of approaching these urethro-rectal fistulae which have the reputation for being difficult to treat. This case, like others, demonstrates the harmlessness of section of the anal sphincter, provided it is repaired correctly. The authors propose extending the indications for this approach to include prostato-rectal fistulae. PMID- 6655286 TI - Human peritoneal macrophage cytotoxicity mediated by cytophilic IgG. AB - Cells of the human mononuclear phagocyte system have recently been shown to possess cytophilic IgG molecules that promote phagocytosis of staphylococci bearing cell-wall protein A. In the present study, the possible mediation of a cytotoxic response to 51Cr-labeled sheep erythrocytes coated with protein A by cytophilic antibodies on human peritoneal macrophages was evaluated. The target cells were readily lysed by peritoneal macrophages. Cytotoxicity was blocked by pretreatment of macrophages with soluble protein or with anti-Fc F(ab')2 fragments. In contrast, cytotoxicity was not affected by cytochalasin B; this finding suggests that cytolysis is an extracellular event. Perturbation of cytophilic IgG with particle-bound protein A elicited a chemiluminescent response from peritoneal macrophages; however, experiments with scavengers of reactive oxygen species indicated that toxic oxygen radicals may not be required for cytotoxicity. The results indicate that cytophilic antibody-mediated cytotoxicity may contribute to cellular injury as well as host-defense aspects of the inflammatory process. PMID- 6655287 TI - Acquired macrophage resistance to in vitro infection with Leishmania. AB - An important feature of pathogenesis in leishmaniasis is the ability of the intracellular amastigote to gain entry into host mononuclear phagocytes and subsequently replicate. Resident peritoneal macrophages freshly harvested from Leishmania tropica-infected C57B1/6 mice and uninfected controls were therefore compared for their ability to ingest L tropica amastigotes in vitro. Macrophages from infected mice had a strikingly reduced ability to ingest parasites, but they ingested latex beads and IgG-sensitized erythrocytes as well as or more than control macrophages. Preincubation of these macrophages for 24 hr restored the degree of parasite ingestion to control levels. This alteration in macrophage function could be observed as early as two weeks of infection and persisted until spontaneous resolution of the infection occurred at about six weeks. The observations suggest that acquired defense in leishmaniasis may include a specific inhibition of amastigote uptake by host macrophages. PMID- 6655288 TI - Dengue 2 vaccine: dose response in volunteers in relation to yellow fever immune status. AB - A live dengue 2 vaccine was tested in 38 volunteers in an evaluation of the safety, infectivity, and immunogenicity of doses of 10(1.8)-10(5.5) plaque forming units. Twenty yellow fever-immune and 18 yellow fever-nonimmune individuals received 0.5 ml of vaccine sc. Immunization was dose related in yellow fever-immune volunteers, with a 50% immunizing dose of 10(3.3) plaque forming units. In the group not immune to yellow fever, some but not all recipients of each vaccine dilution were immunized, and no 50% immunizing dose could be estimated. Volunteers immune to yellow fever developed adequate titers of neutralizing antibody to dengue 2 virus and maintained them for at least three years; those not immune to yellow fever developed lower antibody titers that disappeared within six months in half of the cases. More than 40 isolates of dengue 2 virus from 12 volunteers retained the in vitro growth characteristics of the vaccine virus; this result affirmed the genetic stability of the virus. Common clinical signs in immunized individuals were leukopenia (55%), macular rash (15%), and fever (10%). PMID- 6655289 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis-induced salpingitis in mice. AB - Inoculation of the mouse pneumonitis biovar of Chlamydia trachomatis into the ovarian bursa of mice resulted in salpingitis. An acute inflammatory response in the bursa and contiguous oviduct peaked at six to nine days postinoculation. At day 14, most animals showed an acute and chronic infiltrate that occluded the oviductal lumen in some sections. Inflammatory exudate and debris accumulated in the periovarial space near the ostium of the oviduct. Inclusions were demonstrated in the lumenal epithelial cells of the oviduct and uterus. The mouse pneumonitis agent could be recovered from genital tissues for up to 21 days postinoculation but not from other organs. IgG antibodies to the mouse pneumonitis agent were detected at seven days postinoculation and reached peak titers by 21-30 days. By 25-30 days postinoculation, the inflammatory reaction declined and hydrosalpinx was observed. This model for salpingitis may be useful in understanding some aspects of the pathogenesis of C trachomatis genital infections. PMID- 6655290 TI - Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B in an urban population of Nairobi, Kenya. PMID- 6655291 TI - Spirochetes in Ixodes dammini and Babesia microti on Prudence Island, Rhode Island. PMID- 6655292 TI - Production of increased vascular permeability in rabbits by purified thermostable direct hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. PMID- 6655293 TI - Peritonitis due to Listeria monocytogenes complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 6655294 TI - Recurrent fever of unknown origin with cimetidine-induced interstitial nephritis. PMID- 6655295 TI - Food-borne hepatitis A: recommendations for control. PMID- 6655296 TI - Absence of nucleotide sequence homology between genes for Vibrio cholerae toxin and Vibrio fluvalis. PMID- 6655297 TI - Miconazole treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. PMID- 6655298 TI - False-positive counterimmunoelectrophoresis tests for Clostridium difficile: the role of Clostridium bifermentans and Clostridium sordellii. PMID- 6655299 TI - Antibiotic synergism in experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. PMID- 6655300 TI - Endocarditis due to Q fever in Nova Scotia: experience with five patients in 1981 1982. AB - Q fever endocarditis is rarely reported in North America; only four cases have been documented since 1953. In 1981-1982, five cases were identified in the Victoria General Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Four patients were from widely separated areas of Nova Scotia and one was from Prince Edward Island. Four patients with long-standing valvular abnormalities, including two with prosthetic valves, presented with recurrent febrile episodes. The fifth patient, who was previously well, had recurrent septic embolic episodes. Clinical features and laboratory findings were variable. Diagnosis by serology was confirmed in four patients by culture of Coxiella burnetii from excised tissue. Histopathology varied from nonspecific inflammatory changes to two more distinctive patterns; electron microscopy showed C burnetii in two patients. Therapy with tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was beneficial, although three patients required valve replacement for hemodynamic deterioration. Q fever endocarditis may be more common than is recognized, and serological investigations should be performed in all cases of culture-negative endocarditis. PMID- 6655301 TI - Phage types of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor isolated from patients and family contacts in Bangladesh: epidemiologic implications. AB - The epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor in rural Bangladesh was examined with a new phage-typing system for characterization of individual strains. During a two-year period, 537 strains were typed with a set of standard and experimental phages. Four major and many minor patterns were identified, some associated with discrete outbreaks of disease and others persisting for the entire period. One outbreak-related phage type was associated with a C plasmid bearing multiple drug resistance. The yearly cholera seasons began with the emergence of strains of many different phage types in many different locations; this pattern is consistent with an environmental reservoir for V cholerae. Each patient with cholera excreted only one phage type over time, whereas some family members were infected with strains of different phage types. Phage typing can be a useful marker with which the spread of cholera strains can be traced in endemic settings. PMID- 6655302 TI - 'Guns, butter and good health'. PMID- 6655303 TI - Current trends in liveborn singleton birthweights. PMID- 6655304 TI - [Surgery of chronic aortic regurgitation: assessment of the natural history, surgical indication and effect of surgery on the basis of echocardiographic findings]. PMID- 6655305 TI - [Effects of calcium concentration of reperfusates on the recovery of the heart following cardioplegia]. PMID- 6655306 TI - [Effect of hyperosmolar reperfusates on the recovery of the heart following cardioplegia]. PMID- 6655308 TI - [Effect and limitation of mechanical circulatory assistance for acute right ventricular infarction, with special reference to the pulmonary artery balloon pumping]. PMID- 6655307 TI - [Surgical treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax: evaluation of 100 cases]. PMID- 6655309 TI - [Experimental studies on the effect of L-malate on myocardial protection]. PMID- 6655310 TI - [Mobile protruded thrombi in the left ventricle of the heart following transmural myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6655311 TI - [Right ventricular myxoma: a case report]. PMID- 6655312 TI - [Hemolytic anemia following open mitral commissurotomy]. PMID- 6655313 TI - [Case of leiomyoma of the bronchus]. PMID- 6655314 TI - [Open heart surgery for corrected transposition of the great arteries, situs inversus (I,D,D) in dextrocardia]. PMID- 6655315 TI - [Bochdalek's hernia in the adult--report of 3 cases and a review of 58 cases in Japanese literature from 1952-1981]. PMID- 6655317 TI - [Surgical treatment of calcific aortic stenosis]. PMID- 6655316 TI - [Clinical evaluation of localized mesothelioma of the pleura: report of 6 cases]. PMID- 6655318 TI - [Experimental study on spinal cord monitoring--changes in spinal cord evoked potentials during vertical direction distraction of the spinal cord]. AB - Experiments were carried out on 18 adult dogs ranging from 9.0 to 11.5 kg. The dogs were intubated and anesthetized with Halothene oxygen, and then mounted on a stereotaxic spinal apparatus. Facetectomies and a discectomy between L1 and L2 vertebrae were performed readily to give traction force to the spinal cord. Spinal cord function was monitored by the first and second negative deflections (I and II, respectively) of the descending spinal cord evoked potentials (descending SCEP) elicited at T7 and recorded at L4 through bipolar catheter electrodes. Both of them were inserted at the midline of the dorsal epidural space. The study was conducted in two parts. In the first part, the cyclic distraction-release program was carried out until motor function was impaired. Distraction was increased in increments of 5 mm, each time maintained for 10 minutes and then totally released for 10 minutes. If neurological deficits in the hind limbs were confirmed by the wake-up test, which was performed every 10 minutes after distraction and release, the 10 minutes' release period was extended for a total period of 30 minutes. The first change in the experimental protocol was transient augmentation of the amplitude of the II deflection which was always observed on a slight distraction, while the I deflection did not change in its amplitude and latency. Each distraction produced a reversible slight reduction of the amplitudes with delay of latencies of the I and II deflections before motor disturbance occurred. However, at a certain traction level paraparesis accompanied by irreversible decrease of amplitudes and delay of latencies was observed, which was confirmed by the wake-up test. At this point, which was designated as the critical point, SCEPs were so time dependent that only a slight amplitude reduction was noted immediately after distraction, but it decreased quickly in a short time during this traction level. Histopathology and microangiography did not show any hemorrhage in the spinal cord of any of the specimens, although there were formation of perivascular space, rupture of a part of nerve fibers in the white matter and findings of acute degeneration in the grey matter. In the second part of this study, a small amount of distraction was introduced until the amplitude of the II deflection depicted transient augmentation, which had a mean amplitude of 167.8 per cent as compared to the control. This enhancement returned approximately to the normal value within 10 minutes by total release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6655319 TI - [Evaluation of the rotational deformity in scoliosis. II. Application of laser torsography to the follow-up of the clinical course of rotation deformity during treatment]. AB - In the previous paper (part I), a new approach which makes it possible to evaluate the rotational deformity of scoliosis both qualitatively and quantitatively was proposed and named Laser Torsography. In the present paper this new method is applied to observation of clinical courses of scoliotic patients in order to demonstrate changeability of the rotational deformity during treatment. Thirty-five idiopathic scoliotic patients were treated conservatively (5 cases: observation only, 30 cases: brace treatment) and effects of the treatment were evaluated by means of roentgenographic examination (Cobb method) and Laser Torsography at average intervals of 15 months and the attitude of the rotation deformity was compared with that of the lateral flexion deformity. The results show that in more than half of the cases the prognosis of the rotation deformity differed from the lateral flexion deformity. Consequently the importance of measuring the rotation deformity separately should be emphasized. Seventeen scoliotic patients were treated surgically and correctability of the rotation deformity was assessed by comparing preoperative and postoperative Laser Torsography. Out of them there are 10 cases on which Harrington instrumentation with DTT were performed. The effects of this procedure on rotation were as follows: little improvement or adverse effect in 6 cases, moderate improvement in 3 cases and remarkable improvement in one case. It is expected from this investigation that Laser Torsography will play an important role in the therapeutic occasion of scoliosis as an indispensable diagnostic tool for the estimation of the rotational deformity. PMID- 6655320 TI - [Quantitative analysis of nuclear DNA of rat chondrocytes during the course of growth and aging--Feulgen-DNA cytofluorometry method]. AB - There have been no reported studies on the Feulgen-DNA cytofluorometry of the cartilage cells. We have attempted to devise a method of cell separation from the epiphyseal and articular cartilages of the rats, and to analyze by cytofluorometry the changes in the ploidy patterns of these chondrocytes during growth and ageing of the animals. Chondrocytes were isolated from the proximal cartilage of tibia by dual enzymatic digestions of the cartilage matrix with papain and collagenase, followed by mechanical cell separation with scissors and a micro-homogenizer, and were smeared onto the object glass with PBS. These procedures were found to be suitable for the Feulgen-DNA cytofluorometry of the chondrocytes from our repeated studies. We also carried out Feulgen-DNA cytofluorometry combined with 3H-thymidine autoradiography to determine cellular DNA content of the DNA synthetic chondrocytes in the epiphyseal cartilage. It has been clarified that during the growth course of the rats, the chondrocytes of the epiphyseal cartilage consist of many mononuclear diploid cells, a few mononuclear tetraploid cells and of some fraction of the cells having intermediate DNA values between the diploid and tetraploid levels. Those cells with intermediate DNA values, after autoradiographic studies, were found to correspond to DNA synthetic cells, indicating cell proliferative activity. It has been shown that during ageing of the rats, most of the chondrocytes from the articular cartilage are mononuclear diploid cells. The distribution of each cellular DNA content at the diploid level as determined by Feulgen-DNA cytofluorometry was shown to become gradually broader. PMID- 6655321 TI - [Histopathological changes of the human spinal cord--with special reference to latent lesions found in spinal cords of the aged]. AB - The fifty-six spinal cords, which were randomly removed from the patients at the First Department of Pathology, National Defence Medical College, were histopathologically examined, to detect masked spinal lesions and some age related changes. Pathological lesions were found in 55.4% of the cases, about half of which were opportunistic findings and had not caused any clinical symptoms. In these opportunistic lesions, benign neurogenic tumors (one cellular ependymoma from the central canal and ten schwannomas arose from anterior or/and posterior rootlets in 7 cases) were found predominantly in the higher age-group (17.9% of the cases above the age of 60 year had these tumors). Other opportunistic lesions were paraneoplastic syndrome, arachnoiditis ossificans, minimum-sized infarction in the spinal gray-matter, demyelination of the posterior white column, ganglio-radiculopathy and so on. As the basic changes of the cord related with aging process, attention was focused on the dystrophic axonal swelling and perivascular schwannosis. The incidence of dystrophic axonal swelling and of perivascular schwannosis were relatively correlated with patient's age. Hyalinization of arterioles in the spinal cord and the cauda equina were also observed in the higher age. It could be suggested that these vascular hyalinization would unfavorably influence the vulnerability of the spinal cord. PMID- 6655322 TI - Studies on the repair tissue of injured articular cartilage--biochemical and biomechanical properties. AB - The repair tissue of the articular cartilage of a rabbit was investigated biochemically and biomechanically. An analysis of the proteoglycan demonstrated the synthesis of heavy proteoglycan component as in hyaline cartilage, but its average size was slightly smaller than normal hyaline cartilage. The collagen changed its molecular type from type I to type II at the surface of the repair tissue simultaneously up to 7 weeks after the operation. The lack of normal mucoelasticity was found in the repair tissue by the static compression test, and this may be related to the abnormalities of the proteoglycan. PMID- 6655323 TI - [Progress in cardiac echotomography]. PMID- 6655325 TI - [Efficacy of continuous electrocardiographic recording (Holter method)]. PMID- 6655324 TI - [Advances in body surface potential mapping]. PMID- 6655326 TI - [Progress in cardiovascular imaging]. PMID- 6655327 TI - [Syndrome of mitral valve prolapse]. PMID- 6655328 TI - [Treatment of arrhythmia]. PMID- 6655329 TI - [Clinical application of Holter electrocardiography in effort angina]. PMID- 6655330 TI - [Clinical application of ECG-gated serial X-ray computed cardiotomography]. PMID- 6655331 TI - [Autopsy case of plasma cell dyscrasia associated with hypolipemic diffuse plane xanthoma, aortic stenosis-insufficiency and recurrent infections]. PMID- 6655332 TI - [Autopsy case of tuberous sclerosis accompanied by renal failure and systemic angiomyolipoma]. PMID- 6655333 TI - [Case of vasculo-Behcet's disease with repeated observations of radiographic pulmonary abnormalities--including a review of 21 cases from the domestic and foreign literature]. PMID- 6655334 TI - [Case of probable Wernicke's encephalopathy following administration of a massive dosage of furosemide]. PMID- 6655335 TI - [Case of hypertriglyceridemia with impaired interactions between post heparin plasma lipase and chylomicrons]. PMID- 6655336 TI - [Case of pheochromocytoma and Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenocortical nodular hyperplasia which was suspected to be under the pituitary and adrenal dual control]. PMID- 6655337 TI - [Case of common variable hypogammaglobulinemia associated with gastric carcinoma]. PMID- 6655338 TI - [Significance of exercise tests as provocative or diagnostic interventions in arrhythmias]. PMID- 6655339 TI - [Case of feminizing adrenocortical tumor]. PMID- 6655340 TI - [Case of acute renal failure associated with heat stroke]. PMID- 6655341 TI - [Case of systemic lupus erythematosus with extensive soft tissue calcification]. PMID- 6655342 TI - [Case of thorotrast deposition associated multiple myeloma]. PMID- 6655343 TI - [5 cases of constitutional indocyanine green (ICG) excretory defect]. PMID- 6655344 TI - [Mathematics for diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 6655345 TI - [Evaluation of localized left ventricular wall motions and functions during attacks of variant angina--echocardiography]. PMID- 6655346 TI - Cardiac pacemakers. Recent advances. PMID- 6655348 TI - Perinatal care centers. Guidelines for Level I Centers in Kansas. PMID- 6655347 TI - Biliary cysts and carcinoma. Implications of significant incidence of association. PMID- 6655349 TI - Emergencies in endocrine surgery. PMID- 6655350 TI - Percutaneous subclavian catheterization. An unusual complication. PMID- 6655351 TI - Acute ischemic heart disease. An empirical trial in the use of the Pozen and D'Agostino formula. PMID- 6655353 TI - Practice management. Maximizing your computer system. PMID- 6655352 TI - Mortality trends for the leading causes of death among adult Kentuckians, 1960 1980. PMID- 6655354 TI - A cross-cultural, cross-linguistic comparison of language abilities of 7- to 8- and 12- to 13-year-old children with learning disabilities. PMID- 6655355 TI - An investigation of multidisciplinary team decision-making. PMID- 6655356 TI - The Slingerland tests: reliability and validity. PMID- 6655357 TI - Competencies and skills required to be an effective resource teacher. PMID- 6655358 TI - Information processing deficits in children with learning disabilities. PMID- 6655359 TI - Conversational interactions of the learning disabled and nondisabled child. PMID- 6655360 TI - Teachers' expectations for the younger siblings of learning disabled students. PMID- 6655362 TI - Who's at risk? PMID- 6655361 TI - Self-monitoring of attention with learning-disabled children: past research and current issues. PMID- 6655363 TI - Characterization of dog peripheral lymph lipoproteins: the presence of a disc shaped "nascent" high density lipoprotein. AB - The distribution, chemical, and apoprotein composition of plasma and peripheral lymph lipoproteins were compared in control and cholesterol-fed dogs. In both groups of animals, the agarose electrophoretic patterns of plasma and lymph lipoproteins were similar. In hypercholesterolemic dogs, beta-very low density lipoprotein, beta-migrating intermediate density lipoprotein, and HDLc were major components both in plasma and lymph, providing evidence for a potential interaction of these atherogenic particles with macrophages and other peripheral cells. The chemical composition and physical appearance of peripheral lymph HDL was markedly different from that of plasma HDL (high density lipoprotein), especially in the cholesterol-fed animals. Lymph HDL had a higher cholesterol to protein ratio and a markedly increased free cholesterol content (free cholesterol to cholesteryl ester ratio of 1.7 as opposed to 0.2 in plasma HDL in cholesterol fed animals). The phospholipid content of lymph HDL was higher than that of plasma HDL, while the protein content was lower. A significant proportion of lymph HDL obtained from cholesterol-fed dogs was in the form of disc-shaped particles stacked in rouleau structures. Changes in plasma apolipoprotein concentrations due to cholesterol feeding were reflected in peripheral lymph to different degrees, depending largely on the relative size of the lipoproteins containing the individual lipoproteins. A considerable enrichment of lymph HDL with apoE and apoA-IV was observed by both immunochemical and electrophoretic methods. In lymph HDL from control and cholesterol-fed dogs, the apoE/apoA-I and apoA-IV/apoA-I ratios were several-fold elevated, compared to those of plasma HDL. It is concluded, therefore, that during cholesterol feeding a substantial portion of interstitial HDL is assembled de novo in the periphery as a crucial stage of reverse cholesterol transport to the liver. It is likely that further modification occurs upon entry to plasma and exposure to lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, possibly leading to generation of HDLc. Alternatively, these particles may be directly and rapidly removed by the liver. PMID- 6655364 TI - The minor bile acids of the toad, Bufo vulgaris formosus. AB - Bile from the toad, Bufo vulgaris formosus, was found to contain a number of minor bile acids along with two major bile acids, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha trihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-22-ene-24-carboxylic acid and 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-23-en-26-oic acid. The following minor bile acids were identified by combined gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: cholic acid, allocholic acid, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26 oic acid, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 alpha-cholestan-26-oic acid, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-22-ene-24-carboxylic acid, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 alpha-cholest-23-en-26-oic acid, varanic acid, and 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha, 24-tetrahydroxy-24-methyl-5 beta-cholestan 26-oic acid. The fact that the toad bile contains not only cholic acid but also 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy- and 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha,24 tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acids, which have been recognized as biosynthetic intermediates of cholic acid in mammals, suggests that the toad is capable of synthesizing cholic acid by the same pathway as that for the biosynthesis of the C24 bile acid in mammals. PMID- 6655365 TI - Lipoprotein metabolism in the ovariectomized rat. AB - The hyperlipoproteinemia observed after ovariectomy in rats was previously shown to be associated with increased concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoproteins B, E, and C. In the present study, it was shown that increases in low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins were almost entirely responsible for the changes in plasma lipids and apolipoproteins after ovariectomy. The size of the low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins isolated from the plasma of ovariectomized rats as determined by agarose chromatography appeared to be somewhat different from that of control rats. Specifically, the apolipoprotein B appeared to be associated with somewhat smaller particles, whereas the apolipoprotein E from those rats appeared to be associated with larger particles than that of control rats. To determine the mechanism for the increased plasma low density lipoproteins, apolipoprotein B pool sizes and turnover rates were calculated and compared. In addition to an increased mass of low density lipoproteins in ovariectomized rats, the turnover rate of low density lipoproteins was increased almost twofold, indicating an increased low density lipoprotein synthesis and catabolism in those animals. We postulate that the increased low density lipoprotein levels of ovariectomized rats are due to an initial increased production of low density lipoproteins, followed by an enhanced catabolism of low density lipoproteins to establish a steady state at higher plasma low density lipoprotein concentrations. PMID- 6655367 TI - The degradation of cholesterol by Pseudomonas sp. NCIB 10590 under aerobic conditions. AB - The metabolic pathway of cholesterol degradation by bacteria has not been completely established. Several possible intermediates have not been identified and many pathway delineations have not involved the use of the cholesterol molecule per se and just one bacterial species. The bacterial degradation of cholesterol by Pseudomonas sp. NCIB has been studied. Major biotransformation products included cholest-5-en-3-one, cholest-4-en-3-one, 26-hydroxycholest-4-en 3-one, androsta-1, 4-dien-3-17-dione, cholest-4-en-3-one-26-oic acid, chol-4-en-3 one-24-oic acid, pregn-4-en-3-one-20-carboxylic acid, and pregna-1, 4-dien-3-one 20-carboxylic acid. Studies with selected intermediates have enabled the elucidation of a comprehensive pathway of cholesterol degradation by bacteria. PMID- 6655366 TI - Allotypes associated with B apolipoproteins in rabbits. AB - Western blot analysis of the alloantisera (i.e., anti-Lpq1, anti-Lpq2, anti-Lpq3, and anti-Lpq4) which defined the three lpq genes of rabbit linkage group VIII showed that they reacted strongly with an apolipoprotein of molecular weight 320,000. They also cross-reacted with an apolipoprotein of molecular weight 220,000. The two apolipoproteins that reacted with the alloantisera were found by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be present in very low density (VLDL), intermediate density (IDL), and low density (LDL) lipoprotein fractions and by Western blot analysis to react with an anti-apolipoprotein B antiserum. These results support the conclusion that the alloantisera react with allotypes associated with the B apolipoproteins. The distribution of the four allotypes among different lipoprotein fractions, however, differed. The quantitative competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) showed that the Lpq1, Lpq2, and Lpq4 allotypes were found in the highest concentration in VLDL, IDL, and LDL, and in significantly lower concentrations in plasma chylomicrons. The concentrations of these allotypes in high density lipoproteins (HDL) as measured in the ELISA were about 1% of the concentrations found in LDL. The Lpq3 allotype, on the other hand, was present in the highest concentrations only in IDL and LDL and in significantly lower concentrations in VLDL and plasma chylomicrons. Surprisingly, the concentration of the Lpq3 allotype in HDL was 20% of the level found in LDL. PMID- 6655368 TI - Sex-related differences in the concentrations of apolipoprotein E in human blood plasma and plasma lipoproteins. AB - Apolipoprotein E (apoE) and lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in blood serum of 272 persons randomly selected from a large industrial population in northern California. Serum apoE level increased linearly by 0.013 mg/dl with each 1 mg/dl increase in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides. This estimate was independent of sex and the use of sex hormones by women. Compositional studies of isolated apoVLDL in 156 hypertriglyceridemic men and 162 normotriglyceridemic persons of both sexes from the same population also indicated that the content of apoE was independent of VLDL level, sex, and hormone use. The estimate of the relationship between serum apoE and VLDL triglycerides derived from these compositional studies was comparable to that derived by regression analysis. Regression analysis also indicated that only 10 20% of the apoE in the serum of the average person is in the VLDL fraction. Serum apoE levels were 1.4 mg/dl higher in women than in men with the same VLDL triglyceride level and 1.8 mg/dl lower in women using contraceptive drugs than in nonusers of like age and VLDL-triglyceride level. PMID- 6655370 TI - Coevolutionary instability of mixed Nash solutions. PMID- 6655371 TI - Raising Leslie matrices to powers: a method and applications to demography. AB - An illustrative method, labelled Strip and Mask, to raise a Leslie matrix to powers is introduced. Starting from a recent article in this journal, the Strip and Mask method is utilized to determine the primitivity pattern of a Leslie matrix, and to discuss some properties of the corresponding population model. PMID- 6655369 TI - Chiral synthesis of a dithiolester analog of phosphatidylcholine as a substrate for the assay of phospholipase A2. AB - The synthesis of a dithiolester analog of phosphatidylcholine, 1,2 bis(heptanoylthio)-1,2-dideoxy-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (thio PC), is described. Starting with 1-trityl-sn-glycerol (prepared from D-mannitol), tosylation followed by displacement with potassium methyl xanthate gave a trithiocarbonate. Reductive cleavage of the latter gave a 1,2-dithiol which was then acylated, detritylated, and esterified with choline phosphate. Hydrolysis of thio PC by phospholipase A2 (Naja naja) indicated 95% chiral purity. The rate of hydrolysis as a function of substrate concentration showed a sharp increase at about 0.17 mM, the critical micellar concentration of the lipid. A spectrophotometric assay of phospholipase A2 (by measurement of released thiol groups in the presence of dithionitrobenzoic acid) was quite sensitive. As little as 1 ng of enzyme was detected, representing a rate of about 0.2 nmol of substrate hydrolyzed per min. PMID- 6655372 TI - An alternative approach to asymptotic results on genetic composition when the population size is varying. AB - This paper is concerned with methodology for studying the long-term genetic composition of a population of haploid individuals in the case where the population size is varying. A general approach requiring a minimum of assumptions is described based on constructing martingales out of expressions for the means of the numbers of allelic types, conditional on the past. Earlier investigations were based on studying the asymptotic behaviour of the proportion of alleles of a certain type in the population. Several applications demonstrate that the approach suggested in the paper provides results which usefully complement ones obtained previously. PMID- 6655373 TI - Minimum domains for spatial patterns in a class of reaction diffusion equations. AB - We study a general class of scalar reaction/interacting population diffusion equations in two space dimensions: convective terms, due to wind, are included. We consider boundary conditions which include a measure of the hostility to the species in the exterior of the domain. The main point of the paper is to obtain estimates for the minimum domain size which can sustain spatially heterogeneous structures and indicate the type of patterns which could appear. PMID- 6655374 TI - The use of spinographic parameters in the differential diagnosis of lumbar facet and disc syndromes. AB - Biomechanical parameters measured on lateral postural x-rays were correlated with the clinical syndromes of lumbar extension facet subluxation and herniations of the disc nucleus pulposes to determine their value as a differential diagnostic tool. Statistically significant differences in the disc angle of the involved spinal segment were found between the two test groups. Both groups also contrasted significantly with asymptomatic controls. There also appears to be distinct postural complexes associated with these syndromes, although it is not clear if these postural changes were secondary processes such as antalgia, or primary and possibly predisposing. PMID- 6655375 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance: a review of principles and applications in medicine and chiropractic. AB - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) has in principle been known since 1946 and has found many applications in the fields of physics and chemistry. However, although it has only been in recent years that it has found potential use in various fields of medicine, it is rapidly proceeding from research and development to the practical clinical stage. This paper seeks to provide a brief review of NMR principles and, applications current in medicine, and potential applications in the field of chiropractic. PMID- 6655376 TI - Notes from the (chiropractic college's) underground. PMID- 6655377 TI - Entry into practice: problems encountered by rural and urban physicians. PMID- 6655378 TI - The team needs a first baseman. PMID- 6655379 TI - A current perspective on homosexuality. PMID- 6655380 TI - Genitourinary tumors III: Cancer of the testicle. PMID- 6655381 TI - Georgia Supreme Court invalidates involuntary sterilization statute. PMID- 6655382 TI - Rawlsian justice and a human right to health care. AB - This paper considers whether Rawls' theory of justice as fairness may be used to justify a human right to health care. Though Rawls himself does not discuss health care, other writers have applied Rawls' theory to the provision of health care. Ronald Green argues that contractors in the original position would establish a basic right to health care. Green's proposal, however, requires considerable relaxation of the constraints Rawls places on the original position and thus jeopardizes Rawls' arguments for the two principles of justice. Norman Daniels claims that health care is best understood as a means for helping to achieve Rawls' goal of equality of fair opportunity. Daniels acknowledges, however, that his interpretation cannot justify a basic right to health care; rather, it would at best require that certain kinds of care be made available to certain kinds of individuals. Finally, in place of the notion of health care as a human right, it is suggested that the provision of health care is a social ideal which may inspire the creation of specific legal rights. On this view, social provision of health care may properly vary significantly from culture to culture. Despite this variability, social systems may still be criticized on moral grounds. PMID- 6655383 TI - Opportunity and health care: criticisms and suggestions. AB - orman Daniels' proposal to distribute health care on the basis of fair equality of opportunity, is, in this writer's opinion, unworkable. His concepts of species typical activity and normal opportunity range are unclear; so is the relationship between them. His view that justice accords disease a better claim on the health dollar than other causes of death, pain, and disability, commits him unknowingly to indefensible positions on particular sorts of health care, such as the care of the aging and of pregnant women. Daniels' concept of opportunity is so inclusive, his notion of balancing opportunities so vague, that his theory loses systematic power. I offer a different account from Daniels' concerning why health care needs are objective and of special importance. I also argue for a voucher system which levels out class inequalities and which finances current medical practices more or less uncritically, but allows for change through a diversity of insurance plans available to consumers. This system is just, and more practical than rating health care needs by impact on opportunity. PMID- 6655385 TI - The priority of health care. PMID- 6655384 TI - A reply to some Stern criticisms and a remark on health care rights. PMID- 6655386 TI - Justice, beneficence, or common sense?: The President's Commission's Report on access to health care. AB - The President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research published in March of 1983 its Report, Securing Access to Health Care: The Ethical Implications of Differences in the Availability of Health Services. Concluding that there are "ethical obligations" on behalf of society which are balanced by individual obligations, the Report provides an ethical framework for ensuring "ultimate responsibility" of the Federal government to arrange for equitable access to health and to a fair share of cost. In doing so the Report neither makes justice nor beneficence the prime moral principle in public health care, it rather calls for a common sense approach in "approximating adequacy". But how to define equality without creating uniformity in a society rich in its diversity, including attitudes towards health? PMID- 6655387 TI - Determining proxy consent. AB - The paper clarifies the relative merits and proper roles of standards of review in the determination of proxy consent for those unable to make decisions concerning their own medical treatment. The "substituted judgment" standard asks which treatment the incompetent person would choose if competent, while the "best interests" test asks which treatment would benefit the patient. The tests are discussed in relation to the moral principles of autonomy and beneficence which provide their justification. I distinguish six types of cases involving incompetent patients and argue that which standard is appropriate depends on the type of case involved. A "rational choice" standard, which asks "What would the incompetent patient choose if his or her choice were rational?", is proposed as a way of determining best interests. PMID- 6655388 TI - Proxy consent and counterfactual wishes. AB - I discuss conditions for the validity of proxy consent to treatment on behalf of an incompetent person. I distinguish those incompetents who, when previously competent, expressed an opinion on the treatment in question from those who were never competent or who, though previously competent, never expressed an opinion on the proposed treatment. In the former case valid proxy consent usually requires respecting the stated wishes of the patient. The latter case is more difficult. I consider a widely-held principle which appeals to the counterfactual wishes of the incompetent person. I argue that it is unacceptable and propose in its place a principle having to do with the best interests of the patient. PMID- 6655390 TI - And how can one die better? Courage, faith, and fatalism. PMID- 6655389 TI - Courage and tragedy in clinical medicine. AB - The relationship between medical clinicians and patients is described as potentially tragic in nature and a context in which courage can be a relevant virtue. Danger, risk, uncertainty, and choice are presented as features of clinical relationships that also function as necessary conditions for courage. The clinician is seen as a 'sustaining presence' who has duties of 'encouragement' with respect to patients. The patient is seen to have a duty to learn the condition of human existence which can be discovered in clinical relations and to develop the virtues necessary to a fitting negotiation of human life. Case examples of courage on the parts of the principal participants in the clinical encounter are provided. In addition, several goods for clinicians and patients as objects of courage are identified. PMID- 6655391 TI - Erythrocyte membrane changes in malaria. PMID- 6655392 TI - Atlantodental interval in Thais: a survey based on 400 normal cervical spine. PMID- 6655393 TI - Pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion in controls, peptic ulcer and carcinoma of the stomach in Thailand. PMID- 6655394 TI - Motorcycle accidents: a study of 600 consecutive patients treated at Ramathibodi Hospital. PMID- 6655395 TI - The relationship of temperature to the replication and virulence of dengue viruses. PMID- 6655396 TI - Oxymetholone treatment in aplastic anemia. PMID- 6655397 TI - Short term treatment with bromocriptine--a new approach to prevention of puerperal lactation. PMID- 6655398 TI - Renal involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis. Report of 3 cases, one with ultrastructural study. PMID- 6655399 TI - Subcapsular hematoma of the liver. A case report. PMID- 6655400 TI - Release of neurophysin I and oxytocin by stimulation of the genital organs in bulls. AB - Oxytocin and bovine neurophysin I (bNpI) were estimated by radioimmunoassay in jugular vein plasma which was collected continuously from 18 bulls. No release of peptides was observed during successive matings with a cow in oestrus or during successive mountings on a cow with ejaculations into an artificial vagina. Stimulation with an electro-ejaculator or, to a smaller extent, massage of the seminal vesicles and ampullae per rectum caused an increase of oxytocin accompanied by a release of bNpI. It is speculated that the release of these peptides is due to stimulation of afferent pelvic nerves in the rectal wall. Basal molar ratios of bNpI/oxytocin in the plasma were highly variable, often showing a large excess of either bNpI or oxytocin. After the onset of peptide release induced by stimulation, molar ratios approached 1:1. This might indicate that hormone release is by exocytosis. Basal bNpI does not provide a good reflection of the oxytocin level. PMID- 6655401 TI - Mechanisms regulating hormone release and the duration of dioestrus in the lactating rat. AB - Lactation in rats nursing seven pups was associated with a period of dioestrus lasting for 3 weeks, reduced LH secretion, hyperprolactinaemia and increased serum progesterone levels. Removal of the litter resulted in increased LH secretion, a prompt return of oestrus and termination of the prolactin-dependent luteal phase. Administration of domperidone (2.5 mg/day), a dopamine receptor antagonist, to rats deprived of their litters on day 1 or 9 post partum maintained hyperprolactinaemia and delayed the reappearance of oestrus. Administration of bromocriptine (0.5 mg/day), a dopamine receptor agonist, to lactating rats with suckling pups suppressed prolactin secretion and advanced oestrus, females in the middle of lactation being considerably more sensitive to prolactin suppression than those in the early post-partum period. Cross-fostering experiments revealed that the greater sensitivity to bromocriptine of mothers in late lactation was due to their lactational age rather than to the age of the offspring. Similarly, the length of lactational dioestrus was not affected either by giving newborn pups to females in the middle of lactation or by giving 9-day old pups to newly parturient females. PMID- 6655402 TI - Evidence that prolactin does not affect the induction of sexual behaviour by oestradiol and progesterone in ovariectomized rats. AB - Injection of 2.5 mg of the dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone raised serum prolactin concentrations within 3 h and high prolactin levels were maintained for 12 h in ovariectomized rats pretreated with 2 micrograms oestradiol benzoate (OB). This dose of domperidone stimulated the display of sexual behaviour in ovariectomized OB-treated rats within 3 h of administration. The behavioural effect of domperidone, but not its effect on serum prolactin concentrations, was blocked by adrenalectomy. Daily treatment with domperidone had no inhibitory effect on the subsequent induction of sexual behaviour by OB and progesterone in ovariectomized rats. A slight facilitation of the behaviour was noticed in OB treated rats given daily domperidone injections, but this effect was cancelled by adrenalectomy. The results suggest that an acute increase in serum prolactin levels has no effect on the induction of sexual behaviour by OB in itself, but can stimulate the secretion of an adrenal product, perhaps progesterone, which facilitates the behaviour. Similarly, constant high levels of prolactin by themselves have no effect on the subsequent induction of sexual behaviour by OB and progesterone. PMID- 6655403 TI - Inhibition of sexual behaviour in lactating rats. AB - Treatment with oestradiol benzoate (OB; 2-250 micrograms) and progesterone (0.5 25 mg) failed to induce sexual behaviour in lactating rats 6 days after parturition. Removal of pups permitted the induction of sexual behaviour by OB and progesterone and the inhibitory effect of the presence of pups was proportional to the number present. Ovariectomy of lactating rats or reduction of serum prolactin levels in intact lactating rats by daily treatment with the dopamine receptor agonist bromocriptine (0.5 mg/day) permitted the induction of sexual behaviour despite the presence of suckling pups. Removal of pups from lactating rats and subsequent maintenance of high prolactin levels by daily treatment with the dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone (2.5 mg/day) maintained the state of refractoriness to the behavioural effects of OB and progesterone provided that the ovaries remained in situ. Inhibition of sexual behaviour in lactating rats could be maintained after ovariectomy by implantation of progesterone-filled, but not androgen-filled implants at the time of ovariectomy. Removal of the pups or reduction of prolactin levels by bromocriptine treatment permitted the induction of sexual behaviour by OB in ovariectomized progesterone-implanted lactating rats. Inhibition of the behaviour in ovariectomized progesterone-implanted lactating rats could be maintained after pup removal by daily domperidone treatment. Continuously raised serum progesterone or prolactin levels have no effect on the induction of sexual behaviour in female rats but the present data suggest that during lactation progesterone and prolactin act in synergy to inhibit the behaviour. PMID- 6655404 TI - Adrenal hormones and oxidative metabolism of the garden lizard (Calotes versicolor). AB - Daily administration of adrenaline over a 10-day period invariably induced significant increases in the metabolic rate of the whole body and of specific tissue (liver, muscle, kidney and brain) of both intact and thyroidectomized lizards except during June (breeding season) when the presence of thyroid hormones was a prerequisite for the stimulation of oxygen consumption by the whole body, muscle, kidney and brain but not by the liver. Corticosterone had no effect on whole body oxygen consumption but stimulated, inhibited or was without influence on the oxygen consumption of individual tissues, depending on the season and the presence or absence of thyroid hormones. It is suggested that adrenaline, due to its temperature-independent calorigenic effect, acts as the emergency hormone for energy release and helps the animal to survive during hibernation (winter months) when almost all the endocrine glands are inactive. PMID- 6655405 TI - Distribution of catecholamines in individual hypothalamic nuclei of Japanese quail. AB - The dissection of eight hypothalamic nuclei or areas of Japanese quail brain (nucleus hypothalamicus medialis anterior, nucleus periventricularis magnocellularis, nucleus hypothalamicus lateralis anterior, nucleus hypothalamicus medialis posterior, nucleus hypothalamicus lateralis posterior, eminentia medialis, nucleus tuberis and area hypothalamica posterior) and a subsequent radioenzymatic measurement of the basic concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine in these structures of female Japanese quail were demonstrated in this study. Individual hypothalamic nuclei were identified according to the histological map prepared. All the above mentioned structures were isolated from serial 200 micrometers thick frozen coronal sections of the hypothalamus under a stereomicroscope by means of a needle punch of 500 micrometers or 300 micrometers internal diameter. The highest levels of all biogenic amines measured were found in the area hypothalamica posterior which significantly differed from all other nuclei examined. Their lowest concentrations occurred in the nucleus hypothalamicus medialis posterior and in the nucleus hypothalamicus lateralis posterior. The results present the first picture of the quantitative distribution of catecholamines in the hypothalamus of the female Japanese quail. PMID- 6655406 TI - Changes in the concentration of thyroxine in the plasma of rat fetuses during late gestation: influence of ligation of the maternal uterine vein and artery. AB - Plasma thyroxine levels were detectable in rat fetuses from day 17 of pregnancy and increased exponentially from 3.48 +/- 0.13 (S.E.M.) nmol/l to 11.33 +/- 0.90 nmol/l at birth. Ligation of the maternal uterine vein and artery, performed on day 17 of pregnancy, significantly reduced both the fetal growth rate, observed initially on day 19 of pregnancy (controls: 2.24 +/- 0.02 g; fetuses from ligated horns: 1.71 +/- 0.03 g, P less than 0.001) and plasma thyroxine levels, observed initially on day 20 of pregnancy (controls: 6.56 +/- 0.13 nmol/l; fetuses from ligated horns: 5.41 +/- 0.13 nmol/l, P less than 0.001). In addition we observed positive relationships between plasma thyroxine levels and body weights of the two groups on days 20 and 21 of pregnancy and at birth. These results suggest that relationships observed between plasma thyroxine levels and body weight in fetuses or newborn animals may be explained by the common effect of the placental blood flow mediated by fetal nutrition. PMID- 6655407 TI - Participation of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland after prolonged exposure to unpredictable stress in the rat. AB - An ultrastructural study is described which related cellular activity in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland with circulating levels of corticosterone. Exposure of male CSF rats to a signalled, unpredictable 60-day stress regimen induced intense secretory activity in all cells of the pars intermedia for the first 5 days of stressing, and thereafter secretory activity reverted back to the control condition. Blood corticosterone levels showed an initial extreme increase lasting for the first 5 days of exposure to the stress before gradually falling to re-establish a new stable level of secretion by 40 days. The possible involvement of the intermediate lobe in emotional or psychological stress when corticosterone levels are high is discussed. PMID- 6655408 TI - In-vivo induction of lactation in mammary glands isografted from neonates to pregnant mice. AB - Neonatal mammary rudiments isografted into C3H mice at mid-pregnancy responded to endogeneous gestational and puerperal hormonal stimuli in the hosts with morphogenetic and functional differentiation, and lactated within 9 days after birth. Neither lobulo-alveolar development nor lactation took place in neonatal mammary isografts when intra-uterine fetal death or stillbirth occurred in the pregnant host mice or when neonatal mammary rudiments were isografted into puerperal mice without being exposed to gestational hormonal stimuli before transplantation. Neonatal mammary rudiments isografted on day 0 post partum had much more extensive proliferation of end-buds when recovered on day 12 than on day 21 post partum. Histological features of neonatal mammary grafts closely reflected the endogeneous hormonal condition of the host mice. PMID- 6655409 TI - Effect of nigericin and varying potassium concentrations on the prolactin stimulated synthesis of milk fat in explants of mammary alveolar tissue from rabbits. AB - The possible role of K+ as a 'second messenger' for prolactin was investigated. Explants obtained from mammary glands of pseudopregnant rabbits were cultured (a) in media with varying potassium concentrations and (b) in the presence of the potassium-specific ionophore, nigericin. The explants were examined histologically and the rate of protein synthesis was measured to determine the viability of the tissue. Increase in the rate of fatty acid synthesis in the presence of prolactin was used as a marker of prolactin stimulation. At low K+ concentrations prolactin-stimulated fatty acid synthesis decreased with the decrease in K+ concentration of the media, whereas there was no similar trend in the rate of protein synthesis. Nigericin (0.01-0.1 mumol/l) inhibited fatty acid synthesis and protein synthesis in the presence or absence of prolactin without significantly affecting tissue K+ content. The mechanism of nigericin inhibition is hence unclear and the results do not provide support for K+ as a 'second messenger' for prolactin. PMID- 6655410 TI - The pineal gland and the photoperiodic control of luteinizing hormone secretion in intact and castrated Japanese quail. AB - The effects of pinealectomy on a range of photoperiodic responses were investigated in male Japanese quail by measuring plasma LH concentrations in intact, sham-operated and pinealectomized birds in the following four experiments: (1) transfer of sexually quiescent birds from a short photoperiod of 8 h light: 16 h darkness (8L:16D) to a photostimulatory daylength of 16L:8D; (2) transfer of sexually mature birds from 16L:8D to 8L:16D; (3) castration in 16L:8D and exposure to 13L:11D; (4) castration in 8L:16D and exposure to 13L:11D. There was no evidence of effects of the pineal gland on the photoperiodically induced changes in LH secretion, the quantitative relationship between LH secretion and photoperiod in intact and castrated birds, or the induction of relative photorefractoriness by prolonged exposure to 16L:8D. This suggests that there is no pineal influence on the photoperiodic clock or its effectors in this bird. PMID- 6655411 TI - Evidence for the involvement of central conversion of testosterone to oestradiol 17 beta in the regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in the cockerel. AB - Treatment of intact cockerels with the synthetic antioestrogen tamoxifen caused a significant increase in the plasma concentration of LH. In contrast, passive immunization with an antiserum raised against oestradiol-17 beta did not lead to an increase in plasma LH. A pronounced depressive effect of injections of 0.1 mg testosterone propionate (TP) or 0.1 mg oestradiol benzoate (OB) on plasma concentrations of LH was prevented by tamoxifen. Furthermore, a pronounced rise in the concentration of LH releasing hormone in the posterior hypothalamus after the injection of cockerels with OB was completely inhibited by tamoxifen. Neither 0.1 nor 0.5 mg androstenedione modified the concentration of LH in plasma. A dose of 0.05 mg TP, which failed to depress the concentration of LH in plasma of intact cockerels, caused a marked fall in plasma LH in castrated cockerels. Tamoxifen itself exhibited weak oestrogen agonist activity in castrated cockerels by causing a reduction in the concentration of LH in plasma. However, tamoxifen prevented any further depressive effect on LH resulting from the injection of TP. These findings suggest that testosterone exerts an inhibitory influence on LH secretion at the central neural level, partially at least, by means of the product of its aromatization, oestradiol-17 beta. PMID- 6655412 TI - Relationship of cigarette smoking and social class to birth weight and perinatal mortality among all births in Britain, 5-11 April 1970. AB - The joint associations of maternal cigarette smoking and social class on perinatal outcome were studied in the 1970 British birth cohort (British Births). Whereas smoking was much more frequent among women in social classes III, IV, and V, there was little difference in the birthweight decrement associated with smoking across class. Perinatal mortality, however, was increased only among smokers in the manual social classes. Thus whereas the offspring of more privileged smokers were not protected from intrauterine growth retardation, they did not suffer from increased perinatal mortality. Observations of other populations suggest a possible nutritional mediation of this protective effect. PMID- 6655413 TI - Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer: an epidemiological inquiry in West Yorkshire. AB - Results are given of a case-control study on bladder cancer in West Yorkshire. The aim of the study was to assess what risks exist for cigarette smoking in the United Kingdom and also to investigate if a dose response effect was present. The study shows for the first time in the United Kingdom a positive but weak relationship between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer. Close examination of the data with regard to this effect shows that a complex set of relationships result when the quantity smoked and the period of smoking are taken into account. A dose response effect is weakly demonstrated when a medium quantity of cigarettes are smoked but it is not present at all in those who smoked most cigarettes for the longest periods. No risk appears to exist for those who have smoked only filter cigarettes. The results are contrasted with similar studies and the significance of the observations are discussed. PMID- 6655414 TI - Compliance with a class teaching breast self examination. AB - As part of the evaluation of a class teaching breast self examination (BSE), a sample of women were interviewed shortly before they were invited to attend the class and again one year later. A comparable sample in a different "control" district were interviewed twice in the same way. The interviewers inquired about the practice of breast self examination (BSE) and about beliefs about breast cancer. The findings enable changes in behaviour and beliefs among those who attended and did not attend the class and among women in the control district during the same year to be compared. Women who attended the class showed a more pronounced improvement in BSE practice compared with non-attenders and with the control group. The improvement was in BSE technique rather than the frequency with which it was carried out. PMID- 6655416 TI - Interpretation of disease time trends: is cancer on the increase? A simple cohort technique and its relationship to more advanced models. AB - Analysis of trends in mortality from respiratory cancer among women shows that, contrary to previous interpretation, there is no suggestion of any increase over time which might be due to recent increases in exposures to carcinogens. Although there are upward trends in the number of deaths, the crude death rate, and the age standardised rate, these are shown to be related to the aging of earlier cohorts of women who have experienced high mortality rates. More recent cohorts, born since the middle 1920s, show a decline. A simple technique to identify trends in different cohorts is described, and it is shown to be linked to the age period-cohort modelling approach to investigating time trends. Dangers inherent in ignoring either period or cohort effects when describing one of these factors are discussed. PMID- 6655415 TI - Risk factors relevant to cystic breast disease: a case-control study. AB - A total of 188 women aged 40-54 with cystic breast disease and 2213 asymptomatic controls were questioned in Edinburgh between 1974 and 1978 concerning marital, reproductive, and menstrual status, history of oral contraception use, history of previous breast complaints, and a family history of breast cancer. Women with a history of breast biopsy were at an increased risk of the disease and those past the menopause were at a decreased risk. These results agree with previous findings that the disease is most prevalent among premenopausal women and suggest that benign cystic disease of the breast does not share a common aetiology with breast cancer in the age range 40-54. PMID- 6655417 TI - Genetic analysis of multiple sclerosis in Shetland. AB - In a family study of all patients with multiple sclerosis in Shetland the number of inbred patients, although high for Britain and higher than in Orkney, is not higher than the number among controls, and the inbreeding coefficients suggest that there is no recessive involvement of rare genes in the aetiology. The kinship coefficients show close interweaving of ancestries of patients and controls and eliminate from the aetiology any involvement of recently introduced single genes dominant or codominant in effect. Family histories show that single locus inheritance is unlikely. Any genetic involvement is likely to be polygenic, but on a multifactorial hypothesis the estimates of heritability are very low. The findings suggest that the genetic contribution to the aetiology of the disease in Shetland is slight. PMID- 6655418 TI - Seasonality of symptomatic bacterial urinary infections in women. AB - Bacterial infections of the female urinary tract (UTI) are a frequent clinical problem. A chance observation, supported by a one year survey reported from another country, suggested that UTI presented to the general practitioner more frequently in the summer. A retrospective survey, covering three consecutive years, was carried out to test this observation. The records of all women reported as attending this practice with a UTI showed that 213 culture positive episodes occurred in the third calendar quarter of each year. Edward's test for cyclic variation showed a significant peaking in August. These results indicate a definite seasonal fluctuation in the frequency with which symptomatic UTIs present to general practitioners in this practice. The clinical and epidemiological significance of this phenomenon remains to be determined. PMID- 6655419 TI - Epidemiology of accidental home poisoning in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). AB - In a prospective study on 178 cases of accidental home poisoning admitted to the main children's hospital in Riyadh poisoning was found to account for 5.6% of the total annual admissions--greater than any other developing country and approaching Western proportions. The commonest ages were between 1 and 5 years. Drugs accounted for 52% of cases and household products for 46%. This picture also differs from the pattern of poisoning in developing countries and is more akin to that of industrialised countries. The most important factors in aetiology, besides the age of the patient and the underprivileged social class, were the abundance of drugs and household chemicals in the Saudi home, none of them in child proof containers; inappropriate storage; and lack of supervision of children. Cultural factors also contributed. The frequency of poisoning in childhood may be decreased in the long run by improved housing, socioeconomic status, and education. The place and methods of health education, also a long term objective, is discussed. For immediate primary prevention two important legislative measures are proposed: (1) provision of childproof containers of drugs and other chemicals used in the home and (2) banning of over the counter sales of drugs. For more accurate epidemiological data collection, and thereby better preventative planning, a national register of accidental poisoning and other accidents is recommended. Poison information centres are also deemed necessary. PMID- 6655421 TI - Mortality from thyrotoxicosis in England and Wales and its association with the previous prevalence of endemic goitre. AB - The distribution of mortality from thyrotoxicosis among women in England and Wales during 1968-78 correlates with the previous prevalence of endemic goitre. Mortality from the disease rose to a peak in the decade 1931-40 and then declined. This peak affected all age groups and can be attributed to the high fatality from surgery before the introduction of preoperative iodine to prevent thyroid crisis. An apparent cohort effect, whereby cohorts born from 1871 to 1886 experienced the highest mortality, may be explained by generations with a high prevalence of endemic goitre becoming exposed to increasing dietary iodine intake in later life. PMID- 6655420 TI - Use of multivariate measures of disability in health surveys. AB - It has been claimed that the aggregation of information from several areas of life into a small set of global measures has certain advantages for describing disability. Global measures of disability were constructed from a modified version of an existing health survey instrument and the sickness impact profile (SIP) and their properties were tested. The disability items grouped satisfactorily into five global measures (physical, psychosocial, eating, communication, and work). All disability measures (global and original category scores) were poor predictors of service use by individuals but were related as expected to age and number of medical conditions. The global measures generally had lower standard errors and better repeatability. All scores exhibit J-shaped distributions for cross sectional data but the change in global measures over time was consistent with the normal distribution. Preferably, both global and category measures should be used for comparing changes over time between groups of individuals. PMID- 6655422 TI - North Hammersmith stroke prevention project. AB - The North Hammersmith stroke prevention project was designed to reduce the number of deaths from stroke in this health district by improving the detection of hypertensive patients and thereafter reducing the default rate from treatment. Starting in May 1979 general practitioners in the district were asked to register hypertensive patients over the age of 40 so that the proportion of such patients in each practice was known and could be compared with the average for all practices. This confidential information was fed back every year to the individual general practitioners so that they could assess their performance. Forty of 44 eligible general practitioners agreed to participate and 29 proceeded to register patients. Over a three year period 1006 patients were registered, representing 4.3% of the project population over the age of 40. Individual practice registration rates ranged from 1.1% to 9.1%. Sixty five per cent of the registered patients were women, 34% of all registrations were in the age group 60 69, 31% in the group 50-59, 12% in the group 40-49, and 23% in the group over 70. The average blood pressure before treatment was 190/111 mm Hg. After one and two years the patients were contacted or their notes examined to ensure that they still receiving treatment. Persistant default from treatment occurred in under 12% over the three year period. PMID- 6655423 TI - Malignant lymphomas and road transport workers. PMID- 6655424 TI - Matching and maximizing with concurrent ratio-interval schedules. AB - Animals exposed to standard concurrent variable-ratio variable-interval schedules could maximize overall reinforcement rate if, in responding, they showed a strong response bias toward the variable-ratio schedule. Tests with the standard schedules have failed to find such a bias and have been widely cited as evidence against maximization as an explanation of animal choice behavior. However, those experiments were confounded in that the value of leisure (behavior other than the instrumental response) partially offsets the value of reinforcement. The present experiment provides another such test using a concurrent procedure in which the confounding effects of leisure were mostly eliminated while the critical aspects of the concurrent variable-ratio variable-interval contingency were maintained: Responding in one component advanced only its ratio schedule while responding in the other component advanced both ratio schedules. The bias toward the latter component predicted by maximization theory was found. PMID- 6655425 TI - Reaction times of younger and older men and temporal contingencies of reinforcement. AB - Influences of extended training and temporal contingencies on reaction time were studied in relation to developmental differences. Older and younger men were trained on a chained schedule in which completion of a variable interval produced a terminal link in which reaction time was measured. The reaction-time procedure involved a conditional discrimination with matching to sample in one component and oddity matching in the other. During baseline training, no time limit was placed on the response to the discrimination choice stimuli. Subsequently, increasingly severe time limits were imposed over a series of sessions. Older and younger men showed increased speeds (decreased reaction times) when temporal contingencies were imposed, and these changes were maintained during post training baseline sessions when there was unlimited time in which to respond. The younger men generally responded faster than the older ones, and age differences were not appreciably reduced during the course of the experiment. The results indicated the feasibility of studying reaction time in human subjects using operant procedures analogous to those developed for the study of nonverbal organisms. PMID- 6655426 TI - Formation of the sameness-difference concept by Japanese monkeys from a small number of color stimuli. AB - Japanese monkeys were trained to form the sameness-difference concept. In Experiment 1, four monkeys were trained with two colors to discriminate matching stimulus pairs from nonmatching pairs by reinforcing only lever-pressing responses to matching pairs with a variable-interval schedule. Three monkeys showed successful transfer of this discrimination to two new colors, thus demonstrating that some Japanese monkeys are able to form this relational concept from a minimum number of stimuli. In Experiment 2, two monkeys were trained, in a Yes/No procedure with three colors, to press one lever under matching pairs and another lever under nonmatching pairs. Poor transfer performances to three new colors suggest that simultaneously establishing two different response patterns to matching and nonmatching pairs is ineffective in forming the concept. In Experiment 3, the amount of transfer to three new colors after mastering a standard three-color matching-to-sample task was compared with that of a modified task in which correct responses were reinforced with a within-trial variable interval schedule. All three monkeys showed greater transfer with the modified procedure. The results suggest that the variable-interval schedule adopted within trials is effective in forming the sameness-difference concept. PMID- 6655427 TI - Gerbils in space: performance on the 17-arm radial maze. AB - In Experiment 1 six hungry gerbils received six trials per day on a 17-arm radial maze. During each trial the subjects were allowed to choose freely among the arms, each of which contained a food pellet, until each arm had been visited once or until eight minutes had elapsed. An error was recorded when the subject entered a previously visited arm. The gerbils quickly learned not to re-enter previously visited arms and generally made errors on fewer than 15% of entries, performance comparable to that of the rat and superior to that of other species tested in the radial arm maze. The intertrial-interval duration did not affect accuracy of arm choices during acquisition but did influence asymptotic accuracy. Accuracy did not change systematically over the six trials. A high proportion of arm entries were to nearby arms. Errors occurred most often towards the end of a trial. Odor cues were not important. When the number of trials per day was reduced from six to one, accuracy deteriorated slightly. In Experiment 2 neither the transposition of extramaze cues nor the placement of the maze in a different room had large disruptive effects on accuracy. In Experiment 3 the addition of three explicit intramaze brightness cues aided accuracy, perhaps by permitting the subjects to decompose the large maze into three smaller mazes, although there was no direct evidence that this was the case. Implications of a number of these results for models of spatial maze performance were discussed. PMID- 6655429 TI - The development of facial motoneurones in the mouse--neuronal death and the innervation of the facial muscles. AB - The relationship between neuronal death and the formation of patterned connections was studied in the facial neuromuscular system of foetal, neonatal, and adult mice. The facial neuromuscular system was selected because two large, widely separated, facial muscles (the nasolabial and posterior auricular muscles) are innervated by clearly separated parts of the facial motor nucleus in the adult mouse. The number of motorneurones in the facial nucleus was counted in Nissl-stained sections at different stages of development. Over 6400 neurones were present in the facial nucleus at day 17 p.c. (post-coitum). After day 17 p.c. the number of neurones fell rapidly and only 2000 cells remain in the adult nucleus. This represents a loss of 68%, most of which occurs between days 18 and 20 p.c. Neurones with pyknotic nuclei are seen on day 17 p.c. and are most numerous on day 18 p.c. This leads us to believe that the fall in neurone numbers is due to cell death. Indirect evidence provided by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry (time of earliest reaction in the facial muscles) and horseradish peroxide (HRP) tracing studies (time of earliest transport) indicate that facial motorneurone axons innervate the facial musculature before the period of cell death: diffuse acetylcholinesterase activity first appeared in the auricular muscles at day 15 p.c. and in the nasolabial muscles at day 17 p.c.; retrograde transport of HRP from the auricular and nasolabial muscles to the facial nucleus cannot be reliably demonstrated before day 17 p.c. We assessed the topography of early facial neuromuscular innervation by making HRP injections into nasolabial and posterior auricular muscles of embryonic and neonatal mice. Injections of HRP at day 17 p.c. (the day before cell loss commenced) showed that the nasolabial muscle and posterior auricular muscles were innervated by the same subnuclei of the facial nucleus as in the adult--except that there was a small number (1-5%) of labelled cells located in parts of the nucleus not consistent with the adult innervation pattern. These data indicate that, except for a small number of neurones, topographically organized connections in the facial neuromuscular system are established before the period of cell death. We conclude that motoneurone cell death does not play a major role in the establishment of topographically organized connections in this system. PMID- 6655428 TI - An analysis of contractile proteins in developing chick heart by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electron microscopy. AB - Chick heart development was studied using transmission electron microscopy and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in combination with densitometry. Myosin heavy chain, alpha-actinin, actin and tropomyosin accumulations were analysed in developing hearts from preheartbeat stage 9 (Hamburger-Hamilton staging series) through 2 days after hatching. At the preheartbeat stage, electron microscopy revealed a significant number of thin filaments scattered throughout the cytoplasm of the myoblasts; however, very few thick filaments were seen. There was no obvious association between the two filament types. SDS-polyacrylamide tube gels of heart muscle homogenates demonstrated the presence of all five proteins in hearts at the preheartbeat stage. Further analyses of the proteins by gel densitometry indicated that both actin and myosin accumulated rapidly during heart development while alpha-actinin and tropomyosin levels remained relatively static. Our results show that detectable quantities of myosin heavy chain, alpha actinin, actin and tropomyosin accumulate in myocardial cells prior to the appearance of myofibrils and initiation of the contractile function. PMID- 6655430 TI - The retention of primary hypoblastic cells underneath the developing primitive streak allows for their prolonged inductive influence. AB - An experimental study was made of the distribution of the primary hypoblastic cells in the lower layer of the avian blastoderm throughout primitive streak formation and until stage 10 (Hamburger & Hamilton, 1951). The primary hypoblast of stage XIII (Eyal-Giladi & Kochav, 1976) chick blastoderms was exchanged for either an [H3]thymidine-labelled similar chick hypoblast, or a quail primary hypoblast. During the entire period of primitive streak formation, the lower layer proved to be a mosaic of labelled hypoblastic and non-labelled entodermal cells (chick cells of epiblastic origin). The persistance of hypoblastic cells underneath the developing primitive streak is regarded by us as a possible way to prolong the inductive influence of the hypoblast upon the forming streak. PMID- 6655431 TI - Membrane changes in neural target cells studied with fluorescent lectin probes. AB - The competent ectoderm of Pleurodeles waltl comprises two cell layers with characteristic differences in their morphology, their composition and the molecular arrangement of the various constituents. The use of labelled lectin probes for observations of ectoderm tissue in vitro with u.v. microscopy (epi illumination) and the quantification of the results show the following: Differences in labelling according to the nature of the lectins (SBA, PSA, LCA and Con A). These differences provide information on the nature of the carbohydrates which are present at this stage and on the number of receptors. Differences in fluorescence intensity of the surfaces studied. The internal surface of the ectoderm is labelled more densely than the external surface. Rearrangement of the lectin receptors with a new molecular configuration, stressing the fluidity of the membrane (by the mobility of the receptors throughout the membrane) and its importance for the occurrence of neural induction. Existence of membrane glycoconjugate turnover. A difference in behavioural characteristics between the internal and the external surfaces with respect to the lectins and the formation of an extracellular matrix on the internal surface alone. The extracellular matrix seems to have a role in morphogenetic movements. PMID- 6655432 TI - Cytoplasmic and cortical factors participating in cleavage furrow formation in eggs of three amphibian genera; Ambystoma, Xenopus and Cynops. AB - A cytoplasmic factor and a cortical factor participating in cleavage furrow formation had been previously found in Cynops eggs (Sawai, 1972). These were investigated in the present study in Ambystoma and Xenopus eggs, by the method of cytoplasmic or cortical transplantation. Results were practically similar to those previously obtained with Cynops, indicating that in all the species of eggs during cleavage, the cytoplasm localizing along the cleavage furrow possessed furrow-inducing activity, and the cortex was competent to form the furrow in response to the activity of the cytoplasmic factor. In the present work, the species specificity of the two further factors was examined among Cynops, Ambystoma and Xenopus eggs, and the factors were found to act across species. PMID- 6655433 TI - Regeneration of adult newt skeletal muscle tissue in vitro. AB - Explants and cells of forelimb muscle from adult Notophthalmus viridescens were cultured for periods up to 160 days in MEM-based medium supplemented with serum, hormones, and antibiotics. Explants which were not minced prior to culture contained muscle fibres with healthy myonuclei and no evidence of dedifferentiation after four weeks. Explants which were minced prior to culture contained degenerated muscle fibres after 1 day and no evidence of dedifferentiation after four weeks. Mononucleated cells from both minced and non minced explants proliferated. Cell proliferation and myotube formation was greater in the minced muscle cultures. Proliferation and fusion of myoblasts and subsequent formation of myofibrils were observed on the plate in primary cultures. Secondarily transferred cells proliferated and fused into myotubes. Although adult newt muscle does not contain satellite cells, myogenesis in this amphibian followed the same course as all other vertebrate skeletal muscle: proliferation of mononucleated myogenic cells, fusion of the myoblasts to form syncytia, and eventual accumulation of myofibrils. The ultimate source of the myogenic cells was not identified; however, the absence of dedifferentiation of the mature fibres and the occurrence of myogenesis in cultures of minced muscle explants demonstrated that the regenerated muscle developed from a population of mononucleated cells whose origin did not depend upon dedifferentiation of intact fibres. PMID- 6655434 TI - The effect of vitamin A on the regenerating axolotl limb. AB - These experiments describe further investigations into the effects of vitamin A on regenerating limbs. The effects of different retinoids, the time of administration, concentration of vitamin A and histological, autoradiographic and histochemical studies are reported. The most obvious result of vitamin A treatment is to cause proximal elements to regenerate from distal amputation levels, that is to cause serial reduplication of pattern in the proximodistal axis. Retinoic acid was the most potent of the analogues tested and longer times of administration or higher concentrations cause a greater amount of serial reduplication. Various tissue changes have been found which include the inhibition of cell division, loss of cartilage metachromasia, changes in the mucous-secreting properties of the epidermis and an increased packing in the blastemal cells. The significance of these cellular effects in relation to the pattern-formation changes is discussed. PMID- 6655435 TI - The fifth cell cycle of the mouse embryo is longer for smaller cells than for larger cells. AB - Newly-formed pairs of 16-cell blastomeres were collected by periodic observation of isolated 8-cell blastomeres. Any pairs formed by division were recovered and classified as being composed of 1/16 blastomeres that differed in size or were of similar size. All of the latter and some of the former were then cultured for periods of up to 20h. The remaining pairs of different-sized blastomeres were disaggregated to larger or smaller cells. Some of these were reaggregated as smaller: smaller or larger: larger pairs, and these, together with the remaining isolated smaller and larger blastomeres were also cultured for up to 20h. At hourly intervals, cultured cells were sampled and analysed for incidence of division. It was found that larger cells divided on average after 12h whereas smaller cells divided on average after 14h. PMID- 6655436 TI - Regeneration of the retinotectal projection following compression onto a half tectum in goldfish. AB - This study tested whether regeneration of the optic nerve following half-tectal compression in goldfish leads to the immediate reestablishment of the compressed projection or to an initial half map followed by the gradual compression. Half of the tectum was removed and the optic nerve crushed in large 12-18 cm goldfish which were kept at 20 degrees C and later mapped either in air or in water. At 35 to 41 days, the maps showed the presence of the nasal field projection and only the first 27 degrees of the temporal field. Most of the temporal field was represented after 200 days or more. After 253 to 343 days when the compression was largely complete, the optic nerve was recrushed. The projections mapped 35 to 41 days later were always compressed with up to 99% of the temporal field represented, as were projections regenerated at 28 degrees C and mapped at 23-25 days. Regeneration after compression restores the compressed projection, consistent with the concept of altered tectal markers. PMID- 6655437 TI - The positional coding system in the early eye rudiment of Xenopus laevis, and its modification after grafting operations. AB - In a series of Xenopus embryos, 60-90 degrees sectors at various positions distributed around the eye rudiment were replaced with sectors grafted from the opposite position in the rudiment on the same side of the head of a donor. The majority of the operations were carried out before stage 28 (Nieuwkoop & Faber, 1956), and many before stage 26. The patterns of retinotectal connectivity which then developed were assayed electrophysiologically soon after metamorphosis. The visuotectal maps were frequently compound, giving evidence that many parts of the rudiment had already been equipped with distinct tissue positional codes by the time operations were performed (i.e. before neurogenesis). Although graft-derived sectors of retina connected to tectal sectors that were more nearly appropriate for their original positions in the rudiment than for their translocated ones, the 'handedness' of these ectopic components of the compound maps tended to bear a mirror-image relation to the major map, rather than the point-symmetrical one to be expected from a complete autonomy of mapping functions in grafted tissue. The results are discussed in relation to possible modes of organization of the developing eye, considered as a pattern-forming system. PMID- 6655438 TI - Brachial muscles in the chick embryo: the fate of individual somites. AB - The wing and wing-associated muscles of the shoulder and thorax in the bird all cleave from common myogenic masses in the developing wing bud and are referred to collectively as brachial muscles. In this study the precise embryonic origin of the brachial muscles was determined using chick-quail chimaeras. Such chimaeras consisted of a graft of one somite taken from a 2-day quail donor embryo transplanted to the equivalent location in a 2-day chick host embryo. The chimaeras were analysed at 9.5-10.0 days in ovo to determine the location of the grafted cells and therefore the structures that were derived from the transplanted somite. The somites that were studied in this matter were somites 13 to 23 inclusive. The results show that only somites 16 to 21 inclusive contribute cells to the brachial musculature; moreover, the cells from a given somite are not distributed randomly among the brachial muscles but populate specific muscles only: thus it has been possible to map the somitic origin of individual brachial muscles. Moreover, there is an indication that each somite plays a unique role in the development of the brachial muscles. PMID- 6655439 TI - Syncytial epithelia: transport in the absence of paracellular pathways. AB - The syncytial epithelium of parasitic flatworms offers the opportunity to examine epithelial transport physiology in the absence of paracellular pathways. The asymmetric enzymatic and permeability properties of the apical and basal membranes confirm the transepithelial transport function of the syncytial epithelium. Although the absence of a paracellular pathway has led to the suggestion that the syncytium is a 'tight' epithelium, which would be consistent with its low osmotic and diffusive water permeability, the ion transport mechanisms in the apical membrane are more consistent with those predominating in 'leaky' epithelia. Contrary to that expected of an animal covered with a 'tight' epithelium, the parasitic flatworms are not good ion regulators. The apical membrane contains a Cl-:Na+ co-transport occurs by an active H+ extrusion mechanism, a large part of H+ secretion is coupled to Na+ influx as in 'leaky' will have to await electrical potential profile determinations which are made difficult by the electrical coupling of the syncytium to the underlying nerve muscle syncytium. PMID- 6655440 TI - Introduction: trends in epithelial transport and control. PMID- 6655442 TI - [Criteria of usefulness for the standardized x-ray diffractometric urinary calculus analysis. Improvement in the quality of urinary calculus analysis by the establishment of uniform methodological assumptions in urinary calculus analysis laboratories. 1]. AB - Urolith analysis by X-ray diffraction is centralized and standardized in the GDR. By setting up uniform methodological conditions the quality of analytical results can be markedly improved. The resulting analytical criteria of usefulness - precision, detection limits and correctness - meet the requirements of diagnostic reliability and guarantee therapeutic relevance. PMID- 6655441 TI - [Individualization of drug dosage by therapeutic monitoring in plasma and the application of pharmacokinetic principles]. AB - The response to a given drug dose varies widely among patients. This is mainly due to the intra- and interindividual variation in the patients' pharmacokinetics. Individual pharmacokinetic parameters (bio-availability, elimination half-life, apparent volume of distribution, clearance, plasma protein binding) can be calculated from single or multiple dose studies. One should be aware that the age of the patient, his kidney, liver, heart and thyroid function might have a great influence on the pharmacokinetics of a particular drug. The pharmacokinetic parameters can be also estimated for a population of patients by fitting data from routine plasma level monitoring to computer programs, such as NONMEM. For drugs with a narrow therapeutic index, dosage is often based on the measurement of plasma concentrations, which serve as a therapeutic/diagnostic end point. There are various procedures (e.g. nomograms, test doses) for predicting the dosage regimen necessary to achieve so-called therapeutic concentrations in an individual. The general Bayes approach improves forecast precision by combining prior knowledge (population kinetics) with current evidence (measurements of plasma concentrations). Thus, therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetics can contribute to a more effective and safe therapy. PMID- 6655443 TI - [Evidence of improved quality of urinary calculus analysis using results of 7 surveys with external quality controls. Improvement in the quality of urinary calculus analysis by establishment of uniform methodological assumptions in urinary calculus analysis laboratories. 2]. AB - Seven quality control surveys confirmed the usefulness of standardized urolith analysis by X-ray diffraction. A method is suggested for tabulating the results of the surveys, which permits qualitative comparison of participating analysis centres. Quality improved considerably after the introduction of the standardized instructions for analysis. The results of the survey with international participants clearly demonstrated the superiority of X-ray diffractometric urolith analysis over polarization microscopical, infrared spectroscopic, differential thermoanalytical and wet chemical analytical techniques. PMID- 6655444 TI - Albumin determination with bromocresol purple: imprecision, comparison of methods and quality control. AB - The bromocresol purple methods for the determination of serum albumin on the Du Pont aca and on the KONE CD show very acceptable linear ranges and imprecision data. Comparison of methods showed good agreement between albumin determinations on the two instruments. Human based quality control materials are required in order to monitor the accuracy of bromocresol purple methods, and to obtain results that are independent of method or instrument. Assigned values in assayed controls and external quality control schemes based on the bromocresol green method are not suitable. PMID- 6655445 TI - A multi-centre evaluation of the FP-900 analyzing system. AB - The performance of the FP-900 Analyzing system manufactured by Labsystems Oy, Helsinki, Finland, was evaluated in a multi-centre study according to the principle outlined in the 1st Draft of the Standard for Instrument Testing produced by the European Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (ECCLS). The FP-900 System comprises a photometer for simultaneous measurement of the absorbance in a nine-compartment cuvette block, and the accessories for handling samples (sampler, simultaneous dispensing of 9 reagent charges, incubator with thermostat and shaker, and centrifuge); the photometer function, printout of results and data processing are programmable with a microprocessor. The performance specifications given by the manufacturer were checked when appropriate. As examples of typical methodologies cholesterol was selected as an end-point absorbance method, creatinine as a fixed-time (two-point) kinetic and aspartate aminotransferase as multi-point, continuous method. The within- and between-laboratory imprecision, deviation from assigned values of commercial control sera, and carry-over were determined. The performance was compared with other analytical systems: Mark I Autoanalyzer and Hitachi 705. The cost, speed and capacity was estimated from the results of the present study. The performance of the analyser and results of applying the ECCLS Draft to actual instrument testing are discussed. PMID- 6655446 TI - The influence of the label on the quality of a solid-phase immunoassay: evaluation of a commercial ELISA kit for serum ferritin. AB - A new Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) kit for the determination of serum ferritin has been compared with another ferritin kit based on the Immuno Radio-Metric Assay (IRMA) approach, both assays containing similar antibodies. Based on these studies, we found the within-run precision of the ELISA (and IRMA) to have coefficients of variation of 4-10% and 2-6% respectively, over a concentration range of 12-600 micrograms/l. The between-run precision for the same concentration range exhibited a CV range of 9-13% and 7-11% respectively. The sensitivities were found to be 1.4 micrograms/l and 0.9 microgram/l. The mean recovery was 103% for the ELISA procedure. It was found that, using the serum dilution technique, the linearity reached to 1000 micrograms/l. In the ELISA procedure no influence from the so-called "high dose hook effect" was observed. While EDTA-plasma produced 6% lower values than serum in the ELISA technique, no interference from albumin, gamma-globulins and mild haemolysis was observed. Stability problems with the ELISA kit were not encountered. A comparative analysis of multiple specimens demonstrated nearly identical values with r = 0.994 and y = 0.87 x1.01. The quality and ease of operation of the ELISA approach compared with other techniques are discussed. In conclusion it is possible to replace a radio-label in an immunoassay with an enzyme-label with the same degree of reliability and other parameters of quality control exhibited by radioimmunoassays. PMID- 6655447 TI - A new biometrical procedure for testing the equality of measurements from two different analytical methods. Application of linear regression procedures for method comparison studies in clinical chemistry, Part I. AB - Procedures for the statistical evaluation of method comparisons and instrument tests often have a requirement for distributional properties of the experimental data, but this requirement is frequently not met. In our paper we propose a new linear regression procedure with no special assumptions regarding the distribution of the samples and the measurement errors. The result does not depend on the assignment of the methods (instruments) to X and Y. After testing a linear relationship between X and Y confidence limits are given for the slope beta and the intercept alpha; they are used to determine whether there is only a chance difference between beta and 1 and between alpha and 0. The mathematical background is amplified separately in an appendix. PMID- 6655448 TI - IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes Part 5. IFCC method for alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase, alkaline optimum, EC 3.1.3.1). PMID- 6655449 TI - The theory of reference values Part 5. Statistical treatment of collected reference values. Determination of reference limits. PMID- 6655450 TI - "Glycosylated", "glycosylation". PMID- 6655451 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance scans: imaging assisted by the computer. PMID- 6655452 TI - The AMA/GTE medical information network. PMID- 6655453 TI - Physicians' office automation. PMID- 6655454 TI - Hospital information systems: foundation for integrated medical information. PMID- 6655455 TI - Computers in laboratory medicine. PMID- 6655456 TI - Physicochemical surface properties and phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes of different serogroups of Salmonella. AB - Salmonella isolates belonging to different serogroups have been analysed with respect to physicochemical surface properties and interaction with human polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMNs). Most (22/34) recent isolates of the different serotypes showed hydrophilic surface properties and little if any negative charge accompanied by resistance to phagocytosis by PMN similar to the old laboratory S strains Salmonella typhimurium 395MS and Salmonella minnesota S99 (main group). However, all isolates belonging to the serogroups C1 (5 isolates), E4 (2), O43 (1), and one out of three E1 isolates (C1/E4 group) differed from the main group. In aqueous biphasic partition in dextran polyethyleneglycol (PEG) systems the bacteria in the main group accumulated in the PEG-rich phase to 55-97%, those in the C1/E4 group to less than 10%, and R mutants only to 1-2%. The bacteria in the C1/E4 group displayed a negative surface charge and a susceptibility to phagocytosis by PMNs that were greater than those for strains in the main group but much lower than those shown by the R mutants. Bacteria belonging to serogroup C1 also displayed a significant susceptibility to hydrophobic interaction. The results are discussed in relation to the pathogenicity of salmonella. PMID- 6655457 TI - Synthesis of adenylate nucleotides by Mollicutes (mycoplasmas). AB - Cultures of the Mollicutes (mycoplasma) Acholeplasma laidlawii B, Acholeplasma morum, Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma arginini, Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma gallisepticum, representing four metabolic groups, were sampled at intervals over a 40 to 50 h period and assayed for the numbers of c.f.u., changes in pH and glucose concentration, and concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate and pyruvate. The adenylate energy charge (ECA), the mean generation time, and the number of nmol of ATP (mg dry weight)-1 were calculated for cultures in the mid exponential growth phase. The maximum cell concentrations ranged from 0.2 X 10(10) to 5.0 X 10(10) c.f.u. ml-1. Doubling times ranged from 0.34 to 3.29 h. The fermentative, nonarginine-requiring A. laidlawii B, A. morum, and M. gallisepticum, as well as the fermentative, arginine-requiring M. fermentans, utilized glucose and produced lactate and pyruvate. The non-fermentative, non arginine-requiring M. bovis neither utilized glucose nor produced lactate or pyruvate. The non-fermentative, arginine-requiring M. arginini utilized glucose, but did not produce lactate or pyruvate. At mid-exponential growth phase, the average ECA of A. laidlawii B was 0.90, a value similar to that reported for Spiroplasma citri and other bacteria. In contrast, the average ECA of A. morum and the four Mycoplasma species was 0.70. In A. laidlawii B at mid-exponential growth phase, ATP accounted for 97% of the total adenylate nucleotide pool.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655458 TI - Evidence for shorter average O-polysaccharide chainlength in the lipopolysaccharide of a bacteriophage Felix 01-sensitive variant of Salmonella anatum A1. AB - Prolonged culturing in the laboratory has resulted in the formation of a stable derivative of the smooth Group E bacterial strain, Salmonella anatum A1, that is sensitive to both the R-core-specific bacteriophage Felix 01 and O-polysaccharide specific bacteriophage epsilon 15. The variant strain, designated S. anatum A1-1, exhibits a normal number of irreversible binding sites for epsilon 15 but the relative quality and/or accessibility of those sites appears to be diminished. Infectious epsilon 15 phage particles are released more rapidly from S. anatum A1 1 than from its parent under acidic pH conditions known to interfere with the phage DNA ejection step. The purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S. anatum A1-1 exhibits a reduced rhamnose/heptose ratio in chemical assays. Fractionation of this LPS on SDS-urea-polyacrylamide gels followed by silver staining reveals a narrower range of O-polysaccharide chain lengths relative to that of the parent (0 to 20 vs. 0 to 40 repeating units, respectively). PMID- 6655459 TI - Isolation and characterization of the outer membrane from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. AB - The outer membrane of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain 3283-61 (serotype O2:K3) was isolated from blebs released upon spheroplast formation, in the presence of lysozyme and EDTA, by isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation. SDS-PAGE of the outer membrane fraction prepared from cells grown in nutrient broth containing 3% (w/v) NaCl revealed five major proteins, designated a to e, with apparent approximate molecular weights: a, 44 000; b, 36 000; c, 33 500; d, 26 500; e, 22 000. An increase in NaCl concentration in the growth medium resulted in an increase of proteins b and c, whereas a decrease to 0.5% (w/v) induced two additional major proteins with respective molecular weights of about 35 000 and 32 000. Proteins a and b appeared to be loosely associated with the peptidoglycan layer since they were largely retained after extraction with 2% (w/v) SDS at 50 degrees C for 30 min. Proteins c and/or e may play a role in phage VP1-receptors since phage-resistant mutants derived from strain 3283-61 had significantly diminished amounts of both proteins. The major outer membrane proteins varied in number and molecular weight in strains of V. parahaemolyticus belonging to different K-serotypes. PMID- 6655460 TI - Partial purification and characterization of two enzymes involved in isovaleric acid synthesis in Clostridium bifermentans. AB - Conversion of leucine to isovaleric acid by Clostridium bifermentans is achieved by the action of at least two enzymes. One is a transaminase producing alpha ketoisocaproic acid, which was purified 30-fold from osmotic lysates of late exponential phase cells by repeated chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose C16B and Sephacryl S300: this represented a 147-fold purification of activity found in sonically disrupted cells. This enzyme had an apparent molecular weight of approximately 190000 and was composed of six identically sized sub-units (molecular weight 31000 +/- 1000). Transamination required pyridoxal phosphate and pyruvate and was optimal at pH 8.6; the apparent Km for leucine was 7.0 mM. Activity was totally inhibited by 1 mM-p-chloromercuribenzoate and partially inhibited by other thiol reagents. The second enzyme decarboxylated alpha ketoisocaproic acid to form isovaleric acid and was also partially purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose C16B and Sephacryl S300. It has an apparent molecular weight of 240000 and required FAD and coenzyme A for activity; the Km for alpha-ketoisocaproic acid was 4.2 mM and activity was optimal around pH 8.0. This enzyme was a flavoprotein with absorption maxima at 280, 320 and 400 nm, and a fluorescent maximum at 500 nm. The prosthetic group, FAD, dissociated from the protein during purification resulting in an inactive apoenzyme which was only partially re-activated by FAD. Activity was completely inhibited by several thiol reagents tested at 1 mM. PMID- 6655461 TI - [Brachydactyly]. AB - Survey (illustrated by personal cases) of the seven main types of brachydactyly as isolated defects. Nosologic discussion about other brachydactylies. PMID- 6655462 TI - [Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among the student population of Milan]. AB - In our Department a yearly screening is carried out on the school population of Milan, in order to detect beta-thalassaemic trait carriers and G-6-P-D deficient males. This report deals with the results obtained on a group of 21,118 males. They all showed very low enzyme activity and often just detectable; the fall of GSH after incubation with acetylphenhylhidrazine appeared significantly greater than normal. Only 3 cases of hemolytic crises by fava beans ingestion and 7 cases of neonatal jaundice resulted from anamnestic data. PMID- 6655463 TI - [Solitary upper incisor, hypopituitarism and monosomy 18p chromosome aberration]. AB - A prepubertal boy with hypopituitarism, mental retardation, dysmorphia and solitary maxillary central incisor is described, karyotypic studies showed deletion of the short arm of chromosome 18 (46, XY, del (18) (p11). It is suggested that caryotypic studies is of interest among the patients with midline defects and/or hypopituitarism. PMID- 6655464 TI - [Secondary 18q2 due to a paternal double translocation]. AB - Trisomy 18q2 in a boy associated with a reciprocal translocation due to a paternal balanced complex rearrangement interesting chromosome 9, 10 and 18 is reported. Using this observation phenotypical data of the "typical" clinical description are discussed and some particular signs are pointed out. About the occurrence of the complex chromosomal rearrangement different hypothesis are considered. PMID- 6655465 TI - Measles virus-specific IgM antibodies in sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis. AB - The occurrence of measles virus-specific IgM antibodies in sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis not caused by Hepatitis B virus was examined by a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using whole serum, specific IgM antibodies were detected in 12 of 23 sera from patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative chronic active hepatitis. In nine of these sera the finding of specific IgM antibodies was verified by separation of IgM by density gradient centrifugation and examination of the fractions by ELISA. Most of the sera from the patients with measles virus-specific IgM antibodies had an elevated level of specific IgG antibodies compared to the level of IgG found in control sera. The significance of these findings in view of a possible persistent measles virus antigen production in patients with chronic active hepatitis is discussed. PMID- 6655466 TI - The 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor of blood platelets. AB - Blood platelets show specific, high affinity binding of 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine, 3H-ketanserin and 3H-D-lysergic acid diethylamide. 5-HT-antagonists are considerably more potent than agonists regarding both the displacement of specifically bound 3H-ketanserin and the shape change reaction mediated by the 5 HT-receptor. The latter depends on a rise of free intracellular Ca2+. The binding site for 3H-ketanserin and the site at which the 5-HT-induced shape change is triggered show the characteristics of a 5-HT2-receptor whose intracellular mediator seems to be Ca2+. The 5-HT2-receptor of platelets may be used as a partial model for that in neurons; however, it remains to be elucidated whether Ca2% is a mediator of the latter. PMID- 6655467 TI - Effect of a stereospecific D2-dopamine agonist on acetylcholine concentration in corpus striatum of rat brain. AB - The enantiomers of LY141865, trans(+/-)-4,4a,5,6,7,8a,9-octahydro-5-propyl-2H pyrazolo[3,4-g]qu inoline, were compared as dopamine D2 agonists by determining their abilities to elevate acetylcholine concentrations in rat corpus striatum. The levorotatory isomer, LY156258, increased striatal acetylcholine concentration at doses of 0.1-1 mg/kg i.p., whereas the dextrorotatory isomer had no effect even at doses as high as 30 mg/kg. The levorotatory isomer also decreased striatal concentrations of the dopamine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, but did not significantly alter dopamine or 5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentration. The dextrorotatory isomer had no effect on any of these substances alone and did not alter the effects of the levorotatory isomer. The elevation of striatal acetylcholine levels by LY156258 was mimicked by pergolide, a dopamine agonist, and was totally prevented by pretreatment with haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist. The elevation of striatal acetylcholine concentration by LY157258 was maximal at 0.5 hour and declined thereafter, following a time course similar to that of pergolide. Neither LY141865 nor LY156258 shared with peroglide and dopamine the ability to activate striatal adenylate cyclase in vitro, an effect mediated by D1 receptors. LY141865 and LY156258 (but not the dextrorotatory isomer) inhibited the binding of tritiated apomorphine and spiperone to striatal membrane receptors, but were not as potent as pergolide, they also had less effect, or no effect, on the binding of other tritiated ligands (dopamine, WB4101, clonidine, dihydroalprenolol, pyrilamine or quinuclidinyl benzilate) to their membrane receptors. These results indicate that LY156258 stereospecifically activates dopamine D2 receptors and the studies are the first evidence of sterospecificity of dopamine receptors mediating an increase in striatal acetylcholine concentration. PMID- 6655468 TI - Tyrosine's vasoactive effect in the dog shock model depends on the animal's starting blood pressure. AB - We examined the effect of tyrosine (10-200 mg/kg given intravenously) or placebo on blood pressure (BP) in dogs made hypotensive (systolic BP = 50 mm Hg) by bleeding one hour previously. Animals which, prior to induction of hypotension, had been normotensive (mean arterial pressures, [MAP] less than or equal to 145 mm Hg) subsequently exhibited a dose-related increase in BP after tyrosine administration. In contrast, dogs which had been hypertensive prior to bleeding exhibited a fall in BP after tyrosine. These observations indicated that prior cardiovascular status may be an important factor influencing responses to exogenous tyrosine, and to endogenous catecholamines produced from the tyrosine. PMID- 6655469 TI - Effects of the glutamic acid decarboxylase inhibitor 3-mercaptopropionic acid on the synthesis of brain GABA in vivo and postmortally. AB - The effects of the glutamic acid decarboxylase inhibitor 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) on the concentration of GABA in the mouse brain were studied. MPA completely inhibited the postmortem increase in GABA. This effect was used in order to achieve a maximal inhibition of the GABA synthesis in vivo during 67.5 minutes before killing by giving the drug repeatedly (50 mg/kg + 6 X 10 mg/kg i.p.) to mice pretreated with chloral hydrate (100 mg/kg i.p., 65 min before killing). Such a treatment with MPA markedly reduced the accumulation of GABA following inhibition of the GABA transaminase by aminooxyacetic acid but it did not change the endogenous concentration of GABA. This discrepancy might be due to inhibition of the impulse--evoked release of GABA following MPA. PMID- 6655470 TI - Deficient natural killer cell (NK) activity and macrophage functioning in schizophrenic patients. AB - The cytotoxic potential of mononuclear blood cells from 27 chronic schizophrenic patients was evaluated using quantitative measures of natural killer cell activity and macrophage inhibition of tumor cell growth. 44% of the patients had some evidence of deficient in vitro mononuclear cell function which was not correlated with a qualitative or quantitative alteration in the histologic appearance of these peripheral blood cells. PMID- 6655471 TI - Nickel(II) binding to glycylglycyl-L-tyrosine-N-methyl amide, a peptide mimicking the NH2-terminal nickel(II)-binding site of dog serum albumin: a 1H- and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance investigation. AB - The nonspecificity of dog serum albumin (DSA) for Ni(II) is mimicked by the simplest tripeptide, glycylglycyl-L-tyrosine-N-methyl amide, which forms a planar complex at high pH. In this study, the 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectra of the free and complexed peptide are reported. As the pH is increased for the free peptide, the deprotonation of the terminal amino group (pKa = 7.94) is reflected most strongly by the chemical shift changes of the NH2 terminal -CH2CO- unit. Large upfield and downfield shifts for the tyrosine C xi, C epsilon and C gamma carbon resonances occur on the ionization of the phenolic hydroxyl group. The planar Ni(II) complex is in slow exchange on the nmr time scale and is of 1:1 stoichiometry. The greater chemical shift changes on Ni(II) coordination are observed from the protons nearest the peptide and amino nitrogens:amide CH3 (-0.704), Tyr(3) alpha-CH (-0.667), Gly(1) alpha-CH2 ( 0.382), and Gly(2) alpha-CH2 (-0.519, -0.487). In the 13C spectrum, the Gly(1) C alpha (+7.58) is most affected. The Ni(II) ion is therefore at the center of four coordinating nitrogens. Changes in the coupling constants for the Tyr(3) -CH-CH2- moiety suggests a mainly gauche conformation with the tyrosyl ring positioned above the plane of coordination and a weak bonding interaction with the Ni(II) ion is indicated. These results provide structural information regarding the reduced affinity of DSA for Ni(II). PMID- 6655473 TI - Heme models of peroxidase enzymes: deuteroferriheme-catalyzed chlorination of monochlorodimedone by sodium chlorite. AB - The iron(III) complex of deuteroporphyrin(IX), deuteroferriheme, catalyzes the chlorination, by sodium chlorite, of the active methylene compound monochlorodimedone (MCD) to dichlorodimedone. Rate studies, carried out on a stopped-flow spectrophotometric time scale, show the chlorination to be zero order in MCD, first-order in ClO2- and to display a complex dependence on heme. The active chlorinating agent is believed to be hypochlorite, OCl-, formed as a result of the initial two-electron oxidation of heme to peroxidatic intermediate by chlorite ion. This scheme is supported by the fact that the normal (4:1) heme:ClO2- molar stoichiometry is reduced in the presence of MCD to values approaching 2:1. This suggests that MCD is an effective scavenger of OCl-, which, in the absence of active methylene compound, serves as a two-electron oxidant of heme. The zero-order dependence of rate on MCD is attributed to the slow formation of OCl-, consequent to a mechanism in which the rate-limiting step is viewed to be the regeneration of free heme from peroxidatic intermediate, probably via a catalatic pathway. Support for such a mechanism is provided by the fact that addition of ascorbate greatly enhances the rate of MCD chlorination, presumably by accelerating the rate of heme regeneration via perioxidation reduction of the heme intermediate. PMID- 6655472 TI - Chelation therapy for methylmercury(II) poisoning. Synthesis and determination of solubility properties of MeHg(II) complexes of thiol and dithiol antidotes. AB - Methylmercury(II) complexes of the most widely studied antidotes for mercury poisoning have been prepared, and both the water solubility and 1-octanol/water partition coefficients determined for these complexes and the L-cysteine complex. New complexes of N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine, 2-mercaptosuccinic acid, meso dimercaptosuccinic acid, and Unithiol have been synthesized and characterized, and are found to have the formulations MeHgSCMe2CH(NHCOMe)CO2H, MeHgSCH(CO2H)CH2CO2H, MeHgSCH(CO2H)CH(CO2H)SHgMe, and Na[MeHgSCH2CH (SHgMe)CH2SO3], respectively. Trends in octanol/water partition coefficients are consistent with reported studies of the effectiveness of antidotes for MeHg(II) poisoning and redistribution of MeHg(II) on administration of antidotes, particularly for British anti-Lewisite, Unithiol, and meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid. PMID- 6655474 TI - The dermatitis-producing constituents of Euphorbia hermentiana latex. AB - Five ingenane derivatives, 3-O-n-(deca-2,4,6-trienoyl)-16-O-[(Z)-2-methyl-2 butenoyl]-16-hydroxyingenol (1), 3-O-[(Z)-2-methyl-2-butenoyl]-5,16,20-O triacetyl-16-hydroxyingenol (2), 3-O-[(Z)-2-methyl-2-butenoyl]-16,20-O-diacetyl 16-hydroxyingenol (3), 3-O-[(Z)-2-methyl-2-butenoyl]-20-O-acetylingenol (4), and 3-O-[(Z)-2-methyl-2-butenoyl]-16-O-acetyl-20-deoxy-16-hydroxyingenol (5) were isolated with a new procedure that uses droplet counter-current chromatography, from a dermatitis-producing fraction of the latex of Euphorbia hermentiana Lem. The structures of the new compounds 2,3, and 5 were established by the interpretation of their spectroscopic data and those of their hydrolytic and acetylated derivatives. PMID- 6655475 TI - The measurement of muscle strength in patients with peripheral neuromuscular disorders. AB - The variability of voluntary isometric strength measurements has been assessed in normal subjects and patients with peripheral neuromuscular disorders. Knee extensor strength was measured in a muscle testing chair 13 times over 5 months in each of six normal subjects: coefficients of variation (CV) ranged from 4.5 to 14.0% (mean 8.5%) for individual legs in different subjects. Paired measurements of the strength of several clinically weak muscle groups were made 1-4 days apart in 20 patients using both a handheld dynamometer and the muscle chair technique: the test/retest correlation was high (r = 0.97, p less than 0.001). Visual biofeedback did not affect the strength recorded in most cases. Each of five patients had the strength of six or seven clinically weak muscle groups measured by five examiners within a 24 hour period: the CV for the five examiners ranged from 3.6-27.3% (mean 12.8%). A single examiner measuring the same groups on five occasions in three patients obtained a mean CV of 8.9%. Sources of variation are analysed and it is concluded that, with certain precautions, voluntary strength measurements offer a simple, reliable and acceptable method for monitoring change in patients. PMID- 6655476 TI - Contrast vision and optic neuritis: neural blurring. AB - In order to understand the vision of patients with long standing optic neuritis, contrast perception was analysed in some detail for three patients with uniocular anomalies. Contrast detection and contrast matching experiments each demonstrate anomalies in contrast processing for eyes with optic neuritis. In this regard, optic neuritis differs from all other visual anomalies so far investigated where the suprathreshold deficits (from matching experiments) are slight compared with those measured under threshold conditions (from detection experiments). Contrast discrimination is also impaired to a mild degree in optic neuritis but this cannot be predicted on the basis of the matching results. These results bear upon the currently proposed models for contrast coding in the normal visual system as well as the nature of the underlying pathology in optic neuritis. PMID- 6655477 TI - Tardive dyskinesia: clinical correlation with computed tomography in patients aged less than 60 years. AB - In a prevalence study of 335 psychiatric in-patients 49 patients (14.6%) with tardive dyskinesia were found. In view of the high prevalence of spontaneous dyskinetic syndromes in elderly patients only patients under 60 years were included (n = 21; mean age: 44.9). Clinical rating was performed with the AIMS scale. CT measurements of ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy were obtained. Tardive dyskinesia cases did not differ significantly from healthy controls, though some patients with severe dyskinesia showed signs of brain atrophy. These findings did not provide evidence to support neuropathological reports describing neuronal cell loss and midbrain gliosis in such patients. It is concluded that such structural brain changes in tardive dyskinesia patients are not detectable with present CT technology: they may either be due to concurrent aging processes or, in the case of younger patients, can be confirmed only by more functional methods of testing. PMID- 6655478 TI - Antecedent events in motor neuron disease. AB - Sixty-three patients with motor neuron disease and sixty-one controls matched for age and sex were interviewed concerning life events. An antecedent history of back injuries was found more often and there was an increased incidence of prior electric shock amongst the patients. No increase of head injuries, fractures, malignancy or previous poliomyelitis was detected. PMID- 6655479 TI - Median nerve compression by Struthers ligament. AB - A 61-year-old patient presented with progressive weakness, pain and numbness in the left arm and hand. On examination the abnormalities were confined to the distribution of the median nerve, and electrophysiological testing localised the lesion to the segment just proximal to the elbow. At surgery Struthers ligament was found compressing the median nerve. No bony spur was found by palpation or on radiological examination. PMID- 6655480 TI - Normal mitochondrial malic enzyme levels in Friedreich's ataxia fibroblasts. AB - Normal levels of mitochondrial malic enzyme were found in fibroblasts from three patients with Friedreich's ataxia. PMID- 6655481 TI - Non-paralytic motor disturbances and speech disorders: the role of the supplementary motor area. AB - A right-handed patient with a lesion demonstrated by CT to involve the right medial frontal cortex is described. He exhibited a strong contralateral grasp reflex, motor perseveration and the presence of purposeful movements that appeared to be dissociated from conscious volition. In addition, there was a disorder of speech consisting of a lack of spontaneous speech production, with preserved ability to imitate. It is suggested that these disorders are due to damage to the supplementary motor area. PMID- 6655482 TI - Progressive optic neuropathy and sensorineuronal hearing loss due to chronic glue sniffing. PMID- 6655483 TI - Cognitive and personality function in myotonic muscular dystrophy. AB - Twenty-nine patients with myotonic dystrophy from 14 families were tested with the Wechsler and Shipley measures of cognitive function. Forty-one per cent of the subjects had little or no physical handicap. Approximately one-third had low Wechsler scores, whereas 7% had relatively high scores. There was a trend for affected females to have poorer cognitive function than males. Limited cognitive ability correlated with maternal inheritance of the gene and severe physical handicap, but there were individual exceptions. Strongest cognitive abilities were verbal and informational, whereas the weakest were immediate recall, abstraction and spatial manipulation and orientation. There was no evidence of intellectual decline with time. Signs of cerebral atrophy on CT scans were uncommon, occurring for certain in only one of 19 subjects. Personality profiles were also constructed for 25 myotonic subjects using interview and MMPI techniques. Forty-four per cent of the subjects had unremarkable personality profiles, 24% had mild personality difficulties and 32% had prominent personality abnormalities. Serious personality difficulty was most common in patients with low cognitive ability and advanced physical handicap. There was no "typical" personality pattern representative of the entire group. It is likely that many personality problems were the result of individuals with limited resources attempting to cope with their physically deforming and debilitating neuromuscular disorder. PMID- 6655484 TI - The motor unit in muscular dystrophy, a single fibre EMG and scanning EMG study. AB - Dystrophic muscle shows increase in fibre density, abnormally low jitter in some recordings and more often increased jitter. The cross section of the motor unit has normal length. There are no signs of abnormal volume conduction characteristics. The increased fibre density is believed to be due to localised increase in the number of muscle action potential generators. The findings are compatible with a remodeling of the motor unit due to fibre loss and a reparative process with fibre regeneration and reinnervation. PMID- 6655485 TI - Motor unit size in muscular dystrophy, a macro EMG and scanning EMG study. AB - Patients with muscular dystrophy were investigated with Macro EMG to study activity from whole individual motor units, and with Scanning EMG to study the distribution of activity within the motor unit. Macro motor unit potentials were normal or only slightly reduced in amplitude. In Scanning EMG the units had unchanged mean length compared with normal, but an uneven distribution of the activity. This was also seen in severely weak muscles. The findings are interpreted to be the result of degenerative and regenerative processes, giving rise to remodelling of the motor unit. PMID- 6655486 TI - Topography of remyelinated chronic spinal cord lesions in herpes simplex virus type 2 infections of mice. AB - Six-week-old outbred mice were infected intracerebrally with a low dose of the MS strain of herpes simplex virus type 2. About 1% of neurologically abnormal survivors developed paralysis or severe leg weakness during the first three weeks of infection. Weakness persisted with little subsequent improvement. Five to 8 months later, 4 such mice were killed, and each spinal cord was examined in Epon sections in a series of transverse sections along their lengths. All cords had 2 or more major white matter lesions which were typically greatly elongated in the rostrocaudal dimension, as seen in multiple sequential sections. While a lesion's appearance frequently suggested some degree of tract association, its size, contour and position frequently varied from level to level in a manner which is not characteristic of tract degeneration. Further, axons were preserved in these lesions, and had been remyelinated. This was accomplished by a combination of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. The only evidence of Wallerian degeneration in these spinal cords was a modest reduction in the cross-sectional area of a white matter column associated with the most severe lesions. These pathological findings are consistent with previous ones in this model. Rostrocaudal elongation of spinal cord lesions may be seen in other animal models of virus-induced demyelination; this and other features reported here have been described in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 6655487 TI - Attachment of myelin to coated pits on macrophages in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. AB - In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) invading macrophages appear to destroy the antigen-containing region of the plasma membrane of the myelinating cell, leaving the cell body intact. We report here that during myelin destruction and phagocytosis, myelin lamellae are attached to coated pits on the macrophage surface. As coated pits are sites where receptor-ligand complexes concentrate prior to endocytosis, we conclude that ligand-mediated phagocytosis may explain the targeted activity of macrophages in autoimmune demyelination. PMID- 6655488 TI - Selenium and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The effects of different levels of dietary selenium on clinico-pathological findings. AB - There are reports in which multiple sclerosis (MS) seems to be associated with abnormalities in selenium (Se) metabolism and erythrocyte glutathione-peroxidase (GSH-px) activity. Ordinary experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), which reflects some features of human MS, was induced in guinea pigs maintained with high, low and normal levels of Se in the diet. Evidence was obtained to indicate the following results: (i) a direct correlation between dietary Se levels and whole blood Se levels. (ii) Erythrocyte GSH-px activity was not found to be correlated with the blood Se content. (iii) The animals fed with low or normal levels of Se showed the same survival rates and developed EAE in a similar way and percentage. (iv) The animals fed with high non-toxic levels of Se showed a high incidence of death and some developed EAE with a subacute course, when compared with the other experimental groups. The results are discussed on the basis of findings in the literature. PMID- 6655489 TI - Persistence of papilloedema after operation for intracranial tumour. AB - The resolution of papilloedema after removal of an intracranial tumour in 14 patients (group 1) was compared with that after a CSF shunt operation in 12 patients (group 2). In group 1, the longest time needed for resolution was 20 weeks; there was no consistent relation between severity of papilloedema and time of resolution, and in 4 patients papilloedema subsided only after more than 10 weeks. In group 2, the longest time needed for resolution was 6 weeks and the time of resolution was closely related to the severity of papilloedema. Persistence of papilloedema after removal of an intracranial tumour may be explained by raised CSF pressure caused by a postoperative CSF circulation block which occurs in some patients. If vision is threatened in such cases, a CSF shunt operation should be performed. PMID- 6655490 TI - Peroneal muscular atrophy. Part 2. Nerve biopsy studies. AB - The present study used the nerve pathology, studied by quantitative light microscopy, as the sole basis for classification of peroneal muscular atrophy (PMA). The findings in biopsies of superficial peroneal nerves of 20 patients were compared with normal values obtained from 8 controls. Three homogeneous groups comprising 17 out of 20 patients were clearly identified. The hypertrophic type (7 cases) was characterized by (1) many multilamellated onion bulb formations; (2) extensive loss of MF with both involvement of the largest and smallest fibers; (3) lack of significant cluster formation. The neuronal sensori motor type (5 cases) was characterized by (1) absence of any OB; (2) elective loss of large MF; (3) abundance of clusters with significant increase of the small MF population. The neuronal motor type (5 cases) showed a virtually normal sensory nerve except for fairly numerous clusters in some cases. Comparing this classification based on histomorphometric grounds, with the electrophysiological data it appears that 14 patients out of 17 would be correctly classified as hypertrophic or neuronal with respect to the motor nerve conduction velocity of the median nerve alone. Three cases were not classified in the previous groups since they differed notably in one or more parameters from the typical cases. A possible intermediate group is discussed. PMID- 6655491 TI - Rotation-mediated aggregation of skin fibroblasts in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Effects of monensin. AB - Rotation-mediated aggregation of human skin fibroblasts has been studied and the patterns of aggregation compared between cultures obtained from 9 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and from 10 normal controls. The rate of aggregation was dependent on the growth state of the cells, with growing cells aggregating more rapidly than growth-arrested cells. There was considerable variation between individuals in the rate at which cells aggregated but no differences were detected in the aggregation of normal and DMD cells measured by this method. The monovalent cation ionophore monensin, which inhibits the transport of cellular proteins to the extracellular medium, reduced aggregation of all cells. The data suggest that after initial cell-cell contact continued aggregation is dependent on the secretion of materials to the cell surface. The aggregation of normal and DMD cells was affected similarly by this treatment. PMID- 6655492 TI - Somatosensory evoked potentials from musculocutaneous nerve in the diagnosis of brachial plexus injuries. AB - A technique for recording somatosensory evoked potentials using stimulation of musculocutaneous sensory nerve fibers proximal to the wrist has been used in 10 normal subjects and in 8 patients with traumatic lesions of proximal parts of the brachial plexus. The technique gave satisfactory evoked potentials in all normal subjects and provided useful information in patients with avulsion of the 5th and 6th cervical roots. The results were similar to those obtained by radial nerve stimulation. The results in 3 patients with upper trunk injuries and in 1 patient with avulsion of the 5th cervical root were unhelpful. In 2 patients with multiple cervical root avulsions the evoked potentials from cervical cord and contralateral scalp were absent and were attenuated at Erb's point. This is the first report where musculocutaneous nerve evoked potentials have been applied to a group of patients. PMID- 6655493 TI - Neurite regeneration by Aplysia neurons in dissociated cell culture: modulation by Aplysia hemolymph and the presence of the initial axonal segment. AB - Neurons from the abdominal ganglion of the mollusc Aplysia californica regenerate neurite processes in dissociated cell culture. Both the nature of neurite outgrowth and the morphology of the cells are influenced by the presence of adult Aplysia hemolymph in the growth medium and the presence of a portion of a cell's original axonal process. Aplysia hemolymph enhances cell survival, the initiation of neurite outgrowth from multiple sites on the cell body surface, the linear growth of the processes, and the amount of branching by those processes. Hemolymph also decreases the diameter of the outgrowing neurite fascicles and the diameter of the individual neurites within the fascicles. The presence of a cell's original axon reduces the time required for the initiation of neurite outgrowth and restricts the formation of multipolar processes. In addition, the presence of an initial axonal segment is essential for neurite regeneration from large adult neurons. PMID- 6655494 TI - Modulation by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) of serotonin receptors in membranes from rat hippocampus. AB - The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been located in various structures of the rat brain, but few actions of the peptide have been reported as yet. Because VIP might interact with classical neurotransmitter systems in the central nervous system as it does in the periphery, we investigated whether VIP can modulate serotonin (5-HT1) receptors in membrane preparations obtained from brain areas which contain various amounts of VIP and 5-HT receptors. The presence of bacitracin alone, which protects VIP from proteolytic degradation, decreases the affinity of [3H]5-HT binding in almost all of the structures tested. Scatchard analysis indicates that, in the presence of bacitracin, VIP significantly decreases the affinity and increases the number of specific high affinity binding sites for [3H]5-HT in the dorsal hippocampus. VIP induces a dose-dependent increase in the number of 5-HT1 receptors with a maximal response of 60% with 10( 7) M VIP. At the same concentration, neither secretin nor glucagon modifies 5-HT1 receptor density. No effect of VIP is observed in the ventral hippocampus, parietal cortex, whole hypothalamus, and midbrain. This effect of VIP is not observed when bacitracin is omitted, and the presence of calcium ions does not alter the efficacy of the VIP effect. No effect of VIP is obtained on [3H]spiperone binding assayed with 10 microM mianserin to define specific binding. The present data suggest that some of the effects of 5-HT in the hippocampus may be modulated by VIP. PMID- 6655495 TI - Biochemical properties of the nerve growth factor-inducible large external (NILE) glycoprotein. AB - In the presence of nerve growth factor (NGF), PC12 pheochromocytoma cells undergo neuronal differentiation with a concomitant 3- to 5-fold increase in the specific level of an Mr = 230,000 cell surface component named the NGF-inducible large external, or NILE, glycoprotein. Antisera raised against NILE glycoprotein (NILE GP) purified from PC12 cells have been found to recognize most, if not all, neurons derived from the peripheral and central nervous systems. In the current studies several of the biochemical properties of NILE GP were investigated. NILE GP was found to be phosphorylated in NGF-treated and -untreated PC12 cells and in cultured rat sympathetic neurons. The phosphate moiety of NILE GP is almost completely alkali labile, suggesting that phosphoserine groups predominate. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that incorporation of [32P]phosphate into NILE GP relative to total PC12 cell phosphoprotein was not significantly altered at 12 and 24 hr of NGF treatment but was enhanced 3-fold after 7 days and up to 5-fold after 2 to 3 weeks of NGF exposure. These changes in phosphorylated NILE GP paralleled, and therefore appeared to be mainly a consequence of, the NGF induced increase in total cellular levels of NILE GP. By two-dimensional gel analysis, anti-NILE GP selectively immunoprecipitated two NGF-inducible spots (apparent Mr = 230,000; pI = 6.4 to 6.6) from PC12 cells labeled with either [3H] fucose, [35S]methionine, or [32P]phosphate. Anti-NILE GP immunoprecipitated a single band (apparent Mr = 205,000) from extracts of rat brain labeled with [3H] glucosamine. This confirms the previously established apparent molecular weight difference between central and peripheral NILE GP cross-reactive material. When PC12 cells, cerebellar cultures, and cultured cerebral cortex were treated with tunicamycin and labeled with [35S]methionine, nonglycosylated bands each with Mr = 160,000 were immunoprecipitated, implying that the differences in the mobilities on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels of cross-reactive NILE GP from different tissues is due to variation in glycosylation rather than to large differences in apoprotein structure. Prolonged treatment of PC12 cells with trypsin produced an immunoreactive fragment of NILE GP of apparent Mr = 28,000 that was phosphorylated but not glycosylated, and that remained in the membrane. NILE GP remained predominantly membrane associated under a variety of aqueous extraction conditions, suggesting that it is an integral membrane protein. PMID- 6655496 TI - Release of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid from glial (Muller) cells of the rat retina: effects of K+, veratridine, and ethylenediamine. AB - In several neural systems, glial cells appear to take up and release gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) upon depolarization. We have studied the release of [3H]GABA from Muller (glial) cells in the rat retina by a double isotope-labeling technique in which Muller cells are preloaded with 3H-GABA while a population of neurons is prelabeled with [14C]glycine. By autoradiography, we have confirmed that [3H]GABA is taken up by the radially oriented Muller cells, whereas [3H]glycine is accumulated by a subset of amacrine cells (neurons). Using the double-labeling procedure, we have examined the effects of two depolarizing agents, high K+ and veratridine, and the GABA mimetic, ethylenediamine, on transmitter release from glial cells and neurons simultaneously. We found the following. (1) Depolarization with 56 mM K+ released both [3H]GABA and [14C]glycine. About 70 to 80% of this release was blocked in Ca2+-free medium. (2) Veratridine (10 microM) also released both of the transmitters. This release was strongly inhibited by 100 nM tetrodotoxin or 1mM procaine. Under Ca2+-free conditions, less than 20% isotope release was observed. (3) Ethylenediamine released [3H]GABA readily, whereas little [14C]glycine release was observed. Removal of Ca2+ had no significant effect on transmitter release. Furthermore, in Na+-free medium ethylenediamine failed to induce [3H] GABA or [14C]glycine release. These results suggest that high K+ and veratridine release [3H]GABA from Muller cells by a Ca2+-dependent process. Ethylenediamine, on the other hand, appears to induce [3H]GABA release by a Ca2+-independent, carrier-mediated exchange mechanism. PMID- 6655497 TI - Size, shape, and solubility of a class of releasable cell surface proteins of sympathetic neurons. AB - Exposed on the cell surface of sympathetic neurons in culture is a family of high molecular weight glycoproteins (B1, B2, B3, and B4, related to the NILE protein) which undergoes post-translational modification (Sweadner, K. J. (1983) J. Neurosci. 3: 2504-2517). B1 and B3 are converted to B2 and B4 by what might be limited proteolysis. These proteins normally require detergents to release them from the cells. When neurotransmitter release is evoked chemically, however, derivatives of the proteins (S2 and S4) are released into the medium. A hydrodynamic analysis of the structure of the released proteins and their membrane-associated precursors was undertaken to determine whether the proteins are released as membrane fragments, aggregates, or monomers in solution, and to give information on the structure and disposition of the proteins on the cell surface. Measurements of the Stokes radii, sedimentation coefficients, partial specific volumes, and frictional coefficients of the proteins indicate that they are released into the medium as soluble monomers. The hydrodynamic analysis also indicates that they are nonglobular (probably fibrous) in shape, both before and after post-translational modification and release. Their true molecular weights are calculated to be approximately 130,000 to 170,000. Although B1, B2, B3, and B4 are probably intrinsic membrane proteins, their releasability suggests that most of their mass is exposed to the aqueous extracellular medium. PMID- 6655498 TI - Single-channel currents activated by curare in cultured embryonic rat muscle. AB - Single cholinergic receptor channel currents activated by curare were recorded in tissue-cultured embryonic rat muscle, directly confirming curare's action as a weak cholinergic agonist. In embryonic muscle, curare, in addition to its classical action as a competitive cholinergic antagonist, produces small sustained depolarizations which can be blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin. The single channel events are of short duration but otherwise exhibit the major features observed with other cholinergic agonists. The single-channel events are blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin. Two values of unit conductance, 30.4 +/- 3.5 pS and 47 +/- 6 pS, were measured in cells from different cultures. Histograms of open-state duration are well fit by a distribution which is a sum of two exponentials, with time constants of 0.33 +/- 0.08 msec for the fast component and 1.84 +/- 0.43 msec for the slow component. PMID- 6655499 TI - Binaural characteristics of units in the owl's brainstem auditory pathway: precursors of restricted spatial receptive fields. AB - The barn owl uses binaural phase and intensity differences for sound localization. These two cues also determine the receptive fields of specialized neurons in the inferior colliculus. The main aim of this study was to investigate where neuronal sensitivity to the binaural cues emerges in the brainstem auditory nuclei, and how this sensitivity reaches the neurons in the inferior colliculus. The owl's phase-sensitive neurons are selective to microsecond phase differences of high frequency signals, unlike mammalian phase-sensitive neurons which are restricted to low frequency signals. In certain nuclei virtually all of the neurons are sensitive to either phase differences or intensity differences, but not to both. These nuclei form two distinctly separate pathways that converge at the inferior colliculus where neurons selective to both phase and intensity differences occur. In contrast to the mammalian auditory system, the owl's phase- and intensity difference-sensitive pathways are not segregated into low frequency and high frequency channels. PMID- 6655500 TI - The connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and their relationship to a cortical hierarchy in the macaque monkey. AB - The cortical and subcortical connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the macaque monkey were investigated using combined injections of [3H]proline and horseradish peroxidase within MT. Cortical connections were assigned to specific visual areas on the basis of their relationship to the pattern of interhemispheric connections, revealed by staining for degeneration following callosal transection. MT was shown to be reciprocally connected with many topographically organized cortical visual areas, including V1, V2, V3, and V4. These pathways link regions representing corresponding portions of the visual field in the different areas. In addition, MT has reciprocal connections with two previously unidentified cortical areas, which we have designated the medial superior temporal area (MST) and the ventral intraparietal area (VIP). The laminar distribution of terminals and cell bodies in cortical areas connected with MT follows a consistent pattern. In areas V1, V2, and V3, the projections to MT arise largely or exclusively from cells in supragranular layers, and the reciprocal connections from MT terminate mainly in supragranular and infragranular layers. In contrast, the projections to MST and VIP terminate mainly in layer IV, and the reciprocal pathways originate from cells in both superficial and deep layers. On the basis of this pattern, each connection can be designated as forward or feedback in nature, and a hierarchical arrangement of visual areas can be determined. In this hierarchy, MT is at a higher level than V1, V2, and V3, and at a lower level than MST and VIP. Subcortical projections were seen from MT to the claustrum, the putamen, the caudate nucleus, the inferior and lateral subdivisions of the pulvinar complex, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, the superior colliculus, and the pontine nuclei. PMID- 6655501 TI - Visual response properties in the tectorecipient zone of the cat's lateral posterior-pulvinar complex: a comparison with the superior colliculus. AB - The medial portion of the cat's lateral posterior-pulvinar complex (LPm) receives a prominent ascending projection from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. This region of the thalamus has been suggested to serve as a relay by which visual information from the midbrain could be conveyed to extrastriate cortex. In order to determine how the functional organization within the LPm compares with that of the superior colliculus, visual response properties of LPm and superior collicular neurons were examined under identical experimental conditions. The majority of neurons in the LPm, as in the superior colliculus, respond vigorously to moving stimuli, and a substantial proportion of these cells also exhibit a preference for movements in a particular direction. Furthermore, most cells in the LPm, in common with those of the tectum, respond only in a phasic manner to flashed stimuli, have homogeneous receptive field organization, and show response suppression to stimuli larger than the activating region of the receptive field. As in the colliculus, the ipsilateral visual field is represented in the LPm. In spite of these similarities, there are also some striking differences between the visual responses of LPm and collicular neurons. First, the average size of receptive fields of neurons within the LPm is at least twice that of units in the superficial gray layers of the tectum. Second, more cells in the colliculus are directionally selective than those in the LPm, and the distribution of preferred directions is different in the two regions. Third, an appreciable proportion (27%) of the cells in the LPm are orientation selective, whereas this response property is only rarely encountered in the cat's tectum. Fourth, many LPm neurons can only be activated by binocular stimulation, whereas most collicular units respond equally well to stimulation of either eye. Collectively, these findings indicate that there is a substantial transformation in the lateral posterior-pulvinar complex of the ascending visual influx provided by the superior colliculus. PMID- 6655502 TI - Mapping and quantitation of proteins from discrete nuclei and other areas of the rat brain by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. AB - A map of the location and relative concentration of a number of different proteins present in 25 distinct neuroanatomical regions of the male rat brain has been established utilizing two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The regions examined include cortical areas as well as nuclei from the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, forebrain, and hindbrain. Tissue samples were obtained from each region of interest by microdissection. Proteins within these samples were first separated by charge using the technique of isoelectric focusing. In the second dimension, proteins were separated by mass on polyacrylamide slab gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Proteins were visualized using a highly sensitive silver stain and quantitated by computerized scanning densitometry. The results demonstrate that all proteins examined varied somewhat in concentration among the different brain regions. The majority (53%) of polypeptides selected for quantitation were found to vary less than 4-fold in concentration between the neuroanatomical areas with the lowest and highest detected amounts. In contrast, approximately 10% of the proteins examined varied widely in the quantity measured in each brain region, with concentration values ranging more than 10-fold between the regions with the lowest and highest detected amounts. This atlas is a first attempt at systematically classifying the mass, charge, and relative concentration of proteins present in a variety of regions of the rat brain. The system presented here will serve as a basis for future studies in this area. PMID- 6655503 TI - The medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat: implications for thalamic organization. AB - The structure of neurons and axons was studied in the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat with the Golgi methods. The results show that the medial division consists of morphologically heterogeneous neurons. The main types, in descending order of frequency, are medium-sized neurons with (1) radiate, (2) tufted, or (3) elongate dendrites; (4) small stellate or radiate neurons, including Golgi type II cells with a locally arborizing, sparsely branching axon collateral system; (5) large neurons, which are weakly tufted. A variety of afferent axons impose a reticulate appearance on the fiber architecture of the medial division. The dominant element in the neuropil consists of axons terminating in the medial division as well as a collateral system of fibers traveling to the adjacent ventral and dorsal divisions of the medial geniculate body. Four types of extrinsic axons are described, including two kinds of thin axons with collateral systems, thick fibers with restricted branches, and large axons with elaborate, serpentine collaterals. Compared to the dorsal and ventral divisions of the medial geniculate body, where, respectively, radiate and tufted neurons are more frequent, the medial division is intermediate in a sense-not that the degree of radiate or tufted dendritic branching is less well developed, but neither type of cell predominates. Moreover, all of the cell types are overlapping in distribution, although the large ones tend to be more common rostrally in the medial division. Likewise, there is no clear-cut regional segregation of axonal types. The ascending projections to the medial division originate in many different structures, involving purely auditory tracts from the inferior colliculus, spinal inputs, and pathways from polysensory regions, such as the midbrain tegmentum and deep layers of the superior colliculus. The spinothalamic tract projects most heavily to the rostromedial region of the medial division bordering the ventrobasal complex. The auditory input from the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus tends to project more heavily to the caudolateral region next to the ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body. However, these inputs overlap in the medial division. Moreover, the pathways from the tegmentum and the superior colliculus have a broad distribution in the medial division. Still other inputs are known, not to mention those from the cerebral cortex and a widespread and complicated pattern of thalamocortical projections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6655504 TI - The neural signal for skin indentation depth. II. Steady indentations. AB - The glabrous skin of the monkey's hand was stimulated with a waveform that indented the skin at a rate of 0.4 mm/sec, held the skin steadily or nearly steadily indented for 12 sec or longer, and then retracted back to the starting position. Recordings were made of activity in single afferent fibers in response to these stimuli. The average discharge frequency of 21 slowly adapting mechanoreceptors declined 38% during the first 12 sec of a steady indentation when the amplitude of the displacement was 0.65 mm and 36% when the displacement was 1.3 mm. When the plateau was not steady but the indentation depth gradually decreased by 15% during the 12-sec plateau period, the average decline was 47% for the 0.65-mm indentation and 46% for the 1.3-mm stimulus. When the indentation depth gradually increased by 15% during the 12-sec plateau, the discharge declined an average of 26% during the 0.65-mm indentation and 22% during the 1.3 mm displacement. To determine the effect of receptor adaptation on the perception of skin indentation depth, 13 human subjects had the skin of their fingertips indented 1 mm with similar trapezoidal waveform and were asked whether the indentation depth increased or decreased during the plateau portion of the stimulus. Ten of the 13 subjects thought that the indentation depth was increasing when the plateau was steady. The method of limits was then used to determine how much the stimulus had to change for the subject to feel the depth during the plateau as unchanging; i.e., a "perceptual zero."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655505 TI - Intentional responses to kinesthetic stimuli in orofacial muscles: implications for the coordination of speech movements. AB - Reaction times (RTs) from human orofacial muscles were obtained with labial displacement and auditory stimuli to evaluate the potential for contributions by these sensorimotor processes to speech movement coordination. Because speech requires both concurrent and sequential movements, intramovement (labial stimulus, labial response) and intermovement (labial stimulus, lingual response) RT minima were examined. Intramovement and intermovement RT minima were from 46 to 52 msec. Response-related reductions in background muscle activity were observed with latencies as short as 35 msec. These observations indicate a potentially important role for RT processes in the coordination of speech movements. These control processes would appear to be open-loop and predictive. PMID- 6655506 TI - Quantitative studies of amino acid flow in the digestive tract of sheep fed alfalfa protein concentrates. AB - Mature wethers fitted with duodenal and ileal cannulae were fed isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing alfalfa protein concentrate (APC) prepared by various methods. Amino acid concentrations in digesta at the proximal duodenum and distal ileum were influenced by processing method used for preparation of ACP (P less than 0.05). Amino acid pattern at the proximal duodenum was not affected by treatment. Methionine and lysine concentrations were lower in mixed bacteria isolated from the rumen of sheep fed APC prepared by anaerobic fermentation and spray dried when compared to other treatments. Apparent ruminal degradability of individual amino acid was influenced by method of preparation for APC (P less than 0.05). Bacteria contributed 55-74% of total amino acids flowing to the duodenum. Approximately 72% of the amino acids reaching the duodenum disappeared in the small intestine regardless of treatment. Amino acid pattern of residual proteins differed from respective dietary proteins. Results reveal that not all proteins entering the small intestine of ruminants are of equal quality. PMID- 6655507 TI - Comparative vitamin B-6 bioavailability from tuna, whole wheat bread and peanut butter in humans. AB - Relative bioavailability of vitamin B-6 from tuna, whole wheat bread and peanut butter was investigated in eight men. The study was divided into a 10-day adjustment and three, 14-day experimental periods in a 3 X 3 Latin square design. Vitamin B-6 intake was set at 1.6 mg/day, with 50% of the intake coming from one of the three experimental foods and 50% from a basal diet. Daily complete urine and fecal collections were made. Urine was analyzed for 4-pyridoxic acid (4PA) and vitamin B-6, fecal samples for vitamin B-6 and plasma (sampled every 5 days) for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). Mean values +/- SD for the adjustment, tuna, whole wheat bread and peanut butter periods were: 5.65 +/- 1.76, 4.89 +/- 1.10, 3.62 +/- 0.66 and 2.80 +/- 0.50 mumol/day for 4-pyridoxic acid; 0.98 +/- 0.34, 1.05 +/- 0.20, 0.76 +/- 0.09 and 0.68 +/- 0.19 mumol/day for urinary vitamin B-6; 2.72 +/- 0.94, 3.08 +/- 0.73, 3.80 +/- 0.78 and 4.42 +/- 1.03 mumol/day for fecal vitamin B-6 and 65.0 +/- 23.30, 64.8 +/- 29.80, 49.3 +/- 14.40 and 48.4 +/- 20.20 nM for plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, respectively. 4PA and urinary vitamin B-6 excretion were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) higher in the tuna period than in either the whole wheat bread or peanut butter periods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655508 TI - Maternal dietary magnesium effects on lactation success and on milk yield and composition in the rat. AB - Maternal dietary magnesium (Mg) intake during lactation is known to affect the growth and development of the newborn. We fed three groups of lactating rats diets containing 125, 500 and 900 mg Mg/kg, and observed pup growth, milk yield, and milk Mg, calcium, protein, fat, lactose and energy concentrations on maternal dietary Mg; milk calcium decreased. Other milk constituents and yield did not appear to be directly affected, although deficient dams ate less food which did depress milk yield. Deficient dams also developed swollen and distended teats when milked. We conclude that less than a normally recommended amount of Mg in the maternal diet depresses pup growth, while more than a normal amount accelerates it. No clear connection was identified between the growth response and any milk constituent. PMID- 6655509 TI - Muscle protein turnover in cattle of differing genetic backgrounds as measured by urinary N tau-methylhistidine excretion. AB - N tau-methylhistidine (N tau MH) was used as an index for muscle protein degradation and this index was utilized to evaluate degradation rates in young growing cattle. Initially, two Charolais crossbred heifers, 12 months of age, were used to measure the recovery of radioactivity in the urine for a 120-hour period after intravenous injection of [14C]N tau MH. Of the radioactivity injected into the animals, 89.7% was recovered after 120 hours. With rate and amount of clearance as the criteria, the excretion of N tau MH in urine appears to be a valid index of muscle protein degradation in cattle. Eight steers of two genetic types were used to evaluate the effect of frame size on turnover rates of muscle proteins with N tau MH as an index. Large frame cattle (LG) excreted more N tau MH per day (P less than 0.03) throughout the trial. Total daily creatinine excretion was less for small frame (SM) cattle (P less than 0.02) showing an increase with time (P less than 0.01) in LG and SM cattle. N tau MH-to-creatinine ratios showed a decline with time. Fractional breakdown rates (FBR) and fractional synthesis rates (FSR) appeared to parallel each other with rates tending to decrease with age. No differences were observed between LG and SM cattle for FBR, FSR or fractional growth rate (FGR). PMID- 6655510 TI - Influence of maternal cholestyramine treatment on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in adult offspring. AB - To reduce ileal reabsorption of bile acids and to deplete hepatic cholesterol pools, female rats were fed a diet containing 5% (wt/wt) cholestyramine from 4 days prior to mating. Control rats were fed the same diet without cholestyramine. In one group on day 20 of gestation diet-fed dams and their fetuses were investigated. Additional pups were raised in litters of eight and nursed by their mothers for 30 days at which time they were weaned to the control diet. All dams were given the control diet from day 14 of lactation; at no time did neonates have access to cholestyramine. Offspring were raised until 3 months of age then fed the control, cholestyramine or a high fat, high cholesterol diet for 5 days. Maternal cholestyramine produced significant elevation of fetal hepatic 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase; fetal 7 alpha-hydroxylase (7 alpha-OH) activity, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, however, were not significantly altered. The elevated HMG-CoA reductase activity persisted in liver and in addition was present in jejunum of 3-month-old male offspring challenged with the control or cholestyramine diet for 5 days. When challenged with the high fat, high cholesterol diet, male offspring from cholestyramine-treated dams had significantly higher plasma cholesterol levels but HMG-CoA reductase and 7 alpha OH activity similar to controls. Maternal treatment had no apparent effect on plasma triglyceride or hepatic 7 alpha-OH in 3-month-old male offspring.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655511 TI - Folate depletion secondary to iron deficiency in the neonatal rat. AB - Two experiments were performed to investigate the effect of dietary iron deficiency during reproduction on folate status in rat dams and pups. In experiment 1, twenty pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (190-200 g) were fed one of two diets (8 ppm Fe, 1 ppm folate or 250 ppm Fe, 1 ppm folate) throughout gestation and until day 18 of lactation when dams and their pups (seven per litter) were killed. Although there was no effect of iron deficiency on dam folate status, iron-deficient pups had decreased liver folate activity compared to controls. Milk free folate activity was significantly decreased by 34% in iron-deficient dams compared to controls. To determine if iron deficiency affected folate status at birth, experiment 2 was conducted. Nine pregnant rats (215-230 g) were fed one of two diets (6 ppm Fe, 1 ppm folate or 250 ppm Fe, 1 ppm folate) throughout gestation and until day 2 of lactation. Liver and kidney folate activities were similar in both groups of pups on day 2 of lactation. It is concluded that the stress of lactation superimposed on iron deficiency alters the folate composition of rat milk, and results in folate depletion in 18-day-old rat pups. PMID- 6655512 TI - Composition and protein quality of honeybee-collected pollen of Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus calophylla. AB - The composition and protein quality of the two most important Western Australian export-quality pollens were investigated. Crude pollen protein content was 20.6% and 27.9% for Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and Marri (Eucalyptus calophylla), respectively. Lysine was the limiting amino acid relative to the FAO protein scoring pattern (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), and the amino acid scores were 0.73 and 0.66 for Jarrah and Marri pollen, respectively. Apparent biological value (BV) was 61.7 for Jarrah pollen, 66.9 for Marri pollen and 71.4 for the casein controls. Adjusted protein efficiency ratio (PER) values were 2.5, 1.2 and 1.1 for casein and Jarrah and Marri pollens, respectively. Apparent net protein utilization (NPU) was significantly reduced for both pollens (32.8 for Jarrah and 39.5 for Marri) compared to casein (63.6). The low apparent NPU values result from the relatively low digestibility of pollens. Apparent digestibility was 52 and 59% for Jarrah and Marri pollen compared to 89% for casein. Although both Jarrah and Marri pollen are relatively high in protein and have favorable amino acid patterns, their relatively low digestibility will be a limiting factor in their usefulness as a food for humans and monogastric animals. The proximate analysis and mineral content of the pollens are also presented. PMID- 6655513 TI - Superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation in the rat: developmental correlations affected by manganese deficiency. AB - The activities of the mitochondrial enzyme manganese-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), the cytosolic enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), and lipid peroxidation in liver were measured in manganese-sufficient and manganese deficient rats from birth to 60 days of age. In both groups of rats there was an increase in MnSOD activity during development. In control rats MnSOD activity increased over sixfold between day 1 and day 60. However, in manganese-deficient animals the activity of this enzyme increased only threefold during this time period. In both groups of rats there was approximately a sixfold increase in CuZnSOD activity between day 1 and day 60. After day 10, CuZnSOD activity tended to be higher in Mn-deficient rats, with this difference being significant on day 15 (P greater than 0.01). Measurements of thiobarbituric acid-reacting products (TBA index) under conditions of oxidant stress suggested that there was a higher than normal level of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation in manganese-deficient rats by 60 days of age. Lipid peroxidation increased from day 1 to day 60 in both groups of rats, but a fivefold increase occurred in manganese-deficient rats while in controls the increase was only threefold. These findings suggest that the damage to mitochondrial membranes observed in manganese-deficient animals may be due to depressed MnSOD activity resulting in increased lipid peroxidation from free radicals. PMID- 6655514 TI - Effect of dietary zinc sources and pregnancy on zinc utilization in adult women fed controlled diets. AB - Five nonpregnant and 10 pregnant women participated in 21-day confined metabolic studies. Two diets each providing 16 mg of zinc per day were fed. In one diet 70% of the total zinc was provided by animal products and 30% was contributed by plant sources. In the second diet the proportions were reversed. Apparent absorption of zinc was determined using the balance technique. During the last 15 days of the study, zinc intake was only slightly greater than the amount of zinc excreted in feces. Mean apparent absorption values did not exceed 5% and did not vary due to diet or pregnancy. Zinc bioavailability was also assessed by measuring the apparent absorption of a stable isotope of zinc (70Zn) added to the diet. There was no significant effect of either diet or pregnancy on 70Zn absorption, which averaged about 25%. Serum zinc values were normal throughout the study and did not change significantly as a function of diet. The pregnant women, however, maintained values that were 19-27% lower than those of the nonpregnant women. In summary, the substitution of animal sources of zinc by plant products did not reduce zinc bioavailability or alter zinc utilization. PMID- 6655515 TI - Factors affecting dietary requirement and deficiency signs of L-tryptophan in rainbow trout. AB - Two experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of dietary tryptophan needed for optimal growth and survival of fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), to characterize signs of tryptophan deficiency, and to ascertain the effects of niacin on deficiency signs. Test diets containing either hydrolyzed or intact casein were fed with graded levels of added L-tryptophan (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 g/100 g protein). Maximum growth occurred at 0.75 and 0.50 g tryptophan in fish fed hydrolyzed and intact casein, respectively. Changes in mineral and amino acid mixtures in the intact casein diet yielded a cation-anion (Na + K - Cl) balance of +15.3 meq/100 g diet and pH of 6.44, compared with a balance of -21.3 and -25 meq, and pH 5.8 and 4.4 for unmodified hydrolyzed and intact casein diets, respectively. Analysis of growth by the polynomial regression function; Y = 0.16 + 0.429X - 0.26X2, where Y = mean daily gain in grams, and X = grams of added tryptophan/100 g protein, predicted that at least 0.58 g of tryptophan was needed for maximum weight gain. Analysis of apparent pathology-free fish by the function; Y = 34.33 + 147.33X -83.87X2, where Y = percentage with no signs of deficiency, and X = grams of added tryptophan, predicted that 0.63 g tryptophan/100 g protein was needed for optimum health scores. Deletion of supplemental niacin did not affect fish response to tryptophan. PMID- 6655516 TI - In vivo intestinal absorption of manganese in the rat. AB - The mechanisms of intestinal absorption of Mn in rats and the effects of low molecular-weight ligands in this process were investigated using an in vivo perfusion system. Segments of either jejunum or ileum were perfused with isotonic solutions containing 0.0125 to 0.1 mM MnSO4 X 7H2O, in the presence or absence of double its concentration of either L-histidine (His) or citrate (Cit). In all cases the absorption of Mn declined with time; for example, in the absence of ligand Mn absorption fell from (means +/- SEM) 16.0 +/- 2.2 at 30 minutes to 2.3 +/- 4.1 pmol/(minute X cm) after 90 minutes of perfusion. Comparable declines occurred both in the jejunum and in the ileum in the presence of His or Cit. The initial absorption rates of Mn, obtained by extrapolation, were higher in the jejunum when His or Cit were present than when no ligands were included in the perfusate [means +/- SD, with His, 66.4 +/- 11.9; with Cit, 79.5 +/- 6.2; none = 17.8 +/- 3.3 pmol/(minute X cm)]. In the ileum, optimum absorption with His was observed between pH 7 and 8. The kinetics of in vivo Mn ileal absorption in the presence of His yielded a Kt of 0.056 mM and an estimated Vmax of 158 pmol/(minute X cm). The coefficient of diffusion was calculated to be 1.5 X 10( 3) cm2/minute. These data are compatible with a high affinity, low capacity, active transport mechanism for Mn in the rat intestine and suggest a limited role for small-molecular-weight ligands associated with both diffusional or active translocation processes. PMID- 6655517 TI - Interactions of pH and ascorbate in intestinal iron absorption. AB - Iron absorption is frequently studied experimentally in animals by placing iron directly into tied-off intestinal segments in vivo, usually in acid solutions. We have monitored the changes in pH that occur in the intestinal lumen when acid iron solutions are administered and have related this to the time course of iron absorption in iron-deficient rats. Within 5 minutes of giving of 5.6 micrograms Fe (FeCl3), in 0.50 ml 0.01 M HCl, 0.9% NaCl, the pH of the lumen had climbed above pH 4, where Fe3+ is insoluble; reached 6.8 by 10-15 minutes. In parallel with rising pH, mucosal Fe uptake ceased by 5 minutes after its administration. Addition of 2 mM ascorbate to the same solution prevented the cessation of iron uptake despite the usual pH rise. Intestinal fluid of fasted rats had a limited buffering capacity from pH 7 to 3. When added to this fluid, 59FeCl3 largely precipitated, but microgram quantities bound to components with apparent molecular weights greater than 25,000. This iron was available to desferrioxamine B. The results demonstrate the dramatic effects of pH on iron bioavailability, in the absence of chelators such as ascorbate, and the importance of considering iron solubility in measurements of iron absorption. PMID- 6655519 TI - Organic solvents as possible risk factors of low birthweight. PMID- 6655518 TI - Decreased brain ascorbate levels in copper-deficient mice and in brindled mice. AB - Mutant brindled mice, which exhibit signs of copper deficiency, were compared to their normal brothers as well as to age-matched suckling mice that were copper deficient (-Cu) because their dams were consuming a copper-deficient diet, and a fourth group of copper-supplemented (+Cu) suckling mice, which served as dietary controls. Copper deficiency, genetic and dietary, resulted in mice with smaller brains (87 and 75%) and lower levels of the serum cuproprotein ceruloplasmin (10 and 6.1%) when compared to their respective controls. Brain ascorbic acid concentrations were determined in these mice by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, and levels in brindled mice and Cu mice were significantly lower (81 and 80%) than those measured in their respective controls. Injection of cupric chloride into -Cu pups raised brain ascorbate to levels found in +Cu mice and returned catecholamine levels to normal by raising norepinephrine from a major deficit (91%) and decreasing dopamine from an excess (22%). In another study, dietary copper deficiency was produced beginning at birth and continued for 7 weeks. These older -Cu mice had minor reductions in brain ascorbate (10%) and more severe reductions in norepinephrine levels (43%). Older +Cu mice had lower ascorbate and higher norepinephrine levels compared to suckling control mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655520 TI - Treatment of severe hydrofluoric acid exposures. AB - Previous publications on treatment of hydrofluoric acid exposures have given insufficient emphasis to immediate skin cleansing and prompt restitution of both serum and tissue calcium ion levels. Use of calcium gluconate topically as a 2.5% gel, in eyes as a 1% solution, and by nebulizer as a 2.5% or 3% solution has improved treatment results. Ten percent calcium gluconate solution may be given intravenously as indicated for hypocalcemia. Proper application of the calcium gluconate gel immediately after thorough washing of localized skin burns will produce relief of pain similar to that achieved by subcutaneous infiltration of 5% calcium gluconate solution. This may be used as an end-point for adequacy of treatment. PMID- 6655521 TI - Behavioral, attitudinal, and physiologic characteristics of smoking and nonsmoking asbestos-exposed shipyard workers. AB - The smoking characteristics of shipyard workers participating in an Asbestos Medical Surveillance Program (N = 3,991) were assessed. Sources of data were: (1) a self-assessment questionnaire on the smoking history and respiratory symptomatology of the 871 current smokers who participated in the smoking study, and (2) chest roentgenograms and pulmonary function test results and medical records for the entire population. The study population included 1,711 current smokers, 988 former smokers and 1,292 never smokers. The annual "quit rate" for former smokers had increased from less than 1% in 1961 to 4.2% in 1978. Of the 871 current smokers who participated in the smoking study, 19% had resumed smoking after having given up cigarettes for one year or longer. Men in the smoking study were reasonably well informed about the health consequences of smoking. While they perceived themselves to be susceptible to disease, and the disease to be serious, the benefits they saw in quitting were related more to economics and aesthetics than to health. When the results were age adjusted, no differences in rate of pulmonary function abnormalities and chest film abnormalities were found between current smokers who voluntarily participated in the smoking study and those who did not. All pulmonary function testing abnormality and chest film abnormality rates were significantly lower for former smokers and never smokers. PMID- 6655522 TI - Mortality from heart disease among workers exposed to solvents. AB - Several rubber industry jobs that are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality involve the use of solvents and, since the only known occupational cause of atherosclerosis is a solvent (carbon disulfide), solvent exposures may contribute to the CVD excess observed among rubber industry workers. Detailed exposure estimates for 25 solvents were available for a cohort of 1,282 white male production workers in a large rubber- and tire-manufacturing plant, and a survivorship analysis compared the CVD mortality experience of exposed and nonexposed workers during a 15-year follow-up period. The known association between carbon disulfide exposure and ischemic heart disease (IHD) was apparent among these workers, and two other solvents, ethanol and phenol, were also found to be significant predictors of IHD. These exploratory findings suggest that solvents other than carbon disulfide may cause atherosclerotic disease. PMID- 6655524 TI - Occupational stress among international interpreters. AB - In this study the sources of stress among international interpreters were explored. It was found that the major source of job dissatisfaction among interpreters was their perception of their work as noncreative and requiring little initiative. In addition, it was discovered that one of the most important stressors affecting the mental health of interpreters working in international forums was home life problems generated by their work (e.g., frequent traveling, long working hours). The differences between free-lance and staff interpreters were also explored. The implications of the results for the employing authorities are discussed. PMID- 6655523 TI - An outbreak of metal fume fever. Diagnostic use of urinary copper and zinc determinations. AB - An outbreak of metal fume fever (MFF) among workers involved in cutting brass pipes with electric cutting torches in an enclosed, poorly ventilated steam condenser is described. Twenty-six workers were affected. Symptoms most commonly reported were fever (21), dyspnea (23), chills (21), headache (21), and nausea (19). Fourteen of the workers experienced the symptom of an unusual sweet or metallic taste in the mouth. Clinical signs were limited to wheezing or rales in eight patients. Leukocytosis and an increase in band cell forms were noted in 21 and 20 of 24 workers, respectively. The median time interval between exposure and onset of symptoms was five hours. None of three workers who spent less than one hour in the condenser became ill, whereas 25 of 26 of those who spent more than one hour became ill (p = .001). Five of 12 workers had urine copper levels in excess of 0.05 mg/l. To our knowledge, this is the first reported outbreak of MFF for which urinary copper levels have been measured. PMID- 6655525 TI - Health effects of low-level exposure to formaldehyde. AB - Twenty-one subjects exposed to formaldehyde (at levels between 0.12 and 1.6 parts per million [ppm]) in two mobile trailers and the remaining 18 unexposed workers of the same workforce were examined by questionnaire and spirometry. Symptoms of eye and throat irritation and increased headache and fatigue were significantly more common among the exposed group than the comparison group. Irritation of the nose, chest tightness, and shortness of breath were also more common among the exposed. Spirometry revealed no decrease in ventilatory function among the exposed workers. The significant increase in frequency of individuals with symptoms indicated an adverse health effect from exposure to formaldehyde at levels between 0.12 and 1.6 ppm. This may have implications regarding the adequacy of the US permissible exposure limit value and suggests the need for further examination of the health effects of formaldehyde in the nonoccupational environment. PMID- 6655526 TI - Interventricular dynamics. PMID- 6655528 TI - Characteristics, attitudes and implications of fentanyl use based on reports from self-identified fentanyl users. PMID- 6655527 TI - Dealing, demoralization and addiction: heroin in the Chicago Puerto Rican community. PMID- 6655529 TI - R & R in the Rockies: drug fighters recharge their batteries. PMID- 6655530 TI - Psychoactive properties of benztropine and trihexyphenidyl. PMID- 6655531 TI - A rapid method for the detection of bacterial contaminants in intravenous fluids using membrane filtration and epifluorescence microscopy. PMID- 6655532 TI - Improved delivery through biological membranes XVI. Enhancement of the brain specificity of a dihydropyridine formed from pyridinium salt drug delivery system by controlled infusion. PMID- 6655534 TI - Inventory and measurement of particulates in sealed sterile containers. PMID- 6655533 TI - The formation of an aluminum-epinephrine complex and its effect on the addition of bisulfite to epinephrine. PMID- 6655535 TI - The development of sodium cefoxitin as a dosage form. PMID- 6655536 TI - Design and construction of a dedicated clinical supply facility: an example of effective project management. PMID- 6655537 TI - The development of a biological indicator for validating ultraviolet radiation sterilization of polyethylene bottles. PMID- 6655538 TI - Effect of ultrasound on the permeability of silicone rubber membranes. PMID- 6655539 TI - Interaction of microspheres with blood constituents: I. Uptake of polystyrene spheres by monocytes and granulocytes and effect on immune responsiveness of lymphocytes. PMID- 6655541 TI - Perspectives on alternative methods of toxicological testing. PMID- 6655540 TI - Microcontamination control: a summary of an approach to training. PMID- 6655542 TI - The effects of culture conditions on the use of animal cells for drug testing. PMID- 6655543 TI - Approaches toward studying genotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity of metal compounds in vitro. PMID- 6655544 TI - Abstract models that predict or extend animal bioassays. PMID- 6655545 TI - The Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing--an update. PMID- 6655546 TI - Anticonvulsant action of diazepam in mice pretreated with caffeine. AB - Anticonvulsant activities of diazepam in mice given pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), as well as effects of diazepam against potentiating activities of caffeine on these convulsions, were studied. Electroencephalographic (EEG) and electromyographic (EMG) recordings and behavioral observations were employed. First spike, clonic and tonic convulsions induced by PTZ were readily recognized from the EEG recording coupled with EMG recording. Pretreatment of mice with diazepam suppressed the incidence of clonic and tonic convulsions, but did not affect the development of first spike. These anticonvulsive effects of diazepam were also observed when PTZ-induced convulsions were potentiated with caffeine, except for clonic convulsion which was not suppressed with diazepam. The mechanisms of the antagonistic effects between diazepam and caffeine are discussed. PMID- 6655547 TI - Comparative study of antitumor activity and immunomodulatory effect of tetrahydro 2-furanyl and tetrahydro-2-pyranyl (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucans. AB - The effects of tetrahydro-2-furanyl- and tetrahydro-2-pyranyl-ethers of (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucans from Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes (IFO 13140) on the activities of macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells in either ICR or BALB/c mice were studied. The derivatives with strong antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180 in ICR mice induced higher macrophage tumoricidal activity (greater than 40%) than those with low antitumor activity (less than 20%). All derivatives with high or low antitumor activity augmented NK cell activity. On the other hand, the derivatives which show the high antitumor activity against Meth-A in BALB/c mice enhanced macrophage tumoricidal activity, while those with low or no antitumor activity did not. NK cell activity was activated by the derivatives with or without the antitumor activity. Furthermore, certain derivative which has high antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180 in ICR mice did not increase serum component (LB) in ICR mice. These results indicate that the antitumor activity of the derivatives correlates only with the capacity to cause macrophage activation in vivo. PMID- 6655548 TI - Clinical pharmacokinetics and diuretic effect of furosemide in plain tablet and retard capsule with normal subjects and cirrhotic patients. AB - The dissolution profiles of furosemide in various solutions were studied with plain tablet and retard capsule of furosemide. The rate constant and percent dissolution in retard capsule were lower than that in plain tablet. Clinical pharmacokinetics and diuretic effect of furosemide after oral administration of two dosage forms were also studied with 3 normal subjects and 3 cirrhotic patients. In normal subjects, the extent of furosemide absorption from retard capsule was 45% of plain tablet. The daily urine volume after oral administration of two dosage forms was comparable, however, quite different profiles were observed between these dosage forms. In patients, the extent of furosemide absorption in retard capsule was one half that of plain tablet. The dose of retard capsule was increased without adverse reactions, thus decreasing of ascites, which was not observed with plain tablet, was achieved with increasing urine volume. PMID- 6655549 TI - Antigenic properties of estriol 3-glucuronide-[C-6]-bovine serum albumin conjugates having oxime bridges. AB - The preparation and antigenic properties of estriol 3-glucuronide-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate in which the hapten is linked to the carrier protein through an (O-3-carboxypropylcarbamoylmethyl)oxime bridge at the C-6 position on the steroid nucleus, has been described. 16,17-Di-O-acetyl-6-oxoestriol 6-(O carboxymethyl)oxime 3-glucuronide acetate-methyl ester was condensed with gamma amino-n-butyric acid by the mixed anhydride method. Subsequent coupling with BSA followed by removal of the protecting groups with alkali gave the desired hapten BSA conjugate. The antisera elicited in the rabbit with the conjugate were highly specific to estriol 3-glucuronide, discriminating from other 3-substituted compounds. The specificity of antisera improved by elongation of the 6-(O carboxymethyl)oxime bridge has been discussed. PMID- 6655550 TI - [Chemical studies of crude drugs (1). Constituents of Ginseng radix rubra]. PMID- 6655551 TI - [Effects of specific radioactivities and cholagogues on tissue distribution of 131I-6 beta-iodomethyl-19-norcholest-5(10)-en-3 beta-ol(NCL-6-131I) in rats]. PMID- 6655553 TI - [Effect of a transcutaneous non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, etofenamate gel, on mixed phlogistic-induced hind paw edema and traumatic edema]. PMID- 6655552 TI - [Colorimetric and fluorometric determinations of cartap, an insecticide, by ion association with calcon]. PMID- 6655555 TI - [Development of methods of ultra-fine size reduction of slightly soluble medicinal crystals (2). Factors affecting the ultra-fine size reduction of oxolinic acid crystals]. PMID- 6655556 TI - [Constituents of Artemisia rubripes Nakai]. PMID- 6655554 TI - [Cardiac principles of laminaria]. PMID- 6655558 TI - Psychopharmacological effects of melatonin in mouse and rat. AB - Some of the psychopharmacological characteristics of melatonin have been defined using a number of established tests of sedative/hypnotic, anticonvulsant and analgesic activity in mice and rats. The effect of melatonin in these tests has been compared to its neurotoxicity and acute toxicity. In the mouse, a low dose of melatonin (20 mg/kg i.p.) potentiated pentobarbitone- and barbitone-induced sleep. Melatonin also potentiated pentobarbitone-induced sleep in the rat. Higher doses (greater than or equal to 200 mg/kg i.p.) antagonized pentylenetetrazole, 3 mercaptopropionic acid and electroshock-induced convulsions in mice and had analgesic activity in both hot-plate and writhing tests. The presence of motor incoordination, indicated by the rotorod test, after administration of these large doses (greater than or equal to 200 mg/kg i.p.) suggests that the anticonvulsant and analgesic activities of melatonin may not represent specific neuropharmacological actions. LD50 values for melatonin in the mouse and rat were determined for different routes of administration. A sedative dose of melatonin (20 mg/kg i.p.) did not alter whole brain 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid concentrations, suggesting that the hypothesis that the sedative action of melatonin is due to an interaction with serotoninergic neurons may need to be re-examined. PMID- 6655557 TI - Blockade of the behavioral effects of lysergic acid diethylamide, 2,5-dimethoxy-4 methylamphetamine, quipazine and lisuride by 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonists. AB - The effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 2,5-dimethoxy-4 methylamphetamine (DOM), quipazine or lisuride alone and in combination with the 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist metergoline, pizotifen and cinanserin were studied in rats responding on a fixed-ratio 40 schedule of food presentation. LSD, DOM, quipazine or lisuride produced a similar dose-dependent decrease in the number of food presentations (ED50 values: 81 micrograms/kg, 0.6 mg/kg, 1.6 mg/kg and 31 micrograms/kg, respectively) and a reciprocal increase in the number of pause intervals (IRTs = 10 sec). All three antagonists attenuated the behavioral effects of LSD and DOM for both food presentations and pause intervals. The LSD response curve for reinforcers was shifted to the greatest degree by pizotifen (1.0 mg/kg), followed by cinanserin (20 mg/kg) and metergoline (1.0 mg/kg). The ED50 values for this effect were 334, 181 and 141 micrograms/kg, respectively. The DOM dose-response pattern for decrease in reinforcers was shifted to the greatest degree by metergoline, followed by pizotifen and cinanserin (ED50 values: 26.5, 3.2 and 1.8 mg/kg, respectively). The effect of quipazine on reinforcers was antagonized by metergoline and pizotifen (ED50 values: greater than 8.0 for both) but not by cinanserin, although all three antagonists attenuated the increase in pause intervals in the same order as they did for DOM. The decrease in reinforcers by lisuride was equally antagonized by metergoline and pizotifen (ED50 values: 58 and 57 micrograms/kg, respectively), whereas cinanserin potentiated the effect of lisuride (ED50: 16 micrograms/kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655559 TI - Comparison of dopamine receptor sites labeled by [3H]-S-sulpiride and [3H] spiperone in striatum. AB - Binding of the radiolabeled active isomer of the neuroleptic sulpiride, [3H]-S sulpiride, to rat and rabbit striatal membranes was characterized. Regardless of whether the specific binding of [3H]-S-sulpiride was defined with spiperone or the active isomers of butaclamol or flupenthixol, a single homogeneous++ population of binding sites (rat: Kd = 5.6 nM, maximum binding = 590 fmol/mg of protein; rabbit: Kd = 8.3 nM, maximum binding = 540 fmol/mg of protein) was detected. The pharmacological profile of these sites was characteristic of that described for the dopaminergic D-2 receptor subtype. To determine whether [3H]-S sulpiride and [3H]spiperone label common sites in the striatum, the binding of these two radioligands was compared under similar assay conditions. When specific binding of [3H]spiperone was defined with S-sulpiride, [3H]spiperone labeled the same number of binding sites as [3H]-S-sulpiride despite the fact that the affinity of the sites for [3H]spiperone was 80- to 90-fold higher than for [3H]-S sulpiride. When specific binding of [3H]spiperone was defined with either (+) butaclamol or (alpha)-flupenthixol, however, approximately 30% more sites were labeled. The predominant site labeled by [3H]spiperone also possessed the characteristics of the D-2 receptor. It is concluded that [3H]-S-sulpiride under the conditions used is a selective radioligand with which dopamine receptors of the D-2 subtype can be directly measured and localized. [3H]Spiperone can be used to detect the same sites only if specific binding is defined with S-sulpiride. PMID- 6655561 TI - Disposition in the dog and the rat of 2, 6-diamino-9-(2 hydroxyethoxymethyl)purine (A134U), a potential prodrug of acyclovir. AB - 2,6-Diamino-9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)purine (A134U), the 6-deoxy-6-amino analog of the antiviral agent acyclovir (ACV), was administered orally to dogs and rats. Plasma concentration-time profiles and urinary excretion of A134U and its deamination product, ACV, were determined. Mean peak plasma ACV concentrations achieved in the dog were 57, 156 and 285 microM after A134U doses of 20, 50 and 120 mg/kg, respectively, and increased in near proportion to the dose. The urinary recovery of ACV accounted for 60-92% of the two lower doses, but only 40 58% of the highest dose. In the rat, peak plasma ACV concentrations were 3.1 and 10.7 microM, respectively, after 20- and 50-mg/kg doses of A134U. After 5- and 20 mg/kg oral doses of [2-14C]A134U, the urinary recovery of ACV (20-27%) accounted for 59 to 76% of the absorbed dose. The remainder was excreted largely as unchanged A134U, with negligible (0.4-1.3%) biotransformation to inactive metabolites. Except for small decreases in absorption and increases in deamination, no change in the metabolism of A134U was observed after its repeated oral administration to rats. Oral dosing of dogs and rats with A134U resulted in peak plasma concentrations and total urinary recoveries of ACV greater than those observed after equivalent oral doses of ACV, suggesting that A134U might be an effective prodrug of ACV for use in the oral therapy of herpes simplex virus infections. PMID- 6655560 TI - Effect of morphine on acquisition of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. AB - The nictitating membrane response of the rabbit was classically conditioned to tone and light-conditioned stimuli presented for 800 msec before delivery of the unconditioned stimulus, consisting of a 100-msec electrical shock to the skin over the paraorbital region of the head. Morphine significantly retarded (1 and 5 mg/kg) or completely blocked (10 mg/kg) the acquisition of conditioned responses. The retarded or blocked acquisition of conditioned responses produced by morphine could still be detected when the rabbits were tested 5 days after cessation of drug injections, suggesting that morphine was affecting acquisition and not performance of conditioned responses. Separate groups of rabbits received explicitly unpaired presentations of tone, light and shock stimuli. The frequency of base-line responding or responding to the tone and light stimuli was low for vehicle controls (1-3%) and was not affected by any dose of morphine. Morphine also had no effect on the latency or amplitude of the unconditioned response to the shock stimulus. These results indicate that the acquisition of conditioned responses was associative, i.e., only occurred during the paired presentations of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Consequently, the retarded acquisition of conditioned responses produced by morphine would appear to be due to an effect on associative learning. PMID- 6655562 TI - Effects of picenadol and its agonist and antagonist isomers on schedule controlled behavior. AB - The effects of picenadol and its (+)- and (-)-isomers were determined on the responding of pigeons under a multiple fixed-ratio (FR) 50-response, fixed interval (FI) 5-min schedule of grain presentation. Picenadol decreased responding in both schedule components as a function of dose (0.64-10 mg/kg). Naloxone shifted to the right the picenadol dose-effect curve in the FR component (2.8-fold), but had little effect on the dose-effect curve for FI responding. Similarly, the (+)-isomer decreased responding in both schedule components, but naloxone was only able to shift to the right the dose-effect curve for the (+) isomer on FR responding (2-fold). The effects of the (+)-isomer on FI responding were not affected by naloxone. The (-)-isomer decreased responding at high doses (20 and 40 mg/kg) and this effect was not antagonized by naloxone. The dose effect curves for the (-)-isomer were shifted markedly to the left in animals maintained on daily doses (30 or 60 mg/kg p.o.) of methadone. Low doses (2.5-20 mg/kg) of the (-)-isomer antagonized the behavioral suppressant effects of 5 mg/kg of l-methadone. The (+)-isomer, but not the (-)-isomer, antagonized the complete behavioral suppression produced by 0.05 mg/kg of oxotremorine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655563 TI - Antagonism of the pulmonary effects of the peptidoleukotrienes by a leukotriene D4 analog. AB - 4R-hydroxy-5S-cysteinylglycine-6-Z-nonadecenoic acid (4R,5S, 6Z-2-nor-LTD1), a structural analog of leukotriene (LT) D4 (LTD4), significantly antagonized the pulmonary actions of LTD4 in several guinea pig models of LT-mediated bronchoconstriction and edema formation. In vitro, 4R,5S,6Z-2-nor-LTD1 (10(-5) and 10(-4) M) antagonized the LTD4-induced contraction of tracheal spirals and lung parenchymal strips. This antagonist action of 4R,5S,6Z-2-nor-LTD1 was specific for the LTs, in that LTC4- and LTE4-induced contractions of the trachea were also antagonized, whereas the contractions elicited by other spasmogens, e.g., histamine, carbachol, prostaglandin F2 alpha and KCl, were not antagonized. In vivo, the LTD4-induced bronchoconstriction in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing guinea pigs as reflected by decreases in dynamic lung compliance and airway conductance were attenuated significantly by a 1-min pretreatment with 4R,5S,6Z-2-nor-LTD1 at 5 mg/kg i.v. Similarly, the LTD4-induced increase in tracheal microvascular permeability, as assessed by extravasation of [125I]bovine serum albumin, was blocked by pretreatment with 4R,5S,6Z-2-nor-LTD1. These results provide the first demonstration that a structural analog of the peptidoleukotrienes can pharmacologically antagonize the potent actions of these LTs. PMID- 6655564 TI - Effect of adrenergic stimulation and blockade on ventricular defibrillation in the rat. AB - Ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced in 60 rats and the effects of adrenergic stimulation ad blockade on the time taken to spontaneous reversion to sinus rhythm were determined. Alpha adrenergic stimulation by norepinephrine and phenylephrine infusion shortened ventricular fibrillation from 3.21 +/- 0.42 (+/- S.E.M.) to 1.48 +/- 0.17 sec (P less than .001) and from 5.13 +/- 0.77 to 2.18 +/ 0.27 sec (P less than .001), respectively. Nonselective beta adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol prolonged the time to defibrillation from 1.65 +/- 0.20 to 7.01 +/- 0.95 sec (P less than .001), whereas beta-2 adrenergic stimulation with salbutamol produced no change. Alpha adrenergic stimulation antagonized the effect of a concomitant isoproterenol infusion (P less than .05). Alpha adrenergic blockade with phenoxybenzamine prolonged ventricular fibrillation (P less than .001) whereas beta blockade with propranolol or metoprolol shortened the duration of fibrillation. It was concluded that these effects were due to direct stimulation and blockade of cardiac adrenergic receptors. These actions were associated with changes in ventricular refractoriness. Cardiac alpha adrenergic stimulation prolonged the ventricular effective refractory period and promoted spontaneous defibrillation. Beta adrenergic stimulation shortened the ventricular effective refractory period and prolonged the time to defibrillation. PMID- 6655565 TI - Discriminative stimulus effects of dextrorphan in pigeons. AB - Pigeons were trained to discriminate between dextrorphan (10 mg/kg) and saline in a task in which 20 consecutive key pecks on either the left or right key, depending on whether dextrorphan or saline had been administered, produced food. During sessions in which stimulus generalization to other drugs was evaluated, 20 consecutive responses on either the dextrorphan- or saline-appropriate key produced food. Dextromethorphan and dexoxadrol produced dose-related stimulus control of behavior similar to that produced by dextrorphan. In contrast, the l isomers of these compounds, levomethorphan, levoxadrol and levorphanol, at doses up to and including those that markedly decreased the rate of responding, produced responding primarily on the saline-appropriate key. In addition, both the d- and l-isomers of methadone, codeine, morphine, butorphanol and profadol resulted in predominantly saline-appropriate responding. l-Cyclorphan, dl-, l- and d-SKF-10,047 and l- and d-cyclazocine produced dose-related dextrorphan appropriate responding, whereas, l-oxilorphan (the 14-hydroxymorphinan analog of cyclorphan), dl-, l- and d-pentazocine, l- and d-ethylketazocine and l-naltrexone resulted in either responding exclusively on the saline-appropriate key or responding that was intermediate between that appropriate for saline and dextrorphan. Although levorphanol alone produce little or no dextrorphan appropriate responding, the coadministration of naltrexone (1.0 mg/kg) and high doses of levorphanol, but not levoxadrol, resulted in responding similar to that produced by dextrorphan.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655566 TI - Reduced clofibric acid clearance in renal dysfunction is due to a futile cycle. AB - Although clofibric acid is cleared predominantly by formation of an ester glucuronide, its plasma clearance is reduced in renal dysfunction. The mechanism of this phenomenon has been investigated in rabbits in which uranyl nitrate administration (0.0625-0.5 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent decrease in creatinine clearance and clofibric acid plasma clearance. Uranyl nitrate doses of 0.3 mg/kg reduced creatinine clearance by approximately 90%, clofibric acid plasma clearance by approximately 60%, clofibric acid glucuronide renal clearance by approximately 85% and increased the time averaged plasma concentration of clofibric acid glucuronide approximately by 6-fold, compared to control values. Fifty percent of administered clofibric acid glucuronide is hydrolyzed to clofibric acid in rabbits with normal renal function. These studies support a mechanism for the renal function dependent plasma clearance of clofibric acid involving a futile cycle in which the net plasma clearance of clofibric acid is determined by the conjugation of clofibric acid and competition between renal clearance and hydrolysis of the ester glucuronide. PMID- 6655567 TI - A renal mechanism for the clofibric acid-probenecid interaction. AB - A rabbit model has been used to investigate two hypotheses for the decrease in clofibric acid plasma clearance on probenecid coadministration in man. Rabbits administered probenecid (10 mg/kg followed by 10 mg/kg/hr) showed a mean reduction from control values of 68% for clofibric acid plasma clearance, 80% for clofibric acid glucuronide renal clearance and an elevation in the area under the plasma clofibric acid glucuronide concentration-time curve of 5.2-fold. These findings support the hypotheses that the decrease in clofibric acid plasma clearance involves the inhibition of the renal secretion of clofibric acid glucuronide by probenecid and the subsequent hydrolysis of the glucuronide as the major mechanism, rather than direct inhibition of clofibric acid glucuronide synthesis by probenecid, but do not exclude a mechanism in which both processes operate. PMID- 6655568 TI - Plasma glutathione and glutathione disulfide in the rat: regulation and response to oxidative stress. AB - Plasma GSH and GSSG concentrations were examined after the administration of compounds that deplete intracellular GSH either by adduct formation or by production of oxidative stress. A modified assay based on the GSSG reductase method was developed that minimizes the artifactual auto-oxidation of GSH to GSSG and mixed disulfides by rapid addition of bis(3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl)disulfide or N-ethylmaleimide directly to whole blood or tissue samples. Control arterial plasma GSH and GSSG concentrations were found to be 16.5 +/- 0.7 and 0.3 +/- 0.1 microM, respectively. Depletion of GSH by fasting or by the administration of acetaminophen or diethyl maleate was associated with a proportional decrease in the arterial plasma GSH concentrations (r = 0.94) consistent with the hypothesis that the liver in vivo is a major source of plasma GSH. Diquat and t-butyl hydroperoxide, but not acetaminophen or diethyl maleate, elicited large increases in arterial plasma GSSG concentrations (17- and 115-fold, respectively) and several-fold increases in biliary GSSG levels without markedly increasing hepatic GSSG levels (2.7- and 1.2-fold, respectively). In contrast, treatment with paraquat produced substantial increases in arterial plasma GSSG levels (22-fold) without large increases in the bile (3-fold). Assessment of the arteriovenous difference for GSSG across the lungs after paraquat administration demonstrated that the lung may be a significant source of plasma GSSG. In conclusion, plasma GSH concentrations appear to reflect mainly intrahepatic GSH concentration, whereas plasma GSSG appears to arise from both hepatic and extrahepatic sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655569 TI - The methylenedioxyindenes, a novel class of "intracellular calcium antagonists": effects on contractility and on processes involved in regulating intracellular calcium homeostasis. AB - The 2-substituted methylenedioxyindenes are a novel class of "calcium antagonists" which have been characterized as acting intracellularly. In the present study, the effect of 2-propyl-methylenedioxyindene (p-MDI) on the contractility of isolated rabbit papillary muscles and aortic rings as well as on several metabolic processes believed to be important in regulating calcium movement within the cell was examined. p-MDI was found to exert a dose-dependent negative inotropic effect in the range of 1.0 X 10(-5) to 1.0 X 10(-3) M (1.0 X 10(-3) M p-MDI produced a total cessation of contractility). At a concentration of 1.0 X 10(-4) M p-MDI, this depressant effect could be partially reversed by increasing the level of calcium in the tissue bath. p-MDI also relaxed aortic rings previously contracted with 50 mM KCl or 10 microM norepinephrine, although the concentration of p-MDI required to relax norepinephrine-contracted rings was 3 times greater than that required to relax KCl-contracted rings. Such selectivity was also observed when the effects of verapamil on norepinephrine- and KCl-contracted rings were examined, but was not observed with papaverine. To determine whether the effects of p-MDI on cardiac and vascular smooth muscle were due to direct interference with any of the metabolic processes which regulate intracellular calcium homeostasis, the effects of p-MDI on isolated cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and on the intracellular calcium-binding protein calmodulin were examined. At concentrations which depressed cardiac contractility, p-MDI had no effect on 1) calcium transport, uptake or ethyleneglycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-induced calcium release by sarcoplasmic reticulum, 2) calcium uptake by mitochondria or 3) calmodulin. p-MDI did, however, exert a biphasic effect of glutamate-supported mitochondrial respiration; stimulating oxygen consumption at concentrations of 1.0 X 10(-5) and 1.0 X 10(-4) M and inhibiting respiration at 1.0 X 10(-3) M. It is therefore concluded that p-MDI has no apparent direct effect on intracellular calcium movement per se and that the calcium antagonist effect of p-MDI may be due in part to calcium channel blockage. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration may also contribute to the negative inotropic effect of high concentrations of p MDI. PMID- 6655570 TI - A new solid state dynamic pupillometer using a self-scanning photodiode array. PMID- 6655571 TI - Automatic focusing of medical endoscope cameras. PMID- 6655572 TI - The feasibility of fast backprojection for reconstructing a volume NMR image. PMID- 6655573 TI - Miniature-electrode probe for conductivity measurements on electrolytic solutions or colloidal sols of small sample sizes. PMID- 6655574 TI - Comparison of the focal electroretinogram and the pattern electroretinogram in the pigeon. AB - A comparison has been made, under focal conditions, of the electroretinogram (e.r.g.) and the pattern electroretinogram (p.e.r.g.) of the central yellow field of the pigeon retina, using vitreal and intraretinal recordings. The sum of the on and off e.r.g. is of shorter time-to-peak and of smaller amplitude than the p.e.r.g. elicited by a grating of 1 cycle/degree, as predicted by the spatial tuning of the p.e.r.g. Depth profiles were made to compare with p.e.r.g. and the sum of the on and off e.r.g. The two responses co-vary in terms of amplitude, time-to-peak and form. This suggests that the p.e.r.g. has a conventional electroretinographic location. PMID- 6655575 TI - Effects of adrenaline and of spontaneous labour on the secretion and absorption of lung liquid in the fetal lamb. AB - In the chronically catheterized fetal lamb, intravenous infusion of adrenaline at 0.5 microgram/min produced slowing of the secretion of lung liquid or its absorption, an effect which increased exponentially with advancing gestation. Between 120 and 130 days, the characteristic response was slowing of secretion, whereas after 130 days it was absorption. Stimulus-response curves, relating secretion or absorption rate to plasma adrenaline concentration, were obtained by infusing adrenaline into the fetus intravenously at rates between 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/min (0.55-5.5 nmol/min). These curves allowed estimation of the minimum concentration of adrenaline required to inhibit secretion [( Ai]) and this was found to decrease from 0.43 ng/ml. (2.35 nM) at 132-4 days' gestation to 0.029 ng/ml. (0.16 nM) at gestations above 140 days. During spontaneous labour there was a slowing of lung liquid secretion in the early stages followed by absorption during the last 50-150 min. The mean concentration of adrenaline in plasma increased from 0.087 ng/ml. (0.48 nM) in early labour to 6.86 ng/ml. (37.5 nM) in the last 50 min and to 7.17 ng/ml. (39.2 nM) in the early post-natal period. Mean noradrenaline levels at the same times were 1.71 ng/ml. (10.1 nM), 12.14 ng/ml. (71.8 nM) and 9.10 ng/ml. (53.9 nM). The relationship between the plasma adrenaline concentration and the rate of absorption during labour was similar to that found when adrenaline was infused at various rates into the non-labouring fetus of comparable gestational age. The upper airway of the fetus was shown to be capable of acting as a one-way valve allowing outflow but not inflow of liquid. Thus withdrawal of liquid at 5-20 ml./hr from the fetal trachea below the larynx caused closure of the upper airway and this result was obtained both when the recurrent laryngeal nerves were intact and when they were divided. PMID- 6655576 TI - Neural control of periodic secretion of the pancreas and the stomach in fasting dogs. AB - The role of nerves in periodic secretion of the pancreas and the stomach in relation to the motility of the upper gastrointestinal tract was studied in conscious fasting dogs which had previously been provided with chronic gastric and pancreatic fistulae and a Heidenhain pouch. Both atropine and pentolinium abolished the periodic increase in gastric and pancreatic secretion and motility of the gut. Bilateral cervical vagal blockade with lidocaine reduced the motility of the stomach, the duodenum and the pouch preceding their peaks, but the motility at the peaks remained unchanged except in the case of the stomach. Pancreatic secretion preceding its peak was also decreased by vagal blockade but that at the peak was not significantly different from the control peak. Periodic pepsin secretion, from both the fistula and pouch, was decreased by vagal blockade. It is concluded that the secretion and motility of the upper gut in fasting dogs is controlled by periodic activity of the vagus and intrinsic nerves. PMID- 6655577 TI - Facial sensitivity to rates of temperature change: neurophysiological and psychophysical evidence from cats and humans. AB - The dynamic responses in a thermal afferent pathway to rates of temperature change have been studied in anaesthetized cats. Recordings were made in the caudal trigeminal nucleus from neurones with a synaptic input from facial cold receptors. Five rates of cooling and warming ranging from 0.05 degrees C/sec to 1 degree C/sec were applied to the receptive fields of the neurones. Several measures of the dynamic response were computed but the most representative was the maximum rate during cooling or the minimum rate during warming. During cooling the maximum rate increased with increasing cooling rates between 0.05 degrees C/sec and 0.25 degrees C/sec, but did not increase at faster rates. Minimum activity during warming reached near zero at rates of 0.25 degrees C/sec and faster. The total number of impulses generated during cooling or absent during warming was unrelated to rate of temperature change. The same thermal stimuli were applied to the cheeks of human subjects. They were able to sense cooling or warming changes at 0.05 degrees C/sec. They could also distinguish the faster of two cooling changes when these were slow, but not when they were fast. Warming rates could not be distinguished, except from an adapting temperature of 35 degrees C, when warm receptors would have been activated. There was good agreement between the responses of the cat neurones and the human sensations. Slow rates of cooling could be detected or distinguished. Fast rates appeared to saturate the neuronal and sensory mechanisms. PMID- 6655578 TI - Kinetics of the sodium/beta-methyl-D-glucoside co-transport system in the guinea pig small intestine. AB - The kinetics of sodium-dependent beta-methyl-D-glucoside transport were examined in guinea-pig intestinal rings. Large-scale experiments were performed in which both sodium and monosaccharide concentrations were varied within the same animal. The results were evaluated by non-linear regression analysis, and an attempt was made to distinguish between the applicability of different models to describe the data set. Only two of the tested models provided a good fit to the data. These both involved the random formation of a ternary complex from either intermediate binary complex; in one, the constraint that only the ternary complex was able to cross the membrane was included, whereas in the other the ratio of the permeability coefficients for the binary complex between sugar and carrier and for the ternary complex was estimated. But this ratio did not differ significantly from zero, so the two acceptable models were equivalent. In addition, it was necessary to introduce into both these models the concept of a sodium reservoir at the surface of the brush-border membrane, such that the local sodium concentration in the vicinity of the carriers could never fall below a certain critical value (which was estimated at 4.8 mM), even in complete absence of this ion from the bulk medium. PMID- 6655579 TI - Blood flows within and among rat muscles as a function of time during high speed treadmill exercise. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to use radiolabelled microspheres to measure blood flow distribution patterns within and among rat hind-limb skeletal muscles before, during, and after high speed treadmill running at 60 min-1 to fatigue. Exercise blood flows were measured at the 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 min time points. Pre exercise blood flow was highest in physiological extensor muscles or muscle parts with large populations of slow-twitch muscle fibres, e.g. soleus (197 ml min-1 100 g-1). Blood flows were lowest to muscles or muscle parts with high proportions of fast-twitch glycolytic fibres, e.g. white gastrocnemius (15 ml min 1 100 g-1). The most rapid increases in blood flow at the beginning of exercise and the highest peak blood flows during exercise generally occurred in physiological extensor muscles with relatively high populations of fast-twitch oxidative fibres. For example, red gastrocnemius muscle blood flow increased by 271 ml min-1 100 g-1 during the first 30 s of exercise, and attained a peak flow of 395 ml min-1 100 g-1 by the third minute of exercise. On the other hand, the slowest elevations in blood flow at the start of exercise and the lowest peak flows were observed in muscles with high populations of fast-twitch glycolytic fibres. White gastrocnemius muscle, for example, increased its blood flow by 16 ml min-1 100 g-1 during the first 30 s of running, and had a peak flow of 76 ml min-1 100 g-1 by the end of 3 min exercise. These relationships between blood flows and fibre type populations were less consistent in physiological flexor muscle groups. Following exercise, blood flows in high-oxidative muscles returned to the pre-exercise levels within 30 s. However, in low-oxidative muscles, return of blood flows to the pre-exercise levels were slower. Thus, marked differences in the absolute magnitudes of blood flows and in the rates of change in blood flows were observed within and among the hind-limb muscles before, during and after exercise. These differences were related to the fibre type compositions of the muscles. PMID- 6655580 TI - Maintenance of cholinergic neurones and synapses in the ciliary ganglion of aged rats. AB - The ciliary ganglion has been examined in young adult (1.5-2 months) and aged rats (24-28 months). In young adult rats the ganglion contains about 200 neurones, each of which is innervated by 1-4 preganglionic axons (mean, 2.2). In these animals about 2-3 X 10(3) synaptic boutons were observed per square millimetre in thin sections of the ganglion; synapses were located mainly on finger-like extensions of cell bodies and on dendrites. The size of the ganglion cell population, the number of inputs per ganglion cell, the density of synaptic boutons and the amplitude of post-synaptic potentials recorded intracellularly did not differ significantly between the young and aged animals. It thus appears that the neuronal population of the ciliary ganglion and the cholinergic synapses received by ganglion cells are remarkably stable well into old age. PMID- 6655581 TI - The visuotectal projection following translocation of grafts within an optic tectum in the goldfish. AB - Rectangular grafts were translocated between the rostral and caudal tectum in adult goldfish. In some animals the optic nerve was also cut. After periods ranging from 161 to 378 days the retinotectal projections were mapped. The results showed that translocation of tectal grafts is followed by translocation of the corresponding part of the visuotectal map. In many cases the visual field positions projecting to points in the region between the grafts were abnormal and in some cases intercalated field positions were found across the borders between grafted and normal tissue. The results are taken as strong evidence for the existence of affinity labels on the tectum and their importance in the restoration of the retinotectal projection. PMID- 6655583 TI - On the distinctness of simple and complex cells in the visual cortex of the cat. AB - The behaviour of neurones in cat striate cortex was examined in response to moving sinusoidal gratings and flashed bright and dark lines. The responses were summarized by three indices: discreteness was a measure of the degree of separation of inhibitory and excitatory regions in the receptive field; spatial summation ratio showed the degree of spatial summation within each region; relative modulation was a measure of the degree of modulation in the response to a moving grating. Some neurones had receptive fields with completely discrete excitatory and inhibitory regions; others responded equally to stimulus onset and offset throughout their receptive fields; however, some had overlapping excitatory and inhibitory regions. The degree of overlap varied continuously from complete separation to complete overlap. For neurones with discrete receptive fields, the widths of the regions were compared with the width of the bars in a grating of optimum spatial frequency to assess the degree of spatial summation within the regions. Most neurones with discrete receptive fields showed roughly predictable spatial summation, in that the two width measures agreed; but about 10% of them had receptive field regions that were too large by a factor of over two. The neurones which showed incomplete spatial summation also had considerable overlap of their excitatory and inhibitory regions. The waveforms of the responses to moving gratings of optimal spatial frequency were examined. The degree of modulation in the response was continuously distributed between low values typical of complex cells and high values typical of simple cells; the distribution was not bimodal. The degree of response modulation was closely correlated with the degree to which the excitatory and inhibitory regions in the receptive field were discrete. Both the degree of spatial summation and the degree of response modulation have been previously proposed as means for distinguishing simple and complex cells. In the present study, the continuity of the distributions of both indices ensured that neither index alone could be used to class all neurones unequivocally. However, a criterion based on two indices did allow classification. Simple and complex cells showed distinctive behaviour. However, complex cells with distinguishable excitatory and inhibitory regions in their receptive fields were not distinctly different from other complex cells. PMID- 6655582 TI - Patterns of innervation of neurones in the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the cat. AB - The patterns of peripheral and central synaptic input to non-spontaneous, irregular discharging and regular discharging neurones in the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the cat were studied in vitro using intracellular recording techniques. All three types of neurones in rostral and caudal lobes received central synaptic input primarily from L3 and L4 spinal cord segments. Since irregular discharging neurones received synaptic input from intraganglionic regular discharging neurones, some of the central input to irregular discharging neurones may have been relayed through the regular discharging neurones. In the rostral lobes of the ganglion, more than 70% of the non-spontaneous and irregular discharging neurones tested received peripheral synaptic input from the lumbar colonic, intermesenteric and left and right hypogastric nerves. Most of the regular discharging neurones tested received synaptic input from the intermesenteric and lumbar colonic nerves; none of the regular discharging neurones received synaptic input from the hypogastric nerves. Some of the peripheral synaptic input from the lumbar colonic and intermesenteric nerves to irregular discharging neurones may have been relayed through the regular discharging neurones. Axons of non-spontaneous and irregular discharging neurones located in the rostral lobes travelled to the periphery exclusively in the lumbar colonic nerves. Antidromic responses were not observed in regular discharging neurones during stimulation of any of the major peripheral nerve trunks. This suggests these neurones were intraganglionic. In the caudal lobes, irregular discharging neurones received a similar pattern of peripheral synaptic input as did irregular discharging neurones located in the rostral lobes. The majority of irregular discharging neurones in the caudal lobes projected their axons to the periphery through the lumbar colonic nerves. Non-spontaneous neurones in the caudal lobes, in contrast to those located in the rostral lobes, received peripheral synaptic input primarily from the hypogastric nerves. Axons of the majority of non-spontaneous neurones located in the caudal lobes travelled to the periphery through hypogastric nerves. The results suggest that non-spontaneous neurones and irregular discharging neurones in the rostral lobes and the majority of irregular discharging neurones in the caudal lobes transact and integrate neural commands destined for abdominal viscera supplied by the lumbar colonic nerves. Non-spontaneous neurones in the caudal lobes transact and integrate neural commands destined for pelvic viscera supplied by the hypogastric nerves. PMID- 6655584 TI - Axon conduction failure under in vivo conditions in crayfish. AB - Action potential discharge in an identified axon was recorded in 'intact' crayfish, and conduction block occurred during prolonged high-frequency activity. These in vivo recordings were also used to trigger stimulation of the same axon in vitro; conduction block occurred during high-frequency bursts in small terminal branches. Quantal release was distributed in a bimodal fashion, with numerous failures, due to these occurrences of conduction block. These results indicate that conduction block may occur in intact animals and that it may also cause selective recruitment of specific nerve terminals during normal behaviour. PMID- 6655585 TI - Antibodies to motor nerve terminals: an electrophysiological study of a human myasthenic syndrome transferred to mouse. AB - Immunoglobulin G(IgG) prepared from the plasma of patients with a presynaptic disorder of neuromuscular transmission (Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, l.e.m.s.), or from normal pooled control human plasma, was injected into mice (10 mg daily) for up to 99 days. Micro-electrodes were used to record end-plate potentials from the diaphragm muscle bathed in normal Krebs solution containing tubocurarine (1.0-4.6 microM). At 0.5 Hz nerve stimulation frequency, the quantal content was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01-P less than 0.001) in mice treated with six l.e.m.s. patients' IgG each compared with paired controls. The pooled quantal content was 55 +/- 3 (n = 110 end-plates) for all test animals and 131 +/- 9 (n = 47) for all controls (P less than 0.001). During short trains at 20 or 40 Hz nerve stimulation, control muscles showed marked depression, while test muscles showed either facilitation or less marked depression. Quantal content throughout these trains remained lower than in controls. The results indicate that IgG antibody from l.e.m.s. patients can induce a similar physiologic disorder in injected mice, and they support the view that this antibody interferes with evoked release of transmitter in l.e.m.s. by binding to nerve terminal determinants. PMID- 6655586 TI - Activation of feline acetylcholine synthesis in the absence of release: dependence on sodium, calcium and the sodium pump. AB - Following a 15 min inhibition of the Na pump in the cat superior cervical ganglion by perfusion with K-free Locke solution, a 10 min recovery period in normal Locke produced a 51% increase in acetylcholine stores. The increase in acetylcholine stores occurred without increase in acetylcholine release. Thus this procedure of pump inhibition followed by recovery selectively activates acetylcholine synthesis. The increase in acetylcholine stores occurred entirely during the 10 min recovery period in which the Na pump was re-activated. This increase represents a rate of synthesis of acetylcholine of 5.1% of stores per minute, which equals the maximum rate that can be achieved during high-frequency preganglionic nerve stimulation. The increase in stores was not affected by substituting isethionate for all but 8 mM-Cl in the perfusion fluids. The increase in stores was prevented by reducing the Na concentration of the K-free Locke to 25 mM. The increase in stores was only 17% when Ca was omitted from the K-free Locke. Omission of Ca from the perfusion fluid in the recovery period as well as in the period of pump inhibition prevented any increase in stores. It is concluded that the selective activation of acetylcholine synthesis following the pause in Na pumping was a direct result of an increase in Na pump rate and an increase in internal Ca in the nerve terminals. It is proposed that similar changes in Na pump rate and internal Ca produced by repetitive nerve impulse activity likewise activate acetylcholine synthesis independently of release of transmitter or depletion of stores. PMID- 6655587 TI - The distribution of small ions during the early development of Xenopus laevis and Ambystoma mexicanum embryos. AB - The free ion concentrations of Na+, K+ and Cl- have been measured in the cells and intercellular spaces of developing amphibian embryos using ion-sensitive microelectrodes. Ca2+, H+ and buffering capacity have also been measured in the intercellular spaces. The free intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations in the early cleavage stages remain approximately constant at 21 mM and 90 mM respectively. The free intracellular Cl- concentration, approximately 60 mM during the egg to 4-cell stage, falls during development to around 30 mM by the 128-cell stage. Embryos from different batches show a wide variation in intracellular free ion content. A strong correlation was observed between the ion content, particularly of K+, and the viability of the embryo. If the intracellular K+ concentration was less than 60 mM, embryos invariably died between late blastula and early gastrula stages; if greater than 80 mM the embryo generally survived. The intercellular free Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca2+ concentrations in Xenopus mid-blastula embryos are 91 mM, 4 mM, 59 mM and 1.5 mM respectively. The intercellular potential at late neurula stages is +3.5 mV when the embryo is bathed in 5% Ringer solution; changing to Ringer solution reduced the potential to -4 mV. Before gastrulation the intercellular Ca2+ concentration in Xenopus falls to approximately 0.5 mM, where it remains throughout gastrulation before returning to its mid-blastula value during neurulation. In Xenopus, the intercellular Na+ concentration falls to around 75 mM and the intercellular K+ concentration rises to around 17 mM at the end of gastrulation. These changes are not maintained and both Na+ and K+ concentrations return to their earlier values. In Ambystoma, the intercellular K+ concentration falls steadily from 7 mM at the mid-blastula stage to 2 mM at the end of neurulation. The Na+ concentration is constant at approximately 93 mM up to stage 14; between stages 14 and 16 the measurements show some scatter (minimum value 60 mM, maximum value 100 mM), and beyond stage 16 the Na+ concentration increases to 123 mM. PMID- 6655588 TI - Spatial contrast sensitivities of X and Y type neurones in the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. AB - The discharges of X and Y type neurones were recorded extracellularly from the binocular segment of the A laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of anaesthetized, paralysed cats. X type geniculate cells are referred to as XG cells and Y type geniculate cells as YG cells. They were differentiated on the basis of a test of linear spatial summation and the relatively higher spatial resolution of the XG type. Contrast sensitivities of these cells were measured for a series of spatial frequencies at 5.2 Hz. Sensitivity measurements took account of the variability inherent in the cells' maintained discharges. Maintained discharges of XG and YG cells were found to be similarly noisy and the level of noise was stable in the time range of seconds to hours. The noise level was greater than in corresponding ganglion cells, suggesting that an extra source of noise is added at the geniculate level. The criterion set routinely to measure 'threshold' contrast corresponded to a level of reliability of about two false positives in fifty. YG cells had higher contrast sensitivities at low spatial frequencies and XG at high. YG cells were found also to have higher peak sensitivities. The optimum spatial frequency of XG cells was found to be higher than that of YG cells. YG cells also show less attenuation in contrast sensitivity for gratings of spatial frequencies below their optima. Contrast sensitivities of both XG and YG cells were found to be lower than those of corresponding ganglion cells. The optimum spatial frequencies and spatial resolutions of XG and YG cells decreased as the retinal eccentricities of their receptive fields increased. XG cells were found to have higher spatial resolution in lamina A than lamina A1. No difference was found between on- and off-centre types of either cell class. Although individual YG cells are more sensitive to low spatial frequencies than individual XG cells, the ensemble of XG cells of one centre-type which overlaps a particular YG cell receptive field of the same centre-type has a contrast sensitivity at optimum spatial frequency very close to that of the YG cell. This leads one to believe that XG cells could by themselves account for the contrast sensitivity of the cat's visual system. PMID- 6655589 TI - Spatio-temporal interaction in neurones of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. AB - Temporal contrast sensitivities in the range 0.33-42 Hz for optimum spatial frequency grating stimuli were measured for large populations of XG and YG neurones. For fewer cells, complete spatial contrast sensitivity profiles were measured at a series of temporal frequencies and, in some cases, at a range of levels of retinal illumination too. Contrast sensitivities were measured from responses of cells reliably different from their maintained discharges. The cells' discharges were recorded extracellularly from the binocular segment of the A laminae of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. At their respective optimum spatial frequencies, YG cell were more sensitive on average than XG cells for most temporal frequencies, though the average temporal contrast sensitivity profiles of both cell classes had similar shapes. The optimum temporal frequency for both cell types was around 5 Hz. XG and YG cells seem to be relatively less sensitive to low temporal frequencies than their ganglion cell counterparts. At a retinal illumination of 230 cd/m2 (pupil, 3 mm2), increasing temporal frequency in the range 0.65-21 Hz produced a relative improvement in low spatial frequency contrast sensitivity in most XG and all YG cells studied. There were some XG cells, though, which showed little or no effect of temporal frequency on their spatial contrast sensitivity curves. At all temporal frequencies, the shapes of spatial contrast sensitivity curves and the cells' temporal contrast sensitivity profiles were not markedly dependent on the criterion level set to measure 'threshold' contrast. Reducing the level of retinal illumination in the range 230 0.007 cd/m2 (pupil, 3 mm2) produced a fall in contrast sensitivities for both XG and YG cells. The loss in sensitivity was more marked at high spatial and high temporal frequencies. The similar shapes of the temporal contrast sensitivity curves of XG and YG cells weakens the suggestion that the human counterparts of these cells would provide a suitable physiological substrate for the psychophysical sustained and transient channels. Although the behaviour of XG and YG cells parallels quite closely changes in cat and human psychophysical spatial contrast sensitivities with temporal frequency and retinal illumination, many problems remain for equating results from the two fields. PMID- 6655591 TI - Response of the normal human ankle joint to imposed sinusoidal movements. AB - Ankle joints were subjected to sinusoidal movements at a range of amplitudes and frequencies. Records were made of electromyograms (e.m.g.s) in calf muscles, and of the forces at the joints. When the leg is relaxed, the ankle joint resists an imposed sinusoidal movement with a small approximately sinusoidal force. It is stiffer in its resistance to small movements than to large ones, and this resistance is greater when the joint is dorsiflexed than when it is plantarflexed. If the subject exerts a steady mean flexing force, the imposed sinusoidal movement generates reflex activity which may be recorded as a modulation of the gastrocnemius and soleus e.m.g.s. The e.m.g. response to the sinusoidal movement occurs later in cycles of movement at high than at low frequencies, as one could expect of a reflex pathway that involves a delay. The results suggest that this delay is between 50 and 60 ms, and we conclude that under these circumstances spinal stretch reflexes are playing the important part. The relation of the resisting force to the movement has been displayed as a vector. As the frequency changes, this vector describes the circular path that is characteristic of a system which includes delays or lags; this path enables one to draw conclusions about the amplitude and timing of the reflex resistance to the movement. When a subject exerts a moderate flexing force against the sinusoidal movement for some minutes, the reflex response becomes progressively potentiated. A subject whose reflex responses are normally slight may then exhibit a vigorous reflex response to the movement of that ankle. This enhancement of spinal reflex activity was accompanied by an increase in the myotatic reflex response at the ankle. Reflex responses to sinusoidal movement were most clearly seen when the subject exerted a mean flexing force that amounted to about one-fifth of his maximum. Very small movements (+/- 0.5 degrees) generated little or no reflex response. With large amplitudes of movement there was more reflex activity, but at some amplitude (which varied from subject to subject and from time to time) the reflex mechanism appeared to 'saturate', and further increases in amplitude were not accompanied by comparable increases in the reflex response. With movements at 10-15 Hz the e.m.g. response often became large in alternate cycles, with less activity in the intervening cycles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6655590 TI - The regulation of extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors in the denervated rat diaphragm muscle in culture. AB - The regulation of the number of extrajunctional acetylcholine (ACh) receptors was assayed by 125I-labelled alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites in denervated rat diaphragm muscle in culture. Sustained K depolarization does not eliminate extrajunctional ACh receptors. In fact, muscle cultured in high-K medium (normal Cl) for 3 days exhibits a greater binding capacity than controls. Under conditions in which the intracellular Cl concentration is unaltered (high-K-low Cl medium) this effect of high-K medium on the number of extra-junctional ACh receptors is blocked. The number of extrajunctional receptors increases 24-48 h after exposure to high-K-normal Cl medium, similar to the time course of the initial appearance of extrajunctional receptors in the denervated diaphragm muscle in vivo or in organ culture in normal media. High-K-normal Cl medium did not alter the rate of receptor degradation. Electrical stimulation of denervated muscle strips cultured in low-Ca medium containing D-600 eliminated extrajunctional receptors as efficiently as stimulation of muscles in control medium. Electrical stimulation did not reduce the extrajunctional ACh receptor population in glycerol-treated uncoupled muscles to the same extent as in untreated muscles. The extrajunctional ACh receptor content of denervated muscle cultured for 3 days in 2 and 5 mM-caffeine was reduced by about half respectively. Denervated muscle cultured in 0.3 mM-caffeine did not differ from control denervated muscle. Other agents which may alter intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels: dibutyryl cyclic GMP, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, papaverine, and sodium nitroprusside, did not mimic the effect of caffeine or electrical stimulation in lowering the levels of extrajunctional ACh receptors. We conclude that intracellular Ca release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is necessary for the elimination of extrajunctional ACh receptors in denervated muscle. The levels of intracellular Cl also influence the population of extrajunctional receptors. Conditions which lead to higher levels of intracellular Cl result in greater rates of synthesis of ACh receptors. PMID- 6655592 TI - Effects of extracellular calcium and of light adaptation on the response to dim light in honey bee drone photoreceptors. AB - Light responses in honey bee drone photoreceptors were recorded with intracellular micro-electrodes in superfused slices of retina. The effects of changes in extracellular calcium on the size and the shape of the response to dim light were studied and compared with the effects of light adaptation. Dim light stimuli were used so that the amplitude of the response was linearly related to the number of the photons absorbed, the effects of voltage-dependent mechanisms were negligible and no detectable light adaptation was produced by the stimulus. Lowering the extracellular calcium concentration increased the amplitude and the duration of the response. Raising the extracellular calcium concentration produced the opposite effects. Changing the extracellular calcium concentration modified the response without altering either the linearity of the intensity- response relation or the resting membrane potential in the dark. Light adaptation decreased the amplitude and the duration of the response in a manner that could be quantitatively simulated, in the same photoreceptors, by an increase in the extracellular calcium concentration. Changing the extracellular calcium concentration, or light-adapting the preparation, modified the response without altering its early depolarizing phase. Lowering external calcium either did not affect, or slightly increased, the maximum rate of the light-induced depolarization; raising external calcium, or light-adapting the preparation, either did not affect, or slightly decreased, the maximum rate of the light induced depolarization. The experimental data can be quantitatively described by a mathematical model with the basic assumption that calcium acts in the process of light adaptation by decreasing the mean open time of the light-activated channels. PMID- 6655595 TI - [Portable multi-purpose device for monitoring of physiological informations]. AB - Unconstrained system that measures physiological information as skin temperatures and heart rate per unit time of a human subject was developed. The system contained portable device included memory control unit, instrumentation unit, timer and batteries, read-out unit, test unit and verify unit. Total number of data and channels, and interval were selected by switches in the memory control unit. The data from the instrumentation unit were transferred to memory control unit and stored in the Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM). After measurement, EPROM chip was taken off the memory control unit and put on the read-out unit which transferred the data to the microcomputer. The data were directly calculated and analyzed by microcomputer. In application of the instrumentation unit, 8-channel skin thermometer was developed and tested. After amplification, 8 analog signals were multiplexed and converted into the binary codes. The digital signals were sequentially transferred to memory control unit and stored in the EPROM under controlled signal. The accuracy of the system is determined primarily by the accuracy of the sensor of instrumentation unit. The overall accuracy of 8 channel skin thermometer is conservatively stated within 0.1 degree C. This may prove to be useful in providing an objective measurement of human subjects, and can be used in studying environmental effect for human body and sport activities in a large population setting. PMID- 6655594 TI - Motor unit size and synaptic competition in rat lumbrical muscles reinnervated by active and inactive motor axons. AB - The size of motor units has been measured in adult rat muscles reinnervated by active and inactive motor axons. The results suggest that active nerve terminals have a competitive advantage over inactive terminals during neuromuscular synapse elimination. The experiments were done using the fourth deep lumbrical muscle in the rat hind foot, which receives its motor innervation from the lateral plantar nerve (l.p.n.) and the sural nerve (s.n.). The muscles were denervated by a nerve crush close to the muscle. Five to ten days later, nerve impulse conduction in the l.p.n. was blocked for 1-2 weeks by chronic superfusion of the nerve with tetrodotoxin (Betz, Caldwell & Ribchester, 1980 b). After 2 weeks of l.p.n. block, the isometric tetanic tension of s.n. motor units increased about two fold, compared with contralateral control muscles. This was due to an increase in the number of muscle fibres innervated by s.n. motor axons. Intracellular recordings showed that more fibres were innervated by the s.n. than in normal muscles. In some animals, the blocked l.p.n. was cut 1-2 weeks later. The l.p.n. terminals were allowed to degenerate for 1-2 days. There were more s.n. terminals in zinc iodide-osmium stained preparations of these muscles than in normal muscles. Calculation of tetanic tension overlap between l.p.n. and s.n. motor units, and the amount of mono-neuronal innervation seen in intracellular recordings suggested that a larger fraction of the muscles was innervated only by s.n. motor nerve terminals than in controls. This fraction increased with time, ultimately reaching about 14% of the muscle per s.n. motor unit. The expansion of the s.n. motor units appeared to take place by terminal and preterminal sprouting of motor axons. The l.p.n.-evoked tetanic tension decreased in parallel with the increase in the s.n. tetanic tension. The decrease in the l.p.n. twitch tension did not parallel the increase in the s.n. twitch tension. At least part of this discrepancy was due to repetitive firing of the regenerated, inactive l.p.n. terminals when the nerve was stimulated electrically. The results support the notion that modifications in connectivity between pre- and post-synaptic cells can come about by growth or withdrawal of terminals, as a result of differences in the level of activity in the presynaptic cells (Hebb, 1949). PMID- 6655593 TI - Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release in frog skeletal muscle fibres estimated from Arsenazo III calcium transients. AB - Single twitch fibres, dissected from frog muscle, were injected with the metallochromic dye Arsenazo III. Changes in dye-related absorbance measured at 650 or 660 nm were used to estimate the time course of myoplasmic free [Ca2+] following either action potential stimulation or voltage-clamp depolarization (temperature, 15-17 degrees C). The amplitude of the Ca2+ transient decreased when fibres were stretched to sarcomere spacings approaching 4 microns. The effect appeared to be less marked in H2O Ringer than in D2O Ringer, where a reduction of about 40% was observed in going from 3.0 microns to 3.7-3.9 microns. In fibres heavily injected with dye (1.5-2.2 mM-dye) at least 0.1 mM-Ca2+ was complexed with Arsenazo III following a single action potential, implying that at least 0.1 mM-Ca2+ was released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (s.r.) into the myoplasm. Computer simulations were carried out to estimate the flux of Ca2+ between the s.r. and myoplasm (in fibres containing no more that 0.8 mM-dye). The amounts and time courses of Ca2+ bound to the Ca2+-regulatory sites on troponin and to the Ca2+, Mg2+ sites on parvalbumin were estimated from the free [Ca2+] wave form and the law of mass action. In the computations the total myoplasmic [Ca2+] was taken as the total amount of Ca2+ existing either as free ion or as ion complexed with dye, troponin or parvalbumin. The time derivative of total myoplasmic [Ca2+] was used as an estimate of net Ca2+ flux (release minus uptake) from the s.r. into myoplasm. Rate constants for formation of cation: receptor complex were taken from published values. For the Ca2+-regulatory sites on troponin, three sets of rate constants, corresponding to two values of dissociation constant (0.2 and 2 microM) were used. Each set of three simulations was carried out both with and without parvalbumin. The simulations show that following action potential stimulation, 0.2-0.3 mM-Ca2+ enters the myoplasm from the s.r. The wave form of s.r. Ca2+ release is early and brief compared with the wave form of free [Ca2+]. Neither the selection of troponin rate constants nor the inclusion of parvalbumin has much effect on the shape of the release wave form; the main effect of varying these parameters is to change the magnitude. After the initial, rapid phase of Ca2+ release from the s.r. there is a longer, maintained period of Ca2+ uptake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6655596 TI - [Characteristics of eyelid potential changes evoked by phonic stimulation--with special reference to the relation with the eye movement]. PMID- 6655597 TI - [Effects of epinephrine and pilocarpine on oxygen uptake by the isolated submandibular acinar cells of rats treated with isoproterenol]. PMID- 6655598 TI - [Neuronal activities of the visual field of the cerebral cortex modulated by reserpine-induced PGO waves]. AB - The modulatory influence of reserpine-induced PGO wave upon the spontaneous activity of visual cortical neurons was examined in acutely prepared cats. Unitary discharge of cortical neurons was recorded extracellularly with glass micropipettes. Of twenty three neurons three showed a vigorous discharge synchronously with a certain phase of PGO wave. One neuron was strongly suppressed by the occurrence of PGO wave. Three neurons showed an increase and one neuron showed a decrease, respectively, in discharge in a loose correlation with PGO wave. This study has demonstrated the presence of a unique group of neurons which show a burst discharge or a complete silence in a precisely phase lock manner when reserpine-induced PGO wave occurred. PMID- 6655599 TI - [Phenomenon of a quiet period in the myoelectric amplitudes evoked by H-reflex during voluntary muscle contraction]. AB - The purpose of this study was to analyze the occurrence mechanism of quiet period (silent period, QP) in myoelectric signals of the gastrocnemius muscle by the measure of the electric stimulation with H-reflex, during various background levels of voluntary contraction strength. While surface myoelectric signals of the lateral gastrocnemius muscle in six man subjects with normal neuromuscular functions were recorded during isometric contractions, the tibial nerve was stimulated to evoke H-reflex and subsequent QP. QP was observed invariably in trials with background strength levels of less than 45%MVC (maximum voluntary contraction) starting just after H-wave and lasting 3-120msec. QP occurrence depended upon two neuromuscular factors--low initial strength levels and moderate H-wave amplitudes, and QP duration were changed with the logarithmic relationship according to the initial level of %MVC gradually. From these observation, following conclusions were gotten such as that inhibitory function in the spinal cord was generated to alpha motor neuron from the voluntary contraction and then QP occurrence mechanism should be considered to associate with changes in recurrent inhibition during voluntary contractions by an H-reflex. PMID- 6655600 TI - The 60th annual meeting of the Physiological Society of Japan. Abstracts. April 5 -7, 1983. PMID- 6655601 TI - Study of the effect of small dose of steroid to ephedrine--theophylline combination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PMID- 6655602 TI - Chronic bronchitis: Part I. A bacteriological study of acute exacerbation. PMID- 6655603 TI - Effect of propranolol on the electrocardiogram in hypothyroidism. PMID- 6655604 TI - Study of coagulase-negative staphylococci in clinical infections. PMID- 6655605 TI - A simple method of distinguishing between inflammatory and neoplastic elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate. PMID- 6655606 TI - Uncommon manifestations of filariasis. PMID- 6655607 TI - Paget-Schroetter syndrome. PMID- 6655608 TI - Thyroxine-induced depressive psychoses (a case report). PMID- 6655609 TI - Unusual metastasis of carcinoma of the prostate (a case report). PMID- 6655610 TI - Myxedema and pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade (a case report). PMID- 6655611 TI - Fatal air embolism following retroperitoneal air insufflation (a case report). PMID- 6655612 TI - Placental transfer of 59Fe in rats after intravenous injection of 59Fe-iron dextran at near term. PMID- 6655613 TI - Adsorption of 60Co on non-ionic macro-reticular resin impregnated tetraphenylarsonium chloride or tetraphenylarsonium thiocyanate. PMID- 6655614 TI - Reactions of dichloride anion radicals with pyrimidine and its derivatives. PMID- 6655616 TI - Chromosomal studies on radiation-induced gynogenesis and diploid gynogenesis in the fish Oryzias latipes. PMID- 6655615 TI - Oxygen consumption in gamma irradiated mouse testes. PMID- 6655618 TI - Patient satisfaction and the content of general practice consultations. PMID- 6655617 TI - Medical ethics: a survey of general practitioners' attitudes. AB - A postal questionnaire was used to investigate general practitioners' attitudes to several issues of medical ethics: artificial insemination, contraception, termination of pregnancy, euthanasia and criteria for brain death. The 500 doctors surveyed were all practising in the west of Scotland; 301 forms were returned (60 per cent response). PMID- 6655619 TI - Non-accidental injury to children: a survey of professional attitudes. AB - A small sample of general practitioners was questioned about non-accidental injury to children. Differences emerged between those qualifying before and after 1960. Differences were also found in management between the general practitioners and other workers in this field, health visitors, social workers and the police. The need to include this subject in the continuing education of general practitioners is stressed. PMID- 6655620 TI - Antibiotics, sore throats and acute nephritis. AB - A study was carried out of 274 children in Scotland aged 0 to 13 years recorded as having had acute nephritis over a four-year period (1976-79). The medical records for 223 of the patients were examined and 79 cases of poststreptococcal nephritis were identified, giving an estimated incidence of 2.1 episodes per 100,000 children per year. Using a number of assumptions, the authors sought the answers to two important questions: What is the risk that glomerulonephritis will develop after sore throat/inflamed throat illness? Is this risk influenced by the prescribing of an antibiotic for the original illness?The risks of developing nephritis after an antibiotic-treated sore throat and after a non-antibiotic treated sore throat were assessed as being equivalent (1:13,000 and 1:17,000 respectively). Furthermore, it appears that, during his lifetime, a general practitioner has a chance of only one in six of seeing a child with post streptococcal nephritis after a sore throat. PMID- 6655621 TI - Towards a map of general practice. PMID- 6655623 TI - The MRCGP examination and its methods. IV: MEQ paper. PMID- 6655622 TI - Obstacles to continuing education. AB - An earlier study showed that low attendance at section 63 courses of continuing education was not explained by dissatisfaction with content or methods employed in these programmes. In this enquiry to the same sample of 105 general practitioners, several additional factors were studied related to enjoyment of professional role, practice skills and perceived obstacles to continuing education. Thirty-seven per cent of respondents said that their work was less than fully enjoyable and one in 20 found no enjoyment; similarly, 30 per cent were dissatisfied with their organizational skills but for neither of these factors was there any difference between attenders and non-attenders. Half of the sample found difficulty in keeping up to date, and in this finding the proportion who were attenders was significantly higher than non-attenders. Eighty-two per cent had encountered obstacles to their continuing education, in particular lack of time, practice commitments and the need to preserve family life. Recommendations for an ideal system of continuing education included high acceptance of self-assessment exercises as a means of identifying areas of educational need. PMID- 6655624 TI - The MRCGP examination and its methods. V:Oral examination. PMID- 6655625 TI - Pelvic venous changes after tubal sterilization. AB - We studied pelvic venous patterns after tubal ligation and compared them after different tubal sterilization procedures. To this end transuterine pelvic venography was performed preoperatively and after the first and sixth periods postoperatively in 56 women. All procedures that interrupt or interfere with the blood supply were analyzed in terms of uterine congestion, uterovaginal and ovarian varicosities and the incidence of pelvic venous stasis. There is a compelling need for a sterilization method that does not interrupt or damage the pelvic circulation; ideally it should be nonsurgical. PMID- 6655626 TI - Experience with the Hamou colpomicrohysteroscope. AB - The Hamou colpomicrohysteroscope has a narrow diameter that permits its use in an office setting without anesthesia or analgesia. This instrument's magnification capability, up to 150X, gives it extreme versatility such that it can be used as a panoramic hysteroscope or as a contact colpomicroscope. This report details the early experience with this instrument in two gynecologic practices. PMID- 6655627 TI - The incidence of intrauterine abnormalities found at hysteroscopy in patients undergoing elective hysteroscopic sterilization. AB - Hysteroscopic findings in 323 consecutive women requesting transcervical sterilization were analyzed. A remarkably low incidence of intrauterine abnormalities (13%) was found in this group of asymptomatic women as compared to that found in large series of women who experienced abnormal uterine bleeding or infertility. The dramatic difference in the incidence of abnormal hysteroscopic findings between these patient groups supports the concept of routinely performing hysteroscopy when evaluating women with infertility or abnormal uterine bleeding. It also sets a baseline for the prevalence of hysteroscopically demonstrable intrauterine pathology in an asymptomatic population. PMID- 6655628 TI - Sonographic evaluation of prenatal therapy for fetal supraventricular tachycardia and congestive heart failure. A case report. PMID- 6655629 TI - Brenner tumor during pregnancy. A case report. AB - Brenner tumor is usually characterized as a rare benign tumor of the postmenopausal years. We treated a patient who had the first reported case of unilateral Brenner tumor during a normal pregnancy. PMID- 6655630 TI - Anterior sacral meningocele presenting as a pelvic mass and diagnosed only at celiotomy after an extensive workup. A case report. AB - A marfanoid patient underwent celiotomy for a pelvic mass and was found to have an anterior sacral meningocele. Nine years prior to that time she had undergone surgery because of a "sacrococcygeal cyst," which in retrospect seemed to be a posterior meningocele. The preoperative diagnosis of meningocele is important to successful treatment. PMID- 6655631 TI - Pregnancy in a young woman with Buerger's disease. A case report. AB - A young woman with Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) had two pregnancies. Ten histologically documented cases of this disease in women have been reported. Only one pregnancy was reported previously. PMID- 6655632 TI - Vasectomy and atherosclerosis in Macaca fascicularis. New findings in a controversial issue. AB - The influence of vasectomy on diet-induced atherosclerosis was studied in ten Macaca fascicularis monkeys. After a six-month control period the monkeys were divided into two groups and matched for cholesterol levels. Five monkeys were given vasectomies and five sham vasectomies, and all animals were placed on a high-cholesterol, atherogenic diet. The vasectomized monkeys showed a significant increase in sperm antibody formation as compared with the control group. Both groups developed similar high cholesterol levels. After ten months all monkeys were necropsied, and their vascular systems were carefully evaluated to determine the extent of atherosclerosis. There was no difference in the occurrence of atherosclerotic plaques between the study and control groups despite sperm antibody development in the study group. This finding is in contrast to those of previous animal studies in which it was theorized that vasectomy aggravated the development of atherosclerosis. This study, however, confirms the results of several human studies that have failed to find any increase in cardiovascular disease among men who have undergone vasectomy. PMID- 6655633 TI - Steroidal contraception in the '80s. The role of current and new products. AB - The future role of steroidal contraceptives in fertility management will be affected by rapid increases in population size in less-developed countries. Assuming that new serious risks with the use of steroidal contraception do not emerge and that radical, new technology does not replace this method, we can expect its continuing, important role in family planning programs. New compounds and delivery systems are now being studied. Within a few years a variety of long acting and alternative delivery systems is likely to become available, including injectables and implants in biodegradable carriers and vaginal rings. PMID- 6655634 TI - Trial of labor in patients with multiple previous cesarean sections. AB - Trial of labor (TOL) in patients with multiple previous low transverse cesarean sections has not been investigated extensively, and information regarding the risks and benefits of this kind of management is largely unavailable. A combined series of patients experienced a TOL after two or more previous cesarean deliveries; the rate of vaginal delivery was 66%, and there was virtually no morbidity. Though a larger number of patients is necessary to document the desirability of a TOL in these circumstances, the evidence available now suggests that this management approach is both reasonable and safe. PMID- 6655635 TI - The vulvar vestibule. AB - Vulvar pain, burning and dyspareunia are challenging complaints that often defy attempts at specific diagnosis. The vulvar vestibule is being recognized increasingly as a site of these symptoms, but the entities found at this location are not recognized widely. The clinical and histologic features of the minor vestibular glands, mucinous cysts, vestibular adenitis and vestibular papillae are given as they appeared in 28 patients. PMID- 6655636 TI - Preoperative cervical dilatation with a single long-acting prostaglandin analog suppository. An alternative to traumatic mechanical dilatation before surgical evacuation. AB - A single vaginal suppository containing 1 mg of 15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha methyl ester induced cervical dilatation in 60 patients requesting surgical termination of pregnancy. Forty-two percent of the patients required no further dilatation. Even when further dilatation was required, it was performed with considerable ease due to the softening effects of the prostaglandin on the cervix. The use of this agent may be of value in preventing complications resulting from mechanical dilatation of the cervix. PMID- 6655637 TI - Factors associated with successful vaginal delivery after cesarean section. AB - To assess obstetric parameters that would predict successful vaginal delivery in patients with prior cesarean sections, the perinatal records of 579 such patients were reviewed. Sixty-six percent of the patients (385) had elective repeat cesarean sections. Of the 194 patients who attempted vaginal delivery, three fourths (148) had success. Perinatal parameters that were statistically significant indicators of success included: nonrecurrent indication for cesarean section, vaginal delivery either prior or subsequent to cesarean section, duration of labor less than 24 hours prior to cesarean section, infant's birth weight less than 4,000 gm and cervical dilatation greater than 4 cm on admission for attempted vaginal delivery. PMID- 6655638 TI - Pregnancy-resolution decisions. What if abortions were banned? AB - This study addressed two related questions: (1) what sets of psychosocial characteristics distinguish women who have had an abortion from those who have not? (2) What sets of characteristics distinguish women who, given their present situations, predict they would terminate an unplanned pregnancy from those who predict they would carry such a pregnancy to term? Fifteen variables associated with pregnancy-resolution decisions were tested in multiple logistic regression analyses. Only number of children was strongly (and positively) predictive of having had an abortion. Four variables predicted expectation that an unplanned pregnancy would be terminated. These results suggest that a ban on abortions would affect virtually all women in the study cohort and that the pregnancies affected would be those that occur when the women are least able to care for a (or another) child and when they feel somewhat positive about their potential for self-improvement. PMID- 6655639 TI - Pregnancy and maternal proximal focal femoral deficiency. A case report. AB - Proximal focal femoral deficiency is a rare form of disproportionate dwarfism. This case report illustrates the common complications associated with it: ambulatory difficulty, abdominal and back pain and absolute cephalopelvic disproportion. The common findings of pelvic contraction in disproportionate dwarfs generally requires delivery by cesarean section. PMID- 6655640 TI - Intraligamentous pregnancy. A case report. AB - A patient experienced fetal demise at 33 weeks' gestation. Numerous attempts at induction of labor failed. It was not until a laparotomy was performed that the intraligamentous location of the pregnancy was determined. Although this diagnosis is rarely made preoperatively, repeated failure of induction should raise the suspicion of an abnormal implantation site. PMID- 6655641 TI - Prospects for the prenatal diagnosis and obstetric management of cloacal exstrophy. A report of two cases. AB - Two cases of cloacal exstrophy, a rare congenital anomaly featuring exstrophy of the urinary, genital and intestinal systems, occurred. Possibilities for the prenatal diagnosis of such structural anomalies are alpha-fetoprotein screening, ultrasonography and fetal heart rate and activity patterns. Careful preoperative evaluation of affected neonates and staging of the surgical correction are recommended. PMID- 6655642 TI - Modulation of rat lymphocyte transformation by plasma fibronectin. AB - Purified rat plasma fibronectin (Fn) was studied for its ability to influence nonspecific lymphocyte transformation to various mitogens. Fn added to lymph node cells (LNC) stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in a noncytotoxic dose-dependent inhibition of the blastogenic response. Effective inhibition (greater than 50%) of LNC responses to PHA and LPS occurred with concentrations of Fn that ranged from 10-50 micrograms/culture. The proliferative response to Con A was less affected by the presence of Fn: 50% inhibition was observed only with the highest concentration of Fn studied. Fn at low concentrations was more effective than Fn depleted plasma in inhibiting lymphocyte responses to PHA. Optimal expression of the regulatory activity of Fn occurs during and following the peak proliferative period for both PHA and LPS responses. In order to evoke maximum inhibition it is necessary for Fn to be present within 12 hours following stimulation of LNC with mitogen. Inhibition does not appear to be the result of Fn-mitogen complexes which reduce the amount of mitogen available for stimulation, since increasing concentrations of either PHA or LPS did not significantly reduce the inhibitory effect. Furthermore, inhibition was not influenced by the concentration of fetal calf serum present in the culture medium. Thus, Fn may function as an important nonspecific immunoregulatory factor at inflammatory sites and in areas of tissue repair. PMID- 6655643 TI - Effects of a metastatic (13762) and nonmetastatic (R3230AC) mammary adenocarcinoma on radiocolloid localization in regional lymph nodes in Fischer 344 rats. AB - Effects of a metastatic and nonmetastatic tumor on radiocolloid localization in regional lymph nodes in the rat were studied in order to examine further the hypothesis that suppression of radiocolloid uptake results from inhibition of macrophage phagocytic function by tumor products. On the basis of data obtained in the present model using homogenates of autologous spleen and two weakly immunogenic tumors introduced into the foot pad of rats, it is proposed that decreased radiocolloid uptake induced by a regional neoplasm may result from proliferation of nonphagocytic cellular elements within the regional lymph nodes and alterations in the cell population at the site of radiocolloid injection, which impede the transport of interstitially administered radiocolloid and its access to phagocytic macrophages, within primary and secondary regional lymph nodes. In its inception, therefore, suppression of radiocolloid uptake is not unique to neoplasia and may not directly reflect altered phagocytosis. PMID- 6655645 TI - Employee assistance programming: a rehabilitation perspective. PMID- 6655644 TI - The reactivity of a monoclonal antibody against cells of the monocyte-macrophage series in sections of normal and inflamed human tissues. AB - FMC-17a monoclonal antibody reactive with peripheral blood monocytes was used to identify cells of monocyte origin in sections of normal and inflamed human tissues. FMC-17 + ve cells were found in all samples tested. The distribution, HLA-DR staining characteristics, and enzyme profiles (ACP and ATPase) of FMC-17 + ve cells indicated that interdigitating (dendritic) cells, Langerhans cells, tissue histiocytes, and the classical inflammatory phagocytic macrophages belonged to the reactive population. The antigen recognized by this antibody was found on monocytic and promonocytic cells in bone marrow, yet appeared to be lost following activation in the later stages of inflammatory conditions. Further studies are necessary to elucidate at what stage in the differentiation/maturation pathway the antigen is acquired and again whether or not FMC-17--ve cells are an activated or degenerating population. PMID- 6655647 TI - A model for improving services to blind college students. PMID- 6655646 TI - The severely disabled psychiatric patient and the adjustment to work. PMID- 6655648 TI - Differential adaptive capacity to hearing impairment. PMID- 6655650 TI - Rehabilitation nurse or vocational rehabilitation counselor: competency based selection. PMID- 6655649 TI - The development of a functional assessment for learning disabled adults: a preliminary analysis. PMID- 6655651 TI - Rehabilitation in Japan: impressions and reflections. PMID- 6655652 TI - The familial incidence of "grey" Afrikander calves with and without goitre. AB - Afrikander cows rarely drop "grey" (very pale yellow) calves with or without goitre. These 2 defects have been recorded among calves in 2 herds. In one of these herds, all affected calves were the progeny of a particular bull when bred to its own daughters and closely related cows. The bull responsible on the other farm apparently inherited the pathogenic genes for goitre and grey colour also from his paternal and maternal ancestry respectively. Both sires are fairly closely related. Both bulls and the cows they sired must have been heterozygous for both abnormal genes to produce homozygous offspring. There is evidence that the factors concerned segregate according to Mendelian rules during the second generation. These anomalies appear to be simple (autosomal) recessive genes and when combined in the same animal, are usually lethal. PMID- 6655654 TI - The concept of "productive adaptability" of domestic animals in tropical and subtropical regions. AB - The complex trait "productive adaptability" is shown to be a useful parameter for selection work in tropical climates. Characters such as rectal temperature in poultry and hair colour and structure in cattle used as indicators of heat tolerance prove to be of little value. "Productive adaptability" is also genetically more suited for selection procedures. Our results confirm that body size is a significant indicator of an animal's productive adaptability and that it is a suitable criterion for use in improving the genetic potential of livestock in warm climates. The special use of major genes in breeding programmes to improve productive adaptability is demonstrated. PMID- 6655653 TI - A report on the consumption, composition and nutritional adequacy of a mixture of lush green perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) fed ad libitum to Thoroughbred mares. AB - Non-pregnant Thoroughbred mares were stabled and subjected to 2 trials, each 24 h in duration, to establish their total consumption of a mixture of freshly cut, lush green perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) in approximately equal proportions; and to compare the total intake of crude protein, calcium, phosphorus and mass of the grass mixture on a dry matter basis with their daily nutritional requirements. The body mass of each mare was calculated at the commencement of each trial. In the first trial 2 lactating mares with foals at foot, 65 days and 8 days of age, and one mature non-lactating mare, consumed 75,5 kg, 61,0 kg and 39,5 kg of the grass mixture, cut in the early vegetative stage, respectively. The perennial ryegrasss (L. perenne) contained 79,63% moisture, 1,67% crude protein, 0,75% calcium, 0.057% phosphorus and 20.37% dry matter. The cocksfoot (D. glomerata) contained 79,52% moisture, 2,27% crude protein, 0,051% calcium, 0,061% phosphorus and 20,48% dry matter. The younger foal did not eat the grass mixture. The mass of grass mixture consumed by the older foal was not determined. In the second trial conducted 3 weeks later, when oat straw (Avena sativa) was also fed ad lib itum, the same lactating mares, but a different mature non-lactating mare, consumed 54.5 kg, 56.0 kg and 40.5 kg of the grass mixture, cut in the mid bloom stage, respectively. The perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) contained 70,03% moisture, 2,37% crude protein, 0,086% calcium 0,068% phosphorus and 29,97 dry matter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655655 TI - Trypanotolerant cattle in West and Central Africa. AB - Two native humpless types of Bos taurus cattle which are tolerant to trypanosomiasis were described in West Africa at the beginning of this century. In spite of the fact that they are small breeds, they already represent some 25% of all cattle present in the region. Their importation into the Congo basin countries has resulted in the development of a cattle industry. Some of the available data on these types are given and discussed. The possibility of satisfying the growing hunger for protein of Africa with trypanotolerant cattle is emphasized. PMID- 6655656 TI - [Supracondylar and distal epiphyseal femur fractures in the dog and cat]. AB - Various surgical methods for the treatment of supracondylar femoral fractures involving the epiphyseal growth plates in young growing dogs and cats were studied. Some of the open reduction and fixation techniques are briefly reviewed with emphasis on some of the complications that may develop in the stifle joint. Good results were obtained with the single Steinmann pin method in cats and small breeds of dogs. The parallel Kirschner wire technique as well as the cross Rush pin method was easier to apply in medium and large dog breeds, and resulted in a rigid fixation of the distal femoral condyles. PMID- 6655657 TI - The composition of plasma and interstitial fluid of goats with swelling disease. AB - Angora goats may develop a characteristic ventral oedema of the subcutaneous tissue which is not unlike the 'wet-carcass syndrome' of sheep. The plasma of oedematous goats shows a lower total protein concentration, a lower colloid osmotic pressure and a lower albumin: globulin ratio than that of normal goats. Similarly, interstitial fluid of oedematous goats has a lower protein concentration, osmolality and colloid osmotic pressure than the fluid from normal but a similar albumin:globulin ratio. These results suggest that, unlike the 'wet carcass syndrome' of sheep, the most likely explanation for the oedema is hypoproteinaemia which leads to filtration of fluid and an increased capillary permeability. PMID- 6655658 TI - Strobiloestrus sp. larvae in Merino sheep. AB - Seventeen Merino sheep in the Springbokfontein region of the Orange Free State were found to harbour Strobiloestrus sp. larvae in cutaneous nodules in the flank and rump regions of their bodies. The life cycle, however, could apparently not be completed in the sheep as the larvae left the nodules without developing further. Mountain reedbuck, running with the sheep, were also infested and were a probable source of infestation for the sheep. PMID- 6655659 TI - Blood selenium of sheep in some districts of the Northern Orange Free State: a preliminary report. AB - Blood selenium concentrations of clinically healthy sheep were determined using a neutron activation technique. Although the number of samples were relatively small, the selenium concentration in the blood of sheep in the Kroonstad district appeared to be fairly normal. In the Bethlehem and Fouriesburg districts on the other hand, the blood selenium levels indicated the possible appearance of selenium responsive diseases. PMID- 6655660 TI - Clinical diagnosis of Spirocerca lupi infestation in dogs. AB - The clinical criteria used to establish a diagnosis of Spirocerca lupi infestation in dogs are discussed, with special emphasis on the radiographic feature that may be observed. Plain radiographs show a typical grey circumscribed area posterior to the heart. Following the administration of a barium meal this area takes on a dappled appearance due to barium accumulated in the crypts of the S. lupi granuloma. The granuloma itself may be outlined by the barium. PMID- 6655661 TI - Diagnosis and successful treatment of subacute erysipelas in a captive dolphin. AB - Ersipelas, a common disease of swine, is caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. The organism was isolated in a blood culture taken from an infected captive dolphin. The dolphin showed typical subacute symptoms of square- and diamond shaped skin lesions as seen in swine. It was surmised, in retrospect, that the disease was secondary to a primary pneumonia. The symptoms, clinical pathology and other special examinations, treatment and response are discussed. PMID- 6655662 TI - [Surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment of fibrosarcoma in a cat]. AB - Fibrosarcoma in a cat was repeatedly treated unsuccessfully by surgery and chemotherapy, which included drugs such as amethopterin sodium at very high dosages, vincristine sulphate and doxyrubicine hydrochloride. PMID- 6655663 TI - Blood selenium levels in unthrifty lambs in the Kroonstad district. PMID- 6655664 TI - [Practical electrocardiography. II. S-T segment changes in the dog]. AB - The clinical importance of S - T segment changes in the dog is briefly discussed and illustrated by cases with severe ventricular anoxia and haemopericardium. PMID- 6655665 TI - Unusually articulated vesical calculi: a "prehistoric articulation"? PMID- 6655666 TI - Chromosomal breakage in normal and fragile X subjects using low folate culture conditions. AB - To investigate whether the fragile X syndrome is associated with a generalised chromosomal instability, we compared the frequency and distribution of chromosomal breakage in lymphocytes grown in low folate medium from normal subjects and from patients with the syndrome. Although low folate conditions increased the rate of chromosome breakage, no difference in frequency or distribution of chromosomal breakage was found between the two groups. This suggests that the fragile X syndrome is not associated with a generalised chromosome instability expressed in folate deficient medium and assessed in terms of chromosomal breakage. PMID- 6655667 TI - Study of a form of pulverulent cataract in a large kindred. AB - A large kindred (64 members in four generations), affected by a form of apparently congenital pulverulent cataract, was studied for linkage of its gene locus with that of the Fy blood group. No indication of linkage was found. The involvement of the cortex distinguishes this form from the zonular pulverulent cataract (total nuclear) of Nettleship and Ogilvie, the locus of which is probably linked with Fy. A correlation between morphological and genetic heterogeneity, based on the linkage with Fy, cannot be established because of the scarcity of published data. PMID- 6655668 TI - Severe cardiac anomalies in sibs with Larsen syndrome. AB - Larsen syndrome is characterised by congenital anterior dislocation of the knees, associated with other joint dislocations, and a characteristic facies. Autosomal recessive and dominant inheritance have been proposed. A brother and a sister with consanguineous parents, suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance, were found to have the typical features of Larsen syndrome. In addition, they had severe cardiac manifestations, never reported before in familial cases of the syndrome. We suggest that the recessive form is probably more severe than the dominant form because of the frequent presence of concomitant cardiac anomalies. PMID- 6655669 TI - The haemoglobin pattern of sickle cell and haemoglobin C beta +-thalassaemia in Liberia. AB - Haemoglobin components in 21 Liberians with Hb S beta +-thalassaemia and four with Hb C beta +-thalassaemia were measured to classify the forms of beta + thalassaemia present in the population. In 20 Hb S and all Hb C beta + thalassaemics the data were consistent with the interaction of these variants with the mild type 2 (Negro) form of beta +-thalassaemia. The data available were insufficient to classify the remaining case, a young child. It was concluded that the clinically more severe type of beta +-thalassaemia giving Hb A levels of 5 to 15% in compound heterozygotes is probably uncommon in Liberia. PMID- 6655670 TI - Hereditary costovertebral dysplasia with malignant cerebral tumour. AB - Costovertebral dysplasia comprises multiple malformations of the vertebrae and ribs, with a characteristic clinical picture of short trunk dwarfism, short neck, scoliosis, and rib cage deformity. We describe two sibs with the syndrome who are presumed to represent the autosomal recessive form of the disorder. One sib died from a malignant cerebral tumour and the association may be more than fortuitous. PMID- 6655671 TI - Malformations associated with congenital absence of the gall bladder. AB - Thirty-four cases (29 children and five adults) of congenital absence of the gall bladder were found in a retrospective necropsy study. When the distribution of associated malformations in these patients was analysed, the cases were found to fall into several groups. The largest group (13) had multiple anomalies involving the genitourinary (83% reproductive tract, 42% renal), gastrointestinal (46% imperforate anus, 23% tracheo-oesophageal fistula), cardiovascular (54% cardiac defects, 23% single umbilical artery), and skeletal (31%) systems. Eight other patients had predominantly cardiac anomalies in addition to the agenesis of the gall bladder. Five had abnormalities associated with defects of the anterior abdominal wall. There were no additional malformations in the remaining cases. Family history was negative in all, suggesting a sporadic occurrence. Comparison with previously reported cases confirmed a similar distribution of anomalies. The hitherto unrecognised but consistent pattern of multiple malformations found with agenesis of the gall bladder may imply a non-random tendency for these defects to occur together. PMID- 6655672 TI - Further evidence for Xp21 location of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) locus: X;9 translocation in a female with DMD. AB - Females who fully manifest Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X linked disorder, are extremely rare. Cytogenetic studies are indicated in such females to rule out an X chromosome abnormality, which could render a female hemizygous for X linked genes. At present there are six reports describing females with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and an X; autosome translocation. Although each of these six rearrangements involves a different autosome, (chromosomes 11, 21, 1, 3, 5, and 6) they have in common a breakpoint at Xp21. We report here our observations of a further female with DMD who carries a de novo translocation between Xp and 9p. The breakpoint in our patient is also located at Xp21, adding evidence for the assignment of this band as the site of the DMD gene. PMID- 6655673 TI - Interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2: del(2)(q31q33). AB - A child with a de novo interstitial deletion, 46,XX,del(2)(q31q33), is described. Clinical features included psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, microcephaly, hypertelorism, downward slanting palpebral fissures, macrostomia, cleft palate, micrognathia, abnormal ears, overlapping fingers, simian creases, and rocker bottom feet. PMID- 6655674 TI - Partial trisomy 14q24 leads to qter. AB - A newborn male with partial trisomy for the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 14 (14q24 leads to qter) is described. The anomaly arose as an adjacent 1 meiotic segregation product from a balanced translocation t(11;14) (q25;q24) in the mother (figure). To our knowledge only one previous case involving the same segment has been reported. The karyotype was confirmed as 46,XY,der(11),t(11;14)(q25;q24) mat. PMID- 6655675 TI - X chromosome replication patterns in a case of X;9 balanced translocation. AB - A case of X;9 balanced translocation in a female with amenorrhoea is reported. The X breakpoint was at Xq21, inside the 'critical region'. The normal X was consistently late replicating in blood lymphocytes and skin and ovary fibroblasts. PMID- 6655676 TI - Reciprocal translocation 14q;21q in a patient with the Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. AB - A patient with the Brachmann-de Lange syndrome was found to have an apparently balanced de novo translocation 14q; 21q. The relationship between this uncommon translocation and the patient's phenotype is unclear. Although most patients with the Brachmann-de Lange syndrome have normal chromosomes, the possibility of aetiological heterogeneity, including some rare chromosomal abnormalities, cannot be dismissed. PMID- 6655677 TI - De novo duplication of the 7q11 leads to q22 region. AB - A patient with de novo partial trisomy for the 7q11 leads to 7q22 region as defined by methotrexate high resolution banding is described. he presented with delayed growth and development and characteristic physical features. These consisted of frontal bossing, prominent metopic suture, almond shaped eyes, enophthalmos, large, low set, posteriorly rotated ears, long philtrum, narrow upper lip, high arched palate, and a short neck. Specific genitourinary anomalies were noted. PMID- 6655678 TI - De novo interstitial direct duplication of 15q: 46,XY,dir dup(15) (pter leads to q24::q14 leads to q21 X 1::q24 leads to qter). AB - A profoundly retarded, slightly dysmorphic male was re-examined cytogenetically by high resolution GTG banding and found to have a de novo interstitial direct duplication of 15q. PMID- 6655679 TI - A father and daughter with fragile X chromosome. PMID- 6655680 TI - Metatarsus adductus in two brothers with Aarskog syndrome. PMID- 6655681 TI - Familial hypogonadism with a balanced reciprocal 1;12 translocation. PMID- 6655682 TI - Phenylketonuria with normal intelligence. AB - A review was made of the literature with respect to cases of untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) with normal intelligence. Six families were found in which a person with classical PKU and normal intelligence, and a sibling with PKU and severe mental handicap had been reported. Details are given of another similar family, and possible reasons are discussed for the preservation of intelligence in the affected individual with an IQ of 82. Among the reasons proposed are breast feeding, which has a low phenylalanine level and a raised biopterin level, which may help in the production of brain neurotransmitters. Studies of similar cases are suggested. PMID- 6655683 TI - A register of mentally handicapped individuals using a microcomputer. AB - The Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Mental Handicap Register described in this paper was commissioned by the Area Planning Team for the Mentally Handicapped, on behalf of the two local authorities and the Area Health Authority. The register was designed and implemented for the authorities by the Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Health Information Unit, which forms part of the Department of Community Medicine of Westminster Medical School. PMID- 6655684 TI - Changing young people's perceptions of mentally handicapped adults. AB - A representative sample of 420, 15- and 16-year old students, participated in a short educational programme about mental handicap; the main feature of which was a well-structured contact session with a group of mentally handicapped adults. This lasted 40 min and took place in the students' school. Various control procedures ascertained that the programme was effective at increasing their confidence in meeting mentally handicapped people and in their knowledge of the causes of mental handicap. Moreover the majority of students voluntarily visited a local mental handicap centre and a proportion maintained regular contact. These findings were replicated in a second study involving a further 368 students but this time the programme was presented by teachers and/or personnel from a local mental handicap service. The salient features of the contact sessions are discussed and directions for future research noted, particularly explicit guidance for adolescents on interacting with atypical peers. PMID- 6655685 TI - Tandem scanning reflected light microscopy of internal features in whole bone and tooth samples. AB - An improved version of the tandem-scanning reflected-light microscope (Petran et al., 1968) has been studied with respect to its applicability to the study of mammalian mineralized tissues. It was found to have important advantages compared with other light microscopic methods, since it allowed microscopic structures to be seen at considerable depths within intact specimens. It has a small depth of focus and gives high contrast for features such as osteocyte lacunae and canaliculi in bone, and prism boundaries in dental enamel. PMID- 6655687 TI - Mica: a convenient support for biological SEM specimens in a TEMSCAN microscope. AB - Mica is proposed as a convenient substrate for SEM specimens. Mechanically, mica is rigid and can be cut, punched and cleaved into suitable sizes. Compared to glass substrates, mice seems to be more charge 'resistant' when irradiated with the same beam density in the microscope. PMID- 6655686 TI - Specimen holder improvements for the study of amphibian skin pigmentation. AB - A skin specimen holder was constructed permitting nearly identical experimental conditions during in vitro spectrophotometry and photomicrography of amphibian skin melanocytes. The specimen holder was made of non-corrosive steel thread and made to fit a spectrophotometer cuvette and the light microscope stage. The improvements were compared to earlier constructions. PMID- 6655688 TI - Evaluation and interpretation of grain density autoradiographs by reflectance photometry. AB - The tritium content of nervous tissue sections is calculated from grain-density of autoradiograph without loss in anatomical information. The calculation is not based on determination of (expected) grain numbers but on photometric measurements (SKphot), interpreted as the result of the function of exposure time (T) and incorporated activity (beta): SKphot = f(T, beta). As experimental radiation standards homologous material (optic nerve preparations) with different activities determined by liquid scintillation counting has been used. Exposure times between 12 h and 28 weeks for these preparations with known radioactivities yielded a set of curves (nomogram) relating photometric values of exposure times. At any given exposure time the knowledge of photometric readings and related radioactivities within that set of curves enabled the development of a function covering all photometer readings within the range of the nomogram. Thus, any photometric reading could be correlated to the corresponding radioactivity. Such a function has been applied for the transformation of photometric values obtained from particular brain-section areas exposed for 16 weeks. Since the results are given in Bq, they may be related and, if necessary, corrected to results obtained by other tritium detection methods. Terminology used in the text: experimental radiation source = experimental standards prepared from optic nerve sections; standard radiation source = polymer reference source. PMID- 6655689 TI - Clustering of transfer RNAs by cell type and amino acid specificity. AB - Procaryotic and eucaryotic transfer RNA sequences are distinct at the 0.5% probability level as demonstrated by permutation testing. Moreover, within each cell type, transfer RNA sequences of different amino acid acceptor classes are distinct at the 0.1% level. We propose that the latter finding reflects sets of nucleotides, other than the anticodons themselves, that specifically relate the transfer RNAs to their respective amino acids. The utility of permutation testing is emphasized by the additional information this study provides compared to that of Holmquist et al. (1973), using the same data set. PMID- 6655690 TI - Structure of the Top a-t component of alfalfa mosaic virus. A non-icosahedral virion. AB - Neutron-scattering in combination with quasi-elastic light-scattering and electron microscopy was used to derive a model for the capsid structure of the Top a-t component of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV-Ta-t). In the electron microscope, AMV-Ta-t appears as an irregular ellipsoidal particle with apparent dimensions 275 (+/- 31) A X 225 (+/- 22) A. Assuming that the particles are monodisperse, model calculations show that the neutron-scattering data are best explained by an oblate ellipsoidal shape for the virion with external dimensions 284 A X 284 A X 216 A. Based on this result, and in combination with the known composition of the virion, it is suggested that the capsid structure could be based on a deltahedron with 52 pointgroup symmetry and comprising 120 subunits. Such a model would imply a greater deviation from equivalent subunit interactions than normally necessary in icosahedral capsids. The neutron and photon correlation data, however, do not allow us to rule out the possibility that Top a-t is a slightly polydisperse preparation of irregular prolate shapes with mean dimensions 312 A X 232 A X 232 A. Both possibilities support the concept of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein being capable of a wide range of intersubunit interactions, this flexibility resulting in considerable polymorphism in capsid structures. PMID- 6655691 TI - Solution scattering study on the structure of alfalfa mosaic virus strain VRU. AB - Neutron-scattering with contrast variation has been used to derive a model for the radial distribution of protein and RNA in the VRU strain of alfalfa mosaic virus. The RNA is distributed uniformly throughout the interior of the capsid up to a radius of 65 A and the protein coat extends from 65 to 100 A. It was found necessary to distinguish between two regions within the protein coat: one with mainly hydrophobic amino acids and another with more hydrophylic amino acids. Only a very small part of the protein penetrates into the RNA. Using X-ray scattering, no indication was found for long or short-range order in the packing of the RNA in the virion. PMID- 6655692 TI - Structure of the ribosome-associated 5.8 S ribosomal RNA. AB - The structure of the 5.8 S ribosomal RNA in rat liver ribosomes was probed by comparing dimethyl sulfate-reactive sites in whole ribosomes, 60 S subunits, the 5.8 S-28 S rRNA complex and the free 5.8 S rRNA under conditions of salt and temperature that permit protein synthesis in vitro. Differences in reactive sites between the free and both the 28 S rRNA and 60 S subunit-associated 5.8 S rRNA show that significant conformational changes occur when the molecule interacts with its cognate 28 S rRNA and as the complex is further integrated into the ribosomal structure. These results indicate that, as previously suggested by phylogenetic comparisons of the secondary structure, only the "G + C-rich" stem may remain unaltered and a universal structure is probably present only in the whole ribosome or 60 S subunit. Further comparisons with the ribosome-associated molecule indicate that while the 5.8 S rRNA may be partly localized in the ribosomal interface, four cytidylic acid residues, C56, C100, C127 and C128, remain reactive even in whole ribosomes. In contrast, the cytidylic acid residues in the 5 S rRNA are not accessible in either the 60 S subunit or the intact ribosome. The nature of the structural rearrangements and potential sites of interaction with the 28 S rRNA and ribosomal proteins are discussed. PMID- 6655693 TI - Preliminary crystallographic studies of lobster D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the modified enzyme carrying the fluorescent derivative. AB - When the active-site carboxymethylated D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is irradiated with ultraviolet light in the presence of NAD+, a fluorescent NAD derivative that is covalently linked to the enzyme is obtained. A preliminary crystallographic study of this fluorescent derivative, as well as of the native and the carboxymethylated enzymes from Palinurus versicolor, showed that they are isomorphous and belong to space group C2 as reported for the native enzyme from Palinurus vulgaris. The three forms of the enzyme, although they have identical unit cell parameters, differ considerably in their diffraction patterns, indicating marked differences in conformation in spite of the fact that they differ chemically only in a restricted region around the active site. PMID- 6655694 TI - Preliminary crystallographic study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat liver. AB - Crystals of D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+ oxidoreductase were obtained with the hanging drop, vapor diffusion and batch methods from ammonium sulfate-containing solutions. X-ray diffraction photographs indicate that the crystals belong to the orthorhombic space groups I222 or I2(1)2(1)2(1) with unit cell dimensions of a = 66.0 A, b = 140.8 A and c = 177.8 A. These data, together with results from sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and crystal density experiments, indicate that there is one 116,000 Mr dimer per asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract to at least 2.2 A and are suitable for X-ray crystallographic structure determination. PMID- 6655695 TI - Autocatalytic replication of a recombinant RNA. AB - We demonstrate that a heterologous RNA sequence can be copied in vitro by Q beta replicase when it is inserted into a naturally occurring Q beta replicase template. A recombinant RNA was constructed by inserting decaadenylic acid between nucleotides 63 and 64 of MDV-1 (+) RNA, using phage T4 RNA ligase. The insert was located away from regions of the template known to be required for the binding of the replicase and for the initiation of product strand synthesis. To minimize the disruption of template structure, we inserted the heterologous sequence into a hairpin loop on the exterior of the molecule. Q beta replicase copied this recombinant RNA in vitro, and the complementary product strands served as templates for the synthesis of additional copies of the original recombinant RNA. The reaction was therefore autocatalytic and the amount of recombinant RNA increased exponentially. A 300-fold amplification of the recombinant RNA occurred within nine minutes. Insertion of biologically significant RNAs into the MDV-1 RNA sequence should allow them to be replicated autocatalytically. PMID- 6655696 TI - Circulatory pathways in the sinusal spleen of the dog, studied by scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts. AB - Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts was used to visualize circulatory pathways in the sinusal spleen of dog. The examination of contracted versus dilated organs and variations of the volume of material injected gave an indication of flow dynamics. Minimal injections of material into contracted spleens produced filling of mainly the fastest routes for flow, whereas injections into dilated spleens primarily filled slower routes. This procedure yielded a more complete, three-dimensional picture of the arterial, intermediate, and venous pathways as a whole, and of the relative amounts of flow through different arterial routes. Evidence of flow from capillary lumina out into ellipsoid sheaths was plentiful in casts from dilated spleens, but rare in casts from contracted organs. The pattern of flow within and out of the marginal sinus has been elucidated: A circumferential filling occurs first, followed by a flow that radiates outward into the marginal zone and red pulp. Venous sinuses filled via two routes in addition to the generally accepted path from the reticular meshwork via fenestrations in sinus walls. First, many venous sinuses extending out from the marginal sinus and surrounding marginal zone originated as open ended tubes continuous with the reticular spaces of the marginal sinus or marginal zone. Second, direct connections of arterial capillaries with venous sinuses in the red pulp were found. Evidence indicating that some mechanism is controlling the flow via these routes is discussed. The strikingly different arrangement of venous sinuses in the subcapsular region is demonstrated. PMID- 6655697 TI - The intermediate circulation in the nonsinusal spleen of the cat, studied by scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts. AB - Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts was used to visualize circulatory pathways of the intermediate circulation in nonsinusal spleen of cat. The marginal sinus (MS) around lymphatic nodules is a distinct vascular space which fills preferentially before the filling of the marginal zone (MZ) and surrounding red pulp occurs. The MS, which has a plentiful vascular supply, does not usually enclose the nodule completely. From the MS, flow occurs radially outwards into the MZ. Corrosion casts and histological sections both showed that a diversity of forms of the MZ exists: The thickness of MZ and the arrangement of its reticulum vary among nodules and between different areas of the same nodule, from a complete absence to a region of up to 50 microns in width. No direct arteriovenous connections were found (in contrast to dog spleen: Schmidt et al., '83b). Aside from capillary endings in the MS and MZ, all arterial capillaries terminate in the reticular spaces of the red pulp, i.e., the circulation appears to be entirely "open." From each capillary termination a great variety of flow pathways through the reticular meshwork to the pulp venules is available; some of these routes are quite long but others may involve distances as short as 15-25 microns. Evidence of flow into ellipsoid sheaths was abundant in casts from dilated spleens, but scarce in contracted spleens. In contrast to the extensive system of interconnected venous sinuses in dog spleen, the pulp venules found in cat spleen are nonanastomosing, shorter, and much smaller in caliber, and all receive flow freely from the reticular meshwork via open ends and fenestrations in their walls. PMID- 6655699 TI - Program and abstracts of the fourth meeting of Japanese Section of the International Society for Heart Research. 4-5 November 1983, Fukuoka. PMID- 6655698 TI - Numbers, distribution, and types of neurons in the pedal disk of Hydra based on a serial reconstruction from transmission electron micrographs. AB - The numbers, distribution, and types of neurons in a pedal disk of Hydra littoralis were determined from electron micrographs of 567 serial sections approximately 0.12 micron thick. Of 248 neurons counted, we found 234 ganglion cells in the epidermis and 14 in the gastrodermis. No sensory cells with surface projecting cilia were observed in either epithelial layer of the foot region. We found ciliary structures in 196 (84%) of the epidermal neurons: 55 had a well defined cilium-stereociliary complex, 30 had a cilium lacking stereocilia, and 111 could not be classified. In contrast, 38 epidermal neurons lacked evidence of ciliary structures; 10 of the 14 gastrodermal neurons had one or more centrioles, some with an elaborate pericentriolar rootlet system, but no cilium or stereocilia. Neuronal perikarya could be classified into those with dense heterochromatic nuclei and those with light granular nuclei; often these two nuclear variations were observed in paired or triad arrangements of epidermal neurons. In addition, 68 (29%) of the epidermal neurons were characterized by the presence of small dense granules (115-178 nm in diameter) in the cytoplasm around the periciliary space. Although 32 pairs and 5 triads of contiguous neuronal perikarya were present in the epidermis, only two paired neuronal perikarya were present in the gastrodermis. The major concentration of neurons was approximately midway between the basal surface and the region of transition of epitheliomuscular cells into glandulomuscular cells. There was no evidence of large neuronal aggregations suggestive of ganglia in the pedal disk. PMID- 6655700 TI - Phylogeny of protozoa deduced from 5S rRNA sequences. AB - The nucleotide sequences of 5S rRNAs from three protozoa, Bresslaua vorax, Euplotes woodruffi and Chlamydomonas sp. have been determined and aligned together with the sequences of 12 protozoa species including unicellular green algae already reported by the authors and others. Using this alignment, a phylogenic tree of the 15 species of protozoa has been constructed. The tree suggests that the ancestor for protozoa evolved at an early time of eukaryotic evolution giving two major groups of organisms. One group, which shares a common ancestor with vascular plants, contains a unicellular green flagellate (Chlamydomonas) and unicellular green algae. The other group, which shares a common ancestor with the multicellular animals, includes various flagellated protozoa (including Euglena), ciliated protozoa and slime molds. Most of these protozoa appear to have separated from one another at a fairly early period of eukaryotic evolution. PMID- 6655701 TI - The analysis of hidden electrophoretic variation: interspecific electrophoretic differentiation and amino acid divergence. AB - In a study of 25 human variants and 23 "evolutionary alleles" of hemoglobin we show that intraspecific and interspecific patterns of electrophoretic variability are not comparable. Significant deviation from the predicted electrophoretic differentiation between evolutionary alleles is normally found only when amino acid sequence divergence exceeds 10%. When two sequences had diverged at less than 30 out of 287 amino acid residues sites, only 7% of comparisons showed significant deviations from the expected difference of electrophoretic mobility, while significant deviation was shown by 57% of comparisons involving 30-40 residue differences, by 79% in the case of 51-60 differences and by all of the comparisons involving more than 60 differences. In contrast, human variants, which differ by only one or two amino acid residues (less than 1% difference), had significant deviations in 58% of comparisons. Those mutations that appear as fixed differences in the evolutionary material probably represent only a subset of the mutations which can appear within the species. The results suggest that statistical comparisons such as genetic distance may not measure the same process within a species as between species. This is due not to inherent problems with the statistic, but rather to inherent differences in the nature of molecular changes that are detectable by electrophoresis at different stages of population divergence. PMID- 6655702 TI - Predicting couples' response to brief directive sex therapy. AB - Pretreatment Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI) scores for 26 couples entering brief directive sex therapy were correlated with posttreatment ratings of dissatisfaction with the frequency of intercourse and individuals' lack of affection for their partner. Six of 11 MSI scores obtained at intake predicted termination ratings of sexual distress, and five scales predicted posttreatment ratings of marital distress. Separate multiple regression analyses for both outcome criteria permitted the delineation of separate MSI predictors for these two distinct components of couples' therapeutic response. Results confirm previous implications of marital distress as a moderator of couples' response to sex therapy. PMID- 6655703 TI - Marital enrichment: the contribution of sixteen process variables to the effectiveness of a program. AB - A marital enrichment program, based on Sager's contractual model of couple functioning, was analyzed to see which of its components were linked to good and/or improved marital adjustment, communication and problem-solving skills. Nineteen couples underwent the eight-week program, and were pre- and posttested on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Marital Communication Inventory, and the Marital Interaction Coding System. A factor analysis of 16 process variables within the program confirmed the relationship between components of the program and the therapeutic goals based on Sager's model. When the factors thus derived and the variables themselves were used as predictors of the outcome variables within stepwise multiple regression equations, a positive awareness of one's expectations and of the marital relationship seemed to be particularly important to couple functioning. The role of communication skills and of negotiation training were not as clear. One trend that emerged was that negotiation skills seemed more useful for seriously dysfunctional couples. PMID- 6655704 TI - Effects of sex and marital therapy on sexual interaction and marital happiness. AB - Conceptual issues and relevant literature pertaining to the interface between marital and sexual function are reviewed. The procedure and results of a treatment outcome study are described. Couples complaining of sexual difficulties received both sex therapy and marital therapy in a balanced, cross-over design. Results on measures of sexual interaction and marital happiness revealed a complex pattern of treatment by sex effects. Sex therapy resulted in more change than marital therapy for both men and women in their dissatisfaction with the frequency of sexual activity. For women, sex therapy produced greater improvement in their average level of sexual enjoyment, whereas men showed a trend favoring change in response to marital versus sex therapy on this measure. Self-acceptance of sexual enjoyment revealed a superior effect for sex therapy with women, while marital therapy again proved more effective in this regard for men. Sex therapy demonstrated a greater impact on mate acceptance in sexual enjoyment for men, while women evidenced a differential treatment response in favor of marital therapy in this regard. Finally, in terms of overall marital happiness, both men and women showed a strong initial response to treatment, regardless of whether it was sexual or marital therapy. Implications of these findings for clinical treatment and future research are discussed. PMID- 6655705 TI - Construct validity of the marital communication inventory. AB - The Marital Communication Inventory (MCI) is an extremely popular self-report measure of marital communication that has been used in over 65 dissertations and empirical articles since 1970, including several recent clinical reports that used the MCI as a principal outcome measure. However, contrary to its treatment in the clinical literature as a unidimensional, valid measure of treatment outcome, the MCI appears to be a multidimensional instrument, whose primary dimension may not be a specific style or method of communication. Using a canonical correlation analysis of data from over 200 midwestern wives, we compared MCI subscales with subscales from an abbreviated version of the Barrett Lennard Relationship Inventory (RI). Results supported the hypothesis that the primary dimension of the MCI is more closely associated with positive regard than with the more specific communication dimensions of either empathy or congruence as measured by the RI. Future clinical research in the improvement of marital communication should use the MCI in a much more careful way in order to provide the most valid outcome data. PMID- 6655706 TI - A long-term follow-up study of couples treated for sexual dysfunctions. AB - A 5-8 year follow-up was conducted on 140 couples treated for sexual dysfunctions, of whom 88 couples (63%) actually participated. Differences between participant and nonparticipant clients were analyzed. Clients evaluated various aspects of their sexual and nonsexual functioning before and after therapy and in the follow-up period. The correlation between retrospective and original pre- and posttherapeutic data was determined. The effects of treatment for couples not divorced or given additional therapy, couples who separated, and couples given additional therapy were analyzed and compared. The treatments generally led to increased satisfaction about sexual and nonsexual interaction with the partner. The improvement was found to be fairly stable in the follow-up. PMID- 6655707 TI - Nonepithelial tumors of the stomach--gastric leiomyomatous tumors: a clinical review. AB - Gastric nonepithelial tumors of clinical significance are infrequently encountered. These tumors make up less than 3 percent of all gastric tumors and are predominantly composed of growths that derive from the gastric smooth muscle. The malignant nature of those leiomyomatous tumors encountered might be obvious by virtue of liver or peritoneal spread or organ invasion at the time of surgery. When this is not the case, a high frequency of mitotic figures and cell necrosis on histologic analysis, while not without exception, correlates best with malignant potential.Hemorrhage, acute or chronic, features prominently as a presenting symptom. The upper gastrointestinal series often suggests the correct diagnosis. The tumors, unlike carcinomas, exhibit little tendency to lateral mucosal and submucosal spread and to lymph node metastasis; consequently, appropriately conservative gastric resectional procedures generally suffice for treatment. Currently, surgery appears to be the only useful modality for the treatment of primary, as well as recurrent, disease. PMID- 6655708 TI - Contraceptive practices of teenage mothers. PMID- 6655709 TI - "C" arm guidance in interstitial brachytherapy of pelvic malignancies. AB - Since 1979 more than 50 transperineal interstitial implants, both removable and permanent, have been performed at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. The "C" arm of the mobile image-intensifier television unit Siemens Mobile 2 was used to guide the placement of the needles and was found to be useful in achieving accurate implantation. PMID- 6655710 TI - Plasma and myocardial levels of cefonicid during open-heart surgery. AB - To minimize the incidence of postoperative infections in patients undergoing open heart surgery, antibiotics should maintain tissue concentrations greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for potential pathogens (eg, Staphylococcus) for the duration of the operation. The ability of cefonicid, a new beta-lactamase-resistant parenteral cephalosporin, to attain plasma and myocardial levels greater than the MIC (4.8 to 5.0 MUg/mL) for penicillin resistant Staphylococci was assessed in 13 patients. Six patients were administered 1 g and seven patients were administered 2 g of cefonicid IM one hour prior to surgery. In all patients the plasma concentrations of the drug were determined at the start of surgery, 15 minutes after the patient was placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and at the completion of CPB. In addition, the concentration of cefonicid was determined in a right atrial biopsy. It was found that both 1 g and 2 g of cefonicid administered one hour prior to surgery resulted in plasma and myocardial levels greater than the MIC for the organisms most frequently implicated in postoperative infections. PMID- 6655711 TI - A critical analysis of clerkship grading procedures. AB - Rating of clinical performance and examination scores are employed to establish the final grade of students undertaking the surgical clerkship. This retrospective study was undertaken to determine whether there is a correlation between these two grading procedures in evaluating students. Grades for clinical performance and the scores obtained on the written examination-either intramural (IM) or extramural (EM)-by each student for 20 recent consecutive 12-week surgical clerkship rotations were tabulated and the correlation (regression) coefficients of the two grading systems calculated in each rotation. By means of a questionnaire, grading methods employed in 60 randomly selected US medical school surgical departments were requested (55 responded). Correlation coefficients indicate that there is no statistical correlation between the grades of the clinical performance and the written examination in the majority of rotations (80 percent IM and 70 percent EM).GRADING PROCEDURES USED TO DERIVE THE FINAL GRADE AND THE MEANS OF REPORTING IT IN OTHER MEDICAL SCHOOLS ARE AS FOLLOWS: 41 percent (23/55) used the clinical performance and written examination; 38 percent (21/55) used the clinical performance, written examination, and oral examination; and 20 percent (9/55) used the clinical performance only. For the final grade, 91 percent (50/55) subscribed to honors, pass, and fail categories and 9 percent (5/55) preferred a numerical grade. PMID- 6655712 TI - Sex during pregnancy: common questions and practical answers. AB - The adjustments that couples make during pregnancy usually include changes in their sexual relationship. It is common for them to feel hesitant about expressing their true sexual concerns to each other or to their physician or midwife. Pent-up, unresolved anxiety can breed resentment, frustration and anger, all of which can interfere with good sexual functioning. Clinicians who provide health care to expectant couples should be knowledgeable about sexuality adjustments during pregnancy and willing to offer practical advice and reassurance. PMID- 6655713 TI - Thoracostomy in the ICU nursery. AB - This paper describes chest-tube placement in a newborn with pneumothorax for the surgical resident in the ICU nursery. PMID- 6655714 TI - Gigantism and acromegaly: report of a case and review of the literature. AB - A case of focal gigantism with concomitant acromegaly of the great hallux and second digit is reported. A review of pertinent literature is presented. PMID- 6655715 TI - Providing sound and effective health care delivery for all Americans. PMID- 6655716 TI - President's inaugural address: priorities. PMID- 6655717 TI - Should lumbar puncture be routinely performed in patients with suspected bacteremia? AB - In an attempt to develop a rational basis for performing lumbar puncture in sepsis workups, the hypothesis was tested that, for each of eight variables with a known association with bacteremia, the frequencies for patients having bacterial meningitis would be significantly greater than those in patients having bacteremia alone. In a one-year period, 168 lumbar punctures were performed in children having a mean age of 7.3 months. Patients were assigned to four groups: bacterial meningitis, bacteremia only, aseptic meningitis, and normal. Mean age, frequencies of symptoms, clinical appearances, ethnic groups, and sex ratio were determined for all groups. Frequencies of eight variables were determined and compared between Groups I and II.Results indicated that frequencies were not significantly different for groups I and II and that lethargy and petechiae, although distinguishing between groups I and IV, did not distinguish among the three groups having serious disease. It was concluded that since one cannot distinguish among groups having serious disease, all such patients suspected of sepsis should undergo lumbar puncture. PMID- 6655718 TI - Fecal fistula following appendectomy in Crohn's disease. AB - Postappendectomy fecal fistula formation in a young patient should suggest the possibility of Crohn's disease. The diagnosis can often be established by injection of water-soluble contrast into the fistula. PMID- 6655719 TI - Ultrastructure of the gonads in the testicular feminization syndrome. AB - The testicular feminization syndrome is a form of familial male pseudohermaphroditism transmitted by an X-linked gene. The karyotype is 46XY. Affected patients resemble normal females phenotypically. To date, only eight cases of this syndrome have been studied by electron microscope. This study reports the ultrastructural appearance of the gonads in two additional patients. The presence of mature interstitial cells with a rich endoplasmic reticulum suggests that the pathologic defect is not due to a lack of androgenic hormone production by the testes but is caused by peripheral end-organ resistance. PMID- 6655720 TI - The management of increased intracranial pressure in children. AB - Ten children with acute increased intracranial pressure, documented by the Cheek screw technique, were treated for Reye's syndrome, other toxic/metabolic encephalopathies, encephalitis, and traumatic encephalopathies. The rationale for the use of hyperventilation, head position, maintenance of adequate cerebral perfusion pressure, hyperosmolar agents, steroids, adequate fluid balance, and barbiturates in the therapy of these patients is described. An analysis of these cases reveals that early monitoring of intracranial pressure, maintenance of adequate cerebral perfusion pressure, and aggressive treatment of increased intracranial pressure may reduce the mortality of patients with increased intracranial pressure. Of all patients studied, those who survived demonstrated some neurological deficit as determined by clinical examination or neuropsychological testing. PMID- 6655721 TI - The nurse practitioner's role in complex patient management: hypertension. AB - The importance of hypertension as a risk factor and the size of the hypertensive population have created a demand for care of this problem. Nurse practitioners are effective managers of simple hypertension; however, high blood pressure often coexists with other chronic illnesses. Data are not yet available to support the role of the nurse practitioner in the management of more complex patients. The authors have examined the characteristics of patients and the processes and outcomes of care in a hypertension clinic in which physicians and nurse practitioners share responsibilities for patient care. The results show that the nurses are managing patients as complex as those seeing only physicians and are achieving better blood pressure control. The nurses successfully identify important problems and refer appropriately. Thus, nurse practitioners, with physician support, can serve as primary managers for even complex patients. Use of this model will significantly increase the resources available for care of hypertension. PMID- 6655722 TI - Trichinella spiralis: changes in leucocytes during infection. AB - Rats infected with Trichinella spiralis were examined during the course of infection for various changes in the leucocytic population. In each experiment rats were divided into three groups: Group A, inoculated with Escherichia coli B 5-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administered four days before each experiment; Group B, infected with Trichinella spiralis; and Group C, untreated controls.An extensive leucocytosis was observed in the peripheral blood and peritoneal cavity of infected rats. Regardless of the site (peripheral blood, bone marrow, peritoneal cavity), the most obvious change was an increase in eosinophils. Differential counts of peritoneal exudate cells also revealed a significant population of macrophages. Acid phosphatase activity, macrophage phagocytosis of polystyrene latex particles, and macrophage spreading revealed that peritoneal exudate cells from T spiralis-infected rats are activated from 6 to 48 days postinfection.This paper serves to reinforce existing information on the changes and state of the various leucocytic populations during infection with T spiralis and aids in assessing the activity change of macrophages. PMID- 6655723 TI - Invasive pituitary oncocytoma. AB - A large invasive pituitary neoplasm, surgically resected by left frontotemporal craniotomy, and thought to represent "chromophobe" adenoma by light microscopy, exhibited ultrastructural features characteristic of oncocytoma. Electron microscopic and immunocytochemical studies showed that the tumor did not possess enhanced secretory activity. The indispensable role of electron microscopy in the identification of this rare neoplasm and especially in the classification of all pituitary tumors is emphasized. PMID- 6655724 TI - Gastric perforation: a late complication of abdominal radiation for para-aortic lymph node metastasis from cervical squamous carcinoma. AB - Gastric perforation was found at laparotomy for acute abdominal pain in a woman treated with pelvic and abdominal radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix metastatic to the para-aortic nodes. This case may provide additional evidence suggesting that risks involved in para-aortic radiation may outweigh the benefits. PMID- 6655725 TI - Carcinoma of the male breast: review of the literature and case presentation. AB - Carcinoma of the male breast occurs approximately 100 times less frequently than its counterpart in the female. However, it has a much more serious prognosis than in the female because of its early propensity to spread to the regional lymph nodes. A case of male breast cancer is presented. PMID- 6655726 TI - Pulmonary "mainline" granulomatosis: talcosis secondary to intravenous heroin abuse with characteristic x-ray findings of asbestosis. AB - A 50-year-old man, a "mainline" heroin abuser for 25 years, with a five-year history of x-ray findings compatible with asbestosis is presented. Multiple open biopsies failed to prove a diagnosis of asbestosis. The microscopic analyses of tissues revealed the presence of granulomatosis, secondary to talc from chronic intravenous heroin abuse. The need for open lung biopsy in establishing a diagnosis is emphasized, as x-ray findings can be and often are misleading. A tissue diagnosis is necessary, particularly in cases in which drug abuse is suspected. PMID- 6655727 TI - Lung cancer incidence among nonwhites in Erie County, New York. AB - The descriptive epidemiology of lung cancer in Erie County, New York, shows that the age-specific and the direct age-adjusted annual lung cancer incidence rates for nonwhite males in Erie County are much higher than other comparable sex-, race-, and age-specific rates. These results are discussed in view of specific hypotheses and issues. The public health and medical communities are challenged to initiate investigations and establish health promotion and prevention programs directed toward the high-risk nonwhite male population. PMID- 6655728 TI - Induction of humoral immunity to protein antigen without adjuvant in rats exposed to immunosuppressive chemicals. AB - An experimental protocol was designed to assess humoral immune responses in animals antigenically challenged without the aid of adjuvants. The antigen selected was keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized as the technique to measure serum antibody levels. The procedure was tested for sensitivity by use of a known immunosuppressant (cyclophosphamide), two metals (lead and selenium), and three chlorinated hydrocarbons (polychlorinated biphenyls, pentachlorophenol, and toxaphene). KLH without adjuvant provoked an adequate humoral immune response when assessed by the ELISA. The antibody response was greater on d 15 than on d 8 following primary KLH challenge, while secondary challenge resulted in an additional 10 fold increase in antibody levels. Cyclophosphamide suppressed the later primary response (d 15) and the secondary response more so than the early primary response (d 8). Of the 5 chemicals tested, 4 resulted in significantly impaired antibody levels to KLH at some time during the response. The magnitude of the immune response elicited to KLH is compared to that reported for bovine serum albumin and ovalbumin administered with Freund's adjuvant. PMID- 6655729 TI - Inhibitory effect of ricin on the development of preimplantation mouse embryos. AB - Preimplantation mouse embryos were exposed to ricin, a plant toxin, in vitro and in vivo. The effect was evaluated by morphological observations of the exposed embryos as well as by means of protein synthesis. Ricin was highly toxic to the preimplantation mouse embryo in vitro, the effect being greater on the 2-cell than on the 4-8 cell stage. Intraperitoneal injection of ricin induced a small number of fetuses with exencephaly. PMID- 6655730 TI - Investigations on the basis for the differential toxicity of hexachlorocyclopentadiene administered to rats by various routes. AB - The differential disposition of hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCP) following oral administration, as contrasted to inhalation or intravenous administration, may account for its lower toxicity by this route. Following an intravenous dose of [14C]HCCP to rats at 0.59 mg/kg, 39.0% of the radioactivity remained in the tissues at 72 h; after inhalation of vapors of [14C]HCCP (1.3-1.8 mg/kg), this amount was 11.5%. After oral doses of 4.1 or 61 mg/kg, however, the amount was only 2.4%. No detectable amount of intact HCCP was present in the lungs or kidneys of rats exposed to the chemical by inhalation, and only about 1% was converted to CO2, regardless of the route of administration. The chemical reactivity of HCCP with biological materials was evident in in vitro experiments, in which HCCP became bound to components of whole blood, plasma, liver homogenates, fecal homogenates, and intestinal contents. Thus, the lower toxicity of oral doses of HCCP may be related to its reaction with intestinal contents and its lack of absorption into tissues, in substantial amounts, as the intact, reactive form. PMID- 6655731 TI - Inhibition of sulindac metabolism by dimethyl sulfoxide in the rat. AB - Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) suppresses conversion of the prodrug sulindac to its bioactive sulfide metabolite (SD) by competitively inhibiting sulfoxide reductase. During continuous iv infusions of sulindac (1 mg/kg X h), plasma concentrations of SD at steady-state equilibrium were 80% lower when DMSO was infused concomitantly at 0.34 ml/kg X h, whereas sulindac plasma concentrations were not significantly affected by DMSO. Dermal application and intragastric administration of DMSO also inhibited SD accumulation in plasma. DMSO was only a weak inhibitor of SD oxidation in vitro and did not affect the rate of SD elimination in vivo. In contrast, dimethyl sulfide, a metabolite of DMSO, was a potent inhibitor of SD oxidase in vitro. These data suggest that DMSO can inhibit bioactivation and, hence, the antiinflammatory effects of sulindac. PMID- 6655732 TI - Comparative effects of hexachloro- and hexabromobenzene on hepatic monooxygenase activity of male and female rats. AB - Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated once with either crude or purified hexachlorobenzene (HCB) or crude or purified hexabromobenzene (HBB) at 150 mg/kg, intraperitoneally. Examination of hepatic microsomes 4 d later revealed an increase in cytochrome P-450 levels in both HCB- and HBB-pretreated animals. HBB produced a slight but statistically significant hypsochromic shift. Both HCB and HBB produced an increase in benzphetamine N-dealkylation: HCB produced a greater effect than HBB, and male rat microsomes produced more HCHO than female rat microsomes from the N-demethylation of benzphetamine. HCB and HBB both enhanced ethoxycoumarin and ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylation. Liver-to-body weight ratios were not significantly affected by pretreatment with either halogenated compound. There appeared to be no difference between the crude and purified halogenated compounds. Electrophoresis of microsomes from male rats pretreated with purified HBB indicated the presence of a band at 53,000 daltons, which was also seen in microsomes from rats pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene. This band was absent in microsomes from rats pretreated with phenobarbital. Evidence from other laboratories has demonstrated the mixed type of P-450(s) induction after HCB administration, as does this report using enzymic and electrophoretic data. PMID- 6655733 TI - The acute toxicity of penta-, hexa-, and heptachlorohydroxydiphenyl ethers in mice. AB - The acute intraperitoneal LD50 values of various hydroxychlorodiphenyl ethers (HO ClX-DPEs; X = 5-7) in mice have been determined. The acute toxicities observed were on the order of, or slightly less than, that observed previously for 2 hydroxy-2',4,4'-trichlorodiphenyl ether (2-HO-Cl3-DPE; Irgasan DP-300; Triclosan), a commonly used bactericide. However, the acute toxicities determined for these compounds were substantially less than have been observed for HO-Cl9 DPEs and pentachlorophenol. The HO-ClX-DPEs had a marked hypothermic effect, similar to that produced by 2-HO-Cl3-DPE. Symptomatology following exposure to the HO-ClX-DPEs (X = 5-7) suggested a nonspecific depressant effect on the central nervous system. PMID- 6655734 TI - Controlled genetic variation in a subchronic toxicity assay: susceptibility to induction of bladder hyperplasia in mice by 2-acetylaminofluorene. AB - Five different dose levels of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) were fed to weanling mice of 4 different genotypes from three unrelated F1 hybrids for 13 wk to determine differences in susceptibility to induction of bladder hyperplasia. Differences in the prevalence of hyperplasia per se and in the average grade of hyperplasia were interpreted as indicating greater susceptibility. On this basis, males of all genotypes were more susceptible than females. Among the genotypes, (AEX YS)F1 mice (AY) were most susceptible, followed closely by yellow A vy/A(BALB/cXVY)F1 mice (CV). Agouti A/a(BALB/cXVY)F1 mice were less susceptible than their yellow siblings and similar to the (C57BL/6XC3H)F1 mice. Neither body weight gain nor any of the biochemical parameters measured appeared to be affected at any dose level of 2-AAF. However, quantitative differences in several biochemical characteristics were detected among the genotypes. Serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity was higher in the AY mice than in the other hybrids. Among the CV mice, the yellow animals had lower glutathione S transferase (GST) activity than their agouti siblings. Hepatic GST activity was lower in CV mice than in either of the other hybrids. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 and bs activities were similar in all hybrids. PMID- 6655735 TI - Disposition and metabolism of 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline in the male F344 rat. AB - The disposition and metabolism of 14C-labeled 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline (CNA) was studied in male F344 rats following oral or intravenous (iv) administration. The gastrointestinal absorption of CNA was found to be near complete and was not affected by the dose in the range studied (0.788-78.8 mumol/kg). Following either oral or iv administration, CNA was rapidly distributed throughout the tissues and showed no marked affinity for any particular tissue. [14C]CNA was rapidly cleared by metabolism and excretion in urine and to a lesser extent in feces. The whole body half-life of CNA in the rat was approximately 1 h, and clearance of radioactivity from the body was near complete in 3 d. The known carcinogen and potential metabolite of CNA, 4-chloro-o-phenylenediamine, was not detected in rat tissues or excretia following administration of CNA. Approximately 70% of the dose was detected in urine as a sulfate conjugate of a single metabolite of CNA. The remainder of the dose was excreted in the form of seven additional metabolites and a trace of the parent compound. CNA-derived radioactivity had little potential for bioaccumulation, and there was no evidence for saturation of any mechanism involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of CNA in the dose range studied. PMID- 6655736 TI - Isolation and identification of dihydrocitrinone, a urinary metabolite of citrinin in rats. AB - Dihydrocitrinone, 3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-3,4,5-trimethylisocoumarin-7 carboxylic acid, was isolated and identified as a urinary metabolite after oral administration of citrinin to rats. Male and female Osborne-Mendel rats received 30 mg citrinin/kg body weight by oral intubation. The metabolite dihydrocitrinone was present in urine collected at 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, and 8-24 h after treatment. Only unchanged citrinin was found in blood collected 24 h after administration of the compound. The metabolite had a blue fluorescence and the same Rf on thin layer chromatography, the same retention time on reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, and the same mass spectrum as an authentic sample of dihydrocitrinone. PMID- 6655737 TI - Distribution and elimination of [14C] hexachlorobenzene after single oral exposure in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). AB - Distribution and elimination of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) after administration to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of a single oral dose of 5 microCi [14C] HCB/100 g body weight were studied by whole-body autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting. To obtain some information on the physicochemical properties of the radiolabelled compounds, whole-body autoradiography was performed exposing parallel sagittal sections, treated at -20 degrees C, evaporated at 50 degrees C, and extracted separately with polar and nonpolar solvents. At d 1, radioactivity was distributed throughout the body. The highest concentration of radioactivity was found in adipose tissue. In the abdominal fat, the peak level of radioactivity was measured at d 30. No part of the radioactivity in the bile was evaporable. Radioactivity in the intestinal content, the skin, and the uveal tract was partly evaporable, while only traces of radioactivity remained in adipose tissue after evaporation. Radioactivity in the bile was extractable with water only. No radioactivity remained in any tissue after extraction with polar and nonpolar solvents. The rate of elimination was slow, and substantial amounts of radioactivity remained in the body 120 d after administration. In addition to bile excretion of nonevaporable, water-soluble radiolabeled compounds, a possible excretion over the intestinal mucosa was suggested. PMID- 6655738 TI - Mutagenicity studies on herring gulls from different locations on the Great Lakes. I. Sister chromatid exchange rates in herring-gull embryos. AB - Unincubated herring-gull (Larus argentatus) eggs were collected from five colonies on the Great Lakes Basin and from one relatively pollutant-clean colony on the Atlantic coast. Eggs were incubated at 38 degrees C with 55% relative humidity, and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) levels were measured in 7-d embryos. For all of the colonies, the average SCE/chromosome frequency ranged from 0.069 to 0.101; however, no significant differences were found. Organochlorine analysis was carried out on egg homogenates for each colony, to determine the levels of several contaminants. There were no relationships found between any of the contaminant levels and the SCE frequencies. The study indicates that either the contaminants present in the herring-gull eggs are not having any genetic effects on the embryos or, alternatively, that there may be genetic damage that measurement of SCEs in the 7-d embryo is unable to detect. PMID- 6655739 TI - Chronic manganese exposure in rats: histological changes in the pancreas. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated ip for 30 d with either 3.0 mg Mn/kg or an equal volume of 0.9% NaCl, then sacrificed by exsanguination through the aorta under pentobarbital anesthesia. The pancreas was removed immediately, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and subsequently processed for light microscopy. Significant pathological changes were observed in pancreatic tissue from Mn exposed rats. These changes were characterized by a pancreatitis-like reaction consisting of expanded interacinar spaces, a thickened connective tissue capsule with invaginations of fibrotic connective tissue septa extending into the body of the gland, the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages, and the separation of groups of acini from the body of the pancreas with occasional destruction of acinar cells. Since other peritoneal organs did not exhibit pathological changes, this study suggests that intraperitoneally injected Mn2+ exerts a selective toxicity on pancreatic tissue and that, therefore, intraperitoneal injection is not recommended as the route of administration of choice for chronic Mn neurotoxicity studies. PMID- 6655741 TI - Deposition of sulfuric acid mist in the respiratory tracts of guinea pigs and rats. AB - Radiolabeled sulfuric acid mists in the size range of 0.4-1.2 micron mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) were generated at 20 and 80% relative humidity at concentrations from 1.3 to 20 micrograms/l. Guinea pigs and rats were exposed to these aerosols by the nose-only route for short periods (30 s) and were quickly sacrificed and dissected. The regional respiratory-tract deposition patterns were measured. The results indicate that regional deposition fraction is positively correlated with droplet size of the sulfuric acid but is not correlated with atmospheric concentration or relative humidity over the ranges of the parameters studied. A comparison of the data obtained in these studies with those from earlier studies indicates that the deposition of sulfuric acid in the respiratory tract of rats is greater than for nonhygroscopic aerosols having similar MMADs. This may be due to the growth of the droplets in the high humidity of the respiratory tract. PMID- 6655740 TI - The influence of manganese on the distribution of essential trace elements. II. The tissue distribution of manganese, magnesium, zinc, iron, and copper in rats after chronic manganese exposure. AB - Two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated ip for 30 d with either 3.0 mg Mn/kg or an equal volume of 0.9% NaCl. Liver, kidney, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, testes, lungs, brain, skeletal muscle, bone, and blood were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for the elements Mn, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Cu. Mn increased in all tissues except liver due to treatment. Bone and pancreas revealed the largest increases. In blood, increased Mn levels were almost totally accounted for by increases in the erythrocyte fraction. Subcellularly, all fractions (crude nuclear, crude mitochondrial, lysosomal, microsomal, and supernatant) revealed elevations in Mn content due to treatment. Mn did not concentrate selectively in any one subcellular fraction. Mn exposure was accompanied by decreased Zn levels in plasma and bone, decreased Mg levels in heart and bone, increased pancreatic Fe concentration, and increased Cu concentrations in plasma and several tissues. PMID- 6655742 TI - Selenium in particulates and gaseous fractions of smoke from cigarettes prepared from tobacco grown on fly-ash-amended soil. AB - Cigarettes prepared from tobacco grown in pots of soils amended with soft coal fly ash were smoked, and the mainstream and gaseous fractions were analyzed for total selenium concentration. Fly-ash-grown and control (soil-grown) tobaccos contained, respectively, 0.79 and 0.03 ppm selenium. The quantities of selenium (ng per cigarette) found in the mainstream particulate and gaseous fractions were, respectively, 62.4 and 246.0 for the fly-ash-grown and 8.6 and 12.0 for the control treatments. Studies of the absorption, retention, effects, metabolism, and excretion of selenium in the body are reviewed. PMID- 6655743 TI - Biochemical and morphological studies of monkeys chronically exposed to methylmercury. AB - This study was designed to correlated autopsy findings with the effects on cage behavior, laboratory values, and mercury clearance of long-term, low-dose exposure of primates to methylmercury. Six rhesus monkeys were given daily methylmercury hydroxide (MeHg) orally in apple juice on a preplanned dosage schedule. Three were sacrificed while receiving MeHg (group I) and the other 3 were sacrificed 2-5 mo after cessation of MeHg administration (group II). Whole blood Hg levels (organic and inorganic) were assayed weekly, and major organ levels were assayed at autopsy. Whole-blood Hg levels were maintained between 1 and 2 micrograms/ml when the monkeys were given a MeHg dose of 80-125 micrograms/kg . d for up to 1 yr. The Hg burden of the major organs appeared to be dose- and duration-related. After periods of clearance (2.5-5 mo), intestinal wall Hg burden decreased to less than 1 microgram/g, and the hepatic Hg burden was still between 1.12 and 2.37 micrograms/g. However, the kidneys had a higher concentration of Hg, ranging from 10.34 to 29.54 micrograms/g. Whenever there was a high concentration of Hg, significant ultrastructural changes were observed. In the kidneys there were intracytoplasmic vacuoles and electron-dense inclusion bodies. In the small intestine of the animals cleared of mercury (group II), there were normal Paneth cells, as well as some degenerative cells characterized by dilation of endoplasmic reticulum and the presence of intracellular inclusion bodies. These findings suggest the long turnover time of Hg in these cell populations. During the period of study, weekly routine laboratory data including hematology, blood chemistry, and liver and kidney function tests did not reveal any significant changes. PMID- 6655744 TI - Effects of sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde on particle clearance in the rat. AB - The effects of exposures to sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde atmospheres on the clearance of inhaled, insoluble tracer particles from the lungs of rats have been studied. The tracer particles employed were polystyrene latex microspheres radio labeled with 51Cr. Following the deposition of the 1.9-micron activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) particles, the rats were divided into 3 groups for a single 4-h exposure to purified air, 20 ppm sulfur dioxide, or 20 ppm formaldehyde. Early, presumably upper-respiratory-tract, clearance was monitored by analysis of radioactivity excreted in feces, while late, presumably deep-lung, clearance was followed by thoracic counting of the animals. Both the sulfur dioxide and formaldehyde atmospheres did significantly delay early clearance (p less than 0.1, two-tailed t-test). However, the late clearance rates of the two pollutant-exposed groups of rats were not significantly different from that of the purified air-exposed group of rats. Although sulfur dioxide had numerically greater effects than formaldehyde, the differences were not statistically significant at the p less than 0.1 level. PMID- 6655745 TI - Physiological and histological alterations in the bronchial mucociliary clearance system of rabbits following intermittent oral or nasal inhalation of sulfuric acid mist. AB - Rabbits were exposed to submicometer sulfuric acid mist (H2SO4) for 1 h/d, 5 d/w for 4 wk, during which time mucociliary clearance was monitored by external in vivo measurements of tagged tracer aerosol retention. One group was exposed orally to 250 micrograms/m3, another to the same concentration via the nose, and a third to 500 micrograms/m3 also via nasal breathing. Clearance was accelerated on specific individual days during the course of the acid exposures, especially at 500 micrograms/m3. In all series, clearance was significantly faster, compared to preexposure controls, during a 2-wk follow-up period after acid exposures had ceased. At the end of this period, the rabbits were sacrificed, and histological sections were obtained from the tracheobronchial tree. Significantly increased epithelial thickness of small conducting airways, compared to sham exposure controls, occurred in rabbits exposed orally at 250 micrograms/m3 or nasally at 500 micrograms/m3, and additionally the lumen of the smallest airways of the former group was narrower than control. The number of airways containing epithelial secretory cells was also significantly greater in these acid exposure groups compared to sham controls. The only change in the rabbits exposed nasally at 250 micrograms/m3 was a significant increase in the number of airways with epithelial secretory cells in the smallest airway classification. The histological alterations provide a basis for observed changes in clearance, and are similar to those found in chronic bronchitis in humans and experimental animals. Differences in site and degree of histological response and degree of physiological change between the two groups exposed to identical acid concentrations appear to have been due to differences in exposure mode, with resultant effects on breathing pattern, aerosol size distribution, and concentration penetrating beyond the upper respiratory tract to specific lung sites. PMID- 6655746 TI - Kinetics study of chloride in rat. AB - The kinetics of chloride were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats following the oral administration of Na36Cl. The half-life for 36Cl- absorption from plasma was 19.2 h corresponding to a rate constant of 0.0361 h-1, while the half-life for 36Cl- elimination from plasma was 51.9 h, corresponding to a rate constant of 0.0134 h 1. At 120 h, radioactivity was highest in plasma, followed by kidney, lung, stomach, and spleen, and the lowest activity was observed in fat. Plasma and packed cells contained almost the same concentration of 36Cl-. Plasma protein binding of chloride was significantly higher than liver protein binding. Subcellular distribution in liver fractions revealed that most of the 36Cl- was located in the cytosolic fraction. The excretion of chloride occurred primarily by the kidney. PMID- 6655747 TI - Two new burn severity indices. AB - Two new severity indices for burned patients based on the combined experience of 11,200 patients in 12 major U.S. burn centers are presented. Each index estimates the risk of death utilizing the patient's age, sex, size of burn, perineum involvement, and time from burn to admission, and is suitable for use with patients admitted within 2 weeks of the burn. The two indices differ in the specificity of the burn size information used. The first index utilizes only the per cent of total body surface burned. The second index, in addition, uses the amount of full-thickness burn. The more detailed index provides a somewhat more accurate estimate and may be used if an adequate estimate of the area of full thickness burn is available. Applications include patient prognosis estimation and retrospective evaluation of new treatments. Methods for the computation and use of both indices are described together with illustrative examples. PMID- 6655748 TI - Penetrating injuries of the heart: experience over two years in South Africa. AB - This 2-year retrospective study of penetrating heart injury comprises 125 hospitalized patients (HP) (stab wounds) and 407 who died before arrival (DBA) (23 bullet, 384 stab wounds). The cardiac penetration sites were related approximately to the location of the entrance wound. The incidence of injury to respective intrapericardial structures related to their anatomic vulnerability; coronary artery transection was uncommon, however. Aortic lacerations caused rapid death (93% were DBA), followed by those breaching the left ventricle; atrial wounds comprised a greater proportion in HP than DBA series. Cardiac tamponade was more than twice as common in HP than DBA cases. Above all traditional signs, a high index of suspicion was an essential element in diagnosing heart injury; all such cases underwent thoracotomy without delay. Mortality results were: 14.4% for operating theater (OT) and 87.5% for emergency room (ER) thoracotomies. Prognosis amongst HP was worst for aortic (60% mortality) and best with right ventricular injury (7.5%). A 'salvage rate' of 17.1% overall, or 17.9% for stab wounds, was recorded. PMID- 6655749 TI - A standardized animal model for evaluation of hemostatic effectiveness of various materials. AB - Two anatomic sites of bleeding injuries were selected in dogs to evaluate the hemostatic effectiveness and handling properties of various hemostatic materials. Split-thickness skin excisions inflict a wound of 90 cm2 area with regular spotted bleeding, which allows gravimetric quantitation of blood loss and of ease of removal of the agent. Excision of a wedge of the spleen 0.5 cm deep and 4 cm wide induced reproducible and moderate bleeding in pentobarbital-anesthesized dogs. Three to four similar injuries could be inflicted in the same spleen with comparable blood flow. In this model of bleeding injury only the highly effective hemostatic agents based on collagen and with a sheet-like structure successfully stopped the bleeding within 3 minutes. Powder-like collagen was effective only when pressed against the wound. Gelatin sponge or oxidized cellulose materials were less effective. PMID- 6655750 TI - The effect of major trauma on the pathways of thyroid hormone metabolism. AB - In order to evaluate the effects of severe trauma on the levels of thyroxine (T4), 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse-T3, r T3), blood samples were collected from traumatized patients on the first post trauma day. The plasma concentrations of T3 were significantly decreased (mean, 47.4 ng/dl); T4 levels were in the normal range (mean, 6.6 mcg/dl) and r-T3 levels were significantly elevated (mean, 80.8 ng/dl). The oxygen extraction by the muscular tissue was also determined in these patients and found to be elevated; however, no correlation could be established between the extraction ratios and the thyroid hormone levels. This deviation in the peripheral conversion of T4 into r-T3 with a decreased production of T3 also accompanies severe systemic illnesses and probably represents a form of T4 inactivation conditioned by the metabolic demands of the body. This alternate pathway of thyroid hormone metabolism is enhanced by elevated blood levels of catecholamines, glucose, or glucocorticoids as well as by decreased insulin plasma concentrations, all known to follow major trauma and other catabolic conditions. PMID- 6655751 TI - Soft-tissue reconstruction of the leg associated with the use of the Hoffmann external fixator. AB - Soft-tissue injuries and defects associated with severe fractures of the tibia treated with the Hoffmann external fixator were reviewed. Of 84 cases of open tibia fractures (classified as Gustilo's Type II and III), 54 patients with 55 injured limbs required soft-tissue reconstruction other than skin grafts or small rotational flaps. These 55 cases were constructed with 37 local musculocutaneous flaps (20 gastrocnemius, 17 soleus and other smaller muscle flaps), 15 free musculocutaneous flaps (14 latissimus dorsi, and one tensor fascia lata), and three medial gastrocnemius cross leg flaps. In all cases the soft-tissue reconstruction was done with the external fixator in place. All but three of the musculocutaneous flaps healed with no problems (94%). Bony healing was found in 30 cases (69.09%) at 18-month followup. There was one amputation after two failed local flaps and three late amputations due to patient's request (infected nonunion). There was a nonunion rate of 25.45% (14 cases) at 18 months postinjury. The Hoffmann external fixator has allowed bony stabilization and has not precluded the subsequent soft-tissue reconstruction or bone grafting. Muscle and musculocutaneous flaps, both local and free, have been employed in the reconstruction of the leg with minimal interference from the Hoffmann device. PMID- 6655752 TI - The diagnosis of intra-abdominal injury in patients with cervical cord trauma. AB - A review of the records of 288 patients sustaining blunt cervical column and/or cord injuries revealed that twelve (4.2%) had significant intra-abdominal injuries, all occult, and all detected by peritoneal lavage. Three of 58 patients in shock (BP less than 100 mm Hg) with neurologic deficits were found to have intra-abdominal injuries. Shock in another 15 was the result of major associated injuries and/or the loss of sympathetic vascular tone. Thus 40 of these 58 patients (69%) had neurogenic shock. An analysis of the mechanisms of injury and associated injuries indicated that those at risk of having significant intra abdominal injury are those who have been injured in a vehicular crash and those who have other obvious major injuries that can cause shock. The data indicate that patients not at risk of having intra-abdominal injury can be selected for early attempts at anatomic cervical realignment in an effort to achieve return of neurologic function. PMID- 6655753 TI - Hyperextension trauma in the elderly: an easily overlooked spinal injury. AB - The diagnosis of hyperextension injury to the cervical spinal cord after a fall is easily overlooked in the elderly. This is because the pattern of neurologic deficit, usually that of the 'central cord syndrome,' is complex and because no radiologic signs of trauma are present apart from changes of cervical spondylosis. The case history of a patient who had delayed onset of paralysis after a fall and in whom the correct diagnosis was initially overlooked is presented. In older patients hyperextension injuries may result in serious damage to the spinal cord due to preexisting weakness of the intervertebral discs, which are fragmented and fissured as a result of degeneration. In such patients, radiologic evidence of spondylosis and a posterior osteophyte at C4/C5 or C5/C6 often go unnoticed. This injury is usually caused by indirect cervical spine trauma resulting from head or face injury. A lateral X-ray view of the area with the patient supine is safe, quick, and inexpensive. PMID- 6655754 TI - Hay baler trauma to the upper extremity: a roller injury. AB - The mechanism of upper extremity trauma in three patients from a round hay baler is analyzed in relation to previously described experimental models of wringer or roller injury. One patient sustained an avulsive injury with typical tearing of the soft tissues. Thermal insult from roller friction heat and the duration of exposure were significant factors determining the extent of tissue injury in the other two patients. PMID- 6655755 TI - Aortic false aneurysm following blunt trauma of the abdomen. AB - A post-traumatic false aneurysm of the abdominal aorta was diagnosed 8 years after blunt abdominal trauma with blast, sustained during combat. Severe persistent backache with erosion of D12 and L1 vertebrae were the presenting symptoms. The aneurysm was repaired by tube graft replacement. PMID- 6655756 TI - Autonomic hyperreflexia in spinal cord injured patients: trigger mechanism- dressing changes of pressure sores. AB - Autonomic hyperreflexia occurs in spinal cord injured patients. The mechanism involves spasticity of the autonomic nervous system. Somatic stimuli have been infrequently reported as triggering stimuli for autonomic hyperreflexia. This article reports on a patient who experienced autonomic hyperreflexia brought on by dressing changes of pressure ulcers. Also included is a discussion of current treatment modalities with special regard for clonidine, the drug used in the case report. PMID- 6655757 TI - Percutaneous transtracheal ventilation. PMID- 6655758 TI - Precisions on normal surface of human corneal epithelium: a scanning electron microscopic study. AB - We are describing the surface of the epithelium of the normal human cornea studied under the scanning electron microscope, and we describe the differences between the light and the dark cells at greater magnifications as well as the junctions between them. There are microplicae and microvilli which reveal differences both with regard to appearance and number, depending upon whether one is studying the light or dark cell. PMID- 6655759 TI - Effects of diphenylhydantoin on postnatal ontogenesis in the rat. Ultrastructural analysis of Purkinje neurons and hepatocytes. AB - An ultrastructural analysis of Purkinje neurons and hepatocytes was carried out at several stages of postnatal ontogenesis in rats born from dams administered diphenylhydantoin (DPH) during pregnancy and nursing. After DPH administration the signs of immaturity in the neurons both at cytoplasmic and nuclear level were particularly evident between the 4th and 17th day of postnatal life, while at the end of histogenesis the normal situation was recovered. Such delayed morphological maturation of the neurons is in agreement with the data showing that anticonvulsant drugs given during pregnancy slow down postnatal growth and mental development. At all stages examined, modifications, mainly concerning the distribution of glycogen and the increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, were also observed in hepatocytes. The examination of the placebo group revealed some signs of delayed maturation in Purkinje neurons at early histogenetic stages and some modifications of the normal pattern in the hepatocytes. The role of gastric tube in drug administration needs to be verified further. PMID- 6655760 TI - Ultrastructure of the mouse blood basophil. AB - This work establishes the presence of basophils in mouse peripheral blood and describes their ultrastructure. In this species, the cytoplasmic granules, which are membrane-bound and relatively scarce, differ both in size and electron density. The intragranular particle size is often markedly heterogeneous. All cytoplasmic organelles are visible including a well-defined Golgi and centriole. The bi-lobed or multi-lobed nucleus has peripherally condensed heterochromatin, nuclear pores and often nucleoli. The surface membrane is characteristically abundant in projections and associated cavities. The electron microscope image of the mouse basophil shows similarities to that of the human basophil, but appears different from that of the guinea pig, chicken and rat. PMID- 6655761 TI - Myofibroblastoma: a tumour of myofibroblasts. AB - A myofibroblastoma occurring in the abdominal cavity of a 15 year old boy is described. This tumour was diagnosed as a low grade sarcoma by light microscopy but electron microscopy showed that the tumour was composed almost entirely of myofibroblasts and a few macrophages. Intermediate forms between myofibroblasts and macrophages were not seen nor were any fibroblasts seen in the main tumour mass. Total excision was impossible because the tumour had trapped loops of bowel and was adherent to the abdominal organs. The patient died of cachexia and haemorrhage but there were no distant metastases nor was there any marked infiltration of the abdominal organs. This case and a review of the literature shows that myofibroblastomas are locally aggressive tumours which do not metastasize and that if total excision is possible an uneventful recovery can be expected. PMID- 6655762 TI - Condensed chromatin in the cell nuclei of the human uterine cervix: squamous and columnar epithelium, non-pregnant and pregnant state, and adenocarcinomata. AB - The proportion of chromatin in the condensed state was comparatively determined by ultrastructural-stereological techniques in the normal squamous and columnar epithelium of the human uterine cervix, the columnar epithelium of a pregnant woman, and in the case of two adenocarcinomata. Significant differences were found. Together with autoradiographic data, the results allow a functional interpretation of the changes in chromatin organization during carginogenesis. PMID- 6655763 TI - The effects of chronic hypergastrinemia on human pancreas. AB - The pancreas of four patients with chronic hypergastrinemia and recurrent peptic ulcer--without pancreatic tumors--were studied by light and electron microscopy. Centroacinar and ductular cells were increased in number, enlarged and richer in organelles, microfilaments and apical microvilli compared to the controls. The hyperplasia of these cells was significantly correlated with the peak values of gastrinemia stimulated either by secretin or by calcium. Zymogenic cells were degranulated to various degrees and always had well-developed ergastoplasm and Golgi apparatus. The degree of degranulation was significantly correlated with the peak values of stimulated gastrinemia. Cells with features intermediate between ductular and islet cells were found near some islets and typical islet cells (mostly A and B cells) were observed in the walls of some ductules and acini. These results suggest enhanced secretion of both bicarbonate and enzymes and neogenesis of islet cells from ductular cells during chronic hypergastrinemia. PMID- 6655764 TI - Barium 'granuloma' of the rectum. A light and electron microscopic analysis. AB - A barium granuloma of the rectum, observed 6 and 9 months after a barium enema, was studied by light and electron microscopy. Mononucleated macrophages filled with electron dense material were located between the glands and the muscularis mucosae. No electron dense material was observed in the endothelial and epithelial cells. The difficulties in the identification of the material can in part be overcome with the use of electron microscopy. PMID- 6655765 TI - Langerhans cells in the epithelium of main pancreatic ducts. AB - Langerhans cells are present among regular columnar cells in the epithelial lining of main pancreatic ducts. The cells form dendritic cytoplasmic processes. Clear cytoplasm, indented nucleus, absence of desmosomes, and presence of specific Birbeck granules are further characteristic features of these cells. The occurrence of Langerhans cells in a simple columnar epithelium argues against a proposed function in the process of keratinization. PMID- 6655766 TI - Evidence showing that the nucleolus-envelope region is located on the nor-bearing chromosomes in Aotus trivirgatus. AB - We investigated whether the existence of the Nucleolus-Envelope Region observed in dividing animal cells is related to the Nucleolus Organizer Region or to other chromosome segments of the NOR-bearing chromosomes, since NORs are usually adjacent to the chromosome segments attached to the nuclear envelope such as the centromere, telomere or heterochromatin region. We used Aotus Trivirgatus fibroblasts whose karyotype is characterized by a single pair of NORs located on the long arm of the third pair of chromosomes, far from the centromere, the telomere and any obvious heterochromatin region. All the nucleoli were seen to be clearly associated with the nuclear envelope but separated from it by the outermost layer of chromatin. These results further support the hypothesis that the NOR is a site of attachment of the chromatin to the nuclear envelope by means of the Nucleolus-Envelope Region. They show that genetically active chromatin is also attached to the nuclear envelope. A model of the arrangement of chromatin during interphase is proposed which provides a functional interpretation of the currently available data. PMID- 6655767 TI - Surface charge and ultrastructure of the cell surface of resident and thioglycolate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages. AB - The cell surface of resident and thioglycolate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages was analysed using cell electrophoresis, ultrastructural cytochemistry and freeze-fracture. Both macrophages have a negative surface charge as evaluated by the binding of cationic particles (colloidal iron hydroxide and cationized ferritin) to the cell surface and determination of the cellular electrophoretic mobility (EPM). Elicited macrophages showed a more regular and intense binding of colloidal iron particles at pH 1.8 to their cell surfaces than resident macrophages. No differences were observed in the binding of cationized ferritin particles at pH 7.2 to the cell surface of resident and elicited macrophages. Both macrophages had the same mean EPM. Neuraminidase treatment of the cells did not interfere with the binding of cationic particles to the cell surface and with the EPM of the cells. With the freeze-fracture technique no special array of intramembranous particles was observed in the plasma membrane of the macrophages. Differences in the distribution of intramembranous particles in the P and E faces of the plasma membrane were observed between resident and elicited macrophages. PMID- 6655768 TI - Morphological alterations in dura mater encephali used as ventricular wall grafts in the canine heart. AB - Structural changes within homologous dura mater patch-grafts surgically implanted in the right ventricular wall of the heart were studied in nine adult dogs utilizing light microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Physical examination of the dogs after surgery presented no clinical signs of abnormalities caused by either the surgery or the nature of the graft. After one week of implantation, a fibrous organization extending from the wound margins over the entire graft greatly increased its thickness. In addition, it was observed that (1) an increase in cellularity, vascularity and connective tissue elements occurred on the external surface of the patch-graft, (2) these same changes occurred regardless of which surface (periosteal or arachnoidal) was used as the external or pericardial surface, (3) the graft core underwent a transition from a relatively acellular and avascular connective tissue structure into one that was heavily infiltrated by a variety of cellular elements and new blood vessels, and (4) these morphological changes were interpreted as an attempt to incorporate the graft into the host tissue, resulting in an increase in both viability and stability of the graft. These findings indicate that homologous dura mater is a suitable material for use in the surgical repair of the cardiac wall. PMID- 6655769 TI - Response of satellite cells and muscle fibers to long-term compensatory hypertrophy. AB - The ultrastructural changes of the plantaris muscle of the rat have been investigated during long-term compensatory hypertrophy. The latter was induced by the removal of the synergistic gastrocnemius muscle. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations were performed on the 20th, 40th and 60th days after surgery on overloaded and control muscles. The plantaris muscle had hypertrophied 54.8% after 20 days, 74.4% after 40 days and 79.8% after 60 days. It was observed that activation of the satellite cell developed as shown by an increase in cytoplasmic volume, together with diffuse presence of polyribosomes and a rough endoplasmic reticulum. On the 40th day masses of swollen mitochondria grouped at the edge of muscle fibers were observed. On the 60th day structures completely covered with basal lamina, whose cytoplasm was filled with mitochondria and polyribosomes, were partially detached from the fibers. The above ultrastructural changes were absent in control contralateral muscles. These findings suggest that surgically induced overload produces a relevant ultrastructural re-arrangement in muscle tissue. PMID- 6655770 TI - Ultrastructural study of the developing blood capillaries in the pineal gland of the domestic fowl. AB - The ultrastructure of the pineal gland capillaries in chick embryos of 7, 14 and 19 days of incubation and in three month chicks has been analyzed. The results show that vascular primordia are detectable among the pineal developing vesicles on the 7th incubation day. Significant maturative changes in the capillary wall (flattening of the endothelial cells, appearance of pores, narrowing of the perivascular spaces and formation of the endothelial basement lamina) take place during the last days of the embryonic life and are concluded only after the hatching. Relationships between the vasculogenetic and the morpho-histogenetic processes in the pineal body, and some differences in the maturative changes of the vascular wall of the pineal and other chick embryo endocrine glands, have been briefly discussed. PMID- 6655771 TI - Acute chlordane intoxication. AB - This report describes a patient who accidentally ingested 215 g of chlordane in a liquid pesticide formulation. The patient experienced multiple acute clinical sequellae attributable to his acute intoxication, including vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, coma and respiratory failure. Upon initial presentation and during the recovery phase, blood and urine specimens were collected to measure the disposition and elimination of chlordane and its metabolites. Whole blood chlordane concentrations measured over the subsequent 49 days suggested a multicompartmental kinetic profile of chlordane distribution, with an approximate terminal elimination half-life of 34 days. Tissue samples obtained from this patient, during elective surgery 58 days post chlordane ingestion, revealed persistent high levels of chlordane related metabolites. This case illustrates the physiological distribution and elimination of chlordane and its related metabolite residues after acute intoxication in an adult patient. Such information is important to improve the clinical management of patients acutely exposed to potentially lethal levels of pesticides. PMID- 6655772 TI - Coma and crystalluria: a massive primidone intoxication treated with haemoperfusion. AB - The present paper describes a patient who was in danger of dying from a massive primidone overdose. She was comatose, hypotensive and in acute renal failure with crystalluria. Because of her clinical condition and high plasma primidone level (209 mg/l) haemoperfusion was instituted. Both the calculated drug clearances and the remarkable improvement in the patient's clinical condition suggest that haemoperfusion was very effective. PMID- 6655773 TI - Amelioration of cardiotoxic effects of alcohol by vitamin E. AB - Injection of mice with a single ip dose of 2g/kg of ethanol leads to time dependent increases of lactic dehydrogenase plasma isoenzymes indicative of myocardial damage. Electron microscopic analysis of the myocardium shows changes in mitochondrial structure, endoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils. Pretreatment of the animals with 86 units of alpha tocopherol partially prevented the changes in isoenzyme patterns and reduced the electron microscopic evidence of myocardial damage. The study supports previous findings that some of the toxic effects of alcohol might be mediated through free radical mechanisms leading to lipid peroxidation and that the ameliorating effect of alpha tocopherol could relate to its function as antioxidant and free radical scavenger. PMID- 6655774 TI - Persistence of tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol in exposed woodworkers. AB - The decline in urinary concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,3,4,6 tetrachlorophenol (TCP) were observed for a group of woodworkers chronically exposed to Permatox 100 (3% PCP, 21% TCP) during a 16 day vacation and plant shutdown. The group was monitored annually for two years, with sampling occurring on the last working day prior to shutdown and on the first day after the shutdown. Among those workers with the highest pre-shutdown levels, uniform TCP reductions of 90 +/- 6% were observed, indicating elimination rates similar to those reported for PCP in a single dose human exposure study. Four workers were sampled on alternate days during the shutdown in the second year. Of these, two workers had significant pre-shutdown levels, and showed declines in urine TCP levels over this period consistent with simple one-compartment first order decay. The possible effect of environmental PCP exposure on observed biological decay rates when occupational PCP exposures are low was indicated by the wide variation in urinary PCP reduction and slight decreases or actual increases observed over the shutdown period. PMID- 6655775 TI - Rhabdomyolysis and acute myoglobinuric renal failure associated with methadone intoxication. AB - A case of methadone intoxication is presented. The clinical manifestations were rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuric acute renal failure. In most cases of drug intoxication, these features occur secondary to previous coma or prolonged immobilization. Since our patient was neither comatose nor immobilized, we suggest that a toxic action of methadone was responsible for rhabdomyolysis. PMID- 6655776 TI - Acute renal failure and seizures associated with chlorambucil overdose. AB - A case of chlorambucil overdose is presented. The clinical manifestations were acute renal failure and seizures. We are not aware of this combination of clinical features being previously reported with chlorambucil overdose. PMID- 6655777 TI - Quinidine induced sicca syndrome. AB - Two weeks after initiation of therapy with 1.2 gm/day quinidine sulphate, a 67 year old patient developed clinical and laboratory features of sicca syndrome. These subsided upon discontinuation of the treatment, but reappeared on a second challenge with this drug. Sicca syndrome represents a previously undescribed hypersensitivity reaction to quinidine. PMID- 6655778 TI - Internuclear ophthalmoplegia in patients with toxic coma frequency, prognostic value, diagnostic significance. AB - Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO), a dysfunction of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, is frequently seen in toxic coma (7 out of 70 cases). INO is most often bilateral and can be associated with different stages of coma. Such an association is a strong argument for the toxic etiology of a coma. But INO has no value in determining the source of intoxication and is no prognostic indicator for the outcome. PMID- 6655779 TI - Organophosphate poisoning presenting as diabetic ketoacidosis. AB - A 3-year-old boy was admitted to hospital following rapid-onset coma. Laboratory tests demonstrated hyperglycemia, glycosuria and keto-acidosis. Organophosphorus poisoning was the cause of the coma since he had been in contact with Parathion, serum cholinesterase activity was undetectable and his condition returned to normal under atropine therapy. PMID- 6655781 TI - Case of the month: Bicornuate uterus with presumed fibroids bilaterally. PMID- 6655780 TI - Mapping of the bone marrow sinus endothelium with lectins and glycosylated ferritins: identification of differentiated microdomains and their functional significance. AB - The distribution of lectin binding sites and sugar-recognizing systems (lectin like substances) was studied on the luminal side of the bone marrow sinus endothelium in rats. Ferritin-conjugated lectins (Con A, PHA, RCA, WGA, UEA) and glycosylated ferritins (mannosyl, fucosyl, chitobiosyl) were used as probes. With the exception of UEA, all lectins bound to the endothelial surface. The binding was heavier on the plasmalemma proper of the nuclear region (PP-N) compared to that of the tapered region (PP-T). Lectin mapping also identified differentiated microdomains with less or no bindings. These domains related to the transport organelles in the endothelium: luminal vesicles (LV) and diaphragmmed fenestrae (DF). The relative density of binding for these four domains demonstrated the following spectrum PP-N greater than PP-T greater than LV greater than DF. The relation of this binding pattern to the transport function of marrow sinus endothelium for various cells and molecules has been discussed. Lectin mapping also identified heavily labeled microvilli and microprojections from the membrane. These organelles may have a function in recognizing cells and molecules for the transport. The absence of binding for UEA, also absent in liver endothelium, may differentiate sinus endothelia from other endothelia. This lectin is thought to be endothelium-specific in other systems. No binding was observed with glycosylated ferritins suggesting the absence of lectin-like substances on marrow sinus endothelium. PMID- 6655782 TI - The effects of temperature on blood flow ultrasonic echogenicity in vitro. AB - An explanation of the mechanism of ultrasonic echogenicity in flowing blood is proposed based upon an in vitro study that indicates a causal relation between red cell aggregation and these echoes. Echogenicity was measured in vitro at 37 degrees, 24 degrees, and 0 degree C as blood flow shear rates were varied. Echogenicity increased at higher temperatures and lower shear rates. The directions of changes in blood echogenicity exactly paralleled previously known changes in red cell aggregation resulting from changes in temperature. The authors consider this to be further evidence that red cell aggregation is an important cause of low-intensity echoes observed in clinical ultrasonography of the heart and circulation. PMID- 6655784 TI - Abnormal echogenicity of the testicle caused by epididymal cysts. AB - Ultrasonography of the scrotum has proven to be highly accurate for the diagnosis of testicular and other scrotal abnormalities, particularly for defining focal lesions. False-positive examinations are unusual. Three cases are presented where large epididymal cysts compressed the testes and the remainder of the epididymis. This led to an abnormal echogenic area in testes of two patients and a hypoechoic defect of the testis suggesting malignancy in the thirds. The patients were sonographically and anatomically normal without testicular abnormality during and after operation, following removal of the epididymal fluid collections. PMID- 6655783 TI - Experimental assessment of imaging variables associated with operative ultrasonic and radiographic cholangiography. AB - The comparative accuracies of operative ultrasonic and radiographic cholangiography to detect biliary calculi 1 mm in diameter inside tubes of different calibers were assessed. One hundred eighty tubes were prepared to provide ten tubes each for the following variables: three sizes of tubes (6, 13, 20 mm), three concentrations of contrast material (15, 30, 60 per cent), and presence or absence of calculi. Real-time B-mode ultrasound scans with a single gain and time gain compensation (TGC) setting were performed and contrast radiographs were also made at a single optimal exposure. Sixty ultrasonic and 180 radiographic examinations were studied. All ultrasonic interpretations were correct regardless of size of tube. Under optimal conditions, radiographic interpretations were also correct. However, whereas a single gain and TGC setting was applicable for all ultrasound examinations, variable contrast concentrations were required for the best radiographic imaging. Optimal radiographic contrast concentrations differed with tube diameters. The authors conclude that both ultrasonic and radiographic contrast imaging are highly accurate for the detection of small biliary calculi. However, contrast radiography requires stricter optimization of variables needed to provide the high accuracy. Thus, operative ultrasonography may be a more practical and reliable diagnostic procedure because of high sensitivity and greater ease of performance and interpretation. PMID- 6655785 TI - Early intrauterine pregnancy or decidual cast: an anatomic--sonographic approach. AB - In order to differentiate an early intrauterine gestation from an ectopic pregnancy with decidual cast, demonstration of the uterine cavity as a structure distinct from the gestational sac is suggested. Anatomically, normal implantation occurs separately from the endometrial canal, whereas decidual casts form within the canal. Using real-time sonography, physician observers were able to demonstrate two separate structures in 79 per cent of normal pregnancies of eight weeks' gestation or less when a special effort was made; routine longitudinal and transverse static and real-time scans were less helpful. PMID- 6655786 TI - Ultrasonography in the evaluation of muscular trauma. AB - Ultrasonography was performed to assess muscle injuries in 120 advanced-level athletes. Real-time sonography was chosen for evaluation since it allowed a comparison between the muscles at rest and during contraction. Pathologic patterns are reported and compared with the normal ultrasonic muscular anatomy. Twenty-five subjects were referred for surgery. All lesions had abnormal sonograms, and these were correctly described in 21 cases (84 per cent). Ultrasonic investigation is a reliable, useful method to confirm, locate and evaluate traumatic muscular lesions and to assess the need for surgical repair. PMID- 6655787 TI - The sonographic diagnosis of agenesis of the corpus callosum. PMID- 6655788 TI - Spontaneous disappearance of a right atrial mass. PMID- 6655789 TI - Changes of serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in normal subjects in Japan in the past twenty years. Research committee on familial hyperlipidemia in Japan. AB - Serum lipid levels of 10,977 normal Japanese subjects in 1980 were determined by a joint study of 14 institutions, specializing in lipid research, located in 9 districts of Japan. The data obtained were compared with those in 1960 and 1970. Total cholesterol (TC) levels in 1980 increased with age except for the 1st decade and reached maximum (205 mg/dl) at the 7th decade. The mean value in any age was higher than that of 20 years ago by 10-15 mg/dl. Triglyceride (TG) levels also increased with age and reached maximum (130 mg/dl) at the 7th decade. The mean values of subjects over the 5th decade were higher than those of 10 years ago by 10-20 mg/dl. In contrast with TC and TG, HDL-cholesterol levels were highest at the 1st decade and declined gradually with age. TC and TG levels of younger age (1st to 3rd decade) were equal to or even higher than those of Americans in 1972-76. It was concluded that serum lipid levels of Japanese have increased in the past 20 years and approached to the levels of Europeans and Americans. PMID- 6655790 TI - Echocardiographic evaluation of aortic cusp prolapse in children with ventricular septal defect. AB - Echocardiograms were obtained from 48 Japanese children with ventricular septal defect (16 having aortic cusp prolapse, Group I, and 32 without it, Group II). In the case of right coronary cusp prolapse, the right coronary sinus protrudes anteriorly into the right ventricular outflow tract, and thus, the anteroposterior diameter of the aortic root increases. In the case of non coronary cusp prolapse, the non-coronary sinus bulges posteriorly into the right ventricle, and thus, the aortic root increases in size. For evaluating the degree of these prolapses quantitatively, we measured the aortic root diameter echocardiographically and expressed them as a percent of a normal one. In Group I the aortic root diameter was 131 +/- 9% (mean +/- SD) and in Group II it was 105 +/- 7%, and the difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). In Group I 14 of the 16 patients had a value greater than 120%, while all 32 patients of Group II had a value smaller than 120%. Thus, in children with ventricular septal defect, an aortic root diameter greater than 120% of normal suggests the presence of aortic cusp prolapse. Systolic semiclosure of the aortic valve was found in 8 patients of Group I (50.0%) and in 2 of Group II (8.7%). Coarse systolic fluttering of the pulmonary valve with an amplitude of greater than 3 mm was detected in 6 of Group I (40.0%) and in 3 of Group II (10.0%). Therefore, semiclosure of the aortic valve and fluttering of the pulmonary valve are considered to be also useful for evaluating aortic cusp prolapse qualitatively. PMID- 6655791 TI - Histopathological correlation between the QRS axis and disposition of the atrioventricular conduction system in common atrioventricular orifice and in its related anomalies. AB - Serial sections of the atrioventricular (AV) conduction system were microscopically studied in 12 autopsied hearts: four with complete type common AV orifice (CAVO), two with atrial septal defect of the ostium primum type (ASD-I), two with ventricular septal defect of the persistent common AV canal type (VSD-C) and four without heart disease. The anatomic findings were semiquantitatively compared with the normal control using Feldt's method and correlated to the mean frontal QRS axis on ECG. The cases of CAVO or VSD-C with left axis devation invariably showed similar patterns regarding the location and course of the AV conduction system: (1) posterior displacement of the AV node, (2) relatively short distance between the AV node and the beginning of the left bundle branch (LBB), and (3) postero-inferior displacement of the bundle of His and the LBB. The postero-inferior displacement of the LBB seemed to be responsible for left axis deviation. The cases of ASD-I showed some additional findings: (1) impaired contiguity between the AV node and the bundle of His might have caused the occasional advanced AV block in one case, and (2) the posterior radiation of the LBB traversed down through the branch-free muscle bundle, which was assumed to be related to the right axis deviation in the other case. These findings suggest that the disposition of the AV conduction system in CAVO and in its related anomalies were basically the same whatever the type of defect, and this was considered to be correlated to the established ECG pattern. PMID- 6655792 TI - Regional differences in shortening and relaxation characteristics of the left ventricular wall of normal subjects as studied by biplane coronary cineangiograms. AB - The coordinates of the ramifying points of the left coronary artery were measured using biplane coronary cineangiograms in 19 patients who were later diagnosed as normal. The spatial distances (segment length) between any two of these points were calculated and one cardiac cycle was plotted frame by frame in order to investigate shortening and relaxation characteristics of the segments. In most instances, the segments evidenced shortenings during systole and prolongations during diastole. The extent of shortening, as a percentage of maximum length ranged from 7.8 to 18.0%. The segments measured at the apex started shortening 77 msec sooner than those at the base, in other words, 90.3 +/- 6.2 msec before the R wave peak on the electrocardiograms. This indicates that the initial shortening at the apex contributes to the build up of left ventricular pressure. While at the base, since it begins to shorten after the completion of the build up in left ventricular pressure, it contributes more to the ejection of blood from the left ventricle. On the other hand, there is little systolic shortening at the atrioventricular groove and in some instances there is systolic expansion, suggesting that in comparison to the other portions of the left ventricle it is assigned an entirely different role. PMID- 6655793 TI - Arteriographic features of angina pectoris associated with ST segment depression during coronary arterial spasm. AB - To examine the angiographic features of vasospastic angina associated with ST segment depression, we attempted to analyze the coronary arteriograms of 12 patients who exhibited ST segment depression during the ergonovine provocative test. Right and left coronary arteriograms were obtained successively within a short period when the ergonovine administration revealed ST segment depression. Eight out of 12 patients showed non-total spastic obstructions in one of the major coronary arteries. Among them, a collateral augmentation was found only in one patient. Two cases exhibited the well-developed collateral channels during non-anginal periods and in one case a collateral blood supply was reduced by the spasm occurred in the donating artery. In another one, the collateral circulation did not change during anginal period. Three out of 4 patients who showed total spastic obstructions demonstrated transiently augmented collateral circulation which was supplied by the non-spastic artery. These findings may indicate that ST segment depression during coronary artery spasm could attribute to a subendocardial ischemia caused by an incomplete occlusion of large coronary artery and transient reduction or augmentation of collateral blood flow. PMID- 6655794 TI - Two electrocardiographic patterns with or without transient T-wave inversion during recovery periods of variant anginal attacks. AB - Continuous electrocardiographic recordings during anginal attacks in patients with variant angina were reviewed. Twenty-seven attacks in 15 patients were associated with transient T-wave inversion during recovery periods of angina (type A), while in another 69 attacks in 28 patients there was no T-wave inversion (type B). In none of the patients was there an ischemic T-wave inversion during angina-free periods. Both the maximum elevation (0.79 +/- 0.57 mV) and duration (5.3 +/- 1.2 min) of ST-segment deviation of type A attacks were significantly higher and longer than those of type B (0.44 +/- 0.27 mV, 2.8 +/- 1.4 min). Ten patients who had both type A and type B attacks one time or the other were selected for further evaluation. In these 10, the duration of ST segment elevation was significantly longer during type A attacks (5.2 +/- 1.2 min, n = 18) than during type B attacks (2.7 +/- 1.2 min, n = 20) but there was no significant difference in the maximum ST-segment elevation. Giant U-wave inversion appeared in 15% of the type A attacks, but never in type B. Therefore, the T-wave abnormality related to ischemic episodes in patients with variant angina seems to be associated with more severe ischemia of longer duration than milder episodes of transient ischemia. PMID- 6655796 TI - Pacemaker implantation in Japan--1981. The Japanese Committee on Cardiac Pacing. PMID- 6655795 TI - Clinical significance of the right ventricular free wall appearance on stress Tl 201 myocardial images in ischemic heart disease. AB - In order to evaluate the clinical significance of thallium (Tl)-201 myocardial imaging for diagnosing the right ventricular (RV) ischemia, we studied the relationship of right ventricular free wall (RVFW) appearance on myocardial images to coronary arteriographic findings. Patients were divided into 3 groups as follows: 1) normal control (NC) group (19 cases) without angiographically documented coronary artery disease; 2) non-RCA group (18 cases) with significant coronary artery lesion restricted to the left coronary artery (LCA); and 3) RCA group (36 cases) with significant right coronary artery (RCA) stenosis regardless of underlying LCA disease. After the patients had exercised up to 80-85% of the predicted maximal heart rate, immediate and 3-4 hour delayed myocardial images were obtained. As for presence or absence of the RV ischemia on images, the RVFW appearance in 30 degrees and 60 degrees left anterior oblique (LAO) views were assessed carefully. On the immediate images, all patients except one in the NC group and all except 3 in the non-RCA group demonstrated 'continuous visualization' of the RVFW in both views. In the RCA group, 6 showed 'non visualization' and 11 'defective visualization' of the RVFW in 30 degrees LAO view. In 60 degrees LAO view, 6 presented 'non-visualization' and other 6 'defective visualization' of the RVFW. On the delayed images, although none of the patients in the groups NC and non-RCA demonstrated redistribution phenomenon of the RVFW, 4 patients in the RCA group showed redistribution of Tl-201 into the RVFW. Non- and defective visualization of the RVFW on the immediate images were related to the proximally located RCA lesion, previous history of inferior myocardial infarction and high grade RCA stenosis. Collateral vessels seemed to protect the RVFW against the development of exercise induced ischemia and affect the occurrence of redistribution of Tl-201 into the RVFW. In conclusion, stress Tl-201 myocardial imaging enables us to estimate the myocardial blood flow of the RV and is a useful non-invasive method in the evaluation of RV ischemia. PMID- 6655797 TI - [26-week intravenous toxicity test of cefpiramide in cynomolgus monkeys]. AB - A chronic toxicity of cefpiramide (CPM) was studied in Cynomolgus monkeys. Groups of 4 males and 4 females were given daily doses of 100, 300 mg/kg or 600 mg/kg by intravenous administration for 26 weeks. Another group of 4 males and 4 females was given physiological saline and served as the control. In CPM groups, diarrhea or soft feces was observed after the commencement of administration at every doses. The frequency of these signs decreased as the study progressed and animals at lower doses returned to normal earlier. There were no treatment-related changes in body weights, fecal occult blood and electrocardiograms. A female in the 600 mg/kg group died after 13 weeks of treatment. The cause of death was assumed to be an acute myocardial necrosis resulting from thromboarteritis. It was not considered to be treatment-related. Ophthalmological examination revealed no abnormalities attributable to the treatment. Erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit values decreased in 3 animals receiving 600 mg/kg of the drug. The changes, however, were transient at least in 2 of these animals. There were no effects on plasma biochemical and urinalysis parameters. Small yellow spotes were noted in the renal cortex of 2 monkeys in the 600 mg/kg group at necropsy. Liver and kidneys were slightly heavier in animals receiving 600 mg/kg. Histopathological examinations revealed focal nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis in 1 animal given 300 mg/kg and 5 animals given 600 mg/kg. No treatment related changes were observed in other organs and tissues. From these results, the maximum non-effective dose level of CPM was considered to be 100 mg/kg. PMID- 6655798 TI - [6-week intravenous toxicity test of cefpiramide in rhesus monkeys]. AB - A subchronic toxicity of cefpiramide (CPM) was studied in rhesus monkeys. The drug was administered intravenously to 4 groups of 2 males and 2 females each at a daily dose of 0, 100, 300 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg, respectively, for 6 weeks. Vomiting and diarrhea were observed at every dose of CPM, more frequently at the beginning of the treatment period. In addition, salivation was observed at 300 mg/kg or more and a transient subdued mood and inappetence at 1,000 mg/kg. A slight decrease of body weight was noted in a female given 1,000 mg/kg. There were no treatment-related changes in fecal occult blood test and electrocardiograms. Ophthalmological examinations showed no abnormalities being attributable to the treatment. A transient or slight anemia was observed in 2 monkeys receiving 1,000 mg/kg. Examination of bone marrow revealed no abnormalities. There were no effects on plasma biochemical parameters. In urinalysis, a female in the 1,000 mg/kg group showed a glycosuria. Kidneys of 3 animals given 1,000 mg/kg were pale at necropsy. Liver and kidneys were heavier in some animals at 300 mg/kg or more and at 1,000 mg/kg, respectively. Histological examination revealed a multifocal degeneration and regeneration of the proximal renal tubular epithelium in all animals receiving 1,000 mg/kg. No treatment-related changes were encountered in other organs and tissues. From these results, the maximum non-effective dose level of CPM was considered to be 300 mg/kg. PMID- 6655800 TI - [Experimental study on the effect of acetylspiramycin on the fertilized ova]. AB - Growth of fertilized mouse eggs treated with acetylspiramycin (ASPM) for 24 hours in their diplophase and octaplophase was observed morphologically. Changes in function of the fertilized cells in growth process were also examined, determining cell counts, mitotic index, and sister chromatid exchange as indices. These indices were all inhibited after treatment with ASPM. However, it seems that the effect was induced by H2SO4 which was used as solvent rather than by ASPM because growth inhibition and functional changes of cells were also caused by H2SO4. Therefore, it is thought that ASPM, at the concentration of 3-10 microgram/ml, has little effect on the development of fertilized eggs. PMID- 6655799 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefroxadine in surgical infections]. AB - Cefroxadine (CXD), a new cephalosporin, was orally administered to 22 cases in total; 5 with wound infection, 4 with felon, 3 with acute pyelonephritis, 2 with furuncle, 2 with infected atheroma, 2 with phlegmone, 2 with abscess, 1 with acute mastitis, and 1 with lymphadenitis. The daily dose was 500 to 1,000 mg, and maximal total dose and duration was 5 g and 5 days, respectively. Therapeutic results were good in 20 cases (effectiveness rate: 91%), fair in 1 and poor in 1. No side effect was observed in all cases among 22 patients with CXD. PMID- 6655801 TI - [Transfer of fosfomycin sodium into the pelvic organs]. AB - To confirm efficacy and safety of fosfomysin sodium (FOM-Na) in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, hemodynamics and pelvic transference were analyzed using so-called three-compartment model in adult women treated with the drug at a dose of 2 g either as an one shot injection or an intravenous infusion over 1 hour. Following results were obtained. 1. Hemodynamics in these patients were similar to those obtained in healthy adult males, although there was a tendency that levels reached were lower and elimination was more rapid in cases of genital cancer. 2. As to drug concentration of dead cavity fluid, Tmax appeared at 1.75 hours after completion of administration irrespective of administration methods, with Cmax being 67.8 micrograms/ml and 50.5 micrograms/ml of intravenous injection and intravenous infusion, respectively. Thereafter, there was no difference between two administration methods. 3. Uterine tissue concentration reached to its Tmax at 15 to 30 minutes after intravenous injection and within 10 minutes after completion of intravenous infusion, Cmax being higher than 90 micrograms/g. Even at 5 hours, 15 to 25 micrograms/g of the drug was detected. From these results and from susceptibilities of clinical isolates to the drug, it was considered that FOM-Na at a dose level of 2 g is highly effective in the treatment of various infections in the field of obstetrics and gynecology including intrapelvic infections, uterine infections and adnexitis. PMID- 6655802 TI - [Clinical evaluation of micronomicin for the treatment of postoperative infections in cancer patients]. AB - Micronomicin (MCR, Sagamicin), a new derivative of aminoglycoside, was used in 9 patients with postoperative infection mainly caused by Gram-negative bacilli. A dose of 60-120 mg was intramuscularly administered continuously twice a day for 3 21 days. The therapeutic results were excellent in 2, good in 3, fair in 1 and poor in 2 cases. The assessment was impossible in 1 patient. The effective rate was 62.5%. No side effects were encountered in any cases. PMID- 6655803 TI - [Antibacterial peptides (18). Synthesis and antibacterial activity of alpha acyltetrapeptides containing basic amino acids (7)]. AB - Three kinds of (formula; see text) were synthesized to investigate the relationship between the chemical structure and the antibacterial activities by acylation of the corresponding tetrapeptides. Acyl chlorides of (+)-6 Methyloctanoic acid (a component of colistin) and two kinds of other organic acid were employed as acylating agents. It was proved that one of three, (formula; see text) shows antibacterial activity against four kinds of Gram-negative bacteria and against Gram-positive bacteria, but that the other only have weak antibacterial activity. PMID- 6655804 TI - [Effects of various antibiotics and natural mycotoxins on the hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow in normal and adjuvant-treated rats]. AB - This experiment was carried out, in order to investigate the effect of antibiotics and natural mycotoxin on the hematopoietic stem cells at the normal and inflammatory condition. Adjuvant-treated rats (Aj-rats) are considered as a model of human rheumatoid arthritis. We measured the CFU-C and CFU-E of bone marrow of normal and Aj-rats which were injected with large (1.0 g/kg X 3) and small doses (0.5 g/kg X 3) of ampicillin (ABPC), cefazolin (CEZ), chloramphenicol (CP) and fusarenon-X (F-X). In Aj-rats the number of CFU-C was 1.5 times higher and CFU-E 60% less than normal. Injection of large doses of ABPC enhanced markedly the numbers of CFU-C in Aj-rats and suppressed slightly CFU-E in normal rats. Large doses of CEZ inclined to increase CFU-C and decreased CFU-E in normal and Aj-rats. Injection of small doses of CP tended to increase CFU-C and to decrease CFU-E, and large doses of CP to suppress both CFU-C and CFU-E levels in normal or Aj-rats. F-X, natural mycotoxin suppressed markedly both CFU-C and CFU E levels of normal rats, and slightly the CFU-E in Aj-rats. These results suggest that one should pay attention to the fact that some doses of antibiotics or natural mycotoxin might be harmful on the bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. PMID- 6655805 TI - [Disc sensitivity test of cefuroxime]. AB - Susceptibility of 124 strains of 28 bacterial species or subspecies to cefuroxime were determined by the 2-fold agar dilution method in parallel with the diameter of inhibition zone by the single-disc method. The experiments demonstrated significant correlation between MIC by the dilution method and diameter of inhibition zone in each of conventional assay of the over-night (about 16 hours) incubation, delayed assay (about 24 hours incubation), and rapid assay (after 3 approximately 4 or 5 approximately 6 hours incubation), thus confirming applicability of the single-disc assay for cefuroxime. Analysis of the data obtained by using cefuroxime disc containing 30 micrograms revealed the primary regression equation to be: D (diameter, mm) = 28.2-10.1 log MIC (micrograms/ml) in conventional assay, D = 33.1-13.2 log MIC (micrograms/ml) in delayed assay, D = 23.9-8.2 log MIC (micrograms/ml) in 5 approximately 6 hours rapid assay, and D = 20.0-6.5 log MIC (micrograms/ml) in 3 approximately 4 hours rapid assay, respectively. The range of variations in MICs estimated from the diameter of inhibition zone by the disc test was then calculated in comparison with that in MIC determined by the 2-fold dilution assay, as reference for the experimental errors which may be involved in the estimation of MIC of cefuroxime by the single disc assay. PMID- 6655806 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in mice, rats and rabbits]. AB - KS-R1, a new suppository of ampicillin (ABPC) sodium, was rectally administered to study its absorption, excretion and distribution in mice, rats and rabbits. Concentrations of ABPC in plasma when 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg of KS-R1 were rectally administered to experimental animals reached the peak levels rapidly. The values were 7.3 and 13.9 micrograms/ml in mice, 7.7 and 15.9 micrograms/ml in rats, and 14.1 and 35.3 micrograms/ml in rabbits, respectively. All of these values were about 3.5 times as high as those attained by oral administration of the same doses. Concentrations of ABPC in tissues when 25.0 mg/kg of KS-R1 was rectally administered to rats reached the peak level rapidly, as in the concentration in plasma. The concentrations distributed into various tissues were found as follows; liver not equal to kidney greater than spleen greater than heart greater than lung. Urinary recoveries of ABPC after rectal administration of 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg were 23.4 and 28.4% (0 approximately 12 hours) in rats while 79.4 and 75.4% (0 approximately 6 hours) in rabbits, respectively. When 25.0 mg/kg of KS R1 was administered to rats, 10.7% of the dose was excreted into bile during 6 hours after administration. The relative bioavailabilities of KS-R1, calculated on the basis of AUC and urinary recovery after parenteral administration of ABPC sodium, were 81.0 to 87.5% in mice, 37.6 to 45.9% in rats and 75.6 to 101% in rabbits, which were 1.5 to 2.8 times higher than those of ABPC orally administered. PMID- 6655807 TI - [Absorption and excretion of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in dogs]. AB - KS-R1, a new suppository of ampicillin (ABPC) sodium, was compared with the widely used oral ABPC and parenteral ABPC sodium in terms of absorption and excretion in mature and infant Beagle dogs. Plasma levels of ABPC in mature dogs when administered rectally with 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg of KS-R1 reached the respective peaks of 8.0 and 13.5 micrograms/ml in 10 to 20 minutes. Thereafter, the plasma levels declined with biological half-lives of 0.72 and 0.93 hours, respectively. During the first 6 hours after administration of 12.5 mg/kg, 14.3% of the dose was excreted in urine. The relative bioavailability of KS-R1, calculated on the basis of AUC and urinary recovery after intramuscular administration of ABPC sodium, was 23.1% to 28.9%, compared with 31.1% to 50.2% in the case of oral ABPC. Plasma levels of ABPC in infant dogs rectally administered with 12.5 mg/kg of KS-R1 reached 11.9 microgram/ml in 10 minutes, and then declined with biological half-life of 1.24 hours. During the first 6 hours after rectal administration, 31.9% of the dose was recovered in the urine. The relative bioavailability of KS-R1 in infant dogs was 53.8% to 58.0%, which was better than that of mature dogs and was equal to that of oral ABPC. In the case of multiple doses of KS-R1 to mature dogs, no remarkable difference was found in concentration in plasma, and no accumulation of ABPC was demonstrated. Macroscopically, no remarkable abnormality was found at all around the sites of continuous administration. PMID- 6655808 TI - [Effects of rectal administration of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) on cecal microflora and cecal weight in mice]. AB - KS-R1 is a new rectal preparation of ampicillin (ABPC) sodium. Changes of cecal microflora, changes of cecal weight and ABPC concentrations in the cecum after rectal administration of KS-R1 to mice were compared with those after oral and subcutaneous administration of ABPC. When KS-R1 was administered to mice by 25.0 mg/kg 3 times a day for 10 days continuously, a little changes were observed in the number of Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus and Lactobacillus in the cecum. However, at the fifth day after completing the rectal administrations, normal level of microflora was gained. This change of microflora closely resemble those in case when ABPC sodium was administered subcutaneously. On the other hand, when ABPC was administered orally, changes of microflora were large, i.e. the number of Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus increased remarkably, the number of Fusobacterium increased and the number of Staphylococcus and Bacteroides decreased. Recovery of normal level of microflora was late. The cecal weight did not show changes but the increase observed in the case when ABPC was orally administered. This increase was due to the increase of moisture in the cecum. The concentrations of ABPC in the cecum when administered by 25.0 mg/kg were in the order of oral administration greater than rectal administration (KS-R1) greater than subcutaneous administration. The highest concentrations were respectively 219.6, 54.1 and 5.1 micrograms/g. Changes of microflora in the cecum was great in proportion to the concentrations of ABPC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655809 TI - [Experimental study of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in adults and children]. AB - KS-R1, a new rectal suppository of ampicillin (ABPC) sodium, was compared with oral and parenteral ABPC in terms of absorption and excretion in childish patients and healthy adult male volunteers. In addition, the irritation of KS-R1 to the rectum was studied. 1. Eight healthy adult male volunteers received 250 mg (potency) of KS-R1 rectally and 125 mg of ABPC intravenously in a cross-over study. Then, 4 of them were given intramuscularly 250 mg of ABPC, and 3 of the remaining 4 volunteers were given 250 mg of ABPC orally. The rectal administration of 250 mg of KS-R1 resulted in a mean peak ABPC plasma level (Cmax) of 2.6 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, and then ABPC levels declined with biological half-life (T2/1) of 0.55 hour. The peak time (Tmax) of occurrence after rectal dose of KS-R1 was earlier than that after oral dose of ABPC, and was equal to that after intramuscular dose of ABPC. Cmax after rectal dose of KS-R1 was equal to that after the oral dose, and was about 40% of the value attained with the intramuscular dose. Urinary recovery of ABPC during 6 hours after rectal dose of KS-R1 was 24.0%, compared with 34.0% for the oral dose, 59.6% for the intramuscular dose and 61.4% for the intravenous dose. The relative bioavailability of KS-R1, calculated on the basis of urinary recovery after intravenous administration of ABPC, was about 40%. 2. When KS-R1 (250 mg) was given to 2 adult volunteers 3 times daily for 5 days, no remarkable difference was found in plasma concentration and urinary recovery of ABPC. The pharmacokinetic parameters following the last administration were similar to those following a single administration of KS-R1. 3. KS-R1, oral ABPC and intravenous ABPC were administered at the dose of 125 mg (potency) to 5, 4 and 3 children and at the dose of 250 mg (potency) to 5, 3 and 3 children, respectively. Peak plasma level (Cmax) of ABPC after rectal administration of 125 mg and 250 mg of KS-R1 was reached in 15 minutes, indicating 4.8 and 7.1 mcg/ml, respectively. Peak time (Tmax) of ABPC after the rectal doses of KS-R1 was about 2 hours earlier than that after oral doses of ABPC. Cmax after KS-R1 was 3-4 times as high as that after the oral doses. Area under the curve (AUC) with KS-R1 was 1.38-1.55 times greater than that of oral ABPC, and about 24% of the values obtained with intravenous doses of ABPC. Urinary recoveries of ABPC rectal doses of KS-R1 were 30.4 to 45.6%, compared with 29.2 to 30.8% for the oral doses and 61.1 to 76.1% for the intravenous doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6655810 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in pediatrics]. AB - Blood levels of ampicillin (ABPC) were measured in 10 childish patients with heart disease after the rectal administration of KS-R1 at doses of 125 mg and 250 mg. Average blood levels of ABPC at 15, 30 minutes, 1, 2 hours and 4 hours after the administration of KS-R1 were 6.8, 6.9, 3.1, 1.1 mcg/ml and 0.1 mcg/ml with half-life of 0.64 hours in patients of age from 1 year to 4 years 7 months old (dose level 8.9 approximately 13.9 mg/kg, average 10.5 mg/kg), and 5.2, 6.1, 3.4, 1.0 mcg/ml and 0.1 mcg/ml with half-life of 0.65 hours in patients of age from 7 years 10 months to 10 years 7 months old (dose level 8.3 approximately 13.9 mg/kg, average 9.8 mg/kg), respectively. Clinical effective rate (excellent and good) was 87% in 55 childish patients with infections. Bacteriologically, 13 strains (74%) out of 18 strains which were isolated from the patients were eradicated. No severe side effects were observed. Diarrhea was observed in 3 cases. PMID- 6655811 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in pediatrics]. AB - Absorption of ampicillin (ABPC) suppository (KS-R1) was good with the peak level of ABPC at 15 minutes and the continuous high level for 1 hour by the administration of about 10 approximately 18 mg/kg. About 40% of active form of administered ABPC was excreted into urine within 6 hours. KS-R1 at the dose of about 20-40 mg/kg/day divided into 3-4 times was very against acute respiratory tract infection by the treatment for 3-5 days. The effective rate was 94% in 35 cases. By the administration of KS-R1, group A Streptococcus, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were eradicated. After the insertion of KS-R1, weak diarrhea and the discharge of KS-R1 were observed in 2 cases and 3 cases, respectively. It was concluded that KS-R1 is very useful drug for the treatment of infections by ABPC sensitive organisms in place of the oral form of ABPC. PMID- 6655813 TI - [Clinical evaluation of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in infections in children]. AB - The following results were obtained in clinical trials of new ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in the pediatric infection. Twenty-four patients comprising 15 with respiratory tract infection, 9 with urinary tract infection were received KS-R1 at the dose ranging from 31 mg/kg to 75 mg/kg divided 3 or 4 times a day. The results in the respiratory tract infection were "excellent" in 8 and "good" in 6, and the efficacy rate was 93.3%. The results in the urinary tract infection were "excellent" in 4 and "good" in 3, and the efficacy rate was 77.8%. Diarrhea were observed in 4 patients, and anal pain was observed in 1. But the symptoms were transient. No abnormal laboratory findings were observed. PMID- 6655812 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in pediatrics]. AB - Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) was performed in children. The results were as follows. Peak serum level of ampicillin (ABPC) after single administration of KS-R1 contains 125 mg or 250 mg of ABPC in potency was 6.03 micrograms/ml after 15 minutes and 5.78 micrograms/ml after 30 minutes, respectively. The half-life was 30.4 minutes and 30.9 minutes, respectively. Urinary excretion rate was 34.2-70.1% within 6 hours. A clinical study of KS-R1 was performed in 40 patients including purulent tonsillitis (10 cases), pharyngitis (9 cases), bronchitis (6 cases), bronchopneumonia (2 cases), scarlet fever (8 cases), otitis media (1 case) and urinary tract infection (4 cases). The clinical effects, excellent and good responses, were showed in 37 cases (efficacy rate; 92.5%). No side effects and abnormal laboratory findings were observed. PMID- 6655814 TI - [Clinical evaluation of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in respiratory tract infections in children]. AB - Fundamental and clinical studies of ampicillin (ABPC) suppository (KS-R1) were performed in children with respiratory tract infections. Serum levels of ABPC after rectal administration of KS-R1 at a dose of 250 mg (11.4-17.7 mg/kg) in 3 children (3-5 years old) were 4.0-10.2 micrograms/ml (average 6.4 micrograms/ml) at 1/4 hour, 3.8-9.4 micrograms/ml (average 6.2 micrograms/ml) at 1/2 hour, 1.2 4.5 micrograms/ml (average 2.8 micrograms/ml) at 1 hour, 0.3-1.4 micrograms/ml (average 0.7 micrograms/ml) at 2 hours, and 0.3 microgram/ml in 1 case and unmeasurable amount in 2 cases at 4 hours. Urine concentrations of ABPC were 230 445 micrograms/ml (average 312 micrograms/ml) in 0-2 hours, 5.3-156 micrograms/ml (average 66.7 micrograms/ml) in 2-4 hours, and 1.3-13.4 micrograms/ml (average 6.1 micrograms/ml) in 4-6 hours, and the recovery rate into urine was 6.6-27.7% (average 15.6%) up to 6 hours. Clinical effects of KS-R1 on 16 childish patients with respiratory tract infections (acute purulent tonsillitis in 9 cases, acute bronchitis in 5 cases, acute bronchopneumonia in 1 case and acute purulent otitis media in 1 case) were excellent in 13 cases, good in 2 cases and poor in 1 case, and the effective rate was 93.8%. Bacteriologically, 5 strains of S. pyogenes, 4 strains of S. pneumoniae and 3 strains of H. influenzae were all eradicated with eradication rate of 100%. Side effect was weak diarrhea in 1 case, but this diarrhea immediately disappeared with discontinuation of treatment. There was no abnormality of clinical laboratory findings. It was concluded that KS-R1 is a useful drug for the treatment of respiratory tract infections in children. PMID- 6655815 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1)]. AB - The basic and clinical studies of ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in pediatric infections were carried out, and the following results were obtained: For study of absorption and excretion of KS-R1, a single dose of 250 mg of KS-R1 was administered to 3 cases. The mean serum levels were obtained 4.10 +/- 1.55 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, and 1.52 +/- 0.25 micrograms/ml, 0.38 +/- 0.04 micrograms/ml at 1 and 2 hours after rectal administration, respectively. The serum levels were not detectable after 4 hours in all cases. The half lives were 0.39, 0.54 hour and 0.44 hour, respectively. The mean urinary excretion rate to 6 hours was 14.8%. Clinical efficacy was evaluated in 17 cases with tonsillitis (15 cases), bronchitis (1 case) and scarlet fever (1 case). Good responses were obtained in 15 of 17 cases (88.2%). Bacteriological response in the form of eradication was noted in 4 of 5 cases. Side effects were examined with all of the 19 cases, and eosinophilia was observed in 1 case. PMID- 6655816 TI - [Clinical evaluation of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1)]. AB - Clinical evaluations of ampicillin (ABPC) suppository (KS-R1) were performed in 9 cases with infectious diseases in the pediatric field and the following results were obtained; When 2.7 mg/kg of KS-R1 was rectally administered to 1 case, the plasma levels of ABPC were 3.9 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 2.2 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes and 1.2 micrograms/ml at 60 minutes after administration. The urinary excretion rate within 6 hours was 5.0%. Clinical effects of KS-R1 were examined in 6 cases (4 cases of tonsillitis and 2 cases of urinary tract infection) at the dose of 20 approximately 50 mg/kg/day for 3 approximately 7 days. Clinical responses were excellent in 4 cases, good in 1 case and poor in 1 case (tonsillitis). As to the side effects, slight increase of eosinophil was observed in 1 case, but no diarrhea, perianal redness and eruption were observed. Since discharge ratio of KS-R1 within 5 minutes was 11.0%, the tolerance of KS-R1 was considered to be good. From the above results, KS-R1 is useful for treating the pediatric patients with various infections, who refuse to oral administration or are impossible to give oral administration because of vomiting and are multiple handicapped ones. PMID- 6655817 TI - [Clinical evaluation of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) infections in children]. AB - Ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) was given to 16 patients with various infections in pediatric field. Clinical effects were excellent in 13 cases and good in 3 cases, and the effective rate was 100%. Side effects and the rejection of treatment were not observed. PMID- 6655818 TI - [Clinical evaluation of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in pediatrics]. AB - Blood level of ampicillin (ABPC) after the administration of ABPC suppository (KS R1) reached a peak in 15 approximately 60 minutes with the level of 300 ng/ml at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day. This level was almost the same as that after the intramuscular injection of ABPC, and higher than that after the oral administration of ABPC which were reported. The clinical effective rate (excellent and good) of KS-R1 was more the 95%, and the overall effective rate including bacteriological effect was more than 95%. It is concluded that KS-R1 is a useful drug for the treatment of bacterial infections in pediatric field. PMID- 6655819 TI - [Clinical experience with an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in pediatrics]. AB - Ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) was given to 16 children with the following acute bacterial infection; 4 cases of acute pharyngitis, 2 cases of acute tonsillitis, 5 cases of acute bronchitis, 4 cases of bronchopneumonia, 1 case of group A beta streptococcal infection. Out of 16 patients, good clinical responses were obtained in 16 patients, and bacteriological effectiveness was seen in all 3 cases. Side effects with KS-R1 were observed in 4 cases: 3 cases were perianal redness, and 4 cases were soft stool. From the above clinical results, KS-R1 is useful antibiotic suppository for treating the pediatric patients with various kinds of bacterial infections. PMID- 6655820 TI - [Clinical experience with an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in bacterial infections in children]. AB - In order to evaluate effectiveness of ABPC suppository (KS-R1) in the treatment of bacterial infections of children, the clinical studies were carried out. KS-R1 was given in rectum to 14 patients in doses of 24.2 approximately 65.8 mg/kg (average 38.5 mg/kg) in 3 approximately 4 divided doses for 3 approximately 8 days (average 4.0 days); 6 with acute tonsillitis, 3 with pneumonia, 1 with otitis media, 4 with UTI. The overall efficacy rate was 100%. Bacterial efficacy was good, i.e. 8 of the 8 strains disappeared. Any clinical side effects and laboratory abnormalities were not observed during treatment. The above results suggested that KS-R1 is a useful antibiotics for pediatric bacterial infections. PMID- 6655821 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in children]. AB - Plasma levels of ampicillin (ABPC) after the single rectal insertion of KS-R1 at doses of 125 and 250 mg in 154 children reached a peak at 11 approximately 15 minutes in children of age less than 1 year old, at 16 approximately 20 minutes in children of 1 approximately 3 years, 4 approximately 6 years and more than 7 years old with the highest levels of 11.50, 8.69, 10.33 and 8.30 micrograms/ml, respectively. Highest plasma levels of ABPC were 6.48, 8.00, 12.32 and 17.83 micrograms/ml by the administration of KS-R1 at doses of less than 10.9 mg/kg, 11.0 approximately 15.9, 16.0 approximately 20.9 mg/kg and more than 21.0 mg/kg, respectively, with dose-dependent response which were observed at 11 approximately 15 minutes or 16 approximately 20 minutes. There was no difference of plasma levels between the administration of 125 and 250 mg of KS-R1. The pain of insertion was observed in 0.6% of total 167 cases, the feeling of defecation in 2.4% and the discharge of suppository or its dissolved material or defecation within 30 minutes after insertion in 12.6%, without the influence of patients ages and dosage level. These figures were almost the same as those after the insertion of other suppositories such as erythromycin suppository or antipyretic suppository. Clinical effectiveness of KS-R1 was examined in 51 childish patients with various infections. KS-R1 was rectally given to them at doses of average 41.6 mg/kg/day divided into 3 to 4 times for 7 days. All cases showed excellent and good effects. Bacteriologically, all pathogens which were isolated from 12 patients were eradicated. PMID- 6655822 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefoxitin for the treatment of severe gastrointestinal infections]. AB - Some 23 patients suffering from severe gastrointestinal infections were treated with cefoxitin (CFX) at the Bokuto Metropolitan Hospital, surgical ward, from September to November, 1982. Clinical examinations were conducted and the findings bacteriologically evaluated. The following clinical results were obtained: Of 23 patients, 11 were treated for diffuse peritonitis, 5 for localized peritonitis, and 7 for cholangitis. Following treatment, 5 were judged "excellent", 12 "good", 4 "fair", and 2 "poor." The clinical efficacy rate was 74%. Antibiotic disc susceptibility testings for ampicillin, cephalexin, gentamicin, and CFX were conducted. Gram-negative rods, such as E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., and especially, anaerobic B. fragilis, indicated susceptibility to CFX. B. fragilis was resistant to the remaining 3 antibiotics. Transient elevations in S-GOT and S-GPT levels were observed in 2 patients. However, this was not thought to be caused by CFX. No other irregularities were found. CFX is considered to be a drug of first choice for the treatment of severe gastrointestinal infections. However, for infections due to mixed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria, concomitant treatment with CFX and an aminoglycoside is recommended. PMID- 6655823 TI - [Clinical experience with cefoxitin in the field of gastrointestinal surgery]. AB - A total of 20 patients involved in gastrointestinal surgery was treated with cefoxitin (CFX). Ten patients were treated for postoperative infections and the other 10 patients were given CFX to prevent postoperative infections. The following results were obtained: In 10 patients treated for postoperative infections, 5 responses were judged "excellent", 1 "good", 2 "fair", 1 "poor" and 1 "unknown". In 25 strains of bacteria isolated from these patients, 21 were eradicated, 3 were replaced and 1 was unknown. In 10 patients given CFX for prevention of postoperative infections, 9 were judged "excellent" and the remaining 1 "good". No side effects were observed in any of the patients treated with CFX. PMID- 6655824 TI - [Clinical use of cefroxadine in dentistry and oral surgery]. AB - Cefroxadine (CXD) is an orally administered synthesized cephalosporin antibiotic developed by Ciba-Geigy Limited (Switzerland) in 1972. We have studied the clinical effectiveness of this drug in a total of 45 cases of various types of infections in the dentistry and the oral surgery. The studies resulted in showing 18 markedly effective cases, 19 effective cases, 5 slightly effective cases, 1 ineffective case, and 2 unknown cases showing an effective rate of 82.2%. Side effects manifested in 2 cases, of which 1 case was considered to be attributable to CXD, and the occurrence frequency of side effects was as low as 2.2%. In bacteriological test, there were many cases of mixed infections by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and these infections were those which are observed in high frequency in dentistry and oral surgery infections. As a result of an overall evaluation of CXD clinical effects, the drug considered to be an antibiotic which is highly useful in dentistry and oral surgery. PMID- 6655825 TI - [Transfer of piperacillin into the body water and gallbladder tissue in cholestasis]. AB - Acute inflammation becomes severe and the risk of perforation of the gallbladder increases every time gall stone colic occurs in patients with cholelithiasis. In the surgical treatment for these patients, interval operation is said to be preferable to emergency operation in the acute stage. Furthermore, the flow of bile into gallbladder is blocked by incarceration of stones at the neck of the gallbladder and other causes in the acute stage. In this case, therefore, how an antibacterial agent in blood moves to the gallbladder wall is important in suppressing infections of the gallbladder wall. We divided 15 patients with cholelithiasis into cases positive for cholecystogram and negative cases and made a comparative study of piperacillin (PIPC) levels after intravenous drip infusion. PIPC level in bile in the gallbladder was very low in the cases negative for cholecystogram compared with the positive cases. However, no definite difference in levels of the gallbladder tissue was observed between positive for cholecystogram and negative cases. Accordingly, it is concluded that administration of PIPC is not ineffective even in severe cholecystitis in which transference of an antibacterial agent from bile can hardly be expected. PMID- 6655826 TI - [Clinical evaluation of latamoxef, an oxacephem antibiotic with special reference to transport of latamoxef into the lung tissues and prevention of postoperative infections after thoracotomy]. AB - There are few clinical reports about concentration of latamoxef (LMOX) in lung tissues. At present, clinically, we report a concentration of LMOX in serum and lung tissues on 21 patients of chest disease and a study of the administration schedule of LMOX for prophylaxis of postoperative infections on 31 operated patients with chest disease. Our results are the followings: The peak concentration of LMOX in serum is 77.4 micrograms/ml at 1 hour after starting drip infusion of LMOX 1 g. The concentration of LMOX in lung tissues is from 25% to 50% of serum level. LMOX is more useful to prophylaxis of postoperative infections after thoracotomy than cephalothin, especially in case of administration of LMOX just before operation. No side effects of LMOX are noted in our cases. LMOX has wide antibacterial activity against various clinical isolates and is useful to treatment of postoperative infections. PMID- 6655827 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies of latamoxef in intestinal surgery]. AB - After the intravenous administration of 1.0 g of latamoxef (LMOX), the concentration of LMOX were determined in normal intestinal tissue and serum of 17 patients underwent surgery for intestinal problems, and the results obtained were as follows. At 60 approximately 150 minutes after administration, the levels of LMOX were 37.5 approximately 26.3 micrograms/ml in serum and 14.8 approximately 10.5 micrograms/g in normal intestinal tissues. This values were enough to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria caused for some postoperative wound infections. For intravenous administration of 1.0 g of LMOX just before operation, no wound infection was observed in 13 patients with large intestinal cancer and 4 patients with benign intestinal disease. PMID- 6655828 TI - [Clinical experience with fosfomycin sodium for bacterial infections in obstetrics and gynecology]. AB - Fosfomycin sodium was administered to 36 cases with obstetrical and gynecological infection. Efficacy was excellent in 6 cases, good in 27 cases and poor in 3 cases and so effective ratio obtained was 91.7% in all. No side effects were observed in all patients except transient increase of serum transaminase in 2 cases. PMID- 6655830 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of cephapirin sodium during intravenous infusion]. AB - Studies on absorption and excretion of cephapirin (CEPR) are described. CEPR was administered by intravenous drip infusion to 4 healthy volunteers weighing 53 kg to 61 kg, and the serum levels were measured. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by one-compartment model and two-compartment model. Each model was comparatively applied to every founds. Most appropriate administration rate of intravenous drip infusion was discussed due to calculated serum levels, therapeutic AUC and effective time. PMID- 6655829 TI - [Clinical experience with fosfomycin sodium for infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology]. AB - Fosfomycin sodium (FOM-Na) was administered to 18 patients with various obstetrical and gynecological infections, at daily dose of 4 g. Out of 18 patients treated with FOM-Na, 16 patients showed excellent or good response to FOM-Na and effective rate was 88.9%. No side effects were observed. It is recognized that FOM-Na is an excellent drug for the treatment of obstetrical and gynecological infections. PMID- 6655831 TI - [Susceptibility of clinical isolates in pediatrics to cefpiramide]. AB - Cefpiramide (CPM, SM-1652) had broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against most of clinically isolated organisms to which are paid attention as pathogenic organism in the field of pediatrics. Antibacterial activities of CPM against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis and Proteus mirabilis were almost the same as those of cefoperazone (CPZ). Antibacterial activities of CPM against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were somewhat weaker than those of CPZ, but antibacterial activity of CPM against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was rather stronger than that of CPZ and almost the same as that of cefsulodin. Antibacterial activity of CPM has a tendency to decrease in beta-lactamase (PCase type) producing S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, H. Influenzae, etc. It is suggestive that the determination of not only the antibacterial activity of CPM against pathogenic organisms but also the beta-lactamase producing activity of them is important on the occasion of clinical use of CPM. PMID- 6655832 TI - [Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of cefpiramide in children]. AB - Thirty-six febrile patients were administered cefpiramide (CPM) of 20 approximately 75 mg/kg/day for 3 approximately 11 days, and the clinical and side effects were evaluated. Among children with bacterial infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infection, sepsis, pharyngitis and bronchitis, the results were excellent in 9, good in 13, and fair in 3 patients. Out of 36 patients, adverse reactions were observed in 9 cases, i.e. vascular pain at one shot intravenous injection in 4, diarrhea in 2, eosinophilia in 2, and diarrhea and eosinophilia in 1 case. One shot intravenous administration of CPM of 10 mg/kg to 4 patients yielded mean serum level of 100 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes and mean serum half-life of 2.5 hours, and administration of 20 mg/kg to 3 patients yielded mean serum level of 200 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes and mean serum half-life of 3.5 hours. The half-life in 1 patient with slight liver lesion was 5.36 hours. The rates of urinary recovery within 8 approximately 12 hours were 7.2 to 28.0% in 5 patients, 45.1% in a patient with nephrotic syndrome, and 50.9% in a patient with slight liver lesion. PMID- 6655833 TI - [Clinical experience with cefpiramide in pediatrics]. AB - Clinical effects of cefpiramide (CPM) on 10 respiratory tract infections were excellent in 9 and poor in 1, and those on 3 urinary tract infections were excellent in 3. Although CPM is considered to be excreted mainly into bile, it was suggested that the excretion rate of CPM at doses of 10 approximately 20 mg/kg into urine is good enough. Antibacterial activity of CPM was considered to be almost the same as that of cefmetazole and cefoperazone. As to side effects, weak diarrhea was observed in 2 cases. This should be considered when CPM is given to children because of its main excretion route to bile duct. PMID- 6655834 TI - [Clinical results of cefpiramide therapy in infections of children]. AB - Twenty-one pediatric patients with moderate or severe infections were treated with cefpiramide (CPM). The drug was given intravenously in a dose of 10 approximately 52.3 mg per kg at 8 approximately 12 hourly interval. All 7 patients with urinary tract infection, 4 with bacterial enteritis and 4 out of 7 patients with lower respiratory tract infections responded satisfactory, but 2 patients with either Serratia marcescens septicemia or H. influenzae meningitis not responded to treatment. Over all response rate was 71.4 percent. There was no change in test of liver and renal function. CPM appears to be effective and well tolerated antibiotics for the treatment of pediatric patients with various infections. PMID- 6655835 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatrics]. AB - Cefpiramide (CPM) is a newly developed cephalosporin. Clinical studies on this drug were carried out and the results were as follows; Forty-three patients (purulent lymphadenitis 2, cellulitis 2, purulent otitis media 1, purulent tonsillitis 3, acute bronchitis 2, pneumonia 22, bronchiectasis 1, urinary tract infection 10) were treated with CPM, in doses of 20 approximately 82 mg/kg divided 2 approximately 4 times per day for 3 approximately 11 days intravenously. The overall efficacy rate was 83.7%. As to adverse reaction, 4 cases, which includes 3 cases of diarrhea and 1 case of exanthema, were observed. Abnormal laboratory data noted were liver dysfunction in 3 cases (6.8%), and eosinophilia in 2 cases (4.5%). PMID- 6655836 TI - [Evaluation of cefpiramide, a new cephem parenteral preparation developed in Japan, in pediatrics]. AB - Fundamental and clinical studies of cefpiramide (CPM), a newly developed cephem antibiotic with a broad spectrum, were performed and the following results were obtained. The serum levels of CPM after the intravenous injection or the drip infusion of CPM at dose of 10.0 approximately 46.7 mg/kg reached the peak of 75.8 approximately 274.0 micrograms/ml at 30 approximately 60 minutes after infusion and were 3.9 approximately 55.1 micrograms/ml at 8 hours after the infusion. Half life of CPM in the blood was between 2.4 and 7.0 hours. The excretion rates of CPM into urine up to 24 hours after the infusion were 5.7 approximately 20.4%. Twenty-five patients with acute respiratory tract infection (RTI, 15 cases), urinary tract infection (UTI, 8 cases), cellulitis (1 case) and salmonellosis (1 case) were treated with CPM. The treatment by intravenous injection or drip infusion of 22 approximately 55 mg/kg/day (40 approximately 50 mg/kg/day) for mean 6 days resulted in 100% of good response in 15 cases of RTI and in 88% of good response in 8 cases of UTI. S. aureus, H. influenzae, E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella and Salmonella group B were isolated from the culture of sputum or urine in the patients, and they were all eradicated by the treatment with CPM. No side effects were observed except eosinophilia in 1 case and the elevation of GOT and GPT in 1 case. PMID- 6655837 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in 6 cases of infection in children]. AB - Cefpiramide (CPM) was given to 4 patients with respiratory tract infection (H. influenzae 3 cases, P. aeruginosa 1 case), 1 patient with enteritis (enteropathogenic E. coli) and 1 patient with sepsis (E. cloacae). Bacteriological eradication was observed in 5 cases (83.3%), and clinical effectiveness was 66.7%. Serum concentration of CPM at a dose of 15 mg/kg after intravenous drip-infusion for 30 minutes was 105 micrograms/ml at the end of infusion and 67 micrograms/ml at 1 hour. Bacteriological eradication by the administration of CPM was rapidly occurred in 3 strains of H. influenzae including 1 strain of beta-lactamase producing ABPC-resistant one, and 1 strain of P. aeruginosa in the sputum. One patient aged 2 years and 5 months with pneumonia was cured by the treatment of CPM as an outpatient. No side effects were observed except 1 case of vascular pain. It was concluded that CPM is a useful drug for the treatment of bacterial infections in children. PMID- 6655838 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatric]. AB - Cefpiramide (CPM), a new broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with good antipseudomonas activities, was evaluated for its safety and efficacy in 20 children with bacterial infections. The diagnoses of the patients included pneumonia (10), acute bronchitis (1), streptococcal pharyngitis (1), purulent cervical lymphadenitis (1), urinary tract infections (2), acute enterocolitis (1), infections in agranulocytosis and acute leukemia (2), and acute purulent meningitis (2). Of the 20 patients, 17 were cured by the CPM therapy. The main etiologic pathogens were H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, S. pneumoniae and E. coli. The serum half-life of CPM was 2.4 to 4.1 hours after an intravenous bolus injection. As an adverse reaction, diarrhea was encountered in 4 cases, and 1 of them experienced severe watery diarrhea with significant fecal colonization of K. oxytoca. The data suggest that CPM is an effective antibiotic when used in children with susceptible bacterial infections. Administrations divided in 2 to 3 dosages will be enough to maintain effective serum levels. PMID- 6655839 TI - [Results of clinical application of cefpiramide in pediatrics]. AB - After the intravenous injection of cefpiramide (CPM) at a dose of 10 mg/kg to 2 children, the average blood levels of CPM were 77.7 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 64.6 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 41.9 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 31.9 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 10.7 micrograms/ml at 4 hours and 3.28 micrograms/ml at 12 hours. The half-lives were 3.0 hours and 5.8 hours. When CPM was given to 22 pediatric patients with mainly acute respiratory tract infection at doses of 20 approximately less than 50 mg/kg/day divided into 2 times by intravenous injection (12 cases) and drip-infusion (10 cases) for 2 approximately 3 days (10 cases) or 4 approximately 6 days (12 cases), the effective rate was 90.9%. No side effects were observed except slight increase of eosinophil in 1 case slight elevation of GOT in 1 case. It was concluded that CPM is a useful drug for the treatment of infection in pediatric field. PMID- 6655840 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatrics]. AB - Fundamental and clinical studies on cefpiramide (CPM), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin, were made and the following results were obtained. The antibacterial activities of CPM against clinical isolates were almost similar to those of conventional cephems except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity of CPM against P. aeruginosa was excellent and superior than those of the others. Ten or twenty mg/kg of CPM was given intravenously at one shot to 11 cases. The mean serum levels of CPM reached 231 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 119 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 88 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 65 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 33 micrograms/ml at 6 hours after administration at a single dose of 10 mg/kg, respectively with the half-life of 3.42 hours. In case of 20 mg/kg, the mean serum levels attained 306 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 245 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 160 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 118 micrograms/ml at 2 hours and 66 micrograms/ml at 6 hours respectively after administration with the half-life of 5.20 hours. CPM was given intravenously to 12 patients with various bacterial infections. The clinical effects were excellent in 5 cases, good in 6 cases and poor in 1 case and the effective rate was 92%. No side effect was observed in all cases. PMID- 6655841 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatrics]. AB - Clinical studies of cefpiramide (CPM), a newly developed cephem antibiotic, were performed in 10 children with respiratory tract infection in 4 cases, acute enteritis in 2 cases and urinary tract infection in 4 cases aged from 2 months to 10 years and 4 months. CPM was intravenously given to patients at doses of 16 approximately 58 mg/kg/day divided into 3 times for 3 approximately 22 days. Clinical effects were excellent in 6, good in 3 and fair in 1. Bacteriologically, 3 strains of pathogenic organisms (Salmonella C2 group, E. coli and S. faecalis) isolated from the patients were eradicated with the treatment of CPM. No side effect was observed. PMID- 6655842 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatrics]. AB - Fundamental and clinical studies on cefpiramide (CPM), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin were performed and the following results were obtained. Antibacterial activity The antibacterial activity of CPM was investigated in comparison with those of CTT, CPZ, CEZ, LMOX and CFS. Against clinical isolates of S. aureus, CPM was superior to CTT and LMOX, but almost similar to CPZ and inferior to CEZ. Against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and S. marcescens, CPM showed the activity almost similar to that of CEZ, but inferior to those of the others. On the contrary, the activity of CPM against P. aeruginosa was satisfactory and was superior to those of CTT, CPZ and LMOX, but slightly inferior to that of CFS. Blood level and urinary recovery Twenty mg/kg of CPM was given intravenously at one shot to 3 patients. The mean serum levels of CPM were 116.9 micrograms/ml at 30 minutes, 90.5 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 71.1 micrograms/ml at 2 hours, 55.8 micrograms/ml at 4 hours, 24.9 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, 19.3 micrograms/ml at 9 hours and 12.1 micrograms/ml at 12 hours after administration, respectively. The mean half-life was very long and the value was 3.85 hours. The urinary recovery rates in 2 cases were 18.31 and 21.47% respectively up to 12 hours after administration. Clinical results and side effects CPM was given intravenously to 30 diseases including 11 cases of bronchopneumonia, 3 cases of bronchopneumonia and pleurisy, 2 cases of bronchitis, 4 cases of purulent tonsillitis, 5 cases of pyelonephritis and each one case of pyothorax, parotitis, cellulitis, otitis media and salmonellosis. CPM was effective in 29 out of 30 cases, and the effective rate was 96.7%. As side effects, 2 cases of fever and 1 case of cough were observed, but no abnormality in clinical laboratory findings was observed. PMID- 6655843 TI - [Evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatrics]. AB - Fundamental and clinical trials were carried out with cefpiramide (CPM) in pediatric infections. Results were as follows. CPM has a broad spectrum of activity against both Gram-positive and -negative microorganisms, including Pseudomonas. Half-lives of CPM were more prolonged than any others that have ever been reported on cephalosporin derivatives. The mean half-lives in the blood after infection were 4.76 hours and 4.14 hours, when the doses were 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively. The average recovery rates in the urine between 0 and 8 hours were 17.1% and 24.7%, when the intravenous doses were 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Thirty-two pediatric patients received CPM in doses ranging from 31.9 to 88.2 mg/kg divided mainly 2 times a day. They were respiratory tract infection in 23, urinary tract infection in 8, and SSSS in 1. The rate of satisfactory clinical response was 90.6%. Clinical side effect observed were mild diarrhea in 7 cases. Slight elevation of GOT and GPT were observed in 3 cases. All were considered to be minor. PMID- 6655844 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatrics]. AB - Fundamental and clinical studies of cefpiramide (CPM), a new cephem antibiotic, were carried out in the field of pediatrics. 80% MICs of CPM against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, H. influenzae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa were 1.56, 0.05, 0.39, 6.25, 0.78 and 25 micrograms/ml, respectively. Serum concentration of CPM after intravenous injection at a dose of 20 mg/kg to 3 children was 103.7 +/- 9.1 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes and 13.4 +/- 5.0 micrograms/ml at 8 hours, with half-life of 3.11 +/- 0.83 hours. The excretion rate of CPM into urine was 16.40 +/- 7.31% within 8 hours. The transfer of CPM to cerebrospinal fluid was 0.1 approximately 0.2 micrograms/ml at 1 hour after intravenous injection at a dose of 20 mg/kg to patients with Aseptic meningitis, and 0.4 approximately 4.0 micrograms/ml at 1 hour approximately 3 hours 15 minutes after intravenous injection at a dose of 50 mg/kg to patients with purulent meningitis. Clinical effects of CPM on 37 patients with various infections were excellent in 28 cases, good in 6 cases, fair in 2 cases and poor in 1 case. The effective rate (excellent and good) was 91.9%. Bacteriologically, the eradication rate in 23 isolated organisms was 95.5%. No side effects and abnormalities of laboratory findings were noted. It was concluded that CPM has a broad spectrum antibacterial activity both in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 6655845 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatrics]. AB - The authors have carried out the laboratory and clinical studies of cefpiramide (CPM). The results were as follows; The sensitivity was estimated by plate dilution method on 27 strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, 26 strains of E. coli, 25 strains of K. pneumoniae and 13 strains of Proteus sp. isolated from patients. The distribution of S. aureus was 0.78 approximately 6.25 micrograms/ml and the peak of distribution was 1.56 micrograms/ml. The distribution of E. coli was 0.78 approximately 50 micrograms/ml and the peak of distribution was 0.78 and 25 micrograms/ml. The growth of 24% of K. pneumoniae was not inhibited at concentration of more than 50 micrograms/ml. The distribution of Proteus sp. was 6.25 approximately 100 micrograms/ml. The growth of 77.8% of P. aeruginosa was inhibited at concentration of less than 3.13 micrograms/ml. CPM was given by intravenous administration for 5 minutes and drip infusion for 30 minutes at a single dose of 20 mg/kg of CPM to each 2 children respectively. After intravenous administration of CPM, the mean peak serum level was 200.5 +/- 37.5 micrograms/ml at 15 minutes, 44.3 +/- 0.9 micrograms/ml at 6 hours, 19.9 +/- 0.3 micrograms/ml at 12 hours respectively. Half-life time was 4.2 hours. After drip infusion of CPM, the mean peak serum level was 150.5 +/- 14.5 micrograms/ml at end of infusion, 23.6 +/- 3.3 micrograms/ml at 6 hours and 8.2 +/- 2.0 micrograms/ml at 12 hours respectively. Half-life time was 3.8 hours. The mean urinary excretion rate was 23.15%, 28.2% up to 12 hours after intravenous administration and drip infusion respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655846 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefpiramide in pediatrics]. AB - A clinical study was made of cefpiramide (CPM) a new cephem-type antibiotic for injection and the following results were obtained. Blood level of CPM, after 20 mg/kg administration by drip infusion over a period of 1 hour, reached its peak of 86 micrograms/ml at the end of the infusion and declined to 19.8 micrograms/ml at 4th hour after infusion with the half-life value of 3.02 hours. Its urinary recovery rate up to 9 hours was 29.2% and the urine concentration from 0 to the 3rd hour was 820 micrograms/ml and from the 3rd to the 5th hour 650 micrograms/ml. In another case of the same dose with intravenous administration, the blood level at the end of the first 1 hour reached 56 micrograms/ml and by the 4th hour it had fallen to 20.6 micrograms/ml and by the 6th hour to 13.6 micrograms/ml. The half-life value was estimated as 2.44 hours. CPM was administered in 2 or 3 divided doses at a daily dosage ranging from 41.7 to 62.5 mg/kg by intravenous injection or by 1-hour drip infusion to 6 patients (3 cases of pneumonia, 2 cases of urinary tract infections, 1 case of purulent cervical lymphadenitis) and the following clinical results were obtained; "markedly effective" 3 cases, "effective" 2 cases, and "ineffective" 1 case. The overall efficacy rate was 83.3%. No side-effects or abnormal laboratory findings were found in any of the 7 patients including 1 patient who was excluded from the efficacy evaluation because of Kawasaki's disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655847 TI - [Clinical effect of intramuscular injection of cefpiramide in infections associated with surgery]. AB - The authors treated a total of 23 patients (15 were outpatients, 8 were hospitalized), employing an injectable preparation of cefpiramide (CPM) a new antibiotic of the cephems. Included in this total were 10 cases of acute infectious diseases of skin and soft tissues, 5 cases of acute localized peritonitis, 5 cases of acute urinary tract infection and 3 cases of acute and subacute cholecystitis. To 15 cases of outpatients, CPM in a dose of 500 mg were given by intramuscular injection once a day, and to 8 cases of hospitalized patients were given 500 mg of CPM by intramuscular injection twice a day. The duration were 3 to 15 days. The clinical efficacy obtained was excellent in 4 cases, good in 17 cases, and fair in 2 cases. In no case was CPM found to be completely ineffective. Clinical adverse effect was not recognized. Therefore, CPM will be a useful drug when used for chemotherapy of acute or subacute infectious diseases on surgical field following intramuscular administration. PMID- 6655848 TI - [Clinical effect of latamoxef on newborn and premature infants]. AB - Eleven infants ranging 2 days to 3 months of age were studied for clinical evaluation. Ten of them were diagnosed as sepsis or suspected to be septic. Another one contracted umbilical infection. In 7 of 10 cases, causative bacteria were detected by blood culture, that is S. epidermidis in 3 cases, E. cloacae in 2 cases, K. pneumoniae in 1 case and A. calcoaceticus in another. Those infants were treated by parenteral LMOX. Dosage was 30 to 75 mg/kg per day. Clinical results were excellent in 6 cases (3 cases of S. epidermidis, 2 of E. cloacae and 1 of K. pneumoniae) and good in another case (A. calcoaceticus). The other 3 infants clinically diagnosed as sepsis but not proven by blood culture were also treated successfully. The result of the umbilical infection in 1 case was good. Another group of 5 infants ranging 4 to 22 days of age were also treated by LMOX because of suspected bacterial infections. With these infants pharmacokinetic study was done. Peak serum levels after 1 hour drip infusion of 20 mg/kg ranged from 43 to 53 micrograms/ml. Average of half-lives was 2.7 hours. Estimation of distribution volume resulted in 350 to 523 ml/kg body weight. PMID- 6655849 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of latamoxef in newborn and premature infants]. AB - Fundamental and clinical studies in infants including neonates on latamoxef (LMOX) were carried out, and following results were obtained. In fundamental studies, half-lives of LMOX were 5.79, 4.38 hours, at dose 10 mg/kg by intravenous injection and intravenous drip infusion in neonates, respectively. And urinary excretions were 6.8, 15.6% for 6 hours, respectively. In 28--50 day old neonates, half-lives were 2.26--4.3 hours at dose 20 mg/kg, and urinary excretions were ranged from 14.3 to 37.0%. Clinical results were following. In 8 cases of bronchopneumonia and 2 cases of pertussis, the clinical efficacy rate was 100% at daily dose 38--100 mg/kg twice or third a day by intravenous injection or intravenous drip infusion for 6--9 days duration. All causative organisms (K. pneumoniae 1, S. aureus 1) were eliminated after LMOX 43 or 38 mg/kg/day dose administration. Side effect and laboratory abnormal value were not noticed in all cases. We finally have a conclusion that LMOX should be administered 40--70 mg/kg/day, and given twice or third a day by intravenous injection or intravenous drip infusion. PMID- 6655850 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of latamoxef in newborn and premature infants]. AB - Latamoxef (LMOX) was used in the treatment and prophylaxis of infections in neonates and immature infants. The following results were obtained. Mean serum concentrations (bioassay) 30 minutes after a single intravenous injection of about 20 mg/kg of LMOX were 49.9 mcg/ml in neonates and 47.3 mcg/ml in immature infants aged 0--3 days, 54.1 mcg/ml in neonates and 60.6 mcg/ml in immature infants aged 4--7 days, 48.9 mcg/ml in neonates and 46.7 mcg/ml in immature infants aged 8--28 days and 62.1 mcg/ml in immature infants aged over 29 days. Six-hour values were 24.1 mcg/ml, 22.5 mcg/ml, 15.9 mcg/ml, 27.2 mcg/ml, 12.9 mcg/ml, 19.1 mcg/ml and 12.8 mcg/ml, respectively. Mean serum concentration half lives were 6.70 hours in neonates and 8.16 hours in immature infants aged 0--3 days, 3.68 hours in neonates and 5.83 hours in immature infants aged 4--7 days, 3.06 hours in neonates and 4.47 hours in immature infants aged 8--28 days and 2.59 hours in immature infants aged over 29 days. Adequate clinical efficacy can be expected by the intravenous injection of LMOX in doses of 20 mg/kg 1--2 times daily, in neonates and immature infants aged 0--3 days, 20 mg/kg 2--3 times daily, in neonates and immature infants aged 4--7 days and 20 mg/kg 3 times daily, in neonates and immature infants aged 8--28 days. The clinical efficacy of LMOX was good in 5 cases of sepsis (including suspected cases), 5 cases of urinary tract infection, 2 cases of respiratory tract infection and 6 cases of intrauterine infection (including suspected cases). Only a case of respiratory tract infections due to P. aeruginosa was thought to be ineffective. Bleeding tendency was noted in 3 cases, which results from secondary vitamin K deficiency should be checked carefully during the administration of LMOX. PMID- 6655851 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation latamoxef in newborn and premature infants]. AB - Basic and clinical studies of latamoxef (LMOX) were carried out in neonates. In basic study, these neonates consisted of 16 mature babies and 12 premature babies. LMOX was administered at dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg, either as a single intravenous injection or as a 60 minutes intravenous drip infusion. Both the mature babies and the premature babies were divided into 3 subgroups as a function of the number of days after birth (0--3, 4--7 and 8--25 days). A clinical study of LMOX was performed in 12 neonates aged between 0--35 days, consisting 6 males and 6 females. (Purulent meningitis 4 cases, septicemia 1 case, bronchopneumonia 5 cases, pertussis pneumonia 1 case, urinary tract infection 1 case). Serum concentration and urinary excretion 10 mg/kg, one shot intravenous injection In the 3 subgroups of neonates the peak serum concentrations of LMOX were found to range from 14.6 to 28.9 micrograms/ml. Although there was no significant difference, the half-life of the drug became shorter as the age of the neonates increased, these values were 4.46, 3.85 and 3.30 hours, respectively. 10 mg/kg, 60 minutes intravenous drip infusion. As above, the peak LMOX serum concentrations were found to range from 23.7 to 38.9 micrograms/ml, the half-lives of the 3 subgroups were 4.83, 2.48 and 3.01 hours, respectively. And urinary excretions were ranged from 46.0 to 56.5% for 6 hours. 20 mg/kg, one shot intravenous injection The peak serum concentrations were found to range from 31.0--82.5 micrograms/ml, and it was found out 3.29--15.9 micrograms/ml at 8 hours after the injection. There was a tendency for the half life to be shorter in more mature subjects in 3 subgroups. 20 mg/kg, 60 minutes intravenous drip infusion In the 3 subgroups, the peak concentration was the level existing at the end of the intravenous drip infusion, and that showed a range of 41.8--58.6 micrograms/ml. Half-lives were found out the significant difference to their age, these showed 4.08, 2.31 and 2.52 hours. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of LMOX Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of LMOX were studied in 2 cases at the dose about 50 mg/kg. In 1 case, that's meningitis estimated E. coli organism, the cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of LMOX were found to range from 29.0 to 49.9 micrograms/ml in that acute state. In another case from N. meningitidis, that values were found to range 12.1 to 21.3 micrograms/ml. These cerebrospinal levels were superior value at it's penetration ratio. Clinical studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6655852 TI - [Evaluation of latamoxef in neonates]. AB - Basic and clinical studies were carried out on latamoxef (LMOX) in relation to the use of this antibiotic in the treatment of infections in newborn infants. The results were as follows. The MICs of LMOX were determined for various clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria: 22 strains of E. coli, 18 strains of K. pneumoniae, 4 strains of K. oxytoca, 19 strains of P. mirabilis, 4 strains of P. vulgaris, 5 strains of P. morganii and 3 strains of C. freundii and 60 strains of H. influenzae. The MIC distributions against all of these strains for each species were 0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1, 6.25 and 0.78 microgram/ml or less, respectively. The antibacterial activity of LMOX against all of these Gram negative isolates was thus found to be excellent. For 38 strains of P. aeruginosa, the MIC distribution was from 6.25 to 200 micrograms/ml; accordingly, although this antibiotic does show antibacterial activity against this microbe, it is not very potent. As Gram-positive bacteria, 28 clinical isolates of S. pyogenes and 34 strains of S. aureus were tested; their respective MIC distributions were 0.39--1.56 micrograms/ml and 3.13--25 micrograms/ml. Therefore, it is clear that the antibacterial activity of LMOX against these Gram positive bacteria is not as good as against the above-mentioned Gram-negative species. LMOX was injected intravenously as a one-shot dose of 20 mg/kg to 5 newborn infants (ranging in age from 0 to 13 days) and to 2 suckling infants (49 and 60 days of age), and then the concentration of the drug in the serum was monitored with time. The mean serum concentrations in the newborn group at various times were as follows: 38.5 micrograms/ml at 0.5 hour, 31.6 micrograms/ml at 1 hour, 26.9 micrograms/m l at 2 hours, 17.8 micrograms at 4 hours and 15.5 micrograms/ml at 6 hours. For the 2 suckling infants, the mean values at those same time points were 30.5, 23.9, 16.3, 7.4 and 4.0 micrograms/ml. In addition the value for the mean serum half-life was 4.46 hours in the newborn infant group and 1.96 hours in the suckling infant group. The urinary recovery rate was 32.3% in the newborn infant group and 49.7% in the suckling infant group during 6 hours or 8 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6655853 TI - [Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of latamoxef in newborn and premature infants]. AB - The authors have carried out the pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of latamoxef (LMOX) in mature and premature neonates. The results were as follows. The serum mean peak levels of LMOX after intravenous administration at a single dose of 10 mg/kg (20 mg/kg) were 40.7 +/- 20.8 (76.6 +/- 12.7) micrograms/ml in 1 to 3 day-old-neonates, 39.3 +/- 29.3 (52.5 +/- 6.6) micrograms/ml in 4 to 7 day old-neonates and 26.0 +/- 2.1 (47.4) micrograms/ml in 8 to 15 day-old neonates at 15 minutes. The serum mean levels at 6 hours after dosage were 12.5 +/- 5.2 (25.6 +/- 9.2) micrograms/ml, 10.3 +/- 5.3 (11.8 +/- 1.6) micrograms/ml and 4.2 +/- 0.9 (7.2) micrograms/ml, respectively. The mean half-life times were 4.25 (6.0) hours in 1 to 3 day-old-neonates, 3.4 (3.3) hours in 4 to 7 day-old-neonates and 2.2 (2.2) hours in 8 to 15 day-old-neonates. The serum levels of LMOX after intravenous drip infusion for 30 minutes at a single dose of 10 mg/kg were 17.6 micrograms/ml at completion of infusion, 6.9 micrograms/ml at 6.5 hours, and the half-life was 3.8 hours in 2 day-old-mature neonates. In 3 day-old-premature neonates, the serum levels were 21.1 micrograms/ml at the completion of infusion, 12.7 micrograms/ml at 6.5 hours, and the half-life was 12.2 hours. After intravenous drip infusion for 30 minutes a single dose of 20 mg/kg of LMOX the serum mean levels were 58.5 +/- 6.4 micrograms/ml at the completion of infusion, 19.3 +/- 1.1 micrograms/ml at 6.5 hours, respectively. The half-life times were 4.0 hours in 2 day-old-neonates and 4.5 hours in 4 day-old-neonates. The urinary excretion rate of LMOX in 3 day-old-neonate was 31.7% up to 6 hours after intravenous administration at a single dose of 10 mg/kg. LMOX were clinically effective in a case of pneumonia, but not effective in a case of septicemia. No side effect was observed except for 1 case with elevation of GOT. PMID- 6655854 TI - [Evaluation of latamoxef in the treatment of infections of newborn infants]. AB - The usefulness of latamoxef (LMOX) in the treatment of newborn infants was investigated. The results that were obtained are summarized below. LMOX was injected intravenously in a dose of about 20 mg/kg, and 30 minutes later the concentration of the drug in the serum was determined. In a very low-birth-weight infant, weighing only 978 g at the time of birth, the serum concentration on the 3rd day after birth was 94 micrograms/ml, while it was found to be 100 micrograms/ml when the dosing and determination were performed on the 37th day after birth. Another premature infant weighed 1,980 g at birth, and on the 8th day of life the serum concentration was 73 micrograms/ml. The half-lives of LMOX in these 3 administrations were 4.74, 3.95 and 3.20 hours, respectively. LMOX was administered by intravenous injection to 4 patients diagnosed as having 6 diseases (2 patients each had both septicemia and a urinary tract infection; 1 patient had pneumonia; 1 patient had septicemia). Each dose ranged from about 15 to 25 mg/kg, and 3 doses were administered daily (in 1 patient, 4 doses were given over a 2-day period). The evaluation of the clinical results for each disease case showed 4 excellent cases and 2 poor cases. The 2 poor cases consisted of 1 case of pneumonia caused by S. aureus, and 1 case of a mixed urinary tract infection caused by E. coli and S. faecalis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6655855 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of latamoxef in newborn and premature infants]. AB - Latamoxef (LMOX) was administered as a one-shot intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg to 28 newborn and immature infants of 1 to 28 days of age. For 6 hours following the administration, the concentrations of the drug in the plasma and in the urine were monitored and the urinary recovery rate was determined. In addition, 17 patients, consisting of newborns, immature infants and suckling infants, aged 0 days to 2 months and diagnosed as having various bacterial infections, were also treated with LMOX; the mean daily dosage was 103 mg/kg, administered in 2 to 6 divided doses as one-shot intravenous injections for an average duration of 11 days. These patients were subjected to the analysis for the clinical efficacy and bacteriological efficacy of the therapy. Furthermore, with the inclusion of 35 drop-out cases, a total of 52 patients was investigated for the occurrence of side effects by the LMOX therapy. The findings of these studies are summarized below. The patients were divided into 5 groups on the basis of age: 3 days old or less, 4--7 days, 8--14 days, 15--21 days and 22--28 days. Only in the 8--14 day-old group administered LMOX at 20 mg/kg, the maximum mean plasma concentration of the drug occurred at the time of 15 minutes postadministration, although some individuals showed peaks at 5 minutes. In all of the other age groups, for both the 10 and 20 mg/kg dosages, the maximum plasma concentration of LMOX occurred 5 minutes postinjection. In each of the age groups, a dose response was seen between the 2 dosage levels. However, a comparison of each group and control infants in terms of the LMOX plasma concentration at 30 minutes after injection revealed that the concentrations in the patients in this study were low. In terms of the half-life of the drug at the 2 dosage levels, both the mean and individual values in each of the age groups were longer than the half-lives in control infants. This tendency was especially marked in the case of infants 7 days of age or less. The values for the AUC also tended to be larger in the younger patient groups. A good level of LMOX was detected in the urine during each of the 0--2, 2--4 and 4--6 hour periods following administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6655856 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of latamoxef in pediatric surgery]. AB - Latamoxef (LMOX), a new oxacephem antibiotic, was studied for assessment of fundamental and clinical efficacy in 6 patients with neonatal surgical diseases, and in 1 with congenital bile duct atresia. The results were obtained as follows: The serum levels of LMOX were 73.4--89.6 micrograms/ml at 15--30 minutes following 20 mg/kg intravenous one shot injection in postoperative neonatal surgical patients. The mean rate of urinary excretion was 29.1% for 6 hours following administration of LMOX. The biliary levels of LMOX were 5.52--10.2 micrograms/ml in maximum following 20 mg/kg intravenous one shot injection in a patient with congenital bile duct atresia, but the excretion rate in bile was poor from liver disfunction. Also, the negative correlationship was obtained between bile and urine excretion rate. LMOX was administered to 6 cases of neonatal surgical patients for prevention of the postoperative infection. The clinical results were good in 4, fair in 1 and not evaluated in 1 of these cases. No side effect was experienced. PMID- 6655857 TI - [Clinical evaluation of latamoxef in perinatal infections]. AB - Latamoxef (LMOX) is a new oxacephem antibiotic with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. In vivo transfer and therapeutic efficiency of this drug have studied in perinatal field. The following results have been obtained. Transfer of this drug to umbilical blood was higher than its MIC against majority of Gram-negative pathogens. In the treatment of 5 cases of perinatal infection, the preparation showed excellent efficiency in 2 cases and good efficiency in 3 cases. No side effect was evidenced in any of our patients. In conclusion this drug has satisfactory fetal transfer as well as sufficient safety and excellent efficiency in treatment of perinatal infection cases. PMID- 6655858 TI - [Clinical application of latamoxef during the perinatal period]. AB - Pharmacokinetic studies and clinical evaluations of latamoxef (LMOX) were carried out in perinatal mothers and infants. LMOX was promptly absorbed after intravenous injection and intravenous drip infusion in pregnant women, producing dose-related peak blood levels. Placental transference to the fetus was favorable. After intravenous injection and intravenous drip infusion of 1.0--2.0 g of LMOX, drug concentration of the cord blood, amniotic fluid and fetal blood exceeded MICs of the main pathogenic organisms. By administration of the dose of 1.0--2.0 g twice a day, it is possible to successfully prevent or treat uterine infections. LMOX was effective in the prophylaxis or therapy of perinatal infections. Moreover, newborn infants delivered from mothers receiving LMOX treatment having drug concentrations exceeded MICs of main pathogenic organisms however not remained more than 12 hours after birth, and did not exhibit any laboratory test abnormalities. The above results demonstrated that LMOX is a clinically useful antibiotic for the prophylaxis and treatment of perinatal infections. PMID- 6655859 TI - [Clinical application of latamoxef during the perinatal period]. AB - Latamoxef (LMOX), a new semisynthetic beta-lactam antibiotic developed by Shionogi Research Laboratory, was evaluated basically and clinically in the perinatal period. In basal study, concentrations of LMOX on maternal serum, umbilical card serum and amniotic fluid were measured by intravenous injection method, and that's placental transferences were relatively favorable. The ratios of umbilical cord serum to maternal serum were 1/3--1/5 at early state after administration, 5--20 minutes, 2/3 at 1.5--1.75 hours. Umbilical serum concentrations were higher than maternal serum concentrations after about 2.5 hours of administration. In 1 case, transferences into tissues of uterus and placenta were studied, that's values were 13.4 and 13.0 micrograms/g at 1.75 hours after administration, respectively. In clinical application, LMOX was administered to 4 cases (intrauterine infection 1 case, urinary tract infection 3 cases) at dose of 2.0 g twice a day by intravenous drip infusion, intravenous injection and intramuscular injection method. Excellent and good clinical response was observed in all 4 cases, and bacteriological response to causative organisms was satisfactory in 3 cases except S. faecalis of mixed infection case. No side effect or abnormal laboratory values were noticed in the all cases. PMID- 6655860 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of latamoxef during the peripaturient period]. AB - The concentrations of latamoxef (LMOX) in maternal serum, fetal cord serum and amniotic fluid were measured simultaneously at various times after administration to parturient women. The drug concentrations in fetal cord serum taken from 11 minutes to 12 hours and 37 minutes after administration ranged from 1.1 to 16 micrograms/ml. At the points from 3 to 5 hours after administration the maximum level of LMOX seems to be attained there. LMOX in amniotic fluid was increasing gradually to be attained 21.0 micrograms/ml as the peak concentration at 5 hours after administration. Thereafter, it began to decrease very slowly, 6.9 micrograms/ml was still kept in amniotic fluid at 19 hours after. These findings lead expectation that the effective concentration to mainly recognized pathogens from obstetrical and gynecological infections was kept in amniotic fluid through 19 hours or more. LMOX was given to each 4 peripartal and puerperal infections and 11 patients with premature rupture of the membranes for the purpose of prophylaxis. All cases showed effective responses clinically and bacteriologically. Neither noteworthy adverse reactions nor laboratory data abnormalities were caused throughout the studies. PMID- 6655861 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies on latamoxef during the perinatal period]. AB - Fundamental and clinical studies on the perinatal use of latamoxef (LMOX) were performed, with the following results. Concentration of LMOX was examined in maternal serum, umbilical cord serum and amniotic fluid after intravenous administration of 2 g dose. Data were analyzed by the simulation curves using the two-compartment model. The peak level of LMOX in maternal serum was 218.4 micrograms/ml and half-life of the beta-phase was 1.9 hours. The peak levels of LMOX in umbilical cord serum and amniotic fluid were 37.4 micrograms/ml (1.4 hours) and 27.5 micrograms/ml (8.9 hours) after administration. The concentration of LMOX in amniotic fluid decreased in amount after the peak, but it still remained 21.9 micrograms/ml (16 hours) after administration. Above these results, it was concluded that the transfer of LMOX to umbilical cord serum and to amniotic fluid was sufficient. In clinical use, LMOX was administered to 30 pregnant patients with premature rupture of membrane. It showed excellent efficacy in preventing perinatal infection. Seven patients with perinatal infections were treated with LMOX and all of them had excellent efficacy. No side effects were observed in any of the cases studied. PMID- 6655862 TI - [Clinical evaluation of latamoxef in the perinatal period]. AB - Latamoxef (LMOX), a new oxacephem antibiotic with high activity against Gram negative bacteria has been investigated for use in No. of 58 mothers in perinatal period, and obtained following results. Concentration of LMOX in maternal serum was 43.4 micrograms/ml at the 1 hour after intravenous administration of 1 g. In umbilical cord serum and amniotic fluid, LMOX showed good translation after intravenous administration of 1 g into the mother, but no adverse effect appeared in the neonate. LMOX is highly useful antibiotic in perinatal infections, and the safe dose of LMOX to the mother in perinatal period is 1--2 g per day considerably. PMID- 6655863 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies on latamoxef in the perinatal period]. AB - Pharmacokinetics and clinical studies on the perinatal use of latamoxef (LMOX, Shiomarin), a new parenteral oxacephem antibiotic, were carried out and the results obtained were as follows: After LMOX was intravenously given to mother at a dose of 1 g, the umbilical cord serum concentration of LMOX reached to peak with 18.4 micrograms/ml in 1 hour 20 minutes and its concentration was higher than the maternal serum after 2 hours 25 minutes and decreased gradually (T 1/2 beta = 1.61 hours). The materno-fetal transfer of LMOX was 71.0%. LMOX showed the good transfer as well as other cephalosporins. After LMOX was intravenously administered to mother at a dose of 1 g, LMOX concentration in milk wasn't detectable up to 12 hours. LMOX was intravenously administered to 18 cases with premature rupture of membrane, at a daily dose of 2 g for 3--6 days. The prophylactic effects were observed in all cases, both mother and neonate. No adverse effects were observed in mother except for 1 case with low grade abnormality of S-GPT, transiently. We observed 3 neonates with jaundice (total bilirubin greater than or equal to 17.0 mg/dl) probably not related to LMOX. It is concluded that LMOX is less toxic, safe and clinically useful antibiotic for the treatment of perinatal infections. PMID- 6655864 TI - [Topical administration of cefsulodin in postoperative Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of the middle ears]. AB - The clinical evaluation for cefsulodin (CFS) against P. aeruginosa was studied in postoperative infections of chronic otitis media by means of washing the middle ear with the drug, and the following results were obtained; CFS treatment was given to 5 cases, and the clinical responses were excellent in 4 and good in 1 case. P. aeruginosa in otorrhea was eradicated within several days, and otorrhea disappeared in all the cases. No side effect was observed in all cases. PMID- 6655865 TI - [Clinical experience with cefadroxil in otorhinolaryngological infections]. AB - Cefadroxil (CDX), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin derivative, was administered to 20 patients with acute or chronic otolaryngological infections and following results were obtained. Of 11 cases with acute infections such as acute otitis media, acute otitis externa and postoperative maxillary cyst, excellent, good and fair results were obtained in 10 cases, the efficacy ratio being 91%, while the efficacy ratio in 9 cases with chronic infections such as chronic pharyngolaryngitis and chronic otitis media was 56%. CDX is, therefore, extremely effective for acute otolaryngological infections. No severe side effect was observed, although there were 2 cases with minor adverse effects, one with drug induced eruption and the other with stomatitis. PMID- 6655866 TI - [New oral cephem antibiotic, cefroxadine capsules, against superficial suppurative disease in the field of surgery]. AB - Cefroxadine was administered at dose level of 750 mg/day to 21 cases of superficial suppurative diseases and the following results were obtained: The effective rate determined by the treating doctor was 9/21 (42.9%). The effective rate by the evaluation standard was 12/21 (57.1%). The negative-conversion rate was 11/11 (100%) in the 11 cases in which bacteriological effects were clarified. No side effects were observed in all of the 21 cases. PMID- 6655867 TI - [Clinical effect and transfer into the wound exudate of cefroxadine used in the treatment of soft tissue infection]. AB - Clinical effect and excretion into wound exudate of a new semisynthetic cephalosporin cefroxadine (CXD), were studied. CXD was given in 25 cases of surgical infections; 6 cases of wound infection, 9 cases of abscess, 9 cases of infected atheroma and 1 case of furuncle. CXD was orally administered in daily dose of 750 to 1,500 mg. Clinical results were excellent in 1 case, good in 18 cases, fair in 3 cases and poor in 3 cases. The overall clinical efficacy rate was 76.0%. Clinical efficacy classified by diagnosis was 66.7% in wound infection, 66.7% in abscess, 88.9% in infected atheroma, and 100% in furuncle. Side effects were not observed in all cases among 25 patients in CXD trials. Studies of excretion into wound exudate of CXD were performed in 1 postoperative case of mamma carcinoma after oral administration of 500 mg of CXD. The concentration of CXD in exudate was 1.12 micrograms/ml in 2 hours, 3.48 micrograms/ml in 3 hours, 4.13 micrograms/ml in 4 hours, 5.56 micrograms/ml in 5 hours and 4.41 micrograms/ml in 6 hours after administration, which was observed that CXD was excreted in wound exudate in high concentration. PMID- 6655868 TI - [Experimental and clinical evaluation of cefroxadine in the field of obstetrics and gynecology]. AB - Cefroxadine (CXD) was studied in the field of obstetrics and gynecology and the following results were obtained. MIC values of CXD against 55 clinical isolates were investigated, from 6.25 to 12.5 micrograms/ml for 8 strains of E. coli, 6.25 micrograms/ml for 3 strains of K. pneumoniae and from 0.39 to 3.13 micrograms/ml for 9 strains of anaerobes such as Peptostreptococcus and Peptococcus in 10(6) cells/ml. Transfer of CXD into intrapelvic organ such as uterus, uterine tube and ovary after the oral administration of 500 mg was investigated. The concentrations in the tissues of genitalia ranged from 5.84 to 7.44 micrograms/g about 2 hours later after the administration. CXD was orally given to 18 patients with infections of genital organs at daily dose of 1,500 mg (500 mg 3 times a day). The clinical response was good, and efficacy rate was 88.9%. No remarkable side effects were observed. PMID- 6655869 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefroxadine in the field of obstetrics and gynecology]. AB - Cefroxadine (CXD), an oral cephalosporin antibiotic was studied in the field of obstetrics and gynecology and the following results were obtained. CXD was orally given to 22 cases at daily dose of 1,500 mg 3 times a day. CXD administration was given to 22 cases in all; 4 with cervicitis, 6 with endometritis, 2 with puerperal fever, 4 with bartholinitis, 5 with adnexitis and 1 with vulvitis, respectively. Overall efficacy rate was 77.3% (17/22) (excellent 4, good 13, fair 5). As for side effects, a slight diarrhea was observed. CXD was considered to be a useful antibiotic in the field of obstetrics and gynecology by above the results. PMID- 6655871 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefroxadine in the field of obstetrics and gynecology]. AB - Clinical studies of cefroxadine (CXD), a new orally active of cephalosporin, in obstetrical and gynecological field were performed, and the results were summarized as follows. CXD was orally administered to 16 cases of obstetrical and gynecological infections in daily dose 750 approximately 1,500 mg. Clinical efficacy was 88.9% in endometritis (9 cases), 100% in cervicitis (2 cases), 75% in adnexitis (4 cases) and 100% in suppurative haematoma vulva (1 case), respectively. Overall efficacy was 87.5% (14/16). Clinical efficacy classified by caused organisms was 83.3% (10/12) overall, and bacteriological effect was 91.7% (11/12). Neither side effects nor abnormalities in laboratory findings caused by this drug were observed. Based on these results, CXD should be considered a very safe and useful drug for treating obstetrical and gynecological infections. PMID- 6655870 TI - [Clinical study of cefroxadine in the field of obstetrics and gynecology]. AB - Clinical study of cefroxadine (CXD), an orally active cephalosporin, for the treatment of infections in the field of obstetrics and gynecology was carried out and the following results were obtained. Fifteen strains were isolated in present study. These isolates were mainly E. coli and anaerobes (Peptococcus sp., Peptostreptococcus sp.). The distribution of susceptibilities to CXD of E. coli was between 6.25 approximately 12.5 micrograms/ml and that of anaerobes was between 0.39 approximately 1.56 micrograms/ml. These results were similar to those of CEX. CXD was used in the treatment of 11 patients (endometritis 1 case, adnexitis 3 cases, bartholinitis 7 cases). In overall clinical efficacies, patients evaluated as better than "good" were 10 out of 11 (90.9%). Skin eruption was observed in 2 cases. No abnormality in laboratory findings was recognized. PMID- 6655873 TI - [Circumstances leading to the establishment of genus Rhodococcus]. PMID- 6655872 TI - [Clinical evaluation of cefroxadine in bacterial infections of the eye]. AB - Cefroxadine (CXD) capsules and dry syrup, an oral cephem antibiotic, were administered into 120 cases with ocular infections and the following results were obtained: The daily dose of CXD capsule was ranged from 500 to 1,500 mg and that of CXD dry syrup from 17.9 to 85.7 mg/kg, and the duration of CXD administration was from 2 days to 14 days. Clinical response rates classified by diagnosis The clinical response rates were 77.8% (14/18) in blepharitis, 86.7% (26/30) in hordeolum, 62.5% (5/8) in meibomianitis, 74.6% (44/59) in conjunctivitis, 100% (2/2) in corneal infiltration, 100% (1/1) in cellulitis of the lid, in dacryocystitis and in corneal ulcer, respectively. Clinical response classified by isolated organisms The response rates on S. aureus were 80.0% (20/25), on S. epidermidis 75.8% (47/62) and on S. pneumoniae 66.7% (2/3), respectively. The overall clinical response rate on Gram-positive bacteria was 78.3% (94/120). The response rates on H. influenzae, Acinetobacter spp., P. mirabilis, E. coli and Moraxella spp. were ranged from 42.9 to 100%. The sensitivity distributions of clinically isolated S. aureus and S. epidermidis to CXD were ranged from 1.56 to greater than 100 micrograms/ml and from 0.39 to 12.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. The former showed a peak at 3.13 micrograms/ml and the latter in 1.56 micrograms/ml. Side effects in 3 cases (2.3%) out of 129 were observed. That is; glossitis, thirst feeling and palpitation in each case, respectively. PMID- 6655874 TI - [My involvement with pertussis vaccines--toxicity of pertussis vaccines and their toxicity tests]. PMID- 6655875 TI - [Acute toxicity of methanol-utilizing bacteria and their single cell protein products in mice]. PMID- 6655876 TI - [Photodynamic lethal activity of rose bengal against Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P]. PMID- 6655877 TI - [Case of malignant lymphoma originating at the breast, infiltrating the brain and uvea, and successfully treated with radiotherapy]. PMID- 6655878 TI - [Case of polycythemia vera associated with myocardial infarction and cerebral thrombosis and treated by anticoagulant therapy]. PMID- 6655879 TI - [Case of primary acquired sideroblastic anemia--with special reference to functional examinations of granulocytes, lymphocytes and platelets]. PMID- 6655880 TI - [Case of Burkitt type leukemic lymphoma presumably originating at the stomach]. PMID- 6655881 TI - [Collection of platelets by IBM 2997 blood cell separator--comparison between single and dual stage channels]. PMID- 6655883 TI - [Results of long-term administration of high-dose methotrexate and its pharmacokinetics in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children]. PMID- 6655882 TI - [Clinical observations of defective neutrophil chemotaxis with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E]. PMID- 6655884 TI - [Methods of serum enzyme determination and its clinical significance: GOT and GPT]. PMID- 6655885 TI - [Methods of serum enzyme determination and its clinical significance: LDH]. PMID- 6655886 TI - [Methods of serum enzyme determination and its clinical significance: leucine aminopeptidase]. PMID- 6655887 TI - [Methods of serum enzyme determination and its clinical significance: cystine aminopeptidase]. PMID- 6655888 TI - [Methods of serum enzyme determination and its clinical significance: monoamine oxidase]. PMID- 6655889 TI - [Methods of serum enzyme determination and its clinical significance: aldolase]. PMID- 6655890 TI - [Methods of serum enzyme determination and its clinical significance: lipase]. PMID- 6655891 TI - [Methods of serum enzyme determination and its clinical significance: acid phosphatase]. PMID- 6655892 TI - [Serum enzyme determination and its clinical application]. PMID- 6655893 TI - [Methods of serum enzyme determination and its clinical significance--alkaline phosphatase]. PMID- 6655894 TI - [Methods of serum enzyme determination and its clinical significance: creatine kinase]. PMID- 6655895 TI - [Implication of morphological changes of the erythrocytes]. PMID- 6655896 TI - [Morphological changes of the platelets in prethrombotic states]. PMID- 6655897 TI - [Experimental evaluation of serum C3 and C4 determination by laser nephelometry. 1. Conditions for isolation and preservation of the serum and the precision of the test]. PMID- 6655898 TI - [Fractionation of serum lipoproteins into VLDL, LDL, HDL, HDL2, and HDL3 by 1 step ultracentrifugation]. PMID- 6655899 TI - [Aluminum in chronic hemodialysis patients]. PMID- 6655900 TI - [Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in the early phase of multiple injuries and extensive burns]. PMID- 6655901 TI - [Vectorcardiographic T loop in children with ventricular septal defects]. PMID- 6655902 TI - [Cytochemistry of lymphoid cells and its clinical significance]. PMID- 6655903 TI - [Pathology of breast cancer (I). Comparison between WHO's new histological classification and that of Japan Breast Cancer Society and the new proposed conversion]. PMID- 6655905 TI - [Identification of LDH-binding immunoglobulin by the immunoprecipitin method (a small volume method)]. PMID- 6655904 TI - [Experimental evaluation of serum C3 and C4 assay by laser-nephelometry. 2. Normal and physiological variations]. PMID- 6655906 TI - [Quantitative determination of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in cholestasis patients]. PMID- 6655907 TI - [Simple quantitative analysis of sulfosalicylic acid-soluble urinary mucoproteins]. PMID- 6655908 TI - [Estimation of lipoproteins using an analytical ultracentrifugal automatic data processor and its clinical application]. PMID- 6655909 TI - [Clinical evaluation of direct analysis of urinary catecholamines]. PMID- 6655910 TI - [Physiological changes of plasma gastrin concentrations--with special reference to gastrin secretory dynamics in the neonatal period]. PMID- 6655911 TI - [Establishment of the normal ranges of urinary constituents based on probability plotting of power-transformed data]. PMID- 6655912 TI - [Factors influencing the formation of loops in pressure vs. flow diagrams]. PMID- 6655913 TI - [Present status and current trends in automation of immunoserological tests]. PMID- 6655914 TI - [Automation of immunoglobulin determination and related problems]. PMID- 6655915 TI - [Significance of automation in the blood transfusion service--from the viewpoint of pre-transfusion tests at a hospital]. PMID- 6655916 TI - [Immunoserological profiles obtained from the automatic analyser]. PMID- 6655917 TI - [Focal points in glycoprotein research]. PMID- 6655918 TI - [Physical and mental stresses and plasma catecholamine levels]. PMID- 6655919 TI - [Lipoproteins]. PMID- 6655920 TI - [Pathology of breast cancer (2)--clinopathological study of prognostic factors]. PMID- 6655921 TI - [Application of the Xs-Rs-R control and its quality control chart to semi quantitative serodiagnosis]. PMID- 6655922 TI - [Clinical significance of acid-soluble serum proteins]. PMID- 6655923 TI - [Determination of plasma catecholamines using ECD (Electrochemical Detector: Model 5100A; esa)]. PMID- 6655924 TI - [Experimental study on the determination of HB virus--associated DNA polymerase activities]. PMID- 6655925 TI - [Immunoradiometric assay of serum thyroglobulin--experimental evaluation and clinical application]. PMID- 6655926 TI - [Measurement of airway resistance using a body plethysmograph--the effect of added external resistance]. PMID- 6655927 TI - [Vertebral angiography in cases of severe vertigo and dizziness]. PMID- 6655928 TI - [Sialography. 2. Sialolithiasis]. PMID- 6655929 TI - [Cardioangiography using metrizamide--in patients with Kawasaki disease]. PMID- 6655930 TI - [Evaluation of stomach cancer in the early stage accompanied by gastric cancer]. PMID- 6655932 TI - [CT findings of benign retroperitoneal tumors]. PMID- 6655931 TI - [Angiographic findings in 28 cases of pancreatic cancer]. PMID- 6655934 TI - [Case of huge foramen magnum neurinoma diagnosed by CT]. PMID- 6655933 TI - [CT findings in giant cerebral aneurysms]. PMID- 6655935 TI - [Case of vagal body paraganglioma successfully diagnosed by CT]. PMID- 6655936 TI - [CT findings in Mirizzi syndrome]. PMID- 6655937 TI - [Case of idiopathic fatty liver diagnosed by ultrasound]. PMID- 6655938 TI - [Case of paragonimiasis miyazaki]. PMID- 6655939 TI - [Hypoxic cell radiosensitizer (2)]. PMID- 6655940 TI - [Intrathoracic diseases with angiographically observed arteriovenous shunts]. PMID- 6655941 TI - [Sialography. 3. Sialadenitis]. PMID- 6655942 TI - [Computed tomography of pituitary microadenoma]. PMID- 6655944 TI - [Radiotherapy of CNS lymphoma]. PMID- 6655943 TI - [Results of radiotherapy for medulloblastoma]. PMID- 6655945 TI - [Case of Subclavian steal of the right aortic arch]. PMID- 6655946 TI - [Case of hepatic hemangioma with a shift in the internal echo level]. PMID- 6655947 TI - [Case of choledochal cyst with bile duct carcinoma]. PMID- 6655948 TI - [Case of polysplenia syndrome]. PMID- 6655949 TI - [2 cases of duplication of the inferior vena cava and a retroaortic left renal vein--with special references to CT findings]. PMID- 6655950 TI - [Case of thanatophoric dwarfism--clinical and radiological features]. PMID- 6655951 TI - [Case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with left renal pelvis duplication and a solitary kidney]. PMID- 6655952 TI - [Radiotherapy of thyroid cancers]. PMID- 6655953 TI - [Quantitative studies on sunburn cell formation in mouse epidermis--interactions of various wavelengths]. PMID- 6655954 TI - [Supplementary notes on behaviors of non-epidermal cells in Pringle disease (IV)- changes in DNA contents of the cells analyzed by flow cytofluorometry (II)]. PMID- 6655955 TI - [Case of basal cell carcinoma with bone marrow metastasis]. PMID- 6655956 TI - [3 cases of sarcoidosis with myopathy--significance of skeletal muscle biopsy for early diagnosis]. PMID- 6655957 TI - [Lysosomal functions in experimental xanthoma tissues of rabbits--with special reference to acid cholesterol esterase]. PMID- 6655958 TI - [Immunohistochemical study on localization of deoxyribonuclease (DNase) in normal horny cells of the epidermis]. PMID- 6655959 TI - [HLA antigens in cutaneous malignant lymphoma]. PMID- 6655960 TI - [Localization of gastric ulcer and serum levels of group I and II pepsinogens]. PMID- 6655961 TI - [Strain differences in susceptibility of rat colon to 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine]. PMID- 6655962 TI - [Effects of progesterone on gallbladder contractility]. PMID- 6655964 TI - [Disaccharidase and related intestinal metaplasia in the mucous membrane of lithiasic gallbladder]. PMID- 6655963 TI - [Formation of LP-X subfractions and its underlying mechanism in experimental cholestasis]. PMID- 6655965 TI - [Gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein in pancreatic juice. Clinical studies with special reference to the effect of Gla on pancreatic stone formation]. PMID- 6655966 TI - [Splenic vein obstruction due to tuberculous lymphadenitis in the splenic hilum]. PMID- 6655967 TI - [Primary biliary cirrhosis with changes in LP-X pattern]. PMID- 6655968 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of multilocular echinococcosis of the liver]. PMID- 6655969 TI - [Huge cavernous hemangioma of the liver associated with high fever]. PMID- 6655970 TI - [Primary biliary cirrhosis with granuloma containing multinucleated giant cells]. PMID- 6655971 TI - [Blood volume determination in gastric mucosa and liver tissue by electrolytic method]. PMID- 6655972 TI - [Tissue bile acids in the intestinal mucosa and colonic polyps]. PMID- 6655973 TI - [Qualitative analysis of gallbladder stones by ultrasound]. PMID- 6655974 TI - [Glycosylated hemoglobin as an indicator of blood sugar fluctuation following total pancreatectomy]. PMID- 6655975 TI - [Erythrocyte and plasma glutathione peroxidase activities in Japanese]. PMID- 6655976 TI - [Effects of exertion in a hot environment on firefighters wearing fire-proofed garment]. PMID- 6655977 TI - [Correlation and factor analyses of mortality in malignant cancer of selected body sites--based on the age-adjusted mortality of 33 countries]. PMID- 6655978 TI - The standardization of measurements of serum lipids for an epidemiologic study of stroke. PMID- 6655979 TI - [Estimate of the population at risk of Habu bites in Amami Islands]. PMID- 6655980 TI - [Factors affecting 1,1,1-trichloroethane absorption and excretion by the lung]. PMID- 6655981 TI - [Method for observation of intracellular metabolic changes caused by environmental chemicals using the perfused rat liver--simultaneous observation of sequential changes of the spectra of mitochondrial cytochromes, cytochrome P-450, and catalase and fluorescence changes of reduced pyridine nucleotides in the perfused rat liver]. PMID- 6655982 TI - [Effects of chromium compounds on the respiratory system. 2. Difference between water-soluble hexavalent and trivalent compounds]. AB - Transference and transformation of chromium compounds, known as occupational carcinogens, in the lung of rats were studied by determining blood chromium levels after a single mist inhalation or an intravenous injection of water soluble chromic acid (hexavalent) and chromium chloride (trivalent). Conclusion drawn from this study are as follows: Transference of chromium from the lung to the blood stream is ended quickly after the inhalation of chromic acid mist. Alveolar permeability of hexavalent chromic acid is much higher than that of trivalent chromium chloride. The greater part of the transferred chromium in the blood after the inhalation of chromic acid mist is not transformed to any other form; therefore, it seems to be present as the hexavalent form. The hexavalent chromic acid in the blood diffused to the liver, kidneys and the spleen, but the trivalent chromium chloride distributed only in the blood. The hexavalent chromic acid in the blood decreased more slowly than the trivalent chromium chloride. The biological half-time of the chromic acid in the blood was about 60 hours, whereas that of the chromium chloride was only about 2 hours. These results suggest that the water-soluble hexavalent chromium compounds may be apparently different from the trivalent chromium compounds in the transference from the lung and following distribution in the body. These differences might be caused by the high permeability through the cell membrane in hexavalent chromium compounds and the high possibility of binding with proteins in trivalent chromium compounds. PMID- 6655983 TI - [Bronchopulmonary diseases due to ultra-hard metal dust, with special reference to the result of the dust analysis]. AB - In order to clarify the relationship between exposure to hard metal dust containing cobalt and bronchopulmonary diseases, cross-sectional medical and occupational hygienic investigations were conducted in a hard metal tool manufacturing factory. As a part of the environmental investigation, general air concentrations and personal exposure to both total dust and cobalt dust were measured. The highest total dust and cobalt concentrations in general atmosphere and personal samples were found in a powder handling room among all departments. The highest personal exposure concentration of cobalt was 1.29 mg/m3 (arithmetic mean value) in the dry grinder using diamond wheels. Powder handlers were exposed to cobalt 0.56 mg/m3, press operators to 0.66 mg/m3, shapers to 0.19 mg/m3, wet grinders to 0.07 mg/m3, and sintering workers to 0.03 mg/m3. In Japan TLV for cobalt has not yet been established. Dust exposure measurement should be carried out in all hard metal industries. TLV for cobalt is discussed by means of literature. PMID- 6655984 TI - [Heme synthesis and iron turnover in rabbits with experimental lead poisoning]. AB - The nature of anemia formation in lead poisoning is still unknown, especially of its mechanism. Rimington proposed a hypothesis that lead interferes with a specific enzyme (ferrochelatase) system, which is responsible for incorporating iron into the protoporphyrin IX molecules to form heme. In the present study, heme synthesis in mitochondria (Mt) of liver and bone marrow, and 59Fe behavior in vivo were investigated in rabbits to verify his hypothesis. The experimental five groups were as follows: 1) lead (Pb) poisoning by administration of 10-20 mg Pb/kg at a time, subcutaneously injected 10 times in all during 30 days, 2) phenylhydrazine (PH) poisoning, 10 mg PH/kg, 3 times subcutaneously during 3 days, 3) bleeding of about 105 ml of blood in total by venesection through 7 times treatments, 4) low feeding, synthetic feeding pellets of 30 g/d/cap. or 70 g/d/cap. 5) control, by administration of 5% glucose instead of lead injection with 120 g/d/cap. of the feeding pellets, with drinking water 300 ml/d/cap. for 30 days. 59Fe-plasma was prepared by the following procedure: 5 ml of plasma from each rabbit having been incubated with 5 microCi of 59Fe citrate at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes, 59Fe-plasma was purified partially by Borova's method. The prepared 59Fe-plasma was injected intravenously into the rabbits in each group. Urinary coproporphrin (CP-U), erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FFP), Hb, Ht, MCHC, reticulocyte (Rt), and protoheme formed by Mt, were determined to examine the relationship between lead and porphyrinheme metabolism. 59Fe behavior was estimated by detecting the plasma iron disappearance rate (half life time of 59Fe in plasma), 59Fe intake into erythrocytes, and the retention of 59Fe in tissues. Increase of FEP in lead poisoning was not caused by hemolysis, because FEP did not increase in PH group (Table 1). CP-U slightly increased in PH group, but not in the bleeding group (Table 2). This increase of CP-U must be due to acceleration of hematopoiesis in PH poisoning, because PH and bleeding groups showed an increase of Rt, counting 222.2 and 85.3%, respectively, at the termination of the treatment, while the Pb group did not show any obvious reticulocytosis (Table 3). PH, bleeding, and Pb(10 mg/kg) groups showed shorter half life time of 59Fe in plasma, while the 30 g/d-feeding group showed longer time (Table 8). During 100 minutes after 59Fe injection, incorporation of 59Fe into erythrocytes was higher in PH and bleeding groups than those in other treatment groups and the control (Table 9).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 6655985 TI - [Biliary excretion of diethyl lead after administration of tetraethyl lead in rabbits]. AB - In order to investigate into whether the large amount of inorganic lead excreted into the feces following intravenous injection of tetraethyl lead to rabbits is derived from the diethyl lead excreted into the bile, we administered 12 mg/kg of tetraethyl lead to rabbits which had been fistulated into the bile duct for taking the bile out of the body. The total lead excreted into the bile during the first 24 hours after the injection of tetraethyl lead amounted to about 8% of the injected amount of lead (with 97% of the excreted lead made up of diethyl lead). The amount of total lead contained in the cecal contents of unfistulated rabbits 24 hours after the injection of tetraethyl lead was equivalent to about 12% of the injected amount of lead (with inorganic lead accounting for about 90% of the excreted lead), but the counterpart of the fistulated rabbits was equivalent only to about 0.6%. The amount of lead excreted into the bile, when measured in terms of the total lead content of the liver, was slightly less in the fistulated rabbits than in the unfistulated ones. These findings indicated that the amount of total lead excreted into the bile of the fistulated rabbits was almost the same as that contained in the cecal contents of unfistulated rabbits, and that the major portion of the lead contained in the cecal contents or feces was composed of inorganic lead. From these results, we came to the conclusion that the large amount of inorganic lead detected in the feces after the injection of tetraethyl lead is derived from the diethyl lead excreted into the bile. PMID- 6655986 TI - [Determination of organic solvent vapors by a gas monitoring badge. An experimental study on the response time]. AB - New passive personal monitors for organic vapors in work places: the New Du Pont PRO-TEKTM G-AA Organic Vapor Air Monitoring Badge (A) and the 3M Brand Organic Vapor Monitor (B), were tested under certain experimental conditions. Organic solvents adsorbed on activated carbon strip through the diffusion paths of badges were determined by means of gas chromatography and the results were compared with theoretical values. The experimental results well agreed with the theoretical values and the diffusion of organic vapors through the diffusion paths of these passive personal monitors could be estimated theoretically by the Fick's second law of diffusion. If the "relative response time" is defined as the value of Dt/L2 and C/C0 = 0.632, the relative response time of these samplers is 1.3. The response time of the two badges for organic vapors for toluene, ethylbenzene and ethyl acetate were calculated from the above mentioned Dt/L2 = 1.3, that is, 2.1, 2.2 and 1.9 seconds for A badge and 13.4, 14.0 and 12.3 seconds for B badge to each solvent respectively. From the results of this experiment, it was found that the response time of A badge was remarkably faster than that of B badge, and even A badge needed 7-10 seconds exposure to reflect the environmental concentration. PMID- 6655987 TI - [Fluctuations in the finger skin temperature during exercises]. PMID- 6655988 TI - [Effect of lead on erythrocyte arginase activities--an in vitro study]. PMID- 6655989 TI - [Species differences in the sensitivity to the diabetogenic action of triphenyltin hydroxide]. PMID- 6655990 TI - [Labor protection in Finland]. PMID- 6655991 TI - [Automated microbial sensitivity tests noting the difference in bacterial growth profiles--determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bacteria contaminated by drug-resistant mutant strains]. PMID- 6655992 TI - [Analysis of the secondary information structure of body surface potential maps]. PMID- 6655993 TI - [Ruby laser system with kaleidoscope for nevus treatment]. PMID- 6655994 TI - [Development of a real-time monitoring system of the spatial ST vector]. PMID- 6655995 TI - [High resolution vascular diameter gauge for in vitro experiments]. PMID- 6655996 TI - [Shape memory alloys and their applications]. PMID- 6655997 TI - [3-dimensional reconstruction and display of coronary arteries obtained from coronary cineangiograms]. PMID- 6655998 TI - [Analysis of the "disease state" of coronary disease using a Markov model]. PMID- 6655999 TI - [Analysis of Helmholtz-Hering illusion by a multi-channel model]. PMID- 6656000 TI - [Computerized analysis system of the masticatory electromyograph by a silent period]. PMID- 6656001 TI - Immunoglobulins and measles antibody in sera of newborn cynomolgus monkeys and in milk of their mothers. AB - The changes in the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) level and in the measles antibody titer were examined with colony-born infant cynomolgus monkeys from 0 day to 26 weeks in age. In addition, their mother-monkey's milk was analyzed for Ig. The decrease in the IgG level after birth was more remarkable in the infants born with high IgG levels than those born with low IgG levels. The IgM level prominently increased for the first 3 weeks after birth in the infants born with low IgG levels, while the increase was not so prominent in those born with high IgG levels. Anti-measles antibody titers decreased linearly with a half-life of 3.4 +/- 0.4 weeks after birth regardless of the titer at birth. A significant amount of IgA, a very small amount of IgM and little IgG were detected in the milk collected just after parturition. Ig of any class was no longer found in the milk collected one to 6 weeks after parturition. These results suggest that the initial level of transplacentally transferred IgG must be one of the important factors influencing the subsequent development of infant monkey's own immunoglobulin synthesis. PMID- 6656002 TI - A continuous cell line, GK, derived from the kidney tissue of Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) and its virological application. AB - A fibroblast-like continuous cell line was established from the kidney tissue of the female Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) and designated as GK cell line. The cells were susceptible to the infection with several DNA and RNA animal viruses, particularly with four prototype strains of dengue viruses and the HEP Flury strain of rabies virus. PMID- 6656003 TI - Cariostatic effect of palatinose on experimental dental caries in rats. AB - Specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats infected with Streptococcus mutans MT8148R (serotype c) developed a severe dental caries when fed a diet containing 56% sucrose (diet #2000). Complete replacement of the dietary sucrose with palatinose, a structural isomer of sucrose, however, resulted in negligible caries induction and plaque accumulation. Replacement of half of the sucrose content of diet #2000 with palatinose induced dental caries; however, the caries score was significantly lower than that induced by diet #2000. No significant reduction in caries development was observed when a quarter of the dietary sucrose was replaced with palatinose. PMID- 6656004 TI - Systems approaches to the control mechanism of reproduction. PMID- 6656005 TI - Ovulation and periovulatory time courses of ovarian steroids in the Japanese monkey. PMID- 6656006 TI - Kinetics of intraocular penetration of topical fluorescein: analysis by new method. AB - The kinetics of the intraocular penetration of topically applied fluorescein was analyzed by a new method. To the time-courses of fluorescein concentration changes in the aqueous, the bi-exponential equation of Jones-Maurice for a two compartment model was fitted by a method of least squares. The initial amount of the dye in the cornea divided by the anterior chamber volume, Mo/Va, the cornea aqueous transfer coefficient in reference to the corneal volume, Kc.ca, and the loss rate of the dye from the anterior chamber, ko, were treated as unknown independent parameters, and they were estimated directly from the concentration changes in the anterior chamber. In the instillation experiments, 20 microliter of phosphate buffered 30% fluorescein solution was instilled in both eyes of 11 normal young subjects and the eyes were washed thoroughly after 5 minutes. The following values were obtained: kc.ca: 4.8 +/- 0.5 X 10(-3) min-1 (Mean +/- SD), ko: 0.78 +/- 0.09 X 10(-2) min-1, and Mo/Va: 0.20 +/- 0.25 micrograms ml-1. The right-left ratio averaged 1.01 +/- 0.05 in kc.ca and 1.02 +/- 0.05 in ko. A similar analysis was carried out in 12 normal young subjects, where the dye was administered to the cornea by ionotophoresis and the results were as follows: kc.ca: 4.7 +/- 0.6 X 10(-3) min-1, ko: 0.83 +/- 0.19 X 10(-2) min-1, and Mo/Va: 0.15 +/- 0.16 micrograms ml-1. The right-left ratio averaged 0.93 +/- 0.12 in kc.ca and 1.02 +/- 0.18 in ko. The anterior chamber volume, Va, was determined by the method of Johnson et al. and it averaged 202 microliter. The aqueous flow rate, i.e., ko.Va, was 1.61 microliter min-1. PMID- 6656007 TI - Membrane structure of corneal epithelium: freeze-fracture observation. AB - Cytological details of the corneal epithelium were studied with special emphasis on the structure of the cell membrane. Normal corneas of various animals were fixed in a 4% solution of glutaraldehyde and divided into two portions. One-half was frozen with Freon 22 and freeze-fractured in frontal and sagittal directions using a Balzer instrument. The other half was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The general appearance of the split cell membrane of the corneal epithelium was similar to that of other membranes. Besides the characteristic structure of the fractured cell membrane at desmosomes, gap junctions and hemidesmosomes, the cell membrane demonstrated many "bumps and hollows" type configurations measuring 70-80 nm in diameter. This structure is known to be commonly associated with micropinocytotic vesicles and cellular pores. Careful examination of transmission electron micrographs of the corneas of the animals in this study revealed that the number of micropinocytotic vesicles was far greater than previously noted. Pinocytosis was most abundant in the basal cell and decreased toward the superficial layers. Cluster distribution of pinocytosis was frequently demonstrated in the basal cell. In addition, abundant pinocytosis was frequently demonstrated in the basal cell. Also, abundant pinocytosis was present in the cell membrane surrounding nerve fibers which occasionally reached the superficial layer. It was found that numerous nerve fibers pierce through the cytoplasm of the basal cell, in addition to running through the normal intercellular spaces. These findings may be of certain significance in the explanation of transport of fluid through the epithelium and innervation of the cornea. PMID- 6656008 TI - Wound-healing of corneal endothelium in monkey: an autoradiographic study. AB - The mitotic activity of the corneal endothelium during wound-healing was studied in 8 eyes of 5 cynomolgus monkeys. By transcorneal freezing, the endothelium was damaged at the corneal center over an area with a diameter of 2.5 mm. At various intervals, 3H-thymidine was injected into the anterior chamber and its incorporation into the endothelial cells was studied by autoradiography. On flat preparations of the endothelium, the total number of cells labeled with 3H thymidine was counted on all specimens. The labeling of the cells occurred exclusively within the zone of about 2 mm from the center of the wound. The maximum labeling occurred 2 days after freezing and it decreased abruptly after 4 days, when endothelial covering of the central denuded area had been completed. No labeled cells were encountered after 30 days. The percentage of labeled cells to all cells present in a given area was computed and its regional distribution studied. On the second day after freezing, the maximum percentage of 12-19% was found in the center of the wound in one cornea and about 2 mm from the center in another cornea. On the third day, the maximum percentage of only 3-7% was found in the center and it decreased toward the periphery. It was thought that the number of labeled cells was too small to cover the damaged area by cell multiplication. It is suggested that the endothelial defect in the monkey cornea is covered mainly by migration of the adjacent cells. PMID- 6656009 TI - Effects of contact lens wear on mitosis of corneal epithelium and lactate content in aqueous humor of rabbit. AB - Various types of contact lenses, i.e., poly-methyl-methacrylate hard lenses, poly 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate soft lenses and two kinds of gas-permeable hard lenses with different permeabilities to oxygen, were placed on one eye of the albino rabbit for varying lengths of time. Using the fellow eye as the control, studies were carried out of the effects of the lens wear on the mitosis in the corneal epithelium and the lactate concentration in the aqueous humor. The contact lens wear suppressed the mitosis and increased the concentration of aqueous lactate, the degree of changes being greater as the permeability of the lens to oxygen decreased and the period of wear became longer. PMID- 6656010 TI - Light and electron microscopic studies of malignant melanoma of conjunctiva and palpebra. AB - The authors experienced one case of malignant melanoma of the superior palpebral conjunctiva and the inferior palpebral skin, originating from benign acquired melanosis of the bulbar conjunctiva which developed in a 48-year-old man. Orbital exenteration including superior and inferior palpebrae was performed, and the removed tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy. In the temporal bulbar conjunctiva, melanocytes containing abundant fine melanin granules proliferated over almost the whole area of the epithelial layer. Cellular atypia and karyomitosis were not observed. The basement membrane remained intact with no proliferation of melanocytes in the substantia propria. However, in the perivascular area, in addition to the moderately prominent infiltration by lymphocytes and plasma cells, infiltration by melanophages was observed relatively frequently. Based on these findings, it was confirmed that the primary lesion of the bulbar conjunctiva was an acquired melanosis of Stage IB as classified by Zimmerman. The black nodular tumors of the superior palpebral conjunctiva and inferior palpebral skin consisted of melanoma cells showing markedly prominent cellular and nuclear atypia. The nuclei showed indentations in the membrane with electron-lucent karyoplasm, each having one nucleolus. The cytoplasm contained many round or elongated melanosomes in various developmental stages, with sizes of about 0.7 micron. Scattered among melanoma cells were a number of melanophages which had phagocytized many melanosomes at various stages of maturity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6656011 TI - Central pigmentary retinal dystrophy and its angiographic classification. AB - Twenty-one cases of central pigmentary retinal dystrophy were compiled and their clinical features were described. On the basis of fluorescein fundus angiography, these cases were classified into three types according to the changes in the choriocapillaris. In Type 1, the choriocapillaris showed annular or bow-shaped atrophy around the vascular arcade in the posterior pole of the fundus, but little change in the foveal region. Type 2 exhibited round or irregularly shaped atrophy of the choriocapillaris in the center of the posterior pole of the fundus. Type 3 had no atrophy of the choriocapillaris and showed only hyperfluorescence in the posterior pole of the fundus, due to damage of the retinal pigment epithelium. These types differed from each other not only from the morphological point of view, but also in other clinical findings that included age of onset, progression of visual impairment, pattern of color vision defects or recordability of the electroretinogram. It was discussed that central pigmentary retinal dystrophy consists of heterogenous conditions. PMID- 6656012 TI - Sympathetic ophthalmia simulating vogt-Koyanagi-Harada's disease: a clinico pathologic study of four cases. AB - Four patients with sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) simulating Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) were studied. They all had penetrating wounds of the globe and developed bilateral uveitis, as well as two or more extraocular manifestations, e.g., vitiligo, poliosis, dysacousia and/or meningitis. Histopathologically, the enucleated globes revealed features that were identical to those observed in Harada's disease: mainly, a granulomatous choroiditis with formations of chorioretinal adhesions and migration of pigment into the disorganized retina. The study indicated that the only reliable feature that could differentiate SO from VHK disease was the history of a penetrating wound in the former and the absence of such trauma in the latter. PMID- 6656013 TI - Choroidal melanoma with retinal perforation and vitreous hemorrhage: a scanning electron microscopic study. AB - Extensive retinal perforation and subsequent growth within the vitreous cavity permitted the scanning electron microscopic examination of a primary, mixed cell type malignant melanoma of the choroid. The surface of the tumor was covered by fusiform cells oriented in a longitudinal, parallel fashion. Plumper globoid, presumed epitheloid forms were interspersed among the spindle cells. In some areas, the spindle cells had long tapering processes. At the margin of the tumor, slender fascicles of parallelly oriented, proliferating spindle cells were identified. This fascicular growth pattern has been observed in previous tissue culture and scanning electron microscopic studies. Vitreous hemorrhage which occurred in our case may herald a malignant melanoma that has perforated the retina. Additionally, retinal perforation may signify an aggressively growing tumor which should be treated. PMID- 6656014 TI - Central regional total choroidal vascular atrophy in Japanese patient. AB - We examined an infant whose rare fundus changes were similar to those seen in the early stage of gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina, or in Aicardi's syndrome. The slightly larger than normal and whitish optic disk, mottled posterior pole of the retina and several atrophic patches around the optic disk were found ophthalmoscopically. These lesions were bilaterally symmetric. Hyperornithinemia was not noted. A CT scan of the brain was normal, and agenesis of the corpus callosum was not found. Convulsions and spasms did not occur. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of central regional total choroidal vascular atrophy in Japan. PMID- 6656015 TI - Topical flurbiprofen and diclofenac suppress blood-aqueous barrier breakdown in cataract surgery: a fluorophotometric study. AB - A total of 33 eyes which underwent intracapsular extraction of senile cataract were divided into three groups, 1) 13 eyes operated on with routine medication alone, 2) 10 eyes operated on with additional topical flurbiprofen and 3) 10 eyes operated on with additional topical diclofenac. In the latter two groups, in addition to routine medication, an ophthalmic solution of 0.1% flurbiprofen or diclofenac was instilled 3, 2, 1 and 0.5 hours prior to surgery and postoperatively 4 times a day for 6 days. On the 6th postoperative day, fluorophotometric examination with oral fluorescein administration was carried out in all eyes to determine the apparent transfer coefficient of the dye into the anterior chamber (k'in) and out of the anterior chamber (k'out). After oral administration of a 10% fluorescein solution at a dose of 5 mg per kg of body weight, the time-courses of the apparent fluorescein concentrations in the anterior chamber and in the whole plasma were determined for 7-8 hours. The apparent transfer coefficient was calculated from the time-courses by computer fitting of Davson's equation. The value of k'in represents the permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier and it averaged 0.039 +/- 0.021 hour-1 (Mean +/- SD) in the routine medication group, 0.014 +/- 0.007 hour-1 in the flurbiprofen group, and 0.017 +/- 0.008 hour-1 in the diclofenac group. The values in the latter two groups were significantly smaller than that in the routine medication group (Mann Whitney U-test, P less than 0.005). It was concluded that topical flurbiprofen or diclofenac suppressed the disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier that had occurred during cataract surgery. PMID- 6656016 TI - [Pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma in Japan]. PMID- 6656017 TI - [X-ray findings in pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma]. PMID- 6656018 TI - [Pathological observation on eosinophilic granuloma of the lung--with special reference to its histogenesis]. PMID- 6656019 TI - [Ultrastructural characteristics of the cilia in patients with respiratory tract infections]. PMID- 6656020 TI - [Case of diffuse normolipemic plane xanthoma associated with multiple myeloma and radiographically confirmed pulmonary fibrosis]. PMID- 6656021 TI - [Asthma due to hard alloy dusts--a case of allergic bronchial asthma and contact dermatitis due to metallic cobalt]. PMID- 6656022 TI - [Case of primary hemangioma of the diaphragm]. PMID- 6656023 TI - [Case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis with silicosis]. PMID- 6656024 TI - [Pulmonary valve replacement]. PMID- 6656026 TI - [Inferior sinus venous type atrial septal defect]. PMID- 6656025 TI - [Analysis of the correlation between predicted and measured post- operative respiratory function in primary lung cancer]. PMID- 6656027 TI - [Cardiac output determination immediately after open heart surgery-- comparison of Fick's method with thermodilution]. PMID- 6656028 TI - [Horner's syndrome--a complication of intrathoracic electric catheterization]. PMID- 6656029 TI - [One stage operation of sternal turnover and Bentall operation for a case of severe Marfan syndrome]. PMID- 6656030 TI - [Experimental studies of the preservation platelet during extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 6656031 TI - [Persistent left superior vena cava]. PMID- 6656032 TI - [Surgical treatment with central palliation for tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 6656033 TI - [Mitral valve re-replacement due to disc wear of Kay-Shiley caged- lens prosthesis]. PMID- 6656034 TI - [Case report of congenital bicuspid aortic valves associated with aortic valve prolapse and displacement of the coronary arteries]. PMID- 6656035 TI - [Intraoperative hemodialysis during cardiopulmonary bypass in acute renal failure]. PMID- 6656036 TI - [Case of left ventricular-right atrial communication associated with ventricular septal defect and double orifice mitral valve]. PMID- 6656037 TI - [Clinical conference at the Department of Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School. 2. Aortic valve stenosis associated with abnormalities of the right aortic arch and the origin of the left subclavian artery]. PMID- 6656038 TI - [Surgical treatment of thymoma]. PMID- 6656039 TI - [Effects of osmolarity and oncotic pressure on myocardial protection during open heart surgery]. PMID- 6656040 TI - [Surgical treatment of transcardiac expansion of ingrowing chondrosarcoma]. PMID- 6656041 TI - [Surgical treatment of leiomyoma of the inferior vena cava protruding into the right atrium]. PMID- 6656042 TI - [Catheter electrode implantation via the internal jugular vein]. PMID- 6656043 TI - [Clinical experience with new membrane oxygenator--extracorporeal interpulse membrane oxygenator system]. PMID- 6656044 TI - [Clinical usefulness of contiguous bipolar needle electrode in the measurement of epicardial potentials]. PMID- 6656045 TI - [Surgical treatment of acute ventricular septal perforation in aged--2 cases of successful early operation]. PMID- 6656046 TI - [2 cases of aortic dissection during cardiopulmonary bypass via femoral arterial cannulation and its etiology]. PMID- 6656047 TI - [Surgical treatment of coronary sinus ASD]. PMID- 6656048 TI - [Surgical treatment of infected pacemaker]. PMID- 6656049 TI - [2 cases of right coronary artery-right atrial fistula]. PMID- 6656050 TI - [Ectopic ureterocele--our experiences and a statistical review of the cases reported in Japan]. PMID- 6656051 TI - [Intravesical instillation of adriamycin and its concentration in bladder tumor]. PMID- 6656053 TI - [Successful radical surgery of kidney cancer with extensive involvement of the inferior vena cava and pulmonary metastasis]. PMID- 6656052 TI - [Case of bladder cancer associated with erythrocytosis: a review of the Japanese literature on tumors associated with erythrocytosis]. PMID- 6656054 TI - [Clinical evaluation of pressure flow study]. PMID- 6656055 TI - [Clinical evaluation of diuresis renography]. PMID- 6656056 TI - [In vitro sensitivity of human bladder cancer cell lines to various sex steroid hormones--effect of estradiol-17 beta on T24 cells and 253J cells]. PMID- 6656057 TI - [Study of peristaltic movements of rat seminiferous tubules by a micropuncture method]. PMID- 6656058 TI - [Experimental study on an artificial ureter using EPTFE (expanded polytetrafluoroethylene)]. PMID- 6656059 TI - [Methods of transurethral bladder neck resection. 2. Clinical studies: comparison of voiding improvement in following a procedure preserving the proximal urethra at 3 to 9 o'clock and total resection]. PMID- 6656060 TI - [Histopathological study of renal cell carcinoma. I. The cell type, histologic structure, and staging]. PMID- 6656062 TI - Effect of phenobarbital on the absorption of copper by rat small intestine. PMID- 6656061 TI - [Pathological analysis of prostatic cancer at autopsy]. PMID- 6656063 TI - Toxicities of bracken fern in guinea pigs. PMID- 6656064 TI - Quantitative studies of biological responses in hamsters exposed to tobacco smoke and effects of vitamin C supplement on smoke inhalation toxicity. PMID- 6656065 TI - Reduction of methemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin in the circulating blood in rabbits and goats. PMID- 6656066 TI - Physicochemical properties of Ibaraki virus hemagglutinin. PMID- 6656067 TI - An application of cludoscopy to goats for serial observation of periovulatory ovary in the goats. PMID- 6656068 TI - Amylopectin synthesis of the sporozoite of Eimeria tenella. PMID- 6656069 TI - Virulence of Rhodococcus equi for mice. PMID- 6656070 TI - Auricular cystic lesions of the external ear in Sprague-Dawley rats. PMID- 6656071 TI - [Prospect of studies on tuberculosis; etiology]. PMID- 6656072 TI - [Experimental infections caused by atypical mycobacteria. 6. Experimental Mycobacterium fortuitum infection and trial chemotherapy]. PMID- 6656073 TI - [Changes in tuberculin hypersensitivity following BCG vaccination and the effect of repeated tuberculin tests]. PMID- 6656074 TI - [Case of cervical lymphadenitis in an adult caused by atypical mycobacterium]. PMID- 6656075 TI - [Effect of various physiological and biochemical factors on ischemic heart disease in the 40-59-year-old male population]. PMID- 6656076 TI - [The role of the Schlomck-Reindell arrhythmic index and corrected coefficient in the prognosis of atrioventricular block during novocainamide treatment of paroxysms of atrial fibrillation and flutter]. PMID- 6656077 TI - [Trimecaine in the prevention of early ventricular fibrillation during experimental myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6656078 TI - [Disorders of lipid metabolism in chronic cor pulmonale]. PMID- 6656079 TI - [A transvenous method of inducing complete atrioventricular block during supraventricular tachycardia]. PMID- 6656080 TI - [Transesophageal electric heart stimulation in the diagnosis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias]. AB - Thirty-one patients with paroxysms of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) were examined using trans-esophagus electrical stimulation of the left atrium. SVT paroxysms were provoked in 23 patients. An analysis of the esophagus electrogram recorded revealed SVT paroxysms in the presence of the latent Wolff-Parkinson White (WPW) syndrome in 12 patients, orthodromic SVT in the presence of the WPW syndrome in seven, and paroxysmal reciprocal atrioventricular node tachycardia in four patients. Paroxysms were also induced in three out of 8 patients with atrial fibrillation. Two patients displayed a fall in the ST segment. PMID- 6656081 TI - [Enhanced atrial ECG and its characteristics in atrial fibrillation]. AB - A method of recording intensified atrial ECG (IAECG) is described. A total of 150 subjects were examined by this technique including 60 with the normal sinus rhythm and 90 with atrial fibrillation. A certain homogeneity between P atrial waves and the intensified waves of atrial fibrillation was observed over time in the same patients in the presence of prominent heterogeneity of individual types of atrial fibrillation. Characteristic features of the atrial complexes revealed in patients with atrial fibrillation may be of importance for the differential diagnosis, as well as for the assessment and prediction of therapy efficacy. They also appear to be essential in solving a number of theoretical questions concerned with the genesis of both atrial fibrillation and other heart rhythm irregularities. PMID- 6656082 TI - [Evaluation of the state of cardiodynamics in patients with artificial pacemaker]. AB - Cardiodynamic parameters were studied in 23 patients with an implanted cardiostimulator both at rest and in conditions of an isometric exercise test. Three types of blood circulation were identified, namely eu-, hypo-, and hyperkinetic. The individual types of circulation were shown to be correlated with the severity of the clinical course of the underlying disease. The isometric exercise test allowed the researchers to differentiate between adequate and inadequate responses of hemodynamics in patients with an artificial pacemaker. It is concluded advisable to investigate the hemodynamic state of patients with an implanted artificial pacemaker so as to decide on any corrective measures that may be needed. PMID- 6656083 TI - [Epicardiac mapping in premature ventricular excitation syndrome. I. Method and technic of epicardiac mapping]. AB - Using specially designed electrodes, an automated system for arrhythmia diagnosis and an all-purpose programmed electrocardiostimulator, the authors succeeded in obtaining a precise real-time chart of the electrical excitation distribution on the heart surface. The system was tested during open heart surgery in patients with congenital heart disease. PMID- 6656084 TI - [Detection of arrhythmias in patients with ischemic heart disease using different methods of prolonged ECG recording on a magnetic tape]. AB - Prolonged ECG recording on magnetic tape was performed in 327 coronary patients. In 187 out of them, continuous 24-hour ECG recording (Holter's monitoring) was performed and in 178 subjects, intermittent recording (for 14 s every 15 min) was conducted over 24 hours. In 38 patients, both methods were used. Various heart rhythm irregularities were determined by these methods in 92.1 and 86.8% of the patients, respectively, with the nature and frequency of arrhythmias in both groups displaying basically the similar pattern. The employment of both methods made it possible to detect in a considerable proportion of patients cardiac rhythm disturbances which had not been elucidated in the previous clinical and ECG examinations. The method of Holter's monitoring proved to be more informative in comparison with intermittent ECG recording, i.e. it was effective in determining the precise number and duration of arrhythmia episodes occurring over the period of 24 hours. PMID- 6656085 TI - [ECG in endocardiac electric heart stimulation]. AB - An electrocardiographic study was conducted in 126 patients with endocardial electric stimulation from the right-ventricular apex. All electrocardiograms were divided in 6 groups on the basis of the vector direction of the artificial ventricular complex in the frontal aspect and the complex' morphology in right and left standard leads. The clinical value of the proposed classification of artificial ventricular complexes is discussed. PMID- 6656086 TI - [Drug treatment of heart rhythm disorders: the choice of anti-arrhythmia therapy and control of its efficacy]. PMID- 6656087 TI - [Evaluation of the hemodynamic reaction to thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery]. AB - Characteristic hemodynamic manifestations of pulmonary artery thromboembolism include a decrease in both the volume and the time of pulmonary blood flow. The reaction of the cardiac output in response to pulmonary artery thromboembolism may assume the form of three types of circulation attended by volumetric alterations. PMID- 6656088 TI - [Quantitative analysis of tissue and cellular components of the specialized internodal conductive pathways of the heart]. AB - A light-optic and electron-microscopic study of internodal specialized pathways in the rat interatrial cardiac septum is reported. The topography of conductive pathways is described. Morphometric investigation yielded comparative quantitative characteristics of tissue and cellular composition of the working and conductive septal myocardium. A single type of myocytes was demonstrated in specialized conductive pathways. The findings were compared with those obtained in other species. Principles of identification of specialized conductive pathways are discussed. PMID- 6656089 TI - [Changes in the localization of the cardiac pacemaker in the rabbit sinus node during hyperkalemia]. AB - Isolated preparations of the rabbit right atrium were studied by special techniques for changes in the localization of the cardiac pacemaker under conditions of elevated extracellular concentrations of potassium ions [K+]o. When [K+]o was 10.8 mM, the cardiac pacemaker moved from the superior to the inferior part of the sinus node (by 4-6 mm with 2-4 intermediate positions). Shifts in the position of the cardiac pacemaker were accompanied by changes in spontaneous contractions. They were also attended by changes in the pattern of the total electrogram of the preparation which was indicative of an altered electrical activation of the right atrium. It is noteworthy that these changes occurred only when the cardiac pacemaker shifted along the terminal crest. Perfusion by normal [K+]o-containing solution resulted in the migration of the pacemaker in the reversed direction, with the number of the intermediate positions rising to 3-5. The findings obtained point to a marked functional heterogeneity of the sinus node. PMID- 6656090 TI - [Pulmonary and diaphragmatic mechanics and respiratory movements in patients with heart valve disease]. AB - Pulmonary ventilation, and pulmonary and diaphragmatic mechanics were examined in 41 patients with valvular defects and circulatory insufficiency of varying severity. The hemodynamic function of the thoraco-abdominal pump mechanism was shown to be disrupted in valvular disease, resulting in reduced capacity of "sucking" blood towards the heart, and increased capacity of "pumping" it on a compensatory basis. It is concluded that insufficiency of the thoraco-abdominal pumping mechanism can contribute to the progress of hemodynamic disorders and the development of associated respiratory and circulatory disturbances. PMID- 6656091 TI - [Microcirculation and rheology of cardiovascular diseases: physiological, clinical and pharmacological aspects]. AB - Microcirculatory and rheologic disorders associated with neurocirculatory dystonia, essential hypertension and coronary disease are reported. The pathogenetic role of microcirculatory and rheologic disorders in cardiovascular diseases is outlined. The value of erythrocyte deformability for rheologic disorders is established. The efficiency of Trental treatment for coronary disease is demonstrated. PMID- 6656092 TI - [Surgical treatment of different variants of tachycardia]. AB - The paper presents a generalized experience in the surgical treatment of patients with frequent attacks of paroxysmal tachycardia associated with additional cardiac conduction pathways, that are not affected by the drug treatment. The results are described of 27 operations of destruction of anomalous cardiac conduction pathways. The use of a special ultrasound destructor permits the surgeon to perform the operation on the functioning heart, thus providing maximal radical surgery with minimal cardiac trauma and best effects. PMID- 6656093 TI - [Insensible water loss through the skin in the newborn infant]. PMID- 6656094 TI - [Optimal oxygen concentration in inspired air and the hyperoxia test in healthy newborn infants]. PMID- 6656095 TI - [Experiences with the rooming-in system in Brno]. PMID- 6656096 TI - [Suitability of mineral water for the preparation of infant food]. PMID- 6656097 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory intestinal diseases. 2. Crohn disease]. PMID- 6656098 TI - [Somatomedins--a review. 2. Age and nutrition dependence, somatomedin concentration in endocrine and non-endocrine diseases]. PMID- 6656099 TI - ["Absent" pulmonary artery--an anomaly correctible by surgery]. PMID- 6656100 TI - [Transient non-regenerative anemia of childhood: report on 3 additional cases and review of the literature]. PMID- 6656101 TI - [Postgastroenteritis syndrome, a disease entity in pediatric practice]. PMID- 6656103 TI - [Dynamics of the immunity indices of patients with acute suppurative lung damage]. PMID- 6656102 TI - [Therapeutic procedure in closed chest injury]. PMID- 6656104 TI - [Treatment of postoperative recurrences of achalasia of the cardia by pneumatic dilatation]. PMID- 6656105 TI - [Esophageal injuries]. PMID- 6656106 TI - [Rehabilitation operations in traumatic injuries of the trachea and their complications]. PMID- 6656107 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of thoracico-abdominal wounds]. PMID- 6656108 TI - [Changes in the factors of humoral nonspecific protection of the body and the enzyme activity of the pentosephosphate pathway of glucose oxidation in patients with postburn cicatricial strictures of the upper digestive system]. PMID- 6656109 TI - [Treatment of bronchial fistulae following lung resection]. PMID- 6656110 TI - [Treatment of bronchial fistulae by temporary occlusion of the bronchi]. PMID- 6656111 TI - [Repeat operations on the lungs and pleura]. PMID- 6656112 TI - [Surgical treatment of patients with a complicated course of suppurative, destructive nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 6656113 TI - [Treatment principles and procedure in suppurative mediastinitis]. PMID- 6656114 TI - [Destruction of the bed of the echinococcal lung and liver parasite using a biological glue]. PMID- 6656115 TI - [Preparation for surgery of patients with disseminated forms of chronic suppurative lung diseases]. PMID- 6656116 TI - [Late results of the surgical treatment of cardiospasm]. PMID- 6656117 TI - [Hyperinflation of the lungs and the breathing of a helium-oxygen mixture in preventing postoperative pneumonias]. PMID- 6656118 TI - [Emergency care in thoracic surgery]. PMID- 6656119 TI - [Errors in treating thoracico-abdominal wounds]. PMID- 6656120 TI - [Foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree]. PMID- 6656121 TI - [Case of a true esophageal cyst]. PMID- 6656122 TI - [Combination of extensive selective proximal vagotomy with hyperbaric oxygenation in treating duodenal peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6656123 TI - [Gastric secretory function before and in the early period after selective proximal vagotomy in duodenal ulcer patients]. PMID- 6656124 TI - [Effect of selective proximal vagotomy on the digestive and transport function of the small intestine]. PMID- 6656125 TI - [Perforation of a duodenal ulcer into the choledochus and pancreatic duct]. PMID- 6656126 TI - [Duodenal peptic ulcer complicated by mechanical jaundice]. PMID- 6656127 TI - [Intestinal obstruction in the late period after vagotomy due to gastric bezoars]. PMID- 6656128 TI - [Perforating stress ulcers after cholecystectomy]. PMID- 6656129 TI - [Obturation of the small intestine by a lump of food as a late complication of gastric resection]. PMID- 6656130 TI - [Immunoreactive gastrin and insulin content in the blood in predisposition to dumping and the dumping syndrome]. PMID- 6656131 TI - [Comparison of the effect of gastric secretion stimulation with histamine and pentagastrin in digestive organ diseases]. PMID- 6656133 TI - [Treatment method in arterial obliterating diseases of the extremities using exposure to a "traveling" alternating magnetic field]. PMID- 6656132 TI - [Clinical x-ray diagnosis of gunshot wounds of the lungs]. PMID- 6656134 TI - [New conduction block in treating patients with arterial occlusive diseases of the lower extremities]. PMID- 6656135 TI - [Anaerobic nonsporulating infection in lung and pleural diseases]. PMID- 6656136 TI - [Surgical tactics in acute postoperative pancreatitis]. PMID- 6656137 TI - [Clinical manifestations and intensive therapy of peritonitis caused by pancreonecrosis]. PMID- 6656138 TI - [Surgical tactics in suppurative complications of acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 6656139 TI - [Calcifying pancreatitis]. PMID- 6656140 TI - [Evaluation of the surgical methods of treating pancreatic cysts]. PMID- 6656141 TI - [Morpho-functional evaluation of internal drainage of experimental pancreatic pseudocysts]. PMID- 6656142 TI - [Changes in kidney function in acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 6656143 TI - [Improvement of general anesthesia and intensive care in the surgical treatment of diffuse suppurative peritonitis]. PMID- 6656144 TI - [Clinico-morphological changes in the tissues in cryodestruction of hemorrhoidal nodules]. PMID- 6656145 TI - [Catheterization of the ligamentum teres hepatis for repeated drug administration in acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 6656146 TI - [Surgical treatment of chronic post-traumatic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6656147 TI - [Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cysts]. PMID- 6656148 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cysts]. PMID- 6656150 TI - [Various aspects of the organization of ambulatory surgery]. PMID- 6656149 TI - [Availability of surgical services and their cost in municipal polyclinics]. PMID- 6656151 TI - [Training of surgeons in a district hospital]. PMID- 6656152 TI - [Acute postoperative pancreatitis]. PMID- 6656154 TI - [Rare complication of pancreatic cyst]. PMID- 6656155 TI - [Rare benign pancreatic tumors]. PMID- 6656153 TI - [Treatment of complicated variants of acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 6656156 TI - [The role of proliferation and differentiation of the ductal epithelium in the development of chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6656157 TI - [Proceedings of the 24th annual meeting of the Austrian Ophthalmological Society. Eisenstadt/Burgenland, 12-14 May 1983]. PMID- 6656158 TI - [Clinical state of the retina and macular function after surgical removal of senile cataract]. PMID- 6656159 TI - [Ultrasonic examination before cataract extraction]. PMID- 6656160 TI - [Evaluation of soft contact lenses used for correction of vision disorders]. PMID- 6656161 TI - [Acupuncture in the treatment of blepharospasm]. PMID- 6656162 TI - [Macular edema after trabeculectomy]. PMID- 6656163 TI - [Perforating sclerokeratomalacia]. PMID- 6656164 TI - [Possibility of adaptation of the Polish-produced Ultraton D-200 apparatus for ultrasonic therapy in ophthalmology]. PMID- 6656165 TI - [Electroesthesiometer of our design - its construction and function]. PMID- 6656166 TI - [Splenectomy and reimplantation of splenic tissue in children]. AB - 161 splenectomies are presented with a morbidity of 14.8% and a total mortality rate of 4.3%. The lethality rate due to severe infections (-3.9%), however, was high and mostly caused by an overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis, pneumonia or meningitis. 61.5% of the infections were caused by pneumococcus. To drop that high lethality rate after splenectomy we replanted splenic tissue in seven patients. Scintigraphic investigations showed in all cases well vascularised splenic tissue. The immunoglobulins were in a normal range. Howell-Jolly bodies, however, did not disappear in all the patients. From our study as well as from the literature one has to conclude that replanted splenic tissue requires immunologic activity but a reduced capacity for phagocytosis. Therefore, in cases of traumatic injury to the spleen it is necessary to try to preserve as much of the organ as possible either by infrared coagulation, gluing with human fibrinogen or partial splenectomy. If these procedures are impossible a replantation of--50% of the original splenic tissue should be done and several thin homogenised particles replanted intra- or retroperitoneally. Out of that a preoperative vaccination against pneumococcal infection is necessary as well as a postoperative penicillin prophylaxis for about three years. PMID- 6656167 TI - [Incidence and etiologic factors of persistent ductus arteriosus in relation to the severity of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome]. AB - Out of 332 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of RDS, 214 were mechanically ventilated more than 48 hours and 118 less than 48 hours. The incidence of a hemodynamically active persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) revealed a significant difference for both groups. (54% versus 4,2%). The distribution of PDA did not seem to correlate with birthweight but rather with the severity of RDS, defined by the duration of artificial ventilation. Between three selected groups of 214 patients with longterm ventilation (1. RDS-PDA with surgical ligation - 2. RDS PDA with spontaneous closure - 3. RDS without PDA) we found significant differences only in the values of inspiratory pressures on mechanical ventilation. No significant differences were found in the time of exposure to high levels of oxygen, the fluid balance, and the application of furosemide. PMID- 6656168 TI - [Chronic juvenile arthritis--difficult early diagnosis--differentiation of arthropathies in the patient case load of a juvenile arthritis hospital]. AB - Among 2369 children who had been admitted and treated in the Rheumatic Children's Hospital Garmisch-Partenkirchen between 1952 and 1979 under the diagnosis "juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA)" or, "collagenosis", there were 244 patients (= 10.3%) for whom in the end a different diagnosis was set. The major part of these children suffered from arthritides where there was proof of a direct or an indirect connection with bacterial infections or where there existed a corresponding suspected diagnosis (altogether 162 out of these 244 children, = 66.4%). The remaining 82 cases differentiated into 26 further diagnoses with various frequencies. Our examinations show that six criteria are found relatively frequently in arthropathies not caused by juvenile chronic arthritis. These require special consideration in the differential diagnosis: oligoarthritic onset of the disease, high fever - especially septic intermittent fever, erythema nodosum, endomyocarditis, no (or only very slight) functional resp. morphological changes of the joints. PMID- 6656169 TI - [Advantages of hyposensitization with a high dose of allergoid in pollen allergy]. AB - Grass and rye pollen sensitive children were hyposensitized with glutaraldehyde modified, tyrosine-adsorbed grass and rye allergoid. We evaluated the clinical efficacy and immunological changes associated with the administration of 3100 NOON-Units (NU) with 3 injections in 15 patients (group A) and 9100 NU with 6 injections in 13 patients (group B) preseasonally. No systemic side effects during therapy were observed. In patient's assessments, a clinical improvement was reported; however, group B achieved better symptom and medication scores. The latter group obtained slightly higher specific IgG levels than group A after two seasons of treatment, whereas the co-seasonal increase of specific IgE was higher in group A. Hyposensitization with grass and rye allergoid is a safe therapy, a better clinical and immunological effect being observed in a high dose regimen. PMID- 6656170 TI - [Plasma separation as an effective treatment of glomerulonephritis in lupus erythematosus]. AB - Positive anti-DNA-antibodies and lowered C3 and C4 levels were found in serum of a 13 year old girl presenting with edema, microscopic hematuria and proteinuria. Renal biopsy revealed diffuse endo- and extracapillary glomerulonephritis with mesangial deposits of IgA, IgG, IgM, C1q, C3 and fibrinogen. In spite of treatment with prednisone (60 mg/m2/d) severe nephrotic syndrome (proteinuria greater than 20/d) developed with excessive hypertension and deterioration of renal function (GFR: 20 ml/min./1,73m2 BSA). Plasma exchange therapy (3 sessions) led to recovery of renal function, blood pressure and complement activity and to a reduction of anti-DNA-antibodies and protein excretion. PMID- 6656171 TI - [Gonadal dysgenesis--possible variation of clinical, hormonal, cytogenetic and histologic findings]. AB - Errors of gonadal differentiation are influencing the sex differentiation on the whole in man. Since the methods in clinical cytogenetics improved, an exact chromosome investigation became possible, which enables the necessary therapy, the appropriate medical and psychological care, and the genetic counselling. Regarding our own observations, general surveys on the frequencies of the different syndromes and on the occurrence of the single clinical symptoms are given. PMID- 6656172 TI - [Myasthenia gravis following lupus erythematosus disseminatus]. AB - Report on a 15 1/4 year old girl who developed Lupus erythematodes disseminatus when she was 9 years old. Four years later Myasthenia gravis occurred leading to myasthenic crisis in her 16th year of life. The special course of the disease and the diagnostic of Myasthenia gravis are discussed. PMID- 6656173 TI - [False diagnosis of para-esophageal hernia--a case report]. AB - Circular foci with a fluid accumulation in the lower right thorax, seen paracardially on a-p films, are primarily indicative of a pulmonary cyst or pulmonary abscess, especially if - as in the case described in this paper - the patient suffers from repeated attacks of coughing accompanied by fever. However, when associated with recurrent vomiting and poor growth in children, the very rare right paraesophageal hernia may be the cause. PMID- 6656174 TI - Elimination kinetics of plasma exchange. AB - Interest in the therapeutic use of plasma exchange for various diseases is growing. The two different effects of plasma exchange are elimination and activation. The kinetics are linear for elimination by plasma exchange, but not for activation. Plasma exchange is performed intermittently and can be described by intermittent kinetics. According to intermittent kinetics, plasma exchange removes 50% to 75% of a substance in plasma within 1-2 h, corresponding to an elimination half-life of 30-40 min. Hybrid kinetics, a mixture of actually intermittent but theoretically continuous elimination by plasma exchange, can however also be applied. Hybrid kinetics are more convenient and more reliable than intermittent kinetics. This is because hybrid kinetics are based solely on the concentrations before each plasma exchange; hybrid kinetics also reflect removal from the entire body and not just from the plasma compartment. According to hybrid kinetics, the amount of a substance in the body removed within 3-4 days is 50% of the difference between the initial and the final plasma concentration, depending on the intensity of plasma exchange. The intensity may well contribute at least in part to the beneficial effect of plasma exchange in various diseases. PMID- 6656175 TI - [Extracardiac atherosclerosis in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia]. AB - Among 64 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FHC) confirmed by tissue culture of skin fibroblasts (3 homozygotes, 9 heterozygotes) 12 (3 homozygotes, 9 heterozygotes) had signs of atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries and of the peripheral arteries (extracardiac vasculature). 8 heterozygotes as well as the three homozygotes had coronary atherosclerosis. Three of the 12 patients with carotid artery disease suffered from clinical symptoms of cerebrovascular insufficiency. Only five patients with heterozygous FHC had symptomatic peripheral artery disease though 10 including the three homozygotes had signs of atherosclerosis of the abdominal aorta and its peripheral branches. It is concluded that patients with FHC develop generalized atherosclerosis but not always symptoms of peripheral artery disease. Risk factors other than hypercholesterolemia do not seem to contribute essentially to the development of atherosclerosis. It seems important to evaluate patients with FHC regularly for atherosclerosis of the carotid arteries which might be recognized earlier than coronary atherosclerosis. PMID- 6656176 TI - [Individual heparin and protamine dosage in heart surgery]. AB - Several methods of heparin administration before and heparin neutralization after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have been proposed, based on individual dose response curves of the activated clotting time (ACT). We investigated the use of a regression line, established from simultaneous double determinations of the ACT before and after serial doses of heparin (240 and 360 IU/kg), calculated by computer to determine the doses of heparin and protamine needed. Administration of protamine doses calculated from ACT measurements at termination of CPB in 31 patients resulted in ACT measurements which were not significantly different from pre-heparin levels, however. ACT values after 360 IU/kg heparin varied widely. Among 351 patients studied 62.9% had ACT values greater than 450 s, 27,9% had ACT values between 450 and 350 s, and 9.1% had ACT values less than 350 s. Our studies produced an interesting finding. Mean ACT values of women after both doses of heparin were significantly smaller (p less than 0.0000) (359.7 +/- 6 s, n = 144 and 452.4 +/- 9 s, n = 160) than those of men (393.8 +/- 3.7 s, n = 501 and 501.0 +/- 5.1 s, n = 549). PMID- 6656178 TI - Effect of pentoxifylline on sickle cell thalassaemia: haemorheological and clinical results. AB - The effect of pentoxifylline on the deformability of red cells in sickle cell thalassaemia was investigated. The fluidity of the blood in sickle cell thalassaemia is disturbed and is accompanied by violent pains and irreversible tissue damage caused by capillary occlusions. After treating a 15-years-old female patient with pentoxifylline (2 g orally each day), the fluidity of the blood improved distinctly, and this correlated with a condition free of clinical symptoms. Erythrocyte filtration by Nuclepore filter increased significantly over the 6-month examination period (initial value: V rel = 0.068 +/- 0.008; after 6 months medication: 0.246 +/- 0.030). In addition, in the single-pore erythrocyte rigidometer (SER) a significantly improved passage time of individual erythrocytes could be demonstrated (initial value: 62.43 +/- 15.72 ms; after 4 weeks medication: 28.13 +/- 7.0 ms). The hitherto high number of rheological occlusions in the SER (48 +/- 30.9 from 200 individual passages) almost completely disappeared after treatment (1.7 +/- 1.2). PMID- 6656177 TI - [Behavior of serum creatine kinase in muscle soreness]. AB - Muscle soreness in arms and thighs was induced on eight test persons by standardized dynamic work. The course of muscle soreness was controlled daily on the basis of the following parameters: intensity of muscle pain, isometric maximum strength, and creatine kinase concentration in the serum. The mean reaction of muscle pain, isometric maximum strength, and creatine kinase correlated closely with each other, whereby the creatine kinase showed a phase lag of 1-2 days. The maximum rise of the creatine kinase reached in particular cases a multiple of the rates characteristic for physical training without subsequent muscle soreness. PMID- 6656179 TI - [Arthropathy in idiopathic hemochromatosis]. AB - In 22 of 35 patients (63%) with idiopathic hemochromatosis arthropathy could be demonstrated. In 20 patients the metacarpophalangeal joints (mainly II and III) with preference of the right hand were affected. Chondrocalcinosis of the wrist and knee was found both in two patients with metacarpophalangeal joint disease and in two patients without metacarpophalangeal disease. Further joints affected were the wrists (14), the other finger joints (11), and the knees (6). The dominant clinical complaint was pain in motion. Swelling and redness were rare findings only in case of acute exacerbations. The radiologic changes in the metacarpophalangeal joints were narrowing of the joint spaces, subchondral cysts, sclerosis of subchondral bone of metacarpal heads, and marginal osteophytic appositions at the joints. In one third of the patients arthropathy was evident before the diagnosis of idiopathic hemochromatosis was made. Histocompatibility testing confirmed that HLA-A3 is significantly more frequent in patients with idiopathic hemochromatosis than in normal persons. A statistically significant difference concerning HLA-phenotypes between patients with arthropathy and patients without arthropathy could not be detected. There was no case of arthropathy when 98 relatives of the patients were examined. However, idiopathic hemochromatosis was first detected in ten persons of this group. PMID- 6656180 TI - [Water intake at high altitudes]. AB - The paper presents data on the water balance, factors responsible for water requirements and methods of maintaining optimum water balance in humans at high altitudes. PMID- 6656181 TI - [Mental status and work capacity of crewmen at the Salute-6 space flight base]. AB - The psychic status and work capacity of prime crewmembers of missions 1 and 5 onboard Salyut-6 were investigated, using objective (scope, time and quality of the work performed) and subjective (fatigue, mood variation, complaints) parameters. Based on these parameters, it was possible to identify several stages in the dynamics of the psychic status and work capacity: stage of acute adaptation, stage of complete compensation (2-3 or 4 months), stage of incomplete compensation (3 or 4-5 months), and stage of final "breakaway" (last month). These stages reflect the process of psychic and professional adaptation to space flight. The process of adaptation is strongly affected by the rational work-rest cycle, in which the sleep period coincides with that associated with Moscow time, and events of psychological support. The results show that crewmembers may well adapt and work in space flight for a long time. PMID- 6656182 TI - [Changes in several indicators of blood rheology in experiments simulating weightlessness]. AB - Changes in blood rheological parameters of 21 male volunteers, aged 25-37 years, were studied. The test subjects were subdivided into three groups. Nine subjects of Group 1 were exposed to head-down tilting (-8 degrees) for 14 days, six subjects of Group 2 were exposed to 7-day continuous immersion, and six subjects of Group 3 to intermittent immersion. During head-down tilting the apparent viscosity and hematocrit and then caisson viscosity increased. By day 7 the coefficient of red blood cell aggregation decreased significantly. These changes persisted till the end of the tilt study. The above rheological parameters returned to normal three days after the exposure. During continuous immersion the apparent viscosity showed the largest changes. Other specific changes included a moderate decrease of hematocrit, lack of significant changes in the yield limit of blood and a tendency towards an increase in the erythrocyte aggregation coefficient. Three days after the exposure the blood viscosity was much higher than before the study. During intermittent immersion rheological changes were induced by the first 36-hour exposure when shifts in blood viscosity and other parameters were most significant. It should be noted that following this exposure 72 hours of normal motor activity did not result in the normalization of the above rheological parameters. PMID- 6656183 TI - [The antigravity suit, chamberless type, as a means of increasing orthostatic tolerance after water immersion hypokinesis and acceleration]. AB - Orthostatic tolerance after 7-day dry immersion and head-to-feet acceleration was investigated on test subjects with and without an antigravity suit of bladderless type. With the suit on, the 20 min tilt test at 70 degrees prior to immersion induced less marked changes than without the suit. When the suit was on, cardiovascular reactions to tilt tests after immersion and acceleration improved. The maximum heart rate decreased from 135 +/- 4 to 101 +/- 5 beats/min (p less than 0.01), minimum stroke volume increased from 29 +/- 2 to 41 +/- 3 ml (p less than 0.05), and pulse pressure grew. Thus, an antigravity suit may help increase initial orthostatic tolerance and maintain it after the combined effect of simulated hypogravity and acceleration. PMID- 6656184 TI - [Effects of sidnocarb on hemodynamics and blood redistribution during functional tests after 6-hour antiorthostatic hypokinesis]. AB - Man's orthostatic tolerance and physical work capacity declined in response to 6 hour head-down tilt at -15 degrees. During tilt tests heart rate increased, blood pressure fell, and blood pooling in the upper body decreased. During exercise tests the circulating blood volume, total amount of the work performed, and consumed oxygen decreased. Sydnocarb given at a dose of 25 mg during head-down tilt did not influence the circulating blood volume and oxygen consumption. All other parameters varied approaching the pretest values. PMID- 6656185 TI - [Closing volume of the respiratory airways and total lung capacity during 7-day antiorthostatic hypokinesis]. AB - By mass spectrography and pneumotachography structural variations in total lung capacity (TLC) were investigated in 7 test subjects during 7-day head-down tilt at -15 degrees. By the 7th hour of head-down tilt TLC, vital lung capacity (VLC), functional residual capacity (FRC) and residual volume (RV) decreased significantly and closing volume (CV) increased insignificantly. The CV/FRC ratio grew from 0.82 +/- 0.03 to 1.24 +/- 0.08 (P less than 0.01), indicating the closure of respiratory pathways in certain lung structures within the tidal volume. These changes in the TLC structure persisted till day 7 but the CV/FRC ratio fell down to 1.01 +/- 0.07. The above findings can clarify the mechanism responsible for a lower oxygenation of arterial blood in the head-down position. The expiratory closure of the airways within the tidal volume causes regional changes in alveolar ventilation and ventilation-perfusion relations and, consequently, a larger venous admixture and a smaller oxygen saturation of arterial blood. PMID- 6656186 TI - [Achievements of aviation medicine--practical implications]. PMID- 6656187 TI - [Evaluation of the morphological status of the blood in humans during an exercise test in a hermetic chamber with various concentrations of ammonia]. AB - Test subjects were kept in an enclosure for 17-31 days. The ammonia concentration was maintained at 5.0 +/- 0.1 and 2.1 +/- 0.1 mg/m3 and elevated to 9.8 +/- 0.1 mg/m3 for a short period of time. Following each exercise test on a bicycle ergometer (at 50 and 75% VO2max) performed during this exposure the count of formed elements (leucocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and platelets) increased as compared to the pretest level. The changes of most formed elements were within physiological variations. The exception was leucocytes, neutrophils, particularly rod neutrophils, and monocytes whose content was higher than normal at certain stages. PMID- 6656188 TI - [Metabolic disorders in men kept in an environment with a low ammonia content and their correction by physical exercise]. AB - In two series of prolonged studies metabolic changes of men kept in an environment with an ammonia concentration of 2 and 5 mg/m3 were investigated. In this chronic study the following changes were seen: acetone in the exhaled air increased; glycolysis and lactate dehydrogenase enhanced; catalase decreased; changes of acid-base equilibrium manifested as metabolic acidosis of varying degree. The use of exercises of different workloads showed that those at 50% VO2max were most beneficial. PMID- 6656189 TI - [Metabolism and nutritional status in plane crash situations without food reserves or with low-calorie rations]. AB - The comparative study of the metabolism and nutritional status of test subjects who 3-5 days were in a contingency situation with no or low-caloric (300 g chocolate) food available demonstrated the advantage of even this inadequate diet as compared to no food. PMID- 6656190 TI - [Periodic effects of 5 g acceleration on the kinetics of erythrocyte hemolysis in white rats]. AB - The effect of daily acceleration of 5 G applied for 25 min on the kinetic parameters of erythrocyte hemolysis was studied on 30 white Wistar rats. The animals were accelerated in a centrifuge with a 3.25 m rotor for two weeks. Hemolysis was recorded in a modified device that permitted phase analysis of the resultant curves. The selected kinetic parameters varied in a different degree and recovered during readaptation in a nonuniform manner. This is associated with various changes in different components of the regulation of erythrocyte hemolytic resistance. PMID- 6656191 TI - [Neuron-vascular connections in the superior geniculate body and anterior bigeminal body of cats after acceleration]. AB - Thirty-nine cats were exposed to acceleration of 10 g for one or several days. Their neuronal-vascular relations in the subcortical optic centers were investigated using ink-gelatin injections and Nissl's method. During one-day back to-chest, chest-to-back and head-to-feet acceleration and many-day head-to-feet and chest-to-back acceleration neuronal-vascular relations decreased, whereas during one-day feet-to-head and many-day, chest-to-back and feet-to-head acceleration they increased. During one-day centrifugation edematous neurons and during many-day centrifugation swollen neurons may occur. PMID- 6656192 TI - [Resonance frequencies of vibration in rats]. AB - Using piezoelectric transducers, resonance frequencies of different body parts of rats exposed to whole-body vertical vibration were measured. The exposure was as follows: acceleration--8 m/sec2, head--75-80 Hz, chest 225-230 Hz, and abdomen- 27-29 Hz. An attempt was made to determine roughly an interspecies (man-rat) coefficient with respect to resonance frequencies which was estimated to be 0.2 0.25. PMID- 6656193 TI - [Comparative characteristics of erythron reaction to the effects of hypoxic hypoxia, immobilization and constant high-intensity magnetic field]. AB - The comparative study of the effects of hypoxic hypoxia, immobilization and a constant magnetic field of high-strength (80 and 240 kA/m) has shown that the latter exerts an erythropoiesis-stimulating effect in rats. This manifests as an increase in the absolute count of reticulocytes in blood and in the count of erythroid cells in bone marrow 72 hours after the 4-hour exposure to a constant magnetic field. PMID- 6656194 TI - [Diagnosis of latent atherosclerotic stenosing lesions of large cerebral blood vessels in the flight personnel]. AB - In order to detect stenotic lesions of cerebral large vessels, 207 subjects, primarily pilots, were examined by ultrasonic Dopplerography. The first group with cerebral atherosclerosis at stage 1 included 90 pilots; 20 of them (22%) showed signs of stenotic lesions of the carotid and spinal arteries. The second group with cerebral atherosclerosis at stage II-III included 117 subjects; 14 of them exhibited interior carotid artery occlusion and 49 stenosis of one or several large vessels. Using clinical data, it was concluded that latent stenosis of cerebral large vessels are frequent in crew-members even at early stages of cerebral atherosclerosis and, therefore, may be risky for flight safety. Ultrasonic Dopplerography, being a fairly simple and accurate technique to detect stenotic vessels, is recommended for large-scale examinations of the flying personnel with cerebral atherosclerosis. PMID- 6656195 TI - [Bioecholocation method used in the study of intracranial blood-cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in humans]. PMID- 6656196 TI - [Experimental biped monkeys as a model for multi-purpose studies in the field of gravitational biology and physiology]. PMID- 6656197 TI - Peanut lectin-binding sites in polyps of the colon and rectum. Adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, and adenomas with in situ carcinoma. AB - Peanut lectin (PNA) has a specificity for the disaccharide beta-D-Gal-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNac which is the purported antigenic determinant for the T blood group antigen (TAg). This TAg is considered the immediate precursor of the MN blood group substance. In normal colonic epithelium, PNA binds to the supranuclear (stalk) portion of epithelial cells. This corresponds to the detection of beta DGal-(1 leads to 3)-D-GalNac in nascent oligosaccharide chains in the Golgi cisternae prior to addition of terminal sialic acid. Colonic carcinomas bind PNA in the "region" of the glycocalyx or in the apical portion of the cell, which represents incomplete glycoprotein synthesis. Eighty-two percent of tubular adenomas, 80% of villous adenomas, and 91% of adenomas with in situ cancer expressed PNA in a supranuclear distribution, reminiscent of normal colonic epithelium. This stalk distribution was seen in goblet cells. Twenty-five percent of tubular adenomas, 43% of villous adenomas and 60% of adenomas with in situ cancer (adenoma portion) expressed PNA in an apical cytoplasmic and/or glycocalyx pattern among nonmucinous columnar cells. In 80% of the cases, the in situ cancer itself expressed PNA in an apical cytoplasmic and/or glycocalyx pattern. Fetal and most colon cancer cells fail to produce mucin goblets and make incomplete glycoproteins. The cytologic localization of TAg by PNA corresponds to the cells' ability to produce mucin goblets. Most adenomas consist of goblet cells, localize TAg to the stalk, and probably make complete MN glycoprotein as does normal colonic epithelium. However, in adenomas, nonmucinous columnar cells localize TAg to the apical cytoplasm and/or glycocalyx region and represent incomplete blood group glycoprotein synthesis. PMID- 6656199 TI - Organelle-specific injury to melanin-containing cells in human skin by pulsed laser irradiation. AB - Physical models predict that ultraviolet laser radiation of appropriately brief pulses can selectively alter melanin-containing cellular targets in human skin. We exposed skin of normal human volunteers to brief (20 nanosecond) 351-nm wave length pulses from a XeF excimer laser, predicting that those cells containing the greatest quantities of melanized melanosomes (lower half of the epidermis) would be selectively damaged. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the earliest cellular alteration to be immediate disruption of melanosomes, both within melanocytes and basal keratinocytes. This disruption was dose dependent and culminated in striking degenerative changes in these cells. Superficial keratinocytes and Langerhans cells were not affected. We conclude that the XeF excimer laser is capable of organelle-specific injury to melanosomes. These findings may have important clinical implications in the treatment of both benign and malignant pigmented lesions by laser radiations of defined wave lengths and pulse durations. PMID- 6656198 TI - Charge-related alterations of the cerebral endothelium. AB - In a short-term rat brain perfusion model, the luminal surface of cerebral endothelium was exposed to the following solutions: (a) the polycation protamine sulfate (PS) in a dose of 50, 100, and 500 micrograms/ml for 1 or 2 minutes; (b) PS in a dose of 100 micrograms/ml (or 500 micrograms/ml) for 1 or 2 minutes followed by the polyanion heparin in an equivalent dose of 12 units/ml (or 60 units/ml) for 1 or 2 minutes; (c) heparin alone for 1 or 2 minutes, and (d) Krebs Ringer-bicarbonate solution as control for 1, 2, or 4 minutes. We studied in the cerebral endothelium: (a) structural alterations by electron microscopy, (b) permeability changes to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by light and electron microscopy, and (c) charge alterations of luminal surface visualized with colloidal iron at pH 1.8 by electron microscopy. We found that: (a) PS resulted in extravasation of HRP throughout the perfused hemispheres in a time- and dose dependent fashion. In this experimental group, colloidal iron binding decreased on the luminal surface of the cerebral blood vessels; (b) heparin perfusion following PS reversed the colloidal iron staining but failed to prevent the blood barrier opening to HRP; (c) heparin perfused alone also induced extravasation of HRP in the treated brain hemispheres; (d) in Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate-perfused control brains extravasation of HRP was encountered only in occasional vascular segments. In all brain hemispheres showing tracer extravasation, electron microscopy revealed HRP reaction product in compartments of endothelial tight junctions suggesting opening of interendothelial routes as the structural basis of blood-brain barrier opening. Endothelial cell death reflected by swelling and influx of HRP into endothelial cytoplasm in PS- and/or heparin-perfused hemispheres was probably an additional mechanism explaining tracer extravasation into the neuropil. Our results indicate a correlation between the effect of polycation PS and a decrease in the anionic sites of cerebral endothelium. The relationship between charge alteration and barrier opening in the short-term rat brain perfusion model is not clear. PMID- 6656200 TI - Pathogenesis of neurovirulent influenza A virus infection in mice. Route of entry of virus into brain determines infection of different populations of cells. AB - Coinfection of a cell culture with a human and avian influenza A virus had yielded a recombinant virus with high neurovirulence for mice. This study reports on the comparative pathogenesis of central nervous system infection in mice between the parental human and the recombinant virus using the immunohistologic peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and virus assay of tissue suspensions. The human virus replicated poorly in mice and did not replicate in the brain even after intracerebral inoculation. In contrast, the recombinant virus replicated to high titer in the lung and brain with resulting viremia after inoculation of young mice by the intracerebral, intraperitoneal, or intranasal routes. Different populations of cells in the brain became infected after inoculation by each of the three routes: choroid plexus, and ependymal and subependymal cells after intracerebral inoculation; cells in perivenous areas, neurons in the olfactory bulbs and trigeminal ganglia and nuclear groups in the brainstem and midbrain after intranasal inoculation. Intraperitoneal inoculation resulted almost exclusively in the perivenous spread of the virus. The intranasal inoculation suggested that virus entry into the brain both by spread along nerve cell processes from the nasal mucosa to the brain and trigeminal ganglia and subsequent perivenous spread after viremia developed following virus replication in the lung. To dissect these two mechanisms we inoculated neonatal mice that had acquired high levels of serum antibody by nursing from actively immunized mothers. Intraperitoneal inoculation of these mice failed to cause infection, whereas intranasal inoculation resulted in the same pattern of cellular spread through the olfactory and trigeminal pathways as noted previously. This proved that this recombinant influenza virus could invade the central nervous system after infection via a natural route of infection. This highly neuroinvasive agent provides one example of the extent of virulence which can be acquired by recombination of apathogenic influenza viruses and raises a note of caution for adequate control of those agents generated in the laboratory. PMID- 6656201 TI - Spatial dispersion of foam cells in the human thoracic aorta. AB - The lateral walls of the thoracic aorta in the human have a valuable property that permits useful studies of atherogenesis. Each of the points in the sample is similar to all other points, and, therefore, a collection of such points can be treated as a random sample from a defined population. Lateral walls of 215 aortas from subjects of ages 15 to 69 years were sectioned in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. These were evaluated at 40 anatomically defined sites, 20 on the left and 20 on the right. Presence or absence of atheronecrosis was noted. In the absence of necrosis, each 100-microns thick layer of intima was assessed for presence or absence of foam cell infiltration. In the presence of necrosis, the fibrous cap was assessed. The prevalence of foam cell infiltrates was strongly associated with intimal thickness, with depth within the intima, and with the presence of atheronecrosis. The association was alike in all 10-year age groups from 30 to 69 years, indicating the existence of a steady state in which intimal thickness determines the prevalence of foam cells without regard to age. Infiltrates were greatest at intimal thicknesses of 400 to 600 microns and were scarce at distances greater than 300 microns from the endothelium. In the absence of atheronecrosis, foam cells were found abundantly in the surface layers of the more thickened regions of intima. The deeper layers acquired that characteristic after the onset of atheronecrosis. An explanation for these findings is not immediately apparent. The focal character of atheronecrosis and of foam cell infiltrates demands that evaluation of a specimen for these features must use a large sample of tissue. Combining left and right thoracic aorta into strips of tissue of 22 to 30 cm total length yields estimates of foam cell involvement which have disappointingly large confidence intervals. Thus, the observed condition of a specimen evaluated at autopsy may be strongly influenced by random sampling variation. PMID- 6656202 TI - Methods in laboratory investigation. Autoradiographic demonstration of the specific binding and nuclear localization of 3H-dexamethasone in adult mouse lung. AB - This report describes the first autoradiographic demonstration of specific nuclear localization of 3H-dexamethasone in different cell types of the lung. Adult mouse lung tissue was incubated in vitro for 90 minutes with 17 nM 3H dexamethasone in the presence or absence of various nonradioactive steroids. After extensive washing to remove any nonspecifically bound ligand, the specimens were processed for autoradiography using the thaw-mount method. In the absence of competing steroids, silver grains were localized in the nuclei of alveolar type II cells, bronchiolar and arteriolar smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells of the pulmonary vasculature. No significant nuclear concentration of label was observed in the bronchiolar epithelium, however. The specificity of 3H-dexamethasone labeling was demonstrated by incubating 17 nM 3H dexamethasone with a 600-fold excess of either unlabeled dexamethasone, estrogen, dihydrotestosterone, or progesterone. These autoradiographic binding and steroid competition studies were confirmed by quantifying with liquid scintillation counting the specific 3H-dexamethasone binding in nuclear and cytosolic fractions prepared from lung tissues that had undergone identical incubation and washing procedures as those for autoradiography. These results demonstrate that many cell types in adult lung are targets for glucocorticoids and may respond to physiologic concentrations of this hormone. PMID- 6656203 TI - Variations in clinical and histopathological classification of leprosy--a report and a plausible explanation. AB - Biopsies of macular hypopigmented lesions, in twenty one untreated cases, representing the whole spectrum of leprosy, revealed a high incidence of disagreement between clinical and histopathological classification. It was not observed in macular tuberculoid and indeterminate cases but was seen in borderline and lepromatous leprosy, with highest incidence in borderline leprosy. This has been explained on the basis of complex nervous system with a mosaic of anatomical and physiological subunits, modulating different types of responses including inflammation, through release of peptides and/or enzymes at the nerve endings in the peripheral tissues including skin. PMID- 6656204 TI - Foot drop, mimicking neuritic leprosy induced by a Baker's cyst. AB - A Baker's cyst of the left knee joint induced foot drop insidiously in a male, Hindu, aged 25 years. On clinical suspicion, that this malady was caused by neuritic type of leprosy, he was administered antileprosy drugs for 6 months without any benefit. On exploration a globular cystic mass, containing gelatinous fluid, was seen to be pressing over the left lateral popliteal nerve. Following removal of this mass, which on histology confirmed to be a Baker's cyst, foot drop and associated motor power impairment disappeared. This case thus highlights the importance of an early exploration and histological diagnosis of a suspected case of neuritic leprosy inducing foot drop and progressively deteriorating, inspite of regular antileprosy therapy. PMID- 6656205 TI - Splinting of the hand in leprosy. AB - Clawing of the hand in Leprosy, which is caused due to paralysis of intrinsics can often be prevented and corrected to some extent if looked in properly. Splints can contribute a lot to this. This article emphasizes the use of variety of splints prepared from alumafoam, hexcelplast and such other materials, as an adjunct to other physiotherapy measures like wax-bath, massage and exercises. PMID- 6656206 TI - Field application of combined therapy for infectious leprosy cases. A feasibility study in Bombay. AB - The practical problems related to dapsone monotherapy for a prolonged period to infectious leprosy patients are well known to the scientific community and combined treatment of dapsone with clofazimine, rifampicin or prothionamide has been successfully carried out by several workers in hospitalised leprosy patients. The application of polytherapy in field condition was hindered by the cost of the drugs and fear of side effects. 42 infectious leprosy patients attending 5 field leprosy clinics in the slums of Bombay city were put on combined drug schedule. The drug compliance of these patients was judged along with their regularity in attendance at clinics by the persons in charge and periodic and frequent check up of urines. 27 (65%) were regular in treatment from the beginning, 8(19%) who were initially irregular after motivation and 7(17%) remained irregular through out the period. The urine samples collected from leprosy patients on monotherapy and attending the same centres revealed 31% irregularity in drug consumption. The study indicates that advocating combined therapy in field conditions by paramedical workers is quite feasible. The patients on multiple drugs are more regular in drug consumption as compared to monotherapy group. The frequent check up of urine for drug content and advice to patients who are irregular in treatment improve their regularity in drug consumption. PMID- 6656208 TI - Eradication of leprosy in China today. PMID- 6656207 TI - Does isopathic phenomenon occur in leprosy? AB - Twenty-five patients of leprosy classified according to the criteria of Ridley and Jopling (1966) were studied to verify the existence of isopathic phenomenon, using lepromin and autoclaved BCG as antigens. BCG as well as lepromin injection sites showed tuberculoid granulomas in all the cases of tuberculoid, borderline tuberculoid, mid-borderline and indeterminate leprosy. In lepromatous and borderline lepromatous cases BCG injection sites showed infiltration of foam cells containing AFB and foci of epithelioid cells, while lepromin injection sites showed infiltration of foam cells containing AFB only. These findings in the present study do not support the occurrence of isopathic phenomenon in leprosy with BCG. PMID- 6656209 TI - Operational study to monitor the regularity of dapsone intake by leprosy out patients. AB - 319 leprosy patients, attending our Mobile Treatment Unit, were monitored for their regularity of dapsone intake by (1) Physical verification of DDS tablets; and (2) Spot test, in the field. The consistency in regularity of DDS intake by these patients, was monitored at two more occasions at the interval of about two months. Only 36% patients were regular in attending the clinics. On an average one patient would miss about one third of the clinics in a year. The number of patients taking regular treatment increased from 62% (I round) to 79% (in III round). Approximately 10% patients collected DDS tablets from clinic but never ingested them; and 3% to 7% patients removed Dapsone tablets regularly but ingested none of it, as indicated by negative spot tests. The spot test was found to be positive in about 86% patients, and had a very good correlation (98%) with DDS/Cr. ratio. Both the methods of monitoring were found to be operationally very feasible and reliable under field conditions, hence can be used together to monitor the dapsone intake by leprosy patients, in National Leprosy Control Programme. PMID- 6656210 TI - A comparison of screening tests for dapsone in urine. AB - The comparative merits and limitations of three qualitative tests for Dapsone screening in urine viz. the 'Spot-Test' using modified Ehrlich's reagent, 'Tile Test' employing Bratton-Marshall reagents, and the 'Elisa-Test' were assessed with regard to their sensitivity and operational feasibility. Investigations were carried out on a total of 716 urine specimens of which 268 specimens were collected during surprise visits paid to the patients homes. The others were specimens collected from patients at different time intervals following the administration of 25, 50 and 100 mg of dapsone. The findings were evaluated against their corresponding ratios of the urinary concentrations of Dapsone and its diazotisable metabolites to creatinine. A good correlation was found between the three qualitative tests in general and also in relation to the DDS/C ratios. Operational feasibility under field conditions for spot and tile tests are discussed. PMID- 6656211 TI - The results of lumbrical replacement by extensor to flexor many tail operation--a retrospective study. AB - A follow-up study was carried out on sixty one (61) leprosy patients who had extensor to Flexor Many tail surgery at Schieffelin Leprosy Research and Training Centre, Karigiri from 1975 to 1976. After analysing the data, it was noticed that the amount of clawing reduced considerably. Secondly the over all assessment was good for 70% of the hands. But the deformities such as intrinsic plus, deviation of fingers, M.P. extension, Limitation, I.P. Flexion Limitation and loss of fingers showed an increase in number post-operatively when compared to the pre operative deformities. The reasons for these effects are discussed in this paper. PMID- 6656212 TI - Oral zinc in recurrent Erythema Nodosum Leprosum reaction. AB - Oral zinc sulfate was tried in Eight cases of recurrent Erythema Nodosum Leprosum. To control ENL, they required high dosage of clofazimine and steroids for prolonged periods. After instituting oral zinc, the dose of clofazimine could be reduced to 100 mg twice a week and steroids could be withdrawn completely. Four out of five patients who were not tolerating dapsone earlier, started tolerating dapsone. Incidence and severity of subsequent ENL was also reduced. PMID- 6656213 TI - A study of medico-social problems of the inmates of a leprosy colony in Mysore. AB - A study of the inmates of a leprosy colony in Mysore revealed that there were more male cases and that the deformities were also more common among the male patients. There was no cases among inmates below 20 years of age group 31-50 years. 93.2% of the inmates were illiterate and 96.6% of the patients were ignorant of the cause, spread, prognosis of the disease and prevention of disabilities. This indicated an urgent need of health education among the leprosy patients and their families. All the inmates, including the apparently healthy relatives reported loss of income due to disease and disabilities. Rehabilitation of the inmates by raising poultry, breeding sheep and sericulture activities must be encouraged. PMID- 6656214 TI - Haptoglobulin phenotypes in leprosy. AB - Haptoglobulin phenotyping was carried out in fifty controls and in thirty five leprosy patients. In controls the incidence Hp phenotypes 2-2, 2-1 and 2-1 (Mod) is 76%, 16% and 8% respectively. In leprosy patients, the incidence of phenotypes 2-2, 2-1, 1-1 and 0-0 is 77%, 11%, 3% and 9% respectively. The incidence of phenotype 2-2, 1-1 and 0-0 is more in leprosy patients than in controls and is significant (p less than 0.05). In none of the leprosy patients phenotype 2-1 (Mod) was recorded. PMID- 6656215 TI - Side effects of rifampicin. PMID- 6656216 TI - Social psychology in South Africa. PMID- 6656217 TI - Traditional Zulu theories of illness in psychiatric patients. PMID- 6656218 TI - Household crowding and psychological well-being in a South African coloured community. PMID- 6656219 TI - Unplanned pregnancies among urban Zulu schoolchildren: a summary of the salient results from a preliminary investigation. PMID- 6656220 TI - Behavior and competence in the second year of life. PMID- 6656221 TI - Physiological and pharmacological tests in the electrocardiographic investigation of athletes: a modern approach to an old problem. PMID- 6656222 TI - The effects of vitamin C on maximum grip strength and muscular endurance. PMID- 6656223 TI - Relationship among carbohydrate loading, elevated thiamine intake cardiovascular endurance of conditioned mice. PMID- 6656224 TI - Marathon swimmers: physiologic characteristics. PMID- 6656225 TI - Selected physiological and psychological effects of aerobic dancing among young adult women. PMID- 6656226 TI - Task specificity in the relationship of predicted VO2max and run performance. PMID- 6656227 TI - The effects of an individualized physical education program on body composition and cardiovascular endurance of college students. PMID- 6656229 TI - An evaluation of intertester variability in anthropometry and body composition assessment. PMID- 6656228 TI - Physiological effects of swim team training. PMID- 6656230 TI - Somatotype of Indian long distance (74 km and 19 km) swimmers of both sexes. PMID- 6656231 TI - The 1 mile and 2 mile runs as measures of cardiovascular fitness in college women. PMID- 6656232 TI - Specificity among anaerobic power tests in male athletes. PMID- 6656233 TI - Prediction of body composition in female athletes. PMID- 6656234 TI - The effect of aerobic conditioning and induced stress on state-trait anxiety, blood pressure, and muscle tension. PMID- 6656235 TI - Effects of two speeds of isokinetic training on muscular strength, power and endurance. PMID- 6656236 TI - The effects of postoperative joint immobilization on articular cartilage degeneration following meniscectomy. AB - Bilateral medial meniscectomy was performed in 12 mature greyhounds. One knee joint of half the group was immobilized by a Kirschner splint for a period of 5 weeks immediately following meniscectomy, after which the device was removed and the animals were allowed free movement for a further 21 weeks before sacrifice. Three greyhounds served as controls. While the collagen levels of articular cartilage from the femoral condyles and tibial plateaus of meniscectomized animals were the same as that of controls, differences were found for proteoglycan (PG) content and extractability using nondissociative conditions (0.5 M guanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl) but not dissociative conditions (4.0 M GuHCl). With nondissociative conditions, twice as much PG was extracted from medial femoral condyle of meniscectomized animals encouraged to bear weight on joints immediately after surgery compared to that from controls or animals in whom joints were immobilized after surgery. Proteoglycans from medial tibial plateau cartilage of the free contralateral joints of the immobilized group were more readily extracted using 0.5 M GuHCl and also showed a statistically significant depression of uronic acid levels relative to both controls and tissues of other surfaces. The data suggest that postoperative management of meniscectomy in the human may be more important than has hitherto been recognized. PMID- 6656237 TI - Protective effect of nonspecific immunostimulation in postsplenectomy sepsis. AB - The enhanced risk of severe sepsis following splenectomy is now well recognized in both adult and pediatric patients. Prophylactic antibiotics and bacterial vaccines have been utilized with limited success to inhibit the high morbidity and mortality. This study reports the use of glucan, a beta-1,3-polyglucose, as a nonspecific immunostimulant for postsplenectomy pneumococcal sepsis. ICR mice were treated with glucan or glucose (5% w/v) following splenectomy or sham operation. Mice were then challenged with 1 X 10(9) Streptococcus pneumoniae intranasally. Glucan significantly increased survival in the splenectomy group (75%) compared to controls (27%). Phagocytic function, as measured by the clearance of 131I-triolein-labeled reticuloendothelial test lipid emulsion, was increased in the glucan group when compared to control glucose animals, both in the presence and absence of pneumococcal infection. Splenectomy alone did not significantly decrease phagocytic function. An increased leukocytosis in response to pneumococcal infection was observed in splenectomized glucan-treated animals. Nonspecific immunostimulation appears to have significant potential as a treatment strategy against postsplenectomy infection. PMID- 6656238 TI - Critical factors in the image clarity of operative cholangiography. AB - To evaluate image clarity in operative cholangiography with changing radiographic variables, in vitro experiments were performed in which 1-mm radiographically nonopaque biliary calculi in tubes were examined. Variables changed in these studies were tube caliber (6, 13 and 20 mm), contrast concentration (15, 30, and 60%), X-ray exposures (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 mAs) and location of calculi (central or peripheral). Sensitivity for the detection of calculi and the clarity of contrast radiographic images depended upon these variables. Reduced contrast concentration or increased radiographic exposure were needed for large caliber tubes. Central small calculi required more exposure than peripheral calculi. Practical inferences from these studies can be summarized as guidelines for performing operative cholangiography: (1) Surgeons should become aware of exposure settings used on the radiographic equipment in the operating room. In particular, the milliampere-seconds-setting is an important variable. (2) Normal size and slightly enlarged ducts should be injected with 30% radiographic contrast. (3) Ducts which are 20 mm or more in diameter should be injected with 15% contrast. (4) Variable radiographic exposures may be necessary to demonstrate centrally and peripherally located calculi, especially for small calculi in large ducts. PMID- 6656239 TI - Ultrastructural characteristics of cells in human wound collected by Cellstic device. AB - The differentiating human wound cells and intercellular matrix was studied by electron microscopy. The cells were collected with a special wound drain containing a piece of cellulose sponge. Although fibroblastic cells could be detected as early as 20 hr after operation, the main cell population consisted of inflammatory cells. The fibroblastic cells were classified into three types according to the stage of ultrastructural differentiation. Some cells of different types were in close contact by membrane apposition to each other and to the sponge material. However, no specialized junctions were seen. Organized collagen fibers were not seen during the observation period despite the well developed organelles for protein synthesis in the fibroblastic cells. The close contacts of normal cells with the sponge pore walls indicated good compatibility with human tissue and safe use for clinical experiments in routine operations. PMID- 6656241 TI - Changes in serum and bile bilirubin induced by acute hemolysis. AB - The association between chronic hemolysis and pigment gallstones is well known but not adequately understood. To define the source and quantity of insoluble pigment resulting from hemolysis, hepatic bile in miniature swine was studied during the intravenous infusion of distilled water. Concentrations of both total bilirubin and insoluble unconjugated bilirubin rose rapidly during the first 2 hr to levels more than seven times above control values. In the third hour, unconjugated pigment continued to increase while total bilirubin plateaued, suggesting that glucuronidation or transport maxima had been reached. Elevations in unconjugated bilirubin could not be accounted for by the intrabiliary hydrolysis of conjugated bilirubin. It is concluded that hemolysis results in the secretion of large quantities of insoluble bilirubin directly into bile. This process may represent an important step in the development of pigment polymers or precipitates. PMID- 6656240 TI - HPLC for urinary catecholamines and metanephrines with alpha-methyldopa. AB - In five healthy selected volunteers with normal blood pressure and one pheochromocytoma patient, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been evaluated, with electrochemical detection for quantitation of urinary catecholamines and metanephrines during administration of the antihypertensive, alpha-methyldopa. The clinical usefulness of HPLC is compared with that of the conventional assay method--the trihydroxyindole (THI)-fluorometric procedure. The THI fluorometric method is known to suffer from true false-positive interference as a result of its inability to differentiate between alpha-methyldopa, its primary metabolic derivatives, and the structurally similar endogenous catecholamines. It is shown that the HPLC separation methodology yields accurate, reproducible results devoid of interference from the presence of alpha methyldopa. Free urinary excretion rates of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine were elevated by alpha-methyldopa, P less than 0.001, for epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine when measured by the trihydroxyindole technique but not with high performance liquid chromatography. With alpha-methyldopa treatment, urinary normetanephrine excretion rates were slightly increased, P less than 0.05, by fluorometric analysis and slightly decreased. P less than 0.05, when measured by HPLC. Of added interest, the formation of the normetanephrine analog of alpha-methyldopa, previously undetected, is suggested. Slightly elevated metanephrine levels are seen by the THI-fluorometric method in the presence of alpha-methyl metanephrines. Establishing that the HPLC assay procedure is suitable for clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma, despite the presence of alpha-methyldopa, makes it unnecessary to discontinue use of this antihypertensive in screening for pheochromocytoma. PMID- 6656242 TI - Heart puncture--a simple and safe procedure for infusing fluids into and sampling from the cardiovascular system of infant animals. PMID- 6656243 TI - Development and use of a maternal referral form in the East Tennessee Regional Obstetrical Program. PMID- 6656244 TI - Sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 6656245 TI - The Tennessee sudden infant death syndrome program. PMID- 6656246 TI - EKG of the month. PMID- 6656247 TI - CAT scan of the month. PMID- 6656248 TI - Tonsillectomy without hemorrhage. PMID- 6656249 TI - Nursing home discharges in clinical practice. PMID- 6656250 TI - The Tennessee Cancer Reporting System Act of 1983. PMID- 6656251 TI - EKG of the month: third degree heart block. PMID- 6656252 TI - Case management in the elderly. PMID- 6656253 TI - Proliferative potential of cells from normal human colon epithelium, adenomas, and carcinomas of the large bowel. AB - The proliferative potential of nonmalignant and malignant cells obtained from the human large bowel was assessed with a soft agar culture colony-forming technique and by flow cytometry to analyze cell cycle kinetics. No colony formation occurred with samples of normal human adult colon mucosa. The absence of colony formation in all but 1 of 24 evaluable colorectal adenomas suggested that malignancy of tissue in vivo is generally necessary for colony formation to occur in soft agar cultures. A high proliferative index (S + G2/M), as assessed by flow cytometry, was significantly associated with higher soft agar culture counts in a series of 25 colorectal carcinomas. PMID- 6656254 TI - Submucous lipoma of the transverse colon: report of one case. AB - A case of submucous lipoma of the transverse colon is reported. The patient, a man aged 61, complained of recurrent crampy periumbilical pain. A plain x-ray of the abdomen was negative, while a barium enema showed an intramural filling defect of the transverse colon which was interpreted as a probably degenerated colonic polyp. Laparotomy did not clarify the diagnosis which was readily clear when the lesion was cut, and confirmed by histology. PMID- 6656255 TI - Management of osteoradionecrosis of the mandible with myocutaneous flaps. AB - Involvement of large areas of the mandible or the entire mandible with osteoradionecrosis may result in severe functional disability and cosmetic deformity. The use of a well-vascularized pectoralis major myocutaneous flap from outside the original field of irradiation has been successful in obtaining functional and cosmetic goals. Myocutaneous flaps provide bulk for contour and tissue support, and their rich vascular supply promotes healing of the heavily irradiated soft tissue and bone. Successful bone grafting for mandibular reconstruction may follow control of the osteoradionecrosis. PMID- 6656256 TI - Is medullary carcinoma of the breast hormone dependent? AB - From 1951 to 1981, 22 patients with metastatic medullary carcinoma of the breast were treated with hormonal therapies at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Bilateral oophorectomy was performed in 6 premenopausal patients, and none had objective response, although one patient did have stable disease for 7 months. Three of these patients subsequently underwent bilateral adrenalectomy and none responded. Thirteen of 16 postmenopausal patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomy and only one had an objective response of 4 months. Eight of 22 patients received additive hormones, and one patient was treated with Tamoxifen. There was no objective response to these therapies. From this study, it appears that medullary carcinoma of the breast is less often responsive to endocrine therapy, and this finding correlates well with the recent data showing lower frequency of estrogen receptor-positive tumors in these patients. PMID- 6656257 TI - The pharmacologic manipulation of blood flow in hyperthermia therapy. AB - Many human tumors treated by hyperthermia do not reach therapeutic temperatures (42 degrees C). The explanation for this difference may be that some tumors react to thermal stress in a manner similar to normal tissues; ie, they increase blood flow during hyperthermia in order to dissipate the heat. Higher temperatures might be achieved in these heat-resistant tumors by administering vasoconstrictive agents in an effort to reduce blood flow. In this preliminary study, we determined the extent to which pharmacologic inhibition of local blood flow might allow higher temperatures to develop in normal muscles exposed to localized radiofrequency hyperthermia. We found that the local muscle temperature rise could be increased by at least 90% in two dogs and six rabbits with the use of a local vasoconstrictive drug. PMID- 6656258 TI - Primary malignancy of the fallopian tube: a clinical review of 13 cases. AB - Thirteen cases of primary fallopian tube cancer are presented from The Ohio State University Hospital. The majority of these tumors were diagnosed in the advanced stage of the disease with a considerable variety in histology for a small series. The Pap smear was quite meaningful in the diagnosis of malignancy in three of the cases; however, none of these cases was diagnosed preoperatively as a tubal primary cancer per se. A careful consideration of the history of pain, vaginal discharge, and pelvic mass is most important in making this diagnosis of tubal cancer preoperatively, along with a high index of clinical suspicion. In our experience, the stage of the disease was the single most important factor effecting patient survival. The mode of therapy appears to be a less important factor influencing survival. Patients treated with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy had slightly better survival than did those patients in advanced stages treated by surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy. PMID- 6656259 TI - Microinvasive squamous carcinoma of the vulva. AB - The clinico-pathologic aspects of 15 cases of microinvasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva are analyzed and the literature on this subject is reviewed. Three patients in this group and 12.5% of the 279 reported cases, all with 5 mm or less depth of invasion, have had lymph node metastases and/or recurrences or have ultimately died of their disease. The prognostic value of lymphatic/vascular permeation, the degree of cellular anaplasia, the pattern as well as the depth of invasion, all have been alluded to, and the latter is popularized. It is noted, however, that the arbitrarily chosen 3 or 5 mm depth of invasion alone does not allow for consistent identification of individuals with a negligible risk for groin lymph node metastasis. There is indeed documentation of nodal metastases in 20 of 178 (11%) of the reported cases with 1-3.5 mm invasion. It is suggested that the level of invasion, as determined by Clark's classification, which provides a histologic reference point, may correlate better with the incidence of groin nodal metastasis, and its use may allow for individualized therapy and eventually aid in identifying cases of microinvasive carcinoma of the vulva that could safely be treated without lymphadenectomy. PMID- 6656260 TI - Simple methods for determining the accuracy of tumor blood flow measurements using radioactive microspheres in rats. AB - Two simple methods are presented which allow positive identification of the accuracy and precision of the microsphere technique and a quick verification of sphere entrapment in tumor vessels. A known flow of Ringer's solution from a motor-driven syringe is perfused through the rat's isolated systemic circulation from left ventricle to right atrium and collected in a funnel. Using this preparation, total blood flow in rats measured with radioactive microspheres injected into the left ventricle was 97% of actual flow. The coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) of the microsphere measurements was 0.22. In the same preparation, nonentrapment of microspheres in subcutaneous tumor nodules grown on a hind limb could be measured from the difference in counts collected in venous effluent before and after placement of a tourniquet proximal to the tumor. For example, in two types of transplantable carcinoma, we found nonentrapment of less than 0.1% of the injected microspheres. Such a shunt would correspond to less than 10% of microspheres entering a typical tumor nodule and, in turn, less than 10% underestimation of true flow to the tumor. These two techniques may be helpful to other investigators in testing the accuracy of microsphere methods in various small animal tumor models. PMID- 6656261 TI - A simple method for testosterone measurement by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV spectrophotometer. AB - A simple, rapid, and reliable method for the separation and quantitation of testosterone in biological samples by a high-performance liquid chromatography-UV spectrophotometer has been developed. Separation of testosterone and prednisolone (I.S.) by HPLC was achieved in less than 3 min on a micro silica gel column using isocratic elution with hexane:chloroform:methanol (3:1:1) as the mobile phase. As little as 5 ng testosterone in biological samples can be estimated accurately by this method. This method seems to provide a new technique for the study of endocrinological pharmacology in animals and human. PMID- 6656262 TI - Predictive value of muscle relaxant models in rats and cats. AB - A number of clinically effective muscle relaxants and structurally related compounds were examined in three animal models of muscle relaxant activity in order to determine the utility of these models in predicting clinical activity. The methods used were attenuation of morphine-induced rigidity in rats, decerebrate rigidity in cats, and the polysynaptic linguomandibular reflex in cats. Specificity of the compounds was assessed by comparing these data to the ability of the compounds to induce rotarod failure in rats and to inhibit the monosynaptic patellar reflex in cats. Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide were of limited potency in morphine-induced rigidity and decerebrate rigidity, but were potent on the polysynaptic reflex. Mephenesin, cyclobenzaprine, and the newer benzodiazepine, midazolam, were effective and moderately specific in all three models. Baclofen and dantrolene were effective but were of little or no specificity in all models. Analysis of the data yielded poor correlation between clinical muscle relaxant potency and the potencies obtained in these animal models. The correlation coefficients of 0.54, 0.50, and 0.70 for the linguomandibular reflex, decerebrate rigidity, and morphine rigidity, respectively, were not statistically significant, in contrast with a coefficient of 1.0 using previously reported data on these compounds in inhibiting morphine induced Straub tail in mice. Thus, the three models used in this study may possess utility in the study of sites and mechanisms of action and structure activity relationships of potential muscle relaxants, but they do not appear to be as useful as morphine-induced Straub tail in potency comparisons between different chemical classes. PMID- 6656263 TI - Use of a cell harvester for the collection of tissue fragments in receptor binding assays. AB - The use of a commercially available cell harvester in radioreceptor binding assays is described. Scatchard analyses of data acquired using the cell harvester is presented for [3H]clonidine, [3H]prazosin, [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), and [3H]flunitrazepam. Dissociation constants (Kd) and maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) obtained for each ligand are in good agreement with those published by others and there is excellent intra- and interassay agreement. Apparent inhibition constants for various common drugs are also included. Analyses of precision, efficiency, and cost support the use of this cell harvester in binding assays. PMID- 6656264 TI - An in situ gastric pouch technique for direct measurement of the gastric absorption of drugs in the rat. AB - The preparation of an in situ gastric pouch technique that will allow a direct measurement of drug absorption is described. This technique has been developed in rats, but could be easily utilized in different laboratory animals. This technique has the major advantages of providing a direct measurement of the quantity of drug crossing the gastric mucosa into the bloodstream and enabling a direct comparison with results obtained using in situ intestinal loop preparations. PMID- 6656265 TI - Physiological time and time-invariance. AB - An operational definition of physiological time is suggested that involves a non linear transformation of a physical time-scale such that a certain temperature dependent process becomes time-invariant. The definition expresses that physiological time has the dimension of time, and can be measured in units such as days or weeks. It is shown that the quantification of a physiological time scale requires the specification of an arbitrary constant, which equals the rate of change of the process in physiological time. When the process-rate also depends on some internal variable, the interaction of this variable with temperature must be multiplicative, if a single physiological time-scale is to be used. The relationship with conventional uses of physiological time is discussed. The time-scale, as defined here, reduces to degree-day summation or development accumulation if certain multiplicative constants are deleted. PMID- 6656266 TI - The combinatorial distance geometry method for the calculation of molecular conformation. I. A new approach to an old problem. AB - A new approach to the long-standing local minimum problem of molecular energy minimization is proposed. The approach relies upon a field of computer mathematics known as combinatorial optimization, together with methods of conformational analysis derived from distance geometry. The advantages over the usual numerical techniques of optimization are, first, that the algorithms derived are globally convergent, and second, that the mathematical problems involved are well-posed and suitable for study within the modern theory of computational complexity. In this paper we introduce the approach, and describe a computer program based on it. PMID- 6656267 TI - Corticosteroid regulation of electrolytes. AB - It is proposed that sodium and potassium are regulated by varying the amounts of aldosterone, DOC, 18 OH-DOC, and 16 alpha 18 dihydroxy 11 deoxycorticosterone secreted in response to the nutritional load. The first two steroid hormones are for high potassium and the second two for low potassium intake. The nutritional load acts on potassium regulators primarily through its affect on serum potassium. The first and third steroids are proposed for low sodium intake. PMID- 6656268 TI - Developmental constraints and the evolution of vertebrate digit patterns. AB - The skeletal makeup of the digits of 145 hands and feet from species from the four classes of tetrapod vertebrates is analysed. The analysis leads to the conclusion that developmental constraints are very influential in the evolution of vertebrate digit patterns. Furthermore, 98% of the patterns analysed fall within the specific constraints of the Stock & Bryant (1981) version of the polar coordinate model for the formation of digit patterns during development and pattern regulation. Three cases of apparently forbidden morphology are discussed in terms of the phenomenon of differential growth during development. PMID- 6656269 TI - Biological application of the statistical concepts used in the Second Law. AB - The idea that living things violate the Second Law has been suggested many times. We point out that any mathematical formalism can be applied to a variety of physical processes; here to all molecules on the one hand (Boltzmann) and to messages of the genetic code on the other. The latter is an application of what is known as Shannon's law of communications theory. One application can be valid without the other, in particular if we suspect Shannon's law, this does not imply a breakdown of the molecular law leading to thermodynamics. To avoid a defect of Shannon's law, a widening of the representative "space" of the genome is proposed; the new space, called here the "polymeric space" is found to have properties that make it particularly suitable as a vehicle of biological description. We find that in this manner an apparent violation of Shannon's law can be accounted for. PMID- 6656270 TI - The consequences of base-pair substitution mutations in AT- and GC-rich bacteria. AB - The likely consequences, in terms of premature stop codons, detectable missense mutants, silent missense mutants, and degenerate codon changes, have been determined for all 12 individual base substitution changes. This has been done for the full, 61 sense codon, genetic code and also for the much more limited codon availabilities of AT- or GC-rich DNA. The specificities and outcomes of individual base substitutions are likely to be rather different at AT- or GC-rich extremes, and also from the situation at an intermediate DNA base-ratio where all 61 sense codons are available. In particular, at DNA base-ratio extremes many mutations will be to non-utilized codons, which may well act as nonsense mutants. These in turn will give novel classes of suppressor-containing revertants. Even in bacteria with intermediate DNA base-ratios, particular codons for a given amino acid may be favoured, over alternatives, because their use maximizes, or minimizes, the mutational consequences of one, or more, base substitution changes. PMID- 6656271 TI - A theory of excitation transfer in photosynthetic units. AB - A theory of the excitation kinetics in the bacteria photosynthetic unit with regard to its globular structure is presented. It assumes that the excitation transfer between globulae is carried out by means of the mechanism of incoherent excitons, at the same time considering the finite time of the excitation fixation in the reaction center. A method of local perturbations is used with a view to finding a solution to the given problem. The expressions obtained for the fluorescence decay time and its quantum yield are discussed in connection with the multiple experiments considering the cubic as well as the hexagonal probable structure of the photosynthetic unit. The analysis given shows that the period of the excitation transfer between globulae equals 10 to 100 psec and the number of the globulae is less than 35. These conclusions fall in with the initial assumption of the energy transfer between globulae by incoherent excitons. Without considering the globularity, the consistency of the theory with experimental data becomes difficult. PMID- 6656272 TI - Stereochemical origins of the genetic code. AB - The origin of the genetic code may be attributed to a postulated prebiological stereochemistry in which amino acid dimers, the trans -R,R'-diketopiperazines, interacted with prototype codon and anticodon nucleotide sequences. An intricately coupled stereochemistry is formulated which displays a binary logic for amino acid-codon recognition. It is shown that the diketopiperazine ring system can be inserted between any terminal pair of base paired nucleotides in a codon-anticodon structure with exact registration of complementary hydrogen bonding functional groups. This yields a codon-dimer-anticodon structure in which each amino acid residue is projected towards and interacts with a particular sequence of vicinal nucleotides on either codon or anticodon. The projection direction and the sequence of nucleotides encountered is a strongly coupled function of the choice of codon terminal nucleotide and the handedness of the amino acid. The reciprocal chemical nature of the complementary base pairs drives the selection of dimers containing quite dissimilar and chirally opposed amino acids. Application of the stereochemical model to the in vivo system leads to a general correlation for amino acid-codon assignments. The genetic code is restated in terms of the dimers selected. The profound symmetry of the code is elucidated and this proves useful for correlative and predictive purposes. PMID- 6656273 TI - Comments on "Learning the evolutionarily stable strategy". PMID- 6656274 TI - When do animals learn the evolutionarily stable strategy? PMID- 6656275 TI - Protein fluctuation and enzyme activity. AB - The possible participation of protein fluctuation in enzyme activity is considered in this paper. Fluctuation is defined as vibrations, involving collective motion of a large number of atoms in protein molecules. Kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of protein fluctuation and enzyme-ligand interactions are discussed, paying special attention to the influence of electric fields and environmental microviscosity. A brief analysis of available experimental and theoretical data strongly suggests an interrelationship between protein fluctuation and enzyme function. PMID- 6656276 TI - A unifying concept for carcinogenic risk assessments. AB - Carcinogens influence both the initiation of abnormal cells and the subsequent promotion of such cells into neoplasia. Certain other insults seem limited to the stimulation of cellular proliferation and of carcinogenic potentiation. Common examples include surgical, mechanical, chemical, and temperature wounding of tissue followed by healing. In addition, certain hyperplastic growth induced by some chemicals may also enhance tumorigenesis. We propose that the quantification of carcinogenic potentiation may derive from a common-index-quantity estimated according to enhanced cell proliferation resulting from cytotoxicity or toxic hyperplasia induced by a specific exposure. At this time, it is not possible to define, in a restrictive sense, the molecular events which are critical to potentiation but the processes of cell proliferation resulting from cytotoxicity/hyperplasia seem to serve as indices which contain the necessary (and perhaps several secondary) biological responses. The unique advantage is that cell-culture, animal, and human-level studies can be used to evaluate certain parameters of the mathematical model for an untested treatment protocol or chemical insult suspected to be a cofactor in tumorigenesis. The main thrust of this paper is to propose that tumorigenesis should be studied in terms of cellular-population kinetics in response to a biological challenge rather than according to chemical or energetic parameters of that challenge. This approach leads to mathematical equations which can serve as a unifying concept for carcinogenic risk assessments. Sample results, to illustrate the utility of this model, are given for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, trace metals, ionizing radiations, CO, NO, SO2, O3, and NO2. Treatment, here, is for acute exposure conditions, but because the model is mechanistic, other exposure protocols can be addressed by simply adjusting some of the mathematical parameters according to factors estimated from a relative potency comparison of in vitro and in vivo studies best suited to the particular application of interest. PMID- 6656277 TI - Diffusional falsification of kinetic constants on Lineweaver-Burk plots. AB - The effect of mass transfer resistances on the Lineweaver-Burk plots in immobilized enzyme systems has been investigated numerically and with analytical approximate solutions. While Hamilton, Gardner & Colton (1974) studied the effect of internal diffusion resistances in planar geometry, our study was extended to the combined effect of internal and external diffusion in cylindrical and spherical geometries as well. The variation of Lineweaver-Burk plots with respect to the geometries was minimized by modifying the Thiele modulus and the Biot number with the shape factor. Especially for a small Biot number all the three Lineweaver-Burk plots fell on a single line. As was discussed by Hamilton et al. (1974), the curvature of the line for large external diffusion resistances was small enough to be assumed linear, which was confirmed from the two approximate solutions for large and small substrate concentrations. Two methods for obtaining intrinsic kinetic constants were proposed: First, we obtained both maximum reaction rate and Michaelis constant by fitting experimental data to a straight line where external diffusion resistance was relatively large, and second, we obtained Michaelis constant from apparent Michaelis constant from the figure in case we knew maximum reaction rate a priori. PMID- 6656278 TI - Evolutionary changes in the information content of polypeptides. AB - Thermal proteins arising from the self-sequencing of amino acids satisfy the necessary conditions required for them to become a candidate of the evolutionary precursors of contemporary proteins. The source matrix of information or, equivalently, the statistical ensemble of polypeptides, in reference to which the information content of each amino acid residue can be defined and determined, changes with time endogenously through the production of and the change in the mechanism of production of polypeptides. The change proceeds in the direction along which the order of autocatalysis, the number of autocatalytic polymers needed for synthesizing one such polymer, increases. The underlying dynamics is material flow equilibration working in any material aggregate open to material flow, saying that any open system changes its interaction with the exterior endogenously and successively so as to maintain the continuity of material flow there. The self-sequencing and the autocatalytic polymerization of amino acids are the forms of producing polypeptides. The change in the mechanism of producing polypeptides results from the incorporation of polynucleotides into the polypeptide synthesis. The earlier polymeric information translation proceeds from polypeptide to polynucleotide. The direction of translation is reversed at a later stage of evolution. All these evolutionary events are consistent with viewing thermal proteins produced by self-sequencing of amino acids as an evolutionary precursor of contemporary proteins. PMID- 6656279 TI - Cell size and the concept of wasteful and frugal evolutionary strategies. AB - It has been proposed by Cavalier-Smith that genome and cell size is controlled by the influence of r- and K-selection. This hypothesis, though explaining many regularities is unable to account for the enormous cells of some vertebrates, namely dipnoan fishes and caudate amphibians. The introduction of the concept of wasteful and frugal strategies unravels this problem. Wasteful strategy consists of evolution toward high metabolism, which is a prerequisite for high mobility and a large and complicated nervous system. Frugal strategy leads to economies of energy and material but constrains several evolutionary tendencies. It is much less common than the wasteful one and is especially prominent in fishes and amphibians living in tropical and temperate fresh waters where the respiratory conditions may force these animals to reduce their metabolism to a minimal level, or even to enter a period of aestivation. Since the increase in cell size diminishes the overall energy cost for the maintenance of ionic gradients between the cell interior and the intercellular solutions, it was favoured in dipnoans and in such caudate amphibians as inhabit fresh waters where an oxygen deficiency sometimes develops. The selection forces working for the diminution of genome and cell size may be very powerful and may change these cell characters in a comparatively short time, whereas small cells and genomes may be tolerated even in environments favouring a cell increase. PMID- 6656280 TI - Sterility and fecundability estimation. AB - The percentage of steriles and the fecundability of non-steriles among a given population can be estimated by a probabilistic model from observations made on delays to first conception. The maximum likelihood method of estimation that was used takes into account all available information, though some of these observations may be incomplete due to a variable follow-up amongst the couples. The model is illustrated with data provided by a prospective study. PMID- 6656281 TI - The electrophysiological bases for linear and for nonlinear product term lateral inhibition and the consequences for wide field textured stimuli. AB - The electrophysiological bases of linear, and of nonlinear product term recurrent lateral inhibition are defined and the general equations derived. Defining texture as sinusoidal spatial luminance functions, the response characteristics of nonlinear product term lateral inhibitory arrays to wide field textured stimuli are derived, and applications to locust DCMD and Y retinal ganglion cells discussed. PMID- 6656282 TI - Denaturation of some general DNA sequences. AB - In this paper we study a DNA model, which is built by considering all probable sequences, where the possibilities of having the base pairs (A-T) or (C-G) in the jth place of the strand helix are considered. This is assumed in order to derive the partition function. From here the denaturation curve is obtained. Finally, some considerations about the correlation coefficients are presented. PMID- 6656283 TI - Why the upper limbs move during human walking. AB - It has long been held that the movement of the upper limbs during walking counteracts the rotation of the shoulders about the longitudinal axis of the body. Alternative theories of the need for upper limb movement are discussed, and it is shown that controlled upper limb movement produced under the control of centres within the spinal cord is a necessary component of smooth non-jerky locomotion. PMID- 6656284 TI - Evolution of brain size in neonatal and adult placental mammals: a theoretical approach. AB - An index of encephalization has been proposed for neonatal placental mammals, indicating the progress of relative brain size of a species at birth. It appears that the neonatal index is directly proportional to neonatal brain weight and an inverse linear function of the metabolic rate of the newborn. An identical relationship has recently been found for adult mammals. A further inquiry has been made into the allometry of gestation time, litter size, neonatal brain weight and maternal metabolic rate. A hypothetical model in which these variables were incorporated reveals that the maternal energy supply to the fetal mass is the principal determining factor in setting limits to the length of gestation. PMID- 6656285 TI - Particle geometry and the chromatographic separation of cells: the simplest case of uniform particles. AB - A theoretical study, using numerical methods, of the problem of packing spherical particles has been carried out in order to design an optimal chromatographic packing material for cell separation. It is concluded that a monodisperse packing of hard beads does not yield a packing in which narrow crevices, impenetrable to cells, are excluded. Allowing a certain degree of compressibility alleviates this problem somewhat. PMID- 6656286 TI - A theoretical basis for large coefficient of variation and bimodality in neuronal interspike interval distributions. AB - We consider the classic Stein (1965) model for stochastic neuronal firing under random synaptic input. Our treatment includes the additional effect of synaptic reversal potentials. We develop and employ two numerical methods (in addition to Monte Carlo simulations) to study the relation of the various parameters of the model to the shape of the theoretical interspike interval distribution. Contrary to the results of Tuckwell (1979) we are unable to account, on the basis of substantial synaptic inhibition and with parameter settings in the known physiologic range, for experimental interspike interval distributions which exhibit large coefficients of variation or bimodality. We therefore introduce a time varying threshold into the model, which readily allows for such distributions and which has physiological justification. PMID- 6656287 TI - A model for differentiation. AB - A model is proposed, in which differentiation is attributed to colinearity between polymerase states and promotors. The promotors are considered the equal of ordinal numbers, and the state of a polymerase molecule is changed by the activity of the products of the gene it has transcribed. Introns are assumed to be involved in this possibility. Repeated sequences function as labels of chromosomes and chromosome regions, and interact with the diffusing RNA polymerase molecules aimed at a given class of promotors, increasing the speed of specific interactions. The possibility that a quantitative code, with a form of scansion, exists to order promotors as well as repeated sequences, is discussed. A correlation between the base sequence of repeats and promotors is predicted. PMID- 6656288 TI - A model for the three-dimensional structure of glucagon. AB - A literature search on the structural aspects of glucagon in dilute aqueous solution has been undertaken. We have found that a compact, well-defined structure must exist and propose a model for that structure. In doing so, care was taken to distinguish between the raw data themselves and the interpretations drawn from them, and to bring about a model consistent with as much of the data as possible. The model building was performed on Corey-Pauling-Koltun (CPK) space filling models using secondary structure prediction rules, experimental data such as fluorescence quenching, circular dichroism, NMR and high resolution dark field electron microscopy, and was guided by a hierarchy of intramolecular interactions which places hydrophobic bonding first and hydrogen bonding second. This last criterion places a strict requirement on the model-building to maximize contacts among complementary hydrophobic surfaces; this means that no empty spaces are allowed inside the folded molecule. The resultant model is consistent with all the relevant data. Furthermore, as demanded by any structure building exercise, the model suggests structure-function relationships. One of the predictions drawn from the structure--the binding of guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)--has been confirmed by a preliminary experiment (reported elsewhere). Another aspect of the structure suggests a subtle mechanism for allostery. PMID- 6656289 TI - A neighbour-exclusion intercalating model for poly(ADP-ribose) binding to DNA. AB - Molecular model building studies have shown that a poly-intercalative binding of poly(ADP-ribose) to DNA is sterically possible. In this model, poly(ADP-ribose) lies in the minor groove of DNA and adenine bases intercalate in a neighbour exclusion mode. This binding mechanism could be used to recognize neighbour exclusion intercalative sites on DNA. PMID- 6656290 TI - A variable risk clinical prognostic compartmental model. AB - A model for predicting the occurrence of disease endpoints from a knowledge of baseline variables and intermediate events is described and illustrated with numerical examples. Maximum likelihood equations are developed and maximum likelihood estimates of coefficients in risk functions of variables included in a stepwise upward procedure are applied to a small set of data for illustrative purposes. PMID- 6656291 TI - Possible relationships and interactions among events in clotting, platelet adhesion, immune surface reactions and granulocyte adhesion. PMID- 6656292 TI - Carroll County General Hospital's new library. PMID- 6656293 TI - Transportation expense deductions. PMID- 6656294 TI - Coombs negative autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with diffuse livedo reticularis. PMID- 6656295 TI - Health care for the recently unemployed. PMID- 6656296 TI - A case report of Pasteurella multocida arthritis in a previously healthy individual. PMID- 6656297 TI - Physiologic measures in middle-aged male military officers in the National Defense University Health/Fitness Program. PMID- 6656298 TI - Age-related changes in arterial wall mechanics and composition of NIA Fischer rats. AB - Segments of carotid and tail arteries and descending thoracic aorta were obtained from the NIA colony of Fischer rats at ages 3, 12, 24 and 30 months. Measurements of pressure and diameter were made on intact cylindrical segments under conditions of active (147 mM K+) and passive (Ca2+-free and 2 mM EGTA) smooth muscle. These data were used to compute active and passive mechanics. Contiguous segments were used for the analysis of connective tissue, water and electrolyte contents. Passive stiffness of the carotid and tail arteries increased monotonically with increasing age. Collagen content in the aorta and tail artery generally increased with age, while elastin content decreased in the aorta and carotid artery. The ratio of collagen to elastin increased at all sites with age. Maximum values of active stress response (force development) increased from 3 to 12 months for the carotid artery, but decreased with age (at 24 and 30 months compared to 3 and 12-months) for the tail artery. Changes in relative cell content were such that active cellular force development was the same at all ages for the carotid artery but was smaller at 24 and 30 months compared to the younger animals for the tail artery. Decreased cellular force development by arterial smooth muscle is not an anatomically uniform finding in this animal model. PMID- 6656299 TI - Influence of age and diet on DNA synthesis and the DNA content of mid-gut cells in the dipteran Sarcophaga carnaria. AB - Virgin female Sarcophaga carnaria maintained on a diet of sugar and water had shorter lifespans than those maintained on a liver, sugar and water diet; there was no significant different between the lifespans of mated females or mated males kept on the two diets. Autoradiographs of mid-gut sections from virgin females which had been fed with [3H]thymidine showed substantial amounts of DNA synthesis in the nuclei during at least the first 14-15 days of adult life. Cytophotometric measurements of Feulgen-stained mid-gut nuclei of 0--1-, 2--3-, and 14--15-day-old females showed that the integrated absorbances peaked at values corresponding approximately to 2 C, 4 C, 8 C, 16 C and 32 C. The proportion of nuclei with the higher Feulgen-DNA values increased with age, and was greater in flies maintained on the liver, sugar and water diet. It is suggested that the DNA synthesis observed is associated with polytenization rather than mitotic cell division, and that the level of polyteny reached may reflect age- and diet-related differences in the functional demand made on mid gut cells. PMID- 6656300 TI - Delayed phytohemagglutinin-stimulated production of adenosine triphosphate by aged human lymphocytes: possible relation to mitochondrial dysfunction. AB - The decreased immune response associated with aging may, in part, reflect intrinsic age-related biochemical alterations in lymphocytes from older animals. We measured levels of lymphocyte adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and continuous [3H]thymidine incorporation in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from young and old humans, and the effects thereon of inhibitors of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and protein synthesis. No difference was found in adenine nucleotide content between young and old subjects. After 24 hours of culture there was a decrease in ATP, with recovery and 2--3-fold increase at 48 hours in young cells after phytohemagglutinin stimulation. We observed a clearcut delay in older lymphocytes of the increase in ATP and [3H]thymidine incorporation following phytohemagglutinin stimulation. We found no evidence for decreased viability or diminished number of responding units in aged cultures. The evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in the immunodeficiency of aging. PMID- 6656301 TI - Effect of butylated hydroxytoluene on the life span of Drosophila bipectinata. AB - The median and the maximum life spans of Drosophila bipectinata increased after feeding with various concentrations (10 microM, 10(2) microM and 10(3) microM) of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Insects fed on the diet supplemented with 10(3) microM BHT had decreased rate of lipid peroxidation (measured by thiobarbituric acid test) with respect to the controls. It is suggested that the antioxidant BHT, which scavenges free radicals, prolongs the life span of Drosophila. PMID- 6656302 TI - Changes in melanosomes with age in iridial stromal melanocytes of rhesus macaques. AB - Iridial ultrasections from eyes of rhesus macaques of different ages were compared. Long, thin melanosomes characteristic of iridial stromal melanocytes occur singly in young monkeys prior to or until adolescence (at or under 3 years of age); as monkeys grow older, they begin to form compound granules by fusions of two or more melanosomes. The frequency of fusions and the number of melanosomes in the fused granules increase in proportion to the age. It appears that long, thin single melanosomes fuse and develop into large ovoid granules characteristic of those in adult choroidal melanocytes and in postnatal pigmented epithelia. We suggest that iridial melanocytes in due time develop into cells with properties identical to those of choroidal melanocytes: they have the same developmental history, and differ only in the timing of their maturation and terminal differentiation. PMID- 6656303 TI - The effect of aluminum on neuronal lipofuscin. AB - Adult white rats were injected over a period of 33 days with aluminum hydrochloride, while a control group, matched for age, sex and weight, received water injections only. At the end of that period, it was found that the group of rats which had received aluminum had lost weight. The animals were killed and an attempt was made to measure the amount of lipofuscin in hypoglossal neurones using fluorescence microscopy. The aluminum treated group did not have a greater level of autofluorescence, indicative of no increase in lipofuscin level in this group. However, a problem of method is described which might have led to the lack of a positive result. PMID- 6656304 TI - Protein production and processing in young adult and aged rat submandibular gland cells in vitro. AB - Protein production and processing were evaluated in vitro in dispersed submandibular gland cells from young adult (4-6 months) and aged (24 month) rats. A modest decrease (approx. 25%) in protein production (incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into 10% CCl3COOH-insoluble material) was found with old cells in both continuous-pulse and pulse-chase studies. Also new protein processing, followed by gel electrophoresis and autofluorography of radiolabeled samples, showed specific, marked alterations in old cells. In particular a significant difference in the processing of a 225 000 molecular weight glycoprotein (likely the major rat submandibular mucin) was detected. PMID- 6656305 TI - Fine-structural and degenerative features in adult and aged human sympathetic ganglion cells. AB - Sympathetic ganglia, either cervical and upper thoracic or lumbar, were removed from adult and aged patients suffering from circulatory deficiencies in their upper or lower extremities, respectively. The ganglion cells had several features that can be associated with age. Lipofuscin was ample in all ganglion cells and was usually polarly concentrated. Its amount tended to increase with age and it was present also in the glial cells. Lipofuscin autofluorescence often prevented the visualization of the formaldehyde induced fluorescence for catecholamines. At the electron microscopic level, pigment bodies were seen to be composed of three different kinds of osmiophilic properties: (1) gray component that had (2) dark patches dispersed into it and (3) pale, oval, incorporated droplets. In principal ganglion cells, the first two formed the major part, the pale one taking over in the small granule-containing cells. Various inclusion bodies included a cylinder shaped type that had a varying pattern of rod-like structures inside it. Myelin figures (laminar bodies) were sometimes found to fill neurite profiles, occasionally with random mitochondrial accumulations. These bore a distant resemblance to the primitive type of neuritic (senile) plaques, although none of the patients was diagnosed to have, for example, Alzheimer's disease or senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Nevertheless, it appears to us that it might be possible to find coexistent neuropathological changes in peripheral sympathetic ganglia in diseases affecting primarily the central nervous system. PMID- 6656306 TI - Effects of donor's age on growth kinetics of rabbit articular chondrocytes in culture. AB - The in vitro proliferative capacity of articular chondrocytes derived from young and old rabbits was investigated to examine if the modifications incurred can be related to the in vivo aging. Determinations were made of the cartilage cell density, cell volume, cell number at confluency, plating efficiency, growth curve and DNA content distributions. The old donor cells were characterized by a decline in all the parameters of cartilage growth studied: cell number at confluency, cell replication rate (from 20 h to 45 h) as well as an increase in cell volume. The mean cycle time in vitro increased from 17.5 h compared to 27 h during in vivo aging, essentially because of an elongation of the G1 phase. Chondrocytes derived from young and old donors may be an appropriate model system for studying the in vitro effects of drugs on rheumatoid diseases as a function of in vivo aging. PMID- 6656307 TI - The measurement of lipid peroxidation products (lipofuscin) in individual cultivated human glial cells. AB - The natural fluorescence (autofluorescence) of the age pigment lipofuscin has been quantitated and related to the dry mass and DNA content (after Feulgen staining) of individual cultivated human glial cells which were density-dependent growth-inhibited for 3 and 18 months, subcultivated and kept in log growth phase for a period of up to 3 weeks. Stereological measurements at the ultrastructural level were performed in parallel to determine the volume density of secondary lysosomes of the residual body type (containing lipofuscin). The autofluorescence/dry mass/cell and the volume density of residual bodies showed a positive correlation. Cells in S-phase following subcultivation demonstrated similar autofluorescence values to cells in G1-phase. These results demonstrate that (1) multiparametric measurements of this type can be utilized to correlate many parameters which may be indicative of differing cell functions in individual cells, (2) there is a positive correlation between the ultrastructural and the autofluorescence techniques to measure lipofuscin, and (3) despite the limited data, even high cellular lipofuscin content does not appear to be detrimental to the ability of cells surviving subcultivation to re-enter the cell cycle. PMID- 6656308 TI - Low tryptophan diets delay reproductive aging. AB - Newly weaned female rats fed diets severely deficient in the essential amino acid tryptophan show marked delays in reproductive aging, with conception and delivery occurring as late as 36 months. The rate of aging in these rats seems inversely related to both their early growth rates and the accessibility of brain tryptophan. The subsequent age retardation may depend on a reduction in both early cell loss and rate of brain maturation. PMID- 6656309 TI - The effect of short- and long-term exercise on aldolase activity in muscles of CW 1 and C57/BL mice of various ages. AB - The effect of wheel running on the levels of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase A (EC 4.1.2.13) in striated muscles of young and old mice was compared. Short-term (6-10 weeks) and long-term (over 12 months) regimens were included in the study. The studies were conducted on the CW-1 outbred strain and on the C57/BL inbred strain of mice. It was shown that, in the short-term regimens, old animals of both strains showed either no increase (C57/BL) or a reduction (CW-1) in aldolase activity in hind leg muscles. On the other hand, young animals of both strains showed increases in aldolase activity of 10-20%. In the long-term regimen young and intermediate age animals showed 30-100% increases in aldolase activity in hind leg muscles over control sedentary animals. This adaptive capacity to exercise was not observed in old animals. However, long-term exercise regimen prevented the age-associated decline in aldolase activity found in sedentary animals. PMID- 6656310 TI - Transplanted mammary epithelium grows in association with host stroma: aging of serially transplanted mammary gland is intrinsic to epithelial cells. AB - Mouse mammary gland displays an irreversible decline in growth rate when propagated by serial transplantation in gland-free mammary fat pads of isogeneic mice. Because transplanted fragments of gland contain both mammary epithelial and stromal elements, the present study was undertaken to distinguish between two possibilities: (1) stromal cells in the implants proliferate in coordination with epithelium as the mammary ductal tree regenerates at each passage, or (2) transplanted epithelial tissue interacts exclusively with host stroma. Mammary xenografts from 18-week-old virgin Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted into gland free mammary fat pads of athymic Balb/cNu/Nu mice. These rat xenografts regenerated chimeric mammary ductal outgrowths. When sectioned and stained with Hoechst dye 33258, a procedure that provides for unambiguous identification of mouse cell nuclei, rat mammary epithelium was found to be associated with mouse stromal cells; only at the site of transplantation were occasional rat stromal nuclei observed. This indicates that as mouse epithelial tissue becomes progressively aged during serial transfer in young mice, the stromal components are refreshed during each passage. The primary lesion underlying the mammary aging phenomenon must therefore be intrinsic to the epithelial cells. PMID- 6656311 TI - Stromal DNA synthesis is stimulated by young, but not serially aged, mouse mammary epithelium. AB - Ductal elongation in young, proliferating mouse mammary gland is associated with a zone of DNA synthesis in stroma surrounding the end buds. In contrast, slowly growing, serially aged tissue fails to elicit a significant elevation of stromal DNA synthetic activity. Since fatty stroma is required for normal mammary growth and morphogenesis, this altered interaction may be a significant factor in the aging of mammary epithelium. PMID- 6656313 TI - A probabilistic approach to ageing and elimination of senescent plasma protein. AB - A probabilistic mechanism of plasma protein ageing and elimination is suggested, based on the following assumptions: (1) ageing of plasma protein molecules is the result of their interaction with some microenvironmental factors, acting as disturbing factors; (2) a protein species is characterized by a definite spectrum of conformational substates, some of which, "altered" substates, are specifically recognized by a selective catabolic system and then compulsorily eliminated; (3) the disturbing (ageing) factors act by increasing the probability of reaching an "altered" substate. Based on these assumptions a mathematical model, giving the expression of the normalized catabolic rate as a function of the frequency and the effectiveness of disturbing impacts, is set up and some possible correlations with physicochemical data are discussed. PMID- 6656312 TI - Modification of age-induced changes in heme and hemoproteins by testosterone in male rats. AB - Age-related changes in heme and hemoproteins, as well as the effect of testosterone treatment on these modifications were examined in male Sprague Dawley rats. The activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA-S) and the microsomal concentration of heme in aged rats were decreased by 37% and 33%, respectively, as compared to young values. In contrast, a marked increase in the activity of microsomal heme oxygenase (MHO) was seen in these animals. In aged rats, the level of cytochrome P-450 was decreased by 37%, as compared to young values. Furthermore, the activities of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase and aniline hydroxylase were decreased in proportion to the microsomal content of cytocyrome P-450. Steroid delta 4-hydrogenase, an index of endogenous substrate metabolism, exhibited no changes in activity during the aging process. The level of various hemoproteins such as cytochrome b5 and tryptophan pyrrolase in aged animals remained unaltered despite the decreased hepatic concentration of heme. It is worth noting that testosterone treatment of aged castrated rats restored the level of heme and cytochrome P-450 and the altered enzymatic activities of ALA-S and MHO to the "young" condition. In view of these findings, it is concluded that the events which lead to the low level of heme and cytochrome P-450 and its dependent mixed function oxidase activity during the senescent period could be due to increased rates of MHO and diminished ALA-S activities in these animals. PMID- 6656314 TI - Changes in cell-surface sialic acid content during chick embryo development. AB - The amount of cell-surface sialic acid found in the material released by trypsin from chick fibroblasts rose markedly from day 8 to day 16 of embryo development. The rise seemed to result from two processes: increased sialylation of N-linked carbohydrate chains, and enhancement of the amount of O-linked structures. Eight day cells were more quickly detached from the substrate than 16-day cells, since in 8-day fibroblasts detachment of half the adherent cells only required 10 min, compared to 20 min in 16-day fibroblasts. Re-adhesion to the substrate was also faster for the younger fibroblasts, and 40% of the 8-day trypsin-treated cells re adhered within 30 min compared to about 3 h for the same proportion of 16-day cells. The age-dependent differences in the amount of cell-surface sialic acid do not account for the differences in the adhesive capacity of embryo cells. The fact that neuraminidase did not affect cell detachment or re-adhesion indicates that cell-surface sialic acid does not play an important part in the adhesive capacity of embryo fibroblasts. PMID- 6656315 TI - Changes in DNA polymerases alpha, beta and gamma in mouse liver as a function of age. AB - The activities of DNA polymerases alpha, beta and gamma were determined in mouse liver as a function of age by a combination of glycerol density gradient centrifugation with polymerase specific assays. Although alpha polymerase was preserved throughout the life span, the activity dropped sharply from a high level at the fetal and neonatal stages to a level one order lower after maturation through adjustment of the amount of protein administered. beta polymerase showed similar but less drastic changes than alpha. DNA polymerase gamma activity increased about two-fold in going from newborn to adult stages and remained constant after maturation. According to the amount of DNA, DNA polymerase alpha decreased after birth, but the change was less drastic compared to that through adjustment of the amount of protein. DNA polymerase beta increased the activity 2-3-fold within a period of 3 months following birth. gamma polymerase underwent more than a 10-fold increase in activity through adjustment of the amount of DNA within the same period. PMID- 6656316 TI - Enhancement of the response of ageing mouse lymphocytes by in vitro treatment with lecithin. AB - The effect of treatment with phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) has been examined on splenocytes from young (6 months) and aged (greater than 20 months) (C3H/eB X C57BL/6)F1 male mice, by probing their responsiveness to proliferative signals of mitogens and mixed lymphocyte reaction. This study was initiated since old mice have been known to manifest an increased ratio of cholesterol: phospholipids (C/PL) in their plasma membranes. Unlike the case in young mice, enhancement in proliferative responses was demonstrated on cells from the old after incubation with lecithin. This enhancement was achieved using a variety of methods by which lymphocytes were exposed to the lipids, and which were all designed to reduce the C/PL ratio in the plasma membrane. The observed differences in response to lecithin treatment between young and old did not stem from different extents of lipid incorporation, and seems unlikely to be a result of modified binding of the mitogens after treatment with the lipid. The data suggest that the normal functional performance of specific reactions, which decline with age, may be restored artificially at an appropriate age, if other complementary functions have not been damaged. PMID- 6656317 TI - DNA repair in thymocytes of mice undergoing thymic involution. AB - DNA repair in mouse thymocytes before the onset of thymic involution was compared to that at successive stages during involution of the thymus. Repair of DNA in these cells after in vitro X-irradiation was evaluated by sedimentation of nucleoids in a sucrose gradient, as a measure of DNA supercoiling. DNA repair continued to function in the thymocytes even at ages when there was a dramatic reduction in the number of cells in the thymus. PMID- 6656318 TI - The effect of lipofuscin on cellular function. AB - The neurons of the supraoptic nucleus of male C57BL/Icrfat mice at 6 or 28 months of age were examined from normally hydrated, osmotically loaded and osmotically loaded-rehydrated animals. Using quantitative morphological techniques, a reduction in the concentration of lipofuscin in the neurons was observed in osmotically loaded mice at both ages, and these levels were restored to control values during rehydration. In addition, there was a significant difference in the pattern of response of lipofuscin levels between the two age groups during the experiment. The concentration of hormone containing neurosecretory granules in the neurons of the supraoptic nucleus did not differ significantly between the two age groups during the experiment. However, the surface area of rough endoplasmic reticulum per unit volume of the supraoptic nucleus cell did differ significantly between the two age groups over the course of the experiment. It is concluded that increasing concentrations of lipofuscin do not affect the ability of the cell to control the concentration of neurosecretory granules or rough endoplasmic reticulum. The simplistic view that lipofuscin accumulates with age to the detriment of cell function must be revised. PMID- 6656319 TI - The effect of age on the infection and immunoresponsiveness of mice to Babesia microti. AB - 5he effect of age on the immunological responses to Babesia microti infection in the mouse was investigated. Aged mice experienced reduced and delayed peak parasitemias compared to younger animals; however, the old mice failed to clear the parasites from the blood and experienced fluctuating parasitemias until death. Babesiosis produced suppression of responses to nonspecific B and T cell mitogens concomitant with rising autoantibody plaque forming cells reactive with untreated and bromelain modified mouse erythrocytes. Similar observations of increased susceptibility to babesiosis with age and immunosuppression have been made in human babesiosis. Thus, the murine model for this hemoprotozoan infection is faithful to the human immunological responses. PMID- 6656320 TI - Disproportionate synthesis of Semiliki Forest virus 42S and 26S RNAs in polyamine depleted baby hamster kidney cells. AB - The role of polyamines in viral RNA synthesis has been studied using Semliki Forest virus-infected, polyamine-depleted baby hamster kidney cells as a model system. The synthesis of viral 42S RNA, which corresponds to the viral genome, was markedly inhibited, while the synthesis of viral 26S RNA, which acts as a messenger for viral structural proteins, was reduced much less or not at all. The decreased total viral RNA synthesis and the ratio of 42S to 26S RNA were rapidly returned to normal by adding spermidine to the culture medium. From these results it can be hypothesized that polyamines have a special role in the synthesis of viral RNA, possibly affecting the conformation of the RNA template. PMID- 6656321 TI - Effects of different injurious stimuli on cell death, proliferation, and collagen secretion by rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture. AB - Rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells were exposed to hypoxia and the DMSO-soluble particulate matter of cigarette smoke (DSP) and the effects on the cells were compared to those of ultraviolet (UV) light, a wellknown cytotoxic stimulus. Hypoxia reduced cell proliferation and collagen secretion as long as it lasted (1, 3 and 24 hours), but these effects were reversible and no persistent toxic effects were seen for the next 48 hours, measured as leakage of prelabelled [3H] thymidine from cells. DSP caused similar changes to those produced by UV-light. Proliferation and collagen secretion were reduced, and these effects were not reversible when the stimulus was removed after one hour. DSP was toxic as there was an increased leakage of [3H]-thymidine from cells. Increasing the concentration of DSP caused more pronounced effects while extending the incubation time to 3 hours did not, the latter being in contrast to the consequences of UV-irradiation. Endothelial cells were more sensitive to the effects of DSP than smooth muscle cells. DSP diluted 1:25 compared to the smallest concentration that had significant effects on smooth muscle cells reduced proliferation of endothelial cells, and in dilutions of 1:4 almost all of the cells detached. A possible role for DSP in the development of atherosclerosis is discussed. PMID- 6656322 TI - Individual molecular species of phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylinositols in liver of rats fed bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. AB - Rats were given a diet containing 1% bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for 3 weeks, and their hepatic lipids analyzed. Phosphatidylcholines increased by 20%, while other phospholipid classes and cholesterol remained unchanged and triglycerides fell. The composition of molecular species of phosphatidylcholines was changed. Thus, the hepatic content of the major species, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl , 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl- and 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoylphosphatidylcholines, rose by about 150%, 90% and 70%, respectively. The content of the other major species, 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl- and 1-stearoyl-2-linoleoylphosphatidylcholine fell by about 20% and 30%, respectively. The content of alkyl-acyl analogues of phosphatidylcholines increased by about 70%, but the composition of molecular species remained the same. The composition of molecular species of phosphatidylinositols was also unchanged. Thus, the analyses show that DEHP can induce selective changes in molecular species of certain phospholipids in the liver. This could be important for the functioning of membrane structures in the hepatocyte. PMID- 6656323 TI - Self-care of common illnesses in Denmark. AB - Survey data collected from a random sample of the Danish population in the first phase of a research investigation of self-care behavior are discussed. Self administered postal questionnaires were used to obtain data on behavioral responses to common illness conditions. Information was obtained from 1,462 persons regarding care of 3,100 illness episodes. Log-linear analyses of multiway frequency tables were used to examine the effects of sociodemographic and attitudinal variables on the illness responses. Age, sex, perceived health status, and a reliant attitude toward physicians were the more important variables related to the illness behaviors. Interactions among these variables suggest directions for productive research into the factors shaping responses to illness. Income and social class, among respondents in relation to differences in activity levels maintained while ill suggest that some people may have limited options for caring for themselves during illness. PMID- 6656324 TI - A comment on "Demographic Characteristics and Prior Utilization Experience of HMO Enrollees Compared with Total Membership". PMID- 6656325 TI - The structure of a hospital's image. AB - The study is intended to elucidate the factors that affect the creation of a hospital's image in the eyes of the patient and their relative weight in producing that image. The image of a hospital is important for enhancing the patient's reassurance and relief from possible anxiety that is hazardous to the health, which may result both from the patient's subjectively perceived seriousness of his condition and from his inability to judge the efficacy of the medical treatment in promoting recovery. A study was carried out among a representative sample of expatients of one of Israel's most prestigious university hospitals. Data ascertain the centrality of the physicians' and nurses' affective behavior in the creation of the image. They also show that the crucial factors that predict that image in the patient's eyes are the nurses' affective behavior and the hospital's perceived competence level, which is based predominantly on the patient's satisfaction with the medical treatment given by the physicians. That, in turn, is, to a great extent, predicted by the extent of satisfaction with the physicians' humane attitude toward the patient. PMID- 6656326 TI - Building individual histories with registries. A case study. AB - This study concentrates on utilizing registries and assessing their quality for population-based research. A method of successive comparisons is used to develop and update a summary record of coverage (length of time on the registry) and mortality for each individual in the Manitoba Health Services Commission data base. Various ways to ascertain the accuracy of the summary records are discussed. These techniques are validated by efforts to follow over an 8-year period 4,794 individuals interviewed in 1971 as part of ongoing research on the Manitoba elderly. Ninety-seven percent of the total elderly sample (and 99% of those successfully matched with interviewees) were traced over 8 years. Deaths recorded on hospital claims but not on the master registry and possible unrecorded out-of-hospital deaths are outstanding problems with the Manitoba data base. Further checks against 1970-1977 vital statistics information in the Canadian Mortality Data Base will be made. PMID- 6656327 TI - The determinants of dropping out of care among hypertensive patients receiving a behavioral intervention. AB - Predictors of dropping out of care were examined for 171 treated hypertensive patients enrolled in a randomized trial of social support strategies designed to improve compliance and blood pressure control. Control patients who continued to receive routine care were more than twice as likely to drop out as patients who received routine care and periodic home visits by nurses or pharmacists (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7). The combination of home visits and a second intervention, having family members monitor patients' blood pressure and compliance behavior, was no more effective than home visits alone (OR = 1.1). The home visits intervention was one of six variables identified by a stepwise regression as significant predictors of dropping out. Patients with four or more high-risk characteristics constituted 15% of the sample but contributed almost half (46%) of the dropouts. Targeting support strategies at high-risk patients may be a cost effective means of reducing uncontrolled hypertension. PMID- 6656328 TI - Patterns of physician use among low-income, chronically ill persons. AB - The authors present new results from the 1978 National Health Interview Survey concerning the use of physician services by the least healthy segment of the low income population: those who are limited in their activities due to chronic conditions. Poor and nonpoor persons with chronic activity limitations report similar levels of physician visits. However, lower-income persons report more severe chronic conditions and hence appear to use less physician care relative to their needs. In addition, low-income persons with chronic activity limitations report more visits in hospital outpatient clinics and emergency rooms and fewer in doctor's offices compared with others with such limitations, and they are more likely to report hospital outpatient departments as their usual source of care. Unfortunately, hospital-based ambulatory care is often more episodic and fragmented than care provided in other settings. The authors concluded that care for this population could be improved greatly by restructuring responsibility for the care of the chronically ill within hospital outpatient departments. PMID- 6656329 TI - Nonmedical factors associated with the prescribing volume among family practitioners in an HMO. AB - The influence of selected variables on the prescribing volume of eighty family practitioners in a large HMO was quantified through multiple regression analysis. Over 70% of the variation was explained. The patient panel size and age composition were the most important determinants and accounted for 45.7% of the variance. The number of patients seen per clinic hour explained 14.3% and interclinic differences explained another 8.1% of the variance. Further, the data indicated two processes that might have affected results of earlier studies. First, female patients tend to select female physicians, as indicated by a high correlation between the sex of a physician and the proportion of females in the panels. Second, older physicians tend to have older patients. This implies that physician age does not explain higher prescribing rates, but is merely a proxy for older panels of patients who generally have more chronic illnesses and need more drugs. PMID- 6656330 TI - The use of physician services under a national health insurance scheme. An examination of the Canada Health Survey. AB - In this paper the individual is employed as the unit of analysis to examine the extent to which the use of physician care by beneficiaries insured under the Canadian Medicare program is determined by medical needs and sociodemographic characteristics as opposed to economic considerations. The data were derived from the Canada Health Survey, which is a stratified, multistaged sample of the entire population. The results of the discriminant and weighted multiple regression analysis indicate that the use or nonuse of service and the volume of physician care consumed is determined by medical needs and sociodemographic characteristics rather than by economic status. Accordingly, the findings of this study are consistent with the contention that the Medicare program has resulted in an equitable distribution of physician service. PMID- 6656331 TI - Sociodemographic differences in access to vision care among adults in the United States, 1974-1975. AB - Access to refractive care is examined by comparing uncorrected and corrected (with eyeglasses or contact lenses) distance visual acuity across eight race-sex economic status groups. Of those with less than 20/20 uncorrected distance visual acuity, the age-adjusted proportion using corrective lenses is examined across these sociodemographic groups to assess unmet need in vision care. Measurements of distance visual acuity were obtained for 2,828 adults aged 25-74 years from the national probability sample selected for the 1974-1975 National Health and Nutrition Examination Augmentation Survey. Questionnaire responses were collected on usual correction. Individuals were classified by race, sex, and economic status. Weighted least squares categoric data analysis showed that blacks, males, and nonpoor persons have a higher proportion with 20/20 uncorrected distance vision than whites, females, and poor persons. Individuals who are white, male, and nonpoor are more likely to have 20/20 corrected distance vision than their counterparts. PMID- 6656332 TI - Health service utilization by Indochinese refugees. AB - In this article the utilization of medical services by Indochinese refugees is examined. A representative sample of the refugee population in one resettlement site provides basic data on health service utilization behaviors. The analysis focuses on the situational and attitudinal determinants of hospital contact, physician contact, and the volume of utilization of both services. The findings indicate that length of residence and ethnicity are important predictors of utilization behaviors. The most recently arrived refugees and the Hmong are low utilizers of physician and hospital services. A regression analysis of situational and attitudinal variables shows that effects of length of residence and ethnicity do not diminish when the effects of the other variables are considered. Although the results are similar to previous utilization studies, they do suggest that Indochinese refugees require more information about United States health services to utilize them properly. PMID- 6656333 TI - A longitudinal study of offset in the use of nonpsychiatric services following specialized mental health care. AB - This study examines the use of nonpsychiatric services by mentally ill persons following the receipt of specialized mental health care, frequently referred to as the "offset effect." A total of 9,761 persons enrolled during 1975 in the Columbia Medical Plan, a prepaid group practice in Columbia, Maryland, were studied over a 5-year period. Enrollees were classified into three groups: Treated--mental disorder diagnosis in 1975 and specialized mental health care in 1975; Untreated--mental disorder diagnosis in 1975 but no specialized mental health care in that year; and Comparison--neither mental disorder diagnosis nor specialized mental health care in 1975. The nonpsychiatric utilization for these groups was compared for 1973-1977. Specialized mental health care appears to have a short-term effect on nonpsychiatric utilization by attenuating the peak in use. Mentally ill persons without specialized mental health care in 1975 also reduced their use of nonpsychiatric services in 1976-1977. The utilization changes were more likely to occur in primary care departments, rather than nonpsychiatric specialty care departments. A diagnosis of mental disorder in either 1973 or 1974 was associated with a larger offset effect. PMID- 6656334 TI - The selective utilization of prenatal genetic diagnosis. Experiences of a regional program in upstate New York during the 1970s. AB - The regional prenatal diagnosis program of the Finger Lakes Health Systems Area in upstate New York has been monitored since its start in 1971. By the end of 1980, more than 1,250 diagnostic procedures had been successfully completed. Based on analyses of regional vital statistics, genetic services data, repeated surveys of obstetricians, and an ongoing survey of recent mothers older than 34 years of age, the authors concluded that: 1) in the study region, most women with an indication for prenatal diagnosis because of age are aware of the possibility of prenatal diagnosis; 2) the majority of obstetricians discuss amniocentesis with their patients; 3) after a period of rapid growth the utilization rate in the study region reached about 40% in 1981; 4) nonuse of prenatal diagnosis is based mostly on a patient's decision rather than system deficiencies; and 5) a community approach to increase utilization will have to focus on how to provide a supportive social climate for these services rather than on increasing awareness among potential patients or more referrals by providers. PMID- 6656335 TI - Does psychiatric care reduce the demand for medical care services? PMID- 6656336 TI - Lay-perceived legitimacy of physician utilization for emotional problems. An additional perspective on coping with stress and illness. PMID- 6656337 TI - Obstetric practice in Finland, 1950-1980. Changes in technology and its relation to health. AB - The purposes of the paper are to describe changes in the technologic methods used in Finnish obstetric practice and to relate them to some measures of infant and mother health. Antenatal care in Finland still largely retains its original low technology character, but changes toward more technology-oriented care can be seen. The management of labor and deliveries changed dramatically in the latter half of the 1960s and in the 1970s. More and more births occurred in large, specialized hospitals instead of in small, local hospitals. Electronic fetal monitoring, drug treatment of labor (oxytocin and analgesia), deliveries with instruments, and cesarean sections became common. Comparisons of perinatal mortality by county and by hospital suggest that the correlations between the technologic methods studied, especially cesarean sections, and decreasing perinatal mortality probably do not reflect direct causal relationships. PMID- 6656338 TI - Evaluation of general and traditional internal medicine residencies utilizing a medical records audit based on educational objectives. AB - Residency programs in general internal medicine must ensure that skills relevant to the care of both ambulatory and hospitalized patients are taught effectively. The authors evaluated both a general and a traditional internal medicine training program at the same institution. They employed a medical records audit technique based on educational objectives that assessed the approach of residents in each program in dealing with five inpatient and five outpatient problems. Inpatient performance also was assessed by subjective faculty evaluations. Resident physicians in the general program more closely reflected the educational objectives in two of five outpatient audits. There were no differences between the programs for inpatient audits or subjective evaluations. These findings support the argument that the emphasis on teaching ambulatory medicine need not jeopardize inpatient training, and they demonstrate the feasibility of a medical records audit based on educational objectives for program evaluation. PMID- 6656339 TI - Disenrollment from a prepaid group plan. A multivariate analysis. AB - Although high annual disenrollments from prepaid group practices (PGPs) present significant problems to the manager, studies on this subject generally have been limited to simple descriptions of the phenomenon. The authors' approach utilizes multivariate techniques--discriminant analysis and logistic regression--to overcome the simplicity of these bivariate studies. It allows an examination of the significant correlates of disenrollment in a stepwise manner that adjusts for the effects of all variables included in the models. Two surveys conducted by the Medical Care Group of St. Louis (MCGSL) provide data for this research. After classifying the sample of 2,402 families as continuous enrollees, voluntary disenrollees, and mandatory disenrollees, the analyses show that these groups represent significantly different member populations. The variables that significantly and independently discriminate among them include sociodemographic characteristics (subscriber age, race, education and occupation, and family size and income), satisfaction level with the plan, and presence of alternatives to the PGP (nonplan family members and coverage by alternative health insurance). These findings suggest that voluntary and mandatory disenrollment behavior may be more complex than previously considered. Moreover, the PGP manager is faced with perplexing problems in attempting to control this troublesome phenomenon. PMID- 6656340 TI - Unlicensed foreign medical graduates in California. Social and demographic characteristics and progress toward licensure. AB - Foreign-born physicians graduated from foreign medical schools who were unlicensed in California are described by nationality, age, sex, location, visa status, employment, English fluency, and specialty. Over 1,210 unlicensed foreign medical graduates (FMGs) were located in California and 736 were interviewed, approximately 40% of the estimated 3,000 FMGs residing in the state. Most of the FMGs who passed the ECFMG and FLEX were young, had specialty training, had studied for the examination, had participated in review courses, and were unemployed. GMENAC projections for the number of FMGs entering the residency pool to the year 1990 may be far too low, because many unlicensed FMGs are already in the country. Two thirds of the FMGs studied came to the United States after immigration of FMGs was restricted in 1977. Many were refugees or were from countries in political upheaval. Policy issues raised are the role of FMGs in improving care to the underserved, medical standards, humanitarian issues related to the resettlement of refugees and immigrants, and the projected oversupply of physicians. PMID- 6656341 TI - A comparative study of laboratory utilization behavior of "on-service" and "off service" housestaff physicians. AB - Highly specialized housestaff programs often call for training in another specialty area, especially internal medicine. Because of differences in training background and experience with internal medicine, laboratory utilization patterns might differ. Hence, laboratory test comparisons between medical ("on-service") and nonmedical ("off-service") housestaff were carried out on the general medicine service. On-service and off-service housestaff were found to have similarly ill patients and similar workloads. Off-service housestaff generally used less laboratory services than on-service housestaff, although both groups used large numbers of tests. Despite differences in experience and training, off service housestaff appeared to deliver less costly and apparently equal quality medical care, compared with on-service housestaff. PMID- 6656342 TI - The effects of burn severity and institutional differences on the costs of care. AB - Burn care treatment is among the costliest yet least studied forms of care. This paper presents estimates of the magnitude and components of burn care costs. It analyzes the extent to which burn care cost is determined by severity of burns or by characteristics of the institution in which the patient is treated, based on patient-specific data from eight hospitals representing different levels of technical sophistication in the delivery of burn care. Costs of care are higher in specialized facilities. Many patients with small burns are treated in specialized facilities, at much higher costs than patients treated in general care facilities. Among specialized facilities, patient severity accounts for a portion of the variance in costs, but significant cost differences remain after adjusting for severity. These results suggest that cost-control efforts should concentrate on specifying criteria for admission to specialized burn facilities, regional coordination of facilities and institutions, and improved facilities design and management. PMID- 6656343 TI - Provider continuity and quality of medical care. A retrospective analysis of prenatal and perinatal outcome. AB - It is often assumed that family physicians are able to provide a higher quality of medical care because of the greater degree of continuity inherent in their practices. The authors attempted to measure the association between continuity and quality of medical care using pregnancy as a tracer condition. Using a retrospective cohort study design, two groups of pregnant women were identified- those cared for in the family practice (FP) centers and those cared for in the obstetric (OB) clinics. Process and outcome of medical care were measured along with patient satisfaction. Provider continuity, as measured by the SECON value, was much higher in the FP group, and was highly correlated with the presence of an "attitudinal contract" between patient and physician. Although not statistically significant, four times as many newborns from the OB group were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. FP group newborn weight averaged 220 grams more than the OB group (P less than 0.05). This difference remained after control for covariates. While not reaching statistical significance, patient satisfaction scores tended to be higher for the FP group in two of three categories measured. The results suggest that continuity of care was associated with better patient outcome and satisfaction. Directions for causal interpretation and future research are discussed. PMID- 6656344 TI - The length-of-stay pattern of nursing home admissions. AB - The length of stay (LOS) pattern of nursing home admissions has not been directly measured because the long duration of stay of some patients (e.g., 25% of persons admitted reside in homes for longer than 1 year) makes it impractical to follow specific admission cohorts until the members have been discharged. By applying life-table methods to data on current and discharged residents from the 1977 National Nursing Home Survey, the authors were able to generate estimates of this distribution. They estimated that the typical nursing home admission initially has an expected LOS of 456 days, but, more interesting, the remaining LOS is expected to increase, in the intermediate term, with the amount of time spent in the facility. They also examined LOS distributions of subsets of the national nursing home population, and illustrated potential applications for this new information for policy formulation. PMID- 6656345 TI - Humor and other communication preferences in physician-patient encounters. AB - In light of recent evidence suggesting the importance of communication in the health care setting, an instrument to measure communication style preferences was developed. This reliable and content-valid paper-and-pencil measure consisted of six scenarios depicting physician-patient interactions, each followed by four potential verbal responses from the physician. The four responses, representing four communications styles--humor, hostility, reassurance, and neutrality--were ranked by respondents according to their preferences. Among both physicians and consumers, reassuring responses were the most preferred, followed by neutral, humorous, and hostile responses. The intercorrelations of the four preferences and their relationships to standardized tests of both facilitating verbal response preferences and nonverbal expressiveness are presented. Potential uses of the instrument are discussed. PMID- 6656346 TI - Changing practice in the surgical treatment of breast cancer. The national perspective. AB - This study documents changes in surgical treatment of breast cancer using data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. All discharge records for women aged 25 years and older who received a mastectomy and had a diagnosis of breast cancer were selected for analysis. The proportion of such women discharged who received a radical mastectomy declined precipitously from 49% in 1972-1974 to 14% in 1978 1980. The proportion of women discharged who received modified radical mastectomies increased concomitantly from 29% in 1972-1974 to 64% in 1979-1980. Further, these changes in surgical practice were observed in all regions of the United States and for both small and large hospitals. The average length of hospital stay for discharged women treated surgically for breast cancer declined from 11.8 to 10.3 days between 1972-1974 and 1978-1980. About one third of this decline can be attributed to the shift toward less extensive operations. PMID- 6656347 TI - [Intrahospital treatment of acute opiate withdrawal syndrome using the non-opiate agent clonidine]. PMID- 6656348 TI - [Soft contact lenses: study of bacterial contamination and the mechanisms of asepsis]. PMID- 6656349 TI - [Pathology of contact lenses]. PMID- 6656350 TI - [Traveling in airplanes]. PMID- 6656351 TI - [Myxoma of the right atrium. Unusual hemodynamic data and ultrastructural study]. PMID- 6656352 TI - [Clinical and therapeutic considerations in Gardner syndrome: study of a family]. PMID- 6656353 TI - [Treatment of the climacteric syndrome]. PMID- 6656354 TI - [Bacteremia in Salmonella gastroenteritis]. PMID- 6656355 TI - [Hepatic abscess: apropos of a review of 20 cases]. PMID- 6656356 TI - [Silent subcapsular hematoma of the spleen: a rare cause of pseudotumoral splenomegaly]. PMID- 6656357 TI - [Transient widening of the QRS caused by acute imipramine poisoning]. PMID- 6656358 TI - [Candida albicans peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis]. PMID- 6656359 TI - [Erythema multiforme as a consequence of skin tests with pneumoallergens]. PMID- 6656360 TI - [Mixed connective tissue disease beginning with a psychiatric clinical picture]. PMID- 6656361 TI - [Active tuberculosis in patients in hemodialysis]. PMID- 6656362 TI - [Fasciola hepatica in the major bile duct]. PMID- 6656363 TI - [Streptococcus viridans pneumonia]. PMID- 6656364 TI - [Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in a general hospital]. PMID- 6656365 TI - [Hemodynamic effect of ARL-115 in congestive heart failure following acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6656366 TI - [Campylobacter bacteremia in adults: apropos of 6 cases]. PMID- 6656367 TI - [The delta antigenic system]. PMID- 6656368 TI - [Chronic obstructive lung diseases]. PMID- 6656369 TI - [Hepatic tuberculoma: apropos of 2 case reports]. PMID- 6656370 TI - [46-year-old woman with pericarditis and heart failure]. PMID- 6656371 TI - [The use of immunosuppressive drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6656372 TI - [Active tuberculosis in patients in hemodialysis]. PMID- 6656373 TI - [Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus possibly secondary to the ingestion of sodium zomepirac dihydrate]. PMID- 6656374 TI - [Outbreak of legionellosis in Spain]. PMID- 6656375 TI - [Malignant hemangiopericytoma]. PMID- 6656376 TI - [Acute abdomen in an adult with undiagnosed cystic fibrosis]. PMID- 6656377 TI - [Acute transverse myelitis associated with heroin consumption]. PMID- 6656378 TI - [Epidural abscess with spinal cord compression in a heroin addict]. PMID- 6656379 TI - [Prevalence of arterial hypertension in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona)]. PMID- 6656380 TI - [Use of sublingual nifedipine in the hypertensive crisis]. PMID- 6656381 TI - [Biliary ileus: rare clinical forms]. PMID- 6656383 TI - [Thrombocytosis and thrombocythemia]. PMID- 6656384 TI - [Results of epidemiologic studies and the future of the prevention of coronary cardiopathy]. PMID- 6656382 TI - [Effect of serum IgE levels on eosinophilia of patients in hemodialysis]. PMID- 6656385 TI - [Evaluation of nutritional status in clinical practice]. PMID- 6656386 TI - [Familial adenomatous polyposis associated with adult renal polycystic disease]. PMID- 6656387 TI - [Cross reactions in patients with cysticercosis challenged with hydatidic antigens and those of Taenia Saginata]. PMID- 6656388 TI - [Non-functioning adrenal carcinoma with massive metastases in unusual organs]. PMID- 6656389 TI - [Marfan syndrome and diaphragmatic hernia]. PMID- 6656390 TI - [Meningococcal meningitis without pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid]. PMID- 6656391 TI - [Transformation of an ischemic infarction into a hemorrhagic one by anticoagulant treatment in a patient with cerebral embolism]. PMID- 6656392 TI - [Renal amyloidosis secondary to Crohn Disease]. PMID- 6656393 TI - [Slowly developing allergic reactions as the 1st manifestation of hepatic hydatidosis]. PMID- 6656394 TI - [Amiodarone and hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 6656395 TI - [Oculomotor disorders in acute vascular pathology of the cerebellum. Clinical study of 25 patients]. PMID- 6656396 TI - [Gonadal and pituitary function in idiopathic hemochromatosis]. PMID- 6656397 TI - [Staphylococcus aureus infections and glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 6656398 TI - [Degradation of purine nucleotides in hereditary xanthinuria by rapid infusion of fructose: preliminary results]. PMID- 6656400 TI - [Transthoracic biopsy and its clinical usefulness]. PMID- 6656399 TI - [Influence of treatment with amiodarone in response to electric cardioversion in patients with complete arrhythmia caused by auricular fibrillation]. PMID- 6656401 TI - [Pathogenesis of alcoholic cirrhosis]. PMID- 6656402 TI - [Anasarca caused by progesterone in a patient with idiopathic edema]. PMID- 6656403 TI - [Intralobar pulmonary sequestration: apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 6656404 TI - [Penicillin encephalopathy: study of 2 cases]. PMID- 6656405 TI - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a male residing in Barcelona]. PMID- 6656406 TI - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the prodromal phase in a drug addict]. PMID- 6656407 TI - [Neurologic disease as the only manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6656408 TI - [Lead poisoning induced by a polyvinyl resin. Presentation of 2 new cases]. PMID- 6656409 TI - [Sarcoidosis and primary biliary cirrhosis]. PMID- 6656410 TI - [Premonitory semiology of Raynaud's phenomenon]. PMID- 6656411 TI - [Incidence and diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in an internal medicine service]. PMID- 6656412 TI - [Levels of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in compensated alcoholic hepatic cirrhosis]. PMID- 6656413 TI - [Retrospective evaluation of the results of postmortem blood cultures carried out in a general hospital]. PMID- 6656414 TI - [Maximal tumor thickness in malignant melanoma]. PMID- 6656415 TI - [Functional mitral insufficiency]. PMID- 6656416 TI - [Buschke's scleredema and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6656418 TI - [Oxygen therapy]. PMID- 6656417 TI - [Ectopic synthesis of alkaline phosphatase in pure seminoma]. PMID- 6656419 TI - [Cutaneous hyperpigmentation and vidarabine]. PMID- 6656420 TI - [Bulbar syndrome as manifestation of a plexopapilloma of the IV ventricle]. PMID- 6656421 TI - [Urticaria and systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6656422 TI - [Usefulness of HbA1 in the diagnosis of chronic hypoglycemia]. PMID- 6656423 TI - [Incarcerated hydatid membrane: apropos of 26 cases]. PMID- 6656424 TI - [Sputum viscosity and respiratory function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. PMID- 6656425 TI - [Phosphorus and arterial hypertension in idiopathic hypercalciuria]. PMID- 6656426 TI - [Hodgkin's disease and late recurrence]. PMID- 6656427 TI - [The function of the physician in the pharmaceutical industry]. PMID- 6656428 TI - [Toxoplasmosis, chronic active hepatitis and gonorrhea in a heroin addict with altered immunity]. PMID- 6656430 TI - [Usefulness of ambulatory cardiac monitoring by the Holter method]. PMID- 6656429 TI - [Metastatic pulmonary calcifications in a patient in parathyrotoxic crisis]. PMID- 6656431 TI - [Familial clustering in Paget's disease]. PMID- 6656432 TI - [Candida Arthritis: an infrequent manifestation of systemic candidiasis]. PMID- 6656433 TI - [Fovea of the external ear and pulmonary valve stenosis]. PMID- 6656434 TI - [Additional data on septic osteoarthritis in drug addicts]. PMID- 6656435 TI - [Low voltage QRS in chronic constrictive pericarditis]. PMID- 6656436 TI - [Nodular myositis as the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6656437 TI - [Diagnostic value of myoglobin and creatine kinase-MB in acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6656438 TI - [Theophylline: plasma levels in asthma patients treated with choline theophyllinate every 8 hours]. PMID- 6656439 TI - [Arterial gasometry in a severe attack of asthma]. PMID- 6656440 TI - [Prophylaxis of streptococcal endocarditis]. PMID- 6656441 TI - [Asbestos!]. PMID- 6656442 TI - [A case of Churg-Strauss syndrome with ocular involvement]. PMID- 6656443 TI - [(+)-Cyanidanol-3 induced fever]. PMID- 6656444 TI - [Authentic acropachy or pseudoacropachy]. PMID- 6656445 TI - [Pharyngolaryngeal disorders in Shy-Drager syndrome]. PMID- 6656446 TI - [Rapidly progressive Felty's syndrome associated with Sjogren's syndrome]. PMID- 6656447 TI - [Severe infectious pathology in the drug addict]. PMID- 6656448 TI - [Mortality in autonomic cardiovascular neuropathy in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6656449 TI - [Autonomic diabetic neuropathy]. PMID- 6656450 TI - [Raynaud's disease and phenomenon]. PMID- 6656451 TI - [Fifth phakomatosis. The multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome]. PMID- 6656452 TI - [Antiviral drugs]. PMID- 6656453 TI - [The one-and-a-half syndrome: apropos of a case]. PMID- 6656454 TI - [Brucellar bioprosthesic endocarditis: cure by medical treatment]. PMID- 6656455 TI - [Hypercalcemia with neurological foci: apropos of a case]. PMID- 6656456 TI - [Mounier-Khun syndrome as cause of hemoptysis in a patient surgically treated for a pulmonary hydatid cyst]. PMID- 6656457 TI - [Osteomalacia as the principal manifestation of celiac disease]. PMID- 6656458 TI - [Intestinal ulcers in hemodialysis]. PMID- 6656459 TI - [Determination of glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c) (II). Studies in patients with carbohydrate intolerance and clinico-biological correlations in diabetic patients]. PMID- 6656460 TI - [Decrease of plasma calcitonin in patients treated with corticoids]. PMID- 6656461 TI - [Heterogeneity of pituitary involvement in Sheehan's disease]. PMID- 6656462 TI - [Use of aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in the diagnosis of lead poisoning]. PMID- 6656463 TI - [Monoclonal origin of chronic myeloproliferative syndromes]. PMID- 6656464 TI - [Lyme disease: a new infectious disease]. PMID- 6656465 TI - [Osteolytic lesions in idiopathic myelofibrosis: presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 6656466 TI - [Clinical features of intracranial arteriovenous malformations]. PMID- 6656468 TI - [Cerebral abscess treated with antibiotics and corticotherapy]. PMID- 6656467 TI - [Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia as the cause of symptomatology compatible with slowly-developing chronic bronchitis]. PMID- 6656469 TI - [Hemorrhagic ascites: an unusual presentation of hypernephroma]. PMID- 6656470 TI - [Hereditary angioedema caused by a deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor. A sporadic case of late appearance]. PMID- 6656471 TI - [Transtentorial herniation during an episode of Bruns syndrome]. PMID- 6656472 TI - [Eosinophilic pleural effusion associated with abdominal hydatidosis]. PMID- 6656473 TI - [Blindness in the developing countries--causes and measures]. PMID- 6656474 TI - [Neutropenia caused by long-term treatment with penicillin]. PMID- 6656475 TI - [The cancer registry for 25 years: Changes in the cancer scene in Sweden 1960 1980]. PMID- 6656476 TI - [Speech and language at the age of 4 and when starting school]. PMID- 6656477 TI - [Is early discharge after labor possible from the point of view of medical risk?]. PMID- 6656478 TI - [Symptomatic heart disease in infancy]. PMID- 6656479 TI - [The role of medical care at the larger music festivals]. PMID- 6656480 TI - [Prostatitis or prostatodynia?]. PMID- 6656481 TI - [Aortic coarctation - a neglected cause of hypertension?]. PMID- 6656482 TI - [A Computer-based record system at a myocardial infarction department]. PMID- 6656483 TI - [Meningococcal diseases in Halland. Sulfaprevention is back again]. PMID- 6656484 TI - [Meningococcal diseases in Malmohus County 1982-1983. There is no connection with southern Halland]. PMID- 6656485 TI - [Etiology of schizophrenia - current research aspects]. PMID- 6656486 TI - [Diseases among Swedish International Development Authority employees - 5 years' data. Health risks during work in developing countries]. PMID- 6656487 TI - [Improved diagnostics by ultrasonic measurements of the skull of neonates and infants]. PMID- 6656488 TI - [Biochemical markers as an aid in the early diagnosis of female alcoholics]. PMID- 6656489 TI - [Complications after change of vasodilators in the treatment of hypertension]. PMID- 6656490 TI - [Weight control]. PMID- 6656491 TI - [Warming with the heart-lung machine should be reconsidered in the treatment of deep hypothermia]. PMID- 6656492 TI - ["Numbed fingers" - an overview and a proposal to a survey]. PMID- 6656493 TI - [Preparation of drugs and vaccines is revolutionized by the hybrid DNA technic]. PMID- 6656494 TI - [Fetal diagnosis during the first trimester by transcervical aspiration of chorionic villi]. PMID- 6656495 TI - [Benign papillary stenosis]. PMID- 6656496 TI - [Injuries of the pelvis, its bones and soft tissues. a) The bony pelvis]. PMID- 6656497 TI - [Injuries of the pelvis, its bones and soft tissues. b) Soft tissues of the pelvis]. PMID- 6656498 TI - [Surgical risk research]. PMID- 6656499 TI - [Inguinal hernia, recurrent hernia, rupture of scars]. PMID- 6656500 TI - [Surgery. Current overviews]. PMID- 6656501 TI - [Appendicitis]. PMID- 6656502 TI - [Conservative treatment of fractures]. PMID- 6656503 TI - [Surgery of the heart and vessels]. PMID- 6656504 TI - [Surgery of metastases]. PMID- 6656505 TI - [Endocrine surgery]. PMID- 6656506 TI - [Errors and hazards of colo-rectal surgery]. PMID- 6656507 TI - [Surgery in practice and in the polyclinic]. PMID- 6656508 TI - [Plastic surgery - injuries of the face and extremities. Indications and surgical technic for primary reconstruction. a) The face]. PMID- 6656510 TI - [Organization and responsibility for organization in the hospital and in practice]. PMID- 6656509 TI - [Blunt chest injuries]. PMID- 6656511 TI - [Present and future of surgical publications]. PMID- 6656512 TI - [Methods for the study of proteinuria. Interpretation]. PMID- 6656513 TI - [Osteomalacia presenting as celiac disease in adults. Apropos of 5 cases]. PMID- 6656514 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of myeloradiculopathy caused by cervicarthrosis. Apropos of 1000 surgically treated patients]. PMID- 6656516 TI - [Drug interactions with antivitamins K]. PMID- 6656515 TI - [Sciatic paralysis during anticoagulant treatment]. PMID- 6656518 TI - [Ototoxic antibiotics (mechanisms of ototoxicity--guidelines for prescription)]. PMID- 6656517 TI - [Epidemiology of labial fissures and labiopalatal fissures in the Nord-Pas de Calais region from 1979 to 1981]. PMID- 6656519 TI - [Parkinson syndromes]. PMID- 6656521 TI - [Evaluation of electronystagmographically registered spontaneous nystagmus in healthy persons]. AB - The the exception of nystagmus of ocular origin, any spontaneous and provocation nystagmus have so far been regarded as a pathological manifestation of the vestibular system. However, in recent years the existence of a physiological spontaneous nystagmus has also been discussed. To examine this question, 150 healthy persons were subjected to the standard registration according to Frenzel and Tonndorf. The evaluation of the horizontal nystagmus registered was carried out in accordance with the specified evaluation criteria for uncertain and certain nystagmus movements by means of Frenzel arrow symbols. The results were shown graphically and separately for the individual registration position. The known phenomenon of an increased occurrence of nystagmus on decrease of inhibitory factors was confirmed. In the observation of a nystagmus in registration corresponding to the fluorescent spectacles, a definite nystagmus was registered in less than 10% of the normal subjects. In visual fixation, this number was reduced to less than 5%. The results of these registrations do not justify postulation of a physiological spontaneous nystagmus. Despite the greater frequency of a nystagmus in unilluminated and closed eyes, this term should not be adopted in medical terminology without more precise knowledge of vestibulo ocular coupling. PMID- 6656520 TI - [Multiple tumors in the upper aerodigestive tract--a retrospective study]. AB - The authors observe an increasing incidence of multiple primary neoplasms in the upper aerodigestive tract. Out of 1231 patients with neoplasms, 110 (= 8.9%) developed another tumour. Following oral cavity tumours the incidence of second tumours was twice as high as in other localities. Privileged site of second tumours following cancer of the larynx is the lung, after oral cavity neoplasms the hypopharynx and larynx. The mean interval between first and secondary neoplasms was 4.4 years. In tumour follow-up therapy it is recommended to look not only for relapses and metastases but also for second tumours. PMID- 6656522 TI - [Surgical treatment of prominent auricle, presentation of a tested procedure]. AB - The operation for remedying a protruding auricle is usually considered to be a simple procedure. Due to the problems involved, however, it has resulted in a surprisingly large number of surgical procedures which must be considered in part obsolete or at least inadequate. A few standard procedures have proved to be successful and constitute the subject of this paper. The author advocates a combination of the procedure according to Converse and Stenstrom. PMID- 6656523 TI - [Tubed pedicle flap in the head-neck area from a current viewpoint]. AB - After a review of the biological fundamentals of tubed pedicle flap plasty by advantages and disadvantages as well as the techniques of formation of flaps, transplantation of flaps and migration of flaps are discussed. Furthermore the pedicle flap of fat is presented. Today the skin flaps of the postero-lateral cervical region are of great practical importance due to the fact that they are commonly used both for reconstructive surgery of face burns and of the auricle, and for closure of tumor defects in the oral cavity. In the age of microvascular surgery and the formation of myocutaneous flaps the flap has kept its definite indication, especially for the repair of greater defects of the face, oral cavity and congenital facial hemiatrophy. The repair consists of the replacement of missing subcutaneous fat. PMID- 6656524 TI - [Intimal fibrosis of cerebellar arteries--a contribution to the pathogenesis of neurovascular syndromes]. AB - Cross-compression of cranial nerves at the brain stem by an arterial loop appears to be responsible for several dysfunction syndromes like trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. The pathogenesis of these syndromes still remains obscure; some authors call atherosclerosis of the cross-compressing vessel a local pathogenetic factor. Histological examination of the lower cerebellar arteries, obtained at autopsies of humans without cranial nerve dysfunction, was carried out. There was no evidence of significant atherosclerotic changes of distant cerebellar arteries even in places predisposing to intimal thickening by haemodynamic reasons. The adventitia and arachnoidea contributed 30% to the vessel wall and may be the substrate of the reported local vessel thickening in neurovascular compression syndromes. PMID- 6656525 TI - [A nasopharynx electrode for BERA potential derivation]. AB - A harpoon-shaped electrode was positioned to the nasopharynx through the nose for registration of BERA-potentials. The amplitudes of peak IV and V increase without changes of latencies. Potential IV is clearer for evaluation of the central conduction time in cases with a single IV/V-complex. Mechanisms of amplitude pattern changes are discussed. PMID- 6656526 TI - [Ultrastructural changes of endoplasmic reticulum in malignant keratinocytes of laryngeal carcinoma]. AB - The alterations in ultrastructure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx were studied by electron microscopy. In some malignant keratinocytes the ER cisternae become aggregated into stacks forming paired or compound ER. If two or more ER elements aggregate, the inner apposing lamellae lose their ribosome particles. Simultaneously, the electron density of the inner lamellae and of the intercisternal material increases. These paired ER cisternae can frequently be observed associated with the nuclear envelope in mitotic cells, but they can also occur in interphase cells. C-shaped paired ER profiles in association with mitochondria and various cylindrical ER structures were also observed. Further, dilation, vesiculation, disorganization, and association of the ER with different cytoplasmic organelles was also seen. The observed results are compared with other reported ER changes and the significance of these changes in the neoplastic ergastoplasm is discussed. PMID- 6656527 TI - [Epidemiology of schizophrenia in Croatia--trends in the hospitalization of schizophrenic patients in various communities]. PMID- 6656528 TI - [Behavior of the somatosensory afferent system in the "phantom limb" syndrome]. PMID- 6656529 TI - [Etretinate in the treatment of psoriasis and other skin diseases]. PMID- 6656530 TI - [Clinical evaluation of evoked cerebral responses]. PMID- 6656531 TI - [Medical ethics in the evaluation of work capacity]. PMID- 6656532 TI - Reduced plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase activity in rats fed iron deficient diets. AB - An iron-deficient diet containing no fat (FF-Fe) or containing either 14% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCNO-Fe) or 14% corn oil (CO-Fe) was fed to separate groups of rats for 10 weeks. In the control group, the corresponding iron supplemented diets were fed FF+Fe, HCNO+Fe, CO+Fe. When rats were fed iron deficient diets, their plasma lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) activity was significantly reduced as compared to controls. Their plasma also contained releatively more cholesteryl esters (CE) than free cholesterol (CH). In rats fed FF+Fe and CO+Fe diets, plasma contained similar levels of CE and CH. In those fed HCNO+Fe diet, plasma had 40% less Ce than CH. Red cell CH content was significantly greater in the CO-Fe group. Iron deficiency, as indicated by low blood hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) values, was also observed only in this group. The triglyceride and phospholipid contents of plasma in rats fed iron deficient diets were significantly lower than of those in the control groups. Thus, changes in LCAT activity and CE/CH ratio in plasma showed the effect of iron-deficient diet consumption even before the blood Hb and Hct levels were reduced. PMID- 6656533 TI - Alterations of phospholipids in ischemic canine myocardium during acute arrhythmia. AB - Myocardial ischemia was produced in the left ventricle of the canine heart by a Harris two-stage occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The lipid content in the ischemic myocardium was analyzed and compared with the control tissue. No significant change in total phospholipid and cholesterol was detected. A 2-fold elevation in the levels of the major lysophospoholipids was observed during acute ventricular arrhythmias at 24 hr after the onset of ischemia. Such increases were not caused by preferential hydrolysis of phospholipid plasmalogens from the parent phospholipids. PMID- 6656534 TI - Diet- and hormone-induced lipid deposition in rat kidney: correlation with systolic blood pressure. AB - The influence of estradiol on deposition of cholesterol in tissues of ovariectomized rats on normal and high lipid diets was studied. Concomitantly the influence of a contraceptive steroid combination was studied in a similar manner in intact rats. It was found that the high lipid diet resulted in increased deposition of cholesterol in aorta, heart, liver and kidney. The presence of either endogenous or exogenous hormones accentuated the deposition of cholesterol in the kidney and resulted in significantly higher systolic blood pressures in these rats. In the rats on a high lipid diet, the concentration of cholesterol in the kidney correlated positively with systolic blood pressure. It is concluded that estrogen and high lipid diet exert a synergistic effect on deposition of cholesterol in kidney. The positive correlation between kidney cholesterol concentration and systolic blood pressure suggests a possible role for kidney lipid deposition in the hypertensive effect of estrogens. PMID- 6656536 TI - Oleic acid transfer from microsomes to egg lecithin liposomes: participation of fatty acid binding protein. AB - Oleic acid transfer from microsomes or mitochondria to egg lecithin liposomes was stimulated by fatty acid binding protein. By gel filtration, it could be demonstrated that this protein incorporates oleic acid into liposomes. Fatty acid binding protein transfer activity was higher using microsomes rather than mitochondria, which suggests a selective interaction with different kinds of membranes. Transfer of oleic acid by this soluble protein is greater than that of stearic acid. The results indicate that fatty acid binding protein may participate in the intracellular transport of fatty acids. PMID- 6656535 TI - Fatty acid composition of triglycerides from adipose tissue transplanted between obese and lean mice. AB - The subcutaneous adipose tissue of genetically obese mice (ob/ob) differs from that of lean littermates not only by virtue of its larger cells but also in its fatty acid composition; it contains a higher proportion of palmitoleic acid and a lower proportion of linoleic acid. To determine whether these differences in fatty acid composition were inherent in fat cells, subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese and lean mice was transplanted under the kidney capsules of lean and obese host mice and the fatty acid composition of the neutral lipids of the graft and of the host perirenal and subcutaneous fat was determined 1 or 2 months later. The fatty acid composition of grafts from lean donors in obese mice resembled that of the perirenal adipose tissue of the obese hosts after 1 month, with a lower proportion of linoleic acid and a higher proportion of palmitoleic acid than in lean mice. Grafts from obese mice in lean mice had fatty acid compositions which were either unchanged, partially changed or which completely resembled that of the host. The use of grafts prelabeled by feeding the donor margaric acid indicated that total lack of fatty acid turnover, rather than selective metabolic processes, was responsible for the failure of some grafts from obese mice in lean mice to acquire the fatty acid composition of the perirenal adipose tissue of the host. PMID- 6656537 TI - Metabolism of fatty acid, glycerol and a monoglyceride analogue by rat cardiac myocytes and perfused hearts. AB - Studies have been conducted on the uptake and metabolism of unesterified fatty acid, free glycerol and 1-hexadecyl glyceryl ether by rat cardiac myocytes, and of fatty acid, intact triglyceride and the glyceryl ether by perfused rat hearts. Cardiac myocytes efficiently extracted, oxidized and esterified oleic acid, but demonstrated little ability to utilize free glycerol. Although the glyceryl ether was efficiently extracted by myocytes, it was neither hydrolyzed or esterified. The perfused heart also extracted and metabolized unesterified fatty acid, and the fatty acid released during lipolysis of circulating lipoprotein triglyceride. The glyceride glycerol, however, was largely recovered (90%) in the perfusate suggesting inefficient myocardial utilization of either free glycerol or partial glycerides. Myocardial extraction of glyceryl monoether was demonstrated, but the monoglyceride analogue was also unmetabolized by intact heart tissue. The results suggest that if monoglycerides are produced by the action of lipoprotein lipase on circulating triglycerides, reutilization of intact monoglycerides for higher glyceride synthesis is not a major fate of these products. PMID- 6656538 TI - Use of antioxidants in the analysis of vitamins A and E in mammalian plasma by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - A simple, sensitive, quantitative method for the simultaneous assay of retinol, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in rat, guinea pig, monkey and human plasma was developed by using high performance liquid chromatography. It was found that antioxidant was required to stabilize the fat-soluble vitamins in the plasma of rats. The effect of several antioxidants on the recovery of fat-soluble vitamins was evaluated. Results showed that 0.125% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in ethanol and 0.025% BHT in heptane yielded recoveries greater than 95% in 0.1 ml plasma. PMID- 6656539 TI - Biphasic action of platelet-activating factor on isolated guinea-pig ileum. AB - 1-0-Hexadecyl-2-0-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet-activating factor) at 10(-10)-10(-9) M induced slow contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileal muscles and the contraction persisted for a long time. At a higher concentration of 10( 7) M, this phospholipid induced more rapid, but not greater, contraction. At higher concentrations (10(-6)-10(-5) M), this phospholipid induced a biphasic response: rapid contraction followed by relaxation. At high concentrations, this compound inhibited acetyl-choline-induced contractions. The stimulatory effect of this phospholipid was ca. 300 times that of 1-palmitoyl-2-0-acetyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine, while its inhibitory potency on induced contraction was similar to those of 1-palmitoyl-2-0-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and its lyso derivative. It was suggested that the differences in effects on contraction of different concentrations of 1-0-hexadecyl- and 1-palmitoyl-2-0-acetyl-sn-glycero 3-phosphocholine were due to the effects of these compounds on the ileum: a strong stimulatory effect and a moderate inhibitory effect on contraction. PMID- 6656540 TI - Psychiatric reports requested by the courts in six countries. PMID- 6656541 TI - Shaking as a culpable cause of subdural haemorrhage in infants. PMID- 6656542 TI - Fatal forceps. PMID- 6656543 TI - Modern coronership. PMID- 6656544 TI - Coroners from across the border. PMID- 6656545 TI - Neither guilty nor insane. PMID- 6656546 TI - A study of criminal behaviour in discharged male psychiatric patients. PMID- 6656547 TI - A study of post conviction psychiatric reports in Glasgow sheriff court. PMID- 6656548 TI - [Chronic headache and personality traits]. PMID- 6656549 TI - [Psychologic study of a group of drug dependent patients hospitalized for acute viral hepatitis]. PMID- 6656550 TI - [Double-blind study on the effect of citicholine on the senile brain]. PMID- 6656551 TI - [Latent epilepsy and a depressive syndrome. Problems in definition and diagnosis]. PMID- 6656552 TI - Role of exercise in prevention of involutional bone loss. AB - Physical inactivity has been cited as a possible cause of osteoporosis. Because involutional bone loss in the female can begin as early as age 40, the purpose of this investigation was to compare the skeletal status of two groups of premenopausal middle-aged (30-49 yr) women of diverse physical activity levels. Bone mineralization was determined by x-ray densitometry (middle phalanx of fifth finger and os calcis) and photon absorptiometry (distal and midshaft radius) in 42 marathon runners and 38 sedentary females. Mean values for bone mineral content (BMC) and bone density were greater in the marathon runners at the midshaft radius (P less than 0.05) and at the middle phalanx of the fifth digit (P less than 0.001). Mean density of the os calcis was higher in the physically inactive women (P less than 0.001). Following normalization of the data for differences in age and body size, regression analysis suggests that the runners maintain their bone mass longer at the distal radius, a site frequently fractured in women after midlife. PMID- 6656553 TI - Electromyographic changes during strength training and detraining. AB - Fourteen male subjects (20-30 yr) accustomed to weight training went through progressive strength training of combined concentric and eccentric contractions three times per week for 16 wk. The training was followed by the 8-wk detraining period. The training program consisted mainly of dynamic exercises for leg extensors with the loads of 80-120% of one maximum concentric repetition. Significant improvements in muscle function were observed in early conditioning; however, the increase in maximal force during the very late training period was greatly limited. Marked improvements (P less than 0.001) in muscle strength were accompanied by significant (P less than 0.01) increases in the neural activation (IEMG) of the leg extensor muscles. The relationship between IEMG and high absolute forces changed (P less than 0.01) during the training period. The occurrence of these changes varied during the course of training. It was concluded that the early change in strength may be accounted for largely by neural factors with a gradually increasing contribution of hypertrophic factors as the training proceeds. It was suggested that the magnitudes and occurrence of these changes may vary due to the differences in conditioning periods, in individual muscles of muscle groups, in subject material, and in conditioning methods. During detraining, the decrease in muscle force seemed to be explainable also by the neural and muscular adaptations caused by the inactivity. PMID- 6656554 TI - Effects of intensity and duration of muscular exercise on delayed soreness and serum enzyme activities. AB - The purposes of this study were to: 1) determine the time course of changes in serum enzyme activities and muscular soreness following muscular exercise, 2) quantify the relative amounts and importance of intensity and duration of muscular exercise in inducing elevated serum enzyme activities and muscular soreness in untrained individuals, and 3) determine the correlation between magnitude of soreness sensation and level of post-exercise serum enzyme activity. It was determined that the highest serum enzyme activities and muscular soreness sensation occurred 8-24 h and 48 h post-exercise, respectively. Intensity and duration of exercise were varied by adjusting the percent 10-repetition maximum (% 10RM) and number of contractions (NR) performed. Increasing intensity and duration of exercise resulted in corresponding increases in serum enzyme activities and muscular soreness. High-intensity, short-duration exercise (80% 10RM, 170 NR) resulted in greater serum enzyme activities and muscular soreness than long-duration, low-intensity exercise (30% 10RM, 545 NR). Most subjects experiencing high levels of muscular soreness were unable to lift resistances of 90% 1RM, 48 h post-exercise. These findings indicate that a positive relationship exists among exercise performed, serum enzyme activity 24 h post-exercise, and muscular soreness. Increased intensity and duration of exercise produced increased serum enzyme activities and muscular soreness, with intensity having the more pronounced effect. PMID- 6656555 TI - Differential effects of running and weight-lifting on the rat coronary arterial tree. AB - Twenty-four postpubertal male albino rats were assigned randomly to sedentary control (C), endurance-running (ER), and weight-lifting (WL) groups to study the effects of different chronic-exercise regimens on precapillary vascularity in the heart. The exercise routines were administered 5 d/wk. At the end of either 8 or 16 wk of treatments, half of the animals in each group were anesthetized. A 12% vinyl acetate solution was injected into the coronary arteries of each anesthetized animal at a pressure of 300-350 mmHg, through the ascending aorta. The injected hearts were removed and weighed. A 10% potassium hydroxide solution was used to digest tissues from the vinyl cast of each coronary arterial tree. No differences in absolute or relative heart weights were observed between the control and trained groups. When compared to the control group, the ER animals had heavier left and total coronary cast weights and higher total cast weight-to heart weight ratios (P less than 0.05). Although an overall increase in precapillary vascularity of the heart was evident in the endurance-trained ER animals, none was found in the strength-trained WL group. However, the WL animals had significantly increased right coronary cast weights, and their ratios of right coronary cast weight to total cast weight also were higher than those of the control animals (P less than 0.05). PMID- 6656556 TI - An analysis of overground and treadmill sprinting. AB - Selected variables were measured to examine differences in overground and treadmill running at sprinting speeds of maximal effort. Five college-varsity sprinters volunteered to run 100-yd sprints in both overground and treadmill running conditions. After a minimum of 10 training sessions on the treadmill, the subjects were filmed (75 fps) sprinting 100 yd and expired respiratory gases were collected during an 18-min recovery period. The oxygen debt of the overground condition, means = 47.86 ml X kg-1, was 36% greater than the treadmill running condition, means = 30.64 ml X kg-1. Regardless of individual running style, the major biomechanical differences between treadmill and overground running conditions occurred during the support phase and were observed in the supporting leg. During treadmill running, the leg of the supporting lower extremity was less erect at contact (means = 83.9 vs 88.3 deg) and moved through a greater range of motion (means = 60.6 vs 54.5 deg) with a faster overall angular velocity (means = 566.36 vs 478.07 deg X s-1). The thigh of the supporting lower extremity was more erect at contact (means = 67.1 vs 61.1 deg) and moved with a slower overall angular velocity (means = 435.14 vs 528.77 deg X s-1). Data suggest that the moving treadmill belt reduces the energy requirements of the runner by bringing the supporting leg back under the body during the support phase of running. PMID- 6656557 TI - Characteristics associated with running performance in young boys. AB - The purpose of the study was to replicate and extend the investigation of characteristics associated with running performance in young boys. Two groups of 10-year-old males were studied. One group (A runners) consisted of subjects who placed above the 55th percentile on a 1.6-km run; a second group (B runners) included children who placed below the 45th percentile. No significant (P greater than 0.05) between-group mean differences were noted for leg length, skeletal age, body coordination, or running economy (the aerobic demands at steady-state submaximal speeds). Significant (P less than 0.05) between-group mean differences were found for maximal aerobic power (A, 55.1; B, 48.6 ml X min-1 X kg-1), two site skinfold sum (A, 15.2; B, 22.7 mm), and maximal sprinting speed (A, 359.7; B, 341.1 m X min-1). When compared with A runners, B runners performed 9-min runs at a higher percentage of their maximal speed (A, 58.0; B, 51.6%), required a higher VO2 to maintain this pace (A, 48.5; B, 40.8 ml X min-1 X kg-1), and exhibited higher 4.5-min post-run blood lactate levels (A, 9.1; B, 6.7 mM X 1( 1). It was concluded that post-exercise blood lactate levels are associated, and maturity and body composition are not associated with differences in distance running performance in boys of this age. PMID- 6656558 TI - Characteristics of national, divisional, and club male alpine ski racers. AB - Forty-two Canadian male alpine ski racers of either club, divisional, or national team status were studied by group to evaluate the physiological parameters that distinguish these athletes. Measurements of physical characteristics, flexibility, muscular power and endurance, aerobic and anaerobic power, and isokinetic leg strength were made. Correlations of the test variables were performed to evaluate the test battery for validity. While there were few physiological differences between the national and divisional skiers, club skiers scored consistently lower (P less than 0.01) in maximum number of sit-ups, vertical jump, anaerobic endurance, muscular power, 2-mile run time, isokinetic leg strength at 30 degrees X s-1, and hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio. However, no significant differences between groups were observed in sum of the skinfolds, flexibility, and isokinetic strength at 180 degrees X s-1. There were also no differences in VO2max between club and national team skiers. Highly significant correlations were found between selected test variables, which indicated that some of the physiological parameters shared common variance. It seems that many of these physiological tests do not discriminate between national and divisional skiers. Club skiers would, however, appear to benefit from training programs designed to develop leg strength, power, and anaerobic endurance. PMID- 6656559 TI - Physiological adjustments to higher- or lower-intensity exercise in elders. AB - A program of physical activity for people over 60 yr of age was developed to determine whether exercising at lower intensities (LI) is a significant conditioning stimulus. In addition, differences in aerobic capacities (VO2max) elicited by training at LI, as opposed to training at higher intensities (HI), were evaluated. Thirty-two volunteers over 60 yr of age (mean = 67.8 yr) participated in a 9-wk exercise program. After initial testing of VO2max on a cycle ergometer, subjects were assigned randomly to the HI, LI, or control group. Endurance training of the two exercise groups on cycle ergometers was maintained at 30-45% (N = 14) or 60-75% (N = 14) of the range (HRR) between the subject's resting and maximum heart rate for 25 min during each exercise session. These training intensities represented 57 and 70% of the VO2max of the LI and HI groups, respectively. Participants averaged three exercise sessions per week. Non exercising volunteers served as control subjects. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was utilized for comparisons of retest, groups, and interaction. As a result of the exercise program, significant changes (P less than 0.005) in absolute (VO2max, 1 X min-1) and relative (VO2max, ml X min-1 X kg-1) aerobic capacities were realized within each training group while initial and post training VO2max were not significantly different between the two groups. Similar changes were documented by a reduction in heart rate at submaximal exercise intensities and during recovery. It was concluded that exercising at LI (30-45% HRR) is an adequate training stimulus in older individuals and produces changes in VO2max that are comparable to those elicited by HI (60-75% HRR) training. PMID- 6656560 TI - Exercise respiratory pattern in elite cyclists and sedentary subjects. AB - We investigated the breath-by-breath pattern of ventilatory response to bicycle exercise in seven elite male cyclists (VO2max = 71.7 ml X min-1 X kg-1) and ten sedentary males (VO2max = 47.3 ml X min-1 X kg-1) to analyze differences in breathing patterns between individuals with normal and high exercise ventilations (VE). The mean VEmax of the athletes (ATH) exceeded that of the sedentary subjects (SED) by 34.6% (183 vs 136 l X min-1) and was proportional to the difference in VCO2max between the groups (5.9 vs 4.23 l X min-1). The ATH used an average of 89% of their 15-s maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) during maximum exercise while SED used only 71%. The ATH had slightly, but not significantly, larger vital capacity (FVC). Both groups used about half of their FVC at maximum tidal volume (VT), VT was 47% and 49% of FVC in ATH and SED, respectively. The ATH achieved the higher VEmax by achieving a greater increase in respiratory frequency (63/min vs 49/min), which was accomplished by significant decreases in both inspiratory (T1) and, more importantly, expiratory (TE) time. There was a tendency for athletes to have a somewhat more regular breathing pattern. Both 1/T1 and mean inspiratory flow (VT/T1) were highly correlated with VE, but there were no differences in these relationships between ATH and SED. Highly conditioned athletes, therefore, respond to the increased demand for CO2 elimination by utilizing a higher respiratory frequency achieved through a reduction of both inspiratory and expiratory duration, but not by utilizing a larger tidal volume (i.e., as percent FVC) than less fit individuals. PMID- 6656561 TI - A comparison of the training responses to aerobic dance and jogging in college females. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological alterations that occur in college females as a result of a 7-wk jogging and aerobic dance-training program. Forty-six subjects (18-29 yr) volunteered to participate and included 15 dancers, 19 joggers, and 12 controls. All subjects were given a pre- and post VO2max treadmill test. The joggers and dancers trained 4 d/wk, 30 min/d for 7 wk at an intensity that represented approximately 83 and 84% of their initial maximal heart rates, respectively. Both experimental groups significantly (P less than 0.05) increased their VO2max, VEmax, and maximal treadmill running times and significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased their maximal heart rates as a result of the training. The control group showed no significant (P greater than 0.05) changes in any of the variables measured. It was concluded that both aerobic dance and jogging were equally effective (P less than 0.05) exercise modalities for improving cardiorespiratory endurance when performed at similar intensities, frequencies, and durations. PMID- 6656562 TI - Salbutamol and treadmill performance in non-atopic athletes. AB - Salbutamol and treadmill performance in non-atopic athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 520-522, 1983. Nineteen aerobic, non-atopic, athletes (10 females, 9 males) were studied in a double-blind fashion to determine the effect of a therapeutic dosage of salbutamol on pulmonary function, oxygen consumption (VO2max), heart rate (HR), and anaerobic threshold (AT). A placebo and salbutamol (in aerosol form) were administered in a dosage of two puffs four times per day. Forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1.0, and mid-maximal expiratory flow were assessed prior to a maximal treadmill run, and at 5, 10, and 15 min of recovery. Resting and maximal HR, VO2max, AT, and VE were determined prior to and immediately after the 1-wk experimental period. Pre-test results showed no evidence of airway obstruction in any athlete. There was no significant change in any pulmonary function variable as a result of salbutamol administration. Maximal oxygen consumption showed a slight, nonsignificant (P greater than 0.05) decrease in both the salbutamol and placebo groups. There was also a similar nonsignificant decrease in pulmonary function in both groups. Resting and maximal HR and AT were unchanged. These results indicate that therapeutic administration of a selective beta-2 agonist does not affect pulmonary function or performance related variables in non-atopic elite athletes. PMID- 6656563 TI - A category-ratio perceived exertion scale: relationship to blood and muscle lactates and heart rate. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to study the relationship between perceptual ratings from Borg's new category-ratio scale and some physiological variables during exercise. To accomplish this, scale ratings were related to blood and muscle lactate accumulation and heart rates during a progressive, maximal exercise test on the cycle ergometer. Ten physically active males were utilized as subjects; lactate data were recorded on only 7 of the 10 subjects. Three ratings of perceived exertion were made at each stage of the exercise test: leg effort (LE), cardiorespiratory effort (CE), and leg pain (LP). All ratings showed a positively accelerating increase with exercise intensity as did both blood and muscle lactate, while heart rate increased linearly. The exponents of the power functions describing the perceptual variation ranged from 1.63-1.67 compared to 2.2 for blood lactate and 2.7 for muscle lactate. Polynomial analysis revealed a similar quadratic trend for both perceptual and blood lactate data; however, muscle lactate demonstrated a cubic trend. No significant differences were found between CE and LE at 100, 200, and 300 W (P greater than 0.05). Subjects with the highest percentage of slow-twitch muscle fibers (mean ST%=51.14) rated LE and CE significantly lower ( mean of all power outputs, 0-300 W) than those with the lowest ST% (mean=34.52). It is concluded that the ratings from the category-ratio scale correspond very well with glycogenolytic metabolism leading to lactate accumulation during exercise. PMID- 6656564 TI - The effect of varied hip angles on the generation of internal tibial rotary torque. AB - Previous researchers have determined that 90 degrees of knee flexion is an appropriate angle to condition the internal tibial rotators. Because the majority of internal tibial rotators are two-joint muscles crossing both the knee and the hip, the influence of the hip angle on the generation of rotary torque was examined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of four hip angles on the generation of internal tibial rotational torque with the knee positioned at 90 degrees of flexion. Forty subjects, 20 males and 20 females, were tested at four positions of hip flexion (120 degrees, 90 degrees, 45 degrees, 10 degrees) using a modified Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer, and their maximal mean internal rotary torque values were recorded. The subjects were placed in a custom-made orthotic-type boot to minimize the motions of the talo calcaneal joint. Sixty percent of the males and 65% of the females generated their greatest absolute torque value at 120 degrees of hip flexion. A procedure investigating the rankings of the maximal mean torque values at each of the tested hip positions revealed a significant difference between the hip positions of 120 and 10 degrees for both populations (P less than 0.001), and the male population also demonstrated significance between the angles of 120 and 45 degrees and 90 and 10 degrees (P less than 0.05). The practical significance of this study offers some additional information regarding the appropriate positioning for rehabilitation of the internal tibial rotators. The data suggests that if maximal torque generation is desired, the internal tibial rotators should be tested and exercised with the hip flexed to 120 degrees to take advantage of the length-tension relationship and the biomechanical principles of the rotary muscles. PMID- 6656565 TI - Kinematic analysis and efficiency estimate of intercollegiate female rowers. AB - Eighteen female rowers were filmed performing sweep rowing on a Stanford Rowing Ergometer. The rowers were grouped according to ergometer scores (rpm) and the films were analyzed frame-by-frame for the drive phase of the stroke. Parameters characterizing rowing in general were determined as well as those separating the novice from the skilled. Prior to when the oar was perpendicular to the shell, the importance of the trunk was to transfer the power generated by the extension of the knee to the horizontal linear velocity of the oar. When the oar was perpendicular to the rowing shell, the skilled rowers were characterized by a higher horizontal linear oar velocity (2.58 +/- 0.21 m . s-1 vs 2.17 +/- 0.19 m . s-1). This appeared to be due principally to the more rapid extension action of the knee (4.18 +/- 0.48 rad . s-1 vs 3.01 +/- 0.96 rad . s-1). The sequence of first extending the knee then the trunk, combined with a higher sum of trunk and knee angular velocity when the oar was perpendicular to the shell (7.31 +/- 0.76 rad . s-1 vs 5.86 +/- 0.61 rad . s-1) also appears to be related to the higher horizontal linear oar velocity of the skilled rowers. The difference in time between when the maximum angular velocities of the knee and trunk occur is less for the skilled than the novice (0.150 +/- 0.061 s vs 0.235 +/- 0.049 s, respectively). Based on the ratio of actual to possible sum of knee and trunk angular velocity, the efficiency of the skilled was determined to be greater than that of the novice (87.2 +/- 6.9% vs 75.8 +/- 10.1%). PMID- 6656566 TI - Resultant tennis ball velocity as a function of off-center impact and grip firmness. AB - The relationship between resistance to rotation about the longitudinal axis of a tennis racquet and post-impact ball velocity following off-center hits was investigated. Two conditions simulating the extremes of grip firmness (zero vs maximal) were compared. Tennis balls were released manually from a platform onto the racquet face from a height of 5.75 m and impacted at 10.62 m . s-1. Forty-one trials were filmed at 175 frames . s-1 and were digitized electronically. Results were subjected to a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) using transverse and longitudinal distances between the point of impact and the geometric center of the racquet face as covariates. MANCOVA results indicated no significant differences between post-impact ball velocity for the two conditions. Therefore, it was concluded that previously reported concepts regarding striking mass and grip rigidity are no longer tenable and that the influence of grip firmness in activities in which hand-held implements are used is important only in terms of post-impact implement control. Potential adverse physiological/anatomical effects related to over-gripping are suggested. PMID- 6656567 TI - A comparison of incremental exercise tests during cycle and treadmill ergometry. AB - We evaluated a short-duration maximum exercise test by comparing a 15-s incremental exercise protocol with a 1-min incremental method. Twenty normal men and women were studied using cycle and/or treadmill ergometry. In subjects tested on both exercise devices, anaerobic threshold and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were higher for both protocols on the treadmill than on the cycle ergometer (P less than 0.001). However, when the 15-s and 1-min tests were compared using the same device (treadmill or cycle), there were no significant differences between protocols in anaerobic threshold or maximum exercise values of minute ventilation, respiratory rate, tidal volume, VO2max, oxygen pulse, and peak expiratory flow rate. Linear regression analyses indicated differences between the 15-s and 1-min protocols when cardiopulmonary measurements were related to power; however, the two protocols were comparable when cardiopulmonary data were related to oxygen uptake. Comparisons between protocols or between exercise devices were not systematically different in large vs small individuals, or in men vs women. Short-duration incremental exercise tests appear to be reliable, practical methods for assessing exercise performance in normal individuals. PMID- 6656568 TI - [Stress--biologic heritage--Blessing or curse?]. PMID- 6656569 TI - [Therapy of coronary heart disease with calcium antagonists in clinical practice]. PMID- 6656570 TI - [Prophylactic perioperative digitalis therapy]. PMID- 6656571 TI - [Mucoviscidosis--uncommon morphologic findings in a systemic disease]. PMID- 6656572 TI - [The rate of rapid eye movements in man under the effect of benzodiazepines. An indicator for alertness and reaction capacity]. PMID- 6656573 TI - [Antibiotic therapy in kidney failure]. PMID- 6656574 TI - [Cephadroxil and amoxicillin in patients with urinary tract infections]. PMID- 6656575 TI - [Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of ulcer diseases. 6. Therapy. Pharmacologic principles and antacid therapy]. PMID- 6656576 TI - [Intelligence of medical students in our changing times]. PMID- 6656577 TI - [Clinical experiences with the antirheumatism agent carprofen]. PMID- 6656578 TI - [Treatment of acute diarrhea in general practice. Therapeutic experiences with Karaya bismuth]. PMID- 6656579 TI - [Cyanosis: chronic cor pulmonale versus myocardial sclerosis]. PMID- 6656580 TI - [The inverted left type hemiblock in ECG]. PMID- 6656581 TI - [Evaluation of the risk of thromboembolic complications during major surgical procedures]. PMID- 6656582 TI - [Notes on legislation and the application of the law in unconventional medical procedures]. PMID- 6656583 TI - [Metastatic congenital bilateral neuroblastoma associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome]. PMID- 6656585 TI - [Subjectivity and the humility of wisdom]. PMID- 6656584 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of urapidil in hypertensive patients with reduced kidney function]. PMID- 6656586 TI - [Cancer morbi-mortality in Argentina]. PMID- 6656587 TI - [Neurologic manifestations in ankylosing spondylitis]. PMID- 6656588 TI - [Control of portal pressure by transhepatic methods]. PMID- 6656589 TI - [Lincomycin concentration of the serum and tonsillar tissue after a single injection]. PMID- 6656590 TI - Autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with an ovarian neoplasm. PMID- 6656591 TI - [Ankylosing spondylitis, bilateral upper lobe retraction and pulmonary mycetoma]. PMID- 6656592 TI - [Chronic ulcerative non-granulomatous jejunoileitis. Report of 2 cases]. PMID- 6656593 TI - [Scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus after clinical remission of Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 6656594 TI - [Computers in medicine. Impressions of a novice]. PMID- 6656595 TI - [The Austin Flint murmur]. PMID- 6656596 TI - [Percutaneous drainage of a subphrenic abscess under echographic control]. PMID- 6656597 TI - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexuals in Argentina]. PMID- 6656598 TI - [Potential of the Biomphalaria straminea populations of the State of Minas Gerais as hosts of Schistosoma mansoni]. PMID- 6656599 TI - [Recent introduction of schistosomiasis mansoni into the south of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil]. PMID- 6656600 TI - [The pathology of the hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis mansoni in its advanced form (study of 232 complete necropsies)]. PMID- 6656601 TI - A survey of planorbid mollusks in the Amazonian region of Brazil. PMID- 6656602 TI - Memory for words in prose and their locations on the page. PMID- 6656603 TI - Memory for scripts in young and older adults. PMID- 6656604 TI - The effects of autobiographical elaboration on noun recall. PMID- 6656605 TI - Representation-saving effects of prior knowledge in memory for simple technical prose. PMID- 6656606 TI - Editing misleading information from memory: evidence for the coexistence of original and postevent information. PMID- 6656607 TI - Type of semantic elaboration and recall. PMID- 6656608 TI - Serial-position effects in infants' recognition memory. PMID- 6656609 TI - Inhibition from semantically related primes: evidence of a category-specific inhibition. PMID- 6656610 TI - Dissociated imageability, concreteness, and familiarity in lateralized word recognition. PMID- 6656611 TI - Phonemic-similarity effects in good vs. poor readers. PMID- 6656612 TI - The effects of perceptual condition on proofreading for misspellings. PMID- 6656614 TI - Voice change in the stimulus suffix effect: are the effects structural or strategic? PMID- 6656613 TI - Event-related brain potentials to grammatical errors and semantic anomalies. PMID- 6656615 TI - The NIMH translation from DSM-II/ICDA-8 to DSM-III/ICD-9-CM using grouped codes. PMID- 6656616 TI - State and county mental hospitals, United States, 1979-80 and 1980-81. PMID- 6656617 TI - The relationship between diabetic control and retinopathy in a group of diabetic teenagers. AB - Twenty insulin-dependent diabetic teenagers from the Oxford pediatric diabetic clinic were recruited to study the relationship between diabetic control and retinal microvascular disease. Two patients (10%) had evidence of minimal background diabetic retinopathy on careful ophthalmoscopy. Retinal color photography and fluorescein angiography each revealed retinopathy in 5 patients (25%) and together revealed retinopathy in 7 patients (35%). Color photography demonstrated retinopathy which had not been discovered on ophthalmoscopy. The presence of retinopathy was related to the duration of diabetes (p less than 0.02) and the glycosylated hemoglobin level (p less than 0.01). It is concluded that multiple field color photography is a useful method of assessing patients with minimal or no ophthalmoscopic retinopathy. PMID- 6656618 TI - Prevention of experimental massive peri-retinal proliferation by 5-fluoro-uracil. AB - An intermediate report, on the effect of 1 mg 5-Fluoro-uracil on prevention of intra-vitreal fibroblast proliferation, strand formation and traction retinal detachment development in rabbits, is presented. The drug, which appeared to be nontoxic to the ocular tissues, prevented significantly the development of vitreous strands and traction retinal detachment in 10 out of 19 eyes (detachment rate, 47.3%), in comparison to 18 (control) eyes, out of 19, that did develop intravitreal strand and traction retinal detachment (94.7%). PMID- 6656619 TI - Serum tryptophan in humans with senile cataracts. AB - Serum free and total tryptophan levels have been measured in patients with cataracts and compared with the same levels in controls with clear lenses. No statistically significant differences have been demonstrated between the two groups of examined fasting subjects. Preliminary results seem to indicate that differences could be evident after L-tryptophan oral load. PMID- 6656620 TI - Copper metabolism study in oculocutaneous albinism. AB - Abnormal copper metabolism has been described in some pigmentary retinopathies. Albinism is a manifestation of a metabolic disorder in which lack of pigmentation is a prominent feature and changes in the retinal pigment epithelium are found as well. We examined the blood and urine of two groups of patients, albino and control groups, for copper, zinc and ceruloplasmin in serum and copper excretion in urine. We found in the albino group, elevated values of ceruloplasmin which was highly significant when compared to the control group. The mean copper concentration in serum was found to be high as well. The urinary copper was distinctly elevated in four patients of the albino group. Therefore, our results suggest that there might be a primary abnormality of copper metabolism in these patients. PMID- 6656621 TI - The pupil cycle time in familial dysautonomia. Further evidence for denervation hypersensitivity. AB - The pupil cycle time (PCT) was prolonged in 11 subjects with familial dysautonomia. In the younger age group (10-19 years), mean PCT was 872 +/- 88 msec as compared to 15 normal age matched controls (728 +/- 88). In the 3 oldest patients (30-39 years) mean PCT was 980 +/- 133 msec as compared to 13 age matched normals (748 +/- 56). It is proposed that prolongation of PCT in familial dysautonomia may be due to functional denervation of the iris or that it is a result of a structural abnormality of its musculature and/or its neuromuscular junctions. PMID- 6656622 TI - Disseminated pigment epitheliopathy: report of an unusual case. AB - A case of a 17-year-old male suffering from acute bilateral disseminated subretinal inflammatory lesions, which affected the posterior pole and the retinal periphery as well, is presented. All the laboratory tests were negative except for the Sabin-Feldman dye test which showed a positive rising titer. The clinical course of the disease is described, and the differential diagnosis discussed. PMID- 6656623 TI - Nectrotizing chorioretinitis induced by herpes simplex virus infection in the neonate. AB - A rare case of severe HSV necrotizing chorioretinitis of the neonate is reported. Massive, exudative chorioretinitis appeared in the equator bilaterally during HSV infection of the central nervous system. After subsidence of exudation, discrete chorioretinal scars appeared. Prominent calcification of the cerebral cortex progressed in parallel with scarring of the chorioretinal lesions. PMID- 6656624 TI - Change of histochemical and electrophysiological values of rabbit retina due to the antihypoxant sodium hydroxybutyrate. AB - This paper presents the results of an electrophysiologic and histochemical study on the effect of sodium hydroxybutyrate applied perorally as 5% syrup for 20 days on the rabbit retina. It was found with statistical significance that in response to the drug the amplitudes of "a" and "b" waves of the electroretinogram increased considerably and the activation of some dehydrogenases, glucose-6 phosphatedehydrogenase and lactatedehydrogenase in particular took place; this was most pronounced in the ganglion and in the inner nuclear layers of the retina. The results of the study show that a prolonged peroral application of 5% sodium hydroxybutyrate syrup might be an expeditious way to activate energy processes in the retina. PMID- 6656625 TI - Presenile cataracts in hydantoin-treated epileptic patients. AB - Two young epileptic adults developed cataracts resembling presenile diabetic lens changes, while on prolonged antiepileptic treatment with phenobarbitone and diphenylhydantoin (DPH). A research study on rats supported our view on the cataractogenic action of DPH. PMID- 6656626 TI - Copper metabolism study in high myopia in the African. AB - There is considerable evidence which supports a link between abnormalities in copper metabolism and some pigmentary retinopathies. In a previous study, we found such abnormalities in high myopic Caucasian patients. Since the incidence of myopia, and the connection of the latter with retinal detachment, in the black are different from those found in the Caucasian, we modeled the present study on the black after the above-mentioned one carried out on the Caucasian. In the present study no abnormalities in copper metabolism were present, in the black high myopic patient. PMID- 6656627 TI - Membrane biogenesis: an overview. PMID- 6656628 TI - Biomembranes. Part J: Membrane biogenesis: assembly and targeting (general methods, eukaryotes). PMID- 6656629 TI - Selection of lectin-resistant mutants of animal cells. PMID- 6656630 TI - Immunologic detection of specific proteins in cell extracts by fractionation in gels and transfer to paper. PMID- 6656631 TI - Use of fluorography for sensitive isotope detection in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and related techniques. PMID- 6656632 TI - Erythrocyte membrane proteins: detection of spectrin oligomers by gel electrophoresis. PMID- 6656633 TI - Preparation of rough microsomes and membrane-bound polysomes that are active in protein synthesis in vitro. PMID- 6656634 TI - Isolation of the chemical domains of human erythrocyte spectrin. PMID- 6656635 TI - Biosynthesis and intracellular transport of acetylcholine receptors. PMID- 6656636 TI - Biosynthesis of acetylcholine receptor in vitro. AB - Torpedo acetylcholine receptor is accessible to analysis by cell-free protein synthesis, like other membrane proteins studied previously. The factors deserving particular attention in this system are the small amounts of messenger RNA contained in electroplax tissue, the inherent complexity of an oligomeric membrane protein (necessitating the use of subunit-specific antibodies), the anomalous electrophoretic behavior of the primary translation products (attributable in part to the high--SH content of sAChRs), and the multiple glycosylated forms that appear upon processing by microsomal membranes. Although not all these complexities can be satisfactorily explained, they have been empirically characterized and can be well controlled if the appropriate procedures are followed. PMID- 6656637 TI - Cell-free translation of messenger RNA in a wheat germ system. PMID- 6656638 TI - Sucrase--isomaltase of the small-intestinal brush border membrane: assembly and biosynthesis. PMID- 6656639 TI - Methods for assay of cellular receptors for picornaviruses. PMID- 6656640 TI - Immunoelectron microscopy using thin, frozen sections: application to studies of the intracellular transport of Semliki Forest virus spike glycoproteins. PMID- 6656641 TI - Preparation and use of nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysates for the translation of eukaryotic messenger RNA. PMID- 6656642 TI - Ribophorins I and II: membrane proteins characteristic of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. PMID- 6656643 TI - Biosynthesis of hepatocyte endoplasmic reticulum proteins. PMID- 6656644 TI - Membrane induction by drugs. PMID- 6656645 TI - Preparation of microsomal beta-glucuronidase and its membrane anchor protein, egasyn. PMID- 6656646 TI - Plant vacuoles. PMID- 6656647 TI - Control of intracellular protein traffic. PMID- 6656648 TI - Proteins mediating vectorial translocation: purification of the active domain of the endoplasmic reticulum docking protein. PMID- 6656649 TI - Biosynthesis of glyoxysomal proteins. PMID- 6656650 TI - In vitro processing of plant preproteins. PMID- 6656651 TI - Studies of lysosomal enzyme biosynthesis in cultured cells. PMID- 6656652 TI - Biosynthesis of lysosomal enzymes. PMID- 6656653 TI - Fatty acid acylation of eukaryotic cell proteins. PMID- 6656654 TI - Secretory mutants in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. AB - Our initial studies have shown that the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is a particularly suitable organism for the study of lysosomal enzyme secretion. During appropriate stages in the life cycle, secretion is prominent for a number of lysosomal enzymes. The methods described here have been developed to investigate various aspects of the secretion process. Moreover, our evidence that regulation of the secretory system is influenced by environmental changes and by cell differentiation indicates that this organism may be useful for studying the functional regulation of this organellar system. To a large degree these types of studies have been limited in the past due to the lack of an appropriate experimental system. The ability to isolate secretory mutants affecting the secretion of lysosomal enzymes adds another dimension to investigations using D. discoideum. In our initial attempts we have been successful in isolating a variety of different types of mutants that alter the secretion of one or more lysosomal enzymes. While the results are in agreement with the results of our physiological investigations, they also indicate much more heterogeneity in the lysosomal system than we had previously suspected. The indications that many of our secretory mutants may also affect modification of the enzymes is also intriguing. This observation may also help to explain the fact that many of these strains are defective in normal development. Together with the immunological methods available in this organism for studying posttranslational modification, the mutants may be valuable in deciphering the relationship between modification of lysosomal enzymes and their proper localization and secretion from the cell. Thus, Dictyostelium discoideum may become as useful for the study of some questions of cell biology as it has been for development. PMID- 6656655 TI - Preparation of microsomal membranes for cotranslational protein translocation. PMID- 6656656 TI - Methods for the study of protein translocation across the RER membrane using the reticulocyte lysate translation system and canine pancreatic microsomal membranes. PMID- 6656657 TI - Biogenesis of purple membrane in halobacteria. PMID- 6656658 TI - Isolation of a hexokinase binding protein from the outer mitochondrial membrane. PMID- 6656659 TI - The development of on-line history-taking systems in antenatal care. PMID- 6656660 TI - Continuous monitoring of respiratory variables during sleep by microcomputer. PMID- 6656661 TI - Strain gauge venous occlusion plethysmography: evidence of a trend in repeated blood flow measurements. PMID- 6656662 TI - Microcomputers for field studies in epidemiology: an experience in Southern Italy. PMID- 6656663 TI - On multivariate methods in data reduction and detection of high order interactions--application to factors causing the large fetus. PMID- 6656664 TI - The effect of thrombocytopenia on the ultrastructure and reaction to injury of vascular endothelium. AB - Rats or guinea pigs in which the level of circulating platelets has been reduced to less than 20,000/cm3 by anti-platelet serum show no generalized change in the ultrastructure of small blood vessels in skeletal muscle even after several days of thrombocytopenia. A similar degree of reduction of platelet levels in rabbits induced by busulphan is also without effect on the ultrastructure of small vessels in muscle. As judged by leakage of colloidal antimony sulfide (Sb2S3), thrombocytopenia in rats does not alter the normal permeability of small blood vessels in skin or bowel mucosa or modify the magnitude of increased permeability in skin vessels induced by histamine or by mild thermal injury. Thrombocytopenia is also without effect on either exudate volume or rate of leakage of Sb2S3 in pleurisy induced by intrapleural injection of homologous serum or turpentine. In guinea pigs, thrombocytopenia does not alter leakage of Sb2S3 from uninjured small blood vessels, but escape of Sb2S3 from skin vessels injured by histamine or mild thermal burning is reduced significantly in thrombocytopenic animals. The decreased leakage appears to reflect a diminished reaction of endothelial cells to injury and not an increase in the adhesion between endothelial cells. None of the findings provides an adequate explanation of the endothelial supporting function of circulating platelets. PMID- 6656666 TI - Diffusion and convection across heteroporous membranes: a simple macroscopic equation. AB - Here the problem of identifying a set of macroscopic parameters which describe the transport of a neutral solute across a heteroporous membrane by convection and diffusion is considered. An approximate equation for the solute flux is developed in terms of the membrane boundary conditions and the macroscopic parameters Lp (hydraulic conductivity), sigma s (reflection coefficient), Ps (permeability), and qs (index parameter). The unique feature of this model is that the four macroscopic parameters are (1) expressed in terms of the set of single-pore parameters [Lpi, sigma si, Psi] and the pore-size distribution only, (2) invariant to conditions which alter the volume (Jv) and solute (Js) fluxes, and (3) consistent with simultaneous measurements of Jv and Js. The four parameter equation for Js is shown to be in good agreement with the exact solution for the extreme case of a membrane composed of two distinct sets of pores which differ greatly in radii. PMID- 6656667 TI - Biomacroscopy: a simplified technique to visualize the conjunctival vascular bed. PMID- 6656665 TI - The geometry of the microvascular bed of the diaphragm: comparison to intercostals and triceps. AB - The diaphragm may differ from other skeletal muscles in certain blood flow characteristics. We attempted to determine if this could be accounted for by structural differences in the microvasculature. We compared coded specimens of the diaphragm to the intercostals and triceps in rats by a cast corrosion, scanning electron microscopic study. For the comparison we first quantitatively described the vasculature by measuring the angles, distances, and diameters. We also tabulated subjective, descriptive, recurring patterns. We then performed frequency analysis by vessel diameter, correlation, and factor analysis to obtain the description. Arteries and veins of greater than 50 microns diameter have structural characteristics of a conducting system, namely, infrequent, single branching at obtuse angles whereas the vessels from about 15 to 50 microns in diameter have greater branching and frequently splay into many smaller streams. The capillaries form arcades and dichotomize with Y- and psi-shaped branches. The best predictor of branching (distance, angle, and pattern) is the trunk diameter. Individual and combinations of measurements and patterns comparing the diaphragm to the triceps and intercostals pointed out no convincing difference in these structural aspects of microvasculature of these muscles. PMID- 6656668 TI - An improved sensor head for cross-correlation intravital velocimetry. AB - A new sensing unit has been designed for intravital velocimetry using cross correlation techniques. Using a photodiode and low-noise operational amplifier, residual noise has been greatly reduced. At low light levels with equal-frequency passbands, signal-to-noise ratios are improved by greater than a factor of 10. Part of the improvement has been traded for increased frequency range that will allow accurate measurements of velocity 10 to 100 times greater than the unit that was used previously. The precise upper limit for flow velocity measurement with the modified unit will depend on factors such as the spatial fine structure of the RBC column and the digital sampling of the cross-correlation unit, but a cursory examination indicates that most flow velocities in the microcirculation can be measured. The increased frequency range combined with light-level independent characteristics will greatly improve the accuracy of RBC velocity measurements made in vivo. PMID- 6656669 TI - The application of an improved dual-slit photometric analyzer for volumetric flow rate measurements in microvessels. AB - The dual-window photometric analyzer is currently a widely used instrument to estimate volumetric flow rates in microvessels. This instrument provides an analog voltage that is proportional to cell velocity, but the question arises how this voltage is related to the mean velocity in the blood vessel. It requires a separate investigation and in this report a calibration of an improved version of a dual-window photometric analyzer for volumetric flow rate measurements in microvessels as large as 470 microns in diameter is presented. The relationship between correlator velocity and blood mean velocity is presented in a closed empirical form. Within a 5% error of the mean it is found to be dependent on tube diameter but independent of hematocrit (between 3 and 40%). A rotating transparent disc plated with dried red blood cells was used to test the dynamic response of the instrument for frequencies up to 10 Hz. The amplitude reduction was less than 10% up to 3 Hz. Thereafter it fell off at 6 db/octave. PMID- 6656670 TI - "In vitro and in vivo measurement of red cell velocity with epi- and transillumination". PMID- 6656671 TI - Is convection or permeation the major mechanism of albumin transfer? PMID- 6656672 TI - PPOs: a major option for today's physicians. PMID- 6656673 TI - Preferred provider organizations: characteristics and leading issues. PMID- 6656675 TI - Bridging the gap between the professions. PMID- 6656674 TI - New distribution rules for qualified retirement plans. PMID- 6656676 TI - Payment for physicians' services: indemnity vs UCR. PMID- 6656677 TI - Cost containment. Let's eliminate those room humidifiers. PMID- 6656678 TI - The rapid one-step gradient centrifugation procedure for simultaneous isolation of granulocytic and mononuclear leukocytes from human blood: biological, physical and chemical bases. AB - When anti-coagulated blood is layered over a ficoll-hypaque gradient of special chemical composition and optimal density of 1.114 gm per ml, the leukocytes resolve into two distinct bands at the interface after centrifugation at 400G for 20-30 minutes. These two bands are usually at least 0.9 mm apart, and can be easily removed separately. The top band consists of predominantly mononuclear cells, while granulocytes predominate in the lower band. This simple, rapid method for the isolation of blood leukocytes of high purity is now available as Mono-Poly Resolving Medium (Flow Laboratories, Virginia), but the curious phenomenon on which it is based has yet to be satisfactorily explained. In this paper, we report on preliminary observations which indicate that both the erythrocytes and chemical composition of the separation medium crucial roles in the process. PMID- 6656679 TI - Thyroxine, 3,5,3' -triiodothyronine and 3,3', 5' -triiodothyronine in human amniotic fluid: relationships between concentrations and turnover. AB - We have made estimates of the possible contributions of various routes of entry and disposal to the turnover of thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) in human amniotic fluid (AF). Our calculations suggest that, in normal pregnancy, AF T4 and T3 are derived mainly from the maternal circulation, and that their concentrations depend very largely on binding-protein concentrations. The majority of AF rT3 is unlikely to enter the amniotic sac directly from the maternal circulation, or from the fetal circulation by passive diffusion or fetal urinary excretion; however, our calculations are consistent with the hypothesis it is derived largely from inner ring deiodination of T4 in the fetal membranes. We propose that the molar ratio of one AF iodothyronine to another may yield more information about fetal thyroid status than the total concentration of any single iodothyronine. PMID- 6656680 TI - Auto-immune therapy against human allergic disease: a physiological self defence factor. AB - Guinea-pigs sensitised to ovalbumen excrete the antigen in their urine in a therapeutic concentration which prevents anaphylactic death after injection of a challenge dose of the ovalbumen. Sublingual administration of the correct dose of urine from allergic patients also provides therapeutic control of their allergic symptoms. The effective dose is determined by bio-assay. The Neutralisation dose is recognised by disappearance of buccal sensation to the urine. Readministration of salivary, nasal, and sweat secretions from allergic patients onto the conjunctiva also controls allergic symptoms. These procedures provide effective physiological self-defence therapies against allergic challenge in humans. PMID- 6656681 TI - Gastric cancer in coal miners: an hypothesis of coal mine dust causation. AB - An hypothesis is proposed to explain the elevated incidence of gastric cancer among coal miners. Inhaled coal mine dust, especially the larger particles, is cleared from the lung and tracheobronchial tree by mucociliary function, swallowed, and introduced into the stomach. Organic and/or inorganic materials in the dust can undergo intra-gastric nitrosation and/or interaction with exogenous chemicals to form carcinogenic compounds which in turn may lead to precancerous lesions, which may subsequently develop into gastric cancer. This sequence of events, however, depends upon occupational exposures as well as life-style features and individual genetic predisposition. PMID- 6656682 TI - Scurvy: old disease--new insight. AB - Scurvy was once the number one killer of seafarers on long voyages. One early theory with widespread acceptance was that rancid fat caused scurvy. I propose to show that rancid fat did, indeed, predispose seafarers to scurvy. I propose to show that Captain Cook's successful voyages in the latter half of the eighteenth century were in part due to removal of rancid fat from the diet of his crew and in part due to dietary anti-scorbutic factors. PMID- 6656683 TI - Macrophages, oxidised lipids and atherosclerosis. AB - The suggestion has frequently been made that lipid-laden blood monocytes might contribute to atherosclerosis by emigrating into the arterial intima. In spite of much evidence that this occurs, the mechanism has never attracted widespread support as being of major importance, mainly because of the apparently small numbers of monocytes involved in this traffic, compared to the larger numbers of smooth muscle cells in the lesion. Recent observations suggest that some at least of the macrophages within the early lesion may be oxidising their lipid contents. Because some oxidised lipids are known to be toxic to cells, it is proposed that the production of oxidised lipids by macrophages may cause the death of these and other cells in the intima; and that-cell death begins the vicious circle of injury and further lipid accumulation which characterise the enlarging plaque. PMID- 6656684 TI - A structural study of the full amino acid sequence of subunits alpha, beta, and delta of the acetylcholine receptor protein. AB - A Chou and Fasman analysis of the complete amino acid sequence of the alpha, beta and delta subunits of the AChR protein is presented. This shows nine beta strands in comparable loci in all subunits, of which three have (in part) an amphiphilic structure in all subunits (and one has such in 2/3 subunits), giving a total of 12-15 amphiphilic strands. This supports a previous hypothesis that the structure of the ion channel in the AChR protein is a type of beta-barrel or complex of amphiphilic beta-sheets with an extensive hydrophilic surface lining the channel, and an extensive lipophilic surface forming the inside of a beta-sandwich. No other suitable locus for the actual ACh receptor was found on the alpha-subunit other than segment 2-6. PMID- 6656685 TI - Accidental electrocution. PMID- 6656686 TI - Death scene checklist. PMID- 6656687 TI - [Rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6656688 TI - [Placebo--an aspect of pharmacotherapy]. PMID- 6656689 TI - Oral acetohydroxamic acid (LithoStat) for staghorn calculi. PMID- 6656690 TI - Digoxin solution in capsules (Lanoxicaps). PMID- 6656691 TI - Determination of x-ray spectral distribution from transmission measurements using K-edge filters. AB - Accurate high-resolution x-ray spectral distributions can be obtained with an intrinsic germanium crystal. This technique is difficult to implement since it requires expensive, complicated, and bulky equipment. If energy resolution requirements are relaxed, then the above drawbacks can be overcome and an x-ray spectrometer that is small, inexpensive could be built. A technique that meets these requirements is described here. X-ray spectra with about 7-keV resolution can be achieved by obtaining transmission measurements through a number of different K-edge filters. Using these measurements, a system of equations is set up and solved giving the required spectral distribution. The technique has been tested using 80, 100, and 120-kVcp x-ray beams with total filtrations of 3.78, 5.78, 9.06 mm A1, and 3.78 mm A1 + 0.137 mm Ho. The results show that the calculated spectra closely resemble tabulated spectra. The errors ranged from 3% to 13%. The half-value layers (HVL) were also calculated and compared to the HVL obtained from tabulated spectra and were found to differ by about 7%. PMID- 6656692 TI - Absorption and noise in cesium iodide x-ray image intensifiers. AB - The measured and theoretically predicted values of detective quantum efficiency (DQE) for a CsI x-ray image intensifier are compared for nine monoenergetic beams of x rays. The agreement between measurement and theory of better than +/- 5% indicates that we have a sound understanding of the physical parameters controlling the DQE. It is shown that the fraction of K-fluorescent x rays escaping from the input phosphor is independent of incident energy. The number of electrons released within the x-ray image intensifier (XRII) by an incident x ray has been measured. The mechanism for energy broadening within the XRII is shown to be predominantly the limited number of electrons and not light absorption. PMID- 6656693 TI - Air activation produced by high-energy medical accelerators. AB - The activity of 15O and 13N per unit volume of air produced by a 25 and a 45-MeV medical accelerator was determined by direct measurement. The accelerators were operated in such a fashion as to produce maximum activation of the treatment room air. Levels of the order of 1% or less of the maximum permissible concentration in air for 15O and 13N were found immediately after accelerator shutdown. Three different techniques for calibrations of the air detector were investigated. PMID- 6656695 TI - A Monte Carlo model for the absorption and flux distributions of light in tissue. AB - A Monte Carlo computer model has been developed to study the propagation of light in tissues. Light attenuation is assumed to result from absorption and isotropic scattering. The model has been used to predict the distribution of absorbed dose in homogeneous tissues of different absorption/scattering ratios, for illumination both by external light beams and via implanted optical fibers. The photon flux into optical fibers placed in the tissue as detectors has also been investigated. The results are interpreted in relation to the use of visible light irradiation for photo radiation therapy. PMID- 6656694 TI - On the significance of very small angle scattered radiation to radiographic imaging at low energies. AB - We have studied the angular distribution of scattered radiation at low energies for angles between 2 degrees and 15 degrees from the outward normal to the exit surface of several phantoms, with 1 degree resolution. A cryogenically cooled germanium detector was used to measure the spectra of the scattered radiation. The differential scattering fluences, or numbers of photons per unit solid angle per unit surface area, exhibit distinct peaks at angles in the vicinity of 5 degrees, with the angular position being only slightly energy dependent but very material dependent. The scattered spectra show large changes as a function of angle, in some cases actually becoming harder than the exit unscattered beam. The significance of this behavior relative to the imaging of targets in mammography examinations is discussed. PMID- 6656696 TI - Scatter/primary ratios for x-ray spectra modified to enhance iodine contrast in screen-film mammography. AB - Contrast mammography to detect the uptake of iodine-containing contrast material may be enhanced by spectral modification of the x-ray beam. Luminance scatter-to primary ratios were measured for three candidate x-ray tube anode/filter combinations (Mo/Mo, W/Ce, and Ce/Ce). Results show that scattered radiation is significant for all tubes, is lowest for the Mo/Mo system and is essentially the same for the tungsten and cerium anode systems. PMID- 6656697 TI - An overview of errors in line source dosimetry for gamma-ray brachytherapy. AB - The generally used approach for routine brachytherapy dosimetry depends on a value of source strength provided by the source supplier, the theoretical concept of exposure rate constants for different nuclides, and the applicability of inverse square law to point sources. Corrections for filtration of the radiation within the capsule of the source and attenuation in tissue medium are effected based on attenuation coefficients and data published in the literature. Therefore there is no unique or ideal way of selecting the required data and there could be a spread in the dose values derived by different users. The errors inherent in the current practice of dosimetry of linear sources in brachytherapy are discussed. If the brachytherapy sources are specified in terms of exposure rate at a distance from the source by the source suppliers, the overall uncertainty in the dosimetry at regions of clinical interest around the source could be limited to about +/- 6%. PMID- 6656698 TI - A Wiener filter for nuclear medicine images. AB - To improve the quality of digital nuclear medicine images, we have developed a new implementation of the Wiener restoration filter. The Wiener filter uses as its optimality criterion the minimization of the mean-square error between the undistorted image of the object and the filtered image. In order to form this filter, the object and noise power spectrums are needed. The noise power spectrum for the count-dependent Poisson noise of nuclear medicine images is shown to have a constant average magnitude equal to the total count in the image. The object power spectrum is taken to be the image power spectrum minus the total count, except in the noise dominated region of the image power spectrum where a least squares-fitted exponential is used. Processing time is kept to a clinically acceptable time frame through use of an array processor. Pronounced noise suppression and detail enhancement are noted with use of this filter with clinical images. PMID- 6656699 TI - Some phantom designs for radiation dosimetry and CT applications. AB - Solid phantoms designed with nesting, rotatable cylinders, allow increased flexibility in the positioning of dosimeters or test objects, permitting continuous movement as in a water phantom, but with increased ease of handling. Using such phantoms, measurements can be made at almost any point in the cross section of a phantom, an ability not achievable with currently existing solid or water phantoms. A separate phantom design allows easy measurement at points along circles or radii in a phantom. PMID- 6656700 TI - Determination of the half-life of I-125 encapsulated clinical seeds using a Si(Li) detector. AB - The half-life of two I-125 encapsulated clinical seeds was measured with a Si(Li) semiconductor detector. Two measurements of each seed yielded an average half life of 59.56 +/- 0.17 days. The results are discussed in terms of the influence of possible I-126 contamination and leakage of I-125 activity through encapsulation. The present results are compared with a frequently cited value of 60.25 +/- 0.06 days. The difference between the two values was found to be statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. PMID- 6656701 TI - An equivalent squares template. AB - A template for calculating equivalent squares of irregularly shaped fields is described. Calculations using the template are essentially scatter summations. Comparisons with a computer program showed good agreement in equivalent squares and tumor doses (within 0.8%). Comparisons with area-perimeter ratio methods of computing equivalent squares showed consistently better accuracy using the template. For highly irregular fields, the template calculation required 3-10 min for central axis computation, comparable to that required by the other manual methods. PMID- 6656702 TI - Improved applicator-patient coupling in microwave-induced hyperthermia. AB - The effect on the efficiency of power transfer and microwave leakage of different applicator-load coupling schemes is examined. For a 915-mHz applicator and musclelike phantom separated by 4 cm, it is found that by filling the air gap with dielectric powder or deionized water, the efficiency of power transfer from applicator to load can be raised to levels comparable to that obtained for direct applicator-load contact. For these coupling conditions, it is also found that microwave leakage intensities in the immediate vicinity of the applicator-phantom interface can be reduced to direct contact levels. Employment of such materials and techniques in our clinic, for coupling applicators to patient surfaces in the administration of local hyperthermia to head and neck tumors, has facilitated the reduction of average microwave leakage intensities from more than 15 MW/cm2 to less than 3 MW/cm2 in most cases. PMID- 6656703 TI - Data compression in digital angiography using the Fourier transform. AB - While digital techniques in radiology develop rapidly, problems arise with archival storage and communication of image data. This paper reports on experiments concerning data reduction of digital image sequences of the heart and the brain. The time-intensity curves corresponding to every picture element are subjected to the Fourier transform and reconstructed from a number of coefficients smaller than the original number of images. The reconstruction error is assessed by visual inspection and by determining the mean-square deviation of the original and the reconstructed curve. It is shown that compression factors between 5 and 10 may be achieved without loss of diagnostic information. It is furthermore demonstrated that storage of the images in the form of Fourier coefficients leads to advantages in fast retrieval, enhancement of morphology, and possibility of further quantitative analysis. PMID- 6656704 TI - Electron beam simulation applicators. AB - A system for simulating electron beam treatment portals using low-temperature melting point alloy is described. Special frames having the same physical dimensions as the electron beam applicators used on the Varian Clinac 20 linear accelerator were designed and constructed. PMID- 6656705 TI - Theoretical derivation of x-ray target distribution using known image and object distributions. PMID- 6656706 TI - New approaches to study renal metabolism: isolated single cells. PMID- 6656707 TI - Renal tubular cells in culture. PMID- 6656708 TI - Application of phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance to problems of renal physiology and metabolism. PMID- 6656709 TI - [Epidemiology of eye injuries in children under 16 years of age]. PMID- 6656710 TI - [Objective examination of the scoliosis patient]. PMID- 6656711 TI - [Idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn. Therapy and results]. PMID- 6656712 TI - [Septic osteoarthritis in the newborn. Case report]. PMID- 6656713 TI - [Importance of early diagnosis of spinal dysraphia. Dermoid cyst of the cauda equina associated with a pilonidal sinus: case report]. PMID- 6656714 TI - [Rare palatal location of pleiomorphic adenoma in childhood. Anatomoclinical considerations]. PMID- 6656715 TI - [Considerations on 2 cases of idiopathic female pseudohermaphroditism]. PMID- 6656716 TI - [The dynamics of physical development (height and weight) in relation to sex maturation in girls observed continuously between the ages of 6 and 17 in longitudinal studies. I. Height and weight distance curves]. PMID- 6656717 TI - [The dynamics of physical development (height and weight) in relation to sex maturation in girls observed continuously between the ages of 6 and 17 in longitudinal studies. II. Height and weight growth rate curves (annual height and weight increase)]. PMID- 6656718 TI - [The dynamics of physical development (height and weight) in relation to sex maturation in girls observed continuously between the ages of 6 and 17 in longitudinal studies. III. The constitution (height and weight) of girls followed uninterruptedly from age 6 to 17]. PMID- 6656719 TI - [The dynamics of physical development (height and weight) in relation to sex maturation in girls observed continuously between the ages of 6 and 17 in longitudinal studies. IV. Aspects of the constitutional type; evaluation of chest and abdominal circumference]. PMID- 6656720 TI - [The dynamics of physical development (height and weight) in relation to sex maturation in girls observed continuously between the ages of 6 and 17 in longitudinal studies. V. Constitutional nature of girls at the end of the developmental age]. PMID- 6656721 TI - [The dynamics of physical development in relation to the constitutional type at the end of the developmental period. VI. Evaluation, in relation to sex maturation and body height, of some aspects of physical maturation at the end of the developmental age]. PMID- 6656722 TI - [Methods of preparing human milk derivatives to add to human milk in feeding the premature infant]. PMID- 6656723 TI - [The day hospital in the evaluation of allergy in children]. PMID- 6656724 TI - [Computerized epidemiological study of the bacterial populations in the Obstetrical and Neonatology Departments of the Pordenone Civil Hospital]. PMID- 6656725 TI - [Use of glucagon in the hydrostatic reduction of intussusception in barium enemas]. PMID- 6656726 TI - [Confirmed scurvy in childhood. Two more cases]. PMID- 6656727 TI - [Diastrophic dysplasia. Description of a case in early infancy]. PMID- 6656728 TI - [Gelastic epilepsy. Report of a case]. PMID- 6656729 TI - [Staging of cancer of the bladder. Current status and prospects]. PMID- 6656730 TI - [Metastases revealing renal neoplasms]. PMID- 6656731 TI - [Cancer of the penis. Review of 17 cases]. PMID- 6656732 TI - [The use of diflunisal in urological endoscopy]. PMID- 6656733 TI - [Torsion of the paradidymis. Considerations on a case]. PMID- 6656734 TI - [Radiological studies of a case of post-traumatic intraparenchymal renal hematoma]. PMID- 6656735 TI - [A case of Leydig cell tumor]. PMID- 6656737 TI - Hospitalization utilization levels. The application of queuing. Theory to a controversial medical economic problem. PMID- 6656736 TI - The corporate transformation of medicine in Minnesota: first of a series: the accelerating industrialization of health care in the twin cities. PMID- 6656738 TI - The changing health care environment. PMID- 6656739 TI - Blue Cross/Blue Shield physician AWARE program. PMID- 6656740 TI - HMOs and cost containment. PMID- 6656741 TI - As a corporate executive sees us. PMID- 6656742 TI - The Minnesota Coalition on health care costs. Employer-provider relationships. PMID- 6656743 TI - Preferred provider organizations. PMID- 6656744 TI - Preferred provider organizations. Analysis. PMID- 6656746 TI - Practice survival. MMA developing new marketing programs. PMID- 6656745 TI - MeSH--a reasonable "for-profit" concept? PMID- 6656747 TI - Apparent synergism between amino donors for CTP synthesis in Chinese hamster fibroblasts. AB - The synergistic effects of potential amino donors were studied in the assay of CTP synthetase in extracts of Chinese hamster fibroblasts. We found that L glutamine was not effective as the sole amino donor, but combinations of L glutamine with NH4HCO3, L-arginine or potassium phosphate did result in the conversion of UTP to CTP. L-arginine or potassium phosphate were also not effective when used alone, and NH4HCO3 was only slightly effective. Our studies demonstrate that the individual synergistic combinations were not additive; multiple combinations of components decreased rather than increased the formation of CTP. The synergistic combinations of L-glutamine with either NH4HCO3 or L arginine had an absolute requirement for ATP; when ATP and PEP were absent no conversion of UTP to CTP occurred. The presence of GTP in a reaction mixture slightly increased the formation of CTP when L-glutamine and NH4HCO3 were used and substantially increased CTP formation when L-glutamine and L-arginine were used. De novo CTP synthesis was greatly reduced when nonradioactive CTP was added to an assay mixture, suggesting feedback inhibition. A TLC procedure has been developed that allows for the direct separation of UTP and CTP without requiring prior conversion to the mononucleotide or nucleoside level. PMID- 6656748 TI - [Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the study of yeast mitochondrial transfer RNA]. AB - An improved system of tRNA fractionation by two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis with high resolution power and also methods of visualization and identification of fractioned tRNAs are given. The system was used for studying mitochondrial tRNAs and their precursors. PMID- 6656749 TI - [Structural changes in influenza virus RNA during its attenuation]. AB - Changes in structures of only two genes of influenza virus--M and NS genes were found during virus attenuation by the method of oligonucleotide mapping. Such changes were observed in virulent and attenuated viruses (passages 10-23 in chick embryos) by comparing intermediate variants of the virus (passages 11-16 in chick embryos). These results allow us to conclude the important role of these genes in virus attenuation and in connection with virulence of the virus. PMID- 6656750 TI - [The intraglobular electrostatic field of an enzyme. II. Effect of environment polarization]. AB - The influence of polarization of surrounding medium on the intraglobular electric field of the alpha-chymotrypsin molecule is considered. The polarization is taken into account by the image charges method, the proper approximations for calculation of the fields due to intraglobular and surface charges are suggested. The polarization of surroundings does not change the qualitative picture of the electric field in the active center of the alpha-chymotrypsin molecule set up by protein dipoles, but reduces almost to zero the intraglobular field set up by surface ions. PMID- 6656751 TI - [Polarization fluorescence of chloroplasts oriented in polyacrylamide gel. Experiment and theoretical analysis]. AB - Maize mesophyll chloroplasts were oriented in polyacrylamide gel upon squeezing of gel samples. Fluorescence polarization was measured as a function of the gel deformation parameter. Linearly polarized fluorescence spectra were recorded at 140 degrees. The results show that chloroplasts were oriented in polyacrylamide gel as effectively as in magnetic field. Theoretical models are analyzed for orientation of disc-shaped and rod-shaped chloroplasts. Of these two, only the model for disc-shaped chloroplasts can account for the experimental results. Based on experimental data, the approaches are proposed to estimate the order of alignment of thylakoid membranes within chloroplasts, and to calculate the angles made by transition dipoles with the thylakoid membrane plane. Internal structure of chloroplasts (alignment of thylakoid membranes) is shown to be unchanged upon squeezing of the gel samples. PMID- 6656752 TI - [Theoretical conformation analysis of MCD peptide]. AB - The spatial structure of the MCD-peptide from bee venom has been calculated basing on the known sequence of 22 amino acid. The a priori calculations produce a system of two disulfide bonds, identical to that observed in the native structure. The calculated structure of MCD-peptide is close to that proposed earlier for the homologues peptide tertiapin and is confirmed by NMR and CD data. PMID- 6656753 TI - [A model of oligomeric enzymes explaining stepwise kinetic curves]. AB - The complex kinetics of some oligomeric enzymes has been analysed. For interpreting such kinetics a theoretical model of an oligomeric enzyme is suggested, which is a modification of the "flip-flop" mechanism considered by Lazdunski et al. in 1971. Using our model, one can qualitatively interpret stepwise kinetic curves, i.e. the curves with few intermediate plateaus. Such curves are known from literature but have not exhaustively been explained. It is supposed that the enzyme kinetic curves can sometimes be of non-differential functions. The model used can also be applied to the kinetics of polyenzyme complexes. PMID- 6656754 TI - [Localization of histone H1 in chromatin. Cross-linking of central globular regions of H1 molecules with a bifunctional reagent]. AB - Mutual arrangement of histone H1 molecules and central globular parts of H1 was studied by crosslinking with a reversible bifunctional reagent. The yields of histone H1 dimers and dimers of it's globular fragment in nuclei and isolated chromatin were similar. In the presence of 8 M urea the yield of the H1 dimers was approximately threefold decreased, dimers of globular fragment being practically absent. The data suggest that the proximity of H1 molecules in nuclei is stipulated by a structure of a nucleosomal chain itself and not by chromatin superstructure. The results are in accord with the "head" to "head" histone H1 orientation within the nucleosomal chain and do not support participation of the central globular region of H1 molecule in chromatin condensation. A model of H1 arrangement in extended nucleosomal chain is proposed. PMID- 6656755 TI - [Theoretical and experimental studies on the conformation of the hinge regions in human immunoglobulin G subclasses]. AB - Using the methods of difference adiabatic scanning microcalorimetry and difference thermal perturbation spectrophotometry it was established that both the Fc subunits within the intact immunoglobulins G of different subclasses, and the Fc fragments corresponding to them significantly differ in conformational properties. These differences are associated with a different energy of interactions between the CH2 and CH3 domains and also with a different rigidity of structure of the N- and C-terminal parts of the CH2 domains. The analysis of these data allowed to suggest that the "hinge region" interacts with the CH2 domains and the difference in the structure of this region affect the conformation of the Fc subunits. Possible models of the "hinge regions" in immunoglobulins G of the first, second and fourth subclasses, and also their arrangement relative to the CH2 domains were proposed. The analysis of curves of the small-angle scattering of X-rays shows an agreement between the theoretical models and experimental data. PMID- 6656756 TI - [Nucleotide sequence of the repetitive B2 region of the mouse genome]. AB - Mouse genome contains two major families of short interspersed repeats in more than 10(5) copies and scattered throughout the whole genome. They were named as B1 and B2 sequences since they were first isolated from the genome library by means of a dsRNA-B probe. Three copies of B2 family were sequenced and compared with previously sequenced B1 repeat. B2 ubiquitous repeat is of ca. 180 bp long. The members of the family deviate by 5% of nucleotides from the consensus sequence. B2 contains the regions of homology to RNA polymerase III split promoter and to 4.5 S snRNA I. In contrast to B1, it does not contain clear homologies to exon-intron junctions, papova replication origins and human Alu sequence. One side of B2 repeat is represented by a very AT-rich sequence (30 bp long) followed with an oligo(A) stretch 10-15 nucleotides long. This region of the repeat is the most variable one. The unit is flanked by 15-16 bp direct repeats different in sequenced copies of B2. The same is true for some copies of B1 family. The properties of B1 and B2 repeats suggest that they represent a novel class of transposon-like elements of eukaryotic genome. The possible role of B-type repeats in genome reorganization, DNA replication and pre-mRNA processing is discussed. PMID- 6656757 TI - [Bending fluctuations of the alpha-helix and the dynamics of enzyme-substrate interactions]. AB - A stochastic model is developed for the dynamic behavior of proteins containing relatively rigid structural components. The paper considers the fluctuations of a gap between the rigid components and the dynamics of substrate--gap interactions associated with the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. Electron conformation interactions in the physical situation being considered are described by a model involving multiple diffusion movements within the configurational space having an absorption area. It has been shown that the limiting stage of catalysis (tau approximately 10(-2)-10(-4) s) is a specific structural configuration of the active center groups and substrate, formed during conformational motions, through which effective multi-center chemical interactions are made possible. PMID- 6656758 TI - [Characteristics of formaldehyde reactions with nucleic acids and their structural components in the presence of primary or secondary amines]. AB - Peculiarities of reversible interaction of formaldehyde with DNA, adenine and some cytosine derivatives in the presence of primary or secondary amines have been studied. Different characters of the examined formaldehyde reactions have been demonstrated. Thus, melting of DNA by formaldehyde at neutral pH is accelerated only in the presence of primary amines. Using UV-spectra data analysis it was concluded that products of cytidine and adenine modification by formaldehyde or methylol derivatives of secondary amines have similar structure. Cytidine and adenine modifications when treated with formaldehyde and primary amine mixture were considerably different and resulted in products with different structures. This is probably related to interactions within two positions of cytosine or adenine residues. A hypothetical scheme of formation and structure of modification products are considered. PMID- 6656759 TI - Germ line-specific DNA sequences are present on all five micronuclear chromosomes in Tetrahymena thermophila. AB - The development of the macronucleus from the zygotic micronucleus in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena spp. involves the elimination of specific DNA sequences (M. C. Yao and M. Gorovsky, Chromosoma 48:1-18 1974). The present study demonstrates that micronucleus-specific DNA is present on all five of the micronuclear chromosomes. Fragments of micronuclear DNA from Tetrahymena thermophila were cloned in the plasmid vector pBR322. A procedure was developed to examine the organization of the cloned sequences in micro- and macronuclear DNA without nick translating each individual probe. Twenty-three percent of randomly selected DNA sequences examined by this method were micronucleus (germ line) specific. They were all members of families of repeated sequences. Hybridization of six micronucleus-specific DNA sequences to micronuclear DNA from nullisomic strains of T. thermophila, which are lacking one or more pairs of chromosomes in the micronucleus, suggested that these sequences are present on several chromosomes. One micronucleus-specific sequence was shown by in situ hybridization to be present on all five of the micronuclear chromosomes. PMID- 6656760 TI - Regulation of histone mRNA production and stability in serum-stimulated mouse 3T6 fibroblasts. AB - We measured the content and metabolism of histone mRNA in mouse 3T6 fibroblasts during a serum-induced transition from the resting to growing state. The content of several histone H3 and H2b mRNAs was measured by an S1 nuclease procedure. All of these increase in parallel by a factor of about 50 during S phase. However, the rate of H3 gene transcription increased only fivefold during this period, as determined in an in vitro transcription assay. This suggests that histone mRNA content is also controlled at the posttranscriptional level. When resting cells were serum stimulated in the presence of cytosine arabinoside, the rate of H3 gene transcription increased to about the same extent as that in control stimulated cells. However, cytoplasmic H3 mRNA content increased only five to seven-fold. The half-life of H3 mRNA during S phase was about 4 to 5 h. When cytosine arabinoside was added to cells in the S phase, the half-life of the message decreased to about 15 min. The rapid turnover of H3 mRNA was prevented when the drug was added in the presence of cycloheximide or puromycin. The rate of H3 gene transcription decreased by only 35% after treatment with cytosine arabinoside. These results suggest that H3 gene transcription is not tightly coupled to DNA replication but is controlled temporally during the resting to growing transition. However, there is a correlation between the rate of DNA synthesis and the stability of histone H3 mRNA. PMID- 6656761 TI - Genetic effects of chromosomal rearrangements in Chinese hamster ovary cells: expression and chromosomal assignment of TK, GALK, ACP1, ADA, and ITPA loci. AB - Polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with mouse Cl1D cells produced interspecific somatic cell hybrids which slowly segregated CHO chromosomes. Cytogenetic and isozyme analysis of HAT- and bromodeoxyuridine-selected hybrid subclones and of members of a hybrid clone panel retaining different combinations of CHO chromosomes enabled provisional assignments of the following enzyme loci to CHO chromosomes: TK, GALK, and ACP1 to chromosome 7; TK and GALK to chromosome Z13; ACP1, ADA, and ITPA to chromosome Z8; and ADA and ITPA to chromosome Z9. These genetic markers reflect the origin of each of these Z group chromosomes and indicate the functional activity of alleles located on rearranged chromosomes. Identification of diploid electrophoretic shift mutations for ADA and ITPA was consistent with those observations. Assignment of the functional TK locus in TK+/- CHO-AT3-2 cells indicated that gene deletion may be responsible for TK hemizygosity in this subline. PMID- 6656762 TI - Organization of the noncontiguous promoter components of adenovirus VAI RNA gene is strikingly similar to that of eucaryotic tRNA genes. AB - The intragenic transcriptional control region (internal promoter) of the adenovirus type 2 VAI RNA gene was mutated by deletion, insertion, and substitution of DNA sequences at the plasmid level. The mutant plasmids were assayed for in vitro transcriptional activity by using HeLa cell extracts. The mutant clones with substitution or insertion of DNA sequences or both between nucleotides +18 and +53 of the VAI RNA gene were all transcriptionally active, although to various extents. Substitution of unrelated DNA sequences up to +26 or between +54 and +61 abolished the transcriptional activity completely. Based on these results, the intragenic promoter sequences of the VAI RNA gene can be subdivided into two components: element A, +10 to +18; and element B, +54 to +69. The distance between the A and B components could be enlarged from its normal 35 base pairs to 75 base pairs without destroying the transcriptional activity. However, a deletion of 4 or 6 base pairs in the DNA segment separating the A and B components (segment C) reduced the transcriptional activity of the genes to less than 2% of that of the wild type. When the VAI RNA gene with its element A or B was substituted for the corresponding element A or B of the Xenopus laevis tRNAMet gene, the hybrid genes transcribed close to the level of the wild-type VAI RNA gene and about 10- to 20-fold more efficiently than the tRNAMet gene. Thus, the organization of DNA sequences in the internal promoter of the VAI RNA gene appears to be very similar to that of eucaryotic tRNA genes. This similarity suggests an evolutionary relationship of the VAI RNA gene to tRNA genes. PMID- 6656763 TI - Structure of amplified DNA in different Syrian hamster cell lines resistant to N (phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate. AB - Syrian hamster cell lines selected in multiple steps for resistance to high levels of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) contain many copies of the gene coding for the pyrimidine pathway enzyme CAD. Approximately 500 kilobases of additional DNA was coamplified with each copy of the CAD gene in several cell lines. To investigate its structure and organization, we cloned ca. 162 kilobases of coamplified DNA from cell line 165-28 and ca. 68 kilobases from cell line B5 4, using a screening method based solely on the greater abundance of amplified sequences in the resistant cells. Individual cloned fragments were then used to probe Southern transfers of genomic DNA from 12 different PALA-resistant mutants and the wild-type parents. A contiguous region of DNA ca. 44 kilobases long which included the CAD gene was amplified in all 12 mutants. However, the fragments cloned from 165-28 which were external to this region were not amplified in any other mutant, and the external fragments cloned from B5-4 were not amplified in two of the mutants. These results suggest that movement or major rearrangement of DNA may have accompanied some of the amplification events. We also found that different fragments were amplified to different degrees within a single mutant cell line. We conclude that the amplified DNA was not comprised of identical, tandemly arranged units. Its structure was much more complex and was different in different mutants. Several restriction fragments containing amplified sequences were found only in the DNA of the mutant cell line from which they were isolated and were not detected in DNA from wild-type cells or from any other mutant cells. These fragments contained novel joints created by rearrangement of the DNA during amplification. The cloned novel fragments hybridized only to normal fragments in every cell line examined, except for the line from which each novel fragment was isolated or the parental population for that line. This result argues that "hot spots" for forming novel joints are rare or nonexistent. PMID- 6656764 TI - Properties of single-step mutants of Syrian hamster cell lines resistant to N (phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate. AB - Eleven independent lines of Syrian hamster cells were selected by using very low levels of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA), an inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase. The protocol employed insured that each resistant cell arose during one of the last divisions before selection was applied. Cells of each mutant line contained an amplification of the structural gene for CAD, a trifunctional protein which includes aspartate transcarbamylase and two other enzymes of UMP biosynthesis. Strikingly, despite the minimal selection employed, the degree of amplification of the CAD gene was 6 to 10 times the normal diploid number in all 11 cases. In situ hybridization indicated that the amplified CAD genes were almost always present at a single chromosomal site in each line. Therefore, one of the two alleles was amplified 11- to 19-fold. The rates at which cells became resistant to PALA, determined by fluctuation analysis, were 100 times less dependent on drug concentration than were the frequencies of resistant cells in steady-state populations. The relatively shallow dependence of this rate upon PALA concentration is consistent with our independent observation that most events gave rise to a similar degree of amplification. In six of six cell lines examined, the levels of CAD mRNA and aspartate transcarbamylase activity were elevated two- to fourfold. These lines were resistant to PALA concentrations 20- to 80-fold higher than the ones used for selection. The organization of amplified DNA was examined by hybridizing Southern blots with cloned DNA fragments containing amplified sequences, previously isolated from two cell lines resistant to high levels of PALA. A contiguous region of DNA approximately 44 kilobases long which included the CAD gene was amplified in five of five single-step mutants examined. Outside this region, these mutants shared amplified sequences with only one of the two highly resistant lines. PMID- 6656765 TI - Differential, multihormonal regulation of the mouse major urinary protein gene family in the liver. AB - The hormonal requirements for the regulation of the major urinary protein (MUP) mRNA levels in mouse liver have been examined. Previous experiments have shown that administration of testosterone to female or castrated male mice increases MUP mRNA levels approximately fivefold to normal male levels. We have found that thyroxine and the peptide hormone, growth hormone, each had a pronounced effect on MUP mRNA levels. MUP mRNA was reduced 150-fold in growth-hormone-deficient mutant mice (little). The administration of growth hormone and thyroxine induced MUP mRNA approximately 150-fold, and when administered together, they induced MUP mRNA approximately 1,000-fold. testosterone administration. When administered separately to these mice, growth hormone and thyroxine induced with MUP mRNA approximately 150-fold, and when administered together, they induced MUP mRNA approximately 1,000-fold. Testicular feminized mice, which lack a functional major testosterone receptor protein, can also be induced to male levels by treatment with both growth hormone and thyroxine. In addition, we present evidence which indicates that growth hormone, thyroxine, and testosterone differentially regulate the levels of distinct MUP mRNA species. PMID- 6656766 TI - Retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells. AB - We have previously shown that the P19 line of embryonal carcinoma cells develops into neurons, astroglia, and fibroblasts after aggregation and exposure to retinoic acid. The neurons were initially identified by their morphology and by the presence of neurofilaments within their cytoplasm. We have more fully documented the neuronal nature of these cells by showing that their cell surfaces display tetanus toxin receptors, a neuronal cell marker, and that choline acetyl transferase and acetyl cholinesterase activities appear coordinately in neuron containing cultures. Several days before the appearance of neurons, there is a marked decrease in the amount of an embryonal carcinoma surface antigen, and at the same time there is a substantial decrease in the volumes of individual cells. Various retinoids were able to induce the development of neurons in cultures of aggregated P19 cells, but it did not appear that polyamine metabolism was involved in the effect. We have isolated a mutant clone which does not differentiate in the presence of any of the drugs which are normally effective in inducing differentiation of P19 cells. This mutant and others may help to elucidate the chain of events triggered by retinoic acid and other differentiation-inducing drugs. PMID- 6656768 TI - Antigenic, electrophoretic and binding alterations of human C-reactive protein modified selectively in the absence of calcium. AB - C-Reactive protein (CRP) is a trace component of normal human serum which has a mol. wt of 105,000 and is composed of five apparently identical subunits arranged in cyclic symmetry. The serum concentration of this protein is known to increase dramatically in response to acute inflammatory or necrotic processes. We report here that in the presence of high concentrations of urea significant antigenic, electrophoretic and binding site modifications of CRP occur selectively in the absence of calcium. CRP treated in this way (designated F-CRP) had a pI of 5.4 and alpha-electrophoretic mobility in contrast to the native molecule which had a pI of 6.4 and gamma-mobility. F-CRP retained a partial antigenic identity to native CRP, displayed decreased intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, and expressed a new antigenic reactivity. A similar neoantigen was expressed by heating CRP selectively in the absence if calcium (63 degrees C, 5 min). Treatment with guanidinium-HCl or deliberate carbamylation did not produce F-CRP or the expression of the F-antigen. The formation of F-CRP in urea or by heat was prevented by the presence of 0.7 mM or more calcium. CRP treated in this way retained identical characteristics to native CRP. F-CRP chromatographed through Sephadex G-150 in the presence or absence of 6M urea as a protein of apparent mol. wt 75, 000 with no evidence for free CRP subunits. The formation of F-CRP from native CRP resulted in a loss of capacity for calcium-dependent binding to the C-polysaccharide despite the persistence of calcium-independent binding reactivity for polycations. These data suggest that in the presence of sufficient calcium CRP can resist urea- or heat-induced structural denaturation, maintaining antigenic, electrophoretic and binding identity to the native molecule. In the absence of calcium, exposure to urea led to increased electrophoretic mobility and exposure of a new antigenic reactivity, and to alterations in the phosphocholine- but not the polycation-binding sites of the native CRP molecule; this new antigenic reactivity may be of value in further studies on the CRP molecule. PMID- 6656769 TI - A monoclonal antibody with ability to distinguish between NH2-terminal fragments derived from fibrinogen and fibrin. AB - A stable hybridoma secreting homogeneous antibody (immunoglobulin class IgG2a) has been prepared by fusion using cells of immunoglobulin non-secreter myeloma (P3X63Ag8.653) and spleen cells of mice which had previously been immunized with the NH2-terminal CNBr fragment of human fibrinogen, the so-called N-DSK [(A alpha 1-51, B beta 1-118, gamma 1-78)2]. In competitive ELISA or radioimmunoassay this antibody (MAb/1-8C6) cross-reacted with intact fibrinogen, N-DSK, a des fibrinopeptide A (des FPA) variant of N-DSK, the so-called (B)N-DSK, as well as the intact B beta chain (B beta 1-118) obtained from N-DSK. Also, and mot importantly, cross-reactivity was observed with fibrinogen-free ethanol extracts of plasma obtained from patients known to contain high levels of fibrinogen or fibrin degradation products. In vitro thrombin digestion of any of these competitors resulted in complete loss of cross-reactivity. MAb/1-8C6 did not react with the A alpha or gamma-chains of N-DSK, free fibrinopeptide B(FPB), free B beta 15-42, as well as equimolar mixtures of the latter two peptides. These results suggest that MAb/1-8C6 may be to an epitope in or around the thrombin susceptible B beta 14 Arg-25 Gly bond. Furthermore, due to its reactivity with patient plasma extracts, this antibody may be useful in clinical investigations dealing with fibrino(geno)lysis. PMID- 6656767 TI - Induced muscle differentiation in an embryonal carcinoma cell line. AB - Cells of the teratocarcinoma-derived line P19S1801A1 (01A1) are pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells and can be induced to differentiate when aggregated and exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide. Many nonneural cell types appear in dimethyl sulfoxide-treated cultures, cardiac and skeletal muscle being the most easily identified. We have used immunofluorescence procedures with monoclonal antibodies directed against muscle myosin to confirm and quantitate the number of muscle cells formed. A monoclonal antibody reactive with an embryonal carcinoma-specific surface antigen was used to confirm the disappearance of undifferentiated cells after dimethyl sulfoxide treatment. Cardiac muscle cells developed within 4 to 5 days of drug exposure, but skeletal muscle cells did not become evident until 7 to 8 days. We have isolated a mutant cell line (D3) which appears to be incapable of muscle development but which does form neurons and glial cells when exposed to high retinoic acid concentrations. We propose that this system will be useful for investigation of the means by which pluripotent cells become committed to development along the striated muscle lineages. PMID- 6656770 TI - Species-specific inhibition by glycophorins of complement activation via the alternative pathway. AB - Glycophorin, one of the major glycoproteins of erythrocytes (E), was extracted from human E (glycophorin-Hu) and guinea pig E (glycophorin-GP) and adsorbed to rabbit-E. The adsorption of glycophorin-Hu and glycophorin-GP to rabbit-E made the E resistant to hemolysis by human serum and guinea pig serum, respectively, via the alternative complement pathway (ACP). However, it did not make the rabbit E resistant to hemolysis by serum heterologous to the glycophorin adsorbed. This species-specific inhibition by glycophorin of ACP activation should play a role in restricting ACP activation on self cell membranes. By recognizing the self cell surface as the place where the complement reaction must be prevented, ACP will be able to accomplish the discrimination of non-self constituents without diversity of recognition sites for a variety of foreign substances. PMID- 6656771 TI - Hydrophobic interaction only in non-specific binding of ligands? PMID- 6656773 TI - Release of low molecular weight proteins from the Fc fragment of rabbit immunoglobulin G induced by formation of insoluble complexes with antigen. AB - Serum rabbit IgG was found to be in complexes, with low mol. wt proteins (mol. wt about 1500) which are noncovalently associated with the Fc fragment. The formation of precipitating antigen-antibody complexes resulted in the dissociation of IgG complexes with these proteins and their release in solution. On formation of non-precipitating antigen-antibody complexes, the dissociation of low mol. wt proteins from IgG was not observed. PMID- 6656772 TI - Mitogen effects on lipid metabolism during lymphocyte activation. AB - Mitogenic and non-mitogenic lectins have been compared for their abilities to stimulate acetate and choline incorporation into mouse spleen lymphocyte lipids. The concns required for maximal acetate incorporation correspond to those required for maximal blastogenesis. The non-mitogenic lectins tested had no effect on acetate incorporation. Concanavalin A also stimulated acetate incorporation into splenic lymphocyte lipids of athymic mice which do not undergo T-cell blastogenesis. 4,4'-Diaminodiphenylsulfone (dapsone) at 150 micrograms/ml inhibited the incorporation of choline into mouse spleen lymphocyte phosphatidylcholine by 40%, but had no significant effect on concanavalin A induced mitogenesis when the inhibitor was present during the first few hours of transformation. Enhanced turnover of phospholipids appears to be a parallel but non-essential event in the early stages of mitogenesis. PMID- 6656774 TI - Immunologically active nonapeptide fragment of a proline-rich polypeptide from ovine colostrum: amino acid sequence and immunoregulatory properties. AB - It has been previously found that a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) isolated from ovine colostrum has a regulatory effect on the immune response. To study the relationship between the structure of PRP and its immunomodulatory properties, the polypeptide was digested by chymotrypsin. Products of the proteolysis were separated by gel filtration and three fractions were obtained: PRP-1, PRP-2 and PRP-3. The activity of the fractions was compared with the activity of the untreated PRP. It was found that PRP-1 was inactive, whereas PRP-2 and PRP-3 showed an activity in the regulation of the immune response assayed by measurement of PFC, and by studying effects on delayed hypersensitivity, formation of autologous rosette-forming cell, and sensitivity of thymocytes to hydrocortisone. The activity of PRP-2 and PRP-3 was comparable to the activity of PRP. The PRP-3 fraction of low mol. wt was further purified and a pure nonapeptide of mol. wt 1000 (PRP-3b) was isolated. The amino acid sequence of PRP 3b was: Val--Glu--Ser--Tyr--Val--Pro--Leu--Phe--Pro. The nonapeptide showed the full spectrum of biological activities of PRP. Comparison of terminal amino acid suggested that PRP-3b was neither the NH2- nor the COOH-terminal fragment of PRP. The amino acid sequence of the nonapeptide indicated that PRP-3b is different from other known immunomodulators. PMID- 6656775 TI - Characterization of antisera to the addition product formed by the nonenzymatic reaction of 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone with albumin. AB - 16 alpha-Hydroxyestrone (16 alpha OHE) has been shown previously to react nonenzymatically with proteins via a Heyns rearrangement of a Schiff base intermediate. Albumin modified by the addition of 16 alpha OHE is immunogenic, despite a relatively low molar substitution. High-titre antisera can be elicited which have a very high affinity toward the estrogen hapten. Cross-reactivity analysis reveals a high specificity for the phenolic A-ring and a lack of specificity to chemical substituents in the D-ring, the site of covalent linkage. The antisera reacts equally well with 16 alpha OHE-peptides as with 16 alpha OHE lysine, suggesting the utility of this antisera in analyzing either enzymatically or chemically hydrolyzed proteins for the presence of 16 alpha OHE adducts. Immunochemical analysis of proteins modified by 16 alpha OHE may provide insight into the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease in which elevated levels of 16 alpha OHE are known to occur. PMID- 6656776 TI - Monoclonal antibody defined-human melanoma-associated antigens: molecular and phylogenetic studies in normal serum. AB - Normal human sera were analyzed for the presence and molecular form of two human melanoma-associated antigens (MAAs), the 250 "melanoma-specific" glycoprotein and the 100 K "common tumor antigen". The 250 K MAA was not synthesized by any cultures other than human melanoma and was not detectable in normal human serum. In contrast, the 100 K MAA, which is present in spent medium of cultured human melanoma, carcinoma and fetal melanocytes but not of adult normal cells, was found in normal human serum in nanogram quantities. This serum form of the 100 K MAA was also found in pooled sera of higher apes but not of lower species. The cell-derived form of the 100 K MAA, present in spent culture medium, had a similar phylogenetic distribution. The molecule was produced by cultured brain glia from gorilla, but not by melanoma cells from miniature swine or dog. The 100 K MAA from gorilla glia had a mol. wt identical to the molecule produced by human melanoma cells. Molecular characterization of this MAA in normal human serum showed that it was heterogeneous in size and was present in fractions greater than 100 kd after analytical HPLC gel sieving under non-denaturing conditions. In contrast, MAA from spent culture medium of melanoma cells was 100 kd or less in chemically defined medium (CDM) with no protein supplement, but had a higher mol. wt in CDM with BSA or fetal calf serum supplement, similar to the serum form of the molecule. An association of the 100 K MAA with albumin was demonstrated by analytical HPLC gel sieving and SDS-PAGE analysis of monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitates. The 100 K MAA was dissociated from albumin in normal human serum by treatment with SDS and fractionation by gel sieving. Under these conditions 100 K MAA from serum co-migrated with similarly treated 100 K from melanoma cells. These results indicate that the 100 K MAA is a normal serum constituent which forms a strong, non-covalent association with albumin and is evolutionarily restricted to higher apes or humans. PMID- 6656777 TI - Analysis of heterogeneous dissociation kinetics in polyclonal populations of rabbit anti-fluorescyl-IgG antibodies. AB - Hapten dissociation kinetics were used to characterize the expression of hyperimmune anti-fluorescyl-IgG antibodies within a population of 14 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Anti-fluorescyl-IgG antibody preparations, obtained from individual hyperimmune NZW rabbits, exhibited either three or four discrete dissociative components. The fastest component was typically heterogeneous with respect to dissociation rate, exhibiting an average dissociative lifetime of 8 sec, where dissociative lifetime was the reciprocal dissociation rate constant. Longer-lifetime components exhibited lifetimes of several hundred seconds, and became progressively more homogeneous with increasing lifetime. Comparison of dissociative components, within the NZW rabbit population, revealed the presence of four distinct groupings of dissociative lifetimes, which were approximately Gaussian in their distribution. Average lifetimes of 8, 52.6, 313 and 1417 sec were observed for the four groupings, which corresponded to free-energy (delta G0) values of -9.6, -10.6, -11.6 and -12.42 kcal/mole, respectively (using an association rate value of 5 X 10(6) M-1 sec-1). These findings implied that affinity maturation of the anti-fluorescyl-IgG antibody response involved the generation of discrete high-affinity subpopulations of antibodies rather than a continuous spectrum of high-affinity antibodies. PMID- 6656778 TI - Electrostatic and hydrophobic effects in chromatography of rabbit IgG immunoglobulins on aminohexyl sepharose substituted with bis-(p-chlorophenyl)- acetic acid. AB - The binding interactions of rabbit IgG immunoglobulins with bis-(p-chlorophenyl) acetic acid (DDA) substituted aminohexyl Sepharose (AHS) (DDA-AHS) at low ionic strength are under the influence of pH, temp, ionic strength and their antibody specificity. The IgG molecules held on a DDA-AHS column in the presence of 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) at 4 degrees C could be stepwise eluted by the addition of 0.01 M acetate buffers (pH 5.5, 5.0 and 4.5) followed by 3 M NaClO4, a chaotropic reagent. The adsorbability of IgG molecules by the DDA-AHS column was reinforced at temps higher than 4 degrees C and at increasing NaCl concns ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 M. The antibody specificity and, perhaps, binding affinity greatly affected this binding system. On the basis of these results, it was evident that both the DDA ligand and charged groups (omega-amino and isourea groups) took part in the binding interactions between IgG molecules and the agarose derivative at low ionic strength. Thus the binding interactions of rabbit IgG immunoglobulins with DDA-AHS at low ionic strength are assumed to be due to hydrophobic plus electrostatic interactions. It was also observed that the binding site on the surface of IgG molecules at low ionic strength was located only in the Fab region. PMID- 6656779 TI - Identification and isolation of a common tumor-associated molecule using monoclonal antibody. AB - A monoclonal antibody, 16B-13, derived from the immunization of BALB/c mice with a lung tumor line, immunoprecipitates a common tumor-associated molecule with an apparent mol. wt of 37,000 from lactoperoxidase-iodinated lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, brest carcinoma, melanoma and lymphoma cells, but not from normal fibroblasts. Analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the cell surface-labeled 16B-13 antigen from a colorectal and a melanoma cell line reveals four components with similar mol. wts but with different isoelectric points. The antigen purified from a colorectal carcinoma cell line by immunoaffinity chromatography was shown to be a 37,000 mol. wt polypeptide similar to that obtained by the lactoperoxidase-labeling procedure. However, the purified antigen from the melanoma cell line shows the presence of a 65,000 mol. wt polypeptide and the loss of the 37,000 mol. wt component as detected by Coomassie blue staining and immunoprecipitation. PMID- 6656780 TI - The effect of alternate substrates and substrate concentration on the antibody mediated inhibition of horseradish peroxidase. AB - Inhibition of the catalytic activity of horseradish peroxidase by rabbit antisera was measured using alternate enzyme substrates. The same general inhibition curve patterns were obtained regardless of the electron donor or hydroperoxide used. In all cases typical biphasic inhibition patterns were found and complete inhibition of enzyme activity was never observed. Measurement of the degree of inhibition as a function of substrate concn revealed a dependence of anticatalytic activity on hydroperoxide concn. As the concn of hydrogen peroxide in the assay mixture increased, there was a corresponding increase in the inhibition observed. On the other hand, the degree of inhibition was not dependent on the concn of electron donor (dianisidine) in the assay mixture. Spectrophotometric experiments with an electron donor analogue demonstrated that antibodies do not inhibit peroxidase activity by excluding electron donor molecules from enzyme binding sites. The results have suggested possible mechanisms for the antibody-mediated inhibition of peroxidase activity. PMID- 6656782 TI - New directions in tardive dyskinesia research. PMID- 6656781 TI - Anaphylaxis to muscle relaxant drugs: cross-reactivity and molecular basis of binding of IgE antibodies detected by radioimmunoassay. AB - IgE antibodies that bind the muscle relaxant alcuronium were found in sera from six patients who experienced anaphylactic-like reactions following administration of the drug during induction of anaesthesia. Drug-specific antibodies were detected by radioimmunoassay employing a covalently coupled alcuronium-Sepharose complex and 125I-labelled anti-human IgE. Quantitative inhibition studies undertaken with the sera revealed specificity differences between IgE antibodies from different patients. One serum reacted with alcuronium but not with five other muscle relaxants, decamethonium, gallamine, pancuronium, succinylcholine and tubocurarine. IgE antibodies in the other sera cross-reacted with the muscle relaxants, other quaternary ammonium compounds and some pharmacologically unrelated drugs including promethazine, morphine, neostigmine and pentolineum. The inhibition experiments revealed that the alcuronium-IgE reaction could be prevented or diminished by structures containing a substituted ammonium ion. As these ions occur widely in man's environment in drugs, cosmetics, disinfectants, foods and industrial materials, it seems possible that sensitization of patients may occur without previous exposure to muscle relaxants. PMID- 6656783 TI - Cyclo(Leu-Gly): a possible treatment for tardive dyskinesia? PMID- 6656784 TI - Monkey models of tardive dyskinesia. PMID- 6656785 TI - [Functional morphology of dermal lymphatic vessels]. PMID- 6656786 TI - [Use of flunitrazepam in the prevention of ketamine-induced morphologic changes in the retina]. PMID- 6656787 TI - [Electron microscope study of pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma in adults]. PMID- 6656788 TI - [Inhalation of iatrogenic disinfectants (phenol, formalin, formaldehyde, methanol) in the newborn]. PMID- 6656789 TI - [Tissue damage to the exocrine pancreas, formation of protein plugs in rats exposed to chronic alcohol administration]. PMID- 6656790 TI - [Examination of the transparency of the teeth in age determination]. PMID- 6656791 TI - [Neurohistological changes in cardiogenic shock]. PMID- 6656792 TI - [Comparative histological and radiological study of pericoronal cysts of permanent third molars]. PMID- 6656793 TI - [Topography of the interiliac lymph nodes--positional relationship to the ovary]. AB - In order to define positional criteria for the distinction in clinical imaging techniques such as the CAT scan between lymph nodes and ovaries, 79 anatomical specimens (with the pelvis sectioned in the sagittal plane) were examined (25 females, 54 males). It was found, that the two groups of lymph nodes of the external iliac glands, the middle and internal chain, showed a statistically significant difference in length, with the former (having a mean extension of 17 mm) being 5 mm shorter than the latter. The lymph nodes of the middle chain were found in 79% medial to the cranial half of the external iliac artery. The lymph nodes of the internal chain were most frequently situated (66%) alongside the distal half of the external iliac vein. The mean size of the ovaries and lymph nodes was in accordance with published ata. The range of movement of the ovary was defined as a triangle or square. Its medial and lateral borders were, a few cases excepted, the floor of the pelvis or its wall. In relation to the external iliac artery, the ovary was situated in 56% of the specimens in the distal half. In only 17% was the ovary in the "fossa ovarica". A comparison of the most common positions of external iliac lymph nodes and ovary in relation to the extended iliac artery shows, that the position of the ovary and the lymph nodes of the internal chain are almost congruent. Therefore a distinction based on pure topologic data is not possible. PMID- 6656794 TI - [A rare malformation of the liver in adults]. AB - The described malformation of the liver can be divided into several different findings: the deficiency of the left part of the lig. triangulare, a shift of the enlarged left liver lobe to ventral right into the right hypochondrium with a bending of the liver, hypoplasia of the right liver lobe with a field of connective tissue in the bending angle of the liver and concomitant torsion of the lig. hepatoduodenale. The deficiency of the left part of the lig. triangulare hepatis is considered the pathogenetic origin of the malformation. The development of all the other malformations is discussed according to ontogenetic considerations. PMID- 6656795 TI - [Recurrent ameloblastoma of the upper jaw--diagnosis]. AB - Ameloblastomas of the jaw are rare epithelial tumors. They have to be differentiated from simple cysts and malignant tumors. If incompletely excised they have a high recurrence rate so that radical surgery from the beginning must be the therapy of choice. Exact preoperative diagnosis of the tumor and its possible spread into the infratemporal fossa or the pterygopalatine fossa, into the parapharyngeal space, the orbit or into the intracranial space is mandatory. In this paper we present a case with recurring ameloblastoma. The value of the different diagnostic procedures is discussed. PMID- 6656796 TI - Hypersensitivity to cell killing and mutation induction by chemical carcinogens in an excision repair-deficient mutant of CHO cells. AB - A strain of Chinese hamster ovary cells that is deficient in nucleotide excision repair, strain UV5, was compared with the normal parental CHO cells in terms of cytotoxicity and mutagenesis after exposure to several chemical carcinogens that are known to produce bulky, covalent adducts in DNA. Induced mutations were measured at the hprt locus using thioguanine resistance and at the aprt locus using azaadenine resistance. The compounds tested that required metabolic activation (using rat or hamster microsomal fractions) were 7,12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, 3-methylcholanthrene, benzo(a)pyrene, aflatoxin B1, 2 acetylaminofluorene, and 2-naphthylamine. The direct-acting compounds (+/-)-r-7,t 8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene, N-acetoxy-2 acetylaminofluorene, and N-OH-2-naphthylamine were also studied. For all compounds except 2-naphthylamine and its active metabolite, the repair-deficient cells were significantly more sensitive to killing than the normal CHO cells. Mutation induction at both loci was also more efficient in UV5 cells in each instance where enhanced cytotoxicity was observed. By using tritium-labeled N acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, normal and mutant cells were shown to bind mutagen to their nuclear DNA with similar efficiency, and a greater amount of adduct removal occurred in the normal cells. From this study it is concluded that the use of excision repair-deficient CHO cells provides enhanced sensitivity for detecting mutagenesis and that a positive differential cytotoxicity response gives an indication of repairable, potentially lethal genetic damage. PMID- 6656797 TI - Lack of effect of hydroxyurea on base excision repair in mammalian cells. AB - The effect of hydroxyurea on the initial steps of base excision repair has been examined in mammalian cells in 3 different proliferative states: i.e., quiescent cells, asynchronously growing cells undergoing multiple divisions prior to confluence; and synchronous cell populations undergoing the first cell cycle(s) after release from quiescence. Two parameters of the base excision repair pathway were examined: (1) The direct excision of 7-methylguanine from cellular DNA in the presence of increasing hydroxyurea concentrations was quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography; (2) the effects of hydroxyurea on the uracil DNA glycosylase were examined by quantitating the levels of this base excision repair enzyme in quiescent and proliferating cells. In quiescent cells, hydroxyurea at concentrations routinely used to quantitate DNA repair had no effect on the excision rates of 7-methylguanine examined over a span of 3 days; nor was there any effect on the specific activity of uracil DNA glycosylase in confluent cells. In asynchronously proliferating mammalian cells, identical hydroxyurea concentrations had no effect on the induction of the glycosylase. In synchronous growing cells HU had no effect on the temporal sequence of induction of uracil DNA glycosylase prior to DNA replication, nor on the extent of this induction. These results suggest that hydroxyurea at concentrations generally used to measure DNA repair has no effect on base excision repair. PMID- 6656798 TI - Effect of X-radiation on DNA and histone synthesis in ataxia telangiectasia and normal lymphoblastoid cells. AB - The possibility that the radiosensitivity of lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is due to an aberrant content of histones has been examined. The histone pattern of lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from A-T patients was found to be indistinguishable from that obtained from normal individuals. X-ray irradiation led to a greater decrease in cell growth rate in the A-T cells than in the normal cells but was accompanied by a greater decrease of DNA synthesis rate in the normal cells. This difference in radiosensitivity was not reflected in differences in the content or rates of synthesis of histones or of major non-histone proteins in these cells. Reduction in the rate of DNA synthesis was not associated with the appearance of the lysine rich histone variant H1. We conclude that the hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation in A-T cells is not due to fundamental differences in the composition or synthesis of the major chromosomal proteins. PMID- 6656799 TI - Normal repair of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage in a hypersensitive strain of fibroblasts from a patient with Gardner's syndrome. AB - Gardner's syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that predisposes to cancer of the large intestine and to other tumors. We have previously demonstrated that fibroblasts from a patient with this disease are hypersensitive to the cytotoxic effects of ultraviolet light. In this report we have measured several parameters of the repair of ultraviolet light-induced DNA damage in an attempt to identify a defect responsible for the hypersensitivity. We have found the excision rate of pyrimidine dimers, the host cell reactivation of UV-irradiated herpes simplex virus, the induction and rejoining of DNA single strand breaks and the response of semi-conservative DNA replication to UV-irradiation to be in all cases indistinguishable from such phenomena in a variety of normal cells. PMID- 6656800 TI - The mechanism of bilirubin-photosensitized DNA strand breakage in human cells exposed to phototherapy light. AB - Exposure of normal human fibroblasts to visible light (420-490 nm) in the presence of exogenously added 1-100 micrograms/ml bilirubin enhanced the level of DNA strand breakage compared with cells irradiated in the absence of added bilirubin. Treatment of cells in the dark with an irradiated bilirubin solution also induced DNA strand breaks. However, strand breakage was not detected in cells treated with an irradiated bilirubin solution that had been incubated with catalase (H2O2: H2O2 oxidoreductase EC 1.11.1.6). Examination of irradiated bilirubin solutions demonstrated the presence of hydrogen peroxide although, apparently, not at concentrations sufficient to account for the level of DNA strand breakage detected. Hence, irradiation of bilirubin results in the generation of hydrogen peroxide and possibly other peroxides that can cause DNA damage. PMID- 6656801 TI - A model of the kinetics of photorepair in chick embryo fibroblasts. AB - Recent measurements of the photorepair of UV-induced dimers in chick embryo fibroblasts have shown that the efficiency of photorepair is a function of time after UV exposure. Photorepair is enhanced if the time between UV exposure and photoreactivation is increased. A model is presented which fits the experimental data within the accuracy of the measurements. The disappearance of damaged sites follows first-order rate kinetics, similar to the kinetics of photorepair shown to exist in E. coli. However, some of the chromosomal DNA is protected from enzymatic activity, presumably by the histones and other proteins associated with eukaryotic DNA. The effective number of damaged sites available for repair increases monotonically with time after UV damage. At 37 degrees C all sites become available after 9-12 h. Immediately after UV exposure, about 75% of the DNA is shielded from photorepair. PMID- 6656802 TI - N-(N-octyl)-glutarimide and proprietary compound (CHR8). A comparison of the mutagenic responses in the Ames assay and Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal assay. PMID- 6656803 TI - Activity of vinyl chloride monomer in the mouse micronucleus assay. AB - C57Bl/6J mice of both sexes were exposed to 50 000 ppm vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) for 6 h. Animals were killed 24 and 48 h after cessation of exposure and examined for the presence of micronuclei in bone marrow cells. At 24 h the control incidences of micronuclei per 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) were 2.6 (male) and 1.2 (female), while in animals exposed to VCM the incidences were 24.6 (male) and 25.0 (female). At 48 h the control incidences were 2.2 (male) and 1.6 (female) and in the VCM exposed animals 7.2 (male) and 4.4 (female). PMID- 6656804 TI - A comparison of the incidence of micronuclei in blood and bone marrow in 3 strains of mouse dosed with cyclophosphamide or hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). AB - The response of 3 strains of mouse (C57Bl/6J, C3H/C57 hybrid and BALBC/CBA) to cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg) and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) (1.28 ml/kg) were compared in the micronucleus test. Each compound was administered by intraperitoneal injection on two consecutive days and samples of bone marrow and blood taken for examination at 48 and 72 h after the first injection. Both test chemicals produced a statistically significant increase (P 0.001) in the incidence of micronuclei in bone marrow cells in all strains at both sampling times but the response with HMPA in C57Bl/6J mice appears to occur earlier than in the other two strains. Significant increases in micronuclei were seen in circulating erythrocytes only at 48 h in C57Bl/6J mice with both test chemicals and in C3H/C57 mice only with cyclophosphamide. PMID- 6656805 TI - Synaptonemal complexes as indicators of induced structural change in chromosomes after irradiation of spermatogonia. AB - The incidence of multivalent formation has been compared in primary spermatocytes at pachytene, using synaptonemal complex preparations and at diakinesis/metaphase, using air-dried preparations, from testes of Syrian hamsters several weeks after exposure to an acute dose of X-rays. The pachytene preparations revealed nearly twice the number of multivalents found at diakinesis/metaphase I, and showed the ability to reveal types of structural alteration undetectable in conventional air-dried techniques. PMID- 6656806 TI - Sperm count and sperm abnormality in male mice after exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. AB - Adult male mice had the posterior halves of their bodies exposed at 44 W/kg in a waveguide system to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation for 30 min. They were killed sequentially over 10 weeks and assessed for decreased sperm count and abnormal sperm morphology. The response in each assay was maximal 2-4 weeks after the exposure. This corresponds to microwaves having their greatest effect on spermatids and spermatocytes. Male fertility, assessed as the proportion of normal sperm per epididymis, was compared with results of an earlier study on dominant lethality. It is concluded that reduced male fertility correlates well with reduced pregnancy rate but less well with pre-implantation survival. Whilst microwaves clearly induced abnormally shaped sperm, those which achieved fertilization cannot have possessed a dominant mutation which would result in the post-implantation death of the embryo. PMID- 6656807 TI - Malathion-induced chromosomal aberrations in bone-marrow cells of mice: dose response relationships. PMID- 6656808 TI - Participation of active oxygen species in the induction of DNA single-strand scissions by cadmium chloride in cultured Chinese hamster cells. AB - A mechanism for the induction of DNA single-strand scissions in cultured Chinese hamster cells by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) was investigated by use of the technique of alkaline elution. Inducibility of DNA single-strand scissions by cadmium was examined under an aerobic or anaerobic culture condition. About 62% of the total cellular DNA was eluted throughout the filter within 10 h of elution time by treatment with 4 X 10(-5) M CdCl2 for 2 h in our usual aerobic medium. In contrast, no difference in elution profiles of DNA was observed between untreated control cells and the cells treated with CdCl2 in the anaerobic medium which was prepared by N2 gas bubbling of aerobic medium for 60 min. Furthermore, elution of DNA from cells treated with cadmium decreased markedly in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) when compared with that in the absence of SOD. Inhibition of the cell growth by cadmium was significantly protected by the presence of SOD in the medium although the cell growth was not restored to the control level. These results indicate that active oxygen species participate in Cd-induced DNA single-strand scissions and also in the growth inhibition of the cells by the metal. PMID- 6656809 TI - A rapid and simple method to quantitate chemically induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes facilitated by DNA retention of membrane filters. AB - The filter elution method used for the detection of DNA strand breaks has been modified to quantitate chemically induced DNA repair which is measured as unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in suspension of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. Our method is based on DNA purification by retention on polyvinyl chloride filters, and is capable of handling a large number of samples simultaneously. By using the present assay system, positive dose-dependent UDS data was obtained on the following carcinogens: aflatoxin B1, 2 acetylaminofluorene, 4-aminobiphenyl, 2-aminofluorene, methyl methanesulfonate, N methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. In contrast, non-carcinogenic biphenyl, fluorene, and sodium ascorbate did not elicit any detectable levels of UDS at all concentrations tested. Thus, UDS as measured by the present filter retention method may serve as an efficient and reliable means of screening chemical mutagens/carcinogens. PMID- 6656810 TI - Metronidazole (Flagyl): lack of induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in CHO-K1 cells. PMID- 6656811 TI - X-ray-induced SCEs and chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells. Influence of nitrogen and air during irradiation in different stages of the cell cycle. PMID- 6656812 TI - Aneuploidy induction by mitotic arrestants. Effects of diazepam on diploid Chinese hamster cells. AB - We used diazepam, a mild mitotic arrestant, as a model chemical to develop a cytogenetic assay protocol for aneuploid induction in a diploid Chinese hamster cell system. At 100 micrograms/ml, diazepam almost completely arrested mitosis at metaphase. However, mitotic block could be quickly reversed when diazepam was removed from the medium. When the duration of arrest was relatively short (2 h), anaphases in the recovering cell population were essentially normal; but when the arresting period was prolonged (7 h), anaphases in the recovering cell populations exhibited a high rate of multipolar spindles and lagging chromosomes. Filial cell populations (18-24 h after removal of the drug) showed a high frequency of aneuploid elements. Mitotic cells shaken off from monolayer cultures as starting cell populations for enumeration of aneuploidy proved to be superior to non-shaken-off cell populations. PMID- 6656813 TI - Folic acid and chromosome breakage. I. Implications for genotoxicity studies. AB - Chromosome breakage is significantly lower in culture medium containing folic acid than in medium that does not. This effect is similar to that observed in studies of chromosome fragile sites and suggests that fragile sites and some types of chromosome breakage may share a common mechanism. It also suggests that high non-physiological levels of folic acid in many commonly used culture media may artifactually decrease chromosome breakage. PMID- 6656814 TI - Reduction in the frequency of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced somatic mutations in Tradescantia by pretreatment with low doses of alkylating agents. AB - Treatment of Tradescantia cuttings with sub-mutagenic doses of N-methyl-N nitrosourea (MNU), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and methyl methanesulphonate before challenging doses of MNU reduced the frequency of somatic mutations in stamen hairs as compared with the effect of challenging dose alone. The highest response was about a 50% reduction in the mutagenic effect of the challenge dose. PMID- 6656815 TI - Mutagen formation by intestinal bacteria. PMID- 6656816 TI - Genetic effects of radiocarbon in reproductive cells of male mice. AB - The genetic effect of incorporated radiocarbon was studied after single, long term (33 days) and chronic (6 and 12 months) treatment of male mice (CBA X C57B1) F1 with [14C]glucose. The genetic effect in male germ cells was estimated by 3 tests: DLM frequency in post- and pre-meiotic cells, RT frequency in stem spermatogonia and frequency of abnormal sperm heads. Absorbed doses in the gonads were: 0.22, 0.50 and 1.01 Gy, after a single exposure; 0.74 and 1.47 Gy, after long-term exposures; and 0.006 and 0.031 Gy, after chronic exposure for 6 months; and 0.013 and 0.066 Gy, for 12 months. The results suggest that DLM frequency in post-meiotic cells increased linearly with increasing the dose of 14C single and long-term exposures at a dose of 1.47 Gy only. A chronic treatment with [14C]glucose induced no increase in DLM frequency. RT frequency in stem spermatogonia was statistically significantly higher than the control level after the single and long-term exposure to 14C. A comparison of the results with the results of external single and chronic gamma-irradiation allows the conclusion that the relative genetic efficiency of radiocarbon as compared with that of gamma-rays is about 1. PMID- 6656817 TI - Influence of caffeine on arecoline-induced SCE in mouse bone-marrow cells in vivo. AB - The effect of exposure of mice for 5, 10 and 15 days to arecoline or/and caffeine on the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in bone-marrow cells was evaluated by using the fluorescence plus Giemsa technique. There was a significant increase in the frequency of SCEs after exposure to either arecoline or caffeine. When these two alkaloids were given in combination, the SCE frequency-enhancing effect was additive. The implications of coffee/tea drinking and betel chewing on oral cancer are discussed. PMID- 6656818 TI - Evaluation of the mutagenicity of formaldehyde in mammalian cytogenetic assays in vivo and vitro. PMID- 6656819 TI - Differential mutagenic response at the HGPRT locus in V79 and CHO Chinese hamster cells after treatment with chromate. PMID- 6656820 TI - Additional effect of acetaminophen on the mutagenicity and clastogenicity of N methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in cultured Chinese hamster CHO-Kl cells. PMID- 6656821 TI - A modified method of UDS detection in vitro suitable for screening the DNA damaging effects of chemicals. AB - The UDS induced in cultured FL cells by exposure to chemicals was measured as hydroxyurea-resistant incorporation of 3H-TdR in the acid-insoluble fraction of the 14C-TdR-prelabelled cells synchronized by the combination of arginine starvation and pretreatment with hydroxyurea. The level of UDS is represented by the ratios of 3H/14C radioactivities which are measures of specific activities of 3H. Two direct-acting alkylating agents, MMS and MNNG, a cross-linking agent, mitomycin C, and 3 procarcinogens, B(a)P, AFB1 and cyclophosphamide elicited UDS in the absence or presence of the liver-metabolizing system. Three chemicals of unknown carcinogenicity were also able to induce UDS in this assay system, i.e., bis-(O,O-diethylphosphinothioyl)-disulphide, 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (sodium salt) and caramelized malt sugar. With the exception of 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid, they were also active in the Ames test. PMID- 6656822 TI - Lethality and the depression of DNA synthesis in UV-irradiated normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum cells. PMID- 6656823 TI - Non-random chromosome loss in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from normal individuals. AB - 31773 lymphocyte metaphase cells from 280 karyotypically normal men aged 18-46 were examined for chromosome gain or loss. Chromosome loss was much more common than chromosome gain. Frequency of chromosome loss did not conform to a binomial distribution. There is a striking non-linear, inverse relationship between likelihood of loss and chromosome length. Chromosome gain shows a near binomial distribution between cells and no clear relationship to chromosome length. These facts indicate that the hypodiploid cells mostly arose as technical artefacts during slide preparation but that hyperdiploid cells were mainly due to non disjunctional gain. PMID- 6656824 TI - Dominant lethal effects of n-butyl glycidyl ether in mice. AB - Using the dominant lethal assay, the ability of n-butyl glycidyl ether to induce mutations in male mice was investigated. No significant dose-related changes either in pregnancy rates or in average number of implants per pregnant female were found. However, while the results were not altogether conclusive, there was evidence of a significant increase in fetal death rates by the end of the first week after the highest dosage was administered. PMID- 6656825 TI - Evaluation of Propineb, a dithiocarbamate pesticide, in the mouse-sperm morphology assay. AB - Propineb, a dithiocarbamate fungicide, was studied by using the sperm morphology assay in (C57BL6 male X C3H female) F1 mice. At all dose levels, no statistically significant increase in the percentage of sperm abnormalities was observed. Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), which were tested as positive controls, induced a dose-effect-related increase in teratospermia. PMID- 6656826 TI - Evaluation of some formaldehyde-release compounds and other biocides in the mouse micronucleus test. AB - A number of biocidal chemicals were tested for clastogenic activity in the micronucleus test using C57Bl/6J mice. The materials tested were: 5-chloro-2 methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (I), N-methyl-isothiazolone hydrochloride (II), Glokill 77 and Parmetol A23. Two of the biocides (Glokill and Parmetol) depend on the release of formaldehyde for their activity while the other two compounds are the active chemicals in the biocide Kathon. Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) was tested as the positive control for the series and N,N dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine (DNPT) as the negative control. HMPA produced significant dose-related increases in the incidence of micronuclei whereas DNPT, I, II, Glokill and Parmetol A23 were without effect. PMID- 6656827 TI - In vivo exposure to plant flavonols. Influence on frequencies of micronuclei in mouse erythrocytes and sister-chromatid exchange in rabbit lymphocytes. AB - No consistent increases in the micronucleus frequency were observed in bone marrow or peripheral blood erythrocytes from mice treated with quercetin, rhamnetin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, or hesperetin dihydrochalcone under various exposure and sampling conditions. Over the dose range of 100-1000 mg/kg, quercetin failed to increase significantly erythrocyte micronucleus frequencies either (1) in bone marrow of male mice at 6 h after the second of 2 i.p. or oral doses given 24 h apart, or at 48, 96 or 192 h after a single i.p. or oral dose, or (2) in peripheral blood of male or female mice sampled for 7 consecutive days following a single i.p. dose. Feeding 5% or 10% quercetin for 8 days also failed to increase the micronucleus frequency in bone marrow erythrocytes of female or male mice. Hesperetin dihydrochalcone and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, at p.o. doses of 100-1000 mg/kg, did not increase the micronucleus frequency in bone marrow erythrocytes 6 h after the second of 2 doses 24 h apart, nor did rhamnetin at 48 or 96 h after a single i.p. dose of 1000 mg/kg. Galangin, in contrast, did significantly increase the micronucleus frequency in bone marrow and blood erythrocytes under certain conditions, but the largest increases were only between 2 and 3 times control values and these were observed at highly toxic doses. Rabbits given up to 250 mg/kg quercetin i.p. showed no treatment-related increase in the sister-chromatid-exchange frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes sampled at 1 and 7 days after treatment. These results fail to confirm published data which report a markedly increased frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow erythrocytes from quercetin-treated mice, show no quercetin related alterations in the sister-chromatid-exchange frequency in rabbit lymphocytes, and indicate that clastogenesis in bone marrow erythroblasts due to oral or i.p. administration of the flavonols studied is at most very weak. PMID- 6656828 TI - Phototoxicity and mutagenicity of 4,5'-dimethylangelicin and long-wave ultraviolet irradiation in Chinese hamster cells and human skin fibroblasts. AB - The phototoxicity and mutagenicity of 4,5'-dimethylangelicin (Ang) were assessed in cultures of hamster cells and human skin fibroblasts after long-wave ultraviolet irradiation. To obtain an impression of the clinical usefulness of Ang, we compared the phototoxicity and mutagenicity of this compound with those of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). To reach the same cell-killing rate in hamster cells and human skin fibroblasts, the concentration of Ang had to be 15 times higher than that of 8-MOP at comparable doses of radiation. Whether we used the same concentrations and an adjusted radiation dose or adjusted concentrations of Ang and 8-MOP at a constant radiation dose, the mutation induction in hamster cells and human skin fibroblasts was much higher after incubation with Ang than with 8-MOP. PMID- 6656829 TI - Mutagenic effects of 3-carbethoxypsoralen and 8-methoxypsoralen plus 365-nm irradiation in mammalian cells. AB - Cell survival, i.e. colony-forming ability, and the induction of 6-thioguanine resistant (6-TGr) mutants were determined in Chinese hamster V79 cells by using two photoreactive furocoumarins of photochemotherapeutic interest: the bifunctional compound 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and the monofunctional compound 3 carbethoxypsoralen (3-CPs). To quantify the mutation induction in V79 cells mutants deficient in the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) were selected with the purine analogue 6-thioguanine (6-TG). The effects of the compounds alone at 50 microM in the absence of light and those of 365-nm radiation (UVA) at doses of up to 6 kJm-2 were negligible. When exposed to equimolar concentrations of the compounds together with UVA, V79 cells were about 8 times more sensitive to 8-MOP-plus-UVA than to 3-CPs-plus-UVA. Per unit dose of UVA, 8-MOP was about 7 times more effective than 3-CPs for the induction of 6-TGr mutants. The induction followed about one-hit kinetics for 3-CPs and about two hit kinetics for 8-MOP. At 50% survival the frequency of 6-TGr mutants induced by 8-MOP plus UVA and 3-CPs plus UVA differed by a factor of about 3.5. These results show a marked concordance with those obtained in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: both compound exhibited lethal and mutagenic activities but the monofunctional compound 3-CPs was less lethal and mutagenic than the bifunctional compound 8-MOP. PMID- 6656830 TI - Assessment of genotoxic potential of ethylenediamine: in vitro and in vivo studies. AB - Ethylenediamine (EDA) was evaluated for potential genotoxic activity using a battery in vitro and in vivo mammalian tests. The tests employed were the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) gene mutation assay, the sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) test with CHO cells, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays with primary rat hepatocytes and a dominant lethal study with Fischer 344 rats. EDA did not produce a positive, dose-related, mutagenic effect in either the CHO mutation assay or in the SCE test when evaluated both with and without the addition of a rat-liver S9 activation system. With hepatocytes, no positive effects of EDA upon UDS values were noted in 2 separate studies using either a scintillation counting procedure or an autoradiographic method to determine UDS activity. In a dominant lethal study, male rats fed for 23 weeks with dietary levels of EDA X 2HCl of 0, 0.05, 0.15 or 0.50 g/kg/day, and mated with 1 virgin female/week for 3 consecutive weeks, showed no dose-related or statistically significant effects upon fertility, total number of implantations/female, or the number of living and dead implants per female; marked effects upon the incidence of dominant lethal mutations were noted in the positive control group injected intraperitoneally with one dose of 0.25 mg/kg triethylenemelamine. We conclude that EDA was not genotoxic in the in vitro and in vivo mammalian test systems employed. PMID- 6656831 TI - Hysterectomy among women of reproductive age, United States, update for 1979 1980. PMID- 6656832 TI - Trends in imported malaria, United States. PMID- 6656833 TI - Plague in the United States, 1982. PMID- 6656834 TI - Gonorrhea and salpingitis among American teenagers, 1960-1981. PMID- 6656835 TI - Occupational injuries and deaths among loggers, United States. PMID- 6656836 TI - Tubal sterilization among women of reproductive age, United States, update for 1979-1980. PMID- 6656837 TI - Macro EMG. AB - A new EMG recording technique called macro EMG is described. The recording electrode is the cannula of the modified single fiber electromyography (SFEMG) electrode. By means of spike triggered averaging, the contribution from all muscle fibers in a motor unit is extracted. The resulting signal reflects the number and size of muscle fibers in one motor unit. This paper presents the details of the technique, the neurophysiological basis for generation of the macro EMG signal, and the typical findings in normal and diseased muscles. Finally, examples are given of the additional information that can be obtained by combining investigations with SFEMG, conventional EMG, and macro EMG in the same muscles. PMID- 6656838 TI - Acetylcholinesterase molecular forms in C57BL/6J dystrophic mice. AB - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was extracted from normal and dystrophic C57BL/6J mouse hindlimb muscles and its molecular forms fractionated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. In the soleus muscles from 6- to 7-week-old mice an increase in the 3 Svedberg unit (S) and a decrease in the 16S AChE molecular forms was observed in dystrophic animals compared to controls. At 12-13 weeks of age, no major significant differences in the relative proportions of AChE molecular forms were noted. In the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of 6- to 7-week-old dystrophic mice a significant decrease in the proportion of the 10S AChE molecular form and an increase in the 3S and 5S forms was observed. At 12-13 weeks, the dystrophic EDL muscles again displayed a decrease in the 10S form; however, the increase in the 3S and 5S AChE forms, while still apparent, was not significant. These results provide evidence for a biochemical abnormality in the distribution of specific AChE molecular forms, and a differential expression of this abnormality in the soleus and EDL muscles. PMID- 6656839 TI - Immunohistochemical demonstration of beta-enolase in human skeletal muscle. AB - We have localized beta-enolase activity in human skeletal muscle fiber using the immunohistochemical method (two-step method). The first immunoreagent was rabbit anti-human beta-enolase serum raised in New Zealand white rabbit, and the second was peroxidase conjugated staphylococcal protein A. The immunohistochemical reaction for beta-enolase was noted higher in type 2 fiber, which demonstrates the low oxidative and high glycolytic enzyme activity, than in type 1 fiber. PMID- 6656840 TI - The tarsal tunnel syndrome. AB - Tarsal tunnel syndrome is relatively rare and the diagnosis may be difficult even though the etiologies for the syndrome are multiple. The symptoms are often vague but are usually burning pain and paresthesias in the toes and soles of the feet with nocturnal exacerbations. The physical examination may elicit a sensory deficit over the cutaneous distribution of the median and/or lateral plantar nerve. There may also be tenderness over the flexor retinaculum. Electrodiagnosis, especially with the addition of the orthodromic compound nerve action potential latency technique, is essential to confirm the diagnosis. The findings may be confined to the distribution of either the medial or lateral plantar nerves and, thus, both distal latencies must be determined. Surgical decompression of the tarsal tunnel has usually proven to be helpful in those patients who do not respond to conservative treatment. PMID- 6656841 TI - [Histology and electron microscopy of tinea nigra]. PMID- 6656842 TI - Bronchitis caused by the fungus Cladosporium carrionii usually considered apathogenic, possibly by an allergenic mechanism. PMID- 6656843 TI - Mycotoxicity in leaves of some higher plants with special reference to that of Ageratum houstonianum mill. PMID- 6656844 TI - Stage specific secreted and somatic antigens of Trichinella spiralis. AB - Infective larvae, adult males and newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis were cultured with [35S]methionine in vitro. Total secreted and total somatic (sodium deoxycholate-soluble) proteins were analyzed by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS-PAGE). Secreted proteins were relatively few in number and were different for each stage, whereas somatic proteins gave an unresolved smear in all cases. Immune precipitation with serum from infected mice revealed only one major antigen in secretions of all stages. In a similar investigation of the solubilised somatic antigens, the complexity of antigens ranged from none in infective larvae, through few in the adult, to many in the newborn larvae. The total concanavalin A-binding glycoproteins of each stage exhibited considerable individuality, and hence stage specificity, when resolved by two dimensional gel analysis. These results extend our knowledge of stage specific components of T. spiralis, and allow a rational approach towards the construction of diagnostic procedures. PMID- 6656845 TI - The localization of fumarase and malic enzyme in muscle mitochondria of Ascaris suum. AB - The distribution of fumarase and malic enzyme in Ascaris suum muscle mitochondria was investigated by employing digitonin fractionation techniques. The ability of these procedures to resolve the various submitochondrial fractions (intracristal space, inner membrane, matrix and inner membrane-matrix particles) was verified by electron microscopy and the distribution of appropriate marker enzymes. From the data obtained, it is concluded that fumarase in Ascaris muscle mitochondria is located solely within the matrix compartment and is not present within the intracristal space as reported earlier by other authors (Rew and Saz (1974) J. Cell. Biol. 63, 125-135). In agreement with previous findings malic enzyme in the nematode organelle appears to be associated with both soluble compartments. The implications of these findings to the parasites' mitochondrial metabolism are discussed. PMID- 6656846 TI - Serum-induced expression of a surface protein in schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni: a possible receptor for lipid uptake. AB - When freshly transformed schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni are incubated with human serum, a protein doublet (molecular weight approximately 45 kDa) is expressed on the surfaces of the parasites; parasites incubated in defined media fail to express the doublet proteins. A 30 min exposure to serum is sufficient to induce the expression of the doublet, and even when the parasites are separated from the serum by a dialysis membrane, the doublet is still expressed. The doublet proteins are shown to be synthesized by cercariae, but not by schistosomula; they can be extracted using detergents and immunoprecipitated by specific antisera. Following expression of the doublet, purified low density lipoproteins from human serum interact with the schistosomula, become adsorbed onto their surface membranes and are possibly internalized and degraded. PMID- 6656847 TI - In vitro biosynthesis and core glycosylation of the histidine-rich protein of Plasmodium lophurae. AB - We have characterized the early biosynthetic forms of the histidine-rich protein (HisRP), a major, granule-bound protein (Mr 58 000) of the avian malarial parasite Plasmodium lophurae. We have translated poly(A)-containing, size selected parasite mRNA in the wheat germ cell-free system in the presence of [3H]histidine. HisRP was synthesized as a larger precursor (Mr 63 000). When dog pancreas microsomal membranes were present in the cell-free system during translation, a still larger form of HisRP (Mr 66 000) was detected. This larger form was segregated into the dog pancreas microsomal vesicles and was core glycosylated. Presumably, it corresponds to an intermediate form located in the parasite rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The difference in the Mr of approx. 8 000 between this RER associated 'pro' form and the granule-bound, mature form of HisRP suggests that proteolytic processing occurs upon transport from the RER to the granule. Segregation and core glycosylation were strictly coupled to translation and were not observed upon posttranslational addition of microsomal membranes. Thus, the early events in the biosynthesis of HisRP are similar to those established for secretory and lysosomal proteins. PMID- 6656848 TI - Morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica in relation to intensity of infection. A study of two rural brigades in Anhui Province, China. AB - Schistosomiasis japonica remains endemic in several provinces south of the Yangtze River in China because of relatively sparse populations of human beings and dense populations of snails. We studied two brigades in a rural commune in Gui-chi County, Anhui Province, to determine the prevalence, intensity, and morbidity associated with this infection before concerted control efforts were instituted. Quantitative fecal examinations, histories, and physical examinations relevant to schistosomiasis japonica were performed in 96 per cent of the available population 2 to 65 years of age. The prevalence was 26.3 per cent in Brigade A (778 persons) and 14.4 per cent in Brigade B (1532 persons). Clinical symptoms and signs were compared among uninfected persons and persons at three levels of infection as determined by fecal egg output. Some increased weakness was seen only at the heaviest levels of infection; abdominal pain was not an important symptom. Hepatomegaly was somewhat more frequent in moderate and heavy infections, but splenomegaly was rare and unrelated to intensity of infection. Neither stool consistency nor occult blood was related to the presence or intensity of infection. Approximately 50 per cent of the population had been treated for schistosomiasis japonica, 25 per cent repeatedly. PMID- 6656849 TI - Use of single voided urine samples to estimate quantitative proteinuria. AB - Quantitation of urinary protein excretion is used extensively for diagnostic and prognostic purposes and to assess the effects of therapy. The method most commonly used to measure urinary protein relies on 24-hour urine collections, which are time consuming, cumbersome, and often inaccurate. We reasoned that the urinary protein/creatinine ratio in a single voided urine sample should correlate well with the quantity of protein in timed urine collections. In a study of 46 specimens we found an excellent correlation between the protein content of a 24 hour urine collection and the protein/creatinine ratio in a single urine sample. The best correlation was found when samples were collected after the first voided morning specimen and before bedtime. We conclude that the determination of the protein/creatinine ratio in single urine samples obtained during normal daylight activity, when properly interpreted by taking into consideration the effect of different rates of creatinine excretion, can replace the 24-hour urine collection in the clinical quantitation of proteinuria. In the presence of stable renal function, a protein/creatinine ratio of more than 3.5 (mg/mg) can be taken to represent "nephrotic-range" proteinuria, and a ratio of less than 0.2 is within normal limits. PMID- 6656850 TI - Drug-induced reversal of early diabetic microangiopathy. AB - We performed three oral glucose-tolerance tests and three muscle biopsies over a period of approximately three years in 41 asymptomatic patients with chemical diabetes. At base line, 13 (32 per cent) had an increased capillary basement membrane width in muscle. Twenty-three patients received glipizide, a new oral hypoglycemic compound, and 18 received placebo. In the patients receiving placebo the mean width of the muscle capillary basement membrane increased from 135.9 +/- 9.0 nm (S.E.M.) to 169.3 +/- 9.5 nm (P = 0.01), but in those receiving glipizide the value decreased to a level no different from that in subjects without diabetes: from 152.9 +/- 2.9 to 127.5 +/- 5.1 nm (P = 0.01). These findings suggest that microangiopathy, as indicated by an increased capillary basement membrane width in muscle, may be present in a considerable number of patients with asymptomatic diabetes and that the changes can be reversed by early drug treatment. PMID- 6656851 TI - Diabetic microangiopathy and the control of blood glucose. PMID- 6656852 TI - Antibodies to ribonucleoprotein and congenital heart block. PMID- 6656853 TI - Mitochondrial inheritance. PMID- 6656854 TI - Investor-owned and not-for-profit hospitals. PMID- 6656855 TI - Effects of competition on drug-product selection. PMID- 6656856 TI - Health advice to international travelers: an evaluation of sources. PMID- 6656857 TI - Replenishing the supply of small-town physicians. PMID- 6656858 TI - Bimanual dexterity in baseball players. PMID- 6656859 TI - France deliberates on bioethics. PMID- 6656860 TI - US soldiers' drug use: dispute about diagnostic testing. PMID- 6656861 TI - Fuzzy sets make fuzzy logic. PMID- 6656862 TI - Nitrosamines and human cancer: proof of an association? PMID- 6656863 TI - Human cataract formation. PMID- 6656864 TI - More rasmatazz. PMID- 6656865 TI - A new homeotic gene. PMID- 6656866 TI - Duplex breaks in DNA as recombination initiators. PMID- 6656867 TI - Evidence from earliest known erinaceomorph basicranium that insectivorans and primates are not closely related. AB - The erinaceomorph insectivorans, which include the living hedgehog and a diversity of archaic taxa, have long been considered to be close relatives or direct ancestors of primates and a variety of other placental mammal orders. We report here on the oldest known erinaceomorph basicranium which provides new evidence against the view that primates and erinaceomorphs share a close common ancestry. PMID- 6656868 TI - Evidence that disinhibition of brain stem neurones contributes to morphine analgesia. AB - Analgesia results when opiates are microinjected into the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). This region, which includes the nucleus raphe magnus and the adjacent reticular formation, is rich in immunoreactive enkephalin-containing neurones and terminals, and contains neurones that project to the spinal cord dorsal horn where they inhibit identified nociceptive spinothalamic tract neurones. Although opiates have previously been reported either to excite or inhibit RVM cells, the possibility of an opiate effect being consistent within a physiologically defined subclass has not been examined. Recently we described a class of neurone in the RVM (the off-cell) that abruptly pauses just before a heat-evoked tail-flick reflex. If off-cells are made to fire continuously by direct electrical stimulation of the RVM, the tail-flick reflex does not occur. We report here that analgesic doses of morphine completely eliminate the pause in firing that precedes the tail-flick reflex. We propose that this disinhibition of off-cells in the RVM is a primary process contributing to opiate inhibition of nociceptor-induced reflexes. PMID- 6656869 TI - Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity. AB - Noxious skin stimuli which are sufficiently intense to produce tissue injury, characteristically generate prolonged post-stimulus sensory disturbances that include continuing pain, an increased sensitivity to noxious stimuli and pain following innocuous stimuli. This could result from either a reduction in the thresholds of skin nociceptors (sensitization) or an increase in the excitability of the central nervous system so that normal inputs now evoke exaggerated responses. Because sensitization of peripheral receptors occurs following injury, a peripheral mechanism is widely held to be responsible for post-injury hypersensitivity. To investigate this I have now developed an animal model where changes occur in the threshold and responsiveness of the flexor reflex following peripheral injury that are analogous to the sensory changes found in man. Electrophysiological analysis of the injury-induced increase in excitability of the flexion reflex shows that it in part arises from changes in the activity of the spinal cord. The long-term consequences of noxious stimuli result, therefore, from central as well as from peripheral changes. PMID- 6656871 TI - Instability of the Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense metacyclic variable antigen repertoire. AB - Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense undergoes antigenic variation in its mammalian host by changing the glycoprotein composing its surface coat. Trypanosome clones which have the same repertoire of variable antigen types (VATs) are said to belong to the same serodeme. Tsetse flies infected with a particular serodeme extrude infective metacyclic trypanosomes which express only a restricted part of this repertoire. As the only known acquired immunity in African trypanosomiasis is VAT-specific this limitation of metacyclic VAT (M-VAT) repertoire could be important in devising a vaccine. This possibility of immunoprophylaxis could depend, however, on whether or not the M-VAT repertoire is conserved over long periods of repeated cyclical transmission and between epidemics. Studies reported here on isolates made from an East African focus of sleeping sickness over a 20 yr period suggest substantial changes in the M-VATs expressed during this time. Furthermore, we have detected change in expression of 3 M-VATs during sequential tsetse transmission of a clone in the laboratory indicating a possible instability in the organization of M-VAT genes. PMID- 6656870 TI - Mimicking the alloantigenicity of proteins with chemically synthesized peptides differing in single amino acids. AB - Recent studies have shown that short chemically synthesized peptides very often induce antibodies which react with the cognate sequence in the intact folded protein. Since such antibodies react with known regions of proteins, they are of predetermined specificity and offer a precision not previously possible with immunological probes. A basic concept emerging from the use of such antibodies in viral systems is that the differential immunogenicity of closely related proteins can be mimicked by short peptides which span the regions of sequence variation. To generalize this concept, we have studied the two Thy-1 proteins which vary by only a single amino acid. Chemically synthesized peptides differing in only one out of 19 amino acids were able to induce allospecific antisera. Thus, single amino acid changes have similar effects on the immunogenicity of proteins and small peptides, even though the latter are free from constraints provided by neighbouring structures in the tertiary configuration of the intact folded proteins. PMID- 6656872 TI - Selective unfolding of erythroid chromatin in the region of the active beta globin gene. AB - Globin gene expression, which occurs exclusively in the erythroid cell lineage, is controlled at the level of transcription. It is thus of some considerable interest to compare the chromatin structure of this gene with that of inactive genes in erythroid cell nuclei and to compare the chromatin structure of the globin gene in its active and inactive states in nuclei of different cell types. Other workers have observed that globin genes in erythroid cell nuclei exhibit the enhanced overall sensitivity to nucleases and the hypersensitive site in the 5'-flanking sequence typical of many active genes. The nature of the structural changes giving rise to nuclease sensitivity are however obscure. We have investigated the local higher order structure of chromatin in the region of unique genes in chicken by sucrose gradient sedimentation of chromatin restriction fragments. We find that ovalbumin and alpha 2-collagen gene fragments in erythrocyte chromatin and an adult beta-globin gene fragment in spleen chromatin sediment with bulk chromatin fragments of the same DNA size, whereas the beta-globin gene fragment in erythrocyte chromatin sediments more slowly than bulk fragments of equivalent size. The simplest interpretation of the results is that the solenoid structure in the region of the globin gene is selectively and permanently unfolded on gene activation. PMID- 6656873 TI - New gene provokes questions. PMID- 6656874 TI - Lignin biodegradation becomes biochemistry. PMID- 6656875 TI - Antigens associated with H-2, embryos and tumours. PMID- 6656876 TI - Endogenous opioid peptides and pain mechanisms: a complex relationship. PMID- 6656877 TI - Cancer and cell senescence. PMID- 6656878 TI - Plutonium redistribution by biological activity in Irish Sea sediments. AB - As part of a programme investigating the fate of transuranium nuclides discharged to coastal waters we have studied the effects of benthic animals on plutonium redistribution in Irish Sea sediments. From analyses of burrow linings of the large echiuroid Maxmulleria lankesteri, which penetrates to depths exceeding 40 cm, we now show that this animal may have a significant effect on the removal of plutonium to deeper layers in the sea bed. PMID- 6656879 TI - Melatonin is a potent modulator of dopamine release in the retina. AB - Melatonin, a hormone originally discovered in the pineal gland, has also been found in the retina of several vertebrate species. The enzyme system for melatonin synthesis also exists in the retina, where the activity of one such enzyme, (serotonin N-acetyltransferase) varies with changes in light intensity in a circadian pattern. As the activity of dopamine containing amacrine neurones of the retina is influenced by changes in illumination it was of interest to determine the effect of melatonin and its precursors, serotonin and N acetylserotonin, on the release of 3H-dopamine from rabbit retina. I report here that picomolar concentrations of melatonin (IC50 9pM) selectively inhibited the calcium-dependent release of 3H-dopamine from rabbit retina, but not from striatum. Melatonin, was 1,000 times more potent than its precursor N acetylserotonin in inhibiting the release of 3H-dopamine in retina, while the putative neurotransmitter serotonin, was inactive. It is suggested that the light dependent production of melatonin could play a physiological role in modulating the activity of dopamine-containing neurones in the retina. PMID- 6656880 TI - Earliest sensory nerve fibres are guided to peripheral targets by attractants other than nerve growth factor. AB - Recent studies have shown that developing nerve fibres grow directly to their targets and are guided by specific cues, but the nature of these cues and the mechanism of guidance remain unknown. The growth of sympathetic axons towards an artificial source of nerve growth factor (NGF) in vivo and of sensory neurites up a concentration gradient of NGF in vitro has supported the hypothesis that NGF, produced by target tissues, acts as a chemotactic attractant for these nerve fibres during development. Both these studies and those of the influence of NGF or target tissues on neurite growth in vitro were conducted late in development when, following target encounter, the neurones had become dependent on NGF or target for survival. Here we have co-cultured embryonic mouse sensory neurones and their peripheral target tissue at a stage preceding their contact in vivo. Neurites grew directly and exclusively towards their own target but not to regionally inappropriate peripheral tissue. Antiserum to isogeneric NGF did not reduce this outgrowth but did reduce undirected neurite outgrowth which occurred in co-cultures of older neurones with denervated target tissue. These results demonstrate that agents other than NGF guide neurites of NGF-responsive neurones in development. PMID- 6656881 TI - A potential donor gene for the bm1 gene conversion event in the C57BL mouse. AB - The mammalian major histocompatibility complex (MHC; H-2 complex in mouse) is a large multigene complex which encodes cell-surface antigens involved in the cellular immune response to foreign antigens. Class I polypeptides expressed at the H-2K and H-2D loci of numerous mouse strains exhibit an unusually high degree of genetic polymorphism, which is assumed to be related to their function as primary recognition elements in the immune response. We suggested that this H-2 polymorphism may arise by gene conversion-like events between non-allelic class I genes. This is supported by our recent comparison of the DNA sequences of the normal H-2Kb gene sequence, from the C57BL/10 mouse, and a mutant form of this gene called H-2Kbm1: the mutant allele differs from the H-2Kb gene in seven bases out of a region of 13 bases in exon 3 of the class I gene (which encodes alpha 2 (C1) the second highly polymorphic protein domain), suggesting that this region of new sequence had been introduced into the H-2Kb sequence following unequal pairing of two class I genes in the genome of the C57BL mouse. Schulze et al. have obtained similar results. Here we report work identifying a potential donor gene in our library of 26 class I genes cloned from the C57BL/10 mouse. PMID- 6656882 TI - Rearranged c-mos locus in a MOPC 21 murine myeloma cell line and its persistence in hybridomas. AB - Studies of a number of normal and carcinogen-transformed murine cell lines, and a variety of murine tissues, have indicated that, in contrast to several other cellular oncogenes, the oncogene c-mos gene is usually transcriptionally silent. The recent report by Rechavi et al. indicating that in the mouse myeloma XRPC24 originally induced by pristane (2,6,10-14-tetramethylpentadecane) the c-mos gene is rearranged and transcriptionally active, and that it can transform murine fibroblasts in a transfection assay, is therefore of considerable interest. Here we show that the c-mos locus has undergone a similar rearrangement, and is also transcriptionally active, in the cell line P3-X63-Ag8-653, a derivative of the mouse myeloma MOPC 21 which was induced by mineral oil. This line is widely used for making hybridomas that synthesize monoclonal antibodies. We also demonstrate that the rearranged c-mos sequence is maintained in three different hybridomas derived by fusion of this cell line with normal murine spleen lymphocytes, suggesting that it may play a role in the continuous growth and/or constitutive immunoglobulin production by these hybridomas. PMID- 6656883 TI - Rearrangement of the oncogene c-mos in mouse myeloma NSI and hybridomas. AB - The activity and products of cellular oncogenes can be altered by various processes, such as the nearby integration of a retroviral genome, point mutation within the oncogene coding region, gene amplification, and chromosomal translocation (reviewed in ref. 1). Our work has provided an example of oncogene activation by yet a different process; the integration of an endogenous retrovirus-like DNA element (identified as an intracisternal A particle or IAP genome) within the coding region of the oncogene c-mos in a mouse plasmacytoma, XRPC 24. The rearranged c-mos gene of XRPC24 is actively transcribed and has transforming activity, suggesting some role for activated c-mos in the progression of the XRPC24 tumour. In this report we describe rearrangement of c mos in a second mouse plasmacytoma, NSI, and in two hybridomas. In this case, as in XRPC24, c-mos was split by the insertion of a IAP genome. The rearranged c-mos genes (rc-mos) of NSI and XRPC24 differ in three major aspects: (1) The site of IAP integration in c-mos is in codon 30 in NSI but in codon 88 in XRPC24; (2) The orientation of the integrated IAP relative to c-mos is 'tail-to-head' in NSI and 'head-to-head' in XRPC24; and (3) transcriptional activity of rc-mos in NSI is much lower than in XRPC24. The two latter points suggest a correlation between the orientation of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of IAP relative to c-mos and its activity upon IAP integration. PMID- 6656884 TI - The protein products of the myc and myb oncogenes and adenovirus E1a are structurally related. AB - Structural and functional homologies have been found among proteins encoded by several retroviral oncogenes, demonstrating the existence of families of these genes. Because the retroviral oncogenes have cellular homologues, the existence of similar families among these 'cellular oncogenes' is also implied (for a review, see ref. 2). Cellular genes belonging to these families have been found in such evolutionarily distant species as humans, fruit flies, nematodes and brewer's yeast (E. Scolnick and S. Reed, personal communications), consistent with the hypothesis that these genes have evolved from a small number of ancestral sequences. We extend these observations by showing here that the proteins encoded by the oncogenes myc, myb and adenovirus E1a are structurally related. Our findings suggest that oncogenes of RNA and DNA tumour viruses may in at least some instances share evolutionary origins and function according to common principles. PMID- 6656885 TI - Neurobiology of learning and memory: the honeybee as a model system. PMID- 6656886 TI - Biomimetic chemistry in Japan. PMID- 6656887 TI - Cell fusion by electromagnetic waves and its possible relevance for evolution. PMID- 6656888 TI - The role of neuronal and extraneuronal uptake in the inactivation of 3H-(- )noradrenaline in the rabbit aorta determined by a method relating with amine diffusion in the tissue. AB - Apparent coefficients of diffusion for 3H-noradrenaline and 14C-sorbitol were determined in the different layers of the rabbit aorta; uptake1 and uptake2 were inhibited. For 3H-noradrenaline, a value of 6.3 . 10(-7) cm2 . s-1 was obtained in intact aorta and a similar one in intima-media, while that in adventitia was three times higher than in intact aorta. The apparent coefficient was the same for 3H-noradrenaline and 14C-sorbitol in adventitia. However, the values were slightly higher for 3H-noradrenaline than for 14C-sorbitol in intact aorta and in intima-media. Thus, the distribution of sorbitol did not exactly reflect the distribution of noradrenaline in these two preparations, even when both uptake mechanisms were inhibited. When either uptake1 or uptake2 was intact, about 60% of the 3H-noradrenaline (0.12 mumol . 1(-1) was inactivated on its way through the vessel wall (intact aorta). This indicated that each mechanism was equieffective in removing noradrenaline from the extracellular fluid either in the adventitia (uptake1) or intima-media (uptake2). Similarly, when noradrenaline left the extracellular space by diffusion, about the same amount of noradrenaline was inactivated neuronally and extraneuronally. However, under classical incubation conditions, neuronal inactivation of 3H-noradrenaline was three to five times higher than extraneuronal one. This difference reflected the rapid access of noradrenaline to the neurones rather than the capacity of the neuronal and extraneuronal uptake sites to remove the amine from the extracellular fluid in the different layers of the aortic wall. PMID- 6656889 TI - The extraneuronal compartments for the distribution of isoprenaline in the rat heart. AB - The distribution of 3H-isoprenaline in the perfused rat heart was re-examined. After initial loading with 3H-isoprenaline hearts were washed out with amine-free solution; the efflux curves were subjected to the peeling technique, and half times for efflux and compartment sizes were determined. In contrast to earlier reports from his department (Bonisch et al. 1974;l Bonisch 1978), 3H-isoprenaline was found to distribute mainly into one extra-neuronal compartment, irrespective of whether COMT was intact or inhibited (by the presence of U-0521). It was also not influenced by pretreatment of the animals with reserpine. This type of distribution was influenced neither by the concentration of isoprenaline nor by the duration of the loading of the tissue with the amine. The one major extra neuronal distribution compartment of 3H-isoprenaline has the characteristics of the "old" compartment III: it has a relatively short half time for the efflux of 3H-isoprenaline and it has a high activity of COMT. Moreover, corticosterone inhibits the inward and outward flux of 3H-isoprenaline into and from compartment III. The Ki for the inhibition by corticosterone of the efflux of 3H-isoprenaline (2 mumol/l) is very similar to the Ki for impairment of uptake2 (determined by Bonisch 1978). Apart from the major distribution compartment III, two minor distribution compartments were detected: On the one hand, experiments with hearts which had an intact COMT revealed that a minor distribution compartment IV (characterized by a long half time for efflux and by an absence of COMT activity) may exist, although its magnitude does not exceed one tenth of the former compartment IV. In addition, part of the quickly equilibrating (and rather small) compartment II was corticosterone-sensitive. When the results of Azevedo et al. (1983 are considered together with the present results, compartment III appears to represent the uptake of 3H-isoprenaline into myocardial cells, while it is likely that radioactivity accumulated in the smooth muscle of blood vessels may constitute the corticosterone-sensitive part of compartment II. PMID- 6656890 TI - 5-HT mediated GABA excitatory responses in the guinea-pig proximal ileum. AB - GABA (3--100 microM) and 5-HT (0.03--30 microM) caused concentration-dependent transient contractions of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum. The contractile response to GABA was antagonized by hyoscine (2.2 microM). TTX (0.7 microM), bicuculline (3 microM), furosemide (25 microM) and desensitization to GABA itself, while hexamethonium (20 microM) and methysergide (20 microM) were without effect. The contractile response to 5-HT was antagonized by hyoscine (2.2 microM), TTX (0.7 microM) and desensitization to 5-HT itself and was unaffected by bicuculline (10 microM), hexamethonium (20 microM), furosemide (25 microM) and methysergide (20 microM). A desensitization procedure that caused a 84.7-fold increase in the 5-HT EC50 also resulted in a 74.1-fold increase of the GABA EC50. Desensitization to GABA caused a reduction of 5-HT induced response but only in preparations desensitized by high (50 microM) concentrations of GABA. The results indicate that GABA-induced contractions in the guinea-pig ileum are mediated by activation of cholinergic motor neurones. This effect appears to be mediated by interneuronal release of 5-HT rather than by a direct stimulatory action of GABA on the effector neurones. PMID- 6656891 TI - Localization of monoamine oxidase of type A and B in blood vessels with different innervation patterns. AB - Homogenates of dog mesenteric artery, dog saphenous vein, denervated saphenous vein, rabbit ear artery, denervated ear artery and human umbilical artery were prepared in phosphate buffer. Monoamine oxidase activity was determined with [3H] 5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]-5-HT) as a preferential substrate for MAO type A and [14C]-beta-phenylethylamine as a preferential substrate for MAO type B. The endogenous noradrenaline content was compared with the MAO activities in these blood vessels. The results show that there is a good relationship of MAO type A content with the density of adrenergic innervation, but it is evident that this type of MAO is present even in vessels devoid of adrenergic innervation. Thus, MAO type A in these vascular structures has both intraneuronal and extraneuronal locations whereas MAO type B is predominantly or exclusively extraneuronal. PMID- 6656892 TI - Alpha-methyl-DOPA induced mydriasis in the cat. Relationship between pupillary response and the oculomotor perfusate concentration of methyldopa and its metabolites. AB - In pentobarbital anaesthetized cats, intravenous administration of 30 mg/kg, alpha-methyl-DOPA produced mydriasis that reached a maximum plateau in 2--2.5 h. The oculomotor nucleus was perfused with saline using a push-pull cannula system chronically implanted over the nucleus. Perfusate samples were collected and subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (LC EC). Alpha-methyl-DOPA administration resulted in a gradual build up of alpha methyl-noradrenaline to approximately 32 mumoles over the 3 h sampling period. In contrast, the concentration of alpha-methyl-dopamine was below the detection level for the first 90 min with peak levels of less than 6 mumoles after 3 h. A linear regression analysis demonstrated a negative correlation (R = 0.90) between the pupil size and the perfusate concentration of alpha-methyl-DOPA and a positive correlation for both alpha-methyl-dopamine and alpha-methyl noradrenaline (R = 0.88 and 0.94 respectively). Pretreatment with the DOPA decarboxylate inhibitor, 3-hydroxy-benzyl-hydrazine (NSD-1015; 25 mg/kg, i.p.) completely blocked the mydriatic response to alpha-methyl-DOPA, with neither alpha-methyl-dopamine nor alpha-methyl-noradrenaline reaching detectable levels in the oculomotor perfusate. After treatment with the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, bis (4-methyl-homopiperazinyl thiocarbonyl) disulfide (FLA-63; 2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) there was a significant accumulation of alpha-methyl-dopamine when compared to that obtained in the alpha-methyl-DOPA controls but with no apparent alpha-methyl-dopamine related pupillary dilation. However, the correlation between alpha-methyl-noradrenaline concentration and the increase in the diameter of the pupil was maintained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6656893 TI - The capsaicin sensitivity of the preoptic region is preserved in adult rats pretreated as neonates, but lost in rats pretreated as adults. AB - Two days old rats were pretreated with subcutaneous injection of 50 mg/kg, and adult animals with either 20, 50 or 300 mg/kg capsaicin. The responsiveness of these and naive animals to microinjection into the preoptic region of capsaicin (10 micrograms) and to subcutaneously injected capsaicin (2 mg/kg) was studied at the age of 3--4 months by recording the tail skin vasodilatation and colon temperature, respectively. On preoptic injection of capsaicin, the reaction of neonatally-pretreated adult rats was similar to that of naive animals, while in all groups pretreated as adults the tail skin vasodilatation was abolished. In response to 2 mg/kg capsaicin administered subcutaneously, the group pretreated neonatally and the adults pretreated with 20 mg/kg capsaicin produced significantly less hypothermia than the naive animals. Rats pretreated as adults with 50 and 300 mg/kg capsaicin failed to show a hypothermic reaction. It is concluded that the sensitivity of the preoptic region to capsaicin is preserved when 2 days old rats are treated with the drug, but lost when adults are injected with capsaicin. These features of capsaicin sensitivity indicate a functioning preoptic and an impaired extrapreoptic thermoregulation in rats pretreated with capsaicin as neonates. PMID- 6656894 TI - The isotope effect of tritium in 3H-(-)-adrenaline with very high specific activity. AB - Initial rates of the extraneuronal uptake of 3H-(-)-adrenaline of very high specific activity were determined in the perfused rat heart, fluorimetrically for unlabelled and by scintillation counting for labeled amine. The presence of nearly four tritium substituents in the adrenaline molecule slowed uptake by a factor of 5.56. The isotope effect of tritium appears to increase in direct proportion to the number of tritium substituents per molecule. It is concluded that 3H-catecholamines of very high specific activity are unsuitable for studies of the uptake and metabolism of 3H-catecholamines. PMID- 6656895 TI - [Acquired elevated position of the diaphragm in newborn and young infants]. PMID- 6656896 TI - [Respiratory distress in newborn infants following chylothorax]. PMID- 6656897 TI - [The value of echography of the gallbladder in cholecystolithiasis]. PMID- 6656898 TI - [A patient with dissecting aneurysm of the aorta]. PMID- 6656899 TI - [Current viewpoints in the drug therapy of gallstones]. PMID- 6656901 TI - [Electroconvulsive therapy: exonerated from all blame (?)]. PMID- 6656900 TI - [Predisposition of women to gallstones]. PMID- 6656902 TI - [Mediastinal lymph nodes and the case record of the subject's occupation]. PMID- 6656903 TI - [Prevalence, incidence and course of eczema of the hands and forearms: a study in a non-urban population group (Vlagtwedde)]. PMID- 6656904 TI - [X-recessive hereditary progressive mixed hypoacusis with excessive discharge of perilymph during stapes surgery]. PMID- 6656905 TI - [Prostatitis]. PMID- 6656906 TI - [A 56-year-old woman with a congested nose and anuria]. PMID- 6656907 TI - [The safety of Tolvon]. PMID- 6656908 TI - [Melanoma, pregnancy and oral contraception]. PMID- 6656909 TI - [Mimicry of malignant melanomas]. PMID- 6656910 TI - [Forms of chronic juvenile arthritis]. PMID- 6656911 TI - [A patient with a severe form of hyperparathyroidism; preoperative preparation with continuous intravenous calcitonin administration]. PMID- 6656912 TI - [Breast sparing treatment in operable breast carcinoma; initial assessment of the results]. PMID- 6656913 TI - [Treatment of patients with complications of colonic diverticulitis by resection without anastomosis]. PMID- 6656914 TI - [A rare cause of dysbasia in a 27-year-old man]. PMID- 6656915 TI - [Hyperuricemia and gout; treatment of an acute attack of gout]. PMID- 6656916 TI - [A patient with cholestasis]. PMID- 6656917 TI - [A clinical lesson?]. PMID- 6656918 TI - [Radiological diagnosis of fecal incontinence and defecation disorders]. PMID- 6656919 TI - [Are ankle-foot braces being worn?]. PMID- 6656920 TI - [A patient with actinomycosis of the lung]. PMID- 6656921 TI - [How should medical journals be read? I. Why and in what spirit?]. PMID- 6656923 TI - [Death in the light of medical technology]. PMID- 6656924 TI - [Brain death criteria]. PMID- 6656922 TI - [Significance of clinical epidemiology for clinical judgment]. PMID- 6656925 TI - [Revision of criteria for brain death]. PMID- 6656926 TI - [Apparent death: a curiosity?]. PMID- 6656927 TI - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. PMID- 6656928 TI - [Enchondromatosis of the hand]. PMID- 6656929 TI - [An anticholinergic agent, the side effect of mouth dryness and hazards for the teeth]. PMID- 6656930 TI - [The interrelation of somatic and mental diseases. I. Somatic disease aspects in psychiatric patients]. PMID- 6656931 TI - [The interrelation of somatic and mental diseases. II. Psychiatric disorders in physically ill patients]. PMID- 6656932 TI - [Psychosomatic diseases and psychosomatics]. PMID- 6656933 TI - [Psychiatric side effects of frequently used nonpsychiatric drugs]. PMID- 6656934 TI - [Hypesthesia of the chin as a symptom of malignant disease]. PMID- 6656935 TI - [The youngest and the oldest risk factor]. PMID- 6656936 TI - [The incidence of diabetes mellitus in 0-19-year-olds in the Netherlands (1978 1980)]. PMID- 6656937 TI - [Diabetes mellitus in childhood]. PMID- 6656938 TI - [The nervous system as a regulatory system, computer and symbol shaper]. PMID- 6656939 TI - [Oral antidiabetics, pacifiers for doctor and patient]. PMID- 6656940 TI - [Breast symptoms and their significance for the diagnosis of breast cancer]. PMID- 6656941 TI - [Psychiatric care in a juridical straitjacket]. PMID- 6656942 TI - [The many errors in the law on compulsory psychiatric admission]. PMID- 6656943 TI - [China, health care on the move]. PMID- 6656944 TI - Nonsurgical removal of foreign bodies from the superior vena cava and right pulmonary artery. PMID- 6656945 TI - The "acute abdomen" of Henoch-Schonlein syndrome. PMID- 6656946 TI - Gastrointestinal lymphoma. PMID- 6656947 TI - Medial malleolar fracture in a child--closed or open treatment? PMID- 6656948 TI - Low radiation exposure pelvimetry by digital radiography. PMID- 6656949 TI - Spontaneous compression neuropathy of the musculocutaneous nerve. PMID- 6656950 TI - Rubella susceptibility in the childbearing ages in Lincoln, Nebraska. PMID- 6656951 TI - Rubella in Nebraska. PMID- 6656953 TI - The Nebraska infection control network. PMID- 6656952 TI - Comparison of outpatient dressings for partial thickness burns. PMID- 6656954 TI - The antenatal identification of the growth retarded newborn. PMID- 6656955 TI - President's page. PMID- 6656956 TI - Isolation of low molecular protein P-9 from nuclei of NK/Ly lymphoma and Guerin carcinoma. AB - Protein with molecular weight 9000 (protein-9) was found in nuclei of resting cells of NK/Ly lymphoma and Guerin carcinoma by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Method of preparative isolation P-9 concluding in fractionation of nuclei from phenol extract by acetone at different pH and following electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel was made. Electrophoretically homogeneous preparation of protein P-9 from nuclei of NK/Ly lymphoma and Guerin carcinoma was obtained. PMID- 6656957 TI - Comparative enhancement of hyperthermia lethality on tumor cells by procaine and lanthanum. AB - The effects of procaine and lanthanum during hyperthermia of tumor cells were studied by trypan-blue exclusion and by 86Rb release from previously labeled Ehrlich ascites cells. The results indicate that while procaine shows no changes of cell viability and 86Rb outflux, lanthanum alters both parameters in a very significant way. PMID- 6656958 TI - New arylsulfonylhydrazones of substituted benzaldehydes as anticancer agents. AB - Nineteen new arylsulfonylhydrazones of substituted benzaldehydes have been prepared. The antineoplastic activity of these compounds has been assessed against murine lymphocytic leukemia P-388 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). The compounds investigated have not reached the criteria of good antitumor activity. However, marginal activity in P-388 system has been exhibited by one of the tested derivatives, while two others have demonstrated mild anticancer activity against EAC. PMID- 6656959 TI - Three-year results of surgical and combined treatment of lung cancer with a preoperative radiotherapy. AB - In this paper the analysis of immediate results of clinical material is given which has been accumulated by participants of the joint investigation in some CMEA member countries (Project 3-9.1.1 of the Lung Cancer Program; Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, USSR, Czechoslovakia) with the aim to study the effectiveness of one of the variants of combined treatment of patients with differentiated forms of lung cancer. Combined treatment received 286 patients, 231 patients (control group) were treated surgically. It is concluded that the preoperative radiotherapy using the method of the intense concentrated course does not complicate the operation itself and is not reflected in the nature and frequencies of intraoperative complications. However, in combination with the subsequent surgical intervention, it significantly elevates the number of postoperative complications, particularly of those of purulent nature (bronchial fistula, intrapleural empyema) and also the lethality. The difference between the groups in this respect is particularly significant at State III of the disease. Late results were studied in 379 patients (in 221 of them after a combined treatment and in 158 after surgical treatment). For more than 1, 3 and 5 years survived 76.5, 49.4 and 34.48% (combined treatment) and 77.2, 41.2 and 20.7% (surgery), respectively. The differences between the groups in favor of the combined treatment are due to patients with Stage III planocellular carcinoma. PMID- 6656960 TI - Results of radiotherapy and combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy of inoperable lung cancer. AB - In this study there is presented a comparative analysis of immediate results after radiotherapy and combined treatment (radio- and chemotherapy) in 174 patients with highly differentiated inoperable lung cancer. The data were provided by participants of a joint investigation in some CMEA member countries (Hungary, USSR, Czechoslovakia) during the period of 1976 to 1980. In the randomized study radiotherapy (a total dose of 60 Gy) was applied in 98 patients, radiotherapy with chemotherapy (methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil) was applied in 76 patients. The comparative analysis showed that the employment of complementary chemotherapy tend to improve the immediate therapeutic effects. In the case of highly differentiated planocellular carcinoma a pronounced positive effect was seen in 48.6% of patients as compared to the 31.2% of those treated with radiotherapy alone. Nevertheless, with respect to survival rate prolongation, these differences are not manifested in favor of the combined method of treatment. After a conservative treatment (radiotherapy and radiotherapy in combination with chemotherapy) of patients with differentiated types of inoperable lung cancer there was a one-year survival rate of 55.7%, 17.27% of the patients survived for 2 years, and 8.55% for 3 years. In radiotherapy applied alone as in the combined method as well, a direct dependence of survival rate prolongation on immediate therapeutical effects was detected. For more than 1 year survived 49 patients (73.1%) out of 67 exhibiting pronounced immediate effects, and for 3 years survived 8 patients out of 9. PMID- 6656961 TI - Rectal cancer pathomorphology after preoperative radiation treatment. AB - Using histological and histochemical investigations and morphometric analysis the tumors and surrounding tissues of 70 rectal cancer patients were studied before and after preoperative radiotherapy with the total dose of 19.5 Gy and 40 Gy. Morphological changes proving the radiation damage of the tumors were determined. The extent of radiation damage depended on histological structure, degree of differentiation and radiation dose. The maximum damage was observed in poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and the minimum--in colloidal cancer. PMID- 6656962 TI - Factors associated with prognosis in human breast cancer. III. Estradiol receptors and short term relapse. AB - Prognosis in breast cancer is one of the most important subjects currently studied because of the heterogeneity of the disease even inside the same clinical stage. Estrogen receptor determination in human breast cancer has been recognized as a prognostic factor since it is related to the long-term survival and disease free interval. In a series of papers concerning prognosis in breast cancer this the third one which includes estrogen receptor determination in the multivariate analysis, because of the limitations of the clinical factor to conform stratification groups. We have analyzed the short term probability of relapse in a group of 136 patients treated for breast cancer. Multivariate stratification analysis was performed with the aid of Bintree computer program, which produces binary splits of the population according to the criterion of maximal reduction of variance and generates a binary stratification tree. Lymph node involvement is the most important prognostic factor in the probability of relapse. Patients without nodal involvement lacking estradiol receptor had 25% of relapse. It is therefore evident that estradiol receptor is a factor of prognostic value even inside node negative patients. PMID- 6656963 TI - Factors associated with prognosis in human breast cancer. IV. Progesterone receptors and clinical factors. AB - We have found no correlation between progesterone receptor PgR content in human breast tumors and clinical factors associated with the presence of estrogen receptor (ER, age, menopausal status, parity, age at first childbirth, menarche), in spite of the positive correlation between both receptors. Moreover, the association between clinical factors and the percentage of ER(-) PgR(-) tumors were identical to those of ER(-) tumors, but the association between clinical factors and the percentage of ER(+) PgR(-) tumors were inverse to those of ER(-) tumors. That implies that clinical factors associated with the presence of estrogen receptor can not distinguish ER(+) PgR(+) and ER(+) PgR(-) tumors. The stage of the disease is the most important clinical feature in breast cancer patients. In our series the pattern of hormone-receptor was different between Stages I/II and Stage III patients, while the percentage of PgR(+) tumors was constant, a decrease in ER(+) tumors occurred in Stage III patients. In addition similar percentages of ER(+) PgR(+) were found in both groups, but an increase in ER(-) PgR(-) tumors and a decrease in ER(+) PgR(-) tumors occurred in the Stage III patients. Altogether these results suggest that primary loss of progesterone receptors and primary loss of estrogen receptors could be related to different pathogenic mechanisms. PMID- 6656964 TI - Interaction of smoking and urban air pollution in the etiology of lung cancer. AB - Surveillance of lung cancer incidence based on mortality was carried out over 6 years in Cracow. It appeared that lung cancer death rates among Cracow inhabitants were higher than average rate in the population of Poland but this difference in the large extent could be explained by the greater prevalence of smoking habit in Cracow than in whole Poland. Very intriguing was a substantial excess of lung cancer deaths only in male residents of the city center having the highest level of the air pollution. Since this excess in the lung cancer deaths could not be exclusively explained by smoking or occupational hazards the air pollution should be assumed as a responsible factor. Lack of the similar phenomenon in females living in the city center can be explained by the fact that the air pollution alone is not sufficient cause in the etiology of lung cancer but that in combination with other adverse factors like smoking or occupational hazards it develops its carcinogenic effect. PMID- 6656965 TI - Surgery and combined treatment of breast cancer. Development and present status of the topic within the framework of joint scientific cooperation of the CMEA member countries. PMID- 6656966 TI - Nitroblue tetrazolium test in patients with neoplasma during surgical treatment. AB - In 20 patients with alimentary tract neoplasma, nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT) with resting and stimulated granulocytes was done using Park's et al. [14] method. NBT test was determined in peripheral blood before surgical intervention, in blood from vessel draining of tumor before its excision and in peripheral blood 2-3 weeks after excision of tumor. In parallel experiments the NBT test was estimated in peripheral blood of 21 healthy individuals. We have shown that NBT dye reduction was evidently diminished in patients with cancer disease especially in blood samples from vein draining of tumor both in resting and stimulated granulocytes. The excision of tumor caused improvement of NBT dye reduction. The importance of determination of NBT test in patients with cancer disease is briefly discussed. PMID- 6656967 TI - Early effects of medium change in cultured cells: evidences for the existence of negative modulators of cell proliferation. AB - Serum deprivation of cells in culture leads usually to an arrest of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation but the transfer of cultured cells from serum-containing to serum-free medium results in a transient stimulation of the incorporation of radioactive thymidine to macromolecules. This stimulation effect produced by medium change can be separated into two different phenomena: a stimulation of thymidine incorporation induced by transfer of cells from conditioned serum containing medium to fresh serum-containing medium and an additional stimulation induced by transfer of cells from serum-containing medium to serum-free medium. Experimental results indicate that the first effect is probably due to the removal of inhibitors released by the cells even in exponentially growing cultures, and that the second effect is probably due to the removal of inhibitory molecules coexisting in serum with stimulatory factors. PMID- 6656968 TI - Colony growth in soft agar of human melanoma cells from biopsy material, cell lines and xenografts. AB - Colony growth in soft agar of human melanoma cells from biopsy material, cell lines and xenografts was evaluated. Colony forming potential is constantly very low in all studied types of tumor tissue, however slight increase in clonogenic potential was seen during subsequent xenograft passages, but within the range of less than 1%. Results of presented studies suggest that the number of colonies does necessarily express the degree of colony forming potential and the culture preparation and conditions as well. It appears that there is no reliable correlation between the number of colonies in soft agar and the clinical course of melanoma patients under study. PMID- 6656969 TI - Dynamic dose-fractionation combined with oxygen breathing at ambient pressure and high-dose metronidazole in head and neck, and uterine cervix cancer. AB - The paper summarizes the results of dynamic dose-fractionation combined with oxygen breathing at ambient pressure and metronidazole in head and neck, and uterine cervix cancer. The patients were given high oral doses of metronidazole (5-6 g/m2) three hours before dose fractions (4.5 Gy for two days) initiating the radiation treatment series. After successive daily irradiation with 2 X 1 Gy in 8 hours interval (without metronidazole) to the tumor dose 29 Gy, 5-day radiation free interval was inserted and then the identical treatment series was repeated to the total dose 60 Gy. Nausea and vomiting were the principal toxic symptoms which were rather severe in gynecological patients. The benefit of metronidazole combination was studied in comparison with a group of patients given dynamic dose fractionation with breathing of oxygen only. Preliminary analysis of the data suggests that the combination with radiosensitizer has not produced an increase in the curability of cancer in these particular sites. PMID- 6656970 TI - [Crimes of affect]. PMID- 6656971 TI - [Self-healing attempts of schizophrenic patients. Psychopathologic findings and conclusions for research and therapy]. PMID- 6656972 TI - [Milieu interaction of schizophrenic patients]. PMID- 6656973 TI - [Heller syndrome: a particular case study]. PMID- 6656974 TI - Plasma exchange in the treatment of cryoglobulinaemia. PMID- 6656975 TI - Occurrence of herpes zoster varicella infections after completion of treatment for Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 6656976 TI - Sudden fatal sickling in a previously healthy HbSC adult. PMID- 6656977 TI - High-dosage bumetanide in patients with chronic renal failure and severe nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 6656978 TI - Effective treatment of refractory hypertension by combination of direct vasodilators. PMID- 6656979 TI - Sodium, adrenergic activity and blood pressure. PMID- 6656980 TI - [The fronto-temporal region and its clinically important distance from the optic nerve. 1. The fronto temporal region]. AB - The pterional area and the temporal fossa with its contents are described. The sutures of the pterion and the protuberances on the outer and inner surface of the skull in this area and its clinical importance are included. PMID- 6656981 TI - [Neurosurgical management of gunshot injuries to the head]. AB - The article describes the pathophysiological mechanisms of injuries caused by shots in the head. In particular, the effect exercised on the cerebral tissue by the impact of rapid projectiles is explained. The review is based on 23 patients treated by the authors. These cases are discussed and critically assessed, using the results communicated in other papers as basis. The requisite surgical measures are considered; the need for effecting complete cleansing of the path of the bullet is viewed with some reserve. PMID- 6656982 TI - [Computed tomographic findings and controls in craniocerebral gunshot wounds]. AB - 31 patients with craniocerebral gunshot wounds were examined in the acute phase and 14 out of 22 survivors followed up for a period of up to 3 years. The clinical and CT findings as well as treatment measures are explained. The value of CT is convincingly demonstrated with this type of injury, as with others, but its prognostic value including prediction of follow-up results remains limited. PMID- 6656983 TI - [Craniocerebral injuries in childhood]. AB - Causes of head injury in childhood depend on age. In contrast to the adults there are differences in pathophysiological mechanisms and in the site of lesions. Brain stem disorders are more frequent, superficial brain damage is less frequent than in children. Multiple lesions of the limbic system are as well important as those ones of the mesencephalon. Most of the cases of apallic syndromes in childhood can be due to these lesions. PMID- 6656984 TI - [Histological changes in the superficial temporal artery and their significance for extracranial-intracranial bypass operations]. AB - To obtain criteria for assessing the "suitability" of an extracranial artery to be used as a donor artery in extracranial-intracranial bypass operations we examined first of all the histological changes in 103 temporal arteries of patients on whom EC/IC bypass surgery had been performed. The intima, which consists of one to two cell layers in adolescents, thickens in the course of the following decades locally or concentrically, in some cases incorporating elastic elements during the process. No arteriosclerotic plaques were seen. The originally continuous, plicated lamina elastica interna shows increasing defects in continuity in the course of the aging process, as well as loosening up to the point of fragmentation, especially in the field of the intima padding. The tunica media which is at first 30-80 mu thick, continuous to thicken in the course of life; in 60-year old persons it attains a thickness of approximately 200 mu. The changes described here occur 1.) in men in a particularly characteristic age dependent manner; 2.) not earlier than in healthy persons, as far as the patients studied by us seem to show; and 3.) do not show any dependence on the vascular process described in this article. PMID- 6656985 TI - Growing skull fracture. A report of two cases, studied by CT scan. AB - We present two cases of growing skull fracture treated at the Children's Hospital in Athens. They have been studied by CT scan, which in both cases clearly showed the herniated brain tissue and its relationship to other brain structures. The possibility of an early operation, if there is contused and oedematous brain related to the diastatic fracture, is discussed. PMID- 6656986 TI - Determination of pyridoxal phosphate levels in the brains of audiogenic and normal mice. AB - The concentrations of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate in the brains of audiogenic and normal mice were measured fluorimetrically. The brain of the audiogenic mouse (DBA/2J) contains 25% more pyridoxal-5'-phosphate than the brain of a control mouse. Intraperitoneal injection of this substance causes a transient increase of its concentration in the brain, lasting a few hours. The substance thereafter is degraded to pyridoxal and pyridoxic acid. PMID- 6656987 TI - Estimation of levels of IgG to multiple sclerosis specific brain antigens in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients. AB - The binding of partially purified multiple sclerosis (MS) specific brain antigens (MSG2) and of the corresponding antigens of non-MS brains (KG2) to cerebrospinal fluid IgG of patients with MS and other neurological diseases was assayed employing sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Assay of the antigen-antibody binding revealed that the concentration of MSG2 required for the optimum binding to IgG in the undiluted MS CSFs was lower than that of KG2 in all cases. The index for IgG binding capacity of an antigen (IgBC) was expressed as a ratio of the optical density of the enzymic products in ELISA at the optimal antigen-antibody binding to the lowest concentration of the antigen required for the optimal binding. The IgBC of MSG2 was found to be linearly correlated with the IgG concentration in the CSF of MS patients. These results indicate that IgG with specificity to MSG2 may be present in the CSF of MS patients. PMID- 6656988 TI - A neurochemical study of developmental impairment of the brain caused by the administration of cytosine arabinoside during the fetal or neonatal period of rats. AB - Injection of pregnant rats with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) (280 mg/kg) on day 15 of gestation caused a significant rise (about two times the control value) in monoamine concentrations (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) accompanied by a decrease (about 60% of the control) in the brain weight and DNA content in the cerebrum of the offspring at 60 days of age. When neonatal rats were injected with ara-C (30 mg/kg/day) for four consecutive days from the fourth to seventh days after birth, a decrease of DNA content per cerebellum and an elevation of monoamine concentrations in the cerebellum were found. However, the total content of each monoamine per cerebrum or cerebellum showed no difference from the control. These results suggest that monoaminergic neurons may remain intact, with normal monoaminergic synapses compressed into a small brain volume. The neonatal administration of ara-C caused an elevation of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase (CNPase) (EC 3.1.4.37) activity and myelin protein content in the cerebellum, suggesting a relative increase in myelin concentration as a result of hypoplasia of granule cells. PMID- 6656989 TI - Determination of ribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides, and purine and pyrimidine bases in adult rabbit cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. AB - Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside levels were measured in adult rabbit cisternal CSF and plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The concentrations of bases, nucleosides, and nucleoside phosphates were similar in plasma and CSF except for the adenosine phosphates and uracil which were higher in the plasma. In plasma and CSF, adenosine levels were low (0.12 microM) and guanosine, deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, and deoxyinosine were not detectable (less than 0.1 microM); inosine and xanthine concentrations were 1-2 microM and hypoxanthine concentrations were approximately 5 microM; uridine (approximately 8 microM), cytidine (2-3 microM), and thymidine, deoxyuridine, and deoxycytidine (0.5-1.4 microM) were easily detectable. In both plasma and CSF, guanine, and thymine were undetectable (less than 0.1 microM), adenine and cytosine were less than 0.2 microM, but uracil was present (greater than 1 microM). Adenosine, inosine, and guanosine phosphates were also detectable at low concentrations in CSF and plasma. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that purine deoxyribonucleosides are synthesized in situ in the adult rabbit brain. In contrast, pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides and ribonucleosides, and purine and pyrimidine bases are available in the CSF for use by the brain. PMID- 6656990 TI - Mutual interactions in the transport of taurine, hypotaurine, and GABA in brain slices. AB - The mutual interactions and the effects of GABA on the saturable transport components of taurine and hypotaurine were investigated with mouse brain slices. The low-affinity taurine transport was competitively inhibited by both hypotaurine and GABA. Hypotaurine did not alter the kinetic parameters of high affinity taurine uptake, whereas there occurred some stimulation with GABA, possibly by heteroexchange. Taurine had no significant effects on high-affinity hypotaurine uptake, whereas the low-affinity component was reduced by both taurine and GABA, GABA strongly interfered with the high-affinity hypotaurine uptake, being the preferred substrate in simultaneous uptake experiments. The results confirm that taurine, hypotaurine, and GABA are transported into brain slices by only one two-component system with affinities highest for GABA and lowest for taurine. PMID- 6656991 TI - Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. AB - Purine and pyrimidine base and nucleoside levels were determined in adult human lumbar (CSF) and plasma by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Guanine, thymine, cytosine and uracil were not detectable (less than 0.1 microM) in human CSF or plasma. Adenine was detectable in plasma (0.3 microM) but was not found in CSF (less than 0.2 microM). Hypoxanthine and xanthine levels in CSF were each approximately 2.5 microM. Plasma levels of hypoxanthine and xanthine were considerably lower (0.4-0.6 microM). Purine and pyrimidine ribonucleosides in human CSF were less than or equal to 0.2 microM with the exception of uridine which was present at concentrations of 2-3 microM. Although low concentrations of thymidine and deoxyuridine (0.2 microM) were present in human plasma, purine and pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides were less than 0.1 microM in human lumbar CSF. PMID- 6656992 TI - Uptake of adenosine by isolated bovine cortex microvessels. AB - The uptake of adenosine is studied in microvessels isolated from a bovine cortex. The KM value for adenosine uptake is 1.92 microM and the Vmax is 1.93 picomole/mg protein/10 min. This high affinity uptake system is very sensitive to inhibition by dipyridamole and papaverine. The uptake of adenosine by microvessels is also inhibited by CuCl2 and by high concentration (2 mM) of adenine nucleotides. Using a series of four xanthines is observed that the adenosine uptake system is most inhibited by 3-methyl-l-(5'-oxohexyl)-7-propylxanthine and the least by caffeine. Theophylline causes a stimulation of adenosine uptake by microvessels. The results obtained agree with the existence of the nucleoside transport system associated with the blood-brain barrier, as previously observed by in vivo studies and experiments with rat brain capillaries. PMID- 6656993 TI - Utilization of tyrosine and tryptophan for protein synthesis by undernourished developing rat brain. AB - Incorporation of tracer doses of radiolabeled tryptophan and tyrosine into brain proteins was investigated in rats malnourished during gestation and lactation. Age and time dependent increases in the radioactivity was observed in the whole homogenate and in the TCA insoluble fraction. Protein malnourished rats showed increased incorporation of tryptophan and tyrosine. However the diet restricted (Pair-fed) animals showed increased incorporation of tyrosine only. The increased incorporation may probably be due to changes in the pool size of the amino acids and effective recycling of the amino acids. The enhanced utilization in protein synthesis may also probably offer a mechanism for conservation of these amino acids. PMID- 6656994 TI - Anti-human choline acetyltransferase fragments antigen binding (FAB)-sepharose chromatography for enzyme purification. AB - Fragments Antigen Binding (FAB)-Sepharose immunoaffinity chromatography was successfully applied to the purification of human choline acetyltransferase. The mild elution conditions made it possible to obtain the enzyme in its full catalytic state. The method should be generally applicable to enzyme purification. PMID- 6656995 TI - Macromolecular changes in brain stem of morphinized rats. AB - Incorporation of [3H]valine into trichloroacetic acid-(TCA)-precipitable, water soluble or membrane-bound material of whole brain and brain-stem did not differ significantly in morphine-intoxicated, morphine abstinent and control rats. The animals were intoxicated with morphine (final dose 340 mg/kg b.w.) for 15 days, using an ingestion method with no impairment of the caloric intake compared to controls. Abstinent rats were withdrawn from morphine for 2 days after 13 days of intoxication. Measurements of [3H]valine or [14C]valine incorporated into soluble or membrane-bound brain stem proteins failed to demonstrate any significant changes in specific protein bands from morphinized rats. Separation was achieved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with or without sodium-dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or by isoelectric focusing. After immunoabsorption chromatography to remove those proteins antigenically similar to serum proteins, an increase in the staining intensity and in incorporation of [3H]valine into two protein bands (with isoelectric points (Ip:s) 5.75 and 7.7) was seen in brain stem from long term morphine-intoxicated rats. The results show that macromolecular interactions are involved in long-term morphine actions. PMID- 6656996 TI - The permeability of the basal lamina at the neuromuscular junction. An ultrastructural study of rat skeletal muscle using particulate tracers. AB - Various macromolecular substances, such as toxins and antibodies, may interfere with neuromuscular transmission. The neuromuscular junction is also known to be a site for the uptake of macromolecular substances into the axon for subsequent transport to the central nervous system. The synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction is separated from the rest of the extracellular compartment of muscle by the basal lamina, the permeability properties of which are not known. The penetration of macromolecular substances of varying size into the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction has been studied in rats. Four different tracers: Imferon (an iron-dextran measuring 11 X 7 X 7 nm), ferritin (a spherical iron protein 12 nm in diameter), Imposil (an iron-dextran measuring 21 X 12 X 12 nm) and colloidal gold-protein (20-25 nm in diameter) were injected into the palmaris longus muscle. Fifteen and 120 min after injection, the distribution of these particulate tracers was studied by electron microscopy. Imferon and ferritin penetrated rapidly through the basal lamina along the muscle fibres and also into the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction. The larger Imposil and colloidal gold particles were restricted from penetrating the basal lamina even after 2 h, and these particles were traced only occasionally within the synaptic cleft. The results indicate that the basal lamina of muscle acts as a diffusion barrier to large macromolecules, preventing them from entering the synaptic cleft. PMID- 6656997 TI - Histochemical and biochemical studies of butyrylcholinesterase activity in adult and developing cerebellum. Effects of abnormal thyroid state and undernutrition. AB - The cellular and subcellular localization of BuchE activity (EC.3.1.1.8) was studied in the developing and adult rat cerebellum at light and electron microscope levels. In the adult cerebellum, BuchE activity was exclusively localized to glial cells, myelin and endothelial cells. In the immature cerebellum, BuchE activity was additionally found transiently localized to the neuroblasts of the external germinative layer and in Purkinje cells of the nodulus. In both the immature and the adult animals, the main part of the activity seemed to be membrane-bound. The developmental pattern of cerebellar BuchE activity was assayed in developing normal, hypothyroid, thyroxine-treated and undernourished rats. In normal newborn rats, the specific activity was higher than in adults and it showed one characteristic peak at 6 days (1.8 times the adult value reached at 30 days). At the age of 5 days, the ratio of BuchE containing astrocytes (numbered in the ganglionic layer) to Purkinje cells was the same as the ratio of Bergmann astrocytes to Purkinje cells determined at 35 days in Nissl preparations; their nucleus size already represented 80% of the adult value and their processes were well developed. The three experimental conditions modified the timing of BuchE development. During the early post-natal period, it was accelerated in the thyroxine-treated and undernourished animals, while in the hypothyroid rats it was delayed. During the same period, the number of labelled astrocytes per Purkinje cell was modified only by hypothyroidism and undernourishment. On the basis of these histochemical and biochemical results, BuchE can be considered as a good marker for the study of Bergmann glia development in the early post-natal period. PMID- 6656998 TI - An ultrastructural study of the early stages of axonal regeneration through rat nerve grafts. AB - Segments of rat sciatic nerve 5 mm long were removed and either maintained alive in tissue culture medium or killed by freeze-drying. Twenty-four h later the nerve segments were replaced as autografts. Animals were killed 3-14 days after grafting. Grafts of cultured nerves (C-grafts) always contained many living cells. Grafts of freeze-dried nerves (FD-grafts) contained few living cells at 3 days, but were repopulated by 7 days. A few regenerating axons were identified in the most proximal parts of 3 day C-grafts and by 14 days many myelinated axons extended to the distal ends. Axons were absent from 3 and 7 day FD-grafts, but by 14 days some non-myelinated axons extended to the distal end of such grafts. Regenerating axons were always associated with Schwann cells. Small perineurial compartments were formed at the junctional zones of all grafts and throughout the FD-grafts. Revascularization of the FD-grafts was delayed when compared to that in C-grafts. Fenestrated capillaries were observed in both types of graft. These experiments demonstrate that axons regenerate through FD-grafts that have been repopulated by cells and the grafts probably lack the normal perineurial and blood/nerve diffusion barriers. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the requirements for successful axonal regeneration. PMID- 6656999 TI - Aging of dendrites in the cerebral cortex of the mouse. AB - Quantitative analysis of the dendritic branchings of pyramidal cells in layers V and III of the visual cortex was performed in aging mice (540 and 720 days) and compared to adult mice (180 days). The number of spines on apical dendrites of the same cells was also counted. Between 180 and 720 days of age, the decrease in dendritic branchings around the perikaryon was dramatic (30-40%) and that in dendritic spines was even more so (about 50%). However, most of the decrease in both dendritic branchings and spines has already occurred at 540 days, and the difference between 540 and 720 days was not statistically significant. This suggests a real loss in cortical connections with aging, taking place prior to the final months of the lifespan of the mouse. PMID- 6657000 TI - Aspergillosis of the nervous system. Report of two cases. AB - Two cases of Aspergillus infection of the nervous system are reported. In the first case it occurred in a healthy individual and presented as a space occupying lesion mimicking a tuberculous granuloma. In the second case it was an opportunistic infection in a patient with predisposing conditions and manifested as chronic meningitis with fatal arteritis. PMID- 6657001 TI - Vasopressin release induced by water deprivation: effects of centrally administered saralasin. AB - Uncertainty exists as to whether endogenous angiotensin activates brain mechanisms controlling vasopressin (AVP) secretion during dehydration. We injected various doses of saralasin into a lateral cerebroventricle (IVT) of conscious, male rats deprived of water for 48 h and killed them at different times. The concentration of AVP in the plasma (p[AVP]), measured by radioimmunoassay, was unaffected by saralasin. IVT pretreatment with 1-Sar-8-Ile angiotensin II blocked maximal AVP release by IVT angiotensin, but this pretreatment did not reduce p[AVP] after 24, 48 or 72 h water deprivation. A 3 hour continuous IVT infusion of CSF or saralasin (10 micrograms/h) into 48-hour water-deprived rats revealed equivalent p[AVP] and urine volumes. When the infusions were continued for 3 h more with water available, control and saralasin treated rats: (a) drank at similar rates, (b) excreted similar amounts of urine, and (c) reduced their p[AVP] levels to the same extent. IVT saralasin did not affect p[AVP] of rats dehydrated with hypertonic NaCl. Combined IVT saralasin and atropine reduced p[AVP] of 48-hour water deprived rats about 30% (p less than 0.05). We conclude that redundancy exists for sensing, integrating and releasing vasopressin in dehydrated rats. PMID- 6657003 TI - Release of oxytocin into blood and cerebrospinal fluid by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus or neural lobe in the rat. AB - Oxytocin (OT) was measured in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained from anaesthetized rats. Release of OT was evoked by electrical stimulation (15 s) of the hypothalamus or the neural lobe. Stimulation of the neural lobe increased plasma OT sevenfold without altering CSF levels. Hypothalamic stimulation released OT into both blood and CSF, although the rise in CSF was both delayed and prolonged compared to that in plasma. Stimulation sites which released OT into CSF extended over a large medial area of the hypothalamus. More lateral stimulation sites were much less effective. Our results show that the release of OT into blood and CSF can be dissociated and that CSF levels reflect the activity of those hypothalamic OT-neurones which do not project to the neural lobe. PMID- 6657002 TI - The effect of nomifensine on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in normal and hyperprolactinemic subjects. AB - Thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH) secretion was studied in 28 normal subjects (12 males; 16 females) and in 8 subjects with prolactin (PRL) secreting tumors (1 male; 7 females) after nomifensine (NOM) administration (200 mg orally). NOM is a drug which activates dopaminergic (DA) neurotransmission at the central nervous system level. Blood samples were drawn every hour for 4 h after NOM or placebo administration. On the 4th h thyrotrophin-releasing-hormone (TRH) was administered in bolus (200 micrograms i.v.), to both groups, and additional samples were collected at 10-, 20-, 30-, 60- and 90-min intervals. The results indicate that in normal subjects, but not in prolactinomas, NOM induces a moderate but significant reduction in TDH secretion. Furthermore, the TSH response to TRH was found to be significantly reduced. No variation was discerned, however, in PRL secretion after NOM. The hormone response to TRH remained unaffected. The data confirm that in normal subjects the DA neurotransmission exerts an inhibitory role upon TSH secretion. In subjects affected by prolactinomas, an alteration in central DA availability may be hypothesized. PMID- 6657004 TI - Sex differences in specific proteins in the preoptic medial nucleus of the rat hypothalamus. AB - Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and a highly sensitive silver stain, specific proteins in adult male and female rat brain were examined. Based on previous studies, the preoptic medial nucleus (POM) of the hypothalamus served as the area of interest, with the parietal cortex acting as control. A significant difference between the sexes was found in the concentration of two proteins in the POM, a difference which was not found in the parietal cortex. PMID- 6657005 TI - Beta-adrenergic stimulation of growth hormone release from perifused rat anterior pituitary cells. AB - Perifusion of dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells with pulses of the beta adrenergic agonists isoproterenol and epinephrine resulted in a prompt, but brief, rise in growth hormone release. This effect was blocked by propranolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist, but not phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. These results, in conjunction with other recent reports, suggest that epinephrine may act directly at the anterior pituitary gland as a physiological growth hormone-releasing factor. PMID- 6657006 TI - Effect of the peptide PHI-27 on prolactin release in vitro. AB - The present study demonstrates that PHI, a peptide belonging to the glucagon secretin group and thus structurally similar to VIP, can release prolactin from dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells and also causes release of prolactin from hemipituitaries. PHI-like immunoreactivity has previously been demonstrated in a hypothalamic system with nerve endings in the median eminence, and, taken together, these findings suggest that PHI may represent a physiologic prolactin releasing factor. PMID- 6657007 TI - Hyperextension of neck and trunk and shoulder retraction in infancy--a prognostic study. AB - Hyperextension of the neck and trunk associated with shoulder retraction is often regarded as an early sign of a developing neurological impairment, which may lead to cerebral palsy. Follow-up results over the first 18 months of life in a group of 105 infants presenting this symptomatology showed that the presence of additional neurological symptomatology rather than hyper-extension as an isolated phenomenon determines prognosis. Neonatal neurological abnormality increases the risk for an abnormal development. Although more boys than girls presented hyperextension, no clear sex differences were found with regard to the influence of additional neurological symptomatology. Physiotherapy appeared to be of limited value only. PMID- 6657008 TI - The use of the electroencephalogram in the confirmation of seizures in premature and neonatal infants. AB - This study, involving 236 patients (pts) of 24-48 wks conceptional age, was designed to determine how well the interictal EEG could confirm a seizure (SZ) disorder in prematures and neonates. "Burnt-out" (B) sharp waves were frequently (80%) associated with SZ, as were positive (P) sharp waves (75%). The latter, more often on the temporal than central areas, were found in 1/3 of pts with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and nearly 1/3 with P sharp waves had IVH. Other focal (negative) discharges were found in the majority of the pts and their frequency of occurrence was investigated as the major variable to confirm a SZ disorder. Along with B and P sharp waves, the other focal discharges at the average frequency of 1/min confirmed too few of the SZ pts (36%) and at 0.3/min included too many (34%) of the NON-SZ pts. Using the criterion of 0.5/min, only 18% of the NON-SZ pts were included as false positives, but over half of SZ pts (52%) were then identified and 73% with these discharges did have SZ. Thus, this study has emphasized that correlation and confirmation of a SZ disorder likely depends on quantified, statistical considerations, especially the frequency of occurrence of an interictal discharge. PMID- 6657009 TI - Electroencephalographic study of intraventricular hemorrhage in the preterm newborn. AB - The neonatal EEG was studied in 19 preterm infants with peri- and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) verified by CT scan. The background EEG showed an increasing discontinuity with increasing severity of brain damage. The EEG was of little diagnostic value but provided a good prognostic tool. The degree of brain damage classified by background EEG was significantly correlated with clinical outcome, but the degree of hemorrhage graded by CT scan was of less prognostic value. Positive rolandic sharp waves were seen in only 2 of 19 infants and were of little diagnostic significance. The EEG was also useful to detect subtle seizures including apneic ones in very low-birthweight infants with IVH. PMID- 6657010 TI - Etiologic factors and long-term prognosis of convulsive disorders in the first year of life. AB - Etiological factors and long-term prognosis were studied in 562 cases with convulsive disorders in the first year of life; 114 (20.3%) were prenatal, 114 (20.3%) perinatal, 24 (4.3%) postnatal, and 257 cases (45.7%) were cryptogenic. The remaining 53 (9.4%) patients were doubtful cases. The mortality before six years of age of the pre- and perinatal cases at 17.6% and 15.7%, respectively was significantly higher than in the other etiologic groups. The incidence of a family history of epilepsy or other convulsive disorders was highest in the cryptogenic cases (23.5%), and lowest in the prenatal cases (10.4%) (p less than 0.05). The onset of seizures was very early in the pre- and perinatal groups and they decreased in number after four months of age, whereas cryptogenic cases increased after four months of age. With regard to the seizure types in the first year of life, infantile spasms occurred most frequently as the initial seizures in the prenatal (62.8%) and doubtful (50.9%) group, and generalized motor seizures in the cryptogenic (78.8%) group. The prognosis of seizures and mental and physical development was much better in cryptogenic cases. More than 80% of cases with cryptogenic etiology became seizure-free, mentally and physically normal, whereas in other etiologic groups the rate was much lower. PMID- 6657011 TI - Prolonged Q-T interval syndrome presenting as idiopathic epilepsy. AB - We report the case of a 4 1/2-year-old girl admitted to our Hospital because of repeated tonic convulsions. These attacks were triggered by noxious stimuli as well as by emotional stress. Since patient's history was not typical of idiopathic epilepsy, and several electroencephalograms failed to reveal any abnormality, a cardiac basis for the clinical picture was suspected. Resting electrocardiograms and 48-hour ECG recording showed a prolonged Q-T interval, usually responsible for severe cardiac arrhythmias (e.g., ventricular fibrillation or "torsades de pointe"). In our patient the neurologic paroxysmal symptomatology, wrongly considered as idiopathic epilepsy, should be interpreted being due to the underlying cardiac abnormality. PMID- 6657012 TI - Congenital myopathy without specific features (minimal change myopathy). AB - Three patients including a father and his daughter as well as a sporadic case who had a history of delayed developmental milestones showed symptoms of generalized muscle weakness predominantly in the neck flexors, high-arched palate, slender stature, myopathic face and nasal tone vocalisation. Histological and histochemical examinations on the biopsied muscles demonstrated minimal nonspecific changes; mild variation in fiber size, slight abnormality in fiber type distribution and an increased number of undifferentiated type 2C fibers. The abnormal muscle pathology was assumed to have resulted from delayed muscle fiber growth and differentiation due to a probable defective neural influence upon the developing muscles. PMID- 6657013 TI - Intraventricular haemorrhage in a preterm neonate: discordance between clinical course and ultrasound scan. AB - A 30-week-gestation preterm infant developed bilateral periventricular haemorrhage with massive right sided parenchymal extension and subsequent porencephaly; yet his subsequent development was unexpectedly good, with a developmental quotient in the normal range and only mild motor delay. He showed no asymmetry of motor function until 10 weeks of age, and the signs were still mild at one year of age. PMID- 6657014 TI - Causes of unfavorable outcome after early aneurysm operation. AB - In a consecutive series of 160 patients in Hunt and Hess Neurological Grades I to III who were operated upon for a ruptured supratentorial aneurysm within 3 days after the hemorrhage, 42 patients (26%) had an unfavorable outcome. Delayed ischemic cerebral dysfunction with permanent deficit accounted for the unfavorable outcome in 18 patients (43% of all unfavorable results or 11% of the total series), whereas the unfavorable outcome was due to deficit ascribed to surgical trauma in 11 patients (26% of all unfavorable results or 7% of the total series) and to the initial hemorrhage in 7 patients (17% of all unfavorable results or 4% of the total series). Impaired outflow of cerebrospinal fluid with shunt dependency occurred in 3% of the total series. Of the patients with an unfavorable outcome, 17 (40%) had had arterial hypertension before the hemorrhage. The incidence of unfavorable outcome in good grade patients (Grades I and II) was not influenced by timing of operation (Day 1, 2, or 3 after hemorrhage). The results favor the opinion that it is principally the patient's condition during the acute stage that determines the outcome. (Neurosurgery 13:629-633, 1983). PMID- 6657015 TI - Intraoperative use of real time ultrasonography applied to aneurysm surgery. AB - The intraoperative application of real time ultrasonography during 13 neurosurgical operations for intracranial aneurysms is reported. In 2 cases, the aneurysms themselves could be detected clearly by real time ultrasonic imaging. In the case of a large aneurysm, information about the nature of the aneurysmal wall was obtained. Other lesions coexisting with the aneurysm (namely, intracerebral hematoma, massive subarachnoid hemorrhage, and hydrocephalus) could be recognized clearly. Real time intraoperative ultrasonography is considered to be useful in aneurysm surgery. PMID- 6657016 TI - Microvascular anastomosis for the treatment of seizures in patients with cerebrovascular ischemia: a report of five cases. AB - The authors report five patients who had either generalized or focal seizures in association with occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Two of them developed a motor deficit after having had several seizures. The other three did not develop a fixed neurological deficit, but their seizures had continued in spite of anticonvulsant treatment. After an extracranial to intracranial (EC-IC) bypass, the seizures either stopped or became less frequent. Based on our experience with these patients and our review of the literature, we think that seizures may be the initial or at least an early manifestation of cerebrovascular insufficiency in some patients. An EC-IC bypass may be of help when angiographic evidence of cerebrovascular occlusive disease is found. PMID- 6657017 TI - Evaluation of level of consciousness by the Glasgow coma scale in children with Reye's syndrome. AB - The Glasgow Coma Scale, which was designed to evaluate level of consciousness after head trauma, has been compared to the Lovejoy scale in 21 patients with Reye's syndrome. Like other investigators, we have noted a poorer prognosis in those patients with higher peak NH3 levels and rapid progression of disease. However, we have also noted that the Glasgow coma scale provides a better, earlier indicator of progressive central nervous system disease than the Lovejoy scale and, therefore, helps physicians caring for such patients to institute intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring and vigorous measures for the control of elevated ICP earlier than they might otherwise. PMID- 6657018 TI - Analysis of the effect of kinetic therapy on intracranial pressure in comatose neurosurgical patients. AB - The use of oscillating beds in the management of immobilized patients has been reported to minimize some of the complications associated with immobility. In this study, 10 patients admitted with a clinical presentation of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) underwent monitoring of their ICP while receiving kinetic therapy as provided by the Roto-Rest treatment table. An analysis of the possible effect that the constant change in position might have on the ICP was carried out. ICP readings were obtained with the patient in each of three bed positions (extreme left, extreme right, and supine) every half hour. Results from correlational analyses indicated that changes in bed position did not differentially affect ICP. The results of this study suggest that the presence of raised ICP should not limit the use of kinetic therapy in an attempt to minimize the complications of immobility in comatose neurosurgical patients. PMID- 6657019 TI - Surgical exposure of the high cervical carotid artery: experimental study and review. AB - Difficulty in gaining access to the high cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) has thus far prevented effective operation for intimal repair and treatment of aneurysms at this level. Mobilization of the angle of the mandible by means of mandibular osteotomies considerably improves exposure to the high cervical ICA. This procedure has been performed in rhesus monkeys and in human cadavers. In monkeys, retromandibular external carotid artery-ICA anastomoses were carried out with no problems (neurological, wound healing, or other). This new technique should be considered for the management of some high cervical ICA lesions, particularly those occurring after closed cervical trauma. PMID- 6657020 TI - Intracerebral hemorrhage remote from the site of the initial neurosurgical procedure. AB - Four cases of intracerebral hemorrhage remote from the site of the initial neurosurgical procedure are presented. Two of the four patients had preoperative hypertension. Possible mechanisms are discussed, and labile hypertension and unstable blood pressure during the perisurgical period may be contributory. Clinical awareness of this rare but potential complication is essential to early diagnosis and treatment. Difficulty in awakening from anesthesia and the development of new neurological deficits not attributable to the operative site are the most important keys to early diagnosis. Computed tomography is the diagnostic method of choice. PMID- 6657021 TI - High resolution computed tomographic scanning in the detection of intratemporal neuromas of the facial nerve. AB - Continued refinements in the technique of high resolution computed tomographic scanning now allow the study of the pathology of intratemporal tumors of the facial nerve. The normal anatomy of this area and a selected case of facial nerve neuroma diagnosed with high resolution computed tomography are presented. PMID- 6657022 TI - Electromechanical coupling in rat basilar artery in response to morphine. AB - Force development, intracellular membrane potential (Em), and voltage vs. current curves were measured in rat basilar artery to help elucidate the mechanism of action of morphine sulfate and a synthetic narcotic, meperidine hydrochloride, on this preparation. Morphine sulfate caused a dose-dependent contraction of these vessels, which was reversible with naloxone. Electrical studies show that morphine may act upon this vascular smooth muscle preparation by decreasing potassium conductance (gk). This hypothesis is supported by the findings that morphine sulfate depolarized these cells and increased the input resistance (rin) determined by the application of rectangular hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current pulses through the microelectrode during impalement and recording of the associated voltage changes (delta V). Meperidine hydrochloride had significantly less effect on this preparation than morphine sulfate. Further studies show that the vehicular medium used for the commercially available preparation of naloxone (viz. the methyl and propyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in a ratio of 9:1) is, in vitro, a vasodilator of cerebral vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 6657023 TI - Spinal hemangiomas. AB - Three new cases of spinal cord compression due to vertebral hemangioma are reported. The clinical presentation, with spinal pain, radicular radiation, and paraparesis, is similar to that of primary lymphoma, metastatic tumor, and disc disease. If the characteristic plain film changes of vertical trabeculations and striations are present, the preoperative diagnosis is facilitated, but in the majority of cases these are not seen. In some instances, vertebral body or pedicle erosion is present. A myelographic epidural block will be seen on further study. Spinal arteriography can prove helpful. Surgical decompression results in marked neurological improvement if intervention takes place before the onset of complete paralysis. The authors recommend that the diagnosis of vertebral hemangioma be considered in the differential diagnosis of epidural spinal cord compression whenever considered in the differential diagnosis of epidural spinal cord compression whenever a primary malignant neoplasm cannot be identified. PMID- 6657024 TI - Dermoid cyst communicating with the subarachnoid space and lateral ventricle: demonstration by metrizamide computed tomographic cisternography. AB - The authors report a case of a dermoid cyst in the right anterior cranial fossa, which communicated spontaneously with both the subarachnoid space and the lateral ventricle. The communication was demonstrated by metrizamide computed tomographic cisternography before operation and was verified during operation. PMID- 6657025 TI - Giant basilar artery aneurysm presenting as a third ventricular tumor. AB - Giant aneurysm of the basilar artery presenting as a 3rd ventricular tumor is an unusual phenomenon. We are reporting a case in which a patient with a giant aneurysm of the basilar artery presented with symptoms of headaches and gait disturbance secondary to obstructive hydrocephalus. Although giant aneurysms presenting as mass lesions have been reported, the computed axial tomographic findings in our case were unique. Giant aneurysms of the basilar artery may be considered in the differential diagnosis of 3rd ventricular tumors. PMID- 6657026 TI - Occipital encephalocele--a case of conjoined twinning? AB - A case of an occipital encephalocele is described. Morphological analysis of the surgical specimen suggests that the case represents an instance of incomplete conjoined twinning. PMID- 6657027 TI - Hyperekplexia relieved by surgical decompression of the cervicomedullary region. AB - Hyperekplexia in an 8-year-old boy with myelodysplasia was greatly improved by surgical decompression of the cervicomedullary region. The possible implications for treatment and for understanding the cause of this syndrome are discussed. PMID- 6657028 TI - Dumbbell ganglioneuroma of the lumbar spine associated with a herniated intervertebral disc: case report. AB - Paraspinal ganglioneuromas with extension into the spinal extradural space are rare tumors. Their management usually requires cooperation with surgeons of other specialties. The authors describe a case of a dumbbell ganglioneuroma arising from the lumbar sympathetic ganglia in a patient presenting with a herniated lumbar disc. The clinical features, radiographic analysis, and surgical approach to these tumors are briefly discussed. PMID- 6657029 TI - Perspectives in international neurosurgery: neurosurgery in Jordan. PMID- 6657031 TI - Chordoma. PMID- 6657030 TI - Conversion of an intracranial arterial stenosis to a symptomatic occlusion after EC/IC bypass surgery. PMID- 6657032 TI - Experience with brain biopsy for suspected herpes encephalitis. PMID- 6657033 TI - Postictal prolactin elevations in rats. AB - Electrically induced seizures were followed by temporary elevations in serum prolactin over baseline in rats, while electrical irritation made no change. Naloxone 4 mg/kg i.p. pretreatment preserved this pattern but attenuated all levels including baseline by about 50%. While atropine 0.1 mg/kg s.c. did not change baseline levels, the prolactin levels after electrical irritation without seizure were about the same as those following a genuine seizure; atropine apparently facilitated stress-induced prolactin release. Seizures did not raise post-haloperidol prolactin levels above their high baseline levels. PMID- 6657034 TI - A quantitative EEG analysis of the effects of baclofen on man. AB - This investigation has been directed to estimate to what extent a GABA derivative, beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-gamma-aminobutyric acid (baclofen), is active at the cortical and subcortical level. Selected nonpsychotic patients with slight depression symptoms were given 30 mg of baclofen daily for a period of 3-5 weeks. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Standardized Hamilton Interview for Depression were used for clinical evaluation. EEGs were recorded prior to and at different times during treatment. An automatic analysis completed by multivariant statistics of EEG spectral values was performed. EEG changes were characterized by a significant increase of slow waves and decrease of fast activity. These results can support the view that baclofen is effective even at the highest levels of the central nervous system. PMID- 6657035 TI - Compliance testing by measurement of piracetam in urine--a possible method of compliance control for piracetam intakers. An empirical investigation. AB - All teams of investigators concerned with compliance rate have come to the conclusion that one can seldom rely on patients to take their tablets as prescribed. In case of long-term medication the problem becomes even more acute. A method for checking on compliance is, therefore, of great help in controlling medical therapy as well as in judging the effectiveness of pharmaceuticals. The results of this study imply that diachronic determination of piracetam concentration in patients' urine is an especially simple way of testing compliance without undue strain on the patient. PMID- 6657036 TI - Effect of phenoxybenzamine on the GABA system and on convulsive activity. AB - The effect of phenoxybenzamine on the concentration of GABA and the aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) induced accumulation of GABA in four brain regions was compared with its effect on the occurrence and latency of picrotoxin-induced convulsions. Also the effect of phenoxybenzamine on post-decapitation convulsions was followed. Whereas 0.1 mg/kg of phenoxybenzamine decreased the levels and the AOAA-induced accumulation of GABA in the substantia nigra and cerebellar cortex, 1.0 mg/kg produced an increased GABA accumulation in the substantia nigra. Both doses of the drug decreased the AOAA-induced accumulation of GABA in the cingulate cortex. Administration of phenoxybenzamine decreased the latency and increased or decreased the occurrence of picrotoxin-induced convulsions depending on the intensity of picrotoxin effect. Phenoxybenzamine also prolonged the latency and shortened the duration of post-decapitation convulsions in rats. The results suggest that two different mechanisms mediate the effects of phenoxybenzamine on the latency and occurrence of picrotoxin-induced convulsions. PMID- 6657037 TI - Drugs as research tools in psychology: experiments with drugs in personality research. AB - It is suggested that psychotropic drugs act to shift a person's behaviour on the three major dimensions of personality in one direction or another, in predictable ways, and that it is possible to create a taxonomy of psychotropic drugs according to these effects. The history of this concept is traced and many examples given to illustrate how drug action and personality theory interact, and how this interaction can be used to gain greater insight into both personality and drug action. PMID- 6657038 TI - Influence of sensory suggestibility on treatment outcome in headache patients. AB - In 45 headache patients the relationship between sensory suggestibility and three measures of treatment effect--ratings on (1) intensity of headaches; (2) efficacy of drugs, and (3) physician's competence--was investigated in a double-blind long term crossover study. Subjects scoring high on sensory suggestibility clearly showed more relief of headaches upon the analgesic as well as upon the placebo. The physician's competence was rated higher by high-suggestible patients, whereas ratings on drug efficacy were low in all patients. The seemingly controversial behavior of high-suggestible patients was interpreted as a call for continuation of the physician's efforts in spite of the relief the patients already achieved. PMID- 6657039 TI - Crossover designs and repeated measurements. AB - In crossover or changeover designs, the different treatments are allocated to each experimental unit (e.g. patient in clinical trial) in a randomized order. To analyze the results of such experiments, a mixed analysis of variance model is usually assumed. But such a model implies unrealistic and unnecessary restrictions on the variance-co-variance structure. These restrictions can be avoided by assuming the measurements obtained from a unit (patient) as repeated measurements from a multivariate distributed random vector. The experimental effects are primarily characterized by the mean of this vector. The usually defined treatment, period and interaction (residual) effects are estimable functions of these mean values. In this paper, the general approach is discussed and parametric as well as nonparametric tests for the various hypotheses are presented. This approach is developed in detail for the two-period crossover design and demonstrated with an example. PMID- 6657040 TI - Role of the midbrain in interhemispheric integration. PMID- 6657041 TI - Effect of amygdalectomy on sensomotor cortical evoked potentials in cats. PMID- 6657042 TI - Morphological and functional changes in sensomotor cortical synapses during the summation reflex in rabbits. PMID- 6657043 TI - Effectiveness of Soviet-produced human somatotropin in the treatment of hypothalamo-pituitary dwarfism. PMID- 6657044 TI - Effect of the antiandrogen flutamide (Niftolide) on testicular androgen production in hypophysectomized rats. PMID- 6657045 TI - Effect of heteromodal stimulation on visual evoked responses in rabbits. PMID- 6657046 TI - Effect of inactivation of sensomotor cortical function by cold on unit activity in the head of the caudate nucleus. PMID- 6657047 TI - Avoidance reactions to tape-recorded pain cry in rats. PMID- 6657048 TI - Neurochemical asymmetry of the human cerebral hemispheres. PMID- 6657049 TI - Interhemispheric relations in the cat visual cortex during unilateral polarization and photic stimulation of different intensities. PMID- 6657050 TI - Interhemispheric functional relations during conditioning in man. PMID- 6657051 TI - Electrical stimulation of the claustrum and conditioned-reflex activity. PMID- 6657052 TI - Role of the intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the potentiation of inhibition induced by caudate nucleus stimulation. PMID- 6657053 TI - Effect of injury to the neocortical association areas on visuomotor coordination in cats. PMID- 6657054 TI - Participation of the auditory cortex and emotiogenic subcortical systems in conditioned reflex formation and realization. PMID- 6657056 TI - Dynamics of spatiotemporal organization of cortical potentials during extinction of an electrodefensive conditioned reflex in rabbits. PMID- 6657055 TI - Interaction between spontaneously active cortical neurons during defensive conditioning. PMID- 6657058 TI - Integrative processes in an identified snail neuron with two trigger zones. PMID- 6657057 TI - Paroxysmal changes in electrochemical activity of the cerebral cortex on platinum electrodes. PMID- 6657059 TI - Visual and sensomotor cortical unit activity in the presence of dominant food motivation. PMID- 6657060 TI - Characteristics of receptive fields of posterior temporal cortical neurons in cats. PMID- 6657061 TI - Positive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes to electrical stimulation of the amygdala. PMID- 6657062 TI - Postnatal development of functional influences of cortical association areas on the visual cortex in rabbits. PMID- 6657063 TI - Participation of the caudate-orbital subsystem in transfer of learning experience. PMID- 6657064 TI - Changes in defensive reflexes of Helix lucorum in ontogeny. PMID- 6657065 TI - Neuronal structure of the septal nuclei in the reptilian forebrain. PMID- 6657066 TI - Organization of sensory input of command neurons. PMID- 6657067 TI - General physiology of the brain. Compensatory reorganization of the SI zone of the cat neocortex. PMID- 6657068 TI - Change in spatial synchronization of cerebral cortex in mice after development of defensive conditioned reflex. PMID- 6657069 TI - Conditioned reflexes in white rats during space flight. PMID- 6657070 TI - Effect of electrical stimulation of afferent pathways on neurons in septal slices. PMID- 6657072 TI - Neuronal correlates of the action results acceptor apparatus at the level of the hippocampus in the system of food-related behavior. PMID- 6657071 TI - Responses of neurons of motor cortex during precision instrumental movements in cats. PMID- 6657073 TI - Easy preparation of stainless steel microdissection instruments by an improved electrical etching technique. PMID- 6657074 TI - [A semiautomatic intelligent morphometer for electron microscopy images and online morphometry with the electron microscope]. PMID- 6657075 TI - [Electron microscopic study of inner epidermal cells of the bulb scale of Allium cepa, particularly after the administration of various salts. II. Cell nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyostomes]. PMID- 6657076 TI - Microsurgery of tumours of diencephalic region. AB - A report about the microsurgical treatment of large tumours involving or displacing the diencephalon (craniopharyngiomas 150, pituitary adenomas 450 out of 1100, meningiomas 200, and rare tumours as epidermoids and gliomas of the third ventricle). It is mandatory to save the floor of the third ventricle, the pituitary stalk and even the small vessels. The technical procedure is described in detail depending on the extent of the tumour. Craniopharyngiomas can be within the sella and above it, suprasellar and extraventricular or combined intraventricular and extraventricular. In each case the origin and extent of the tumour decide the approach, which can be unilateral or bilateral frontal, subtemporal, transtentorial, transventricular or any combination of these. In intraventricular tumours the approach by incising the lamina terminalis proved to be the best procedure in 50 cases. Radical removal was possible in 80%, but with a high mortality of 17%. In giant adenomas with involvement of the third ventricle the approach through the lamina terminalis is dangerous. In doing an intracapsular removal of the "intraventricular" portion of the tumour it is of great assistance to use a stomatological reverse mirror. The mortality of giant adenomas could be reduced from 30% to 11%. In meningiomas of the medial third of the sphenoidal wing and tuberculum sellae the microsurgical separation of the floor of the third ventricle and the stalk is the most important problem and has become possible in most cases. Some gliomas of the third ventricle can be separated completely via the lamina terminalis or the foramen of Monro without touching the floor of the third ventricle. PMID- 6657077 TI - Microsurgery of the hypothalamus with special reference to craniopharyngioma. AB - After a short survey of microanatomy, microtopography, neurophysiology and neuropathophysiology of the hypothalamus the surgical approaches to the hypothalamus with special reference to the craniopharyngiomas are described in detail. Based on 100 personal cases (1954-1979) the special procedure, depending on the site and extent of the tumour and its involvement of the hypothalamus, is discussed. Primary radical excision (19 cases) with a mortality rate of 10.5% seems to be the method of choice, as late mortality recurrences and secondary operations are frequent after non-radical procedures. Modern microsurgical technique promises to achieve primary radical excision more frequently and with less risk. PMID- 6657078 TI - Microsurgery of teratoma and germinoma involving the diencephalon and the brain stem. AB - The authors encountered 95 cases of germinoma (two-cell pattern pinealoma) and teratoma involving the third ventricle and the pineal region from 1962 to 1980. Germinoma is radiosensitive. However, removal (extensive or total) of the tumour followed by postoperative irradiation showed better results than simple radiotherapy. In the recent 62 cases, 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 80.2% and 69.3% respectively (in children under 15 years, both were 86.9%). Teratoma is not radiosensitive and requires operation. For operating on a pineal germinoma, either an infratentorial supracerebellar approach or an occipital transtentorial approach is indicated. A teratoma, however, is sometimes too large for these approaches, when exposed, and therefore, the author prefers the transcallosal approach (for huge tumours the frontal transcallosal approach). Technical details will be reported and discussed. PMID- 6657080 TI - Removal of intraponto-mesencephalic spongioblastoma. AB - Excision of a circumscribed spongioblastoma with intrapontine-intramesencephalic extension was performed via the floor of the fourth ventricle in two girls 14 and 5 years of age. The preoperative neurological deficits (severe hemiparesis, cerebellar, and sixth and seventh cranial nerve disturbances) showed slow but continuous improvement to a satisfying neurological condition, if compared with the preoperative state. The indication for this microsurgical procedure is supported by findings, that indicate the tumour to be benign: (1) a long history, (2) a well circumscribed tumour including a cyst, as seen on CT, and (3) a localized protrusion of the floor of the fourth ventricle on ventriculography. PMID- 6657079 TI - Brain stem tumours-diagnosis and surgical treatment. AB - The diagnosis of brain stem tumours is mainly based on clinical findings and CT examinations: The CT examination including intravenous or intrathecal administration of contrast media together with electronic image-reconstruction greatly influences the indications for direct operation. According to our interpretation, direct surgical treatment is apparently successful under the following circumstances: - in tumours with external growth, which allows a decompression of the tumour without harming the surrounding structures in the brain stem. - in tumours with a marked cystic component, especially if the compressive effect is causing the features and progress of the symptoms. PMID- 6657081 TI - Spontaneous brain stem haematoma. AB - Thirty-four cases of brain stem haematoma encountered in the past eight years were surveyed. Among these, three cases had haematomas caused by cryptic vascular malformations. These cases underwent direct operation (removal of haematoma) and are well and working. The haematomas of the other 31 cases were probably of hypertensive origin. Among them, eight cases with haematomas less than one cm in the largest diameter as shown in the CT (Group A), survived more than one month and six of them are still living, four of them working. In cases with a haematoma more than one cm in the largest diameter on the CT (Groups B and C), 13 cases died and four cases are living. Indications for operation are doubtful even for cases of Group A, except for cases with acute hydrocephalus or cases with suspected cryptic angiomas. PMID- 6657082 TI - [Drug combinations with a propanidid base in minor obstetric and gynecologic surgery]. PMID- 6657083 TI - [Anesthesia for laryngeal suspension microsurgery with the laser: jet ventilation]. PMID- 6657084 TI - [Exclusive use of pancuronium bromide as the only muscle relaxant in general anesthesia with intratracheal intubation]. PMID- 6657085 TI - [Peridural anesthesia with opiates. Clinical and neuropharmacologic criteria for the choice of combination]. PMID- 6657086 TI - [Anesthesia and resuscitation problems in cephaloduodenopancreatectomy. Observations on 30 cases]. PMID- 6657087 TI - [Althesin and fentanest in pediatric anesthesia. An alternative to inhalation narcosis]. PMID- 6657088 TI - [A case of creolin poisoning]. PMID- 6657089 TI - [Cardiac arrest induced by intravenous administration of clindamycin phosphate. Description of a clinical case]. PMID- 6657090 TI - [Secondary circulatory disorders following rectosigmoid resection]. AB - The radicular ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery close to the aorta, usual in surgery for rectosigmoid carcinoma, generally has no clinical consequences if the vascular anatomy is normal. However, owing to advanced age of the carcinoma patient, there may be coexistent stenosing arterio-sclerotic vessel wall lesions which are sometimes compensated through a collateral circulation originating from the inferior mesenteric artery. In that case, routine ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery may lead to a regression of the perfusion of the visceral organs or of the lower extremity, with the corresponding clinical consequences. The possibilities of preoperative determination of the contingent risks of the mesenteric artery ligation and their prevention and treatment are described. PMID- 6657091 TI - Effective reconstruction after pharyngolaryngo-oesophagectomy with an ileal autograft. AB - Total pharyngolaryngo-oesophagectomy is performed for carcinoma of the cervical oesophagus, the piriform sinuses and the postcricoid region. A safe effective way of reconstructing the cervical oesophagus is of the utmost importance in these patients. Use of a revascularized intestinal segment for this purpose is described. Twenty-one patients who underwent reconstruction of the cervical oesophagus with an ileal autograft were studied, with a follow-up period of one to .58 months. The low postoperative mortality and morbidity, quick resumption of oral intake, short hospitalization and good functional results obtained with this method yield benefits for these patients. PMID- 6657092 TI - Use of large-bore catheters in the internal jugular vein as an access route for emergency hemodialysis. AB - Our experience with catheterization, mainly of the internal jugular vein, using a large-bore catheter (Shaldon catheter) with 279 patients and a total of 359 catheter placements, is reported. The subclavian vein was used for vascular access in 57 additional patients (80 catheters) and the femoral vein in four patients (six catheters). Percutaneous puncture of the jugular, subclavian and femoral veins in a total of 340 patients (445 catheters) was necessary for emergency hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemoperfusion, plasmapheresis or, in the case of patients on regular hemodialysis, for temporary vascular access while awaiting the availability of another access site. Complications were less frequent with the internal jugular point of entry than with others, based on our experience and the literature published. Cannulation of the superior vena cava through the internal jugular vein therefore appears to be a most appropriate route for rapid vascular access when emergency extracorporeal blood treatment is required. PMID- 6657094 TI - Liposarcoma of the pleura. PMID- 6657093 TI - Surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis by distal pancreatectomy. AB - No consensus exists on the best surgical treatment for chronic pancreatitis. In a retrospective study on 29 patients it was found that pain caused by chronic pancreatitis can be treated effectively by a 95% DP or a 40-80% DP. However, after a 40-80% DP the incidence of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is less frequent than after a 95% DP. Therefore, distal pancreatectomy can be advised as a treatment of pain, caused by chronic pancreatitis. In order to minimize the chance of pancreatic insufficiency resection should be done as conservatively as possible. PMID- 6657095 TI - [In vitro inhibition of DNA replication by local anesthetics. Effects on human MCF7 neoplastic cells]. AB - The action of two local anesthetics (Lidocaine and Bupivacaine) on cells of mammary carcinoma MCF7 was investigated. 3H-TdR incorporation decreases in relation to the dose, and viability by Trypan blue does not significantly change but at high doses of anesthetic. Intercell adhesion decreases only at high concentration. When Lidocaine is removed after the fourth hour and Bupivacaine after the second hour the antimitotic action is irreversible. The inhibiting action of drugs is related to the cell number and unrelated to the time of adding the drug. There was no change of Lidocaine and Bupivacaine action on neoplastic cells at different concentration of Na+, K+ and Ca++ in the medium. Neoplastic cells are partially independent from Ca++ and we think the antimitotic effect of local anesthetics we observed can be due to: antagonist action to calmodulin; inhibition of aminoacylation of tRNA; inhibition of cholesterol synthesis; modification of membrane permeability which is however significant only for high concentration of the drug. PMID- 6657097 TI - [ Thrombogenic risk in phlebography. Personal studies ]. AB - Personally observed signs of venous thrombosis arising in 19 patients given ascending phlebography are described with reference to certain clinical signs and a surgical investigation. PMID- 6657096 TI - [Clinical studies on peripheral arteriosclerotic lesions in the Piedmont region]. AB - The assistance of the Piedmont Region calculation centre was obtained in the evaluation and detailed examination of data on all patients admitted to hospitals in the Region for peripheral atherosclerotic arteriopathy during a three-year period. Age, sex, site of lesion, occupation, geographical distribution, and type of treatment employed were all analysed statistically. A difference between age categories in relation to sex was noted for incidence and site of lesions, while occupation was not correlated to the clinical progress of the disease. Regional incidence (for all Piedmont local health units) was both above and below the general average in some areas. It also appeared that the greatest incidence lay along the Alps. PMID- 6657098 TI - [ Pathology of the colon associated with diverticulosis of the descending colon and the sigmoid. Instrumental clinical study ]. AB - A retrospective survey was carried out on 87 patients with diverticulosis and 223 control subjects with a view to studying the incidence of colon pathology in association with diverticulosis of the colon. All subjects were given colonoscopies of the distal section of the colon. The survey revealed that the group of diverticulosis patients was, on average, older than the control group (72 v. 59 years). There was no significant difference in the performance or totality of the endoscopic examination. Subjective and objective symptomatology revealed no a priori evidence of pathology associated with diverticulosis. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of polyps, neoplasias, haemorrhoids or colon melanosis in the two groups. PMID- 6657100 TI - [Splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis in myelofibrosis. Pathogenetic considerations apropos of a personally studied case]. AB - A case of myelofibrosis developing in a peripheral leukaemia-type situation after splenectomy is presented. An examination of the hypotheses on the pathogenesis of myeloid metaplasia during myelofibrosis lead to the proposition that it may be caused by the "seeding" of medullary precursors in the spleen. PMID- 6657099 TI - [Tuberculosis of the breast. Presentation of 3 clinical cases]. AB - Tuberculosis of the breast is quite rare. Three cases, histologically proved, are reported; one of them was associated with a carcinoma. Clinical and radiological tools can hardly differentiate tubercular from tumoral nodules. PMID- 6657101 TI - [The association between liver cirrhosis and bacterial endocarditis. Description of a typical case]. AB - A typical case of an association of cirrhosis of the liver and bacterial endocarditis involving only the aortic valve is described. The essential role of echocardiography in diagnosis and the ability of the technique to supply useful information for correct therapy is emphasised. Finally, evidence that, in spite of all negative blood cultures, Escherichia Coli via the urinary ways may be considered the aetiological agent is presented. PMID- 6657102 TI - [Hypocholesterolemia in multiple myeloma. Inverse relation to the component M and the clinical stage]. AB - The following parameters were studied in 41 Durie & Salmon staged patients with multiple myeloma: M component, bone lesions, marrow plasma cell %, Hb, leukocytes/mm3, lymphocytes/mm3, platelets/mm3, blood calcium, serum albumin, blood creatinine, BUN, total blood cholesterol. Linear correlation was adopted for the relation between two variables, using Pearson's coefficient, and Student's t test for unpaired data for comparison between the means. A significant (slight to excellent) inverse correlation was noted between total blood cholesterol and the M component. There was also a significant difference between the 1st and 2nd stage of the disease in this respect (P less than 0.05), between the 1st and 3rd (P less than 0.01), and between the 1st and the 2nd and 3rd combined (P less than 0.01). Progress of the disease appears to result in a fall in blood cholesterol. This parameter may be of assistance in differentiating slow-progressing forms from the more aggressive forms requiring treatment. The reasons for this change are discussed. Since cholesterol is an essential part of the cell membranes, attention is given to theories postulating a disorder in intracellular membrane metabolism. PMID- 6657103 TI - [Intravenous glucose tolerance test in severely obese patients. I. Preliminary verification of the method]. AB - IVGTT was performed in 16 extra-obese patients in order to evaluate the validity of the test in the functional biochemical study of massive obesity. Various glucose doses were used in order to identify the amount providing a constant glycaemic trend and therefore a reliable KG. PMID- 6657104 TI - [Current clinical use of radioisotopes in the study of platelet kinetics]. AB - Radioisotopic study of platelet kinetics can provide a preliminary orientation in the diagnosis of thrombocytopenia. A study of the platelet kinetics in thrombocytopenic and normal subjects using the Cr51 isologous platelet labelling technique and subsequent in vivo injection of the labelled platelets was conducted. The results obtained confirm the reliability and usefulness of the technique. The identification of the limitations involved and the recognition of their significance in processing data allows the hematologist and the general practitioner to allow the right amount of room for the study of platelet kinetics in the diagnosis of thrombocytopenia. PMID- 6657105 TI - [Importance of prolactinemia and IgA-transferrin ratio in chronic alcoholism and alcoholic hepatopathies]. AB - Levels of prolactinaemia, IgA and transferrin and the ratio between the two latter were measured in 20 male chronic alcoholics and a second group of controls in order to verify the diagnostic importance of such measurements. In partial conflict with reports in the literature, it is concluded that prolactinaemia measurement is not particularly important. The evaluation of the IgA-transferrin ratio, on the other hand, is judged to be useful for the diagnosis of alcohol induced hepatopathologies. PMID- 6657106 TI - [Hypotensive effect of sotalol under basic conditions and during exercise. Clinical cases]. AB - An assessment was made of the efficacy of Sotalol, a beta1 selective beta blocker, in the management of essential arterial hypertension. A single 160 mg dose per diem was administered per os to 34 patients over a period of 14 weeks. Arterial pressure and heart rate were checked periodically. In addition, SAP, DAP and heart rate were evaluated before and during the third week of treatment in 8 subjects under maximum ergometric test conditions. Excellent tolerance was observed. Under basal conditions, all subjects displayed good reduction of SAP and DAP. This was highly significant. During exercise, it was less evident, and the results were only significant for low work loads. It is nevertheless felt that the simple dose protocol of the drug, its good tolerance and its effectiveness under basal conditions suggest that more extensive ergometric studies should be conducted. PMID- 6657107 TI - [Endocrinology and acupuncture]. AB - The endocrine action of several applications of acupuncture is discussed. These hormonal actions are well known to present-day medicine. A research on the action of 6 RP on the estrogen hormones was carried out. Doses were given of plasmatic 17-beta-estradiol before and after the application of 6 RP. A Radioimmunologic Assay (RIA) was performed and the research conducted using a double blind method. The results lead to believe that the application of 6 RP causes the rise of the plasmatic rate of 17-beta-estradiol. PMID- 6657108 TI - [Acupuncture and adrenergic mechanisms of the autonomous nervous system]. AB - A review of current knowledge about the involvement of peripheral adrenergic mechanisms in the action of acupuncture is presented. Apart from its undeniable effects on these mechanisms, acupuncture seems to operate in two different ways: indirect stimulation due to an aspecific response to the stress of the acupuncture and direct stimulation or depression, mainly of noradrenaline increase according to the placing of the needles and the condition being treated. During electroacupuncture anesthesia the inhibition of peripheral adrenergic mechanisms is proportional to the effectiveness of the induction. PMID- 6657109 TI - [Acupuncture, auriculotherapy and craniopuncture in the treatment of functional amblyopia in children]. AB - After a survey of the most recent neurophysiological acquisitions in the study of functional amblyopia, a group of 18 subjects in evolutive age treated by acupuncture, auriculotherapy and craniopuncture is presented. The results, encouraging but not conclusive, are discussed. PMID- 6657110 TI - [Duodenal ulcer. Gastroscopic aspects before and after acupuncture treatment]. AB - 4 cases of duodenal ulcer, diagnosed by gastroscopic examinations three of which were already treated medically with insufficient results, are presented. Acupuncture was carried out several times (about 5 to 7) during 1-2 months and gave rise to a complete disappearance of the clinical symptoms and complete healing of the former lesion was diagnosed through gastroscopy PMID- 6657111 TI - [The Tae Yang (V) and Tou Mo (VG) meridians as vestiges of embryonic structures. Acupuncture as embryo reflex therapy: a new theory]. AB - A new theory for the understanding of the therapeutic results of two channels of Chinese Acupuncture: Urinary Bladder (U.B.) and Tou Mo. It is possible to underline that these two channels represent in the adult the trace of anatomical structures present in the human embryo. The series of medial posterior branches at their skin output are the Yu points where the myotomic slides split in their epiaxial and hypoaxial parts (statural and kinetic muscles). Tou Mo channel is the adult trace of the embryonic primitive line. PMID- 6657112 TI - [Acute intermittent porphyria]. AB - Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a congenital disease which as its name suggests, runs intermittently. Biochemically it is characterised by over production of hepatic ALA synthetase (ALA-s), inducible mitochondrial enzyme and an increase in prophyrinic precursors (PBG, ac S-ALA). Clinically it is characterised by an abdominal nervous symptomatology. The primary metabolic error has been identified as a deficiency in enzyme activity which partially blocks haem biosynthesis. During the appearance of clinical manifestations, certain factors are present which have the capacity of inducing hepatic ALA-s production in vitro. Apart from some preventive measures treatment is mainly of symptomatology and complications. More recently the use of ALA-s inhibitors has been introduced. PMID- 6657113 TI - [Esophago-gastro-duodenal endoscopic findings in patients with urticaria]. AB - In a study carried out on 54 patients affected with urticaria the Authors try to demonstrate, by esophagogastroduodenoscopy, concomitant lesions of the gastroduodenal tract. The superior panendoscopic examination has shown gastroduodenal lesions in about 39% of cases. PMID- 6657114 TI - [Jaundice as a symptom of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia]. AB - The onset of jaundice as an atypical, early clinical symptom of traumatic hernia of the right diaphragm is described. Jaundice has never been reported in the literature as a symptom of herniated diaphragm. In this case, it was caused by a twisted main bile duct after herniation of the right lobe of the liver through a wide thoraco-diaphragmatic opening. The need for a careful investigation of all thoracoabdominal traumas to identify any concommitant diaphragmatic pathology is emphasised. This is especially true of injuries to the right diaphragm which are often easily identified by simple examination techniques. PMID- 6657115 TI - [Studies on iodine exchange in thermal therapy with salsobromoiodic water]. AB - We have attempted a quantitative evaluation of the iodine taken in with the thermal waters from Salsomaggiore during therapeutic bathing, inhalation (dry and damp spray), or ingestion. For this purpose to 127I we have applied the metabolic parameters obtained through a 131I inhalation test and a 125I ingestion test. Of the iodine inhaled by aerosol 45% becomes exhaled; by 24 hours 2% is in the serum and in the extra-thyroid area of iodine distribution, 16% in the thyroid, 16% in the urine. By adding the amount of iodine exhaled to that found in the metabolic cycle of iodine, we find that about 21% of the inhaled iodine is still missing. This amount is trapped in the respiratory tract from where it disappears only very gradually. At the end of the 24 hours, therefore, in the metabolic cycle of the iodine we find 34% of that inhaled, whereas we find 87% of that ingested. The level of iodine in the serum reached in thermal therapeutic inhalation, never stays at a level which might alter the functioning of a normal thyroid. The amount of inhaled iodine which is excreted with the urine is usually eliminated during the first excretions. Experimental studies suggest that the iodine taken in during bathing in the thermal-pools mainly comes from iodine released from the water through the addition of hypochlorites, and is then inhaled through breathing the air just above the water. PMID- 6657116 TI - [Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Vergani's disease]. AB - Deficiencies of lipoproteins occur as genetic disorders or may be presenting features of underlying disease. Familial high density lipoprotein (HDL), or alpha lipoprotein, deficiency so far described includes Tangier disease, Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency, A-I Variants syndrome and Fish-eye disease. In 1981 Vergani described a familial aggregation of low HDL-cholesterol (less than 33 mg/dl) and Apo A (about 50% of normal levels) in the presence of normal VLDL and LDL-cholesterol. LCAT and lipoprotein lipase activities, both extrahepatic and hepatic, were normal. By zonal ultracentrifugation HDL2 subclass was found to be reduced. HDL apoproteins, examined by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel, were qualitatively normal. No disorders to which low levels of HDL might be secondary (e.g., overweight, cigarette smoking, nephropathy, liver disease) are present in the affected members. The underlying biochemical defect is unknown but probably involves altered synthesis or catabolism of HDL. Familial hypo-alpha-lipoproteinemia is accompanied by a high prevalence of premature myocardial infarction and sudden death. The genetic analysis of the disorder is consistent with autosomal inheritance. The criteria for the definition of familial hypo-alpha-lipoproteinemia are, therefore, as follows: 1) low HDL-cholesterol level in the presence of normal VLDL and LDL-cholesterol levels; 2) absence of diseases or factors to which hypo-alpha-lipoproteinemia might be secondary; 3) presence of a similar lipoprotein pattern in a first degree relative. PMID- 6657117 TI - [Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen in urine and in gastric secretions]. AB - The diagnostic significance of the identification of carcinoembryonic antigens in the serum, urine and gastric secretions of patients with malignant neoplasms is considered. In the subjects tested, CEA levels in the serum and gastric secretion were certainly diagnostically indicative. Increases in urinary CEA levels were however minimal, even lower than those encountered during urinary inflammations. PMID- 6657118 TI - [The APO A/APO B ratio in the screening of patients at cardiovascular risk]. AB - A brief introduction on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is followed by a review of the various tests used in screening subjects at cardiovascular risk including the new test to determine Apo A/Apo B measurement. The reliability of the various biohumoral indices in several sample groups is analysed and compared. It is concluded that variations in the Apo A/Apo B ratio are the most reliable indicator of patients at risk of heart disease. PMID- 6657119 TI - [Experimental intrauterine surgery. Morphological study of lung development in the sheep fetus with congenital diaphragmatic hernia]. AB - Experimental comparison of the lungs of 7 sheep foetuses with surgically induced CDH and 7 controls permitted an assessment to be made of the changes that take place in lung growth, generally described as hypoplasia, through a study of their morphology and histology, and the lung: lamb weight ratio. Changes increased in gravity in function of the duration of hernia. They included: reduced alveolar expansion, fewer generations of bronchi and alveoli, and septal thickening. An increase in the smooth muscle component of 5th-6th generation arteries (i.e. resistance) may offer an explanation of the hypertension characteristic of CDH, and the non-reactivity of these vessels in response to vasodilators. It is also suggested that damage to the mesenchyma can be regarded as the sole cause of the changes in lung growth observed in CDH. Early treatment before these changes become irreversible is thus advisable. PMID- 6657120 TI - [Mortality from malignant tumors in residents of the city of Verona in 1980]. AB - Malignant tumours mortality among residents of the city of Verona (267,703 at 31 12-1980) during the year 1980 is assessed from the ISTAT individual death cards and/or municipal death certificates (especially in the case of deaths outside the municipality). The figures are broken down by site, apparatus or system (in accordance with the VIII-ICD), sex, age at death, and compared with the Italian mortality figures for 1976 (indirectly standardised) and those for the province of Verona for 1976-77 (directly standardised). Tumour mortality per site was generally higher than the Italian level. This is line with the differences noted between geographical areas and the similarity of the rates in more industrialised areas. A salient finding was that lung tumour mortality exceeded that for the province of Varese, which is among the highest in Italy entered on the Register of Tumours. Genital and breast tumours were responsible for the highest number of deaths in women, while stomach cancer was the second cause of death in both sexes. The study will be completed with an analysis of tumour deaths during 1980 and 1981 in the province of Verona as a whole. PMID- 6657121 TI - [Cooking meat in microwave ovens does not cause formation of mutagenic substances]. AB - During the cooking process of meat, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic substances can be formed that can induce tumours of the gastro-intestinal tract or of other organs in the rat. The formation of these substances is proportionate to the cooking time, the cooking surface and the quantity of fats contained in meat. A comparison is made between beef cooked on a grid where the temperature reaches 200 degrees C, and cooked in a microwave oven (Cuocorapido Candy 500 CL, frequency 2450 Mhz) where the temperature does not exceed 100 degrees C. Mutagenic substances were extracted by the Commoner technique and mutagenic activity was assayed with the Ames test. RESULTS: no mutagenic activity was demonstrated in the extracts of meat cooked in microwave ovens, while mutagenic activity was clearly demonstrated in the extracts of meat cooked on a grid. PMID- 6657122 TI - [Critical remarks on medullary cancer of the thyroid]. AB - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) is a rather uncommon neoplasia that must be correctly identified to allow a proper therapy. The Authors on the basis of their own series consisting of 223 surgically treated tumors of the thyroid, report 4 cases of MCT. In none of these cases the diagnosis was made before surgery. It is therefore stressed, to achieve an early diagnosis, the usefulness of the careful appraisal of the clinical data and of the complete biochemical and histo-pathological evaluation of each suspicious case. Such a policy allows to exclude all possibility of doubt. PMID- 6657123 TI - [Supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardias. Electrophysiological studies]. AB - Two cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia are presented. The electrophysiological study has established that in the first patient arrhythmia was induced by an ectopic focus unprotected by entrance block localized in the lower part of the atrium, while in the second patients paroxysms implied the presence of a mechanism of re-entry due to the existence of a Kent bundle. The identification of the electrophysiological characteristics is therefore essential to the proper administration of anti-arrhythmia drugs. PMID- 6657124 TI - [Idiopathic adult pulmonary hemosiderosis: a new etiopathogenetic hypothesis]. AB - IPH is an uncommon disease affecting mainly children and adults and has usually a poor prognosis. The basic pathogenesis of the disorder is unknown; many theories have been advanced, but none is proved. A case of IPH in a 35 years old male presenting the atypical feature of a myeloperoxidase deficiency is reported. This unusual feature may be compatible with a generalized redox systems deficiency, which leads, via an impaired flow of iron into alveolar macrophages, to the pulmonary fibrosis. PMID- 6657125 TI - [Dyspepsia among the principal diseases of the upper tract of the digestive apparatus. Analysis of the symptom in 700 cases subjected to gastroduodenoscopy]. AB - 700 cases subjected to endoscopic examination were investigated to find the relationship between dyspepsia and personal characteristics, lifestyle, family and pathological history and formulated diagnosis. Dyspepsia is taken to represent: epigastric heaviness following meals, prolonged and difficult digestion accompanied by the sensation of slow gastric emptying and fullness. Dyspepsia occurs with equal frequency in both series and is more common during the first decades of life. Dyspepsia is not affected by whether or not the patient lives in the town or the country, smokes, drinks significant amounts of alcohol or coffee. Neither a family history of gastroduodenal or intestinal complaints or gall bladder stones or chronic liver diseases have many bearing on dyspepsia. An attempt to connect endoscopic diagnosis with dyspepsia had no positive result. Dyspepsia was observed with the same frequency in subjects free from upper digestive tract diseases, subjects with organic disease and subjects with functional diseases. PMID- 6657126 TI - [Plasmapheresis and survival of patients with myeloma and secondary renal insufficiency]. AB - The mortality rate due to renal insufficiency in patients with myelomas was studied and the results obtained compared with figures on patients given plasmapheresis to correct the insufficiency. The results of the comparison confirm the value of the immediate use of plasmapheresis on patients with myelomas. In a large percentage of cases, the technique either completely cured or significantly improved renal dysfunction, thus normalizing the blood and urine situation and improving the patients' chances of survival. PMID- 6657127 TI - [Exploration of the tubero-hypophyseal dopaminergic system in patients with chronic parkinsonism during chronic treatment with L-DOPA]. AB - The changes in prolactin release induced by acute doses of L-Dopa + benserazide (250 mg) were analysed in Parkinson disease patients undergoing various drug treatments. The results obtained indicate a highly significant increase in prolactinaemia after 60 minutes in a patient undergoing chronic L-Dopa + benserazide therapy, compared to both healthy subjects and patients receiving other drugs. A patient receiving L-Dopa with no inhibitor also showed significantly high prolactinaemia levels after 180 mins. This confirms the hypothesis that elderly Parkinson patients suffer from chronic denervation of the hypothalamic receptors even when no Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor is present. PMID- 6657128 TI - [Comparison between one and two dimensional echocardiography in the study of segmentary kinetics of the left ventricle in post-infarct ischemic myocardiopathy]. AB - Sixty two-dimensional M-mode echocardiograms of myocardial infarction patients, performed 3--6 months after acute attack, were compared with those of 30 normal subjects. In one-dimensional echocardiograms, the dimensions of the left ventricle and some segmentary signs of contractility such as diastolic thickness, excursion and systolic thickening of the septum and the posterior wall of the left ventricle were examined, in two-dimensional echocardiograms the contractility of single areas was compared to those adjacent. In heart attack patients parameters studied were changed in a statistically significant way (p less than 0,001); the degree of correlation between the site of hypo-akinesis and the ECG necrosis site was quite high; compensatory hyperkinesia was frequently found in the area diametrically opposite to dyskinetic areas. The two-dimensional examination was also very sensitive especially in the diagnosis of aneurysm, which is sometimes not noted in M-mode. PMID- 6657129 TI - [Doppler echocardiography in the genesis of precordial murmurs in patients with morphological changes of the thorax of the pectus excavatum type]. AB - A complete Doppler effect echocardiographical study was performed on 15 patients with pectus excavatum type deformations of the chest (first, second, and third degree of hollowing). Fourth-degree patients were excluded, since they proved unable to cooperate fully when lying down. An ATL Mark I 500 B Eco Doppler was used in M mode. A typical tricuspid pattern was observed. This was clearly superimposed on the aortic wall, with its D point closely conjoined to the anterior part of the vessel. This finding was obtained by bringing the sound to the 5th intercostal space, in a vertical instead of a medio-lateral orientation. The Doppler effect was normal at the low atrium, mitral, left ventricular efflux chamber almost at the level of the aortic valve, giving rise to a mixed spectral curve, with an aortic shape in the systole and a tricuspid shape in the diastole. A sample volume at the lung level resulted in a spectral curve turning negatively. There was distinct turbulence at its nadir, even though the examination was performed in complete expiratory apnoea. This lung flow turbulence indicated that the acoustic observation of a systolic murmur in some patients was attributable to partial compression exerted by the sunken sternum on the pulmonary artery or its left branch. PMID- 6657130 TI - [Supraventricular tachycardia in children]. AB - Supraventricular tachycardia is one of the most frequent arrhythmias in childhood. It may accompany congenital heart disease. W.P. W. syndrome, or a normal state of health. A re-entry circuit is the most commonly observed electrophysiological mechanism. Persistence is followed by decompensation. Drug management is based on digitalis, ATP, amiodarone, and verapamil. Atrial and ventricular pacing and surgery are alternatives when other means fail. Persistent tachycardia (i.e. its presence over long periods) is much less frequent that the paroxysmal form, and its aetiology is generally unknown. Even here, the clinical picture is substantially related to decompensation. Digitalis + amiodarone is the best treatment, though the arrhythmia may resolve spontaneously. PMID- 6657131 TI - [Sick sinus syndrome probably caused by cardiac metastases]. AB - A case of Sick Sinus Syndrome probably secondary to cardiac metastasis in a patient affected by metastatic breast cancer is described. The diagnostic and etiopathogenetic aspects in the case under examination are also discussed. PMID- 6657132 TI - [Evaluation of 10 patients with stable stress angina using an ergometric test and Holter's dynamic ECG monitoring]. AB - 10 male patients with stable angina of effort were studied via bicycle ergometer test and Holter's dynamic ECG. Effort produced asymptomatic ischaemia which were well tolerated and statistically much shorter and less intense than symptomatic attacks in the same patients. The primary qualification for admission to the survey was the presence of stable angina of effort verified by two ergometric tests revealing a stable ischaemic threshold. No predictive figure for asymptomatic ischaemic attacks was found in subjects with a latency period between the appearance of the ischaemia signal and onset of increased angor. It is therefore concluded that Holter ECG test must be added to ergometry for a correct evaluation of subjects with stable angina of effort. PMID- 6657133 TI - [Work capacity evaluation in patients with valvular prostheses]. AB - The possibility of evaluating the capacity for work of subjects wearing heart valve prostheses is analysed. The many factors affecting the return to normal life after operations for valvulopathies are not considered. In strictly medical terms cardiac terms cardiac function can be adequately evaluated by anamnestic and clinical surveys, supplemented by standard non-surgical instrumental examination with particular emphasis on echography, computerised radioisotope angiocardiography and physical exertion tests. PMID- 6657135 TI - [Clinico-statistical aspects of 847 vaginal hysterectomies (1974-1981)]. PMID- 6657134 TI - [Feto-placental function and abdominal decompression in defective fetal growth]. PMID- 6657136 TI - [Spontaneous and induced labor. A statistical analysis of 859 cases]. PMID- 6657137 TI - [Relationships between the vaginal region and the exocervix in local inflammatory processes. Effect of chemoantibiotic treatment]. PMID- 6657138 TI - [Experience in fetal medicine in a zonal hospital and the surrounding region. Monitoring, risks in pregnancy and perinatal mortality]. PMID- 6657139 TI - [Importance of echographic examination in the diagnosis of hematocolpos]. PMID- 6657140 TI - [Elective induction of labor with prostaglandin E2 in intravenous infusion in 50 selected cases]. PMID- 6657141 TI - The neurological mutation staggerer is expressed in embryonic cerebellar transplants matured in the anterior eye chamber of normal mice. AB - Transplantation of embryonic day 11 cerebellar anlage to the anterior eye chamber of wildtype recipient mice was used to investigate the intrinsic character of the cerebellar mutation staggerer. One phenotypic expression of the staggerer gene in vivo is a postnatal degeneration of cerebellar granule cells. After 43 days of in oculo development cerebellar buds from homozygous staggerer embryos similarly develop into nervous tissues lacking granule cells. On the other hand, transplants of wildtype cerebellar anlagen contain a large population of granule cells. Both the staggerer and wildtype cerebellar transplants had a survival of large neurons, characteristic of Purkinje, Golgi and deep nuclei cells. PMID- 6657142 TI - The effect of unilateral cortical lesions on the circadian changes in rat striatal ascorbate and homovanillic acid levels measured in vivo using voltammetry. AB - Linear sweep voltammograms were recorded in the striata of rats with a unilateral cortical lesion. The height of the ascorbate peak was 55% smaller on the lesioned side compared with the intact side, the homovanillic acid peak showed no significant change. The nocturnal increase in the release of striatal ascorbate was reduced by 80% on the lesioned side whilst the circadian variation in homovanillic acid was unaffected. These results support the hypothesis that there is a link between glutamate release and extracellular ascorbate concentrations in the brain. PMID- 6657143 TI - Retrograde transport of D-[3H]aspartate in thalamocortical neurones. AB - D-[3H]aspartate (D-Asp) injected into the sensorimotor cortex of the rat resulted in retrograde labelling of thalamic neurones, mainly in the intralaminar and ventromedial nuclei, and the posterior complex. Few cells in the ventrolateral nucleus and ventrobasal complex were labelled. The results show that certain thalamocortical neurones can take up and axonally transport the false transmitter D-Asp, indicating that they might use glutamate or aspartate as transmitter(s). PMID- 6657144 TI - Acousticolateral and visual processing and their interaction in the torus semicircularis of the trout, Salmo gairdneri. AB - In the torus semicircularis of the trout, visual, auditory, visual-auditory, acousticolateral broadband, lateral line, visual-acousticolateral broadband and visual-lateral line units have been found, listed in decreasing frequency of occurrence. In contrast to the acousticolateral characteristics, the visual characteristics of toral units are poor; only sudden changes in the visual field seem to be of importance. When bimodal units are stimulated simultaneously with light and sound the responses of most units behave in a basically additive fashion. The activity of some units which responded to only one of the modalities could be modulated by the other modality. PMID- 6657145 TI - Arousal episodes during sleep in the neonatal rat. AB - Hippocampal EEG and neck EMG activity were recorded in restrained as well as in unrestrained rat pups following treatment with drugs which selectively suppress wakefulness and active sleep, respectively. Chloral hydrate did not affect active sleep but eliminated the bursts of coordinated total-body movements which were seen during sleep, especially under conditions of restraint. Chlorimipramine, in contrast, suppressed active sleep while sparing the coordinated total-body motility. It is concluded that these latter movements represent an episodic arousal phenomenon, against a background of quiet sleep, which becomes intensified under certain postural conditions. PMID- 6657146 TI - The effect of sleep deprivation on sleep in rats with suprachiasmatic lesions. AB - The effect of 24-h sleep deprivation on sleep was investigated in rats whose circadian rest-activity rhythms were extensively disrupted by bilateral lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Sleep deprivation caused an increase in total sleep, REM sleep and the slow wave sleep fraction of non-REM sleep. It is concluded that the homeostatic component of sleep regulation is morphologically and functionally distinct from the circadian component. PMID- 6657147 TI - Role for lateral tegmental noradrenergic neurons in the vasopressin response to hypertonic saline. AB - Lesions to the dorsal and ventral noradrenergic pathways were achieved by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine in the periaqueductal midbrain or lateral pons, respectively. Four to 6 weeks after surgery the rats were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone, and hypertonic saline was administered into the peritoneum. Rats with lesions of the ventral noradrenergic pathways showed a significant reduction in the saline-induced rise in plasma vasopressin concentrations, while lesions to the dorsal pathway or control injections were without effect. PMID- 6657148 TI - Naloxone does not consistently affect inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission produced by medial diencephalic stimulation in the cat. AB - In cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and artificially ventilated with 70% N2O, the response of single lumbar dorsal horn units to noxious radiant heat stimuli (50 degrees C, 10 sec) applied to glabrous footpad skin were recorded with microelectrodes. Unit heat-evoked responses were markedly suppressed by electrical stimulation (100 msec pulse trains at 100 Hz, 3/sec, 50-300 microA) at sites in the medial basal diencephalic periventricular gray, lateral hypothalamic area, preoptic area, and posterior basal telencephalon. Inhibition of dorsal horn unit responses produced by brain stimulation was not consistently affected following systemic administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone (0.5-1 mg/kg i.v.), indicating that the endogenous opioid peptides are not primarily involved in the mediation of this descending inhibition under the experimental conditions. PMID- 6657149 TI - Neuromagnetic localization of cortical activity evoked by painful dental stimulation in man. AB - We have recorded cerebral magnetic fields evoked by painful dental stimulation. The field pattern indicates a current source at the upper bank of the anterior Sylvian Fissure, corresponding to the anterior end of the secondary somatosensory cortex. This finding suggests cortical representation of tooth pulp in man. The neuromagnetic technique, allowing the investigation of this cortical area, thus provides a new non-invasive tool for pain research. PMID- 6657150 TI - Tetrodotoxin-resistant non-cholinergic neurogenic contraction evoked by capsaicinoids and piperine on the guinea-pig trachea. AB - Contraction of the isolated tracheal strip to capsaicin was prevented by chronic denervation of the tissue. Tetrodotoxin, hyoscine and hexamethonium caused no inhibition of the response, suggesting that tetrodotoxin-resistant terminal portions of non-cholinergic nerves were activated in this way. There was a strong correlation between the pain-producing and tracheoconstrictor effects of piperine, pungent and non-pungent capsaicin congeners. Common site of action was evidenced by crossed tachyphylaxis. It is concluded that the capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve endings have a dual sensory-efferent function. Excitation-secretion coupling in this system could operate without an axon reflex. PMID- 6657151 TI - Phenyldiguanide and capsaicin stimulate functionally different populations of afferent C-fibers. AB - Effects of phenyldiguanide (PDG) and capsaicin (CAP) were compared. (1) The reflex fall in blood pressure following PDG i.v. was only partially but that following CAP i.v. completely inhibited in capsaicin-desensitized rats. (2) Bilateral vagotomy in rats abolished cardiovascular reflexes by PDG i.v., but not those by CAP i.v. (3) Instillation of PDG into the rat trachea did not cause neurogenic plasma extravasation whereas CAP does. (4) Bronchial tone of guinea pigs remained unchanged after PDG i.v. whereas it was increased by CAP i.v. It is concluded that PDG activates vagal afferent fibers which are distinct from the substance P-containing afferent fibers stimulated by CAP. PMID- 6657152 TI - Strain differences in mice in the development of tolerance to the anti pentylenetetrazole effects of diazepam. AB - The development of tolerance to the protective effects of diazepam (4 mg/kg) against seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) were studied in 3 strains of mice. Significant tolerance developed to protection against myoclonic jerks induced by PTZ (90-100 mg/kg) by day 5 in Tuck No. 1 and by day 10 in C3H/HE and CD-1 mice. Tolerance developed to protection against tonic-clonic convulsions by day 10 in Tuck No. 1 mice and by day 30 in the other strains. Diazepam remained protective against tonic-clonic convulsions (but not against myoclonus) induced by threshold doses of PTZ for 30 days in all 3 strains. PMID- 6657154 TI - Relation of caries prevention in mothers to the infection of their children's mouths. PMID- 6657153 TI - Nitrous oxide alters the pattern of myelin proteins in the nervous system of the fruit bat Roussettus aegyptiacus. AB - Proteins of the myelin membrane were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. The protein patterns obtained from myelin from the forebrain, medulla, cervical and thoracic spinal cord and phrenic nerve of normal animals were compared with those obtained from animals given nitrous oxide or nitrous oxide plus folinic acid. A shift from high molecular weight proteins to lower molecular weight proteins was seen in all regions studied in animals given N2O and folinic acid. These changes were seen also in the medulla and thoracic spinal cord of animals given N2O alone. Peripheral nerve showed a slight increase in the amounts of Po at the expense of P3 and P2 in N2O and folinic acid-treated animals. PMID- 6657155 TI - Strontium and dental caries. PMID- 6657156 TI - Age, masticatory ability and swallowing. PMID- 6657157 TI - Heparin improves lipolysis in low birth weight babies. PMID- 6657158 TI - Refractory obesity and energy homeostasis. PMID- 6657159 TI - Metabolism of beta-carotene by the bovine corpus luteum. PMID- 6657160 TI - Loss of renal enzymes: a risk factor for malnutrition. PMID- 6657162 TI - The cost-conscious physician. PMID- 6657161 TI - What's really behind health care costs ... and what we should be doing about it. PMID- 6657163 TI - Arming the future physician for the cost battle. PMID- 6657164 TI - What hospitals are doing to cut health care costs. PMID- 6657165 TI - What third-party payers are doing to contain health care costs. PMID- 6657166 TI - The costs of prolonging of life or can we afford the high cost of medical are? PMID- 6657167 TI - Hypnosis in medicine: a brief overview. PMID- 6657168 TI - Do your patients know why you charge what you charge? PMID- 6657169 TI - [Proliferative activity of the pigment epithelium and regenerating retinal cells in Ambystoma mexicanum]. AB - Cellular sources of retinal regeneration and proliferative activity of the cells taking part in retina restoration have been studied in axolotls using 3H thymidine. The cells of ciliary-terminal zone proved to be the main source of retinal restoration. Besides these cells, the pigmented cells of the iris inner and outer layers and pigment epithelium cells can take part in this process. Morphological stages of retinal regeneration have been established and regular changes in the level of proliferation in different zones of regenerating retina have been found with respect to the stage of retina restoration. The high level of proliferative activity of the pigment epithelium cells found soon after the operation favoured the restoration of disturbed integrity of the pigment epithelium layer, the increase of cell density in it, the elongation of the pigment epithelium layer, the formation of processes, and, sometimes, the replenishment of regenerating retina. PMID- 6657170 TI - [Dynamics of the count of bone marrow cells forming fibroblast colonies in culture and its relation to osteogenesis activity in the reparative regeneration of the lengthened limb]. AB - A comparative analysis of the number of bone marrow cells forming fibroblastic colonies in culture and of the roentgenological characteristics of bone regenerate during different periods of limb elongation was carried out in dogs. The increase in numbers of colony forming cells in the operated bone and decrease of their number in the intact ones were shown to correspond to the period of active osteogenesis. A distinct negative correlation between the number of colony forming cells in humerus and operated bone is considered as an indirect evidence of the migration of these cells from the intact bones. The number of colony forming cells can be used to estimate quantitatively the intensity of osteogenesis upon reparative regeneration under the conditions of limb elongation. PMID- 6657172 TI - Radial keratotomy: prospective evaluation of safety and efficacy. AB - One hundred five consecutive radial keratotomy procedures were followed for one year postoperatively. There was greatest correction of myopia with less than 8 diopters of preoperative correction, and correction to a lesser degree with more than 8 diopters of preoperative correction. There were no severe complications. Size of central optical zone, number of incisions, graduation of incisional depth, central corneal thickness, patient age, intraocular pressure, and sex are of value in predicting the success of the procedure. PMID- 6657171 TI - [Age-related changes in the cardiomyocyte population of the heart ventricles of white rats]. AB - The total number of muscle cells and their nuclei in the rat ventricle walls at the age from 3 to 30 months was counted by means of alkaline dissociation of the prefixed myocardium. The total number of cardiomyocytes and their nuclei was shown to increase on the second year of life, this increase being much more pronounced and attaining the maximum much earlier in the right ventricle than in the left one. At the senile age (30 months) the number of cardiomyocytes in the ventricles decreases but the mean size of cells increases. Possible sources of replenishment of the population of cardiomyocytes are discussed. PMID- 6657173 TI - Sebaceous adenocarcinoma of the eyelid. AB - Sebaceous adenocarcinoma is a rare neoplasm of the eyelid that often masquerades as a chalazion, blepharitis, or blepharoconjunctivitis. Controversy exists as to the proper mode of therapy for patients with a tumor confined to the eyelid. We believe that wide local excision (5 to 6 mm of normal tissue) with frozen section analysis and eyelid reconstruction is the preferred treatment. Only 1 of 11 patients had a recurrence with this technique. No regional or distant metastasis has occurred in an average of 68 months of follow-up. PMID- 6657174 TI - Argon laser treatment of an eyelid margin capillary hemangioma. AB - When capillary hemangiomas do not resolve spontaneously, treatment may be indicated. Various forms of therapy have been employed. These include excisional surgery, cryotherapy, sclerosing solutions, embolization, external beam irradiation, steroids, and the argon laser. We report the use of a standard ophthalmic argon laser combined with curettage on a noninvoluting eyelid margin hemangioma found on a 29-year-old man. Details of the surgical technique are provided and postoperative results documented. We believe this to be the first case of a lid margin hemangioma successfully treated in this manner. The technique offers these advantages: (1) Selective absorption of the laser energy by the blood-filled tissue allows microablation of the lesion under ideal hemostatic conditions with minimal loss of normal lid tissue. (2) Oculoplastic lid repair is obviated since minimal normal tissue is removed. (3) The procedure can be performed under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis. PMID- 6657175 TI - Major early complications of laser trabeculoplasty. AB - A complication frequency of 3.1% visual loss and 1.8% emergency glaucoma surgery occurred in 224 and 159 eyes respectively after laser trabeculoplasty. The latter was associated with blacks and advanced cases of glaucoma. Both were highly associated with a 24-hour rise in pressure after laser. PMID- 6657176 TI - Tape lid retraction. AB - A method of retracting the upper lid with sticky tape is described. Such a tape retraction eliminates the need for a third hand in office procedures such as limbal suture removal, corneal foreign body removal, and anterior segment photography. PMID- 6657177 TI - Hot cautery canthotomy. PMID- 6657179 TI - Successful premedication for local anesthesia. PMID- 6657178 TI - Definition of glaucoma. PMID- 6657180 TI - [Etiology and pathogenesis of recurrent erosions of the cornea. A scanning and transmission electron microscopy study]. AB - Scratched off corneae of 2 patients were examined under the scanning electron and the transmission electron microscope. Whereas in the scanning electron microscope the expected picture of the destruction of the epithelium in the upper zones of the cornea could be presented in the 1st case, the histological picture of the 2nd case shows in the transmission electron microscope the reaction of the influence of the noxa to the texture of the epithelial cells, to the protoplasm, and to the nucleus of the concerned epithelial cell. PMID- 6657181 TI - [Artifacts in A and B-scan echograms following the implantation of artificial lenses]. AB - In the A scan and B scan echogram of the eye and orbit artifacts may arise following implantation of an intraocular lens. Their origin, form, and localization can be explained by means of physics. Reverberation, foreign body, refraction, and absorption artifacts can be distinguished; familiarity with their appearance will avoid erroneous interpretation and results. PMID- 6657182 TI - Functional ophthalmodynamometry. Comparison between dynamometry findings of healthy subjects in sitting and supine positions. AB - Ophthalmodynamometry was done in 158 healthy persons in the sitting and the supine position. The brachial blood pressure did not show significant changes, the ophthalmic blood pressure was found to be increased, and the cerebrovascular resistance decreased in the supine position. The cerebral blood flow remained unchanged. PMID- 6657183 TI - Temporary use of silicone oil in the treatment of special cases of retinal detachment. AB - Temporary use of intraocular silicone oil has first been described for the treatment of retinal detachments with massive periretinal proliferation. The technique has been proved to be safe and helpful and is now used for the management of other desperate retinal detachments, such as those with traumatic fibrous ingrowth, giant tear, posterior hole, and choroidal coloboma. PMID- 6657184 TI - Internuclear ophthalmoplegia associated with ipsilateral downbeat nystagmus and contralateral incyclorotatory nystagmus. AB - A case of left internuclear ophthalmoplegia combined with downbeat nystagmus and right incyclorotatory nystagmus on left downward gaze, left exotropia and skew deviation is presented. All signs subsided completely within about 3 months after the onset of the disease. The etiology was possibly of vascular origin. The potential site of the lesion causing these oculomotor signs is discussed. PMID- 6657185 TI - Cortical blindness in infancy: a follow-up study. AB - Clinical data of 6 cases of cortical blindness in infancy were analyzed. The underlying brain damage was a result of hypoxic events occurring in the pre- or perinatal period, or shortly after birth. The long-term follow-up of the children showed that some visual recovery occurred but capacity of recognition remained impaired. Early diagnosis of this entity and adequate education will help the visual and psychomotor development of the child. PMID- 6657186 TI - The 'morning glory syndrome' - a mesodermal defect? AB - The clinical, ultrasonographic, CAT scan and pathologic findings are described in a case of a rare unilateral malformation involving the optic disc of the type described as the 'morning glory syndrome'. The malformation was associated with a peripapillary scleral defect, absence of the lamina cribrosa and a recess formed by an axial retrodisplacement of the optic nerve. There was an associated secondary exudative retinal detachment with retinal atrophy and gliosis; the retinal pigment epithelium showed peripapillary proliferation. Additional features included: (a) an apparent schisis in the retina within the retrobulbar recess, (b) an absence of the perineural meninges which were replaced by fibroadipose tissue and bundles of smooth muscle, (c) peripheral optic nerve atrophy and (d) a vascular plexus surrounding the central retinal artery. PMID- 6657187 TI - Accommodative esotropia long range follow-up. AB - Thirty-nine adult patients treated for typical (refractive) accommodative esotropia in childhood continue to have problems because they have not outgrown their hypermetropia, and the majority have not developed stable binocular vision. Their hypermetropia became maximal (median 5.7 diopters) by age 6, decreased in adolescence, and then stabilized (median 4 diopters). Thirty-eight of the 39 adults wear correcting lenses full-time. Nearly all depend on relaxed accommodation to maintain alignment when they remove their glasses. Ten patients, all of whom received treatment before a constant esotropia developed are essentially orthophoric with glasses and have normal binocular vision. The remainder have small-angle deviations with glasses, 14 with varying degrees of amblyopia and peripheral fusion and 15 with anomalous correspondence and suppression. As adults, only one patient with normal binocular function has required surgery whereas 13 of the patients lacking normal fusion have had surgery for increasing esotropia, postoperative exotropia, or consecutive exotropia. PMID- 6657188 TI - Discriminant analysis of congenital esotropia surgery. Predictor variables for short- and long-term outcomes. AB - In a retrospective study, a computer-based stepwise discriminant analysis was used to create a biostatistical model of the results of surgery in congenital esotropia. One hundred fifty-seven patients who had bilateral medial rectus muscle recession as an initial operative procedure with at least 6 months postoperative follow-up were studied. The outcome groups for the discriminant analysis were based on the ocular deviation 6 weeks after the first surgery and at the patient's last visit, or the presence or absence of stereopsis at the last visit. With respect to the two predominant ocular deviation groups (Esotropia or Success) 6 weeks after surgery, 11 independent variables were analyzed; those determined to be prognostic of the outcome grouping were preoperative deviation, millimeters of medial rectus muscle recession, and interval between the onset of strabismus and surgery. With respect to ocular deviation at last visit, 105 patients were followed for over 2 years and were last examined when over 5 years of age; of the 12 independent variables analyzed, only postoperative deviation at 6 weeks was predictive. With respect to stereopsis, 94 patients had similar follow-up; of the 12 independent variables analyzed, preoperative deviation and age at surgery were prognostic. The results indicate that a smaller preoperative deviation and earlier surgical intervention increase the probability of achieving some degree of stereopsis in patients with congenital esotropia. PMID- 6657189 TI - Discriminant analysis of acquired esotropia surgery. Predictor variables for short- and long-term outcomes. AB - In a retrospective study, a computer-based stepwise discriminant analysis was used to create a biostatistical model of the results of surgery in acquired esotropia. One hundred seventy-two patients who had bilateral medial rectus muscle recession as an initial operative procedure with at least 6 months postoperative follow-up were studied. The outcome groups for the discriminant analysis were based on the ocular deviation 6 weeks after the first surgery and at the patient's last visit, or the presence or absence of stereopsis at the last visit. With respect to the two predominant ocular deviation groups (Esotropia or Success) 6 weeks after surgery, 11 independent variables were analyzed; those determined to be prognostic of the outcome grouping were refractive error of the left eye and preoperative deviation, in that order. With respect to ocular deviation at last visit, 146 patients were followed for over 2 years and were last examined when over 5 years of age; of the 12 independent variables analyzed, postoperative deviation at 6 weeks, refractive error of the right eye, and age of onset were predictive. With respect to stereopsis, 126 patients had similar follow-up; of the 11 independent variables analyzed, only postoperative deviation at 6 weeks was prognostic. The results indicate that in patients with acquired esotropia the postoperative deviation is the most important prognostic factor for both the maintenance of ocular alignment and the status of stereopsis; refractive error and the age of onset of the esotropia influence the ocular alignment at the last visit. PMID- 6657190 TI - Overcorrecting minus lens therapy for treatment of intermittent exotropia. AB - The purpose of this paper is to determine the value of overcorrecting minus lenses in treating children with intermittent exotropia. The aim with this therapy is to secure an increase in the quality of fusion and to induce a quantitative decrease in the angle of strabismus. Thirty-five children were treated with 2.00 to 4.00 diopters of overcorrecting minus lenses for a median of 18 months duration. Of these, 46% had an improved quality of fusion during therapy; 26% had an improved quality of fusion and also had a quantitative decrease in their angle of deviation; and 28% had an inadequate improvement in their quality of fusion and decrease in the angle of their deviation with this therapy. Two children went from intermittent exotropia to esotropia while wearing their minus lenses--both had high accommodative-convergence/accommodation ratios (11.5 delta/1D and 10.7 delta/1D). Seventy percent of good responders who were followed for at least 1 year after discontinuing the therapy maintained a qualitative or quantitative improvement in their intermittent exotropia. PMID- 6657191 TI - The surgical management of intermittent exotropia in adults. AB - Most studies of intermittent exotropia deal primarily with children. However, the manifestations of this disorder in adults differ considerably from those in children. The case records of 44 adults (ages 15-70) who underwent surgery for intermittent exotropia were analyzed. These patients experienced a variety of preoperative symptoms including diplopia, headache, difficulty with reading, and ocular fatigue or pain. Cosmesis was a rare presenting complaint. The authors recommend that surgery in adults be conservative, aiming at slight undercorrection. Surgical management was successful in 41 of 44 patients. All patients with postoperative exodeviations under 15 delta had complete resolution of symptoms. Most patients with larger residual exodeviations did not improve symptomatically; patients with postoperative exodeviations tended to experience persistent diplopia. PMID- 6657192 TI - Intermittent exotropia. Surgical results in different age groups. AB - The surgical results of 111 consecutive patients with intermittent exotropia treated via bilateral rectus muscle recession and having at least 2 years of follow-up are reviewed. These data are analyzed from a standpoint of three age groups at the time of surgery: younger than 3 years (41 patients), 3 years to younger than 6 years (42 patients), and 6 years to younger than 17 years (28 patients). The initial surgical results for all ages were as follows: 56% satisfactory, 38% undercorrected, and 6% overcorrected. After appropriate management (which was almost always surgical) in those patients initially either undercorrected or overcorrected, a satisfactory result was obtained in 95% of all patients comprising this series. PMID- 6657193 TI - Denervation and extirpation of the inferior oblique. An improved weakening procedure for marked overaction. AB - Parks demonstrated that recession was more effective than myectomy at insertion or origin, or disinsertion for eliminating inferior oblique overaction. This study simultaneously compares an improved procedure, an extirpation of the inferior oblique that involves denervating it, to 14 mm recession in a prospective, consecutive series of 16 patients with symmetrical 4+ overaction of the inferior obliques; one technique (extirpation) performed on the right eye, and the other (14 mm recession) on the left. Mean duration of follow-up was 20.8 months (range 17 to 34 months). Extirpation resulted in 100% normal action, without residual overaction or underaction. Recession, however, resulted in 1+ to 3+ residual overaction in 12 cases (75%) and 4+ overaction requiring reoperation in two eyes (13%). It appears that extirpation of the inferior oblique is far superior to 14 mm recession for treatment of marked overaction of the inferior oblique. PMID- 6657194 TI - The role of funduscopy and fundus photography in strabismus diagnosis. AB - Fundus photographs taken in 66 patients with vertical strabismus were analyzed in a blind study with respect to ocular torsion. The objective presence or absence of ocular torsion was then correlated with the patient's clinical diagnosis. The presence or absence of objective ocular torsion as seen in fundus photographs had a sensitivity of 0.86 and a specificity of 0.96 for diagnosing the presence of oblique dysfunction, and a sensitivity of 0.96 and specificity of 0.83 for diagnosing the presence of normal oblique function. PMID- 6657195 TI - Low-contrast letter charts as a test of visual function. AB - Visual pathway disorders can cause visual loss that is not detected by the Snellen test: visual sensitivity to coarse detail may be depressed, even when visual sensitivity to fine detail is unaffected. Sinewave grating test targets can detect such hidden visual loss. However, electronic apparatus for generating sinewave gratings is expensive, while the inexpensive Arden plates provide no check on the patient's accuracy. We have tested 10 patients and 10 control subjects with a set of five letter charts (including the standard Snellen chart). These letter charts were of different contrasts, namely 10%, 22%, 31%, 64% and 93%, but otherwise were substantially alike. Subjects were also tested with sinewave gratings. We found good agreement between sinewave grating and letter chart findings. In particular, the charts picked up visual loss that was not detected by the standard Snellen chart: they detected visual pathway dysfunction in all seven patients whose sinewave data were abnormal. Our findings suggest that even one low-contrast letter chart could provide a valuable supplement to the standard Snellen chart. Compared with other available devices, these charts have the advantages of cheapness, simplicity and of providing the ophthalmologist with an immediate check on patients' accuracy. PMID- 6657196 TI - Evaluation for cystoid maculopathy after pars plicata lensectomy-vitrectomy for congenital cataracts. AB - Seventeen patients (25 eyes) who underwent a pars plicata lensectomy and vitrectomy for congenital cataract were evaluated with fluorescein angiography and angioscopy for the presence of cystoid macular edema. Studies were done from 1 month to 7 years after surgery (mean interval, 22.5 months; median interval, 12 months). Except in one eye with questionable grade 1 cystoid macular edema, the authors did not find this complication in any of their patients. PMID- 6657197 TI - Helium ion therapy for choroidal melanoma. AB - Eighty-two patients with choroidal melanomas were treated with helium ion charged particle irradiation. Seventy-eight of 82 patients have either remained stable or demonstrated tumor shrinkage. Forty-five of 46 patients followed for at least 1 year after therapy have demonstrated tumor regression with a mean tumor shrinkage of approximately 31%. No tumor-related mortality has been observed. The most effective method of choroidal melanoma management is unclear. Charged particle external beam irradiation may be more applicable and have less ocular morbidity than either radioactive plaques or photocoagulation. PMID- 6657198 TI - Methylcellulose instead of Healon in extracapsular surgery with intraocular lens implantation. AB - Methylcellulose 1% was used in the anterior chamber to facilitate posterior chamber lens implantation at the time of extracapsular cataract extraction. In parallel series with similar preoperative endothelial cell counts, 70 eyes implanted under methylcellulose had a mean central endothelial cell loss of 8 +/- 5.3% at 8 to 12 weeks postoperative, whereas 63 eyes implanted under an air bubble lost a mean 25.3 +/- 14.6% (P less than 0.001). No differences in postoperative visual acuity, intraocular pressure, or inflammation were noted. A YAG laser preoperative anterior capsulotomy was used in all cases, and may have contributed to overall preservation of endothelial cells. PMID- 6657199 TI - Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma. A complication of short-term systemic corticosteroid use. AB - Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma is a serious and often lethal clinical biochemical syndrome. We report three cases of ophthalmic problems that were treated with a short course of oral corticosteroids and which resulted in the development of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma. Two of these cases concerned relatively young, previously healthy patients and had fatal outcomes. The third patient, who was elderly, survived because of early detection and initiation of therapy. All three cases demonstrate that hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma is a serious potential complication of systemic steroidal therapy, even in a short course of treatment such as is often used in ophthalmology. PMID- 6657200 TI - Absence of deleterious effects of chronic microwave radiation on the eyes of rhesus monkeys. AB - Microwave irradiation of rhesus monkeys' eyes at 9.31 and 2.45 GHz and at an average power density of 150 mW per centimeter square is reported. Irradiation, beginning in 1976, of 17 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was accomplished without restraint or anesthesia by training the monkeys to irradiate themselves. To data microwave radiation of these monkeys has not resulted in deleterious ocular effects. PMID- 6657201 TI - Chemical injuries of the eye. AB - This overview of the biochemical and pathophysiologic events after chemical burns of the eye is intended to act as a guide for appropriate therapy. Effective emergency measures must be instituted immediately followed by careful clinical evaluation to recognize and then treat problems at their inception. When and how to use the variety of drugs and devices is detailed. When these new methods and technology are applied successfully the clinical course may be improved and visual rehabilitation secured. The early results of conjunctival transplantation and hormonal therapy offer promise from experimental procedures. Exciting new treatments employing the foodstuffs ascorbate or citrate (orthomolecular therapy) are currently under investigation. The National Eye Institute sponsors our ongoing randomized clinical trial of these compounds in the treatment of the alkali burned eye. The outcome may change our thinking and our expectations after chemical burns of the eye. PMID- 6657202 TI - A classification and coding system for information retrieval on diagnosis and therapy. AB - The Wilmer Information System uses an updated hierarchical code derived from the ICD-9 code. The process of coding has been made as simple as possible by the development of Customized Coding Sheets containing the most commonly used diagnoses for each subspecialty. Interactive data entry and retrieval programs have been developed which allow great flexibility in precisely selecting either individual patients or groups of patients for chart review. PMID- 6657203 TI - Rhabdomyosarcoma and late malignant melanoma of the orbit. AB - Forty-five years following surgical excision and radiation for a childhood rhabdomyosarcoma of the left orbit, a patient with primary lymphedema developed an ipsilateral malignant melanoma of the anterior orbital tissue. This was excised, but a metastasis of the melanoma occurred in the contralateral upper lid. This is the first case report of treated rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit followed by a second primary tumor occurring in the field of radiation. PMID- 6657204 TI - Diabetic retinopathy. I. Nonproliferative retinopathy. PMID- 6657205 TI - Doctor:patient communication in ophthalmic outpatient visits. AB - Interviews with 163 patients and the 19 ophthalmologists who examined them disclosed that patients considered an adequate explanation of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis as the most important communication items in determining satisfaction with care. Ophthalmologists in private practice appeared to share this valuation, except that explaining the prognosis of an illness was not rated as highly. Resident ophthalmologists rated all explanatory items far less important than did their patients. Among items related to personalization of the encounter, ophthalmologists in private practice underrated the importance of dealing with the patient's concerns, while residents underrated familiarity, undivided attention, and encouragement. In spite of these differences, ophthalmologists apparently are sensitive to patient expectations, inasmuch as they received generally high ratings for their performance in each of the items that patients valued highly and poorer ratings for those items that were held less important. PMID- 6657206 TI - [Features of recent traffic accident injuries and possibilities for improving the results of treatment of the injured in stages]. PMID- 6657207 TI - [Osteosynthesis with a arc-shaped pin in trochanteric fractures of the femur]. PMID- 6657208 TI - [Various possibilities for improving the results of treatment of patients with diaphyseal fractures of the leg bones]. PMID- 6657209 TI - [Method of compression osteosynthesis in thigh amputations by the Gritti Shimanovskii method]. PMID- 6657210 TI - [Correction of post-burn combined deformities of the face and neck with a bilobed cervicothoracic dermato-adipose flap]. PMID- 6657211 TI - [Clinical and functional features of prosthesis following interilioabdominal exarticulation]. PMID- 6657212 TI - [Late results of surgical treatment of patients with infantile cerebral palsy]. PMID- 6657213 TI - [Development of the hip joint in congenital hip dislocation in children]. PMID- 6657214 TI - [Dynamic compression plate for osteosynthesis of the long tubular bones of the lower extremities following transverse fractures]. PMID- 6657216 TI - [Intraosseous metallosynthesis of the diaphysis of the tibia with opposing rods]. PMID- 6657215 TI - [Intramedullary osteosynthesis of diaphyseal fractures of the femur by means of a titanium pin]. PMID- 6657218 TI - [Transosseous osteosynthesis in the treatment of the sequelae of diaphyseal fractures of the long tubular bones]. PMID- 6657217 TI - [Closed retrograde osteosynthesis of the clavicle for fractures]. PMID- 6657219 TI - [Methods of shaping and lengthening the foot]. PMID- 6657221 TI - [Experimental model of closed intra-articular fractures]. PMID- 6657220 TI - [Plastic surgery on ingrown nails]. PMID- 6657222 TI - [Case of free muscle grafting with microvascular anastomoses for plastic surgery of bone cavities in the "muscle-free" zone of the tibia]. PMID- 6657224 TI - [Orthopedic morbidity and normal requirements for specialized care of the adult population of a large city]. PMID- 6657223 TI - [Portable vibrator for removing intraosseous rods]. PMID- 6657225 TI - [Endoprosthesis of the proximal articular end of the humerus in tumors]. PMID- 6657226 TI - [Prevention of injuries at the "Andizhanneft"' plant]. PMID- 6657228 TI - [Method of endoprosthesis of the hip joint devised by Ia. I. Shersher]. PMID- 6657227 TI - [Teaching orthopedics and traumatology to students at a pediatric college in departments of pediatric surgery]. PMID- 6657229 TI - [The pathogenetic role of fatty acids and lysolipids in acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6657230 TI - [Determination of antithrombin III by kinetic nephelometry (comparative studies in chronic liver diseases)]. PMID- 6657231 TI - [Changes in the radiologic picture of renal osteodystrophy after subtotal parathyroidectomy]. PMID- 6657232 TI - [Electrophysiological effect of verapamil on the human heart]. PMID- 6657233 TI - [Masseteric hernia and its surgical management]. PMID- 6657234 TI - [Gluteal arterial circulatory disorder with sciatic nerve damage in newborn infants]. PMID- 6657235 TI - [Medical indication of induced abortion and its criticism]. PMID- 6657236 TI - [Risk factors for dysmature preterm infants]. PMID- 6657237 TI - [Intravenous acyclovir (ACV, Zovirax) therapy of varicella zoster infections in immunologically endangered patients]. PMID- 6657238 TI - [Serological studies in the diagnosis of Chlamydia infections in children with respiratory tract diseases and congenital heart defects]. PMID- 6657239 TI - [Arteriographic diagnosis of morphological changes in the adrenal glands]. PMID- 6657240 TI - [Intrauterine growth of twin fetuses monitored by ultrasonics]. PMID- 6657241 TI - [Steroid therapy of the mother, dextrocardia and developmental anomalies in the offspring]. PMID- 6657242 TI - [Bifurcation resection for bronchial cancer]. PMID- 6657243 TI - [Dynamic studies of ceruloplasmin and copper in periodic catatonia]. PMID- 6657244 TI - [The role of computer tomography in the diagnosis of orbital space-occupying processes]. PMID- 6657245 TI - [Nosocomial epidemics in a neonatal unit]. PMID- 6657246 TI - [Possibilities in the treatment of nephrogenic ascites]. PMID- 6657247 TI - [Primary definitive operations in perforated chronic gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 6657248 TI - [The role of the human lung in the metabolism of endogenous gastrin]. PMID- 6657250 TI - [Behavior disorders--biochemical changes in the brain--psychiatric research]. PMID- 6657249 TI - [Are there any biological factors involved in suicidal tendencies?]. PMID- 6657251 TI - [Post-traumatic hemobilia successfully treated by catheter embolization]. PMID- 6657252 TI - [Dalicin C is not the same as metronidazole!]. PMID- 6657253 TI - [The use of fetoscopy in Hungary]. PMID- 6657254 TI - [Fluoride content of drinking water in Hungary]. PMID- 6657255 TI - [Determination of glycohemoglobin and glycosylated plasma proteins during improving metabolism in diabetics]. PMID- 6657256 TI - [Premature rupture of membranes, fetal immunoglobulins and perinatal infections ]. PMID- 6657257 TI - [Screening tests for colonic cancer]. PMID- 6657258 TI - [Beneficial effect of Parlodel in a case of simultaneous prolactinoma and empty sella syndrome]. PMID- 6657259 TI - [Gonadal dysgenesis and the X isochromosome]. PMID- 6657260 TI - [Repeatedly giving birth to a dysmature infant]. PMID- 6657261 TI - [Wilson-Mikity syndrome, a chronic lung disease of premature infants]. PMID- 6657262 TI - [Immune response against lipoproteins in arteriosclerosis]. PMID- 6657263 TI - [Comments on the method of international data collection on the epidemiology of perinatal mortality]. PMID- 6657264 TI - [Diagnosis of myxoma of the left atrium by 2-dimensional sector echocardiography]. PMID- 6657265 TI - [Health problems and goals of the Third World]. PMID- 6657266 TI - [A dilemma in clinical practice; one of many (problems with penicillin allergy)]. PMID- 6657267 TI - [Proceedings of the 31st meeting of the Polish Otolaryngologic Society. Poznan, 20-22 September 1980]. PMID- 6657268 TI - [25 years treatment of esophageal atresia]. PMID- 6657269 TI - [Extrapulmonary lung separation in ruptured intrauterine hiatal hernia]. PMID- 6657270 TI - [Development of pediatric surgery as shown by the postoperative mortality of neonates and infants]. PMID- 6657271 TI - [Chronic pancreatitis in childhood from the surgical viewpoint]. PMID- 6657272 TI - [Chronic appendicitis--Meckel's diverticulum?]. PMID- 6657273 TI - [Continence-improving operations in children]. PMID- 6657274 TI - [Plastic surgery of the external genitalia in a girl with adrenogenital syndrome]. PMID- 6657275 TI - [Surgery of ectopic ureteroceles in childhood]. PMID- 6657276 TI - [Has the therapeutic concept of urologic reflux in childhood become clearer?]. PMID- 6657277 TI - [Sonographic control of the cerebral ventricle system in children with myelodysplasia]. PMID- 6657278 TI - [Varicocele of the testis in children and adolescents]. PMID- 6657279 TI - [Possibilities and limits of quantitative impedance respirography using the Apnocard 2 in newborn infants]. PMID- 6657280 TI - [Age and sex distribution of spike potentials in childhood and adolescence]. PMID- 6657281 TI - [Diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 6657282 TI - [Liver bypass model following portosystemic anastomoses in children with portal hypertension]. PMID- 6657283 TI - [Corrected orthogonal E. Frank ECG leads in childhood. 3. Recommendations for the evaluation and interpretation of the Frank electrocardiogram in various age groups]. PMID- 6657284 TI - Vascular participation in deep cold pain. AB - As the magnitude of cold pain probably depends on blood flow and thus on internal limb temperature, the activated nociceptors should be close to or within the walls of veins. This hypothesis was tested by injecting small quantities (20 ml) of cold saline into an empty vein of the hand in 16 subjects. Saline temperatures below 26 degrees C elicited pure cold sensations whereas temperatures below 20 degrees C evoked both cold and pain sensations. Pain was mainly described as deep and it tended to radiate along the veins. With saline of 5 degrees C the pain tolerance level of several subjects was reached. Pain always appeared after cold and it disappeared before or together with cold. The results can be explained on the basis of two types of vascular receptors: a sensitive specific cold receptor and a nociceptor with a threshold around 20 degrees C. PMID- 6657285 TI - Phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain in amputees during the first 6 months following limb amputation. AB - The incidence and clinical picture of non-painful and painful phantom limb sensations as well as stump pain was studied in 58 patients 8 days and 6 months after limb amputation. The incidence of non-painful phantom limb, phantom pain and stump pain 8 days after surgery was 84, 72 and 57%, respectively. Six months after amputation the corresponding figures were 90, 67 and 22%, respectively. Kinaesthetic sensations (feeling of length, volume or other spatial sensation of the affected limb) were present in 85% of the patients with phantom limb both immediately after surgery and 6 months later. However, 30% noticed a clear shortening of the phantom during the follow-up period; this was usually among patients with no phantom pain. Phantom pain was significantly more frequent in patients with pain in the limb the day before amputation than in those without preoperative limb pain. Of the 67% having some phantom pain at the latest interview 50% reported that pains were decreasing. Four patients (8%), however, reported that phantom pains were worse 6 months after amputation than originally. During the follow-up period the localization of phantom pains shifted from a proximal and distal distribution to a more distal localization. While knifelike, sticking phantom pains were most common immediately after surgery, squeezing or burning types of phantom pain were usually reported later in the course. Possible mechanisms for the present findings either in periphery, spinal cord or in the brain are discussed. PMID- 6657286 TI - Where is the noise in SDT pain assessment? AB - Many applications of sensory decision theory (SDT) to pain research have used discrimination as a measure of pain or sensory sensitivity. This belief is based on the classical SDT assumption that discrimination and criterion represent separation of sensory and decision processes. This assumed separation stems from a model where all noise or variability is part of the sensory transduction mechanism. We present an alternative formulation that allows for decision variability as well as variability in sensory transduction. This formulation documented by computer simulation shows that decision variability and sensory variability are indistinguishable and that any measure of discriminability is degraded by both. Thus discriminability is influenced by both sensory and non sensory factors. There is no way of knowing if a drug-induced change in discriminability represents an analgesic effect or a change of the observer's ability to make consistent judgments. PMID- 6657287 TI - Illness behaviour and personality in intractable facial pain syndromes. AB - Management of intractable facial pain is often referred to a specialised Pain Relieving Clinic, especially in light of the evidence that psychological factors play a part in the maintenance of the pain. A group of 60 patients so referred were divided into two groups according to diagnosis. The 32 diagnosed as suffering from trigeminal neuralgia were found to be more likely to deny non-pain problems, less irritable, but less convinced that there was a physical disease process responsible for their pain, than the 28 patients with non-neuralgic facial pain. Personality factors did not discriminate between the two groups. The relevance of the difference between these two groups to our understanding of pain is discussed, as is the special place of pain in the face. PMID- 6657288 TI - The multidimensional nature of cancer-related pain. AB - A critical review of the literature examining the assessment of cancer-related pain revealed a lack of systematic research. In the present study, 40 patients with cancer-related pain were compared to 37 pain-free cancer patients matched on diagnosis, stage of disease, age, sex, and inpatient vs. outpatient status. The results supported a multidimensional conceptualization of cancer-related pain consisting of sensory, affective, cognitive, and behavioral components. PMID- 6657289 TI - Spatial distribution of pain: a descriptive characteristic of chronic pain. AB - Self-report of spatial distribution of pain has been employed to assess anatomic accuracy of pain description. To date, there is little information on behavioral or psychological characteristics of chronic pain patients as a function of spatial distribution of pain sites. In the present study, 92 patients presenting to a multidisciplinary pain clinic with chronic facial, back, or extremity pain enumerated total sites of pain throughout the body. Responses were categorized into low (1-2), moderate (3-5) and high (6-18) discrete sites of pain. Patients completed self-report scales assessing various activity abilities and health behaviors, a measure of pain description (McGill Pain Language Questionnaire, MPQ), and health related measures of personality (Illness Behavior Questionnaire, IBQ) and cognitive style (Multifactorial Health Locus of Control, MHLC). One-way ANOVAs revealed significant differences as a function of spatial distribution on a number of behavioral (down-time, walking, recreational, vocational and social abilities; total drug use, number of health professionals consulted), pain description (Total Words Chosen-MPQ, Sum of Ranks-MPQ, and Sensory-MPQ) and psychological variables (Disease Conviction-IBQ and Affective Disturbance-IBQ). Results suggest spatial distribution of pain site to be a useful clinical diagnostic indicator of psychological disturbance in chronic pain patients. PMID- 6657290 TI - Treatment outcome and compliance with therapeutic regimens: long-term follow-up of a multidisciplinary pain program. AB - Fifty-seven patients (74%) who had completed a multidisciplinary pain program returned mailed questionnaires assessing both outcome and compliance measures. Significant treatment gains were observed at follow-up. Compliance with prescribed therapeutic regimens was low, averaging around 42% for individual regimens. Compliance with any one therapeutic regimen was generally unrelated to rate of compliance with other therapeutic regimens. Discriminant relationships were observed between the various therapeutic regimens and outcome measures. PMID- 6657291 TI - Subdural-arachnoid neurolytic block in cervical pain. PMID- 6657292 TI - Natural agglutinins to African trypanosomes. AB - Agglutinins to uncoated culture forms of the African trypanosomes, T. congolense and T.b. brucei were detected in sera from a variety of mammals not exposed to the parasites. The agglutinins in bovine serum were shown to be specific antibodies with opsonic properties selective for the species of trypanosome. These findings suggest a possible role for the glycoprotein coat in preventing access of cross-reacting antibodies to the plasma membrane of African trypanosomes. PMID- 6657293 TI - Interference with anti-trypanosome immune responses in rabbits infected with cyclically-transmitted Trypanosoma congolense. AB - Rabbits were infected with two clones of antigenically distinct stocks of Trypanosoma congolense transmitted through Glossina morsitans. Local skin reaction development and the appearance of neutralizing antibodies were followed in animals infected with one or other of the trypanosome stocks, with both stocks simultaneously or with both stocks consecutively. There was little difference in local skin reaction development on rabbits infected with a single stock or with both stocks simultaneously but, in rabbits exposed to a heterologous stock 14 or 21 days after a primary infection reactions were reduced in size or completely absent. Neutralizing antibodies against metacyclic-derived trypanosomes were detected 21 days after infection in animals infected with a single trypanosome stock and, in rabbits infected with both stocks simultaneously, antibodies against each stock were also detected 21 to 28 days after infection. In rabbits challenged 14 or 21 days after primary infection the appearance of trypanocidal antibodies against the stock used for challenge was delayed from 28 to 49 days. PMID- 6657294 TI - Murine malaria: dissociation of natural killer (NK) cell activity and resistance to Plasmodium chabaudi. AB - Striking differences in the resistance to P. chabaudi infection among different inbred mouse strains have previously been correlated with the level of both the spontaneous and the infection-induced enhanced level of NK cell activity. We have examined this putative correlation in individual animals of backcross progeny derived from A/J (malaria-susceptible, low NK cell activity) and B10.A (malaria resistant, high NK cell activity) progenitors. We have found that NK cell activity and resistance to malaria segregated independently. Furthermore, C57BL/6 bg/bg mice which are deficient in NK cell activity were found to be as resistant to malaria as their heterozygous C57BL/6-bg/+siblings. We conclude that low NK cell activity, characteristic of A/J strain mice, is not a sufficient determinant of the exquisite susceptibility of these animals to infection with Plasmodium chabaudi. PMID- 6657295 TI - Mechanisms of protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice vaccinated with irradiated cercariae III. Identification of a mouse strain, P/N, that fails to respond to vaccination. AB - Eleven strains of inbred mice were examined for their ability to develop resistance to challenge Schistosoma mansoni infection as a result of previous exposure to homologous cercariae that had been attenuated by high-dose irradiation. Two strains, C57B1/6J and BALB/c, demonstrated consistently high levels of vaccine-induced immunity (means of 64% and 58% resistance, respectively, when compared to control groups of the same strain) and were designated as 'high responder' strains to vaccination. Six other strains fell into an intermediate category, demonstrating moderate, yet statistically significant, levels of immunity resulting from vaccination (means of 30-50% resistance). Only one of the strains examined consistently failed to respond to vaccination by the development of significant levels of immunity to challenge infection. Animals of the P/N strain demonstrated a mean of only 15% resistance to challenge in five experiments and have been classified as 'low responders' to vaccination. P/N mice have previously been characterized as deficient in their ability to mount delayed hypersensitivity reactions, produce lymphokine and display macrophage activation for cytolysis of extracellular and intracellular targets in other experimental systems, suggesting that these immune responses may be critical to the establishment of vaccine-induced resistance to S. mansoni infection. The availability of high and low responder mouse strains should facilitate a genetic approach to characterization of the immune effector mechanism(s) of vaccine-induced resistance to S. mansoni infection. PMID- 6657296 TI - Immune mechanisms in C57B1 mice genetically resistant to Trypanosoma congolense infection. II. Aspects of the humoral response. AB - Some aspects of the humoral response in trypanotolerant C57B1 mice and susceptible A/J mice were investigated to determine the possible basis of trypanotolerance. When the hepatic uptake of 75Se-labelled T. congolense by infected mice was measured as an index of antibody production, it was found that only C57B1 mice could remove circulating labelled parasites, this ability persisting for several weeks after infection. Estimation of the immunoglobulin concentrations in both strains of mice showed that C57B1 mice developed a pronounced IgM response during the first parasitaemic wave, while A/J mice did not. Over the same period the IgM concentrations in C57B1 mice initially fell, but recovered at the time of peak parasitaemia. In contrast, A/J mice showed a continual fall in total IgG concentrations in the circulation until death 10 days after infection. Finally, it was shown that during the initial rising parasitaemia, the plaque forming cell responses of both strains of mice to sheep red blood cells were normal indicating that neither strain of mice was immunosuppressed. Also, A/J mice vaccinated with irradiated T. brucei on day 4 and C57B1 mice vaccinated either on day 4 or day 60 of a T. congolense infection were able to mount an effective immune response to the vaccine, as judged by the hepatic uptake of radiolabelled parasites. All of the results indicate that the trypanotolerance of C57B1 mice depends, at least in part, on their more efficient antibody response. PMID- 6657297 TI - IgE production in rat fascioliasis. AB - F. hepatica infection of rats caused a prolonged elevation of serum total IgE reflecting the continued presence of live worms in the host. Infection with 40 metacercariae stimulated higher total IgE levels than infection with 20 metacercariae. The parasite specific IgE response was biphasic, the first peak coinciding with the migratory phase in the liver parenchyma and the second with the establishment of flukes in the bile ducts. PMID- 6657298 TI - A significant part of the 'concomitant immunity' of mice to Schistosoma mansoni is the consequence of a leaky hepatic portal system, not immune killing. PMID- 6657299 TI - [Structure and nutritional characteristics of the female Simondsia paradoxa (Nematoda, Spirurata)--a gastric parasite of swine]. AB - Distinct dimorphism is inherent in the nematode Simondsia paradoxa. The male is small in size, its body is cylindrical which is typical of nematodes. The female is large with a very large spherical expansion in the middle part of the body. This difference in the female and male structure is due to their different localization. Male lives in the lumen of the stomach, female--in the thick stomach wall. The present paper gives the original morphological description of a female, besides some characteristics in the structure of this parasite have been revealed allowing the authors to outline the probable types of the parasite nutrition. The authors believe that along with digestive organs the covering tissues through which important substances enter the female body also take part in nutrition of the female. PMID- 6657300 TI - [Population variability of the blood-sucking gnat Sulcicnephia ovtshinnikovi (Simuliidae)]. AB - The population from Kirghizia (the Tokailu river) does not differ from others by the variability rate of its morphological characters but its karyotypical characters (homozygous inversion in chromosome III and additional B-chromosomes) suggest a genetic isolation of this population in the system of the species. PMID- 6657301 TI - Observations on the epidemiology of coccidial infections in sheep under varying conditions of intensive husbandry including chemoprophylaxis with monensin. AB - Coccidiosis occurs sporadically in lambs at about 6 weeks of age when oocyst output is very high in healthy as well as in diseased lambs. These experiments were designed to throw light on the source of infection and to correlate oocyst output in lambs and ewes with performance in lambs. In two experiments, one indoors on deep litter the other in outdoor paddocks, oocyst output (of different coccidial species), body weight and clinical state of lambs were recorded weekly. Oocyst output in ewes was also recorded, starting 1-4 weeks before lambing. Monensin was included in the concentrates of ewes and/or lambs, up to lambing or before and after lambing. No periparturient rise was detected in the oocyst output of ewes. Monensin drastically reduced oocyst output in animals receiving it. Oocyst output in lambs appeared to be little affected by the output of ewes around the lambing period, but was reduced if the ewes' output was kept low after lambing. Lambs receiving monensin tended to produce drier faeces but their weight gain was not significantly greater than that of controls. Eimeria crandallis was the predominant species in the lambs, followed by E. ovinoidalis and E. ovina. PMID- 6657302 TI - Effects of Spirometra erinacei plerocercoids on the growth of Snell dwarf mice. AB - Snell normal and dwarf mice were infected with Spirometra erinacei plerocercoids collected in Japan, to investigate the relationship between the growth-promoting effects of plerocercoids and the growth hormone releasing factor and the somatostatin--growth hormone--somatomedin axis in the host. Infection with plerocercoids caused increases in body weight and weights of muscle, liver, spleen and heart in the normal male mice, and increases in the head--body length, body weight and weights of muscle, liver, spleen, kidney and heart in the normal female mice, but did not increase the weight of the fat pad. Infection with plerocercoids caused increases in body weights and weights of muscle, liver and spleen in the male dwarf mice, and increases in the head--body length, body weight and weights of muscle, liver, spleen and kidney in the female dwarf mice. These observations suggest that plerocercoids promote the growth of dwarf mice as well as normal mice. As the dwarfism of Snell mice is due to a defective anterior pituitary gland, it seems that plerocercoids do not stimulate secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary. Accordingly, it seems to be more probable that the larvae secrete a growth hormone-like substance. PMID- 6657303 TI - Reappraisal of the guinea-pig as an experimental host for studies of schistosomiasis mansoni. AB - The guinea-pig has been reassessed as a potential laboratory host for Schistosoma mansoni. Twenty-six per cent of an infective cercarial population survive to maturity in this rodent and there are no gross fluctuations in worm burden subsequent to pairing of male and female parasites. Five day, 4-week and 6-week old schistosomes grown in guinea-pigs have topographical features that are identical to those exhibited by similarly aged mouse worms, but different from those exhibited by rat worms. Schistosome eggs are never detected in the faeces of infected guinea-pigs, but they can be observed in the pulmonary, hepatic and intestinal tissues. Only 55% of the eggs that can be recovered from the intestinal tissues are viable, and some of these can be hatched to release miracidia that penetrate the intermediate snail host. Cercariae are sometimes liberated from infected snails, but in insufficient numbers to permit infection of naive guinea-pigs. The schistosome cycle cannot, therefore, be completed in this host. Collaterals are sometimes observed in the vasculature serving the rectum and kidneys of infected guinea-pigs and the fact that schistosome eggs are deposited in the lungs of these animals indicates that portal systemic anastomosis is a feature of the model. Pathology associated with cercarial invasion or egg deposition is not dissimilar to that described for other laboratory animals infected with S. mansoni, except that basophils participate in the inflammatory response observed in the skin and intestine. PMID- 6657304 TI - Schistosoma mansoni: in vivo and in vitro studies of immunity using the guinea pig model. AB - In vivo and in vitro parameters of immunity have been assessed in guinea-pigs sensitized with 500 normal or 500 radiation-attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. High levels of resistance to a challenge infection developed in both the chronic and irradiated vaccine model, but immunity was expressed earlier (week 4) and reached higher levels (90%) in the latter case. Vaccinated guinea-pigs have thus been shown to achieve greater resistance than the more commonly used rodent hosts. In vitro cytotoxicity assays have demonstrated that antibodies capable of participating in complement-dependent (lethal antibody) or eosinophil-mediated schistosomular killing, develop in the serum of guinea-pigs immunized with either normal or irradiated cercariae. The time course of development of the eosinophil adherence promoting antibody approximated in both models, the development of immunity in vivo, but the lethal antibody response paralleled the immune status of the animal only in the irradiated vaccine model. PMID- 6657305 TI - The relationship between the age of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and their ability to penetrate and infect the mammalian host. AB - The ability of the cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni to penetrate the tails of mice was shown to remain constant throughout their lives. However, their capacity to establish themselves and then reach maturity decreased as they aged. The abdominal route of penetration produced consistently higher maturation rates than the tail route. Significantly different maturation rates were obtained by modifying the standard tail infection technique. Evidence is presented that age related mortality of schistosomula occurs within 24 h of penetration and may be associated with the exhaustion of energy reserves during the penetration of the stratum corneum. The relationship of this age-related mortality to 'mass mortality' is discussed. PMID- 6657306 TI - The moulting process and the phenomenon of intermoult growth in the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi. AB - The larvae of Brugia pahangi recovered from the jird have been shown to grow continuously between moults, their length increasing at least 5-fold during the 4th instar. This intermoult growth is achieved without an increase in the surface area of larvae. The cuticle of very early 4th and 5th-stage worms is highly folded and intermoult growth is accommodated by an expansion of surface annular folds. The major increases in the surface area of larvae occur only through ecdysis, with an 8-fold increase in the surface area being achieved at the 3rd moult. The growth curve of these worms is therefore sigmoidal but the surface area curve is stepped. The relationship between the cuticles of nematodes and insects is discussed. PMID- 6657307 TI - Temporal study of acquired resistance in infections of mice with Giardia muris. AB - Swiss CD-1 mice infected with cysts of Giardia muris are protected against a challenge infection. A temporal study of this phenomenon was undertaken using two different approaches. First, the time needed for mice to acquire resistance was assessed by terminating the first infection using metronidazole on days 3, 6, 12, 24 or 48. These animals received a challenge infection 7 days later. Second, the duration of the protection was determined by giving mice a challenge infection on days 30, 60, 90, 120 or 150 after the primary infection. In all cases, a significant reduction in both cyst output and trophozoite numbers in the small intestine was observed after challenge. The reduction in cyst output following challenge was similar to the reduction in trophozoite numbers. The acquired resistance of some inbred strains of mice to G. muris was similar to that of CD-1 Swiss mice. These results show that mice can acquire a significant resistance against G. muris even after a short period of contact with the parasite (3 days) and that the resistance may last up to 21 weeks. PMID- 6657309 TI - [Histochemical analysis of mucus produced by large-intestinal carcinoid tumors]. PMID- 6657308 TI - A comparison of the effects of flubendazole and thiabendazole on the larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Trichinella spiralis, Diphyllobothrium erinacei and Hymenolepis nana in mice. AB - Flubendazole or thiabendazole were administered orally to mice harbouring larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Trichinella spiralis, Diphyllobothrium erinacei or Hymenolepis nana 5-10, 28-33, 21-26 and 1-6 days post-infection respectively. All the mice infected with A. cantonensis were completely cured after treatment with flubendazole at 5 mg/kg/day for 6 days. No noticeable damage was found in the cerebral hemispheres of the mice treated with flubendazole and examined under a dissecting microscope. On the other hand, larvae were found in or on the cerebral hemispheres showing obvious haemorrhage in the control mice. The mice treated with flubendazole gained weight while the control mice lost weight. No larvicidal effect of thiabendazole on A. cantonensis was found at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 6 days. The mean reduction of larval T. spiralis in mice treated with flubendazole at 5, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day for 6 days was 64, 100 and 99% respectively. In comparison, thiabendazole showed no efficacy against T. spiralis larvae at 50 or 100 mg/kg/day. Mice harbouring plerocercoids of D. erinacei or H. nana larvae were not cured with either flubendazole or thiabendazole at 50 or 100 mg/kg/day for 6 days. PMID- 6657311 TI - [Usefulness of histopathological studies of scrapings from the uterine cavity for determining the causes of abnormal uterine hemorrhage (metrorrhagia)]. PMID- 6657310 TI - [Heterotopic tissue in the uterus]. PMID- 6657312 TI - [N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase of peripheral blood lymphocytes in the ontogenic development of man]. PMID- 6657313 TI - [Krabbe's disease--an infantile form]. PMID- 6657314 TI - Introduction. The battered child syndrome: the role of radiological imaging. PMID- 6657315 TI - Skeletal trauma in the child abuse syndrome. PMID- 6657316 TI - Craniocerebral trauma in the child abuse syndrome. AB - Craniocerebral trauma, and more specifically intracranial injury, is the most devastating consequence of child abuse. Cranial computed tomography provides a sensitive method for evaluation of the abused child for craniocerebral injury. CT may be particularly useful for demonstrating intracranial lesions that might not be immediately evident from clinical examination. The CT findings may also clarify the nature of the trauma, both cranial and intracranial, with detail not otherwise possible. It is therefore surprising that an expanded role for CT in evaluation of child abuse has not received wider general consideration or acceptance. Discussions of child abuse either fail to note CT in evaluation of the abused child or give the subject only cursory attention. Caffey's initial admonition that the presence of unexplained fractures in the long bones warrants investigation for subdural hematoma has gone largely unheeded. A high index of suspicion for abuse, especially in the young infant, should be sufficient reason to request cranial CT. In some cases of abuse without acute neurologic abnormality chronic sequelae, otherwise unsuspected, may be demonstrated by follow-up CT. PMID- 6657317 TI - Radiological evaluation of visceral injuries in the battered child syndrome. AB - Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in the recognition, evaluation, and follow-up of visceral injuries in the battered child syndrome. Conventional radiography is important for the diagnosis of associated skeletal fractures, pulmonary parenchymal injury, gastric dilatation, and pneumoperitoneum. An upper gastrointestinal series is the examination of choice in suspected intramural duodenal hematoma. Ultrasonography is helpful in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal hematoma, acute traumatic pancreatitis, and pancreatic pseudocyst. Nuclear scintigraphy is valuable if injury is limited to the liver or spleen. CT is the imaging modality of choice for assessing generalized blunt abdominal trauma as well as evaluating the extent of injuries to the liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and mesentery. PMID- 6657318 TI - The battered child syndrome: pitfalls in radiological diagnosis. PMID- 6657319 TI - Interaction between bovine casein and V. cholerae enterotoxin in the rabbit ileal loop. AB - Secretory IgA from human breast milk neutralizes cholera enterotoxin in the rabbit ileal loop system. No similar protection by purified bovine milk proteins could be demonstrated; however, one bovine milk protein, casein, had a deleterious effect on intestine exposed to very small quantities of enterotoxin. Highly purified cholera toxin (10 or 100 ng) was incubated with bovine protein solutions for 60 min at 37 degrees C. One-milliliter aliquots were then injected into prepared rabbit intestine loops. The animals were sacrificed at 18 h and the intestinal loop contents were aspirated, and a volume to length of loop ratio (V/L) was determined. The activity of 100 ng of toxin was not enhanced by the majority of bovine milk proteins, but bovine casein caused a 14-40% increase in the fluid production (V/L of casein + toxin versus toxin, 1.05 versus 0.92 and 1.82 versus 1.30). All of the bovine proteins but casein inhibited the action of low dose enterotoxin. Bovine casein caused a 78-90% increase in fluid production by loops exposed to a suboptimal toxin dose (10 ng) (V/L of casein + toxin versus toxin, 1.12 versus 0.63 and 0.95 versus 0.50). Virtually all of this enhancement of enterotoxin fluid response resided in the purified alpha-casein fraction. PMID- 6657320 TI - Renal handling of sodium in premature and full-term neonates: a study using clearance methods during water diuresis. AB - A study using fractional clearances during orally induced water diuresis was designed to delineate the mechanism underlying defective tubular reabsorption of sodium in very low-birth-weight neonates. The use of clearance methodology during maximal water diuresis may give an indirect estimate of distal sodium delivery [urine volume (V), CH2O + CNa + K], sodium reabsorption at the diluting segments (CH2O), and proportion of the distal load reabsorbed distally (CH2O/CH2O + CNa + K), when all values are corrected to 100 ml glomerular filtration rate. The study was carried out in 28 healthy newborn infants who were grouped according to conceptual age (CA): 13 infants with mean birth weight of 1370 +/- 330 g and mean CA of 31.8 wk (range, 28-34 wk), and 15 infants with mean birth weight of 2330 +/ 550 g and mean CA of 37.9 wk (range, 35-41 wk). All studies were performed at 6 7 days of age. It was demonstrated that higher urinary osmolality (67.5 +/- 23.2 versus 52.9 +/- 9.4 mOsm/kg, P less than 0.0025) and higher fractional sodium excretion (2.3 +/- 1.8 versus 0.9 +/- 0.5 ml/dl glomerular filtration, P less than 0.01) observed in the group of very preterm infants resulted from significantly decreased proximal (V: 18.7 +/- 6.0 versus 13.3 +/- 3.6 ml/dl glomerular filtration, P less than 0.005; CH2O + CNa + K: 17.1 +/- 5.2 versus 11.9 +/- 3.3 ml/dl glomerular filtration, P less than 0.005) and distal (CH2O/CH2O + CNa + K X 100: 81.9 +/- 8.2 versus 88.2 +/- 4.5%, P less than 0.01) tubular sodium reabsorption.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6657321 TI - Endocrine aspects of malnutrition. PMID- 6657322 TI - Thyroid hormone content of breast milk. PMID- 6657323 TI - Workshop on acute respiratory diseases among children of the world. Proceedings of a conference May 18-19, 1983. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. PMID- 6657324 TI - The carbohydrate content of IgG from patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - We compare the complete carbohydrate composition of IgG purified from the serum of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) with that of control subjects. Our results indicate that IgG from cystic fibrosis patients is underglycosylated with respect to galactose and sialic acid, the two terminal sugars on the antennae of the complex-type oligosaccharide chains found on IgG. The galactose content, as determined by gas liquid chromatography, was 2.81 +/- 0.86 (S.D.) mole/mole of IgG for normal subjects versus 1.5 +/- 0.39 for CF subjects (P less than 0.025). Sialic acid content, as determined by the Warren procedure, was 1.33 +/- 0.39 for normals versus 0.47 +/- 0.10 for CF subjects (P less than 0.001). Neither galactose nor sialic acid values for the two groups overlapped. The contents of the core sugars, mannose and glucosamine, and of fucose were not significantly different. When the data are expressed as residues per 3 moles mannose, similar results are obtained. We suggest that immune complex formation, which has been documented in many CF patients, exposes sugar chains of IgG molecules to hydrolytic activity of serum glucosidases, resulting in partial removal of the more peripheral sugars. Because serum glycoproteins missing sialic acid and galactose are not readily cleared from the circulation, the observed changes may contribute to elevated levels of IgG and immune complexes in older people with CF. PMID- 6657325 TI - Cranial volume and occipito-frontal circumference in neonates. AB - Occipitofrontal head circumference (OFC), using tape, and calibrated scale and cranial volumes, using styrofoam plastic cast, were measured in nine preterm and 13 term infants. Term infants had a mean +/- S.E. gestation of 40 +/- 0.2 wk and a mean +/- S.E. birth weight of 3461 +/- 108 g. Preterm infants had a mean +/- S.E. gestation of 30.5 +/- 1.4 wk and a mean +/- S.E. birth weight of 1596 +/- 211 g. Five sequential measurements were made on term infants and nine such measurements were done on preterm infants at specified time intervals. The values of cranial volume were compared with previously published results in term infants. Brain weight and cranial volumes were also compared in 10 preterm infants and seven term infants who died of non-intracranial pathology. To determine if this method is reproducible, it was tested using 50 paired measurements and was found to be within 3%. There was a significant decrease in cranial volume in term and preterm infants with time. Term infants reached the control value at 64 h of age and preterm infants reached the control value at 160 h of age. Preterm infants showed a significant decrease in OFC but term infants did not. The rate of change was not significantly different in either group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6657326 TI - Acute hyperammonemia in the young primate: physiologic and neuropathologic correlates. AB - Infusion-induced acute (less than or equal to 24 h) hyperammonemia to concentrations up to five times normal (0.19 +/- 0.03 versus 0.90 +/- 0.08 mM) was studied in eleven 6-9-month-old Macaca mulatta. The young primates developed a progressive reduction of consciousness that correlated in severity directly with the elevation of blood ammonia concentration. Hyperventilation, electroencephalographic slowing, occasional seizure activity, and, eventually, apneustic breathing also occurred. Intracranial pressure rose from 76 +/- 7 to 167 +/- 12 mmH2O. Arterial oxygen and blood pressure remained within normal limits. Neuropathologic examination showed early astrocytic changes, consisting primarily of swollen perikaryal cytoplasm and processes, and membranous whorls. The absence of neuronal pathology suggests that the acute, limited insult, as occurs in many of the childhood hyperammonemic syndromes, is fully reversible. PMID- 6657327 TI - The effect of amniotic fluid aspiration on pulmonary function in the adult and newborn rabbit. AB - Aspiration of uncontaminated human amniotic fluid was investigated in adult and newborn rabbits and compared with three other experimental groups: 10% meconium solution, saline, and sham-injected controls. Fluids were injected into the trachea of adult animals (4 or 6 ml/kg body weight), newborn vaginally-delivered animals (a mean volume of 8 ml/kg), and cesarean-delivered animals before their first breath (a mean volume of 11 ml/kg). In adult animals aspirating amniotic fluid or saline, arterial PO2 measured over a 24-h period showed a mean difference between groups of less than 5% for both 4 and 6 ml/kg. Meconium aspiration produced a greater depression in PO2 than amniotic fluid aspiration (a mean difference of 16 and 31% for 4 and 6 ml/kg, respectively) and animals aspirating meconium showed a deteriorating trend over 24 h, whereas animals aspirating amniotic fluid improved. One of eight adult animals aspirating amniotic fluid died versus four of five aspirating meconium. All five animals aspirating saline 6 ml/kg survived. Lung weight and resting volume of adult animals aspirating amniotic fluid were not significantly different from animals aspirating saline or nothing. Lung pressure volume curves from adult animals aspirating amniotic fluid were nearly identical to controls. Histology showed significantly greater atelectasis in adult animals that received 6 ml/kg amniotic fluid than controls, but this was not different from saline. There was no association between the number of cells in amniotic fluid and arterial PO2 after aspiration or any other aspect of pulmonary function measured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6657328 TI - Scalp blood flow measured by the xenon clearance technique and transcutaneous PO2 in the fetal lamb. AB - Scalp blood flow and transcutaneous (tc) PO2 were measured in four fetal lambs at 130-135 days of gestation. Scalp blood flow was measured by the xenon clearance technique using a technetium source to correct for changes in distance from the detector. The effect of circular pressure, the so-called "tonsure effect" on scalp flow and tcPO2, was evaluated by pressing a ring on the scalp. A circular pressure between 20-30 mmHg markedly reduced local scalp blood flow and was sufficient to reduce tcPO2 to zero. We found evidence of significant recirculation of xenon in the fetal circulation indicating right-left shunting. This study showed that the tonsure effect seriously affected scalp blood flow and tcPO2 in the fetus. PMID- 6657329 TI - The influence of age on acute renal toxicity of uranyl nitrate in the dog. AB - The influence of age upon uranyl nitrate (UN) induced acute renal failure (ARF) was evaluated in 30 canine puppies 1-2 wk and 3-5 wk old. Renal function and morphologic studies were performed 2 h (initiation phase) and 24 h (maintenance phase) after UN administration. Age-matched controls received vehicle alone. Administration of UN to 1-2-wk-old puppies produced no changes in whole kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR), despite a significant reduction in renal plasma flow (RPF) (P less than 0.01). In contrast, during the maintenance phase, GFR was 60% lower than in the control group (P less than 0.02) whereas values for RPF were nearly identical to control values. In 3-5-wk-old puppies the magnitude of response to the heavy metal was much greater and GFR was nearly completely suppressed during the maintenance phase. This major alteration of GFR was independent of changes in RPF, because RPF remained similar to control values. Morphologic alterations consistent with the nephrotoxic effects of UN were observed in the proximal tubules of the most differentiated nephrons. These age related morphologic alterations correlated well with the functional response (GFR) observed after UN administration, i.e., a proportionately greater degree of both morphologic and functional alterations followed the administration of the heavy metal in the oldest group of puppies. PMID- 6657330 TI - Newborn polymorphonuclear leukocyte aggregation: a study of physical properties and ultrastructure using chemotactic peptides. AB - N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (FMLP) and N-formyl-L-methionyl-L phenylalanine (FMP) were used to investigate neutrophil (PMN) aggregation. Neutrophils were isolated from healthy adult volunteers and term newborn cord blood. Neutrophil aggregation was measured after the addition of FMLP and FMP. Adult PMN aggregation curves demonstrated initial aggregation with slow deaggregation. Newborn neutrophil aggregation curves showed slow aggregation with no deaggregation. These results were identical to the adult and newborn neutrophil aggregation curves produced by C5a. Newborn PMN aggregates examined by scanning electromicrography showed frequent, dense aggregates compared with fewer, less dense aggregates of adult PMNs. Adult and newborn PMN aggregates differed when compared by transmission electromicrographs (EM). Newborn PMNs were tightly bound with cell membrane projections; adult PMNs were loosely bound with no cell membrane projections. Cytochalasin-B pretreated adult and newborn PMN aggregates displayed close approximation of cell membranes with large numbers of cytoplasmic projections. Newborn neutrophils are irreversibly aggregated by FMLP and FMP whereas adult neutrophils display an aggregation-deaggregation reaction. EM studies suggest that this irreversible aggregation of untreated newborn neutrophils may differ from the irreversible aggregation of cytochalasin-B pretreated neutrophils. PMID- 6657331 TI - [Use of palatal plates in infants with cleft lip and palate]. PMID- 6657332 TI - [Glycine transamidinase (ADT) activity in the serum and urine of children with lipoid nephrosis]. PMID- 6657333 TI - [Renal mobility in children with inflammatory conditions of the urinary tract]. PMID- 6657334 TI - [Urinary tract infections in the epidemiologic-clinical aspect]. PMID- 6657335 TI - [Effect of antibiotics on morphological structure of the small-intestinal mucosa in children]. PMID- 6657336 TI - [Pseudoachondroplastic dysplasia in a 3 1/2-year-old girl]. PMID- 6657337 TI - [Diagnostic problems in neoplasms of the cervical spinal cord in infants]. PMID- 6657338 TI - [Kidney papillary necrosis in a 3-month-old infant]. PMID- 6657339 TI - [Grob's syndrome in a 15-month-old girl]. PMID- 6657340 TI - [Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome in a female newborn infant]. PMID- 6657341 TI - [Pathogenic effects of environmental nitrates and nitrites on young child's body]. PMID- 6657342 TI - [Use of jet injectors for mass diagnostic tests]. PMID- 6657344 TI - [Phenomenon of spontaneous synthesis of lymphocyte DNA in healthy newborn infants]. PMID- 6657343 TI - [Metabolic and immunological indices in neonates born to mothers with heart defects and nephropathies]. PMID- 6657345 TI - [Functional activity of peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes in newborn infants with intrauterine viral infections]. PMID- 6657346 TI - [Two-dimensional echoencephalography in the early diagnosis of brain injuries in premature infants]. PMID- 6657347 TI - [Autorosette-forming cells in the blood of premature infants]. PMID- 6657348 TI - [Further improvement in the ambulatory-polyclinic care of children in cities]. PMID- 6657349 TI - [Structure of nocturnal sleep in functional urination disorders in children]. PMID- 6657350 TI - [Catecholamines in the adrenergic structures of skeletal muscles and in the blood and urine of patients with progressive Duchenne muscular dystrophy]. PMID- 6657351 TI - [Various diagnostic tests in biliary tract pathology in children]. PMID- 6657352 TI - [Gallbladder dyskinesia in children]. PMID- 6657353 TI - [Duodenogastric reflux in persistent regurgitation and vomiting in infants during the first months of life]. PMID- 6657355 TI - [Morphological characteristics of rectogenital fistulas in girls with a normal anus]. PMID- 6657354 TI - [Indications for organ-sparing surgery of duodenal ulcer in children]. PMID- 6657356 TI - [Skin melanoma in children]. PMID- 6657357 TI - [Lipoprotein spectrum of maternal, fetal and neonatal blood in physiological pregnancy]. PMID- 6657358 TI - [Organization of professional self-education of medical students]. PMID- 6657359 TI - [Teaching of pediatrics in a joint department of a faculty of pediatrics]. PMID- 6657360 TI - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation: pediatric aspects]. PMID- 6657361 TI - [Lung mucoviscidosis in a 15-year-old girl]. PMID- 6657362 TI - [Mixed variant of portal circulation block in a 10-year-old child]. PMID- 6657363 TI - [The role of early breast feeding and vicasol administration in development of blood coagulation in newborn infants]. PMID- 6657364 TI - [Value of renal angiography in the diagnosis of nephrogenic hypertension in children]. PMID- 6657365 TI - [Serum gastrin and regulation of upper gastrointestinal function in children with esophagitis]. PMID- 6657366 TI - [Mast cell and eosinophil populations in children with duodenitis and chronic nonspecific enteritis]. PMID- 6657367 TI - [Functional megacolon in children]. PMID- 6657368 TI - [Indices of collagen metabolism in children with chronic liver diseases]. PMID- 6657369 TI - [Immune response and susceptibility to infection in children with iron deficiency anemia]. PMID- 6657370 TI - [Characteristics of erythrocyte metabolic disorders in children with acquired hemolytic anemia]. PMID- 6657371 TI - [Morphological characteristics of peripheral blood erythrocytes in children with acute viral hepatitis]. PMID- 6657373 TI - [Value of studying carboxypeptidase N activity in the blood and urine of children with viral hepatitis]. PMID- 6657372 TI - [Intravascular erythrocyte hemolysis following surgical correction of heart defects in children and adolescents]. PMID- 6657374 TI - [Mitral valve prolapse (diagnostic possibilities of multicrystal cardiac scanning and phonocardiography)]. PMID- 6657375 TI - [Ultrasonic diagnosis of bone and soft tissue tumorous lesions in children]. PMID- 6657376 TI - [Biliary dyskinesia in very young children]. PMID- 6657377 TI - [Pelvic dimensions in 10-14 year-old girls]. PMID- 6657378 TI - [Causes of prolonged diarrhea in infants]. PMID- 6657379 TI - [HLA antigen system in glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 6657380 TI - [Use of heparin in purulent meningitis in newborn infants]. PMID- 6657381 TI - [Seasonal rhythms in normal preschool children (hemogram, lymphocytogram and cytochemical indices of lymphocytes) in the conditions of Western Siberia]. PMID- 6657382 TI - [Organization of dispensary care for children with recurrent and chronic respiratory diseases in the GDR]. PMID- 6657383 TI - [Cytological characteristics and biochemical indices of bronchial secretions in normal children]. PMID- 6657384 TI - [Criteria for the functional state of the cardiovascular system in children with acute respiratory viral infections]. PMID- 6657385 TI - [Cardiovascular and respiratory system indices in children with cerebral palsy]. PMID- 6657386 TI - [Clinical, genealogical and metabolic characteristics of obesity in children]. PMID- 6657387 TI - [Peripheral blood picture in serofibrinous pleurisy]. PMID- 6657388 TI - [Hereditary antithrombin III deficiency as a thrombogenic risk factor in children]. PMID- 6657389 TI - [Treatment tactics in congenital pectus carinatum in children]. PMID- 6657390 TI - [Possibilities of using glucocorticoid therapy for acute bronchiolitis in very young children]. PMID- 6657391 TI - [Clinical and roentgenological parallels of osteodystrophy in children with chronic renal insufficiency]. PMID- 6657392 TI - [Precocious sexual development: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment]. PMID- 6657393 TI - [Cyclic nucleotides in the blood of children with potential diabetes]. PMID- 6657394 TI - [Endocrine function of the thymus in young children with thymomegaly]. PMID- 6657395 TI - [Clinical use of gas chromatography on capillary columns and mass spectrometry to analyze metabolites in the urine of premature infants]. PMID- 6657396 TI - [Determination of forced vital capacity in schoolchildren]. PMID- 6657397 TI - [Evaluation of the sensitivity and diagnostic value of the carbon agglomeration test in acute intestinal infections in young children]. PMID- 6657398 TI - [Chronic colitis of noninfectious etiology in children]. PMID- 6657399 TI - [Functional status of the liver in toxic and septic diseases in young children]. PMID- 6657400 TI - [Functional studies in pediatric pulmonology]. PMID- 6657401 TI - [Features of the course of immune hemolytic anemias in young children and principles for treating them]. PMID- 6657402 TI - [Cases of acute hemiton poisoning in children]. PMID- 6657403 TI - [Microflora of the peritoneal exudate in appendicular peritonitis in children]. PMID- 6657404 TI - [Use of histamine inhalation in the treatment of bronchial asthma in children]. PMID- 6657405 TI - [Year-round outdoor sports in sports clothes as a factor in invigorating preschool children]. PMID- 6657406 TI - [Status and ways of furthering the development of pediatric research in the Ukrainian SSR]. PMID- 6657407 TI - [State of metabolic processes in newborn children in the presence of lactation mastitis in their mothers]. PMID- 6657408 TI - [Characteristics of fatty acid composition of total erythrocyte lipids in acute pneumonia in children during their 1st year of life]. PMID- 6657409 TI - [Metabolic processes in the erythrocytes of children with sepsis]. PMID- 6657410 TI - [Features of local immunity in acute bronchitis in children]. PMID- 6657411 TI - [Changes in the electrical properties of blood in children with acute pneumonia]. PMID- 6657412 TI - [Metabolic features of the active phase of rheumatic fever in children]. PMID- 6657413 TI - [Role of hypoxic factors in the development of membranopathologic processes in glomerulonephritis in children]. PMID- 6657414 TI - [Various indices of lipid metabolism in children and adolescents in the risk group for inheritance of hypertension]. PMID- 6657415 TI - [Chronic esophagitis in food allergy in children]. PMID- 6657416 TI - [Borderline states and predisposition to disease in children]. PMID- 6657417 TI - A correlational analysis of symmetry between the arrowhead and featherhead Muller Lyer illusions. AB - Correlational methods were used to investigate symmetry of effect for the arrowhead and featherhead versions of the Muller-Lyer figure. Two control figures were compared in the determination of baseline levels for measurement of the illusions: a shaft presented without any inducing context, and a shaft with vertical inducing lines attached. In addition, results based on difference-score measures of the illusions were contrasted with results obtained by partial correlation techniques. Overall, when one considers the results for either one of the arrowhead or featherhead versions, the evidence favours a common underlying mechanism. However, results across the two versions suggest that the mechanisms for the two versions differ fundamentally. In weighting the different kinds of evidence contributing to this conclusion, methodological issues were raised. By obtaining two judgments for each stimulus figure from a large number of subjects, it was possible to demonstrate not only that conventional difference-score measures of illusions are highly unreliable, but also that they can yield biased results. PMID- 6657418 TI - Brightness induction and the Cafe Wall illusion. AB - The Cafe Wall illusion is a distortion illusion in which the parallel lines of a chessboard-like figure consisting solely of parallel and perpendicular line elements appear to converge in alternating rows, creating a wedge distortion similar to that of the well-known Zollner illusion. Gregory and Heard have formulated an explanation for the Cafe Wall illusion which relies upon the operation of a 'border-locking mechanism' in the visual system. The results of the present experiment suggest an alternative explanation in which the operation of brightness induction within the mortar regions of the Cafe Wall produces a series of 'twisted cords' or slanted line elements akin to those of the Fraser or Zollner figures. A series of such 'twisted cords' is shown to be capable of itself to produce an illusory convergence like that of the Cafe Wall. Manipulations of the luminance of discrete regions in the mortar lines of the Cafe Wall, designed either to augment or cancel the effects of brightness induction in the production of these slanted line elements, are successful in enhancing or reducing, respectively, the wedge distortion of this visual illusion. PMID- 6657419 TI - Ehrenstein variations. AB - Radial lines pointing towards a central circular region induce an illusory positive brightness contrast. Shift in line orientation from radial to tangential can result in negative brightness contrast and line enhancement. PMID- 6657420 TI - Environmental orientation reversal for supine observers. PMID- 6657421 TI - Stereoscopic matching, eye position, and absolute depth. AB - The viewing system parameters (in particular the mutual orientation of the coordinate frames fixed respectively to the left and right projection surface) probably have to be explicitly incorporated into solutions to the stereoscopic matching problem in binocular vision. An algorithm for computing the relative orientation of the two directions of gaze from purely visual information without a prior solution to the correspondence problem is outlined. The availability of an algorithm of this sort seems to be a precondition for any stereoscopic matching process that uses the epipolar constraint. It is further argued that fixation of objects in the near space requires integration of the results of stereoscopic matching over eye movements, and that this requirement puts rather tight restrictions on the possible form of representing the results of stereoscopic processing. PMID- 6657422 TI - The extent of Panum's area and the human cortical magnification factor. AB - The horizontal extent of Panum's fusional area was measured by means of a single vertical-line stimulus placed at thirty-two locations throughout the peripheral visual field. These results were transformed by using known values of the human cortical magnification factor (CMF), and the hypothesis that variations in the magnitude of Panum's area may be accounted for by variations in the CMF was tested. It was found that the increase in Panum's area with increasing stimulus eccentricity correlates well with the CMF, but that variations in the extent of Panum's area as a function of angular position around the line of sight do not correspond well with the CMF. PMID- 6657423 TI - Effects of brightness, hue, and saturation on perceived depth between adjacent regions in the visual field. AB - The effects of brightness, hue, and saturation on perceived depth between adjacent regions have been examined. The stimulus consisted of two hemifields of different colors, and the subject was asked to state which appeared nearer and to judge the perceived depth between them. When both hemifields were achromatic, the perceived depth was found to increase with increasing brightness difference. Some subjects tended to judge the brighter side nearer, others the darker side nearer. With the achromatic-chromatic combination, there were no differences in perceived depth among three hue conditions, whilst with the chromatic-chromatic combination the perceived depth depended on hue combination. In terms of decreasing frequency of 'nearer' judgments the hue order was red, green, blue. When the two hemifields differed only in saturation, the perceived depth increased with increasing saturation difference, and whether the effects of brightness and saturation on perceived distance from the observer can be attributed to figure-ground differentiation between adjacent regions in the visual field; but this argument does not cover the effect of hue under achromatic background conditions. PMID- 6657424 TI - Depth perception in Pandora's box and size illusion: evolution with age. AB - The aim of the experiment was to study the evolution with age (6, 8, 11 and 14 years) of pictorial depth perception in Pandora's box and to compare it with the evolution of size illusion with the same subjects and the same pictorial backgrounds. In addition to familiar size and relative position, each pictorial stimulus contained one or more of the following depth cues: linear perspective, texture gradient, and interposition. The two kinds of measurements produced different results. Size illusions, although present, did not vary with age but increased with the number of cues. Estimates of distance in Pandora's box increased with age and varied according to the type of cue present: texture gradient seemed to be critical to the amount of depth perceived. The correlation between size adjustments and distance adjustments was significant only for the two oldest groups of subjects (11 and 14 years). PMID- 6657425 TI - Wobble cones and wobble holes: the stereokinetic effect revisited. AB - It is well-known that patterns of eccentric circles when slowly rotated give rise to compelling three-dimensional impressions of cones or conical holes which can 'wobble' as the pattern rotates. The wobble can be considered as part of the overall phenomenon of depth elicited from a rotating display, the 'stereokinetic' effect (SKE). This paper considers the three-dimensional appearance as being the result of the sliding of contours and thus it imitates the motion parallax found in real three-dimensional objects in motion. New variants of SK figures are used to examine these points. An analogy with computer programs is proposed which questions earlier views on the location of perceptual invariance. PMID- 6657426 TI - The role of high spatial frequencies in face perception. AB - The relevance of low and high spatial-frequency information for the recognition of photographs of faces has been investigated by testing recognition of faces that have been either low-pass (LP) or high-pass (HP) filtered in the spatial frequency domain. The highest resolvable spatial frequency was set at 15 cycles per face width (cycles fw-1). Recognition was much less accurate for images that contained only the low spatial frequencies (up to 5 cycles fw-1) than for images that contained only spatial frequencies higher than 5 cycles fw-1. For faces HP filtered above 8 cycles fw-1, recognition was almost as accurate as for faces LP filtered below 8 cycles fw-1, although the energy content of the latter greatly exceeded that of the former. These findings show that information conveyed by the higher spatial frequencies is not redundant. Rather, it is sufficient by itself to ensure recognition. PMID- 6657427 TI - Parafoveal words are effective in both hemifields: preattentive processing of semantic and phonological codes. AB - What effect may an unattended word have during a single fixation? Attention was selectively directed to a word exposed for 50 ms by the demand to make a rapid lexical decision response, and during the same presentation a second word was displayed approximately 2.3 deg of visual angle away on the same horizontal axis. The second word was backwards and forwards masked by a random-dot display, and was described to subjects as a distractor which was to be ignored. Although no response was required to this word, it was found to influence response latency to the attended word according to the semantic relationship which existed between the two. They interfered with the lexical decision response when the two words were related in meaning and also when they sounded as if they were related in meaning. These effects argue for automatic processing of the meaning of printed words presented in either visual hemifield, and for their automatic phonological activation. PMID- 6657429 TI - Could we see a miracle? PMID- 6657428 TI - The voice-recognition accuracy of blind listeners. AB - A research programme has been carried out that concerns the accuracy with which listeners can identify a speaker heard once before. The present study examined the voice-recognition abilities of blind listeners, and it was found that they could more accurately select target voices from the test arrays than could sighted people. However, the degree of blindness, the age at onset of blindness, and the number of years of blindness all failed to relate to voice-recognition accuracy. PMID- 6657430 TI - Natural sniffing gives optimum odour perception for humans. AB - The characteristics of human sniffing episodes during odour perception have been described in an earlier paper, where it has been suggested that the techniques used by individuals may be close to those providing optimum perception. To investigate this suggestion, threshold and intensity tests with butanol, cyclohexanone, and pentyl acetate have been carried out on twenty-one subjects. Olfactory responses obtained by using natural sniffing techniques were compared with those where the number of sniffs, interval between sniffs, and size of sniffs were varied. The results indicate that it is very difficult to improve on the efficiency of sniffing techniques of individuals and that a single natural sniff provides as much information about the presence and intensity of an odour as do seven or more sniffs. A single natural sniff and the first sniff of a a natural sniffing episode were shown to have similar characteristics and most significantly both were unaffected by changes in the concentration and type of odour. Overall, the results indicate that humans achieve optimum odour perception during threshold and intensity measures with their natural multiple-sniff technique or with a single sniff. For the 'average' human this occurs with a sniff of inhalation rate 30 1 min-1, volume 200 cm3, and duration 0.4 s. The use of several sniffs in a sniffing episode appears to be a confirmatory action rather than a necessary one, except for the perception of odour mixtures where several sniffs are likely to be needed to aid discrimination of the components. Data from the present and earlier study provide the information necessary for the development of a standard olfactometer and standard procedures for measuring the olfactory responses of humans. PMID- 6657431 TI - Abrupt onsets do not aid visual search. PMID- 6657432 TI - Perception of the duration of rapid spectrum changes in speech and nonspeech signals. PMID- 6657433 TI - Transfer of training of a new linguistic contrast in voicing. PMID- 6657434 TI - The generation of two isochronous sequences in parallel. PMID- 6657435 TI - Phonological context in speech perception. PMID- 6657436 TI - Energy processing and coding factors in texture discrimination and image processing. PMID- 6657437 TI - Dynamic occlusion in the perception of rotation in depth. PMID- 6657438 TI - Memory and preference for the colors of objects. PMID- 6657439 TI - Role of corollary discharge in space constancy. PMID- 6657440 TI - An ROC analysis of pain reactions in dysmenorrheic and nondysmenorrheic women. PMID- 6657441 TI - The effect of delaying auditory feedback of selected components of the speech signal. PMID- 6657442 TI - The discrimination of mirror-image forms by pigeons. PMID- 6657443 TI - Illusory contours are not caused by simultaneous brightness contrast. PMID- 6657444 TI - Reply to Zwislocki's views on "absolute" scaling. PMID- 6657445 TI - Quantifying contextual contributions to word-recognition processes. PMID- 6657446 TI - The role of onset in the perception of sequentially presented vibrotactile patterns. PMID- 6657447 TI - Component processes in the perception of bilaterally symmetric dot textures. PMID- 6657448 TI - Identification of vowels in "vowelless" syllables. PMID- 6657449 TI - The influence of task difficulty and external tempo on subjective time estimation. PMID- 6657450 TI - The effect of visibility on eye-movement parameters in reading. PMID- 6657451 TI - The subjective tempo difference between interaural and monaural sequences as a function of sequence length. PMID- 6657452 TI - Voicing, vowel, and stress mispronunciations in continuous speech. PMID- 6657454 TI - Neon color spreading, partially delineated borders, and the formation of illusory contours. PMID- 6657453 TI - Paradoxical retinal motions during head movements: apparent motion without equivalent apparent displacement. PMID- 6657455 TI - Development of the tilted vertical horopter. PMID- 6657456 TI - A psychophysical interpretation of a "categorical perception" experiment by Hary and Massaro. PMID- 6657457 TI - Evidence for an amiloride sensitive Na+ pathway in the amphibian diluting segment induced by K+ adaptation. AB - The effect of amiloride on cell membrane potentials and intracellular Na activity (Nai) was tested in early distal tubules of the isolated perfused kidney of control and of K-adapted (high-K diet) Amphiuma. Conventional and Na-sensitive liquid ion-exchanger microelectrodes were employed to measure the peritubular cell membrane potential (PDpt), the transepithelial potential difference (PDte) and the Na electrochemical gradient across the peritubular cell membrane (ENapt), in the absence and the presence of amiloride (1 X 10(-4) mol X 1(-1] in both groups of animals. Amiloride did not affect PDpt and ENapt in control animals but depolarized PDpt and ENapt by about 8 mV in K-adapted animals. Nai (11.0 +/- 0.6 mmol X 1(-1) in early distal cells of control animals) did not change significantly by this maneuver. However, Nai decreased to extremely low values (2.3 +/- 0.2 mmol X 1(-1] when the luminal cotransport system for Na, Cl and K was inhibited by the luminal application of furosemide (5 X 10(-5) mol/l) and when the luminal cell membrane was exposed simultaneously to amiloride. The amiloride-induced effects on PDpt, ENapt and Nai occurred within seconds and were fully reversible. We conclude that high-K diet (K adaptation) induces an amiloride-sensitive pathway in the luminal cell membrane of early distal cells of Amphiuma which exists in parallel with the furosemide-sensitive cotransport system located in this cell barrier. The results suggest a luminal amiloride sensitive Na/H exchange mechanism which regulates the luminal K permeability. PMID- 6657459 TI - Spectral analysis of tremorine and cold tremor electromyograms in animal species of different size. AB - In 14 mice (36.2 +/- 5.4 g), 17 rats (425 +/- 46.4 g), and 11 rabbits (3,200 +/- 340 g) a comparative electromyographic analysis of tremorine tremor and cold tremor was performed in gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles using spectral analysis. The mean frequency of cold tremor decreased with increasing body weight (mice: 40.2 +/- 4.5 Hz; rats: 31.3 +/- 4.9 Hz; rabbits: 16.4 +/- 3.2 Hz). With tremorine tremor no such allometric correlation was found for tremor frequency and body weight (mice: 17.7 +/- 3.6 Hz; rats: 19.6 +/- 5.1 Hz; rabbits: 15.9 +/- 2.1 Hz). Cross spectral analysis revealed that during cold tremor the flexor muscle (tibialis anterior) and the extensor muscle (gastrocnemius) of rabbits are activated alternately. The mean phase shift between the activation of flexor and extensor muscle was -155.5 degrees. Stronger activation was observed in the flexor muscle. Tremorine tremor was characterized by synchronous activation of flexor and extensor muscles with a mean phase angle of 3.0 degrees and a predominance of the extensor muscle. The results suggest that the nervous mechanisms for the generation of tremorine tremor and cold tremor are different. PMID- 6657458 TI - Chloride transport in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop: potassium dependence and stoichiometry of the NaCl cotransport system in plasma membrane vesicles. AB - Cells were isolated from the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop of rabbit kidney outer medulla and a plasma membrane fraction was prepared by differential centrifugation. Sodium and rubidium uptake into the plasma membrane vesicles were determined by a rapid filtration technique. In the presence of a 100 mM KCl gradient and 0.5 mM sodium the vesicles took up 252 +/- 82 pmoles sodium/mg protein X 15s; 52% of the uptake was dependent on the presence of chloride or inhibited by 10(-3) M bumetanide. If KCl was stepwise replaced by choline chloride, sodium uptake decreased in the absence of bumetanide but was only insignificantly altered in the presence of bumetanide. Potassium exerted a halfmaximum stimulation at 22.3 +/- 9.7 mM. In tracer exchange experiments under zero salt gradient conditions, sodium uptake was also strongly reduced in the absence of potassium. Rubidium uptake into the same membrane fraction was highest in the presence of a NaCl gradient, and decreased 41% when sodium was replaced by choline or when 10(-3) M bumetanide was present. Replacement of sodium chloride by sodium nitrate also inhibited rubidium uptake. When the sodium, chloride and potassium dependence of the bumetanide sensitive sodium uptake was investigated in more detail, Hill coefficients for sodium of 1.0 +/- 0.03, for chloride of 1.8 +/- 0.2 and for potassium of 0.98 +/- 0.03 were obtained. These results are consistent with the presence of a Na-Cl-K cotransport system in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop which may operate with a stoichiometry of 1/2/1. PMID- 6657460 TI - Alterations in smooth muscle contraction kinetics during tonic activation. AB - The kinetics of actin myosin interaction were studied in rat tracheal smooth muscle by analyzing the time course of post-vibration tension recovery. Longitudinal vibration (100 Hz sinus: 8% of the muscle length) of the contracted preparation (electrical field stimulation 30 Hz, 0.3 ms or 0.1 mM acetylcholine treatment) inhibits the process of force generation. The tension recovery after cessation of vibration follows a double exponential function with an initial fast and a subsequent slow component (the time constants averaged 1.17 +/- 0.10 s and 7.0 +/- 0.32 s (n = 60), respectively). Changes in the amplitude of vibration, the stimulation strength, or the extent of resting tension affect the amplitude without altering the time constants of tension recovery. These experimental conditions influence rather the number than the kinetics of acting cross-bridges. An extension of the pre-vibration stimulation period from 15 s to 16 min as well as a reduction in temperature from 37 degrees C to 25 degrees C hardly affects the extent of force development. However, the time constants of both the fast and the slow component of tension recovery were increased by up to a factor of about 7. These experimental results indicate an effect on the kinetics of actin myosin interaction. PMID- 6657461 TI - Lithium-induced uremia in rats - a new model of chronic renal failure. AB - Three groups of new-born rats were studied: Group Li/Li treated with Li for 16 weeks, group Li/C treated for 8 weeks followed by 8 weeks without Li, and Group C/C 16 weeks old controls. Both Li-treated groups showed severe reduction of renal function, particularly group Li/Li, where the mean GFR was reduced by 80%. Plasma urea, creatinine, and osmolality were increased, blood hemoglobin and hematocrit were reduced, whereas plasma Na, K, and standard bicarbonate were unchanged. Na clearance was maintained and fractional Na excretion thus increased. Fractional Li excretion was also increased, indicating inhibition of proximal tubular salt and water reabsorption. Renal concentrating ability was markedly reduced. When Li was withdrawn, plasma urea levels remained unchanged or continued to rise, and the concentrating defect persisted. The results demonstrate that Li administration to new-born rats causes irreversible chronic renal failure which may progress even in the absence of Li. This model of chronic renal failure has several characteristics in common with chronic renal failure in humans. PMID- 6657462 TI - Effect of aldosterone on the excretion of lithium in the adrenalectomized rat. AB - The effect of aldosterone (1 microgram/kg X h) on the urinary excretion of lithium (Li) was measured by clearance studies in adrenalectomized rats receiving a glucocorticoid substitution (dexamethasone 6.6 micrograms/kg). Aldosterone induced significant anti-natriuresis and kaliuresis. The fractional excretion of Li remained constant around 28% and was not modified by aldosterone during the experiment (4 h). These results indicate that the tubular reabsorption of Li is not directly dependent on mineralocorticoid hormones. The previously reported effects of long term administration of DOCA or spironolactone of Li excretion are probably secondary to modifications of the sodium balance which, in turn, influences the proximal Li reabsorption rate. PMID- 6657463 TI - Fibre type specific transformations in the enzyme activity pattern of rat vastus lateralis muscle by prolonged endurance training. AB - The alterations in activity patterns of representative enzymes in energy metabolism were investigated in the superficial (white) and deep (red) portions of the fast vastus lateralis muscle of the adult rat in response to prolonged endurance training. It was found that following 15 weeks of extreme training (final running duration: 210 min per day, 27 m/min at 15 degree grade), increases in the activities of marker enzymes of the citric acid cycle (citrate synthase), beta-oxidation (3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase), and ketone body utilization (3 ketoacid CoA transferase) as well as of glutamate pyruvate transaminase occurred in both regions of the muscle, with the greatest increase being observed in the superficial portion (2.6-4.2-fold). Pronounced increases were also seen for hexokinase which showed highest activities after 7 weeks of training. Conversely, decreases were noted for various glycogenolytic, glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes (phosphorylase, glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase). Reduction in the activities of these enzymes was most pronounced in the deep portion of the muscle. These results demonstrate a fundamental rearrangement of the energy metabolism of the muscle in response to prolonged, high intensity training. In the case of the deep portion of the vastus lateralis muscle, which has been shown to be composed of a large percentage of fast oxidative-glycolytic fibres (FOG), the enzyme profile becomes similar to the slow oxidative (SO) fibre. In the superficial portion which contains predominantly fast glycolytic fibres (FG), the enzyme profile becomes similar to FOG fibres.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6657464 TI - The hepatic haemodynamic response to acute portal venous blood flow reductions in the dog. AB - The hepatic haemodynamic response to acute reductions in portal venous blood flow was investigated in 14 anaesthetized normal dogs. A side-to-side mesocaval anastomosis was constructed to enable varying degrees of portal flow to be diverted into the inferior vena cava by suitable manipulations of the shunt diameter. Measurements of portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flow were made with electromagnetic flowmeters. A linear relationship was observed between the degree of reduction in portal flow and the magnitude of the resulting hepatic arterial hyperaemic response. Hepatic arterial vascular resistance showed a decrease which became more pronounced the greater the degree of reduction in portal flow. For every 1.0 ml X min-1 100 g-1 decrease in portal flow, the hepatic arterial flow increased by a mean of 0.24 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1, a value representing the average compensatory capacity of the arterial response. Arterial flow improvement therefore provided some degree of protection against severe falls in total liver blood flow. However, it provided even more effective protection against any fall in total hepatic oxygen consumption, which showed only a very gradual decrease with reduced hepatic portal blood flow. PMID- 6657465 TI - The measurement of K+e concentration changes in human muscles during volitional contractions. AB - Changes of extracellular potassium concentration [( K+]e) were measured in human muscles during volitional isometric contractions using liquid ion-exchanger electrodes. In principle, an intramuscular injection needle containing a microelectrode with a side-pore was inserted into the brachioradialis muscle. After insertion of the needle, the glass ion-selective microelectrode (ISM) could be moved out of the protective trocar shield into the muscle tissue. The average values of [K+]e in human muscles during maximal effort rose from 4.5 mmol/l K+ to 9.5 mmol/l K+. These values correspond closely to those previously found in muscles of experimental animals. PMID- 6657466 TI - A new method for obtaining isolated photoreceptors from the amphibian retina. AB - A new method is described for obtaining isolated rods and cones by physical dissociation of the retina. The method gives a large yield of isolated photoreceptors, without any changes in membrane properties that enzymatic dissociation techniques might produce. Photovoltages and photocurrents recorded from rods isolated in this way are presented. PMID- 6657467 TI - A method of preparing single renal tubules for electron microprobe analysis. AB - A method is described whereby single renal tubules, incubated in varying incubation media can be captured and prepared for electron microprobe analysis for intracellular sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, magnesium amongst others. PMID- 6657468 TI - Impaired thermoregulation against cold in capsaicin pretreated rats. AB - A study was made of the effects of pretreatment with fractionated capsaicin on the changes in body temperature (Tb) induced in rats by exposure to cold and to warm environments, and by administration of histamine (40 mg X kg-1) or of pentobarbital (20 mg X kg-1). At the ambient temperature of 22 degrees C the Tb of capsaicin pretreated rats was lower than that of rats treated only with solvent (p less than 0.001). The capsaicin pretreated rats showed impairment of thermoregulation at both high and low environmental temperatures: their Tb rose to a higher level in a warm environment, while in a cold environment their Tb was lower than that of the control rats. Histamine and pentobarbital caused larger drops in the Tb of capsaicin pretreated rats than in the controls. These findings challenge the concept that capsaicin treatment acts exclusively on thermoregulatory mechanisms concerned with warmth sensation. PMID- 6657469 TI - [Crossing time zones--jet lag]. PMID- 6657471 TI - [A new test for the diagnosis of hip dislocation]. PMID- 6657472 TI - [Positive results at the first Scandinavian unit for spinal injuries]. PMID- 6657470 TI - [Choice of procedures in diagnosis 9. Groups at risk]. PMID- 6657474 TI - [Expandable tie-down straps for luggage racks dangerous for the eyes]. PMID- 6657473 TI - [Ranking of corticosteroid ointments - an updating]. PMID- 6657475 TI - [Minimal brain dysfunction]. PMID- 6657476 TI - [Ulcerative colitis in Iceland. An epidemiological study 1950-1979]. PMID- 6657477 TI - [Postoperative prevention of thrombosis - a review]. PMID- 6657478 TI - [The Council of Europe honors 4000 physicians' work against torture]. PMID- 6657479 TI - [Physician's training in hospital administration in Denmark]. PMID- 6657480 TI - [Training in hospital administration for Swedish physicians]. PMID- 6657481 TI - [Comparative study of 2 prognostic classification systems for myeloma and examination of the correlation between initial bone marrow plasmacytosis and prognosis. A propos of a homogeneous population of 50 patients followed from diagnosis to death]. AB - We report the outcome of the statistical analysis of 50 myeloma patients, making a comparison of the prognosis value of the staging systems proposed by Durie and Salmon and, more recently by Merlini, Waldenstrom and Jayakar. Moreover, we studied the relationship between initial percentage of bone marrow plasma cells and prognosis. All patients had a complete follow-up and received the same treatment. We excluded our cases of non excreting and solitary myeloma. The staging system proposed by Durie and Salmon still has the best prognosis significance. The system proposed by Merlini, Waldenstrom and Jayakar does not allow a staging of the patients in rigourous conditions. The absence of a relationship between initial bone marrow plasmocytosis and prognosis corroborates the poor reliability of this staging system. PMID- 6657482 TI - [Inhibitory effect of 15 HPETE on granulocytic (CFU-GM) stem cells]. PMID- 6657483 TI - [Demonstration of antineutrophil antibodies using radioiodinated protein A]. AB - The granulocyte associated IgG in normal and neutropenic subjects has been determined by a direct quantitative assay using radiolabeled staphylococcal protein A. This assay allows us to postulate an immunological mechanism to explain the neutropenia in 19 cases of neutropenias associated with malfunctions of the immune system and in 4 cases of idiopathic neutropenias. Discussed in this report is the possible interaction of immune complexes bound in vivo to the granulocytes. By an immunofluorescence test, it has been possible to detect IgG or IgM antibodies in only 52% of patients with a positive direct assay. The determination of granulocyte-associated IgG is therefore a better indicator in our study for defining an auto-immune neutropenia than the detection of free antibodies in the sera. PMID- 6657484 TI - [Establishing a registry of malignant hemopathies in Cote-d'Or. Preliminary results]. AB - A registry of malignant haematological diseases was established on January 1st 1980 in order to assess the incidence and epidemiologic features of these diseases in the department of Cote-d'Or (population 470 000). Information was collected from various sources (public or private laboratories, public or private hospitals and death certificates). During the course of two years (1980 and 1981) 194 news cases were recorded. This registry collects acute leukaemia, lymphoid and myeloid proliferative diseases, lymphomas in leukaemic phase and myelodysplastic syndromes. The crude incidence rates were 25.0/100,000 in men and 16.1/100,000 in women. Sex ratio : 1.5. Compared to other French population based registries the incidence is higher in Cote-d'Or, showing the value of specialised registries. The rates are similar to those reported in Geneva and Connecticut. PMID- 6657485 TI - Instant 99mTc-labelled glucoheptonate kit for kidney imaging. AB - Gelchromatography column scanning has been used to study the fractions of reduced hydrolyzed 99mTc, 99mTc-pertechnetate and 99mTc-chelate in a 99mTc-glucoheptonate (GH) preparation. A stable high labelling yield of 99mTc-GH complex in the radiopharmaceutical has been obtained with a concentration of 40-50 mg of glucoheptonic acid-calcium salt and not less than 0.45 mg of SnCl2.2 H2O at an optimal pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The stability of the complex has been found significantly affected when sodium hydroxide solution was used for the pH adjustment. However, an alternative procedure for final pH adjustment of the preparation has been investigated providing a stable complex for the usual period of time prior to the injection. The organ distribution and the blood clearance data of 99mTc-GH in rabbits were relatively similar to those reported earlier. The mean concentration of the radiopharmaceutical in both kidneys has been studied in normal subjects for one hour with a scintillation camera and the results were satisfactory. PMID- 6657486 TI - Increased serum concentration of free L-triiodothyronine in patients treated with L-thyroxine. AB - This study demonstrates that in spite of measured normal concentrations of carrier proteins one cannot deduce in all cases a normal fT3 from a normal level of TT3 when l-thyroxine given for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes is present in excess. The displacement of l-triiodothyronine from its binding sites is shown in 35 patients with non-toxic goitre who received an oral dose of 200 micrograms l-thyroxine/die for two weeks. Apart from a significant increase of TT4 (from 7.85 to 14.21 micrograms/dl equal + 81%) and of fT4 (from 1.58 to 3.7 ng/dl equal + 134%) there is only a slight increase in TT3 from 148 to 158 ng/dl (equal + 10%) after 14 days of treatment. By contrast fT3 rises clearly from 4.97 to 8.07 pg/ml equal + 63% (normal range: 2.8-5.6 pg/ml). Compared with the increase of TT3 (+ 10%) the free T3 rises by a factor of 6.3 (63%/10%). On account of higher affinity of l-thyroxine to binding proteins the free T4 is influenced to a lesser degree. Compared with the increase of TT4 (+ 81%) free T4 rises by a factor of 1.6 (134%/81%). It is supposed that the serum concentration of free T3 can be increased despite a normal concentration of TT3 when l-thyroxine is present in excess. Therefore, for laboratory work fT3 should be assigned a higher validity than TT3 when patients are treated with comparatively high doses of l-thyroxine. PMID- 6657487 TI - [What should an economically justified and reliable in-vitro diagnosis of thyroid function look like?]. AB - On the basis of practical experience suggestions for an effective combination of laboratory tests of thyroid function are given. In addition to a reliable methodology a comprehensible interpretation of data is required; prerequisite is the knowledge of the circumstances under which the test serum was obtained. In a three-step-procedure, the diagnosis could be established solely on the basis of the results of T3 and T4 determinations in 70% of patients examined for the first time, and in a further 20% by an additional TRH test as a second step. In the third step determination of antibodies is employed for the differential diagnosis of doubtful cases. PMID- 6657488 TI - [Progress in studies on sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6657489 TI - [Respiratory pattern and occlusion pressure in healthy persons and in patients with obstructive and restrictive disorders of lung mechanics during free breathing and overcoming flow resistance]. PMID- 6657490 TI - Dissolution of struvite calculi by hemiacidrin solution. AB - Struvite calculi result from urinary tract infections secondary to urease producing bacteria. To prevent recurrent infection and stone formation complete removal of struvite calculi is recommended. Two illustrative reports of patients with renal struvite calculi are presented in which 10% hemiacidrin (Renacidin) irrigation was instituted for stone dissolution. After surgical removal of the calculi a nephrostomy tube was placed in the renal pelvis. With confirmation of residual struvite calculi, 10% hemiacidrin irrigation was initiated. Urine cultures, electrolytes and nephrotomograms were performed and adverse effects monitored. Using strict aseptic technique and appropriate precautions, hemiacidrin irrigation safely dissolves struvite calculi. PMID- 6657491 TI - [Lipoproteins in arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower limbs]. PMID- 6657492 TI - [Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems in primary hyperlipoproteinemias]. PMID- 6657494 TI - [Functional disorders of the heart conduction system as a symptom of thyroid hormone deficiency]. PMID- 6657493 TI - [3 cases of neoplastic cardiac tamponade. Clinico-pathological analysis]. PMID- 6657495 TI - [Effect of 16, 16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 on the electrolyte barrier of the stomach in patients with peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6657496 TI - Unconventional therapies for neonatal sepsis. PMID- 6657497 TI - "Cephalomalacia obfuscate," a fourth generation cephalosporin. AB - A new fourth generation cephalosporin, cephalomalacia obfuscate, has been synthesized. Limited testing has shown this new class of antibiotic to have substantially greater bacteriopathic properties than the third generation antibiotics. The role that these properties may play in host defense is discussed. PMID- 6657498 TI - Galactose inhibition of neonatal neutrophil function. AB - To investigate possible causes for the significantly increased incidence of sepsis observed in galactosemic neonates, the in vitro effect of galactose on neutrophil function in healthy newborns was studied. Neutrophils from 25 normal newborns and 23 normal adult volunteers were incubated with 100 mg of glucose per dl, 300 mg of galactose per dl and 300 mg of galactose plus 100 mg of glucose per dl, respectively. Tests for neutrophil function included chemiluminescence (CL), chemotaxis (CTX) and adherence. Neutrophil CL (measure of bactericidal activity) was significantly depressed by galactose in both adults (30.2%) and newborns (59.5%); however, neonatal neutrophil function (CL) was depressed to a much greater extent than in adults. CTX was also significantly depressed by galactose in newborns but not in adults. Supplementing the galactose-containing medium with glucose restored both CL and CTX function to normal in adults. However, only CTX was restored in newborns, while CL remained markedly depressed. Neutrophil adhesion, a function which is not energy-dependent, was not affected by galactose in both adults and newborns. These findings indicate that depressed neutrophil function by galactose or its metabolites may contribute to the high incidence of sepsis in galactosemic neonates. PMID- 6657499 TI - Management of tuberculin reactors in children and adolescents previously vaccinated with BCG. AB - Between 1960 and 1981, 142 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-vaccinated children and adolescents were evaluated in the Children's Chest Clinic, Bellevue Hospital. These patients came from 28 countries and had positive tuberculin reactions and/or exposure to active tuberculosis. Antituberculous therapy was given to 8 with active tuberculosis, to 8 with calcified pulmonary primary lesions and to 105 positive tuberculin reactors without disease. In a 1 1/2- to 16-year follow up no tuberculous disease occurred, and two patients with previously negative roentgenograms developed calcified pulmonary lesions. Guidelines are given for the management of patients previously vaccinated with BCG with special reference to the value of prophylactic isoniazid therapy for those considered infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis but without evidence of disease. PMID- 6657500 TI - Use of ultrasonography for diagnosis and management of neonatal brain abscess. PMID- 6657501 TI - Candida parapsilosis meningitis in a premature infant. PMID- 6657502 TI - Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for relapses of Salmonella meningitis. PMID- 6657503 TI - Scalp abscess associated with Mycoplasma hominis infection complicating intrapartum monitoring. PMID- 6657505 TI - Treatment of protozoan infections: malaria. PMID- 6657504 TI - Bacteroides coagulans osteoarthritis. PMID- 6657506 TI - DTP and SIDS. PMID- 6657507 TI - Empiric antifungal therapy. PMID- 6657508 TI - Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Kawasaki disease. PMID- 6657509 TI - The actions of opiates in the rat substantia nigra: an electrophysiological analysis. AB - Single unit recording and micropressure ejection techniques were used to investigate the actions of opiates on dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the rat substantia nigra. Systemic administration of morphine, 1 to 4 mg/kg, led to a naloxone-reversible increase in firing rate of all zona compacta dopaminergic (ZC) neurons examined (n = 10). In a specifically defined subpopulation of non-dopaminergic nigral zona reticulata (ZR) neurons, systemically administered morphine led to a naloxone reversible decrease in activity (n = 9). D-Ala2-d-leu5 (DADL)-enkephalin, when applied directly onto ZC neurons by micropressure ejection techniques, had no effect on their firing rate. In contrast, micropressure ejection of DADL enkephalin onto ZR neurons produced a decrease in firing rate which was blocked by systemically administered naloxone. Morphine sulfate applied by pressure ejection onto both ZC and ZR neurons produced mixed results which were not always blocked by naloxone. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which opiates increase dopaminergic neurotransmission is through disinhibition of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. PMID- 6657510 TI - Central cardiovascular effects of mammalian neurohypophyseal peptides in conscious rats. AB - To confirm and extend the results of previous studies which demonstrated central cardiovascular effects of vasopressin in anesthetized rats, we determined blood pressure and heart rate changes for 30 minutes after intracerebroventricular injections of arginine vasopressin, arginine vasotocin and oxytocin in conscious rats. As compared to sham injections, significantly greater increases in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure were noted over the 30 minutes which followed the injection of 0.15, 1.0 or 10.0 nM of either vasopressin or vasotocin. In animals given vasopressin, plasma levels of the peptide were determined. There was a substantial increase in plasma vasopressin only after the highest dose. Overall blood pressure responses to doses of oxytocin as high as 100 nM were not significantly different than sham injections. Heart rate following both vasopressin and vasotocin was increased at 0.15 nM, was initially decreased then increased at 1.0 nM and was substantially decreased after the 10.0 nM dose. There was a significant increase in heart rate at the 10.0 nM and 100 nM doses of oxytocin. Dose response curves for systolic blood pressure and heart rate 20 minutes after injection were similar for vasopressin and vasotocin. We conclude that arginine vasopressin has significant central pressor and tachycardic effects in conscious rats, and it is related, at least in part, to the tail structure of the peptide, which is shared with arginine vasotocin. PMID- 6657511 TI - Neuropeptides in spinal cord injury: comparative experimental models. AB - The possible role of endogenous opioids in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury was evaluated utilizing a variety of experimental models and species. In the cat, we have shown that beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity was increased in plasma following traumatic spinal injury; such injury was associated with a decrease in spinal cord blood flow (SCBF) which was reversed by the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone. Naloxone treatment also significantly improved functional neurological recovery after severe injury. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), possibly through its "anti-endorphin" actions, was even more effective than naloxone in improving functional recovery in the cat. In a rat model, utilizing a similar trauma method, TRH proved superior to naloxone in improving SCBF after injury. In addition, naloxone at high doses attenuated the hindlimb paralysis produced by temporary aortic occlusion in the rabbit. The high doses of naloxone required to improve neurological function after spinal injury suggest that naloxone's actions, if opiate receptor mediated, may be mediated by non-mu receptors. Dynorphin, an endogenous opioid with a high affinity for the kappa receptor, produced hindlimb paralysis following intrathecal administration in rats. Taken together, these findings suggest that endogenous opioids, possibly acting at kappa receptors in the spinal cord, may serve as pathophysiological factors in spinal cord injury. PMID- 6657512 TI - Enkephalin-containing polypeptides are potent inhibitors of enkephalin degradation. AB - Enkephalin-containing polypeptides derived from pro-enkephalin A, pro-enkephalin B, or pro-opiomelanocortin were inhibitors of enkephalin degradation by aminoenkephalinases purified from cytosol or membranes. Of the peptides, Argo-Met enkephalin was the most potent inhibitor for the aminoenkephalinases, with an IC50 of about 0.6 microM, it was more effective than bestatin (IC50 = 0.8-1.0 microM). This inhibition was partly due to substrate competition. Argo-Met enkephalin was hydrolyzed by aminoenkephalinases to form Arg, Tyr, and Gly-Gly Phe-Met in a substrate-inhibited manner. The hexapeptide also inhibited the breakdown of Arg- and Tyr-beta-naphthylamide by the membrane aminoenkephalinase. Since Argo-Met-enkephalin did not inhibit leucine aminopeptidase, it was a more selective inhibitor than bestatin of Met-enkephalin breakdown by aminopeptidases. Argo-Met-enkephalin inhibited enkephalin breakdown by synaptosomal plasma membranes but not by brain slices. Our data suggest that in addition to their possible role as opioids, the enkephalin-containing polypeptides may be regulators of enkephalin levels. PMID- 6657513 TI - Bombesin-induced behavioural changes: antagonism by neuroleptics. AB - Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered bombesin (BN) intracerebroventricularly (ICV), at a dose of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 microgram, and the behavioural effects monitored longitudinally across time for up to 24 hr. Administration of BN significantly increased the locomotor, rearing and grooming activity at all doses. The time-course of behavioural activation was dose-related (lasting up to 2.5 hr). There was no significant difference in the behavioural response of rats receiving the BN doses in an ascending or descending order. To test the effects of dopamine receptor blockade on the BN-induced behavioural changes, groups of animals were treated with fluphenazine or haloperidol (0.1 to 2.5 mg/kg, IP) 30 min prior to BN (1 microgram, ICV) administration. The results revealed that the neuroleptics could effectively antagonize the BN-induced activation of locomotor, rearing and grooming activity. These data are concordant with the view that centrally administered BN stimulates spontaneous exploratory and grooming behaviours in rats, in a time- and dose-related manner. Furthermore, since neuroleptics block these effects, it remains possible that the BN-induced behavioural changes may be mediated, at least in part, through the dopaminergic system(s). PMID- 6657514 TI - Vasopressin analog influences the performance of males on a reaction time task. AB - The effects of desmopressin acetate (DDAVP), a vasopressin analogue, were investigated using the Sternberg Item Recognition Task. This task requires a subject to memorize a target set of up to four digits and then quickly to decide whether or not a given probe was in the original memory set. Fifteen college aged males were used as subjects in this study. Subjects received, in a double blind procedure, 0.6 ml of DDAVP (60 micrograms) or an equal volume of vehicle solution during the first test session. One week later, during the second test session, the hormone-placebo treatments were reversed. The results indicated significant main effects for set size and decision type and an interaction between treatment and session. Treatment with DDAVP during the second but not the first session improved performance at each set size as compared to treatment with the vehicle. These results indicate that DDAVP, combined with experience on this task, improved attentional processes but did not influence memory, which would have been indicated by an interaction between treatment and size of memory set. PMID- 6657515 TI - Behavioral differences between vasopressin-deficient (Brattleboro) and normal Long-Evans rats. AB - Behavioral comparisons were made between rats of the Brattleboro strain with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI) and normal Long-Evans rats. Measurements were made of activity behavior in a lighted open field and in a darkened activity chamber. Subtle measurement specific differences in the activity behavior of DI rats were found which suggested altered emotion, motivation and/or attention in the DI rats. In terms of learned behavior, DI and normal rats displayed a similar degree of habituation to all within-session activity measures in both the open field and darkened activity chamber. In a passive avoidance test, DI rats exhibited a degree of avoidance behavior equivalent to that of normal animals. Thus, these studies provide evidence that the vasopressin-deficient rat is not defective in learning and memory processes. The data can be interpreted as suggesting that vasopressin may influence memory tasks by extrinsic modulation of related states of emotionality, motivation and/or attention rather than by direct involvement in the retrieval and consolidation of information. PMID- 6657516 TI - Effect of vasopressin on open field and activity behavior of the vasopressin deficient (Brattleboro) rat. AB - The effect of 1 and 5 micrograms AVP injections on open field and photoactivity chamber behavior of D.I. and normal Long-Evans animals was studied. Administration of 5 micrograms AVP (SC) resulted in a statistically significant depression of both open field and photochamber activity in the D.I. rat, but had a less pronounced effect on normal animals. However, 1 microgram AVP resulted in only minor alterations of activity in both D.I. and normal animals. In terms of learned behavior, D.I. and normal animals displayed similar within-session habituation when comparisons were made following the same treatment conditions. Thus, this study supports the hypothesis that vasopressin may influence memory tasks by modulation of related states of emotionality, motivation, and/or attention rather than by direct involvement in the retrieval and/or consolidation of information. PMID- 6657517 TI - Behavioral effects of [4-norleucine, 7-D-phenylalanine]-alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. AB - The behavioral effects of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) were compared to an alpha-MSH analogue that had a norleucine substituted for methionine in the four position and a D-phenylalanine substituted for L phenylalanine in the seven position. [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH has previously been shown to be a superpotent agonist on melanocytes [17]. The present experiments indicate that [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH is equipotent to alpha-MSH in inducing grooming when administered intraventricularly. In contrast, the analogue has the opposite effect of alpha-MSH on performance of a visual discrimination task. alpha-MSH improves visual performance whereas [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH attenuates such performance. The contrasting activities of [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH on the physiological processes described suggest that this analogue may interact with three distinct melanotropin receptors in different ways. On melanocyte receptors the melanotropin analogue is a superagonist, on CNS melanotropin receptors involved in grooming it is equipotent to alpha-MSH, and on CNS receptors involved in attention, learning and memory [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH may be an antagonist of endogenous melanotropin. PMID- 6657518 TI - Influence of MSH and corticosterone on stimulus control over an operant response. AB - Several previous papers have indicated that MSH/ACTH-like neuropeptides facilitate the reversal of brightness discrimination in a runway task. The present experiment was undertaken to explore the development during both acquisition and reversal of stimulus control over an operant response. Male albino adult rats were treated daily with either 10 micrograms of MSH, 500 micrograms of corticosterone or a placebo in a double blind procedure during the establishment of an on-light control over availability of reinforcement. Having completed this regime the conditions were reversed so that reinforcement was present only when the chamber-light was off. The results indicated that treatment with MSH during acquisition produced a significant decrease in % correct responses compared to animals treated with either the placebo or corticosterone with neither of these latter groups differing from the other. During the reversal phase of training there was a trend for both MSH and corticosterone to lower % correct responses. The discussion focuses on other literature which has shown opposite effects of corticosterone on aversive and appetitively motivated tasks. PMID- 6657519 TI - Secretin modulation of behavioral and physiological functions in the rat. AB - The effect of secretin on behavioral and physiological functions in the rat was investigated. Secretin injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) significantly increased defecation and decreased novel-object approaches in rats. The peptide showed no significant effects on stereotypic behavior (gnawing, grooming and rearing), open-field locomotor activity however was significantly decreased, an effect that was probably due to a decreased propensity for the rats to initiate locomotor responses. In addition, secretin showed significant effects on respiration rate in anesthetized rats. When the peptide was injected in the lateral ventricle a decrease in respiration rate occurred, but when the brain was perfused from the lateral ventricle to the cisterna magna increases in respiration rate occurred. These data, combined with the facts that secretin and secretin receptors have been identified in the brain indicate that secretin may play a neurotransmitter or neuroregulator role in the central nervous system. PMID- 6657520 TI - [Controlled immunotherapy of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6657521 TI - [Effect of specific desensitization on serum immunoglobulin concentration in patients with atopic bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6657522 TI - [Examination of patients with suspected infarction of the right ventricular wall]. PMID- 6657523 TI - [Early myocardial infarction in alcoholics]. PMID- 6657524 TI - [Changes in post-exertion left-ventricular dynamics in patients with primary hypertension during hypotensive treatment]. PMID- 6657525 TI - [Electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction in patients with clinical symptoms of myocarditis]. PMID- 6657527 TI - [Granulocyte activity in patients with post-influenza pneumonia]. PMID- 6657526 TI - [Acute phase reaction in non-transmural myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6657529 TI - [Clinical and immunological evaluation of choroiditis]. PMID- 6657528 TI - [Humoral and cellular immunity in patients with psoriasis treated by photochemotherapy]. PMID- 6657530 TI - [Selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in the blood, erythrocytes and plasma]. PMID- 6657531 TI - [Cadmium levels in the amniotic fluid and blood serum of parturients and newborn infants in normal labor and labor complicated by EPH-gestosis]. PMID- 6657532 TI - [Orosomucoid as an inhibitor of lymphocyte blastic transformation induced by phytohemagglutinin]. PMID- 6657533 TI - [Clinical pharmacology of oxicams]. PMID- 6657534 TI - [Ureteral injury during retroperitoneal removal of the lymph nodes]. PMID- 6657535 TI - Value of profiling liver function in the elderly. AB - The value of measuring three routine tests of liver function was assessed prospectively in 523 geriatric patients. Abnormalities were found in 27% of patients and were clinically helpful in half of these cases. Profiling liver function, without clinical indication, revealed abnormal results in 17% of patients and was important in one-third of these (6% of total). The two most important diagnoses were unsuspected osteomalacia and gall stone disease. PMID- 6657536 TI - Asthma presenting as cor pulmonale. AB - A 29-year-old man with asthma presenting as right sided congestive cardiac failure is reported. There was rapid resolution of the heart failure with standard bronchodilator therapy and corticosteroid therapy. PMID- 6657537 TI - A case of congenital triple valve disease. AB - We report a case of congenital triple valve stenosis with dominant pulmonary valve disease, sparing the aortic valve, presenting at the age of 51 years with progressive shortness of breath and central cyanosis. At post mortem, no intracardiac right to left communication could be demonstrated. PMID- 6657539 TI - IgE myeloma associated with plasma cell leukaemia. AB - A patient presented with plasma cell leukaemia and was found to have an IgE secreting multiple myeloma. IgE myeloma is very rare with only 18 cases recorded. However, this case is the fifth recorded of IgE myeloma associated with plasma cell leukaemia. Since plasma cell leukaemia only occurs in 1.6% of all cases of myeloma, it seems certain that this is a significant association. PMID- 6657538 TI - Severe left ventricular dysfunction in critical aortic stenosis--reversal following aortic valve replacement. AB - A case of aortic valve stenosis is reported with progressive left ventricular dysfunction demonstrated by radionuclide angiography. A gradient of 120 mmHg was present across the aortic valve. At the time of surgery, the patient was in severe cardiac failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 22%. Two months postoperatively, the patient was asymptomatic, and repeat radionuclide angiography demonstrated an ejection fraction of 93%. The reversible nature of this patient's ventricular dysfunction suggests that the cardiac failure was related to 'afterload mismatch' caused by the stenotic valve, rather than due to depressed contractility. The encouraging result in this patient reinforces the view that surgical intervention is warranted in some patients with critical aortic stenosis and extreme impairment of left ventricular function, and that the close relation between ejection fraction and operative survival may not hold true in aortic stenosis. PMID- 6657540 TI - Massive haematemesis and melaena from a Meckel's diverticulum. AB - A case of Meckel's diverticulum in a middle-aged man presenting acutely with haematemesis and melaena is reported. Such a presentation has not to our knowledge been previously reported in this age group. PMID- 6657541 TI - Liver abscess caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae. AB - A case of liver abscess caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae in an otherwise healthy adult is described which responded to medical management without surgery. This we believe to be the first reported case of liver abscess caused by this organism in the English medical literature. PMID- 6657542 TI - Transomental hernia causing intestinal obstruction in an elderly patient. AB - This report describes the oldest recorded patient with a transomental hernia. She illustrates several important points in dealing with internal hernias in the elderly patient. PMID- 6657543 TI - Erythema nodosum progressing to pyoderma gangrenosum as a complication of Crohn's disease. AB - Erythema nodosum occurs more frequently than pyoderma gangrenosum in Crohn's disease. We report the occurrence of both lesions in a woman with Crohn's disease and the transformation of one to the other. Pyoderma gangrenosum has been described at the site of previous trauma in Crohn's disease and at the site of other skin conditions in other circumstances, but, to the best of our knowledge, actual progression from erythema nodosum to pyoderma gangrenosum has been reported on only one previous occasion in Crohn's disease. PMID- 6657544 TI - Strangulated umbilical hernia in a child. AB - We describe a case of strangulated umbilical hernia in a girl aged 5 years. She presented with an acute inflammatory lesion at the umbilicus which was initially thought to be due to cellulitis with possible abscess formation. Exploration revealed an umbilical hernia containing necrotic greater omentum. PMID- 6657545 TI - Sideroblastic anaemia associated with lincomycin therapy. AB - Sideroblastic anaemia developed after lincomycin therapy in a 58-year-old woman. The anaemia proved completely reversible after termination of lincomycin therapy and the introduction of pyridoxine. The patient also had pseudomembranous enterocolitis, a well-known side effect of lincomycin. PMID- 6657546 TI - Acute polyarthritis following the use of Corynebacterium parvum vaccine (Coparvax) for malignant pleural effusion. AB - A 77-year-old man with a malignant pleural effusion was treated by aspiration of fluid and injection of Corynebacterium parvum vaccine for pleurodesis. Within 24 hr he had developed a temperature and a neutropenia followed by an acute crippling polyarthritis of his hands and wrists which subsequently responded to oral steroids and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. PMID- 6657547 TI - Chlormethiazole in the treatment of neonatal status epilepticus. AB - A pre-term neonate with status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment but who responded to a chlormethiazole infusion is reported. Nineteen days of continuous infusion was required before treatment could be discontinued and oral phenytoin substituted. Chlormethiazole should be considered in the treatment of resistant convulsions in the newborn. PMID- 6657548 TI - [Influence of mixed venous blood PO2 on the pulmonary arterial pressure in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): correlations in 128 patients]. AB - Hypoxic vasoconstriction is one of the main determinants of pulmonary arterial hypertension in C.O.P.D. The authors study in two groups of respiratory insufficiency patients (82 C.O.P.D. and 46 non-C.O.P.D.) correlations between mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and gasometric values. They show that: - no correlation exists in the patients who suffer from a restrictive syndrome; - in the obstructive patients, correlations are poorer between PAP and PaO2 or PvO2 than between PAP and a factor made up of these two parameters, according to the percentage of their theoretical values. PMID- 6657549 TI - [Systematic recording of malignant bronchopleuropulmonary tumors: value and limitations]. AB - A systematic recording of primary cancer of the bronchi, pleura or lung would be of descriptive, etiological and operational interest if the collected data were exhaustive, if it were possible to resolve the problems set by epidemiological surveys (the only kind of study to be considered) and finally if an effective means to fight against these cancers were available. PMID- 6657550 TI - [Clinical aspects of 27 cases of severe primary infectious lung diseases]. AB - The authors report 27 cases of severe primary pulmonary infections which resulted in acute respiratory failure and which were treated in a Respiratory Medicine Intensive Care Unit. A bacteriological specimen (blood culture, transtracheal aspiration, fibroscopy, pleural tap) and/or a serological examination permitted the responsible agent to be identified in 20 of the 27 cases (74%). Apart from antibiotics and symptomatic treatments, 13 patients also received oxygen therapy and 14 other patients were intubated and ventilated. In the first group, 3 patients died (24%) and in the second group, the mortality was much higher, with 9 deaths out of 14 patients (64%). The authors present the clinical features, the frequency of the various micro-organisms isolated, the therapeutic modalities and various prognostic factors. Although repeated early specimens usually provide bacteriological diagnosis and therefore appropriate antibiotic therapy, the prognosis of these conditions, at the stage of acute respiratory failure remains serious and is probably related to risk factors linked with predisposition. The exact nature and the relative importance of these risk factors still needs to be determined. PMID- 6657551 TI - [Round atelectasis]. AB - The authors report 4 cases of round atelectasis seen over a period of 3 years. They review the very limited literature on this subject. In the light of their experience and according to the work of Hanke, they believe this to be a fairly common disease. This condition was first described during collapsotherapy, but now, it is essentially seen following pleurisy. For Hanke, round atelectasis may occur in almost one quarter of cases of pleural effusion. The authors also believe that this condition is common and that it is usually confused with or grouped together with "pleural sequelae". However, their original mechanism of formation, the reversible parenchymal involvement, and not pleural, and their radiological appearance clearly distinguish them. Round atelectasis is an interesting topic of discussion in terms of diagnosis, in the broad framework of round intrathoracic opacities (especially when the initial pleural episode has not been recognized) and also in terms of treatment, which consists of decortication when they are large. PMID- 6657552 TI - [Digitalis poisoning and severe respiratory insufficiency]. AB - After seeing 9 cases of digitalis intoxication in patients with acute respiratory decompensation of chronic respiratory failure in one year in an intensive care unit, the authors decided to review the literature on the subject. They set out to: --determine the clinical, laboratory and electrical features of digitalis intoxication in patients with chronic respiratory failure, accounting for the frequency of supraventricular arrhythmias; --evaluate the frequency of this intoxication (20% in this study), introducing a definite risk factor, given the poor haemodynamic effectiveness of digitaloids in this indication; --establish a therapeutic management based on the use of anti-arrhythmics and especially on the prevention of predisposing factors (hypoxaemia--functional renal failure and abuse of diuretics). PMID- 6657553 TI - [Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. Apropos of a case]. AB - The pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is an affection characterized by the presence, in the alveolar light, of calcified deposits or "microliths". It is a rare affection as there is now about 200 cases in the world. We report the case of a pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis discovered in a patient of 25 years old and demonstrated histologically by transbronchial lung biopsy under flexible bronchoscope. PMID- 6657554 TI - [Rheumatoid arthritis, obliterating bronchiolitis and D-penicillamine. Apropos of a new case with ultrastructural examination and review of the literature]. AB - Over recent years, several cases have been reported of bronchiolitis obliterans, of very rapid onset and serious clinical course in patients with rheumatoid arthritis being treated with D-Penicillamine. After reporting a new case, the authors stress the unusual features of this bronchiolar condition which is probably of iatrogenic origin and irreversible, with death occurring within a few years. The pathogenesis is poorly understood and many questions still remain concerning the relationships between rheumatoid arthritis, the bronchiolar lesions and D-Penicillamine in this disease of pulmonary collagen. The ultrastructural examination and the morphometric examination of this new case suggest the presence of predominantly type III collagen, which is normally present in the lungs in only small quantities. PMID- 6657555 TI - [Pleurisy and sarcoidosis. Apropos of a case]. AB - The authors report a case of bilateral hilar lymphoma of sarcoid origin associated with a pleural effusion. With the exception of pneumothorax, the pleural manifestations in the course of sarcoidosis amount to 115 published cases, including 49 with histopathological proof enabling us to speak of a pleural sarcoidosis. When the histopathological diagnosis is missing, it is preferable to speak of sarcoidotic pleurisy: the aetiopathogenesis in this case is venous obstruction and/or lymphatic obstruction by sarcoid involved lymph nodes. Exceptionally, it could be due to heart failure due to the fibrotic stage of sarcoidosis or to an autonomous sarcoidotic myocarditis. PMID- 6657556 TI - Estimation of the interaction of dams with hatches, sires in breed, and breed of sire for five traits in the fowl. AB - An experiment was designed to estimate the interaction of dams by hatches, dams by sires in the same breed, and dams by breed of sires. White Leghorn dams were mated sequentially to two White Leghorn sires and two New Hampshire sires, and two hatches were measured for each sire. Two replicates were included, each with different sires and dams. In this design, breed of sire is factorial to replicates. Sires in breed are nested in replicates and breeds of sires. Hatches are nested in replicates, breeds of sire, and sires in breeds. Dams are nested in replicates but are factorial to breeds of sires, sires in breeds, and hatches in sires in breeds, so that the interactions of the dams with these variables can be estimated. The traits observed were percent hatch of all eggs set, body weight at 8 weeks of age, age at first egg, percent production from first egg to 36 weeks of age, and egg weight at 32 weeks of age. No significant interactions were observed for any trait between dams and either breed of sire or sires in breed. The only significant interaction observed was that for dam by hatch for body weight at 8 weeks of age. PMID- 6657557 TI - Performance of dwarf and normal laying hens as influenced by protein level and cage density. AB - The performance of dwarf and normal White Leghorn laying hens with similar genotypes other than for the dwarf gene (dw) was observed over thirteen 28-day periods in a factorial arrangement involving four protein levels (20.0, 18.1, 16.4 or 14.3% protein plus supplemental methionine) and two densities (two or three birds per standard 10 X 16 in cage). The normal birds had significantly higher overall hen-day egg production, egg weight, and body weight, but the dwarf birds excelled for feed efficiency and adult viability. Significant genotype X ration interactions were observed for egg lay, egg weight, body weight, and feed efficiency, primarily due to the relatively poor performance of the dwarf birds on the 14% protein. A significant genotype X density interaction resulted for feed efficiency, due to a higher efficiency in 3-bird than in 2-bird cages for dwarf birds, while the reverse was true for normal birds. These results suggest that the potential of the dwarf gene for increasing the efficiency of commercial egg layers can be enhanced by further study as to optimal nutrition and management regimens. PMID- 6657558 TI - Evaluation of immunity of young broiler chickens during simultaneous aflatoxicosis and ochratoxicosis. AB - A 2 X 2 factorial experimental design consisting of the treatments 0 and 2.5 micrograms/g aflatoxin and 0 and 2.0 micrograms/g ochratoxin A with 12 replicates of 10 birds per treatment level was used to evaluate the effects of these mycotoxins on various aspects of immunity. Male chicks (Hubbard X Hubbard) were maintained on these treatments from one day of age to 3 weeks of age at which time six replicate pens per treatment were sacrificed and various parameters measured. The additional six replicate pens per treatment were maintained on toxin feed beyond 3 weeks of age, and at 4 weeks of age, three replicate pens were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Brucella abortus. Antibody titers were measured up to 10 days postimmunization. Aflatoxin and ochratoxin A, individually, significantly (P less than .05) decreased body weight, and a synergistic toxicity was evident by a significant (P less than .05) decrease in body weight. Antibody titers and phagocytic activity of heterophils were not significantly (P less than .05) altered by any treatments. The relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius and the number of follicles for a given area of the folds of the bursa of Fabricius were significantly (P less than .05) decreased only by the interaction treatment. Complement activity was significantly (P less than .05) decreased by aflatoxin and the combination of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A and depressed, although not significantly (P less than .05), by ochratoxin A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6657560 TI - Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae found in commercial poultry feed. AB - Poultry feed (mash and pelleted) and meat and bone meal samples were collected from commercial mills. All samples were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae count (ENT) and Salmonella. The genus and species of the various Enterobacteriaceae present were also determined. The average ENT for mash, pelleted, and meal samples was log 4.1, .8, and 1.8/g, respectively. Enterobacteriaceae were present in 100, 60, and 92% and Salmonella in 58, 0, and 92% of the mash, pelleted, and meal samples, respectively. Overall, the Enterobacteriaceae most frequently isolated from all samples were Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter cloacae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Although no Salmonella were found in the pelleted samples, the presence of other Enterobacteriaceae suggests that commercial pelleting may not totally destroy Salmonella since their heat resistance is similar to the other organisms found. PMID- 6657559 TI - Effects of acute ochratoxicosis on blood pressure and heart rate of broiler chickens. AB - Male broiler chickens (Hubbard X Hubbard) were placed at hatching into electrically heated batteries with feed and water available ad libitum and maintained to 3 weeks of age under continuous lighting. In Trial 1, two replicate pens of 10 broilers per replicate were fed ochratoxin A from day-old to 3 weeks of age with treatments of 0, 2.0, and 4.0 micrograms/g ochratoxin A in feed (ppm). Trial 2 was identical to Trial 1 except that when the broilers reached 3 weeks of age they were administered an additional intravenous dose of either ochratoxin A, methoxamine, or isoproterenol. Trial 3 broiler chickens were maintained on control feed until they reached 3 weeks of age at which time they were taken off of feed for 2.5 hr and then placed on either control feed or feed containing 4.0 ppm ochratoxin A, and heart rate and blood pressure were measured every half hour through 7 hr. In Trial 1, no effect of ochratoxin A was seen in any treatment on heart rate or diastolic, systolic, or mean blood pressure. However, when an intravenous dose of ochratoxin A was administered to these broilers, a significant (P less than .05) decrease in heart rate and diastolic, systolic, and mean blood pressure occurred. The severity and duration of intravenous ochratoxin A administration were significantly (P less than .05) enhanced as the level of dietary ochratoxin A increased. The response of broilers to isoproterenol was significantly (P less than .05) altered by dietary ochratoxin A, whereas the broilers responded in a predictable manner to methoxamine without significant (P less than .05) ochratoxin A treatment effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6657562 TI - Effects of propionic acid and of copper sulfate on the nutritional value of diets containing moldy corn for broiler chicks. AB - Diets containing moldy corn (in which fat levels were restored or not restored by soybean oil) were supplemented with either propionic acid (PA) or copper sulfate (CS), and their nutritional value for young broiler chicks was evaluated. The fat content of a diet containing good quality grains decreased slightly, whereas that of diets containing moldy grains decreased markedly, during the 30 days of the experiment. The PA (.3%), but not CS (600 ppm), almost completely prevented this decrease. Dietary metabolizable energy (ME), retention of dry matter and protein, and the performance of the chicks fed the diet containing the moldy corn were markedly depressed. Neither CS, nor soybean oil supplementation, nor a combination of the two, counteracted these effects. Supplementation with PA however, significantly (P less than .05) increased dietary ME, increased retention of dry matter and protein, and improved performance of chicks fed the moldy grains. The combination of PA and soybean oil supplementation yielded essentially the same results as the diet containing the good corn. It is concluded, therefore, that the nutritional value of diets containing moldy grains can be completely restored if their fat content is increased in proportion to the amount lost in the moldy grains and an efficient fungistat is used. PMID- 6657561 TI - Survey of molds and mycotoxins for their ability to cause feed refusal in chickens. AB - The cause of feed refusal by poultry is an important problem that has not been established. T-2 toxin, a culture filtrate of Fusarium roseum NRRL 1181 containing a high concentration of diacetoxyscirpenol, and a filtrate of Penicillium citrinum containing an unknown factor produced refusal activity in week-old chickens. Citrinin stimulated water consumption while aflatoxin did not affect feed consumption. Detection of refusal activity was more sensitive when the refusal factor was presented in the drinking water than in the feed. The experimental model used here was sensitive, and, with appropriate controls, would appear suitable for the isolation and study of new factors capable of causing feed refusal in poultry. PMID- 6657563 TI - The amino acid requirements of growing turkeys. 1. Model construction and parameter estimation. AB - A model has been formulated to calculate the protein and amino acid requirements for growing turkeys. A requirement was taken as the sum of the needs for maintenance, for gain in carcass weight without feathers, and for the feathers. Parameters used in the model were obtained from a study of carcass composition along the growth period and from two balance trials with adult turkeys. The maintenance requirement was considered to be the sum of the needs for replacing skin and intestinal protein losses and for the obligatory creatinine excretion in the urine. Nitrogen retention was determined at 2.3 g/day in protein-fed adult (17 kg) male turkeys as an estimate for the replacement needs for skin protein loss. Creatinine excretion in these birds was 123 mg/day. When fed an N-free diet, 16.5 kg adult turkeys excreted a total of 3.5 g/day amino acids as a result of intestinal losses. The protein requirement for maintenance was estimated at 32 mg/day/g2/3 of body weight by summing up the different needs and dividing by .85, the coefficient of protein absorption. Protein and amino acid analyses of nude carcass and feathers and the growth curve were used to calculate the requirements for growth. These were then related to energy intake predicted by equations, which included previously determined coefficients for maintenance and growth (Hurwitz et al., 1980a), and the results of carcass lipid analysis. The calculated amino acid requirements were similar to those of the National Research Council (1977). PMID- 6657564 TI - The effect of reduced dietary protein on the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle fibers in the Single Comb White Leghorn pullet. AB - Twenty-four female Single Comb White Leghorn pullets were used to investigate the effect of two levels of dietary protein on fiber number and size of the anterior latissimus dorsi muscle (ALD). The pullets were randomly assigned to a control group of 18% dietary protein or an experimental group of 14% dietary protein at 1 day of age. They were maintained on these diets until 4 weeks of age, at which time they were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. The ALD muscle was removed and analyzed for fiber number, fiber dry weight, and fiber dry weight to muscle wet weight ratio. Muscle fiber number was determined by a direct count of all the fibers following nitric acid digestion. After counting, the muscle fibers were dried to a constant weight for determination of mean fiber dry weight and fiber dry weight to muscle wet weight ratio. Muscle weight of the control group was 39.8% greater than that of the experimental group. Fiber number was not different between control and experimental groups; whereas mean fiber dry weight was 59.6% greater in the control group (P less than .05). Fiber dry weight to muscle wet weight ratio was 7.3% greater in the control group (P less than .05). The data indicate that when growth of the ALD muscle is restricted by low dietary protein content, there is a reduced growth of the individual muscle fibers with no alteration in their number. PMID- 6657565 TI - Effect of pinealectomy on broodiness of turkey hens. AB - Large White breeder hens with a history of broody behavior were recycled into a second reproductive cycle following pinealectomy. Pinealectomy did not alter the performance of broody hens with respect to time to first egg, duration of egg production, eggs per hen, number and duration of egg sequences, number and duration of pauses, time to onset of broody nesting behavior, or persistency of nesting. It was concluded that the pineal gland does not play an essential role in the onset or maintenance of broodiness in turkey hens. PMID- 6657566 TI - Developmental profile of plasma androgens in cockerels genetically selected for mating frequency. AB - Plasma levels of androstenedione (AE), testosterone (T), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were measured at 1, 56, 112, and 168 days of age by radioimmunoassay in lines of cockerels divergently selected for male mating frequency. Values for total androgen (total A = AE + DHT + T) were also computed. No significant differences in mean hormone values were found between lines at any age. Hormone patterns throughout development were also similar for both lines. Plasma AE and T increased between Days 1 and 56, stabilized through Day 112, and rose again prior to 168 days of age. In contrast, DHT levels were low throughout Day 112 and rose significantly by Day 168. Total A in the high mating line was low throughout Day 112 with significant increases occurring by Day 168. In the low mating line, total A was low on Day 1, increased significantly by Day 56, and it remained unchanged through Day 112. Peak values occurred by Day 168. Within line correlation analyses between AE, T, DHT, and total A revealed a more uniform hormonal state throughout development in the high mating line than in the low mating line. Because no differences were found between the mating lines in baseline levels of individual androgens or in concentration patterns of androgens up through the attainment of sexual maturity, it appears that neither posthatch baseline levels nor posthatch temporal androgen concentrations control male sexual behavior in the mating lines of birds. PMID- 6657567 TI - Effects of prefreeze treatments on the fertilizing capacity of unfrozen and frozen chicken semen: extender characteristics and dilution method. AB - The object of this study was to evaluate the effects of extender osmotic pressure (251, 332, and 434 mOsm), extender pH (6.5, 7.0, and 7.5), extender fructose concentration (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 g/liter), and diluting prior to freezing to a constant sperm number (.5, .8, 1, or 2 X 10(9) sperm/ml) on the fertilizing capacity of processed-unfrozen and frozen-thawed chicken spermatozoa. Fertilizing capacity of processed-unfrozen spermatozoa was not affected by changes in extender osmotic pressure, pH, or fructose concentration; it was significantly depressed, Days 2 to 4 postinsemination, by diluting to 5 X 10(9) sperm cells/ml, whereas all other dilution rates had little effect. Fertilizing capacity of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was highest (42 to 51%, Days 2 to 4 postinsemination) when diluted in an extender containing 5g/liter of fructose with an osmotic pressure of 332 mOsm and a pH of either 7.0 or 7.5. Fertility (51%, 2 to 4 days after insemination) obtained with frozen-thawed semen diluted to 1 X 10(9) sperm cells/ml was significantly higher than all other dilutions. The fertilizing capacity of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was generally lower than that of processed unfrozen spermatozoa regardless of the experimental treatment. PMID- 6657568 TI - Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in brain parts of female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) as found by two dissimilar fluorometric procedures. AB - Two dissimilar fluorometric procedures were used to compare norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the telencephalon, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem of female Japanese quail. Amount of norepinephrine in the telencephalon and brain stem was similar using both procedures, but more norepinephrine was found in the cerebellum and diencephalon by the Jacobowitz-Richardson method compared to the Anton-Sayre method. Serotonin could not be determined using the Anton Sayre procedure but was detected easily by the Jacobowitz-Richardson procedure in all brain parts assayed. The most striking difference between the two procedures was in the level of dopamine detected. Dopamine was found only in the telencephalon using the Anton-Sayre procedure, but it was found in all brain parts using the Jacobowitz-Richardson procedure. This is the first report of significant dopamine in all principle parts of the Japanese quail brain. PMID- 6657569 TI - Effect of intermittent lighting on energy savings and semen characteristics of breeder tom turkeys. AB - Large White breeder toms were exposed to one of the following light treatments at 34 weeks of age: 1) 15L:9D (control); 2) 2L:11D:4L:7D; 3) 4L:9D:4L:7D; 4) 2L:11D:2L:9D. After 4, 8, 12, and 18 weeks of exposure to these intermittent light treatments, body weight, feed consumption, and semen quality and quantity were determined. Although they maintain similar body weights, toms on intermittent light consumed less feed, produced equivalent semen volumes with similar sperm numbers, and maintained percent normal sperm more persistently during the summer heat than control toms. Compared to the 15L:9D controls, electrical savings for light as great as 73% was calculated for intermittent light. It was concluded that toms can be maintained more efficiently on intermittent lighting than a standard lighting program of 15 hr of light per day. PMID- 6657570 TI - Oxygen consumption rate as a measurement of freeze-induced damage to chicken spermatozoa. AB - The present study was conducted to determine if oxygen consumption rate of postthaw spermatozoa could be used as the indicator of freeze-induced damage. Pooled semen was diluted fourfold with 5.7% glucose solution containing various levels of glycerol or N-methylformamide for freezing by the pelleting method. Sperm motility and oxygen consumption rate were determined after thawing the samples at 37 C. 1) The maximum motility and oxygen consumption rate of postthaw spermatozoa were observed at 10 and 7% glycerol, respectively. However, no significant differences existed among semen samples diluted in 7, 10, and 15% glycerol. 2) The motility and oxygen consumption rate of spermatozoa frozen with 6 to 9% of N-methylformamide were higher than those of spermatozoa frozen with 0, 3, 12, or 15%. 3) A highly significant positive correlation was observed between motility and oxygen consumption rate immediately after thawing and also after 10 min incubation at 20 C with either cryoprotectant. 4) The polarographic measurement of oxygen consumption rate of postthaw spermatozoa appeared to be a reliable method for evaluating freeze-induced damage to chicken spermatozoa. PMID- 6657571 TI - Effects of oviducal cells on the maintenance of motility and fertilizing capacity of fowl spermatozoa stored in a diffusion chamber. AB - Oviducal cells were cultured on the inner or outer side of the membrane filter of a diffusion chamber, and attempts were made to maintain fowl spermatozoa at 41 C in vitro. When spermatozoa were stored along with cultured cells in the diffusion chamber, the high fertilizing capacity was retained for at least 3 days, regardless of whether the spermatozoa stored in the diffusion chamber were in direct contact with the cultured cells. In contrast, spermatozoa stored in the cell-free diffusion chamber or in a test tube showed a relatively low or no fertilizing capacity, respectively. PMID- 6657572 TI - Duration of tonic immobility affected by housing environment in White Leghorn hens. AB - Duration of tonic immobility, recognized as a criterion of fearfulness, was greater for hens kept in 17-bird cages than for hens kept in floor pens, single bird cages, and 5-bird cages. PMID- 6657573 TI - Improved performance of turkey hens from the addition of dietary fat. AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of added fat on the performance of large turkey hens. The addition of 4% animal fat to the diet significantly increased energy consumption and increased egg production. A numerical decrease in feed consumption and significant increase in egg production were obtained by increasing added fat from 4 to 8%. Added fat did not influence specific gravity or fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs. PMID- 6657574 TI - Evaluation of artificial insemination techniques on fertility in laying hens. AB - The effects of depth of intravaginal insemination of two subsequent semen ejaculates from Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Light Sussex (LS) cockerels on fertility and embryonic mortality of eggs from RIR hens were investigated. Intravaginal insemination to a depth of 3.5 cm resulted in significantly higher fertility than shallow insemination to .5 cm (74.0 vs. 62.3%). Although not statistically significant, fertilizing capacity of first ejaculate of semen collected from either RIR or LS males was greater than the second ejaculate (71.4 vs. 64.9%). PMID- 6657575 TI - Atmospheric factors affecting transmission of infections. PMID- 6657576 TI - New notions in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. PMID- 6657577 TI - Recent developments in pneumonia. PMID- 6657578 TI - Legionnaires' disease. PMID- 6657579 TI - Cystic fibrosis in adolescents and adults. PMID- 6657580 TI - An inexpensive nebuliser for asthmatic patients. PMID- 6657581 TI - Major chest infection managed at home. PMID- 6657583 TI - Otomycosis in Karachi. PMID- 6657582 TI - A trial of fenoterol for nocturnal bronchospasm. PMID- 6657584 TI - Design of powder inhalers. PMID- 6657585 TI - The Mk III Rotahaler: a short report. PMID- 6657586 TI - Research and the general practitioner. PMID- 6657587 TI - Doctor on the air. PMID- 6657588 TI - Editing medical journals. PMID- 6657589 TI - Cryosurgery by the general practitioner. PMID- 6657590 TI - The treatment of pain with local injections. PMID- 6657591 TI - The police surgeon. PMID- 6657592 TI - Patient participation groups. PMID- 6657593 TI - [Diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion: prospective comparison of laboratory chemical, bacteriologic, cytologic and and histologic study results]. PMID- 6657594 TI - [Current clinical roentgenologic forms of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6657595 TI - [Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Presentation of 2 cases and description of significant symptoms]. PMID- 6657596 TI - Fetal blood sampling via the umbilical cord using a needle guided by ultrasound. Report of 66 cases. AB - Pure fetal blood has been aspirated in utero from the umbilical vein near the placental insertion of the cord using a twenty gauge needle under ultrasound guidance. Sixty-six samples were taken on 63 pregnancies between 17 and 32 weeks of gestation. One to two millilitres of blood can be obtained easily without amniotic fluid dilution or contamination by maternal blood, as confirmed by the measurements of the mean corpuscular volume, the histogram distribution of the red blood cells and the hematocrit. In all cases the Kleihauer test and isoelectrofocusing of the hemoglobins were performed. Coagulation factors were also studied in 60 cases. In 17 cases a medical abortion was voluntarily induced after the procedure, and the follow-up was normal during the observation period after sampling. In the other cases, pregnancies have continued normally and twelve healthy babies have already been born. PMID- 6657597 TI - Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of congenital heart disease associated with intrauterine growth retardation. A report of 2 cases. AB - Two fetuses with extreme growth retardation (IUGR) of 31 and 34 weeks gestation were studied using a combination of two dimensional echocardiography (2DE), pulse wave Doppler (PWD) and differential measurement of the instantaneous vessel diameter techniques. The first fetus was diagnosed as having univentricular heart or possible double outlet right ventricle (DORV). Descending aorta blood flow was reduced as was indexing for weight. The second fetus was diagnosed as having univentricular heart with periodic bigeminal and trigeminal rhythm. Descending aorta blood flow was measured on two occasions and was reduced both times. Indexing for weight was within normal limits the first time and showed gross reduction on the second occasion prior to fetal demise. Fetal death occurred in both cases at 34 weeks gestation. Cardiovascular evaluation in fetuses with IUGR is useful as the detection of severe congenital cardiac abnormalities may substantially alter the management of these pregnancies, in particular caesarean section may be avoided when the prognosis for the fetus is considered hopeless. PMID- 6657598 TI - Recurrence risk of neural tube defects following a miscarriage. AB - Data from 280 sibships in three published series were used to see if the increased risk of neural tube defect (NTD) associated with having had a miscarriage in the immediately preceding pregnancy was also found in women with a previous affected pregnancy. A statistically significant relative risk of 4.0 (2 tail P = 0.0111, Fisher exact test) was found among such women, and this could not be accounted for by the effect of parity or of a history of miscarriage in general. The finding may be useful when counselling patients. PMID- 6657599 TI - A simple and reliable method of chromosome banding for prenatal cytogenetics using a bromodeoxyuridine pulse. AB - An extremely simple, fully defined and reliable technique for banding chromosomes in situ is described. The method uses a pulse of bromodeoxyuridine to produce replication pattern banding complete with G- and C-type banding in the same karyotype. This enables immediate resolution of problems otherwise requiring extra subculturing and the application of conventional banding techniques. The value of routine chromosome banding in prenatal cytogenetics using such an economical technique is discussed. PMID- 6657600 TI - A fetus with a chromosome 13 ring and placenta with chromosome 13 rod/ring mosaicism. AB - A fetus was identified by prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis as having a karyotype 46,XY,r(13) (p11q13). Termination of the pregnancy yielded a severely malformed fetus. Fetal abnormalities included anencephaly, imperforate anus and urethral meatus, severe talipes, syndactyly, cardiac defects and other anomalies. Confirmatory studies on cultured placental villi cells indicated a second cell line, 46,XY, -13,+13qter leads to cen::13q13 leads to qter. This cell line was not detectable in cells derived from the fetus despite extensive studies. It seems likely that the two cell lines arose simultaneously with selection favouring the 46,XY,r(13) line. How the chromosome rearrangements may have arisen is discussed. We are unaware of other cases where a cell line identifiable by a chromosome abnormality appeared to be confined to placental tissue. However, studies on placental tissue may be helpful in understanding the origin of other unbalanced de novo rearrangements. PMID- 6657601 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of a double heterozygote for two reciprocal translocations of familial origin. AB - Two balanced reciprocal translocations were found in an amniotic fluid cell culture undertaken because of maternal age. One translocation had been inherited from each parent. Both translocations were traced through three generations of each family. The importance of banding techniques in diagnostic cytogenetics is stressed. PMID- 6657602 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of genetic microcephaly. AB - True microcephaly can be diagnosed at an early stage of gestation by serial measurements of fetal head growth as demonstrated by this case report in which the diagnosis of genetic microcephaly was made but termination refused. True microcephaly was evident at birth. PMID- 6657603 TI - Fragile X demonstrated retrospectively in amniotic cells cultured in low folate medium. AB - Chromosome analysis in a boy aged 10 months, with psychomotor retardation, revealed the fragile X-chromosome in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts cultured in low folate medium (TC 199). Amniocentesis and chromosomal analysis had been carried out during pregnancy because of advanced maternal age. Review of the slides from amniotic fluid cells grown routinely in low folate medium showed the marker X in 10.6 per cent of the metaphases. Possible explanations for the appearance of the marker X in amniotic cell culture are discussed. PMID- 6657604 TI - [Mild hypertension. To treat or not to treat?]. PMID- 6657605 TI - [Diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6657606 TI - [Meaningful use of blood components in malignant diseases]. PMID- 6657607 TI - [A case from practice (19)]. PMID- 6657608 TI - [Drug therapy possibilities in urinary incontinence]. PMID- 6657609 TI - [Clinical significance of Kubik's lymph territory]. PMID- 6657610 TI - [Anatomic basis for the treatment of lymphedema]. PMID- 6657611 TI - [Computer tomographic anatomy of the temporal bone]. PMID- 6657612 TI - [Current problems in leprosy]. PMID- 6657613 TI - [Treatment of obesity. Useful and useless methods]. PMID- 6657614 TI - [Onchocerciasis. Dermatitis, conjunctivitis and eosinophilia following a stay in Africa]. PMID- 6657615 TI - [A case from practice (20)]. PMID- 6657616 TI - [Multifactorial origin of male sterility: towards an etiologic treatment of oligospermia]. PMID- 6657617 TI - [Bacteriology, mycology and parasitology of the vagina. Occurrence and clinical significance of various forms of microorganisms]. PMID- 6657619 TI - [Sports injuries and sport-induced lesions]. PMID- 6657618 TI - [Agenesis of the appendix]. PMID- 6657620 TI - [Etiology of sports injuries and sport-induced lesions]. PMID- 6657621 TI - [The health of 16-to-19-year-old adolescents from the Canton of Vaud: their perceptions, practices and desires. Methods and initial results of a study]. PMID- 6657622 TI - [Is disease always caused by deregulation of biochemical processes? Considerations on a scientific theory]. PMID- 6657623 TI - [Can the combination of blood pressure determination and radiography contribute to the control of cardiovascular disease?]. PMID- 6657624 TI - A brief history of the University of Connecticut Center for Employee Health and Fitness. PMID- 6657625 TI - Behavior, the environment, and the health of the individual. AB - The contribution of medical treatment to the health of the world's population was virtually nil until the 20th century and continues to be small. In contrast, the contribution of the prevention of disease through modification of the environment (improved ventilation, drainage, sewage disposal) has been great. This effect is seen in the dramatic rise in the population of Europe since the early 18th century. The major causes of death and disability in developed countries, however, have changed markedly during the present century. Most of the risk factors associated with these diseases are behavioral in nature (cigarette smoking, excessive caloric intake, excessive alcohol consumption, inadequate exercise, etc.). Accordingly, modifying the environment is no longer enough--one must modify the behavior of the individual. To do this, one needs an effective technology for modifying behaviors that have important health consequences. Such a behavioral technology is being developed. Some of the principles underlying this technology will be illustrated by their application to one modern scourge- cigarette smoking. PMID- 6657626 TI - Coronary heart disease and human behavior. AB - Coronary heart disease due to atherosclerosis is prevalent in people whose circulating cholesterol level is high, who smoke, who have elevated blood pressure, and, perhaps, whose fitness is low and/or body weight excessive. Whereas the epidemiologic evidence is relatively strong for each of these health factors (behavioral patterns and their physiological consequences), the evidence from clinical trial interventions is still ambiguous. Each of the health factors relates to personal and societal lifestyle. Each is influenced by individual choice and by the practices of health professionals. The relatively low risks of intervention, viewed in the light of its potentially high benefits, justify the attempt to engender a more healthful lifestyle on a public health scale. The present paper provides guidelines for health professionals and lists corollary recommendations for concerned individuals for each of the five relevant health factors. Application of these prescriptions by health professionals in concert with the individual holds promise for reduced coronary artery disease at the societal level. PMID- 6657627 TI - Computer technology to evaluate body composition, nutrition, and exercise. AB - The use of computer technology has made it possible to make accurate determinations of body composition, nutrition, and exercise. With the FITCOMP computer assessment system, detailed measurements of physique status have been made on a variety of world-class athletes, including professional football and baseball players, as well as on diverse groups of young and older men and women throughout the United States. The FITCOMP measurement system allows the user a choice of measurement techniques: fatfolds, girths, bone diameters, and hydrostatic weighing. Combined with body composition assessment is a nutrition and exercise plan. The nutrition plan is based on guidelines formulated by the American Dietetic Association. This application of computer technology is unique, because individuals can select the foods they will eat from a list of preferred choices from the basic food groups. Individual menu plans for breakfast, lunch, and dinner are generated to provide an optimal blend of nutrients aimed at achieving ideal body mass and fat percentage. This is coupled with an aerobic exercise program that is selected by the individual from nine different forms, including walking, jogging, running, swimming, cycling, and various sport activities. The caloric output is designed to reduce total body fat through reductions in body weight of 1.4 to 2.5 pounds per week, depending on the exercise selected and total weight loss necessary to achieve a weight goal (and ideal fat percentage). The aerobic exercise plan is based on the method of overload, where intensity and duration are periodically increased dependent on individual capabilities. The use of fitness-oriented computer technology makes it possible to prepare detailed reports about current status and progress as well as to systematize record keeping. PMID- 6657628 TI - Physical fitness programming for health promotion at the worksite. AB - Exercise enthusiasts and health professionals have recommended that physical fitness programs be implemented in the occupational setting. Such programs are promoted on the basis of expected benefits to both the employee and employer. The potential for benefit to the employee seems substantial, since a sizable body of knowledge links regular exercise to improved functional capacity and reduced risk for development of certain chronic diseases. The available literature provides some direct evidence that exercise programs can improve the health status of employee groups. Specifically, programs may generate improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular health and promote long-term adherence to exercise. The physiological goals can be attained with programs that provide 20-30 min of moderately intense "aerobic" activity 3 or more days per week. Several factors are known to affect adherence of employees to company sponsored fitness programs. Of particular importance are program leadership, motivational schema, program activities, convenience of participation, and social support. It is recommended that, where feasible, supervisors of employee fitness programs (a) secure professional leadership, (b) provide on-site or other facilities that maximize convenience, (c) allow participation across the widest possible time span, (d) provide programs offering a wide range of activities, (e) attend carefully to evaluation, recognition, and other motivational concerns, and (f) incorporate a comprehensive health promotion perspective. PMID- 6657629 TI - The role of business in health promotion: a brief overview. PMID- 6657630 TI - The Equitable Life Assurance Society program. AB - There is increasing interest in biofeedback and self-regulatory approaches to health enhancement. The movement has not gone unnoticed by business and industry. At this point, there are adequate data to demonstrate the effectiveness of different forms of stress management intervention. Using the experience of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States as an example, an individualized stress management training program utilizing biofeedback is described. The effects of this intervention on employee performance, health behavior, and cognitions are examined. A cost-benefit analysis of the program suggests that, for each dollar invested, there is a $5.52 return. A group program, employing audio-visual techniques for employees at risk, is also described. Suggestions are given for maximizing program effectiveness and success. PMID- 6657631 TI - The Rodale Press program. AB - Only a few decades ago, people who exhibited a strong interest in following a healthful lifestyle were considered odd and out of the mainstream. Today, almost the reverse is true. No one event or specific education program can be identified as a cause. The continuous flow of health information, particularly through the print media, is probably a major factor. There is a growing understanding that health is more than the absence of disease and that the conventional medical system offers primarily disease control. Rodale Press has capitalized on these trends by providing strong company support for healthful living. Specific programs, such as the People's Medical Society, have been devised to encourage the transition from doctor-patient relationships to person-doctor partnerships. PMID- 6657632 TI - The campbell Soup Company program. AB - During the past 15 years, employees at more than 20 Campbell Soup Company plants have become involved in screening efforts aimed at modifying risk factors that might be associated with premature atherosclerosis. Many employees with significant risk factors have been identified and have been offered guidance to inculcate behaviors associated with reduced risk. Interventions have been made available for various problems including hypertension, hyperlipidemia or obesity, exercise, and smoking cessation. In most cases, persons needing drug therapy for hypertension or hyperlipidemia were referred for treatment by an outside physician, but their progress was monitored in the Company program. At a few locations, in-house treatment of hypertension was offered to employees who had no personal physician. Our experience suggests that health professionals who demonstrate a caring attitude and who initiate and promote regular follow-up can successfully change important health-related behaviors. PMID- 6657633 TI - The Johnson & Johnson program. AB - Health promotion in industry should be linked to a "cost containment" strategy and managed like any other business endeavor. Health promotion is best thought of as a marketing process which produces widespread and sustained employee participation in healthful activities. For individual employees, participation improves lifestyle and awareness of personal responsibility for health. The end result of the marketing process is a workplace culture that selectively rewards more healthful lifestyles. PMID- 6657634 TI - A comparison of the yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide of 36 brands of Canadian cigarettes tested under three conditions. AB - A number of countries, including Canada, sponsor routine monitoring of cigarette tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields which are evaluated by cigarette smoking machines according to a standard protocol. These standardized yields continue to decline as tobacco companies modify their brands to meet consumers' demand for "light" products. This trend toward cigarettes with low average deliveries of toxic substances may reduce health risks for some people. However, switching to low-yield cigarettes may not result in reduced risks for smokers who smoke these cigarettes intensively. Thirty-six brands of Canadian cigarettes, including 28 with ventilated filters, were tested under standard conditions and 2 others in order to determine how yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide change when cigarettes are manipulated by smokers in order to increase their smoke intake. While the rank order yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide was preserved, the average yields of all three substances more than doubled when cigarettes were intensively smoked in comparison with standard smoking. PMID- 6657635 TI - A survey of blood pressure in the state of Maryland. AB - To provide baseline data for a state program to coordinate hypertension resources, a blood pressure (BP) survey was undertaken in Maryland in 1978. A statewide probability sample of households was chosen; each adult member was eligible for interview and measurement of BP. A total of 6,425 adults were interviewed for an overall response rate of 79.5%. Using a definition of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 95 mm Hg or higher or use of antihypertensive medication, 15.1% of state residents were estimated to be hypertensive. Of these, 85.8% were estimated to be aware of their condition, 77.6% of them were treated, and 67.6% had their BP controlled to a normal level by medication. Data are also presented using DBP 90 mm Hg or higher. A comparison of data from the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP) home screen in 1973-1974 and comparable information from this survey showed lower rates of awareness, treatment, and BP control in hypertensives at HDFP home screen. Results of this survey will be compared with those of a second statewide survey conducted four years later to assess changes in rates of hypertension awareness, treatment, and control. PMID- 6657636 TI - One-year drinking history and mortality. AB - The one-year drinking history of 94 men was recorded by recurrent interviews (mean: 20 per person). The cohort was followed for 18.3 years; during that time, 13 men died. Cox's proportional hazards survival models including age and social class as confounders, indicated that mortality was significantly associated with total annual alcohol consumption, frequency of drinking, and frequency of intoxicating drinking. Estimates of risk of death for various consumption levels are presented: For having 10 drinks (each containing 12 grams of pure ethanol) a week vs one drink a week, the estimated relative risk of death (95% confidence limits in parentheses) was 2.3 (1.6-3.3). For being intoxicated once a week vs no intoxications at all during one year the respective risk was 2.1 (1.3-3.1). The risk estimates for the frequency of intoxication were found to be higher than those in an earlier study using single interview data on drinking. This suggests that more accurate measurement of alcohol consumption may yield higher risk of death estimates than found in studies based on single interview data on alcohol. PMID- 6657637 TI - Quality of Korotkoff sounds: bell vs diaphragm, cubital fossa vs brachial artery. AB - Comparison of clarity of Korotkoff sounds was made between those heard with the bell or diaphragm of the stethoscope and between those heard over the cubital fossa or more proximally and medially over the maximal brachial artery pulse- during indirect sphygmomanometry. Multiple measurements were made by two trained technicians on 48 supine adults. The measurements were balanced as to stethoscope head/arm-placement combinations, stethoscope used, control of the pressure bulb, and use of right or left arm. The Korotkoff sounds were heard better with the bell of the stethoscope placed over the brachial artery pulse (BB) than with the diaphragm placed over the cubital fossa (DC). The former combination (BB) gave significantly higher blood pressure estimates for systolic blood pressure and fourth phase diastolic blood pressure than the latter combination (DC). PMID- 6657638 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis of hypo- and hyperparathyroidism]. AB - The internal organs and the bone and joint system of 970 patients with hyperparathyrosis and the bone and joint system of 146 persons with hypoparathyrosis, as well as of patients with other nosology, in whom these diabetes are suspected, underwent roentgenoscopy. It is suggested that indirect thyroid lymphography, combined with esophagoscopy, is an effective method for revealing changes in the parathyroid glands. The characteristic signs of hyperparathyrosis are subperiosteal resorption of the hand bones and specific osteoporosis of the cranial bones, particularly in their combination with systemic skeletal osteoporosis. The main hypoparathyrosis symptoms are osteosclerosis, accompanied by calcification of the soft tissues. PMID- 6657639 TI - [Functional state of the ovaries in diabetes mellitus]. AB - One hundred fifty seven females of childbearing age, suffering from diabetes mellitus, were examined. A severe form of the disease was revealed in 55% of the patients and in 59% of the females its duration did not exceed 5 years. Previous unfavourable obstetric findings were seen in 73.6% of the patients. A disturbed menstrual cycle was found in 33% of patients. In the females with a preserved menstrual cycle the blood estradiol content was significantly reduced in all cyclic phases, and in amenorrhea it was low (50 +/- 8.4 pg/ml). The degree of clinical signs of the ovarian function disorder is directly dependent on the severity of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6657640 TI - [Change in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the process of aging]. AB - The results of the studies performed indicate changes in homeostasis of the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system in old people. A basal level of the blood renin activity and aldosterone concentration decreases, whereas the humoral mechanism sensitivity to regulatory actions of the sympathico-adrenal and hypothalamic hypophyseal systems increases. The changes mentioned are associated with alterations of intrarenal hemodynamics and electrolyte balance in the organism. PMID- 6657641 TI - [Damage to the endothelium of human magistral vessels in diabetes mellitus]. AB - The number of the arterial and venous argyrophil cells increases three-fold in diabetes mellitus patients with gangrene of the lower extremities comparatively to that of non-diabetic gangrenous patients. Sometimes, in childbirth women, suffering from diabetes, argyrophilia of the intracellular limits is enhanced. Endothelium affection can be the peak point of atheroma-tosis in diabetes. PMID- 6657643 TI - [Somatotropic function of the adenohypophysis in hyperthyroidism]. AB - Changes in the adenohypophyseal somatotropin function and the site of their origin were studied in experimental rats with hyperthyrosis. It was determined that the adenohypophyseal somatotropin content and biosynthesis were sharply reduced. After repeated somatotropin injections these indices remained unchanged. In vitro the somatotropin-releasing activity of the hypothalamic extracts off hyperthyroid rats is enhanced, whereas somatotropin release into the medium, obtained from the adenohypophyses of hyperthyroid animals, is lowered under the extract effect. It is concluded that a decrease in the adenohypophyseal somatotropin function is caused by loss of somatotropic cell sensitivity to the action of the hypothalamic regulation factors. PMID- 6657642 TI - [Prostatic phosphomonoesterases in rats of different ages both intact and after gonadectomy]. AB - The study of age changes in the activity of the rat prostatic acid and alkaline phosphatases within normal and under conditions of androgenic insufficiency has shown that the phosphomonoesterase content (nmol Rn/organ per min) increases with advancing age, whereas castration of the adult and infantile rats is accompanied by their significant decrease. The concentration of acid and alkaline phosphatase grows after early postnatal gonadectomy (nmol Rn/g of the tissue per min) without marked alterations in the enzyme content. The results obtained indicate that the hormonal control of acid and alkaline phosphatases is dependent on the androgen level of the organism. PMID- 6657644 TI - [Clinical significance of the blood level of alpha-cholesterol in diabetes mellitus]. AB - The total and alpha-cholesterol content, as well as the triglyceride concentration were determined in 184 patients, suffering from diabetes mellitus of the I and II types, with or without ischemic heart disease (IHD) and in 96 persons with the disordered glucose tolerance test. It was stated that the alpha cholesterol level in diabetics with the II type of the disease is lower than that in the controls and patients with the I type of diabetes mellitus. In males and females with the II type of diabetes mellitus the alpha-cholesterol level is lower than that of the controls. In males with the I type of the disease its concentration is higher and in females is the same as in the controls. In the presence of IHD the alpha-cholesterol level is lower comparatively to that of the controls (males and females) with diabetes mellitus of the II type and in females with the I type. In males with the II diabetes type and IHD the alpha-cholesterol level is lower than that of the males with the I type and IHD. In females there are no significant differences. The difference in the alpha-cholesterol content, depending on the patient's sex, is seen only in persons with diabetes mellitus of the II type, aged 45 to 65 years, and in patients with the I type, aged 30 to 45 years. Sex differences in the triglyceride content of patients with diabetes mellitus of thek I and II types mere not observed, their level being higher than that of the controls. PMID- 6657645 TI - Short dialysis. PMID- 6657646 TI - Long dialysis: a review of fifteen years experience in one centre 1968-1983. PMID- 6657647 TI - Short haemodialysis long-term results. PMID- 6657648 TI - Clinical evaluation of a new thrombin inhibitor available for haemodialysis. PMID- 6657649 TI - Transfused and pharmacological iron: relationship of overload to HLA antigens. AB - Forty-eight haemodialysis patients were divided in two groups according to presence or absence of haemochromatosis alleles (HA). Serum ferritin concentrations were determined and analysed according to blood transfusion history. Furthermore 20 patients were given iron saccarate and post treatment ferritin concentrations were determined at 15 and 30 days. Following blood transfusion, only HA+ patients increased ferritin concentrations, while intravenous iron administration produced increased ferritin both in HA+ and HA- patients. Therefore it is advisable to minimise transfusions in HA+ patients, while intravenous iron administration should be avoided regardless of HA status. PMID- 6657650 TI - Dopaminergic control of sympathetic activity and blood pressure in haemodialysis patients. AB - Bromocriptine was used to test the hypothesis that the abnormality of the dopaminergic system described in haemodialysis patients may cause enhanced sympathetic activity and high blood pressure. Bromocriptine significantly reduced supine mean blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline. Moreover, although the increments in plasma noradrenaline during tilt tests were reduced by bromocriptine there was a significant improvement in the response of blood pressure. These results suggest that dopaminergic control of sympathetic activity may be impaired in haemodialysis patients and may be a cause of high blood pressure. Moreover, a restoration of a normal relationship between noradrenaline and adrenergic receptors would be consistent with the present results. PMID- 6657651 TI - Effect of vaccination schedule and dialysis on hepatitis B vaccination response in uraemic patients. AB - Antibody response to vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine (HB-Vax) was evaluated in 43 staff, 81 dialysis patients and 12 non-dialysed uraemic patients. We confirmed less frequent seroconversion and lower concentration of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) in dialysis patients despite a higher dose (40 micrograms vaccine). However, more frequent vaccination (5 times vs 3) increased anti-HBs concentration to almost normal. Concomitant administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine (passive/active) did not interfere with vaccination success. Antibody response was equally poor in dialysed non-dialysed uraemic patients. PMID- 6657652 TI - Open heart surgery in patients with end-stage renal disease. AB - Seventeen patients on maintenance dialysis therapy or with severe impaired kidney function required correction of cardiovascular diseases by open heart surgery. Ten aortic, two mitral valvular replacements and five coronary artery bypass grafts were performed. Special attention was taken for these patients, including pre-operative dialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass with complete haemodilution, composition of extracorporeal circuit volumes, arterial and venous access and myocardial protection. Prosthetic valves were preferred to porcine heterografts for valve replacements and autogenous saphenous veins were utilised for coronary artery bypass grafts. Follow-up of 14 patients was available from one to 84 months. Carefully planned open heart surgery can be successfully carried out in uraemic patients without an increased operative risk. PMID- 6657653 TI - Haemodialysis in a single and a two needle vascular access system: a comparative study. PMID- 6657654 TI - Myocardial perfusion and left ventricular performance during long and short haemodialysis in patients with coronary heart disease. AB - In seven patients with confirmed coronary heart disease and stable blood pressure control acetate haemodialysis improved left ventricular performance and exercise tolerance. Similar positive effects were obtained by a four hour dialysis (one litre fluid removal/hour) and a two hour dialysis (two litre fluid removal/hour). In this group of patients weight gain and overhydration between dialyses appears to be the major risk for myocardial perfusion and rapid weight reduction by acetate dialysis appears adequate therapy. One practical consequence from our study is to minimise fluid overload in coronary heart disease and we try to avoid iatrogenic induction of thirst by decreasing dialysate sodium from 140 mmol/litre to 125-135 mmol/litre. As far as myocardial risk factors are concerned it appears that it is more important to focus on interdialysis weight gains than on acute dialysis therapy. PMID- 6657655 TI - A demonstration of neutrophil accumulation in the pulmonary vasculature during haemodialysis. AB - 111Indium oxine labelled autologous neutrophils were used to investigate neutropenia occurring during haemodialysis. Continuous surface counts demonstrated accumulation of labelled neutrophils in the lung, reaching a peak at 15 minutes after commencing dialysis, coincident with a fall in arterial blood and dialyser radioactivity, and a fall in arterial blood neutrophil count. Lung radioactivity returned to baseline after one hour implying reflux of labelled neutrophils into the circulation, whilst dialyser activity rose progressively and remained high even after washback of blood from the dialyser reflecting accumulation of neutrophils on the membrane. PMID- 6657656 TI - Use of urea kinetic model and haemofiltration to improve nitrogen balance in haemodialysed children. AB - To improve nitrogen balance and nutritional status, 10 paediatric patients (11.2 +/- 2.7 years; 28.5 +/- 5.1 kg) on regular haemodialysis (HD) for 25.3 +/- 1.2 months were treated with haemofiltration (HF) for 12.2 +/- 3.4 months. HF was prescribed using a urea kinetic model to ensure a pre-treatment blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of 130 mg/100ml. Urea generation rate (Gu) and protein catabolic rate (PCR) were computed by urea kinetics. Protein and calorie intake was assessed in the children on an unrestricted diet by analysis of 10 days' dietary records obtained every two months. During HF treatment a significant decrease of Gu and PCR was obtained and nitrogen balance increased in all the children. PMID- 6657657 TI - Risk of orally administered aluminium hydroxide and results of withdrawal. AB - In 23 haemodialysis patients, taking regularly aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) of various dosage regimens for more than 18 months, three developed aluminium (Al) related morbidity (fracturing osteopathy 3/3, encephalopathy 2/3, 1/3 died). In 15 patients followed for 14 months after Al(OH)3 withdrawal the previously elevated serum Al concentrations fell and no worsening of osteodystrophy (especially hyperparathyroidism) could be demonstrated. Our data and other reports suggest that oral administration of Al containing phosphate binders causes unacceptable morbidity for an unproven benefit, and should be avoided. PMID- 6657658 TI - Effects of parathyroidectomy on blood pressure development in eucalcaemic, spontaneously hypertensive rats. PMID- 6657659 TI - Improved lymphocyte transformation in vitro of patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - In vitro lymphoblastic transformation and sensitivity to methylprednisolone (MP) was studied in lymphocyte cultures obtained from patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), on haemodialysis (HD) and control subjects. The PHA and Con A responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and T cells were identical in CAPD and control cultures, and in both significantly higher than in HD cultures (p less than 0.05). Both PBL and T cells from CAPD and control cultures were more resistant to the suppressive effects of MP than those from HD cultures. There was no relation between the duration of the dialysis period and the lymphocyte mitogen response in HD patients. Enhanced in vitro cell transformation and resistance to steroids during CAPD treatment may reflect an improved form of dialysis of importance for the general immune defence of the uraemic patient. PMID- 6657660 TI - Severe abdominal complications in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 6657661 TI - Multicentre study of physical activity and employment status of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients in the United States. PMID- 6657662 TI - Critical role of oxalate restriction in association with calcium restriction to decrease the probability of being a stone former: insufficient effect in idiopathic hypercalciuria. AB - The probability of being a stone former (PSF) was calculated according to the method of Robertson in three groups of idiopathic calcium stone formers (normocalciuria (NCa), dietary hypercalciuria (DH) and idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH] during four conditions: on a free diet; on a calcium and oxalate restricted diet for four days and after an oxalate load (200 g of spinach) while on a calcium unrestricted or calcium restricted diet. Combined calciuria (Ca) and oxaluria (Ox) restriction significantly decreased PSF only in NCa and DH whereas the decrease was not significant in IH because of a concomitant significant increase in oxalate excretion. Increase of PSF with the oxalate load was significantly greater on calcium restricted than on calcium unrestricted diets in all groups of patients (4-6-12 times greater in NCa, DH and IH respectively). This shows the critical role of oxalate restriction when calcium is restricted in order to decrease the PSF. Combined restriction is not sufficient in idiopathic hypercalciuric patients to decrease their probability of stone formation. PMID- 6657663 TI - Different effects of oral glycine and methionine on urinary lithogenic substances. AB - Nine male healthy volunteers were examined during a control period, during an oral glycine load (45 g/day, 600 mmol) and oral methionine (6 g/day, 40 mmol). Glycine caused a significant increase of urinary oxalate above baseline (from 644 to 797 mumol/day) without change in calciuria (4.74 vs 4.84 mmol/day). In contrast methionine caused no change of oxaluria, but a significant increase in calciuria (from 4.74 to 6.9 mmol/day). Alterations of lithogenic ions in urine after protein ingestion are mediated by different amino acids. The particular lithogenic risk of animal protein may be related to its high methionine/cystine and glycine content. PMID- 6657664 TI - Dietary animal protein and urinary supersaturation in renal stone disease. AB - Eight stone-forming patients were given diets that were high (HPD) and low (LPD) in dietary animal protein, each for two weeks. Urines were collected by the end of each diet period. Urinary calcium, phosphate, urate and acids were increased on HPD whereas citrate and urine-pH decreased. The urinary supersaturation and thereby the risk of forming crystals and stones of uric acid and ammonium urate was increased on HPD. The supersaturation of calcium oxalate was unchanged, but the inhibition of calcium oxalate crystallisation may have become unfavourably affected. PMID- 6657665 TI - Pyridoxine therapy in patients with renal calcium oxalate calculi. AB - In 12 patients with idiopathic calcium oxalate calculi pyridoxine was administered. Within six weeks mean daily oxalic acid excretion decreased from 480 +/- 122 mumol to 336 +/- 83 mumol. Glycolic acid excretion fell from 208 +/- 51 mumol to 153 +/- 26 mumol (normal range: oxalic acid 228-412 mumol/day, glycolic acid 130-290 mumol/day). The reduction of oxalic acid excretion seems to be beneficial in prevention of idiopathic calcium oxalate calculi. PMID- 6657666 TI - Alternative treatment of cystinuria with alpha-merkaptopropionylglycine, Thiola. AB - Sixteen patients with cystinuria have been treated with Thiola for 0.5-4 years. Only two of the patients had recurrence of stones because of initial inadequate dose. The excretion of free cystine and the mixed Thiola-cysteine disulphide in the urine has been measured on an automatic amino acid analyser. Thiola has less side effects than D-penicillamine with respect to bone marrow, kidney, liver, gastrointestinal tract and skin. No chelating properties on urinary excretion of copper and zinc were observed during Thiola treatment. We conclude that successful treatment will depend on determining an individual dose of Thiola for every patient and from monitoring free cystine and Thiola-cysteine disulphide in the urine. PMID- 6657667 TI - Study of inhibitor and nucleator activities in calcium stone formers. AB - In 30 calcium stone formers urinary citrate, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid and oxalate excretion were compared with the activity product ratios and formation product ratios of oxalate, brushite and monosodium urate. A positive correlation was found between calcium and phosphorus excretions and APRox and APRbr; no correlation was found between oxalate, uric acid, citrate and magnesium excretion and APR or FPR. Thus calcium and phosphorus contribute significantly to the increments of urine saturation; citrate and magnesium do not modify the inhibitor urinary activity, and oxalate and uric acid do not influence inhibition and saturation activities of urine. PMID- 6657668 TI - Relationship between sodium intake, proximal tubular function and calcium excretion in normal subjects and in idiopathic hypercalciuria. AB - Proximal tubular function was studied with maximal water clearance studies in 15 controls (C), 22 Ca stone formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) and 10 normocalciuric Ca stone formers (NC). Distal delivery of glomerular filtrate (ClDD) and Na excretion were higher in IH and NC than in C; NaCl loading (6 g/day) for seven days in C increased Na excretion and ClDD to similar levels as in IH and NC; the distribution of ClDD for any level of Na excretion was similar in C, NC and IH. NaCl loading in C slightly reduced renal phosphate threshold, which still remained higher than in IH on a free diet. It appears that reduced tubular reabsorption of glomerular filtrate in Ca stone formers is related to habitual high Na intake and is not peculiar to hypercalciuric patients. Habitual high Na intake is unlikely to be responsible for all the metabolic spectrum of idiopathic hypercalciuria. PMID- 6657670 TI - Management of infected stone disease with hydroxyurea: a five year follow-up. AB - Hydroxyurea in a morning dose of 500 mg along with Macrodantin, 100 mg, has been used for more than five years as an adjunct to the management of retained struvite stones. Mild reversible toxicity occurs in 10 per cent. Urine sterility can be achieved in ninety per cent and no growth of the retained stone occurs. PMID- 6657669 TI - Calcium-loading test and bone disease in patients with urolithiasis. AB - A group of 121 patients with a history of multiple or complicated calcium urolithiasis were divided into three subgroups: normal, absorptive and renal/resorptive calciuria by means of a calcium-loading test. Patients with renal hypercalciuria had lower bone mineral content (BMC) than the other groups but did not differ in amount of bone or TmPO4/GFR. The 24-hour urine calcium excretion was elevated in patients with renal and absorptive type of hypercalciuria but not in patients with normal calcium-loading test and there was no correlation to BMC. The c-AMP/creatinine seemed to discriminate patients with resorptive calciuria from patients with renal calciuria. It is suggested that only patients with renal hypercalciuria should be treated with calcium-retaining drugs such as thiazides. PMID- 6657671 TI - Acetohydroxamate in struvite stones: in vivo study. AB - This report describes the results obtained with a combination of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) and antibacterial agents in 13 patients with recurrent struvite stones complicated by refractory infections with urease-producing bacteria. Intravenous antibiotic pulses plus oral AHA achieved urine sterilisation in all. Then oral chemotherapy plus AHA was given for a mean period of 10.8 +/- 5.4 months. In four patients, the urine remained sterile, but in all the patients urinary pH remained below 6.4 and urinary NH4+ below 40 mg/dl. Despite the persistence of urea splitting bacteria, the radiographic data showed an arrest of stone growth during the first year of treatment. PMID- 6657672 TI - Treatment of renal lithiasis associated with renal tubular acidosis. AB - In order to determine the incidence of renal lithiasis in patients with renal tubular acidosis and the effect of therapy on further stone formation, we reviewed the clinical and laboratory manifestations, X-ray findings, and treatment of 48 patients with renal tubular acidosis who were seen at the Mayo Clinic during the years 1970-1980. Thirty-four patients (70%) had radiological evidence of renal lithiasis which was the presenting symptom in 23 (48%) patients. In every instance the calculi were multiple and, with one exception, bilateral. While receiving therapy, 19 patients with renal lithiasis were followed for longer than one year with sequential uroradiographic studies. Fifteen of these patients were treated with oral base alone and thirteen had no evidence of new stone formation or continued growth of existing stones during therapy. The two patients with X-ray evidence of continued stone formation admitted to poor compliance. Four patients received initial treatment with an oral phosphorus supplement. Three of these four patients had radiographic evidence of continued renal stone formation during three, five and eight years of phosphate therapy. We conclude renal lithiasis is a frequent complication of renal tubular acidosis, and adequate base replacement is effective therapy to stop continued stone formation while oral phosphate therapy alone is often ineffective. PMID- 6657673 TI - Body sodium and blood pressure: abnormal and different correlations in Conn's syndrome, renal artery stenosis and essential hypertension. PMID- 6657674 TI - Renal function in pregnant rats with two-kidney goldblatt hypertension. AB - This study was carried out in female Wistar-Munich rats with two-kidney, one-clip hypertension, using clipped normotensive rats as controls. Metabolic studies were performed in the first two weeks of pregnancy, consisting of daily measurement of systolic blood pressure (BP) (tail-cuff), body weight (BW), and salt and water balance. At the end of metabolic studies, glomerular dynamics were studied in the unclipped kidney by micropuncture. During pregnancy, urinary output of Na+ and water was greater in hypertensive than normotensive rats. The greater natriuresis accounted for a reduced Na+ retention and a lower increase in maternal BW. Micropuncture studies showed an impaired renal auto-regulation. These results show that hypertension in pregnancy causes a salt-losing tendency, that may be secondary to incomplete renal autoregulation. PMID- 6657675 TI - Erythrocyte sodium-potassium co-transport in hypertension. AB - This paper reports on the measurement of sodium-potassium co-transport across red cell membranes in patients with hypertension and in normotensive volunteers. No differences were found in flux values between these two groups. Antihypertensive medication such as propranolol and enalapril (converting enzyme inhibitor) had no unequivocal effect on the measured cation transport. Individual diurnal and day to-day variation of fluxes appear to be substantial. It is concluded that uniformity in the assay procedure may be of great importance before studying any difference in cation transport between various populations. PMID- 6657676 TI - Specific angiotensin binding to human blood cells. PMID- 6657677 TI - Renal revascularisation in 36 patients with chronic total occlusion of the renal artery. AB - From 1972 to 1982 36 patients with totally occluded renal arteries were operated on. Contralateral stenosis existed in 11 patients, in five of whom a bilateral operative procedure and in three of whom an additional intraluminal dilatation was performed. A revascularisation of the occluded artery was performed in 33 and a primary nephrectomy in three patients. Hospital mortality was 14 per cent, the causes of death being cardiac or cerebral complications. In spite of cure or improvement of hypertension in 75 per cent of all patients and improvement or stabilisation of pre-operative azotaemia in 11 patients, the significant postoperative mortality indicates the difficult problem of proper selection of patients for operation. PMID- 6657678 TI - Renal involvement in systemic amyloidosis. AB - In a study of 124 patients with systemic amyloidosis, renal involvement was the major presenting feature in 68 per cent of patients with AA and 42 per cent with AL disease. Renal failure contributed to the deaths of 72 per cent and 33 per cent of patients respectively. In 23 renal biopsies from patients with AA disease, quantitative glomerular amyloid infiltration correlated with urinary protein excretion and with serum creatinine. Seven of these patients had repeat biopsies; change in glomerular amyloid correlated with changes in both renal function and proteinuria. Four patients with end-stage renal amyloidosis have been successfully managed on CAPD for 37 patient months. PMID- 6657679 TI - Water excretion in nephrotic syndrome. Relationship between blood volume and plasma vasopressin. AB - In order to verify whether or not an increased secretion of ADH may cause the water retention commonly observed in nephrotic syndrome, 12 nephrotic patients and 11 normal subjects were studied in basal conditions and following a water load or iso-osmotic blood volume expansion. A significant direct correlation was observed between plasma ADH and Posm in controls but not in nephrotics. Plasma ADH was inversely correlated with BV in nephrotics but not in controls. Blood volume expansion in nephrotic patients was effective in reducing plasma ADH and promoting a water diuresis. These results demonstrate a sustained volume mediated secretion of ADH in nephrotic syndrome, which is responsible for the impairment in water excretion. PMID- 6657680 TI - Interaction between the macrophage system and IgA immune complexes in IgA nephropathy. AB - In nine patients with IgA nephropathy, the function of the mononuclear phagocyte system was assessed by measuring in vivo clearance of anti-D coated red blood cells (RBC) and in vitro phagocytosis of sensitised RBC by monocytes. A strict correlation was found between in vivo macrophage function and in vitro monocyte phagocytosis. Statistical correlations were also found between in vivo clearance values and IgAIC and C3d values. A defective macrophage and monocyte function affects patients with major signs of clinical activity, highest IgAIC values, signs of complement activation and the most unfavourable clinical course. PMID- 6657681 TI - Delayed clearance of specific polymeric IgA immune complexes in patients with IgA nephropathy. AB - The presence of multimeric (polymeric and monomeric) IgA immune complexes (IC), detected by Raji cell assay and by the inhibition binding assay, as well as the specific polymeric IgA-IC were examined before and after the ingestion of 100 g protein. A rise in multimeric IgA-IC occurred in three out of seven controls with a peak at two to four hours after the meal, being cleared thereafter. The amount of multimeric IC present at fasting in four of six patients diminished at two to four hours after food challenge reaching a new peak around six hours. In both controls and patients, IC containing antibodies against diet antigens (e.g. ovalbumin) paralleled those of multimeric IgA-IC. In controls the specific polymeric IgA-IC presented a maximal peak with distribution similar to multimeric IgA-IC, but with a faster disappearance from the circulation. By contrast, polymeric IgA-IC remained elevated 24 hours after food ingestion in most patients. These results suggest that a defect in the hepatic clearance of circulating polymeric IgA-IC exists in patients with IgA nephropathy. PMID- 6657682 TI - Acute and chronic nephritides: two different diseases? AB - The role of the immune system in the progression of experimental nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NTN) in rats has been evaluated. Proteinuria and renal functional impairment during the sub-acute phase of the disease determined the long-term prognosis of the nephritis regardless of the humoral autologous antibody levels. In contrast to the acute, immune mediated glomerulonephritis, chronic glomerular scarring in NTN proceeds independently of the host immune response. PMID- 6657683 TI - Ultrastructural appearances of nephron damage in acute poisoning with ethylene glycol. AB - Renal biopsy material from five patients with acute ethylene glycol poisoning was taken five, 10, 16 and 22 days following poisoning and examined by electron microscopy. We found extensive crystal deposits in glomerular interloop spaces. In some of the tubules crystal accumulation seemed independent of time following poisoning. No morphological markers of reabsorption were found in the tubules tightly filled with crystals, while tubules with empty lumen had signs of enhanced reabsorption. In the early period of poisoning there were signs of epithelial damage while in the late periods, signs of epithelial regeneration prevailed. The results provide new information on the pathogenesis of anuria in acute poisoning with ethylene glycol. PMID- 6657684 TI - The predictive value of hippuran uptake in acute renal failure. AB - In this study the hippuran uptake capacity (HUC) in 32 patients with an acute deterioration of renal function was measured. The HUC2 is the ratio between the activity accumulated in the kidneys in the first two minutes, divided by the injected dose, which was measured by the gammacamera, during standardised renography. Thirteen patients had an acute glomerular disease (AGD) and 19 patients had acute tubular necrosis (ATN). During the acute deterioration of renal function, the HUC2 values ranged between 0 and 3.0 in the AGD group and between 1.9 and 8.7 in the ATN group. In only one patient of this latter group was the HUC2 value below three. Measurement of HUC2 is useful in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure. It can be performed in the absence of urine production and indicates renal blood perfusion despite complete absence of filtration. When the HUC2 value is higher than three, ATN is the most probable aetiology of the acute renal failure and recovery of renal function can be expected. Values below this limit most probably indicate AGD. PMID- 6657685 TI - Drug-induced granulomatous interstitial nephritis. AB - Among 22 cases of drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), noncaseating interstitial granulomas were found in eight cases (36%). Acute renal failure (ARF), oliguric in three patients, appeared within 1-20 days after the beginning of therapy. Clinical symptoms suggesting a hypersensitivity reaction were unusual, marked blood eosinophilia was absent, and immunologic tests were inconstantly positive. The discovery of interstitial granulomas may be a clue to the diagnosis of drug-induced AIN, especially when the inflammatory infiltrates do not contain eosinophils. Since significant residual renal impairment may be observed the benefit of early steroid therapy must be debated. PMID- 6657686 TI - Cortical infarction in rabbits with serum sickness following Cyclosporin A therapy. AB - Rabbits given acute serum sickness (ASS) and treated with Cyclosporin A (CyA) developed glomerular capillary thrombosis and cortical infarction. These lesions were associated with severe endothelial injury and platelet-fibrin-leucocyte thrombi. They were not seen in untreated rabbits with ASS, nor in normal rabbits given CyA alone in equivalent doses. A similar renal lesion has been reported in patients receiving CyA following bone marrow transplantation. PMID- 6657687 TI - Ultrasonic findings in analgesic nephropathy. AB - Thirty-four patients with analgesic nephropathy (AN) were investigated by realtime ultrasonography. In 11 of 14 dialysis patients and in 16 of 20 patients with renal insufficiency calcified renal papillae were documented surrounding the internal echo in a typical garland pattern. Incomplete garland pattern of papillary calcifications or development of hydronephrosis occurred in patients with a history of renal colic due to detachment of necrotic papillae. Moreover, AN was assumed in 10 patients with renal insufficiency of unknown origin after detection of typical ultrasonic signs of AN and confirmed by a hitherto unknown history of analgesic abuse. PMID- 6657688 TI - Is renal glycosuria a benign condition? AB - HLA typing and a range of autoantibodies were evaluated in five families affected with type A renal glycosuria. HLA typing demonstrates that this inherited disease is controlled by an autosomal dominant gene located on chromosome six in close genetic linkage with the HLA complex. All affected family members have significant titres of autoantibodies to nuclear antigens, native DNA, smooth muscle, mitochondria, liver antigens, thyroglobulin, thyroid microsomes and renal tubule brush border with variable association. This suggests that renal glycosuria is a complex HLA-linked disease with increased susceptibility to multiple autoantibody production and this urges caution with respect to its classical definition as a benign condition. PMID- 6657689 TI - Insulin resistance in uraemia. An insulin receptor or an intracellular defect? AB - The present study was designed to determine the participation of a decreased insulin binding versus that of a post-binding defect in uraemic insulin resistance and to examine the possible effect of dialysis treatment. This was done by constructing an in vivo insulin dose-response curve using the euglycaemic clamp technique. We found that the maximal responsiveness to insulin was decreased in uraemic patients. Long-term dialysis treatment improved the maximum glucose metabolism significantly (7.7. +/- 0.7 mg/kg/min versus 10.7 +/- 0.6 mg/kg/min, p less than 0.01). On the contrary we found no clearcut alteration of the half-maximal insulin concentrations in relation to dialysis. In conclusion, this report indicates that the insulin resistance in uraemia is primarily due to post-binding defects, i.e. an impaired intracellular glucose metabolism or an abnormal glucose transport system. PMID- 6657690 TI - Long-term continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - This paper reports experience with 65 patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) during the past five years. The patients are divided into 33 non-diabetic and 32 diabetic and the latter are subdivided into blind and sighted. Cumulative actuarial survival on CAPD calculated at five years was highest for blind diabetics, intermediate for non-diabetic and lowest for sighted diabetics. Blind diabetics had the lowest rate of drop-out from CAPD. Many patients, especially in the non-diabetic and sighted diabetic groups required temporary haemodialysis which allowed them to return to CAPD. PMID- 6657691 TI - Influence of aluminium hydroxide intake on haemoglobin concentrations and blood transfusion requirements in haemodialysis patients. AB - To investigate the likely influence of aluminium hydroxide intake (Al(OH)3) on haemoglobin concentrations and blood transfusion requirements we studied 27 long term haemodialysis patients for 24 months divided in two equal periods: (P I and P II). All patients received oral iron as a fasting single dose, intravenous iron being used only occasionally. During P I Al(OH)3 was given thrice daily, during P II Al(OH)3 was reduced significantly by stopping the breakfast dose, thereby separating the oral iron from the influence of the binder. After Al(OH)3 reduction haemoglobin increased, the requirement for blood transfusion decreased, and the need for intravenous iron also decreased. Serum phosphorous did not change. This suggests that Al(OH)3 might interfere with erythropoiesis and we consider it advisable to avoid the morning dose of Al(OH)3 which in many cases is not necessary. PMID- 6657692 TI - High-effective aluminium free phosphate binder. In vitro and in vivo studies. AB - For the purpose of intestinal phosphate binding we have developed aluminium free natural polymers consisting of heteropolyuronic acid charged with different cations. The in vitro experiments showed an efficacy two to three times greater than Aludrox. During up to six months of clinical application no serious side effects have been detected, constipation ceased and serum phosphate was maintained in an acceptable range. PMID- 6657693 TI - Secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic haemodialysis patients: a clinico pathological study. AB - Fifty-eight patients on intermittent haemodialysis underwent parathyroidectomy because of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism. Mean individual parathyroid gland weight was 689 +/- 62 (SEM) mg. Mean total gland weight per patient was between two and three grams. Increasing nodule formation within hyperplastic glands appeared to develop with increasing time of duration of hyperparathyroidism. Patients with chronic pyelonephritis had a higher gland weight than those with chronic glomerulonephritis. A direct relationship was found between gland weight and circulating immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, but an inverse relationship between gland weight and plasma aluminium concentration. The higher the parathyroid gland aluminium, the higher was the bone aluminium concentration. PMID- 6657694 TI - Effect of secondary hyperparathyroidism on the anaemia of end-stage renal failure: in vivo and in vitro studies. AB - Changes in haematocrit of 29 haemodialysis patients were followed 12 months before, close to and 12 months after parathyroidectomy. Mean haematocrit decreased significantly from 31.6 +/- 8.6 per cent to 29.1 +/- 8.4 per cent and increased to 33.3 +/- 7.9 per cent after PTX. Serum erythropoietin concentration, investigated pre and 6-12 months post PTX, at a time, when an increase of haematocrit values had been observed, did not significantly change (63 +/- 58 vs 67 +/- 37 mU/ml). The effect of 1-84 bovine parathyroid hormone on erythropoiesis was studied in vitro. A dose-related inhibition of colony formation of both fetal mouse liver and human bone marrow erythroid cells was observed in the presence of two to 8U parathyroid hormone/ml, suggesting direct bone marrow toxicity by excessive parathyroid hormone concentrations. PMID- 6657696 TI - Zinc deficiency in human subjects. Proceedings of an international symposium held in Ankara, Turkey, April 29-30, 1982. PMID- 6657695 TI - Future trends in milk consumption and composition. PMID- 6657697 TI - Zinc treatment in homozygous beta-thalassemia (a preliminary study). PMID- 6657698 TI - The mutual inhibitory effects on their bioavailability of inorganic zinc and iron. PMID- 6657699 TI - The hepatointestinal extraction of radiolabelled zinc and altered plasma concentration time curve to oral zinc in chronic liver disease: a mechanism for hyperzincuria in alcoholic cirrhosis. PMID- 6657700 TI - How adequate is plasma zinc as an indicator of zinc status? AB - Determination of plasma zinc is the most widely used parameter for assessing the body status of this trace element. Plasma zinc levels are influenced by a wide variety of conditions, including infections and other factors causing stress. Low plasma zinc levels are not always indicative of zinc deficiency. Liver zinc is a much better parameter than plasma zinc for assessing subclinical deficiencies induced by dietary factors or disease. When the plasma zinc level is reduced, there is a reciprocal increase in plasma copper, and as such the copper:zinc ratio in plasma may reflect the temporary shift in plasma zinc. Whenever possible, plasma zinc level determinations should be complemented with zinc concentration determinations in a nucleated tissue, such as liver, muscle or bone. Zinc-dependent enzymes may not always reflect the status of the element in the body. In summary, then, plasma levels of zinc alone cannot be regarded as definitive evidence for assessing the body status or deficiency states of zinc. PMID- 6657701 TI - Pica and zinc. PMID- 6657702 TI - Serum zinc in psychiatric patients. PMID- 6657703 TI - Zinc status and cellular immunity in pediatric Hodgkin's disease. AB - In the present study we investigated serum, plasma, RBC and hair zinc concentrations in pediatric Hodgkin's cases at initial presentation and in remission (measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry). In addition, immune parameters such as total lymphocyte counts (TLC), E-rosette test (E-R), lymphocyte proliferative (LP) responses to PHA, and skin tests to four antigens were simultaneously investigated in some cases. Although all zinc levels were found to be significantly low before treatment, suggesting chronic zinc deficiency, serum and plasma zinc levels returned to normal during remission. A positive correlation could be detected only between serum zinc levels and lymphocyte blastogenic response to PHA. Hodgkin's patients with complete anergia also showed significantly lower serum zinc levels and LP responses to PHA than the patients without anergia. PMID- 6657704 TI - Zinc levels in maternal and cord blood serum during normal deliveries. AB - Concentration of zinc was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 90 maternal and paired cord blood sera. Forty non-pregnant age-matched women served as controls. The mean value of zinc in maternal sera was 73.4 +/- 1.5 micrograms/dl whereas the mean zinc level in cord blood of normal neonates was 114 +/- 2.4 micrograms/dl. Significantly low levels of zinc were found in pregnant women as compared to their non-pregnant counterparts, who had a mean zinc level of 113.8 +/- 3.3 micrograms/dl. The study indicates that zinc values in cord blood were significantly higher than those of the mothers, and no correlation existed between the values of zinc in maternal and cord blood sera. PMID- 6657705 TI - Some trace element contents of breast milk in Turkey. PMID- 6657706 TI - Tissue zinc status in patients with chronic liver disease. PMID- 6657707 TI - Cell-mediated immunity, serum and lymphocyte zinc levels in Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 6657708 TI - Geophagia in Turkey: iron and zinc deficiency, iron and zinc absorption studies and response to treatment with zinc in geophagia cases. AB - A brief summary of the research carried out on the problem of geophagia is reported in this paper. Geophagia was a common finding among Turkish children and women in villages, associated with severe iron deficiency anemia in addition to zinc depletion. The syndrome characterized by geophagia, iron deficiency anemia, growth retardation, hypogonadism and zinc deficiency has been observed in both sexes in Turkey for several decades. Zinc deficiency has been also shown by our group in this syndrome. The decreased concentrations of zinc in serum, plasma, RBC, hair and urine were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Oral iron (both inorganic and radioactive iron) and zinc absorption tests were carried out with and without clay and revealed decreased iron and zinc absorption in some cases with prolonged geophagia. Therefore, malabsorption of iron and zinc was considered to be an additional and/or a new finding in the syndrome. Furthermore, Turkish clay most probably inhibits zinc absorption in a way similar to its inhibition of iron absorption. It was worthy of observation that some Turkish patients with this syndrome had a thalassemia-like appearance with similar skull bone changes. Finally, growth retardation and delayed puberty were shown to be corrected by oral zinc treatment for 6-month terms. Linear growth and sexual maturation were found to be greater in the zinc-treated group than in the controls. PMID- 6657709 TI - Zinc levels of serum, plasma, erythrocytes and hair in Turkish women with anencephalic babies. AB - The present study revealed a significantly low zinc concentration, measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, in serum, plasma and erythrocytes of mothers with anencephalic babies as compared to two control groups of women. We feel that Turkey should be added to the list of geographic regions where zinc deficiency has been found together with a high rate of CNS malformations. PMID- 6657710 TI - [Measurement and quality control of drug forms. 24. Linear optimization of pharmaceutico-technological production of mixtures of substances]. PMID- 6657711 TI - [Stability of the principal coloring agents in tabletting. II. Effect of the active principle contained in the molecular nucleus on the stability of coloring agents]. PMID- 6657712 TI - Improvement of some pharmaceutical properties of clofibrate by cyclodextrin complexation. PMID- 6657713 TI - A fluorescence quenching technique for determination of drug-lysozyme interactions. PMID- 6657714 TI - [Nitrogen-15 nuclear resonance--limitations and possibilities]. PMID- 6657715 TI - [Stinging nettle in medicine and nutrition]. PMID- 6657716 TI - [Data processing in the 80's]. PMID- 6657717 TI - Effects of pentazocine and tripelennamine on analgesia. AB - The analgesic effects of pentazocine and tripelennamine, alone and in combination, were assessed in rats with a hot plate apparatus. In Experiment 1, the combination of tripelennamine with chronic pentazocine produced analgesia at doses which were not analgesic when the drugs were given alone. This combination also reestablished analgesia in subjects made tolerant to pentazocine's effects. In Experiment 2, development of tolerance to the analgesic effects of pentazocine was delayed by addition of tripelennamine. These data may contribute to a rationale for the current popularity of combined pentazocine and tripelennamine abuse. PMID- 6657718 TI - The stinging response of the honeybee: effects of morphine, naloxone and some opioid peptides. AB - Changes in responsiveness for the stinging reaction of honeybees fixed in a holder after receiving 3 electrical shocks delivered with 1 min interval, was registered and used as measurement for the effect of 2 microliter of different solutions injected. Every shock consisted of a train of pulses of 1 msec each, delivered for 2 sec at a frequency of 100 Hz. Injection of morphine-HCl (50 to 200 n-moles/bee) produced a dose dependent reduction of the honeybee stinging response to the electrical shocks. The morphine dose that produced a 50% inhibition of the response (D50) was 148 n-moles/bee (927 micrograms/g), i.e., a value far greater than that reported for vertebrates in behavioral test of analgesia. Naloxone 1.1 micrograms/g produces a significant reduction of morphine D50 effect and at 4-5 micrograms/g, a full disinhibition. Thus, whereas the D50 of morphine for honeybees is far greater than that for vertebrates, the doses of naloxone that antagonize morphine are similar for bees and vertebrates. Possible explanations of this difference are mentioned. Injections of met-enkephalin, leu enkephalin, kyotorphin and (D-Ala2) methionine-enkephalinamide, given in doses of 200 n-moles/bee, an amount greater than that of the morphine D50, exhibited no effect on the stinging response. PMID- 6657719 TI - Control of behavior by intravenous nicotine injections in laboratory animals. AB - A series of recent studies are reviewed which demonstrate that behavior can be controlled by nicotine injections in different ways depending on the behavioral history of the subject and the schedule of reinforcement under which nicotine is administered. Lever-pressing responses by squirrel monkeys and beagle dogs were maintained well above saline-substitution levels by injections of 10 to 30 micrograms/kg of nicotine under fixed-ratio schedules of nicotine injection. Lever-pressing responses by squirrel monkeys also were well maintained by injections of 30 to 300 micrograms/kg of nicotine under a fixed-interval schedule of nicotine injection. The highest rates of responding were maintained by injections of 10 to 30 micrograms/kg of nicotine under second-order schedules in which responding by squirrel monkeys produced brief-light presentations which were only occasionally paired with nicotine injection. Under other conditions, however, response-produced injections of these same injection doses of nicotine (10 to 30 micrograms/kg) suppressed food-maintained fixed-ratio responding by squirrel monkeys during the punishment component of a multiple schedule. Finally, under a schedule of nicotine postponement, injection doses of 30 to 56 micrograms/kg of nicotine maintained responding that prevented, rather than produced, nicotine injections. These findings indicate that nicotine may control smoking behavior of humans in very complex and divergent ways depending on prevailing environmental conditions. PMID- 6657720 TI - Control of behavior by intravenous nicotine injections in human subjects. AB - Results are summarized from a series of studies in which procedures used to assess the reinforcing and aversive properties of drugs in animals, were extended to a human paradigm. Human volunteers were tested using drug self-administration and avoidance procedures, whereby pressing a lever under a fixed-ratio schedule resulted either in the IV injection of nicotine or in the avoidance of programmed IV injections of nicotine, respectively. Nicotine was found to maintain responding that produced its injection under certain conditions, and to maintain responding that avoided its injection under other conditions. Nicotine produced the same constellation of stimulus properties whether functioning as a positively or negatively reinforcing event. These functional properties of nicotine may be determined by schedule of access to nicotine, dose of nicotine, and past history of the subject. PMID- 6657721 TI - Malathion administration: effects on physiological and physical performance in the heat. AB - To determine the effects of low-dosage organophosphate administration on exercise in a hot environment, malathion (7.5 mg/day, 4 days) was administered IP to rats, and effected a 35% (p less than 0.01) reduction in plasma cholinesterase levels. Treadmill endurance (9.14 m/min, no incline, 35 degrees C ambient) was unaffected when the animals were exercised to hyperthermic exhaustion (Tre approximately 43 degrees C). While rates of heat gain were similar between groups, malathion treated rats displayed higher Tsk (p less than 0.05) at a number of sampling times during the treadmill run. While creatine phosphokinase levels were unaffected by either cholinesterase inhibition or exercise in the heat, lactate dehydrogenase activities were increased (p less than 0.01) in both groups following hyperthermic exhaustion. Although plasma levels of lactate, potassium, urea nitrogen, and creatinine were all significantly (p less than 0.01) increased as a result of exercise in the heat, these increments were not exacerbated by cholinesterase inhibition. Results generally indicated that at this moderate level cholinesterase inhibition, malathion administration did not adversely affect physiological, physical, or thermoregulatory efficacy. PMID- 6657722 TI - Postweaning copper restriction and behavior in the Long-Evans rat. AB - A variety of behaviors was assessed in Long-Evans male rats placed on either a low copper diet, a marginal copper diet, or an adequate copper diet at weaning. Rats in the low copper group had slightly, but significantly, enlarged hearts and gained less weight than rats fed diets containing higher copper levels. Treatment effects were not detected in measurements of muricide, open-field activity, water intake, shock sensitivity, and shock avoidance and memory. PMID- 6657723 TI - The effect of naloxone on intragastric ethanol self-administration. AB - The acute effect of 1.25 and 2.50 mg/kg naloxone was tested in a group of male Wistar rats readily self-administering 10% w/v ethanol intragastrically following 12 days of forced ethanol intoxication. Compared to saline pretreatment, naloxone did not alter 24 hr intakes of food, water or ethanol. However, both does strongly and significantly inhibited lever pressing for ethanol during 2 hr following pretreatment. The results indicate that naloxones's inhibition of ethanol intake does have a transient postabsorptive component, although this component is unlikely to be specific to ethanol. PMID- 6657724 TI - Fate of tritium derived from prenatally administered tritiated methadone in dams and neonatal rats. AB - Tritiated methadone (3HME) was administered to gravid rats on the last week of gestation, fostered neonates periodically sacrificed, and brain and liver tritium determined by combustion. Concentrations of tritium were highest in brain on the day of birth and declined rapidly so that after 5 days, 20% remained, and after 25 days, 2% remained; similar values were found in liver. In maternal brain, concentrations on the day of birth were essentially the same as offspring brain. The brain concentrations of methadone are discussed in relation to neurobehavioral effects. PMID- 6657725 TI - Intraventricular glucose administration inhibits feeding in satiated but not in 24 hours food deprived cocks. AB - Injection of 5 microliter isotonic glucose into the third ventricle above the basal hypothalamus but not in the posterior hypothalamus-anterior midbrain, suppressed feeding in satiated cocks. This suppression of food intake was less dramatic when glucose was injected after 5 hr of food deprivation and was eliminated if 24 hr of food deprivation preceded the glucose administration. An involvement of a glucostatic mechanism in the regulation of feeding in the chicken is suggested. PMID- 6657726 TI - Inhibition of morphine-induced analgesia and locomotor activity in strains of mice: a comparison of long-acting opiate antagonists. AB - The long-acting opiate antagonistic potency of naloxazone (NXZ), beta chlornaltrexamine (beta-CNA) and beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA) was compared using three inbred strains of mice, in which morphine induces either analgesia (DBA/2), locomotion (C57BL/6), or both responses (C3H/He). The antagonists were applied SC 24-120 hr before morphine (10 or 20 mg/kg, IP), followed by the tests after 30 min. The minimal dose which completely antagonized morphine-induced analgesia in DBA and locomotion in C57 mice during 24 hr were: for NXZ 50 and 100 mg/kg, for beta-CNA 0.8 and 6.2 mg/kg, for beta-FNA 1.6 and 12.5 mg/kg, respectively. beta-FNA and beta-CNA more potently blocked morphine-induced analgesia in DBA mice than the activity response in the C57 strain. In contrast, beta-FNA prevented morphine-induced locomotion at a lower dose (6.2 mg/kg) than analgesia (greater than 50 mg/kg) in C3H mice, while beta-CNA was equipotent (1.6 mg/kg). In general, beta-CNA turned out to be the most reactive compound, antagonizing morphine effects in low doses up to 120 hr. beta-FNA selectively antagonized either morphine-induced analgesia or locomotion, depending on the strain used. This suggests that a given morphine response might be caused by a genetically determined multiplicity of opiate receptor types and their mutual interactions. PMID- 6657727 TI - Feeding behavior induced by central norepinephrine injection is attenuated by discrete lesions in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. AB - Extensive brain-cannula mapping studies in the rat have demonstrated that the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is the most sensitive brain site for eliciting eating behavior with central norepinephrine (NE) injection. The present experiments examined the impact of lesions aimed at the PVN on this NE-elicited eating response. In rats with NE injection cannulas aimed at the lateral ventricle, bilateral lesions of the PVN significantly attenuated, by 60 to 70%, the eating effect induced by NE, at doses ranging from 20 to 160 nmoles. PVN lesions which extended ventrally to damage tissue lying within the periventricular region were more effective in abolishing the NE response than were lesions that remained confined to the dorsal aspects of the PVN. Large lesions located just dorsal to the PVN had no impact on the NE response. This evidence supports the primary role of the PVN in mediating the eating behavior elicited by central noradrenergic activation. PMID- 6657728 TI - Strain differences in susceptibility to the convulsant actions of 3-carbomethoxy beta-carboline. AB - NIH mice were found to be approximately three-fold more sensitive than NIH General Purpose mice to the convulsant actions of 3-carbomethoxy-beta-carboline. The convulsant action of 3-carbomethoxy-beta-carboline has been previously demonstrated to be mediated via an interaction with C.N.S. benzodiazepine receptors. The characteristics of the benzodiazepine receptor from the two strains appeared to be identical with respect to both binding affinity and capacity for [3H]3-carbomethoxy-beta-carboline and [3H]diazepam, as well as the relative decreases in apparent receptor affinity for [3H] 3-carbomethoxy-beta carboline in the presence of 10 microM gamma-aminobutyric acid. Although the rate of degradation of 3-carbomethoxy-beta-carboline in plasma was similar in the two strains, a marked difference in brain levels of the drug (or an active metabolite) was observed after in vivo administration. These results suggest that pharmacokinetic, rather than pharmacodynamic factors are primarily responsible for the observed strain differences in sensitivity to 3-carbomethoxy-beta carboline. PMID- 6657729 TI - Behavioral comparison of pentylenetetrazol, clonidine, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam in infant rats. AB - The effects of various doses of pentylenetetrazol, clonidine, chlordiazepoxide and diazepam on limb and head movement and behavioral seizure signs were examined in 4-, 8- and 16-day old rats tested at ambient temperatures of either 25 or 35 degrees C. All 4 drugs produced intense behavioral activation at the 2 younger ages but there were marked differences among them in the effects of test temperature on this activation and in the relationship between age and their activating effect. A "paradoxical" and intense behavioral energization was observed after the administration of either of the 2 benzodiazepines at 4, 8 but not 16 days, particularly at the lower test temperature. Clonidine and pentylenetetrazol were activating at all 3 ages but while clonidine had greater effect at the low test temperature, the opposite was the case after pentylenetetrazol. The effects of the benzodiazepines and clonidine were clearly distinct from those of pentylenetetrazol and this was the only drug to substantially elicit seizure signs. It is uncertain whether or not the benzodiazepines cause brain seizures in young animals. If so, then their behavioral manifestation is clearly different from that observed after pentylenetetrazol. PMID- 6657730 TI - Effects of cholinergic drugs on delayed match-to-sample performance of rhesus monkeys. AB - Three adult rhesus monkeys were trained to stable performance baselines on a delayed match-to-sample (DMS) procedure. Subject-initiated trials resulted in brief presentations of a sample color stimulus (red, green, or blue) with matching performance tested after retention intervals of 0, 4, 8, and 16 seconds. The effects of graded doses of atropine SO4, benactyzine HCl and physostigmine salicylate on performance were studied. Only atropine produced a clear interaction between drug and retention interval with the greatest impairments being observed at the longest delays. Benactyzine only affected overall error rates, while physostigmine did not disrupt matching accuracy. The two highest doses of each compound produced reliable elevations in session times and drug specific changes in the pattern of performance. The results with atropine confirm and extend previously reported work with scopolamine indicating a critical role for cholinergic mechanisms in short-term memory. PMID- 6657731 TI - The suppression of ethanol self injection by buprenorphine. AB - The schedule induced self-injection procedure was used to establish ethanol self injection in 16 rats. Pretreatment with an injection of 0.3 mg/kg buprenorphine significantly reduced ethanol self-injection in a group of 8 rats. This effect was not found in a second group of 8 rats which received saline pretreatment. The findings provide support for an involvement of buprenorphine, in ethanol self injection, which cannot be explained in terms of opiate induced shifts in taste preference. From the present data it cannot be determined whether the agonist or antagonist opiate properties of buprenorphine cause the blocking effect. PMID- 6657732 TI - Nicotine as a reinforcer in human subjects and laboratory animals. AB - Results are summarized from 17 studies in which intravenous nicotine was evaluated in self-administration paradigms. Six species, ranging from the albino rat to the human, have been tested under a variety of schedules of reinforcement, and as a function of several pharmacologic manipulations. Under certain environmental conditions, it is clear that nicotine can serve as a reinforcer. However, nicotine differs from many other drugs of abuse in that the range of environmental conditions under which it serves as a reinforcer appears to be more restricted. PMID- 6657733 TI - Nicotine self-administration in baboons. AB - Two experiments were conducted in which responding maintained by nicotine and cocaine was studied under two different schedules of drug delivery. In Experiment 1, nicotine (0.01-0.32 mg/kg IV) was available under a fixed-ratio 2 timeout 15 sec reinforcement schedule. When nicotine was substituted for cocaine or saline, dose-dependent differences in self-administration were evident across the first five sessions, resulting in an inverted U-shaped dose-effect curve. With continued exposure to each nicotine dose, however, number of injections generally stabilized at levels not very different, if at all, from saline; and the terminal dose-effect functions generally were low and flat. In Experiment 2, nicotine (0.01-0.56 mg/kg IV) was available under a fixed-interval 5 min timeout 60 sec reinforcement schedule. Response rates were considerably lower and response patterning was less likely to be scalloped than when responding was maintained by either cocaine or food, but number of injections was higher than those maintained by saline. When fixed-interval value was varied, number of nicotine reinforcements remained low and virtually constant, but number of food reinforcements increased as the fixed interval decreased. The present results, along with those from previous studies, suggest that the ability of nicotine to serve as a reinforcer appears to be strongly influenced by the conditions of drug availability, perhaps more so than for other drugs of abuse. PMID- 6657734 TI - [Drugs and the organism (IV). Prodrugs--a means of drug optimization]. PMID- 6657735 TI - [Stability testing of drug substances and preparations, a contribution to drug safety]. PMID- 6657736 TI - [Drugs and the organism (V). Biopharmaceutic models and in vivo/in vitro correlation]. PMID- 6657737 TI - Dispositional and pharmacodynamic characteristics of brodifacoum in warfarin sensitive rats. AB - A dose-response curve for the hypoprothrombinemic effect of brodifacoum 3-[-3(4' bromobiphenyl-4-yl) 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl] -4-hydroxycoumarin, was constructed using doses ranging from 0.1 to 0.33 mg/kg. Brodifacoum exhibited a remarkably steep dose-response curve. Brodifacoum failed to exhibit a dose dependent effect on the degradation rate constant (kdeg) for prothrombin complex activity (PCA) after a PCA-synthesis-blocking dose of warfarin. Both phenobarbital pretreatment and SKF525A treatment altered to anticoagulant response to brodifacoum. Phenobarbital decreased the anticoagulant effect, whereas SKF525A increased it, suggesting that a substantial portion of brodifacoum-induced hypoprothrombinemia is mediated by brodifacoum itself rather than by metabolites. Finally, rats dosed orally with brodifacoum (0.2 mg/kg p.o.) were sacrificed in groups of 3-5 at various times up to 120 h after the dose. Brodifacoum was assayed in serum, small intestine, and liver by an HPLC method. Brodifacoum disappeared slowly from serum with a half-life of 156 h. Disappearance from small intestine was rapid, for 24 h, but intestinal levels began increasing from 24 to 72 h after the dose. Concentrations in liver were rapidly established, and exceeded serum concentrations by 20-fold. Brodifacoum levels in liver remained relatively constant for 96 h. Sustained liver concentrations after a single dose may partially account for brodifacoum's apparent potency relative to warfarin. PMID- 6657738 TI - Clinical evaluation of suprofen in the treatment of elderly patients with pain of diverse etiology. AB - This 4-week, open design study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of suprofen (200-1,200 mg/day) in the treatment of elderly patients with pain of diverse origin, all of whom suffered from secondary disorders. All patients reported pain of moderate to very severe intensity upon study enrollment, which improved considerably in 89% of patients by week 1. 12 of the 16 patients reported good to very good pain reduction by week 4. Suprofen was extremely well tolerated by this patient population, and there were no drug-related study withdrawals. These results show suprofen to be a potentially useful drug for the treatment of elderly patients suffering from various painful conditions. PMID- 6657739 TI - An absolute must in clinico-pharmacological research: pharmaco electroencephalography, its possibilities and limitations. AB - During drug development effects on blood cells, metabolism or function of heart and circulation are routinely examined. In case there is evidence of influence on such systems, examinations in clinical pharmacology are done. For the organ central nervous system the same rules should be followed, independently whether a substance is primarily a psychotropic drug or developed for other indications. Besides pharmacopsychological procedures pharmacoelectroencephalography is the most sensitive method to describe drug induced changes on brain function of humans. In event related research (e.g. evoked potentials) it is easier to form hypotheses for the mechanism of reaction after stimulation. About the validity of spontaneous cortical activity, like scalp recorded EEG we have little knowledge. However, a single signal of the spontaneous activity is analyzed into several components, each of which can be influenced differently by various drugs. Important areas of pharmacoelectroencephalography are: 1) Determination of CNS effects on a functional level; judgement whether a pharmacon has a potential for influencing CNS function in comparison to placebo. 2) Characterization of CNS effects; determination of vigilance changes and classification of the profile in comparison to the EEG-effects of standards. 3) Determination of dose/efficacy and time/efficacy relations; description of kinetic data based on an effect parameter, in contrast to blood levels; comparison of different galenic formulations; determination of onset and duration of effects; etc. 4) Determination of sleep-wake rhythms; measurement of influence on sleep/waking behaviour in the sleep laboratory or under vigilance controlled conditions during daytime.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6657740 TI - [Significance of caffeine values in serum, saliva and urine--determination of pharmacokinetic data by non-invasive methods in psychopharmacologic studies]. AB - For psychopharmacological studies with caffeine two reliable non-invasive methods are available in order to determine pharmacokinetic parameters simultaneously with psychometric tests, without any appreciable impairment of the experimental subject. The investigation were performed in 13 healthy volunteers. Caffeine was determined in serum, saliva and urine. The caffeine level in saliva was about 70% of that in serum, corresponding to the percentage freely dissolved in serum. A good correlation was found to exist between elimination half-lives for serum and saliva levels (r = 0.9702) as well as serum and urine values (r = 0.8784). The amount of caffeine excreted in urine in its unmetabolized form was 1.1 +/- 0.2% of the dose administered. Furthermore, the saliva level was seen to represent the serum level on a broad scale. Sixty minutes after oral uptake, saliva levels were falsified due to adsorption of caffeine to the buccal mucosa. The special pattern of the saliva level during the phases of absorption and distribution is discussed. PMID- 6657741 TI - Trace element analysis in biological samples by using XRF spectrometry with secondary radiation. AB - An x-ray fluorescence method for in vitro analysis of trace elements in biological samples is presented. The method is characterised by the use of an x ray tube with secondary targets as a monoenergetic radiation source, and by 'infinitely thin' specimens. In the experimental work, different aspects have been examined in order to optimise the sensitivity of the method. It is shown that it is extremely important to use collimators of high purity materials and very pure and thin sample supports. Regarding the geometry, it is pointed out that a collimator between specimen and detector reduces the counting rate caused by scattering in air and other materials. Scattering in the biological matrix is reduced by preconcentration of biological liquids or tissues. The method has been applied to the analysis of blood serum samples. Typical sensitivities for Fe and Rb are 1.6 ng cm-2 and 1.5 ng cm-2 respectively, in a counting time of 10(3) s. PMID- 6657742 TI - Applying the reciprocal dose principle to heterogeneous phantoms: practical experience from Monte Carlo studies. AB - The reciprocity theorem states that for any pair of regions in a uniform isotropic or uniform scatterless model, the specific absorbed fraction (phi) is independent of which region is designated source and which is designated target. Although the conditions of these models are not met by phantoms heterogeneous in tissue composition and density, calculations with a Monte Carlo radiation transport code show that in many cases the reciprocal phi's from photon radiation are approximately equal. In these cases we may speak of the 'reciprocity principle'. Previous workers have estimated that the principle is valid within a factor of 2 (Snyder) or within about 20% (Mayneord and Clarke), except when one of the organs in the pair considered is the skeleton, where the reciprocal phi's may differ by as much as a factor of 4. We find that the principle holds within at least 10% when both organs are of near-unit-density. When one of the organs is near the tissue-vacuum boundary (skin, breasts, or testes), the reciprocal phi's may differ by as much as 10% or so at energies where scattering is marked. When one of the organs is the lungs or the whole body, a comparable error may occur at some energies. We conclude that more extensive use of the reciprocity principle in internal dose computations in heterogeneous phantoms is warranted. PMID- 6657743 TI - Rapid, accurate, three-dimensional location of multiple sees in implant radiotherapy treatment planning. AB - The three-dimensional (3D) locations of the radioactive seeds in an interstitial implant can be obtained from stereo-shift or orthogonal radiographs. When an implant contains a large number of seeds, however, there are often ambiguities in identifying corresponding seed images on two radiographs. Our method achieves accurate spatial locations by using three radiographs whose x-ray source positions are (i) in a plane which does not intersect the implant and (ii) widely separated to achieve adequate parallax. All triangulation is done in an anatomical coordinate reference frame attached to the patient so that patient motion does not introduce errors. We achieve independent error-insensitive calibration of each radiograph, rapid and accurate data entry in the local coordinates of each radiograph, 3D seed location in the patient (anatomical) reference frame, and automatic verification of each calculation. PMID- 6657744 TI - Theoretical and experimental studies of the influence of air kerma rate on threshold contrast in diagnostic fluoroscopy systems. AB - Experimental measurements of threshold contrast (CT) as a function of air kerma rate at the input plane of the image intensifier have been made for several diagnostic fluoroscopy units in clinical use. Threshold contrasts are determined by viewing a test object containing holes of fixed diameter and various depths under defined irradiation conditions. Kerma rate variations are effected by introducing aluminum sheets into the x-ray beam at fixed values of tube potential and current. At low kerma rates where quantum noise dominates, low tube potentials (60 kVp) usually yield lower values of CT than do higher potentials (100 kVp). At higher kerma rates the opposite is often true. A simple theoretical model for noise propagation in fluoroscopic imaging systems using models of diagnostic x-ray spectra lends qualitative support to the experimental findings. The often-quoted suggested upper limit of 100 mu R s-1 (0.87 mu Gy s-1) at the input phosphor would seem to be justified under the test conditions since little improvement in CT is usually observed at higher kerma rates. However, application to clinical practice would ideally require the use of more realistic phantom studies. PMID- 6657745 TI - [Physiology of skin pigmentation]. AB - The physiological colour of the skin is due, above all, to the presence of melanin in the dermis and the epidermis, but also to the presence of other pigments of endogenous or exogenous origin, such as iron and carotene. The authors present a study of melanogenesis. They review the structure of the eumelanins and the phaeomelanins and recall the steps in their biosynthesis. They examine the functioning of the epidermal unit of melanization, which is a functional unit consisting of a melanocyte, derived from the neural crest, and the keratinocytes which depend on it. The melanocyte synthetizes pigment granules, the melanosomes, which undergo maturation before being transferred and then broken down by the keratinocytes. Finally, the authors study the principal factors which influence the functioning of the epidermal unit of melanization : genetic control, ultra-violet radiation and endocrine factors. PMID- 6657746 TI - [Note on the mixed nature, hematic and melanic, of pigmentations in phlebology]. AB - Venous pigmentations are not only tissue deposits of extravasated haemosiderin. Histology reveals that these deposits are often accompanied by excessive melanocyte activity. This combination of various sorts of pigmentation, haematic and melanic, is also found in other non-phlebological ferric hyperchromias. The excess of iron appears to be responsible for the hypermelanosis, but the mechanism is not understood. PMID- 6657747 TI - [Pigmentation and venous stasis]. AB - Local pigmentations can occur in the course of venous diseases and are said to be secondary to venous stasis and due to blood pigment. Most often, the pigment is haemosiderin and more rarely melenin pigments. Haemosiderin is a result of dermal biligenesis of extravasated red blood cells, the erythrodiapedesis being due to alterations in the vessel wall. Melanin pigments remain a mystery. Meaanoid may stimulate dermal melanocytes more than the true melanocytes of neural origin which have migrated to the epidermis. Above all, the problem is dominated by stasis and its microvascular and tissue consequences. The pigmentation is part of the "microangiopathy of stasis", as are the pigmentations occurring after therapeutic sclerosis. PMID- 6657748 TI - [Is the pigmentation a characteristic sign for chronic venous insufficiency?]. AB - In epidemiological studies pigmentations were declared a decisive criterium of stadium II of chronic venous insufficiency. It is discussed in this work if it is possible as the pigmentation is sometimes absent in advanced stages of chronic venous insufficiency. On the other hand it has got to be considered that there are many other possibilities of pigment building on the legs without chronic venous insufficiency. Pigmentation may be of actinic, endocrine, atrophic or especially of inflammatory origin. These pigmentations cannot be differentiated from those caused by chronic venous insufficiency macroscopically, and therefore, in our opinion, the question if pigmentation is a specific sign for chronic venous insufficiency has to be negated. Further, it is examined if the histomorphology of the pigmentation caused by chronic venous insufficiency offers a different aspect from that caused by other diseases. Special attention is given to the pigments containing melanin and iron. Melanin, as an example, is increased in skin inflammation whether there is chronic venous insufficiency or independent of any edematous changes, In subfascial chronic venous insufficiency without any inflammatory component, only the pigment containing iron increased. PMID- 6657749 TI - [Apropos of the Mali syndrome]. AB - The authors report two original cases of profuse pigmentation associated with proliferative lesions of the lower limbs, in patients with venous incompetence, suggestive if the syndrome described by Mali and al. in 1963. One case was in fact of Kaposi's disease associated with severe thrombocytopenia which was the cause of death, despite the use of Chloraminophene-Cortancyl. The other case was a woman with profuse pigmentation of the lower limbs associated with multiple disseminated lesions of allergic vasculitis, probably of drug origin. Suppression of the drug and rest led to a marked improvement in the lesions. Although very different from each other, both of these cases are suggestive of Mali's syndrome, but their treatment was totally opposite. The first case, a real vascular neoplasia, required the combination of antimitotic-steroid ; the second case, on the contrary, resolved with rest and a simple elastic bandage, like allcutaneous venous lesions, in particular Mali's syndrome. PMID- 6657750 TI - [Pigmentation following sclerosis]. AB - After discussing the psychological importance of the problem, the author stresses that the best treatment of pigmentations after sclerosis is prevention, based on experience and faultless technique (careful choice of sclerosants, local compression, evacuation of thrombi). The author then briefly reviews the pathophysiology of melanin dyschromias and their causes and presents the histological finding of a mixed origin for post-sclerosis pigmentations (melanin and iron). Various attempts at treatment are presented. The most effective form of treatment seems to be the percutaneous application of a mixture consisting of : -an iron chelator (desferoxamine), -an anti-inflammatory (alpha-chymotrypsin), an anti-melanin agent (mequinol). PMID- 6657751 TI - [Pigmentation of scars after surgery for varices]. AB - 1 526 scars were reviewed two years after surgery for varicose veins. 5.2 p. cent of cases had chronic pigmentation. Pigmented scars are found especially in the dorsal and anterolateral aspects of the thigh. These surgical complications are discussed. PMID- 6657752 TI - [Peroperative multi-sclerosis using 66% glucose. Treatment of choice and best prevention of pigmentations of venous origin]. AB - The complete and rapid destruction, at the one time, of the incompetent surface venous network is the best form of prevention of trophic changes, in particular pigmentation and leads to a marked and rapid regression of these lesions when they are already present. The combined method, associating surgery and peri operative multi-sclerosis, allows the use of a gentle sclerosant, 66% glucose, which is particularly well tolerated. PMID- 6657753 TI - [Can lasers have a place in the treatment of pigmentation?]. AB - After reviewing the physical principles of laser radiation, the author briefly describes the various tissue effects depending on the wavelength and the power used. This discussion reveals the various applications of laser in the field of phlebology, some of which are currently in use, others remain to be developed. A review of the literature only reveals a few studies limited in particular to varicose veins, with fairly disappointing results. The papers concerning pigmentations are even fewer. Pulsed emissions would appear to be a useful method for the future. The theoretical principles of this treatment and the studies which have been conducted in other specialties justify further research into the application of this technique in phlebology, in combination with the other forms of available treatment and in the context of the range of phlebological pathophysiology. PMID- 6657754 TI - [Martorell ulcers]. AB - The author defines Martorell's ulcer which was described by this doctor in 1945. He illustrates the clinical picture with two operative cases and he summarizes the clinical signs and the treatment. PMID- 6657755 TI - [Treatment of leg ulcers. Martorell ulcer, superficial gangrene, so-called capillaritic ulcers]. PMID- 6657756 TI - [Treatment of varicose ulcers]. PMID- 6657757 TI - [Examination of varicose veins with a view toward sclerosing treatment]. PMID- 6657758 TI - [Apropos of the nature of vegetating pyodermatitis on chronic leg ulcers. Study of 7 cases]. AB - The pyodermatitis proliferation around or on chronic leg ulcers derived from bone infection or of varicose origin is rare. The author, who has only seen 7 cases over the last ten years, stresses the importance of making an aetiological diagnosis which often has to be based on repeated histological examinations. Two clinically similar features have, in fact, very different natures and prognoses: one, pseudoepitheliomatous pyodermatitis (5 cases), is only a benign inflammatory reaction which is easily cured by simple curetage; the other, spiny cell epithlioma (2 cases), requires wide excision, or even amputation of the limb. PMID- 6657759 TI - [Plethysmography in venous pathology]. AB - The plethysmography is an easy and precise and therefore interesting non invasive investigation technique in search for deep venous obstructions. It is giving a well defined picture of the venous function and offers the possibility to differentiate most of the cases with a post-thrombotic syndrome from primary varicosis and to make the follow-up of the surgical treatment of venous anomalies. PMID- 6657760 TI - Vowel distortion in traumatic dysarthria: lip rounding versus tongue advancement. AB - Formant analysis of tense, high, German vowels was performed to the end of obtaining information about the role of insufficient lip rounding in distorted vowel production of 8 traumatic dysarthrics. A comparison was made between two allophones of /y/ in different consonantal contexts. Noticeable undershoot in lip rounding or protrusion proved to occur in a context of conflicting labial gestures. Where the articulatory realization of a CVC sequence required gross tongue movements, a lingual undershoot resulted as the prevailing deficit. No evidence for dyscoordinative defects was obtained from the results. PMID- 6657761 TI - Organization of sleeping and waking states in infants: consistency across contexts. AB - The sleep and waking states of infants are described from direct behavioral observations made in the home for a 7-hour period on weeks 2, 3, 4, and 5. States were analyzed separately for two contexts: infant alone and infant with the mother. States analyzed included Alert, Waking (Non-Alert) Activity, Fussing or Crying, Drowse or Sleep-Wake Transition, Active Sleep, Quiet Sleep, and Unclassified Sleep. Individual state profiles for each context were obtained for each week. A quantitative measure of profile consistency over weeks was calculated as an index of stability of state organization. Infants showed considerable range in state stability over weeks. State stability when alone was significantly correlated with state stability when with the mother (r = .67), even though there were differences in sleep-wake distributions and in level of stimulation in these contexts. These findings demonstrate within-individual consistency in CNS control of behavioral states, across sleep and wakefulness and throughout the diverse activities of the caretaking environment. PMID- 6657762 TI - Effect of pentobarbital on the strength duration curve of the jaw opening reflex to tooth pulp stimulation in cats. AB - Brain stem field potentials and digastric electromyographic responses to tooth pulp stimulation were recorded in six chronically prepared adult cats. Strength duration curves were derived for both responses under conditions of wakefulness and anesthetic levels of sodium pentobarbital (35 mg/kg). For the muscle response, the slope of the strength duration curve for short duration pulses became more negative, and the chronaxies were significantly increased under anesthesia as compared to the awake state. For the field potential response, the same parameters were not significantly altered. The results suggest that the alteration in strength duration curve seen in the muscle response may be determined beyond the level of the first synapse. PMID- 6657763 TI - Circadian temperature and wake rhythms of rats exposed to prolonged continuous illumination. AB - The purpose of this study was to simultaneously measure temperature and sleep in the rat under continuous illumination in an attempt to reveal properties of the underlying circadian oscillators. At first, the circadian rhythms of temperature and wake free-ran in parallel. Within weeks or months, circadian arrhythmicity developed in most animals. Both circadian rhythms eventually damped out, even at fairly low light intensities. The circadian rhythm of wake was weaker and disintegrated sooner than the circadian rhythm of temperature. Although the data did not rule out control by separate circadian oscillators, one for temperature and one for wake, a single oscillator model was sufficient to explain this phenomenon. Ultradian variations with a period of about 2-5 hr were superimposed upon the circadian rhythms. When the circadian rhythms damped out, the ultradian variations remained. The ultradian bursts of wake preceded the ultradian bursts of temperature, suggesting a causal relationship. On the other hand, the circadian rhythm of temperature could not be dependent on the circadian rhythm of wakefulness, because the temperature rhythm could persist while the wake rhythm was absent. PMID- 6657764 TI - Neuroeffector mechanisms of the defense reaction in the rat. AB - Electrical stimulation of the dorsal periaqueductal gray matter (DPAG) eliciting flight behavior in awake rats caused an increase in arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and respiration in rats anesthetized with urethane. The hypertension was markedly reduced by 5 mg/kg of intravenously injected hexamethonium or bretylium, virtually abolished by 5 mg/kg of phentolamine and partially antagonized by 0.1 mg/kg of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker, prazosin. The tachycardia induced by DPAG stimulation was partially antagonized by hexamethonium or bretylium and abolished by propranolol (5 mg/kg, IV) or practolol (5 mg/kg, IV), but not affected by N-butylscopolamine (10 mg/kg, IV). Phentolamine increased basal HR and abolished the tachycardic response caused by either brain stimulation or intravenous noradrenaline. Prazosin moderately decreased the response to noradrenaline, but did not affect basal HR or the tachycardia induced by brain stimulation. The increase in respiratory amplitude occurring during brain stimulation was abolished by phentolamine as well as by prazosin, while the increase in respiratory rate was moderately reduced by phentolamine and propranolol. These results demonstrate that the cardiovascular component of the defense reaction of the rat is almost entirely due to a sharp increase in sympathetic tone. They also suggest that the hyperventilation induced by aversive brain stimulation is modulated by central and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms. PMID- 6657765 TI - Operant licking in rabbits for intraoral injection of basic types of tastants. AB - In order to compare and contrast hedonic properties of 0.75 M NaCl and 0.5 M sucrose used in behavioral electrophysiology of taste, tests were carried out of evoked patterns of orolingual response and operant licking on a FR-32 schedule to discrete intraoral injections of these stimuli and other basic types of tastants. In tests of taste reactivity, NaCl and sucrose evoked quantitatively similar numbers of orolingual response in excess of those evoked by water. NaCl was also similar to sucrose in amount of operant licking generated at the outset of the test session. Both of these stimuli were more effective than either 0.02 M HCl, 0.01 M QHCl, or water. The NaCl also did not have the suppressant effect of HCl when alternated with sucrose as the reinforcement for licking. NaCl differed from sucrose in sustaining operant licking. While NaCl would appear to share the same basic hedonic value of sucrose, long-term associative processes pertaining to postingestional consequences of fluid input and short-term sensory processes may act to limit behavioral responsivity for concentrated NaCl. Additional information was obtained on operant licking for sodium saccharin. PMID- 6657766 TI - Female sexual behaviour: roles of gonadal hormones in the Syrian hamster. AB - The sexual behaviour of ovariectomized female hamsters was examined after treatment with oestrogen alone and after the addition of progesterone. Both the proceptive and receptive components of behaviour were recorded at four oestrogen dose levels; progesterone dose was kept constant. Oestrogen alone caused dose dependent increases in proceptive behaviour and, at the higher dose levels, a small increase in receptivity. The addition of progesterone increased proceptive behaviour in females primed with the lower dose of oestrogen but not the higher. Receptivity was markedly increased in all animals but the intensity of lordosis was oestrogen-dose dependent. PMID- 6657767 TI - Cholinergic effects on arousal and cocaine-induced olfactory-amygdala spindling and seizures in cats. AB - Effects of intravenous cholinergic and dopaminergic agents on pre-cocaine olfactory bulb (OB) spindling and behavioral arousal, and on cocaine-induced OB amygdala spindling and behavioral seizures were evaluated in seven cats with stereotaxically implanted electrodes. Spindle data were computer analyzed using a special program for spindle detection and averaging. The number, duration and amplitude of pre-cocaine OB spindles were increased by physostigmine and decreased by atropine. Physostigmine augmented pre-cocaine behavioral arousal levels and this effect was associated with the absence of cocaine seizures. Cocaine-induced amygdala spindle number was increased by physostigmine. Changes in seizure duration following cholinergic drugs suggest cholinergic inhibitory effects. These data, in accord with previous studies showing cholinergic effects on reticulocortical arousal and seizures, suggest a cholinergic mechanism which is excitatory on OB-amygdala arousal spindling and inhibitory on cocaine-induced seizures. PMID- 6657768 TI - Elective tolerance to behavioral effects of neurotensin. AB - Neurotensin reduces locomotor activity in an open field situation as well as responsiveness to electric footshock. Repeated injections of neurotensin in combination with repeated testing of locomotor activity in the open field as well as repeated injections of neurotensin without such testing in the open field do not result in a reduction of locomotor activity. These findings make development of tolerance to this behavioral effect of neurotensin likely. Such a development of tolerance to neurotensin is not observed for the effect on responsiveness to electric footshock. PMID- 6657769 TI - Different effects of subcutaneous D,L-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate injections on food intake in rats. AB - Cumulative food intake following subcutaneous injection of D,L-3-hydroxybutyrate (DL3HB) or acetoacetate (AcAc) was investigated in rats, because ketone bodies might contribute to food intake regulation according to Kennedy's lipostatic hypothesis. In addition, the metabolic effects of DL3HB-injections were studied by measuring the levels of plasma D3HB, plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), plasma glycerol, blood glucose, and liver glycogen. Subcutaneously injected DL3HB (10 mmoles/kg body weight) significantly reduced feeding while equimolar AcAc did not. DL3HB-injection increased plasma D3HB and decreased plasma NEFA and plasma glycerol 1-2 hours after the injection but did not affect blood glucose or liver glycogen content. The data suggest that oxidation of D3HB to AcAc contributes to the inhibition of feeding following subcutaneous DL3HB-injection in rats. PMID- 6657770 TI - Trypsin inhibitor effects on food intake and weight gain in Zucker rats. AB - Decreased body weight and increased pancreas weight which occur in rats fed raw soybeans are thought to be due to the presence of trypsin inhibitors in the soybeans (SBTI). Since trypsin is postulated to be a negative feedback signal for cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion, SBTI may have these effects by increasing secretion of CCK. CCK is a putative satiety signal; thus, increased secretion of CCK could decrease food intake, and, if maintained over a period of time, body weight. In these experiments the effects of a trypsin inhibitor [N,N-dimethyl carbamoyl 4-(4-guanidino-benzylyloxy)-phenyl acetate methane-sulfate (DGPM)]on feeding pattern were investigated in Zucker obese and lean rats. Administration of 25-200 mg/kg DGPM to 6-hr fasted rats decreased daily food intake by dose dependently decreasing average meal size in both obese and lean rats, but the response was greater in obese rats. Administration of 100 mg/kg DGPM twice daily for 7 days decreased food intake and body weight in obese but not lean rats. Thus, these results suggest that decreased body weight associated with SBTI is due to decreased food intake partly as a result of increased secretion of the putative satiety peptide CCK. PMID- 6657771 TI - Lesions of the medial preoptic area prevent the facilitation of maternal behavior produced by amygdala lesions. AB - In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the facilitation of maternal behavior produced by amygdala lesions is mediated through the medial preoptic area. Different groups of animals sustained lesions of the corticomedial amygdala (Group AM), the medial preoptic area (Group MPOA), both regions (Group AM-MPOA), the corticomedial amygdala and non MPOA control sites (Group AM-CX), and control sites (Groups LC or SC). Animals were tested for their maternal responses to foster pups presented daily for an 11 day period. It was found that groups sustaining lesions of the amygdala (Group AM and AM-CX) became maternal more rapidly than did Control Groups (LC and SC), Group MPOA, and Group AM-POA. However, animals in Group AM-POA were similar to Groups AM and AM-CX in that they did not avoid pups, whereas groups not sustaining lesions of the amygdala did. These results, taken together, suggest that amygdala-induced facilitation of maternal behavior in the nulliparous females is mediated through the MPOA. They suggest, moreover, the primary effect of removing the amygdala is to reduce avoidance of pups, with only secondary effects on maternal responsiveness. PMID- 6657772 TI - Cold restraint alters dopamine metabolism in frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and neostriatum. AB - The concentrations of dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were assayed in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and frontal cortex of rats following 2 hours of cold restraint. The concentration of DA was significantly decreased in both the striatum (-16%) and nucleus accumbens (-41%) relative to unstressed controls. The content of DOPAC was significantly increased in both striatum (+56%) and frontal cortex (+76%), but not in nucleus accumbens. The DOPAC/DA ratio was increased in all three regions, that in frontal cortex approaching three-fold. These results extend earlier findings of an activation by acute stressors of frontal cortex DA metabolism, but suggest an involvement of other DA systems as well. The finding of the greatest response in frontal cortex, and the previous observations that this was the only region to show significant changes, may be ascribed to the suggested lack of presynaptic autoreceptors in this region. PMID- 6657773 TI - Serial determination of plasma ethanol concentrations in mice. AB - A technique permitting the serial determination of plasma ethanol concentration (PEC) in mice is described. Samples of blood, 5 microliters in volume, are drawn from the infraorbital plexus. It was demonstrated that this source reflects the rapid dynamics of absorption and clearance after an intraperitoneal injection of ethanol. Samples taken from the tail showed a greatly delayed response and required 30 min to equilibrate with samples taken from the infraorbital plexus. The concentrations of ethanol were determined by gas chromatography. A precolumn removed the nonvolatile constituents thus permitting the injection of plasma directly into the instrument. The ratio of ethanol concentrations in red blood cells to plasma was found to be 0.62. This permitted the estimation of concentration of ethanol in whole blood: (1-0.38 H) X PEC; where H = the hematocrit. PMID- 6657774 TI - Auditory entrainment of primate drinking rhythms following partial suprachiasmatic nuclei lesions. AB - In the absence of other environmental cycles, daily variations in auditory stimuli are normally not capable of entraining the circadian rhythms of drinking behavior in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). However, the drinking rhythm appears to become entrainable by previously ineffective auditory cues after lesions are placed which destroy only the caudal portion of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei. The results suggest specificity of function within the SCN and an increased influence of auditory stimuli in animals with impaired SCN function. PMID- 6657775 TI - Extrachromosomal circular DNAs from murine hemopoietic tissue cells. AB - Extrachromosomal circular DNA complexes from cells of murine hemopoietic organs, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes were examined by mica-press adsorption method (H. Yamagishi, T. Kunisada, and T. Tsuda, 1982, Plasmid 8, 299 306). They showed wide size distribution, from 0.3 to 10 micron. The large-size DNAs of more than 1 micron (3.1 kb) in contour length were more abundant in bone marrow and thymus than they were in spleen and lymph nodes. The appearance of the large size DNAs was examined on splenocytes of athymic nude mice during ontogeny. The large-size DNAs first became detectable after 2 weeks of age and the amount increased thereafter until 9 weeks of age. It appears that large-size circular DNAs appear during differentiation from the hemopoietic stem cells into several descendent cells. Possible immunological implications for the appearance of extrachromosomal circular DNAs are discussed. PMID- 6657776 TI - Intracellular location of small circular DNA complexes in mammalian cell lines. AB - For determination of the cellular location of small polydisperse circular DNA complexes, rat myoblastic L6 cells, HeLa cells, and mouse L cells were enucleated and processed by the micapress-adsorption method for electron microscopy (H. Yamagishi, T. Kunisada, and T. Tsuda, 1982, Plasmid 8, 299-306). Small circular DNA complexes from intact cells showed a heterogeneous size distribution of from 0.1 to more than 2 micron with a mean contour length of 0.6 to 0.8 micron, like that of covalently closed circular DNAs. Cells contained 400 to 1200 copies. The size distribution in the cytoplasts was narrow and the number-average length was 0.3 to 0.4 micron, whereas that in L6 karyoplasts was wide and the average length was 0.9 micron. The longer circular complexes appeared to be absent from the cytoplasts. The origin and biological functions of these complexes are discussed in relation to the cellular locations of the complexes. PMID- 6657777 TI - Complete nucleotide sequence of pT181, a tetracycline-resistance plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus. AB - pT181 is a naturally occurring Staphylococcus aureus plasmid, encoding inducible resistance to tetracycline. The plasmid has a copy number of about 20 per cell, and belongs to the incompatibility group inc3. The complete nucleotide sequence of pT181 has been determined and consists of 4437 bp. The nucleotide sequence contains 69.8% A-T and 30.2% G-C pairs. pT181 was found to contain four open reading frames capable of coding for polypeptides containing more than 50 amino acids. All the putative polypeptides are coded by one strand. The molecular weights of the four putative polypeptides are (in daltons): A, 37,500; B, 35,000; C, 23,000, and D, 18,000. Polypeptide A corresponds to the repC protein, earlier shown to be specifically required for pT181 replication. Polypeptide B (and possibly polypeptide D) are involved in tetracycline resistance. No role has yet been established for polypeptide C; deletion of the coding sequence for the C polypeptide has no detectable effect on any property of the pT181 plasmid. A region consisting of about 1200 bp contains information for the replication and copy number control of this plasmid. The sequencing results are discussed in relation to the replication properties and tetracycline resistance associated with the pT181 plasmid. PMID- 6657778 TI - Study of the incompatibility and replication of the 70-kb virulence plasmid of Yersinia. AB - The 70-kb virulence plasmid, vir, from four Yersinia enterocolitica and one Y. pseudotuberculosis strains are incompatible with IncFI plasmids F'Lac and R386 while they are compatible with plasmids representing nine other incompatibility groups. Hybridization experiments carried out on one of these virulence plasmids showed that it contains the F incompatibility determinant D, incD. This determinant was cloned onto pACYC184 and the recombinant clone expressed incompatibility with F'Lac. We conclude that the incompatibility observed between F or R386 and the 70-kb virulence plasmid of Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis is mediated by incD. Replication genes (rep) from the same plasmid were cloned independently in Escherichia coli. Rep and incD map on two different BamHI fragments. Surprisingly, the replicon isolated is not sensitive to inc D incompatibility. Apart from incD, vir and F share extremely little homology. In particular, there is no evidence for the presence of an F-like transfer operon on vir. PMID- 6657779 TI - The "erythromycin-resistance" methylated sequence of Staphylococcus aureus ribosomal RNA. AB - We have determined the sequence of an oligonucleotide from the large ribosomal subunit RNA of Staphylococcus aureus whose methylation renders the organism resistant to erythromycin and other antibiotics (the "MLS" phenotype). Analysis of RNase A digests of [3H]methyl-, 32P-labeled RNA yielded the sequence GG . m6(2)A . AAGACp, where m6(2)A is an N6-dimethylated adenosine residue that in sensitive cells is unmethylated. Comparison with homologous sequences recently reported for Saccharomyces cerevesiae mitochondria indicates that an A to G mutation in this latter system mimics dimethylation in St. aureus with regard to functional consequences. PMID- 6657780 TI - An improved colony hybridization method with significantly increased sensitivity for detection of single genes. AB - By introducing a simple modification of existing methods, colony hybridization has been used to detect single copy genes coding for a heat-stable enterotoxin in wild-type strains isolated from patients with diarrhea. The modification described in this communication results in an approximately 100-fold increase in sensitivity, probably by increasing the total denatured plasmid DNA fixed to the paper. PMID- 6657781 TI - Pharmacological properties of magnolol and honokiol extracted from Magnolia officinalis: central depressant effects. PMID- 6657782 TI - Production of antineoplastic agents by plant tissue cultures. I. Induction of callus tissues and detection of the agents in cultured cells. PMID- 6657783 TI - Genus Baccharis. II. Antimicrobial activity of B. crispa and B. notosergila. PMID- 6657784 TI - [Pharmacologic studies on chamomile compounds. VI. Studies on the antiphlogistic effect of chamazulene and matricine]. PMID- 6657785 TI - Cardiovascular and neuromuscular actions of scopoletin from fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera. PMID- 6657786 TI - The action of valepotriates on the synthesis of DNA and proteins of cultured hepatoma cells. PMID- 6657788 TI - Antihepatotoxic principles of Curcuma longa rhizomes. PMID- 6657787 TI - [Complementary study of the cytotoxicity of melinonine F, an alkaloid derivative of beta-carboline]. PMID- 6657789 TI - Hypotensive principles of Uncaria hooks. PMID- 6657790 TI - [The lung and the human living environment]. PMID- 6657791 TI - [Concentration of histamine in the sputum of patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases and chronic pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6657792 TI - [The role of mediators in bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6657793 TI - [Bronchial reactivity in healthy persons and in patients with bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis]. PMID- 6657794 TI - [Tuberculous pleuritis]. PMID- 6657795 TI - [Pickwickian syndrome in former athletes]. PMID- 6657796 TI - [Tasks and methods in the campaign against tuberculosis in an era of its regression as an epidemic]. PMID- 6657797 TI - [Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax in patients with chronic obstructive lung diseases]. PMID- 6657798 TI - [Bronchial cancer in women]. PMID- 6657799 TI - [Lung abscess]. PMID- 6657800 TI - [Population groups at high risk for acquiring pulmonary tuberculosis in Slovenia]. PMID- 6657801 TI - [Current views on the harmful effects of smoking on the respiratory system]. PMID- 6657802 TI - [Pathologic pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]. PMID- 6657803 TI - [Carcinoma of the esophagus--repercussions in the tracheobronchopulmonary system]. PMID- 6657804 TI - [Blind needle biopsy of the parietal pleura. Analysis of 920 cases]. PMID- 6657805 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of borderline syndrome from the psychotherapeutic viewpoint]. AB - The borderline-syndrome is described as a result of a disturbance of communication on the stage of identification in personality development. The patients' deficiency of ability towards responsibility and confrontation is emphasized and discussed as a problem of therapy, because it affects the formation of an intimate communication. PMID- 6657806 TI - [Differences in behavior evaluation of normally intelligent children with school difficulties by parents and teacher]. AB - The behaviour of normally intelligent children experiencing difficulties in reading and writing and with poor concentration was assessed by means of the Meyer-Probst questionnaire which was answered by the mothers, fathers and teachers. The results were compared with those for a parallel control group composed of normal children. The assessments given by parents and teachers were in good agreement in the case of the control group, but those given by the different persons involved differed in education and upbringing regarding certain psychological aspects in the case of the children with poor performance at school. PMID- 6657807 TI - [Initial experiences with regulative music therapy in psychiatric patients]. AB - This is an initial report on experiences gained with the inclusion of regulative music therapy for patients with depressive reactions stemming from a variety of causes. The experience gained so far suggest that regulative music therapy can be beneficial during the readaptation phase in the course of rehabilitation of such patients. Orientation on conscious perception seems to be a characteristic of RMT among depressive patients during the first phase of training. This conscious perception leads the patient to a more rational form of confrontation with himself and his surroundings. This opens the way to a constructive approach to overcoming the conflicts experienced in the past. PMID- 6657808 TI - [Analysis of the verbal reaction behavior of parents in parent-child interactions as a method of diagnosing change in parent training using the Rorschach test]. AB - The study was performed to found to what extent parents use the ability to verbalize their own feelings and the emotional status of their children that they received during training courses in actual family interaction situations. The Rorschach and Behn-Rohrschach tests were used to simulate family interactions, each family involved in the study having to reach agreement on a common interpretation. The discussions this led to were tape recorded and scored according to defined criteria. Comparison of situation before and after training revealed not only a total change in the structure of the reactions but also a significantly larger number of verbalizations after training. The Rorschach test is quite suitable, when coupled with a scoring scale, for analyzing family interactions when diagnosing changes. PMID- 6657809 TI - [Changes in diagnosis in the course of alcoholic delirium and alcoholic hallucination]. AB - The article reports of cases of acute alcohol psychosis in which the diagnosis was changed during repeated courses of inpatient treatment. The question of the nosological independence of acute alcoholic psychosis is discussed in view of these clinical observations. PMID- 6657810 TI - [Mental disorders in acute and subacute brucellosis]. PMID- 6657811 TI - [Correlations between the EEG pattern of sleep and depressive syndrome in patients with bipolar affective disorders before and during treatment with amitriptyline]. PMID- 6657812 TI - [Polygraphic studies of sleep. I. Polygraphy of sleep in normal persons]. PMID- 6657813 TI - [Polygraphic studies of sleep. II. Polygraphy of sleep in endogenous depressive syndromes]. PMID- 6657814 TI - [Type of information conveyed by the artistic works of patients with schizophrenia and various features of the artists' personalities]. PMID- 6657815 TI - [Effect of the physician's perception of the patient on the course of physician patient relations]. PMID- 6657816 TI - [Attitude and the intensity and type of aggression demonstrated during psychological tests]. PMID- 6657817 TI - [Psychopathological pattern of depression as a precursor of paranoid syndromes]. PMID- 6657818 TI - The New York state level of care survey in community mental health centers and New York State's Psychiatric Centers. PMID- 6657819 TI - Providing quality mental health inpatient services to forensic clients--a five year experience. PMID- 6657820 TI - A model for psychiatric consultation in the general hospital. AB - A model for psychiatric consultation in the general hospital is described. The authors stress that extrapsychic and societal factors as well as intrapsychic processes influence patients' reactions to illness and hospitalization. An analogy between dreams and their manifest and latent content and the consultation request itself is made. PMID- 6657821 TI - Sociocultural guidelines for clinicians in multicultural settings. AB - With the increasing cultural pluralism of the United States, clinicians are more likely to encounter patients from a variety of sociocultural backgrounds. Since this background influences the presentation of disorders and response to treatment, it behooves clinicians to possess guidelines for culturally appropriate practice. The answer is not necessarily in detailed knowledge of specific cultures. Rather, as clinicians we need to know how to consider language variations, the culture of our patients, and our own cultural backgrounds. Sensitivity to such issues may enhance the treatment of all patients. PMID- 6657822 TI - An activity therapy group with children in an in-patient psychiatric setting. AB - This article describes a short-term activity discussion therapy group for severely disturbed children in an inpatient psychiatric unit. Major themes of the sessions are reported as well as clinical vignettes that assist in clarifying techniques and demonstrating the efficacy of these techniques. Co-leaders include a resident psychiatrist, a nurse, and a mental health worker; supervision is provided by a social worker. The group described is on-going at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center (Westchester Division) in the inpatient children's psychiatric unit. In summary, staff report that group members tolerate group activities better and exhibit more socially acceptable interactions. PMID- 6657823 TI - A fundamental problem in behavior modification with institutionalized mental retardates. AB - Most critics of behavior modification programs for low functioning institutionalized persons fault factors external to the client population for the lack of success of such programs. However, the fundamental cause of failure lies in inherent client variables of severe neurological impairment and its behavioral sequelae. The reality of such organic deficits must be admitted to be a limiting factor in any treatment approach and their specific nature recognized in planning for individual clients. PMID- 6657824 TI - Hypnotic memory enhancement of witnesses: does it work? PMID- 6657825 TI - Optimal stimulation: a model of disordered activity and performance in normal and deviant children. PMID- 6657826 TI - The role of cognition in depression: a critical appraisal. PMID- 6657827 TI - Use of the MMPI with multiple personality patients. PMID- 6657828 TI - Aggression in battered and non-battered women as reflected in the Hand Test. PMID- 6657829 TI - Early intervention with autistic children: a case presentation with pre-program, program and follow-up data. PMID- 6657830 TI - The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale: relationship with other measures of hypnotic susceptibility, expectancies, and absorption. PMID- 6657831 TI - Validity of the Revised Beta Examination and a short-form Beta for hospitalized alcoholics. PMID- 6657832 TI - Factor analysis of the Children's Depression Inventory. PMID- 6657833 TI - Impulsive behavior and assessment of impulsivity with hospitalized adolescents. PMID- 6657834 TI - Clinical decision processes and criteria for social validity. PMID- 6657835 TI - Story recall by mentally retarded children. PMID- 6657836 TI - Selection of landmarks as a correlate of cognitive map organization. PMID- 6657837 TI - Item-analysis of a stress scale. PMID- 6657838 TI - Anxiety and hirsutism. PMID- 6657839 TI - Programmed generalization of dress efficiency across settings for a severely disturbed, autistic child. PMID- 6657840 TI - Factorial structure of the UCLA Loneliness Scale. PMID- 6657841 TI - Validity of invalid MMPI profiles: floating profiles revisited. PMID- 6657842 TI - Identification of suicidal episodes with the MMPI. PMID- 6657843 TI - Anxiety and intelligence interact with recognition and recall. PMID- 6657844 TI - The acute schizophrenic break: a phenomenological description. PMID- 6657845 TI - Correlation between scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self rating Depression Scale. PMID- 6657846 TI - Career orientations of Type A individuals. PMID- 6657847 TI - Social stigma of pregnancy: further evidence. PMID- 6657849 TI - Effects of stimulus intensity on cardiovascular activity. PMID- 6657848 TI - The effects of age and prestimulus duration upon reflex inhibition. PMID- 6657850 TI - Event-related potentials during controlled and automatic target detection. PMID- 6657851 TI - Affective, behavioral, and avoidance responses on the visual cliff: effects of crawling onset age, crawling experience, and testing age. PMID- 6657853 TI - The effects of monetary incentive and frustrative nonreward on heart rate and electrodermal activity. PMID- 6657852 TI - Sleep loss and nap effects on sustained continuous performance. PMID- 6657854 TI - Motor preparation: changes in amplitude of Achilles tendon reflexes during a fixed foreperiod of one second. PMID- 6657855 TI - P300 latency correlates with digit span. PMID- 6657857 TI - Self-control of digital temperature: physiological factors and transfer effects. PMID- 6657856 TI - Sudden swimming deaths: a psychomotor reinterpretation. PMID- 6657859 TI - T-wave amplitude as an index of cardiac sympathetic activity: a misleading concept. PMID- 6657858 TI - Biological rhythms in arousal indices: a potential confounding effect in EEG biofeedback. PMID- 6657860 TI - On the utility of T-wave amplitude: a reply to Schwartz and Weiss. PMID- 6657862 TI - Abdominal temperature changes during male sexual arousal. PMID- 6657861 TI - Vascular unloading method for noninvasive measurement of instantaneous arterial pressure: applicability in psychophysiological research. PMID- 6657863 TI - Single-case research designs: elegant analyses. PMID- 6657864 TI - Epinephrine and norepinephrine responses in continuously collected human plasma to a series of stressors. AB - The present study employed continuous blood withdrawal to examine epinephrine and norepinephrine responses to a cognitive stressor (mental arithmetic), active physical stressors (handgrip and knee bends), passive painful stressors (venipuncture and cold pressor), and a medical procedure that was considered nonstressful (blood pressure measurements). The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and by time series analysis. The ANOVA indicated that epinephrine and norepinephrine increased significantly in response to the stressors. Epinephrine showed a greater increase to the cognitive stressor than to the others. Time series analysis, however, showed a more varied pattern. It indicated that the height and duration of response differed considerably across subjects and across interventions. The results from both analytic procedures are compared and discussed in terms of current hypotheses of catecholamine response. PMID- 6657865 TI - Necessary considerations for surgery preparation: age and previous experience. AB - While the number of hospitals incorporating psychologic preparation for surgery is increasing, little research has been done to determine whether providing information, the most common preparation, is uniformly beneficial. This study compared the effects of presenting hospital-relevant and irrelevant information on information acquisition, physiologic responsivity (heart rate, palmar sweating), self-report of medical concern, and observed anxiety, considering the factors of age and experience. Fifty-eight children between the ages of 4 and 17 scheduled for elective surgery were shown either a hospital-relevant slide tape information package or an unrelated film the night prior to surgery. Results support the effectiveness of hospital-relevant information as improving the children's experience and recovery from hospitalization for surgery. However, age and previous experience also affect the amount of information acquired, with older and experienced children having more information. Children under the age of 8 who had at least one previous surgery experience reported increased medical concerns if they viewed the hospital-relevant presentation. The findings suggest that the provision of information can be helpful, but is contraindicated for young, experienced children who might be better prepared utilizing alternative strategies. PMID- 6657866 TI - Blood pressure, relative weight, and psychosocial resources. AB - Research was conducted to determine the degree to which the effect of obesity on blood pressure was modified by sociocultural factors. A measure of psychosocial resources incorporating both access to social supports and coping styles, was developed in research in St. Lucia, a West Indian culture. The study sample consisted of 98 40-49-year olds randomly selected from a community. Obesity was measured by percent overweight using weight-for-height standards. Persons with lower psychosocial resources had higher blood pressures; overweight persons had higher blood pressures. Those persons greater than 10% overweight with low psychosocial resources had significantly higher blood pressures (p less than 0.05). Further analysis indicated that the direct effect of psychosocial resources was due primarily to the effect of social supports, while the interaction effect was due primarily to the effect of coping styles. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that specific sociocultural factors provide a protective function with respect to disease through some as yet unspecified physiologic mechanism. PMID- 6657867 TI - Psychosomatic medicine as an integrated approach to life, education and doctor patient cooperation. PMID- 6657868 TI - Personal determinants of life event stress and myocardial infarction. AB - Data was drawn from several studies undertaken by the author to examine the idea that life events associated with myocardial infarction are to some degree influenced by personal factors characteristic of the individual. It was found that persons with the type A behaviour pattern were more likely to encounter life events than others, and patients with myocardial infarction were more likely than others to interpret encountered life events in an emotionally adverse way. These data were discussed in the light of research strategies linking life events with cardiovascular disease. PMID- 6657869 TI - Psychological and vocational long-term outcomes of cardiac rehabilitation with postinfarction patients under the age of forty. AB - 70 male postinfarction patients, who were under 40 years of age at the time of transmural myocardial infarction, participated in an inpatient control examination 3.8 years following first hospitalization (mean age: 40 years, SD = 3.5 years). A multivessel disease occurred in 52% of the patients, in 80% a multilocular disease was diagnosed and in 25% coronary angiography indicated a progression in coronary sclerosis. Coronary risk factors had been considerably reduced. 78% were capable of working. Job-related stress factors of at least moderate intensity were present in about 30% of the jobs now held by the patients. Progressive morphological change occurred in patients who are older, have a multilocular disease, are subjected to more frequent and more intensive job-related stress factors, show less concern for their health and tend to leave their old living habits unchanged. In patients with multivessel disease, time pressure elicited more psychophysiological activation; furthermore, doing too many tasks at the same time and a reduced control over vocational success, together with sufficient self-confidence and an exaggerated job devotion are found in these patients. Retired patients differ from those who went back to work in cardiological, psychological and psychophysiological aspects. The importance of psychological and psychophysiological findings for a successful vocational reintegration is emphasized by these results. PMID- 6657870 TI - Myocardial infarction patients during the prodromal and acute phase: a comparison with patients with a diagnosis of 'noncardiac chest pain'. AB - Symptoms as reported by myocardial infarction (MI) patients are not easily distinguishable from the symptoms reported by patients with a diagnosis of 'noncardiac chest pain' (NCCP) (hyperventilation and/or functional complaints). MI patients and patients with a diagnosis of NCCP were questioned by means of a structured interview in order to determine what symptoms they had perceived during the prodromal and the acute phase. In the acute phase, more MI patients reported pain in the center of the chest than did NCCP patients. In both the acute and the prodromal phase NCCP patients reported the following atypical symptoms more often than the MI patients: palpitations, tingling of fingers, and 'numb feelings' in arms and legs. The duration of the prodromal pain attacks of the NCCP patients varied from a few minutes to several hours (median: more than half an hour), the MI patients reported a shorter duration of prodromal pain attacks (median: 10 min). PMID- 6657871 TI - Psychosomatic education: teaching or treatment? AB - Students' difficulties in learning psychosomatic medicine are mainly due to their own anxieties. Some students are too anxious even to discuss the subject matter; and many who are as free as most people from inner fears find that this is not enough to enable them to help disturbed patients. Students therefore need to receive from the teacher, whenever required during the actual teaching, considerable help of the same kind as they are taught to give their patients. And, for the same reason, the teacher himself must have access to similar help from a more experienced colleague. PMID- 6657872 TI - Communicability in consultation/liaison psychiatry: patient treatment and patient care. AB - Effective communication seems to necessitate a very conscious (supra-) professional attitude at the hand of the liaison person, so that she or he continuously keeps in mind the possibilities and limitations in terms of communicability-no matter rank or level of consumers. From the point of view of communicability in general, one will need: (a) a body of knowledge and techniques relevant to the needs and purposes of the consumers; (b) a varied set of understandable languages in terms of frames of reference and definitions of concepts, adjusted to the various levels of complexity needed, (c) liaison person attitudes coherent to the chosen frames of reference, (d) a realistic view of the possibilities in different liaison set-ups, and (e) a conscious didactic strategy based on considerations of the aims of one's function. Among the above listed factors we shall especially focus on our 'erroneous zones' and failures in our endeavors to forward psychosomatic ideas and attitudes, and some implications of patient care and nursing concretely in connection with some cases submitted to minor surgical treatment, demonstrating the importance of practical psychosomatic impact at the level of patient nursing and care. PMID- 6657873 TI - Pathological mourning: a key factor in the psychopathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. A special contribution. AB - Prolonged mourning has been recorded as a precipitant life event in RA and other autoimmune disorders, but other events such as retirement, redundancy and injury have also been identified. The author's submission is that pathological mourning is present in all patients with AI disease, and that other events such as those mentioned are only precipitant because they uncover mourning until then kept in check by occupation and use of work as a drug. When time for reflection and loneliness allows long suppressed ambivalent feelings, guilt and bitterness to surface, remorse over 'unfinished business' increasingly dominates the patient's thoughts. Children and young people rarely have the opportunity to mourn, thus early loss is often paramount and is awakened from the unconscious years later when further losses of key figures or surrogates, including pets, occur or are anticipated. Psychotherapy involves helping patients resolve their pathological mourning. PMID- 6657874 TI - Psychosomatic factors involved in the process of cancerogenesis. Preliminary results of the Yugoslav prospective study. AB - In a Yugoslav village, psychosocial, anamnestic medical, and pathophysiological data were recorded for 1,353 persons in a longitudinal study. The role of psychosocial stress in carcinogenesis, as far as we have investigated it, may be described as follows: (1) Psychosocial stress in terms of high hopelessness, high antiemotionality, etc. has a strong relevance for cancer incidence which does not act via one of our physiological variables associated with cancer. This follows from the results of our multivariate analysis. (2) Psychosocial stress is substantially associated with a low lymphocyte percentage, which in turn is a relatively strong risk factor for cancer. (3) Psychosocial stress is relatively weakly associated with the cholesterol minimum; but apart from the fact that the cholesterol characteristics of cancer subjects are more marked descriptively under stress conditions, psychosocial stress significantly enhances the efficacy of the most important physiological risk variables for cancer. PMID- 6657875 TI - Success and failure in psychotherapy: hypotheses and results from the Heidelberg Follow-Up Project. AB - Within the Heidelberg Follow-Up Project all treatments of the clinic regardless of the type of psychodynamic technique used are investigated. The outlet is both prospective and retrospective. There are four points of investigation: (1) immediately after the first contact with the hospital (2) at the beginning; (3) at the end of therapy, and (4) after a 2-year follow-up period. Immediately after the first contact with the patient a test battery (Giessen Test, Holzman Inkblot Technique, Gottschalk-Gleser Method, symptom checklist) is administered. This is repeated after a waiting period at the beginning of therapy, where in addition the therapist formulates a psychodynamic hypothesis and defines 3-5 individual treatment goals in connection with the individual pathology of the patient. At the end of the therapy the tests are repeated and the therapist assesses the success or failure of the therapy with regard to symptoms, object relations and psychodynamic change, while the patient fills out a special questionnaire dealing with his personal view of the therapy, the therapist and his own treatment experiences. The first results of about 100 combined inpatient and outpatient psychotherapies are presented (third test-round at the end of treatment). The results are discussed on the basis of the involved tests and ratings with respect to success and failure in the view of patients, therapists and independent clinical experts. Since the study is still under way, reports of the follow-up data are not yet evaluated. PMID- 6657876 TI - Can medical students acquire patient centered attitudes at medical schools? AB - Progress in psychosomatic medicine will largely depend on the kind of attitudinal learning that takes place at medical schools. What can be achieved by a patient centered training programme emphasizing attitudinal learning? In a research programme 350 students were introduced to principles of patient-centered medicine in so-called peer groups on history taking ('Anamnesegruppen'). By the end of group work, students exhibited more realistic and less defensive expectations towards the patients and felt more confident about their peers' support. The interviewing skills had improved. The training scheme appeals to approximately 20% of the students. It has been adopted by various other places in the Federal Republic of Germany and Switzerland. Basic institutional aids became apparent: access to patients, supervision, regional meetings. It is assumed that students learn how to link role performance with personal self-awareness, how to trust and be accepted, how to face the faculty. Four overlapping stages basic to the learning process (exposing, reflecting, acting, progressing) are discussed. It is concluded that in medical schools patient-oriented attitudinal learning is possible. Peer learning seems to be decisive. Interdisciplinary research into peer learning is recommended. PMID- 6657877 TI - The psychotherapist's fear of empirical research. AB - The reasons for the reluctance of psychotherapists against empirical research are the following: (1) psychotherapy is a 'hermeneutic' process which cannot be measured (basic argument); (2) empirical research interferes in the process (technical argument); (3) it contradicts the specific private working contract of psychotherapy (ethical argument); (4) in comparative psychotherapy research we compare not systems, but individual therapists (personal argument), and (5) in many institutions, care has a higher priority than documentation (pragmatic argument). These arguments are mainly rationalizations. Empirical research is necessary for the survival of psychotherapy as a respected discipline in medicine. PMID- 6657878 TI - Report from the Viennese Project. Outcome research in psychotherapy. AB - In this report form the Viennese Project we have tried to describe the outcome of psychotherapy patients who were seen for an interview 5 years before the follow up interview at our institute. In order to measure the change that took place we categorized the type of therapy contact the patients had. It can be shown that the patients in these groups vary in age, social status, diagnosis, etc. The institute also offers different types of treatment to these varying groups. The first aim of our study was to check our own system of patient care. PMID- 6657879 TI - Personality characteristics of the cosmetic surgical insatiable patient. AB - It is argued that the personality of the cosmetic surgical patient is undisturbed. Furthermore it is argued that a vast majority of these patients are very pleased with the results of the cosmetic correction. A very small percentage however is dissatisfied (although no surgical-technical mistake was made) and is urging again and again for a repetition of the procedure. The terms in which the personality of the unsatiable patient is described resemble strikingly the description of borderline personality organization. The hypothesis is put forward that the personality of the cosmetic surgical insatiable patient has a borderline organization. A clinical procedure of how to identify preoperatively the insatiable patient is proposed. PMID- 6657880 TI - Psychosomatic aspects of hyperprolactinemia. AB - A review of some recent studies on the psychosomatic aspects of hyperprolactinemia is presented. Women seem to be more prone to suffer from the behavioral effects of prolactin than males. Women with hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea rated themselves significantly more hostile, more depressed and more anxious than women with amenorrhea only and other control groups. Hyperprolactinemic males did not rate themselves more hostile and depressed than matched controls. Psychological distress and hostility appear to remit upon treatment with bromocriptine. Postpartum patients matched for prolactin levels with hyperprolactinemic women showed significantly less depression and anxiety but about the same levels of hostility. Hostility, depression and loss of libido may coexist in the same hyperprolactinemic patient but they may be also present independently. PMID- 6657881 TI - A psychosomatic investigation of Behcet's disease. AB - The psychiatric investigation of 55 Behcet patients through a psychoanalytically oriented interview and the application of the Rorschach test revealed that psychosocial stress factors were predominant prior to the onset of the disease. The personality structures, according to the Rorschach findings, were generally pathological with a weak ego, regressive tendencies, disturbed body image, high anxiety, difficulties in social adaptation and evaluation of realities as well as incapacity of an adequate expression and handling of affects and emotions. The stressful life events, as well as disturbed personality structures seen in these patients are common to most psychosomatic manifestations. Considering the recent research emphasizing the effects of immune mechanisms in the etiology of this disease, together with the relationship of autonomic system functions with immune reactions as also with psychological stress situations, it is discussed whether psychosocial stress and weak personality structures can be assumed to be one of the possible effective factors in the etiopathogenesis of this disease, at least as precipitating agents. PMID- 6657882 TI - The application of psychodynamic principles to the learning objectives in a general practice vocational training scheme in the setting of a small group. AB - This paper is the result of 12 years' work and describes the application of psychodynamic principles to the structuring and conducting of a course for general practitioners in the Ipswich Vocational Training Scheme. The overall aims are to release the potential of each trainee for life-long self-motivated study and for emotional sensitivity through self-awareness. We have attempted to integrate the emotional and factual learning of the trainee by applying the procedures found valuable in psychoanalytic therapy to the learning process, thus enabling him to go through some of the integrative experience present in therapy. This will help him to use the doctor/patient relationship more creatively. A secondary aim is to provide him with the necessary skills to enable him to become a better partner, trainer and educationist. The course to which this was applied started 12 years ago with a unique feature. It was constructed so as to have 8 members who worked together throughout the 3 years of their training; the first 2 years being spent in rotating hospital posts and the last in general practice. Throughout the 3 years the 8 members came together with two staff for weekly sessions in a small group setting. Since the beginning of the scheme we have had six cohorts of 8 members, with 2 'drop-outs' and 'drop-ins', making a total of 50 doctors. PMID- 6657883 TI - The biopsychosocial approach. Liaison medicine and its models. AB - Liaison psychiatry is an outgrowth of consultation psychiatry which it extends by emphasizing its teaching function with the physicians, nurses, and patients it has contact. Liaison teaches methods of identification, assessment, diagnosis, and therapy based primarily on an open-ended interview technique. This form serves in and of itself, as well as by extension, as a brief psychotherapeutic process. The liaison model utilizes a general systems approach in its study of the patient pursuing the latter's problem from the molecular through organ systems, intrapsychic processes and interactions with the social milieu. The biopsychosocial approach to the patient is one of addressing the patient and the significant others in the sequential stages of illness; acute, convalescent, and rehabilitative. These are largely influenced by the environments and the processes occurring therein. Liaison psychiatry might well be called ecumenical psychiatry inasmuch as it utilizes conceptual approaches derivative of the social sciences, psychoanalysis, behavioral medicine, neuroscience, and psychopharmacology. In addition, the function of the liaison consultant seems to be increasing as one in which he/she functions as an arbiter when there are conflicts between colleagues around decision-making processes. These frequently involve ethical problems affecting the behavior of staff and patients. The processes engaged in by the liaison psychiatrist will be elaborated. PMID- 6657884 TI - Psychotherapies for psychosomatic and alexithymic patients. AB - The difficulties encountered in the treatment of psychosomatic and alexithymic patients are discussed in some detail. The possible etiological theories about alexithymia, namely, genetic, neuroanatomical/neurophysiological, developmental/sociocultural and psychodynamic, are reviewed. The various therapeutic interventions available are described and the conclusion is reached that supportive psychiatric treatments are recommended for primary alexithymic psychosomatic patients, while modified psychodynamic therapies are considered best suited for secondary alexithymic individuals. PMID- 6657885 TI - Dynamics in art group psychotherapy with psychosomatic patients. PMID- 6657886 TI - The Charing Cross-Cassel Focal Psychotherapy Research Project: method of content analysis. AB - A method of content analysis has been designed for application in brief focal psychotherapy with physically ill patients. The method is being used to study the process of therapy with patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. This paper discusses its reliability and validity in this context and suggests that it may illuminate the relevance of environmental factors to the development of the transference. PMID- 6657887 TI - Group therapy for asthma patients: a concept for the psychosomatic treatment of patients in a medical clinic--a controlled study. AB - Asthma patients pose special problems as far as the medical supervision, danger of symptoms and the course of the disease are concerned. Some 90 asthma patients were registered for the treatment in the Heidelberg Medical Clinic. 31 patients who were interested in taking part were randomized into 3 groups: two treatment group consisted of the exchange of information, discussion sessions on the illness as well as 'autogenic training' or 'functional relaxation'. The third group was the control group. Before and after treatment the patients were submitted to a thorough examination both of lungs and other internal organs as well as from the psychodiagnostical point of view. The average age of the patients was 43.5 years and the average duration of illness 16.8 years. Nevertheless, the treatment group's sympathomimetics use was significantly reduced by 1 year of treatment (p less than 0.05); the use of steroids decreased as well. The number of visits of the general practitioner also decreased. These results support the conclusion that psychosomatic group therapy can make an important contribution to the treatment of asthma patients. Body therapy practised in 'autogenic training' and 'functional relaxation' seems to be another important healing factor for the treatment in addition to the discussion sessions and the exchange of information. PMID- 6657888 TI - [Chronic hallucinosis and borderline syndrome: an interpretation]. PMID- 6657889 TI - [Paradoxical intervention and insight]. PMID- 6657890 TI - [Empirical observations on the concept of health and its implicit ideas of value. A study within the scope of the Heidelberg follow-up project]. PMID- 6657891 TI - [The body as a partner]. PMID- 6657892 TI - [Anxiety and amniocentesis]. PMID- 6657893 TI - [Sibling age status and neurotic disorder in adulthood]. PMID- 6657894 TI - Delirium, OBS, and depression. PMID- 6657895 TI - Catatonic-like syndrome. PMID- 6657896 TI - Migraine as an organic cause of monocular diplopia. PMID- 6657897 TI - Onset of anorexia nervosa after prolonged use of the Milwaukee brace. PMID- 6657898 TI - Childhood asthma. PMID- 6657899 TI - Diagnosis of organic depressive disorders. PMID- 6657900 TI - Interdisciplinary approach to conversion disorders in adolescent girls. PMID- 6657901 TI - Myofascial syndrome: response to trigger-point injections. PMID- 6657902 TI - Low birth weight, drink, smoking and diet. PMID- 6657904 TI - "Mobbing": a symposium organized by the Medical Officers of Schools Association and held at 11 Chandos Street, London Wl on 20 May 1982. PMID- 6657903 TI - A family outbreak of psittacosis--clinical and epidemiological features. PMID- 6657905 TI - Mobbing in an independent secondary boarding school and the reaction of the staff to it. PMID- 6657906 TI - Brutalization or failure to tame. PMID- 6657907 TI - The motivation for violence among adolescents. PMID- 6657908 TI - Effects of a doctors' strike on emergency room utilization in a Jerusalem Hospital. PMID- 6657909 TI - Smoking and respiratory disease symptoms in rural Bangladesh. PMID- 6657910 TI - An epidemiological study of factors associated with perimenopausal hot flushes. PMID- 6657911 TI - Changing attitudes to mental handicap through adult education courses. PMID- 6657912 TI - Wegener's granulomatosis: observations on 18 patients with severe renal disease. AB - Eighteen patients with Wegener's granulomatosis with renal involvement have been studied. Their course before treatment has indicated how the disease may progress and has provided a framework for diagnosis based on clinical and radiological features combined with available histology. The need for such diagnostic criteria is emphasised by the fact that a firm histopathological diagnosis could only be made in nine patients. A strong association between Wegener's granulomatosis and previous suppurative or tuberculous respiratory infection has been noted as well as between intercurrent infection and relapse. Evidence that immune complexes play a pathogenetic role has come from the association between active disease and circulating immune complexes. The observation of a reversible abnormality of splenic clearance of altered red cells suggests that immune complex handling by the spleen is defective. Treatment of these patients has shown a surprising degree of reversibility in many manifestations, especially renal failure. Remissions occurring spontaneously or induced by steroids alone are temporary and steroids, if used alone, may adversely affect outcome. While confirming the central role of cyclophosphamide in the induction of remission, this study has indicated that its combination with steroids and/or plasma exchange may be valuable in initial control of fulminating disease. The fact that seven patients died during induction (as well as a further four in the succeeding five years) reflects the advanced disease at presentation and the infective problems associated with immunosuppressive therapy. This highlights the need for earlier diagnosis. PMID- 6657913 TI - Ulcerative colitis and persistent liver dysfunction. AB - Six hundred and eighty-one patients with ulcerative colitis who attend the outpatient clinic in Oxford have been screened for the presence of persistently abnormal liver function tests. Of the 21 patients (3.0 per cent) found with abnormal liver function 17 (2.4 per cent) were shown by cholangiography to have primary sclerosing cholangitis. The liver biopsies from those patients demonstrated a wide range of histological features and were diagnostic of primary sclerosing cholangitis in only 50 per cent of the patients. When persistently abnormal liver function tests are demonstrated in patients with ulcerative colitis it is likely that primary sclerosing cholangitis will be present (81 per cent of patients in this study), and in order to make a reliable diagnosis it is necessary to perform cholangiography in addition to liver biopsy. A close association with primary sclerosing cholangitis and histocompatibility antigens HLA B8 and DR3 is also reported. PMID- 6657914 TI - Clinical diagnosis of the acute stroke syndrome. AB - To assist physicians without easy access to CT scanning facilities, a scoring system was devised to aid the clinical diagnosis of acute stroke. A consecutive series of 192 patients under 76 years was studied prospectively from admission. The clinical features of 174 (91 per cent) of these patients were compared with their subsequent CT scan or autopsy diagnosis. The scoring system derived from this analysis determines the relative likelihood of infarction or haemorrhage from quantitative assessment of eight clinical variables. Clinical diagnosis with this method was more accurate than the diagnosis made by the patients' physicians. Lumbar puncture performed in 72 patients added little to the accuracy of diagnosis. Nine patients were found to have mass lesions, of whom only one presented with a clear history. Convulsions and neurological deficits which were prolonged or discontinuous in evolution occurred more frequently in patients with mass lesions than in those with vascular lesions. PMID- 6657915 TI - Prognostic factors predicting the outcome of sarcoidosis: an analysis of 818 patients. AB - A computerised, retrospective study of 818 patients with sarcoidosis was analysed to study the prognosis of each individual manifestation of the disease. The good prognosis of erythema nodosum, acute arthritis and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy was confirmed, though 16 per cent of patients presenting with erythema nodosum pursued a chronic course. Cor pulmonale and nephrocalcinosis reflected the poorest prognosis while lupus pernio and sarcoidosis of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract rarely resolved. Bone sarcoidosis also implied chronicity but in four of 31 patients there was no clinical evidence of disease activity two years after the initial diagnosis, although naturally the bone radiograph was still abnormal. Hepatomegaly carried a worse prognosis than splenomegaly, or indeed, than the finding of pulmonary mottling without hilar glands--a stage three chest radiograph. PMID- 6657916 TI - The radical ions and photoionization of bile pigments. AB - The semireduced, semioxidized, and OH(.)-adduct radicals of bilirubin (BR) and biliverdin (BV) have been characterized using pulse radiolysis techniques. Laser flash photolysis (265-nm) of these pigments led to monophotonic photoionization with quantum yields of 0.08 for BR and 0.03 for BV. No evidence for triplet formation or for photoisomerization was found after 265-nm laser excitation. However, 347-nm excitation of BR in chloroform led to simultaneous photoisomerization and radical formation, but the radicals are thought to have originated from a pathway other than photoionization. The relevance of these observations to BR photoreactivity is discussed. BR radical ions in alkaline solution did not react with tryptophan (TrpH), but the semioxidized TrpH radical oxidized BR with k = 4.3 X 10(8) dm3 mole-1 sec-1. When human serum albumin (HSA) was oxidized using radiolytically generated azide radicals, a radical transformation involving TrpH and TyrOH residues occurred with k = 3.8 X 10(3) sec-1. When BR was complexed with the protein the transformation rate was reduced to 1.6 X 10(3) sec-1. This was interpreted in terms of a conformational change in the protein. Identification of the probable residues involved provided information about the primary BR binding site which was consistent with an earlier report. PMID- 6657917 TI - Response of cultured normal human mammary epithelial cells to X rays. AB - The effect of X rays on the reproductive death of cultured normal human mammary epithelial cells was examined. Techniques were developed for isolating and culturing normal human mammary epithelial cells which provide sufficient cells at second passage for radiation studies, and an efficient clonogenic assay suitable for measuring radiation survival curves. It was found that the survival curves for epithelial cells from normal breast tissue were exponential and had D0 values of about 109-148 rad for 225 kVp X rays. No consistent change in cell radiosensitivity with the age of donor was observed, and no sublethal damage repair in these cells could be detected with the split-dose technique. PMID- 6657918 TI - The radiation response of hypoxic cells in EMT6 spheroids in suspension culture does model data from EMT6 tumors. AB - Radiation survival curves of EMT6/Ed spheroids have been obtained under conditions which eliminate changes in oxygen concentration between growth and irradiation. These curves show a high-dose, resistant component which is nearly parallel to the curves obtained when spheroids were irradiated under nitrogen. Thus EMT6 spheroids appear to model accurately the radiation responses of EMT6 tumors. In contrast, when spheroids were grown to relatively high density (300 400 spheroids per 250-ml spinner flask), then separated into several flasks for irradiation, an increase in oxygen concentration in the medium occurred which fully oxygenated the previously hypoxic cells. The two causes for the oxygen depletion in sealed growth flasks were quantitated. Depletion of total oxygen in the flask occurred, and, more importantly, oxygen consumption kept the growth medium well below equilibrium with the oxygen in the gas phase. Smaller but similar effects on oxygen concentration were found in flasks containing V79 spheroids. PMID- 6657919 TI - Influence of radiation dose patterns on lung tumor incidence in dogs that inhaled beta emitters: a preliminary report. AB - Different radiation dose patterns to the lung from inhaled beta-emitting radionuclides may influence the frequency and kind of biological effects. To determine the magnitude of this influence, groups of Beagle dogs were exposed to aerosols of 90Y, 91Y, 144Ce, or 90Sr in relatively insoluble particles and observed for their life spans. Different dose patterns were achieved by using these radionuclides having similar beta emissions and chemical form but having physical half-lives ranging from 2.6 days to 28 years. The range of initial lung burdens of radionuclides studied resulted in a range of biological effects from early deaths at the highest radiation doses to no discernible effects at the lowest doses. The effective half-lives of the four radionuclides in the lung ranged from 2.5 to 600 days. Within 1.5 years after exposure, some dogs died with radiation pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. Between 1.5 and 10 years after exposure, 42 pulmonary carcinomas and 28 pulmonary sarcomas were observed in 163 dogs that died. Protracted irradiation of the lung from 90Sr or 144Ce resulted in a relatively high radiation dose and produced more total lung tumors but fewer lung tumors per rad than less protracted irradiation from 90Y or 91Y. At 10 years after inhalation exposure, the difference in risk per rad among the different dose patterns was a factor of 4 to 8, indicating that the different radiation dose patterns from inhaled beta emitters do influence lung tumor risk factors, at least at high (greater than 20,000 rad) doses to lung. PMID- 6657920 TI - Thermosensitization by methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) in Chinese hamster cells. AB - The modification of methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) by 42 degrees C hyperthermia-and/or radiation-induced cell killing was examined in Chinese hamster V-79 cells. At concentrations of more than 10 microM, cell survival decreased exponentially with increased MGBG exposure times. Cell lethality of MGBG (10 microM) was not specific for cell-cycle phases tested from G1/S through G2. When cells were treated with MGBG (10 microM) for 6 hr and then exposed to 42 degrees C hyperthermia with or without a 24-hr interval, cell survival decreased markedly compared with that for 42 degrees C alone. Cells became thermosensitive after MGBG treatment. Cells exposed to MGBG (10 microM) for 6 hr before or after X irradiation were slightly radiosensitive. When X irradiation was combined with MGBG and 42 degrees C hyperthermia, cells became more radiosensitive. From these results, it is suggested that MGBG may change the intracellular state to sensitize cells to the cytotoxic action(s) of hyperthermia. PMID- 6657921 TI - The change in hypoxic and chronically hypoxic cell fraction in murine tumors treated with hyperthermia. AB - The effect of hyperthermia on the size of hypoxic and chronically hypoxic cell fractions in murine tumors was studied. The chronically hypoxic cell fraction was defined as a fraction of tumor cells which were not oxygenated under hyperbaric oxygen. Animals were C3Hf/Sed mice derived from our defined flora mouse colony. Tumors were FSa-II and MCa which were early generation isotransplants of a spontaneous fibrosarcoma and a mammary carcinoma, respectively. TCD50 (50% tumor control dose) or the radiation dose which yields a local tumor control in half the treated animals and TG (tumor growth) time or the time required for half the treated tumors to reach 1000 mm3 from the first treatment day were experimental end points. Hyperthermia was given by immersing animal feet into a water bath maintained at 43.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C. Animal tumors were irradiated with a 137Cs unit under hypoxic conditions, in air or under O2 30 psi. The hypoxic cell fraction increased immediately after hyperthermia in both MCa and FSa-II tumors. The chronically hypoxic cell fraction was, on the other hand, decreased following hyperthermia. The decrease was more substantial in the MCa than in FSa-II. PMID- 6657922 TI - Ophthalmologic changes related to radiation exposure and age in adult health study sample, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. AB - A 2-year ophthalmologic study of age and radiation-related ophthalmologic lesions among the atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki was conducted in 1978 80. The study sample in both cities was composed of all persons exposed to 100+ rad, their controls, and all other persons with a previous record of axial opacities or posterior subcapsular changes. Most of the losses were due to persons who refused to participate or for whom it was not possible to arrange for an ophthalmologic examination at the time of the regularly scheduled medical examination. It should be emphasized, however, that the loss of persons in both the control and the 100+ rad groups did not change systematically with increasing age by city. Increased lenticular opacities, other lens changes, and loss of visual acuity and accommodation occurred with increasing age in both exposed and control subjects as manifestations of the normal aging process. A highly significant excess risk for all age categories in the 300+ rad group in comparison to those in the control group was observed for both axial opacities and posterior subcapsular changes in Hiroshima, but not in Nagasaki. A stronger radiosensitive aging effect for persons who were under 15 years old at the time of the bombing (ATB) was observed for both axial opacities and posterior subcapsular changes in Hiroshima. PMID- 6657923 TI - Nutritional influences on plutonium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. AB - Rats that were fasted and/or fed diets consisting of whole milk, dry milk, milk supplement, orange juice, low calcium, or low vitamin D were gavaged with 238Pu nitrate to measure plutonium absorption. All dietary variations resulted in increases in both absorption and retention. The increases ranged between 2 and 20 times the absorption values obtained for rats fed commercial chow. Sucklings of dams fed a calcium-deficient diet also exhibited increased 238Pu absorption. The results indicate that nutrition is an important factor influencing gastrointestinal absorption of plutonium. PMID- 6657924 TI - Interactions between 9-hydroxyellipticine and X rays on mammalian cell survival in vitro. AB - Incubation with 9-hydroxyellipticine (9-OH-E) decreases the survival of X irradiated CHO cells. The survival decreases in the case of exponentially growing and plateau-phase cells, although cells in exponential phase of growth are more sensitive to the drug alone. Radiosensitivity increases with the drug concentration and whether the cells are incubated with the drug for 1 hr prior to or immediately after irradiation. 9-OH-E inhibits the repair of potentially lethal damage, but recovery from sublethal radiation damage is suppressed only by high drug concentrations. The interaction between 9-OH-E and X-ray damage and repair has been examined. 9-OH-E itself induces DNA single-strand breaks or alkali-labile sites which are repaired by the cells. When drug-incubated cells are X irradiated, a repair-inhibiting action of the drug is observed. PMID- 6657925 TI - The expression of early and late damage after thoracic irradiation: a comparison between CBA and C57B1 mice. AB - Lung injury after localized irradiation of the thorax was quantified and compared in CBA and C57B1 mice. Using lethality and breathing rate as end points, two phases of damage separated in time were distinguished in CBA mice as an early pneumonitic phase and a later phase associated with pleural effusions. C57B1 mice failed to show the pneumonitic response over a large dose range extending beyond 20 Gy. In this respect they differ from most other mouse strains so far studied. At the lower doses the extent of the late phase was similar between these two strains. The interstrain comparison presented suggests that damage to separate tissue compartments was responsible for the acute and chronic responses. PMID- 6657926 TI - Ultrastructure of cell death in gamma- or X-irradiated imaginal wing discs of Drosophila. AB - When Drosophila larvae were irradiated with 1300-1500 R of gamma rays both apoptotic and necrotic cell death were observed in imaginal wing discs. The ultrastructure of cell death by apoptosis was characterized by fragmentation of dead cells into highly condensed, membrane-bound particles. The ultrastructure of cell death by necrosis was characterized by cell lysis and organelle degeneration. Marked contrast was also seen in the distribution of the two types of cell death: apoptosis was universal in irradiated discs and affected widely distributed single cells, or small groups of cells, whereas necrosis formed lesions by afflicting large numbers of contiguous cells. It was noted that even where there were large lesions in the epithelial cell layer, which is the primary component of imaginal discs, the basement membrane associated with this epithelium always remained intact. Lesions could be identified in freshly extirpated discs by staining with trypan blue and were found in 50-70% of irradiated discs (depending on the larval age at the time of irradiation). Lesions were seen in all regions of the wing disc and varied greatly in size. In spite of extensive necrotic cell death wing discs developed into normal adult wings. Regenerative growth in this case would appear to require significant reorganization of cells. Implications of this for the appropriate interpretation of clonal analysis are discussed. PMID- 6657927 TI - In vivo cytotoxicity of misonidazole and hyperthermia in a transplanted mouse mammary tumor. AB - The cytotoxicity of misonidazole (miso) in vivo in unclamped tumors at hyperthermic temperatures, and in clamped tumors at hypothermic, euthermic, and hyperthermic temperatures has been examined. No cytotoxicity, measured as increased tumor control, was observed in unclamped tumors heated 30 min after systemic miso administration. This may reflect the short serum half-time of miso in the mouse and a small hypoxic fraction in this tumor system. There was, however, significant miso cytotoxicity in clamped tumors at euthermic and hyperthermic temperatures when the clamp was applied 30 min after systemic miso. The degree of cytotoxicity observed was dependent upon the temperature of incubation, the length of clamping, and the dose of miso. PMID- 6657928 TI - Residual radiation damage in the mouse foot after exposure to argon ions and retreatment with X rays. AB - The results of radiation treatment as visible residual damage are reported for acute skin reaction and foot deformity in mice exposed to argon ions. Two groups of 40 mice each were exposed to argon ions at the plateau and peak center of a 10 cm-wide Bragg peak to a fixed dose of 1200 and 1300 rad, respectively. A third group of 40 mice was exposed to 1750 rad of 250-kVp X rays while the fourth group was kept as controls. The acute skin reactions were scored for 60 days and foot deformity at 8 months after exposure. These mice were reexposed 8 months after the first exposure to graded doses of X rays ranging from 1200 to 2500 rad. Acute skin reactions were scored again for 60 days and foot deformity 8 months after the second exposure to graded doses of X rays. The results showed that no significant visible residual damage of the first treatment of either argon ions or X rays was observed after a second irradiation with X rays for acute skin reaction. For the end point deformity, however, residual damage of the first treatment was observed. The residual damage for foot deformity for argon ions does not seem to be higher than for X rays when the doses of first treatment with argon ions and X rays were matched to produce nearly uniform effect. The results also suggest a threshold dose to show the residual damage of the first treatment. PMID- 6657929 TI - Macromolecule synthesis in HeLa cells after thermal shock. AB - The incorporation of radioactivity into HeLa cell polypeptides and DNA after exposure to 45 degrees C heating for 15 min was measured by continuous exposure to radiolabeled precursors. Both polypeptide and DNA synthesis were inhibited by thermal shock. The rate of incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids into whole cell, nuclear, or histone protein recovered to control levels by 5 to 8 hr after thermal shock. The rate of incorporation of radiolabeled thymidine into DNA did not recover to a control level within the first 8 hr after thermal shock. Thermal effects on amino acid and nucleotide precursor pools could not explain the inhibition of either protein or DNA synthesis. Since histone protein synthesis recovers prior to DNA synthesis, we conclude that the inhibition of histone protein synthesis after thermal shock is not responsible for the depression in synthesis of cellular DNA. PMID- 6657930 TI - [Effect of the structure of the cell nucleus chromatin on absorption of low energy beta-radiation emitted from an incorporated source]. AB - To study the energy absorption in cell nuclei the analysis was made of the level of registration of beta-particles, emitted by the incorporated tritium, using a liquid scintillation counter. It was shown that the treatment, modifying the chromatin structure, changed the number of beta-particles registered. The pattern of the spectral changes indicated that the effect observed was not the result of the quenching processes. The effect was absent when the source of a higher energy (14C) was used. The authors submit the conceptions concerning the mechanisms of the phenomenon observed which are confirmed by the theoretical studies. PMID- 6657931 TI - [Correlation between the species radiosensitivity of animals and concentration of AT-rich sequences in DNA]. AB - The authors have revealed a positive and statistically significant correlation between the sum of T-"pure" and T-rich pyrimidine DNA clusters and radiosensitivity of animals of different species. It was demonstrated that the share of a DNA fraction rich in AT-pairs and denaturing within the temperature range from 55 to 75 degrees increases with increasing specific radiosensitivity of animals. PMID- 6657932 TI - [Molecular mechanisms of radiation death of lymphoid cells. Protein poly-ADP ribosylation in thymocyte fractions]. AB - A study was made of the process of poly-ADP-ribosylation of proteins in cells of radioresistant and radiosensitive fractions of mouse thymus lymphocytes after irradiation of isolated cells with a dose of 25 Gy. It was shown that activation of ADP-ribosylation of proteins occurred simultaneously with the formation of single-strand DNA breaks in thymocytes, and the degree of activation in radioresistant and radiosensitive fractions was nearly the same. PMID- 6657933 TI - [Changes in the neutral lipid composition of the liver and tumor cell nucleus during x-irradiation of animals]. AB - With X-irradiation of mice bearing a transplanted Ehrlich ascites tumor all the neutral lipid fractions undergo substantial changes. The most considerable increase was observed in the content of cholesterol ethers in the liver cell nuclei of a tumor host and in the content of triglycerides in Ehrlich ascites tumor nuclei. The radiation reaction in the liver cell nuclei of the tumor host was nearly the same as that in the liver cell nuclei of intact animals while it was altered and often opposite directed in Ehrlich ascites tumor nuclei. PMID- 6657934 TI - [The role of endogenous glutathione in the action of sulfur-containing radio protectors]. AB - In experiments on Ehrlich ascite tumor cells, the dependence of the radioprotective effect of beta-mercaptoethylamine and beta mercaptopropionylglycine on the initial level of endogenous glutathione was studied. A varying degree of N-ethylmaleimide induced decrease of SH-glutathione content in the cells led to either easing or elimination of the radioprotective effect of the agents under study. PMID- 6657935 TI - [Changes in the collagen amino acid composition of calf skin after gamma irradiation in an aqueous solution]. AB - A study was made of the amino acid composition of calf skin collagen after gamma irradiation (60Co) of 2.5 X 10(-6) M aerated aqueous protein solution within the dose range from 30 to 2000 Gy. The radiosensitivity of amino acid residues was compared. PMID- 6657936 TI - [Possible regulation by taurine of the intracellular potassium levels in hepatocytes and erythrocytes of irradiated rats]. AB - It was shown on hepatocytes and erythrocytes of irradiated rats that the administration of taurine into the incubation medium reduced the release of potassium ions from cells. PMID- 6657937 TI - [Proliferative activity and the rate of differentiation of rat bone marrow cells in normal conditions and in early periods of acute radiation sickness]. AB - The autoradiographic method was used to study proliferative activity of cells of a myeloid and erythroid compartments of the bone marrow of intact and irradiated (a single exposure of 10 Gy) rats. The proliferative activity and differentiation rate of cells decreased at early times after irradiation. It was shown that giant neutrophils had heavy tracer nuclei, were formed from myeloblasts, being at the most active phase of the S stage at the time of irradiation, and had a very low differentiation rate. PMID- 6657938 TI - [Biological effects of radioactive carbon. Kinetics of carbon-14 (14C-stearic acid) metabolism in animals of various ages]. AB - In experiments on young, mature and old rats a study was made of the kinetics of 14C-stearic acid metabolism. The metabolic processes were more active in young rats as compared to mature and old animals. PMID- 6657939 TI - [Plutonium-239 metabolism in chemical skin burns]. AB - Certain peculiarities of metabolism of plutonium-239 were revealed after skin applications there of in solutions of nitrogen acid, tributyl phosphate and hexychloro-butadiene. It was shown that the absorption of plutonium-239 in 0.1 NHO3 solution for 3 days made up 0.02% of the quantity applied. The increase in the acid concentration up to 0.5-10 N was accompanied by a 2.5-5-fold increase in the resorption. The application of the nuclide in organic solvents was characterized by a 4-5-fold increase in its accretion within the body. There was a 25-fold increase in the absorption of 239Pu after the combined effect of the acid and the organic solvents on the skin. PMID- 6657940 TI - [Analysis of radiation injuries of DNA from liver and transplanted tumors in vitro]. AB - A comparative study of some radiation effects on DNAs from mouse liver, Ehrlich ascites tumor and hepatoma 22A was made after X-irradiation of the 0.02% aerated solutions in 0.1 M NaCl. The electrophoretic and spectrophotometric methods were used to measure the radiation-chemical yields of single- and double-strand breaks, DNA secondary structure defects, a malonaldehyde analogue and pyrimidine hydroperoxides. DNA from tumors was found to be more affected by radiation than DNA from normal liver: this may be due to a higher degree of base damage (the yield of hydroperoxides) and to transformation of original secondary structure defects into single-strand breaks at low irradiation doses. PMID- 6657941 TI - [Effect of novobiocin on degradation and repair of the superhelical structure of nuclear DNA from rat thymocyte fractions]. AB - A study was made of the action of novobiocin on degradation and repair events in supercoiled nuclear DNA from three thymocyte fractions obtained by ficoll-paque gradient sedimentation. When added before gamma-irradiation novobiocin (1.9 mg/ml) exerted a radioprotective effect during the "second wave" of supercoiled DNA degradation. It is suggested that this effect may be due to the inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II. PMID- 6657942 TI - [Chromatin degradation in white blood cells of irradiated rats]. AB - A study was made of the dose-time relationship during chromatin degradation in white blood cells of non-irradiated and irradiated rats. There was a linear increase in the release of PDN from leukocytes 1,2 and 3 days after irradiation (1-3 Gy) followed by the deceleration of the chromatin degradation at doses exceeding 3 Gy. PMID- 6657943 TI - [Changes in the kinetics of rabbit thymus DNA re-association in various time periods after gamma-irradiation]. AB - A distinction has been detected in the kinetic curves of the control and in vivo irradiated DNA at the site of the reassociation of moderate and unique genome fractions. This distinction increased with increasing Cot. It was shown that the thermostability decreased and the profiles of DNA duplex thermoelution changed in irradiated rabbits as compared with intact ones. PMID- 6657944 TI - [Interaction of a natural modifier of lethal effect of radiation with HeLa cells]. AB - Polypeptide 14C-aspartyl glutamate, a chemical analogue of a natural modified of a lethal effect of radiation, has been synthesized. The modifier was shown to react readily with nucleic acids and proteins of non-irradiated cells: the reaction was considerably enhanced when the modifier was administered simultaneously with radiation of cells. As is known from the literature, a molar concentration of the incorporated polypeptide is considerably lower than the intracellular molar concentration of an active radiosensitizer, BUdr, which produces an effect on mammalian cells comparable with that of polypeptide. PMID- 6657945 TI - [Effect of ionizing radiation with low dose rate on glyco- and mucoprotein metabolism in dogs]. AB - In experiments on dogs exposed to radiation doses of 2.45--7.35 Gy during 2 to 6 years, it was demonstrated that oxidation of glyco- and mucoproteins in lungs, skin, cartilaginous tissue and elastic ligament was impaired. It is suggested that the compensatory processes come into play in the lungs and skin. PMID- 6657947 TI - [Toxicity and radio-protective properties of pyridazine derivatives]. AB - In experiments in irradiated (CBA X S57B1)F1 mice a study was made of toxicity and radioprotective efficiency of some pyridazine and pyridazine dione derivatives. Some of these substances were shown to have a moderate protective action when administered intraperitoneally. A correlation was revealed between the chemical structure and the radioprotective properties of the compounds. PMID- 6657946 TI - [Glutathione--an essential component of radio-modifying action of serotonin]. AB - 5-HT applied prior to, immediately or 5 min after irradiation decreased equally the radiation damage to Ehrlich ascite tumor cells. A decrease in the endogenous glutathione content by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) led to reduced the 5-HT radio modifying effect. Its radio-modifying effect decreased irrespective of whether NEM was applied prior to or after irradiation. PMID- 6657948 TI - [Radio-protective effect of sulfur-containing methylfuran derivatives and the role of thiols in its realization]. AB - In experiments on mice it was demonstrated that S-containing methylfuran derivatives were highly radioprotective (50-70% survival of exposed animals). The preparations under study did not influence the redox potential in tissues and did not change the content of nonprotein SH-groups in the radiosensitive organs. PMID- 6657949 TI - [Reaction of mouse hematopoietic stem cells on gamma-irradiation and exposure to tritium oxide]. AB - In experiments on 600 mice, relative biological effectiveness of tritium oxide was compared to that of gamma-radiation (137Cs) with respect to the response of CFUc. It was shown that RBE of tritium oxide was 1 within the dose range from 0.8 to 0.4 Gy. PMID- 6657950 TI - [Relation between various cytological parameters of cultured irradiated thymus cells]. AB - Bat thymocytes were incubated in a medium with isologous serum. During the first hours following gamma-irradiation alongside with the nuclear pyknosis a dose dependent decrease in the ability of formation of rosettes with autologous erythrocytes and inhibition of mitotic activity were noted. A conclusion is made of a possible relationship between postirradiation disturbances of membranes and thymocyte nuclei. PMID- 6657951 TI - [Relation between the changes in basal metabolism in acute hypoxia and response to subsequent irradiation with 200 Gy]. AB - The author considers the possibility of prediction of the outcome of radiation sickness after 200 Gy irradiation on the basis of changes in basal metabolism produced by acute hypoxia. It was shown that the animals exhibiting the increased basal metabolism after the effect of hypoxia were more radioresistant. The correlation coefficient was--0,79. PMID- 6657952 TI - [Recovery of CFUc in rat bone marrow after prolonged fractionated irradiation with various total doses]. AB - The rate and the degree of recovery of committed precursors of granulocytes and monocytes (CFUc) following long-term fractionated irradiation were a function of a cumulative radiation dose. In rats exposed to doses of 9.7 and 19.4 Gy the number of CFUc of myelokaryocytes and granulocytes of blood reached the control values after 1-3 months. The increase in CFUc of animals exposed to a dose of 29.1 Gy was transient and did not provide the recovery of granulocytopoiesis. PMID- 6657954 TI - [Changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier after combined exposure to gamma-radiation and a modified gas medium]. AB - An equation was obtained representing the time of penetration of acid fuchsin into the mouse brain as a function of: (i) radiation dose given to head, (ii) radiation dose given to body, and (iii) per cent of oxygen in a gas medium during exposure. Within the dose range from 1,29 to 2.58 C/kg, irradiation of the body increased the permeability of hematoencephalic barrier more significantly than irradiation of the head. A modifying action of hyperoxia and 8% hypoxic hypoxia was more pronounced with irradiation of the head. PMID- 6657953 TI - [Effect of radiation on the electric charge of bone marrow cells]. AB - Irradiation of rats with a dose of 7 Gy increases the density of electrical change of bone marrow cells by (8-15) X 10(3) elementary charge X micron-2 which makes up 12-26% of original density. The maximum effect was registered 30 min after irradiation. After 3 days the density of electrical charge decreased to reach the original values. In the peripheral blood erythrocytes, marked changes in the charge were only detected in 3 days when the charge decreased as compared to the control. PMID- 6657957 TI - An alignment ruler for computed tomography scanning. AB - This patient alignment ruler has been developed to deduce the position of high resolution CT scans relative to an anatomical marker. In addition, the ruler may be used to check the accuracy of the scan plane indicator lights and the consistency of the couch incrementation on any CT scanner. The ruler has been specifically designed for use with scanners employing a 13 mm slice width; however, it may easily be modified for other widths, by altering the hole pattern. An alignment device has been described in a previous publication (Nettle 1979) in which calculations using measurements made on the TV monitor were necessary. However, the ruler described here requires only visual interpretation. This ruler is both inexpensive and easy to manufacture. PMID- 6657955 TI - [Various radiobiological characteristics of CBWA mice (tetrahybrids)]. AB - Some radiobiological characteristics of CBWA mice (e. g. response to gamma r and X-radiation and the radioprotective efficiency of 2-AT and AET were shown not to differ virtually from those of F1 hybrids (CBA X C57Bl/6). No essential differences were also found in radiosensitivity of the bone marrow cells of (CBA X C57Bl/6)F1 and CBWA mice in vitro and in situ. On the basis of the data obtained, the authors recommend CBWA mice for radiobiological experiments as well as hybrids (CBA X C57Bl/6)F1. PMID- 6657956 TI - [Radiobiological aspects of the research of the National Commission on Radiation Protection in 1982-1986]. AB - In this report, L.A. Ileen, Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences amd Chairman of the National Commission of Radiation Protection (NCRP) of the USSR Ministry of Health, Professor L.A. ++Buldakov, Professor Yu. I. Moskalev and Director G.M. Avetisov, Scientific Secretary of the NCRP, advanced the radiobiological aspects of the work of the Commission in the period of 1982 - 1986 which were approved at the Meeting of the Commission on April 23, 1982. PMID- 6657959 TI - College examinations in anatomy: criticism of reports. PMID- 6657958 TI - Preventing lordotic projection of the chest. PMID- 6657960 TI - Symposium on cardiopulmonary imaging. PMID- 6657961 TI - The cardiac diagnostic unit. A new approach to patient care. AB - The Cardiac Diagnostic Unit at Duke University Hospital brings together multiple diagnostic services for evaluation of patients with cardiovascular disease. This Unit is a combined effort of the departments of Medicine, Radiology, Surgery, Bioengineering, and Computer Sciences. The reasons for the establishment of the Unit are discussed, along with some illustrative case studies. PMID- 6657962 TI - Factors affecting perception of pulmonary lesions. AB - The authors review some of the factors that influence the perception of pulmonary lesions: the observer and his environment, the film or other image-recording and display media, the lesion and its qualities, and the technique or modality of examination used. PMID- 6657963 TI - New techniques for the assessment of interstitial lung disease. AB - The authors succinctly describe the pathogenic mechanisms of this disease and the failures of the traditional diagnostic techniques in providing data about the extent of alveolitis and thus about disease activity and prognosis. The authors then show how the new methods of bronchoalveolar lavage and gallium-67 scanning may provide such information. Next in the discussion is how these techniques are applied to the understanding and management of sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. And finally, the authors propose an integrated approach that uses both the new and traditional methods in the diagnosis and management of interstitial lung disease. PMID- 6657964 TI - New perspectives on interstitial lung disease. AB - Pulmonologists, pulmonary pathologists, and radiologists disagree about the pathogenesis, manifestations, and prognosis of the diseases included as "interstitial." The author attempts to place the current understanding of the interstitial diseases in a usable perspective centered on the abnormal chest roentgenogram. Special consideration is given to the progression of several types of interstitial pneumonitis to end-stage lung disease. PMID- 6657965 TI - Respiratory distress syndrome with new considerations. AB - To help maximize the salvage rate of patients with ARDS, radiologists must become active participants in a multidisciplinary team. A clear understanding of the nature of ARDS is a prerequisite. The authors briefly consider the pathogenesis of the syndrome and then discuss at length the usefulness of plain radiography and balloon occlusion pulmonary angiography in examining the patient with ARDS. PMID- 6657966 TI - The solitary pulmonary nodule. AB - This article provides background information about the solitary pulmonary nodule in terms of statistics, conventional radiology, and recent attempts to apply CT to distinguishing benign from malignant nodules. A proposed scheme for analysis of the nodule is offered. PMID- 6657967 TI - Advances in computed tomography of the thorax. AB - Because of its enhanced density resolution, cross-sectional format, and ability to simultaneously evaluate lung, mediastinum, and chest wall, computed tomography has largely replaced conventional techniques in several clinical situations. The author discusses the CT detection of diseases such as lung nodules, mediastinal masses, and hilar lesions; CT's use as a screening technique; and its replacement of angiography in the evaluation of intrathoracic vascular lesions. PMID- 6657968 TI - Computed tomography in acute cardiopulmonary disease. AB - This article reviews how CT will supplement or replace other diagnostic studies and evaluate patients with postoperative problems, posttraumatic problems, acute medical disorders, and iatrogenic complications. PMID- 6657969 TI - Computed tomography of the lung. Densitometric studies. AB - This discussion summarizes the physical basis for CT densitometry, the methods used for extracting density information from CT scans, and how the CT scanner has been used to noninvasively monitor the changes in the major mass and volume components that determine lung density (gas, vascular, and extravascular volumes). PMID- 6657970 TI - The potential role of NMR imaging in thoracic disease. AB - The technical details of producing an NMR image are briefly explained, followed by a discussion of what relaxation times mean and how tissue properties affect the NMR image. The rest of the article is devoted to the NMR imaging of the thorax. PMID- 6657971 TI - Treatment of varicoceles with detachable balloon embolization. AB - Testicular varicocele is the single most common cause of male infertility. Varicoceles are due to either absent or nonfunctioning valves that permit retrograde flow in the internal spermatic vein resulting in increased temperature within the scrotum and interfering with spermatogenesis. Our method to treat varicoceles is occlusion of the spermatic vein with detachable silicone balloons. In our first 70 patients, this has proven to be a safe and effective nonsurgical method of occluding varicoceles in outpatients with results similar to those of surgery. PMID- 6657972 TI - Cardiac nuclear imaging. AB - Cardiac nuclear imaging is recognized as a relatively safe and reliable noninvasive technique. Various parameters of cardiac function can be analyzed during rest and exercise, thus making it an important adjunct in the diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease. PMID- 6657973 TI - Student status and legal applications. AB - A recent decision by an appellate court in the case, Marshall v Baptist Hospital, Inc, tends to produce confusion concerning the status of students and their rights when engaged in clinical education. This paper clarifies the statutes governing cooperative educational programs and students, investigates court cases to reveal a trend, and determines responsibility and liability in cases of negligence. PMID- 6657974 TI - Erect positions for "tunnel" views of the knee. AB - Two erect methods of radiographing the knee to produce tunnel views of the joint space are presented. Each method produces an excellent image of the intercondyloid fossa without distortion seen with some previous methods. Both erect methods are simple to perform and appear to be more comfortable for patients. PMID- 6657975 TI - Noninvasive diagnostic procedures in the evaluation and treatment of hypertensive patients. PMID- 6657976 TI - Treatment of systolic hypertension. PMID- 6657977 TI - Intestinal Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis in germfree and conventional mice. AB - By indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test in germfree (GF) and conventional (CV) mice, better antibody response was found in CV mice infected with 200 T. spiralis larvae. In contrast, when 500 larvae were used for infection, the response of GF mice exceeded that of CV controls. Humoral responses of GF and CV mice infected with single or mixed T. spiralis or T. pseudospiralis larvae were examined by IHA test with the use of both antigens and by determination of G1, A and M immunoglobulins. Cellular host response was studied only in T. spiralis infected mice by examination of the dynamics of intestinal mastocytes and T lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and in the blood. Cellular inflammatory response was observed in the intestines and muscles of mice infected with single or mixed T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis larvae in histopathological examinations. Antibody production was highest in T. spiralis infected CV, low in T. pseudospiralis infected mice and negative in mice with mixed infections. IgG1 and IgA levels were highest in T. spiralis and in mixed infections. In general they were higher in CV than in GF mice, however, the rate of increase was highest in all GF mice infected with T. spiralis and mixed larvae. The number of intestinal mastocytes was higher and their stimulation was earlier in GF than CV mice. The percentage of T lymphocytes was only slightly increased in GF and CV mice infected with T. spiralis as compared with control uninfected mice. Eosinophilia appeared to be characteristic of mice with T. spiralis infections and was higher in GF than CV mice. On the other hand, neutrophilia was characteristic of mice with T. pseudospiralis infections. All types of host response were compared with the dynamics of intestinal trichinellosis and expulsion time of adult worms. In general, GF mice expelled faster and harboured less intestinal trichinellae than CV animals. In experiments on CV Swiss mice in mixed infection, no suppression by T. pseudospiralis on the encapsulation process of T. spiralis larvae was noted. But T. spiralis larvae, irrespective of the number of T. pseudospiralis in the infective dose, always outnumbered the latter muscular larvae. This finding indicates the existence of antagonism between muscular larvae of both species. T. pseudospiralis appears to be immunogenically weaker showing a partial suppression of cellular and humoral host response in mixed infection especially. PMID- 6657978 TI - Natural history of rotavirus infection in the children of Santa Maria Cauque. AB - A prospective observation of 45 cohort children from birth to three years of age permitted the collection of 5689 weekly stool specimens, along with frequent morbidity, dietary and growth data. Specimens tested by the ELISA showed that all children became infected with rotaviruses during the first three years of life, many repeatedly. The overall rotavirus incidence was 10.6 per 100 child-months (or 1.3 infections per child per year). Rotaviruses exhibited a high pathogenic potential estimated in 65%, but only about 10% of all diarrheas appeared associated with them. Rotaviruses occurred throughout the year but clustering was evident in August through December, with epidemics of greater severity in particular months of certain years. During outbreaks, from a third to one half of all children became infected with rotaviruses in a given month. This and the frequent association of rotaviruses with other enteric agents (34%) suggest that fecal-oral transmission is the main source of infection, a net result of the prevailing low socioeconomic level in the village setting. PMID- 6657979 TI - Pathogenesis of rotavirus infections. AB - Signs of clinical disease, viral antigen in infected intestines, and infectious virus excreted in feces were assessed in infant mice nursed by mothers with or without pre-existing rotavirus antibody. Less viral antigen in intestinal tissue was observed and was cleared earlier, and less infectious virus was excreted and disappeared earlier, in infants nursed by mothers with pre-existing antibody. Nevertheless, the course of diarrhea was the same in both groups. In another experiment, viral antigen was cleared earlier from the intestines of congenitally athymic (nude) infant mice given spleen cells from syngeneic immunocompetent adult mice than from nude mice not given spleen cells. It is suggested that passively transferred immunity contributes to resolution of rotavirus infection in mice once their intestinal epithelium has matured sufficiently. PMID- 6657980 TI - Survival rate of Salmonella and Shigella in fermented milk products with and without added human gastric juice: an in vitro study. AB - The survival rates of Salmonella agona, Salmonella java, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella sonnei in milk and fermented milk products were investigated with and without the addition of human gastric juice during a 7 to 10 hour test period. It was found that yoghurt inhibited the growth of Salmonella and Shigella very effectively even when the yoghurt had been heated to 100 degrees C for 15 minutes, whereas milk and the other fermented milk products showed a lower ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens. Yoghurt plus human gastric juice greatly depressed the growth rate of the pathogens; after 30 minutes no more colonies were formed. Even kefir or ropy milk plus gastric juice showed inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium after one hour. In the case of acidophilus milk plus gastric juice, the inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium occurred first after 2.5 hours and the presence of viable Shigella sonnei was noticed for 4 hours. The addition of physiological NaCl instead of human gastric juice to the fermented milk samples before inoculation changed the picture of the survival rate. Only yoghurt inhibited the growth of Salmonella java after 30 minutes; Shigella sonnei survived in yoghurt for 4 hours and in the other fermented milk samples for 5 hours. It can be assumed that yoghurt contains some antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the growth of pathogens and that this inhibiting property is enhanced by the addition of human gastric juice. PMID- 6657982 TI - Mechanisms by which indigenous microorganisms colonize gastrointestinal epithelial surfaces. AB - Indigenous microorganisms are known to associate with epithelial surfaces in the gastrointestinal tracts of birds and mammals of many species. In general, the mechanisms by which microorganisms associate with the epithelia are poorly understood. In some cases, in associating with epithelial surfaces, the microbial species involved undoubtedly colonize (i. e., multiply on) them. Some examples of such microorganisms are strains of certain Lactobacillus, and Candida (Torulopsis) species that associate with gastric surfaces, and strains of segmented, filamentous and of oxygen-intolerant anaerobic bacteria of numerous species that associate with intestinal surfaces in mice and rats. Several properties of the microbial cells involved may be important for them to be able to colonize epithelial habitats. Some such properties are a capacity for the cells to adhere to structures on the epithelium, or to be motile and able to move into the mucous gel present on most gastrointestinal surfaces. In addition, microorganisms that can colonize surface microhabitats on gastric or intestinal epithelia must be able to thrive in the environments and nutritional circumstances found in such habitats. In this respect, a capacity to multiply well in environments containing high concentrations of hydrogen ion is important for microbial cells to be able to colonize gastric surfaces, while a capacity enzymatically to digest mucinous glycoproteins and use the degradation products as carbon, energy and nitrogen sources may be important for microorganisms to be able to colonize most gastric or epithelial surfaces. These and related issues are examined in this paper. PMID- 6657981 TI - Exogenous lactobacilli fed to man - their fate and ability to prevent diarrheal disease. AB - Clinical and microbiologic studies were conducted to evaluate the capability of exogenous lactobacilli to implant in the upper small intestine, the ability of exogenous lactobacilli to prevent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrhea, and the effect of lactobacillus therapy in reduction of diarrhea due to neomycin. Microbiologic studies of jejunal aspirates indicated that orally ingested Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. bulgaricus in LactinexR and L. acidophilus in Infloran BernaR survived passage through the stomach and remained viable in the proximal small bowel for three to six hours in most, not all, individuals. Challenge studies with ETEC revealed that despite the ability of lactobacilli in LactinexR to persist in the upper small intestine for several hours, the lactobacillus preparation did not prevent or alter the course of ETEC diarrhea in adults. Lactobacillus therapy with one lot of LactinexR reduced the volume and duration of neomycin-associated diarrhea, whereas another lot of LactinexR had no therapeutic effect. Thus, lot to lot variations in lactobacillus preparations may account for some conflicting results observed with lactobacillus therapy for intestinal disorders. PMID- 6657983 TI - Colonization of particulates, mucous, and intestinal tissue. AB - The gastrointestinal system consists of myriad small ecological "niches" within which most bacteria grow in glycocalyx-enclosed microcolonies that form highly structured consortia in biofilms on the surfaces of both tissue and digesta. Bacteria in the lumen of the system are attached to their nutritive substrates by chemotaxis and they then adhere to insoluble nutrients (e.g. cellulose) or position themselves in microcolonies in locations having maximal concentrations of soluble nutrients (e.g. monomeric sugars). Thus, the digestion of even simple foods involves the simultaneous and specific colonization of many different "microniches" by bacteria. Specific bacteria have been shown to colonize tissues within the gastrointestinal tract and some of these taxonomically distinct populations have been shown to cooperate in the physiological activities of some of the colonized tissues. Highly abraded tissues and tissues exposed to extremes of acid concentration may be colonized by a single species of bacteria or yeast, because special adhesion mechanisms or acid resistance are required for persistence, but most nonsecretory epithelia within the tract are heavily colonized by a rich mixture of bacteria. We have developed techniques to retain the mucous blanket on the secretory epithelia of the intestine, and we find that the majority of bacteria and protozoa in these organs are associated with the mobile viscous layer and are thus functionally apposed to the epithelial tissues. Notable exception are the bacteria and protozoa that adhere avidly to the epithelial tissues by special adhesion mechanisms and must therefore remain stationary within the mobile mucous blanket. PMID- 6657985 TI - [Purification methods of metallo-proteins]. PMID- 6657984 TI - [Structure and functions of manganese (III)-containing acid phosphatase]. PMID- 6657986 TI - [Multinuclear MNR of metalloproteins]. PMID- 6657987 TI - [X-ray crystal structure analysis]. PMID- 6657988 TI - [Endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase]. PMID- 6657989 TI - [Molecular mechanism of muscle contraction]. PMID- 6657990 TI - [Reconstitution of chemomechanical coupling systems from actomyosin in skeletal muscles]. PMID- 6657991 TI - [Cell division--chromosome movement during mitosis]. PMID- 6657992 TI - [Dynamic nature of the mitotic apparatus]. PMID- 6657993 TI - [Movement of pigment cells]. PMID- 6657994 TI - [Significance of cell movement in the histogenesis of the nervous system]. PMID- 6657995 TI - [Turnover of acetylcholine receptors]. PMID- 6657996 TI - [Cell movement of heliozoa]. PMID- 6657997 TI - [Locomotion in Paramecium: ciliary movement and its bioelectric control]. PMID- 6657998 TI - [Mechanism of flagellar movement]. PMID- 6657999 TI - Uptake of indomethacin by the endometrium of rat uterus. AB - The uptake of indomethacin into rat endometrium was studied using biochemical subcellular fractionation techniques. Endometrial cell homogenates were separated by centrifugation in Percoll gradients, and the distribution of subcellular membranes and organelles in the fractions ascertained using biochemical and morphological markers. Two hours after intraluminal perfusion of uteri with [14C] indomethacin, the drug showed a bimodal distribution. It was present in fractions containing soluble components and plasma membranes and/or their endocytic derivatives. The results show that indomethacin is taken up by rat endometrium, but it does not appear to associate with the Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum lysosomal system. PMID- 6658000 TI - Ovarian and plasma PGE and PGF levels in naturally ovulating brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and the effects of indomethacin on prostaglandin levels. AB - Plasma and ovarian levels of PGE and PGF were measured by radioimmunoassay in naturally ovulating brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). At 12 hours post ovulation, PGF levels in plasma and ovarian tissue were significantly elevated over levels in gravid controls. Plasma PGF levels were still elevated 5-7 days post-ovulation. Indomethacin treatment (10 micrograms/gm body weight) of ovulatory brook trout significantly decreased plasma and ovarian PGF levels by 12 hours post-ovulation. No significant differences were observed in plasma PGE levels, though gravid controls contained significantly elevated ovarian PGE levels as compared to ovulated fish. PMID- 6658001 TI - In vivo regional levels of PGE and thromboxane in mouse brain: effect of decapitation, focused microwave fixation, and indomethacin. AB - A focused microwave fixation technique was tested for use in determining basal PGE and thromboxane B2 levels of mouse brain. Focused microwave irradiation (3.5 Kw/0.4 sec) to the head of C3H mice produced basal values of PGE and TXB2 which were five-fold less than those in animals killed by decapitation. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) pretreatment blocked the decapitation rise in PGE and TXB2 levels and gave values similar to focused microwave irradiation. Indomethacin pretreatment combined with microwave fixation did not reduce PG levels more than microwave treatment alone. When microwave fixation was used, there was no difference in regional (cerebral cortex, whole cerebellum, midbrain, hypothalamus) levels of either PGE or TXB2. However, PGE levels were significantly higher than TXB2 in all regions. After decapitation there was a greater increase in TXB2 than PGE. The cerebellum produced less PGE and TXB2 after decapitation compared to the other regions. Our results confirm the usefulness of the focused microwave irradiation technique for examining in vivo basal prostaglandin levels in mouse brain. PMID- 6658002 TI - Influence of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on renal & aortic prostaglandin synthesis in 1 kidney 1 clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats. AB - To study the influence of dietary modification on prostaglandin synthesis and on blood pressure regulation, the effects of dietary enrichment with linolenic or linoleic acid was compared with standard rat chow in 3 groups of 13 rats before and after renal artery constriction and contralateral nephrectomy. Before renal artery constriction 4 weeks supplementation with 40 en% linseed oil (53% linolenic acid) increased renal linolenic acid, decreased arachidonic acid, and suppressed synthesis of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 by renal homogenates (33% and 38% respectively, p less than 0.01) compared with standard diet. Rats fed on 40 en % sunflower seed oil (63% linoleic acid) increased renal prostaglandin synthesis (p less than 0.05) compared with linseed oil, but not compared with standard diet. Seven weeks after renal artery constriction renal and aortic 6 keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 were suppressed 30% to 50% (p less than 0.05) by linseed oil supplements compared with sunflower seed oil and standard diets. In the sunflower seed oil group aortic 6-keto-PGF1 alpha correlated (r = 0.75, p less than 0.02) with final systolic blood pressure. Final systolic blood pressures were similar in linseed oil (152.9 mm Hg +/- se 3.3, sunflower oil (155.1 +/- se 6.6) and standard diet group (159.0 +/- se 4.2). Thus dietary linseed oil suppressed renal and aortic prostaglandin synthesis but did not accentuate renal hypertension, and linoleic acid supplementation did not protect against 1 kidney 1 clip renal hypertension. PMID- 6658003 TI - Detection of leukotriene C4 and D4 in the exudate of rat carrageenin-induced pleurisy. AB - Rat carrageenin-induced pleurisy was used as an acute exudative inflammatory model. The crude ethanol extract of the pleural fluid at 5 hr after carrageenin injection caused the very slow contraction of guinea-pig ileum, which was antagonized by FPL 55712 (1 microgram/ml). The ethanol extract was cleaned by LH 20 and was rendered for separation of LTC4 and LTD4 by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two peaks which showed the same retention time on HPLC as those of LTC4 and LTD4 had the contractile activity of guinea-pig ileum and the ratios of the contractile activity to the height on HPLC agreed with those of synthetic LTC4 and LTD4. Two peaks of delta 6-trans-LTB4, 5S, 12R-(E, E, E, Z)-diHETE and 5S, 12S-(E, E, E, Z)-diHETE, were detected, but the appreciable amount of LTB4 was smaller than that of each delta 6-trans-LTB4 in the pleural fluid at 5 hr. PMID- 6658004 TI - Effect of indomethacin on aloin and 1,8 dioxianthraquinone-induced production of prostaglandins in rat isolated colon. AB - The effect of aloin and 1,8 dioxyanthraquinone on the release of prostaglandin like material (PG) from rat isolated colon has been investigated. Orally administered aloin and 1,8 dioxyanthraquinone stimulates PG production by subsequently isolated segments of colon. Indomethacin was able to prevent this increased production of PG. These results suggest that the laxative properties of aloin and 1,8 dioxyanthraquinone may depend, at least in part, on increased prostaglandin synthesis by the intestinal tissue. PMID- 6658005 TI - Effects of intra-coronary administration of leukotriene D4 in the anaesthetized dog. AB - The left anterior descending coronary artery in anaesthetized greyhounds was perfused at constant pressure with blood pumped from the carotid artery. Phasic and mean coronary flow, left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, cardiac output, ECG, heart rate and systemic pressure were measured. Leukotriene (LT) D4 was administered into the left anterior descending coronary artery as a bolus injection. LTD4 caused dose-related reductions in coronary flow. Other parameters showed little immediate change although a gradual decrease in left ventricular pressure, dP/dt, cardiac output and systemic pressure occurred after administration of LTD4. Following intracoronary administration of LTD4 small surface haemorrhages were observed over the area perfused. The reduction in coronary flow was not inhibited by indomethacin. PMID- 6658006 TI - The effect of calcium antagonists on contractions of the sensitized and normal guinea pig ileum. AB - The purpose of this study was to learn whether a number of Ca2+ antagonists were effective in reducing contractile responses of the isolated ileum of the sensitized and normal guinea pig. Contractions of the normal ileum in response to LTD4, acetylcholine, histamine, and potassium chloride were obtained before and after verapamil, diltiazem and papaverine. Ovalbumin-induced contractions of the ovalbumin-sensitized ileum were obtained in the presence of the three Ca2+ antagonists. In the normal ileum, all the Ca2+ antagonists were highly effective in diminishing the contractile responses to LTD4, acetylcholine, histamine and potassium chloride. In the sensitized ileum, ovalbumin-evoked contractions, with subsequent release of a potent contractile mediator (presumably SRS-A), were Ca2+ dependent since verapamil, diltiazem and papaverine caused a concentration related reduction of contractions. Thus, the influx of extracellular Ca2+ plays a key role in the contractile responses of the normal and sensitized guinea pig ileum when stimulated by various potent agonists acting on specific receptors or on the cell membrane. PMID- 6658007 TI - Constriction of fetal ductus arteriosus by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. AB - Transplacental effects of 24 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the fetal ductus arteriosus were studied in full-term pregnant rats using the whole-body freezing technique. All sixteen acidic NSAIDs constricted the fetal ductus in a dose-dependent relationship, but considerable differences in the intensity of effect was noticed with the clinical dose of each drug. Six of the eight basic NSAIDs did not constrict the fetal ductus at 50 to 100 times the usual clinical dose. It is concluded that acidic NSAIDs probably should not be administered to pregnant women. However, it may be established in the future that some basic NSAIDs can be administered safely to pregnant women without hazardous effect on the fetus. PMID- 6658008 TI - [Principle of conducting skin tests (who should be testing whom, and with what)]. PMID- 6658009 TI - [Cytodiagnosis of spinocellular carcinoma of the skin and lower lip]. PMID- 6658010 TI - [Psoriasis and chronic recurrent pustular dermatoses of the palms and feet and the HLA system]. PMID- 6658012 TI - [Venereal ulcer. Observation of 24 cases]. PMID- 6658011 TI - [Use of the lymphocyte blast transformation test for the detection of hypersensitivity to chromium, nickel and cobalt]. PMID- 6658013 TI - [Determination of the incubation time and infectivity of sexual partners in chlamydial urethritis]. PMID- 6658014 TI - [Malignant lues]. PMID- 6658015 TI - [Disseminated annular granuloma]. PMID- 6658016 TI - Contribution of the antrum and duodenum to circulating forms of gastrin in the dog. AB - Gastrin release was stimulated in four anaesthetized dogs with meat extract and acetylcholine. The different forms of gastrin were analyzed in antral and duodenal mucosa and in blood from antral, duodenal and peripheral veins by use of radioimmunoassay with a region-specific antibody, Sephadex gel filtration, and SDS-gel electrophoresis. The duodenum contributed less than 4% of antral gastrin to circulating gastrin. The molecular forms of antral and duodenal gastrins were similar. On the basis of the electrophoretic results and the properties of the antibody, gastrin in the antral and duodenal veins consisted of a minor fraction of G 17 and a predominant fraction of C-terminal fragments of smaller molecular size. This fraction was even more marked in the peripheral venous circulation. In the peripheral blood, however, not only smaller forms of gastrin were present but also an increasing ratio of big gastrin immunoreactivity. Thus, there is active postsecretory processing of gastrin in the circulation of the anaesthetized dog. PMID- 6658017 TI - The effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, metabolites and analogues on locomotor activity in rats. AB - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has generally been reported to increase locomotor activity in rats; however there are also some negative reports. In order to identify the possible causes for this discrepancy, the effects of intra cerebroventricular injection of TRH, its metabolites 'acid TRH' (TRH-OH) and His Pro-diketopiperazine (DKP), and two analogues 3-methyl-His-TRH and RX 77368 (3,3 dimethyl-Pro-TRH), were assessed using photocell activity cages. All compounds were tested in groups of eight rats in the afternoon (1300-1700 h), but in addition TRH and DKP were tested in two further groups of rats during the morning (0900-1230 h). TRH and DKP failed to induce a significant rise in activity during the morning test period, but TRH did have a significant effect when tested in the afternoon. Both TRH and TRH-OH caused dose dependent increases in locomotor activity, whereas DKP and the two analogues had no effect. This stimulation of activity was shown to be at least partly mediated by dopamine since locomotor enhancement was blocked in a second experiment using the dopamine antagonist alpha-Flupenthixol. The results are discussed in terms of actions on the mesolimbic dopamine system, and the importance of circadian variations within this system to the expression of peptide effects in general. PMID- 6658018 TI - Chemical forms of radioactive iodine in seawater and its effects upon marine organisms. AB - Chemical forms of radioactive iodine and its effects upon marine organisms were studied by the tracer experiments. Seaweeds or fish were held in the aquarium in which the 125I tracer in either iodide or iodate form was inoculated. Iodide form of 125I was taken by Dorome (Chasmichthys gulosus) with the concentration factor of about 10 and excreted with the biological half-life of 15 days, while iodate form of 125I was not taken up appreciably and the concentration factor did not greatly exceed unity. Uptake and loss of 125I were studied as well for 3 species of seaweeds, Hijiki(Hizikia fusiforme), Nejimoku (Sargassum sagamianum) and Tsunomata (Chondrus ocellatus). Iodate form of 125I was accumulated less than iodide form by these seaweeds but the concentration factor of iodate by these seaweeds was very high compared to those by fish. PMID- 6658019 TI - Variations of natural 13C and 15N abundances in the rat tissues and their correlation. AB - The 13C and 15N abundances of the tissues of rats fed with a constant diet were measured by mass spectrometry. Isotopic discrimination was larger in 15N than in 13C compared to diet. The extents of discrimination of 13C and 15N differed depending on tissues, but highly correlated each other. PMID- 6658020 TI - Increase of the yield of DNA from barley nuclei in ethylene glycol by gamma irradiation. AB - After gamma-irradiating the nuclei isolated from dry seed-embryo of barley in the presence of varying concentrations of ethylene glycol, macromolecular DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from them. The yields of DNA was determined by the 2 methods. The both method of determination on DNA showed a similar tendency; the higher the exposed dose and the concentration of ethylene glycol, the better the yields. PMID- 6658022 TI - Influences of stable iodine upon the concentration of radioactive iodine by marine organisms. AB - Uptake and loss of radioactive iodine by marine organisms were studied in the artificial seawater in which the concentration as well as chemical forms of both stable and radioactive iodine were controlled. The concentration factors of radioactive iodine by these organisms were clearly dependent upon the concentration of stable iodide ion in the culture media while the concentration of stable iodate ion did not affect the uptake and loss of radioactive iodine. It was observed that the higher the concentration of iodide ion was in the culture media the shorter the biological half-life of radioactive iodine became, and thus the lower the concentration factor resulted in. PMID- 6658021 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies of hepatobiliary scintigraphy using 99mTc-N pyridoxyl-5-methyltryptophan(99mTc-PMT)]. PMID- 6658023 TI - Production system for 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose--a trial for automatic production. AB - We have developed a production system for 18F-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (18F 2FDG), which assures reliable production with easy handling and reduces radiation exposures to the operator. Chemical procedures in this system are the same as manual method developed in NIRS. This system has 2 operation modes; one is remote controlled manual operation mode and the other is microcomputer controlled automatic operation mode. In remote controlled mode, we tested this system 5 times and 18F-2FDG synthesized was supplied for clinical use once. The mean radiochemical yield of 18F-2FDG from the target gas recovery with decay time correction was 8%, that is the same as in the manual synthesis. It took about 2 hours from end of bombardment (EOB) to end of synthesis (EOS). Since this time is shorter than in manual synthesis, the available activity at EOS is increased. PMID- 6658025 TI - Gamma ray decomposition of dissolved organic substances in river water without compositional change of metallic elements. AB - A river water sample was irradiated with 60Co gamma-rays under aerobic conditions, and the changes of the organic substances in the sample were examined by the analyses of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), organic composition, UV spectrum and molecular-weight distribution. By the irradiation, the DOC decreased with irradiation dose following the first-order kinetics. In addition, the changes of UV absorption and molecular-weight distribution showed that the considerable decomposition of polymeric aromatic structure, which is the characteristic of humic substances, took place by irradiation of relatively low dose. Since the gamma-ray decomposition does not require any oxidizing agents and pH control, it will cause no compositional change of metallic elements in the water samples and has less chance of contamination. Therefore the method will be useful in, for example, geochemical studies of trace metals in natural waters. PMID- 6658024 TI - [Monitoring of I-125 contamination in vivo by analysis of the saliva]. AB - Monitoring of workers who did iodination of protein was performed for 5 months on 10 persons. The activity in saliva was evaluated following the sun peak method by using a NaI(Tl) detector and a 400-channel analyzer. The concentration of 125I in saliva ranged 4.65 +/- 2.1 cBq (1.26 +/- 0.57 pCi)/ml to 135 +/- 2.7 cBq (36.45 +/- 0.73 pCi)/ml and the average was 20.8 +/- 1.9 cBq (5.62 +/- 0.51 pCi)/ml. The ratio of concentration in saliva to used activity ranged (2.2 +/- 0.64) X 10(-9) to (3.6 +/- 0.073) X 10(-8) and the average was (8.1 +/- 1.1) X 10(-9). The thyroidal uptake per iodination ranged 146 Bq (3.94 nCi) to 2700 Bq (72.9 nCi). The ratio of the uptake to the used activity ranged from 7.3 X 10(-5) to 5.4 X 10(-6). The thyroidal absorbed dose ranged from 378 microGy (37.8 mrad) to 4740 microGy (474 mrad). Monitoring of 125I-in saliva was proved to be a useful method to investigate the internal contamination of workers doing iodination. PMID- 6658026 TI - [Personal computer system for the control of use and inventory of radioisotopes]. PMID- 6658027 TI - Research aspects in connection with the German Chemicals Act. AB - The German Chemicals Act of 1980 which came into force on January 1, 1982 aims to protect man and the environment from the unwanted effects of chemicals. As is true for all quality control legislation for chemical products, the scientific goal is to simulate under controlled conditions agent-target interactions as are likely to occur and to estimate the probability of agents reaching the target: the hazard of a chemical is a function of exposure and effect considerations. Beyond attempting to control chemical products, it may soon become necessary to consider the totality of all substances entering the environment as a consequence of technological activities: raw material extraction, production, transport, storage, and waste disposal. The paper aims at identifying important areas of research where it is felt that more systematic knowledge could help to render administrative decision-making processes more transparent, more cost effective, and bring them better in line with the legal mandate of protecting the environment from dangerous chemicals. While the paper focuses on problems surrounding the multitude of "existing chemicals," many an item discussed is significant also for the preventive protection from dangerous "new chemicals." PMID- 6658028 TI - The ranking of chemicals for carcinogenic potency. AB - A relatively new approach to assessing the carcinogenic hazard that chemicals pose to man involves the development of criteria by which carcinogens can be ranked regarding potency. Several such systems have been proposed which can be grouped into dose-dependent, mechanistic, and response-dependent classification systems. In this communication, examples of each type of classification system are described and the utility of these systems in assessing the carcinogenic hazard of chemicals is explored. Each of the classification systems which have been proposed has certain problems associated with it. However, in view of the potential utility of this approach, further efforts to develop a classification system for ranking carcinogens appear warranted. Such a system for ranking carcinogens could possibly be used in conjunction with low-dose extrapolation in the regulatory process. Once a carcinogen has been ranked for potency this ranking could influence the low-dose extrapolation model used in estimating the human risk associated with exposure to that carcinogen. The more potent the carcinogen, the more conservative the low-dose extrapolation model used. PMID- 6658029 TI - The power and interpretation of the carcinogenicity bioassay. AB - Carcinogenicity is a major consideration in the assessment of risks due to environmental chemicals. The carcinogen bioassay therefore is a very important component of the battery of toxicological tests used in hazard evaluation. The strengths and limitations of this bioassay are discussed with emphasis upon the unresolved practical considerations, the interpretation of negative results, the significance of tumors induced in the presence of a high background incidence of naturally occurring tumors, and the difficulties in transspecies extrapolation. These factors, in combination with consideration of the biological mechanisms of chemical cancer induction, will be valuable in assessing the potential risk to man posed by individual chemicals. PMID- 6658030 TI - Effect of dimethoate and O-demethyldimethoate on bone marrow cells of CFLP mice. AB - The organophosphorus pesticide dimethoate and its nonalkylating O-demethyl derivative were tested for their ability to induce chromosomal alterations in bone marrow cells of CFLP mice after ip administration. A single dose of 20 mg/kg dimethoate proved to be ineffective. However, doses of 60 mg/kg dimethoate or 69 mg/kg O-demethyldimethoate sodium salt significantly increased the aberration rates above those of the controls. The same effect was observed after a nontoxic dose of 690 mg/kg O-demethyldimethoate sodium salt. Considering the distribution of the several aberration types, these findings suggest that the alkylating properties of dimethoate only in part may be responsible for its cytogenetic activity. PMID- 6658031 TI - Formaldehyde risk assessment for occupationally exposed workers. AB - Formaldehyde has been shown to be carcinogenic in animals and should be considered potentially carcinogenic in humans. The mechanism of action is unknown but formaldehyde is weakly genotoxic and also may act as a late stage carcinogen or promoter. An estimated 1.3 million workers are potentially exposed to formaldehyde through their occupation. Of those exposed workers, about 3.5% were found to be exposed to formaldehyde air concentrations greater than the 3 ppm set by OSHA as a permissible exposure level. Fewer than 12% were exposed to concentrations greater than 1 ppm, but over 88% were exposed to concentrations of 0.5 ppm or more. A quantitative risk assessment, using the multistage low-dose extrapolation model, found the (maximum likelihood) estimate of lifetime risk for excess cancers to be 620 per 100,000 at the OSHA permissible exposure level. The estimated risk is 23 per 100,000 at 1 ppm and 2.8 per 100,000 at 0.5 ppm. Reduction of the OSHA permissible exposure level to 1 ppm would significantly decrease risk with minor economic disruption for most industries involved. However, reduction of risk to levels which have been generally regarded by other regulatory agencies as acceptable, i.e., 10(-5) to 10(-6), would require increased control by all the industries reviewed. PMID- 6658032 TI - Characteristics and capabilities of U.S. commercial toxicological testing laboratories. AB - About 800 commercial chemical testing laboratories were surveyed by telephone to determine how many provide toxicological testing services and what characteristics the toxicological testing laboratories portrayed. The survey identified 274 laboratories that performed toxicological testing in 1981. These are estimated to account for 94 to 98% of the toxicology laboratory population. The survey data provided a general profile of these laboratories, showed the number of laboratories capable of performing different types of tests, indicated the amount of excess capacity, and identified the most critical constraints to future expansion of testing. There were an estimated 180 laboratories providing mammalian toxicological tests, 150 providing in vitro tests, 150 providing environmental effects tests, and 140 providing chemical fate tests. At the time of the survey, the industry appeared able to do about 20% additional testing before reaching capacity. PMID- 6658033 TI - American Industrial Health Council view of current policy direction in the federal establishment. PMID- 6658034 TI - Physiological factors affecting drug toxicity. AB - Physiological factors that affect the fate of drugs in the body and thereby have effects on their pharmacology and toxicology involve the systems that control absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The main factors are disease, genetics, and age. Nutritional status, sex, hormonal status (e.g., the effects of pregnancy), and circadian rhythm have important influences. Maternal toxicity will affect the fetus. The absorption and excretion of drugs are frequently reduced by diseases. Excretion is reduced by impaired renal function, often found in the elderly, which may increase the toxic response. Distribution is affected by body weight and build, for example, the proportion of fat. The disposition of many drugs has been shown to be significantly influenced by circadian rhythms such that therapeutic doses may exhibit toxicity if administered at an inappropriate time of day. Metabolism is modified by environmental influences including previous food and drug experience, and various factors such as age, sex, and disease. Intersubject variations in drug disposition can be very great with possibly severe consequences for the individual; in this regard, knowledge of genetic polymorphism in drug metabolizing enzymes is rapidly increasing. The toxicology of a drug may be profoundly affected by a particular disease state, for example, the administration of a drug that might be a tumor promoter when a cancerous or precancerous condition exists. These effects are illustrated with examples from the literature and recent studies undertaken in the Bureau of Drug Research. PMID- 6658035 TI - Gene-Tox Program report--mammalian in vivo and in vitro cytogenetic assays: a critical evaluation. PMID- 6658036 TI - Chemical wastes: an approach to estimate public health impacts. AB - The disposition of chemical wastes has created a multitude of present problems from past practices. The evaluation of potential health effects from chemical waste sites on neighboring residents is a complex effort that involves a number of technical areas. A scheme is presented for guidance to make a preliminary assessment which emphasizes early estimation of exposure. Levels of response are defined based on magnitude of exposure. PMID- 6658037 TI - A comparison of how the United States and Canada set drinking water regulations. AB - How the United States and Canada approach the process and implementation of drinking water standards is critically examined. Despite many similarities in their approaches to regulating drinking water contaminants, there are a number of important differences, including approaches to dealing with genotoxic versus presumed epigenetic carcinogens and selection of biostatistical quantitative risk assessment models. Such international comparisons provide a valuable means to discern how others have attempted to solve similar problems and thereby provide an excellent opportunity to test the validity of one's own methodologies. PMID- 6658038 TI - [The acromegalic hand. Diagnostic value of various radiographic measurement indices]. AB - The first classic description of so-called "spade hand" in acromegaly dates from 1886 and is reported by Marie [22]. The hand radiograph is easily diagnostic, when gross abnormalities are present. Sometimes, however, it may be difficult to distinguish the appearances of the milder case from the normal, only by X-ray. The aim of this paper is to define the position of several hand measurements (sesamoid index, tufting, joint space thickness, hand length, metacarpal index, soft tissue measurements at index finger) and to compare these indices in relation to the detection of disease in radiological diagnosis. Hand measurements were made in 100 normal controls and in 19 cases of acromegaly, of whom hand radiograph and xerograph were performed and also compared each others. PMID- 6658039 TI - [Liver metastases with posterior acoustic shadow in echography: causes and differential diagnosis]. AB - Seven cases of metastases with acoustic shadow have been detected in a series of 108 liver metastases. In two cases this echographic pattern corresponded to calcified metastases and in one case to a necrotic metastasis, containing gas. In the last four cases the presence of an acoustic shadow (all colon carcinoma metastases in chemotherapy) must be attributed to the tissue characteristics of the lesion, since neither calcifications nor gas could be shown by CT. A possible effect of chemotherapy in causing this type of image can be thought to exist; this, according to the finding of hypoechogenic metastases turning to the same above mentioned pattern following chemotherapy. PMID- 6658040 TI - [Radioactive phosphorus (32P) in the diagnosis of ocular tumors. Results and therapeutic doses]. AB - Because of phosphorus involvement in metabolic processes, 32P is a suitable radioisotope for the investigation of the function of normal and malignant cells. The basic principles of the 32P test are analysed. This paper presents the results on a series of patients who underwent the 32P uptake test at the Ospedale Oftalmico of Turin. An evaluation of the dose to the patient is also presented. PMID- 6658041 TI - [Tranexamic acid in the prevention of oropharyngeal radiomucositis]. AB - The therapeutic effect of tranexamic acid in prevention of radiomucositis has been evaluated in a double blind study. The results suggest that tranexamic acid can be the useful for the treatment of radiomucositis in head and neck cancer patients submitted to radiotherapy. PMID- 6658043 TI - [Apophysiolysis of the pelvic bones]. PMID- 6658042 TI - [Idiopathic reabsorption of the crown of an impacted upper cuspid]. PMID- 6658044 TI - [Tomodensitometric findings in 2 cases of carotid-cavernous fistula]. PMID- 6658045 TI - [Radiologic diagnosis of appendiceal mucocele]. PMID- 6658046 TI - [Congenital dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts associated with hepatic fibrosis (Caroli disease II): echographic and scintigraphic aspects in a 7-year old girl]. PMID- 6658048 TI - [IV Pneumoradiologic sessions at Brescia]. PMID- 6658047 TI - [Reno-cutaneous fistula: report of a case]. PMID- 6658049 TI - [How is gas exchange affected by pulmonary structure?]. PMID- 6658050 TI - [Diffuse pulmonary lesions: clinical correlations]. PMID- 6658051 TI - [Radiologic correlations in the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the lung]. PMID- 6658052 TI - [Postgraduate training in pediatrics]. PMID- 6658053 TI - [Gammaencephalography with Tc-99m DTPA in the diagnosis of ventriculitis]. PMID- 6658054 TI - [Testicular size in students]. PMID- 6658055 TI - [Serum and erythrocyte folate in infants]. PMID- 6658057 TI - [Congenital myogenic torticollis]. PMID- 6658056 TI - [Thiopental treatment of status epilepticus in children]. PMID- 6658058 TI - [Visceral larva migrans]. PMID- 6658059 TI - [Pulmonary agenesis]. PMID- 6658060 TI - [Pneumothorax in the newborn infant]. PMID- 6658061 TI - [Chylothorax in newborn infants and the elemental diet]. PMID- 6658062 TI - [Characteristics of the psychosocial development in adolescents from 12 to 15. Northern Santiago]. PMID- 6658063 TI - [Prevalence of bacteriuria in different groups of the population]. PMID- 6658064 TI - [Methods for the study of bronchial asthma in children]. PMID- 6658065 TI - [Hematological complications of alcoholism]. PMID- 6658066 TI - [Progressive systemic sclerosis. Review of 40 cases]. PMID- 6658067 TI - [Hepatic granulomatosis. A study of 109 cases]. PMID- 6658068 TI - [Surgery of primary hyperaldosteronism]. PMID- 6658069 TI - [Changes in serum lipoproteins in women treated with combined oral contraceptives]. PMID- 6658070 TI - [Features differentiating between gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemias. II. Laboratory data]. PMID- 6658071 TI - [Eosinophilic fasciitis and IgA deficiency]. PMID- 6658072 TI - [Second neoplasms in Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 6658073 TI - [Middle lobe syndrome and pulmonary arteriovenous fistula]. PMID- 6658074 TI - [Therapeutic plasmapheresis]. PMID- 6658075 TI - [Deficiency of erythrocyte antigens as a cause of pathology. I. Antigenicity of the erythrocyte membrane]. PMID- 6658077 TI - [Features differentiating between gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemias. III. Correlations with metabolic parameters]. PMID- 6658076 TI - [Retroperitoneal abscesses. Review of 75 cases]. PMID- 6658079 TI - [Angiographic indications of vasculitis in 4 cases of acute cerebrovascular accidents while taking contraceptives]. PMID- 6658078 TI - [Deficiency of erythrocyte antigens as a cause of pathology. III. Absence of antigens of the Kell system (KO)]. PMID- 6658080 TI - [Cytological and anatomo-pathological study of the bone marrow in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas evaluated according to the Kiel classification]. PMID- 6658081 TI - [Acute hyperparathyroidism. Report of 2 new cases]. PMID- 6658082 TI - [Value of prostatic acid phosphatase and its relation to bone gammagraphy in the diagnosis of cancer of the prostate]. PMID- 6658083 TI - [Sylvian arachnoid cysts]. PMID- 6658084 TI - [Bilateral gluteal amyotrophy and fibrosis of iatrogenic origin]. PMID- 6658085 TI - [Sjogren syndrome associated with eosinophilic fasciitis]. PMID- 6658086 TI - [Ataxia telangiectasia. Study of a patient with multisystemic involvement]. PMID- 6658087 TI - [Hormonal regulation of the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine by transmethylation]. PMID- 6658088 TI - [Identification and distribution of organisms, coagulase-negative, of the Micrococcaceae family isolated from clinical specimens]. PMID- 6658089 TI - [Isolation of Plesiomonas shigelloides in a case of gastroenteritis]. PMID- 6658090 TI - [Kala-azar in the adult. Apropos of 11 cases]. PMID- 6658091 TI - [Leptospirosis in our environment. Study of 17 cases]. PMID- 6658092 TI - [Pleuropulmonary infections involving anaerobic bacteria. Clinico-bacteriologic study of 52 cases]. PMID- 6658093 TI - [Acute Q fever. Study of 11 sporadic cases in a zone of high prevalence]. PMID- 6658094 TI - [Legionnaires' disease. a new case isolated in Barcelona]. PMID- 6658095 TI - [Bacterial myositis, a tropical disease. Report of a case in temperate climate]. PMID- 6658097 TI - [Pleuropulmonary infection by Pasteurella multocida. Description of a case and literature review]. PMID- 6658096 TI - [Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) associated with a transitory biclonal gammapathy and a motor-sensory polyneuropathy]. PMID- 6658098 TI - [Non-menstrual toxic shock syndrome]. PMID- 6658099 TI - [Intestinal tuberculosis. Experience in 14 cases]. PMID- 6658100 TI - [Cefoperazone. Experience in medico-surgical infections]. PMID- 6658101 TI - [Policy for the prevention of meningococcal infections in Belgium]. AB - An outbreak of meningococcal disease occurred in Belgium from 1969 to 1975. It was caused by serogroup B, serotype 2 organisms. As there is no effective vaccine against serogroup B meningococci, the aim of prophylaxis is to prevent the occurrence of secondary cases among contacts of patients. Epidemiologic studies were carried out during the outbreak. A significant risk of secondary case was shown to be associated with household, day-care nursery, and pre-elementary school exposure. In most instances, the prophylactic measures prescribed by physicians were inappropriate. The effectiveness of prevention was low. A new prophylactic policy was defined, combining the identification of high risk contacts, the close medical supervision of these contacts ant the prescription of effective chemoprophylactic drugs. The Belgian experience illustrates some of the problems and difficulties associated with the use of the results of epidemiologic studies for health policy making. PMID- 6658102 TI - [Strategies for the prevention of congenital rubella]. AB - Screening for rubella in the beginning of pregnancy includes at least one assay for rubella antibodies. If a significant level of antibodies is found, two strategies are possible: 1) to consider the patient as protected if there is no other sign of rubella, or 2) to assess the date of the infection in all cases, repeating the serological tests. In this paper we study the cost of this second strategy. Using a theoretical model of the rubella infection we calculated that the incidence of congenital rubella would be 9 cases in 10 000 newborns in populations with 10% of susceptible women at the age of 25. We studied the cost effectiveness of a screening strategy including a second assay for rubella antibodies (inhibition of hemagglutination) after a positive one. This strategy is 10% more sensitive than a single test. Nevertheless, the cost of one case of congenital rubella prevented by this strategy is 13.3 higher than the cost of a case prevented by a strategy including the vaccination of boys and girls at the age of 2 years and of girls at the age of 12. Thus, the vaccination strategy is a priority for rubella prevention while the multiplication of the screening test is not a priority. PMID- 6658103 TI - [Expanded vaccination program. Training model for community medicine]. AB - The expanded programme on immunization (E.P.I.) is a very concrete example of community health programme. In so far, it uses various methods which the medical personnel should be taught a better way: the epidemiological method, health planning, health management. The E.P.I. provides a great deal of actual conditions well-suited to the preparing of either tutorials or self-training modules within various fields such as epidemiological surveys with estimate or evaluation purposes, planning for a prevention strategy, supply management. Aiming at the enlargement to community health and with a much more participative pedagogical spirit, the author points out the importance of making the educators aware of unequalled capabilities of training provided by the E.P.I. PMID- 6658104 TI - [Evolution of knowledge on the treatment of tuberculosis and therapy prescribed in all new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in a French community since 1970]. AB - The many papers about the treatment of tuberculosis published during the last fifteen years show the different stages of the evolution of knowledge in this field. The Register of tubercular patients, steadily brought up to date in the French "departement" Bas-Rhin, gives interesting information concerning the evolution of treatment in routine. The nature of chemotherapy shows that the newly acquired knowledge is rapidly applied, whereas the average duration of treatment is regularly shortened but is still longer than the duration recommended by researchers. A greater discrepancy appears in hospitalisation: although the efficacy of domiciliary treatment has been known and proved since the early sixties, the proportion of patients having an entirely domiciliary treatment is still low, and in 1978 over 3 patients out of 4 were hospitalized for 4.4 months on average. PMID- 6658105 TI - [Epizootic swine influenza on animal farms in Brittany]. AB - Since 1976, seroepidemiological surveys using radial haemolysis and isolation trials from samples collected from pigs at the abattoir showed that Brittany was an important reservoir of swine subclinical infections due to the human Influenza A viruses H3N2. Influenza A H1Sw N1Sw subclinical infections sporadically occurred from 1979 to 1981. In January 1982 an epizootic started in Finistere which spread from west to east. The H1Sw and N1Sw antigens of 28 stains isolated from 1979 to 1982 were studied with ferret and rabbit anti sera and appeared to be variants of the previous strains (1976-1967-1961-1930). A reinforced serological survey in pigs demonstrated that both Influenza A viruses H1Sw N1Sw and H3N2 simultaneously spread in herds. There is no actual prove of recent human infections by A H1Sw N1Sw virus. PMID- 6658106 TI - [Field epidemiology: possible beginning of community health. An example: epidemic caused by water]. AB - The authors illustrate one facet of field epidemiology. They describe an example: a waterborne disease outbreak. The investigations were undertaken in a town in Moselle (F), on the general population with health professionals, school teachers, counselors and water service workers. They estimate that one thousand people had suffered from gastroenteritis (attack rate greater than 60%). Water was polluted and people became ill at the same time and in the same place. There is a strong statistical association between drinkers of polluted water and gastroenteric illness (relative risk: 10). This study has provided population information and resulted in motivation of the responsible people. In the conclusion of the epidemiological investigation they have carried out coherent measures for the protection of the water distribution system. PMID- 6658107 TI - [Mental health surveys: methodological aspects]. PMID- 6658108 TI - [Need for the creation of an emergency medical service]. PMID- 6658110 TI - [Anesthetic considerations in vascular anastomoses between the middle cerebral and the superficial temporal arteries]. PMID- 6658109 TI - [Oral narcotics: the Brompton mixture. Our experience in its use in cancer patients]. PMID- 6658111 TI - [Administration of epidural morphine for the control of neoplasm pain]. PMID- 6658112 TI - [Effect of dehydrobenzperidol, midazolam and flunitrazepam on anesthesia with ketamine]. PMID- 6658113 TI - [Tetanus in the aged. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6658114 TI - [Thrombopenia as a complication of the Swan-Gantz catheter]. PMID- 6658115 TI - [Difficulty in tracheal extubation]. PMID- 6658117 TI - [Hematuria following acetazolamide]. PMID- 6658116 TI - [Polycythemia vera and anesthesia]. PMID- 6658119 TI - [Abstracts of the 18th National Cardiology Congress. 8-12 October 1983, La Manga del Mar Menor (Murcia)]. PMID- 6658118 TI - [Droperidol and ambulatory pediatric anesthesia]. PMID- 6658120 TI - [Comparison of the effects of an equal dose of 15 mg/kg/day of chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acid on the composition of biliary lipids and acids in the bile in radiotransparent biliary lithiasis]. PMID- 6658121 TI - [Hepatocutaneous porphyria tarda. Study of 50 cases]. PMID- 6658122 TI - [Intra-abdominal cystic lymphangiomas. Review apropos of 10 cases]. PMID- 6658123 TI - [Benign tumors of muscular origin of the digestive tract]. PMID- 6658124 TI - [The maturation process of the lower esophageal sphincter]. PMID- 6658125 TI - [Ischemic necrosis and perforation of the lesser gastric curvature after supraselective vagotomy and an asymptomatic case]. PMID- 6658126 TI - [Intestinal perforation by a phytobezoar after vagectomy and pyloroplasty]. PMID- 6658127 TI - [Cystadenoma of the pancreas]. PMID- 6658128 TI - [Ileal leiomyosarcomas: report of 2 new cases]. PMID- 6658129 TI - [Use of antiperistaltic bowel segments in the prevention of sequelae of massive enterectomy (experimental study)]. PMID- 6658130 TI - [Determination of glycoconjugated biliary acids in the serum of chronic hepatitis patients and their correlation with liver function tests]. PMID- 6658131 TI - [70% hepatectomy and portacaval termino-lateral anastomosis as an experimental model of fulminating hepatic insufficiency]. PMID- 6658132 TI - [Autoantibodies, immunoglobulins and HLA in relatives of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis]. PMID- 6658133 TI - [New surgical technic for the treatment of chronic pancreatitis; preliminary results]. PMID- 6658134 TI - [Gastric cancer: review of 122 cases]. PMID- 6658135 TI - [Traumatic duodenal ruptures]. PMID- 6658136 TI - [Gastrojejunocolic fistulas: apropos of 4 cases]. PMID- 6658137 TI - [Hypopharyngeal polyp. An unusual location]. PMID- 6658138 TI - [Ulcerative colitis associated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia, arterial thrombosis and dermal necrosis]. PMID- 6658139 TI - [Emphysematous cholecystitis. Presentation of a case]. PMID- 6658140 TI - [The renin-angiotensin system and noradrenaline release in the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata]. AB - The effect of angiotensin II (AII) and 48 h bilateral nephrectomy on the 3H norepinephrine (3H-NE) and 3H-NE metabolites release in vitro was studied in slices of male Wistar rat hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. The total 3H outflow of radioactivity was higher in AII exposed tissues than in nephrectomized ones of both organs. The 3H-NE and 3H-NE metabolites remanent radioactivity in the tissues increased in both the soluble cytoplasmatic fractions and the granular vesicle ones, in the two organs from the nephrectomized rats. The ratio between granular and cytoplasmatic NE and granular and cytoplasmatic radioactive metabolites was not noticeably altered in any of the groups. The release of 3H-NE caused by AII and the opposite effect by nephrectomy, agree with the inverse relationship demonstrated between endogenous NE content in the central nervous system and AII plasmatic levels. AII might act on presynaptic NE receptors of the cellular membrane. The relationship between the renin-AII system and the central nervous system catecholamines could be involved in the control of development and maintenance of the renal arterial hypertension. PMID- 6658141 TI - [Statistical analysis of the parameters defining the cortical visual evoked potentials in the phases of the sleep-wake cycle]. AB - Visual evoked potential parameters (latencies, intervals of latencies and amplitudes) obtained by photic stimulation using a light-emitting diode implanted in the frontal sinus of cats were studied by statistical methods (analysis of variance) during the stages of wakefulness, slow sleep and paradoxical sleep. The results show: a) greater intraindividual homogeneity in all cases with special emphasis on the latencies; b) the greatest homogeneity of responses was found during slow sleep and paradoxical sleep stages; c) in relation to the influences exerted by the sleep-wakefulness cycle on the visual evoked potentials, the parameters most affected were those closely related to the secondary complex. We conclude, that latency, due to its great homogeneity, is the most useful parameter in this kind of experiments and secondly, that it is the secondary complex of the visual evoked potentials that is affected by the endogenous conditions of the subject (in our case the sleep-wakefulness cycle stage). PMID- 6658142 TI - Effect of chronic noise or water restriction on weight of body and organs in the rat. AB - The effect of either chronic noise or water restriction on body weight gain and weight of several glands and organs has been studied in male Wistar rats. The results indicate that chronic noise does not affect the relative weight of glands and organs but it induces a slight decrease in body weight gain. Water restriction provokes a strong decrease in body weight gain and relative weight of the liver while it increases significantly the relative weight of other glands and organs as a likely consequence of the decrease in body mass. Chronic noise does not seems to be a strong stress and it markedly differs from water restriction which is not appropriate as a model of chronic stress. PMID- 6658143 TI - Kinetics and characteristics of murine macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in presence of PHA: appearance of multinucleated giant cells in vitro. AB - The appearance of cellular associations between macrophages and lymphocytes- which we have denominated macrophage-lymphocyte rosettes--and their kinetic formation in the presence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) have been studied in B10 A (4R) mice. The greatest number of macrophage-lymphocyte rosettes was found from 6 to 12 hours after incubation with PHA. During this time, 42.38 +/- 10.70 of the total number of macrophages had lymphocytes attached to their membranes. This percentage decreased to 17.33 +/- 2.07% after 24 hours. The activation of macrophages after PHA treatment was tested by the phagocytic capacity of these cells. This activity increased significantly 24 hours after incubation. In our assay, an increase in the appearance of multinucleated giant cells when compared to controls was also observed. When the macrophages were lymphocyte depleted, the appearance of the multinucleated giant cells was significantly lower. The kinetics for these formations are also discussed. PMID- 6658144 TI - [Acute toxicity and hematological and serum changes caused by various cobalt salts in rats]. AB - The acute toxicities of chloride, acetate, cobalt nitrate and cobalt sulphate (II) were investigated in rats. The values obtained for the LD50 (7 days) were 133, 194, 198 and 279 mg of Co/kg respectively, when the salts were given orally. The values for intraperitoneal administration were 10.6, 8.8, 8.3 and 11.5 mg of Co/kg. The majority of deaths occurred during the first 48 hours. The physical and clinical signs appearing after the intoxication disappeared for the most part after the first 72 hours. Also, the effect produced by chloride and cobalt acetate (II) given orally and intraperitoneally, in some hematological parameters and serum parameters during the first 24 hours after intoxications, has been studied at several doses. A noteworthy increase was observed in the hemoglobin and hematocrit as well as in the plasma proteins. There was significant hyperglycemia and also significant changes in the lipid parameters such as triglycerides and cholesterol. The duration and degree of the change depended on the dose. As a general rule, no significant differences were registered between the results obtained for the two salts. PMID- 6658145 TI - GABA-T in bovine medulla cells: kinetic properties and comparison with GABA-T from other tissues. AB - 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GABA-T) has been found in adrenal medulla. The enzyme from this tissue is very similar to those found in other tissues in respect to their mitochondrial localization, optima pH and responses to cofactor. The enzyme from medulla has substrate km values similar to those for the brain enzyme, while it differs from those found for other tissues such as kidney, liver and platelets. PMID- 6658146 TI - Biliary response to food in chickens with intact or interrupted enterohepatic circulation. AB - The biliary secretion in response to food has been studied in chicken. In this species, a well defined biliary postprandial response with a clear vesicular component can be estimated. The bile salt independent fraction increases after feeding. Our results show that gallbladder bile has a lower osmotic power. The biliary response to food when the enterohepatic circulation is blocked, diminishes. The relationship between bile salt independent fraction values, whether the vesicular duct is tied or not, remains constant when the enterohepatic circulation is interrupted. PMID- 6658147 TI - [Effect of experimental changes in thyroid function on oxidative metabolism and glutamate dehydrogenase activity in the limbic system of the rat]. AB - The oxidative metabolism and GDH activity has been studied in the following regions of the brain: frontal cortex, as tissue control, adenohypophysis, hypothalamus and limbic system in adult male rats subjected to alterations of the thyroid function due to excess (by hyperthyroidism with L-thyroxine and thyrotoxicosis with Tri-iodothyronine) or defect (chronic hypothyroidism by thyroidectomy, 131-I treatment and low iodine diet). A different influence of the H.T. was observed in these animals according to the areas studied and the experimental situation induced. All this seems to indicate an oxidative metabolic pattern peculiar to each area of the brain following H.T. administration. On the other hand, the decrease of the QO2 in chronic hypothyroidism in the majority of the areas studied is remarkable. In GDH results activity increased or decreased depending on the absence or presence of thyroid hormones. PMID- 6658148 TI - [Effects of bilateral nephroadrenectomy on the composition of perilymphatic fluid in the rat]. AB - The examination of osmolality and ionic composition of plasma and perilymphatic liquid of nephroadrenectomized rats was performed by systematic methods. Significant increases in osmolality, Na and K concentrations were found in perilymph of nephroadrenectomized animals. The functional importance of these findings is evaluated, and the influence of blood labyrinth barrier and osmotic mechanisms on these results is discussed. Simultaneously, the possibility that similar mechanisms might be involved in the pathogenesis of Meniere's disease is pointed out. A possible route on pathogenical and clinical studies in labyrinth pathology is enhanced. PMID- 6658149 TI - Method for triglyceride measurement in small amounts of plasma. AB - A method is described for determining triacylglyceride concentration in small amounts of plasma. After ethanolic-KOH digestion of diluted plasma aliquots, samples were neutralized with MgSO4 and glycerol was fluorimetrically assayed in supernatants by the coupling of glycerokinase, pyruvate kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase catalyzed reactions. Values were corrected by free glycerol present in the non-digested samples. Digestions were performed at different times and temperatures in order to establish optimum conditions for recoveries and reproducibility. Parallel determinations before and after phospholipid removal showed that their presence in plasma did not interfere with the obtained values. This method is especially useful for running many samples in parallel and for determinations in small experimental animals in which the amount of plasma is very limited. PMID- 6658150 TI - Kinetics of the mediated transport and the passive net flux of phenylalanine across the rat small intestine in vivo. AB - The kinetics of L-phenylalanine absorption by rat jejunum, in vivo, has been studied with luminal perfusion (0.68 ml/min) during successive periods at different substrate concentrations. The non-saturable passive component, measured by inhibiting the active transport with 60 mM methionine, was a linear function of the substrate concentration with an apparent mass-transfer coefficient of 1.42 nmoles/cm/min/mmoles/l. The transport component, estimated from the difference between total absorption and the passive component, displays saturation kinetics with an apparent transport constant (Km) of 7.5 mM and maximal transport rate (Vmax) of 107 nmoles/cm/min. Active transport seems to be the main component in absorbing phenylalanine proceeding from the digestion of food proteins. PMID- 6658151 TI - [Respiratory pathology of isocyanates]. AB - Isocyanates are chemical compounds used in making polyurethane (for flexible or rigid foam, paint, varnish, glue and textiles). In strong concentrations isocyanates are powerful irritants producing chemical bronchopulmonary lesions. In weak doses they are responsible for occupational asthma and more rarely allergic alveolitis. Long term exposure to isocyanates may produce a deterioration in pulmonary function in asymptomatic patients. The pathophysiology of isocyanate asthma remains uncertain: immunological data remains contradictory while isocyanates have been shown to have a Betablocking effect. The maximum allowable concentration in the working environment, at present proposed in the U.S.A. is 0.005 ppm. PMID- 6658152 TI - [Ciliary disorders of the bronchi in children]. AB - The present study relates to 39 children, 24 boys and 15 girls, aged 1 to 17 (mean age, 6 1/2 years) suffering from chronic airflow obstruction without muco viscidosis. The search for a ciliary anomaly was motivated either by the coexistence of situs inversus (group I: 12 cases) or by the negative or scanty aetiological history (group II: 27 cases). The investigation of the cilia consists of a study of ciliary motility and an ultrastructural study of biopsy specimens using the electron microscope. Groups I and II were similar as regards severity of disease, assessed by the incidence of bronchiectasis and chronic hypoxia at rest; a higher incidence of neonatal respiratory distress was noted in group I (7 cases against 4 in group II). Ciliary immotility was particularly noted in group I (7 cases) and one case of weak motility in group II. The major ultrastructural anomalies of the axonemal complex were seen as well in both groups I and II; it was noted that all the structures may be totally or partially missing with the exception of the peripheral microtubules. The discussion centred on three points: 1. In the first analysis, the discordance between the existance of major ultrastructural anomalies of the axonemal complex, a priori incompatible with the conservation of ciliary motility on light microscopy; the link seems to lie in the percentage of cilia affected, the existence of ciliary dyskinesia and finally the disorientation of the basal corpuscles. 2. The immunologic abnormalities sometimes associated with a syndrome of ciliary immotility: that is the anomalies of leucokyte migration under the control of microtubular structures in the peri-centriolar region. 3. The practical consequences. Current treatment rests on daily respiratory physiotherapy and antibiotics adapted for cases of superinfection; also there are drugs stimulating ciliary activity perhaps by the effect on their residual motility; some substances carrying ATP and ATP-ase may re-establish ciliary motility anulled by the absence of dynein arms; also the observations of major ultrastructural abnormalities ought to lead to better genetic counselling than at present, where the mode or modes of transmission are uncertain. PMID- 6658153 TI - [Comparison of 3 6-month chemotherapy regimes in pulmonary tuberculosis in routine practice in Algiers. 18th-month results]. AB - Three 6 month antituberculous regimes were compared during a controlled trial in Algiers. Isoniazid and Rifampicin were used every day for six months in all three regimes; a third drug was used as a supplement in two of the three regimes during the first three months (Ethambutol or Pyrazinamide). The aim of the study was to assess the role of the third drug and also the suitability of a self-administered regime in routine practice. The results were analysed at eighteen months, twelve months after the end of therapy. The third drug had no influence on outcome in patients with sensitive organisms. There was a 2.5% relapse rate with no significant difference between the groups. On the other hand the third drug was crucial for those patients initially resistant to Isoniazid, because a relapse or failure due to primary resistance was avoided. The 6 month regimes were well tolerated: the treatment was only changed in 0.8% of cases for major toxicity. Finally, short self-administered oral regimens were well tolerated by the patients. PMID- 6658154 TI - [Theoretical cost of the medical treatment of a case of tuberculosis in France in 1982]. AB - The theoretical cost of the medical treatment of a case of tuberculosis in France in 1982 was calculated after considering the price of diagnosis, drugs, in patient care and follow up. For exclusively out-patient (ambulatory) care, 9 months treatment was 10 times less expensive than a therapeutic regime which included a hospital/sanatorium stay of four months followed by a return home. The major differences of theoretical costs involved were more closely related to location of treatment rather than either the drugs chosen (as Rifampicin was always used), or the type of follow up over 9 months. PMID- 6658155 TI - [Tuberculosis in France. Current epidemiologic status and evolution over the last 10 years]. AB - By evaluating the statistics of the cause of death, the current reports of antituberculous clinics and the information gathered from the tuberculosis registers of certain departments, an epidemiological survey in France shows that there were 2,048 deaths due to tuberculosis in 1981 (3.8 per 100,000). The level is steadily falling; these were 8.2/100,000 in 1970. It is the same for morbidity, the incidence of all forms of tuberculosis was 54 0/0000 in 1972 and 26.9 in 1980. In the register in the Bas-Rhin the level fell from 70.5 to 30.4, in the Rhone from 41.6 to 14.4 and in the Hautes Pyrenees from 22.2 (in 1973) to 15.3. In the Bas-Rhin the prevalence has fallen steadily: 233.3 in 1972 to 97.7 in 1979. Foreigners are five times more affected than the French by respiratory forms and 8 times more for extra-respiratory tuberculosis. Those who came from Black Africa are the most affected. PMID- 6658156 TI - [Adjusting or not adjusting isoniazid dosage?]. AB - Between the 24 October 1977 and the 31 December 1978 a series of 299 patients were treated with triple therapy--Rifampicin, Ethambutol and Isoniazid; the latter was given in a standard dose of 5 mg/kg. Between the 1 January 1979 and the 31 December 1981 a second series of 448 patients were treated with the same combination, Isoniazid was given in a dose adjusted for acetylator status (Vivien et coll.). In all the patients the serum concentration of Isoniazid at 3, 6 and 12 hours (after a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg) were measured and the two series of patients were comparable. No significant difference was noted between the two groups regarding either efficacy or toxicity. The adjustment of Isoniazid dosage according to acetylator status has not resulted in any statistically significant benefit in those patients studied. PMID- 6658157 TI - [Pulmonary complications in "sniffers"]. AB - When a sudden death occurs, a necropsy is of the upmost value, but sometimes it does not yield the anticipated benefit; in this situation histological study of the specimens may help the diagnosis. We describe two decreased "sniffers" with pulmonary lesions that could have explained their sudden deaths. The histological appearance is often not recognised and considerably worsens the prognosis in subjects inhaling certain drugs. PMID- 6658158 TI - [Apparently primary pulmonary hemangiopericytoma. Apropos of 7 cases]. AB - Seven cases of pulmonary hemangiopericytoma (presumed to be primary v.i.) are reported. Personal observations on these cases combined with 43 already described in the literature allow certain characteristics of the disorder to be accurately defined. Clinically, primary pulmonary hemangiopericytoma raises the aetiological problem of a peripheral solitary tumour beyond endoscopic vision. Until the present time the diagnosis has always been made by thoracotomy. Transpleural pulmonary biopsies may allow a preoperative diagnosis. Silver stains and electron microscopy enable an anatomo-pathological diagnosis. Histological studies can neither distinguish between benign and malignant forms nor differentiate between primary or metastatic hemangiopericytoma. For this reason there is always a long period of doubt whether the tumour is primary; only prolonged survival of the patients after excision will confirm whether the tumour was a primary or not. Treatment is essentially surgical. It seems that new techniques in radiotherapy (high energy) and new possibilities of chemotherapy (with Adriamycin) are capable of improving the prognosis of the malign form. However, such a therapeutic strategy remains to be defined as these tumours are so rare. PMID- 6658159 TI - [5-year survival of resected bronchial cancer. Multifactorial analysis of its prognosis]. AB - Prognosis in patients having undergone surgery for a bronchial carcinoma (oat cell. carcinoma excluded) was studied by comparing, with two statistical methods, a group of 178 patients surviving five years and more (group I) and a group of 178 patients who died within five years (group II). The two groups had undergone treatment during the same period. Comparison of the two groups suggested that the following factors were indicators of a good prognosis: ratio weight-height within normal limits without recent weight loss, fortuitous detection of the carcinoma; normal aspect on bronchoscopy; T1 N0 type without vascular extension, limited exeresis. Recurrences of the carcinoma were generally observed in group II but could be present in group I. The differential prognosis between pulmonary metastases and a "new" bronchial carcinoma was difficult. Survival was finally determined by the frequency of recurrences and metastases. By a correspondences factorial analysis it was possible to separate and to define the main characteristics of the patients with a good prognosis and a long survival and of those with a poor prognosis and a short survival. However this proved to be exact in only 30% of the individual cases because occurrence of metastases was generally unforeseable. From these data it appears that surgery alone is indicated in only one kind of tumours; T1 N0 carcinomas detected by routine examinations. PMID- 6658160 TI - [Long-term prognosis of chronic bronchitis following the first episode of acute respiratory decompensation]. AB - In order to assess the prognosis significance of the first episode of acute respiratory failure in chronic bronchitic, 100 bronchitics experiencing an episode of failure were followed for 3 1/2 to 6 years. A multivariate statistical analysis revealed the best prognostic parameters: the FEV1 (VEMS), the steady state Co transfer, age, neuro-psychiatric signs of respiratory failure and supra ventricular dysrhythmias on ECG. Normocapnia contributes to a stabilised respiratory state. A predictive value could not be established for the clinical signs of right ventricular failure and of right ventricular hypertrophy on the ECG. Cardio-respiratory failure is the dominant cause of death but other causes occur more frequently in those subjects with severe respiratory impairment. PMID- 6658161 TI - [New elements in the interpretation of flow-volume curves]. AB - We have measured flow-volume curves (FV) in 167 normal individuals of both sexes aged 20 to 89. All were non-smokers and none had cardio-respiratory disease. The flows at 25, 50 and 75 per cent of vital capacity (VC) as well as flows normalized by VC or total lung capacity (TLC) gave, in general, good correlation coefficients with age. The parameters V25/TLC and especially V50/TLC gave for the best correlations with age and we suggest these parameters in future when flow volume curves are used to assess respiratory pathophysiology. Normal values as well as regression equations of these parameters with age are proposed for various age groups in the 20-89 years age range. PMID- 6658162 TI - [Renal-pancreatic syndrome]. PMID- 6658163 TI - [Virus B infection in chronic alcoholic liver diseases]. PMID- 6658164 TI - [Role of portasystemic shunt in the remission of the hypersplenic syndrome in portal hypertension]. PMID- 6658165 TI - [Dynamic electrocardiography]. PMID- 6658166 TI - [A new classification of immunodeficiency syndromes]. PMID- 6658167 TI - [Lyme's disease: another success for bacteriology]. PMID- 6658168 TI - [Toxic phenomena from smoke exposure in fires: physiopathology, clinical aspects, therapy]. PMID- 6658169 TI - [Physiopathology of myocardial ischemia]. PMID- 6658170 TI - [Prognostic stratification of acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6658171 TI - [Rheumatic cardiopathy: from the pre-clinical phase to the crystallized disease. A diagnostic approach]. PMID- 6658172 TI - [Magnetotherapy]. PMID- 6658173 TI - [Hyaluronidase treatment of acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6658174 TI - [Immunologic markers of type B viral hepatitis in patients with homozygote transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia]. PMID- 6658176 TI - Paediatric oncology. PMID- 6658175 TI - Epidemiology of paediatric cancer. PMID- 6658177 TI - Benefits and complications of combined management of children with malignant disease. PMID- 6658178 TI - The pathology and natural history of childhood tumours. PMID- 6658179 TI - Assessment by radiological techniques. PMID- 6658180 TI - The childhood lymphomas. PMID- 6658181 TI - Neuroblastoma: recent developments in assessment and management. PMID- 6658182 TI - Soft tissue sarcomas in children. PMID- 6658183 TI - [Rehabilitation after craniocerebral injury in children--a neuropsychological study]. AB - In 50 children admitted to the Gailingen neurological rehabilitation clinic for children and young people following craniocerebral trauma to undergo several months of rehabilitative treatment, the process of regression of the neuropsychological disorders incurred has been systematically monitored. At the onset of in-patient rehabilitation the children under study demonstrated reduced performance levels, the disorders taking the form of a marked disintegration of the various functional dimensions. In the course of the rehabilitative treatment, hierarchical integration of the various functions concerned increased steadily, resulting on the whole in more economical and adequate cognitive strategies. The rehabilitation process as such is conceived as a process of re-structuring, and not primarily as a learning process in the classical sense. The regression of the initial symptoms over the three-months observation period had been verifiable in all test procedures applied. Yet, some 25 to 30 percent of the children under study presented considerable learning impairments on their discharge from in patient treatment, so that special education measures are indicated for these children. PMID- 6658184 TI - [Legal bases and institutions for non-industrial vocational rehabilitation]. AB - Responsibility in the field of non-industrial vocational rehabilitation is divided between the public law social security institutions, and the rehabilitation facilities which, formally, come under private law. The legal bases governing the relationship among financially responsible social security institution - rehabilitee - rehabilitation facility have as yet not been determined by normative legislation. This fact gives rise to difficulties in dealing with the legal issues involved. Rehabilitation services are delivered by facilities for vocational training or re-training, as well as workshops for the disabled. Since the 20th pension adjustment act has come into effect, the most important financially responsible social security institution has been the Federal Employment Institute. PMID- 6658185 TI - Stoichiometry of calcium binding by hypoglycemic sulfonylureas. AB - In a two-phase bulk system for the study of Ca ionophoresis, certain hypoglycemic sulfonylureas, when added to the organic phase, were translocated into the aqueous medium. Nevertheless, the stoichiometry of Ca binding by these agents could be assessed by repeated mixing of the aqueous medium with organic phases. At saturation, the binding of Ca ranged from 0.5 to 1.0 mole/mole of sulfonylurea. A 1:1 molar ratio was observed with glibenclamide, and this was found to be compatible with the conformational analysis of the Ca-glibenclamide complex. There was a tight correlation between the stoichiometry of the Ca sulfonylurea complex and the biological potency of each drug. This suggests that such a stoichiometry may be responsible, in part at least, for differences in the insulinotropic capacity of distinct hypoglycemic sulfonylureas. PMID- 6658186 TI - Gentamicin ototoxicity dissociated from glucose uptake and utilization. AB - The hypothesis was tested that gentamicin causes loss of cochlear microphonic potentials by interfering with glucose transport or metabolism in cochlear structures. Gentamicin (3 or 10 mM), applied by perilymphatic perfusion in the guinea pig, reduced cochlear microphonics in a dose-dependent manner. The presence of 5 mM glucose lowered the initial rate but not the final (60 min) loss of cochlear microphonics. Glucosamine (2-deoxy-2-aminoglucose), a reported inhibitor of glucose transport, had no effect at concentrations as high as 20 mM. Glucose utilization was measured by introducing radiolabeled deoxyglucose into the perfusate and determining its uptake into inner ear tissues. Concentrations of deoxyglucose-6-phosphate in organ of Corti and in stria vascularis increased linearly with time and remained unaffected by the presence of 3 mM gentamicin. Ten mM gentamicin reduced deoxyglucose uptake by 30% in the lateral wall tissues but not in the organ of Corti preparation. The lack of correlation between loss of microphonics and glucose utilization does not support interference with glucose metabolism as a primary mechanism of aminoglycoside ototoxicity. PMID- 6658187 TI - Lack of effect of bilateral nephrectomy on the pharmacokinetics of 14C-indapamide (REV 2555) and its metabolites in the dog. AB - Renal impairment can affect the disposition of metabolites, as well as unchanged drug, especially when there is significant renal clearance of metabolites. The pharmacokinetics of indapamide, a highly metabolized drug, and total indapamide equivalents (as an indicator of metabolites plus unchanged drug) were determined in the anephric dog. An intravenous dose of 14C-indapamide was administered to dogs first after a sham-operation, and then following bilateral nephrectomy. The disposition of total indapamide equivalents, calculated from total radioactivity, was not substantially different after nephrectomy as compared to after sham operation, with an increase after nephrectomy in the area under the blood level curve (+26.2%), and decreases in the elimination rate constant (-6.9%), volume of distribution (-12.7%) and total blood clearance (-21.9%). The only statistically significant change was the decrease in the volume of distribution. The elimination kinetics of unchanged drug were also qualitatively similar in both cases. After nephrectomy, a decrease was seen in the elimination rate constant ( 10.9%) and the volume of distribution (-16.3%) while slight increases in the total blood clearance (+1.9%) and the area under the blood level curve (+4.8%) were noted. These findings could have important implications for advantageous use of indapamide in treatment of hypertensive patients with renal failure since these data suggest that metabolites as well as unchanged drug could still be effectively eliminated by an alternate, non-renal route, thus minimizing accumulation of these compounds. PMID- 6658188 TI - Chemical aspects of propranolol metabolism. Synthesis and identification of 3-(4 hydroxy-1-naphthoxy)propane-1,2-diol as a metabolite of propranolol in the dog, in man and in the rat liver 9000g supernatant fraction. AB - 4-Hydroxypropranolol glycol (2), a suspected metabolite of propranolol was synthesized from 4-allyloxy-1-naphthaldehyde (4). Osmium tetroxide oxidation of 4 afforded a glycol (5) and subsequent Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement afforded 2. Its presence as a biliary metabolite in a dog maintained on a constant infusion of pseudoracemic propranolol (made up of equal molar 2S-propranolol-3',3'-d2 and 2R-propranolol-d0) into the portal vein was confirmed based on GC-MS data of the TFA and TMS derivatives of the standard and biliary metabolites. Greater amounts of 2 arose from 2R-propranolol than from 2S-propranolol (1.5:1). Similarly, 2 was formed as a urinary metabolite in one subject maintained on oral propranolol, 80 mg every 6 hours. Compound 2 was also formed when propranolol and propranolol glycol were incubated in the presence of the rat liver 9000g supernatant fraction. In addition to 2, an isomeric ring-hydroxylated propranolol glycol, perhaps 7-hydroxypropranolol glycol, was formed when propranolol glycol was the substrate. PMID- 6658189 TI - The effect of propranolol on metabolism and on membrane-associated polysaccharide components of Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum. AB - The effects of propranolol on the metabolism (cell growth, cell differentiation and cell respiration) as well as on membrane-associated polysaccharide components of Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum were investigated. At the dose of 10(-2) and 10(-3) mM the drug increased significantly the number of the more differentiated opisthomastigote form of the protozoan, whereas at higher concentrations (10(-1) mM) total inhibition of growth occurred with gross cell lysis. Propranolol (10( 3) mM) enhanced the oxidation of glycerol and more markedly that of glucose, glutamic acid and proline. The pattern of the composition of membrane-associated polysaccharides was also substantially changed: the drug (10(-3) mM) induced a preferential synthesis of galactose and a marked decrease of xylose and mannose, whereas glucose content remained practically unchanged. PMID- 6658190 TI - Tubocurarine has no clear effect on the metabolism of exogenous arachidonic acid in hamster isolated lungs. AB - The effect of tubocurarine on the metabolism of exogenous 14C-arachidonic acid (14C-AA) was investigated in isolated perfused hamster lungs. When 40 nmol of 14C AA was infused in two minutes into the pulmonary circulation the perfusion pressure increased and 14C-AA metabolized to prostaglandins, thromboxane and lipoxygenase metabolites which were analysed from the nonrecirculating perfusion effluent. When tubocurarine (4 or 40 micrograms/ml) was infused into the pulmonary circulation the increase in the perfusion pressure was not changed and the amounts of arachidonate metabolites were not changed dose dependently. At 4 micrograms/ml tubocurarine slightly decreased the amount of some prostaglandins (eg. PGE2) but with the higher concentration of 40 micrograms/ml no significant changes were detected. The present study indicates that tubocurarine has no clear dose dependent effect on the metabolism of exogenous arachidonic acid in hamster lungs. PMID- 6658191 TI - In vitro effects of fructose-1,6-diphosphate on oxygen affinity and electrolyte equilibrium in human blood. AB - The in vitro effects of a solution of fructose-1,6-diphosphate on hemoglobin oxygen affinity and electrolyte distribution between plasma and red cells were evaluated. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate increased intracellular pH and decreased extracellular pH. There were no shifts in Na+, K+, Ca++ and Cl- between plasma and red cells. Red cell content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate remained unchanged, while P50 was reduced (as a consequence of the intracellular alkalosis). The therapeutical implications of these results are discussed. PMID- 6658192 TI - A non-invasive off-line method of measuring cardiac output. AB - The measurement of cardiac output has many clinical applications and the development of a reliable, non-invasive measurement technique would be of considerable value to clinicians, cardio-respiratory physiologists and cardiovascular pharmacologists. Currently-used methods of measuring cardiac output are either invasive, and therefore potentially dangerous, or require the use of expensive, sophisticated, complex equipment which often has to be kept exclusively for the purpose of measuring cardiac output. We describe a method based on the recently modified and validated acetylene rebreathing technique which avoids the necessity for on-line computer acquisition of data by employing semi-manual digitization of hard copy recordings. The method is non-invasive, accurate, sensitive and relatively inexpensive. In addition, the whole technique can be rapidly performed by minimally trained personnel. PMID- 6658193 TI - Circadian changes in the elimination of misonidazole in mouse. AB - Intraperitoneal doses of Misonidazole were administered at 15.00 hours and 03.00 hours to Balb c/cenlco mice standardized in controlled environmental cages for 3 weeks before the experiment. Non linear pharmacokinetic and temporal variations in the apparent half life were obtained at higher doses. PMID- 6658194 TI - Inhibition of gastric emptying by angiotensin in the rat and its antagonism by saralasin. AB - Angiotensin, administered by intraperitoneal route (0.1 - 100 micrograms/kg) significantly delayed gastric emptying in the conscious rat. This action, most probably connected with the spasmogenic effect on the gastroduodenal junction, was antagonized by saralasin (125 and 250 micrograms/kg intraperitoneally). Our data seem to suggest an action of the peptide on the stomach mediated through an interaction with specific receptors. PMID- 6658195 TI - Effect of iodobenzene therapy on mitochondrial activity in 2-thiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in weanling rats. AB - Hypothyroidism was produced in weanling albino rats by the oral administration of 2-thiouracil (TU) for 110 days. These animals recorded nearly 50 per cent reduction in mitochondrial oxidation of succinate, protein content and the activity of inner mitochondrial membrane-bound beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. Administration of iodobenzene (IB; 0.1 microgram/rat/day) and L thyroxine (T4; 0.6 microgram/rat/day) to two sets of hypothyroid rats restored the reduced oxidation rate, enzyme activity and protein content to near normal values. IB was comparable to T4 and may act as a thyroid stimulant. PMID- 6658196 TI - X-ray microanalysis of hepatocytes in thyroidectomized rats. AB - Thyroid hormones are assumed to be a factor which influences elemental distribution in animal tissues, including liver, by their action on the passive Na-K permeability of cell membrane (Folke and Sestoft, 1977) and/or by stimulation of the Na-K pump (Ismail-Beigi and Edelman, 1970), as well as by the enhancement of tubular reabsorption of Na and Cl in kidneys (Discala and Kinney, 1971). We have shown previously that thyroxine administration does not significantly change intracellular ion concentrations in rat hepatocytes (Smith et al., 1983). In the present study we have used X-ray microanalysis to examine the effect of thyroidectomy on the elemental content of rat hepatocytes. PMID- 6658197 TI - Effects of various agents on the in vivo "lipoperoxide" content of rat liver and kidney and on the "lipoperoxide" and lipid content of liver slices. AB - "Lipoperoxide" content increases in rat livers 2h after emetine and glucosamine and 24h after CCl4, cycloheximide, colchicine, emetine and ethionine administration. Renal "lipoperoxides" decrease 24h after glucosamine and 24h and 72h after X-rays. In liver slices thiobarbituric acid values are increased by diethyl maleate, glucosamine and puromycin. Loss in lipid content is accelerated in liver slices by cycloheximide, emetine, FeCl3 but counteracted by colchicine and ethanol. PMID- 6658198 TI - Response of the left ventricular connective tissue to hypoxia. AB - The collagen content (measured as myocardial concentration of hydroxyproline) and dry weight (expressed as ventricle weight to body weight ratio) were determined in the left ventricle of male Sprague-Dawley rats (200--220 g b.wt.) exposed to a simulated altitude of 7,000 m for 18 h a day for 10 days in a hypobaric chamber. Hypoxia resulted in a significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the mass of the left ventricle with a concomitant significantly increased collagen concentration (P less than 0.001). The data indicate that hypoxia effects the synthesis of a significant amount of connective tissue in the left ventricle, which is the ventricle not exposed to pressure load. These results may be related to clinical, hemodynamic, and pathologic observations showing the left ventricular dysfunction in patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. Since the amount of collagen in the left ventricle might interfere with contractile function, it is suggested that the hypoxia in these patients could affect the left ventricular myocardium via a direct action on the connective metabolism. PMID- 6658199 TI - Myocardial intra- and extracellular calcium changes following cardioplegic cardiac arrest. AB - To study the behavior of myocardial cellular calcium during the course of myocardial ischemia following cardiac arrest induced by the chemical cardioplegia, LK352, transmural biopsies were made from the apex of the left ventricle of nine patients undergoing electric cardiac surgery. The biopsies were made before the onset of extracorporeal circulation, at the end of ischemia, and after the discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass following reperfusion and cardiac resuscitation. Ultrastructural studies focused on the pattern of distribution in the interstitial space of a certain combination of elements forming microcrystals, together with a quantitative intracellular calcium assay, based on electron probe X-ray microanalysis, presented the following results: In the course of ischemia, a highly significant depletion of intracellular calcium was associated with the pooling of calcium in the interstitial space. An intracellular calcium assay following coronary reperfusion with systemic blood demonstrated intracellular calcium replenishment in association with the depletion of the calcium which had accumulated in the interstitial space during ischemia. The intracellular concentration of calcium after reperfusion approximated the control value. Based on our results, we consider the intracellular calcium depletion a mechanism which keeps the heart arrested in the diastole. PMID- 6658200 TI - Intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ in aortic smooth muscle cells after enzymatic isolation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - In aortic smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats, which were separated from the blood vessels by enzymatic digestion, intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ activities were measured. The determinations were made by ion-selective electrodes. In smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ activities were elevated as compared to cells from normotensive rats (P less than 0.001 for Na+ and P less than 0.01 for Ca2+). Since in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats intracellular Ca2+ is known to be not significantly increased, primarily humoral factors may account for the changes in intracellular Ca2+ reported. PMID- 6658201 TI - Effects of fat-supplemented diets on plasma lipoproteins and the apoprotein/lipid ratios in rabbits. AB - Male white New Zealand rabbits were maintained for 4 weeks on one of the following diets: (1) normal chow diet, (2) chow plus 1% cholesterol and 3% coconut oil, (3) diet 2 plus 100 IU alpha-tocopherol, and (4) diet 2 plus 100 ml 10% alcohol daily. Total serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly increased with diets 2, 3, 4. These diets resulted in a shift in distribution of the lipid transported so that a much greater percentage was transported in LDL and VLDL and a much smaller fraction in HDL. The ratio of protein to lipid decreased drastically in LDL in groups 2, 3, and 4 as compared to normals; it also decreased markedly in VLDL of groups 3 and 4. The ratio of protein to lipid decreased in the HDL of group 2, but not in 3 and 4. Neither vitamin E nor alcohol supplementation changed the hyperlipemic response to the high fat diet. These data indicate that in the hyperlipidemic rabbits, the composition of VLDL and LDL were altered, and that a change in the relative distribution of lipids among the lipoprotein classes occurred. PMID- 6658202 TI - Potassium load in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Effects on blood pressure, renin-angiotensin, aldosterone, and intracellular electrolytes. AB - To study the mechanisms by which K+ influences vascular tone in hypertension, spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats were examined during an oral K+ load. There was a marked decrease in blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive but not in normotensive rats. Intraerythrocytic K+ concentration and activity increased in normotensive but not in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Intraerythrocytic Na+ concentration and activity declined in both strains, the decrease in Na+ activity being more prominent in spontaneously hypertensive rats (P less than 0.05). Intraerythrocytic Ca2+ activity decreased in spontaneously hypertensive rats (P less than 0.01) but not in normotensive rats. In both strains plasma aldosterone concentration increased during K+ load, the plasma renin activity being suppressed. The basal levels of plasma aldosterone in spontaneously hypertensive rats exceeded those in normotensive rats. It is concluded that intraerythrocytic Ca2+, and to a lesser extent Na+, correlate best with the blood pressure changes. These ionic changes may be mediated by hormonal factors. The significance of the elevated plasma aldosterone levels has not yet been entirely clarified. PMID- 6658204 TI - [Progress in pacemaker leads]. PMID- 6658203 TI - Pathogenesis of circulatory reactions triggered by nervous reflexes during the implantation of bone cements. AB - Circulatory and respiratory reactions during the implantation of joint endoprostheses have been observed for years. The components of the bone cements used for anchoring (methyl methacrylate monomer) or the outpour of bone marrow substances from the affected bone marrow cavity are thought to be chiefly responsible for these effects. However, our previous investigations demonstrated unambiguously that reactions of this type can be attributed to direct nervous reflex mechanisms triggered by the pressure rise in the medullary canal, and that, in addition, bone marrow embolism plays a part in serious circulatory incidents. The investigations on which the present paper is based have confirmed the mechanism of circulatory reactions triggered by direct nervous reflex and have shown once again that the release of cement monomers is not of any significance, at least not in animal experiments. In regard of the characteristics of these reflex processes, it has been possible to show by both surgical and pharmacologic interventions in the vegetative nervous system, performed before and during pressure experiments, that these reflex processes are caused not so much by an increase of the vagus tone as by a central inhibition of the sympathicus. Neither administrations of atropine nor bilateral cervical vagotomy are able to prevent the reactions. This was only possible under the influence of a ganglion blocker. PMID- 6658205 TI - [Selection of a pacing method]. PMID- 6658207 TI - [Indication for pacemaker implantation in tachycardia]. PMID- 6658206 TI - [Clinical efficacy of multiprogrammable pacemakers]. PMID- 6658208 TI - [Designing and application of an image-display type vascular diameter gauge]. PMID- 6658209 TI - [Effects of platelet activating factor (PAF:AGEPC) on airway and pulmonary vascular constriction of guinea pigs--with special reference to the relation with TXA2]. PMID- 6658210 TI - [Mechanism of increased osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in shock]. PMID- 6658211 TI - [Pulmonary hemodynamics in primary pulmonary hypertension and chronic pulmonary emphysema]. PMID- 6658212 TI - [Left ventricular function in adults with tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 6658213 TI - [Our method and concept concerning the activated clotting time (ACT) during cardiopulmonary bypass]. PMID- 6658214 TI - [Surgical treatment of W-P-W syndrome with multiple atrioventricular accessory conduction pathways and long conduction time]. PMID- 6658215 TI - [Case of cardiac sarcoidosis with a large ventricular aneurysm simulating acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 6658216 TI - [Experimental evaluation of the lower limb blood flow distribution studies using plethysmography and radioisotope clearance methods]. PMID- 6658217 TI - [Interstitial pneumonia--with special reference to idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP)]. PMID- 6658218 TI - [Effects of nicardipine hydrochloride on hemodynamics and regional myocardial functions in experimental coronary ischemia]. PMID- 6658219 TI - [Efficacy of exercise cardiograms in the 2d degree atrioventricular block]. PMID- 6658220 TI - [Primary pulmonary hypertension in a brother and a sister--combined administration of prazosin and isosorbide dinitrate]. PMID- 6658221 TI - [2 cases of anomalous pulmonary venous return into the inferior vena cava (incomplete Scimitar syndrome)]. PMID- 6658222 TI - [Case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with enhanced A-V nodal conduction]. PMID- 6658223 TI - [Case of Sjogren's syndrome associated with pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 6658224 TI - [Case of torsades de pointes]. PMID- 6658225 TI - [Case of myocardial sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6658226 TI - [Case of congenital internal mammary arteriovenous fistula]. PMID- 6658227 TI - [Autopsy case of left ventricular post-infarction aneurysm with extensive calcification]. PMID- 6658228 TI - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation and ARDS]. PMID- 6658229 TI - [Cardiac output determination using a newly developed NCCOM (noninvasive continuous cardiac output monitor)]. PMID- 6658230 TI - [Cardiovascular responses during bicycle ergometer exercise in children]. PMID- 6658231 TI - [Personal observations on work with the quantitative agglutination latex test in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 6658233 TI - [Study of the Hench-Rosenberg syndrome]. PMID- 6658232 TI - [Arthritis in patients with gout and renal colic]. PMID- 6658234 TI - [LIF test in humans. Suggestions for evaluation of the results]. PMID- 6658235 TI - [In vitro hydrolysis of an ampicillin ester. II. Sensitivity tests in microorganisms of human origin]. PMID- 6658236 TI - [Prevalence of antibodies against the rubeola virus in an isolated Indian community, north of Para, Brazil]. PMID- 6658237 TI - [Factors that influence the transformation of infection to disease in mouse pseudotuberculosis]. PMID- 6658238 TI - [Fate of indigenous Staphylococcus aureus and artificially inoculated Salmonella in the processing and storage of non-pasteurized fresh cheese. II. Influence of pH, associated flora and the original inocula of the pathogens]. PMID- 6658239 TI - [Experimental model of hypersensitivity pneumonia in rats]. PMID- 6658241 TI - [Respiratory function in patients with atrial septal defects]. PMID- 6658240 TI - [Bacteriological study of bile and/or gallbladder mucosa in patients operated on for biliary pathology]. PMID- 6658242 TI - [Brain death: clinical, instrumental and pathological study in 15 patients]. PMID- 6658244 TI - [Bronchial carcinoma in autopsies: histological types and distribution of metastasis in 122 untreated cases]. PMID- 6658243 TI - [Combination therapy with prednisone, chlorambucil, dipyridamole and aspirin in various glomerular diseases. Experience with 33 patients]. PMID- 6658245 TI - [Recurrent duodenal ulcer following supraselective vagotomy]. PMID- 6658246 TI - [Malabsorption syndrome due to Strongyloides stercoralis. A case of autopsy]. PMID- 6658248 TI - [Plasmapheresis in human therapeutics]. PMID- 6658247 TI - [A case of lipomatosis of the heart conduction system and sudden death]. PMID- 6658249 TI - [Acute hypercalcemia and hypomagnesemia in a case of primary hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 6658250 TI - [Intensive plasma exchange for the prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by anti-Rhesus alloimmunization]. PMID- 6658251 TI - [Occupational stress, type A behavior and modification of arterial pressure]. PMID- 6658252 TI - [Various technics of voluntary, controlled cough applied in respiratory kinesitherapy. Physiopathologic approach and practical aspects]. PMID- 6658253 TI - [Vasculitis: physiopathologic properties]. PMID- 6658254 TI - [The role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of vasculitis]. PMID- 6658255 TI - [Vasculitis: diagnostic approach and surveillance]. PMID- 6658256 TI - [Treatment of vasculitis]. PMID- 6658257 TI - [Threshold of phosphate excretion or phosphoremia? Value in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 6658258 TI - [An integrated system and distribution of medical information. II. Its practical applications]. PMID- 6658259 TI - [Vesico-ureteral reflux]. PMID- 6658261 TI - [Functional disorders and the physician]. PMID- 6658260 TI - [Echocardiography. III. 2-dimensional echocardiography]. PMID- 6658262 TI - [Entomology and forensic medicine: dating of a death. Unpublished case]. PMID- 6658263 TI - [Pathology resulting from the privation of freedom]. PMID- 6658264 TI - [Exceptional treatment of resistant tachycardia]. PMID- 6658265 TI - [Measurement of esophageal pH]. PMID- 6658266 TI - [Neurologic complications of celiac disease in adults. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6658267 TI - [Fatal envenomation by multiple bee stings (Apis mellifera L.)]. PMID- 6658268 TI - [Systemic toxicity of local anesthetics]. PMID- 6658269 TI - [Anesthesia and analgesia in ambulatory surgery]. PMID- 6658270 TI - [Obstetric anesthesia at the Clinic of Montchoisi, Lausanne: 1972-1982]. PMID- 6658271 TI - [Obstetric peridural analgesia at the Nyon district hospital: 1981-1983]. PMID- 6658272 TI - [Cesarean section under peridural anesthesia and hypotension: value of preventive intra-venous ephedrine]. PMID- 6658273 TI - [Secondary peroperative effects of acrylic bone cement]. PMID- 6658274 TI - [Psychologic problems in a surgical intensive care unit]. PMID- 6658275 TI - [Respiratory physiotherapy in intensive care and during the postoperative period]. PMID- 6658276 TI - [Left superior vena cava, catheterization and diagnosis]. PMID- 6658277 TI - [Postoperative pain and its treatment]. PMID- 6658278 TI - [Physician-anesthetists today: an exposed profession]. PMID- 6658279 TI - [Sacrococcygeal teratoma]. PMID- 6658280 TI - Corynebacterium equi: a review of 12 cases of human infection. AB - Corynebacterium equi, an aerobic, variably acid-fast, gram-positive "diphtheroid," is an unusual cause of pulmonary infection in immunosuppressed patients. Initially, infection with C. equi may be mistaken for a mycobacterial infection. Two cases in a two-year period were observed and compared with the 10 cases previously reported in the literature. All but one patient had pulmonary involvement, and the presentation of all other patients was typically insidious, with fatigue, fever, and nonproductive cough. Chest roentgenograms showed cavitary lesions in seven of 11 patients. Four of 12 patients had associated bacteremias, and three of 12 had subcutaneous abscesses or lymphadenitis. One of our patients developed multiple brain abscesses. Overall mortality was 25%. The organism is susceptible to vancomycin, erythromycin, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol. Optimal duration of antibiotic therapy and the proper role of surgery in treatment is uncertain, but relapses have been common and many weeks of antibiotic therapy have generally been required for cure. PMID- 6658281 TI - The nature of an infectious disease practice in a community hospital. AB - Populations of patients in community and university-affiliated teaching hospitals differ, and therefore, problems encountered by infectious disease specialists in these two types of hospitals also differ. However, most infectious disease specialists are trained only in university hospitals. In order to characterize the nature of an infectious disease practice in a community hospital, the authors report data for the patients seen during a period of three years (July 1978-June 1981). Most of the 1,238 cases were referred by other physicians. General practitioners referred 35% of the cases, whereas internists, orthopedists, and surgeons referred 20%, 16%, and 10% respectively. Skin and wound infections accounted for the largest percentage of referrals (16%). Fever accounted for 9%, abdominal problems for 6%, and respiratory infections for 6%. Other problems referred to the infectious disease service included infections of the central nervous system, urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, and arthritis. PMID- 6658282 TI - Does epizootic lymphocytic choriomeningitis prime the pump for epidemic rickettsialpox? PMID- 6658283 TI - Too few and too little: barricades to the pursuit of health. AB - Academic responsibilities in the field of international health are considered. Too often the instructional process neglects essential aspects of the natural history and the control of infectious diseases. Few scientists are able to teach from a background of practical experience in the field. Little emphasis is placed on the continuum of problems deriving from an ever-changing human ecology. The program of "Health for All" of the World Health Organization and the recognition by the World Bank of health as an integral component of the developmental process are salutary events. Yet, progress depends on dedicated, informed leadership. Past examples can be found in the global contributions of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, at the national level in Costa Rica where disease preventable by immunization has disappeared, and at the community level in the successes of Drs. Warren and Gretchen Berggren in Haiti. While new "magic bullets" are to be anticipated, the resurgency of yaws, in spite of penicillin, emphasizes the need for leadership in achieving a sustained, societal effort based on sound ecologic considerations. PMID- 6658284 TI - Symposium on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Symposium, Washington, D.C., December 6-7, 1979. PMID- 6658285 TI - Examination of neutrophil function in a rat model of decreased host resistance following burn trauma. AB - The high incidence of serious opportunistic infection following human burn injury has been well documented. Investigations of the mechanisms of this acquired susceptibility have demonstrated several defects in phagocytic defenses. An established rat burn infection model was modified for study of neutrophil function in animals with a 60% burn injury. These 350-g rats received a 35-ml saline resuscitation, and when not further stressed, 80% of the animals survived to healing. Burned animals were found to have decreased inflammatory responses to intraperitoneal injections of heat-killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and sterile sodium caseinate. These reductions could not be explained by neutropenia. Prior immunization with heat-killed Pseudomonas did not improve the inflammatory response to homologous organisms injected intraperitoneally, but levamisole treatment did improve the inflammatory response. Epinephrine injection (intravenous) showed that burned animals have a markedly reduced proportion of marginated neutrophils but an increase in total peripheral neutrophil counts. The stress hormones corticosterone and catecholamines were elevated during times of decreased inflammatory responsiveness; additionally, neutrophils from burned animals had decreased adherence to nylon fiber. Serum from burned animals decreased in vitro adherence and chemotaxis of purified normal rat neutrophils. PMID- 6658286 TI - Interactions of thyroid hormones and catecholamines in severely burned patients. AB - A prospective study of thyroid function was performed in 20 thermally injured patients. Serum levels of free thyroxine (FT4) and free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (FT3) were measured in 10 patients (mean age, 34 years; mean burn size, 56%) studied during a period of clinical deterioration and in 10 patients of comparable age and burn size who were clinically stable. Both FT4 and FT3 values were significantly lower in the unstable patients, P less than .01. All FT3 values for the unstable patients, 193 +/- 14 pg/dl (mean +/- SE), were beneath the normal range for FT3, 230-669 pg/dl. Interactions of thyroid hormone and catecholamines were assessed in eight additional burned patients (mean age, 31 years, mean burn size, 57%). Plasma norepinephrine correlated negatively with serum T3 (r = -.70; P less than .01). A similar reciprocal relationship was described for plasma epinephrine and serum T3 (r = -.56; P less than .025). The reciprocal relationship described for serum T3 and plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine is consistent with that of similar observations in states of clinical hypothyroidism. In conclusion, the observations of suppression of free thyroid hormone with clinical deterioration and of a reciprocal relationship between T3 and catecholamines suggest that the critically ill burned patient may be chemically hypothyroid; this may be an adaptive response to assumption of metabolic control by the sympathetic nervous system and does not result from caloric deprivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6658287 TI - Further studies on the genetic control of murine corneal response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AB - Intracorneal challenge of mouse strains DBA/1 and DBA/2 with Pseudomonas aeruginosa demonstrated that these strains were naturally resistant; they spontaneously recovered within four weeks postinfection. On the other hand, mouse strains BALB/c and C57BL/6 were susceptible to corneal infections and exhibited permanent eye damage. Resistance was dominant over susceptibility since the F1 generation obtained by crossing the DBA/1 or the DBA/2 strains (resistant) with the BALB/c strain (susceptible) were all resistant. Natural resistance to intracorneal challenge with P. aeruginosa is controlled by two or more autosomal dominant genes, at least one of which is located outside of the major histocompatibility (H-2) complex. F1 hybrids of the susceptible BALB/c and C57BL/6 background exhibited resistance to intracorneal infection. On the basis of these complementation studies, plus data from the F2 generation obtained by crossing the F1 progeny obtained from the mating of BALB/c with C57BL/6, it is concluded that each susceptible strain bears one autosomal resistance gene and that a dominant gene is required at each of the two loci involved for resistance to be expressed. PMID- 6658288 TI - Inhibition of the activity of pseudomonas toxin by methylamine. AB - Methylamine at a concentration of 20 mM protected mouse LM cell fibroblasts from the action of pseudomonas toxin. Nearly total protection was observed when cells were pretreated with amine before the addition to toxin and amine, when amine and toxin were added simultaneously, or when amine was added up to 30 min after toxin binding. Later addition of methylamine afforded partial protection of the monolayers. Using electron microscopy, we observed that toxin initially bound diffusely to the cell surface but rapidly moved to coated pits and was internalized after cells were warmed to 37 C. Methylamine blocked the clustering of toxin into coated-pit areas of the membrane but did not alter the overall level of toxin internalization. It is suggested that pseudomonas toxin enters mammalian cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis and that methylamine alters the entry process. In those instances in which partial protection was seen when methylamine was added after toxin internalization, the primary amine may be functioning by inactivation of lysosomal processing of the toxin. PMID- 6658289 TI - [Physiology of the esophagus]. PMID- 6658290 TI - [Methods of studying the esophagus]. PMID- 6658291 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux]. PMID- 6658292 TI - [Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux, peptic esophagitis and their complications]. PMID- 6658294 TI - [Achalasia of the esophagus]. PMID- 6658293 TI - [Current concepts in the management of esophageal diverticula: analysis of 36 patients]. PMID- 6658295 TI - [Cancer of the esophagus]. PMID- 6658296 TI - [Leiomyomatosis of the esophagus, tracheo-bronchi and genitals associated with Alport type hereditary nephropathy: a new syndrome]. PMID- 6658297 TI - [Ultrastructure of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. I. - In the mycelial phase]. PMID- 6658298 TI - [Ultrastructure of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. II. - In the yeast phase]. PMID- 6658299 TI - [Susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila from Belo Horizonte and vicinities to infection with 3 strains of Schistosoma mansoni]. PMID- 6658300 TI - [Labrea hepatitis (Labrea black fever) and other fulminant forms of hepatitis in Sena Madureira, Acre and Boca do Acre, Amazonas, Brazil]. PMID- 6658302 TI - A simple hemolytic micromethod for the quantitative and kinetic evaluation of the alternative activating pathway of complement. AB - A simple, rapid and sensitive hemolytic micromethod for quantitative and kinetic assessment of the alternative pathway of complement activity is described. The test was performed in microtitre plates using a multiscan photometer for ELISA and permits the simultaneous evaluation of as many as 20 different serum samples. PMID- 6658301 TI - Update on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - By now many patients have been successfully maintained on CAPD for five years or more, thus demonstrating that CAPD is a viable long-term treatment for end-stage renal disease. Peritonitis--the main concern of the earlier years--is now a less frightening complication. We know better how to treat peritonitis and its incidence has decreased from one episode every 8 months initially to one episode every 18 months now. In addition, several innovations, which have been or soon will be introduced, promise to decrease the frequency of peritonitis to an even lower rate. The problem of peritonitis is now being replaced by the chronic complications of CAPD, predominantly malnutrition and decrease in peritoneal ultrafiltration. CAPD has become an important adjunct in the treatment of children with ESRD, especially the very young. Even though not normal, their growth on CAPD is better than that of children on hemodialysis and as good as that after a successful transplant. CAPD has become a promising treatment for the diabetic with ESRD. This experience has stimulated interest and research in the role of intraperitoneal administration of insulin for blood glucose control. With the present worldwide experience of CAPD, this treatment has ceased to be experimental. A percentage of patients requiring dialysis will be better off on CAPD than on hemodialysis. Even though this percentage will vary among various countries, the nephrologist who wants to provide the best treatment for each patient must be well experienced in and have all treatments at his disposal including CAPD. PMID- 6658303 TI - Distribution and concentration of apolipoprotein E in high and low density lipoproteins. AB - An electroimmunoassay of apolipoprotein E (Apo E) in total human plasma and in the supernatant following precipitation with sodium phosphotungstate in the presence of MgCl2 of the apolipoprotein B (Apo B)-containing lipoproteins is described. The assay is specific and sensitive enough to record also low levels of Apo E found in isolated lipoprotein fractions. In 30 normal male subjects, the method gave a total plasma Apo E concentration of 6.67 +/- 1.92 mg/dl and a HDL Apo E concentration of 2.58 +/- 0.91 mg/dl. Total Apo E is positively correlated with total plasma triglycerides. The values of Apo E in the lipoproteins obtained by ultracentrifugation were lower than the corresponding values obtained by a precipitation procedure, with a mean Apo E loss of 12.1% in the low density lipoproteins (VLDL + LDL) and of 34.3% in HDL. After ultracentrifugation, a substantial amount of Apo E was detected in the d greater than 1.210 g/ml fraction. The proposed method allows to study the Apo E concentration and distribution between low and high density lipoproteins in large samples, avoiding the problems connected with high salt concentrations and centrifugal forces. PMID- 6658304 TI - In vitro effects of pentoxifylline on hemoglobin affinity for oxygen and electrolytic equilibrium of human blood. AB - The in vitro effects of a pentoxifylline solution on hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and electrolytic distribution between plasma and red blood cells were evaluated. Pentoxifylline increased intracellular pH and decreased extracellular pH. There were no exchanges of Na+, K+, Ca++ and Cl- between plasma and red blood cells. Red blood cell content of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate remained unchanged, while P50 was reduced as a consequence of the intracellular alkalosis. The possible implications of the metabolic effects of pentoxifylline on red blood cell deformability and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate content in vivo are discussed. PMID- 6658305 TI - Alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase (a selective cytochemical monocyte marker). AB - This paper describes a cytochemical technique for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase demonstration in monocytes obtained from peripheral blood of normal subjects, of a patient with reactive monocytosis and of a patient with myelomonocytic leukemia. It utilizes pH 6.1 alpha-naphthyl butyrate as substrate. At this pH value, alpha-naphthyl butyrate is a specific monocyte marker. The cytochemical procedure proposed is simple, rapid and standardized, as it utilizes stable and easily available reagents. PMID- 6658306 TI - Evaluation of a new filter for membrane plasma separation (Preliminary observations). AB - A new plasma filter for membrane plasma separation was used in 10 patients with the following diagnoses: relapsing Guillain-Barre syndrome (one patient), multiple sclerosis (one patient), myasthenia gravis (two patients), cryoglobulinemia (two patients), rheumatoid arthritis (one patient) and psoriasis (three patients). In all patients but one the plasma flow was from 975 to 1,370 ml/h; extremely high levels of cryoglobulins were the cause of filter plugging during a single procedure. The composition of the effluent plasma was not significantly different from the patients' plasma as regards protein electrophoresis and the levels of immune complexes, immunoglobulins and complement. No platelet activation or blood clotting within the processed blood was observed during 20 procedures. No elevation of lysozyme levels or changes in the osmotic fragility of the red blood cells were found, confirming the excellent biocompatibility of these new filters. The clinical results were consistent with the volumes of plasma exchanged and the clinical diagnoses. PMID- 6658307 TI - Clinical evaluation of the 99mTc-diethyl-HIDA plasma clearance curve and observations on the third exponential term. AB - Blood clearance curves of 99mTc-HIDA have been evaluated in 18 healthy volunteers and 55 patients affected by chronic liver diseases. The slope (K) of the third exponential term of the blood clearance curve can be considered as an index of the 99mTc-diethyl-HIDA liver cell uptake; therefore, this parameter seems to be able to discriminate healthy volunteers from patients affected by hepatocellular dysfunction. PMID- 6658309 TI - [Results in surgical treatment of thymoma]. PMID- 6658308 TI - [Therapeutic results in thymoma--with special reference to adjuvant therapy in the treatment of invasive thymoma]. PMID- 6658310 TI - [Surgical treatment of thymoma]. PMID- 6658311 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of thymoma--including those of vascular reconstruction]. PMID- 6658312 TI - [Thymectomy for the treatment of thymoma--concomitant administration of large doses of prednisolone on alternate days before and after the surgical procedure]. PMID- 6658313 TI - [Clinical indication and results of extensive thymectomy in myasthenia gravis]. PMID- 6658314 TI - [Clinical significance of pneumomediastinography in thymic surgery]. PMID- 6658315 TI - [Experience in implantation of a P-wave synchronous pacemaker--VAT and DDD pacing]. PMID- 6658316 TI - [Surgical experience with angina caused by myocardial bridges]. PMID- 6658317 TI - [Surgical treatment of traumatic tricuspid insufficiency]. PMID- 6658318 TI - [Case of Castleman's lymphoma of the posterior mediastinum]. PMID- 6658319 TI - [Application of CUSA system to cardiac surgery--division of Kent's bundle in WPW syndrome]. PMID- 6658320 TI - [Chest pain, dyspnea and hemoptysis during postoperative anticoagulant therapy following thrombectomy of the lower limb vein]. PMID- 6658321 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of bones in replantations in children]. AB - The article reports on x-ray findings in the skeleton of 20 finger replants, one successful arm replant and two successful replants of toes to the hand in 23 children aged one to fourteen years. The quota of successful healing together or setting was 80% in finger replants. Setting of the fracture was delayed by an average period of seven days. Osteonecrosis and osteomyelitis were equally frequent in two children each (10%) and resulted in problems of differential diagnosis. In three children the bone fracture set in false position, without, however, causing any complaints. All epiphyses not destroyed by infection were preserved. PMID- 6658322 TI - [Radiological contribution to skeletal changes in systemic mastocytosis. Urticaria pigmentosa]. AB - Three patients are demonstrated suffering from systemic mastocytosis with skin and skeletal involvement. History, clinical and radiological results are reported. After a brief analysis of the pathogenetic mechanism, the radiological findings on the skeletal system in systemic mastocytosis are discussed. Finally, roentgenological differential diagnosis of the osseous lesions is explained. PMID- 6658323 TI - [Value of computer tomography in gynecological tumors]. AB - Abdominal CT examination is the method of choice when examining ovarial tumours. Abdominal CT is redundant in the early stages of carcinoma of the collum and if the carcinoma has penetrated into the vagina. In advanced stages of carcinoma of the collum, CT enables accurate staging. CT is at least equal in relevance to gynaecological examination in respect of assessment of parametraneous infiltration. Distant metastases, as well as complications of the efferent urinary tract can be visualized. In view of this, the following procedure appears meaningful in advanced carcinoma of the collum: First of all, gynaecological examination is performed without anaesthesia to confirm the findings in the regions of the portio and vagina; as far as possible, the existence of the central parametraneous infiltrations is confirmed. For the purpose of further staging of the parametraneous infiltration, as well as of the paraaortal lymphomas and possible metastases, as well as for the purpose of excluding hydronephrosis, computed tomography is performed. This avoids burdening the patient with an examination under anaesthesia, and it also avoids invasive examination methods, such as urography and lymphography. PMID- 6658324 TI - [Roentgenologic analysis of deglutition--evaluation of 231 cases]. AB - The act of swallowing, which can be analysed by means of radiologically well discernible phases, is described and placed in anatomic correlation. Several items are of essential importance for regular swallowing: the ability to close the lips, the isthmus faucium, epipharynx and epiglottis and also the action of the lingual punch and the involuntary phase of the act of swallowing induced thereby. During the first phase--the voluntary oral phase--the bolus is prepared for swallowing and the oral cavity is separated from the oropharyngx by the closed isthmus faucium. In the second--the oropharyngeal phase--the involuntary part of the act of swallowing is triggered and the entrance to the nasopharynx is closed. The bolus gets pressed into the oropharynx. During the last, the pharyngo oesophageal phase, the bolus enters the cranial part of the oesophagus, while crossing the respiratory tract. This step is secured by several mechanisms against the danger of aspiration. Evidence for the occurrence of physiological aerophagia is supplied. PMID- 6658325 TI - [Double-contrast study of the operated stomach in glucagon hypotonia]. AB - In x-ray examination of the operated stomach, interruption of the motoric function yields additional information. Hence, the authors urgently recommend to initiate hypotonia besides employing the double-contrast method as first routine examination, in order to recognise any possible organic changes. Considerable improvement of diagnostic accuracy can be achieved by using suitable positive and negative contrast media in association with hypotonia. PMID- 6658326 TI - [Single or shared responsibility in the use of iodinated x-ray contrast media]. AB - The problems of responsibility in the use of iodinated x-ray contrast media are discussed while weighting the pros and cons from the medical and legal viewpoints. The need for "extreme elucidation" of the patient to obtain his consent, as demanded by the Federal German Supreme Court in a recent decision, should be reconsidered. PMID- 6658327 TI - [Microcystic pancreas adenoma]. AB - The microcystic adenoma of the pancreas is a very rare benign pancreatic tumour. This tumour, which is usually large and grows slowly, results in displacement and compression of the adjacent organs. Angiography reveals hypervascularisation. The characteristic structure of the tumour can be recognized both in the sonogram and in the computer tomogram. PMID- 6658328 TI - [Conventional tomography in diseases of the spine--technic, clinical evaluation and indication]. AB - Conventional tomographic examination represents an extension of x-ray diagnostics in diseases of the vertebral column. The article lists the special indications for this procedure. The technique, which yields information and relevant images, is described separately for the individual sections of the vertebral column. PMID- 6658329 TI - [Anaphylactic shock. Etiology and treatment]. PMID- 6658330 TI - [Acute obstructive dyspnea in children]. PMID- 6658331 TI - [Circulatory arrest: diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 6658332 TI - [Disorders of cardiac rhythm as emergencies]. PMID- 6658333 TI - [Accidental hypothermia in the adult]. PMID- 6658335 TI - [Antispermatozoid antibodies and male infertility]. PMID- 6658334 TI - [Physiologic variations of sperm]. PMID- 6658336 TI - [Biochemical exploration of human sperm]. PMID- 6658337 TI - [Artificial insemination]. PMID- 6658338 TI - [Present and future of in vitro fertilization]. PMID- 6658339 TI - [The International Center for Medical Research of Franceville in Gabon]. PMID- 6658340 TI - Arterial hypertension in diabetic patients. Role of obesity. AB - In order to assess the role of obesity and to correlate it with other possible factors which cause the well-known higher prevalence of arterial hypertension in diabetic patients without nephropathy, 829 non-proteinuric diabetic outpatients and 856 controls have been investigated. A significantly higher prevalence of arterial hypertension was found in obese patients than in normal-weight subjects. Likewise, hypertensive diabetic patients were more frequently obese than those with normal blood pressure. Arterial hypertension was more often encountered in female diabetics, since women were more obese. The duration of diabetes and age related increase of arterial hypertension was augmented by the presence of obesity. The practical implications of the observations are emphasized. PMID- 6658341 TI - Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function before and after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm. AB - Echocardiographic measurements were obtained in 20 patients before cardioversion immediately after and two, four and six hours after cardioversion to normal sinus rhythm. At six hours after cardioversion there was no significant change in heart rate, left atrial diameters (LAD), left ventricular end-diastolic diameters (LVEDD) or left ventricular end-systolic diameters (LVESD). On follow-up one month to nine months after cardioversion, 14 of the 20 patients (70%) remained in normal sinus rhythm. Neither LAD, LVEDD, or LVESD, nor the presence or amplitude of the A-wave on the mitral valve echogram correlated with the persistence or normal sinus rhythm. PMID- 6658342 TI - Comparative behaviour of antithrombin III antigen and antithrombin III activity in cardiovascular patients. AB - Antithrombin III-functional (AT III F) and immunoprotein (AT III I) assessed by two comparative methods in various cardiovascular conditions, showed significant differences between the two parameters, namely: a simultaneous decrease of both AT III F and AT III I during acute embolic episodes of only AT III F in transient ischemic attacks (with normal level of AT III I) and increase of AT III I (with apparently normal AT III F) in patient with mitral valve prosthesis. It is considered that in condition of "hypercoagulability" various patterns of AT III F/AT III I ratio can be obtained: decompensated, compensated and hypercompensated consumption. PMID- 6658343 TI - Immunologic alterations associated with chronic hemodialysis. AB - Parameters of humoral immunity were studied in 18 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. IgG, IgA and IgM serum levels presented no differences compared with healthy donors. High immunoglobulins levels were found in 40 patients with chronic renal failure and conservative treatment. Complement components C1q, C4, C9, were normal, but C3 and C3A were significantly low prior to dialysis. During hemodialysis, the complement system showed an activation by the alternative pathway (AP). The cuprophan membrane was proved to be an important factor in this activation. The circulating immune complexes (CIC) were also high. Seven patients presented autoantibodies, 2 against smooth muscle and 5 against gastric parietal cells. Our results suggested a certain humoral immune alteration during chronic hemodialysis. PMID- 6658344 TI - Vaccination with vicilin in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Vaccination with a vegetal protein--vicilin--was performed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antitissue autoantibodies (vessel, myocardium, striated muscle, liver, lung, kidney) were determined before and after vaccination. It was observed that the titer of these autoantibodies decreased gradually after vaccination down to total disappearance from the circulation. Local and general reaction after vaccination was also followed in comparison with a control group (subjects without SLE). The local reaction and the general phenomena were found to be of lesser intensity in the SLE patients. It is emphasized that after vaccination the general state of the SLE patients was improved. It is assumed that vicilin interferes in the pathogeny of disease by competitive nonspecific immune mechanisms which reduce the autoaggressive processes, by immunosuppressive mechanisms or other mechanisms which have a favourable effect on the evolution of disease. These observations should be further investigated using clinical and laboratory parameters for a better estimation of the favourable effect observed. PMID- 6658345 TI - Alterations of the orienting response extinction in night terrors. PMID- 6658346 TI - Complex mathematical analysis of photic-evoked responses in children aged between 6 and 14. A study on normal children, on children with various cerebral lesions and on dyslexic children. PMID- 6658347 TI - [Electronystagmography in multiple sclerosis and allergies]. PMID- 6658348 TI - Multiminicore disease. Report of a case with histological and histoenzymatic peculiarities. PMID- 6658349 TI - [Characteristics of the mortality of Brazilian adolescents of the capitals of federated areas]. PMID- 6658350 TI - [Maternal mortality rate according to type of death, age group, parity, locality of residence and type of delivery. Hospital mortality records 1975 to 1979. Florianopolis, SC (Brazil)]. PMID- 6658351 TI - [Density of iron bioavailable in the usual diet in the State of Sao Paulo]. PMID- 6658352 TI - [Oral health in Brazil]. PMID- 6658353 TI - [Epidemiological importance of wild animals in schistosomiasis mansoni]. PMID- 6658354 TI - [Cancer incidence and mortality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. PMID- 6658355 TI - [Marketing strategies of the pharmaceutical industry and the consumption of drugs]. PMID- 6658356 TI - [Evaluation of the pathogenicity resulting from infection by Schistosoma mansoni Sambon 1907, agent of unisexual infections in Mus musculus]. PMID- 6658358 TI - [Dental caries in school children]. PMID- 6658357 TI - [Planning of a human milk bank and information center on breast feeding]. PMID- 6658359 TI - [Fluorometric determination of serum levels of cathepsin B using 7-amino-4 methylcoumarin as the specific substrate]. PMID- 6658360 TI - [Levels of hypoxanthine in umbilical cord plasma--a potential indicator of fetal hypoxia]. PMID- 6658361 TI - [Pharmacodynamic effects of dexamethasone and Partusisten on the levels of urinary estrogens and plasma estriol and progesterone in the 3d trimester of pregnancy]. PMID- 6658362 TI - [The effect of hemodialysis on the stages of cardiac systole]. PMID- 6658363 TI - Abbreviations and symbols for clinical chemical quantities. PMID- 6658364 TI - Selenium levels in whole blood of Finnish volunteers before and during organic and inorganic selenium supplementation. AB - High selenium barley biscuits containing 1 mumol (70 micrograms) organic Se were administered to healthy male volunteers for 5 weeks at doses of 2.1 mumol Se (group A) or 6.4 mumol (group B). In addition, 2 mg Na-selenate capsules (5.4 mumol Se) were given to two other groups at daily doses of 2 mg (group C) or 8 mg (group D). Groups A, B and C each comprised eight healthy men and group D eight healthy women and three men. The initial median concentration of whole blood selenium (B-Se for groups A, B and C were 1.0-1.1 mumol/l (range 0.7-1.7) and for group D 1.3 mumol/l (range 0.9-1.8). In 1-2 weeks time the B-Se concentrations rose to 1.6 mumol/l for groups A and C, to 1.8 mumol/l for group B, and to 2.2 mumol/l for group D. There was no decrease 1 week after the Se intake ceased. As expected, the level of B-Se increased more (in relation to dose) in those given organic Se than in those given inorganic Se. Groups A, B and C, however, had rather moderate increases. The daily dose required to raise the B-Se of Finns up to the North American level (2.2 mumol/l) was as high as 8 mg Na-selenate (21.5 mumol or 1700 micrograms Se), but the dose of organic Se which would be required to achieve this level is not yet known. PMID- 6658365 TI - Detection of bilirubin conjugates in faeces of germfree rats. AB - The presence of bilirubin conjugates in faeces from germfree (GF) and conventional (CONV) rats was tested after using affinity chromatography and Porapak Q chromatography as clean-up procedures. The bilirubin conjugates were detected as their ethyl anthranilate azopigments after separation by thin layer chromatography (tlc). Azopigments prepared from bile of GF and CONV rats served as a reference material for the tlc analysis. After tlc of the faecal azopigment preparations it was concluded that GF rat faeces contains bilirubin conjugates, while faeces from CONV rats is devoid of conjugated bilirubin. The findings suggest that the main bilirubin conjugates present in faeces from GF rats are of the glucuronic acid type. PMID- 6658366 TI - Preparation of 125I-(Tyr 3)- and 125I-(Tyr 11)- neurotensin for radioimmunoassay. AB - The chloramine-T method for radioiodination of neurotensin for radioimmunoassay was studied. As conventional procedures produced heterogeneous preparations, labelling was performed with a low amount of chloramine-T (1.8 nmol) in the presence of excess of peptide (6 nmol). Purification and complete separation of labelled from unlabelled peptide was obtained by ion-exchange chromatography on SP Sephadex C-25. Four labelled components were identified by isoelectric focusing, enzymatic cleavage and studies of immunoreactivity. The two components representing monoiodinated preparations labelled at Tyr 3 or Tyr 11 could be isolated. Depending on the binding site of the particular antiserum the appropriate tracer could be selected for use in the radioimmunoassay. The specific radioactivities were high (2303 (2137-2407) microCi/nmol and 1927 (1608 2307) microCi/nmol (median and range] and the stability of the label and the reproducibility of the procedure was good. PMID- 6658367 TI - Studies of blood viscosity with a newly constructed rotational viscometer which operates via a desk top computer. AB - Increasing interest is being shown in blood viscosity and the whole field of haemorheology. This study presents a newly constructed rotational Couette type viscometer which operates via a commercially available desk top computer and a digital plotter. The influence of haematocrit on blood viscosity is shown and the study also presents blood viscosity values of six to eight healthy men at 24 degrees C and 37 degrees C. At 37 degrees C values are shown both at natural haematocrit and at haematocrit 45%. PMID- 6658368 TI - Measurements of some blood clotting factors using a centrifugal analyser (Multistat III). AB - Three coagulation tests are performed on a centrifugal analyser (Multistat III) and the results are compared with results from an ordinary coagulometer (Fibromat). The three tests are Quick's prothrombin time, prothrombin and proconvertin method (Owren's P & P) and activated partial thromboplastin time test (aPTT). The coefficients of correlation for the three methods between the two analysing systems are better than 0.90. The standard deviations of the three analyses are better than 0.60 sec on the centrifugal analyser compared to 1-2 sec on the coagulometer. The centrifugal analyser can perform up to 120 samples per hour. PMID- 6658369 TI - Ligand leakage from immunoaffinity column. AB - With a currently used immunoaffinity chromatography method with immobilized glucagon antibodies, we experienced leakage of the ligand during repeated desorption with formic acid. The formic acid eluates contained a glucagon binder that could be identified as the glucagon antibodies, i.e. the immobilized ligand had been disrupted. Thus, our first thought that we had recovered the applied human 'big plasma glucagon' (BPG) as a carrier of glucagon proved wrong. In conclusion, caution with formic acid as chaotropic agent is advisable. PMID- 6658370 TI - Plasma fibronectin concentrations in patients with liver diseases. AB - Plasma, obtained just prior to diagnostic liver biopsy in 71 patients with various liver diseases, was examined by electroimmunoassay using immunoglobulin against human fibronectin and purified plasma fibronectin as standard. The plasma fibronectin concentration was not significantly different from age- and sex matched healthy controls in patients with chronic persistent or chronic active hepatitis (n = 7), primary biliary cirrhosis (n = 8), alcoholic fatty liver (n = 9), alcoholic hepatitis (n = 10), and alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 16). Patients with acute viral hepatitis (type A (n = 2); type B (n = 7); type non A, non B (n = 1] had significantly (P less than 0.01) raised plasma fibronectin concentrations (median 506 mg/l (range 339-804] compared to controls (median 399 mg/l (range 304 462]. Morbidly obese patients with fatty liver (n = 11) had significantly (P less than 0.001) raised plasma fibronectin concentrations (median 610 mg/l (range 429 862] compared to controls (median 361 mg/l (range 303-419]. PMID- 6658371 TI - Continuous pH monitoring with monocrystalline antimony electrodes: toxicity considerations from studies on heparinized human plasma. AB - Monocrystalline antimony electrodes can be used as pH sensors for continuous monitoring in vivo. The electric potential of the electrodes stems from a corrosion reaction in which antimony metal dissolution constitutes the anodic reaction. In this study the amount of antimony which leaves a monocrystalline antimony sensor, when monitoring pH in thermostatically controlled sterile human heparinized plasma, was determined by neutron activation analyses. From these results the toxicity hazard of using such electrodes in vivo is assessed. It is concluded that the amount of antimony released from a monocrystalline pH sensor, when used in a biological medium, is small compared with the amount of antimony accepted for administration as a medical therapeutic. Thus it should be safe from the toxicological point of view to use monocrystalline antimony electrodes for in vivo pH monitoring. PMID- 6658372 TI - Characterization of the molecular forms of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in primary hyperparathyroidism and in hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure. AB - Radioimmunological determination of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) in sera of patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism was carried out using antisera specific for the amino-terminal and the mid-region part of the hormone. In 58 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and in 29 patients with the secondary form of the disease due to renal failure, there was a linear correlation between the concentration of serum iPTH determined with the two types of antiserum. In all cases the mid-region-specific antiserum measured the highest iPTH concentrations. The molecular forms of serum iPTH were examined after gel filtration of Sephadex G-75 followed by Bio-Gel P-60 in nine patients. Fractions which represented molecular forms equal to or smaller than intact PTH were collected. Using the mid-region-specific antiserum, the predominant immunoreactivity (50-80%) eluted corresponding to one or several large fragments in both forms of the disease. In contrast, iPTH activity co-eluting with the intact hormone represented 2-8% of the total. Similar elution profiles were observed when the amino-terminal-specific radioimmunoassay was used. However, this antiserum showed that in both disease states relatively higher concentrations of iPTH co-eluted with the intact hormone (about 20%). In conclusion, the higher serum iPTH concentrations measured with mid-region specific antiserum are mainly due to quantitative differences due to the presence of large and intermediate sized fragments. The appearance of higher concentrations of iPTH in secondary hyperparathyroidism may be due to a reduced degradation and/or filtration by the kidney. PMID- 6658373 TI - Methods of reducing the effect of spontaneous dissociation of antigen-antibody interactions in radioimmunoassays with special reference to internal sample attenuator counting (ISAC). AB - A time dependent decrease of sample counts was observed in an adsorption radioimmunoassay with internal sample attenuator counting. The drift caused a bias in the estimate of the amount of antigen in the samples. The size of this deviation was dependent upon the length of time after the calibration curve was made that the samples were measured. This was essentially due to dissociation of the antigen-antibody complexes as the adsorber can act as a second receptor to the antigen. Addition of slowly sedimenting starch microspheres or starch particles inhibited the drift by forming a diffusion barrier on the attenuating pellet. PMID- 6658374 TI - Serum histidine-rich glycoprotein during pregnancy and hormone treatment. AB - The concentration of serum histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) was determined by radial immunodiffusion during weeks 27-42 of pregnancy in 110 pregnant women. HRG was also measured in serum from 11 lactating women 6 weeks post partum, from 11 women taking oral contraceptives, and from four women having progestin-releasing subcutaneous capsules used for contraception. The concentration of serum HRG decreased during the last trimester of pregnancy reaching a nadir at the 36-37th week (HRG 49 +/- 14 g/l, mean +/- SD). Thereafter serum HRG increased slightly towards term. In pregnancies complicated by hypertension the concentration of HRG was lower than in normal pregnancies at 32 weeks of pregnancy, but in other pathological pregnancies the values fell within the normal range. By 6 weeks postpartum normal non-pregnant HRG levels had been reached (107 +/- 13 g/l). The concentration of serum HRG was significantly lower in oral contraceptive users (74 +/- 22 g/l) than in controls (109 +/- 25 g/l, P less than 0.005). Low dose progestin treatment had no effect on serum HRG. The results show that serum HRG decreases during pregnancy and with oral contraceptive treatment and suggest that oestrogens are responsible for this increase. PMID- 6658375 TI - Bile acids in plasma of patients without kidneys. AB - Bile acids were measured in plasma of three non-fasting bilaterally nephrectomized patients in chronic haemodialysis. After separation of the bile acid mixture according to mode of conjugation and cleavage of amide and sulphate ester bonds, the bile acids were analysed as their methylester trimethylsilyl ethers on gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total bile acid concentration was 4.10-13.70 mumol X l(-1) (N: less than 14 mumol X l(-1)) mostly glycine conjugates. Unconjugated bile acids were found in significant amounts in one patient and in trace amounts in another patient. Chenodeoxycholic acid was the predominant individual bile acid constituting 1.89-6.79 mumol X l( 1) (N: less than 10 mumol X l(-1)). The oxidoreduction product of this bile acid: ursodeoxycholic acid, was found in all patients, whereas the 7 alpha dehydroxylation product: lithocholic acid, was absent. 1 beta-hydroxy-deoxycholic acid was a major constituent in two of the cases. Hyocholic acid, the 6 alpha hydroxylation product of chenodeoxycholic acid was detected in two cases. Tetrahydroxy bile acids and sulphated bile acids were not found in significant amounts. PMID- 6658376 TI - Cardiac output measurements with thermodilution and radioactive microspheres. A comparative study in cats. AB - Thermodilution and radioactive microsphere measurements are both commonly used methods for determination of cardiac output in experimental animals. However, no comparison has been made of these methods for cardiac output determination, which is why this study was made. In cats 65 simultaneous measurements of cardiac output with the two methods were performed. No difference in mean values was found and the coefficient of correlation was 0.955 (P less than 0.001). Only eight out of the 65 measurements differed more than 10%. Thermodilution measurements are suitable for repeated determinations and when immediate data are wanted. On the other hand radioactive microsphere measurements are preferable when data on tissue blood flow and blood flow distribution are desired as well. The high correlation found seems to allow cardiac output measurements with these two methods to be grouped together. PMID- 6658377 TI - Removal of contaminating erythrocytes from human polymorphonuclear leucocyte preparations. AB - A simple discontinuous gradient of Percoll has been used to remove the erythrocyte (RBC) contamination in human polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) preparations avoiding the possible adverse effects of differential lysis. Mononuclear cells are also removed leaving a preparation with a white cell purity of more than 99% PMN contaminated by less than 2% RBC. The yield of PMN was 40% with respect to whole blood. The metabolic response of cells prepared in this way was found to be comparable with PMN isolated using the technique of Boyum [3]. Small differences in the iodination response of the purified PMN were shown to be the result of the removal of RBCs rather than an inherent effect of the Percoll isolation procedure. PMID- 6658378 TI - Cardiovascular effects of secretin infusion in man. AB - Secretin infusion in man causes an increase in renal blood flow. The aim of the present study was to assess further the cardiovascular effects of the hormone. Secretin was infused at a rate of 2 CU/kg X h to patients with angina pectoris and normal left ventricular function. Cardiac output increased by an average of 20%, the stroke volume increased and the total systemic resistance decreased. Systemic arterial pressure, heart rate and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were unaltered. The results are compatible with a combined inotropic and vasodilating effect of the hormone. It is concluded that secretin may have potential merits in the treatment of acute left ventricular failure. PMID- 6658379 TI - Effect of heparin in vivo on the in vitro assay of free thyroxine. PMID- 6658380 TI - Outcome of rubella during pregnancy with special reference to the 17th-24th weeks of gestation. AB - The consequences of rubella during pregnancy were studied with special reference to infections occurring during the 17th to 24th weeks of gestation. Laboratory confirmed rubella infected pregnancies were followed and the infants were examined clinically and serologically at a mean age of 20 months. In addition children born to mothers with verified rubella in earlier epidemics were examined clinically at the age of 4 or 7 yr. 491 cases of rubella in pregnant women from 1978-1980 were reported and 118 children were followed-up. Intrauterine transmission occurred in greater than 50% during the 16 first weeks of pregnancy compared to in 17% during the 21st to 24th weeks. Rubella defects appeared in a declining rate from 5/6 congenitally infected during the first 12 weeks to 1/7 at weeks 15 and 16. Three cases with deafness were found among the 65 children from earlier epidemics. Only 1 child with hearing impairment was found among children whose mothers were infected after the 16th week. Although rubella infections during the 17th to 24th weeks of pregnancy result in transmission to the fetus in about one fifth, sequelae seem to be a rare event. PMID- 6658381 TI - Fulminant meningococcal infections in a family with inherited deficiency of properdin. AB - Three males in a large kindred died of meningococcal infections. In the index patient, properdin (P) was not detectable in serum. Two healthy males with a selective P deficiency were found in the family. There was no general susceptibility to infections, nor to other diseases as suggested by the family history. The serum bactericidal activity for Neisseria meningitidis group C, isolated from the index patient, was moderately reduced in P deficient serum, and was improved by addition of purified P. PMID- 6658382 TI - Biological availability and pharmacokinetics of tinidazole after single and repeated doses. AB - Tinidazole was administered to healthy volunteers and serum concentrations were measured following single oral and intravenous doses and after repeated dosage at different dose levels. The elimination half-time was 12-13 h. Pharmacokinetics did not change with dose, route of administration or repeated dosage. The bioavailability of single oral doses ranged between 88 and 129% with a mean of 99%. Serum concentration curves tended to have double peaks or plateaus at about 4-6 h. 74% of the intravenous dose was eliminated from serum at 24 h, but only 19% was recovered in the urine, suggesting alternative ways of elimination. Excretion in the bile and a subsequent enterohepatic circulation may explain the variations in bioavailability and the shape of the serum concentration curves. PMID- 6658383 TI - Primary immunization-like response without hepatitis following transfusion of HBeAg-positive blood. AB - An accidental transfusion of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive whole blood was given to a 19-yr-old male, bleeding after tonsillectomy. Serum obtained from the patient before the transfusion revealed no hepatitis B antigens or antibodies. After the transfusion the patient became HBsAg-positive, cleared this antigen and developed antibodies to both HBsAg and HBeAg. The transfusion blood was positive for total antibody and IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg). The patient's blood became positive for these antibodies after the transfusion, but with declining titres. Liver tests were normal through the entire follow-up. The serological and clinical course suggests immunisation to passively transferred antigens without hepatitis. PMID- 6658384 TI - Perinatal transmission of tuberculosis: meningitis in mother, disseminated disease in child. AB - A newborn boy and his mother were found to suffer from widespread tuberculosis. The mycobacteria were apparently transmitted from mother to child via the birth canal or possibly by airborne infection. PMID- 6658386 TI - Microsurgical end-to-end and end-to-side epididymovasostomy to correct occlusive azoospermia. AB - Reconstruction of the duct system using microsurgical technique represents an anatomically more attractive approach to correction of occlusive azoospermia than the conventional sperm fistula operations. The microsurgical technique of Silber entails transection of the entire epididymis in progressively more cranial planes. After microsurgical dissections of testicle specimens, we developed a different technique: dissection of a single loop of the ductus epididymis and connection to the ductus deferens, performed either as a two-layer end-to-end or as an end-to-side anastomosis. To reveal patency of each single anastomosis, the operations were performed unilaterally. Twenty-eight men were operated upon. They were referred from urology departments after standard investigations including repeated sperm tests. In 7 patients (25%) the prerequisites for an anastomosis were not present. Twelve patients were primarily operated upon with the end-to end technique. Six of them have produced sperms in their specimens. Nine patients were operated upon with the end-to-side anastomosis. So far, five of these have presented positive sperm tests but the follow-up period is relatively short in this part of the series. During the investigation, it became evident that both the identification of sperms or fragments in the epididymal fluid and an adequate flow are prerequisites for successful surgery. PMID- 6658385 TI - Axonal growth in mesothelial chambers. The role of the distal nerve segment. AB - An experimental model is presented for studying nerve regeneration over gaps of various lengths between the both ends of a severed nerve. After transferring left and right sciatic nerves of rat to the back, the gap between the two nerve ends could be bridged by a preformed, tube-shaped mesothelial chamber of a desired length. When the gap length was 10 mm or less, a well developed nerve structure was generated in the chamber between the nerve ends, and axons from the left sciatic nerve reinnervated muscles in the right limb via the right sciatic nerve. When the gap length was extended to 15 mm or more no such regeneration occurred. When no distal nerve end was introduced into the chamber, there was a limited growth into this chamber over only 5-6 mm. This "limited growth phenomenon" is discussed with respect to a lack of "trophic" or cellular support from a distal nerve segment. It is also proposed that the termination of growth, seen under these circumstances, may suggest a new principle for avoiding the development of neuromas after nerve transections. PMID- 6658387 TI - Breast reconstruction with submuscular prosthesis after modified radical or simple mastectomy. Surgical technique and early complications. AB - A series of 100 women who underwent breast reconstruction is reviewed. They had previously been treated for breast cancer with modified radical or simple mastectomy. The technique and early results of reconstruction are presented. The same surgeon performed all these operations and the technique was not varied. Emotional need for reconstruction was the main factor in patient selection. The interval between mastectomy and reconstruction was as a rule at least one year after removal of stage I cancer and 2-5 years in stage II cases. Scar correction was required significantly more often after oblique than after horizontal mastectomy incision. A submuscular pocket was created to accommodate the prosthesis and a muscle and fascia flap was used to add tissue and contour. No major early complications occurred. The submuscular implantation of prosthesis facilitated clinical follow-up. In a background population of breast cancer patients, the overall frequency of breast reconstruction was 4%. The figure for premenopausal patients with stage I breast cancer treated with modified radical mastectomy was 18%. PMID- 6658388 TI - Cutaneous keratotic hemangioma. AB - Eight patients with developmental vascular tumours located on the volar side of the fingers are reported. The lesions clinically appeared as small vascular ectasias covered by an area of horny overgrowth. Microscopically they were mixed type hemangiomas with dominance of capillary-like elements, located in the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutis. The operative treatment by simple wedge excision was definite. Such lesions are described and named differently in the literature and the clinical and histological aspects of the differential diagnosis are discussed. We propose this entity to be named cutaneous keratotic hemangioma. PMID- 6658389 TI - Denervation of the wrist. AB - In a series of 48 painfully restricted wrists denervation was used during a 6 year period on wide indications as a surgical alternative. The observation time averaged 2.4 years. Pain relief occurred in 56% of the patients. Considering the simplicity of the method and the lack of serious complications, it is concluded that denervation of the wrist is worth trying as a palliative measure prior to more extensive surgery. PMID- 6658390 TI - Growth of the anterior cranial base after craniotomy in infants with premature synostosis of the coronal suture. AB - The effect of early craniotomy (age range: 1-6 months) on the growth of the cranial base was studied in 9 subjects with different types of premature synostosis affecting the coronal suture. In 5 of them the premature fusion involved only growth sites in the coronal suture growth complex, while the remaining 4 cases had a diagnosis of a craniofacial synostosis syndrome, such as Apert, Crouzon and Pfeiffer. In all but one of the patients, the craniotomy was not only extended down to the inferior orbital fissures but was also combined with the release of a free-floating fronto-supraorbital bone flap. Follow-up roentgencephalometry to ages ranging from 10 to 36 months indicated that the length and the growth of the anterior cranial base improved considerably after the craniotomy. However, complete normalization did not occur, especially in the subgroup with craniofacial synostosis syndromes. The mid-face of these patients also remained deficient in spite of the craniotomy. PMID- 6658391 TI - What is schizophrenia? PMID- 6658393 TI - The incidence of minor physical anomalies in adult male schizophrenics. AB - The Waldrop anomaly score was used to assess the incidence of minor physical anomalies among 40 adult male Caucasian schizophrenics. This sample had a higher group mean anomaly score than that reported for the normal population (p less than .001). Those with higher anomaly scores evidenced poorer premorbid adjustment (p less than .05). A significant relationship also existed between anomaly scores and the subset of premorbid adjustment, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Vocabulary scores, and the Neurological Impairment Index (p less than .05). These results suggest that first trimester developmental abnormalities, as reflected by the high incidence of anomalies, may parallel some form of central nervous system disturbance which may, in some cases, predispose toward the eventual development of schizophrenia. Implications of these findings, along with suggestions for further research, are considered. PMID- 6658392 TI - The genetics of delusional psychoses. AB - In a genetic study of the first-degree relatives of 77 patients with delusional (paranoid) psychoses, the morbidity risks for schizophrenia, affective disorders, and atypical psychoses were evaluated using ICD-9 criteria. The prevalence of schizophrenia was 3.10 percent (4.12 percent with age correction to 40 years and 4.94 percent with age correction to age 60), which is higher than in investigations of paranoid psychoses, but lower than in studies of paranoid schizophrenia. The prevalence figure for affective disorders (age-corrected 3.04 percent for unipolar plus bipolar patients) is also intermediate to those for relatives of paranoid schizophrenics and paranoid psychotics. When the 77 index delusional patients were subdivided into axial syndromes (endogenomorphic schizophrenic, endogenomorphic-cyclothymic, and organomorphic axial syndromes), two very homogeneous subgroups emerged. The endogenomorphic-schizophrenic subgroup showed high rates of schizophrenic secondary cases, whereas the endogenomorphic-cyclothymic subgroup showed high rates of affectively disordered secondary cases. The third organomorphic subgroup showed a high prevalence of atypical psychoses among first-degree relatives. Thirty-seven of the 77 index patients could not be assigned to any axial syndrome; their first-degree relatives had an increased prevalence of schizophrenia, but affective disorders were no more frequent than in the normal population. These data suggest that the heterogeneous group of paranoid psychoses can be meaningfully subdivided by use of axial syndromes which are viewed as representing "basic" disturbances underlying delusional symptomatology. PMID- 6658394 TI - First Person Account: what I wanted to know but was afraid to ask. PMID- 6658395 TI - Cultured human cells with a high content of metallothionein show resistance against gold-chloride. AB - Resistance to gold(III)chloride was tested in cultures of human epithelial cells derived from normal skin. Two cell strains were used, a 'wild type' (HE) and a substrain, previously made resistant to 100 mumol/l of CdCl2 (HE100), with a high content of the cysteine-rich cytoplasmic protein, metallothionein. Cell growth was studied for a period of 4 days during exposition to gold-chloride (100-400 mumol/l of HAuCl4 X 4H2O). Gold-chloride produced a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation of both cell strains. Compared with untreated control cells, however, the percentage survival after 4 days' treatment with 400 mumol/l was only 11% of HE cells, vis-a-vis 44% of the HE100 cells. After 24 hours' exposition to 200 mumol gold-chloride/l, the subcellular distribution of gold was determined by gel-filtration of cytosols, and subsequent analyses for Au by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In the HE100 cells 30% of the cytosolic gold co-eluted with the metallothionein. In the HE cells, which do not contain detectable amounts of metallothionein, only traces of gold were found in the corresponding eluate fractions. The total amount of intracellular gold was 15% higher in HE100 than in HE cells. This study renders it probable that the binding of gold to pre-existing metallothionein in HE100 cells affords protection against otherwise lethal gold concentrations. The significance of the results is briefly discussed in relation to therapeutic use of gold substances. PMID- 6658397 TI - Localization of bone-seeking agents in developing, experimentally induced osteoarthritis in the knee joint of the rabbit. AB - In order to elucidate the uptake and localization of bone-seeking agents in early and advanced osteoarthritis, bone scintigraphy and contact autoradiography were employed in experimental rabbit osteoarthritis, induced by joint instability of the knee. 42 adult rabbits were examined after administration of 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate given intravenously 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 26 weeks and 1 1/2-2 years postoperatively, 6 animals at each interval. The scintimetric ratio between uptake in the unstable joint vs. control joint had P6creased as early as one week postoperatively and was highest within the first 3 months. The autoradiograms revealed two localizations of increased 99mTc-MDP uptake during different stages in osteoarthritic development: early uptake in growing osteophytes and late uptake in subchondral bone. The uptake in the osteophytes was localized to the provisional calcifications of enchondral ossification and could be observed as early as one week postoperatively, before there was any radiographic sign of osteophytes. The osteophytic uptake was responsible for the highest scintimetric ratios registered, but in the advanced state most osteophytes had lost their earlier increased uptake. The late subchondral uptake was seen mostly in the medial compartment of the joint under denuded or eburnated articular surfaces. The results provide a better understanding of the topography of bone scintigraphic uptake in osteoarthritis and indicate that early osteophytic growth is the cause of increased bone scintigraphic uptake in joints free from radiographic signs of osteoarthritis. PMID- 6658396 TI - Sebaceous glands in the buccal mucosa in patients with rheumatic disorders. AB - When seeking oral lesions in patients with rheumatic disorders (RD), the most frequent discernible finding in the buccal mucosa seems to be sebaceous glands (SG). The purpose of the present study was to examine whether or not SG are associated with RD, especially Reiter's syndrome (RS). Observation of SG in the buccal mucosa took place by thorough inspection of 50 males and 80 females suffering from RD. Controls were 237 males and 231 females from an oto-rhino laryngologic clientele. Further rheumatological examination was made of 12 males and 7 females from the control group who showed positive SG findings. Biopsies from SG were performed for 9 patients suffering from RS. SG were observed in 24 males (48%) and 35 females (43.8%) among patients with RD and in 19 males (8%) and 8 females (3.7%) in the control group (p less than 0.001). Rheumatological examination of the above-mentioned 12 males and 7 females revealed either a history and/or objective signs of RD, most often RS, in 7 males (58.3%) and 6 females (85.7%). The histological pattern of SG was different from that of the mucocutaneous lesions of RS. The results speak in favour of a close association of oral SG and RD, with a certain emphasis in the direction of RS. SG seem to be an important additional non-specific clinical sign in the protean picture of rheumatic disorders. PMID- 6658398 TI - Penicillamine-induced dermatomyositis. A case history. AB - A 69-year-old woman with classical rheumatoid arthritis developed a severe dermato-myopathy during treatment with penicillamine. Remission occurred on withdrawal of the drug. Penicillamine (dimethylcysteine) is a pharmacological agent used for its chelating properties in the treatment of Wilson's disease and heavy metal poisoning, and in cysteinuria because of soluble disulphide formation. Within the last 17 years penicillamine has been increasingly applied in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the mechanism of action still being unknown. A great number of side effects have been reported, including less common auto-immune disorders such as drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis and polymyositis. These and other possible side effects have been well reviewed by others (1, 2). To our knowledge only a few earlier cases of dermatomyositis as a complication to penicillamine treatment of rheumatoid arthritis have been reported (3, 4, 5). We describe here another case. PMID- 6658400 TI - Relationship of cell growth to collagen synthesis in glucocorticoid treated A/J and C57BL6/J neonatal mouse dermal fibroblasts. AB - Primary cultures of neonatal dermal fibroblasts from two strains of mice (A/J and C57BL6/J) were utilized as an in vitro system to investigate the effects of glucocorticoids on cell growth and collagen synthesis. Protein and DNA synthesis were lower in untreated (control) A/J fibroblasts than in C57BL6/J fibroblasts. Treatment with glucocorticoids for 4 days resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and a reduction in collagen synthesis. Collagen synthesis was differentially more susceptible to glucocorticoids than was total protein synthesis. Neonatal dermal fibroblasts obtained from A/J mice were more sensitive to glucocorticoids than were cells from C57BL6/J mice. Reduction in collagen production by anti-inflammatory steroids in this system may be related to adverse effects observed in vivo following treatment with these steroids. PMID- 6658399 TI - Serum ferritin and the assessment of iron deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - In order to evaluate the diagnostic and pathogenetic importance of s-ferritin and p-lactoferrin in the anemia of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 38 patients were examined. Twenty-one out of 38 randomly selected anemic patients with classical or definite RA had iron deficiency, as estimated from the iron content in stained bone marrow aspiration. S-ferritin concentrations below 60 micrograms per litre had sensitivity and a specificity for iron deficiency of 86% and 88%, respectively, which was much better than such commonly used variables as s-iron, p-transferrin, MCV, and MCHC. Although this cut-off level is higher than in patients without inflammatory disease, s-ferritin was not correlated to disease activity. In 7 out of 8 patients, the s-ferritin level rose during iron therapy. P-lactoferrin values were within the normal range and did not vary with the anemia or with disease activity. Thus p-lactoferrin appears to be of no pathogenetic importance in the anemia of RA. PMID- 6658401 TI - Optic neuritis and Jaccoud's syndrome in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Unilateral optic neuritis and Jaccoud's Syndrome in a 34-year-old woman suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus is presented. We discuss the probable pathophysiological mechanisms of these two uncommon conditions. The most acceptable incriminating factor for optic neuritis is vasculitis. PMID- 6658402 TI - Tentative diagnoses among referrals versus diagnoses established at the Department of Rheumatology. PMID- 6658403 TI - The outlook for children after cardiac surgery: ventricular septal defects. AB - The indications for and results of surgical closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD), uncomplicated by other congenital cardiac defects, depend on the size of the VSD and its haemodynamic consequences. In infants the timing of surgical closure is determined largely by the persistence of symptoms of congestive cardiac failure unresponsive to maximal medical treatment. There is a high incidence of spontaneous closure of VSD with age, especially in defects of small size. Accompanying aortic regurgitation is a serious complication. Progress in surgical technique (e.g. deep hypothermia, cardioplegia, identification of the conduction tissue) has substantially decreased the hospital mortality of surgical closure and the incidence of late deaths. In selected series the hospital mortality has been reduced to as low as 1-2% in patients over one year of age. Unless there is intractable cardiac failure (rarely observed beyond infancy), surgical closure can be delayed: pulmonary vascular obstructive disease develops only very exceptionally below the age of two years. Late complications include re opening of the patch repair, arrhythmias and conduction disorders. The prognosis of post-operative left axis deviation plus right bundle branch block (left anterior hemiblock) is good in the absence of serious arrhythmias. Late deaths are rare. Operation in early childhood prevents the occurrence or persistence of abnormal right ventricular function. Exercise tolerance is normal in the absence of complications in practically all patients, who can therefore lead a normal life in all respects. There is, however, still slight doubt to what extent surgical closure is truly "curative" rather than "corrective". PMID- 6658404 TI - [Long-term evolution of children operated on for tetralogy of Fallot]. AB - While open heart surgery has much improved the prognosis of tetralogy of Fallot, surgical repair does not usually restore completely normal anatomy. Residual defects include some degree of pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary regurgitation (unavoidable if the pulmonic valve and valve ring need to be widened by patch), and, sometimes, residual ventricular septal defect. In addition, left and right ventricular dysfunction of mild to moderate degree, unrelated to residual lesions, may be observed. Other late complications may arise from conduction disturbances and ventricular arrhythmias. The occurrence of late sudden death is related to such rhythm disturbances, it occurs particularly in patients with ventricular premature beats on routine ECGs and is probably due to ventricular fibrillation. Patients with such premature beats must therefore be treated with antiarrhythmic drugs. In spite of these late complications, the majority of patients lead a normal life and professional integration is usually excellent. Many patients practise sports. Exercise tests late after surgery show mild or moderate decrease in maximal exercise performance if there are residual lesions of significance, and especially when there is more than one such residua (e.g. pulmonic stenosis and regurgitation). Life expectancy should be normal, at least for postoperative patients with minimal residual lesions. PMID- 6658405 TI - [Prognosis for patients following surgical correction of transposition of great vessels]. AB - Without surgical help, 90% of patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) will die during the first year of life. After repair of TGA, 90% of patients reach adult life. A number of hemodynamic complications and arrhythmias may occur and must be recognized, because some require reoperation or pacemaker implantation. Nearly 8 years postoperatively the vast majority of patients were symptom-free and over 90% were attending an ordinary school or pursuing a profession. Dysfunction of the right (systemic) ventricle and its atrio ventricular valve may become progressive in the late follow-up and could limit the reported success-rate in the future. PMID- 6658407 TI - [Asymptomatic ischemia following myocardial infarct]. AB - To assess the incidence of silent ischemia after myocardial infarction, a prospective series of 100 consecutive patients was studied 5 weeks after the acute event. Objective evaluation of myocardial ischemia included a 9-lead ECG, thallium-201 scintigraphy and radionuclide ventriculography, each at rest and during symptom-limited bicycle ergometry. Diagnostic criteria were ECG: greater than or equal to 1 mm horizontal or downsloping ST depression or greater than or equal to 1 mm ST elevation; thallium scintigraphy: a clearly reversible perfusion defect at rest, detectable only after exercise; radionuclide ventriculography: an exercise-induced decrease in global LVEF greater than or equal to 5% and/or in anyone regional EF greater than or equal to 14%. Presence of ischemia was assumed if at least 2 of 3 objective ischemic signs were found. This was the case in 28 of 100 patients. During exercise, 15 of 100 patients complained of chest pain, but only 8 (54%) had objective evidence of ischemia. Thus, silent ischemia was demonstrated in 20 of 100 patients. The sensitivity of both nuclear cardiology procedures was markedly superior to that of the ECG in diagnosing post-myocardial ischemia. PMID- 6658406 TI - [Left ventricular function following revascularization for occlusion of a coronary artery lasting 1 to 2 hours]. AB - The time-lag between coronary occlusion and irreversible damage to the myocardium is ill-defined in man. In 10 patients the changes in left ventricular function have been studied after coronary occlusion during diagnostic or therapeutic cardiac catheterization of 1-2 hours' duration. Revascularization was achieved either surgically or through intracoronary streptokinase infusion. The interval between occlusion and onset of extracorporal circulation or reopening was 61 to 119 minutes. Despite enzyme elevation (CPK, CK-MB, SGOT) and appearance of Q waves in 5 patients, no significant alteration of left ventricular function was noted on repeat cardiac catheterization 10 to 230 days after the accident. These observations, suggest that coronary occlusion of 1-2 hours' duration fails to produce significant irreversible damage to the myocardium despite electrocardiographic and enzymatic signs of myocardial infarction. PMID- 6658408 TI - [Intracoronary thrombolysis as a treatment for evolving myocardial infarction]. AB - Myocardial infarction is almost always the consequence of a thrombotic obstruction of one or more coronary arteries. We report our experience with the first 24 cases of intracoronary thrombolysis for recanalization of obstructed coronary arteries. 19 cases were successful, 1 case was partially successful and in 4 instances no reopening was observed. The amount of streptokinase used was 206 000 +/- 107 000 units, and reperfusion was achieved after 37 +/- 27.5 minutes. Recanalization of the vessel was accompanied by cessation of precordial pain and partial or complete normalization of the electrocardiogram. In one case bypass surgery was necessary because of reocclusion. Left ventricular function improvement after thrombolysis was dependent on the time-lag between occlusion and recanalization. These observations confirm others' experience that intracoronary thrombolysis appears to have favorable effects in patients with evolving myocardial infarction. PMID- 6658409 TI - [Early ergometry following acute myocardial infarction?]. AB - One hundred and twenty patients underwent a symptom limited submaximal exercise test (SSET) 8-40 days after acute myocardial infarction. No complications occurred during the exercise test. Sixty-two patients (52%) showed a normal SSET. ST-segment depression (greater than or equal to 1 mm) was detected in 21 (17.5%). Dyspnea, fatigue, inadequate blood pressure response and angina pectoris without changes in ST-segments were the end-point in 33 patients (27.5%). Furthermore, significant premature ventricular contractions occurred in four cases (3%) and limited the SSET. An SSET soon after myocardial infarction can be performed without risk. High specificity of ST-segment depression in lead V5 was confirmed by the coronary angiographic findings. Apart from ST-segment depression there were other, more frequent nonspecific end-points of SSET which require further examination regarding their prognostic value. PMID- 6658410 TI - [One- or two-dimensional echocardiography. A comparative study]. AB - A consecutive series of 300 M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiograms was reviewed retrospectively by 2 independent observers. These tests had been performed in adult patients who were either ambulatory or hospitalized in a community hospital. The diagnostic contribution of two-dimensional echo in comparison to M-mode was nil in three-quarters of the cases; it was rated as important or essential in only 20% of the cases. It is concluded that M-mode echocardiography in adults retains its value in everyday cardiac practice. PMID- 6658411 TI - [Re-entry tachycardias: a fragment problem during physiologic heart stimulation]. AB - In a prospective study, reentry tachycardias (RT) due to retrograde VA-conduction were sought in 30 patients after implantation of an atrial synchronous (VDD, DDD) pacemaker (PM) by frequent clinical controls and by 24-hour Holter monitoring. At least one RT was detected in 9/30 patients (in 5 during clinical control, in 4 on Holter monitoring only). 6 patients had symptoms due to RT (6 had palpitations, 1 complained of dizziness and 1 of ischemic heart pain). RTs were initiated by VPBs in 6 patients, by sinus bradycardia in 2 (VDD) and by magnet application in 1. Rates of RT varied from 100 bpm to 128 bpm. RT necessitated reprogramming of the PM in 5 patients (in 3 of them reprogramming to VVI-stimulation). RTs are thus a frequent complication after implantation of an atrial synchronous pacemaker. PMID- 6658412 TI - [Non-invasive detection of late potentials of ventricular activation: identification and significance in coronary disease]. AB - Using a high-amplification electrocardiograph with signal averaging, an attempt has been made to determine the prevalence of delayed potentials of ventricular activation (DPVA) in coronary heart disease (CHD) and their relation to ventricular tachycardia and/or fibrillation (VT/VF). No DPVA could be recorded in normal subjects (n = 25) or in patients with various cardiopathies with VT/VF but without CHD (n = 10). DPVA have been recorded only in patients with CHD (n = 50) (all patients having undergone ventriculography and coronarography). The prevalence of DPVA is 12.5% without VT/VF, 50% with VT/VF, and 80% when these arrhythmias are associated with the presence of a ventricular aneurysm. The duration of the DPVA is also important, since it is only in the group with VT/VF and with aneurysm that the R-EVEA duration (interval between the peak of the R wave and the end of electrical ventricular activity) exceeds 100 ms. DPVA disappeared in all the cases after aneurysmectomy. The DPVA, when of long duration, can be considered a hallmark of serious ventricular arrhythmias in patients with CHD and a ventricular aneurysm. PMID- 6658413 TI - [Swiss pacemaker statistics of the year 1982]. AB - The data of 96% of pacemaker implantations in Switzerland is analyzed and compared with previous years. The numbers of first implantations slightly increased to 216 per million population per year. The percentage breakdown of the various indications remain unchanged. Two thirds of the pacemakers implanted were multiprogrammable. Implantation of physiologic pacemakers has increased to 8.8% in recent years. Complications requiring reintervention decreased despite the increase in first implantations. PMID- 6658414 TI - [Analysis of antibiotic therapy in 500-bed hospital: indications, administration and possibilities of cost reduction]. AB - The introduction of a justification form in a 500-bed acute hospital before starting therapy with antibiotics resulted in a more than 30% decrease of current antibiotics costs. The cost reduction was mainly caused by reduced consumption of very expensive antibiotics. Moreover, analysis of the justification form revealed that more than 20% of diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis, postsurgical complications, or skin and bone infections were diagnosed and treated without sufficient clinical and bacteriological documentation. The use of a justification form for antibiotics is therefore not only useful for cutting costs, but also for educating physicians in how to administer rational prophylaxis and therapy with antibiotics. PMID- 6658415 TI - [Drugs and general medicine. Study of the profile of prescriptions and requests of the patients]. AB - 744 prescriptions written by a general practitioner are analyzed. It emerges that out of 1759 drugs prescribed, 13.5% are considered to have been directly demanded by the patient. This demand, which approaches 30% in women over 65, chiefly relates to hypnotics and tranquillizers. It involves a rise of 13% in pharmaceutical costs if the physician yields to the demands. In this study an average of 2.4 drugs were given per prescription and the average prescription cost is 47.65 Swiss francs. The scope of such demand should be taken into consideration more often when studying drug consumption in general and prescribing patterns in particular. PMID- 6658416 TI - [Interaction of amiodarone and digoxin]. AB - A clinical investigation was carried out in 13 patients in order to answer the question of a possible interaction between amiodarone (A) and digoxin (D) and to study the extent to which plasma digoxin levels (PDL) may be influenced by A. Combined therapy with A + D was instituted in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmia where treatment with D alone was insufficient. All patients had normal renal function. Amiodarone was added to the treatment regimen of patients receiving D at doses ranging from 0.125 to 0.5 mg daily on a long term basis. The initial dosage of A was 1200 mg daily for 5 days to achieve saturation, followed by a maintenance dose of 200-400 mg daily. 3 PDL were measured before therapy with A was added and during combined A and D treatment at weeks 1, 2 and 3 and 3 months after the addition of A. In 11 patients a significant increase in PDL occurred as early as the 1st and 2nd weeks following the addition of A. In one patient PDL was elevated only after 3 months and in one other patient it remained unchanged. In 4 patients the PDL increase was associated with nausea. No other subjective or objective symptoms of digitalis intoxication were observed. This investigation has demonstrated a clinically relevant interaction between A and D. Regular monitoring of PDL is recommended during the first 3 weeks of combined treatment with A + D, and the D doses should be adjusted accordingly. PMID- 6658417 TI - [Monitoring amiodarone]. AB - Serum levels of amiodarone (A) and desethylamiodarone (D) were determined by HPLC in 34 adults receiving loading (2 g) or maintenance doses (200 mg daily) of amiodarone. Serum levels of A after i.v. loading doses were much higher (1.35 micrograms/ml) than after equivalent oral doses (0.51 microgram/ml), suggesting low bioavailability. During maintenance therapy, very low levels of A were measured during the first 3 months of treatment (0.31 microgram/ml), after which they tended to rise (0.53 microgram/ml), as did the ratio of D/A. Among 4 children under maintenance therapy, one had high serum levels of A (1.50 micrograms/ml) and D (2.50 micrograms/ml) and showed nervous and cutaneous signs of toxicity. PMID- 6658418 TI - [Calcium antagonists: a potent vasodilatory principle and alternative basic antihypertensive therapy]. AB - The calcium antagonists nicardipin and verapamil were used to demonstrate enhanced calcium influx dependent vasoconstriction in the forearm circulation of patients with essential hypertension (n = 11) as compared to normotensive subjects (n = 10) while non-specific vasodilatory responses were comparable. Chronic treatment with verapamil (427 mg/day) and nifedipine (56 mg/day) in 104 patients with essential hypertension demonstrated a comparable fall in blood pressure with both drugs. Antihypertensive responses correlated directly with pretreatment blood pressure (p less than 0.001) and the patient's age (p less than 0.01), and indirectly with plasma renin activity (p less than 0.01). Therefore, calcium antagonists may be used as an alternative to diuretics as first line drugs in elderly and low renin patients. PMID- 6658419 TI - [Therapy of primary aldosteronism with trilostane]. AB - Trilostane is a competitive inhibitor of the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme system localized in the adrenal cortex and in the gonads. This inhibitor reduces the production of cortisol, aldosterone and androstendione. Trilostane was used for the treatment of 3 male and 2 female patients with primary aldosteronism, two of whom had an adenoma of the adrenal cortex and three bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. After a 12 weeks' treatment with trilostane (average dosage 288 mg/day) normalization of plasma aldosterone (from 368 to 35.1 pg/ml) was achieved. Average blood pressure had almost normalized (147/98 mm Hg) after the treatment period. However, in one patient no, or only a minor, reduction in blood pressure was observed during trilostane and even during captopril and minoxidil administration. Except slight diarrhea in 2 cases, which did not require cessation of trilostane medication, there were no further side effects. After 12 weeks' treatment the average serum cortisol was in the lower normal range. It is concluded from these results that trilostane is an effective therapeutic agent in primary aldosteronism, especially where there is no indication for surgery. PMID- 6658420 TI - [Quantitative approach to drug compliance of diabetics]. AB - Many patients do not take their medication according to the instructions of their physician. Patient compliance is particularly poor in the long-term treatment of diseases, which produce only minor symptoms in the patient. The aim of the present study was to quantitate patient compliance in diabetics treated with tolbutamide. The amount of tolbutamide taken by the patient was estimated on the basis of its 24 hours urinary excretion. The collection of the 24 hours urine is a standard procedure in our outpatient clinic for the measurement of glycosuria. The study involved 33 diabetics followed over several months. In those reliable patients, who conscientiously took their medication, we found a good correlation between the prescribed dose and the 24 hours urinary excretion. In contrast, when the data from the entire group of 33 out-patients was evaluated, the correlation between these two parameters of prescribed dose and urinary excretion was poor. The correlation between urinary excretion and the dose admitted by the patient was just as poor. According to our results, only one out of two diabetics took the prescribed dose. After our initial observations, we informed the outpatients about their inclusion in this study. In spite of the fact that the patients knew that they were under observation for compliance, we found large interindividual differences in the urinary excretion of tolbutamide over several months. In contrast, the intraindividual variability was low. We found that interviews with patients are a poor means to detect non-compliance, whereas urinary excretion measurements appear to be more reliable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6658421 TI - [Idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: therapeutic aspects]. AB - The 75% of the renal stone formers have a so-called idiopathic calcium urolithiasis. The majority of these patients, however, do have a detectable biochemical disorder such as hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria or hyperoxaluria. A high fluid intake unequivocally represents the first step in the therapeutic approach to these patients. Nevertheless, the detection of any type of biochemical disturbance is of great importance since the addition of a specific therapy will then become possible. Patients with absorptive idiopathic hypercalciuria will be advised to decrease their intake of dairy products as a function of the degree of calcium hyperabsorption, and simultaneously the major dietary sources of oxalate such as chocolate, spinach, rhubarb and asparagus will be eliminated; neutral orthophosphates (3-4 times 500 mg/d) or a thiazide, resp. an analogue as chlorthalidone (50 mg/d) are reasonable alternatives. Renal idiopathic hypercalciuria should be treated, according to the authors, with chlorthalidone (50 mg/d), with or without allopurinol (300 mg/d) depending on the presence of concomitant hyperuricosuria. Patients with dietary idiopathic hypercalciuria should be advised to better equilibrate the various components of their dietary intake. Finally, patients with isolated idiopathic hyperuricosuria whose disease would remain active despite a high fluid intake should receive allopurinol (300 mg/d). The treatment of isolated idiopathic hyperoxaluria is not yet well established. Two main arguments favor this so to say "tailored" approach to the idiopathic stone former: first, some metabolic disturbances are causally related to a particularly active and severe urolithiasis, whereas others are less so; second, the lack of efficacy of some types of treatment appears more and more to be due to insufficient screening of the patients before starting a given treatment. PMID- 6658422 TI - [Evaluation of coma using evoked brain potentials]. AB - Subcortical sensory evoked potentials are of growing importance in assessing brain damage in comatose patients. First, they are not susceptible to sedative and narcotic drugs; second, the investigation can easily be performed in the intensive care unit; and third, off-line results are immediately available. Subcortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) proved to be more reliable in assessing brain function than brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP). Our own experience with this method is illustrated by several case reports. PMID- 6658423 TI - [Diagnosis, etiology and clinical course of acute and chronic pericarditis]. AB - Between 1976 and 1982 18 patients with acute and 13 with chronic pericarditis (excluding constrictive pericarditis) were seen at the Medical Outpatient Clinic, University Hospital, Zurich. The prominent symptom in acute pericarditis was chest pain (15/18 patients versus 0/13 in chronic pericarditis, p less than 0.001) and in chronic pericarditis dyspnea (7/13 patients versus 1/18 in acute pericarditis, p less than 0.005). Pericardial friction rub and ST elevation were significantly more frequent in acute than in chronic pericarditis. In contrast, elevation of venous pressure occurred more often in the chronic than in the acute form. During the follow-up of 3.2 years the NYHA class decreased from 2.5 to 1.2 (p less than 0.001) in the group with acute pericarditis although 7 recurrences occurred in 3 patients within the first two years. The follow-up in the patients with chronic pericarditis was 4.4 years and the NYHA class decreased from 2.4 to 1.4 (p less than 0.05). There were, however, two deaths in the group with chronic pericarditis and pericardiocentesis and/or pericardiectomy had to be performed in 8/13 patients. PMID- 6658424 TI - [Reducing blood pressure with Dipyron (novaminsulfone sodium)]. AB - A fall in systolic blood pressure without other symptoms of anaphylactic shock has been described following the administration of drugs containing dipyrone. This adverse reaction was first observed in 4 patients by the same team in 1972 1973. Ten further cases with a fall in systolic blood pressure by at least 20 mm Hg occurring within minutes to 6 hours after intravenous administration of dipyrone are presented in this paper. In each of them this adverse reaction was considered to be probable or even definite. During the years 1976-1981 drug exposure was registered for all 15 678 patients of the two medical divisions of Comprehensive Hospital Drug Monitoring Berne. This adverse reaction was found in 7, representing 0.34% of the 2053 patients who received intravenous treatment with a dipyrone preparation. PMID- 6658425 TI - [Familial Mediterranean fever]. AB - The diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever is often difficult. The typical symptoms of this disease have been observed in two Turkish patients. The diagnostic criteria are short attacks of fever recurring in varying intervals, and painful symptoms in the abdomen, chest, joints or skin. Since no specific test for familial Mediterranean fever is available, the diagnosis must be based on precise clinical criteria and a genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance and predilection for people of Mediterranean stock, particularly sephardic Jews and Armenians. The therapeutic response to colchicine may confirm diagnostic accuracy. Amyloidosis is a major symptom of the disease and dominates the further clinical picture. Treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) may inhibit the progression of amyloidosis and improvement of renal function can be achieved. PMID- 6658426 TI - [Nosocomial infections in a university hospital. Results of a prospective study of infections in a medical and surgical ward and a surgical intensive care unit]. AB - The results of an 11-month pilot study of surveillance of nosocomial infections are reported. Prospective surveillance was performed by daily examination of the microbiology reports and daily visits by the infection control nurse to the ward for the review of charts and Kardex of all patients for detection of "infection clues". Work sheets were used to collect all data during the daily rounds. Infection rates were calculated by dividing the the total number of hospital acquired infections by the total number of discharges during the surveillance period. Active surveillance was performed for 6 months in the surgical intensive care unit (SCIU), 5 months in the surgical ward (SW) and 9 months in the medical ward (MW). Of 1527 patients discharged from these wards, nosocomial infections developed in 158 patients (10.4%). The overall infection rate was 14% (214 nosocomial infections). The infection rate varied greatly from ward to ward due to different patient populations, invasive procedures and severity of underlying diseases. Incidence infection rates were 42.5% for the SICU, 19.6% for the SW and 4.1% for the MW. The major sites affected were surgical wounds (42%), urinary tract (23%), respiratory tract (19%) and bloodstream (8%). The major etiologic agents associated with these nosocomial infections were E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions drawn from the results of surveillance are discussed. The major benefits of an effective surveillance program for nosocomial infections are (a) estimates of the endemic levels of nosocomial infection, (b) identification of the nosocomial pathogens commonly encountered within a given institution, (c) identification of risk factors and (d) prompt recognition of epidemics. These data provide the necessary basis for an effective infection control program. PMID- 6658427 TI - [School and occupational history of 30 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. Significance of early diagnosis]. AB - Thirty men aged 17-48 years with pure 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome have been studied. The group was a positive selection diagnosed not on account of behavior problems but infertility or hypogonadism. Interviews and additional information revealed, almost without exception, the characteristic personality traits of XXY patients. At school, problems arose early, particularly in relation to language. Routine administrative acts such as 15 class repetitions had predominantly negative effects, thus increasing the patients' tendency towards social isolation. In manually oriented professions the patients were quite successful, but in apprenticeship several had to drop out due to problems in theoretical courses, especially foreign languages and mathematics. The diagnosis could nearly always have been suspected by pediatricians, school doctors or school psychologists when the patients were aged 4-8. Early diagnosis is crucial for counselling of parents and teachers, for vocational guidance and for timely testosterone replacement therapy. Patients, and their parents, could thus be spared much unnecessary suffering. PMID- 6658428 TI - [Chymotrypsin activity in the stool: comparison of a new photometric technic and the standard titrimetric method]. AB - A newly developed photometric assay for determination of fecal chymotrypsin is compared with the titrimetric standard method. Correlation of both technics was highly significant with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.975. The precision of both methods is satisfactory, with a coefficient of variation of 3.7% for the photometric and 1.8% for the titrimetric method. The clinical value of fecal chymotrypsin tests and other "tubeless" function tests is discussed with special reference to diagnosis and prognosis of chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 6658429 TI - [Place and value of tomodensitometry examination of malignant skin tumors of the face]. AB - Computerized tomography of the face offers a new technique for the evaluation of malignant tumors. It serves to ascertain exactly the extension of the malignant process and to establish the indication for surgery in the best possible conditions. A brief clinical description of the most frequent tumors of the face is given and the indications for this examination are discussed. The technical aspect of CT is also presented. In the light of four cases selected among patients who had been treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the face, the authors demonstrate the value of the examination. They believe that computed tomography is fully indicated in recurrent tumors of the face and in complex localisation such as the medial angle of the eye, the external auditory canal, the alar base of the nose or the orbits. PMID- 6658430 TI - [Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremities: occurrence, etiology and prognosis]. AB - Incidence, clinical findings, etiology and evolution of 25 cases of deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity are evaluated in a group of 23 in- and outpatients. The incidence of the disease represents less than 6% of all deep venous thromboses. The most frequent etiology among outpatients was "primary" deep venous thrombosis. The percentage of pulmonary embolism was 8%. The prognosis is favourable in 90% of cases. PMID- 6658431 TI - [Deleterious course in tumor patients with ectopic ACTH secretion and secondary Cushing's syndrome]. AB - Ectopic ACTH secretion with secondary Cushing's syndrome was observed in two patients with metastatic islet cell carcinoma and oat cell carcinoma of the lung respectively. Both patients were young (27 and 31 years), male, and developed severe hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and hypertension. Besides excessively increased ACTH-secretion, increased free urinary cortisol, 17-hydroxy- and 17 ketosteroids were found. The dexamethasone suppression test was negative. Inhibitors of adrenal steroid synthesis (aminoglutethimide, trilostan, o,p'-DDD) did not significantly change cortisol secretion and hypokalemia, and clinical symptoms persisted. Radiotherapy (5000 cGy) resulted in a partial remission of short duration in one patient. Both patients, however, died of metabolic complications 2 and 8 months after the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. PMID- 6658432 TI - [Pyrazinamide versus ethambutol in short-term therapy of lung tuberculosis. A randomized study]. AB - Recent experience suggests that the duration of chemotherapy of tuberculosis can be shortened to 6-9 months, without an increase in the relapse rate, if the treatment if started with 3 or 4 drugs including isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP) and pyrazinamide (PZA). In a controlled study of culture-positive advanced pulmonary tuberculosis we have compared treatment regimens with PZA in a dosage of less than 2 g and with ethambutol (EMB). 113 patients were given, in random order for 2-3 months, either PZA (25 mg/kg body weight) or EMB (25 mg/kg) together with RMP (450 or 600 mg) and INH (5 mg/kg). The last two drugs were given for a total of 9 months. Patients treated with PZA showed a (not significantly) earlier conversion to negative cultures after an average of 7 weeks. After 18 months follow-up there have been no relapses on these regimens. 2 patients, both treated with EMB, did not respond to therapy. Drug-induced hepatitis was seen in 5 patients with PZA and in 2 patients with EMB. The hepatitis was always observed during the first month of therapy and was fully reversible. Three of the 4 patients with clinically apparent hepatitis were over 70 years of age. Three patients with elevated uric acid levels had arthralgia which led in one of them to termination of therapy. The preliminary results of our study show that the treatment regimen with PZA does not lead to a higher rate of side effects if used with particular moderation in older patients. PMID- 6658433 TI - [Transcapillary diffusion of Na-fluorescein in skin areas of the dorsum of the foot in juvenile diabetics]. AB - Fluorescence videomicroscopy after intravenous injection of Na-fluorescein serves to quantitate dye diffusion out of single capillaries or capillary groups in an almost atraumatic manner [2, 4, 6, 8, 9]. In 14 young patients with a mean disease duration of 10 years and in 16 healthy controls, fluorescent light intensity was measured continuously during one hour at the dorsum of the foot by a videodensitometer covering an average of 68 capillaries. 1 second and 5 minutes after first appearance of the dye in the foot skin, the amount of the tracer detected in the area of measurement was significantly increased in the diabetics (p less than 0.05-0.001). At 1 minute, for example, mean fluorescent light intensity reached 47.2 +/- 18.1% of the maximal individual intensity and in the normals only 29.3 +/- 10.8% (p less than 0.01). In the patients the capillaroscopic image was characterized by early blurring, whereas the pericapillary halo of the controls contained more dye than the more remote interstitial space and remained well delineated for a much longer time. The new technique offers the possibility of studying transcapillary diffusion as an expression of microangiopathy in different groups of diabetic patients, and of following the effect of therapeutic regimens. PMID- 6658434 TI - [Intestinal endometriosis]. AB - Recurrent abdominal pain in women during the ovulatory years as well as during the climacteric period may be due to the intestinal form of endometriosis. Rectal discharge of blood and correlation with the menstrual cycle are not common. The clinical symptoms are, depending on the affected parts of the intestines, not typical and radiologic investigation is only warranted to exclude intestinal cancer. The treatment of choice for intestinal endometriosis, in spite of the great success of antigonadotropic therapy, should be surgical resection, a view borne out by the authors' cases. Antigonadotropic therapy is a great success in the case of multiple intestinal localizations, but the secondary, fibromatous reactive lesions cannot be treated by hormones and may become symptomatic at any time. PMID- 6658435 TI - [Liver surgery in Switzerland]. AB - In 1981, the surgical departments of the 5 Universities of Switzerland and 5 departments of Cantonal Hospitals and City Hospitals performed a total of 77 liver resections. The most prominent indication was liver metastases (especially from colorectal carcinomas), and lobectomy (hemihepatectomy) was the most commonly performed operative procedure. These data are in agreement with the experience of Zurich University Hospital from 1961-1981: 26 out of 45 liver resections were indicated by liver metastases. The overall postoperative lethality was 6.6%; lethality for resection of metastases was zero. PMID- 6658436 TI - [Comparative studies of mortality, morbidity and growth rate in conventional and swine health service farms. I. Introduction and culling rate]. PMID- 6658437 TI - [Comparative studies of mortality, morbidity and growth rate in conventional and swine health service farms. II. Course and causes of diseases]. PMID- 6658438 TI - [Occurrence of a pleuropneumonia in swine due to a Pasteurella hemolytic-like organism. Its probable relation to pleuropneumonia due to Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae]. PMID- 6658439 TI - Species concept and taxonomic principles. AB - Based on the species concept of changing versus unchanging, the present work deals with the following two problems: First, why would the taxonomic system reflect evolutionary history? Second, how is this effected? Species are changing in the sense that each species has its own characteristics and there is no complete identity between any two species. On the other hand, species are unchanging and each one conserves a set of ancestral characters which allocates its taxonomic position, and this is the reason why the taxonomic system reflects evolutionary history. The taxonomic system is constructed to reflect evolutionary history mainly through the process of character analysis. Combining the viewpoints of cladistics and evolutionary systematics, the writer proposes six rules for character analysis which will provide the basis for analyzing evolutionary history. PMID- 6658440 TI - Study of chromosomal replication of red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac). AB - The technique of cell fusion, the method of sister chromatid differentiation (SCD), and the silver staining method modified by us that can show nucleolus organizing region (NOR) and sister chromatid differentiation at the same time have been used in the study of red muntjac chromosomes. Differential staining of sister chromatid has been observed in metaphase chromosomes and in premature condensed chromosomes (PCC) at various stages of the interphase. Our silver staining method shows that the NOR in the dark staining chromatid is Ag-positive, while that in the light staining chromatid is Ag-negative. The chromatid differentiation staining and the NOR sister staining suggest that the structure of metaphase chromosomes is similar to that of the premature condensed chromosomes of the interphase cell. The chromosomal replication of red muntjac conforms with the semiconservative replication mechanism and the replication of rDNA is also semiconservative. PMID- 6658441 TI - Comparative measurements of suspended particulates using several gravimetric methods and the British smoke sampler. AB - Comparative measurements by gravimetric methods and the British black-smoke method show that the black-smoke method is less precise than the gravimetric methods. The present studies reveal that the black-smoke device only separates fractions of suspended particulates up to a particle size of 1 micron. Separate evaluations of data sets measured over a period of a year and, during the winter, in accordance with the "Council Directive of the EC on air quality limit values and guide values for sulphur dioxide and suspended particulates" showed different correlations and relations to values established gravimetrically. The black-smoke method proved to be unsuitable for the evaluation of ambient air concentrations of suspended particulates by comparison with limit values. PMID- 6658442 TI - Determination of chromium in human milk, serum and urine by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry without preliminary ashing. AB - In the present study a Perkin-Elmer 5000 atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with a tungsten--iodide lamp for improved background correction at the 357.9 nm chromium absorption line and an HGA 500 graphite furnace were employed for the direct determination of chromium in human serum, milk and urine. The method of standard additions was used: 0.25-0.75 ng Cr was added to 1 ml samples. Except for urine samples, a dilution of 1 + 1 to 1 + 2 with H2O was necessary in order to obtain correct calibration curves. The average concentration of chromium in all the samples of normal subjects was less than 0.5 ng Cr ml-1. The day-to-day variation for all of the pooled samples was around 10% (relative standard deviation). For urine, the accuracy of the method was tested by comparing the results of another laboratory for the same two round robin samples. Excellent agreement was found between the present method and those of the other laboratory that had used isotope dilution--mass spectrometry and continuum source wavelength modulated echelle--atomic absorption spectrometry to define the chromium concentration in the samples. The detection limit of the method, 0.05 ng Cr ml-1 for urine and serum and 0.1 ng Cr ml-1 for human milk, was sufficient for the biological fluids analyzed. The method was employed for the determination of chromium in 24-h urine samples of maturity onset diabetics supplemented with 20 or 200 micrograms Cr3+ d-1 for six weeks. It was shown that the 24-h urinary chromium excretion accurately indicates the daily dietary chromium intake of these patients. PMID- 6658443 TI - Lead levels in whole blood of an adult population group from Rome. AB - Pb-blood levels of 801 adult non-occupationally exposed subjects from Rome are reported. The investigation was carried out according to EEC Directive No. 77/312 with acceptable quality control of analytical data. A mean Pb-blood level of 173 micrograms/l (198 micrograms/l for males and 150 micrograms/l for females) was found; good correlations were found between Pb-blood levels and age, sex and smoking habits but no correlation was found in relation to drinking habits, residence and other variables which were examined. In the present survey all the three EEC reference levels were observed. PMID- 6658444 TI - Determination of mercury in freeze-dried muscle samples of pike, cod and perch using an ASV-technique. AB - Determination of mercury in fish muscle samples can be made by an anodic stripping voltammetric technique (ASV) using a gold disc as the working electrode. Prior to analysis deep-frozen fish were thawed and then dissected using quartz scalpels. The freeze-dried samples were homogenised by the brittle fracture technique. Two wet digestion procedures were investigated, namely the HNO3/HCIO4 and the HNO3/H2SO4 system, and both were found to be useful. In order to complete the oxidation, the sample had to be UV-irradiated. The stripping procedure can be done in either a new medium - 0.1 M HCIO4 and 2.5 mM HCl - or directly in the sample solution. Using HNO3 and H2SO4 as oxidising agents and subsequently stripping the mercury directly in the sample solution is recommended, as the analytical procedure will be simpler and more time-saving. The concentrations obtained for pike, cod and perch, caught at a near-shore Baltic Sea station off the Forsmark nuclear power plant in Sweden, were 19.6, 0.84 and 5.1 (micrograms/g dry weight), respectively. On comparison with results obtained from neutron activation analysis, good agreement was found. PMID- 6658445 TI - Exposure of man to environmental selenium - an exposure commitment assessment. AB - Selenium is an element which occurs naturally in varying concentrations in soil and is released from industrial sources, particularly from fossil fuel combustion. Harmful effects in animals and man may result from both deficient or excessive amounts of intake. Representative values of selenium concentrations in the background environment and in man are selected from available data and a pathway analysis is performed utilizing the exposure commitment method. Dietary intake of selenium is of the order of 70 micrograms d-1. With fractional absorption of 80% and retention in the body of 90% for an effective retention time of 140 days, the estimated mean body content of selenium is 7 mg. The contribution to the body burden from inhalation intake is much less significant. The exposure evaluation is performed for total selenium in the environment and in man. The parameters may be adjusted for specific selenium compounds, if data are available, and for more particular environmental and exposure conditions as required. PMID- 6658446 TI - Physico-chemical characterization of atmospheric trace metal emissions from a primary zinc-lead smelter. AB - Emissions from the stacks of a major primary zinc--lead smelter were characterised using X-ray powder diffraction spectrometry (XRD). The following chemical phases were identified: PbSO4, PbO X PbSO4, PbO, PbS, PbO, ZnO, alpha ZnS, CdO. A complementary environmental investigation revealed that, within the works boundary, the airborne metals might be associated mainly with the fugitive blowage of coarse particles containing primary ore minerals. However, such fugitive emissions were found to be of low significance in the local environment outside the works perimeter, where fine particle emissions from the stacks of the smelter were the predominant source of airborne cadmium, lead and zinc. PMID- 6658447 TI - Transient dispersion of dust by wind from nonpoint sources. AB - This study is concerned with unsteady dispersion of particulates from a nonpoint source such as a storage pile and has been solved analytically. The effects of the particle sizes, the heights of the emission source, wind velocity, and the ground conditions on the downwind particle concentration distribution and deposition are presented using the dust puff model. Results indicate that a significant amount of particle deposition can occur even at locations far away from the emission source. The effect of the height of emission source on the downwind particle concentration is only significant near the emission source. PMID- 6658448 TI - Total mercury concentrations in human hair from 13 countries in relation to fish consumption and location. AB - Five hundred and fifty nine samples of human head hair from 32 locations in 13 countries were analysed for mercury. Tests of different techniques for cleaning and storing samples showed that at ambient air mercury concentrations contamination of samples is undetectable. Arithmetic mean mercury concentrations for people who ate fish 1-4 times each month were: Australia, 2.5 ppm; Canada, 1.2 ppm; China, 0.9 ppm; West Germany, 0.5 ppm; Hong Kong, 3.0 ppm; Italy, 1.5 ppm; Japan, 3.9 ppm; Monaco, 1.7 ppm; New Zealand, 1.3 ppm; Papua New Guinea, 1.8 ppm; South Africa, 1.9 ppm; U.K., 1.6 ppm and USA, 2.4 ppm. The differences are believed to be due to diet and environment. Mean hair mercury concentrations were significantly different for the group that ate fish once or less a month (1.4 ppm) once a fortnight (1.9 ppm) once a week (2.5 ppm) and once or more a day (11.6 ppm). Simplified models of mercury pathways in the environment and man are presented. Hair mercury concentrations measured here and those reported in the literature suggested that the weighted mean hair mercury concentration of people living in both northern and southern hemispheres at latitudes greater than 40 degrees had hair mercury concentrations which were significantly lower than at other latitudes, even in industrialized countries. It is suggested that lower soil temperatures could retard mercury volatilization and inhibits its movement into pathways which get back to man. PMID- 6658449 TI - Trace element changes in hair during pregnancy: preliminary study. AB - Using neutrons activation analysis, the changes in concentrations of Cu, Zn and Mn in hair during pregnancy are studied. Scalp and pubic hair samples from both non-pregnant and pregnant female subjects were analysed. The results of this preliminary study are presented. Cu, Zn and Mn levels in scalp hair obtained from pregnant subjects were not significantly different from those of non-pregnant subjects. However, pubic hair samples obtained from subjects in the ninth month of pregnancy showed significantly lower Zn levels whereas Cu and Mn levels remained normal. Studies on two subjects in the last trimester showed a steady fall in Cu and Zn levels in pubic hair with advancement of pregnancy; Mn level did not, however, show any change. The reliability of analysis was checked using standard reference materials, such as Bovine Liver and Orchard Leaves (U.S. NBS). PMID- 6658450 TI - Mercury content of fishery products: data from the last decade. PMID- 6658451 TI - Long-term biological consequences of nuclear war. AB - Subfreezing temperatures, low light levels, and high doses of ionizing and ultraviolet radiation extending for many months after a large-scale nuclear war could destroy the biological support systems of civilization, at least in the Northern Hemisphere. Productivity in natural and agricultural ecosystems could be severely restricted for a year or more. Postwar survivors would face starvation as well as freezing conditions in the dark and be exposed to near-lethal doses of radiation. If, as now seems possible, the Southern Hemisphere were affected also, global disruption of the biosphere could ensue. In any event, there would be severe consequences, even in the areas not affected directly, because of the interdependence of the world economy. In either case the extinction of a large fraction of the Earth's animals, plants, and microorganisms seems possible. The population size of Homo sapiens conceivably could be reduced to prehistoric levels or below, and extinction of the human species itself cannot be excluded. PMID- 6658452 TI - Wistar denied monoclonal antibody patent in U.K. PMID- 6658453 TI - A nursing institute for NIH? PMID- 6658454 TI - Math genius may have hormonal basis. PMID- 6658455 TI - Compartmentation of glycolytic and glycogenolytic metabolism in vascular smooth muscle. AB - Vascular smooth muscle is characterized by a high rate of aerobic lactate production, which may be altered independently of oxidative phosphorylation. This finding suggested a cytoplasmic compartmentation of metabolism. Exogenous glucose was found to be the sole precursor of aerobic glycolysis under unstimulated conditions. Although tissue depolarization with high K+ resulted in a substantial reduction of endogenous glycogen, exogenous glucose remained the sole precursor of aerobic lactate production. These data showed unequivocally that carbohydrate metabolism is compartmentalized in vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 6658456 TI - Memory retrieval: a time-locked process in infancy. AB - Three-month-old infants learned to activate an overhead crib mobile by operant footkicking and received a visual reminder of the event (a "reactivation treatment") 2 weeks later, after forgetting had occurred. Subsequent manifestation of the association was a monotonic increasing function of time since the reactivation treatment, and performance of infants tested 8 hours after the remainder was related to the time spent sleeping in the interim (r = 0.75). These data demonstrate that normal retrieval is time-dependent. Moreover, individual data suggest that retrieval may be continuous rather than discontinuous. PMID- 6658457 TI - How a nerve fiber repairs its cut end: involvement of phospholipase A2. AB - Following transection of a giant axon, the nerve membrane at the cut end is resealed within 5 to 30 minutes. This membrane resealing process is highly dependent upon temperature and extracellular calcium ions. The membrane resealing is triggered by excess calcium entering the axoplasm at the site of transection but is prevented by the application of phospholipase A2 inhibitors. We propose that calcium activated phospholipase A2 plays a central role in resealing of the ruptured nerve membrane. PMID- 6658458 TI - Automated clot-based methods in coagulation testing: current and future considerations. PMID- 6658459 TI - Newer synthetic peptide substrates in coagulation testing: some practical considerations for automated methods. AB - More than 100 chromogenic and fluorogenic peptide substrates are now available for the evaluation of coagulation and related parameters. Many of these substrates exhibit undesirable physical properties, such as insolubility, surface adsorption, and interaction with endogenous plasma proteins. Some of these substrates are capable of inhibiting serine protease generation during activation in the global assay. In order to develop synthetic chromogenic substrates with desirable physical and biochemical characteristics, modified amino acids, such as CHG, CHT, and Nleu, have been utilized. Similarly, to provide a favorable molecular environment to facilitate enzyme and synthetic substrate interactions, various molecular manipulations, such as the introduction of bulky groups, is helpful in developing substrates for protein Ca and C1-esterase. Substrates for Factor Xa, CH3-O-CO-CHG-Arg-pNA (bovine Xa, Km 2.5 X 10(-4) M; human, Km 3.5 X 10(-4) M); thrombin, H-D-CHT-Ala-Arg-pNA (bovine thrombin, Km 3 X 10(-6) M; human thrombin, Km 6 X 10(-6) M); plasmin, H-D-Nleu-CHT-Lys-pNA (human plasmin, Km 2.2 X 10(-5) M) were found to have identical or superior biochemical characteristics to the earlier substrates. These newer substrates were found to be more soluble (greater than 5 X 10(-4) M) in physiologic buffer, less susceptible to autoamidolysis at reaction conditions, and did not produce opacity of the test solution in final concentrations of 5 X 10(-4) M. Comparable results on normal and pathologic plasma samples were obtained in various laboratory assays that utilize currently available substrates for Factors Xa and IIa, kallikrein, and plasmin (R = greater than 0.9). We propose that prior to the application of a new synthetic substrate in a given assay, a careful biochemical and physical screening of the substrate, the assay conditions, and the interaction of substrates with plasma proteins is highly desirable. PMID- 6658460 TI - Automation of antithrombin III methods on routinely available instruments. PMID- 6658461 TI - Application of several chromogenic substrate assays to automated instrumentation for coagulation analysis. PMID- 6658462 TI - The use of an automated analyzer in the evaluation of antithrombin III and heparin. PMID- 6658463 TI - Coagulation testing with the Du Pont aca discrete clinical analyzer. AB - Methods for the measurement of the functional concentration of AT III, PLG, and FBG have been developed for the Du Pont aca discrete clinical analyzer. These methods are fully automated, provide excellent reproducibility, and compare favorably with existing methodologies. The availability of these and future coagulation assays on this automated analyzer will provide the hospital laboratory with a reliable means for evaluating hemostatic function. In addition, excellent method reproducibility and use of defined reference standards should significantly contribute to the standardization of coagulation methods. PMID- 6658464 TI - Evaluation of "Statsep," a semiautomated device to prepare plasma samples for coagulation analysis. PMID- 6658466 TI - Current trends in hemostatic testing. PMID- 6658465 TI - Newer avenues in the monitoring of antithrombotic therapy: the role of automation. AB - In the future, we may find that antithrombotic therapy provides its major effects other than by Factors Xa and IIa inhibition, in which case a panel of assays may be of clinical use to determine how a given patient is responding to therapy. All methods discussed previously for direct factor assays, global tests, or specific factor inhibition can be modified for synthetic substrates. With instruments such as the IL Multistat III centrifugal analyzer, which has detection capabilities for visible light, fluorescence and light scatter, it will be possible to panel profile synthetic substrate-based assays, immunologic assays (for example, platelet release products or circulating complexes of enzyme-inhibitor, such as thrombin-AT III) and possibly platelet aggregations/luminescence in one rotor. The field of coagulation is rapidly expanding in the development of newer tests to measure newly discovered proteins (protein C), development of new drugs and therapeutic regimens, and incorporating immunologic and enzymologic technologies and clinical chemistry standardization and quality control practices. Throughout this period of growth, automation has been in the forefront and is playing an ever-increasing role in every old and new aspect of coagulation evaluation. We are aware of the advantages that accompany any automated device over manual techniques, so there should be much hope and expectation for the new hemostasis and thrombosis laboratory. PMID- 6658467 TI - Seminars in perinatology. PMID- 6658468 TI - Malformations in structural development. PMID- 6658469 TI - Intrinsic versus extrinsically derived deformational defects: a clinical approach. PMID- 6658470 TI - Neuromuscular abnormalities as a cause of deformational defects. PMID- 6658471 TI - Alterations in head shape as a consequence of fetal head constraint. PMID- 6658472 TI - Structural defects as consequence of late intrauterine constraint: craniotabes, loose skin, and asymmetric ear size. AB - Those fetal structures that are normally marked by passive growth in response to neighboring tissues show the effects of extrinsic deforming forces in distinctive ways. An appreciation for the mechanisms of deformation in these structures allows for more accurate clinical diagnosis, provides guidance for prognostic counseling and treatment, and may help eliminate unnecessary testing in the newborn period. PMID- 6658473 TI - Placental alterations secondary to intrauterine crowding. AB - The placenta can provide information that is helpful in determining the developmental pathogenesis of various structural defects. If a velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord or a short cord is noted, it is most likely that any associated structural defects in the newborn infant are deformational in nature secondary to the same factor that lead to the velamentous insertion or a short cord. PMID- 6658474 TI - The spectrum of structural defects produced as a result of amnion rupture. PMID- 6658475 TI - Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence: a study of 14 twin pregnancies with acardius. PMID- 6658476 TI - The vascular pathogenesis of some sporadically occurring limb defects. PMID- 6658477 TI - Aggression and violence between siblings. PMID- 6658478 TI - Demographic and epidemiologic transition among the Navajo Indians. PMID- 6658479 TI - Religious identity and attitudes toward contraceptives among university students in Nigeria. PMID- 6658480 TI - Automobile accidents and birthdays: an attempted extension of the "death dip" hypothesis. PMID- 6658481 TI - Inbreeding among three endogamous groups in a multicaste village of Andhra Pradesh, India. PMID- 6658483 TI - Defining and measuring the supply of children: some anthropological considerations. PMID- 6658482 TI - Good times, bad times: a study of the future path of U.S. fertility. PMID- 6658485 TI - Kin relatedness and church fissioning among the "Nebraska" Amish of Pennsylvania. PMID- 6658484 TI - Supply-demand disequilibria and fertility change in Africa: toward a more appropriate economic approach. PMID- 6658486 TI - Comparative analysis of mating systems and marriage distance patterns in five tribal groups of Andhra Pradesh, India. PMID- 6658487 TI - Accelerating sex differentials in mortality: an analysis of contributing factors. PMID- 6658488 TI - Family background, cognitive ability, and personality as predictors of educational and occupational attainment. PMID- 6658489 TI - Scientism vs humanism in medical education. AB - There is strong evidence to suggest that there is an ideological acceptance of science in the general community. This paper reviews some of the evidence to suggest that a form of scientism (i.e. the belief that only the current scientific method of the natural sciences can fruitfully be used in the pursuit of knowledge) has pervaded the practise of medicine and medical education. It argues for exposure of medical students to the humanistic growth-model of medicine and illness as well as the traditional disease-model. It is suggested also that the entrenchment of the disease model in medical education is a direct and inevitable result of the entrenchment of scientific method in medicine, to the point where such method is ideologically accepted in medical practice. PMID- 6658490 TI - Family planning and female sterilization in the United States. AB - This report critically examines the issue of sterilization in the United States based on data from the National Survey of Family Growth, Cycles I and II, spanning the years 1973 to 1976. Of particular concern is analysis of sterilization rates as they vary across categories of race, socioeconomic status, welfare status, number of children and desire for the service. The development of a framework containing competing theories and philosophies, based upon previous literature in the area, provides a useful paradigm for an understanding of the significance of sterilization rates. The methodology includes bivariate techniques involving tabular analysis as well as multivariate techniques through the use of logistic regression analysis. Findings support hypotheses related to class factors and parity, while the racial and altruistic interpretations are not supported. Policy implications and areas requiring further research are specified. PMID- 6658491 TI - Perceived risk and choice of childbirth service. AB - This paper presents an analysis of the risk perceptions of a sample of pregnant women in a large metropolitan area on the West Coast regarding childbirth and its medical management, and how these perceptions correspond to their choice of childbirth service. The analysis first summarizes recent experimental work in cognitive and social psychology on information processing in decision making and examines its usefulness for the study of women's reproductive strategies in real life contexts. Following this, perceived risks of childbirth and its management are examined in light of the concept of 'bolstering', advanced in Janis and Mann's conflict theory of decision making. The findings, that women discount the risks and magnify the benefits of the chosen birth service, and exaggerate the risks and minimize the advantages of the rejected services, support the concept of bolstering and provide empirical evidence of its explanatory power in interpreting a decision making domain--women's childbirth care decision making- heretofore approached almost exclusively through description. PMID- 6658492 TI - Breast-feeding among female employees at a major health institution in Lagos, Nigeria. AB - The importance of breast-feeding to the health of infant and mother is discussed. However the working conditions of employed women in developing countries prevent exclusive breast-feeding once the mother has returned to work after delivery and also present obstacles to partial breast-feeding. The breast-feeding practices of women employed at a major health institution in Lagos, Nigeria are examined. Duration of breast-feeding was in inverse relation to salary level. Women on the lowest salaries had a mean duration of breast-feeding their last child of 8 months, whereas women in senior professional positions had a mean breast-feeding duration of 3.3 months. Conflicts with work responsibilities were the most commonly cited reason for terminating breast-feeding earlier than the mother desired. If a creche was available at place of work, half the women surveyed said they would breast-feed for longer. Anticipated durations, if a creche was available, would lengthen breast-feeding to 12 months for lowest paid women and to nearly 9 months for women at the higher salary levels. Present options available to the employed women who wishes to breast-feed as long as possible, namely the use of wet-nurses and expression of breast-milk, are discussed. It is concluded that the most satisfactory means of promoting breast-feeding among employed women is the provision of paid leave post delivery for at least three months and the provision of a creche at place of work. The costs should be borne by the employer, assisted by government in the form of grants and tax relief.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6658493 TI - Attitudes of medical students in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, toward preventive medicine and epidemiology. AB - Medical students in Belgrade were interviewed regarding their opinions about the teaching of preventive medicine, with particular emphasis on epidemiology, at the beginning and at the end of the course. Results indicated that the course provoked no interest whatsoever in the disciplines of preventive medicine. A part of social factors influencing the motivation of students, the didactic approach to teaching and the strict division between preventive and clinical medicine were implicated as the main reasons for this lack of enthusiasm. The absence in this country of clear and generally accepted ideas regarding what a graduate student should know in order to meet optimally the health needs of the community has been assessed as the factor which obscures definition of the aims of teaching and, accordingly, the creation of purposeful syllabuses. PMID- 6658494 TI - Income and dietary adequacy in an agricultural community. AB - Although many studies as well as conventional wisdom suggest that increases in income result in improved diet and nutritional status in rural areas of developing countries, several recent studies have failed to demonstrate such a relationship. In this paper the relationships between material wealth and income and dietary strategies are examined for an agricultural community in rural Mexico. A superficial examination focusing on summary indices of dietary adequacy frequently cited in the literature and indices of wealth and income demonstrates a positive relationship between them in this community. However, an examination of the same data emphasizing alternative dietary strategies to achieve nutritional adequacy shows a more complex picture. Increasing income is associated with consumption of purchased foods especially foods of animal origin, and is not associated with the consumption of staple foods produced within the household. Diets dependent on purchased foods do not necessarily meet nutritional needs more adequately than diets which rely on agricultural products and gathered foods. Among the implications of this research are a need for a method of analysis which focuses on alternative nutritional strategies available in particular settings, and a need to reassess the relative importance of income generating activities and subsistence agriculture in areas undergoing agricultural change. PMID- 6658495 TI - The use of private health care providers in rural Bangladesh: a response to Claquin. AB - This study examines the distribution and differential use of private health care practitioners in one area of Bangladesh. It highlights the importance of gender, age and class factors as these impinge upon the utilization of different health care providers. Based on the complexity of these factors in influencing the utilization of health services, the feasibility of Claquin's recommendation to employ a palli chikitshok cadre of fee-for-service doctors in rural Bangladesh is reassessed. It is concluded that, as presently envisaged, the employment of these health providers would serve to solidify the rural elite structure and further remove quality health care from poor rural villagers. PMID- 6658496 TI - How nursing homes behave: a multi-equation model of nursing home behavior. AB - This paper estimates a multi-equation model of nursing home behavior using the 1973 NCHS National Nursing Home Survey for data. The paper investigates empirically the effects of public reimbursement and regulatory policies, as well as other exogenous factors, on the following dependent variables: (1) average operating cost; (2) nursing hours per patient-day; (3) an index of rehabilitation type services; (4) the occupancy rate; (5) the mix of public and private patients; and (6) the rate charged to private patients. The results dramatize the importance of endogeneity concerns in nursing home behavior. Rate setting and many regulations are shown empirically to have unintended and often undesired consequences on cost and other policy criteria of interest. While there has been anecdotal evidence of such system-wide interdependencies, this study affirms that such possibilities must be taken seriously. Rational nursing home regulation cannot proceed apart from a comprehensive understanding of the nursing home behavioral environment. PMID- 6658497 TI - Killing and letting die: hidden value assumptions. AB - In this paper I argue for several related theses: first, that the distinction between killing and letting die, as it is drawn by ordinary persons in ordinary contexts, is more complex than is generally understood; second, that the key feature of this complexity lies in the presence of a hidden normative component in what appears to be a straightforwardly descriptive distinction; and, third, that this complexity renders the killing/letting die distinction an inadequate and hazardous guide for moral reasoning. PMID- 6658498 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of the tegumental surface of adult Schistosoma spindale. AB - The tegumental surfaces of adult male and female of Schistosoma spindale were studied by scanning electron microscopy. In general, the body surface of the male appears to be fairly uniform from anterior end to posterior end. It is characterized by the presence of transverse ridges and papillae of various types. These papillae are distributed fairly regularly over the whole body surface of the worm. The tegument lining the gynecophoral canal of the male worm is covered with numerous spines interspersed with papillae, some without cilia and some with crater-like holes in the centres and apical cilia. The tegument of the female worm is covered with smooth and perforated ridges and sensory bulbs with apical nodules. PMID- 6658499 TI - Liver collagen in Opisthorchis viverrini infected hamsters following praziquantel treatment. AB - The dose of praziquantel required to achieve a 100% worm reduction in O. viverrini infected hamsters was found to be 300 mg/kg body weight. The drug was administered orally for 1 day by dividing a total dose into 3 equal doses at 4 h interval. The effect of praziquantel treatment on liver collagen was followed by measuring liver collagen content in at various intervals after administration of the drug. A decrease in collagen content in the infected livers occurred within a few weeks following the treatment suggesting a recovery from liver fibrosis. PMID- 6658500 TI - Fatal strongyloidiasis in Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. AB - Four cases of fatal strongyloidiasis were reported from Thailand; two were malnourished young inmates from the same Government-Institution while two were adults receiving corticosteroid therapy for pemphigus vulgaris and systemic lupus erythematosus. The clinical and pathological findings of all cases were briefly described. Special emphasis is made in treatment of malnourished young children especially those living in the institution with possibility of such parasitic hyperinfection superimposed by other organisms. A single course of thiabendazole in strongyloidiasis is inadequate, especially in those immunosuppressive hosts. PMID- 6658501 TI - A prophylactic supplementation of iron and folate in pregnancy. AB - The supplementation of iron and folic acid were studied in 567 pregnant women with 18 and 26 weeks of gestation. Sixty mg and 180 mg of iron were given daily to pregnant women of group I and group II respectively while 180 mg of iron and 5 mg folic acid were given to group III. The Hb values increased significantly in group II and III after supplementation for 1 1/2 months, however if supplementation was extended for 3 months, highly significant increase in Hb levels were observed in all these groups. These findings indicated that in supplementation for a shorter period, i.e. 1 1/2 months at least 180 mg of iron was needed, and only 60 mg of iron was sufficient to increase Hb levels for a supplementation of 3 months. Vitamin B12 deficiency was not detected in pregnant women both before and after supplementation with iron and iron plus folate for 3 months. It was suggested therefore that perhaps it was not necessary to supplement vitamin B12 to Thai pregnant women. In this study 15% of pregnant women had low serum folate with normal red cell folate level, and a greater number of women with low serum folate concentrations were observed after supplementation with iron alone for 3 months. However, increased serum folate and red cell folate levels after supplementation with 5 mg folic acid indicated that some pregnant women needed folate supplementation in preventing folic acid deficiency during pregnancy. PMID- 6658502 TI - Distribution of IMVC biogroups of Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria isolated from human, fish and water. AB - Aeromonas sobria and A.hydrophila were isolated from infected fish in ratio of 3.5:1 during the outbreak of fish infections from December 1982 to February 1983, while isolates from human diarrheic stool was 1 :2. On the basis of IMVC reactions 138 isolates of motile aeromonads could be divided into 11 biogroups, with biogroup 4 showing statistically significant association with infections. Nine biogroups of aeromonads which were isolated from infected fish reflected that the outbreak was not caused by a single type of bacteria. There may have been some common factors which acted as predisposing causes. The possibility of zoonosis spreading of this epidemic infection of fish was low, because the majority of the infective agents in man and fish were different. PMID- 6658503 TI - Immunoglobulins in maternal and umbilical cord blood of Thais. AB - Quantitative determination of serum immunoglobulins was carried out by radial diffusion technique in 17 mothers and 43 cord blood samples. Mean maternal serum IgG, IgM and IgA were 1471 +/- 349 mg%, 109 +/- 21 mg% and 240 +/- 62 mg% respectively, and these were equivalent to maternal levels in Thai adults. Mean umbilical cord IgG was 1571 +/- 298 mg% and IgM was 10 +/- 5 mg%. IgA was not detected in the cord blood. There were no differences in the immunoglobulin levels between male and female infants. The IgG levels in the maternal sera and those in the cord sera of the corresponding offsprings were almost identical, but those of IgM were markedly different, suggesting a placenta barrier of this latter immunoglobulin. Thus, IgM level above the normal cord blood suggest intrauterine infection. PMID- 6658504 TI - Clinical and laboratory evaluation of praziquantel in opisthorchiasis. AB - A total of 122 patients were treated with a single dose of praziquantel 40 mg per kilogramme body weight, with 96 patients completing the follow up period of 60 days. The parasitological cure rate was 95.8% by single faecal examination. These patients had mild clinical manifestations. The hematological, biochemical and the liver function tests were within the normal limits. High eosinophilia was observed in 84.5% but there were no significant difference after eradication of the flukes. No significant changes were observed in the laboratory investigation at day 60 post treatment. PMID- 6658505 TI - A double antibody sandwich micro-ELISA kit for the rapid diagnosis of snake bite. AB - A micro ELISA assay was established to diagnose systemic poisoning for the rapid administration of specific antivenom. Rabbit anti venom IgG was bound to the solid phase to enable detection of venom from both the Malayan Pit Viper (Agkistrodon rhodostoma) and the Common Cobra (Naja naja). This assay is read visually and takes 35 to 45 minutes to perform. It can detect 15.6 ng/ml of viper venom in 75 minutes and 7.8 ng/ml of cobra venom in 55 minutes. Tests on sera from snake bite patients showed detectable levels of snake venom in the serum even though administration of antivenom was not necessary. Furthermore, results from these clinical cases were obtained in less than 45 minutes. It was found that the most suitable washing media was saline/Tween, the assay could be performed at room temperature and plates stored for 6 months showed no loss of activity. PMID- 6658506 TI - Diagnosis of typhoid fever by indirect hemagglutination with lyophilized cells. AB - An IHA test using stable sensitized red cells was developed for diagnosis of typhoid fever. The antibodies to LPS and CB coated cells were measured in 39 patients with typhoid fever and 79 healthy controls. The diagnostic titer greater than or equal to 1:80 of HA-LPS and Widal reaction; and greater than or equal to 1 : 320 of HA-CB were considered significant. It was found that either IHA or Widal test gave the same degree of sensitivity capable of diagnosing 87.2% of patients with typhoid fever. Antigenicities of lyophilized sensitized cells were retained for at least 6 months of preservation. PMID- 6658507 TI - Serosurvey of rubella antibody among health personnel of Songklanagarind University Hospital, Thailand. AB - A serosurvey of rubella antibody among health personnel using the hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody test was carried out. All 366 health workers including 256 females were from Songklanagarind University Hospital, of which 116 (31.7%) health workers had no detectable HAI antibody. Of these, 93 were females which represented 36.3% of the total 256 in the series, while 20.9% of the males had no antibody. Females are more susceptible. Among 250 seropositive persons 3 males and 3 females had detectable rubella IgM antibody. All the seronegatives (titer less than 1 :8) were given rubella vaccination (RA 27/3, Wistar strain) and all converted. Among these, 13 (11.2%) developed side effects about two weeks after vaccination. All symptoms subsided within a week without symptomatic therapy. It is advocated that health personnel should be screened for rubella HAI antibody and that seronegative persons should be vaccinated. PMID- 6658508 TI - Blood cadmium levels in Malaysian pregnant women. AB - Blood cadmium levels in Malaysian pregnant women were determined. There was no significant urban-rural difference in mean blood cadmium levels. PMID- 6658509 TI - Salmonella isolation experience in the Pacific Basin region: a survey. AB - To determine if the unusually high incidence of salmonellosis reported on Guam for several years might be the result of more frequent bacteriologic examination of gastroenteritis/diarrhoea patient stool specimens, a survey of medical clinic and laboratory activities was undertaken among countries in the Pacific Basin Area. Survey results suggest that while Guam laboratories may be particularly proficient in isolating Salmonella organisms, the quantity of stool specimens examined could not account for the higher incidence of salmonellosis observed on the island. PMID- 6658510 TI - Insecticide resistance in adult Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from Olongapo City, Philippines. AB - Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were collected from sites in Olongapo City, Zambales Province, Philippines and tested against concentrations of malathion, DDT and dieldrin. High resistance was noted to 4% DDT and 4% dieldrin, but the mosquitoes were susceptible to 5% malathion. PMID- 6658512 TI - Collection of lymphocytes in field situation for lymphocyte transformation studies in scrub typhus. PMID- 6658511 TI - Studies on Brugia pahangi in inbred hamsters. 1. Susceptibility of inbred GN and APG hamsters. AB - The susceptibility of inbred GN and APG hamsters to Brugia pahangi infection was studied. Male GN hamsters infected subcutaneously with 100 infective larvae showed 100% patency with the average prepatent period of 69 days. The average microfilarial density was 148/40 c.mm at 26 weeks and reached 1,000/40 c.mm at days 280. The rate of adult recovery was as high as 36%. Most worms were recovered from the heart and lungs (46%) and testes (40%). The male GN hamster-B. pahangi model could be a good substitution for the jird-B. pahangi model. Female GN and male APG hamsters seemed to be less susceptible than male GN hamsters. However, they could still be a better alternative to outbred hamsters due to their high rates of patency (92 and 100%), relatively high microfilarial densities (31 and 39/40 c.mm at 26 weeks) and reasonable rates of adult recovery (23.5 and 17.2%). PMID- 6658513 TI - Small mammalian ectoparasites from Mt. Bromo Area, East Java, Indonesia. PMID- 6658514 TI - [Effectiveness of the rehabilitation of patients in a central regional hospital]. PMID- 6658516 TI - [Use of innovative activity indicators in the evaluation of the effectiveness of scientifico-research works in the public health system]. PMID- 6658515 TI - [Rehabilitation treatment of patients having undergone a stroke in an interregional rehabilitation center]. PMID- 6658517 TI - [Constitution of developed socialism and the preservation of the health of the Soviet people]. PMID- 6658518 TI - [The role of a hospital medical council in raising the quality and effectiveness of medical assistance]. PMID- 6658519 TI - [Health education in the primary stage of medical and health assistance in the village]. PMID- 6658520 TI - [Further improvement of the training of managers of public health facilities]. PMID- 6658521 TI - [Development of a network of public health facilities in rural areas]. PMID- 6658522 TI - [Various ways of intensifying the therapeutic-diagnostic process in hospital departments]. PMID- 6658523 TI - [Alcohol as a risk factor for disease]. PMID- 6658524 TI - [Role of the head institution in providing information for a branch program]. PMID- 6658525 TI - [Effectiveness of complex treatment in the neurosis clinic]. PMID- 6658526 TI - [Work of the electrocardiographic office of an urban polyclinic]. PMID- 6658527 TI - [Use of the laser "Skal'pel'-1" laser device in polyclinics]. PMID- 6658528 TI - [New equipment for nurses' stations]. PMID- 6658529 TI - [Postgraduate training for emergency service physicians]. PMID- 6658530 TI - [Problems in intensifying the material-technological base of public health and ways of resolving them]. PMID- 6658531 TI - [Clinical picture of pain syndromes with psychopathologic symptomatology]. PMID- 6658532 TI - [Use of biopolymers of osteoplastic materials in the surgical treatment of chronic osteomyelitis]. PMID- 6658533 TI - [Current problems with leptospirosis]. PMID- 6658534 TI - [Role of psychophysiologic characteristics of patients in the efficacy of treatment with cavinton]. PMID- 6658535 TI - [Endolaryngeal microsurgery]. PMID- 6658536 TI - [Emergency surgical services for patients with ovarian neoplasms]. PMID- 6658537 TI - [Various clinical aspects of ulcers associated with hypertension]. PMID- 6658538 TI - [Microbiologic features of the clinical course of acute pleural empyema in children]. PMID- 6658539 TI - [Features of the reaction to physical loading of chronic pneumonia patients with respiratory insufficiency]. PMID- 6658540 TI - [Current problems in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis]. PMID- 6658541 TI - [Residual thymus after surgical treatment of myasthenia]. PMID- 6658542 TI - [Duodenogastric reflux in pathology of the upper gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 6658543 TI - [Chromofibroduodenoscopy in the diagnosis of diseases of the duodenum]. PMID- 6658544 TI - [Effect of Staphylococcus epidermidis on the course of typhoid fever]. PMID- 6658545 TI - [Echocardiography in the clinical picture of internal diseases]. PMID- 6658546 TI - [Status of modern clinical gastroenterology]. PMID- 6658547 TI - [Complex preoperative x-ray and echocardiographic diagnosis of left atrial thrombi in mitral stenosis patients]. PMID- 6658548 TI - [Mass prognostic examinations as a form of outpatient surveillance of the population]. PMID- 6658549 TI - [Value of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6658550 TI - [Rehabilitation of patients with primary lymphedema of the lower extremities]. PMID- 6658552 TI - [Multifocal fibromatosis]. PMID- 6658551 TI - [Various features of the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias during long-term heart rate monitoring]. PMID- 6658553 TI - [Combined surgery on organs of the abdominal cavity]. PMID- 6658554 TI - [Surgical and endoscopic methods of treating the postcholecystectomy syndrome]. PMID- 6658555 TI - [Surgical treatment of juvenile diffuse polyposis of the large intestine]. PMID- 6658556 TI - [Prodectin in the treatment of viral hepatitis]. PMID- 6658557 TI - [Hemosorption in the complex treatment of patients with acute and chronic kidney failure]. PMID- 6658558 TI - [Plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy in cancer]. PMID- 6658559 TI - [Perforating gastroduodenal ulcers with hemorrhage and gastrogenic tetany]. PMID- 6658560 TI - [Temporary disruption of the cerebral circulation in systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 6658562 TI - [Early diagnosis of obliterating diseases of the extremities]. PMID- 6658561 TI - [Clinico-electromyographical studies in developmental abnormalities of the spine]. PMID- 6658563 TI - [Infrared thermography of suppurative wounds]. PMID- 6658564 TI - [Use of prodigiozan and decaris in odontogenic abscesses and phlegmon]. PMID- 6658565 TI - [Characteristics of the effects of tranquilizers in elderly patients]. PMID- 6658566 TI - [Roentgenological picture of preagonal and agonal edema of the lungs]. PMID- 6658567 TI - [Extracavitary shunting of the femoral arteries in an injury to the terminal section of the aorta]. PMID- 6658568 TI - [Weber-Christian disease]. PMID- 6658569 TI - [The etiological structure of Salmonella infections]. PMID- 6658570 TI - [Immune shifts in patients with ulcerative diseases of the stomach and small intestine]. PMID- 6658572 TI - [The role of erythrocytes in supporting immunologic homeostasiS of the organism]. PMID- 6658571 TI - [Erythropoiesis in several forms of nonconjugated hyperbilirubinemia]. PMID- 6658573 TI - [The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in elderly and senile patients with hypertension]. PMID- 6658574 TI - [Classification of combined trauma]. PMID- 6658575 TI - [Elimination of free phenols using hemosorption in hepatocerebral insufficiency]. PMID- 6658576 TI - [Use of antimicrobial linen with hexachlorophene for the prevention of intrahospital infections]. PMID- 6658577 TI - [Drug-induced fever]. PMID- 6658578 TI - [Hormonal changes during pregnancy]. PMID- 6658579 TI - [Methodic approaches to the study of the effects of industrial factors on the development of general diseases]. PMID- 6658580 TI - [Current problems of improving nephrological assistance]. PMID- 6658581 TI - [Cellular immunity in grippe, complicated by pneumonia]. PMID- 6658582 TI - [Role of the sanatorial stage in the rehabilitative therapy of myocardial infarction patients]. PMID- 6658583 TI - [Changes in the hemocardiodynamics of patients with hypertensive disease during a multi-year observation]. PMID- 6658584 TI - [Effectiveness of different methods of treatment for obesity and arterial hypertension]. PMID- 6658585 TI - [Cytological diagnosis of lung cancer]. PMID- 6658586 TI - [Angionephroscintigraphy in the diagnosis of diseases of the kidney]. PMID- 6658587 TI - [Uremic cardiomyopathy in chronic renal insufficiency]. PMID- 6658588 TI - [Hemodialysis in antifreeze poisoning]. PMID- 6658589 TI - [Drug prevention of malaria]. PMID- 6658590 TI - [Clinical aspects and diagnosis of respiratory syncytial viral infections in adults]. PMID- 6658591 TI - [Bicillin prevention of relapsing erysipelas]. PMID- 6658592 TI - [Protein metabolism in intestinal obstruction before and after esophagoplasty]. PMID- 6658593 TI - [Possibilities and limitations of the reconstruction of the esophagus]. PMID- 6658595 TI - [The basis for the correct administration of preventive doses of antitetanus serum]. PMID- 6658594 TI - [Viral infections in children with asthma as provoking factors in asthma crises. Anamnesis and clinical aspects]. PMID- 6658596 TI - [Anatomic characteristics of the transverse gyrus of the temporal lobe of the human brain (gyri temporales transversi)]. PMID- 6658597 TI - [Observations on the treatment of inflammatory diseases in gynecology and obstetrics with clindamycin]. PMID- 6658598 TI - [Glycosylated hemoglobin and diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6658599 TI - [Case report of a female patient with astrocytoma of the brain stem]. PMID- 6658600 TI - [New concepts and explanations of the pathophysiology of pain and the pain syndrome in gynecology]. PMID- 6658601 TI - [Relation between benign and malignant epithelial tumors of the large intestine]. PMID- 6658603 TI - [Transrectal ultrasound tomography of the female genitals: initial results]. PMID- 6658602 TI - [Significance of ceruletide in the diagnosis of hyperplastic cholecystoses]. PMID- 6658604 TI - [Surgical treatment of obstruction in the region of the duodenum]. PMID- 6658605 TI - [A new method of imaging the distal end of the rectum in anorectal atresia]. PMID- 6658606 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of expansive disorders of the mediastinum in children]. PMID- 6658607 TI - [Treatment of portal hypertension in children]. PMID- 6658608 TI - [Surgical treatment of total anomalous pulmonary venous return]. PMID- 6658610 TI - [Atrioseptectomy by the Blalock and Hanlon method]. PMID- 6658609 TI - [Surgical treatment of myxoma of the right heart ventricle]. PMID- 6658611 TI - [Nonsurgical treatment of the injury-damaged spleen in children]. PMID- 6658612 TI - [The importance of preserving the spleen for the body's protection against infection]. PMID- 6658613 TI - [Surgical and conservative treatment of invagination in l5 years of clinical experience]. PMID- 6658614 TI - [Agenesis of the right branch of the pulmonary artery as a cause of complications after ligation of a persistent ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 6658615 TI - [Blunt injuries of the pancreas]. PMID- 6658616 TI - [Polytraumatism--polytrauma]. PMID- 6658617 TI - [Activity of the Department of Surgery at the Institute for Postgraduate Education of Physicians and Pharmacists]. PMID- 6658619 TI - [Injuries of the pancreas in fatal accidents]. PMID- 6658618 TI - [Extra-articular osteosynthesis of fractures of the upper end of the femur using telescoping nails]. PMID- 6658620 TI - [Pancreatic injuries]. PMID- 6658621 TI - [Computer tomography in the diagnosis of surgical pancreatic diseases]. PMID- 6658622 TI - [Acute lobectomy after a stab injury of the lungs]. PMID- 6658623 TI - [Fractures of the sternum]. PMID- 6658624 TI - [Radical surgery of Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve]. PMID- 6658625 TI - [Where do we seek the causes of complications in vascular surgery?]. PMID- 6658626 TI - [Initial experience with breast reconstruction using a myocutaneous flap]. PMID- 6658628 TI - Congenital syphilis: a proposal for improved surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment. PMID- 6658627 TI - Experimental pythiosis in rabbits. AB - Rabbits were injected by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intravenous routes with suspensions of motile zoospores of a Pythium sp. isolated from a subcutaneous lesion of a horse in north Queensland. Some animals injected by the subcutaneous route were also treated by cortisone injections. Animals in each group were found to be highly susceptible to infection. Injection by the subcutaneous route resulted in progressive granulomatous eosinophilic abscesses in all normal and cortisone-treated animals. Preferential hepatic invasion developing into severe necrotizing hepatitis was the most common lesion in the intraperitoneally injected group. In intravenously injected animals severe embolic mycotic nephritis was the principal lesion. A significant progressive leukocytosis with moderate neutrophilia and mild monocytosis was observed in the subcutaneously and intraperitoneally injected immune competent animals. Cortisone treated subcutaneously injected animals did not develop a leukocytosis. Many of the cortisone-treated control animals showed increased susceptibility to bacterial infections while the cortisone-treated fungal-injected animals did not. PMID- 6658629 TI - Cefoxitin vs. penicillin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea. AB - Four hundred six men and women with gonorrhea were randomly assigned to receive either 2 g of cefoxitin or 4.8 X 10(6) units of aqueous procaine penicillin G intramuscularly. All patients also received 1 g of probenecid orally. There was no statistically significant difference in the failure rate between patients treated with penicillin (4.3%) and those treated with cefoxitin (5.1%). Twelve (92%) of 13 homosexual men with gonococcal proctitis who received penicillin and 19 (95%) of 20 who received cefoxitin were cured. Adverse reactions were infrequent and mild in the cefoxitin-treated group. Three patients who received penicillin developed reactions consistent with procaine toxicity. It is concluded that cefoxitin is a safe and effective alternative to penicillin for treating uncomplicated anogenital gonorrhea in men and women. PMID- 6658630 TI - Isolation of Haemophilus species from the genital tract. AB - Haemophilus influenzae was isolated from the urethra of three of 85 men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. These isolates of H. influenzae were nonencapsulated; one was biotype III, and two were biotype IV. Haemophilus parainfluenzae was isolated from the urethra or coronal sulcus of five men; three isolates were biotype II, and two were biotype III. Neither H. influenzae nor H. parainfluenzae was isolated from the genital secretions of 84 women. Haemophilus ducreyi and Haemophilus equigenitalis (contagious equine metritis bacterium) were not isolated from any of the 169 patients. PMID- 6658631 TI - Sequential cervical specimens and the isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis: factors affecting detection. AB - For 260 consecutive patient visits by women to a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases, four cervical specimens were cultured in duplicate for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Sixty-one positive results were detected by at least one of the four specimens; the first two specimens detected 67-69% and the last two 80-82% of the 61 positives. The difference in these isolation rates is statistically significant (P = 0.003). Duplicate cultures of the same specimen did not significantly increase detection rates. A combination of two specimens could increase the number detected by 44.7% beyond the results of a single specimen culture. Contamination rates were higher for the first two specimens. Routine cleaning of the cervical canal with a swab before the taking of specimens should reduce contamination and increase the probability of obtaining infected cells when they are present. PMID- 6658632 TI - Gonorrhea in the United States: 1967-1979. AB - Sex-, race-, and age-specific gonorrhea cases and rates reported by public and private sources were studied. The role of the age, sex, and race composition of the population was used to explain changing trends of morbidity due to gonorrhea. Beginning in 1967, reported cases of gonorrhea in the United States increased at an annual rate of 13% through 1975, with increases in women twice those in men. The group aged 20-24 years had the highest age-specific rates of gonorrhea in both men and women, while the highest percentage increases were observed in the 15-19-year-old age group. Since 1975, numbers of reported cases have stabilized. Decreases in rates of gonorrhea were more pronounced in men than in women. Among all ages, the group aged 20-24 showed the largest decrease for race and sex categories, except for nonwhite women. PMID- 6658634 TI - [Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. Study of 36 patients and review of the literature]. PMID- 6658633 TI - Syphilis in the United States: 1967-1979. AB - Reported data on cases of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States during 1967-1979 were analyzed by age, race, sex, and reporting source. Although the incidence of primary and secondary syphilis fluctuated little in the United States between 1967 and 1979, the ratio of male to female cases increased twofold, from 1.5:1 to 3:1. Cases in men, primarily those aged 25-39 years, reported by public clinics increased from 32% to 56% of the total cases reported; in particular, cases among white males reported by public clinics increased by 351%. The percentage of white men with early syphilis who attended public clinics and who reported at least one male sex partner increased from 38% in 1969 to 70% in 1979. These findings suggest that an essential change occurred in the epidemiology of early syphilis in the United States: white gay men became proportionately more burdened by the disease, and increasing transmission of the disease occurred within this segment of the population in the United States. PMID- 6658635 TI - [Selective red-cell aplasia. Report of 3 patients with studies of a circulating antibody against erythropoiesis]. PMID- 6658636 TI - [Cytogenetic and granulopoietic studies in myelodysplastic syndromes. Their correlation]. PMID- 6658637 TI - [Cytodynamics of dividable granulocytic precursors in patients with chronic hypoplastic pancytopenias. Analysis of 12 cases]. PMID- 6658638 TI - [Hepatitis and liver disorders in hemophiliac children]. PMID- 6658640 TI - [Evaluation of 2 alternative systems for the determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate]. PMID- 6658639 TI - [Kasabach-Merritt syndrome with bone changes. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 6658641 TI - [Evaluation of platelet parameters obtained using the Coulter Counter S Plus in a normal population]. PMID- 6658642 TI - [Autoimmune hemolytic anemia with immunoglobulin changes]. PMID- 6658644 TI - Two-dimensional electrophoresis of peptides from human-CHO cell hybrids containing human chromosome 21. AB - Peptide expression influenced by human chromosome 21 was examined by comparing two-dimensional electrophoretograms of a human-hamster hybrid cell containing human chromosome 21 with its parent hamster cell and a revertant of the hybrid which had segregated the chromosome 21 genes for SOD-1, GARS, and a cytotoxic cell-surface antigen. Certain peptides were found in the hybrid but not in the hamster cell. Some, but not all, of these peptides segregated with markers for chromosome 21. Hamster peptides were also found which apparently were suppressed in the hybrid. Finally, one peptide was identified which was unique to the revertant cell. These findings may be of potential relevance to Down's syndrome. PMID- 6658643 TI - Secondary mutation resistant to 7-ketocholesterol rescues a sterol metabolic defect in amphotericin B-resistant Chinese hamster cell line. AB - Amphotericin B-resistant mutants isolated from Chinese hamster V79 cells (1) are defective in cholesterol synthesis and more sensitive to an oxygenated sterol analog, 7-ketocholesterol, than their parental cell line. We isolated 7 ketocholesterol-resistant mutants from an amphotericin B-resistant mutant, AMBR 1. The 7-ketocholesterol-resistant mutants had regained increased level of free cholesterol, and they showed somewhat similar dose-response curves to amphotericin B as that of V79. Sterol synthesis from acetate, but not from mevalonate, in 7-ketocholesterol-resistant clones was threefold higher than that of AMBR-1. 7-Ketocholesterol-resistant clone, unlike AMBR-1, could form colonies in the presence of lipoprotein-depleted serum. The results are discussed in terms of probable change in the sterol biosynthetic pathway by the different lesions. PMID- 6658646 TI - [Effect of chronic kidney failure and hemodialysis on serum amino acid composition]. PMID- 6658645 TI - [X-ray-endoscopic studies of the kinetics of large intestine contents]. PMID- 6658647 TI - [Analysis of middle molecules in patients undergoing hemodialysis therapy]. PMID- 6658648 TI - [Clinical feasibility of urgent evaluation of blood and fluid redistribution during emergency treatment of acute exogenous poisoning]. PMID- 6658649 TI - [Verified case of poisoning with the venom of the Central Asian cobra (Naja oxiana Eichw., 1831)]. PMID- 6658650 TI - [Effect of indomethacin in experimental salmonellosis endotoxinemia]. PMID- 6658651 TI - [Our experience in immunohematologic evaluation of the degree of effectiveness of hemosorption in surgical sepsis patients]. PMID- 6658652 TI - [Importance of lectures in developing clinical thinking among students in a department of faculty therapy]. PMID- 6658653 TI - [Various problems in teaching faculty therapy]. PMID- 6658654 TI - [Experience with the summer polyclinic practice therapy of 5th year students]. PMID- 6658655 TI - [Instruction in internal diseases in the therapeutics department of a medical school]. PMID- 6658656 TI - [Serum myoglobin of patients with myocardial infarcts and unstable angina pectoris]. PMID- 6658657 TI - [Instructional-research work of students in training process in the propedeutics of internal diseases]. PMID- 6658658 TI - [Evaluation of pedagogic outcome in practical work with students in a department of hospital therapy]. PMID- 6658659 TI - [Case of myocardial infarct in a patient as a result of occlusion of the left coronary artery by an intra-aortic tumor]. PMID- 6658661 TI - [Predicting circulatory failure in myocardial infarct patients]. PMID- 6658660 TI - [Liver damage in myocardial infarcts (clinico-morphologic correlation)]. PMID- 6658662 TI - [Sick sinus syndrome in myocardial infarct patients]. PMID- 6658663 TI - [Scientific-practical aspects of emergency conditions]. PMID- 6658664 TI - [Functional status of erythrocytes in myocardial infarct patients]. PMID- 6658665 TI - [Parathyroid gland function and calcium metabolism in myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6658666 TI - [Formation of a focus of necrosis in acute myocardial infarct patients with different types of hemodynamic changes]. PMID- 6658667 TI - [Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia caused by occult ventriculoatrial junctions]. PMID- 6658668 TI - [Atrial fibrillation in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: electrophysiologic mechanisms, diagnosis, features of the course]. PMID- 6658669 TI - [Detection of occult periodicities in the rhythmic activity of the heart in atrial fibrillation]. PMID- 6658670 TI - [Complete atrioventricular block in acute opisthorchiasis myocarditis]. PMID- 6658671 TI - [Results of a coronarographic study of patients with recent clinical manifestations of ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 6658672 TI - [Acute disorders of the hemostatic system and their correction using fibrinolytically active plasma in the positional compression syndrome]. PMID- 6658673 TI - [Early etiologic diagnosis of acute pneumonia]. PMID- 6658674 TI - [Initial experience in using intermittent plasmapheresis in the clinical picture of internal diseases]. PMID- 6658675 TI - [Course of the acute period of myocardial infarction complicated by primary ventricular fibrillation and heart failure]. PMID- 6658676 TI - [Acute abdomen]. PMID- 6658677 TI - [Exacerbation of terminal ileitis manifested by an acute abdomen]. PMID- 6658678 TI - [Complex use of therapeutic endoscopic methods in acute cholecystitis complicated by mechanical jaundice]. PMID- 6658679 TI - [Value of emergency x-ray studies in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 6658680 TI - Disaster response planning for Texas blood banks and transfusion services. PMID- 6658681 TI - Understanding the disease in alcoholism. PMID- 6658682 TI - Sinusitis in children. PMID- 6658684 TI - Report of Committee on Maternal and Child Health: a maternal death associated with toxemia and an anesthetic. PMID- 6658683 TI - Pseudothrombophlebitis: Baker's cyst masquerading as thrombophlebitis. PMID- 6658685 TI - Tailoring continuing medical education to the individual needs of practicing physicians. PMID- 6658686 TI - The fate of autosomal modifiers of the sex-ratio trait in drosophila and other sex-linked meiotic drive systems. AB - A model is proposed to analyze the behavior of autosomal suppressor modifiers of "Sex-Ratio" meiotic drive in drosophila. These modifiers, if neutral in fitness, are expected to increase because they tend to be associated with the rare sex (males). However, selection operating on the sex-linked drive locus will sometimes act against autosomal modifiers as well because the two loci are always in gametic phase disequilibrium. Conditions under which modifiers will not increase are presented in terms of the relative fitness of the sex-linked drive locus. To prevent the increase of modifiers, the fitness of Sex-Ratio males relative to Standard males has to be no greater than 0.3 and there has to be overdominance in females. This model integrates findings from the search for modifiers and results from the measurement of fitness. PMID- 6658687 TI - Estimation of the neutral mutation rate in a finite population from DNA sequence data. AB - The sampling theory for the infinite site model taking into account the phylogenetic relationship between the alleles is developed for those cases in which two or three alleles are observed in the sample. From this theory a maximum likelihood estimate of theta = 4N mu can be obtained. Unlike the maximum likelihood estimate of theta based on the infinite allele model or the number of segregating sites, this estimate of theta is a function of the frequencies of the alleles. This method is used to estimate theta for mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila melanogaster and D. virilis from data obtained by Shah and Langley (1979. Nature (London) 281, 696-699) using restriction endonucleases. PMID- 6658688 TI - [Diagnosis and follow-up of fractures and luxations in children]. PMID- 6658689 TI - [Epiphyseal injuries]. PMID- 6658690 TI - [Recommendations for ambulatory treatment of fractures]. PMID- 6658691 TI - [The acute compartment syndrome in childhood]. PMID- 6658692 TI - [Post-traumatic growth disorders and corrective mechanisms of the growing skeleton - indication for corrective surgery]. PMID- 6658693 TI - [Fractures in the elbow region in childhood (175 operated fractures, 1971-1982)]. PMID- 6658694 TI - [Fractures of the forearm]. PMID- 6658695 TI - [Complications of traumatic hip dislocations in children]. PMID- 6658696 TI - [Fractures of the femur neck in children]. PMID- 6658697 TI - [Femoral shaft fractures]. PMID- 6658699 TI - [Fractures in the knee joint region: errors, hazards, complications]. PMID- 6658698 TI - [Fractures of the distal femur in children]. PMID- 6658700 TI - [Fractures of the proximal tibia metaphysis]. PMID- 6658702 TI - [Fibular ligament injury of the ankle joint in children and adolescents]. PMID- 6658701 TI - [Closed fractures of the medial and distal third of the lower leg]. PMID- 6658703 TI - Malnutrition, pregnancy and lactation. PMID- 6658704 TI - [Malnutrition in children]. PMID- 6658705 TI - [Cancer and nutrition]. PMID- 6658706 TI - Disposition of human fibrinopeptide A in normal and nephrectomized rabbits. AB - The distribution, elimination, and metabolism of human fibrinopeptide A (FPA) were studied in normal and nephrectomized rabbits. The activity of 125-I-labeled desamino-tyrosyl human FPA (DAT-FPA) was followed over 4 hours after i.v. administration. Results show that in normal rabbits (n = 10) DAT-FPA is eliminated from plasma in four phases with half-lives of 30 sec, 3.5 min, 15 min, and 90 min. The distribution of 123-I-labeled DAT-FPA in plasma was determined in 15 control rabbits with scintigraphy over 2 hours. DAT-FPA was distributed primarily in the cardiovascular system, liver, and kidneys. In some animals minimal radioactivity was detected over the gall bladder. Radioactivity accumulated rapidly in the urinary bladder, approximately 50% being recorded after 15 min and 90% after 120 min. In the heart area radioactivity decreased with half-lives of 25 sec, 7.5 min, 25 min, and 180 min. Nephrectomized rabbits had similar initial fast distribution of DAT-FPA after administration of 125-I labeled (n = 10) and 123-I-labeled peptide (n = 10). The estimated half-life of the slow component was in the order of several hours. The results of the scintigraphic and gel chromatographic studies show that FPA is primarily excreted in the urine. Previously reported half-lives of FPA reflect distribution rather than steady state conditions. PMID- 6658707 TI - On the binding of native plasminogen to fibrin and its role in thrombolysis. PMID- 6658708 TI - Serum augments the generation of monocyte procoagulant stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide or chemotactic fragments of C5. AB - Human serum augments the ability of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) or partially-purified C5-derived chemotactic fragments (C5-fr) to induce the monocyte procoagulant activity (PCA) in vitro. Both autologous and pooled sera induced PCA in the target cell population. Dose response curves revealed a detectable response in PCA with as little as 0.1% serum (v:v) in cell suspensions incubated for 4-6 hours before assay of PCA. Heat-inactivation experiments showed that enhancing activity of serum for both endotoxin and C5-fr induced-PCA could be destroyed by heating at 56 degrees C, with the greater part of the activity lost during the first 30 minutes of heating. The enhancing serums studied contained no endotoxin as measured by the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay and these serums failed to induce aggregation of neutrophils, a sensitive measure for the presence of complement-derived chemotactic fragments such as C5a. Serum without endotoxin or C5-fr also induced a variable increase in PCA and this inducing activity could also be abolished by heating, whereas the ability of endotoxin alone (10 micrograms/ml) to induce PCA was unaffected by similar heat treatment. The procoagulant appeared to function as tissue factor in one-stage clotting assays using deficient substrate plasmas. Lymphocytes stimulated by serum and later washed failed to amplify monocyte tissue factor whereas lymphocytes exposed to endotoxin retained the ability to amplify monocyte tissue factor. These results suggest a role for serum in the modulation in vitro of monocyte procoagulant. PMID- 6658709 TI - Comparative study of protamine chloride and sulphate in relation to the heparin rebound phenomenon. AB - The heparin rebound phenomenon is observed when protamine sulphate, but not protamine chloride, is employed for the neutralization of heparin. On investigating the stability of several protamine compounds towards the protaminolytic activity of human plasma, we found that while protamine chloride was stable, both the sulphate and the phosphate were degradeable. The free base showed intermediary stability which persisted upon its conversion to either chloride or sulphate. Likewise, conversion of the sulphate into the chloride by means of an ion exchange column, did not alter its sensitivity. Apparently, the stability of protamine derivatives is not influenced by the specific anion bound to them but is rather acquired in the course of the manufacturing procedures involved in their preparation. PMID- 6658710 TI - Kupffer cell regulation of fibrinogen synthesis in hepatocytes. AB - Isolated rat liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) produce a factor(s) which stimulates fibrinogen synthesis 5-8 fold in hepatocyte cultures. The production of the stimulatory factor reached maximum during the first 24 hours the cells were in culture. When the cell culture medium was chromatographed on a calibrated Sephadex G-75 column the major activity peak eluted in the size range of 25,000 30,000 daltons. Taken together these results demonstrate that in addition to their well known phagocytic function, Kupffer cells secrete factor(s) that can significantly increase fibrinogen synthesis. PMID- 6658711 TI - Enzymic activity of thrombin with partially reduced disulfide bonds. AB - Partial reduction of thrombin disulfide bridges with dithiothreitol in the absence of denaturants inhibits the fibrinogen clotting but not the esterase activity of the enzyme. The clotting activity reappears on spontaneous air reoxidation of thrombin. As a result of the reaction with dithiothreitol, two disulfide bonds are cleaved in thrombin molecule inducing a small decrease of beta-sheets in the secondary structure of thrombin. It may be concluded that this modification does not affect the catalytic site of thrombin but has influence upon the fibrinogen binding (recognition) site. PMID- 6658712 TI - The activation of Factor IX by tissue factor-Factor VII in a bovine plasma system lacking Factor X. AB - The activation of Factor IX by tissue factor-Factor VII has been studied in a bovine plasma system under conditions that minimize the activation of Factor VII. The plasma was defibrinated, then passed twice through a column of anti-Factor X coupled to Sepharose in order to lower the Factor X level below its limit of assay (ca. 5 ng/ml), and once through an anti-Factor IX column to remove Factor IX. Varying levels of tritium-labelled Factor IX were then added back to the plasma, permitting measurement of its activation upon the addition of tissue factor and Ca2+. Despite the absence of significant levels of Factor X in the system, the course of Factor IX activation was initially characterized by some upward curvature, which suggested activation of the plasma Factor VII during the incubation. In order to obtain linear activation of Factor IX three proteolytic inhibitors were added to the system: 1) a Factor Xa inhibitor, 1,2-bis-(5 amidinobenzimidazole)-ethane, 2) aprotinin, and 3) heparin. Under these conditions the apparent Km of non-activated Factor VII (+ tissue factor) on Factor IX was 17.3 +/- 2.5 nM (SE), and the maximum velocity was 0.12 nM/min. In parallel experiments the plasma Factor VII was activated by first treating the plasma with Factor Xa for 30 seconds before the addition of inhibitors and the final addition of substrate. Under these conditions the maximum velocity rose to 4.2 nM/min, and the Km increased to 53.3 +/- 6.0 nM (SE). This change in the Km is highly significant (P less than 0.002), and indicates that the activation of Factor IX by nonactivated plasma Factor VII cannot be due only to traces of Factor VIIa in the plasma. At least in part, activation of Factor IX in the presence of tissue factor is suggested to be a result of the action of Factor VII itself. PMID- 6658713 TI - Effect of intravenous carbenicillin, cefoxitin and cefamandole on ADP-induced platelet aggregation and shape change. AB - The effect of a large daily dose of i.v. carbenicillin, cefoxitin and cefamandole on platelet aggregation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and the effect of carbenicillin on ADP induced shape change were evaluated. Six volunteers received carbenicillin 100 mg/kg every 4 hours. Three of them also received cefoxitin 3 gm every 6 hours and cefamandole 2 gm every 4 hours. All treatments were separated by 14 days. Prior to treatment, as well as 1 and 24 hours after the last dose of antibiotic, citrated platelet-rich plasma was tested for the extent of aggregation at a series of ADP concentrations. As previously reported by several groups, carbenicillin decreased the sensitivity of platelets in their aggregation response to ADP. Thus, the concentration of ADP needed to obtain 50% of maximal aggregation response was increased 3.5 +/- 1.7 (S.D.) fold. In addition, when measured separately, the sensitivity of platelets in their shape change response to ADP was decreased to a similar degree. The concentration of ADP needed to produce 50% of maximal shape change response was 2.8 +/- 1.6 (S.D.) fold higher after carbenicillin treatment. The results are in accordance with previous in vitro studies suggesting that carbenicillin interferes with the initial phase of platelet activation. Cefoxitin and cefamandole had no apparent effect on platelet aggregation. PMID- 6658714 TI - Plasminogen Paris I: congenital abnormal plasminogen and its incidence in thrombosis. AB - An abnormal plasminogen was discovered because of a decreased level of plasminogen activity in plasma contrasting with a normal level of plasminogen antigen concentration. The same discrepancy was found in the purified plasminogen. The molecular abnormality seems to be inherited. The patient is a heterozygote. The experimental findings can be explained by assuming that half of the plasminogen is normal, while the other half is an inactive mutant protein, without catalytic activity after SK or UK addition. There was no binding of labeled DFP and a decreased binding of TLCK to the abnormal plasminogen. The role of the abnormal plasminogen in thrombotic tendency is uncertain since the patient is the only one who has suffered a thrombotic accident, while her relatives who present the same defective plasminogen have not had thrombotic problems. PMID- 6658715 TI - The platelet inhibitory effect of hydralazine: comparison with hypotensive effects in the rat. PMID- 6658716 TI - Catabolism of antithrombin III-protease complexes. PMID- 6658717 TI - Isolation and anticoagulant properties of polysaccharides of Typha Augustata and Daemonorops species. AB - Polysaccharides were isolated from Dragon's Blood (DB), a red resinous secretion from the fruits of Daemonorops species and from pollens of Typha Augustata (TA) by alcohol precipitation followed by deaminoethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose chromatography. The purified polysaccharides of DB and TA gave specific rotations of [alpha]D20 64 and [alpha]D20 of 80 and their molecular weights by membrane osmometry were approximately 25000 and approximately 30000 respectively. The effect of addition of the polysaccharides on coagulation of pooled normal human plasma was investigated. They were found to accelerate the recalcified plasma times at concentrations below 100 micrograms/ml while inhibiting them at higher concentrations. Their procoagulant properties were due to their effects on the activation of Hageman factor (XII) while the anticoagulant effect was mainly directed towards fibrinogen. Studies of the mechanism of the anticoagulant effect showed that addition of TA polysaccharide inhibited the rate of release of fibrinopeptides by thrombin and also the aggregation of fibrin monomers. PMID- 6658718 TI - Reevaluation of some properties of fibrinogen, purified from cord blood of normal newborns. AB - In this study we compared some properties of fibrinogens, obtained from normal adult and cord plasma. Fibrinogen preparations were made under conditions, which minimize proteolytic breakdown in vitro. We were not able to demonstrate any significant differences between both purified fibrinogens as to the effects of pH and ionic strength on its clotting properties, the Km for thrombin, SDS polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis behaviour or carbohydrate content. However, the phosphorus content of cord fibrinogen was 3-4 times higher than that of adult fibrinogen. The accelerating effect of calcium on the thrombin clotting time was more pronounced for newborn cord plasma and for purified cord fibrinogen preparations as compared with adult fibrinogen. This might be explained by the higher phosphorus content of the cord fibrinogen molecule. The thrombin clotting time of both purified adult and cord fibrinogen was markedly prolonged, when increasing amounts of fibrinogen degradation product fragment X were added to the fibrinogen solutions under conditions with high pH or high ionic strength. At high pH the effect of adding fragment X was more pronounced in cord fibrinogen preparations. Therefore, mixtures of purified fibrinogen and fragment X have several properties in common with fetal fibrinogen. These observations show, that some of the properties that have been attributed in the literature to a distinct fetal fibrinogen can be caused by the presence of fragment X in the cord fibrinogen preparations. PMID- 6658719 TI - Effect of glycosaminoglycans and antithrombin III on uptake and inhibition of thrombin by the vascular wall. AB - Thrombin binds to and is inactivated by the endothelium. The inactivation is potentiated by plasma. The present investigation was designed to clarify the role of vessel wall glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and plasma antithrombin III (AT III) in the inactivation and binding of thrombin by endothelium. Thrombin was shown to bind to vascular endothelium and artificial surfaces containing GAG:s. The binding could be inhibited on both types of surfaces by pretreating them with protamine. Thrombin bound to endothelium was rapidly inactivated in the presence of plasma but only slowly if the plasma was replaced by AT III, AT III-depleted plasma or a balanced salt solution. It is concluded that thrombin binds to vessel wall GAG:s and is inactivated by the endothelium. Potentiation of the inhibition of the endothelially bound thrombin by plasma is dependent upon presence of AT III but an additional plasma factor is also required. PMID- 6658720 TI - Anticoagulant effects of two types of low molecular weight heparin administered subcutaneously. AB - Two types of LMW heparin were prepared by gel filtration of standard heparin (LMW fraction) and by degradation of heparin by nitrous acid (LMW fragment), respectively. The effects on factor Xa inhibition (XaI), APTT, platelet aggregation and AT III level of these preparations were studied after subcutaneous administration to humans and compared with those of standard heparin. At a dose of 5000 IU (XaI) the LMW fraction and LMW fragment induced peak plasma XaI activity of 0.32 IU/ml and 0.41 IU/ml respectively, compared to 0.07 IU/ml for heparin. Still 11.5 h after administration both LMW preparations gave higher activities than heparin ever induced. Following administration of 10,000 IU (XaI) of the LMW fragment the plasma peak XaI activity was 0.81 IU/ml. This prolonged the APTT from 36 sec to 46 sec only. The half-lives of the XaI activity in plasma were between 3 and 4 hours. No effect on platelet aggregation or AT-III level was demonstrated. PMID- 6658721 TI - Verapamil does not alter platelet function in patients with recent myocardial infarction. AB - Reports concerning the influence of the calcium antagonist verapamil on platelet function are conflicting. In a randomized double blind trial including 52 patients with acute myocardial infarction the effect of verapamil 120 mg given perorally three times a day for three months was investigated. There were no alterations in cutaneous bleeding time, platelet aggregate ratio or platelet aggregation induced by ADP or collagen. Verapamil administered in therapeutic doses does not seem to affect platelet function in patients with ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 6658722 TI - The biological significance of platelet volume: its relationship to bleeding time, platelet thromboxane B2 production and megakaryocyte nuclear DNA concentration. AB - Bleeding time, platelet thromboxane B2 production and megakaryocyte nuclear DNA concentration were measured in rabbits recovering from thrombocytopenia caused by a single injection of anti-platelet serum. Similar measurements were made on rabbits in a steady state of normal platelet production. The effects of a sustained state of thrombocytopenia on megakaryocyte DNA concentration were investigated by repeated daily injections of anti-platelet serum. It is shown that bleeding time depends on both platelet count and mean platelet volume. Furthermore changes in mean platelet volume appear to play a more important role in haemostasis than changes in platelet count. The mean megakaryocyte nuclear DNA concentration is significantly increased after 24 hours of thrombocytopenia and continues to increase as thrombocytopenia is sustained. Thromboxane B2 production/unit volume of platelet is increased in platelets produced after 24 hours of thrombocytopenia compared with platelets produced in normal steady state function. As a consequence platelets produced in response to thrombocytopenia not only have a larger mean platelet volume but are also more reactive. Mean platelet volume, as well as platelet count, should be considered as an index of haemostasis and its dysfunction, thrombosis. PMID- 6658724 TI - Amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence of antithrombin BM. PMID- 6658723 TI - Increased synthesis of thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in hand veins from patients with deep venous thrombosis. AB - The production of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) was determined in vitro in hand veins from 35 patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 13 patients with stroke and 14 controls. The TxB2 production was significantly increased, approximately doubled, in patients with DVT and unchanged in patients with stroke. The production of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was significantly increased in both groups. It is suggested that the increased production of TxB2 might be contributory to thrombosis. PMID- 6658725 TI - [Immunomodulated treatment of neurologic diseases]. PMID- 6658726 TI - [Bacterial endocarditis. Always a difficult diagnosis]. PMID- 6658727 TI - [Cryosurgery in the treatment of precancerous conditions of the uterine cervix]. PMID- 6658728 TI - [Jejunogastric invagination as a complication after stomach surgery]. PMID- 6658729 TI - [Severe adverse effects after using calcium carbonate antacids]. PMID- 6658730 TI - [Accidental overdosage of a combination of prescribed and over-the-counter drugs]. PMID- 6658731 TI - [Coffee and risk of cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 6658732 TI - [Induction of labor. Case material of 1000 patients evaluated by the Bishop pelvic score]. PMID- 6658733 TI - [Hepatitis B, pregnancy and delivery]. PMID- 6658735 TI - [What information should women applying for abortion receive?]. PMID- 6658734 TI - [Surgical treatment of tubal infertility]. PMID- 6658737 TI - [Cyclosporin A. Recent knowledge about the immune function and therapeutic immunosuppressive possibilities]. PMID- 6658736 TI - [Female sterilization with silicone tubal rings]. PMID- 6658739 TI - [Sucrose--nutritional and dietetic aspects]. PMID- 6658738 TI - [Deficient weight gain in infants and small children. Causes and intervention in the maternal-child clinic]. PMID- 6658740 TI - [Epidural analgesia practiced by nurse anesthetists]. PMID- 6658741 TI - [Tumors of the nervous system. Occurrence, clinical presentation, and examination methods in the County of Akershus 1974-1978]. PMID- 6658743 TI - [ADP in hospitals. Implications for the organization and the occupational environment]. PMID- 6658742 TI - [Glaucoma screening]. PMID- 6658744 TI - [Fractures of the femoral neck treated with von Bahr screws]. PMID- 6658745 TI - [Seronegative arthritis]. PMID- 6658746 TI - [Ultrasonography in symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms]. PMID- 6658747 TI - [How many persons do we need for clinical trials? Analysis of the 2 x 2 table]. PMID- 6658748 TI - [Epidemiology of mental retardation]. PMID- 6658749 TI - [Subcutaneous implantation of disulfiram tables. A retrospective study of alcoholics]. PMID- 6658750 TI - [Reactive (postinfectious) arthritis. Some pathogenetic mechanisms]. PMID- 6658751 TI - [Intracranial metastases in breast cancer]. PMID- 6658752 TI - [A radiation accident with fatal outcome]. PMID- 6658753 TI - [Recent methods in histologic diagnosis of tumors. II. Electron microscopy]. PMID- 6658754 TI - [Partial rupture of the patellar tendon]. PMID- 6658755 TI - [Extravasal injection of cytostatics. Special reference to adriamiycin]. PMID- 6658756 TI - [Effectiveness of oxfendazole against Muellerius capillaris (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) in goats]. AB - The effectiveness of oxfendazole against the lungworm Muellerius capillaris was studied on a dairy-goat farm. The goats were treated with a single dose of 5 or 10 mg. per kg/bodyweight or with a dose of 5 mg per kg given three times at 48 hours-intervals. Within a week after treatment, the mean larval counts in the faeces were reduced by 95.7, 89.9 and 99.6 per cent respectively compared with the untreated goats. Within twelve weeks after treatment, this proportion was markedly reduced in the animals treated with a single dose of 5 or 10 mg per kg (to 41.9 and 73.0 per cent respectively), though in the group given three doses the proportion was still 95.1 per cent. Because of the marked temporary decrease of the larval counts shortly after treatment with doses which had none if any lethal effect on adult worms, it can be concluded that it is essential to continue faecal examination for several weeks or months before defining the effectiveness of an anthelmintic against M. capillaris. PMID- 6658758 TI - [Academic practitioner: to be or not to be]. PMID- 6658759 TI - [From the Veterinary Chief Public Health Inspection and the Board of the Veterinary Service. Government Service for the Inspection of Cattle and Meat established]. PMID- 6658757 TI - [Removal of a urethra obstruction in tomcats using a Braunule]. AB - The use is described of the outer plastic canula of a Braunule to relieve urethral obstruction in tomcats. PMID- 6658760 TI - [The farm calendar, an aid in veterinary-zootechnical production and health policy of dairy farms]. AB - A farm check-list is introduced in the present paper. For each month several points requiring attention are stated, which are of importance in herd health and production control on dairy farms from both both a veterinary and an agricultural point of view. A short explanation is given if necessary. To achieve optimum efficiency in herd health and production control, it is essential that communication between veterinarian and agricultural extension officer should function adequately. Advice from the two disciplines to the dairy farmer should be non-contradictory. PMID- 6658762 TI - [From the Veterinary Chief Inspection of Public Health and the Board of the Veterinary Service. The use of tranquilizers (calming agents) in slaughtering pigs]. PMID- 6658761 TI - [Copper storage in the liver, a hereditary problem in Bedlington terriers]. AB - The autosomal recessive inherited copper disease of Bedlington terriers is reviewed because of its appearance in the Netherlands. PMID- 6658763 TI - [Sickness insurance for dogs and cats. Current developments with difficulties]. PMID- 6658764 TI - [Health insurance for small domestic animals]. PMID- 6658765 TI - [Requirements for clinics and hospitals. An example from practice]. PMID- 6658766 TI - Distribution of HLA antigens in two Breton communities. PMID- 6658767 TI - [Allometric observations on the brain-body weight relations in mammals]. PMID- 6658768 TI - [Diseases of the stomach in cattle and sheep in Morocco]. PMID- 6658769 TI - [The lymphatic vessel system and lymphography in birds (1)]. PMID- 6658770 TI - [Abdominal tumors as a cause of lameness in parakeets]. PMID- 6658772 TI - [Sesamoid bone fractures in trotting horses. 1. Causes and therapy]. PMID- 6658771 TI - [Treatment of a navicular bone fracture in a horse with pulsing electromagnetic field (MF therapy)]. PMID- 6658773 TI - [Naming the white line (zona alba) of the equine hoof]. PMID- 6658774 TI - [Experiences with Lysodren treatment of Cushing's syndrome in dogs]. PMID- 6658775 TI - [Trial of an intelligence test for dogs]. PMID- 6658777 TI - What is operational auditing? PMID- 6658776 TI - [Sex differences in the macrostructure of the rat brain and their defining by sex hormones]. PMID- 6658779 TI - The "people" aspects of an operations review. PMID- 6658778 TI - The operations review process: an independent evaluation of performance. PMID- 6658780 TI - Operations review of the operating room. PMID- 6658781 TI - Increasing cash flow with a patient accounting review. PMID- 6658782 TI - Operations review of the EDP function: a growing need. PMID- 6658783 TI - Operations review as a management tool: the provider's perspective. PMID- 6658784 TI - Teratogenesis study of o-toluenediamine in rats and rabbits. AB - o-Toluenediamine in corn oil was administered po to Sprague-Dawley rats at dosages of 10, 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg body wt/day during Days 6 through 15 of gestation. All animals were killed on Day 20 of gestation. A similar study was conducted with Dutch-Belted rabbits dosed po daily at 3, 10, 30, or 100 mg of o toluenediamine/kg body wt/day from Days 6 through 18 of gestation. Rabbits were killed on Day 29 of gestation. Maternal toxicity was indicated at 300 mg/kg in rats and 100 mg/kg in rabbits by reduced body weight gain during gestation. Fetal body weight was reduced at the highest dosage in both rats and rabbits. In addition, at the high dosage, an increase in the number of resorption sites in rabbits were noted. Skeletal examination of rats showed increased incidence of missing sternebrae at 300 mg/kg and incompletely ossified vertebrae at 100 and 300 mg/kg in comparison to control fetuses. The effects on the fetus could be the result of maternal toxicity. There was no evidence of teratogenic effects or effects on the dams at dosages through 30 mg/kg body wt. PMID- 6658785 TI - Delayed behavioral toxicity of lead with increasing exposure concentration. AB - Twenty-one-day-old male Long-Evans hooded rats were exposed chronically to drinking solutions containing 500 ppm sodium acetate (controls) or 50, 100, or 500 ppm lead acetate. Performance on a fixed interval 1-min schedule of food reinforcement was assessed over 155 sessions. Blood lead values were monitored serially and brain lead determinations made at the end of testing (335 days of lead exposure). The lowest concentration of lead in the drinking water was associated with increases in the rate of fixed-interval responding over the first 30 sessions. At the two higher concentrations, response rate values similar to controls over the first 40 sessions were followed by rate increases. The latency to maximum rate depended on concentration; the highest concentration was associated with the longest latency. Response rates of rats exposed to 50 ppm lead gradually returned to control levels after 120 sessions, while increased rates were sustained in rats at 100 and 500 ppm lead, even 100 days after lead exposure was terminated. Marked individual differences in susceptibility to lead induced rate increases were observed in all treatment lead values also reflected exposure concentrations. Blood-brain ratios averaged 0.743 to 0.913, which agree with other data for the rat and human. These results confirm the vulnerability to lead of rats beyond the neonatal period, and extend the range of conditions under which such effects occur. PMID- 6658786 TI - Circadian rhythm in acetaminophen toxicity: role of nonprotein sulfhydryls. AB - A circadian rhythm in the toxicity of acetaminophen administered at different times of the day was exhibited in male mice. Peak lethality (70% dead) occurred at 1800 hr and nadir lethality (10% dead) occurred at 1000 hr. Hepatic nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPS) concentrations also varied in a circadian manner and were found to exhibit an inverse relationship to the acetaminophen lethality rhythm, with the highest hepatic concentrations occurring at 1000 hr and the lowest concentrations occurring at 1800 hr. At 1800 hr when acetaminophen lethality was greatest and NPS levels the lowest, more reactive acetaminophen metabolites were found covalently bound to hepatic macromolecules as compared to those bound at 1000 hr when NPS levels were highest and acetaminophen lethality was lowest. Hepatic cytochrome P-450 levels measured at these two daily time periods did not differ. The plasma half-life of acetaminophen was significantly decreased at the 1000 hr time period as compared to the 1800 hr time period. These findings suggest that the normal daily changes in NPS levels may influence the lethality of acetaminophen. PMID- 6658787 TI - The effect of 3,4-dimethyl substitution on the neurotoxicity of 2,5-hexanedione. II. Dimethyl substitution accelerates pyrrole formation and protein crosslinking. AB - 3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione and 2,5-hexanedione were reacted with model amines to yield N-substituted 2,3,4,5-tetramethylpyrroles and 2,5-dimethylpyrroles, respectively. When compared to the unsubstituted parent compound 2,5-hexanedione, 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione was found to cyclize approximately eight times as rapidly on a molar basis at 37 degrees C, with an activation energy of 3290 cal/mole less than 2,5-hexanedione. In addition, 1-benzyl-2,3,4,5 tetramethylpyrrole oxidized more readily than 1-benzyl-2,5-dimethylpyrrole with a difference in the half-wave potentials of 0.29 V. Both gamma-diketones led to progressive crosslinking of proteins in vitro, with the dimethyl substitution accelerating this process by a factor of 40. The formation of pyrrolyl derivatives in vivo was demonstrated by the characteristic absorption spectra obtained following reaction of erythrocyte proteins from intoxicated rats with Ehrlich's reagent. There was progressive formation of protein-bound dimethylpyrroles following exposure to 2,5-hexanedione and formation of tetramethylpyrroles following exposure to 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione in vivo. Preparations of axonal pads also demonstrated pyrrole derivatization in vivo. In addition, spectrin preparations of erythrocytes from intoxicated rats showed a large amount of high molecular weight protein (400,000 Da), corresponding to dimerized spectrin. Thus, 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione, which is 20 to 30 times more potent on a molar basis than 2,5-hexanedione in leading to a neurofilamentous neuropathy, is associated with more rapid pyrrole formation and protein crosslinking in vitro, and it has been demonstrated that these processes occur in vivo. These observations support the hypothesis that pyrrole formation and autoxidation occur following exposure to gamma-diketones, leading to covalent crosslinking of proteins in vivo, a process which may explain the pathogenesis of neurofilament accumulation in these neuropathies. PMID- 6658788 TI - Identification of two forms of fluorine in tissues of rats inhaling hydrogen fluoride. AB - Nonionizable fluorine has been detected in the plasma of several species including the human, however, the exact nature and source of this fluorocompound(s) remain unknown. In the current investigation, the fluoride ion sensitive electrode was employed to determine the fluoride content of ashed (total F) and unashed (ionic F-) tissues of rats exposed to hydrogen fluoride (HF). Total fluorine concentration consistently exceeded ionic fluoride concentration in tissues of HF-exposed rats, suggesting the presence of fluorine in unashed tissue which did not respond to the F- ion sensitive electrode. The concentration of this nonresponding fluorine fraction, termed the delta F fraction, was estimated by subtracting the ionic F- from the total F concentration of each sample. Pulmonary and plasma delta F concentrations increased with time following whole body inhalation exposure to HF. It was possible to separate delta F from ionic F- by calcium phosphate adsorption, indicating that the delta F fraction consists of nonionizable fluorine. Upon Sephadex G-25 gel chromatography, plasma delta F migrated near the bed volume, providing evidence that it is of low molecular weight. Finally, a strong correlation (r = 0.99, p less than 0.01) between plasma delta F concentration and airborne HF concentration was observed, indicating that inorganic fluoride (as HF) is the ultimate source of the low-molecular-weight, nonionizable fluorine species present in tissues of HF-exposed rats. PMID- 6658789 TI - Dietary antioxidants and the biochemical response to oxidant inhalation. II. Influence of dietary selenium on the biochemical effects of ozone exposure in mouse lung. AB - We examined the influence of dietary selenium (Se) on the pulmonary biochemical response to ozone (O3) exposure. For 11 weeks, weanling female strain A/St mice were fed a test diet containing Se either at 0 ppm (-Se) or 1 ppm (+Se). Each diet contained 55 ppm vitamin E (vit E). Mice from each dietary group were exposed to 0.8 +/- 0.05 ppm (1568 +/- 98 micrograms/m3) O3 continuously for 5 days. After O3 exposure, they were killed along with a matched number of unexposed controls, and their lungs were analyzed for various biochemical parameters. The Se contents of lung tissue and whole blood were determined, and the levels were seven- to eightfold higher in +Se mice than in -Se mice, reflecting the Se intake of the animals. In unexposed control mice, Se deficiency caused a decline in glutathione peroxidase (GP) activity relative to +Se group. After O3 exposure, the GP activity in the -Se group was associated with a lack of stimulation of glutathione reductase (GR) activity and the pentose phosphate cycle (PPC) as assessed by measuring glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) activities. In contrast, the +Se group after O3 exposure exhibited increases in all four enzyme activities. Other parameters, e.g., lung weight, total lung protein, DNA and nonprotein sulfhydryl contents, and O2 consumption, were not affected by dietary Se in the presence or absence of O3 exposure. The data indicate that dietary Se alters the GP activity, which in turn influences the GR and PPC activities in the lung evidently through a reduced demand for NADPH. The level of vit E in the lung was found to be twofold higher in the -Se group than in the +Se group, suggesting a compensatory relationship between Se and vit E in the lung. With O3 exposure, both Se and vit E contents further increased in the lungs of each dietary group. It is plausible that Se and vit E under oxidant stress are "mobilized" to the lung from other body sites. PMID- 6658790 TI - Comparison of the effects of methyl-N-butyl ketone and phenobarbital on rat liver cytochromes P-450 and the metabolism of chloroform to phosgene. AB - It was previously shown that treatment of rats with methyl-n-butyl ketone (MBK) produced an increase in the total level of liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 and an increase in the rate of metabolism of chloroform (CHCl3) to phosgene (COCl2). In the present study it was found that MBK also produced qualitative changes in the composition of microsomal cytochromes P-450 in rat liver as determined by anion-exchange chromatography. The degree of the chromatographic changes paralleled the effect of MBK on the rate of metabolism of CHCl3 to COCl2 and CHCl3-induced hepatotoxicity, suggesting that MBK potentiated the hepatotoxicity of CHCl3, at least in part, by inducing the formation of cytochromes P-450 that metabolized CHCl3 to the hepatotoxin COCl2. In this regard, reconstitution studies with a form of cytochrome P-450 isolated from rat liver microsomes from rats treated with MBK or phenobarbital (Pb) showed unequivocally that cytochrome P-450 can metabolize CHCl3 to COCl2. Although analysis of rat liver microsomes by SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and anion-exchange chromatography suggested that MBK and Pb had similar effects on the composition of cytochromes P-450, metabolism studies indicated that differences did exist. PMID- 6658791 TI - Role of brain lysosomes in the development of manganese toxicity in mice. AB - To study the mechanism of development of manganese toxicity, the manganese content in blood, brain, liver, and subcellular fractions of brain was measured at several intervals following ip injection of a single dose of manganese (245 mg Mn(CH3COO)2 X 4H2O/kg body wt) in mice. The ultrastructural alterations in neurons were correlated with the data for manganese content. Peak concentrations of manganese in blood and liver occurred and disappeared in less than 24 hr. In brain, however, manganese concentration was maintained for 4 days and decreased very little during the 10-day postdose interval studied. Most of the absorbed manganese in brain was recovered in mitochondria and lysosome-rich fractions separated by density gradient centrifugation. Lysosomes took up manganese to a greater extent than mitochondria when compared to controls. Electron microscopy revealed that by 24-hr postdose the number of lysosomes in neurons increased in corpus striatum and midbrain in mice given manganese by ip injection. These results suggested that brain lysosomes play an important role in the cellular metabolism of manganese and in the development of manganese toxicity. PMID- 6658792 TI - Nature of inhibition of renal aspartate reabsorption in experimental Fanconi syndrome. AB - Administration of heavy metals or maleic acid induces a condition resembling the Fanconi syndrome. In the case of metals, an apparently uncompetitive inhibition of reabsorption of amino acids was observed 2 days or longer after injection into rabbits (E. C. Foulkes and S. Blanck, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 64, 103-107, 1982). Transport of aspartate is now shown to be similarly inhibited by maleic acid and cephaloridin. Because maleic acid, as well as p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) and Cd (in presence of mercaptoethanol), exerts an apparent uncompetitive effect within minutes of injection, the inhibition cannot simply reflect characteristics of regenerating epithelium. At low doses, PCMB inhibits aspartate reabsorption without altering transport of certain neutral amino acids, calcium, or p-aminohippurate. The apparent uncompetitive inhibition of aspartate reabsorption therefore does not connote general cytotoxicity. Metals cause relatively specific effects, manifested by functional lesions at the brush border. The mechanism of the aminoaciduric action of maleic acid remains unclear but cannot, under present conditions, involve back leakage of amino acids into tubular urine. PMID- 6658793 TI - Effects of cadmium on glutathione metabolism in cadmium sensitive and cadmium resistant Chinese hamster cell lines. AB - Three cadmium resistant sublines, Cdr20F4, Cdr30F9, and Cdr200T1, resistant to 26, 40, and 145 micron CdCl2, respectively, have been derived from the cadmium sensitive Chinese hamster cell line CHO (resistant to 0.2 microM CdCl2). The resistance appears to be largely a function of the increased ability of the variant cells to induce the synthesis of metallothioneins (MTs) in response to cadmium, as the incorporation of [35S]cysteine into MTs ranges from an undetectable level to nearly 60% of the total cysteine incorporation into proteins in the CHO and Cdr200T1 cell lines, respectively. Treatment of the cadmium resistant sublines and the parent line with maximal subtoxic levels of Cdcl2 produced increases in the concentration of glutathione and glutathione S transferase activity. In the parent, cadmium-sensitive CHO cell, the glutathione concentration began to increase after 9 h of exposure to 0.22 microM CdCl2 to over 250% of control level by 12 h. In 1 cadmium resistant line (Cdr20F4) the increase, again at 9 h, was preceded by a decrease, possibly due to depletion of the cysteine pools by the cadmium-induced MT synthesis. The second cadmium resistant cell line (Cdr30F9) displayed no decrease, and the most cadmium resistant line (Cdr200T1) showed the decrease and a recovery, but no significant increase by 12 h. In all cell lines there was a small but significant increase in glutathione S-transferase activity by 9 or 12 h. These responses may be specific for the thiol-reactive metal, cadmium, or may represent more general responses to cellular toxicity. PMID- 6658794 TI - Correlation of aspartate dose, plasma dicarboxylic amino acid concentration, and neuronal necrosis in infant mice. AB - Eight-day-old mice were administered aspartate at 0, 1.88, 3.76, 4.89, 5.64 and 7.52 mmol/kg body wt and the degree and extent of neuronal necrosis determined. In addition, plasma aspartate and glutamate concentrations were determined at each aspartate dose. Animals administered aspartate at 0, 1.88 and 3.76 mmol/kg body wt did not develop neuronal necrosis. Hypothalamic neuronal necrosis (7.33 +/- 1.52 necrotic neurons/section of maximal damage) was found in 3 of 10 animals administered aspartate at 4.89 mmol/kg body wt. The extent of neuronal necrosis was proportional to dose once a neurotoxic dose of aspartate was reached. All 12 animals administered aspartate at 5.64 mmol/kg body wt developed lesions (49.5 +/ 7.2 necrotic neurons/section of maximal damage). Similarly, all 18 mice administered aspartate at 7.52 mmol/kg developed hypothalamic lesions (80.8 +/- 17.8 necrotic neurons/section of maximal damage). Infant mice administered the highest dose of aspartate not producing neuronal necrosis (3.76 mmol/kg) had a mean (+/- S.D.) peak plasma aspartate concentration of 87 +/- 23 mumol/dl and a mean peak plasma glutamate concentration of 64 +/- 22 mumol/dl. Thus, the toxic threshold for these amino acids must be greater than those values. PMID- 6658795 TI - Increasing lipid peroxidation by vitamin E deficiency does not augment adriamycin induced inhibition of hepatic drug metabolism. AB - Adriamycin treatment in vivo or addition to incubation mixtures in vitro inhibits hepatic drug metabolism. It has been suggested that adriamycin-induced membrane lipid peroxidation may be a mechanism responsible for this activity in vitro. To determine if similar mechanisms operate in vivo, adriamycin inhibition of drug metabolism was compared in rats whose tissue lipid peroxidizability was altered by manipulating dietary levels of vitamin E. Weanling rats maintained on vitamin E deficient (0 ppm) or supplemented (10 or 100 ppm) diets for 12 weeks were given either adriamycin, 5 mg/kg/week, or equal volumes of the saline vehicle for 3 weeks intraperitoneally. Vitamin E deficiency alone (0 ppm, saline pretreatment) produced a 37% increase in hepatic lipid peroxidation without any appreciable alteration in hepatic aniline hydroxylase, ethylmorphine N-demethylase or aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities. Adriamycin pretreatment altered hepatic lipid peroxidizability over corresponding saline pretreated controls dependent on dietary vitamin E. No increase was seen in the 100 ppm group, while 44% and 500% increases occurred at 10 and 0 ppm vitamin E, respectively. Adriamycin pretreatment decreased drug-metabolizing enzyme activity by an average of 32% for aniline hydroxylase, 26% for ethylmorphine N-demethylase and 63% for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Statistically, decreases in drug metabolism were independent of dietary vitamin E and did not correlate with lipid peroxidizability. These data would suggest that in vivo adriamycin-induced depression of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes is not mediated by elevated lipid peroxidation. PMID- 6658796 TI - Molecular structure-teratogenicity relationships of some fragrance additives. AB - The embryotoxic effect of some flavour additives was tested on young chick embryos. A certain correlation between the molecular structure of a compound and its teratogenic expression was observed. The presence of an unsaturated bond at C2 near a carbonyl function was found to be more effective than its saturated analogs or the alcoholic derivatives. Short chains or semicyclic structures, as well as additional -OH groups might favour the embryotoxic impact. An additional finding was that the teratogenic effect of a compound seems to be modulated by the dose related lethal effect. A uniform phenotypic expression of the malformation was the rule for all the tested compounds. The possible interreaction between the liposoluble unsaturated carbonyl compounds and the lipid constituents of the embryonic cell membrane is offered as a mechanism for the teratogenic activity of some flavour additives. PMID- 6658797 TI - Evaluation of the teratogenic potential in Ciba-Geigy Go 10213, a new nitroimidazole derivative: 1-methane-sulphonyl-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-2 yl)-2- imidazolidinone, an amoebicide, trichomonicide and giardicide, in giardicide, in rats. AB - With a view to evaluate the possible teratogenic potential of 1-methane-sulphonyl 3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-yl)-2-imidazolidi none (Go 10213), groups of pregnant rats were medicated orally with: 0, 100, 300 and 600 mg/kg of the compound daily from day 6 to day 15 of gestation. Foetuses were removed on day 20 of gestation, and were examined for their mortality, size, weight and any gross malformation. One third of the foetuses were fixed in Bouin's Fluid and sectioned by Wilson's technique for histological evaluation. The remaining pups were examined for the skeletal anomalies. CIBA-GEIGY Go 10213 appears to be neither embryotoxic nor teratogenic to the rat-foetuses, when the mothers were medicated at the aforesaid doses, during their critical phase of the pregnancy. PMID- 6658798 TI - Cadmium in blood and urine among smokers and non-smokers with high cadmium intake via food. AB - In New Zealand a species of oyster (Ostrea lutaria) consumed widely contains on an average 5 micrograms Cd/g wet weight. In this study we have investigated the cadmium intake, and blood and urinary cadmium levels in a group of 78 people with a known high oyster consumption. A second group of 17 non-smoking men and women who did not eat oysters were used as a control group. Each subject was interviewed and information on smoking habits, diet, medical and occupational history was obtained. The results show that in spite of a very high intake of cadmium via oysters the concentration of the toxic metal in whole blood and urine was not elevated greatly in proportion to the intake. It is clearly demonstrated that cigarette smoking had a more pronounced and significant effect on whole blood cadmium levels than the intake of cadmium via oysters. PMID- 6658799 TI - A quantitative metabolic inhibition test for screening toxic compounds with cultured cells. AB - The toxicity of substances for monolayer cultures of rat lung fibroblasts with phenol red as a pH indicator in the medium was measured by comparing the changes produced in medium color against 10 stable color standards. The toxicities of 6 concentrations each of actinomycin D, amphotericin B, chloroquine, 2 deoxyglucose, oligomycin, puromycin, and silicon dioxide were measured at 12 h and daily for 7 days on the same cultures throughout. Morphologic changes were monitored at the same times. The method, which simultaneously measures both concentration and time effects, was rapid, simple-to-perform, reproducible, low in-cost, and quite sensitive. Its reproducibility depended on details of the cell culture methodology. The method is unsuitable for acidic or basic substances, or substances poorly-soluble in culture medium. Unless combined with morphologic evaluation, substances producing delayed toxicity may give misleading results. PMID- 6658800 TI - Effects of organotins on rat platelets. AB - Incubation of rat platelets with organotins inhibited their capacity to take up 5 hydroxytryptamine-14C (5-HT-14C) and stimulated the release of preloaded 5-HT-14C as well as endogenous 5-HT. Similar but less pronounced effects also were observed when platelets from rats treated intraperitoneally with organotins were examined. The relationships of organotin structure to 5-HT uptake inhibition and 5-HT release were similar, with the most active compounds being the trisubstituted derivatives bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide, tri-n-butyltin chloride, tricyclohexyltin hydroxide, tri-n-propyltin chloride, and triphenyltin hydroxide. Scanning electron micrographs revealed increased platelet aggregation and shape change in organotin treated samples as compared to vehicle treated controls. It was suggested that the action of organotins on rat platelets was due, at least in part, to their known ability to interfere with ATPase mediated systems. PMID- 6658801 TI - Induction of cytochrome P-450 dependent reactions in the rat ventral prostate by beta-naphthoflavone and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. AB - The purpose of this study was to characterize drug metabolism in the rat ventral prostate in untreated, beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin (TCDD) treated animals. Intraperitoneally administered [3H]benzo[a]pyrene (BP) was recovered in about equal quantities in rat ventral prostate, lungs and testes. The relatively high uptake of [3H]BP in the ventral prostate might possibly be related to the occurrence of a macromolecule in the gland binding TCDD and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) with a relatively high affinity (Kd 1.5 and 5.0 microM, respectively). BNF, BP and MC competed with the TCDD binding site of the macromolecule. The prostatic cytochrome P-450 dependent microsomal enzyme activities aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase are very low in untreated animals (about 1 pmol/min/mg of microsomal protein). BNF- or TCDD treatment of the animals induced these activities about 500-fold, whereas aminopyrine N-demethylase was enhanced to a smaller degree. Maximal enzyme activities of AHH and 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase were obtained 24 h after a single intraperitoneal injection of BNF and the activities decayed relatively rapidly after this peak. The magnitude of enzyme induction was much higher in the prostate than in the liver. Mutagenic BP metabolites were formed in vitro by induced prostatic microsomes as revealed by HPLC analysis. The activity of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was 35 pmol/min/mg and was not changed by BNF- or TCDD treatment. PMID- 6658802 TI - The interaction of selenium with various metals in vitro and in vivo. AB - The effects of many metal ions (Mn2+, Ag+, Cu+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, As3+, Co2+, Bi3+, Ni2+, Sn2+, Sr2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ba2+, Mg2+, Cr3+, Cr6+, Pt2+, Au3+, Tl+, and Pd2+) on behavior of selenium in biological systems were examined in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro studies using four different reaction systems, Mn2+, Ag+, Cu+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, As3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cr6+, Pt2+, Au3+, Tl+ and Pd2+ affected the behavior of selenium. Body distribution of selenium in mice was significantly altered by the i.v. coadministration of Ag+, Cu+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, As3+, Bi3+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Pt2+, Au3+ or Pd2+. In the present study it was proved that the behavior of selenium in biological systems were influenced by many metals in vitro and in vivo. This observation is important in contemplating the biological roles of selenium as an essential element or as modifying factor for the toxicity of metal compounds. PMID- 6658803 TI - Toxic and teratogenic effects of chemical class fractions of a coal-gasification electrostatic precipitator tar. AB - Dimethyl sulfoxide slurries of a coal gasifier electrostatic precipitator tar and its chemical class fractions were assayed for their toxicity and teratogenicity using early embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. Of the 5 tar fractions the ether soluble base and polyaromatic were found to be the most teratogenic and the ether soluble acid and ether-soluble base were the most toxic. The teratogenic effects of the raw tar suggest synergism. The toxic effects to newly metamorphosed froglets is 1-2 orders of magnitude less than those observed for embryos. Chemical analysis shows dihydroxybenzenes and organonitrogen compounds to be the major components of the acid and base fractions, respectively. The neutral fractions contain mainly alkyl-substituted two-ring hydrocarbons. PMID- 6658805 TI - Local effects induced by coral snake venoms: evidence of myonecrosis after experimental inoculations of venoms from five species. AB - The local effects induced by intramuscular inoculations of venoms from six species of coral snakes were studied in mice. Venoms of Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus, M. n. mosquitensis, M. alleni, M. frontalis, M. carinicauda and M. surinamensis induced prominent myonecrosis which was observed histologically. From a morphological point of view all these venoms induced a similar pattern of myonecrosis, characterized by a conspicuous alteration of the intracellular structure. This myotoxic activity was corroborated by an increase in plasma creatine kinase levels 3 hr after i.m. injection of M. n. nigrocinctus, M. n. mosquitensis, M. frontalis and M. carinicauda venoms. M. mipartitus venom did not induce myonecrosis. None of the venoms induced edema or hemorrhage at the site of injection. PMID- 6658804 TI - Cardiovascular and respiratory effects induced by a purified scorpion toxin (tityustoxin) in unanesthetized rats. AB - Intravenous injection of a purified scorpion toxin (tityustoxin) into unanesthetized rats induced acute pulmonary edema, which was directly related to the dose and the time of intoxication. To study the cardiovascular and respiratory effects evoked by an edematogenic dose of the toxin (1 mg/kg), the following parameters were recorded in unanesthetized rats: systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure; central venous pressure; electrocardiogram; respiratory movements. The toxin induced acute systolic and diastolic hypertension, bradycardia and bradypnea. During a 1 hr period, the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure fell progressively to control values, whereas the central venous pressure did not change significantly. The cardiac and respiratory rates remained lower than the control values during a 1 hr period. Several changes in the respiratory pattern were recorded, such as gasping, prolonged and labored expiration, ataxic rhythm and noisy inspiration with the mouth open. These respiratory changes were explained, in part, by the presence of edema in the lungs and froth in the trachea. From a group of 24 rats, 6 died 18 30 min after tityustoxin injection. The cause of death was apnea. The female rats were more susceptible to pulmonary edema and death than the male rats. PMID- 6658806 TI - The effect of beta-bungarotoxin on acetylcholine and choline content of vertebrate tissues. AB - We have investigated the effects of intraventricularly or i.p. administered beta bungarotoxin on the tissue content of acetylcholine and choline in three vertebrate species. A gas chromatographic mass spectrometric assay was used to measure acetylcholine and choline. Intraventricular administration of beta bungarotoxin (1 microgram, 105 min) in rats raised the acetylcholine content of hippocampus and striatum but not of cortex. Choline was significantly increased in all three brain regions. Injection of the toxin i.p. (5 micrograms, 90 min) in rats caused variable increases of the acetylcholine content of diaphragm, tongue, temporalis muscle and adrenal gland, but no significant change was seen in heart atrium, eye, ileum or superior cervical ganglion. Significant increases of choline content were seen in heart and adrenal. The toxin caused the same degree of increase of acetylcholine in mouse diaphragm as in the rat. No alteration of sartorius muscle or tongue acetylcholine was observed after i.p. injection of beta-bungarotoxin (5 micrograms) in frog. Results with 125I-labelled beta bungarotoxin (rats, i.p.) suggest that the observed differences in response to beta-bungarotoxin cannot be accounted for by the distribution of toxin alone. From these data we make suggestions regarding the variable effects of beta bungarotoxin on tissue acetylcholine and choline content and the implication of these findings for the mechanism of action of the toxin. PMID- 6658808 TI - Purification of a capillary permeability increasing-enzyme from the venom of Agkistrodon caliginosus (kankoku-mamushi). AB - A capillary permeability increasing-enzyme was purified from the venom of Agkistrodon caliginosus by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100, ion exchange chromatographies on CM-Sephadex C-50 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and affinity chromatography on p-aminobenzamidine-epsilon-aminocaproic acid-Sepharose 4B. By this procedure, 6.2 mg of the purified enzyme was obtained from 4 g of the venom. The purified enzyme was homogeneous by disc electrophoresis at pH 8.3 and pH 4.5, and did not show any caseinolytic, clotting or bradykinin-releasing activities. The enzyme hydrolyzed N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methylester and the specific activity of the enzyme was 7.3 N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methylester units per mg of protein. When 3 micrograms of the enzyme was injected into the depilated skin of the back of a rabbit, capillary permeability was increased. PMID- 6658807 TI - Deviation from Michaelis-Menten kinetics for esterase E-II from the venom of Bitis gabonica, using synthetic arginine amides as substrates. AB - Steady state kinetic studies on the reaction between esterase E-II from the venom of Bitis gabonica and the fluorogenic substrates, N-alpha-benzoyl-L-phenylalanyl L-valyl-L-arginine-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide and N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine-4 methylcoumaryl-7-amide were found to deviate from Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Analysis of algebraic graphs and application of non-linear regression allowed an empirical rate law to be selected. The results revealed a rate equation of at least third degree at pH values above 7.0 and of 2:2 degree in the pH range 6-7. The data were interpreted in terms of a molecular model involving an enzyme with one catalytic site and several auxiliary or regulatory sites which, through cooperative effects, may either activate or inhibit the enzyme. Substrate activation is observed at low substrate values and might follow from an obligatory order of binding involving two of the sites, the modifier substrate molecule binding before the substrate molecule undergoing transformation to products. Inhibitory sites apparently become available only at alkaline pH. The inhibition is only noted at high substrate concentrations and is of the partial type. PMID- 6658809 TI - Use of chick biventer cervicis muscle in the bioassay of alpha-latrotoxin from black widow spider venom. AB - alpha-Latrotoxin purified from black widow spider venom caused a sustained contraction of the chick biventer cervicis muscle. Muscle response to exogenous acetylcholine was not impaired. The time to reach half maximal contracture height was reproducible with small variations and can be used to quantitate the activity of alpha-LTX preparations. PMID- 6658810 TI - Influence of calcium on the action of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes snake venom on the myocardium. AB - V. ammodytes ammodytes snake venom produced irreversible block of the isolated, artificially stimulated rat right ventricle or isolated rat heart. This was the result of degenerative changes of the myocardium caused by the direct effect of toxic components of the venom. An excess of Ca2+ could temporarily restart the contractions. PMID- 6658811 TI - The glycoprotein nature of phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase and acid phosphatase from honey-bee venom. AB - Experiments with immobilized concanavalin A strongly suggest a glycoprotein nature of three honey-bee venom enzymes, phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase and acid phosphatase. The electrophoretically and chromatographically detectable heterogeneity of phospholipase A2 results from absence of carbohydrate in a subfraction. Mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine, but not galactose nor N acetylgalactosamine, are present in the con A-binding fraction of bee venom. It is therefore concluded that only N-glycosidically linked carbohydrate occurs in bee venom glycoproteins. PMID- 6658813 TI - Lethal toxicity of venoms of snakes from the Coral Sea. AB - Lethal doses in mice are reported for venoms of six species of snakes collected in the Coral Sea. Three have not previously been evaluated. Venom of Aipysurus duboisii has extremely high lethality exceeded by only one snake species. Secretion from Emydocephalus annulatus is essentially non-toxic. PMID- 6658812 TI - Occurrence of saxitoxin and other toxins in the liver of the pufferfish Takifugu pardalis. AB - Highly toxic livers of the pufferfish Takifugu pardalis were extracted with acidic ethanol. The toxins extracted were partially purified by chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2 and then Bio-Rex 70, resulting in separation into three fractions I, II and III. ratios of total mouse units per fraction were approximately 0.1:100:0.01, respectively, with tetrodotoxin (TTX) as standard. By TLC, electrophoresis and a TTX analyzer, Fr. II was identified as TTX and, unexpectedly, Fr. III as saxitoxin, while Fr. I remains unidentified. PMID- 6658814 TI - Interaction of Clostridium difficile toxins and mouse hepatic microsomes. AB - Intraperitoneal administration of toxins of Clostridium difficile to mice resulted in loss of hepatic cytochrome P450 and peroxidation of microsomal lipids. Pretreatment with the microsomal enzyme inducer beta-naphthoflavone partially alleviated these effects and increased survival time of intoxicated animals. PMID- 6658815 TI - Lithocholic acid-induced cholestasis in newborn rats. AB - Susceptibility to lithocholic acid-induced cholestasis was examined in developing rats aged 14, 21 and 70 days. After bile duct cannulation, bile was collected for 30 min prior to, and 120 min following an i.v. injection of [14C]lithocholic acid (LCA). The liver weight/body weight ratio of newborns was significantly smaller than that of adults (3.13 +/- 0.09 at 14 days vs. 4.76 +/- 0.20 at 70 days). Therefore, when the LCA dosage was calculated per g body weight, the livers of newborns were exposed to larger amounts of LCA. The dosage was then given per liver/body weight ratio for an accurate comparison with adults. Bile flow was reduced by 7-18% in newborns, while a maximum decrease of 90% was recorded in adults by 2 h post injection, the latter drop in bile flow being proportional to LCA retention in the liver. In contrast, LCA retention was minimal in young rats with 91-95% of it being excreted via the bile. The decreased susceptibility of newborns to cholestasis appears to be related to their capacity to excrete LCA. PMID- 6658816 TI - Epinephrine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in rabbits exposed to tetrachloroethylene. AB - Control rabbits or those treated with 2,4-dichloro-6 phenylphenoxyethyldiethylamine-HBr (Lilly 18947), an inhibitor of microsomal mixed-function oxidases, were exposed to 5200 ppm tetrachloroethylene in an inhalation chamber under dynamic airflow conditions for 1 h. Even at this high concentration, tetrachloroethylene was only weakly arrhythmogenic when animals were challenged with up to 3 micrograms/kg epinephrine i.v. Unlike trichloroethylene and methylchloroform, the arrhythmogenicity of tetrachloroethylene was not potentiated by treatment with Lilly 18947. PMID- 6658817 TI - Toxicity of deltamethrin and cypermethrin to the larvae of the diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella L. AB - Two photostable pyrethroids, deltamethrin and cypermethrin, were tested against fourth instar larvae of a susceptible (S) strain and a resistant (R) strain of Plutella xylostella L. by topical application. Both compounds were very effective against the S strain larvae (LD50 for deltamethrin = 0.0014 micrograms/larva, LD50 for cypermethrin = 0.0046 micrograms/larva, at 48 h). However, the R strain collected from the field was greater than 1600-fold resistant to deltamethrin and greater than 30 000-fold resistant to cypermethrin. Deltamethrin was poorly synergised with piperonyl butoxide in the S strain, but much stronger synergism was obtained in the R strain. The possible reasons for such high levels of resistance and the potential use of synergised pyrethroids in Plutella control programmes are discussed. PMID- 6658818 TI - Short-term inhalation test for evaluating industrial hepatotoxicants in rats. AB - Liver damage was investigated in rat using serum enzyme activities measurements. Responses were recorded 24 h after whole body inhalation exposure to vapors of bromobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, o-dichlorobenzene, 1,2 dichloroethane and dimethylformamide as model toxicants. First, rats were exposed during a single 4 h period to different concentrations of each solvent and the minimally active concentration was determined. Second, repeated exposures to chemicals at this concentration level (6 h daily, 2 or 4 days) were used in order to examine whether hepatotoxicity was enhanced. GLDH and SDH are more sensitive and more constant indices than GOT and GPT. It appears that a single exposure period induced more marked serum activities enhancement than repeated exposures. PMID- 6658819 TI - Effect of ethanol on the immune system in mice. AB - Mice were injected with ethanol (2.5 g/kg body wt., i.p.) 1-3 times daily for 17 days or 3 times daily for 49 days. The primary and secondary antibody titers to sheep red blood cells were determined. In addition, microhematocrits, white blood cell counts, white blood cell differential counts, and organ-to-body-weight ratios were determined. Despite continuous large doses of ethanol, the ethanol treated mice responded as well as saline-treated controls in all parameters tested. The results of this study are discussed in the context of other studies on the effects of ethanol on the immune system. PMID- 6658821 TI - Oxythioquinox-induced hepatomegaly. AB - Oxythioquinox, administered in solution in the dietary lipids at 400 mg/kg fresh food for 21 days, caused liver hypertrophy with severe steatosis. The levels of liver triglycerides increased 40-fold, phospholipids 2-fold and cholesterol 7 fold respectively. The steatosis was thought to be due to the effect of oxythioquinox on cell energy metabolism. The results demonstrate the variation of oxythioquinox toxicity with its degree of solubilisation in the vehicle of administration. PMID- 6658820 TI - Calcitonin inhibits the increase in bone acid phosphatase activity by high dose of zinc in rats. AB - The activity of femoral-epiphyseal acid phosphatase, a marker enzyme of bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone, was increased by a single oral dose of Zn 100 mg/kg to rats. This increase was completely inhibited by calcitonin which has antagonistic effect on the action of parathyroid hormone on bone, thus supporting the hypothesis that the effect of Zn administration on bone may be mediated by parathyroid hormone. PMID- 6658822 TI - Effect of repeated oral administration of quinalphos on blood esterases in Bubalus bubalis. AB - The effect of quinalphos on blood esterases was investigated in male buffalo calves after daily oral doses of 0.7, 1.4 and 2.1 mg/kg body weight for 28 consecutive days. Quinalphos markedly inactivated serum carboxylesterase (69-90%) and plasma cholinesterase activity (75-88%). Esterase activities in animals receiving 0.7 mg/kg/day of quinalphos approached normal levels 14 days after the termination of its ingestion. The results suggest that quinalphos is an effective inhibitor of blood esterases in vivo and its repeated exposure to buffaloes may impair detoxification of organophosphorus insecticides that are mainly biodegraded by carboxylesterase enzyme. PMID- 6658823 TI - Toxicity of miserotoxin and its aglycone (3-nitropropanol) to rats. AB - The toxicity of miserotoxin (3-nitro-1-propyl-beta-D-glucoside) and its aglycone, NPOH, were compared in rats. Miserotoxin, a component of certain legumes, was relatively innocuous given orally (LD50 greater than 2.5 g/kg) but NPOH (LD50 = 77 mg/kg) was at least 10 times more toxic. Miserotoxin was readily absorbed from the upper regions of the digestive tract but the degree of gastrointestinal hydrolysis was small. The low toxicity of miserotoxin was attributed to a low level of microbial hydrolysis. NPA was not detected in the gastrointestinal tract during miserotoxin digestion. A simple method for isolating miserotoxin by column chromatography is described. PMID- 6658824 TI - In vivo covalent binding of cismethrin and bioresmethrin to hepatic proteins. AB - The covalent binding level of [14C]alcohol-labelled cismethrin, bioresmethrin and/or their metabolites to hepatic proteins was measured after a single i.v. injection of pyrethroids in rats pretreated with malathion. In the first control group, the radiolabel binding level was different for cismethrin (35.3 pmol X mg 1 protein) and bioresmethrin (22.6 pmol X mg-1 protein) and in the treated rats, the amount of binding was reduced similarly for the two pyrethroids (13 pmol X mg 1 protein). After 13 days of chronic i.p. treatment, the covalent binding level on microsomal protein was 3 times higher for cismethrin than for bioresmethrin and the ratio of cismethrin to bioresmethrin covalent binding level was similar to that after a single i.v. injection. It is suggested that the difference in covalent binding distribution and concentration in the various subcellular fractions of liver was due to the different routes of metabolism of the two resmethrin isomers. PMID- 6658825 TI - Influence of removal from occupational lead exposure on blood and saliva lead concentrations. AB - Samples of total blood and unstimulated mixed saliva were obtained from 5 male workers occupationally exposed to lead at various time intervals after removal from their work environment. Initial blood lead concentrations were elevated in all workers and then slowly decreased upon removal. Lead concentrations in saliva fell much more abruptly than those in blood, the saliva half-lives being estimated at 5-7 days. Temporary return to work in 2 workers resulted in relatively marked increases of salivary lead concentrations. These results suggest that salivary lead is closely related to recent lead exposure. PMID- 6658826 TI - Hepatic arsenic in non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis. PMID- 6658827 TI - Circadian variations in glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the mouse. AB - Circadian variations in hepatic glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities were found in male Swiss-Webster mice maintained under a 12/12 lighting schedule (L: 06.00-18.00 h) for 3 weeks prior to use. Hepatic glutathione-S-transferase activity was significantly elevated during the dark phase as compared to the light phase. The glutathione peroxidase activity, using two different substrates, was biphasic in nature. Using cumene hydroperoxide, the enzyme activity was significantly elevated at 18.00 and 06.00 h; nadirs occurred at 10.00, 14.00 and 22.00 h. Using hydrogen peroxide as the substrate, enzyme activity was greatest at 14.00 and 06.00 h; nadirs occurred at 10.00 and 22.00 h. Glutathione concentration also varied in a circadian manner with peak levels occurring between 06.00 and 10.00 h and the nadir occurring at 18.00 h. These studies have shown that glutathione levels and two enzymes utilizing glutathione as a cosubstrate vary in a similar circadian manner, with the highest values primarily occurring during the dark phase. Thus, these results may have considerable toxicological importance. PMID- 6658828 TI - The transplacental effects of ethanol and metronidazole in Swiss Webster mice. AB - The fetotoxicity and teratogenicity of metronidazole and ethanol administered alone and together were studied in Swiss Webster mice. We found that both metronidazole and ethanol were mildly fetotoxic and teratogenic when administered alone. However, simultaneous administration of the 2 drugs had an additive effect and resulted in increased fetotoxicity and teratogenicity. PMID- 6658830 TI - The effects of intratracheally administered coarse mode particles on respiratory tract infection in mice. AB - Because coarse mode particles are rarely studied in their existing size ranges (greatest mass about 5-7 microns, aerodynamic diameter), we investigated the effects of four such particles, quartz, ferric oxide, calcium carbonate, and sodium feldspar, on host defenses against bacterial pulmonary infection. Mice which received intratracheal instillations of 10, 33, and 100 micrograms/mouse were exposed within an hour to aerosols of viable Streptococcus, and pneumonia induced mortality was measured. At 33 and 100 micrograms/mouse, all particles significantly increased mortality. At the lower dose, only Fe2O3 caused a significant increase in mortality. To evaluate potential delayed effects, mice were challenged with the bacteria 24 h after exposure to 100 micrograms particles/mouse. Delaying the challenge did not significantly alter the response, except for the sodium feldspar group for which a partial recovery was observed. When mice exposed to 100 micrograms particles/mouse received aerosols of Klebsiella pneumoniae 24 h later, there was no significant effect on pulmonary bactericidal activity. For the model system used, it appears that Fe2O3, CaCO3, and sodium feldspar have effects roughly equivalent to quartz. PMID- 6658829 TI - Light reversal of carbon monoxide inhibition of 2-acetylaminofluorene N- and ring hydroxylations by liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene pretreated hamsters. AB - Light reversal of carbon monoxide inhibition of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) N- and ring-hydroxylations is examined with liver microsomes from 3 methylcholanthrene (MC) pretreated hamsters. Photochemical action spectra indicate that carbon monoxide inhibition of ring-hydroxylation is readily reversed by light of 440 nm while that of N-hydroxylation is not reversed. These data suggest that these mixed function oxidations are catalyzed by CO combining enzymes with different properties. PMID- 6658831 TI - Effect of carbon monoxide inhalation exposure in mice on drug metabolism in vivo. AB - Experiments were undertaken to evaluate the action of carbon monoxide (CO) on the mixed-function oxidase (MFO) system in vivo. Mice were exposed to 500 ppm CO for 8 h per day in an inhalation chamber under dynamic airflow conditions. Hexobarbital (150 mg/kg, i.p.), zoxazolamine (150 mg/kg, i.p.) or ethanol (2 mg/g, i.p.) was given to each group of mice during CO exposure and disappearance of the drug from blood or brain was determined while CO exposure continued. The experiments were repeated with different groups of animals which were exposed to CO for 3 or 5 days. Hexobarbital and ethanol metabolism were not affected by CO following either one day exposure or repeated exposure. There was no statistically significant difference in the brain level of zoxazolamine in animals exposed to CO when compared to control. These studies indicate that in vivo metabolism of hexobarbital, zoxazolamine and ethanol in mice is not affected by exposure to 500 ppm CO under the conditions employed in the present study. PMID- 6658832 TI - Lead nitrate induced changes in lipid and cholesterol levels in the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus. AB - C. batrachus exposed to 5 ppm of lead nitrate for 150 days exhibited marked inhibition of gonadal growth. Brain, testis and ovary showed decreased in cholesterol and lipid levels whereas the liver showed an elevation of both. PMID- 6658833 TI - Short term toxicity study in rats dosed with pulegone and menthol. AB - Pulegone and menthol, components of peppermint oil, were investigated in rats. The substances were administered by gavage for 28 days at 0, 20, 80, 160 mg pulegone and 0, 200, 400, 800 mg menthol/kg body wt./day, respectively. At the two highest doses, pulegone induced atonia, decreased blood creatinine content, lowered terminal body weight and caused histopathological changes in the liver and in the white matter of cerebellum. For menthol at all dose levels a significant increase in absolute and relative liver weights and vacuolisation of hepatocytes was found. No sign of encephalopathy was observed in rats given menthol. The no effect level for pulegone was 20 mg/kg body wt./day and for menthol less than 200 mg/kg body wt./day. PMID- 6658834 TI - Short term toxicity study in rats dosed with peppermint oil. AB - Peppermint oil was given p.o. to groups of 10 male and 10 female rats at dosage levels of 0, 10, 40 and 100 mg/kg bw/day respectively for 28 days. Histopathological changes in the white matter of the cerebellum especially were seen at dose levels of 40 and 100 mg/kg bw/day and consisted of cyst-like spaces scattered in the white matter. There were no obvious signs of clinical symptoms due to the encephalopathy. PMID- 6658835 TI - Thallium determinations in fetal tissues and maternal brain and kidney. AB - The transfer of T1+ cations through the placental barrier of pregnant mice and rats was studied by comparing the thallium concentrations in the maternal brain and kidney and those in fetal tissue at times of 10 min to 50 h after dosage of the animals with 10 mg/kg body wt. T1(2)SO4. The quantitative determinations were performed with field desorption mass spectrometry after dilution of the homogenised tissue samples with enriched stable isotopes of thallium. The total sample quantity required for one complete assay is 1-3 micrograms, the analysis time for one determination about 30 min. PMID- 6658836 TI - Relationship between survival times of rats exposed to lethal level of nitrogen dioxide and arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in lungs. AB - A previous paper has shown that survival times of rats exposed to lethal levels of NO2 were prolonged by administration of enzyme-inducing agents prior to NO2 exposure, and that the survival time of female rats was longer than that of male rats. In order to investigate a mechanism on prolongation of survival times by administration of enzyme-inducing agents and on sex-difference, a relationship between survival times and microsomal enzyme activity in lungs of rats administered enzyme-inducing agents was examined. The survival times of rats exposed to 65 ppm NO2 were prolonged with increase of 3MC doses, and AHH activity in lungs of rats rose with increase of 3MC doses. A significant correlation between the survival time and AHH activity was observed. Induction of AHH activity of female rats administered 3MC was higher than that of male rats. NADPH dependent cytochrome c reductase activity in lungs of male and female rats did not change with 3MC administration, and a significant relationship between the survival time and NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase activity was not observed. These results suggest that cytochrome P1-450 system in lung microsomes may have protective action against the toxicity of NO2. PMID- 6658837 TI - Pathological changes produced by exposure of rabbits and rats to smokes from mixtures of hexachloroethane and zinc oxide. AB - Rabbits and rats were exposed to single doses of hexachloroethane zinc smoke and observed for up to 14 days. Changes in the respiratory tract included acute inflammation and in some cases necrosis of the laryngeal and tracheal mucosa. Pulmonary oedema and pneumonitis were observed in decedent animals. Animals that survived to the end of the experiment, showed similar but much less florid changes in the respiratory tract. PMID- 6658838 TI - Notochordal anomaly in frog embryos exposed to tetraethylthiuram monosulphide and tetraethylthiuram disulphide. AB - Gastrulating embryos of the frog Microhyla ornata were treated with tetraethylthiuram monosulphide (TETM) and tetraethylthiuram disulphide (TETD) for 48-96 h. It was observed that both chemicals induce severe notochordal abnormalities at very low concentration. The notochord in abnormal embryos was highly swollen and entirely wavy. The notochordal cells were swollen and disarrayed. The embryos were also highly oedematous and there was considerable disarray of other tissues due to the abnormal notochord. PMID- 6658839 TI - Early effects of high-dosed absorbable amoscanate on rat brain. AB - An oily suspension of the absorbable form of amoscanate was administered to young adult albino rats in single or repeated oral doses of 25, 125 and 500 mg/kg. At least 3 consecutive doses of 125 or 500 mg/kg were needed to induce a brain lesion. The early change consisted of necrosis of the ependyma of the lateral ventricles, indicating that intoxication may have occurred via the cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 6658840 TI - Effect of saccharin on the induction of chromosomal translocations in male mice and their F1 offspring. AB - The dose-dependent effects of sodium saccharin on the fertility and the induction of chromosomal translocations in treated mice and their F1 males were examined. C3H X 101 mice were treated with saccharin for 2 successive weeks at doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg of body wt. Data from the fertility study showed that saccharin did not induce any significant effect on fertility. Cytological analysis of meiotic cells showed no chromosomal rearrangements. Semisterility and sterility were noted in F1 males of saccharin-treated animals. In semi-sterile and sterile F1 males of saccharin-treated animals chromosomal translocations were not found. PMID- 6658841 TI - Effect of long-term inhalation exposure to cadmium oxide fumes on cardiac muscle ultrastructure in rats. AB - The ultrastructure of the cardiac muscle of rats exposed 5 h daily, 5 days a week to cadmium oxide (CdO) fumes at a concentration of 0.16 mg Cd/m3 for 3 and 6 months and at a concentration of 1 mg Cd/m3 for 3 and 4 months has been evaluated. The structure of muscle cells, arterioles and capillaries remained unchanged. There were distinct alterations of the intercalated disc structure dependent upon the level and time of exposure. The damage to intercalated discs varied from the enlargement of the fissure between membranes (within unspecialized segments) to disruption of the complex junctions. PMID- 6658842 TI - Early changes in thioacetamide-induced liver damage. AB - Plasma amino acids, serum enzymes, liver glutathione and the hepatic lipid peroxidation capacity of the rat were investigated in acute thioacetamide toxicity. These were examined in parallel with the earliest pathological changes shown by electron microscopy. Plasma arginine levels were significantly lowered 3 h after dosing thioacetamide and by 9 h were indistinguishable. This finding correlates with other workers demonstrating urea cycle damage in alcohol and carbon tetrachloride damaged rat liver. Depressed arginine plasma levels were detectable before any of the biochemical or pathological processes co-examined and as such may prove useful as a sensitive in vivo method for detection of acute liver damage. PMID- 6658843 TI - The toxic effect of some industrial chemicals on rabbit ileum in vitro compared with eye irritancy in vivo. AB - The concentrations of acetone, acetophenone, allyl alcohol, n-butanol, carbitol, dioxane, ethanol, formaldehyde, iso-propanol, mercaptoethanol, methanol and propylene glycol required to block spontaneous contractions of rabbit isolated ileum by 50% (EC50) in vitro were determined. The EC50's correlated reasonably well with published data on rabbit eye irritation in vivo caused by these agents. Better correlation might be impossible to obtain owing to the subjective nature, and therefore relative unreliability, of in vivo eye testing. The ileum model may provide a possible alternative to some of the in vivo eye irritancy testing carried out at present. PMID- 6658844 TI - Inhibition kinetics of certain organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides on acetylcholinesterase from the snail Lymnaea acuminata. AB - k2, Kd and ki, for 2 organophosphorus (Phorate and Formothion) and 2 carbamate pesticides (Mexacarbate and Carbaryl) using acetylcholinesterase present in homogenates of the nervous tissue of the snail Lymnaea acuminata, were determined. Calculation of zero time velocities demonstrated that even in their P S form the organophosphate compounds inhibited snail acetylcholinesterase. The kinetic constants of the 2 carbamates have been explained on the basis of their structure. The toxicity of the 4 pesticides has been explained on the basis of their kinetic constants. PMID- 6658846 TI - Leiomyoma of the lung--report of a case. AB - A case of leiomyoma of the lung appearing in a 28-year-old female with a history of supracervical hysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma 10 years previously is reported. She had no symptoms but chest X-ray film showed a single nodule in the right upper lobe which slowly increased in size over a 3 year interval. At thoracotomy the tumor measured 4 cm in size and was sharply demarcated from the lung parenchyma without any connection with the bronchial tree. Histological findings proved this tumor to be a leiomyoma with no atypical cells or mitoses showing a close resemblance to uterine leiomyoma. Metastasizing uterine leiomyoma is very rare. Because these leiomyomas behave clinically as a low grade malignancy despite a histologically benign appearance, careful long term follow up is necessary. PMID- 6658845 TI - Effect of smoking on cadmium and lead concentrations in human amniotic fluid. AB - The amniotic fluids of 155 pregnant women, non-smokers (n = 128) and smokers (n = 27), were investigated on their cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations. The mean +/- s range of Cd in the amniotic fluid of non-smokers amounted to 2.58 +/- 1.36 ng/l, that of smokers to 7.29 +/- 2.39 micrograms/l. Moreover, there was a correlation between the extent of daily cigarette consumption and Cd levels. With Pb, higher concentrations were found ranging between 23.98 +/- 9.41 ng/l for non smokers and 21.53 +/- 7.16 micrograms/l for smokers. No correlations were seen between age, week of pregnancy, blood pressure, disorders of pregnancy and the amniotic Cd or Pb concentrations. Thus, the maternal and fetal risks of the higher Cd levels in the amniotic fluid of smoking women remain unanswered. PMID- 6658847 TI - A case of granulomatous renal sarcoidosis with a dramatic response to corticosteroid and urokinase therapy. AB - A case of renal granulomatous sarcoidosis that presented with chronic renal failure (CRF) is described. Renal biopsy specimens revealed typical features of sarcoidosis in light microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy examinations. The absence of bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL) was a distinctly unusual feature of sarcoidosis although uveitis and rectal granuloma were observed during the clinical course. A dramatic response occurred on corticosteroid and urokinase therapy, characterized by a fall of serum creatinine levels. PMID- 6658848 TI - Response of tumors to biologic modifiers and chemotherapeutic agents. AB - The use of the FANFT model has facilitated clinical trials which are now beginning to have an impact on the therapy of human bladder tumors. We studied C. parvum and Glucan immunotherapy of FANFT tumors, and demonstrated the enhancement of tumor growth following Glucan administration. Weekly injections of cyclophosphamide (CY) retarded tumor growth and increased survival. Combining C. parvum or Glucan with CY resulted in greater tumor growth inhibition than CY alone. Our data support the concept that the therapeutic effectiveness of CY can be improved by biologic modifiers that alter its rate of activation. PMID- 6658849 TI - Effect of ovarian steroids on uptake of radioactive amino acids by brain tissues. AB - Effects of two major ovarian hormones, estrogen (E) and progesterone (P), on the uptake of amino acids by the brain nuclei of ovariectomized mice were examined. They were divided into four groups: (1) oil controls, (2) P-treated, (3) estradiol benzoate (E2B)-treated, and (4) E2B-primed P-treated mice. Two hr after the last hormonal treatment they were given a single s.c. injection of a mixture of 3H-leucine and 3H-methionine, and then sacrificed 2 hr later. Intensity of the uptake of radioactivity was measured on autoradiograms of the stained tissue sections. Group 1 showed a relatively high uptake of radioactivity by the SO, PV and SPH, compared with that by the remaining brain cells. Group 2 had a slight enhancement of the uptake by the VM, SPH and CC, compared with that in group 1. Group 3 showed a significant enhancement of the uptake by most of the preoptico hypothalamic nuclei except for the VM, DM and PM, compared with that in group 1. Group 4 had slightly enhanced uptake by the POM, POL, SCH, SO, PV, VM, ARC, SPH and CC, compared with that in group 1. E-priming affected the uptake; it enhanced the uptake by the VM and SPH, and inhibited it by the PVA, AH, LH and CC. Uptake by the PM and EC remained unchanged in all groups. The present results suggest that two major steroids, E and P, influence protein synthesis in most of the brain regions including the preoptic and hypothalamic areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6658851 TI - Quick and reversible staining methods for G- and Q-bands of chromosomes. AB - Staining G-bands of chromosomes can be carried out in 2 1/2 minutes using a mixture of Giemsa solution with a special diluting preparation. The staining is completely reversible without any damage to the chromosomes. Moreover, an improved method for staining Q-bands with atebrin and mounting the preparation in sucrose is described. The whole process is performed in one minute and the preparations keep for weeks at laboratory temperature. PMID- 6658850 TI - A case of porphyria cutanea tarda with hemangioma of the liver. AB - The clinical incidence of porphyria cutanea tarda is apparently less in Japan than in European countries and the U.S.A.. In the last 7 years, porphyria cutanea tarda was encountered in the dermatologic clinic of Tokai University Hospital at the rate of one in twelve thousand patients with various kinds of skin diseases. This case is the first case in our medical clinic at Tokai University Hospital in the past 7 years, among 2,456 cases of liver diseases in which laparoscopy with needle biopsy of the liver was performed. The physiopathological aspects remain obscure. Unexpectedly, a hemangioma was disclosed under laparoscopic observation but it was clear that the hemangioma had no significant relation to the thrombopenia-hemangioma syndrome in this case. PMID- 6658852 TI - A Ralph knife holder assembly for use with the Sorvall "Porter-Blum" MT-1 ultramicrotome. PMID- 6658854 TI - [Autopsy and clinical findings of metastases in bronchial carcinoma. A study of 649 intensively irradiated cases]. AB - Between the years of 1958 to 1980, 1636 patients suffering from histologically demonstrated bronchial carcinomas were submitted to an intensive radiotherapy at the Robert-Rossle Hospital in Berlin-Buch. The tumors received a minimum dose of 5000 Gy. The autopsy reports of 649 cases could be evaluated. The tumor destruction rate determined by autopsy and the distribution of metastases in dependence on the histologic tumor type are described and compared to the frequency of metastases determined by clinical or X-ray examination. With respect to clinical practice, the conclusion is drawn that a prophylactic radiotherapy to the brain, the upper abdominal lymph nodes and the adrenal glands possibly could improve the therapeutic results because of the high rate of metastases of microcellular and non-differentiated bronchial carcinomas found in these regions. PMID- 6658853 TI - [Clinical aspects and radiotherapy of stage III and IV neuroblastomas]. AB - Contrary to other tumors in children, e.g. leukemia and Wilms tumor the prognosis of which has been considerably improved by the application of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the treatment results of one of the most frequent tumors, namely the neuroblastoma, have not essentially ameliorated during the last few years. The authors present 28 own case records of irradiated patients and describe the clinical symptoms, diagnosis and therapy, especially radiotherapy of the neuroblastoma. A prolongation of the survival time by several months could be achieved in a small group of eight patients treated additionally with an aggressive chemotherapy. The overall long-term prognosis, however, could not be improved hitherto. PMID- 6658855 TI - [Clinical course of patients with isolated chest wall recurrences of breast cancer]. AB - A retrospective study was done of 149 patients with isolated chestwall recurrences of breast cancer. All patients received chestwall irradiation for the recurrence. The absolute survival for the patients at five years from the onset of chestwall recurrence was 28,4%. The amount of chestwall disease at the time of irradiation for the recurrence (subclinical versus macroscopic) as well as the time interval between mastectomy and recurrence were found to be prognostically significant factors. For patients with subclinical chestwall disease and a time interval to recurrence of at least two years the survival rate at five years was 53,8%. As about 80% of all patients with chestwall recurrences ultimately developed distant metastases, the importance of elective postoperative irradiation as part of the initial curative management of breast cancer is stressed. PMID- 6658856 TI - [Significance of the venous system of the spine in the formation of metastases]. AB - The vertebral veins and their anastomoses to the other venous vascular regions are represented in their anatomy, physiological and pathophysiological function, with a special reference to the spreading of tumor cells through the veins of the vertebral column. The causes of the accumulation of metastases in the trunk skeleton and brain is pointed out by malignant tumors of the prostata, of the ren, of the lung, of the mamma, of the genital organs and the thyroid gland. The signification of the vertebral venous system as a spread of metastases is emphasized under consideration of the tumor cell kinetics in the blood-flow and the different forms of the metastatic formations, and is verifying by experienced clinical cases and reviews of the literature. PMID- 6658857 TI - [Functional scintigraphy of salivary glands of the head during telecobalt radiotherapy]. AB - In order to find out radiogenic lesions to the large salivary glands of the head, the function of parotid and submandibular glands was examined by scintigraphy with 99m-Tc Pertechnetate before, during, and five to eight months after a telecobalt therapy for malignomas of the neck. It was shown that the parotid glands did not function at all immediately after an irradiation with 60 Gy. Five to eight months later, a recovery of about 50% of the secretory function was registered. The function of the submandibular glands was reduced to about 60% of their normal secretion after 30 and 60 Gy. This corresponds to the modification of xerostomia reported by the patients some time after an irradiation of the salivary glands. PMID- 6658858 TI - [Anastomosis healing in the irradiated colon. III. Microangiographic studies. An animal experiment study]. AB - During an experimentation on animals, the vascularization of anastomoses in the recto-sigmoidal region was investigated by microangiographic examinations after an irradiation corresponding to the therapeutic proceeding in man. The anastomoses were performed with and without fibrin coating one day, four weeks, eight weeks and four months following to irradiation. The examinations were performed on the third, seventh, 14th, and 21th postoperative day. The results of microangiography do not show any difference between irradiated and non-irradiated animals. PMID- 6658859 TI - [Neutron pollution in roentgen beams from electron accelerators]. AB - The neutron dose was measured in X-ray beams with a limiting energy of 8 to 45 MeV and in 42 MeV electrons (10 X 10 cm2) from several electron accelerators (betatrons, linear accelerators, microtron). The measurements were taken with activation probes and nuclear films of polycarbonate coated with 0,5 mm Cd. On a 42 MeV betatron, the neutron spectrum, the density of neutron flow and the neutron dose of the central ray were evaluated in a paraffin phantom by means of seven threshold value reactions. The neutron spectrum showed only a small dependence on depth. The neutron equivalent dose (with Q approximately equal to 10) was 13 mSv at the surface per Gy of the absorbed dose of 42 MeV X-rays in the dose maximum. The neutron dose contribution to the dose maximum was only a little higher and showed a curve resembling to the depth dose curve of X-radiation. In case of 42 MeV electrons, the neutron equivalent dose was 0,8 mSv per Gy of the electron dose at the surface of the phantom. The measurements taken by means of nuclear films showed a monotonous increase of the equivalent dose contribution of fast neutrons from 0,8 mSv in case of 8 MeV to 15 mSv in case of 45 MeV X-rays per Gy of the primary radiation dose in the dose maximum. The increase became lower above 25 MeV and was not dependent on the field size or on measurements with or without phantom. PMID- 6658861 TI - D-homoandrostanes. 4. The incubation of some D-homo-5 alpha-androstanes with Rhizopus nigricans. AB - Nine dioxygenated D-homoandrostanes were incubated with Rhizopus nigricans to investigate the effect of D-ring modification on microbiological hydroxylation. Structure determination of the products by NMR spectroscopy, and in certain cases independent synthesis of their oxidised products, showed that in contrast to 5 alpha-androstanes the majority of the compounds were hydroxylated in the "reverse" mode, and only D-homo-5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione was hydroxylated in the "normal" mode to any extent. Stereospecific ring D-hydroxylation at C(17 alpha) was observed for both D-homo-5 alpha-androstane-3,6- and 3,7-diones. PMID- 6658860 TI - [Comparison of the value of LDH isoenzyme and tissue polypeptide antigen levels in tumor patients during radiotherapy and as a control of tumor growth]. AB - On a small selection of patients examinations have been conducted how far proliferation of the tumor and metastasis can be pursued with the statement of TPA combined with the LDH-isoenzymes. By this proceeding it proves that a control of therapy and the respective state of the tumor is possible without great display by simultaneous determination and continuous examination of both the parameters. PMID- 6658862 TI - The percutaneous absorption and excretion of promestriene (3-propoxy-17 beta methoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene) in rats and humans. AB - The percutaneous absorption of 3H-promestriene (an antiseborrhoeic agent; 3 propoxy-17 beta-methoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratriene) was studied in rats and human subjects. Extensive and continual absorption of the tritium label (about 50% dose in 3 days) occurred in rats when the treated area of skin (ca. 30 micrograms/cm2) was occluded; when unabsorbed material was washed off after 6 h, a substantial proportion of the applied 3H (about 25% dose) had been absorbed to be excreted later. In contrast, less than 1% of the 3H applied to the skin of human volunteers (0.1-0.5 mg/cm2) was absorbed within 6 h and subsequently excreted. In rats, tissue concentrations of 3H were greatest in the liver, adrenals and ovaries. PMID- 6658863 TI - Urinary metabolites of the new progestagen STS 557 (17 alpha-cyanomethyl-17 hydroxy-4,9-estradien-3-one) in the dog and rat. AB - Urinary metabolites of the new progestagen STS 557 (17 alpha-cyanomethyl-17 hydroxy-4,9-estradien-3-one) were isolated and characterized following oral administration of the 14 alpha, 15 alpha-tritium labelled compound to dogs and rats. 17 alpha-Cyanomethyl-11 beta, 17-dihydroxy-4,9-estradien-3-one (11 beta-OH STS 557) and 17 alpha-cyanomethyl-1,3,5(10),9(11)-estratetraene-3,17-diol were identified by comparison with synthesized reference compounds. Mass spectra data indicate the following other pathways of STS 557 biotransformation: Hydroxylation in other positions than 11; hydrogenation; hydroxylation + hydrogenation; alteration of the 17 alpha-side chain. PMID- 6658864 TI - The effect of some sex hormones on the isovolumetric pressure curve of the rabbit's left ventricle. AB - The effect of some sex hormones (estradiol-17 alpha), estradiol-17 beta, estrone, progesterone and testosterone) on the mechanical activity of rabbit left ventricle was studied in concentrations within the physiological range. Investigations were carried out during the first ten minutes after the introduction of the steroid. Only progesterone and estradiol-17 beta affect the isovolumetric pressure curve; the other steroids do not exhibit any effect. The effects of estradiol-17 beta and progesterone counterbalance each other. Estradiol-17 beta enhances the rate of pressure development and decreases the time to reach peak pressure. Progesterone decreases both the rate of pressure development and the time to reach peak pressure. PMID- 6658865 TI - Side chain modified sterols as probes into insect molting hormone metabolism. II: synthesis of monofluorocholesterols. AB - The hydroxylations of the cholesterol side chain at C-20, 22, and 25 are key terminal events in ecdysone biogenesis. We have prepared the C-20, C-22, C-24, and C-25 monofluorinated cholesterols as potential inhibitors of these hydroxylation events, and preliminary bioassay results in Manduca sexta are reported. The synthesis of [26(14)C]-20-fluorocholesterol is also described. Although the 20-, 22-, and 25-monofluorocholesterols do not appear to affect larval growth and development, the 24-fluoro isomer shows a moderate retardation of growth and a modest increase in mortality. PMID- 6658866 TI - Decreased serum 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone (21-hydroxy-19-nor-4-pregnene-3, 20 dione) level in adrenal regeneration hypertensive rats. AB - An enzyme immunoassay of 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone in rat serum was established. The normal value of 19-nor-DOC in rat serum obtained from 9:00 am to 10:00 am was 148 +/- 30 ng/dl (mean +/- SE,n = 10). Serum levels of this steroid decreased in rats with adrenal regeneration hypertension during the course of the experiment up to 8 weeks, while systolic blood pressure rose progressively. We concluded that this mineralocorticoid is not involved at least as a circulating hormone in the pathogenesis of adrenal regeneration hypertension in rats. PMID- 6658867 TI - Plasma and adrenal corticosterone concentrations and liver glycogen content in premature mice at birth and during neonatal development. AB - The concentrations of corticosterone in the plasma and adrenal glands and the content of glycogen in the liver were estimated from birth to day 6 after birth in surviving premature mice removed by Caesarean section on day 19 of pregnancy and submitted to reanimation during 30 min; the neonates were nourished by nursing mothers from 30 min after birth. A group of full-term newborns was removed by Caesarean section on day 20 of pregnancy and killed 30 min after reanimation. Premature mice were characterized by neonatal changes of three parameters used. The plasma corticosterone level reached a peak in the first 6 h after birth, then decreased until day 6. The adrenal corticosterone level did not vary significantly 30 min after birth, then decreased progressively until day 2. The liver glycogen content, very high on day 19 of pregnancy, increased 30 min after birth, then fell sharply until day 2. In full-term newborns removed by Caesarean section and killed 30 min after reanimation the plasma corticosterone level increased, whereas the adrenal corticosterone level and the liver glycogen content did not decrease. The adrenal gland of surviving premature mice was able to respond to the stress induced by the reanimation; the stimulation of glucocorticoid function was similar in both neonates. PMID- 6658868 TI - I-labeled 19-iodinated and 6 beta-iodomethyl-19-nor steroids: effect of structural modification on the adrenal accumulation. AB - 19-Iodinated and 6 beta-iodomethyl-19-nor derivatives of cholesterol and 17 ketosteroid labeled with 131I were tested in rats to determine the critical structural features required for maximal adrenal uptake. The introduction of the 17-keto group in place of the 17 beta-side chain of cholesterol caused most of the radioactivity to be taken up by the thyroids. Fluorination at the C-3 position had deleterious effects on the adrenal concentration and led to the loss of adrenal specificity. A beta-hydroxy group at the C-3 position is substantially required for adrenal uptake. PMID- 6658869 TI - Salivary unconjugated estriol levels in normal third trimester pregnancy - direct correlation with serum levels. AB - A radioimmunoassay for salivary unconjugated estriol concentration during the third trimester of normal pregnancy is described. The performance characteristics of the method were established by determining the non-specific binding, the blank value of the endogenous estriol free ("stripped") saliva, the recovery experiment and intra- and interassay coefficient of the variations. The corresponding serum samples were also analyzed by the same method. An excellent correlation was found between salivary and serum estriol concentrations. PMID- 6658870 TI - Synthesis and spectroscopic analysis of modified bile salts. AB - For the study of hepatic bile acid transport in vivo, a series of modified bile salts were synthesized. The N-cholyl derivatives of L-leucine, L-alanine, D alanine, beta-alanine, L-proline, and gamma-amino-butyric acid were prepared from cholic acid, ethyl chloroformate and the corresponding amino acid. Structural analysis of products was carried out mainly by electron impact mass spectrometry (20 eV) of the methyl ester/acetate derivatives. In all EI spectra, fragments in the lower mass region included McLafferty rearrangement ions (beta-cleavage) and product ions of gamma-cleavage in the vicinity of the amide linkage. In the upper mass region, fragmentation was characterized by consecutive eliminations of ketene and/or acetic acid from low intensity molecular ions. The purity of the products and their molecular weights were checked by a novel ionization technique in mass spectrometry, fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry. FAB spectra were obtained from underivatized bile salts. The spectra were characterized by ions formed by attachment of a proton or an alkali ion to the bile salt to give intense M+H, M+Na, or M+K ions, which then showed little fragmentation. PMID- 6658871 TI - Inhibitor specificity of the placental microsomal oxidase system responsible for the aromatization of epitestosterone (17 alpha-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one). AB - Human placental microsomes converted epitestosterone to estradiol-17 alpha at rates of 23-48 pmol/min X mg protein with a Km of 113 microM. Activity was inhibited 70-90% by concentrations of CO, metyrapone, n-octylamine, 7,8 benzoflavone and 7-ethoxycoumarin which had no effect on the aromatization of 4 androstene-3, 17-dione. Conversely, cyanide and azide were more effective inhibitors of the conversion of the latter androgen. A variety of neutral steroids inhibited the aromatization of epitestosterone with 19-norsteroids being particularly effective, but competitive effects could not be demonstrated. Both 17 beta-hydroxy-4-estren-3-one and 16 alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione caused a mixed inhibition. A number of phenolic steroids were also inhibitory with 16-oxo compounds being particularly effective. Inhibition by estrone was non competitive (Ki = 16 microM). The aromatization of epitestosterone resembles placental microsomal oxidase activities against estrone and benzo [a]pyrene in its inhibitor specificity and epitestosterone may be the native substrate for an oxidase also active in the metabolism of aromatic xenobiotic chemicals. PMID- 6658872 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: design of the WHO Chemical Synthesis Programme. AB - The great demand for improved long-acting injectable steroid contraceptives, particularly in developing countries, and the relative lack of interest from the pharmaceutical industry to develop such products stimulated WHO to launch a synthetic and screening programme to find improved, safe and acceptable injectable preparations. More than 210 esters of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl 17 beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one) and levonorgestrel (D-(-)-13 beta-ethyl-17 alpha ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one) have been prepared in university-based research laboratories situated mainly in developing countries, and then screened by NICHHD in animal models. The following three compounds, levonorgestrel butanoate, cyclopropylcarboxylate and cyclobutylcarboxylate, proved to be particularly long-acting when administered as microcrystalline suspensions. The overall strategy of this research and development programme is described. PMID- 6658873 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: esters of norethisterone with alpha- and/or beta-chain branching. AB - The synthesis of eighteen esters of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one) is described. These all possess some form of alpha- and/or beta-substitution in the ester side-chain. The work was undertaken in order to evaluate any long-acting fertility control effect intrinsic in such compounds. A pentamethyl disiloxy ether was also included in the group of substances prepared for testing because of its similar substitution pattern. PMID- 6658874 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: norethisterone esters of monoalkenyl and monoalkynyl acids. AB - The synthesis of nine new esters of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one) is described, with the esterifying acids bearing an acetylenic or olefinic function in a chain of eight or nine carbon atoms, for evaluation as long-acting contraceptive agents. PMID- 6658875 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: norethisterone esters of polyunsaturated acids. AB - Some new derivatives of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxyestr-4-en 3-one) are described in which the 17 beta-hydroxyl group of the steroid is esterified with polyunsaturated aliphatic acids. The potential of these compounds as long-acting contraceptive agents has been evaluated. PMID- 6658876 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: esters of norethisterone with alkoxy- and halogeno-substituted carboxylic acids. AB - The chemical synthesis and physical data of several new esters of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one) are reported, which contain either a chloro- or an alkoxy-group as a substituent in the acid side-chain. PMID- 6658877 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl esters of norethisterone. AB - Several esters of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3 one) with carboxylic acids containing a cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl ring have been synthesized and the stereochemistries of the side-chains determined. PMID- 6658879 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: furylalkylcarboxylic acid esters of norethisterone. AB - 5-Methyl- and 5-ethyl-furylalkylcarboxylic esters of norethisterone (17 alpha ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one) were prepared in high yield in the presence of thallous ethoxide. The activities of these compounds as long-acting contraceptive agents have been evaluated. PMID- 6658878 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: norethisterone esters of arylcarboxylic acids. AB - The synthesis of esters of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxy-estr 4-en-3-one) with acids containing a benzene ring is described, two methods of esterification being compared in terms of yield and convenience. The activities of these esters as long-acting contraceptive agents have been evaluated. PMID- 6658880 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: bile acid esters of norethisterone. AB - The synthesis of the esters of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one) with three bile acids and of the cholesteryl carbonate of norethisterone are described. PMID- 6658881 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: carbonates and carbamates of norethisterone. AB - The preparation of three carbonates and two carbamates of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one) are described. Due to instability of the carbonates and the very low solubility of the carbamates these compounds could not be submitted to biological testing. PMID- 6658882 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: the influence of pharmaceutical formulation upon biological activity of esters of norethisterone. AB - 17 beta-esters of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxyestr-4-en-3 one) have been formulated as aqueous microcrystalline suspensions and oily solutions for administration to rats to assess the length of progestogenic activity. Results show that, for some of the esters, the rate-controlling step in prolonging activity is the rate of drug release from the injected formulation. For these esters, when formulated as suspensions, it is proposed that crystal size and form will have a critical effect upon duration of estrus suppression. The influence of crystal form has been demonstrated with the 4 (butoxy)phenylacetate ester for which two different crystal forms have been identified. The lower melting point, more soluble crystal form shows marked prolongation of action, whereas the other form is ineffective. PMID- 6658883 TI - Long-acting contraceptive agents: the influence of physico-chemical properties of some esters of norethisterone upon the plasma levels of free norethisterone. AB - Four 17 beta-esters of norethisterone (17 alpha-ethynyl-17 beta-hydroxyestr-4-en 3-one), formulated both as oily solutions and aqueous suspensions, were administered intramuscularly to rabbits and free plasma levels measured for periods up to 9 weeks. For all formulations of the compounds, the disappearance of norethisterone following peak plasma levels obeyed first-order kinetics. Since different slope values were obtained for different formulations of the same compound, the values reflected the release rates of the esters from the formulations. Fusion data, partition coefficients and solubilities of the compounds in 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and water were obtained and these properties were related to the biological activity of the formulations. For oily solutions, the differences in plasma levels were ascribed to the different partition coefficients of the esters between the oil and tissue fluids. For suspensions, the different activity in relation to an oily solution of an ester was related to the strength of intermolecular forces in the crystal lattice and to the relative thermodynamic activity in the two formulations. The results demonstrate that microcrystalline suspensions do not always have a longer duration of activity than oily solutions of the same compound after intramuscular injection. PMID- 6658884 TI - Effect of estradiol-17 beta on the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone in human term placenta incubated in vitro. AB - The effect of different doses of estradiol-17 beta (E2) on the metabolic pregnenolone to progesterone pathway in fragments of human term placenta incubated in vitro was studied. Doses considered as being physiological of 0.09 and 0.9 microM had a stimulatory effect on the conversion (p less than 0.008 to 0.016). However, a supraphysiological dose of 45 microM showed an inhibitory activity related to the maximal stimulation (p less than 0.03). A dose of 0.9 microM E2 favoured the accumulation of (3H)-progesterone in the tissue (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that E2 may regulate the synthesis of progesterone in human term placenta. PMID- 6658885 TI - Improved synthesis of 3-keto, 4-ene-3-keto, and 4,6-diene-3-keto bile acids. AB - Cholic and deoxycholic acids can be converted into 3-keto derivatives in 75-80% yield, by a four-step synthesis consisting of formylation, selective deformylation of the 3-formoxyl group, oxidation, then deformylation of the remaining formoxyl groups. The intermediate 3-keto formoxyl acids in this sequence were shown to be suitable starting compounds for the synthesis of 4-ene 3-keto acids, in 55-60% yield, via bromination, dehydrobromination, and deformylation. By extending the dehydrobromination reaction, the 7 alpha-formoxyl group of the intermediate 4-ene-3-keto-7 alpha,12 alpha-diformoxyl acid is also lost, hence providing a useful synthetic route to 4,6-diene-3-keto bile acids. PMID- 6658886 TI - Proton magnetic resonance spectra of 17 xi-hydroxy-17 xi-methyl-5 xi-androstane C 3 ketone and C-3 xi alcohol isomers in chloroform-d and pyridine-d5. AB - 17 alpha-Hydroxy-17 beta-methyl-5 beta-androstan-3-one,17 beta-methyl-5 alpha androstane-3 alpha,17 alpha-diol,17 beta-methyl-5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 alpha-diol,17 alpha-methyl-5 beta-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol,17 beta-methyl-5 beta-androstane-3 alpha,17 alpha-diol and 17 beta-methyl-5 beta-androstane-3 beta,17 alpha-diol were synthesized for the first time. 1H NMR spectra of all four 17 xi-hydroxy/17 xi-methyl C-3 ketones and all eight C-3 alcohols were recorded in chloroform-d and pyridine-d5. Pyridine-induced chemical shifts are discussed. Thin-layer chromatographic data are given. PMID- 6658887 TI - Metabolism of 17 alpha-methyl-5 beta-dihydrotestosterone in the rabbit. AB - 17 alpha-Methyl-5 beta-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol together with the hydroxylated metabolites 17 alpha-methyl-5 beta-androstane-1 beta,3 alpha,17 beta triol, 17 alpha-methyl-5 beta-androstane-3 alpha,12 beta,17 beta-triol, 17 alpha methyl-5 beta-androstane-3 alpha,16 alpha,17 beta-triol and 17 alpha-methyl-5 beta-androstane-3 alpha,16 beta,17 beta-triol were isolated and identified in the urine of rabbits orally dosed with 17 alpha-methyl-5 beta-dihydrotestosterone. Biotransformations differ from the 5 alpha-series where hydroxylation occurred at C-6 and C-15. In both series, the C-3 equatorial epimer was the major urinary excretion product among the non-hydroxylated metabolites. The 5 beta-compound was more resistant to metabolic hydroxylation than the 5 alpha-compound. No evidence for epimerization at the C-17 position was observed. PMID- 6658888 TI - Effect of estrogen pretreatment on the intestinal cytochrome P-450 in female rats. AB - The effect of estrogen hormones on the cytochrome P-450-linked hydroxylation system of rat small intestine was investigated. Estrogens were found to increase the activity of the intestinal arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase as well as the level of cytochrome P-450 in female rats. There was essentially no difference in the increase of the concentration of cytochrome P-450 due to the duration of pretreatment. PMID- 6658889 TI - Difference between cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in dependence upon cholesterol of hepatic and plasmatic sources as the precursor in rats. AB - Some difference in functional pool of cholesterol acting as the precursor of bile acids is pointed out between cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. In order to elucidate this problem further, some experiments were performed with rats equilibrated with [7(n)-3H, 4-(14)C] cholesterol by subcutaneous implantation. The bile duct was cannulated in one series of experiments and ligated in another. After the operation 14C-specific radioactivity of serum cholesterol fell, but reached practically a new equilibrium within three days. 14C-Specific radioactivity of serum cholesterol as well as of biliary bile acids in bile fistula rats and urinary bile acids in bile duct-ligated rats was determined during a three days-period in the new equilibrated state. The results were as follows: (1) 14C-Specific radioactivity of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid in bile was lower than that of serum cholesterol, and 14C-specific radioactivity of cholic acid was clearly lower than that of chenodeoxycholic acid. (2) 14C Specific radioactivity of cholic acid and beta-muricholic acid in urine was lower than that of serum cholesterol, and 14C-specific radioactivity of cholic acid was lower than that of beta-muricholic acid. (3) Biliary as well as urinary beta muricholic acid lost tritium label at 7-position entirely during the course of formation from [7(n)-3H, 4-(14)C]cholesterol. PMID- 6658890 TI - Occurrence and seasonal variation of 19-norcholest-4-en-3-one and 3 beta monohydroxy sterols in the Californian gorgonian, Muricea californica. AB - The first natural occurrence of 19-norcholestenone is reported, together with 17 sterols and one other delta 4-3-ketone in the extracts of the Californian gorgonian, Muricea californica (Aurivillius). Six additional demethyl sterols and five additional 4-monomethyl sterols which remain unidentified were also detected. Lipid extracts of M. californica from a winter and summer collection were split by various chromatographic methods into free sterol, steryl ester, and steryl conjugate fractions. Sterol compositions (determined by CG and CG-MS) of each fraction, subsequent to hydrolysis, are tabulated and discussed with respect to plausible origins of observed variations. The possible relationship of the Muricea 19-nor-steroidal ketone to other naturally occurring 19-nor-steroids is discussed. PMID- 6658891 TI - Steroids in porcine follicular fluid: analysis by HPLC, capillary CG and capillary CG/MS after purification on SEP-PAK C18 and ion exchange chromatography. AB - Steroids in porcine follicular fluid have been concentrated by reverse phase chromatography in SEP-PAK C18 and purified further on the cation exchanger SP Sephadex C-25. Fractionation into unconjugated neutral and phenolic steroids, glucuronides and sulfates was carried out on triethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 (TEAP-LH-20). The unconjugated neutral fraction was analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C18 radial cartridge 5 mm I.D.; 10 mu, or on a C18 5 mu RESOLVE column, and by capillary gas chromatography (GC) on a 12 M OV-1 cross linked fused silica column. Testosterone, progesterone and androstenedione were the major steroids detected by HPLC monitored at 254 nm, although 17- hydroxy-, 20 alpha-dihydro- and 20 beta-dihydroprogesterone were also present. Pregnenolone, pregnanediol, dehydroepiandrosterone, 17 hydroxypregnenolone and androsterone were detected by capillary CG as their 0 methyloxime trimethylsilyether derivatives. Further confirmation of structure was provided by complete mass spectral data or by selective ion monitoring (SIM). PMID- 6658892 TI - Steroid metabolism by monkey and human spermatozoa. AB - Freshly ejaculated spermatozoa from monkey and human were washed and incubated with tritium labelled androgens or estradiol to study the pattern of spermatozoa steroid metabolism. When equal concentrations of steroid substrates were used for incubation, monkey and human spermatozoa showed very similar pattern of steroid conversion. Spermatozoa from both species converted testosterone mainly to androstenedione, but reverse conversion of androstenedione to testosterone was negligible. Estradiol-17 beta was converted mainly to estrone. The close similarity between the spermatozoa of monkey and men in their steroid metabolic pattern indicates that the rhesus monkey could be an useful animal model to study the effect of drugs on the metabolic pattern of human spermatozoa. PMID- 6658893 TI - Characterization of steroid binding specificity of the androgen receptor in human foreskin fibroblasts. AB - Our objective was to evaluate a convenient in vitro model for measuring steroid affinities to the human androgen receptor. The ability of unlabeled analogues of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to compete with [3H]DHT for binding to the receptor in human fibroblasts was measured and expressed relative to DHT. The C-3 ketone group and the planar configuration of the A and B rings were critical for binding. Absence of the 10 beta-methyl group increased affinity of the androstane compounds for the receptor. The 17 beta-hydroxyl group was also essential for high affinity binding and addition of a 17 alpha-methyl group enhanced binding. Binding of steroids with a delta 4 double bond was consistently less than that of the 5 alpha-reduced steroids. This was true of both the androstene and estrene series. We conclude that human foreskin fibroblasts offer a useful model for in vitro studies characterizing the effects of steroid structural modifications on binding to the human androgen receptor. PMID- 6658894 TI - Structural, functional and hypertensive effects of 19-oxo-11-deoxycorticosterone acetate (19-oxo-DOCA) in the rat. AB - Mononephrectomized rats were given 1% NaCl solution to drink; half of them received 1 mg/day of 19-oxo-11 deoxycorticosterone acetate (19-oxo-DOCA) in sesame oil subcutaneously and half received only the oil for a period of four weeks. The steroid had no effect upon saline intake, systolic blood pressure, growth or the size of adrenals, hearts or kidneys, although it did produce hypernatremia and hypokalemia. The discrepancy between a demonstrable mineralocorticoid effect without blood pressure elevation awaits elucidation. PMID- 6658895 TI - Assignment of the 13C-nmr spectrum of Hippurin, a novel furospirostane: observation of both ends of the axis of anisotropic reorientation through the measurement of spin-lattice relaxation times. AB - Anisotropic reorientation of 3 alpha-substituted steroids has been well documented. Assignment of the 13C-nmr spectrum of Hippurin, a novel furospirostane and the measurement of the spin-lattice (T1) relaxation times has established both points in the molecule through which the axis of anisotropic reorientation passes, specifically the 3- and 24-positions. PMID- 6658896 TI - Kinetics of catechol estrogen-estrogen receptor dissociation: a possible factor underlying differences in catechol estrogen biological activity. AB - The mechanisms underlying the differences in uterotrophic potency between 2- and 4-hydroxyestrogens were explored. Doses of estradiol (E2)(10 micrograms/kg), 2 OHE2 (500 micrograms/kg) and 4-OHE2 (100 micrograms/kg) sufficient to induce near maximal cell nuclear estrogen receptor (ERn) binding were injected subcutaneously into 26 day old female rats. Uterine ERn concentrations declined more rapidly after 2-OHE2 than after E2 or 4-OHE2. E2 and 4-OHE2 both elicited a significant increase in uterine wet weight, measured at 24-36 hrs after injection. 2-OHE2 had no significant effect and neither synergized with nor antagonized the effects of simultaneously administered E2 or 4-OHE2. Under in vitro conditions at 25 degrees C, 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1) and 2-OHE2 both dissociated from the receptors more rapidly than either their parent monophenolic estrogens or the corresponding 4 hydroxyestrogens. These results suggest that differences in estrogenic potency between 2- and 4-hydroxyestrogens may partly be a function of the dissociation kinetics of their estrogen receptor complexes. PMID- 6658897 TI - B-ring aromatization of estrogen derivatives. AB - A novel method of B-ring aromatization of steroid derivatives is reported. Addition of BrCl in methanol to a non-aromatic B-ring double bond results in a rapid double elimination generating the aromatic B-ring. This procedure represents an effective method for conversion of an equilin to an equilenin nucleus. PMID- 6658898 TI - Novel and regiospecific synthesis of 2-amino estrogens via Zincke nitration. AB - An efficient synthesis of 2-aminoestrone (14), 2 aminoestradiol (15), 2-amino-16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (16) and 2-aminoestriol (17) is described. 2,4-Dibromo estrogens 1 - 4 were regiospecifically converted to the corresponding 2-nitro-4 bromo derivatives 5 - 8 in quantitative yields, with Zincke nitration using sodium nitrite. Catalytic hydrogenation of the 2-nitro-4-bromides 5 - 8 over palladium-on-charcoal gave directly the desired 2-amino estrogens 14 - 17 in high yields. The 2-amino compounds 15 and 17 were also obtained by the reduction of the corresponding 2-nitro-4-bromides 6 and 8 with sodium borohydride in the presence of palladium chloride. PMID- 6658899 TI - Bile acids. LXVIII. Allylic and benzylic photo-chemical oxidation of steroids. AB - To provide 7-oxocholesterol derivatives in yields superior to those obtained by chemical oxidation, the preparation of steroidal allylic or benzylic ketones was studied. Air-induced oxidation was investigated with a highly selective low energy UV lamp in the presence of mercuric bromide. With this procedure cholesterol acetate, 5-cholestene-3 beta, 27-diol diacetate, 24(R)-24-methyl-5 cholesten-2 beta-yl acetate, 24(R)-24-ethyl-5-cholesten-28-yl acetate and 24(R) 24-ethyl-(22E)-cholesta-5,22-dien-3 beta-yl acetate were oxidized to the allylic keto-derivative in good yields; estradiol-17 beta diacetate was similarly converted to the 6-oxo-product in improved yield. This method can be very useful in the synthesis of 7-oxocholesteryl acetate and its analogs and 6-oxo estratrienes. PMID- 6658900 TI - Blood flow and vascular reactivity in collaterally perfused brain tissue. Evidence of an ischemic penumbra in patients with acute stroke. AB - In a group of 48 patients with completed stroke, 8 patients had viable collaterally perfused brain tissue which was accessible for rCBF recordings with a two dimensional technique. All 8 had deep subcortical infarcts on CT-scan, and angiographic occlusion of the arteries normally supplying the infarcted territory. The brain tissue overlying the deep infarcts appeared normal on CT scan and was supplied by collateral circulation. rCBF was measured in all within 72 hours after the stroke. The intra-carotid Xe-133 injection method and a 254 multidetector camera were used to study rCBF. Relatively ischemic low flow areas were a constant finding in the collaterally perfused tissue. In 6 of the patients, the collaterally perfused part of the brain had low flow values comparable to those of an "ischemic penumbra" (viable, but functionally depressed brain tissue due to inadequate perfusion). Autoregulation was impaired in all of the collaterally perfused areas while the CO2-response always was preserved. Steal phenomena were not seen. In the surrounding brain tissue, autoregulation was normal in 5 patients and impaired in 3 while the CO2-response seemed to be normal. The results confirm the experimental finding of an ischemic penumbra associated with acute cerebral infarcts and suggest that early restoration of the blood flow in acute stroke patients might improve recovery and prognosis in selected patients. PMID- 6658901 TI - Subarachnoid hemorrhage in New Zealand: an epidemiological study. AB - To examine long-term trends in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) mortality and morbidity, an analysis of routinely available information is presented for the 20 year period from 1959. To document the current incidence and case fatality of SAH, the results of a large scale community-based study in the Auckland region are presented. SAH mortality rates for both men and women, especially women, have declined since the mid-1970's. The decline appears to be real, and is most striking in the 45-64 year age groups. A corresponding decline in discharge rates from hospital has also occurred in these age groups. In contrast, cases fatality rates have remained stable at about 42% for the 20 year period under review. The community-based study identified 92 cases in a total population of 829,464 in a twelve month period. The age standardised incidence rates were 13.4 and 15.8 per 100,000 for men and women respectively. In the age group 25-35 years, the incidence rate was particularly high at 8.5/100,000. Case fatality at 28 days was 52%. A decline in incidence appears the most likely explanation for the overall decline in national mortality. PMID- 6658902 TI - Mechanisms of the contractile effect induced by uridine 5-triphosphate in canine cerebral arteries. AB - This study was performed to elucidate mechanisms responsible for the contraction of isolated canine cerebral arteries induced by uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) and to ascertain whether UTP given intracisternally causes cerebral arterial constriction. The latter was proven arteriographically to be the case. In vitro, UTP (10(-4)M) and UDP were similar in potency, produced sustained contractions, and were more effective than other pyrimidine nucleotides or uridine. Unlike serotonin (5-HT), UTP was not antagonized by cinanserin and failed to cause constriction of mesenteric arteries. Adenosine similarly antagonized 5-HT and UTP. The Ca2+ antagonist nimodipine abolished contractions caused by high K+ but only incompletely antagonized 5-HT or UTP. On the other hand, procedures that hyperpolarize the cell membrane (low K+ followed by K+) abolished tonic contractions induced by UTP. Hyperpolarization prior to UTP (with or without nimodipine) did not, however, prevent the occurrence of a phasic contraction. Papaverine or lanthanum antagonized this phasic response. It was concluded that UTP selectively affects cerebral arteries, may initiate contraction by releasing membrane bound Ca2+, depolarizes the cell membrane to open receptor operated and potential sensitive calcium channels, but does not inhibit the electrogenic Na pump nor specifically antagonize the vasodilator adenosine. PMID- 6658903 TI - Angiographical analysis of acute cerebral infarction followed by "cascade"-like deterioration of minor neurological deficits. What is progressing stroke? AB - In order to understand the mechanism of clinical worsening in patients with cerebral infarction, attention was focused on the changes in cerebral angiograms obtained repeatedly before and after neurological deterioration. Among 212 stroke patients with minor neurological deficits, incomplete hemiparesis progressed to complete hemiplegia in 15 patients several days after the beginning of symptoms. On admission, 3 had internal carotid artery occlusion, 2 had stenosis of the internal carotid artery, 5 had occlusion of the middle cerebral arterial trunk, 2 had occlusion of the middle cerebral arterial branch, and 3 had no angiographically visible occlusion. The changes between the first and the second angiograms were of different varieties: another recurrent occlusion, progression of occlusion, new occlusion in the cerebral arteries opacified through the collateral pathway, recanalization of the initially occluded artery, and no change. Such different patterns of pathophysiological events show that the mechanism of neurological worsening in infarcted patients is not uniform. Based on the results from the present study, several problems which arose during the investigation and the somewhat vague definition of "progressing stroke" currently in use are discussed. PMID- 6658904 TI - Platelet aggregability in cerebral thrombosis--analyzed for vessel stenosis. AB - Platelet aggregation in the post-acute phase of 48 patients with cerebral thrombosis was measured to see if any specific type of cerebral infarction is associated with enhanced platelet aggregation. All patients were examined with cerebral angiography and computed tomography (CT). Stenotic lesions in major cranial arteries were analyzed by measuring the apparent diameter. Severe stenosis was defined as 75 per cent constriction or more. Enhanced aggregation of platelets (secondary aggregation at 1 microM ADP or less) was present in 5 of 25 patients (20%) who had severe vessel stenosis or occlusion. CT examination frequently revealed both cortical and deep involvement. On the other hand, 13 of 23 patients (57%) with less stenotic lesions showed enhanced aggregation and that was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Many patients of this group had persistent hypertension and small deep infarctions. Platelet aggregation was also measured in 20 hypertensive control subjects without stroke. Four of them (20%) showed enhanced aggregation. These findings suggest that a combination of enhanced platelet aggregation and hypertension increases the risk of small deep infarctions accompanied by mild stenotic changes of the major cranial arteries. PMID- 6658905 TI - A small animal model for electrocardiographic abnormalities observed after an experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - The male Sprague-Dawley rat was successfully used to produce increases in arterial blood pressure and electrocardiographic abnormalities similar to those seen in patients after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The model employs a less expensive, easily available laboratory animal than other existing models. Whole heparinized blood is introduced in the area of the circle of Willis to simulate a subarachnoid hemorrhage. This model ensures a constant body-blood volume and minimizes damage to brain tissue as no blood vessel has to be punctured. The volume of blood required to produce bradycardia and other electrocardiographic abnormalities can be controlled and calculated for each animal. The model produced a sudden onset and progression of cardiovascular symptoms. Blood apparently is specific for producing electrocardiographic abnormalities as compared to 0.9% saline, Dextran 40 and Gentran 75 when introduced in the area of the circle of Willis. This specificity was not maintained when blood and saline were introduced into the cisterna magna as electrocardiographic abnormalities were observed with both agents. PMID- 6658906 TI - Oxypurines in cerebrospinal fluid as indices of disturbed brain metabolism. A clinical study of ischemic brain diseases. AB - Using a HPLC method the concentrations of oxypurines were simultaneously measured in CSF of patients with acute cerebrovascular lesions (CVL) and global cerebral ischemia (GCI) in an attempt to study disturbed brain metabolism during cerebral oxygen deprivation. In cerebral infarction both hypoxanthine and xanthine gradually increased from normal levels at admission to pathologically increased on the fourth day from onset of symptoms. There was no correlation between these substances and the clinical score but the maximum CSF-hypoxanthine concentration was significantly correlated to the maximum lesion volume determined by computerized tomography. In GCI the hypoxanthine-xanthine concentrations were considerably increased less than 20 hours from onset of unconsciousness but the initial levels did not predict the final outcome. These findings suggest that the end products of nucleotide degradation accumulate rapidly in acute cerebral hypoxia but more gradually in CVL probably due to growing local edema with subsequent local hypoxia. In controls and patients with CVL the CSF-urate concentrations were positively correlated to those of CSF-albumin. However, in CVL the increase of urate was relatively much more pronounced than the increase of albumin indicating that urate is a sensitive marker of dysfunction of blood brain barrier. PMID- 6658908 TI - Unusual clinical signs in left subclavian artery occlusion: clinical and angiographic correlation. AB - A case of left subclavian steal syndrome with transient ischemic attacks of left carotid artery distribution is presented. An attempt to explain this uncommon symptomatology is based on a rare patent cervical arterial network, stealing blood from the left common carotid artery and supplying the distal portion of the obstructed left subclavian artery. PMID- 6658907 TI - Rapid, transient drop in brain glucose after intravenous phloretin or 3-0-methyl D-glucose. AB - Rats were injected intravenously with either phloretin (100 mg/kg) or 3-0-methyl glucose (2 g/kg) to reduce the carrier-mediated flux of glucose into brain. Plasma glucose and brain free glucose (BFG), lactate, and glycogen were measured over a 16 min time course. Injection of these substances caused a rapid drop in BFG to 60% of control at one minute and a minimum (50% of control values) at 4 min., followed by a gradual rise to control levels at 16 min. While plasma glucose fell, and then increased after injection, brain lactate and glycogen content was unaffected. Repeated injections of phloretin eventually caused a drop in brain glycogen; but with either competitor, BFG never fell below 50% of normal values. The i.v. injection of the glucose analog, 3-0-methyl glucose (the less toxic of the two drugs) is proposed as a possible means of cutting off the potentially hazardous supply of blood glucose to the postischemic brain. PMID- 6658909 TI - Diagnostic evaluation of degenerative and vascular dementia. AB - The accuracy of the Ischemic Score (IS) of Hachinski in the differential diagnosis between senile dementia (SDAT) and multi-infarct dementia (MID) is evaluated in this study. Ninety-four demented patients were subdivided on the basis of CT scan in three subgroups: 1) CT-SDAT (ventricular enlargement and widening of cortical sulci), 2) CT-MID (multiple low density areas attributable to ischemic lesions), 3) CT-VASC (single low density area attributable to ischemic lesion). Sixty-nine percent of patients with SDAT and 94% of patients with MID had an Ischemic Score in agreement with the diagnosis established by CT scan. With the purpose of improving the accuracy of the I.S., a modified ischemic score consisting of five items (abrupt onset; history of strokes; focal symptoms; focal signs; focal (single or multiple) CT-low density areas) is proposed as a useful tool in the differential diagnosis between SDAT and MID. PMID- 6658910 TI - Medial medullary infarction from fibrocartilaginous embolism to the anterior spinal artery. AB - A previously healthy young woman presented with sudden onset of quadriplegia, anesthesia below the C3 dermatome, respiratory paralysis, vertical nystagmus, ocular bobbing and cortical blindness. After partial resolution of the latter deficits, she remained quadriplegic, with a C3 level of anesthesia, and in respiratory paralysis until death from complications of a fulminant pulmonary infection. Autopsy disclosed bilateral infarctions of the medial aspect of the medulla and the upper cervical cord, in the distribution of the anterior spinal artery. Multiple sites of arterial occlusion by fibrocartilaginous material were found in branches of the anterior spinal artery, in correspondence with the sites of infarction. A review of the literature disclosed only 2 examples of medial medullary syndrome from embolism to the anterior spinal artery. PMID- 6658911 TI - Focal cerebral ischemia distal to a cerebral aneurysm in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. AB - Neurologic complications in patients with Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) occur as a consequence of a variety of vascular malformations. One type of intracranial malformation, saccular aneurysm, has recently been appreciated as a potential source of ischemic cerebrovascular disease on the basis of aneurysm to artery emboli. We report a patient with HHT and an unruptured saccular intracranial aneurysm presenting with ischemic vascular events. PMID- 6658912 TI - Heparin for lacunar stroke in progression. AB - Four patients with mild hemiparesis were treated with heparin for presumed progressing stroke. All worsened to hemiplegia with pure motor deficits and lacunar infarcts despite this medical intervention. Clinical distinction between large artery and small, penetrating vessel thrombotic disease is needed to best evaluate any benefit of anticoagulation for stroke in progression. PMID- 6658913 TI - Italian multicenter study on reversible cerebral ischemic attacks: population characteristics and methodology. PMID- 6658914 TI - Are terms such as completed stroke or RIND of continued usefulness? PMID- 6658915 TI - Temporal profile resembling TIA in the setting of cerebral infarction. PMID- 6658916 TI - Understanding stroke and its rehabilitation. PMID- 6658917 TI - Asymptomatic carotid artery disease. PMID- 6658918 TI - Spontaneous brain hemorrhage: what treatment should we recommend? PMID- 6658919 TI - Spontaneous brain hemorrhage. AB - Spontaneous brain hemorrhage accounts for about 10% of all strokes and is fatal in about 50% of the cases. Its incidence, in contrast to other types of strokes, has not declined. Hypertension accounts for about half of these hemorrhages; the rest are due to tumors, aneurysms and vascular malformations, inflammatory and degenerative vasculopathies and hematologic and iatrogenic disorders of coagulation. In some patients no cause is ever found. Hypertensive brain hemorrhage occurs in the deep gray nuclei of the hemispheres, the cerebellum, and the pons and results in specific clinical syndromes depending on the location. Computerized tomography has revolutionized the diagnosis of brain hemorrhage and is resulting in the development of rational criteria for medical and surgical management of these lesions. Intensive medical therapy guided by clinical status and continuous monitoring of ICP may improve outcome. Surgical removal of the hematoma is indicated in lobar and putaminal hemorrhages when the patient is deteriorating in spite of vigorous medical therapy. In addition most large (greater than 3 cm) cerebellar hemorrhages, as well as smaller cerebellar hemorrhages that result in significant brain stem compression should be evaluated. The roles of intensive medical therapy, elective late surgery and of immediate operation in improving eventual functional outcome need to be investigated further. PMID- 6658920 TI - Hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage: treatment and results. Is surgical treatment superior to conservative one? AB - Seventy-four patients with hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage (HPH) were followed at least 6 months after treatment and estimated by ADL. They were graded according to the state of consciousness on admission. The grading consists of 6 grades: Grade 1, fully conscious; Grade 2, somnolent; Grade 3, stuporous; Grade 4, semi-comatose; and Grade 5, deeply comatose. Removal of HPH was performed in 18 patients and conservative treatment was done in 56 patients. The mortality in surgically treated group was 28% while that in conservatively treated group was 14%. The patients who returned to full work or independent life without disability and with minimal disability after surgical treatment were, 50% in Grade 1, 33% in Grade 2, and 50% in Grade 3. The patients without disability and with minimal disability after conservative treatment were; 87% in Grade 1, 80% in Grade 2, and 22% in Grade 3. None below Grade 4 returned to full work or independent life in both groups. There was good correlation between the state of consciousness and CT findings on admission. There was no correlation between good recovery and the side of HPH. Our results do not support the view that the surgical treatment is superior to the conservative one in the management of HPH. PMID- 6658921 TI - Clinicopathological study of pontine hemorrhage. AB - This report concerns a clinico-pathological study of 60 patients afflicted with primary pontine hemorrhage. The illness was fatal in 43, 17 patients survived. Ophthalmic signs, autonomic disturbances and transient visual hallucination were observed and discussed. A ruptured microaneurysm within the border of a pontine hematoma was detected in this study, and in the first report of such a finding. PMID- 6658922 TI - Secondary brain stem hemorrhage in stroke. AB - The occurrence of secondary brain stem hemorrhage was studied in 435 autopsies from patients with recent cerebral hemorrhage, infarction or ruptured cerebral aneurysms. The frequency of secondary brain stem hemorrhage was found to be 45% in cerebral hemorrhage, 15% in cerebral infarction, and 36% in ruptured aneurysms. In the majority of cases the secondary brain stem hemorrhage occurred a few days after the onset of cerebral hemorrhage or infarction. Ruptured aneurysms showed a more widespread temporal distribution of secondary brain stem hemorrhage. The median survival time was 2 days in cases of cerebral hemorrhage, 4 days in ruptured aneurysm and 4 days in cerebral infarction. The frequency of secondary brain stem hemorrhage was significantly lower in patients younger than 20 years. No significant difference was found in its distribution between the sexes. Secondary occipital lobe infarction was present in 3.5% of the patients. It is concluded that secondary brain stem hemorrhage is a common major contribution to the cause of death in stroke. PMID- 6658923 TI - Hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage presenting as pure motor hemiparesis. AB - A 44 year old hypertensive man presented with a pure motor hemiparesis, and CT scan showed a putaminal hemorrhage. The clinical course was characterized by rapid resolution of the deficits. This case illustrates a variety of putaminal hemorrhage of good functional and vital prognosis, and stresses the value of CT scanning as a tool for diagnosis and prognosis. PMID- 6658924 TI - Primary pontine hemorrhage and gustatory disturbance: clinicoanatomic study. AB - A clinicoanatomic study of 12 patients with tegmental-type primary pontine hemorrhage proved the presence of a gustatory disturbance among other clinical symptoms on the same side of the tongue as that of the pontine lesion, and suggested the secondary pathway of gustatory sensation from the solitary tract nucleus ascends without decussation in the homolateral pontine tegmentum. These results contradict textbook descriptions regarding the human secondary gustatory pathway. PMID- 6658926 TI - Increase of low serum concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in TIA-patients treated with phenytoin. AB - Serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and other lipoproteins were measured in 27 TIA-patients with a mean age of 49 +/- 10 years before and during phenytoin therapy. The pretreatment concentrations of HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l, mean +/- SD) were lower (p less than 0.001) in male (1.03 +/- 0.25) and in female patients (1.15 +/- 0.44) than in healthy male (1.28 +/- 0.34) and female controls (1.52 +/- 0.31) respectively. After one month's phenytoin therapy HDL cholesterol concentrations reached normal levels (men 1.33 +/- 0.38, women 1.61 +/- 0.27) and after 9 months of therapy even surpassed them (men 1.47 +/- 0.27, p less than 0.05; women 1.91 +/- 0.33, p less than 0.01). Percent increase of HDL cholesterol after 9 months of therapy was 42 +/- 25 in men and 68 +/- 46 in women. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.43, p less than 0.05) between serum phenytoin level and increase of HDL cholesterol. HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio increased (p less than 0.01) also during 9 months of therapy (men from 0.26 +/- 0.05 to 0.36 +/- 0.10, women from 0.26 +/- 0.07 to 0.43 +/- 0.13) and showed a positive correlation (r = 0.91, p less than 0.001) with increase of serum HDL cholesterol. The HDL cholesterol levels achieved have been maintained with a mean serum phenytoin level of 5.6 +/- 3.6 mg/l. Phenytoin induced increase in serum HDL levels should not yet be equated with protection against atherosclerosis. PMID- 6658925 TI - Platelet function tests in thrombotic cerebrovascular disorders. AB - A variety of platelet function tests were performed in patients with four forms of obstructive cerebrovascular disease (CVD); transient ischemic attacks (TIA), reversible ischemic neurological deficit (RIND), cerebral infarct, and cerebral embolism of cardiac source in rheumatic valvular heart disease (RVHD). Platelet studies included platelet aggregation induced by ADP and ristocetin, spontaneous platelet aggregation, von Willebrand factor (VIII:vWF), platelet aggregation enhancing factor (PAEF), and percentage of large platelets (megathrombocytes). Serial testing was carried out in acute stroke patients. The effect of aspirin therapy was also evaluated. A clear difference in results was observed between patients with cardiogenic embolism and those with other forms of CVD. In patients with TIA, RIND, and cerebral infarct, platelet aggregation, both induced and spontaneous, was enhanced along with elevation of plasma VIII:vWF and PAEF, and increased percentage of megathrombocytes. In patients with cardiogenic embolism, however, these studies were negative except for percent megathrombocytes. This value was increased in the embolic patients with RVHD in comparison with non embolic patients with RVHD. Increase in platelet aggregation to ADP and percent megathrombocytes developed slowly over a week following stroke. Induced and spontaneous platelet aggregation, and percent megathrombocytes could be normalized with 600 mg aspirin p.o. These studies suggest that a systemic increase of hyperaggregable platelets and of plasma activators of platelet function exists in thrombotic CVD and may be related to its pathogenesis, while local hemodynamic factors may be more important in the thrombogenesis of cardiogenic embolism. PMID- 6658927 TI - Cerebral embolism in the Michael Reese Stroke Registry. AB - Infarction secondary to cerebral embolism was diagnosed in 127 (23.5%) of 540 patients in the Michael Reese Stroke Registry. Coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, mitral annulus calcification, and cardiomyopathy were the commonest etiologies. Echocardiography documented a potential embolic source in 7 patients without previously known heart disease, and clarified the cardiac pathology in many of the patients with known heart disease. The left anterior circulation was affected in 48%, right anterior in 37%, and posterior circulation in 15% of patients. CT was abnormal in 71% of the patients, and was approximately equally helpful in all locations. Nineteen percent of emboli presented with a deficit that was other than maximal at onset. Concurrent systemic embolism was unusual (2.3%). Prognosis was somewhat worse than in thrombotic stroke. Grouping of patients according to embolic source (intra-arterial, cardiac, and uncertain source) showed no differences in activity at onset, early course, or in subsequent course of the illness. PMID- 6658928 TI - Risk of recurrent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation and non-valvular heart disease. AB - One-hundred-forty patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) due to non-rheumatic, non-valvular heart disease (NVHD) who suffered a cerebral infarct were identified. Fifty-three (38%) died of the initial stroke. The surviving patients were followed up to 9 years without anticoagulant therapy. In the 59 patients available for follow-up, the risk of recurrent cerebral ischemia remained at approximately 20% per year throughout the 9 year observation period. The recurrence rate was the same regardless of age, sex, previous myocardial infarction, or whether chronic AF or intermittent AF were present. Only 7 (12%) died from a second stroke, however. The high annual rate of recurrence and lack of controlled therapeutic trials in this population of patients warrant a prospective study to define the benefits and relative risks of anticoagulant therapy in AF due to NVHD. PMID- 6658929 TI - Cardiac abnormalities in ischemic cerebrovascular disease studied by two dimensional echocardiography. AB - In the study of cardiac abnormalities responsible for the development of cerebral embolism two-dimensional echocardiography was performed on 350 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The results were compared with those obtained from 350 controls without any history of stroke. Atrial fibrillation was detected on ECG in 115 cases (33%) of the patients and in 35 cases (10%) of the controls (p less than 0.001). The structural cardiac diseases observed in stroke patients were: rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in 37, congestive cardiomyopathy (CCM) in 7, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in 19, mitral annulus calcification (MAC) in 29, mitral valve prolapse (MVP) in 9, and myocardial infarction (MyI) in 10 patients. Controls were found to have these lesions in 11, 2, 3, 12, 4 and 9 patients respectively. RHD (p less than 0.001), HCM (p less than 0.01) and MAC (p less than 0.01) were significantly more frequent in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease, but not MyI, CCM or MVP. Intracardiac thrombi were diagnosed in 29 cases of patients and in 4 cases of controls (p less than 0.001). Our data suggested that nonrheumatic heart diseases such as MAC and HCM could also be considered as causes of embolic stroke. The reasons for the variable frequencies of cardiac abnormalities reported in the literature for stroke patients are discussed. PMID- 6658930 TI - Effect of blood pressure on prevalence of carotid atheroma. AB - In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which hypertension acts as a risk factor for major non-haemorrhagic stroke, its effect on the prevalence of carotid atheroma has been studied angiographically. The carotid angiograms of 269 patients with cerebral tumours have been reviewed for evidence of coincidental atheromatous change. The prevalence of signs of arterial disease at the carotid bifurcation proved to be greater amongst patients with an elevated casual blood pressure reading, though the effect was small and confined to subjects over 50 years of age. It is argued that other factors must contribute to the connection between hypertension and the risks of cerebral infarction. PMID- 6658931 TI - Middle cerebral artery perfusion pressure in cerebrovascular occlusive disease. AB - We measured the MCAP (middle cerebral artery pressure)/MSBP (mean systemic blood pressure) ratio in 76 patients who underwent an EIAB (extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass). Patients were divided into groups on the basis of angiographic findings. We found a definite correlation between increasing angiographic cerebral vascular occlusive disease and lower MCAP/MSBP ratios. Six of 32 patients with a preoperative neurologic deficit demonstrated mild but definite postoperative neurologic improvement. The mean MCAP/MSBP ratio in these six patients was significantly lower than that for the remainder of this group (p less than .05). Finally, postoperative filling of the middle cerebral artery territory through the graft was found to correlate in an inverse linear relationship with MCAP/MSBP. Evidence is presented that hypoperfusion produced by occlusion of major cranial vessels plays an important role in temporary and permanent neurological deficits seen in patients with cerebrovascular disease. PMID- 6658932 TI - Ischemic brain edema with and without reperfusion: an experimental study in gerbils. AB - Tissue water and rCBF from the same area of brain was measured in gerbils with cerebral ischemia. In one experiment we related the severity of ischemia that developed after one hour of carotid occlusion to the amount of edema which formed. In a second experiment brain made ischemic for one hour was reperfused for one hour to assess the effect of reperfusion of ischemic tissue upon edema formation. We identified a critical threshold (10-14 ml X 100g-1 min-1) for the reversibility of the ischemic process, above which edema can resolve upon reperfusion. When postocclusion rCBF was less than 10 ml X 100g-1 min-1, edema was maximal at the end of occlusion and did not resolve with reperfusion. Autoregulation was preserved in ischemic tissue in which the edema process resolved with reperfusion. PMID- 6658933 TI - Regional cerebral glucose metabolism during and after bilateral cerebral ischemia in the gerbil. AB - Cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRG) was measured using the 14C deoxyglucose technique in a stroke model of the gerbil produced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. During 30 minutes of ischemia, 14C-deoxyglucose uptake in the brain was increased along the border zone between the ischemic and nonischemic area and decreased in the ischemic areas. During the early stage of reperfusion (2 or 3 to 30 minutes), CMRG increased 50 to 150% in the cerebral cortex, caudoputamen and thalamus and 270 to 320% in the hippocampus, globus pallidus and amygdala. During the late stage of reperfusion (15 to 45 minutes), heterogeneity of CMRG appeared in the cerebral cortex, caudoputamen and thalamus. CMRG decreased to less than 50% of the control value in the cerebral cortex but remained at 200 to 300% of control in the hippocampus, globus pallidus and amygdala. The latter structures exhibited a larger and more protracted increase in glucose metabolism than the other structures most probably due to the histological vulnerability to ischemia of these structures. The relationship between the transient increase of the glucose metabolism and cell function is discussed. PMID- 6658934 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow during hypotension in normotensive and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats: effect of sympathetic denervation. AB - This study was performed to determine whether, in hypertensive and normotensive rats, chronic sympathetic denervation impairs cerebral vasodilator responses during hypotension, and to determine whether there are regional differences in the autoregulatory response of brain vessels during hypotension. The superior cervical ganglion was removed on one side in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and normotensive (WKY) rats. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with microspheres when the rats were 5-6 months old. Chronic sympathetic denervation had little or no effect on cerebral vasodilator responses during acute hypotension in SHRSP and WKY. We suggest that the increase in incidence of ischemic infarction that we have observed previously after chronic sympathetic denervation in SHRSP probably is not the result of ischemia during episodes of hypotension. We also observed major regional differences in the response of cerebral vessels during acute hypotension in SHRSP: blood flow to brainstem was preserved better than flow to cerebrum and cerebellum. Thus the "lower limit" of the autoregulatory plateau differs in various regions of the brain in SHRSP. PMID- 6658935 TI - Experimental cerebral vasospasm. Part 2. Contractility of spastic arterial wall. AB - We studied the mechanical properties of canine basilar arteries subjected to experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Smooth muscle contractility was determined from pressure-diameter curves obtained after subjecting the basilar arteries to three different conditions: Krebs-Ringer solution (KRS), Krebs-Ringer solution containing serotonin (5HT), and saline solution. Pressure-diameter curves obtained in KRS and 5HT are biphasic and have sharp flexions that yield flexion points. The pressure level at the flexion point increases as vasospasm increases. Strong constriction is retained up to that pressure above which the constriction is released abruptly. These data suggest that increasing the intraluminal pressure dilates the spastic artery nonlinearly and that induced hypertension could relieve the cerebral ischemia caused by vasospasm if blood pressure were maintained above the flexion point. The contractile response of spastic arterial wall to serotonin remains unchanged after SAH although the spastic constriction increases progressively and becomes maximal seven days after SAH. The lesser the arterial wall stiffness, the more efficiently it constricts. This means that the diminution of arterial stiffness observed after SAH might be one of the factors promoting the development of vasospasm. PMID- 6658937 TI - Increased transendothelial channel transport of cerebral capillary endothelium in stroke-prone SHR. AB - Permeability of brain capillaries of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) was studied using labelling (horseradish peroxidase) and cytochemical techniques at the cellular level. In the cerebral capillary endothelium the tracer molecules were quickly transported by abundant transendothelial channels which directly connected the capillary lumen to the subendothelial space. Transendothelial channels are abundant and should be postulated as structural formations engaged in the increased transport of proteins across the capillary endothelium. Ultracytochemical studies revealed that the channels, bounded by indistinct delimiting membranes, initially had no acid phosphatase activity. With the passage of time, however, the channels showed acid phosphatase activity and were lined with distinct membranes. These observations suggested that the lysosomes might fuse with the transendothelial channels and might play an important part in the transport of macromolecules. PMID- 6658936 TI - Low protein fish vs low protein animal diet enhances the propensity for stroke in stroke-prone/SHR. AB - Weanling male and female, stroke-prone, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR/SP) were fed: 1) regular commercial rat chow, 2) low protein fish diet, 3) low protein fish diet + 1% saline, 4) low protein animal diet, and 5) low protein animal diet + 1% saline. The blood pressure of all of the SHR/SP rose rapidly reaching 240 mmHg at 90 days of age; blood pressure of low protein fish diet + 1% saline-fed SHR/SP rose most rapidly, reaching levels ranging from 258 to 300 mmHg. All of these animals developed acute strokes by 90 days of age; none of the other diet-fed SHR/SP manifested cerebral damage. The protein poor diets prevented normal growth, caused hypogonadism, and severely reduced pituitary and adrenal gland weights. The low protein diets were stressful causing significantly increased secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone and marked increases in triglyceride, free fatty acid, cholesterol, glucose, and B.U.N. levels. The mixed hemorrhagic-thrombogenic cerebral lesions occurred ipsilaterally in the parietal lobe, involved basal ganglia, and appeared in areas of brain tissue nourished by the middle cerebral artery. It is concluded that the inclusion of 1% saline drinking water with a low protein diet of fish tissue origin specifically, was synergistic in enhancing the propensity of SHR/SP rats to develop their genetically-programmed hypertension and stroke. PMID- 6658938 TI - Comparison of the effects of hypertonic glycerol and urea on brain edema, energy metabolism and blood flow following cerebral microembolism in the rat. Deleterious effect of glycerol treatment. AB - Cerebral microembolism was performed in rats by injecting radioactive calibrated 50 mu microspheres into the left internal carotid artery. The use of radioactive microspheres as embolic agents enabled the number of microspheres to be determined in each cerebral hemisphere. Edema was assessed 24 h after embolization by measuring brain water, sodium, and potassium content. Equiosmolal doses (40 mmol/kg) of glycerol or urea were injected i.p. at various times before sacrifice. Both treatments caused similar changes in water and electrolyte content, brain dehydration being maximal 30 min after urea and 2 h after glycerol injection. Cerebral energy metabolism and regional blood flow were evaluated at the times of maximal brain dehydration. Urea treatment resulted in an improvement of the cerebral circulation whereas glycerol treatment led to a deterioration of cerebral blood flow which cannot be explained by failure to reduce edema and the consequent microcirculatory impairment. Urea treatment had no marked effect on cerebral energy metabolism whereas glycerol injection resulted in an important increase in brain lactate level which may be relevant to the impairment of cerebral reperfusion. These results point out that administration of a metabolized solute like glycerol may exert deleterious effects on the ischemic brain. PMID- 6658939 TI - Differential outcome to middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. AB - Evidence was found for different outcomes to middle cerebral artery occlusion in the young genetically hypertensive stroke-prone rat (SHRSP) compared to sham operated controls and the Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY). Qualitatively and quantitatively different gross lesions marked by Evans blue-albumin, cortical atrophy, large areas of strikingly altered cortical histology, postoperative survival and motor behavioral deficits differentiate young SHRSP from sham operated controls and the normotensive WKY. We conclude that the limited focal lesion observed in normotensive and sham operated rats is primarily due to surgical trauma of exposing the vessel and passing the ligature deep to it. The grossly larger and qualitatively different lesion in the SHRSP is the result of an inadequate circulation provided by the dorsal cerebral arterial collaterals. Since the 5-6 week old SHRSP were only mildly hypertensive (systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg), the inadequate collateral circulation appears to be related to either a genetic or acquired problem rather than being secondary to a vascular lesion of chronic hypertension. PMID- 6658940 TI - Delayed cerebellar infarction following a car accident. AB - A patient developed a cerebellar infarction five weeks after a car accident. The pathophysiology and the medico-legal implications are discussed. PMID- 6658941 TI - Cerebral fat embolism following cardiac surgery. AB - We describe 3 cases of cerebral fat embolism associated with cardiac surgery. The autopsy findings suggested that in 2 cases, the embolic fat globules entered the systemic circulation directly as a result of protrusion of epicardial fat into the left atrial chamber along the suture line in one case, and through an atrial septal defect in the other. The characteristic latent interval between surgical trauma and onset of neurologic manifestations was lacking in both cases. The evolution of neurologic manifestations and the pathologic findings in the third case were similar to those usually seen in posttraumatic fat embolism. This study suggests that the pathogenetic mechanisms of cerebral fat embolism following cardiac surgery may vary in different cases. Also, it emphasizes the importance of autopsy in the investigation of this serious but preventable complication. PMID- 6658942 TI - Severe anemia in childhood presenting as transient ischemic attacks. PMID- 6658943 TI - Continuous measurement of regional cerebral blood flow using krypton-81m. AB - We have developed a new method for taking continuous measurements of rCBF by means of continuous infusion of 81mKr. Using this method, it is possible to follow the sequential changes in blood flow of various brain regions continuously. The method makes it possible to observe the sequential changes in CBF following drug administration, motor activation and various kinds of stimulation, and, furthermore, to observe the CO2 reactivity and autoregulation of cerebral vessels. It will undoubtedly prove useful in the investigation of various pathological states. PMID- 6658945 TI - Carotid atheroma. PMID- 6658944 TI - Intracranial arterial aneurysm--an update. PMID- 6658946 TI - Value of n20 evoked response in acute sensory stroke. PMID- 6658947 TI - Anticoagulation in cerebral ischemia. AB - Anticoagulation clearly benefits patients at risk of stroke from cerebral embolism. Conversely, patients with completed ischemic stroke are not benefited, and may show a higher mortality and morbidity because of hemorrhagic complications. Technical advances in the early, accurate diagnosis of cerebral hemorrhage, the constant infusion of heparin, and closer monitoring of anticoagulation have continued to reduce the risk of hemorrhage in treated patients. In patients with TIA, alternative therapy with anti-platelet agents, which appears to prevent stroke at less bleeding risk, is under study. Current results show no differences between the two therapies, but only historical controls are available for evaluation of benefit. Whether or not anticoagulation prevents progression of neurologic deficit in patients with strokes-in-evolution remains an unanswered question, which can be resolved only by prospective, randomized, controlled trials. PMID- 6658949 TI - Treatment after transient ischemic attacks: a comparison between anticoagulant drug and inhibition of platelet aggregation. AB - Treatment with an anticoagulant (AC) or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), chosen at random, was given to 241 patients with symptoms of carotid transient attacks of ischemia, some of whom recovered completely within 24 hours (TIA) while the others had slight residual symptoms (TIA-IR). Cerebral infarction was recorded in 4 patients in each of these treatment groups during a mean follow-up period of 20 months. The incidences of TIA and TIA-IR were also similar in the two groups. Severe hemorrhage occurred more often in the AC group, whereas other side reactions, including gastrointestinal disorders, were more common in the ASA group. Recurrent cerebral ischemic events were significantly more common among the patients that had had greater than or equal to 2 TIAs in the 14 days immediately preceding randomization, and in those with a history of CVS symptoms more than 14 days before randomization, or those with a carotid bruits. In the group experiencing greater than or equal to 2 TIAs in the 14 days prior to randomization the incidence of recurrent cerebral ischemic events was the same for the two types of treatment. PMID- 6658948 TI - Duration of atrial fibrillation and imminence of stroke: the Framingham study. AB - The role of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) as a precursor of stroke was examined in the Framingham cohort based on 30 years of follow-up during which time 501 strokes occurred. There were 59 persons who sustained stroke in association with AF excluding those with rheumatic heart disease. AF increased the risk of stroke five-fold and the excess risk was found to be independent of the frequently associated cardiac failure and coronary heart disease. The contribution of AF to stroke risk was also at least as powerful as that of the other cardiovascular precursors. Stroke associated with AF was not only independent and substantial but also imminent. There was a distinct clustering of stroke events at the time of onset of the AF. Thirty day case-fatality rates were no different in those with strokes accompanied by AF than not at 17% versus 19% respectively. Recurrences in those with AF were only slightly more frequent, 25% versus 20%, a difference that was not statistically significant. Stroke recurrence in the first 6 months following initial stroke was more than twice as common (47% versus 20%) in the AF group. PMID- 6658950 TI - Early recurrent embolism associated with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a retrospective study. AB - Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) can be a source of cardiogenic brain embolism. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical features of 56 patients with acute brain infarction and NVAF. Based on clinical criteria, 35 infarcts (63%) were classified as probably embolic, 13 infarcts (23%) as probably nonembolic and 8 infarcts (14%) as of indeterminate pathogenesis. Among the 35 patients with presumed embolic infarcts, 12 patients were immediately anticoagulated without hemorrhagic complications. Of 23 patients who did not receive immediate anticoagulation, three (13%) experienced recurrent embolism (one each to brain, kidney and leg) within 10 days of initial embolism. There were no early recurrent emboli in patients receiving immediate anticoagulation or patients in the nonembolic or indeterminate category. Five additional patients experienced probable brain or systemic emboli within the 11 days prior to the marker stroke event. Including these patients, 20% (8 of 40) of all NVAF patients who were not immediately anticoagulated experienced recurrent embolism within 11 days of the initial embolus. Early recurrent emboli are common in NVAF patients who experience embolic stroke. PMID- 6658951 TI - Ethanol intoxication: a risk factor for ischemic brain infarction. AB - One hundred consecutive patients (67 men, 33 women) aged from 15-55 with acute ischemic brain infarction verified by computed tomography and/or angiography and/or brain scanning were studied. In 40 cases the onset of symptoms was preceded within 24 hours by ethanol intoxication. Ethanol intoxication preceding brain infarction was 4-7 times as common in men and 6-15 times as common in women as ethanol intoxication in the general Finnish population of the same age and sex. Nineteen of the patients were heavy drinkers. Heavy drinking was twice as common in men and 5 times as common in women as heavy drinking in the general Finnish population of the same age and sex. Both occasional ethanol intoxication and regular heavy drinking seem to carry an increased risk of ischemic brain infarction. The ethanol-induced risk was highest in middle-aged women and young men. PMID- 6658952 TI - The changing pattern of survival following stroke. AB - This study, compared survivorship for first episodes of cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage which occurred in residents of Rochester, Minnesota during 5-year periods from 1945-49 through 1975-79. The progressive improvement in long-term survival following cerebral infarction which occurred between 1945-49 and 1970-74 was such that a higher proportion of patients survived for six years in 1970-74 (45%) than survived for three years in 1945-49 (42%). A modest improvement in short-term survival following cerebral infarction occurred up to 1975-79 but a marked improvement in 30-day survival following intracerebral hemorrhage was noted. The reasons for the improvement in survival have not been established, but possible changes in the diagnosis and management of stroke which might have been contributory factors are discussed. PMID- 6658953 TI - Hemiplegics after a first stroke: late survival and risk factors. AB - Scanning 3000 cases admitted for rehabilitation after cerebrovascular accident over a 20 year period produced a sample of 1369 subjects, without age restrictions, admitted within six months of a first stroke of thrombotic etiology. In this sample, survival rates showed no significant difference between men and women. Age at onset, however, clearly influenced survival changes; the expected mean survival was 6 years at 40 and 2 at age 80; average loss of life was 14 years for the whole sample, meaning a vital prognosis two to three times worse than that of the general population. At least 86% of the sample presented one or more of five etiological antecedents to stroke: hypertensive heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction and atrial fibrillation. In 87% of those, HHD and/or PVD were present. Presence of hypertension significantly lowered life expectancy and so did PVD; their influence is felt from the earliest stages. In contrast, diabetes mellitus, the next most common factor, has a late influence, starting about the fifth year after stroke. MI and AF were present in relatively fewer patients, but they contributed towards a considerable decrease in life expectancy, evident from the first stages, the more drastic reduction being observed in the AF group. PMID- 6658954 TI - Factors contributing to stroke in patients with atherosclerotic disease of the great vessels: the role of diabetes. AB - The incidence of carotid artery disease and cerebrovascular symptoms were determined in 102 consecutive patients with peripheral arterial disease. Symptoms were correlated with risk factors of age, hypertension, smoking and diabetes and with the extent of disease at the carotid bifurcation. The incidence of stroke with permanent neurological deficit was twice as high in diabetics as in non diabetics with equivalent atherosclerotic vascular disease (p less than .05). In women, the incidence of stroke was three times higher in diabetics (p less than .02). The number of transient ischemic attacks was significantly higher in non diabetics (p less than .02). The total number of ischemic episodes in diabetics and non-diabetics was equivalent. This indicates that diabetics are more prone to irreversible destruction of ischemic brain tissue regardless of the nature of the circulatory disturbance. PMID- 6658955 TI - Pial arterial pressure in cats following middle cerebral artery occlusion. 1. Relationship to blood flow, regulation of blood flow and electrophysiological function. AB - In lightly anesthetized cats, the left middle cerebral artery was occluded using a transorbital approach. Pial arterial pressure was measured with a feedback controlled micropressure recording system in the territory of the occluded artery, and compared with changes of cortical blood flow, cortical steady potential and cortical EEG activity. After middle cerebral artery occlusion pial artery pressure fell from 56.2 +/- 1.6 to 7.8 +/- 0.4 mm Hg; during the following two hours it again slowly rose to about 15 mm Hg. Cortical heat conductance, as a measure of blood flow, decreased from 15.1 +/- 0.2 to 11.9 +/- 0.2 X 10(-4) cal X cm-1 X sec-1 X degrees C-1, and remained at this level throughout the observation period. Cortical steady potential shifted by 9.1 +/- 0.7 mV towards negativity, and EEG amplitude was reduced by about 50%. Pial arterial pressure correlated with blood flow, cortical steady potential and EEG amplitude, but not with EEG frequency. Autoregulation and CO2 reactivity of blood flow were disturbed after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Calculation of extra- and intracortical vascular resistances revealed that this disturbance was entirely due to intracortical vasoparalysis whereas the collateral vessels supplying the ischemic territory continued to react to both pressure and CO2 changes. Maintained vascular reactivity of collateral vessels, therefore, is a decisive factor for the efficiency of therapeutic blood flow improvement after acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. PMID- 6658956 TI - Effects of smoking on regional cerebral blood flow in neurologically normal subjects. AB - The chronic effects of smoking on regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), and on serum lipids and lipoprotein levels in neurologically normal subjects, were studied. CBF was studied by the 133-Xenon inhalation method and gray matter flow was calculated following the method of Obrist et al. One hundred and eleven subjects, who had no abnormalities in neurological examinations nor in CT scans, were divided into two groups: smokers (37) and non-smokers (74). Those who had a smoking index (Number of cigarettes/day) X (years of smoking history) greater than 200 were designated as smokers. The mean smoking index of smokers was 760. Sixty-two of the 74 subjects in the non-smoking group had never smoked, and the mean smoking index of non-smokers was 17. In the male, CBF was significantly lower in smokers than in non-smokers (mean CBF, 12.5% lower in smokers, p less than 0.001). Increased reduction of CBF with advancing age was also observed. Compared to non-smokers, CBF in smokers was found to be significantly lower than the expected age matched value. Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol values in smokers were significantly lower, and total cholesterol levels significantly higher than in non-smokers. We concluded that smoking chronically reduces CBF. Decrease of CBF in smokers was probably due to advanced atherosclerosis which produces vascular narrowing and raised resistance in cerebral blood vessels. PMID- 6658957 TI - A two-year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: findings during the initial evaluation. AB - A consecutive series of 103 stroke patients capable of undergoing a psychiatric interview were evaluated for mood disorders. Nearly 50% of patients studied in the acute stroke period had clinically significant depressions and one fourth had symptom clusters found in major depressive disorders. We confirmed our previous findings that lesion location is most important in determining frequency and severity of depression. In addition, we have identified other variables including functional physical impairment, intellectual impairment, quality of social support, and age which contribute to or modify depression. Post-stroke depressive disorders are multifactorial in their determination and expression and include both neurophysiological-neurochemical mechanisms and psychological factors in their etiology. PMID- 6658958 TI - Amaurosis fugax: the results of arteriography in 59 patients. AB - Fifty-nine patients had arteriography because of episodes of amaurosis fugax. Only one third of them had atherosclerotic lesions potentially treatable by carotid endarterectomy. Another third had normal arteriograms, some of these had migraine, heart disease or platelet disorders presumed to be the cause of their symptoms. Patients with amaurosis fugax are a heterogeneous group, and their visual symptoms should not be considered a specific indicator of stenosis of the internal carotid artery. PMID- 6658959 TI - Massive cerebellar infarction: "conservative" management. AB - Eleven patients with large cerebellar infarctions were admitted recently to our service. Eight of them showed evidence of hydrocephalus on the CT scan examination. Five were treated with controlled external ventricular drainage and six were managed conservatively. One death, most likely due to progressive brainstem infarction, occurred. The outcome was favorable in the other patients. It is suggested that prompt treatment of the acute obstructive hydrocephalus may obviate the need for posterior fossa decompression in patients with massive cerebellar infarction. PMID- 6658960 TI - 111-Indium platelet imaging, Doppler spectral analysis and angiography compared in patients with transient cerebral ischaemia. AB - We have evaluated carotid gamma imaging using 111Indium-labelled platelets in the diagnosis of carotid artery disease and measured the accumulation of labelled platelets on endarterectomy specimens. Autologous 111In labelled platelets were injected in 25 patients with TIA. Gamma images were then taken daily and independently interpreted by two observers. Carotid endarterectomy was performed in 11 patients allowing measurement of the radioactivity on the operative specimen. These results were compared to the findings on angiography and Doppler spectral analysis. All endarterectomy specimens accumulated platelets with the most active equivalent to platelets from 1.8 ml blood. Atheromatous ulcers were more active than stenoses with mean (+/- SEM) activities of 1.12 +/- 0.37 and 0.38 +/- 0.10 respectively. These radioactivity levels were at the threshold of gamma camera resolution in a theoretical model. Both observers agreed that 22 of the 50 carotid bifurcations showed platelet accumulation on gamma imaging. Of the 12 atheromatous ulcers demonstrated by angiography 11 were visualized, but only five of ten stenoses greater than 80% were detected. As Doppler identified all stenoses only one angiographically diseased carotid was not detected by combining ultrasound with platelet scanning. Atherosclerotic arteries accumulate 111In platelets and the more thrombogenic ulcerated plaques are identified more frequently than stenoses. Long-term follow-up is required to establish the clinical relevance of platelet deposition. PMID- 6658961 TI - CT visualization of intracranial arterial thromboembolism. AB - Eight cases of presumed acute occlusion of intracranial arteries, 7 middle cerebral and 1 posterior cerebral, demonstrated the occluded artery as an abnormal high density structure on non-enhanced computed tomography. Three cases underwent subsequent angiography which confirmed the diagnosis. CT scanning is therefore able to visualize acute thromboembolism in the intracranial arteries. In the appropriate clinical setting of acute stroke, an artery visualized on non contrast CT scan as diffuse high density and higher in density than other visualized vessels should be suspected as acutely occluded by clot. PMID- 6658962 TI - Ataxic hemiparesis in patients with primary pontine hemorrhage. AB - Two patients with small primary pontine hemorrhage developed a syndrome identical to ataxic hemiparesis, one of the lacunar syndromes of Fisher. The possible mechanisms of the homolateral cerebellar signs, pyramidal signs, and dysarthria are discussed. Lesions of the ipsilateral pontine nuclei may be responsible for the homolateral ataxia. PMID- 6658963 TI - Cerebral vascular response to moderate blood loss: modification by hypertension. AB - To study the effect of non-hypotensive hemorrhage on cerebral blood flow in normo and hypertensive states, chloralose anesthetized cats were subjected to graded blood loss (5 ml/kg) every 30 min. Cerebral blood flow was measured using radiolabelled microspheres or H2 clearance. Hypertension was produced by infusion of phenylephrine to a diastolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg. Control animals suffered no net blood loss. PCO2 was between 28 and 32 mm Hg for all groups over the entire experiment. In normotensive cats, cerebral blood flow increased following withdrawal of 10 ml/kg of blood. In hypertensive cats, cerebral blood flow increased after withdrawal of 20 ml/kg of blood. These findings were consistent for all brain regions examined. Animals without blood loss, whether normo- or hypertensive showed no consistent change in cerebral blood flows. Possible explanations for these findings, particularly neurally mediated responses, are discussed. PMID- 6658964 TI - Effects of sphere size and injection site on regional cerebral blood flow measurements. AB - Regional cerebral blood flows and shunting of microspheres with four different sizes (9,12, 16 and 25 microns) into the superior sagittal sinus were determined in twelve dogs. Venous blood was collected from the superior sagittal sinus for 120 min after the injection of microspheres, and the dogs were then sacrificed immediately. Results on blood flow measurements and venous shunting determinations were similar between left ventricular and left atrial injections. Blood flows measured by 12, 16 and 25 microns spheres were comparable in various brain tissues, except the choroid plexus. 9 microns spheres underestimated blood flows in all regions studied: by 13-19 percent in the cerebral cortex, midbrain, brain stem and cerebellum, by 34-42 percent in the cortical white matter, corpus callosum and cervical cord, and by 64-81 percent in pituitary gland and choroid plexus. These results probably reflect regional difference in microvascular architecture. Venous shunting of 9, 12, 16 and 25 microns spheres during a 24 hr period were 23.6 +/- 2.5, 12.6 +/- 1.2, 4.8 +/- 1.4, and 4.0 +/- 1.2 percent (mean +/- SEM), respectively, with respect to the arterial delivery. Although most of the venous shunting occurred during the first 3 min after the injection of microspheres, it continued 3-60 min after the injection. Beyond 60 min, the venous shunting became minimal for 16 and 25 microns spheres, while significant amount of 9 microns spheres continued to appear in sagittal sinus. This time dependent shunting indicates that some microspheres may be transiently trapped in the microcirculation and become gradually dislodged with time. Failure to consider this time dependence may underestimate the shunting of microspheres through the microcirculation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6658965 TI - Measurement of cerebral blood flow by washout of microwave induced heating. AB - A method is described for measurement of cerebral blood flow utilizing the washout of microwave delivered heating. Using a microwave source attenuated to achieve a brain temperature elevation of 0.5-0.75 degrees C after a 2 second exposure in the rat, cerebral blood flow was calculated from the temperature washout curve monitored by a small thermistor implanted in the brain. The results obtained with this method were comparable to those obtained using the [14C] butanol method. To our knowledge this represents the first description of a method to deliver a blood flow "indicator" atraumatically directly into brain tissue. PMID- 6658966 TI - The role of ethanol in diluents of drugs that protect mice from hypoxia. AB - This study evaluates the hypothesis that ethanol alone, or in diluents for drugs used to protect hypoxic mice, is responsible in part for an increased tolerance to hypoxia (4-5% oxygen). The change in hypoxic tolerance following i.v. or i.p. administration of ethanol, diazepam, nimodipine and various diluent components was measured. Diazepam (50 mg/kg i.v.) increased hypoxic tolerance to 700 +/- 47% (n = 11) of saline control, its diluent increased hypoxic tolerance to 468 +/- 60% (n = 10) of saline control but the ethanol component of the diluent accounted for almost half of this diluent effect. Nimodipine (2 mg/kg i.p.), a calcium antagonist, increased tolerance to 180 +/- 18% of control (n = 19) and nimodipine diluent showed an even greater increase to 226 +/- 25% of control (n = 15). In this case essentially all of the protective effect of nimodipine diluent (81.3%) is accounted for by ethanol. Dose response curves indicate the maximum ethanol induced increase in hypoxic tolerance was approximately 335% of control at a dose of 2.4 g/kg. Buffers, etc. in the diluents evidently add to the protective effect of ethanol. Our data clearly indicate ethanol is the important component of some treatments which protect mice from hypoxia. The pharmacological activity of ethanol, even when used in a diluent, should not be ignored in evaluating therapeutic intervention for protection from hypoxia. PMID- 6658967 TI - A venous outflow method for measurement of rapid changes of the cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat. AB - A technique for continuous measurement of cerebral venous outflow in the rat is described. The method involves cannulation of one retroglenoid vein close to its exit from the skull, and diversion of cerebral venous blood through a closed extracorporal circuit with a drop recording device, the blood being returned to the central venous circulation via a catheter in the external jugular vein. Occlusion of the contralateral retroglenoid vein increases measured flow and minimizes extracerebral contamination of the diverted cerebral venous blood. The venous outflow system is not further isolated from cerebral or potential extracerebral collaterals. Thus, the mass of tissue drained cannot be exactly defined anatomically. However, the experiments involving changes of PP, arterial CO2 tension, and induction of epileptic seizure activity, and simultaneous indirect measurements with radioactive tracer technique, indicate that significant extracerebral contamination does not occur and that in short term measurements the venous outflow represents cerebral blood flow (CBF) in a constant mass of (dorsal and central, mainly forebrain) cerebral tissue. Measurement of arterial blood pressure and pressure in the cisterna magna allows calculation of cerebral perfusion pressure (PP). By simultaneous measurement of arterial and cerebral venous oxygen content changes in cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) can be calculated. The method has been applied to document several situations of transient CBF and CMRO2 changes. PMID- 6658968 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow during hypercapnia in the anesthetized rabbit. AB - These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that increases in blood flow to the lower brainstem would be greater than forebrain regions during arterial hypercapnia. Total and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured via the tracer microsphere technique in seven anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits during normocapnia (arterial PCO2 congruent to 40 torr) and hypercapnia (arterial PCO2 congruent to 80 torr). During normocapnia average CBF was 0.77 ml/min/g, and regional measurements of blood flow indicated significantly greater flow to the cerebrum (0.86 ml/min/g) than either the medulla (0.52 ml/min/g) or the pons (0.49 ml/min/g). When arterial PCO2 was increased average CBF increased 113%, and a significant linear regression was calculated for arterial PCO2 vs CBF [CBF (ml/min/g) = 0.028 PCO2 (torr) - 0.502]. The distribution of blood flow within the brain was similar to normocapnia except that blood flow to the cerebellum was now greater than any other brain region (1.97 ml/min/g for the cerebellum compared to 1.66 ml/min/g for the cerebrum). Absolute increases in blood flow to the lower brainstem were equal to or less than other areas of the brain. We conclude that ponto-medullary blood flow does not increase disproportionate to other areas of the brain during hypercapnia, but some redistribution of CBF does occur in that cerebellar blood flow increased significantly more than the cerebrum, medulla, or pons. PMID- 6658969 TI - A cerebrovascular accident with unusual features. AB - A 64 y/o man experienced during 2 weeks TIA's or TIA's like episodes, once or twice a day, with or without contralateral pain in the head. CT Scans showed peculiar enhanced areas appended to the superior sagittal sinus. Angiography was refused. Twenty-seven months later during mild exertion a left frontal hematoma developed. Among frontal symptoms and signs laconism, abulia and a striking whispering were prominent. Angiography showed a dural arteriovenous fistula draining into cortical veins on the inner aspect of the left hemisphere. The fistula was successfully operated. PMID- 6658970 TI - Transient aortic arch syndrome with dysphasia due to ergotism. AB - A 55-year-old woman with an aortic arch syndrome of acute onset and dysphasia, resulting from the excessive administration of ergotamine tartrate suppositories, is described. Complete resolution of symptoms and return of upper limb and carotid artery pulses to normal occurred within four days of cessation of the ergot derivative. Lower limb involvement was conspicuously absent in this case. PMID- 6658971 TI - Double lumen dissecting aneurysms of the internal carotid artery in fibromuscular dysplasia: case report. AB - A young man with cerebral infarction, skeletal, cardiac and renal malformations was found to have on angiography a rare lesion involving the cervical left internal carotid artery, formed by the superposition of two arterial lumina. Anti platelet therapy did not prevent thrombosis of the lesion and reinfarction. Extracranial-intracranial bypass graft was performed, followed by excision of the arterial lesion. Pathological examination revealed fibromuscular dysplasia and dissecting aneurysm. The few reported cases associating fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery with dissecting aneurysm are reviewed. Surgical therapy is recommended in such cases when symptomatology progresses. Fibromuscular dysplasia occasionally coexists with somatic malformations, suggesting a congenital origin of this condition. PMID- 6658972 TI - Carotid artery noninvasive testing is being overused. AB - The most frequent tests done in the evaluation of patients with potential cerebrovascular disease are Oculoplethysmography (OPG) and Imaging procedures. These procedures are useful in the evaluation of asymptomatic carotid bruits and may be helpful in evaluating patients with nonhemispheric symptoms. However, there is no reasonable indication for the use of these noninvasive procedures on patients with lateralizing hemispheric or ocular transient ischemic attacks. Lateralizing transient ischemic attacks are very often caused by ulcerated non stenosing lesions which are easily missed by these noninvasive means. Arteriography is mandatory in this group whenever the patient is a potential surgical candidate should an appropriate lesion be found. Finally, progress made in bruit analysis is acknowledged but the clinical relevance of this datum is questioned. PMID- 6658973 TI - Carotid lesions--to operate or not to operate? PMID- 6658974 TI - Duration of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and stroke. PMID- 6658975 TI - Does the natural history of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) justify surgery? PMID- 6658976 TI - Cardiac sequelae of acute stroke. PMID- 6658977 TI - Cerebral infarction in young adults. PMID- 6658978 TI - Stroke in young adults: parasites and occult cardiac disease. PMID- 6658979 TI - High dose barbiturates in non-traumatic brain swelling. PMID- 6658980 TI - Middle cerebral artery occlusion in the young rat. PMID- 6658981 TI - Cerebral blood flow in the four-vessel occlusion rat model. PMID- 6658982 TI - Transient global amnesia. PMID- 6658983 TI - Local cerebral blood flow by Xenon enhanced CT. PMID- 6658984 TI - Atriopathic arrhythmias--sick sinus syndrome. PMID- 6658985 TI - Hypertensive encephalopathy. PMID- 6658986 TI - Mitral valve prolapse and risk of stroke. PMID- 6658987 TI - Whole blood viscosity and cerebral blood flow. PMID- 6658988 TI - Saccular cerebral aneurysms in rats: a newly developed animal model of the disease. PMID- 6658989 TI - Disruption of blood-brain barrier following bilateral carotid artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats. A quantitative study. AB - The present study was designed to clarify the relationship of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the ischemic brains with or without recirculation, which were produced by clipping of both common carotid arteries in spontaneously hypertensive rats. CBF was measured by the hydrogen clearance method and BBB function was evaluated by the permeability of 131I-albumin and Evans blue dye. Cortical CBF was reduced from 48.8 +/- 9.5 to 4.0 +/- 1.2 ml/100 gm/min during 1 hr ischemia and further to 2.6 +/- 0.3 ml/100 gm/min during 3 hrs ischemia, while thalamic CBF was reduced much less from 50.0 +/- 3.6 to 17.9 +/- 6.5 ml/100 gm/min and to 17.5 +/- 11.0 ml/100 gm/min, respectively. There was no increase in permeability to protein tracers observed in such 1 hr or 3 hrs ischemic brain. Both cortical and thalamic CBF were markedly increased 2.5 to 6 fold of resting values at 5 min after recirculation in the 1 hr ischemic brain. In the 3 hrs ischemic brain, however, both CBF were only slightly increased but never restored to the resting level even at 30 min after recirculation. In such reperfused brains, exudation to Evans blue dye was observed in none of 16 animals with 1 hr ischemia, but in 18 of 23 with 3 hrs ischemia. Disruption of BBB was twice more frequent in the cortex (77.8%) than in either thalamus (33.3%) or hippocampus (33.3%). Permeability index of 131I-albumin (brain albumin/blood albumin) was significantly higher in the ischemic areas stained with blue dye (2.07 +/- 0.45%) than in non-ischemic control brain (0.10 +/- 0.01%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6658990 TI - Inaccuracy of angiography in the diagnosis of carotid ulceration. AB - It is generally stated that ulceration of the carotid bifurcation plaque may give rise to embolization and symptoms of cerebral ischemia. It has been suggested that prophylactic carotid endarterectomy is indicated in asymptomatic patients if the angiogram is interpreted as showing ulceration. We therefore determined the accuracy of the radiologic diagnosis of ulceration by comparing the radiologic and morphologic findings in 155 carotid endarterectomies. Ulceration was diagnosed in 54% of the angiograms and 47% of the surgical specimens and was not related to the degree of stenosis. Angiography had a sensitivity of 73%, a specificity of 62% and an overall accuracy of 67%. For the non-flow-restrictive lesions these figures were 65%, 66%, and 66%. If surgery were based on the angiographic diagnosis of ulceration in plaques with less than 50% stenosis, 16 out of 42 operations (38%) would have been done unnecessarily. Variability of the angiographic diagnosis of ulceration is also shown by a high interobserver variability; two sets of two authors read the angiograms independently and disagreed in 24% of the cases. The decision to operate should not depend entirely upon the angiographic diagnosis of ulceration. PMID- 6658991 TI - Observer variability in evaluating extracranial carotid artery stenosis. AB - One hundred twenty eight cervical carotid arteriograms were twice viewed by three readers for the evaluation of atherosclerotic disease at the carotid bifurcation. Stenoses were estimated using calipers to the nearest 5% and lesions were qualitatively characterized as smooth, irregular, or ulcerated. The intraobserver correlation coefficient between estimates of percent stenosis was .94 overall and .98 for the internal carotid artery. The average intraobserver variability in estimating percent stenosis was 5.23% for all vessels and 6.04% with a standard deviation of 8.09% for the internal carotid artery. The intraobserver percent agreement at a fixed stenosis is defined as the percent of the time one reader on two readings would read at least the fixed percent stenosis among cases that might be read as having the fixed percent stenosis. The intraobserver percent agreement rate for the internal carotid artery was 95.9% at greater than 0% stenosis, 90.4% for 50% or greater stenosis, and 96.8% for 100% stenosis (total occlusion). The interobserver correlation coefficient between readers was .92 overall and .97 for the internal carotid artery. The absolute difference in percent stenosis between readers was 7.21% for all vessels and 8.64% for the internal carotid artery with a standard deviation of 9.5%. The interobserver agreement rate for the internal carotid artery at greater than 0% stenosis was 93.0%, 85.4% for 50% or greater stenosis and 96.8% at 100% stenosis. The addition of oblique views had no statistical effect on estimates of percent stenosis but increased the frequency with which irregularity and ulceration were diagnosed in the internal carotid artery. PMID- 6658992 TI - Sequential computerized tomographic appearance of strokes. AB - Eighteen consecutive patients satisfying predefined clinical criteria for embolic strokes were prospectively studied by sequential computerized tomography (CT). Their findings were compared to CT scans obtained from patients presumed to have suffered thrombotic strokes. Our data reveal that the CT appearance of hemorrhagic infarction is likely to occur twice as frequently (22%) in CT scans of strokes presumed embolic than in those presumed thrombotic, where hemorrhagic infarction appeared at some time in 10% of the patients. No patient deteriorated with anticoagulation regardless of the CT appearance. In patients showing hemorrhagic infarction before anticoagulants, follow-up scans obtained after the administration of anticoagulants revealed resolution of the hemorrhagic aspect. PMID- 6658993 TI - Internal carotid occlusion: a prospective study. AB - Forty-seven patients with ICA occlusion and who presented either without any or only a mild neurological deficit were prospectively followed for an average of 34.4 months. During this period of time, 11 patients (23.5%) suffered a cerebral infarction of which two-thirds were ipsilateral to the occluded artery. The stroke rate distal to an occluded ICA artery was 5% per year. Twenty-four patients (51%) continued to experience TIA's in the territory of the occluded artery. The mortality rate was low (8.5%) during follow-up. Whether extracranial intracranial bypass surgery will decrease the risk of cerebral infarction in this subgroup of patients is unknown. The International EC/IC Collaborative Trial may elucidate this point because this subgroup represents one of the randomization strata of that study. PMID- 6658994 TI - Cerebral infarction of the basal ganglia due to embolism from the heart. AB - We studied 8 patients with cerebral infarction in the deep territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). All patients had a definite cardiac source of emboli and no known factors for thrombosis. Mixed sensory and motor deficit was found in all but one patient and CT scan showed larger lesions than usually reported in lacunar infarcts. Contrast enhancement was seen in all cases in which CT scan was performed in the second or third week. It is concluded that embolic infarcts in deep cerebral territory of MCA from a cardiac source are more frequent than previously reported. This diagnosis has to be considered when CT scan demonstrates a deep cerebral infarct. PMID- 6658995 TI - Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: incidence and complications in the aging brain. I. Cerebral hemorrhage. AB - The clinical and pathologic findings in eleven patients with fatal cerebral hemorrhages related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are described. The hemorrhages were bihemispheric, though not necessarily of simultaneous onset in four patients, and favoured the fronto-parietal cortex and white matter in ten patients. Dissection into the subarachnoid space was common. Cerebrovascular lesions or cardiomegaly related to hypertension coexisted with those of CAA in three cases. Seven patients were not demented prior to the ictus. Ten of eleven brains contained abundant senile plaques and/or neurofibrillary tangles, whether or not the patient had been clinically demented. In the elderly, CAA is an important etiologic consideration for cerebral hemorrhage, especially if the hemorrhage occurs in a peripheral location in the brain and is superimposed on a history of dementia. PMID- 6658996 TI - Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: incidence and complications in the aging brain. II. The distribution of amyloid vascular changes. AB - Ten histologic sections were sampled from similar cortical regions in each of 84 autopsy brains removed from patients aged 60 to 97 years. The sections were stained by the Congo-red method and examined under polarized light for the presence of cortical (parenchymal) cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Some degree of CAA was found in 36% of all brains examined, with a higher proportion of patients affected in each successive decade of life. Angiopathy was seen most frequently and was of greater severity in the parietal and occipital gray matter. Overall, it was often a patchy and asymmetric lesion. There was sparing of subcortical white matter and the hippocampi. CAA was most severe in cases of Alzheimer's disease, but occurred in the absence of this condition. PMID- 6658997 TI - The effect of graded hypothermia on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage: a neuropathologic study in the neonatal rat. AB - To investigate the relationship between neuropathologic damage and cerebral metabolic alterations during hypothermia in the neonatal animal, 7 day old Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral common carotid artery ligation and hypoxia at 37 degrees C, 29 degrees C, and 21 degrees C. At 37 degrees C, animals had extensive infarction of tectum and ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere, and marked depletion of brain ATP. At 29 degrees C, there was no significant change in brain ATP; neuropathologic damage was limited to a few areas of necrosis in the deeper layers of cerebral cortex. No histologic injury was seen in the 21 degrees C group of rats. Profound hypothermia may prevent cerebral edema and visible neuropathologic damage associated with hypoxic-ischemic injury by decreasing cerebral metabolic demands. Moderate hypothermia confers a partial, but incomplete degree of protection; whereas during normothermia, the full extent of hypoxicischemic injury is manifest. PMID- 6658998 TI - Cerebrovascular diseases and their underlying vascular lesions in Hisayama, Japan -a pathological study of autopsy cases. AB - Frequency of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) and their underlying vascular lesions were analyzed in 724 autopsy cases, aged 40 years and over, in the community of Hisayama, Japan during the period 1961 to 1981. Cerebral infarction (CI) was more frequently found at autopsy than cerebral hemorrhage (CH) with a ratio of infarction and hemorrhage of 4.4. Small CI occupied 75.7% of the cases with CI. The cases with any type of CVD showed more severe atherosclerosis of the major cerebral arteries than did those without CI or CH. Cerebral atherosclerosis of those with large and medium CI was the greatest, and with decreasing severity in those with small CI and with CH sequentially. Fibrinoid necrosis of the intracerebral small arteries was frequently found in cases with hypertension and particularly associated with CH. The decline in frequency of CH was confirmed; however, changes in frequency of CI were not evident. Fibrinoid necrosis was also reduced, although the severity of cerebral atherosclerosis showed no definite change. The decline of CH seemed to be ascribed to the reduction of fibrinoid necrosis of the intracerebral small arteries. PMID- 6658999 TI - Middle cerebral artery occlusion as a cause of isolated subcortical infarction. AB - We report two patients with large subcortical hemispheric infarctions, located in areas prone to the development of lacunes, who had occlusion of the middle cerebral artery demonstrated by arteriography. The cortical vessels were perfused by leptomeningeal collaterals. We suggest that large vessel arterial disease should be considered as a possible etiology of large subcortical infarctions and propose that the term lacune should not be used in cases in which neither the size nor the pathophysiologic mechanism of the lesion conform to C.M. Fisher's description. PMID- 6659000 TI - Occurrence and mechanisms of occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery. AB - Occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery is a rare condition. A review of CT scans from 413 patients with ischemic infarction confirmed this low relative incidence: only 3% of CT scans evidencing infarction involved the territory of the anterior cerebral artery. Four major mechanisms of anterior cerebral artery occlusion have been identified in this series: Emboli in unusual hemodynamic circumstances such as patients presumed to have increased flow through the anterior communicating artery because of unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion. Propagation of thrombotic material from an occluded internal artery into the intracranial branches. Spasm, emboli or propagating thrombosis associated with anterior communicating aneurysm. PMID- 6659001 TI - CSF lactate and CT findings in middle cerebral artery infarction. A comparative study. AB - The extent of edema related to infarction assessed by computed tomography was compared with the CSF-lactate concentration in patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction on the first, third and seventh day following the stroke. A linear correlation between the extent of infarction edema and CSF-lactate level was most distinct on the third day. CSF-lactate concentration on the third day can be considered as a measure of the extent of the accompanying edema which in our study reached its maximum at this time in comparison to the first and seventh day. PMID- 6659002 TI - Symmetric brainstem necrosis in an adult following hypotension: an arterial end zone infarct? AB - A 44-year-old woman with prolonged coma and hypotension following drug overdosage developed bilateral hemorrhagic infarcts in the dorsolateral brainstem. The regional distribution of these paired lesions corresponds to the area of confluence of penetrating arteries in the brainstem. It is suggested that under exceptional circumstances brainstem arterial end-zones may be vulnerable to anoxic-ischemic insult. PMID- 6659003 TI - A possible role of lipid peroxidation in cellular damages caused by cerebral ischemia and the protective effect of alpha-tocopherol administration. AB - Incomplete global cerebral ischemia was induced by clamping the bilateral common carotid arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and blood reperfusion was allowed by declamping the arteries after indicated times. To investigate the possible role of lipid peroxidation which causes irreversible ischemic cell injury during ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, cerebral energy metabolism, brain edema, neurological signs and cerebral and serum lipid peroxides were examined. The effect of alpha-tocopherol administration on these parameters was also studied from the standpoint of its action as a free radical scavenger. During ischemia up to 5 hours, cerebral ATP decreased and lactate increased rapidly, and concomitantly neurological signs, such as eye closure and jumping seizures, and slowly progressing brain edema were observed. The level of lipid peroxides in the brain and serum remained practically unchanged during ischemia, although an increasing tendency was noted. When blood reperfusion was allowed 3 hours after ischemia, tissue ATP level was restored only partially (67.4% of normal), but lactate returned to the normal level. The reperfusion resulted in a rapid rise in the lipid peroxide level both in cerebral tissue and serum and also caused a more severe expression of neurological signs. Intravenous injection of alpha-tocopherol (20 mg/kg body weight) 30 minutes prior to ligation of the carotid arteries significantly suppressed the rise in lipid peroxides both in the brain and serum, improved the severely expressed neurological signs, and promoted resynthesis of ATP. These improvements in the parameters were observed only after the reperfusion was made following ischemia for 3 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6659004 TI - Paraplegia associated with intraaortic balloon pump counterpulsation. AB - Two patients developed paraplegia associated with the use of the intraaortic balloon pump. In one patient, transient spinal ischemic episodes ceased after removal of the intraaortic balloon and the second patient apparently sustained spinal cord infarction. Possible etiologic mechanisms include vascular occlusion due to balloon position, arterial spasm, thromboembolic phenomena, hypotension, hypoxia and arterial dissection. PMID- 6659006 TI - Doppler ultrasound assessment of the internal carotid artery following carotid endarterectomy. AB - Doppler-shifted ultrasound with spectral analysis was used to assess the internal carotid arteries of 48 patients who had undergone carotid endarterectomy (58 carotid endarterectomies). Three patients died in the immediate post-operative period, therefore 45 patients, who represented 54 endarterectomies, were assessed for up to six years following surgery (mean--thirty-four months). Ultrasound tests demonstrated total occlusion of the internal carotid artery in 7 patients within the first post-operative week. Sonograms from the supraorbital and common carotid arteries exhibit two peaks during cardiac systole (A and B). The post operative A/B ratios were abnormal in 24 instances and these were associated with symptoms in seven. Of these 24, 7 developed severe disease in the internal carotid artery during the six year follow-up period; five were associated with symptoms. Post-operative A/B ratios were normal in 23 instances, 19 of which remained normal at follow-up. None of these nineteen developed symptoms. Only patients with abnormal post-operative A/B ratios subsequently developed severe occlusive disease in the internal carotid artery during the follow-up assessment. Thirty-eight patients underwent unilateral carotid endarterectomy, eight of whom had severe internal carotid artery disease at the contralateral bifurcation at the time of carotid endarterectomy. A further four patients developed severe occlusive disease in the contralateral internal carotid artery during the follow up period, one of whom was symptomatic. PMID- 6659005 TI - Nerve terminal damage in cerebral ischemia: greater susceptibility of catecholamine nerve terminals relative to serotonin nerve terminals. AB - The energy-dependent uptake of (3H)-dopamine (DA), (3H)-norepinephrine (NE) and (3H)-serotonin (5-HT) was measured in synaptosomes isolated from either the whole cerebral hemispheres or the striata of gerbils after cerebral ischemia. Ischemic stroke was induced in the Mongolian gerbil by left common carotid ligation. Uptake values in the affected hemisphere (expressed as a percent of the corresponding control hemisphere) were 32.6% for DA, 35.1% for NE, and 52.0% for 5-HT, 16 hours after stroke. The differential reduction in uptake of the catecholamines relative to 5-HT was significant (p less than 0.005). This differential persisted when measures were made on isolated striata from the ischemic and control hemispheres. In the latter measurements, uptake of DA was 20.7% of control and uptake of 5-HT was 44.7% of control. Uptake of both DA and NE were significantly reduced in animals exhibiting milder circling behavior, while uptake of 5-HT was not. There was no significant reduction of uptake in animals subjected to left common carotid ligation not exhibiting signs of stroke. These studies indicate a selective sensitivity of catecholamine nerve terminals to damage in ischemic stroke. PMID- 6659007 TI - Cognition and suicide: a methodological review. AB - This article reviews the literature related to studies measuring various cognitive properties in suicidal patients. It provides a structural framework with which to classify the studies, and employs the categories of suicidal logic, cognitive style, social cognition, and cognitive control. The methodological issues discussed include: sample characteristics, operational definitions of suicidal behaviors, use of appropriate control groups, and the temporal nature of assessment. Improvements in experimental design are suggested for use in future research. PMID- 6659008 TI - Attributes of suicide in females. AB - Long-term trends in suicides among females were investigated using data from Sacramento County, California. Of the 3,741 cases, 3,398 were Caucasian and 952 (25.4 percent) were females. These analyses focus on 837 Caucasian and Hispanic females. Female suicide rates in Sacramento County have increased gradually since 1925 with a corresponding decline in the male/female sex ratio. The suicide data suggest that a minimum of three types of female suicides can be identified and that the incidence of each type varies with the age of the women. Indicators that help in identifying cases and in tentatively describing an etiology include marital status, employment status and occupation, physical ill health, familial loss or disruption, and psychiatric symptoms. PMID- 6659009 TI - Depression and hostility in self-mutilation. AB - The presence of depression and hostility among self-mutilating patients is investigated. Mutilators, depressives and controls comprised the research samples. Non-significant differences in intropunitive hostility and depression were found between the clinical groups. Specific item differences in the depression assessment indicated a definite qualitative rather than quantitative difference in depressive symptomatology between the clinical groups. The interaction between hostility and depression and the implications for management based on these results is discussed. PMID- 6659010 TI - The national incidence of juvenile suicide in adult jails and juvenile detention centers. AB - Federal policy currently permits children to be placed in adult jails if they are kept separate from adult prisoners. However, past research suggests that facility and staff limitations at jails often result in juveniles being held in isolation without supervision. Based upon a national probability sample, the following hypotheses are tested: the suicide rate among children held in adult jails is higher than the suicide rate among children held in secure juvenile detention centers, and the latter rate is higher than the suicide rate among juveniles in the general population of the United States. PMID- 6659011 TI - Optimization of pharmacokinetic monitoring: I. Linear pharmacokinetics. AB - To reach and maintain therapeutic drug concentrations, reliable estimates of the parameters describing the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug are required. The accuracy and precision of the pharmacokinetic parameters are dependent upon the error associated with the time of specimen collection and the laboratory assay error. In this report, the determinate error and random error are analyzed independently and incorporated in calculations of regimens of two drugs, gentamicin and theophylline. The calculations show that, within a particular concentration range, there are better times for sampling to determine the elimination rate constant and, consequently, the dose. From the generalized, first-order equation for a one-compartment pharmacokinetic model, ln Ct = ln C0 - Kt, where C = plasma drug concentration, t = time, C0 = C at zero time, and the elimination rate constant, K = 0.693/t1/2, the determinate error, epsilon K, in K is epsilon = (1/C0t)epsilon C0 - (In C0/C)t-2 epsilon t, and the random error, assuming a gaussian distribution, is (formula; see text) where S2x is variance of parameter x. Therefore, the variances of the calculated quantity, C0, the measured quantity, C, and the time of sample collection, t, are initially of equal importance. However, with increasing t, the effect of S2t becomes small. In both random and determinate error cases, increased time of sampling after dose reduces the error in K, thus t1/2, as do recognized biological factors. However, increased relative analytical error may obliterate this advantage if analyses are not modified to obtain best quantitation at low, even subtherapeutic concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6659012 TI - Phenytoin and folic acid interaction: a preliminary report. AB - The effect of folic acid (1 mg/day orally) on phenytoin steady-state pharmacokinetics was studied in four male folate-deficient epileptic patients who were treated with only one anticonvulsant. Each patient served as his own control before and after starting folic acid replacement therapy. The Michaelis-Menten parameters, Vmax and Km, were calculated for each patient, and compliance with the single anticonvulsant drug (phenytoin) regimen was documented. Blood and urine samples were collected just before (day 1) and after 180 or 300 days of vitamin administration. Total and free phenytoin were measured in plasma; and phenytoin, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH), 5-(3,4 dihydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (DHD) were measured in 24-h urine. After the addition of folic acid, total phenytoin plasma concentration decreased 7.5-47.6% in three of the four patients, and the extent of this change correlated with Km (r2 = 0.99). Ratios of urinary metabolites to parent drug increased in those patients showing a decrease in plasma phenytoin caused by folic acid supplementation. This indicated that a folic acid-associated increase in phenytoin oxidative metabolism had occurred. PMID- 6659014 TI - Carbamazepine--erythromycin interaction leading to carbamazepine toxicity in four epileptic children. AB - We report four cases of carbamazepine toxicity in children associated with the concurrent administration of erythromycin. They all developed clinical toxicity (ataxia, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting) when erythromycin administration was begun; symptoms disappeared after erythromycin was discontinued. Serum carbamazepine levels were measured before, during, and, in most cases, after the toxic episodes. In all cases, there was a sharp increase in carbamazepine concentration after erythromycin therapy was begun and a rapid fall once erythromycin was discontinued. Our data support the previous suggestion that erythromycin interferes with the liver microsomal metabolism of carbamazepine with a subsequent increase in blood levels of the drug. PMID- 6659013 TI - Phenytoin and folic acid: individualized drug-drug interaction. AB - The effect of folic acid supplementation on the disposition of phenytoin and the resultant loss of seizure control in a male folate-deficient epileptic is reported. Due to the increase in tonic-clonic seizures after the initiation of folic acid (1 mg, orally) the sodium phenytoin dosage was increased by 130 mg until control was achieved. Because of these dosage changes, the Vmax and Km were calculated before and after initiation of the folic acid. The Vmax remained relatively the same, but the Km decreased after folate supplementation. PMID- 6659015 TI - Carbamazepine and its major metabolites in plasma: a summary of eight years of therapeutic drug monitoring. AB - For a period of 8 years, carbamazepine (CBZ) and its two major metabolites carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZE) and 10,11-dihydroxy-carbamazepine (CBZH) were monitored in plasma of black and white patients visiting outpatient epilepsy clinics. Mean CBZ, CBZE, and CBZH levels found in the black group (n = 451) were found to be significantly lower (p less than 0.0005) than in white patients (n = 2,225). The ratio of CBZE to CBZ levels was found to be significantly lower (p less than 0.0005) for blacks, with CBZ levels within the therapeutic range (5-10 micrograms/ml); the ratio of CBZH to CBZ levels was higher (p less than 0.0005), while there was no significant difference in the ratio of CBZH to CBZE between the two groups. This may indicate a difference in the monooxygenase enzyme activities, whereas the epoxide hydrase activity is probably the same for both groups. A poor linear correlation exists between CBZH and CBZ levels in both groups (for blacks, r = 0.614, n = 451; for whites, r = 0.338, n = 2,225); the correlation is better between CBZE and CBZ (for blacks, r = 0.745; for whites, r = 0.553) and good between CBZH and CBZE (for blacks, r = 0.752; for whites, r = 0.710). Abnormal ratios of CBZH to CBZE were found to be useful indicators of noncompliance in difficult cases presenting with therapeutic levels of CBZ. PMID- 6659016 TI - Predicting phenytoin dosages using Bayesian feedback: a comparison with other methods. AB - A Bayesian feedback technique for predicting phenytoin dosage was compared to other dosing methods. Sixty-nine cases were selected on the basis of apparent reliability from 103 medical charts of epileptic patients with multiple phenytoin levels on different dosage regimens. Two published nomograms and a graphical, or computational, technique were compared to the Bayesian technique. Each method was assessed for absolute predictability using measures of bias and precision, i.e., mean percent error and root mean squared percent error, respectively. For a single previous data pair, the Bayesian method was similar to a published nomogram with regard to bias and precision. For multiple data pairs, the graphical or simultaneous equation technique tended to be less biased, but the Bayesian method had better precision. However, none of these differences was statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). The Bayesian method yielded the lowest percentage of predicted doses that exceeded 110% of the actual dose. The Bayesian method conveniently provides a single method applicable to the use of either single or multiple concentration-dosage data pairs and results in fewer extreme dosing errors. PMID- 6659017 TI - A rate nephelometric phenobarbital and phenytoin assay: analytical and correlation studies of a new single-point calibration immunoprecipitation inhibition method. AB - A new single-point calibration immunoprecipitation inhibition rate nephelometric assay for phenobarbital (PB) and phenytoin (PT) has been evaluated on the Beckman ICS-II analyzer. Within-run precision (n = 20) coefficients of variation (CV) were less than 4.0% for PB (10-44 micrograms/ml) and less than 5.7% for PT (12-34 micrograms/ml). Between-run precision CVs of pooled sera (n = 20) assay were less than 4.2% for PB (7.5-33.8 micrograms/ml) and less than 8.7% for PT (4.5-17.8 micrograms/ml). Linearity and recoveries were good over a broad range of drug levels for both assays. Excellent correlation was found with existing PB, ICS vs. EMIT on the IL Multistat III MCA (y = 1.26 + 1.00x; r = 0.994), ICS vs. Dupont aca (y = 0.832 + 1.01x; r = 0.997), and ICS vs. GLC (y = 0.08 + 0.99x; r = 0.998) methods, and PT, ICS vs. MCA (y = -1.76 + 1.04x; r = 0.985), ICS vs. aca (y = 2.02 + 1.054x; r = 0.987), and ICS vs. GLC (y = -0.26 + 0.990x; r = 0.999) methods. These assays were found to provide accurate drug analyses, good stat or batching capability, and good correlation with existing methods. PMID- 6659018 TI - Quantitative determination of haloperidol in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - We present a method for the quantitative determination of haloperidol in human plasma. The high-performance liquid chromatographic method of analysis is a significant advancement in terms of ease and speed of haloperidol determination. The drug and the internal standard, chlorohaloperidol, are extracted from 2.0 ml of serum or plasma, back-extracted into the aqueous mobile phase, separated on a C-18 reversed-phase column, and monitored at 254 nm. The potential interference by other drugs was evaluated and was found to be negative. The method is sensitive to at least 5 ng/ml of extracted material and is suitable for drug measurement in the therapeutic range (5-20 ng/ml) and in the toxic range (greater than 50 ng/ml). PMID- 6659019 TI - Sample preparation and estimation of plasma concentration of 3-deazauridine by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A rapid and simple procedure for liquid chromatographic analysis of plasma 3 deazauridine (3-DU), an antineoplastic agent, was developed. The plasma was extracted with methanolic silver acetate to remove interfering ultraviolet absorbing materials and the 3-DU partially purified on a small anion exchange column prior to chromatography on a reverse-phase (C18) column. 2'-O-Methyl-3 deazauridine was used as an internal standard. The mobile phase was 0.1 M ammonium acetate, pH 4.0, containing 5% methanol. The 3-DU was identified by its retention time and its characteristic ultraviolet absorbance ratio (280/254 nm) of 3.0. This method was used to determine the plasma concentration of 3-DU in three patients with acute leukemia. The patients received a 36-h infusion of 3-DU at a rate of 5.0 mg/kg/h. The mean steady-state plasma concentration of 3-DU at the end of the infusion was 22.1 micrograms/ml (range, 13.6-42.8 micrograms/ml) and the mean elimination half-life was 109 min (range, 92-136 min). 2,4 Dihydroxypyridine, a potential metabolite of 3-DU, was not detected in any of the plasma samples of the patients receiving a 3-DU infusion. PMID- 6659020 TI - Effect of heparin on the red blood cell-to-plasma concentration ratio of diphenylhydantoin and prazosin. PMID- 6659021 TI - Interference in digoxin results by red top tubes. PMID- 6659022 TI - The effect of dietary restriction on thymus autonomy. AB - Fifty percent dietary restriction allows for continued body growth in young animals, whereas in older animals this dietary regime resulted in a 25% drop in body weight over a 10-wk period. This resulted in a relatively low rate of mitosis in the thymus tissue from young animals so that thymus size was maintained in proportion with body weight. There was no evidence to suggest that the thymus glands from dietary restricted young animals could not maintain their role in immune function. In the older animals dietary restriction resulted in depletion of thymic lymphocytes, despite a relatively high rate of cell division. It is postulated that this may be a result of stress caused by the dietary regime. PMID- 6659023 TI - Immunomodulation of murine B16 melanoma metastasis: thymosin, thymectomy and irradiation. AB - Thymosin, a product of the endocrine system, was used to further define the effects of immunomodulation of metastasis. Adult thymectomized C57BL/6 mice, 4 wk post-irradiation (400 R) had a decrease in the number of pulmonary metastasis (compared to controls) following tail vein injection of 5 X 10(4) B16 melanoma cells. Thymosin fraction 5 (fr. 5) administration (200 micrograms/mouse, 3 times weekly beginning 2 days post-thymectomy) returned the number of metastasis to the nonthymectomized values. Thymosin treatment of sham-operated, sham-operated irradiated, or thymectomized nonirradiated mice did not significantly elevate the number of metastases compared to the respective controls. Variant tumors which have an increase in metastasis following thymectomy and irradiation were also used. Thymosin administration reversed the effects of thymectomy in such variants, resulting in a decrease in metastasis. Metastases in thymosin-treated control mice were not significantly altered. A role for the thymus in metastasis via an endocrine product (thymosin) is suggested by these studies. Since thymosin did not increase metastasis in intact mice with tumors, further clinical trials with thymosin in cancer patients are not counterindicated by our results. These experiments confirm that thymosin fr. 5 is an important probe of the immunoendocrine events involved in tumor growth and metastasis. PMID- 6659025 TI - Prothymocytes in mouse fetal liver. AB - Prothymocytes in fetal liver were characterized in an in vivo thymus regeneration assay. The frequency of prothymocytes in fetal liver is about 10.7% of that determined in normal bone marrow cells whereas the frequency of colony forming unit-spleen (CFU-S) in fetal liver is 24.4% of that in normal bone marrow cells. The lower level of prothymocytes leads to a delay in the development of thymus derived cells after transplantation of fetal liver cells when compared to bone marrow transplantation. There were no significant changes in the frequencies of both CFU-S and prothymocytes between 12 and 16 days from gestation. Fetal liver prothymocytes and CFU-S have a low (1.065 g X cm-3) but similar buoyant density when compared to their density in bone marrow cells (1.070 g X cm-3). These results reflect the close relationship between prothymocytes and CFU-S and might explain the differences in the development of the cellular immune system after transplantation of bone marrow and fetal liver cells. PMID- 6659024 TI - Alterations of the connective tissue in nude mice. AB - The epiphyseal cartilage of nude mice was studied by light and electron microscopy. The resting and maturation zones become narrow and mineralization of the ground substance starts already in the zone of proliferation. Electron microscopy reveals signs of degeneration in the chondrocytes of this latter zone. An increased osteoclast activity can be observed in the metaphysis. The alterations may be due to a decrease in T-cell-mediated immunoreactivity of nude mice, as well as to an increased production of the osteoclast-activating factor, which might be attributed, among other things, to the B lymphocytes or macrophages. PMID- 6659026 TI - The ontogeny of acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase activity in the thymus. AB - The acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity was examined in tissue sections of thymus from 24 fetuses, infants and children. ANAE activity was first detected in thymocytes at 11 wk of gestation, and the fraction of stained cells increased gradually until 18 wk of gestation. Thymocytes with circumscribed deposits of ANAE activity were observed as early as at 11 wk, whereas thymocytes with a diffuse, granular staining pattern were not observed before 16 wk of gestation. PMID- 6659027 TI - [Comparison between 2 behavior observation scales in psychogeriatrics. A closer look at the NOSIE and the BOP]. AB - The relation between the NOSIE (Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation) and the BOP (Dutch version of the Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale) was studied in a psycho-geriatric sample. The results supported the hypothesis of a trans-cultural difference in the use of the NOSIE. Dutch nurses subsume personal neatness under social competence. Anglo-Saxons do not. The factor solution of the NOSIE, with the exception of the depression factor, was comparable with earlier Dutch research, and was interpreted as support for the notion, that the NOSIE is a reliable observation scale. The correlation between factor scales of the NOSIE and the BOP were significant, but of moderate range. This was taken to mean that there is limited convergent validity between the NOSIE and the BOP. A high correlation was found between the infirmity scale and other subscales of the BOP. The BOP as well as the NOSIE were able to purposefully distinguish diagnostic groups when an external criterium or mixed criteria were used. It was concluded that both the BOP and the NOSIE may supplement each other in psycho-geriatric research practice. PMID- 6659028 TI - [Social geriatric examination]. AB - The method of social-geriatric examination is described. This type of examination by an ambulatory team takes place at the patient's home. The examination is firstly directed to the interactions in the human-environmental system. By means of a scheme as an aid the interactions can be analyzed. This analysis, how people are dealing with each other and with need for care and with care, precedes the analysis of the chain of interacting unfavourable conditions of social, mental and physical nature, which are responsible for the disturbance of the balance of the system. This disturbance is signaled by way of the primary health care system to the geriatric examination circuit of which the social-geriatric team functions as first receiver of those signals. PMID- 6659029 TI - [Diagnosis ex juvantibus-- an observation on giant cell arteritis]. AB - On the basis of some cases of presumable giant cell arteritis, which were diagnosed and treated in a nursing home, the polymorphous character of this affection is emphasized. The author poses that biopsies of the temporal artery- certainly with elderly people--shouldn't be regarded as an absolute necessity and he refers in this context to the discussion held about it in the Dutch Magazine of Medicine (Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 126, 1982, 14, p. 636-637). It is remarkable in this discussion that advocates of the possibly even double sided temporal biopsies (!) refer to the criteria of the Mayo Clinics (1978), which on further consideration, don't seem to be quite sound and, to say the least of it, don't very much take into account the localization of the arterial lesions outside the well-known ones. Several other authors appear to take full account of the variant and masked forms and have their doubts about the efficiency of the temporal artery biopsy. Where giant cell arteritis concerns mostly elderly people and the geriatric approach and solution of this and other medical problems in general sometimes are contrary to the current 'formal clinical' attitude, the author thought it right to propose an alternative for the elderly advances in years: the trial of steroid therapy, keeping a conscientious control on the clinical picture and the biochemical symptoms. PMID- 6659030 TI - [The position of the nursing home at issue]. AB - In comparison with West European countries, in the Netherlands relatively more old people live in residential homes. Since 1970 the policy has been focussed upon the reduction of its importance in the range of housing facilities for the elderly. Financial arguments determine more and more this tendency. They also are the objective of the recent proposal to alter the Law on Old People Homes. The proposed measures comprise also that the residential home is transferred from the domain of housing accommodations to that of intramural health care. There are many protests against the intended measures. It is uncertain what the outcome of the coming political debate will be. PMID- 6659031 TI - Experimental ocular Toxocara canis and Ascaris suum infection: in vivo and in vitro study. PMID- 6659032 TI - Retinal attachment or detachment? A study of the principal determinants--from Sir Isaac Newton to vitrectomy. PMID- 6659033 TI - Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments caused by focal paravascular vitreoretinal traction. PMID- 6659034 TI - The current status of the krypton red laser. PMID- 6659035 TI - Nystagmus blockage syndrome in the unilaterally blind patient. PMID- 6659036 TI - Early surgery of infantile exotropia. PMID- 6659037 TI - Fine needle aspiration biopsy of solid intraocular tumors. PMID- 6659038 TI - The use of high resolution CT scanning in clinical otology. PMID- 6659039 TI - Measurement of auditory threshold adaptation by tone decay and Bekesy audiometry. PMID- 6659040 TI - Evaluation of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. PMID- 6659041 TI - Clinical testing of taste and olfaction. PMID- 6659042 TI - The approach to the supraglottic patient. PMID- 6659043 TI - Non-surgical vocal rehabilitation in the laryngectomized patient. PMID- 6659044 TI - Lingual thyroid. PMID- 6659045 TI - The use of dexamethasone in preventing ocular complications in tuberculous meningitis. AB - Twenty-seven patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) were treated with ethambutol, isonicotinic acid hydrazide, streptomycin and dexamethasone and 28 were treated with triple anti-tuberculous drugs only. Only two of the patients to whom steroids were given developed ocular complications as compared to seven of those not receiving dexamethasone. High dose dexamethasone apparently prevents optic atrophy in TBM. Controlled double-blind studies with and without dexamethasone are needed to confirm this postulation. PMID- 6659046 TI - The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole on Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides. AB - Flubendazole is an effective anthelmintic against both Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides. Single doses of 200 mg, 500 mg and 600 mg flubendazole, or two doses of 300 mg flubendazole on two consecutive days, effectively reduced egg output of both helminths by over 90%. Cure rates of 90.0 to 97.0% were obtained in Ascaris infections but only 17.3 to 65.1% of Trichuris infections were completely cured with the various single-dose or two-dose regimes. Flubendazole did not cause erratic migration of Ascaris in mixed infections at any of the dosages used. PMID- 6659047 TI - Hepatic fibrosis in Schistosoma haematobium-infected mice. AB - Swiss mice were exposed subcutaneously to 270 to 500 Schistosoma haematobium cercariae and killed 13 to 52 weeks later. Less than 10% of applied cercariae were recovered as worms, and the rate of oviposition by adult worm pairs was generally low. However, the adult worms survived well, the females contained an average of 56 eggs one year after infection, and numerous mature eggs were present in the tissues. All worms were located in the portal venous system. S. haematobium eggs in the liver elicited marked fibrosis, comparable to the fibrosis induced by S. mansoni infection. Only minimal fibrosis is seen around S. haematobium eggs in the liver of numerous other species, including man, the chimpanzee, other non-human primates and hamsters. Our findings illustrate the diverse relationships often seen between a single schistosome species and its mammalian hosts and emphasize the uncertainty in predicting the outcome of human schistosome infections from the study of experimental hosts. PMID- 6659048 TI - Treatment with praziquantel in a patient with schistosomiasis and chronic renal failure. AB - The pharmacokinetics of praziquantel in a uraemic patient, infected with Schistosoma haematobium, undergoing haemodialysis, was studied by repeated analyses of serum, urine and dialysis fluid. The results indicate the possibility of treating advanced cases of infection with S. haematobium with the normally recommended doses. PMID- 6659049 TI - Treatment with suramin and 2-substituted 5-nitroimidazoles of chronic murine Trypanosoma brucei infections with central nervous system involvement. AB - Mice infected with either of two isolates of Trypanosoma brucei, GVR 23/1 or GVR 35/1, develop a chronic infection in which trypanosomes are localized in the central nervous system. These infected mice were used to evaluate the efficacy of a combination drug treatment comprising suramin and one of three 2-substituted 5 nitroimidazoles. None of the three 5-nitroimidazoles tested alone, cured mice when administered 21 days after infection. However, it was found that T. brucei GVR 23/1 infections could be cured by a single dose of 20 mg/kg suramin followed by a single dose of 80 mg/kg L611,744 [3a,4,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydro-3-(1-methyl-5 nitroimidazol-2yl)cycloocta(D) isoxazole]. The single dose of 20 mg/kg suramin had to be followed by four doses of 80 mg/kg L611,744 to cure mice infected with another stabilate, T. brucei GVR 35/1. A single dose of 20 mg/kg suramin followed either by four doses of 250 mg/kg MK 436 [3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl 5nitro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1, 2-benzisoxazole] or four doses of 70 mg/kg of a dihydroxy analogue of MK 436 [cis-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1H imidazol-2-yl)-1, 2-benzisoxazole-6,7-diol] also permanently cured all T. brucei GVR 35/1. PMID- 6659050 TI - Naegleria australiensis: experimental meningoencephalitis in mice. AB - Naegleria australiensis was recently described as a new species of free-living amoeba pathogenic for mice. Infections of human brain by the free-living amoebae N. fowleri and Acanthamoeba spp. are well known. We here describe the clinicopathological features of experimental infection of the central nervous system of mice by N. australiensis. Weanling mice were inoculated intranasally and intracerebrally. The involvement of the nasal mucosa, olfactory neuroepithelium and lobes, cerebrum and cerebellum was detected in haematoxylin eosin stained paraffin-embedded sections. Amoebic trophozoites sparsely located throughout the central nervous system were shown better by the immunoperoxidase method. Cysts were not detected. The histopathological changes differ from those produced by N. fowleri, especially in the degree of severity. They may be confused with those caused by Acanthamoeba spp. which usually produced subacute and chronic encephalitis with a prolonged clinical course. PMID- 6659051 TI - Bacteria, parasitic agents and rotaviruses associated with acute diarrhoea in hospital in-patient Indonesian children. AB - Faeces from children (aged from one month to 12 years) with acute diarrhoea admitted to hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from June 1978 to June 1979, were examined for the presence of enteric pathogens. One or more recognized enteropathogens were identified in 56% of children. Rotaviruses were identified in 38% of all children. Toxigenic coliforms (predominantly Escherichia coli) were isolated from 12% of children. Salmonella sp. (6%), Shigella sp. (4%) and enteropathogenic parasites (predominantly Trichuris trichiura) from 3.5% of children. Mixed infections with two or more enteric pathogens were found in 7.6% of children. The incidence rate of each pathogen was correlated with age of the child, socio-economic level of the family and duration of breast feeding. Toxigenic coliforms were equally common in all age groups from both well-to-do and poor families. Enteropathogenic parasites appeared in increasing frequency with age. They were more common in artificially fed children and in children from families of low socio-economic level. The occurrence of multiple infection with mixtures of enteric pathogens increased with increasing age. Mixtures of parasites and other enteric pathogens only occurred in children with acute diarrhoea. These results provide baseline data about the relative importance of different enteropathogens in Indonesian children. PMID- 6659052 TI - Relapse in primate malaria: its implications for the disease in man. AB - In a recently promulgated theory of the occurrence of relapses in malaria, the authors of this theory state that the mosquito which feeds on a case of malaria of a species which is subject to relapses produces two kinds of sporozoite. One of these gives rise to an attack of malaria while the other remains dormant in a cell of the host's liver without change for an indefinite time. It can later undergo development to produce a relapse. The present author considers much more evidence of this is needed before the theory can be accepted. PMID- 6659053 TI - Dengue haemorrhagic fever. PMID- 6659054 TI - New observations on Leishmania mexicana venezuelensis. PMID- 6659056 TI - Drugs that affect hypnozoites of Plasmodium. PMID- 6659055 TI - Low cost polycarbonate filters. PMID- 6659057 TI - Allotransplantation of human parathyroid tissue without immunosuppression. AB - Organ culture facilitates successful transplantation of endocrine tissue in allogenic and xenogenic rodent systems. The major obstacle in applying this approach to human tissue is the difficulty in keeping adult human tissue alive in organ culture for a prolonged period. For this reason we have used an in vivo culture system that allows preservation of endocrine tissue for weeks or months. C57BL/6 (H-2b) thyroid grafts transplanted beneath the kidney capsule of Balb/c (H-2d) nude mice and retransplanted 15 days later to CBA (H-2k) mice survive indefinitely without immunosuppression. We report here the use of the "interim host system" for allogenic parathyroid tissue in two patients with long-standing hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy. PMID- 6659058 TI - Long-term renal function in kidney donors. Sustained compensatory hyperfiltration with no adverse effects. AB - Twenty patients who underwent uninephrectomy for kidney donation between 1964 and 1968 participated in a long-term study of the function of the solitary kidney. Mean follow up after uninephrectomy was 15.8 +/- .3 years. One patient with a strong family history of essential hypertension developed de novo mild hypertension. The current creatinine clearance of the donors was 80 +/- 4 ml/min. The 1-week, 3-6 months and 14-18 years postuninephrectomy percentages of predonation creatinine clearance were 72 +/- 3%, 76 +/- 3% and 78 +/- 2%, respectively. The 24-hr urine protein excretion in kidney donors was significantly higher than in controls (141 +/- 20 mg vs. 74 +/- 3 mg, respectively, P less than .0005). Except for one donor who may have developed glomerulonephritis, the donors had normal urinary albumin excretion. The cause of the slightly elevated nonalbumin proteinuria is not known. However, this long term study of kidney donors shows no adverse effects on the blood pressure and renal function after many years of compensatory hyperfiltration. PMID- 6659059 TI - Beneficial effects of adenosine and phosphate in kidney preservation. AB - A new perfusate developed in the animal laboratory has been used in our clinical transplantation program in the last year. This perfusate provides excellent clinical results even with less-than-ideal kidneys, as manifested by an 83% immediate function rate and a 96.5% one-month graft survival. Optimum utilization of all donors referred to a transplant center may lessen the problem of insufficient donor organs. Continued basic research in the laboratory to optimize perfusion preservation may produce even better perfusates that can be adapted to the clinical situation and further improve graft survival. PMID- 6659060 TI - Immunological unresponsiveness induced by platelet transfusion in rhesus monkeys. PMID- 6659061 TI - [Muscle tissue histogenesis of the lymph hearts of chick embryos]. AB - By means of electron microscope autoradiography, the ultrastructure of muscle fibers, and the capacity if muscle of cell nuclei of 3H-thymidine (3H-T) incorporating of were studed in developing lymph hearts of 0-13 day old chick embryos, rather active sarcomerogenesis developing lymph hearts of 9-13 day old chick embryos, a rather active sarcomerogenesis being observed. Filament of intermediate size microtubules, Golgi complexes, centrioles, and numbers free ribosomes and polysomes were observed in the sarcoplasm. The sarcoplasmic reticulum channels were not numerous, their terminal cisterns often formed "subsarcolemmal cisternae". Between muscle fibers, cell junctions of fasciae adherentes type were observed. Two hours after 3H-T administrations, only mononuclear cells without myofilaments were labeled. If fixation was made 70 hours after 3H-T administration, then the label was found in addition on muscle fiber nuclei. These data evidence that the lymph heart muscle tissue histogenesis undergoes the same patterns of development as does the somatic muscle tissue. PMID- 6659062 TI - [Mechanism of the cytotoxic action of formaldehyde on cultured mammalian cells]. AB - Induction and repair of DNA lesions cell inactivation and repair of potentially lethal damages (PLD) were studied after the treatment of cultured cells with formaldehyde. Formaldehyde induced the appearance of a rapidly sedimentating DNA- membrane complex. This complex may contain up to 50% of choline and no more than 3-5% of leucine or lysine incorporated in the acid insoluble cell fraction, Inhibition of DNA synthesis, induction of single strand DNA breaks and/or alkali labile sites increased with the raise of formaldehyde concentration. A good correlation is observed between with the raise of formaldehyde concentration. A good correlation is observed between with the raise of formaldehyde concentration. A good correlation is observed between the increasing DNA quantities in the rapid sedimentation complex and the cell lethality. PMID- 6659063 TI - [Electron microscopic-cytochemical method of determining cell phagolysosomal structures]. AB - A new electron-cytochemical method for detection of phagolysosomal structures in intact cells is proposed, which is more susceptible and simple in comparison with methods described elsewhere. The new method involves the addition of sodium beta glycerophosphate and Pb(NO3)2 to the medium where phagocytes are incubated with phagocytic material. After the fusion of a phagosome containing the phagocytic material, sodium beta-glycerophosphate (the substrate for a marker lysosomal enzyme--acid phosphatase) and Pb2+ with primary lysosomes, hydrolysis of this substrate occurs with the eventual appearance of a deposit of Pb3(PO4)2. PMID- 6659064 TI - [Simultaneous identification of nucleolus organizer regions and differential chromosome staining in continuous human cell cultures]. AB - The application of NORs and R-bands for simultaneous staining of nucleolar organizer regions and banding chromosomes of stable human line is proposed. This technique was applied to studies on the human stable cell line J-96. PMID- 6659066 TI - [Relationship between bovine serum composition and its capacity to stimulate cell culture growth]. AB - A relationship has been studied between the growth-stimulating activity and chemical composition of bovine serum (BS) that is widely used for cell culture growth and virus replication. A direct correlation was shown between the growth promoting activity of bovine serum, manifested on the model of chick embryo fibroblasts, and the contents of phospholipids, total lipids, proteins, and calcium in this serum. A significant inverse association has also been revealed between the growth-promoting activity of the serum and the amounts of cholesterol and glucose in this. PMID- 6659065 TI - [Role of terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase in stimulating lymphocyte DNA synthesis as affected by PHA]. AB - 3H-thymidine incorporation was measured in DNA of the human lymphocytes from the peripheral blood after its PHA-stimulation in vitro. The increased PHA stimulation was established after addition to the medium of exogenous terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT) for cultures with small level of PHA stimulation only. TDT without PHA exerted no stimulating action on the culture of lymphocytes. PMID- 6659067 TI - [Ultrastructure, form and number of fibrillar centers in the GO-period cells of a swine embryonic kidney tissue culture]. AB - A study has been made of the structure, shape and number of fibrillar centers (FC), using serial ultrathin sections of pig embryo kidney cells in the G0 period. It is shown that FC are spherical, cup-shaped or slightly elongated structures containing fibrils 7-10 nm in diameter, and are surrounded by a dense fibrillar component irregular in shape. FC and a dense fibrillar component are referred to in the paper as a fibrillar complex. In the G0-period, the fibrillar complex contains one to three fibrillar centers. The total number of fibrillar centers exceeds that of nucleolus organizing regions (NOR's) which are always present in the cells being in period G0. On the other hand, the number of NOR's coincides with the total number of fibrillar complexes. It is concluded that in the PK-cells being in period G0 one NOR may form one to three FC. PMID- 6659068 TI - [Ultrastructure of the cerebral cortex of the cat in the early recovery period after short-term anoxia]. AB - The ultrastructure of cat sensomotor cortex has been studied during a 15-minute recovery after 2.5-6-minute oxygen supply cessation. An increase of osmopholia of free and endoplasmic reticulum bound ribosomes was detected in addition to a great number of altered mitochondria with longitudinal crystal arrangement. Besides, numerous activated synapses, local destructive changes of membrane complexes in dendrite and myelinated axons cytoplasm and glycogen granule accumulation in neuroglia were noticed. During the recovery period more prominent changes were shown after a 6-minute anoxia than after a 2.5-minute one. PMID- 6659069 TI - [Effect of T-2 toxin on organ ultrastructure and organelle-specific enzyme activity in rats]. AB - The time-course of the ultrastructural changes and activities of 6 marker enzymes of subcellular particles (succinate dehydrogenase, beta-glucosidase, beta-N acetylglucosaminidase, acid RNAse, glucose-6-phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase) has been studied in the liver, spleen and thymus in rats administered T-2 toxin (mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species). A pronounced difference in the effect of T-2 toxin on the organs has been found. In the liver, the toxin induced a destruction of rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes, reduced ribosome number and progressively decreased activities of most enzymes. In the spleen, early and significant ultrastructural disturbances of all the cell membrane components and simultaneous lysosomal activation were observed. The changes in the thymus were characterized by a fast development of cell hydratation, organelle swelling and necrosis of some thymocytes with parallel increase in repair processes, infiltration by phagocytes and a selective activation of lysosomal hydrolases in the end of experimental time (72 h.). The results obtained emphasize an importance of cellular and subcellular membrane alterations in the mechanism of T 2 toxin action. PMID- 6659070 TI - [Characteristics of DNA synthesis in Chinese hamster cells in exponential and stationary culture growth stages after cell exposure to elevated temperature]. AB - Hyperthermia (43 degrees C for 1 hour) is shown to induce a reduction of DNA synthesis and a change in molecular weight distributions in the pool of newly synthesized DNA in cultured Chinese hamster cells. The DNA synthesis inhibition extent as well as the character of disturbances in DNA replication are different in cells of the exponential and the stationary cultures. PMID- 6659071 TI - [Effect of clofibrate on intracellular enzyme distribution in the rat liver]. AB - The effect of chronic administration of a hypolipaemic agent--clofibrate--on the subcellular distribution of liver enzymes in male rats was studied. Clofibrate produced an increase in the number of peroxisomes and also enhanced the activity of aconitase and histidine: glyoxylate aminotransferase (HGA) in liver homogenate. Differential centrifugation of homogenate revealed an elevation of the relative amounts of catalase, HGA and isocitrate dehydrogenase in the soluble cell fraction in clofibrate pretreated animals. Clofibrate induced peroxisomal HGA but failed to alter the amounts of catalase, urate oxidase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in the particles. In both the experimental and control groups the activity of aconitase, malate dehydrogenase (NAD+), creatine phosphokinase and glutathione reductase was observed in mitochondrial fractions and was not detected in purified peroxisomes. PMID- 6659072 TI - [Calcium localization in the degenerating myotubes of developing skeletal muscle in the chick embryo]. AB - Ca-accumulating formations found in degenerating myotubes of chick embryo by pyroantimonate technique have been identified as membrane bound bodies in the material fixed routinely for electron microscopy. These bodies seem to represent initial stages of a lipid degeneration of membranous structures. It is assumed that calcification of single degenerating subcellular structures may limit spreading necrosis over the whole cell. PMID- 6659073 TI - The persistence of tuberculin sensitivity following oral BCG vaccination in The Netherlands. AB - Certain anomalies in the tuberculin test results in Netherlands schoolchildren in the late 1960s and in recruits a few years later are shown to have arisen from the persistence of tuberculin sensitivity in some of the 10 000 newborn children who were given oral BCG vaccine in the early 1950s. More than 90% of these oral BCG vaccinations were given in 1950 or 1951 in Amsterdam, Delft or Hilversum, but because of the absence of a scar or any record, individuals who were vaccinated cannot now be distinguished from the much larger numbers of unvaccinated subjects. The cohorts of Dutch children born in 1950 and 1951 showed excess positivity, compared with earlier and later cohorts, when tuberculin tested at different ages in adolescence and as army recruits, and this was especially noticeable among current residents in these three cities. It is estimated that less than 10% of those given oral BCG vaccine in the Netherlands in 1950 or 1951 showed positive reactions at ages 12 and 13, but about 20% did at age 16, and about 45% at age 18. A review of data on tuberculin sensitivity several years after intradermal BCG vaccination in the newborn or in young children suggests that sensitivity persists in only a relatively small proportion for a long period (in perhaps about 45% after 7 years and less after a longer period), unless boosted by intervening tuberculin tests. The present data on oral BCG vaccination in the newborn conform to the same pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6659074 TI - A service programme with a 6-month intensive chemotherapy regimen in the treatment of drug addicts and prisoners with pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong. AB - The results are reported of a service programme in Hong Kong of intensive antituberculosis chemotherapy with 5 drugs given daily for 6 months in the treatment of 78 male Chinese drug addicts and prisoners who had pulmonary tuberculosis positive for acid-fast bacilli on microscopic examination of the sputum. Of the 53 patients who received 6 months (24-26 weeks) of chemotherapy, 9 had had negative sputum cultures pretreatment, 31 positive drug-sensitive cultures, and 13 positive cultures resistant to isoniazid, streptomycin, or both drugs. All 53 achieved quiescent disease during chemotherapy, and only 1, with drug-sensitive cultures pretreatment, relapsed bacteriologically during a year of follow-up. Almost all of the patients who received less than 6 months of chemotherapy also responded well. Although the regimen contained 5 drugs, the frequency of adverse reactions was low. PMID- 6659075 TI - A gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatographic study of Mycobacterium fortuitum. AB - Forty-two strains of Mycobacterium fortuitum were examined for fatty acid composition by gas-liquid chromatography and for mycolic acid pattern by two dimensional thin-layer chromatography of whole cell acid methanolysates. The strains studied contained saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids from 12 to 24 carbon atoms and tuberculostearic acid, and they showed a thin-layer chromatographic pattern of mycolic acids similar to the pattern previously reported for this species and characterised by the presence of alpha and alpha' mycolates and several more polar components. The heterogeneity within the species M. fortuitum, of its antigenic, biochemical and chemical properties, previously noted by several authors was slightly reflected (but not correlated) in the fatty acid composition found in the strains studied; the mycolic acid pattern of all of them was, however, very stable. PMID- 6659076 TI - Primary tuberculosis of the liver-a case report. AB - Primary hepatic tuberculosis is a rare manifestation of tuberculosis. We report a case and briefly review the literature. Criteria for the diagnosis include evidence of a recent tuberculous infection, demonstration of tuberculosis in the liver with or without local lymph node involvement and absence of older tuberculous lesions elsewhere. Liver biopsy and culture is the investigation of choice, together with clinical and radiological exclusion of extrahepatic disease. PMID- 6659077 TI - Thrombocytosis associated with tuberculous peritonitis. AB - A young African female is described who showed marked thrombocytosis (platelet count 1372 X 10(9)/l) in association with tuberculous peritonitis, a rare association. PMID- 6659079 TI - [Several properties of calmodulin from the myometrium of female rabbits]. AB - Calmodulin, a Ca2+-binding protein activator of a series of enzymes, was isolated from the female rabbit myometrium in a homogenous state by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Purification of calmodulin produced a 120-fold increase in its specific activity with the quantitative yield accounting for as high as 10%. Isoelectrical focusing on polyacrylamide gel plates revealed that the activator pI is 5.45 at the state of functional rest and 5.17--at pregnancy. The molecular mass determined by electrophoresis in DS-polyacrylamide gel is 18.000, that determined by the Sephadex G-200 column gel-filtration--21 000. The content of calmodulin in the myometrium at functional rest is 3 mg, at pregnancy--10 mg per 100 g of tissue; Kbound--0.25 X 10(8)M-1 and 0.12 X 10(8)M1, respectively. PMID- 6659078 TI - [Soluble complexes of the NH2-terminal disulfide knot of fibrin with molecules containing D domains]. AB - Soluble complexes of an NH2-terminal disulphide knot of fibrin (N-DSK alpha) with fragment D, its dimer (DD) and fibrinogen were detected by sepharose gel filtration. The main component of fragment D and N-DSK alpha mixture is represented by a specific complex eluted as a separate peak. Inactive fibrinogen N-DSK produce no complexes with fragment D. The DD-N-DSK complex is eluted together with free DD. Soluble oligomers which are partially eluted in the free column volume as well as insoluble aggregates of N-DSK alpha and fibrinogen are formed in mixture of these components. The molar D/N-DSK alpha ratio was determined in complexes isolated from mixtures with different D/N-DSK alpha ratio. A conclusion is drawn that a N-DSK alpha molecule may bind at most two fragment D molecules. PMID- 6659080 TI - [Pseudouridine excretion with urine and RNA metabolism in experimental myocardial infarction and its correction]. AB - It is established that the acute period of the experimental myocardial infarction is characterized by an intensified excretion of pseudouridine with urine. Simultaneously in the "non-ischemic" area of the left cardiac ventricle as well as in the liver there occurs an activation of the transport and ribosomal RNA synthesis. RNA preparations from the liver show that the nucleotide composition of tRNA changes with the myocardium infarction. When a complex consisting of l forms of aspartate, glutamate, leucine, histidine, 4-methyl uracil, tracilole, tris (rN 7.4) was injected during the acute period, the excretion of pseudouridine decreases, synthesis of different RNA types activates and the pseudouridine content in tRNA of the liver normalizes. PMID- 6659081 TI - [Influence of several metabolites on A4 and B4-isoenzymes of loach lactate dehydrogenase activity depending on the direction of the isoenzyme-catalyzed reaction]. AB - Various concentration of fructose-1.6-diphosphate, malate, oxaloacetate, creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP and AMP were studied for their effect on the activity of A4 and B4-isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1, 1. 1. 27) produced from skeletal muscles and unfertilized egg cells of Misgurnus fossilis in the reactions of lactate oxidation and pyruvate reduction. It was found that oxaloacetate, creatine phosphate, ADP and AMP decreased the activity of A- and B type isoenzymes to a different extent. The value of the inhibitory action depended not only on the concentration of the substances and subunit composition of the isoenzymes but also depended on the direction of the reaction they catalyse. Malate and fructose-1.6-diphosphate did not inhibit the activity of A4 isoenzyme in the lactate oxidation and malate and ATP did not influence the activity of the former and of B4-isoenzymes in this reaction. At the same time malate, fructose-1.6-diphosphate and ATP decreased the activity of the investigated isoenzymes in the pyruvate reduction reactions. PMID- 6659082 TI - [Uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate decarboxylase activity in synaptosomes of various regions of the brain of rats in adrenalectomy and in subsequent hydrocortisone administration]. AB - The adrenalectomy in rats followed by a single hydrocortisone administration had no influence on the glutamate decarboxylase activity and maximum rate of [3H] GABA uptake by synaptosomes of hypothalamus, hippocampus and cerebral hemispheres. Km of [3H] GABA uptake by synaptosomes in the above mentioned brain regions under adrenalectomy decreases sharply; hydrocortisone administration increases Km of mediator uptake by hippocampus synaptosomes, and hydrocortisone in vitro increases Km of [3H] GABA uptake by hypothalamus synaptosomes. PMID- 6659083 TI - [Qualitative and quantitative composition of protein fractions in the serum of rats based on the data of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis]. AB - The protein spectrum of rat blood serum was studied by disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The obtained proteinograms of the blood serum contained 16-18 protein fractions which were identified for haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin; the coefficient of mobility for albumin was also calculated for them. The rat blood serum proteinogram and the human blood serum proteinogram obtained under analogous conditions of electrophoresis are discussed for their peculiarities and similarity. PMID- 6659085 TI - [Methodological problems of the relation of thermodynamics and biology]. AB - Methodological problems are considered on the relation of thermodynamic principles in systems far from being equilibrium and processes of biological evolution. Attention is paid that these problems are sometimes erroneously interpreted from the standpoint of reducing biology to physics and chemistry. The analysis of the theories under study shows that they reveal concretely the dialectics of biology reducibility and irreducibility to physics and chemistry. A conclusion is made that the notion of "submission of lower forms of the matter to higher ones" which is insufficiently studied in dialectics may be revealed by means of notions of lower forms regulation and control by higher ones. PMID- 6659084 TI - [Distribution of free amino acids in the rat brain during ontogenesis]. AB - Distribution of free amino acids reserves in the brain tissues, nuclei and mitochondria of rats is studied in ontogenesis dynamics. It is established that the content of most amino acids in tissues and mitochondria increases by the 6 month age, lowers in the brain tissues and subcellular structures by the 12-month age, decreases in the tissues and nuclei and grows in mitochondria of old animals. The reasons of disbalance in distribution of the reserves of free amino acids are under discussion. PMID- 6659086 TI - [Iatrogenic injuries of the accessory nerve during lymph node biopsy in the posterior cervical triangle]. PMID- 6659087 TI - [Thyroid cancer. Assessment, surgical treatment and prognosis]. PMID- 6659088 TI - [Treatment of prurigo nodularis Hyde with thalidomide]. PMID- 6659089 TI - [Hysterosalpingography in sterility examination]. PMID- 6659090 TI - [Surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis of the humerus]. PMID- 6659091 TI - [Aplastic anemia]. PMID- 6659092 TI - [Infarction of a lipoma in the round ligament of the liver causing acute abdomen]. PMID- 6659093 TI - [Lead poisoning as differential diagnosis from angina pectoris]. PMID- 6659094 TI - [Metastasis from renal cell carcinoma to the gallbladder]. PMID- 6659095 TI - [Uterus didelphys with unilateral hematocolpos, hematometra, hematosalpinx, ipsilateral renal agenesis and contralateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis]. PMID- 6659096 TI - [Cardiotoxic effects of lithium]. PMID- 6659097 TI - [Interaction between disopyramide and pindolol after oral administration]. PMID- 6659099 TI - [Mammography as a routine examination in preoperative diagnosis]. PMID- 6659098 TI - [Breast diagnosis. The value of consecutive mammographies and extirpation of tumors in patients with breast symptoms]. PMID- 6659101 TI - [Vesico-ureteral reflux]. PMID- 6659100 TI - [Needle puncture and pneumocystography of palpable mammary cysts. A controlled study]. PMID- 6659103 TI - [Reflux nephropathy]. PMID- 6659102 TI - [Reflux nephropathy caused by vesico-ureteral reflux]. PMID- 6659104 TI - [Prolonged mild meningococcemia in children]. PMID- 6659105 TI - [Neonatal hydrocephalus diagnosed by ultrasound scanning]. PMID- 6659106 TI - [Occlusion of a main bronchus as a late sequel of traumatic rupture]. PMID- 6659107 TI - [What do we know about occupational sterility, abortion, and fetal abnormalities?]. PMID- 6659108 TI - [Informed consent. II. Legal aspects]. PMID- 6659109 TI - [The lupus band test]. PMID- 6659110 TI - [Immunological aspects of scabies]. PMID- 6659111 TI - [Urinary incontinence treated with colposuspension by the Burch method. A study with special reference to the effect on mixed stress and urge incontinence]. PMID- 6659112 TI - [Orthostatic tests assessed by examination of healthy 70-year-old subjects]. PMID- 6659113 TI - [A follow-up study of 167 patients after subtotal hysterectomy]. PMID- 6659114 TI - [Pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy combined with ventilation scintigraphy in suspected pulmonary embolism]. PMID- 6659115 TI - [Severe accidental hypothermia treated with hot air]. PMID- 6659116 TI - [Reduction of perceptive hearing following prolonged use of framycetin ear drops]. PMID- 6659117 TI - [Complete atrio-ventricular block in poisoning with mianserin (Tolvon)]. PMID- 6659118 TI - [Ileopectineal bursitis. The differential diagnosis of swelling of the groin]. PMID- 6659119 TI - [Carcinoma cuniculatum. A rare warty tumor of the skin erroneously diagnosed]. PMID- 6659120 TI - [What do we know about the occupational influence on vestibular function?]. PMID- 6659121 TI - [Children in a Christmas Seal Home. II. The immediate effect of a stay in a Christmas Seal Home]. PMID- 6659122 TI - [Prevention of kernicterus. Current methods of determining drug-induced bilirubin displacement]. PMID- 6659123 TI - [Post-traumatic scapholunate instability. A frequently overlooked injury of the wrist]. PMID- 6659124 TI - [Blockade of the lumbar plexus (3-in-1 block)]. PMID- 6659125 TI - [Primary cancer of the lung in patients with laryngeal cancer]. PMID- 6659126 TI - [Untreated Peyronie's disease]. PMID- 6659127 TI - [Breast cancer metastasizing to the uterus]. PMID- 6659128 TI - [Tuberous sclerosis with hamartoma in the kidneys, lymph glands and lungs]. PMID- 6659129 TI - [Torsion of the vermiform appendix. Decidual reaction as a contributory cause]. PMID- 6659130 TI - [Anesthesia. Principles, methods, and equipment in military medicine]. PMID- 6659131 TI - [Treatment of dog bites]. PMID- 6659132 TI - [Prolonged cholangiography in patients with reduced liver function]. PMID- 6659133 TI - [Osteogenesis imperfecta in Denmark]. PMID- 6659134 TI - [Hemoperfusion in severe barbiturate poisoning]. PMID- 6659135 TI - [Creatinine clearance and the diet]. PMID- 6659136 TI - [Malignant melanoma with secondary vitiligo]. PMID- 6659137 TI - [Secondary mania after brain injury]. PMID- 6659138 TI - [Paraplegia after operation of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. Ischemic injuries of the spinal medulla]. PMID- 6659139 TI - [Duplication of the stomach]. PMID- 6659140 TI - [Tubal rupture in a sterilized woman]. PMID- 6659141 TI - [Vaginal bleeding as the presenting symptom of adenocarcinoma of the kidney]. PMID- 6659143 TI - [Sterilization and nidation]. PMID- 6659142 TI - [Unilateral exophthalmos caused by spontaneous hemorrhage]. PMID- 6659144 TI - [Digoxin dosage]. PMID- 6659145 TI - [Sailors during the war: 40 years later. Psychological and social sequelae - a pilot study]. PMID- 6659146 TI - [The conditions for children and their parents in hospital. II. Parents admitted to a pediatric department]. PMID- 6659147 TI - [Delirium tremens. A follow-up study]. PMID- 6659148 TI - Direct visualization of unstained nucleic acids on a metal substrate. AB - Unstained DNA has been directly imaged for the first time on a metallic substrate. Reproducible, three-dimensional images of molecular morphology following aqueous deposition onto tungsten have been obtained. The images confirm the importance of reducing surface tension forces during drying. Preadsorption of poly-l-lysine seems to improve image quality although optimum conditions are quite different than those reported in the TEM literature for insulating substrates. Our results suggest that poly-l-lysine should be preadsorbed as a neutral molecule at high pH. Following adsorption, the pH should be reduced in order to establish a net positive surface charge density. The presence of positive charges on a tungsten surface helps to preserve DNA morphology following adsorption from aqueous solution. PMID- 6659149 TI - Elemental classification in multi-detector stem images using image analysis clustering techniques. AB - The multi-detector STEM images form a multi-dimensional measurement space where picture elements of morphologically distinct regions cluster and can be separated for classification using image processing clustering techniques. These images are highly correlated and improve the classification only at the high cost of adding dimensionality. Data reduction techniques which take the class separation into account can be used to compress the useful information carried by these images into a few components to which clustering techniques can be successfully applied. At high magnification, a slight displacement is sometimes observed, which can slightly impair the classification result. The redundancy of the information in the quadrant images suggests their use for phase retrieval - which, added to an energy loss data channel, may greatly improve the classification. PMID- 6659150 TI - Electron microscopic visualization of the sidechains of the poly-L-lysine alpha helix. PMID- 6659151 TI - [Testing the effect of acupuncture in accident patients using skin temperature measurements]. AB - Skin temperature was studied on a group of 54 patients suffering from accident traumas and 20 healthy probands during and after treatment. In all patients there was a very significant rise in skin temperature in the area of the lesion which persisted beyond the treatment period, and in some cases even increased. This effect was also observed to a lesser extent on the contralateral, untreated extremity. No change in skin temperature was observed in the healthy probands who were treated in the same manner. This leads to the conclusion that needle stimuli in the area of lesions have not only a local, hyperemic effect, but also demonstrate superregional actions; this is, however, dependent on the integrity of the organism. PMID- 6659152 TI - [Exact method for the measurement of the rotation of the humerus head in the shoulder joint using computed tomography]. AB - An exact method of measuring the degree of inward-and outward rotation in the humero-scapular joint is demonstrated. The advantage of the use of computed tomography as compared with the clinical method of measurement is the accurate differentiation of the mobility of the individual parts of the arm's mobile elements with respect to the trunk and the documentation of the result. For inward rotation we have measured a mean value of 38 degrees on the right side and of 37 degrees on the left; the corresponding values for outward rotation were 37 and 41 degrees. In eleven patients who had undergone Bankart's operation we found the outward rotation of the arm in the shoulder joint decreased to a mean value of 15 degrees. PMID- 6659153 TI - [Our corrective osteotomy for radius fractures healed in defective position at the typical spot]. AB - Authors give literary survey about correction possibilities of Colles fractures healed in failed position. In their paper the procedure of their clinic reviewed: with oscillating saw a wedge is removed from the radius on place of the failed fracture and so the normal angles of the radiocarpal joint can be restored. But at the same time the ulna must also be shortened with removal of a segment from the distal part. Both bones will be fixed laterally with ASIF semi-tubular plates. Results were evaluated with the McBride point system. From 23 cases 22 were available for follow up examination. 8 cases were "excellent", 13 "good", 1 "fair". There was no "bad" among the cases. Our favourable results support advantages of this method. PMID- 6659154 TI - [Experiences with the femur head prosthesis in femoral neck fractures]. AB - The clinical and radiological course of 117 patients with a femur head prosthesis and a medial fracture of the neck of the femur is reported. In 1981 the range of indications was extended, including now all types of fracture in the elderly except those fractures that are impacted or not dislocated. By the date of follow up in summer 1982 68 patients had died. In 29 of these mobilization had failed at all because of their bad general state of health, whereas 39 patients were able to walk from one month up to four years before they eventually died. Follow-up of the 49 patients that are alive showed that 24 can walk without any support, whereas 21 have to use a walking-stick or crutches. The remaining four patients are unable to walk because of old age debility. PMID- 6659155 TI - [Late results after conservative treatment of juvenile leg fractures]. AB - In 50 patients, who had had tibiofibular or isolated tibial fractures in childhood, we have done a clinical and radiological assessment after completion of growth. The length of both calves was compared exactly with orthoradiographic measurements. The length of the lower limbs was identical in 20 subjects and it differed by maximally two centimeters in 30 subjects, in twelve of which there was a residual deviation of the axis of five to nine degrees. From the comparison of the radiographs at the end of treatment and during the control examination it became clear that due to the continuing growth the axial deviations would decrease by maximally seven degrees in children under twelve whereas they would remain virtually constant after the age of twelve. Therefore axial deviations up to five degrees are acceptable in children under twelve years but they must be avoided after the age of twelve. Torsional dislocations must be corrected anyway. In children under twelve years lengthening occurs due to hyperemia of the epiphyseal junction. However, beyond twelve shortening of the fractured calf occurs. Therefore an initial shortening of maximally one centimeter is acceptable in children under twelve. But in older children the initial consolidation with an equal length of legs must be attempted in order to prevent a permanent difference in length after the completion of growth. PMID- 6659156 TI - [Treatment and results in malleolar fractures]. AB - The authors compared the therapy results of 100 conservatively treated malleolar fractures and 100 malleolar fractures operated upon with the therapy results of the malleolar fractures registered at the documentation centre of the A. O. (working association for osteosynthesis) in Bern. The comparison shows that after surgical treatment, the therapy periods are scarcely shorter than after conservative treatment, the therapy results, however, are significantly better. There is a smaller rate of complications and subjective troubles after surgical treatment. The results of clinical and X-ray check-up examinations were essentially better after surgical treatment than after conservative treatment. The ability of patients concerning their professional and private activities was less disturbed after surgical treatment. PMID- 6659157 TI - [Diagnosis of ligament injuries of the upper ankle joint]. AB - Solitary rupture of ligaments of the upper ankle mostly are caused by injury of supination, more seldom by injury of pronation. The anterior and posterior syndesmosis may be damaged by forced rotation of the foot, if the foot is fixed in 90 degrees or in dorsal extension. Diagnosis of rupture of the fibular ligaments bases on physical examination and is completed by x-ray examination: pressed x-ray pictures in two levels, whereby beside the angle between tibia and talus and beside the anterior displacement of foot the increasing distance between talus and the tip of the fibula is of special importance. It is given account of 390 own cases within one year. Damage of the deltoid ligament and the anterior and posterior syndesmosis is diagnosed by physical examination and pressed x-ray pictures respectively arthrography. The diagnosis of these injuries is the precondition for sufficient treatment. PMID- 6659158 TI - [Isolated luxation of the proximal tibio-fibular joint as a rare sports injury]. AB - The authors present three cases of the rare isolated luxation of the fibular head. Anatomy, injuring mechanism and classification are described. The diagnosis is established by clinical examination and comparative X-ray radiography. If a luxation is irresponsible under general anesthesia (two of our cases), open reposition has to be performed with subsequent temporary nail or screw fixation. A postoperative immobilization with plaster cast on the thigh over a period of six months is necessary. After removal of the plaster cast, the material must immediately be removed in order to avoid complications such as fatigue fractures of the material. If this therapy scheme is observed, surgical treatment can be performed without problems and good functional therapy results will be achieved. PMID- 6659159 TI - [Choice of suitable measurement procedures for stress roentgen images of the knee joint]. PMID- 6659160 TI - [Significance of the early diagnosis of zygomatic fractures]. PMID- 6659161 TI - [Impacted medial femoral neck fractures]. PMID- 6659162 TI - [Significance of circulatory disorders for the course of chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis]. PMID- 6659164 TI - [Results of treatment in epiphysiolysis of the distal forearm]. PMID- 6659163 TI - [Therapy of joint infection following interventions on the soft tissue of the knee joint]. PMID- 6659165 TI - [Roentgen-transparent bone levers for bone surgery]. PMID- 6659166 TI - [Bone regeneration following partial patellar resection]. PMID- 6659167 TI - [Surgical radiology]. PMID- 6659168 TI - [Nuclear medicine]. PMID- 6659169 TI - [Scanography: yesterday and today]. PMID- 6659171 TI - [Nuclear magnetic resonance: scanography of tomorrow]. PMID- 6659170 TI - [Gastrointestinal fiber-endoscopy or the extension of the eye and hand]. PMID- 6659172 TI - [Digital radiology]. PMID- 6659174 TI - [Arthroscopy and arthroscopic surgery]. PMID- 6659173 TI - [Role of electron microscopy in pinpointing a diagnosis]. PMID- 6659175 TI - [From ultrasound to transparent images of the body: current perspectives]. PMID- 6659177 TI - [Apropos of a case of hydatid cyst of the kidney]. PMID- 6659176 TI - [Reiter's syndrome in children]. PMID- 6659178 TI - [Amenorrhea. Part 1. Primary amenorrhea]. PMID- 6659179 TI - [Speed of action of fenfluramine on blood glucose levels]. PMID- 6659180 TI - Effect of experimental microvascular orchidopexy on testosterone secretion in the dog. AB - This study was undertaken to investigate the endocrine function of the testis that was autotransplanted by microvascular techniques in 10 healthy dogs. After a control period of 4 weeks, hemicastration was carried out, and 4 weeks later the experimental orchidopexy was done. Finally, the transplanted testis was removed after another 4 weeks. Peripheral blood testosterone levels were measured at weekly intervals during the control period, after hemicastration, after autotransplantation and after removal of the transplanted testis. 1 week before each operation, 500 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was given intravenously and the peripheral testosterone levels were determined after 2 and 24 h. During each operation a testicular venous blood sample was taken for testosterone measurements. No differences were found between the basal and HCG stimulated peripheral plasma levels of testosterone after the hemicastration and the orchidopexy in comparison with the values during the control period. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the testosterone levels in the testicular venous and peripheral plasma samples. It was concluded that microvascular anastomosis was successful in every case. PMID- 6659181 TI - [Ultrastructural study of the diseased and contralateral testes in unilateral testicular torsion]. AB - In 15 patients with acute unilateral testicular torsion, bilateral orchiopexy was performed and biopsies were made at the same time for the purpose of light microscopic (semi-thin section method) and electron-microscopic examination. All tissue specimens from the twisted and nontwisted gonads showed changes in the form of tubular atrophy, atrophy of the Leydig cells and malformation at the spermatid level. Nevertheless, it is not possible, on the basis of these findings, to determine definitely whether the disorders of spermatogenesis frequently found in unilateral testicular torsion are the result of congenital dysplasia or damage to the germinal epithelium caused by recurrent subtorsion. PMID- 6659182 TI - Vaginal cuff cutaneous ureterostomy as a model for split renal function study in dog. AB - To protect ureteral stoma from necrosis and stenosis in cutaneous ureterostomy, an autograft of the entire vaginal wall to the canine abdomen was investigated. The patency of the ureteral stoma was well preserved for the observation period with an average of 9.4 months in 20 of 29 dogs. A combination of unilateral vaginal cuff cutaneous ureterostomy with bladder urine collection for the contralateral kidney is a useful experimental model for split renal function study. The value of this model has been shown by clearance study using the separate urine obtained from each kidney. PMID- 6659183 TI - Determination of the contractility of children's bladders from isometric contractions. AB - A new method of determining the contractility of the urinary bladder was applied to children. The method consists in the calculation of the force-velocity relation of the detrusor muscle from isometric contractions. These were measured by urodynamic equipment connected to a remote computer via a telephone line. The resulting force and velocity parameters are satisfactorily reproducible. The velocity parameter is comparable to that given by the stop test, a more direct but in practice more complicated method of assessing contractility. We found that boys' bladders can generate more force and higher contraction velocities than girls', and confirmed that obstructed bladders can generate more force than unobstructed ones. Some differences in the parameters found in enuretic children, and between stable and unstable bladders, are also discussed. PMID- 6659184 TI - Normalization of hypercalcaemia of primary hyperparathyroidism by treatment with methallenestril, a synthetic oestrogen with low oestrogenicity. AB - The oestrogenic compound methallenestril has a relatively low oestrogenicity but a marked growth-inhibiting property in experimental studies. Methallenestril was administered in a dose of 6 mg daily to 6 postmenopausal women with hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) for periods between 5 and 24 weeks. In all the patients, serum calcium was normalized during treatment, presumably due to a reduction of bone resorption since fasting urinary calcium and urinary hydroxyproline excretion were lowered as well. This pilot study indicates that certain oestrogenic compounds with high potencies for growth inhibition but with low oestrogenic properties might be worth further investigation in the medical management of primary HPT. PMID- 6659185 TI - Renal cell carcinoma associated with renal artery aneurysm. Report of two cases. AB - 2 cases of renal cell carcinoma associated with macroaneurysm of the renal artery are described. The association between these two lesions seems to be highly unusual, and its pathogenetic, diagnostic and surgical implications are discussed. PMID- 6659186 TI - Bilateral renal adenocarcinoma. AB - In a case of bilateral renal adenocarcinoma, simultaneous removal of one kidney and partial nephrectomy on the other side proved to be successful. A review of the literature revealed that the method can be recommended as the 5-year survival rate reaches 77.8%, while nonsurgical treatment and asynchronous surgery have a poor outcome. Other surgical methods, such as bilateral nephrectomy and kidney transplantation, or bench-surgery are less feasible. Whether two primary tumors are present or one tumor with a solitary metastasis in the other kidney remains as yet unsolved. PMID- 6659187 TI - [Surgical treatment of nephroptosis in children]. PMID- 6659188 TI - [Kidney function disorders in children with retention-obstructive processes in the urinary tract]. PMID- 6659189 TI - [Hydronephrotic transformation and nephro-ureterolithiasis in children]. PMID- 6659190 TI - [Surgical treatment of vesicovaginal fistulas]. PMID- 6659191 TI - [Vesicointestinal fistulas]. PMID- 6659192 TI - [Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of vesiculitis]. PMID- 6659193 TI - [Intrarenal calicopyelotomy and kidney resection in coralliform nephrolithiasis]. PMID- 6659194 TI - [Pathogenesis of nephrolithiasis in women]. PMID- 6659195 TI - [Polymer composition for embolization of the blood vessels]. PMID- 6659196 TI - [Embolization of the renal artery in kidney cancer]. PMID- 6659198 TI - [Nephrectomy and diseases of the contralateral kidney]. PMID- 6659197 TI - [Transfemoral endovascular obliteration of the testicular vein in the treatment of varicocele]. PMID- 6659199 TI - [Approaches to the treatment of amyloidosis]. PMID- 6659200 TI - [Various problems in pediatric urology]. PMID- 6659201 TI - Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis in patients with normal renal function. AB - In order to define the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography (US) in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis, 125 patients with normal renal function were examined after urography using high-resolution real-time scanning. The overall diagnostic accuracy of US in detecting hydronephrosis was 85.2%, with a specificity of 84.4% and a sensitivity of 89.9%. It is concluded that US may be considered the screening test of choice for the diagnosis of hydronephrosis. However, urography is still required for the evaluation of renal function, site, and nature of the obstruction when US shows a dilated collecting system and in the patient with a normal US but renal colic. PMID- 6659202 TI - Abnormal renal sinus: sonography patterns of multilocular parapelvic cysts. AB - Sonographic examinations of 17 patients revealed 21 kidneys with anechoic sonolucent areas within the renal sinus. Computerized tomography was obtained in 3 patients and the mass effects were proven to be multilocular parapelvic cysts. These parapelvic cysts simulated renal sinus lipomatosis. PMID- 6659203 TI - Partial ablation of the kidney by intraarterial ethanol in domestic swine. AB - Partial renal ablation was produced in 15/17 swine kidneys after segmental intraarterial injection of 1-2 ml of 95% ethanol. Complications were seen in 3 kidneys, including reflux of ethanol into nontarget vessels with subsequent total infarction of 2 kidneys, and the development of hydronephrosis in 1 kidney. Strictly selective catheterization and a very slow injection of ethanol are essential to avoid complications. This technique may find clinical application and the possible indications are discussed. PMID- 6659204 TI - Lymphography and computed tomography in staging nonseminomatous testicular cancer: limited detection of early stage metastatic disease. AB - The efficacy of lymphography and computed tomography (CT) in staging nonseminomatous testicular cancer was analyzed in 41 patients. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in 30 patients with early tumor stage revealed 56% sensitivity, 90% specificity, and 80% overall accuracy for lymphography; CT was less accurate (44% sensitivity, 81% specificity, 70% overall accuracy). The presence of advanced disease in 11 patients was depicted equally by lymphography and CT, but CT better demonstrated the anatomic extent of the metastases. CT is valuable for discriminating between advanced and early tumor stages; the similar inaccuracy of lymphography in early disease militates against its routine and complementary use; retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy then remains the only accurate staging modality. PMID- 6659205 TI - Opacification of the gallbladder following intravenous contrast injection in patients with normal renal function. AB - Gallbladder opacification from vicarious excretion of urographic contrast agents may indicate decreased renal function. Doses of contrast material greater than 12.5 g, however, provide enough iodine for visualization of the gallbladder in patients whose renal function is normal. Gallbladder opacification following the administration of urographic contrast material when renal function is normal has no pathologic significance. PMID- 6659206 TI - Pitfalls related to the urinary bladder in pelvic sonography: a review. AB - A number of pitfalls related to the urinary bladder may be encountered during ultrasound examination of the pelvis. Examples of particularly difficult or frequently encountered situations are illustrated in this report. In our experience, difficulties most commonly arise from incorrect identification of the urinary bladder, with an abnormal cystic pelvic mass simulating the normal urinary bladder, or vice versa. In addition, confusing appearances may be caused by urine refluxed into the vagina, technical artifacts, bladder diverticula, or mobile pelvic masses displaced by the bladder. Definitive bladder identification is useful to avoid errors in situations likely to be associated with bladder related pitfalls. PMID- 6659207 TI - Treatment of priapism by transcatheter embolization of internal pudendal arteries. AB - Priapism can be successfully treated by unilateral or bilateral percutaneous transcatheter occlusion of the internal pudendal arteries. Occlusion should be reversible in order to avoid impotence. Embolization with autologous clot satisfies this requirement because of the clot lysis and consequent vessel recanalization. Three cases are extensively described which demonstrate the feasibility of the method and the ability to preserve sexual potency. The rationale for using interventional angiography in priapism is also discussed. PMID- 6659208 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis: case report emphasizing sonographic and CT appearance. AB - The sonographic and CT appearance of squamous cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis is described. Clinical presentation, pathology, and radiologic diagnosis of this rare urothelial tumor are discussed. The sonographic or CT appearance may suggest this diagnosis preoperatively. PMID- 6659209 TI - Condylomata acuminata: diagnosis and follow-up by retrograde urethrography. AB - Intraurethral Condylomata acuminata can present as a serious problem. Prior to endoscopy, retrograde urethrography can help in diagnosing and determining the extent of the disease. PMID- 6659211 TI - Short course netilmicin prophylaxis in renal stone surgery. AB - Following surgery for the removal of intrarenal calculi 30% of patients will develop severe wound complications. This study assesses the role of a short course of netilmicin given over the operative period, in 20 consecutive patients. Preoperative studies demonstrated that whilst 20% of patients had bacterial growth in the urine, culture of the removed calculus demonstrated that 50% of the stones exhibited a significant bacterial growth. Of the 20 patients, only one developed a wound complication. Following the preoperative dose, satisfactory netilmicin levels were obtained and no patient had levels greater than 1 microgram ml-1 by 7 h. Despite some degree of renal impairment, serum urea and creatinine values were unaffected. PMID- 6659210 TI - Experimental induction of crystalluria in rats using mini-osmotic pumps. AB - Crystalluria was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by implanting potassium oxalate-containing mini-osmotic pumps. Urine of all experimental animals had abundant crystals of calcium oxalate, hydroxypatite, struvite, and calcium phosphate. These crystals were similar in morphology to the crystals found in human crystalluria. Histological examination of kidneys and tissue samples from other organs revealed no abnormality. One group of animals was injected with sodium oxalate in addition to implantation of potassium-oxalate-containing mini osmotic pumps. Bladder urine from these animals contained calcium oxalate microstones and their kidneys had deposits of calcium oxalate crystals. PMID- 6659212 TI - A prospective study of the development of hypertension and renal stone disease in subjects with increased blood urate. AB - The results of a prospective study of the development of hypertension and renal stone disease in subjects with increased blood urate are reported and compared with matched controls. None of the 14 patients on Allopurinol developed a renal stone but one untreated control did. For male patients there was a significant difference (p less than 0.01) in diastolic blood pressure between the 2 groups over the 5-year study period, with treated patients having higher blood pressures than untreated controls. This suggests that Allopurinol has had no effect on lowering diastolic blood pressure. Long-term therapy with Allopurinol was effective in reducing mean blood urate levels. It is suggested that blood urate levels are more relevant in predicting renal stone formation and of less value in assessing the therapy and prognosis in hypertension. PMID- 6659213 TI - Evaluation of cytostatic drug concentrations in the kidney, bladder wall, and prostate by means of the diffusion chamber technique in dogs. AB - The usefulness of a diffusion chamber model for measurement of concentrations of cytostatics in the interstitial fluid of tissues was tested. Chambers (pore size of the membranes: 0.45 mcm) were implanted in the kidney, bladder wall, and prostate of dogs. The concentrations after application of Doxorubicin hydrochloride (2 mg/kg body wt.) and high doses of Methotrexate (100 mg/kg body wt.) were measured simultaneously and continuously in serum and in the above organs. The investigations showed that knowledge of the plasma level alone does not permit a prediction of the concentrations in the organs to be made. The diffusion chamber technique proved itself to be relatively simple to perform, economical, and it provides reproducible values. PMID- 6659214 TI - Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and prostatic acid phosphatase in serum of prostatic cancer patients. AB - Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and prostatic acid phosphatase were both detected by radioimmunoassay in the sera of a male population (age greater than 45 years) consulting the clinic for urological problems or check-up on treatment. Increased concentrations of TPA were associated mostly with advanced stages of prostatic carcinomas, parallel to PAP. Some enhanced TPA concentrations were detected with haematuria and adenomas of the prostate. PMID- 6659215 TI - Immediate effects of continuous beta-irradiation to the kidneys. AB - Renal response to irradiation was examined over the course of 24 h in an animal preparation of continuous renal irradiation. Continuous beta-irradiation to the renal parenchyma was carried out in C57Bl6 mice by application to the surface of both kidneys of a 32P-impregnated anion exchange resin yielding an initial beta surface dose of approximately 30 cGy/min and approximately 2.3 cGy/min at a 2 mm depth. This technique proved easily reproducible and highly effective in causing immediate renal damage. In a kinetic study, the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values of 5 week old mice exposed to continuous renal irradiation rose significantly (2 h: 21 +/- 4; 4 h: 33 +/- 4; 6 h: 42 +/- 5; 16 h: 65 +/- 8; and 24 h: 62 +/- 5 mg%) while that of sham-operated animals (provided with a nonradioactive resin) remained below 17 mg% throughout the entire observation period. When mice of various ages were exposed to continuous renal irradiation over a 16 h period, the functional changes were shown to be inversely correlated with the age of the animals (BUN at 5 week: 65 +/- 8; 8 week: 51 +/- 6; and 11 week: 20 +/- 2 mg%). Thus, our results indicate that continuous beta-irradiation to the kidneys promptly causes severe age-related renal functional deficits. This novel approach may offer an alternative to the current methods of investigation of radiation induced renal damage. PMID- 6659216 TI - Clinical features of urachal carcinoma in Japan: review of 157 patients. AB - Carcinoma of the urachus is not as uncommon as previously considered. 157 cases diagnosed to have urachal carcinoma collected from the Japanese literature were reviewed and the findings were compared with those reported in the English literature. The incidence of the disease ranges from 0.55 to 1.2% of bladder tumours in Japan in contrast with 0.07 to 0.70% in the Western countries. Males accounted for 72% of the patients. The highest age incidence occurred between fifth and sixth decades. The commonest presenting symptom was haematuria (71%). Adenocarcinoma accounted for 88% of the tumours most being mucous producing. Various treatment modalities were used, however, and the prognosis remained uniformly poor. An analysis of 66 patients with known outcome revealed an overall 5-year survival rate of 6%. The authors conclude that the disease tends to have a relatively higher incidence in Japan (Far East). When comparing the parameters of sex, age, presenting symptom, histopathology, treatment and prognosis, urachal carcinoma appears to have the same characteristics in the Far East as in Western countries. PMID- 6659217 TI - Experimental bladder hyperreflexia in pigs. AB - Bladder hyperreflexia was induced experimentally in pigs. As compared to controls 9 out of 10 obstructed pigs developed hyperreflexia. The hyperreflexia was reversible by relief of the obstruction in all cases. No controls developed hyperreflexia within the observation period. It is concluded that obstruction as a single factor can provoke detrusor hyperreflexia. The model is proposed for further morphological and pharmacological studies. PMID- 6659218 TI - Experimental varicocoele in the rat - a new experimental model. II. Effect on impregnating ability. AB - In this paper the impregnating ability of rats in whom a varicocoele was induced according to principles described in a previous work was assessed. The animals, 20 adult male Wistar rats, were subdivided into 4 groups and treated as follows. In Group 1 a varicocoele was produced by partial ligature of the iliac vein proximal to the entry of the testicular vein. Group 2: same as Group 1 but incomplete ligature. In Group 3 an anterior transposition of the common iliac artery to the vein was carried out. In Group 4 a small side-to-side fistula between the common iliac artery and vein was created. The impregnating ability was evaluated by caging each operated animal with two fertile female rats. Only two animals, one belonging to Group 1 the other to Group 2, were unable to impregnate their partners. PMID- 6659219 TI - Renal papillary morphology in adults. AB - Renal papillary morphology and distribution have been analysed endoscopically in 50 adult autopsy kidneys. Concave papillae of the refluxing type were found with greater frequency in the adult kidneys than had been reported by others in children. A further type of calyx lacking a true papilla, not previously described in children, was occasionally observed. It therefore seems doubtful that all pyelonephritic scars detected at autopsy in adult kidneys have arisen during infancy. Further studies will be required to elucidate the role of papillary morphology in the pathogenesis of adult pyelonephritis. PMID- 6659220 TI - The pressure volume relationship of the renal pelvis in total obstruction in pigs. AB - The renal pelvic pressure/volume relationship was investigated in 8 pigs with a 10-week total unilateral obstruction. The pressure in the totally obstructed pelves was significantly increased to a mean value of 44 cm H2O (30.5-64). After emptying, the renal pelves were refilled continuously at a rate of 8 cc per minute to a maximal pressure of 80 cm H2O. The relationship between pressure and volume showed a cystometric configuration. Capacity at the maximal pressure varied from 32 to 167 ml. The difference in capacity was not related to differences in the pelvic wall connective tissue fraction or the wall thickness. Neither was any relation between resting pressure and capacity found. The investigation demonstrates that total supposedly uniform obstructions exhibit a broad variation in compliance. The broad variation in compliance might be an important factor in the pathogenesis of progression in hydronephrosis. PMID- 6659221 TI - Peristalsis of the pyeloureter in pigs measured by videodensitometry. AB - The peristaltic activity of the upper urinary tract was investigated by means of a simple videodensitometric system. Through a transparenchymally placed catheter contrast medium was infused into the renal pelvis with perfusion rates increasing from 1 to 15 ml/min. Sequences of 3-5 min were recorded by means of a Siemens image amplifier on videotape for later analysis. Photodiodes were placed on the screen over the calyces, renal pelvis and ureter at a distance of 5 cm. An amplifying system and a UV recorder were used for registration. Peristaltic frequency, transmission velocity and average bolus volume were measurable in 8 out of 10 pyeloureteral units. Additionally, calyceal activity was detectable in one case. The tracings obtained by videodensitometry were reproducible and easy to analyse. Conversion of videorecordings to analogue signals for analysis might be a possible future clinical diagnostic method. PMID- 6659222 TI - Analysis of the anticholinergic and musculotropic effects of desmethylimipramine on the rabbit urinary bladder. AB - The anticholinergic and musculotropic relaxant properties of desmethylimipramine (DMI) on smooth muscle were investigated utilizing cholinergic radioligand receptor binding and in-vitro muscle bath techniques. Receptor binding studies revealed the direct antimuscarinic potency of DMI to be 1/480th that of atropine. Muscle bath studies characterized discrete antimuscarinic and musculotropic actions. An initial, competitive antimuscarinic action could be separated from a delayed onset, noncompetitive musculotropic action by altering the time between the addition of DMI and the addition of bethanechol to the smooth muscle bath. PMID- 6659223 TI - Keyhole-limpet haemocyanin (KLH) immunotherapy of murine transitional cell carcinoma. AB - The antigenicity of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder has stimulated the search for effective immunotherapeutic agents in the treatment of this disease. Non-specific immunotherapy with local (intravesical/intralesional) and systemic Keyhole Limpet Haemocyanin (KLH) in a FANFT induced murine bladder tumor model was studied. Results showed no difference between control or treated groups in either tumor growth or animal survival. PMID- 6659224 TI - A, B, O(H) blood group antigen distribution in normal skin and squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. AB - The distribution of A, B, O(H) blood group antigens was studied in paraffin sections of 4 and 11 specimens, respectively, of normal skin and squamous cell carcinoma of the penis using specific red cell adherence (SRCA) test. In the normal skin of the penis the antigens appeared on the uppermost cornifying layers, while basal and malpighian layers were devoid of antigens. In squamous cell carcinoma of the penis the antigens were either absent or confined only to the epithelial pearl formations. Each of the 4 normal skins and 3 of the 11 carcinomas were antigen positive. As the blood group antigens were frequently absent in patients with carcinoma of the penis regardless of the tumor grade and stage as well as patient's condition, they lack the power to discriminate invasive potential. PMID- 6659225 TI - Renal cadmium content in the West of Scotland. AB - The trace element content of kidneys has been documented in very few international centres. Significant differences can be demonstrated between the cortical and medullary levels of calcium, zinc and cadmium. For the West of Scotland the values for the latter are similar to those found in Scandinavia. There are significantly higher cadmium contents in subjects who smoke and who have evidence of ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 6659227 TI - Natural and pollution caused fish kills in Kansas during 1979-1980. PMID- 6659226 TI - Familial cystinuria in Ioannina District (Greece). Diagnosis and treatment. AB - The "Urocystin Test" has been used as a screening procedure for the diagnosis of the incidence of cystinuria in Ioannina District (Northwest Greece). From the 210 investigated urine samples, eight were positive and four of them were also L cystine stone formers. All positive cases belong to two cystinuric families. The pedigree in village "Kato-Lapsista" is a genetic type of a "completely recessive cystinuria" while the other one in "Marmara" is the type of an "incompletely recessive cystinuria". All patients with L-cystine urolithiasis, except one child, were treated with the drug Thiola. PMID- 6659228 TI - [Sinusotrabeculectomy in glaucoma with and without pseudoexfoliation]. PMID- 6659229 TI - [Results of the intraocular correction of aphakia following the removal of traumatic cataracts in children]. PMID- 6659230 TI - [Working experience with the Soviet-made UZKh-F-04-0 ultrasonic ophthalmological apparatus in the surgical treatment of cataract in children]. PMID- 6659231 TI - [Surgical treatment of cataract in Sabouraud's syndrome]. PMID- 6659232 TI - [Simple aspiration and irrigation device for the extracapsular extraction of a cataract]. PMID- 6659233 TI - [Computerized tomography in the diagnosis of space-occupying processes of the orbit]. PMID- 6659234 TI - [Surgical correction of the ophthalmological complications in patients with traumatic deformities of the zygomatico-orbital area]. PMID- 6659235 TI - [Method of preventing ptosis and repositioning of the prolapsed vitreous body during intraocular operations]. PMID- 6659236 TI - [Diagnostic value of 75Se-methionine in studying eye tumors]. PMID- 6659237 TI - [Television biomicroscopy in studying conjunctival microvascular reactions to vasoactive substances]. PMID- 6659238 TI - [15 years' experience of using prisms in treating strabismus]. PMID- 6659239 TI - [Dynamic refraction in binocular vision]. PMID- 6659240 TI - [Analysis of the ocular pulse in studying eye hemodynamics in primary open-angle glaucoma]. PMID- 6659241 TI - [Oculomotor muscle function in concomitant strabismus studied by electromyography]. PMID- 6659242 TI - [Accessible pleoptic method in amblyopia with any visual fixation in children]. PMID- 6659243 TI - [Erythrocyte and thrombocyte aggregation disorders in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and the potentials of disaggregation therapy]. PMID- 6659244 TI - [Hemorrhages into the retina in newborn infants]. PMID- 6659245 TI - [New devices for the x-ray pinpointing of intraocular foreign bodies]. PMID- 6659247 TI - [Ascariasis of the orbit]. PMID- 6659246 TI - [Eye changes in lead poisoning]. PMID- 6659248 TI - [Case of congenital external fistula of the tear sac]. PMID- 6659249 TI - [2 cases of eye lesions from lightning]. PMID- 6659250 TI - [Eye hemodynamic function in patients with preglaucoma and initial open-angle glaucoma]. PMID- 6659251 TI - [Role of static perimetry in assessing the dynamics of the glaucoma after laser intervention]. PMID- 6659252 TI - [Tinnitus in chronic otitis media]. PMID- 6659253 TI - [Possibilities of impedance tests in perforative otitis media]. PMID- 6659254 TI - [Reflexotherapy and its use in patients with cochlear neuritis]. PMID- 6659255 TI - [Nystagmus reaction in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media from the data of an aerocaloric test]. PMID- 6659256 TI - [Changes in the cavernous bodies of the nasal cavities in hypertrophic rhinitis]. PMID- 6659257 TI - [Vascular-tissue permeability and serum immunoglobulin levels in patients with chronic tonsillitis]. PMID- 6659258 TI - [Socio-vocational rehabilitation of patients with laryngeal cancer subjected to current methods of treatment]. PMID- 6659259 TI - [Changes in the levels of seromucoids and their fractions in patients with laryngeal cancer after different methods of treatment]. PMID- 6659260 TI - [Vocal nodules: diagnosis, clinical manifestations and treatment]. PMID- 6659261 TI - [Combined effect of propolis and different antibiotics on Staphylococci]. PMID- 6659262 TI - [Keloid formations of the external ear]. PMID- 6659263 TI - [Gastro-esophageal reflux esophagitis in infants]. AB - On the basis of their clinical experience the authors consider the main cause of gastro-esophageal reflux-esophagitis in children up to three months of age to be dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system against the background of underdeveloped zone of cardia. Maximum conservative treatment is recommended and a complex of pathogenetic therapeutic measures is proposed. The remote results confirm the rightness of the tactics proposed. PMID- 6659264 TI - [Electroacupuncture and laser puncture in postoperative and post-traumatic contractures in children and adolescents]. AB - An analysis of clinical observations of 62 children enabled the author to recommend analgesia by electropuncture and laserpuncture to be used in the system of rehabilitative measures. PMID- 6659265 TI - [Immunotherapy in the complex treatment of acute suppurative diseases of soft tissues and the hand under ambulatory conditions]. AB - On the basis of clinical experiences with the surgical treatment of 145 patients the authors recommend using active immunization with staphylococcal anatoxin after operation. It is found to shorten the time of treatment. PMID- 6659266 TI - [Needle reflexotherapy in surgical diseases of the musculoskeletal system of the upper limbs]. PMID- 6659267 TI - [Effect of droperidol on the functional state of the lesser circulation in patients with pulmonary hypertension]. AB - The investigation of indices of hemodynamics of the small circle of blood circulation and the level of catecholamines in 34 patients at the main stages of closed mitral commissurotomy has shown that in pronounced pulmonary hypertension worse indices of hemodynamics of the small circle of blood circulation could be prevented by administration of droperidol. It is followed by a relatively stable content of serotonin, histamin, adrenalin and noradrenalin without any disturbance of gas exchange in the lungs. PMID- 6659268 TI - [Conduction anesthesia in operations on the limbs]. AB - Conduction anesthesia with 1-2% solution of trimekain or novokain with a vasoconstrictor was used in 142 operations on the upper and lower extremities. The technique of blockade of nerve trunks of the upper and lower extremities is described. Good results of the anesthesia were obtained. There were only two complications, no lethal outcomes. PMID- 6659269 TI - [Preoperative evaluation of the circulatory system in patients with morbid obesity]. AB - Results of the assessment of the contractive function of the myocardium, external ventilation and arterial blood oxygenation in patients with morbid obesity of the III-IV stages are presented. The main factor responsible for the state of the myocardium function of the left ventricle is shown to be the degree of blood arterialization. Patients with reduced functional reserves of the myocardium should be given special attention in performing general anesthesia and in the nearest postoperative period. PMID- 6659271 TI - [Guided puncture biopsy in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases]. PMID- 6659270 TI - [Perforation of the ileum in hemorrhagic vasculitis]. PMID- 6659272 TI - [Treatment of acute lung abscesses using interstitial electrophoresis]. PMID- 6659273 TI - [Automatic surgical angiography]. PMID- 6659274 TI - [Expediency of preventive examination of the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract]. AB - Gastroscopic examination of 528 practically healthy people showed that every fifth person aged from 41 to 60 and every third one older than 60 had a focal pathology of the stomach such as cancer, polyps, errosion, ulcer etc. Prophylactic gastroscopy is shown to be necessary in people aged over 45. PMID- 6659275 TI - [Rate of gastric emptying after vagotomy in duodenal ulcer]. AB - An analysis of results of studying the rate of emptying the stomach in 103 patients with duodenal ulcer has shown that evacuation was considerably quicker in patients in the vertical position than in those in horizontal position. It was slower in patients with subcompensated or decompensated stenosis. After vagotomy the emptying of the stomach took less time. In patients with a recurrent ulcer slower evacuation was noted but with the narrowing of the pyloroduodenal canal. PMID- 6659276 TI - [Acid-forming function of the stomach in duodenal ulcer after vagotomy]. AB - Under analysis was the dynamics of pH-metry indices in patients with the ulcer disease of the duodenum in different terms after vagotomy. The continuous decompensated acid formation of high intensity has been established to be typical for this localization of ulcer. At the early terms after vagotomy it had a considerably decreased intensity. The maximally inhibited gastric secretion was observed within 3-5 months after vagotomy. PMID- 6659277 TI - [Indications for emergency operations in profuse peptic ulcer hemorrhage]. AB - Lethality from ulcerous hemorrhages is analyzed at periods with different surgical activity. The attraction of active surgical tactics allowed to reduce lethality among the operated patients from 19% (1958-1962) to 2,4% (1968-1982). PMID- 6659278 TI - [Determination of the viability of the intestine with the use of angiotensometry and pulsomotorography]. AB - Intramural angiotensometry and pulsomotorography were used for determining the vital ability of ischemic intestine in experiment and in clinic. They are shown to be expedient in intestinal obstruction, incarcerated hernias and resection of the bowel. Intramural pulse waves registered by pulsomotorography proved to be reliable criteria in cases with doubtful vital ability of the bowel. Changes in motor activity of ischemic portions of the intestine were proved not to show the degree of its vital ability. PMID- 6659279 TI - [Selection of the time of operation in acute cholecystitis]. AB - An experience with the treatment of 760 patients enabled the authors to recommend the early operative treatment only for irreversible (gangrenous and perforative) forms of cholecystitis. Multiple cutaneous electrothermometry, counting the electrocyte index of intoxication and urgent laparoscopy are considered to be helpful for the timely diagnosis of the disease. PMID- 6659280 TI - [Diagnostic value of cutaneous electrothermometry and leukocyte index of intoxication in acute cholecystitis]. AB - An analysis of results of studying skin electrothermometry in 112 patients and determining the leukocyte index of intoxication in 86 patients has shown that these examinations allow differentiating the forms of acute cholecystitis (destructive and nondestructive) and timely recognizing the developing purulent complications in the postoperative period. PMID- 6659281 TI - [Immediate results of choledochotomy in cholelithiasis, and its complications]. AB - An analysis of immediate results of the operative treatment of 186 patients (choledochoduodenoanastomosis - in 86 patients, tight suture of the common bile duct - in 94 patients, external drainage of the hepatocholedocus - in 4 patients, papillosphincterotomy - in 2 patients) showed them to have no substantial difference in using choledochoduodenoanastomosis and tight suture of the common bile duct. PMID- 6659282 TI - [Rheohepatography in acute intestinal obstruction]. AB - Rheohepatographic examinations of 48 patients operated upon for strangulative intestine obstruction and experiments in 62 dogs have shown substantial disturbance of the hepatic blood circulation with the reduced volume blood flow. Measures promoting normalization of homeostatic, porto-hepatic blood circulation protecting the liver from harmful factors are recommended for the treatment of acute intestinal obstruction. PMID- 6659283 TI - [Ultrasonic cavitation in the treatment of lactation suppurative mastitis]. AB - Clinical assessment of the efficiency of the method of ultrasound cavitation in the liquid medium of tomicid has shown a pronounced antibacterial effect in addition to stimulation of reparative-regenerating processes as compared with traditional methods of treatment. The proposed method allowed wide use of secondary sutures. It resulted in two-times shortening the treatment of the patients at the hospital. PMID- 6659284 TI - [Surgical treatment of atherosclerotic occlusion of the femoral, popliteal and tibial arteries]. AB - An analysis of results of the treatment of 182 patients with atherosclerotic occlusions of femoral, popliteal and tibial bones has shown the necessity of an individual approach to choosing the method of restorative operation on the vessels. More favourable remote results were obtained after autovenous shunting "in situ" and by the method of vein reversion. PMID- 6659285 TI - [Diagnosis of disorders of lymph flow in restricted edema of the lower limbs]. AB - The direct "inferior" lymphography of the medial superficial collector was used for the examination of 45 patients with posttraumatic edemas of lower extremities. The cause of them was shown to be not only a trauma of major collectors but also multiple injuries of smaller lymph vessels, the stabilization of the process and reduced edema being developed at the expense of organization of the lateral lymph flow by branching the lymph vessels of the collector inferior to the blockade level, and in its certain portions by anastomoses between the sources of smaller vessels falling into different segments of the main pathway. PMID- 6659286 TI - [Hyperparathyroidism in old age]. PMID- 6659287 TI - [Direct double contrast of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts]. PMID- 6659288 TI - [Spontaneous rupture of the intrahepatic bile ducts as a cause of biliary peritonitis]. PMID- 6659289 TI - [Crohn disease in emergency surgery]. PMID- 6659290 TI - [Immunoglobulin and cation protein levels in patients with acute appendicitis]. PMID- 6659291 TI - [Primary seminoma of the anterior mediastinum]. PMID- 6659292 TI - [Left-sided hernia of Bogdalek's fissure]. PMID- 6659293 TI - [Invagination of the small intestine into the interintestinal anastomosis]. PMID- 6659294 TI - [Treatment of acute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery]. PMID- 6659295 TI - [Restoration of blood circulation in the inferior mesenteric artery after reconstructive operations on the superior mesenteric and celiac arteries]. PMID- 6659296 TI - [Post-traumatic disease]. AB - On the basis of an analysis of the many-years clinical examinations of patients with severe mechanical traumas the author suggests that the trauma disease be recognized as a special nosological unit including four different periods in its course, each of them requiring appropriate methods of treatment. PMID- 6659297 TI - [Clinico-pathophysiological aspects of post-traumatic disease]. AB - On the basis of the many-years clinico-physiological investigations the authors substantiate the idea of the trauma disease, its forms and periods of its development. PMID- 6659298 TI - [Surgical treatment of gunshot wounds of the chest]. AB - On the basis of their experience with the treatment of such patients the authors describe modern principles of the treatment of penetrating wounds of the breast with special reference to indications for thoracotomy, treatment of lung contusion, posttraumatic empyema of the pleura. PMID- 6659299 TI - [Effect of periarterial sympathectomy and decompensation of the celiac trunk on gastric secretion in the abdominal pain syndrome]. AB - The gastric secretion was investigated after periarterial sympathectomy and decompression of the celiac trunk in 50 patients. It was shown that basal and stimulated secretion was persistently increased in cases with intact structure of the celiac plexus, while in cases with degenerative changes with fibrosis of the ganglia and conductors the gastric secretion was not found to significantly change. The data obtained should be taken into consideration when operating upon the celiac artery and celiac plexus. PMID- 6659300 TI - [Characteristics of mineralization of bone tissue and regional blood flow in fractures of the crural bones]. PMID- 6659301 TI - [Microlaparotomy in the diagnosis of abdominal injuries associated with cranio cerebral trauma in children]. AB - Microlaparotomy with a "seeking catheter" is recommended by the authors to be used for timely diagnosis of injuries of the abdominal cavity. The recommendation is made on the basis of the experience with diagnosing and treatment of 155 children with associated traumas of the abdomen and skull. PMID- 6659302 TI - Molybdenum concentrations in equine serum. PMID- 6659303 TI - NADPH-diaphorase used to estimate alterations in the toxic rapeseed oil syndrome. AB - The evaluation of NADPH-diaphorase in the post-mitochondrial fraction of rat liver has been shown a sensitive method to estimate alterations of microsomal oxidase systems in acute and chronic intoxications. It is also useful to demonstrate the interaction of drugs with barbiturates, which normally induce this enzyme. To study the biochemical liver damage which may occur in the toxic rapeseed oil syndrome, we measured NADPH-diaphorase in the post-mitochondrial fraction of rats given oral doses of toxic rapeseed oil (1 ml/day for 6 days), or oleil or linoleil anilide (10 mg/kg for 6 days). One-half the rats were sacrificed at the end of the dosing period and the other half were killed 4 weeks later. In both circumstances one-half the rats were treated with 2 doses of 80 mg phenobarbital/kg. NADPH-diaphorase was strongly inhibited by toxic oil and fatty acid anilides (72-93%). Phenobarbital induction was completely depressed. Enzyme activity remained depressed after a 4-week latency period. PMID- 6659304 TI - Serum biochemical effects of fluoride on cattle in the Darmous area. AB - The effects of chronic fluorosis on serum biochemical parameters of cattle in the Darmous area of Morocco were studied in 50 animals. Increases in potassium, urea, gamma-globulins, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase were observed, whereas calcium, total proteins and albumin were lowered. Such disturbances draw attention towards kidney, liver and mineral metabolism and have to be taken into account to improve the management of cattle herds in areas of chronic fluorosis. PMID- 6659305 TI - Phenol toxicity in a dog. AB - A case of mild phenol toxicity resulting from percutaneous absorption in a dog is reported. The clinical signs observed were transient and included anorexia, excessive salivation, muscular twitching and skin lesions which persisted. Following treatment, the skin lesions healed in 7 days. PMID- 6659306 TI - The vasoactive potential of halostachine, an alkaloid of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae, Schreb) in cattle. PMID- 6659307 TI - Evaluation of the EMIT-st serum ethyl alcohol assay in toxicology. AB - An evaluation of the EMIT-st serum alcohol assay is reported. Although the assay was developed as a qualitative procedure, the day-to-day precision of the test with respect to the differences in absorbance (delta A) was evaluated, in order to establish its applicability for quantitative analyses. The mean values +/- SD (n = 10) for the delta A of the positive control and the cutoff calibrator were 146 +/- 14 (CV = 9.6%) and 57 +/- 5 (CV = 8.8%) respectively. The detection limit of the assay was 0.3 mg/ml ethanol. A series of spiked serum samples with ethanol concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 4.0 mg/ml was analyzed in triplicate by EMIT-st and by gas chromatography. Qualitatively, the correlation between these two methods was nearly 100 percent. For the EMIT-st assay, the response was only linear between 0.3 and 2.0 mg/ml ethanol. Concentrations higher than 2.0 mg/ml showed no pronounced difference in absorbance measurements. Serum samples (n = 54) of people involved in automobile driver alcohol blood checks were analyzed by EMIT-st and the results were compared to the corresponding gas chromatographic data. In the range up to 2.0 mg/ml ethanol, a linear regression curve was calculated with a slope of 76.7, a y-intercept of 36.4, and a correlation coefficient of 0.79. Spiked serum samples at concentrations of the calibrator and the positive control as provided by Syva appeared to be identical in delta A response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6659309 TI - Report of Poison Control Center, Japan September 1, 1981 to August 31, 1983. PMID- 6659310 TI - The FDA's poison control case report category summary. Top 10 for calendar years '79, '80, '81. PMID- 6659308 TI - Toxicity of an insect repellent: N-N-diethyltoluamide. PMID- 6659311 TI - Inducement of cytopathic changes and plaque formation by porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. AB - ESK cells were shown to be a good medium for propagating the 67N strain of porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, although no cytopathic effect was observed. The virus induced a readily recognizable cytopathic effect in ESK cells, when a noncytotoxic amount of diethylaminoethyl-dextran (DEAE-dextran) was incorporated in the culture medium. Based on this finding, a sensitive, practical assay method for the virus was developed. When DEAE-dextran was incorporated in the agar overlay medium, 67N virus formed plaques in ESK cell monolayers. The cytopathic effect as well as the plaque formation were specifically inhibited by antisera against the virus. Neutralization tests were developed on the basis of these findings. Neutralization and haemagglutination-inhibition tests on swine serum samples indicated a wide dissemination of haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus or antigenically-related viruses in Japanese pigs. PMID- 6659312 TI - Physical and biological properties of Nairobi sheep disease virus. AB - Thermal and pH stability of Nairobi sheep disease (NSD) virus were studied. The 180th mouse brain passage lost infectivity at a higher rate than "wild" virus at 4 degrees C. At 37 degrees C and neutral pH, "wild" virus again was more stable than cell culture and mouse brain attenuated strains with half-life periods of 104, 87 and 51 min, respectively. At 0 degrees C the cell culture attenuated virus was most stable at pH 7.4 with an estimated half-life of 164 h. The density of the virus in sucrose gradients came to 1.195 g cm -3. Metabolic growth inhibition studies using a halogenated nucleoside, and staining of RNase and DNase-treated infected cell cultures with acridine orange, indicated that NSD virus has a single stranded RNA genome. The growth of the cell culture adapted virus was assayed in monolayers of BHK21/13 cells at low multiplicity of infection. Cell-associated virus (CAV) was first detected at 6 h post-inoculation (PI). The titre increased rapidly until CPE appeared at 48 h and declined after 72 h PI. Cell-free virus (CFV) was first detected at 10 h PI. The titre of CFV increased up to 72 h, but on average was two log units less than the CAV titre. PMID- 6659313 TI - Electron microscopic studies of the interaction between ovine alveolar macrophages and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae in vitro. AB - The interaction between Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and ovine alveolar macrophages with and without the addition of antibody was observed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae organisms had the ability to attach to the plasma membrane of macrophages without inducing phagocytosis although they stimulated mitotic division in early cultured cells. The addition of specific antibody to mycoplasma--macrophage cultures stimulated phagocytosis of the organisms. Macrophages stimulated by antibody showed rapid and extensive spreading on the coverslip and their plasma membrane exhibited prominent ruffling. Many openings and fine cytoplasmic pits were also evident. With transmission electron microscopy numerous micro-organisms were seen within phagocytic vacuoles two hours after the addition of antibody. PMID- 6659314 TI - Isolation of Pasteurella haemolytica and correlation with serum antibody response in clinically normal beef calves. AB - Bacteria from the nasal cavity and trachea were cultured, and serum antibody titers determined for Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 in 164 beef calves obtained from a closed herd on range pasture. At the first sampling, P. haemolytica serotype 1 was cultured from 16.4% of the calves. Antibody titers were determined by a quantitative fluorimetric method and the mean titer was 9.5 +/- 5.8. Fifty-seven randomly selected calves were used to study the correlation of serum antibody response and positive culture of P. haemolytica under natural conditions. Clinical signs of respiratory disease were not observed in those calves. During the observation periods, there was a two-fold increase in the percentage of calves that were culture positive. There was no significant difference between mean serum antibody titers or frequency distribution of antibody titers from the two samplings. Comparisons between serum antibody titers, rise in titers, and P. haemolytica isolation failed to reveal any significant correlation. Of the 9 calves that had a decline in antibody titer to P. haemolytica, none was culture positive. Seroconversion to respiratory viruses did not correlate with P. haemolytica related variables. PMID- 6659315 TI - [Malignant transformation of chronic stomach ulcer]. PMID- 6659316 TI - [Gastrotrast--a radiocontrast medium for emergency x-ray examinations of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum]. PMID- 6659317 TI - [Radiographic and differential diagnosis of malignant duodenal tumors]. PMID- 6659319 TI - [Transcutaneous transhepatic cholangiography using a thin needle]. PMID- 6659318 TI - [Discrepancies between the results of cholegraphy and radioscintigraphy in evaluating the state of the extrahepatic bile ducts]. PMID- 6659320 TI - [Combined radiodiagnosis of chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 6659321 TI - [Radiographic picture of the stomach in patients with chronic pancreatitis and malignant pancreatic tumor]. PMID- 6659322 TI - [Clinical evaluation of irrigoscopic findings in nonspecific ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 6659323 TI - [Large-frame xeroradiography of the stomach]. PMID- 6659324 TI - [The role of a method of one-step double contrasting in the diagnosis of colonic cancer]. PMID- 6659326 TI - [Differential x-ray diagnosis of draining pararectal cysts and rectal fistulas]. PMID- 6659325 TI - [Clinico-radiologic findings after resection of the mesenteric regions of the colon]. PMID- 6659327 TI - [Changes in the lungs in primary biliary liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6659328 TI - [Roentgenoradiologic evaluation of the hemodynamics in patients with complete atrioventricular block]. PMID- 6659329 TI - [Radiation exposure in a roentgenodiagnostic department]. PMID- 6659331 TI - [A trocar for diagnostic pneumoperitoneum]. PMID- 6659330 TI - [Roentgenodiagnosis of liver abscess]. PMID- 6659332 TI - Comparison of the immunogenic effects of covalent-bonded immune complexes in mice and sheep. AB - Covalent antigen-antibody complexes containing the protein antigen ovo transferrin primed both mice and sheep to give an enhanced antibody response to a subsequent single injection of soluble ovo-transferrin. Complexes prepared using horse, sheep or rabbit antibody had a priming effect in mice, although rabbit antibody-antigen complexes were the most effective. In sheep, only rabbit antibody-antigen complexes significantly enhanced antibody levels. PMID- 6659333 TI - The antibody-containing cell response in hepatic and intestinal lymph following intraperitoneal and intravenous administration of antigen in different adjuvants. AB - A comparison was made of the antibody-containing cell (ACC) response in hepatic and intestinal lymph of sheep following intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) or the bland vegetable oil preparation, adjuvant 65. There was a substantial ACC response in intestinal lymph following intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin in either FCA or FIA. Responses were essentially similar in magnitude and for both adjuvants ACC were distributed mainly among the IgGl, IgA and IgM immunoglobulin classes. In contrast, there was a negligible ACC response in intestinal lymph following injection of antigen in adjuvant 65. The output of ACC in hepatic lymph and the immunoglobulin class distribution of the ACC following intraperitoneal injection of antigen in either FCA or FIA were similar and results were specificity comprising 32% of ACC at the peak of the response. In contrast to results for intestinal lymph, injection of antigen in IgGl- and IgM-specific cells in hepatic lymph. The ACC response was much smaller in magnitude than with the Freund's adjuvants. Intravenous injection of ovalbumin in FIA or adjuvant 65 gave rise to substantial ACC responses in hepatic lymph which contrasted with the barely detectable response in intestinal lymph. Following intravenous administration the great majority of ACC in hepatic lymph were of the IgM class irrespective of adjuvant used although ACC of the IgA class made a transitory appearance. PMID- 6659334 TI - Feline complement dependent binding in the Raji cell assay is insufficient for the quantitation of immune complexes. AB - A comparison was made of the binding of radiolabeled heat aggregated cat immunoglobulin G (125I-ACG) to Raji cells using normal or heat-inactivated cat or human serum. The binding with normal or heated cat serum, as well as heated human serum were essentially identical. The binding using normal human serum was 2.5- to 3-fold greater than observed with heated human serum. These results suggest that feline complement associated with 125I-ACG does not bind to Raji cells via complement receptors, but only by receptors for the Fc portion of IgG. Human serum and 125I-ACG can bind to both Fc and complement receptors on Raji cells. PMID- 6659335 TI - Hemolytic complement measurement in eleven species of nonhuman primates. AB - A microtiter system was used to measure hemolytic complement levels in serum from eleven nonhuman primate species. The species studied were Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque), Macaca radiata (bonnet macaque), Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaque), Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque), Macaca speciosa (stumptailed macaque), Papio cynocephalus (yellow baboon), Papio anubis (olive baboon), Cercopithecus aethiops (African green monkey), Aotus trivirgatus (owl monkey), Ateles fusceps robustus (spider monkey), and Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis (thick-tailed galago). The optimal hemolytic complement titer of the various nonhuman primate species was found to vary with different species sources of erythrocytes and anti-erythrocyte reagents used in the assay. No single erythrocyte and anti-erythrocyte test reagent produced optimal titers for all of the primate species examined. Sera from several species was found to have high spontaneous lytic activity towards non-sensitized sheep erythrocytes which for six species (M. mulatta, M. radiata, M. speciosa, P. cynocephalus, P. anubis and A. trivirgatus) was equal to the titer for antibody sensitized erythrocytes. Evidence of alternate pathway complement activation as a possible reason for the high titer of lytic activity towards unsensitized erythrocytes could not be demonstrated for any nonhuman primate species. In one species, M. mulatta, the sensitizing activity of normal serum for sheep erythrocytes was shown to be in the IgM containing fraction obtained with gel filtration and to be absorbed by boiled sheep erythrocyte stroma which contains Forssman antigen. PMID- 6659336 TI - In vitro function of canine neutrophils during experimental inflammatory disease. AB - The effect of acute inflammation on neutrophil function in the dog was studied by measuring in vitro phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Phagocytosis was not impaired after 30 or 60 minutes and bactericidal activity was not impaired after 60 minutes incubation. However, average bactericidal activity after 30 minutes incubation was diminished significantly (P less than 0.01). Wide variations in bactericidal activity after 30 minutes incubation during the course of the inflammation did not correlate with neutrophil count, number of toxic neutrophils, or clinical course of the inflammation. These results indicate that a defect in bactericidal activity can occur in dogs with severe inflammatory disease, and that repeated assays, rather than single determinations, may be needed to detect this dysfunction. PMID- 6659338 TI - Isolation of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes by density gradient centrifugation. AB - A method for the isolation of an enriched population (greater than 95%) of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) was developed using density gradient centrifugation. Leukocytes were isolated from peripheral blood by centrifugation in a density gradient medium (Percoll) of specific gravity 1.092. Viability was greater than or equal to 95% and the isolated PMNs were functional in migration inhibition and chemiluminescence assays. This has proved to be a simple effective method for obtaining bovine PMNs and yields cell populations that can be utilized for a variety of measures of PMN function. PMID- 6659337 TI - Comparison of analysis of bovine surface immunoglobulin bearing and peanut agglutinin binding lymphocytes by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. AB - Bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined for their binding to anti immunoglobulin serum, peanut agglutinin, and mu, alpha, and epsilon heavy chain specific antisera by immunofluorescence. The percentage of total lymphocytes with positive staining was determined independently by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The correlation of data from both methods was best for analysis of total surface immunoglobulin and IgM bearing cells. The percentage of lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin (B cells) was determined using both whole antiserum and a F(ab')2 reagent. Quantitation by flow cytometry did not show a significant difference when the two reagents were used, whereas fluorescence microscopy revealed a significant difference (p less than .05). The mean percent of total surface immunoglobulin bearing cells was 30 +/- 3% by either method. Flow cytometry gave significantly larger values than fluorescence microscopy for samples stained with fluorescein conjugated peanut agglutinin. Peanut agglutinin binding cells comprised 70 +/- 3% by flow cytometry and 51 +/- 3% by fluorescence microscopy. Similarly, there was a significant difference between both methods when IgA bearing lymphocytes were examined. Percentages of immunoglobulin E, A, and M bearing lymphocytes as well as total B and T cells in spleen and bronchial lymph node were determined by immunofluorescence using the cytofluorograph. Peanut agglutinin binding cells were less numerous in spleen and lymph node than in peripheral blood. Immunoglobulin E bearing lymphocytes increased from 0.07% in peripheral blood to 4% in spleen and 1.9% in lymph node. In this paper we demonstrate how flow cytometry can be used to examine a large number of samples in a rapid and reproducible manner. This is the first report in which bovine lymphocytes bearing surface IgE are quantitated. PMID- 6659339 TI - Immunoglobulin class response to canine distemper virus in gnotobiotic dogs. AB - Serial serum samples from 27 gnotobiotic dogs infected with R252-canine distemper virus (CDV) were tested for anti-viral IgG, IgM and IgA immunoglobulins using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were compared retrospectively to clinicopathological course of disease and to previously reported patterns of complement-fixing and virus neutralizing antibody titers determined in these same sera. Virus-specific IgA was never detected in the sera. High levels of IgG correlated with recovery from disease, whereas the antiviral IgM levels were equivalent in both persistently infected animals and those animals which recovered from disease. The inability to sustain a significant antiviral antibody response in either IgM or IgG classes was characteristic of dogs with fatal encephalitis. The data suggests that IgG is the most important Ig class for recovery from disease. PMID- 6659340 TI - [Effect of ultra low temperatures on the acrosomal proteins of bull and ram spermatozoa]. AB - Tested was the effect in vitro of ultra low temperatures on the activity of the acrosomal enzymes--acrosine and acid phosphatase--in the spermatozoa of bulls and rams. The use of spectrophotometric and electrophoretic methods demonstrated the presence of certain differences in the electrophoretic profile of the studied enzymes so far as spermatozoa of bulls and rams were concerned. Besides, acrosine and acid phosphatase in the acrosomal extracts from ram spermatozoa showed higher lability in treatment with ultra low temperatures as compared to bull spermatozoa. This led to higher losses with regard to some biologic properties of ram spermatozoa following the use of a technology of deep-freezing of semen. PMID- 6659341 TI - [Activity and molecular forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent malate dehydrogenase in bull spermatozoa]. AB - Investigations were carried out on the activity and the isoenzyme composition of the NAD- and NADP-dependent malatedehydrogenase in the soluble and sedimental proteins of bull spermatozoa. It was found that the activity of the NAD-dependent malatedehydrogenase was higher than the activity of the NADP-dependent one both in the soluble and in the sedimental proteins. The difference in the activity was spectrophotometrically and electrophoretically demonstrated. PMID- 6659342 TI - [Comparative studies of amoxicillin resorption and distribution in poultry]. AB - Comparative experiments were carried out to test the resorption and retention of amoxicillin-trihydrate, ampicillin-trihydrate and amopen-powder Pharmachim drug formula (containing 5 per cent amoxicillin-trihydrate) following a single oral application to chickens and wild ducks. Higher was the resorption of amoxicillin as a trihydrate in comparison to ampicillin as trihydrate (it provides concentrations twice as high in the blood of chickens). The ducks were found to utilize amoxicillin as trihydrate in a similar manner, however, they excrete it more rapidly. The distribution of the preparation was determined in the viscera of chickens treated with amoxicillin via the feed at the rate of 20.0 /kg feed in the course of six days. It was found that amoxicillin was retained in therapeutic concentrations in the liver, kidneys, lungs, and muscles, and in lower concentrations in the spleen and heart. It was established that the brain also contained negligible amounts of the preparation. The tissue concentrations did not surpass the serum ones. PMID- 6659343 TI - [Case of a leiomyoma in the uterus and cervix of a sheep]. AB - Morphologic studies were carried out on the genital organs (uterus, cervix, oviducts, and ovaries) of a 3-year-old sterile sheep. A gross lesion was found in the region of the uterine bifurcation, consisting of a tumor-like formation of a 3 cm dia, pale gray cross-section surface, and elastic to hard consistence. Histologically, proliferation was seen of the smooth-muscle cells in various directions within the uterus and cervix. It was demonstrated to be a primary leiomyoma, originating from the myometrium. Its gross and microscopic appearance resembled the leiomyomas found in the remaining parts of the body of other mammals and man. The endometrium presented desquamation of the protective epithelium, necrobiosis of the uterine glands, activation of the local cell elements, and oedema of the stroma. There were persisting corpora lutea, atretic follicles, and sclerotic changes in the ovaries. No changes were found in the oviducts. PMID- 6659344 TI - [Resistance of different breeds of laying poultry to Marek's disease virus]. AB - Investigated were a total of 447 two-day-old chicks of lines 5-A, ia-73' ll and lS of the Leghorn breed divided into 2 groups: controls--99 males and females, and test ones--348 infected at the age of 2 days via intraabdominal injection with 0.4 cm3 heparinized blood each, containing 5000 PFU per dose of the Marek's disease virus (CT-1 isolate). Both linear and sexual variations were found in the resistance of the birds. Most resistant proved to be the 5-A chicks of both sexes, and most susceptible--those of the lS line. No essential differences were observed in the response of the initial lines of broiler birds and the lines of laying birds raised in this country at the intraabdominal infection with the same virus. It was established that the birds of lines 5-A and 6-E of the Canadian Leghorn breed were close in terms of resistance with the birds of lines 66 and 77 of the Cornish breed, while those of the Leghorn lines ll and lS were resembling by resistance the birds of lines 88 and 89 of the White Plymouth Rock broilers which were more susceptible to Marek's disease. It is stated that the cockerels and poults of the ia-73 synthetic line, newly developed in this country, show essentially varying resistance most probably associated with insufficient consolidation. PMID- 6659345 TI - [Single-cell bacterial protein in the mixed feeds for early weaned piglets]. AB - An experiment was carried out with a total of 21 hybrid Camborough pigs divided into three groups--group I, controls; group II, with 4 per cent of single-cell protein in the feed; and group III, with 8 per cent of such protein in the feed. The rations were balanced in terms of the basic feedstuffs. The pigs were kept under observation up to the age of 90 days. Three animals were periodically killed each time for investigation. Studied was the content of the total thiamine in the liver and the incorporation of the labelled 35s-thiamine in the jejunum. A histologic examination was also carried out of the jejunal mucosa and the liver. It was established that the inclusion of single-cell bacterial protein into the ration produced a positive effect on the total thiamine content of the liver. The group that was offered 8 per cent of this protein source showed reduced level of 35s-thiamine incorporation in the jejunum. Histologically, there were shortening and thickening of the intestinal villi along with signs of protein dystrophy in the liver epithelial cells in the case of animals given single-cell bacterial protein with the feed. PMID- 6659346 TI - [Isolation of adenoviruses from calves with bronchopneumonia]. AB - The virologic investigation of clinical and pathological material from calves affected with a respiratory disease at the age of 30 days to 10 months on 16 infected stock-breeding farms led to the isolation of two virus strains (D-117 and Ch-216) on primary cell cultures of fetal calf kidney from the nasal discharge of two 8-month-old calves. By their cytopathic changes, physico chemical properties and the presence of a group-specific antigen they were said to belong to the adenovirus family. The results of the cross virus-neutralization test pointed to the assumption that they had to be referred to the bovine adenovirus type 1. Discussed is the problem concerning the participation and the importance of individual types of adenoviruses in the acute respiratory enzootics of grown-up calves. PMID- 6659347 TI - [Clinical, cytological and microbiological studies of the MMA syndrome]. AB - Clinical, cytological, and microbiological investigations were carried out of a total of 793 sows in the course of 10 days after farrowing. It was found that the MMA syndrome was manifested in the first days following farrowing with higher temperature, changes in the genital organs with a purulent discharge from the first to the third day, and lesions in the mammary gland with inflammatory processes or decrease in the milk secretion. The cell content of milk of the diseased sows was higher. The microbiologic study of uterine, vaginal, and milk secretion led to the isolation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as mixed infections and other bacteria as causative agents of MMA. PMID- 6659348 TI - [Clinical aspects, pathomorphology and histokinetics in experimental Eimeria acervulina infection in chickens]. AB - Experiments were carried out with birds experimentally infected with Eimeria acervulina. It was found that this causative agent was responsible for catarrhal to hemorrhagic enteritis, however, the feces did not contain blood despite their becoming watery. In the duodenum it was shown to accomplish schizogony three times: the first schizogony took place up to the 72nd hour, the second one--up to the 120th hour, and the third one--up to the 168 th hour. On the other hand, gametogony started at the 168 th hr. Most severe lesions in the mucosa were found on the 7th-8th day following infection. They coincided in time with the third generation of schizonts and the gametogony. The alteration processes in the mucous membrane affected the villi to a larger extent than the propria mucosae. Villi regeneration proceeded from the 9 th to the 12 th day. The prepatent period lasted 144 hours. Macrophages were not found to carry the sporozoites to the glands. Dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in the viscera predominated over the proliferation processes, and this made it reasonable to believe that the basic moment in the pathogenesis of the disease was the mechanical destruction of the epithelial cells of the villi as well as the adsorption of toxic products from the decomposition of the necrotic cell mass in the intestinal lumen. Eimeria acervulina was said to produce pathogenic, but not lethal effects. PMID- 6659349 TI - [Action of sodium sulfachlorpyrazine (ESB3) on the endogenous development of Eimeria tenella in the experimental infestation of chickens]. AB - Studies were carried out on the action of sulfachlorpyrisine-Na (ESB3) on the endogenic development of Eimeria tenella in the case of experimental infection in birds. Most sensitive to the preparation were the endogenic forms between the 48 h and the 72 nd following the act of infection. Given to birds on the day of infection and 24 hours later it produced no harmful effect on the further endogenic development of E. tenella. When the preparation was applied at the 72 nd hour it led to the degeneration of most of the II generation schizonts and inhibited their further development. As a result no oocysts were found in the feces of birds up to the 10 th-11 th day after infection. When applied at the 92 nd and the 120 th hour sulfachlorpyrisine-Na interfered with the development of the already finite forms of gametogony without concurrent degenerative effects. PMID- 6659350 TI - [Toxicological studies of a combination of technical tylosin phosphate with bentonite (farmazin TB)]. AB - Studied were both the acute and subchronic toxicity of technical tylosine phosphate (TP), produced at the Research Chemical and Pharmaceutical Institute, Sofia, used in combination with bentonite, known as Pharmasine TB. Pharmasine TB was practically untoxic for albino mice and birds at oral application. Neither toxic nor lethal effects were observed after giving it once, twice, and three times at a 2-hour interval at rates of 5 and 10 g per kg body mass. Calves and pigs also showed very good tolerance for the preparation at oral application. At prolonged application via the feed (30 days) in amounts of 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 per cent (equal to 100, resp., 300 and 500 ppm with regard to tylosine in active matter) Pharmasine TB was shown to stimulate the weight gain on the basis of the better utilization of feed, having no unfavourable effect on the appetite, behaviour, clinical and biochemical composition of blood, and the morphologic structure of the viscera in pigs. Used in the same way with birds at the rates of 3, 5, and 10 per cent (equal to 450, resp., 750 and 1500 ppm with regard to tylosine in active matter) for a time period of 60 days the preparation did not lead to deviations in terms of the most clinical and morphological indices, however, it inhibited the weight gain by 3.2 to 8.1 per cent. According to the authors, this was due incomplete biologic value of the medicated feeds and their improper utilization because of the introduction of rather greater amounts of bentonite with Pharmasine TB. PMID- 6659351 TI - [Biological and biochemical studies of the sperm and blood serum of rams with degraded sperm production]. AB - Experiments were carried out with 27 rams with impaired semen production, belonging to SIBT (11), Hampshire (5), Il-de-France (11) quality indices being tested in 80 ejaculates and in as many samples of blood serum. The semen was investigated in terms of ejaculate volume and motility and concentration of spermatozoa. The pathologic forms observed were classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary. Besides, the content was investigated of citric acid, fructose, and protein polymorphism of semen plasma and blood serum. It was found that ram semen of low spermatozoa motility the percent of abnormal forms was essentially high, and deteriorated semen production was associated with higher citric acid content. The level of the individual protein fractions in the semen plasma and the blood serum in test rams varied within a wide range, and was not related to the quality of their semen production. PMID- 6659352 TI - [Linear discriminant analysis in the diagnosis of metabolic diseases in cows]. AB - Studied were a total of 480 high-producing cows to determine the signs of highest information value by which the animals could be divided into groups of normal ones and such of animals presenting various metabolic disturbances: osteomalacia, ketosis, and liver dystrophia. Used were as many as 25 qualitative signs as established through the anamnesis and the clinical and paraclinical investigations. It was found that by means of 8 of these signs only (age, erythrocytes, blood sugar, vitamin A, carotene, total protein, total bilirubin in the blood serum, and pH of the urine), employing a linear discriminant function formed with them one could properly diagnose the disease condition of 83 per cent of all investigated animals. It was also established that the increase on the number of signs to form the linear discriminant function did not lead to an essential change in the preciseness of diagnosis. PMID- 6659354 TI - [Populations of harmful rodents on commercial swine-breeding farms and their effect on the technology of swine feeding]. AB - The effect was studied of the swine-feeding technology in five industrial complexes on the population density of the harmful rodents in them. This made it necessary to estimate the population density of the rodents in each productional section of the swine-breeding complexes, and to work out their technologic characteristic on the nutrition principle. It was established that the population density of rodents correlated positively with their access to feeds. In sections where rated, mechanical, and protected feeding was prectised the number of rodents were considerably lower than in sections with unrated feeding of pigs. It is believed that the rat invasion of the buildings in the industrial swine breeding complexes is a factor that contributes to the rise of populations of harmful rodents, while the vast access to feeds is of greater importance chiefly for their further development. PMID- 6659353 TI - [Dynamics of paraclinical indices in nitrate poisoning in sheep]. AB - Studies were carried out on some paraclinical indices of the blood with sheep in the case of experimental nitrate intoxication. The animals were divided into five groups and were offered nitrates at the rates of 0.4, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.0 per cent of the dry matter in the ration. The feed given to group V was obtained in a natural way (through the overrate dressing of maize with nitrogen fertilizers), while that given to the remaining groups was prepared by adding nitrates in the corn mash. The blood of the test animals was sampled on the 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, and 75th day to assess the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts and the level of hemoglobin, methemoglobin, blood sugar, carotene, vitamin A, nitrates and nitrites. The leukocyte count was found to drop, and the erythrocyte one -- to rise. Rose also the level of hemoglobin in the sheep of group V. The level of methemoglobin rose proportionally to the increased amount of nitrates swallowed, and the blood sugar was increased with the increase of methemoglobin. Carotene and vitamin A levels dropped, and nitrates rose. No changes were found in the level of nitrites. PMID- 6659355 TI - [Trial of a comparative analysis of methods for determining the population density of the black rat]. AB - Studied was the link between the three most commonly applied methods of the deratization practice, aiming to determine the population density of rodents -- the visual method, the untoxic baits method, and the 24-hour/trap method. The three of them were practically tested and approbated in the conditions of an industrial swine-breeding complex, resp., in various productional sections. Data processing was carried out statistically through the methods of the nonparametric and the correlation analysis and the analysis of variance. It was found that the 24-hour/trap method gave the most minimal quantitative characteristics of the rodent population density, while the method making use of untoxic baits was shown to offer the most highly reproducible results. The differences between the average density values obtained by the three methods were essential. On the other hand, the discrepancies in the character of the link between the results obtained with the use of these methods were probably due to the variations in the activity of rodents. This, in turn, was associated with the use of various technologies in the individual sections, the various forms of rodent activity itself as recorded by each single one of the methods, and the varying density in these sections. PMID- 6659356 TI - [17 beta-estradiol and progesterone content of the blood plasma, colostrum, amniotic fluid and placenta of cows]. AB - A study was carried out to shed light on the mode of action and the quantitative interrelationships between the levels of 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone in the blood plasma, colostrum, and amniotic fluid. The idea was to elucidate more fully the question on the role played by colostrum as a stimulant with regard to the polycyclic functions in farm animals. The evaluation of both agents was performed with the aid of KIT (IRC Sorin Torino). Radioimmunologic results showed that there was positive correlation with the levels of 17 beta-estradiol in the plasma, colostrum, and amniotic fluid of cows that spontaneously rejected their placenta up to the second hour after calving. PMID- 6659357 TI - [Hygienic microbiological studies of a dried egg mixture]. AB - A study on the production of powdered egg melange has been carried out according to the modern principles and the methodology of the hygiene-and-microbiological standardization of food products. It has been established that by microbiologic indices the produce of powdered eggs corresponds to the normative documents, however, some key technologic and hygiene factors are disclosed that affect its microbial flora. Data makes it reasonable to actualize the microbiologic standards provided for in the standardization documents, introduce new microbiologic control indices, and optimize the technologic process and the hygiene regime of producing and storing the product. PMID- 6659358 TI - [Experiments with embryo transplantation in cattle in Bulgaria]. AB - Summarized are the results of the first attempts to transplant embryos in cattle in this country over the 1979-1982 period. An average of 6.4 ovulations have been obtained by the induction of superovulation in 48 donor heifers with the use of gonadotropic preparations (Gestyl, Anteron, Folligon) in the middle of the luteal phase at dose of 2000-2500 IU as well as with prostaglandine preparations (Estrumate, Oestrophan) injected 48 hours later. Surgical and nonsurgical methods were employed to recover a total of 78 ova (25 per cent of those that ovulated). Sixty-one (78 per cent) of them were fertilized. Forty-seven (77 per cent) of these were classified as suitable for transplantation. The surgical transplantation of 46 embryos at the age of 7 days (either morula or blastocyst) in 30 synchronized recipient heifers resulted in 9 cases of pregnancy. Three calves were live born. PMID- 6659359 TI - [Preservation of ram seminal fluid in different diluents]. AB - Studied was the conformation of the protein macromolecules with the dilution of ram semen to a various extent, using three yolk diluents -- gkh18, zhgts, and Zlatno rouno. Studied was also the effect of some yolk extenders used in this country's practice on some qualitative indices of ram semen under storing conditions. It was found that following dilution with the media cited above various conformational changes of the proteins take place with the semen of rams. The different rates of dilution had no effect on the primary motility of spermatozoa. Statistically significant was the difference in favour of the gkh18 diluent in so far as the heat resistance of spermatozoa was concerned. Most effective dilution (in terms of retaining the motility of spermatozoa at storing) proved 1 + 3, followed by 1 + 5 with the use of gkh18, and 1 + 1 with zhgts and Zlatno rouno. gkh18 was shown to produce a varying blocking effect on motility of spermatozoa. All results concerning the conformation of protein macromolecules, quality indices, and particularly the resistance to heat in evaluating the storing capacity of semen showed that the cumulation of more proteins of higher electrophoretic mobility in III group developed more favourable conditions in preserving the vitality of spermatozoa at storage. PMID- 6659360 TI - [Chemical composition of the most frequently encountered Black Sea algae and a trial of their biological activity on the laying capacity of hens]. AB - It has been found through chemical analysis that the Black Sea algae Cystozeira barbata, Ulva lactuca, and Zostera nona contain considerable amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, carotene, vitamin E, Ca, Fe, and Mg. Supplements of algal meal in the ration mixtures for laying chickens has raised the egg laying capacity of the birds. Besides, the eggs were of higher weight and contained more Ca in their shells. The yolks contained higher amounts of carotene and vitamins (A and E). PMID- 6659361 TI - [Clinico-epizootiological and pathomorphological studies of "marble spleen" disease in pheasants]. AB - Described are the clinical and epizootiological aspects and the morphological lesions in pheasants affected with the marble spleen disease at its first outbreaks. The disease was found to run a peracute course with a 100 per cent lethal effect. Mortality rate reached 5.6 per cent, the male birds being affected much more rarely than the female ones -- up to 1.8 per cent. The spleen is invariably enlarged two to four times, with marble appearance due to the numerous gray-whitish nodules. Histologically, there were necroses with the abundant deposition of achromatic amyloid. The reticular cells presented large numbers of intranuclear inclusion bodies, mainly of two types -- large eosinophilic ones, filling the whole nucleus, and smaller ones of basophilic reaction, surrounded by a pale halo and located in the center of the nucleus. In the lungs there were strongly manifested oedema and hyperemia, and more rarely -- necrotic foci with the deposition of amyloid. The liver and kidneys presented degenerative lesions of a varying intensity, and there were also intranuclear bodies in the reticulo endothelial cells. Amyloid was also found in the glomerules. PMID- 6659363 TI - [Ecological monitoring in agro-ecological systems]. AB - The fundamental principles of the ecologic monitoring in the antropogenic ecosystems are dealt with. Analyzed are the structure and function of the agroecologic systems, and, on the basis of the particular aspects established a concept is developed of the ecologic control at autoecologic and biocoenologic level. An analysis is likewise made of the ecologic sequelae resulting from the chemical war launched by the American aggressors in Vietnam and the specific trends therefrom in the substantiation of the ecologic monitoring. Stated is the necessity of profound investigations to establish the bioaccumulation of dioxine, a poisonous agent which was contained in herbicides and defoliants used in the war, and which was distinguished by exclusively high toxicity, producing teratogenic and cancerogenic effects and possessing high resistance in the environment. PMID- 6659362 TI - [Inhibition of NDV reproduction with antibodies against its F protein]. AB - Obtained were the JgG and Fab fragments from a monovalent serum against the F protein of the Newcastle disease virus. Both the JgG and the Fab fragment inhibited the virus reproduction in cell cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts and BHK21 if they were added after the adsorption and virus penetration of the cells. The inhibitory action of the antibodies was due to their direct fixation by the newly synthesized F-protein in the cells infected with the virus. The rate of inhibition of the Newcastle disease virus as shown by the JgG and Fab fragments of the serum produced against a pure F-protein was the same with the use of chick embryo fibroblasts as with BHK21. PMID- 6659364 TI - Epidemiology of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in Romania between 1976-1982. AB - The analysis of 415 SSPE cases detected between 1976-1982 pointed out a relatively high yearly incidence of this disease: 5-6 cases per 1 million inhabitants. Clusters of SSPE cases were observed in certain counties of Romania. The onset of SSPE occurred mostly at 6-7 years (only 6% of the cases were detected in children over 10 years of age); the mean duration of the interval between acute measles and SSPE onset was of 4-5 years. The following risk factors were made evident in the patients' past histories: male sex, acute measles experienced under the age of 1-2 years, existence of several siblings, long time intervals spent in the rural environment or in child communities, contact with domestic animals. During the first three years of its application on a national scale antimeasles vaccination had no effect on SSPE incidence. PMID- 6659365 TI - Epidemiological particularities of influenza in a town of Romania during 1982. AB - The particularities of influenza evolution in a large town of Romania during 1982 are outlined on the ground of the data obtained by a complex methodology of active influenza surveillance. The epidemiological features of influenza are discussed within the complex framework of the relationships between the antigenic structure of circulating influenza viruses and the profile of antiinfluenza immunity among the population. PMID- 6659366 TI - Viral pollution of the Arges as compared with that of other rivers in Romania. AB - The presence of human viruses was investigated in the water and sediments of the Arges river. On the whole viral pollution was low, being somewhat higher downstream the confluence with the Dimbovita river. No enteroviruses were found in the Arges water drawn for drinking water supply upstream this source of viral pollution. PMID- 6659367 TI - Immunological characterization of the role of adenovirus terminal protein in viral DNA replication. AB - The function of the adenovirus-coded terminal protein and its precursor in viral DNA replication was studied by raising an antiserum against the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) terminal protein isolated from virions. This antiserum reacted with both the terminal protein and its precursor as measured by a radioimmunoassay. In an in vitro DNA replication system employing nuclear extracts the addition of antiserum inhibits replication when a DNA-terminal protein complex from adenovirions is used as template. The replication of a 3.8% terminal fragment of the Ad2 genome with a protein-free origin (derived from the plasmid XD-7) is also inhibited by the antiserum. This observation confirms a role of the terminal protein precursor in DNA replication. The antiserum completely inhibited the formation of a covalent complex between the precursor terminal protein and dCMP, which is essential for initiation. A function of the terminal protein in the elongation reaction was shown by the inhibitory effect of antiserum on DNA chain elongation in isolated nuclei from Ad5-infected cells. Also in the in vitro DNA replication system employing nuclear extracts the elongation reaction is strongly reduced by addition of the antiserum. These results indicate that the terminal protein and/or its precursor are not only involved in initiation of DNA replication but also in DNA chain elongation. PMID- 6659369 TI - The gene organisation of a small RNA-containing insect virus: comparison with that of mammalian picornaviruses. AB - The coding regions of an insect virus, cricket paralysis virus, have been mapped using pactamycin. The results suggest that the genome of this virus functions as a polycistronic mRNA, the structural proteins being encoded by the 5' end of the RNA in an order similar to those of mammalian picornaviruses. High-molecular weight proteins of unknown function map at the 3' end of the genome. PMID- 6659370 TI - Proceedings of the 5th Taniguchi International Symposium on Visual Science. Retinal neurocircuitry, with special reference to cellular interaction. PMID- 6659368 TI - Experimental transmission of duck hepatitis B virus. AB - Susceptibility to experimental infection with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) was explored, with the objective of defining procedures that were both rapid and reproducible. For the purpose of these experiments, a small flock of DHBV-free breeders was established as a source of susceptible eggs and ducklings, since ca. 10% of the ducks (all ages) from commercial flocks were DHBV infected. Intravenous inoculation of DHBV into 15-day duck embryos from the DHBV-free flock produced a persistent infection, with a high-titer viremia, in at least 80% of the injected animals. The tissue tropism of DHBV in these experimentally infected animals was similar to that associated with natural, congenital infections from viremic ducks to their progeny. Virus antigen was found not only in hepatocytes and bile duct epithelium of liver, but also in cells associated with exocrine and endocrine pancreas, and in proximal convoluted tubular epithelium of kidney. Infection of embryonic liver was rapid, as evidenced by active synthesis of DHBV DNA by reverse-transcription of RNA by 24 hr postinjection. During this latter analysis, formation of supercoiled viral DNA appeared to precede the reverse transcription phase of viral DNA synthesis, suggesting that this species may be important in initiation of infection. PMID- 6659372 TI - Variations in structure and response properties of horizontal cells in the retina of the rabbit. AB - The response waveform of rabbit horizontal cells to diffuse white light stimulation was correlated with their anatomy by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. In both axonless horizontal cells and the somatic end of axon-bearing cells the light evoked hyperpolarization may exhibit a transient at the onset of high intensity stimuli and is consistently followed by a rod aftereffect at stimulus cessation. In both types of cells the on-transient may be small and the rod aftereffect very prominent; this response pattern, however, is more frequently a property of the somatic end of axon-bearing cells. The morphology of axon-bearing cells is the same regardless of their response properties. On the other hand, axonless horizontal cells exhibit a wide variation in shape and the vast majority of them have asymmetric dendritic fields. No correlation, however, exists between cell shape and response properties. These are also independent of the location of horizontal cells in the retina or the orientation of their long axis with respect to the optic nerve head and medullary rays. PMID- 6659371 TI - Solitary horizontal cells in culture--II. A new tool for examining effects of photoreceptor neurotransmitter candidates. AB - Membrane potentials of solitary horizontal cells dissociated from goldfish retinas were intracellularly measured while applying various acidic amino acids. L-glutamate and kainic acid depolarized solitary horizontal cells at micromolar doses. Neither L- nor D-aspartate produced any change in solitary horizontal cell resting potentials. Low-amplitude responses to L-glutamate showed no sign of desensitization. A steady, plateau-like, dose-dependent component of solitary horizontal cell responses to either L-glutamate or kainic acid, though obscured during its rising phase by action potentials, was always recorded during maintained agonist applications. Responses to either L-glutamate or kainic acid reversed in polarity at membrane potentials between 0 and -20 mV. Responses to L glutamate collapsed reversibly when extracellular sodium ions were replaced by choline ions. Responses to either L-glutamate or kainic acid were antagonized by relatively high doses of D-aspartate. These results demonstrate that retinal horizontal cell chemosensitivity to acidic amino acids persists after dissociation, and in several respects resembles that found in several other preparations, including retinas in situ. PMID- 6659373 TI - Information processing in the system from light to horizontal cell response of the carp retina. AB - In this paper, two types of experiments in the carp retina are presented. One is the analysis of responses to white-noise-modulated light at different average mean intensity levels recorded from L-type horizontal cells. For weak light, the responses fluctuated symmetrically around mean values. For brighter light, however, the distribution of amplitude of the response departed from the normal distribution. The deviation from the normal distribution was characterized in terms of symmetry rather than peakedness. The deviation also implies the existence of a nonlinearity in the system. The other type is with barium ion. Ba2+ produced dramatic effects on the spectral response patterns of horizontal cells; the depolarizing response to long wavelength light of the R/G cell and the hyperpolarizing response to deep red light of the Y/RB cell were eliminated in Ba2+-containing solutions. The response of the L cell to white-noise-modulated light was also changed by application of Ba2+. In Ba2+-containing solution, the response became larger as well as slower than that in normal solution. The results of Ba2+ are discussed in relation to the interactions between cone and horizontal cells. PMID- 6659374 TI - Rod and cone inputs to bipolar and horizontal cells of the Xenopus retina. AB - This report summarizes some recent studies of the Xenopus retina in which intracellular recordings were made from photoreceptors, horizontal and bipolar cells. The studied cells were identified by injection of Lucifer yellow. Rod spectral sensitivity functions conformed to the density spectrum of a 524 nm pigment, those of cones to that of a 612 nm pigment. Horizontal cell responses reflected both these classes of photoreceptor input. Rod input evoked a slow waveform, with Vmax less than or equal to 18 mV, cone input a faster waveform with Vmax = 30-40 mV. In the mesopic state the horizontal response reflected both waveforms. Rod and cone inputs to the horizontal cells appeared not to act independently, in that a steady weak green background greatly enhanced the response to a superimposed red flash, but not the reverse. A third photoreceptor type (blue-sensitive rod, Y lambda max = 445 nm) provided input to a chromatic bipolar cell which was hyperpolarized by blue light and depolarized by red light. Such chromatic bipolars had broad areas of spatial integration and lacked center surround organization. PMID- 6659375 TI - GABA and glycine effects on the bipolar cells of the carp retina. AB - Effects of GABA and glycine applied electrophoretically were examined on bipolar cells in the carp retina. When applied at the outer plexiform layer, GABA produced a small depolarization in on-center cells, but a small hyperpolarization in off-center cells. These effects were concluded to be mediated by photoreceptor cells. When applied at the inner plexiform layer, GABA produced a hyperpolarization in on-center cells but no response in off-center cells. This response was resistant to Co2+ ions. Thus GABA is very like the inhibitory neurotransmitter from amacrine to on-center bipolar cells. Glycine, when applied in either layer, did not have a noticeable effect on either type of bipolar cells. PMID- 6659376 TI - Towards an understanding of the role of dopamine in the mammalian retina. AB - The role of the neurotransmitter dopamine in visual processing in the mammalian retina is not known. We investigated the effects of the dopamine antagonists haloperidol and fluphenazine on the receptive field properties of rabbit ganglion cells. The results that we have obtained so far are limited to brisk cells and on off directionally selective cells. The dopamine antagonists, in general, decreased the on responses of the cells while not affecting or slightly increasing the off responses. The results are described in relation to the known anatomy and pharmacology of the dopaminergic neurons of the retina. PMID- 6659377 TI - Pharmacological and morphological differences between X- and Y-type ganglion cells in the cat's retina. AB - Pharmacological and morphological differences between X- and Y-cells of the cat's retina were studied using extracellular as well as intracellular recordings of the ganglion cells in the perfused eye-cup preparations. First, the effects of strychnine and bicuculline on the center and the surround responses were investigated. Strychnine blocked the surround inhibition of on-center X-cells, whereas bicuculline blocked that of on-center Y-cells, suggesting that these two types of cells have different inhibitory interneurons which employ different neurotransmitters. In contrast, the center and the surround responses of off center cells were reduced by bicuculline, leaving brief transient excitations, irrespective of whether the cells were X- or Y-type. Second, cells whose responses were studied intracellularly and classified as X- or Y-type, were stained with Lucifer yellow CH and observed in whole-mount preparations. It was found that X-cells have morphological characteristics of beta-cells, and Y-cells those of alpha-cells. PMID- 6659378 TI - Inpatient utilization of short-stay hospitals by diagnosis: United States, 1980. PMID- 6659379 TI - [First experience with Awelysin in the treatment of acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6659380 TI - [The velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) as an indicator of left ventricular function. A new method of measuring pVcf]. PMID- 6659381 TI - [Hypokinesis of the unaffected part of the left ventricle in cardiogenic shock- cause or result of shock?]. PMID- 6659382 TI - [Protection of the brain with barbiturates against hypoxia during circulatory arrest]. PMID- 6659383 TI - [Incidence of diseases of the circulatory arteries in men with a high-risk profile]. PMID- 6659384 TI - [Effect of age and sex on the values of commonly used indicators of thyroid function]. PMID- 6659385 TI - [Indications for using laparotomy for determining the stage of Hodgkin's disease]. PMID- 6659386 TI - [Effect of indomethacin on erythrocyturia in chronic glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 6659387 TI - [The acquired immune deficiency syndrome--a new, thus far unexplained syndrome with a severe course]. PMID- 6659388 TI - [Risks of peroral treatment of diabetes]. PMID- 6659389 TI - [An unusual picture of ischemic heart disease in a young athlete]. PMID- 6659390 TI - [A case of platelet satellitism]. PMID- 6659391 TI - [Biometric evaluation of therapeutic procedures]. PMID- 6659392 TI - [Significance of the stress test in the sick sinus syndrome]. PMID- 6659393 TI - [Results of the surgical treatment of rheumatic mitral defects]. PMID- 6659394 TI - [Rapid first aid and the course of hospitalization in acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6659395 TI - [The role of hemoperfusion in the comprehensive treatment of organophosphate pesticide poisoning]. PMID- 6659396 TI - [Routine determination of total clearance using Polyfructosan-S (Inutest)]. PMID- 6659397 TI - [Possibilities of catheterization treatment of cardiac and vascular diseases]. PMID- 6659398 TI - [Wegener's granulomatosis]. PMID- 6659399 TI - [Characteristics of the work of an admitting department during admission of chemical warfare victims]. PMID- 6659400 TI - [Treatment of patients with open fractures of the extremities]. PMID- 6659401 TI - [Reactive changes in the kidney epithelium in chlorophos poisoning]. PMID- 6659402 TI - [Information value of various methods of diagnosing acute intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 6659403 TI - [Nondiscriminating BCG revaccination of young conscripts]. PMID- 6659405 TI - [Preventive sanitary control for the construction of military facilities]. PMID- 6659404 TI - [Physiologo-medical evaluation of regimens of preliminary heat adaptation]. PMID- 6659406 TI - [Methods and means of increasing the work capacity of air force personnel]. PMID- 6659407 TI - [Organization of emergency surgical services at remote military posts]. PMID- 6659408 TI - [The role of the duration of diastole phases for the detection of insufficient myocardial contraction]. PMID- 6659409 TI - [Use of mathematical methods in the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 6659410 TI - [Experience with pneumoencephalographic examination of patients]. PMID- 6659411 TI - [Antibiotics in the therapy of microbial eczema]. PMID- 6659412 TI - [Diagnosis of tumors of the middle part of the face using computed tomography]. PMID- 6659413 TI - [Methods of placement of neurosurgical wounded and patients during evacuation]. PMID- 6659414 TI - [Devices for plugging electric equipment in field power line]. PMID- 6659415 TI - [A case of generalized tetanus following tooth extraction]. PMID- 6659416 TI - [Immune factors of the saliva and serum in patients with inflammatory diseases of the periodontium]. PMID- 6659417 TI - [Detection of a congenital heart defect during a scheduled xeroradiographic examination]. PMID- 6659418 TI - [Clinical manifestations of the ciliary ganglion syndrome]. PMID- 6659419 TI - [A case of infectious mononucleosis complicated by severe encephalomyelopolyradiculoneuritis]. PMID- 6659420 TI - [Experimental study of the response to exposure to permanent magnetic field (ultrastructural changes in the central nervous system neurons and various neuroimmune phenomena)]. PMID- 6659421 TI - [Characteristics of hypothalamic neurosecretion after exposure to permanent magnetic fields]. PMID- 6659422 TI - [Step-by-step treatment (hospital--sanatorium) of patients with transient cerebrovascular disorders of atherosclerotic etiology]. PMID- 6659423 TI - [Therapeutic use of decimeter-band waves in different periods following stroke]. PMID- 6659424 TI - [Effect of decimeter-band waves on the activity of the inflammatory process in experimental polyarthritis]. PMID- 6659425 TI - [Changes in the functional activity of the ovaries and hypophysis in patients with chronic salpingo-oophoritis treated with iodobromine water]. PMID- 6659426 TI - [Use of ultrasound in the combined treatment of patients with deep mycoses]. PMID- 6659427 TI - [Exercise therapy--a variant of behavior therapy in patients with early variants of alcoholism]. PMID- 6659428 TI - [Efficacy of exercise therapy in patients with acute focal myocardial dystrophy at the polyclinic stage of rehabilitation]. PMID- 6659429 TI - [Prophylaxis of lead poisoning using therapeutic physical factors at a sanatorium]. PMID- 6659430 TI - [Effect of massage on peripheral white blood cell indices]. PMID- 6659431 TI - [Penetration of antibiotics into prostatic secretion during rectal iontophoresis in patients with chronic nonspecific prostatitis]. PMID- 6659432 TI - [Use of centimeter-band waves in various mycoses]. PMID- 6659433 TI - [Research and development in balneotechnology]. PMID- 6659434 TI - [Exercise therapy of neuroses]. PMID- 6659435 TI - [The role of physical parameters of decimeter-band electromagnetic waves and electrical properties of tissues through their therapeutic effects]. PMID- 6659436 TI - [Maximum permissible concentrations of radium and uranium in mineral drinking waters]. PMID- 6659438 TI - 22nd meeting of the Committee of Experts on Blood Transfusion and Immunohaematology. Lisbon, Portugal, May 16-19, 1983. PMID- 6659437 TI - 5-day storage of platelet concentrates in CLX containers: effect of type of agitation. AB - To determine the degree of platelet damage produced by different modes of agitation during storage of concentrates for 5 days in CLX blood bags, we studied pH, platelet counts, release of LDH and beta thromboglobulin, morphology and osmotic recovery. Platelets were maintained at 20-24 degrees C on elliptical, 6 rpm circular, 2-rpm circular and flat bed agitators. At 72-120 h platelet concentrates stored on the flat bed shaker had significantly lower pH values than units stored on the elliptical or on either of the circular rotators (p less than 0.05). The percent LDH discharged was highest for the units stored on the elliptical rotator (p less than 0.05). Remaining tests of platelet function were not significantly different for concentrates stored on any of the four agitators. Flat bed shakers were unable to resuspend the platelet 'button' which formed after the final preparative centrifugation. Based on our in vitro studies, we conclude that due to problems with low pH values, flat bed shakers may not be optimal for storing platelet concentrates in CLX blood bags and that some other form of agitation should be used. PMID- 6659439 TI - [Experience and problems of medical geographical cartography in the Ukrainian SSR]. PMID- 6659440 TI - [Effect of body uptake of sulfonol chloride on the information value of hematological and biochemical indices]. PMID- 6659441 TI - [Antibodies to vaccinal antigens in patients with viral hepatitis and acute intestinal infections]. PMID- 6659442 TI - [Organization of the dispensary observation of patients with tonsillogenic myocardiodystrophy]. PMID- 6659443 TI - [Questions of deontology and medical ethics in bronchology]. PMID- 6659444 TI - [Card file for personal record keeping]. PMID- 6659445 TI - [2 cases of myxoma of the left atrium]. PMID- 6659446 TI - [Return to work by patients who had a myocardial infarct]. PMID- 6659447 TI - [Changes in the leg rheovasograms of patients with different hemodynamic types of hypertension]. PMID- 6659448 TI - [Oxygen provision of hypertension patients with different hemodynamic types of circulation]. PMID- 6659449 TI - [Disorders of bronchial patency in hypertension patients in old age]. PMID- 6659450 TI - [Variants of systemic arterial hypertension in different forms of chronic bronchitis]. PMID- 6659451 TI - [Use of methandrostenolone in the combined treatment of iron-deficiency anemia patients]. PMID- 6659452 TI - [Kinin system, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in bronchial asthma patients]. PMID- 6659453 TI - [Combined lymphogranulomatosis of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and chronic pneumonia]. PMID- 6659454 TI - [Characteristics of the course of adenogenous tuberculosis]. PMID- 6659455 TI - [Pancytopenia as a mask of miliary tuberculosis]. PMID- 6659456 TI - [Use of teturam in treating chronic alcoholism in pulmonary tuberculosis patients]. PMID- 6659457 TI - [Asphyxia due to swallowing a live common perch]. PMID- 6659458 TI - [Acute dilatation of the stomach (a review of the literature)]. PMID- 6659459 TI - [Therapeutic use of a dried protein mixture in peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6659460 TI - [Characteristics of the immune processes in peptic ulcer]. PMID- 6659461 TI - [Spontaneous stomach rupture in massive peptic hemorrhage]. PMID- 6659462 TI - [Functional characteristics of the small intestine in postcholecystectomy syndrome patients]. PMID- 6659463 TI - [Characteristics of the structural changes in periodontal tissues in digestive system diseases]. PMID- 6659464 TI - [Effect of acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamole on the microcirculatory state of diabetes mellitus patients based on biomicroscopy and rheography data]. PMID- 6659465 TI - [Determination of the regional vascular pressure of the penis in the diagnosis of disorders of potency]. PMID- 6659466 TI - [Clinico-morphological indices of nasal mucosal function in infectious allergic rhinitis patients]. PMID- 6659467 TI - [Cerebral pathogenesis of alcoholism]. PMID- 6659468 TI - [Glutathione-ascorbic acid system function in dithiocarbamate workers]. PMID- 6659469 TI - [Comparison of the 35S-methionine oligopeptide maps of influenza A virus NP proteins]. AB - Tryptic mapping of radioactive methionine-labeled NP proteins of 15 species of human influenzae A viruses and 11 animal viruses was performed. On the basis of similarities and differences of peptide maps, NP proteins were divided into 4 groups designated A, B, C, and D. Group A included viruses A/WS/33 and A/PR/8/34; Group B viruses H1N1 (apart from those isolated after 1977 and WSN virus), H2N2, H3N2, and 8 species of animal influenza viruses, Group C 4 species of H1N1 viruses isolated in 1977-1979 (A/USSR/90/77, A/USSR/086/79, A/USSR/093/79, A/Brazil/79); Group D three species of animal influenza viruses (A/swine/Iowa/30, A/horse/Praha/56, A/duck/England/56). PMID- 6659470 TI - [New method of epidemiological surveillance of influenza mortality in the USA]. AB - This paper describes a new method of forecasting the expected number of pneumonia and influenza (P and I) deaths on the basis of time-series analysis of historical mortality data. The new method is different in three aspects from the regression method developed by Serfling and used by the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) since 1963 in that it uses the ratio of P and I deaths to deaths from all causes in lieu of the total number of P and I deaths in forecasting the expected numbers. Also, instead of deleting epidemic periods in the forecast, these weeks are replaced by expected numbers. Finally, forecasting is done with a time-series model instead of the regression model. PMID- 6659471 TI - [Radioimmunological analysis of the neuraminidase of influenza virus subtype N2]. AB - Competitive radioimmunoassay in the homologous system using 125I-labeled neuraminidase (NA) of A/Japan/305/57 virus and antibodies to it showed that influenza viruses NA of subtypes H2N2 (A/Singapore/1/57 and A/Tokyo/3/67) and H3N2 (A/Aichi/2/68, A/England/42/72, A/Port Chalmers/1/73, and A/Texas/1/77) had undergone clear antigenic change despite the presence of Japan strain NA determinant. The use of a heterologous system (125I-NA of the Japan strain- antibodies to NA of England/42/72 strain) for the study of the intratype determinant showed the presence of a common determinant in all the strains under study, this determinant being represented dissimilarly, however. Neuraminidase of the Texas strain has a determinant differing from the intratype one, common for the Japan and England viruses. PMID- 6659472 TI - [Determination of the influenza virus concentration in chromatographic vaccinal preparations]. AB - Concentration of influenza virus and its surface antigens in inactivated chromatographic vaccines was evaluated to an accuracy of 10% by determinations of total protein concentrations in them. This approach to the evaluation of virus concentration is possible because in the currently released inactivated chromatographic influenza vaccines at least 90% of the total protein consist of virus particle protein. This is based on the analysis of virus vaccines made by polyacryl amide gel-sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis. It was calculated that 3 X 10(11) virus particles in 1 ml correspond to 100 micrograms/ml virus protein (approximate concentration of protein in vaccine preparations). PMID- 6659473 TI - [Separation of the virus of the tick-borne encephalitis complex by electrophoresis]. AB - The study of electrophoretic mobility of attenuated tick-borne encephalitis virus showed that macroelectrophoresis in a liquid medium may be used for fractionation of virus populations. Two variants of the Elantsev strain (clone 15-20/3) were obtained differing in electrophoretic mobility, degree of their viscerotropism, index of invasiveness, and plaque-forming activity. PMID- 6659474 TI - [Immunological reactivity of children vaccinated with a live measles vaccine]. AB - Immunologic responsiveness in measles vaccinal and infectious processes was studied by the neutrophil alteration test in 72 children varying in ages from 18 months to 4 years of whom 20 were in the acute period of measles infection and 52 vaccinated with live measles vaccine from the L-16 strain. The study showed that both in the infectious disease and vaccinal process cell-mediated immunologic responses and changes in the specific humoral immunity are dissimilar. In measles disease they are manifested earlier and more marked than in the vaccinal process where even 30 days post-vaccination cell-mediated responses are not as manifest and frequent as in convalescents despite nearly similar levels of humoral immunity. PMID- 6659475 TI - [Therapeutic activity of the combined use of an interferon inducer and vaccine in experimental rabies]. AB - Experiments in mice inoculated intramuscularly with a large dose of virulent street rabies virus demonstrated effectiveness of combined treatment with an interferon inducer (double-strand RNA) and vaccine. The treatment was started 24 hours after inoculation. The degree of protection of the animals treated by the combined method depended on the site of ds-RNA inoculation: intracerebral inoculation produced 58% protection (P less than 0.001), intravenous 35% (P less than 0,01), and intramuscular 21% (P less than 0.05). Vaccine alone was ineffective. Interferon inducer alone produced no significant protection which was due to the large infective dose of the virus. PMID- 6659476 TI - [Analysis of cell lines obtained from tumors induced in Syrian hamsters by SA7 adenovirus and its DNA]. AB - Four cell lines derived from tumors induced by adenovirus SA7, its DNA (intact and fragmented with restrictase Sal-1), as well as isolated C-Sal-1 fragment (19.5% of genome) containing oncogene were studied. All the cell lines had the phenotypic markers of tumor cells, similar tumorigenicity, and produced T- and S antigens. The line derived from the tumor induced by intact DNA contained the smallest adenovirus SA7 genome region (12%) which suggests that the information required for the synthesis of T and S antigens of adenovirus SA7 lies within the limits of this genome region. PMID- 6659477 TI - [Reactogenicity and immunological effectiveness of a concentrated, purified vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis]. AB - Human reactogenicity and immunological efficacy of concentrated purified tick borne encephalitis (CTBEV) vaccine was studied in a controlled trial. The new vaccine was found to be superior to the commercial preparation in its capacity to induce specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity in man and in reduced sensitizing activity with regard to nonviral cellular antigens. Two vaccinations with CTBEV in doses of 0.5 ml each at 6-month interval are recommended. At this vaccination schedule virus neutralizing antibodies were detectable in 95% vaccines. Inoculation of 0.5 ml CTBEV is accompanied by fever of mild and moderate intensity in 19% and 3% of the vaccines, respectively. In this respect CTBEV is less reactogenic than the commercial preparation. PMID- 6659478 TI - [Characterizing influenza virus suspensions by determining the spectrum of turbidity]. PMID- 6659479 TI - [Hyperprolactinemia in chronic kidney failure patients]. AB - The determination of the endocrine state of the patients with chronic renal insufficiency is of significance because of the endocrine sexual disorders often observed in those patients. According to literature data, hyperprolactinemia in combination with gonad dysfunction is often observed in the sera of those patients. Hyperprolactinemia was established, with the present study, in the examined 47 patients (18 females and 29 males) with chronic renal insufficiency, the normal physiological difference in prolactin level depending on sex, being eliminated in those patients. The hyperprolactinemia in the patients examined, as compared with the prolactin level in a control group of healthy subjects (10 females and 12 males) is statistically significant (p less than 0.01). Very likely that hyperprolactinemia in the patients with chronic renal insufficiency is complexly conditioned by the disturbed regulation and disturbed degradation and elimination. PMID- 6659480 TI - [HLA system in patient with atopic bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6659481 TI - [Pulmonary thromboembolism as a complication of latent glomerulonephritis with nephrotic syndrome]. PMID- 6659482 TI - [Vascular changes in the lung in a case of primary (idiopathic) pulmonary hypertension]. AB - The authors present one lethal case of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) in a male of 40. The pathomorphological examination revealed very characteristic changes in the vessels of the lungs. Often slot-like canals were found, with proliferated myoepithelial cells, connecting the lumena of vessels with thickened walls with thin-wall vessels ("plexiform changes") or with vessels with sinusoidal-cavernous type ("angiomatoid formations"). Those vascular changes are in a strong contrast with the absence of inflammatory alterations in the lungs. The possibilities of developing of similar vascular changes in the lungs, leading to PPH are discussed in accordance with the up-to date literature data. PMID- 6659483 TI - [Proceedings of the 7th Congress of Internal Medicine]. AB - Hemostasis was studied in 55 patients with myeloma, grouped in three groups according to the clinical stage of the disease. Thrombocytic adhesion, aggregation, activity of TF3 and TF4, of antithrombin III, FMDC level, FDP titre and fibrinolysis test were determined on the background of the screening coagulation tests. The studies were carried out before the treatment and were followed up after the therapeutic response or in the absence of improvement. Thirty per cent of the patients had manifestations of hemorrhagic diathesis, and 5 per cent - thromboembolism. Essential hemostatic deviations were found: progressive thrombocytopenia and thrombopathia and DIC syndrome that correlate with the stage of the disease, being most severe among the stage III patients. The patients that responded to the treatment had a great part of the hemostatic disorders corrected, and in case of no effect from the treatment - the deviations persisted, intensified and in 5 of the patients were responsible for the fatal end. The pathogenesis of the hemostatic deviations is complex and is associated with the characteristics of the basic disease and the concomitant complications. PMID- 6659484 TI - The WHO Reason-for-Encounter Classification. PMID- 6659485 TI - Microcomputers and health improvement in developing countries. PMID- 6659486 TI - Management training in south-east Asia: experience and perspectives. PMID- 6659487 TI - Alcohol control policies: a public health issue revisited. PMID- 6659488 TI - Influenza vaccination and theophylline pharmacokinetics in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. AB - Total Theophylline clearance rate was measured before and 24 hours after standard influenza vaccination in seven men with stable chronic obstructive lung disease. In four, total theophylline clearance rate was also measured 48 hours after vaccine administration. There was no significant change in the clearance rate after either time interval. These results do not support recent recommendations to monitor serum theophylline concentrations or reduce theophylline dosage during the 48-hour period following influenza vaccination. Nevertheless, pending further studies, patients maintained on a regimen of theophylline preparations should be followed clinically for theophylline toxicity for the first several days after receiving influenza vaccine. PMID- 6659489 TI - Fecal excretion of soluble magnesium by humans. AB - To test the hypothesis that fecal magnesium excretion is related to fecal volume, fecal specimens were collected from healthy persons who drank 32 single doses of poorly absorbed carbohydrate (mannitol, lactulose or raffinose): the concentration of Mg(++) (Y) in fecal water (X) was linearly and inversely related to fecal volume-that is, Y = 42-0.03 X. In contrast, after drinking magnesium sulfate, the concentration of Mg(++) in fecal water rose and, except after the lowest ingested dose of 10 mmol, the points relating Mg(++) concentration and fecal volume were outside the upper 95% confidence limit of the linear regression line. These findings could be useful when physicians are analyzing stool specimens for supportive evidence of magnesium misuse in baffling cases of diarrhea. PMID- 6659491 TI - Pressures and pressure vacuums. PMID- 6659492 TI - The cytotoxic test. PMID- 6659490 TI - Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. AB - Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenoma is a common cause of gynecologic problems that include oligomenorrhea, infertility, amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Diagnosis requires a combination of endocrine testing and radiologic evaluation. The diagnosis of macroadenomas is usually straightforward and these large tumors may be associated with mass effects such as severe headache, nerve palsies or visual changes. Microadenomas may be more subtle in presentation, and the diagnosis of hyperprolactinemia without radiologic evidence of a tumor frequently is problematic. The management of prolactin-secreting adenoma remains controversial, with no clear consensus or indication for surgical versus medical treatment. Surgical intervention is a realistic option for those patients who have access to an experienced neurosurgeon and who have tumor characteristics that offer a reasonable hope for cure. Many questions remain to be answered, including the cause, natural history of development and the optimum treatment for individual cases. PMID- 6659493 TI - Prolactinoma. PMID- 6659494 TI - Surgical treatment for congenital heart disease--is it corrective? PMID- 6659495 TI - Pemphigus vulgaris and plasma exchange. Role of intercellular antibodies. PMID- 6659497 TI - Sleep apnea studies. PMID- 6659496 TI - Toxic shock syndrome due to occult postoperative wound infection. PMID- 6659498 TI - Chronic arsenic poisoning. PMID- 6659499 TI - Cellular sodium transport and hypertension: a new hypothesis. PMID- 6659500 TI - Some less obvious causes of high health care costs. PMID- 6659501 TI - Physicians and boxing. PMID- 6659502 TI - A positive approach to smoking prevention and cessation. PMID- 6659503 TI - A visit with a curandero. AB - One author visited a Mexican-American folk healer in the Los Angeles area, not as a patient but as a fellow health professional. Information was obtained from this healer, a curandero, regarding his background, his clientele, the illnesses he treats, the therapeutic techniques he uses and his relationship with the official health care system. This information was generally consistent with statements about curanderismo that have appeared in the social sciences literature. It also provided additional insight into practices that have been alluded to in that literature but not described in detail. With few exceptions, curanderos would seem to be talented healers whose efforts often benefit their patients and whose continued popularity has important implications for physicians, especially those serving large numbers of people of Mexican descent. PMID- 6659504 TI - Doctoring in eastern Europe. AB - Health care in Eastern Europe has not achieved world standards nor the goals of planners of socialist societies. With luck, perseverance, bribes or good connections, it is possible to obtain good medical and surgical care in Eastern Europe for a major illness. Primary and even secondary care usually are substandard, however, and often completely unacceptable to most Western foreigners. The reasons for this are complex but mainly rooted in different attitudes of health workers towards their patients, poor physical plants, poor salary structures, inadequate advancement opportunities for health care workers, poor social status and professional recognition for nurses and almost complete isolation of the average primary care doctor from hospital medicine. PMID- 6659505 TI - [Creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and their cardiac isoenzyme activities after heart catheterization and contrast studies]. PMID- 6659506 TI - [Changes in the hemostatic indicators in liver diseases]. PMID- 6659507 TI - [Unilateral intrathyroid lymphography]. PMID- 6659508 TI - [Blood fibronectin level after burns and surgery]. PMID- 6659509 TI - [The high-risk child--a neurological problem]. PMID- 6659510 TI - [Poisoning with Amanita phalloides]. PMID- 6659511 TI - [Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax]. PMID- 6659513 TI - [Case of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea]. PMID- 6659512 TI - [Pedunculated cecal lipoma as a cause of mechanical obstruction]. PMID- 6659514 TI - [Osteogenesis imperfecta congenita in a 9-month-old infant]. PMID- 6659515 TI - [Acute intermittent porphyria]. PMID- 6659516 TI - [Felson's sign in a case of MacLeod's syndrome]. PMID- 6659517 TI - [Proctologic diseases--diagnosis and management]. PMID- 6659518 TI - [Home delivery or hospital delivery--a statement free of ideologies]. AB - Due to the progress in obstetrics during the past 20 years hospital deliveries are becoming considerable less risk for mother and child if compared with prior times. On the other hand, individual emotional needs of mother and child are supposed to be relatively more attainable at home deliveries. From the movement to deliver at home obstetrician should learn how to achieve an emotional atmosphere during hospital delivery. Finally we may suggest as a compromise between home and hospital deliveries, out patient management of the same. PMID- 6659519 TI - [Advances and risks in estrogen therapy in the perimenopause]. AB - Treatment with oestrogens in the perimenopause can regulate dysfunctional uterine bleeding and positively influence unpleasant subjective feelings such as sweating, dizziness, nervousness and lack or incapability of concentration. Oestrogens are especially successful in reactive depression and in the therapy of insomnia. Their positive effect on atrophic changes of the genitalia and in combating urge incontinence is also of therapeutic importance. Of particular socio-medical importance is their beneficial effect on postmenopausal osteoporosis. Side effects like weight gain, increase in blood pressure or changes in coagulation parameters are not observed during therapy with natural oestrogens in the usual doses. The incidence of thrombosis, embolism and myocardial infarction is not increased when oestrogens are given in the perimenopause. The controversy with respect to an increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma after long-term therapy with oestrogens may be based on an incorrect mode of administration as used on the Anglo-American scene. Excess dosage, continuous instead of intermittent therapy, lack of addition of progestational agents and a neglect of contraindications and risk factors may have led to the 3- to 8-fold increased incidence of endometrial carcinoma after oestrogen therapy in the studies from these areas. PMID- 6659520 TI - [Value of the determination of vibration sensitivity in diabetics (type I and II)]. AB - Measuring the vibration threshold is an important procedure in the diagnosis of distal, symmetric, and usually sensory diabetic neuropathy, which has a prevalence of approximately 70%. This value shows a correlation--albeit somewhat weak one--with the haemoglobin A1 value (HbA1-value) and provides a clinical and easily understandable value for the patients, which then can be used as motivation to improve their compliance. PMID- 6659521 TI - [Modified video-pupillography: indications and 1st experiences]. AB - Besides of infrared-reflexphotometry several videosystems are used for pupillography. The main modification of our TV-pupillography consists of the connection of the infrared-camera with a videorecorder. Thus changes of the shape of the pupil can be evaluated continuously. Therefore, indications for our variant of pupillography are especially those types of anisocoria with loss of the round shape of the pupils. PMID- 6659522 TI - [Neural therapy in tinnitus]. AB - After the examination by ENT-specialists in 96 cases of tinnitus a conventional medical therapy with vasodilators and vitamin A has been tried. This therapy showed unsatisfactory results. Then neural therapy as defined by segmental therapy with a preparation containing lidocaine (Xyloneural) has been applied. The results have been so encouraging, that this method can be advised as basical therapy in tinnitus. PMID- 6659523 TI - [Massive pulmonary embolism: case report of successful embolectomy with transatrial vena cava blockade]. AB - Massive pulmonary embolism occurred in a 42-year-old man 7 days after repair of a torn patellar ligament. Because of progressive deterioration in spite of full heparinization and supportive measures, and more than 60% occlusion of the pulmonary vascular bed on angiogram, partial cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted under local anesthesia by femoral artery and vein canulation. After improvement of hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation, general anesthesia was induced, the patient intubated and a longitudinal sternotomy carried out. The superior vena cava was canulated, the inferior vena cava occluded with a tourniquet and the pulmonary artery incised during temporary aortic occlusion. The left main pulmonary artery and its branches were nearly completely occluded, in addition, a large embolus was expressed into the right pulmonary artery by massaging the right lung. Finally, transatrial infrarenal caval interruption with a Mobin-Uddin umbrella filter was carried out. After 48 hours of mechanical ventilation, the patient was extubated; he made an essentially uneventful recovery. PMID- 6659524 TI - [Therapy of mycoses]. PMID- 6659525 TI - The use of lasers in current surgical practice--an introduction. PMID- 6659526 TI - Intraperitoneal approach to regional hyperthermia--possible anticancer applications. PMID- 6659527 TI - Bile reflux and degree of gastritis after highly selective vagotomy, truncal vagotomy, and partial gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer. PMID- 6659528 TI - Recurrent ulceration after proximal gastric vagotomy for duodenal ulcer. PMID- 6659529 TI - Planned relaparotomies in the surgical treatment of severe generalized peritonitis from intestinal origin. PMID- 6659530 TI - Nitroprusside-epinephrine administration in acute myocardial ischemia. PMID- 6659531 TI - Mirizzi syndrome. PMID- 6659533 TI - Colohepatic fistula due to hydatid disease. PMID- 6659532 TI - Arterial surgery of the upper extremity. PMID- 6659534 TI - Taking a sexual history. PMID- 6659535 TI - Keeping the blood supply safe. PMID- 6659536 TI - Is our blood supply safe? PMID- 6659537 TI - ShareCare: medical care for the unemployed. PMID- 6659538 TI - A comparison of nationwide cancer survival statistics in Finland and Norway. AB - Nationwide cancer survival statistics published in Finland and Norway were compared. The results showed that there are cancer sites (e.g. stomach and lung) at which the 5-year relative survival rates are equal in both countries, but also many sites at which the survival figures differ (e.g., cancer of the breast and melanoma of the skin). Ideally, the differences in cancer survival between these countries could be used to study the effects of any differences in health care systems, (e.g., modes of treatment). Differences in cancer survival might also be used in the interpretation of cancer incidence figures. It was shown, however, that even with Finland and Norway, in which cancer registration and follow-up systems are relatively comparable and definitions and classifications criteria continually monitored, several factors complicate survival comparisons. These include distribution by histological type, exact location of the tumours, definitions and distributions of tumour stages, and finally definition of the cancer itself. PMID- 6659539 TI - Methods for the evaluation and analysis of health expenditure. PMID- 6659540 TI - Maternal and child health in the developing countries: problems of data collection. PMID- 6659541 TI - Recommendations of the United Nations/World Health Organization Working Group on data bases for measurement of levels, Trends and differentials in mortality. PMID- 6659542 TI - Metabolism of imipramine in vitro: synthesis and characterization of N hydroxydesmethylimipramine. AB - The synthesis of N-hydroxydesmethylimipramine via the corresponding primary hydroxylamine and oxime is described. The N-oxygenated products are unstable to g.l.c. analysis without prior derivatization; the decomposition products are identified by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. N-Hydroxydesmethylimipramine is shown to be a metabolite of imipramine and desmethylimipramine on incubation of either with fortified 9000 g liver homogenates of male New Zealand white rabbits. The metabolic product is characterized by mass spectrometry and n.m.r. Didesmethylimipramine is shown to undergo metabolic alpha-C-oxidation, to yield the carboxylic acid, 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b, f]azepin-5-yl)propionic acid, but not N-oxidation. N-Hydroxydesmethylimipramine is metabolically reduced to desmethylimipramine and metabolized further to 10-hydroxydesmethylimipramine, 2 hydroxydesmethylimipramine and the carboxylic acid. The possible role of N hydroxydesmethylimipramine and 3-(10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepin-5 yl)propionic acid in the formation of iminodibenzyl is discussed. PMID- 6659543 TI - Tissue distribution and elimination of [3H]levamisole in the rat after oral and intramuscular administration. AB - Total radioactivity and drug concentrations were determined in plasma, organs and excreta of male rats given a single oral or intramuscular dose (7.5 mg/kg) of [3H]levamisole. The anthelmintic drug was distributed mostly within the digestive contents after oral administration and in kidneys and liver after intramuscular injection. The parent drug accounted only for 32 to 45% of total radioactivity in plasma and it appeared metabolized in both urine and bile. The urine (0-72 h) contained 68-78% of the radioactive dose, as parent drug and other tritiated materials. The 4-hydroxylation of levamisole did not represent a major metabolic pathway of the drug in the rat. PMID- 6659544 TI - Identification of 1-hydroxypyrene as a major metabolite of pyrene in pig urine. AB - 1-Hydroxypyrene is a major metabolite of pyrene given orally to pigs. A method for isolating the metabolite from urine is described, utilizing C18-adsorbent cartridges, h.p.l.c. separation, and fluorescence detection. Unconjugated 1 hydroxypyrene can be detected in the urine of pigs following oral administration of as little as 1 mg pyrene. Identity of the 1-hydroxypyrene was confirmed by u.v.-absorption and fluorescence spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and by comparison with the retention time characteristic of synthetic 1-hydroxypyrene. PMID- 6659546 TI - 2-Chloroacetaldehyde, a metabolite of cyclophosphamide in the rat. AB - Following simultaneous i.v. administration of a mixture of [4 14C]cyclophosphamide (14C-CP) and [side-chain 3H]CP to rats, a metabolite containing predominantly 3H radioactivity was excreted in the urine. The 3H labelled urinary metabolite was identified as 2-chloroacetaldehyde. Chloro[3H]acetaldehyde accounted for approx. 3.8% of urinary 3H radioactivity. The importance of chloroacetaldehyde as a toxic metabolite of CP is discussed, particularly in relation to haemorrhagic bladder disease. PMID- 6659545 TI - The biliary and urinary metabolites of [3H]17 alpha-ethynylestradiol in women. AB - The metabolism of 17 alpha-ethynyl[6,7-3H]estradiol (3H-EE2) (50 micrograms) given orally was studied in two groups of women: (a) six subjects from whom duodenal bile samples were obtained after 4 h by endoscopic aspiration; (b) two subjects with bile-duct (T-tube) drainage. The first group eliminated 16.6 +/- 7.8% (mean +/- S.D.) of the dose in urine over 72 h, the second group 28.6% and 27.5%. Biliary excretion by the latter was 41.9% and 28.3% of the dose, respectively, during the first 24 h after dosing. The metabolites excreted in bile and urine were largely polar conjugates: 1-12% of the 3H was ether extractable. Approx. 70-90% of urinary and biliary 3H was extractable following beta-glucuronidase-arylsulphohydrolase hydrolysis. Both beta-glucuronides and arylsulphates were excreted. Unchanged 3H-EE2 was the principal 3H-labelled component of the glucuronide and arylsulphate fractions of bile, and it was a major component of urinary fractions. 2-Hydroxy-EE2 and 2-methoxy-EE2 were identified as conjugated biliary metabolites. PMID- 6659547 TI - The metabolism of 4-substituted-N-ethyl-N-methyl-anilines. II. Some factors influencing alpha-C- and N-oxidation. AB - A g.l.c. method for the quantification of N-demethylated and/or N-de-ethylated (alpha-C-oxidation) and N-oxidation products of several 4-substituted-N-ethyl-N methylanilines is described. Factors affecting the metabolism of these tertiary anilines in vitro have been studied and conditions which allow maximal metabolism established. The alpha-C- and N-oxidase activity was detected principally in the liver, lung, kidney and bladder microsomal fraction. A species difference in the extent of metabolism was evident, the order of activity not being the same for alpha-C- as that for N-oxidation. The pKa but not log P values determined for the teritary anilines appear to influence the apparent Km for both alpha-C- and N oxidation. PMID- 6659549 TI - Metabolism of loprazolam in rat- and dog-liver preparations. AB - The metabolism of loprazolam by rat- and dog-liver preparations has been studied in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Identification of unchanged loprazolam and metabolites was by comparison of chromatographic characteristics and mass spectra with those of authentic compounds. The piperazine-N-oxide was the sole metabolite formed under aerobic conditions in dog-liver slices and microsomes. In addition to this N-oxide, the N-desmethyl metabolite and the diazepine-hydroxy metabolite were formed in rat-liver microsomes. The principal metabolite in rat-liver slices was the glucuronide of the hydroxy compound. Under anaerobic conditions the nitro group of loprazolam is reduced to the amine by dog-liver slices and rat-liver microsomes. PMID- 6659548 TI - The metabolism of 4-substituted N-ethyl-N-methylanilines. III. Effect of various potential inhibitors, activators and inducers on alpha-C- and N-oxidation. AB - The alpha-C-oxidation of N-ethyl-N-methylaniline and of the 4-chloro and 4-methyl derivatives was inhibited by SKF-525A, DPEA, carbon monoxide and cyanide and induced by phenobarbitone but not by 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment. The N oxidation of these tertiary anilines was not influenced by SKF-525A, carbon monoxide or cyanide, nor by phenobarbitone or 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment. The N-oxidase was activated by DPEA and n-octylamine and inhibited by 1 naphthylthiourea. The evidence indicates that metabolic alpha-C-oxidation of these substrates is mediated by a cytochrome P-450-dependent pathway whilst N oxidation is mediated by a flavo-protein amine oxidase. PMID- 6659550 TI - Metabolism of loprazolam in rat, dog and man in vivo. AB - The metabolism of 14C-loprazolam has been studied in rat, dog and man in vivo. In rat, the major metabolic pathways were hydroxylation on the benzodiazepine ring, and reduction and acetylation of the nitro group. Both metabolites were identified by co-chromatography with standards, and were present in urine and bile conjugated with glucuronic acid. In both dog and human urine and bile significant amounts of the piperazine-N-oxide were found. This N-oxide was identified by co-chromatography with authentic compound and by mass spectroscopy. Both loprazolam and the dog biliary metabolites were hydrolysed spontaneously to polar material. Neither treatment with beta-glucuronidase nor incubation with gut microflora had any further effect. Only polar metabolites were found in dog and human faeces. The principal non-polar material found in rat plasma was the diazepine-hydroxy compound, and little loprazolam was present. Significant levels of loprazolam and lower levels of an unidentified metabolite were found in ether extracts of dog and human plasma. Both the piperazine-N-oxide and loprazolam were found in similar quantities in chloroform extracts of human plasma, and at two hours after dosage, the N-oxide and loprazolam accounted for greater than 90% of the radioactivity present in the plasma. PMID- 6659551 TI - Metabolism of tiaramide in vitro. III. Sulphoconjugation of alicyclic amine and alcoholic hydroxyl group by hepatic 105 000 g supernatants. AB - Sulphoconjugation of the alicyclic secondary amine, DETR (the N-dealkylated metabolite of tiaramide) and of the alcoholic hydroxyl group of tiaramide were observed in liver 105 000 g supernatants of rats and mice but hardly detected in hepatic microsomes. The activities depended on active sulphate, 3' phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulphate, or its generating system. Sulphoconjugation of DETR and tiaramide by the supernatants of female rats and mice proceeded more rapidly than those of males, and sex differences were observed irrespective of sulphate donors, the active sulphate or its generating system. Sulphoconjugation of the alicyclic amine and of the alcohol exhibited different pH optima and different susceptibilities to salts. PMID- 6659552 TI - Detection of cancer by culturing cancerous tissue in plastico. PMID- 6659553 TI - The determinants of length of stay in a university hospital. PMID- 6659554 TI - On the health status of workers using vibrating tools in anthracite mines. PMID- 6659555 TI - Isolation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans from the blood of a patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 6659556 TI - Study on the status of prosthetists and orthotists in Korea. PMID- 6659557 TI - Chronic cough and sinusitis in children--the role of antimicrobials. PMID- 6659558 TI - Hereditary spastic paraplegia. PMID- 6659559 TI - Clinical study on neonatal meningitis. PMID- 6659560 TI - Diabetes and the stomach. AB - Abnormalities in the function of the stomach in patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus, usually insulin-dependent, may provide difficult management problems. There is a reduced frequency of peptic ulcer disease in diabetics. Gastric atrophy, often with parietal cell antibodies, is common and the frequency of pernicious anemia with its expected intrinsic factor antibodies is increased. Gastric analysis results have been conflicting but generally suggest that long standing diabetics have lower acid levels than normals, possibly secondary to vagal neuropathy. Gastric atony occurring in a small but significant number of patients with longstanding insulin-dependent diabetes, usually with a clinically apparent peripheral neuropathy, has been associated with upper abdominal discomfort, vomiting, and a clinical picture of gastric outlet obstruction. Various degrees of subclinical delays in gastric emptying are probably present in many asymptomatic patients and, indeed, are underemphasized contributors to poor control of blood sugar levels. Studies utilizing radioactive-labeled physiological meals have demonstrated abnormalities in the gastric emptying of solids, in particular, and sometimes liquids in the latter stages of the disease. Metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist, which stimulates upper gastrointestinal smooth musculature, results in accelerated gastric emptying; clinical trials have shown that it is capable of alleviating symptoms related to diabetic gastroparesis and with its recent approval and release in this country, it promises improved management of this entity. Another agent, domperidone, a selective peripheral dopamine antagonist with no appreciable side effects, is in this country an investigational drug which has shown clinical efficacy in Europe in improving gastric stasis syndromes. PMID- 6659561 TI - Small intestinal manifestations of diabetes mellitus. AB - Diabetic diarrhea and steatorrhea occur predominantly in young adult males who have juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus complicated by neuropathy. The presentation is often severe, with nocturnal or postprandial watery diarrhea and tenesmus. Massive malabsorption of fat may occur; however, malabsorption of other nutrients and generalized wasting are quite rare. Because the symptoms are relatively refractory to treatment, it is important to rule out other, more easily treatable causes of this presentation. Bacterial overgrowth, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and celiac disease are also associated with diabetes mellitus and can mimic this process. Although the mechanism of diabetic diarrhea and steatorrhea remains unclear, neuropathy, gastrointestinal motor abnormalities, bacterial overgrowth, and bile acid abnormalities have been implicated in the pathogenesis. PMID- 6659562 TI - Diabetes and the gastrointestinal tract in the pediatric patient. PMID- 6659563 TI - The ineffectiveness of tobramycin combination therapy in Streptococcus faecium endocarditis. AB - A patient required mitral valve replacement following ineffective antibiotic treatment of enterococcal endocarditis caused by Streptococcus faecium. Endocarditis had relapsed despite therapy with ampicillin and tobramycin for six weeks. A second relapse had occurred following treatment with penicillin and gentamicin. Initial failure of antibiotic therapy may be related to the known lack of in vitro and in vivo synergy between penicillin and tobramycin against S. faecium. Effective therapy of enterococcal endocarditis requires considerations of bacterial speciation, determination of high-level aminoglycoside resistance, and preferably adequate antibiotic synergy studies to assure effective therapy. PMID- 6659564 TI - [Senile changes in the resorption and elimination processes and their importance in pharmacotherapy]. AB - On the basis of experimental and theoretical examinations the senile changes in man's absorbent system and renal excretory function were analysed. It was found that intestinal absorption and summary elimination are delayed with advancing years. Practical consequences with regard to dosage and dosage intervals can be derived for geriatric pharmacotherapy. By the example of selected groups of drugs the necessity for revised dosage instructions and application intervals in old age is explained. PMID- 6659566 TI - [Effect of a 3-month-interval running exercise in combination with vasodilative therapy on microcirculation of the lower leg in peripheral arterial circulation disorders (stage I and II)]. AB - The authors report results of a three-month-interval running exercise under continuous vasodilatory therapy (Radecol and Jupal) in cases of peripheral arterial blood disturbances (stage I and II). Apart from control examination with the whipping test, the ultra-sound-Doppler method, phlebemphraxis plethysmography, the paper reports above all the effects of interval running on the peripheral microcirculation of the working muscles which were determined by means of Xenon-133-clearance-half-life. Independent of the type of drug therapy used, significant (1 per cent) improvements of peripheral haemodynamics were found regarding the therapeutic regime presented. PMID- 6659567 TI - [Modification of pathologic fatty acid patterns in old age by combined clofibrinic and nicotinic acid treatment]. AB - 71 patients (42 men and 29 women, aged between 45 and 76) with primary hyperlipoproteinaemia (HLP) types IIa, IIb and IV, were treated with clofibric acid (Regadrin) and nicotinic acid derivatives (Radecol, Jupol) over a three-year period. Every four months, they underwent gas chromatographic analyses of the fatty acid spectrum (fa) in the fractions of cholesterol ester (Chol.E) and triglyceride (TGL) of the serum. The therapy resulted in an increase in the linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acids, and a fall in the palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic and eicosatrienic acid levels in the Chol.E fraction in the case of HLP types IIa and IIb, and in the TGL fraction in the case of HLP types IIb and IV. Selective competitive inhibition by unesterified fatty acids, blocked lipolysis, an impaired hepatogenic fatty-acid metabolism, an affected LCAT and an increased esterification of polyunsaturated fatty acids are discussed as possible mechanisms. The increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids and the decrease of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids must be considered, as they are interrelated with the prostaglandin metabolism, to be a positive and vasoprotective effect which assumes special importance in middle and older age. PMID- 6659565 TI - [Clinical significance of arteriosclerosis indices of lipid metabolism and age dependence]. AB - Age, arteriosclerosis indices, HDL-cholesterol, hyperlipoproteinemia, lipoproteins In 193 normal persons, 86 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans of the lower extremities, 170 HLP patients, 87 adiposity patients and 22 chronic alcoholics were determined the arteriosclerosis indices (formula; see text) The arteriosclerosis indices increase in healthy males from the age of 30 and healthy females from the age of 45. In case of peripheral arterial occlusion HLP and adiposity the arteriosclerosis indices are elevated and give diagnostic and prognostic hints as to increased arteriosclerotic risk for these diseases. PMID- 6659568 TI - [Selected results of a stomatological study of Veterans University students at Humboldt University in Berlin]. AB - It is reported about the results of a dental cross-sectional study, that was carried out among 310 participants of evening classes for old people. 229 women (73,9%) and 81 men (26,1%) participated in the investigation. The middle of age was 66,8 years. The statistical evaluation was followed with the factor-analysis. 6 common factors was extracted, described 56,9% of the total variance. Respecting the results of the study must be established, that this persons have a better status of oral health than usual is finding in the elderly. Beyond it was found, that the effect of the dental care is not sufficient, particularly on the field of metaphylaxe and dental health education. Concluding proposals are giving for the improvement of dental care of the elderly as a important part of complex care of old people. PMID- 6659569 TI - [Iatrogenic disorders of the pancreas in old age]. AB - Besides the effects of iatrogenic and environmental factors on the pancreas, the article describes the effects of senile changes on the morphology and function of the excretory pancreas. The article pays particular attention to pancreatic trauma and post-inflammatory conditions, postoperative syndromes, the endoscopic retrograde cholangiography of the pancreas, the effects of alcohol on the pancreas, and rare pancreas conditions, which, in old age, may lead to morbid functional restrictions. PMID- 6659570 TI - [Sports in old age from the orthopedic viewpoint]. AB - Sport is an essential part of the modern way of life also in the old age. The election of sport activity is very significant for health and prevention of diseases of the locomotor system in the old man. The locomotor system represents often a limitating factor for the participation in games and other kinds of sport. PMID- 6659571 TI - [Systolic time interval, stress ergometry and 133-xenon clearance in obesity]. AB - Systolic time intervals were measured with 55 middle aged healthy normal weight and 76 healthy overweight probands in two positions (standing and lying). In 39 adipose patients and 55 normal weight subjects an ergometric work was carried out. A significant difference between normal and extremely adipose subjects without cardiac diseases could not be noticed with regard to the preejection index. Preejection period and left ventricular ejection time showed significant differences in both positions between normal and overweight probands, independent of blood pressure. In overweight patients there was a significantly decreased heart work load. The preejection index of adipose patients with a work load below 76 watts amounted to a mean value of 1,04. A work load of 100 watts was reached by only half of the adipose patients. In 32 adipose subjects with a heart work load above 75 watts the regulation of heart-rate and blood-pressure was not different from that of normal weight persons. Muscle blood flow was measured by 133Xenon-Clearance after Lassen et al. The measurement of the 133Xenon-Clearance of the arm muscle at rest in 29 adipose patients resulted in significantly lower values compared with normal weight persons. PMID- 6659572 TI - [The use of Ergocomb in symptoms of cerebrovascular insufficiency]. AB - Using a test design of subjective, clinical and psychometric parameters, Ergocomb was tested, in a double-blind trial, on fifty-five patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency. The test results, which are in agreement with those reported in the literature, show a substantial improvement of various subjective and objective criteria. Therefore, Ergocomb, in the form of swallowable tablets, is considered suitable for application to patients with senile cerebral insufficiency, the recommended dosage being 3 x 1 mg. PMID- 6659573 TI - [Systolic time interval as a means of evaluating the cardiac functional capacity in patients with and without heart insufficiency]. AB - Determining the systolic time intervals in a non-invasive method which is easy to apply and inexpensive, and it can be repeated as many times as necessary. The patient is subjected to low psychic stress so that even elderly and sick patients may undergo it. The STI method may be applied to case control and the observation of the development of a disease following pharmacological treatment. The method makes it possible to differentiate between healthy persons and patients suffering from cardiac insufficiency, and concealed insufficiencies of the cardiac circulation may be detected. The STI interpretation must take into account those factors which have an effect on the STI length. The results can be considerably upgraded through the use of certain indices, PI being the main one. The PI index is of particular value if the effect of the treatment by glycoside medication is to be observed. PMID- 6659574 TI - [Drug therapy in neurogeriatrics]. AB - The authors explain the experience they have gathered with a treatment scheme used within a "comprehensive treatment system" for neurogeriatrical purposes. PMID- 6659576 TI - Hands and old age. AB - The author publishes the results of examining the hands of 100 old subjects. The paper contains the impressions obtained by inspection and palpation (i.e. by non invasive procedures) on the parallel nature of the senile degenerative symptoms and the psychosomatic status of the old subject. CONTROL: examination of the hands of 100 middle-aged persons. It has been found that a pathological symptom absolutely typical and specific of old age cannot in itself be evaluated, but the simultaneous presence of a number of degenerative cases points to the biological aging of the chronologically old subjects. The subjects of inspection are: turgor of the skin of the hand, finger-nails, pathological pigmentations, vascularization under the skin, muscular atrophy, arthritic changes and hand tremor. PMID- 6659575 TI - [Vasoactive drugs and microcirculation in old age]. AB - Within a series of studies on microcirculation in the aged, the conjunctival vessels were investigated by means of the intravital microscope in the course of intravenous infusion or prolonged administration of various drugs (xanthinol nicotinate, buflomedil, CPD-choline). During and after the treatment a better perfusion of the small conjunctival vessels (terminal capillary network) was observed, as well as the appearance of collaterals and a reduction of intravascular red cell aggregation. On the basis of these results a further direct demonstration of the vasoactive effect of the drugs under study could be given. PMID- 6659577 TI - [Incremental program of contraceptive care of women]. PMID- 6659578 TI - [Causes of cachexia in cancer patients]. PMID- 6659579 TI - [Diagnostic value of thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in comparison with echocardiography]. PMID- 6659580 TI - [Nonoligophrenic encopretic children as young adults--a catamnestic study]. PMID- 6659581 TI - [Determination of occupational exposure to carcinogenic factors in the work place environment]. PMID- 6659582 TI - [Plasticity of the central nervous system and its modification]. PMID- 6659583 TI - [The role of intra-articular pressure of the large joints in man and its clinical significance]. PMID- 6659584 TI - [The effect of various factors on participation in cytologic screening in the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer]. PMID- 6659585 TI - [Territorial differences in the mortality rate of the 30-to-50 age group as reflected in medical records]. PMID- 6659586 TI - [Cutaneous hyperemia in the hyperalgesic region in a patient with a small pancreatic cyst and type I diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 6659588 TI - [Continuing education through specialized literature - results of a written survey to rent specialists in blood donation and transfusion]. PMID- 6659587 TI - [Burns of the ear from welding waste products]. PMID- 6659589 TI - [Coagulation disorders in patients with liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 6659590 TI - [Special ophthalmologic dispensaries for school children with combined hearing and vision damage--report on 6 years' experience]. PMID- 6659591 TI - [Are teachers at risk with regard to health?]. PMID- 6659592 TI - [A rare case: giant ovarian cystoma mistaken for a malignancy]. PMID- 6659593 TI - [Palatinit--digestibility and energy utilization in model experiments with sows]. AB - A respiration trial with 12 adult sows was conducted as a balanced incomplete block design to study the effect of Palatinit on energy and nitrogen balance. The treatments were the basal diet fed at maintenance level alone or with the addition of sucrose and Palatinit, respectively. The apparent digestibility of the energy of Palatinit was 91.0%, whereas sucrose was completely digested. The fecal excretion of nitrogen after feeding of Palatinit increased about 50% as compared to the group's basal diet and basal diet plus sucrose. The urine energy excretion and the methane losses amounted to 1% of the ingested energy of Palatinit. The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy was 68.9% for Palatinit and 75.3% for sucrose. Altogether, the results show that 62% of the Palatinit energy and 74.5% of the sucrose energy were retained as body energy. PMID- 6659594 TI - [Biliary excretion of choleretically active cinnamic acid derivatives in the rat]. AB - Concerning the well-known choleretic effect of ferulic acid, we made further investigations on biliary excretion, metabolism and bile flow after application of ferulic acid and related compounds. In anesthesized bile duct cannulated male Wistar-rats, we studied the biliary excretion of the following 14-C labelled cinnamic acid compounds: caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA), m-coumaric acid (mCA), p-coumaric acid (pCA), isoferulic acid (IFA), p-methoxycinnamic acid (pMCA), 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid (DMCA), and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid (TMCA). These compounds were given intraduodenally (128-384 mumoles/kg b. wt.). All of the tested compounds were excreted to some extent in bile, giving a bile to the serum conc. ratio greater than 1. The radioactivity excreted by bile within 2 hours (as percent of the given dose) was about 20% in the case of FA, IFA, DMCA, and TMCA, about 8% for pMCA, and less than 5% for CA, mCA and pCA. The biliary excretion increased in a dose-dependent manner only after FA and IFA, but not after application of the other compounds. PMID- 6659596 TI - [Results and perspectives of Soviet public health]. PMID- 6659597 TI - [The nature of socialist public health and the principles of its structure]. PMID- 6659598 TI - [The example of socialism and the fight of revolutionary powers of the anti imperialistic liberation movement against poverty and the misery of the masses]. PMID- 6659595 TI - [Significance of nonsaponifiable constituents of dietary fats on the bioactivity of vitamin E]. AB - In experiments with male Wistar rats the influence of the non-saponifiable constituents of dietary fats: dl-alpha-tocopherol (60 ppm), dl-gamma-tocopherol (480 ppm), ubiquinone (96 ppm) and beta-sitosterol (3035 ppm) on the tocopherol status was investigated, considering the fatty acid composition of the tested fats. For a test period of eight weeks the animals were fed isoenergetic diets containing three types of dietary fats: corn oil (60% PUFA), a kind of "stripped corn oil" (60% PUFA) and butter (nearly 5% PUFA). Independent of the PUFA-content of the diet, the tocopherol supplementations were able to stabilize the erythrocyte membrane; the calculated hemolysis rates were about 2%. The absence of tocopherols in the diets ("stripped corn oil", butter) caused an increase of the hemolysis rate up to 70% after two weeks. The original amounts of tocopherols in corn oil tended to minimize the hemolysis. Ubiquinone and beta-sitosterol did not reduce the hemolysis rates when they were applied without tocopherols. With respect to creatine-phosphokinase activity, creatine and creatinine excretion the results were similar. Plasma and erythrocyte levels of alpha- and gamma tocopherol were determined in all groups and discussed in connection with the other examined parameters of tocopherol status. The ultimate result of this experiment is that the content of tocopherols in dietary fats is not always adequate to keep vitamin E status normal, especially if polyunsaturated fatty acid content is high in the diet. Reflecting the vitamin E adequacy of dietary fats, not only alpha-tocopherol but also gamma-tocopherol should be much more considered than previously. PMID- 6659600 TI - [Epidemiologic analysis of the health status of the population of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]. PMID- 6659599 TI - [The spreading of Marxist ideas and their transition into communism in the area of public health in Latin America]. PMID- 6659601 TI - [The significance of the Marxist doctrine for the theoretical principles of health planning of working and living conditions]. PMID- 6659602 TI - [Necessity of integration of health experiences in solving public health problems]. PMID- 6659603 TI - [Nutrition in the future]. PMID- 6659604 TI - [Ambulatory care in occupational medicine - an important task in outlining health protection for workers]. PMID- 6659605 TI - [Socialized health protection for mother and child in East Germany]. PMID- 6659606 TI - [Health protection for the adolescent population]. PMID- 6659607 TI - [The role and value of practical training as part of medical education in the development of socialistic consciousness of the physician--a medico-sociologic study of student training]. PMID- 6659608 TI - [Formation and basic traits of the Marxist image of man]. PMID- 6659609 TI - [Controversy and work in the ideologic area]. PMID- 6659610 TI - [Basic connections between social degradation and crisis, armament, political development of rights and national debt]. PMID- 6659611 TI - [Manipulation of physicians in West Germany by the supporters of intensified nuclear armament]. PMID- 6659612 TI - [Concentration and centralization of capital in the chemico-pharmaceutical industry of capitalist countries]. PMID- 6659613 TI - [Gynecology and obstetrics during the time of German Fascism 1933-1945--the fate of social gynecology in the Third Reich]. PMID- 6659614 TI - [Current problems of environmental hygiene]. PMID- 6659615 TI - [Current status of environmental hygiene and environmental toxicology]. PMID- 6659616 TI - [Rapid methods for determining the cumulative properties of substances]. PMID- 6659617 TI - [Analysis and evaluation of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the air hygiene and toxicology viewpoint]. PMID- 6659618 TI - [Analysis and evaluation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds]. PMID- 6659619 TI - [Tumor prevention from the food and nutrition hygiene viewpoint]. PMID- 6659620 TI - [Problem of the so-called radiotoxins]. PMID- 6659623 TI - [Relation between the immission indices according to the 1st version and the current version of the 1st regulation of the 5th decree of state cultural legislation]. PMID- 6659621 TI - [Permissible limit concentrations of heavy metals in the soil]. PMID- 6659622 TI - [Human exposure to air pollutants]. PMID- 6659624 TI - [Automatic immission monitoring and immission prognosis]. PMID- 6659625 TI - [Effect of the decrease of pressure on the volume measurement with dry gas counters during air sampling]. PMID- 6659626 TI - [Methods of determining the relation between environmental factors and hypertension]. PMID- 6659627 TI - [Estimation of disease-specific life-span]. PMID- 6659628 TI - [Life expectancy of diabetics]. PMID- 6659629 TI - [The morbidity process--a theoretical concept]. PMID- 6659630 TI - [Hydrogen (H2) breath tests in the diagnosis of small intestine diseases]. AB - We have applied the ion sensitive analysis of hydrogen (H2) in expired air in intervals of five minutes for five hours to determine carbohydrate malabsorption. In 19 patients with lactose malabsorption the increase in hydrogen was prior (45, SE 13 min) to healthy volunteers (142, SD 71 min, p less than 0.01). In comparison to blood glucose with the breath test no false positive results were observed. D-xylose absorption measured by breath test and renal excretion for five hours was determined in 24 volunteers and 12 patients with various intestinal diseases. There was a good correlation between both methods. In all patients the area under the concentration-time-curve was elevated (2077, SD 1260 ppm H2/5h) compared to healthy volunteers (434, SD 271 ppm H2/5h, p less than 0.01). Small bowel transit time was determined by ingestion of lactulose. In 32 healthy persons transit time was 85, SD 19 min. In 10 patients an early increase in hydrogen indicated bacterial overgrowth in the small bowel while 14C Cholylglycine-breath test was abnormal in only six patients. The hydrogen breath test measured by ionsensitive mode is noninvasive, well tolerated, semiquantitative, and ideally suited for screening of intestinal disorders. PMID- 6659632 TI - [Results of 108 endoscopic papillotomies]. AB - At the Medical Clinic of the St. Elisabeth Krankenhaus, Cologne, 108 endoscopic papillotomies (EPT) were carried out between September 1977 and May 1983; 90% have been successful. Choledocholithiasis in 91 patents (84,2%) was the most frequent indication. Approximately half of the cases had had previous cholecystectomy; in the other half the still existing gall-bladder contained stones. These latter patients were definite risk-patients; their average age was 16 years above that of patients with previous cholecystectomy. Other indications have been the inflammatory (14 patients) or tumorous stenosis (3 patients) of the papilla. Complications occurred with 8 patients (7,4%); mortality-rate: 1,9%. The good results and the low rate of complications make EPT the method of choice in case of residual or recurring stones after cholecystectomy as well as in case of risk patients with existing gall-bladder and stones in the common bile duct. Further indications have been: malignant or benign papillary stenosis and acute emergency situations (acute biliary pancreatitis or cholangitis through a stone blocking the duct). The nasobiliary permanent probe, the possibility of direct litholysis, the dilatation by catheter and prolonged draining of stenosis open new applications. PMID- 6659631 TI - [Nonalcoholic fatty liver hepatitis and fatty cirrhosis mimicking alcoholic liver diseases]. AB - Non-alcoholic steatosis hepatitis and fatty cirrhosis represents an unfamiliar liver disease of yet unknown etiology, which is usually indistinguishable from alcoholic lesions by histological criteria. For the affected patients this means automatically the inappropriate assumption of hidden alcohol abuse. Out of 1467 liver biopsies during 1979 to 1982 we selected 25 patients (group I), who either denied alcohol intake or reported negligible consumption. None of them had taken steatogenous drugs or had been treated by jejuno-ileal bypass operation for morbid obesity. Nevertheless, in all cases liver biopsy demonstrated changes that were thought to be characteristic of alcoholic liver disease. This group was compared with an additional series of 25 patients (group II, selected out of 342 alcoholics), who admitted to a mean daily alcohol ingestion of 145 +/- 37 g. According to body weight, sex ratio, estimated degree of hepatocellular fat deposition and relation of steatosis hepatitis (n = 15) to fatty cirrhosis (n = 12) there were no differences between both groups. In contrast to the alcoholics (group II) significantly lower (p less than 0.001) values of serum gamma glutamyltransferase (127 +/- 138 vs 669 +/- 588 U/l) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (89 +/- 4,7 vs 102 +/- 7,8 fl) occurred among the abstinent patients (group I). However, the considerable overlap of measured values argued against a sufficiently discriminative function of both parameters. On the other hand, the serum SGOT/SGPT ratio (I: 1,0 +/- 0,4 vs II: 3,5 +/- 1,4) as well as the serum immunoglobulin-index IgG/IgA (I: 5,6 +/- 2,1 vs II: 2,7 +/- 0,7) allowed a more than 90% separation between the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6659633 TI - Sequential changes from minimal pancreatic inflammation to advanced alcoholic pancreatitis. AB - A correlation of several clinical parameters and pancreatitis morphological alterations observed in chronic alcoholics with and without pancreatic is presented. Three groups of patients were studied: asymptomatic chronic alcoholics (24); non-alcoholic controls (10); and cases with advanced chronic pancreatitis (6). Clinical, biochemical and functional studies were performed. Morphological studies were made on surgical biopsy specimens in light and electron microscopy. The results of this study showed: 1) fat accumulates within pancreatic acinar cells in alcoholics drinking more than 80 g of ethanol per day; 2) ultrastructural changes found in acinar cells of the alcoholics are similar to those described for liver cells; 3) the alterations found in alcoholics without pancreatitis are also observed in those with advanced chronic pancreatitis. An attempt to correlate the sequential changes in the histopathology of alcoholic pancreatic disease with the clinical picture and secretory patterns was made. According to these observations, admitting the ultrastructural similarities between the liver and the pancreas and the recently demonstrated abnormalities of lipid metabolism in pancreatic cells in experimental animal research, the authors postulate a toxic-metabolic mechanism as a likely hypothesis for the pathogenesis of chronic alcoholic inflammation of the pancreas. PMID- 6659634 TI - [Urticaria and Quincke's edema caused by chironomid larva (Chironomus thummi thummi) as fishfood]. AB - We report on a patient having developed urticaria and Quincke's edema after contact with Chironomidae for fishfood. PMID- 6659635 TI - [Clinical variety of granuloma anulare]. AB - On the basis of over 100 cases of histologically verified granuloma anulare, we made an attempt to classify its many clinical variants. A principal distinction must be made between clinically typical and atypical forms on the one hand, and between localized and disseminated or generalized forms on the other. The various clinical pictures of the atypical forms are systematisized and described. PMID- 6659636 TI - [Molluscum contagiosum with hair follicle-like differentiation]. AB - Mollusca contagiosa are histologically characterized by several small lobules opening to a common porus. We have report on a histological deviation from this uniform picture showing differentiation of these lobules into hair follicle-like structures extending deep into the dermis. PMID- 6659637 TI - [Chronic urticaria in the dermatology clinic]. AB - In order to clarify the genesis of different forms of urticaria, particular experiences of the Practicing dermatologist are required regarding allergology as well as the equipment of his practice which is of considerable importance. Certain examination methods should, however, be carried out under clinical conditions, as far as special technical instruments, comparison and reproduction of results and allergy exposition are concerned. Special regard has to be paid to the phenomenon of intolerance. Corresponding reactions are being dealt with increasingly. Even clinical treatment only produced few discoveries of allergens. Therefore, steps have to be taken to set up more effective examination techniques. PMID- 6659639 TI - [Anthralin erythema: effect of concentration, contact time, oxidation products and corticosteroids. Clinical, reflection photometry and electron microscopy studies]. AB - A comparative study on psoriatic patients and healthy volunteers demonstrated that short-term treatment with Anthralin shows significantly less side-effects on healthy skin than long-term therapy. We could also prove that the oxidation products Chrysazin and Bianthron do not cause any irritations, and that a combined therapy with Anthralin and corticoids does not reduce the development of erythema. PMID- 6659638 TI - [The spirochetal etiology of erythema chronicum migrans and of meningo polyneuritis Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth]. AB - Erythema chronicum migrans and tick-borne meningo-polyneuritis Garin-Bujadoux Bannwarth are caused by a spirochete transmitted by ixodes ricinus. The same is true for Lyme disease, which is the erythema chronicum migrans infection of North America transmitted by ticks of the same genus. In Europe, this etiology is indicated by demonstration of IgG and IgM antibodies against borrelia duttoni during the course of infection and by immunofluorescence staining of spirochetes in ticks at sites of infection. In the USA, scientists succeeded in isolating from ticks as well as from blood, skin and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Lyme disease. In addition patients showed antibodies against the isolated spirochete. The etiologic findings allow a better causative therapy as well as the investigation of pathogenesis and epidemiology of this multiform disease which may involve skin, nervous system, joints and heart. PMID- 6659640 TI - [Left bundle-branch block: inferences from ventricular septal motion in the echocardiogram concerning left ventricular function]. AB - In left bundle branch block (LBBB) abnormal motions of the interventricular septum (IVS) are well known in echocardiography. We asked: (1) Is it possible to distinguish several kinds of IVS motion in the M-mode echocardiogram and (2) Is there any correlation with clinical data? We analyzed the M-mode echocardiograms of 100 patients in whom LBBB had been diagnosed, either alone or in connection with latent or dilatative cardiomyopathy. All showed a posterior motion of the IVS in early systole. Three kinds of motion could subsequently be identified: anterior (= paradox) (18%, type A), posterior (= normal) (58%, type B), and intermediate (24%, type AB). Group A had a more severe clinical stage of disease than group B (p less than 0.0005); ECG showed a longer QRS complex (p less than 0.0005), X-ray a bigger cardiac-thoracic ratio (p less than 0.0005), and M-mode echocardiogram larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameters (p less than 0.025). Mean values of group AB fell between those of group A and those of group B. Moreover, ejection fraction at left ventricular angiography was lower in group A (52.0%) than in groups AB (58.0%) and B (62.9%) (A vs B p less than 0.005), and mean pulmonary artery pressure on exertion was higher in group A (43.3 mm Hg) than in groups AB (38.1 mm Hg) and B (28.7 mm Hg) (A vs. B p less than 0.0005). For types A and AB taken together, the likelihood of abnormal pulmonary artery pressure on exertion was 88%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6659642 TI - [Significance of the E point-septum distance for the evaluation of left ventricular function in coronary disease--a study using M-mode echocardiography]. AB - In 121 patients (pts) with angiographically proven coronary artery disease, left ventricular (LV) cineangiograms were quantitatively evaluated. 79 pts showed regional wall abnormalities. In this group the relationship between echocardiographic parameters of global (LV) function (mitral-septal separation, systolic and diastolic diameter, and fractional shortening) and ventriculographic parameters was investigated. Mitral-septal separation showed the best correlation to the angiographic ejection fraction (EF) (r = -0.72). The measurement of this parameter allows the diagnosis of a reduced EF independently of the dilatation of the left ventricle, and is easy to perform and to reproduce. Mitral-septal separation discriminated well between the reference group and all infarction subgroups (posterior wall, anterior wall, and double infarction) with reduced EF. The modification of the mitral-septal separation measurement according to D'Cruz et al. showed no advantage over that proposed by Massie et al. Both are clearly dependent upon septal excursion, which has to be taken into consideration when mitral-septal separation is being evaluated. The sensitivity of mitral-septal separation (greater than 7 mm) for the detection of reduced LV function (less than 55%) was 0.66; the specificity was 0.80. There was greater sensitivity for anterior wall infarctions than for posterior wall infarctions (0.73 vs 0.44). Because of the relatively high number of false negatives, only a pathologic mitral-septal separation is diagnostically useful. PMID- 6659641 TI - Assessment of left ventricular function from the mitral valve echocardiogram following positive and negative inotropic interventions. AB - The echocardiographically visualized mitral valve motion pattern has been shown to be related to left ventricular diastolic parameters and systolic performance. In order to analyze the influence of a negative inotropic agent (penbutolol, Betapressin) and a positive inotropic drug (AR-L 115 BS, Vardax) on the movement of the anterior mitral valve leaflet (aMV), the following motion phases of the aMV were determined in 23 patients following completion of diagnostic cardiac catheterization: DE slope, EF slope, the final closing velocity of the aMV (AC/BC slope), CE amplitude, AC interval, and PQ-AC interval. These values were compared to several hemodynamic parameters. In 13 patients (group I) control values were obtained under physiological conditions as well as during right atrial pacing at constant pacing rate in order to exclude changes in heart rate. Measurements were repeated under spontaneous heart rate and during atrial pacing following the application of penbutolol. In the other 10 patients (group II) the echocardiographic and hemodynamic data were obtained before and after the intravenous application of AR-L 115 BS. In addition, left ventriculography was repeated in 8 patients after the pharmacologic intervention. The investigations revealed changes in the mitral valve motion pattern following negative and positive inotropic interventions. The most marked changes occurred in the AC/BC slope, which declined significantly after beta blockade with penbutolol (means 300.1 mm/s vs. means 208.4 mm/s; p less than 0.01). This effect proved to be unaffected by heart rate: there was also a reduction of the closure slope after application of penbutolol during atrial pacing (means 343.1 mm/s vs. means 268.6 mm/s; p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 6659643 TI - [Comparative studies on the cardiodepressant effect of disopyramide, mexiletine and propafenon]. AB - The effect of clinical antiarrhythmic doses of disopyramide (Di), mexiletine (Me), and propafenon (Pr) on cardiac function was studied in 7 normal volunteers by M-mode echocardiography and the extent of functional changes caused by the three drugs was compared. For each of the substances echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular function were determined before injection, 5-25 min. after an intravenous administration (Di 2.0 mg/kg, Me 3.0 mg/kg, Pr 1.5 mg/kg) at intervals of 5 min., and after 3 days of oral therapy (Di 4 X 200 mg/day, Me 4 X 200 mg/day, Pr 3 X 300 mg/day). Di, Me, and Pr each showed significant negative inotropic activity, though of varying degree. For each drug the effect was more pronounced after intravenous administration than under oral therapy. Maximum decreases in myocardial contraction occurred 5-15 min. after termination of injection, with an increase in endsystolic diameter (Di 30.3%, Me 13.6%, Pr 9.7%), no change in preejection diameter, and a reduction in the percentage and velocity of mean circumferential fiber shortening and systolic ventricular wall thickness (Di 18.1%-45.1%, Me 9.6%-23.7%, Pr 11.8%-16.7%). While the cardiodepressant activity of orally administered Di, Me and Pr did not statistically differ, for the first 20 min. after intravenous administration Di exhibited a marked negative inotropic effect that was significantly greater than those of Me and Pr. In view of the considerable hemodynamic side effects of Di, Me, and Pr observed in this study, the benefit to risk ratio must be evaluated carefully and individually before commencement of antiarrhythmic therapy. Because of its acute and pronounced cardiodepressant activity, intravenous Di should be used with particular caution; a dose reduction and slow injection are recommended in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. PMID- 6659644 TI - [Unusual contrast medium distribution in the left ventricular myocardium in infants with a high degree of aortic valve stenosis and endocardial fibroelastosis. Pathologico-morphologic findings]. AB - In 5 newborn infants with severe valvular aortic stenosis, left ventricular angiocardiography revealed conspicuous pathologic-morphologic findings consisting of a fine network of contrast medium opacification in the region of the posterior wall. Subsequently performed histologic examination of tissue removed from the involved regions showed, in addition to endocardial fibroelastosis, two structures which were assumed to be the morphologic substrates for the unusual distribution of contrast medium. On the one hand, antler-like spaces with a well demarcated lining of fibroelastic tissue, similar to the thickened endocardium, were found in the inner half of the left ventricular wall connected to the lumen of the left ventricle through bottle-necked communications. On the other hand, oval or oblong lumina, substantially larger in caliber than capillaries but showing only a single endothelial layer could be demonstrated. With the sectioning technique employed, anastomoses of the latter spaces with the left ventricle or the previously mentioned system of spaces could not be established. The cause of the development or maintenance of these sinusoidal spaces may be attributable to the elevated diastolic left ventricular pressure, while the elevated systolic pressure may have been a decisive etiologic factor for the endocardial fibroelastosis. Whether the intratrabecular spaces represent persistent embryonic myocardial sinusoids cannot be differentiated unequivocally. In support of the stated contentions, however, are other results indicating that the extent of structural changes in the ventricular wall increases proportionately with the duration of existence of the obstructive lesion in the embryonic period. PMID- 6659645 TI - [Aneurysm of the left ventricle in childhood. A contribution on classification and a review of the literature]. AB - Two cases of left ventricular aneurysm in children offer the opportunity of classifying protrusions of the left ventricle into (a) embryonically malformed contractile diverticula and (b) aneurysms, which may be subvalvular, paraventricular, or apical in location. Numerous etiologies have been proposed, but none of these are supported by our examples. Clinical findings on an apical aneurysm of unknown etiology are presented. While in the case of the diverticulum surgical resection is strongly indicated, in the case of aneurysm conservative treatment may often be adequate. PMID- 6659646 TI - [Aneurysms of the left atrium in pericardial defect]. AB - A partial pericardial defect with aneurysm of the left appendage was demonstrated by two-dimensional echocardiography in two asymptomatic patients, and in one of them also by computed tomography. PMID- 6659647 TI - [Development of the teaching concept in pathology and clinical biochemistry and postgraduate education of physicians and natural scientists in biochemical pathology and laboratory diagnosis]. PMID- 6659648 TI - [The caretaking function of pathological and clinical biochemistry]. PMID- 6659649 TI - [Quantitative high performance liquid chromatography of purines and nucleosides in plasma and blood cells]. PMID- 6659650 TI - Leishmanial excreted factors (EFs): purification by affinity chromatography. AB - Leishmania species grown in culture excrete a polyanionic, carbohydrate-rich factor (EF) which binds to antibodies produced in rabbits against the parent Leishmania species. EF, previously purified by physical and chemical methods, was purified by affinity chromatography on a Ricinus lectin column. The purified samples were characterised and analysed. The results show a notable proportion of galactose in EF and clarify the reasons for its polyanionic properties. Heterogenicity of EF is demonstrated and discussed. PMID- 6659651 TI - Proliferation and metastases formation of larval Echinococcus multilocularis. I. Animal model, macroscopical and histological findings. AB - Using surgical techniques, 70 Meriones unguiculatus were infected by implantation of 0.15-0.20 g of larval Echinococcus multilocularis tissue into the subcutis of the neck region. In 64 of 65 animals necropsied, the transplants had increased in size and weight and reached an average weight of 4.1 g at the end of the experiment 12 weeks post infection (p.i.). Metastatic Echinococcus lesions developed in the regional lymph nodes and in the lungs; in 18 animals the parasite proliferated into the thoracic cavity. Of 41 animals examined 10 and 12 weeks p.i., 88% had multiple or single metastatic lung lesions, the first being observed 6 weeks p.i. Typical cysts and protrusions ("buds") of the germinal layer were detected in samples of parasite tissue before and after transplantation to experimental animals, as well as in lymph nodes and lungs in which metastases had developed. Similar structures were found in liver sections of two patients with alveolar echinococcosis. It is concluded that the spread of the parasite from the subcutis of the neck region to the draining lymph nodes and the lungs had taken place via the lymph and blood system. The possible role of the "buds" in metastases formation is discussed. PMID- 6659652 TI - Proliferation and metastases formation of larval Echinococcus multilocularis. II. Ultrastructural investigations. AB - The larval stage (metacestode) of Echinococcus multilocularis was studied by means of electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) before and after subcutaneous transplantation to jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) and in their lymph nodes and lungs with parasite metastases. It was found that the metacestode consists of a network of solid, cellular protrusions (buds) of the germinal layer which transform to tube-like and cystic structures devoid or with a laminated layer. Proliferation of the metacestode apparently occurs by protruding filamentous solid cell columns (buds) from the germinal layer. Their tips have diameters of only one cell: they are covered with a smooth syncytial tegument without microtriches and are filled with undifferentiated cells which contain a nucleus with a large nucleolus. The tegument is constantly enlarged by fusion with the underlying undifferentiated cells that divide repeatedly. At some distance from the tip a cavity develops inside the protrusion, thus finally giving rise to a tube-like structure which may transform to a cystic expansion. Simultaneously, the surface of the protrusion changes by the formation of microtriches and the occurrence of an amorphous laminated layer. The latter is concentrically covered by connective tissue cells and large amounts of collagen. Within cyst-brood capsules, finally protoscoleces are formed from accumulations of undifferentiated cells beneath the tegument. The study has unequivocally proven the cestode nature of the cellular protrusions, and it is assumed that detachment of cells from these structures and their subsequent distribution via the circulation may play a role in the formation of metastases. The origin of the laminated layer is discussed. PMID- 6659653 TI - Screening of some British simuliids for susceptibility to experimental Onchocerca lienalis infection. AB - Ten species of Simulium from Britain were tested for susceptibility to Onchocerca lienalis infection by intrathoracic injection of microfilariae recovered from the skin of cattle at slaughter. All of the species examined supported development of a proportion of the microfilariae to third-stage larvae, but this was greatest at 53% in S. ornatum s.l., which is a known natural vector in Britain. Inocula of 20, 30 or 50 microfilariae resulted in similar levels of mortality in S. ornatum s.l. (42-53%), but a rise in the dose above 20 microfilariae per fly increased the proportion which developed to third-stage larvae. In a series of comparative experiments employing S. ornatum s.l. as a reference positive for blackflies of unknown susceptibility to infection, 6 other species (S. reptans, S. erythrocephalum, S. lineatum, S. equinum, S. nitidifrons and S. austeni) allowed a proportion of the microfilariae to reach third-stage larvae equivalent to 37 50% of those which developed in S. ornatum s.l. A small sample of S. angustipes supported development as well as its respective control group of S. ornatum s.l., but S. vernum and S. aureum were relatively refractory and were the only species in which third-stage larvae did not accumulate in the head. Fly survival rates varied between the species, but all were below those in S. ornatum s.l. It is concluded that some of these blackflies offer promise as surrogate vectors of O. lienalis in the laboratory and their possible role in natural transmission should receive further attention. PMID- 6659654 TI - Observations on the transmission and development of Toxocara pteropodis (Ascaridoidea: Nematoda) in the Australian grey-headed flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus (Pteropodidae: Megachiroptera). AB - Findings in the Australian Grey-Headed Flying-Fox, Pteropus poliocephalus, have elucidated the life-cycle of Toxocara pteropodis. In adult bats, other than parturient females, larvae were found only in the livers. Following parturition, larvae were recovered only from mammary glands up to 2 weeks post-partum. Developing larvae were found only in the intestine of young bats from the age of two days onwards; there was no evidence of pulmonary migration. The evidence indicates that juvenile bats commence passing Toxocara eggs in their faeces at about 2 months of age and expel the worms spontaneously following weaning at about 5 months. The eggs passed in the faeces of the young bat and its mother are disseminated throughout their environment and embryonate rapidly, being infective to mice after 10 days. Under natural conditions the eggs remain viable for 6 weeks or less and are infective to bats by the oral route. PMID- 6659655 TI - Rat mononuclear cells and neutrophils are more effective than eosinophils in antibody-mediated stage-specific killing of Trichinella spiralis in vitro. AB - The capacity of non-infected rat total, eosinophil-enriched and eosinophil depleted fractions of peritoneal exudate and bone marrow cells to adhere to and kill Trichinella spiralis newborn larvae with immune rat serum has been studied in vitro. The eosinophil-depleted peritoneal exudate cell fraction contained mainly mononuclear cells, whereas the corresponding bone marrow cell fraction consisted of a considerable number of neutrophils. All cell types either originating from the peritoneal cavity or the bone marrow, showed adherence and killing properties to the Trichinella newborn larvae. It was concluded that mononuclear cells and neutrophils are capable of and more effective than eosinophils in stage-specific killing of Trichinella in vitro. PMID- 6659656 TI - ["Mentally handicapped"--diagnosis for the determination of human inferiority?]. PMID- 6659657 TI - [Sensitivity disorders--with reference to their neurologic and neurosurgical aspects]. PMID- 6659658 TI - [Thoughts on the meaning of life of the human]. PMID- 6659659 TI - [Gastroenterology (22). Roentgen diagnosis 6: The stomach (5)]. PMID- 6659660 TI - [Ambulatory hospital treatment within the scope of internal medicine emergency admission]. PMID- 6659661 TI - [Gastrointestinal diseases. Therapy with Iberogast]. PMID- 6659662 TI - [Scoliosis. Examination and conservative therapy]. PMID- 6659663 TI - [15 years' endoprosthetics of the hip joint]. PMID- 6659664 TI - [Treatment of fresh extensor tendon injuries of the hand]. PMID- 6659665 TI - [Management of acetabulum fractures]. PMID- 6659666 TI - [Treatment of subtrochanteric femoral fractures]. PMID- 6659667 TI - [Constipation, a permanent problem]. PMID- 6659668 TI - [Chronic cardiac insufficiency. Treatment with a vasoactive diuretic. Effectiveness and tolerance of piretanide (Arelix mite)]. PMID- 6659669 TI - [Long-term treatment of hypertension with a beta blocker-diuretic combination]. PMID- 6659670 TI - [Problems for the general practitioner in treating adolescents with behavioral disorders. Case reports]. PMID- 6659671 TI - [Causes for behavioral disorders in adolescents of our time]. PMID- 6659672 TI - [Combination of autogenic training and group therapy. Contribution to a socially integrated psychotherapy]. PMID- 6659673 TI - [Resorption, elimination and effect of Hg(CN)2 in Meditonsin on the kidney]. PMID- 6659674 TI - [Work disability of patients seen in general practice]. PMID- 6659675 TI - [The generation problem in medicine. Opening lecture on the occasion of the XXXI. International Congress for Continuing Education of the Federal Physician's Group and the Austrian Physician's Group in Meran on 29 August 1983]. PMID- 6659676 TI - [Obstruction of passage in the esophagus. Rare etiologies]. PMID- 6659678 TI - [Obstructive jaundice--strategy]. PMID- 6659677 TI - [Is the operated stomach a precancerous condition?]. PMID- 6659679 TI - [Perforated appendicitis]. PMID- 6659680 TI - [Diagnosis of colonic polyps and cancers. Experiences with partial coloscopy in internal medicine practice]. PMID- 6659681 TI - [Formation and modification of bile lipids]. PMID- 6659682 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis. 7: duodenum]. PMID- 6659683 TI - [Effect of interval training on walking distance, hemodynamics and ventilation in patients with intermittent claudication. II. Changes of hemodynamics and ventilation]. PMID- 6659684 TI - Decreased fibrinolytic activity in the bottom of human vein valve pockets. PMID- 6659685 TI - [Clinical course of lower vena cava inferior syndrome]. PMID- 6659686 TI - [Atypic aortic coarctation in hypertension. Results of surgical treatment and late prognosis]. PMID- 6659687 TI - [Clinical, functional and morphological late results of venous thrombectomy]. PMID- 6659688 TI - Are fasting serum triglyceride concentrations sufficient for determining the risk factor status of hypertriglyceridaemia for atherosclerotic vascular diseases? PMID- 6659689 TI - Clinical value of platelet migration test in patients with peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 6659690 TI - Ultrasonic Doppler pulse wave analysis versus penile blood pressure measurement in the evaluation of arteriogenic impotence. PMID- 6659691 TI - [Clinical experiences with Doppler sonography in the supra-aortal region]. PMID- 6659692 TI - A possible role of lysosomal enzymes in the pathogenesis of varicosis and the reduction in their serum activity by Venostasin. PMID- 6659693 TI - [Dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta in aortic insufficiency, pericardial effusion and infarction]. PMID- 6659694 TI - [Sclerosis of the superior mesenteric artery - a rarity?]. PMID- 6659695 TI - [Floating thrombi in the ascending aorta]. PMID- 6659696 TI - [Circulating immune complexes in patients with vasculitis of the skin]. PMID- 6659697 TI - [Effectiveness of injectable human leukocyte interferon in recurrent genital herpes]. PMID- 6659698 TI - [Role of a microreaction using cardiolipin antigen in mass serologic screening for syphilis]. PMID- 6659699 TI - [Experience with the sex education of medical students]. PMID- 6659700 TI - [Incidence of mycoses in Uganda]. PMID- 6659701 TI - [Therapeutic effectiveness of ericycline in combination with apilac in patients with chronic pyoderma]. PMID- 6659702 TI - [Dynamics of the itching sensation and the intensity of involuntary muscle tonus in patients with neurodermatitis]. PMID- 6659703 TI - [Long-term results of the combined therapy of patients with psoriasis using interferon inhalation]. PMID- 6659704 TI - [Effect of saline procedures on the functional indicators of the skin in patients with psoriasis, eczema and neurodermatitis]. PMID- 6659705 TI - [Long-term results of the treatment of children with various dermatoses at the Havatag mineral spring]. PMID- 6659706 TI - [Characteristics of the occurrence of infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue in animal breeders and agricultural machine operators]. PMID- 6659707 TI - [Incontinentia pigmenti in sisters]. PMID- 6659708 TI - [Gyrate scalp]. PMID- 6659709 TI - [Ota's syndrome]. PMID- 6659710 TI - [Case of sodoku]. PMID- 6659711 TI - [Somatic pathology in patients with contagious forms of syphilis and alcoholism and their treatment]. PMID- 6659712 TI - [Lesions of the lymph nodes in syphilis]. PMID- 6659713 TI - [Effect of beta-phenylethylamine on locomotor activity and brain catecholamine metabolism in mice]. AB - beta-Phenylethylamine (PEA) is a naturally occurring compound and its structure is close to amphetamine. The effects of PEA on locomotor activity and brain catecholamine metabolism in mice were investigated. Mice were injected with PEA 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally. PEA produced increased locomotor activity between 3 and 6 min, then a decline to 20 min after the injection. There was decreased activity with a slight stereotyped behavior consisted of sniffing and head bobbing between 15 and 20 min. 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethyleneglycol (MHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the whole brain were examined. MHPG levels showed no remarkable changes at 5 min after PEA, then increase at 30 and 60 min. HVA level was increased but DOPAC level was decreased at 60 min. Type B monoamine oxidase activity showed no remarkable changes in discrete regions of the brain at 5 and 30 min. These results suggest that PEA may not only release catecholamines but inhibit the reuptake of neurogenically released dopamine. PMID- 6659714 TI - [Digestive physiology of the horse. 8. Prececal digestibility of starch and lactose and their effect on cecal metabolism]. PMID- 6659715 TI - [Intake of amino acids in small intestine tissue in vitro. 1. Studies of rats fed rations of various protein content]. PMID- 6659716 TI - [Intake of amino acids in small intestine tissue in vitro. 2. Studies of swine fed rations of various protein content]. PMID- 6659717 TI - [Trace element balance (Cu, Zn, Ni and Mn) in lactating sows]. PMID- 6659718 TI - [Intake of amino acids in small intestine tissue in vitro. 3. Studies of young bulls fed rations of various protein content]. PMID- 6659719 TI - [Intake of amino acids in small intestine tissue in vitro. 4. Studies of adult cattle of various origins]. PMID- 6659720 TI - [Modification of a subcutaneous arteriovenous fistula for treatment with detoxication procedures]. AB - A report is given on initial clinical experience with a modification of the standard method of arteriovenous fistula in 10 patients. The method of operation and its advantages are described in detail. PMID- 6659721 TI - [Urine pseudocyst following multiple injury with closed subpelvic ureteral rupture in childhood]. AB - The authors discuss special aspects concerning children and traffic accidents, prompted by the frequency of such accidents. They present a model of the pathogenesis of closed injuries of the ureter. On the basis of the mechanics of accidents and clinical experience, closed subpelvic rupture of the ureter is to be seen as the result of a deceleration trauma. Problems of the treatment of patients with multiple injuries and the diagnosis and therapy of closed injuries of the ureter are presented on the basis of a clinical observation. PMID- 6659722 TI - [An operated case of bilateral kidney tumor]. AB - In a case of bilateral kidney tumour, contralateral tumour resection was performed after unilateral nephrectomy. One and a half years later the patient has no complaints. The importance of partial nephrectomy in such cases is stressed. PMID- 6659723 TI - [What is the current outlook for an implantable artificial kidney?]. AB - Considering the homeostatic demands made by the organism on an artificial eliminating substitute kidney system, it seems that the haemofiltrative principle for transporting matter is the most suitable for simulating the natural glomerular kidney function in an implantable artificial kidney. Biophysical laws can be used to influence long-term filtrative efficiency and the blood-flow in the haemofilter system can be controlled by technical feedback regulation. Endogenically, the filtration process is, in terms of energy, driven by the aterial blood pressure (specifically, by the trans-membrane pressure thus generated). The definitive ultrafiltrate treatment takes place by intestinal reabsorption and elimination of the end products, whereby these functions may be assisted by the use of sorbents etc. or an adequate substitution therapy if reabsorption is insufficient. These processes can reasonably be triggered by neurohormonal feedback regulation if the homeostasis situation is greatly disturbed by the haemofiltration process. The implantable artificial kidney is thus a biochemical hybrid kidney. PMID- 6659724 TI - [Measurement and evaluation of ship vibrations and their effect on humans]. PMID- 6659725 TI - [Planning of vaccination against hepatitis B at a university clinic]. PMID- 6659726 TI - [A medical plan for occupational establishments based on the accident prevention regulations of the Public Health Service]. PMID- 6659727 TI - [Results of resection of gastroduodenal ulcers]. AB - The principles of a standardized technique of partial gastrectomy are presented. Number and success of resections were reviewed between 1948 and 1981. Follow-up studies were performed twice (1969 and 1982) which showed a success in 93% according to Visick Grade I and II. Taking the incidence of cancer in the remnant stomach into consideration, we found the number of cancers after partial resection to be very low as far as the patients of our surgical unit were concerned. A close connection seems to exist between the technique of gastric resection and the appearance of cancer in the remnant stomach. PMID- 6659728 TI - [Selective proximal vagotomy and truncular vagotomy - comparison based on animal models]. AB - After high-selective vagotomy without pyloroplasty and after transthoracic truncular vagotomy in combination with pyloroplasty serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion were checked in short time intervals. The stimulation was produced by a standard test meal and by insulin induced hypoglycemia before and after vagotomy. The changes observed in serum gastrin levels before and after both kinds of vagotomy indicate a temporary influence on the emptying of the stomach. The decrease in gastric acid output following selective or truncular vagotomy demonstrates a delay of therapeutic effect. PMID- 6659729 TI - [Choice of method and long-term results of therapy for complicated gastric ulcers]. AB - 65 patients with a complication of a gastric ulcer without any known ulcerative noxa had been treated surgically. In 2 of 3 patients, bleeding or perforation occurred without a longer history of ulcer. In bleeding ulcer, we performed a partial gastric resection, only in older patients a simple suture of the bleeding source. Therefore, mortality of simple suture was higher than of partial gastric resection (overall 13.9%). Perforation of gastric ulcer had only been oversewn with good results. In the last years, we did not see any indication for performing a selective proximal vagotomy in complicated gastric ulcer. The overall mortality rate of perforated gastric ulcer was 17.2%. There was no ulcer recurrence, neither in the group of gastric resection for gastric ulcer bleeding nor in the group of oversewing for gastric ulcer perforation. PMID- 6659730 TI - [Changes in microcirculation of various layers and regions of the stomach wall following selective proximal vagotomy. Animal experiments using radioactive labeled plastic particles]. AB - Changes of the blood flow in the different layers and regions were determined with radioactively labelled microspheres after proximal vagotomy. Under normal conditions and vagal stimulation a significant reduction of the flow in corpus and antrum up to 74% can be observed at least over the time of 3 weeks. This decrease of bloodflow in the stomach together with a reduction in secretion can possibly be responsible for the successful treatment of diffuse bleeding in erosive gastritis by selective vagotomy. PMID- 6659731 TI - [Significance of tumor size in the prognosis of stomach cancer]. AB - From 1974 to 1982, 261 patients with carcinoma of the stomach were operated upon. Early cancer was found in 4.6%, T4 in 38.3%. Lymph node involvement and distant metastases were discovered at the time of surgery in 68.2% or 14.6% respectively. In 29.9% the operative procedure was defined as curative by the surgeon, in 33.3% as questionable as to the curative effect. The operative mortality rate was 14.9%. 11.5% survived for more than 5 years. With increasing tumour size, operability and survival time diminished significantly. PMID- 6659732 TI - Lymph node removal for advanced gastric cancer with special reference to peritoneal metastasis. AB - The 5-year survival rate of gastric cancer patients was evaluated in relation to cancer infiltration to the gastric serosa, lymph node metastasis and lymph node removal, the pattern of cancer recurrence, and the presence of free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity. The 5-year survival of patients with cancer infiltration to the gastric serosa was not improved even by more extensive lymph node removal (R3 removal) than secondary lymph node removal (R2 removal). In these patients, viable free cancer cells were detected in the peritoneal cavity. In patients with cancer recurrence, peritoneal metastasis was often present within 2 years of curative surgery. Based on our present results, we suggest that in advanced gastric cancer with marked serosal invasion, selective removal of more distant lymph nodes than secondary lymph nodes according to the location of the primary cancer lesion should be carried out in addition to R2 removal and that this selective removal is superior to uniform R3 removal. PMID- 6659733 TI - [Gastroduodenal surgery in patients over 80]. AB - Between 1969 and 1981 surgery was performed in 118 patients over eighty years old with gastroduodenal diseases. The main indications were carcinomas and ulcers. The combined mortality amounted to 34.8%. One of the main problems of surgery in elder patients turned out to be the simultaneous presence of accompanying diseases. Whenever possible surgery should be performed before the onset of complications. PMID- 6659734 TI - [What does gastrectomy of the residual stomach accomplish in cancer of the gastric stump?]. PMID- 6659735 TI - Seventeen new Salmonella serovars of the subgenera I, II, III and IV. AB - In this paper seventeen Salmonella serovars are described which were identified in the period 1979 to 1981 at the Salmonella Reference Centre of Hamburg. In addition to the Supplements Nos. XXIII (1979) to XXVI (1982) further serological, biochemical and epidemiological data of each serovar are given. S. aarhus 18:z4,z23:z64; S. 4,12:j:-; S. ogbete 43:z:1,5; S. olten 9,46:d:e,n,z15; S. tema 1,42:z35:z6; S. waedenswil 9,46:e,h:1,5; S. II 1,9,12,(46),27:z10:e,n,x; S. II 13,23:k:z41; S. II 48:d:1,2; S. II 9,12,(46),27:g,t:e,n,x; S. II 44:g,t:z42; S. II 58:d:z6; S. II 6,8:d:z6:z42; S. II 13,22:m,t:z39:z42; S. III arizonae 6,7,14:z39:1,2 = Arizona 27:45:30; S. III arizonae 38:k:e,n,x,z15 = Arizona 16:29:28; S. IV 44:z4z23:-. PMID- 6659736 TI - Rheumatoid factor-negative arthritis, especially ankylosing spondylitis, and infections of the male urogenital tract. AB - 146 men with rheumatoid factor-negative (sero-negative) arthritis, i.e., 97 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, 36 patients with Reiter's syndrome, and 13 patients with reactive arthritis, were examined for infections of the urogenital tract by following recently established criteria. 74 patients (50.7%) had infections of the male adnexes: 3 patients suffered from balanitis, 14 patients from urethritis, 49 patients from prostatitis, 1 patient from epididymitis, and 7 patients from urinary tract infection. Balanitis and urethritis were almost exclusively associated with Reiter's syndrome. In 37 of 97 patients with ankylosing spondylitis, a urogenital tract infection, mainly a prostatitis (31 patients), was detected. The microorganisms isolated most frequently from patients suffering from urethritis and prostatitis, were Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. PMID- 6659737 TI - Transport activity of mouse spleen lymphocytes after their interaction in vitro with Acholeplasma laidlawii cells. AB - Transport of two non-metabolized carbohydrates (3-O-methyl-D-glucose, 3-O-MG, and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2-DG) into mouse spleen lymphocytes after their interaction with Acholeplasma laidlawii cells has been studied. Incubation of A. laidlawii cells and particularly the liposomes prepared from A. laidlawii membrane lipids enhances the rates of the both carbohydrates transport. This treatment resulted in increasing of the Vmax values of 3-O-MG and 2-DG without changing the Km values. This stimulation can be explained by the increasing of the mobility of membrane carbohydrates carriers as a result of the exchange of lipid components between Acholeplasma and lymphocyte membranes. Actually, it has been shown that liposomes derived from A. laidlawii cells grown on the medium with great amount of unsaturated oleic acid stimulate the transport activity more actively than liposomes prepared from the cells grown on the medium with bovine serum or with oleic acid plus cholesterol. It should be suggested that an activation of carbohydrates transport into lymphocytes caused by alteration of the carriers lipid microenvironment. PMID- 6659739 TI - [Some indices of organ reactivity in experimental trichinellosis. I. Granulocyte reactions in trichinellosis in rabbits]. AB - The number of leucocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils was determined during one year observation in 34 rabbits after an infection with Trichinella spiralis in the doses of 15,000, 20,000 and 30,000 larvae. Granulocyte reactions were already observed on the third day after the infection, they lasted at least for 3 months and depended on the intensity of the infection. PMID- 6659738 TI - Detection of specific IgM antibodies to toxocaral ES antigen: effect of absorption of sera with protein A sepharose. AB - The activity of both the IgG and IgM antibodies to ES antigen from Toxocara canis larvae was tested before and after absorption of sera by protein A Sepharose 4B (PASB). For this purpose, the ELISA technique was applied to the sera from 12 dogs and 6 infants. The effect of absorption of sera by PASB was as follows. The average values before and after absorption in dog sera were 0.11 and 0.02, respectively. The same effect was observed in the infant sera. Of the 12 dog sera tested, four had a elevated IgM activity and three were considered to be false positive. Also, two adult dogs in chronic infection had a IgM antibody. Of the six infant sera tested, one had a slightly elevated IgM activity and no false positive and negative readings were found. The results of this work indicated that the absorption of sera with protein A might be useful in detecting the IgM antibodies to ES antigen. Although the false positive readings appeared without absorption of sera, misreadings hampered by the amount of IgG be eliminated after absorption. PMID- 6659740 TI - [Some indices of organ reactivity in experimental trichinellosis. II. Lysozyme activity in trichinellosis in rabbits]. AB - In 34 rabbits infected with Trichinella spiralis larvae, lysozyme activity of the serum was determined in the period of one year. We have observed an increased enzyme activity both in acute and chronic period of the disease. Rabbits infected with heavy doses of Trichinella spiralis larvae showed only a minute increase of serum lysozyme activity. PMID- 6659741 TI - Rabies neutralizing antibodies determination by the modified counterimmunoelectrophoresis test and the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. AB - The correlation between the modified counterimmunoelectrophoresis and the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition tests for detecting rabies virus antibodies in human sera was studied, using as reference the standard mouse neutralization test. Statistical analyses showed good correlation among the three serological tests. There were no statistically significant differences in titers obtained by serum neutralization and rapid fluorescent focus inhibition tests and the estimated titers based on the results of the modified counterimmunoelectrophoresis test. PMID- 6659742 TI - Tween-esterase activity in Enterobacter sakazakii. AB - Seventy-one of 73 E. sakazakii strains isolated in Czechoslovakia produced Tween 80 esterase; its production was slower and less intensive than in Serratia, vibrios and aeromonads. The E. sakazakii strains did not produce lecithinase (yolk reaction was negative for 8 days). The following set of tests was recommended for verification of E. sakazakii identification: pigment (was produced by 100% of strains), Tween 80 esterase (was positive in 97.3%), mucate (negative in 100%) and sorbitol (negative in 100%). PMID- 6659743 TI - Cell wall analysis and taxonomy of staphylococci. AB - 50 representative staphylococcal strains were selected from 18 clusters of a previous numerical taxonomy study (2). The types of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid were investigated in these strains. The results of this cell wall analysis were compared with the data of the numerical taxonomy study (2) and the Kloos and Schleifer-classification system. PMID- 6659744 TI - Numerical taxonomy of staphylococci. AB - Over two hundred staphylococci from human and animal sources and representatives of established species of Staphylococcus, Micrococcus and Planococcus were compared in a numerical phenetic survey using 115 unit characters. Data were analyzed using the Jaccard coefficient and the unweighted pair group method with averages algorithm. Cluster composition was not markedly affected by test error, estimated as 3.49%. The staphylococci were assigned to eighteen clusters containing four or more strains and to three single member clusters. Most of the clusters were distinct and homogeneous though two were divided into subclusters. Some of the clusters and subclusters were equated with the established taxa S. aureus, S. capitis, S. cohnii, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. hyicus, S. saprophyticus, S. sciuri subspecies lentus, S. sciuri subspecies sciuri, S. simulans, S. warneri and S. xylosus, the remaining ones may represent the nuclei of additional centres of variation. The numerical data also cast doubts upon the reliability of some of the tests recommended for the identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci. PMID- 6659745 TI - Long-term follow-up observations of the therapeutic effect of PVNO on human silicosis. AB - The effect of PVNO treatment on human silicosis was observed in 7 cases over a period of 9 years lasting from 1965 to 1974. The drug was given intramuscularly and by way of inhalation, respectively. The comparison of the radiographs taken before, during and 3 years after the administration of PVNO showed that during treatment the tendency of fibrotic progression was delayed in 4 cases while 2 cases were slightly progressive, and one was markedly progressive, 3 years after discontinuation of the PVNO treatment, only one case remained stable, two cases were slightly and 4 cases markedly progressive. These observations indicate that PVNO treatment may have an effect on the delay and control of silicosis progression in a portion of patients, but after discontinuation of the treatment further progression is possible. PMID- 6659746 TI - [Results of the treatment of cervical cancer at the Department of Medicine of the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena 1965-1976. I. Surgical therapy only]. AB - The early stages of the cervical carcinoma require a different treatment after special diagnostic measures to prevent therapeutic lesions or overtreatment. In this paper therapeutic results are reported obtained from 269 patients with cervical carcinoma category T1 which were operated on without any other therapeutic measures from 1965 to 1976. - Five-year survival rates were 97 per cent. The results show that the new trend for malignant diseases: as conservative as possible and as radical as necessary, didn't increase the risk of recurrence. The change from vaginal radical hysterectomy to hysterectomy in stage Ia or abdominal radical hysterectomy in stage Ib improved the results of treatment. PMID- 6659747 TI - [Results of the treatment of cervical cancer at the Department of Medicine of the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena 1965-1976. II. Combination of surgery and percutaneous radiation therapy]. AB - Based on a material of 1502 patients with carcinoma of cervix uteri, treated between 1965 and 1976 in gynaecological-radiological teamwork in the Department of Medicine at the University of Jena, we report on 304 cases of primary operation and following radiation therapy with telecobalt. The 5-year-survival rate of all cases in this group is 78,6%, the rate of recurrences 14,1%. PMID- 6659748 TI - [Quantitative determination of secretory immunoglobulin A in the serum of patients with gynecologic tumors]. AB - Secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) was estimated by mean of single radial immunodiffusion and an antiserum against secretory component as well as an S-IgA standard in serum samples from 28 patients with fibroid, 18 patients with uterine cervix cancer, 8 patients with endometrium cancer and 4 patients with cancer of the vulva. 21 patients formed a control group. The average values were mean = 37,7 +/- 10,6 mg/l (control group), mean = 34,6 +/- 16,2 mg/l (fibroid), mean = 43,4 +/- 18,6 mg/l (uterine cervix cancer), mean = 43,3 +/- 20,0 mg/l (endometrium cancer). There were not significant differences between tumour groups and the control group. Some increased S-IgA values in the several groups were striking in the course of which we have not found any connection between the increased S-IgA values and the tumour stages as well as the histological tumour types. Moreover it was proved whether the posttherapeutical S-IgA values were changed in consequence of surgery or radiotherapy compared with values obtained before therapy values. Significant alterations were not ascertained with the t test for compared observations. PMID- 6659749 TI - [Laser miniconization - a new method of treating mild and moderate cervix dysplasia]. AB - The miniconization by carbon dioxid laser is a non-destructive method for treatment of mild and moderate dysplasia of the uterine cervix permitting an adequate histopathological interpretation of the whole transformation zone. The risk of postoperative haemorrhage is minimal which enables ambulant care. 413 patients have hitherto been treated and we have found carcinoma in situ in 16.7%, micro-invasive carcinoma in 1.2% and invasive carcinoma in 0.25%. PMID- 6659750 TI - [Chemotherapy of endodermal sinus tumors]. AB - Endodermalsinus tumors are rare and belong to the group of malignant gem cell tumors. Histogenetically they are differently interpreted. Their unfavorable prognosis is to be attributed to existing uncertainties regarding therapeutical procedure and to the rapid tumor expansion. Our case of an advanced endodermalsinus tumor of the right ovary was operated on palliatively and then subjected to antineoplastic chemotherapy with adriamycine, bleomycine and vincristine, subsequently with actinomycine D and vinblastine. There was a complete remission of the tumor. The patient survived for 43 months free of tumor. PMID- 6659751 TI - [Initial results with urine cytology in gynecologic tumors]. AB - 60 cytologic examinations were done of urine of 29 patients with gynecologic tumors. Material and methods are basically different from the usual cytology. Urinary cytology was a repeatable procedure without risk in the prediagnostic of gynecologic tumors in the field of the bladder. It completes cystocopy and is likely looking for recurrencies. PMID- 6659752 TI - [The nature, importance, and control of hospital infections in animal production]. PMID- 6659753 TI - [Epizootiologic studies of atrophic rhinitis of swine. IV. Effect of the heat labile toxin of Bordetella bronchiseptica strains on the lymphatic organs of the mouse]. PMID- 6659754 TI - Swine pleuropneumonia produced by Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae. III. An electron microscopic study. PMID- 6659755 TI - Pathology of experimental Trypanosoma vivax infection in sheep and goats. PMID- 6659756 TI - [Attenuation of mouse pox (ectromelia) virus]. PMID- 6659757 TI - [Intestinal dipeptidases and their regulation in chicks of different ages]. AB - Studies have been made of changes in catalytic activity and regulatory properties of membrane and intracellular glycyl-valine dipeptidase from the small intestine of chicks ageing from 1 to 40 days. Gradual decrease in the activity of membrane glycyl-valine dipeptidase was found during postnatal life together with formation of proximodistal gradient in the distribution along the intestine with maximal activity in the distal part. The magnitude and direction of regulatory effects of modificators (tributyrine, sucrose, L-methionine) depend on the age of chicks. Intracellular enzyme does not undergo any significant changes in its regulatory properties and in the level of its activity along the intestine during postnatal development of chicks. PMID- 6659758 TI - [Circadian changes in the sensitivity of hens to exogenous hormones affecting molting and reproduction]. AB - The effects of diurnal and nocturnal injections of various hormonal preparations on the dynamics of moult and ovulation rate have been compared in hens kept under the conditions of a shortened (6-hour) illumination period. It was found that ACTH, pituitrin and arginine-vasotocin inhibited the moult if they were injected during night time. Prolactin and diethylstilbestrol enhanced the moult only after nocturnal injections, whereas diurnal injections of these hormones did not affect the shedding. Nocturnal injections of deoxycorticosterone were twice effective with respect to moulting rate as compared with diurnal injections. Thyroxine stimulated the moult irrespectively of the time of injection. Nocturnal injections of ACTH caused retardation of the recovery of egg laying in hens. Nocturnal administrations of arginin-vasotocine enhanced the recovery of ovulation. Diurnal injections of ACTH and vasotocine did not affect the egg laying not capacity of hens. Reproductive function was inhibited by prolactine irrespectively of the period of its administration. The data obtained indicate the existence of diurnal changes in the sensitivity of target tissues of hens to some of the hormones. At night time this sensitivity is usually increased. PMID- 6659759 TI - [Fatty acid composition of aminophospholipids of the protein microenvironment in synaptosome plasma membranes in the rat brain]. AB - Fatty acid composition of the aminophospholipids present in protein microenvironment of the plasmatic synaptic membranes was studied by covalent binding method. The analysis of fatty acids was carried out by gas liquid chromatography. Aminophospholipid fatty acids in the protein microenvironment were found to be more unsaturated compared to the lipids of the free bilayer. The fatty acids of the aminophospholipids present in the protein microenvironment of the plasmatic synaptic membranes were compared to those of rhodopsin microenvironment in photoreceptor membrane. The obtained results are discussed from the point of view of the signal transmission in the excitable membranes. PMID- 6659760 TI - [Higher fatty acid composition of the intraspecific taxa of Francisella tularensis]. AB - The higher fatty acid composition of 27 F. tularensis strains differing in their biological properties and belonging to different intraspecific taxons has been determined with the use of gas and liquid chromatography. All the strains under study have been found to possess similar fatty acid spectra, characterized by the presence of long straight-chain fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) with the number of carbon atoms varying from 10 to 26. Quantitative differences content of individual fatty acids (C10:0, C14:0, C24:0) have been revealed in various F. tularensis subspecies, which can serve as an additional criterion for their differentiation. The peculiar features of the higher acid composition of F. Tularensis give grounds for considering this species to be taxonomically independent and characterize its intraspecific taxons by the quantitative content of individual fatty acids. PMID- 6659761 TI - [Action of sodium chloride on Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica]. AB - The bacteriostatic and bactericidal action of sodium chloride on 60 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains, 75 Y. enterocolitica strains and 158 urine-fermenting strains has been studied. A new specific feature of Y. pseudotuberculosis has been revealed: high sensitivity to sodium chloride. The suitability of the sodium chloride test has been shown for the identification of Yersinia and the differentiation of Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica. PMID- 6659762 TI - [Methodological approaches to a complex of interrelated problems in an automated system for managing epidemic control work. II. An assessment of the dynamics of the epidemic process]. PMID- 6659763 TI - [Migration of natural killer precursors from the bone marrow to the spleen]. AB - The kinetics of the migration of the precursors of natural killer cells (NKC) from the bone marrow to the peripheral lymphoid organs has been studied. The total irradiation of C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice and (CBA X X C57BL/6)F1 hybrid mice in a lethal dose has been found to completely inhibit NKC. The partial protection of the bone marrow during irradiation leads to the complete regeneration of NKC in the spleen in 30-60 days. On the contrary, in the lymph nodes no NKC repopulation has been observed. The possible mechanisms of the migration of the precursors of NKC from the bone marrow are discussed. It is suggested that the precursors of NKC migrate from the bone marrow and finally differentiate into NKC in the spleen. PMID- 6659764 TI - [Functional activity of natural killer cells in autoimmune processes in mice]. AB - The functional activity of natural killer cells in mice with experimentally induced autoimmune (adjuvant) arthritis and in NZB mice with genetically determined autoimmune disturbances has been studied. A charp suppression of natural killer cells has been shown to occur in the process of the development and in the course of adjuvant arthritis. A similar picture has been noted in the study of natural killer cells in NZB mice, suppression in these mice occurring simultaneously with the appearance of the signs of autoimmune disturbances. The activity of natural killer cells in the lymph nodes of NZB mice has proved to be absent practically during the whole period of study. The preventive role of natural killer cells in autoimmunity is suggested. PMID- 6659765 TI - [Interaction of Acholeplasma laidlawii and Mycoplasma arthritidis with the lymphocytes of mice of different strains]. AB - The interaction of mycoplasmas and mouse lymphocytes has been studied by the microbiological and electron-microscopic methods. The experiments have shown that A. laidlawii and M. arthritidis are adsorbed on lymphocytes and thymocytes of (C57BL6 X A/He)F1, BALB and C57BL mice after 15 minutes of their joint incubation at 37 degrees C, 1 hour later adsorption reaches its maximum intensity and after further prolongation of the time of incubation the number of adsorbed microbial cells remains unchanged. The first stage of the interaction of mycoplasmas with splenic and thymic lymphocytes (adsorption) is the same in (C57BL6 X X A/He)F1, BALB and C57BL mice, and differences in the persistence of mycoplasmas in mice of the above strains are probably due not to different capacity of the cells for adsorbing mycoplasmas, but to differences in the immune status of these animals. PMID- 6659766 TI - [Protective antigens of the vaccinia virus]. AB - The comparison of the polypeptide composition of 3 vaccinia virus strains, L-IVP, B-51 and CM-63, has revealed that strains L-IVP and B-51 are similar in their polypeptide composition, while in strain CM-63 capsid polypeptide with a molecular weight of 34000 daltons is absent or has altered electrophoretic mobility. As the result of the isolation of vaccinia envelopes (from strain L IVP) and the electrophoretic separation of their polypeptides in plates with polyacrylamide gel 10 polypeptides have been obtained in 7 fractions, each containing 1 or 2 polypeptides. The immunization of rabbits with individual fractions has demonstrated that the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies is induced mainly by 4-5 polypeptides in 3 fractions, having the highest molecular weight (54000-31000 daltons) and constituting about 19% of all proteins in the whole virion. The low-molecular envelopes polypeptides have been found to play no essential role in inducing the formation of virus-neutralizing antibodies. The highest antibody titers (1: 15625) have been detected in antisera to the preparations of whole vaccinia virus envelopes. PMID- 6659767 TI - [Vaccine from soluble antigens for the specific therapy of Proteus infection]. AB - A vaccine prepared from Proteus soluble antigens obtained by the disintegration of microbial cells with hydroxylamine is proposed. In animal experiments the vaccine has proved to be nontoxic when injected in large single doses or in smaller doses over a prolonged period and capable of protecting mice and rabbits from Proteus infection. No pronounced postvaccinal complications have been registered in humans immunized with the vaccine. The possibility of using the vaccine for immunizing donors with the aim of obtaining hyperimmune anti-Proteus plasma and for the active vaccinal therapy of patients with Proteus infection has been shown. PMID- 6659768 TI - [World incidence of anthrax (morbidity in foreign countries)]. PMID- 6659769 TI - [Isolation of the 1st strains of Legionella pneumophila in the USSR]. AB - For the first time L. pneumophila strains were isolated from pneumonia patients in the USSR. To isolate these strains, the material obtained from the patients was inoculated into charcoal-yeast agar with antibiotics or into guinea pigs with the subsequent inoculation of chick embryos. Both isolated strains were classified with serogroup 1 of L. pneumophila on the basis of their cultural, morphological, biochemical and serological properties. PMID- 6659770 TI - [Enterotoxic properties of salmonellae and their neurotoxins]. AB - Most of live S. typhimurium cultures are capable of intraintestinal proliferation and possess enterotoxic activity. The capacity of S. typhimurium strains for producing enterotoxins is not connected with their origin. The parenteral immunization of rabbits with corpuscular vaccines prepared from S. typhimurium induced changes in the sensitivity of different sections of the small intestine of the animals to the enterotoxic action of live homologous cultures. Neurotoxin isolated from S. typhi was found to possess enterotoxic activity. PMID- 6659771 TI - [Immunogenicity of a conjugate of bovine serum albumin with polyacrylic acid]. AB - The conjugate of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with polyacrylic acid, in contrast to pure BSA and the mixture of BSA with polymer, induces a pronounced primary humoral response. The injection of the conjugate in Freund's complete adjuvant leads to considerable immune response to BSA, 30-40 and 100-130 times more intensive than that produced, respectively, by the injection of the conjugate alone or BSA in the adjuvant. PMID- 6659772 TI - [Comparative study of the basic immunological reactions for assessing tularemia immunity in inoculated persons or those who have had the disease]. AB - In the comparative study of immunological tests used for the determination of immunity to tularemia in vaccinees the greatest number of persons with the positive reaction was detected by means of the tularine skin test. Former tularemia patients retained allergic skin reaction to this test irrespective of the time of the disease. PMID- 6659773 TI - [Problems of the prevention of zoonotic infections in Siberia and the Far East. Abstracts]. PMID- 6659774 TI - [State of the cerebral blood vessels in perinatal encephalopathy and the early stages of cerebral palsy]. PMID- 6659775 TI - [Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]. AB - A clinical description of Type I and II Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in a 3-year-old girl and a 19-year-old boy is presented. The syndrome is characterized by skin hyperelasticity, articular overextensibility, hemorrhagic manifestations and also by excessive vulnerability of tissues. Clinical descriptions are supplemented with roentgenologic, morphologic and electron microscopic findings as well as with the results of amino-acid analysis and of dermatoglyphic examination of the patient and her parents. PMID- 6659776 TI - [Psychological structure of posttraumatic syndromes in children suffering cerebral concussions]. AB - Clinical-psychologic examination of 132 pupils aged 7-14 years with a history of brain concussion disclosed the following clinical syndromes: cerebrasthenia in 55 children (41.7%), hypertensive-hydrocephalus syndrome in 44 (33.3%), epileptiform syndrome in 8 children (6%); 25 children (19%) presented a state of clinical compensation. Using neuropsychologic procedures characteristics of major psychic processes were studied. The overwhelming majority of the children studied exhibited mnemonic (59.8%), concentration (71.9%) or intellectual (83.3%) disorders. These impairments affect these children's ability to adapt to their environmental conditions and call for the development of appropriate rehabilitation measures. PMID- 6659777 TI - [Changes in the higher fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids and erythrocyte membranes in children with severe traumatic brain damage]. AB - The levels of higher fatty acids in the blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes were assessed in 25 children aged 3 to 15 years with severe traumatic lesions of the brain. The study was conducted with the purpose of deriving criteria indicative of the depth and severity of traumatic damage to the brain. The most informative parameters having diagnostic significance were established. The results of the studies performed suggest that it is advisable to include drugs containing essential fatty acids into the complex of therapeutic measures. PMID- 6659778 TI - [Clinical picture and treatment of herpes zoster in children]. AB - The symptoms and the course of herpes zoster are analyzed in 85 children aged 5 months to 15 years. Many systems of the body were shown to be involved in the process of the disease which is characteristic of neuroviral infections. The authors postulate the etiologic unity of chicken pox and herpes zoster as two clinical forms of the same epidemic process. The questions of treatment are outlined. PMID- 6659779 TI - [Disorders of lipid metabolism indices and various aspects of their correction in infectious-toxic lesions of the nervous system in young children]. AB - Lipids, lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in the blood serum, erythrocyte membranes and CSF were examined in 110 patients (aged 1 month to 3 years) with infectious neurotoxicosis developed in the presence of acute respiratory viral infections, pneumonia and intestinal infection. The results obtained showed a considerable fall in the level of total phospholipids and in their individual fractions in the blood serum and erythrocyte membranes; and their elevation in the CSF as well as increased lipid peroxidation in the blood serum and in the CSF. Among the questions discussed is a possible involvement of upset metabolism of lipids and their peroxides in the pathogenesis of infectious-toxic impairments of the nervous system in children of early age. The questions of their correction with lipostabilizing agents are also reviewed. PMID- 6659780 TI - [Concentration of free amino acids and homocarnosine dipeptide in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with hydrocephalus]. AB - The content of free amino acids and the dipeptide homocarnosine was examined in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with post-meningitis hydrocephalus. Of 17 identified amino acids the levels of threonine, methionine, leucine, alanine, lysine, histidine, glutamic acid and GABA appeared to be sharply changed. The homocarnosine level in the hydrocephalic children's CSF was found to be 10, and in hydrocephalic children with idiocy, 18 times higher than in the control. PMID- 6659781 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of visual gnosis in children with focal brain lesions]. AB - Bearing in mind the opinion of many authors on a great plasticity and interchangeability of the brain cortical functional systems in children the authors have carried out an experiment with 40 children with focal damages of the brain hemispheres, in 20 of whom the right, and in the other 20 the left hemisphere was affected. Use was made of the method of visual gnosis quantitative assessment in the modification of Pencheva and Mavlov (1975). In the children with the focal damages, more or less marked disturbances of the visual gnosis were revealed, however, no statistically significant relationship between the disturbances and the brain side were disclosed. The agnostic disorders were equally frequent in the children of both groups. PMID- 6659782 TI - [Importance of timely diagnosis of benign childhood epilepsy with rolandic peaks]. AB - The reviewed form of epilepsy showed such major manifestations as rare focal seizures with elementary symptomatology, a focus of sharp waves on the EEG in the rolandic area, a benign course and disappearance of disease symptoms in the pubertal period. It is emphasized that early recognition of this form of epilepsy will help to prevent undesirable psychoemotional and behavioural disturbances resulting not from the disease itself but from those incorrect social attitudes which often accompany the diagnosis of epilepsy. PMID- 6659783 TI - [Changes in the cerebral hemodynamics of migraine in children during the interictal period]. AB - The rheoencephalographic and ophthalmodynamometric studies conducted by the authors ascertained significant changes in the cerebral hemodynamics in children with migraine in the interictal period. These changes included a decreased tone of large cerebral vessels, particularly in the vertebral-basilar system with a simultaneous tendency toward the constriction of the end branches of the internal carotid arteries which was reflected in the parameters of the dicrotic index of the rheoencephalograms as well as in an elevated pressure in the ocular artery. The methods indicated allow the researchers to gain important information on the status of cerebral hemodynamics while diagnosing migraine; this may be used as the basis for the pathogenetic therapy of the disease. PMID- 6659784 TI - [Electroencephalographic studies in children and adolescents with cerebral vegetative disorders]. AB - The results of an echoencephalographic study of 403 children and adolescents aged 8 to 20 years, suffering from different vegetative disorders are presented. On the average, 49% of the patients examined showed a statistically significant dilatation of ventricle III of the brain. Echoencephalography is demonstrated to be a valuable method in the diagnosis of cerebral vegetative impairments in children and adolescents. PMID- 6659785 TI - [Role of cerebral mechanisms in the development of arterial hypotension]. AB - On the basis of clinical and experimental studies of 83 patients with primary arterial hypotension, the authors present characteristic features of its clinical manifestations related to genetic predisposition and the effect of exogenous factors. Emotional, vegetative, hemodynamic and cerebral disorders associated with the clinical form of disease, namely with the presence or absence of syncopes in the picture of disease are analyzed. Characteristics of psychovegetative disturbances and also of the EEG pattern in various emotional disorders are offered. The results obtained seem to suggest the involvement of cerebral systems in the disruption of hemodynamic mechanisms in arterial hypotension. PMID- 6659786 TI - [Endogenous depression in children]. AB - The phenomenology of 96 depressive paroxysms in 56 preschool and early school age children suffering from paroxysmal schizophrenia and cyclothymia was studied. It was concluded that the major characteristics of child depressions included their "masked" character with the prevalence of ideational disturbances and the predominance of anxiety and fear, a tendency toward excessive fearfulness, rarity and naivity of self-condemnation ideas, a pronounced nature of the dysphoric mood tone, a tendency toward paroxysmal episodes of fear, dysphoria, restlessness, somatoalgetic crises, changeable nature of depressive symptomatology, its liability to environmental influence, a peculiar diurnal rhythm of affect, and a reactive nature of the development of depressive disturbances. Six clinical variants of endogenous depression in children were identified. PMID- 6659787 TI - [Psychopath-like equivalents of depression in children and adolescents]. AB - Psychopathlike equivalents of depression in 56 patients aged 10 to 16 years are described. Schizophrenics (50) made up the main group of clinical observations while in six cases, the diagnosis of psychopathlike equivalents of depression associated with diseases of residual-organic nature was made. Individual typical variants of psychopathlike equivalents of depression are described; their psychopathological structure was shown to be dependent on the character of affective disturbances and also on such factors as age-associated and individual reactivity. PMID- 6659788 TI - [Clinical picture and dynamics of mosaic variants of schizoid (autistic) psychopathy in childhood and adolescence]. AB - The clinical course of schizoepileptic and schizopsychoasthenic variants of developing schizoid psychopathy are reviewed. On the basis of the study of 45 patients in childhood and adolescence, specific characteristics of the psychopathic, pathocharacterologic and neurotic reactions are described and their role in the evolution of an abnormal personality is shown. The role of constitutional-genetic and microsocial-environmental factors in the structural formation of these variants of psychopathies is discussed. It is concluded that the combination of various psychopathic radicals observed in the structure of an abnormal personality do not present mere summation of these factors but is manifested in complex dialectical interaction. PMID- 6659789 TI - [Clinical features of acute polymorphic paroxysms of puberal schizophrenia]. AB - Forty-five patients aged 12 to 17 years suffering from acute pubertal schizophrenia characterized by polymorphic paroxysms were studied. This group was heterogeneous and included recurrent schizophrenia with affective-oneiroid and affective-delusional disturbances in paroxysms and paroxysmal progressive schizophrenia with catatono-oneiroid and paranoid disorders. An extensive description of psychopathologic disturbances in affective-oneiroid and acute affective-delusional paroxysms of pubertal schizophrenia is presented. Acute pubertal schizophrenia with affective-oneiroid disturbances in paroxysms is often characterised by a serial course (42%). Diseases of this sub-group displayed a tendency toward a regressive course and resembled schizoaffective psychoses most closely. PMID- 6659791 TI - [Various features of the suicidal behavior of children and adolescents]. AB - Some data from a long-term study involving a large group of children and adolescents having attempted suicide are presented. Psychic characteristics of the childhood and adolescence period, age-related specificity of psychopathic states and other factors determining the status of children and adolescents differentiate their suicidal manifestations as compared to adults and warrant a search for a special approach toward solving the questions of preventing suicides in youth. The differentiation between demonstrative suicidal actions and actual attempts at suicide in children and adolescents is rather relative due to their peculiar understanding of death, lack of death fear and inadequate estimation of their lives' value. In view of the above it is advisable to consider all suicidal actions of children and adolescents as genuine because their danger for life and health is equally great. Some personality characteristic features including emotional instability, excessive liability to suggestion, some explosiveness detected in all persons who have attempted suicide allow one to believe that they constitute suicidal predisposition of adolescent personality. PMID- 6659790 TI - [Analysis of a population of adolescents with mental disorders]. AB - A study of patients registered in the adolescent rooms of the psychoneurological outpatient centres of two districts of Moscow showed that the structure of psychic pathology of this population is characterized by a greater proportion, as compared with children, of psychotic forms, with non-psychotic psychic diseases and mental retardation still occupying the leading place. Almost one-third of patients (largely those with non-psychotic forms of psychogenic and exogenous organic nature and a superficial level of disturbances observed) have good prognosis in terms of their cure including the discarding off the record in the relevant dispensary. Activation of extrahospital forms of care including improvement of the microsocial environment is required. PMID- 6659792 TI - [Psychogenic factors participating in the development of vegetovascular dystonia of the hypertensive type in children]. AB - Sixty patients with a prehypertonic condition (aged 7 to 13 years) were studied to assess their clinical-psychological characteristics as well as microsocial psychogenic factors involved. It was established that in 80% of the families studied, despite their apparent "normality and respectability", there were some adverse familial relations which exerted both pathoplastic and pathogenetic influence on the formation of vegetative-vascular dystonia of a hypertonic type. The degree and the range of attending psychosomatic disturbances depend on the severity of the conflict and on the nature (acute or chronic) of a psychotrauma as well as on the child's awareness of the problem. It is important that the elicited characteristics of the concrete mechanisms of the development of psychic traumas should be considered in devising psychotherapeutic method of the prophylaxis and treatment of these patients. PMID- 6659793 TI - [Situationally conditioned compensatory and decompensatory reactions in infantile cerebral palsy]. AB - Temporary shifts in situationally induced conditions of compensation and decompensation are described in 286 patients suffering from infantile cerebral paralysis. Three stages of postoperative neuropsychic disturbances (astheno adynamic, cerebrasthenic and intellectual-mnemonic) are identified and the differential treatment is suggested. PMID- 6659794 TI - [Neurosis-like and psychopath-like disorders in mild retardation in childhood and adolescence]. AB - The time course of neuropsychic deviations in children of a special rehabilitation boarding school was studied. Over 50% of the children displayed some neurosis- and psychopathlike disturbances upon admission to school. Owing to the medical and pedagogical measures the number of the children with these deviations falls to 11% by the end of the second year of study. But in the pubertal age their number increases again reaching 45.9%. Decompensation of this kind occurs in both boys (50.5%) and, less frequently, girls (36%). At this age, boys exhibit changes mostly in the emotional and volitional spheres, while in girls, excessive sexuality and tendencies toward wandering are predominant. Most schoolchildren overcome the state of decompensation by the time of finishing school. PMID- 6659795 TI - [Radiation-induced meningiomas of the brain]. AB - From the observation over 62 patients with meningioma of the brain a connection was detected between previous X-ray irradiation of the skin on the head and the occurrence of the meningioma. Predominance of parasagittal localization of the tumors was revealed which, evidently, was associated with the peculiarities of the method of X-ray therapy applied and with the possibility of the growth of the meningiomas from arachnoid-endothelial aggregations in the dura mater. Multiple meningiomas were encountered in 23% of the patients. The cases are described. PMID- 6659796 TI - [Various aspects of the anatomy of the cavernous sinus]. AB - Ramifications of the intrapetrous and cavernous segments of the internal carotid artery and the morphological structure of the cavernous sinus were studied on 18 specimens. The study was conducted by two methods: by means of corrosion specimens (12 cases) and with a surgical microscope. The presence of a meningohypophysea was recorded in 79% of cases, a. sinus cavernosus inferior in 58%, a. capsullaris in 17%, a large pterygoid artery, a. pterygoidea vidii in 8% of cases; aa. carotico-tympanicae were not found. Anastomoses between both internal carotid arteries were not discovered. According to the findings of micropreparation, the cavernous sinus is pierced by rigid trabeculae of a hard connective tissue. No venous plexus were found in the cavernous sinus. PMID- 6659797 TI - [Role of interregional and interdistrict neurosurgical centers in improving specialized services to the rural population]. PMID- 6659798 TI - [Postoperative recurrences of neurologic syndromes of lumbar osteochondrosis and their surgical treatment]. AB - The authors analyse the clinical forms of recurrent neurological syndromes of lumbar osteochondrosis which developed in 6.2% of the patients operated on through a posterior approach. The recurrence of the process was caused by a progressive degenerative-dystrophic process in an earlier operated on intervertebral disc in 40 (50%) patients, a pathological condition of an intervertebral disc adjacent to one which had been operated on in 29 (36.25%), and by a cicatricial-adhesive process in the region of a previous operation in 11 (13.75%) patients. The neurological disorders were represented by radicular syndromes in 70 (87.5%) patients, radiculomyeloischemia in 8 (10%), and the syndrome of cauda equina compression in 2 (2.5%) patients. A total of 86 repeated operations were performed on 80 patients, 83 of them through a posterior approach. Repeated decompression operations produced excellent and good results in 70.1% of the patients. PMID- 6659799 TI - [Method of using local hypothermia of the spinal cord in spinalized patients during the postoperative period]. AB - From analysis of observations over 61 spinal patients with acute and neglected injuries to the spinal cord the authors conclude that the use of local hypothermia of the spinal cord in the postoperative period has a favorable effect: reduces the muscle tonus, prevents edema, pain formation, and hemorrhage occurring after surgical intervention on the spinal cord, and produces an analgesic effect. Further mastering of the techniques of hypothermia is necessary. PMID- 6659800 TI - [Disruption of sodium-potassium metabolism in the acute period of craniocerebral injuries in the aged]. AB - Disorders of sodium-potassium metabolism in the acute period of craniocerebral injury of different severity were studied in 138 patients whose ages ranged from 50 to 86 years. The electrolyte-excretion function of the kidneys was also studied. The features of the sodium-potassium shifts depending on the age of the injured persons were revealed as well as their effect on the course and outcome of the cerebral injury. Severe disorders of sodium and potassium metabolism aggravate the clinical course of craniocerebral injury, particularly in elderly and old-age patients and often determine the outcome of the disease. PMID- 6659801 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and otorrhea in tumors of the 8th nerve]. AB - Nasal liquorrhea was encountered in 7 patients and auricular liquorrhea in 5 patients after operation for tumor of the eighth nerve. Nasal liquorrhea was consequent upon a sharp increase of intracranial pressure with formation of bone defects in the cribriform plate (4 patients) or upon destruction of the apex of the pyramid by the tumor or it occurred because the surgeon had opened the mastoid air cells during the operation (less frequently the cells of the pyramid of the temporal bone); in this case the cerebrospinal fluid seeped through the auditory tube into the nasopharynx and the nasal cavity (a condition called otogenic nasal liquorrhea, 3 cases) or through the tympanic membrane into the external acoustic meatus (1 case). The authors discuss the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of liquorrhea differing in the place of origin as well as the principles of surgical management. PMID- 6659802 TI - Laterally directed femoral bypass. AB - Femoral bypasses were established 7 times in 6 patients using venous autografts. The grafted veins were conducted in lateral direction along the territory of the femoral circumflex artery. The results and the advantages of the method are discussed. Considering the choice between lateral and the obturator femoral bypass, the former is recommended. PMID- 6659803 TI - A scanning electron-microscopic study of the healing of microvascular anastomoses made by invagination. AB - Anastomoses were prepared on the superior mesenteric artery of rats with invagination technique. The healing process was monitored by scanning electron microscopy. After the thrombotic and degenerative signs of the first three days, significant endothelial regeneration was observed by the end of the first postoperative week. Consequently, the denuded media surface was covered by endothelium by the 3rd week. PMID- 6659804 TI - Significance of Doppler ultrasound technique for screening postoperative deep venous thrombosis. AB - In a prospective trial the Doppler ultrasound technique was evaluated for screening deep venous thrombosis on 84 "high risk" general surgical and urological patients, after major surgery. Patients were investigated by Fibrinogen Uptake Test (FUT) and clinical examination as well. Taking the screening accuracy of FUT as 100%, the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound technique was found to be 90.5%, twice that of the clinical examination (45.2%). Most of the dangerous, but clinically silent deep venous thromboses could be screened by regularly repeated ultrasound technique. However, neither bilateral thromboses, nor small thrombi of the calf could be demonstrated reliably, by this method. PMID- 6659805 TI - Cystic pyeloureteritis. AB - The experiences gained in the treatment of four patients with cystic pyeloureteritis are reported, stressing the significance of chronic inflammation in the development of the disease. Diagnostic and differential diagnostic problems are discussed with the conclusion that definitive recovery can be achieved only by radical surgical intervention. Beside this radical solution, the indications of conservative or palliative surgery are discussed. In conservative drug treatment the aimed application of antibiotics and administration of cortisone and vitamins are of great importance. PMID- 6659806 TI - Temperature of the portio uteri in cryosurgical treatment. AB - The cryosurgical treatment of various benign changes in the uterine cervix has gained wide acceptance [4, 8, 15, 16, 17, 29]. The application of cryosurgery has widened the range of gynaecologic therapeutic methods. As all new methods, it could not entirely fulfil all expectations. The results of initial attempts at curing cancer or various precancerous diseases of the cervix were not wholly satisfying and, according to our present knowledge, the application of cryosurgery in such cases is not advisable except under certain specific circumstances [2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18, 24, 28, 33, 35]. The method promises excellent results in the treatment of chronic inflammation of the cervix resistant to conservative therapy, of condyloma acuminatum, ectopium, etc. [4, 8, 15, 17, 29, 30]. The present studies were undertaken in order to determine the relationship between the cooling velocity attained in cryosurgery and using Erbokryo-Amoils 40/a type device and nitric oxide. The extent of tissue destruction depends namely first of all on the velocity of cooling and then thawing. The thawing time is given as a function of the blood in the tissue. The cold temperature is not negligible causing tissue damage either. PMID- 6659807 TI - Paralimbic nephrotomy. Preliminary report. AB - This preliminary report discusses a method which unites the advantages of the surgical procedures introduced by Gil Vernet and Boyce for the transparenchymal removal of staghorn calculi. The significance of the length of the incision involving the parenchyma and the reduced thickness of the incised parenchyma are stressed. The urine collecting system (pyelocalyceal system) is explored through the renal pelvis making all the calyces well visible. Stones from the kidney can be removed and any anatomical alteration of the pyelocalyceal system is easily noticed. The worsening or improvement of the parenchymal function was assessed in gamma (ionization) chamber isotope studies and with intravenous urography. The restricted bleeding during the operation is attributed to the difference in blood supply between the limbus and other parts of the parenchyma. PMID- 6659808 TI - Intraductal pressure in experimental chronic pancreatitis and the magnitude of decompression after different types of operation. AB - The intraductal pressure parameters were studied in dogs with chronic pancreatitis. A ductal hypertension, similar to that in human chronic pancreatitis was demonstrated. Pressure fell after all different decompression procedures applied but it was most significant after longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy. PMID- 6659809 TI - Effect of reconstructive surgery on the blood flow in the extremities. Early and late results. AB - The effect of vascular reconstruction on limb blood flow was studied in 20 patients with arterial disease in the lower extremity. Blood flow was determined with isotope dilution technique, ankle systolic pressure was estimated with the aid of Doppler ultrasounds. Circulation was studied prior to the operation (i); immediately afterwards (ii); 2-4 months later (iii); and 12-20 months later (iv). In obliterative limb arterial disease blood flow had remarkably slowed down with high vascular resistance in the limb. After surgery blood flow reached almost normal level and vascular resistance in the extremity also decreased to normal. Both the O2 uptake by the extremital tissues and systolic perfusion pressure in the ankle increased after the operation. At a later phase of the postoperative period blood flow in the limb slightly decreased but even after a year it was greatly improved and vascular resistance was much less as compared to the state before reconstructive vascular surgery. PMID- 6659810 TI - A rapid, routinely applicable method for the determination of the amino acid content of the ejaculate. AB - Examination of the amino acid content of the ejaculate was carried out from the point of view of fertility. Following a brief survey of the known examination techniques, the authors report on the experiences gained by the Van Pielsum Sakagutchi and a thin-layer ion exchange chromatographic methods. The chromatographic videodensitometry is proposed as a suitable routine andrologic examination since it is rapid, simple and requires small sample size. PMID- 6659811 TI - Distribution of vagus nerve fibres in the stomach wall. AB - The distribution of vagus nerve fibres and their connections with the intrinsic nerve elements and effector cells were studied following vagotomy at the cardia. Degenerated nerve fibres were found in all layers of the stomach wall 2 days after the operation. No regional difference was noted in the density of degenerated fibres. They could be subdivided into groups on the basis of their vesicle content. Fibres in synaptic junction with an intrinsic nerve cell or with its processes were rare. There were several degenerated fibres also in the inner muscle layer in connection with the smooth muscle cells. Two months after the operation 90-95% of the nerve fibres in the stomach wall remained intact, and several synapses could be observed. It was concluded that although the vagus nerve is indirectly coupled to the nerve elements of the myenteric plexus the intrinsic nerve cells are decisive for gastric functions. PMID- 6659812 TI - [Advances in surgery of the urinary tract]. PMID- 6659814 TI - [Whipple's operation and tumors of Oddi's sphincter. A series of 17 cases]. AB - Seventeen patients underwent a Whipple operation for carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. The operative mortality was 11.7% (2/17). Anastomotic dehiscence at the level of the pancreatico-jejunostomy occurred three times and was responsible for one death. The actuarial five years survival rate was 51%. The duodenopancreatectomy remains the operation of choice for ampullary malignancy. PMID- 6659813 TI - [Risk factors, postoperative mortality and morbidity in pulmonary surgery]. AB - In this retrospective study, the influence of preoperative risk factors on mortality and morbidity after pulmonary surgery is analysed. Sixty-five consecutive pulmonary resections are studied and compared with data from the literature. Age and lung function abnormalities are well known risk factors but a severe selection minimizes their negative effects: a good cardio-circulatory condition and the prediction of an acceptable postoperative lung function allows a mortality reduction down to 5% and minimizes the frequency of postoperative respiratory insufficiency. The importance of a good preoperative training of the patient and of the early detection and immediate treatment of any postoperative complication are stressed. PMID- 6659815 TI - [Complications of jejunal diverticulosis. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - Two cases of acute jejunal diverticulitis are presented and confronted to data found in the literature. Acquired jejunal diverticulosis is a rare disease; its complications occur in a small percentage of cases. Chronic complications (malabsorption, megaloblastic anemia) should be treated medically. Acute complications (diverticulitis, perforation, haemorrhage, obstruction) require an emergency operation. Preoperative diagnosis is rarely made. Radiological or peroperative discovering of asymptomatic jejunal diverticula does not justify surgical treatment. PMID- 6659816 TI - [Malignant degeneration of the intestine in Crohn's disease]. AB - A woman suffering more than ten years with Crohn disease, makes one day a small intestinal obstruction. She undergoes a laparotomy in which a resection of 30 cm terminal ileum is done. Surprisingly the anatomo-pathologic diagnosis is adenocarcinoma between the Crohn's inflammatory lesions. Weedom and Greenstein have proven that Crohn disease and colon carcinoma are related in their follow ups. But to find such a relationship between Crohn and carcinoma of the small intestine tumours is very small: +/- 0,3/100.000 in a year and so the cases in literature too. We have found 38 cases with enough information. This people with Crohn and carcinoma of the small intestine have an age of 43 years and more than 10 years Crohn symptoms before tumour was found. The tumours are localized in more than 70% in the ileum; 85% are adenocarcinoma. Such differences in localization, age and anatomopathology between Crohn's patients and a normal population let us presume that malign degeneration in Crohn disease is more than accidentally. A casual connection can't be given. For therapeutic use a resection is to prefer because many dysplasias are found in bypass segments. PMID- 6659817 TI - [A case of mesenteric venous thrombosis. Review of the literature]. AB - A case is presented in which a venous mesenteric thrombosis necessitated an extended small bowel resection. The postoperative follow-up with its complications is presented. Review of the literature. PMID- 6659818 TI - Cyste per magna abdominalis. AB - A 79-year old woman, presented with fever and a large abdominal mass. She was operated on because an infected ovarian cyst was suspected. A very large pseudocyst was found, containing a surgical gauze pad, left behind 67 years earlier during a nephrectomy. This is the longest interval, the only infected and the largest pseudocyst reported in the literature till now. PMID- 6659819 TI - A benign inguinal lipoblastoma in a 14-year-old girl. A case report. AB - This case reports of a 14 year old girl with a lipoblastoma in the right groin, together with a general discussion of these very rare, benign tumours which are easily mistaken for myxoid liposarcomas. PMID- 6659820 TI - Encapsulated liquid crystal (ELC) thermography in peripheral arterial disease. AB - The correlation between peripheral pressures and skin temperatures was studied by encapsulated liquid crystal (ELC) plates in 66 patients with peripheral arterial disease. The study was also performed to evaluate the correlation between symptoms and temperature in four symptomatic groups of patients (with claudication, rest pain, ischemic ulcerations or gangrene and chronic ulcerations in diabetic patients). The correlation with temperature and pressure was positive (0.99) and so it was that one between symptoms and temperature. This method may be easily used in patients with peripheral arterial disease to evaluate the perfusion of the extremities and to compare bordering areas. Considering these data different new applications of this technique in peripheral vascular disease diagnosis can be suggested. The elevate velocity of the method (about 5 seconds) reveal also very fast variations of the perfusion and this may be useful to study functional decreases of blood pressure. PMID- 6659821 TI - Hypotension as cause of TIAs (transient ischemic attacks) in patients with severe carotid stenosis and hypertension. AB - TIAs (Transient Ischemic Attacks) in hypertensive patients with cerebrovascular disease may be caused by a quick decrease of blood pressure. Neurological deficits are possible in patients with critical or subcritical stenoses of vertebral or carotid arteries. In these conditions different flows cause different decreases with the same level of stenosis. So when pressure and flow decrease, the relative importance of stenosis increase and patients may have TIAs. In 10 hypertensive patients with critical arterial stenosis this consequence of clinical events was observed and registered. PMID- 6659822 TI - The histopathology of reflux esophagitis. AB - The histological features of the esophageal mucosa in patients with gastroesophageal reflux are basal zone hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium, elongation of the papillae towards the epithelial surface, an increase in the transverse diameter of the papillae and the blood vessels, and an ingrowth of capillaries into the epithelial layers. The presence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the epithelium and the lamina propria clearly represents esophagitis. In the advanced stages, erosions and ulcerations can be seen. Intra epithelial lymphocytes are present in the normal esophageal mucosa. They are mainly T-cytotoxic lymphocytes. PMID- 6659823 TI - [Cooperation of Prague anatomists with orthopedists and traumatologists]. PMID- 6659824 TI - [Electromechanical properties of bone tissue]. PMID- 6659825 TI - [Surgical treatment of radial epicondylopathy of the humerus. Personal results]. PMID- 6659826 TI - [Frequent causes of mechanical failure of total endoprostheses of the hip joint]. PMID- 6659827 TI - [Suggestions for improving the biomechanical properties of isoelastic hip joint endoprostheses with regard to the component structure]. PMID- 6659828 TI - [Capsular stabilizers of the knee joint. I]. PMID- 6659829 TI - [Capsular stabilizers of the knee joint. II]. PMID- 6659830 TI - [Results of the surgical treatment of chondropathy of the patella using the Maquet-Bandi method]. PMID- 6659831 TI - [Problems in the treatment of chronic defects of the leg]. PMID- 6659832 TI - [Sodium fluoride loading test and the monitoring of fluoride levels in the urine during the treatment of osteoporosis with sodium fluoride]. PMID- 6659833 TI - Interpretation and indications of thyroid function tests. PMID- 6659834 TI - Amidolytic determination of Factor X in clinical plasma samples. PMID- 6659835 TI - Amoebic liver abscess. Report of 5 cases. PMID- 6659836 TI - Sarcoidosis of the heart. A study of five patients. PMID- 6659837 TI - Follow-up of the plasma concentration of fibronectin in two intensive care patients; effect of administration of plasma cryoprecipitate. PMID- 6659838 TI - Exertional heat stress disease. PMID- 6659839 TI - [Correlation of alveolar lymphocytosis, radiologic stage and lung function in sarcoidosis]. PMID- 6659840 TI - Superior vena cava syndrome caused by benign intrathoracic goitre. PMID- 6659841 TI - Observations on the association between adrenal cysts and hypertension. PMID- 6659842 TI - Screening for thyroid disease in sick adults. PMID- 6659843 TI - A comparison of diagnostic methods to differentiate diabetes insipidus from primary polyuria: a review of 21 patients. AB - Direct measurement of plasma AVP and indirect assessment of antidiuretic activity during standard dehydration tests were made in 21 polyuric and polydipsic patients to establish the efficacy of each method in determining the cause of polyuria. Patients with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (e.g. diabetes mellitus, renal failure, hypercalcaemia) were excluded from the study. Cranial diabetes insipidus was diagnosed by plasma AVP responses to osmotic stimulation during infusion of hypertonic 5% saline which were subnormal in 13 patients, 4 of whom had undetectable plasma AVP and 3 who had reduced but osmoregulated AVP release. Standard water deprivation tests confirmed cranial diabetes insipidus in all but 2 patients who were diagnosed as partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The remaining 8 patients had normal, osmoregulated AVP secretion; the cause of their polyuria was determined by their renal response to desmopressin. Two patients had nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and 6 had primary polydipsia. The majority of polyuric patients could be accurately diagnosed by carefully performed dehydration tests. We suggest that direct measurements of plasma AVP during osmotic stimulation are only necessary to distinguish mild forms of cranial from nephrogenic diabetes, or to define precisely the characteristics of AVP secretion. PMID- 6659844 TI - An investigation of the optimum culture conditions for a differentiated culture of sheep thyroid cells. AB - Primary cultures of differentiated sheep thyroid were investigated to assess the effect of varying the media, sera, hormones and the initial cell number plated on the culture life span. Iodide uptake and follicular morphology were used as indices of differentiation. It was found that the effect of variations in the type of medium and the concentration and type of serum used was very small. The addition of all the hormones used - insulin, hydrocortisone and thyrotrophic hormone - had a synergistic effect on the iodide trapping ability of the culture system. A cell number of approximately 1 x 10(6) cells per 25 cm2 flask was found to be optimum for the development of differentiation in the cultures. PMID- 6659845 TI - Changes in plasma calcium and in radiocalcium kinetics after termination of 5 week infusions of synthetic parathyroid peptide in dogs. AB - Nine dogs were infused at constant rates with the synthetic parathyroid peptide hPTH 1-34 (initially sc) to produce consistent hypercalcaemia. Over the final week, the infusions were iv. Radioisotopic tracers were injected iv 30 days (5 dogs) and 2 days (9 dogs) before the infusions were suddenly terminated. In 5 dogs, complete urine collections were obtained via a bladder catheter over 8 h beginning 2 h before stopping the infusions. Cessation of treatment caused small rises in the urinary Ca: creatinine ratio. Plasma calcium levels fell by a mean of 0.44 mmol/l, of which total urine calcium excretion only accounted for 55%. Immediately after the PTH infusions were stopped, consistent but transient increases were seen in the ratio of 'new' 47Ca to 'old' 45Ca label, suggesting inflow of 40Ca of high 47Ca specific activity from a fairly rapidly exchangeable bone pool. These data confirm and extend previous evidence that the immediate response of the calcium equilibrium between bone and bloodstream to rapid changes in plasma PTH concentrations in the supra-physiological range is paradoxical relative to the classical later response. PMID- 6659846 TI - Metabolism of thyroid hormones in isolated rat hepatocytes: studies on the influences of carbamazepine and phenytoin. AB - The in vitro handling of thyroid hormones was studied in isolated rat hepatocytes by measuring 1) the cellular uptake of T4, 2) the conversion of T4 to T3 and 3) the degradation of T4 and T3. The in vitro conversion of T4 to T3 increased significantly by adding ethanol 2% or carbamazepine (CBZ) 400 microM in ethanol 2% to the incubation medium. As there was no difference between ethanol and CBZ/ethanol on the T3 formation, this effect was probably caused by ethanol. The T3 formation was unaffected by phenytoin (PHT) in conc. up to 400 microM, while propylthiouracil (PTU) 100 and 400 microM inhibited the conversion completely. The T4 to T3 conversion in hepatocytes from rats pretreated with CBZ or PHT for 2 weeks was not significantly different from untreated controls. The cellular uptake of T4 was reduced by about 30% in the presence of PHT and unaltered by CBZ and ethanol. The degradation of T4 and T3 was not influenced by the in vitro addition of CBZ or PHT, nor was the degradation of T4 and T3 significantly different from untreated controls in hepatocyte suspensions from CBZ or PHT pretreated rats. Our findings suggest that the handling of thyroid hormones in isolated rat hepatocytes is not influenced by the in vitro or in vivo exposure to CBZ or PHT. PMID- 6659847 TI - [Natural history of chronic hepatitis B]. PMID- 6659848 TI - [Treatment of portal hypertension by distal splenorenal shunt. Evaluation of 51 operations]. PMID- 6659849 TI - [Arterialization of the portal vein. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized study]. PMID- 6659850 TI - [Surgical aspects of hypersplenism in portal hypertension]. PMID- 6659851 TI - The course of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in germfree mice treated with Bordetella pertussis vaccine. AB - A single injection of Bordetella pertussis vaccine, applied intraperitoneally one day before intracerebral lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection depressed the immune response both in conventional and germfree adult mice, but the rate of the immunosuppressive effect differed. In adult mice with a normal immune system the vaccine only delayed the manifestation of fatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis, while it prevented its development in germfree mice with an underdeveloped lymphoid system, i.e. it inhibited the cellular immune response to the virus infection. PMID- 6659853 TI - Cell-mediated immunoreactivity in acute human trichinellosis. AB - Twenty patients were examined for studying specific cellular immunoreactivity in human trichinellosis. Serial leukocyte migration inhibition tests were carried out using trichinella larvae as antigen. The mean migration indices of the patients differed significantly from that of the healthy controls. As the most distinct immunoreactivity was found during the acute phase of the disease, it is suggested that the cellular immune response may be of some importance in the development of symptoms. It is, however, stressed that the diagnostic value of the LMI method is less than that of the serological tests in individual cases. PMID- 6659852 TI - The lymphoid system of Toxoplasma infected mice. AB - Acute toxoplasmosis was induced in CFLP mice by intraperitoneal infection with the virulent RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The relative lymphoid organ weights and absolute lymphocyte counts were determined in mice killed in regular intervals after the infection. Characteristic changes of the lymphoid system were found in the course of acute toxoplasma infection; spleen hypertrophy began at 6 h after infection and its rate increased continuously till death. The thymus showed first hypertrophy, then it gradually decreased with grave atrophy at the time of death. The absolute lymphocyte count had decreased by the 6th h to reach a significantly low value by the time of death. PMID- 6659854 TI - DNA-methylating activity of mycobacteria. AB - The methylating activity of the four mycobacterium strains Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium smegmatis strain Butyricum, Mycobacterium smegmatis strain Rabinowitz, lysogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis strain Rabinowitz was studied in vitro. All the four strains were found to have methylating activity; enzyme containing extracts of M. smegmatis strain Butyricum and M. phlei showed a stronger activity than those of M. smegmatis strain Rabinowitz and the lysogenic Rabinowitz strain. The methylases of all the four strains methylated the adenine and cytosine residues of the acceptor DNA-forming 5-methyl-cytosine and 6-methyl aminopurine. The mycobacterial DNAs were methylated by the corresponding mycobacterial methylases in vitro only to 25-30% as compared to the methylation on phage Sd-DNA. This is comparable with the low in vivo methylation of mycobacterial DNAs. The kinetics of methylation indicated a low non-specific nuclease content of the mycobacterium cells. PMID- 6659855 TI - Results of space experiment program "Interferon". I. Production of interferon in vitro by human lymphocytes aboard space laboratory Solyut-6 ("Interferon I") and influence of space flight on lymphocyte functions of cosmonauts ("Interferon III"). AB - The results of the biological space experiment "Interferon" performed by two international cosmonaut crews aboard the space laboratory Solyut-6 are reported. Human lymphocytes separated from the blood of healthy donors and placed into "Interferon I" equipment could be kept for 7 days in suspension culture under spaceflight conditions. Interferon production could be induced in human lymphocytes by preparations of different origin, such as virus, synthetic polyribonucleotides, bacterial protein and plant pigment. An increased lymphocyte interferon production was observed in the space laboratory as compared to the ground control. A decrease of induced interferon production and natural killer cell activity was observed in the cosmonauts' lymphocytes on the 1st day on Earth after 7 days spaceflight. PMID- 6659856 TI - Results of space experiment program "Interferon". II. Influence of spaceflight conditions on the activity of interferon preparations and interferon inducers ("Interferon II"). AB - The influence of spaceflight conditions on the biological activity of HuIFN-alpha preparations (lyophilized, in solution and in ointment) and interferon inducers was studied. In antiviral activity no difference was observed between the samples kept aboard the spaceship and the controls kept under ground conditions. The interferon inducers poly I:C, poly G:C and gossipol placed in the space laboratory for 7 days maintained their interferon-inducing capacity. The circulating interferon level in mice was the same irrespective of the induction being performed with flight or ground-control samples of inducers. PMID- 6659857 TI - Isolation and in vitro antimicrobial efficiency of Butea monosperma seed oil on human pathogenic bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. AB - The in vitro antimicrobial efficiency of seed oil of Butea monosperma was studied by the filter paper disk method against several human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The oil showed a significant bactericidal and fungicidal effect. PMID- 6659858 TI - Purification and electron microscopy of a large plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41. AB - A large plasmid DNA molecule was purified from Rhizobium meliloti 41 by CsCl ethidium bromide density gradient centrifugation. Electron microscopic and agarose gel electrophoretic data suggest that addition of alkali effectively removes the chromosomal DNA, the plasmid DNA can be precipitated from the cleared lysate and no gradient centrifugation is needed for plasmid purification. PMID- 6659859 TI - Randomized long interstimuli interval flash-VEP and SSEP. AB - Randomized long interstimuli interval stimulations are recommended in the literature for the examination of different evoked potentials because of the probable effects of habituation and of contingent negative variation on the wave form, especially of its late components. The results of (randomly stimulated) SSEP and Flash-VEP elicited with randomized ISI of 3 to 5 seconds were analysed and normative values for these EP's were given. The results were compared with the latency data in the literature where fixed and short ISI were used. The comparison suggests that in cases where for practical reasons the time consuming (randomized long ISI) stimulation is not possible regular stimulation with interstimulus interval of somewhat more than one second also gives satisfactory results. PMID- 6659860 TI - [Pathogenesis of chronic level subdural hematoma. Apropos of 8 cases]. AB - On the basis of eight case studies conducted since 1980 the authors define the concept of subdural hematoma showing a level on the CAT scan image. The concept throws some light on the etiopathogenesis of certain hematoma. PMID- 6659861 TI - Isolated bilateral oculomotor paralysis due to a ruptured aneurysm. AB - A patient presented with sudden headache and isolated bilateral third nerve palsy. Neuroradiologic examination disclosed a giant aneurysm of the right internal carotid artery. At postmortem examination, the aneurysm compressed and stretched both oculomotor nerves. PMID- 6659862 TI - Neuromagnetic responses from the second somatosensory cortex in man. AB - Cerebral magnetic fields elicited by electric stimulation of peripheral nerves were studied in man. Responses were found over the Sylvian fissure at latencies of 95-125 ms for both contra- and ipsilateral stimuli. The field distribution indicated that the responses are generated in the second somatosensory cortex SII at the upper bank of the Sylvian fissure. These responses seem to provide the first non-invasive tool to study the function of SII in man. PMID- 6659863 TI - Cerebral magnetic fields preceding self-paced plantar flexions of the foot. AB - Cerebral magnetic fields preceding self-paced plantar flexions of the feet were studied with a SQUID gradiometer in 4 subjects. A slow magnetoencephalographic (MEG) shift was observed to begin as early as 1 sec before the movement. The shift changed its polarity between frontal and parietal areas. The MEG shifts preceding right and left foot movements were similar in shape, but their polarities differed at many recording locations. Simultaneous movements of both feet were preceded by shifts approximately equal to the sum of the shifts preceding the unilateral foot movements at the same recording location. The results suggest that the EEG and MEG shifts preceding foot movements are largely generated by tangential current sources on the mesial surface of the contralateral hemisphere around the motor representation area of the foot. PMID- 6659864 TI - Organic acids or urine in multiple sclerosis. AB - The urinary excretion of organic acids was examined in 509 cases with multiple sclerosis and in 50 age- and sex-matched controls. The concentrations of the acids were related to creatinine. No differences were found for compounds such as glycolic acid, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid, 2-ethylhydracrylic acid, 4 hydroxyphenylacetic acid, suberic acid and many other acids. However, the mean excretion of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-butenoic acid was increased two-fold in the MS group. 2 MS cases had a very high excretion of 3-methylglutaconic acid, and another 6 cases had moderate elevations, which were fairly constant over a time period of several months. Moderate elevations were also noted in 2 healthy controls. 1 MS case had a very high excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. 7 MS cases, and none in the control group, had elevated excretion of adipic acid. Differences were also noted for lactic acid, succinic acid, aconitic acid and 3 methyladipic acid. An oral dose of deuterium-labelled acetate was given to one of the patients with high excretion of 3-methylglutaconic acid. Deuterium was incorporated into this metabolite. 3-methylglutaconic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3 butenoic acid, 3-hydroxy-isovaleric acid and 3-methyladipic acid are all potential isoprenoid metabolites. A possible defect in the pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis is discussed. PMID- 6659865 TI - Lack of interaction between cimetidine and carbamazepine. AB - In order to investigate a possible interaction between cimetidine and carbamazepine (CBZ) 7 otherwise healthy epileptic patients on a long-term monotherapy with CBZ were given cimetidine (1 g daily) for 7 days. No significant alterations in steady-state plasma concentration of CBZ and the 10,11-epoxide metabolite (CBZ-E) were demonstrated. PMID- 6659866 TI - Reaction time deficit in multiple sclerosis. AB - 50 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients were evaluated, according to an objective weighting scale measuring neurologic deficit, and investigated with continuous reaction time (CRT). Compared to a group of 105 controls, the reaction times of the MS patients were significantly delayed. The CRT method could correctly classify 80% of the controls and 72% of the patients. The CRT was especially sensitive for patients in the progressive phase of the disease and independent of dyscoordination. PMID- 6659867 TI - Arteriovenous fistulae of the meninges draining into the spinal veins. A histological study of 28 cases. AB - The histological study of 28 cases of arteriovenous fistulae of the meninges draining into spinal veins, previously known as retromedullary arteriovenous malformations, has shown that the shunt is located inside the thickness of the dura mater. It is fed by a normal artery and drains through a single and abnormal vein. Our histological documents lead us to the conclusion that this entity is not a genuine arteriovenous malformation but, in all probability, an acquired lesion. PMID- 6659868 TI - Ultrastructural abnormalities of muscle and neuromuscular junction differentiation in a bovine congenital neuromuscular disease. AB - The syndrome of arthrogryposis and palatoschisis (SAP), an inherited syndrome of muscular hypotonia in Charolais cattle, was used as an experimental model to study neuromuscular differentiation. The ultrastructural development of muscle, peripheral nerve, and neuromuscular junctions was studied to determine the sequence of events preceding hypotrophic changes in the skeletal muscles of affected calves at birth. Dorsiflexion of the metatarsophalangeal joints in the hindlimbs occurred in fetuses older than 3 months of age, but hypotrophic changes in skeletal muscle, manifested as small fibers scattered among larger and occasional degenerating fibers, was not apparent until late in gestation, affecting 8-month-old fetuses and neonatal calves. Electron microscope and enzyme histochemistry studies disclosed differentiation of skeletal muscle into fiber types which is consistent with changes expected from disuse and does not indicate a primary myopathic abnormality. Abnormal differentiation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJ), composed of several separated axonal endings terminating in shallow synaptic gutters, indicated impaired maturation of the synapse. The earliest indication of abnormal NMJ was observed in a 5-month-old SAP fetus. The clinical signs and pathologic changes found in the neuromuscular junction and skeletal muscle of SAP fetuses are consistent with an embryologic defect occurring during development of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the integrated function of the motor neurons to the limbs. However, diversification of myofibers by histochemistry and ultrastructural parameters is evidence that the intrinsic physiologic properties of spinal motor neurons were retained. PMID- 6659869 TI - Distribution of central nervous system lesions in beta-mannosidosis. AB - Central nervous system (CNS) morphological changes were delineated in goats affected with beta-mannosidosis to determine the extent and distribution of lesions associated with this inherited glycoprotein metabolic perturbation. Coronal sections of one cerebral hemisphere, sagittal sections of one cerebellar hemisphere, and transverse sections of the brain stem of 4- and 16-week-old affected and control goats were analyzed. Lysosomal storage vacuoles, probably representing storage of uncleaved oligosaccharides, were present to various extents in different cell types, with variation in the size of vacuoles. Axonal spheroids were present throughout the white matter, but were most numerous in the rostal thalamic peduncle and brachium of the inferior colliculus. Mineralization occurred only in the globus pallidus and cerebellum. Unlike related storage disorders, severe deficiency of myelin occurred throughout the brain, with regional variation in the extent of myelin deficits. White matter of the corpus callosum, anterior commissure, alveus, fornix, fimbria, and medullary pyramids showed the most severe myelin paucity. Reduction in the number of oligodendroglia and vacuolation of remaining oligodendroglia occurred throughout the white matter. In general, later myelinating tracts showed the most severe myelin deficiency, suggesting that the time of myelination may be a major factor in determining the severity of myelin paucity in beta-mannosidosis. PMID- 6659870 TI - EM study of the numbers of cortical synapses in the brains of ageing people and people with Alzheimer-type dementia. AB - Numbers of synapses were counted in columns of neuropil orientated at right angles to the pia in frontal and temporal regions from postmortem brains. In the frontal region of 28 patients aged 26-90 years there were 1.2 X 10(8) mm3 (SD 0.03 X 10(8], and in the temporal of 18 patients aged 16-90 years there were 1.4 X 10(8) mm3 (SD 0.04 X 10(8]. Regression analysis showed a statistically significant (P less than 0.01) decrease with age for the frontal region but not the temporal. Four patients had been clinically diagnosed as suffering from Alzheimer-type dementia and had neurofibrillary tangles and numerous senile plaques in the cortex. The numbers of synapses in these four patients did not differ from the remaining apparently intellectually normal people. PMID- 6659871 TI - Steroid receptors in meningiomas. A histochemical and biochemical study. AB - Meningiomas are more common in females and their course can be affected by changes in the hormonal milieu of the patient. Recently, a few studies have reported the presence of one or more steroid receptors in a small number of meningiomas. We have studied the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PgR) of 11 surgically excised meningiomas. The receptors were assayed biochemically and localized at the cellular level using fluoroceinated estradiol and rhodamine conjugated progesterone. Considerable amounts of ER were found in 4/11 cases, and PgR was high in 6/11 tumors. Cytoplasmic localization of the steroid binding sites was seen using both tracers. The presence of 10% of cells with two ++ intensity of the fluorescence correlated with tumors having positive ER values (greater than 10 Fm/mg protein). The presence of nuclear fluorescence and the higher level of PgR seen in some tumors indicate that the ER present is functioning. This study confirms the presence of steroid binding sites in meningiomas and suggests that there may be a role for hormonal manipulation in selected patients. PMID- 6659873 TI - Oncocytic transformation of choroid plexus epithelium. AB - In a 27-year-old woman who died of Leigh's disease, adult form, autopsy revealed in addition to the usual morphological changes of that condition, marked oncocytic transformation of choroid plexus epithelium in all cerebral ventricles: the cytoplasm of epithelial cells was enlarged, eosinophilic, and filled with fine granules. By electron microscopy the granules were identified as closely packed mitochondria that appeared to proliferate at the expense of other cytoplasmic organelles. This appears to be the first report of oncocytic transformation involving the epithelium of the choroid plexus. The relationship between the oncocytic changes and the patient's underlying Leigh's disease remains speculative at this time. PMID- 6659872 TI - Oligodendroglioma-like cells (clear cells) in ependymoma. AB - A brain tumor of a 22-year-old man was composed mostly of round cells with perinuclear halos (clear cells), forming clusters intersected by small blood vessels. In some areas, the tumor cells showed perivascular arrangement and epithelial pattern. Phosphotungstic-acid hematoxylin stain and immunoperoxidase stain for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) technique failed to stain the clear cells. Electron microscopy of the clear cells revealed them to be classical ependymoma cells with well developed intercellular junctions, microvilli and cilia. As no reporters in the past showed the evidence to clarify the nature of the clear cells, this case is considered a good example to support the viewpoint that the clear cells (oligodendroglioma-like cells) commonly observed in ependymomas are in reality ependymoma cells. It is stressed that the diagnosis of "mixed glioma" or "oligoependymoma" should be made with sufficient caution despite the recent advances of GFAP technique. PMID- 6659874 TI - Later changes in brain death. Signs of partial recirculation. AB - The varying cell picture of the brain in brain death is impressive. Some authors have interpreted this cell picture as a result of intravital autolysis and others as necrosis, at which the maturation time obviously plays an important part. The following time-dependent cerebral changes were established on the basis of an evaluation of 190 brain death cases: (1) neuronal necroses that arise at different rates within the cerebral cortex and the lower brain stem; (2) a hemorrhagic-meningoencephalitic reaction that occurs exclusively at least 4 days after brain death or hemorrhages alone after intervals of at least 48 h; and (3) a washed-out tissue picture. The alterations in the spinal border zone of the total infarction, like in the brain itself, increase rapidly after 48 h. The regular onset of inflammatory alterations after long brain death intervals can only be explained by partial recirculation due to a decline of the high intracranial pressure. The hemorrhages and increasing necroses in some cases with longer intervals therefore are likewise evidence of a not entirely complete cerebral ischemia in spite of an angiographically demonstrable circulatory arrest. PMID- 6659875 TI - Neoplastic angioendotheliosis of the spinal cord. Case report. AB - Neoplastic angioendotheliosis was found exclusively in the spinal cord vessels of a 76-year-old man who died after spinal shock. Neoplastic angioendotheliosis limited to the central nervous system (CNS) has been reported once before; but CNS involvement in disseminated neoplastic angioendotheliosis has been detected in 17 cases, three of them with the spinal cord affected. The present case is apparently the first in which neoplastic angioendotheliosis has been limited to the spinal cord. PMID- 6659876 TI - Functional and morphological abnormalities induced by ouabain intoxication of the rabbit retina. AB - Several researchers have recently used an intravitreal ouabain injection to induce a suitable model of experimental retinopathy and optic neuropathy in various animals. Ouabain administration into the vitreous body of rabbit causes an irreversible degeneration of the retinal layers and consequently of the optic nerve. The degeneration is proportional to the amount of injected drug. Electroretinographic recordings (ERG) show that these structural abnormalities are related to an inhibition of the electric retinal activity as the dose dependent reduction of ERG waves amplitude has shown. Moreover, ERG and visual evoked responses (VER) measured at the same time evidence that the intravitreal injection of 1.7 nmol ouabain may block the impulse conduction along the optic nerve. This can be proved by the fact that 90 min after an ouabain injection VER disappears, while ERG is only partially reduced. These results are correlated with both morphological observation and autoradiographic studies on 3H-ouabain distribution in different retinal layers. PMID- 6659877 TI - Monosialoganglioside (GM1) treatment of ouabain-induced retinopathy in the rabbit. AB - The mammalian retina is markedly influenced by cardiac glycosides. When nanomolar concentrations of ouabain are intravitreously injected into the rabbit, the visually evoked response completely disappears within 90 min, while scotopic ERG recordings show a remarkably decreased amplitude of the principal waves. When 33 nmol/kg monosialoganglioside are injected intravenously 30 min before topical intoxication, this functional impairment is significantly reduced. The electroretinographic response shows a limited amplitude reduction, while the cortical potential never disappears completely. Histological observations of intoxicated retinas show that a degenerative process begins in photoreceptor outer segment 24 h after the intravitreal ouabain injection. Presently, this process involves both the outer and inner nuclear layers and, finally, the ganglion cell layer. Comparing the intoxicated treated and untreated retinas, no difference is found in the degenerative pattern of the two groups. Autoradiographic studies are also reported to correlate the protective effect of monoganglioside (GM1) on this toxic retinopathy with its preferential accumulation in different retinal tissues. PMID- 6659878 TI - Canine distemper virus-induced glial cell changes in vitro. AB - In vitro studies on glial cell changes in canine distemper virus (CDV) infection could be useful for the understanding of the pathogenesis of demyelination in vivo in this disease. Mixed glial cell cultures derived from neonatal mice and dogs were infected with CDV and examined using immunocytochemical techniques demonstrating specific oligodendroglial and astroglial cell markers. Astrocytic changes were similar in both murine and canine cultures and consisted of loss of processes, cell fusion, and cell necrosis. Marked oligodendroglial lesions were apparent in the canine brain cultures and were characterized by focal perikaryal protrusions, swelling and loss of cell processes, and cell necrosis. Fusion between oligodendrocytes was not observed. Fusion between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes could not be documented with double labeling techniques. In contrast to the canine cultures, murine oligodendrocytes remained relatively unaffected by the infection. These findings were discussed with respect to cell pathology and mechanisms of demyelination in vivo. The exact nature of the canine oligodendroglial lesions in vitro needs to be studied in further experiments. PMID- 6659879 TI - Sural nerve biopsies from workers with a history of chronic exposure to organic solvents and from normal control cases. Morphometric and ultrastructural studies. AB - An ultrastructural and morphometric study was performed on sural nerve biopsies of four industrial spray painters (35-59 years) and 11 controls (6-64 years). No difference could be shown in spray painters and age-matched controls as to the number of myelinated nerve fibres per area, their size distribution, variation of internodal length along single nerve fibres or the ratio between the number of myelin lamellae and the axon circumference. There was marked scattering of the two latter parameters in older exposed and and control individuals. The distribution of NADH2-tetrazolium reductase activity was similar in exposed and control cases. The general ultrastructural appearance of nodal-paranodal regions in controls conformed with that noted in experimental animals. The overall ultrastructural organization and age-related changes of nerves of exposed cases were similar to those of control cases except for a presence of paranodal axonal mitochondria which contained glycogen-like particles in exposed cases. In one exposed case abundant dispersed or clustered glycogen-like particles were seen in the paranodal axoplasm. These findings are suggested to be an effect of chronic exposure to organic solvent vapours. Ageing seems, however, to have a much greater impact on the morphology of the sural nerve fibre than occupational exposure to organic solvent. PMID- 6659880 TI - Bicuculline-induced epileptic brain injury. Transient and persistent cell changes in rat cerebral cortex in the early recovery period. AB - It was earlier shown that bicuculline-induced status epilepticus gives rise to profound acute changes in the rat cerebral cortex, i.e. edema and neuronal alterations. In the present study, we explored to what extent interruption of the seizure activity reverses the changes observed. To that end, status epilepticus of 1 and 2h duration was induced by bicuculline before the seizures were arrested by i.v. injection of diazepam. The brain was then fixed by vascular perfusion either 5 min (1 h of seizures) or 2h (1 and 2h of seizures) of recovery and cerebral cortical tissue was studied by light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). Already 5 min following the arrest of seizure activity most of the astrocytic edema had disappeared, and the 2h of recovery, following 1 h of status epilepticus, the edema was virtually absent, and only few injured cells were found (only about 1% of the neuronal population). When recovery was instituted after 2 h of status epilepticus, numerous dark, triangular neurons were found. In the last group an adequate blood pressure could not be obtained. Therefore, the cellular alterations observed were probably not the result of the seizure activity per se. After 5 min of recovery, Em studies showed condensed, dark staining injured neurons, similar to those previously observed in non-recovery animals. However, an increased incidence of swollen mitochondria was observed. After 2 h of recovery a few severely injured neurons remained which showed signs of progressive injury with fragmentation of the cell body. PMID- 6659881 TI - The glaucoma theory updated. AB - The natural history of splinter haemorrhages on the optic disc is an argument in favour of the belief that the glaucomatous process starts in the small vessels of the papilla. The probable existence of factors in the aqueous, whose generation depend on the state of oxygenation in the posterior parts of the eye and which affect the outflow resistance, supports the idea that the pressure increase is a secondary effect. Reduced perfusion by increased IOP or reduced blood pressure etc. is likely to accelerate a process already begun in the papilla. PMID- 6659882 TI - Contrast sensitivity in monocular glaucoma. AB - The results of this selected group of glaucoma patients demonstrate that the effect of glaucoma on the contrast sensitivity can be assessed only after careful exclusion of all other causes for decrease in contrast sensitivity. Further development of methods is necessary. PMID- 6659883 TI - Reduction of the hyaluronate concentration in rabbit aqueous humour by topical prednisolone. AB - Rabbits were treated topically with prednisolone for 5 or 10 days and aqueous humour removed immediately after treatment as well as 10 and 20 days later. The hyaluronate concentration was significantly lower in the treated eyes compared to control eyes. It returned to the normal level after withdrawal of the drug. Repeated sampling of aqueous humour at intervals of 10 days did not influence the hyaluronate concentration in the control group. PMID- 6659884 TI - Bjerrum lecture. Treatment of diabetic retinopathy with photocoagulation. Results of photocoagulation therapy of proliferative retinopathy in childhood-onset and maturity-onset diabetes and an approach to the dosage in photocoagulation. AB - The results of photocoagulation treatment of proliferative retinopathy in childhood onset and maturity onset diabetes are compared with each other. It is clearly shown that childhood onset diabetes needs more photocoagulation treatment than maturity onset diabetes, and that this difference is statistically significant. From this comparison we approach the problem of the dosage of photocoagulation considering either the surface of the coagulated field or the volume of the coagulated retina. Further papers on the same problem will be published from our hospital. PMID- 6659885 TI - Changes in pressure pulse amplitudes of normotensive diabetic eyes after panretinal photocoagulation. A long term study with comparison of xenon arc and argon laser. AB - Among 40 diabetic patients with normal intraocular pressures, a comparison of a long term (half a year) pressure pulse amplitude (IOPA) lowering effect of attempted equivalent monocular panretinal xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation was made from measurements in 32 patients. For the bilateral simultaneous IOPA recordings the applanating suction cups were used. IOPA recordings with identical IOP levels of treated eye and control eye were aimed at, and this experimental condition was obtained in 23/40 pairs of eyes before treatment and in 21/40 and 19/40 pairs of eyes after 1 and 6 months, respectively. The long term IOPA lowering effect of treatments with the xenon arc as well as the argon laser was approximately 20%, that is averagely 0.25-0.50 mmHg. The present investigations demonstrated a long term reduction of the IOPA of the same magnitude as the previous reported short term (one month). The retrobulbar anaesthesia had no significant influence on the result and there were no changes in the ocular rigidity. PMID- 6659886 TI - Visual evoked potential as a prognostic factor for vitrectomy in diabetic eyes. AB - To determine whether or not the electrophysiological status of the eye can give information as to the result of vitreous surgery, the visual evoked potential to flash stimulation was measured prior to vitreous surgery. Seventy-four eyes were submitted to surgery. Latencies of flash evoked potentials showed a distribution suggestive of a Gaussian curve with an abnormal extension. Dividing the material into 2 groups based on a latency longer or shorter than 100 millisec revealed a highly significant difference in visual improvement after surgery between patients with long latency and patients with short latency (P less than 0.001). With a latency longer than 100 millisec the patient has an almost equal chance of visual improvement or visual reduction by surgery. The frequency of operative complications was twice as high in patients with latency longer than 100 millisec compared to patients with a latency shorter than 100 millisec. PMID- 6659887 TI - Prognostic parameters in pars plana vitrectomy. AB - Based on a period of introduction with the vitrectomy technic the visual acuity results in 143 consecutive cases performed between 1976 and 1980 are related to the anamnestic information, the pre-, per- and post-operative findings. In this introductional period the patients referred had longstanding retinovitreal changes, and, because of lack of prognostic parameters, all patients were offered surgery regardless of the observed pathology. All vitrectomies were carried out with the Kloti macrostripper and diathermy unit, without any additional instrumentation. From the results of these early cases, we have changed our surgical method to a three-port entrance with a separate infusion canula, a separate fiberoptic illumination and an interchange between vitrector, automatic scissors, hook, stilleto, vacuo needle, forceps and intravitreous photocoagulation through a third port. Diabetics should be offered vitrectomy if vitreous haemorrhages last for more than 3 months. Vitrectomy is considered useless or contraindicated in diabetics with lack of light perception or light projection, neovascular glaucoma, extinguished visual evoked potential. Only an improvement in the peripheral vision can be expected in diabetics with macular detachment. In rhegmatogenous detachment cases with intravitreal traction, vitreous operations should be performed only where intraretinal or retroretinal changes do not prevent mobilization or unfolding of the retina. Traumatic vitreoretinal disorders should be operated upon early. PMID- 6659888 TI - Seasonal variations in retinal detachment in Northern Finland and Novosibirsk. AB - Retinal detachments have a tendency to occur more commonly in spring and summer than in winter. Two new series are presented here, the first collected in Northern Finland at latitudes 64 degrees-70 degrees and the second from Novosibirsk, at a much lower latitude, 55 degrees N, but with an equally long winter. A statistically significant seasonal variation is found in both. The highest incidence peak is seen in June in Oulu and in July in Novosibirsk, the difference between the prevalence curves was, however, not statistically significant. The Oulu series shows a statistically highly significant seasonal variation in low refractive errors but no seasonal difference in high myopia and aphakia. PMID- 6659889 TI - Morphological and physiological changes of the eye in patients with congenital heart disease undergoing extracorporeal circulation. AB - We studied 76 patients with congenital heart disease, whose ages ranged from 2 to 39 years. The following investigations were carried out pre-operatively and post operatively in all patients: visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, orthoptic examination, examination of the fundus. Where collaboration was sufficient the following were also studied: kinetic and static perimetry, adaptation perimetry, colour vision, electroretinography. There were no differences before and after operation of visual acuity, adaptation perimetry, refraction, electroretinography or of the fundus. Post-operative changes were only found in 4 of the 65 patients in whom perimetry was performed. By comparison, an identical study of patients with acquired heart disease showed the percentage of functional ocular changes to be higher in this group. PMID- 6659890 TI - A murine model of congenital toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. AB - A histopathological study of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in 39 eyes of mice infected in utero with Toxoplasma gondii and sacrificed at 16 weeks post-partum showed a wide variation in the pattern of tissue destruction. The changes in individual eyes were graded from mild to severe; Toxoplasma cysts were present in the retina and optic nerve in each grade. In the least affected eyes, Toxoplasma cysts were rarely seen and the disease was limited to a low grade uveitis and retinal lymphocytic perivasculitis. In the more severely affected eyes, there was focal, sectorial or total retinal destruction with secondary degeneration in the lens. In some eyes inflammatory destruction of the outer retina was associated either with a paucity of cells, or with lymphocytic infiltration or with plasma cell infiltration; giant cell granulomatous reactions were rare. In the most severely affected eyes the retina was necrotic and calcified. The findings illustrate the complexity of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis and suggest that autoimmunity may play a part in the disease process. PMID- 6659891 TI - The EOG in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - In untreated rheumatoid arthritis 20% of the patients has a EOG Lp/Dt ratio lower than the lower 5% limit calculated for normal patients. The EOG is more often disturbed in a long-standing chloroquin-induced retinopathy than in the acute phase of intoxication, the reason being progression from a maculopathy to a tapeto-retinal degeneration. The subnormal EOG in rheumatoid arthritis might be due to an auto-immune process against rhodopsin and uveal pigment. Withdrawal of synthetical antimalarial agents in cases suspected of an early drug-induced retinopathy based on EOG subnormality may enhance the underlying rheumatoid process thus causing a further decrease of the EOG. The EOG therefore is not a method of choice in detecting an early chloroquin-induced retinopathy. PMID- 6659892 TI - Hereditary bilateral retinoblastoma, pinealoma and normal chromosomes. A case report. AB - We report a boy with bilateral, familial retinoblastoma recognized at the age of 3 months. At the age of 2 1/2 years the patient developed a tumour in the pineal region. Both tumours were successfully treated by radiation. The chromosomes were normal when examined by the prophase technique, in particular there was no deletion of band q14 of chromosome 13. We consider the simultaneous occurrence of retinoblastoma and pinealoma as more then a pure coincidence, probably a consequence of a generally increased susceptibility to cancer and of the histogenetic similarities of retina and pineal body. PMID- 6659893 TI - Binocular vision after lens implantation. AB - Orthoptic tests for binocular vision were performed on 107 patients with intraocular lenses 3 to 10 months after surgery. The tests carried out were: cover test, Worth-test, Lang's two-pencil-test, the TNO-test and Lang's stereo test. The implanted lenses were of the four-loop Binkhorst type. They were all implanted after planned extracapsular surgery. Visual acuity 3 to 10 months after operation was 0.5 or more in 95% of the patients (0.8 or more in 53% of the patients). Refraction in spheric equivalents was -0.7 +/- 1.26 diopters. The calculated optical aniseikonia was 2.2% +/- 1.8%. Orthotropia as disclosed by the unilateral cover-test prevailed in 81% of the patients. Most of the patients were exotrop (14 patients for the near, 6 patients for the near and the far). The results of Lang's two-pencil-test were positive in 89%. The Worth-test (polarized, for distance) showed suppression in 23% of the patients. The random dot-test (TNO-test) showed positive results in 68% (retinal disparities 1980 arc seconds or less), in 57% (480 arc seconds or less), and the new Lang stereotest in 58% (1200 arc seconds or less) of the patients. PMID- 6659894 TI - Comparative study of the visual performance of various aphakic corrections. AB - The aim for the present study was to test the feasibility of using a front surface aspheric contact lens geometry to correct aphakic patients from a visual standpoint. Two aspheric contact lens designs are tested, using a standard visual acuity test and contrast sensitivity, and their performance is compared to a conventional spherical design. An hyperbolic front surface of eccentricity of 1.2 was chosen, as its performance was similar to the spherical contact lens. PMID- 6659895 TI - A comparison of two horopter criteria. AB - Both the binocular nonius and classical nonius criteria were applied to a group of subjects in order to compare the resulting horopters. Results indicated that monocular visual directions shifted along with changing binocular disparities when using the binocular nonius technique. This method constitutes a modification of the frontal plane criterion, since binocular portions still can be set equidistant to the fixation object. Comparing equidistance (binocular nonius) with equidirection (nonius) indicated that the 2 loci were essentially the same. Shifts in the nonius horopter induced by a small overall magnifier could not be predicted for 2 out of 7 subjects; one of these with aniseikonia and the other with intermittent exotropia. Irregularities in all horopter data could be accounted for by shifts in the vergence angles during the experiment. PMID- 6659896 TI - Contact lens wear in an environment contaminated with metal particles. AB - Ten subjects wearing soft contact lenses on a daily basis and working in an environment moderately contaminated with metal particles were followed for an average of 24 months. There were no signs of ocular damage and no history of eye irritation. Some contact lenses showed occasional brownish excavations, representing earlier lesions from burning particles, the lens thus having protected the cornea. Very few metal particles were seen on the lens when still on the eye and extremely few when studying removed lenses in light microscopy. Apparently particles were eliminated fairly easily be the tear fluid, by blinking and by daily cleaning. Atom absorption analysis of worn lenses showed only nanogram amounts of metal, not dissimilar to those in lenses worn by office employees. The lenses did not need to be replaced more often than for a group of office employees. Soft contact lenses apparently may be worn without damaging the eye in an environment moderately contaminated with metal particles, provided the lenses are properly cleaned. Contact lenses allow closer fitting of protective goggles compared to glasses; which is advantageous. PMID- 6659897 TI - Damage of the cornea epithelium caused by ultraviolet radiation. A scanning electron microscopic study in rabbit. AB - Rabbit cornea epithelium was exposed to UV-radiation for 15 min from a distance of 50 cm, and specimens were studied after 1/2, 1, and 3 h, respectively. The following changes occurred: 1) Reduced number of the large impressions or the full-thickness holes of the superficial cells. 2) Partly rejected cells. 3) Numerous small plasma membrane defects. This investigation shows plasma membrane defects at an early stage after the exposure, and this may be the locus for the initial damage. PMID- 6659898 TI - Sensitivity and fragility in keratoconus. AB - 38 persons with various degrees of keratoconus were examined. Using the photokeratoscope an index of the severity of the cone was established and compared to a group of normal eyes. Sensitivity was measured in the centre and periphery of the cornea. It was found to be significantly lower than in normal eyes and those eyes wearing contact lenses exhibited the lowest sensitivity. There was no correlation between peripheral CTT (Corneal Touch Threshold) and the severity of keratoconus, but there was a significant correlation between central CTT and severity, though only for the group of eyes not wearing contact lenses. Corneal fragility was also found to be greater in keratoconus than in normal eyes and more so in those eyes wearing contact lenses. There was a significant correlation between the severity and the fragility. PMID- 6659900 TI - Intralesional corticosteroid injection for the treatment of chalazia. AB - Twenty chalazia were treated with intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injections. The diameter of 9 of the chalazia was less than 6 mm. Eight of them were cured after a single injection and 1 after 2 injections. The diameter of 11 of the chalazia was greater than or equal to 6 mm. Four cases responded to 1 injection and 5 to 2 injections. Two were operated on. Six patients had a recurrence 3-6 months later and were operated on. Corticosteroid injection is a serviceable alternative to surgery in the treatment of small chalazia. The indications are discussed. PMID- 6659899 TI - Dermoid of the cornea in association with congenital generalized fibromatosis. A case report. AB - A case of congenital generalized fibromatosis with a dermoid tumour of the right cornea, fibromatosis of the back of the left foot, a furrow of the left wrist and malformed fingers of the right hand is described. The changes were found in a 4 year-old girl from Thailand. PMID- 6659901 TI - Corticosteroid injection of chalazia. AB - Corticosteroid (triamcinolone acetonide) injection of chalazion intralesionally is an effective, easy and a safe method. Perfect recovery was achieved in 88% of 24 chalazion cases (22 patients). Most of them were cured with a single injection. The steroid therapy is most effective when the chalazion has not been secondarily infected. If this has already happened surgery is the method of choice. If the steroid injections are limited only to common non-infected chalazia, the results will be excellent in about 100% of the cases. This treatment may be recommended especially for children and persons with allergy to local anaesthetics. It is particularly suitable for chalazia located close to the lacrimal punctum. Because of its simplicity, efficiency and almost non-existent risks, this method should also be convenient to physicians other than ophthalmologists. PMID- 6659902 TI - Hepatolenticular degeneration: histological study of conjunctiva and observation of chalazii during D-penicillamine treatment. AB - Three patients with hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) are described. Bilateral blepharoconjunctivitis and Kayser-Fleischer ring was observed in all 3 patients. In 2 patients, long-lasting, bilateral chalazii appeared during chronic treatment with D-penicillamine. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of pre-treatment conjunctival biopsies showed no copper storage in the tissue thus supporting the hypothesis that copper storage in Descemet's membrane derives from the anterior chamber. PMID- 6659903 TI - Upside down ptosis in patients with Horner's syndrome. AB - Fifteen patients with Horner's syndrome have been examined for the presence of upside down ptosis, and this symptom could be demonstrated in 10 of the patients. Miosis occurred in all patients, and ptosis of the upper lid was seen in 14 patients. These were the symptoms which originally enabled the diagnosis to be made. Enophthalmus was present in only 4 patients. The anatomic basis is briefly discussed, and it is advocated from the easy demonstration of upside down ptosis, together with its independence of voluntary compensation by the patient, that it should be looked for as a routine when examining for Horner's syndrome. PMID- 6659904 TI - Laser trabeculoplasty I in simple and capsular glaucoma. AB - One hundred and thirty-one phakic eyes of 109 patients with simple (52 eyes) and capsular (79 eyes) glaucoma were retrospectively followed at least for 12 months after laser trabeculoplasty (LTP). LTP was as effective in both groups with a success rate of 65% in simple glaucoma and 68% in capsular glaucoma. In half of the successful responders medication could be tapered. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction was greater in capsular glaucoma (37%) than in simple glaucoma (22%). The average pressure reduction in successfully treated eyes obtained at one month was essentially the same throughout the entire time of observation with 27 patients followed for 18 months. In 2 eyes IOP increased 32 and 51 mmHg above the base line after LTP; no other severe complications were observed. PMID- 6659905 TI - Laser trabeculoplasty II in secondary glaucoma and after failed trabeculectomy in primary open angle glaucoma. AB - Thirteen eyes of 12 patients with secondary glaucoma and 18 eyes of 18 patients with failed trabeculectomy were retrospectively followed at least for 12 months. The success rate in secondary glaucoma was 23% (3 of 13 eyes). Six eyes were operated, and 2 eyes were re-lasered without success. In the eyes with failed trabeculectomy the success rate was 83% (15 of 18 eyes) with a 37% reduction of the mean intraocular pressure at one year. Medication could be tapered in 9 eyes and no eyes had to be re-operated. Laser trabeculoplasty (LTP) seems to be highly effective in eyes with failed trabeculectomy while eyes with secondary glaucoma have a poor response. PMID- 6659906 TI - [14C]6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline in retinal and other tissues after intravascular and intravitreal injections in mice and rats. AB - 6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (6-MeO-THBC) is a condensation product of 5-methoxytryptamine and formaldehyde. It possesses diverse biochemical and pharmacological properties and has been suggested to act as a neuromodulator. 6-MeO-THBC has been shown to occur in various tissues including the retina in animals and human beings. The present results show that the mouse and rat retina as well as other tissues take up 14C-labelled 6-MeO-THBC injected intravenously or intravitreally. The retinal concentrations show a prompt rise after the injection and significant levels are maintained after 2 days. PMID- 6659907 TI - Pseudopapilloedema with and without verified optic disc drusen. A clinical analysis I. AB - A clinical analysis of 200 patients (307 eyes with optic disc drusen, 40 eyes with pseudopapilloedema without verified drusen, 53 normal fellow-eyes) was performed to document the characteristic findings in pseudopapilloedema with and without verified drusen. In 4 eyes optic disc drusen accounted for diminished visual acuity. Papillary or peripapillary haemorrhages were found in 6.1% of 347 eyes. Peripapillary pigment epithelial derangement was present in 29.7% of the eyes, mostly with superficial drusen. Subjective symptoms caused by drusen were very rare. Changes in the appearance of the optic discs with drusen during the years could be documented in 15% of 153 patients. There were 5 patients with pigmentary retinopathy. The most usual of coincident disorders was migraine in 21 patients. The visual field findings are analysed in a companion report. PMID- 6659908 TI - Pseudopapilloedema with and without verified optic disc drusen. A clinical analysis II: visual fields. AB - An analysis of visual field findings in the material of 200 patients with pseudopapilloedema with and without verified optic disc drusen was performed. Goldmann and/or Friedmann visual fields were examined in 383 eyes. Visual field defects were found in 38.9% of the pseudopapilloedema eyes without verified drusen, but in 73.4% of the drusen eyes. The strongest field defects were found only in the eyes with drusen seen by oblique illumination or with superficial drusen. The eyes with superficial drusen showed visual field defects in 85.8%. Only 7 patients complained of visual field defects. A progression of visual field defects could be documented in 22% of 118 patients with visual field examinations 2 or more times. PMID- 6659909 TI - Focal macular choroidopathy. AB - The clinical and angiographic findings in 2 patients with focal macular choroidopathy (FMC) are described. Follow-up fluorescein angiography revealed that the initial lesions consisted of multifocal, whitish spot-like areas of choroidal infiltration with hyperfluorescence in the late phase angiogram. At a later stage of the disease, the developing disciform macular lesion showed subretinal neovascularization. The disease was bilateral with poor visual prognosis. There was no evidence of infection with Histoplasma capsulatum. Early oral corticosteroid treatment could not prevent the progressive nature of the disease. PMID- 6659910 TI - A case comparison study of carbon disulfide retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy using fluorescein fundus angiography. AB - To clarify the pathological difference of retinal changes between carbon disulfide (CS2) and diabetic retinopathies, fluorescein fundus angiograms of 92 workers with CS2 retinopathy (Group I) were compared with those of 37 cases with diabetic retinopathy (Group II) and 40 workers who had not been exposed to CS2 (Group III). The results were: 1) Ellipsoid or loop-shaped microaneurysms were observed in 25% of Group I, and in 5% of Groups II and III. 2) Fluorescein leakage from vessels was observed in Group II, but not in Groups I and III. 3) An avascular area of the retina was observed in Groups I and II. The avascular area in CS2 retinopathy was small and local and showed no tendency of enlarging. 4) Atrophic/degenerative changes of the pigmentary epithelium were observed in 40% of Group I, 11% of Group II and 15% of Group III. PMID- 6659911 TI - Computerized tomography of malignant melanomas of the choroid. AB - Twelve histologically verified choroidal melanomas, 15 normal fellow eyes and 4 simulating lesions (vitreous haemorrhage, choroidal haemorrhage, retinal detachment and choroidal detachment) were CT-scanned before and after intravenous contrast media (maximal attenuation in the tumours were estimated from a computerized curve corresponding to a line placed from the center of the eye, through the tumour to the outside of the bulb). The melanomas showed significantly higher precontrast attenuation (54 HU) than the control eyes (17 HU) measured in symmetrical points. Enhancement was registered in all the tumours (mean = 22 HU, P less than 0.01), but not in the control eyes. Among the simulating lesions, the retinal detachment enhanced after contrast. Indications for CT-scan of intraocular processes are diagnostic doubt in opaque media and suspected extrabulbar extension. A patient with verified, disciform organised subretinal haemorrhage scanned after the primary series showed contrast enhancement comparable to the malignant melanoma series. Also 'CT-positive' tumour eyes have to be observed over a period. PMID- 6659913 TI - Laser trabeculoplasty in open angle glaucoma. AB - We have treated 54 eyes that were considered candidates for trabeculectomy with argon laser trabeculoplasty. One hundred burns were placed in the trabecular meshwork right in front of the scleral spur in the lower two quadrants. Average prelaser IOP was 26.2 mmHg and average postlaser IOP was 18.3 mmHg. Four eyes (7.4%) went to further surgery. Mean follow-up time was 3.5 months. There were few complications. Most important was a transitory increase of IOP larger than 10 mmHg in 7 eyes (13.0%). There was one case of acute iridocyclitis. PMID- 6659912 TI - Spontaneous hyphaema from persistent remnant of the pupillary membrane. A case report. AB - A spontaneous unilateral hyphaema in a 75-year-old woman, due to bleeding from iris vessels, a remnant of the pupillary membrane, was observed. Hyphaema was completely resorbed after 24 h. Fluorescein angiography showed the presence of a blood circulation in the anomalous vessels and a diffusion of fluorescein from saccular dilatations on the inferior vessel. PMID- 6659914 TI - Late results of laser trabeculoplasty for increased intraocular pressure. AB - One hundred and eighty eyes of 161 patients with increased intraocular pressure resistant to medical therapy were treated with laser trabeculoplasty and were followed up for 18 to 42 months. In 97 eyes there was an exfoliation syndrome. In 93 of these there was an initial response. In 10 eyes pressure rose again during follow-up. Of these, 7 were classed as late failures. 76 eyes had a primary open angle glaucoma or primary ocular hypertension, 58 responded to treatment. In one eye the effect worsened during follow-up. In several eyes there was a deterioration of the visual field in spite of the fact that laser treatment resulted in good pressure reduction. PMID- 6659915 TI - [Tinnitus and a tumor of the carotid glomus]. PMID- 6659917 TI - [TORP and PORP; plastipore - porcelain]. PMID- 6659916 TI - [Tuberculous and syphilitic otitis media]. PMID- 6659918 TI - [Aluminum oxide ceramic PORP and TORP prostheses]. AB - The tolerance of bio-inert aluminium oxide ceramic as a PORP or TORP design has been studied histologically and clinically. Thirty-five patients had an aluminium oxide prosthesis implanted into the middle ear. There was a hearing gain of 21 dB in the speech frequencies. Patients were monitored for an average period of 20 months (3/4-2 1/4 years); the shortest period was 9 months, the longest 27. The functional results were satisfactory. The acoustic efficiency between 0-20 dB air bone gap was not greater than with human ossicles or cartilage, although there was no fixation or resorption and a better structural stability. PMID- 6659919 TI - [Computer practices in ENT. Completion of a record and information storage]. PMID- 6659920 TI - [Pathology of the foramen cecum. Apropos of 2 cases of nasal cysts of dermoid origin and 1 case of intranasal glioma]. PMID- 6659921 TI - [Study of sinusal ventilation using xenon 133 endonasal insufflation]. PMID- 6659922 TI - [Long-term average spectrography of speech. Discrimination between the normal voice and the pathological voice]. AB - LTAS (Long Time Average Spectra) were used for discrimination between a sample of 30 normal voices and a sample of 30 pathological voices. A highly significant difference could be observed. There is also a good correlation between the degree of hoarseness as evaluated by LTAS and the sonographic classification of Yanagihara. A possible application for automatic recognition of voice pathology is evoked. PMID- 6659923 TI - [Dyspnea in an occult thyroid carcinoma]. AB - A non-palpable thyroid carcinoma presenting as a subglottic narrowing with respiratory difficulties. PMID- 6659924 TI - ["Chronic" post-traumatic epidural hematoma of the posterior cranial fossa: otoneurological study]. PMID- 6659925 TI - [The previsional validity of the glycerol test in evaluation of therapy of Meniere's disease]. PMID- 6659927 TI - Specific local immunotherapy in young allergic subjects. PMID- 6659926 TI - [Melanoma of the nasal fossae]. PMID- 6659928 TI - [Humoral immunity profile in idiopathic paralysis of the VIIth cranial nerve]. PMID- 6659929 TI - [Descriptive epidemiology of laryngeal-hypopharyngeal cancer in Turin]. PMID- 6659930 TI - [The superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) of the face and neck. Anatomy and surgical dissection]. PMID- 6659931 TI - [Relations between chronic nasal obstruction, nasal allergy and bronchial asthma]. PMID- 6659932 TI - Endocarditis caused by Cardiobacterium hominis. Two case reports. AB - Two cases of endocarditis caused by Cardiobacterium hominis are reported. There were no unusual clinical features of endocarditis in the patients except for the extensive valvular damage present at time of hospitalization. Properties with distinguish C. hominis from other fastidious, gram negative rods are oxidase and catalase reactions, indole production and carbohydrate fermentation pattern. PMID- 6659933 TI - Meningitis and bacteremia caused by Pasteurella multocida. A case report. AB - A case of pasteurella multocida meningitis in a 75-year old woman with chronic otitis media is reported. There were no unusual clinical features of meningitis in this case which distinguished it from meningitis due to other pyogenic bacteria. P. multocida is characterized by a distinctive biochemical pattern, and correct identification should not be difficult provided that the possibility of its occurrence in meningitis is kept in mind. PMID- 6659934 TI - Urine proteins cross-reacting with antiserum against virus-like particles from cultured psoriatic epithelial cells. AB - Subcellular particles resembling enveloped viruses were isolated from the urine of a psoriatic male. The particles were located at densities between 1.15 and 1.18 g/cc after sucrose gradient centrifugation. The fraction containing purified particles possessed proteins that cross-reacted with an antiserum raised against virus-like particles from a cell culture established from a psoriatic lesion. Analysis of the cross-reacting antigens by concanavalin A fractionation and SDS PAGE revealed a glycoprotein with Mr 70,000 (gp70) and three smaller molecules with apparent molecular weights of 30,000, 18,000, and 15,000, respectively. These values were identical to those obtained for the virus-like particles isolated from the cell culture with an envelope glycoprotein with molecular weight of 70,000 and three inner proteins. Estimation of the molecular weights for the three smaller molecules by gel filtration in 6M guanidine-hydrochloride gave Mr 27,000, 15,000, and 12,000, respectively, for the three proteins. The designations p27 p15, and p12 are based on the molecular weight estimation by the chromatographic method. PMID- 6659936 TI - Leukocyte chemotaxis induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae and serum. AB - The effects on normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) of chemotactic factors in sera incubated with five types of S. pneumoniae commonly encountered in otitis media and other respiratory infections (types 3, 6A, 14, 19F and 23F) and five types that rarely cause infections (types 31, 35, 36, 42 and 43) were compared by the means of migration under agarose technique. All the types frequent in otitis media and some of the types that are less frequent, viz. 31 and 36, showed a good chemotactic activation in pooled serum. No correlation between tendency to cause otitis media and ability to regenerate chemotactic activity in serum was found. Impaired generation of chemotactic activity was found in C2-deficient serum, Mg2 + EGTA-chelated serum and properdin-deficient serum, indicating the significance of both the classical and the alternative complement pathways for production of chemotactic factors by pneumococcal types. PMID- 6659935 TI - Antibody response to alpha- and betahemolysin from Staphylococcus aureus in patients with staphylococcal infections and in normals. AB - One hundred and nineteen patients with S. aureus infections and 22 patients with non-S. aureus septicemia were investigated for anti-alpha hemolysin antibodies using a radioimmunoassay (RIA). As compared to 16- healthy controls, patients with S. aureus endocarditis, septicemia, chronic osteomyelitis and recurrent furunculosis showed significantly higher antibody levels, while the non-S. aureus septicemia group showed normal levels. Corresponding results were obtained using the conventional anti-staphylolysin (ASTA) test. Only patients with recurrent furunculosis had significantly elevated anti-beta hemolysin antibody levels assessed by RIA, in comparison with healthy controls. The highest antibody levels were found in furunculosis patients infected with S. aureus strains which were high producers of beta hemolysin. The results indicate that furunculosis patients do not have a defective serological response against S. aureus beta hemolysin. PMID- 6659937 TI - The effect of interferon on ADCC (I). AB - The effect of human leukocyte interferon (Hu INF alpha) on antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against antibody-treated chicken red blood cells was studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were not significantly stimulated by IFN in ADCC. The lymphocytes freed from adherent cells, however, were more cytotoxic when IFN-treated, than without this treatment. The results might indicate that several potential effector cell types in the original mononuclear cell suspension competed for the targets and that only some of these effector cells became IFN-stimulated. PMID- 6659938 TI - [Determination of praziquantel in rabbit plasma and its pharmacokinetic parameters by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)]. PMID- 6659939 TI - [Effect of a large dosage of PGE on spermatogenesis and tissue prostaglandin levels in rats]. PMID- 6659941 TI - [Chemical studies on a Chinese drug Qin Pi, the bark of Fraxinus stylosa]. PMID- 6659942 TI - [Studies on a Chinese drug, Aconitum spp. XXI. Alkaloids from Aconitum finetianum Hand-Mazz]. PMID- 6659943 TI - [Quantitative TLC-densitometry of coumarins in Qin Pi (Fraxinus stylosa)]. PMID- 6659940 TI - [Phellinus linteus (Berk et Curt) Aoshima polysaccharide]. PMID- 6659944 TI - [Preparation and stability of methotrexate (MTX)-liposomes]. PMID- 6659945 TI - [Utilization of medicinal plant resources of genus Stephania of Menispermaceae in China]. PMID- 6659946 TI - [Influence of pargyline on depletion of catecholamines in the rat brain caused by DL-tetrahydropalmatine]. PMID- 6659947 TI - [Prediction of the shelf-life of a 10% sodium phenobarbital injection fluid]. PMID- 6659948 TI - [Pharmacologic study on the hypotensive effect of isopropylamine salicylate]. PMID- 6659949 TI - [Studies on clinical pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of sodium phenytoin by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)]. PMID- 6659950 TI - [Metabolic fate of schizandrol A and its distribution in the rat brain determined by thin layer chromatography]. PMID- 6659951 TI - [Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of daphnetin]. PMID- 6659952 TI - [Synthesis of 11-substituted (containing oxygen group) estradiol]. PMID- 6659953 TI - [Synthesis of 1-ethyl-1,2,3,4,6,7-hexahydroindolo-[2,3a]-quinolizinium perchlorate, a key intermediate of vincamine]. PMID- 6659954 TI - [Alkaloids of Aconitum episcopale Le'vl]. PMID- 6659955 TI - [Chemical constituents of the root of Pimpinella thellungiana Wolff]. PMID- 6659956 TI - [HPLC separation and determination of active constituents of Qin Pi (Fraxinus chinensis)]. PMID- 6659957 TI - [Percentage distribution of drugs of tertiary amine in aqueous solutions of acids]. PMID- 6659958 TI - [Utilization of medicinal plant resources of the genus Cyclea of Menispermaceae in China]. PMID- 6659959 TI - [Efficacy of amoscanate derivatives in experimental schistosomiasis]. PMID- 6659960 TI - [Chemical constituents of Fagopyrum cymosum (Trev) Meisn]. PMID- 6659962 TI - [Chemical constituents of Paeonia lactiflora Pall]. PMID- 6659961 TI - [Stabilization of a sodium phenobarbital injection fluid]. PMID- 6659963 TI - Pharmacokinetics of the gamma-aminobutyric acid agonist THIP (Gaboxadol) following intramuscular administration to man, with observations in dog. AB - The pharmacokinetics of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist, THIP (Gaboxadol) has been studied following intramuscular administration of 10 or 20 mg THIP-monohydrate to six healthy human volunteers. Additional experiments with special reference to the possible occurrence of non-linear kinetics and to estimation of the efficiency of absorption were carried out in three beagle dogs. As estimated from the dogs, absorption of THIP from the site of injection was efficient (F = 0.94 +/- 0.16, mean +/- S.D., in 8 experiments). The time course of the THIP serum concentration was in all experiments adequately described by an open 1-compartment linear model. In most individual experiments a near maximum concentration was present at 15 or 10 min. after the administration to man and dog, respectively. In some subjects and dogs an uncertain relation was found between dose and the time integral of the THIP serum concentration, but the mode of variation did not suggest deviations from first-order kinetics at high doses or concentrations. The rate constant of elimination was estimated to 0.50 +/- 0.13 hr-1 and 0.52 +/- 0.13 hr-1 following injection of a 10 or 20 mg dose, respectively, to man (mean +/- S.D., n = 6), and similar values were obtained from the dogs. PMID- 6659964 TI - Gentamicin-induced hypercalciuria in the rat. AB - A study was made of the effects of gentamicin (40 mg/kg/day for 7 days) on the excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the urine of rats. Volume of urine, protein excretion and the urinary activities of the enzymes alanine aminopeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were also monitored. There were no significant changes in the excretion of sodium or potassium and the excretion of magnesium was too variable to permit a meaningful interpretation of changes in its excretion. Significant changes occurred in the excretion of calcium and protein and in the 24 hr urine osmolarity. The earliest of these changes, on day 4, was an increase in calcium excretion (P less than 0.01) which progressed until the drug was stopped and persisted throughout the 5 follow-up days. The increase in protein excretion was significant (P less than 0.01) by day 5 and the decrease in osmolarity (P less than 0.01) by day 6. These changes were preceded, on day 1, by a significant (P less than 0.001) rise in the activities in urine of all three enzymes. This early enzymuria suggests that considerable perturbation of cell integrity occurred before the increase in calcium excretion. Further studies are required to elucidate what role, if any, the loss of calcium plays in the genesis of tubular cell injury. PMID- 6659965 TI - Acute effects of halothane and enflurane on drug metabolism and protein synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The metabolism of sulphanilamide, antipyrine and paracetamol was studied in the absence and presence of the anaesthetics halothane and enflurane at three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) in isolated hepatocytes from the rat. Cell viability and protein synthesis were monitored to evaluate toxic effects. A strong concentration related inhibition of antipyrine oxidation (40 70%) and paracetamol conjugation (20-40%) was caused by both halothane and enflurane. Acetylation of sulphanilamide was not inhibited, however, as a slight augmentation was noticed. A significant dose related decrease of cell viability (3-13%) was caused by both anaesthetics. Dose dependent inhibition of the synthesis of stationary cell proteins (15-60%) and the synthesis/secretion of medium proteins (35-85%) was caused by halothane. Similar but slightly less pronounced effects were caused by enflurane. The present findings show that volatile anaesthetics may have general effects as well as different degrees of specific effects on both membrane bound enzyme and soluble enzyme activities. PMID- 6659966 TI - Effects of continuous trichloroethylene inhalation on different strains of mice. AB - Seven different strains of mice (wild, C57BL, DBA, B6CBA, A/sn, NZB and NMRI) were continuously exposed to 150 ppm trichloroethylene (TCE) during 30 days. After exposure all strains showed large increases in liver weight, while changes in kidney and spleen weights were small. Plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity increased in males of all strains and in females of strains A/sn and NZB. The increase in the females was less than that of the corresponding males. We concluded that there are moderate, but in some cases, significant differences in TCE sensitivity between different mouse strains. The differences observed between sexes emphasizes the importance of specifying sex as well as strain when reporting on toxic effects. PMID- 6659967 TI - Trichloroethylene: further studies of the effects on body and organ weights and plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity in mice. AB - The effects of continuous and intermittent inhalation of trichloroethylene (TCE) were studied in male and female mice. Plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity, body, liver, kidney and spleen weights were measured. The liver was studied histologically and motor activity measured with doppler radar. Continuous TCE-exposure (37-300 p.p.m.) increased plasma BuChE activity in the males in a time and concentration dependent manner. After 30 days at 37 p.p.m. the increase was about 25%. Exposure to 300 p.p.m. for 30 days increased the activity three times. BuChE activity in females was only slightly influenced even at 300 p.p.m. Liver weight was increased in a time and concentration dependent manner in both sexes. In animals continuously exposed for 30 days to 300 p.p.m., liver weight was roughly twice that of the air-exposed controls. Morphological changes were observed in the liver of TCE-exposed animals. Above 150 p.p.m. kidney weight in both sexes was significantly increased. This effect was more pronounced in the males than in the females. Spleen weight was not influenced by the exposure. Body weight increase was slightly lower in exposed animals. Plasma BuChE activity and liver weight returned to normal when exposure was terminated. Intermittent exposure to short pulses of high concentration of TCE had roughly the same effect on BuChE, body and organ weights as continuous exposure to the same time-weighted average. Motor activity was affected by the intermittent exposure schedules. At 900 p.p.m. decrease in activity was observed. At 3600 p.p.m. motor activity was considerably increased. PMID- 6659968 TI - Age-and sex-related differences in rat liver microsomal enzymes and their inducibility by toluene. AB - In the liver microsomes of toluene-treated and control Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 148, males and females aged 13-93 days), the contents of cytochrome P-450 and b5 and the activities of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and four monooxygenases were studied. In male control rats, cytochrome contents and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities increased to the age of one month, and after a slight decrease in cytochrome concentrations, the average adult level was reached by the age of two months. Aniline hydroxylase and 7-ethoxycoumarine O-deethylase activities decreased to about half at the same age period. In control female rats, the activities of aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase decreased after the age of one month, and they remained at a considerably lower level in adult females than in males. The sex-dependence of other enzymes was negligible. Toluene induction was already well developed in the youngest age group of both sexes; in most cases the induced enzyme levels in young rats were as high or higher than in adults. In adult female rats, toluene induction of all enzymes was weaker than in males. In male rats, the toluene-induced level of aniline hydroxylase and 7-ethoxycoumarine O-deethylase showed deep minima at the age of 43-53 days, at the puberty of rats. PMID- 6659969 TI - Cytotoxicity of sodium monofluorophosphate. AB - Sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) was cytotoxic to fluoride-sensitive cells in culture, but not to fluoride-resistant cells, indicating that the cytotoxicity of MFP is due to fluoride ions, a hydrolysis product of MFP. PMID- 6659970 TI - Estimation of the rate of energy production of rat mast cells in vitro. AB - Rat mast cells were treated with glycolytic and respiratory inhibitors. The rate of adenosine triphosphate depletion of cells incubated with both types of inhibitors and the rate of lactate produced in presence of antimycin A and glucose were used to estimate the rate of oxidative and glycolytic ATP synthesis. PMID- 6659971 TI - Correlations of alkylating activity and mutagenicity in bacteria of cytostatic drugs. AB - Alkylating activity of cytostatic drugs was studied in relation to their mutagenicity and toxicity in E. coli WP2 uvrA. Four classes of directly acting cytostatic drugs were studied: nitrogen mustards (nitrogen mustard, melphalan, chlorambucil and phosphoramide mustard, a metabolite of cyclophosphamide), ethyleneimine derivatives (Thio-TEPA, TEPA and triethylenemelamine), busulfan, and halogenated nitrosoureas. The reference compounds included methyl methanesulfonate, ethyleneimine and methylnitrosourea. Guanosine alkylation was determined by fluorometry. The rate of guanosine and nitrobenzylpyridine alkylation agreed well. Nitrogen mustard derivatives and triethylenemelamine were the most potent alkylating agents among the cytostatic drugs; nitrogen mustard was 5 to 10 times more active than methyl methanesulfonate. Ethyleneimine derivatives, busulfan and the nitrosoureas were relatively weak alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustard and triethylenemelamine were the most potent mutagens to bacteria; they were also among the most toxic drugs studied. PMID- 6659972 TI - Hepatocellular neoplasms in rats induced by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). PMID- 6659973 TI - Abstracts of the XIV annual Nordic meeting on biological alcohol research. Rungstedgaard, Denmark, April 17-20, 1983. PMID- 6659974 TI - Turnover of low density lipoproteins in normal and atherosclerotic rabbits. AB - The turnover and composition of normal and hyperlipemic (h.l.) low density lipoproteins (LDL) of rabbits, were studied. They were obtained by ultracentrifugation and labeled by Bolton and Hunter method. Normal and h.l. LDL labeled with 125I were injected directly and crossed to both groups of rabbits. Normal and h.l. LDL had a different protein/lipid ratio. The analysis of fractional catabolic rate of LDL and the half-life of the phases of rapid and slow decay, show that h.l. LDL had a fractional catabolic rate that is the half of normal LDL and an increased half life of the phases of rapid and slow decay. Apparently, two factors: a) defective LDL receptor in the h.l. rabbit and b) different physico-chemical properties between normal and h.l. LDL, would be the reason for this difference. Besides, when normal and h.l. 125I LDL were injected into h.l. and normal rabbit, respectively, LDL changed according to the injected rabbit, as can be deduced from the analysis of the half life of the phase of slow decay. PMID- 6659975 TI - Isolation of rat prolactin cells by affinity chromatography. PMID- 6659976 TI - The effect of high altitude on the glycolytic activity of erythrocytes in natives of the Andean Altiplano. AB - Glucose consumption by anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose pathway were studied in two Aymara populations living at different altitudes (3 600 m and 450 m). The measurements were made both with and without methylene blue. We observed a Pasteur effect for both pathways which may explain the increase in 2-3 DPG and ATP levels found in blood samples from people living at high altitudes. The results in the presence of methylene blue showed a reduced activity of the methaemoglobin reductase system in the high altitude group which may be partly responsible for their increased levels of methaemoglobin. PMID- 6659977 TI - Study of the Adrenergic reactivity of the anococcygeal muscle in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The experiments in the present work, representing a part of a wider study of the reactivity of smooth muscles of spontaneously hypertensive rats, were carried out on anococcygeal muscles of Wistar male and female normotensive rats (NTR) and on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), divided in two age groups: young -2.5 to 4 months, and adult -6 to 12 months. The effects of noradrenaline (NA), isoprenaline (IPNA) and phentolamine (Ph) were studied in parallel experiments on smooth-muscle preparations of NTR and SHR. NA (1 x 10(-10)-1 x 10(-4) M) and IPNA (1 x 10(-4)) caused stronger contractions in NTR preparations. The affinity of alpha-adrenoreceptors to NA was increased in the SHR preparations. Ph (1 x 10(-8) 1 x 10(-6) M) inhibited more markedly the NA-contractile effects on smooth muscles of young male SHR. The inhibitory action of Ph On IPNA-induced contractions was less manifested on SHR anococcygeal muscles. It is seen from the results obtained that the adrenergic reactivity of SHR anococcygeal muscle is reduced, which is in agreement with the data in the literature and with our earlier assumption concerning the mosaic character of the specific features of the adrenergic transmission in SHR. The established increased affinity to the transmitter of the alpha-adrenergic receptors in SHR probably represents a peculiar compensatory mechanism for facilitating the adrenergic neurotransmission with reduced capacity of the smooth-muscle effector system to transform the stimulus generated during contraction. PMID- 6659978 TI - Enzyme-inhibiting action of hydrocortisone and desoxycorticosterone of mixed function oxidases. AB - Comparative studies have been carried out on the action of two corticosteroids: the mineralocorticoid desoxycorticosterone and the glucocorticoid hydrocortisone, upon single administration in male albino rats, on the hexobarbital sleeping time and the activity of the mixed function oxidases. Applied in equimolar doses, the two steroids prolong the hexobarbital sleeping time, the effect of desoxycorticosterone being stronger. The potentiation of hexobarbital sleeping time by hydrocortisone differs in degree in animals from the different age groups, being most pronounced in mature animals compared with two-week-old immature and old animals. Unlike hydrocortisone, the potentiating effect Of desoxycorticosterone is close in intensity for all age groups studied. Both corticosteroids in single doses (50 mg/kg) inhibit the activity of mixed function oxidases, metabolizing type I substrates--hexobarbital and morphine, the inhibitory effect of desoxycorticosterone being stronger. Hydrocortisone does not influence the metabolism of type II substrates (aniline), while desoxycorticosterone inhibits it considerably. The reasons for the differences observed in the effects of the two compounds are sought in the different involvement of the enzyme systems studied in their metabolism. PMID- 6659979 TI - On the effects of diazepam, hyoscine and oxotremorine on acetylcholine release from the cerebral cortex. AB - The amount of acetylcholine (ACh) released in perplex cylinders filled with 0.5 ml eserinized Ringer solution and placed on the exposed rat cerebral cortex was determined every 10 min. For the purpose bioassay on leech dorsal muscle was used. ACh was calculated in pmoles/cm2 min-1. It was found that diazepam decreased by 30 per cent, hyoscine increased by 36 per cent and oxotremorine also decreased by 24.5 per cent the ACh output from the cerebral cortex. Hyoscine counteracted to a considerable extent the diazepam-induced inhibition of ACh output, but oxotremorine did not potentiate the inhibitory effect of diazepam on ACh output, in some cases it even prevented it. It could be assumed that the effects of hyoscine and oxotremorine result to a considerable extent from their action on presynaptic autoinhibitory muscarinic receptors. However, it is also possible for the effects of oxotremorine to be important influences on the cortical cholinergic mechanisms, mediated by adrenergic structures. The results obtained suggest a definite role of the cerebral cholinergic system in the mechanism of action of the benzodiazepine derivative diazepam. PMID- 6659980 TI - Changes in the H-reflex amplitude with different characteristics of the preceding conditioned stimulus. AB - The post-stimulus inhibition of the H-reflex was studied in human subjects with the following experimental sets: Presentation of a pair of stimuli, with intensity of the conditioned stimulus, S1, of 30% Hmax, and with varying intensities of the test stimulus, S2, from threshold to maximal values. Varying intensity of S1 from threshold values, 30% Hmax, 50% Hmax, and varying intensity of S2 from threshold to maximal values, for the H2-reflex-curve to be obtained. Varying intensity of S1 from 0.9 to 1.15-1.20 threshold and constant intensity of S2 of 30-40% Hmax. In the first two experiments the curve "intensity of S1/H2 reflex amplitude" at different intensities of S1 and different delays of S2 has been investigated. In the third experiment the H2-reflex recovery with diminishing the S1 to subthreshold values has been investigated. The results have shown: H2-reflex was strongly suppressed even with threshold values of S1. H2 reflex-curve after a conditioned stimulus was significantly lower to the H-reflex curve after a single stimulus. The recovery of the H-reflex amplitude after S1 was observed with subthreshold values of S1. The possible role of the presynaptic inhibition for the suppression of the H1-reflex with the presentation of a pair of stimuli has been considered. PMID- 6659981 TI - Inert characteristic and functional refractory period of the atrioventricular node in rabbit heart preparation. AB - The effect of heart rate on the functional refractory period (FRP) of the atrioventricular node (AVN) is studied. A conclusion is reached that FRP, being a complex characteristic of AVN, should not be directly related to conduction time, but it can serve as a measure of the maximum moment acceleration which AVN is capable of transmitting to the lower-lying structures. It is proposed to use the coefficient of relative acceleration for quantitative estimation of the inert (dynamic) properties of the node at different heart rates. It is concluded that for a longer basic cycle length (BCL) AVN is characterized by greater reserve possibilities for transformation of accelerations of the input rhythm. PMID- 6659982 TI - Study of cyclic structure of daytime sleep in normal infants aged 2 to 12 months. AB - Polygraphic records of the whole duration of the second daytime sleep period have been performed in two groups of infants: 1st group (13 infants)--aged 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months (a total of 65 polygrams), and 2nd group (14 infants)--aged 6, 9 and 12 months (a total of 42 polygrams). The analysis of the structure of the sleep period as a whole reveals that with increasing of the age the delta-wave stage (DS) of the QS (determined by defined polygraphic parameters) increases, while the paradoxical phase of sleep (PS) decreases, this change being more pronounced during the first six months than during the second ones of the first year of the life. During the second six months the change is significant for DS duration and slightly expressed for PS duration. By analysis of the consecutive sleep cycles, composing one sleep period, it is found that: (a) during infancy the first cycle has a relatively stable duration, slight change of the ratio between DS% and PS%; after the age of 6 months its PS is greater and DS is smaller than the respective values of the second cycle; (b) with increasing of the age the second cycle tends to become shorter than the first one, this phenomenon being better manifested during the second six months of the first year; the ratio between DS% and PS% reveals much greater age-dependent changes than in the first cycle. It is concluded that during the infancy the described general tendency of the sleep structure development, restricted to one daytime sleep period, is reflecting mainly the changes in the structure of the second cycle of this period. PMID- 6659983 TI - Synchronization of movement-related cerebral potentials for averaging. AB - A software-oriented technique is proposed for synchronization of the individual movement-related cerebral potentials on the basis of the first derivative of the mechanogram. All procedures are computer performed using neither trigger device nor time-reverse averaging later on. The main advantages of the technique over the trigger approach are demonstrated when determining onset of both commencement and termination of the sustained contraction. Besides the objectivity and high accuracy, the proposed technique gives an additional possibility to determine movement parameters together with cerebral potential characteristics and to sort out the movement-related EEG records in greater details. PMID- 6659984 TI - Muscle sympathetic activity and plasma noradrenaline in normotensive and hypertensive man. AB - Micro-electrode recordings of muscle sympathetic activity were made in the peroneal nerve of 20 normotensive subjects and 18 patients with essential hypertension resting in the recumbent posture. The level of sympathetic activity was quantitated as bursts/100 heart beats or bursts/min. On another occasion blood was sampled from an antecubital vein and analyzed for plasma noradrenaline using radioenzymatic technique. In both groups the level of sympathetic activity increased with age and taking age into account there was no significant difference in sympathetic activity between normotensive and hypertensive subjects. There was no significant difference in plasma levels of noradrenaline between the groups. Both for normotensive and for hypertensive subjects there was a positive correlation between a subject's level of sympathetic activity and his plasma concentration of noradrenaline, and the regression lines did not differ significantly between the groups. It is suggested (a) that outflow of transmitter from sympathetic terminals in muscles contributes significantly to plasma concentrations of noradrenaline at rest both in normotensive and hypertensive subjects: (b) that neither for muscle sympathetic activity nor for plasma noradrenaline do the resting levels differ between normotensive and hypertensive subjects. PMID- 6659985 TI - The liver-like anion transport system in the rabbit uvea does not eliminate iodipamide from the eye. AB - Iodipamide is known to be actively taken up in vitro by the rabbit iris-ciliary process preparation. This uptake is partly resistant to high concentrations of hippurate and the resistant part has been called the 'liver-like' system. In vivo iodipamide is eliminated from the rabbit eye after injection into the vitreous by a saturable process. This process is hippurate-sensitive and no role for any hippurate-resistant system was found. Two explanations for the discrepancy between the results in vitro and in vivo are offered: (1) Iodipamide may be a less than perfect model substance for physiological compounds that normally are transported by a liver-like system from the vitreous cavity and the posterior aqueous humour to the blood. (2) Iodipamide is a model for compounds that are taken up by the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary processes by a liver-like system and transported to the pigmented epithelium for metabolic modification. PMID- 6659986 TI - A model for quantitative sampling of myocardial venous blood in the pig. AB - A lack of good models for studies of myocardial metabolism prompted us to develop a model which allows the continuous measurement of myocardial blood flow and sampling of adequate amounts of coronary sinus (c.s.) blood without admixture of blood from the right atrium, with the working heart in situ. In the pig the left azygos vein drains into the c.s. and can easily be cannulated after thoracotomy. Thus, a shunt to the right atrium can be established by closing the entrance of the c.s. into the right atrium by a stitch ligature. More than 90% of shunt flow originates from the left ventricular myocardium. It is presently shown that establishing the shunt does not compromise myocardial flow, and there are no observable changes in left ventricular pressure, flow or dimensions. Myocardial flow in the drained and adjacent regions, as determined by injections of microspheres, and flow determined by electromagnetic flowmetry on the shunt are all identical. The model is stable during aortic constriction and isoproterenol infusion which induce expected changes in myocardial flow- and oxygen consumption. Thus, the model described is suitable for hemodynamic and metabolic studies of the left ventricular myocardium with the working heart in situ. PMID- 6659987 TI - Dopamine release from the porcine myocardium. AB - Dopamine is a catecholamine with profound influence on cardiac function and known to be present in adrenergic nerve terminals as a precursor of noradrenaline. However, no previous study has examined whether dopamine is produced by myocardial tissue. During stable hemodynamic conditions in 13 young, thoracotomized pigs with the heart in situ, we found a net release of dopamine into the coronary sinus amounting to 1.39 +/- 0.36 ng/min X 100 g of left ventricular muscle mass (p less than 0.01). Dopamine was released from the myocardium whether the v-a difference for noradrenaline was positive or negative. This observation indicates a release of dopamine from the heart independent of sympathetic noradrenergic activity. Regulation of myocardial dopamine release remains unknown. PMID- 6659988 TI - Measurement of blood flow to the ventral prostate in the rat with radioactive microspheres: effects of estradiol-17 beta and human chorionic gonadotrophin. AB - The function and size of the rat ventral prostate are stimulated by androgens and inhibited by estrogens. In order to test whether the blood flow in prostate is influenced in a similar fashion prostatic blood flow was measured after administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in rats with and without pretreatment of estradiol-17 beta (E2) and in rats castrated for five days with and without treatment with E2. Prostatic blood flow was measured with the microsphere technique, which allows blood flow measurement without any interference with the organ. E2 treatment resulted in a decreased prostatic blood flow in both intact and castrated rats, and blood flow was restored to normal in intact rats after hCG-injection. It was concluded that the E2 induced decrement of prostatic blood flow was at least in part mediated by a direct effect on the prostate. PMID- 6659989 TI - The effect of prolonged skeletal muscle stretch-shortening cycle on recoil of elastic energy and on energy expenditure. AB - The enhancement of performance in stretch-shortening exercises has been attributed to the recoil of elastic energy stored during the stretching phase. If the time between stretching and shortening (coupling time) is too long the stored elastic energy can be wasted. In the present study, coupling time was increased by asking ten male subjects to run on a treadmill at different speeds (2.2-5.2 m X s-1) using special soft shoes in addition to normal shoes. The results indicated that running with soft shoes required greater energy consumption than running with normal shoes except at slow speed (2.2 m X s-1). When the running speed was increased the extra energy consumed using soft shoes was parallelly enhanced (0.4 J X kg-1/step at 5.2 m X s-1). It was suggested that the effect of coupling time as limiting factor for recoil of elastic energy was relevant in fast twitch (FT) fibers, which were progressively recruited when the running speed was increased. This is consistent to the fact that cross-bridge life time in FT fibers is very short, and therefore more sensitive to coupling time. At slow running speed (2.2 m X s-1) only slow twitch (ST) fibers were recruited and the enhancement of coupling time was not long enough to provocate detachment of cross-bridges of ST fibers, which possess a long cross-bridge life time. It was concluded that the different recruitment of ST and FT fibers influenced the pattern of recoil of elastic energy which was dependent on the running speed. PMID- 6659990 TI - External pressure--blood flow relations during limb compression in man. AB - The effect of increased tissue pressure on blood flow in subcutaneous and skeletal muscle tissue was studied in 8 healthy humans resting in horizontal position. Blood flow was measured by the local 133Xe washout technique in the mid calf region. Tissue pressure in the depot area was increased by inflating a compression cuff, 50 cm wide (knee to ankle). Blood flow rates were obtained from compressed tissues with normal vasomotor tone, at papaverine-induced vasoparalysis and during distension of the compressed vessels. The latter was achieved by inflating a proximal (extra) compression cuff on the thigh 10 or 20 mmHg above the pressure level in the more distally placed compression cuff. Increased tissue pressure was a potent stimulus for arteriolar dilatation (autoregulation) in both tissues. The autoregulatory response was to some extent counteracted by an increase in local vascular resistance in the postcapillary section as evidenced by the results of simultaneous venous stasis. Blood flow ceased in vasoparalysed tissues as well as in tissues with normal vasomotor tone, when the compression cuff was inflated to the level of the local diastolic blood pressure. Maintaining external compression at the diastolic blood pressure level, blood flow reappeared in both tissues, when the compressed vessels were distended by adding the proximal (extra) compression. It is concluded, that blood flow cessation in compressed tissues is caused by a widespread arterial-arteriolar collapse in diastole, as the volume of blood injected during the systolic peak is too small to expand also the distal sections of the precapillary vessels. PMID- 6659991 TI - Projected and receptive fields: a comparison of projected areas of sensations evoked by intraneural stimulation of mechanoreceptive units, and their innervation territories. AB - Microneurography and intraneural microstimulation were employed in awake human subjects to study the characteristics of cutaneous mechanoreceptive units and the sensations mediated by them. 172 units innervating the hand and forearm were identified as either PC, RA (FA in hairy skin), SA I or SA II. Analysis of action potential waveforms in a sample of units suggests that most recordings were from within the myelin sheath. Receptive fields of RA and SA I units were significantly smaller than those of PC and SA II units and showed a proximodistal size gradient, which the latter two did not. The quality of sensations evoked by intraneural stimulation was determined by the type of unit activated, except in the case of SA II units, and their magnitude could be influenced by mechanical coactivation of other sensory units. As a rule projected fields of evoked sensations were larger the further away they were from the limb tip. This grading indicates that inputs from single mechanoreceptive units are processed differently according to their source and sensory submodality, possibly as a result of unequal "resolving powers" of the corresponding cortical neurons. PMID- 6659992 TI - Cerebral localisation function from the input of single mechanoreceptive units in man. AB - The accuracy of the cerebral localisation function from the input of single mechanoreceptive units was studied in the hand and forearm of human subjects by means of microneurography and intraneural microstimulation (INMS). The mean distance separating the projected field of a sensation evoked by INMS at liminal amplitude from the receptive field of the activated unit (interfield distance, or IFD) was found to vary from 2.6 mm for SA I units in the fingertips to 23.4 mm for SA I units in the forearm. A less pronounced proximodistal IFD gradient was found for quickly adapting units. IFD values for each skin region were comparable with those obtained by a point localisation test directly on the skin. This indicates that functional gradients exist for inputs from single mechanoreceptive units, and that stimulus localisation hardly improves when numerous units are coactivated. PMID- 6659993 TI - Changes in diamine and polyamine metabolism in the duct-ligated submaxillary and sublingual glands of the rat. AB - Duct-ligation of salivary glands is known to cause disappearance of acini, while ductal elements persist. In the present investigation the duct-ligated submaxillary and sublingual glands increased in weight by 45-60% 3 days postoperatively, while they weighed 48-56 and 63-64% less than their contralateral glands 10 and 21 days postoperatively. In the duct-ligated glands putrescine increased markedly both in terms of total amount and in terms of concentration, while spermidine and spermine decreased; histamine, in terms of concentration, was initially reduced but increased markedly later. As to total amount histamine tended to increase along time. The histamine-forming enzyme, histidine decarboxylase, and the putrescine-forming enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase, showed higher activities in the duct-ligated submaxillary glands than in the contralateral glands. Di- and polyamines and their synthesizing enzymes are considered to increase in growing tissue. The present results of increased amine levels and enzyme activities are discussed in relation to previous findings of ductal goblet cell hyperplasia following duct-ligation and of increases of polyamines in cystic fibrosis. PMID- 6659994 TI - Paf-acether (platelet-activating factor) increases microvascular permeability and affects endothelium-granulocyte interaction in microvascular beds. PMID- 6659995 TI - Determination of dynamic muscle strength in man with acceleration controlled isokinetic movements. PMID- 6659996 TI - [Derivatives of pyrazole-l-carboxylic acid. VII. Synthesis and hypoglycemic properties of various N-(4-[2-(alkyl-2-pyrazoline-1-carbonamido)-ethyl] benzenesulfonyl)-N'-cyclohexylurea]. PMID- 6659997 TI - [Methods of determination of active substances in drug of plant origin. IV. Densitometric determination of rutin in pharmaceutical products]. PMID- 6659998 TI - [Insoluble contaminants in large-volume parenteral solutions. III. Effect of drug containers and sterilization]. PMID- 6659999 TI - [Adrenal cortex hormone preparations. VIII. Absorption of hydrocortisone acetate from ointments by rabbit skin]. PMID- 6660000 TI - [Determination of composition of ointment bases for retinoic acid for obtaining optimal therapeutic properties. III. Evaluation of skin absorption of retinoic acid in animals after local application]. PMID- 6660001 TI - [Pharmacological studies on anthracene derivative - compound A12]. PMID- 6660002 TI - [Basic concepts on hyperkinesis in children]. AB - With the purpose of clarifying the meaning and clinical manifestations of the syndrome, the discussion begins within the following framework: there is an identifiable set of signs and symptoms; the syndrome is multifactorial and exists in degrees; it deals with a diagnosticable condition in which organic factors seem to be essential, and the syndrome is characterized by alterations of different types. Within the setting of psychiatric theories of child pathology which concluded that all psychological problems had essentially the same etiology and, therefore, treatment, dominant in the first half of the century, the author traces the relevant clinical work carried on during this period which caused attention to be turned toward organic factors and the posterior identification of similar signs and symptoms. Later research from diverse fields broadened knowledge and at present, two positions are discernible: one of acceptance and the other negating reality to the organic hypothesis because the existence of the syndrome's is made to depend on demonstrable structural brain damage. position which obliges the problem to depart from etiological biases. PMID- 6660003 TI - [Medico-psychological interconsultation and the physician-patient relation]. AB - Clinicians and psychoanalysts have been working together sharing responsibilities for the clinical care of patients with somatic illness. This has opened a new field for interdisciplinary action, the so-called Medical Psychological consultation (MPC). The MPC is the application of psychoanalytic understanding to this new field. In the present paper, the medical setting and the analytic setting are defined and clearly distinguished. The most significant goal in MPC is to assist or help in the assistance or care of the patients. To attain a good standard of clinical care means to provide a highly personalized help to a patient based on an adequate discrimination of his physical and emotional needs. The MPC is a new scientific development that works on that direction. PMID- 6660004 TI - [An experience of mental health promotion in an educational institution]. AB - This article describes the work done by an interdisciplinary team belonging to a Mental Health Center in a secondary school situated within its area limits. The socio-political situation had developed opposition among the students towards the established school regulations provoking disturbances in communications and alliances between some of the different school groups. This situation created difficulties for the staff in connection with the specific management of the conflict. The written goals of the educational institution and those of the Mental Health Promotion team of this Mental Health Center were similar as follows: 1. Developing human being's potentialities; 2. Promoting more freedom and better communications. These facts, and the shared goals described above constituted the main reasons and explain why the Mental Health Promotion Team was able to work with the school groups in counseling during 3 1/2 years. It is important to emphasize that one of the main objectives achieved was that of transforming each staff member, such as professors and students into a mental health agent, that is to say someone who through his role is capable of influencing a significant number of people. Additional efforts were made towards turning intergroups communications more fluid breaking alliances and encouraging different groups to participate in school decisions. PMID- 6660005 TI - [Patterns of drinking in Mexicans. Results of a WHO research study]. AB - Taking into account the importance of alcoholism and of excessive alcohol drinking in all countries of the world, the World Health Organization decided in 1976 to start an international study of the problem. Its purpose was to probe, in communities with different sociocultural patterns, methods and techniques to discover patterns of drinking, damages, incapacities and psychosocial repercussions of excessive alcohol intake, on one hand; and forms of community response to these problems, on the other. Scotland, Zambia and Mexico have been selected for this survey. In the present paper, the objectives of the investigation and the different stages of the project (developed in Mexico) are described. Four types of data have been considered: patterns of drinking, norms, problems created by drinking and the community response to problems related to excessive alcohol intake. Results obtained in relation to drinking patterns are given. PMID- 6660006 TI - [Influence of the sex factor in weight gain caused by chronic use of lithium]. AB - The use of lithium, in the treatment and prevention of affective disorders, is considered to be one of the most important break through in modern Psychopharmacology. Side effects are frequently associated with its short and long term use. One of those side-effects, which is common after chronic lithium salt treatment, is a considerable increase in body weight. This side-effect appears to be an important factor in prompting some patients, particularly women, to suspend treatment. In this study, confirming our previous work with an animal model, we found a statistically greater weight increase in women treated chronically with lithium than in men. Our results were apparently not explained by abnormalities in thyroid function. The literature describes those thyroid abnormalities, due to lithium, as being more frequent in women than in men. In an animal model, we now found that higher plasma lithium levels are produced in male, when compared to female rats, when this drug is administered for long periods. If the some tendency is present in men, we could expect a greater probability of toxicity in men than in women. Thus, a lower weigh increase in men. Such could be a possible explanation for our clinical results. PMID- 6660007 TI - [Personality differences of married and single subjects according to the 16 PF questionnaire]. AB - In this paper we try to examine the hypothesis that there exists differences due to the variable civil status (marriage versus single) in the 16 PF (Form A) between two spanish samples. The first sample consists of 60 general neurotic subjects and the second sample consists of 60 control subjects. The thesis is confirmed, finding in the first sample (general neurotic subjects) significative statistical differences between marriage and single subjects in the I, Q1, Q1V, Pnc (Blanc answers) and Random scale (Az) personality factors. In the control sample the differences are found in the following personality factors: B, C, F, H, O, Q2, Q3, Q1, Q11, Q1V, DM scale (Motivational distorsion) and Random scale (Az). PMID- 6660008 TI - [Aging: genetic aspects]. AB - Although most gerontologists, sometimes unconsciously, are ready to admit that ageing and life-span are genetically determined, it is a paradox to recognize that for the last 25 years most theories of ageing were stochastic in nature. The evidence in favour of such theories is reviewed and it is shown that they are most probably wrong. Yet the evidence in favour of a genetic basis for ageing and life-span is scarce and, until now, no definite proof of such a determinism has been provided. PMID- 6660009 TI - [Neurophysins, vasopressin and cognitive function in aging]. AB - Neurophysins, vasopressin and oxytocin are not restricted to the hypothalamo neuropituitary system but are also found in different brain area in relation with cognitive and emotional function and with cardiovascular regulation. During early aging it seems to exist a decrease of the hypothalamic and brain content of vasopressin. It appears that in some patients, presumably suffering from a deficit of central vasopressinergic function, exogenous vasopressin could improve arousal and/or memory. The exact place of this peptide in the treatment of the early aging cognitive deficit remains however to be defined. PMID- 6660010 TI - Nootropic drugs and aging. AB - Nootropics are drugs which ameliorate the functional "plasticity" of the central nervous system. The nootropic drug acts at the telencephalic level through a series of bioenergetic, hemorheological, microcirculatory and neurochemical mechanisms. As to this, recent data show a facilitation by piracetam, of the efficiency of the central cholinergic system. PMID- 6660011 TI - [Psychometric approach to aging. Brief review]. AB - The longitudinal and more focused studies of the mental functioning show that the aging effects are varying with individuals and functions. The precise evaluation of aging is uneasy because a lot of variables occurs simultaneously. The review of literature points out the influence of some factors (like initial intellectual level), but it remains many shaded areas in the field. PMID- 6660012 TI - Classification and prognosis of psychoses. AB - This article is a report of the symposium "classification and outcome of psychoses" (Jerusalem, 20 June 1982, 13th CINP-congress). As for scientific as for clinical reasons, there is a large need for a good and operational classification system. Different classification systems are examined. The longitudinal ones (DSM-III, Feighner and to a lesser extent RDC) are able to identify a group of schizophrenics with poor outcome. This is mainly due to the time-criterion. Concluding comments are given on the procedure how to investigate and to identify schizophrenics with good prognosis. PMID- 6660013 TI - Highlights of the Sixth European Sleep Congress. PMID- 6660014 TI - Interference effects in an auditory Stroop task: congruence and correspondence. PMID- 6660015 TI - Focused and divided attention to dichotic wordstreams. PMID- 6660016 TI - Can attention give a left-ear advantage for verbal stimuli? PMID- 6660017 TI - On the surgical management of duodenal peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 6660018 TI - Relationship between the activity of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and the duration of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 6660019 TI - Ethanol-induced inhibition of testicular steroidogenesis in vitro: prevention by pyrazole. PMID- 6660020 TI - [Sezary syndrome]. PMID- 6660021 TI - [Multiple polyposis of the gallbladder. Diagnostic difficulties apropos of a case]. PMID- 6660022 TI - [General and current morphological aspects of microvascularization]. PMID- 6660023 TI - Induction of ventricular tachyarrhythmias--rationality gained or ethics lost? PMID- 6660025 TI - Induced tolerance in hemophilia patients with antibodies against IX:C. AB - Two patients with severe hemophilia B complicated with antibodies against factor IX have been treated 13 and 10 times, respectively, with high doses of factor IX concentrate in combination with cyclophosphamide over a period of 10 years. During this treatment a lowering of the anamnestic response was observed over the years. Both patients have now been treated with factor IX and hydrocortisone but no cyclophosphamide in order to find out if real tolerance was induced. One patient received such treatment three times and the other once. Their inhibitor titer following these treatment episodes never exceeded 0.3 U/ml (approximately 0.9 BU/ml) and 0.9 U/ml (approximately 2.7 BU/ml) which is of the same order of magnitude as following the combined treatment (factor IX, hydrocortisone and cyclophosphamide). It is therefore suggested that these patients have been converted from high responders (10-100-fold increase in the inhibitor titer on the original treatment with factor IX and hydrocortisone) into low responders showing a very reasonable inhibitor increase after treatment with factor IX and hydrocortisone but no cyclophosphamide. PMID- 6660024 TI - Liver damage in nurses handling cytostatic agents. AB - Three consecutive head nurses developed liver injury after years of handling cytostatic drugs. They had neurological symptoms associated with elevated serum alanine amino-transferase (ALAT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. Liver histology showed portal hepatitis with piecemeal necrosis in one of them, the others had hepatic fibrosis and fat accumulation. The subjects' livers were metabolically active as reflected by adaptive and toxic changes in cellular ultrastructure. After withdrawal of the drugs, serum ALAT and ALP values fluctuated between normal and 2-3 times elevated. Follow-up biopsies demonstrated an increase in collagen fibres and a decrease in microsomal enzyme activity, as reflected by arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in vitro. The findings suggest that handling of cytostatic drugs may insidiously damage the liver, which, with time, seems to lead to irreversible fibrosis. PMID- 6660026 TI - Deaths in Swedish hemophiliacs, 1957-1980. AB - One hundred and eighteen patients with hemophilia A or B died in Sweden between 1957 and 1980. The causes and circumstances of death have been the subject of a retrospective study. The most striking feature was the increase in age at death. In severe hemophilia cases the age increased from 19 in the first half of the period to 50 in the second. In moderate and mild hemophilia cases the increases were similar, although less pronounced. The main cause of death was intracranial hemorrhage, which accounted for one-third of all deaths. In the last 12-year period, however, no patient below the age of 45 had succumbed to this. Age related causes of death, such as malignancy and ischemic heart disease, had increased, as was to be expected from the increase in the mean and median ages of living hemophiliacs. The proportion of deaths unrelated to hemophilia was 36%. Antibodies were found in 5 (16.7%) of the patients with severe hemophilia A. PMID- 6660027 TI - Sudden coronary death in middle age and characteristics of its victims in Finland. A prospective population study. AB - A total of 77 sudden coronary deaths (SCD) in men and seven in women occurred during a 6-year follow-up in a population comprising 6510 men and 5800 women aged 30-59 years in four areas of Finland. About 60% of all coronary deaths in men aged 40 and over were SCDs. The most common place of death was home; only six cases reached hospital. The most common time for SCD was at 7 a.m.-3 p.m. and the most common day was Friday. Deaths were evenly distributed over the year. At the time of the baseline study--3 1/2 years before death on an average--male SCD victims showed more symptoms and signs suggestive of coronary disease than those who suffered a non-sudden coronary death or a non-fatal myocardial infarction. More than half of the SCD victims had probable coronary disease at the time of the baseline study. Heart disease was a more common cause of death among the mothers of male SCD victims than among the adult Finnish female population as a whole. This study indicates that the majority of candidates for later SCD can be detected early enough for secondary prevention to be attempted. PMID- 6660028 TI - Acute dapsone intoxication: clinical findings and effect of oral charcoal and haemodialysis on dapsone elimination. AB - Three patients were treated after ingestion of an overdose of dapsone (1-10 g). A considerable acute cyanosis due to methaemoglobinaemia was followed by a late haemolysis within 1-2 weeks. Activated charcoal given orally in multiple doses (20 g X 4/day) shortened the half-life of dapsone to 12.7 +/- 0.7 hours, i.e. to about 1/3-1/6 of the preceding control value. The half-life of dapsone was about 10 hours during each of the three 5-hour haemodialysis treatments given to one patient. However, owing to the rebound phenomenon between haemodialyses, the half life of dapsone from the start of the first to the end of the third haemodialysis was 26 hours. The efficacy of orally administered activated charcoal is fully comparable to that of haemodialysis in increasing the rate of elimination of dapsone and its metabolite monoacetyldapsone. Activated charcoal is cheap, it can be administered anywhere and its administration rarely involves complications. PMID- 6660029 TI - Severe hypophosphatemia--a hospital survey. AB - Eleven patients with a serum phosphate concentration below 0.3 mmol/l were detected in a prospective study of severe hypophosphatemia carried out over 7 weeks on 13 579 adult inpatients. For only one of these patients had a serum phosphate determination been requested by the ward, whereas the remaining cases of severe hypophosphatemia were detected as a result of the study. The most common cause of unexpected severe hypophosphatemia was chronic alcoholism. PMID- 6660030 TI - Long-term insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with secondary pituitary insufficiency and regression of retinopathy. AB - Three women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) from childhood and early development of diabetic retinopathy are described. Insulin requirement was reduced to 5-12 IU daily in all three after relatively uncomplicated births and all had very brittle diabetes on this dosage. At re-examination 16-22 years after these births and after 34-42 years of IDDM, regression of retinopathy was observed in two patients, while the third had a light retinopathy at the same level as initially. Other diabetic complications were few and none of the patients had nephropathy. Pituitary examination revealed incomplete hypopituitarism in all cases, human growth hormone (HGH) being the sole common factor lacking. These findings and a review of four similar cases reported previously lend some support to the hypothesis of HGH as a possible pathogenetic co-determinant in the development of diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 6660031 TI - Blood glucose and diabetes mellitus in subjects aged 85 years or more. AB - Blood and urine glucose values and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus were determined in the course of a health survey covering inhabitants of Tampere, Finland, aged 85 or over. Out of the total cohort, 561 (83%) subjects, of whom 82% were women, were examined. A high blood glucose level (greater than or equal to 7.0 mmol/l) was recorded in 10% of the males and 7% of the females. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the series was 17%. Five per cent of the total series were on drug treatment for their diabetes; 5% of the diabetics were on insulin therapy and 25% took oral antidiabetic drugs, while 70% were either on diet or had no treatment. Diabetes seems to be common among the very aged, but it is generally mild and easy to treat. PMID- 6660032 TI - Massive metoprolol poisoning treated with prenalterol. AB - A case of massive metoprolol poisoning (50 g) is described. Clinical signs included coma, seizures, hypoventilation, unmeasurable blood pressure, nodal bradycardia, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment comprised intubation, assisted ventilation, gastric lavage, atropine, bicarbonate, glucagon and repeated doses of prenalterol (a total of 160 mg over 15 hours). Prenalterol dosage was simple and could be guided by blood pressure response. Pacemaker treatment was not required. Ethanol concentration was 50 mmol/l (2.4%) on admission. Plasma metoprolol was 68 mumol/l (18 000 ng/ml) 2 hours after admission. The patient was awake after 15 hours. PMID- 6660033 TI - Monoclonal gammapathy--a difficult clinical problem. PMID- 6660034 TI - Musculo-skeletal symptoms in early sarcoidosis. Twenty-four newly diagnosed patients and a two-year follow-up. AB - Musculo-skeletal symptoms were screened in 24 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed sarcoidosis and followed up two years later. Ten patients had joint involvement. Symptoms were most frequently found in ankle joints, followed by hand and knee joints. Arthritis was found in seven (29%) patients, two of whom suffered from monoarthritis of foot and wrist joint, respectively. Three patients had tenosynovitis. Muscle symptoms such as myalgia were present in six patients. Open biopsy of the gastrocnemius muscle showed epithelioid cell granulomatosis in nine of 20 patients. Only three of these nine patients had symptoms of myalgia, although not in the biopsied muscle. At follow-up, musculo-skeletal symptoms were found in only three patients, all of whom initially had Lofgren's syndrome. PMID- 6660035 TI - Predictive value of arterial blood pressure in old age. A ten-year prospective study of men and women born in 1897 and examined at the age of 70 and 80 years. AB - In a 10-year longitudinal study of men and women aged exactly 70 at entry and otherwise only selected according to geography, the predictive value of arterial blood pressure was evaluated concerning cardiovascular disease (CVD) at entry and CVD development or death during the following decade. At 70 the prevalence of arterial hypertension (greater than or equal to 160/95 mmHg) was 46% in men and 45% in women. At 80 these prevalences were 19 and 30%, respectively. In women, this fall could partly be explained by an association between high blood pressure and excess mortality. In both sexes it could partly be explained by an increasing part of the population being treated with antihypertensives/diuretics, partly by an association with myocardial degeneration. In a Cox's regression model for competing risks at 70, high systolic blood pressure had independent, predictive value for excess CVD mortality in the eighth decade in women alone, and for excess CVD development in both sexes. High diastolic blood pressure had no independent predictive value for any of these end points. PMID- 6660036 TI - Left ventricular function after long-term treatment with ventricular inhibited compared to atrial triggered ventricular pacing. AB - The long-term effect of ventricular inhibited (VVI) and atrial triggered ventricular (VAT) pacing on cardiac performance was determined by cardiac catheterization at rest and during exercise in 9 patients with high-degree AV block. Cardiac output (Q) increased at rest by 22% during VAT vs. VVI (5.5 vs. 4.5 l/min, p less than 0.01). An increased stroke volume constituted the difference (75 vs. 63 ml, p less than 0.05). Mean working capacity increased by 12% in the supine position with VAT vs. VVI (p less than 0.05). During exercise Q increased by 40% with VAT vs. VVI (10.2 vs. 7.3 l/min, p less than 0.01) due to an increase in heart rate. Most pressures were largely unchanged. Stroke work and atrial rate decreased during VAT vs. VVI, which may indicate a lower sympathetic activity with VAT vs. VVI. The study demonstrated that hemodynamics advantages of VAT are still obtainable after several years of VVI pacing. PMID- 6660037 TI - Left ventricular volumes with ventricular inhibited and atrial triggered ventricular pacing. AB - Left ventricular (LV) volumes were assessed with equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography at rest and during exercise in nine patients with high-degree AV block treated with ventricular inhibited (VVI), which was subsequently changed to atrial triggered ventricular pacing (VAT). The ventricular rates were similar at rest but higher on exercise during treatment with VAT (102 ppm) than with VVI (71 bpm). The LV end-diastolic volume tended to be larger with VAT than with VVI pacing, both at rest (185 vs. 145 ml) and during exercise (220 vs. 162 ml). The LV end-systolic volume also tended to be larger at rest (110 vs. 81 ml) and during exercise (149 vs. 83 ml). The LV ejection fractions were similar at rest but on exercise they decreased to significantly lower levels with VAT (0.35), while remaining unchanged with VVI (0.47). One mechanism for this difference could be an enhanced contractile state in VVI pacing compared with VAT pacing. PMID- 6660038 TI - Influence of heart rate and atrioventricular synchronization on maximal work tolerance in patients treated with artificial pacemakers. AB - In 14 patients with symptomatic high-degree AV block, studies were carried out of the effect on physical working capacity when an atrial triggered mode of cardiac pacing (VAT) was substituted for ventricular inhibited pacing (VVI). The tests were designed to elucidate the quantitative relationship between the effect of rate increase and AV synchronization by comparing VVI pacing matched to the same rate as VAT. The work load was increased by 10 W/min. The physical working capacity increased by 25% with VAT as compared with VVI (p less than 0.001). The improvement was entirely attributed to heart rate increase, and not to AV synchronization. PMID- 6660039 TI - Peripheral responses to thyroxine in hypothyroid subjects as a function of dose and duration of substitution. AB - The aim of this study was to explore the differences in normalization between different organ functions in hypothyroid patients during substitution. The study included 21 hypothyroid patients who were substituted with gradually increasing doses of thyroxine (T4) and studied repeatedly for up to 20 or 32 weeks. The different peripheral organ functions were compared with regard to the dose and duration of substitution necessary for a 50% therapeutic effect. The circulatory response to an orthostatic test, the decrease in low density lipoprotein cholesterol and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, the lipolytic effect of physical exercise and the increase in triiodothyronine concentration showed a 50% response to substitution within 3.3--4.6 weeks of therapy and at a T4 dose of 0.04--0.06 mg/day. In contrast, the 50% therapeutic effect on the lipolytic response to an intravenous l-noradrenaline infusion and the maximal working capacity on ergometer bicycle was not observed until 6.2--9.0 weeks of therapy and T4 doses of 0.08--0.11 mg/day. The differences observed in the peripheral responses might be of clinical importance when severely hypothyroid patients must be substituted rapidly. PMID- 6660040 TI - Monoclonal gammopathy--a diagnostic challenge. Illustrated by four cases of multiple myeloma with an unusually indolent (smoldering) course. AB - Four patients with IgG multiple myeloma (MM) and an unusually indolent course are presented. They had received no cytostatic therapy for 12--23 years. The M component was initially 25--33 g/l, the bone marrow plasma cell percentage was 4- 6%, but bone lesions were not demonstrated. A marked increase in size of the M component and in the plasma cell percentage was noted in all patients, but a definitely neoplastic proliferation in only one patient. Spontaneous regression of the M-component was observed in two patients. In the light of the present cases we believe that neither a high level of the M-component nor an increase in its size should be used alone as indicators of a malignant course in MM patients. An indolent, non-progressive variant obviously occurs as one extreme in the clinical spectrum of this disorder with a course sometimes extended over 10--20 years. PMID- 6660041 TI - Bone marrow necrosis. Report of a case and a brief review of the literature. AB - Bone marrow necrosis (BMN) is a rare finding in specimens from living patients. It is most commonly found in patients with neoplastic disorders, severe infections and sickle cell disease. We present a patient with Hodgkin's disease who developed extensive BMN 11 months before death. A concise review of the literature is also presented. PMID- 6660042 TI - Sedative-hypnotics-- approaching a rational use? PMID- 6660043 TI - Fibrinolytic activity in men with acute myocardial infarction before 60 years of age. AB - Fibrinolytic activity in plasma after venous occlusion was determined on two consecutive days 1-5 years after an acute myocardial infarction sustained before the age of 60 years in a group of 66 non-diabetic men with normal serum cholesterol levels, and in an age- and sex-matched reference group of 32 men. The infarction group was divided into 2 subgroups: one with normal (n = 42), the other with elevated (n = 24) diastolic blood pressure. Variance analysis did not reveal any statistically significant differences in fibrinolytic activity after repeated provocation between the three groups, but in a Student's test the value was significantly lower in the infarction group with high diastolic pressure than in the reference group. A relationship was found between apolipoprotein AI and fibrinolytic activity after repeated provocation. PMID- 6660044 TI - Digitalis intoxication in geriatric in-patients. A prospective clinical study of the value of serum digitalis concentration measurement. AB - A prospective clinical study of 66 geriatric in-patients mainly on digoxin treatment revealed digitalis intoxication in seven (11%). Over a two-month period another patient developed digoxin toxicity. The prevalences of anorexia, nausea and vomiting were significantly higher in patients with than without digitalis toxicity. The mean serum drug concentration was significantly higher in overdosed than in non-overdosed patients, but six patients had serum digoxin concentrations within or below the therapeutic range, and only two slightly above. Notably, maintenance digoxin therapy was unnecessary in five out of eight intoxicated patients. The value of determining serum digitalis concentrations in diagnosing clinical toxicity in geriatric in-patients is discussed. PMID- 6660045 TI - Screening of an elderly female population for hypo- and hyperthyroidism by use of a thyroid hormone panel. AB - The elderly female population living in a rural primary health care district in the south of Sweden was screened for hypo- and hyperthyroidism. A total of 1 442 (97.3%) of the 1 482 women 60 years of age or older attended the study. By use of a computer-evaluated thyroid hormone panel, 178 women (12.3%) were identified as probably abnormal. Among them, 8 women (0.55% of total) with previously unknown thyroid disease were detected as overtly hypothyroid. If also 13 women with spontaneous subclinical hypothyroidism were included, the prevalence of earlier unknown hypothyroidism was 21/1 442 (1.5%). The number of subjects with hyperthyroidism discovered by screening was 28/1 442 (1.9%). Although much remains to be elucidated regarding medical, social and economic factors, the high figures obtained for newly discovered abnormal thyroid function suggest that screening for hyper- and hypothyroidism may be worthwhile in such an elderly female population. PMID- 6660046 TI - Increased plasma free dopamine after treatment with atenolol and oxprenolol in essential hypertension. AB - In 19 men aged 50 with essential hypertension, 18 weeks' treatment with atenolol (n = 9) or oxprenolol (n = 10) increased supine plasma free dopamine concentrations by 78% (p less than 0.05) and 121% (p less than 0.001) respectively. Increments in plasma dopamine were observed in all patients except for one treated with atenolol. Supine peripheral venous adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were not influenced by beta-blockade. The mechanism and significance of the present elevation of plasma free dopamine by beta blockade are unknown. However, increased plasma free dopamine may be involved in the hypotensive effect of chronic beta-adrenergic blockade, both beta-1 selective and non-selective, and may lend further support to decreased dopaminergic activity in essential hypertension. PMID- 6660048 TI - Hypercatabolism of complement in Crohn's disease--assessment of circulating C3c. AB - Split products from the main complement component 3 (C3) were investigated in untreated outpatients, 20 with Crohn's disease and 20 with ulcerative colitis. The median plasma concentration of c split product of C3 (C3c) in normals was 2 mg X 1(-1), in patients with Crohn's disease 20 mg X 1(-1) and in patients with ulcerative colitis 3 mg X 1(-1). This tenfold increase in C3c was significant at the 0.005-level. Plasma C3c exceeded the reference interval in two patients with ulcerative colitis. C3c levels did not correlate to the activity of the disease or to the occurrence of the C3 phenotypes S, FS and F. Substantially elevated plasma C3c in Crohn's disease suggests hypercatabolism of C3, that is, involvement of complement reactions. Further studies are needed to reveal the site of cascade activation and to define the role of complement for the pathogenesis of the disease. PMID- 6660047 TI - Familial amyloidosis with polyneuropathy. A long-term follow-up of 21 patients with special reference to gastrointestinal symptoms. AB - In a longitudinal study, 21 patients with familial amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (FAP) were followed up for more than three years. Gastrointestinal symptoms ultimately evolved in all patients. In the advanced stage of the disease, 13 patients had diarrhea together with anal incontinence. Weight loss was very common and related to both malabsorption and motility disturbances with anorexia and also to muscular atrophy. Steatorrhea was found in 19 patients at least once during the follow-up. The duration of the disease was significantly correlated to fecal fat output. The conclusion was drawn that the gastrointestinal involvement in FAP is very common and of great clinical importance. The consequences of malnutrition also influence the outcome of the disease. PMID- 6660049 TI - Toxicokinetics of formate during hemodialysis. AB - During hemodialysis in a methanol poisoned patient, formate elimination followed first order kinetics with a plasma half-life of formate of 165 min. The mean dialysator (1.6 m2) clearance of formate was 148 ml/min (n = 8, SD +/- 11, range 128-161) at a blood flow of 215 ml/min. By applying first order kinetics, a volume of distribution of 0.5 l/kg was found, assuming that the dialysator clearance equals the total body clearance of formate. Formate, the main toxic agent in methanol poisoning, is thus probably more effectively removed by hemodialysis than methanol. This fact, and the very slow endogenous methanol elimination during appropriate ethanol treatment, should be considered when deciding on the treatment of a methanol poisoned patient presenting with metabolic acidosis. PMID- 6660050 TI - Stepping frequency and stride length in animal locomotion: a new method of investigation. AB - A new method of investigating animal locomotion is presented which allows for the simultaneous measurement of the basic overground locomotion parameters: swing and stance durations, stride lengths, velocity of movement, gait diagrams and temporal relationships between all animal limbs. The measurements and recordings are given in detail to exemplify the application of the method in dogs. PMID- 6660051 TI - Speed control in animal locomotion: transitions between symmetrical and nonsymmetrical gaits in the dog. AB - Transitions between symmetrical and nonsymmetrical gaits as a speed control mechanism in dog locomotion were investigated. The external locomotion parameters such as swing and stance durations as well as stride length were measured in freely moving animals and were used to determine the spatial and temporal phase shifts between limb movements. The typical transition from trot to gallop and two kinds of gallop-trot transitions are described in detail. Such transitions occur usually in one or two steps and are linked with step length momentary changes within one diagonal pair of limbs. An example of walk to trot transition is also shown. This transition also occurred abruptly in one step and rapid leaps of the phase shift during walk - trot transitions were caused by a momentary decrease of the hindlimb step lengths. Finally, correlation between the external parameters of locomotion and the speed is discussed. PMID- 6660052 TI - Retinotopic organization of the lateral suprasylvian area of the cat. AB - The retinotopic organization of the lateral suprasylvian area (L.S.A.) was investigated by microelectrode recording from single neurons. 560 penetrations were made on the medial and lateral banks of the middle suprasylvian sulcus (M.S.S.). The receptive field positions, of single neurons were mapped in relation to the retinal landmarks. A striking variability of the visuotopic organization from one animal to another was observed. The most persistent organization was the representation of the lower contralateral quadrant of the visual field in the rostra1 and middle parts of the L.S.A. and a slight shift to the upper contralateral quadrant of the visual field in the posterior regions of the L.S.A. PMID- 6660053 TI - Responses of area 17 neurons in cats binocularly deprived by rearing in hoods. AB - Responses of single units of area 17 were recorded in cats binocularly deprived by rearing in hoods. Neurons were recorded in pairs or in three-neuron groups with multichannel microelectrodes. Of 131 units recorded 22 percent were not visually excitable. The rest were predominantly monocularly driven. Response strength defined as the PST peak-to-background ratio was lower than 10 in 90 percent of cells. The orientation selectivity defined as the ratio of response strengths for the preferred and null stimulus orientations was lower than 5 in 79 percent of neurons. Directional selectivity was detected in 22 percent of units. The aim of this paper is to show that, considering the electrophysiological effects in cortica1 area 17, rearing in hoods can be used instead of eyelid suturing. This paper describes the standard parameters of units that were subsequently used for the analysis of interneuronal connectivity in visually deprived cortex (10). PMID- 6660054 TI - Ocular dominance columns in cat striate cortex and effects of monocular deprivation: a 2-deoxyglucose study. AB - Ocular dominance columns were demonstrated in the visual cortex of kittens by [3H]-2-deoxyglucose autoradiography after monocular stimulation with patterns of different orientations. On horizontal sections through area 17, a pattern of periodic labelling extended throughout the entire thickness of the cortex. Three days of monocular deprivation disrupted that pattern. The ocular dominance columns driven by the deprived eye no longer extended through all cortical layers; only layer IV and immediately adjacent parts of layers III and V showed distinct periodic labelling. After 7 days of eyelid closure periodicity in layer IV was faint, but detectable. Heavy labelling of the lower part of the cortex, observed in normal animals, disappeared during monocular deprivation. PMID- 6660055 TI - Electrophysiological parameters in the male Wistar rat. PMID- 6660056 TI - Considerations on the technique of phrenic nerve conduction measurement. PMID- 6660057 TI - Short latency SEPS from median nerve stimulation in man. Analysis of spinal and subcortical far-field components. PMID- 6660058 TI - Mobius syndrome. Pathological study of a peripheral nerve. A case report. PMID- 6660059 TI - Goldenhar-Gorlin syndrome. A case with congenital trigeminal neuropathy. PMID- 6660060 TI - An unusual EEG pattern in elderly subjects: subclinical rhythmic EEG discharge of adults ("SREDA"). Electroclinical study of six cases. PMID- 6660061 TI - Piracetam treatment of extrapyramidal choreic dyskinesias. Preliminary data. PMID- 6660062 TI - Prolongation of ambulation in the muscular dystrophies. PMID- 6660063 TI - A case of distal spinal muscular atrophy with unusual clinical course. PMID- 6660064 TI - Intracranial hypertension syndrome as initial symptom of late onset multiple sclerosis. A case report. PMID- 6660065 TI - [Psychologico-psychiatric considerations related to special care units (Dialysis and Humoral Regulation Unit, General Intensive Care Unit and Oncology Unit)]. PMID- 6660066 TI - [Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy]. PMID- 6660068 TI - [Analysis of psychiatric morbidity in patients with ischemic cardiopathy]. PMID- 6660067 TI - [Post-abortion depression: study of cases and controls]. PMID- 6660069 TI - [Medicine of the Andes (chronic mountain sickness)]. PMID- 6660070 TI - [Clinical response to platelet antiaggregation treatment in a patient with hyperlipoproteinemia type I and a hypersomnic course].